infoboxsoftwarenamexchatlogoxchatlogosvgsvglogosizepxscreenshotxchatplpngcaptionscreenshotofxchatcollapsibleauthorreleasedxchatjunelatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatedeveloperpetereleznzedbrianevanslifeispainfrequentlyupdatedreleaseversionupdatedonteditthispagejustclickontheversionnumberprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecoperatingsystemmacosunixlikemicrosoftwindowswindowsplatformcrossplatformsizelanguagemultilingualismmultilingualstatusdiscontinuedrefnamehcannouncehexchatgithubionewsannouncementhtmlannouncementofhexchatpostedonjulrefgenreircclientlicenseproprietarysoftwareproprietaryforwindowsversiongnugeneralpubliclicenseforotherswebsitexchatisaninternetrelaychatclientcomputingclientithasachoiceofatabbeddocumentinterfaceortreeinterfacesupportformultipleclientservermodelserversandnumerousconfigurationoptionsbothcommandlineinterfacecommandlineandgraphicaluserinterfacegraphicalversionswereavailablexchatisavailableforunixlikesystemsderivativeswithnativesupportformacossaquauserinterfaceaquainterfacearealsoavailablexchatderivativesoftwareseebelowxchatsmainsourcecodetreehasnotreceivedanypatchessincefeaturesxchatisafullfeaturedinternetrelaychatclientwithagraphicaluserinterfacesurroundingthebasicchatwindowitincludesallbasicfunctionalityfoundinmostotherircclientsincludingnickcompletionconnectingtomultipleserverssecureconnectionsclienttoclientprotocoldirectclienttoclientfiletransfersandchatsandaplugincomputingpluginsystemforvariousprogramminglanguagesincludingatleastcprogramminglanguagecorcperlpythonprogramminglanguagepythontclrubyprogramminglanguagerubyluaprogramminglanguageluaclispdprogramminglanguagedanddmdscriptpluginsallowextendingthefeaturesandcustomizationofthefunctionalityofxchatthedefaultviewfortheclientwindowisreferredtoastreeviewbutcanbeconfiguredforatabbedinterfaceinsteadtabschangecolorastextarrivesotherusersenterorleavechannelsoranotheruseraddressestheusersnicknametheinterfacecandisplayclickableoperatoropcommandsandothersandallowscustomizationoffontseventsoundstimestampsandloggingxchatrunsonunixlikeoperatingsystemsandmanygnulinuxdistributionsincludepackagesforxchatintheirrepositorieslicensingthemainbodyofxchatcodeislicensedunderthegnugeneralpubliclicensehoweveronaugusttheofficialbuildformicrosoftwindowswindowshadbecomesharewareandhadtobepurchasedafteradaytrialperiodpreviousbuildsforwindowswereremovedfromtheofficialsiterefnameprestonreftheauthorsstatedthatthesharewarefeeisrequiredduetotheexcessiveamountoftimeittooktomakeitcompileunderwindowsthiscreatedcontroversyaspeterelezndidnothavethecopyrighttoallofthecodewhichhewasclaimingtorelicenseaswellaslinkingproprietarysharewareenforcementcodeagainstgpllicensedcodemakingthewindowsversionofxchataviolationofcopyrightlawandthegplhoweversincetheunixversionofxchatscodeisfreesoftwareunderthegplseveralfreenonofficialbuildsforwindowsarebeingmaintainedreceptionxchathasbeendescribedaspopularandmacosseealsocomparisonofircclientsreferencesexternallinksonfreenodeircircefnetorgxchatxchatonefnetgithubcomgotuxbashblobmastertxcshtoxinxchatthemesinstallerderivativesoftwaresilverexorgfeaturessilverexswindowsbuildbasedonxchatdiscontinuedxchataquagithubioxchataquaoritunesapplecomappidxchatazureformacoslivegnomeorgxchatgnomexchatgnomecodegooglecomplurclurcanircclientbasedonxchathexchatgithubiohexchatformerlyxchatwdkcrossplatformforkwhichaddsvariousfeaturesinfoboxnumbernumbernumeralunarynumeralsystemunaryfactorizationemptyproductdivisorromanunicodegreekprefixwiktionarymonomonowiktionaryhaplohaplolatinprefixwiktionaryuniunilanggreeknumerallangsymbollangpersianlanguagepersianlangsymbollangeasternarabicnumeralsarabiccentralkurdishkurdishlangsymbollangurdulangsymbollangsindhilanguagesindhilangsymbollangbengalilanguagebengaliassameselanguageassameselangsymbollangchinesenumerallangsymbollangdevangarlangsymbollanggeezalphabetgeezlangsymbollanggeorgianlanguagegeorgianlangsymbolbaniletterbanilanghebrewnumeralshebrewlangsymbolalephlangjapanesenumerallangsymbollangkannadalanguagekannadalangsymbollangkhmernumeralskhmerlangsymbollangkoreanlanguagekoreanlangsymbollangmalayalamlangsymbollangthainumeralsthailangsymbollangtamillanguagetamillangsymbollangtelugulanguagetelugulangsymbollangcountingrodscountingrodlangsymbolonealsocalledunitunityandmultiplicativeidentityisanumbernumerallinguisticsnumeralandglyphitrepresentsasingleentitytheunitmeasurementunitofcountingormeasurementforexamplealinesegmentofunitlengthisalinesegmentoflengthnbspitisalsothefirstofthesequencemathematicsinfinitesequenceofnaturalnumbersfollowedbynbspetymologythewordonecanbeusedasanounanadjectiveandapronounrefnameetymonlinerefitcomesfromtheenglishwordanwhichcomesfromtheprotogermanicrootainaztheprotogermanicrootainazcomesfromtheprotoindoeuropeanrootoinocomparetheprotogermanicrootainaztooldfrisianangothiclanguagegothicainsdanishlanguagedanisheendutchlanguagedutcheengermanlanguagegermaneinsandoldnorseeinncomparetheprotoindoeuropeanrootoinowhichmeansonesingletogreeklanguagegreekoinoswhichmeansaceondicelatinunusoneoldpersianaivamo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ibilitysegagenesiscartridgesrelatedsegacdthexisanvideogameaccessoryaddonforthesegagenesisvideogameconsolecodenamedprojectmarsthexwasdesignedtoexpandthepowerofthegenesisandserveasatransitionalconsoleintothehistoryofvideogameconsolesfifthgenerationbiterauntilthereleaseofthesegasaturnindependentofthegenesisthexusesitsownromcartridgesandhasitsownlistofsegaxgameslibraryofgamestheaddonwasdistributedunderthenamespsanjniekkusuleadyesgrouploweralphaseewpjfninjapangenesisxinnorthamericamegadrivexinthepalregionandmegaxinbrazilunveiledbysegaatjunesconsumerelectronicsshowthexwaspresentedasalowcostoptionforconsumerslookingtoplaybitgamesdevelopedinresponsetotheatarijaguarandconcernsthatthesaturnwouldnotmakeittomarketbytheendoftheproductwasconceivedasanentirelynewconsoleatthesuggestionofsegaofamericaexecutivejoemillerandhisteamtheconsolewasconvertedintoanaddontotheexistinggenesisandmademorepowerfulthefinaldesigncontainedtwobitcentralprocessingunitsandadnbspgraphicsprocessortobringthenewaddontomarketbyitsscheduledreleasedateofnovemberdevelopmentofthenewsystemanditsgameswasrushedtheconsolefailedtoattractthirdpartyvideogamedevelopersandconsumersbecauseoftheannouncementofthesegasaturnssimultaneousreleaseinjapansegaseffortstorushthextomarketcutintoavailabletimeforgamedevelopmentresultinginaweaklibraryoffortytitlesthatcouldnotfullyusetheaddonshardwareincludinggenesisportingportsbytheendofthexhadsoldunitsafterpricereductionsinitwasdiscontinuedinassegaturneditsfocustothesaturnthexisconsideredalistofcommercialfailuresinvideogamingcommercialfailurereceptionaftertheaddonsunveilingandlaunchwaspositivehighlightingthelowpriceofthesystemandpowerexpansiontothegenesislaterreviewsbothcontemporaryandretrospectiveforthexhavebeenmostlynegativebecauseofitsshallowgamelibrarypoormarkettimingandtheresultingmarketfragmentationforthegenesishistorythesegagenesisinitiallyreleasedinjapanasthemegadriveinwassegasentryintothehistoryofvideogameconsolesfourthgenerationbiteraofvideogameconsolesalthoughtheearlierreleaseofthesegacdaddonhadbeencommerciallydisappointingdevelopmentduringthewinterconsumerelectronicsshowinjanuarysegaofamericaresearchanddevelopmentheadjoemillertookaphonecallinhislasvegashotelsuitefromnakayamainwhichnakayamastressedtheimportanceofcomingupwithaquickresponsetothejaguarincludedonthiscallwerebaylesssegahardwareteamheadhidekisatoandsegaofamericavicepresidentoftechnologymartyfranzonepotentialideaforthiscamefromaconceptfromsegaofjapanlaterknownasprojectjupiteranentirelynewindependentconsoleprojectjupiterwasinitiallyslatedtobeanewversionofthegenesiswithanupgradedcolorpaletteandalowercostthantheupcomingsaturnaswellaswithsomelimiteddcomputergraphicsdcapabilitiesthankstointegrationofideasfromthedevelopmentofthesegagenesissegavirtuaprocessorsegavirtuaprocessorchipmillersuggestedanalternativestrategycitingconcernswithreleasinganewconsolewithnopreviousdesignspecificationswithinsixtoninemonthsmillerhoweverinsiststhatthedecisionwasmadecollectivelytotalkaboutalternativesolutionsoneideawastoleveragetheexistinggenesisasawaytokeepfromalienatingsegacustomerswhowouldotherwiseberequiredtodiscardtheirgenesissystemsentirelytoplaybitgamesandtocontrolthecostofthenewsystemthiswouldcomeintheformofanaddonfromthesediscussionsprojectjupiterwasdiscontinuedandthenewaddoncodenamedprojectmarswasadvancedatthesuggestionfrommillerandhisteamsegadesignedthexasaperipheralfortheexistinggenesisexpandingitspowerwithtwobitsuperhprocessorsalthoughthenewunitwasastrongerconsolethanoriginallyproposeditwasnotcompatiblewithsaturngamesthiswasjustifiedbysegasstatementthatbothplatformswouldrunatthesametimeandthatthexwouldbeaimedatplayerswhocouldnotaffordthemoreexpensivesaturnbaylesspraisedthepotentialofthissystematthispointcallingitacodersdreamforthedaywithitstwinprocessorsanddcapabilitiessegaofamericaheadedupthedevelopmentofthexwithsomeassistancefromsatosteamatsegaofjapanshortagesofprocessorsduetothesamebitchipsbeingusedinboththexandthesaturnhinderedthedevelopmentofthexasdidthelanguagebarrierbetweentheteamsinjapanandtheunitedstatesbeforethexcouldbelaunchedthereleasedateofthesaturnwasannouncedfornovemberinjapancoincidingwiththexstargetlaunchdateinnorthamericasegaofamericanowwasfacedwithtryingtomarketthexwiththesaturnsjapanreleaseoccurringsimultaneouslytheiranswerwastocallthexatransitionaldevicebetweenthegenesisandthesaturntowhichbaylessdescribesofthestrategyfranklyitjustmadeuslookgreedyanddumbtoconsumersprelaunchpromotionreleaseandmarketingimagesegasaturnjpmkconsolesetjpgthumbrightjapanesesegasaturnreleasedinnovemberthexwasincompatiblewithsaturnsoftwaretheunveilingofthextothepubliccameatthesummerconsumerelectronicsshowinjuneinchicagopromotedasthepoormansentryintonextgenerationgamesxwasmarketedforitsunitedstatesdollaruspricepointasalessexpensivealternativetothesaturnhoweversegawouldnotanswerwhetherornotagenesisconsoleequippedwithasegacdandaxwouldbeabletorunsaturnsoftwarefounderofthedocompanytriphawkinswaswillingtopointoutthatitwouldnotstatingeveryoneknowsthatxisabandaiditsnotanextgenerationsystemitsfairlyexpensiveitsnotparticularlyhighperformanceitshardtoprogramforanditsnotcompatiblewiththesaturninresponsetothesecommentssegaexecutiverichardbrudviklindnerpointedoutthatthexwouldplaygenesistitlesandhadthesamesystemarchitectureasthesaturninaugustofthatyeargameprohighlightedtheadvantagesoftheupcomingaddoninitsbitprocessorsandsignificantlylowerpricenotingthatnodoubtgottagetitnowgamerswillspendthebigbuckstograbsaturnorplaystationsystemsandgamesfromjapanfortherestofushoweverxmaywellbethesystemofchoiceinthexwasreleasedonnovemberinnorthamericaintimeforthechristmasholidayseasonholidayseasonthatyearasannounceditretailedforandhadareasonablysuccessfullaunchinthemarketplacedemandamongretailerswashighandsegacouldnotkeepupordersforthesystemoverordershadbeenplacedforxunitsbutsegahadonlymanagedtoshipunitsbyjanuarylaunchingataboutthesamepriceasagenesisconsolethepriceofthexwaslessthanhalfofwhatthesaturnspricewouldbeatlaunchdespitesegasinitialpromisesonlysixtitleswereavailableatitsnorthamericanlaunchincludingdoomvideogamedoomstarwarsarcadevirtuaracingvirtuaracingdeluxeandcosmiccarnagealthoughvirtuaracingwasconsideredastrongtitlecosmiccarnagelookedandplayedsopoorlythatreportersmadejokesaboutitadvertisingforthesystemincludedimagesofthexbeingconnectedtoagenesisconsoletocreateanarcadegamearcadesystemjapanreceivedthexondecemberatacostofjapaneseyenjpdeclinedespitethelowerpriceconsolespositioningasaninexpensiveentryintobitgamingsegahadadifficulttimeconvincingthirdpartydeveloperstocreategamesforthenewsystemtopdeveloperswerealreadyawareofthecomingarrivalofthesegasaturnnintendoandplaystationanddidnotbelievethexwouldbecapableofcompetingwithanyofthosesystemsthequickdevelopmenttimeofthexalsomadegamedevelopmentdifficultaccordingtofranznotwantingtocreategamesforanaddonthatwasatechnologicaldeadendmanydevelopersdecidednottomakegamesforthesystemissuesalsoplaguedtitlesdevelopedinhouseduetothetimecrunchtoreleasethexaccordingtobaylessgamesinthequeuewereeffectivelyjammedintoaboxasfastaspossiblewhichmeantmassivecuttingofcornersineveryconceivablewayevenfromtheoutsetdesignsofthosegamesweredeliberatelyconservativebecauseofthetimecrunchbythetimetheyshippedtheywereevenmoreconservativetheydidnothingtoshowoffwhatthehardwarewascapableofjournalistsweresimilarlyconcernedaboutsegastacticofsellingtwosimilarconsolesatdifferentpricesandattemptingtosupportbothlikeningsegasapproachtothatofgeneralmotorsandsegmentingthemarketforitsconsolesthoughthesystemhadasuccessfullaunchdemandsoondisappearedoverthefirstthreemonthsofseveralofthexsthirdpartypublishersincludingcapcomandkonamicancelledtheirxprojectssothattheycouldfocusonproducinggamesforthesaturnandplaystationthexfailedtocatchonwiththepublicandisconsideredalistofcommercialfailuresinvideogamingcommercialfailurebythegenesishadstillnotprovensuccessfulinjapanwhereitwasknownasmegadriveandthesaturnwasbeatingtheplaystationsosegaceohayaonakayamadecidedtoforcesegaofamericatofocusonthesaturnandcutsupportforgenesisproductsexecutingasurpriseearlylaunchofthesaturnintheearlysummerofsegawassupportingfivedifferentconsolesbeforethissaturngenesisgamegearsegapicopicoandthemastersystemaswellasthesegacdandsegaxaddonsinseptembertheretailpriceforthexdroppedtoandlatertheremaininginventorywasclearedoutofstoresatseganeptunetheseganeptunewasatwoinonegenesisandxconsolewhichsegaplannedtoreleaseinfallwiththeretailpriceplannedtobesomethinglessthanussegacancelledtheneptuneinoctobercitingfearsthatitwoulddilutetheirmarketingforthesaturnwhilebeingpricedtooclosetothesaturntobeaviablecompetitorelectronicgamingmonthlyusedtheseganeptuneasanaprilfoolsdayprankinitsegmaprilfoolsjokesaprilissuetheissueincludedasmallarticleinwhichthewritersannouncedthatsegahadfoundawarehousefullofoldseganeptunesandweresellingthemonawebsiteforonlyrefnameegmreftechnicalaspectsandspecificationsimagehdjpgpxthumblefthitachihitachisbitshchipasusedinthexthexcanbeusedonlyinconjunctionwithagenesissystemitisinsertedintothesystemlikeastandardgamecartridgetheaddonrequiresitsownseparatepowersupplyaconnectioncablelinkingittothegenesisandanadditionalconversioncablefortheoriginalmodelofthegenesisaswellasplayingitsownlibraryofcartridgesthexisbackwardscompatiblewithgenesisgamesandcanalsobeusedinconjunctionwiththesegacdtoplaygamesthatusebothaddonsthexalsocamewithaspacersoitwouldfitproperlywiththesecondmodelofthegenesisanoptionalspacerwasofferedforusewiththesegagenesisfirstpartymodelssegagenesiscdxsystembutultimatelynevershippedduetorisksofelectricshockwhenthexandcdxwereconnectedrefnameallgamexrefseatedontopofagenesisthexmeasuresthexcontainstwohitachishbitreducedinstructionsetcomputingriscprocessorswithaclockspeedofhertzmhzitsgraphicsprocessingunitiscapableofproducingcolorsandrenderingpolygoncomputergraphicspolygonspersecondwhichprovidesanoticeableimprovementoverthepolygonrenderingofthegenesisthexalsoincludeskilobytesofrandomaccessmemoryramalongwithkilobytesofvramvideoramsoundissuppliedthroughapulsewidthmodulationsoundsourceinputoutputissuppliedtoatelevisionsetviaaprovidedaudiovisualavcablethatsuppliescompositevideoandstereoaudioorthroughanrfmodulatorstereoaudiocanalsobeplayedthroughheadphonesviaaheadphonejackheadphonejackontheattachedgenesisgamelibraryimagedoomxpngthumbrightthexversionofdoomvideogamedoomthexsgamelibraryconsistsoffortynbsptitlesincludingsixthatrequiredboththesegaxandsegacdamongthetitlesforthexwereportsofarcadegamesspaceharrierandstarwarsarcadeasidescrollingvideogamesidescrollerwithahummingbirdasamaincharacterinkolibrivideogamekolibriandaxexclusivegameinthesonicthehedgehogseriessonicthehedgehogseriestitledknuckleschaotixseveralofthegamesreleasedforthexareenhancedportingportsofgenesisgamesincludingafterburnernflquarterbackclubandworldseriesbaseballinaretrospectivereviewoftheconsolestarwarsarcadewasconsideredthebestgameforthexbyignforitscooperativeplaysoundtrackandfaithfulreproductionoftheexperiencesofstarwarsfilmstarwarsandgamesradarnamedknuckleschaotixasthebestgameforthesystemnextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationcalledvirtuafighterthecolorfulwreathonxscoffinreflectingtheconsensusamongcontemporarycriticsthatthegamewasatoncearguablythexsbestreleaseandaclearharbingeroftheplatformsimminentdiscontinuationsinceitwasclearlyinferiortothesaturnversionsofvirtuafighterremixwhichhadalreadybeenreleasedandvirtuafighterwhichwasdueoutinjustafewmonthsinresponsetofaninquiriessegastatedthatthexarchitecturewasnotpowerfulenoughtohandleaportofvirtuafighteralthoughtheconsoleusedbitprocessingandwascapableofbettergraphicsandsoundthanthegenesisalonemostgamesforthexdidnottakeadvantageofitshardwaredoomvideogamedoomforthexreceivednearperfectreviewsfromgamingmagazinesuponlaunchonesourceoftheseissueswastherushtoreleasegamesontimeforthexslaunchformersegaofamericaexecutiveproducermichaellathamexplainedinreferencetoxlaunchtitlecosmiccarnagewewererushedwehadtogetgamesoutforthexanditwasgoingtobesuchaclosecyclewhencosmiccarnageshowedupwedidntevenwanttoshipitittookalotofconvincingyouknowtoshipthattitlelikewisewithdoomidsoftwaresjohncarmackrushedtohavetheportreadyforreleaseatthexslaunchandhadtotrimoutathirdofthegameslevelsinordertomeetthedeadlinefortheporttobepublishedontimebecauseoftimelimitationsgamedesignswereintentionallyconservativeanddidnotshowwhatthexhardwarewasabletodoinaninterviewattheendofsegavicepresidentofmarketingmikeriberowhileinsistingthatsegawasnotabandoningthexacknowledgedthatfirstpartysoftwaresupportforthesystemhadbeenlacklusteriwontlietoyouwescrewedupwithxweoverpromisedandunderdeliveredreceptionandlegacyimagesegagenesismodelmonsterbarejpgthumbrightsegagenesiswithboththexandcdaddonsinitialreceptiontothexanditsgamesuponthelaunchoftheaddonwasverypositivefourreviewersfromelectronicgamingmonthlyscoredtheaddonandoutofintheirbuyersguidehighlightingtheaddonsenhancementstothegenesisbutquestioninghowlongthesystemwouldbesupportedbylatefeedbacktotheaddonhadsouredinitsbuyersguideelectronicgamingmonthlysfourreviewersscoredtheaddonandoutofcriticizingthegamelibraryandsegasabandonmentofthesysteminfavorofthesaturnrefnameegmbuyersguiderefareviewinnextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationpannedthexforitsweakpolygonprocessingthetendencyofdeveloperstoshowoffitscapabilitieswithgarishlycoloredgamesanditsapparentfunctionassimplyawayofgrabbingextramindandmarketsharewhilewaitingforsaturnthereviewgaveitoneoutoffivestarsrefnamengenrefretrospectivelythexiswidelycriticizedashavingbeenundersupportedandapoorideainthewakeofthereleaseofthesegasaturnupcomsjeremyparishstatedthatthextaintedjustabouteverythingittouchedlevibuchananwritingforignsawsomesenseinthemoveforsegatocreatethexbutcriticizeditsimplementationaccordingtobuchananiactuallythoughtthexwasabetterideathanthesegacdthexwhileunderpoweredatleastadvancedtheballmaybeitonlygainedafewinchesinnosmallpartduetoaweaklibrarybutatleasttheideawastherightoneinparticulartheconsolesstatusasanaddonandpoortimingaftertheannouncementofthesaturnhasbeenidentifiedbyreviewersasbeingresponsiblefactorsforfracturingtheaudienceforsegasvideogameconsolesintermsofbothdevelopersandconsumersallgamenotesthateveryaddonwhittledawayatthenumberofpotentialbuyersanddiscouragedthirdpartycompaniesfrommakingthegamesnecessarytoboostsalesreparazwentontocriticizesegasdecisiontoreleasethexnotingthatultimatelythexwastheproductofboneheadedshortsightednessitsexistenceputsegaintocompetitionwithitselfoncethesaturnrolledoutwritingforignbuchananalsonotesthatnoticethatwehaventseenmanyaddonslikethexsinceithinkthexkilledtheideaofanaddonlikethisapowerboosterpermanentlyandthatsagoodthingbecauseaddonsifnotimplementedproperlyjustsplinteranaudienceformerexecutivesatsegahavemixedopinionsofthexbaylessbelievesfirmlythatthexservesasawarningtothevideogameindustrynottorisksplinteringthemarketforconsolesbycreatingaddonsandwascriticalofthekinectandplaystationmovefordoingsofranzplacesthexscommercialfailureonitsinabilitytofunctionwithoutanattachedgenesisandlackofacddrivedespiteitscompatibilitywiththesegacdstatingthexwasdestinedtodiebecauseitdidnthaveacddriveandwasanaddonanaddondeviceisneveraswellthoughtoutasabuiltfromscratchdevicemillerontheotherhandremembersthexpositivelystatingithinkthexactuallywasaninterestingviableplatformthetimingwaswrongandcertainlyourabilitytostickwithitgivenwhatwedidwithsaturnwasseverelylimitedtherewereawholebunchofreasonswhywecouldntultimatelydowhatwehadtodowiththatplatformwithoutthirdpartysupportandwiththetimingofsaturnbutistillthinktheprojectwasasuccessforabunchofotherreasonsinhindsightitwasnotagreatideaforawholebunchofotherreasonsseealsodointeractivemultiplayerphilipscdinotesreferencesinfoboxsportsleaguetitlexfllogologoofthexflsvgpixelspxsportamericanfootballfoundeddonotaddasthenewleagueisanewentityseenewentityspageinauguralfoldeddonotaddasthenewleagueisanewentityseenewentityspagecountryunitedstateschampionlosangelesxtremebrteamsxflteamsownerwwewwfbrnbcthexflwasaprofessionalamericanfootballleaguethatplayeditsonlyseasoninasoriginallyconceivedthexflwasoperatedasajointventurebetweenthewweworldwrestlingfederationnowknownaswweandnbcthexflwasconceivedasanoutdoorfootballleaguethatwouldtakeplaceduringthenationalfootballleaguenfloffseasonandpromotedashavingfewerrulesandencouragingrougherplaythanothermajorleaguestheleaguehadeightteamsintwodivisionsincludingmajormarketsandthosenotdirectlyservedbythenflsuchasbirminghamlasvegasmemphisandorlandothexfloperatedasasingleentityunlikemostotherprofessionalsportsleagueswhichoperateunderthefranchisemodelwithallteamscentrallyownedbytheleaguecoownernbcservedasthemainbroadcasterofxflgamesalongwithupnandparamountnetworktnnthepresentationofxflgamesfeaturedsportsentertainmentelementsinspiredbyprofessionalwrestlingincludingheatwrestlingheatandkayfabesuggestivelydressedcheerleadersandoccasionalusageofwwfpersonalitiessuchasjesseventurajimrossandjerrylawleraspartofonaircommentarycrewsalongsidesportscastersandveteranfootballplayersthetelecastsalsofeaturedextensiveusageofaerialskycamsandonplayermicrophonestoprovideadditionalperspectivesofthegamesthefirstnightofplaybroughthighertelevisionviewershipthannbchadprojectedbutratingsquicklynosedivedtheleaguegarneredanegativereputationduetoitsconnectionstoprofessionalwrestlingandthewwftheoverallqualityofplayandapresentationthatdifferedstarklyfrommajornetworkprofessionalandcollegefootballtelecastsoftheerahoweversomeelementsoftheirgamepresentationswouldmaketheirwayontocollegeandprofootballtelecastsinthefuturelornemichaelsexecutiveproducerofnbcslongrunningsaturdaynightlivewasalsocriticalofthexflwhenagamegoingintodoubleovertimecausedtheshowtobedelayeduntilaftermidnightontheeastcoastnbcandthewwfbothlostmillionontheirmillioninvestmentintheleaguesinauguralseasonalthoughcommittingtobroadcasttwoseasonsnbccancellationtelevisionpulledoutofitsbroadcastcontractforthexflaftertheinauguralseasoncitingthepoorviewershipwhilewwfownervincemcmahoninitiallystatedthatthexflwouldcontinuewithoutnbcandproposedtheadditionofexpansionteamsunfavorabledemandsoftheleaguebyupnhastenedthexflsdemiseandtheleagueceasedoperationsentirelyinmayamonthafterthechampionshipgamethelosangelesxtremewerethexflsfirstandonlychampionsmcmahonconcededthattheleaguewasacolossalfailuremcmahonmaintainedcontrolofthexflbrandaftertheleagueceasedoperationsandonjanuaryheannouncedthexflreturnofthexflwithatargetrelaunchdateoftherevivalwillbeownedbymcmahonsalphaentertainmentacompanyseparatefromwwefoundingcreatedasajointventurebetweennbcandwwfownedsubsidiarywwepropertiesinternationalincunderthecompanynamexflllcthexflwascreatedasaentitysingleentityleagueinsteadofthesportsfranchisingfranchisemodelusedbythenflandothermajorleaguesorthehybridmodelwhereinvestorsintheleaguearegivenoperationsoverteamsasusedinmajorleaguesoccerthexfluniformlyownedandoperatedallofitsteamsasonecorporationwithnoindividualownersvincemcmahonsoriginalplanwastopurchasethecanadianfootballleagueafterthecflinitiallyapproachedhimaboutpurchasingthetorontoargonautsandcanadianfootballleagueintheunitedstateshaveitmigratesouthwhilenbcwhohadlosttheirlongheldbroadcastrightstothenflsamericanfootballconferenceamericanfootballconferenceafctocbsinwasmovingaheadwithtimewarnertocreateafootballleagueoftheirowntheconceptoftheleaguewasfirstannouncedbyleaguecommissionertylerschueckonfebruarythexflwasoriginallyconceivedtobuildonthesuccessofthenflandprofessionalwrestlingitcombinedthescoringsystemofthenflwiththekayfabeandstuntsofthewwewwfaswwfwasatthetimeinthemidstofitsattitudeerathexflspresentationlikewisewouldreflectthatapproachtowardfootballwithitsemphasisonsexandviolenceitwashypedasrealfootballwithoutpenaltiesforroughnessandwithfewerrulesingeneralthegameswouldfeatureplayersandcoacheswithmicrophonesandcamerasinthehuddleandinthelockerroomsstadiumsfeaturedtrashtalkingpublicaddressannouncersandscantilycladcheerleadingcheerleaderswhowereencouragedtodatetheplayersinsteadofapregamecointossxflofficialsputtheballonthegroundandscrumrugbyunionletaplayerfromeachteamscrambleforittodeterminewhoreceivedthekickoffoptionthepracticewasdubbedthehumancointossbycommentatorsandoneplayerfamouslyseparatedhisshoulderonthefirstscramblemissingtherestoftheseasonthexflfeaturedextensivetelevisioncoveragewiththreegamestelevisedeachweekonnbcupnandspiketvchannelthenationalnetworkandthenewtnntnntoaccommodatethisitplacedfourofitsteamsinthefourlargestusmediamarketsnewyorkmetropolitanareanewyorkcitychicagometropolitanareachicagothesanfranciscobayareaandgreaterlosangelesalthoughlosangelesdidnothaveannflteamatthetimetheremainingfourteamswereplacedinmarketsthathadpreviouslyhostedteamsinsecondtierandorrivalmajorleaguesbirminghammemphislasvegasandorlandoallofthexflsmarketsexceptlasvegashadhostedteamsintheunitedstatesfootballleagueintheslasvegasalongwithbirminghamandmemphishadhostedshortlivedcflteamsinthesthexflchoseunusualnamesforitsteamsmostofwhicheitherreferencedimagesofuncontrolledinsanitymemphismaniaxmaniaxorlandorageragelosangelesxtremextremesanfranciscodemonsdemonsorcriminalactivitychicagoenforcersenforcersnewyorknewjerseyhitmenhitmenlasvegasoutlawsxfloutlawsandthebirminghamthunderboltsbirminghamblastafteroutragefrombirminghamresidentswhonotedthatbirminghamhadahistoryofnotoriousblastsincludingthethstreetbaptistchurchbombinginandericrudolphsbombingofalocalabortionclinicthexflchangedthenameofthebirminghamteamtothemorebenignbirminghamthunderboltslatershortenedtoboltscontrarytopopularbeliefthexinxfldidnotstandforextremeasinextremefootballleaguewhentheleaguewasfirstorganizedinitwasoriginallysupposedtostandforxtremefootballleaguehowevertherewasalreadyaleagueinformationatthesametimewiththatnameandsopromoterswantedtomakesurethateveryoneknewthatthexdidnotactuallystandforanythingthoughmcmahonwouldcommentthatifthenflstoodforthenofunleaguethexflwillstandfortheextrafunleaguetheotherxtremefootballleaguewhichwasalsoorganizedinmergedwiththearenafootballleaguesafbeforeeverfieldingitsfirstgamedrafttheonlymaindraftfortheleaguetookplaceoverathreedayperiodfromoctobertooctoberatotalofplayerswereselectedinitiallywithadditionalplayersthenselectedinasupplementaldraftondecemberteamsfilexflusastatessvgthumbrightpxeasterndivisionbirminghamthunderboltschicagoenforcersnewyorknewjerseyhitmenorlandoragewesterndivisionlasvegasoutlawsxfllasvegasoutlawslosangelesxtremememphismaniaxsanfranciscodemonsseasonxflgameatsoldierfieldonthefieldthexflsopeninggametookplaceonfebruaryoneyearaftertheleaguewasannouncedlessthanoneweekfollowingthenflssuperbowlthefirstgamewasbetweenthenewyorknewjerseyhitmenandthelasvegasoutlawsxfllasvegasoutlawsatsamboydstadiuminlasvegasnevadatheleaguesregularseasonstructurewassetupsothateachteamplayedteamsinitsowndivisiontwiceintheseasonhomeandawaythesameasthenationalfootballleagueandplayedagainstteamsintheotherdivisiononcetheseasonrantenweekswithnobyesportsbyeweekstheleagueswesterndivisionwasfarmorecompetitivethantheeastwiththefourteamsrecordsrangingfromforeventualchampionlosangelestolasvegaswhofinishedlastafterlosingitslastthreegamestoenduponegameoutofaplayoffspotintheeastnewyorkandchicagobothwerehamperedbyslowstartsandineffectivestartersbeforemakingpersonnelchangesthatimprovedtheirplaywhileorlandounderquarterbackjeffbrohmsoaredtofirstplacewinningitsfirstsixgamesbeforebrohmsufferedacareerendinginjuryandtheteamregressedtheteamwentinhisabsencebirminghamstartedtheseasonbeforearashofinjuriesandtoughercompetitionasitstwowinswereagainstnewyorkandchicagoledtotheteamlosingthelastsevengamesinjurieswereamajorproblemacrosstheleagueonlythreeoftheleagueseightopeningdaystartingquarterbacksnbsplosangelesstommymaddoxsanfranciscosmikepawlawskiandmemphissjimdruckenmillerwerestillstartersbytheendoftheseasonbirminghamandlasvegaswerebothontheirthirdstringquarterbacksbytheendofthetenweekseasonthetoptwoteamsineachdivisionqualifiedfortheplayoffstoavoidteamshavingtoplayeachotherthreetimesinaseasontheleaguesetupthesemifinalroundoftheplayoffssothatthegameswouldfeatureteamsfromoppositedivisionstheeastdivisionchampionorlandohostedthewestdivisionrunnerupsanfranciscoandlikewiseforthewestchampionandeastrunneruplosangelesandchicagorespectivelylosangelesandsanfranciscoeachwontheirplayoffgamestoadvancetothemilliondollargamexflchampionshipoffthefieldtheopeninggameendedwithavictoryfortheoutlawsandwaswatchedonnbcbyanestimatedmillionviewersduringthetelecastnbcswitchedovertothegamebetweentheorlandorageandthechicagoenforcerswhichwasaclosercontestthantheblowouttakingplaceinlasvegastheopeningnightdrewanielsenratingsnielsenratingalthoughtheopeningweekgamesactuallydeliveredratingsdoublethoseofwhatnbchadpromisedadvertisersandmoreviewersthantheprobowltheaudiencedeclinedsharplytoainjustoneweekandeventuallydroppedtominusculelevelsafurtherproblemwasthatthexflitselfwasthebrainchildofvincemcmahonamanwhowasridiculedbymainstreamsportsjournalistsduetothestigmaattachedtoprofessionalwrestlingasbeingworkprofessionalwrestlingfakemanyjournalistsevenjokinglyspeculatedwhetheranyoftheleaguesgameswerematchfixingriggedalthoughnothingofthissortwaseverseriouslyinvestigatedevenlongtimenbcsportscasterbobcostasjoinedinthemockingoftheleaguedickebersolpurposelyallowedcostasandothernbcsportsveteranstooptoutofthenetworkscoverageoftheleaguehencewiththeexceptionoflongdepartednflonnbcanalystmikeadamleitscoveragewashelmedmostlybyyoungerunknownsandprofessionalwrestlingfiguresandcostasinparticulardidnotlikemcmahonsapproachtothesportinanappearanceonlatenightwithconanobrieninfebruaryaftertheleaguessecondweekofplaycostasjokedithastobeatleastadecadesinceifirstmusedoutloudwhydoesntsomebodycombinemediocrehighschoolfootballwithatawdrystripclubfinallysomebodytakesmyideaandrunswithitcostasinterviewedmcmahonforanepisodeofhishboshowontherecordwithbobcostasontherecordastheleaguewasindeclinemcmahonsdefiantattitudetowardcostaswaslatercitedashasteningtheleaguesdemisestandingsregularseasonclasswikitablestylebackgroundffcbcbcolspanstyletextaligncentereasterndivisionteamwonlostyorlandoragexchicagoenforcersnewyorknewjerseyhitmenbirminghamthunderboltsstylebackgroundffcbcbcolspanstyletextaligncenterwesterndivisionteamwonlostylosangelesxtremexsanfranciscodemonsmemphismaniaxlasvegasoutlawsxfllasvegasoutlawsplayoffsroundcfprdmilliondollargamedateplaceteamscoreteamscoresemifinalsaprilnbsplamemorialcoliseummemorialcoliseumlosangeleswlosangelesxtremelosangelesechicagoenforcerschicagoaprilnbspcitrusbowlorlandoeorlandorageorlandowsanfranciscodemonssanfranciscofinalaprilnbspmemorialcoliseumlosangeleswlosangelesxtremelosangeleswsanfranciscodemonssanfranciscoawardsthissectionislinkedfromlosangelesxtrememostvaluableplayertommymaddoxqblosangelesxtrememilliondollargamemvpjosecortezklosangelesxtremecoachoftheyeargalenhallorlandoragestatisticalleadersrushingattemptsjamesbosticbirminghamthunderboltsrushingyardsjohnaveryamericanfootballjohnaverychicagoenforcersrushingtouchdownsderrickclarkamericanfootballderrickclarkorlandoragereceivingcatchesjeremainecopelandlosangelesxtremereceivingyardsstepfretwilliamsbirminghamthunderboltsreceivingtouchdownsdarnellmcdonaldamericanfootballdarnellmcdonaldlosangelesxtremepassingattemptstommymaddoxlosangelesxtremepassingcompletionstommymaddoxlosangelesxtremepassingyardstommymaddoxlosangelesxtremepassingtouchdownstommymaddoxlosangelesxtremepassinginterceptionsbriankuklickorlandorageinterceptionscoreyivychicagoenforcersquarterbacksacksantonioedwardsandkelvinkinneybothlasvegasoutlawsxfllasvegasoutlawsstatisticsclasswikitablesortableattendancesteamstadiumcapacityavgattavgfilledsanfranciscodemonspacificbellparknewyorknewjerseyhitmengiantsstadiumorlandoragecitrusbowlstadiumcitrusbowlsupasuplosangelesxtremelosangelesmemorialcoliseumlasvegasoutlawsxfllasvegasoutlawssamboydstadiummemphismaniaxlibertybowlmemorialstadiumbirminghamthunderboltslegionfieldchicagoenforcerssoldierfieldsupasupthecitrusbowlwhichhadatotalcapacityofatthetimehaditsupperdecksclosedoffforxflgamesclasswikitablesortablepassingleadersoverpassattemptsnameteamattcompyardsydsatttdtdintintlongsackedydslostratingtommymaddoxlosangelesxtremelamikepawlawskisanfranciscodemonssfjimdruckenmillermemphismaniaxmemcaseyweldonbirminghamthunderboltsbirmtdkevinmcdougalchicagoenforcerschibriankuklickorlandorageorltdjeffbrohmorlandorageorltdwallyrichardsonnewyorknewjerseyhitmennynjtdryanclementlasvegasoutlawsxfllvclasswikitablesortablepassingleadersunderpassattemptsnameteamattcompyardsydsatttdtdintintlongsackedydslostratingtimlesteramericanfootballcoachtimlesterchicagoenforcerschitdgrahamleighbirminghamthunderboltsbirmmarcuscrandellmemphismaniaxmemjaybarkerbirminghamthunderboltsbirmtdcharlespulerinewyorknewjerseyhitmennynjtdmarkgrieblasvegasoutlawsxfllvtdpatbarnessanfranciscodemonssfcortemcguffeynewyorknewjerseyhitmennynjmikecawleylasvegasoutlawsxfllvscottmilanovichlosangelesxtremelacraigwhelihanchicagoenforcerschimemphismaniaxmempaulfaillaathletepaulfaillachicagoenforcerschiclasswikitablesortablerushingleadersnameteamattydsavelongtdsjohnaveryamericanfootballjohnaverychicagoenforcerschitdrodsmartlasvegasoutlawsxfllvjamesbosticbirminghamthunderboltsbirmrashaansalaammemphismaniaxmemtdderrickclarkamericanfootballderrickclarkorlandorageorlsaladinmcculloughlosangelesxtremelajoeaskanewyorknewjerseyhitmennynjmichealblackorlandorageorlleshonjohnsonchicagoenforcerschirashaansheheelosangelesxtremelakelvinandersonsanfranciscodemonssfjimdruckenmillermemphismaniaxmemjuanjohnsonsanfranciscodemonssfwallyrichardsonnewyorknewjerseyhitmennynjclasswikitablesortablereceivingyardageleadersoveryardsnameteamrecydsavelongtdsstepfretwilliamsbirminghamthunderboltsbirmtdcharlesjordanamericanfootballcharlesjordanmemphismaniaxmemjeremainecopelandlosangelesxtremeladialleoburksorlandorageorltdaaronbaileyamericanfootballaaronbaileychicagoenforcerschiquincyjacksonbirminghamthunderboltsbirmtddarnellmcdonaldamericanfootballdarnellmcdonaldlosangelesxtremeladarylhobbsmemphismaniaxmemtdjimmycunninghamsanfranciscodemonssfkirbydardarnewyorknewjerseyhitmennynjtdkevinswayneorlandorageorltdbrianrobersonsanfranciscodemonssfkevinprentissmemphismaniaxmemmariobaileyorlandorageorltdzoladavisnewyorknewjerseyhitmennynjjameshundonsanfranciscodemonssfzechariahlordchicagoenforcerschijohnaveryamericanfootballjohnaverychicagoenforcerschitdyomurphylasvegasoutlawsxfllvanthonydicosmonewyorknewjerseyhitmennynjlatariorachallosangelesxtremelarodsmartlasvegasoutlawsxfllvmikefurreylasvegasoutlawsxfllvtdedsmithxfledsmithbirminghamthunderboltsbirmxflrulechangesdespiteboastsofaruleslightgameanduniversallynegativereviewsfromthemainstreamsportsmediaearlyonthexflplayedabrandofmanoutdoorfootballthatwasrecognizableasidefromtheopeninggamesprinttodeterminepossessionandsomeotherchangessomemodifiedduringtheseasonasitprogressedtheleaguescoachesvetoedaproposaltoeliminateineligiblereceiversallowinganyplayertoreceiveaforwardpassmidwaythroughtheseasononaccountthatthechangewouldbetooradicalgrassstadiumstheleaguedeliberatelyavoidedplacingteamsinstadiumswithartificialturfwhichatthetimehadabadreputationbothforbeingunsightlyaswellasbeingmorehazardoustoplayoncomparedtonaturalturftheleaguesrequirementforgrassfieldsautomaticallyruledouttheuseofdomedstadiumssincenosuchstadiumcapableofaccommodatingagrassfootballfieldexistedintheusintheonlyretractableroofstadiumscompleteatthetimewereusedexclusivelyformajorleaguebaseballthefirstretractableroofstadiumfornflusewasnotcompleteduntilnrgstadiumreliantstadiumopenedfortheexpansionhoustontexansinnflseasonfurthermoreeveryxflfieldwasdesignedidenticallywithnoindividualteambrandingonthefieldeachendzoneandyardlinewasdecoratedwiththexfllogomostoftheleaguesstadiumswerefootballspecificfacilitiestheonlyexceptionbeingsanfranciscospacificbellparkhomeofthesanfranciscogiantswhichwasbuiltprimarilyforbaseballbutunlikemanynewerbaseballspecificstadiumscanaccommodatefootballtwoxflstadiumsgiantsstadiumandsoldierfieldwerealsothencurrentnflstadiumswhiletwootherslosangelesmemorialcoliseumandthelibertybowlmemorialstadiumhadpreviouslyhostednflgamesthenflwouldreturntothecoliseumwhenlosangelesramsramsreturnedtolosangelestheremainingfieldswereinregularuseascollegefootballvenuesatthetimethehometeamineverystadiumwasrequiredtooccupythesidelineoppositethepressboxinordertobevisibletothetelevisioncamerasduetotheoddfielddimensionsinsanfranciscoteamsplayingtherewerepermittedtooccupythesamesidelinetheallgrassfieldstipulationcausedtheleaguetoskipoverseveralofthecountryslargestmarketsincludinghoustonandphiladelphiasincetheylackedalargegrassstadiumindallashadthecottonbowlanddetroithadtigerstadiumintheleaguestwonorthernmostmarketschicagoandnewyorknewjerseythelatterofwhichplayedingiantsstadiumduringabriefwindowinwhichthestadiumsusualartificialturfhadbeenreplacedbynaturalgrassthecombinationoftheallgrassrequirementmidwinterplayingseasonandthefactthatthexflfollowedshortlyafterthenflhadusedbothfieldsforafullseasoningiantsstadiumscasetwofullseasonssincethegiantsandjetssharedthestadiumthegiantsalsohostedtwoplayoffgamesfollowingthenflseasonseasoncausedsignificantdamagetotheplayingfieldsatchicagossoldierfieldthewearandtearonthefieldwassuchthatbymidseasonthemidfieldlogooftheenforcerscrossleaguerivalsthechicagobearswasclearlyvisibleamidastretchofdirtanddeadgrasswithinayearofthexflsdemisenextgenerationartificialsurfaceswhichmuchmorecloselymimickedgrassinappearancefeelandplayersafetywouldbeintroducedinprofessionalfootballgiantsstadiumwouldhaveanextgenerationartificialsurfaceinstalledinsoldierfieldwasrenovatedextensivelyinbutretaineditsgrassfieldopeningscramblereplacingthecointossatthebeginningofeachgamewasaneventinwhichoneplayerfromeachteamfoughttorecoverafootballyardsawayinordertodeterminepossessionbothplayerslinedupsidebysideononeoftheyardlineswiththeballbeingplacedattheyardlineatthewhistlethetwoplayerswouldruntowardtheballandattempttogainpossessionwhicheverplayergainedpossessionfirstwasallowedtochoosepossessionasifhehadwonacointossinotherleaguesthexflsfirstinjuryinfamouslyresultedfromtheopeningscrambleorlandorageorlandofreesafetyhassanshamsiddeensufferedaseparatedshoulderpriortotheragesseasonopeningwinoverthechicagoenforcersatfloridacitrusbowlstadiumonfebruaryheendedupmissingtheremainderofthecampaignnopatpointaftertouchdownkicksaftertouchdownstherewerenoextrapointkicksduetothexflsperceptionthatanextrapointkickwasaguaranteedpointtoearnapointafteratouchdownteamsranasingleoffensivedownfromthetwoyardlinefunctionallyidenticaltothenflncaacfltwopointconversionbutforjustasinglepointbytheplayoffstwopointandthreepointconversionshadbeenaddedtotherulesteamscouldoptforthebonuspointsbyplayingtheconversionfartherbackfromthegoallinethisruleasoriginallyimplementedwassimilartotheworldfootballleaguewflsactionpointandwasidenticaltoapressurepointexperimentbythenflandamericanfootballleagueusedonlyinpreseasoninterleaguegamesthatyearinthenflcflandotherprofessionalleagueswouldaddresstheguaranteedpointconcernsbymovingtheextrapointkickbacktotheyardandyardlinesrespectivelythusmakingthelengthofthekickthesamedistancetakingintoaccountthenflspositionofthegoalpostsontheendlineandthecflsgoalpostsbeingpositionedonthegoallineovertimetieswereresolvedinsimilarfashiontothencaaandpresentdaycflgamewithatleastonepossessionbyeachteamstartingfromtheopponentsyardlinethereweredifferencestherewerenofirstdownsnbspteamshadtoscorewithinfourdownsandtheteamthathadpossessionfirstinovertimecouldnotattemptafieldgoaluntilfourthdownifthatteammanagedtoscoreatouchdowninfewerthanfourdownsthesecondteamwouldonlyhavethatsamenumberofdownstomatchorbeattheresultifthescorewasstilltiedafteroneovertimeperiodtheteamthatplayedsecondonoffenseinthefirstotwouldstartonoffenseinthesecondotsimilartotherulesofcollegefootballovertimetheprocesswasrepeateduntilawinnerwasdeterminednbspunlikethecflandnflgamescouldnotendintiesevenintheregularseasonbumpandrunthexflallowedfullbumpandruncoverageearlyintheseasondefensivebackswereallowedtohitwidereceiversanytimebeforethequarterbackreleasedtheballaslongasthehitcamefromthefrontorthesidefollowingthefourthweekoftheseasonbumpandrunwasrestrictedtothefirstfiveyardsfromthelineofscrimmagesimilartonflandcflinanefforttoincreaseoffensiveproductionforwardmotionunlikethenationalfootballleaguenflbutliketheworldfootballleagueandarenafootballleaguebeforeitnotlikecanadianfootballwhichhastotallydifferentforwardmotionrulesthexflallowedoneoffensiveplayertomotionfootballmovetowardthelineofscrimmageoncehewasoutsidethetacklespuntingrulesthexflimposedanumberofrestrictionsonpuntgridironfootballpuntingthatarenotpresentinmostotherleaguesrulestheneteffectofwhichmadepuntsinthexfloperateunderrulesmoreakintokickoffgridironfootballkickoffsthepurposeoftheseprovisionswastokeepplaygoingaftertheballwaspuntedencouragingthekickingteamtomaketheballplayableandthereceivingteamtorunitbacktothiseffectpuntingoutofboundswasatenyardpenaltygridironfootballpenaltyeffectivelyoutlawingthecoffincornerpuntcommonplaceatmostotherlevelsofthegameanypuntthattraveledatleastyardspastthelineofscrimmagecouldbeonsidekickrecoveredbythekickingteamthusinsteadoflettingthekickingteamdowntheballasiscommoninotherleaguesthereceivingteamwasrequiredtotryandreturnthepuntorelselosepossessionthekickingteamwasprohibitedfromcomingwithinfiveyardsofthepuntreturnerbeforehegainedpossessionoftheballthisruleknownasthehaloruleincollegefootballandalsocommonincanadianfootballwasdubbedthedangerzoneinthexflcomingwithinfiveyardsorlessofthisdangerzonewasafiveyardpenaltymuchinthesameveinasthenoyardspenaltyincanadianfootballfaircatcheswerenotrecognizedthenofaircatchrulewasoneofthemostheavilyhypedruledifferencesinthexflandacentralpartoftheleaguesmarketingcampaignfortheinitialweeksoftheseasonthexflforbadeallplayersonthekickingteamfromgoingdownfieldbeforeakickwasmadefromscrimmageonthatdownsimilarlytoarulethenflconsideredinfortherestoftheseasonthexflmodifiedittoallowoneplayerclosesttoeachsidelinedownfieldaheadofthekickthesamemodificationthenfladoptedtotheirchangejustbeforetheirexhibitiongamesstartedallowingthekickingteamtorecoverapuntdidencouragenoticeablymorequickkicksoverthecourseofthexflsloneseasonthanwastypicallyseeninthenflovertheprecedingdecadesplayclockthexflusedasecondplayclockfivesecondsshorterthanthecontemporarynflplayclockofsecondsbutstilllongerthanthecflssecondsinanefforttospeedupthegamerosterandsalariesthexfllimitedeachteamtoanunusuallylowplayersasopposedtoonnationalfootballleaguenflteamsandormoreonunlimitedcollegerostersthiswassimilartothecanadianfootballleaguecflwhichhadacomparablemanrosterlimitinthisresultedmostcommonlyineachteamonlycarryingtwoquarterbacksandonekickerwhodoubledasthepunterthexflpaidstandardizedplayersalariesquarterbacksearnedusperweekkickersearnedandallotheruniformedplayersearnedperweekthoughafewplayersgotaroundtheserestrictionslosangelesxtremeplayersnoelprefontainetheleagueslonepunterfootballpuntingspecialistandmattmalloyawidereceiverbyhavingthemselveslistedasbackupquarterbacksplayersonawinningteamreceivedabonusoffortheweekforwinningaplayoffgametheteamthatwonthechampionshipgamesplitroughlyperplayerplayersdidnotreceiveanyfringebenefitsandhadtopayfortheirownhealthinsurancebroadcastoverviewskycamandbubbacamalthoughthexflwasnotthefirstfootballleaguetofeaturetheskycamskycamrefnameskycamrefwhichenablestvviewerstoseebehindtheoffensiveunitithelpedtopopularizeitsuniquecapabilitiesforthefirstseveralweekstheleagueusedtheskycamandonfieldcameramennicknamedthebubbacamafterwwescameramanbubbawhoironicallyrefusedtocoverthexflrefnameskycamrefextensivelygivingthetelevisionbroadcastsaperspectivesimilartovideogamessuchasthemaddennflmaddenseriesafterthexflsfailuretheskycamwasadoptedbythenationalfootballleaguenflsbroadcastersthedevicehassubsequentlycomeintouseonallmajornetworksnbcinparticularswitchedbacktothexflcameraanglesinnflseasonwhentraditionalcamerasweretoofarawaytocutthroughthickfogandsmokeonsomeofthenbcsundaynightfootballsundaynightfootballgamesthatyearresponsewassopositivethatthenetworkoptedtouseoneofitsthursdaynightfootballgamestoexperimentwithintentionallybroadcastingmostofthegamethroughthatanglebroadcastscheduleatthebeginningoftheseasonnbcshowedafeaturegameatpmeasterntimezoneeasterntimeonsaturdaynightsalsotapingasecondgamethesecondgameinsomeweekswouldairinthevisitingteamshomemarketandbeputontheairnationallyifthefeaturegamewasablowoutaswasthecaseinweekoneorencounteredtechnicaldifficultiesaswasthecaseinweektwotwogameswereshowneachsundayoneatpmeasternonparamountnetworkthenationalnetworkthenewtnnandthewweeratnnandanotheratpmeasternonupnthexflalsohadafairlyextensivelocalradiopresenceoftenusingnationallyrecognizeddiscjockeysthemorningradioduoofrickandbubbaforinstancewastheradiobroadcastteamforthebirminghamthunderboltssuperdaveosbornewasasidelinereporterforlosangelesxtremebroadcastsonkampfmklsxwmvpcarriedchicagoenforcersgamesunusuallyforaprofessionalleaguethexfldidnotfeatureastudiowraparoundthenetworkofferedxflgamedayapregameshowfeaturingradioshockjocksopieandanthonyforthefirstfourweeksoftheseasonbuttheshowwasnotcarriednationwideandmostaffiliatesjoinedinjustbeforethegamehalftimeconsistedmostlyoflivelookinsintotheplayerlockerroomsascoachesdiscussedtheirstrategyandhalftimeadjustmentswiththeirplayersaswellascheerleaderperformancesthexflalsoatmcmahonsrequestfollowedasomewhatdifferentformatthantraditionalprofessionalfootballtelecaststheannouncersmorecloselyfollowedthemodelofprofessionalwrestlingwherethecolorcommentatorhadaheelprofessionalwrestlingvillainlikerolewhilethesidelinereporterswhowerepredominantlymalearareexampleofthexflbeingmoreconservativethanthenflatthetimewhichwasincorporatingattractivefemalesidelinereporterswereformerplayersandexperiencedsportscasterswhowererelieduponformoreexpertanalysisthanusualinthethirdweekoftheseasonthegameswerespedupthroughchangesintheplayingrulesandbroadcastsweresubjectedtoincreasedtimeconstraintsthereasonwasthereactionoflornemichaelscreatorandexecutiveproducerofsaturdaynightlivetothelengthofthelosangelesxtremeversuschicagoenforcersgamethatwentintodoubleovertimethedoubleovertimeperiodscombinedwithapoweroutageearlierinthegameduetosomeonenotfuelingageneratorbeforethegamedelayedthecontestcausingthestartofsaturdaynightlivetobepushedbackfromnbsppmeasterntimetonbspamsundaymorningthisangeredmichaelswhoexpectedhighnielsenratingsratingswithjenniferlopezastheshowshostfortherestoftheseasonthexflcutoffcoverageateasterntimeregardlessofwhetherornotthegamewasovernbcsportshasretainedthispolicyforothersportsitrunsinsaturdaynighttimeslotssincethexflsclosureinnhlstadiumseriesanationalhockeyleaguetelecastwascutoffundersimilarcircumstancesrefnameusatodayrefinthefaceofdecliningratingsnbcandthexflaggressivelypromotedthattheweekgamebetweentheorlandorageandlasvegasoutlawswouldfeatureabehindthescenesvisitintothelockerroomoftheragescheerleadersathalftimetheheavilypromotedeventwasinfactapublicitystuntinsteadofshowinganentryintotheroomviewersinsteadsawasketchcomedysketchinwhichthecameramanknockedhimselfunconsciousbyrunningintothelockerroomdoorfollowedbyadreamsequencewithlittleimpliednudityvariousfetishrelatedscenesandasurprisecameofromrodneydangerfieldthenewyorkdailynewsreportedthatthescenewouldlikelybethelastsalaciouswwfstylestuntfortherestoftheseasoncitinginternalsourcesindicatingthatnbcwishedtopivotthetelecastsbacktowardsafootballorientedproductincludinghiringnflalumniasanalystsandreinstatingvasgersianastheleadcommentatorrefnamenydncheerleadersrefrefnameespnslidebarelyrefbroadcastteamsandjimrosscameoverfromwwetofillsimilarrolesonxflbroadcastsnbcnationaltelecastsweekmattvasgersianjesseventurafredrogginandmikeadamlechriswraggereplacedrogginforatleastweekweekjimrossventurarogginandadamlenbcregionaltelecastsweekrossjerrylawlerjonathancoachmanforweekrossandlawlerwerebilledastheirwwepersonasjrandthekingweekvasgersianlawlerandcoachmanmcmahonpersonallydemotedvasgersiantotheregionaltelecastafteropenlycriticizingasuggestiveshotofthecheerleadersasuncomfortableonairduringtheweekbroadcastweekrossdickbutkusandcoachmanlawlerleftthexflandwweinprotestafterweekfiveintheaftermathofthefiringofhisthenwifestacycarteraswellashisowndissatisfactionwithbeingpressuredintocommentaryonxflgameslawleropenlyadmittedonairthathehadvirtuallynointerestorbackgroundinfootballanunusualtraitforacoloranalystafterlawlersdeparturenbcbroughtvasgersianbackuptothemainbroadcastteamtnncraigminervinibobgolicleerehermanandkiplewisupnchrismarlowebrianbosworthchriswraggeandmichaelbarkanncriticalreceptionitwasbelievedthatthewillingnessoflasvegasbookmakerstotakebetsonxflgamesestablishedtheirlegitimacydispellingconcernsthattheleaguewasusingpredeterminedstorylinesasinprofessionalwrestlingrefnamesentinelbettingrefrefnamementalflossxflrefhowevertheleaguewaspannedbycriticsasboringfootballwithatawdrybroadcaststylealthoughthebroadcastsontnnandtoalesserextentupnandthemattvasgersianhelmednbccoveragewereconsideredcomparativelyprofessionalendofseasonandfailurethewwfandnbceachlostareportedmilliononlyrecuperatingoftheirinitialmillioninvestmentonapriltheseasonconcludedasthelosangelesxtremedefeatedthesanfranciscodemonsinthexflchampionshipgamewhichwasoriginallygiventhemonikerthebiggameattheendoftheseasonbutwaslaterdubbedthemilliondollargameaftertheamountofmoneyawardedtothewinningteamthoughpaidattendanceatgamesremainedrespectableifunimpressiveoverallattendancewasonlybelowwhattheleaguesgoalhadbeenatthestartoftheseasonthexflceasedoperationsafterjustoneseasonduetolowtvratingsrefnamecnnrefrefnamenytreffacingstiffcompetitionfromthencaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentncaabasketballtournamentthenbctelecastofthechicagonynjgameonmarchreceivedaratingatthattimethelowesteverforanymajornetworkprimetimeweekendfirstrunsportstelevisionbroadcastintheunitedstatesdespiteinitiallyagreeingtobroadcastxflgamesfortwoyearsandowninghalfoftheleaguenbcannounceditwouldnotbroadcastasecondxflseasonthenetworknolongerhadafullseasonofsaturdaynightstooffertheleaguebecauseithadacquiredtherightstothewinterolympicsevenifthexflhadbeenmoresuccessfulorprofitablewwfchairmanvincemcmahoninitiallyannouncedthatthexflwouldcontinueasitstillhadupnandtnnasbroadcastoutletsinfactexpansionteamswerebeingexploredforcitiessuchaswashingtondcanddetroithoweverinordertocontinuebroadcastingxflgamesupndemandedthatwwesmackdownwwfsmackdownbroadcastsbecutfromtwohourstooneandahalfhoursmcmahonfoundthesetermsunacceptableandheannouncedthexflsclosureonmaymcmahonschiefadviseraperplexednathanlivianwasquotedassayingthesituationisindeedverybadonereasonforthefailureoftheleaguetocatchondespiteitsfinancialsolvencyandmassivevisibilitywasthelackofrespectfortheleagueinthesportsmediaxflgameswererarelytreatedassportscontestsbutrathermorelikewwflikesensationalizedeventswithfewnflqualityplayerssavetommymaddoxtheleaguesmvpandwithlittlethoughtfulanalysisorevenconsiderationbysportscolumniststhexflnevergainedthenecessaryrecognitiontoberegardedasaviableleaguethefactthattheleaguewascoownedbynbcmadeespnwhichwaspartofthethewaltdisneycompanysamecorporationasabcandfoxsportsnetownedbyfoxtvdisinclinedtoreportonthexflthoughtimewarnerpropertiessuchassportsillustratedaswellastheassociatedpressdevotedcoveragetotheleaguesportsillustratedevensportsillustratedcoverjinxfeaturedthexflonthecoverofitsfebruaryeditionalbeitwiththedescriptionofitbeingsleazygimmicksandlowrentfootballmanylocaltvnewscastsandnewspaperseveninxflcitiesdidnotreportleaguescoresorshowhighlightsthisledtomanyfootballfanstreatingthexflasajokeratherthancompetitiontothenflotherproblemsincludedthescantilycladcheerleaderstrashtalkingannouncersandthelackofpenaltiesforroughnessthexflrankednoontvguideslistofthetvguidesworsttvshowsofalltimeinjulyaswellasnoonespnslistofbiggestflopsinsportsbehindryanleafintvguidenetworkalsolistedtheshowatnoontheirlistofbiggesttvblundersmanystoriesrecappingthehistoryofthexflshowphotosofthecrashofitspromotionalblimpinoaklandcaliforniaportrayingitretrospectivelyasanillomenfortheleaguetheincidentoccurredamonthbeforetheopeninggameontuesdayjanuarytheblimpwasinoaklandastheleaguehadflownitoverthenflplayoffsafcoaklandraidersmiamidolphinsjanuaryplayoffgamebetweentheoaklandraidersandmiamidolphinsandintendedtodothesamewiththefollowingweeksafcchampionshipalsoinoaklandthepilotslostcontroloftheairshipandwereforcedtoevacuatethegroundcrewwereunabletosecurethevehicleandtheunattendedblimpthenfloatedfivemilesnorthovertheoaklandestuaryatonepointreachingfeetuntilitsgondolacaughtonasailboatmastinthecentralbasinmarinaitdrapedovertheroofoftheoysterreefrestaurantnexttowheretheboatwasmooredandanearbypowerlinewhilethepilotwashospitalizednoothermajorinjurieswerereportedtheblimpneededmillioninrepairsthesailboatandrestauranthadonlyminordamagesbeforetheseasonstartedafictionalxflgameappearedinthefilmthethdaysetinrefnameabreadyreflegacynbccontinuedairingprofessionalleaguefootballbeyondthedemiseofthexflstartingwiththearenafootballleagueaflonnbctelevisioncoveragefromtoinnflseasonnbcreturnedtocoverageofnflgameswithnbcsundaynightfootballeventuallyaddingthursdaynightfootballtoitscoverageinnflseasonmcmahonandebersollatertookcreditforthemoreintimateapproachtotelevisingfootballwithinnovationssuchastheskycammikedupplayersandsidelineinterviewsthatwerelaterusedinnflbroadcastsxflteamnamesandlogossometimesappearinmoviesandtelevisionwhereprofessionalfootballneedstobedramatizedaslicensingfornfllogosmaybecostprohibitivesuchasinthearnoldschwarzeneggerstarringscififilmthethdaytheunitedfootballleagueunitedfootballleaguelaterplacedallfourofitsinauguralfranchisesinformerxflmarketsandstadiumshowevertheufldrewfarfewerfansthanthexflaverageforexamplethexflssanfranciscodemonsdrewanaverageoffanswhiletheuflssacramentomountainlionscaliforniaredwoodsdrewanaverageofdespitebothplayinginthesameballparkthreeofthefourcharterteamsincludingtheredwoodsmovedtoothermarketsbythetimeoftheuflsuflseasonthirdseasonespnproducedadocumentaryfilmdocumentarysurroundingtheleaguethiswasthexflaspartofitsanthologyseriesforthefilmdiscussesthelongtimefriendshipbetweenmcmahonandebersolasseenthroughtheeyesofdickssoncharlieebersolwhodirectsthefilmmcmahondickebersoldickschanzerrustytillmanalluginbillrodsmarttommymaddoxparislenonleaguepresidentbasildevitocostumedesignerjayhowarthjesseventuramattvasgersianjonathancoachmanbobcostasandjerryjonesallprovidedinterviewsforthefilmitdebutedatdocnycnovemberandpremieredonespnonfebruaryrefnameavclubxflrefnotableplayersnotableplayersincludedleaguemostvaluableplayermvpandlosangelesquarterbacktommymaddoxwhosignedwiththenflspittsburghsteelersafterthexflfoldedmaddoxlaterbecamethestartingquarterbackforthesteelersinandledthemtothatyearsplayoffsaswellascontinuingtostartforthemintolosangelesusedthefirstpickinthexfldraftxfldrafttoselectaformernationalfootballleaguenflquarterbackscottmilanovichmilanovichlostthestartingquarterbackjobtomaddoxwhowasplacedonthextremeasoneofahandfulofplayersputoneachteamduetogeographicdistancebetweentheplayerscollegeandtheteamshometownanotherofthebetterknownplayerswaslasvegasrunningbackrodsmartwhofirstgainedpopularitybecausethenameonthebackofhisjerseyreadrodsmarthehatemehehatemesmartwhowasonlypickedthinthedraftlaterwentontoplayforthephiladelphiaeaglescarolinapanthersoaklandraidersandtheedmontoneskimosofthecflhispantherteammatejakedelhommenamedhisnewbornhorseshehatemeasareferencetohimsmartplayedinsuperbowlxxxviiibecomingoneofsevenxflplayerstoplayinasuperbowlreceiveryomurphyalsoachievedthisasamemberofthelosangelesramsstlouisramsinsuperbowlxxxvialongwithwinningthethgreycupwiththesaskatchewanroughridersintommymaddoxplayedforasuperbowlteamwiththepittsburghsteelersinsuperbowlxlindetroitalthoughmaddoxbythenathirdstringquarterbackdidnotplayinthegamewhichturnedouttobehislastappearanceinuniformbeforeretiringlastlylasvegasoutlawsdbkellyherndonplayedinsuperbowlxlwiththeseattleseahawksinwhereheisrememberedforinterceptingapassandreturningitathenrecordyardsalthoughhedidnotplayforannflteamafterthexflsloneseasonformerlasvegasoutlawoffensiveguardisaacdavisamericanfootballisaacdavisalsohadanotablenflcareerplayingingamesoverasixyearcareerdavisstartedforthesandiegochargersinsuperbowlxxixjohnaveryamericanfootballjohnaverywentontoplayforboththeedmontoneskimosandthetorontoargonautswherehewasanallstarselectioninandwonagreycupinthelastactiveplayertohaveplayedinthexfliscanadianplacekickerpaulmccallumcanadianfootballpaulmccallumwhoretiredasamemberofthebclionspriortothestartofthecflseasonbutreturnedtotheteamastheirplacekickerduringthefinalregularseasongameoftheseasonplayedinthecflkelvinandersonjohnaveryamericanfootballjohnaveryduanebutlerjeremainecopelandmarcuscrandellreggiedurdenericenglandgridironfootballericenglanddarylhobbspaulmccallumcanadianfootballpaulmccallumscottmilanovichyomurphynoelprefontainebobbysinghrodsmartkelvinkinneysaladinmcculloughkellymalveauxjerrycraftspaullacostecanadianfootballpaullacostebernardwilliamsgridironfootballbernardwilliamswonagreycupkelvinandersoncalgarystampederscalgarystampedersjohnaveryamericanfootballjohnaverytorontoargonautsjeremainecopelandmontrealalouettescalgarystampedersmarcuscrandellcalgarystampederssaskatchewanroughridersreggiedurdenmontrealalouettesericenglandgridironfootballericenglandtorontoargonautspaulmccallumcanadianfootballpaulmccallumbclionsbclionsscottmilanovichtorontoargonautsasheadcoachyomurphysaskatchewanroughridersnoelprefontainetorontoargonautstorontoargonautsbobbysinghbclionsplayedinthenflbeforeaddinganametothislistpleasebeadvisedthatbeingonannflpracticesquadisnotthesameasplayinginthenflkeepeverythingalphabetizedbennieandersonjoeaskajohnaveryamericanfootballjohnaveryaaronbaileyamericanfootballaaronbaileypatbarnesmichaelblairjeffbrohmbutlerbynotejoscortzkirbydardarisaacdavisamericanfootballisaacdavisjimdruckenmillerkeitheliasericenglandgridironfootballericenglandleomontevansmikefurreystevegleasonkellyherndondarylhobbsjameshundoncoreyivyleshonjohnsoncharlesjordanamericanfootballcharlesjordankevinkaesviharnparislenonlastformerxflplayeronannflrostertommymaddoxyomurphylatariorachaldavidrichieangelrubiorashaansalaamnickysavoierashaansheheekevinswaynerodsmartedsmithtightendedsmithbradtroutcaseyweldoncraigwhelihanstepfretwilliamsplayedinthesuperbowlbeforeaddinganametotheselistspleaseprovidethesuperbowlandnflteamnamekeepeverythingalphabetizedroncarpenterdefensivebackroncarpentersuperbowlxxxivstlouisramsisaacdavisamericanfootballisaacdavissuperbowlxxixsandiegochargerskellyherndonsuperbowlxlseattleseahawkscoreyivysuperbowlxxxviitampabaybuccaneersparislenonsuperbowlxlviiidenverbroncostommymaddoxsuperbowlxlpittsburghsteelersyomurphysuperbowlxxxvistlouisramsbobbysinghsuperbowlxxxivstlouisramsrodsmartsuperbowlxxxviiicarolinapantherswonasuperbowlroncarpenterdefensivebackroncarpentersuperbowlxxxivstlouisramsfredcolemansuperbowlxxxvinewenglandpatriotscoreyivysuperbowlxxxviitampabaybuccaneerstommymaddoxsuperbowlxlpittsburghsteelersdavidrichiesuperbowlxxxiidenverbroncosbobbysinghsuperbowlxxxivstlouisramswonbothanxflchampionshipandsuperbowlhadtobeamemberofthelaxtremeandsuperbowlchamptobeonthislistkeepeverythingalphabetizedroncarpenterdefensivebackroncarpentersuperbowlxxxivstlouisramstommymaddoxsuperbowlxlpittsburghsteelersdavidrichiesuperbowlxxxiidenverbroncosbobbysinghsuperbowlxxxivstlouisramswonanxflchampionshipgreycupandsuperbowlbobbysinghplayedintheafljerrycraftsericenglandgridironfootballericenglandmikefurreymarkgriebtommymaddoxcraigwhelihankevinswaynekelvinkinneyjameshundonwrestledforwwerichardyoungwrestlerrichardyoungrickyortizcurrentstatusandplannedrevivalxflgamesarenowpartofthewwevideolibraryinseptemberwweattemptedtofileanewxfltrademarkforuseinwrestlingandfootballwhichwaspreviouslyfiledinunderxflllctheapplicationisstillpendingsincewwehasnotputtogetherastatementofuseforthetrademarkwwecouldconsiderabandoningtheoldapplicationandfilingthenewoneunderwweincinjulythexflsfirsttrademarkextensionwasgrantedondecemberitwasreportedthatmcmahonwasseriouslyconsideringarevivalofthexflwwedidntconfirmordenytherumorsbutreleasedastatementthatmcmahonislaunchinganewcompanyknownasalphaentertainmentthatislookingtoexpandintosportsandentertainmentpropertiesincludingprofessionalfootballandthatwweitselfwasntreturningtoprofessionalfootballrefnamerevivalrefnotedwrestlingjournalistdavemeltzerspeculatedthatmcmahonwasstartingashellcorporationwithhisownmoneytoprotectwweshareholdersonapotentialxflrevivalarevivalofthexflwouldaireitherontraditionaltvorthewwenetworkandwouldbetoneddowncomparedtoitsoriginalincarnationduetochronictraumaticencephalopathycteconcernsinfootballthatsurfacedintheearlysondecembermcmahonsoldmillionworthofwweshareswhichrequirednotificationtotheussecuritiesandexchangecommissionthesecreportedthatitwasdonesothatmcmahoncouldfundalphaentertainmentwwesharesdidinfactdeclineslightlyduetothereportwithcitigroupdowngradingwwesharesfrombuytoneutralonjanuaryalphaentertainmentdisclosedthatitwouldbemakingamajorannouncementlaterthatdaywhichultimatelyannouncedanxflxflrevivalplannedfornotesreferencesexternallinkssitesgooglecomsiterememberthexflhomerememberthexflsportsbusinessdailycomjournalissuesleaguesandgoverningbodiesxflmainaspxxyearsaftersportsbusinessjournalstackinfoboxfileformaticonlogoscreenshotextensionxmlnomimecodeonmimereftypecodeuniformtypepublicxmlconformstopublictextmagicownergenremarkuplanguagecontainerforcontainedbyextendedfromstandardgeneralizedmarkuplanguagesgmlextendedtostandardunbulletedlistitemstylepaddingemlineheightemlongitemworgtrrecxmlfiftheditionbrworgtrrecxmlsecondeditionbrfreeyesinfoboxtechnologystandardtitleextensiblemarkuplanguagexmlstatuspublishedyearstartededitorsbasestandardsrelatedstandardswcxmlschemaxmlschemaabbreviationxmldomainserializationdataserializationwebsiteworgtrrecxmlxmlincomputingextensiblemarkuplanguagexmlisamarkuplanguagethatdefinesasetofrulesforencodingelectronicdocumentdocumentsinafileformatformatthatisbothhumanreadablemediumhumanreadableandmachinereadabledatamachinereadabletheworldwidewebconsortiumwcsxmlspecificationandseveralotherrelatedspecificationsallofthemfreeopenstandardsdefinexmlthedesigngoalsofxmlemphasizesimplicitygeneralityandusabilityacrosstheinternetrefnamexmlgoalsrefitisatextualdataformatwithstrongsupportviaunicodefordifferentlanguagehumanlanguagesalthoughthedesignofxmlfocusesondocumentsthelanguageiswidelyusedfortherepresentationofarbitrarydatastructuressuchasthoseusedinwebservicesseveralxmlschemaschemasystemsexisttoaidinthedefinitionofxmlbasedlanguageswhileprogrammershavedevelopedmanyapplicationprogramminginterfacesapistoaidtheprocessingofxmldataapplicationsofxmltheessenceofwhyextensiblemarkuplanguagesarenecessaryisexplainedatmarkuplanguageforexampleseemarkuplanguagexmlmarkuplanguagexmlandatstandardgeneralizedmarkuplanguagehundredsofdocumentformatsusingxmlsyntaxhavebeendevelopedrefnamecoverpageslistrefincludingrssatomstandardatomsoapsvgandxhtmlxmlbasedformatshavebecomethedefaultformanyofficeproductivitytoolsincludingmicrosoftofficeofficeopenxmlopenofficeorgandlibreofficeopendocumentandapplecomputerapplesiworkxmlhasalsoprovidedthebaselanguageforcommunicationprotocolssuchasextensiblemessagingandpresenceprotocolxmppapplicationsforthemicrosoftnetframeworkusexmlfilesforconfigurationapplehasanimplementationofaregistrybasedonxmlmostindustrydatastandardseghealthlevelhlopentravelallianceotandcfpmlmismoetcarebasedonxmlandtherichfeaturesofthexmlschemaspecificationmanyofthesestandardsarequitecomplexanditisnotuncommonforaspecificationtocompriseseveralthousandpagesinpublishingdarwininformationtypingarchitectureditaisanxmlindustrydatastandardxmlisusedextensivelytounderpinvariouspublishingformatsxmliswidelyusedinaservicesorientedarchitecturesoadisparatesystemscommunicatewitheachotherbyexchangingxmlmessagesthemessageexchangeformatisstandardisedasanxmlschemaxsdthisisalsoreferredtoasthecanonicalschemaxmlhascomeintocommonusefortheinterchangeofdataovertheinternethistoryoftheinternetinternetengineeringtaskforceietfrfcnowsupersededbyrfcgaverulesfortheconstructionofinternetmediatypeinternetmediatypesforusewhensendingxmlitalsodefinesthemediatypescodeapplicationxmlcodeandcodetextxmlcodewhichsayonlythatthedataisinxmlandnothingaboutitssemanticstheuseofcodetextxmlcodehasbeencriticizedasapotentialsourceofencodingproblemsandithasbeensuggestedthatitshouldbedeprecatedrfcalsorecommendsthatxmlbasedlanguagesbegivenmediatypesendingincodexmlcodeforexamplecodeimagesvgxmlcodeforsvgfurtherguidelinesfortheuseofxmlinanetworkedcontextappearinrfcalsoknownasietfbcpadocumentcoveringmanyaspectsofdesigninganddeployinganxmlbasedlanguagekeyterminologythematerialinthissectionisbasedonthexmlspecificationthisisnotanexhaustivelistofalltheconstructsthatappearinxmlitprovidesanintroductiontothekeyconstructsmostoftenencounteredindaytodayusecharacteranxmldocumentisastringofcharactersalmosteverylegalunicodecharactermayappearinanxmldocumentprocessorandapplicationtheprocessoranalyzesthemarkupandpassesstructuredinformationtoanapplicationthespecificationplacesrequirementsonwhatanxmlprocessormustdoandnotdobuttheapplicationisoutsideitsscopetheprocessorasthespecificationcallsitisoftenreferredtocolloquiallyasanxmlparsermarkupandcontentthecharactersmakingupanxmldocumentaredividedintomarkupandcontentwhichmaybedistinguishedbytheapplicationofsimplesyntacticrulesgenerallystringsthatconstitutemarkupeitherbeginwiththecharactercodeltcodeandendwithacodecodeortheybeginwiththecharactercodecodeandendwithacodecodestringsofcharactersthatarenotmarkuparecontenthoweverinacdatasectionthedelimiterscodeltcdatacodeandcodecodeareclassifiedasmarkupwhilethetextbetweenthemisclassifiedascontentinadditionwhitespacebeforeandaftertheoutermostelementisclassifiedasmarkuptagatagisamarkupconstructthatbeginswithcodeltcodeandendswithcodecodetagscomeinthreeflavorsstarttagsuchascodeltsectioncodeendtagsuchascodeltsectioncodeemptyelementtagsuchascodeltlinebreakcodeelementanelementisalogicaldocumentcomponentthateitherbeginswithastarttagandendswithamatchingendtagorconsistsonlyofanemptyelementtagthecharactersbetweenthestarttagandendtagifanyaretheelementscontentandmaycontainmarkupincludingotherelementswhicharecalledchildelementsanexampleiscodeltgreetinghelloworldltgreetingcodeanotheriscodeltlinebreaknbspcodeattributeanattributeisamarkupconstructconsistingofanamevaluepairthatexistswithinastarttagoremptyelementtaganexampleiscodeltimgsrcmadonnajpgaltmadonnacodewherethenamesoftheattributesaresrcandaltandtheirvaluesaremadonnajpgandmadonnarespectivelyanotherexampleiscodeltstepnumberconnectatobltstepcodewherethenameoftheattributeisnumberanditsvalueisanxmlattributecanonlyhaveasinglevalueandeachattributecanappearatmostonceoneachelementinthecommonsituationwherealistofmultiplevaluesisdesiredthismustbedonebyencodingthelistintoawellformedxmlattributewithsomeformatbeyondwhatxmldefinesitselfusuallythisiseitheracommaorsemicolondelimitedlistoriftheindividualvaluesareknownnottocontainspacesaspacedelimitedlistcanbeusedcodeltdivclassinnergreetingboxwelcomeltdivcodewheretheattributeclasshasboththevalueinnergreetingboxandalsoindicatesthetwocssclassnamesinnerandgreetingboxxmldeclarationxmldocumentsmaybeginwithanxmldeclarationthatdescribessomeinformationaboutthemselvesanexampleiscodeltxmlversionencodingutfcodecharactersandescapingxmldocumentsconsistentirelyofcharactersfromtheunicoderepertoireexceptforasmallnumberofspecificallyexcludedcontrolcharactersanycharacterdefinedbyunicodemayappearwithinthecontentofanxmldocumentxmlincludesfacilitiesforidentifyingtheencodingoftheunicodecharactersthatmakeupthedocumentandforexpressingcharactersthatforonereasonoranothercannotbeuseddirectlyvalidcharactersunicodecodepointsinthefollowingrangesarevalidinxmldocumentsuhorizontaltabualinefeedudcarriagereturnthesearetheonlycandccontrolcodesccontrolsacceptedinxmluudffueufffdthisexcludessomenotallnoncharactersinthebasicmultilingualplanebmpallsurrogatesufffeanduffffareforbiddenuuffffthisincludesallcodepointsinsupplementaryplanesincludingnoncharactersxmlextendsthesetofallowedcharacterstoincludealltheaboveplustheremainingcharactersintherangeuufatthesametimehoweveritrestrictstheuseofcandcandccontrolcodesccontrolcharactersotherthanuhorizontaltabualinefeedudcarriagereturnandunextlinebyrequiringthemtobewritteninescapedformforexampleumustbewrittenascodeampxcodeoritsequivalentinthecaseofccharactersthisrestrictionisabackwardsincompatibilityitwasintroducedtoallowcommonencodingerrorstobedetectedthecodepointnullcharacterunullistheonlycharacterthatisnotpermittedinanyxmlordocumentencodingdetectiontheunicodecharactersetcanbeencodedintobytesforstorageortransmissioninavarietyofdifferentwayscalledencodingsunicodeitselfdefinesencodingsthatcovertheentirerepertoirewellknownonesincludeutfandutftherearemanyothertextencodingsthatpredateunicodesuchasasciiandisoiectheircharacterrepertoiresinalmosteverycasearesubsetsoftheunicodecharactersetxmlallowstheuseofanyoftheunicodedefinedencodingsandanyotherencodingswhosecharactersalsoappearinunicodexmlalsoprovidesamechanismwherebyanxmlprocessorcanreliablywithoutanypriorknowledgedeterminewhichencodingisbeingusedencodingsotherthanutfandutfarenotnecessarilyrecognizedbyeveryxmlparserescapingxmlprovidesescapesequenceescapefacilitiesforincludingcharactersthatareproblematictoincludedirectlyforexamplethecharactersltandamparekeysyntaxmarkersandmayneverappearincontentoutsideacdatasectionitisallowedbutnotrecommendedtouseltinxmlentityvaluessomecharacterencodingssupportonlyasubsetofunicodeforexampleitislegaltoencodeanxmldocumentinasciibutasciilackscodepointsforunicodecharacterssuchasitmightnotbepossibletotypethecharacterontheauthorsmachinesomecharactershavehomoglyphglyphsthatcannotbevisuallydistinguishedfromothercharacterssuchasthenonbreakingspacecodeampxacodeandthespacepunctuationspacecodeampxcodeandthecyrilliccapitalletteracodeampxcodeandthealatincapitalletteracodeampxcodeatherearefivelistofxmlandhtmlcharacterentityreferencespredefinedentitiesinxmlpredefinedentitiescodeampltcoderepresentsltcodeampgtcoderepresentsgtcodeampampcoderepresentsampcodeampaposcoderepresentsttttcodeampquotcoderepresentsttttallpermittedunicodecharactersmayberepresentedwithanumericcharacterreferenceconsiderthechinesecharacterwhosenumericcodeinunicodeishexadecimaledordecimalauserwhosekeyboardoffersnomethodforenteringthischaractercouldstillinsertitinanxmldocumentencodedeitherascodeampcodeorcodeampxedcodesimilarlythestringiltjrgcouldbeencodedforinclusioninanxmldocumentascodeiampltjampxfrgcodecodeampcodeisnotpermittedhoweverbecausethenullcharacterisoneofthecontrolcharactersexcludedfromxmlevenwhenusinganumericcharacterreferenceanalternativeencodingmechanismsuchasbaseisneededtorepresentsuchcharacterscommentscommentsmayappearanywhereinadocumentoutsideothermarkupcommentscannotappearbeforethexmldeclarationcommentsbeginwithcodeltcodeandendwithcodegtcodeforcompatibilitywithsgmlthestringdoublehyphenisnotallowedinsidecommentsthismeanscommentscannotbenestedtheampersandhasnospecialsignificancewithincommentssoentityandcharacterreferencesarenotrecognizedassuchandthereisnowaytorepresentcharactersoutsidethecharactersetofthedocumentencodinganexampleofavalidcommentcodeltnoneedtoescapeltcodegtampsuchincommentsgtcodeinternationalusexmlfiftheditionandxmlsupportthedirectuseofalmostanyunicodecharacterinelementnamesattributescommentscharacterdataandprocessinginstructionsotherthantheonesthathavespecialsymbolicmeaninginxmlitselfsuchasthelessthansignthefollowingisawellformedxmldocumentincludingchinesecharacterchinesearmenianalphabetarmenianandcyrillicscriptcyrilliccharacterssourcelangxmlxmlversionencodingutfsourcewellformednessanderrorhandlingthexmlspecificationdefinesanxmldocumentasawellformedelementwellformedtextmeaningthatitsatisfiesalistofsyntaxrulesprovidedinthespecificationsomekeypointsinthefairlylengthylistincludethedocumentcontainsonlyproperlyencodedlegalunicodecharactersnoneofthespecialsyntaxcharacterssuchascodeltcodeandcodeampcodeappearexceptwhenperformingtheirmarkupdelineationrolesthestarttagendtagandemptyelementtagthatdelimitelementsarecorrectlynestedwithtagomissionnonemissingandnoneoverlappingtagnamesarecasesensitivethestarttagandendtagmustmatchexactlytagnamescannotcontainanyofthecharactersampltgtnoraspacecharacterandcannotbeginwithoranumericdigitasinglerootelementcontainsalltheotherelementsthedefinitionofanxmldocumentexcludestextsthatcontainviolationsofwellformednessrulestheyaresimplynotxmlanxmlprocessorthatencounterssuchaviolationisrequiredtoreportsucherrorsandtoceasenormalprocessingthispolicyoccasionallyreferredtoasdracolawgiverdraconianerrorhandlingstandsinnotablecontrasttothebehaviorofprogramsthatprocesshtmlwhicharedesignedtoproduceareasonableresulteveninthepresenceofseveremarkuperrorsxmlspolicyinthisareahasbeencriticizedasaviolationofpostelslawbeconservativeinwhatyousendbeliberalinwhatyouacceptthexmlspecificationdefinesaxmlvalidationvalidxmldocumentasawellformedxmldocumentwhichalsoconformstotherulesofadocumenttypedefinitiondtdschemasandvalidationinadditiontobeingwellformedanxmldocumentmaybevalidthismeansthatitcontainsareferencetoadocumenttypedefinitiondtdandthatitselementsandattributesaredeclaredinthatdtdandfollowthegrammaticalrulesforthemthatthedtdspecifiesxmlprocessorsareclassifiedasvalidatingornonvalidatingdependingonwhetherornottheycheckxmldocumentsforvalidityaprocessorthatdiscoversavalidityerrormustbeabletoreportitbutmaycontinuenormalprocessingadtdisanexampleofaxmlschemaschemaorgrammarsincetheinitialpublicationofxmltherehasbeensubstantialworkintheareaofschemalanguagesforxmlsuchschemalanguagestypicallyconstrainthesetofelementsthatmaybeusedinadocumentwhichattributesmaybeappliedtothemtheorderinwhichtheymayappearandtheallowableparentchildrelationshipsdocumenttypedefinitiontheoldestschemalanguageforxmlisthedocumenttypedefinitiondtdinheritedfromsgmldtdshavethefollowingbenefitsdtdsupportisubiquitousduetoitsinclusioninthexmlstandarddtdsaretersecomparedtoelementbasedschemalanguagesandconsequentlypresentmoreinformationinasinglescreendtdsallowthedeclarationofsgmlentitystandardpublicentitysetsforpublishingcharactersdtdsdefineadocumenttyperatherthanthetypesusedbyanamespacethusgroupingallconstraintsforadocumentinasinglecollectiondtdshavethefollowinglimitationstheyhavenoexplicitsupportfornewerfeaturesoftwaredesignfeaturesofxmlmostimportantlyxmlnamespacenamespacestheylackexpressivenessxmldtdsaresimplerthansgmldtdsandtherearecertainstructuresthatcannotbeexpressedwithregulargrammarsdtdsonlysupportrudimentarydatatypestheylackreadabilitydtddesignerstypicallymakeheavyuseofparameterentitieswhichbehaveessentiallyastextualmacrocomputersciencemacroswhichmakeiteasiertodefinecomplexgrammarsbutattheexpenseofclaritytheyuseasyntaxbasedonregularexpressionsyntaxinheritedfromsgmltodescribetheschematypicalxmlapissuchassimpleapiforxmlsaxdonotattempttoofferapplicationsastructuredrepresentationofthesyntaxsoitislessaccessibletoprogrammersthananelementbasedsyntaxmaybetwopeculiarfeaturesthatdistinguishdtdsfromotherschematypesarethesyntacticsupportforembeddingadtdwithinxmldocumentsandfordefiningentitieswhicharearbitraryfragmentsoftextandormarkupthatthexmlprocessorinsertsinthedtditselfandinthexmldocumentwherevertheyarereferencedlikecharacterescapesdtdtechnologyisstillusedinmanyapplicationsbecauseofitsubiquityxmlschemaanewerschemalanguagedescribedbythewcasthesuccessorofdtdsisxmlschemawcxmlschemaoftenreferredtobytheinitialismforxmlschemainstancesxsdxmlschemadefinitionxsdsarefarmorepowerfulthandtdsindescribingxmllanguagestheyusearichdatatypedatatypingsystemandallowformoredetailedconstraintsonanxmldocumentslogicalstructurexsdsalsouseanxmlbasedformatwhichmakesitpossibletouseordinaryxmltoolstohelpprocessthemxsschemaelementthatdefinesaschemasourcelangxmlxmlversionencodingisoxsschemaxmlnsxsworgxmlschemaxsschemasourcerelaxngrelaxngregularlanguageforxmlnextgenerationwasinitiallyspecifiedbyoasisorganizationoasisandisnowastandardpartregulargrammarbasedvalidationofdsdlisoiecdsdlrelaxngschemasmaybewrittenineitheranxmlbasedsyntaxoramorecompactnonxmlsyntaxthetwosyntaxesareisomorphicandjamesclarkprogrammerjamesclarksconversiontoolthaiopensourcecomrelaxngtranghtmltrangcanconvertbetweenthemwithoutlossofinformationrelaxnghasasimplerdefinitionandvalidationframeworkthanxmlschemamakingiteasiertouseandimplementitalsohastheabilitytousedatatypeframeworkplugincomputingpluginsarelaxngschemaauthorforexamplecanrequirevaluesinanxmldocumenttoconformtodefinitionsinxmlschemadatatypesschematronschematronisalanguageformakingassertioncomputingassertionsaboutthepresenceorabsenceofpatternsinanxmldocumentittypicallyusesxpathexpressionsschematronisnowastandardpartrulebasedvalidationofdsdlisoiecdsdldsdlandotherschemalanguagesdocumentschemadefinitionlanguagesdsdldocumentschemadefinitionlanguagesisamultipartisoiecstandardisoiecthatbringstogetheracomprehensivesetofsmallschemalanguageseachtargetedatspecificproblemsdsdlincludesrelaxngfullandcompactsyntaxschematronassertionlanguageandlanguagesfordefiningdatatypescharacterrepertoireconstraintsrenamingandentityexpansionandnamespacebasedroutingofdocumentfragmentstodifferentvalidatorsdsdlschemalanguagesdonothavethevendorsupportofxmlschemasyetandaretosomeextentagrassrootsreactionofindustrialpublisherstothelackofutilityofxmlschemasforpublishingsomeschemalanguagesnotonlydescribethestructureofaparticularxmlformatbutalsoofferlimitedfacilitiestoinfluenceprocessingofindividualxmlfilesthatconformtothisformatdtdsandxsdsbothhavethisabilitytheycanforinstanceprovidetheinfosetaugmentationfacilityandattributedefaultsrelaxngandschematronintentionallydonotprovidetheserelatedspecificationsaclusterofspecificationscloselyrelatedtoxmlhavebeendevelopedstartingsoonaftertheinitialpublicationofxmlitisfrequentlythecasethatthetermxmlisusedtorefertoxmltogetherwithoneormoreoftheseothertechnologiesthathavecometobeseenaspartofthexmlcorexmlnamespacesenablethesamedocumenttocontainxmlelementsandattributestakenfromdifferentvocabularieswithoutanynamingcollisionsoccurringalthoughxmlnamespacesarenotpartofthexmlspecificationitselfvirtuallyallxmlsoftwarealsosupportsxmlnamespacesxmlbasedefinesthecodexmlbasecodeattributewhichmaybeusedtosetthebaseforresolutionofrelativeurireferenceswithinthescopeofasinglexmlelementxmlinformationsetorxmlinfosetisanabstractdatamodelforxmldocumentsintermsofinformationitemstheinfosetiscommonlyusedinthespecificationsofxmllanguagesforconvenienceindescribingconstraintsonthexmlconstructsthoselanguagesallowxslextensiblestylesheetlanguageisafamilyoflanguagesusedtotransformandrenderxmldocumentssplitintothreepartsxsltxsltransformationsanxmllanguagefortransformingxmldocumentsintootherxmldocumentsorotherformatssuchashtmlplaintextorxslfoxsltisverytightlycoupledwithxpathwhichitusestoaddresscomponentsoftheinputxmldocumentmainlyelementsandattributesxslfoxslformattingobjectsanxmllanguageforrenderingxmldocumentsoftenusedtogeneratepdfsxpathxmlpathlanguageanonxmllanguageforaddressingthecomponentselementsattributesandsoonofanxmldocumentxpathiswidelyusedinothercorexmlspecificationsandinprogramminglibrariesforaccessingxmlencodeddataxqueryxmlqueryisanxmlquerylanguagestronglyrootedinxpathandxmlschemaitprovidesmethodstoaccessmanipulateandreturnxmlandismainlyconceivedasaquerylanguageforxmldatabasesxmlsignaturedefinessyntaxandprocessingrulesforcreatingdigitalsignaturesonxmlcontentxmlencryptiondefinessyntaxandprocessingrulesforencryptionencryptingxmlcontentxmlmodelpartschemaassociationofdsdlisoiecdsdldefinesameansofassociatinganyxmldocumentwithanyoftheschematypesmentionedschemasandvalidationabovesomeotherspecificationsconceivedaspartofthexmlcorehavefailedtofindwideadoptionincludingxincludexlinkandxpointerprogramminginterfacesthedesigngoalsofxmlincludeitshallbeeasytowriteprogramswhichprocessxmldocumentsdespitethisthexmlspecificationcontainsalmostnoinformationabouthowprogrammersmightgoaboutdoingsuchprocessingthexmlinfosetspecificationprovidesavocabularytorefertotheconstructswithinanxmldocumentbutdoesnotprovideanyguidanceonhowtoaccessthisinformationavarietyofapisforaccessingxmlhavebeendevelopedandusedandsomehavebeenstandardizedexistingapisforxmlprocessingtendtofallintothesecategoriesstreamorientedapisaccessiblefromaprogramminglanguageforexamplesimpleapiforxmlsaxandstaxtreetraversalapisaccessiblefromaprogramminglanguageforexampledomxmlapidomxmldatabindingwhichprovidesanautomatedtranslationbetweenanxmldocumentandprogramminglanguageobjectsdeclarativetransformationlanguagessuchasxsltandxquerysyntaxextensionstogeneralpurposeprogramminglanguagesforexamplelinqandscalaprogramminglanguagescalastreamorientedfacilitiesrequirelessmemoryandforcertaintasksbasedonalineartraversalofanxmldocumentarefasterandsimplerthanotheralternativestreetraversalanddatabindingapistypicallyrequiretheuseofmuchmorememorybutareoftenfoundmoreconvenientforusebyprogrammerssomeincludedeclarativeretrievalofdocumentcomponentsviatheuseofxpathexpressionsxsltisdesignedfordeclarativedescriptionofxmldocumenttransformationsandhasbeenwidelyimplementedbothinserversidepackagesandwebbrowsersxqueryoverlapsxsltinitsfunctionalitybutisdesignedmoreforsearchingoflargexmldatabasessimpleapiforxmlsimpleapiforxmlsaxisalexicalanalysislexicaleventdrivenprogrammingeventdrivenapiinwhichadocumentisreadseriallyanditscontentsarereportedascallbackcomputerprogrammingcallbackstovariousmethodcomputersciencemethodsonaeventhandlerhandlerobjectoftheusersdesignsaxisfastandefficienttoimplementbutdifficulttouseforextractinginformationatrandomfromthexmlsinceittendstoburdentheapplicationauthorwithkeepingtrackofwhatpartofthedocumentisbeingprocesseditisbettersuitedtosituationsinwhichcertaintypesofinformationarealwayshandledthesamewaynomatterwheretheyoccurinthedocumentpullparsingpullparsingtreatsthedocumentasaseriesofitemsreadinsequenceusingtheiteratorpatterniteratordesignpatternthisallowsforwritingofrecursivedescentparsersinwhichthestructureofthecodeperformingtheparsingmirrorsthestructureofthexmlbeingparsedandintermediateparsedresultscanbeusedandaccessedaslocalvariableswithinthemethodsperformingtheparsingorpasseddownasmethodparametersintolowerlevelmethodsorreturnedasmethodreturnvaluestohigherlevelmethodsexamplesofpullparsersincludedataeditxmlmetacpanorgpoddataeditxmlinperlprogramminglanguageperlstaxinthejavaprogramminglanguagejavaprogramminglanguagexmlpullparserinsmalltalkxmlreaderinphpelementtreeiterparseinpythonprogramminglanguagepythonsystemxmlxmlreaderinthenetframeworkandthedomtraversalapinodeiteratorandtreewalkerapullparsercreatesaniteratorthatsequentiallyvisitsthevariouselementsattributesanddatainanxmldocumentcodethatusesthisiteratorcantestthecurrentitemtotellforexamplewhetheritisastarttagorendtagortextandinspectitsattributeslocalnamexmlnamespacenamespacevaluesofxmlattributesvalueoftextetcandcanalsomovetheiteratortothenextitemthecodecanthusextractinformationfromthedocumentasittraversesittherecursivedescentapproachtendstolenditselftokeepingdataastypedlocalvariablesinthecodedoingtheparsingwhilesaxforinstancetypicallyrequiresaparsertomanuallymaintainintermediatedatawithinastackofelementsthatareparentelementsoftheelementbeingparsedpullparsingcodecanbemorestraightforwardtounderstandandmaintainthansaxparsingcodedocumentobjectmodeldocumentobjectmodeldomisanapithatallowsfornavigationoftheentiredocumentasifitwereatreeofnodecomputersciencenodeobjectcomputerscienceobjectsrepresentingthedocumentscontentsadomdocumentcanbecreatedbyaparserorcanbegeneratedmanuallybyuserswithlimitationsdatatypesindomnodesareabstractimplementationsprovidetheirownprogramminglanguagespecificlanguagebindingbindingsdomimplementationstendtobememoryintensiveastheygenerallyrequiretheentiredocumenttobeloadedintomemoryandconstructedasatreeofobjectsbeforeaccessisalloweddatabindingxmldatabindingisthebindingofxmldocumentstoahierarchyofcustomandstronglytypedobjectsincontrasttothegenericobjectscreatedbyadomparserthisapproachsimplifiescodedevelopmentandinmanycasesallowsproblemstobeidentifiedatcompiletimeratherthanruntimeitissuitableforapplicationswherethedocumentstructureisknownandfixedatthetimetheapplicationiswrittenexampledatabindingsystemsincludethejavaarchitectureforxmlbindingjaxbxmlserializationinnetframeworkandxmlserializationingsoapxmlasdatatypexmlhasappearedasafirstclassdatatypeinotherlanguagestheexecmascriptforxmlexextensiontotheecmascriptjavascriptlanguageexplicitlydefinestwospecificobjectsxmlandxmllistforjavascriptwhichsupportxmldocumentnodesandxmlnodelistsasdistinctobjectsanduseadotnotationspecifyingparentchildrelationshipsexissupportedbythemozillabrowsersthoughnowdeprecatedandadobeactionscriptbuthasnotbeenadoptedmoreuniversallysimilarnotationsareusedinmicrosoftslinqimplementationformicrosoftnetandaboveandinscalaprogramminglanguagescalawhichusesthejavavmtheopensourcexmlshapplicationwhichprovidesalinuxlikeshellwithspecialfeaturesforxmlmanipulationsimilarlytreatsxmlasadatatypeusingthenotationtheresourcedescriptionframeworkdefinesadatatypecoderdfxmlliteralcodetoholdwrappedcanonicalxmlfacebookhasproducedextensionstothephpandjavascriptlanguagesthataddxmltothecoresyntaxinasimilarfashiontoexnamelyxhpandreactjavascriptlibraryjsxjsxrespectivelyhistoryxmlisanapplicationprofileengineeringprofileofsgmlisorefnameisoxmlrefreftheversatilityofsgmlfordynamicinformationdisplaywasunderstoodbyearlydigitalmediapublishersinthelatespriortotheriseoftheinternetrefnameoedrefrefnamemultimediarefbythemidssomepractitionersofsgmlhadgainedexperiencewiththethennewworldwidewebandbelievedthatsgmlofferedsolutionstosomeoftheproblemsthewebwaslikelytofaceasitgrewdanconnollycomputerscientistdanconnollyaddedsgmltothelistofwcsactivitieswhenhejoinedthestaffinworkbeganinmidwhensunmicrosystemsengineerjonbosakdevelopedacharterandrecruitedcollaboratorsbosakwaswellconnectedinthesmallcommunityofpeoplewhohadexperiencebothinsgmlandthewebrefnamedrmacrorefxmlwascompiledbyaworkinggroupofelevenmemberssupportedbyaroughlymemberinterestgrouptechnicaldebatetookplaceontheinterestgroupmailinglistandissueswereresolvedbyconsensusorwhenthatfailedmajorityvoteoftheworkinggrouparecordofdesigndecisionsandtheirrationaleswascompiledbymichaelsperbergmcqueenondecemberjamesclarkxmlexpertjamesclarkservedastechnicalleadoftheworkinggroupnotablycontributingtheemptyelementltemptynbspsyntaxandthenamexmlothernamesthathadbeenputforwardforconsiderationincludedmagmaminimalarchitectureforgeneralizedmarkupapplicationsslimstructuredlanguageforinternetmarkupandmgmlminimalgeneralizedmarkuplanguagethecoeditorsofthespecificationwereoriginallytimbrayandmichaelsperbergmcqueenhalfwaythroughtheprojectbrayacceptedaconsultingengagementwithnetscapecommunicationscorporationnetscapeprovokingvociferousprotestsfrommicrosoftbraywastemporarilyaskedtoresigntheeditorshipthisledtointensedisputeintheworkinggroupeventuallysolvedbytheappointmentofmicrosoftsjeanpaoliasathirdcoeditorthexmlworkinggroupnevermetfacetofacethedesignwasaccomplishedusingacombinationofemailandweeklyteleconferencesthemajordesigndecisionswerereachedinashortburstofintenseworkbetweenaugustandnovemberwhenthefirstworkingdraftofanxmlspecificationwaspublishedfurtherdesignworkcontinuedthroughandxmlbecameawcrecommendationonfebruarysourcesxmlisaprofileofanisostandardsgmlandmostofxmlcomesfromsgmlunchangedfromsgmlcomestheseparationoflogicalandphysicalstructureselementsandentitiestheavailabilityofgrammarbasedvalidationdtdstheseparationofdataandmetadataelementsandattributesmixedcontenttheseparationofprocessingfromrepresentationprocessinginstructionsandthedefaultanglebracketsyntaxremovedwerethesgmldeclarationxmlhasafixeddelimitersetandadoptsunicodeasthedocumentcharacterencodingcharactersetothersourcesoftechnologyforxmlwerethetextencodinginitiativeteitextencodinginitiativewhichdefinedaprofileofsgmlforuseasatransfersyntaxandhtmlinwhichelementsweresynchronouswiththeirresourcedocumentcharactersetswereseparatefromresourceencodingthecodexmllangcodeattributewasinventedandlikehttpmetadataaccompaniedtheresourceratherthanbeingneededatthedeclarationofalinktheercsextendedreferenceconcretesyntaxprojectofthespreadstandardizationprojectregardingeastasiandocumentsprojectoftheisorelatedchinajapankoreadocumentprocessingexpertgroupwasthebasisofxmlsnamingrulesspreadalsointroducedhexadecimalnumericcharacterreferencesandtheconceptofreferencestomakeavailableallunicodecharacterstosupportercsxmlandhtmlbetterthesgmlstandardiswasrevisedinandwithwebsgmladaptationsthexmlheaderfollowedthatofisohytimeideasthatdevelopedduringdiscussionthatarenovelinxmlincludedthealgorithmforencodingdetectionandtheencodingheadertheprocessinginstructiontargetthexmlspaceattributeandthenewclosedelimiterforemptyelementtagsthenotionofwellformednessasopposedtovaliditywhichenablesparsingwithoutaschemawasfirstformalizedinxmlalthoughithadbeenimplementedsuccessfullyintheelectronicbooktechnologydynatextsoftwarethesoftwarefromtheuniversityofwaterloonewoxfordenglishdictionaryprojecttherisplispsgmltextprocessoratuniscopetokyotheusarmymissilecommandiadshypertextsystemmentorgraphicscontextinterleafandxeroxpublishingsystemversionstherearetwocurrentversionsofxmlthefirstxmlwasinitiallydefinedinithasundergoneminorrevisionssincethenwithoutbeinggivenanewversionnumberandiscurrentlyinitsfiftheditionaspublishedonnovemberitiswidelyimplementedandstillrecommendedforgeneralusethesecondxmlwasinitiallypublishedonfebruarythesamedayasxmlthirdeditionandiscurrentlyinitssecondeditionaspublishedonaugustitcontainsfeaturessomecontentiousthatareintendedtomakexmleasiertouseincertaincasesrefnamexmlrationalerefthemainchangesaretoenabletheuseoflineendingcharactersusedonebcdicplatformsandtheuseofscriptsandcharactersabsentfromunicodexmlisnotverywidelyimplementedandisrecommendedforuseonlybythosewhoneeditsparticularfeaturespriortoitsfiftheditionreleasexmldifferedfromxmlinhavingstricterrequirementsforcharactersavailableforuseinelementandattributenamesanduniqueidentifiersinthefirstfoureditionsofxmlthecharacterswereexclusivelyenumeratedusingaspecificversionoftheunicodestandardunicodetounicodethefiftheditionsubstitutesthemechanismofxmlwhichismorefutureproofbutreducesredundancyinformationtheoryredundancytheapproachtakeninthefiftheditionofxmlandinalleditionsofxmlisthatonlycertaincharactersareforbiddeninnamesandeverythingelseisallowedtoaccommodatesuitablenamecharactersinfutureunicodeversionsinthefiftheditionxmlnamesmaycontaincharactersinthebalinesescriptbalinesechamscriptchamorphoenicianalphabetphoenicianscriptsamongmanyothersaddedtounicodesinceunicodealmostanyunicodecodepointcanbeusedinthecharacterdataandattributevaluesofanxmlordocumentevenifthecharactercorrespondingtothecodepointisnotdefinedinthecurrentversionofunicodeincharacterdataandattributevaluesxmlallowstheuseofmorecontrolcharactersthanxmlbutforrobustnessmostofthecontrolcharactersintroducedinxmlmustbeexpressedasnumericcharacterreferencesandxfthroughxfwhichhadbeenallowedinxmlareinxmlevenrequiredtobeexpressedasnumericcharacterreferencesamongthesupportedcontrolcharactersinxmlaretwolinebreakcodesthatmustbetreatedaswhitespacewhitespacecharactersaretheonlycontrolcodesthatcanbewrittendirectlytherehasbeendiscussionofanxmlalthoughnoorganizationhasannouncedplansforworkonsuchaprojectxmlswswforskunkworksprojectskunkworkswrittenbyoneoftheoriginaldevelopersofxmlcontainssomeproposalsforwhatanxmlmightlooklikeeliminationofdtdsfromsyntaxintegrationofxmlnamespacenamespacesxmlbaseandxmlinformationsetintothebasestandardtheworldwidewebconsortiumalsohasanxmlbinarycharacterizationworkinggroupdoingpreliminaryresearchintousecasesandpropertiesforabinaryencodingofxmlinformationsettheworkinggroupisnotcharteredtoproduceanyofficialstandardssincexmlisbydefinitiontextbaseditutandisoareusingthenamefastinfosetfortheirownbinaryinfosettoavoidconfusionseeitutrecxandisoieccriticismxmlanditsextensionshaveregularlybeencriticizedforverbosityandcomplexitymappingthebasictreemodelofxmltotypesystemsofprogramminglanguagesordatabasescanbedifficultespeciallywhenxmlisusedforexchanginghighlystructureddatabetweenapplicationswhichwasnotitsprimarydesigngoalhoweverxmldatabindingsystemsallowapplicationstoaccessxmldatadirectlyfromobjectsrepresentingadatastructureofthedataintheprogramminglanguageusedwhichensurestypesafetyratherthanusingthedocumentobjectmodeldomorsimpleapiforxmlsaxtoretrievedatafromadirectrepresentationofthexmlitselfthisisaccomplishedbyautomaticallycreatingamappingbetweenelementsofthexmlschemaxsdofthedocumentandmembersofaclasstoberepresentedinmemoryothercriticismsattempttorefutetheclaimthatxmlisaselfdescribinglanguagethoughthexmlspecificationitselfmakesnosuchclaimjsonyamlandsexpressionsexpressionsarefrequentlyproposedassimpleralternativesseecomparisonofdataserializationformatsthatfocusonrepresentinghighlystructureddataratherthandocumentswhichmaycontainbothhighlystructuredandrelativelyunstructuredcontenthoweverwcstandardizedxmlschemaspecificationsofferabroaderrangeofstructuredxsddatatypescomparedtosimplerserializationformatsandoffermodularityandreusethroughxmlnamespaceseealsolistofxmlmarkuplanguageslistofxmlschemascomparisonoflayoutenginesxmlcomparisonofdataserializationformatsbinaryxmlebmlwbxmlxhtmlxmlprotocolnotesreferencesreflistrefsrefnamedeprecatetextxmlreffurtherreadingannexaofisosgmlexternallinkspleasebecautiousaddingmoreexternallinkswikipediaisnotacollectionoflinksandshouldnotbeusedforadvertisingexcessiveorinappropriatelinkswillberemovedseewikipediaexternallinksandwikipediaspamfordetailsiftherearealreadysuitablelinksproposeadditionsorreplacementsonthearticlestalkpageorsubmityourlinktotherelevantcategoryattheopendirectoryprojectdmozorgandlinkthereusingworgxmlwcxmlhomepageworgtrrecxmlxmlspecificationxmlasccnetenutfercsretrohtmlretrospectiveonextendedreferenceconcretesyntaxbyrickjelliffexmlcompubawjsbosakhtmlxmljavaandthefutureofthewebbyjonbosakvalidatorworgvalidatorworgtheofficialwcmarkupvalidationservicexmlsilmariliethexmlfaqoriginallyforthewcsxmlsigbypeterflynnxenonisachemicalelementwithsymbolnbspxeandatomicnumbernbspitisacolorlessdenseodorlessnoblegasfoundintheatmosphereofearthearthsatmosphereintraceamountsrefcitewebauthorstaffdateurlinfopleasecomcesciahtmltitlexenonworkcolumbiaelectronicencyclopediaeditionthpublishercolumbiauniversitypressaccessdaterefalthoughgenerallyunreactivexenoncanundergoafewchemicalreactionssuchastheformationofxenonhexafluoroplatinatethefirstnoblegascompoundtobesynthesizedrefnamelanlcitewebauthorhustedrobertauthorboormanmolliedatedecemberurlperiodiclanlgovshtmltitlexenonpublisherlosalamosnationallaboratorychemicaldivisionaccessdaterefrefcitebooklastrabinovichfirstviktorabramovichauthorvassermanaaauthornedostupviauthorvekslerlstitlethermophysicalpropertiesofneonargonkryptonandxenondatepublisherhemispherepublishingcorplocationwashingtondcisbnbibcodewdchrnationalstandardreferencedataserviceoftheussrvolumerefxenonisusedinflashtubexenonflashlampsandxenonarclamparclampsandasageneralanaesthesiageneralanestheticrefnamesanderscitejournalauthorsandersrobertdauthormadaqingauthormazemervyntitlexenonelementalanaesthesiainclinicalpracticejournalbritishmedicalbulletindatevolumeissuepagesdoibmbldhpmidrefthefirstexcimerlaserdesignusedaxenondimerchemistrydimermoleculexesubsubastheactivelasermediumlasingmediumandtheearliestlaserdesignsusedxenonflashlampsaslaserpumpingpumpsxenonisusedtosearchforhypotheticalweaklyinteractingmassiveparticlesrefnameballciteweblastballfirstphilipdatemayurlnaturecomnewsfullnewshtmltitlexenonoutswimpsworknaturejournalnatureaccessdaterefandasthepropellantforionthrustersinspacecraftnaturallyoccurringxenonconsistsofisotopesofxenoneightstableisotopesmorethanunstablexenonisotopesundergoradioactivedecayandtheisotoperatiosofxenonareanimportanttoolforstudyingtheearlyhistoryofthesolarsystemradioactivexenonisproducedbybetadecayfromisotopesofiodineiodineiodineaproductofnuclearfissionandisthemostsignificantandunwantedneutroncaptureneutronabsorberinnuclearreactorshistoryxenonwasdiscoveredinenglandbythescottishchemistwilliamramsayandenglishchemistmorristraversinseptemberrefnamenobelciteweburlnobelprizeorgnobelprizeschemistrylaureatesramsaylecturehtmltitlenobellecturetheraregasesoftheatmospherelastramsayfirstsirwilliamdatedecemberwebsitenobelprizeorgpublishernobelmediaabaccessdatenovemberrefshortlyaftertheirdiscoveryoftheelementskryptonandneontheyfoundxenonintheresidueleftoverfromevaporatingcomponentsofliquidairrefcitejournalauthorramsaywauthortraversmwtitleontheextractionfromairofthecompanionsofargonandneonjournalreportofthemeetingofthebritishassociationfortheadvancementofsciencedatepagerefrefciteweburleducationjlaborgitselementalelehtmltitleitselementalxenonaccessdatelastgagnonfirststevepublisherthomasjeffersonnationalacceleratorfacilityreframsaysuggestedthenamexenonforthisgasfromthegreeklanguagegreekwordxenonneutersingularformofxenosmeaningforeignerstrangerorguestrefcitebookauthoranonymouseditordanielcoitgilmaneditorharrythurstonpeckeditorfrankmoorecolbydatetitlethenewinternationalencyclopdiapublisherdoddmeadandcompanypagerefrefcitebookauthorstaffdateurlbooksgooglecomidirczezbojscpgpatitlethemerriamwebsternewbookofwordhistoriespagepublishermerriamwebsterincisbnrefinramsayestimatedtheproportionofxenonintheearthsatmospheretobeonepartinmillionrefcitejournallastramsayfirstwilliamtitleanattempttoestimatetherelativeamountsofkryptonandofxenoninatmosphericairjournalproceedingsoftheroyalsocietyoflondondatevolumeissuepagesdoirsplrefduringthesamericanengineerharoldeugeneedgertonharoldedgertonbeganexploringstrobelighttechnologyforhighspeedphotographyhighspeedphotographythisledhimtotheinventionofthexenonflashtubeflashlampinwhichlightisgeneratedbypassingbriefelectriccurrentthroughatubefilledwithxenongasinedgertonwasabletogenerateflashesasbriefasonemicrosecondwiththismethodrefcitewebauthoranonymoustitlehistoryurlmillisecondcinecomhistoryhtmlarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebmillisecondcinecomhistoryhtmlarchivedatepublishermillisecondcinematographyaccessdaterefrefciteweblastpaschottafirstrdigerdatenovemberurlrpphotonicscomlamppumpedlasershtmltitlelamppumpedlasersworkencyclopediaoflaserphysicsandtechnologypublisherrpphotonicsaccessdaterefinamericanphysicianalbertrbehnkejrbeganexploringthecausesofdrunkennessindeepseadivershetestedtheeffectsofvaryingthebreathingmixturesonhissubjectsanddiscoveredthatthiscausedthediverstoperceiveachangeindepthfromhisresultshededucedthatxenongascouldserveasananesthesiaanestheticalthoughrussiantoxicologistnikolaylazarevnikolayvlazarevapparentlystudiedxenonanesthesiainthefirstpublishedreportconfirmingxenonanesthesiawasinbyamericanmedicalresearcherjohnhlawrencewhoexperimentedonmicexenonwasfirstusedasasurgicalanestheticinbyamericananesthesiologiststuartccullenwhosuccessfullyuseditwithtwopatientsrefcitejournalauthormarxthomasauthorschmidtmichaelauthorschirmeruweauthorreinelthelmuttitlexenonanesthesiajournaljournaloftheroyalsocietyofmedicinedatevolumepagesurljrsmorgcgireprintpdfaccessdateformatpdfpmidissuepmcrefxenonandtheothernoblegaseswereforalongtimeconsideredtobecompletelychemicallyinertandnotabletoformchemicalcompoundcompoundshoweverwhileteachingattheuniversityofbritishcolumbianeilbartlettchemistneilbartlettdiscoveredthatthegasplatinumhexafluorideptfsubsubwasapowerfulredoxoxidizingagentthatcouldoxidizeoxygengasosubsubtoformdioxygenylhexafluoroplatinaterefauthorbartlettneilauthorlohmanndhjournalproceedingsofthechemicalsocietypublisherchemicalsocietylocationlondonissuepagedatedoipsrefsinceosubsubandxenonhavealmostthesamefirstionizationenergyionizationpotentialbartlettrealizedthatplatinumhexafluoridemightalsobeabletooxidizexenononmarchhemixedthetwogasesandproducedthefirstknowncompoundofanoblegasxenonhexafluoroplatinaterefnamebartlettxecitejournaltitlexenonhexafluoroplatinatevxesupsupptfsubsubsupsupauthorbartlettnjournalproceedingsofthechemicalsocietypublisherchemicalsocietylocationlondonissuepagedatedoipsrefrefnamebeautifulciteweburlchemumneduclassbaranyffunbeautifulpdftitlechemistryatitsmostbeautifulaccessdatelastfreemantelfirstmichaeldateaugustformatpdfpublisherchemicalengineeringnewsdeadurlbotunknownarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebchemumneduclassbaranyffunbeautifulpdfarchivedatejanuarydfrefbartlettthoughtitscompositiontobexesupsupptfsubsubsupsupbutlaterworkrevealedthatitwasprobablyamixtureofvariousxenoncontainingsaltsrefnamegrahmcitejournallastgrahamfirstldateauthorgraudejusoauthorjhankauthorbartlettntitleconcerningthenatureofxeptfsubsubjournalcoordinationchemistryreviewsvolumeissuepagesdoisrefrefcitebookfirstaflasthollemanauthorwibergegoneditorbernhardjaylettdateotherstranslatedbymaryeaglesonandwilliambrewertitleinorganicchemistrylocationsandiegopublisheracademicpressisbntranslationoflehrbuchderanorganischenchemiefoundedbyafhollemanbooksgooglecombooksidvewjwzkthecpgpacontinuedbyegonwibergeditedbynilswibergberlindegruytertheditionrefrefciteweblaststeelfirstjoannadateurlchemistryberkeleyedupublicationsnewsbiobartlettphptitlebiographyofneilbartlettpublishercollegeofchemistryuniversityofcaliforniaberkeleyaccessdatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebchemistryberkeleyedupublicationsnewsbiobartlettphparchivedateseptemberrefsincethenmanyotherxenoncompoundshavebeendiscoveredrefcitejournallastbartlettfirstneildateurlpubsacsorgcenthnoblegaseshtmltitlethenoblegasesjournalchemicalengineeringnewsvolumeissuepublisheramericanchemicalsocietyaccessdaterefinadditiontosomecompoundsofthenoblegasesargonkryptonandradonincludingargonfluorohydrideharfrefcitejournalfirstleonidlastkhriachtchevauthorpetterssonmikaauthorrunebergninoauthorlundelljanauthorrsnenmarkkudatetitleastableargoncompoundjournalnaturevolumepagesdoiurlnaturecomnaturejournalvnabsahtmlaccessdatepmidissuerefkryptondifluoridekrfsubsubrefcitebookauthorlynchctauthorsummittrauthorslikeradatetitlecrchandbookofmaterialssciencepublishercrcpressisbnxrefrefcitejournaltitlekryptondifluoridepreparationandhandlingauthormackenziedrdatejournalsciencevolumeissuepagedoisciencepmidbibcodescimrefandradondifluorideradonfluoriderefcitejournalauthorpaulrfieldsauthorlawrencesteinauthormoshehzirinlastauthorampyestitleradonfluoridejournaljournaloftheamericanchemicalsocietydatevolumeissuepagesdoijaarefbymorethanxenoncompoundswereknownrefnamecrcciteweburlchemnetbasecomperiodictableelementsxenonhtmtitlexenonworkperiodictableonlinepublishercrcpressaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebchemnetbasecomperiodictableelementsxenonhtmarchivedateaprilrefrefcitejournallastmoodyfirstgjtitleadecadeofxenonchemistryjournaljournalofchemicaleducationdatevolumeissuepagesurlericedgovericwebportalrecorddetailaccnoejaccessdatedoiedpbibcodejchedmrefinnovemberibmscientistsdemonstratedatechnologycapableofmanipulatingindividualatomstheprogramcalledibmatomsibminatomsusedascanningtunnelingmicroscopetoarrangeindividualxenonatomsonasubstrateofchilledcrystalofnickeltospelloutthethreelettercompanyinitialismitwasthefirsttimeatomshadbeenpreciselypositionedonaflatsurfacecharacteristicsxenonhasatomicnumberthatisitsnucleuscontainsprotonsatstandardtemperatureandpressurepurexenongashasadensityofnbspkgmsupsupabouttimesthedensityoftheearthsatmosphereatsealevelnbspkgmsupsuprefciteweblastwilliamsfirstdavidrdateaprilurlnssdcgsfcnasagovplanetaryfactsheetearthfacthtmltitleearthfactsheetpublishernasaaccessdaterefasaliquidxenonhasadensityofuptonbspgmlwiththedensitymaximumoccurringatthetriplepointrefnamedetectorscitebookfirstelenalastaprileauthorbolotnikovalekseyeauthordoketadayoshititlenoblegasdetectorspublisherwileyvchdateisbnurlbooksgooglecomidtsnhmxchacpgptpagesrefliquidxenonhasahighpolarizabilityduetoitslargeatomicvolumeandthusisanexcellentsolventitcandissolvehydrocarbonsbiologicalmoleculesandevenwaterunderthesameconditionsthedensityofsolidxenonnbspgcmsupsupisgreaterthantheaveragedensityofgranitenbspgcmsupsupunderpascalunitgigapascalsofpressurexenonformsametallicphaserefcitejournallastcaldwellfirstwadateauthornguyenjauthorpfrommerbauthorlouiesauthorjeanlozrtitlestructurebondingandgeochemistryofxenonathighpressuresjournalsciencejournalsciencevolumeissuepagesdoisciencerefsolidxenonchangesfromfacecenteredcubicfcctoclosepackingofsphereshexagonalclosepackedhcpcrystalphaseunderpressureandbeginstoturnmetallicataboutnbspgpawithnonoticeablevolumechangeinthehcpphaseitiscompletelymetallicatnbspgpawhenmetallizedxenonappearsskybluebecauseitabsorbsredlightandtransmitsothervisiblefrequenciessuchbehaviorisunusualforametalandisexplainedbytherelativelysmallwidthoftheelectronbandsinthatstaterefcitewebfirstelastfontestitlegoldenanniversaryforfounderofhighpressureprogramatchesspublishercornelluniversityurlnewschesscornelleduarticlesruoffannvhtmlaccessdaterefrefcitejournalauthormikhaileremetseremetsmikhailiauthorgregoryanzeugeneaauthorstruzhkinvictorvauthormaohokwangauthorhemleyrusselljauthormuldersnorbertauthorzimmermanneilmtitleelectricalconductivityofxenonatmegabarpressuresjournalphysicalreviewlettersvolumeissuepagesdatedoiphysrevlettpmidbibcodephrvlerefbrimagexenonflashgifanimatedversionliquidorsolidxenonnanoparticlescanbeformedatroomtemperaturebyimplantingxesupsupionsintoasolidmatrixmanysolidshavelatticeconstantssmallerthansolidxethisresultsincompressionoftheimplantedxetopressuresthatmaybesufficientforitsliquefactionorsolidificationxenonisamemberofthezerovalencechemistryvalenceelementsthatarecallednoblegasnobleorinertgasesitisinerttomostcommonchemicalreactionssuchascombustionforexamplebecausetheoutervalenceshellcontainseightelectronsthisproducesastableminimumenergyconfigurationinwhichtheouterelectronsaretightlyboundrefciteweblastbaderfirstrichardfwurlmirandachemistrymcmastercaesamtitleanintroductiontotheelectronicstructureofatomsandmoleculespublishermcmasteruniversityaccessdaterefinagasfilledtubexenonemitsablueorlavendercolorlavenderishglowwhenexcitedbyelectricarcelectricaldischargexenonemitsabandofspectrallineemissionlinesthatspanthevisualspectrumrefciteweblasttalbotfirstjohnurlwebphysikrwthaachendeharmaixphysikatomdischargeindexhtmltitlespectraofgasdischargespublisherrheinischwestflischetechnischehochschuleaachenaccessdatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebwebphysikrwthaachendeharmaixphysikatomdischargeindexhtmlarchivedatejulyrefbutthemostintenselinesoccurintheregionofbluelightproducingthecolorationrefcitebookfirstwilliammarshalllastwattsdatetitleanintroductiontothestudyofspectrumanalysispublisherlongmansgreenandcolocationlondonrefoccurrenceandproductionxenonisatracegasinearthsatmosphereoccurringatnbsppartsperbillionnllorapproximatelypartpermillionrefnamekirkcitebooklasthwangfirstshuenchengauthorrobertdleinauthordanielamorganchapternoblegasestitlekirkothmerencyclopediaofchemicaltechnologypublisherjohnwileysonswileydateeditionthdoiaisbnxrefitisalsofoundasacomponentofgasesemittedfromsomemineralspringsxenonisobtainedcommerciallyasabyproductoftheairseparationseparationofairintooxygenandnitrogenafterthisseparationgenerallyperformedbyfractionaldistillationinadoublecolumnplanttheliquidoxygenproducedwillcontainsmallquantitiesofkryptonandxenonbyadditionalfractionaldistillationtheliquidoxygenmaybeenrichedtocontainofakryptonxenonmixturewhichisextractedeitherbyabsorptionontosilicagelorbydistillationfinallythekryptonxenonmixturemaybeseparatedintokryptonandxenonbyfurtherdistillationrefcitebookfirstfrankglastkerrydatetitleindustrialgashandbookgasseparationandpurificationpagespublishercrcpressisbnurlbooksgooglecomidcxnmyttgbricpgparefrefciteweburlcfccomspecgasproductsxenonhtmtitlexenonxeaccessdatedateaugustpublishercfcstartecllcrefworldwideproductionofxenoninwasestimatedatnbspmsupsuprefnameullmanncitebooklasthussingerfirstpeterauthorglatthaarreinhardauthorrhodewilhelmauthorkickhelmutauthorbenkmannchristianauthorweberjosefauthorwunschelhansjrgauthorstenkeviktorauthorleichtedithauthorstengerhermannchapternoblegasestitleullmannsencyclopediaofindustrialchemistrypublisherwileydateeditionthdoiaisbnrefbecauseofitsscarcityxenonismuchmoreexpensivethanthelighternoblegasesapproximatepricesforthepurchaseofsmallquantitiesineuropeinwerenbspeurolforxenonnbsplforkryptonandnbsplforneonwhilethemuchmoreplentifulargoncostslessthanacentperliterwithinthesolarsystemthenucleonfractionofxenonisforanabundanceofthechemicalelementsabundanceofapproximatelyonepartinnbspthousandofthetotalmassrefcitebookfirstdavidlastarnettdatetitlesupernovaeandnucleosynthesispublisherprincetonuniversitypresslocationprincetonnewjerseyisbnurlbooksgooglecomidpxgwgnppogcpgparefxenonisrelativelyrareinthesunsatmosphereonearthandinasteroidsandcometstheabundanceofxenonintheatmosphereofplanetjupiterisunusuallyhighabouttimesthatofthesunrefnamemahaffycitejournallastmahaffyfirstprauthorniemannhbauthoralpertaauthoratreyaskauthordemickjauthordonahuetmauthorharpolddnauthorowentctitlenoblegasabundanceandisotoperatiosintheatmosphereofjupiterfromthegalileoprobemassspectrometerjournaljournalofgeophysicalresearchdatevolumeissueepagesbibcodejgrmdoijerefthisabundanceremainsunexplainedbutmayhavebeencausedbyanearlyandrapidbuildupofplanetesimalssmallsubplanetarybodiesbeforetheheatingofthesolarnebulapresolardiskrefcitejournallastowenfirsttobiasauthormahaffypaulauthorniemannhbauthoratreyasushilauthordonahuethomasauthorbarnunakivaauthordepaterimketitlealowtemperatureoriginfortheplanetesimalsthatformedjupiterjournalnaturedatevolumeissuepagesbibcodenaturodoipmidrefotherwisexenonwouldnothavebeentrappedintheplanetesimalicestheproblemofthelowterrestrialxenonmaybeexplainedbycovalentbondingofxenontooxygenwithinquartzreducingtheoutgassingofxenonintotheatmosphererefcitejournalauthorsanloupchrystledisplayauthorsetaltitleretentionofxenoninquartzandearthsmissingxenonjournalsciencedatevolumeissuepagesdoisciencepmidbibcodescisrefunlikethelowermassnoblegasesthenormalstellarnucleosynthesisprocessinsideastardoesnotformxenonelementsmoremassivethanironconsumeenergythroughfusionandthesynthesisofxenonrepresentsnoenergygainforastarrefcitebookfirstdonalddlastclaytondatetitleprinciplesofstellarevolutionandnucleosynthesispublisheruniversityofchicagopressisbnurlbooksgooglecomidimjwzdxexqicpgparefinsteadxenonisformedduringsupernovaexplosionsrefnameheymannciteconferencelastheymannfirstdauthordziczkaniecmtitlexenonfromintermediatezonesofsupernovaeworkproceedingsthlunarandplanetaryscienceconferencepagespublisherpergamonpressincdatemarchlocationhoustontexasbibcodelpschrefinclassicalnovaexplosionsrefcitejournallastpignatarifirstmlastgallinofirstrlaststranierofirstolastdavisfirstatitletheoriginofxenontrappedinpresolarmainstreamsicgrainsjournalmemoriedellasocietaastronomicaitalianadatevolumepagesbibcodemmsaiprefbytheslowneutroncaptureprocesssprocessinredgiantstarsthathaveexhaustedtheircorehydrogenandenteredtheasymptoticgiantbranchrefcitejournalauthorbeerhauthorkaeppelerfauthorreffogauthorventurinigtitleneutroncapturecrosssectionsofstablexenonisotopesandtheirapplicationinstellarnucleosynthesisjournalastrophysicsandspacesciencevolumeissuedatenovemberpagesdoibfbibcodeapssbrefandfromradioactivedecayforexamplebybetadecayofextinctradionuclideextinctiodineandspontaneousfissionofthoriumuraniumandplutoniumisotopesnaturallyoccurringxenoniscomposedofeightstableisotopestableisotopesthisismorethananyotherelementexcepttinwhichhastenrefcitebookfirstjblastrajamdatetitleatomicphysicseditionthpublisherschandandcolocationdelhiisbnxreftheisotopessupsupxeandsupsupxearepredictedbytheorytoundergodoublebetadecaybutthishasneverbeenobservedsotheyareconsideredstablerefcitejournallastbarabashfirstastitleaveragerecommendedhalflifevaluesfortwoneutrinodoublebetadecayjournalczechoslovakjournalofphysicsdatevolumeissuepagesdoiaarxivnuclexbibcodeczjphbrefinadditionmorethanunstableisotopesthathavebeenstudiedthelongestlivedoftheseisotopesissupsupxewhichundergoesdoublebetadecaywithahalflifeofrefnameexorefsupsupxeisproducedbybetadecayofsupsupiodineiwhichhasahalflifeofnbspmillionyearssupmsupxesupsupxesupmsupxeandsupsupxearesomeofthenuclearfissionfissionproductsofsupsupuraniumuandsupsupplutoniumpurefnamecaldwellciteweblastcaldwellfirstericdatejanuaryurlcamnlwrusgsgovisoigperiodxeiightmltitleperiodictablexenonworkresourcesonisotopespublisherusgsaccessdaterefandareusedtodetectandmonitornuclearexplosionsnucleioftwoofthestableisotopesofxenonsupsupxeandsupsupxehavenonzerointrinsicangularmomentumangularmomentaspinphysicsnuclearspinssuitablefornuclearmagneticresonancethenuclearspinscanbealignedbeyondordinarypolarizationlevelsbymeansofcircularlypolarizedlightandrubidiumvaporrefcitejournallastottenfirsternstwdatetitletakeabreathofpolarizednoblegasjournaleurophysicsnewsvolumeissuedoiepnpagesbibcodeenewsoreftheresultingspinpolarizationofxenonatomicnucleusnucleicansurpassofitsmaximumpossiblevaluegreatlyexceedingthethermalequilibriumvaluedictatedbyparamagneticstatisticstypicallyofthemaximumvalueatroomtemperatureeveninthestrongestmagnetssuchnonequilibriumalignmentofspinsisatemporaryconditionandiscalledhyperpolarizationphysicshyperpolarizationtheprocessofhyperpolarizingthexenoniscalledopticalpumpingalthoughtheprocessisdifferentfromopticalpumpingpumpingalaserrefcitejournaljournalphysicalreviewlettersvolumeissuepagedatetitleopticalpumpingsystemdesignforlargeproductionofhyperpolarizedsupsupxefirsticlastrusetauthorketelsauthorhersmanfwdoiphysrevlettbibcodephrvlerrefbecauseasupsupxenucleushasaspinphysicsspinofandthereforeazeroelectricfieldelectricquadrupolemomentthesupsupxenucleusdoesnotexperienceanyquadrupolarinteractionsduringcollisionswithotheratomsandthehyperpolarizationpersistsforlongperiodsevenaftertheengenderinglightandvaporhavebeenremovedspinpolarizationofsupsupxecanpersistfromseveralsecondsforxenonatomsdissolvedinbloodrefcitejournalfirstjlastwolberauthorcherubiniaauthorleachmoauthorbifoneatitleontheoxygenationdependentsupsupxetsubsubinblooddatejournalnmrinbiomedicinevolumeissuepagesdoiaidnbmcokpmidreftoseveralhoursinthegasphaserefcitejournalfirstblastchannauthornelsoniaauthorandersonlwauthordriehuysbauthorwalkertgtitlesupsupxexemolecularspinrelaxationdatejournalphysicalreviewlettersvolumeissuepagesdoiphysrevlettbibcodephrvlkcrefandseveraldaysindeeplyfrozensolidxenonrefciteencyclopediafirstgustavkonradlastvonschulthessauthorsmithhansjrgenauthorpetterssonholgerauthorallisondavidjohndatetitletheencyclopaediaofmedicalimagingpagepublishertaylorfrancisisbnurlbooksgooglecombooksidzvdyunrcocpgparefincontrastisotopesofxenonsupsupxehasanuclearspinvalueofandanonzeroquadrupolemomentandhastsubsubrelaxationtimesinthemillisecondandsecondrangesrefcitejournalfirstwwlastwarrenauthornorbergretitlenuclearquadrupolerelaxationandchemicalshiftofxesupsupinliquidandsolidxenondatejournalphysicalreviewvolumeissuepagesdoiphysrevbibcodephrvwrefsomeradioactiveisotopesofxenonforexamplesupsupxeandsupsupxeareproducedbyneutronirradiationoffissionablematerialwithinnuclearreactorsxenonsupsupxeisofconsiderablesignificanceintheoperationofnuclearreactornuclearfissionreactorssupsupxehasahugeneutroncrosssectioncrosssectionforthermalneutronssupsupnbspbarnunitbarnsrefnamestaceycitebookfirstwestonmlaststaceydatetitlenuclearreactorphysicspageurlbooksgooglecomidyugcgvsxskcpgpapublisherwileyvchisbnrefandoperatesasaneutronabsorberornuclearpoisonpoisonthatcansloworstopthechainreactionafteraperiodofoperationthiswasdiscoveredintheearliestnuclearreactorsbuiltbytheamericanmanhattanprojectforplutoniumproductionfortunatelythedesignershadmadeprovisionsinthedesigntoincreasethereactorsreactivitythenumberofneutronsperfissionthatgoontofissionotheratomsofnuclearfuelrefcitewebauthorstaffurlcfodoegovmemanhattanhanfordoperationalhtmarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebcfodoegovmemanhattanhanfordoperationalhtmarchivedatetitlehanfordbecomesoperationalworkthemanhattanprojectaninteractivehistorypublisherusdepartmentofenergyaccessdaterefsupsupxereactorpoisoningwasamajorfactorinthechernobyldisasterconditionsbeforetheaccidentchernobyldisasterrefcitebooktitlemodernphysicsanintroductorytextdatefirstjeremyilastpfefferauthornirshlomopagesffpublisherimperialcollegepressisbnurlbooksgooglecomidkmmywptcpgparefashutdownordecreaseofpowerofareactorcanresultinbuildupofsupsupxewithreactoroperationgoingintoaconditionknownastheiodinepitunderadverseconditionsrelativelyhighconcentrationsofradioactivexenonisotopesmayemanatefromcrackedfuelrodsrefcitebookfirstedwardsalastlawsdatetitleaquaticpollutionanintroductorytextpagepublisherjohnwileyandsonsisbnurlbooksgooglecomidlixyeisacpgpareforfissioningofuraniuminwatercoolingcoolingwaterrefcitenewsauthorstaffdateapriltitleanuclearnightmarejournaltimemagazinetimeurltimecomtimemagazinearticlehtmlaccessdaterefbecausexenonisatracerfortwoparentisotopesxenonisotoperatiosinmeteoritesareapowerfultoolforstudyingtheformationofthesolarsystemtheiodinexenondatingiodinexenonmethodofradiometricdatingdatinggivesthetimeelapsedbetweennucleosynthesisandthecondensationofasolidobjectfromthesolarnebulainphysicistjohnreynoldsphysicistjohnhreynoldsdiscoveredthatcertainmeteoritescontainedanisotopicanomalyintheformofanoverabundanceofxenonheinferredthatthiswasadecayproductofradioactiveiodinethisisotopeisproducedslowlybycosmicrayspallationandnuclearfissionbutisproducedinquantityonlyinsupernovaexplosionsbecausethehalflifeofsupsupiiscomparativelyshortonacosmologicaltimescalemillionyearsthisdemonstratedthatonlyashorttimehadpassedbetweenthesupernovaandthetimethemeteoriteshadsolidifiedandtrappedthesupsupithesetwoeventssupernovaandsolidificationofgascloudwereinferredtohavehappenedduringtheearlyhistoryofthesolarsystembecausethesupsupiisotopewaslikelygeneratedshortlybeforethesolarsystemwasformedseedingthesolargascloudwithisotopesfromasecondsourcethissupernovasourcemayalsohavecausedcollapseofthesolargascloudrefcitebookfirstdonalddlastclaytondatetitleprinciplesofstellarevolutionandnucleosynthesispageeditionndurlbooksgooglecomidimjwzdxexqicpgpapublisheruniversityofchicagopressisbnrefrefcitewebauthorboltbaauthorpackardreauthorpricepbdateurlcontentcdliborgxtfviewdocidhbrndocviewcontentchunkiddivtocdepthbrandoacanchoridtitlejohnhreynoldsphysicsberkeleypublishertheuniversityofcaliforniaberkeleyaccessdaterefinasimilarwayxenonisotopicratiossuchassupsupxesupsupxeandsupsupxesupsupxeareapowerfultoolforunderstandingplanetarydifferentiationandearlyoutgassingrefnamekaneokacitejournallastkaneokafirstichirotitlexenonsinsidestoryjournalsciencedatevolumeissuepagesdoisciencebrefforexampletheatmosphereofmarsshowsaxenonabundancesimilartothatofearthnbsppartspermillionrefciteweblastwilliamsfirstdavidrdateseptemberurlnssdcgsfcnasagovplanetaryfactsheetmarsfacthtmltitlemarsfactsheetpublishernasaaccessdaterefbutmarsshowsagreaterabundanceofsupsupxethantheearthorthesunsincethisisotopeisgeneratedbyradioactivedecaytheresultmayindicatethatmarslostmostofitsprimordialatmospherepossiblywithinthefirstmillionyearsaftertheplanetwasformedrefciteweblastschillingfirstjamesurlhumbabearcnasagovmgcmhtmlfaqsthinatmhtmltitlewhyisthemartianatmospheresothinandmainlycarbondioxidepublishermarsglobalcirculationmodelgroupaccessdatedeadurlbotunknownarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebhumbabearcnasagovmgcmhtmlfaqsthinatmhtmlarchivedatedfrefrefcitejournallastzahnlefirstkevinjtitlexenologicalconstraintsontheimpacterosionoftheearlymartianatmospherejournaljournalofgeophysicalresearchdatevolumeissueepagesdoijebibcodejgrzrefinanotherexampleexcesssupsupxefoundincarbondioxidewellgasesfromnewmexicoisbelievedtobefromthedecayofmantlegeologymantlederivedgasesfromsoonafterearthsformationrefcitejournallastboulosfirstmsauthormanueloktitlethexenonrecordofextinctradioactivitiesintheearthjournalsciencejournalsciencevolumeissuepagesdatedoisciencepmidbibcodescibrefcompoundsafterneilbartlettsdiscoveryinthatxenoncanformchemicalcompoundsalargenumberofxenoncompoundshavebeendiscoveredanddescribedalmostallknownxenoncompoundscontaintheelectronegativeatomsfluorineoroxygenthechemistryofxenonineachoxidationstateisanalogoustothatoftheneighboringelementiodineintheimmediatelyloweroxidationstatehalidesaltamodelofplanarchemicalmoleculewithabluecenteratomxesymmetricallybondedtofourperipheralatomsfluorinethreefluoridesareknownxenondifluoridexenontetrafluorideandxenonhexafluoridexefistheorizedtobeunstablethesearethestartingpointsforthesynthesisofalmostallxenoncompoundsthesolidcrystallinedifluorideisformedwhenamixtureoffluorineandxenongasesisexposedtoultravioletlightrefcitejournalauthorweeksjameslauthorchernickcedricauthormathesonmaxstitlephotochemicalpreparationofxenondifluoridejournaljournaloftheamericanchemicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesdoijaadatereftheultravioletcomponentofordinarydaylightissufficientrefcitejournalauthorstrenglvauthorstrengagtitleformationofxenondifluoridefromxenonandoxygendifluorideorfluorineinpyrexglassatroomtemperaturejournalinorganicchemistrydatevolumeissuepagesdoiicareflongtermheatingofathightemperaturesunderancatalystyieldsrefnametramsekcitejournalauthortramekmelitaauthoremvaboristitlesynthesispropertiesandchemistryofxenoniifluoridejournalactachimicaslovenicadatedecembervolumeissuepagesdoichinrefpyrolysisofinthepresenceofsodiumfluoridenafyieldshighpurityrefcitejournalauthorogrintomazauthorbohincmatejauthorsilvnikjozetitlemeltingpointdeterminationsofxenondifluoridexenontetrafluoridemixturesjournaljournalofchemicalandengineeringdatadatevolumeissuepagedoijearefthexenonfluoridesbehaveasbothfluorideacceptorsandfluoridedonorsformingsaltsthatcontainsuchcationsasandandanionssuchasandthegreenparamagneticisformedbythereductionofbyxenongasrefnamehardingcitebookauthorhardingcharlieauthorjohnsondavidarthurauthorjanesrobtitleelementsofthepblockpagespublisherroyalsocietyofchemistrylocationgreatbritaindateisbnurlbooksgooglecomidwhwwgmqqscpgparefalsoformscomplexchemistrycoordinationcomplexeswithtransitionmetalionsmorethansuchcomplexeshavebeensynthesizedandcharacterizedwhereasthexenonfluoridesarewellcharacterizedwiththeexceptionofdichloridexenondichloridexeclsubsubtheotherhalidesarenotknownxenondichlorideformedbythehighfrequencyirradiationofamixtureofxenonfluorineandsilicontetrachloridesiliconorcarbontetrachloriderefnamescottrefisreportedtobeanendothermiccolorlesscrystallinecompoundthatdecomposesintotheelementsatnbspchowevermaybemerelyavanderwaalsmoleculeofweaklyboundxeatomsandmoleculesandnotarealcompoundrefcitejournalauthorproserpiodavidemauthorhoffmannroaldauthorjandakennethctitlethexenonchlorineconundrumvanderwaalscomplexorlinearmoleculedatevolumejournaljournaloftheamericanchemicalsocietyissuepagesdoijaareftheoreticalcalculationsindicatethatthelinearmoleculeislessstablethanthevanderwaalscomplexrefcitejournalauthorrichardsonnancyaauthorhallmichaelbdatetitlethepotentialenergysurfaceofxenondichloridejournalthejournalofphysicalchemistryvolumeissuepagesdoijarefoxidesandoxohalidesthreeoxidesofxenonareknownxenontrioxideandxenontetroxidebothofwhicharedangerouslyexplosiveandpowerfuloxidizingagentsandxenondioxidexeosubsubwhichwasreportedinwithacoordinationnumberoffourrefcitejournalauthorbrockdsauthorschrobilgengjtitlesynthesisofthemissingoxideofxenonxeosubsubanditsimplicationsforearthsmissingxenonjournaljournaloftheamericanchemicalsocietydatedoijagvolumeissuepmidpagesrefxeosubsubformswhenxenontetrafluorideispouredovericeitscrystalstructuremayallowittoreplacesiliconinsilicatemineralsrefnamechemistrywhererefthexeoosupsupcationhasbeenidentifiedbyinfraredspectroscopyinsolidargonrefcitejournalauthorzhoumauthorzhaoyauthorgongyauthorlijtitleformationandcharacterizationofthexeoosupsupcationinsolidargonjournaljournaloftheamericanchemicalsocietydatevolumeissuepmidpagesdoijanrefxenondoesnotreactwithoxygendirectlythetrioxideisformedbythehydrolysisofrefcitebookfirstjohnhlasthollowayauthorhopeericgeditoragsykesdatepublisheracademictitleadvancesininorganicchemistrypressisbnxpageurlbooksgooglecomidiqxrtzpqcpgparefhfisweaklyacidicdissolvinginalkalitoformunstablexenatesaltscontainingtheaniontheseunstablesaltseasilydisproportionationdisproportionateintoxenongasandperxenatesaltscontainingtheanionrefnamehendersoncitebookfirstwlasthendersontitlemaingroupchemistrydatepublisherroyalsocietyofchemistrypageslocationgreatbritainisbnurlbooksgooglecomidtwdxzjfvoscpgparefbariumperxenatewhentreatedwithconcentratedsulfuricacidyieldsgaseousxenontetroxidetopreventdecompositionthexenontetroxidethusformedisquicklycooledtoformapaleyellowsoliditexplodesabovenbspcintoxenonandoxygengasanumberofxenonoxyfluoridesareknownincludingxenonoxytetrafluorideandisformedbyreactingoxygendifluoridewithxenongasatlowtemperaturesitmayalsobeobtainedbypartialhydrolysisofitdisproportionatesatnbspcintoandrefnamemackaycitebookauthormackaykennethmalcolmauthormackayrosemaryannauthorhendersonwtitleintroductiontomoderninorganicchemistrydateeditionthpublishercrcpressisbnurlbooksgooglecomidlpjpwktpnccpgpapagesrefisformedbythepartialhydrolysisofrefcitejournallastsmithfirstdfdatetitlexenonoxyfluoridepmidjournalsciencevolumedoiscienceissuebibcodescispagesreforthereactionofwithsodiumperxenatethelatterreactionalsoproducesasmallamountofreactswithcaesiumfluoridecsftoformtheanionwhilexeofsubsubreactswiththealkalimetalfluoridespotassiumfluoridekfrubidiumfluoriderbfandcsftoformtheanionothercompoundsrecentlytherehasbeenaninterestinxenoncompoundswherexenonisdirectlybondedtoalesselectronegativeelementthanfluorineoroxygenparticularlycarbonrefcitebooktitleadvancesininorganicchemistryauthorhollowayjohnhauthorhopeericgotherscontributoragsykespublisheracademicpressdateisbnxurlbooksgooglecomidiqxrtzpqcpgpapagesrefelectronwithdrawinggroupssuchasgroupswithfluorinesubstitutionarenecessarytostabilizethesecompoundsnumeroussuchcompoundshavebeencharacterizedincludingrefcitejournaltitlecsubsubfsubsubxefaversatilestartingmaterialinxenoncarbonchemistrydatelastfrohnfirsthjournaljournaloffluorinechemistryvolumeissuepagesdoijjfluchemlasttheienfirstmichaelrefwherecsubsubfsubsubisthepentafluorophenylgroupothercompoundscontainingxenonbondedtoalesselectronegativeelementincludeandthelatterissynthesizedfromdioxygenyltetrafluoroborateatnbspcrefcitejournaldoijaatitlereactionofxenonwithdioxygenyltetrafluoroboratepreparationoffxebfsubsubdatelastgoetschelfirstcharlestauthorlooskarlrjournaljournaloftheamericanchemicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesrefanunusualioncontainingxenonisthetetraxenonogoldiicationwhichcontainsxeaubondsrefnamewaikeelicitebooktitleadvancedstructuralinorganicchemistryauthorliwaikeeauthorzhougongduauthormakthomascweditorgongduzhoueditorthomascwmakpublisheroxforduniversitypressdateisbnurlbooksgooglecomidqaahpkxcpgpapagerefthisionoccursinthecompoundandisremarkableinhavingdirectchemicalbondsbetweentwonotoriouslyunreactiveatomsxenonandgoldwithxenonactingasatransitionmetalligandthecompoundcontainsaxexebondthelongestelementelementbondknownpmangstromrefcitebooktitleadvancedstructuralinorganicchemistryfirstwaikeelastlifirstgongdulastzhoufirstthomascwlastmakpublisheroxforduniversitypressdateisbnpagerefinmrsnenandcoworkersscientistsattheuniversityofhelsinkiinfinlandannouncedthepreparationofxenondihydridehxehandlaterxenonhydridehydroxidehxeohhydroxenoacetylenehxecchandotherxecontainingmoleculesrefcitejournallastgerberfirstrbdatedoiannurevphyschemtitleformationofnovelraregasmoleculesinlowtemperaturematricesjournalannualreviewofphysicalchemistryvolumeissuepagespmidbibcodearpcgrefinkhriachtchevetalreportedthepreparationofhxeoxehbythephotolysisofwaterwithinacryogenicxenonmatrixrefcitejournallastkhriachtchevfirstleonidauthorisokoskikaroliinaauthorcohenarikauthorrsnenmarkkuauthorgerberrbennytitleasmallneutralmoleculewithtwonoblegasatomshxeoxehjournaljournaloftheamericanchemicalsocietydatevolumeissuepagesdoijavpmidrefdeuteriumdeuteratedmoleculeshxeodanddxeohhavealsobeenproducedrefcitejournallastpetterssonfirstmikaauthorkhriachtchevleonidauthorlundelljanauthorrsnenmarkkutitleachemicalcompoundformedfromwaterandxenonhxeohdatejournaljournaloftheamericanchemicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesdoijarefclathratesandexcimersinadditiontocompoundswherexenonformsachemicalbondxenoncanformclathratessubstanceswherexenonatomsorpairsaretrappedbythecrystalstructurecrystallinelatticeofanothercompoundoneexampleisxenonhydratexehsubsubowherexenonatomsoccupyvacanciesinalatticeofwatermoleculesrefcitejournaldoisciencetitleamoleculartheoryofgeneralanesthesiaauthorlinklinuspaulingjournalsciencevolumeissuedatepagespmidlastpaulingfirstlbibcodescipreprintedascitebookpagestitlelinuspaulingselectedscientificpapersvolumeeditorpaulinglinuseditorkambbarclayplaceriveredgenewjerseypublisherworldscientificdateisbnurlbooksgooglecomidqduadxcpgparefthisclathratehasameltingpointofnbspcrefnamehendersoncitebooktitlemaingroupchemistrylasthendersonfirstwdatepublisherroyalsocietyofchemistrylocationgreatbritainisbnurlbooksgooglecomidtwdxzjfvoscpgpapagerefthedeuteratedversionofthishydratehasalsobeenproducedrefcitejournalfirsttomokolastikedaauthormaeshinjiauthoryamamuroosamuauthormatsuotakasukeauthorikedasusumuauthoribbersonrichardmtitledistortionofhostlatticeinclathratehydrateasafunctionofguestmoleculeandtemperaturejournaljournalofphysicalchemistryadatenovembervolumeissuepagesdoijpjbibcodejpcairefanotherexampleisxenonhydridexehsubsubsubsubinwhichxenonpairsdimersaretrappedinsidesolidhydrogenrefnamekrhrefsuchclathratehydratescanoccurnaturallyunderconditionsofhighpressuresuchasinlakevostokunderneaththeantarcticaantarcticicesheetrefcitejournallastmckayfirstcpauthorhandkpauthordoranptauthorandersendtauthorpriscujctitleclathrateformationandthefateofnobleandbiologicallyusefulgasesinlakevostokantarcticajournalgeophysicalresearchlettersdatevolumeissuepagedoiglbibcodegeorlmmurlonlinelibrarywileycomdoiglpdfrefclathrateformationcanbeusedtofractionallydistillxenonargonandkryptonrefcitejournallastbarrerfirstrmauthorstuartwititlenonstoichiometricclathrateofwaterjournalproceedingsoftheroyalsocietyoflondondatevolumeissuepagesdoirspabibcoderspsabrefxenoncanalsoformendohedralfullerenecompoundswhereaxenonatomistrappedinsideafullerenemoleculethexenonatomtrappedinthefullerenecanbeobservedbysupsupxenuclearmagneticresonancenmrspectroscopythroughthesensitivechemicalshiftofthexenonatomtoitsenvironmentchemicalreactionsonthefullerenemoleculecanbeanalyzedtheseobservationsarenotwithoutcaveathoweverbecausethexenonatomhasanelectronicinfluenceonthereactivityofthefullerenerefcitejournallastfrunzifirstmichaelauthorcrossrjamesauthorsaundersmartintitleeffectofxenononfullerenereactionsjournaljournaloftheamericanchemicalsocietydatepmidvolumedoijanissuepagesrefwhenxenonatomsareinthestationarystategroundenergystatetheyrepeleachotherandwillnotformabondwhenxenonatomsbecomesenergizedhowevertheycanformanexcimerexciteddimeruntiltheelectronsreturntothegroundstatethisentityisformedbecausethexenonatomtendstocompletetheoutermostelectronshellelectronicshellbyaddinganelectronfromaneighboringxenonatomthetypicallifetimeofaxenonexcimerisnbspnsandthedecayreleasesphotonswithwavelengthsofaboutandnbspnanometrenmrefcitebookfirstwilliamthomaslastsilfvastdatetitlelaserfundamentalspublishercambridgeuniversitypressisbnurlbooksgooglecomidxvbiwsaxscpgraparefrefcitebookfirstjohnglastwebsterdatetitlethemeasurementinstrumentationandsensorshandbookpublisherspringerisbnurlbooksgooglecomidbuuzzfivicpgptrefxenoncanalsoformexcimerswithotherelementssuchasthehalogensbrominechlorineandfluorinerefcitebookfirstcharleslastmcgheedateauthortaylorhughrauthorgartrydavidsauthortrokelstephenltitleexcimerlasersinophthalmologypublisherinformahealthcareisbnurlbooksgooglecomidpgbucgcvocpgparefapplicationsalthoughxenonisrareandrelativelyexpensivetoextractfromtheatmosphereofearthearthsatmosphereithasanumberofapplicationsilluminationandopticsgasdischargelampsxenonisusedinlightemittingdevicescalledxenonflashlampsusedinflashphotographyphotographicflashesandstroboscopiclampsrefnameburkecitebookfirstjameslastburkedatetitletwintrackstheunexpectedoriginsofthemodernworldpublisheroxforduniversitypressisbnpagereftoexcitetheactivelasermediumactivemediuminlaserswhichthengeneratecoherentlightrefcitewebauthorstaffdateurlpraxaircompraxairnsfcaedabdfaebbcopendocumenttitlexenonapplicationspublisherpraxairtechnologyaccessdaterefandoccasionallyinbactericidebactericidallampsrefcitejournallastbaltsfirsteauthorcsomazauthorbodailauthorignczfauthordobozyaauthorkemnyltitleaxenoniodineelectricdischargebactericidallampjournaltechnicalphysicslettersdatevolumeissuepagesdoibibcodetephlsrefthefirstsolidstatelaserinventedinwaspumpedbyaxenonflashlamprefnametoyserkanicitebooklasttoyserkanifirstedateauthorkhajepouraauthorcorbinspagetitlelasercladdingpublishercrcpressisbnurlbooksgooglecomidzfvbychzvqmcpgparefandlasersusedtopowerinertialconfinementfusionarealsopumpedbyxenonflashlampsrefcitejournallastskeldonfirstmdauthorsaagerrauthorokishevaauthorsekawtitlethermaldistortionsinlaserdiodeandflashlamppumpedndylflaserrodsjournalllereviewdatevolumepagesurlllerochesteredupubreviewvthermalpdfaccessdateformatpdfarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebllerochesteredupubreviewvthermalpdfarchivedateoctoberrefcontinuousshortarchighpressurexenonarclampshaveacolortemperaturecloselyapproximatingnoonsunlightandareusedinsolarsimulatorsolarsimulatorsthatisthechromaticityoftheselampscloselyapproximatesaheatedblackbodyradiatoratthetemperatureofthesunfirstintroducedinthestheselampsreplacedtheshorterlivedcarbonarclampsinmovieprojectorsrefnamemellorcitebookfirstdavidlastmellordatepagetitlesoundpersonsguidetovideopublisherfocalpressisbnurlbooksgooglecomidgxxnawfcpgpareftheyarealsoemployedintypicalmmfilmmmimaxanddigitalprojectorsdigitalmovieprojectorfilmprojectionsystemstheyareanexcellentsourceofshortwavelengthultravioletradiationandhaveintenseemissionsinthenearinfraredusedinsomenightvisionsystemsxenonisusedasastartergasinhighintensitydischargelamphidautomotiveheadlightsandhighendtacticallighttacticalflashlightstheindividualcellsinaplasmadisplaycontainamixtureofxenonandneonionizedwithelectrodestheinteractionofthisplasmawiththeelectrodesgeneratesultravioletphotonswhichthenexcitethephosphorcoatingonthefrontofthedisplayrefcitewebauthoranonymousurlplasmatvscienceorgtheinnerworkingshtmltitletheplasmabehindtheplasmatvscreenpublisherplasmatvscienceaccessdatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebplasmatvscienceorgtheinnerworkingshtmlarchivedateoctoberrefrefcitenewslastmarinfirstrickdatemarchtitleplasmatvthatnewobjectofdesirenewspaperthenewyorktimesurlnytimescomstyleplasmatvthatnewobjectofdesirehtmlsecsponaccessdaterefxenonisusedasastartergasinsodiumvaporlamphighpressuresodiumlampsithasthelowestthermalconductivityandlowestionizationpotentialofallthenonradioactivenoblegasesasanoblegasitdoesnotinterferewiththechemicalreactionsoccurringintheoperatinglampthelowthermalconductivityminimizesthermallossesinthelampwhileintheoperatingstateandthelowionizationpotentialcausesthebreakdownvoltageofthegastoberelativelylowinthecoldstatewhichallowsthelamptobemoreeasilystartedrefcitebookfirstjohnlastwaymouthdatetitleelectricdischargelampspublishermitpresslocationcambridgemaisbnreflasersinagroupofresearchersatbelllabsbelllaboratoriesdiscoveredlaseractioninxenonrefcitejournalfirstcknlastpatelauthorbennettjrwrauthorfaustwlauthormcfarlaneratitleinfraredspectroscopyusingstimulatedemissiontechniquesvolumeissuedateaugustpagesjournalphysicalreviewlettersdoiphysrevlettbibcodephrvlprefandlaterfoundthatthelasergainwasimprovedbyaddingheliumtothelasingmediumrefcitejournalfirstcknlastpatelauthorfaustwlauthormcfarlaneratitlehighgaingaseousxeheopticalmasersjournalappliedphysicslettersvolumeissuepagesdatedecemberdoibibcodeapphlprefrefcitejournalfirstwrlastbennettjrtitlegaseousopticalmasersjournalappliedopticssupplementvolumedatepagesdoiaobibcodeapoptsbrefthefirstexcimerlaserusedaxenondimerchemistrydimerxesubsubenergizedbyabeamofelectronstoproducestimulatedemissionatanultravioletwavelengthofnanometrenmrefnamebasovcitejournaldoiqevnabehlastbasovfirstngauthordanilychevvaauthorpopovyumtitlestimulatedemissioninthevacuumultravioletregionjournalsovietjournalofquantumelectronicsdatevolumeissuepagesbibcodequelebrefxenonchlorideandxenonfluoridehavealsobeenusedinexcimerormoreaccuratelyexciplexlasersrefciteweburlsafetyofficeuwaterloocahselaserdocumentslasertypeshtmltitlelaseroutputpublisheruniversityofwaterlooaccessdaterefmedicalanesthesiaxenonhasbeenusedasageneralanestheticalthoughitisexpensiveanesthesiamachinesthatcandeliverxenonareexpectedtoappearontheeuropeanmarketbecauseadvancesinrecoveryandrecyclingofxenonhavemadeiteconomicallyviablerefnamesinghciteweblastsinghfirstsanjaydatemayurlexpresshealthcaremgmtcomcriticareshtmltitlexenonamodernanaestheticpublisherindianexpressnewspaperslimitedaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebexpresshealthcaremgmtcomcriticareshtmladdedbyhllbotarchivedaterefxenoninteractswithmanydifferentreceptorsandionchannelsandlikemanytheoreticallymultimodalinhalationanestheticstheseinteractionsarelikelycomplementaryxenonisahighaffinityglycinesitenmdareceptorantagonistrefnamenmdarefhoweverxenonisdifferentfromcertainothernmdareceptorantagonistsinthatitisnotneurotoxicityneurotoxicanditinhibitstheneurotoxicityofketamineandnitrousoxidewhileactuallyproducingneuroprotectionneuroprotectiveeffectsunlikeketamineandnitrousoxidexenondoesnotstimulateadopamineeffluxinthenucleusaccumbenslikenitrousoxideandcyclopropanexenonactivatesthetwoporedomainpotassiumchannelkcnktrekarelatedchannelkcnktaskalsoimplicatedintheactionsofinhalationanestheticsisinsensitivetoxenonxenoninhibitsnicotinicacetylcholinealphabetanicotinicreceptorsubsubsubsubreceptorswhichcontributetospinallymediatedanalgesiaxenonisaneffectiveinhibitorofplasmamembranecaatpaseplasmamembranecasupsupatpasexenoninhibitscasupsupatpasebybindingtoahydrophobicporewithintheenzymeandpreventingtheenzymefromassumingactiveconformationsxenonisacompetitiveinhibitoroftheserotoninhtreceptorhtsubsubreceptorwhileneitheranestheticnorantinociceptivethisreducesanesthesiaemergentnauseaandvomitingxenonhasaminimumalveolarconcentrationmacofatagemakingitmorepotentthannsubsuboasananestheticthusitcanbeusedwithoxygeninconcentrationsthathavealowerriskofhypoxiamedicalhypoxiaunlikenitrousoxidensubsuboxenonisnotagreenhousegasandisviewedasenvironmentallyfriendlyrefnamegotorefthoughrecycledinmodernsystemsxenonventedtotheatmosphereisonlyreturningtoitsoriginalsourcewithoutenvironmentalimpactneuroprotectantxenoninducesrobustcardioprotectionandneuroprotectionthroughavarietyofmechanismsthroughitsinfluenceoncasupsupksupsupkatphifandnmdaantagonismxenonisneuroprotectivewhenadministeredbeforeduringandafterischemiaischemicinsultsxenonisahighaffinityantagonistatthenmdareceptorglycinesitexenoniscardioprotectiveinischemiareperfusionconditionsbyinducingpharmacologypharmacologicnonischemicpreconditioningxenoniscardioprotectivebyactivatingpkcepsilonanddownstreampmapkxenonmimicsneuronalischemicpreconditioningbyactivatingatpsensitivepotassiumchannelsxenonallostericallyreducesatpmediatedchannelactivationinhibitionindependentlyofthesulfonylureareceptorsubunitincreasingkatpopenchanneltimeandfrequencysportsdopinginhalingaxenonoxygenmixtureactivatesproductionofthetranscriptionfactorhifahifalphawhichmayleadtoincreasedproductionoferythropoietinthelatterhormoneisknowntoincreaseredbloodcellproductionandathleticperformancereportedlydopingwithxenoninhalationhasbeenusedinrussiasinceandperhapsearlieronaugusttheworldantidopingagencywadaaddedxenonandargontothelistofprohibitedsubstancesandmethodsalthoughnoreliabledopingtestsforthesegaseshaveyetbeendevelopedinadditioneffectsofxenononerythropoietinproductioninhumanshavenotbeendemonstratedsofarimaginggammaraygammaemissionfromtheradioisotopesupsupxeofxenoncanbeusedtoimagetheheartlungsandbrainforexamplebymeansofsinglephotonemissioncomputedtomographysupsupxehasalsobeenusedtomeasurebloodflowrefcitebookfirsternstlastvanderwalldatetitlewhatsnewincardiacimagingspectpetandmripublisherspringerisbnurlbooksgooglecomidpypzmuhqnkcpgparefrefcitejournallastfrankfirstjohntitleintroductiontoimagingthechestjournalstudentbmjdatevolumepagesurlstudentbmjcomissueseducationphpaccessdaterefrefciteweblastchandakfirstpuneetkdatejulyurlbrighamradharvardedueducationonlinebrainspecttheoryxenonhtmltitlebrainspectxenonpublisherbrighamradaccessdatedeadurlbotunknownarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebbrighamradharvardedueducationonlinebrainspecttheoryxenonhtmlarchivedatejanuarydfrefxenonparticularlyhyperpolarizedsupsupxeisausefulcontrastagentformrimagneticresonanceimagingmriinthegasphaseitcanimagecavitiesinaporoussamplealveoliinlungsortheflowofgaseswithinthelungsrefcitejournallastalbertfirstmsauthorbalamoredtitledevelopmentofhyperpolarizednoblegasmrijournalnuclearinstrumentsandmethodsinphysicsresearchadatevolumeissuepagesdoispmidbibcodenimpaarefrefcitenewslastirionfirstrobertdatemarchtitleheadfullofxenonpublishersciencenewsurlsciencenowsciencemagorgcgicontentfullaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebsciencenowsciencemagorgcgicontentfullarchivedatejanuaryrefbecausexenonissolublebothinwaterandinhydrophobicsolventsitcanimagevarioussoftlivingtissuesrefcitejournaltitleintravasculardeliveryofhyperpolarizedxenonforinvivomrijournalappliedmagneticresonancevolumeissuedatedoibfpagesauthorwolberjlastrowlandfirstijlastleachfirstmolastbifonefirstarefrefcitejournalpmiddateauthordriehuysbauthormllerheauthorclevelandziauthorpollarojauthorhedlundlwtitlepulmonaryperfusionandxenongasexchangeinratsmrimagingwithintravenousinjectionofhyperpolarizedxevolumepagesdoiradiolpmcjournalradiologyissuerefrefcitejournalpmiddateauthorclevelandziauthormllerheauthorhedlundlwauthordriehuysbtitlecontinuouslyinfusinghyperpolarizedxeintoflowingaqueoussolutionsusinghydrophobicgasexchangemembranesvolumeissuepagesdoijppmcjournalthejournalofphysicalchemistryrefsurgerythexenonchlorideexcimerlaserhascertaindermatologicalusesnmrspectroscopybecauseofthexenonatomslargeflexibleouterelectronshellthenuclearmagneticresonancenmrspectrumchangesinresponsetosurroundingconditionsandcanbeusedtomonitorthesurroundingchemicalcircumstancesforinstancexenondissolvedinwaterxenondissolvedinhydrophobicsolventandxenonassociatedwithcertainproteinscanbedistinguishedbynmrrefcitejournaljournalmagneticresonanceinchemistryvolumeissuepagesdoimrctitleinterpretationofthesolventeffectonthescreeningconstantofxeauthorluhmermdatelastdejaegerefirstalastreissefirstjrefrefcitejournalauthorrubinsethmauthorspencemeganmauthorgoodsonboydmauthorwemmerdavideauthorpinesalexandertitleevidenceofnonspecificsurfaceinteractionsbetweenlaserpolarizedxenonandmyoglobininsolutionjournalproceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciencesusadateaugustvolumepmidissuepmcpagesdoipnasbibcodepnasrrefhyperpolarizedxenoncanbeusedbysurfacesciencesurfacechemistsnormallyitisdifficulttocharacterizesurfaceswithnmrbecausesignalsfromasurfaceareoverwhelmedbysignalsfromtheatomicnucleiinthebulkofthesamplewhicharemuchmorenumerousthansurfacenucleihowevernuclearspinsonsolidsurfacescanbeselectivelypolarizedbyprotonenhancednuclearinductionspectroscopytransferringspinpolarizationtothemfromhyperpolarizedxenongasthismakesthesurfacesignalsstrongenoughtomeasureanddistinguishfrombulksignalsrefcitejournaldoijadtitleopticalpumpingandmagicanglespinningsensitivityandresolutionenhancementforsurfacenmrobtainedwithlaserpolarizedxenondateauthorrafterydanielauthormacnamaraernestoauthorfishergregoryauthorricecharlesvauthorsmithjayjournaljournaloftheamericanchemicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesrefrefcitejournalauthorgaedehcauthorsongyqauthortaylorreauthormunsonejauthorreimerjaauthorpinesadoibftitlehighfieldcrosspolarizationnmrfromlaserpolarizedxenontosurfacenucleidatejournalappliedmagneticresonancevolumeissuepagesrefotherinnuclearphysicsnuclearenergystudiesxenonisusedinbubblechambersrefcitebookfirstpeterlouislastgalisondatetitleimageandlogicamaterialcultureofmicrophysicspageurlbooksgooglecomidhnrdidtoyocpgpapublisheruniversityofchicagopressisbnrefprobesandinotherareaswhereahighmolecularmassmolecularweightandinertchemistryisdesirableabyproductofnuclearweapontestingisthereleaseofradioactiveisotopesofxenonxenonandxenontheseisotopesaremonitoredtoensurecompliancewithnucleartestbantreatydisambiguationtestbantreatiesrefcitejournalauthorfontainejpauthorpointurierfauthorblanchardxauthortaffaryttitleatmosphericxenonradioactiveisotopemonitoringjournaljournalofenvironmentalradioactivityvolumeissuepagesdatedoisxpmidrefandtoconfirmnucleartestsbystatessuchasnorthkorearefcitejournalauthorgarwinrichardlauthorvonhippelfrankntitleatechnicalanalysisdeconstructingnorthkoreasoctobernucleartestpublisherarmscontrolassociationjournalarmscontroltodayvolumeissuedatenovemberaccessdateurlarmscontrolorgacttechrefaltametalcylinderwithelectrodesattachedtoitssidebluediffuselightiscomingoutofthetubeliquidxenonisusedincalorimeterparticlephysicscalorimetersrefcitejournalauthorgalluccigtitlethemegliquidxenoncalorimeterjournaljournalofphysicsconferenceseriesvolumeissuedatedoipagebibcodejphcsagreftomeasuregammaraysandasadetectorofhypotheticalweaklyinteractingmassiveparticlesorwimpswhenawimpcollideswithaxenonnucleustheorypredictsitwillimpartenoughenergytocauseionizationandscintillationphysicsscintillationliquidxenonisusefulfortheseexperimentsbecauseitsdensitymakesdarkmatterinteractionmorelikelyanditpermitsaquietdetectorthroughselfshieldingxenonisthepreferredpropellantforionpropulsionofspacecraftbecauseithaslowionizationpotentialperatomicmassatomicweightandcanbestoredasaliquidatnearroomtemperatureunderhighpressureyeteasilyevaporatedtofeedtheenginexenonisinertenvironmentallyfriendlyandlesscorrosivetoanionenginethanotherfuelssuchasmercuryelementmercuryorcaesiumxenonwasfirstusedforsatelliteionenginesduringthesrefciteweblastzonafirstkathleendatemarchurlnasagovcentersglennaboutfsgrchtmltitleinnovativeenginesglennionpropulsionresearchtamesthechallengesofstcenturyspacetravelpublishernasaaccessdatedeadurlyesa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emovementjostomsbovesledanarmyofllaneroswhichroutinelykilledwhitevenezuelansafterseveralmoreyearsofwarwhichkilledhalfofvenezuelaswhitepopulationthecountryachievedindependencefromspainininvenezuelalikeothersouthamericancountrieseconomicinequalityoftenbreaksalongethnicandraciallinesfollowedbythedominicanrepublicunitedstatesbeingfingerprintedbydeputysheriffdhlackeyafterbeingarrestedfornotgivingupherseatonthebustoawhitepersonconcernoverjapaneseethnicandimmigrantgroupsduringthesecondworldwarpromptedthecanadianandusgovernmentstointernmostoftheirethnicallyjapanesepopulationsinthewesternportionsofnorthamericaasinmostcountriesmanypeopleintheuscontinuetobexenophobicagainstotherracesintheviewofanetworkofscoresofuscivilrightsandhumanrightsorganizationsdiscriminationpermeatesallaspectsoflifeintheunitedstatesandextendstoallcommunitiesofcolordiscriminationagainstracialethnicandreligiousminoritiesespeciallywhenitcomestoafricanamericansiswidelyacknowledgedmembersofeverymajoramericanethnicandreligiousminorityhaveperceiveddiscriminationintheirdealingswithotherminorityracialandreligiousgroupsphilosophercornelwesthasstatedthatracismisanintegralelementwithintheveryfabricofamericancultureandsocietyitisembeddedinthecountrysfirstcollectivedefinitionenunciatedinitssubsequentlawsandimbuedinitsdominantwayoflifeafterdonaldtrumptookpresidentialofficeinherepeatedlyattemptedtoenactaexecutiveordertravelbanonoriginallysevencountriesiraqiransomaliasudanyemensyriaandlibyawhichwerelistedascountriesofconcernbysecretaryofhomelandsecurityjehjohnsonundertheobamaadministrationinthiswaslaterchangedtosixinarevisionthatremovediraqinpartduetocriticismthattheoriginalorderoverlookedthecountrysroleinfightingislamicterrorismandbarredentryeventotheiraqiinterpreterswhohadbeenembeddedwithusforcesintheregionkhizrandghazalakhankhizrkhanthefatherofunitedstatesarmycaptainhumayunkhansoldierhumayunkhandescribeditinacnninterviewasacontinuationofwhathecalledtrumpsxenophobicrhetoricandtheorderwasdescribedasxenophobicbyamnestyinternationalthepolicywasalsocriticizedforislamophobiatargetingexclusivelymuslimmajoritycountriesrefnamesiddiquirefindefenseofthisordertrumpspresssecretaryseanspicercitedtheseexistingrestrictionsasevidencethattheexecutiveorderwasbasedonoutstandingpoliciessayingthattheseventargetedcountriesweresaidtobecountriesofparticularconcernbytheobamaadministrationthoughotherssawtheconnectionbetweenthesetwopoliciesastenuousatbestrefnamerefinadditionalbackgroundcheckswereimposedontheiraqipeoplenationalsofiraqforeignerswhowerenationalsofthosecountriesorwhohadvisitedthosecountriessincewererequiredtoobtainavisatoentertheunitedstateseveniftheywerenationalsordualnationalsofthecountriesparticipatinginthevisawaiverprogramafewmonthsaftertheoriginaltravelbanarevisedbanwassignedandiraqwasremovedfromthelistofcountriesinpartduetocriticismthattheoriginalorderoverlookedthecountrysroleinfightingislamicterrorismandbarredentryeventotheiraqiinterpreterswhohadbeenembeddedwithusforcesintheregionasiabhutaninbhutanissaidtohavedeportedbetweenandethnicnepalislhotshampatheactualnumberofrefugeesthatwereinitiallydeportedisdebatedbybothsidesinmarchthispopulationbeganamultiyearresettlementtothirdcountriesincludingtheuscanadanewzealandnorwaydenmarkthenetherlandsandaustraliaatpresenttheunitedstatesisworkingtowardsresettlingmorethanoftheserefugeesintheusasthirdcountrysettlementprogrammebruneibruneilawprovidespositivediscriminationinfavorofmalaysethnicgroupethnicmalayindonesiaoneoftheworldswealthiestmenatthetimeandhiswifeisburnedbyriotersanumberofdiscriminatorylawsagainstchineseindonesianpostindependenceandnewordererachineseindonesianswereenactedbythegovernmentofindonesiainpresidentsukarnoapprovedppthatforcedchineseindonesianstoclosetheirbusinessesinruralareasandrelocateintourbanareasmoreoverpoliticalpressuresinthesandsrestrictedtheroleofthechineseindonesianinpoliticsacademicsandthemilitaryasaresulttheywerethereafterconstrainedprofessionallytobecomingentrepreneursandprofessionalmanagersintrademanufacturingandbankinginindonesiariotsoverhigherfoodpricesandrumorsofhoardingbymerchantsandshopkeepersoftendegeneratedintoantichineseattacksmalaysiainthestateofpenangheldareferendumthatbansforeignersfromcookinglocalcuisinesawellknownlocalchefchefwancriticizedthislawjapaninaunitednationsreportexpressedconcernsaboutracisminjapanandthatgovernmentrecognitionofthedepthoftheproblemwasnottotalrefnamebbcnewsbbccoukhiasiapacificstmjapanracismdeepandprofoundbbcnewsretrievedonreftheauthorofthereportdoudoudineunitednationsspecialrapporteurspecialrapporteuroftheuncommissiononhumanrightsconcludedafteraninedayinvestigationthatracialdiscriminationandxenophobiainjapanprimarilyaffectsthreegroupsethnicissuesinjapanjapaneseminoritiesnationalminoritiesdekasegilatinamericansofjapanesedescentmainlyjapanesebraziliansandforeignersmainlywhitesfrompoorcountriesjapanacceptedjustrefugeesinwhiletheunitedstatestookinforresettlementaccordingtotheunhcrnewzealandwhichistimessmallerthanjapanacceptedrefugeesinjustpersonswererecognizedasrefugeesbyjapanfromwhenjapanratifiedtheunconventionrelatingtothestatusofrefugeestoformerprimeministertaroasocalledjapanaoneracenationsouthkoreaxenophobiainsouthkoreahasbeenrecognizedbyscholarsandtheunitednationsasawidespreadsocialproblemnewspapershavefrequentlyreportedonandcriticizeddiscriminationagainstimmigrantsinformssuchasbeingpaidlowerthantheminimumwagehavingtheirwageswithheldunsafeworkconditionsphysicalabuseorgeneraldenigrationinaworldvaluessurveyofsouthkoreansreportedtheywouldnotwantaforeignerasaneighborthailandsigninpattayabeachthailandasinmuchofasiadarkskinisequatedwithoutdoorlaborconditionsandthelowerclassesbutcontrarytotheviewinwesterncountriesitisnotconnectedtoatlanticslavetradeslaveryrefnamenewyorkerrefrefnameebonyrefthaiculturesharesthistypeofskintonedbiasastherestofasiatherearenolawswithinthekingdomofthailandwhichoutlawsracialdiscriminationinclusiveofracistclichesknowninthewesternworldunlikeitsneighboringnationswhichhavebeenundercolonialismthailandsheritageasanuncolonizedstatealsoshapeditsexistinglawsunlikeitswesternizedcounterpartsafterdecolonizationthisalsoincludessignagepromotingracialsegregationasdoneintheunitedstatespriortocivilrightsactofandsouthafricaunderapartheidalthoughthailandhasincorporatedcertainwesternidealsconcerningbeautyasianattitudesregardingskintoneshavebeenaroundforalongtimepriortocontactwiththewestgreaterindiaindianculturepermeatedtheearlycivilizationsofsoutheastasiawhichincludedtheidealoffairskinoverdarkerskinthemillionisanpopulationforinstancemanyofwhomareoflaopeoplelaotianandkhmerpeoplekhmerdescenttraditionallyhaddarkerskinandstudiesshowthatmanyviewthemselvesaslessdesirablethanthosewithlighterskinskinwhiteningproductshaveprovenincreasinglypopularinmostofasiaincludingthailandandaremarketedinsuchawayastopromotelightskinasbeautifulanddesirablerefnameintresrefmiddleeastinapewresearchcentersurveyfoundthatnegativeviewsconcerningjewsweremostcommoninthethreepredominantlyarabnationspolledwithoflebanesehavingunfavorableopinionofjewsinegyptandinjordanegyptegyptianmuslimbrotherhoodleadermohammedmahdiakefhasdenouncedwhathecalledthemythoftheholocaustindefendingiranianpresidentmahmoudahmadinejadsholocaustdenialdenialofitinanarticleinoctobercolumnistadelhammodaallegedinthestateownedegyptiannewspaperalahramthatjewsmadematzafromthebloodofnonjewishchildrenmohammedsalmawyeditorofalahramhebdodefendedtheuseofoldeuropeanmythslikethebloodlibelagainstjewsbloodlibelinhisnewspapersjordanjordandoesnotallowentrytojewswithvisiblesignsofjudaismorevenwithpersonalreligiousitemsintheirpossessionthejordanianambassadortoisraelrepliedtoacomplaintbyareligiousjewdeniedentrythatsecurityconcernsrequiredthattravelersenteringthehashemitekingdomnotdosowithprayershawlstallitandphylacteriestefillinjordanianauthoritiesstatethatthepolicyisinordertoensurethejewishtouristssafetyinjulysixbreslovhasidicdynastybreslovhasidicjudaismhasidimweredeportedafterattemptingentryintojordaninordertovisitthetombofaaronsheikhharunonmounthornearpetrabecauseofanalertfromtheministryoftourismthegrouphadtakenaferryfromsinaiegyptbecausetheyunderstoodthatjordanianauthoritiesweremakingithardforvisiblejewstoenterfromisraeltheministryofforeignaffairsisraelisraeliministryofforeignaffairsisawareoftheissueisraelaccordingtotheusstatedepartmentcountryreportsonhumanrightspracticesforisraelandtheoccupiedterritoriestheisraeligovernmenthaddonelittletoreduceinstitutionallegalandsocietaldiscriminationagainstthecountrysarabcitizensrefnamestategovreftheusdepartmentofstatereportonisraelwrotethegovernmentgenerallyrespectedthehumanrightsofitscitizenshowevertherewereproblemsinsomeareasincludinginstitutionallegalandsocietaldiscriminationagainstthecountrysarabcitizensrefnameusdsciteweburlstategovgdrlrlshrrpthtmtitleisraelandtheoccupiedterritoriesaccessdateauthorbureauofdemocracyhumanrightsandlabordatemarchworkcountryreportsonhumanrightspracticespublisherusdepartmentofstatereftheusstatedepartmentcountryreportstatedthatisraelilawprohibitsdiscriminationonthebasisofraceandthatgovernmenteffectivelyenforcedtheseprohibitionsformerlikudmkandministerofdefensemoshearenshascriticizedthetreatmentofminoritiesinisraelsayingthattheydidnotbearthefullobligationofisraelicitizenshipnorweretheyextendedthefullprivilegesofcitizenshiptheassociationforcivilrightsinisraelacripublishedreportsdocumentingracisminisraelandthereportsuggestedthatantiarabracisminthecountrywasincreasingoneanalysisofthereportsummarizeditthusovertwothirdsisraeliteensbelievearabstobelessintelligentunculturedandviolentisileiblerofthejerusalemcenterforpublicaffairsarguesthatisraelijewsaretroubledbyincreasinglyhostileeventreasonableoutburstsbyisraeliarabsagainstthestatewhileitisatwarwithneighboringcountriesrefnamemfamfagovilmfamfaarchiveterrorismreviewterrorismreviewmfagovilretrievedonreflebanonhezbollahsalmanartvchannelhasoftenbeenaccusedofairingantisemiticbroadcastsblamingthejewsforazionistconspiracytheoriesinthearabworldconspiracyagainstthearabworldandoftenairingexcerptsfromtheprotocolsoftheeldersofzionwhichtheencyclopdiabritannicadescribesasafraudulentdocumentthatservedasapretextandrationaleforantisemitismintheearlythcenturyinanotherincidentanalmanarcommentatorrecentlyreferredtozionistattemptstotransmitaidstoarabcountriesalmanarofficialsdenybroadcastingantisemiticincitementandstatethattheirpositionisantiisraelinotantisemitichoweverhezbollahhasdirectedstrongrhetoricbothagainstisraelandjewsandithascooperatedinpublishinganddistributingoutrightantisemiticliteraturethegovernmentoflebanonhasnotcriticizedcontinuedbroadcastofantisemiticmaterialontelevisionpalestinevariouspalestinianorganizationsandindividualshavebeenregularlyaccusedofbeingantisemitichowardgutmanbelievesthatmuchofmuslimhatredofjewsstemsfromtheongoingarabisraeliconflictandthatpeacewouldsignificantlyreduceantisemitisminaugustseniorhamasofficialdrabdalazizalrantisiwroteinthehamasnewspaperalrisalainaugusthamasrefusedtoallowpalestinianchildrentolearnabouttheholocaustwhichitcalledalieinventedbythezionistsandreferredtoholocausteducationasawarcrimesaudiarabiainarabiaracisminsaudiarabiaagainstlaborworkerswhoareforeignersmostlyfromdevelopingcountriesasiansmaidshavebeenpersecutedvictimsofracismanddiscriminationinthecountryforeignworkershavebeenrapedexploitedunderorunpaidphysicallyabusedtherewereseveralcasesofantisemitisminsaudiarabiaandiscommonwithinreligiouscirclesmediaofsaudiarabiasaudiarabianmediaoftenattacksjewsinbooksnewsarticlesattheirmosquesandwithwhatsomedescribeasantisemiticsatiresaudiarabiangovernmentofficialsandstatereligiousleadersoftenpromotetheideathatlistofconspiracytheoriesantisemiticconspiracytheoriesjewsareconspiringtotakeovertheentireworldasproofoftheirclaimstheypublishandfrequentlycitetheprotocolsoftheeldersofzionasfactualrefnamecmipksaedumeorgreportshtmcmipreportthejewsinworldhistoryaccordingtothesauditextbooksthedangerofworldjewrybyabdullahaltallpparabichadithandislamicculturegradepprefeuropeastudythatranfromintosocialattitudesbyharvarduniversityhasmappedthecountriesineuropewiththehighestincidentsofracialbiasbasedondatafromwhiteeuropeansitusedtheimplicitassociationtestareactionbasedpsychologicaltestdesignedtomeasureimplicitracialbiasthestrongestracialbiaswasfoundinseveraleasterneuropeancountriestheczechrepubliclithuaniabelarusukrainemoldovabulgariaslovakiaaswellasmaltaitalyandportugalareportbytheuniversityofoslocenterforresearchonextremismtentativelysuggeststhatindividualsofmuslimbackgroundstandoutamongperpetratorsofantisemiticviolenceinwesterneuropebelgiumtherewererecordedwelloverahundredantisemiticattacksinbelgiuminthiswasaincreasefromtheyearbeforetheperpetratorswereusuallyyoungmalesofimmigrantbackgroundfromthemiddleeastinthebelgiumbelgiancityofantwerpoftenreferredtoaseuropeslastshtetlexperiencedasurgeinantisemiticviolencebloemeeversemdenanamsterdamresidentandauschwitzsurvivorwasquotedinthenewspaperaftenpostenintheantisemitismnowisevenworsethanbeforethetheholocaustholocausttheantisemitismhasbecomemoreviolentnowtheyarethreateningtokillusrefnameaftenpostennoreffranceinfranceexperiencedrisinglevelsofislamicantisemitismandactsthatwerepublicizedaroundtheworldtheclimaxwasreachedwhenilanhalimiwastorturedtodeathbythesocalledbarbariansgangledbyyoussouffofanainovermembersofthecommunitypetitionedforasylumintheunitedstatescitingantisemitisminfranceinthefirsthalfofanestimatedrecordedactsofantisemitismtookplaceinfrancemorethanthewholeofspeakingtotheworldjewishcongressindecemberthefrenchinteriorministerhortefeuxdescribedtheactsofantisemitismasapoisontoourrepublichealsoannouncedthathewouldappointaspecialcoordinatorforfightingracismandantisemitismgermanybeingmarchedawaybybritishpoliceatcroydonairportinmarchtheywereputonaflighttowarsawtheperiodafterlosingworldwariledtoanincreaseduseofantisemitismandotherracisminpoliticaldiscourseforexampleamongtherightwingfreikorpsemotionsthatfinallyculminatedintheascentofadolfhitlerandthenazipartyinthenaziracialpolicyandthenuremberglawsnurembergracelawsagainstjewsandothernonaryansrepresentedthemostexplicitracistpoliciesineuropeinthetwentiethcenturytheselawsdeprivedalljewsincludingevenhalfjewsandquarterjewsaswellasothernonaryansfromgermancitizenshipjewsofficialtitlebecamesubjectofthestatethenurembergracelawsforbidraciallymixedsexualrelationsandmarriagebetweenaryansandatfirstjewsbutwaslaterextendedtogypsiesnegroesortheirbastardoffspringaccordingtoasurveyoftheturksingermanybelievejewsareinferiorhumanbeingshungaryasinothereuropeancountriestheromanipeoplefaceddisadvantagesincludingunequaltreatmentdiscriminationsegregationandharassmentnegativestereotypesareoftenlinkedtoromaniunemploymentandrelianceonstatebenefitsitalyantiromasentimentexistsinitalyandtakestheformofhostilityprejudicediscriminationorracismdirectedatromanipeopletheresnoreliabledataforthetotalnumberofromapeoplelivinginitalybutestimatesputitbetweenandmanynationalandlocalpoliticalleadersengagedinrhetoricduringandthatmaintainedthattheextraordinaryriseincrimeatthetimewasmainlyaresultofuncontrolledimmigrationofpeopleofromaoriginfromrecenteuropeanunionmemberstateromanianationalandlocalleadersdeclaredtheirplanstoexpelromafromsettlementsinandaroundmajorcitiesandtodeportillegalimmigrantsthemayorsofromeandmilansignedsecuritypactsinmaythatenvisagedtheforcedevictionofuptoromanipeopleaccordingtoamaypollofitalianswantedtoseeallofthecountrysapproximatelygypsiesmanyofthemitaliancitizensexpellednetherlandsintheearlythedutchrightwingpartyforfreedomestablishedanantislavicsentimentantislavicpredominantlyantipolishsentimentantipolishandantiziganismantiromaniwebsitewherenativedutchpeoplecouldairtheirfrustrationaboutlosingtheirjobbecauseofcheaperworkersfrompolandbulgariaromaniaandothernongermaniccentralandeasterneuropeancountriesthisledtocommentariesinvolvinghatespeechandotherracialprejudicemainlyagainstpolesandromabutalsoaimedatothercentralandeasterneuropeanethnicgroupsinthenetherlandsantisemiticincidentsfromverbalabusetoviolencearereportedallegedlyconnectedwithislamicyouthmostlyboysfrommoroccomoroccandescentaphrasemadepopularduringfootballmatchesagainstthesocalledjewishfootballclubafcajaxajaxhasbeenadoptedbymuslimyouthandisfrequentlyheardatpropalestiniandemonstrationshamashamasjewstothegasaccordingtothecentreforinformationanddocumentationonisraelaproisraellobbygroupinthenetherlandsinthenumberofantisemiticincidentsinamsterdamthecitythatishometomostoftheapproximatelyhistoryofthejewsinthenetherlandsdutchjewswassaidtobedoubledcomparedtorefnamenrcnlberkhoutkarelnrcnlinternationalarticleeceantisemitismontheriseinamsterdamantisemitismontheriseinamsterdamnrcnlretrievedonrefnorwayinthenorwegianbroadcastingcorporationafteroneyearofresearchrevealedthatantisemitismwascommonamongnorwegianmuslimsteachersatschoolswithlargesharesofmuslimsrevealedthatmuslimstudentsoftenpraiseoradmireadolfhitlerforhiskillingofjewsthatjewhateislegitimatewithinvastgroupsofmuslimstudentsandmuslimslaughorcommandteacherstostopwhentryingtoeducateabouttheholocaustadditionallythatwhilesomestudentsmightprotestwhensomeexpresssupportforterrorismnoneobjectwhenstudentsexpresshateofjewsandthatitsaysinthequranthatyoushallkilljewsalltruemuslimshatejewsmostofthesestudentsweresaidtobebornandraisedinnorwayonejewishfatheralsotoldthathischildafterschoolhadbeentakenbyamuslimmobthoughmanagedtoescapereportedlytobetakenouttotheforestandhangedbecausehewasajewrussiaandelizabethofrussiaempresselizabethbythebeginningofthethcenturymosteuropeanjewslivedinthesocalledpaleofsettlementthewesternfrontieroftherussianempireconsistinggenerallyofthemoderndaycountriesofpolandlithuaniabelarusandneighboringregionsmanypogromsaccompaniedtherussianrevolutionrevolutionofandtheensuingrussiancivilwaranestimatedtocivilianjewswerekilledintheatrocitiesthroughouttheformerrussianempirethenumberofjewishorphansexceededinthesneonazismneonazigroupsinsiderussiahadrisentoincludeasmanyastensofthousandsofpeopleracismagainstboththerussiancitizenspeoplesofthecaucasusindigenouspeoplesofsiberiaindigenouspeoplesofsiberiaandrussianfareastetcandnonrussiancitizensofafricanscentralasianseastasiansvietnamesechineseetcandeuropeansukrainiansetcisasignificantproblemswedenagovernmentstudyinestimatedthatofthetotaladultpopulationandofadultmuslimsharboursystematicantisemiticviewsrefnamegovstudyhenrikbachnerandjonasringlevandehistoriasereftheformerprimeministergranperssondescribedtheseresultsassurprisingandterrifyinghowevertherabbiofstockholmsorthodoxjewishcommunitymeirhordensaiditsnottruetosaythattheswedesareantisemiticsomeofthemarehostiletoisraelbecausetheysupporttheweaksidewhichtheyperceivethepalestinianstobeinmarchfredriksieradzktolddiepresseanaustrianinternetpublicationthatjewsarebeingharassedandphysicallyattackedbypeoplefromthemiddleeastalthoughheaddedthatonlyasmallnumberofmalmsmuslimsexhibithatredofjewssieradzkalsostatedthatapproximatelyjewishfamilieshaveemigratedfrommalmtoisraelinthepastyearspecificallytoescapefromharassmentalsoinmarchtheswedishnewspapersknskadagbladetreportedthatattacksonjewsinmalmtotaledinabouttwiceasmanyasthepreviousyearaccordingtopolicestatisticsindecemberthejewsjewishhumanrightsorganizationsimonwiesenthalcenterissuedatraveladvisoryconcerningswedenadvisingjewstoexpressextremecautionwhenvisitingthesouthernpartsofthecountryduetoanincreaseinverbalandphysicalharassmentofjewishcitizensbymuslimsinthecityofmalmukraineafricaivorycoastinthepastrecentyearsivorycoasthasseenaresurgenceinethnictribalhatredandreligiousintoleranceinadditiontothemanyvictimsamongthevarioustribesofthenorthernandsouthernregionsofthecountrythathaveperishedintheongoingconflictwhitepeoplewhiteforeignersresidingorvisitingivorycoasthavealsobeensubjectedtoviolentattacksaccordingtoareportbyhumanrightswatchtheivorycoastgovernmentisguiltyoffanningethnichatredforitsownpoliticalendsrefnewsbbccoukhiworldafricastmivorycoastfanningethnichatredrefinthecongrspanafricaindesjeunesetdespatriotesyoungpatriotsofabidjanastronglynationalistorganisationralliedbythestatemediaplunderedpossessionsofforeignnationalsinabidjancallsforviolenceagainstwhitesandnonivorianswerebroadcastonnationalradioandtvaftertheyoungpatriotsseizedcontrolofitsofficesrapesbeatingsandmurdersofpersonsofeuropeanandlebanesedescentfollowedthousandsofexpatriatesandwhiteorethniclebaneseivoriansfledthecountrytheattacksdrewinternationalcondemnationmauritaniaslaveryinmauritaniapersistsdespiteitsabolitioninandmostlyaffectsthedescendantsofblackafricansabductedintoslaverywhonowliveinmauritaniaasblackmoorsorharatinandwhopartiallystillservethewhitemoorsorbidhanasslavesthepracticeofslaveryinmauritaniaismostdominantwithinthetraditionalupperclassofthemoorsforcenturiestheharatinlowerclassmostlypoorblackafricanslivinginruralareashavebeenconsiderednaturalslavesbythesemoorssocialattitudeshavechangedamongmosturbanmoorsbutinruralareastheancientdivideremainsnigerinoctobernigerannouncedthatitwoulddeporttochadthediffaarabsarabslivinginthediffaregionofeasternnigertheirpopulationnumberedaboutwhilethegovernmentwasroundinguparabsinpreparationforthedeportationtwogirlsdiedreportedlyafterfleeinggovernmentforcesandthreewomensufferedmiscarriagesnigersgovernmenteventuallysuspendedtheircontroversialdecisiontodeportthearabssouthafricabeachforthesoleuseofmembersofthewhiteracegroupinenglishafrikaansandzululanguagezuludurbanxenophobiainsouthafricahasbeenpresentinboththeapartheidandhistoryofsouthafricapresentpostapartheiderashostilitybetweenthebritishpeoplebritishandboersexacerbatedbythesecondboerwarledtorebellionbypoorafrikanerswholootedbritishownedshopssouthafricaalsopassednumerousactsintendedtokeepoutindianssuchastheimmigrantsregulationactofwhichprovidedfortheexclusionofundesirablesagroupofpeoplethatincludedindiansthiseffectivelyhaltedindianimmigrationthetownshipfranchiseordinanceofwasintendedtodepriveindiansofmunicipalfranchiseinandgangsofarmedyouthdestroyedthehomesofforeignnationalslivinginjohannesburgdemandingthatthepoliceworktorepatriatethemtotheirhomecountriesrefnameautorefinawidelydocumentedspateofxenophobicattacksoccurredinjohannesburgitisestimatedthattensofthousandsofmigrantsweredisplacedpropertybusinessesandhomeswerewidelylootedthedeathtollaftertheattackstoodatinanotherwidelydocumentedseriesofxenophobicattacksoccurredinsouthafricamostlyagainstmigrantzimbabweansasofaprilpeoplehaddiedandmorethanforeignershadbeendisplacedsudaninthesudanblackpeopleblackafricancaptivesinthecivilwarwereoftenslaveryinmodernafricaenslavedandfemaleprisonerswereoftenabusedsexuallywiththeirarabcaptorsclaimingthatislamiclawgrantsthempermissionaccordingtocbsnewsslaveshavebeensoldforusapieceinseptembertheusstatedepartmentallegedthatthesudanesegovernmentssupportofslaveryanditscontinuedmilitaryactionwhichhasresultedinnumerousdeathsaredueinparttothevictimsreligiousbeliefsjokmadutjokprofessorofhistoryatloyolamarymountuniversitystatesthattheabductionofwomenandchildrenofthesouthisslaverybyanydefinitionthegovernmentofsudaninsiststhatthewholematterisnomorethanthetraditionaltribalfeudingoverresourcesugandaformerbritishcoloniesinsubsaharanafricahavemanycitizensofsouthasiandescenttheywerebroughtbythebritishempirefrombritishindiatodoclericalworkinimperialservicerefnameaminindophobiageneralaminandtheindianexodusfromugandahasuhpatelissueajournalofopinionvolnowinterpprefthemostprominentcaseofantiindianracismwastheethniccleansingoftheindiancalledasianminorityinugandabystrongmandictatorandhumanrightsviolatoridiaminzimbabweracialdiscriminationhasoccurredagainstwhitepeopleinzimbabwewhitezimbabweancommunitiesthegovernmenthasforcefullyevictedthemfromtheirfarmsandcommittedethniccleansingagainstthemoceaniaaustraliacomprisingaustralianbornwhitepeoplewhitestheimmigrationrestrictionactwhiteaustraliapolicyeffectivelybarredpeopleofnoneuropeandescentfromimmigrationtoaustraliaimmigratingtoaustraliatherewasneveranyspecificpolicytitledassuchbutthetermwasinventedlatertoencapsulateacollectionofpoliciesthatweredesignedtoexcludepeoplefromasiaparticularlychinaandthepacificislandsparticularlymelanesiafromimmigratingtoaustraliathemenziesgovernmentmenziesandholtgovernmentseffectivelydismantledthepoliciesbetweenandandthewhitlamgovernmentpassedlawstoensurethatracehumanclassificationracewouldbetotallydisregardedasacomponentforimmigrationtoaustraliainrefnameimmigovaurefthecronullariotswereaseriesofraceriotsandoutbreaksofmobviolenceinsydneyssouthernsuburbcronullawhichresultedfromstrainedrelationsbetweenanglocelticaustraliananglocelticandpredominantlymuslimlebaneseaustralianstravelwarningsforaustraliawereissuedbysomecountriesbutwerelaterremovedondecemberafightbrokeoutbetweenagroupofsurflifesavingclubvolunteersurflifesaversandlebaneseyouththeseincidentswereconsideredtobeakeyfactorinahatecrimeraciallymotivatedconfrontationthefollowingweekendrefnamehazardrefviolencespreadtoothersouthernsuburbsofsydneywheremoreassaultsoccurredincludingtwostabbingsandattacksonambulancesandpoliceofficersrefnamecornersrefonmayindianstudentsprotestedagainstwhattheyclaimedwereracistattacksblockingstreetsincentralmelbournevictoriamelbournethousandsofstudentsgatheredoutsidetheroyalmelbournehospitalwhereoneofthevictimswasadmittedinlightofthiseventtheaustraliangovernmentstartedahelplineforindianstudentstoreportsuchincidentstheunitednationshighcommissionerforhumanrightsnavipillaytermedtheseattacksdisturbingandcalledforaustraliatoinvestigatethemattersfurtherfijiontheislandoffijithereisongoingtensionbetweenthelargenumberofhinduethnicindianindiansinfijiindofijianswhoarethedescendentsofcontractlaborersbroughttofijifromnorthernindiaduringbritishcolonialruleandthemajoritylocalchristianfijiansfijianpopulationwhoareethnicmelanesiansseealsopleaserespectalphabeticalordercolumnslistafrophobiachauvinismethnocentrismenvironmentalracismeuropeancommissionagainstracismandintolerancelistofanticulturalantinationalandantiethnictermslistofphobiasnativismpoliticsoikophobiaoppositiontoimmigrationracismstrangerdangerberfremdungxenocentrismxenophiliaxenophobiainsouthafricareferencestextsexternallinksinfoboxgraphemenamexletterxxvariationsxrelatedcharactersseebelowimagefilexcursivagifimagesizepximagealtwritingcursiveformsofxscriptlatinscripttypealphabettypedescicandlogographiclanguagelatinlanguagebrgreeklanguagephonemesbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrunicodeuualphanumbernumberfamhierorhierospeculatedoriginfamchiletterfamusageperiodtopresentchildrenbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrxsistersbrbrbrequivalentsassociateslistoflatinscriptdigraphsxxxdirectionlefttorightxenglishalphabetletternamesnamedexpluralexesisthethandantepenultimateletteralphabetletterintheenglishalphabetmodernenglishalphabetandtheisobasiclatinalphabethistoryclasswikitablestylebackgroundegreekchiletterchietruscanbrxstyletextaligncenterpalatinolinotypeximagechiuclcsvgpximageetruscanxsvgpxinancientgreekandwereamongseveralvariantsofthesameletterusedoriginallyforandlaterinwesternareassuchasarcadiaasasimplificationofthedigraphorthographydigraphforintheendmoreconservativeeasternformsbecamethestandardofclassicalgreekandthuschiletterchistandsforlaterhowevertheetruscanshadtakenoverfromwesterngreekanditthereforestandsforinetruscanandlatintheletterforwasagreekadditiontothealphabetplacedafterthesemiticlettersalongwithphiletterphiforuseinwritingsystemsenglishinenglishorthographyistypicallypronouncedasthevoicelessconsonantclusterwhenitfollowsthestressedvowelegoxandthevoicedconsonantwhenitprecedesthestressedvowelegexamitisalsopronouncedwhenitprecedesasilentandastressedvowelegexhaustrefnamevenezkyrefbeforeoritcanbepronouncedoregsexualandluxuryoxfordgiveslkritheseresultfromearlieranditalsomakesthesoundinwordsendinginxiontypicallyusedonlyinamericanandbritishenglishspellingdifferencesxionctionbritishbasedspellingsofthelanguageamericanspellingstendtousectionwhenendsaworditisalwaysegfaxexceptinloanwordssuchasfauxseefrenchbelowthereareveryfewenglishwordsthatstartwiththefewestnumberofanyletterwhendoesstartaworditisusuallypronouncedegxylophonexenophobiaandxanthaninrarerecentloanwordsorforeignpropernamesitcanalsobepronouncedegtheobsoletevietnamesemonetaryunitwiktionaryxuxuoregchinesenamesstartingwithxilikexiaomiorxinjiangmanyofthewordsthatstartwithareofgreeklanguagegreekoriginorstandardizedtrademarksxeroxoracronymsxcinabbreviationsitcanrepresenttransegxmitfortransmitxferfortransfercrossegxingforcrossingxrefforcrossreferencechristasshorthandforthelabarumegxmasforchristmasxianforchristianthecrysincrystalxtalorvariouswordsstartingwithexegxlforextralargexorforexclusivedisjunctionexclusiveorxistheletterfrequencythirdleastfrequentlyusedletterinenglishafterandwithafrequencyofaboutinwordsotherlanguagesinlatinstoodforinsomelanguagesasaresultofassortedphoneticchangeshandwritingadaptationsorsimplyspellingconventionhasotherpronunciationsadditionallythereisthedigraphusuallyrepresentsexceptinthenameoftheislandoftexelwhichispronouncedtesselthisisbecauseofdutchlanguagehistoricalsoundchangeshistoricalsoundchangesindutchwhereallkssoundshavebeenreplacedbyssoundswordswithaninthedutchlanguagearenowadaysusuallyloanwordsinthelanguagesofbelgiumdutchspeakingpartofbelgiumfamilynameswitharenotuncommonegdierckxhendrickxkoninckxsterckxvranckxinnorwegianlanguagenorwegianisgenerallypronouncedbutsincethethcenturytherehasbeenatendencytospellitoutasksitmaystillberetainedinpersonalnamesthoughitisfairlyrareandoccursmostlyinforeignwordsandsmslanguageusageindanishlanguagedanishgermanlanguagegermanswedishlanguageswedishandfinnishlanguagefinnishissimilarsilentorinliaisonfrenchliaisonifthenextwordstartswithavowelthreeexceptionsarepronouncedsixsixdixtenandinsomecitynamessuchasbrusselsbruxellesalthoughsomepeoplestillpronounceitksorauxerreitisfullypronouncedksinaixlachapelleitispronouncedinsiximeanddiximeinitalianlanguageitalianiseitherpronouncedasinextrauxorioxilofonoorasexogamiawhenitisprecededbyandfollowedbyavowelinseveralrelatedlanguagesnotablyvenetianitrepresentsthevoicedsibilantitisalsousedmainlyamongsttheyoungpeopleasashortwrittenformforpermeaningforforexamplexsempreforeverthisisbecauseinitalianthemultiplicationsignsimilartoiscalledperhoweverisfoundonlyinloanwordsasitisnotpartofthestandarditalianalphabetinmostwordswiththislettermaybereplacedwithsorsswithdifferentpronunciationxilofonosilofonotaxitassorrarelybycswiththesamepronunciationclaxonitcla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eryofthebeatlesrockyraccoononeofhisfirstbandswascalledstiffbeachformedinaugustinearlypartridgesconstantlyevolvinggroupsettledintostarparkafourpiecethatfeaturedhimselfwithguitaristdavecartnerdrummerpaulwilsonandabassistnicknamednervoussteveinpartridgebecamecloseracquaintedwithgregoryadiabetesdiabeticthensufferingfromaboutofmooddisorderdepressionwhileworkingasanassistantatalocalrecordshopinswindongregorywasplayedthemahavishnuorchestrasalbumtheinnermountingflamewhichhelatercalledoneofwatershedmomentsinmymusicaleducationpartridgemetbassistcolinmouldingattheshopthatsameyearmouldinghadbeenplayingbasssincebecauseilikedmusicandithoughtthatplayingabasswithfourstringswouldbeinfinitelyeasierthanplayingaguitarwithsixstringsthatwasahorriblemisconceptionuponhearingthenewyorkdollspartridgesmusicalconceptionswereblownawayisuddenlyjustwantedtoplaythreechordsagainandgetoutmymomsmakeupandstuffthedollssinglejetboywasaparticularfavoriteforthegroupattheendofmouldinganddrummerterrychambersjoinedpartridgesbandreplacingnervoussteveandpaulwilsonandthegroupwasrenamedstarparkmarkiiothermemberswouldfrequentlyjoinandleavethegrouplocalpopularityriseofpunkandlabelsigningafterstarparkopenedforthinlizzyinmaythebandrenamedthemselvestotheheliumkidzpartridgesubsequentlywrotehundredsofsongsforthegroupandsomedemotapesweresenttodeccarecordsgregoryauditionedforthebandatthisjuncturebutdidnotendupjoiningitwasdecidedthatthebandhaveanothernamechangethedukesofstratosphearwasconsideredbutpartridgethoughtitwastoofloweryandpeoplewouldthinkwewereapsychedelicgroupweneededafastinventivenamehederivedxtcfromjimmydurantesexclamationupondiscoveringthelostchordthelostchordthatsitiminecstasymeanwhilesynthesizerplayerjonathanperkinsquitthebandduetocreativedifferenceswithpartridgeandrewswasimmediatelyhiredduringthefirstbandrehearsalpartridgerecalledhesoundedlikejonlordfromdeeppurplefuzzboxwahwahpedalbluesyrunsisaidyoudonthavetoplaylikethatyoucanplaylikeusifyouwantthenextrehearsalhewaslikeamaniaclikeifjoanmirmirhadplayedelectricorganfantasticdecemberofficiallymarkedthebeginningofthepartridgemouldingchambersandrewslineupquoteboxquoteireallydidntlikethephrasepunkitjustseemedkindofdemeaningididntlikenewwavemusicnewwaveeitherbecausethatwasalreadythephraseusedforfrenchnewwavefrenchcinemaofacertainperiodourmusicwasblatantlyjustpopmusicwewereanewpopnewpopgroupthatsallsourceandypartridgeelaboratingonxtcssongthisispopalignrightwidthemianreidownerofaswindonclubnamedtheaffairwastheirfirstmanagerandbrokereddealsforthegrouptoperformatmorepopularvenuessuchasthehammersmithredcowthenashvilleroomsandislingtonshopeandanchorbythistimethepunkrockmovementhademergedwhichopenedanavenueforthegroupintermsofrecordlabelappealeventhoughthebanddidnotnecessarilyfitinthepunkideologiespunkdogmapartridgeremembershearingthesexpistolsanarchyintheukandthinkingisthatitisthatwhatallthefussisaboutitjustsoundslikeaslowerversionoftheramonesorthemonkeeswithabitmorefuzzthatsortofspurredmeonwatchingthisstuffthatithoughtwasratheraverageeventuallyjohnpeelsawthebandperformatupstairsatronniescottsandaskedthemtoappearonhisbbcradioblockpartridgecreditedhimasthemanthatwasresponsibleforusgettingarecordingcontractassoonaswerecordedthatsessionforthebbcsuddenlythreeorfourrecordlabelswantedtosignusupafterdecliningcbsrecordsinternationalcbsharvestrecordsharvestandislandrecordsislandtheysignedwithvirginrecordswhitemusicandgoinaugustxtcmadetheirfirstcommerciallyreleasedstudiorecordingswithproducerjohnleckieatabbeyroadstudiosabbeyroadwhichappearedontheirdebutalbumdepinoctobertheirfirstfulllengthrecordwhitemusicwasthenrecordedinaweekstimeandreleasedforjanuarypartridgecharacterizedthealbumascaptainbeefheartmeetsthearchiesshroudedinsstyleretrofuturismhereflecteditsjusteverythingwedeverlistenedtothebeatlessunraatomicroosteranybodywhoddoneanythingwelikedwejustthoughtitwasdeadoriginalicouldntlistentoitforyearsbutimnearlythroughtheembarrassmentitsnotcraphepreviouslydismissedtherecordasnakedbabyphotostheywerentsongstheywerejustslabsofenergywithwordsthatmadegoodenergypicturesinyourheadphraseslikeradiosinmotionorbatterybridestheywereallkindofbuiltaroundthiselectricwordplaystuffalthoughthealbumwaswellreceivedbythepressmelodymakernmesoundsandrecordmirrorallgavepositivereviewsnoneofitssinglesmanagedtocharttheyhadrerecordedthisispopasaleadsingleanditsfollowupstatueoflibertysongstatueoflibertywasbannedonbbcradioduetothelyricisailbeneathherskirtplacedonaweeklysalarythebandtouredperpetuallyforthenextfiveyearswhichmeanttheywouldoccasionallyplayforundercrowdsontheseearlytourscoverartdesignedbyhipgnosisfeaturedasatiricalwalloftextbeginningwiththisisarecordcoverthiswritingisthedesignbyaugustxtcwerepreparedtorecordtheirnextalbumthebandhadcontactedbrianenotoproduceaftertheylearnedthathewasafanbuthedeclinedtellingthemthattheyweregoodenoughtoproducethemselvesvirginrejectedenosadviceandthegroupinsteadreturnedtoabbeyroadwithleckieandrewsappearedtothesessionswithseveraloriginalsongsbutpartridgedidnotfeeltheywererightforthebandhebegantakingmouldingandchambersoutfordrinkswithoutinvitingpartridgeallegedlyinanattempttotakeoverthegroupaftermostofandrewssongsweredroppedfromthefinaltracklistandrewstoldjournaliststhatheforesawthebandexplodingprettysoongoamoreexperimentalventurewasreleasedinoctobertopositivereviewsandanumberchartpeaklikewhitemusicitwasgivenpraiseinsoundsmelodymakerandthenmeoneofthetracksbatterybridesandypaintsbrianwaswrittenintributetoenothealbumalsoincludedabonusepgowhichconsistedoffivedubremixesofxtcsongsandrewsleftthebandtwomonthslaterwhileontheirfirstamericantourpartridgesaidheenjoyedunderminingwhatlittleauthorityihadinthebandwewerebickeringquitealotbutwhenheleftithoughtohshitthatsthesoundofthebandgonethisspacecreamovereverythingandididenjoyhisbrainpowertheverbalandmentalfencinghewentontoformtheleagueofgentlemenbandtheleagueofgentlemenwithrobertfrippofkingcrimsonxtcwentthroughasillyhalfheartedprocessofauditioninganotherkeyboardistthomasdolbywasintherunningbuthewaspassedonforbeinganambitioussongwriterinotherwordstoavoidrepeatingtheconflictsthathadandrewsleaveinthefirstplacepartridgeitwouldhavebeentoughforanykeyboardplayertohavefittedintosuchludicrouslyidiosyncraticshoesinsteaddavegregorywasinvitedtojoinasasecondguitaristsowewentthroughthispretendauditionwithhimhewasinbuthedidntknowitheturneduptotheauditionverynervouswesaidlookletstrythisispopandhesaiddoyouwantthealbumversionorthesingleversionlaughingwethoughtbloodyoharealmusicianbuthewasinthebandbeforeheevenknewgregorywasanxiousofwhetherthefanswouldaccepthimasamembercharacterizinghimselfasthearchetypalpubrockunitedkingdompubrockerinjeansandlonghairbutthefanswerentbotherednobodywasfashionableinxtceverhegrewmorecomfortablewiththegroupafterplayingafewshowshesaidandthingsgotbetterandbetterdrumsandwiresandblackseaquoteboxquoteithoughtitwasinmetotakealeadinthisareaandtheystartedtolikealotofwhatididwhichkindofsurprisedmebutitwasntaconsciousdecisionijustfeltitthatwasthewritingstyleformeatthetimeithinkafterthatthequirkythingwaskindofdispelledsourcecolinmouldingonlifebeginsatthehopalignrightwidthemxtcwereimpressedbystevelillywhitesworkonsiouxsieandthebansheesthescreamalbumthescreamandhewascontactedtoproducetheirthirdalbumwithadrumsoundthatwouldknockyourheadoffwithengineerhughpadghamthebandembarkedtothenewlybuilttownhousestudioswithitsnowworldfamousstoneroomgregorylaterrecalledhughhadyettodevelophistrademarkgatedreverbgatedambiencesoundbythispointmouldingwantedtoditchourquirkynonsenseanddomorestraightaheadpopwhenthelabelchosetoreleasehissongasasingleithoughtblimeythisisafirstithinkandyhadtoaccepttheviewofthenurembergtrialsnuremburgjuryyouknowlaughstheyhadspokenandwantedlifebeginsatthehopasasinglerisingtonumberontheuksingleschartforaperiodmostofthegroupssingleswerenotplacedontheiralbumsasmouldingexplainsitwaskindofanoldfashionedthingreallyinthesandsyoudidntalwaysfindhitsthatyoudhadontherecordtheycouldbethingsthatdbeenreleasedintheirownrightbutbecausewewantedtoshiftalbumslateronthatapproachgotblownoutofthewaterrefnamenigelreflistenposleftfilenamemakingplansfornigeloggtitlemakingplansfornigeldescriptioninmakingplansfornigelwasrankednumberonpitchforkwebsitepitchforkslistofthebestsongsoftheswhereitwasdescribedasmoretenderandcomplexthanastraightforwardantiestablishmenttiraderefnamepksongsrefthefirsttrackrecordedforthenewalbumwasmouldingsmakingplansfornigelmouldingsaidvirginrecordsheardthedemothatweddoneatswindontownhallandkindofappointedstevelillywhiteasxtcsnextproducertheyobviouslygottalkingandsaidwellofthisbunchofsongswethinkthemostpromisingisthisonecallednigelitsdistinctivedrumpatternwasdiscoveredbyaccidentafteramiscommunicationbetweenpartridgeandchamberspartridgewasbotheredbytheamountoftimespentrecordingthesongremarkingthatwespentaweekdoingnigelandthreeweeksdoingtherestofthealbumthesessionsboredrumsandwiresnamedforitsemphasisonguitarsandexpansivedrumsandwasreleasedinaugustallmusicreviewerchriswoodstrawrotethatitsignaledaturningpointforthebandwithamoresubduedsetofsongsthatreflectanincreasingsongwritingproficiencytheaimlessenergyofthefirsttwoalbumsisfocusedintoacohesivestatementwithadistinctivevoicethatretainstheircleverhumorquirkywordplayanddecidedlybritishflavordrivenbythepowerfulrhythmsandangularmainlyminimalisticarrangementshelpedpropelthealbumtonumberintheukbeforenigelxtchadstruggledtofillmorethanhalftheseatsofthesmallclubcircuitstheyplayedaccordingtogregoryafternigelgotplaylistedatthebbcwewerebackinthechartsandbackontopofthepopstwicewhenweresumedtouringinlatenovembereverygigwassoldoutinlateryearsmouldingandpartridgewouldlookbackonthispointasthetruestartofxtctofollowuponnigelthebandreleasedwaittillyourboatgoesdownareggaeinfluencedpartridgesongwithproductionbyphilwainmanofbaycityrollersfameitwastheirlowestsellingsingletodateconcurrentlyvirginissuedmouldingstenfeettallasthebandsfirstussinglegregorycolinbegantofancyhimselfasthewriterofthesinglesinresponsetothefussmadeovercolinssongspartridgeattemptedtoexertmoreauthorityinthegroupithoughtiwasaverybenevolentdictatorgregorydisagreedwewereallprettytiredandmynosewasbeingpushedoutofjointwithandycallingalltheshotsbecausehewrotethesongshecouldbealittlebitofabullypartridgemadehissolodebutwithtakeawaythelureofsalvagetakeawaythelureofsalvageinearlyaoneoffrecordthatappearedwithoutmuchnoticerefblackseaxtcalbumblackseareleasedinseptemberreunitedthegroupwithlillywhiteandpadghamandwaswellreceivedcriticallysinglesgeneralsandmajorstowersoflondonsongtowersoflondonandsgtrockisgoingtohelpmereturnedthemtothechartsatnumbersandrespectivelysgtrockprovokedfeministhatemailforthelyrickeepherstoodinlinepartridgeregrettedthesongcallingitcrassbutnotenjoyablycrassrespectablestreetwasbannedfrombbcradioduetoitsreferencestoabortionandasonysonyentertainmentcentrepartridgebelievedblackseawastheclosestthegrouphadcometorepresentingtheirlivesoundinthestudioitremainsxtcssecondhighestchartingbritishalbumplacingatnumberandthemostsuccessfulamericanalbumoftheircareerpeakingatnumberonthebillboardbillboardthatoctoberthedocumentaryxtcatthemanorwasbroadcastonbbcwhichhighlightedthestudiorecordingoftowersoflondonrefnameramonrefenglishsettlementandpartridgesbreakdownservedastheinspirationforenglishsettlementscoverartworkpartridgeaccordinglywantedtomoveinamorepastoralmoreacousticdirectionfromtoxtctouredaustralianewzealandandtheusastheopeningactforthepoliceatthispointtheywereplayinginarenastadiumswhilepartridgesmentalstatewasbeginningtodeteriorateandherequestedtoceasetouringbutwasopposedbyvirginhisbandmatesandthebandsmanagementhewouldoccasionallyexperiencemomentsofmemorylapsetotheextentthathewouldforgetwhohewashisthenwifemarianneblamedhisillnessonhislongtimedependencyonvaliumandthrewawaythetabletsoverthenextyearheexperiencedintensewithdrawaleffectsthathelaterdescribedasbrainmeltxtcbecametheirownproducersfortheirnextalbumprojectpadghamwasgivenaproducercreditalongsidextcandthenewmusicshowcasedmorecomplexandintricatearrangementsgregoryalsoboughtarickbenbackerstringandbegancontributingtotherecordsasakeyboardistinfebruaryenglishsettlementwasreleasedasthegroupsfirstdoublealbumthehookofitsleadsinglesensesworkingovertimewasbasedonmanfredmannsboththealbumandsinglebecamethehighestchartingrecordstheywouldeverhaveintheukpeakingatnumberfiveandnumberrespectivelyinseveralterritoriesoutsidetheukthealbumwasreleasedasasinglelpbeforeenglishsettlementpartridgehadinsistedthateverypartofthebandsarrangementsonrecordcouldbereplicatedlivehebelievedthatifiwroteanalbumwithasoundlessgearedtowardstouringthenmaybetherewouldbelesspressuretotourrefnamequietussettlementrefthegroupschedulednumeroustelevisionappearancesandaninternationaltourinsupportofenglishsettlementduringalivebroadcastgiginparispartridgeranoffthestageandafterwardtookaflightbacktoswindonfortreatmentwhichamountedtohypnotherapyhedescribedfeelingnauseaandstomachpainswhileonstagemybodyandbrainsaidyourehatingthisexperienceimgoingtomakeitbadforyouwhenyougoonstageimgoingtogiveyoupanicattacksandstomachcrampsyourenotenjoyingthisandyouhaventgotthehearttotellanyoneyoucantcarryonsoimgonnamessyouupthebandsremainingtourdatesinenglandwerecancelledafterrecoveringfromtheepisodepartridgerejoinedthegroupfortheirfirsttouroftheusasaheadliningactgregorythefirstshowofthetourwasinsandiegoandwewereterribleweweretotallyunrehearsedcausewednotplayedtogetherfortwoweeksitwasobviousthathewasillbutexactlywhatitwasnooneknewonaprilxtcwerescheduledtoplayasoldoutshowatthehollywoodpalladiuminlosangelespartridgewokeupthatmorningandcouldntgetoffthebedmylegswouldntfunctionwalkedtobenfrankscoffeeshopwherewedallagreedtomeetinslowmotionlikeihadbothlegsinplastertryingnottothrowupigotintheretheyknewwhatiwasgoingtosaythetourceasedhecontinuedhishypnotherapytreatmentfearingthathewasturningintothearchetypalrockburnoutiesydbarrettitgottothepointwhereifitouchedthefrontdoorknobiwantedtothrowupstudioyearsfinancialissuesandstartofmanageriallitigationquoteboxquotebecauseofourbadrecorddealandacorruptmanagerlifewasabitofanightmarewhenisaidwedontwanttoplayliveanymoretheyvirgincompletelystoppedpromotingusweranonnegativeequityforyearssourceandypartridgealignrightwidthemthecancelledamericantourincurredxtcwithadebtandsinceitleftthemunabletorecordnewmaterialtheydecidedtoreexaminetheirfinancialaffairsconfusedastowheretheirearningshadgonethegrouprequestedthatmanagerianreidhelppayforthedebtsbutherefusedsayingthattheyhadowedhimmoneytheytrieddistancingthemselvesawayfromreidbyrenegotiatingtheircontractwithvirginsixmorealbumswerepromisedtothelabelinexchangeforcoveringtheirdebtsaswellasaguaranteethatsubsequentroyaltyandadvancementchequesberedirectedintothebandsowndepositaccountroyaltyrateswerestillkeptrelativelylowasthegroupsarmanpaulkinderexplainedtheyhadappallingmanagementforanumberofyearsusuallyifamanagerhasgotanykindofbusinessacumenhewillrenegotiatethecontracttogetabetterroyaltyarecordcompanyexpectsthiswhichiswhytheykeeproyaltieslowinitiallyitsjustbusinessreallynobodyaddressedthecontractforxtcbyjanuaryreidwasnolongerthebandsmanagerthatdecemberthegrouplearnedthathehadincurredthemanoutstandingvalueaddedtaxintheunitedkingdomvalueaddedtaxesvatbillandthathehadsignificantlymishandledtheirrevenuestreamalawsuitwasfiledbythebandwhilehecountersuedforunpaidcommissiononroyaltiesvirginwerethenlegallyrequiredtofreezeroyaltyandadvancepaymentsanddivertpublishingincomeintoafrozendepositaccountforthenextdecadetheentiretyofthebandsearningswouldbeinvestedinthecontinuedlitigationthegroupsupportedthemselvesmostlythroughshorttermloansfromvirginandroyaltypaymentsderivedfromairplayatonepointmouldingandgregorywereworkingatacarrentalserviceforadditionalincomepartridgewaseventuallyleftwithaboutinthebankhesaidwhichisreallyheavywhenyouvegotafamilyandeveryonethinksyouremrrichandfamousacourtenforcedgagorderrestrictsthebandfromspeakingpubliclyontheallegedimproprietiesaccordingtopartridgereidwasverynaughtyandleftthebandwithroughlyinunpaidvatmusicjournalistpatrickschabeelaboratesmummerandfalteredpopularityduringthemiddlemonthsofpartridgespenthistimeinconvalescenceandwritingsongshelatersurmisedthatrelinquishingvaliuminadvertentlygavehimanewsenseofcreativedirectioniwasthinkingclearerandwantedtoknowstufflifesbigquestionschamberssoonexitedthebandtobewithhisnewlywedwifeinaustraliadrummerpetephippsformerlyoftheglitterbandwasquicklyhiredasatemporarysubstituteinthemeantimevirginreleasedagreatesthitscompilationwaxworkssomesinglestounderwhelmingsalesthegroupsnewmaterialwasrejectedbyvirginexecutivejeremylascelleswhosuggestedthattheywritesomethingmorecommercialpartridgebelievedheaskedmetowritesomethingabitmorelikethepolicewithmoreinternationalflavourmorebasicappeallascellerememberedthathehadactuallynamedtalkingheadsnotthepoliceandylikestoportrayusasthestrictsternschoolmastersbutweneverwantedhimtocompromiseatanythingwethoughthewasgoodatherewereverytalentedsongwriterssurelysurelysurelytheycancomeupwiththatelusivethingthatisahitsinglethatwasourpsycheaftersomeremixingatvirginsbehestmummeralbummummerthefirstproductofthestudioboundxtcappearedinaugustvirgindidlittletopromotethealbumanddelayeditsreleasebyseveralmonthsatnumberitwastheirlowestchartingalbumtodatetheonesinglethatdidchartloveonafarmboyswagesdidfindsignificantairplayonbbcradioitwasthefirstofahandfulofxtcsongswrittenovertheyearsthatreflectedtheirpoorfinancialstatevirtuallyeverycontemporaryreviewofthealbumaccusedthebandoffallingoutoftouchwiththecontemporarymusicclimatejournalistserenedominicretrospectivelywrotethatthealbumwasseenassomethingofadisappointmentatthetimeofreleaseitwasdevoidofsillysongslikesgtrockthathadheretoforebeenthebandsstockintradeanddidntrockoutuntilthelastsongfunkpoparollmummersignaledastrangerebirthforxtcmouldingthoughtthatwhenwecamebackfromamericaafterourabortedtourofpeoplelikespandauballethadmovedontothescenenewgroupswerecomingupandtherewasnoplaceforusrefmojomagazinemojojournalistchrisinghamsummeduptheperiodinmonthsxtchadgonefromtophitsandcriticalsuperlativestobeingignorablearcaneeccentricsyouraverageenglishpersonprobablythinkswesplitupinsuggestspartridgehesprobablyrightthebigexpressandoclockquoteboxquotextctookfulladvantageoftheirstudioboundstatuswiththebigexpresscreatingtheirmostpainstakinglydetailedmultilayeredsonicallydynamicalbumtodatethemoreupbeatmaterialandbrightersoundrecallsomeofthebandsearliermomentsbutmostofallthebigexpresssignalsaturningpointforthebandsettingtheblueprintfortheirlaterapproachsourcechriswoodstraallmusicrefnameambigexprefalignrightwidthemxtcreleasedtheholidaysinglethanksforchristmasunderthepseudonymthreewisemenitwasproducedbydavidlordownerofcrescentstudiosinbathandtheysubsequentlynegotiatedadealthatallowedthemtoworkasmuchastheywantontheirnextalbumathisstudioratherthanhiringalivedrummermostofthealbumwasrecordedusingalinnlmlinnlmdrumcomputerandextensivetimewasspentonitsprogrammingpartridgeenvisionedtheworkasindustrialpopwecomefromarailwaytownandiwaslikewellletswallowinthatintheimageryandthesoundsletsmakeanalbumthatsrivetedtogetherandabitrustyaroundtheedgesandissortoflikebrokenvictorianmassivemachinerytheendresultthebigexpressreturnedthegrouptoabrighteranduptemposoundhejokinglyreferredtosomepartsofthealbumastheonlytimethegroupwerebefallenwithstereotypicalsstyleproductionbutwasvirtuallyignoredbycriticsvirgininvestedintothemusicvideoforallyouprettygirlstolittleeffectacontemporaryreviewbyericawexlerofmusicianmagazinemusicianmagazinesuggestedxtcisnevershortofideastheironlyrealflawisapropensityforcrowdingtogethertoomanybutinthisdayofpopclichidtakextcssensesworkingovertimeanytimeijusthopetheyrestillnottoofaraheadoftheirtimewhengregoryjoinedthebandinpartridgelearnedthattheybothsharedalongtimeenthusiasmforspsychedelicmusicanalbumofsongsinthatstylewasimmediatelyputtoconsiderationbutthegroupcouldnotgothroughwithitduetotheircommercialobligationstovirgintheruleswereasfollowssongsmustfollowtheconventionsofandpsychedelianomorethantwotakesallowedusevintageequipmentwhereverpossibleafterreceivingaadvancefromaskepticalvirginrecordsthegroupdevotedtwoweekstothesessionspartridgesaidididntreallyhavesongsreadyjustideasiknewiwantedtodosomethinglikesydbarrettperhapsabeatlesquebeatlesesquetrackirunguptheotherguysandsaidheyletsputonashowyouknowthatkindofthingcallingthemselvesthedukesofstratosphearthespinoffgroupconsistedofpartridgeandmouldingwithdaveandhisdrummerbrotherianeachadoptedapseudonymsirjohnjohnstheredcurtainlordcorneliusplumandeieiowenatthesessionsthebanddressedthemselvesinpaisleydesignpaisleyoutfitsandlitscentedcandlespartridgedavegregorytooktothedukesabittoomuchelephantjumbocordflaresbigwhitebeltbeadswewereabitworriedwithnothingtoliveuptoasthedukeshelaterlookedbackontheprojectasthemostfunweeverhadinthestudioweneverknewifitwouldsellwecouldneversubverteverybodysexpectationswithxtcastherewastoomuchmoneyinvolvedandwewereexpectedtobementallyhonestandrealtoomuchfinancialpressurereleasedonaprilfoolsdaythealbumwaspresentedasalonglostcollectionofrecordingsbyalatesgroupwhenaskedaboutthealbumininterviewsxtcinitiallydeniedhavinganyinvolvementinenglandthesixtrackminialbumsoldtwiceasmanycopiesasthebigexpressevenbeforethedukesidentitywasmadepublicthealbumalsoachievedconsiderablesalesintheusskylarkingandpsonicpsunspotproducertoddrundgrenperformingwithutopiaamericanbandutopiainduringaroutinemeetinginearlyvirginexecutivesthreatenedtodropthebandfromthelabeliftheirnextalbumfailedtosellmorethanunitsonereasonwhythegroupwasnotsellingenoughrecordsthelabelreportedlyconcludedwasthattheysoundedtooenglishrefnamekeyboardrefgregorysoweweregiventhislonglistofamericanproducersandtheonlynameonitiknewwastoddrundgrentoddrundgrensrefnamealbumismrefhewasafanofrundgrensmusicparticularlysincehearingthealbumhermitofminkhollowhisbandmateswerenotasfamiliarwithrundgrenbutgregoryurgedthegrouptoworkwithhimiremindedandythattoddhadproducedoneofhisfavouritenewyorkdollsrecordsnewyorkdollsalbumnewyorkdollsintheabsenceofanybetteralternativesheagreedoncecontactedrundgrenofferedtohandlethealbumsentirerecordingforalumpsumofandthebandagreedrefnameskylarkingdiffuserrefinjanuarypartridgeandmouldingmailedrundgrenacollectionofmorethandemotapestheyhadstockpiledinadvanceherespondedwiththeideaofaconceptalbumtobridgecolinspastoraltunesandsubjectmatterandandyspopanthemsandslypoetrythealbumcouldbeaboutadayayearoralifetimenbspusingthisframeworkicameupwithasequenceofsongsandajustificationfortheirplacementandbroughtittothebandpartridgewasimmediatelyputoffbyrundgrenssuggestionsyouhadntspokentotheblokeforthreeminutesandhedalreadybeenhackingandthrowingyourworkinthebinhoweverthesessionswerefraughtwithtensionespeciallybetweenhimandpartridgeandnumerousdisagreementsaroseoverdrumpatternssongselectionsandotherdetailsrundgrenorhisagentswereblamedwithaccidentallymasteringthealbumwithareversedpolarizationwavessoundpolarityresultinginathinmixrefpartridgereflectedatthetimeifeltlikedisowningitithoughtjesusthismanskilledourcareerbutinrealityhedidusagreatfavourifhewasntsopersonallypoisonousiwouldhavelovedtoworkwithhimagainrundgrensaidthatinspiteofallthedifficultieswecreatedultimatelyanalbumthatsoundslikewewerehavingagreattimedoingitandattimeswewerehavingagoodtimequoteboxquoteskylarkingisthemostinspiredandsatisfyingpieceofbeatleesquepopsincenbspwellsincethebeatlesnbspmorepreciselythebandhaveimaginedtherevolverbeatlesalbumrevolverrubbersoulerabeatlesplayingpetsoundsandthekinksarethevillagegreenpreservationsocietyvillagegreennbspxtcdidntjustrecordthebestsongstheyhadlyingaroundtheyrecordedthebestalbumtheyhadlyingaroundalignrightwidthemsourcetimsommerinhisreviewforrollingstoneskylarkingspentoneweekontheukalbumchartsreachingnumberinnovembertwoweeksafteritsreleasecomparedtopreviousxtcalbumsitsmusiccontrastedsignificantlywithitsmellowersongslusharrangementsandfloweryaestheticmouldingsgrasswaschosenasleadsingleitwasissuedexclusivelyintheukwiththebsidedeargodxtcsongdeargodanouttakedeargodbecamesopopularwithamericancollegeradiostationswhoimportedtherecordthatgeffenrecordsxtcsusdistributorrecalledandrepressedskylarkingwiththetrackincludedcontroversyalsobrokeoutoverthesongsantireligiouslyricswhichinspiredsomeviolentincidentsinfloridaaradiostationreceivedabombthreatandinnewyorkastudentforcedtheirschooltoplaythesongoveritspublicaddresssystembyholdingafacultymemberatknifepointnonethelessthecommercialsuccessofdeargodpropelledskylarkingtosellmorethanunitsanditraisedthebandsprofileamongamericancollegeyouthintheusthealbumspentweeksonthebillboardandreacheditspeakpositionofnumberinjunepartridgewasreluctanttomakeanotherdukesalbumbuttoappeaserequestsfromhisbandmatesandvirginrecordspsonicpsunspotwasrecordedthistimesongsandabudgetwassuppliedwhilejohnleckiereturnedasproduceronceagainthedukesrecordoutsoldxtcspreviousalbumintheukskylarkinginthiscasepartridgethatwasabitupsettingtothinkthatpeoplepreferredthesepretendpersonalitiestoourownpersonalitiestheyretryingtotellussomethingbutidontmindbecausewehaveturnedintothedukesslowlyovertheyearslikewisemouldingfeltthatthepsychedelicelementwasbeingmoreingratiatedintothepiesinceoclockwhenissuedoncdpsonicpsunspotwascombinedwithoclockandgiventhetitlechipsfromthechocolatefireballreportedlywhenbrianwilsonwasplayedthealbumsbeachboyspastichepaleandprecioushethoughtitwasstyledafterpaulmccartneyorangeslemonsandnonsuchlistenposrightfilenamemayorofsimpletonxtcoggtitlemayorofsimpletondescriptionmayorofsimpletonleadsinglefromorangeslemonsalbumorangeslemonsadoptsajanglepopstyleitbecametheirhighestchartingsingleintheusfortheirnextalbumorangeslemonsalbumorangeslemonsxtctraveledtolosangelestomakeuseofacheapstudioratearrangedbypaulfoxrecordproducerpaulfoxwhowasrecruitedbythebandforhisfirstproductiongiganotherreasonforrecordingintheuswithanamericanproducersaidgregorywasthatamericawasourbiggestmarketthealbumwasreleasedinfebruarywithmusicthatwasinasimilarpsychedelicveinasthedukesinaretrospectivereviewthequietusnickreednotesnearlyeveryinstrumentismixedtotheforefrontitstoowellarrangedtobecacophonousbuttheresadegreeofsensoryoverloadespeciallygiventhebandsnewfoundtendencytoblastsynthesizersinourfaceswhetherornotthisalbumholdsupforyoudependsonhowmuchyoulikethebandsboisteroussidewhileasedgewasdetectablewrotegaryramonofrecordcollectorthesoundwasfirmlyrootedintheeightiesitbecamethehighestalbumtheyhadinthechartssincesenglishsettlementrisingtonumberintheukandnumberintheusadditionallyitcombinedwithskylarkingforthegroupsbestsellingalbumstodatemayorofsimpletonreachednumberintheukandnumberintheusmakingittheironlyamericansingletocharttosupportthealbumpartridgejoinedxtcforanacousticguitaramericanradiotourthatlastedfortwoweeksinmaygregoryitwasaninterestingwayofdrawingattentiontotherecordbutitwasincrediblyhardworkaswewerecarryingguitarsandluggagetouptofourradiostationsadayoverathreeweekperiodwealsodidaliveacousticsetformtvinfrontofanaudiencewhichworriedandyabitbuthegotthroughitthemtvsetinspiredthenetworksmtvunpluggedunpluggedseriestheirperformanceofkingforadayxtcsongkingforadayonlatenightwithdavidlettermanmarkedthefirsttimethegroupplayedinfrontofaliveaudienceinsevenyearsasimilaracoustictourwasplannedforeuropebutcancelledwhenpartridgediscoveredthattheparisdatewouldbebroadcastfromasoldoutseatervenueafteranunsuccessfulattemptwasmadetocoaxpartridgebackintoregulartouringtheytookashortbreakpartridgeproducedparadisecircusthesecondalbumbythelilactimeandcomperedforanunbroadcastchildrensgameshownamedmatchmakersgregoryplayedforjohnnyhatesjazzmarcalmondandfrancescomessinawhilstproducingforcudbandcudmouldingperformedaspecialeventconcertwithdavidmarxandtherefugeesaswindonbasedbandthatreunitedhimwithbarryandrewsillustratedbycartographerjohnspeedwhichservedasthebasisofthealbumcoverbrieflyservingxtcmanagertarquingotchhelpedthebandreachalegalsettlementwithianreidinhowevertheywereagainleftwithasixfiguredebtvirginrecordsadvancedthegroupenoughmoneytocovertheirdebitinexchangeforthepromiseoffouradditionalalbumshavingwrittenmorethantwodozensongsbysomedifficultiesprolongedthestartofrecordingsessionsforthenextalbuminitiallythebandhadissuewiththemusicaldirectorofvirginwhoafterseeingthesongswasconvincedthebandcoulddobetterandaskedthemtowritemorematerialrefnamefevretrefwiththebandsittingonthematerialthedirectorleftthelabelayearlaterandhisreplacementlikedthebandscontenthurryingthemtorecordthealbumrefnameskenerefgusdudgeonproducedeventhoughpartridgefelthewasthewrongchoiceandfairportconventionsdavemattackswasbroughtinasdrummerbothpartridgeandvirginrecordswerevocalintheirdissatisfactionwiththefirstthreemixesthatdudgeonhadcreatedwithonevirginexecutiveevencomparingonesuchmixtoiceblastsasaresultdudgeonwassubsequentlyfiredwithnickdavisrecordproducernickdavisbeinghiredtomixthefinalversionofthealbumquoteboxquotetheresnothingparticularlyexcitingorgroundbreakingaboutnonsuchitsjustanotherextremelygoodxtcalbumwiththeusualfracturedguitarmelodiescoupledwithcuteandcuriouslyricsaboutwhataniceplaceenglandisoddlyenoughitstheamericanswhobuymostofthisstuffalignleftwidthemsourceterrystauntonnmereviewrefnamestauntonrefnonsuchalbumnonsuchwasreceivedwithcriticalacclaimwhenreleasedinaprilrollingstonesmichaelazerradreviewedemphasizingwonderandwitinoppositiontotherageofmostcollegerockxtcmakesalternativemusicforpeoplewhodontlikealternativemusicleadsinglethedisappointedreachednumberintheukwrappedingreywasintendedasthethirdsinglebutwaswithdrawnbyvirginimmediatelyastheydidnotthinkitwouldbecommerciallysuccessfulinthealbumwasnominatedforagrammyawardforbestalternativemusicalbumbutlosttotomwaitsbonemachinepresentlegalentanglementreturnandbreakupstrikeperiodinpartridgeconceivedxtcsnextprojecttobeanalbumofbubblegumpopsongsdisguisingitselfasaretrospectivecompilationfeaturingdifferentgroupsfromtheearlysandallofthelyricswereheavilysexualtherewasasongcalledlollysuckitandseeandtherewasanotheronecalledvisittothedoctorwhichwasvaguelymolestingherecalledplayingsomedemosforvirginwhosejawsjusthungopenlikethatsceneinthefilmtheproducersfilmtheproducerswhenpeopleseespringtimeforhitlerthefirsttimetherewasahorriblesilenceforwhatseemedlikeanhourandtheprojectdidntgetdoneheaskedvirgintorenegotiateorrevokethebandscontractandtheysaidnowewereearningthemenoughmoneyintickingovertermsbuttheywouldntbetterourdealandwouldntletusgopaulkinderbelievedwhatxtcwantedandwhatvirginwerepreparedtodowerepolesapartthecontractwassoolditgottothepointwhereandywantedthemoonandvirginwerentpreparedtogiveithimwhatevernewmusicthebandrecordedwouldhavebeenautomaticallyownedbyvirginandsothebandenactedstrikeactionagainstthelabelcoincidentallyprincemusicianprinceandgeorgemichaelalsowentonstrikeagainsttheirrespectivelabelswhichwasheavilypublicisedatthetimextcsstrikereceivedlittlepressbycomparisoninthemeantimepartridgeproducedmartinnewellmusicianmartinnewellsalbumthegreatestlivingenglishmanandearlysessionsforblurbandblursmodernlifeisrubbishsecondalbumithoughtididsterlingworknextdaynowikinowikidavebalfefromtheteardropexplodessaidquitefranklyandythisisshitothercomplicationsarosehedevelopedsomehealthissuesrelatedtoalcoholismwhilehiswifedivorcedhiminxtcfoundthemselvesfreedfromfinancialdebtandfromvirginaftermakingsomeheavyconcessionspartridgefantasiedthatpeoplefromthelabelmetinthedarkandthoughttheseblokesarenotmakingalivingwevehademalltheseyearsandwevegottheircatalogueandthecopyrighttotheirsongsforevermoreandwevestitchedemuprealgoodwitharottendealsoermmaybeweshouldletthemgoiliketothinkthatitwasaguiltthingoneofthegroupsfirstnewrecordingssincethestrikewasreleasedthatyearforthetributealbumatestimonialdinnerthesongsofxtcthegoodthingsamouldingsongoriginallydemoedfororangeslemonswascreditedunderthepseudonymterryandthelovemenyearsafterpunkfirstbrokepatrickschabewrotetheywerediyethicdiyforthefirsttimeintheircareerapplevenusandwaspstarquoteboxquotefortheorchestralapplevenusthebudgetallowedadayofrecordingatabbeyroadwithapiecebandbutthehumanstringplayerscouldnotmatchthemathematicalprecisionofriveroforchidsnorcouldthewoodwindscopewiththecomputerisedostinatoingreenmantherecordingshadtobesampledcutandpastedtogethertoachievethevaughanwilliamswithahardonsoundrequiredsourcepaulmorrishoftheindependentrefnamemorrishrefalignrightwidthembylatepartridgeandmouldinghadamassedalargestockpileofmaterialtheformerssongswereanelaborationonthemoreorchestralstylehedevelopedwithnonsuchtracksomnibuswrappedingreyandrookmouldingfeltthatsomethingabitdifferentwasappropriateforthebandatthisjunctureandexpressedadesireforacohesivealbumsimilartothosethatwerecomposedforshowslikemyfairladyandstuffthatburtbacharachwroteforvarioussoundtracksthetwoelectedtodividethealbumintotwopartsoneofrocksongsandtheotheroforchestralacousticsongsaugmentedbyapiecesymphonytheyfoundalabelcookingvinylandaproducerhaydnbendallwhohadsignificantexperienceinrecordingorchestrasprairieprincewhodrummedonskylarkingreturnedforthesessionsitsoonbecameapparentthatthebanddidnothavethefundstorecordallthematerialtheyhadgregorymouldingandbendallwantedtoreducetheprojecttoonediscbutpartridgeinsistedonspreadingitovertwolpsitwasdecidedthattheyreleaseonealbumwiththeorchestralportionsvolumeandleavetherocksongsforitsfollowupvolumeasessionwasbookedatabbeyroadbuttherecordingwasrushedlastingonedayandhadtobeeditedoverathreemonthperiodgregoryquitthebandwhilstinthemiddleofsessionsmouldingwasnotpresentforwhathecalledanenormousrowbetweengregoryandpartridgepartridgetoldjournaliststhatgregoryleftbecausehegrewimpatientwiththerecordingoftheorchestralmaterialandwantedtoquicklymoveontosecondprojectwhichwouldhaveconsistedofrocksongsheattributedgregorysfrustrationtodiabeticmoodswingsoneminutehedbequitejollythenextminutehesthisisallshitdestroyitwipeititsallterribleitgottothepointatchippingnortonrecordingstudioschippingnortonwhereiwassodepressedireallyblewupihadagoateveryonebutalotofitwasdirectedatdavetellinghimtopullhisweightandgetintoitmoreidontthinkheeverforgavemegregoryrecollectedhehadthenervetositinthatcontrolroomandtelleveryoneyoubastardsaresabotagingmycareeritwascouchedinsuchoffensivetermshewasbeingacuntfranklyshortlythereafterisaidlookidontthinkthisisthealbumweshouldbemakingaftersixyearsitsthevegetarianalternativeandivebeenonadietforsixyearsandiwantcurryandididntwanttosigntotvtrecordstvtrecordsfullstopwiththewayhedbehavedinchippingnortonthefactthathehadabsolutelynoregardforanybodyelsespointofviewisaidimdisgustedwithyourattitudeicantchangeyouyourenotgoingtochangesoihavetogolistenposleftfilenameriveroforchidsxtcoggtitleriveroforchidsdescriptionapplevenusvolumereliedalmostentirelyonorchestraloracousticinstrumentsrefnamezupkorefreleasedinfebruaryapplevenusvolumewasmetwithcriticalacclaimandmoderatesalesithadzeropromotioncomparingthealbumtothegroupsearlierworkpitchforkreviewerzachhookerwroteapplevenusfindsthempickingupprettymuchwheretheyleftofformaybeevenalittlebitbeforetheyleftoffthisrecordbridgesthegapbetweentheambitiouslypoppyorangesandlemonsandthepastoralskylarkingthemusicisbuiltonsimplephrasesbuttherelationshipsbetweenthosephrasesbecomestremendouslycomplexincontrastthecompanionalbumwaspstarapplevenusvolumewasassumedasoneofthebandsweakestalbumsuponreleaseitsbritishchartpeakwashigherthanvolumeatnumberintheukwhileintheusitwasloweratnumberpartridgebelievedthatsomepartsofthealbumwaswhentheartisticslopestartedtogodownfuzzywarblesanddisintegratedpartnershipafterwaspstarnewlyrecordedxtcmaterialwasreleasedsporadicallythefourdischitsandraritiesboxedsetcoatofmanycupboardsincludeddidnthurtabitarerecordingofanonsuchouttakethedukesofstratosphearwithdaveandiangregorymouldingwasinitiallyattachedtotheprojectbutoptedoutbecauseijustwouldnthavefounditveryinspiringmaybeacoupleofvolumeswouldvebeenokayorjustonebutheandywantedtodotwelvewhichkindofputthewindupmealittlebitwehadabitofanargumentaboutitandthatthefuzzywarblessetearnedhimmoremoneythanxtcsbackcatalogonvirginhealsodidnotfeelthatxtcwereabandanymoreitsmoreofabranditsmorehpsaucethanevercolinandiaretwoselfishmiddleagedgitswhomakethemusicwemakeinpartridgerecordedanalbummonstrancewithbarryandrewsanddrummermartynbarkerduringoneofthesessionssomeofhishearingwasdestroyedfollowingastudiomishapwhichcausedhimtodevelopsevereandpermanenttinnitusneartheendoftheyearhetoldaninterviewerthatmouldingrecentlyacoupleofmonthsbacklostinterestinwritingperformingorevenlisteningtomusicheremainedhopefulthatthesituationwastemporaryandassuredthattheyhadnotkilledoffthextcheadimeanwestillhavetheheadcryogenicallyfrozenitsnogoodmakingarecordandcallingitxtccertainlyifcolinisntinvolvedrefnamesailedrefinnovemberhestatedthathehadbeenforcedtoregardthegroupinthepasttensewithnolikelihoodofanewprojectunlessmouldingshouldhaveachangeofheartmonthslaterpartridgeintimatedthatmouldinghadmovedandchangedhisphonenumbereffectivelyendingallcontactbetweenthetwoandreducingtheircorrespondencetoemailsexchangedviatheirmanagertodiscussthedivisionofthebandsassetspartridgealsosaidheandgregorytheirdifferencesnowresolvedhadconsideredworkingtogetheragainrefnamerundgrenradioandyrefquoteboxquotetherewasnoofficialannouncementthatwedfinishedijustgotwindthatandydidntreallywanttomakeanotherrecordbuthedidnttellmeandmaybehedidntknowhimselfijustthinkweweretwooldmenwhodidntreallytalkmuchsourcecolinmouldingalignrightwidtheminjulypartridgewroteintheswindonadvertiserthathebelievedhismusicalpartnershipwithcolinmouldinghascometoanendforreasonstoopersonalandvariedtogointoherebutwehadagoodrunastheysayandproducedsomerealgoodworknoiwontbeworkingwithhiminthefutureindecembermouldingresurfacedforaliveradiointerviewwhereheconfirmedhisrecentdisillusionmentwithmusicbutrevealedthathewasthinkingofworkingonsolomaterialhisgivenreasonsforthebreakupwerefinancialdiscorddisagreementovertheextentofthefuzzywarblesprojectandachangeinmindsetbetweenhimandpartridgehealsostatedthatheandpartridgewereonceagaincommunicatingdirectlybyemailrefnamerundgrenradiocolinrefreissuedalbumsanddocumentaryxtcdidnottechnicallybreakupinalegalsenseasofthegroupstillexistedasatrademarkcontrolledbypartridgeandmouldingthroughoutthesthebandscatalogwasreissuedonealbumatatimeasdeluxepackagescentredonnewstereoandsurroundsoundmixesbystevenwilsonuntilmouldingremainedlargelyinactiveasamusicianinoctoberheandterrychambersissuedafoursongepgreataspirationscreditedtotciasofjanuarypartridgemaintainedthatthegroupwouldnotberecordingtogetheragainmusicalstylequoteboxquoteandyhadasortofunwrittenrulethateverythingwedidhadtobecompletelyoriginalanyhintofchopismanyrockclichsanyimitationofourfashionablepeersmeantthepartandinsomecasesthesongwouldbedumpedsourcedavegregoryalignleftwidthemxtcsprincipalsongwriterswereguitaristandypartridgeandbassistcolinmouldingpartridgewhowrotethemajorityofxtcssongswasthebandsfrontmananddefactoleaderandtypicallyactedasanexecutiveproducerforalbumswhilefrequentlyunderminingtheauthorityoftheactualcreditedproducermouldingwasasignificantlylessprolificsongwriterbycomparisonandaccordingtopartridgethiswastheonlyreasonwhyhissongsoutnumberedmouldingsgregorysaidintheinterestsofdemocracynearlyallofcolinssongswouldberecordedoccasionallyattheexpenseofsomeofandysoftensuperiorofferingsthisdidntalwaysgodownwelleitherwithandyorthebandbutcolindidhavesomekillermelodiesandasweetersoundtohisvoicethatmadeawelcomediversionwhenlisteningtoanalbumasawholegregoryalsoattributedthegroupsunorthodoxdrumpatternstopartridgesaffinityfordubandreggaehesgotagreatinnatesenseofrhythmhellsaynodontputthatbeattherewhydontyoucomedownoninsteadofonthisparthereheneverputcymbalcrasheswhereyoudexpecttofindthempitchforkwriterchrisdahlencharacterisedxtcsoriginalsoundaspunkmeetsbuddyhollyonamphetaminesdanceableenoughforthecrowdsattheclubsandsuspiciouslypoppythankstothecatchyhooksandtheirtrademarkversechorusversechorusexplodepatternthessawthegroupincreasinglydistancingthemselvesfromtheirearlyskainfluencednewwavestyleinreferencetotheenergyoftheirperformanceswhichdrewcomparisonswiththetalkingheadspartridgerememberedhowtheyusedtofuckingkillourselvesithinkitwasfearitwasfearmanifestedinludicrouslyhighenergymusicitwaslikewhaaahhallofthesongswereruntogetheranditwasreallyuptempostuffastheybecamemoreofastudiobandtheirmaterialgrewprogressivelymorecomplexproducerchrishughesmusicianchrishugheslikenedthebandsfashionofplayingguitartoanautomatedmusicsequencerfiveyearsafterretiringfromtouringpartridgeacknowledgedthegroupsdeparturefromtheirironicpunkrockwevereallychangedpersonalitywedidntnoticeitbitbybitbutoveryearssuddenlyitseemswowweredifferentlistenposrightfilenamewrappedingreyoggtitlewrappedingreydescriptionwrappedingreywasoneofnumerousxtcsongsinfluencedbythebeachboysalthoughitiswidelyassumedthatthebeachboysinfluencedxtcthroughouttheircareerpartridgehadnotlistenedtoanyoftheiralbumsuntilrefhealsoclaimedthatthebeatleswerethefarthestthingfrommyminduntilrefwhilerecordinghissongladybirdinherememberedtellingmummerproducerstevenyethathewasafraidpeoplewouldthinkhewascopyingthebeatlestowhichnyesresponsewaswhogivesafuckfromthatmomentonwardistartedtorecognisethatthosesongwriterstheraydaviesesthejohnlennonlennonsandmccartneysthebrianwilsonshadgoneintomyheadreallydeeplyrefheconsideredrookwrappedingreyandeastertheatretobetheperfectsongsofhiscareerfeelingthathehadexorcizedalotofthosekindoflennonandmccartneybacharachanddavidbrianwilsontypeghostsoutofmysystembydoingallthatrecognitionandinfluencewritingforallmusicmusiccriticstephenthomaserlewinerecognisesthegroupthuslyrefxtcareacknowledgedasprogenitorsofbritpopandwerecommonlypraisedbycontemporarypowerpopactssuchasjellyfishbandjellyfishandtheapplesinstereowritingsaboutthebandoftencomparethemreverentiallytosluminariessuchasthewhothekinksandmostfrequentlythebeatlesregardingthegroupslackoffinancialsuccesspatrickschabesaidthatitsdifficulttojustifyclaimsofgreatnesswithouttryingtounderstandexactlywhytheynevermanagedtoriseabovethestatusofcultbandrespectandrecognitionaretherealvalidationofsuchclaimsinhewrotethatthecurrentresurgenceofpostpunkformulahasledtoxtcbeingreveredinassociationwiththegroundbreakersofthateramusicologistalexogglistedxtcasoneofseveralunheraldedeventsinthehistoryofpostpunkwhileericklingerofpopmatterspositedyoumightnothearofbandstalkingaboutxtcasabiginfluencethewaytheytalkaboutsaygangoffourbandgangoffourbuttheywerecertainlyinthemixthatbecamethemusicthatwastocomegregorytoldananecdoteaboutmeetingbassistscottthunesandguitaristmikekeneallyfromfrankzappasbackingbandanditbecameapparentfromtheirconversationthatourrecentalbumswerehugelyinfluentialtomanyaspiringmusiciansandartistsacrossthestatesinmusicjournalistmichaelazerradsummarizedthebandasthedeansofagroupofartistswhomakewhatcanonlybedescribedasunpopularpopmusicplacingahighpremiumonmelodyandsolidifidiosyncraticsongcraftquoteboxquoteamongthescoresofsongspartridgewroteforxtcareperfectexamplesofaveryenglishgenrerockmusicuprootedfromtheglamouranddazzleofthecityandrecastasthesoundtracktolifeinsuburbssmalltownsandthekindofplaceslikeswindonthatmaybemoresizeablebutarestillheldupasbywordsforbrokenhopesandlimitedhorizonssourcejohnharriscriticjohnharrisrefnameharrisrefalignrightwidthembritishmusiccriticjohnharriscriticjohnharrisidentifiedpartridgesxtccompositionsaswithinthesamelineageofruralenglishsongwritinginventedbyraydaviesofthekinksandfollowedbythejamthespecialsscoresofhalfforgottenpunkandnewwavebandsthesmithsandmidsbritpophoweverthegroupsfanbasehasbeenmoreconcentratedintheusthantheuktheyrefusedtoconformtopunkssimplicityapointthatthebritishpressinitiallycriticisedpartridgebelievedweweretryingtopushmusicintoanewareaandsowehadtosuffertheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousnamecallingbecausewerefusedtojustplaystupidinwriterchrishuntobservedsincefalteringattheheightoftheirchartsuccessinxtchavelargelynotfoundfavourintheirhomelandtoanationthatjudgessuccessintermsoftabloidcoverageandappearancesontopofthepopstheretiringbardsofruraloldeenglanddidntreallystriketooloudachordwiththerecordbuyingpublicxtchadjustbecometooweirdfortheirowngoodmusicianandjournalistdominiqueleonearguedthattheydeservedmorethantheyevergotfromthepressthepublictheirlabelandvariousmanagersxtchavebeenatragicallyunderappreciatedbandineverysensepartridgecitedthebandsswindonoriginsasthemainreasonfortheirillreputebecausewecamefromenglandscomedytownwewereconsideredtobeworthlessyokeltrashwhereasifwecamefromabigcitylikelondonormanchesterwewouldhaveprobablyhavebeenheraldedasmoregodlikeifyoucamefromalittlecomicaltownyouwerelittleandcomicalherememberedthegroupbeingadvisedbytheirearlymanagementtochangetheiraccentsanddenytheirswindonoriginsbutwethoughtitwasabadgeofhonourcomingfromthecomedytownmembersprincipalmembersandypartridgevocalsguitarcolinmouldingvocalsbassterrychambersdrumsbarryandrewsmusicianbarryandrewskeyboardsbackingvocalsdavegregorymusiciandavegregoryguitarkeyboardsbackingvocalsearlymembersdavecartnerguitarnervousstevebasspaulwilsondrumsstevehutchinsvocalsjonperkinskeyboardstimelinetimelineimagesizewidthheightplotarealeftbottomtoprightalignbarsjustifydateformatmmddyyyyperiodfromtilltimeaxisorientationhorizontalformatyyyylegendorientationverticalpositionbottomscalemajorincrementstartscaleminorincrementstartcolorsidvocalsvalueredlegendvocalsidguitarvaluegreenlegendguitarsidkeysvaluepurplelegendkeyboardsidbassvaluebluelegendbassiddrumsvalueorangelegenddrumsidlinesvalueblacklegendstudioalbumsbardatabarandytextandypartridgebarcartnertextdavecartnerbarnervoustextnervousstevebarpaultextpaulwilsonbarcolintextcolinmouldingbarterrytextterrychambersbarstevetextstevehutchinsbarjontextjonperkinsbarbarrytextbarryandrewsbardavetextdavegregoryplotdatawidthtextcolorblackalignleftanchorfroms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functionasanapplicationdisplayingtoawindowofanotherdisplaysystemasystemprogramcontrollingthevideooutputofapersonalcomputerpcadedicatedpieceofhardwarethisclientserverterminologytheusersterminalbeingtheserverandtheapplicationsbeingtheclientsoftenconfusesnewxusersbecausethetermsappearreversedbutxtakestheperspectiveoftheapplicationratherthanthatoftheenduserxprovidesdisplayandioservicestoapplicationssoitisaserverapplicationsusetheseservicesthustheyareclientsthecommunicationsprotocolcommunicationprotocolbetweenserverandclientoperatescomputernetworknetworktransparentlytheclientandservermayrunonthesamemachineorondifferentonespossiblywithdifferentcomputerarchitecturearchitecturesandoperatingsystemsaclientandservercanevencommunicatecomputersecuritysecurelyovertheinternetbytunnelingprotocoltunnelingtheconnectionoveranencryptednetworksessionanxclientitselfmayemulateanxserverbyprovidingdisplayservicestootherclientsthisisknownasxnestingopensourceclientssuchasxnestandxephyrsupportsuchxnestingtouseanxclientapplicationonaremotemachinetheusermaydothefollowingonthelocalmachineopenaterminalemulatorterminalwindowusesecureshellsshwiththexforwardingargumenttoconnecttotheremotemachinerequestlocaldisplayinputserviceegkbdexportdisplaykbdusersmachinekbdkbdifnotusingsshwithxforwardingenabledtheremotexclientapplicationwillthenmakeaconnectiontotheuserslocalxserverprovidingdisplayandinputtotheuseralternativelythelocalmachinemayrunasmallprogramthatconnectstotheremotemachineandstartstheclientapplicationpracticalexamplesofremoteclientsincludeadministeringaremotemachinegraphicallysimilartousingremotedesktopbutwithsinglewindowsusingaclientapplicationtojoinwithlargenumbersofotherterminalusersincollaborativeworkgroupsrunningacomputationallyintensivesimulationonaremotemachineanddisplayingtheresultsonalocaldesktopmachinerunninggraphicalsoftwareonseveralmachinesatoncecontrolledbyasingledisplaykeyboardandmouseprinciplesinbobscheiflerandjimgettyssetouttheearlyprinciplesofxdonotaddnewfunctionalityunlessanimplementorcannotcompletearealapplicationwithoutititisasimportanttodecidewhatasystemisnotastodecidewhatitisdonotservealltheworldsneedsrathermakethesystemextensiblesothatadditionalneedscanbemetinanupwardlycompatiblefashiontheonlythingworsethangeneralizingfromoneexampleisgeneralizingfromnoexamplesatallifaproblemisnotcompletelyunderstooditisprobablybesttoprovidenosolutionatallifyoucangetpercentofthedesiredeffectforpercentoftheworkusethesimplersolutionseealsoworseisbetterisolatecomplexityasmuchaspossibleprovideseparationofmechanismandpolicymechanismratherthanpolicyinparticularplaceuserinterfacepolicyintheclientshandsthefirstprinciplewasmodifiedduringthedesignofxtodonotaddnewfunctionalityunlessyouknowofsomerealapplicationthatwillrequireitxhaslargelykepttotheseprinciplesthesampleimplementationisdevelopedwithaviewtoextensionandimprovementoftheimplementationwhileremainingcompatiblewiththeoriginalprotocoluserinterfacesstackgraphicaluserinterfacegraphicaluserinterfacegraphicaluserinterfacexprimarilydefinesprotocolandgraphicsprimitivesitdeliberatelycontainsnospecificationforapplicationuserinterfacedesignsuchasbuttoncomputingbuttonmenucomputingmenuorwindowtitlebartitlebarstylesinsteadapplicationsoftwaresuchaswindowmanagersguiwidgettoolkitsanddesktopenvironmentsorapplicationspecificgraphicaluserinterfacesdefineandprovidesuchdetailsasaresultthereisnotypicalxinterfaceandseveraldifferentdesktopenvironmentshavebecomepopularamongusersawindowmanagercontrolstheplacementandappearanceofapplicationwindowsthismayresultindesktopinterfacesreminiscentofthoseofmicrosoftwindowsoroftheapplemacintoshexamplesincludegnomekdesoftwarecompilationkdexfceorhaveradicallydifferentcontrolssuchasatilingwindowmanagerlikewmiiorratpoisonsomeinterfacessuchassugardesktopenvironmentsugarorchromeoseschewthedesktopmetaphoraltogethersimplifyingtheirinterfacesforspecializedapplicationswindowmanagersrangeinsophisticationandcomplexityfromthebarebonesegtwmthebasicwindowmanagersuppliedwithxorevilwmanextremelylightwindowmanagertothemorecomprehensivedesktopenvironmentssuchasenlightenmentwindowmanagerenlightenmentandeventoapplicationspecificwindowmanagersforverticalmarketssuchaspointofsalemanyusersusexwithadesktopenvironmentwhichasidefromthewindowmanagerincludesvariousapplicationsusingaconsistentuserinterfacepopulardesktopenvironmentsincludegnomekdesoftwarecompilationandxfcetheunixstandardenvironmentisthecommondesktopenvironmentcdethefreedesktoporginitiativeaddressesinteroperabilitybetweendesktopsandthecomponentsneededforacompetitivexdesktopimplementationsthexorgserverxorgimplementationisthecanonicalmodelcanonicalimplementationofxowingtoliberalsoftwarelicenselicensinganumberofvariationsbothfreeandopensourcesoftwarefreeandopensourceandproprietarysoftwareproprietaryhaveappearedcommercialunixvendorshavetendedtotakethereferenceimplementationandadaptitfortheirhardwareusuallycustomizingitandaddingproprietaryextensionsrunningrootlessonmicrosoftwindowsxpviathecommandcodestartxrootlesscodethescreenshowsxapplicationsxeyesxclockandxtermsharingthescreenwithnativemicrosoftwindowsapplicationsdatetimeandcalculatoruptoxfreeprovidedthemostcommonxvariantonfreeunixlikesystemsxfreestartedasaportingportofxforintelcompatiblepcsandbytheendoftheshadbecomethegreatestsourceoftechnicalinnovationinxandthedefactostandardofxdevelopmentrefnamexfreeorgxfreeorgpipermailforumfebruaryhtmlannouncementmodificationtothebasexfreetmlicensefebruaryrefsincehoweverthexorgserveraforksoftwareforkofxfreehasbecomepredominantwhileitiscommontoassociatexwithunixxserversalsoexistnativelywithinothergraphicalenvironmentsvmssoftwareincsopenvmsoperatingsystemincludesaversionofxwithcommondesktopenvironmentcdeknownasdecwindowsasitsstandarddesktopenvironmentappleincappleoriginallyportedxtomacosintheformofxappbutthathasbeendeprecatedinfavorofthexquartzimplementationthirdpartyserversunderapplesolderoperatingsystemsinthessystemandmacosandincludedapplesmacxandwhitepinesoftwaresexodusmicrosoftwindowsisnotshippedwithsupportforxbutmanythirdpartyimplementationsexistasfreeandopensourcesoftwaresuchascygwinxandproprietaryproductssuchashummingbirdltdexceedmksxserverattachmatepcxserverreflectionxxwinandxmingtherearealsojavaprogramminglanguagejavaimplementationsofxserversweirdxrunsonanyplatformsupportingswingjavaswingandwillrunasanappletwithinmostwebbrowserbrowsersthecodegooglecompandroidxserverandroidxserverisanopensourcejavaimplementationthatrunsonandroidoperatingsystemandroiddeviceswhenanoperatingsystemwithanativewindowingsystemhostsxinadditionthexsystemcaneitheruseitsownnormaldesktopinaseparatehostwindoworitcanrunrootlessmeaningthexdesktopishiddenandthehostwindowingenvironmentmanagesthegeometryandappearanceofthehostedxwindowswithinthehostscreenxterminalsncdkxterminalanxterminalisathinclientthatonlyrunsanxserverthisarchitecturebecamepopularforbuildinginexpensiveterminalparksformanyuserstosimultaneouslyusethesamelargecomputerservertoexecuteapplicationprogramsasclientsofeachusersxterminalthisuseisverymuchalignedwiththeoriginalintentionofthemitprojectxterminalsexplorethenetworkthelocalbroadcastdomainusingthexdmcpxdisplaymanagercontrolprotocoltogeneratealistofavailablehoststhatareallowedasclientsoneoftheclienthostsshouldrunanxdisplaymanagerprogramtypexdisplaymanageralimitationofxterminalsandmostthinclientsisthattheyarenotcapableofanyinputoroutputotherthanthekeyboardmouseanddisplayallrelevantdataisassumedtoexistsolelyontheremoteserverandthexterminaluserhasnomethodsavailabletosaveorloaddatafromalocalperipheraldevicededicatedhardwarexterminalshavefallenoutofuseapersonalcomputerpcormodernthinclientwithanxservertypicallyprovidesthesamefunctionalityatthesameorlowercostlimitationsandcriticismtheunixhatershandbookdevotedafullchaptertotheproblemsofxrefnamethexwindowsdisasterrefwhyxisnotouridealwindowsystembygajewskamanasseandmccormackdetailedproblemsintheprotocolwithrecommendationsforimprovementuserinterfaceissuesthelackofdesignguidelinesinxhasresultedinseveralvastlydifferentinterfacesandinapplicationsthathavenotalwaysworkedwelltogethertheinterclientcommunicationconventionsmanualicccmaspecificationforclientinteroperabilityhasareputationforbeingdifficulttoimplementcorrectlyfurtherstandardseffortssuchasmotifsoftwaremotifandcommondesktopenvironmentcdedidnotalleviateproblemsthishasfrustratedusersandprogrammersgraphicsprogrammersnowgenerallyaddressconsistencyofapplicationlookandfeelandcommunicationbycodingtoaspecificdesktopenvironmentortoaspecificwidgettoolkitwhichalsoavoidshavingtodealdirectlywiththeicccmxalsolacksnativesupportforuserdefinedstoredproceduresonthexserverinthemannerofnewsthereisnoturingcompletescriptingfacilityvariousdesktopenvironmentsmaythusoffertheirownusuallymutuallyincompatiblefacilitiescomputeraccessibilityrelatedissuessystemsbuiltuponxmayhavecomputeraccessibilityaccessibilityissuesthatmakeutilizationofacomputerdifficultfordisabledusersincludingrightclickdoubleclickmiddleclickmouseoverandfocusstealingsomexclientsdealwithaccessibilityissuesbetterthanotherssopersonswithaccessibilityproblemsarenotlockedoutofusingxhoweverthereisnoaccessibilitystandardoraccessibilityguidelinesforxwithinthexstandardsprocessthereisnoworkinggrouponaccessibilityhoweveraccessibilityneedsarebeingaddressedbysoftwareprojectstoprovidethesefeaturesontopofxtheorcaassistivetechnologyorcaprojectaddsaccessibilitysupporttothexwindowsystemincludingimplementinganapiatspithisiscoupledwithgnomesaccessibilitytoolkitatktoallowforaccessibilityfeaturestobeimplementedinxprogramsusingthegnomegtkapiskdeprovidesadifferentsetofaccessibilitysoftwareincludingatexttospeechconverterandascreenmagnifiertheothermajordesktopslxdexfceandenlightenmentattempttobecompatiblewithatknetworkanxclientcannotgenerallybedetachedfromoneserverandreattachedtoanotherunlessitscodespecificallyprovidesforitemacsisoneofthefewcommonprogramswiththisabilityassuchmovinganentiresessionfromonexservertoanotherisgenerallynotpossiblehoweverapproacheslikevirtualnetworkcomputingvncnxtechnologynxandxpraallowavirtualsessiontobereachedfromdifferentxserversinamannersimilartognuscreeninrelationtoterminalsandotherapplicationsandtoolkitsproviderelatedfacilitiesworkaroundslikexvncvncviewersxprasshadowmodeandnxsnxagentshadowmodealsoexisttomakethecurrentxserverscreenavailablethisabilityallowstheuserinterfacemousekeyboardmonitorofarunningapplicationtobeswitchedfromonelocationtoanotherwithoutstoppingandrestartingtheapplicationnetworktrafficbetweenanxserverandremotexclientsisnotencryptedbydefaultanattackerwithapacketsniffercaninterceptitmakingitpossibletoviewanythingdisplayedtoorsentfromtheusersscreenthemostcommonwaytoencryptxtrafficistoestablishasecureshellsshtunnelforcommunicationlikeallthinclientswhenusingxacrossanetworkbandwidthcomputingbandwidthlimitationscanimpedetheuseofbitmapintensiveapplicationsthatrequirerapidlyupdatinglargeportionsofthescreenwithlowlatencysuchasdanimationorphotoeditingevenarelativelysmalluncompressedxxnbspbitnbspfpsvideostreamcaneasilyoutstripthebandwidthofanbspmbitsnetworkforasingleclientincontrastmodernversionsofxgenerallyhaveextensionssuchasmesacomputergraphicsmesaallowinglocaldisplayofalocalprogramsgraphicstobeoptimizedtobypassthenetworkmodelanddirectlycontrolthevideocardforuseoffullscreenvideorendereddapplicationsandothersuchapplicationsclientserverseparationxsdesignrequirestheclientsandservertooperateseparatelyanddeviceindependenceandtheseparationofclientandserverincuroverheadmostoftheoverheadcomesfromnetworkroundtripdelaytimebetweenclientandserverlatencyengineeringlatencyratherthanfromtheprotocolitselfthebestsolutionstoperformanceissuesdependonefficientapplicationdesignacommoncriticismofxisthatitsnetworkfeaturesresultinexcessivecomplexityanddecreasedperformanceifonlyusedlocallymodernximplementationsuseunixdomainsocketsforefficientconnectionsonthesamehostadditionallysharedmemoryinterprocesscommunicationsharedmemoryviathemitshmextensioncanbeemployedforfasterclientservercommunicationhowevertheprogrammermuststillexplicitlyactivateandusethesharedmemoryextensionitisalsonecessarytoprovidefallbackpathsinordertostaycompatiblewitholderimplementationsandinordertocommunicatewithnonlocalxserverscompetitorssomepeoplehaveattemptedwritingalternativestoandreplacementsforxhistoricalalternativesincludesunmicrosystemssunsnewsandnextsdisplaypostscriptbothpostscriptbasedsystemssupportinguserdefinabledisplaysideprocedureswhichxlackedcurrentalternativesincludemacosanditsmobilecounterpartiosimplementsitswindowssystemwhichisknownasquartzgraphicslayerquartzwhenappleincboughtnextandusednextsteptoconstructmacosmacosxitreplaceddisplaypostscriptwithquartzgraphicslayerquartzmikepaquetteoneoftheauthorsofquartzexplainedthatifapplehadaddedsupportforallthefeaturesitwantedtoincludeintoxitwouldnotbearmuchresemblancetoxnorbecompatiblewithotherserversanywayandroidoperatingsystemandroidwhichrunsonthelinuxkernelusesitsownsystemfordrawingtheuserinterfaceknownassurfaceflingerdrenderingishandledbyeglapieglwaylanddisplayserverprotocolwaylandisbeingdevelopedbyseveralxorgdevelopersasaprospectivereplacementforxitworksdirectlywiththegpuhardwareviadirectrenderinginfrastructuredriwaylandcanrunanxorgserverasaclientwhichcanberootlessrefciteweburllistsfreedesktoporgarchiveswaylanddevelnovemberhtmlauthordarxustitlehostedpatchfornouveauxunderwaylanddatenovemberquoteitspossibletorunxorgasaclientofwaylandrootlessornotifyouhaveanintelvideocardrefaproprietaryportofthewaylandbackendtotheraspberrypiwascompletedintheprojectreachedversioninlikeandroidwaylandiseglbasedmirsoftwaremirisaprojectfromcanonicalltdwithgoalssimilartowaylandmirisintendedtoworkwithmobiledevicesusingarmchipsetsastatedgoaliscompatibilitywithandroiddevicedriversaswellasxdesktopslikeandroidmirunitynextareeglbasedbackwardscompatibilitywithxclientapplicationsisaccomplishedviaxmirotheralternativesattempttoavoidtheoverheadofxbyworkingdirectlywiththehardwaresuchprojectsincludedirectfbthedirectrenderinginfrastructuredriwhichaimstoprovideareliablekernellevelinterfacetotheframebuffermightmaketheseeffortsredundantadditionalwaystoachieveafunctionalformofthenetworktransparencyfeatureofxvianetworktransmissibilityofgraphicalservicesincludevirtualnetworkcomputingvncaverylowlevelsystemwhichsendscompressedbitmapsacrossthenetworktheuniximplementationincludesanxserverremotedesktopprotocolrdpwhichissimilartovncinpurposebutoriginatedonmicrosoftwindowsbeforebeingportedtounixlikesystemscfnxtechnologynxgotomypcetcxenappcitrixxenappanxlikeprotocolandapplicationstackformicrosoftwindowstarantellainctarantellawhichprovidesajavabasedremoteguiclientforuseinwebbrowsershistorypredecessorsseveralbitmapdisplaysystemsprecededxfromxeroxcamethexeroxaltoaltoandthexeroxstarstarfromapollocomputercamedisplaymanagerfromappleincapplecametheapplelisalisaandthemacintoshtheunixworldhadtheandrewprojectandrobpikesblitcomputerterminalblitterminalcarnegiemellonuniversityproducedaremoteaccessapplicationcalledaltoterminalthatdisplayedoverlappingwindowsonthexeroxaltoandmaderemotehoststypicallydecvaxsystemsrunningunixresponsibleforhandlingwindowexposureeventsandrefreshingwindowcontentsasnecessaryxderivesitsnameasasuccessortoaprewindowsystemcalledwwindowsystemwtheletterprecedingxintheenglishalphabetwranunderthevoperatingsystemvoperatingsystemwusedanetworkprotocolsupportingterminalandgraphicswindowstheservermaintainingdisplaylistsoriginandearlydevelopmentquoteboxprestylebordernonefromrwsmitboldrobertwscheiflertowindowathenasubjectwindowsystemxdatejunedttuesdayivespentthelastcoupleweekswritingawindowsystemforthevsistoleafairamountofcodefromwsurroundeditwithanasynchronousratherthanasynchronousinterfaceandcalleditxoverallperformanceappearstobeabouttwicethatofwthecodeseemsfairlysolidatthispointalthoughtherearestillsomedeficienciestobefixedupweatlcshavestoppedusingwandarenowactivelybuildingapplicationsonxanyoneelseusingwshouldseriouslyconsiderswitchingthisisnottheultimatewindowsystembutibelieveitisagoodstartingpointforexperimentationrightatthemomentthereisacluandanargusinterfacetoxacinterfaceisintheworksthethreeexistingapplicationsareatexteditortedanargusiointerfaceandaprimitivewindowmanagerthereisnodocumentationyetanyonecrazyenoughtovolunteerimaygetaroundtoiteventuallyanyoneinterestedinseeingademocandropbynealthoughyoumaywanttocallfirstanyonewhowantsthecodecancomebywithatapeanyoneinterestedinhackingdeficienciesfeelfreetogetintouchpretheemailinwhichxwasintroducedtotheprojectathenacommunityatmitinjunetheoriginalideaofxemergedatmitinasacollaborationbetweenjimgettysofprojectathenaandbobscheiflerofthemitlaboratoryforcomputersciencescheiflerneededausabledisplayenvironmentfordebuggingtheargussystemprojectathenaajointprojectbetweendigitalequipmentcorporationdecmitandibmtoprovideeasyaccesstocomputingresourcesforallstudentsneededaplatformindependentgraphicssystemtolinktogetheritsheterogeneousmultiplevendorsystemsthewindowsystemthenunderdevelopmentincarnegiemellonuniversitysandrewprojectdidnotmakelicensesavailableandnoalternativesexistedtheprojectsolvedthisbycreatingaprotocolthatcouldbothrunlocalapplicationsandcallonremoteresourcesinmidaninitialportofwtounixranatonefifthofitsspeedundervinmayscheiflerreplacedthesynchronizationcomputersciencesynchronousprotocolcomputingprotocolofwwithanasynchronousasynchronousprotocolandthedisplaylistswithimmediatemodegraphicstomakexversionxbecamethefirstwindowingsystemenvironmenttooffertruehardwareindependenceandvendorindependencescheiflergettysandronnewmansettoworkandxprogressedrapidlytheyreleasedversioninjanuarydecthenpreparingtoreleaseitsfirstultrixworkstationjudgedxtheonlywindowingsystemlikelytobecomeavailableintimedecengineersportedxtodecsqvssdisplayonmicrovaxinthesecondquarterofxacquiredxcolornamescolorsupporttofunctioninthedecvaxstationiigpxformingwhatbecameversionagroupatbrownuniversityportedversiontotheibmrtpcbutproblemswithreadingunaligneddataonthertforcedanincompatibleprotocolchangeleadingtoversioninlatebyoutsideorganizationshadbegunaskingforxxrwasreleasedinjanuarythenxrinfebruaryalthoughmithadlicensedxtosomeoutsidegroupsforafeeitdecidedatthistimetolicensexrandfutureversionsunderwhatbecameknownasthemitlicenseintendingtopopularizexfurtherandinreturnhopingthatmanymoreapplicationswouldbecomeavailablexrbecamethefirstversiontoachievewidedeploymentwithbothdecandhewlettpackardreleasingproductsbasedonitothergroupsportedxtoapollocomputerapolloandtosunmicrosystemssunworkstationsandeventotheibmpcatdemonstrationsofthefirstcommercialapplicationforxamechanicalcomputeraidedengineeringsystemfromcognitionincthatranonvaxesandremotelydisplayedonpcsrunninganxserverportedbyjimfultonandjanhardenberghtookplaceattheautofacttradeshowatthattimethelastversionofxxrappearedindecemberattemptsweremadetoenablexserversasrealtimecollaborationdevicesmuchasvirtualnetworkcomputingvncwouldlaterallowadesktoptobesharedonesuchearlyeffortwasphilipjgustssharedxtoolalthoughxofferedinterestingandpowerfulfunctionalityithadbecomeobviousthatthexprotocolcoulduseamorehardwareneutralredesignbeforeitbecametoowidelydeployedbutmitalonewouldnothavetheresourcesavailableforsuchacompleteredesignasithappeneddecswesternsoftwarelaboratoryfounditselfbetweenprojectswithanexperiencedteamsmokeywallaceofdecwslandjimgettysproposedthatdecwslbuildxandmakeitfreelyavailableunderthesametermsasxandxthisprocessstartedinmaywiththeprotocolfinalizedinaugustalphatestingofthesoftwarestartedinfebruarybetatestinginmaythereleaseofxfinallyoccurredonseptemberthexprotocoldesignledbyscheiflerwasextensivelydiscussedonopenmailinglistsonthenascentinternetthatwerebridgedtousenetnewsgroupsgettysmovedtocaliforniatohelpleadthexdevelopmentworkatwslfromdecssystemsresearchcenterwherephilkarltonandsusanangebrandtledthexsampleserverdesignandimplementationxthereforerepresentsoneofthefirstverylargescaledistributedfreeandopensourcesoftwareprojectsthemitxconsortiumandthexconsortiumincbythelatesxwassimsongarfinkelwroteinathenasmostimportantsingleachievementtodatedecbelievedthatxwassoimportantthatgettysjoinedthedesignteamforthevaxstationtoensurethatxwouldrunonitandthecompanyassignedemployeestoportxtobothultrixandvmsrefnamegarfinkelrefinwiththesuccessofxbecomingappare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steachingsareinstrumentalinshapingthegoodpersonshewastobecomeboriasandxenareconcileandrenewtheirallianceonlytobreakitafinaltimeandtosplittheirforcesbetweenthemwithxenaprovingthestrongerofthetwoboriasiskilledintheensuingbattleandxenagivesthenewbornsolantothecentaurstoraisesothathewillbekeptsafeandprotectedencounterwithherculesandsubsequentreformxenacontinuesherlifeasawarlordformanyyearsuntilshehasalifechangingencounterwithherculeswhereinsheturnsherbackonthepathofevilsheturnsagainsthertroopstoprotectababywhosefamilywouldnotpaytheransomshedemandedhertroopsweregoingtokillxenaforbecomingweakintheireyesaftertheseeventsxenatravelswithherculesforashorttimeandthetwoshareabriefromanticrelationshipwhiletheirromancedoesnotlastlongthetwoformaspecialfriendshipeachcomestorespecttheothersabilitiesandjudgementinaseriesepisodeeachacknowledgedthepositiveimpacttheotherhadontheworldinthatinstallmentxenasaidtheworldneedsherculestothatherculesrespondedtheworldneedsxenatooastheyearsprogressxenaandherculescometoeachothersaidatdifferenttimesaswellasactingasasourceofcomforttotheotherhoweverafterfirstmeetingherculesxenafindsthewaytoredemptiontobemorepainfulthansheanticipatedthemeetingwithgabriellehauntedbyherpasttransgressionssheisabouttogiveuponherlifeasawarriorcompletelyrefnamesinsrefintheepisodesinsofthepastshestripsoffherarmorandweaponsandburiestheminthedirtsheseesagroupofvillagegirlsbeingattackedbyabandofwarriorsinthegroupisgabriellexenagabriellexenasavestheyoungwomenandgabrielleisleftinaweofthewarriorprincesssabilitiesgabriellefollowsxenainaquesttopersuadexenatoletherbehertravelingcompanionduringtheepisodexenaturnstoherhometownamphipoliswheresheeventuallyreconcileswithhermothercyreneshealsovisitsthegraveofherbrotherlyceustospeakwithhimwhenxenaprivatelyconfideswithlyceusthatitisdifficulttobealonegabriellewhoissilentlystandinginthedoorwayofthecrypttellsheryourenotalonesoonxenaagreestoallowgabrielletotravelwithherovertimegabriellebecomesxenasdearestfriendsubsequenttravelsandhardshipsgabrielleandxenabecomebestfriendssoulmatesandindeedconstantcompanionsoverthemanyadventuresthatfolloweachofthewomenlearnsfromtheothergabriellebecomesawarrioronbehalfofgoodnotevilwhilexenadevelopsasofterandmorelovingpersonalitytobalanceherwarriorsheartxenassubsequentlifeismarredbymanytragedieshersonsolanwhonevercametoknowherashismotheriskilledbyhopexenahopegabriellesdemonicchildrefnamematernalrefwiththehelpofcallistoandxenanearlylosesgabriellemorethanoncetheinstanceswherexenaandgabriellealmostpartwaystendtoresultfromtheoutsidemanipulationsofothersthemostseriousoftheseisofcoursethedeathofxenassonatthehandsofgabriellesdemonicchildhopeafterthisgabrielleconsumedwithgriefjourneystostaywiththeamazonsxenainturnlocatesherandtriestotakegabrielleslifebythrowingheroveracliffwhilesheisinaweakenedstatexenafailsindoingthisandsubsequentlybothwomenreconcilewiththehelpofthespiritofxenassonsolanspecificallysolancreatesthelandofillusiawhereinthroughmusicbothwomenexpresstheirgriefandangernotsomuchwitheachotherbutwiththetraumastheyhaveeachendureditisherethatxenaconfessesthatshedidindeedkillmingtienandsheadmitstosolanthatsheishismotherandsingstohimaskingforgivenessafterthistheytraveltogetheragainenemiesimagexenagabriellejpgthumbpxrightxenawithgabriellexenagabriellesoonafterthestartofherjourneyswithgabriellexenarunsintoaresherculesthelegendaryjourneysandxenawarriorprincessareswhohasevidentlyknownhersinceherwarlorddaysandhetriestoseduceherintojoininghimashiswarriorqueeneffortsthatsherepeatedlythwartsrefnamereckrefshealsoencountersaformidablewarriorwomannamedcallistoxenacallistowhosefamilywaskilledbyxenayearsagorefnamecallrefthepathtoredemptioncontinuesmarcusawarriorclosefriendandloverfromherwarlorddayswhomshepersuadestofollowherinchoosinggoodiskilledwhiledoinghisfirstgooddeedrefnamepathreflaterheisallowedtobrieflyreturntotheworldofthelivingtohelpthwartaviciouskillerwhohasescapedfromtheunderworldheandxenaspendanighttogetherbeforemarcushastoreturntotheothersiderefnamebelorefseveralyearsafterherfirstmeetingwithlaomaamessengerissentbylaomatoaskxenatotraveltochinatoaidinstoppingagreatevilfromtakingholdshesetsoutwithoutdelaytohelpherdearfriendbutinsiststhatshemustdealwiththisaloneandthatgabriellestaybehindinspiteofherbesteffortssheistoolatetosavehermentorandfriendlaomafrombeingtorturedtodeathbyherownsontheemperormingtienandiscrushedwiththelossrefnamedebtreffinallysheandgabriellearecrucifiedbytheromansontheidesofmarchbycaesarxenacaesarpreviouslyanallyandformerloverofxenaswithwhomshehadplannedtotakeoverknowncivilizationuntilhebetrayedhercaesarhimselfisbetrayedandkilledbybrutusrefnameidesofmarchreftheyarelaterrevivedbyamysticnamedelixenaeliwiththespiritualaidofcallistowhobythattimehadbecomeanangelafterbeingkilledbyxenathiseventwouldhavelonglastingeffectsforallinvolvedrefnamefallenangelrefeveliviatheeventmentionedaboveleadstothebirthofxenasdaughterevexenawarriorprincesseveessentiallyspeakingcallistonowagoodangelimplantshersoulinxenasunbornbabywithxenastacitacceptancedestinedtobebornandfulfillhernewdestinyunfortunatelymotheranddaughterwouldhavelittletimetogetherasthegodswerebentondestroyingthechildtosavethemselvesassheisprophesiedtobringaboutthetwilightoftheolympiangodsandthebirthofchristianityinordertosaveherchildaswellasherselfandgabrielletheyfaketheirdeathsrefnamedeathintheeyerefbuttheirplangoesawrywhenaresburiestheminanicecavewheretheysleepforyearsduringthattimeeveisadoptedbytheromannoblemanaugustuscaesaroctaviuswhoprovidesforhereveryneedandmakescertainthatshereceivesthebestofeverythingshegrowsuptobecomeliviathechampionofromeandaruthlesspersecutorofelisfollowersevesruthlessbehaviormaybeduetotheinfluenceofcallistossoulbutthisisunclearparticularlysincecallistowaspurgedofalltheevilwithinherwhenshebecameanangelwithxenalaterhelpinghimregainhisgodhoodrefnameyouaretherereffinalredemptionanddeathxenasquestforredemptionendswhenshesacrificesherselftokillthejapanesedemonyodoshiwhichisholdingthesoulsofthedeadxenafightsajapanesearmybyherselfandtheykillherxenanowaspiritfightsandkillsyodoshixenadecidestostaydeadsothesoulsofthesheaccidentallykilledyearsagocanbereleasedintoastateofpeacetheseriesendswithgabrielleonashipholdingxenasashesandspeakingwithxenasspiritrefnamefriendinneedreflegacyaccordingtothedarshannaiyimarefnamebetweenlinesrefthisisonlyoneofmanylivesxenawilllivethroughouttheagesonesuchlifeisthatofarminestraanindianholymotherwholeadsamovementthatpreachespeaceandyetanotherisawomannamedmelindawhoduringworldwariiuncoversthetombofaresandispossessedbythespiritofxenatostopthegodofwarinmanyofthoselivesshewillwalkapathtogetherwithhersoulmategabriellefurtheringthecauseofgoodagainstevilskillsandabilitiesxenahasmanyskillsthatsheacquiredduringherextensivetravelstomanypartsoftheancientworldoveraperiodofmanyyearsinparticularshehasshownremarkableskillandprowessinhandtohandcombatdisplayingnumerousacrobatictricksandtheabilitytodisableorotherwisekillmultipleopponentsatonetimesheisalsoskilledintheuseofpressurepointsbeingabletocrippleorevenkillsomeoneifshetriggerstheappropriatepressurepointxenahasanextensiveknowledgeoffirstaidandherbalremediesthatrivalsthatofanyprofessionalhealerxenassignatureweaponisthechakramarazoredgedthrowingweaponwhichsheoftenusesforrangedcombatxenacanskillfullydeflectthechakramoffthesurfacesitstrikesallowinghertohitmultipletargetsinonethrowsheisusuallyabletodeflectthechakrambacktowardsherallowinghertocatchitbesidesbeingaformidableweaponthechakramhasotherusessuchasdistractingenemiesorquicklycuttingdistanttargetssuchasropesafterbreakinginhalfxenareforgedherchakramasadesignvariationwithdiameterhandlescalledtheyinyangchakramthesewereutilizedasdaggerscouldsplitintwomidflighttostrikemultipletargetsatdivergingtrajectoriesandallowedforboomerangflightcapabilitiesalongwithherswordandchakramshehasalsoshowngreatproficiencywithotherweaponssuchasbatonsdaggersandwhipsthroughouttheseriesxenaoftenutilizedasignaturewarcryalalaeshercrywasanalternatepronunciationforalaleoralalawhoingreekmythologywasthefemalepersonificationofthewarcryxenaisaformidabletacticianinspirationalleaderandstrategicthinkershehastheabilitytoanalyzeherenemystacticsandeffectivelyformulatearesponseinrespondingtoherenemiessattackssheshowsagreatdealofcreativityandingenuityattimesshehasworkedwithlittleornoresourcesandlimitedtimexenaiswellversedinmilitarytacticssuchasformingadefensiveperimeterbuildingdefensivefortificationsorganizingandleadingtroopsandcuttinganenemyssupplylinesshealsorepeatedlydemonstratesatalentfordisguisesinfiltrationandcryptographyalthoughthemajorityofherskillsaremartialandmentalxenadoeshavesomesupernaturalabilitiesonthreeoccasionssheusedtelekinesisandenergyprojectionthankstolaomasteachingsxenaalsooncepossessedthepowertokillgodsthroughherdaughtereveoutsideofthesespecificpowersxenaknowstherudimentsofmostotherformsofmagicenoughthatshecaneffectivelybattleoroutwitmagicwieldingopponentsinothermediaxenahasappearedinalloftheseriesspinoffsusuallyastheleadcharactertheanimatedmovieherculesandxenatheanimatedmoviethebattleformountolympusherculesandxenathebattleformountolympusmarksthefirstappearanceofxenaoutsideofthetelevisionseriesrefnamemovierefshealsoappearsinthecomicsseriesxenawarriorprincesscomicsxenawarriorprincessoriginallyreleasedbytoppscomicstoppanddarkhorsecomicsandindynamiteentertainmentacquiredtherightstothebookuponitsdiscoverythattheshowstillhadmanyfansthisresultedindynamiteentertainmentsspinoffcomicbookseriesxenacontestofthepantheonsanddarkxenathislasttakesplaceafterthetelevisionseriesendedxenaisaplayercharacterplayablecharacterinthevideogamesxenawarriorprincessvideogamexenawarriorprincessandaselectablecharacterinxenawarriorprincessthetalismanoffatethetalismanoffaterefnamegamerefrefnameignreviewrefinlucylawlessalsoappearedintheanimatedtelevisionshowthesimpsonsdressedasherxenacharacterduringthetreehouseofhorrorxrefnamehouserefreceptionandlegacylesbiansubtextanddebatesxenahasenjoyedaparticularcultstatusinthelesbiancommunitysomeofthelesbianfanbaseseexenaandgabrielleasacoupleandhaveembracedthemasrolemodelsandlesbianiconsagroupcalledthemarchingxenasparticipatedinmanygayandlesbianprideparadesasubjectofmuchinterestanddebateamongviewersisthequestionofwhetherxenaandgabrielleareloverstheissueofthetruenatureofthexenagabriellerelationshipcausedintenseshippingfandomshippingdebatesinthefandomwhichturnedespeciallyimpassionedduetospilloverfromreallifedebatesaboutsamesexsexualityandgayrightsinainterviewwithlesbiannewsmagazinelawlessstatedthataftertheseriesfinaleshehadcometobelievethatxenaandgabriellesrelationshipwasgaydefinitelytherewasalwaysawellshemightbeorshemightnotbebutwhentherewasthatdripofwaterpassingbetweentheirlipsintheveryfinalscenethatcementeditformenowitwasntjustthatxenawasbisexualandkindalikedhergalpalandtheykindoffooledaroundsometimesitwasnopetheyremarriedmanthexenafandomalsopopularizedthetermfemslashaltficfromalternativefictiontorefertosamesexromanticfanfictionrefnamelolomalindajanuaryafterellencomprintfanfictionhtmlfanfictioncomesoutoftheclosetafterellencomaccessedjulyrefmanyfansfeltthetermslashfictioncarriedtheconnotationofbeingonlyaboutmalemalecouplesandwasnotagooddescriptionforromanticfanfictionaboutxenaandgabrielleshewasrankednoinafterellencomstopfavoritefemaletvcharacterspopularculturexenawarriorprincesshasbeenreferredtoasapopculturepopculturalphenomenonandfeministandlesbianiconthetelevisionserieswhichemployedpopculturereferencesasafrequenthumorousdevicehasitselfbecomeafrequentpopculturereferenceinvideogamescomicsandtelevisionshowsandhasbeenfrequentlyparodiedandspoofedxenahasbeencreditedbymanyincludingbuffythevampireslayertvseriesbuffythevampireslayercreatorjosswhedonwithblazingthetrailforanewgenerationoffemaleactionheroessuchasbuffymaxofdarkangeltvseriesdarkangelsydneybristowofaliastvseriesaliasandbeatrixkiddoakathebrideinquentintarantinoskillbillthedirectorquentintarantinoisalsoafanofxenaafterservingaslucylawlessstuntdoubleonxenastuntwomanzobellzoebellwasrecruitedtobeumathurmansstuntdoubleintarantinoskillbillbyhelpingtopavethewayforfemaleactionheroesintelevisionandfilmxenaalsostrengthenedthestuntwomanprofessiondavideickoneofthecodevelopersofthexenaserieswasalsotheexecutiveproducerofbattlestargalacticatvseriesbattlestargalacticawhichalsofeaturesstrongfemalecharactersandlucylawlessinarecurringroleintheteamthatdiscoveredthedwarfplanetnicknameditxenainhonorofthetvcharacteronoctobernbsptheteamannouncedthathadamoonwhichtheyhadnicknamedgabrielletheobjectswereofficiallynamederiserisanddysnomiamoondysnomiabytheinternationalastronomicaluniononseptembernbspalthoughtheofficialnameshavelegitimaterootsingreekmythologydysnomiaisalsoasynonymtothewordanomiawhichmeanslawlessnessingreekperpetuatingthelinkwithlucylawlessrefcitewebtitlexenaandgabrielledatejanuaryworkstatusurlaasorgcswastatusstatusjanpdfformatpdfaccessdatemayrefinlucylawlessdonatedherpersonalxenacostumetothemuseumofamericanhistoryrefcitebookcoauthorsyeartitlesmithsonianmagazinepublishersmithsonianinstitutionlocationwashingtondcidpagelucylawlessstarofxenawarriorprincesswhichairedfromhasgivenhersignaturecostumetothemuseumofamericanhistoryrefinaninterviewthesameyearwithsmithsonianmagazineshewasaskedthequestionwasthewarriorprincessoutfitcomfortableandsherespondedinxenawaslistedatnumberinbravoustvchannelbravosgreatesttvcharactersseealsolistoffemaleactionheroesreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebimdbcomcharacterchxenaonimdbausxipcomxenaausxipaustralianxenainformationpagexraycrystallographyisatechniqueusedfordeterminingtheatomicandmolecularstructureofacrystalinwhichthecrystallineatomscauseabeamofincidentxraystodiffractiondiffractintomanyspecificdirectionsbymeasuringtheanglesandintensitiesofthesediffractedbeamsacrystallographycrystallographercanproduceathreedimensionalpictureofthedensityofelectronswithinthecrystalfromthiselectrondensitythemeanpositionsoftheatomsinthecrystalcanbedeterminedaswellastheirchemicalbondstheirentropydisorderandvariousotherinformationsincemanymaterialscanformcrystalssuchassaltchemistrysaltsmetalsmineralssemiconductorsaswellasvariousinorganicorganicandbiologicalmoleculesxraycrystallographyhasbeenfundamentalinthedevelopmentofmanyscientificfieldsinitsfirstdecadesofusethismethoddeterminedthesizeofatomsthelengthsandtypesofchemicalbondsandtheatomicscaledifferencesamongvariousmaterialsespeciallymineralsandalloysthemethodalsorevealedthestructureandfunctionofmanybiologicalmoleculesincludingvitaminsdrugsproteinsandnucleicacidssuchasdnaxraycrystallographyisstillthechiefmethodforcharacterizingtheatomicstructureofnewmaterialsandindiscerningmaterialsthatappearsimilarbyotherexperimentsxraycrystalstructurescanalsoaccountforunusualelectronicselectronicorelasticdeformationelasticpropertiesofamaterialshedlightonchemicalinteractionsandprocessesorserveasthebasisfordrugdesigndesigningpharmaceuticalsagainstdiseasesinasinglecrystalxraydiffractionmeasurementacrystalismountedonagoniometerthegoniometerisusedtopositionthecrystalatselectedorientationsthecrystalisilluminatedwithafinelyfocusedmonochromaticbeamofxraysproducingadiffractionpatternofregularlyspacedspotsknownasreflectionsthetwodimensionalimagestakenatdifferentorientationsareconvertedintoathreedimensionalmodelofthedensityofelectronswithinthecrystalusingthemathematicalmethodoffouriertransformscombinedwithchemicaldataknownforthesamplepoorresolutionfuzzinessorevenerrorsmayresultifthecrystalsaretoosmallornotuniformenoughintheirinternalmakeupxraycrystallographyisrelatedtoseveralothermethodsfordeterminingatomicstructuressimilardiffractionpatternscanbeproducedbyscatteringelectronsorneutronswhicharelikewiseinterpretedbyfouriertransformationifsinglecrystalsofsufficientsizecannotbeobtainedvariousotherxraymethodscanbeappliedtoobtainlessdetailedinformationsuchmethodsincludefiberdiffractionpowderdiffractionandifthesampleisnotcrystallizedsmallanglexrayscatteringsaxsifthematerialunderinvestigationisonlyavailableintheformofnanocrystallinepowdersorsuffersfrompoorcrystallinitythemethodsofelectroncrystallographycanbeappliedfordeterminingtheatomicstructureforallabovementionedxraydiffractionmethodsthescatteringiselasticscatteringelasticthescatteredxrayshavethesamewavelengthastheincomingxraybycontrastinelasticxrayscatteringmethodsareusefulinstudyingexcitationsofthesamplesuchasplasmonscrystalfieldandorbitalexcitationsmagnonsandphononsratherthanthedistributionofitsatomshistoryearlyscientifichistoryofcrystalsandxraysworkstrenaseudenivesexangulacrystalsthoughlongadmiredfortheirregularityandsymmetrywerenotinvestigatedscientificallyuntilthethcenturyjohanneskeplerhypothesizedinhisworkstrenaseudenivesexangulaanewyearsgiftofhexagonalsnowthatthehexagonalsymmetryofsnowsnowflakecrystalswasduetoaregularpackingofsphericalwaterparticlesarrangementofhydrogenbondsabouteachwatermoleculethewatermoleculesarearrangedsimilarlytothesiliconatomsinthetridymitepolymorphismmaterialssciencepolymorphofsiosubsubtheresultingcrystalstructurehashexagonalsymmetrywhenviewedalongaprincipalaxisthedanishscientistnicolasstenopioneeredexperimentalinvestigationsofcrystalsymmetrystenoshowedthattheanglesbetweenthefacesarethesameineveryexemplarofaparticulartypeofcrystalandrenjusthaydiscoveredthateveryfaceofacrystalcanbedescribedbysimplestackingpatternsofblocksofthesameshapeandsizehencewilliamhallowesmillerinwasabletogiveeachfaceauniquelabelofthreesmallintegersthemillerindexmillerindiceswhichremaininusetodayforidentifyingcrystalfaceshaysstudyledtothecorrectideathatcrystalsarearegularthreedimensionalarrayabravaislatticeofatomsandmoleculesasingleunitcellisrepeatedindefinitelyalongthreeprincipaldirectionsthatarenotnecessarilyperpendicularinthethcenturyacompletecatalogofthepossiblesymmetriesofacrystalwasworkedoutbyjohannfchesseljohanhesselaugustebravaisevgraffedorovarthurmoritzschnfliesarthurschnfliesandbelatedlywilliambarlowgeologistwilliambarlowfromtheavailabledataandphysicalreasoningbarlowproposedseveralcrystalstructuresinthesthatwerevalidatedlaterbyxraycrystallographyhowevertheavailabledataweretooscarceinthestoaccepthismodelsasconclusivesthatholdthesolidtogetherfewothermethodscandeterminethestructureofmatterwithsuchprecisionresolutionwilhelmrntgendiscoveredxraysinjustasthestudiesofcrystalsymmetrywerebeingconcludedphysicistswereinitiallyuncertainofthenatureofxraysbutsoonsuspectedcorrectlythattheywerewavesofelectromagneticradiationinotherwordsanotherformoflightatthattimethewavemodeloflightspecificallythejamesclerkmaxwellmaxwelltheoryofelectromagneticradiationwaswellacceptedamongscientistsandexperimentsbycharlesgloverbarklashowedthatxraysexhibitedphenomenaassociatedwithelectromagneticwavesincludingtransversepolarizationwavespolarizationandspectrallinesakintothoseobservedinthevisiblewavelengthssingleslitexperimentsinthelaboratoryofarnoldsommerfeldsuggestedthatxrayshadawavelengthofaboutangstromhoweverxraysarecomposedofphotonsandthusarenotonlywavesofelectromagneticradiationbutalsoexhibitparticlelikepropertiesalberteinsteinintroducedthephotonconceptinbutitwasnotbroadlyaccepteduntilwhenarthurcomptonconfirmeditbythescatteringofxraysfromelectronsthereforetheseparticlelikepropertiesofxrayssuchastheirionizationofgasescausedwilliamhenrybraggtoargueinthatxrayswerenotelectromagneticradiationneverthelessbraggsviewwasnotbroadlyacceptedandtheobservationofxraydiffractionbymaxvonlaueinconfirmedformostscientiststhatxrayswereaformofelectromagneticradiationxraydiffractioninthatcasepartoftheincomingbeamisdeflectedbyanangleproducingareflectionspotinthediffractionpatterncrystalsareregulararraysofatomsandxrayscanbeconsideredwavesofelectromagneticradiationatomsscatterxraywavesprimarilythroughtheatomselectronsjustasanoceanwavestrikingalighthouseproducessecondarycircularwavesemanatingfromthelighthousesoanxraystrikinganelectronproducessecondarysphericalwavesemanatingfromtheelectronthisphenomenonisknownaselasticscatteringandtheelectronorlighthouseisknownasthescattereraregulararrayofscatterersproducesaregulararrayofsphericalwavesalthoughthesewavescanceloneanotheroutinmostdirectionsthroughdestructiveinterferencetheyaddconstructivelyinafewspecificdirectionsdeterminedbybraggslawmathdsinthetanlambdamathheredisthespacingbetweendiffractingplanesmaththetamathistheincidentanglenisanyintegerandisthewavelengthofthebeamthesespecificdirectionsappearasspotsonthediffractionpatterncalledreflectionsthusxraydiffractionresultsfromanelectromagneticwavethexrayimpingingonaregulararrayofscattererstherepeatingarrangementofatomswithinthecrystalxraysareusedtoproducethediffractionpatternbecausetheirwavelengthistypicallythesameorderofmagnitudeangstromsasthespacingdbetweenplanesinthecrystalinprincipleanywaveimpingingonaregulararrayofscatterersproducesdiffractionaspredictedfirstbyfrancescomariagrimaldiintoproducesignificantdiffractionthespacingbetweenthescatterersandthewavelengthoftheimpingingwaveshouldbesimilarinsizeforillustrationthediffractionofsunlightthroughabirdsfeatherwasfirstreportedbyjamesgregoryastronomerandmathematicianjamesgregoryinthelaterthcenturythefirstartificialdiffractiongratingsforvisiblelightwereconstructedbydavidrittenhouseinandjosephvonfraunhoferinhowevervisiblelighthastoolongawavelengthtypicallyangstromstoobservediffractionfromcrystalspriortothefirstxraydiffractionexperimentsthespacingsbetweenlatticeplanesinacrystalwerenotknownwithcertaintytheideathatcrystalscouldbeusedasadiffractiongratingforxraysaroseininaconversationbetweenpaulpeterewaldandmaxvonlaueintheenglischergartenenglishgardeninmunichewaldhadproposedaresonatormodelofcrystalsforhisthesisbutthismodelcouldnotbevalidatedusingvisiblelightsincethewavelengthwasmuchlargerthanthespacingbetweentheresonatorsvonlauerealizedthatelectromagneticradiationofashorterwavelengthwasneededtoobservesuchsmallspacingsandsuggestedthatxraysmighthaveawavelengthcomparabletotheunitcellspacingincrystalsvonlaueworkedwithtwotechnicianswalterfriedrichandhisassistantpaulknippingtoshineabeamofxraysthroughacopperiisulfatecoppersulfatecrystalandrecorditsdiffractiononaphotographicplateafterbeingdevelopedtheplateshowedalargenumberofwelldefinedspotsarrangedinapatternofintersectingcirclesaroundthespotproducedbythecentralbeamrefnamelrefvonlauedevelopedalawthatconnectsthescatteringanglesandthesizeandorientationoftheunitcellspacingsinthecrystalforwhichhewasawardedthenobelprizeinphysicsinscatteringasdescribedinthediffractiontheorymathematicalderivationbelowthexrayscatteringisdeterminedbythedensityofelectronswithinthecrystalsincetheenergyofanxrayismuchgreaterthanthatofavalenceelectronthescatteringmaybemodeledasthomsonscatteringtheinteractionofanelectromagneticraywithafreeelectronthismodelisgenerallyadoptedtodescribethepolarizationofthescatteredradiationtheintensityofthomsonscatteringforoneparticlewithmassmandelementarychargeqismathioieleftfracqmcrightfraccosthetaiefraccosthetaiefmathhencetheatomicnucleiwhicharemuchheavierthananelectroncontributenegligiblytothescatteredxraysdevelopmentfromtostopleftandgraphitetoprightareidenticalinchemicalcompositionbeingbothpurecarbonxraycrystallographyrevealedthearrangementoftheiratomsbottomaccountsfortheirdifferentpropertiesindiamondthecarbonatomsarearrangeddiamondcubictetrahedrallyandheldtogetherbysinglecovalentbondsmakingitstronginalldirectionsbycontrastgraphiteiscomposedofstackedsheetswithinthesheetthebondingiscovalentandhashexagonalsymmetrybuttherearenocovalentbondsbetweenthesheetsmakinggraphiteeasytocleaveintoflakesaftervonlauespioneeringresearchthefielddevelopedrapidlymostnotablybyphysicistswilliamlawrencebraggandhisfatherwilliamhenrybraggintheyoungerbraggdevelopedbraggslawwhichconnectstheobservedscatteringwithreflectionsfromevenlyspacedplaneswithinthecrystalthebraggsfatherandsonsharedthenobelprizeinphysicsfortheirworkincrystallographytheearlieststructuresweregenerallysimpleandmarkedbyonedimensionalsymmetryhoweverascomputationalandexperimentalmethodsimprovedoverthenextdecadesitbecamefeasibletodeducereliableatomicpositionsformorecomplicatedtwoandthreedimensionalarrangementsofatomsintheunitcellthepotentialofxraycrystallographyfordeterminingthestructureofmoleculesandmineralsthenonlyknownvaguelyfromchemicalandhydrodynamicexperimentswasrealizedimmediatelytheearlieststructuresweresimpleinorganiccrystalsandmineralsbuteventheserevealedfundamentallawsofphysicsandchemistrythefirstatomicresolutionstructuretobesolvediedeterminedinwasthatofsodiumchloridetablesaltthedistributionofelectronsinthetablesaltstructureshowedthatcrystalsarenotnecessarilycomposedofcovalentbondcovalentlybondedmoleculesandprovedtheexistenceofioniccompoundsthestructureofdiamondwassolvedinthesameyearrefnamediarefprovingthetetrahedralarrangementofitschemicalbondsandshowingthatthelengthofccsinglebondwasangstromsotherearlystructuresincludedcoppercalciumfluoridecafsubsubalsoknownasfluoritecalcitecacosubsubandpyritefessubsubrefnamecarbrefinspinelmgalsubsubosubsubintherutileandanataseformsoftitaniumdioxidetiosubsubinpyrochroitemnohsubsubandbyextensionbrucitemgohsubsubinalsoinsodiumnitratenanosubsubandcaesiumdichloroiodidecsiclsubsubweredeterminedbyralphwaltergraystonewyckoffandthewurtzitehexagonalznsstructurebecameknowninthestructureofgraphitewassolvedinbytherelatedmethodofpowderdiffractionwhichwasdevelopedbypeterdebyeandpaulscherrerandindependentlybyalberthullinthestructureofgraphitewasdeterminedfromsinglecrystaldiffractioninbytwogroupsindependentlyhullalsousedthepowdermethodtodeterminethestructuresofvariousmetalssuchasironandmagnesiumculturalandaestheticimportanceinwhathasbeencalledhisscientificautobiographythedevelopmentofxrayanalysissirwilliamlawrencebraggmentionedthathebelievedthefieldofcrystallographywasparticularlywelcomingtowomenbecausethetechnoaestheticsofthemolecularstructuresresembledtextilesandhouseholdobjectsbraggwasknowntocomparecrystalformationtocurtainswallpapersmosaicsandrosesinthefestivalpatterngroupatthefestivalofbritainhostedacollaborativegroupoftextilemanufacturersandexperiencedcrystallographerstodesignlaceandprintsbasedonthexraycrystallographyofinsulinchinaclayandhemoglobinoneoftheleadingscientistsoftheprojectwasdrhelenmegawtheassistantdirectorofresearchatthecavendishlaboratoryincambridgeatthetimemegawiscreditedasoneofthecentralfigureswhotookinspirationfromcrystaldiagramsandsawtheirpotentialindesigninthewellcomecollectioninlondoncuratedanexhibitiononthefestivalpatterngroupcalledfromatomtopatternsrefnamewcrefcontributionstochemistryandmaterialsciencexraycrystallographyhasledtoabetterunderstandingofchemicalbondsandnoncovalentbondingnoncovalentinteractionstheinitialstudiesrevealedthetypicalradiiofatomsandconfirmedmanytheoreticalmodelsofchemicalbondingsuchasthetetrahedralbondingofcarboninthediamondstructuretheoctahedralbondingofmetalsobservedinammoniumhexachloroplatinateivandtheresonanceobservedintheplanarcarbonategroupandinaromaticmoleculeskathleenlonsdalesstructureofhexamethylbenzeneestablishedthehexagonalsymmetryofbenzeneandshowedacleardifferenceinbondlengthbetweenthealiphaticccbondsandaromaticccbondsthisfindingledtotheideaofresonancechemistryresonancebetweenchemicalbondswhichhadprofoundconsequencesforthedevelopmentofchemistryherconclusionswereanticipatedbywilliamhenrybraggwhopublishedmodelsofnaphthaleneandanthraceneinbasedonothermoleculesanearlyformofmolecularreplacementrefnameantrrefalsointhesvictormoritzgoldschmidtandlaterlinuspaulingdevelopedrulesforeliminatingchemicallyunlikelystructuresandfordeterminingtherelativesizesofatomstheserulesledtothestructureofbrookiteandanunderstandingoftherelativestabilityoftherutilebrookiteandanataseformsoftitaniumdioxidethedistancebetweentwobondedatomsisasensitivemeasureofthebondstrengthanditsbondorderthusxraycrystallographicstudieshaveledtothediscoveryofevenmoreexotictypesofbondingininorganicchemistrysuchasmetalmetaldoublebondsmetalmetalquadruplebondsandthreecentertwoelectronbondsxraycrystallographyorstrictlyspeakinganinelasticcomptonscatteringexperimenthasalsoprovidedevidenceforthepartlycovalentcharacterofhydrogenbondsinthefieldoforganometallicchemistrythexraystructureofferroceneinitiatedscientificstudiesofsandwichcompoundswhilethatofzeisessaltstimulatedresearchintobackbondingandmetalpicomplexesfinallyxraycrystallographyhadapioneeringroleinthedevelopmentofsupramolecularchemistryparticularlyinclarifyingthestructuresofthecrownethersandtheprinciplesofhostguestchemistryinmaterialsciencesmanycomplicatedinorganicandorganometallicsystemshavebeenanalyzedusingsinglecrystalmethodssuchasfullerenesporphyrinmetalloporphyrinsandothercomplicatedcompoundssinglecrystaldiffractionisalsousedinthepharmaceuticalindustryduetorecentproblemswithpolymorphismmaterialssciencepolymorphsthemajorfactorsaffectingthequalityofsinglecrystalstructuresarethecrystalssizeandregularityrecrystallizationchemistryrecrystallizationisacommonlyusedtechniquetoimprovethesefactorsinsmallmoleculecrystalsthecambridgestructuraldatabasecontainsoverstructuresasofseptemberoverofthesestructuresweredeterminedbyxraydiffractionmineralogyandmetallurgychemincheminanalysisrevealsfeldsparpyroxenesolivineandmorecuriosityroveratrocknestmarsrocknestoctobersincethesxraydiffractionhasbeentheprincipalmethodfordeterminingthearrangementofatomsinmineralsandmetalstheapplicationofxraycrystallographytomineralogybeganwiththestructureofgarnetwhichwasdeterminedinbymenzerasystematicxraycrystallographicstudyofthesilicateswasundertakeninthesthisstudyshowedthatasthesiliconsioxygenoratioisalteredthesilicatecrystalsexhibitsignificantchangesintheiratomicarrangementsmachatschkiextendedtheseinsightstomineralsinwhichaluminiumsubstitutesforthesiliconatomsofthesilicatesthefirstapplicationofxraycrystallographytometallurgylikewiseoccurredinthemidsmostnotablylinuspaulingsstructureofthealloymgsubsubsnledtohistheoryofthestabilityandstructureofcomplexioniccrystalsonoctoberthecuriosityroveronthemarsplanetmarsatrocknestmarsrocknestperformedthefirstxraydiffractionanalysisofmartiansoiltheresultsfromtheroverschemincheminanalyzerrevealedthepresenceofseveralmineralsincludingfeldsparpyroxenesandolivineandsuggestedthatthemartiansoilinthesamplewassimilartotheweatheredbasaltbasalticsoilsofhawaiivolcanoeshawaiianvolcanoesrefnamenasarefearlyorganicandsmallbiologicalmoleculessolvedbydorothycrowfoothodgkininthegreenwhiteredyellowandbluespheresrepresentatomsofcarbonhydrogenoxygensulfurandnitrogenrespectivelythefirststructureofanorganiccompoundhexamethylenetetraminewassolvedinthiswasfollowedbyseveralstudiesoflongchainfattyacidswhichareanimportantcomponentofbiologicalmembranesinthesthestructuresofmuchlargermoleculeswithtwodimensionalcomplexitybegantobesolvedasignificantadvancewasthestructureofphthalocyaninealargeplanarmoleculethatiscloselyrelatedtoporphyrinporphyrinmoleculesimportantinbiologysuchashemecorrinandchlorophyllxraycrystallographyofbiologicalmoleculestookoffwithdorothycrowfoothodgkinwhosolvedthestructuresofcholesterolpenicillinandvitaminbvitaminbsubsubforwhichshewasawardedthenobelprizeinchemistryininshesucceededinsolvingthestructureofinsulinonwhichsheworkedforoverthirtyyearsofthestructureofmyoglobinshowingcoloredalphahelixalphahelicessuchproteinsarelonglinearmoleculeswiththousandsofatomsyettherelativepositionofeachatomhasbeendeterminedwithsubatomicresolutionbyxraycrystallographysinceitisdifficulttovisualizealltheatomsatoncetheribbonshowstheroughpathoftheproteinpolymerfromitsnterminusbluetoitscterminusredbiologicalmacromolecularcrystallographycrystalstructuresofproteinswhichareirregularandhundredsoftimeslargerthancholesterolbegantobesolvedinthelatesbeginningwiththestructureofspermwhalemyoglobinbyjohnkendrewsirjohncowderykendrewforwhichhesharedthenobelprizeinchemistrywithmaxperutzinsincethatsuccessxraycrystalstructuresofproteinsnucleicacidsandotherbiologicalmoleculeshavebeendeterminedforcomparisonthenearestcompetingmethodintermsofstructuresanalyzedisproteinnuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopynuclearmagneticresonancenmrspectroscopywhichhasresolvedchemicalstructuresmoreovercrystallographycansolvestructuresofarbitrarilylargemoleculeswhereassolutionstatenmrisrestrictedtorelativelysmalloneslessthankatomicmassunitdaxraycrystallographyisnowusedroutinelybyscientiststodeterminehowapharmaceuticaldruginteractswithitsproteintargetandwhatchangesmightimproveithoweverintrinsicmembraneproteinsremainchallengingtocrystallizebecausetheyrequiredetergentsorothermeanstosolubilizetheminisolationandsuchdetergentsofteninterferewithcrystallizationsuchmembraneproteinsarealargecomponentofthegenomeandincludemanyproteinsofgreatphysiologicalimportancesuchasionchannelsandreceptorbiochemistryreceptorsheliumcryogenicsareusedtopreventradiationdamageinproteincrystalsontheotherendofthesizescaleevenrelativelysmallmoleculesmayposechallengesfortheresolvingpowerofxraycrystallographythestructureassignedintotheantibioticisolatedfromamarineorganismdiazonamideacsubsubhsubsubclsubsubnsubsubosubsubmolarmassgmolprovedtobeincorrectbytheclassicalproofofstructureasyntheticsamplewasnotidenticaltothenaturalproductthemistakewasattributedtotheinabilityofxraycrystallographytodistinguishbetweenthecorrectohnhandtheinterchangednhsubsubogroupsintheincorrectstructurewithadvancesininstrumentationhoweveritisnowroutinelypossibletodistinguishbetweensuchsimilargroupsusingmodernsinglecrystalxraydiffractometersrelationshiptootherscatteringtechniqueselasticvsinelasticscatteringxraycrystallographyisaformofelasticscatteringtheoutgoingxrayshavethesameenergyandthussamewavelengthastheincomingxraysonlywithaltereddirectionbycontrastinelasticscatteringoccurswhenenergyistransferredfromtheincomingxraytothecrystalegbyexcitinganinnershellelectrontoahigherenergylevelsuchinelasticscatteringreducestheenergyorincreasesthewavelengthoftheoutgoingbeaminelasticscatteringisusefulforprobingsuchexcitationsofmatterbutnotindeterminingthedistributionofscattererswithinthematterwhichisthegoalofxraycrystallographyxraysrangeinwavelengthfromtonanometersatypicalwavelengthusedforcrystallographyisnbspangstromnbspnmwhichisonthescaleofcovalentchemicalbondsandtheradiusofasingleatomlongerwavelengthphotonssuchasultravioletelectromagneticradiationradiationwouldnothavesufficientresolutiontodeterminetheatomicpositionsattheotherextremeshorterwavelengthphotonssuchasgammaraysaredifficulttoproduceinlargenumbersdifficulttofocusandinteracttoostronglywithmatterproducingpairproductionparticleantiparticlepairsthereforexraysarethesweetspotforwavelengthwhendeterminingatomicresolutionstructuresfromthescatteringofelectromagneticradiationotherxraytechniquesotherformsofelasticxrayscatteringincludepowderdiffractionsmallanglexrayscatteringsaxsandseveraltypesofxrayfiberdiffractionwhichwasusedbyrosalindfranklinindeterminingthedoublehelixdoublehelixstructureofdnaingeneralsinglecrystalxraydiffractionoffersmorestructuralinformationthantheseothertechniqueshoweveritrequiresasufficientlylargeandregularcrystalwhichisnotalwaysavailablethesescatteringmethodsgenerallyusemonochromaticxrayswhicharerestrictedtoasinglewavelengthwithminordeviationsabroadspectrumofxraysthatisablendofxrayswithdifferentwavelengthscanalsobeusedtocarryoutxraydiffractionatechniqueknownasthelauemethodthisisthemethodusedintheoriginaldiscoveryofxraydiffractionlauescatteringprovidesmuchstructuralinformationwithonlyashortexposuretothexraybeamandisthereforeusedinstructuralstudiesofveryrapideventstimeresolvedcrystallographyhoweveritisnotaswellsuitedasmonochromaticscatteringfordeterminingthefullatomicstructureofacrystalandthereforeworksbetterwithcrystalswithrelativelysimpleatomicarrangementsthelauebackreflectionmoderecordsxraysscatteredbackwardsfromabroadspectrumsourcethisisusefulifthesampleistoothickforxraystotransmitthroughitthediffractingplanesinthecrystalaredeterminedbyknowingthatthenormaltothediffractingplanebisectstheanglebetweentheincidentbeamandthediffractedbeamagreningerchartcanbeusedrefreftointerpretthebackreflectionlauephotographelectronandneutrondiffractionotherparticlessuchaselectronsandneutronsmaybeusedtoproduceadiffractionpatternalthoughelectronneutronandxrayscatteringarebasedondifferentphysicalprocessestheresultingdiffractionpatternsareanalyzedusingthesamecoherentdiffractionimagingtechniquesasderivedbelowtheelectrondensitywithinthecrystalandthediffractionpatternsarerelatedbyasimplemathematicalmethodthefouriertransformwhichallowsthedensitytobecalculatedrelativelyeasilyfromthepatternshoweverthisworksonlyifthescatteringisweakieifthescatteredbeamsaremuchlessintensethantheincomingbeamweaklyscatteredbeamspassthroughtheremainderofthecrystalwithoutundergoingasecondscatteringeventsuchrescatteredwavesarecalledsecondaryscatteringandhindertheanalysisanysufficientlythickcrystalwillproducesecondaryscatteringbutsincexraysinteractrelativelyweaklywiththeelectronsthisisgenerallynotasignificantconcernbycontrastelectronbeamsmayproducestrongsecondaryscatteringevenforrelativelythincrystalsnbspnmsincethisthicknesscorrespondstothediameterofmanyvirusesapromisingdirectionistheelectrondiffractionofisolatedmacromolecularassembliessuchasvirusviralcapsidsandmolecularmachineswhichmaybecarriedoutwithacryoelectronmicroscopemoreoverthestronginteractionofelectronswithmatterabouttimesstrongerthanforxraysallowsdeterminationoftheatomicstructureofextremelysmallvolumesthefieldofapplicationsforelectroncrystallographyrangesfrombiomoleculeslikemembraneproteinsoverorganicthinfilmstothecomplexstructuresofnanocrystallineintermetalliccompoundsandzeolitesneutrondiffractionisanexcellentmethodforstructuredeterminationalthoughithasbeendifficulttoobtainintensemonochromaticbeamsofneutronsinsufficientquantitiestraditionallynuclearreactorshavebeenusedalthoughsourcesproducingneutronsbyspallationarebecomingincreasinglyavailablebeingunchargedneutronsscattermuchmorereadilyfromtheatomicnucleiratherthanfromtheelectronsthereforeneutronscatteringisveryusefulforobservingthepositionsoflightatomswithfewelectronsespeciallyhydrogenwhichisessentiallyinvisibleinthexraydiffractionneutronscatteringalsohastheremarkablepropertythatthesolventcanbemadeinvisiblebyadjustingtheratioofnormalwaterhsubsuboandheavywaterdsubsubomethodsoverviewofsinglecrystalxraydiffractiontheoldestandmostprecisemethodofxraycrystallographyissinglecrystalxraydiffractioninwhichabeamofxraysstrikesasinglecrystalproducingscatteredbeamswhentheylandonapieceoffilmorotherdetectorthesebeamsmakeadiffractionpatternofspotsthestrengthsandanglesofthesebeamsarerecordedasthecrystalisgraduallyrotatedeachspotiscalledareflectionsinceitcorrespondstothereflectionofthexraysfromonesetofevenlyspacedplaneswithinthecrystalforsinglecrystalsofsufficientpurityandregularityxraydiffractiondatacandeterminethemeanchemicalbondlengthsandanglestowithinafewthousandthsofanangstromandtowithinafewtenthsofadegreeangledegreerespectivelytheatomsinacrystalarenotstaticbutoscillateabouttheirmeanpositionsusuallybylessthanafewtenthsofanangstromxraycrystallographyallowsmeasuringthesizeoftheseoscillationsprocedurethetechniqueofsinglecrystalxraycrystallographyhasthreebasicstepsthefirstandoftenmostdifficultstepistoobtainanadequatecrystalofthematerialunderstudythecrystalshouldbesufficientlylargetypicallylargerthannbspmminalldimensionspureincompositionandregularinstructurewithnosignificantinternalcrystaldefectimperfectionssuchascracksorcrystaltwinningtwinninginthesecondstepthecrystalisplacedinanintensebeamofxraysusuallyofasinglewavelengthmonochromaticxraysproducingtheregularpatternofreflectionstheanglesandintensitiesofdiffractedxraysaremeasuredwitheachcompoundhavingauniquediffractionpatternasthecrystalisgraduallyrotatedpreviousreflectionsdisappearandnewonesappeartheintensityofeveryspotisrecordedateveryorientationofthecrystalmultipledatasetsmayhavetobecollectedwitheachsetcoveringslightlymorethanhalfafullrotationofthecrystalandtypicallycontainingtensofthousandsofreflectionsinthethirdstepthesedataarecombinedcomputationallywithcomplementarychemicalinformationtoproduceandrefineamodelofthearrangementofatomswithinthecrystalthefinalrefinedmodeloftheatomicarrangementnowcalledacrystalstructureisusuallystoredinapublicdatabaselimitationsasthecrystalsrepeatingunititsunitcellbecomeslargerandmorecomplextheatomiclevelpictureprovidedbyxraycrystallographybecomeslesswellresolvedmorefuzzyforagivennumberofobservedreflectionstwolimitingcasesofxraycrystallographysmallmoleculewhichincludescontinuousinorganicsolidsandmacromolecularcrystallographyareoftendiscernedsmallmoleculecrystallographytypicallyinvolvescrystalswithfewerthanatomsintheircrystalstructureasymmetricunitsuchcrystalstructuresareusuallysowellresolvedthattheatomscanbediscernedasisolatedblobsofelectrondensitybycontrastmacromolecularcrystallographyofteninvolvestensofthousandsofatomsintheunitcellsuchcrystalstructuresaregenerallylesswellresolvedmoresmearedouttheatomsandchemicalbondsappearastubesofelectrondensityratherthanasisolatedatomsingeneralsmallmoleculesarealsoeasiertocrystallizethanmacromoleculeshoweverxraycrystallographyhasprovenpossibleevenforvirusesandproteinswithhundredsofthousandsofatomsthroughimprovedcrystallographicimagingandtechnologythoughnormallyxraycrystallographycanonlybeperformedifthesampleisincrystalformnewresearchhasbeendoneintosamplingnoncrystallineformsofsamplescrystallizationcrystalsusedinxraycrystallographymaybesmallerthanamillimeteracrossalthoughcrystallographycanbeusedtocharacterizethedisorderinanimpureorirregularcrystalcrystallographygenerallyrequiresapurecrystalofhighregularitytosolvethestructureofacomplicatedarrangementofatomspureregularcrystalscansometimesbeobtainedfromnaturalorsyntheticmaterialssuchassamplesofmetalsmineralsorothermacroscopicmaterialstheregularityofsuchcrystalscansometimesbeimprovedwithmacromolecularcrystalannealingmetallurgyannealingandothermethodshoweverinmanycasesobtainingadiffractionqualitycrystalisthechiefbarriertosolvingitsatomicresolutionstructuresmallmoleculeandmacromolecularcrystallographydifferintherangeofpossibletechniquesusedtoproducediffractionqualitycrystalssmallmoleculesgenerallyhavefewdegreesofconformationalfreedomandmaybecrystallizedbyawiderangeofmethodssuchaschemicalvapordepositionandrecrystallizationchemistrysingleperfectcrystalsforxrayanalysisrecrystallizationbycontrastmacromoleculesgenerallyhavemanydegreesoffreedomandtheircrystallizationmustbecarriedoutsoastomaintainastablestructureforexampleproteinsandlargerrnamoleculescannotbecrystallizediftheirtertiarystructurehasbeendenaturationbiochemistryunfoldedthereforetherangeofcrystallizationconditionsisrestrictedtosolutionconditionsinwhichsuchmoleculesremainfoldedproteincrystalsarealmostalwaysgrowninsolutionthemostcommonapproachistolowerthesolubilityofitscomponentmoleculesverygraduallyifthisisdonetooquicklythemoleculeswillprecipitatefromsolutionformingauselessdustoramorphousgelonthebottomofthecontainercrystalgrowthinsolutionischaracterizedbytwostepsnucleationofamicroscopiccrystallitepossiblyhavingonlymoleculesfollowedbygrowthofthatcrystalliteideallytoadiffractionqualitycrystalthesolutionconditionsthatfavorthefirststepnucleationarenotalwaysthesameconditionsthatfavorthesecondstepsubsequentgrowththecrystallographersgoalistoidentifysolutionconditionsthatfavorthedevelopmentofasinglelargecrystalsincelargercrystalsofferimprovedresolutionofthemoleculeconsequentlythesolutionconditionsshoulddisfavorthefirststepnucleationbutfavorthesecondgrowthsothatonlyonelargecrystalformsperdropletifnucleationisfavoredtoomuchashowerofsmallcrystalliteswillforminthedropletratherthanonelargecrystaliffavoredtoolittlenocrystalwillformwhatsoeverotherapproachesinvolvescrystallizingproteinsunderoilwhereaqueousproteinsolutionsaredispensedunderliquidoilandwaterevaporatesthroughthelayerofoildifferentoilshavedifferentevaporationpermeabilitiesthereforeyieldingchangesinconcentrationratesfromdifferentpercipientproteinmixturethetechniquereliesonbringingtheproteindirectlyintothenucleationzonebymixingproteinwiththeappropriateamountofpercipienttopreventthediffusionofwateroutofthedropitisextremelydifficulttopredictgoodconditionsfornucleationorgrowthofwellorderedcrystalsinpracticefavorableconditionsareidentifiedbyscreeningaverylargebatchofthemoleculesispreparedandawidevarietyofcrystallizationsolutionsaretestedhundredseventhousandsofsolutionconditionsaregenerallytriedbeforefindingthesuccessfulonethevariousconditionscanuseoneormorephysicalmechanismstolowerthesolubilityofthemoleculeforexamplesomemaychangethephsomecontainsaltsofthehofmeisterseriesorchemicalsthatlowerthedielectricconstantofthesolutionandstillotherscontainlargepolymerssuchaspolyethyleneglycolthatdrivethemoleculeoutofsolutionbyentropiceffectsitisalsocommontotryseveraltemperaturesforencouragingcrystallizationortograduallylowerthetemperaturesothatthesolutionbecomessupersaturatedthesemethodsrequirelargeamountsofthetargetmoleculeastheyusehighconcentrationofthemoleculestobecrystallizedduetothedifficultyinobtainingsuchlargequantitiesmilligramsofcrystallizationgradeproteinrobotshavebeendevelopedthatarecapableofaccuratelydispensingcrystallizationtrialdropsthatareintheorderofnanolitersinvolumethismeansthatfoldlessproteinisusedperexperimentwhencomparedtocrystallizationtrialssetupbyhandintheorderofmicroliterseveralfactorsareknowntoinhibitormarcrystallizationthegrowingcrystalsaregenerallyheldataconstanttemperatureandprotectedfromshocksorvibrationsthatmightdisturbtheircrystallizationimpuritiesinthemoleculesorinthecrystallizationsolutionsareofteninimicaltocrystallizationconformationalflexibilityinthemoleculealsotendstomakecrystallizationlesslikelyduetoentropyironicallymoleculesthattendtoselfassembleintoregularhelicesareoftenunwillingtoassembleintocrystalscrystalscanbemarredbycrystaltwinningtwinningwhichcanoccurwhenaunitcellcanpackequallyfavorablyinmultipleorientationsalthoughrecentadvancesincomputationalmethodsmayallowsolvingthestructureofsometwinnedcrystalshavingfailedtocrystallizeatargetmoleculeacrystallographermaytryagainwithaslightlymodifiedversionofthemoleculeevensmallchangesinmolecularpropertiescanleadtolargedifferencesincrystallizationbehaviordatacollectionmountingthecrystalthecrystalismountedformeasurementssothatitmaybeheldinthexraybeamandrotatedthereareseveralmethodsofmountinginthepastcrystalswereloadedintoglasscapillarieswiththecrystallizationsolutionthemotherliquornowadayscrystalsofsmallmoleculesaretypicallyattachedwithoilorgluetoaglassfiberoraloopwhichismadeofnylonorplasticandattachedtoasolidrodproteincrystalsarescoopedupbyaloopthenflashfrozenwithliquidnitrogenthisfreezingreducestheradiationdamageofthexraysaswellasthenoiseinthebraggpeaksduetothermalmotionthedebyewallereffecthoweveruntreatedproteincrystalsoftencrackifflashfrozenthereforetheyaregenerallypresoakedinacryoprotectantsolutionbeforefreezingunfortunatelythispresoakmayitselfcausethecrystaltocrackruiningitforcrystallographygenerallysuccessfulcryoconditionsareidentifiedbytrialanderrorthecapillaryorloopismountedonagoniometerwhichallowsittobepositionedaccuratelywithinthexraybeamandrotatedsinceboththecrystalandthebeamareoftenverysmallthecrystalmustbecenteredwithinthebeamtowithinmicrometersaccuracywhichisaidedbyacamerafocusedonthecrystalthemostcommontypeofgoniometeristhekappagoniometerwhichoffersthreeanglesofrotationtheanglewhichrotatesaboutanaxisperpendiculartothebeamtheangleaboutanaxisattotheaxisandfinallytheangleabouttheloopcapillaryaxiswhentheangleiszerotheandaxesarealignedtherotationallowsforconvenientmountingofthecrystalsincethearminwhichthecrystalismountedmaybeswungouttowardsthecrystallographertheoscillationscarriedoutduringdatacollectionmentionedbelowinvolvetheaxisonlyanoldertypeofgoniometeristhefourcirclegoniometeranditsrelativessuchasthesixcirclegoniometerxraysourcesrotatinganodesmallscalecanbedoneonalocalxraytubesourcetypicallycoupledwithanphotostimulatedluminescenceimageplatedetectorthesehavetheadvantageofbeingrelativelyinexpensiveandeasytomaintainandallowforquickscreeningandcollectionofsampleshoweverthewavelengthlightproducedislimitedbyanodematerialtypicallycopperfurtherintensityislimitedbythepowerappliedandcoolingcapacityavailabletoavoidmeltingtheanodeinsuchsystemselectronsareboiledoffofacathodeandacceleratedthroughastrongelectricpotentialofnbspvoltkvhavingreachedahighspeedtheelectronscollidewithametalplateemittingbremsstrahlungandsomestrongspectrallinescorrespondingtotheexcitationofatomicorbitalinnershellelectronsofthemetalthemostcommonmetalusediscopperwhichcanbekeptcooleasilyduetoitshighthermalconductivityandwhichproducesstrongkalphaksubsubandksubsublinestheksubsublineissometimessuppressedwithathinnbspmnickelfoilthesimplestandcheapestvarietyofsealedxraytubehasastationaryanodethecrookestubeandrunwithnbspkilowattkwofelectronbeampowerthemoreexpensivevarietyhasaxraytuberotatinganodetuberotatinganodetypesourcethatrunwithnbspkwofebeampowerxraysaregenerallyfilteredbyuseofxrayfilterstoasinglewavelengthmademonochromaticandcollimatorcollimatedtoasingledirectionbeforetheyareallowedtostrikethecrystalthefilteringnotonlysimplifiesthedataanalysisbutalsoremovesradiationthatdegradesthecrystalwithoutcontributingusefulinformationcollimationisdoneeitherwithacollimatorbasicallyalongtubeorwithacleverarrangementofgentlycurvedmirrorsmirrorsystemsarepreferredforsmallcrystalsundernbspmmorwithlargeunitcellsovernbsprotatinganodeswereusedbyjoannajokamariavandenberginthefirstexperimentsthatdemonstratedthepowerofxraysforquickinrealtimeproductionscreeningoflargeingaaspthinfilmwafersforqualitycontrolofquantumwelllaserssynchrotronradiationsynchrotronradiationaresomeofthebrightestlightsonearthitisthesinglemostpowerfultoolavailabletoxraycrystallographersitismadeofxraybeamsgeneratedinlargemachinescalledsynchrotronsthesemachinesaccelerateelectricallychargedparticlesoftenelectronstonearlythespeedoflightandconfinetheminaroughlycircularloopusingmagneticfieldssynchrotronsaregenerallynationalfacilitieseachwithseveraldedicatedhutchsynchrotronbeamlineswheredataiscollectedwithoutinterruptionsynchrotronswereoriginallydesignedforusebyhighenergyphysicistsstudyingsubatomicparticlesandcosmoscosmicphenomenathelargestcomponentofeachsynchrotronisitselectronstorageringthisringisactuallynotaperfectcirclebutamanysidedpolygonateachcornerofthepolygonorsectorpreciselyalignedmagnetsbendtheelectronstreamastheelectronspathisbenttheyemitburstsofenergyintheformofxraysusingsynchrotronradiationfrequentlyhasspecificrequirementsforxraycrystallographytheintenseionizingradiationcancauseradiationdamagetosamplesparticularlymacromolecularcrystalscryobiocrystallographycryocrystallographyprotectsthesamplefromradiationdamagebyfreezingthecrystalatliquidnitrogentemperatureskelvinkhoweversynchrotronradiationfrequentlyhastheadvantageofuserselectablewavelengthsallowingforanomalousxrayscatteringanomalousscatteringexperimentswhichmaximizesanomaloussignalthisiscriticalinexperimentssuchassinglewavelengthanomalousdispersionsadandmultiwavelengthanomalousdispersionmadfreeelectronlaserrecentlyfreeelectronlasershavebeendevelopedforuseinxraycrystallographythesearethebrightestxraysourcescurrentlyavailablewiththexrayscominginfemtosecondburststheintensityofthesourceissuchthatatomicresolutiondiffractionpatternscanberesolvedforcrystalsotherwisetoosmallforcollectionhowevertheintenselightsourcealsodestroysthesamplerequiringmultiplecrystalstobeshotaseachcrystalisrandomlyorientedinthebeamhundredsofthousandsofindividualdiffractionimagesmustbecollectedinordertogetacompletedatasetthismethodserialfemtosecondcrystallographyhasbeenusedinsolvingthestructureofanumberofproteincrystalstructuressometimesnotingdifferenceswithequivalentstructurescollectedfromsynchrotronsourcesrecordingthereflectionswhenacrystalismountedandexposedtoanintensebeamofxraysitscattersthexraysintoapatternofspotsorreflectionsthatcanbeobservedonascreenbehindthecrystalasimilarpatternmaybeseenbyshiningalaserpointeratacompactdisctherelativeintensitiesofthesespotsprovidetheinformationtodeterminethearrangementofmoleculeswithinthecrystalinatomicdetailtheintensitiesofthesereflectionsmayberecordedwithphotographicfilmanareadetectororwithachargecoupleddeviceccdimagesensorthepeaksatsmallanglescorrespondtolowresolutiondatawhereasthoseathighanglesrepresenthighresolutiondatathusanupperlimitontheeventualresolutionofthestructurecanbedeterminedfromthefirstfewimagessomemeasuresofdiffractionqualitycanbedeterminedatthispointsuchasthemosaicityofthecrystalanditsoveralldisorderasobservedinthepeakwidthssomepathologiesofthecrystalthatwouldrenderitunfitforsolvingthestructurecanalsobediagnosedquicklyatthispointoneimageofspotsisinsufficienttoreconstructthewholecrystalitrepresentsonlyasmallsliceofthefullfouriertransformtocollectallthenecessaryinformationthecrystalmustberotatedstepbystepthroughwithanimagerecordedateverystepactuallyslightlymorethanisrequiredtocoverreciprocalspaceduetothecurvatureoftheewaldspherehoweverifthecrystalhasahighersymmetryasmallerangularrangesuchasormayberecordedtherotationaxisshouldbechangedatleastoncetoavoiddevelopingablindspotinreciprocalspaceclosetotherotationaxisitiscustomarytorockthecrystalslightlybytocatchabroaderregionofreciprocalspacemultipledatasetsmaybenecessaryforcertainphasingmethodsforexamplemadphasingrequiresthatthescatteringberecordedatleastthreeandusuallyfourforredundancywavelengthsoftheincomingxrayradiationasinglecrystalmaydegradetoomuchduringthecollectionofonedatasetowingtoradiationdamageinsuchcasesdatasetsonmultiplecrystalsmustbetakendataanalysiscrystalsymmetryunitcellandimagescalingtherecordedseriesoftwodimensionaldiffractionpatternseachcorrespondingtoadifferentcrystalorientationisconvertedintoathreedimensionalmodeloftheelectrondensitytheconversionusesthemathematicaltechniqueoffouriertransformswhichisexplaineddiffractiontheorybeloweachspotcorrespondstoadifferenttypeofvariationintheelectrondensitythecrystallographermustdeterminewhichvariationcorrespondstowhichspotindexingtherelativestrengthsofthespotsindifferentimagesmergingandscalingandhowthevariationsshouldbecombinedtoyieldthetotalelectrondensityphasingdataprocessingbeginswithindexingthereflectionsthismeansidentifyingthedimensionsoftheunitcellandwhichimagepeakcorrespondstowhichpositioninreciprocalspaceabyproductofindexingistodeterminethesymmetryofthecrystalieitsspacegroupsomespacegroupscanbeeliminatedfromthebeginningforexamplereflectionsymmetriescannotbeobservedinchiralmoleculesthusonlyspacegroupsofpossibleareallowedforproteinmoleculeswhicharealmostalwayschiralindexingisgenerallyaccomplishedusinganautoindexingroutinehavingassignedsymmetrythedataisthenintegratedthisconvertsthehundredsofimagescontainingthethousandsofreflectionsintoasinglefileconsistingofattheveryleastrecordsofthemillerindexofeachreflectionandanintensityforeachreflectionatthisstatethefileoftenalsoincludeserrorestimatesandmeasuresofpartialitywhatpartofagivenreflectionwasrecordedonthatimageafulldatasetmayconsistofhundredsofseparateimagestakenatdifferentorientationsofthecrystalthefirststepistomergeandscalethesevariousimagesthatistoidentifywhichpeaksappearintwoormoreimagesmergingandtoscaletherelativeimagessothattheyhaveaconsistentintensityscaleoptimizingtheintensityscaleiscriticalbecausetherelativeintensityofthepeaksisthekeyinformationfromwhichthestructureisdeterminedtherepetitivetechniqueofcrystallographicdatacollectionandtheoftenhighsymmetryofcrystallinematerialscausethediffractometertorecordmanysymmetryequivalentreflectionsmultipletimesthisallowscalculatingthesymmetryrelatedrfactorcrystallographyrfactorareliabilityindexbaseduponhowsimilararethemeasuredintensitiesofsymmetryequivalentreflectionsthusassessingthequalityofthedatainitialphasingthedatacollectedfromadiffractionexperimentisareciprocalspacerepresentationofthecrystallatticethepositionofeachdiffractionspotisgovernedbythesizeandshapeoftheunitcellandtheinherentunitcellsymmetrywithinthecrystaltheintensityofeachdiffractionspotisrecordedandthisintensityisproportionaltothesquareofthestructurefactoramplitudethestructurefactorisacomplexnumbercontaininginformationrelatingtoboththeamplitudeandphasewavesphaseofawaveinordertoobtainaninterpretableelectrondensitymapbothamplitudeandphasemustbeknownanelectrondensitymapallowsacrystallographertobuildastartingmodelofthemoleculethephasecannotbedirectlyrecordedduringadiffractionexperimentthisisknownasthephaseprobleminitialphaseestimatescanbeobtainedinavarietyofwaysabinitiophasingordirectmethodscrystallographydirectmethodsnbspthisisusuallythemethodofchoiceforsmallmoleculesnonhydrogenatomsandhasbeenusedsuccessfullytosolvethephaseproblemsforsmallproteinsiftheresolutionofthedataisbetterthannbspnbsppicometrepmdirectmethodscrystallographydirectmethodscanbeusedtoobtainphaseinformationbyexploitingknownphaserelationshipsbetweencertaingroupsofreflectionsmolecularreplacementnbspifarelatedstructureisknownitcanbeusedasasearchmodelinmolecularreplacementtodeterminetheorientationandpositionofthemoleculeswithintheunitcellthephasesobtainedthiswaycanbeusedtogenerateelectrondensitymapsrefnametaylorrefanomalousxrayscatteringmultiwavelengthanomalousdispersionmadorsinglewavelengthanomalousdispersionsadphasingnbspthexraywavelengthmaybescannedpastanabsorptionedgeofanatomwhichchangesthescatteringinaknownwaybyrecordingfullsetsofreflectionsatthreedifferentwavelengthsfarbelowfaraboveandinthemiddleoftheabsorptionedgeonecansolveforthesubstructureoftheanomalouslydiffractingatomsandhencethestructureofthewholemoleculethemostpopularmethodofincorporatinganomalousscatteringatomsintoproteinsistoexpresstheproteininamethionineauxotrophahostincapableofsynthesizingmethionineinamediarichinselenomethioninewhichcontainsseleniumatomsamadexperimentcanthenbeconductedaroundtheabsorptionedgewhichshouldthenyieldthepositionofanymethionineresidueswithintheproteinprovidinginitialphasesheavyatommethodsmultipleisomorphousreplacementnbspifelectrondensemetalatomscanbeintroducedintothecrystaldirectmethodscrystallographydirectmethodsorpattersonfunctionpattersonspacemethodscanbeusedtodeterminetheirlocationandtoobtaininitialphasessuchheavyatomscanbeintroducedeitherbysoakingthecrystalinaheavyatomcontainingsolutionorbycocrystallizationgrowingthecrystalsinthepresenceofaheavyatomasinmadphasingthechangesinthescatteringamplitudescanbeinterpretedtoyieldthephasesalthoughthisistheoriginalmethodbywhichproteincrystalstructuresweresolvedithaslargelybeensupersededbymadphasingwithselenomethioninemodelbuildingandphaserefinementcrystalstructureatnbspresolutionthemeshenclosestheregioninwhichtheelectrondensityexceedsagiventhresholdthestraightsegmentsrepresentchemicalbondsbetweenthenonhydrogenatomsofanarginineupperleftatyrosinelowerleftadisulfidebondupperrightinyellowandsomepeptidepeptidegroupsrunningleftrightinthemiddlethetwocurvedgreentubesrepresentsplinemathematicssplinefitstothepolypeptidebackbonemolecularmodelinghavingobtainedinitialphasesaninitialmodelcanbebuiltthismodelcanbeusedtorefinethephasesleadingtoanimprovedmodelandsoongivenamodelofsomeatomicpositionsthesepositionsandtheirrespectivedebyewallerfactorsorbfactorsaccountingforthethermalmotionoftheatomcanberefinedtofittheobserveddiffractiondataideallyyieldingabettersetofphasesanewmodelcanthenbefittothenewelectrondensitymapandafurtherroundofrefinementiscarriedoutthiscontinuesuntilthecorrelationbetweenthediffractiondataandthemodelismaximizedtheagreementismeasuredbyanrfactorcrystallographyrfactordefinedasmathrfracsummathrmallreflectionsleftfofcrightsummathrmallreflectionsleftforightmathwherefisthestructurefactorasimilarqualitycriterionisrsubfreesubwhichiscalculatedfromasubsetofreflectionsthatwerenotincludedinthestructurerefinementbothrfactorsdependontheresolutionofthedataasaruleofthumbrsubfreesubshouldbeapproximatelytheresolutioninangstromsdividedbythusadatasetwithnbspresolutionshouldyieldafinalrsubfreesubchemicalbondingfeaturessuchasstereochemistryhydrogenbondinganddistributionofbondlengthsandanglesarecomplementarymeasuresofthemodelqualityphasebiasisaseriousprobleminsuchiterativemodelbuildingomitmapsareacommontechniqueusedtocheckforthisitmaynotbepossibletoobserveeveryatomintheasymmetricunitinmanycasesdisordersmearstheelectrondensitymapweaklyscatteringatomssuchashydrogenareroutinelyinvisibleitisalsopossibleforasingleatomtoappearmultipletimesinanelectrondensitymapegifaproteinsidechainhasmultipleallowedconformationsinstillothercasesthecrystallographermaydetectthatthecovalentstructurededucedforthemoleculewasincorrectorchangedforexampleproteinsmaybecleavedorundergoposttranslationalmodificationsthatwerenotdetectedpriortothecrystallizationdisorderacommonchallengeinrefinementofcrystalstructuresresultsfromcrystallographicdisorderdisordercantakemanyformsbutingeneralinvolvesthecoexistenceoftwoormorespeciesorconformationsfailuretorecognizedisorderresultsinflawedinterpretationpitfallsfromimpropermodelingofdisorderareillustratedbythediscountedhypothesisofbondstretchisomerismdisorderismodelledwithrespecttotherelativepopulationofthecomponentsoftenonlytwoandtheiridentityinstructuresoflargemoleculesandionssolventandcounterionsareoftendisordereddepositionofthestructureoncethemodelofamoleculesstructurehasbeenfinalizeditisoftendepositedinacrystallographicdatabasesuchasthecambridgestructuraldatabaseforsmallmoleculestheinorganiccrystalstructuredatabaseicsdforinorganiccompoundsortheproteindatabankforproteinstructuresmanystructuresobtainedinprivatecommercialventurestocrystallizemedicinallyrelevantproteinsarenotdepositedinpubliccrystallographicdatabasesdiffractiontheorythemaingoalofxraycrystallographyistodeterminethedensityofelectronsfrthroughoutthecrystalwhererrepresentsthethreedimensionalpositionvectorgeometryvectorwithinthecrystaltodothisxrayscatteringisusedtocollectdataaboutitsfouriertransformfqwhichisinvertedmathematicallytoobtainthedensitydefinedinrealspaceusingtheformulamathfmathbfrfracleftpirightintfmathbfqemathrmimathbfqcdotmathbfrmathrmdmathbfqmathwheretheintegralistakenoverallvaluesofqthethreedimensionalrealvectorqrepresentsapointinreciprocalspacethatistoaparticularoscillationintheelectrondensityasonemovesinthedirectioninwhichqpointsthelengthofqcorrespondstomathpimathdividedbythewavelengthoftheoscillationthecorrespondingformulaforafouriertransformwillbeusedbelowmathfmathbfqintfmathbfrmathrmemathrmimathbfqcdotmathbfrmathrmdmathbfrmathwheretheintegralissummedoverallpossiblevaluesofthepositionvectorrwithinthecrystalthefouriertransformfqisgenerallyacomplexnumberandthereforehasamagnitudemathematicsmagnitudefqandaphasewavesphaseqrelatedbytheequationmathfmathbfqleftfmathbfqrightmathrmemathrmiphimathbfqmaththeintensitiesofthereflectionsobservedinxraydiffractiongiveusthemagnitudesfqbutnotthephasesqtoobtainthephasesfullsetsofreflectionsarecollectedwithknownalterationstothescatteringeitherbymodulatingthewavelengthpastacertainabsorptionedgeorbyaddingstronglyscatteringieelectrondensemetalatomssuchasmercuryelementmercurycombiningthemagnitudesandphasesyieldsthefullfouriertransformfqwhichmaybeinvertedtoobtaintheelectrondensityfrcrystalsareoftenidealizedasbeingperfectlyperiodicinthatidealcasetheatomsarepositionedonaperfectlatticetheelectrondensityisperfectlyperiodicandthefouriertransformfqiszeroexceptwhenqbelongstothereciprocallatticethesocalledbraggpeaksinrealityhowevercrystalsarenotperfectlyperiodicatomsvibrateabouttheirmeanpositionandtheremaybedisorderofvarioustypessuchasmosaicitydislocationsvariouspointdefectsandheterogeneityintheconformationofcrystallizedmoleculesthereforethebraggpeakshaveafinitewidthandtheremaybesignificantdiffusescatteringacontinuumofscatteredxraysthatfallbetweenthebraggpeaksintuitiveunderstandingbybraggslawanintuitiveunderstandingofxraydiffractioncanbeobtainedfromthebraggdiffractionbraggmodelofdiffractioninthismodelagivenreflectionisassociatedwithasetofevenlyspacedsheetsrunningthroughthecrystalusuallypassingthroughthecentersoftheatomsofthecrystallatticetheorientationofaparticularsetofsheetsisidentifiedbyitsmillerindexthreemillerindiceshklandlettheirspacingbenotedbydwilliamlawrencebraggproposedamodelinwhichtheincomingxraysarescatteredspecularlymirrorlikefromeachplanefromthatassumptionxraysscatteredfromadjacentplaneswillcombineconstructivelyconstructiveinterferencewhentheanglebetweentheplaneandthexrayresultsinapathlengthdifferencethatisanintegermultiplenofthexraywavelengthmathdsinthetanlambdamathareflectionissaidtobeindexedwhenitsmillerindicesormorecorrectlyitsreciprocallatticevectorcomponentshavebeenidentifiedfromtheknownwavelengthandthescatteringanglesuchindexinggivesthelatticeparameterunitcellparametersthelengthsandanglesoftheunitcellaswellasitsspacegroupsincebraggslawdoesnotinterprettherelativeintensitiesofthereflectionshoweveritisgenerallyinadequatetosolveforthearrangementofatomswithintheunitcellforthatafouriertransformmethodmustbecarriedoutscatteringasafouriertransformtheincomingxraybeamhasapolarizationandshouldberepresentedasavectorwavehoweverforsimplicityletitberepresentedhereasascalarwavewealsoignorethecomplicationofthetimedependenceofthewaveandjustconcentrateonthewavesspatialdependenceplanewavescanberepresentedbyawavevectorksubinsubandsothestrengthoftheincomingwaveattimetisgivenbymathamathrmemathrmimathbfkmathrmincdotmathbfrmathatpositionrwithinthesamplelettherebeadensityofscatterersfrthesescatterersshouldproduceascatteredsphericalwaveofamplitudeproportionaltothelocalamplitudeoftheincomingwavetimesthenumberofscatterersinasmallvolumedvaboutrmathmathrmamplitudeofscatteredwaveamathrmemathrmimathbfkcdotmathbfrsfmathbfrmathrmdvmathwheresistheproportionalityconstantletsconsiderthefractionofscatteredwavesthatleavewithanoutgoingwavevectorofksuboutsubandstrikethescreenatrsubscreensubsincenoenergyislostelasticnotinelasticscatteringthewavelengthsarethesameasarethemagnitudesofthewavevectorsksubinsubksuboutsubfromthetimethatthephotonisscatteredatruntilitisabsorbedatrsubscreensubthephotonundergoesachangeinphasematheimathbfkoutcdotleftmathbfrmathrmscreenmathbfrrightmaththenetradiationarrivingatrsubscreensubisthesumofallthescatteredwavesthroughoutthecrystalmathasintmathrmdmathbfrfmathbfrmathrmemathrmimathbfkincdotmathbfreimathbfkoutcdotleftmathbfrmathrmscreenmathbfrrightaseimathbfkoutcdotmathbfrmathrmscreenintmathrmdmathbfrfmathbfrmathrmemathrmileftmathbfkinmathbfkoutrightcdotmathbfrmathwhichmaybewrittenasafouriertransformmathasmathrmemathrmimathbfkoutcdotmathbfrmathrmscreenintdmathbfrfmathbfrmathrmemathrmimathbfqcdotmathbfrasmathrmemathrmimathbfkoutcdotmathbfrmathrmscreenfmathbfqmathwhereqksuboutsubnbspksubinsubthemeasuredintensityofthereflectionwillbesquareofthisamplitudemathasleftfmathbfqrightmathfriedelandbijvoetmatesforeveryreflectioncorrespondingtoapointqinthereciprocalspacethereisanotherreflectionofthesameintensityphysicsintensityattheoppositepointqthisoppositereflectionisknownasthefriedelmateoftheoriginalreflectionthissymmetryresultsfromthemathematicalfactthatthedensityofelectronsfratapositionrisalwaysarealnumberasnotedabovefristheinversetransformofitsfouriertransformfqhoweversuchaninversetransformisacomplexnumberingeneraltoensurethatfrisrealthefouriertransformfqmustbesuchthatthefriedelmatesfqandfqarecomplexconjugatesofoneanotherthusfqhasthesamemagnitudeasfqbuttheyhavetheoppositephaseieqqmathfmathbfqleftfmathbfqrightmathrmemathrmiphimathbfqfmathbfqleftfmathbfqrightmathrmemathrmiphimathbfqmaththeequalityoftheirmagnitudesensuresthatthefriedelmateshavethesameintensityfsupsupthissymmetryallowsonetomeasurethefullfouriertransformfromonlyhalfthereciprocalspaceegbyrotatingthecrystalslightlymorethaninsteadofafullrevolutionincrystalswithsignificantsymmetryevenmorereflectionsmayhavethesameintensitybijvoetmatesinsuchcasesevenlessofthereciprocalspacemayneedtobemeasuredinfavorablecasesofhighsymmetrysometimesonlyorevenonlyofdataarerequiredtocompletelyexplorethereciprocalspacethefriedelmateconstraintcanbederivedfromthedefinitionoftheinversefouriertransformmathfmathbfrintfracdmathbfqleftpirightfmathbfqmathrmemathrmimathbfqcdotmathbfrintfracdmathbfqleftpirightleftfmathbfqrightmathrmemathrmiphimathbfqmathrmemathrmimathbfqcdotmathbfrmathsinceeulersformulastatesthatesupixsupcosxisinxtheinversefouriertransformcanbeseparatedintoasumofapurelyrealpartandapurelyimaginarypartmathfmathbfrintfracdmathbfqleftpirightleftfmathbfqrightmathrmemathrmileftphimathbfqcdotmathbfrrightintfracdmathbfqleftpirightleftfmathbfqrightcosleftphimathbfqcdotmathbfrrightiintfracdmathbfqleftpirightleftfmathbfqrightsinleftphimathbfqcdotmathbfrrightimathrmcosiimathrmsinmaththefunctionfrisrealifandonlyifthesecondintegralisubsinsubiszeroforallvaluesofrinturnthisistrueifandonlyiftheaboveconstraintissatisfiedmathimathrmsinintfracdmathbfqleftpirightleftfmathbfqrightsinleftphimathbfqcdotmathbfrrightintfracdmathbfqleftpirightleftfmathbfqrightsinleftphimathbfqcdotmathbfrrightimathrmsinmathsinceisubsinsubisubsinsubimpliesthatisubsinsubewaldssphereeachxraydiffractionimagerepresentsonlyasliceasphericalsliceofreciprocalspaceasmaybeseenbytheewaldsphereconstructionbothksuboutsubandksubinsubhavethesamelengthduetotheelasticscatteringsincethewavelengthhasnotchangedthereforetheymayberepresentedastworadialvectorsinasphereinreciprocalspacewhichshowsthevaluesofqthataresampledinagivendiffractionimagesincethereisaslightspreadintheincomingwavelengthsoftheincomingxraybeamthevaluesoffqcanbemeasuredonlyforqvectorslocatedbetweenthetwospherescorrespondingtothoseradiithereforetoobtainafullsetoffouriertransformdataitisnecessarytorotatethecrystalthroughslightlymorethanorsometimeslessifsufficientsymmetryispresentafullrotationisnotneededbecauseofasymmetryintrinsictothefouriertransformsofrealfunctionssuchastheelectrondensitybutslightlymorethanisneededtocoverallofreciprocalspacewithinagivenresolutionbecauseofthecurvatureoftheewaldsphereinpracticethecrystalisrockedbyasmallamounttoincorporatereflectionsneartheboundariesofthesphericalewaldsshellspattersonfunctionawellknownresultoffouriertransformsistheautocorrelationtheoremwhichstatesthattheautocorrelationcrofafunctionfrmathcmathbfrintdmathbfxfmathbfxfmathbfxmathbfrintfracdmathbfqleftpirightcmathbfqeimathbfqcdotmathbfrmathhasafouriertransformcqthatisthesquaredmagnitudeoffqmathcmathbfqleftfmathbfqrightmaththereforetheautocorrelationfunctioncroftheelectrondensityalsoknownasthepattersonfunctioncanbecomputeddirectlyfromthereflectionintensitieswithoutcomputingthephasesinprinciplethiscouldbeusedtodeterminethecrystalstructuredirectlyhoweveritisdifficulttorealizeinpracticetheautocorrelationfunctioncorrespondstothedistributionofvectorgeometryvectorsbetweenatomsinthecrystalthusacrystalofnatomsinitsunitcellmayhavennpeaksinitspattersonfunctiongiventheinevitableerrorsinmeasuringtheintensitiesandthemathematicaldifficultiesofreconstructingatomicpositionsfromtheinteratomicvectorsthistechniqueisrarelyusedtosolvestructuresexceptforthesimplestcrystalsadvantagesofacrystalinprincipleanatomicstructurecouldbedeterminedfromapplyingxrayscatteringtononcrystallinesampleseventoasinglemoleculehowevercrystalsofferamuchstrongersignalduetotheirperiodicityacrystallinesampleisbydefinitionperiodicacrystaliscomposedofmanyunitcellsrepeatedindefinitelyinthreeindependentdirectionssuchperiodicsystemshaveafouriertransformthatisconcentratedatperiodicallyrepeatingpointsinreciprocalspaceknownasbraggpeaksthebraggpeakscorrespondtothereflectionspotsobservedinthediffractionimagesincetheamplitudeatthesereflectionsgrowslinearlywiththenumbernofscattererstheobservedintensityofthesespotsshouldgrowquadraticallylikensupsupinotherwordsusingacrystalconcentratestheweakscatteringoftheindividualunitcellsintoamuchmorepowerfulcoherentreflectionthatcanbeobservedabovethenoisethisisanexampleofconstructiveinterferenceinaliquidpowderoramorphoussamplemoleculeswithinthatsampleareinrandomorientationssuchsampleshaveacontinuousfourierspectrumthatuniformlyspreadsitsamplitudetherebyreducingthemeasuredsignalintensityasisobservedinbiologicalsmallanglexrayscatteringsaxsmoreimportantlytheorientationalinformationislostalthoughtheoreticallypossibleitisexperimentallydifficulttoobtainatomicresolutionstructuresofcomplicatedasymmetricmoleculesfromsuchrotationallyaverageddataanintermediatecaseisfiberdiffractioninwhichthesubunitsarearrangedperiodicallyinatleastonedimensionnobelprizesinvolvingxraycrystallographyclasswikitablecollapsiblesortableyearlaureateprizerationalemaxvonlauephysicsforhisdiscoveryofthediffractionofxraysbycrystalsanimportantstepinthedevelopmentofxrayspectroscopywilliamhenrybraggphysicsfortheirservicesintheanalysisofcrystalstructurebymeansofxraysrefnamethenobelprizeinphysicsrefwilliamlawrencebraggphysicsfortheirservicesintheanalysisofcrystalstructurebymeansofxraysmaxfperutzchemistryfortheirstudiesofthestructuresofmyoglobinglobularproteinsrefnamethenobelprizeinchemistryrefjohnckendrewchemistryfortheirstudiesofthestructuresofmyoglobinglobularproteinsjamesdwatsonjamesdeweywatsonmedicinefortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthemolecularstructureofnucleicacidsanditssignificanceforinformationtransferinlivingmaterialrefnamenobelciteweburlnobelprizeorgnobelprizesmedicinelaureatesindexhtmltitlethenobelprizeinphysiologyormedicineaccessdatepublishernobelfoundationreffranciscrickfrancisharrycomptoncrickmedicinefortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthemolecularstructureofnucleicacidsanditssignificanceforinformationtransferinlivingmaterialmauricewilkinsmauricehughfrederickwilkinsmedicinefortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthemolecularstructureofnucleicacidsanditssignificanceforinformationtransferinlivingmaterialdorothyhodgkinchemistryforherxraycrystallographyearlyorganicandsmallbiologicalmoleculesdeterminationsbyxraytechniquesofthestructuresofimportantbiochemicalsubstancesstanfordmoorechemistryfortheircontributiontotheunderstandingoftheconnectionbetweenchemicalstructureandcatalyticactivityoftheactivecentreoftheribonucleasemoleculerefnamenrefwilliamhowardsteinwilliamhsteinchemistryfortheircontributiontotheunderstandingoftheconnectionbetweenchemicalstructureandcatalyticactivityoftheactivecentreoftheribonucleasemoleculewilliamlipscombwilliamnlipscombchemistryforhisstudiesonthestructureofboranesilluminatingproblemsofchemicalbondingjeromekarlechemistryfortheiroutstandingachievementsindevelopinghauptmankarlemethoddirectmethodsforthedeterminationofcrystalstructuresrefnamethenobelprizeinchemistryrefherbertahauptmanchemistryfortheiroutstandingachievementsindevelopinghauptmankarlemethoddirectmethodsforthedeterminationofcrystalstructuresjohanndeisenhoferchemistryfortheirdeterminationofthethreedimensionalstructureofaphotosyntheticreactioncenterphotosyntheticreactioncentrerefnamethenobelprizeinchemistryrefhartmutmichelchemistryfortheirdeterminationofthethreedimensionalstructureofaphotosyntheticreactioncenterphotosyntheticreactioncentreroberthuberchemistryfortheirdeterminationofthethreedimensionalstructureofaphotosyntheticreactioncenterphotosyntheticreactioncentrejohnewalkerchemistryfortheirelucidationoftheatpsynthaseenzymaticmechanismunderlyingthesynthesisofadenosinetriphosphateatprefnamenrefroderickmackinnonchemistryfordiscoveriesconcerningchannelsincellmembranesforstructuralandmechanisticpotassiumchannelstructurestudiesofionchannelspeteragrechemistryfordiscoveriesconcerningchannelsincellmembranesforthediscoveryofaquaporinwaterchannelsrefnamenrefrogerdkornbergchemistryforhisstudiesofthemolecularbasisoftranscriptiongeneticseukaryotictranscriptionadaeyonathchemistryforstudiesofthestructureandfunctionoftheribosomerefnamethenobelprizeinchemistryrefthomasasteitzchemistryforstudiesofthestructureandfunctionoftheribosomevenkatramanramakrishnanchemistryforstudiesofthestructureandfunctionoftheribosomebriankobilkachemistryforstudiesofgproteincoupledreceptorgproteincoupledreceptorsrefnamenobelrefapplicationsofxraydiffractionxraydiffractionhasawideandvariousapplicationsonthechemicalbiochemicalphysicalmaterialandmineralogicalscienceslauessaidthathasextendedthepowerofonservingminutestructuretenthousandtimesbeyondthatoftheopticalmicroscopexraydiffractionproducedamicroscopewithatomicresolutionwhichshowstheatomsandtheirelectrondistributionxraydiffractionelectrondiffractionandneutrondiffractiongiveinformationaboutthestructureofmattercrystallineandnoncrystallineattheatomicandmolecularlevelinadditiontheyareattachedtothepropertiesofallmaterialsinorganicorganicorbiologicalduetothediffractionimportanceandvarietyofapplicationofdiffractionbycrystalsalargenumberofnobelprizeswerepresentedtostudiesinvolvingxrayxraymethodforinvestigationofdrugsxraydiffractionwasusedfortheidentificationofantibioticdrugssuchaseightbetalactamantibioticlactamampicillinsodiumpenicillingprocainecefalexinampicillintrihydratebenzathinebenzylpenicillinbenzathinepenicillinbenzylpenicillinsodiumcefotaximesodiumceftriaxonesodiumthreetetracyclineantibioticstetracyclinedoxycyclinedoxycyclinehydrochlorideoxytetracyclineoxytetracyclinedehydratetetracyclinehydrochlorideandtwomacrolideazithromycinerythromycinestolateantibioticdrugseachofthesedrugshasauniquexrdpatternthatmakestheiridentificationpossiblexraymethodforinvestigationoftextilefibersandpolymersforensicexaminationofanytraceevidenceisbaseduponlocardsexchangeprinciplethisstatesthateverycontactleavesatraceinpracticeeventhoughatransferofmaterialhastakenplaceitmaybeimpossibletodetectbecausetheamounttransferredisverysmalltextilefibersareamixtureofcrystallineandamorphoussubstancesthereforethemeasurementofthedegreeofcrystallinegivesusefuldatainthecharacterizationoffibersusingxraydiffractometryithasbeenreportedthatxraydiffractionwasusedtoidentifyofacrystallinedepositwhichwasfoundonachairthedepositwasfoundtobeamorphousbutthediffractionpatternpresentmatchedthatofpolymethylmethacrylatepyrolysismassspectrometrylateridentifiedthedepositaspolymethylcyanoacrylaonofboincrystalparametersxraymethodforinvestigationofboneshillerinvestigatedtheeffectsofheatingandburningonbonemineralusingxraydiffractionxrdtechniquesthebonesampleswereheatedintemperatureofandcforandmintheresultsshowbonecrystalsbegantochangeduringthefirstminofheatingatcandaboveathighertemperaturesthicknessandshapeofcrystalsofbonesappearstabilizedbutwhenthesampleswereheatedatlowertemperatureorforshorterperiodxrdtracesshowedextremechangesincrystalparametersintegratedcircuitsxraydiffractionhasbeendemonstratedasamethodforinvestigatingthecomplexstructureofintegratedcircuitsseealsobeeverslipsonstripbraggdiffractioncrystallographicdatabasecrystallographicpointgroupsdifferencedensitymapelectrondiffractionenergydispersivexraydiffractionhendersonlimitinternationalyearofcrystallographyjohndesmondbernalmultipoledensityformalismneutrondiffractionpowderdiffractionptychographyscherrerequationsmallanglexrayscatteringsaxsstructuredeterminationultrafastxraywideanglexrayscatteringwaxsreferencesfurtherreadinginternationaltablesforcrystallographyboundcollectionsofarticlestextbookscitebookauthorburnsgauthorglazeramdatetitlespacegroupsforscientistsandengineerseditionndlocationbostonpublisheracademicpressincisbnchemuweceduchemfpageslecturenoteslectcrystallographyrhodespdfpdfcopyofselectchaptersappliedcomputationaldataanalysishistoricalewaldppeditoriucrorgiucrtoppublyearsofxraydiffractionyearsofxraydiffractionreprintedinpdfformatfortheiucrxviiicongressglasgowscotlandinternationalunionofcrystallographyexternallinkslibraryresourcesboxonlinebooksnobynolcheadingxraycrystallographytutorialsxtaliqfrcsicescristalografiaindexenhtmllearningcrystallographywebarchiveorgwebsteinbiochdundeeacukcharlieindexphpsectionsimplenontechnicalintroductionrichannelorgcollectionscrystallographythecrystallographycollectionvideoseriesfromtheroyalinstitutionwebarchiveorgwebacaschooliitedulecturesjliangxtalpdfsmallmoleculecrystalizationpdfatillinoisinstituteoftechnologywebsiteiucrorginternationalunionofcrystallographyruppweborgxrayindexhtmlcrystallographyysblyorkacukcowtansfappletsfintrohtmlinteractivestructurefactortutorialdemonstratingpropertiesofthediffractionpatternofadcrystalysblyorkacukcowtanfourierfourierhtmlpicturebookoffouriertransformsillustratingtherelationshipbetweencrystalanddiffractionpatternindchemuweceduchemfpageslectnoteshtmllecturelecturenotesonxraycrystallographyandstructuredeterminationnanohuborgresourcesonlinelectureonmodernxrayscatteringmethodsfornanoscalematerialsanalysisbyrichardjmatyirigborgourhistoryhistoryofresearchcrystallographytimelineinteractivecrystallographytimelinefromtheroyalinstitutionprimarydatabasescrystallographyopendatabasecrystallographyopendatabasecodwebarchiveorgwebrcsborgpdbhomehomedoproteindatabankproteindatabankpdbndbserverrutgersedunucleicaciddatabankndbccdccamacukproductscsdcambridgestructuraldatabasecambridgestructuraldatabasecsdfizkarlsruhedeicsdhtmlinorganiccrystalstructuredatabaseinorganiccrystalstructuredatabaseicsdwebarchiveorgwebxpdbnistgovbmcdbiologicalmacromoleculecrystallizationdatabasebmcdderivativedatabasesebiacukthorntonsrvdatabasespdbsumpdbsumproteopediaorgproteopedianbspthecollaborativedencyclopediaofproteinsandothermoleculeswebarchiveorgwebrnabaseorgrnabasexraybmcuusehicuphicupdatabaseofpdbligandsstructuralclassificationofproteinsdatabasecathcathproteinstructureclassificationblancobiomoluciedumembraneproteinsxtalhtmllistoftransmembraneproteinswithknowndstructureorientationsofproteinsinmembranesdatabasestructuralvalidationmolprobitybiochemdukeedumolprobitystructuralvalidationsuiteprosaservicescamesbgacatprosaphpprosawebflipperservicescamesbgacatnqflippercheckforunfavorablerotamersofasnandglnresiduesebiacukdalidaliserveridentifiesproteinssimilartoagivenproteindakrystallografijaxparccompanyinfoboxpersonnamexenophonofathensimagefilexenophonjpgcaptiontheancientgreecegreekhistorianxenophonofathensbirthdatecbcbirthplaceclassicalathensathensdeathdatebcagedapproxdeathplaceparentsgrylluschildrengryllussonofxenophongryllusanddiodorusoccupationhistoriansoldiermercenaryxenophonofathensxenophncbcwasanancientgreekphilosopherhistoriansoldiermercenaryandstudentofsocratesasahistorianxenophonisknownforrecordingthehistoryofhiscontemporarytimethelatethandearlythcenturiesbcinsuchworksasthehellenicaaboutthefinalsevenyearsandtheaftermathofthepeloponnesianwarbcathematiccontinuationofthucydideshistoryofthepeloponnesianwarasoneofthetenthousandgreekmercenariestenthousandgreekmercenarieshealsoparticipatedincyrustheyoungersfailedcampaigntoclaimthepersianthronefromhisbrotherartaxerxesiiofpersiaandrecountedtheeventsinanabasisxenophonanabasishismostnotablehistorylikeplatobcxenophonisanauthorityonsocratesaboutwhomhewroteseveralbooksofdialoguesthememorabiliaxenophonmemorabiliaandanapologyxenophonapologyofsocratestothejurywhichrecountsthephilosopherstrialofsocratestrialinbcdespitebeingbornanatheniancitizenxenophonwasalsoassociatedwithspartathetraditionalenemyofathenshisoligarchyprooligarchicpoliticsmilitaryserviceunderspartangeneralsinthepersiancampaignandelsewhereandhisfriendshipwithagesilausiikingagesilausiiendearedxenophontothespartanssomeofhisworkshaveaprospartanbiasespeciallytheroyalbiographyagesilausxenophonagesilausandtheconstitutionofthespartansxenophonsworksspanseveralgenresandarewritteninplainlanguageatticgreekforwhichreasontheyserveastranslationexercisesforcontemporarystudentsoftheancientgreeklanguageinthelivesandopinionsofeminentphilosophersdiogeneslartiusobservedthatasawriterxenophonofathenswasknownastheatticmuseforthesweetnessofhisdictionlifeearlyyearsxenophonwasbornaroundbcnearthecityofathenstogryllusofthedemeerchiaofclassicalathensathenshisfathersfamilywereawealthyequestrianfamilythehistoryofhisyouthislittleattestedbeforebcwhenhewasconvincedbyhisboeotianfriendproxenusanabasistoparticipateinthemilitaryexpeditionledbycyrustheyoungeragainsthiselderbrotherkingartaxerxesiiofpersiaanabasisexpeditionwithcyruswrittenyearsaftertheseeventsxenophonsbookanabasisxenophonanabasisgreekliterallygoingupishisrecordoftheentireexpeditionofcyrusagainstthepersiansandthegreekmercenariesjourneyhomexenophonwritesthathehadaskedtheveteransocratesforadviceonwhethertogowithcyrusandthatsocratesreferredhimtothedivinelyinspiredpythiaxenophonsquerytotheoraclehoweverwasnotwhetherornottoacceptcyrusinvitationbuttowhichofthegodshemustprayanddosacrificesothathemightbestaccomplishhisintendedjourneyandreturninsafetywithgoodfortunetheoracleansweredhisquestionandtoldhimtowhichgodstoprayandsacrificewhenxenophonreturnedtoathensandtoldsocratesoftheoraclesadvicesocrateschastisedhimforaskingsodisingenuousaquestionanabasisunderthepretextoffightingtissaphernesthepersiansatrapofioniacyrusassembledamassivearmycomposedofnativepersiansoldiersbutalsoalargenumberofgreekspriortowagingwaragainstartaxerxescyrusproposedthattheenemywasthepisidiansandsothegreekswereunawarethattheyweretobattleagainstthelargerarmyofkingartaxerxesiianabasisattarsusmersintarsusthesoldiersbecameawareofcyrussplanstodeposethekingandasaresultrefusedtocontinueanabasishoweverclearchusofspartaclearchusaspartangeneralconvincedthegreekstocontinuewiththeexpeditionthearmyofcyrusmetthearmyofartaxerxesiiinthebattleofcunaxadespiteeffectivefightingbythegreekscyruswaskilledinthebattleanabasisshortlythereafterclearchuswasinvitedtoapeaceconferencewherealongsidefourothergeneralsandmanycaptainshewasbetrayedandexecutedanabasisreturnthemercenarymercenariesknownasthetenthousandgreekmercenariestenthousandfoundthemselveswithoutleadershipfarfromtheseadeepinhostileterritoryneartheheartofmesopotamiatheyelectednewleadersincludingxenophonhimselfandfoughttheirwaynorthalongthetigristhroughhostilepersiansandmedestotrabzontrapezusonthecoastoftheblackseaanabasistheythenmadetheirwaywestwardbacktogreeceviaskdarchrysopolischrysopolisanabasisoncetheretheyhelpedseuthesiimakehimselfkingofthracebeforebeingrecruitedintothearmyofthespartangeneralthimbronflbcthibronthespartanswereatwarwithtissaphernesandpharnabazusiipersiansatrapsinanatoliaprobablyonaccountoftheaforementionedtreacherousslaughteroftheirgeneralclearchusxenophonsmilitaryactivitywiththesespartansmarksthefinalepisodesoftheanabasisbooksexileanddeathuponhisreturntogreeceproperxenophoncontinuedtoassociatewiththespartansandevenfoughtunderthespartankingagesilausiiagainsthisnativeathensinthebattleofcoroneabcbattleofcoroneainbcbecauseofthisxenophonwasexiledfromathenstheremayhavebeencontributorycausessuchashissupportforsocratesaswellasthefactthathehadtakenservicewiththepersiansthespartansgavehimpropertyatskillountiascillusnearolympiaineliswherehelikelycomposedtheanabasisbecausehissongryllussonofxenophongryllusfoughtanddiedforathensatthebattleofmantineabcbattleofmantineainbcwhilexenophonwasstillalivexenophonsbanishmentmayhavebeenrevokedneverthelessafterthebattleofleuctrainandtheendofspartanhegemonyxenophonmovedtocorinthorathenswherehediedaroundbchistoriansknowonlythathesurvivedhispatronagesilausiiforwhomhewroteanencomiumwhichsharedthespartankingsnamexenophonspoliticsxenophonhaslongbeenassociatedwiththeoppositionofdemocracyalthoughxenophonseemstopreferoligarchyoratleastthearistocracyespeciallyinlightofhisassociationswithspartanoneofhisworksexplicitlyattackdemocracyunlesshisaccountofdemocraticproceedingsintheanabasisbeinterpretedasantidemocracywhendeliberationsareintimidatedbycriesofpeltifaspeakersayssomethingothersdisagreewithsomescholarsgosofarastosayhisviewsalignedwiththoseofthedemocracyinhistimehowevercertainworksofxenophoninparticularthecyropaediaseemtoshowhisoligarchicpoliticsthishistoricalfictionservesasaforumforxenophontosubtlydisplayhispoliticalinclinationscyropaediarelationsbetweenmedesandpersiansinthecyropaediaxenophonwrotethecyropaediatooutlinehispoliticalandmoralphilosophyhedidthisbyendowingafictionalversionofthecyrusthegreatfounderofthefirstpersianempirewiththequalitiesofwhatxenophonconsideredtheidealrulerhistorianshaveaskedwhetherxenophonsportraitofcyruswasaccurateorifxenophonimbuedcyruswitheventsfromxenophonsownlifetheconsensusisthatcyrusscareerisbestoutlinedinthehistoriesherodotushistoriesofherodotusbutstevenhirschwritesyetthereareoccasionswhenitcanbeconfirmedfromorientalevidencethatxenophoniscorrectwhereherodotusiswrongorlacksinformationacaseinpointinvolvestheancestryofcyrusherodotuscontradictsxenophonatseveralotherpointsmostnotablyinthematterofcyrussrelationshipwiththemediankingdomherodotussaysthatcyrusledarebellionagainsthismaternalgrandfatherastyageskingofmediaanddefeatedhimthereafterimprobablykeepingastyagesinhiscourtfortheremainderofhislifehistoriesthemedeswerethusreducedtosubjectionandbecameslavestothepersiansyearsbeforethecaptureofbabyloninbcthecyropaediarelatesinsteadthatastyagesdiedandwassucceededbyhissoncyaxaresiithematernaluncleofcyrusintheinitialcampaignagainstthelydiansbabyloniansandtheiralliesthemedianswereledbycyaxaresandthepersiansbycyruswhowascrownprinceofthepersianssincehisfatherwasstillalivexenophonrelatesthatatthistimethemedeswerethestrongestofthekingdomsthatopposedthebabyloniansthereisanechoofthisstatementverifyingxenophonandcontradictingherodotusintheharransteleadocumentfromthecourtofnabonidusintheentryforyearorofhisreignbcnabonidusspeaksofhisenemiesasthekingsofegyptthemedesandthearabsthereisnomentionofthepersiansalthoughaccordingtoherodotusandthecurrentconsensusthemedianshadbeenmadeslavesofthepersiansseveralyearspreviouslyitdoesnotseemthatnaboniduswouldbecompletelymisledaboutwhohisenemieswereorwhowasreallyincontroloverthemedesandpersiansjustonetothreeyearsbeforehiskingdomfelltotheirarmiesotherarchaeologicalevidencesupportingxenophonspictureofaconfederationofmedesandpersiansratherthanasubjugationofthemedesbythepersianscomesfromthebasreliefsinthestairwayatpersepolistheseshownodistinctioninofficialrankorstatusbetweenthepersianandmediannobilityalthougholmsteadfollowedtheconsensusviewthatcyrussubjugatedthemedesheneverthelesswrotemedeswerehonoredequallywithpersianstheywereemployedinhighofficeandwerechosentoleadpersianarmiesamoreextensivelistofconsiderationsrelatedtothecredibilityofthecyropaediaspictureoftherelationshipbetweenthemedesandpersiansisfoundonthecyropaediacredibilityofthecyropaediasaccountofcyrussrisetopowercyropaediapagebothherodotusandxenophonpresentcyrusasaboutyearsoldwhenhisforcescapturedbabyloninthenaboniduschroniclethereismentionofthedeathofthewifeofthekingnamenotgivenwithinamonthafterthecaptureofbabylonithasbeenconjecturedthatthiswascyrussfirstwifewhichlendscredibilitytothecyropaediasstatementthatcyaxaresiigavehisdaughterinmarriagetocyrussoonbutnotimmediatelyafterthefallofthecitywiththekingdomofmediaasherdowrywhencyaxaresdiedabouttwoyearslaterthemediankingdompassedpeaceablytocyrussothatthiswouldbethetruebeginningofthemedopersianempireunderjustonemonarchpersiansascentaursthecyropaediaasawholelavishesagreatdealofpraiseonthefirstpersianemperorcyrusthegreatonaccountofhisvirtueandleadershipqualityanditwasthroughhisgreatnessthatthepersianempireheldtogetherthusthisbookisnormallyreadasapositivetreatiseaboutcyrushoweverfollowingtheleadofleostraussdavidjohnsonsuggeststhatthereisasubtlebutstronglayertothebookinwhichxenophonconveyscriticismofnotonlythepersiansbutthespartansandatheniansaswellinsectionofthecyropaediacyrusmakesclearhisdesiretoinstitutecavalryheevengoessofartosaythathedesiresthatnopersianperseustuftseduhoppermorphlkalokagaqoslagreekperseustextentrykalokagaqoscontentskalokagathosnobleandgoodmanliterallyorsimplynobleeverbeseenonfootbutalwaysonahorsesomuchsothatthepersiansmayactuallyseemtobecentaurscentaurswereoftenthoughtofascreaturesofillreputewhichmakesevencyrusownadvisorswaryofthelabelhisministerchrysantasadmiresthecentaursfortheirdualnaturebutalsowarnsthatthedualnaturedoesnotallowcentaurstofullyenjoyoractaseitheroneoftheiraspectsinfullinlabellingpersiansascentaursthroughthemouthofcyrusxenophonplaysuponthepopularpostpersianwarpropagandisticparadigmofusingmythologicalimagerytorepresentthegrecopersianwarsgrecopersianconflictexamplesofthisincludetheweddingofthelapithsgiantomachytrojanwarandamazonomachyontheparthenonfriezeparthenonfriezejohnsonreadsevenmoredeeplyintothecentaurlabelhebelievesthattheunstabledichotomyofmanandhorsefoundinacentaurisindicativeoftheunstableandunnaturalallianceofpersianandmedeformulatedbycyrusthepersianhardinessandausterityiscombinedwiththeluxuriousnessofthemedestwoqualitiesthatcannotcoexisthecitestheregressionofthepersiansdirectlyafterthedeathofcyrusasaresultofthisinstabilityaunionmadepossibleonlythroughtheimpeccablecharacterofcyrusinafurtheranalysisofthecentaurmodelcyrusislikenedtoacentaursuchaschironanobleexamplefromanignobleracethusthisentireparadigmseemstobeajabatthepersiansandanindicationofxenophonsgeneraldistasteforthepersiansagainstempiremonarchythestrengthofcyrusinholdingtheempiretogetherispraiseworthyaccordingtoxenophonhowevertheempirebegantodeclineuponthedeathofcyrusbythisexamplexenophonsoughttoshowthatempireslackedstabilityandcouldonlybemaintainedbyapersonofremarkableprowesssuchascyruscyrusisidealizedgreatlyinthenarrativexenophondisplayscyrusasaloftytemperatemanthisisnottosaythathewasnotagoodrulerbutheisdepictedassurrealandnotsubjecttothefoiblesofothermenbyshowingthatonlysomeonewhoisalmostbeyondhumancouldconductsuchanenterpriseasempirexenophonindirectlycensuresimperialdesignthushealsoreflectsonthestateofhisownrealityinanevenmoreindirectfashionusingtheexampleofthepersianstodecrytheattemptsatempiremadebyathensandspartaalthoughpartiallygracedwithhindsighthavingwrittenthecyropaediaafterthedownfallofathensinthepeloponnesianwarthisworkcriticizesthegreekattemptsatempireandmonarchydoomingthemtofailureagainstdemocracyanotherpassagethatjohnsoncitesascriticismofmonarchyandempireconcernsthedevaluationofthehomotmoithemannerinwhichthisoccursseemsalsotobeasubtlejabatdemocracyhomotmoiwerehighlyandthoroughlyeducatedandthusbecamethecoreofthesoldieryasheavyinfantryasthenamehomotmoiequalorsamehonoursiepeerssuggeststheirsmallbandwhencyrusfoughttheassyrianssharedequallyinthespoilsofwarhoweverinthefaceofoverwhelmingnumbersinacampaignagainsttheassyrianscyrusarmedthecommonerswithsimilararmsinsteadoftheirnormallightrangedarmamentcyropaediaargumentensuedastohowthespoilswouldnowbesplitandcyrusenforcedameritocracymanyhomotmoifoundthisunfairbecausetheirmilitarytrainingwasnobetterthanthecommonersonlytheireducationandhandtohandcombatwaslessamatterofskillthanstrengthandbraveryasjohnsonassertsthispassagedecriesimperialmeritocracyandcorruptionforthehomotmoinowhadtosychophantizetotheemperorforpositionsandhonoursfromthispointtheywerereferredtoasentmoinolongerofthesamehonoursbuthavingtobeintogetthehonourontheotherhandthepassageseemstobecriticalofdemocracyoratleastsympathetictoaristocratswithindemocracyforthehomotmoiaristocracyoligarchsaredevaluedupontheempowermentofthecommonersdemosalthoughempireemergesinthiscasethisisalsoasequenceofeventsassociatedwithdemocracythroughhisdualcritiqueofempireanddemocracyxenophonsubtlyrelateshissupportofoligarchyconstitutionofthespartansthespartanswrotenothingaboutthemselvesoriftheydiditislostthereforewhatweknowaboutthemcomesexclusivelyfromoutsiderslikexenophonxenophonsaffinityforthespartansisclearintheconstitutionofthespartansaswellashispenchantforoligarchytheopeninglinereadsrefxenophongoesontodescribeindetailthemainaspectsoflaconiahandingtousthemostcomprehensiveextantanalysisoftheinstitutionsofspartaoldoligarchashorttreatiseontheconstitutionoftheathenianspseudoxenophonconstitutionoftheatheniansexiststhatwasoncethoughttobebyxenophonbutwhichwasprobablywrittenwhenxenophonwasaboutfiveyearsoldtheauthoroftencalledinenglishtheoldoligarchorpseudoxenophondeteststhedemocracyofathensandthepoorerclassesbuthearguesthatthepericleaninstitutionsarewelldesignedfortheirdeplorablepurposesalthoughtherealxenophonseemstopreferoligarchyoverdemocracynoneofhisworkssoardentlydecrydemocracyasdoestheconstitutionoftheathenianshoweverthistreatisemakesevidentthatantidemocraticsentimentswereextantinathensinthelatethcenturybcandwereonlyincreasedafteritsshortcomingswereexploitedandmadeapparentduringthepeloponnesianwarsocraticworksanddialoguesxenophonsworksincludesaselectionofsocraticdialoguesthesewritingsarecompletelypreservedexceptforthedialoguesofplatotheyaretheonlysurvivingrepresentativesofthegenreofsocraticdialoguetheseworksincludexenophonsapologyxenophonapologymemorabiliaxenophonmemorabiliasymposiumxenophonsymposiumandoeconomicusthesymposiumoutlinesthecharacterofsocratesasheandhiscompanionsdiscusswhatattributetheytakeprideininoeconomicussocratesexplainshowtomanageahouseholdboththeapologyandmemorabiliadefendsocratescharacterandteachingstheformerissetduringthetrialofsocratesessentiallydefendingsocrateslossanddeathwhilethelatterisadefenceofsocratesexplaininghismoralprinciplesandthathewasnotacorrupteroftheyouthrelationshipwithsocratesxenophonwasastudentofsocratesandtheirpersonalrelationshipisevidentthroughaconversationbetweenthetwoinxenophonsanabasisinhislivesofeminentphilosophersthegreekbiographerdiogeneslaertiusreportshowxenophonmetsocratestheysaythatsocratesmetxenophoninanarrowlaneandputhisstickacrossitandpreventedhimfrompassingbyaskinghimwhereallkindsofnecessarythingsweresoldandwhenhehadansweredhimheaskedhimagainwheremenweremadegoodandvirtuousandashedidnotknowhesaidfollowmethenandlearnandfromthistimeforthxenophonbecameafollowerofsocratesdiogeneslaertiusalsorelatesanincidentwheninthebattleofdeliumxenophonhadfallenfromhishorseandsocratesreputedlysteppedinandsavedhislifexenophonsadmirationforhisteacherisclearinwritingssuchassymposiumapologyandmemorabiliaxenophonwasawayonhispersiancampaignduringthetrialanddeathofsocratesneverthelessmuchofxenophonssocraticwritingespeciallyapologyconcernsthatverytrialandthedefencesocratesputforwardsocratesxenophonvsplatobothplatoandxenophonwroteanapologyconcerningthedeathofsocratesthetwowritersseemmoreconcernedaboutansweringquestionsthataroseafterthetrialthanabouttheactualchargesinparticularxenophonandplatoareconcernedwiththefailuresofsocratestodefendhimselfthesocratesthatxenophonportrayedwasdifferentfromplatosinmultiplerespectsxenophonassertsthatsocratesdealtwithhisprosecutioninanexceedinglyarrogantmanneroratleastwasperceivedtohavespokenarrogantlyconverselywhilenotomittingitcompletelyplatoworkedtotemperthatarroganceinhisownapologyxenophonframedsocratesdefensewhichbothmenadmitwasnotpreparedatallnotasfailuretoeffectivelyarguehissidebutasstrivingfordeatheveninthelightofunconvincingchargesasdanziginterpretsitconvincingthejurytocondemnhimevenonunconvincingchargeswouldbearhetoricalchallengeworthyofthegreatpersuaderxenophonusesthisinterpretationasjustificationforsocratesarrogantstanceandconventionalfailurebycontrastplatodoesnotgosofarastoclaimthatsocratesactuallydesireddeathbutseemstoarguethatsocrateswasattemptingtodemonstrateahighermoralstandardandteachalessonalthoughhisdefencefailedbyconventionalstandardsthisplacessocratesinahighermoralpositionthanhisprosecutorsatypicalplatonicexampleofabsolvingsocratesfromblameineveryconceivablewayhistoricalrealityalthoughxenophonclaimstohavebeenpresentatthesymposiumthisisimpossibleashewasonlyayoungboyatthedatewhichheproposesitoccurredandagainxenophonwasnotpresentatthetrialofsocrateshavingbeenoncampaigninanatoliaandmesopotamiathusheputsintothelattersmouthwhathewouldhavethoughthimtosayitseemsthatxenophonwrotehisapologyandmemorabiliaasdefencesofhisformerteachernottoexplainsocratesrelationshiptotheactualchargesincurredmodernreceptionxenophonsstandingasapoliticalphilosopherhasbeendefendedinrecenttimesbyleostrausswhodevotedaconsiderablepartofhisphilosophicanalysistotheworksofxenophonreturningtothehighjudgmentofxenophonasathinkerexpressedbyanthonyashleycooperrdearlofshaftesburymicheldemontaignemontesquieujeanjacquesrousseaujohannjoachimwinckelmannniccolmachiavellifrancisbaconjohnmiltonjonathanswiftbenjaminfranklinandjohnadamsxenophonslessonsonleadershiphavebeenreconsideredfortheirmoderndayvaluejenniferoflanneryholdsthatdiscussionsofleadershipandcivicvirtueshouldincludetheworkofxenophononpubliceducationforpublicservicethecyropaediainoutliningcyrusasanidealleaderhavingmasteredthequalitiesofeducationequalityconsensusjusticeandservicetostateistheworkthatshesuggestsbeusedasaguideorexampleforthosestrivingtobeleadersseemirrorsforprincesthelinkingofmoralcodeandeducationisanespeciallypertinentqualitysubscribedtocyrusthatoflannerybelievesisinlinewithmodernperceptionsofleadershiplistofworksxenophonsentireclassicalcorpusisextantthefollowinglistofhisworksexhibitstheextensivebreadthofgenresinwhichxenophonwrotehistoricalandbiographicalworksanabasisxenophonanabasisalsothepersianexpeditionorthemarchupcountryortheexpeditionofcyrusprovidesanearlylifebiographyofxenophonanabasiswasusedasafieldguidebyalexanderthegreatduringtheearlyphasesofhisexpeditionintopersiacyropaediaalsotheeducationofcyrushellenicaxenophonshellenicahellenicahishellenicaisamajorprimarysourceforeventsingreecefromtobcandisconsideredtobethecontinuationofthehistoryofthepeloponnesianwarbythucydidesgoingsofarastobeginwiththephrasefollowingtheseeventsthehellenicarecountsthelastsevenyearsofthepeloponnesianwaraswellasitsaftermathagesilausxenophonagesilausthebiographyofagesilausiikingofspartaandcompanionofxenophonpolityofthelacedaemoniansxenophonshistoryanddescriptionofthespartangovernmentandinstitutionssocraticworksanddialoguesdefencesofsocratesmemorabiliaxenophonmemorabiliacollectionofsocraticdialoguesservingasadefenseofsocratesoutsideofcourtapologyxenophonapologyxenophonsdefenceofsocratesincourtothersocraticdialoguesoeconomicussocraticdialogueofadifferentsortpertainingtohouseholdmanagementsymposiumxenophonsymposiumsymposicliteratureinwhichsocratesandhiscompanionsdiscusswhattheytakeprideinwithrespecttothemselvestyrantshieroxenophonhierodialogueabouthappinessbetweenhieroiofsyracusehierothetyrantofsyracuseandthelyricpoetsimonidesofceosshorttreatisestheseworkswereprobablywrittenbyxenophonwhenhewaslivinginscillushisdayswerelikelyspentinrelativeleisurehereandhewrotethesetreatisesaboutthesortsofactivitieshespenttimeononhorsemanshiptreatiseonhowtobreaktrainandcareforhorseshipparchicushipparchikosoutlinesthedutiesofacavalryofficercynegeticushuntingwithdogstreatiseonthepropermethodsofhuntingwithdogsandtheadvantagesofhuntingwaysandmeansxenophonwaysandmeansdescribeshowathensshoulddealwithfinancialandeconomiccrisisreferencescitationsbibliographybradleypatrickjironyandthenarratorinxenophonsanabasisinxenophonedviviennejgrayoxforduniversitypressandersonjkxenophonlondonduckworthpaperbackxnophonetsocrateactesducolloquedaixenprovencenovembreedparnarcymichelandalonsotordesillasparisjvrinpbibliothquedhistoiredelaphilosophienouvellesriedilleryjohnxenophonandthehistoryofhistimeslondonnewyorkroutledgehardcoverevansrlsxenophoninthedictionaryofliterarybiographygreekwritersedwardbriggsvolgrayvjtheyearstobcacasestudyinthereliabilityofdiodorussiculusandxenophontheclassicalquarterlyvolnbspnonbspppnbspgrayvjxenophonongovernmentcambridgegreekandlatinclassicscambridgeuniversitypresshigginswilliamedwardxenophontheatheniantheproblemoftheindividualandthesocietyofthepolisalbanystateuniversityofnewyorkpresshardcoverhirschstevenwthefriendshipofthebarbariansxenophonandthepersianempirehanoverlondonuniversitypressofnewenglandhardcoverhutchinsongodfreyxenophonandtheartofcommandlondongreenhillbookshardcoverthelongmarchxenophonandthetenthousandeditedbyrobinlanefoxnewheavenconnecticutlondonyaleuniversitypresshardcoverkierkegaardsrenatheconceptofironywithcontinualreferencetosocratesprincetonprincetonuniversitypressmolesjlxenophonandcallicratidasthejournalofhellenicstudiesvolnbspppnbspnadonchristopherxenophonsprincerepublicandempireinthecyropaediaberkeleylosangeleslondonuniversityofcaliforniapresshardcovernussbaumgbthetenthousandastudyinsocialorganizationandactioninxenophonsanabasissocialandeconomiccommentariesonclassicaltextsleidenejbrillphillipsaawillcockmmxenophonarrianonhuntingwithhoundscontainscynegeticusoriginaltextstranslationscommentarywarminsterarisphillipsltdpaperbacksarahbpomeroypomeroysarahxenophonoeconomicusasocialandhistoricalcommentarywithanewenglishtranslationclarendonpressrahnpeterjxenophonsdevelopinghistoriographytransactionsandproceedingsoftheamericanphilologicalassociationvolnbspppnbsproodtimtheseatheseatheshoutofthetenthousandinthemodernimaginationlondonduckworthpublishingpaperbackwoodstocknewyorknewyorktheoverlookpresshardcoverpaperbackstraussleoxenophonssocratesithacanewyorklondoncornelluniversitypresshardcoversouthbendindianastaugustinespresspaperbackstronkjpthetenthousandinthraceanarchaeologicalandhistoricalcommentaryonxenophonsanabasisbooksviiiivinbspviiiamsterdamclassicalmonographsamsterdamjcgiebenhardcoverushersxenophoncritiasandtheramenesthejournalofhellenicstudiesvolnbspppnbsprobinwaterfieldwaterfieldrobinxenophonsretreatgreecepersiaandtheendofthegoldenagecambridgemassachusettsthebelknappressofharvarduniversitypresshardcoverlondonfaberandfaberhardcoverxenophoncyropaediatranslatedbywaltermillerphilologistwaltermillerharvarduniversitypressbooksandbooksexternallinkslibraryresourcesboxbyyesonlinebooksyesothersyesaboutyeslabelxenophonviaflccnlcheadingwikititlewebarchiveorgweblivacukgjoliverxenophonhtmlgrahamoliversxenophonhomepagewebarchiveorgwebisidoreofsevillecomsmallhtmlxenophonseducationofcyruscyropaediawebdirectoryquotationparkcomauthorsxenophonhtmlfamousquotesbyxenophonarchiveorgdetailscynegeticussandrichsandersphdthesisonthecynegeticusrodericuvesbrowsevaluexenofontactypeauthorxenophonatrodericuveshandlesomnionlineworksperseustuftseduhoppersearchresultsqxenophonredirecttrueworksbyxenophonatperseusdigitallibraryattalusorginfoxenophonhtmllinkstoenglishtranslationsofxenophonsworksarchiveorgsearchphpquerystraussseminarxenophonleostraussseminartranscriptsonxenophonandanaudiorecordingoftheentirecourseonarchiveorgdetailsleostraussonxenophonsoeconomicusxenophonsoeconomicusareavailableforreadinglisteningordownloadincomputingthetermextensiblestylesheetlanguagexslisusedtorefertoafamilyoflanguagesusedtotransformandrenderxmldocumentshistoricallythexslworkinggroupinwcproducedadraftspecificationunderthenamexslwhicheventuallysplitintothreepartsxsltransformationxsltanxmllanguagefortransformingxmldocumentsxslformattingobjectsxslformattingobjectsxslfoanxmllanguageforspecifyingthevisualformattingofanxmldocumentxmlpathlanguagexpathanonxmllanguageusedbyxsltandalsoavailableforuseinnonxsltcontextsforaddressingthepartsofanxmldocumentasaresultth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feederscanninglightandapelletdrumrotatingdrumjosephcwilsonentrepreneurjosephcwilsoncreditedasthefounderofxeroxtookoverhaloidfromhisfatherhesawthepromiseofcarlsonsinventionandinsignedanagreementtodevelopitasacommercialproductwilsonremainedaspresidentceoofxeroxuntilandservedaschairmanuntilhisdeathinlookingforatermtodifferentiateitsnewsystemhaloidcoinedthetermxerographyfromtwogreekrootsmeaningdrywritinghaloidsubsequentlychangeditsnametohaloidxeroxinandthenxeroxcorporationinrefnamexeroxnamenytimescombusinesscndadcohtmlxeroxhopesitsnewlogodoesntsaycopiernytcomarticleretrievedjanuaryrefbeforereleasingthexeroxtestedthemarketbyintroducingadevelopedversionoftheprototypehandoperatedequipmentknownastheflatplatethewasnotactuallyaviablecopierbecauseofitsspeedofoperationasaconsequenceitwassoldasaplatemakerfortheaddressographaddressographmultigraphmultilithandrelatedsheetfedoffsetprintingpressesintheoffsetlithographymarketitwaslittlemorethanahighqualitycommerciallyavailableplatecameramountedasahorizontalrostrumcameracompletewithphotofloodlightingandtimertheglassfilmplatehadbeenreplacedwithaseleniumcoatedaluminumplatecleverelectricsturnedthisintoaquickdevelopingandreusablesubstituteforfilmaskilledusercouldproducefastpaperandmetalprintingplatesofahigherqualitythanalmostanyothermethodhavingstartedasasuppliertotheoffsetlithographyduplicatingindustryxeroxnowsetitssightsoncapturingsomeofoffsetsmarketsharethewasfollowedbythefirstautomaticxerographicprinterthecopyflointhecopyflowasalargemicrofilmprinterwhichcouldproducepositiveprintsonrollpaperfromanytypeofmicrofilmnegativefollowingthecopyflotheprocesswasscaleddowntoproducethemicrofilmprinteratabouthalfthesizeandweightthisstillsizablemachineprintedontohandfedcutsheetpaperwhichwaspulledthroughtheprocessbyoneoftwogripperbarsascaleddownversionofthisgripperfeedsystemwastobecomethebasisforthedesktopcopierthexeroxthecompanycametoprominenceinwiththeintroductionofthexeroxthemostsuccessfulsingleproductofalltimethethefirstpaperplainpaperphotocopierwasdevelopedbycarlsonandjohnhdessaueritwassopopularthatbytheendofxeroxhadalmostmillioninrevenuetheproductwassoldbyaninnovativeadcampaignshowingthatevenmonkeyscouldmakecopiesatthetouchofabuttonsimplicitywouldbecomethefoundationoffuturexeroxproductsanduserinterfacesrevenuesleapedtoovermillionbysthecompanyexpandedsubstantiallythroughoutthesmakingmillionairesofsomelongsufferinginvestorswhohadnursedthecompanythroughtheslowresearchanddevelopmentphaseoftheproductinaxerographyresearchfacilitycalledthewilsoncenterforresearchandtechnologywasopenedinwebstertownnewyorkwebsternewyorkinthecompanychangeditsnametoxeroxcorporationxeroxcommonstockxrxwaslistedonthenewyorkstockexchangeinandonthechicagostockexchangeininxeroxintroducedthexeroxthefirstdesktopplainpapercopierrealizingcarlsonsvisionofacopierthatcouldfitonanyonesofficedesktenyearslaterinabasicanaloguecolorcopierbasedonthefollowedtheitselfwasgraduallyspeduptobecometheandthewassimilarlydevelopedintotheandproductsandeventuallyalsothedesktopmicroficheprinterxeroxsfirstforayintoduplicatingasdistinctfromcopyingwaswiththexeroxintroducedinthemodelnumberdenotedthenumberofprintsproducedinanhouralthoughnotasfastasoffsetprintingthismachineintroducedtheindustrysfirstautomaticdocumentfeederpaperslitterandperforatorandcollatorsorterthisproductwassoonspedupbyfiftypercenttobecomethexeroxduplicatormeanwhileasmalllabteamwasborrowingcopiersandmodifyingthemthelabwasdevelopingwhatitcalledlongdistancexerographyldxtoconnecttwocopiersusingthepublictelephonenetworksothatadocumentscannedononemachinewouldprintoutontheothertheldxsystemwasintroducedinmanyyearslaterthisworkcametofruitioninthexeroxtelecopiersseminaltotodaysfaxmachinesthefaxoperationintodaysmultifunctioncopiersistruetocarlsonsoriginalvisionforthesedevicesincharlespetermccoloughcpetermccoloughalongtimeexecutiveofhaloidandxeroxbecamexeroxsceothesameyearthecompanyconsolidateditsheadquartersatxeroxsquareindowntownrochesternewyorkwithitsstoryxeroxtowerxeroxembarkedonaseriesofacquisitionsitpurchaseduniversitymicrofilmsinternationalinelectroopticalsystemsinandrrbowkerininxeroxacquiredscientificdatasystemssdswhichitrenamedthexeroxdatasystemsxdsdivisionandwhichproducedthesdssigmaseriessigmalineanditssuccessorxdsxxseriesofmainframecomputersinthesandsxerossoldxdstohoneywellingallerymodepackedfilexeroxtowerjpgxeroxtowerinrochesternewyorkservedasheadquartersinfilexeroxheadquartersjpgstamfordconnecticutservedasheadquartersfromtofilexeroxhenriettafacilityjpgformermanufacturingfacilityinhenriettanewyorkconstructedinthesandsoldtoharriscorporationrfcommunicationsharrisrfcommunicationsinfilexeroxtowerdlightingjpgxeroxcanadaheadofficeatnorthamericanlifecentrexeroxtowernorthyorkontariofilexeroxtrainingcenterjpgxeroxtrainingcentergallerysarchiemccardellwasnamedpresidentofthecompanyinduringhistenurexeroxintroducedthexeroxitsfirstphotocopiercolorphotocopierscolorcopierduringmccardellsreignatxeroxthecompanyannouncedrecordrevenuesincomeearningsandprofitaccountingprofitsinandjohncarrolbecameabackerlaterspreadingthecompanythroughoutnorthamericainthemidsxeroxintroducedthexeroxduplicatingsystemoriginallydesignedtobesoldtoprintshopstoincreasetheirproductivityitwastwiceafastastheduplicatorattwoimpressionspersecondperhouritwasfollowedbythewhichdidautoduplexingandthenbythewhichwaswhichaddedvariablezoomreductionandelectroniclightnessdarknesscontrolinasuperbowladvertisingsuperbowlcommercialforthexeroxdebutedanadvertisingcampaignfeaturingbrotherdominicamonkwhousedthesystemtosavedecadesofmanualcopyingbeforeitwasairedtherewassomeconcernthatthecommercialwouldbedenouncedasblasphemoushoweverwhenthecommercialwasscreenedforthearchbishopofnewyorkhefounditamusingandgaveithisblessingdominicportrayedbyjackeaglebecamethefaceofxeroxintothesfollowingtheseyearsofrecordprofitsinxeroxresolvedanantitrustsuitwiththeunitedstatesfederaltradecommissionftcwhichatthetimewasunderthedirectionoffredericmschererthexeroxconsentdecreeresultedintheforcedlicensingofthecompanysentirepatentportfoliomainlytojapanesecompetitorswithinfouryearsoftheconsentdecreexeroxsshareoftheuscopiermarketdroppedfromnearlytolessthaninxeroxpurchasedwesternunioninternationalwuiasthebasisforitsproposedxeroxtelecommunicationsnetworkxtenforlocalloopcommunicationshoweverafterthreeyearsinthecompanydecidedtheideawasamistakeandsolditsassetstomcicommunicationsmciatalosssdavidtkearnsaxeroxexecutivesincetookoverasceointhecompanywasrevivedinthesandsthroughimprovementinqualitydesignandrealignmentofitsproductlineattemptingtoexpandbeyondcopiersinxeroxintroducedalineofelectronicmemorytypewritersthememorywriterwhichgainedmarketsharemostlyattheexpenseofibminxeroxboughtcrumforsteraninsurancecompanyandformedxeroxfinancialservicesxfsinrefnamegalerefinxeroxsoldallofitspublishingsubsidiariesincludinguniversitymicrofilmsandrrbowkersimagexeroxlogogifthumbpxrightxeroxpixellatedxlogointroducedininpaulallaireaxeroxexecutivesincesucceededdavidkearnswhohadreachedmandatoryretirementageallairedisentangledxeroxfromthefinancialservicesindustrydevelopmentofdigitalphotocopiersinthesandarevampoftheentireproductrangeagaingavexeroxatechnicalleadoveritscompetitorsinxeroxreleasedthedocutechproductionpublishermodelusheringinprintondemanddigitalphotocopierswereessentiallyhighendlaserprinterswithintegratedscannerssoonadditionalfeaturessuchasnetworkprintingandfaxingwereaddedtomanymodelsknownasmultifunctionmachinesorjustmfmswhichwereabletobeattachedtocomputernetworksxeroxworkedtoturnitsproductintoaserviceprovidingacompletedocumentservicetocompaniesincludingsupplymaintenanceconfigurationandusersupporttoreinforcethisimageinthecompanyintroducedacorporatesignaturethedocumentcompanyaboveitsmainlogoandintroducedareddigitalxthedigitalxsymbolizedthetransitionofdocumentsbetweenthepaperanddigitalworldsinaprilallairewassucceededbygrichardthomanrichardthomanwhohadbeenbroughtinfromibminaspresidentthefirstoutsidertoheadxeroxthomanresignedinsafterthomansresignationallaireagainresumedthepositionofceoandserveduntiltheappointmentofannemmulcahyanotherlongtermxeroxexecutivexeroxsturnaroundwaslargelyledbymulcahywhowasappointedpresidentinmayceoinaugustandchairmaninjanuaryshelaunchedanaggressiveturnaroundplanthatreturnedxeroxtofullyearprofitabilitybytheendofalongwithdecreasingdebtincreasingcashandcontinuingtoinvestinresearchanddevelopmentinxeroxacquiredtektronixcolorprintingandimagingdivisioninwilsonvilleoregonforusmillionthisledtothecurrentxeroxphaserlineofproductsaswellasxeroxsolidinkprintingtechnologyinseptemberxeroxcelebratedthethanniversaryofthexeroxmorethanunitsweremadearoundtheworldbetweenandtheyearproductionofthewasstoppedtodaytheispartofamericanhistoryasanartifactinthesmithsonianinstitutioninnovemberxeroxcompletedtheacquisitionofxmpiexmpieaproviderofsoftwareforcrossmediavariabledataonetoonemarketingwasthefirstacquisitionofxeroxtoremainindependententityasaxeroxcompanyandnotadivisionandtothisdayisledbyitsoriginalfounderjacobaizikowitzinoctoberxeroxcanadaltdwasnamedoneofgreatertorontostopemployersbymediacorpcanadaincwhichwasannouncedbythetorontostarnewspaperonmayitwasannouncedthatursulaburnswouldsucceedannemulcahyasceoofxeroxonjulyburnsbecamethefirstafricanamericanwomantoheadacompanythesizeofxeroxonseptemberxeroxannouncedtheintendedacquisitionofaffiliatedcomputerservicesaservicesandoutsourcingcompanyforbilliontheacquisitionwascompletedinfebruaryxeroxsaiditpaidxeroxsharesandcashforeachshareofacstotalingbillionorashareforthecompanysinmayxeroxacquirednewfielditforanundisclosedsumnewfielditdevelopedtheassetdbtoolsetwhichiswidelyusedacrossthemanagedprintservicesmpsmarketalongwithmpsmarketleadingconsultingandsoftwareservicesdeliveringalargeimpactforthisrelativelysmallacquisitionrefnameitdirectorrefindecemberxeroxsoldtheirwilsonvilleoregonsolidinkproductdesignengineeringandchemistrygroupandrelatedassetspreviouslyacquiredfromtektronixtodsystemsformillionincashindecemberxeroxsoldtheitoutsourcingbusinessithadacquiredinfromaffiliatedcomputerservicestoatosforbillioninjanuaryxeroxreportedlyunderpressurefromactivistshareholdercarlicahnannouncedthatbytheendoftheyearitwouldcorporatespinoffspinoffitsbusinessservicesunitlargelymadeupofaffiliatedcomputerservicesintoitsownpubliccompanypubliclytradedcompanythenameandmanagementofthenewcompanyhadnotbeendeterminedatthetimeoftheannouncementicahnwillappointthreemembersofthenewcompanysboardofdirectorsandhewillchooseapersontoadviseitssearchforachiefexecutiveofficerceoinjunethecompanyannouncedthatthedocumentmanagementbusinesswouldretainthenamexeroxandthenewbusinessservicescompanywouldbenamedconduentitalsoannouncedthatashokvemuriwillserveasconduentsceoandthaticahnwillcontrolthreeseatsonthenewcompanysboarditcontinuestoseekaceoforxeroxinmayburnsannouncedherintentiontostepdownasceobutcontinueaschairmanofthedocumentmanagementbusinessinjunethecompanyannouncedthatjeffjacobsonceojeffjacobsonwillbecomethenewceofollowingthecompletionofthecompanysplannedseparationthisbecameeffectiveinjanuaryonjanuaryxeroxannouncedthatfujifilmhadagreedtoacquireacontrollingstakeinthecompanyforusbillionitwillinturnbecombinedintofujixeroxthecompaniesexistingjointventureinasiawhichwillhaveavalueofbillionpostacquisitiondigitalprintingthelaserprinterwasinventedinbyxeroxresearchergarystarkweatherbymodifyingaxeroxcopierxeroxmanagementwasafraidtheproductversionofstarkweathersinventionwhichbecamethewouldnegativelyimpacttheircopierbusinesssotheinnovationsatinlimbountilibmlaunchedtheibmlaserprinterinthefirstcommercialnonimpactprinterwasthexeroxintroducedinbasedonthecopierithadanopticalcharactergeneratordesignedbyopticalengineerphilcheninfollowingibmslaserprinterintroductionthexeroxwasintroducedlaserprintingeventuallybecameamultibilliondollarbusinessforxeroxinthelatesxeroxintroducedthexeroxcolorslidesystemthisproductallowedthecustomertocreatedigitalwordandgraphicmmslidesmanyoftheconceptsusedintodaysphotoshopprogramswerepioneeredwiththistechnologyinxeroxannouncedtheforwardlookinglaserprintingsystemamuchsmallerversionoftheirbutwithrevolutionarytouchscreencapabilitiesandmultiplemediainputwordprocessingdisksibmmagcardsetcandprinterfinishingoptionsthisproductwasallegedlyneverintendedtomakethecommercialmarketsduetoitsdevelopmentcostbutrathertoshowtheinnovationofxeroxitdidtakeoffwithmanycustomersbutwassoonreplacedwithitsstillsmallerandlowercostxeroxdistributedelectronicprinterofferinginpaloaltoresearchcenterworkstationwasdevelopedatxeroxparcinundercompanypresidentcharlespetermccoloughcpetermccoloughxeroxopenedthexeroxpaloaltoresearchcenterknownasxeroxparcthefacilitydevelopedmanymoderncomputingtechnologiessuchasthegraphicaluserinterfaceguilaserprinterlaserprintingwysiwygtexteditorsandethernetfromtheseinventionsxeroxparccreatedthexeroxaltoinasmallminicomputersimilartoamodernworkstationorpersonalcomputerthismachinecanbeconsideredthefirsttruepersonalcomputergivenitsversatilecombinationofacathoderaytypescreenmousetypepointingdeviceandaqwertytypealphanumerickeyboardbutthealtowasnevercommerciallysoldasxeroxitselfcouldnotseethesalespotentialofititwashoweverinstalledinxeroxsownofficesworldwideandthoseoftheusgovernmentandmilitarywhocouldseethepotentialwithinthesesitestheindividualworkstationswereconnectedtogetherbyxeroxsownuniquelantheethernetdatawassentaroundthissystemofheavyyellowlowlosscoaxialcableusingthepacketdatasysteminadditionparcalsodevelopedoneoftheearliestinternetworkingprotocolsuitestheparcuniversalpacketpupinstevejobsmadeadealwithxeroxsventurecapitaldivisionhewouldlettheminvestmillioninexchangeforalookatthetechnologytheywereworkingonjobsandtheotherssawthecommercialpotentialofthewimpcomputingwimpwindowiconmenuandpointingdevicesystemandredirecteddevelopmentoftheapplelisatoincorporatethesetechnologiesjobsisquotedassayingtheyjusthadnoideawhattheyhadinjobsinvitedseveralkeyparcresearcherstojoinhiscompanysothattheycouldfullydevelopandimplementtheirideasinxeroxreleasedasystemsimilartothealtothexeroxstaritwasthefirstcommercialsystemtoincorporatetechnologiesthathavesubsequentlybecomecommonplaceinpersonalcomputerssuchasabitmappeddisplaywindowbasedguimouseethernetnetworkingfileserversprintserversandemailthexeroxstaranditssuccessorthexeroxdaybreakdespitetheirtechnologicalbreakthroughsdidnotsellwellduetoitshighpricecostingperunitatypicalxeroxstarbasedofficecompletewithnetworkandprinterswouldhavecostinthemidsappleincappleconsideredbuyingxeroxhoweveradealwasneverreachedappleinsteadboughtrightstothealtoguiandadapteditintoamoreaffordablepersonalcomputeraimedtowardsthebusinessandeducationmarketstheapplemacintoshwasreleasedinandwasthefirstpersonalcomputertopopularizetheguiandmouseamongthepublicinparcwasspunoffintoanindependentwhollyownedsubsidiaryofxeroxchiefexecutivesclasswikitablechiefexecutivesnametitletenurephotogeorgecseagerpresidentgilbertemosherpresidentjosephrwilsonpresidentjosephcwilsonentrepreneurjosephcwilsonpresidentbrceobrcharlespetermccoloughcpetermccoloughceodavidtkearnsceojulypaulallairepaulaallaireceoaugustaprilgrichardthomanceoaprilmaypaulaallaireceomayjulyannemmulcahyceoaugustjuneursulaburnsceojulydecemberjeffjacobsonceojeffjacobsonceojanuarypresentproductsandservicesxeroxmanufacturesandsellsawidevarietyofofficeequipmentincludingscannersprintersandmultifunctionsystemsthatscanprintcopyemailandfaxthesemodelfamiliesincludeworkcentrephaserandcolorqubeforthegraphiccommunicationsandcommercialprintindustriesthexeroxproductportfolioincludeshighvolumedigitalprintingpressesproductionprintersandwideformatprintersthatusexerographicandinkjetprintingtechnologiesproductfamiliesincludeigennuveradocuprintimpikasproducttrivoriprintandrialtocorporatestructurealthoughxeroxisaglobalbranditmaintainsajointventurefujixeroxwithjapanesephotographicfirmfujifilmfujiphotofilmcotodevelopproduceandsellintheasiapacificregionfujiphotofilmcoiscurrentlythemajoritystakeholderwithoftheshareholdingxeroxindiaformerlymodixeroxisxeroxsindiansubsidiaryderivedfromajointventureformedbetweendrbhupendrakumarmodiandrankxeroxinxeroxobtainedamajoritystakeinandaimstobuyouttheremainingshareholdersnewfielditisawhollyownedsubsidiaryofxeroxthatimplementsandsupportsthirdpartysoftwareformpsprovidersxeroxnowsponsorsthefactoryducatiteamintheworldsuperbikechampionshipunderthenameofthexeroxducatirankxeroxeuropeanoperationsrankxeroxlaterextendedtoasiaandafricahasbeenfullyownedbyxeroxcorporationsincetherankxeroxnamewasdiscontinuedfollowingthebuyoutandtherankxeroxresearchcentrewasrenamedtothexeroxresearchcentreeuropeaccountingirregularitiesonmayxeroxcorporationannouncedthatitsauditorskpmgllphadcertifiedxeroxsfinancialstatementsforthethreeyearsendeddecemberandthefinancialsincludedsomerestatementsonmarchxeroxrestateditsfinancialswhichreflectedthereallocationofequipmentsalesrevenueofmorethanbilliononapriltheussecuritiesandexchangecommissionfiledacomplaintagainstxeroxthecomplaintallegedxeroxdeceivedthepublicbetweenandbyemployingseveralaccountingmaneuversthemostsignificantofwhichwasachangeinwhichxeroxrecordedrevenuefromcopymachineleasesrecognizingasalewhenaleasecontractwassignedinsteadofrecognizingrevenueovertheentirelengthofthecontractatissuewaswhentherevenuewasrecognizednotthevalidityoftherevenuexeroxsrestatementonlychangedwhatyeartherevenuewasrecognizedondecemberxeroxcorporationreportedthatithaddiscoveredanerrorinthecalculationofitsnoncashinterestexpenserelatedtoadebtinstrumentandassociatedinterestrateswapagreementsresultedinaftertaxunderstatementofinterestexpenseofapproximatelymilliontomillionorlessthancentpershareineachofthefourquartersofandforthefirstthreequartersofinresponsetotheussecuritiesandexchangecommissionsecscomplaintxeroxcorporationneitheradmittednordeniedwrongdoingitagreedtopayamillionpenaltyandtorestateitsfinancialresultsfortheyearsthroughonjunesixxeroxseniorexecutivesaccusedofsecuritiesfraudsettledtheirissueswiththesecandneitheradmittednordeniedwrongdoingtheyagreedtopaymillioninpenaltiesdisgorgementandinterestthecompanyreceivedapprovaltosettlethesecuritieslawsuitinonjanuarythesecfiledacomplaintagainstxeroxsauditorskpmgallegingfourpartnersinthebigfiveaccountingfirmpermittedxeroxtocookthebookstofillabilliongapinrevenueandbilliongapinpretaxearningsinaprilkpmgsettledwiththesecbypayingausmillionfinemeanwhilexeroxpaidacivilpenaltyofmillionaspartofthesettlementkpmgneitheradmitsnordenieswrongdoingsduringsettlementwiththesecuritiesandexchangecommissionxeroxbegantorevampitselfoncemoreasasymbolofthistransformationtherelativesizeofthewordxeroxwasincreasedinproportiontothedocumentcompanyonthecorporatesignatureandthelatterwasdroppedaltogetherinseptemberalongwiththedigitalxhoweverthedigitalxandthedocumentcompanywerestillusedbyfujixeroxuntilaprilcharactersubstitutionbugingermancomputerscientistdavidkrieseldiscoveredansoftwarebugerrorinaxeroxworkcentrecopierthedevicewouldsubstitutenumberdigitsinscanneddocumentsevenwhenopticalcharacterrecognitionocrwasturnedoffforinstanceacosttableinascanneddocumenthadanentryofinsteadoftheoriginalsumofafterunsuccessfullytryingtoresolvethisissuewithxeroxscustomersupporthepublicisedhisfindingsonhisblogprovidingexamplespagesthatleadtothebugoccurrenceitwasconfirmedthatthisbugwasreproducibleonawidevarietyofxeroxworkcentreandotherhighendxeroxcopiersthesourceoftheerrorwasabuginthejbigimplementationwhichisanimagecompressionstandardthatmakesuseofpatternmatchingtoencodeidenticalcharactersonlyoncewhilethisprovidesahighlevelofcompressionitissusceptibletoerrorsinidentifyingsimilarcharactersapossibleworkaroundwaspublishedbykrieselwhichinvolvedsettingtheimagequalityfromnormaltohigherorhighshortlyafterwardsitwasfoundthatthesamefixhadbeensuggestedintheprintermanualwhichmentionedtheoccurrenceofcharactersubstitutionsinnormalmodeindicatingthatxeroxwasawareofthesoftwareerrorinxeroxsinitialresponsetoagrowinginterestbythemediatheerrorwasdescribedasoccurringrarelyandonlywhenfactorysettingshadbeenchangedafterkrieselprovidedevidencethattheerrorwasalsooccurringinallthreeimagequalitymodesnormalhigherandhighincludingthefactorydefaultsxeroxcorrectedtheirstatementandreleasedasoftwarepatchtoeliminatetheproblemdespitetheproblembeingpresentinsomeinstancesalsoinhigherqualitymodexeroxadvisesusersthattheycanusethismodeasanalternativetoapplyingthepatchtrademarkthewordxeroxisusedasasynonymforphotocopybothasanounandaverbinmanyareasforexampleixeroxedthedocumentandplaceditonyourdeskorpleasemakeaxeroxedcopyofthearticlesandhandthemoutaweekbeforetheexamthoughbotharecommonthecompanydoesnotcondonesuchusesofitstrademarkandisparticularlyconcernedabouttheongoinguseofxeroxasaverbasthisplacesthetrademarkindangerofbeingdeclaredagenericizedtrademarkgenericwordbythecourtsthecompanyisengagedinanongoingadvertisingandmediacampaigntoconvincethepublicthatxeroxshouldnotbeusedasaverbtothisendthecompanyhaswrittentopublicationsthathaveusedxeroxasaverbandhasalsopurchasedprintadvertisementsdeclaringthatyoucannotxeroxadocumentbutyoucancopyitonaxeroxbrandcopyingmachinexeroxcorporationcontinuestoprotectitstrademarkinmostifnotalltrademarkcategoriesdespitetheireffortsmanydictionariescontinuetoincludetheuseofxeroxasaverbincludingtheoxfordenglishdictionaryintheintellectualpropertyappellateboardipabofindiadeclaredxeroxanongenerictermafteralmostyearsofcontinuedexistenceontheregisterwithoutchallengeandwithproofofalmostyearsofuseevidentbutasofmostindiansstilluseitasasynonymforphotocopyingseealsonotesreferencesdavidowenauthordavidowencopiesinsecondshowaloneinventorandanunknowncompanycreatedthebiggestcommunicationbreakthroughsincegutenbergchestercarlsonandthebirthofthexeroxmachinesimonschustercharlesdellisauthorcharlesdellisjosephcwilsonentrepreneurjoewilsonandthecreationofxeroxjohnwileysonswileyexternallinksfinancelinkssymbolxrxseccikyahooxrxgooglexrxbloombergxrxusredirectindustrystandardarchitecturexwindowsystemredirectcategoryshellxyzzyisamagicwordfromthecolossalcaveadventurecomputergameincomputingthewordissometimesusedasametasyntacticvariableorasavideogamecheatcodethecanonicalmagicwordoriginmodernusageisprimarilyfromoneoftheearliestcomputergamescolossalcaveadventureinwhichtheideaistoexploreanundergroundcavewithmanyroomscollectingthetreasuresfoundtherebytypingxyzzyattheappropriatetimetheplayercouldmoveinstantlybetweentwootherwisedistantpointsascolossalcaveadventurewasbothoneofthefirstadventuregamesandoneofthefirstinteractivefictionpieceshundredsoflaterinteractivefictiongamesincludedresponsestothecommandxyzzyintributetheoriginofthewordxyzzyhasbeenthesubjectofdebateaccordingtorickadamsthesequenceoflettersxyzzyhasbeenusedasamnemonictoremembertheprocessforcomputingcrossproductmnemoniccrossproductswillcrowthercrowtherauthorofcolossalcaveadventurestatesthathewasunawareofthemnemonicandthathemadeitupfromwholeclothwhenwritingthegamerefnamepaperrefusageoperatingsystemsxyzzyhasbeenimplementedasanundocumentednoopcommandonseveraloperatingsystemsinthebitversionofdatageneralaosdatageneralsaosforexampleitwouldtypicallyrespondnothinghappensjustasthegamedidifthemagicwasinvokedatthewrongspotorbeforeaplayerhadperformedtheactionthatenabledthewordthebitversionaosvswouldrespondtwiceasmuchhappensrefnameautogeneratedrefonseveralcomputersystemsfromsunmicrosystemsthecommandxyzzyisusedtoentertheinteractiveshellofthedasubootubootbootloaderearlyversionsofzenithzdosarebrandedvariantofmsdoshadthecommandxyzzywhichtookaparameterofonoroffxyzzybyitselfwouldprintthestatusofthelastxyzzyonorxyzzyoffcommandwhenbootingacrfromdevelopermodewhenthescreendisplaysthesadlaptopimagepressingxyzzyproducesajokebluescreenofdeathbsodscreenaccordingtobrantleycoiletheciscopixfirewallhadaxyzzycommandthatsimplysaidnothinghappenshealsoputthecommandintothecoraidvsxtoescapethecliandgetintotheshellitwouldannouncefoofyouareinadirectorytherearefilesherethenewcaliforniacoraidmanagementlackingasenseofhumormadedevelopmenttochangethestringtoexportmodeandgetridofthefoofsinceregainingownershipofthecoraidsoftwarethecommandisbeingreturnedtothesystemapplicationprogramswithinthelowtrafficusenetnewsgroupaltxyzzythewordisusedfortestmessagestowhichotherreadersifthereareanycustomarilyrespondnothinghappensasanotethatthetestmessagewassuccessfullyreceivedintheinternetrelaychatclientmircandpidginsoftwarepidginenteringtheundocumentedcommandxyzzywilldisplaytheresponsenothinghappensthestringxyzzyisalsousedinternallybymircasthehardcodedmasterencryptionkeythatisusedtodecryptoversensitivestringsfromwithinthemircexeprogramfileadeluxetalkerchattingprogramfordigitalequipmentcorporationdigitalsopenvmsvaxvmswrittenbydavidboleninanddistributedviabitnettookthenamexyzzyitenabledusersonthesamesystemoronlinkeddecnetnodestocommunicateviatextinrealtimetherewasacompatibleprogramwiththesamenameforibmsvmoperatingsystemvmcmsxyzzyisusedasthedefaultboundarymarkerbytheperlhttpmessagemoduleformultipartmimemessagesandwasusedinapplesateaseforworkgroupsasthedefaultadministratorpasswordinthesgmaillistsxyzzyasacapabilitywhenconnectedviaimapbeforelogginginittakesnoargumentsandrespondswithoknothinghappensthehpahewlettpackardacomputerwithhplprogramminglanguagehasxyzzybuiltintothehpllanguageitselfwiththeresultofiseenocaveherewhenusedthesamemessageisreturnedfromhpaandhpainstrumentswhenqueriedwithxyzzyviathehpibbusinmostversionsoftheingresdatabaseingresdbmsselectxyzzynowikinowikireturnsnothinghappenshoweverselectxyzzywimreturnsnothinghappenstowimthexyzzyfunctionhasbeenpartoftheingresproductsinceatleastversionlatesbutwasremovedfromthemaincodelinesometimeintheearlyswhiletalkingtooneofthemembersoftheingresdevelopmentteamwimdeboeratthattimethesecretaryoftheingresusersgroupnederlandiugnmentionedtheremovalofthiseastereggmediaeastereggthisdeveloperwhowasafrequentspeakerontheeventsorganisedbytheiugnsomehowmanagedtoputthefunctionbackintotheproductandmdashespeciallyforwimmdashaddedhandlingforthewimvalueoftheparameterothercomputergamesandmediathepopularminesweeperwindowsminesweepergameunderolderversionsofmicrosoftwindowshadacheatmodetriggeredbyenteringthecommandcodexyzzycodethenpressingthekeysequenceshiftkeyshiftandthenenterkeyenterwhichturnedasinglepixelinthetopleftcorneroftheentirescreenintoasmallblackorwhitedotdependingonwhetherornotthemousepointerisoveraminethiseastereggwaspresentinallwindowsversionsthroughwindowsxpservicepackbutunderwindowsandntthepixelwasvisibleonlyifthestandardexplorerdesktopwasnotrunningtheeastereggdoesnotexistinversionsafterwindowsxpspinthegamezorktypingxyzzyandpressingenterproducestheresponseahollowvoicesaysfoolthecommandcommonlyproducesahumorousresponseinotherinfocomgamesandtextadventuresleadingtoitsusageinthetitleoftheinteractivefictioncompetitionthexyzzyawardsindungeonsanddragonsonlinexyzzyisthenighinvulnerableraidbossinthehoundofxoriatadventureinthepcversionofthepopularelectronicartsgameroadrashthecheatmodeisenabledbytypingthekeystringxyzzyinthemiddleoftheraceinwadjeteyegamesprimordiaoneisabletogetabonusshortscenefeaturingashoutouttocolossalcaveadventureasaformofnonplayabletextadventurewhichisaccessiblebytypingxyzzyinmemorioussdatakioskinthevideogamedeusexprotagonistjcdentonistryingtomakecontactwiththemolepeopleandwhentheirrepresentativecurlypromptsforapasswordtorevealthemolepeopleshideoutdentontriesxyzzyifthepasswordhasnotbeenobtainedbyhimbeforehandcurlydeniesthisattemptasonewouldexpectandrewsegareleasedanalbumunderthenamexyzzyapopularonlinecardsagainsthumanitycloneisnamedpretendyourexyzzyandresidesontheurlpretendyourexyzzyreferencesinfoboxvideogameimagefilexenogearsboxjpgcaptionnorthamericanboxartdevelopersquareenixproductdevelopmentdivisionssquareproductdevelopmentdivisionpublishersquaresoftdirectortetsuyatakahashiproducerhiromichitanakaprogrammerkiyoshiyoshiiartistkunihikotanakabryasuyukihonnewritertetsuyatakahashibrsorayasagakaoritanakabrmasatokatocomposeryasunorimitsudaseriesxenoseriesxenoplatformsplaystationconsoleplaystationreleasedgenreroleplayingvideogameroleplayinggamemodessingleplayermultiplayerxenogearsisaroleplayingvideogamedevelopedandpublishedbysquarecosquaresoftfortheplaystationconsoleplaystationvideogameconsolethedebutentryinthewiderxenoseriesxenofranchiseitwasreleasedinjapaninfebruaryandinnorthamericainoctoberthesameyearthegameplayofxenogearsrevolvesaroundnavigatingdenvironmentsbothonfootandusinghumanoidmechadubbedgearscombatisgovernedbyaversionoftheturnbasedactivetimebattlesystemthestoryfollowsprotagonistfeifongwongandseveralothersastheyjourneyacrosstheworldinanattempttooverthrowtheallpowerfulruleofdeusthestoryincorporatesthemesofjungianpsychologyfreudianthoughtandreligioussymbolismcreatedbytetsuyatakahashiandhiswifesorayasagakaoritanakaasaproposalforfinalfantasyviiitwasallowedtobedevelopedasitsownprojectfirstasasequeltochronotriggerandthenasawhollyoriginalgamewithasciencefictionpremiseitwasdevelopedundertheworkingtitleprojectnoahthecharactersandmechaweredesignedbykunihikotanakawhosedesignswereportrayedduringingamecinematicsthroughtheuseofanimecutscenesduetotimeconstraintsandtheteamsgeneralinexperiencethesecondhalfofthegamesplotwasprimarilytoldthroughcutscenesthegamewasnearlyleftunlocalizedduetoitsreligiouscontentitslocalizationwashandledentirelybysquareelectronicartsstaffandtranslatorrichardhoneywoodwhodescribeditasoneofthemosttroublesomegamesofhiscareerthegamereceivedcriticalacclaimwithpraiseparticularlygoingtowardsthestorylinegameplaycharactersandphysiologicalandreligiousthemesthoughtherushedpaceoftheseconddiscduetoalackofgameplayandexcessivenarrationwasgenerallypannedbythegamehadshippedoveramillioncopiesworldwideithassincegainedacultfollowingandisoftenacknowledgedasoneofthegreatestroleplayingvideogamesofalltimewhileadirectsequelwasneverdevelopedtakahashiwouldlaterfoundthestudiomonolithsoftanddevelopthexenosagatrilogyasaspiritualsuccessorgameplayxenogearscombinestraditionalroleplayingvideogamestructuressuchassquaressignatureactivetimebattlesystemwithnewfeaturesparticulartothegamesmartialartscombatstyleitfeaturestwoslightlydifferentbattlesystemsinthefirsttheusercontrolshumancharactersinturnbasedcombatmanipulatedthroughthesequencingoflearnedcombosthesecondmakinguseofgearsintroducesdifferentsetsofstatisticsandabilitiesforeachcharacterxenogearsfeaturesbothtraditionalanimeandprerenderedcomputergeneratedimagerycgimovieclipsbyproductionigtoillustrateimportantplotpointsrefnamefirstlookreftheplayeradvancestheprotagonistandhiscompanionsthroughafullythreedimensionalfictionalworldthereisanoverworldmapwithvisitablecitiesgeographicalsitesandotherimportantlocationsspreadoutacrossseveralcontinentsacoupleoflocationsencounteredthroughoutthegameexistnotontheoriginalworldmapbutintheskyatfirstthepartyonlytravelsonfootbutiseventuallypermittedtomakeuseofavarietyofvehiclesincludingtheirgearsandthesandsubmarineyggdrasilbattlesystemsystemoncetheatbgaugefillscompletelyforacharactertheplayerwillbeabletoinputabattlecommandforthatcharacterbattleinxenogearsisavariantofthefinalfantasygameplaypartiesandbattlesactivetimebattlesystemfoundingamessuchaschronotriggerandthefinalfantasyseriesrefnamebattlerefmostenemyencountersinxenogearsarerandomencounterrandomwhenabattlebeginsthereisatransitiontoaseparatescreenwithacombatinterfaceplayercharactersuseacombinationofmartialartsmovesethermagicalattacksandspecialdeathblowcombinationswhicharelearnedthroughtherepetitionofspecificproportionsofstrongmoderateandweakhitsalloffensiveactionsuseactionpointactionpointsapcostingeitherthreepointstwopointsoronepointcorrespondingtotheintensityoftheattackrefnameimbattlerefeachcharactercaninitiallyuseonlythreeapperturnbutathigherlevelstheycaneventuallyuseuptosevenapperturnatacertainpointinthegamecharacterscanbeginusingelementaldeathblowswhichasthenameimpliesattachelementalattributestophysicalcombosinadditiontobeingusedforattacksapmaybesavedandallocatedtoattackpointsforcomboattacksduringlaterturnsatotalofapmaybeaccumulatedforcomboattackscharacterscanalsouseavarietyofmagicalabilitiesforbothoffenseandallysupporttheseabilitiesarelimitedbythenumberofmagicpointetherpointsepthatareavailabletoacharacterwhichmustbereplenishedusingitemsduringexplorationnoncombatsequencesformostcharacterstheseabilitiesareattributedtoetheramysteriouspowertowhichpresumablyallhumanshaveaccesssomecharactersmagicalabilitiesarereferredtobydifferentnamesimplyingdifferencesintheiroriginsforexamplefeismagiciscalledqichiandcitansiscalledesotericismarcanewhilefightingingearshumanetherabilitiesareamplifiedthoughsomechangeorbecomeunavailableduringthistypeofcombatgearbattleinadditiontosmallscalehandtohandcombatthecharacterssometimesfightfromwithintheirrespectivegiantrobotscalledgearsingearcombatthelimitingfactorofapisreplacedbyfuelwitheachattackconsuminganamountcorrespondingtoitspowerforthesebattlesdeathblowsmayonlybeexecutedafterfirstbuildinguptheattacklevelanabstractconceptrepresentedbyanumberinthebottomleftofthegearcombatinterfacethroughtheexecutionofsimplestrongmoderateorweakattacksonedeathblowisallowedperpointontheattacklevelgaugetherearethreelevelsfornormalgeardeathblowsandbeyondthethirdlevelaninfinitelevelwithitsownsetofdeathblowstoreachinfinitymodeacharacterhastostayatattacklevelwhileperforminganyotheractionwitheachturnthereisachancethatinfinitymodewillbereachedhavingadurationofthreeturnsinfinitymodeallowsfueltoberechargedinmuchlargerquantitiesandwhileinthismodegearshaveaccesstoinfinityattacksgearscanregainfuelwithachargecommandthegearscanalsoactivateboosterswhichenablethemtoactfasteratacostofextrafuelperturnthespecialoptioncommandallowsforgearhealthgamemechanichprestorationabilitiesandspecialfuelconsumingattackswhenagearhasnofuelleftitcannolongerexecuteattacksusespecialoptionsoruseboosterstheycanhoweverchargetoregainfuelanduseetherabilitiesgearfuelpartsandupgradesmaybepurchasedinshopsorfromcertainindividualvendorsplotsettingxenogearsinitiallytakesplaceonignasthelargestcontinentofthexenogearsworldandthesiteofacenturieslongwarbetweenthenationsofavehandkislevachurchlikeorganizationknownastheethoshasexcavatedmechagearsgiantrobotsuitsostensiblyforthepreservationoftheworldsculturealthoughkislevoriginallyhadtheupperhandinthewaramysteriousarmyknownasgeblerappearedandbegantoprovideassistancetoavehwithgeblershelptheavehmilitarynotonlyrecovereditslossesbutbeganmakingitswayintokislevsterritoryasthestoryunfoldsthesettingbroadenstoencompasstheentireworldandthetwofloatingcountriesshevatandsolarissolarisruledbyemperorcainandanaicollectiveknownasthegazelministrycommandsthegeblerarmyandtheethosandsecretlyusesbothtodominatethelanddwellersshevathasbeentheonlycountrytoevadethecontrolofsolarismuchofxenogearsplotandbackstoryisdetailedinthejapaneselanguagejapaneseonlybookxenogearsperfectworksthisbookproducedbythenowdefunctdigicubedetailsthehistoryofthexenogearsuniversefromthediscoveryofthezohartothestartofthegameaccordingtotheperfectworksschematicaswellasthegamesendcreditsxenogearsisthefifthepisodeinaseriesofsixwitheventsspanningmultiplemillenniacharactersxenogearsnineplayablefictionalcharacterscharactershailfromdifferentareasofthegamesworldthegamebeginsonignasacontinentwithtwocountriesavehandkislevfeiandcitanatfirstappeartobefromthislandalthoughitislaterlearnedthattheyoriginatefromthecapitalcitiesaphelauraandetrenankofthefloatingcountriesofshevatandsolarisrespectivelyfeiisthestorysprotagonistandhasinitiallylosthismemoriesofhispastcitanisamanwhoseknowledgeoftheworldandtechnologyoftenaidsinthepartysquestbartadesertpirateisalsofromignasandistherightfulheirtothethroneofavehricoademihumanwithincrediblestrengthlivesinakislevprisonspendinghisdaysasagearbattlingchampionsolarisahiddencityofadvancedtechnologyishometoseveralcharactersinthegamebillyapiousworkerfortheethosreligiousgroupwasoriginallyfromsolarisellyabeautifulgeblerofficerofsolarisisdestinedtobenearfeiandfallsinlovewithhimbytheendofthegamemariaandchuchuarebothfromshevatthefloatingcityandtheonlyplaceresistingsolarisdominationemeraldaisahumanoidbeingconstructedbyanancientcivilizationfromacolonyofnanomachinesandwasretrievedfromtheruinsoftheancientcivilizationzeboimsignificantnonplayablecharactersincludekrelianandmiangbothleadersofsolariswhoseektorevivedeusamechanicalweaponthatfelltoearththousandsofyearsagotheyserveasthegamesmainantagonistsgrahfamysteriousmanwithimmensepowerservesasamajorantagonisthefollowsfeiandhisgroupandoftenfightsthemthoughhisgoalsremainamysteryuntilverylateinthegameasbeingthecontacttheantitypeandthecomplementfeiellyandmianghavebeenreincarnatedseveraltimesthroughoutthegameshistorystoryxenogearscentersaroundtheprotagonistfeifongwonganadoptedyoungmaleinthevillageoflahanbroughtbyamysteriousmaskedmanthreeyearsagorefnamecharactersreftheeventssurroundingfeisarrivalatthevillagecausehimtohaveretrogradeamnesiaduringanattackonlahanfromgeblerfeipilotsanemptygearandfightstheenemyaccidentallydestroyingthevillageasaresultfeiandcitanthevillagesdoctordecidetoleavewiththeabandonedgeartogetitawayfromthevillagefeimeetsellyageblerofficerandgrahfwhoclaimstoknowaboutfeispastandadmitstospearheadingtheattackonlahantounlockfeisabilitieseventuallyfeiandcitanarepickedupbybartadesertpirateandheirtothethroneofavehfeiagainlosescontrolofhimselfinsidehisgearwhilebartandcitanareattackedbyanunknownredgearfeiwakesupinakislevprisonandmeetswisemanamysteriousmaskedmanwhooriginallybroughtfeitolahanfeiisabletoescapewiththehelpofhisfriendsincludinganewoneprisonerricobutheandellyareseparatedfromtherestofthepartyandaccidentallyshotdownbybarttheyarerescuedbythethamesamobilefloatingcityafterlearningellyswhereaboutsgeblerattacksthamestokidnapellyandmiangageblerofficerunsuccessfullyattemptstobrainwashhergeblerleaderramsuswhoholdsavendettaagainstfeiattacksthamessearchingforhimafterwardbillyanethosworkeronboardthamesallowsfeitousetheethosadvancedmedicaltechnologybishopstoneethosleaderrevealstothepartyethosstruepurposeofcontrollingthelanddwellersorlambsforsolaristhegroupfollowsstonetozeboimanexcavationsitetheydiscoverayounggirlcomposedofnanomachineswhichiswhatkrelianasolarianleaderseeksstonetakesthegirlwhilethegroupfightsidthemysteriousredgearspilotwhowantsthegirlbutisstoppedbywisemanthegroupreturnsandfindsfeiawakeandstandingathisgearwithacaseofanterogradeamnesiafeiandhisfriendsdecidetoallythemselveswiththefloatingcityofshevattheonlyremainingcitycapableofresistingsolarisjoinedbyshevatlocalsmariaandchuchuduringthistimebartregainshisthroneandinitiatespeacebetweenthetwocountriesandstoneisdestroyeduponenteringsolaristheyencounteremeraldathenanomachinecolonysheattacksatfirstbutrecognizesfeireferringtohimaskimmuchtofeisconfusioninsolarisfeilearnsthatcitanhasbeenworkingforemperorcainthoughhesactuallyadoubleagentontheirsideandthatsolarishasbeenproducingfoodandmedicineoutofcannibalismrecycledhumansinthesoylentsystemfacilitythepartyalsolearnsthatthegazelministryseekstorevivegodandachieveeternallifewhilekrelianseekstopossessellybackatshevatcitaninformshisfriendsthatidisactuallyfeisdissociativeidentitydisordersplitpersonalitywithfeisgearturningredwhenheswitchestoidduetotheirconnectionthegazelministryusesthegaetiakeyanartifactthatmanipulatesthednaofmassiveamountsofhumansaroundtheworldturningthemintomutantscalledwelsinordertocollectfleshtoreconstructtheirgodanallpowerfulgearcalleddeusthatcrashlandedontheplanettenthousandyearsagoduringthistimeellyandfeibecomeromanticallyinvolvedwitheachothertheylearnthattheyarethereincarnationsofsophiaandlacanlacanwasapainterwhilesophiawastheholymotherofnisanaroundthetimeofthewarbetweenshevatandsolarisfivehundredyearsearlierlacanblamedhimselfforsophiasdeathduringthewarandwiththehelpofmiangbecamegrahfandsoughttodestroytheworldalthoughdefeatedheandmianghavetransmigratedtheirmindsintootherhumanssincekrelianandmiangdisposeoftheemperorandthegazelministrybecausetheyarenolongernecessaryandkidnapellythemotherwhomustbesacrificedinordertorevivedeusmiangiskilledbyanenragedramsusasherealizeshehasbeenusedandellyturnsintomiangbecomingabsorbedbydeusfeiasidattemptstomakecontactwiththezoharwisemanwhorevealshimselftobefeisfatherstopshimgivingpeacetofeisotherpersonalitiesfeisgeartransformsintothexenogearsandgrahfappearsrevealingthathehadbeeninsidefeisfathersbodyatthistimefeimakescontactwiththewaveexistenceanextradimensionalbeingwhoistrappedinsidedeusandisthesourceofpowerforallgearsandlearnsthathemustdestroydeustofreehumanitygrahftriestomergewithfeiandisdefeatedfeidiscoversthatheisadescendantofabelayoungboywhowasapassengeronboardtheeldridgeaspaceshipthatwasbeingusedtotransportdeusthecoreofaninterplanetaryinvasionsystemcreatedbyafederationofspacefaringhumansonethatwasdeemedfartoodangerousforuseandwasthereforedismantledoneoftheseincarnationslivedduringanancienttechnologicallyadvancederainzeboimwhereabelsincarnationwentbythenamekimandcreatedemeraldaramsusrevealedtobeabiologicallyengineeredcloneofemperorcaincreatedbysolarisscientistsasameansofcontrollingdeuswhowasrejectedinfavoroffeihencehishatredofthelatterattacksonemoretimeandisfinallydefeatedheislaterrescuedduringanattackandconvincedtoletgoofhisangerandaidthegroupfeisetsouttodestroydeusandfreethewaveexistenceandellyinmerkabathepartydefeatsdeusbuttheyrealizethattheenergyreleasedfromthewaveexistencesshiftwilldestroytheplanetellyinsidedeustriestomoveitawayfromtheplanetandfeiinhisxenogearsfollowstosaveherbutbothdisappearintheriftkrelianconfrontsthemtellingfeiheonlysoughttoendthepainandsufferingthatcomeswithhumanexistencebyrevertingeverythingbacktowhenitallbeganwhenallwasonetoascendtotherealmofgodfeirejectskreliansideologywithhisloveforellybutkrelianchallengesfeitellinghimtoprovethislovethatcouldmakehimindependentofgodandcallsforthurobolusagiganticserpentlikeincarnationofmiangxenogearsappearsandfeiusesittodefeaturoboluskrelianreleasesellyandrevealstofeithathehadplannedtobecomeonewithgodalongwithellyduringhertimewithkrelianellyhadseeninsidehisheartandrealizeditwasfullofsadnessanddespairforalltheatrocitieshehadcommitteddespiteeverythingellysaysthatkreliantrulylovedpeoplemorethananyoneelsebecausenoonewillforgivehissinshedeclinesfeisoffertoreturnandascendstoahigherplaneofexistencealongwiththewaveexistencetellingfeiandellythatheenviesthemfeiandellythenreturntotheirplanetalongwithxenogearsandreunitewiththerestofthepartydevelopmentxenogearswasproducedbyhiromichitanakawhopreviouslyworkedonthesupernintendoentertainmentsystemsnesgamesecretofmanathescenarioofthegamewaswrittenbydirectortetsuyatakahashiandbysorayasagakaoritanakayasuyukihonneservedasartdirectorwhilekunihikotanakawasresponsibleforthecharacterdesignskoichimashimoananimationdirectorandhisstudiobeetrainwasinchargeoftheanimecutscenesxenogearsstartedoutasanearlyconceptconceivedbytetsuyatakahashiandkaoritanakaforthesquaregamefinalfantasyviitheprojectbeganundertheworkingtitleprojectnoahthemainimpetusfortakahashiwasthathewasgrowingfrustratedwiththefinalfantasyseriestheinitialconceptwastomakexenogearsasequeltochronotriggerbutaftermultipleclasheswiththecompanyoverthisandunspecifiedpracticaldifficultiesitwasdecidedtomakeitacompletelyoriginaltitleduetothisinitialdevelopmentideatherewereconceptsunsuitedforafantasyworldsoacompromisewasmadebyincorporatingbothfantasyandsciencefictionintothegamesworldrefnamecreatorinterviewrefdevelopmenttookapproximatelytwoyearsandincludedastaffofthirtydeveloperspreliminaryplanningandcreationofthebackstoryextendedtoseveralyearsbeforethatthethemesandstoryweregreatlyinfluencedbytheworksandphilosophiesoffriedrichnietzschesigmundfreudandcarljungaccordingtotanakathereasonforthiscorrelationwassimplyduetoacommoninterestwithherhusbandaccordingtoherthestoryrevolvedaroundwheredowecomefromwhatarewewherearewegoingtherewasalargeportionofstoryandartworkthatdidnotmakeitintothefinalgamethegamesseconddiscconsistedmainlyofnarrationbyfeiandellyofeventsfollowingthepartysescapefromsolariswhileitwaspopularlyassumedtobeduetobudgetconstraintstakahashilaterrevealedthefullreasonashisteamwasinexperiencedtheywereunabletocreatetheentireproposedgameintheexpectedtwoyeardevelopmenttimesoinsteadofendingprematurelywiththeendofthefirstdisctakahashiofferedupacompromisewhichbecametheseconddiscscontentallowingthestafftofinishthegamewithintimeandbudgetdeadlinessquarehadannouncedthatxenogearsmaynothavecomeoutintheunitedstatesduetosensitivereligiousissuesrefnameignreftheenglishtranslationofxenogearswasthefirstinstanceinwhichanenglishlocalizationteamworkeddirectlywithsquaredevelopersitalsowasthefirstmajorprojectofsquaretranslatorrichardhoneywoodaccordingtohoneywoodtranslatingthegamewasaparticularlydifficulttaskduetoitcontainingnumerousscientificconceptsandphilosophieshecameintocontactwithitbecauseitspreviouslyassignedtranslatorsquitoraskedforreassignmentduetoitschallengeinalaterinterviewhoneywoodstatedthatthebiggestissuewaswiththemultiplereligiousreferencesandtheconceptattheendofkillinggodwhichneededtobeadjustedsothatitremainedfaithfultotheoriginalpremisewhilesteppingaroundsomecontentthatmightoffendhoneywoodunintentionallyhadahandinthejapanesenamingofdeusthestaffwereoriginallygoingtocallityahwehandduringhisargumentagainstithesaidyabehoajapanesephrasemeaningsomethingdangerousseeingitasagoodpunthestaffusedyabehasthenamesquareenixreleasedxenogearsonthejapaneseplaystationnetworkonjuneandinnorthamericaonfebruarymusiccomposedarrangedandproducedthegamesoriginalsoundtrackaltaphotoofyasunorimitsudathemusicinxenogearswascomposedarrangedandproducedbyyasunorimitsudahisfirstmajorprojectsincethesupernestitlechronotriggerthexenogearsoriginalsoundtrackwasreleasedontwodiscsandpublishedbydigicubeinjapaninthescorecontainsinstrumentaltracksinadditiontoachoirchoraltrackandtwosongsaccordingtomitsudathemusicofxenogearsbelongstothetraditionalmusicgenrehehasalsoclaimedastrongmusicofirelandirishorcelticmusicinfluencetherearetwovocaltracksincludedontheostandbotharesungbyjoannehoggrefnameqajunerefoneofthetracksstarsoftearsdidnotappearinthefinalversionofthegameitwasoriginallyintendedtoplayinacutsceneatthestartofthegamealongwiththemainstaffcreditsthescenehoweverwasremovedforpacingissuesasitwouldhavemadethecombinedopeningmovieandintroductionsceneslastroughlytenminutestheothersmalltwoofpiecesscreechingshardswasthefirstendingthemewithlyricstoeverappearinagamedevelopedbysquarerefnamexenogearsrefrefnameaevlossrefanarrangedsoundtrackofxenogearsalsocomposedandarrangedbymitsudawasreleasedascreidforcreidheexpandedonthethemefromtheoriginalalbumofhavingcelticinfluencesineasytolistentopopularmusicpoptrackstocreateanalbumofarrangedxenogearsmusicwithamoreprominentcelticstylethealbumcontainsamixtureofvocalandinstrumentaltracksandcombinesjapaneseandcelticmusictogetherinitspiecesinsteadtetsukohonmasangthefourtrackswrittenbykudowhileeimearquinnsangcreidmyththexenogearsorchestralalbumanalbumofmusicfromthegamearrangedorchestrallybymitsudasownmusiccompanyprocyonstudiowasreleasedoncdandvinylinfebruaryrefnamerpgfarrangedrefablurayalbumentitledxenogearsoriginalsoundtrackrevivaldiscthefirstandthelastwasreleasedinjapanonaprilthealbumisaremasteroftheoriginalsoundtrackplusouttakesandothercontentathanniversaryconcertwasheldintokyojapanonaprilandmerchandisetherehavebeenseveraljapanesebooksandcomicspublishedconcerningthexenogearsfranchisexenogearsgodslayingstoryaseriesbymasatoshikusakabewaspublishedbyshueishaindigicubepublishedbothxenogearsperfectworksandamemorialalbumnamedthousandsofdaggerswhichcontainstheentirescripttothegameinjapanesealongwithscreenshotstwomangabooksxenogearscomicanthologyandxenogearskomacomicwerereleasedbymovicmovicalsoreleasedwallscrollsnotebookspinskeychainsstickersandpostcardsdepictingthexenogearscastreceptionvideogamereviewsmcallgameedgerefnameedgereviewrefegmrefnameegmelectronicgamingmonthlyissuedecemberpagereffamrefnamefamitsurefgigamerevbrefnamegamerevrefgspotignpsmrefnamegrrefrevgamesdomainrevscorerevhonestgamersrevscorerevjustrpgrevscorearevrpgfanrevscorepsrefnamerpgfanrefbrpsnrefnamerpgfanpsnrefrevvideogamersfirstrevscoreawardpubgameinformerawardlistofgameoftheyearawardsbestroleplayinggameoftheyearawardpubelectronicgamingmonthlyreaderschoiceawardrpgoftheyearrefnameegmrefawardpubelectronicgamingmonthlyeditorschoiceawardrpgoftheyearrunnerupawardpubofficialusplaystationmagazineawardbestrpgbrbeststoryawardpubrpgfanawardbestimportxenogearswasacommercialsuccessinbothjapanandnorthamericaitsoldovercopiesinjapanbytheendofrefnameebsalesrefasofmarchthegamehadshippedmillioncopiesworldwidewithofthosecopiesbeingshippedinjapanandabroadasaresultofthesesalesitwasrereleasedasalistofsonygreatesthitsgamesgreatesthitstitleindecemberinjapanesegamingmagazinefamitsuxenogearswasvotedthethbestvideogameofalltimebyitsreadersinapollheldinonasimilarpollatgamefaqsusersofthewebsitevotedxenogearsthendbestgameeverinitwasplacedinthesamepositioninignstopgamesreaderschoicefeatureinandasnumberincriticalresponsexenogearswasmetwithcriticalacclaimelectronicgamingmonthlypraisedthestorycharactersgameplaygraphicsandsoundtrackigndescribeditasthehandsdownbestrpgoftheyearpraisingthestorylinegameplaygraphicspresentationandsoundtrackgamespotdescribeditasoneofsquaresoftsbestroleplayinggamespraisingthestorygameplayandaudiobutcriticizedthelackofgraphicalpolishallgamepointedoutinapositivelightthatthecharacterbattlesareunlikemostroleplayinggamesfromthiscompanythemagazinealsonotedthatitwastakahashismostchallengingandpureworkandthatthexenosagaseriesneverquitematcheduptoxenogearsthegamesstoryandcharacterswerewellreceivedelectronicgamingmonthlysaiditisrichinstoryandcharacterdevelopmentgameinformerandnextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationagreedthattheplotwasoneofthegameshighlightstheformerdrawingcomparisonstostarwarsstarblazerstheoldtestamentandmanyothersquaregamesmakingitagameeveryrpgfanaticmustplaygamespotsaidthestoryisexcellentandthoughtprovokingbutsaiditcanbealittlepreachyattimesbutwentontosaythatthereligiousandexistentialthemesenhancethestoryandourunderstandingofthegamesdeepcharacterizationsrpgfansaidthestoryisuniqueandprobablythemostcomplexandinterestingofanyrpggivingitaratingforthestoryretrospectivelyedgepraisedtheplotsscopeandambitionandtheprotagonistasthemostcomplicatedfreudianheroinvideogamesbutsaidithasaflawedscriptandmuddiedtranslationaswellastoomanycutscenesespeciallyontheseconddiscwheretheuseoftheworldmapisrestrictedforanextendedperiodandtheamountofcutscenesincreasesignhoweverstatedthatdespitehavingtoomanycutscenesandasometimesconfusingplotimmersionisakeyfactorinxenogearsandthequestionsyoumayhaveaboutthestorylineareallansweredatsomepointinthegamefollowingthepsnreleaserpgfansjamesquentinclarksaidxenogearshashandsdownthebestsinglestoryihaveseeninanyvideogamegivingitaratingforthestoryreviewerslargelypraisedxenogearsgameplaynextgenerationpraisedsquaresactivetimebattlegaugeandsaidthatinclusionoftheapmeterandcomboattacksisnotonlyrefreshinginaturnbasedrpgbutgivesplayersahigherlevelofinteractionduringbattleignclaimedthatthemostimpressivefeatureincombatistheabilitytousemassivegearsormechsnotingthatsquaresattentiontoprogrammingthesebattlesismadeevidentbyhowvisuallysatisfyingtheyareignpraisedthegamesexplorationsayingthattheabilitytojumpandclimbaddsevenmoredepthtoexplorationofdifferentenvironmentsanddistancesxenogearsfrombeingtoostraightforwardofatraditionalrpgtheonlycomplaintbeingthattherotatingcameraissometimesclumsythesoundtrackwaswellreceivedelectronicgamingmonthlysaidthegamesoundsasbeautifulasitlooksgamespotsaiditexpertlyusesaudiotopushthestoryalongandnotedthatmanyofthegamestracksincludevoiceorchantingandallareappropriatelyuppityorlowwiththegamesmoodbutsaidthereweremanyareaswithsilenceorambiencemakingthegamessoundtrackatadsparsexenogearswasthefirstsquaregametofeaturevoiceoversandanimecutsceneselectronicgamingmonthlysaidtheyaresomeoftheslickestanimationcinemastheyhaveseengamerevolutionpraisedtheabsolutelyspectacularandstunninghanddrawnanimecutscenesbutstatedthattheyweresparseandpoorlysynchedwiththevoiceactinglegacyshortlyafterxenogearswasreleasedtherewasspeculationofasequelbeingreleasedalthoughthisneveroccurredrefnamexgtwoquestionrefintanakasaidthataprojectrelatedtoxenogearswasbeingdevelopedhealsorevealedthatasequeltoxenogearswasinitiallyplannedbutnevercametobewhilexenogearshasneverhadanofficialsequelorprequeltherewaswidespeculationthatnamcoandmonolithsoftsxenosagawasaprequelwhenitwasfirstannouncedtetsuyatakahashiwasthedirectorandwriterforbothxenogearsandxenosagaandhasnotedthatwithourrelationbetweensquareithinkitisdifficultforustosayitisadirectsequelorprequelapproximatelytwentymembersofthexenosagadevelopmentstaffhadpreviouslyworkedonxenogearsrefnameinterviewrefontheconnectionbetweenxenogearsandxenosagatakahashihasstatedseveralmembersofthexenogearsstaffcametogetherintoworkonsandsofdestructionaroleplayinggamepublishedbysegaforthenintendodsthesestaffmembersincludemasatokatokunihikotanakaandyasunorimitsudaingearsfromthegamealongwithavatarsoffeiandbartwereincludedaspreordercosmeticbonusesinsquareenixsmechashootinggamefigureheadsnotesreferencesexternallinksarchivenasquareenixcomgamesxenogearsofficialwebsiteinfoboxsoftwarenamexfreelogoimagexfreelogogifpxscreenshotcaptiondeveloperthexfreeprojectincstatusdiscontinuedreleasedasxdiscontinuedyeslatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedateprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecoperatingsystemcrossplatformlanguagevariousgenredisplayserverlicenselicensingcontroversyxfreelicensewebsitexfreeorgwwwxfreeorgxfreewasanimplementationofthexwindowsystemitwasoriginallywrittenforunixlikeoperatingsystemsonibmpccompatiblesandwasavailableformanyotheroperatingsystemsandplatformsitisfreesoftwarefreeandopensourcesoftwareunderthexfreelicenseversionitwasdevelopedbythexfreeprojectinctheleaddeveloperwasdaviddawesthelastreleasedversionwasreleaseddecemberthelastxfreeconcurrentversionssystemcvscommitwasmadeonmaytheprojectwasconfirmeddormantindecemberformostofthesandearlystheprojectwasthesourceofmostinnovationinxandwasthedefactostewardofxdevelopmentuntilearlyitwasalmostuniversalonlinuxandtheberkeleysoftwaredistributionbsdsinfebruarywithversionthexfreeprojectadoptedalicensechangethatthefreesoftwarefoundationconsideredgnugeneralpubliclicensegpllicensecompatibilityincompatiblemostopensourceoperatingsystemsusingxfreefoundthisunacceptableandmovedtoaforkfrombeforethelicensechangethefirstforkwastheabortivexouvertbutxorgserversoonbecamedominantmostxfreedevelopersalsomovedtoxorgusagewhilexfreewaswidelyusedbymostunixlikecomputeroperatingsystemsbeforeitslicensechangewithversionithassincethenbeensupersededbyxorgandisusedrarelynowadaysthelastremainingoperatingsystemdistributiontouseitisnetbsdwhichstillshipssomeplatformswithbydefaultnetbsdandlaterreleasesusexorgbydefaultonvariousportsincludingiandamdandxorgisavailablethroughnetbsdpkgsrcforarchitecturesforwhichxfreeremainsthedefaultbecauseofbettersupportrefnameannouncingnetbsdrefarchitecturethexfreeservercommunicateswiththehostoperatingsystemskernelcomputersciencekerneltodriveinputandoutputdeviceswiththeexceptionofgraphicscardsthesearegenerallymanageddirectlybyxfreesoitincludesitsowndriversforallgraphiccardsausermighthavesomecardsaresupportedbyvendorsthemselvesviabinaryonlydriverssinceversionxfreehassupportedcertainaccelerateddgraphicscardsviatheglxanddirectrenderinginfrastructuredriextensionsalsointheversionxfreemovedtoanewdrivermodelfromonexserverbinaryperdrivertoauniquexservercapableofloadingseveraldriversatatimebecausetheserverusuallyneedslowlevelaccesstographicshardwareonmanyconfigurationsitneedstorunasthesuperuserorauserwithuseridentifieruidhoweveronsomesystemsandconfigurationsitispossibletoruntheserverasanormaluseritisalsopossibletousexfreeinalinuxframebufferframebufferdevicewhichinturnusesakernelgraphicscarddriveronatypicalposixsystemthedirectoryetcxincludestheconfigurationfilesthebasicconfigurationfileisetc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whitecoverartandtitlewerealsoareflectionofthesombermoodofthebandduringthistimecervenkahassaiditisherfavoritexalbumblockquoteyouknowmyfavoriterecordisunderthebigblacksunsoeverythingelseiskindofimsayingifihadtositdowninaroomandputonanxrecordwhichidontgenerallydoihaverecentlylistenedtosomexrecordsbutigenerallydontlistentomyselftherecordiwouldpicktolistentowouldbeunderthebigblacksunblockquoteinthebandslightlyredefinedtheirsoundwiththereleaseofthemorefuninthenewworldalbummakingxsomewhatmorepolishedeclecticandradioreadythanonpreviousalbumswiththesoundmovingawayfrompunkrockthebandsrockabillyinfluencebecameevenmorenoticeablealongwithsomenewelementsfunkonthetracktrueloveptiiandwoodyguthrieinfluencedfolkmusicfolkprotestsongslikethenewworldandimustnotthinkbadthoughtstherecordreceivedcriticalpraisefromrollingstoneandplayboywhichhadlongbeenstalwartsupportersofxandtheirsoundrefnamedesperatereftheknittersasideprojectwerecomposedofxminuszoomplusalvinonguitarandjohnnyraybartelofthereddevilsbluesbandthereddevilsondoublebassandreleasedthepoorlittlecritterontheroadalbumintheknittersweredevotedtofolkandcountrymusictheirtakeonmerlehaggardssilverwingsmaybethedefinitiveversioncommercialeraanddepartureofzoomdespitetheoverwhelminglypositivecriticalreceptionfortheirfirstfouralbumsthebandwasfrustratedbyitslackofwidermainstreamsuccesszoomhadalsostatedthathewouldleavethebandunlessitsnextalbumwasmoresuccessfulthebanddecidedtochangeproducersinsearchofamoreaccessiblesoundtheirfifthrecordaintlovegrandwasproducedbyglammetalpopmetalproducermichaelwageneritfeaturedadrasticchangeinsoundespeciallyinthepolishedandlayeredproductionwhilethebandspunkrootswerelittleinevidencereplacedbyacountrifiedversionofhardrockthechangeinproductionwasintendedtobringthebandmorechartsuccessbutalthoughitreceivedmoremainstreamradioplaythantheirearlierreleasesitdidnotrepresentacommercialbreakthroughzoomleftthegroupshortlythereafterinthesameyearinwhichthefeaturelengthdocumentaryfilmxtheunheardmusicxtheunheardmusicwasreleasedzoomwasinitiallyreplacedbyalvinwhohadlefttheblastersthebandthenaddedafifthmemberguitaristtonygilkysonformerlyofthebandlonejusticebythetimethebandreleaseditssixthalbumseehowwearealvinhadalreadyleftthebandalthoughheplayedontherecordalongwithgilkysonandwrotethofjulyforthebandlikeaintlovegrandthealbumssoundwasfarremovedfromthebandspunkoriginsyetfeaturedapunchyenergetichardrockingrootsrocksoundthatinmanywaysrepresentedamorenaturalprogressionfromtheirearliersoundthanthepreviousrecordhadaftertouringforthealbumxreleasedaliverecordofthetourtitledliveatthewhiskyagogoxalbumliveatthewhiskyagogoandthenwentonanextendedhiatusrefnamerollingstonerefbackinxhadreleasedacoverversionofwildthingchiptaylorsongwildthingasanonalbumsingleinthesongwasrereleasedastheleadsinglefromthesoundtracktothehitfilmmajorleaguefilmmajorleagueitlaterbecameastapleatsportingeventsparticularlybaseballgamesandwasusedbyjapaneseprofessionalwrestleratsushionitaafterhefoundedfrontiermartialartswrestlinginfirstreunionheyzeusanduncloggedxregroupedintheearlystorecordtheirseventhstudioalbumheyzeusreleasedinonthebiglifelabelthealbummarkedsomewhatofaretreatfromtheincreasinglyrootsrockdirectionthatthebandspastfewrecordshadgoneininsteadfeaturinganeclecticalternativerocksoundthatfitinwellwiththethencurrentmusicalclimatedespitethisitfailedtobecomeahitalthoughtwoofitssongscountryatwarandnewlifepeakedatnumbersandonthebillboardmodernrockchartsrespectivelyintheycontributedacoveroftherichardthompsonmusicianrichardthompsonsongshootoutthelightstoathompsontributealbumcalledbeattheretreatwhichfeatureddavidhidalgoofloslobosonelectricguitaronthesamealbumdoesangharmonyandplayedbassandbonebrakeplayeddrumsonbobmouldscoverofturningofthetideandbonebrakeplayeddrumsonthetitletrackwhichwasperformedbythebritishfolkartistjunetaborthebandreleasedanacousticlivealbumuncloggedinoninfidelityrecordshiatusandsecondreunioninxreleasedacompilationcalledbeyondandbackthexanthologywhichfocusedheavilyontheearlyyearswithzoomandincludedanumberofpreviouslyunreleasedversionsofsongsthathadappearedontheirpreviousalbumsatthesametimetheyalsoannouncedthattheyweredisbandinghowevertheydidafarewelltourtopromotethecompilationinwithzoomreturningonguitartheoriginallineupalsoreturnedtothestudioforthefinaltimewithmanzarekreprisinghisroleasproducertorecordacoverofthedoorsthecrystalshipforthethexfilesthealbumsoundtrackforthexfilesfilmthexfilesfightthefuturealthoughthebandhasnotreleasedanynewstudiomaterialsincethentheycontinuetoperformlivewithzoomonguitarxtheunheardmusicwasreleasedondvdinaswastheconcertdvdxnbspliveinlosangeleswhichcommemoratedthethanniversaryofthebandslandmarkdebutalbumlosangelesrefnamewoodstrarefreunionoftheknittersindoecervenkaandbonebrakereunitedwithalvinandbarteltoreleaseasecondknittersalbumyearsafterthefirsttitledthemodernsoundsoftheknittersinsummerxtourednorthamericaontheastheworldburnstourwiththerollinsbandandtheriverboatgamblersinthespringofthebandwithalloriginalmembersembarkedontheirxtourwithskybombersandthedetroitcobrasxwasareferenceto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ketingtheproductwastobecalledsignaturebutontheeveofsignaturesreleaseibmannouncedastrategicdecisiontowithdrawcompletelyfromthedesktopsoftwaremarketshockingxyquestandleavingsignatureinlimbowhenaprospectivenewalliancewithlotussoftwarelotusdidnotmaterializexyquesthadnoalternativebuttorestickerthereadytoshipsignaturepackagesasxywriteandattempttocarryonhoweverthechangesibmhadinsistedonwerealiabilitywheretheiiiplususerbasewasconcernedsomekeyreviewssuchasinthewallstreetjournalwereharshandtherewerecomplaintsthatwasbuggyandslowmoreoverintheyearssincethelastmajorxywritereleasewordperfecthadcementeditsholdonthedoswordprocessormarketalreadyfinanciallystrainedbythelongdevelopmentcycleforsignaturebytheendofxyquestwasbleedingmoneythesaletothetechnologygroupensuedwhiletherewereafewmaintenancereleasesofaftertheacquisitionthetechnologygroupsmajorcommitmentwastodevelopingxywriteforwindowsbutxywriteremainedanicheproductunabletocompeteforthebusinessuseragainstwordforwindowswordperfectforwindowsandamiprodespiteaddedversatilityandcustomizationpotentialthetechnologygroupwasdissolvedinseveralversionsofxywritefordosandwindowswerealsolocalizedforuseineuropeancountriesforexampletheprogramswereofferedingermanyunderthenameeuroscriptbynorthamericansoftwaregmbhadescendantofxywritecallednotabenewordprocessorisstillbeingactivelydevelopednotabenewhichrunsonthexywriteengineispopularamongacademicsnotabeneforwindowsisnowinversionthanksinlargeparttotheworkofusersofxywritetheprogramisstillveryusablewithwindowsormsdosandthuslinuxevenonpentiumandsimilarhardwareitremainsnoticeablyfasterthanmicrosoftwordmswordoropenofficeorginworkstartedonusingxywritewithinthevdosprogramshellinandbitwindowsthiswassuccessfulinoctoberresultinginanxpcanddosemulatorforwindowsbasedonjosschaarssvdosformerlyknownasvdoslfnvdosplusallowsxywritexywriteiiiandnotabenefordostorununderthelatestversionsofmicrosoftwindowsincludingbitwindowsvdosplusorgshowsthevariousfunctionsandxywwwebshowsusagedespitetheseadvantagesinspeedxywritedoesnothaveasmanyfeaturesaswordoropenofficeorgforexamplexywriteisunawareofwindowsansiorunicodecharactersetsandnotabenedoesnotsupportlanguagessuchaschinesethatrequiredoublebytecharactersreceptionbyteinstatedthexyquestpeoplehavedoneanadmirablejobportingtheeditingpartoftheatexsystemtotheibmpcwhilecriticizingthedocumentationitcalledxywriteextremelyfastpowerfulcompactandflexibleversionhistoryxywriteidosxywriteiidosxywriteiiplusdosxywriteiiidosmaydistributedonhdfloppydiskettesandshippedwitharinglooseleafmanualinfabriccoveredslipcasexywriteiiiplusdosxywritedosjandistributedonsevenhdfloppydiskettesandshippedwithfiveboundmanualsinstallationlearningguidemakingthetransitioncustomizationguidecommandreferenceguideandlanadministratorsguidetogetherweighingnearlypoundsxywriteforwindowsseealsobitstreamspeedofontslistofwordprocessorsreferencesexternallinksnotabenecomnotabenecorporatesitexywritecomxywritecomageneralxywriteresourcebybrianhendersonxboxwithwavelengthsshorterthanvisiblelightdifferentapplicationsusedifferentpartsofthexrayspectrumxraysmakeupxradiationaformofelectromagneticradiationmostxrayshaveawavelengthrangingfromtonanometerscorrespondingtofrequencyfrequenciesintherangehertzpetahertztohertzexahertzsupsuphztosupsuphzandenergiesintherangeelectronvoltevtokevxraywavelengthsareshorterthanthoseofultravioletuvraysandtypicallylongerthanthoseofgammaraysinmanylanguagesxradiationisreferredtowithtermsmeaningrntgenradiationafterthegermanscientistwilhelmrntgenwhousuallyiscreditedasitsdiscovererandwhonameditxradiationtosignifyanunknowntypeofradiationrefnamesquiresnovellinerobertsquiresfundamentalsofradiologyharvarduniversitypresstheditionrefspellingofxraysintheenglishlanguageincludesthevariantsxraysxraysandxrayshistorydiscoverygermanphysicistwilhelmrntgenisusuallycreditedasthediscovererofxraysinbecausehewasthefirsttosystematicallystudythemthoughheisnotthefirsttohaveobservedtheireffectsheisalsotheonewhogavethemthenamexrayssignifyinganunknownquantitythoughmanyothersreferredtotheseasrntgenraysandtheassociatedradiographyxrayradiogramsasrntgenogramsforseveraldecadesaftertheirdiscoveryandeventothisdayinsomelanguagesincludingrntgensnativegermanlanguagegermansfirstmedicalxrayofhiswifeshandtakenondecemberandpresentedtoludwigzehnderofthephysikinstitutuniversityoffreiburgonjanuaryxrayswerefoundemanatingfromcrookestubesexperimentaldischargetubesinventedaroundbyscientistsinvestigatingthecathoderaysthatisenergeticelectronbeamsthatwerefirstcreatedinthetubescrookestubescreatedfreeelectronsbyionizationoftheresidualairinthetubebyahighdcvoltageofanywherebetweenafewkilovoltsandkvthisvoltageacceleratedtheelectronscomingfromthecathodetoahighenoughvelocitythattheycreatedxrayswhentheystrucktheanodeortheglasswallofthetubemanyoftheearlycrookestubesundoubtedlyradiatedxraysbecauseearlyresearchersnoticedeffectsthatwereattributabletothemasdetailedbelowwilhelmrntgenwasthefirsttosystematicallystudytheminthediscoveryofxraysstimulatedaveritablesensationrntgensbiographerottoglasserestimatedthatinaloneasmanyasessaysandarticlesaboutthenewrayswerepublishedthiswasprobablyaconservativeestimateifoneconsidersthatnearlyeverypaperaroundtheworldextensivelyreportedaboutthenewdiscoverywithamagazinesuchassciencededicatingasmanyasarticlestoitinthatyearalonesensationalistreactionstothenewdiscoveryincludedpublicationslinkingthenewkindofraystooccultandparanormaltheoriessuchastelepathyearlyresearchtheearliestexperimenterthoughttohaveunknowinglyproducedxrayswasactuarywilliammorganactuarywilliammorganinhepresentedapapertotheroyalsocietyoflondondescribingtheeffectsofpassingelectricalcurrentsthroughapartiallyevacuatedglasstubeproducingaglowcreatedbyxraysthisworkwasfurtherexploredbyhumphrydavyandhisassistantmichaelfaradayinukrainiansukrainianbornivanpulyuialecturerinexperimentalphysicsattheuniversityofviennaconstructedvariousdesignsofcrookestubevacuumdischargetubetoinvestigatetheirpropertiesalthoughpulyuihadstudiedwithrntgenattheuniversityofstrasbourgintheyearshisbiographergaidaassertsthathissubsequentresearchwasconductedindependentlyapparatuslatesthecrookestubeisvisibleincenterthestandingmanisviewinghishandwithafluoroscopescreentheseatedmanistakingaradiographofhishandbyplacingitonaphotographicplatenoprecautionsagainstradiationexposurearetakenitshazardswerenotknownatthetimexraysweregeneratedanddetectedbyfernandosanfordthefoundationprofessorofphysicsatstanforduniversityinfromtohehadstudiedinthehermannhelmholtzlaboratoryinberlinwherehebecamefamiliarwiththecathoderaysgeneratedinvacuumtubeswhenavoltagewasappliedacrossseparateelectrodesaspreviouslystudiedbyheinrichhertzandphilipplenardhisletterofjanuarydescribinghisdiscoveryaselectricphotographytothephysicalreviewwasdulypublishedandanarticleentitledwithoutlensorlightphotographstakenwithplateandobjectindarknessappearedinthesanfranciscoexaminerstartinginphilipplenardastudentofheinrichhertzconductedexperimentstoseewhethercathoderayscouldpassoutofthecrookestubeintotheairhebuiltacrookestubelatercalledalenardtubewithawindowintheendmadeofthinaluminumfacingthecathodesothecathoderayswouldstrikeithefoundthatsomethingcamethroughthatwouldexposephotographicplatesandcausefluorescencehemeasuredthepenetratingpoweroftheseraysthroughvariousmaterialsithasbeensuggestedthatatleastsomeoftheselenardrayswereactuallyxraysrefnamethomsonrefhermannvonhelmholtzformulatedmathematicalequationsforxrayshepostulatedadispersiontheorybeforerntgenmadehisdiscoveryandannouncementitwasformedonthebasisoftheelectromagnetictheoryoflighthoweverhedidnotworkwithactualxraysinnikolateslanoticeddamagedfilminhislabthatseemedtobeassociatedwithcrookestubeexperimentsandbeganinvestigatingthisradiantenergyofinvisiblekindsafterrntgenidentifiedthexrayteslabeganmakingxrayimagesofhisownusinghighvoltagesandtubesofhisowndesignaswellascrookestubesinnovembertheinventordrrobertdungerproposedaxraytelephotsupposedabletomaketransmissionofpicturesbytelegraphwirewilhelmrntgentheauthorsdesignatedthetechniqueasrntgenphotographyonnovembergermanygermanphysicsprofessorwilhelmrntgenstumbledonxrayswhileexperimentingwithphilipplenardlenardandcrookestubesandbeganstudyingthemhewroteaninitialreportonanewkindofrayapreliminarycommunicationandondecembersubmittedittowrzburgsphysicalmedicalsocietyjournalthiswasthefirstpaperwrittenonxraysrntgenreferredtotheradiationasxtoindicatethatitwasanunknowntypeofradiationthenamestuckalthoughoverrntgensgreatobjectionsmanyofhiscolleaguessuggestedcallingthemrntgenraystheyarestillreferredtoassuchinmanylanguagesincludinggermanhungariandanishpolishswedishfinnishestonianrussianjapanesedutchandnorwegianrntgenreceivedthefirstnobelprizeinphysicsforhisdiscoverythereareconflictingaccountsofhisdiscoverybecauserntgenhadhislabnotesburnedafterhisdeathbutthisisalikelyreconstructionbyhisbiographersrefnameglasserrefrntgenwasinvestigatingcathoderaysfromacrookestubewhichhehadwrappedinblackcardboardsothatthevisiblelightfromthetubewouldnotinterfereusingafluorescentscreenpaintedwithbariumplatinocyanidehenoticedafaintgreenglowfromthescreenaboutmeterawayrntgenrealizedsomeinvisiblerayscomingfromthetubewerepassingthroughthecardboardtomakethescreenglowhefoundtheycouldalsopassthroughbooksandpapersonhisdeskrntgenthrewhimselfintoinvestigatingtheseunknownrayssystematicallytwomonthsafterhisinitialdiscoveryhepublishedhispaperrntgendiscoveredtheirmedicalusewhenhemadeapictureofhiswifeshandonaphotographicplateformedduetoxraysthephotographofhiswifeshandwasthefirstphotographofahumanbodypartusingxrayswhenshesawthepictureshesaidihaveseenmydeathrefnamepbsrefadvancesinradiologyxraytubetherewasimmediateinterestfromresearchersforthexrayaacampbellswintonnikolateslawereamongstthefirststotestthenewdiscoveryinthomasedisoninvestigatedmaterialsabilitytofluorescewhenexposedtoxraysandfoundthatcalciumtungstatewasthemosteffectivesubstancearoundmarchthefluoroscopyfluoroscopehedevelopedbecamethestandardformedicalxrayexaminationsneverthelessedisondroppedxrayresearcharoundevenbeforethedeathofclarencemadisondallyoneofhisglassblowersdallyhadahabitoftestingxraytubesonhishandsandacquiredacancerinthemsotenaciousthatbotharmswereamputationamputatedinafutileattempttosavehislifethefirstuseofxraysunderclinicalconditionswasbyjohnhalledwardsinbirminghamenglandonjanuarywhenheradiographedaneedlestuckinthehandofanassociateonfebruaryhalledwardswasalsothefirsttousexraysinasurgicaloperationinearlyseveralweeksafterrntgensdiscoveryivanromanovichtarkhanovirradiatedfrogsandinsectswithxraysconcludingthattheraysnotonlyphotographbutalsoaffectthelivingfunctionthefirstmedicalxraymadeintheunitedstateswasobtainedusingadischargetubeofpulyuisdesigninjanuaryonreadingofrntgensdiscoveryfrankaustinofdartmouthcollegetestedallofthedischargetubesinthephysicslaboratoryandfoundthatonlythepulyuitubeproducedxraysthiswasaresultofpulyuisinclusionofanobliquetargetofmicausedforholdingsamplesoffluorescentmaterialwithinthetubeonfebruarygilmanfrostprofessorofmedicineatthecollegeandhisbrotheredwinfrostprofessorofphysicsexposedthewristofeddiemccarthywhomgilmanhadtreatedsomeweeksearlierforafracturetothexraysandcollectedtheresultingimageofthebrokenboneonphotographicplategelatinphotographicplatesobtainedfromhowardlangillalocalphotographeralsointerestedinrntgensworkrefnamepksrefinassassinationofwilliammckinleyuspresidentwilliammckinleywasshottwiceinanassassinationattemptwhileonebulletonlygrazedhissternumanotherhadlodgedsomewheredeepinsidehisabdomenandcouldnotbefoundaworriedmckinleyaidesentwordtoinventorthomasedisontorushanxraygeneratorxraymachinetobuffalotofindthestraybulletitarrivedbutwasntusedwhiletheshootingitselfhadnotbeenlethalgangrenehaddevelopedalongthepathofthebulletandmckinleydiedofsepticshockduetobacterialinfectionsixdayslaterhazardsdiscoveredwiththewidespreadexperimentationwithxraysaftertheirdiscoveryinbyscientistsphysiciansandinventorscamemanystoriesofburnshairlossandworseintechnicaljournalsofthetimeinfebruaryprofessorjohndanielanddrwilliamloflanddudleyofvanderbiltuniversityreportedhairlossafterdrdudleywasxrayedachildwhohadbeenshotintheheadwasbroughttothevanderbiltlaboratoryinbeforetryingtofindthebulletanexperimentwasattemptedforwhichdudleywithhischaracteristicdevotiontosciencevolunteereddanielreportedthatdaysaftertakingapictureofdudleyshumanskullskullwithanexposuretimeofonehourhenoticedabaldspotindiameteronthepartofhisheadnearestthexraytubeaplateholderwiththeplatestowardsthesideoftheskullwasfastenedandacoinplacedbetweentheskullandtheheadthetubewasfastenedattheothersideatadistanceofonehalfinchfromthehairinaugustdrhdhawksagraduateofcolumbiacollegesufferedseverehandandchestburnsfromanxraydemonstrationitwasreportedinelectricalreviewandledtomanyotherreportsofproblemsassociatedwithxraysbeingsentintothepublicationmanyexperimentersincludingelihuthomsonatedisonslabwilliamjmortonandnikolateslaalsoreportedburnselihuthomsondeliberatelyexposedafingertoanxraytubeoveraperiodoftimeandsufferedpainswellingandblisteringonaugustatsanfranciscocaliforniaelizabethfleischmanamericanwomanxraypioneerdiedfromcomplicationsasaresultofherworkwithxraysthcenturyandbeyondinwhichdisplayedcontinuousmovingimagesthisimagewasusedtoarguethationizingradiationradiationexposureduringthexrayprocedurewouldbenegligiblethemanyapplicationsofxraysimmediatelygeneratedenormousinterestworkshopsbeganmakingspecializedversionsofcrookestubesforgeneratingxraysandthesefirstgenerationcoldcathodeorcrookesxraytubeswereuseduntilaboutcrookestubeswereunreliabletheyhadtocontainasmallquantityofgasinvariablyairasacurrentwillnotflowinsuchatubeiftheyarefullyevacuatedhoweverastimepassedthexrayscausedtheglasstoabsorbthegascausingthetubetogenerateharderxraysuntilitsoonstoppedoperatinglargerandmorefrequentlyusedtubeswereprovidedwithdevicesforrestoringtheairknownassoftenerstheseoftentooktheformofasmallsidetubewhichcontainedasmallpieceofmicaamineralthattrapsrelativelylargequantitiesofairwithinitsstructureasmallelectricalheaterheatedthemicacausingittoreleaseasmallamountofairthusrestoringthetubesefficiencyhoweverthemicahadalimitedlifeandtherestorationprocesswasdifficulttocontrolinjohnambrosefleminginventedthethermionicdiodethefirstkindofvacuumtubethisusedahotcathodethatcausedanelectriccurrenttoflowinavacuumthisideawasquicklyappliedtoxraytubesandhenceheatedcathodexraytubescalledcoolidgetubescompletelyreplacedthetroublesomecoldcathodetubesbyaboutinaboutthephysicistcharlesbarkladiscoveredthatxrayscouldbescatteredbygasesandthateachelementhadacharacteristicxrayspectrumhewonthenobelprizeinphysicsforthisdiscoveryinmaxvonlauepaulknippingandwalterfriedrichfirstobservedthediffractionofxraysbycrystalsthisdiscoveryalongwiththeearlyworkofpaulpeterewaldwilliamhenrybraggandwilliamlawrencebragggavebirthtothefieldofxraycrystallographythexraytubecoolidgetubecoolidgexraytubewasinventedduringthefollowingyearbywilliamdcoolidgeitmadepossiblethecontinuousemissionsofxraysxraytubessimilartothisarestillinuseintheuseofxraysformedicalpurposeswhichdevelopedintothefieldofradiationtherapywaspioneeredbymajorjohnhalledwardsinbirminghamenglandtheninhehadtohavehisleftarmamputatedbecauseofthespreadofradiationdermatitisxraydermatitisonhisarminmariecuriedevelopedradiologicalcarstosupportsoldiersinjuredinworldwarithecarswouldallowforrapidxrayimagingofwoundedsoldierssobattlefieldsurgeonscouldquicklyandmoreaccuratelyoperatefromthesthroughtothesxraymachinesweredevelopedtoassistinthefittingofshoesandweresoldtocommercialshoestoresconcernsregardingtheimpactoffrequentorpoorlycontrolledusewereexpressedinthesleadingtothepractiseseventualendthatdecadethexraymicroscopewasdevelopedduringthesthechandraxrayobservatorylaunchedonjulyhasbeenallowingtheexplorationoftheveryviolentprocessesintheuniversewhichproducexraysunlikevisiblelightwhichgivesarelativelystableviewoftheuniversethexrayuniverseisunstableitfeaturesstarsbeingtornapartbyblackholesgalacticcollisionsandnovaeandneutronstarsthatbuilduplayersofplasmathatthenexplodeintospaceanxraylaserdevicewasproposedaspartofthepresidencyofronaldreaganreaganadministrationsstrategicdefenseinitiativeinthesbuttheonlytestofthedeviceasortoflaserblasterordeathraypoweredbyathermonuclearexplosiongaveinconclusiveresultsfortechnicalandpoliticalreasonstheoverallprojectincludingthexraylaserwasdefundedthoughwaslaterrevivedbythesecondpresidencyofgeorgewbushbushadministrationasnationalmissiledefenseusingdifferenttechnologiesphasecontrastxrayimagingreferstoavarietyoftechniquesthatusephaseinformationofacoherentxraybeamtoimagesofttissuesithasbecomeanimportantmethodforvisualizingcellularandhistologicalstructuresinawiderangeofbiologicalandmedicalstudiesthereareseveraltechnologiesbeingusedforxrayphasecontrastimagingallutilizingdifferentprinciplestoconvertphasevariationsinthexraysemergingfromanobjectintointensityvariationsrefractionenhancedimagingandxrayinterferometrythesemethodsprovidehighercontrastcomparedtonormalabsorptioncontrastxrayimagingmakingitpossibletoseesmallerdetailsadisadvantageisthatthesemethodsrequiremoresophisticatedequipmentsuchassynchrotronorxraytubemicrofocusxraytubesmicrofocusxraysourcesxrayopticsandhighresolutionxraydetectorsenergyrangessoftandhardxraysxrayswithhighphotonenergyphotonenergiesabovekevbelownbspnmwavelengtharecalledhardxrayswhilethosewithlowerenergyarecalledsoftxraysrefnameattwoodrefduetotheirpenetratingabilityhardxraysarewidelyusedtoimagetheinsideofobjectseginmedicalradiographyandairportsecuritythetermxrayismetonymymetonymicallyusedtorefertoaradiographicimageproducedusingthismethodinadditiontothemethoditselfsincethewavelengthsofhardxraysaresimilartothesizeofatomstheyarealsousefulfordeterminingcrystalstructuresbyxraycrystallographybycontrastsoftxraysareeasilyabsorbedinairtheattenuationlengthofevnbspnmxraysinwaterislessthanmicrometergammaraysthereisnoconsensusforadefinitiondistinguishingbetweenxraysandgammaraysonecommonpracticeistodistinguishbetweenthetwotypesofradiationbasedontheirsourcexraysareemittedbyelectronswhilegammaraysareemittedbytheatomicnucleusrefnamedendyrefthisdefinitionhasseveralproblemsotherprocessesalsocangeneratethesehighenergyphotonsorsometimesthemethodofgenerationisnotknownonecommonalternativeistodistinguishxandgammaradiationonthebasisofwavelengthorequivalentlyfrequencyorphotonenergywithradiationshorterthansomearbitrarywavelengthsuchassupsupmangstromdefinedasgammaradiationthiscriterionassignsaphotontoanunambiguouscategorybutisonlypossibleifwavelengthisknownsomemeasurementtechniquesdonotdistinguishbetweendetectedwavelengthshoweverthesetwodefinitionsoftencoincidesincetheelectromagneticradiationemittedbyxraytubesgenerallyhasalongerwavelengthandlowerphotonenergythantheradiationemittedbyradioactiveatomicnucleusnucleioccasionallyonetermortheotherisusedinspecificcontextsduetohistoricalprecedentbasedonmeasurementdetectiontechniqueorbasedontheirintendeduseratherthantheirwavelengthorsourcethusgammaraysgeneratedformedicalandindustrialusesforexampleradiotherapyintherangesofmevcaninthiscontextalsobereferredtoasxrayspropertiesxrayphotonscarryenoughenergytoionizationionizeatomsanddisruptmolecularbondsthismakesitatypeofionizingradiationandthereforeharmfultolivingtissuebiologytissueaveryhighradiationdoseoverashortperiodoftimecausesradiationsicknesswhilelowerdosescangiveanincreasedriskofradiationinducedcancerinmedicalimagingthisincreasedcancerriskisgenerallygreatlyoutweighedbythebenefitsoftheexaminationtheionizingcapabilityofxrayscanbeutilizedinoncologycancertreatmenttokillmalignantcellbiologycellsusingradiationtherapyitisalsousedformaterialcharacterizationusingxrayspectroscopyatevtheenergysupsupdependenceofphotoelectriceffectphotoabsorptionaswellasalevelingoffathigherphotonenergiesduetocomptonscatteringtheattenuationlengthisaboutfourordersofmagnitudelongerforhardxraysrighthalfcomparedtosoftxrayslefthalfhardxrayscantraverserelativelythickobjectswithoutbeingmuchabsorptionelectromagneticradiationabsorbedorscatteringscatteredforthisreasonxraysarewidelyusedtoimagingscienceimagetheinsideofvisuallyopaqueobjectsthemostoftenseenapplicationsareinmedicalradiographyandairportsecurityscannersbutsimilartechniquesarealsoimportantinindustryegindustrialradiographyandindustrialctscanningandresearchegsmallanimalimagingmicroctsmallanimalctthepenetrationdepthvarieswithseveralordersofmagnitudeoverthexrayspectrumthisallowsthephotonenergytobeadjustedfortheapplicationsoastogivesufficienttransmittancetransmissionthroughtheobjectandatthesametimeprovidegoodcontrastvisioncontrastintheimagexrayshavemuchshorterwavelengthsthanvisiblelightwhichmakesitpossibletoprobestructuresmuchsmallerthancanbeseenusinganormalmicroscopethispropertyisusedinxraymicroscopytoacquirehighresolutionimagesandalsoinxraycrystallographytodeterminethepositionsofatomsincrystalsinteractionwithmatterxraysinteractwithmatterinthreemainwaysthroughphotoelectriceffectphotoabsorptioncomptonscatteringandrayleighscatteringthestrengthoftheseinteractionsdependsontheenergyofthexraysandtheelementalcompositionofthematerialbutnotmuchonchemicalpropertiessincethexrayphotonenergyismuchhigherthanchemicalbindingenergiesphotoabsorptionorphotoelectricabsorptionisthedominantinteractionmechanisminthesoftxrayregimeandforthelowerhardxrayenergiesathigherenergiescomptonscatteringdominatesphotoelectricabsorptiontheprobabilityofaphotoelectricabsorptionperunitmassisapproximatelyproportionaltozsupsupesupsupwherezistheatomicnumberandeistheenergyoftheincidentphotonthisruleisnotvalidclosetoinnershellelectronbindingenergieswherethereareabruptchangesininteractionprobabilitysocalledabsorptionedgeshoweverthegeneraltrendofhighabsorptioncoefficientsandthusshortpenetrationdepthsforlowphotonenergiesandhighatomicnumbersisverystrongforsofttissuephotoabsorptiondominatesuptoaboutkevphotonenergywherecomptonscatteringtakesoverforhigheratomicnumbersubstancesthislimitishigherthehighamountofcalciumzinbonestogetherwiththeirhighdensityiswhatmakesthemshowupsoclearlyonmedicalradiographsaphotoabsorbedphotontransfersallitsenergytotheelectronwithwhichitinteractsthusionizingtheatomtowhichtheelectronwasboundandproducingaphotoelectronthatislikelytoionizemoreatomsinitspathanouterelectronwillfillthevacantelectronpositionandproduceeitheracharacteristicphotonoranaugerelectrontheseeffectscanbeusedforelementaldetectionthroughxrayspectroscopyoraugerelectronspectroscopycomptonscatteringcomptonscatteringisthepredominantinteractionbetweenxraysandsofttissueinmedicalimagingcomptonscatteringisaninelasticscatteringofthexrayphotonbyanoutershellelectronpartoftheenergyofthephotonistransferredtothescatteringelectrontherebyionizingtheatomandincreasingthewavelengthofthexraythescatteredphotoncangoinanydirectionbutadirectionsimilartotheoriginaldirectionismorelikelyespeciallyforhighenergyxraystheprobabilityfordifferentscatteringanglesaredescribedbythekleinnishinaformulathetransferredenergycanbedirectlyobtainedfromthescatteringanglefromtheconservationofenergyandconservationofmomentummomentumrayleighscatteringrayleighscatteringisthedominantelasticscatteringmechanisminthexrayregimeinelasticforwardscatteringgivesrisetotherefractiveindexwhichforxraysisonlyslightlybelowproductionwheneverchargedparticleselectronsorionsofsufficientenergyhitamaterialxraysareproducedproductionbyelectronsalignrightclasswikitablecharacteristicxrayemissionlinesforsomecommonanodematerialsrowspananodebrmaterialrowspanatomicbrnumbercolspanphotonenergykevcolspanwavelengthnmkalphaksubsubksubsubksubsubksubsubtungstenwmolybdenummocoppercusilveraggalliumgaindiumintargetoperatedatkilovoltkvthesmoothcontinuouscurveisduetobremsstrahlungandthespikesareenergydispersivexrayspectroscopycharacteristicklinesforrhodiumatomsxrayscanbegeneratedbyanxraytubeavacuumtubethatusesahighvoltagetoacceleratetheelectronsreleasedbyahotcathodetoahighvelocitythehighvelocityelectronscollidewithametaltargettheanodecreatingthexraysinmedicalxraytubesthetargetisusuallytungstenoramorecrackresistantalloyofrheniumandtungstenbutsometimesmolybdenumformorespecializedapplicationssuchaswhensofterxraysareneededasinmammographyincrystallographyacoppertargetismostcommonwithcobaltoftenbeingusedwhenfluorescencefromironcontentinthesamplemightotherwisepresentaproblemthemaximumenergyoftheproducedxrayphotonislimitedbytheenergyoftheincidentelectronwhichisequaltothevoltageonthetubetimestheelectronchargesoannbspkvtubecannotcreatexrayswithanenergygreaterthannbspkevwhentheelectronshitthetargetxraysarecreatedbytwodifferentatomicprocessescharacteristicxrayemissionxrayfluorescenceiftheelectronhasenoughenergyitcanknockanorbitalelectronoutoftheinnerelectronshellofametalatomandasaresultelectronsfromhigherenergylevelsthenfillupthevacancyandxrayphotonsareemittedthisprocessproducesanemissionspectrumofxraysatafewdiscretefrequenciessometimesreferredtoasthespectrallinesthespectrallinesgenerateddependonthetargetanodeelementusedandthusarecalledcharacteristiclinesusuallythesearetransitionsfromuppershellsintokshellcalledkalphaklinesintolshellcalledllinesandsoonbremsstrahlungthisisradiationgivenoffbytheelectronsastheyarescatteredbythestrongelectricfieldnearthehighzprotonnumbernucleithesexrayshaveacontinuousspectrumtheintensityofthexraysincreaseslinearlywithdecreasingfrequencyfromzeroattheenergyoftheincidentelectronsthevoltageonthexraytubesotheresultingoutputofatubeconsistsofacontinuousbremsstrahlungspectrumfallingofftozeroatthetubevoltageplusseveralspikesatthecharacteristiclinesthevoltagesusedindiagnosticxraytubesrangefromroughlykvtokvandthusthehighestenergiesofthexrayphotonsrangefromroughlykevtokevbothofthesexrayproductionprocessesareinefficientwithaproductionefficiencyofonlyaboutonepercentandthusmostoftheelectricpowerconsumedbythetubeisreleasedaswasteheatwhenproducingausablefluxofxraysthexraytubemustbedesignedtodissipatetheexcessheatshortnanosecondburstsofxrayspeakingatkevinenergymaybereliablyproducedbypeelingpressuresensitiveadhesivetapefromitsbackinginamoderatevacuumthisislikelytobetheresultofrecombinationofelectricalchargesproducedbytriboelectriceffecttriboelectricchargingtheintensityofxraytriboluminescenceissufficientforittobeusedasasourceforxrayimagingrefnamecamararefaspecializedsourceofxrayswhichisbecomingwidelyusedinresearchissynchrotronradiationwhichisgeneratedbyparticleacceleratorsitsuniquefeaturesarexrayoutputsmanyordersofmagnitudegreaterthanthoseofxraytubeswidexrayspectraexcellentcollimationandlinearpolarizationproductionbyfastpositiveionsxrayscanalsobeproducedbyfastprotonsorotherpositiveionstheprotoninducedxrayemissionorparticleinducedxrayemissioniswidelyusedasananalyticalprocedureforhighenergiestheproductioncrosssectionphysicscrosssectionisproportionaltozsubsubsupsupzsubsubsupsupwherezsubsubreferstotheatomicnumberoftheionzsubsubtothatofthetargetatomanoverviewofthesecrosssectionsisgiveninthesamereferenceproductioninlightningandlaboratorydischargesxraysarealsoproducedinlightningaccompanyingterrestrialgammarayflashestheunderlyingmechanismistheaccelerationofelectronsinlightningrelatedelectricfieldsandthesubsequentproductionofphotonsthroughbremsstrahlungthisproducesphotonswithenergiesofsomefewelectronvoltkevandseveraltensofmevinlaboratorydischargeswithagapsizeofapproximatelymeterlengthandapeakvoltageofmvxrayswithacharacteristicenergyofkevareobservedapossibleexplanationistheencounteroftwostreamerdischargestreamersandtheproductionofhighenergyrunawayelectronsrunawayelectronshowevermicroscopicsimulationshaveshownthatthedurationofelectricfieldenhancementbetweentwostreamersistooshorttoproduceasignificantlynumberofrunawayelectronsdetectorsxraydetectorsvaryinshapeandfunctiondependingontheirpurposeimagingdetectorssuchasthoseusedforradiographywereoriginallybasedonphotographicplatesandlaterphotographicfilmbutarenowmostlyreplacedbyvariousdigitaldatadigitaldetectortypessuchasimageplatesandflatpaneldetectorsforradiationprotectiondirectexposurehazardisoftenevaluatedusingionizationchamberswhiledosimetersareusedtomeasuretheradiationdoseapersonhasbeenexposedtoxrayenergyspectrumspectracanbemeasuredeitherbyenergydispersiveorwavelengthdispersivespectrometersmedicalusesprojectionalradiographsandfluoroscopysectionshavenocitationsofafemaledemonstratingahiatusherniasincerntgensdiscoverythatxrayscanidentifybonestructuresxrayshavebeenusedformedicalimagingthefirstmedicalusewaslessthanamonthafterhispaperonthesubjectuptonbspbillionmedicalimagingexaminationshadbeenconductedworldwideprojectionalradiographsandradiusboneradiuswithimplantedinternalfixationprojectionalradiographyisthepracticeofproducingtwodimensionalimagesusingxrayradiationbonescontainmuchcalciumwhichduetoitsrelativelyhighatomicnumberabsorbsxraysefficientlythisreducestheamountofxraysreachingthedetectorintheshadowofthebonesmakingthemclearlyvisibleontheradiographthelungsandtrappedgasalsoshowupclearlybecauseoflowerabsorptioncomparedtotissuewhiledifferencesbetweentissuetypesarehardertoseeprojectionalradiographsareusefulinthedetectionofpathologyoftheboneskeletalsystemaswellasfordetectingsomediseaseprocessesinsofttissuesomenotableexamplesaretheverycommonchestradiographchestxraywhichcanbeusedtoidentifylungdiseasessuchaspneumonialungcancerorpulmonaryedemaandtheabdominalxraywhichcandetectbowelobstructionbowelorintestinalobstructionfreeairfromvisceralperforationsandfreefluidinascitesxraysmayalsobeusedtodetectpathologysuchasgallstoneswhicharerarelyradiodensityradiopaqueorkidneystoneswhichareoftenbutnotalwaysvisibletraditionalplainxraysarelessusefulintheimagingofsofttissuessuchasthehumanbrainbrainormuscleoneareawhereprojectionalradiographsareusedextensivelyisinevaluatinghowanorthopedicimplantmedicineimplantsuchasakneehiporshoulderreplacementissituatedinthebodywithrespecttothesurroundingbonethiscanbeassessedintwodimensionsfromplainradiographsoritcanbeassessedinthreedimensionsifatechniquecalleddtodregistrationisusedthistechniquepurportedlynegatesprojectionerrorsassociatedwithevaluatingimplantpositionfromplainradiographsrefaccuracyoftotalkneeimplantpositionassessmentbasedonpostoperativexraysregisteredtopreoperativectbaseddmodelsannemiekevanhaversjoerdkolksebastiandeboodtkarsvalkeringpeterverdonkorthopaedicproceedingspublishedfebruarybjjprocsboneandjointorgukcontentbsupprefdentalradiographyiscommonlyusedinthediagnosesofcommonoralproblemssuchasdentalcariescavitiesinmedicaldiagnosticapplicationsthelowenergysoftxraysareunwantedsincetheyaretotallyabsorbedbythebodyincreasingtheradiationdosewithoutcontributingtotheimagehenceathinmetalsheetoftenofaluminiumcalledanxrayfilterisusuallyplacedoverthewindowofthexraytubeabsorbingthelowenergypartinthespectrumthisiscalledhardeningthebeamsinceitshiftsthecenterofthespectrumtowardshigherenergyorharderxraystogenerateanimageofthecardiovascularsystemhumancardiovascularsystemcardiovascularsystemincludingthearteriesandveinsangiographyaninitialimageistakenoftheanatomicalregionofinterestasecondimageisthentakenofthesameregionafteraniodinatedradiocontrastagentcontrastagenthasbeeninjectedintothebloodvesselswithinthisareathesetwoimagesarethendigitallysubtractedleavinganimageofonlytheiodinatedcontrastoutliningthebloodvesselstheradiologyradiologistorsurgeonthencomparestheimageobtainedtonormalanatomicalimagestodeterminewhetherthereisanydamageorblockageofthevesselcomputedtomographytransverseplanesliceamodernapplicationofmedicalradiographycomputedtomographyctscanningisamedicalimagingmodalitywheretomographytomographicimagesorslicesofspecificareasofthebodyareobtainedfromalargeseriesoftwodimensionalxrayimagestakenindifferentdirectionsrefnamerefrefthesecrosssectionalimagescanbecombinedintoathreedimensionalspacethreedimensionalimageoftheinsideofthebodyandusedfordiagnosticandtherapeuticpurposesinvariousmedicaldisciplinesfluoroscopyfluoroscopyisanimagingtechniquecommonlyusedbyphysiciansorradiationtherapiststoobtainrealtimemovingimagesoftheinternalstructuresofapatientthroughtheuseofafluoroscopeinitssimplestformafluoroscopeconsistsofanxraysourceandafluorescentscreenbetweenwhichapatientisplacedhowevermodernfluoroscopescouplethescreentoanxrayimageintensifierandchargecoupleddeviceccdvideocameraallowingtheimagestoberecordedandplayedonamonitorthismethodmayuseacontrastmaterialexamplesincludecardiaccatheterizationtoexamineforcoronarycirculationcoronaryarteryblockagesandbariumswallowtoexamineforesophagealdisordersandswallowingdisordersradiotherapytheuseofxraysasatreatmentisknownasradiationtherapyandislargelyusedforthemanagementincludingpalliationofcanceritrequireshigherradiationdosesthanthosereceivedforimagingalonexraysbeamsareusedfortreatingskincancersusinglowerenergyxraybeamswhilehigherenergybeamsareusedfortreatingcancerswithinthebodysuchasbrainlungprostateandbreastadverseeffectsofapregnantwomanaprocedurethatshouldbeperformedonlyafterproperassessmentofbenefitversusriskdiagnosticxraysprimarilyfromctscansduetothelargedoseusedincreasetheriskofdevelopmentalproblemsandcancerinthoseexposedxraysareclassifiedasacarcinogenbyboththeworldhealthorganizationsinternationalagencyforresearchoncancerandtheusgovernmentitisestimatedthatofcurrentcancersintheunitedstatesareduetocomputedtomographyctscansperformedinthepastandthatthismayincreasetoashighaswithratesofctusageexperimentalandepidemiologicaldatacurrentlydonotsupportthepropositionthatthereisalinearnothresholdmodelthresholddoseofradiationbelowwhichthereisnoincreasedriskofcancerhoweverthisisunderincreasingdoubtitisestimatedthattheadditionalradiationwillincreaseapersonscumulativeriskofgettingcancerbyagebytheamountofabsorbedradiationdependsuponthetypeofxraytestandthebodypartinvolvedrefnamebrennerrefctandfluoroscopyentailhigherdosesofradiationthandoplainxraystoplacetheincreasedriskinperspectiveaplainchestxraywillexposeapersontothesameamountfrombackgroundradiationthatpeopleareexposedtodependinguponlocationeverydayoverdayswhileexposurefromadentalxrayisapproximatelyequivalenttodayofenvironmentalbackgroundradiationthisiscomparedtotheroughlychanceofauscitizendevelopingcancerduringtheirlifetimeforinstancetheeffectivedosetothetorsofromactscanofthechestisaboutmsvandtheabsorbeddoseisaboutmgyaheadctscanmsvmgyrefnamenrpbshrimptonpcmillerhclewismadunnmhpaorgukwebhpawebfilehpawebcdosesfromcomputedtomographyctexaminationsintheukreviewrefthatisperformedoncewithandoncewithoutcontrastagentwouldbeequivalenttoyearsofbackgroundradiationtotheheadaccurateestimationofeffectivedosesduetoctisdifficultwiththeestimationuncertaintyrangeofabouttoforadultheadscansdependinguponthemethodusedtheriskofradiationisgreatertoafetussoinpregnantpatientsthebenefitsoftheinvestigationxrayshouldbebalancedwiththepotentialhazardstothefetusintheusthereareanestimatednbspmillionctscansperformedannuallyincludingmorethannbspmilliononchildrenavoidingunnecessaryxraysespeciallyctscansreducesradiationdoseandanyassociatedcancerriskmedicalxraysareasignificantsourceofmanmaderadiationexposureintheyaccountedforofexposurefrommanmadesourcesintheunitedstatessincemanmadesourcesaccountedforonlyofthetotalradiationexposuremostofwhichcamefromnaturalsourcesmedicalxraysonlyaccountedforoftotalamericanradiationexposuremedicalproceduresasawholeincludingnuclearmedicineaccountedforoftotalradiationexposurebyhowevermedicalproceduresintheunitedstateswerecontributingmuchmoreionizingradiationthanwasthecaseintheearlysinmedicalexposureconstitutednearlyhalfofthetotalradiationexposureoftheuspopulationfromallsourcestheincreaseistraceabletothegrowthintheuseofmedicalimagingproceduresinparticularcomputedtomographyctandtothegrowthintheuseofnuclearmedicinerefnamesciencesciencedailycomreleaseshtmmedicalradiationexposureoftheuspopulationgreatlyincreasedsincetheearlyssciencedailymarchrefdosageduetodentalxraysvariessignificantlydependingontheprocedureandthetechnologyfilmordigitaldependingontheprocedureandthetechnologyasingledentalxrayofahumanresultsinanexposureoftomremafullmouthseriesofxraysmayresultinanexposureofuptodigitaltofilmmremforayearlyaverageofuptomremfinancialincentiveshavebeenshowntohaveasignificantimpactonxrayusewithdoctorswhoarepaidaseparatefeeforeachxrayprovidingmorexraysotherusesothernotableusesofxraysincludefilexraydiffractionpatternclprojpgthumbpxeachdotcalledareflectioninthisdiffractionpatternformsfromtheconstructiveinterferenceofscatteredxrayspassingthroughacrystalthedatacanbeusedtodeterminethecrystallinestructurexraycrystallographyinwhichthepatternproducedbythediffractionofxraysthroughthecloselyspacedlatticeofatomsinacrystalisrecordedandthenanalysedtorevealthenatureofthatlatticeintheearlysexperimentsweredoneinwhichlayersafewatomsthickoftwodifferentmaterialsweredepositedinathuemorsesequencetheresultingobjectwasfoundtoyieldxraydiffractionpatternsarelatedtechniquefiberdiffractionwasusedbyrosalindfranklintodiscoverthedoublehelixdoublehelicalstructureofdnaxrayastronomywhichisanobservationalbranchofastronomywhichdealswiththestudyofxrayemissionfromcelestialobjectsxraymicroscopexraymicroscopicanalysiswhichuseselectromagneticradiationinthesoftxraybandtoproduceimagesofverysmallobjectsxrayfluorescenceatechniqueinwhichxraysaregeneratedwithinaspecimenanddetectedtheoutgoingenergyofthexraycanbeusedtoidentifythecompositionofthesampleindustrialradiographyusesxraysforinspectionofindustrialpartsparticularlyweldingweldsauthenticationandqualitycontrolxrayisusedforauthenticationandqualitycontrolofpackageditemsindustrialctcomputedtomographyisaprocesswhichusesxrayequipmenttoproducethreedimensionalrepresentationsofcomponentsbothexternallyandinternallythisisaccomplishedthroughcomputerprocessingofprojectionimagesofthescannedobjectinmanydirectionspaintingsareoftenxrayedtorevealunderdrawingsandpentimentopentimentialterationsinthecourseofpaintingorbylaterrestorersmanypigmentssuchasleadwhiteshowwellinradiographsxrayspectromicroscopyhasbeenusedtoanalysethereactionsofpigmentsinpaintingsforexampleinanalysingcolourdegradationinthepaintingsofvincentvangoghvangoghrefnameanalyticalchemistryrefairportsecurityluggagescannersusexraysforinspectingtheinteriorofluggageforsecuritythreatsbeforeloadingonaircraftbordercontroltruckscannersusexraysforinspectingtheinterioroftrucksbypeterdazeleyxrayartandfineartphotographyartisticuseofxraysforexampletheworksbystanejagodixrayhairremovalamethodpopularinthesbutnowbannedbythefdarefnamemildayrefshoefittingfluoroscopeswerepopularizedinthesbannedintheusinthesbannedintheukinthesandevenlaterincontinentaleuroperoentgenstereophotogrammetryisusedtotrackmovementofbonesbasedontheimplantationofmarkersxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyisachemicalanalysistechniquerelyingonthephotoelectriceffectusuallyemployedinsurfacescienceradiationimplosionistheuseofhighenergyxraysgeneratedfromafissionexplosionanabombtocompressnuclearfueltothepointoffusionignitionanhbombvisibilitywhilegenerallyconsideredinvisibletothehumaneyeinspecialcircumstancesxrayscanbevisiblebrandesinanexperimentashorttimeafterwilhelmrntgenrntgenslandmarkpaperreportedafterdarkadaptationandplacinghiseyeclosetoanxraytubeseeingafaintbluegrayglowwhichseemedtooriginatewithintheeyeitselfuponhearingthisrntgenreviewedhisrecordbooksandfoundhetoohadseentheeffectwhenplacinganxraytubeontheoppositesideofawoodendoorrntgenhadnotedthesameblueglowseemingtoemanatefromtheeyeitselfbutthoughthisobservationstobespuriousbecauseheonlysawtheeffectwhenheusedonetypeoftubelaterherealizedthatthetubewhichhadcreatedtheeffectwastheonlyonepowerfulenoughtomaketheglowplainlyvisibleandtheexperimentwasthereafterreadilyrepeatabletheknowledgethatxraysareactuallyfaintlyvisibletothedarkadaptednakedeyehaslargelybeenforgottentodaythisisprobablyduetothedesirenottorepeatwhatwouldnowbeseenasarecklesslydangerousandpotentiallyharmfulexperimentwithionizingradiationitisnotknownwhatexactmechanismintheeyeproducesthevisibilityitcouldbeduetoconventionaldetectionexcitationofrhodopsinmoleculesintheretinadirectexcitationofretinalnervecellsorsecondarydetectionviaforinstancexrayinductionofphosphorescenceintheeyeballwithconventionalretinaldetectionofthesecondarilyproducedvisiblelightthoughxraysareotherwiseinvisibleitispossibletoseetheionizationoftheairmoleculesiftheintensityofthexraybeamishighenoughthebeamlinefromthewigglersynchrotronwiggleratthewebarchiveorgwebesrfeuusersandscienceexperimentsmaterialssciencefaisceauidattheeuropeansynchrotronradiationfacilityisoneexampleofsuchhighintensityunitsofmeasureandexposurethemeasureofxraysionizationionizingabilityiscalledtheexposurethecoulombperkilogramckgisthesystemeinternationalsiunitofionizingradiationexposureanditistheamountofradiationrequiredtocreateonecoulombofchargeofeachpolarityinonekilogramofmattertheroentgenunitroentgenrisanobsoletetraditionalunitofexposurewhichrepresentedtheamountofradiationrequiredtocreateoneelectrostaticunitofchargeofeachpolarityinonecubiccentimeterofdryairroentgensupsupckghowevertheeffectofionizingradiationonmatterespeciallylivingtissueismorecloselyrelatedtotheamountofenergydepositedintothemratherthantheelectricchargechargegeneratedthismeasureofenergyabsorbediscalledtheabsorbeddosethegrayunitgraygywhichhasunitsofjouleskilogramisthesiunitofabsorbeddoseanditistheamountofradiationrequiredtodepositonejouleofenergyinonekilogramofanykindofmattertheradunitradistheobsoletecorrespondingtraditionalunitequaltomillijoulesofenergydepositedperkilogramradgraytheequivalentdoseisthemeasureofthebiologicaleffectofradiationonhumantissueforxraysitisequaltotheabsorbeddosetheroentgenequivalentmanremisthetraditionalunitofequivalentdoseforxraysitisequaltotheradunitradorinotherwordsmillijoulesofenergydepositedperkilogramremsvthesievertsvisthesiunitofequivalentdoseandalsoofeffectivedoseradiationeffectivedoseforxraystheequivalentdoseisnumericallyequaltoagrayunitgraygysvgyfortheeffectivedoseofxraysitisusuallynotequaltothegraygyseealsoabnormalreflectionbackscatterxraydetectivequantumefficiencyhighenergyxraysnrayneutronradiationnuclearspectroscopictelescopearraynustarradiographerresonantinelasticxrayscatteringrixssmallanglexrayscatteringsaxsxrayabsorptionspectroscopyxraymarkerxraynanoprobexrayreflectivityxrayvisionxrayweldingmacintyresxrayfilmdocumentaryradiographyfilmthexraysbritishshortsilentcomedyfilmreferencesexternallinkscrtsitecompagehtmlhistoricalxraytubesrntgensarticleonlineandanalyzedonbibnumeducationfrphysiqueelectriciteelectromagnetismeladecouvertedesrayonsxparroentgenbibnumsmallclicktlchargerforenglishanalysissmallrtstudentscomxraysbrokenhumerusxrayhtmexampleradiographfracturedhumeruswebarchiveorgwebiukedukoalheimgequipmentxrayjpgaphotographofanxraymachinexraysafetycomxraysafetyionactivecoukmultimediavideohtmlmanxraytubedemonstrationanimationwebarchiveorgwebdeutschenaturecomphysicspdfarticleonanewkindofraysdocsgooglecomfileviewidbczuxbiymnmqxymvlndktnjbizsnjcwltgodgtzjcnwuwowuxzdghltrdigitalxraytechnologiesprojectwebarchiveorgwebradusuhsmilradhomewhatishtmlwhatisradiologyasimpletutorialwebarchiveorgwebradusuhsedumedpixxraymriandctpicturesmedpixmedicalimagedatabasedatasynccomrsfbremindxhtmindexofearlybremsstrahlungarticleslifecomimagefirstingalleryextraordinaryxraysextraordinaryxraysslideshowbylifemagazinelifextaliqfrcsicescristalografiaindexenhtmlxraysandcrystalsinfoboxcpuarchitecturenamexdesignerinteladvancedmicrodevicesamdbitsbitbitandbitcomputingbitintroducedbitbitbitversiondesigncomplexinstructionsetcomputingcisctyperegistermemoryarchitectureregistermemoryencodingvariabletobytesbranchingstatusregisterconditioncodeendiannesslittlepagesizeinonebrinteliintelinbspkbpagesbrpmicroarchitectureppentiumbrandpentiumaddednbspmbpagesbrlegacyphysicaladdressextensionpaenbspkbnbspmbbrlongmodexaddednbspgbpagesextensionsxiaxmmxinstructionsetmmxdnowstreamingsimdextensionsssessessesssessessesseaesniclmulinstructionsetclmulrdrandintelshaextensionsshaintelmpxmpxsoftwareguardextensionssgxxopinstructionsetxopfcinteladxadxbitmanipulationinstructionsetsbmifmainstructionsetfmaadvancedvectorextensionsavxavxavxvtxamdvtransactionalsynchronizationextensionstsxadvancedsynchronizationfacilityasfopenpartlyforsomeadvancedfeaturesxmayrequirelicensefromintelxmayrequireanadditionallicensefromamdtheprocessorhasbeenonthemarketformorethanyearsandsocannotbesubjecttopatentclaimsthepresubsetofthexarchitectureisthereforefullyopengprfprimageklinteldjpgthumbintelimagecoreduoejpgthumbintelcoreduoanexampleofanxcompatiblebitmulticoreprocessorimageslotaathlonjpgthumbamdathlonearlyversionatechnicallydifferentbutfullycompatibleximplementationxisafamilyofbackwardcompatibleinstructionsetarchitecturesbasedontheintelintelcentralprocessingunitcpuanditsintelvariantthewasintroducedinasafullybitextensionofintelsbitbasedintelmicroprocessorwithxmemorysegmentationmemorysegmentationasasolutionforaddressingmorememorythancanbecoveredbyaplainbitaddressthetermxcameintobeingbecausethenamesofseveralsuccessorstointelsprocessorendinincludingtheintelintelintelandintelprocessorsmanyadditionsandextensionshavebeenaddedtothexinstructionsetovertheyearsalmostconsistentlywithfullbackwardcompatibilitythearchitecturehasbeenimplementedinprocessorsfromintelcorporationintelcyrixadvancedmicrodevicesamdviatechnologiesviaandmanyothercompaniestherearealsoopenimplementationssuchasthezetsystemonachipsocplatformrefciteweburlopencoresorgprojectzettitlezetthexiaopenimplementationoverviewdatenovemberaccessdatejanuarypublisheropencoresorgrefneverthelessofthoseonlyintelamdandviaholdxarchitecturallicensesandareproducingmodernbitdesignsthetermisnotsynonymouswithibmpccompatibleibmpccompatibilityasthisimpliesamultitudeofothercomputerhardwareembeddedsystemsaswellasgeneralpurposecomputersusedxchipsinfluenceoftheibmpconthepersonalcomputermarketbeforetheibmpcsintroductionbeforethepccompatiblemarketstartedsomeofthembeforetheibmpcitselfasofthemajorityofpersonalcomputersandlaptopssoldarebasedonthexarchitecturewhileothercategoriesespeciallyhighvolumemobilecategoriessuchassmartphonesortabletcomputertabletsaredominatedbyarmarchitecturearmatthehighendxcontinuestodominatecomputeintensiveworkstationandcloudcomputingsegmentsrefciteweburlbusinesscloudnewscomarackoftheirownthecloudbeyondxtitlethecloudbeyondxhowoldarchitecturesaremakingacomebacklastbrandonfirstjonathandateaprilwebsitebusinesscloudnewscompublisherbusinesscloudnewsaccessdatenovemberquotedespitethedominanceofxinthedatacentreitisdifficulttoignorethenoisevendorshavebeenmakingoverthepastcoupleofyearsaroundnonxarchitectureslikearmrefoverviewinthesandearlyswhentheandwerestillincommonusethetermxusuallyrepresentedanycompatiblecputodayhoweverxusuallyimpliesabinarycompatibilityalsowiththebitinstructionsetofthethisisduetothefactthatthisinstructionsethasbecomesomethingofalowestcommondenominatorformanymodernoperatingsystemsandprobablyalsobecausethetermbecamecommonaftertheintroductionoftheintelinafewyearsaftertheintroductionoftheandinteladdedsomecomplexitytoitsnamingschemeandterminologyastheiapxoftheambitiousbutillfatedinteliapxprocessorwastriedonthemoresuccessfulfamilyofchipsappliedasakindofsystemlevelprefixansystemincludingcoprocessorssuchasandaswellassimplerintelspecificsystemchipswastherebydescribedasaniapxsystemtherewerealsotermsirmxforoperatingsystemsisbcforsingleboardcomputersandisbxformultimoduleboardsbasedonthearchitecturealltogetherundertheheadingmicrosystemrefnameirefrefnameirefhoweverthisnamingschemewasquitetemporarylastingforafewyearsduringtheearlysalthoughthewasprimarilydevelopedforembeddedsystemsandsmallmultiuserorsingleusercomputerslargelyasaresponsetothesuccessfulcompatiblezilogzthexlinesoongrewinfeaturesandprocessingpowertodayxisubiquitousinbothstationaryandportablepersonalcomputersandisalsousedinmidrangecomputersworkstationsserversandmostnewsupercomputercomputerclusterclustersofthetoplistalargeamountofcomputersoftwaresoftwareincludingalargelistofareusingxbasedhardwaremodernxisrelativelyuncommoninembeddedsystemshoweverandsmalllowpowerelectronicslowpowerapplicationsusingtinybatteriesaswellaslowcostmicroprocessormarketssuchashomeappliancesandtoyslackanysignificantxpresencesimplebitandbitbasedarchitecturesarecommonherealthoughthexcompatibleviacviananoadvancedmicrodevicesamdsgeodeprocessorgeodeathlonneoandintelatomareexamplesofandbitcomputingbitdesignsusedinsomerelativelylowpowerandlowcostsegmentstherehavebeenseveralattemptsincludingbyintelitselftoendthemarketdominanceoftheinelegantxarchitecturedesigneddirectlyfromthefirstsimplebitmicroprocessorsexamplesofthisaretheiapxaprojectoriginallynamedtheinteltheintelintelandtheintelhewlettpackarditaniumarchitecturehoweverthecontinuousrefinementofxmicroarchitectureselectroniccircuitcircuitryandsemiconductormanufacturingwouldmakeithardtoreplacexinmanysegmentsamdsbitextensionofxwhichinteleventuallyrespondedtowithacompatibledesignandthescalabilityofxchipssuchasthemulticoreprocessoreightcoreintelxeonandcoreamdopteronisunderliningxasanexampleofhowcontinuousrefinementofestablishedindustrystandardscanresistthecompetitionfromcompletelynewarchitectureschronologythetablebelowlistsprocessormodelsandmodelseriesimplementingvariationsofthexinstructionsetinchronologicalordereachlineitemischaracterizedbysignificantlyimprovedorcommerciallysuccessfulprocessormicroarchitecturedesignsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfirstintroducedprominentcpubrandslinearaddresssizebitssegmentoffsetsizebitsphysicaladdresssizebitsnotablenewfeaturesintelintelandclonesstylebackgroundfaeccfirstxmicroprocessorsintelintelandclonesnecvvstylebackgroundfaecchardwareforfastmemoryaddressaddresscalculationsfastmultiplicationanddivisionintelandclonesstylebackgroundfaeccmemorymanagementunitmmuforprotectedmodeandalargeraddressspaceintelandclonesamdamstylebackgroundceefbitinstructionsetmmuwithpagingpgasocketintelandclonesamdamstylebackgroundceefrisclikepipeliningintegratedxfloatingpointunitfpubitonchipcpucachecachepgasocketcyrixcxslccyrixcxdlcstylebackgroundceeflcacheandpipeliningintroducedintotheplatformpgasocketpmicroarchitecturepentiumpentiummmxrisetechnologyrisempstylebackgroundceefsuperscalarbitbuscomputingdatabusfasterfpummxinstructionsetmmxbitsocketsymmetricmultiprocessingsmppentiumprostylebackgroundceefphysicaladdressextensionpaeoptranslationconditionalmoveinstructionsoutoforderexecutionoutoforderregisterrenamingspeculativeexecutionphysicaladdressextensionpaepentiumproinpackagelcachepentiumprosocketamdkcyrixxcyrixmiinxnxintegrateddevicetechnologyidtcentaurtechnologycentaurwinchipccyrixiiisamuelviacsamuelviacezrastylebackgroundceefdiscretemicroarchitectureoptranslationamxcyrixxpentiumoverdrivestylebackgroundceefpartialpentiumsspecificationbroughtintotheplatformpentiumiipentiumiiiiiiceleronxeonstylebackgroundceefphysicaladdressextensionpaestreamingsimdextensionsssebitondielcacheceleronmendocinomendocinopentiumiiicopperminecoppermineslotslotorsocketamdkamdkamdkiiiiiicyrixiiijoshuastylebackgroundceefondielcachekiiicyrixiiijoshuadnownopaesupportsupersocketkathlonathlonxpstylebackgroundceefphysicaladdressextensionpaesuperscalarfpuwidedesignuptothreexinstrclockslotaorsocketasymmetricmultiprocessingsmppentiumstylebackgroundceefphysicaladdressextensionpaedeeplypipeliningpipelinedpipelinestagesintelvtxrapidexecutionengineexecutiontracecachereplaysystemquadpumpedfrontsidebushighfrequencyssehyperthreadingsockettransmetacrusoetransmetaefficeonstylebackgroundceefverylonginstructionwordvliwdesignwithxemulatorondiememorycontrollerintelitaniumiacompatibilitymodestylebackgroundceefnaexplicitlyparallelinstructioncomputingepicarchitecturewithanonpackageengineprechipslaterusingiaexecutionlayerthatprovidesbackwardsupportformostiaapplicationspentiummviacintelcoreintelcoreisbasedoffpentiummstylebackgroundceefphysicaladdressextensionpaeoptimizedforlowthermaldesignpowerfourpumpedfsbmicroopfusionopfusionathlonathlonxsempronopteronstylebackgroundcefeathlonfxsampronopteronamdprocessorexcludingbitsempronondiememorycontrollerhypertransportmulticoreprocessorcmpvirtualizationamdvonsomemodelssocketsocketsocketorsocketamamsocketpentiumprescottpentiumprescottfxxxcelerondxxpentiumdstylebackgroundcefeemttechnologyintroducedverydeeplypipeliningpipelinedpipelinestageshighfrequencysselgasocketmulticoreprocessorcmpxintelcorenbspstylebackgroundcefeintelcorexeonxeononlgaintelprocessorlowpowermulticorelowerclockfrequencyssepenrynwidedynamicexecutionopfusionmacroopfusionvirtualizationintelvtonsomemodelsvortexdmpvortexstylebackgroundceefinordercorewithhighpipelinedeepintegratedwithsoundgraphicunitsoconchipmemorycontrollerlowclocklowpowerforembeddedusephenomprocessoramdphenomamdphenomiistylebackgroundcefephenomathlonsampronphenomiiopteronmonolithicquadcoresseahypertransportamoramsocketviananostylebackgroundcefeoutoforderexecutionoutofordersuperscalarbitintegercpuhardwarebasedencryptionverylowpoweradaptivepowermanagementstgenintelcoreicoreiiandcoreiinehalemmicroarchitecturenehalemandwestmeremicroarchitecturewestmerestylebackgroundcefehyperthreadingintelturboboostaesnioutoforderexecutionoutoforderquickpathnativememorycontrollerondielcachemodularintelhdgraphicsintroducedontocpuchipclarkdalemicroprocessorclarkdalelganehalemorlgasocketintelatomstylebackgroundceefbonnellbaytrailerandlaterinorderbuthighlypipelinedverylowpowersomemodelsbonnellmicroarchitecturediamondvillemicroprocessordiamondvillewithbitintegercpuondiegpubonnellmicroarchitecturepineviewmicroprocessorpenwellbonnellmicroarchitecturecedarviewmicroprocessorcedarviewbulldozermicroarchitectureamdfxstylebackgroundcefefxopteronhighlypipelinedaboutstageslongpipelineverypowerhungryveryhighclockshareinstructioncacheandflexfpubetweentwocoresinthemultichipmodulemodulefirstconsumeroctacoreprocessorcmtclusteredmultithreadfmaopenclsupportuptosocketperchipsetamdapuceandzseriesbobcatprocessorbobcatstylebackgroundcefeoutoforderexecutionoutoforderbitintegercpuondiegpulowpowerbobcatsocketfmdesktopamdapuaandeseriesamdfusionllanostylebackgroundcefeondiegpufirstgenerationfusionapuamdapuaseriesbulldozerprocessorbulldozertrinityandlaterstylebackgroundcefesseadvancedvectorextensionsavxbithighlymodulardesignintegratedondiegraphicsprocessingunitgpusocketfmorsocketfmgeneralpurposecomputingongraphicsprocessingunitsgpgpundandrdgenintelcoreicoreiiandcoreiisandybridgemicroarchitecturesandybridgeandivybridgemicroarchitectureivybridgestylebackgroundcefeinternalringconnectionintelturboboostfcadvancedvectorextensionsavxgpgpumicrooperationcacheuopcacherelativelylongpipelinetostageslgasocketintelxeonphilarrabeemicroarchitecturelarrabeestylebackgroundcefexeonphimanyintegratedcoremicarchitecturewinorderpmicroarchitecturepcwithxverywidevectorprocessingvectorunitlrbniinstructionsbitfourthreadspercorethandthgenintelcoreicoreiandcoreihaswellmicroarchitecturehaswellandbroadwellmicroarchitecturebroadwellstylebackgroundcefeadvancedvectorextensionsavxfmainstructionsetfmatransactionalsynchronizationextensionstsxbitmanipulationinstructionsetsbmibmiandabminstructionsinteladxfullyintegratedvoltageregulatorfivrintelturboboostmaxbroadwellehighclockratelgasocketththandthgenintelcoreicoreiicoreiiandcoreiiskylakemicroarchitectureskylakekabylakeandcoffeelakestylebackgroundcefeoutoforderexecutionoutoforderbitintegercpuavxintelsgxintelmpxhighclockrateintegratedondiesouthbridgecomputingsouthbridgeintegratedondiexmicarraygraphicsprocessingunitgpusystemonachipsocmanyintegratedcoremiclgasocketryzenamdryzenryzenryzenandryzenthreadripperzenmicroarchitecturezenandzenstylebackgroundcefemultipleccxsconnectedthroughinfinityfabricextendedfrequencyrangexfrsensemisimultaneousmultithreadingsmtsocketamamsockettrtrsockethistoryothermanufacturersimageamsxlcroppedjpgthumbamreleasedbyamdinatvarioustimescompaniessuchasibmnecamdtexasinstrumentstistmicroelectronicsstmfujitsuokielectricindustryokisiemensagsiemenscyrixintersilchipsandtechnologiesctnexgenunitedmicroelectronicscorporationumcanddmpstartedtodesignormanufacturexcentralprocessingunitprocessorscpusintendedforpersonalcomputersaswellasembeddedsystemssuchximplementationsareseldomsimplecopiesbutoftenemploydifferentinternalmicroarchitecturesaswellasdifferentsolutionsattheelectronicandphysicallevelsquitenaturallyearlycompatiblemicroprocessorswerebitwhilebitdesignsweredevelopedmuchlaterforthepersonalcomputermarketrealquantitiesstartedtoappeararoundwithiandicompatibleprocessorsoftennamedsimilarlytointelsoriginalchipsothercompanieswhichdesignedormanufacturedxorxprocessorsincludeittcorporationnationalsemiconductorulsisystemtechnologyandweitekfollowingthefullypipeliningpipelinediintelcorporationintelintroducedthepentiumbrandpentiumbrandnamewhichunlikenumberscouldbetrademarkedfortheirnewsetofsuperscalarxdesignswiththexnamingschemenowlegallyclearedotherxvendorshadtochoosedifferentnamesfortheirxcompatibleproductsandinitiallysomechosetocontinuewithvariationsofthenumberingschemeibmpartneredwithcyrixtoproducethecyrixcxxxandthentheveryefficientxmandxmxcyrixxmiilinesofcyrixdesignswhichwerethefirstxmicroprocessorsimplementingregisterrenamingtoenablespeculativeexecutionamdmeanwhiledesignedandmanufacturedtheadvancedbutdelayedkamdkkwhichinternallywascloselybasedonamdsearlierkriscdesignsimilartonexgensnxitusedastrategysuchthatdedicatedpipelinestagesdecodexinstructionsintouniformandeasilyhandledmicrooperationsamethodthathasremainedthebasisformostxdesignstothisdaysomeearlyversionsofthesemicroprocessorshadheatdissipationproblemsthexwasalsoaffectedbyafewminorcompatibilityproblemsthenxlackedafloatingpointunitfpuandthethencrucialpincompatibilitywhiletheamdkkhadsomewhatdisappointingperformancewhenitwaseventuallyintroducedcustomerignoranceofalternativestothepentiumseriesfurthercontributedtothesedesignsbeingcomparativelyunsuccessfuldespitethefactthattheamdkkhadverygoodpentiumcompatibilityandthexwassignificantlyfasterthanthepentiumonintegercodeamdlatermanagedtoestablishitselfasaseriouscontenderwiththeamdkksetofprocessorswhichgavewaytotheverysuccessfulathlonandopterontherewerealsoothercontenderssuchascentaurtechnologyformerlyintegrateddevicetechnologyidtrisetechnologyandtransmetaviatechnologiesenergyefficientviaccandviaccprocessorswhichweredesignedbythecentaurtechnologycentaurcompanyhavebeensoldformanyyearscentaursnewestdesigntheviananoistheirfirstprocessorwithsuperscalarandspeculativeexecutionitwasperhapsinterestinglyintroducedataboutthesametimeasintelsfirstinorderprocessorsincethepmicroarchitectureppentiumbrandpentiumtheintelatomextensionsofwordsizetheinstructionsetarchitecturehastwicebeenextendedtoalargerworddatatypewordsizeinintelreleasedthebitlaterknownasiwhichgraduallyreplacedtheearlierbitchipsincomputersalthoughtypicallynotinembeddedsystemsduringthefollowingyearsthisextendedprogrammingmodelwasoriginallyreferredtoastheiarchitecturelikeitsfirstimplementationbutintellaterdubbeditiawhenintroducingitsunrelatediaarchitectureinadvancedmicrodevicesamdextendedthisbitarchitecturetonbspbitsandreferredtoitasxinearlydocumentsandlaterasamdintelsoonadoptedamdsarchitecturalextensionsunderthenameiaelaterusingthenameemtandfinallyusingintelmicrosoftandsunmicrosystemsoraclecorporationoraclealsousetermxwhilemanylinuxdistributionsandthebsdsalsousetheamdtermmicrosoftwindowsforexampledesignatesitsbitversionsasxandbitversionsasxwhileinstallationfilesofbitwindowsversionsarerequiredtobeplacedintoadirectorycalledamdoverviewbasicpropertiesofthearchitecturethexarchitectureisavariableinstructionlengthprimarilycomplexinstructionsetcomputerciscdesignwithemphasisonbackwardcompatibilitytheinstructionsetisnottypicalcischoweverbutbasicallyanextendedversionofthesimpleeightbitintelandintelarchitecturesbyteaddressingisenabledandwordsarestoredinmemorywithendiannesslittleendianbyteordermemoryaccesstounalignedaddressesisallowedforallvalidwordsizesthelargestnativesizeforintegercomputingintegerarithmeticandmemoryaddressesoroffsetcomputerscienceoffsetsisornbspbitsdependingonarchitecturegenerationnewerprocessorsincludedirectsupportforsmallerintegersaswellmultiplescalarvaluescanbehandledsimultaneouslyviathesimdunitpresentinlatergenerationsasdescribedbelowimmediateaddressingoffsetsandimmediatedatamaybeexpressedasbitquantitiesforthefrequentlyoccurringcasesorcontextswherearangeisenoughtypicalinstructionsarethereforeorbytesinlengthalthoughsomearemuchlongerandsomearesinglebytetofurtherconserveencodingspacemostregistersareexpressedinopcodesusingthreeorfourbitsthelatterviaanopcodeprefixinbitmodewhileatmostoneoperandtoaninstructioncanbeamemorylocationhoweverthismemoryoperandmayalsobethedestinationoracombinedsourceanddestinationwhiletheotheroperandthesourcecanbeeitherregisterorimmediateamongotherfactorsthiscontributestoacodesizethatrivalseightbitmachinesandenablesefficientuseofinstructioncachememorytherelativelysmallnumberofgeneralregistersalsoinheritedfromitsbitancestorshasmaderegisterrelativeaddressingusingsmallimmediateoffsetsanimportantmethodofaccessingoperandsespeciallyonthestackmuchworkhasthereforebeeninvestedinmakingsuchaccessesasfastasregisteraccessesieaonecycleinstructionthroughputinmostcircumstanceswheretheaccesseddataisavailableinthetoplevelcachefloatingpointandsimdadedicatedfloatingpointprocessorwithbitinternalregisterstheintelwasdevelopedfortheoriginalthismicroprocessorsubsequentlydevelopedintotheextendedandlaterprocessorsincorporatedabackwardcompatibleversionofthisfunctionalityonthesamemicroprocessorasthemainprocessorinadditiontothismodernxdesignsalsocontainasimdunitseestreamingsimdextensionsssebelowwhereinstructionscanworkinparallelononeortwobitwordseachcontainingtwoorfourfloatingpointnumberseachornbspbitswiderespectivelyoralternativelyorintegerseachornbspbitswiderespectivelythepresenceofwidesimdregistersmeansthatexistingxprocessorscanloadorstoreuptonbspbitsofmemorydatainasingleinstructionandalsoperformbitwiseoperationsalthoughnotintegerarithmeticonfullbitsquantitiesinparallelintelssandybridgeprocessorsaddedtheavxadvancedvectorextensionsinstructionswideningthesimdregisterstobitsknightscornerthearchitectureusedbyintelontheirxeonphicoprocessorsusesbitwidesimdregistersthefactthatmovhasbeenextendedtocopewithbitwordsdoesnotmakethebitsseregistersgeneralpurposethebitwiseinstructionsextendedforbitsseregistersandmemorylocationsisjustssesimdplainandsimplethefactthatbitregisterscanbepushedandpoppedtofromthestackwithnormalinstructionsisnothingmoreremarkablethanthemovmentionedabovealthoughveryusefulonlybitssewordsnotbitintegersoraddressesareenabledbythesingleinstructionsingledatacorewhatopcodesareusedareirrelevantherecurrentimplementationsduringexecutioncomputersexecutioncurrentxprocessorsemployafewextradecodingstepstosplitmostinstructionsintosmallerpiecescalledmicrooperationsthesearethenhandedtoacontrolunitthatbuffersandschedulesthemincompliancewithxsemanticssothattheycanbeexecutedpartlyinparallelbyoneofseveralmoreorlessspecializedexecutionunitsthesemodernxdesignsarethusinstructionpipeliningpipelinedsuperscalarandalsocapableofoutoforderexecutionoutoforderandspeculativeexecutionviabranchpredictionregisterrenamingandmemorydependencepredictionwhichmeanstheymayexecutemultiplepartialorcompletexinstructionssimultaneouslyandnotnecessarilyinthesameorderasgivenintheinstructionstreamintelsandamdsstartingfromamdzencpusarealsocapableofsimultaneousmultithreadingwithtwothreadcomputersciencethreadspermulticoreprocessorcorexeonphihasfourthreadspercoreandincaseofinteltransactionalmemorytransactionalsynchronizationextensionstsxwhenintroducedinthemidsthismethodwassometimesreferredtoasarisccoreorasrisctranslationpartlyformarketingreasonsbutalsobecausethesemicrooperationssharesomepropertieswithcertaintypesofriscinstructionshowevertraditionalmicrocodeusedsincethesalsoinherentlysharesmanyofthesamepropertiesthenewmethoddiffersmainlyinthatthetranslationtomicrooperationsnowoccursasynchronouslynothavingtosynchronizetheexecutionunitswiththedecodestepsopensuppossibilitiesformoreanalysisofthebufferedcodestreamandthereforepermitsdetectionofoperationsthatcanbeperformedinparallelsimultaneouslyfeedingmorethanoneexecutionunitthelatestprocessorsalsodotheoppositewhenappropriatetheycombinecertainxsequencessuchasacomparefollowedbyaconditionaljumpintoamorecomplexmicroopwhichfitstheexecutionmodelbetterandthuscanbeexecutedfasterorwithlessmachineresourcesinvolvedanotherwaytotrytoimproveperformanceistocachethedecodedmicrooperationssotheprocessorcandirectlyaccessthedecodedmicrooperationsfromaspecialcacheinsteadofdecodingthemagainintelfollowedthisapproachwiththeexecutiontracecachefeatureintheirnetburstmicroarchitectureforpentiumprocessorsandlaterinthedecodedstreambufferforcorebrandedprocessorssincesandybridgetransmetausedacompletelydifferentmethodintheirxcompatiblecpustheyusedjustintimecompilationjustintimetranslationtoconvertxinstructionstothecpusnativevliwinstructionsettransmetaarguedthattheirapproachallowsformorepowerefficientdesignssincethecpucanforgothecomplicateddecodestepofmoretraditionalximplementationssegmentationminicomputersduringthelateswererunningupagainstthebitkilobytekbaddresslimitasmemoryhadbecomecheapersomeminicomputerslikethepdpusedcomplexbankswitchingschemesorinthecaseofdigitalsvaxredesignedmuchmoreexpensiveprocessorswhichcoulddirectlyhandlebitaddressinganddatatheoriginaldevelopedfromthesimpleintelmicroprocessorandprimarilyaimingatverysmallandinexpensivecomputersandotherspecializeddevicesinsteadadoptedsimplesegmentregisterswhichincreasedthememoryaddresswidthbyonlynbspbitsbymultiplyingakbaddressbythebitaddresscouldaddressatotalofonemegabytebyteswhichwasquitealargeamountforasmallcomputeratthetimetheconceptofsegmentregisterswasnotnewtomanymainframeswhichusedsegmentregisterstoswapquicklytodifferenttasksinpracticeonthexitwasisamuchcriticizedimplementationwhichgreatlycomplicatedmanycommonprogrammingtasksandcompilershoweverthearchitecturesoonallowedlinearaddressinglinearbitaddressingstartingwiththeinlatebutmajoractorssuchasmicrosofttookseveralyearstoconverttheirbitbasedsystemstheandwasthereforelargelyusedasafastbutstillbitbasedformanyyearsdataandcodecouldbemanagedwithinnearbitsegmentswithinnbspkbportionsofthetotalnbspmegabytembaddressspaceoracompilercouldoperateinafarmodeusingbitcodesegmentoffsetcodepairsreachingonlynbspmbwhilethatwouldalsoprovetobequitelimitingbythemidsitwasworkingfortheemergingpcmarketandmadeitverysimpletotranslatesoftwarefromtheolderintelintelintelandztothenewerprocessorduringthebitsegmentaddressingmodelwaseffectivelyfactoredoutbytheintroductionofbitoffsetregistersintheinteldesigninrealmodesegmentationisachievedbybitshiftshiftingthesegmentaddressleftbynbspbitsandaddinganoffsetinordertoreceiveafinalbitaddressforexampleifdsisahandsiishdssiwillpointattheabsoluteaddressdstimeshsiahthusthetotaladdressspaceinrealmodeissupsupbytesormegabytembquiteanimpressivefigureforallmemoryaddressesconsistofbothasegmentandoffseteverytypeofaccesscodedataorstackhasadefaultsegmentregisterassociatedwithitfordatatheregisterisusuallydsforcodeitiscsandforstackitisssfordataaccessesthesegmentregistercanbeexplicitlyspecifiedusingasegmentoverrideprefixtouseanyofthefoursegmentregistersinthisschemetwodifferentsegmentoffsetpairscanpointatasingleabsolutelocationthusifdsisahandsiishdssiwillpointatthesameahasabovethisschememakesitimpossibletousemorethanfoursegmentsatoncecsandssarevitalforthecorrectfunctioningoftheprogramsothatonlydsandescanbeusedtopointtodatasegmentsoutsidetheprogramormorepreciselyoutsidethecurrentlyexecutingsegmentoftheprogramorthestackinprotectedmodeintroducedintheasegmentregisternolongercontainsthephysicaladdressofthebeginningofasegmentbutcontainaselectorthatpointstoasystemlevelstructurecalledasegmentdescriptorasegmentdescriptorcontainsthephysicaladdressofthebeginningofthesegmentthelengthofthesegmentandaccesspermissionstothatsegmenttheoffsetischeckedagainstthelengthofthesegmentwithoffsetsreferringtolocationsoutsidethesegmentcausinganexceptionoffsetsreferringtolocationsinsidethesegmentarecombinedwiththephysicaladdressofthebeginningofthesegmenttogetthephysicaladdresscorrespondingtothatoffsetthesegmentednaturecanmakeprogrammingandcompilerdesigndifficultbecausetheuseofnearandfarpointersaffectsperformanceaddressingmodesaddressingmodesforbitxprocessorscanbesummarizedbytheformulamathbeginbmatrixmathttcsmathttdsmathttssmathttesendbmatrixbeginbmatrixbeginbmatrixmathttbxmathttbpendbmatrixendbmatrixbeginbmatrixbeginbmatrixmathttsimathttdiendbmatrixendbmatrixrmdisplacementmathaddressingmodesforbitxprocessorsandforbitcodeonbitxprocessorscanbesummarizedbytheformularefnameaddrmodesrefmathbeginbmatrixmathttcsmathttdsmathttssmathttesmathttfsmathttgsendbmatrixbeginbmatrixbeginbmatrixmathtteaxmathttebxmathttecxmathttedxmathttespmathttebpmathttesimathttediendbmatrixendbmatrixbeginbmatrixbeginbmatrixmathtteaxmathttebxmathttecxmathttedxmathttebpmathttesimathttediendbmatrixbeginbmatrixendbmatrixendbmatrixrmdisplacementmathaddressingmodesforbitcodeonbitxprocessorscanbesummarizedbytheformulamathbeginbmatrixbeginbmatrixmathttfsmathttgsendbmatrixbeginbmatrixrmgeneralregisterendbmatrixbeginbmatrixrmgeneralregisterbeginbmatrixendbmatrixendbmatrixmathttripendbmatrixrmdisplacementmathinstructionrelativeaddressinginbitcoderipdisplacementwhereripistheinstructionpointerregistersimplifiestheimplementationofpositionindependentcodeasusedinsharedlibrariesinsomeoperatingsystemsthehadofeightbitoralternativelyiospaceandaonesegmentstackdatastructurestackinmemorysupportedbycomputerhardwareonlywordstwobytescanbepushedtothestackthestackgrowstowardnumericallyloweraddresseswithpointingtothemostrecentlypusheditemthereareinterruptswhichcanbeinvokedbybothhardwareandsoftwaretheinterruptscancascadeusingthestacktostorethereturnstatementreturnaddressxregistersbittheoriginalintelandintelhavefourteenbitregistersfourofthemaxbxcxdxaregeneralpurposeregistersgprsalthougheachmayhaveanadditionalpurposeforexampleonlycxcanbeusedasacounterwiththeloopinstructioneachcanbeaccessedastwoseparatebytesthusbxshighbytecanbeaccessedasbhandlowbyteasbltwopointerregistershavespecialrolesspstackpointerpointstothetopofthestackdatastructurestackandbpbasepointerisoftenusedtopointatsomeotherplaceinthestacktypicallyabovethelocalvariablesseeframepointertheregisterssidibxandbpareaddressregistersandmayalsobeusedforarrayindexingfoursegmentregisterscsdsssandesareusedtoformamemoryaddresstheflagsregistercomputingflagsregistercontainsflagcomputingflagssuchascarryflagoverflowflagandzeroflagfinallytheinstructionpointerippointstothenextinstructionthatwillbefetchedfrommemoryandthenexecutedthisregistercannotbedirectlyaccessedreadorwrittenbyaprogramtheintelandintelareessentiallyanupgradedorcpurespectivelywithonchipperipheralsaddedandtheyhavethesamecpuregistersastheandinadditiontointerfaceregistersfortheperipheralstheandcanuseanoptionalfloatingpointcoprocessortheinteltheappearstotheprogrammeraspartofthecpuandaddseightbitwideregisterssttosteachofwhichcanholdnumericdatainoneofsevenformatsorbitfloatingpointorbitbinaryintegerandbitpackeddecimalintegerintheinteltosupportprotectedmodethreespecialregistersholddescriptortableaddressesgdtrldtrinterruptdescriptortableidtrandafourthtaskregistertrisusedfortaskswitchingtheintelisthefloatingpointcoprocessorfortheandhasthesameregistersasthewiththesamedataformatsbitwiththeadventofthebitintelprocessorthebitgeneralpurposeregistersbaseregistersindexregistersinstructionpointerandflagsregisterbutnotthesegmentregisterswereexpandedtonbspbitsthenomenclaturerepresentedthisbyprefixinganeforextendedtotheregisternamesinxassemblylanguagethustheaxregistercorrespondstothelowestnbspbitsofthenewbiteaxregistersicorrespondstothelowestnbspbitsofesiandsoonthegeneralpurposeregistersbaseregistersandindexregisterscanallbeusedasthebaseinaddressingmodesandallofthoseregistersexceptforthestackpointercanbeusedastheindexinaddressingmodestwonewsegmentregistersfsandgswereaddedwithagreaternumberofregistersinstructionsandoperandsthemachinecodeformatwasexpandedtoprovidebackwardcompatibilitysegmentswithexecutablecodecanbemarkedascontainingeitherbitorbitinstructionsspecialprefixesallowinclusionofbitinstructionsinabitsegmentorviceversathehadanoptionalfloatingpointcoprocessortheithadeightbitwideregisterssttostliketheandthecouldalsouseancoprocessorwiththeandallsubsequentxmodelsthefloatingpointprocessingunitfpuisintegratedonchipthepentiummmxaddedeightbitmmxintegerregistersmmxtommxwhichsharelowerbitswiththebitwidefpustackwiththepentiumiiiinteladdedabitstreamingsimdextensionsssecontrolstatusregistermxcsrandeightbitssefloatingpointregistersxmmtoxmmrefcitebookurlintelcomcontentdamwwwpublicusendocumentsmanualsiaarchitecturessoftwaredevelopervolmanualpdftitleintelandiaarchitecturessoftwaredevelopersmanualvolumebasicarchitectureatchapterpublisherinteldatemarchrefbitstartingwiththeamdopteronprocessorthexarchitectureextendedthebitregistersintobitregistersinawaysimilartohowthetobitextensiontookplaceanrprefixidentifiesthebitregistersraxrbxrcxrdxrsirdirbprsprflagsripandeightadditionalbitgeneralregistersrrwerealsointroducedinthecreationofxhowevertheseextensionsareonlyusableinbitmodewhichisoneofthetwomodesonlyavailableinlongmodetheaddressingmodeswerenotdramaticallychangedfrombitmodeexceptthataddressingwasextendedtonbspbitsvirtualaddressesarenowsignextendedtonbspbitsinordertodisallowmodebitsinvirtualaddressesandotherselectordetailsweredramaticallyreducedinadditionanaddressingmodewasaddedtoallowmemoryreferencesrelativetoriptheinstructionpointertoeasetheimplementationofpositionindependentcodeusedinsharedlibrariesinsomeoperatingsystemsbitsimdregistersxmmxmmbitsimdregistersymmymmbitsimdregisterszmmzmmmiscellaneousspecialpurposexprocessorsthathaveaprotectedmodeietheandlaterprocessorsalsohavethreedescriptorregistersgdtrldtrinterruptdescriptortableidtrandataskregistertrbitxprocessorsstartingwiththealsoincludevariousspecialmiscellaneousregisterssuchascontrolregisterscrthroughcrforbitonlydebugregistersdrthroughplusandtestregisterstrthroughonlyandmodelspecificregistersmsrsappearingwiththepentiumpurposealthoughthemainregisterswiththeexceptionoftheinstructionpointeraregeneralpurposeinthebitandbitversionsoftheinstructionsetandcanbeusedforanythingitwasoriginallyenvisionedthattheybeusedforthefollowingpurposesalahaxeaxraxaccumulatorblbhbxebxrbxbaseindexforusewitharraysclchcxecxrcxcounterforusewithloopsandstringsdldhdxedxrdxextendtheprecisionoftheaccumulatoregcombinebiteaxandedxforbitintegeroperationsinbitcodesiesirsisourceindexforstringcomputersciencestringoperationsdiedirdidestinationindexforstringoperationsspesprspstackpointerfortopaddressofthestackbpebprbpstackbasepointerforholdingtheaddressofthecurrentstackframeipeipripinstructionpointerholdstheprogramcounterthecurrentinstructionaddresssegmentregisterscscodedsdatassstackesextradatafsextradatagsextradatanoparticularpurposeswereenvisionedfortheotherregistersavailableonlyinbitmodesomeinstructionscompileandexecutemoreefficientlywhenusingtheseregistersfortheirdesignedpurposeforexampleusingalasanaccumulatorcomputingaccumulatorandaddinganimmediatebytevaluetoitproducestheefficientaddtoalopcodeofhwhilstusingtheblregisterproducesthegenericandlongeraddtoregisteropcodeofchanotherexampleisdoubleprecisiondivisionandmultiplicationthatworksspecificallywiththeaxanddxregistersmoderncompilersbenefitedfromtheintroductionofthesibbytescaleindexbasebytethatallowsregisterstobetreateduniformlyminicomputerlikehoweverusingthesibbyteuniversallyisnonoptimalasitproduceslongerencodingsthanonlyusingitselectivelywhennecessarythemainbenefitofthesibbyteistheorthogonalityandmorepowerfuladdressingmodesitprovideswhichmakeitpossibletosaveinstructionsandtheuseofregistersforaddresscalculationssuchasscalinganindexsomespecialinstructionslostpriorityinthehardwaredesignandbecameslowerthanequivalentsmallcodesequencesanotableexampleisthelodswinstructionstructureclasswikitablegeneralpurposeregistersabcanddstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptcolspanstyletextaligncenterrxcolspanstylebackgroundlightgreycolspanstyletextaligncenterexcolspanstylebackgroundlightgreycolspanstyletextaligncenterxcolspanstylebackgroundlightgreystyletextaligncenterhstyletextaligncenterlclasswikitablebitmodeonlygeneralpurposeregistersrrrrrrrrstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptcolspanstyletextaligncentercolspanstylebackgroundlightgreycolspanstyletextaligncenterdcolspanstylebackgroundlightgreycolspanstyletextaligncenterwcolspanstylebackgroundlightgreystyletextaligncenterbclasswikitablesegmentregisterscdsefandgstylewidthptstylewidthptcolspanstyletextaligncentersclasswikitablepointerregisterssandbstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptcolspanstyletextaligncenterrpcolspanstylebackgroundlightgreycolspanstyletextaligncenterepcolspanstylebackgroundlightgreycolspanstyletextaligncenterpcolspanstylebackgroundlightgreystyletextaligncenterplnotetheplregistersareonlyavailableinbitmodeclasswikitableindexregisterssanddstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptcolspanstyletextaligncenterricolspanstylebackgroundlightgreycolspanstyletextaligncentereicolspanstylebackgroundlightgreycolspanstyletextaligncentericolspanstylebackgroundlightgreystyletextaligncenterilnotetheilregistersareonlyavailableinbitmodeclasswikitableinstructionpointerregisteristylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptstylewidthptcolspanstyletextaligncenterripcolspanstylebackgroundlightgreycolspanstyletextaligncentereipcolspanstylebackgroundlightgreycolspanstyletextaligncenteripoperatingmodesrealmoderealaddressmodecommonlycalledrealmodeisanoperatingmodeofandlaterxcompatiblecentralprocessingunitcpusrealmodeischaracterizedbyabitsegmentedmemoryaddressspacemeaningthatonlymebibytemibofmemorycanbeaddressedmdashactuallyslightlymorenbspmbnbspnbspbytesbeforethexcpushadonlyphysicaladdresslinesaddressbitsignalssothestbitoftheaddressbitwasdroppedandaddressespastnbspmbweremirrorsofthelowendoftheaddressspacestartingfromaddresszerosincetheallxcpushaveatleastphysicaladdresslinesandbitofthecomputedaddressisbroughtoutontotheaddressbusinrealmodeallowingthecputoaddressthefullbytesreachablewithanxsegmentedaddressonthepopularibmpcplatformswitchablehardwaretodisablethestaddressbitwasaddedtomachineswithanorlatersothatallprogramsdesignedforbasedmodelscouldrunwhilenewersoftwarecouldtakeadvantageofthehighmemoryinrealmodeandthefullnbspmborlargeraddressspaceinprotectedmodemdashseeagatedirectsoftwareaccesstoperipheralhardwareandnoconceptofmemoryprotectionorcomputermultitaskingmultitaskingatthehardwarelevelallxcpusintheintelseriesandlaterstartupinrealmodeatpoweronintelcpusandearlierhadonlyoneoperationalmodewhichisequivalenttorealmodeinlaterchipsontheibmpcplatformdirectsoftwareaccesstotheibmbiosroutinesisavailableonlyinrealmodesincebiosiswrittenforrealmodehoweverthisisnotacharacteristicofthexcpubutoftheibmbiosdesigninordertousemorethannbspkbofmemorythesegmentregistersmustbeusedthiscreatedgreatcomplicationsforcompilerimplementorswhointroducedoddpointermodessuchasnearfarandhugetoleveragetheimplicitnatureofsegmentedarchitecturetodifferentdegreeswithsomepointerscontainingbitoffsetswithinimpliedsegmentsandotherpointerscontainingsegmentaddressesandoffsetswithinsegmentsitistechnicallypossibletouseuptonbspkbofmemoryforcodeanddatawithuptonbspkbforcodebysettingallfoursegmentregistersonceandthenonlyusingbitoffsetsoptionallywithdefaultsegmentoverrideprefixestoaddressmemorybutthisputssubstantialrestrictionsonthewaydatacanbeaddressedandmemoryoperandscanbecombinedanditviolatesthearchitecturalintentoftheinteldesignerswhichisforseparatedataitemsegarraysstructurescodeunitstobecontainedinseparatesegmentsandaddressedbytheirownsegmentaddressesinnewprogramsthatarenotportedfromearlierbitprocessorswithbitaddressspacesprotectedmodeinadditiontorealmodetheintelsupportsprotectedmodeexpandingaddressablephysicalmemorytomegabytembandaddressablevirtualmemorytonbspgigabytegbandprovidingprotectedmemorywhichpreventsprogramsfromcorruptingoneanotherthisisdonebyusingthesegmentregistersonlyforstoringanindexintoadescriptortablethatisstoredinmemorytherearetwosuchtablestheglobaldescriptortablegdtandthelocaldescriptortableldteachholdinguptosegmentdescriptorseachsegmentgivingaccesstonbspkbofmemoryintheasegmentdescriptorprovidesabitbaseaddressandthisbaseaddressisaddedtoabitoffsettocreateanabsoluteaddressthebaseaddressfromthetablefulfillsthesamerolethattheliteralvalueofthesegmentregisterfulfillsinrealmodethesegmentregistershavebeenconvertedfromdirectregisterstoindirectregisterseachsegmentcanbeassignedoneoffourringcomputersecurityringlevelsusedforhardwarebasedcomputersecurityeachsegmentdescriptoralsocontainsasegmentlimitfieldwhichspecifiesthemaximumoffsetthatmaybeusedwiththesegmentbecauseoffsetsarebitssegmentsarestilllimitedtonbspkbeachinprotectedmodeeachtimeasegmentregisterisloadedinprotectedmodethemustreadabytesegmentdescriptorfrommemoryintoasetofhiddeninternalregistersthereforeloadingsegmentregistersismuchslowerinprotectedmodethaninrealmodeandchangingsegmentsveryfrequentlyistobeavoidedactualmemoryoperationsusingprotectedmodesegmentsarenotslowedmuchbecausetheandlaterhavehardwaretochecktheoffsetagainstthesegmentlimitinparallelwithinstructionexecutiontheintelextendedoffsetsandalsothesegmentlimitfieldineachsegmentdescriptortobitsenablingasegmenttospantheentirememoryspaceitalsointroducedsupportinprotectedmodeforpagingamechanismmakingitpossibletousepagedvirtualmemorywithnbspkbpagesizepagingallowsthecputomapanypageofthevirtualmemoryspacetoanypageofthephysicalmemoryspacetodothisitusesadditionalmappingtablesinmemorycalledpagetablesprotectedmodeonthecanoperatewithpagingeitherenabledordisabledthesegmentationmechanismisalwaysactiveandgeneratesvirtualaddressesthatarethenmappedbythepagingmechanismifitisenabledthesegmentationmechanismcanalsobeeffectivelydisabledbysettingallsegmentstohaveabaseaddressofandsizelimitequaltothewholeaddressspacethisalsorequiresaminimallysizedsegmentdescriptortableofonlyfourdescriptorssincethefsandgssegmentsneednotbeusedpagingisusedextensivelybymodernmultitaskingoperatingsystemslinuxbsdandwindowsntweredevelopedforthebecauseitwasthefirstintelarchitecturecputosupportpagingandbitsegmentoffsetsthearchitecturebecamethebasisofallfurtherdevelopmentinthexseriesxprocessorsthatsupportprotectedmodebootintorealmodeforbackwardcompatibilitywiththeolderclassofprocessorsuponpoweronakabootingtheprocessorinitializesinrealmodeandthenbeginsexecutinginstructionsoperatingsystembootcodewhichmightbestoredinreadonlymemoryrommayplacetheprocessorintotheprotectedmodetoenablepagingandotherfeaturestheinstructionsetinprotectedmodeissimilartothatusedinrealmodehowevercertainconstraintsthatapplytorealmodesuchasnotbeingabletouseaxcxdxinaddressingdonotapplyinprotectedmodeconverselysegmentarithmeticacommonpracticeinrealmodecodeisnotallowedinprotectedmodevirtualmodethereisalsoasubmodeofoperationinbitprotectedmodeakaprotectedmodecalledvirtualmodealsoknownasvmodethisisbasicallyaspecialhybridoperatingmodethatallowsrealmodeprogramsandoperatingsystemstorunwhileunderthecontrolofaprotectedmodesupervisoroperatingsystemthisallowsforagreatdealofflexibilityinrunningbothprotectedmodeprogramsandrealmodeprogramssimultaneouslythismodeisexclusivelyavailableforthebitversionofprotectedmodeitdoesnotexistinthebitversionofprotectedmodeorinlongmodelongmodeinthemidsitwasobviousthatthebitaddressspaceofthexarchitecturewaslimitingitsperformanceinapplicationsrequiringlargedatasetsabitaddressspacewouldallowtheprocessortodirectlyaddressonlynbspgbofdataasizesurpassedbyapplicationssuchasvideoeditingsoftwarevideoprocessinganddatabaseenginesusingbitaddressesitispossibletodirectlyaddressnbspexbibyteeibofdataalthoughmostbitarchitecturesdonotsupportaccesstothefullbitaddressspaceforexampleamdsupportsonlynbspbitsfromabitaddresssplitintofourpaginglevelsinamdpublishedanearlycompletespecificationforabitextensionofthexarchitecturewhichtheycalledxwithclaimedintentionstoproducethatdesigniscurrentlyusedinalmostallxprocessorswithsomeexceptionsintendedforembeddedsystemsmassproducedxchipsforthegeneralmarketwereavailablefouryearslaterinafterthetimewasspentforworkingprototypestobetestedandrefinedaboutthesametimetheinitialnamexwaschangedtoamdthesuccessoftheamdlineofprocessorscoupledwithlukewarmreceptionoftheiaarchitectureforcedinteltoreleaseitsownimplementationoftheamdinstructionsetintelhadpreviouslyimplementedsupportforamdbutoptednottoenableitinhopesthatamdwouldnotbringamdtomarketbeforeitaniumsnewiainstructionsetwaswidelyadopteditbrandeditsimplementationofamdasemtandlaterrebrandeditintelinitsliteratureandproductversionnamesmicrosoftandsunrefertoamdintelcollectivelyasxinthewindowsandsolarisoperatingsystemsolarisoperatingsystemslinuxdistributionsrefertoiteitherasxitsvariantxoramdberkeleysoftwaredistributionbsdsystemsuseamdwhilemacosusesxlongmodeismostlyanextensionofthebitinstructionsetbutunlikethetobittransitionmanyinstructionsweredroppedinthebitmodethisdoesnotaffectactualbinarybackwardcompatibilitywhichwouldexecutelegacycodeinothermodesthatretainsupportforthoseinstructionsbutitchangesthewayassemblerandcompilersfornewcodehavetoworkthiswasthefirsttimethatamajorextensionofthexarchitecturewasinitiatedandoriginatedbyamanufacturerotherthanintelitwasalsothefirsttimethatintelacceptedtechnologyofthisnaturefromanoutsidesourceextensionsfloatingpointunitearlyxprocessorscouldbeextendedwithfloatingpointhardwareintheformofaseriesoffloatingpointnumericalanalysisnumericalcoprocessorswithnameslikeintelandabbreviatedxthiswasalsoknownasthenpxnumericprocessorextensionanaptnamesincethecoprocessorswhileusedmainlyforfloatingpointcalculationsalsoperformedintegeroperationsonbothbinaryanddecimalformatswithveryfewexceptionstheandsubsequentxprocessorsthenintegratedthisxfunctionalityonchipwhichmadethexinstructionsadefactointegralpartofthexinstructionseteachxregisterknownasstthroughstisnbspbitswideandstoresnumbersintheieeefloatingpointstandarddoubleextendedprecisionformattheseregistersareorganizedasastackwithstasthetopthiswasdoneinordertoconserveopcodespaceandtheregistersarethereforerandomlyaccessibleonlyforeitheroperandinaregistertoregisterinstructionstmustalwaysbeoneofthetwooperandseitherthesourceorthedestinationregardlessofwhethertheotheroperandisstxoramemoryoperandhoweverrandomaccesstothestackregisterscanbeobtainedthroughaninstructionwhichexchangesanyspecifiedstxwithsttheoperationsincludearithmeticandtranscendentalfunctionsincludingtrigonometricandexponentialfunctionsaswellasinstructionsthatloadcommonconstantssuchasethebaseofthenaturallogarithmlogandlogintooneofthestackregisterswhiletheintegercapabilityisoftenoverlookedthexcanoperateonlargerintegerswithasingleinstructionthantheoranyxcpuwithouttobitextensionscanandrepeatedintegercalculationsevenonsmallvaluesegbitcanbeacceleratedbyexecutingintegerinstructionsonthexcpuandthexinparallelthexcpukeepsrunningwhilethexcoprocessorcalculatesandthexsetsasignaltothexwhenitisfinishedorinterruptsthexifitneedsattentionbecauseofanerrormmxmmxisasimdinstructionsetdesignedbyintelandintroducedinforthepentiumbrandpentiummmxmicroprocessorthemmxinstructionsetwasdevelopedfromasimilarconceptfirstusedontheinteliitissupportedonmostsubsequentiaprocessorsbyintelandothervendorsmmxistypicallyusedforvideoprocessinginmultimediaapplicationsforinstancemmxaddednewregisterstothearchitectureknownasmmthroughmmhenceforthreferredtoasmmninrealitythesenewregisterswerejustaliasesfortheexistingxfpustackregistershenceanythingthatwasdonetothefloatingpointstackwouldalsoaffectthemmxregistersunlikethefpstackthesemmnregisterswerefixednotrelativeandthereforetheywererandomlyaccessibletheinstructionsetdidnotadoptthestacklikesemanticssothatexistingoperatingsystemscouldstillcorrectlysaveandrestoretheregisterstatewhenmultitaskingwithoutmodificationseachofthemmnregistersarebitintegershoweveroneofthemainconceptsofthemmxinstructionsetistheconceptofpackeddatatypeswhichmeansinsteadofusingthewholeregisterforasinglebitintegerquadwordonemayuseittocontaintwobitintegersintegercomputersciencedoublewordfourbitintegersintegercomputersciencewordoreightbitintegersintegercomputersciencebytegiventhatthemmxsbitmmnregistersarealiasedtothefpustackandeachofthefloatingpointregistersarenbspbitswidetheuppernbspbitsofthefloatingpointregistersareunusedinmmxthesebitsaresettoallonesbyanymmxinstructionwhichcorrespondtothefloatingpointrepresentationofnansorinfinitiesdnowinamdintroduceddnowtheintroductionofthistechnologycoincidedwiththeriseofdcomputergraphicsdentertainmentapplicationsandwasdesignedtoimprovethecpusvectorprocessingperformanceofgraphicintensiveapplicationsdvideogamedevelopersanddgraphicshardwarevendorsusednowtoenhancetheirperformanceonamdsamdkkandathlonseriesofprocessorsdnowwasdesignedtobethenaturalevolutionofmmxfromintegerstofloatingpointassuchitusesexactlythesameregisternamingconventionasmmxthatismmthroughmmtheonlydifferenceisthatinsteadofpackingintegersintotheseregisterstwosingleprecisionfloatingpointnumbersarepackedintoeachregistertheadvantageofaliasingthefpuregistersisthatthesameinstructionanddatastructuresusedtosavethestateofthefpuregisterscanalsobeusedtosavednowregisterstatesthusnospecialmodificationsarerequiredtobemadetooperatingsystemswhichwouldotherwisenotknowaboutthemsseinintelintroducedthestreamingsimdextensionssseinstructionsetfollowinginwithssethefirstadditionallowedoffloadingofbasicfloatingpointoperationsfromthexstackandthesecondmademmxalmostobsoleteandallowedtheinstructionstoberealisticallytargetedbyconventionalcompilersintroducedinalongwiththeintelprescottprescottrevisionofthepentiumprocessorsseaddedspecificmemoryandthreadcomputingthreadhandlinginstructionstoboosttheperformanceofintelshyperthreadingtechnologyamdlicensedthesseinstructionsetandimplementedmostofthesseinstructionsforitsrevisioneandlaterathlonprocessorstheathlondoesnotsupporthyperthreadingandlacksthosesseinstructionsusedonlyforhyperthreadingssediscardedalllegacyconnectionstothefpustackthisalsomeantthatthisinstructionsetdiscardedalllegacyconnectionstopreviousgenerationsofsimdinstructionsetslikemmxbutitfreedthedesignersupallowingthemtouselargerregistersnotlimitedbythesizeofthefpuregistersthedesignerscreatedeightbitregistersnamedxmmthroughxmmnoteinxamdthenumberofssexmmregistershasbeenincreasedfromtohoweverthedownsidewasthatoperatingsystemshadtohaveanawarenessofthisnewsetofinstructionsinordertobeabletosavetheirregisterstatessointelcreatedaslightlymodifiedversionofprotectedmodecalledenhancedmodewhichenablestheusageofsseinstructionswhereastheystaydisabledinregularprotectedmodeanosthatisawareofssewillactivateenhancedmodewhereasanunawareoswillonlyenterintotraditionalprotectedmodesseisasimdinstructionsetthatworksonlyonfloatingpointvalueslikednowhoweverunlikednowitseversalllegacyconnectiontothefpustackbecauseithaslargerregistersthandnowssecanpacktwicethenumberofsingleprecisionfloatsintoitsregisterstheoriginalssewaslimitedtoonlysingleprecisionnumberslikednowthesseintroducedthecapabilitytopackdoubleprecisionnumberstoowhichdnowhadnopossibilityofdoingsinceadoubleprecisionnumberisbitinsizewhichwouldbethefullsizeofasinglednowmmnregisteratnbspbitsthessexmmnregisterscouldpacktwodoubleprecisionfloatsintooneregisterthussseismuchmoresuitableforscientificcalculationsthaneithersseordnowwhichwerelimitedtoonlysingleprecisionssedoesnotintroduceanyadditionalregistersphysicaladdressextensionpaephysicaladdressextensionorpaewasfirstaddedintheintelpentiumproandlaterbyamdintheathlonprocessorsrefnameathlonpaereftoallowuptonbspgboframtobeaddressedwithoutpaephysicalraminbitprotectedmodeisusuallylimitedtonbspgigabytegbpaedefinesadifferentpagetablestructurewithwiderpagetableentriesandathirdlevelofpagetableallowingadditionalbitsofphysicaladdressalthoughtheinitialimplementationsonbitprocessorstheoreticallysupporteduptonbspgboframchipsetandotherplatformlimitationsoftenrestrictedwhatcouldactuallybeusedxprocessorsdefinepagetablestructuresthattheoreticallyallowuptobitsofphysicaladdressalthoughagainchipsetandotherplatformconcernslikethenumberofdimmslotsavailableandthemaximumrampossibleperdimmpreventsuchalargephysicaladdressspacetoberealizedonxprocessorspaemodemustbeactivebeforetheswitchtolongmodeandmustremainactivewhilelongmodeisactivesowhileinlongmodethereisnononpaemodepaemodedoesnotaffectthewidthoflinearorvirtualaddressesxcomputerclusterclustersastrackedbytopdataandvisualizedonthediagramabovelastupdatedtheappearanceofbitextensionsforthexarchitectureenabledbitxprocessorsbyamdandintelolivedrabwithsmallopencirclesandredwithsmallopencirclesinthediagramrespectivelytoreplacemostriscprocessorarchitecturespreviouslyusedinsuchsystemsincludingpariscsparcdecalphaalphaandothersaswellasbitxgreenonthediagrameventhoughintelitselfinitiallytriedunsuccessfullytoreplacexwithanewincompatiblebitarchitectureintheitaniumprocessorthemainnonxarchitecturewhichisstillusedasofinsupercomputingclustersisthepowerarchitectureusedbyibmpowermicroprocessorsbluewithdiamondtilinginthediagramwithsparcasadistantsecondbythesithadbecomeobviousthatbitxprocessorslimitationsinmemoryaddressingwereanobstacletotheirutilizationinhighperformancecomputingclustersandpowerfuldesktopworkstationstheagedbitxwascompetingwithmuchmoreadvancedbitriscarchitectureswhichcouldaddressmuchmorememoryintelandthewholexecosystemneededbitmemoryaddressingifxwastosurvivethebitcomputingeraasworkstationanddesktopsoftwareapplicationsweresoontostarthittingthelimitationspresentinbitmemoryaddressinghoweverintelfeltthatitwastherighttimetomakeaboldstepandusethetransitiontobitdesktopcomputersforatransitionawayfromthexarchitectureingeneralanexperimentwhichultimatelyfailedinintelattemptedtointroduceanonxbitarchitecturenamediainitsitaniumprocessorinitiallyaimingforthehighperformancecomputingmarkethopingthatitwouldeventuallyreplacethebitxrefciteweburlfeaturestechworldcomoperatingsystemswillintelabandontheitaniumtitlewillintelabandontheitaniumdatejulyauthormanekdubashquoteoncetoutedbyintelasareplacementforthexproductlineexpectationsforitaniumhavebeenthrottledwellbackpublishertechworldaccessdatedecemberrefwhileiawasincompatiblewithxtheitaniumprocessordidprovideemulatoremulationcapabilitiesfortranslatingxinstructionsintoiabutthisaffectedtheperformanceofxprogramssobadlythatitwasrarelyifeveractuallyusefultotheusersprogrammersshouldrewritexprogramsfortheiaarchitectureortheirperformanceonitaniumwouldbeordersofmagnitudeworsethanonatruexprocessorthemarketrejectedtheitaniumprocessorsinceitbrokebackwardcompatibilityandpreferredtocontinueusingxchipsandveryfewprogramswererewrittenforiaamddecidedtotakeanotherpathtowardbitmemoryaddressingmakingsurebackwardcompatibilitywouldnotsufferinaprilamdreleasedthefirstxprocessorwithbitgeneralpurposeregisterstheopteroncapableofaddressingmuchmorethannbspgigabytegbofvirtualmemoryusingthenewxextensionalsoknownasamdorxthebitextensionstothexarchitecturewereenabledonlyinthenewlyintroducedlongmodethereforebitandbitapplicationsandoperatingsystemscouldsimplycontinueusinganamdprocessorinprotectedorothermodeswithouteventheslightestsacrificeofperformancerefnamexcompatperfciteweburlftpsoftwareibmcomsoftwarewebserverappservwasbitperfpdftitleibmwebsphereapplicationserverbitperformancedemystifiedpagequotefiguresandalsoshowthebitversionofwasrunsapplicationsatfullnativehardwareperformanceonthepowerandxplatformsunlikesomebitprocessorarchitecturesthepowerandxhardwaredoesnotemulatebitmodethereforeapplicationsthatdonotbenefitfrombitfeaturescanrunwithfullperformanceonthebitversionofwebsphererunningontheabovementionedbitplatformsauthoribmcorporationdateseptemberaccessdateaprilrefandwithfullcompatibilitybacktotheoriginalinstructionsofthebitintelrefnameamdciteweburldeveloperamdcomwordpressmediaapmvpdftitlevolumesystemprogrammingauthoramdcorporationdateseptemberworkamdarchitectureprogrammersmanualpublisheramdcorporationformatpdfaccessdatefebruaryrefthemarketrespondedpositivelyadoptingthebitamdprocessorsforbothhighperformanceapplicationsandbusinessorhomecomputersseeingthemarketrejectingtheincompatibleitaniumprocessorandmicrosoftsupportingamdintelhadtorespondandintroduceditsownxprocessorthepentiumprescottprescottpentiumnbspinjulyrefcitenewsauthorcharliedemerjiantitlewhyintelsprescottwilluseamdextensionsurltheinquirernetinquirernewswhyintelsprescottwilluseamdextensionsworktheinquirerdateseptemberaccessdateoctoberrefasaresulttheitaniumprocessorwithitsiainstructionsetisrarelyusedandxthroughitsxincarnationisstillthedominantcpuarchitectureinnonembeddedcomputersxalsointroducedthenxbitwhichofferssomeprotectionagainstsecuritybugscausedbybufferoverrunsasaresultofamdsbitcontributiontothexlineageanditssubsequentacceptancebyintelthebitriscarchitecturesceasedtobeathreattothexecosystemandalmostdisappearedfromtheworkstationmarketxbegantobeutilizedinpowerfulsupercomputersinitsamdopteronandintelxeonincarnationsamarketwhichwaspreviouslythenaturalhabitatforbitriscdesignssuchastheibmpowermicroprocessorsorsparcprocessorsthegreatleaptowardbitcomputingandthemaintenanceofbackwardcompatibilitywithbitandbitsoftwareenabledthexarchitecturetobecomeanextremelyflexibleplatformtodaywithxchipsbeingutilizedfromsmalllowpowersystemsforexampleintelquarkandintelatomtofastgamingdesktopcomputersforexampleintelcoreiandamdfxryzenandevendominatelargesupercomputingcomputerclusterclusterseffectivelyleavingonlythearmarchitecturearmbitandbitriscarchitectureasacompetitorinthesmartphoneandtabletcomputertabletmarketvirtualizationpriortoxarchitectureprocessorswereunabletomeetthepopekandgoldbergvirtualizationrequirementspopekandgoldbergrequirementsaspecificationforvirtualizationcreatedinbygeraldjpopekandrobertpgoldberghoweverbothcommercialandopensourcexvirtualizationhypervisorproductsweredevelopedusingshadowpagetablessoftwarebasedvirtualizationcommercialsystemsincludedvmwareesxvmwareworkstationparallelsworkstationparallelsmicrosofthypervserverandvirtualpcmicrosoftvirtualpcwhileopensourcesystemsincludedqemukqemuvirtualboxandxentheintroductionoftheamdvandintelvtxinstructionsetsinallowedxprocessorstomeetthepopekandgoldbergvirtualizationrequirementsrefciteconferencefirstkeithlastadamsauthoragesenoletitleacomparisonofsoftwareandhardwaretechniquesforxvirtualizationconferenceproceedingsoftheinternationalconferenceonarchitecturalsupportforprogramminglanguagesandoperatingsystemssanjosecausadateoctoberurlvmwarecompdfasplosadamspdfidacmaccessdatedecemberrefseealsoxassemblylanguagexinstructionlistingscpuiditaniumxxacompetingarchitectureintheearlybiteraspowerpcacompetingarchitectureinthelaterbitandbiterasmicroarchitecturelistofamdmicroprocessorslistofintelmicroprocessorslistofviamicroprocessorslistofxmanufacturersinputoutputbaseaddressinterruptrequestiapxnotesreferencesfurtherreadingcitebookfirstmendellastrosenblumauthorgarfinkeltaltitlevirtualmachinemonitorscurrenttechnologyandfuturetrendsbooktitleieeecomputervolumeissuedatemayurlieeexploreieeeorgielpdftpisnumberarnumberexternallinksintelcommuseumcorporatetimelineindexhtmiidaboutlnhistoryyearsofintelarchitecturexguidecomxcpusguideitworldcomitmanagementwhyintelcantseemretirexwhyintelcantseemtoretirethexfelixcloutiercomxbitxinstructionreferencesoftwareintelcomsiteslandingpageintrinsicsguideintelintrinsicsguideaninteractivereferencetoolforintelintrinsicinstructionssoftwareintelcomenusarticlesintelsdmcombinedintelandiaarchitecturessoftwaredevelopersmanualsdeveloperamdcomresourcesdeveloperguidesmanualsamdarchitectureamddeveloperguidesmanualsisadocumentsamdarchitectureinfoboxgameitalictitlenotitlexiangqiimagelinkimagecaptionxiangqiboardandstartingsetupyearsgenreboardgamebrabstractstrategygameplayerssetuptimeminuteplayingtimeinformalgamesmayvaryfromminutestoseveralhoursbrblitzchessblitzgamesuptominutesrandomchancenoneskillsstrategygamestrategytacticsakachinesechessbrelephantgamebrelephantchessinfoboxchinesecpxingqwhsiangsupsupchisupsupmijzoengsupsupkeisupsupyjeuhngkipojchhikxiangqialsocalledchinesechessisaabstractstrategygamestrategyboardgamefortwoplayersitisoneofthemostpopularboardgamesinchinaandisinthesamefamilyaschesswesternorinternationalchesschaturangashogiindianchessandjanggibesideschinaandareaswithsignificantethnicchinesecommunitiesxiangqictngisalsoapopularpastimeinvietnamthegamerepresentsabattlebetweentwoarmieswiththeobjectofcapturingtheenemysgeneralkingdistinctivefeaturesofxiangqiincludethecannonpaowhichmustjumptocapturearuleprohibitingthegeneralsfromfacingeachotherdirectlyareasontheboardcalledtheriverandpalacewhichrestrictthemovementofsomepiecesbutenhancethatofothersandplacementofthepiecesontheintersectionsoftheboardlinesratherthanwithinthesquaresboardxiangqiisplayedonaboardninelineswideandtenlineslongasinthegamegoboardgamegowiqthepiecesareplacedontheintersectionswhichareknownaspointstheverticallinesareknownasfilescolumnsandthehorizontallinesareknownasranksrowscenteredatthefirsttothirdandeighthtotenthranksoftheboardaretwozoneseachthreepointsbythreepointsdemarcatedbytwodiagonallinesconnectingoppositecornersandintersectingatthecenterpointeachoftheseareasisknownasacastledividingthetwoopposingsidesbetweenthefifthandsixthranksishtherivertheriverisoftenmarkedwiththephrasesmeaningriverofthechustatechuandintraditionalchinesemeaningborderofthehandynastyhanareferencetothechuhanwaralthoughtheriverprovidesavisualdivisionbetweenthetwosidesonlytwopiecesareaffectedbyitspresencesoldiershaveanenhancedmoveaftercrossingtheriverandelephantscannotcrossitthestartingpointsofthesoldiersandcannonsareusuallybutnotalwaysmarkedwithsmallcrossesrulesimagechinesechessjpgthumbleftuprightxiangqiisacommonpastimeinchinesecitiesthepiecesstartinthepositionshowninthediagramabovewhichplayermovesfirsthasvariedthroughouthistoryandfromonepartofchinatoanotherdifferentxiangqibooksadviseeitherthattheblackorredsidemovesfirstsomebooksrefertothetwosidesasnorthandsouthwhichdirectioncorrespondstowhichcoloralsovariesfromsourcetosourcegenerallyredmovesfirstinmostmoderntournamentseachplayerinturnmovesonepiecefromthepointitoccupiestoanotherpointpiecesaregenerallynotpermittedtomovethroughapointoccupiedbyanotherpieceapiececanbemovedontoapointoccupiedbyanenemypieceinwhichcasetheenemypieceiscapturedandremovedfromtheboardaplayercannotcaptureoneofhisownpiecespiecesareneverpromotedconvertedintootherpiecesalthoughthesoldierisabletomovesidewaysafteritcrossestheriveralmostallpiecescaptureusingtheirnormalmoveswhilethecannonhasaspecialcapturemovedescribedbelowimagexiangqicheckmatepngthumbrightaninstanceofcheckmatethatassumesthecannonissafeandblackcannotblockthecheckthehorseisnotneededforthischeckmatethegameendswhenoneplayercapturestheothersgeneralwhenthegeneralisindangerofbeingcapturedbytheenemyplayeronhisnextmovetheenemyplayerhasdeliveredacheckabbreviatedandthegeneralisincheckacheckshouldbeannouncedifthegeneralsplayercanmakenomovetopreventthegeneralscapturethesituationiscalledcheckmateunlikechessinwhichstalemateisadrawinxiangqiitisalossfortheplayerwithnolegalmovesleftinxiangqiaplayeroftenwithmaterialorpositionaldisadvantagemayattempttocheckorchasepiecesinawaysuchthatthemovesfallinacycleforcingtheopponenttodrawthegamethefollowingspecialrulesareusedtomakeithardertodrawthegamebyendlesscheckingandchasingregardlessofwhetherthepositionsofthepiecesarerepeatedornotaplayermakingperpetualcheckswithonepieceorseveralpiecescanberuledtohavelostunlessheorshestopssuchcheckingthesidethatperpetuallychasesanyoneunprotectedpiecewithoneormorepiecesexcludinggeneralsandsoldierswillberuledtohavelostunlessheorshestopssuchchasingrefnamecxqclubxiangqicomruleschinesechessrulesatclubxiangqicomrefifonesideperpetuallychecksandtheothersideperpetuallychasesthecheckingsidehastostoporberuledtohavelostwhenneithersideviolatestherulesandbothpersistinnotmakinganalternatemovethegamecanberuledasadrawwhenbothsidesviolatethesameruleatthesametimeandbothpersistinnotmakinganalternatemovethegamecanberuledasadrawdifferentsetsofrulessetdifferentlimitsonwhatisconsideredperpetualforexampleclubxiangqirulesallowaplayertocheckorchasesixconsecutivetimesusingonepiecetwelvetimesusingtwopiecesandeighteentimesusingthreepiecesbeforeconsideringtheactionperpetualtheaboverulestopreventperpetualcheckingandchasingwhilepopulararenottheonlyonestherearenumerousendgamesituationspieceseachplayercontrolsanarmyofpiecesthearmiesareusuallycoloredredandblackrefnamekeyrefpiecesareflatcirculardiskslabeledorengravedwithachinesecharacteridentifyingthepiecetypeandinacolorindicatingwhichplayerhasownershiptheblackpiecesaremarkedwithsomewhatdifferentcharactersfromthecorrespondingredpiecesinmainlandchinamostsetsstillusetraditionalchinesecharactersasopposedtosimplifiedchinesecharactersmodernpiecesareusuallyplasticthoughsomesetsarewoodenandmoreexpensivesetsmayusejadeinmoreancienttimesmanysetsweresimpleunpaintedwoodcarvingsthustodistinguishbetweenpiecesofthetwosidesmostcorrespondingpiecesusedcharactersthatweresimilarbutvariedslightlythispracticemayhaveoriginatedinsituationswheretherewasonlyonematerialavailabletomakethepiecesfromandnocoloringmaterialavailabletodistinguishtheopposingarmiestheoldestxiangqipiecefoundtodateisachariotpieceitiskeptinthehenanprovincialmuseumgeneralimagexiangqigeneralpngthegeneralsleftimagexiangqijiangshipngthumbpxgeneralandadvisorsgeneralsorkingsarelabelledtradsimpgeneralontheblacksideandtradsimpmarshalontheredsidethegeneralstartsthegameatthemidpointofthebackedgewithinthepalacethegeneralmaymoveandcaptureonepointorthogonallyandmaynotleavethepalacewiththefollowingexceptionthetwogeneralsmaynotfaceeachotheralongthesamefilewithnointerveningpiecesifthathappenstheflyinggeneralmovemaybeexecutedinwhichthegeneraltomovemaycrosstheboardtocapturetheenemygeneralinpracticethisruleisonlyusedtoenforcecheckmaterefnamepiecesandrulesofxiangqireftheindiannamekingforthispiecewaschangedtogeneralbecausechinasrulersobjectedtotheirroyaltitlesbeinggiventogamepiecesadvisorimagexiangqiadvisorpngtheadvisorsleftadvisorsalsoknownasguardsorministersandlesscommonlyasassistantsmandarinbureaucratmandarinsorwarriorsarelabelledscholargentlemannoncommissionedofficerofficerguardianforblackandscholarofficialguardianforredrarelysetsusethecharacterforbothcolorstheadvisorsstartoneithersideofthegeneraltheymoveandcaptureonepointdiagonallyandmaynotleavethepalacewhichconfinesthemtofivepointsontheboardtheadvisorisprobablyderivedfromthemantriinchaturangalikethequeeninwesternchessthereissomecontroversyaboutwhetherreallyisintendedtomeanscholargentlemanwhichwouldbeorguardguardianwhichwouldbesimplifiedchinesetosomethelatterseemsmoreplausiblebecausetheirfunctionalityseemstobetoguardprotectthegeneralthecommonwesterntranslationadvisordoesnotreflectthislayerofmeaningelephantimagexiangqielephantpngtheelephantsleftelephantsorbishopsarelabeledxingelephantforblackandxingministerforredtheyarelocatednexttotheadvisorsthesepiecesmoveandcaptureexactlytwopointsdiagonallyandmaynotjumpoverinterveningpiecesthemoveisdescribedasbeinglikethecharactertinfieldifanelephantcannotmoveduetoadiagonallyadjacentpieceitisknownasblockingtheelephantseyeelephantsmaynotcrosstheriverandserveasdefensivepiecesbecauseanelephantsmovementisrestrictedtojustsevenboardpositionsitcanbeeasilytrappedorthreatenedthetwoelephantsareoftenusedtodefendeachotherthechinesecharactersforministerandelephantarehomophonesinstandardchinesemandarinandbothhavealternativemeaningsasappearanceorimagehoweverinenglishbotharereferredtoaselephantshorseimagexiangqihorsepngleftthehorsesnonemultipleimagetotalwidthalignrightimagehorsepieceagainsthorsepiecepngwidthheightcaptiontheredhorsemaycapturetheblackhorsebuttheblackhorsecannotcapturetheredhorsebecauseitsmovementisobstructedbyanotherpieceimagemovementofhorsepiecepngwidthheightcaptiongreenmovesarelegalredonesareillegalbecauseanotherpieceisobstructingthemovementofthehorsehorsesorknightsarelabelledforblackandforredinsetsmarkedwithtraditionalchinesecharactersandmforbothblackandredinsetsmarkedwithsimplifiedchinesecharacterssometraditionalsetsuseforbothcolorshorsesbeginthegamenexttotheelephantsontheiroutsideflanksahorsemovesandcapturesonepointorthogonallyandthenonepointdiagonallyawayfromitsformerpositionamovewhichistraditionallydescribedasbeinglikethecharacterrthehorsedoesnotjumpastheknightdoesinwesternchessandcanbeblockedbyapiecelocatedonepointhorizontallyorverticallyadjacenttoitblockingahorseiscalledhobbledevicehobblingthehorseslegthediagramontheleftillustratesthehorsesmovementsincehorsescanbeblockeditissometimespossibletotraptheopponentshorseitispossibleforoneplayershorsetohaveanasymmetricattackadvantageifanopponentshorseisblockedasseeninthediagramontherightchariotimagexiangqichariotpngthechariotsleftchariotsorrooksarelabelledforblackandforredinsetsmarkedwithtraditionalchinesecharactersandforbothblackandredinsetsmarkedwithsimplifiedchinesecharacterssometraditionalsetsuseforbothcolorsinthecontextofchinesechessallofthesecharactersarepronouncedasinsteadofthecommonpronunciationchthechariotmovesandcapturesanydistanceorthogonallybutmaynotjumpoverinterveningpiecesthechariotsbeginthegameonthepointsatthecornersoftheboardthechariotisoftenconsideredtobethestrongestpieceinthegameduetoitsfreedomofmovementandlackofrestrictionsthechariotissometimesknownastherookbyenglishspeakingplayerssinceitisliketherookinwesternchesschineseplayersandothersoftencallthispieceacarsincethatisonemodernmeaningofthecharactercannonimagexiangqicannonpngthecannonsleftimagexiangqicannonjumptocapturepngthumbpxthelongrangethreatofthecannoncannonsarelabelledcatapultforblackandwiktpocannonforredthenamesarehomophonesthoughsometimesisusedforbothredandblacktheshradicalchinesecharacterradicalofmeansstoneandthehuradicalofmeansfirebothcolorspiecesarenormallyreferredtoascannonsinenglishtheblackpieceissometimeslabelledwikteachplayerhastwocannonswhichstartontherowbehindthesoldierstwopointsinfrontofthehorsescannonsmovelikechariotsanydistanceorthogonallywithoutjumpingbutcanonlycapturebyjumpingasinglepiecefriendorfoealongthepathofattackthepieceoverwhichthecannonjumpsiscalledthetradsimppoticannonplatformorscreenanynumberofunoccupiedspacesincludingnonemayexistbetweenthecannonscreenandthepiecetobecapturedcannonscanbeexchangedforhorsesimmediatelyfromtheirstartingpositionssoldierimagexiangqisoldierpngthesoldiersleftsoldiersarelabelledpawnorprivateforblackandsoldierforredeachsidestartswithfivesoldierssoldiersbeginthegamelocatedoneveryotherpointonerowbackfromtheedgeoftherivertheymoveandcapturebyadvancingonepointoncetheyhavecrossedtherivertheymayalsomoveandcaptureonepointhorizontallysoldierscannotmovebackwardandthereforecannotretreatafteradvancingtothelastrankoftheboardhoweverasoldiermaystillmovesidewaysattheenemysedgethesoldierissometimescalledthepawnbyenglishspeakingplayersduetothepiecessimilaritiesapproximaterelativevaluesofthepiecesclasswikitablealignleftstyletextaligncenterbackgroundsilverspanstylecolorfffpiecespanspanstylecolorfffpointsspansoldierbeforecrossingtheriverstyletextaligncentersoldieraftercrossingtheriverstyletextaligncenteradvisorstyletextaligncenterelephantstyletextaligncenterhorsestyletextaligncentercannonstyletextaligncenterchariotstyletextaligncentertheseapproximatevaluesdonottakeintoaccountthepositionofthepieceinquestionexceptthesoldierinageneralsensethepositionsofotherpiecesontheboardorthenumberofpiecesremainingothercommonrulesofassessmentahorseplusacannonisgenerallybetterthantwohorsesortwocannonsthechariotisnotonlythestrongestpieceitisalsogenerallystrongerthananycombinationoftwominorpieceshorsecannonwhentherelativevaluesofbothsidespiecesareapproximatelyeventhesidewithmorechariotsgenerallyhastheadvantageespeciallywhenonesidehasachariotandonesidedoesnotchinesehoweverthechariotisnotparticularlystronginbasicendgamesforexamplechariotvsadvisorsandelephantsisgenerallyadrawwhileiftheoffensivesideinsteadhastwohorsesoreventhreeunadvancedsoldiersitisawinintheearlierstagesthecannonisstrongerthanthehorseintheendgamethehorseisstrongerasanattackingpiecebutthecannongenerallyhasbetterdefensiveabilitiesthevaluesofsoldiersvaryindifferentstagesofthegameintheopeningandthemiddlegametheinitiativeandmobilityofpiecesoftenrequiresacrificingsoldiersinthesestagessoldiersclosertothemiddlefilearegenerallymorevaluablesincetheycaneffectivelyjointheoffencewithfewattackingpiecesontheboardsoldiershavemorepowerandcancrosstherivermoreeasilyinthisstageadvancedsoldiersaregenerallylesspowerfulsincesoldierscannotmovebackwardsinbasicendgamesthreesoldiersstartingonthethrankareapproximatelyequaltoachariottheycanforceawinagainstadvisorsandelephantsorahorsecannonpluselephantswhileinsteadachariotcannotandachariotcannotforceawinagainstthreesoldiersonthethrankwhenwelldefendednotationthereareseveraltypesofnotationusedtorecordxiangqigamesineachcasethemovesarenumberedandwrittenwiththesamegeneralpatternfirstmovefirstresponsesecondmovesecondresponseitisclearerbutnotrequiredtowriteeachmovepaironaseparatelinesystemthebookthechessofchinadescribesamovenotationmethodinwhichtheranksoftheboardarenumberedtofromclosesttofarthestawayfollowedbyadigittoforfilesfromrighttoleftbothvaluesarerelativetothemovingplayermovesarethenindicatedasfollowscodenowikipiecenameformerrankformerfilenewranknewfilenowikicodethusthemostcommonopeninginthegamewouldbewrittenassystemclasswikitablealignrightstyletextaligncenterbackgroundsilverspanstylecolorfffnamespanspanstylecolorfffabbrspanspanstylecolorfffpiecesspanstyletextaligncenteradvisorstyletextaligncenterastyletextaligncenterimagexiangqiadvisorpngtheadvisorspxstyletextaligncentercannonstyletextaligncentercstyletextaligncenterimagexiangqicannonpngthecannonspxstyletextaligncenterchariotstyletextaligncenterrstyletextaligncenterimagexiangqichariotpngthechariotspxstyletextaligncenterelephantstyletextaligncenterestyletextaligncenterimagexiangqielephantpngtheelephantspxstyletextaligncentergeneralstyletextaligncentergstyletextaligncenterimagexiangqigeneralpngthegeneralspxstyletextaligncenterhorsestyletextaligncenterhstyletextaligncenterimagexiangqihorsepngthehorsespxstyletextaligncentersoldierstyletextaligncentersstyletextaligncenterimagexiangqisoldierpngthesoldierspxcolspanstyletextalignleftsupnowikinowikiforrookbecauseusingcwouldconflictwiththeletterforcannonsupanotationsystempartiallydescribedinamanualofchinesechessandusedbyseveralcomputersoftwareimplementationsdescribesmovesinrelativetermsasfollowscodenowikisingleletterpieceabbreviationformerfileoperatorindicatingdirectionofmovementnewfileorinthecaseofpurelyverticalmovementnumberofrankstraversednowikicodethefilenumbersarecountedfromeachplayersrighttoeachplayersleftincasetherearetwoidenticalpiecesinonefilesymbolsfrontandrearareusedinsteadofformerfilenumberdirectionofmovementisindicatedviaanoperatorsymbolaplussignisusedtoindicateforwardmovementaminussignisusedtoindicatebackwardsmovementafullstopdotorperiodorequalsignisusedtoindicatehorizontalorlateralmovementforapiecethatmovesdiagonallysuchasthehorseorelephanttheplusorminussignisusedratherthantheperiodthusthemostcommonopeninginthegamewouldbewrittenaschinolderbookswritteninchinesethesystemisthesameexceptthatthenamesofthepiecesarewritteninchinesethenameforthecannononbothsidesisthenameforthehorseonbothsidesisforwardmotionisindicatedwithpronouncedjnbackwardmotionisindicatedwithtusidewaysmotionisindicatedwithpngandnumbersarewritteninchineseeitherforbothplayersorforjustblackthusthemostcommonopeninginthegamemightbewrittenassystemthissystemisunofficialandprincipallyusedbywesternplayersitissimilartoalgebraicnotationchessalgebraicnotationforwesternchesslettersareusedforfilesandnumbersforranksfileaisonredsleftandrankisnearesttoredapointsdesignationdoesnotdependonwhichplayermovesforbothsidesaisthelowestleftpointfromredssidecodenowikisingleletterpieceabbreviationformerpositioncaptureindicationnewpositioncheckindicationanalysisnowikicodepiecesareabbreviatedasinnotationsystemexceptthatnoletterisusedforthesoldierformerpositionisonlyindicatedifnecessarytodistinguishbetweentwoidenticalpiecesthatcouldhavemadethemoveiftheysharethesamefileindicatewhichrankmovesiftheysharethesamerankindicatewhichfilemovesiftheyshareneitherranknorfilethenthefileisindicatedcaptureisindicatedbyxnosymbolisusedtoindicateanoncapturingmovecheckisindicatedbydoublecheckbytriplecheckbyandquadruplecheckbycheckmateisindicatedbyforanalysispurposesbadmovesareindicatedbyandgoodmovesbythesecanbecombinediftheanalysisisuncertainmightbeeitherbutisprobablygoodisprobablybadorrepeatedforemphasisisadisasterthusthemostcommonopeninginthegamewouldbewrittenaschehganexampleofabriefgametheearlycheckmateisxiangqipositionrdhdedadgdadedhdrdsdsdclsdsdclslcdslcdslslrlhlelalglalelhlrlcbechechcbcxecexecheseediagramblackismatedandthereforelosesredsdoubledcannonscannotbeblockedandthegeneralcannotmoveofftheefilegameplaybecauseofthesizeoftheboardandthelownumberoflongrangepiecesthereisatendencyforthebattletofocusonaparticularareaoftheboardtacticsxiangqiinvolvesseveraltacticscommontogamesinthechessfamilysomecommononesarebrieflydiscussedherewhenonepiececanattackmorethanoneenemypiecetheyareforkedapieceispinnedwhenitcannotmovewithoutexposingamoreimportantpiecetocapturecannonscanpintwopiecesatonceononefileorrankhorsescanpinbecausetheycanbeblockedandgeneralscanpinbecauseoftheflyinggeneralruleapieceisskeweredwhenitisattackedandbymovingexposesalessimportantpiecetobecapturedstylemarginleftautomarginrightautopaddingpxborderpxsolidstylewidthpxtextaligncenterforkstylewidthpxtextaligncenterpinstylewidthpxtextaligncenterskewerstyleverticalaligntopxiangqipositiongdsdrdhlglnestedyesredshorseatdforksblackssoldieratcandchariotatestyleverticalaligntopxiangqipositiongdcdrlglnestedyesblackscannonateispinnedbyredschariotatestyleverticalaligntopxiangqipositionrdgdrlglnestedyesredschariotateisskeweringblacksgeneralateandchariotatewhenthegeneralmovessidewaystoavoidbeingcaptureditschariotcouldbecapturedadiscoveredcheckoccurswhenanattackingpiecemovessothatitunblocksalineforachariotcannonandlessoftenthehorsetochecktheenemygeneralthepieceuncoveringthecheckcansafelymoveanywherewithinitspowersregardlessofwhethertheopponenthasthosesquaresunderprotectionadoublecheckoccurswhentwopiecessimultaneouslythreatentheenemygeneralitmayormaynotbepossibletoblockbutcapturingoneofthecheckingpiecesisinsufficienttoremovethethreattheonlyblockablecasesareeitherachariotandcannononthesamefileasthegeneralwiththechariotactingasascreenforthecannonortwohorsesgivingdiscoveredcheckafteranotherpieceunblockstheattackfrombothothercombinationsofdoublechecksarenotblockableuniquetoxiangqiisatriplecheckwhicharisesinthreecombinationsinthefirstcaseofacannonachariotorsoldierandahorsethehorsemovestogivecheckuncoveringadoublecheckfromthechariotandthecannoninthesecondrarercaseofachariotorsoldierandtwohorsesthechariotmovestogivecheckuncoveringadoublecheckfromthetwohorsesinthethirdcaseoftwocannonsandtwohorsesonecannonmayuncoveradoublecheckfromthehorsesandactasascreenfortheothercannonquadruplecheckisalsopossiblearisingwithtwohorsesachariotandacannontripleandquadruplecheckcannotbeblockedstylemarginleftautomarginrightautopaddingpxborderpxsolidstylewidthpxtextaligncentertriplecheckstylewidthpxtextaligncenterquadruplecheckstylewidthpxtextaligncentertriplecheckalternatepositionstyleverticalaligntopxiangqipositiongdhlrlclglredshorsehasmovedfrometodgivingcheckandexposingadoublecheckfromthechariotateandthecannonatestyleverticalaligntopxiangqipositiongdslrlhlhlclglredschariothasmovedfromftoegivingcheckandexposingatriplecheckfromthecannonateandbothhorsesatfandgreplacingthechariotwithacannonproducesatriplecheckstyleverticalaligntopxiangqipositiongdslrlhlhlglredschariothasmovedfromftoediscoveringtwochecksfrombothhorsesatfandgandgivescheckitselfusuallysoldiersdonotsupporteachotheruntiltheendgamebecausefromtheinitialpositionittakesaminimumoffivemovesofasoldiertoallowmutualprotectionbetweentwoofthemandtheyareoftenpronetocapturebyotherpiecessoldiershorsescannonsandchariotscanformupformationsthatprotecteachotherhoweverliningupchariotsmustbedonewithcautionasthisriskslosingonechariottoanenemysinferiorpiecehorsesthatsupporteachotherarecalledlinkedhorseschinesewhichisarelativelysafeformationofthehorsesthoughitcanstillbethreatenedwithasoldierachariotplusanotherminorpieceorapieceblockingoneofthehorsesthusmakingtheprotectiononesideditiscommontousecannonsindependentlytocontrolparticularranksandfilesusingacannontocontrolthemiddlefileisoftenconsideredvitalstrategybecauseitpinspiecessuchastheadvisorsandelephantsthetwofilesadjacenttothemiddlefilearealsoconsideredimportantandhorsesandchariotscanbeusedtopushforcheckmatetheresincethegeneralisusuallysafestinhisoriginalpositionbeforetheendgamephaseattackingthegeneralcommonlyinvolvesforcingthegeneraloutofhisoriginalpositionwithcheckorwiththreatsthusspecificpointsandformationsareveryimportantinxiangqiforanattackingredhorsethemostfatalpointsarecandgchineseespeciallysincewithoutproperdefenceaquickmatecanfollowwithanextrachariotorcannonstylemarginememfloatrightwidthpxpaddingpxborderpxsolidliangvszhaoxiangqipositionadgdadhdedcdedsdclsdslhlcdslelalglalelduetotheredcannonblackscentroidhorsehasbecomealiabilityratherthananassetforacannononeofthemostfatalformationsistheexposedcannonchinesewherethecannondirectlycontrolsthemiddlefilewithnootherpiecesbetweenthecannonandthegeneralthisformationisparticularlydangeroussincethedefensivesidecannotmoveanypieceinfrontofthecannonwhilewithanextracannonjoiningtheattackmatecanfollowonthespotandwithanextrarookthedefensivesidecanmountadoublecheckwiththerookinfrontofthecannonfollowedbyawindmillchesswindmilloftenwinningatleastapieceafterwardsifthedefensivesidecannotchasethecannonawayorcaptureititmustmovethegeneralforwardtoavoidthesethreatsleavingthegeneralvulnerabletoattacksanotherfatalformationcalledthecannoncontrolledcentroidhorsechinesediagramatrightalsorequiresparticularlybadcoordinationoftheenemypiecesinthediagramblackscentroidhorseoccupiesthecentreofthepalaceblockingblacksowngeneralandadvisorswhileblackscannonateispinnedtothedefenceofhisowngeneralandcannotmoveanditalsorestrictsthemovementofblackstwoelephantssuchaformationinthemiddlegameoftenproducesdeadlythreatsofsmotheredmateswhileintheendgameasinthediagramredscannoncannotbechasedawaymakingtheblackhorseandcannonpermanentlypinnedandtrappedeventhoughblackisupaminorpieceheisdeadlostthegameconcludedhgattackingtheelephantandcreatingamatingthreateghhcihfcfifwithouttheotherblackcannonitisinstantmatehxgandblackresignedblacksonlyactivepieceisabsolutelyhopelessagainstthepassedredsoldierandthehorseacommondefensiveconfigurationistoleavethegeneralatitsstartingpositiondeployoneadvisorandoneelephantonthetwopointsdirectlyinfrontofthegeneralandtoleavetheotheradvisorandelephantintheirstartingpositionstothesideofthegeneralinthissetuptheadvisorelephantpairssupporteachotherandthegeneralisimmunefromattacksbycannonslosinganyofthepiecesmakesthegeneralvulnerabletocannonandthesetupmayneedtobeabandonedthedefendermaymoveadvisorsorelephantsawayfromthegeneralorevensacrificethemintentionallytowardoffattackbyacannonstylemarginememfloatrightwidthpxpaddingpxborderpxsolidxiangqipositionadgdcladslededhdrlrlrdsdsdglhiddentaleftfwnormalredmatesinsolutionrheiggetsmatedfasterrgxgafexgrxgrxfgerheeggetsmatedimmediatelywithrhxgafrhafergafrgaferhagainbotheigandeegleadtofastermatesafreabrilliantsmotheredcheckinducingmoveifgxerhadxerheegrxethechariotisuntouchablewithlegalmovesgdregddgxdrdnotethatifredplaysreinsteadredcannotforceamateadxergeigandredcannotplayrxeonthenextmovebecausethechariotisthennotsupportedbythegeneralandblackcansimplyplaygxethepurposeofusingthegchariottogivecheckistoplacethehchariotonthehpointblockingblackseiglongsequencesofchecksleadingtomateorgainofmaterialarecommonbothinchesscompositionsandinactualplayaskilledxiangqiplayerwouldoftenhavetocalculateseveralstepsoreventensofstepsaheadforaforcedsequenceinthediagramontherightblackhasanimmediatematingthreatwhichcannotbeparriedforcingredtocheckblackoneverymovealthoughitrequiresmovestomateitsgeneralideaisclearinduceasmotheredcheckbysacrificingachariotatthecentreofthepalaceethenforceblacktoopenthecentrefileenablingtheredgeneraltoassisttheattackandfinallymatebyfacinggeneralsopeningsstylemarginememfloatrightwidthpxpaddingpxborderpxsolidxiangqipositionrdhdedadgdadedrdcdhdcdsdsdsdsdsdslslslslslclclrlhlelalglalelhlrlthemostcommonopeningpairofmovessincetheleftandrightflanksofthestartingsetuparesymmetricalitiscustomarytomakethefirstmoveontherightflankstartingontheleftflankisconsideredneedlesslyconfusingthemostcommonopeningistomovethecannontothecentralcolumnanopeningknownastradsimpdngtupoorcentralcannonthemostcommonreplyistoadvancethehorseonthesameflanktogetherthismoveandresponseisknownbytherhymetradsimpthenotationforthisischorchehgdiagramatrightafterblackshhgresponsethegamecandevelopintoavarietyofopeningsthemostcommonbeingthetradsimporscreenhorsesdefenceinwhichblackdevelopstheotherhorsetofurtherprotecthismiddlepawnhorhceitherimmediatelyonhissecondmoveorlaterwhenblacktransposesthegameintothisopeningalternativecommonfirstmovesbyblackaredevelopingeithercannonsccheorccbenotethataftereitherofthesemovestakingthecentralsoldierwiththecannoncorcxeisabeginnerstrapthatimpedesdevelopmentandcoordinationofredspiecesifblackplayscorrectlyforexamplechechecxeadehghgcerhwhenblackdevelopstherookfirstandthelossofblacksmiddlepawnactuallyenabledblackshorsestooccupythecentreonthenextmovesothercommonfirstmovesbyredincludemovinganelephanttothecentralcolumnegeadvancingthesoldieronthethirdorseventhfilecmovingahorseforwardhgandmovingeithercannontothethorthdorffilechdorchfcomparedtothecentralcannonopeningstheseopeningsaregenerallylessrestrictedbytheorygeneraladvicefortheopeningincludesrapiddevelopmentofatleastonechariotandputtingitonopenfilesandranksasitisthemostpowerfulpiecewithalongattackrangethereisasayingthatonlyapoorplayerdoesnotmoveachariotinthefirstthreemoveschinesehoweverthisisnottobetakenliterallyandisinfactoftenviolatedinmodernxiangqigamesattackinganddefendingthecentreespeciallythecentralsoldierscentralpawnsarecommonthemesintheopeninghencethecentralcannonopeningsusuallyatleastonehorseshouldbemovedtothemiddleinordertodefendthecentralsoldierhoweverundefendedcentralsoldierscanalsobecomepoisonedpawnsintheearlymovesespeciallyiftheattackingsidedoesnothaveanimmediatefollowuptoretainthepressureonthecentralfilemiddlegamestrategyxiangqistrategysharecommonthemeswithchessbuthavesomedifferencesoccupingthecentreisrelativelylessimportantinxiangqibutcontrollingandattackingthemiddlefileisstilloneofthevitalthemessincethemiddlefileisoftenwelldefendedplayerswouldthenseektomountanoffenceoneitheroftheflanksontheenemysideespeciallywhenthedefenceofoneflankisneglectedthesignificanceofpawnformationinxiangqiandchessaredifferentinxiangqisoldierspawnsareoftenpushedtoavoidblockingtheirownhorsessuccessfullygettingasoldiertocrossariverasanattackingforcecanoftentiltthescalesofthemiddlegamebyalargemargininhighlevelplaytheinitiativeishighlyimportantandaminormistakecandoomagamesacrificesarecommoninxiangqihowevertheyremoreoftentacticalratherthanpositionalusuallyatmostaminorpieceissacrificedforpositionaladvantagesorasemitacticalattackendgamethoughxiangqiendgamesrequireremarkableskilltobeplayedwellthereareanumberofwidelyknownbookwinsandbookdrawsageneralruleinxiangqiendgamesfortheadvantageoussideisthatwhenthereslessmaterialontheboarddonottradepieceseasilyaswithfewerattackingpiecesontheboarddefendingiseasierhenceifacertaintypeofendgamecantransposebytradingpiecesintoanothertypeofendgamewhichisabookwinthenthisendgameitselfisabookwinzugzwanginxiangqiendgamesstylemarginememfloatrightwidthpxpaddingpxborderpxsolidxiangqipositiongdslglredwinswitheithersidetomoveinducingzugzwangisacrucialthemeinwinningsimpleendgamesandalmostexclusivelyinsimpleendgamesinthegeneralsoldiervsgeneralendgameshownontherightredsfirstmaingoalistooccupythemiddlefileredwinswithgdawaitingmoveandblackisinzugzwangblackmustproceedwithgeasgeinstantlylosesafterfaftergefgfegedgfgeredsgeneralsuccessfullyoccupiesthemiddlefilethegamewouldconcludewithgfeandregardlessofblacksreplygestalematesblackandthuswinningthegamestylemarginememfloatrightwidthpxpaddingpxborderpxsolidxiangqipositiongdslslelsdsdglreciprocalzugzwangwhoevermovesfirstlosesreciprocalzugzwangispossiblebutveryrareandusuallyseeninendgamecompositionsinthisendgameshownontherightwhoevermoveslosessincewhenanyofthetwogeneralsmovestoanopendorffileamateinisthreatenedwiththismovewhiletheplayertomoveonlyhelpstheenemygeneraloccupyoneofthefilesforinstanceredcanonlymovehistwosoldiersifheistomovemovingthefordsoldierallowstheenemygeneraltooccupytheffiledfileeveniffegfdwhenredthreatensmateinblackstillmatesimmediatelywitheitherfeorfsoldierpawnendgamesstylemarginememfloatrightwidthpxpaddingpxborderpxsolidxiangqipositiongdadslelglredtoplaywinsblacktoplaydrawsasoldieraslongasitdoesnotreachtheoppositerankwinsagainstabaregeneraleasilywithanyextradefensivepieceonthedefensivesideitisadrawhoweversoldiervsadvisorrequiresskilltoplaywelltwounadvancedieonthethorthrankssoldierswinagainstthefollowingcombinationstwoadvisorstwoelephantsabarehorsecannongenerallyadrawagainstoneadvisorplusoneelephantorahorsecannonplusadefendingpiecethreeunadvancedsoldierswinagainstthefollowingcombinationsalldefensivepiecesadvisorspluselephantschineseahorseplustwoadvisorstwoelephantsacannonplustwoelephantshorseendgamesstylemarginememfloatrightwidthpxpaddingpxborderpxsolidxiangqipositiongdhledglredtoplaywinswithhdpreventingtheelephantfromgettingtotheoppositeflankandthuscreatingchancesforthehorsetoforkorrestrictthetworemainingblackpiecesgdlosestotheforkhbwhileaftereahbputsblackinzugzwangandtheelephantislostonthefollowingmoveblacktoplaydrawswitheeabarehorsewinsagainstabareadvisorbutnotabareelephantahorseplusanunadvancedsoldierwinsagainstbothcombinationsofdefensivepiecesoranycombinationofaminorpieceplusadefensivepieceexcepthorseelephantthiscombinationdrawsagainstalldefensivepiecesahorseplusanadvancedsoldieronthethorthrankdrawsagainsteithercombinationofdefensivepiecesbutdefendingrequiresprecisepositionsahorseplusasoldieronthethrankwinsagainsttwoadvisorsoroneadvisorplusoneelephantthiscombinationdrawsagainstelephantsahorseplustwosoldierscanwinagainstoneminorpieceoneadvisortwoelephantswithanextraadvisoronthedefensivesideitisabookdrawtwohorseswinagainstalldefensivepiecesoranycombinationofaminorpieceplusdefensivepiecesexceptcannonelephantscannonendgamesstylemarginememfloatrightwidthpxpaddingpxborderpxsolidxiangqipositiongdadadalglclaftergeredwillwinanadvisororcheckmateblackregardlessofblacksnextmovenotethataftergecxdtakingthecannonwithaxdisillegalasthetwogeneralswillfaceeachotheronthesamefileabarecannonoracannonwithelephantscannotwinagainstabaregeneralduetoinsufficientmaterialcannonsneeddefensivepiecesforcooperationespeciallytheadvisoracannonneedsonlyoneadvisortowinagainsttwoadvisorsorasingleelephantmeanwhileevenwithalldefensivepiecesitisabookdrawagainsttwoelephantsoneadvisoroneelephantonesoldieroneadvisororanyminorpieceacannonwithalldefensivepiecesneedsatleastanextrasoldiertowinagainstdefensivepiecesabarecannonwithasoldieronthethrankwinsagainstanycombinationofdefensivepiecesacannondefensivepiecesunadvancedsoldiersgenerallydrawagainstoneminorpiecedefensivepiecesbutifthedefensivesidelacksasinglepieceitisabookwinhorsecannonendgamesthistypeofendgameisconsideredoneofthemorecomplexendgamescommonlyknownbookwinsandbookdrawsarehorsecannondefensivepiecesvsaminorpiecevsdefensivepiecesawiniftheminorpieceisahorsetheattackingsidedoesnotneedalldefensivepiecestowinadrawifitisacannonwiththesamecombinationofthetwominorpiecesandalldefensivepiecesonbothsidesoneneedstwoextrasoldiersforabookwinifbothsideshaveminorpiecesanddefensivepiecesandtheadvantegeoussideonlyhasoneextrasoldierthenregardlessofthecombinationofthetwominorpiecesitisabookdrawchariotendgamesstylemarginememfloatrightwidthpxpaddingpxborderpxsolidxiangqipositiongdhdedrledgltheidealdefensivepositionforchariotvshorseelephantsotherdefensivepositionsasidefromthispositionssymmetricalvariationgenerallyloseifinsteadtheelephantonghadbeenongthenredtoplaywinsstartingwithrbsinglechariotendgamesasinglechariotgenerallycannotwinagainstdefensivepiecesbutwithorfewerdefensivepiecesitisaforcedwinchariotvsoneminorpieceplusdefensivepiecesawinifthedefensivepiecesarenotthesameorifthecombinationishorsetwoadvisorsifthedefensivesidehashorsetwoelephantsaspecificdefensivepositionisrequiredtodrawchariotvsoneminorpieceplusdefensivepiecesadrawchariotvstwominorpieceswithnodefensivepiecesadrawbutrequiresgooddefensivepositionschariotsoldiersunadvancedchariotsoldierwithsufficientdefensivepiecesonhisownsidewinsagainstachariotplusanadvisorachariotplustwoelephantsorachariotplusasoldierchariotsoldierwinsagainstanyminorpiecesadvisorsthiscombinationalsowinsagainsthorsedefensivepiecesbutnotcannondefensivepieceschariotsoldiervsunadvancedsoldiersdefensivepiecesiftheoffensivesidehasnodefensivepieceitisadrawsincetheenemysoldierscanstillbeaformidableforceiftheoffensivesidehasoneadvisoritisawinchariotsoldierscannotforceawinagainstchariotdefensivepiecesinthisendgamebothattackinganddefendingrequiregreatskillchariothorseachariotplusahorseneedsoneadvisoronhisownsidetowinagainstachariotplustwoadvisorschariothorsevschariottwoelephantswithenoughdefensivepiecesfortheattackingsideitisgenerallyawinifthemovelimitisnottakenintoconsiderationchariotcannonachariotplusacannoncannotwinagainstabarechariotaslongasthedefendingchariotoccupiesthemiddlefilehoweverwithanyextradefensivepieceontheattackingsideitisawinchariotcannonadvisorswouldwinagainstchariottwoelephantschariotcannondefensivepiecesvschariotdefensivepiecesdrawtwochariotstwochariotsvschariotdefensivepiecesadrawwithgooddefensivepositionstwochariotsvschariotminorpiecedefensivepiecestheonlydrawingcombinationischariotcannonadvisorstwochariotsvsminorpiecesdefensivepiecesawiniftheminorpiecesarehorseshistoryxiangqidatesbacktothewarringstatesperiodaccordingtothefirstcenturybctextshuoyuanitwasoneoflordmengchangofqisinterestsemperorwuofnorthernzhouwroteabookinadcalledxiangjingitdescribedtherulesofanastronomicallythemedgamecalledxiangqiorxiangxithewordxingqisusuallytranslatedaselephantgameorfiguregamebecausethechinesecharactermeanselephantandfigureitoriginatedasastylizeddrawingofanelephantandwasusedtowriteawordmeaningfigurelikelybecausethechinesecharacterrebustwowordswerepronouncedthesameforthesereasonsmurraytheorizedthatinchinachesstookovertheboardandnameofagamecalledinthesenseofastronomicalgamewhichrepresentedtheapparentmovementsofnakedeyevisibleastronomicalobjectsinthenightskyandthattheearliestchinesereferencestomeanttheastronomicalgameandnotchinesechesspreviousgamescalledxingqmayhavebeenbasedonthemovementsofskyobjectshowevertheconnectionbetweenandastronomyismarginalandarosefromconstellationsbeingcalledfiguresinastronomicalcontextswhereothermeaningsoffigurewerelesslikelythisusagemayhaveledsomeancientchineseauthorstotheorizethatthegamestartedasasimulationofastronomytosupporthisargumentmurrayquotedanoldchinesesourcethatsaysthatintheolderxiangqiwhichmodernxiangqimayhavetakensomeofitsrulesfromthegamepiecescouldbeshufflingshuffledwhichdoesnothappeninthemodernchessstylexiangqimurrayalsowrotethatinancientchinatherewasmorethanonegamecalledxiangqianalternativehypothesistomurraysisthatxiangqiwaspatternedafterthearrayoftroopsinthewarringstateseradavidhliforexamplearguesthatthegamewasdevelopedbyhanxininthewinterofbcbctoprepareforanupcomingbattlehistheorieshavebeenquestionedbyotherchessresearchershowevertheearliestdescriptionofthegamesrulesappearsinthestorycnshninthecollectionxuanguailuwritteninthemiddlepartofthetangdynastywiththeeconomicandculturaldevelopmentduringtheqingdynastyxiangqienteredanewstagemanydifferentschoolsofcirclesandplayerscameintoprominencewiththepopularizationofxiangqimanybooksandmanualsonthetechniquesofplayingthegamewerepublishedtheyplayedanimportantroleinpopularizingxiangqiandimprovingthetechniquesofplayinmoderntimesawesternstyleencyclopediaofchinesechessopeningswaswritteninrefnameeccorefmodernplaytournamentsandleaguesalthoughxiangqihasitsorigininasiatherearexiangqileaguesandclubsallovertheworldeacheuropeannationgenerallyhasitsowngoverningleagueforexampleinunitedkingdombritainxiangqiisregulatedbytheunitedkingdomchinesechessassociationasiancountriesalsohavenationwideleaguessuchasthemalaysiachinesechessassociationinadditionthereareseveralinternationalfederationsandtournamentsthechinesexiangqiassociationhostsseveraltournamentseveryyearincludingtheyinliandramcuptournamentsotherorganizationsincludetheasianxiangqifederationandaworldxiangqifederationwhichhoststournamentsandcompetitionsbiannuallywithmostlimitedtoplayersfrommembernationsrankingstheasianxiangqifederationaxfanditscorrespondingmemberassociationsrankplayersinaformatsimilartotheeloratingsystemofchessaccordingtothexiangqidatabasethetoprankingfemaleandmaleplayersinchinaasofjuneweretangdanandjiangchuanwithratingsofandrespectivelyotherstrongplayersincludezhaoguanfangfemalexuyinchuanmaleluqinmaleandwanglinnafemaletheasianxiangqifederationalsobestowsthetitleofgrandmastertoselectindividualsaroundtheworldwhohaveexcelledatxiangqiormadespecialcontributionstothegametherearenospecificcriteriaforbecomingagrandmasterandthelistofgrandmasterswasfewerthanahundredpeopleinseptemberthetitlesofgrandmasterisbestowedbybodiessuchastheaxfandthechinesexiangqiassociationcxacomputersthegamecomplexitygametreecomplexityofxiangqiisapproximatelysupsupinitwasprojectedthatahumantopplayerwillbedefeatedbeforexiangqiisoneofthemorepopularcomputerversuscomputercompetitionsatthecomputerolympiadscomputerprogramsforplayingxiangqishowthesamedevelopmenttrendashasoccurredforinternationalchesstheyareusuallyconsoleapplicationscalledengineswhichcommunicatetheirmovesintextformthroughsomestandardprotocolfordisplayingtheboardgraphicallytheythenrelyonaseparategraphicaluserinterfaceguithroughsuchstandardizationmanydifferentenginescanbeusedthroughthesameguiwhichcanalsobeusedforautomatedplayofdifferentenginesagainsteachotherpopularprotocolsareuciuniversalchessinterfaceucciuniversalchinesechessinterfaceqianhongqhprotocolandwinboardxboardwbprotocolthelattertwonamedaftertheguisthatimplementedthemtherenowexistmanydozensofxiangqienginessupportingoneormoreoftheseprotocolsincludingsomecommercialenginesvariationsblitzchessbreachplayeronlyhasaroundminuteseachmanchuchessbrinventedduringtheqingdynastyredhorsescannonsandoneofthechariotsareabsentbuttheremainingchariotcanbeplayedashorsesandcannonsaswellsupplychessbrsimilartothewesternchessvariantbughousechessthisvariantfeaturestheabilitytoredeploycapturedpiecessimilartoaruleinshogifourplayersplayastwopersonteamsintwosidebysidegamesoneteammateplaysblackandotherplaysredanypieceobtainedbycapturingtheopponentspieceisgiventotheteammateforuseintheothergamethesepiecescanbedeployedbytheteammatetogivehimanadvantageovertheotherplayersolongasthepiecestartsontheplayersownsideoftheboardanddoesnotcausetheopponenttobeincheckformationbroneplayerspiecesarejumbledupthenplacedrandomlyononesideoftheriverexceptforthegeneralsandadvisorswhichmustbeattheirusualpositionsandtheelephantswhichmuststartattwoofthesevenpointstheycannormallyreachtheotherplayerspiecesaresetuptomirrorthefirstsallotherrulesarethesamebanqibrthisvariationismorewellknowninhongkongthaninmainlandchinaitusesthexiangqipiecesandboardbutdoesnotfollowanyofitsrulesbearingmoreofaresemblancetothewesterngamestrategoaswellasthechinesegameluzhanqivariationsplayedwithspecialboardsorpiecestherearemanyversionsofthreeplayerxiangqiorsanxiangquiallplayedonspecialboardssanguoqibrgameofthethreekingdomsisplayedonaspecialhexagonalboardwiththreexiangqiarmiesredblueandgreenvyingfordominanceayshapedriverdividestheboardintothreegemshapedterritorieseachcontainingthegridfoundononesideofaxiangqiboardbutdistortedtomakethegameplayablebythreepeopleeachplayerhaseighteenpiecesthesixteenofregularxiangqiplustwonewonesthatstandonthesamerankasthecannonsthenewpieceshavedifferentnamesdependingontheirsidehuofireforredqiflagforblueandfengwindforgreentheymovetwospacesorthogonallythenonespacediagonallythegeneralseachbearthenameofahistoricalchinesekingdomshuforredweiforblueandwuforgreenfromchinasthreekingdomsperiodrefnamekingciteweburlchessvariantsorgxiangqivariantsdirchinplhtmllastbodlaenderfirsthansauthorlinkhansbodlaenderlastlearyfirststevenlastcazauxfirstjeanlouislastrendongfirstyutitlegameofthethreekingdomspublisherthechessvariantpagesdatemarchaccessdateaugustrefitislikelythatsanguoqifirstappearedunderthesouthernsongdynastyrefnamesanxiangqirefgameofthethreefriendssanyouqibrthreefriendschesswasinventedbyzhengjindefromshecountyanhuishexianintheanhuiprovinceduringthereignofthekangxiemperoroftheqingdynastyitisplayedonayshapedboardwithafullarmyofxiangqipiecessetupattheendofeachoftheboardsthreewideradiiinthecenteroftheboardsitsatriangularzonewithcertainfeaturessuchasoceanmountainorcitywallseachofwhichisimpassablebycertainpiecestwoofanarmysfivesoldiersarereplacedbynewpiecescalledhuofirepieceswhichmoveonespacediagonallyforwardtwoqiflagpiecesarepositionedonthefrontcornersofthepalacetheymovetwospacesforwardinsidetheirowncampandthenonespaceinanydirectioninsideanenemycampsanrenqibrthreemenchessisariverlesscommercialvariantplayedonacrossshapedboardwithsomespecialrulesincludingafourthneutralcountrycalledhanhanhasthreechariotsonecannonandonegeneralnamedemperorxianofhanbutthesepiecesdonotmoveanddonotbelongtoanyoftheplayersuntilacertainpointinthegamewhentwoplayersteamupagainstthethirdplayeratthatpointthethirdplayergetstoalsocontrolhansiguoqibrfourkingdomschessisalsoplayedonariverlesscrossshapedboardbutwithfourplayersbecausetherearenoriverselephantsmaymoveabouttheboardfreelyseealsolistofworldchampionshipsinmindsportsnationalpeasantsgamesxiangjingxiangqiattheasianindoorgamesxiangqiattheasianindoorgamesxiangqiattheasiangamesxiexiemasterworldxiangqichampionshipnotesreferencescitebooklastlaufirsthtauthorlinktitlechinesechesspublishertuttlepublishingyearisbnxleventhaldennisabanaschaknetindexhtmlthechessofchinataipeitaiwanmeiyaoutofprintbutcanbepartlydownloadedlidavidhthegenealogyofchesspremierpublishingbethesdamarylandcitebooklastmurrayfirsthjrauthorlinkharoldmurraytitleahistoryofchesseditionreissuedpublisheroxforduniversitypressyearisbnwilkescharlesfredamanualofchinesechessfurtherreadingdavidhlilidavidhfirstsyllabusonxiangqichinesechessnbsppremierpublishingbethesdamarylandlidavidhxiangqisyllabusoncannonchinesechessnbsppremierpublishingbethesdamarylandlidavidhxiangqisyllabusonelephantchinesechessnbsppremierpublishingbethesdamarylandlidavidhxiangqisyllabusonpawnchinesechessnbsppremierpublishingbethesdamarylandlidavidhxiangqisyllabusonhorsechinesechessnbsppremierpublishingbethesdamarylandloandrewwangtzichengtheearthwormstamethedragonthegameofxiangqiinasiangamestheartofcontesteditedbyasiasocietyaseriousandupdatedreadingaboutxiangqihistorysamuelsloanchessplayersloansamchinesechessforbeginnersishipressinternationalsanrafaeltokyoexternallinksxqcomxiangqichampionshipsxqinenglishcomlearnchinesechessinenglishrulesopeningsstrategyancientmanualscrockfordcomchessxiangqihtmlanintroductiontoxiangqiforchessplayershistorychessfreefrxiangqihtmxiangqichinesechesspresentationruleshistoryandvariantsbyjeanlouiscazauxchessvariantscomxiangqihtmlxiangqichinesechessbyhansbodlaenderedfergusdunihothechessvariantpagesboardspacenetenglishaboutxiangqihtmlboardspacenetplayrealtimegamesagainsthumanorweakrobotopponentsinfoboxfilesystemnamexfsfullnamexfsdeveloperintroductionosirixnbspintroductiondatepartitionidxmasterbootrecorddirectorystructbtreesfilestructbtreesbadblocksstructmaxfilenamesizenbspbytesmaxvolumesizenbspexbibytesnbspbytemaxfilesizenbspexbibytesnbspbytemaxfilesnosupsupfilenamecharactersetallexceptnulanddatesrecordedatimemtimectimerefnamexfsfsosssgicomprojectsxfspapersxfsfilesystemstructurepdfprefversioncrtimedaterangedecemberjanuaryproposedbitepochdateresolutionnbspnsforksstreamsattributesyesfilesystempermissionsyescompressionnosingleinstancestorageexperimentallinuxonlyencryptionnoprovidedattheblockdevicelevelosxfsisahighperformancebitjournalingfilesystemcreatedbysilicongraphicsincsilicongraphicsincsgiinitwasthedefaultfilesysteminsgisirixoperatingsystemstartingwithitsversionthefilesystemwasportedtothelinuxkernelinxfsissupportedbymostlinuxdistributionssomeofwhichuseitasthedefaultfilesystemxfsexcelsintheexecutionofparallelinputoutputiooperationsduetoitsdesignwhichisbasedonallocationgroupsatypeofsubdivisionofthephysicalvolumesinwhichxfsisusedalsoshortenedtoagsbecauseofthisxfsenablesextremescalabilityofiothreadsfilesystembandwidthandsizeoffilesandofthefilesystemitselfwhenspanningmultiplephysicalstoragedevicesxfsensurestheconsistencyofdatabyemployingmetadatajournalingfilesystemjournalingandsupportingwritebarriersspaceallocationisperformedviaextentfilesystemsextentswithdatastructuresstoredinbtreesimprovingtheoverallperformanceofthefilesystemespeciallywhenhandlinglargefilesdelayedallocationassistsinthepreventionoffilesystemfragmentationonlinedefragmentationisalsosupportedafeatureuniquetoxfsisthepreallocationofiobandwidthatapredeterminedratethisissuitableformanyrealtimeapplicationshoweverthisfeaturewassupportedonlyonirixandonlywithspecializedhardwareanotablexfsusernasaadvancedsupercomputingdivisiontakesadvantageofthesecapabilitiesdeployingtwoterabytexfsfilesystemsontwosgialtixarchivalstorageserverseachofwhichisdirectlyattachedtomultiplefibrechanneldiskarrayshistorysilicongraphicsbegandevelopmentoftheextentsfilesystemorxfsrefcitebooklastsmithfirstroderickwtitlelinuxadministratorstreetsmartsarealworldguidetolinuxcertificationskillsurlbooksgooglecombooksidlletpxjewcseriesstreetsmartsseriespublisherjohnwileysonspublicationdatepageisbnaccessdatequotesilicongraphicssgicreateditsextentsfilesystemxfsforitsirixosandlaterdonatedthecodetolinuxrefinincludingitinirixforthefirsttimeinirixversioninthefilesystemwasreleasedunderthegnugeneralpubliclicensegplinmayateamledbystevelordatsgiportedittolinuxandfirstsupportbyalinuxdistributioncameinthissupportgraduallybecameavailableinalmostalllinuxdistributionsinitialsupportforxfsinthelinuxkernelcamethroughpatchcomputingpatchesfromsgiitmergedintothelinuxkernelmainlinefortheseriesandseparatelymergedinfebruaryintotheseriesinversionmakingxfsalmostuniversallyavailableonlinuxsystemsgentoolinuxbecamethefirstlinuxdistributiontointroduceanoptionforxfsasthedefaultfilesysteminmidfreebsdaddedfilesystempermissionsreadonlysupportforxfsindecemberandinjuneintroducedexperimentalwritesupporthoweverthiswasintendedonlyasanaidinmigrationfromlinuxnotasamainfilesystemfreebsdremovedsupportforxfsinversionofbitcomputingbitredhatenterpriselinuxrhellinuxdistributioncontainedthenecessarykernelsupportforthecreationandusageofxfsfilesystemsbutlackedthecorrespondingcommandlinetoolsthetoolsavailablefromcentoscouldoperateforthatpurposeandredhatalsoprovidedthemtorhelcustomersonrequestrefrefrhelnbspreleasedinincludesxfssupportforafeeaspartofredhatsscalablefilesystemaddonoraclelinuxreleasedinalsoincludesanoptionforusingxfsrefciteweburlossoraclecomeldocsreleasenotesgaenhtmltitleoraclelinuxreleasenotesdatefebruarypublisheroraclecorporationaccessdatequoteoraclelinuxincludesmanynewfeaturesincludingxfsoraclelinuxincludesxfsasanoptionalfilesystemrefrhelnbspreleasedinjuneusesxfsasitsdefaultfilesystemrefciteweburlredhatcomaboutnewspressarchiveredhatunveilsrheltitleredhatunveilsredhatenterpriselinuxredefiningtheenterpriseoperatingsystemdateaccessdatepublisherredhatrefincludingsupportforusingxfsforthettbootttpartitionwhichpreviouslywasnotpracticalduetobugsinthegrubbootloaderlinuxaddedanewfeaturereversemappingthisisthefoundationforalargesetofplannedfeaturessnapshotcomputerstoragesnapshotscopyonwritecowdatadatadeduplicationreflinkcopiesonlinedataandmetadatadatascrubbingscrubbinghighlyaccuratereportingofdatalossorbadsectorsandsignificantlyimprovedreconstructionofdamagedorcorruptedfilesystemsthisworkrequiredchangestoxfssondiskformatfeaturescapacityxfsisabitcomputingbitfilesystemandsupportsamaximumfilesystemsizeofexbibytesminusonebytesupsupnbspbytesbutlimitationsimposedbythehostoperatingsystemcandecreasethislimitbitlinuxsystemslimitthesizeofboththefileandfilesystemtotebibytesjournalinginmoderncomputingjournalingisacapabilitywhichensuresconsistencyofdatainthefilesystemdespiteanypoweroutagesorsystemcrashthatmayoccurxfsprovidesjournalingforfilesystemmetadatawherefilesystemupdatesarefirstwrittentoaserialjournalbeforetheactualdiskblocksareupdatedthejournalisacircularbufferofdiskblocksthatisnotreadinnormalfilesystemoperationthexfsjournalislimitedtoamaximumsizeofbothnbspkbblocksandnbspmbwiththeminimumsizedependentuponacalculationofthefilesystemblocksizeanddirectoryblocksizeplacingthejournalonanexternaldevicelargerthanthemaximumjournalsizewillsimplyleavetheextraspaceunusedbythejournalitcanbestoredwithinthedatasectionofthefilesystemasaninternallogoronaseparatedevicetominimizediskcontentioninxfsthejournalcontainslogicalentriesthatdescribeinahumanlyunderstandablewaywhatoperationsarebeingperformedasopposedtoaphysicaljournalthatstoresacopyoftheblocksmodifiedduringeachoperationjournalupdatesareperformedasynchronouslytoavoidadecreaseinperformancespeedintheeventofasystemcrashfilesystemoperationswhichoccurredimmediatelypriortothecrashcanbereappliedandcompletedasrecordedinthejournalwhichishowdatastoredinxfsfilesystemsremainconsistentrecoveryisperformedautomaticallythefirsttimethefilesystemismountedafterthecrashthespeedofrecoveryisindependentofthesizeofthefilesysteminsteaddependingontheamountoffilesystemoperationstobereappliedallocationgroupsxfsfilesystemsareinternallypartitionedintoallocationgroupswhichareequallysizedlinearregionswithinthefilesystemcomputerfilefilesanddirectoriescanspanallocationgroupseachallocationgroupmanagesitsowninodesandfreespaceseparatelyprovidingscalabilityandparallelismsomultiplethreadsandprocessescanperformiooperationsonthesamefilesystemsimultaneouslythisarchitecturehelpstooptimizeparallelioperformanceonsystemswithmultipleprocessorsandorcoresasmetadataupdatescanalsobeparallelizedtheinternalpartitioningprovidedbyallocationgroupscanbeespeciallybeneficialwhenthefilesystemspansmultiplephysicaldevicesallowingforoptimalusageofthroughputoftheunderlyingstoragecomponentsstripedallocationifanxfsfilesystemistobecreatedonastripedredundantarrayofindependentdisksraidarrayadatastripingstripeunitcanbespecifiedwhenthefilesystemiscreatedthismaximizesthroughputbyensuringthatdataallocationsinodeallocationsandtheinternallogthejournalarealignedwiththestripeunitextentbasedallocationblocksusedinfilesstoredonxfsfilesystemsaremanagedwithvariablelengthextentfilesystemsextentswhereoneextentdescribesoneormorecontiguousblocksthiscanshortenthelistofblocksconsiderablycomparedtofilesystemsthatlistallblocksusedbyafileindividuallyblockorientedfilesystemsmanagespaceallocationwithoneormoreblockorientedbitmapsinxfsthesestructuresarereplacedwithanextentorientedstructureconsistingofapairofbtreesforeachfilesystemallocationgrouponeofthebtreesisindexedbythelengthofthefreeextentswhiletheotherisindexedbythestartingblockofthefreeextentsthisdualindexingschemeallowsforthehighlyefficientallocationoffreeextentsforfilesystemoperationsvariableblocksizesthefilesystemblocksizerepresentstheminimumallocationunitxfsallowsfilesystemstobecreatedwithblocksizesrangingbetweennbspbytesandnbspkballowingthefilesystemtobetunedfortheexpecteddegreeofusagewhenmanysmallfilesareexpectedasmallblocksizewouldtypicallymaximizecapacitybutforasystemdealingmainlywithlargefilesalargerblocksizecanprovideaperformanceefficiencyadvantagedelayedallocationxfsmakesuseoflazyevaluationtechniquesforfileallocationwhenafileiswrittentothebuffercacheratherthanallocatingextentsforthedataxfssimplyreservestheappropriatenumberoffilesystemblocksforthedataheldinmemorytheactualblockallocationoccursonlywhenthedataisfinallyflushedtodiskthisimprovesthechancethatthefilewillbewritteninacontiguousgroupofblocksreducingfilesystemfragmentationfragmentationproblemsandincreasingperformancesparsefilesxfsprovidesabitsparseaddressspaceforeachfilewhichallowsbothforverylargefilesizesandforholeswithinfilesinwhichnodiskspaceisallocatedasthefilesystemusesanextentmapforeachfilethefileallocationmapsizeiskeptsmallwherethesizeoftheallocationmapistoolargeforittobestoredwithintheinodethemapismovedintoabtreewhichallowsforrapidaccesstodataanywhereinthebitaddressspaceprovidedforthefileextendedattributesxfsprovidesmultipledatastreamsforfilesthisismadepossiblebyitsimplementationofextendedfileattributesextendedattributestheseallowthestorageofanumberofnamevaluepairsattachedtoafilenamesarenulterminatedprintablecharacterstringswhichareuptonbspbytesinlengthwhiletheirassociatedvaluescancontainuptonbspkilobytekbofbinarydatatheyarefurthersubdividedintotwonamespacescoderootcodeandcodeusercodeextendedattributesstoredintherootnamespacecanbemodifiedonlybythesuperuserwhileattributesintheusernamespacecanbemodifiedbyanyuserwithpermissiontowritetothefileextendedattributescanbeattachedtoanykindofxfsinodeincludingsymboliclinksdevicenodesdirectoriesetcthecodeattrcodeutilitycanbeusedtomanipulateextendedattributesfromthecommandlineandthecodexfsdumpcodeandcodexfsrestorecodeutilitiesareawareofextendedattributesandwillbackupandrestoretheircontentsmostotherbackupsystemsdonotsupportworkingwithextendedattributesdirectioforapplicationsrequiringhighthroughputtodiskxfsprovidesadirectioimplementationthatallowsnoncachediooperationstobeapplieddirectlytotheuserspacedataistransferredbetweenthebufferoftheapplicationandthediskusingdirectmemoryaccessdmawhichallowsaccesstothefulliobandwidthoftheunderlyingdiskdevicesguaranteedrateiothexfsguaranteedrateiosystemprovidesanapithatallowsapplicationstoreservebandwidthtothefilesystemxfsdynamicallycalculatestheperformanceavailablefromtheunderlyingstoragedevicesandwillreservebandwidthsufficienttomeettherequestedperformanceforaspecifiedtimethisisafeatureuniquetothexfsfilesystemguaranteedratescanbehardorsoftrepresentingatradeoffbetweenreliabilityandperformancehoweverxfswillonlyallowhardguaranteesiftheunderlyingstoragesubsystemsupportsitthisfacilityisusedmostlyforrealtimeapplicationssuchasvideostreamingguaranteedrateiowasonlysupportedunderirixandrequiredspecialhardwareforthatpurposedmapixfsimplementedthedmapiinterfacetosupporthierarchicalstoragemanagementinirixasofoctoberthelinuximplementationofxfssupportedtherequiredondiskmetadatafordmapiimplementationbutthekernelsupportwasreportedlynotusableforsometimesgihostedakerneltreewhichincludedthedmapihooksbutthissupporthasnotbeenadequatelymaintainedalthoughkerneldevelopershavestatedanintentiontobringthissupportuptodatesnapshotsxfsdoesnotyetprovidedirectsupportforsnapshotsasitcurrentlyexpectsthesnapshotprocesstobeimplementedbythevolumemanagertakingasnapshotofanxfsfilesysteminvolvestemporarilyhaltingiotothefilesystemusingthecodexfsfreezecodeutilityhavingthevolumemanagerperformtheactualsnapshotandthenresumingiotocontinuewithnormaloperationsthesnapshotcanthenbemountedreadonlyforbackuppurposesreleasesofxfsinirixincorporatedanintegratedvolumemanagercalledxlvthisvolumemanagerhasnotbeenportedtolinuxandxfsworkswithstandardlogicalvolumemanagerlinuxlvminlinuxsystemsinsteadinrecentlinuxkernelsthecodexfsfreezecodefunctionalityisimplementedinthevfslayerandisexecutedautomaticallywhenthevolumemanagerssnapshotfunctionalityisinvokedthiswasonceavaluableadvantageastheextfilesystemcouldnotbesuspendedandthevolumemanagerwasunabletocreateaconsistenthotsnapshottobackupaheavilybusydatabasefortunatelythisisnolongerthecasesincelinuxthefilesystemsextextgfsandjfsfilesystemjfshavethefreezefeatureaswellonlinedefragmentationalthoughtheextentbasednatureofxfsandthedelayedallocationstrategyitusessignificantlyimprovesthefilesystemsresistancetofragmentationproblemsxfsprovidesafilesystemdefragmentationutilitycodexfsfsrcodeshortforxfsfilesystemreorganizerthatcandefragmentthefilesonamountedandactivexfsfilesystemonlineresizingxfsprovidesthecodexfsgrowfscodeutilitytoperformonlineresizingofxfsfilesystemsxfsfilesystemscanbegrownsolongasthereisremainingunallocatedspaceonthedeviceholdingthefilesystemthisfeatureistypicallyusedinconjunctionwithvolumemanagementasotherwisethediskpartitioningpartitionholdingthefilesystemwillneedenlargingseparatelyxfspartitionscannotbeshrunkinplacealthoughseveralpossibleworkaroundshavebeendiscussedrefosssgicomarchivesxfsmsghtmlsgicomrefnativebackuprestoreutilitiesxfsprovidesthecodexfsdumpcodeandcodexfsrestorecodeutilitiestoaidinthebackupofdatastoredinxfsfilesystemsthecodexfsdumpcodeutilitybacksupanxfsfilesystemininodeorderandincontrasttotraditionalunixfilesystemswhichmustbeunmountedbeforedumpingtoguaranteeaconsistentdumpimagexfsfilesystemscanbedumpedwhilethefilesystemisinusethisisnotthesameasasnapshotsincefilesarenotfrozenduringthedumpxfsdumpsandrestoresarealsoresumableandcanbeinterruptedwithoutdifficultythemultithreadedoperationofcodexfsdumpcodeprovideshighperformanceofbackupoperationsbysplittingthedumpintomultiplestreamswhichcanbesenttodifferentdumpdestinationsthemultistreamcapabilitieshavenotbeenfullyportedtolinuxyethoweveratomicdiskquotasquotasforxfsfilesystemsareturnedonwheninitiallymountedthisfixesaracewindowthatispresentwithmostotherfilesystemsthatfirstrequiretobemountedandwherenoquotasareenforceduntilquotaoniscalledperformanceconsiderationswritebarriersxfsfilesystemsmountwithwritebarriersenabledbydefaultthisfeaturewillcausethewritebackcacheoftheunderlyingstoragedevicetobeflushedatappropriatetimesparticularlyonwriteoperationstothexfslogthisfeatureisintendedtoassurefilesystemconsistencyanditsimplementationisdevicespecificbecausenotallunderlyinghardwarewillsupportcacheflushrequestswhenanxfsfilesystemisusedonalogicaldeviceprovidedbyahardwareraidcontrollerwithbatterybackedcachethisfeaturecanslowperformancesignificantlyasthefilesystemcodeisnotawarethatthecacheisnonvolatileandifthecontrollerhonorstheflushrequestsdatawillbewrittentothediskmoreoftenthanisnecessarytoavoidthisproblemareaswhereinthedatainthedevicecacheisprotectedfrompowerfailureorotherhostproblemsthefilesystemcanbemountedwiththenobarrieroptionjournalplacementbydefaultxfsfilesystemsarecreatedwithaninternallogwhichplacesthefilesystemjournalonthesameblockdeviceasthefilesystemdatafilesystemwritesareprecededbymetadataupdatestothejournalwhichcanbeacauseofdiskcontentionundermostworkloadsthelevelofcontentioncausedistoolowtoimpactperformancebutrandomwriteheavyworkloadssuchasthoseseenonbusydatabaseserverscansufferfromlessthanoptimalperformanceasaresultofthisiocontentionanadditionalfactorthatmayincreasetheseverityofthisproblemisthatwritestothejournalarecommittedsynchronouslybecausetheymustcompletesuccessfullybeforetheassociatedwriteoperationcanbeginwhereoptimumfilesystemperformanceisrequiredxfsprovidestheoptionofplacingthelogonaseparatephysicaldevicewithitsowniopaththisrequireslittlephysicalspaceandifalowlatencypathcanbeprovidedforsynchronouswritesitcangreatlyimproveperformanceintheoperationofthefilesystemtherequiredperformancecharacteristicsmakethisasuitablecandidatefortheuseofasolidstatedrivessddeviceoraraidsystemwithwritebackcachethoughthelattercanreducedatasafetyintheeventofpowerinterruptionstheuseofanexternallogrequiresthefilesystemtobemountedwiththecodelogdevcodeoptionindicatingasuitablejournaldevicedisadvantagesanxfsfilesystemcanbeshrunkonlybybackingupreinstallingandrestoringegusingcodexfsdumpcodeandcodexfsrestorecodeaneasiermethodwouldbeusefulforexampleinsomevirtualizedenvironmentsnosupportfortransparentdatacompressionnochecksumprotectionagainstsilentdatacorruptionhistoricalmetadataoperationsinxfshavehistoricallybeenslowerthanwithotherfilesystemsresultinginforexamplepoorperformancewithoperationssuchasdeletionsoflargenumbersoffileshoweveranewxfsfeatureimplementedbydavechinnerandcalleddelayedloggingavailablesinceversionofthelinuxkernelmainlineissaidtoresolvethisperformancebenchmarksdonebythedeveloperinrevealedperformancelevelstobesimilartoextatlowthreadcountsandsuperiorathighthreadcountsseealsocomparisonoffilesystemscxfstheclusteredformofxfslistoffilesystemsreferencesfurtherreadingwebarchiveorgwebtechpubssgicomlibrarytplcgibingetdoccgicolllinuxdbbkssrchfnamefsgiadminflxxfsagfsgihtmlfchhtmlxfsforlinuxadministrationsgidocumentnumberexternallinksxfsorgxfsorgcommunitywikiahighperformancejournalingfilesystemcrossmetaorgcrossmetaorgcommunityportofxfsonwindowsdocumentationofthexfsfilesystemondiskstructuresinfoboxsoftwarenamexemacslogoxemacslogopnglogosizepxscreenshotxemacsbpngcaptionxemacsbetafeaturingantialiasedfontsdeveloperxemacscommunitylatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdateoperatingsystemcrossplatformtognulinuxwindowsmacosbsdsandmoregenretexteditorlicensegplvwebsitexemacsisagraphicaluserinterfacegraphicalandcomputerterminaltextterminalsconsolebasedtexteditorwhichrunsonalmostanyunixlikeoperatingsystemaswellasmicrosoftwindowsxemacsisaforksoftwaredevelopmentforkbasedonaversionofgnuemacsfromthelatesanyusercandownloaduseandmodifyxemacsasfreesoftwareavailableunderthegnugeneralpubliclicenseversionoranylaterversionhistorybetweenandsignificantdelaysoccurredinbringingoutanewversionofgnuemacspresumedtobeversioninthelatesrichardpgabrielslucidincfacedarequirementtoshipemacstosupporttheenergizecintegrateddevelopmentenvironmentidesolucidrecruitedateamtoimproveandextendthecodewiththeintentionthattheirnewversionreleasedinwouldformthebasisofgnuemacsversionhowevertheydidnothavetimetowaitfortheirchangestobeacceptedbythefreesoftwarefoundationfsflucidcontinueddevelopingandmaintainingtheirversionofemacswhilethefsfreleasedversionofgnuemacsayearlaterwhilemergingsomeofthecodeandadaptingsomeotherpartswhenlucidwentoutofbusinessinotherdeveloperspickedupthecodecompaniessuchassunmicrosystemswantedtocarryonshippinglucidemacshoweverusingthetrademarkhadb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formerlyxemacsonlyfeaturesthishasledsomeuserstoproclaimxemacsdeathadvocatingthatitsdeveloperscontributetognuemacsinsteadmanymajorpackagessuchasgnusanddiredwereformerlydevelopedtoworkwithbothalthoughthemaindeveloperofgnushasannouncedhisintentiontomovethegnustreeintothemainemacstrunkandremovexemacscompatibilitycodecitingotherpackagessimilarlydroppingxemacssupportindecemberprojectmaintainerstephenjturnbullpostedamessagetoanxemacsdevelopmentliststatingtheprojectwasatacrossroadsintermsoffuturecompatibilitywithgnuemacsduetodeveloperattritionandgnuemacsprogressseveraloptionswerelaidoutforfuturedirectionsincludingendingdevelopmententirelycreatinganewforkfromthecurrentversionofgnuemacsorputtingtheprojectinmaintenancemodeincasesomeonewantstorestartdevelopmentinthefuturethislastwasthedirectiondecidedwithcommitmentsfromindividualcontributorstoprovideminimalsupportforthewebsiteanddevelopmentresourcesseealsolistofunixprogramscomparisonoftexteditorssxemacsaforksoftwaredevelopmentforkofxemacsreferencesexternallinksxemacsorgthexemacsprojectswebsitexemacsorgdocumentationindexhtmldownloadablexemacsmanualsjwzorgdoclemacshtmllucidemacshistoryfromtheviewofitsoriginalmaintainerjamiezawinskiwebarchiveorgwebxemacsorgaboutindexhtmlthehistoryofxemacsewsuiucedusoftwaretutorialxemacshtmlconcisexemacstutorialwebarchiveorgwebdigilifebequickreferencesqrcxemacsreferencecardpdfprintablexemacsreferencecardpdfxxxmayrefertoscienceandtechnologynumberromannumeralsxxxkeeptotoptriplexsyndromeachromosomalvariationoftenreferredtoasxxxamarkindicatingextrastrongvariouscontextsbutespeciallyalcoholicdrinkalcoholicbeveragesxxxinbeermeasurementxxxmarksbeermeasurementpornographytheportrayalofsexualsubjectmatterforthepurposeofsexualarousalxxxatypeofxratingappliedtosomepornographicfilmsxxxatopleveldomainintendedasavoluntaryoptionforsexuallyexplicitsitesontheinternetasabrandnameortrademarkofawiderangeofproductsfromconfectioneryespeciallymintstolaundryproductscommunicationsawarningordangersignalorsymbolfordoubtfulunknownxxxanindicationofurgencyinradiocommunicationlessurgentthansosxxxafixmecommenttowarnotherprogrammersofproblematicormisleadingcodexxxthecodefornocurrencyinisoxxxthecodeforunspecifiednationalityonamachinereadablepassportfilmandtelevisionxxxfranchisexxxfranchiseamericanactionfilmseriesincludingxxxfilmxxxfilmaactionfilmstarringvindieselxxxstateoftheunionsequelstarringicecubexxxreturnofxandercagesequelstarringvindieselxxxfilmxxxfilmanindianfilmanyaamasovaoragentxxxacharacterinthejamesbondfranchisexxxexklusibongexplosibongexposaphilippinecurrentaffairstelevisionshowmusicxxxtentacionbornamericanrappersometimesreferredtoasxxxxxxzztopalbumxxxzztopalbumaalbumbytherockbandzztopxxxtoursupportingthezztopalbumxxxjimmyedgaralbumxxxjimmyedgaralbumaalbumbydjjimmyedgarxxxdannybrownalbumxxxdannybrownalbumaalbumbyrapperdannybrownxxxasiaalbumxxxasiaalbumaalbumbythebandasiaxxxepxxxmiguelbosalbumsongsxxxsinglebythebohicasxxxlarcencielsongxxxlarcencielsongasinglebyjapanesebandlarcencielxxxkendricklamarsongxxxkendricklamarsongotherusesxxxthreekissesattheendofalettertextemailoranotherformoftextualcommunicationxxxasymbolofthestraightedgelifestylexxxareferencetoamsterdamafterthethreecrossesonthecoatofarmsofamsterdamseealsoxdisambiguationtriplecrossdisambiguationtriplexdisambiguationtriplexdisambiguationxdisambiguationxxdisambiguationxxxxdisambiguationinfoboxprogramminglanguagenamexsltlogologocaptionscreenshotscreenshotcaptionfileextparadigmdeclarativeprogrammingdeclarativescopeyeardesignerdeveloperwclatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewdatetypingimplementationslibxsltsaxonxsltsaxonxalanversionsxsltxsltxsltinfluencedbydssslinfluencedprogramminglanguageplatformoperatingsystemlicensewebsiteworgstandardsxmltransformationwctransformationwikibooksxsltextensiblestylesheetlanguagetransformationsisalanguageforxmltransformationlanguagetransformingxmldocumentsintootherxmldocumentsrefnametransformationreforotherformatssuchashtmlforwebpagesplaintextorxslformattingobjectswhichmaysubsequentlybeconvertedtootherformatssuchasportabledocumentformatpdfpostscriptandportablenetworkgraphicpngxsltiswidelysupportedinmodernwebbrowsersrefnameusedforreftheoriginaldocumentisnotchangedratheranewdocumentiscreatedbasedonthecontentofanexistingonetypicallyinputdocumentsarexmlfilesbutanythingfromwhichtheprocessorcanbuildanxqueryandxpathdatamodelcanbeusedsuchasrelationaldatabasetablesorgeographicalinformationsystemsalthoughxsltisdesignedasaspecialpurposelanguageforxmltransformationthelanguageisturingcompletemakingittheoreticallycapableofarbitrarycomputationshistoryxsltisinfluencedbyfunctionalprogrammingfunctionallanguagesandbytextbasedpatternmatchinglanguageslikesnobolandawkprogramminglanguageawkitsmostdirectpredecessorisdssslwhichdidforsgmlwhatxsltdoesforxmlxsltxsltwaspartoftheworldwidewebconsortiumwcsextensiblestylesheetlanguagexsldevelopmenteffortofaprojectthatalsoproducedxslfoandxpathsomemembersofthestandardscommitteethatdevelopedxsltincludingjamesclarkxmlexpertjamesclarktheeditorhadpreviouslyworkedondssslxsltwaspublishedasawcrecommendationinnovemberrefnametimelinehistoryciteweburldblabntuagrbikakisxmlandsemanticwebwcstandardstimelinehistorypdftitlexmlandsemanticwebwcstandardstimelinerefxsltafteranabortiveattempttocreateaversioninthexslworkinggroupjoinedforceswiththexqueryworkinggrouptocreatexpathwitharicherdatamodelandtypesystembasedonxmlschemawcxmlschemabuildingonthisisxsltdevelopedundertheeditorshipofmichaelhowardkaymichaelkaywhichreachedrecommendationstatusinjanuaryasofhoweverxsltisstillwidelyusedsinceisnotsupportednativelyinwebbrowsersorforenvironmentslikelampsoftwarebundlelampxsltbecameawcrecommendationonjunethemainnewfeaturesarerefnamenewincitewebtitlewhatsnewinxslturlworgtrxsltwhatsnewinxsltpublisherwaccessdatejanuaryrefstreamingxmlstreamingtransformationsinpreviousversionstheentireinputdocumenthadtobereadintomemorybeforeitcouldbeprocessedrefrefandoutputcouldnotbewrittenuntilprocessinghadfinishedalthoughsaxondoeshaveastreamingextensiontheworkingdraftallowsstreamingxmlxmlstreamingwhichwillbeusefulforprocessingdocumentstoolargetofitinmemoryorwhentransformationsarechainedinxmlpipelinesimprovementstothemodularityoflargestylesheetsimprovedhandlingofdynamicerrorswithforexampleanxsltryinstructionfunctionscannowbeargumentstootherhigherorderfunctionsdesignandprocessingmodelimagexsltensvgrightthumbdiagramofthebasicelementsandprocessflowofextensiblestylesheetlanguagetransformationsthexsltprocessortakesoneormorexmlsourcedocumentsplusoneormorexsltstylesheetsandprocessesthemtoproduceanoutputdocumentincontrasttowidelyimplementedimperativeprogrammingimperativeprogramminglanguageslikecprogramminglanguagecxsltisdeclarativeprogrammingdeclarativethebasicprocessingparadigmispatternmatchingrefnameibmrefratherthanlistinganimperativesequenceofactionstoperforminastatefulenvironmenttemplaterulesonlydefinehowtohandleanodematchingaparticularxpathlikepatterniftheprocessorshouldhappentoencounteroneandthecontentsofthetemplateseffectivelycomprisefunctionalprogrammingfunctionalexpressionprogrammingexpressionsthatdirectlyrepresenttheirevaluatedformtheresulttreewhichisthebasisoftheprocessorsoutputtheprocessorfollowsafixedalgorithmfirstassumingastylesheethasalreadybeenreadandpreparedtheprocessorbuildsasourcetreedatastructuretreefromtheinputxmldocumentitthenprocessesthesourcetreesrootnodefindsthebestmatchingtemplateforthatnodeinthestylesheetandevaluatesthetemplatescontentsinstructionsineachtemplategenerallydirecttheprocessortoeithercreatenodesintheresulttreeortoprocessmorenodesinthesourcetreeinthesamewayastherootnodeoutputderivesfromtheresulttreeprocessorimplementationsaltovaraptorxmlservercrossplatformenginethatsupportsxsltandmostofxpathandsomefeaturesfromthexsltworkingdraftalsoxqueryallowscommandlineoperationsandinterfacestocomjavaprogramminglanguagejavaandnetframeworknetandalsoincludesabuiltinhttpserverexseltastreamingxsltprocessorwhichrunsonthenetframeworknetframeworkwritteninfsharpprogramminglanguageffullysupportsthexsltdraftxpathrecommendationandxdmrecommendationstandardslibxsltisafreesoftwarefreelibrarycomputinglibraryreleasedunderthemitlicensethatcanbereusedincommercialapplicationsitisbasedonlibxmlandimplementedincprogramminglanguagecforspeedandportabilityitsupportsxsltandexsltextensionsitcanbeusedatthecommandlineviaxsltprocwhichisincludedinmacosandmanylinuxdistributionsandcanbeusedonmicrosoftwindowswindowsviacygwinthewebkitandblinklayoutengineblinklayoutenginesusedforexampleintheapplesafarisafariandgooglechromechromewebbrowsersrespectivelyusesthelibxsltlibrarytodoxsltransformationslanguagebindingbindingsexistforpythonprogramminglanguagepythonperlrubyprogramminglanguagerubyphpcommonlisptclandcmsxmlandnetmsxmlincludesanxsltprocessorfrommsxmlitincludesthecommandlineutilitycodemsxslexecodesaxonxsltsaxonanxsltandxqueryprocessorwithopensourceopensourceandproprietarysoftwareproprietaryversionsforstandaloneoperationandforjavaprogramminglanguagejavajavascriptandnetquixsltanxsltprocessordoingstreamingimplementedinjavaprogramminglanguagejavabyinnovimaxandinriaxalananopensourcexsltprocessorfromtheapachesoftwarefoundationavailablestandaloneandforjavaandcwebbrowserssafarichromefirefoxoperaandinternetexplorerallsupportxsltnonesupportxsltnativelyalthoughthethirdpartyproductslikesaxonceandframelesscanprovidethisfunctionalitybrowserscanperformontheflytransformationsofxmlfilesanddisplaythetransformationoutputinthebrowserwindowthisisdoneeitherbyembeddingthexslinthexmldocumentorbyreferencingafilecontainingxslinstructionsfromthexmldocumentthelattermaynotworkwithchromebecauseofitssecuritymodelxmlstarletisasetofcommandlineutilitiestoolswhichcanbeusedtotransformqueryvalidateandeditxmldocumentsitcanapplyxsltstylesheetstoxmldocumentsanddoesnotrequirejavaituseslibxsltandsupportsxsltxuriellaandplexippusxpatharexsltprocessorswrittenincommonlispperformancemostearlyxsltprocessorswereinterpretersmorerecentlycodegenerationisincreasinglycommonusingportableintermediatelanguagessuchasjavabytecodeornetcommonintermediatelanguageasthetargethoweverevent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edinawebbrowserimagexsltexpngthumbcenterrenderedxhtmlgeneratedfromanxmlinputfileandanxslttransformationinorderforawebbrowsertobeableautomaticallytoapplyanxsltransformationtoanxmldocumentondisplayanxmlstylesheetprocessinginstructioncanbeinsertedintoxmlsoforexampleifthestylesheetinexampleabovewereavailableasexamplexslthefollowinginstructioncouldbeaddedtotheoriginalincomingxmlrefnamewcxsltrefsourcelangxmlxmlstylesheethrefexamplexsltypetextxslsourceinthisexamplecodetextxslcodeistechnicallyincorrectaccordingtothewcspecificationswhichsaythetypeshouldbecodetextxmlcodebutitistheonlymediatypethatiswidelysupportedacrossbrowsersasofseealsoxsltelementsalistofsomecommonlyusedxsltstructuresxsltmuenchiangroupingmuenchiangroupingadialectdifferentialbetweenxsltandxsltextensiblestylesheetlanguageafamilyoflanguagesofwhichxsltisamemberxqueryxqueryandxsltcomparedxqueryandxsltcomparedxslformattingobjectsxslformattingobjectsorxslfoanxmlbasedlanguagefordocumentsusuallygeneratedbytransformingsourcedocumentswithxsltconsistingofobjectsusedtocreateformattedoutputidentitytransformastartingpointforfilterchainsthataddorremovedataelementsfromxmltreesinatransformationpipelineapachecocoonajavaprogramminglanguagejavabasedframeworkforprocessingdatawithxsltandothertransformersomnimarkanotherstructuredtextprocessinglanguageproprietarysoftwarexspisanxsltstylesheetthatgeneratesxhtmldocumentationfromxmlschemadefinitionlanguagexsdschemareferencesfurtherreadingxsltbydougtidwellpublishedbyoreillyxsltcookbookbysalmanganopublishedbyoreillyxsltprogrammersreferencebymichaelhowardkaymichaelkayxsltandxpathprogrammersreferencebymichaelkayxsltwebdevelopmentbydmitrykirsanovxslcompanionndeditionbyneilbradleypublishedbyaddisonwesleyxsltandxpathontheedgeunlimitededitionbyjenitennisonpublishedbyhungrymindsincusxsltxpathaguidetoxmltransformationsbyjohnrobertgardnerandzarellarendonpublishedbyprenticehallxslfobydavepawsonpublishedbyoreillyexternallinksdocumentationworgtrxsltxsltwcrecommendationworgtrxsltxsltwcrecommendationworgtrxsltxsltwcrecommendationdevelopermozillaorgenxsltxsltmdcdocsbydevelopermozillaorgmozilladevelopernetworkmsdnmicrosoftcomenuslibrarymsaspxxsltreferencemsdnsaxonsourceforgenetsaxonxslelementshtmlxsltelementssaxondatatypedeenxmlxsltxslfoxsltxsltintroductionandreferencexsltcodelibrariesexsltorgexsltisawidespreadcommunityinitiativetoprovideextensionstoxsltfxslsfnetfxslisalibraryimplementingsupportforhigherorderfunctionsinxsltfxsliswritteninxsltitselfxsltslsourceforgenetthexsltstandardlibraryxsltslprovidesthexsltdeveloperwithasetofxslttemplatesforcommonlyusedfunctionstheseareimplementedpurelyinxsltthatistheydonotuseanyextensionsxsltslisasourceforgeprojectkernowforsaxonsfnetkernowaguiforsaxonthatprovidesapointandclickinterfaceforrunningtransformsjohannburkarddesoftwarexsltjsxsltjsnbsptransformxmlwithxsltjavascriptlibrarythattransformsxmlwithxsltinthebrowserinfoboxtelevisionshownamexenawarriorprincessimagexenalogojpgcaptionopeningsequencetitlecardimagealtawomaninleatherarmorsitsonhorsebackwithflamesbehindheratthebottomofthescreenincapitallettersisthewordxenaingoldletteringgenreplainlistactiongenreactionadventurefilmadventuresupernaturalfictionsupernaturalcreatorplainlistjohnschulianroberttapertdeveloperplainlistrjstewartsamraimistarringplainlistlucylawlessreneeoconnorcomposerjosephloducacountryunitedstateslocationnewzealandlanguageenglishnumseasonsnumepisodeslistepisodeslistofxenawarriorprincessepisodesexecutiveproducerplainlistroberttapertsamraimiruntimeminutescompanyrenaissancepicturesdistributormcatvbrbrseasonsbruniversaltelevisionenterprisesbrbrseasonsbrstudiosusabrbrseasonsbrnbcuniversaltelevisiondistributionpresentnetworkbroadcastsyndicationsyndicationpictureformatplainlistntsciisdtvaudioformatdolbysurroundfirstairedlastairedrelatedplainlistherculesandxenatheanimatedmoviethebattleformountolympusherculesthelegendaryjourneysyoungherculesxenawarriorprincessisanamericanfantasytelevisionprogramtelevisionseriesfilmedonlocationinnewzealandtheseriesairedinbroadcastsyndicationsyndicationfromseptemberuntiljunerefnameairrefithasbeenpraisedbycriticsforitsstrongfemaleprotagonistandhassinceacquiredastrongcultfollowingattentioninfandomxenawarriorprincessinpopularcultureparodyandacademiaandhasinfluencedthedirectionofothertelevisionseriesrefnamexenayoungcathycathyyoungnetfeatureswhatweowexenahtmlwhatweowexenacathyyoungseptemberaccessedseptemberreftheserieswascreatedinbywriterdirectorproducerroberttapertunderhisproductiontagrenaissancepictureswithexecutiveproducersrjstewartwhodevelopedtheseriesalongwithtapertandsamraimitheseriesnarrativefollowsxenaplayedbylucylawlessaninfamouswarrioronaquesttoseekredemptionforherpastsinsagainsttheinnocentbyusingherformidablefightingskillstonowhelpthosewhoareunabletodefendthemselvesxenaisaccompaniedbygabriellexenagabrielleplayedbyreneeoconnorwhoduringtheserieschangesfromasimplefarmgirlintoanamazonsamazonwarriorandxenascomradeinarmsherinitialnavethelpstobalancexenaandassistsherinrecognizingandpursuingthegreatergoodinstarlucylawle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efnamebewaregreeksbearinggiftsrefandthecaptureofcaesarxenacaesarbypirateswithxenacastasthepirateleadercompetingreligionsaretreatedascompatibleandcoexistentinahenotheismhenotheisticworldallowingthereligioninancientgreecegreekpantheontolivesidebysidewiththenorsepaganismnorsegodsreligioninindiaindiandeitiesthegodofloveandotherseachgodorsetofgodscontrolsadifferentpartoftheworldandintheshowsurvivesonlywhilepeoplebelieveinitinseasonsfourandfivethegreekpeoplegraduallytransfertheirfaithfromthegreekgodstothegodofloveoveraperiodofaboutyearsandastheirpowerfadesthegreekgodsarealmostallkilledoffinaclimacticbattlethisquirkymixoftimelinesandtheamalgamationofhistoricalandmythologicalelementsfueledtheriseoftheshowtocultstatusduringthesandearlysdecadeitwasoneofthefirstshowstotapintoitsinternetfollowingallowingfansfromallovertheworldtodiscussandsuggestthingsrelatedtotheshowthexenafandomisstillanactivecommunitytodaycastingatthexenaconventionxenawarriorprincessstarredlucylawlessasxenaandreneeoconnorasgabriellexenagabriellethefirstchoiceforxenawasthebritishactressvanessaangelbutanillnesspreventedherfromtravellingandtherolewasofferedtofourotheractressesbeforetherelativelyunknownlawlesssunnydoenchwascastasgabriellebutshedidnotwanttoleaveherboyfriendintheunitedstatessooconnorwhohadappearedinherculesinanotherrolewaschosentheshowfeaturesawideassortmentofrecurringcharactersmanyofthemportrayedbynewzealandactorstedraimibecameacorememberofthecastfromthesecondseasonasjoxeractorkevintodsmithplayedpopularcharacteraresherculesandxenaaresgodofwarandalexandratydingsplayedhiscounterpartaphroditexenaandherculesaphroditegoddessoflovemartoncsokasportrayedbothboriasandkrafstarothernotablesincludedkarlurbaninavarietyofrolessuchascupidandcaesarxenacaesarhudsonleickasxenasnemesiscallistoxenacallistoleickalsoplayedabodyswitchedxenaintheepisodeintimatestrangerrefnamestrangerrefclairestansfieldastheevilshamanessaltiandanumberoftrustedfriendsjenniferskyasfeistysidekickamaricedaniellecormackasamazonregentephinybrucecampbellasautolycuskingofthievesroberttreborasdodgyentrepreneursalmoneuswilliamgregoryleeasthewarriorpoetvirgilxenavirgilandtimomundsonasthespiritualhealerelixenaelithememusiccomposerjosephloducawrotethethememusicandincidentalmusicandcowrotethelyricsforthesongsinthebittersuitethethememusicwasdevelopedfromthetraditionalbulgarianfolksongkavalsvirisungbythebulgarianstatetelevisionfemalevocalchoirtheoriginalkavalsviricanbeheardwherexenaracesintobattleintheherculesthelegendaryjourneysherculesepisodeunchainedheartthemusicalscoreofxenawarriorprincesswascriticallywellreceivedandgarneredsevenemmynominationsforjosephloducaloducawhowontheemmyawardforoutstandingmusiccompositionforaseriesdramaticunderscorefortheseasonepisodexenawarriorprincessseasonepfallenangelinmostoftheseriesmusicwasmadeavailableonsixsoundtrackalbumstwoofthesealbumscontainthesoundtracksfromthemusicalepisodesthebittersuiteseasonandlyrelyreheartsonfireseasoncharactersnotereadthisnoteperwikipediawikiprojecttelevisionstyleguidelinescastinformationthecastshouldbeorganizedaccordingtotheseriesoriginalbroadcastcreditswithnewcastmembersbeingaddedtotheendofthelistpleasekeepinmindthatmaincaststatusisdeterminedbytheseriesproducersnotbypopularityorscreentimefurthermorearticlesshouldreflecttheentirehistoryofaseriesandassuchactorsremainonthelistevenaftertheirdeparturefromtheseriesnotereadtheabovenoteclasswikitableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncentermaincastofxenawarriorprincessrowspanwidthscopecolcharacterrowspanwidthscopecolactorcolspanseasonswidthscopecolwidthscopecolwidthscopecolwidthscopecolwidthscopecolwidthscopecolxenalucylawlesscolspangabriellexenagabriellereneeoconnorcolspanlistofherculesthelegendaryjourneysandxenawarriorprincesscharactersmortalsjoxertedraimistylebackgroundaddecolspanaligncentergueststylebackgroundffddddcolspanaligncenterrecurringstylebackgroundaddecolspanaligncenterguestaresherculesthelegendaryjourneysandxenawarriorprincessareskevintodsmithkevinsmithstylebackgroundffddddcolspanaligncenterrecurringstylebackgroundaddecolspanaligncentergueststylebackgroundffddddcolspanaligncenterrecurringlistofherculesthelegendaryjourneysandxenawarriorprincesscharactersothergodscallistohudsonleickstylebackgroundaddecolspanaligncentergueststylebackgroundffddddcolspanaligncenterrecurringstylebackgroundaddecolspanaligncenterguestcolspanlistofherculesthelegendaryjourneysandxenawarriorprincesscharactersmortalsjuliuscaesarkarlurbancolspanstylebackgroundaddecolspanaligncentergueststylebackgroundffddddcolspanaligncenterrecurringcolspanstylebackgroundaddecolspanaligncenterguestevexenawarriorprincesseveadriennewilkinsoncolspanstylebackgroundffddddcolspanaligncenterrecurringaphroditeherculesthelegendaryjourneysandxenawarriorprincessaphroditealexandratydingscolspanstylebackgroundaddecolspanaligncentergueststylebackgroundffddddcolspanaligncenterrecurringstylebackgroundaddecolspanaligncentergueststylebackgroundffddddcolspanaligncenterrecurringlistofherculesthelegendaryjourneysandxenawarriorprincesscharactersmort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efilmatleastnotanytimesoonorstarringlucylawlessorreneoconnoritssomethingthatjustwonthappenintwentyyearsortenyearsinsomeamountofyearslikemcgyverlikecharliesangelsitcouldhappenlikethatwithotheractressesfollowingthecontinuedonlinepopularityoftheshowaglobalcampaigntodirectlybombarduniversalpictureswithrequestsforaxenamoviewaslaunchedinapriloverthespaceofonlyafewdayshundredsofthousandsofmessagesweresentshowingsupportfortheproductionofaxenafilmstarringtheoriginalcastafterreceivingnodsofacknowledgementfromuniversalstudiosofficesinaustraliafinlandandspaintheeffortsofthecampaignwererewardedinmaywhenlucylawlessstatedonhertwitteraccountthatshehadbeencontactedbyachapwhowantstoreinvigoratethexenabrandwhilewarningfansthattheresalotofredtapearoundxwpsodontgetyourknickersinatwistitmaycomebackinadifferentformsincethenlucylawlesshasappearedonmultipletelevisedinterviewsshowinghersupportofapotentialrevivalofthexenafranchisestatingthattalksarecurrentlyunderwaytoresolvelegalissuesimpedingtheprogressofapotentialxenamovieprojectliteraturemanybookshavebeenreleasedastieinsincludingtheofficialguidetothexenaversebyrobertweisbrotthisincludesadetailedepisodeguideforthefirsttwoseasonsalookbehindthescenesthestoryoftheoriginoftheshowbiographiesofcastmembercastandcrewandtriviaabouttheshowafterthesixthandfinalseasonxenawarriorprincesscompleteillustratedcompanionwaspublishedinxenaallineedtoknowilearnedfromthewarriorprincesswaspublishedallegedlywrittenbygabriellebardofpotidaeaandtranslatedbyjosephashermaninitgabriellewritesenthusiasticallyaboutmanyofthelessonsthatshelearnedforexampleinachapterentitledanythingcanbeaweaponanythingsheinstructsthereaderonfightingwithunconventionalweaponsandinanothernobodylikesawinershebemoanstheperilsofalcoholtherehavebeenanumberofnovelizationsbyauthorslikemartinhgreenbergandfictionsuchastheemptythronethehuntressandthesphinxthethiefofhermesandprophecyofdarknesscomicstherehavebeenanumberofxenawarriorprincesscomicscomicadaptationstheearliestoneswerereleasedbytoppscomicsdarkhorsecomicswrittenbyianedgintonandjohnwagnermorerecentlythelicensehasmovedtodynamiteentertainmentroleplayinggamewestendgamespublishedtheherculesxenaroleplayinggameinvideogamessimutronicssimutronicscorporationcreatedanmmorpgunderlicensecalledherculesxenaallianceofheroesbasedonbothxenawarriorprincessandherculesthelegendaryjourneysinsubsequentyearsafterthetwoseriesleftfirstrunsimutronicsrelinquishedthelicenseremovedtrademarkedmaterialandrebrandedthegameasallianceofheroeswithadwindlingplayerbasethegamewascloseddownonnovemberelectronicartspublishedxenawarriorprincessvideogamefortheplaystationconsolepsinplayedfromathirdpersonperspectivethegameplayinvolvesslashingjumpingandkickingthroughavarietyofprimitivedenvironmentsxenacanalsofindandusepowerupsandhertrademarkchakramoncethrownthechakrambecomesafirstpersonweapontoguidetowardenemiessaffirecorporationpublishedxenawarriorprincessthetalismanoffateforthenintendoconsoleinxenawarriorprincessforthegameboycolorwasdevelopedandreleasedbytitussoftwareinxenawarriorprincessdeathinchainsamultipathvideogamefortheibmpccompatiblepcadaptedfromandexpandinguponthetelevisionepisodeofthesamenamealthoughnoneoftheoriginalactorsprovidetheirvoicesxenawarriorprincessgirlsjustwannahavefunanothermultipathvideogameforthepcagainadaptedfromandexpandinguponthetelevisionepisodeofthesamenameagainwithouttheoriginalvoiceactorsxenawarriorprincessfortheplaystationpsonlyreleasedineuropevhsreleasesuniversalstudiosuniversalreleasedseasonsonvhsindvdreleasesanchorbayentertainmentreleasedallseasonsofxenawarriorprincessondvdinregionforthefirsttimebetweenasofthesereleaseshavenowbeendiscontinuedandareoutofprintasanchorbaynolongerhasthedistributionrightsonjanuaryuniversalstudioshomeentertainmentannouncedthattheyplannedonrereleasingxenawarriorprincessondvdtheyhavesubsequentlyrereleasedallseasonsacompleteseriessetwasreleasedonmayinregionuniversalpicturesreleasedtheentireseriesondvdinadditiontheyreleasedacompleteseriescollectionondvdinregiononoctoberreceptionawardsclasswikitablewidthyearwidthassociationwidthcategorywidthnominatedartistworkwidthresultrowspanascapfilmandtelevisionmusicawardsmostperformedunderscorejosephloducaprimetimeemmyawardsrefnamexemmysemmyscomsitesearchsearchapiviewsfulltextxenaitemsperpagexenaemmysearchrefprimetimeemmyawardforoutstandingmusiccompositionforaseriesoutstandingmusiccompositionforaseriesjosephloducadestinyrdsaturnawardssaturnawardsbestgenretvactresslucylawlessrowspanascapfilmandtelevisionmusicawardsmostperformedunderscorejosephloducanewzealandfilmandtvawardsbestcontributiontodesignngiladicksoncostumedesignerrowspanprimetimeemmyawardsrowspanprimetimeemmyawardforoutstandingoriginalmusicandlyricsoutstandingoriginalmusicandlyricstheloveofyourlovejosephloducacomposerlyricistheartsarehurtingjosephloducacomposerdennisspiegellyricistrowspanascapfilmandtelevisionmusicawardsmostperformedunderscorejosephloducaprimetimeemmyawardsprimetimeemmyawardforoutstandingmusiccompositionforaseriesoutstandingmusiccompositionforaseriesjosephloduca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heseriesalsowonaglaadmediaawardforoutstandingcomicbooktheseriesendedinafterissuesthefollowingyearanewseriesallnewxfactorwaslaunchedfeaturinganewcorporatesponsoredxfactorteamitwaswrittenbypeterdavidanddrawnbycarminedigiandomenicoitwascancelledafterissuesduetolowsalespublicationhistoryoriginalteamxfactorlaunchedinfeaturinganeponymousteamcomposedofthefiveoriginalxmenthatdebutedinxmenincomicswarrenworthingtoniiiangelamillionaireheircapableofflightbymeansoftwofeatherywingsextendingfromhisbackbeastcomicsbeastabrilliantscientistpossessingbestialstrengthandagilitycyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsformerxmenteamleaderwiththeabilitytoemitpowerfulopticblastsfromhiseyesjeangreymarvelgirlthelongtimeloveofcyclopspossessingtelekineticabilitiesicemanmarvelcomicsicemanabrashjokestergiftedwithcryokineticabilitiesoriginalwriterboblaytonwantedxfactortobeareunionoftheoriginalxmenaneventcomplicatedbytheextensivehistoriesofthecharactersfollowingtheinitiationofanewteamofxmeninrefnamebackrefinthesandearlysangelbeastandicemanwanderedthroughvarioussuperheroteamsbyallthreeweremembersofthedefenderscomicsdefenderswiththemonthlydefendersseriesalreadyduetobecancelledmarvelseditorialstaffelectedtohavetheothermembersofthegroupkilledoffinthefinalissueinordertofreeupangelbeastandicemanforxfactoramoredifficulttaskwasthereturnofcyclopsandjeangreyinjeangreywaskilledduringtheseminaldarkphoenixsagaandsinceitwasconsideredvitalthattheteamhaveafemalememberlaytonoptedtousefellowmutantdazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlerhoweverwriterkurtbusieksuggestedawaytoaddjeangreytotherosterthatbecameoneofthemostsignificantcasesofretroactivecontinuityincomicbookhistoryjeangreyhadneveractuallybeenthephoenixinsteadthephoenixentitycopiedgreysidentityandformkeepinghersafeinacocoonlikestructurebeneathjamaicabaybusiekrelatedtheideatorogersternwhorelatedittojohnbyrnecomicsjohnbyrnebyrnewroteandillustratedfantasticfourincorporatingbusieksideaseveralpanelsofthiscomicwererewrittenbyxmenwriterchrisclaremontandredrawnbyinitialxfactorartistjacksonguicetodepictthephoenixentityaslessmalevolentthanbyrneintendedinordertojointheteamcyclopswalkedoutonhisnewwifemadelynepryoranalaskanpilotwhoboreastrangeresemblancetogreyandtheirinfantsoncablecomicsnathanchristophertheseeventsalongwiththeresurrectionofgreyingeneralwerehighlycontroversialwithfanstheoriginalxmendisassociatewiththecurrentteambecauseprofessorxhadplacedtheiroldnemesismagnetocomicsmagnetoasitsleaderthefiveoriginalmemberssetupabusinessadvertisedasmutanthuntersforhireheadquarteredinthetribecaneighborhoodofdowntownnewyorkcityrefnamemnycrefposingasnormalnonsuperpoweredhumanstotheirclientsthemutantsthatxfactorcapturearesecretlytrainedtocontroltheirpowersandreintegratedintosocietythroughtheirmutanthuntingtheyrecruitagroupofyoungwardsartiemaddicksapinkskinnedmutechildwhocouldprojecthologramlikeimagesofhisthoughtstabithasmithayoungwomanwhoranawayfromherabusivefatherwhocancreatehandheldenergyspheresthatshecanexplodeatwillwhichshecallstimebombsrustycollinsaformermemberoftheusnavywhosepyrokinesisfirstmanifesteduncontrollablyseverelyinjuringawomanleechcomicsleechagreenskinnedyoungboywhocandampenthemutantpowersofthosearoundhimrictoramexicanteenagerwhocanproducepowerfulseismicwavesskidscomicsskidsarunawaywhocouldprojectaprotectiveforcefieldaroundherbodyeventuallytheteamdecidesthatthemutanthunterrusedidmoreharmthangoodbyinflaminghatredandblamesitonxfactorsoriginalbusinessmanagercameronhodgewhoisrevealedasamutanthatingmastermindboblaytonandjacksonguicewroteandillustratedrespectivelythefirstfewissuesofxfactortheysoonturnedovercreativedutiestolouisesimonsonwriterandwaltsimonsonartistdespitetheirrelationshipashusbandandwifeboththesimonsonshavesaidtheydidnotapproachworkwitheachotheranydifferentlythananyothercollaborationinparticularthoughwaltoccasionallycontributedideashedidnotcoplottheserieswithhiswiferefnamedakrefinxfactorlouiseintroducedapocalypsecomicsapocalypsewhowouldappearinbibliographyofapocalypsemultipleissuesandbecomexfactorsnemesislouisesimonsonplacedtheseriesinlinewiththedarkertoneofmostofthexmenfranchiseafterayearonxfactorsheremarkedthatinreallifeallofmyfriendsshouldbehappybutincomicbooksallofmycharactersshouldbemiserableinxfactormarauderscomicsthemaraudersagroupofmutantmercenariesseverelyinjureangelswingswhicharelateramputatedwhenaninterviewercommentedonthebrutalityofthisturnofeventswaltsimonsonrepliedheythatsnothingcomparedtowhathappenstohimeventuallydespondentangelattemptssuicidebydetonatinghisairlinermidflightbutapocalypserescueshimandtransformshimintodeathoneofhishorsemenofapocalypsefourhorsemengivinghimmetalwingsandblueskinangelescapedapocalypsescontrolbutthesephysicalchangesremainheisrenamedarchangelandbecomesamuchdarkercharactereventuallyrejoiningtheteaminissueangelsreplacementonxfactorcalibancomicscalibanturnstoapocalypseformorepowerinissuewithapocalypseleavingxfactorhisshipinreturninthefictionalcrossovercrossoverinfernomarvelcomicsinfernomadelynepryorisrevealedtobeahumancloningcloneofjeangreycreatedbythemutantgeneticistmistersinistermanipulatedbydemonsinthemarveluniversedemonsandtormentedbyscottsrejectionofhermadelynekillsherselfinasuicideattackonxfactorwantingtodostorieswithmorefocusonxfactorsteenagewardslouisesimonsonsuccessfullypetitionededitorbobharrasforpermissiontodoaminiseriesfeaturingthemfollowingtheminiseriestitledxterminatorsthecharactersleftxfactorandweremovedtonewmutantsnewmutantsvolnewmutantsinthelastmajorstorylineofthefirstxfactorseriespublishedinearlyapocalypsekidnapsnathansummerssensingthathewouldgrowuptobeapowerfulmutantandpossiblethreatxfactorrescuenathanfromapocalypseslunarbasebutfindhiminfectedwithatechnoorganicvirustechnoorganicvirusthatcannotbetreatedaclanofrebelsfromthefutureknownastheaskanisendarepresentativetothepresenttimetobringnathanyearsintothefuturetobetreatedfullygrownhereturnstothethcenturyastheantiherocablexfactorthexmenandseveralminorcharactersteamuptofightthetelepathicshadowkinginanothercrossovereventmuirislandsagathemuirislandsagaafterwardtheoriginalmembersofxfactorrejointhexmenandseveralcharactersfromvariousxmenrelatedseriesbecomefoundingmembersofanewxfactorgovernmentteamratherthanendtheseriesmarvelhiredwriterpeterdavidandillustratorlarrystromantorecreatexfactorwithnewmembersallofwhomwerealreadyalliesofthexmenandthreeofwhomwereinvolvedinthemuirislandsagathenewxfactorworkedforthepentagonreplacingfreedomforcecomicsfreedomforceasthegovernmentssalariedmutantteamrefnamedakreftheirrelationshipwiththeirbenefactorswasoftenstrainedandcomplicatedthenewxfactordebutinginissueincludedvaleriecooperausgovernmentagentwithhistoryasbothallyandadversaryofthexmenwhobecomesxfactorsgovernmentliaisoncarryingoverfromherdutiesasliaisontoapriorgovernmentsponsoredteamofmutantsfreedomforcecomicsfreedomforcehavokcomicshavokaformerxmanandbrotherofcyclopswhocanmanipulatepowerfulbuthardtocontrolcosmicrayshavokservesasxfactorsleaderjamiemadroxmultiplemanhecancreateduplicatesofhimselfonphysicalimpacthewaspreviouslyofferedxmenmembershipbuthedeclinedoptinginsteadtoworkatthemuirislandresearchcenterpolariscomicspolarishavokslongtimeloverandalsoaformerxmanwhocancontrolmagnetismquicksilvercomicsquicksilveralongrunningavengerscomicsavengerscharacterandaformerfoeofthexmenwhopossessessuperspeedandadifficulttemperamentstrongguyawisecrackingcharacterwhocanrechannelkineticenergyaimedathimtransformingitintomuscularmassandpowerlilacheneysformerbodyguardwolfsbanecomicswolfsbaneascotlandscottishformernewmutantwhocantransformintoagraywolfwolflikecreaturesomeartificialmanipulationofherfeelingscausehertolovehavokbringinghermuchconflictandfrustrationbecausesheknowshelovespolaristhelineupwasselectedbythexfactoreditorialstafflegionmarvelcomicslegionwastobeamemberaswellbutwasdroppedbecauseitwasfeltthecharacterwasnotsuitedtobeateamplayerdavidwasinsteadgiventheoptiontousequicksilverwhichhehassaidwasapleasantsurprisecommentingonhisapproachtotheseriesdavidsaidthathisprioritywastotellstorieswhichdevelopedtheindividualcharactersoftheteamremarkingifeeltheresnothinguniquetothebookifyoucomeupwithagenericplotandjustpluginthesecharactersdavidleftintheseriescontinuedunderwriterjmdematteisandartistjanduursemabutstruggledtodistinguishitselfamongotherxbooksshortlyafterdavidstenureonthebookendedforgecomicsforgeaformergovernmentweaponscontractorwhosemutantpowerswerehisbrilliantengineeringskillswasaddedtothegroupfirstreplacingcooperastheirliaisonaftershehadbeencompromisedbyoneofmagnetosacolytescomicsacolytesandlaterasanactivemembercooperlaterbecomesanactivememberaswellhermarksmanshipandathleticskillscompensatingforherlackofsuperhumanpowersinastorymultiplemanapparentlydiesofthelegacyvirusadeadlyillnessthatattacksmutantgeneswhichislaterrevealedtohaveonlykilledoneofhisduplicatesstrongguyisputintosuspendedanimationaftersufferingaheartattackcausedbythestresshisextramassputonhisbodywolfsbanecuredofherartificialloveforalextransferstotheeuropeanmutantteamexcaliburcomicsexcaliburhavokleavestoinfiltrateamutantterroristringwriterjohnfrancismoorecomicsjohnfrancismooreandillustratorjeffmatsudaintroducedanewxfactorlineupconsistingofforgeastheteamsnewleaderpolariscooperandseveralnewrecruitsmystiquecomicsmystiqueashapeshiftingmutantcriminalandmasterofespionagemystiqueisforcedtojoinxfactorfollowinghercapturebyfederalagentssabretoothcomicssabretoothahomicidalmutantcriminalwhopossessestalonsheightenedsensesandahealingfactorlikemystiquesabretoothisacaptivememberthatforgeusesspecialtechnologytocontrolshardcomicsshardaholographyholographiccomputerprogramwiththepersonalityofthexmanbishopcomicsbishopsdeceasedsisterofthesamenamebishopisatimetravelerfromadistantfuturewhereheandshardaremembersofxavierssecurityenforcerstheholographicshardwasbroughttothethcenturywithbishopwildchildcomicswildchildaformermemberofalphaflightwhopossessesheightenedsensesfangsandclawsafterwardwriterhowardmackieinjectedmorepoliticalandespionageelementsintotheseriesatrendthatculminatedintheteamssecessionfromgovernmentsponsorshipmultiplemanandstrongguyappearagainatthesametimedespiteforgemanagingtofixstrongguysproblemshedoesnotrejointheteamthepopularityofxfactorcontinuedtodwindleandmystiqueandsabretoothtwopopularxmenvillainsfailedtodrawinmorereaderswildchildmutatesoutofcontrolmystiquehuntsdownsabretoothwhohadkidnappedyoungtylertrevorchaseandforgebreakstieswithxfactorinmarvelattemptedyetanotherrevivalaftervariousstoriesfocusingonindividualcharactersanewteamwasgatheredconsistingofhavokmultiplemanpolarisshardandothermembersofthexsefixxandgreystonecomicsgreystonethatarebroughttothethcenturytheirteammatearchermarvelcomicsarcherwhoalsocamebackintimeturnsdownanoffertojoinhoweverthisversionoftheteamdisbandsinthesameissueinwhichtheydebutinthatissuegreystonebuildsatimetraveltimemachinemeanttotakehimandhiscompatriotsbacktothefuturehoweverthedeviceexplodeskillinggreystoneandhavokafterwardxfactordisbandsthetimemachinesexplosiontransportshavoktoaparalleluniversefictionparallelworldpopulatedbytwistedversionsofmarvelcharactersheexploresthisstrangeworldintheseriesmutantxcomicsmutantxwhichlastedfromuntilalthoughmarvelplannedtorevivexfactorasanongoingtitleaftermutantxendedthisdidnothappenforanotheryearsvolumeminiseriesafourissuexfactorlimitedserieswaslaunchedinthisseriesfocusedonthegovernmentsnewmutantcivilrightstaskforcewhichconsistedofhumanswhoinvestigatedantimutanthatecrimesandinadvertentlydiscoveredanantimutantconspiracypoliticalconspiracywithintheirownranksthisseriesfocusedheavilyonthemutantsasametaphorforminoritiesaspectsofthexmenconcepttheserieswaswrittenbyjeffjensenwithartworkbyarthurransonvolumexfactorinvestigationsisadetectiveagencyrunbyjamiemadroxformerlyknownasmultiplemanthenameistakenfromthegovernmentsponsoredgroupthethreefounderspreviouslyservedontheinitialstaffconsistsofmadroxsbestfriendandspecialenforcerguidocarosellastrongguyandformerteammaterahnesinclairwolfsbanefollowingtheeventsofthehouseofmstorylinemadroxsnewfoundwealthfromwinningawhowantstobeamillionairestylegameshowallowshimtorecruitseveralofhisformercolleaguesfromtheparisbranchofthenowdefunctxcorporationnewmembersincludemcomicsmmonetapowerlessrictorsirynandlaylamillerwhoinsertsherselfintothegrouptokeepthemfromdiscoveringthetruthbehindthedecimationcomicsdecimationstorylinepeterdavidputanoirspinonthemutantseriesanddealtwithjamiemadroxasthecentralcharacterthenewseriesspunoffofthehouseofmanddecimationstorylinesandopenswithasuicideattemptbyrictorwhohaslosthispowerstheseriesdealswiththegroupsattempttounravelthetruthbehindthedecimationanditsaftermathfightingwithsingularityinvestigationsanddealingwithmadroxspowersandtheirconsequencesduringthemessiahcomplexcomicsmessiahcomplexstorylinejamieandlaylatraveltoautopiananddystopianfictiondystopianfutureinwhichmutantsarepersecutedandimprisonedjamieescapesandreturnstotheearlystcenturybutlaylaisstilltrappedrahnefearsbecauseofaglimpseshehashadofthefuturethatshewhileinherwolfshapewillmurderjamieandlaylatopreventthisshequitstheteamandjoinsxforcerictoralsoquitsjamietravelstothefuturewiththehelpofanagedlaylamillerandhelpsarebellionledbyacyborgscottsummersandhisdaughterrubysummersrubywhiletherestoftheteamisinthepresentafterbattlingarcadewhocapturedrictorwhothenrejoinstheteamisjoinedbythereallongshotmarvelcomicslongshotanddarwincomicsdarwinandmeetsoneofjamiesduplicateswhocallshimselfcortexwriterpeterdavidsdecisiontoexplicitlyestablishmalecharactersshatterstarandrictorenteringaromanticrelationshipinxfactoraugustconfirmingcluesthathadbeenestablishedinxforceyearsearlierdrewcriticismfromshatterstarscocreatorrobliefeldthougheditorinchiefjoequesadasupporteddavidsstorydavidwouldeventuallybenominatedforandwinaglaadmediaawardforoutstandingcomicbookforthissecondrunonthetitlerefnameglaadrefrefnameglaadwinglaadpublisherglaadorgaccessdaterefindecembertheseriesadoptedacumulativenumberingwithissuewithissuesofthefirstvolumeplusissuesofthethirdvolumeconstitutingthepreviousissuestheseriesendedwithissueinseptemberallnewxfactorthenextincarnationoftheserieswasallnewxfactorwrittenbypeterdavidandillustratedbycarminedigiandomenicothisversionwasannouncedasapartoftheallnewmarvelnowinitiativeatthenewyorkcomicconinoctoberanddebutedinjanuarytheopeningstorylinewhichcontinueseventsfromissueofthepreviousseriesanddepictsthecorporationservalindustriesforminganewcorporatesponsoredversionoftheteamwhichincludespolarisquicksilvergambitcomicsgambitdangercomicsdangercyphercomicscypherandwarlocknewmutantswarlockcollectededitionsvolumeclasswikitablewidthtitlematerialcollectedpublicationdateisbnessentialmarvelessentialxfactorvolxfactorannualavengersfantasticfourthemightythorpowerpackblackandwhiteprintnovemberessentialxfactorvolxfactorannualthorblackandwhiteprintjanuaryessentialxfactorvolxfactorannualuncannyxmenblackandwhiteprintstylewhitespacenowrapdecemberstylewhitespacenowrapessentialxfactorvolxfactorannualxfactorprisoneroflovemarvelfanfarematerialfromfantasticfourannualnewmutantsannualuncannyxmenannualblackandwhiteprintstylewhitespacenowrapfebruarystylewhitespacenowrapessentialxfactorvolxfactorannualuncannyxmenmaterialfromuncannyxmenannualnewmutantsmaterialfromnewmutantsannualblackandwhiteprintstylewhitespacenowrapdecemberstylewhitespacenowrapxmenphoenixrisingavengersfantasticfourxfactorandclassicxmenandjunexfactorgenesisandapocalypsexfactorandannualavengersfantasticfourironmanannualamazingspidermanandmaterialfromclassicxmenandmarchxmenmutantmassacrexfactoruncannyxmennewmutantsthorpowerpackoctoberxmenmutationsxfactoramazingadventuresvoluncannyxmenoctoberxmenthefallofthemutantsxfactoruncannyxmennewmutantsfebruaryxmeninfernoprologuexfactorannualnewmutantsannualuncannyxmenannualmaterialfrommarvelageannualmarvelfanfaredecemberxmeninfernohardcoverxfactoruncannyxmenxterminatorsnewmutantsxfactorannualjunexmeninfernoxfactoruncannyxmennewmutantsdecemberactsofvengeancecrossoversomnibusxfactorwolverineuncannyxmenfantasticfourdrstrangesorcerersupremeincrediblehulkpunisherpunisherwarjournalmarcspectormoonknightdaredevilpowerpackalphaflightnewmutantsdamagecontrolandwebofspidermanaugustxmenxtinctionagendaxfactoruncannyxmennewmutantsdecemberxmenxtinctionagendahardcoverxfactoruncannyxmennewmutantsaugustxfactorforeverxfactorxfactorforevernovemberxmenbychrisclaremontandjimleevolxfactoruncannyxmenxmenmaterialfromghostriderjanuaryxfactorvisionariespeterdavidvolxfactordecemberxfactorvisionariespeterdavidvolxfactorincrediblehulkmarchxfactorvisionariespeterdavidvolxfactorannualoctoberxfactorvisionariespeterdavidvolxfactorannualjunexmenxcutionerssongxfactoruncannyxmenxmenxforcemayxmenfatalattractionsxfactorxforceuncannyxmenxmenwolverineexcaliburaugustxmenfatalattractionsomnibusxfactoruncannyxmenxmenunlimitedxforcexmenvolwolverineexcaliburapriltheoriginofgenerationxtalesofthephalanxcovenantxfactoruncannyxmenxmenvolxforceexcaliburwolverinevolcablegenerationxjunexmenlegionquestxfactoruncannyxmenxmenvolmarchxmenpreludetotheageofapocalypsexfactoruncannyxmenxmenvolcablexmenageofapocalypseashcaneditionmayxmenthecompleteonslaughtepicvolxfactorexcaliburfantasticfouramazingspidermansensationalspidermanspidermangreengoblinpunisherwolverinexmanxmenuncannyxmenxforcejunevolumeclasswikitablewidthtitlematerialcollectedpublicationdateisbnxfactorxfactorvoljulyvolumeclasswikitablewidthtitlematerialcollectedpublicationdateisbnmadroxmultiplechoicemadroxpreludetoxfactorvolaprilxfactorthelongestnightxfactorvolmarchxfactorlifeanddeathmattersxfactorvolaugustxfactormanylivesofmadroxxfactorvolnovemberxfactorheartoficexfactorvolaprilxmenmessiahcomplexxfactorvoluncannyxmenxmennewxmenxmenmessiahcomplexmutantfilesnovemberxfactortheonlygameintownxfactorvolxfactorthequickandthedeadjanuaryxfactorsecretinvasionxfactorvolshehulkvoljunexfactortimeandahalfxfactorvoldecemberxfactorovertimexfactorvolxfactorlaylamillerdecemberxfactortheinvisiblewomanhasvanishedxfactorjunexfactorsecondcomingxfactornationxxfactorstylewhitespacenowrapseptemberstylewhitespacenowrapxfactorhappeningsinvegasxfactormarchxfactorscartissuexfactorjunexfactorhardlaborxfactornovemberxfactorsuperunnaturalxfactorfebruaryxfactortheykeepkillingjamiemadroxxfactorjunexfactortogetheragainforthefirsttimexfactornovemberxfactortheroadtoredemptionxfactordecemberxfactorbreakingpointsxfactormarchxfactorshortstoriesxfactormarchxfactorhellonearthwarxfactorjulyxfactortheendofxfactorxfactorjanuaryxfactorthecompletecollectionvolumemadroxpreludetoxfactorvolxfactorvoljanuaryxfactorthecompletecollectionvolumexfactorvolxfactorvolxfactorthequickandthedeadxfactorspeciallaylamillermayallnewxfactorclasswikitabletitlematerialcollectedpublicationdateisbnallnewxfactorvolnotbrandxallnewxfactorjulypaperbackallnewxfactorvolchangeofdecayallnewxfactoroctoberpaperbackallnewxfactorvolaxisallnewxfactormarchpaperbackotherversionsinultimatewarxfactorisausoperatedprisoncampformutantsincubawhichappearstohavebeennamedaftercampxrayinguantanamobaydetentioncampguantanamobayxfactorappearsinxmenasapeacekeepingforceafterthexmendisappearinothermediaxfactorappearedinthexmentvseriesxmentvseriesitslineupconsistedofforgecomicsforgepolariscomicspolarisjamiemadroxmultiplemanstrongguyquicksilvercomicsquicksilverhavokcomicshavokandwolfsbanecomicswolfsbaneintheepisodecoldcomforticemanbrokeintotheirfacilitytofindhisgirlfriendpolarisjubileeaccompaniedicemantothefacilitywheretheywereambushedwhentherestofthexmenarrivedatthefacilityitsmembersmultiplemanstrongguyhavokandwolfsbaneranafoulofthexmenwhenitcametoabattleagainstthexfactorwhichendedwiththexmenandicemanbeingvictoriousforgesaidtoprofessorxthatthebattlewastotesttheminadditionicemanfoundthatpolarisisamemberofthegroupandengagedtohavokintheepisodefamilytiesquicksilverwasseenasamemberofxfactorintheepisodethephalanxcovenantptquicksilverforgeandpolarisappearasthefeaturedmembersofxfactorreferencesexternallinksmarvelcomcatalogbooktitlexfactorxfactorissuesonmarvelcomcomicbookdbcomtitlephpidxfactorcomicbookdbcomtitlephpidxfactorvolandcomicbookdbcomtitlephpidxfactorvolatthecomicbookdbcomicsorgseriesxfactorcomicsorgseriesxfactorvolandcomicsorgseriesxfactorvolatthegrandcomicsdatabaseinfoboxcomicsorganizationwikipediawikiprojectcomicsimagexmenlegacyjpgcaptionvariantcoverofxmenlegacydecbrartbymarkbrookscomicsmar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attractsalesandmarvelstoppedproducingnewstorieswithissuelaterreprintinganumberoftheoldercomicsasissuessimagegiantsizejpgthumbuprightgiantsizexmenmaycoverartbygilkaneanddavecockrumingiantsizexmenwriterlenweinandartistdavecockrumintroducedanewteamthatstarredinarevivalofthexmenbeginningwithuncannyxmenissuethisnewteamreplacedthepreviousmemberswiththeexceptionofcyclopswhoremainedthisteamdifferedgreatlyfromtheoriginalunlikeintheearlyissuesoftheoriginalseriesthenewteamwasnotmadeupofteenagersandtheyalsohadamorediversebackgroundeachwasfromadifferentcountrywithvaryingculturalandphilosophicalbeliefsandallwerealreadywellversedinusingtheirmutantpowersseveralbeingexperiencedincombattheallnewalldifferentxmenwereledbycyclopsfromtheoriginalteamandconsistedofthenewlycreatedcolossuscomicscolossusfromthesovietunionnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerfromwestgermanystormmarvelcomicsstormfromkenyaandthunderbirdcomicsthunderbirdaindigenouspeoplesoftheamericasnativeamericanofapachedescentandthreepreviouslyintroducedcharactersbansheecomicsbansheefromirelandsunfirecomicssunfirefromjapanandwolverinecharacterwolverinefromcanadawolverineeventuallybecamethebreakoutcharacterontheteamandintermsofcomicsalesandappearancesthemostpopularxmencharacterhoweverthisteamwouldnotremainwholeforlongassunfirequitimmediatelyandneverreallyacceptedtheothermembersandthunderbirdwoulddieintheverynextmissionfillinginthevacancyarevampedjeangreysoonrejoinedthexmenunderhernewpersonaofphoenixangelbeasticemanhavokcomicshavokandpolariscomicspolarisalsomadesignificantguestappearancestherevivedserieswasillustratedbycockrumandlaterbyjohnbyrnecomicsjohnbyrneandwrittenbychrisclaremontclaremontbecametheserieslongestrunningcontributortherunmetwithcriticalacclaimandproducedsuchlandmarkstorylinesasthedeathofthunderbirdtheemergenceofphoenixthesagaofthestarjammersandthemkraancrystaltheintroductionofalphaflightandtheproteusmarvelcomicsproteussagaothercharactersintroducedduringthistimeincludeamandaseftonmystiquecomicsmystiqueandmoiramactaggertwithhergeneticresearchfacilityonmuirislandsthesbeganwiththecomicsbestknownstoryarcthethedarkphoenixsagadarkphoenixsagawhichsawphoenixmanipulatedbytheillusionistmastermindandbecomingcorruptedwithanoverwhelminglustforpoweranddestructionastheevildarkphoenixotherimportantstorylinesincludeddaysoffuturepastthesagaofdeathbirdandthebroodcomicsbroodthediscoveryofthemorlockstheinvasionofthedirewraithsandthetrialofmagnetoaswellasxmengodlovesmankillsthepartialinspirationforthemoviexfilmxxmenunitedrefnamenextrefbytheearlysxmenwasmarvelstopsellingcomictitleitssalesweresuchthatdistributorsandretailersbeganusinganxmenindexratingeachcomicbookpublicationbyhowmanyordersitgarneredcomparedtothatmonthsissueofxmenrefnamerightchordrefthegrowingpopularityofuncannyxmenandtheriseofcomicbookspecialtystoresledtotheintroductionofanumberofongoingspinoffseriesnicknamedxbooksthefirstofthesewasnewmutantsnewmutantsvolthenewmutantssoonfollowedbyalphaflightxfactorcomicsxfactorexcaliburcomicsexcaliburandasolowolverinecomicbookwolverinetitlewhenclaremontconceivedastoryarcthemutantmassacrewhichwastoolongtoruninthemonthlyxmeneditorlouisesimonsondecidedtohaveitoverlapintoseveralxbooksthestorywasamajorfinancialsuccessandwhenthelaterfallofthemutantswassimilarlysuccessfulthemarketingdepartmentdeclaredthatthexmenlineupwouldholdsuchfictionalcrossovercrossoversannuallyrefnamefuturenowrefthroughoutthedecadeuncannyxmenwaswrittensolelybychrisclaremontandillustratedforlongrunsbyjohnbyrnedavecockrumpaulsmithcomicspaulsmithjohnromitajrandmarcsilvestriadditionstothexmenduringthistimewerekittyprydeshadowcatdazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlerforgecomicsforgelongshotmarvelcomicslongshotpsylockeroguecomicsroguerachelsummersphoenixandjubileecomicsjubileeinacontroversialmoveprofessorxrelocatedtoouterspacetobewithlilandraneramanimajestrixoftheshiarempireinmagnetothenjoinedthexmeninxaviersplaceandbecamethedirectorofthenewmutantsthisperiodalsoincludedtheemergenceofthehellfireclubcomicshellfireclubthearrivalofthemysteriousmadelynepryorandthevillainsapocalypsecomicsapocalypsemistersinistermojocomicsmojoandsabretoothcomicssabretoothsinmarvelrevisedtheentirelineupofxmencomicbooktitlescenteredonthelaunchofasecondxmenseriessimplytitledxmenlegacyxmenwiththereturnofxavierandtheoriginalxmentotheteamtherosterwassplitintotwostrikeforcescyclopssblueteamchronicledinxmenandstormsgoldteamintheuncannyxmenitsfirstissueswerewrittenbylongstandingxmenwriterchrisclaremontanddrawnandcoplottedbyjimleeretailerspreorderedovermillioncopiesofissuegeneratingandsellingnearlymillionthoughretailersprobablysoldclosertomillioncopiesmakingitaccordingtoguinnessbookofworldrecordsthebestsellingcomicbookofalltimeguinnesspresentedhonorstoclaremontatthesandiegocomicconanothernewxbookreleasedatthetimewasxforcefeaturingthecharactersfromnewmutantsnewmutantsvolthenewmutantsledbycablecomicscableitwaswrittenbyrobliefeldandfabianniciezainternalfrictionsoonsplitthexbookscreativeteamsinacontroversialmovexmeneditorbobharrassidedwithleeanduncannyxmenartistwhilceportaciooverclaremontinadisputeoverplottingclaremontleftafteronlythreeissuesofxmenendinghisyearrunasxmenwritermarvelreplacedclaremontbrieflywithjohnbyrnecomicsjohnbyrnewhoscriptedbothbooksforafewissuesbyrnewasthenreplacedbyniciezaandscottlobdellwhowouldtakeoverthemajorityofwritingdutiesforthexmenuntilleesowndeparturemonthslaterwhenheandseveralotherpopularartistsincludingformerxtitleartistsliefeldportacioandmarcsilvestriwouldleavemarveltoformimagecomicsjimleesxmendesignswouldbethebasisformuchofthexmentvseriesxmenanimatedseriesandactionfigurelineaswellasseveralcapcomvideogamesthessawanevengreaternumberofxbookswithnumerousongoingseriesandminiseriesrunningconcurrentlyxbookcrossoverscontinuedtorunannuallywithxmenxtinctionagendathextinctionagendainmuirislandsagathemuirislandsagainxcutionerssonginfatalattractionscomicsfatalattractionsinphalanxcovenantinlegionquestageofapocalypseinonslaughtcomicsonslaughtinandoperationzerotoleranceinthoughthefrequentcrossoverswerecriticizedbyfansaswellaseditorialandcreativestaffforbeingartificiallyregulardisruptivetothedirectionoftheindividualseriesandhavingfarlesslastingimpactthanpromisedtheycontinuedtobefinanciallysuccessfulthereweremanynewpopularadditionstothexmeninthesincludinggambitcomicsgambitcablecomicscableandbishopcomicsbishopgambitbecameoneofthemostpopularxmenrivalingevenwolverinecharacterwolverineinsizeoffanbaseafterhisdebutinuncannyxmenaugmanyofthelateradditionstotheteamcameandwentsuchasjosephcomicsjosephmaggottmarrowcomicsmarrowceciliareyesandanewnealshaarathunderbirdxaviersnewmutantsnewmutantsvolnewmutantsgrewupandbecamexforceandthenextgenerationofstudentsbeganwithgenerationxcomicsgenerationxfeaturingjubileeandotherteenagemutantsledandschooledbybansheecomicsbansheeandexvillainessemmafrostathermassachusettsacademyinexcaliburcomicsexcaliburandxfactorcomicsxfactorendedandthelatterwasreplacedwithmutantxcomicsmutantxstarringhavokcomicshavokstrandedinaparalleluniversefictionparalleluniversemarvellaunchedanumberofsoloseriesincludingdeadpoolcablecomicbookcablebishopcomicsbishopnategreyxmanandgambitcomicsgambitbutfewoftheserieswouldsurvivethedecadesinclaremontreturnedtomarvelandwasputbackontheprimaryxmentitlesduringtherevolutioncomicbookrevolutionrevamphewaslaterremovedfromthetwoflagshiptitlesinandcreatedhisspinoffseriesxtremexmenxmenhaditstitlechangedtonewxmenseriesnewxmenandwritergrantmorrisontookoverthebookisoftenreferredtoasthemorrisoneraduetothedrasticchangeshemadebeginningwitheisforextinctionwhereanewvillaincassandranovadestroysgenoshakillingsixteenmillionmutantsmorrisonalsobroughtreformedexvillainemmafrostintotheprimaryxmenteamandopenedthedoorsoftheschoolbyhavingxavierouthimselftothepublicaboutbeingamutantthebrightspandexcostumesthathadbecomeiconicoverthepreviousdecadeswerereplacedbyblackleatherstreetclothesreminiscentoftheuniformsofthexmenfilmsmorrisonalsointroducedxornwhowouldfigureprominentlyintheclimaxofhisrunultimatexmensetinmarvelsrevisedimprintwasalsolaunchedwhilechuckaustenbeganhiscontroversialrunonuncannyxmenseveralshortlivedspinoffsandminiseriesstartedfeaturingseveralxmeninsoloseriessuchasemmafrostgambitmystiquecomicsmystiquenightcrawlerandrogueanotherseriesexilesmarvelcomicsexilesstartedatthesametimeandconcludedindecemberwhichledtonewexilesinjanuarywrittenbyclaremontcableanddeadpoolsbooksweremergedintoonebookcabledeadpoolfollowingmorrisonsdepartureathirdcorexmentitleastonishingxmenvolumethreepresentastonishingxmenwaslaunchedwhichwaswrittenbyjosswhedonnewxmennewxmenacademyxwasalsolaunchedfocusingonthelivesofthenewyoungmutantsattheinstitutethisperiodincludedtheresurrectionsofcolossusandpsylockeanewdeathforjeangreywholaterreturnedtemporarilyinthexmenphoenixendsongaswellasemmafrostbecomingthenewheadmistressoftheinstitutetheinstituteformerlyranasaschooluntilthedecimationcomicsdepoweringofofthemutantpopulationservedasasafehaventomutantswhoarestillpoweredinthexmenmessiahcomplexmessiahcomplexstorylinesawthedestructionofthexavierinstituteandthedisbandingofthexmenitspunthenewvolumesofxforcefollowingtheteamledbywolverineandcablefollowingcablesattemptsatprotectinghopesummerscomicshopesummersxmenwasrenamedintoxmenlegacywhichfocusedonprofessorxrogueandgambitundercyclopssleadershipthexmenlaterreformedinuncannyxmenwiththeirnewbaselocatedinsanfranciscouncannyxmenreturnedtoitsrootsastheflagshiptitleforthexfranchiseandservedastheumbrellaunderwhichthevariousxbookscoexistinmessiahwarwrittenbycraigkyleandchrisyostservedasthesecondpartinthetrilogythatbeganwithmessiahcomplexwasreleasedutopiacomicsutopiawrittenbymattfractionwasacrossoverofdarkavengersanduncannyxmenthatservedasapartofthedarkreigncomicsdarkreignstorylineanewnewmutantsvolumewrittenbyzebwellswhichfeaturedthemoreprominentmembersoftheoriginalteamreunitedwaslaunchedmagnetojoinedthexmenduringthenationxstorylinetothedismayofothermembersofthexmensuchasbeastwholefttheteammagnetobegantoworkwithnamortotransformutopiaintoahomelandforbothmutantsandatlanteansaftertheconclusionofutopiaroguecomicsroguebecamethemaincharacterofxmenlegacynotableadditionstothexmenhavebeenemmafrosthuskcomicshusknorthstarmarvelcomicsnorthstararmorcomicsarmorpixiexmenpixieandwarpathcomicswarpathwhileformervillainssuchasjuggernautcomicsjuggernautladymastermindmystiquecomicsmystiqueandsabretoothcomicssabretoothbecamemembersofthexmenothernotablestoryarcsofthisdecadeareeisforextinctionplanetxcomicsplanetxherecomestomorrowgiftedcomicsgiftedhouseofmxmendeadlygenesisdeadlygenesisxmenendangeredspeciesendangeredspeciesxmendividedwestanddividedwestandxmenmanifestdestinymanifestdestinyxinfernusandnecroshathexmenwerealsoinvolvedinthesecretinvasionstorylinesinxmensecondcomingsecondcomingcontinuedtheplotthreadsonmessiahcomplexandhouseofmandinavengersvsxmenservedasaclosuretothosestorylinesitfeaturedthedeathofprofessorxandreappearanceofnewmutantsintheaftermathofthexmenschismledtothefalloutbetweenwolverineandcyclopsfeaturedinanewseriestitledwolverineandthexmencomicswolverineandthexmenwolverinerebuilttheoriginalxmansionandnameditasxmansionjeangreyschoolforhigherlearninginaspartofthemarvelnowrelaunchseveralxmentitleswerecanceledandrelaunchedincludingxforcexfactorxmenlegacyxmencomicbookseriesxmenanduncannyxmentherelauncheduncannyxmenfeaturedcyclopshisteamandthenewmutantstakingupresidencyintheweaponxfacilitywhichtheyhaverebuiltintoaschoolthenewcharlesxavierschoolformutantsnewflagshiptitlessuchasamazingxmenandallnewxmenwerelaunchedthelatterfeaturedtheoriginalfivexmenmemberswhowerebroughttothepresentdayinforthethanniversaryofthexmenbattleoftheatomwaspublishedwhichinvolvedmembersofbothxmenschoolstryingtodecidewhattodoaboutthetimedisplacedoriginalxmeninwolverinewaskilledoffinthedeathofwolverinestoryarcduringinhumansvsxmenartbyjorgemolinainaspartofallnewalldifferentmarvelthreeteambookswerelaunchedthesecondvolumeofallnewxmenthefourthvolumeofuncannyxmenandextraordinaryxmenxtookonthemantleofwolverineandgotanewsoloseriesandoldmanloganalsoreceivedanewongoingseriesduringthisperiodthemutantsdealtwiththethreatoftheterrigenmistterrigencloudthatcirculatedtheworldthatappearedtobetoxictothemplacingthexmenatoddswiththeinhumansthexmenalsodealtwithapocalypseresurfacingandthetruthofwhathappenedbetweencyclopsandtheinhumansthatledtohisdeathstormsteamresidedinlimbomarvelcomicslimboandworkedtobringmutantstosafetyawayfromtheterrigenmagnetosteamtookonamoremilitantapproachbeastworkedalongsidetheinhumanstoattempttofindawaytoalterthestateoftheterrigenbutlaterdiscoveredthatitcouldntbealteredandwouldhaverenderedearthtoxicformutantsthisrevelationcausedthexmentodeclarewaragainsttheinhumansintheresurrxionlineupwaslaunchedwithxmenprimeitintroducednewtitlesxmenbluexmengoldweaponxnewvolumesofastonishingxmenandgenerationxcomicsgenerationxandnewsoloseriesforcablejeangreyandicemanwiththeterrigengonethexmenvacatedlimboandmovedtocentralparknewyorkcentralparkwheretheyreturnedtotheirheroicrootsinsteadofconstantlylivinginfearfortheirsurvivalothernotablechangesincludekittyprydeasthenewleaderofthexmenthetimedisplacedxmenworkingwithmagnetooldmanloganturningweaponxintoablackopsteamandmutantcharacterscrossingoverfromultimatemarvelearthtotheearthuniverseearlysawthephoenixforcereturningtoearthandmysteriouslyresurrectingtheoriginaljeangreyanewseriesfeaturingtheoriginaljeanleadingateamofxmencalledxmenredwasreleasedlaterthatsamemonthnotableadditionstothexmenhavebeenxhopesummersandmcomicsmothernotablestoryarcsofthisdecadearecurseofthemutantsageofxxmenregenesisregenesisaxiscomicsaxistheblackvortexdeathofxinhumansvsxmenandphoenixresurrectionstorytellingelementsthexmenusemanyrecurringplotdevicesandmotifsfortheirvariousstoryarcsovertheyearsthathavebecomecommonplacewithinthexmencanontimetravelmanyofthexmensstoriesdelveintotimetraveleitherinthesenseoftheteamtravelingthroughtimeonamissionvillainstravelingthroughtimetoalterhistoryorcertaincharacterstravelingfromthepastorfutureinordertojointhepresentteamstoryarcsandspinoffsthatarenotableforusingthisplotdeviceincludedaysoffuturepastxmenmessiahcomplexmessiahcomplexallnewxmenmessiahwarandbattleoftheatomcharacterswhoarerelatedtotimetravelincludeapocalypsebishopcableoldmanloganprestigehopesummerstempuscomicsevabelltempusandstryfedeathandresurrectiononeofthemostrecurringplotdevicesusedinthexmenfranchiseisdeathandresurrectionmostlyinthesenseofjeangreyandherbondwiththephoenixthoughnotasiconicasjeanandthephoenixmanyotherxmencharactershavediedandcomebacktolifeonoccasiondeathandresurrectionhasbecomesuchacommonoccurrenceinthexbooksthatthecharactershavementionedonnumerousoccasionsthattheyrenotstrangerstodeathorhavemadecommentsthatdeathdoesntalwayshavealastingeffectonthemxnecroshaisaparticularstoryarcthatseesselenecomicsselenetemporarilyreanimatemanyofthexmensdeadalliesandenemiesinorderforhertoachievegodhoodfatemanyofthecharactersdealwiththetopicoffateinparticulardestinyireneadlerdestinysabilitiesofprecognitionhaveaffectedcertainplotpointsinthexmenshistorylongaftershewaskilledoffduetoboththexmenandtheirenemiesconstantlysearchingforhermissingdiariesthatforetellcertainfuturesthetopicoffatetakescenterstageyetagaininastoryarccalledtheextremistsinvolvingattacksagainstthemorlockscomicsmorlocksduetooneofthemseeingadarkfuturefortheirpeoplesomecharactersbelievetheyalreadyknowtheirownfatessuchasapocalypsebelievingheisfatedtorulethemutantsormagnetobelievingheisfatedtoleadthemutantstoriseupagainsthumansothercharacterssuchasjeanprestigeapocalypsecomicsevansabahnurevansabanurhopesummersandwarrenworthingtoniiihaveallbeenwaryoftheirfatesandhavealltakenmeasurestoaltertheirfuturesspacetravelspacefaringspacetravelhasbeenacommonstapleinthexmenbooksbeginningwiththephoenixanddarkphoenixsagassincethenspacehasbeeninvolvedinmanystoriesinvolvingthexmensalliesandoccasionalrivalstheshiaralongwithstoriesinvolvingthephoenixforcespacehasbeenthesettingformanystoriesinvolvingthelikesofbroodcomicsthebroodsuchasthestoryarcwherethevillainousspecieswasfirstintroducedthroughspacenoteworthycharacterslikethestarjammersandvulcanmarvelcomicsvulcanwereintroducedspacetravelplayedamajorroleinjosswhedonjosswhedonsrunonastonishingxmenviatheintroductionofswordcomicsswordandespeciallyinoneofthefinalstoryarcsunderhisauthorshipcalledunstoppableothernotablestoryarcsinvolvingspaceincludedxmentheendriseandfalloftheshiarempirexmenkingbreakerwarofkingsandtheblackvortexsanitythetopicofsanityhasbeenaddressedinmanyofthemajorheroesandvillainsofxmenmostfamouslythisisaddressedinjeangreywhenshegainsnearomnipotencethroughthephoenixandprofessorxavierafterheviolentlyuseshispowersagainstmagnetounintentionallycreatingonslaughtmystiquessanitywaversthroughoutthefranchiseasherconstanttransformationscausesmoreandmoreofhermindtofractureeversinceswappingbodieswithrevanchemarvelcomicsrevanchepsylockehasoccasionallystruggledtomaintainhersanityduetohermoreaggressivenatureandnewpowersthecharacterdeadpoolisfamousforhisblatantlackofsanityaftermagnetostrippedwolverineofhismetalboneswolverinebegantobecomeincreasinglyferalthroughoutmostofthemidtolatesxmencomicsthenatureofroguespowersaffectinghersanityduetoherretainingthememoriesofothershasbeenacentralplotdeviceonmanyoccasionsmostfamouslyretainingcaroldanversmsmarvelspsychethroughoutmostofthesmostrecentlyemmafrostssanityhasbecomefracturedeversincecyclopsdiedinherarmscausinghertodeclarewaragainstinhumansothercharacterswhohavehadissueswithsanityincludecyclopssabretoothmagikillyanarasputinmagikquentinquirexandprestigepoliticalwarfareinthemarveluniversemutantrightsisoneofthehotcontroversialpoliticaltopicsandissomethingthatisaddressednumeroustimesinthexbooksasaplotdevicewhilesomepoliticianslikevaleriecooperhavelegitimatelytriedtohelpthexmenmosthavemadeittheirmissiontodiscreditthexmeninordertoeliminatemutantsonceandforallsenatorrobertkellycomicsrobertkellybeganhisplatformonastrongoutspokenantimutantsentimentuntilhechangedhismindafterbeingrescuedbymutantslateroninhiscareerwhensabretoothshumansongraydoncreedranforofficethexmensentincannonballcomicscannonballandicemantodiscreetlyjoinhiscampaignteamandfindanythingonhisantimutantagendathiscontinueduntilitboiledtoaheadwhenhisassassinationledtooperationzerotolerancesomeoftheissuespresentedinthecomicsserveasallegorytomodernissuesintherealworldsuchaslydianancesuggestingmassmutantdeportationworldofthexmenthexmenexistinthemarveluniversealongwithothercharactersfeaturedinmarvelcomicsseriestheyoftenmeetcharactersfromotherseriesandtheglobalnatureofthemutantconceptmeansthescaleofstoriescanbehighlyvariedthexmensenemiesrangefrommutantthievestogalacticthreatshistoricallythexmenhavebeenbasedinthexmansionxavierinstituteinthetownofsalemlocatedinwestchestercountynewyorkandareoftenportrayedasafamilythexmansionisoftendepictedwiththreefloorsandtwoundergroundlevelstotheoutsideworlditactedasahigherlearninginstituteuntiltheswhenxavierwaspubliclyexposedasamutantatwhichpointitbecameaknownmutantboardingschoolxavierfundsacorporationaimedatreachingmutantsworldwidethoughitceasedtoexistfollowingthedecimationstorylinethexmenbenefitfromadvancedtechnologysuchasxaviertrackingdownmutantswithadevicecalledcerebrowhichamplifieshispowersthexmentrainwithinthedangerroomfirstdepictedasaroomfullofweaponsandboobytrapsnowasgeneratingholographicsimulationsandthexmentravelintheirblackbirdcomicsblackbirdjetasdepictedinxmenoriginsoctartbymikemayhewfictionalplacesthexmenintroducedseveralfictionallocationswhichareregardedasimportantwithintheshareduniverseinwhichmarvelcomicscharactersexistasteroidmanasteroidmadebymagnetoamutantutopiaandtrainingfacilityoffoftheearthssurfaceavalonmagnetosspacestationthatservedastheprimarybaseforhimandhisacolytestocreateamutantsonlysafehavenaftermagnetodrasticallyrevertedtohisvillainouswaysgenoshaanislandnearmadagascarandalongtimecrimeofapartheidapartheidregimeagainstmutantstheungavecontroltomagnetountiltheeisforextinctionstorysawgenoshadestroyedviamassgenocidelimbomarvelcomicslimboahellishdimensionheavilypopulatedbydemonswhoeverpossessesthesoulswordbearscontroloverandcandrawpowerfromlimboinextraordinaryxmenthexmenmadelimbotheirhomeafterterrigenstartedmakingearthuninhabitableformutantsmadripooranislandinsoutheastasianearsingaporeitslocationisshowntobeinthesouthernportionofthestraitofmalaccasouthwestofsingaporemojoverseanalternatedimensionruledbythetyrantmojocomicsmojofocusedoncreatingviolentrealitytelevisionrealityentertainmentusuallyfeaturingcaptivemutantsmurderworldcomicsmurderworldfictionaltwistedamusementparkdesignedbythemarvelsupervillainknownasarcademuirislandaremoteislandoffthecoastofscotlandthisisprimarilyknowninthexmenuniverseasthehomeofmoiramactaggertslaboratorymutanttownalsoknownasdistrictxanareainalphabetcitymanhattanpopulatedlargelybymutantsandbesetbypovertyandcrimenewtienamutantranregionintheunitedstateswestcoastwheremutantsarethemajorityoverhumansthatwascreatedaftersecretempirecomicshydratookoverthestatesemmafrostsecretlyleadsnewtienviatelepathicallypossessingxornasnewtienspuppetrulersavagelandapreservedlocationinantarcticawhichishometoanumberofextinctspeciesmostnotablydinosaursandstrangetribesshiarshiarthroneworldchandilarthehomeworldofthexmensoccasionalextraterrestrialextraterrestrialalliestheshiarasteroidmfifthversionfutopiautopiacyclopshadasteroidmraisedfromthepacificoceanoffthecoastofthesanfranciscoasaresponsetotheriseofantimutantsentimenttoformamutantnationotherversionsageofapocalypseinaworldwhereprofessorxiskilledbeforehecanformthexmenmagnetoleadsthexmeninadystopianworldruledbyapocalypsecreatedandrevertedviatimetraveldaysoffuturepastsentinelcomicssentinelshaveeitherkilledorplacedintoconcentrationcampsalmostallmutantspreventedbythetimetravelingkateprydetheadultkittyprydeshadowcathouseofmrealityisalteredbyscarletwitchwithherfathermagnetoastheworldsrulerscrossovereventitconcludeswithareversiontothenormalmarveluniversealbeitwithmostmutantsdecimationcomicsdepoweredmarvelmutantsareknownasthewitchbreedinthisalternaterealitysetduringthetimeofinquisitiontheinquisitioncarlosjaviercreatesaschoolforthechildrenofgentlefolktoserveasasafehavenandtraininggroundmarvelsetinadystopianworldwithnewcharacterslookingtotheoriginalxmenashistorybecomingxmenandxnationmutantxcomicsmutantxsetinaworldwherescottsummerswascapturedalongwithhisparentsbytheshiarandonlyalexescapedallowinghimtobetheeventualleaderofthisuniversesxmenthesixthemutantxuniversereimaginesmisterfantasticmrfantasticnickfuryandprofessorxasvillainsanddoctordoomandapocalypseasheroesultimatexmensetinthereimaginedultimatemarveluniversexmenforeveranalternatecontinuitydivergingfromxmenvolcontinuingasthoughwriterchrisclaremonthadneverleftwritingtheseriesrefnameclaremontxmenrefxmennoirsetintheswiththexmenasamysteriouscriminalgangandthebrotherhoodasasecretsocietyofcorruptcopsxmentheendapossibleendingtothexmensearlystatusquoxmentvseriesxmenxmenfollowssecretwarsthexmenofthetvseriesreceivedtheirowncomicbookseriesreflectingsocialissuestheconflictbetweenmutantsandnormalhumansisoftencomparedtorealworldconflictsexperiencedbyminoritygroupsinamericasuchasafricanamericansjewsvariousreligiousornonreligiousgroupssuchasmuslimsandatheistscommuniststhelgbtcommunitythetransgendercommunityetcithasbeenremarkedthatattitudestowardsmutantsdonotmakesenseinthecontextofthemarveluniversesincenonmutantswithsimilarpowersarerarelyregardedwithfearxmeneditorannnocentiremarkedthatithinkthatsliteraryreallybecausethereisnodifferencebetweencolossusandhumantorchthetorchifaguycomesintomyofficeinflamesoraguycomesintomyofficeandturnstosteelimgoingtohavethesamereactionitdoesntreallymatterthatiknowtheiroriginsasabookthexmenhasalwaysrepresentedsomethingdifferenttheirpowersarriveatpubertymakingthemanalogoustothechangesyougothroughatadolescencewhethertheyrespecialoroutofcontrolorsettingyouapartthemisfitidentitythemealsoonanindividuallevelanumberofxmenserveametaphoricalfunctionastheirpowersillustratepointsaboutthenatureoftheoutsiderracismalthoughthiswasnotinitiallythecaseprofessorxhascometobecomparedtocivilrightsleadermartinlutherkingjrandmagnetocomicsmagnetotothemoremilitantmalcolmxrefnamexmenasjmenrefthexmenspurposeissometimesreferredtoasachievingxaviersdreamperhapsareferencetokingshistoricihaveadreamspeechmagnetointhefirstfilmquotesmalcolmxwiththelinebyanymeansnecessaryxmencomicbookshaveoftenportrayedmutantsasvictimsofriotmobviolenceevokingimagesofthelynchingofafricanamericansintheagebeforethecivilrightsmovementsentinelsandantimutanthategroupssuchasfriendsofhumanityhumanityslaststandthechurchofhumanitycomicschurchofhumanityandwilliamstrykerstrykerspurifiersmarvelcomicspurifiersarethoughttooftenrepresentoppressiveforceslikethekukluxklangivingaformtodenialofcivilrightsandamendmentsrefnameprejudicelessonsfromthexavierinstituterefinthesthecomicfeaturedaplotinvolvingthefictionalislandnationofgenoshawheremutantsaresegregatedandenslavedbyancrimeofapartheidapartheidstatethisiswidelyinterpretedasareferencetothesituationinapartheidinsouthafricasouthafricaatthetimerefnameencyclopediaofcomicbooksandgraphicnovelsrefantisemitismantisemitismexplicitlyreferencedinrecentdecadesisthecomparisonbetweenantimutantsentimentandantisemitismmagnetoatheholocaustholocaustsurvivorseesthesituationofmutantsassimilartothoseofjewsinnazigermanyrefnameteenstuffrefasdotheinternmentcampsoftheclassicdaysoffuturepaststorylineinthethirdxmenfilmwhenaskedbycallistoifyouresoproudofbeingamutantthenwheresyourmarkmagnetoshowshisconcentrationcamptattoowhilementioningthathewillneverletanotherneedletouchhisskinintheprequelfilmxmenfirstclassafourteenyearoldmagnetosuffersnazihumanexperimentationduringhistimeinthecampsandwitnesseshismothersdeathbygunshotmulticulturalismdiversitycharacterswithinthexmenmythoshailfromawidevarietyofnationalitiesthesecharactersalsoreflectreligiousethnicorsexualminoritiesexamplesincludekittyprydesabracomicssabraandmagnetowhoareamericanjewishofjewishdescentdustcomicsdustandmcomicsmwhoaremuslimnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerwhoisadevoutcatholicnealshaaranealshaarathunderbirdwhoishinduismhindujubileeischineseamericangambitcomicsgambitisborntocajunparentsfromneworleanslouisianaandroguecomicsrogueisfromcaledecottcountymississippiwarpathalongwithhisdeceasedbrotherthefirstthunderbirdareapachenativeamericansofapachedescentstormmarvelcomicsstormrepresentstwoaspectsoftheafricandiasporaasherfatherwasafricanamericanandhermotherwaskenyankarmacomicskarmawasportrayedasadevoutcatholicfromvietnamwhoregularlyattendedmassandconfessionwhenshewasintroducedasafoundingmemberofnewmutantsthenewmutantsthisteamalsoincludedwolfsbanecomicswolfsbaneadevoutscottishpeoplescottishpresbyteriandaniellemoonstaracheyenneethnicgroupnativeamericansofcheyennedescentcannonballcomicscannonballandwaslaterjoinedbymagmacomicsmagmaadevoutgrecoromanclassicalreligionistdifferentnationalitiesincludedwolverineauroracomicsauroranorthstarmarvelcomicsnorthstardeadpoolandtransoniccomicstransonicfromcanadacolossusandmagikfromrussiabansheeandsirynfromirelanddustfromafghanistanpsylockewolfsbaneandchambercomicschamberfromtheunitedkingdomsunfirearmorcomicsarmorsurgecomicssurgeandkenjiuedozerofromjapansunspotfrombrazilmfrommonaconightcrawlerfromgermanysabrafromisraelkarimashapandaromegasentinelnealshaarakavitaraoandindracomicsindrafromindiavelocidadcomicsvelocidadfrommexicooyacomicsoyafromnigeriaprimalcomicsprimalfromukraineetcrefnamechronreflgbtrightsintheunitedstateslgbtthemessomecommentatorshavenotedthesimilaritiesbetweenthestrugglesofmutantsandthelgbtsocialmovementslgbtcommunitynotingtheonsetofspecialpowersaroundpubertyandtheparallelsbetweenbeingclosetedandthemutantsconcealmentoftheirpowersinthecomicsseriesgayandbisexualitybisexualcharactersincludeanolecomicsanoleblingcomicsblingdestinykarmamystiquepsylockecouriercomicscouriernorthstarmarvelcomicsnorthstarwhosemarriagewasdepictedinthecomicsingraymalkincomicsgraymalkinrictorshatterstarandtheultimatecolossusultimateversionofcolossusinthefilmxfilmxicemansmotheraskshimhaveyouevertriednotbeingamutantafterrevealingthatheisamutantthecomicsversionofthecharacterwasthenrevealedtobegayintransgenderissuesalsocomeupwithshapechangerslikemystiquecopycatmarvelcomicscopycatandcourierwhocanchangegenderatwillithasbeensaidthatthecomicbooksandthexmenanimatedseriesdelvedintotheaidsepidemicwithalongrunningplotlineaboutthelegacyvirusaseeminglyincurablediseasethoughtatfirsttoattackonlymutantssimilartotheaidsviruswhichatfirstwasspreadthroughthegaycommunityinthefilmxmenfirstclassbeastcomicshankmccoyisaskedbyhisciabosswhyheneverdisclosedhismutantidentitytheresponsewasdontaskdonttellyoudidntaskididnttellredscareoccasionallyundercurrentsoftheredscarearepresentsenatorrobertkellysproposalofaregistrationactscomicsmutantregistrationactmutantregistrationactissimilartotheeffortsofunitedstatescongresstotrytobancommunismintheunitedstatesinthexmenfilmxmenfilmkellyexclaimswemustknowwhothesemutantsareandwhattheycandoevenbrandishingalistofknownmutantsareferencetosenatorjosephmccarthyslistofcommunistpartyusamemberswhowereworkinginthegovernmentreligionreligionisanintegralpartofseveralxmenstorylinesitispresentedasbothapositiveandnegativeforcesometimesinthesamestorythecomicsexplorereligiousfundamentalismthroughthepersonofwilliamstrykerandhispurifiersanantimutantgroupthatemergedinthegraphicnovelxmengodlovesmankillsgodlovesmankillsthepurifiersbelievethatmutantsarenothumanbeingsbutchildrenofthedevilandhaveattemptedtoexterminatethemseveraltimesmostrecentlyinthechildhoodsendstorylinebycontrastreligionisalsocentraltothelivesofseveralxmensuchasnightcrawleradevoutcatholicanddustcomicsdustadevoutsunnimuslimwhowearsanislamicniqbsubcultureinsomecasesthemutantsofthexmenuniversesoughttocreateasubcultureofthetypicalmutantsocietyportrayedthemorlocksthoughmutantslikethoseattendingxaviersschoolhideawayfromsocietywithinthetunnelsofnewyorkthesemorlocktunnelsserveasthebackdropforseveralxmenstoriesmostnotablymutantmassacrethemutantmassacrecrossoverthisbandofmutantsillustratesanotherdimensiontothecomicthatofagroupthatfurtherneedstoisolateitselfbecausesocietywontacceptitingrantmorrisonsstoriesoftheearlysmutantsareportrayedasadistinctsubculturewithmutantbandsmutantuseofcodenamesastheirprimaryformofselfidentityratherthantheirgivenbirthnamesandapopularmutantfashiondesignerwhocreatedoutfitstailoredtomutantphysiologytheseriesdistrictxdistrictxcomicdistrictxtakesplaceinanareaofnewyorkcitycalledmutanttowntheseinstancescanalsoserveasanalogiesforthewaythatminoritygroupsestablishsubculturesandneighborhoodsoftheirownthatdistinguishthemfromthebroadergeneralculturedirectorbryansingerhasremarkedthatthexmenfranchisehasservedasametaphorforacceptanceofallpeoplefortheirspecialanduniquegiftsthemutantconditionthatisoftenkeptsecretfromtheworldcanbeanalogoustofeelingsofdifferenceandfearusuallydevelopedineveryoneduringadolescencegenocidegenocideanditspsychologicalafteraffectsprimarilysurvivorguiltarerecurringelementsinsomeofthemostsignificantxmenstoryarcsmagnetowasasurvivoroftheholocaustandwitnessedthegenocideofhispeopleseverelyscarringhimemotionallyandleavinghimwithastrongdistrustofhumanitybecauseofthisheconstantlytoesthelinebetweenallyandenemyofthexmentheiconicdaysoffuturepaststorylinesawanalternatefuturewheresentinelscommittedgenocideonmostoftheworldsmutantsinrachelsummersoriginaltimelineshewascapturedbyhumansandturnedintoahoundusedtohuntdownothermutantsinordertocaptureandkillthemleavingherextremelytraumatizedbytheexperienceandknowledgethatsheunwittinglyassistedinthegenocideofherownpeoplebishopschildhoodconsistedofhimbeingtrappedinamutantconcentrationcampleavinghimsoemotionallyscarredasanadultthatuponreturningtothepasthewaspreparedtoxmenmessiahcomplexkillababywhomighthavecausedhisfuturewhencassandranovacommittedgenocideongenoshatheeventleftbothemmafrostandpolariscomicspolaristraumatizedbysurvivorsguiltastheywereamongstthelimitedfewsurvivorswhiletakingsometimeoffingermanynightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerwitnessedthegenocideofnumerousmutantstheeventlefthimasanemotionalshellofwhoheusedtobebecauseofthetraumaofwhathewitnesseduntilhehadpsychictherapywithjeangreytimedisplacedjeangreyjeantohelphimcopeothercharacterswhohaveeithercommittedorhavesurvivedgenocideincludemystiquecallistocomicscallistoapocalypseonslaughtbastioncomicsbastionmistersinisterhopesummerscableandthephoenixforcecomicsphoenixforceculturalimpacttheinsecurityandanxietiesinmarvelsearlyscomicbookssuchasfantasticfourcomicbookthefantasticfourtheamazingspidermantheincrediblehulkcomicbooktheincrediblehulkandxmenusheredinanewtypeofsuperheroverydifferentfromthecertainandallpowerfulsuperheroesbeforethemandchangedthepublicsperceptionofsuperheroesseealsoxmeninothermedialistofmarvelcomicssuperherodebutsdoompatrolasimilarteamofsuperpoweredmisfitsappearingincomicspublishedbydccomicsreferencesfurtherreadingnotecontainsachapteronthexmenwithspecialemphasisonjewishcharactersmagnetoandshadowcatexternallinksnavboxeslistmultipleimagedirectionhorizontalalignrightimagebbfcxpngwidthaltbbfcxsymbolimagebbfcxpngwidthaltbbfcxsymbolfootertwoxsymbolsusedbythebritishboardoffilmclassificationandrespectivelyinsomecountriesxisorhasbeenamotionpictureratingsystemmotionpictureratingreservedforthemostexplicitfilmsfilmsratedxareintendedonlyforviewingbyadultsusuallydefinedaspeopleovertheageoforaustraliatheaustralianclassificationboardaustralianclassificationboardacbformerlyknownastheoflcagovernmentinstitutionissuesratingsforallmoviesandtelevisionshowsexhibitedtelevisedsoldorhiredinaustraliamaterialshowingexplicitnonsimulatedconsensualsexthatispornographicinnatureisratedxpeopleundermaynotbuyrentexhibitorviewthesefilmstheexhibitionorsaleofthesefilmstopeopleundertheageofyearsisacriminaloffencecarryingamaximumfineoffilmsclassifiedasxarebannedfrombeingsoldorrentedinmostaustralianstatestheyarelegallyavailabletobesoldorhiredintheaustraliancapitalterritoryandthenorthernterritoryimportingxmaterialfromtheseterritoriestoanyoftheaustralianstatesislegalastheconstitutionofaustraliaconstitutionforbidsanyrestrictionsontradebetweenthestatesandterritoriesthexratingdoesnotexistforvideogamesfrancefilmsmaybeshownintheatersinfranceonlyafterclassificationbyanadministrativecommissionoftheministryofcultureinthexclassificationofficiallypornographicorviolenceincitingmovieswascreatedforpornographicmoviesormovieswithsuccessionsofscenesofgraphicviolencethecommissionhassomeleewayinclassificationitmayforinstancetakeintoaccounttheartisticqualitiesofamovienottocountitpornographicmovieswithanxratingmayonlybeshowninspecifictheaterswhichhardlyexistnowadaysinfrancetheybearspecialtaxesandtaxratesincludingataxonrevenueinsomeconservativeassociationssuedthegovernmentforgrantingthemoviebaisemoiwhichcontainedgraphicrealisticscenesofsexandviolenceanonxclassificationthecouncilofstatefranceconseildtatatlitigationruledthatthemovieshouldhavebeenratedxthedecisionwashighlycontroversialandsomesuggestedchangingthelawunderwhichitwasratedunitedkingdomtheoriginalxcertificatereplacingthehcertificatewasissuedbetweenandbythebritishboardoffilmcensorsintheunitedkingdomitwasintroducedasaresultofthewhearereportonfilmcensorshipfromtoitmeantsuitableforthoseagedandoverandfromtoitwasredefinedasmeaningsuitableforthoseagedandoverthexcertificatewasreplacedinnovemberbythebritishboardoffilmclassificationcertificatesometimestheratingofafilmhaschangedsignificantlyovertimeforexamplethefrenchfilmjulesandjimreceivedanxratinginthatwaschangedtoaratedpgpgratingininsomeearlycasesfilmspoliticallymotivatedreceivedanxratingthebattleshippotemkinwasrejectedforinflammatorysubtitlesandbolshevistbolshevikpropagandainratedxinandfinallyratedpginunitedstatesintheunitedstatesthexratingwasappliedtoafilmthatcontainedcontentjudgedunsuitableforchildrensuchasextremeviolencestronglyimpliedsexandgraphiclanguagewhenthemotionpictureassociationofamericafilmratingsystemmpaafilmratingsystembeganinamericaonnovemberthexratingwasgiventoafilmbythemotionpictureassociationofamericampaaifsubmittedtoitorduetoitsnontrademarkedstatusitcouldbeselfappliedtoafilmbyadistributorthatknewbeforehandthatitsfilmcontainedcontentunsuitableforminorsfromthenewhollywoodlatestoaboutthesinfilmmidsmanymainstreamfilmswerereleasedwithanxratingsuchasmidnightcowboylastofthemobilehotshotsbeyondthevalleyofthedollsaclockworkorangefilmaclockworkorangefritzthecatfilmfritzthecatlasttangoinparisandtheevildeadfilmtheevildeadfilmsthatachievedcriticalandcommercialsuccesswerelaterreratedrafterminorcutsincludingmidnightcowboyandaclockworkorangethethreatofanxratingalsoencouragedfilmmakerstoreedittheirfilmstoachieveanrratingonenotableexampleofthiswasthesatiricalactionfilmrobocopwhichhadtobeeditedeleventimesbeforeitcouldattainanrratingbecausethexratingwasnottrademarkedanybodycouldapplyittotheirfilmsincludingpornographersasmanybegantodointhesaspornographybegantobecomechicandmorelegallyandcommerciallytoleratedpornographersplacedanxratingontheirfilmstoemphasizetheadultcontentsomeevenstartedusingmultiplexsiexxxxxetctogivetheimpressionthattheirfilmcontainedmoregraphicsexualcontentthanthesimplexratinginsomecasesthexratingswereappliedbyreviewersorfilmscholarsegwilliamrotslerwhowrotethexxxratingmeanshardcorepornographyhardcorethexxratingisforsoftcorepornographysimulationandanxratingisforcomparativelycoolfilmsnothingbeyondthesimplexratinghaseverbeenofficiallyrecognizedbythempaabecauseoftheheavyuseofthexratingbypornographersitbecameassociatedlargelywithpornographicfilmssothatnonpornographicfilmsgivenanxratingwouldhavefewertheaterswillingtobookthemandfewervenuesforadvertisingmoreovermanynewspapersrefusedtoadvertisexratedfilmsthisledtoanumberoffilmsbeingreleasedunratedsometimeswithawarningthatthefilmcontainedcontentforadultsonlyinresponsethempaaeventuallyagreedintoanewmotionpictureassociationofamericafilmratingsystemxreplacedbyncncratingthatwouldbetrademarkedandcouldonlybeappliedbythempaaitselfbytrademarkingtheratingthempaacommittedtodefendingancfilmchargedwithviolatingobscenitylawsseealsocensorshipmotionpictureproductioncodeproductioncodereeditedfilmprofanitystronglanguagetelevisioncontentratingsystemxxxtoplevelinternetdomainreferencesexternallinksscreenonlineorgukfilmidindexhtmlscreenonlinearticleaboutthexcertificaterefusedclassificationcomrefusedclassificationwebsitecoveringinvaryingdetailmanyfilmsthathaverunfouloftheaustralianofficeoffilmandliteratureclassificationwithseparatesectionsforhardcorefilmsandvideogameslatimescombusinesslafiadelphiafebstorycolllahomeheadlinesexplanationofxratingsintheuscomstockfilmscomblogtonyhowxratedcametomeanpornandthedeathofmoviesforgrownupshowxratedcametomeanpornandthedeathofmoviesforgrownupsabriefhistoryofthesocialandlegalforcesthatdroveadultthemesoutofthelegitimatecinemabyfilmdirectortonycomstocknewscomautechnologygamingbanlifteditonlytookyearsbutgovernmentgivesrvideogamesthegoaheadstoryefrfrtaustraliangovernmentsaysyestorvideogamesbillredirectxrayredirectcategoryshellinfoboxnumbernumbercardinalzeronoughtnaughtnilordinalzerothnoughthdivisorallnumberslangarabicnumeralsarabiccentralkurdishkurdishlangsymbollangurdunumeralsurdulangsymbollangbengalilanguagebengalilangsymbollangindiannumeralshindunumeralslangsymbollangchinesenumeralschineselangsymbollangjapanesenumeralsjapaneselangsymbollangkhmernumeralskhmerlangsymbollangthainumeralsthailangsymbolzeroisbothanumberandthenumericaldigitusedtorepresentthatnumberinnumeralsystemnumeralsthenumberfulfillsacentralroleinmathematicsastheadditiveidentityoftheintegersrealnumbersandmanyotheralgebraicstructuresasadigitisusedasaplaceholderinpositionalnotationplacevaluesystemsnamesforthenumberinenglishincludezeronoughtuknaughtusnilorincontextswhereatleastoneadjacentdigitdistinguishesitfromtheletteroohoroinformalorslangtermsforzeroincludezilchandziprefcitebookeditorfirstcatherineeditorlastsoaneseditorfirstmauriceeditorlastwaiteeditorfirstsaraeditorlasthawkertitletheoxforddictionarythesaurusandwordpowerguidetypehardbackeditionndyearpublisheroxforduniversitypresslocationnewyorkisbnrefoughtandaughtaswellascipherhavealsobeenusedhistoricallyetymologythewordzerocameintotheenglishlanguageviafrenchzrofromitalianlanguageitalianzeroitaliancontractionofvenetianzeveroformofitalianzefiroviaafiraorifrrefseedouglasharperetymonlinecomindexphpallowedinframesearchzerosearchmodenonezeroetymologydictionaryquotefigurewhichstandsfornaughtinthearabicnotationalsotheabsenceofallquantityconsideredasquantitycfromfrenchzroordirectlyfromitalianzerofrommedievallatinzephirumfromarabicsifrciphertranslationofsanskritsunyamemptyplacedesertnaughtrefinpreislamictimethewordifrarabichadthemeaningemptysifrevolvedtomeanzerowhenitwasusedtotranslatenyasanskritfromindiarefnamesmithsonianseesmithsonianinstitutionannualreportoftheboardofregentsofthesmithsonianinstitutionharvarduniversityarchivesquotesifroccursinthemeaningofemptyeveninthepreislamictimearabicsifrinthemeaningofzeroisatranslationofthecorrespondingindiasunyajangullbergmathematicsfromthebirthofnumberswwnortoncopagequotezeroderivesfromhindusunyameaningvoidemptinessviaarabicsifrlatincephirumitalianzeverorobertloganthepoetryofphysicsandthephysicsofpoetryworldscientificpagequotetheideaofsunyaandplacenumberswastransmittedtothearabswhotranslatedsunyaorleaveaspaceintotheirlanguageassifrrefthefirstknownenglishuseofzerowasintheitalianmathematicianfibonaccicwhogrewupinnorthafricaandiscreditedwithintroducingthedecimalsystemtoeuropeusedthetermzephyrumthisbecamezefiroinitalianandwasthencontractedtozeroinvenetiantheitalianwordwiktzefirozefirowasalreadyinexistencemeaningwestwindfromlatinandgreekanemoizephyrusandmayhaveinfluencedthespellingwhentranscribingarabicifrrefnameifrahrefmodernusagetherearedifferentwordsusedforthenumberorconceptofzerodependingonthecontextforthesimplenotionoflackingthewordsnothingandnoneareoftenusedsometimesthewordsnoughtnaughtandaughtareusedseveralsportshavespecificwordsforzerosuchasnilinassociationfootballsoccerloveinlawntennistennisandaduckincricketsportcricketitisoftencalledohinthecontextoftelephonenumbersslangwordsforzeroincludezipzilchnadaandscratchduckeggandgooseeggarealsoslangforzerohistorylinkedfromhistoryofzerortosectionancientneareaststylefloatrightclearrighttextaligncenterborderpxsolidalignrightcellspacingcellpaddingnfrbrnbspheartwithtracheabrbeautifulpleasantgoodhierofhieroancientegyptiannumeralsweredecimalbasetheyusedhieroglyphsforthedigitsandwerenotpositionalnotationpositionalbynbspbctheegyptianshadasymbolforzeroinaccountingtextsthesymbolnfrmeaningbeautifulwasalsousedtoindicatethebaselevelindrawingsoftombsandpyramidsanddistancesweremeasuredrelativetothebaselineasbeingaboveorbelowthislinebythemiddleofthendmillenniumbcthebabylonianmathematicshadasophisticatedsexagesimalpositionalnumeralsystemthelackofapositionalvalueorzerowasindicatedbyaspacebetweensexagesimalnumeralsbynbspbcapunctuationsymboltwoslantedwedgeswascooptedasafreevariablesandboundvariablesplaceholderinthesamebabyloniannumeralsbabyloniansysteminatabletunearthedatkishsumerkishdatingfromaboutnbspbcthescribeblbnapluwrotehiszeroswiththreehooksratherthantwoslantedwedgesrefnamemultirefkaplanrobertthenothingthatisanaturalhistoryofzerooxfordoxforduniversitypressrefthebabylonianplaceholderwasnotatruezerobecauseitwasnotusedalonenorwasitusedattheendofanumberthusnumberslikeandandandlookedthesamebecausethelargernumberslackedafinalsexagesimalplaceholderonlycontextcoulddifferentiatethemprecolumbianamericasstelacfromtreszapotesthesecondoldestmesoamericanlongcountcalendarlongcountdatediscoveredthenumeralstranslatetoseptembernbspbcjuliantheglyphssurroundingthedatearethoughttobeoneofthefewsurvivingexamplesofisthmianscriptepiolmecscriptthemesoamericanlongcountcalendardevelopedinsouthcentralmexicoandcentralamericarequiredtheuseofzeroasaplaceholderwithinitsvigesimalbasepositionalnumeralsystemmanydifferentglyphsincludingthispartialquatrefoilwereusedasazerosymbolfortheselongcountdatestheearliestofwhichonstelaatchiapadecorzochiapashasadateofnbspbcsincetheeightearliestlongcountdatesappearoutsidethemayahomelanditisgenerallybelievedthattheuseofzerointheamericaspredatedthemayaandwaspossiblytheinventionoftheolmecsmanyoftheearliestlongcountdateswerefoundwithintheolmecheartlandalthoughtheolmeccivilizationendedbytheseveralcenturiesbeforetheearliestknownlongcountdatesalthoughzerobecameanintegralpartofmayanumeralswithadifferentemptytortoiselikeplastronshellshapeusedformanydepictionsofthezeronumeralitisassumedtohavenotinfluencedoldworldnumeralsystemsquipuaknottedcorddeviceusedintheincaempireanditspredecessorsocietiesintheandesandeanregiontorecordaccountingandotherdigitaldataisencodedinadecimalbasetenpositionalsystemzeroisrepresentedbytheabsenceofaknotintheappropriatepositionclassicalantiquitytheancientgreeceancientgreekshadnosymbolforzeroanddidnotuseadigitplaceholderforittheyseemedunsureaboutthestatusofzeroasanumbertheyaskedthemselveshowcannothingbesomethingleadingtophilosophicalandbythemedievalperiodreligiousargumentsaboutthenatureandexistenceofzeroandthevacuumthezenosparadoxesparadoxesofzenoofeleadependinlargepartontheuncertaininterpretationofzerobynbspadptolemyinfluencedbyhipparchusandthebabylonianswasusingasymbolforzeroasmallcirclewithalongoverbarinhisworkonmathematicalastronomycalledthesyntaxismathematicaalsoknownasthealmagestthewayinwhichitisusedcanbeseeninhisptolemystableofchordstableofchordsinthatbookptolemyszerowasusedwithinasexagesimalnumeralsystemotherwiseusingalphabeticgreeknumeralsbecauseitwasusedalonenotjustasaplaceholderthisgreeknumeralshellenisticzerohellenisticzerowasperhapstheearliestdocumenteduseofanumeralrepresentingzerointheoldworldhoweverthepositionswereusuallylimitedtothefractionalpartofanumbercalledminutessecondsthirdsfourthsetctheywerenotusedfortheintegralpartofanumberindicatingaconceptperhapsbetterexpressedasnoneratherthanzerointhemodernsenseinlaterbyzantineempirebyzantinemanuscriptsofptolemysalmagestthehellenisticzerohadmorphedintothegreekletteromicronotherwisemeaninganotherzerowasusedintablesalongsideromannumeralszeroromannumeralsbyfirstknownusebydionysiusexiguusbutasawordnullameaningnothingnotasasymbolwhendivisionproducedzeroasaremaindernihilalsomeaningnothingwasusedthesemedievalzeroswereusedbyallfuturemedievalcomputuscalculatorsofeastertheinitialnwasusedasazerosymbolinatableofromannumeralsbybedeorhiscolleaguesaroundnbspchinabasedontheexampleprovidedbyahistoryofmathematicsanemptyspaceisusedtorepresentzerothesunzisuanjingsnzsunjngofunknowndatebutestimatedtobedatedfromthesttoandjapaneserecordsdatedfromthethnbspcenturydescribehowthechinesecountingrodssystemenablesonetoperformdecimalcalculationsaccordingtoahistoryofmathematicstherodsgavethedecimalrepresentationofanumberwithanemptyspacedenotingzerorefnamehodgkinrefthecountingrodsystemisconsideredapositionalnotationsysteminadwuzetianempresswpromulgatedchinesecharactersofempresswuzetiancharactersoneofwhichwasthewordisnowusedasasynonymforthenumberzerozerowasnottreatedasanumberatthattimebutasavacantpositionindiapingalacrdndcenturybcasanskritprosodyscholarusedbinarynumeralsystembinarynumbersintheformofshortandlongsyllablesthelatterequalinlengthtotwoshortsyllablesanotationsimilartomorsecodepingalausedthesanskritwordnyatnyaexplicitlytorefertozeroitwasconsideredthattheearliesttexttouseadecimalpositionalnotationplacevaluesystemincludingazeroisthelokavibhagalokavibhgaajaintextoncosmologysurvivinginamedievalsanskrittranslationoftheprakritoriginalwhichisinternallydatedtoadnbspsakaerainthistextnyatnyavoidemptyisalsousedtorefertozeroasymbolforzeroalargedotlikelytobetheprecursorofthestillcurrenthollowsymbolisusedthroughoutthebakhshalimanuscriptapracticalmanualonarithmeticformerchantsthedateofwhichwasuncertaininthreesamplesfromthemanuscriptwereshownbyradiocarbondatingtocomefromthreedifferentcenturiesfromadadandadmakingittheworldsoldestrecordeduseofthezerosymbolitisnotknownhowthebirchbarkfragmentsfromdifferentcenturiesthatformthemanuscriptcametobepackagedtogethertheoriginofthemoderndecimalbasedplacevaluenotationcanbetracedtothearyabhatiyacnbspwhichstatessthntsthnadaaguasytfromplacetoplaceeachistentimestheprecedingtheconceptofzeroasadigitinthedecimalplacevaluenotationwasdevelopedinindiansubcontinentindiapresumablyasearlyasduringtheguptaperiodwiththeoldestunambiguousevidencedatingtothethnbspcenturyrefnamebourbakibourbakinicolaselementsofthehistoryofmathematicspbritannicaconciseencyclopediaentryalgebrareftherulesgoverningtheuseofzeroappearedforthefirsttimeinbrahmaguptasbrahmasphutasiddhantabrahmasputhasiddhantathnbspcenturythisworkconsidersnotonlyzerobutnegativenumbersandthealgebraicrulesfortheelementaryoperationsofarithmeticwithsuchnumbersinsomeinstanceshisrulesdifferfromthemodernstandardspecificallythedefinitionofthevalueofzerodivisionbyzerodividedbyzeroaszerorefnamebrahmaguptabooksgooglecombooksidacaaaaamaajprintsecfrontcoverdqbrahmaguptaalgebrawitharithmeticofbrahmaguptaandbhaskaratranslatedtoenglishbyhenrythomascolebrookelondonrefepigraphycorrespondstoadnbsptheearliestknownmaterialuseofzeroasadecimalfiguretherearenumerouscopperplateinscriptionswiththesamesmallointhemsomeofthempossiblydatedtothethnbspcenturybuttheirdateorauthenticitymaybeopentodoubtastonetabletfoundintheruinsofatemplenearsamboronthemekongkratiprovincecambodiaincludestheinscriptionofinkhmernumeralsasetofnumeralglyphsofthehindunumeralsfamilythenumberistheyearoftheinscriptioninthesakaeracorrespondingtoadateofadnbsprefnamecambodiacdsgeorgesaproposdeloriginedeschiffresarabesbulletinoftheschooloforientalstudiesuniversityoflondonvolnoppdilleranthonynewzerosandoldkhmerthemonkhmerstudiesjournalvolpprefthefirstknownuseofspecialglyphsforthedecimaldigitsthatincludestheindubitableappearanceofasymbolforthedigitzeroasmallcircleappearsonastoneinscriptionfoundatthechaturbhujtempleorchhachaturbhujatempleatgwaliorinindiadatedzeroisalsousedasaplaceholderinthebakhshalimanuscriptportionsofwhichdatefromadmiddleagestransmissiontoislamicculturethearabiclanguageinheritanceofsciencewaslargelygreecegreekfollowedbyhinduinfluencesrefnamedurantwilldurantthestoryofcivilizationvolumetheageoffaithconstantinetodanteadsimonschusterpquotethearabicinheritanceofsciencewasoverwhelminglygreekbuthinduinfluencesrankednextinatmansursbehesttranslationsweremadeofthesiddhantasindianastronomicaltreatisesdatingasfarbackasbctheseversionsmayhavethevehiclethroughwhichthearabicnumeralsandthezerowerebroughtfromindiaintoislaminalkhwarizmiusedthehindunumeralsinhisastronomicaltablesrefinatalmansursbehesttranslationsweremadeofmanyancienttreatisesincludinggreekromanindianandothersinadastronomicaltableswerepreparedbyapersianpeoplepersianmathematicianmuammadibnmsalkhwrizmusinghindunumeralsandabouthepublishedabooksynthesizinggreekandhinduknowledgeandalsocontainedhisowncontributiontomathematicsincludinganexplanationoftheuseofzerothisbookwaslatertranslatedintolatininthethnbspcenturyunderthetitlealgoritmidenumeroindorumthistitlemeansalkhwarizmionthenumeralsoftheindiansthewordalgoritmiwasthetranslatorslatinizationofalkhwarizmisnameandthewordalgorithmoralgorismstartedmeaninganyarithmeticbasedondecimalsmuhammadibnahmadalkhwarizmiinstatedthatifnonumberappearsintheplaceoftensinacalculationalittlecircleshouldbeusedtokeeptherowsthiscirclewascalledifrtransmissiontoeuropethehinduarabicnumeralsystembasereachedeuropeinthethcenturyviatheiberianpeninsulathroughspanishmuslimsthemoorstogetherwithknowledgeofastronomyandinstrumentsliketheastrolabefirstimportedbypopesylvesteriigerbertofaurillacforthisreasonthenumeralscametobeknownineuropeasarabicnumeralstheitalianmathematicianfibonacciorleonardoofpisawasinstrumentalinbringingthesystemintoeuropeanmathematicsinstatingblockquoteaftermyfathersappointmentbyhishomelandasstateofficialinthecustomshouseofbugiaforthepisanmerchantswhothrongedtoithetookchargeandinviewofitsfutureusefulnessandconveniencehadmeinmyboyhoodcometohimandtherewantedmetodevotemyselftoandbeinstructedinthestudyofcalculationforsomedaystherefollowingmyintroductionasaconsequenceofmarvelousinstructioninthearttotheninedigitsofthehindustheknowledgeoftheartverymuchappealedtomebeforeallothersandforitirealizedthatallitsaspectswerestudiedinegyptsyriagreecesicilyandprovencewiththeirvaryingmethodsandattheseplacesthereafterwhileonbusinessipursuedmystudyindepthandlearnedthegiveandtakeofdisputationbutallthisevenandthealgorismaswellastheartofpythagorasiconsideredasalmostamistakeinrespecttothemethodofthehinduismhindusmodusindorumthereforeembracingmorestringentlythatmethodofthehindusandtakingstricterpainsinitsstudywhileaddingcertainthingsfrommyownunderstandingandinsertingalsocertainthingsfromthenicetiesofeuclidsgeometricartihavestriventocomposethisbookinitsentiretyasunderstandablyasicoulddividingitintofifteenchaptersalmosteverythingwhichihaveintroducedihavedisplayedwithexactproofinorderthatthosefurtherseekingthisknowledgewithitspreeminentmethodmightbeinstructedandfurtherinorderthatthelatinpeoplemightnotbediscoveredtobewithoutitastheyhavebeenuptonowifihaveperchanceomittedanythingmoreorlessproperornecessaryibegindulgencesincethereisnoonewhoisblamelessandutterlyprovidentinallthingsthenineindianfiguresarewiththeseninefiguresandwiththesignnbspanynumbermaybewrittenblockquotehereleonardoofpisausesthephrasesignindicatingitislikeasigntodooperationslikeadditionormultiplicationfromthethnbspcenturymanualsoncalculationaddingmultiplyingextractingrootsetcbecamecommonineuropewheretheywerecalledalgorismusafterthepersianmathematicianalkhwrizmthemostpopularwaswrittenbyjohannesdesacroboscoaboutandwasoneoftheearliestscientificbookstobeprintedinuntilthelatethnbspcenturyhinduarabicnumeralsseemtohavepredominatedamongmathematicianswhilemerchantspreferredtousetheromannumeralsinthethnbspcenturytheybecamecommonlyusedineuropemathematicsistheintegerimmediatelyprecedingnumberparityofzerozeroisanevennumberbecauseitisdivisiblebynumberwithnoremainderisneitherpositivenornegativebymostdefinitionsrefcitebooktitlethehistoricalrootsofelementarymathematicsfirstlucasnicolaashendriklastbuntfirstphillipslastjonesfirstjackdlastbedientpublishercourierdoverpublicationsyearisbnpagesurlbooksgooglecombooksidxarilpcndycbooksgooglecombooksidxarilpcndycpgpaextractofpagesrefisanaturalnumberandthentheonlynaturalnumbernottobepositivezeroisanumberwhichquantifiesacountoranamountofemptysetnullsizeinmosthistoryofmathematicscultureswasidentifiedbeforetheideaofnegativethingsorquantitieslessthanzerowasacceptedthevalueornumberzeroisnotthesameasthedigitzerousedinnumeralsystemsusingpositionalnotationsuccessivepositionsofdigitshavehigherweightssoinsideanumeralthedigitzeroisusedtoskipapositionandgiveappropriateweightstotheprecedingandfollowingdigitsazerodigitisnotalwaysnecessaryinapositionalnumbersystemforexampleinthenumberinsomeinstancesaleadingzeromaybeusedtodistinguishanumberelementaryalgebrathenumberisthesmallestnonnegativeintegerthenaturalnumberfollowingisandnonaturalnumberprecedesthenumbernaturalnumberhistoryofnaturalnumbersandthestatusofzeromayormaynotbeconsideredanaturalnumberbutitisawholenumberandhencearationalnumberandarealnumberaswellasanalgebraicnumberandacomplexnumberthenumberisneitherpositivenornegativeandisusuallydisplayedasthecentralnumberinanumberlineitisneitheraprimenumbernoracompositenumberitcannotbeprimebecauseithasaninfinityinfinitenumberofdivisorfactorsandcannotbecompositebecauseitcannotbeexpressedasaproductofprimenumbersmustalwaysbeoneofthefactorszeroishoweverparitymathematicsevenaswellasbeingamultipleofanyotherintegerrationalorrealnumberthefollowingaresomebasicelementaryrulesfordealingwiththenumbertheserulesapplyforanyrealorcomplexnumberxunlessotherwisestatedadditionxxxthatisisanidentityelementorneutralelementwithrespecttoadditionsubtractionxxandxxmultiplicationxxdivisionfornonzeroxbutisdefinedandundefinedundefinedbecausehasnomultiplicativeinversenorealnumbermultipliedbyproducesaconsequenceofthepreviousruleexponentiationxsupsupexceptthatthecasexmaybeleftundefinedinsometothepowerofcontextsforallpositiverealxtheexpressionwhichmaybeobtainedinanattempttodeterminethelimitofanexpressionoftheformasaresultofapplyingthelimitofafunctionlimoperatorindependentlytobothoperandsofthefractionisasocalledindeterminateformthatdoesnotsimplymeanthatthelimitsoughtisnecessarilyundefinedratheritmeansthatthelimitofifitexistsmustbefoundbyanothermethodsuchaslhpitalsrulethesumofnumberstheemptysumisandtheproductofnumberstheemptyproductisthefactorialevaluatestoasaspecialcaseoftheemptyproductotherbranchesofmathematicsinsettheoryisthecardinalityoftheemptysetifonedoesnothaveanyapplesthenonehasapplesinfactincertainaxiomaticdevelopmentsofmathematicsfromsettheoryisdefinitiondefinedtobetheemptysetwhenthisisdonetheemptysetisthevonneumanncardinalassignmentforasetwithnoelementswhichistheemptysetthecardinalityfunctionappliedtotheemptysetreturnstheemptysetasavaluetherebyassigningitelementsalsoinsettheoryisthelowestordinalnumbercorrespondingtotheemptysetviewedasawellorderwellorderedsetinpropositionalcalculuspropositionallogicmaybeusedtodenotethetruthvaluefalseinabstractalgebraiscommonlyusedtodenoteazeroelementwhichisaidentityelementneutralelementforadditionifdefinedonthestructureunderconsiderationandanabsorbingelementformultiplicationifdefinedinlatticeorderlatticetheorymaydenotethegreatestelementbottomelementofalatticeorderboundedlatticeincategorytheoryissometimesusedtodenoteaninitialandterminalobjectsinitialobjectofacategorymathematicscategoryinrecursiontheorycanbeusedtodenotetheturingdegreeofthecomputablefunctionpartialcomputablefunctionsrelatedmathematicaltermsarootofafunctionzeroofafunctionfisapointxinthedomainofthefunctionsuchthatwhentherearefinitelymanyzerosthesearecalledtherootsofthefunctionthisisrelatedtozerocomplexanalysiszerosofaholomorphicfunctionthezerofunctionorzeromaponadomaindistheconstantfunctionwithasitsonlypossibleoutputvalueiethefunctionfdefinedbyforallxindthezerofunctionistheonlyfunctionthatisbothevenfunctionevenandoddfunctionoddaparticularzerofunctionisazeromorphismincategorytheoryegazeromapistheidentityintheadditivegroupoffunctionsthedeterminantonnoninvertiblematrixmathematicssquarematricesisazeromapseveralbranchesofmathematicshavezeroelementswhichgeneralizeeitherthepropertyxorthepropertyorbothphysicsthevaluezeroplaysaspecialroleformanyphysicalquantitiesforsomequantitiesthezerolevelisnaturallydistinguishedfromallotherlevelswhereasforothersitismoreorlessarbitrarilychosenforexampleforanthermodynamictemperatureabsolutetemperatureasmeasuredinkelvinsabsolutezerozeroisthelowestpossiblevaluenegativetemperaturesaredefinedbutnegativetemperaturesystemsarenotactuallycolderthisisincontrasttoforexampletemperaturesonthecelsiusscalewherezeroisarbitrarilydefinedtobeatthemeltingpointfreezingpointofwatermeasuringsoundintensityindecibelsorphonsthezerolevelisarbitrarilysetatareferencevalueforexampleatavalueforthethresholdofhearinginphysicsthezeropointenergyisthelowestpossibleenergythataquantummechanicsquantummechanicalphysicalsystemmaypossessandistheenergyofthestationarystategroundstateofthesystemchemistryzerohasbeenproposedastheatomicnumberofthetheoreticalelementtetraneutronithasbeenshownthataclusteroffourneutronsmaybestableenoughtobeconsideredanatominitsownrightthiswouldcreateanchemicalelementelementwithnoprotonsandnochargeonitsatomicnucleusnucleusasearlyasandreasvonantropoffcoinedthetermneutroniumforaconjecturedformofmattermadeupofneutronswithnoprotonswhichheplacedasthechemicalelementofatomicnumberzeroattheheadofhisnewversionoftheperiodictableitwassubsequentlyplacedasanoblegasinthemiddleofseveralspiralrepresentationsoftheperiodicsystemforclassifyingthechemicalelementscomputersciencethemostcommonpracticethroughouthumanhistoryhasbeentostartcountingatoneandthisisthepracticeinearlyclassiccomputerscienceprogramminglanguagessuchasfortranandcobolhoweverinthelateslispintroducedzerobasednumberingforarrayswhilealgolintroducedcompletelyflexiblebasingforarraysubscriptsallowinganypositivenegativeorzerointegerasbaseforarraysubscriptsandmostsubsequentprogramminglanguagesadoptedoneorotherofthesepositionsforexampletheelementsofanarraydatatypearrayarenumberedstartingfrominccomputerlanguagecsothatforanarrayofnitemsthesequenceofarrayindicesrunsfromtothispermitsanarrayelementslocationtobecalculatedbyaddingtheindexdirectlytoaddressofthearraywhereasbasedlanguagesprecalculatethearraysbaseaddresstobethepositiononeelementbeforethefirsttherecanbeconfusionbetweenandbasedindexingforexamplejavasjdbcindexesparametersfromalthoughjavaprogramminglanguagejavaitselfusesbasedindexingindatabasesitispossibleforafieldnottohaveavalueitisthensaidtohaveanullsqlnullvaluefornumericfieldsitisnotthevaluezerofortextfieldsthisisnotblanknortheemptystringthepresenc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rmonthseventuallycomingtoaconclusionjanuaryndashkennethkaundaisinauguratedasthefirstprimeministerofnorthernrhodesiajanuarypopepaulviinstitutestheworlddayofprayerforvocationsduringthiscelebrationthepoperemindstheuniversalchurchthatstilltodaysalvationcomestoeveryoneitcontinuestobecelebratedeveryfourthsundayofeasteralsoknownasgoodshepherdsundaythirteenyearsafteritsproposalandnearlytwoyearsafteritspassagebytheunitedstatessenatethethamendmenttotheunitedstatesconstitutionprohibitingtheuseofpolltaxunitedstatespolltaxesinnationalelectionsisratifiedarthurmillersafterthefallplayafterthefallopensoffbroadwayasemiautobiographicalworkitarousescontroversyoverhisportrayaloflateexwifemarilynmonroejanuaryfranceandthepeoplesrepublicofchinaannouncetheirdecisiontoestablishdiplomaticrelationsussenatormargaretchasesmithannounceshercandidacyfortherepublicanpresidentialnominationjanuaryndashausairforcejettrainingplanethatstraysintoeastgermanyisshotdownbysovietfightersnearerfurtallthreecrewmenarekilledjanuaryfebruaryndashthewinterolympicsareheldininnsbruckaustriajanuarythesovietunionlaunchestwoscientificsatelliteselektroniandiifromasinglerocketrangerislaunchedbynasaonamissiontocarrytelevisioncamerasandcrashlandonthemoonjanuaryndashgeneralnguynkhnhleadsabloodlessmilitarycoupdtatreplacingdngvnminhasprimeministerofsouthvietnamfebruaryfebruaryndashthebeatlesvaulttothespotontheussingleschartsforthefirsttimewithiwanttoholdyourhandstartingthebritishinvasionintheunitedstatesfebruaryndashprotestingagainstallegeddefactoschoolracialsegregationblackandpuertoricangroupsinnewyorkcityboycottpublicschoolgovernmentfundedpublicschoolsfebruaryndashthefederalgovernmentoftheunitedstatesgovernmentoftheunitedstatesauthorizesthetwentyfourthamendmenttotheunitedstatesconstitutionoutlawingthepolltaxunitedstatespolltaxfebruaryndashindiabacksoutofitspromisetoholdaplebisciteinthedisputedterritoryofkashmirinindiahadtakentheissueofkashmirtotheunitednationssecuritycouncilandofferedtoholdaplebisciteintheheldkashmirunderunsupervisionfebruaryndashcubacutsoffthenormalwatersupplytotheunitedstatesguantanamobaynavalbaseinreprisalfortheusseizuredaysearlierofcubanfishingboatsoffthecoastoffloridafebruaryajacksonmississippijurytryingbyrondelabeckwithforthemurderofmedgareversinjunereportsthatitcannotreachaverdictresultinginamistrialthebeatlesarrivefromtheukatnewyorkcitysjfkinternationalairportreceivingatumultuousreceptionfromathrongofscreamingfansmarkingthefirstoccurrenceofbeatlemaniaintheunitedstatesfebruaryndashthebeatlesappearontheedsullivanshowmarkingtheirfirstliveperformanceonamericantelevisionseenbyanestimatedviewerstheappearancebecomesthecatalystforthemidsbritishinvasionofamericanpopularmusicfebruarygreeksandturksbeginfightinginlimassolcyprustherepublicofchinataiwanseversdiplomaticrelationswithfrancebecauseoffrenchrecognitionofthepeoplesrepublicofchinafebruarywesberryvsandersusthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesrulesthatcongressoftheunitedstatescongressionaldistrictshavetobeapproximatelyequalinpopulationgabonesepresidentlonmbaistoppledbygaboncoupdtatamilitarycoupandhisarchrivaljeanhilaireaubameisinstalledinhisplacehoweverfrenchinterventionrestoresmbasgovernmentthenextdayfebruaryndashchryslerschryslerhemienginetheelephantsecondgenerationhemiracingenginedebutsatthedaytonadaytonathehemipoweredplymouthautomobileplymouthofrichardpettywinshemipoweredplymouthsfinishfebruaryndashcassiusclaylatermuhammadalibeatssonnylistoninmiamibeachfloridaandisaliversuslistoncrownedtheheavyweightchampionoftheworldfebruaryndashuspoliticianjohnglennslipsonabathroomruginhiscolumbusohioapartmentandhitshisheadonthebathtubinjuringhisleftinnerearandpromptinghimlaterthatweektowithdrawfromtheraceforthedemocraticpartyunitedstatesdemocraticpartysenatenominationfebruaryndashtheitaliangovernmentasksforhelptokeeptheleaningtowerofpisafromtopplingoverfebruaryndashuspresidentlyndonbjohnsonannouncesthattheunitedstateshasdevelopedajetairplanetheyfaacapableofsustainedflightatmorethanandofaltitudesofmorethanmarchmarchndashteamsterspresidentjimmyhoffaisconvictedbyafederaljuryoftamperingwithafederaljuryinmarchconstantineiiofgreececonstantineiibecomeskingofgreeceuponthedeathofhisfatherkingpaulofgreecepaulmalcolmxsuspendedfromthenationofislamsaysinnewyorkcitythatheisformingablacknationalistpartyboxercassiusclayannouncesthechangeofhisnametomuhammadalimarchnewyorktimescovsullivanustheunitedstatessupremecourtrulesthatunderthefirstamendmenttotheunitedstatesconstitutionfirstamendmentspeechcriticizingpoliticalfigurescannotbecensoredlondonfisheriesconventionsignedgivingsignatoriestherightoffullaccesstofishinggroundswithinnauticalmilesofthewesterneuropeancoastlinethefirstfordmustangrollsofftheassemblylineatfordmotorcompanymarchsovietunionsovietmilitaryforcesshootdownanunarmedreconnaissancebomberthathadstrayedintoeastgermanytheusflyersparachutetosafetyhenrycabotlodgejrambassadortosouthvietnamwinsthenewhampshirerepublicanpartyunitedstatesrepublicanprimarymarchndashmalcolmxleavesthenationofislammarchndashthenewyorktimesmisreportsth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moisetshombereturnstothedemocraticrepublicofthecongofromexileinspainjunendashmanxradiocommencesbroadcastingfromdouglasisleofmanafterreceivingitsfirstlowpowerbroadcastlicencefromtheunitedkingdomsgeneralpostofficejulyjulyndashpresidentlyndonjohnsonsignsthecivilrightsactofintolawofficiallyabolishingracialsegregationintheunitedstatesjulyndashmalawireceivesitsindependencefromtheunitedkingdomjulyndashusmilitarypersonnelannouncethatuscasualtiesinvietnamhaverisentoincludingdeadandmiajulyndashattherepublicannationalconventioninsanfranciscouspresidentialnomineebarrygoldwaterdeclaresthatextremisminthedefenseoflibertyisnoviceandmoderationinthepursuitofjusticeisnovirtuejulysixdaysofraceriotsbegininharlemjudithgrahampoolpublishesherdiscoveryofcryoprecipitateafrozenbloodclottingproductmadefromplasmaprimarilytotreathemophiliacsaroundtheworldfalsehareisthefinalwarnerbroscartoonwithbullseyetargettargettitlesjulyndashvietnamwaratarallyinhochiminhcitysaigonsouthvietnameseprimeministernguynkhnhcallsforexpandingthewarintonorthvietnamjulyvietnamwarvietcongforcesattackaprovincialcapitalkillingsouthvietnamesemilitarypersonnelandciviliansofwhicharechildrenthenationalmovementoftherevolutionisinstitutedasthesolelegalpoliticalpartyintherepublicofthecongojulyndashraceriotsinsingaporeraceriotsbegininsingaporebetweenethnicchineseandmalaysjulyndashthesecondmeetingoftheorganisationofafricanunityisheldjulyndashthereisaminorcriticalityaccidentataunitednuclearcorporationfuelsrecoveryplantinwoodriverjunctionrhodeislandwoodriverjunctionrichmondrhodeislandrichmondrhodeislandyearoldrobertpeabodydiestwodaysaftertheincidentjulyndashvietnamwartheussendsmoremilitaryadviserstosouthvietnambringingthetotalnumberofunitedstatesforcesinvietnamtojulyndashrangerprogramrangersendsbackthefirstcloseupphotographsofthemoonimagesaretimesclearerthananythingeverseenfromearthboundtelescopesaugustaugustthefinallooneytuneslooneytuneseorellaandtheglasshuaracheisreleasedbeforethewarnerbroscartoondivisionisshutdownbyjackwarneraugustndashvietnamwarunitedstatesdestroyersussmaddoxddussmaddoxandussturnerjoyddussturnerjoyareattackedinthegulfoftonkinairsupportfromthecarrierussticonderogacvussticonderogasinksonegunboatwhiletheothertwoleavethebattleaugustvietnamwaroperationpiercearrowndashaircraftfromcarriersussticonderogacvussticonderogaandussconstellationcvussconstellationbombnorthvietnaminretaliationforstrikesagainstusdestroyersinthegulfoftonkinthesimbarebelarmyinthedemocraticrepublicofthecongocaptureskisanganistanleyvilleandtakeswesternhostagesaugustndashvietnamwartheunitedstatescongresspassesthegulfoftonkinresolutiongivinguspresidentlyndonbjohnsonbroadwarpowerstodealwithnorthvietnameseattacksonusforcesaugustndashatherollingstonesrollingstonesgigmusicalperformancegiginscheveningengetsoutofcontrolriotpoliceendthegigafteraboutfifteenminutesuponwhichspectatorsstarttofighttheriotpoliceaugustndashmurderersgwynneowenevansandpeteranthonyallenbecomethelastpeopletobeexecutedintheunitedkingdomaugustndashvietnamwarinacoupgeneralnguynkhnhreplacesdngvnminhassouthvietnamschiefofstateandestablishesanewconstitutiondraftedpartlybytheusembassyaugustndashmargaretharshawmetropolitanoperasopranosingstheroleofturandotinpuccinisoperaturandotatthenewyorkworldsfairaugustndashtheinternationalolympiccommitteebanssouthafricafromthesummerolympicstokyoolympicsonthegroundsthatitsteamsareraciallysegregatedaugustndashtheinternationaltelecommunicationssatelliteconsortiumintelsatbegantoworkaugustfannielouhamercivilrightsactivistandvicechairofthemississippifreedomdemocraticpartyaddressesthecredentialscommitteeofthedemocraticnationalconventionchallengingtheallwhitemississippidelegationgoalkeeperderekfosterofsunderlandbecomestheyoungesteverplayertoplayinthefootballleagueagedyearsanddaysaugustaugustndashthedemocraticnationalconventioninatlanticcitynominatesincumbentpresidentlyndonbjohnsonforafulltermandussenatorhuberthumphreyofminnesotaashisrunningmateaugustndashwaltdisneysmarypoppinsfilmmarypoppinshasitsworldpremiereinlosangelesitwillgoontobecomedisneysbiggestmoneymakerandwinnerofacademyawardsincludingaacademyawardforbestactressbestactressawardforjulieandrewswhoacceptedthepartaftershewaspassedoverbyjacklwarnerfortheleadingroleofelizadoolittleinthefilmversionofmyfairladymarypoppinsisthefirstdisneyfilmtobenominatedforacademyawardforbestpicturebestpictureitwassurpassedbytitanicfilmtitanicaugustaugustndashphiladelphiaraceriottensionsbetweenafricanamericanresidentsandpoliceleadtoinjuriesandarrestsseptemberseptemberndashindianhungrygenerationpoetsarearrestedonchargesofconspiracyagainstthestateandobscenityinliteratureseptemberndashtheforthroadbridgeopensoverthefirthofforthseptemberndashtheafricandevelopmentbankafdbisfoundedseptemberndashinjacksonvillefloridajohnlennonannouncesthatthebeatleswillnotplaytoasegregatedaudienceseptemberthethirdperiodofthesecondvaticancouncilopensthelondondailyheralduknewspaperdailyheraldceasespublicationreplacedbythesununitedkingdomthesunseptemberndashshindigpremieresontheamericanbroadcastingc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llyatmidnightonthisdaypakistancelebratesitsindependenceonaugustcomparedwithindiaonthethbecausethepakistanstandardtimeisminutesbehindthestandardtimeofindiamuhammadalijinnahbecomesthefirstgovernorgeneralofpakistanliaquatalikhantakesofficeasthefirstprimeministerofpakistanaugustthegreaterindiansubcontinentwithamixedpopulationofhindusmuslimschristianssikhsbuddhistsjainsjewsandothersformedbythepartitionofindiagainindependencefromthebritishempireasthedominionofindiajawaharlalnehrutakesofficeasthefirstprimeministerofindiatakinghisoathfromlouismountbattenstearlmountbattenofburmalouismountbattenviscountmountbattenofburmagovernorgeneralofindiabutnolongerviceroyaugustingreecegeneralmarkosvafiadistakesoverthegovernmentaugusttheprimeministerofgreecedimitriosmaximosresignsaugustthefrenchgovernmentlowersthedailybreadrationingrationtonbspgramscausingriotsinverdunandlemansaugustafireatamovietheaterinrueilmalmaisonrueilasuburbofparisfrancekillspeopleaugustinhungarycommunistsfailtogainamajorityinparliamentaryelectionsdespitewidespreadfraudandturntodirectactionaspartofthecountryshistoryofhungarytransitiontocommunismtransitiontocommunismseptemberciaofficiallybornseptemberseptemberamothlodgedinarelayisfoundtobethecauseofamalfunctionintheharvardmarkiielectromechanicalcomputerloggedasfirstactualcaseofsoftwarebugbugbeingfoundseptemberindianprimeministerjawaharlalnehrusuggeststheexchangeoffourmillionhindusandmuslimsbetweenindiaandpakistanseptemberseptembertyphoonkathleenstrikesthebspeninsulaandtheentirekantregioninjapanheavyrainscausethearakawariverkantoarakawaandtoneriverstooverflowandembankmentcollapsetheresultingfloodsanddebrisflowkillbetweenandpeopleinjuringandleavingmissingseptemberseptemberthefortlauderdalehurricaneinsoutheasternfloridaandalsoinalabamamississippiandlouisianacauseswidespreaddamageandkillspeopleseptembernationalsecurityactofbecomeseffectiveonthisdaycreatingtheunitedstatesairforcenationalsecuritycouncilunitedstatesnationalsecuritycouncilandthecentralintelligenceagencyunitedstatesdepartmentofwarwardepartmentbecomesthedepartmentofthearmyabranchofthenewunitedstatesdepartmentofdefensedepartmentofdefenseseptemberinformationbureauofthecommunistandworkerspartiescommunistinformationbureaucominformisfoundedseptemberpakistanandnorthyemenyemenjointheunitednationsoctoberoctoberfirstrecordeduseofthewordcomputerinitsmodernsensereferringtoanelectronicdigitalmachineoctoberpresidentharrystrumandeliversthefirsttelevisedwhitehouseaddressspeakingontheworldfoodcrisesoctobertheunitedstatesairforcetestpilotcaptainchuckyeagerfliesabellxrocketplanefasterthanthespeedofsoundthefirsttimeithasbeenaccomplishedoctoberawarbeginsinkashmiralongtheborderbetweenindiaandpakistanleadingtotheindopakistaniwarofinthefollowingyearalsopakistanestablisheddiplomaticrelationswiththeunitedstatesofamericaoctoberthefirstazadkashmirgovernmentisestablishedwithinpakistanheadedbysardarmuhammadibrahimkhanasitsfirstpresidentsupportedbythegovernmentofpakistanoctoberthegeneralagreementontariffsandtradegattthefoundationoftheworldtradeorganizationwtoisestablishednovembernovemberinlongbeachcaliforniathedesignerandairplanepilothowardhughescarriesouttheoneandonlyflightofthehugheshherculesthelargestfixedwingaircrafteverbuiltandflownthisflightonlylastedeightminutesnovembertheprogrammeetthepressmakesitstelevisiondebutonthenbctvnetworkintheunitedstatesnovemberjunagadhisinvadedbytheindianarmynovemberthearrestoffoursteelworkersinmarseillebeginsafrenchcommunistpartyfrenchcommunistriotthatalsospreadstoparisnovemberthesovietunioncompletesdevelopmentoftheakoneofthefirstproperassaultriflesnovemberinternationaltelecommunicationunionbecomesaspecializedagencyoftheunitednationsuniversalpostalunionupubecomesaspecializedagencyoftheunitednationseffectivejulynovemberinbrusselspeopledemonstrateagainsttherelativelyshortprisonsentencesofbelgiannazicriminalsgreatbritainbeganwithdrawingitstroopsfrompalestinenovemberthescreenactorsguildimplementsananticommunistloyaltyoathnovemberamericanscientistsjohnbardeenandwalterhouserbrattainobservethebasicprinciplesofthetransistorakeyelementfortheelectronicsrevolutionofthethcenturynovembertheballantynesfireballantynesdepartmentstorefireinchristchurchnewzealandkillspeoplenovembertheprincesselizabethlaterelizabethiithedaughterofgeorgeviweddingofprincesselizabethandphilipmountbattendukeofedinburghmarriesprincephilipdukeofedinburghthedukeofedinburghatwestminsterabbeyinlondonunitedkingdompaulramadierresignsastheprimeministeroffranceheissucceededbyrobertschumanwhocallsarmyreserviststoquellriotingminersinfrancenovembertheunitednationsconferenceontradeandemploymentbeginsinhavanacubathisconferenceendsinwhenitsmembersfinishthehavanacharternovembermccarthyismtheunitedstateshouseofrepresentativesvotestoapprovecitationsofcontemptofcongressagainstthehollywoodtenafterthescreenwritersanddirectorsrefusetocooperatewiththehouseunamericanactivitiescommitteeconcerningallegationsofcommunismcommunistinfluencesinthemoviebusinessthetenmenarehollywoodblacklistblacklistedbythecinemaoftheunitedstateshollywoodmoviestudiosonthefollowingdaynovemberthenewzealandparliamentratifiesthestatuteofwestminsterstatuteofwestminsterandthusbecomesindependentoflegislativecontrolbytheparliamentoftheunitedkingdomthenewpakistanarmyandpashtunpeoplepashtunmercenarymercenariesoverrunmirpurinkashmirresultinginthedeathofhindusandsikhsnovemberinparisfrancepoliceoccupytheeditorialofficesofthecommunistnewspapersnovembertheunitednationsgeneralassemblyvotestounitednationspartitionplanforpalestinepartitionpalestinebetweenarabandjewishregionswhichresultsinthecreationofthestateofisraeldecemberdecemberfrenchcommunistpartyfrenchcommuniststrikeactionstrikersderailtheparistourcoingexpresstrainbecauseoffalserumorsthatitwastransportingsoldierspeoplearekilledthetennesseewilliamsplayastreetcarnameddesireplayastreetcarnameddesirestarringmarlonbrandoinhisfirstgreatroleopensattheethelbarrymoretheatreonbroadwayjessicatandyalsostarsasblancheduboisdecemberthefrenchinteriorministerjulessmochtakesstateofemergencyemergencymeasuresagainsthiscountrysriotersaftersixdaysofviolentargumentsinthenationalassemblyoffrancenationalassemblydecemberarturotoscaniniconductsaconcertperformanceofthefirsthalfofgiuseppeverdisoperaotelloforabroadcastonnbcradiointheunitedstatesthesecondhalfoftheoperaisbroadcastaweeklaterwomenareadmittedtofullmembershipoftheuniversityofcambridgeinenglandfollowingavoteinseptemberrefnamelostdecadetimelinerefdecemberfrenchlaborunionscalloffthegeneralstrikeandrecommencenegotiationswiththefrenchgovernmentdecembertheiranianroyalarmytakesbackpowerintheazerbaijaniranazerbaijanprovincedecembersantiagobernabeustadiumisofficiallyinauguratedinmadridandhostsitsfirstmatchdecemberslaughteredduringmassmigrationofhindusandmuslimsintothenewstatesindiaandpakistandecembertheitalianconstituentassemblyvotestoacceptthenewconstitutionofitalythefirstpracticalelectronicselectronictransistorisdemonstratedbybardeenbrattainandshockleyoftheunitedstatesdecemberkingmichaeliofromaniaabdicatesdateunknownthehouseunamericanactivitiescommitteebeginsitsinvestigationsintocommunisminhollywoodmikhailkalashnikovsprototypeaksentertestingtheassaultriflewouldbeadoptedyearslaterbythesovietarmyinraytheonproducesthefirstcommercialmicrowaveovenwomenssuffrageisgrantedinargentinainfictionbirthsjanuaryjanuaryfrdavidtunisianbornfrenchsingerleonpatilloamericanchristianmusicianvladimirtitovrussiancosmonautfrancesyiphongkongsingerjanuaryjackhannaamericanzoologistjanuarychriscutlerenglishpercussionistjanuarymercurymorrisamericanfootballplayerjanuarysandydennybritishsingerdjanuarywilliamboninamericanserialkillerddavidbowieenglishsingersongwriterdsamuelschmidswissfederalcouncilorterrysylvesterenglishsingerandmusicianlauriewaltersamericanactressjanuarynicjonesenglishfolksingerronnielandfieldamericanartistjanuarypeersteinbrckgermanpoliticianjanuarymartsmeetsdutchsportsjournalistjanuarybillwerbeniukcanadiansnookerplayerdjanuaryandreamartinamericanactressmichaelschanzegermantelevisionpresenterjanuaryapasrahongsakulamissuniverselauraschlessingeramericanradioandtvtalkshowhostjanuarytakeshikitanojapanesefilmdirectorandactorsachiokinugasajapanesebaseballplayerdjanuarypauladeenfoodchannelstarjanuaryjilleikenberryamericanactressjanuarysenichihoshinojapanesebaseballpitcherandcoachdjanuarythomasrcarperussenatorfromdelawaremegawatisukarnoputrithpresidentofindonesiajoeldouglasamericanfilmproducerjanuarymichiokakuamericantheoreticalphysicistmasashiozakijapanesegolferwarrenzevonamericanrockmusiciandjanuarytostoeduardogonalvesdeandradetostobrazilianfootballplayerjanuaryperfectoyasayjrphilippinepoliticianservedasdepartmentofforeignaffairsphilippinesdfasecretarybjrnafzeliusswedishsingersongwriterandguitaristhoolabandoolabanddvyronpolydorasgreekpoliticiancalschenkelamericanillustratorphilipsugdenhistorianphilipsugdenenglishhistoriandjanuaryernielivelyamericanactorlindabbuckamericanbiologistrecipientofthenobelprizeinphysiologyormedicinejanuarystevemarriottbritishrockmusiciandjanuaryjonathanbanksamericanactornolanryanamericanbaseballplayermaggiclaydentestpilotsolicitorartistandserialentrepreneurfebruaryfebruaryjessicasavitchamericanjournalistdfebruaryfarrahfawcettamericanactressdfebruarypaulausteramericannovelistmelaniesafkaamericanrocksingerfebruarydenniscblairamericanadmiralanddirectorofnationalintelligencedanquaylethvicepresidentoftheunitedstatesfebruarydarrellwaltripamericanracecardriverandbroadcasterfebruarywayneallwineamericanvoiceactordfebruarylouisearbourcanadianjuristnicholasowenjournalistnicholasowenenglishnewsreaderitnfebruaryyukiohatoyamathprimeministerofjapanroymooreamericanpoliticianderekshulmanleadsingerofgentlegiantfebruarymikekrzyzewskiamericanbasketballcoachfebruaryjohnadamscomposerjohnadamsamericancomposerwenchemyhrenorwegianactressandsingerdmndasdyhungarianlinguistandpoetrustyhameramericanactordfebruaryverssimocorreiaseabrabissauguineanmilitarycommanderdfebruaryprincesschristinaofthenetherlandsdennisdeyoungamericanrockmusicianstyxbandstyxfebruarygustavorodrguezactorgustavorodrguezvenezu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empiremughalprincebdecemberndashhoshinamasasadajapanesedaimyobdecemberndashantoinegirarddesaintamantfrenchpoetbdateunknownndashjacominadewittepoliticallyinfluentialdutchwomanbreferencesinrussianempirerussiaempresselizabethopensthenewlybuiltcatherinepalaceeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashtheangloprussianalliancetreatytreatyofwestminsterissignedbetweenkingdomofgreatbritaingreatbritainandprussiaguaranteeingtheneutralityoftheprovinceofhanovergermanprovinceofhanovercontrolledbykinggeorgeiiofgreatbritainrefnamecassellschronologyrefmarchndashstpatricksdayiscelebratedinnewyorkcityforthefirsttimeatthecrownandthistletavernaprilndashsevenyearswarthefrenchinvademenorcaatthistimeunderbritishcontrolmayndashsevenyearswarthesevenyearswarformallybeginswhenkingdomofgreatbritaingreatbritaindeclareswaronkingdomoffrancefrancemayndashsevenyearswarndashbattleofminorcabattleofminorcathebritishfleetunderjohnbyngisdefeatedbythefrenchunderrolandmichelbarrindelagalissonirejunendashagarrisonofthebritisharmyinindiaisimprisonedintheblackholeofcalcuttajunendashthemarinesocietyisfoundedinlondontheworldsoldestseafarerscharityjunendashsevenyearswarndashsiegeoffortstphilipsiegeoffortstphilipatportmahonthebritishgarrisoninmenorcasurrenderstothefrenchaftertwomonthssiegebyarmanddevignerotduplessisjunendashthecoupofanattemptedcoupdtatplannedbylouisaulrikaofprussiaqueenlouisaulrikaofswedentoabolishtheruleoftheriksdagoftheestatesandreinstateabsolutemonarchyinswedenwiththesupportofthehovpartietisexposedandsubduedjulyndashdecemberjulyndashbartolomeorastrellipresentsthenewlybuiltcatherinepalacetoempresselizabethandhercourtiersinrussiaaugustndashsevenyearswarndashfrenchandindianwarfortoswegofallstothefrenchaugustndashfrederickiiofprussiainvadeselectorateofsaxonysaxonybeginningthesevenyearswaronthecontinentoctoberndashsevenyearswarndashbattleoflobositzfrederickdefeatsanarchduchyofaustriaaustrianarmyundermarshalmaximilianulyssesbrownemaximilianulyssescountbrowneoctoberndashanagreementoffriendshipandtradeissignedbythesultanosmaniiiandthekingfrederickvofdenmarkfrederickvdenmarkappointsanextraordinaryrepresentativetotheottomanempiredecemberndashsevenyearswarndashfrenchandindianwarmilitiasoftheroyalcolonyofnorthcarolinabuildafortontheprovinceswesternfrontiertoprotectitagainstnativesalliedwiththefrenchthefortisnamedfortdobbsnorthcarolinafortdobbsinhonorofnorthcarolinagovernorarthurdobbswhopersuadedthenorthcarolinalegislaturetofundtheconstructionayearearlierdecembertheplaydouglasplaydouglasisperformedforthefirsttimeinedinburghwithoverwhelmingsuccessinspiteoftheoppositionofthelocalchurchpresbyterychurchpolitypresbyterywhosummonalexandercarlyletoanswerforhavingattendeditsrepresentationhoweveritfailsinitsearlypromisetosetupanewscottishdramatictraditiondateunknownfrederickiiofprussiaforceshiscountryspeasantstogrowtheunpopularandobscurepotatothetownofguskhrustalnytownguskhrustalnyisestablishedinrussianempirerussiawiththesettingupofacrystalglassfactorythefirstchocolatecandyfactorybeginsoperationsinholyromanempiregermanyleopoldmozartpublisheshisbookonhismethodforlearningtoplaytheviolinversucheinergrndlichenviolinschuleonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashguillaumeantoineolivierfrenchentomologistdjanuaryndashwolfgangamadeusmozartaustriancomposerdfebruaryndashaaronburrlistofvicepresidentsoftheunitedstatesrdvicepresidentoftheunitedstatesdfebruaryndashangelicaschuylerchurchdaughterofgenlphilipschuylersistertoelizabethschuylerhamiltondmarchndashwilliamgodwinenglishwriterdmarchndashsirhenryraeburnscottishpainterdmayndashignazaureliusfesslerhungarianborncourtcouncillorministertoczaralexanderiofrussiadmayndashkingmaximilianijosephofbavariadmayndashabbfarialusogoancatholicmonkstudentofhypnotismdjunendashjohntrumbullamericanpainterdjunendashjosephmartinkrausgermanswedishcomposerdjulyndashgustafadolfreuterholmswedishstatesmandjulyndashdheeranchinnamalaitamilkingdaugustndashpierrelouisprieurfrenchpoliticiandaugustndashheinrichgrafvonbellegardeaustrianfieldmarshalstatesmandseptemberndashwillembilderdijkdutchauthordseptemberndashjohnloudonmcadamscottishengineerroadbuilderdoctoberndashphilippineengelhardgermanwriterscholardoctobernathanielpendletonamerlawyerjudgefamoussecondtoahamiltondnovemberndashpierrelaromiguirefrenchphilosopherddateunknownndashmariapellegrinaamorettiitalyitalianlawyerddeathsjanuaryndashisabellasimonsbankerintheaustriannetherlandsbjanuaryndashfrancisgeorgeofschnbornbuchheimbfebruaryndashakdunchinesemanchustatesmanbfebruaryndashelizahaywoodenglishactresswriterbmarchndashantoniobernacchiitalianoperasingerbaprilndashgiacomoantoniopertiitaliancomposerbaprilndashjacquescassinifrenchastronomerbjulyndashgeorgevertueenglishengraverantiquarybseptemberndashabulhasanaliiruleroftunisiaboctoberndashjohnhenleyclergymanjohnhenleyenglishministerboctoberndashwilliamgrimstonstviscountgrimstonirishnobleboctoberndashrolandmichelbarrindelagalissoniregovernorofnewfranceboctoberndashcharlessomersetthdukeofbeaufortbdecemberndashwilliamstanhopestearlofharringtonenglishstatesmandipl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efirstamericanshipreachesjapananordinanceiswrittenbarringthegameofbaseballwithinyardsofthemeetinghouseinpittsfieldmassachusettsfirstknownreferencetothegameofbaseballinnorthamericathefirstserioussecondaryeducationschoolopentogirlsindenmarkthedtreskolenafisfoundedincopenhagentheroyalschoolfortheblindliverpoolschoolfortheindigentblindtheoldestcontinuouslyoperatingspecialistschoolofitskindintheworldisfoundedinliverpoolenglandbyblindexmerchantseamanwriterandabolitionismintheunitedkingdomabolitionistedwardrushtonthecasbahofalgierspalaceiscompletedrefnamewdlrefonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashfranzgrillparzeraustrianwriterdjanuaryndashferdinandhroldfrenchcomposerdfebruaryndashpetercooperamericanindustrialistinventorandphilanthropistdfebruarycarlczernyaustriancomposerdjohnmercerscientistjohnmercerenglishchemistindustrialistdmarchndashmarieellenriedergermanpaintingpainterdaprilndashjamesbuchananthpresidentoftheunitedstatesdaprilndashsamuelmorseamericaninventordjunendashflixsavartfrenchphysicistdjulyndashfranzxaverwolfgangmozartaustriancomposerpianistdseptemberndashgiacomomeyerbeergermancomposerdseptemberndashistvnszchenyihungarianpoliticianwriterdseptemberndashmichaelfaradaybritishscientistdseptembertheodorkrnerauthortheodorkrnergermanauthorsoldierdjohannfranzenckegermanastronomerdseptemberndashthodoregricaultfrenchpainterdoctoberndashjohnelliotsonbritishphysiciandnovemberndashjosefmunzingermemberoftheswissfederalcouncilddecemberndashferencnovkwriterferencnovkhungariansloveneshungarianslovenewriterddecemberndashcharlesbabbagebritishmathematicianinventorddateunknownenriquetafavezswissphysiciansurgeonddeathsjanuaryndashwilliamwilliamspantycelynwelshhymnistbmarchndashjohnwesleyenglishfounderofmethodismbmarchndashjohannsalomosemlergermanhistorianbiblecommentatorbaprilndashhonorgabrielriqueticomtedemirabeaufrenchrevolutionaryleaderbaprilndashrichardpricewelshphilosopherbmayndashfrancishopkinsonamericansignerofthedeclarationofindependencebjunendashfrederickhaldimandswissbornbritishcolonialgovernorbjunendashtoussaintguillaumepicquetdelamottefrenchadmiralbjulyndashmartindobrizhofferaustrianjesuitmissionarybjulyndashisaaclowamericandelegatetothecontinentalcongressbseptemberndashwilliambradfordamericanrevolutionaryprinterwilliambradfordamericanprinterbnovemberndashrichardbutlergeneralrichardbutleramericansoldierbdecemberndashwolfgangamadeusmozartaustriancomposerbdecemberndashetteillafrenchoccultcartomancerbcatharinafreymannnorwegianpietistleaderbdateunknownmariapetracciniitaliananatomistphysicianbreferencesfurtherreadingjamestownvirginiajamestownfireeventsonlyincludesamueldechamplainfoundsquebeccityjanuaryndashjunejanuaryatjamestownvirginiachristophernewportreturnsinashipwiththefirstsupplyandaboutnewsettlershefindsonlysurvivorspowhatanreleasesjohnsmithexplorercaptainjohnsmithjanuaryndashfiredestroysallthehousesinthefortatjamestownthefortisrepairedinmarchjanuaryndashensignthomassavagearrivesinjamestownwiththefirstsupplyunderchristophernewportjanuaryndashemperorsusenyosiofethiopiadefeatsanoromopeopleoromoarmyatebenatoromoarereportedlykilledatacostofamharapeopleamharamarchndashsusenyosisusenyosisformallycrownedemperorofethiopiaemperorofethiopiaattheancientcityofaxumaprilndashjamestownvirginiachristophernewportagainsailsforenglandaprilndashtheburningofderrylaunchesodohertysrebellioninthekingdomofirelandmayndashtheprotestantunionisfoundedinauhausenjulyndashdecemberjulyndashquebeccityisfoundedbysamueldechamplainjulyndashtheenglishshipmaryandmargaretcaptainedbychristophernewportleavesenglandboundforjamestownvirginiaaugustndashthefirstofficialenglishrepresentativetoindiacaptainwilliamhawkinslandsatsuratseptemberndashjohnsmithexplorerjohnsmithiselectedcouncilpresidentofjamestownandbeginsexpandingthefortseptemberndashtheuniversityofoviedospainisfoundedoctoberndashatjamestownvirginiajamestownasecondsupplyshipthemaryandmargaretarriveswithchristophernewportincludingsettlersbringingthepopulationbackuptothepassengersincludeglassmenoctoberndashdutchpeopledutchlensopticslensmakerhanslippersheydemonstratesthefirsttelescopeinthedutchrepublicdutchparliamentdecemberndashjamestownvirginiajamestownchristophernewportreturnstoenglandcarryingcargowithtryalsofpitchtarreglassefrankincensesopeashesdateunknownthefirstchequesareusedinthedutchrepublicnetherlandsoldbushmillsdistilleryisfoundedinbushmillscountyantrimirelandtheuniformlandtaxlawisimposedinkoreafiveroyalschoolsinulsteraregivenroyalcharterbykingjamesionlyincludebirthsbornaugustborndecemberjanuaryndashmarchjanuaryndashhenrywinthropgovernorofthemassachusettsbaycompanydjanuaryndashfrancishawleystbaronhawleyenglishpoliticiandjanuaryndashtheauraujohntanyenglishchristianmysticdjanuaryndashjohannesheinrichursinusgermanlutheranscholardjanuaryndashgiovannialfonsoborelliitalianphysiologistandphysicistdjanuaryndashjohnoxenbridgeenglishnonconformistdivinedfebruaryndashgasparschottgermanjesuitscholardfebruaryndashantniovieiraportuguesewriterdfebruaryndashdaniellobartoliitalianjesuitpriestdfebruaryndasharthurcapel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anuaryndashmarchjanuarybattleofkoregaontroopsofthebritisheastindiacompanyscoreadecisivevictoryoverthemarathaempiremaryshelleysfrankensteinispublishedanonymouslyinlondonjanuarythebritishinstitutionofcivilengineersisfoundedjanuaryutcndashvenusoccultationoccultsjupiteritisthelastoccultationofoneplanetbyanotherbeforenovemberjanuaryndashthetreatyofmandeswarbringsanendtothethirdanglomarathawarendingthedominanceofmarathasandenhancingthepowerofthebritisheastindiacompanywhichcontrolsterritoryoccupiedbymilliondemographicsofindiaindiansjanuaryndashpercybyssheshelleysozymandiasispublishedpseudonymouslyinlondonfebruaryndashuponhisdeathkingcharlesxiiiofswedencharlesiiofnorwayissucceededonboththronesbyhisadoptivesoncharlesxivjohnofswedencharlesxiviiijohnstartingtheroyalhouseofbernadottefebruaryndashchilechileandeclarationofindependenceproclaimsitsindependencefromspainmarchndashseminolewarsfirstseminolewarfirstseminolewargeneralandrewjacksonandhisamericanarmyinvadefloridamarchndasheastersundayinwesternchristianityfallsonitsearliestpossibledateinwesternchristianityitwillnotoccuronthisdateagainuntilaprilndashjuneaprilndashseminolewarsfirstseminolewarfirstseminolewarndashbattleofmiccosukeefloridageneralandrewjacksondefeatschiefkinhageeaprilndashtheunitedstatescongressadoptstheflagoftheunitedstatesashavingthirteenredandwhitestripesandonestarforeachstatetwentywithadditionalstarstobeaddedwheneveranewstateisaddedtotheunionaprilndashchileanwarofindependencendashbattleofmaippatriotrebelsledbyjosdesanmartndecisivelydefeatthespanishroyalistspanishamericanindependenceroyalistsaprilndashbrooksbrotherstheoldestmensclothierintheunitedstatesopensitsfirststoreonthenortheastcornerofcatherineandcherrystreetsinnewyorkcitywherethelatersouthstreetseaportstandsaprilndashaugustndashtheunitedstatessurveyofthecoastoperationsissuspendedaprilndashjohnrossarcticexplorerjohnrosssetssailonhisshiptheisabellainsearchofthenorthwestpassagemaycharlesxivofswedencharlesxivofswedennorwayiscrownedkingofswedentheoldvictheatreisfoundedastheroyalcoburghallinlondonthewestmorlandgazetteisfirstpublishedatkendalinthelakedistrictofenglandinjulythomasdequinceywillbeginamonthtermaseditorjunendashthebritishparliamentisdissolvedbyprimeministerjenkinsonandnewunitedkingdomgeneralelectionelectionsarescheduledforaugustforthehouseofcommonsrefnamestylesjohnstylesmemoirsofthelifeoftherighthongeorgecanningvolumethomasteggpprefjunendashwilliamivoftheunitedkingdomprincewilliamdukeofclarenceandstandrewsthirdoldestsonofkinggeorgeiiiandthefuturekingwilliamivoftheunitedkingdommarriesadelaideofsaxemeiningenjunendashatleastpeoplearekilledinswitzerlandwhenthemeltingofaglacierreleasesthenaturaldamoflacdemauvoisinsendingthewatersofthelakeandthedransehautesavoiedranseriverintothevalleyofbagnesjulyndashseptemberjulyndashafterawarthatbeganonnovembertheforcesoftheeastindiacompanydefeatbajiraoiiinbattleandacquirecontroloverthemarathaempirejulyndashlordbyronbeginsworkonhisepicpoemdonjuanbyrondonjuanhediesinbeforehecanfinishthepoemafterfinishingcantosandworkingonthethjulyndashthesecondbankoftheunitedstatesbankoftheunitedstatesreversesitspolicyofexpandingcreditandsendsnoticestoitsborrowersnationwidedemandingimmediaterepaymentofbalancesduethedefaultsduringthenextsixmonthswilltriggerthepanicofjulyndashuspresidentjamesmonroeconvenesacabinetmeetingtodiscusswhethergeneralandrewjacksonsunauthorizedinvasionandconquestofspanishfloridashouldbedisavowedbythewhitehousesecretaryofstatejohnquincyadamspersuadesthepresidentthattheactionisjustifiableinstoppingterrorcausedbytheseminoletribesjulyndashfrenchphysicistaugustinjeanfresnelaugustinfresnelsubmitshisprizewinningmemoironthediffractionoflightpreciselyaccountingforthelimitedextenttowhichlightspreadsintoshadowsandtherebydemolishingtheoldestobjectiontothewavetheoryoflightjulyndashthefirstnewspaperinclevelandohioisissuedbypublisherandrewloganusingtheoriginalnameofthesmallsettlementpopulationlogannamestheweeklypaperthecleavelandgazettecommercialregisteraugustndashaseparatetopographicalbureauoftheunitedstatesdepartmentofwarestablishedaugustndashunitedkingdomgeneralelectionelectionsareheldintheunitedkingdomforthehouseofcommonsthetorypartyledbyprimeministerrobertjenkinsonlosessomeseatsbutretainsitscontrolofthegovernmentseptemberndashsirstamfordrafflessetsouttovisitfrancisrawdonhastingsstmarquessofhastingslordhastingsgovernorgeneralofindiatogainhisapprovaltoestablishatradingstationatthesoutherntipofthemalaypeninsulamoderndaysingaporeseptemberndashcarliiiofswedennorwayiscrownedkingofnorwayintrondheimseptemberndashbordermarkersareformallyinstalledfortheeuropeanterritoryofmoresnetoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashclaudinethvenetknownasmaryofstignatiusfoundstheromancatholicorderreligieusesdejsusmariereligiousofjesusandmaryinlyonfranceoctoberndashatreatyoftreatybetweentheusandtheunitedkingdomestablishestheboundarybetweentheusandbritishnorthamericaasthethparallelnorththparallelfromthelakeofthewoodstotherockymountainsalsocreatingthenorthwestanglenovemberndashyingwacollegeangloch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ndencefromaustriahungaryanewpolishgovernmentisdeclaredinwesterngaliciaeasterneuropeoctoberndashthewilhelmshavenmutinyofthegermanhighseasfleetbreaksoutoctoberthemartindeclarationispublishedincludingslovakiaintheformationoftheczechoslovakstatethearmisticeofmudrosendsconflictbetweentheottomanempireandthealliesofworldwariandgrantsindependencetothemutawakkilitekingdomofyemenoctoberndashthekingdomofhungaryhungariangovernmentterminatesthepersonalunionwithaustriaofficiallydissolvingtheaustrohungarianempirenovembernovemberthepolishukrainianwarisinauguratedbytheproclamationofthewestukrainianpeoplesrepublicingaliciaeasterneuropegaliciawithacapitalatlvivlwwserbianforcesrecapturebelgrademalbonestreetwrecktheworstrapidtransitaccidentinworldhistoryoccursundertheintersectionofmalbonestreetandflatbushavenueinbrooklynnewyorkcitywithatleastdeadnovemberwwiaustriahungaryentersanarmisticewiththealliesofwwialliesatthevillagiustiinpaduapolanddeclaresitsindependencefromrussiagermanrevolutionofgermanrevolutionsailorsinthegermanfleetatkielmutinyandthroughoutnortherngermanempiregermanysoldiersandworkersbegintoestablishrevolutionarycouncilsontherussiansovietcouncilsovietmodelnovemberndashwwithearmisticeofvillagiustiendswarfarebetweenitalyandaustriahungaryontheitalianfrontnovemberndashanewpolishgovernmentisproclaimedinlublinnovemberndashkingludwigiiiofbavarialudwigofbavariafleeshiscountrynovemberndashthegermanarmywithdrawsitssupportofthekaiserthegermanarmisticedelegationarrivesatcompigneforestinfranceproclamationofgermanrepublicbyphilippscheidemanninberlinonthereichstagbuildingreichstagbalconynovemberkaiserwilhelmiiofgermanyabdicatesandchoosestoliveinexileinthenetherlandsthegermanrepublicisproclaimedbyphilippscheidemanninberlinonthereichstagbuildingreichstagbalconyprovisionalnationalcouncilministerpresidentkurteisnerdeclaresbavariatobearepublicbritishpredreadnoughtbattleshipbattleshipissunkbyagermansubmarineoffcapetrafalgartrafalgarwiththelossofaroundfiftylivesthelastmajornavalengagementofwwisignatoriestothearmisticewithgermanycompigneendingwwiposeoutsidemarshalfochsrailwaycarriageimagenytimespagejpgthumbnovemberfrontpageofthenewyorktimesonarmisticedaynovemberendofworldwariwwindasharmisticewithgermanycompignegermanysignsanarmisticeagreementwiththealliesbetweenamandaminmarshalferdinandfochfochsrailroadcarincompigneforestinfranceitbecomesofficialonthethhourofthethdayofthethmonthpolandregainsindependenceafteryearsofpartitionsofpolandpartitionsjzefpisudskiisappointedcommanderinchiefemperorcharlesiofaustriagivesuphisabsolutepowerbutdoesnotabdicatenovemberndashrepublicofgermanaustriaaustriabecomesarepublicnovemberthealliedoccupationofconstantinoplebeginsfrederickiigranddukeofbadenrelinquishesallgoverningdutiesnovembergermaneastafricantroopsareinformedofthearmisticeonnovembertheprovisionalgovernmentofbadenproclaimsthefreievolksrepublikbadenfreepeoplesrepublicofbadenczechoslovakiabecomesarepublicjzefpisudskiisappointedheadofstateofpolandnovemberndashthehungariandemocraticrepublicisdeclaredmarkinghungarysindependencefromaustrianovemberndashlatviansocialistsovietrepubliclatviadeclaresitsindependencefromrussianovemberndashuboatsstarttorendezvousoffharwichtobeginthesurrenderofthehighseasfleettothebritishroyalnavyinthefollowingweekthegermanwarshipsareescortedtointernmentinscapaflownovemberndashlwwpogromlwwpogromsecondpolishrepublicpolishtroopsvolunteersandfreedcriminalsmassacreatleastukrainianchristiansandhistoryofthejewsinpolandjewsinlvivlwwgaliciaeasterneuropegalicianovemberthespartacistleaguefoundsthegermancommunistpartythemonarchyofbelgiumbelgianroyalfamilyreturnstobrusselsafterthewarkingalbertiofbelgiumalbertihavingcommandedthealliesofworldwarialliedarmygroupintheautumnkortrijkcourtraioffensivewhichliberatedhiscountryfrederickiigranddukeofbadenabdicatesthegrandduchyofbadengiveswaytotherepublicofbadennovemberndashbritishmilitarygovernmentofpalestineregionpalestinebeginsnovemberndashgeneralpaulvonlettowvorbeckgermancommanderingermaneastafricasignsaceasefireatmbalazambiaabercorninnorthernrhodesianovemberndashthepodgoricaassemblyvotesforaunionofthepeopledeclaringitsunionwiththekingdomofserbianovemberndashestonianwarofindependencetheredarmyinvadesestoniastartingthewarthecommuneoftheworkingpeopleofestoniaisestablishedasasovietpuppetstateinnarvaonthenextdaynovemberndashkingdomofserbiaserbiaannexesmontenegronovemberndashernestansermetconductsthefirstconcertbytheorchestredelasuisseromandedecemberdecembericelandregainsindependencebutremainsinpersonalunionwiththekingofdenmarkwhoalsobecomesthekingoficelanduntilnewvotinglawsinswedenmakesvotesnolongerdependentontaxableassetseachadulthavingonevotetheunionoftransylvaniawithromaniaunionofalbaiuliaisproclaimedfollowingthemarchincorporationofbessarabiaandbucovinatransylvaniauniteswiththekingdomofromaniathekingdomofserbscroatsandsloveneswhichlaterbecomesthekingdomofyugoslaviaisproclaimeddecemberndashpresidentwoodrowwilsondepartsbyshiptotheparispeaceconferenceparispeaceconferencebecomingthefirstunitedstatespresiden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menintothearmyseptemberseptemberndashrussiaisdeclaredarussianrepublicrepublicbytherussianprovisionalgovernmentprovisionalgovernmentseptemberndashleontrotskyiselectedchairmanofthepetrogradsovietseptemberndashthemossovetmoscowsovietofpeoplesdeputiesvotestosidewiththebolsheviksseptemberndashoctoberndashwwindashbattleofpolygonwoodpartofthebattleofpasschendaelenearypresinbelgiumbritishandaustraliantroopscapturepositionsfromthegermansseptemberndashseptemberndashwwindashbattlesoframadisecondbattleoframadisecondbattleoframadibritishtroopstakeramadifromtheottomanempireoctoberoctoberndashwwindashbattleofbroodseindenearypresbritishimperialforcesoverpowerthetharmygermanempiregermantharmysdefencesoctoberndashwwindashfirstbattleofpasschendaelealliesfailtotakeagermandefensivepositionwiththebiggestlossoflifeinasingledayfornewzealandoverofwhosemenandofficersarekilledroughlyinofthenationspopulationatthistimeoctoberoctoberndashwwindashoperationalbiongermanforceslandonandcapturethewestestonianarchipelagooctoberndashthemiracleofthesunisreportedatftimaportugaloctoberndashwwiatvincennesoutsideparisdutchdancermatahariisexecutedbyfiringsquadforespionagespyingforgermanyoctoberdallaslovefieldairportisopenedintexascarlswartzleavesofficeasprimeministerofswedenafterdismalelectionresultsfortherightwingintheriksdagelectionsinseptemberheisreplacedbyliberalleaderandhistoryprofessornilsednoctoberndashabrazilduringworldwaribrazilianshipisdestroyedbyagermanuboatencouragingbraziltoenterworldwarioctoberwwndashbattleofcaporettoaustrianandgermanforcespenetrateitalianlinesasfarsouthasthepiaveriveritisthefirstmajorengagementforjuniorgermanofficererwinrommeloctoberosnovembernsndashtraditionalbeginningdateoftheoctoberrevolutionandrussiancivilwaroctoberndashwwibrazilfirstbrazilianrepublicbrazilinworldwarideclareswaragainstthecentralpowerssignsadeclarationofwaragainstthecentralpowersoctoberndashwwindashbattleofbuqqarridgeottomanempireottomanforcesattackbritishdesertmountedcorpsunitsgarrisoningelbuqqarridgeduringthelastdaysofthestalemateinsouthernpalestineoctoberndashwwindashbattleofbeershebabattleofbeershebathebritishxxcorpsunitedkingdomxxcorpsanddesertmountedcorpsegyptianexpeditionaryforceattackandcapturebeershebafromottomanforcesendingthestalemateinsouthernpalestinethebattleincludesararebythisdatemountedchargewarfarechargebyaustralianmountedinfantrynovembernovemberndashwwithebritishxxicorpsunitedkingdomxxicorpsoftheegyptianexpeditionaryforcebeginsthethirdbattleofgazathebritishdesertmountedcorpsbeginsthebattleoftelelkhuweilfeinthedirectionofhebronandjerusalemnovemberndashzionismthesecretaryofstateforforeignandcommonwealthaffairsbritishforeignsecretaryarthurbalfourmakesthebalfourdeclarationproclaimingbritishsupportfortheestablishmentinpalestineregionpalestineofanationalhomeforthejewishpeopleitbeingclearlyunderstoodthatnothingshallbedonewhichmayprejudicethecivilandreligiousrightsofexistingnonjewishcommunitiesnovembernsoctoberosndashestonianandrussianbolsheviksseizepowerintallinnautonomousgovernorateofestoniatwodaysbeforetheoctoberrevolutioninpetrogradnovemberwwindashsecondbattleofpasschendaeleaftermonthsoffiercefightingcanadianforcestakepassendalepasschendaeleinbelgiumthebattleconcludesonnovemberwwithebattleofhareiraandsheriaislaunchedbythebritishxxcorpsunitedkingdomxxcorpsanddesertmountedcorpsagainstthecentralottomanarmyottomandefencesprotectingthegazatobeershebaroadmilitantsfromtrotskyscommitteejoinwithtrustybolsheviksoldierstoseizegovernmentbuildingsandpounceonmembersoftheprovisionalgovernmentnovembernsoctoberosndashoctoberrevolutioninrussiatheworkersofthestpetersburgpetrogradworkerscouncilsovietinrussialedbythecommunistpartyofthesovietunionbolshevikpartyandleadervladimirleninstormthewinterpalaceandsuccessfullydestroythealexanderkerenskykerenskyrussianprovisionalgovernmentprovisionalgovernmentafterlessthaneightmonthsofrulethisimmediatelytriggerstherussiancivilwarhistoryofiraniranwhichhasprovidedweaponsforrussiarefusestosupportthealliesofworldwariialliedforcesaftertheoctoberrevolutionwwindashthirdbattleofgazathebritisharmyxxicorpsunitedkingdomxxicorpsoccupiesgazacitygazaaftertheottomanarmyottomangarrisonwithdrawswwithebattleofhareiraandsheriacontinueswhenthexxcorpsunitedkingdomxxcorpsanddesertmountedcorpscapturehareiraandsheriamarkingtheendoftheottomanempireottomangazatobeershebalinewomenssuffrageintheunitedstateswomenssuffrageintheunitedstateswomenwintherighttovoteinnewyorkstatenovemberndashwwibattleofmugharridgetheegyptianexpeditionaryforceattacksretreatingyildirimarmygroupforcesresultinginthecaptureofottomanarmyottomanprisonersgunsandofpalestineregionpalestineterritorytheanzacmounteddivisiondesertmountedcorpssuccessfullyfightsthebattleofayunkaraintheaftermathofthebattleofmugharridgeagainststronggermanempiregermanrearguardsnovembernightofterroreventnightofterrorintheunitedstatesinfluentialsuffragettesfromthesilentsentinelsaredeliberatelysubjectedtophysicalassaultsbyguardswhileimprisonedtheparliamentoffinlandpassesanothersovereigntyactdissolvingrussia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experimentalstationwxbsadoubleheaderbetweenthecincinnatiredsandthebrooklyndodgersatebbetsfielddivisionofgrazingrenamedunitedstatesgrazingservicethekriegsmarineordersallgermanflaggedmerchantshipstoheadtogermanportsimmediatelyinanticipationoftheinvasionofpolandaugustndashaheinkelhethefirstturbojetpoweredaircraftfliesforthefirsttimewithcaptainerichwarsitzincommandaugustndashtheheadsintonewyorkharborwhereshewillbeinternedonseptemberandcutupforscrapbeginninginaugustndashpolandbeginsamobilizationagainstnazigermanyaugustndashoperationhimmlernazigermantroopsposingaspolesstageaseriesoffalseflagoperationsontheborderincludingthegleiwitzincidentgivingapretextfortheinvasionofpolandseptemberwieludestroyedbyluftwaffebombingandbrigadiersemyonkrivosheinseptemberndashbeginningofwwiiopeningshotsofworldwariiandinvasionofpolandatamcentraleuropeantimeundercoverofdarknessthegermanwwerabattleshipgermanbattleshipschleswigholsteinschleswigholsteinquietlyslipshermooringsatherwharfindanzigharbordriftsintothecenterofthechannelandcommencesfiringonthefortresswesterplatteapolisharmyinstallationatthenortheasternmouthoftheportoftheinternationalizedfreecityofdanzigfiveminutespreviouslythebombingofwieluinthewesternpartofpolandhadbegunshocktroopsofthegermanwehrmachtbegincrossingtheborderintopolandbombingofwielutwoairraidsfollowsthereichstagnazigermanyreichstagpassesastatementstatingthatadolfhitlerssecondincommandreichsmarschallhermanngringshouldbeappointedashitlerssuccessorasfhrershouldhitlerdieduringthewarrudolfhessistobeappointedingringsplaceshouldanythingbefallgringnorwayfinlandswedenandswitzerlanddeclaretheirneutralityseptembergeneralgeorgecmarshallbecomeschiefofstaffoftheunitedstatesarmyseptemberndashwwiifollowingtheinvasionofpolandthefreecityofdanzigmoderndaygdaskpolandisannexedtonazigermanyspainandtheirishfreestatedeclaretheirneutralityseptemberndashwwiitheunitedkingdomfrancenewzealandaustraliaandindiabyitsgovernorgeneralofindiaviceroydeclarewaronnazigermanyprimeministerofcanadamackenziekinginenglishandministerofjusticecanadajusticeministerernestlapointeinfrenchgiveaninternationalradioaddressstatingthedominionsintentiontodeclarewaralsounitedstatespresidentfranklindrooseveltadvocatesneutralityinanationwideradioaddressoceanlinerbecomesthefirstbritishciviliancasualtyofthewarwhensheistorpedoedandsunkbyintheeasternatlanticoftheaboardpassengersandcrewarekilledseptemberndashwwiifirstbombingofwilhelmshaveninworldwariibythebritishroyalairforcenepaldeclareswaronnazigermanygermanyseptemberndashwwiitheunitedstatesdeclaresitsneutralityinthewarseptemberndashwwiisouthafricadeclareswaronnazigermanygermanyseptemberlittlesistersofjesusfoundedinalgeriabylittlesistermagdeleinewwiiforwardelementsofgeneralhoeppnersxvipanzerkorpstakeuppositionsoutsidewarsawtheworldisstunnedbytherapidityofthegermanadvanceandthepolishhighcommandiseffectivelyisolatedbutlackofinfantrysupportandeffectivecivilianresistancecausehoeppnertohaltoutsidethecityitselfwwiipolishtroopsonthewesterplatteareforcedduetolackoffoodandammunitiontosurrenderthegarrisonofabouttwohundredhadheldoutagainstthousandsofgermanforcesmanyofthemnavalofficercadetsfromthegermanbattleshipschleswigholsteinschleswigholsteinforsevendaysseptemberndashwwiitroopsofthepolishpoznaarmyunderthecommandoftadeuszkutrzebageneralkutrzebaopenthebattleofthebzurathelargestandbestorganizedcounterattackmountedbythepolishforcesintheinvasionofpolandcampaignofforthefirstfewdaysallgoeswellandthegermansareforcedtoretreatbutquickreactionbymechanizedunitsandtheluftwaffesoontaketheirtollandtheoperationbogsdownseptemberndashwwiicanadadeclareswaronnazigermanygermanytheonlydeclarationofwarbycanadaseptemberndashwwiidiverseelementsofthegermanwehrmachtsurroundwarsawanddemanditssurrenderthepolesrefuseandthesiegeofwarsawsiegebeginsinearnestseptemberndashaceasefireendstheundeclaredbattlesofkhalkhingolborderwarbetweenthesovietunionandmongolianalliesandjapanseptemberndashwwiithesovietunionsovietinvasionofpolandinvadespolandandthenterritoriesofpolandannexedbythesovietunionoccupieseasternpolishterritoriesroyalnavyaircraftcarrieristorpedoedandsunkbyinthewesternapproacheswiththelossofcrewthefirstbritishwarshiplossofthewarseptemberndashwwiiorzeincidentorzeincidentthepolishsubmarineorporzeescapesinternmentfromtallinnharbourestonialeadingboththesovietunionandgermanytoquestionestoniasneutralityseptemberndashwwiithepoznanpocketcollapsesandthegermanscaptureaccordingtomanysourcesovermenmanyelementsofgeneraltadeuszkutrzebasforcesworktheirwayintowarsawunderextremedifficultyseptemberreinhardheydrichchiefofthesecuritypolicesendsadirectivetheschnellbriefexplainingthatjewslivingintownsandvillagesinthepolishoccupationzonesaretobetransferredtoghettosandjewishcouncilsjudenrtewillbeestablishedtocarryoutthegermanauthoritiesordersradiostationwjsvinwashingtondcrecordsanwjsvbroadcastdayentirebroadcastdayforpreservationinthenationalarchivesandrecordsadministrationnationalarchivesseptemberndashwwiijointvictoryparadeofwehrmachtandredarmyinbrestlitovskattheendoftheinvasionofpolan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edkingdompromotedbyrabbutlercreatesatripartitesystemofeducationinenglandwalesandnorthernirelandaugustndashtheholocaustatipfromanetherlandsdutchinformerleadsthegestapotoasealedoffareainanamsterdamwarehousewheretheyfindjewishdiaristannefrankherfamilyandothersinhidingallwoulddieintheholocaustexceptforottofrankannesfatheraugustndashwwiithewarsawuprisingthewolamassacrebeginsbetweennowandaugusttopolishcivilianswillbeindiscriminatelymassacredbyoccupyingsstroopstheholocaustpolishinsurgentsliberateagermanlaborcampinwarsawfreeingjewishprisonerscowrabreakoutoverjapaneseprisonersofwarattemptamassbreakoutfromthecowracampinaustraliaintheensuingmanhuntjapaneseescapeesandfouraustraliansoldiersarekilledaugustndashibmdedicatesthefirstprogramcontrolledcalculatortheautomaticsequencecontrolledcalculatorknownbestastheharvardmarkiaugustndashtheunitedstatesforestserviceandthewartimeadvertisingcouncilreleasepostersfeaturingsmokeybearforthefirsttimeaugustndashwwiithealliescapturehistoryofflorencethcenturyflorenceitalyoperationplutotheworldsfirstunderseaoilpipelineislaidbetweenenglandandfranceaugustndashwwiioperationdragoonlandsalliesinsouthernfrancethethinfantrydivisionunitedstatesusthinfantrydivisionparticipatesinitsfourthassaultlandingatsaintemaximespearheadingthedriveforthebelfortgapaugustndashwwiisubmarineworldwariisubmarinesinksteiamarueishinmaruteiyumaruandaircraftcarrierfromjapaneseconvoyhiinoneofthemosteffectiveamericanwolfpacknavaltacticwolfpackattacksofthewaraugustndashwwiimorethanjapaneseservicemendrownwhentorpedoesliberationofparisaninsurrectionstartsinparisaugustndashwwiiamericanforcessuccessfullydefeatnaziforcesatchamboisornechamboisclosingthefalaisepocketcapturedalliedairmenincludingphillamasonaccusedofbeingterrorfliersbythegestapoarriveatbuchenwaldconcentrationcampwheretheyformtheklbclubaugustdumbartonoaksconferencewashingtonconversationsoninternationalpeaceandsecurityorganizationopensinwashingtondcusbritishchinesefrenchandsovietrepresentativesmeettoplanthefoundationoftheunitednationswwiioperationtractableconcludeswhencanadiantroopsrelievethepolishandlinkwiththeamericanscapturingremaininggermanforcesinthefalaisepocketandsecuringthestrategicallyimportantfrenchtownoffalaisecalvadosfalaiseinthefinaloffensiveofthebattleofnormandyaugustndashwwiianunmarkedjapanesepassengercargoshipissunkbytorpedoeslaunchedbythesubmarineoffakusekijimakillingciviliansincludingschoolchildrenaugustndashwwiiinkingmichaelscoupionantonescuprimeministerofromaniaisarrestedandanewgovernmentestablishedromanialeavesthewaragainstthesovietunionjoiningthealliesofworldwariialliesaugustndashwwiiliberationofparisthealliesenterparissuccessfullycompletingoperationoverlordjapanesevesselsattackandsinkthesubmarineoffluzonaugustndashwwiiliberationofparisgermansurrenderaugustgermansurrenderofparisgeneraldietrichvoncholtitzsurrendersparistothealliesindefianceofhitlersorderstodestroyitmaillmassacremassacreofcivilianswomenandchildrenbythegestapoatmaillindreetloirehungarydecidestohungaryinworldwariicontinuethewartogetherwithgermanytheredballexpressconvoysystembeginsoperationsupplyingtonsofmaterieltoalliedforcesinfranceaugustndashwwiitheslovakrepublicslovaknationaluprisingagainsttheaxispowersbeginsaugustndashthemadgasserofmattoonapparentlyresumestheirmysteriousattacksinmattoonillinoisfortwoweeksseptemberinseptemberseptemberndashwwiiinbulgariatheivanivanovbagryanovbagryanovgovernmentresignsseptembertheholocaustdiaristannefrankandherfamilyareplacedonthelasttransporttrainfromwesterborktoauschwitzconcentrationcamparrivingdayslaterholamagazinelaunchedinbarcelonaseptemberndashwwiithealliesliberatebrusselsseptemberndashwwiithebritishtharmoureddivisionunitedkingdomtharmoureddivisionliberatesthecityofantwerpinbelgiumfinlandbreaksoffrelationswithgermanyseptemberwwiithesovietuniondeclareswaronbulgariabelgiumnetherlandsandluxembourgconstitutebeneluxseptemberndashwwiitartuoffensiveinestoniaconcludeswithsovietforcescapturingtartuseptemberndashwwiithebelgiangovernmentinexilereturnstobrusselsfromlondonseptemberndashwwiithefirstvrocketattackonlondontakesplacethefrenchtownofmentonisliberatedfromgermanforcesseptemberndashwwiianinsurrectionbreaksoutinsofiaseptemberndashwwiilaksevgfloatingdrydockatbergennorwayissunkbybritishxclasssubmarinexanapproachingformationofusbombersisengagedbyagermanfightersquadronjagdgeschwaderinthebattleovertheoremountainsafterthefirstgermanattackonthebombersfollowingusnorthamericanpmustangsattackedthegermansquadroninaerialdogfightsseptemberndashwwiialliedforcesfromoperationoverlordinthenorthandoperationdragooninthesouthoffrancelinkupneardijonseptemberndashgreatatlantichurricanethegreatatlantichurricanemakeslandfallinthenewyorkcityareaseptemberndashwwiithebattleofpeleliubeginsinthepacificseptemberndashwwiioperationmarketgardenbeginsalliedairbornelandingsinthenetherlandsandgermanyseptemberndashwwiidrownwhentorpedoesaftergermanforcesdeclaretheevacuationofestoniathedaybeforetheestoniannationalgovernmentestoniainworldwariiattempttorestoreindependencebrieflyresumescont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mberndashwwiisecondbattleofelalameinbritishtroopsgoontheoffensiveagainsttheaxisforcesoctoberndashwwiibattleofthesantacruzislandstwojapaneseaircraftcarriersareheavilydamagedandoneusnavycarrierissunkoctoberfilmactorerrolflynnisaccusedofstatutoryrapebytwoteenagegirlsthealaskahighwayiscompletedoctoberndashtheholocaustintheunitedkingdomleadingclergymenandpoliticalfiguresholdapublicmeetingtoregisteroutrageovernazigermanyspersecutionofjewsoctoberndashwwiiuboatssinkelevenshipsattackingdiversionaryconvoyslbutmoveoutofthepathofapproachingtroopshipscarryingalliedoperationtorchinvasionforcesbritishsailorsboardasitsinksinthemediterraneanandretrieveitsenigmamachineandcodebooksnovembernovemberndashwwiinorthatlanticconvoyscisheavilyattackedbyuboatssinkingfifteenshipsnovemberndashausaafsquadronincludingbliberatorsinterceptsmanyluftwaffepatrolsoffthecoastoforanalgerianovemberndashwwiisecondbattleofelalameingermanforcesundererwinrommelareforcedtoretreatduringthenightnovemberndashwwiioperationtorchunitedstatesandunitedkingdomforceslandinfrenchnorthafricafrenchresistancecoupinalgiersfrenchcivilresistersneutralizethevichyistxixtharmycorpsandthevichyistgeneralsjuindarlanetcthusallowingtheimmediatesuccessofoperationtorchinalgiersandultimatelythewholeoffrenchnorthafricanovemberndashwwiiusservicemanedwardleonskiishangedatmelbournespentridgeprisonforthebrownoutmurdersofthreewomeninmaynovemberndashwwiiinviolationofaarmisticegermanyinvadesvichyfrancefollowingfrenchadmiralfranoisdarlansagreementtoanarmisticewiththealliesofworldwariialliesinnorthafricanovemberndashwwiiguadalcanalcampaignanavalbattlenearguadalcanalstartsbetweenjapaneseandamericanforcesnovemberndashwwiiguadalcanalcampaignaviatorsfromthesinkthejapanesebattleshipjapanesebattleshiphieihieibritishforcescapturetobruknovemberndashwwiithenavalbattleofguadalcanalendsalthoughtheunitedstatesnavysuffersheavylossesitretainscontrolofguadalcanalaboacscheduledpassengerflightadcwithregistrationgagbbformerlyklmphaliibisenroutebetweenlisbonandbristolisattackedoverthebayofbiscaybygermanfightersalthoughdamageditescapesandlandsinenglandotherattacksfollowonthesameaircraftandscheduledrouteaprilandjunefatalbritishforcescapturedernalibyanovemberndashwwiinorthatlanticconvoyonisattackedbyuboatssinkingfiveshipsnovemberndashwwiibattleofstalingradsovietunionforcesundergeneralgeorgyzhukovlaunchtheoperationuranuscounterattacksatstalingradturningthetideofthebattleintheussrsfavornovemberndashwwiibritishforcescapturebenghazinovemberndashthecompletionofthealaskahighwayalsoknownasthealcanhighwayiscelebratedhoweverthehighwayisnotusablebygeneralvehiclesuntilnovemberndashwwiibattleofstalingradthesituationforthegermanattackersofstalingradseemsdesperateduringthesovietunionsovietcounterattackoperationuranusandgeneralfriedrichpaulussendsadolfhitleratelegramsayingthatthetharmywehrmachtgermansixtharmyissurroundednovemberndashwwiiauboatsinksthessbenlomondoffthecoastofbrazilonecrewmanchinesesecondstewardpoonlimisseparatedfromtheothersandspendsdaysadriftuntilheisrescuedonaprillegislationapprovestheunitedstatescoastguardwomensreservetohelpfilljobsandfreementoserveduringthewarefforttheyareknownasthesparssemperparatusalwaysreadynovemberndashnovemberndashwwiioperationharlingabritishspecialoperationsexecutiveteamtogetherwithgreekresistancefightersblowsupthegorgopotamosviaductinthefirstmajorsabotageactinoccupiedcontinentaleuropenovemberndashthemoviecasablancafilmcasablancapremiresatthehollywoodtheaterinnewyorkcitynovemberndashwwiiattoulonthefrenchnavyscuttlingofthefrenchfleetintoulonscuttlesitsshipsandsubmarinestokeepthemoutofnazihandsnovembercocoanutgrovefireafireinthecocoanutgrovenightclubinbostonmassachusettskillsthelargescalegermanpacificationofthezamojszczyznaregionofpolandbeginsnovemberndashthebluestarlinecargolinerrunsagroundontheskeletoncoastofnamibiacrewandpassengerssurvivefollowingadayoverlandtrektowindhoeknovemberndashwwiibattleoftassafarongandashinanighttimenavalbattleaspartoftheguadalcanalcampaignshipsoftheimperialjapanesenavydefeatthoseoftheunitedstatesnavydecemberdecemberndashgasolinerationingbeginsintheunitedstatesdecemberndashmanhattanprojectbelowthebleachersofstaggfieldattheuniversityofchicagoateamledbyenricofermiinitiatesthefirstselfsustainingnuclearchainreactionacodedmessagetheitaliannavigatorhaslandedinthenewworldisthensenttouspresidentfranklindrooseveltdecembertheholocaustinwarsawtwowomenzofiakossakandwandafilipowiczrisktheirlivesbysettingupthecouncilfortheassistanceofthejewswwiiusaafbombersmaketheirfirstraidonitalydecemberndashwwiibritishcommandosconductoperationfranktonaraidonshippinginbordeauxharbourdecemberndashafireatseaclifflunaticasyluminnewzealandkillspatientsdecemberndashwwiigermantroopsbeganoperationwinterstormanattempttorelieveencircledaxisforcesduringthebattleofstalingraddecemberndashwwiiguadalcanalcampaignndashbattleofmountaustenthegallopinghorseandtheseahorseunitedstatesandalliedforcesbegintoattackjapanesepositionsnearthematanikauriverdecemberndashthealliesissuethejointdeclarationbymembersof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runsonbulovatimeasaoneoffspecialthefirstquizshowcalledunclebeeistelecastonwnbtsinauguralbroadcastdayfollowedlaterthesamedaybyralphedwardshostingthesecondgameshowbroadcastonustelevisiontruthorconsequencesassimulcastonradioandtvandsponsoredbyivorysoapivorysoapweeklybroadcastsoftheshowcommenceinintelevisionwithbobbarkercbstelevisionnetworkcbstelevisionbeginscommercialoperationonnewyorkstationwcbwmoderndaywcbstvonchannelwwiigermanyanditalyrecognizethejapanesesponsoredreorganizednationalgovernmentofchinachinesereorganizednationalgovernmentunderwangjingweiasthelegitimategovernmentofthechinajulyndashwwiiempireofjapancallsupmillionmenformilitaryservicejulyndashwwiijosephstalininhisfirstaddresssincethegermaninvasioncallsuponthesovietpeopletocarryoutascorchedearthpolicyofresistancetothebitterendjulyndashthemassacreoflvivprofessorsmassacreofpolishscientistsandwritersiscommittedbynazigermanynazigermantroopsintheoccupiedpolishcityoflvivlwwjulyndashwwiioperationbarbarossagermantroopsreachthednieperriverbritishtroopshipistorpedoedandsunkbyintheatlanticoceanwiththelossofaroundoutofaboutonboardjulyjulyecuadorianperuvianwarwarisfoughtbetweenperuandecuadorjulyndashwwiiamericanforcestakeoverthedefenseoficelandfromthebritishjulyndashuprisinginserbiauprisinginserbiatheleagueofcommunistsofyugoslaviacommunistpartyofyugoslaviaraisesanuprisingagainstthenazioccupationbeginningwhenikicajovanovipanacandmiapantikilltwonazigendarmesinthevillageofbelacrkvakrupanjbelacrkvajulyndashtheholocaustjedwabnepogromlocalethnicpolesmassacreatleastjewishresidentsofjedwabneinoccupationofpolandoccupiedpolandjulyndashthenorthernrhodesianlabourpartyholdsitsfirstcongressinnkanarefnamewoodrefjulyndashwwiiuprisinginmontenegrouprisinginmontenegroagainsttheaxispowersstartsthesecondpopularuprisingineuropethefirstbeingthefebruarystrikeoffebruaryaboveinthenetherlandsjulyndashwwiivichyfrancesignsarmisticetermsendingallfightinginsyriaandlebanonjulyndashjoedimaggiosgamehittingstreakendsjulywwiiabbcbroadcastbycolonelbrittoncallsonthepeopleofoccupiedeuropetoresistthenazisunderthesloganvforvictorythetomandjerryshortthemidnightsnackisreleaseditisthesecondappearancefortheduoandthefirstinwhichtheyareofficiallynamedjulyndashwwiiitalianaircraftdamagethebritishdestroyerwhichhastobesunkjulyndashintroductionofpostalcodesingermanyjulyndashwwiiinresponsetothejapaneseoccupationoffrenchindochinauspresidentfranklindrooseveltorderstheseizureofalljapaneseassetsintheunitedstatesgeneraldouglasmacarthurisnamedcommanderofallusforcesinthephilippinesthephilippinesarmyisorderednationalizedbypresidentrooseveltjulyndashthevichyregimesignstheprotocolconcerningjointdefenseandjointmilitarycooperationwiththeempireofjapangivingthejapaneseatotalofeightairfieldsallowingthemgreatertrooppresenceandtheuseoftheindochinesefinancialsysteminreturnforcontinuedfrenchautonomyjulyndashwwiiglinamassacresjulyaugustglinamassacreofjulyaugustndashtheustaebrutallykillserbsinsideaserbianorthodoxchurchinglinacroatiawithatotalofbeingkilledintheareaofthenextfewdaysjulyndashwwiitheholocaustunderinstructionsfromadolfhitlernazismnaziofficialhermanngringordersschutzstaffelssgeneralreinhardheydrichtosubmittomeassoonaspossibleageneralplanoftheadministrativematerialandfinancialmeasuresnecessaryforcarryingoutthedesiredfinalsolutionofthejewishquestionaugustaugustndashpoliticalwarfareexecutiveisformedintheunitedkingdomaugustndashfirstproductionwillysmbusarmyjeepaugustndashprovisionalgovernmentoflithuaniadissolvedaugustndashsixyearoldelaineespositogoestohaveanvermiformappendixappendixoperationinfloridaandlapsesintoacomadyingyearslaterstillcomatoseaugustndashwwiibritishsubmarinesinksanitalianmarconiclasssubmarineaugustndashfranklindrooseveltandwinstonchurchillmeetonboardshipatnavalstationargentiadominionofnewfoundlandnewfoundlandtheatlanticcharterreleasedaugustsettinggoalsforpostwarinternationalcooperationiscreatedasaresultaugustndashtheholocaustunitsofthewehrmachtandtheeinsatzgruppenaspartofoperationbarbarossastartkillingjewishchildrenwhichsignalthestartofthejewishgenocideaugustndashroyalnavysignalsschoolandcombinedsignalsschoolopensatleydenenearpetersfieldhampshireenglandaugustndashwwiigermantroopscapturetallinnestoniafromthesovietunionwhilesovietevacuationoftallinnattacksontheevacuatingsovietshipsleavemorethandeadinoneofthebloodiestnavalbattlesofworldwariigermanforceswillcapturetheentireestonianterritorybydecemberaugustwwiithegovernmentofnationalsalvationaserbsserbpuppetstateoftheaxispowersisestablishedgeneralmilannediinterritoryofthemilitarycommanderinserbianazioccupiedserbiainbelgradeunderthemilitarycommanderheinrichdanckelmanntheregimeincludedministersrobertmenziesresignsasprimeministerofaustraliaafterlosingthesupportofhisunitedaustraliapartypartyhewouldnotreturntotheprimeministershipuntilaustralianfederalelectionarthurfaddenleaderofthenationalpartyofaustraliacountrypartyconsequentlybecomesprimeministerwhileformerprimeministerbillyhughesunitedaustraliapartyleadershipelectionreplacesmenziesasuapleaderaugustndashgermantroopshipbahialauraissunkbyarekilledaugustndashthegreatgildersleevedebutsonnbcradiointheunitedstatesseptemberseptemberndashtheholocaustsshauptsturmfhrerkarlfritzschfirstusesthepesticidezyklonbtoexecutesovietprisonersofwarenmasseatauschwitzconcentrationcampeventuallyitwillbeusedtokillaboutmillionpeopleseptemberndashtheholocausttherequirementtowearthestarofdavidwiththewordjewinscribedisextendedtoalljewsovertheageofingermanoccupiedareasseptemberndashwwiithesiegeofleningradbeginsgermanforcesbeginasiegeagainstthesovietunionssecondlargestcitysaintpetersburgleningradstalinordersthevolgagermansdeportedtosiberiaseptemberwwiicharleslindberghatanamericafirstcommitteerallyindesmoinesiowaaccusesthebritishthejewishandtherooseveltadministrationofleadingtheunitedstatestowardwarwidespreadcondemnationoflindberghfollowsthemedvedevforestmassacreofpoliticalprisonerstakesplaceattheoryolprisoninthesovietunionseptemberwwiithefirstsnowfallisreportedontherussianfrontconstructiononthepentagonbeginsinwashingtondcfranklinrooseveltgivesoneofhisfiresidechatsontheussgreerddussgreerincidentseptemberndashthestateofvermontdeclareswarongermanybydefiningtheunitedstatestobeinarmedconflictinordertoextendawartimebonustovermontersintheserviceseptemberndashtheestonianselfadministrationheadedbyhjalmarmeisappointedbythegermanmilitaryadministrationseptemberndashrezshhofiranisforcedtoresigninfavorofhissonmohammadrezapahlaviunderpressurefromtheunitedkingdomandthesovietunionseptemberseptemberthenikolaevmassacretakesplaceinmykolaivmenwomenandchildrenmostlyjewsarekilledbyeinsatzgruppedandlocalcollaboratorsseptemberndashthetownofreshetylivkainthesovietunionisoccupiedbygermanforcesseptemberndashthetexashurricanemadelandfallnearbaycitytexascausingextensivedamageandfloodingingalvestontexasgalvestonandhoustonseptemberndashwwiithenationalliberationfrontgreecethemaingreekresistancemovementisestablishedandgeorgiossiantosisappointeditsfirstactingleaderseptemberndashthefirstlibertyshiptheislaunchedatbaltimoreseptemberndashwwiithedramauprisingagainstthebulgarianaxisoccupationofgreeceoccupationinnortherngreecebeginsseptemberndashwwiithemoscowconferencemoscowconferencebeginsusrepresentativeaverellharrimanandbritishrepresentativemaxaitkenlordbeaverbrooklordbeaverbrookmeetwithsovietforeignministervyacheslavmolotovmolotovtoarrangeurgentassistanceforrussiaseptemberseptemberndashtheholocaustbabiyarmassacrendashgermantroopsassistedbyukrainianpoliceandlocalcollaboratorskilljewsoctoberoctobertheholocaustthenazigermanynazigermanmajdanekconcentrationcampkonzentrationslagerlublinopensinoccupationofpolandoccupiedpolandontheoutskirtsofthetownlublinbetweenoctoberandjulyatleastpeoplewillbekilledinthecampnewzealanddivisionoftheroyalnavybecomestheroyalnewzealandnavyoctoberndashwwiioperationtyphoonbeginsasgermanylaunchesanalloutoffensiveagainstmoscowoctoberndashtheholocaustinberdychivjewsareshotdeadoctoberndashjohncurtinbecomesthethprimeministerofaustraliafollowingthedefeatofarthurfaddensnationalpartyofaustraliacountryunitedaustraliapartyuapcoalitionaustraliacoalitionfaddengovernmentgovernmentontheflooroftheaustralianhouseofrepresentativeshouseofrepresentativesoctoberndashwwiiintheirinvasionofthesovietuniongermanyreachestheseaofazovwiththecaptureofmariupoloctoberndashwwiiarmedinsurgentsfromthepeoplesliberationarmyofmacedoniaattackaxispowersaxisoccupiedzonesinthecityofprilepbeginningtheworldwariiinyugoslavmacedonianationalliberationwarofmacedoniaoctoberndashoctoberndashfiredestroysaamericanprintingcompanyfallriverironworksfirestonetireandrubbercompanyplantinfallrivermassachusettsconsumingtonsofrubberandcausingasetbacktotheunitedstateswareffortoctoberndashtheholocaustheinrichhimmlerinstructsssandpoliceleaderodiloglobocniktobeginconstructionofbeecexterminationcampbeecthefirstoftheoperationreinhardexterminationcampsoctoberndashbritishsubmarinebombardstheportofapolloniacyrenaicainitalianlibyamidoctoberndashfirstproductionpelightningfighterproducedbylockheedcorporationlockheedintheunitedstatesoctoberndashwwiithesovietunionsovietgovernmentmovestokuibyshevmodernsamararussiasamarabutjosephstalinstalinremainsinmoscowoctoberndashwwiithedestroyeristorpedoedanddamagednearicelandkillingsailorsthefirstamericanmilitarycasualtiesofthewarinwhichtheusisatthistimeneutraloctoberndashgeneralhidekitjbecomesthethprimeministerofjapanoctoberndashwwiikragujevacmassacrendashgermansoldiersandlocalauxiliariesmassacremorethancivilianmenatkragujevacinterritoryofthemilitarycommanderinserbianazioccupiedserbiaoctoberndashwaltdisneysfourthanimatedfilmdumboisreleasedintheunitedstatesoctoberndashfranzvonwerradisappearsduringaflightoverthenorthseaoctoberndashtheholocaustkaunasmassacreofoctoberndashoverlithuanianjewsareshotdeadoctoberwwiifranklindrooseveltpresidentoftheunitedstatesapprovesusbillioninlendleaseaidtothesovietuniontheholocaustjewsfrompidhaitsiinwesternukrainearesentbynazistobeecexterminationcampoctoberwwiithedestroyeronconvoyescortisaccidentallytorpedoedbyagermanuboatnearicelandkillingmorethanunitedstatesnavysailorslastdayofcarvingonmountrushmoreinsouthdakotanovembernovemberndashwwiitheunitedstatesholdspeacetalkswithjapannovemberndashwwiisovietleaderjosephstalinaddressesthesovietunionforonlythesecondtimeduringhisthreedecaderulethefirsttimewasearlierthisyearonjulyhestatesthatsoviettroopshavebeenkilledingermanattacksbutthatthegermanshavelostmillionsoldiersagrossexaggerationandthatsovietvictoryisnearnovemberndashwwiithesoviethospitalshiparmeniasoviethospitalshiparmeniaissunkbygermanaircraftwhileevacuatingrefugeeswoundedmilitaryandthestaffofseveralcrimeanhospitalsitisestimatedthatmorethandieinthesinkingnovemberndashinaspeechatthemansionhouselondonwinstonchurchillpromisesshouldtheunitedstatesbecomeinvolvedinwarwithjapanthebritishdeclarationwillfollowwithinthehournovemberndashwwiiasthebattleofmoscowbeginstemperaturesaroundmoscowdroptonbspcandthesovietunionlaunchesskiwarfareskitroopsforthefirsttimeagainstthefreezinggermanforcesnearthecitythesovietcruisersovietcruiserchervonaukrainachervonaukrainaishitthreetimesinthesevernayabaybybombsfromgermanjunkersjustukadivebombersfromsturzkampfgeschwaderiistgduringthesiegeofsevastopolsiegeofsevastopolnovemberwwiithebritishaircraftcarriersinksundertowoffgibraltarafterbeingtorpedoedthepreviousdaybytheholocaustinslonimbyelorussiansovietsocialistrepublicbyelorussianssrgermanforcesengagedinoperationbarbarossamurderjewsthisdaynovemberndashwwiijosephgrewtheunitedstatesambassadortojapancablestowashingtondcawarningthatjapanmaystrikesuddenlyandunexpectedlynovemberndashwwiioperationcrusaderabritisheightharmyoperationtorelievethesiegeoftobrukinnorthafricabeginsnovemberndashwwiibothcommerceraidinggermanauxiliarycruiserkormorangermanauxiliarycruiserkormoranandaustraliancruisersinkfollowingabattleoffthecoastofwesternaustraliatherearenosurvivorsfromtheaustraliansailorsaboardsydneynovemberndashtheradioprogramkingbiscuittimeisbroadcastforthefirsttimeitlaterbecomesthelongestrunningdailyradiobroadcastinhistoryandthemostfamouslivebluesradioprogramnovemberndashwwiisinkscommerceraidingendingthelongestwarshipcruiseofthewardayswithoutinportreplenishmentorrepairnovemberndashwwiithehullnoteoutlineofproposedbasisforagreementbetweentheunitedstatesandjapannamedforsecretaryofstatecordellhullisdeliveredtotheempireofjapanbytheunitedstatesafleetofaircraftcarrierscommandedbyjapaneseviceadmiralchichinagumoleaveshitokapubayforpearlharborunderstrictradiosilencenovemberwwiigermansreachtheirclosestapproachtomoscowtheyaresubsequentlyfrozenbycoldweatherandattacksbythesovietsagroupofyoungmenstoptrafficonushighwaysouthofyrekacaliforniahandingoutfliersproclaimingtheestablishmentofthejeffersonproposedpacificstatestateofjeffersonnovemberanddecembertherumbulamassacretakesplacekillingapproximatelylatvianjewsandgermanjewsoutsideofrigadecemberdecemberndashwwiifiorellolaguardiamayorofnewyorkcityanddirectoroftheofficeofciviliandefensesignsadministrativeorderadministrativeordercreatingthecivilairpatrolundertheauthorityoftheunitedstatesarmyairforcesastateofemergencyisdeclaredinbritishmalayaandthestraitssettlementsdecemberndashwwiithecodemessageclimbmountniitakaistransmittedtothejapanesetaskforceindicatingthatnegotiationshavebrokendownandthattheattackonpearlharboristobecarriedoutaccordingtoplandecemberndashthejeffersonproposedpacificstatestateofjeffersonisdeclaredinyrekacaliforniawithajudgejohnchildsasgovernordecemberndashwwiisovietcounterattacksbeginagainstgermantroopsencirclingmoscowthewehrmachtissubsequentlypushedbackovermilestheunitedkingdomdeclareswaronfinlandandromaniadecemberndashwwiibritishsubmarineissunkbyanavalminemineoffcephaloniadecemberdecemberndashnbspamjapanstandardtimendashwwiiattackonpearlharboraircraftflyingfromimperialjapanesenavyaircraftcarriercarrierslaunchasurpriseattackontheunitedstatesfleetatpearlharborinterritoryofhawaiihawaiithusdrawingtheunitedstatesintoworldwariitheattackbeginsatnbspamhawaiianstandardtimeandisannouncedonradiostationsintheusataboutnbsppmpacifictimezonepstgmtthejapanesedeclarationofwarontheunitedstatesandthebritishempireispublishedinjapaneseeveningnewspapersbutnotformallydeliveredtotheusuntilthefollowingdaycanadadeclareswaronjapanadolfhitlermakeshisnachtundnebeldecreedeclaringthatallpoliticalprisonersandthoseinvolvedinbothgermanresistancetonazismandresistancetonazismthroughoutgermanoccupiedeuropeweretobeapprehendedbythegestaposicherheitsdienstandothersecurityforcesunderheinrichhimmlerscontroltobruksbritishandcommonwealthgarrisonisrelievedafteraxisforcesunderrommelwithdrawdecemberwwiithebattleofhongkongbeginsshortlyafternbspamhongkongtimelocaltimelessthaneighthoursaftertheattackonpearlharborwhenjapaneseforcesinvadebritishhongkonghongkongwhichisdefendedbybritishcanadianandlocaltroopstheunitedkingdomofficiallydeclareswarontheempireofjapanwwiijapaneseinvasionofshanghaiinternationalsettlementbegantooccupythebritishandtheamericansectorsaftertheattackonpearlharborwwiithejapaneseoccupationofthephilippinesbeginstenhoursaftertheattackonpearlharborwhenjapaneseforcesinvadeluzonanddestroyusaircraftonclarkfieldrefname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ntunderthearticlesofconfederationisreincorporatedafteritscharterhadexpiredinmarchndashinthebritishhouseofcommonshenrybeaufoyfilesthefirstmotiontorepealthetestactwhichrestrictstherightsofnonmembersofthechurchofenglandbeaufoysmotionisrejectedandtheactisnotrepealeduntilmarchndashbiblicaltheologybecomesaseparatedisciplinefrombiblicalstudiesasjohannphilippgablerdelivershisspeechontheproperdistinctionbetweenbiblicalanddogmatictheologyandthespecificobjectivesofeachuponhisinaugurationastheprofessoroftheologyattheuniversityofaltdorfingermanyrefcraigbartholomewoutofegyptbiblicaltheologyandbiblicalinterpretationzondervanprefaprilndashjuneaprilndashacharterofjusticeissignedprovidingtheauthorityfortheestablishmentoftheviceadmiraltycourtnewsouthwalesfirstnewsouthwalesieaustraliancourtsofcriminalandciviljurisdictionmayndashthenewchurchisfoundedmayndashcaptainarthurphillipleavesportsmouthenglandwiththeshipsofthefirstfleetcarryingaroundconvictsandatleastcrewandguardstoestablishapenalcolonyinaustraliamayndashinphiladelphiadelegatesbeginarrivingforaconstitutionalconventionunitedstatesconstitutionalconventionmayndashinbritainthomasclarksonandgranvillesharpfoundthesocietyforeffectingtheabolitionoftheslavetradewithsupportfromjohnwesleyjosiahwedgwoodandothersmayndashinphiladelphiadelegatesbegintoconvenetheconstitutionalconventionunitedstatesconstitutionalconventionintendedtoamendthearticlesofconfederationhoweveranewunitedstatesconstitutioniseventuallyproducedgeorgewashingtonpresidesovertheconventionmayndashorangismdutchrepublicorangisttroopsattackvreeswijkharmelenandmaarssencivilwarstartsinthedutchrepublicmayndashtheoriginallordscricketgroundinlondonholdsitsfirstcricketmatchrefnamecassellschronologyrefmarylebonecricketclubfoundedjunendasholiverellsworthmovesatthefederalconventionthatthegovernmentbecalledtheunitedstatesjunendashwilhelminaofprussiaprincessoforangeprincesswilhelminaoforangesisterofkingfrederickwilliamiiofprussiaiscapturedbydutchrepublicanpatriotsdutchrepublicpatriotstakentogoejanverwellesluisandnotallowedtotraveltothehaguejulyndashseptemberjulyndashthecongressoftheconfederationenactsthenorthwestordinanceestablishinggoverningrulesforthenorthwestterritorythefuturestatesofohioindianaillinoismichiganandwisconsinitalsoestablishesproceduresfortheadmissionofnewstatesandlimitstheexpansionofslaveryjulytheunitedstatesratifiesitsfirsttreatywiththesultanateofmoroccoaugustsouthcarolinacedestotheunitedstatesitsclaimstoamilewidestripoflandthatrunsacrossnorthernalabamaandmississippiaugustndashlaunchingasteampoweredcraftonthedelawareriverjohnfitchinventorjohnfitchdemonstratesthefirstuspatentforhisdesignseptemberndashprussianinvasionofhollandprussiantroopsinvadethedutchrepublicwithinafewweekspatriotsdutchrepublicpatriotsoutofapopulationofgointoexileinfranceandlearnfromobservationtheidealsofthefrenchrevolutionseptemberndashtheunitedstatesconstitutionissignedbytheconstitutionalconventionunitedstatesconstitutionalconventioninphiladelphiaseptemberndashwashingtonacademylaterwashingtonjeffersoncollegeischarteredbythepennsylvaniageneralassemblyoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashrussoturkishwarndashbattleofkinburnbattleofkinburnalexandersuvorovthoughsustainingawoundroutstheturksoctoberndashthefirstofthefederalistpapersaseriesofessayscallingforratificationoftheusconstitutionispublishedintheindependentjournalanewyorknewspaperoctoberndashwolfgangamadeusmozartsoperadongiovannilibrettobylorenzodapontepremieresintheestatestheatreinpraguenovemberndashthefirstsecondaryeducationschoolopentogirlsinswedensocietetsskolanisfoundedingothenburgnovemberndashtreatyofversaillessignedforminganalliancebetweenthekingdomoffranceandthelordgialongnguynphcnhfutureemperorofvietnamdecemberndashjamesrumseydemonstrateshiswaterjetpropelledboatonthepotomacriverdecemberndashdelawareratifiestheconstitutionandbecomesthefirstusstatedecemberndashlapurisimamissionisfoundedbypadrefermnlasunastheeleventhofthespanishmissionsincaliforniadecemberndashpennsylvaniabecomesthesecondusstatedecemberndashnewjerseybecomesthethirdusstatedecemberndashcaptainwilliamblighsetssailfromenglandfortahitiindateunknowncarolineherschelisgrantedanannualsalaryofpoundsterlingbykinggeorgeiiiofgreatbritainforactingasassistanttoherbrotherwilliamherschelwilliaminastronomythenorthcarolinageneralassemblyincorporateswaynesboroughnorthcarolinawaynesboroughanddesignatesittheseatforwaynecountynorthcarolinaantoinelavoisieristhefirsttosuggestthatsilicaisanoxideofahithertounknownmetallicchemicalelementlaterisolatedandnamedsiliconfreedslaveottobahcugoanopublishesthoughtsandsentimentsontheevilandwickedtrafficoftheslaveryandcommerceofthehumanspeciesinenglandonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashmanueljosarcerevolutionarygeneralandfirstpresidentofthefederalrepublicofcentralamericadfebruaryndashwilliambradleygiantwilliambradleybritainstallestmaneveratnbspftindfebruaryndashgeorgemogridgeoldhumphreyenglishwriterpoetdmarchndashjosephvonfraunhofergermanopticiandmarchndashgeorgebethuneenglishamericanexplorerwriterdmarchjosephinekablickczec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inmeetswithchechnyanrebelsforthefirsttimeandnegotiatesaceasefireforthedisputemayndashalbaniasgeneralelectionofmayisdeclaredunfairbyinternationalmonitorsandtherulingdemocraticpartyofalbaniademocraticpartyunderpresidentsaliberishaischargedbytheorganizationforsecurityandcooperationineuropewithriggingtheelectionsseveralhundredprotestorsgatherintiranatodemonstrateagainsttheelectionresultmayndashthelikudpartyledbybenjaminnetanyahuwinsanarrowvictoryintheisraeligeneralelectionmayndashfifaawardsthefifaworldcuptojapanandsouthkoreabecomingthefirstworldcupinasiaandthefirstwithcohostcountriesjunejunendashiraqdisarmamentcrisisasiraqcontinuestorefuseinspectorsaccesstoanumberofsitestheunitedstatesfailsinitsattempttobuildsupportformilitaryactionagainstiraqintheunsecuritycounciljunejunendashtheczechrepublicsfirstgeneralelectionendsinconclusivelyprimeministervclavklausandhisincumbentcivicdemocraticpartyczechrepubliccivicdemocraticpartyemergeasthewinnersbutareunabletoformamajoritygovernmentpresidentvclavhavelrefusestoinviteklaustoformacoalitionjunendashthespacerocketarianeexplodesfortysecondsaftertakeoffinfrenchguianatheprojectcostseuropeangovernmentsoverelevenyearsjunendashleightonwsmithjrresignsasnatocommanderinthefaceofincreasingcriticismjuneanexplosioninasopaulosuburbanshoppingcentrekillspeopleandinjuresmorethanapeaceconvoycarryingchechenpeoplechechenseparatistleadersandinternationaldiplomatsistargetedbyaseriesofremotelycontrolledlandmineseightpeoplearekilledjunendashinmanchesterukamanchesterbombingmassiveirabombinjuresoverpeopleanddevastatesalargepartofthecitycentrejuneanewgovernmentisformedinturkeywithnecmettinerbakanofrefahpartisibecomingprimeministerofthecoalitiongovernmentanddeputyforeignministertansuillerofthetruepathpartysucceedinghimaftertwoyearstheconstitutionofukraineissignedintolawjunetheprincestrustconcertisheldinhydeparklondonandisattendedbypeoplethewhoheadlinestheeventintheirfirstperformancesinceanexplosioninafirecrackersfactoryinsichuanprovincechinakillsatleastpeopleandinjuresothersjunecostassimitisiselectedpresidentofthepanhellenicsocialistmovementofgreecebosnianserbleaderradovankaradirelinquishespowertohisdeputybiljanaplavigermanynationalfootballteamgermanydefeatstheczechrepublicnationalfootballteamczechrepublicafterextratimeinthefinaloftheuefaeuroeuropeanchampionshipsjulyjulyiraqdisarmamentcrisisuninspectorscottritterattemptstoconductsurpriseinspectionsontherepublicanguardfacilityattheairportbutisblockedbyiraqiofficialstheindiangovernmentofficiallyrenamesthecityofmadrasrestoringthenamechennaijulythenorthernterritoryinaustralialegalisesvoluntaryeuthanasiagermanorthographyreformofagreedinternationallyjulyndashborisyeltsinisrussianpresidentialelectionreelectedaspresidentofrussiaafterthesecondroundofelectionsjulyndashdollythesheepthefirstmammaltobesuccessfullycloningclonedfromanadultcellbiologycellisbornattheroslininstituteinmidlothianscotlandunitedkingdomukjulyndasharrestwarrantsareissuedforbosnianserbwarcriminalsradovankaradiandratkomladibytherusselltribunalinthehaguejulyndashhurricaneberthahurricaneberthamadelandfallinnorthcarolinaasacategorynbspstormcausingmillionindamageinpresentdaytermstotheunitedstatesanditspossessionsandmanyindirectdeathsjulyndashanoutbreakofescherichiacoliecolifoodpoisoninginjapanresultsinchildrenbeingillincludingtwodeathsafteragroupofschoolchildreneatcontaminatedlunchesjulythecommunityofportugueselanguagecountriescomunidadedospasesdelnguaportuguesaisconstitutedparisandromeboundtwaflightboeingexplodesoffthecoastoflongislandnewyorkkillingallpeopleonboardjulythesummerolympicsinatlantaunitedstatesbeginbosnianserbpresidentradovankaradiresignsfrompublicofficeinrepublikasrpskaafterbeingindictedforwarcrimesjulyndashthesaguenayfloodoneofcanadasmostcostlynaturaldisastersiscausedbyfloodingonthesaguenayriverinquebecjulyndashthedehiwalatrainbombingkillscommutersoutsidecolombojulyndashthetutsiledburundianarmyperformsaburundiancoupdtatcoupandreinstallspreviouspresidentpierrebuyoyaoustingcurrentpresidentsylvestrentibantunganyajulyndashthecentennialolympicparkbombingatthesummerolympicskillsonepersonandinjuresaugustaugustthefirstthreeparentbabyisconceivedinnewjerseythroughmitochondrialdonationtheinvasivespeciesasianlonghornedbeetleisfoundinnewyorkcityaugustsarahbalabaganreturnstothephilippinesaprodemocracydemonstrationsupportingmegawatisukarnoputriinindonesiaisbrokenupbyriotpoliceaugustndashthesummerolympicsconcludeaugustndashnasaannouncesthattheallanhillsmeteoritethoughttooriginatefrommarsmaycontainevidenceofprimitivelifeformsaugustndashheavyrainskillmorethancampersnearhuescaspainaugustndashborisyeltsinissworninatthekremlinforasecondtermaspresidentofrussiaaugustndashdatasentbackbythegalileospacecraftgalileospaceprobeindicatestheremaybewaterononeofjupitersmoonsaugustndasharocketignitedduringafireworksdisplayinarequipaperuknocksdownahightensionpowercableintoadensecrowdelectrocutingpeopleaugustndashbobdoleisnominatedforpresidentoftheunitedstatesandjackkempforvicepresidentattherepublicannationalconventi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hssymphonynoshostakovichthsymphonyissubtitledtheyeartocommemoratethiscanadaandtheusexpandedwestwiththealbertaandsaskatchewanprovincesandthefoundingoflasvegasisalsotheannusmirabilisofalberteinsteinwhopublishedpaperswhichlaidthefoundationsforquantumphysicsintroducedthespecialtheoryofrelativityexplainedbrownianmotionandestablishedmassenergyequivalenceeventsacartoonbyjohntmccutcheondepictingthenewyearchasingtheoldintothehistorybooksjanuarymassacreofrussiandemonstratorsatthewinterpalaceinsaintpetersburgjanuaryndashthetranssiberianrailwayofficiallyopensafteritscompletiononjulyjanuaryndashrussojapanesewartherussianarmysurrendersatlshunkouportarthurinqingdynastychinajanuaryndashtheplaythescarletpimpernelopensatthenolcowardtheatrenewtheatreinlondonandbeginsarunofperformancesandnumerousrevivalsjanuaryjanuaryosndashthebloodysundaybloodysundaymassacreofpeacefulrussiandemonstratorsledbyrussianorthodoxchurchrussianorthodoxpriestgeorgygaponfathergaponatthewinterpalaceinsaintpetersburghelpstriggertheabortiverevolutionofjanuaryjanuaryosrussianrevolutionoftheimperialrussianarmyopensfireondemonstratorsinrigagovernorateoflivoniakillingandinjuringpeoplethecullinandiamondisfoundnearpretoriasouthafricaatthepremierminefebruaryfebruaryndashinchristchurchnewzealandthecathedraloftheblessedsacramentchristchurchcathedraloftheblessedsacramentisopenedfebruaryndashathaulbowlinemilitarybasebaseinirelandtwoexplosionsonboardhmsubmarineaduetogasolinefumesafterrefuelingkillsixofelevencrewmembersfebruaryndashatfremantleaustraliatheroyalmailshiprmsorizabaiswreckedbutallpassengersandthemailaresavedfebruaryndashrussojapanesewarthebattleofmukdenbeginsinmanchuriafebruaryndashrotaryinternationalisfoundedinchicagoillinoismarchcreatesthedumaasfulltermsthpresidentoftheunitedstatesmarchndashaustralianconservativeleaderrichardbutleraustralianpoliticianrichardbutlertakesofficeaspremierofsouthaustraliamarchndashtsarnicholasiiofrussiaagreestocreateanelectedassemblythedumamarchndashtheodorerooseveltissecondinaugurationoftheodorerooseveltsworninforafulltermaspresidentoftheunitedstatesmarchndashrussojapanesewarrussiantroopsbegintoretreatfrommukdenafterlosingtroopsindaysmarchrussojapanesewarthejapanesecaptureofmukdennowshenyangcompletestheroutofrussianarmiesinmanchuriacassiechadwickissentencedforyearsinclevelandohioforfraudchelseafcisfoundedinlondonmarchndashmatahariintroducesherexoticdanceactinparismarchndashalberteinsteinpublisheshispaperonaheuristicviewpointconcerningtheproductionandtransformationoflightinwhichheexplainsthephotoelectriceffectusingthenotionoflightquantamarchndashgrovershoefactorydisasteraboilerexplosionbuildingcollapseandfireinbrocktonmassachusettskillsmarchndashtherisorevoltaboutmenledbyeleftheriosvenizelosmeetatthevillageoftherisocretetochallengetheislandsauthoritariangovernmentandpressforitsunificationwithgreecemarchndashwilhelmiigermanemperorassertsgermanequalitywithfranceinmoroccotriggeringthetangierorfirstmoroccancrisisaprilaprilndashalberteinsteinworksonthespecialtheoryofrelativityaswellasthetheoryofbrownianmotionaprilndashthepennypostisestablishedbetweentheunitedkingdomandaustraliaaprilndashthesimplontunnelisofficiallyopenedthroughthealpsaprilndashbocajuniorawellknownfootballclubofargentinaisfoundedinbuenosairesaprilndashinindiathekangraearthquakehitsthekangravalleykillsanddestroysmostbuildingsinkangrahimachalpradeshkangramcleodganjanddharamshalaaprilndashlochnervnewyorkthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesinvalidatesnewyorkshourdaylawaprilndasherikgustafbostrmresignsastheprimeministerofswedenovertheissueoftheunionbetweenswedenandnorwayswedishnorwegianunionhisministerwithoutportfoliojohanramstedtbecomesthenewprimeministerofswedenmayisfoundedwithauctionofmayndashalberteinsteinsubmitshisdoctoraldissertationonthemotionofsmallparticlesinwhichheexplainsbrownianmotioninthecourseoftheyeareinsteinpublishesfourpapersformulatesthetheoryofspecialrelativityandexplainsthephotoelectriceffectbyquantummechanicsquantizationisregardedashismiracleyearmayndashlasvegasisfoundedwheninwhatlaterbecomesdowntownareauctionedoffmayndashkappadeltarhoisfoundedinroomofoldpainterhallatmiddleburycollegeinmiddleburyvermontmaymayndashrussojapanesewarndashbattleoftsushimathejapanesefleetunderadmiralheihachirotogodestroystherussianfleetunderadmiralzinovipetrovichrozhdestvenskiinadaybattlesubmitshisdissertationjunejunendashthenorwegianparliamentdeclarestheunionwithswedendissolutionoftheunionbetweennorwayandswedendissolvedandnorwayachievesfullindependencejunendashthecharltonathleticfcisfoundedinlondonenglandjunendashprincessmargaretofconnaughtmarriesgustafviadolfofswedenprincegustafadolfofswedendukeofsknegustafviadolfofswedenjunendashjuneinthejuliancalendarrussianbattleshippotemkinthemutinymutinybreaksoutontherussianironcladrussianbattleshippotemkinpotemkinjunendashtheautomobileassociationisfoundedintheunitedkingdomjunendashalberteinsteinpublishesthearticleontheelectrodynamicsofmovingbodieswhereherevealshistheoryofspecialrelativityjulyjulyndashtaftkatsurasecretagreementtheunitedstatesandjapanmeettodiscusstheirrespectivepositionsregardingkoreaandthephilippinesjulyndashalfreddeakinbecomesprimeministerofaustraliaforthesecondtimeaugustaugustndashmexicanamericanprospectorpablovalenciagetslostinthesonorandesertofarizonawithnowateraugustndashbusinessmanandrightwingpoliticianchristianlundebergbecomesprimeministerofswedenaugustleopoldiiofbelgiumopenstheantwerpencentralrailwaystationthefirstrunningtakesplaceoftheshelsleywalshspeedhillclimbtheworldsoldestmotorsporteventtohavebeenstagedcontinuouslyonitsoriginalcourseaugndashsunyatsenchineserevolutionaryformsthefirstchapteroftungmenghuiaunionofallsecretsocietiesdeterminedtobringingdownthemanchusaugustndashtheancientorderofdruidsinitiateneodruidismneodruidicritualsatstonehengeinenglandseptemberseptemberndashthecanadianprovincesofalbertaandsaskatchewanareestablishedfromthesouthwesternpartofthenorthwestterritoriesseptemberndashrussojapanesewarndashtreatyofportsmouthinnewhampshireatreatymediatedbyuspresidenttheodorerooseveltissignedbyempireofjapanjapanandrussianempirerussiarussiacedestheislandofsakhalinandportandrailrightsinmanchuriatojapanseptemberndashthecalabriaearthquakecalabriaearthquakeshakessouthernitalywithamaximummercalliintensityscalemercalliintensityofxiextremekillingbetweenandpeopleseptemberndashcrystalpalacefcisfoundedinlondonseptemberndashalberteinsteinsubmitshispaperdoestheinertiaofabodydependuponitsenergycontentinwhichhedevelopsanargumentforthefamousequationmassenergyequivalenceenbspnbspmcsupsupoctoberoctoberndashfauvistartistsledbyhenrimatisseandandrderainfirstexhibittheirworksatthesalondautomneinparisoctoberndashaczechworkerfrantiekpavlkwasbayonetedtodeathduringademonstrationforaczechuniversityinbrnothiseventwasthemotivationforapianosonataxbycomposerleojanekwhichpremieredonjanuaryoctoberndashhmsdreadnoughthmsdreadnoughtislaiddownintheunitedkingdomrevolutionizingbattleshipdesignandtriggeringanavalarmsraceoctoberndashthewrightbrothersthirdaeroplanewrightflyeriiistaysintheairforminuteswithwilburpilotingthefirstaeroplaneflightlastingoverhalfanhouroctoberndashthepartitionofbengalpartitionofbengalismadebylordcurzontoseparatetheregionofbengalbymuslimandhinduterritoriesuntilitsreunificationinoctoberndashgalatasaraysksportsandassociationfootballclubisfoundedinistanbuloctoberndashswedenagreestotherepealoftheunionwithnorwayoctoberoctoberoldstyleandnewstyledatesoldstylerussianrevolutionoftheimperialrussianarmyopensfireonameetingatastreetmarketintallinngovernorateofestoniakillingandinjuringoverpeopleoctoberoldstyleandnewstyledatesoldstylethecircumbaikalrailwayisbroughtintopermanentoperationcompletingthroughrailcommunicationonthetranssiberianrailwayoctoberoctoberoldstyleoctobermanifestotsarnicholasiiofrussiaisforcedtoannouncethegrantingofhiscountrysfirstconstitutiontherussianconstitutionofconcedinganationalassemblystatedumarussianempirestatedumawithlimitedpowersturkishprofessionalsportssocietyclubgalatasarayskgalatasarayfoundedinistanbulnovembernovemberndashtheapplicationoftheinfamousrussificationoffinlandfebruarymanifestoremovingthevetoofthedietoffinlanddietoftheautonomousgrandprincipalityoffinlandovermattersconsideredbytheemperortoconcernrussianimperialinterestsisinterruptedbythenewnovembermanifestothesenateoffinlandisorderedtoputforwardaproposalforparliamentoffinlandparliamentaryreformbasedonunicameralismanduniversalandequalsuffragenovemberndashlawyerandliberalpoliticiankarlstaaffbecomesprimeministerofswedenafterariksdagelectionbasedmainlyonvotingrightsreformnovemberndashtheprovinceofalbertacanadaholdsitsalbertageneralelectionfirstgeneralelectionnovemberndashnorwayholdsnorwegianmonarchyplebisciteareferendumresultinginpopularapprovaloftheparliamentofnorwaystortingsdecisiontoauthorisethegovernmenttomaketheofferofthethroneofthenewlyindependentcountrynovemberndashthejapankoreatreatyofeulsatreatyeffectivelymakeskoreaaprotectorateofjapannovemberndashprincecarlofdenmarkbecomeskinghaakonviiofnorwaynovemberndashirishnationalistarthurgriffithfoundssinnfinindublinasapoliticalpartywhosegoalisindependenceforallofirelandnovemberndashdecemberndashrussianrevolutionofinthebalticgovernoratesworkersandpeasantsburnandloothundredsofbalticgermansbalticgermanmanorstheimperialrussianarmythereafterexecutesanddeportsthousandsoflootersdecemberdecemberndashdecembermoscowuprisingofmoscowuprisingabolsheviksbolshevikledrevoltissuppressedbythearmydecemberndashthefrenchlawontheseparationofthechurchesandthestateispassedenactinglacitdecemberndashinsupportofthemoscowuprisingthecouncilofworkersdeputiesofkievstagesamassuprisingestablishingtheshuliavkarepublicinthecitydecemberndashdecemberdecemberndashthepushkinhouseisestablishedinsaintpetersburgrussiatopreservetheculturalheritageofalexanderpushkindecemberabombkillsfranksteunenbergexgovernorofidahothecaseleadstoatrialagainstleadersofthewesternfederationofminersfranzlehrsoperettathemerrywidowisfirstperformedatthetheateranderwienviennadateunknownnonaboriginalwomenaregiventhevoteandadmittedtothepracticeoflawinqueenslandworkerscompe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hichfeaturedpavilionsfromlatinamericancountriesthegermanairshiplzgrafzeppelinlzgrafzeppelinflewaroundtheworldindayssummarymiddleeastasiaandpacificislesonaugustofthisyearthepalestineriotsbrokeoutbetweenpalestiniansandjewsovercontrolofthewesternwalltheriotinginitiatedinpartwhenbritishpolicetoredownascreenthejewshadconstructedinfrontofthewallrefnamesegevrefcontinueduntiltheendofthemonthintotaljewsandpalestinianswerekilledtwoofthemorefamousincidentsoccurringduringtheseriotsweretheaugusthebronmassacreinwhichalmostjewswerekilledbypalestiniansandtheremainingjewsareforcedtostayathebronthepalestinianshadbeentoldthatjewswerekillingpalestiniansjewswouldnotreturntohebronuntilafterthesixdaywarintheothermajorclashwasthesafedmassacreinwhichjewswerekilledbypalestiniansinsafedinsimilarfashionelsewhereinthemiddleeastiraqtookabigsteptowardgainingindependencefromthebritishtheiraqigovernmenthadsincetheendofworldwariandthebeginningofthebritishmandateinthemiddleeastconsistentlyresistedbritishhegemonyinseptembergreatbritainannounceditwouldsupportiraqsinclusionintheleagueofnationssignalingthebeginningoftheendoftheirdirectcontroloftheregionearlyintheafghanleaderkingamanullahlostpowerthroughrevolutionandcivilwartohabibullhkalaknihabibullhsrulehoweveronlylastedninemonthsmohammednadirshahnadirshahreplacedhiminoctoberstartingalineofmonarchswhichwouldlastyearsinindiaageneralstrikeinbombaycontinuedthroughouttheyeardespiteeffortsbythebritishondecembertheallindiacongressinlahoredeclaredindianindependencefrombritainsomethingithadthreatenedtodoifbritaindidnotgrantindiadominionstatuschinaandrussiaengagedinasinosovietconflictminorconflictafterchinaseizedfullcontrolofthemanchurianchineseeasternrailwayrussiacounterattackedandtookthecitiesofhailardistricthailarandmanchouliafterissuinganultimatumdemandingjointcontroloftherailwaytobereinstatedthechineseagreedtothetermsonnovemberthejapanesewouldlaterseethisdefeatasasignofchineseweaknessleadingtotheirtakingcontrolofmanchuriathefareastbegantoexperienceeconomicproblemslateintheyearastheeffectsofthegreatdepressionbegantospreadsoutheastasiawasespeciallyhardhitasitsexportsspicerubberandothercommoditiesweremoresensitivetoeconomicproblemsinthepacificondecemberndashmaumovementblacksaturdayblacksaturdayinsamoandashnewzealandcolonialpolicekilledunarmeddemonstratorsaneventwhichledthemaumovementtodemandindependenceforsamoaeuropewesternintheitalianfascismfascistpartyinitalytighteneditscontrolnationaleducationpolicytookamajorsteptowardsbeingcompletelytakenoverbytheagendaofindoctrinationonfebruarymussolinisignedthelaterantreatymakingvaticancityasovereignstateonjulypopepiusxiemergedfromtheapostolicpalacevaticanandenteredstpeterssquareinahugeprocessionwitnessedbyaboutpersonsthusendingnearlyyearsofprisonerinthevaticanpapalselfimprisonmentwithinthevaticanitalyusedthediplomaticprestigeassociatedwiththissuccessfulagreementtoadoptamoreaggressiveforeignpolicygermanyexperiencedamajorturningpointinthisyearduetotheeconomiccrashthecountryhadexperiencedprosperityunderthegovernmentoftheweimarrepublicuntilforeigninvestorswithdrewtheirgermanintereststhisbeganthecrumblingoftherepublicangovernmentinfavorofnazisminthenumberofunemployedreachedthreemilliononjulythegenevaconventiongenevaconventionheldinswitzerlandaddressedthetreatmentofprisonersofwarinresponsetoproblemsencounteredduringworldwarionmaytheunitedkingdomgeneralelectionbritishgeneralelectionreturnedahungparliamentyetagainwiththeliberalsinpositiontodeterminewhowouldhavepowertheseelectionswereknownastheflapperelectionsduetothefactthatitwasthefirstbritishelectioninwhichwomenundercouldvoteaweekafterthevoteonjunetheconservativepartyukconservativesconcededpowerratherthanallywiththeliberalsramsaymacdonaldfoundedanewlabourpartyuklabourgovernmentthenextdayisregardedasaturningpointbyfrenchhistorianswhopointoutthatitwaslastyearinwhichprosperitywasfeltbeforetheeffectsofthegreatdepressionthefrenchthirdrepublicthirdrepublichadbeeninpowersincebeforeworldwarionjulyfrenchprimeministerraymondpoincarresignedformedicalreasonshewassucceededbyaristidebriandbriandadoptedaforeignpolicyofbothpeaceanddefensivefortificationthekelloggbriandpactrenouncingwarasaninstrumentofforeignpolicywentintoeffectinthisyearitwasfirstsignedinparisinbymostleadingworldpowersthefrenchbeganworkonthemaginotlineinthisyearasadefenseagainstapossiblegermanattackandonseptemberbriandpresentedaplanfortheunitedstatesofeuropeonoctoberbriandwasreplacedasprimeministerbyandrtardieuprimoderiverasdictatorshipinspainexperiencedgrowingdissatisfactionamongstudentsandacademicsaswellasbusinessmenwhoblamedthegovernmentforrecenteconomicwoesmanycalledforafascistregimelikethatinitalyeasterninmayjosephstalinconsolidatedhispowerinthesovietunionbysendingleontrotskyintoexiletheonlycountrythatwouldgranttrotskyasylumwasturkeyinreturnforhishelpduringturkeyscivilwarheandhisfamilylefttheussraboardshiponfebruarystalinturnedonhisformerpoliticalallynikolaibukharinwhowasthelastrealthreattohispowerbytheendoftheyearbukharinhadbeendefeatedoncestalinwasinpowerheturnedhisformersupportforleninsneweconomicpolicyintooppositioninnovemberstalindeclaredthatittheyearofthegreatbreakthroughandstatedthatthecountrywouldfocusonindustrialprogramsaswellasoncollectivizingthegrainsupplyhehopedtosurpassthewestnotonlyinagriculturebutinindustrymillionsofsovietfarmerswereremovedfromtheirprivatefarmstheirpropertywascollectedandtheyweremovedtostateownedfarmsstalinemphasizedinacampaigndemonizingkulaksasaplagueonsocietykulakpropertywastakenandtheyweredeportedbycattletraintoareasoffrozentundrathetimbermarketinfinlandbegantodeclineinduetothegreatdepressionaswellasthesovietunionsentranceintothemarketfinancialandpoliticalproblemsculminatedinthebirthofthefascistlapuamovementonnovemberinademonstrationinlapuathemovementsstatedaimwasfinnishdemocracyandanticommunismthefinnishlegislaturereceivedheavypressuretoremovebasicrightsfromcommunistgroupspoliticsinlithuaniawasheatedaspresidentvoldemaraswasunpopularinsomequartersandsurvivedanassassinationattemptinkaunasyugoslaviawasrenamedthekingdomofyugoslaviaasalexanderiofyugoslaviakingalexandersoughttounitethebalkansunderhisrulethestatesnewmonarchyreplacedtheoldparliamentwhichhadbeendominatedbyserbsnorthamericainoctoberthebritishjudicialcommitteeoftheprivycounciloverturnedarulingbythesupremecourtofcanadathatwomencouldnotbemembersofthelegislaturethiscasewhichcametobeknownasthepersonscasehadimportantramificationsnotjustfortherightsofwomenbutbecauseinoverturningthecasethejudicialcommitteeoftheprivycouncilengenderedaradicalchangeinthecanadianjudicialapproachtothecanadianconstitutionanapproachthathascometobeknownasthelivingtreedoctrinethefivewomenwhoinitiatedthecaseareknownincanadaasthethefamousfivecanadafamousfivethemexicancristerowarcontinuedinasclericalforcesattemptedanassassinationoftheprovisionalpresidentinatrainbombinginfebruarytheattemptfailedplutarcocallesatthecenterofpowerfortheanticlericscontinuedtogatherpowerinmexicocityhisgovernmentwasconsideredanenemytomoreconservativemexicanswhoheldtotraditionalformsofgovernmentandmorereligiouscontrolcallesfoundedthenationalrevolutionarypartyearlyintheyeartoincreasehispowerapartywhichwasironicallyseenbyforeignersasfascistandwhichwasinoppositiontothemexicanrightaspecialelectionwasheldinthisyearwhichjosevasconseloslosttoortizrubiobythistimethewarhadendedthelastgroupofrebelswasdefeatedonjuneandinthesamemonthusambassadordwightmorrowinitiatedtalksbetweenpartiesonjuneanagreementwasbrokeredendingthecristerowaronjunechurchbellsrangandmasswasheldpubliclyforthefirsttimeinthreeyearstheagreementheavilyfavoredthegovernmentaspriestswererequiredtoregisterwiththegovernmentandreligionwasbannedfromschoolsthemajoreventoftheyearfortheunitedstateswasthewallstreetcrashofstockmarketcrashonwallstreetwhichwastohaveinternationaleffectsonseptemberthedowjonesindustrialaveragedjiapeakedataheightitwouldnotreachagainuntilnovemberthenfromoctoberndashoctoberstockpricessufferedthreemultidigitpercentagedropswipingoutmorethanbillionfromthenewyorkstockexchangetimesgreaterthantheannualbudgetofthefederalgovernmentthisrefonlycoverspartoftheprecedinginfoondecemberuspresidentherberthooverannouncedtotheunitedstatescongressuscongressthattheworsteffectsoftherecentstockmarketcrashwerebehindthenationandthattheamericanpeoplehadregainedfaithintheeconomicseconomyliteratureartsandentertainmentliteratureofthetimereflectedthememoriesmanyharboredofthehorrorsofworldwariamajorsellerwasallquietonthewesternfrontbyerichmariaremarqueremarquewasagermanwhohadfoughtinthewaratageeighteenandbeenwoundedinthethirdbattleofypreshestatedthatheintendedthebooktotellthestoryofagenerationofmenwhoeventhoughtheymayhaveescapeditsshellsweredestroyedbythewaranotherbookreflectingonworldwariwasernesthemingwaysafarewelltoarmsaswellasgoodbyetoallthatbyrobertgravesinlightermediaafewstarsofthecomicindustrymadetheirdebutincludingtheadventuresoftintintintinacomicbookcharactercreatedbyhergwhowouldappearinovermillioncomicbooksinlanguagespopeyeanothercomicstripcharactercreatedbyelziecrislersegaralsoappearedinthisyearwithinthefilmindustryonmaythestacademyawardswerepresentedatthehollywoodroosevelthotelwithwingsfilmwingswinningacademyawardforbestpicturebestpicturealsohallelujahfilmhallelujahbecamethefirsthollywoodfilmtocontainanentirelyblackcastandatlanticfilmatlanticafilmaboutthesinkingofthermstitanictitanicisanearlysoundonfilmmovietheartswereinthemidstofthemodernistmovementaspablopicassopaintedtwocubistworkswomaninagardenandnudeinanarmchairduringthisyearthesurrealistpainterssalvadordalandrenmagrittecompletedseveralworksincludingthefirstdaysofspringandthetreacheryofimagesonnovemberinnewyorkcitythemuseumofmodernartopenedtothepublicthelatestinmodernarchitecturewasalsorepresentedbythebarcelonapavilioninspainandthefairmontroyalyorkroyalyorkhotelintorontoatitscompletionthetallestbuildinginthebritishempirescienceandtechnologytheyearsawseveraladvancesintechnologyandexplorationonjunethefirstpublicdemonstrationofcolortvwasheldbyheivesandhiscolleaguesatbelltelephonelaboratoriesinnewyorkthefirstimageswereabouquetofro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ghtsndashsenecafallsconventionthedaywomensrightsconventionopensinsenecafallsnewyorkandbloomersclothingbloomersareintroducedatthefeminismfeministconventionjulyndashthematalerebellionbreaksoutagainstbritishceylonbritishruleinsrilankajulyndashyoungirelanderrebellionofyoungirelanderrebellionanationalistrevoltincountytipperaryagainstbritishruleisputdownbytheroyalirishconstabularyirishconstabularyaugustndashhmsdaedalushmsdaedalusreportsasightingofaseaserpentaugustndashamericanpresidentjameskpolkannexestheoregoncountryandrenamesittheoregonterritoryaspartoftheunitedstatesaugustndashyucatnofficiallyuniteswithmexicoaugustndashcaliforniagoldrushthenewyorkheraldbreaksthenewstotheeastcoastoftheunitedstatesthatthereisagoldrushincaliforniaalthoughtherushstartedinjanuaryaugustndashtheusbarqueoceanmonarchbarqueoceanmonarchisburntoutoffthegreatormenorthwaleswiththelossofchieflyemigrantsaugustndashmathieuluisbecomesthefirstblackmembertojointhefrenchparliamentasarepresentativeofguadeloupeseptemberndashthecroatianarmyofjosipjelaiencouragedinsecretbythehabsburggovernmentcrossesthedravariverandattackshungarywiththegoalofendingtherevolutioninthatcountryseptemberndashoneofthesuccessesoftherevolutionsoftheswissfederalconstitutionpatternedontheusconstitutionentersintoforcecreatingafederalrepublicandoneofthefirstmoderndemocracydemocraticstatesineuropeseptemberndashvermontrailroadworkerphineasgagesurvivesafootplusironrodbeingdriventhroughhisheadseptemberndashwilliamcranchbondandwilliamlasselldiscoverhyperionmoonhyperionsaturnsnaturalsatellitemoonseptemberndashthehungariankingandhabsburgemperorferdinandiofaustriaferdinandvrefusestorecognisethehungariangovernmentledbylajosbatthynythebatthynygovernmentresignsandthenationaldefencecommitteeisformedwhichisatemporarycrisisgovernmenttotallyindependentfromviennaundertheleadershipoflajoskossuthseptemberndashbattleofpkozdthehungarianrevolutionaryarmyledbyjnosmgadefeatsthecroatianarmyofjosipjelaiforcinghimtoretreattowardsviennaoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashelizabethgaskellsfirstnovelmarybartonataleofmanchesterlifeispublishedanonymouslyinlondonoctoberndashthenationaldefencecommitteeorszgoshonvdelmibizottmnyledbylajoskossuthbecomestheexecutivepowerinhungaryaftertheresignationofthelajosbatthynygovernmentoctoberndashgeneralantalpuchnercommanderoftheaustrianarmiesoftransylvaniadeclaresinsurrectionagainsthungaryandtogetherwiththeromanianinsurgentsledbyavramiancuattacksandchasesawaythehungarianarmedforcesoccupyingtransylvaniaduringtheseeventsmostlyinoctoberjanuarybutalsobetweenmayjulybetweenhungarianciviliansmenwomenandchildrenaremassacredbytheromanianinsurgentsrefnamepallasakadmiaknyvkiadpegyedkoserdlytransylvaniainpallasakadmiaknyvkiadcskszeredaphungarianrefoctoberndashromaniansromanianbandsmassacrehungarianciviliansatthetownofzlatnatransylvaniarefnamemagyarnemzetmagyarnemzetmnohuportalfejszkszzhatvanveirtottkkinagyenyedetaromnfelkelkrefoctoberndashincataloniaspainthebarcelonamatarrailroadroutethefirsttobeconstructedintheiberianpeninsulaisinauguratedoctoberndashbattleofschwechathungarianforceswhichcrossedtheaustrianborderinordertounitewiththevienneserevolutionariesaredefeatedbytheimperialarmyledbyalfrediprinceofwindischgrtzandjosipjelaioctoberndashviennaisoccupiedbytheimperialforcesledbyalfrediprinceofwindischgrtzwhocrushestherevolutionherenovemberndashinbostonmassachusettsthefirstmedicalschoolforwomenthebostonfemalemedicalschoolwhichlatermergeswithbostonuniversityschoolofmedicineopensnovemberndashanewconstitutionofthenetherlandsdraftedbyjohanrudolphthorbeckeseverelylimitingthepowerofthemonarchyofthenetherlandsmonarchyandintroducingrepresentativedemocracyisproclaimednovemberndashfranceratifiesanewconstitutionthesecondrepublicoffranceissetupendingthestateoftemporarygovernmentlastingsincetherevolutionofnovemberndashunitedstatespresidentialelectionwhigpartyunitedstateswhigzacharytayloroflouisianadefeatsdemocraticpartyunitedstatesdemocratlewiscassofmichiganinthefirstunitedstatespresidentialelectionuspresidentialelectionheldineverystateonthesamedaynovemberndashpopepiusixfleesromeindisguisefornaplesdecemberndashemperorferdinandiofaustriaabdicatesinfavorofhisnephewfranzjosephiofaustriafranzjosephwhowillserveasemperorofaustriaandkingofhungaryandlistofbohemianmonarchsbohemiauntilhisdeathindecemberndashtheaustrianimperialarmyledbyfranzschlikattackshungarydecemberndashprincenapoleoniiilouisnapolonbonaparteiselectedfirstpresidentofthefrenchsecondrepublicdecemberndashthemainaustrianimperialforcesledbyalfrediprinceofwindischgrtzcrossthehungarianborderdecemberndashpuntaarenasthefirstmajorsettlementinthestraitofmagellanisfoundeddecemberndashpresidentnapoleoniiitakeshisoathofofficeinfrontofthefrenchnationalassemblydecemberndashthehungarianforcesledbyjzefbementerkolozsvrclujafterdefeatingtheaustrianarmiesinnortherntransylvaniadecemberndashslaveryisabolishedinrunionthisdayhasbeencelebratedeveryyearsincedecemberndashbattleofmrtheimperialarmyledbyjosipjelaidefeatsthehungarianarmyledbymrperczeldateunknowntheindependentrep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ectiongainingaseatmajoritycomparedwithasingleseatmajoritywhentheelectionwascalledonfebruarythesovietunionlauncheslunawhichlaterbecomesthefirstspaceprobetoenterorbitaroundthemoonaprilaprilndashtheflintstonesaireditslastepisodeontheamericanbroadcastingcompanyabcnetworkaprilndashtheindonesianarmydemandsthatthecountryrejointheunitednationsaprilndashlunaisthefirstmanmadeobjecttoenterlunarorbitaprilndashtheunitedkingdomaskstheunitednationssecuritycouncilforauthoritytouseforcetostopoiltankersthatviolatetheembargoagainstrhodesiaauthorityisgivenaprilaprilbuddhistsinsouthvietnamprotestagainstthefactthatthenewgovernmenthasnotsetadateforelectiondifficultieswithelectionsfreeelectionsleonidbrezhnevbecomesgeneralsecretaryofthesovietunionaswellasleaderofthecommunistpartyoftheussrtimemagazinetimemagazinecoverstoryasksisgoddeadaprilndashthecaptainofenglishfootballleagueclubnorwichcityfcbarrybutlerfootballerbornbarrybutleriskilledinacaraccidentaprilunitedstatesmagazinetimemagazinetimescoverstoryislondontheswingingcityunitedstatespresidentlyndonjohnsonsignstheuniformtimeactdealingwithdaylightsavingtimeaprilkenyanvicepresidentogingaodingaresignssayinginvisiblegovernmentrepresentingforeigninterestsnowrunsthecountrywillheadanewpartythekenyapeoplesunionthesouthvietnamesegovernmentpromisesfreeelectionsinmonthsaprilndashanantigamalabdelnassernasserconspiracyisexposedinegyptaprilchinadeclaresthatitwillstopeconomicaidtoindonesiathethacademyawardsceremonyisheldaprilndashbobbigibbbecomesthefirstwomantorunthebostonmarathonaprilanartificialheartisinstalledinthechestofmarcelderudderinahoustontexashospitaltheopeningoftheparliamentoftheunitedkingdomistelevisedforthefirsttimehaileselassievisitsjamaicaforthefirsttimemeetingwithrastafarimovementrastaleadersianbradyandmyrahindleygoontrialatchestercrowncourtforthemurdersofchildrenwhovanishedbetweennovemberandoctoberaprilndashuniformtimeactuniformdaylightsavingtimeisfirstobservedinmostpartsofnorthamericaaprilanewgovernmentisformedintherepublicofthecongoledbyambroisenoumazalayethemagnitudetashkentearthquaketashkentearthquakeaffectsthelargestcityinsovietcentralasiawithamaximummedvedevsponheuerkarnikscalemskintensityofviiverystrongtashkentismostlydestroyedandarekilledaprilndashpopepaulviandsovietforeignministerandreigromykomeetinthevaticancityvaticanthefirstmeetingbetweenleadersoftheromancatholicchurchandthesovietunionaprilndashinrhodesiasecurityforceskillsevenzanlamenincombatchimurengathezanurebellionbeginsaprilndashustroopsinvietnamtotalaprilregularhovercraftservicebeginsovertheenglishchanneldiscontinuedinduetothechanneltunnelthechurchofsatanisformedbyantonszandorlaveyinsanfranciscomaymayndashfloodsoccuronthefinnishcoastmayndashswingingradioenglandandbritainradiocommencebroadcastingonambroadcastingamwithacombinedpotentialwattsfromthesameshipanchoredoffthesouthcoastofenglandininternationalwatersmayndashfiatsignsacontractwiththesovietgovernmenttobuildacarfactoryinthesovietunionmayndashthemontrealcanadiensdefeatthedetroitredwingstowinthestanleycupmaythemoorsmurderstrialendswithianbradybeingfoundguiltyonallthreecountsofmurderandsentencedtothreeconcurrenttermsoflifeimprisonmentmyrahindleyisconvictedontwocountsofmurderandofbeinganaccessoryinthethirdmurdercommittedbybradyandreceivestwoconcurrenttermsoflifeimprisonmentandasevenyearfixedtermforbeinganaccessorythehitsongpaintitblackbytherollingstonesisreleasedmayndashirishbankworkersirishbankstrikesgoonstrikemayafricanmembersoftheunsecuritycouncilsaythatthebritisharmyshouldblockaderhodesiathebuschmemorialstadiumopensinstlouismissourichinaradiointernationalradiopekingclaimsthatusplaneshaveshotdownachineseplaneoveryunnantheusdeniesthestorythenextdaymayndashturkeyandgreeceintendtostartnegotiationsaboutthesituationincyprusmayindonesiaasksmalaysiaforpeacenegotiationsthesouthvietnamesearmybesiegesdanangtensofthousandsofantiwardemonstratorsagainpicketthewhitehousethenrallyatthewashingtonmonumentmaythecommunistpartyofchinaissuestheculturalrevolutionthemaynotificationmaynoticemarkingthebeginningoftheculturalrevolutionaseamensstrikeiscalledinbritainthelegendaryalbumpetsoundsbythebeachboysisreleasedbobdylansseminalalbumblondeonblondeisreleasedintheusinnewyorkcitydrmartinlutherkingjrmakeshisfirstpublicspeechonthevietnamwarmayndashgertrudebaniszewskiisfoundguiltyofmurderingandtorturingsylvialikensandissentencedtolifeinprisonsheisreleasedonparoleindecembermaybattleofmengohillugandanarmytroopsarrestmutesaiiofbugandaandoccupyhispalacethenigeriangovernmentforbidsallpoliticalactivityinthecountryuntiljanuarymayndashexplorerprogramexplorerislaunchednosquadronraafbecomespartofthestrongaustraliantaskforceassignedtodutiesinvietnamleavingforsoutheastasiaaboardtheaircraftcarrierhmassydneyrhmassydneymayndashguyanaachievesindependencemayitsasmallworldopensatdisneylandfidelcastrodeclaresmartiallawincubabecauseofapossibleusattacktheindonesianandmalaysiangovernmentsdeclarethattheindonesiamalaysiaconfrontationisoveratreatyissignedonaugustmayndashaztecastadiumasknownwellforsportsvenuesinmexicoofficiallyopenedinmexicocitybeforesummerolympicsmayndashthephilippinesreestablishesdiplomaticrelationswithmalaysiajunejunethefinalnewepisodeofthedickvandykeshowairsthefirstepisodeairedonoctoberwhitehouseconferenceoncivilrightsjuneamondevaleraisreelectedasirishpresidentsurveyorprogramsurveyorlandsinoceanusprocellarumonthemoonbecomingthefirstusspacecrafttosoftlandonanotherworldfourformercabinetministersincludingvaristekimbaareexecutedintherepublicofthecongolopoldvilledemocraticrepublicofthecongoforallegedinvolvementinaplottokillmobutusesesekojunendashjoaqunbalagueriselectedpresidentofthedominicanrepublicjunendashgeminigenecernancompletesthesecondusspacewalkhoursminutesjunendashcivilrightsmovementcivilrightsactivistjamesmeredithisshotbyasniperwhiletraversingmississippiinthemarchagainstfearjuneanxbvalkyrieprototypeisdestroyedinamidaircollisionwithafstarfighterchaseplaneduringaphotoshootnasapilotjosephawalkerandusaftestpilotcarlcrossarebothkilledtopekakansasisdevastatedbyatornadothatregistersasanfonthefujitascalethefirsttoexceedusmillionindamagessixteenpeoplearekilledhundredsmoreinjuredandthousandsofhomesdamagedordestroyedandthecampusofwashburnuniversitysufferscatastrophicdamagejunendashchicagosdivisionstreetriotsbegininresponsetopoliceshootingofayoungpuertoricanmanjunendashmirandavarizonathesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesrulesthatthepolicemustinformsuspectsoftheirrightsbeforequestioningthemjunendashtheholyseevaticanabolishestheindexlibrorumprohibitorumindexofbannedbooksjunendashanairfrancepersonnelstrikebeginsjunendashciachiefwilliamrabornresignsrichardhelmsbecomeshissuccessorjunendashfrenchpresidentcharlesdegaullestartshisvisittothesovietunionjunendashoppositionleaderarthurcalwellisshotafterattendingapoliticalmeetinginmosmansydneyaustraliajunefrankzappaandthemothersofinventionsdebutalbumfreakoutisreleaseditisaninitialfailurebutgainsamassivecultfollowinginsubsequentyearsthegothicsoapoperadarkshadowspremieresonamericanbroadcastingcompanyabcjunendashinargentinaamilitarydictatorshipjuntacallingitselfargentinerevolutionrevolucinargentinadeposespresidentarturoumbertoilliainacoupandappointsgeneraljuancarlosonganatoleadjunejuancarlosonganacomestopowerinrevolucinargentinaargentinerevolutioncoupdtatasailorsstrikeorganisedbythenationalunionofseamenendsintheunitedkingdomvietnamwarusplanesbeginbombinghanoiandhaiphongjunefranceformallyleavesnatothenationalorganizationforwomennowisfoundedinwashingtondcjulyjulyndashbritishgangstercharlierichardsonisarrestedbypoliceandsentencedtoyearsinprisoninthefollowingyearforhispartinthetherichardsongangtorturegangassaultsjulyndashjoaqunbalaguerbecomespresidentofthedominicanrepublicjulypeoplearearrestedwhenademonstrationbyapproximatelyantivietnamwarprotestersinfrontoftheusembassyinlondonsgrosvenorsquareturnsviolentrenbarrientosiselectedpresidentofboliviajulynorthvietnamdeclaresgeneralmobilizationamericanpresidentlyndonbjohnsonsignsthefreedomofinformationactunitedstatesfreedomofinformationactwhichgoesintoeffectthefollowingyearcongressofracialequalitycoreendorsesgoalofblackpoweratwellattendedconventioninbaltimoremartinlutherkingjrandroywilkinscriticizethisdeclarationjulyndashmalawibecomesarepublicjulyndashawarsawpactconferenceendswithapromisetosupportnorthvietnamjulyndashkingmwambutsaivbangiricengofburundiisdeposedbyhissonntarevwhoisinturndeposedbyprimeministermichelmicomberojulythefifaworldcupbeginsinenglandbritishmotorcorporationandjaguarcarsannounceplanstomergeasbritishmotorholdingsjulyindiragandhivisitsmoscowzambiathreatenstoleavethecommonwealthofnationsbecauseofbritishpeaceoverturestorhodesiajulyndashtheinternationalsocietyforkrishnaconsciousnessisfoundedinnewyorkcitybyacbhaktivedantaswamiprabhupadajulyisraeliandsyrianjetfightersclashoverthejordanriverrichardspeckmurdersstudentnursesintheirchicagodormitoryheisarrestedonjulygwynforevanspresidentofplaidcymrubecomesmemberoftheunitedkingdomparliamentforcarmarthentakingthepreviouslylabourheldwelshseatatabyelectionwithamajorityofonanswingandgivingplaidcymruitsfirstrepresentationatwestminsterinitsfortyoneyearhistoryjulyndashbritishprimeministerharoldwilsonfliestomoscowtotrytostartpeacenegotiationsaboutthevietnamwarthesovietgovernmentrejectshisideasjulygeminijohnyoungastronautjohnyoungmichaelcollinsastronautmichaelcollinsislaunchedafterdockingwithanagenatargetvehicletheastronautsthensetaworldaltituderecordofmilesnbspkmthehoughriotsbreakoutinclevelandohiothecitysfirstmassracialviolenceintheunitedstatesraceriottheinternationalcourtofjusticerulesinfavourofsouthafricainacaseontheadministrationofsouthwestafricawhichwasbroughtbeforethembyethiopiaandliberiajulyndashfollowingthedeathofengineerdeathofhsutsutsaihsutsutsaiinthehaguethechinesegovernmentdeclaresdutchdelegategjjongejanspersonanongratabuttellshimnottoleavethecountrybeforehisfellowchineseengineershaveleftthenetherlandsjulyndashkatangaprovincekatangesetroopsinkisanganistanleyvilledemocraticrepublicofthecongocongorevoltforseveralweeksinsupportoftheexiledministermoisetshombejulyndashunsecretarygeneraluthantvisitsmoscowjulyndashausafmcdonnelldouglasfphantomiifcphantomwasshotdownbyanorthvietnamesesdvinasamnortheastofhanoiinthefirstlossofausaircrafttoavietnamesesaminthevietnamwarjulyndashlordgardinerissuesthepracticestatementinthehouseoflordsstatingthatthehouseisnotboundtofollowitsownpreviousprecedentjulyndashtheusannouncesthatalockheedureconnaissanceplanehasdisappearedovercubajulyanigeriancountercoupofmilitarycountercoupinnigeriaarmyofficersfromthenorthofthecountryexecuteheadofstategeneraljohnsonaguiyiironsiaguiyiironsiandinstallyakubugowonlanochedelosbastoneslargosjuntatakesoverargentineuniversitiesbobdylanisinjuredinamotorcycleaccidentnearhishomeinwoodstocknewyorkheisnotseeninpublicforoverayearjulyndashenglandnationalfootballteamenglandbeatsgermanynationalfootballteamwestgermanytowinthefifaworldcupatwembleystadiumwembleyafterextratimeaugustaugustsnipercharleswhitmankillspeopleandwoundsfromatoptheuniversityoftexasataustinmainbuildingtowerafterearlierkillinghiswifeandmotherbritishcolonialofficemergeswithcommonwealthrelationsofficetoformnewcommonwealthofficeaugustndashthespanishgovernmentforbidsoverflightsofbritishmilitaryaircraftaugustgroundbreakingtakesplacefortheworldtradecenterworldtradecentermartinlutherkingjrleadsacivilrightsmarchinchicagoduringwhichheisstruckbyarockthrownfromanangrywhitemobthecaesarspalacehotelandcasinoopensinlasvegasthebeatlesrevolverthebeatlesalbumrevolverlpisreleasedintheunitedkingdomaugustbraniffflightcrashesinfallscitynebraskakillingallonboardrenbarrientostakesofficeasthepresidentofboliviatheantniodeoliveirasalazarsalazarbridgenowthedeabrilbridgeopensinlisbonportugalaugustndashraceriotsoccurinlansingmichiganaugustaneastgermancourtsentencesgnterlaudahntolifeimprisonmentforspyingfortheunitedstateslunarorbiterthefirstusspacecrafttoorbitthemoonislaunchedaugustindonesiaandmalaysiaissuejointpeacedeclarationformallyendingtheindonesiamalaysiaconfrontationwhichbeganinthebeatlesholdapressconferenceinchicagoduringwhichjohnlennonapologizesforhismorepopularthanjesusremarksayingididntmeanitasalousyantireligiousthingaugustndashmassacreofbraybrookstreetharryrobertsjohnduddyandjackwitneyshootdeadplainclothespolicemeninlondontheyarelatersentencedtolifeimprisonmentaugustinthepeoplesrepublicofchinamaozedongbeginstheculturalrevolutiontopurgeandreorganizechinascommunistpartyanvartoearthquakeearthquakeinvartotownturkeykillsandinjuresaugustsyrianandisraelitroopsclashoverlakekinneretalsoknownastheseaofgalileeforhoursitisannouncedthatthenewyorkheraldtribunewillnotresumepublicationaugustndashvietnamwarthehouseunamericanactivitiescommitteestartsinvestigatingamericanswhohaveaidedthevietcongwiththeintenttomaketheseactivitiesillegalantiwardemonstratorsdisruptthemeetingandarearrestedaugustndashsaudiarabiaandtheunitedarabrepublicbeginnegotiationsinkuwaittoendthewarinyemenaugustndashvietnamwarndashbattleoflongtandcompanythbattalionoftheroyalaustralianregimentmeetsanddefeatsavietcongforceestimatedtobefourtimeslargerinphuoctuyprovincerepublicofvietnamaugustndashthevartoearthquakevartoearthquakeaffectedeasternturkeywithamaximummercalliintensityofixviolentkillingandinjuringaugustndashsevenmenaresentencedtodeathinegyptforantigamalabdelnassernasseragitationaugusttheasiandevelopmentbankadbestablishedtheunitedfarmworkersorganizingcommitteeufwocpredecessoroftheunitedfarmworkersunitedfarmworkersofamericaufwisformedaugustndashthedoorsrecordtheirthedoorsalbumselftitleddebutalbumlpaugustriotsoccurinfrenchsomalilandthefirstbattleofthesouthafricanairforceandthesouthafricanpolicewithpeoplesliberationarmyofnamibiaplanthearmedwingofthesouthwestafricapeoplesorganizationswapotakesplaceatongulumbasheinnorthernsouthwestafricaduringoperationbluewildebeestthisbattlestartsthesouthafricanborderwarwhichcontinuesuntilaugustndashthebeatlesendtheirthebeatlesustourustourwithaconcertatcandlestickparkinsanfranciscoitistheirlastperformanceasalivetouringbandaugustndashfranceoffersindependencetofrenchsomalilandlaterdjiboutiinseptemberbotswanaformerlybechuanalandindependencefromunitedkingdomasarepublicandparliamentdemocracyseptemberunitednationssecretarygeneraluthantdeclaresthathewillnotseekreelectionbecauseuneffortsinvietnamhavefailedbritishtouristsdieinanbritanniaairwaysflightaircrashinljubljanayugoslaviawhilewaitingatabusstopralphbaeraninventorwithsandersassociateswritesafourpagedocumentthatlaysoutthebasicprinciplesforcreatingavideogametobeplayedonatelevisionthebeginningofamultibilliondollarindustryseptemberndashsouthafricanprimeministerhendrikverwoerdisstabbedtodeathinparliamentbydimitritsafendasseptemberndashtheoceanlinercatchesfireandburnsinnewyorkharborseptemberndashstartrektheoriginalseriesstartrekthesciencefictiontelevisionseriesdebutsonnbcintheunitedstateswithitsfirstepisodetitledthemantrapseptemberndashnatodecidestomovesupremeheadquartersalliedpowerseuropeshapeheadquarterstobelgiumseptembergeminirichardfgordonjrpeteconraddockswithanagenatargetvehiclebjvorsterbecomesthenewprimeministerofsouthafricaseptemberndashclashesbetweenthech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dstatessenateattainsitsfirstquorumandelectsjohnlangdonpoliticianjohnlangdonofpennsylvaniaasitsfirstpresidentprotemporeoftheunitedstatessenatepresidentprotemporelaterthatdaythesenateandthehouseofrepresentativesmeetinjointsessionforthefirsttimeandtheelectoralvotesofthefirstuspresidentialelectionarecountedgeneralgeorgewashingtoniscertifiedaspresidentelectandjohnadamsiscertifiedasvicepresidentelectaprilndashselimiiisucceedsabdulhamidiasottomansultanaprilndashjohnadamstakesofficeasthefirstvicepresidentoftheunitedstatesandbeginspresidingovertheunitedstatessenateaprilndashmutinyonthebountymutinyonthebountyfletcherchristianleadsthemutinyonthebritishroyalnavyshipagainstcaptainwilliamblighinthepacificoceanaprilndashgeorgewashingtonisfirstinaugurationofgeorgewashingtoninauguratedatfederalhallinnewyorkcitybeginninghistermasthefirstpresidentoftheunitedstatesmayndashinfrancetheestatesgeneralofestatesgeneralconvenesforthefirsttimeinyearsjunendashtheinconfidnciamineiraisthefirstattemptatbrazilianindependencefromportugalmutinyonthebountymutinyonthebountyjunendashinfrancerepresentativesofthethirdestateattheestatesgeneralofestatesgeneraldeclarethemselvesthenationalassemblyfrenchrevolutionnationalassemblyjunendashthetenniscourtoathismadeinversaillesyvelinesversaillesjunendashlouisxvioffrancemakesaconciliatoryspeechurgingreformstoajointsessionandordersthethreeestatestomeettogetherjulyndashseptemberjulyndashanestimatedofparisspeoplearewithoutworkjulyndashthecomicballetlafillemalgardechoreographedbyjeandaubervalisfirstpresentedunderthetitleleballetdelapailleatthegrandthtredebordeauxatbordeauxfrancejulyndashtheuscongresspassesitsfirstbillsettingouttariffsrefnameharperharpersencyclopaediaofunitedstateshistoryfromadtoedbybensonjohnlossingandwoodrowwilsonharperbrothersprefjulyatversaillesyvelinesversaillesthenationalassemblyfrenchrevolutionnationalassemblyreconstitutesitselfasthenationalconstituentassemblyfrancenationalconstituentassemblyandbeginspreparationsforwhatwillbecomethefrenchconstitutionofthetheatrewarofficiallyendsinscandinaviajulyndashstorofsenfloodinnorwayjulyndashalexandermackenzieexploreralexandermackenziereachesthemackenzieriverdeltajulyndashlouisxvioffrancedismissespopularchiefministerjacquesneckerjulyndashanangryparisiancrowdinflamedbyaspeechfromjournalistcamilledesmoulinsdemonstratesagainstthekingsdecisiontodismissministerneckerjulyndashthepeoplebegintoseizearmsforthedefenseofparisjulyndashthefrenchrevolutionbeginswiththestormingofthebastillecitizensofparisstormthefortressofthebastilleandfreetheonlysevenprisonersheldinruralareaspeasantsattackmanorsofthenobilityjulyndashsurvivorsofthemutinyonthebountymutinyonthebountyincludingcaptainwilliamblighandothersreachtimorafteranearlyjourneyinanopenboatstormingofthebastillejulyndashthefirstagencyofthefederalgovernmentoftheunitedstatesunderthenewconstitutionthedepartmentofforeignaffairsfromseptemberrenamedtheunitedstatesdepartmentofstatedepartmentofstateisestablishedaugustndashinfrancemembersoftheconstituentassemblytakeanoathtoendfeudalismandabandontheirprivilegesaugustndashtheunitedstatesdepartmentofwarisestablishedaugustndashtheligerevolutionbreaksoutintheprincebishopricofligeaugustndashaproposalforaunitedstatesbillofrightsbillofrightsisadoptedbytheunitedstateshouseofrepresentativesaugustndashthedeclarationoftherightsofmanandofthecitizenisproclaimedinfrancebytheconstituentassemblyaugustndashwilliamherscheldiscoversenceladusoneofsaturnsmoonsseptemberndashtheunitedstatesdepartmentofthetreasuryisfoundedseptemberalexanderhamiltonisappointedasthefirstunitedstatessecretaryofthetreasuryseptemberndashrussoturkishwarndashbattleofrymnikalexandersuvorovroundlydefeatsturkstheunitedstatesdepartmentofthepostofficeisestablishedseptemberndashthejudiciaryactofestablishesthefederaljudiciaryandtheunitedstatesmarshalsserviceseptemberndashtheunitedstatescongressproposesasetofamendmentstotheusconstitutionforratificationbythestatesratificationforoftheseproposalsiscompletedondecembercreatingtheunitedstatesbillofrightsseptemberthomasjeffersonusministertofranceisappointedasthefirstussecretaryofstateseptemberndashtheusdepartmentofwarestablishesthenationsfirstregularunitedstatesarmyarmywithastrengthofseveralhundredmenoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashwomensmarchonversaillessomewomenmarchfromparistotheroyalpalaceofversaillestodemandactionoverhighbreadpricesoctoberndashphysicianjosephignaceguillotinproposestothenationalassemblyfrenchrevolutionfrenchnationalassemblytheadoptionofmorehumaneandegalitarianformsofcapitalpunishmentincludinguseoftheguillotineoctoberndashbrabantrevolutionbrabantrevolutionariescrosstheborderfromthedutchrepublicintotheaustriannetherlandsthefirstpublicreadingofthemanifestoofthepeopleofbrabantdeclarestheindependenceoftheaustriannetherlandsoctoberndashbattleofturnhoutbattleofturnhouttheaustrianarmyisbeatenbybrabantrevolutionbrabantrevolutionariesnovemberndashpopepiusvicreatesthefirstdioceseintheunitedstatesatbaltimoreandappointsjohncarrollbishopjohncarrollthefirstcatholicchurchromancatholicbishopintheunitedstatesnovemberndashnewjerseyratifiestheunitedstatesbillofrightsthefirstusstatestatetodosonovemberndashnorthcarolinaratifiestheunitedstatesconstitutionandbecomesthethusstatenovemberndashanationalthanksgivingunitedstatesthanksgivingdayisobservedintheunitedstatesasrecommendedbypresidentgeorgewashingtonandapprovedbycongressdecemberndashtheuniversityofnorthcarolinaatchapelhilluniversityofnorthcarolinatheoldestpublicuniversityintheunitedstatesisfoundeddecemberndashaleafletcirculatedinfranceaccusesthethomasdemahymarquisdefavrasmarquisdefavrasofplottingtorescuetheroyalfamilydateunknownjosephiiholyromanemperordecreesthatallpeasantlaborobligationsbeconvertedintocashpaymentsthetraitlmentairedechimieelementarytreatiseofchemistryaninfluentialchemistrytextbookbyantoinelavoisierispublishedtranslatedintoenglishinitcomestobeconsideredthefirstmodernchemicaltextbookgermanchemistmartinheinrichklaprothdiscoverstheelementuraniumwhilestudyingthemineralpitchblendethebengalpresidencyfirstestablishesapenalcolonyintheandamanislandsthomasjeffersonreturnsfromeuropebringingthefirstmacaronimachinetotheunitedstatesinfluencedbydrbenjaminrushsargumentagainsttheexcessiveuseofalcoholaboutfarmersinaconnecticutcommunityformatemperancemovementintheunitedstatesfortwashingtoncincinnatiohioisbuilttoprotectearlyussettlementsinthenorthwestterritoryformerslaveolaudahequianosautobiographytheinterestingnarrativeofthelifeofolaudahequianooneoftheearliestpublishedworksbyablackwriterispublishedinlondononlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashcarlgustavcarusgermanphysiologistdjanuaryndashbenjaminlundyamericanabolitionistdjanuaryndashettoreperronedisanmartinoprimeministerofsardiniadjanuaryndashwilliammachinstairscanadianbusinessmanstatesmandfebruaryndashrenedwardderussybrigadiergeneraloftheunitedstatesarmysuperintendentoftheunitedstatesmilitaryacademyandmilitaryengineerdmarchndashgeorgohmgermanphysicistdaprilndashdiegonoboathpresidentofecuadordaprilndashmanuelgmezpedrazathpresidentofmexicodmayndashgeorgefifeangasfounderofsouthaustraliadmayndashcathinkabuchwiesergermanoperaticsingerandactressjunendashqueensunwonkoreanregentdjunendashhoracevernetfrenchpainterdjulyndashjohnmartinpainterjohnmartinenglishpainterdaugustndashfriedrichlistgermanjournalistdaugustndashaugustinlouiscauchyfrenchmathematiciandaugustndashstphaniedebeauharnaisgrandduchessofbadendseptemberndashcharlesgaudichaudbeauprfrenchbotanistdseptemberndashjamesfenimorecooperamericanwriterdseptemberndashrichardbrightphysicianenglishphysicianfatherofnephrologydoctoberndashwilliamjohnswainsonenglishnaturalistartistdnovemberndashwilliamblandaustralianpoliticianddecemberedwardbdudleynorthcarolinagovernordcarlossoublettetwotimepresidentofvenezueladdecemberndashleviwoodburyamericanpoliticianassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesddecemberndashelizabethjesserreidenglishsocialreformerfounderofbedfordcollegelondonbedfordcollegeddecemberndashcatharinesedgwickamericanwriterddateunknownmohammadibrahimzauqurdupoetddeathsjanuaryndashfletchernortonstbarongrantleyenglishpoliticianbjanuaryndashthomasnelsonjramericansignerofthedeclarationofindependenceandgovernorofvirginiabjanuaryndashjackbroughtonenglishboxerbjanuaryndashjamesmitchellvarnumamericanbrigadiergeneraloftherevolutionarywarcontinentalcongressmanforrhodeislandbjanuaryndashjosephspenceramericanmajorgeneraloftherevolutionarywarcontinentalcongressmanforconnecticutbjanuaryndashfrancesbrookeenglishwriterbjanuaryndashjamesrandolphreidamericancontinentalcongressmanforconnecticutbfebruaryndashethanallenamericanmajorgeneraloftherevolutionarywarvermontstatesmanbfebruaryndashnicholasvandykegovernornicholasvandykeamericanlawyerandpresidentofdelawarebaprilabdulhamidiottomansultanbpetruscamperdutchanatomistbaprilndashjosephspenceramericancoloneloftherevolutionarywarcontinentalcongressmanfornewhampshirebaprilndashcountpetrivanovichpaninrussiansoldierbmayndashjeanbaptistevaquettedegribeauvalfrenchartilleryspecialistbmayndashandersdahlswedishbotanistbjunendashlouisjosephdauphinoffrancesonoflouisxvioffrancetuberculosisbjulyndashvictorderiquetimarquisdemirabeaufrencheconomistbjulyndashjacquesdeflessellesfrenchprovostassassinatedbjulyndashjacquesduphlyfrenchcomposerbjulyndashjosephspenceramericancontinentalcongressmanformarylandcjulyndashjosephfoullondedoufrenchpoliticianexecutedbjulyndashgiovannabonannoitalianpoisonerallegedwitchbcseptemberndashpaulspooneramericanlieutenantgovernorofvermontbseptemberjohnrogerscontinentalcongressjohnrogersamericancontinentalcongressmanformarylandbsilasdeaneamericancontinentalcongressmanforconnecticutboctoberndashjohncookgovernorjohncookamericanfarmerpresidentofdelawarebnovemberndashrichardcaswellamericanmajorgeneraloftherevolutionarywarcontinentalcongressmanandgovernorofnorthcarolinabnovemberndashsamuelholdenparsonsamericanmajorgeneraloftherevolutionarywarmemberoftheconnecticuthouseofrepresentativesbdecemberndashclaudejosephvernetfrenchpainterbdecemberndashwilliampiercepoliticianwilliampierceamericanmemberofthegeorgiahouseofre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ttimeinsturgissouthdakotajunewwiiphilippeptainbecomesprimeministeroffranceandimmediatelyasksgermanyforpeacetermswwiithesovietunionoccupationofthebalticstatesoccupiesestoniaandlatviawwiioperationarielbeginsalliesofworldwariialliedtroopsstarttoevacuatefrancefollowinggermanystakeoverofparisandmostofthenationwwiiservingasatroopshipisbombedandsunkbyluftwaffejunkersjuaircraftwhileevacuatingbritishtroopsandnationalsfromsaintnazaireinfrancewiththelossofatleastlivesthelargestsingleuklossinanyworldwariieventimmediatenewsofwhichissuppressedinthebritishpressdestroyerrescuesaroundjunewwiiwinstonchurchilltellsthehouseofcommonsoftheunitedkingdomthebattleoffranceisoverthebattleofbritainisabouttobeginwwiiappealofjunegeneralcharlesdegaulledefactoleaderofthefreefrenchforcesmakeshisfirstbroadcastappealoverradiolondresfromlondonrallyingfrenchresistancecallingonallfrenchpeopletocontinuethefightagainstnazigermanyfrancehaslostabattlebutfrancehasnotlostthewarjunewwiisecondarmisticeatcompignethefrenchthirdrepublicandnazigermanysignanarmisticeendingthebattleoffranceintheforestofcompigneinthesamecompagnieinternationaledeswagonslitsrailroadcarusedbymarshalferdinandfochtoagreethearmisticewithgermanyinthisdividesfranceintoazoneoccupeinthenorthandwestunderthemilitaryadministrationinfrancenazigermanyandasouthernzonelibrevichyfrancealberteinsteingivespublicaddressonimanamericanseriesonbecominganamericancitizenjunewwiigermanleaderadolfhitlersurveysnewlydefeatedparisinnowoccupiedfrancejuneunitedstatespoliticstherepublicanpartyunitedstatesrepublicanpartybeginsitsrepublicannationalconventionnationalconventioninphiladelphiaandnominateswendellwillkieasitscandidateforpresidentwwiivichyfrancesignsarmisticetermswithitalyjunewwiiafterthedefeatofarmisticewithfrancesecondcompignefrancehitlerplansforaninvasionofswitzerlandknownasoperationtannenbaumjunesovietcalendarthesovietunionrevertstoasevendayweekforallpurposesjunegeneralcharlesdegaulleisofficiallyrecognizedbybritainastheleaderofallfreefrenchmenwherevertheymaybekingdomofromaniaromaniasovietoccupationofbessarabiaandnorthernbukovinacedesbessarabiaandnorthernbukovinatothesovietunionafteranultimatumjunewwiigermanforceslandinguernseymarkingthestartoftheyearoccupationofthechannelislandsfederalgovernmentoftheunitedstatesreorganisationthecivilaeronauticsadministrationunitedstatescivilaeronauticsadministrationisplacedunderthedepartmentofcommercetheusfoodanddrugadministrationfdaisplacedunderthefederalsecurityagencytheunitedstatesfishandwildlifeserviceisplacedunderthedepartmentoftheinteriorjulyjulythetacomanarrowsbridgefirsttacomanarrowsbridgeopensforbusinessbuiltwithangirderandabovethewaterasthethirdlongestsuspensionbridgeintheworldjulywwiibritishownedcarryingcivilianinterneecivilianinterneesandpowsofitalianandgermanoriginfromliverpooltocanadaistorpedoedandsunkbytheoffnorthwestirelandwiththelossofaroundlivesjulywwiiattackonmerselkbirbritishnavalunitssinkorseizeshipsofthefrenchfleetanchoredinthealgerianportsofmerselkebirandorantopreventthemfallingintogermanhandsthefollowingdayvichyfrancebreaksoffdiplomaticrelationswithbritainjulyopeningofstorybridgeinbrisbanewwiibritishsubmarineissunkjulywwiithebattleofbritainbeginsjulywwiibritishdestroyeristorpedoedandsunkbyanitaliansubmarinewwiivichyfrancebeginswithaconstitutionallawwhichonlythevichymembersoftheparliamentvoteagainstphilippeptainbecomesprimeministeroffrancejulywwiiwinstonchurchillinaworldwidebroadcastproclaimstheintentionofgreatbritaintofightaloneagainstgermanywhatevertheoutcomeweshallseeknotermsweshalltoleratenoparleywemayshowmercyweshallasknonejulyuspoliticsthedemocraticpartyunitedstatesdemocraticpartybeginsitsnationalconventioninchicagoandnominatesfranklindrooseveltforanunprecedentedthirdtermaspresidentjulywwiialliedvictoryatthebattleofcapespadaandfivedestroyerssinktheitaliancruiserbartolomeocolleoniitaliancruiserbartolomeocolleoniwwiiadolfhitlermakesapeaceappealtobritaininanaddresstothereichstagweimarrepublicreichstagedwardwoodstearlofhalifaxlordhalifaxthebritishforeignministerflatlyrejectspeacetermsinabroadcastreplyonjulyjulyafterriggedparliamentaryelectionsinthethreeoccupiedcountriesonjulyjulytheparliamentsproclaimtheestoniansovietsocialistrepublicestonianlatviansovietsocialistrepubliclatvianandlithuaniansovietsocialistrepublicsthemitsubishiamzerofighteraircraftentersservicesonamedasroughlycorrespondstotheyearonthejapaneseimperialcalendarjulywellesdeclarationunitedstatesundersecretaryofstatesumnerwellesannouncesthattheuswillnotaccorddiplomaticrecognitiontothesovietunionsoccupationofthebalticstatesjulygeneralhenriguisanaddressestheofficercorpsoftheswissarmyatrtliresolvingtoresistanyinvasionofthecountryjulybugsbunnymakeshisdebutintheacademyawardsoscarnominatedcartoonshortawildharehoweveritisnotuntilthathisnameisadoptedaugustaugustwwiibritishsubmarineissunkintheenglishchannelbywhatismuchlaterdiscoveredtobeamineaugustthelithuanianssrisannexedintothesovietunionfollowedbythelatvianssronaugustandtheestonianssraugustjustsevenweeksaftertheiroccupationaugustaugus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lprizesnobelprizeinphysicsphysicsjgeorgbednorzkarlalexandermllernobelprizeinchemistrychemistrydonaldjcramjeanmarielehncharlesjpedersennobelprizeinphysiologyormedicinemedicinesusumutonegawanobelprizeinliteratureliteraturejosephbrodskynobelpeaceprizepeacescarariassncheznobelmemorialprizeineconomicsciencesbankofswedenprizeineconomicsciencesinmemoryofalfrednobelrobertsolowreferencesjanuarytheyearwasdesignatedastheinternationalyearofpeacebytheunitednationseventsjanuaryjanuaryspainandportugalentertheeuropeancommunitywhichlaterbecomestheeuropeanunionarubagainsincreasedautonomyfromthenetherlandsandisseparatedfromthenetherlandsantillestheprovinceofflevolandisestablishedinthenetherlandsunidobecomesaspecialisedagencyoftheunitednationsinnorthernirelandaspartofthetroublesjamesmccandlessandmichaelwilliamsbothprotestantmembersoftheroyalulsterconstabularyarekilledbyaprovisionalirishrepublicanarmyremotecontrolledbombhiddeninalitterbinanddetonatedwhentheirfootpatrolpassesatthomasstreetarmaghjanuarythesirleohielscherbridgesgatewaybridgeinbrisbaneaustraliaatthistimetheworldslongestprestressedconcretefreecantileverbridgeisopenedjanuaryjanuarysouthyemencivilwarjanuarythefirstpcvirusbraincomputervirusbrainstartstospreadjanuarytheunitedkingdomandfranceannounceplanstoconstructthechanneltunneljanuarythevoyagerspaceprobemakesitsfirstencounterwithuranusjanuaryyowerimusevenisnationalresistancearmyrebelgrouptakesoverugandaafterleadingayearguerrillawarinwhichuptohalfamillionpeoplearebelievedtohavebeenkilledtheywilllaterusejanuaryastheofficialdatetoavoidacoincidenceofdateswithdictatoridiaminscoupjanuaryspaceshuttlechallengerdisasterspaceshuttlechallengerdisasterstslspaceshuttlechallengerspaceshuttlechallengerdisintegratessecondsafterlaunchfromtheunitedstateskillingthecrewofastronautsincludingschoolteacherchristamcauliffejanuaryyowerimuseveniissworninaspresidentofugandafebruaryfebruarypresidentjeanclaudeduvalierbabydocfleeshaitiendingyearsoffamilyrulethephilippinepresidentialelectionsnappresidentialelectioninthephilippinesearlierannouncedbypresidentferdinandmarcoswasheldamidstcontroversythatwouldpavethewayforachainofprotestsculminatinginthepeoplepowerrevolutionfebruarythehintontraincollisionhappenedwhichacanadiannationaltrainheadingwestboundcollidedwithaviarailtraininhintonalbertapeoplewerekilledintheaccidentandinjuredpeoplefebruaryhalleyscometreachesitsperiheliontheclosestpointtothesunduringitssecondvisittothesolarsysteminthethcenturythefirstwasinfebruaryhumanrightsactivistnatansharanskyisreleasedbysovietunionsovietauthoritiesandleavesthecountryforisraelfebruarythebeechcraftstarshipmakesitsmaidenflightfebruarythesovietlinersinksinthemarlboroughsoundsnewzealandouadidoumairraidthefrenchairforceraidsthelibyanouadidoumairbaseinnorthernchadmriosoareswinsthesecondroundoftheportuguesepresidentialelectionportuguesepresidentialelectionfebruarythesingleeuropeanactissignedfebruarythesovietunionlaunchesthemirspacestationtheunitedstatessenateapprovesatreatyoutlawinggenocidefebruarythepeoplepowerrevolutionbeginsinthephilippinestoremovepresidentferdinandmarcosfromofficefebruarythethcongressofthecommunistpartyofthesovietunionopensinmoscowthegeneralsecretarymikhailgorbachevintroducesthekeywordsofhismandatetotheaudienceglasnostandperestroikapeoplepowerrevolutionpresidentferdinandmarcosofthephilippinesgoesintoexileinhawaiiafteryearsofrulecorazonaquinobecomesthefirstfilipinowomanpresidentfirstasaninterimpresidentsalvadorlaurelbecomeshervicepresidentegyptianmilitarypoliceprotestingagainstbadsalariesenterluxuryhotelsneartheegyptianpyramidspyramidssetfiretothemandlootthemfebruarytheunitedstatessenateallowsitsdebatestobetelevisedonatrialbasisfebruaryprimeministerofswedenswedishprimeministerolofpalmeisassassinationofolofpalmeshottodeathonhiswayhomefromthecinemainstockholmswedenmarchmarcholofpalmesdeputyingvarcarlssonbecomesactingprimeministerofswedenheiselectedprimeministerbytheswedishriksdagonmarchmarchthefirstpaperispublisheddescribingtheatomicforcemicroscopeinventedthepreviousyearbygerdbinnigcalvinquateandchristopherbergermarchthejapanesesuiseiprobefliesbyhalleyscometstudyingitsuvhydrogencoronaandsolarwindmarchunitedstatesnavydiversfindthelargelyintactbutheavilydamagedcrewcompartmentofthespaceshuttlespaceshuttlechallengerchallengerthebodiesofallsevenastronautsarestillinsidemarchinablackseaincidentblackseaincidentamericancruiserussyorktowncgussyorktownandthedestroyerusscaronddusscaronclaimingtherightofinnocentpassageenterthesovietterritorialwatersnearthesoutherncrimeanpeninsulamarchmicrosoftcorporationholdsitsinitialpublicofferingofstocksharesmarchcollapseofhotelnewworldhotelnewworldcollapseskilledandrescuedfromrubblemarchthethacademyawardsareheldinlosangeleswithoutofafricafilmoutofafricawinningacademyawardforbestpicturebestpicturemarchanarticleinthenewyorktimeschargesthatkurtwaldheimformerunitednationssecretarygeneralandcandidateforpresidentofaustriamayhavebeeninvolvedinnaziwarcrimesduringworldwariimarchrussellstreetbombingacarbombexplodesatrussellstreetpolice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amlincolnsignsthehomesteadactintolawmayndashwestminsterbridgeisopenedinenglandthisnewbridgedesignedbythomaspageengineerthomaspagereplacestheoldbridgejunendashamericancivilwarndashbattleoffairoaksbothsidesclaimvictoryjunendashamericancivilwarconfederatestatesofamericaconfederatetroopsevacuatefortpillowonthemississippiriverleavingthewayclearforusarmytroopstocapturememphistennesseejunendashtreatyofsaigonemperortcofthenguyndynastyinvietnamcedessaigoncnsnislandandthreesouthernprovincesofwhatistobecomeknownascochinchinabinhaprovincebinhagianhprovincegianhandnhtngtobecomepartofthefrenchcolonialempireguerillaleadertrngnhrefusestorecognisethetreatyjunendashamericancivilwarndashbattleofmemphisusarmytroopscapturememphistennesseefromtheconfederatestatesofamericaconfederatestatesjunendashamericancivilwarndashbattleofcrosskeysconfederatetroopsundergeneralstonewalljacksonsavethearmyofnorthernvirginiafromausarmyattackonthejamespeninsulathatisledbygeneralgeorgebmcclellanjunendashjohnwinterrobinsonthesecretaryofstateofkansasisconvictedandremovedfromofficeastheresultofabondfinancebondscandalbecomingthefirststateexecutiveofficialtobeimpeachmentintheunitedstatesimpeachedandremovedfromofficeinamericanhistoryjunendashamericancivilwarndashbattleofmechanicsvilleconfederategeneralroberteleedefeatsthetroopsofgeneralgeorgebmcclellaninthefirstofthesevendaysbattlesjulyndashseptemberjulythebureauofinternalrevenuetheforerunneroftheinternalrevenueserviceisestablishedintheunitedstatesprincessaliceoftheunitedkingdomprincessalicetheseconddaughterofqueenvictoriamarrieslouisivgranddukeofhesseprinceludwigofhesseandbyrhineuspresidentabrahamlincolnsignsintolawthepacificrailroadactsauthorizingconstructionofthefirsttranscontinentalrailroadtherussianstatelibraryisfoundedasthelibraryofthemoscowpublicmuseumjulyndashuspresidentabrahamlincolnsignsthemorrilllandgrantactintolawcreatingasystemoflandgrantcollegestoteachagriculturalandmechanicalsciencesacrosstheunitedstatesjulyndashcharlesdodgsonbetterknownaslewiscarrollextemporisesthestorythatbecomesalicesadventuresinwonderlandforyearoldaliceliddellandhersistersonarowboattripontheisisfromoxfordtogodstowjulyndashamericancivilwardavidgfarragutbecomesthefirstrearadmiralintheusnavyjulyndashdentblancheoneofthehighestsummitsinthealpsisfirstascendedjulyndashamericancivilwarhenrywhallecktakescommandoftheunionarmyaugustndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofbatonrougebattleofbatonrougealongthemississippirivernearbatonrougelouisianaconfederatetroopsdriveunionforcesbackintothecityaugustndashamericancivilwartheconfederateironcladcssarkansasisscuttledonthemississippiriveraftersufferingdamageinabattlewiththeussessexussessexnearbatonrougelouisianaaugustndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofcedarmountainatcedarmountainvirginiaconfederategeneralstonewalljacksonnarrowlydefeatsunionforcesundergeneraljohnpopemilitaryofficerjohnpopeaugustndashuspresidentabrahamlincolnmeetswithagroupofprominentafricanamericansthefirsttimeanamericanpresidenthasdonesohesuggeststhatblackpeopleshouldmigratetoafricaortocentralamericabutthisadviceisrejectedaugustndashthedakotawarofbeginsinminnesotaasdakotasiouxattackwhitesettlementsalongtheminnesotarivertheyareoverwhelmedbytheusarmysixweekslateraugustndashdakotawarofduringanuprisinginminnesotadakotawarriorsdecidenottoattackheavilydefendedfortridgelyandinsteadturntothesettlementofnewulmminnesotanewulmkillingwhitesettlersalongthewayaugustndashthestadtparkviennaviennastadtparkopensitsgatesaugustndashaugustndashamericancivilwarndashsecondbattleofbullrunconfederateforcesinflictacrushingdefeatonuniongeneraljohnpopeaugustndashaugustndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofrichmondkentuckyconfederateforcesledbygeneraledmundkirbysmithinflictacrushingdefeatonuniongeneralwilliambullnelsonseptemberndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofchantillyconfederategeneralroberteleeleadshisforcesinanattackonretreatinguniontroopsinchantillyvirginiadrivingthemawayseptemberndashamericancivilwaruspresidentabrahamlincolnreluctantlyrestoresuniongeneralgeorgebmcclellantofullcommandaftergeneraljohnpopesdisastrousdefeatatthesecondbattleofbullrunseptemberndashamericancivilwarintheconfederacysfirstinvasionofthenorthgeneralroberteleeleadsmenofthearmyofnorthernvirginiaacrossthepotomacriveratwhitesfordnearleesburgvirginiaintomarylandseptemberndashfranciscosolanolpezisappointedndpresidentofparaguayseptemberndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofantietamunionforcesstrategicallydefeatconfederatetroopsatsharpsburgmarylandinthebloodiestdayinushistorywithovercasualtiesamericancivilwarthealleghenyarsenalexplosionresultsinthesinglelargestciviliandisasterduringthewarseptemberndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofiukauniontroopsundermajorgeneralwilliamrosecransdefeataconfederateforcecommandedbymajorgeneralsterlingpriceatiukamississippiseptemberottovonbismarckbecomesprimeministerofprussiafollowingrefusalbythecountryslandtagtoacceptthemilitarybudgetamericancivilwarthepreliminaryannouncementoftheemancipationproclamationismadebyuspresidentabrahamlincolnseptemberndashprussianprimem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eginningofaseriesofmassdemonstrationsinthewholegdrwhichultimatelyledtotheunificationofgermanyinoctoberanofficialnewsagencyinthesovietunionreportsthevoronezhufoincidentlandingofaufoinvoronezhinleipzigeastgermanyprotestersdemandthelegalizationofoppositiongroupsanddemocraticreformsoctoberfridaythethminicrashthedowjonesindustrialaverageplungespointsorpercenttocloseatmostlikelyafterthejunkbondmarketcollapsesgroharlembrundtlandleaderofthelabourpartynorwaylabourpartyresignsasprimeministerofnorwaysheissucceededbyjanpsyseleaderoftheconservativepartynorwayconservativepartyonoctoberoctoberndashwaltersisuluisreleasedfromprisoninsouthafricaoctoberndashthelomaprietaearthquakelomaprietaearthquakeshakesthesanfranciscobayareaandthecentralcoastcaliforniacentralcoastwithamaximummercalliintensityscalemercalliintensityofixviolentsixtythreepeoplewerekilledoctoberthecommunistleaderofeastgermanyerichhoneckerisforcedtostepdownasleaderofthecountryafteraseriesofhealthproblemsandissucceededbyegonkrenzthenationalassemblyofhungaryvotestorestoremultipartydemocracynasalaunchestheunmannedgalileospacecraftgalileoorbiteronamissiontostudytheplanetjupiteroctobertheguildfordfourarefreedafteryearsthewondersoflifepavilionopensatepcotinwaltdisneyworldfloridaoctoberndashthecommonwealthheadsofgovernmentheadsofgovernmentofthecommonwealthofnationsissuethelangkawideclarationontheenvironmentmakingenvironmentalsustainabilityoneofthecommonwealthsmainprioritiesoctoberthehungaryhungarianrepublicisofficiallydeclaredbypresidentmtysszrsreplacingthehungarianpeoplesrepublicexactlyyearsafterthehungarianrevolutionofthephillipsdisasterinpasadenatexaskillsandinjuresothersoctoberndashunitedstatesflagprotectionacttakeseffectmassprotestsinseattleandnewyorkcityoctoberndashunitedstatesveichmanshawneichmandaveblalockdreadscottandgregoryleejohnsonjoeyjohnsonflagburningburnamericanflagsonstepsofuscapitolbuildingtoprotestflagprotectionactoctoberthegrandnationalassemblyofturkeyelectsprimeministerturgutzalastheeighthpresidentofturkeyhalfamillionpeopledemonstrateintheeastgermancityofleipzignovembernovemberndashfirstcommercialdialupinternetconnectioninnorthamericaismadebytheworldstdnovemberndashthefirstwalmartstoreinthenortheasternunitedstatesasamsclubisopenedindelrannewjerseynovemberndashconstructionofthedenverairportcommencesnovemberthepresidentofnicaraguaendsaceasefirewithusbackedcontrasthathadbeenineffectsinceapriltheborderbetweeneastgermanyandczechoslovakiaisreopenednovemberndashnorthdakotaandsouthdakotacelebratetheirthbirthdaysnovemberndasheastgermanyeastgermanrefugeesarriveatthewestgermantownofhofbavariahofafterbeingallowedthroughczechoslovakianovemberndashtyphoongaytyphoongaydevastatesthailandschumphonprovincenovemberndashtheasiapacificeconomiccooperationapecisfoundednovemberdouglaswilderwinsthevirginiagovernorsracebecomingthefirstelectedafricanamericangovernorintheunitedstatesdaviddinkinsbecomesthefirstafricanamericanmayorofnewyorkcitycoldwarthecommunistgovernmentofeastgermanyresignsalthoughsocialistunitypartyofgermanysedleaderegonkrenzremainsheadofstatenovembercoldwarandfalloftheberlinwallgnterschabowskiaccidentallystatesinalivebroadcastpressconferencethatnewrulesfortravelingfromeastgermanytowestgermanywillbeputineffectimmediatelyeastgermanyopenscheckpointsintheberlinwallallowingitscitizenstotravelfreelytowestgermanyforthefirsttimeindecadesnovembercelebratesgermanygermanstearingthewalldownyldrmakbulutofmotherlandpartyturkeyanapformsthenewgovernmentofturkeythgovernmentnovemberafteryearsofcommunistruleinbulgariabulgariancommunistpartyleadertodorzhivkovisreplacedbyforeignministerpetarmladenovwhochangesthepartysnametothebulgariansocialistpartygabykennardbecomesthefirstaustralianwomantoflysoloaroundtheworldckoacanadiannationalallnewsradionetworksuddenlyterminatesallbroadcastingduringthenewscastatnooneasterntimeduetofinanciallossesthestationbeganbroadcastingonjulynovemberndashlouieespinozaisinauguratedaswboworldfeatherweightchampionnovemberndashbrazilholdsitsfirstfreepresidentialelectionsincethismarksthefirsttimethatalliberoamericannationsexceptingcubahaveelectedconstitutionalgovernmentssimultaneouslynovemberndashhansadamiiprinceofliechtensteinhansadamiibecomesprinceofliechtensteinonthedeathofhisfatherprincefranzjosephiiprinceofliechtensteinfranzjosephiinovemberndashnamibianparliamentaryelectionelectionsareheldinnamibialeadingtoavictoryforthesouthwestafricapeoplesorganisationnovemberlechwasaleaderofpolandssolidaritypolishtradeunionsolidaritymovementaddressesajointsessionoftheunitedstatescongressbrazilholdsthefirstroundofitsfirstfreeelectioninyearsfernandocollordemelloandluizincioluladasilvaarequalifiedtothesecondroundwhichwillbedisputedthefollowingmonthnovembermurdersofjesuitsinelsalvadorsixjesuitpriestsaremurderedbywesternhemisphereinstituteforsecuritycooperationustrainedmilitaryofelsalvadorsalvadoransoldiersthefirstamericancosmeticsshopanestelaudercompaniesestelauderoutletopensinmoscowsouthafricanpresidentfwdeklerkannouncesthescrappingoftheseparateamenitiesactunescoadoptsthesevillestatementonviolenceatthethsessionofitsgeneralconferencenovemberndashcoldwarndashvelvetrevolutionapeacefulstudentdemonstrationinpragueczechoslovakiaisseverelybeatenbackbyriotpolicethissparksarevolutionaimedatoverthrowingthecommunistgovernmentitsucceedsondecembernovemberndashcoldwarndashvelvetrevolutionthenumberofpeacefulprotestersassembledinpragueczechoslovakiaswellsfromthedaybeforetoanestimatedhalfmillionnovemberndashthemembersoftheconstituentassemblyofnamibiabegintodrafttheconstitutionofnamibiawhichwillbetheconstitutionofthenewlyindependentnamibianovemberndashinwestbeirutabombexplodesnearthemotorcadeoflebanonlebanesepresidentrenmoawadandkillshimnovemberndashfollowingaweekofdemonstrationsdemandingfreeelectionsandotherreformsgeneralsecretarymilojakeandotherleadersofthecommunistpartyofczechoslovakiaresignjakeisreplacedbykarelurbneknovemberthesaskatchewanroughriderswinonalastsecondsfieldgoaltowinamajorpointsoutputwinningthethgreycupversusthehamiltontigercatsuruguayangeneralelectionluisalbertolacalleiselectedpresidentofuruguaynovemberndashcolombiandomesticpassengerflightaviancaflightisbombedbythemedellncartelmedellndrugcartelinanunsuccessfulattempttokillpresidentialcandidateforthecolombianpresidentialelectionelectionscsargaviriatrujillonovemberndashcoldwarndashvelvetrevolutionthecommunistpartyofczechoslovakiaannouncestheywillgiveuptheirmonopolyonpoliticalpowerelectionsheldindecemberbringthefirstnoncommunistgovernmenttoczechoslovakiainmorethanyearsnovemberndashrajivgandhiresignsasprimeministerofindiaafterhispartytheindiannationalcongresslosesabouthalfofitsseatsintheindiangeneralelectionindiangeneralelectionnovemberndashdeutschebankboardmemberalfredherrhauseniskilledbyabombtheredarmyfactionclaimsresponsibilityforthemurderdecemberdecemberinameetingwithpopejohnpauliigeneralsecretaryofthesovietunionmikhailgorbachevpledgesgreaterreligiousfreedomforcitizensofthesovietunioncoldwareastgermanysparliamentabolishestheconstitutionalprovisiongrantingthecommunistdominatedsocialistunitypartyofgermanyseditsmonopolyonpoweregonkrenzthepolitburoandthecentralcommitteeresigndayslateramilitaryphilippinecoupattemptcoupattemptbeginsinthephilippinesagainstthegovernmentofphilippinepresidentcorazoncaquinoitiscrushedbyunitedstatesinterventionendingbydecemberdecemberthesolarmaximummissionscientificresearchsatellitelaunchedincrashesbacktoearthvpsinghtakesofficeasprimeministerofindiaintherepublicofchinalegislativeelectionrepublicofchinalegislativeelectionthekuomintangsuffersitsworstelectionsetbackinyearsinpowerwinningonlyofthepopularvotethesecondmalayanemergencyconcludeswithapeaceagreementthemalayancommunistpartydisbandsandchinpengremainsinexileinthailanduntilhisdeathinthelasttwojapaneseworldwariijapaneseholdoutholdouttroopssurrenderdecembertheentireleadershipoftherulingsocialistunitypartyofgermanysocialistunitypartyineastgermanyincludingegonkrenzresignscoldwarmaltasummitndashinameetingoffthecoastofmaltauspresidentgeorgehwbushandsovietleadermikhailgorbachevreleasestatementsindicatingthatthecoldwarbetweentheirnationsmaybecomingtoanenddecemberndashprimeministerofjordanzaidibnshakerresignsandisreplacedbymudarbadrandecemberthedasbuildingbombingoccursinbogotkillingpeopleandinjuringaboutegonkrenzresignsaschairmanofthestatecouncilofthegermandemocraticrepublicandisreplacedbymanfredgerlachthefirstnoncommunisttoholdthatpostcolepolytechniquemassacreormontrealmassacremarclpineanantifeministgunmanmurdersyoungwomenatthecolepolytechniquedemontralthelastepisodeoftheclassiceraofdoctorwhoisbroadcastonbritishtelevisiondecemberladislavadamecresignsasprimeministerofczechoslovakiaheissucceededbymarinalfaondecembersingingrevolutionthelithuaniansovietsocialistrepublicbecomesthefirstoftherepublicsofthesovietuniontoabolishthecommunistpartysmonopolyonpowerdecemberndashthesocialistunitypartyofgermanyelectsthereformistgregorgysiaspartyleaderdecemberpresidentofczechoslovakiagustvhuskswearsinanewcabinetwithanoncommunistandthenimmediatelyresignsaspresidenttsakhiagiinelbegdorjannouncestheestablishmentofmongoliasdemocraticmovementthatpeacefullychangesthesecondoldestcommunistcountryintoademocraticsocietydecemberndashtheinternationaltransantarcticaexpeditionagroupofsixexplorersfromsixnationsreachesthesouthpoledecemberndashtaylorswiftwasborndecemberndashchileholdsitschileanpresidentialelectionfirstfreeelectioninyearselectingpatricioaylwinaspresidentdecemberndashdrugbaronjosgonzalorodrguezgachaiskilledbycolombianpoliceimageromanianrevolutiondemonstratorsjpgthumbpxromanianrevolutionprotestsinromaniadecemberdecembertheromanianrevolutionbeginsintimioarawhenriotersbreakintothebuildinghousingthedistrictcommitteeoftheromaniancommunistpartyandcauseextensivedamagetheirattemptstosetthebuildingsonfirearefoiledbymilitaryunitsbrazilholdsthesecondroundofitsbrazilianpresidentialelectionfirstfreeelectioninyearsfernandocollordemelloiselectedtoserveaspresidentfromthefirstfulllengthepisodeoftheanimatedseriesthesimpsonssimpsonsroastingonanopenfireisshownonfoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxtelevisio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lrolleinventsrollestheoremanessentialtheoremofmathematicsinnewenglandthetwoseparatecoloniesofmassachusettsbaycolonyandplymouthcolonyareunitedintoasingleentitybyanactofthekingandqueenofenglandthekhalkhasubmittothemanchupeoplemanchuinvadersbringingmostofmoderndaymongoliaundertheruleoftheqingdynastyonlyincludethetextilefactorybarnngensmanufakturisfoundedinstockholmswedenbirthsfebruaryndashedwardcaveenglisheditorandpublisherdmarchndashdionisiadesantamaramitastalangpazfilipinosaintbaprilndashlouisviiilandgraveofhessedarmstadtdaprilndashjohannmatthiasgesnergermanclassicalscholardjunendashgiovannipaolopanniniitalianpainterandarchitectdaugustndashalessandrogalileiitalianarchitectmathematiciandseptemberndashrichardchallonerenglishcatholicprelatedoctoberndasharthuronslowenglishpoliticianddeathsjanuaryndashgeorgefoxenglishfounderofthesocietyoffriendsbjanuaryndashrichardlowerphysicianrichardlowerenglishphysicianbjanuaryndashedwardmasterenglishpoliticianbjanuaryndashwilliammauriceprinceofnassausiegenbfebruaryndashpopealexanderviiibfebruaryndashcarlorainaldiitalianarchitectbfebruaryndashsirthomasleestbaronetenglishpoliticianbmarchndashjeanjacquesrenouarddevillayerfrenchpostalpioneerbmarchndashthomaswynneenglishpersonalphysicianofwilliampennbmarchndashnicolastalonfrenchjesuitbaprilndashjeanpetitotswissenamelpainterbaprilndashjeanhenridanglebertfrenchharpsichordistandcomposerbmayndashjohnbirchsoldiercoloneljohnbirchenglishsoldierbmayndashjacobleislergermanbornamericancolonistbmayndashadrienauzoutfrenchastronomerbmayndashcornelistrompdutchadmiralbjunendashsuleimaniisultanottomanempirebjulyndashmarcantoniopasqualiniitalianoperasingerandcomposerbjulyndashmarquisdestruthfrenchkilledatthebattleofaughrimbcjulyndashfranoismichelletelliermarquisdelouvoisfrenchwarministerbjulyndashsirjohnbowyerndbaronetenglishpoliticianbjulyndashhenrycavendishnddukeofnewcastleenglishpoliticianbjulyndashdanielgeorgmorhofgermanwriterandscholarbaugustndashfrederickidukeofsaxegothaaltenburgbaugustndashrichardtalbotstearloftyrconnelirishrebelbaugustndashadamzrinskicroatiancountandmilitaryofficerbaugustndashsirralphdelavalstbaronetenglishpoliticianbseptemberndashjohngeorgeiiielectorofsaxonybseptembercharlesfanerdearlofwestmorlandmemberofparliamentandhouseoflordsbgiovannifrancescoginettinephewofcardinalmarzioginettiboctoberndashwilliamsacheverellenglishstatesmanboctoberndashisaacdebenseradefrenchpoetboctoberndashisraelsilvestrefrenchtopographicaletcherboctoberndashchristianidukeofsaxemerseburggermannobleboctoberndashalexandersetonstviscountofkingstonboctoberndashhermannofbadenbadenimperialfieldmarshalandpresidentofthehofkriegsratbnovemberndashtosamitsuokijapanesepainterbnovemberndashaelbertcuypdutchpainterbdecemberndashlouisdevanensfrenchalchemistandpoisonerbdecemberndashkatherinejonesviscountessranelaghenglishscientistbdecemberndashrichardbaxterenglishclergymanbdecemberndashhendrikvanrheededutchbotanistbdecemberrobertboyleenglishchemistbdudleynortheconomistdudleynorthenglisheconomistmerchantandpoliticianbdateunknownbrbaracoronelspanishstageactressbmariyamkabaafaanuranikilegequeenmotherandregentofthemaldivesprobablendashelizabethpolwheeleenglishplaywrightbcseealsoupsidedownyearreferencessiegeofnamursiegeofnamurbeginsitwasalsoaparticularlycoldandwetyearcontemporaryrecordsclaimthatwinefrozeintheglassesinthepalaceofversailleseventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunefebruaryndashmustafaiisucceedsahmediiofturkeyahmediiasottomanemperoraprilndashtheparliamentofenglanddecidesnottorenewthelicensingorderofrequiringpresscensorshiprefnamecbhrefjunendashthecommissionofenquiryintothemassacreofglencoeinscotlandinreportstotheparliamentofenglandblamingsirjohndalrymplestearlofstairjohndalrymplesecretaryofstateoverscotlandanddeclaresthatasoldiershouldrefusetoobeyacommandagainstthelawofnaturejulyndashdecemberjulyndashstartofthesiegeofnamursiegeofnamurjulyndashthebankofscotlandisfoundedbyanactofparliamentactoftheparliamentofscotlandaugustndashthewrenbuildingisstartedinwilliamsburgvirginiacompletedinaugustndashndashnineyearswarbombardmentofbrusselsbrusselsisbombardedbykingdomoffrancefrenchtroopsseptemberndashnineyearswarkingdomoffrancefrancesurrendersnamurcitynamurspanishnetherlandstoforcesofthegrandallianceleagueofaugsburggrandallianceledbykingwilliamiiiofenglandfollowingthemonthsiegeofnamursiegeofnamurrefnamecassellschronologyrefseptemberndashenglishpeopleenglishpiratehenryeveryperpetratesoneofthemostprofitableraidsinhistorywiththecaptureofthegrandmughalshipganjisawaiinresponseemperoraurangzebthreatenstoputanendtoallenglishtradinginindiadecemberndashawindowtaxisimposedinenglandsomewindowsarebrickeduptoavoiditdateunknowntsardomofrussiarussiadeclareswarontheottomanempireenglishmanufacturerscallforanembargoonindianclothandsilkweaverspicketthehouseofcommonsofenglandafineisimposedforprofanityswearinginkingdomofenglandenglandafteryearsofconstructionspaincompletescastillodesanmarcostoprotectstaugustinefloridafromforeignthreatsaftermanyyearsofconstructionthepotalapalaceinlhasaprefectureleve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sonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashannaivanovnaannaofrussiabecomesempressfollowingthedeathofhercousinpeteriiofrussiaemperorpeteriimarchndashjohnglasisdeposedfromthechurchofscotlandtheglasitesectformsaroundhimaprilndashshearithisraelthefirstsynagogueinnewyorkcityisdedicatedmayndashcharlestownshendndviscounttownshendretiresfromhisroleinthegovernmentofgreatbritainleavingrobertwalpoleassoleandundisputedleaderofthecabinetieprimeministerinthenewwalpoleministrysirwilliamstricklandthbaronetbecomessecretaryatwarandhenrypelhamispaymasteroftheforcesspencercomptonstearlofwilmingtonbrieflybecomeslordprivysealmayndashattheurgingofsirwilliamgoochstbaronetsirwilliamgoochthevirginiahouseofburgessespassesthetobaccoinspectionactoftoregulatetobaccointheamericancoloniesthequalityofvirginiantobaccoandestablishinspectionwarehousesnearplantationsintheamericansouthplantationsinthetidewaterregionofvirginiatidewaterregiontheestablishmentofwrightsferryundertheauthorityoftheprovinceofpennsylvaniatriggerscresapswarndashanineyearlongconflictalsoknownasthemarylandpennsylvaniaboundarydisputendashtheconflictmainlycentersinlancastercountypennsylvaniaandyorkcountypennsylvaniaoneitherbanksofthesusquehannariverjulyndashdecemberjulyndashanvalparasoearthquakeearthquakeaffectsvalparaisointheviceroyaltyofperujulyndashpopeclementxiisucceedspopebenedictxiiiasthethpopeseptemberndashmahmudisucceedsahmediiiasottomanemperoroctoberndashconstructionoftheladogacanallinkingthenevarivernevaandsvirriversoneofthefirstmajornavigablecanalsconstructedinrussiaiscompletedonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashvelunachiyarqueenregnantofsivagangadmarchndashlouisaugusteletonnelierdebreteuillastprimeministerofthefrenchmonarchydaprilndashhenryclintonbritisharmyofficerbornhenryclintonbritishgeneraldaprilndashjohnmoorearchbishopjohnmoorearchbishopofcanterburydmayndashcharleswatsonwentworthndmarquessofrockinghamprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomdmayndashmariaangelaardinghelliitalianpeopleitalianscientifictranslatordjunendashmotoorinorinagajapanesephilologistscholarofthekokugakuschooldjunendashlokenathbrahmachariindiansaintyogiandmysticdjulyjeanbaptistewillermozfrancefrenchfreemasondjulyndashjosiahwedgwoodenglishpotterabolitionistdjulyndashannabarbarareinhartswissmathematiciandjulyndashcharlesmessierfrenchastronomerdaugustjohanngeorghamanngermanphilosopherdseptemberndashfriedrichwilhelmvonsteubenprussianarmyofficerdnovemberndashwilliammoultrieamericangeneralddecemberndashjamesbrucescottishexplorerddecemberndashphilipmazzeiitalianphysicianfriendofthomasjeffersonddecemberndashwilliamhamiltondiplomatwilliamhamiltonbritishdiplomatantiquaryddateunknownjohncookgovernorjohncookamericanfarmergovernorofdelawarepresidentofdelawaredjohnmurraythearlofdunmorelorddunmoreddeathsjanuarydanielfinchndearlofnottinghamenglishpoliticianbsamuelsewallenglishbornjudgebjanuaryndashrnimagnssonicelandicscholarandmanuscriptcollectorbjanuaryndashantoniovallisneriitalianscientistbjanuaryndashemperorpeteriiofrussiabfebruaryndashjohanngeorgvoneckhartgermanhistorianbfebruaryndashlucacarlevarijsitalianpainterbfebruaryndashpopebenedictxiiibmarchndashfrancestalbotcountessoftyrconnelbcmarchndashadriennelecouvreurfrenchactressbmarchndashbenedettopamphiliitaliancardinalpatronoftheartscomposerandlibrettistbmarchndashcharlesilandgraveofhessekasselorhessecasselbmayndashsirjustinianishamthbaronetenglishbaronetandmemberofparliamentbmayndasharabellachurchillroyalmistressarabellachurchillenglishmistressofjamesiiofenglandbjunendashalainemmanueldecotlogonmarshaloffranceinthereignoflouisxivandlouisxvbjuneyinxiangprinceyinxiangqingdynastyprincebjunendashthomastrevorstbarontrevorbritishbaronbjunendashsarahbassetbermudianslaveoriginoflegendjunendashjoachimbouvetfrenchjesuitactiveinchinabjulyndasholivierlevasseurfrenchpiratejulyndashissacharberendlehmanngermanjewishbankercourtjewinhanoverbjulyndashfranoisdeneufvilleducdevilleroyfrenchsoldierbaugustndashmathiassteuchiusswedisharchbishopbaugustndashsbastiendebrossardfrenchcomposerandmusictheoristbaugustndashbenedictahenriettaofthepalatinategermanprincessbaugustndashjamesogilvythearloffindlaterbseptemberndashcharlesfitzroynddukeofclevelandbseptemberndashguichardjosephduverneyfrenchanatomistbseptemberndashsophiaelisabetbrennerswedishwriterbseptemberndashlaurenceeusdenenglishpoetboctoberndashfrederickivofdenmarkfrederickivkingofdenmarkandnorwayboctoberndashantoinedelamothecadillacfrenchexplorerboctoberndashanneoldfieldenglishactressbnovemberndashluigiferdinandomarsiliitaliansoldierandnaturalistbnovemberndashfranoisdetroyfrenchportraitartistbdecemberndashcarlogimachmaltesearchitectengineerandpoetbreferencesstartofthefrenchandindianwarwiththebattleoffortnecessityeventsjanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashhoracewalpoleinalettertohoracemanncoinsthewordserendipityfebruaryndashcaptaincygeneralofguatemalaguatemalansergeantmajormelchordemencosyvarndepartsthecityofsantiagodeloscaballerosdeguatemalawithaninfantrybattaliontofightbritishpiratesthatarereportedlydisembarkingonthecoastsofpetnmoderndaybelizeandsackingthenearbytownsmarchndashtheclandestinemarriagesactofcomesintoforceinenglandandwalesplacingmarriageinthatjurisdictiononastatutorybasisforthefirsttimeaprilndashbattleofsanfelipeandthecoblagoonguatemalansergeantmayormelchordemencosyvarnandhistroopsdefeatthebritishpiratesmayndashtheroyalandancientgolfclubofstandrewsisfoundedinscotlandmayndashfrenchandindianwarndashbattleofjumonvilleglenthewarbeginswhengeorgewashingtonleadsacompanyofmilitiaunitedstatesmilitiafromthecolonyofvirginiainanambushonaforceoffrenchcanadiansjunendashthealbanycongressofsevennortherncoloniesproposesanunitedstatesamericanunionjulyndashdecemberjulyndashcolumbiauniversityisfoundedaskingscollegebyroyalcharterofgeorgeiiofgreatbritainkinggeorgeiiofenglandthecollegeisoriginallylocatedinlowermanhattaninstructionissuspendedinandtheschoolreopensinascolumbiacollegewiththecollegesgrowthinthethcenturyitisrenamedcolumbiauniversityinjulyndashfrenchandindianwarndashbattleoffortnecessitygeorgewashingtonsurrendersfortnecessitynationalbattlefieldfortnecessitytofrenchcaptlouiscoulondevilliersdecemberndashosmaniiisucceedsmahmudiasottomanemperordateunknownsurveyorwilliamchurtonlaysoutwhatwillbecometheseatoforangecountynorthcarolinaorangecountyroyalcolonyofnorthcarolinanorthcarolinathetownisnamedcorbintownforfranciscorbinamemberofthenorthcarolinagovernorscouncilcorbintownisrenamedchildsburghinandfinallyhillsboroughnorthcarolinahillsboroughinbirthsjanuaryrichardmartinirishpoliticianrichardmartinirishfounderofthesocietyforthepreventionofcrueltytoanimalsdjacquespierrebrissotfrenchpoliticiandjanuaryndashjohnlansingjramericanstatesmandisappearedfebruaryndashcharlesmauricedetalleyrandprigordfrenchpoliticiandfebruaryndashnicolasbaudinfrenchexplorerdmarchndashbenjaminwaterhouseamericanphysicianmedicalprofessorsmallpoxvaccinepioneerpioneerdmarchndashmadamerolandjeannemariemanonphiliponfrenchpoliticiandmarchndashbaronjurijvegaslovenianmathematicianphysicistandartilleryofficerdmayndashwilliamdrennanirishphysicianpoetandradicalpoliticiandmayndashcatherinedominiquedeprignonmarshaloffrancedjunendashfranzxavervonzachgermanscientificeditorandastronomerdjunendashannamarialenngrenswedishpoetfeministandculturalfiguredjulyndashthomasbowdlerenglishphysiciandaugustndashpierrecharleslenfantfrencharchitectdaugustndashfranoismarquisdechasselouplaubatfrenchgeneraldaugustndashwilliammurdochscottishinventordaugustndashkinglouisxvioffrancedseptemberndashwilliamblighenglishsailordseptemberndashemperorpauliofrussiadseptemberndashjosephproustfrenchchemistdoctoberndashjeanbaptisteregnaultfrenchpainterdoctoberndashjohnlaurensamericansoldierdnovemberndashpedroromerospanishtoreroddecemberndashjackjouettamericanpoliticianddecemberndashtienneozifrenchcomposerddecemberndashgeorgecrabbeenglishpoetddateunknownevefrankbulgarianreligiousleaderdusmandanfodionigerianislamictheologianddeathsjanuaryndashedwardcaveenglisheditorpublisherbjanuaryndashludvigholbergnorwegiandramatistwriterbfebruaryndashwilliambensonarchitectwilliambensonenglisharchitectandselfservingwhigplaceholderbfebruaryndashcarolinethielodanishactressbfebruaryndashrichardmeadenglishphysicianbmarchndashhenrypelhamprimeministeroftheunitedkingdombmarchndashjohannjakobwettsteinswisstheologianbaprilndashthomascarteenglishhistorianbaprilndashchristianwolffphilosopherchristianwolffgermanphilosophermathematicianandscientistbaprilndashjacoporiccatiitalianmathematicianbmayndashpierreclaudenivelledelachaussefrenchwriterbmayndashjohnwoodtheelderenglisharchitectbjunendashebenezererskinescottishreligiousdissenterbjunendashmartinfolkesenglishantiquarianbjulyndashphilippenricaultdestouchesfrenchdramatistbaugustndashmariaannaofaustriaarchduchessofaustriaandqueenconsortofportugalbaugustndashcharlespowlettrddukeofboltonboctoberndashtanacharisoncatawbaindianchiefbcoctoberndashhenryfieldingenglishnovelistboctoberndashdorotheakragdanishgeneralpostmasterandnoblebnovemberndashabrahamdemoivrefrenchmathematicianbdecemberndashwujingzichinesewriterbdecemberndashmahmudiottomansultanbreferencesfurtherreadingbattleofpraguebattleofpragueeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashsevenyearswarkingdomofgreatbritainbritaincaptureskolkatacalcuttaindiajanuaryndashrobertfranoisdamiensmakesanunsuccessfulassassinationattemptonlouisxvoffranceonmarchdamiensispubliclyexecutedbydismembermentthelastpersoninfrancetosufferthispunishmentmayndashsevenyearswarndashbattleofpraguebattleofpraguefrederickthegreatdefeatsanarchduchyofaustriaaustrianarmyandbeginstobesiegethecityjunendashsevenyearswarndashbattleofkolnfrederickisdefeatedbyanaustrianarmyundercountleopoldjosephvondaunmarshaldaunforcinghimtoevacuatebohemiajunendashbattleofplasseytroopsservingwiththebritisheastindiacompanyunderrobertclivedefeatastrongindianarmyundersirajuddaulahthroughconspiracyatplasseyindiamarkingthefirstvictoryoftheeastindiacompanyuponindiajulyndashdecemberjulyndashsevenyearswarndashbattleofhastenbeckananglohanoverianarmyundertheprincewilliamdukeofcumberlanddukeofcumberlandisdefeatedbythefrenchunderlouisdestresandforcedoutofhanoveraugustndashaugustndashfrenchandindianwarafrencharmyunderlouisjosephdemontcalmforcestheenglishtosurrenderfortwilliamhenrythefrencharmysindianalliesslaughterthesurvivorsforunclearreasonsaugustndashsevenyearswarndashbattleofgrossjgersdorfaprussianarmyunderhansvonlehwaldtisdefeatedbytherussianempirerussianarmyofmarshalstepanfyodorovichapraksinstepanapraksinseptemberndashhajjcaravanraidthebenisakhrtribeconductsamassiveassaultagainstthehajjcaravanwhichisplunderedpilgrimsarekilledasaresultoftheraidoctoberndashsevenyearswarhungarianraidersplunderberlinkingdomofprussiaprussiaoctoberndashosmaniiidiesandissucceededasottomanempireottomansultanbymustafaiiinovemberndashsevenyearswarndashbattleofrossbachfrederickdefeatsthefrenchimperialarmyundertheducdesoubiseandprincejosephofsaxehildburghausenforcingthefrenchtowithdrawfromsaxonynovemberndashsevenyearswarndashbattleofbreslaubattleofbreslauanaustrianarmyunderprincecharlesalexanderoflorrainedefeatstheprussianarmyofwilhelmofbrunswickbevernandforcestheprussiansbehindtheoderdecemberndashsevenyearswarndashbattleofleuthenfrederickdefeatsprincecharlessaustrianarmyinwhatisgenerallyconsideredtheprussiankingsgreatesttacticalvictorydecemberndashinbuddhisttraditionjigmelingpadiscoversthelongchennyingthigtermareligiontermathroughameditativevisionwhichbringshimtoboudhanaththelongchennyingtigisapopularcycleofteachingsinthenyingmaschooloftibetanbuddhismdecemberndashbattleofkhresilikingsolomoniofimeretidefeatstheottomanempireottomanarmyandanalliedfactionofnoblesinwhatisnowwesterngeorgiacountrygeorgiadateunknownnamtinthesouthwardexpansionoftheterritoryofvietnamintotheindochinapeninsulaisconcludedrobertwoodantiquarianrobertwoodpublishestheruinsofbalbecotherwiseheliopolisincoelosyriainenglishandfrenchmakingtheancientcityofbaalbeksyriaknowntothewestemanuelswedenborgclaimstohavewitnessedthelastjudgmentoccurringinthespiritualworldonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashalexanderhamiltonfirstussecretaryofthetreasurymostciteddateofbirthdjanuaryndashrichardgoodwinkeatsbritishadmiralgovernorofnewfoundlanddfebruaryndashjosephforlenzeitalianophthalmologistdfebruaryndashjohnmadjackfullerenglishphilanthropistdaprilndashedwardpellewstviscountexmouthbritishadmiraldaprilndashedmundbutcherenglishunitarianministerdmayndashveronikagutswissrebelheroinedmayndashludwigvonbrauchitschprussiangeneraldmayndashlouissbastienlenormandfrenchchemistphysicistandinventordmayndashhenryaddingtonstviscountsidmouthprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomdjunendashgervasioantoniodeposadasargentineleaderdjunendashgeorgevancouverbritishexplorerdjulyndashgarsevanchavchavadzegeorgiandiplomatpoliticiandaugustndashelizabethschuylerwifeofalexanderhamiltoncofounderofnewyorksfirstorphanagedaugustndashthomastelfordbritishengineerarchitectdaugustndashmariemagdalenecharlotteackermanngermanactressdseptemberndashgilbertdumotiermarquisdelafayettefrenchsoldierstatesmandseptemberndashestherdeglieuswisseducatordoctoberndashkingcharlesxoffrancedoctoberndashpierreaugereaumarshaloffranceandducdecastiglionednovemberndashantoniocanovaitaliansculptordnovemberndashhenrybrockholstlivingstonassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesdnovemberndashwilliamblakeenglishpoetddecemberndashnathanielmaconamericanpoliticianddecemberndashbenjaminpiercegovernorbenjaminpierceamericanpoliticianddateunknownwilliambradleyroyalnavyofficerwilliambradleybritishnavalofficerandcartographerdagnesibbetsonenglishplantphysiologistddeathsjanuaryndashbernardlebovierdefontenellefrenchscientistmanoflettersbjanuaryndashthomasruddimanscottishclassicalscholarbfebruaryndashhoratiowalpolestbaronwalpoleofwoltertonenglishdiplomatbmarchndashedwardmooredramatistedwardmooreenglishwriterbmarchndashthomasblackwellscholarthomasblackwellscottishclassicalscholarbmarchndashgiuseppegallibibienaitalianarchitectpainterbmarchndashjohnbyngbritishadmiralexecutedbmarchndashjohannstamitzczechborncomposerbaprilndashspencerphipsactinggovernoroftheprovinceofmassachusettsbaybaprilndashpaulalphrandebussanfrenchbishopbmaymaximilianulyssesbrownemaximilianulyssescountbrowneaustrianfieldmarshalbcharlesfitzroynddukeofgraftonbritishpoliticianbkurtchristophgrafvonschwerinprussianfieldmarshalbjunendashsophiadorotheaofhanoverqueenconsortoffrederickwilliamibjulyndashdomenicoscarlattiitaliancomposerbaugustndashdavidhartleyphilosopherdavidhartleyenglishphilosopherboctoberndashaloysiuscenturioneitalianjesuitboctoberndashrenantoineferchaultderaumurfrenchscientistboctoberndashantoineaugustincalmetfrenchtheologianboctoberosmaniiiottomansultanbedwardvernonenglishnavalofficerbdecembercolleycibberenglishpoetlaureateactormanagerbedmundcurllenglishbooksellerpublisherbdecemberndashlevanabashidzediedlevanabashidzegeorgianpoliticiandecemberndashjohndyerwelshpoetbdateunknownndashrikamajasamishamanbreferenceseventsintsarskoeselocommemoratingtheendoftherussoturkishwaronlyincludejanuaryndashmarchjanuaryndashmustafaiiilistofottomansultanssultanoftheottomanempirediesandissucceededbyhisbrotherabdulhamidijanuaryndashanangrycrowdinbost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eunitedkingdomofgreatbritainandfredericknorthlordnorthlordnorthretainstheofficeofprimeministerashistorycoalitionwinsoftheseatshenryseymourconwayswhigpartywinstheotherseatsnovemberthegovernmentoftherepublicofveniceallowsadventurerandladiesmangiacomocasanovatoreturnhomeafterayearabsencenovemberdanielbooneretiresfromthevirginiacolonialmilitiainordertodevotefulltimetoestablishingasettlementinkentuckynovembersalawatyulayevtheleaderofthebashkirsrebellionagainsttherussiangovernmentiscapturedbringinganendtotheinsurrectionnovemberenglishchemistjosephpriestleybecomesthefirstpersontodiscoverandidentifysulfurdioxidenovemberspanishnavycaptaindomingodebonecheaarrivesattahitiintheshipaguilaandtriesunsuccessfullytoclaimitforspainandtoconvertthetahitianstotheromancatholicfaithnovemberthomaspaineanativeofenglandarrivesinamericaattheageandsoonbecomesaninfluentialadvocateforthecoloniesindependenceparliamentadjournsingreatbritainbutdeclinestoauthorizeanyactionagainsttherebelliousamericancoloniesdespiteanaddressthedaybeforebykinggeorgeiiiandfredericknorthlordnorthprimeministernorthdecemberaboycottcalledbythecontinentalcongressgoesintoeffectasparticipatingmerchantsandsupportersceasetheimportationorconsumptionofproductsfromgreatbritainirelandorthebritishwestindiesdecemberarchduchessmariatheresatherulerofaustriahungaryandcroatiasignsthegeneralschoolordinanceprovidingforeducationforbothmalesandfemalesandsettingcompulsoryeducationforchildrenagedsixthroughdecemberthetwomonthlongsiegeofmelillasiegeofmelillabeginsasarmiesledbythesultanofmoroccomohammedbenabdallahattackthenorthafricanspanishcolonyofmelillawhichremainsapartofspaintodaydecemberkinglouisxvioffranceissuesadeclarationthatforthefirsttimeprotectsthefreecommerceofmeatduringlenttosupporttheneedsofthepoorwhoseinfirmityrequiresthemtoeatmeatdateunknowntoavoidseverefloodingmartinsboroughnorthcarolinamartinsboroughroyalcolonyofnorthcarolinanorthcarolinaismovedtohighergroundwestthenorthcarolinageneralassemblyincorporatesmartinsboroughasthenewseatofpittcountynorthcarolinapittcountyyearsafteritsfoundinggermancobblerjohannbirkenstockcreatesthefirstbirkenstocksandalsarevisionofthelawsofcricketintroducesalegbeforewicketruleonlyincludebirthsfebruaryhansjrtaswedishpoliticalactivistadministratordmaximgaucimalteselithographerdfebruaryndashprinceadolphusdukeofcambridgedmarchndashmayhewfolgerwhalercaptainoftopazshiptopazrediscoveredpitcairnislandsindmarchndashcaptainmatthewflindersenglishexplorerdaprilndashjeanbaptistebiotfrenchphysicistastronomerandmathematiciandaprilndashjeanmarcgasparditardfrenchphysiciandaprilndashfrancisbailyenglishastronomerdmayndashfrancisbeaufortirishhydrographerdjunendashdanieldtompkinslistofvicepresidentsoftheunitedstatesthvicepresidentoftheunitedstatesdjulyndashaugustedemarmontfrenchmarshaldaugustndashrobertsoutheyenglishpoetandbiographerdaugustndashmeriwetherlewisamericanexplorersoldierandpublicadministratordaugustndashelizabethannsetoncofounderofmountstmarysuniversityfounderofthesistersofcharitydseptemberndashcaspardavidfriedrichgermanartistdseptemberndashgiuseppecasparmezzofantiitaliancardinallinguistdseptemberndashjohnnyappleseedjohnchapmanamericannurserymanmissionaryplantedappleappletreenurseriesinohioindianaandillinoisddecemberndashfranoisandrbaudinfrenchadmiralddecemberndashwilliamhenrychemistenglishchemistddateunknownsergeyglinkasergeinikolayevichglinkandashrussianauthorbrotheroffyodorglinkadlalonfakirndashundividedindianmysticsongcomposerwhoinfluencedrabindranathtagoreddeathsjanuaryndashmustafaiiiottomansultanbjanuaryndashfrantiektmaczechcomposerbfebruaryndashcharlesmariedelacondaminefrenchmathematiciangeographerbfebruaryndashflorianleopoldgassmanngermancomposerbmarchndashcountesspalatinecarolineofzweibrckenbaprilndasholivergoldsmithirishwriterbaprilndashsarabanzetfrencheducatordiaristbmayndashanthonyulrichiidukeofbrunswicklneburgbmayndashkinglouisxvoffrancebjulyndashhenryfoxstbaronhollandenglishstatesmanbjulyndashannamorandimanzoliniinternationallyknownitaliananatomistandanatomicalwaxmodelerbjulyndashsirwilliamjohnsonstbaronetirishbornnewyorkpioneerjulyndashjamesoharandbarontyrawleybritishfieldmarshalbaugustndashcharlesfranoistiphaignedelarochefrenchwriterbaugustndashjohannjakobreiskegermanscholarphysicianbaugustndashniccoljommelliitaliancomposerbseptemberndashpopeclementxivbseptemberndashjohnbradstreetcanadianbornsoldierboctoberndashrobertfergussonscottishpoetboctoberndashmichelbenoistfrenchjesuitmissionaryscientistboctoberndashroemervlacqiidutchviceadmiralbnovemberndashrobertclivebritishgeneralstatesmanbnovemberndashhenrybakernaturalisthenrybakerenglishnaturalistbdecemberndashjohannfriedrichagricolagermancomposerbdecemberndashfranoisquesnayfrencheconomistbdateunknownmartinezdepasquallyfrenchfreemasonmargaretcalderwoodbritishpeoplebritishdiaristbreferencesfurtherreadingeventsjanuaryndashmarchjanuaryndashtheimportationofslaveryslaveryinnorthamericaslavesintotheunitedstatesisbannedastheactprohibitingimportationofslavestakeseffectafricanslavescontinuetobeimport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condunitedstatespresidentialelectionisheldincumbentpresidentgeorgewashingtonreceivesallelectoralvotesforpresidentandincumbentvicepresidentjohnadamsisreelectedwithofvoteswithgeorgeclintonvicepresidentgeorgeclintonreceivingnovemberndashfrancesnationalconventionpassesaresolutionpledgingfrenchsupportfortheoverthrowofthegovernmentsofothernationsdecemberndashgeorgewashingtonisreelectedpresidentoftheunitedstatesdecemberndashthetrialoflouisxvioffrancebeginswashingtondcfoundeddateunknownthebaptistmissionarysocietyisfoundedinketteringenglandtipusultaninvadeskeralaindiabutisrepulsedhungarianastronomerfranzxavervonzachpublishesthetablesofthesunanessentialearlyworkfornavigationclaudechappesuccessfullydemonstratesthefirstsemaphorelinebetweenparisandlillescottishengineerwilliammurdochbeginsexperimentingwithgaslightinggeorgeanschutzconstructsthefirstblastfurnaceinpittsburghpennsylvaniathomasholcroftproducestheplayroadtoruininlondonbarthlemycatherinejoubertfuturefrenchgeneralbecomessublieutenantjohanngeorgalbrechtsbergerbecomeskapellmeisterinviennathestatestreetcorporationisfoundedinbostonmassachusettsshilohmeetinghousepredecessorofshilohunitedmethodistchurchinlynchburgvirginiaisfoundedmarywollstonecraftsavindicationoftherightsofwomanispublishedtheinsurancecompanyofnorthamericalaterchubblimitedchubbisfoundedinphiladelphiapennsylvaniamounthoodisnamedthefirstwrittenexaminationsineuropeareheldatcambridgeuniversityenglanddenmarknorwayisthefirstcountryintheworldtooutlawslaveryonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashjohannarfvedsonswedishchemistdfebruaryndashfloridecalhounsecondladyoftheunitedstatesdfebruaryndashkarlernstvonbaergermannaturalistdfebruaryndashgioachinorossiniitaliancomposerdmarchndashjohannkarlludwiggieselergermanchurchhistoriandmarchisaacleaamericanconchologistgeologistandpublisherdsamuelslocumamericaninventordmarchndashjohnherschelenglishmathematicianastronomerdaprilndashkarlgottlobzumptgermanscholardaprilndashfranciscodepaulasantanderpresidentofcolombiadaprilndashthaddeusstevensamericanpoliticiandaprilndashthomasromneyrobinsonirishastronomerphysicistdaprilndashjohnkebleenglishchurchmanpoetdmayndashwilliepersonmangumamericanpoliticiandmayndashpopepiusixbgiovannimastaiferrettiitalianchurchmandmayndashjamesmayerderothschildgermanbornbankerdmayndashanneisabellamilbankeenglishwifeoflordbyrondmayndashmargaretannneveguernesiaisesupercentenariandmayndashgaspardgustavecoriolisfrenchengineerscientistdjunendashwilliamaustinburtamericaninventorfatherofthetypewriterdjunendashjohnpascoefawknerpioneernewspaperpublisherinmelbournevictoriaaustraliadjunendashjohnlinnellpainterjohnlinnellenglishpainterdjunendashferdinandchristianbaurgermantheologiandjulyndashdecemberjulyndashwilliamhenrysmithwilliamhenrysmithbritishbusinessmandjulygeorgemdallasamericansenatorlistofvicepresidentsoftheunitedstatesthvicepresidentoftheunitedstatesdcaptainfrederickmarryatbritishauthordaugustndashpercybyssheshelleyenglishpoetdaugustndashadelaideofsaxemeiningenqueenofwilliamivoftheunitedkingdomdaugustndashjohnrussellstearlrussellprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomdaugustndashmanueloribendpresidentofuruguaydseptemberndashvicenteramnrocardpresidentofecuadordseptemberndashwilliambackhouseastorsramericanbusinesstycoondseptemberndashwilliamhobsonfirstgovernorofnewzealanddoctoberndashthomasmitchellexplorerthomaslivingstonemitchellexplorersurveyorgeneralofnewsouthwalesaustraliadnovemberndashcarlosantoniolpezpresidentofparaguaydnovemberndashsamuelnelsonassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesdnovemberndashmaryanneevanswifeofbenjamindisraelidnovemberndashvictorcousinfrenchphilosopherddecemberndashnikolailobachevskyrussianmathematicianddecemberndashwilliamiiofthenetherlandsddateunknownmatteocarcassiitalianmusiciancomposerdmariaquitriabraziliannationalheroinednodirauzbekpoetstateswomanddeathsjanuaryndashjunefebruaryndashjohnwitherspoonsignerofthedeclarationofindependencebfebruaryndashsirjoshuareynoldsbritishpainterbmarchndashleopoldiiholyromanemperorbmarchndashrobertadambritisharchitectbmarchndashjohnstuartrdearlofbuteprimeministeroftheunitedkingdombmarchndashkinggustaviiiofswedenassassinatedbaprilndashgeorgepocockbritishadmiralbaprilndashjamessykescontinentalcongressjamessykesamericanpoliticianbaprilndashmaximilianhellslovakianastronomerbaprilndashkarlfriedrichbahrdtgermantheologianadventurerbaprilndashjohnmontaguthearlofsandwichenglishstatesmanbmayndashjohnstevensnewjerseyjohnstevensamericandelegatetothecontinentalcongressmayndashcharlessimonfavartfrenchdramatistbmayndashgeorgebrydgesrodneystbaronrodneybritishnavalofficerbjunendashjohnburgoynebritishgeneralbjunendashmuhammadibnabdalwahhabarabianwahhabipreacherbjulyndashdecemberjulyndashdukeferdinandofbrunswickwolfenbttelbjulyndashjohnpauljonesamericannavalcaptainbjulyndashrennicolascharlesaugustindemaupeouchancelloroffrancebaugustndashfredericknorthlordnorthprimeministeroftheunitedkingdombaugustndashjacquescazottefrenchwriterbseptemberndashmarielouiseprincessedelamballefrenchprincessfriendofmarieantoin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rhamiltonsubmitshisproposedplanforpaymentofamericandebtsstartingwithtopaytheforeigndebtsoftheconfederationfollowedbymillionfordomesticdebtsandmillionforthewardebtsofthestatestheplanwasnarrowlyapprovedinthesenateandinthehouserefnameharperharpersencyclopaediaofunitedstateshistoryfromadtoedbybensonjohnlossingandwoodrowwilsonharperbrothersprefjanuaryndashwolfgangamadeusmozartmozartsoperacosfantuttepremieresinviennajanuaryndashthefirstboatspecializedasalifeboatrescuerescuelifeboatistestedontherivertyneinenglandfebruaryndashinnewyorkcitythesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesconvenesforthefirsttimerefnameoverviewtitleabriefoverviewofthesupremecourtformatpdfpublisherunitedstatessupremecourtaccessdatereffebruaryndashlouisxvioffrancedeclarestothenationalassemblyfrenchrevolutionnationalassemblythathewillmaintaintheconstitutionallawsfebruaryndashtwoquakersquakerdelegatespetitiontheunitedstatescongressfortheabolitionismintheunitedstatesabolitionofslaveryfebruarynorthcarolinacedesitswesternterritoriesmoderndaytennesseetothefederalgovernmentmarchndashtheunitedstatescensusfirstunitedstatescensusisauthorizeditisheldlaterintheyearmarchndashfranceisdividedintodpartementswhichcutacrosstheformerprovincesinanattempttodislodgeregionalloyaltiesbasedonnobleownershipoflandmarchndashthenewyorklegislatureconsentstotheadmissiontotheunionofanewstatevermontformedwithintheboundariesofnewyorkcontingentuponthesuccessfulconclusionofnegotiationsconcerningdisputedrealestateclaimsandtheboundarybetweenthetwostatesmarchndashthomasjeffersonreportstopresidentgeorgewashingtoninnewyorkasthenewunitedstatessecretaryofstatebattleofrevalaprilndashjuneaprilndashtheunitedstatespatentlawunitedstatespatentsystemisestablishedmayndashbattleofrevalgustaviiiofswedensendsthebattlefleettoeliminatetherussiansquadronwinteringatrevalestoniabutisdefeatedrussiansswedesarekilledcapturedandshipsaresunkmayndashbattleofandrosbattleofandrosanottomanempireottomanottomanalgiersalgerianfleetdestroysthefleetofthegreekprivateerlambroskatsonismaycongresspassesanacttogovernthecreationofstatesfromthesouthwestterritoryfromwhichtennesseealabamaandmississippiwillbeformedmayndashrhodeislandratifiestheunitedstatesconstitutionandbecomesthelastofthethirteencoloniesoriginalstatestodosojunendashroyalassentisgiventoestablishmentoftheportofmilfordhaveninwalesjunendashcompromiseofthomasjeffersonjamesmadisonandalexanderhamiltoncometoanagreementmadisonagreestonotbestrenuousinoppositionfortheassumptionofstatedebtsbythefederalgovernmenthamiltonagreestosupportthecapitalsitebeingabovethepotomacjunendashtheallegedlondonmonsterisarrestedinlondonhelaterreceivesyearsforassaultsjulyndashseptemberjulyndashlouisxvioffranceacceptsaconstitutionalmonarchyjulyndashrussoswedishwarrussoswedishwarndashsecondbattleofsvensksundinamassivebalticseabattleofshipstheswedishnavycapturesonethirdoftherussiangalleyfleetswedesarekilledrussianskilledandcapturedrussiangalleysandotherrowingcraftaresunkandaretakenjulytheushouseofrepresentativesvotestoapprovecreatingthedistrictofcolumbiafromportionsofmarylandandvirginiafortheeventualseatofgovernmentandnationalcapitaljulyndashfrenchrevolutionthecivilconstitutionoftheclergyispassedthiscompletesthedestructionofthemonasticorderslegislatingoutofexistenceallregularandsecularchaptersforeithersexabbaciesandpriorshipsjulyndashfrenchrevolutioncitizensofpariscelebratetheunityofthefrenchpeopleandthenationalreconciliationintheftedelafdrationjulyndashuspresidentgeorgewashingtonsignstheresidenceactintolawestablishingasitealongthepotomacriverasthewashingtondcdistrictofcolumbiaandthefuturesiteofthecapitaldistrictsandterritoriescapitaloftheunitedstatesthemovecomesafterthebillisnarrowlyapprovedonjulybythesenatetoandonjulybythehousetoatthesametimeplansaremadetomovethenationalcapitalfromnewyorktophiladelphiauntilthepotomacriversitecanbecompletedjulyndashalexanderhamiltonsassumptionbillgivingeffecttohisfirstreportonthepubliccreditispassedintheunitedstatescongressallowingthefederalgovernmenttoassumetheconsolidateddebtsoftheusstatesjulyndashthetreatyofreichenbachconventionofreichenbachissignedbetweenprussiaandaustriajulyndashinventorsamuelhopkinsinventorsamuelhopkinsbecomesthefirsttobeissuedauspatentforanimprovedmethodofmakingpotashaugustndashanewlypassedustariffactcreatesthesystemofcutterboatcuttersforrevenueenforcementlaternamedtheunitedstatesrevenuecutterservicetheforerunneroftheunitedstatescoastguardcoastguardaugustndashthetreatyofvrlendstherussoswedishwarrussoswedishwarseptemberndashthepekingoperapekingoperaisbornwhenthefourgreatanhuitroupesintroducehuijuanhuioperatobeijinginhonoroftheqianlongemperorsthbirthdayseptemberndashleopoldiiholyromanemperorstartstoruleoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashcommissionersappointedbythenewyorklegislatureannouncethesuccessfulconclusionofnegotiationsbetweennewyorkandvermontconcerningdisputedrealestateclaimsandtheconsentofnewyorkslegislaturetotheadmissiontotheunionofthestateofvermontasthethstatewhichwasformedwithinwhatnewyorkclaimedasitsterritoryunderanorderincouncilthatkinggeorgeiiiissuedonjulyoctobertheharmarcampaignendsinadefeatofusarmygeneraljosiahharmarandcoloneljohnhardinbythewesternconfederacyofindiansledbychieflittleturtlemihihkinaahkwaofthemiamitribeandbluejacketweyapiersenwahoftheshawneeatkekionganowfortwayneindiananovemberndashfrancesconstituentassemblypassesalawrequiringallromancatholicprieststoswearanoathofacceptanceofthenewfrenchconstitutionnovemberndashuspresidentgeorgewashingtonandhiswifemarthawashingtonarriveinthenewtemporaryuscapitalphiladelphiaandtakeupresidenceatthepresidentshousephiladelphiapresidentshouselocatedatmarketstreetdecemberndashholyromanempireforcesrecapturebrusselsbringinganendtotheshortlivedunitedstatesofbelgiumandrestoringtheaustriannetherlandsdecemberndashtheunitedstatescongressopensitsfirstsessioninthenewtemporaryuscapitalinphiladelphiadecemberndashthehawkesburyandnepeanwarsbegininnewsouthwalesaustraliaasaresultofdeteriorationinrelationsandincreasingcolonizationdecemberndashrussoturkishwarduringalexandersuvorovsstormofizmailturkishsoldierslosetheirlivesonlyincludedecembertheazteccalendarstoneisdiscoveredatelzcalomexicocitydecembertheturkishfortressofizmailisstormedandcapturedbyalexandersuvorovandhisrussianarmiesbirthsjanuaryndashmelchormzquizthpresidentofmexicodjanuaryndashqishanmanchuofficialqishanmanchuqingofficialdmarchndashjohnaustinlegalphilosopherjohnaustinenglishjuristdmarchndashjohntylerthpresidentoftheunitedstatesdaprilndashmanuelblancoencaladaspanishchileanadmiralandpoliticianstpresidentofchiledmayndashmicajahthomashawkinsamericanpoliticiandmayndashjulesdumontdurvillefrenchexplorerdjunendashferdinandraimundaustrianplaywrightdjunendashjosantoniopezthpresidentofvenezueladjunendashhelenaekblomswedishpreacherdseptemberndashjohngreencrosseenglishsurgeondnovemberndashletitiachristiantylerfirstladyoftheunitedstatesdnovemberndashaugustferdinandmbiusgermanmathematicianastronomerdnovemberndashedmundlyonsstbaronlyonsbritishadmiralddecemberrichardcarlileenglishsocialreformerpressadvocatedfriederikelieniglatvianentomologistdaugustmeinekegermanclassicalscholarddecemberndashlopoldiofbelgiumddecemberndashwilliamedwardparryenglisharcticexplorerddecemberndashjeanfranoischampollionfrenchegyptologistddecemberndashantonieadambergeraustrianstageactressddateunknownlonehornminiconjouchiefdjamesmoorewayneamericanpoliticianassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesddeathsjanuaryndashlucurbaindebouxiccomtedeguichenfrenchadmiralbjanuaryndashjohnlandenenglishmathematicianbjanuaryndashmeriwethersmithamericancontinentalcongressmanforvirginiabjanuaryndashthomaslewisvirginiathomaslewisirishbornvirginiasettlerbfebruaryndashwilliamcullenscottishphysicianchemistbfebruaryndashjosephiiholyromanemperorbmarchndashhenrywisneramericancontinentalcongressmanfornewyorkbmarchandrshadikaustrohungariangeneralbwilliamgraysonamericancontinentalcongressmanandunitedstatessenatorforvirginiabaprilndashbenjaminfranklinamericanscientiststatesmanbmayndashmatthewtilghmanamericancontinentalcongressmanformarylandbmayndashwilliamclinganamericancontinentalcongressmanforpennsylvaniabcmayndashphilipyorkendearlofhardwickeenglishpoliticianbmayndashnathanmillerrhodeislandnathanmilleramericancontinentalcongressmanforrhodeislandbmayndashthomaswartonenglishpoetbmayndashnathanielfolsomamericancontinentalcongressmanfornewhampshireandrevolutionarywarmajorgeneralbmayndashisraelputnamamericanrevolutionarywargeneralbjunendashtheodorickblandcongressmantheodorickblandamericancontinentalcongressmanandusrepresentativeforvirginiabjunendashlovisaaugustiswedishoperasingerbjulyndashjeanbaptistelromdelislefrenchchemistbjulyndashfranoishemsterhuisdutchphilosopherbjulyndashernstgideonvonlaudonaustrianfieldmarshalbjulyndashadamsmithscottisheconomistphilosopherbjulyjohannbernhardbasedowgermaneducationalreformerbwilliamlivingstongovernorofnewjerseybaugustndashdavidbrearleyamericanrevolutionarywarcolonelsigneroftheusconstitutionfornewjerseyandfederaljudgebseptemberndashjohannnikolausvonhontheimgermanhistoriantheologianboctoberndashwilliamhooperamericansignerofthedeclarationofindependenceandcontinentalcongressmanfornorthcarolinaboctoberndashlymanhallamericansignerofthedeclarationofindependenceandgovernorofgeorgiabnovemberndashjamesbowdoinamericangovernorofmassachusettsbnovemberndashdanielofstthomasjeniferamericancontinentalcongressmanandsigneroftheusconstitutionformarylandbnovemberndashrobertlivingstonrobertlivingstonamericanmemberofthenewyorkcolonialassemblybdecemberndashjohnhulseenglishclergymanbdecemberndashbenjaminandrewamericancontinentalcongressmanforgeorgiaandmemberofthegeorgiahouseofrepresentativesbdateunknownhelengloagscottishslaveempressofmoroccobreferencesfurtherreadingestablishescapetowneventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashmichielderuytermarriesthewidowannavangelderandplansretirementbutmonthslaterbecomesavicecommodoreinthefirstanglodutchwaraprilndashdutchsailorjanvanriebeeckestablishesaresupplycampforthedutcheastindiacompanyatthecapeofgoodhopethusfoundingcapetownmayndashrhodeislandpassesthefir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ustraliavictoriamayndashtheacademyofmotionpictureartsandsciencestheacademyinacademyawardsisfoundedmayndashbritishpoliceofficersraidtheofficeofthesoviettradedelegationinlondonmayndashkinggeorgevproclaimsthechangeofhistitlefromkingoftheunitedkingdomofgreatbritainandirelandtokingofgreatbritainandnorthernirelandmayndashusarmyaviationpioneermajorharoldgeigerdiesinthecrashofhisaircodhairplaneatolmstedfieldpennsylvaniamayndashbathschooldisasteraseriesofviolentattacksresultsindeathsmostlyofschoolchildreninbathtownshipmichiganmayndashbythetreatyofjeddahtreatyofjeddahtheunitedkingdomrecognizesthesovereigntyofibnsaudoverthekingdomofhejazandnejdthefuturesaudiarabiamayndashmayndashcharleslindberghmakesthefirstsolononstoptransatlanticairplaneflightcarriedoutfromnewyorkcitytoparisfranceinhissingleenginedaircraftthespiritofstlouismayndashthegulangearthquakegulangearthquakeaffectsgansuinnorthwestchinawithamaximummercalliintensityofxiextremeleavingoverdeadmayndashnearlymembersoftheamericaninstituteofelectricalengineersandtheinstituteofradioengineersviewalivedemonstrationoftelevisionatthebelltelephonebuildinginnewyorkcityjustoverayearafterjohnlogiebairdofscotlandhadfirstdemonstratedanelectromechanicaltelevisionsystemtothemembersoftheroyalsocietyinlondonmayndashtheunitedkingdomcutsitsdiplomaticrelationswiththesovietunionduetorevelationsofespionageandundergroundagitationsoloflightnewyorktoparisjunejunendashthevolcanicislandofkrakatoaanakkrakatauanakkrakataubeginstoforminthesundastraitjunendashkingdomofyugoslaviayugoslaviaseversdiplomaticrelationswithalbanianrepublicalbaniajunendashclarencechamberlinandcharlesalbertlevinetakeofffromrooseveltfieldnewyorkandflytoeislebengermanyinthewrightbellancawbcolumbiaaircraftmisscolumbiatwoweeksaftercharleslindberghshistoricsoloflightjunendashpyotrvoykovthesovietambassadortopolandismurderedjunendashthesovietunionexecutesforallegedespionagejunelondaudettheleaderofthefrenchmonarchistsisarrestedinfranceatickertapeparadeisheldfortheaviatorcharleslindberghdownfifthavenueinnewyorkcityjunendashspanishairlineiberiaairlineiberiaisestablishedjunendashsolareclipseofjuneatotaleclipseofthesuntakesplaceoverwalesnorthernenglandsouthernscotlandnorwaynorthernswedennorthmostfinlandandthenorthmostextremesofrussiajunejulyndashcommanderrichardebyrdberntbalchengeorgenovilleandbertacostatakeofffromrooseveltfieldnewyorkinthefokkertrimotorairplaneamericaandcrosstheatlantictothecoastoffrancehavingtoditchtherebecauseofbadweatherallfourmensurvivetheemergencylandingjulyjulyndashthefooddrugandinsecticideadministrationfdiaisestablishedasaunitedstatesfederalagencyjulyndashkevinohigginsvicepresidentoftheexecutivecounciloftheirishfreestateandministerforjusticeandequalityministerforjusticeisassassinatedbytheantiangloirishtreatytreatyirishrepublicanarmyirishrepublicanarmyindublinjulyndashthejerichoearthquakestrikesmandatorypalestinepalestinekillingaroundpeopletheeffectsareespeciallysevereinnablusbutdamageandfatalitiesarealsoreportedinmanyareasofpalestineandemirateoftransjordantransjordansuchasammansaltjordanandlodlyddajulywednesdaytamuzndashrebbeyosefyitzchakschneersohnisfreedfromtheimprisonmentwhichbeganonjunewednesdaysivanatinexileintherussiantownofkostromajulyndashjulyrevoltofprotestersandfivepolicemenareleftdeadafterthepoliceinviennafireonanangrycrowdmostlymembersofthesocialdemocraticpartyofaustriamorethanpeopleareinjuredjulyndashthemeningateisdedicatedasawarmemorialatypresbelgiumaugustaugustndashthecommunistchinesepeoplesliberationarmyisformedduringthenanchanguprisingaugustuspresidentcalvincoolidgeannouncesidonotchoosetorunforpresidentinamericanelectricalengineerharoldstephenblackinventsthenegativefeedbackamplifieraugustndashthepeacebridgeopensbetweenforterieontarioandbuffalonewyorkaugustndashthemountrushmoreparkisrededicatedpresidentcalvincoolidgepromisesnationalfundingfortheproposedcarvingofthepresidentialfiguresaugustndashpeopledemonstrateinhydeparklondonagainstthedeathsentencingofitalianimmigrantanarchistssaccoandvanzettiaugustndashsaccoandvanzettiareexecutedaugustndashaugustndashnovascotiahurricanehurricanehitstheatlanticprovincesofcanadacausingmassivedamageandatleastdeathsaugustndashpaulrredfernleavesbrunswickgeorgiaflyinghisstinsondetroiterportofbrunswicktoattemptasolononstopflighttoriodejaneirobrazilhelatercrashesinthevenezuelanjunglebutthecrashsiteisneverfoundseptemberseptemberndashtheautumnharvestuprisingoccursinchinaseptembertheuniversityofminasgeraisisfoundedinbrazilthefirstfullyelectronictelevisionsystemisachievedbyphilofarnsworthseptemberndashthecolumbiaphonographicbroadcastingsystemlaterknownascbsisformedandgoesontheairwithradiostationsseptemberndashatreatysignedbytheleagueofnationsslaverycommissionabolishesalltypesofslaveryseptemberndasharekilledandareinjuredintheeaststlouistornadothendcostliestandatleastthdeadliesttornadoinushistoryoctoberoctoberndashthesolvayconferencefifthconferencefifthsolvayconferenceheldinthelatterhalfofthemonthestablishestheacceptanceofthecopenhageninterpretationoctoberndashcarvingofthesculpturesatmountrushmoresouthdakotabeginsoctoberndashthejazzsingerstarringaljolsonpremieresatthewarnertheaterinnewyorkcityalthoughnotthefirstsoundfilmandcontainingverylittlerecordedspeechitisthefirsttobecomeaboxofficehitpopularizingtalkiesalthoughsilentfilmscontinuetobemadeforsometimerefnamebrysonrefoctoberndashthemurderersrowteamofthenewyorkyankeescompleteafourgamesweepofthepittsburghpiratesintheworldseriesbaseballchampionshipintheunitedstatesoctoberndashthemexicangovernmentcrushesarebellioninveracruzcityveracruzoctoberndashthefirstflightofpanamericanairwaystakesofffromkeywestfloridaboundforhavanacubaoctoberndashtheitaliansteamshipssprincipessamafaldaprincipessamafaldacapsizesoffportosegurobrazilatleastpeoplearekilledoctoberqueenwilhelminaofthenetherlandsopensthemeusewaalcanalinnijmegenhollandatnbspamagroundfaultgiveswaycausingthemineandpartofthetownofwaldenontarioworthingtonworthingtontocollapseintoalargechasmlocatedinontarionobodyisinjuredintheincidentastheareahasbeenevacuatedthenightbeforeafteramineforemannoticedabnormalrockshiftsintheminenovembernovemberndashismetinnformsanewgovernmentinturkeythethgovernmentnovemberndashnovemberndashgreatvermontfloodoffloodsdevastatingvermontcausetheworstnaturaldisasterinthestateshistorynovemberndashfrankheathandhishorsegypsyqueenreturntowashingtondchavingcompletedatwoyearjourneyofmilestoallofthestatesofthistimenovembermahatmagandhimakeshisfirstandlastvisittoceylonleontrotskyisexpelledfromthesovietcommunistpartyleavingjosephstalinwithundisputedcontrolofthesovietunionthehollandtunnelopenstotrafficasthefirstvehiculartunnelunderthehudsonriverlinkingnewjerseywithnewyorkcitynovemberndashthepittsburghgasometerexplosionthreeequitablegasstoragetanksinthenorthsidepittsburghnorthsideofpittsburghexplodekillingpeopleandcausingdamageestimatedbetweenmillionandmillionnovemberndashthecolumbineminemassacrecoloradostatepoliceopenfireonrowdybutunarmedminersduringastrikekillingsixofthemdecemberdecemberndashthecommunistpartyofthesovietunioncommunistpartycongresscondemnsalldeviationfromthegeneralpartylineintheussrdecemberndashchiangkaishekmarriessoongmeilinginshanghaidecemberndashfollowingyearsoffordmodeltproductionthefordmotorcompanyunveilsthefordmodelafordmodelaasitsnewautomobiledecemberndashputtingpantsonphilipthefirstlaurelandhardyfilmisreleaseddecemberndashkingdomofiraqiraqgainsindependencefromtheunitedkingdomdecemberndashmarionparkeriskidnappedinlosangelesherdismemberedbodyisfoundondecemberpromptingthelargestmanhunttodateonthewestcoastforherkillerwilliamedwardhickmanwhoisarrestedondecemberinoregondecemberndashtheunitedstatesnavysubmarineisaccidentallyrammedandsunkbytheunitedstatescoastguardcutterjohnpauldingoffprovincetownmassachusettskillingeveryoneaboarddespiteseveralunsuccessfulattemptstoraisethesubmarinedecemberndashthreemembersoftherevolutionarymovementforindianindependencendashpanditramprasadbismilthakurroshansinghandashfaqullakhanndashareexecutedbythebritishrajrajendranathlahirihasbeenexecutedtwodaysbeforedecemberndashletalskicentermariborisestablishedinmariboritwillbetheoldestsurvivingoperatingmajorflyingclubinthebalkansdecemberndashkernandhammersteinsmusicalplayshowboatbasedonshowboatnovelednaferbersnovelopensonbroadwaytheatrebroadwayandthengoesontobecomethefirstgreatclassicoftheamericanmusicaltheaterdecemberndashthefirstasianrapidtransitcommutermetrolinethetokyometroginzalineinjapanopensdateunknownthevoluntarycommitteeoflawyersisfoundedtobringabouttherepealofprohibitionintheunitedstatesworldpopulationreachestwobillionbirthsjanuaryjanuaryvernonlsmithamericaneconomistnobelmemorialprizeineconomicsciencesnobelprizelaureatedoakwalkeramericanfootballplayerdjanuaryndashrobertaltswissbobsledderdjanuaryndashbarbararushamericanactressjanuaryndashsatgurusivayasubramuniyaswamiamericanbornhindugurudjanuaryndashtimfloodhurlertimfloodirishhurlerdjanuarygiselemackenziecanadianbornsingerdjohnnierayamericansingerdottostichmemberoftheswissfederalcouncildjanuarybrockadamsamericanpoliticiandsydneybrennersouthafricanbiologistnobelprizeinphysiologyormedicinenobelprizelaureatejanuaryndashkirtinidhibistanepalipoliticiandjanuarythomasanthonydooleyiiiamericanphysicianandhumanitariandearthakittafricanamericanactressandsingerdjanuarydawnlakeaustralianentertainerdrichardhounghunmalaysiancivilservantdjanuaryndashernesthawkinscoachernesthawkinsamericanfootballcoachdjanuarymarvinkaplanamericanactordlassepystifinnishwriterandplaywrightjanuarymarianandvivianbrownvivianbrownvivianbrownamericancelebrityicondmarianandvivianbrownmarianbrownmarianbrownamericancelebrityicondantniocarlosjobimbraziliancomposerdgreggpalmeramericanactordjanuaryndashjosazconadelhoyothpresidentofhondurasdjanuaryndashbobdemossamericanfootballplayerdjanuaryperoscarssonswedishactordhiroshiteshigaharajapanesedirectordjanuaryedwardabbeyamericanenvironmentalistdlewisurrycanadianinventordjanuaryolofpalmetimeprimeministerofswedendrobertogottardiitalianarchitectdbendapudivenkatasatyanarayanaindiandermatologistdjanuaryndashjeanspeeglehowardame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ecemberndashaugustofsaxonygermanprincebdateunknownsanadayukimurajapanesesamuraibkimurashigenarijapanesesamuraibreferenceseventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryyearoldantniovieiraarrivesfromportugalwithhisparentsinbahiapresentdaysalvadorbahiasalvadorincolonialbrazilwherehewillbecomeadiplomacydiplomatnotedauthorleadingfigureofthecatholicchurchchurchandprotectorofbrazilianindigenouspeoplesoftheamericasindigenouspeoplesinanageofintoleranceofficialsinwrttembergchargeastronomerjohanneskeplerwithpracticingforbiddenartswitchcrafthismotherhadalsobeensochargedandspentmonthsinprisonjanuaryndashkingjamesiofenglandattendsthemasquethegoldenagerestoredasatirebybenjonsononfallencourtfavoritetherobertcarrstearlofsomersetearlofsomersetthekingasksforarepeatperformanceonjanuaryjanuaryndashinthecourtofjamesiofenglandthekingsfavoritegeorgevilliersstdukeofbuckinghamgeorgevilliersbecomesmasterofthehorseencouragingdevelopmentofthethoroughbredhorseonaprilhereceivestheorderofthegarterandonaugustiscreatedviscountvilliersandbaronwaddonreceivingagrantoflandvaluedatinhewillbemadeearlofbuckinghamaftertheearlofpembrokeheisthendrichestnoblemaninkingdomofenglandenglandjanuaryndashenglishdiplomatsirthomasroepresentshiscredentialstothemughalempiremughalemperorjahangirinajmerfortopeningthedoortothebritishindiabritishpresenceinindiaroesailedinthelyonunderthecommandofcaptainchristophernewportbestknownforhisroleinthecolonyofvirginiavirginiacoloniesjanuaryndashthecityofbelmbrazilisfoundedontheamazonriverdeltabyportuguesecaptainfranciscocaldeiracastelobrancowhohadpreviouslytakenthecityofsolusmaranhosolusinmaranhofromthefrenchjanuaryndashafteroverwinteringwiththewyandotpeoplehuronindianssamueldechamplainandrecollectfatherjosephlecaronvisitthepetunandottawaindiansofthegreatlakesthisischamplainslasttripinnorthamericabeforereturningtofrancehavingsecuredcanadahehelpscreatefrenchamericanewfranceorlacadiejanuaryndashnetherlandsdutchcaptainwillemschoutenintheeendrachtroundsthesoutherntipofsouthamericaandnamesitcapehornkaaphoornafterhisbirthplaceinhollandfebruaryndashenglishmerchantsoftheeastindiacompanycomplainthatthegreattroublesandwarsinjapansincetheirarrivalhaveputthemtomuchpainsandchargestwogreatcitiesosakaandsakaiihavebeenburnedtothegroundeachonealmostasbigaslondonandnotonehouseleftstandinganditisreportedabovemenhavelosttheirlivesyettheoldemperorogushosamehathprevailedandfidaiasameeitherbeenslainorfledsecretlyawaythatnonewsistobeheardofhimjesuitspriestsandfriarsarebanishedbytheemperorandtheirlocalchurchchurchesandmonasteriespulleddowntheyputthefaultonthearrivaloftheenglishitissaidiffidaiasamehadprevailedagainsttheemperorhepromisedthementranceagainwhenwithoutdoubtalltheenglishwouldhavebeendrivenoutofjapanfebruaryndashjamesiofenglandgrantsbenjonsonanannualpensionofmarkmoneymarksmakinghimdefactopoetlaureateoftheunitedkingdompoetlaureaterefnamednbjonsonreffebruaryndashfirstrecordederuptionofmayonvolcanothephilippinesmostactivevolcanorefnamevolcanosiedueventdatedwithreferencetohistoricaldocumentsreffebruaryndashacommissionofromancatholictheologiansthequalifiersreportsthattheideathatthesunisstationaryisfoolishandabsurdinphilosophyandformallyhereticalsinceitexplicitlycontradictsinmanyplacesthesenseofholyscripturefebruaryndashintheaftermathoftheantijewishpogromcalledthefettmilchuprisinginfrankfurtgermanymobleadervincenzfettmilchisbeheadedbutthejewswhohadbeenexpelledfromthecityonaugustfollowingtheplunderingofthejudengassecanonlyreturnasaresultofdirectinterventionbyholyromanemperormatthiasholyromanemperormatthiasafterlongnegotiationsthejewsareleftwithoutanycompensationfortheirplunderedbelongingsmarchndashactionoflagoulettetunisiaaspanishsquadronunderfranciscoderiberadefeatsatunisianfleetmarchndashnicolauscopernicusderevolutionibusorbiumcoelestiumisplacedontheindexofforbiddenbooksbythecongregationoftheindexoftheromancatholicchurchuntilcorrectedmarchgalileogalileimeetspopepaulvinpersontodiscusshispositionasadefenderofcopernicusheliocentrismenglishromancatholicpriestthomasatkinsonpriestthomasatkinsonishangeddrawnandquarteredatyorkatagehewillbesaintbeatifiedbypopejohnpauliionnovembermarchsirwalterraleghenglishexplorerofthenewworldisreleasedfromprisoninthetoweroflondonwherehehasbeenimprisonedfortreasoninordertoconductasecondillfatedexpeditioninsearchofeldoradoinsouthamericarefnamepocketonthisdayrefthescornfulladyacomedystageplaywrittenbyfrancisbeaumontandjohnfletcherplaywrightjohnfletcherispublishedmarchndashaugustndashenglishexplorerwilliambaffinaspilottorobertbylotonthediscoveryshipdiscoverymakesadetailedexplorationofbaffinbaywhilstsearchingforthenorthwestpassagerefnamethepeopleschronologyreftheexpeditionalsodiscoverssmithsoundlancastersoundanddevonislandandreacheslatitudenortharecordwhichholdsforyearsaprilndashsirjohncokeinthecourtofkingsbenchenglandholdsthekingsactionsinacaseofincommendamtobeillegalmayndashkingjamesiofenglandsformerfavouritetherobertcarrstearlofsomersetearlofsomersetandhiswifefrancescarrcountessofsomersetfrancesareconvictedofthemurderofthomasoverburyintheyarespareddeathandaresentencedtoimprisonmentinthetoweroflondonuntilalthoughthekinghasorderedtheinvestigationofthepoetsmurderandallowedhisformercourtfavoritetobearrestedandtriedhiscourtnowundertheinfluenceofgeorgevilliersstdukeofbuckinghamgeorgevilliersgainsthereputationofbeingcorruptandvilethesaleofpeeragesbeginninginjulyrefnamecbhrefandtheroyalvisitofjamessbrotherinlawchristianivofdenmarkanotoriousdrunkardaddfurtherscandalmayndashthetreatyofloudunissignedendingaseriesofrebellionsinfrancejunendashpocahontasnowrebeccaarrivesinenglandwithherhusbandjohnrolfetheirinfantsonthomasrolfeherhalfsistermatachannaaliascleopatraandbrotherinlawtomocomotheshamanalsoknownasuttamatomakkinhavingsetoutinmaytenpowhatannativeamericansintheunitedstatesindiansarebroughtbysirthomasdalethecolonialgovernorattherequestofthevirginiacompanyasafundraisingdevicedalehavingbeenrecalledundercriticismwritesatruerelationofthestateofvirginialeftbysirthomasdaleknightinmaylastinasuccessfulefforttoredeemhisleadershipneitherpocahontasordaleseevirginiaagainjulyndashdecemberjulyndashfirstrecordederuptionofmanamvolcanoeruptingfrequentlysinceformingakmwideislandinthebismarckseanbspkmoffcoastofpapuanewguineainthesouthwesternpartofthepacificringoffirejulyndashhughoneillndearloftyronediesinromethusconcludingtheflightoftheearlsfromirelandaugustndashthetokugawashogunatebakufuinjapanforbidsforeignersotherthanchinesefromtravelingfreelyortradingoutsideoftheportsofnagasakiandhiradoseptemberndashsakazakinaomoriofiwamiprovinceiwamitsuwanohanfailstokidnapprincesssenandcommitssuicideseptemberndashthefirstnonaristocraticfreepublicschoolineuropeisopenedinfrascatiitalyoctoberjohndonneisappointedasreaderindivinityathisoldinnsofcourtinnofcourtinlondonlincolnsinnkingjamessschoolknaresboroughkingjamessschoolatknaresboroughinyorkshireisfoundedbydrrobertchalonerandthecharterissignedbykingjamesiofenglandoctobernovemberbenjonsonssatiricalfiveactcomedythedevilisanassisproducedattheblackfriarstheatreinlondonbythekingsmenplayingcompanykingsmenpokingfunatcontemporarycredenceinwitchcraftandmiddlesexjuriesoctoberndashdirkhartogmakesthesecondrecordedlandfallbyaeuropeanonaustraliansoilatdirkhartogislandoffthewesternaustraliancoastthepewterhartogplatelefttomarkthelandfallofthedutchshipeendrachtshipeendrachtisnowintherijksmuseuminamsterdamnovemberpeterpaulrubensbeginsworkonclassicaltapestrytapestrieswhenacontractissignedinantwerpwithclothdyersjanraesandfranssweertsinbrusselsandthegenoagenoesemerchantfrancocattaneorendescartesatagegraduatesincivillawlegalsystemcivilandcanonlawattheuniversityofpoitierswherehebecomesdisillusionedwithbookspreferringtoseektruthsfromlegrandlivredumondehisthesisdefensemayhavebeenwrittenindecemberwithsmallprofitstoshowthevirginiacompanydecidestodistributelandinvirginiatoshareholdersaccordingtothenumberofsharesownedeachstockholdercansetupaparticularplantationandpayassociatedexpensesreceivingoflandforeachshareandforeachpersontransportedtheheadrightssystemauthorrichardburtonismadevicarofstthomasinthewestsuburbsoflondonnovemberndashcharlesiofenglandprincecharlesyearoldsurvivingsonofjamesiofenglandandanneofdenmarkisinvestedasprinceofwalesatwhitehallinlondonthelastsuchinvestitureuntilnovemberndashbishoplancelotandrewespreachestheannualgunpowderplotgunpowdertreasonsermonbeforekingjamesiofenglandatwhitehallbothwereintendedvictimsnovemberndashnovemberndashbenjonsonsworksarepublishedinacollectedbenjonsonfoliosfolioeditionthefirstofanyenglishplaywrightnovemberndashcaptainwilliammurrayisgrantedaroyalpatentgivinghimthesoleprivilegeofimportingtobaccotoscotlandforaperiodofyearscontinuingfromthereignofelizabethiofenglandthecreationofgrantsandpatentsreachesanewhighwatermarkfromtoduringthereignofjamesiofenglandnovemberndashitalianartistguidorenisfamouspietcommissionedbythesenateofbolognaisplacedonthegreateraltarofthechurchofsantamariadellapietnovemberndashinenglandsiredwardcokeisdismissedaslordchiefjusticeofenglandandwaleschiefjusticeofthekingsbenchbyroyalprerogativenovemberndashmarcoantoniodedominisromancatholicchurchromancatholicarchbishopoftheseeofspalatoandprimatebishopprimateofdalmatiahavingrunafoulofpopepaulvoversecularmattersrelatingtovenicesubmitstokingjamesiofenglandandlaterbecomesdeanofwindsornovemberndashcardinalrichelieuarmandjeanduplessisisnamedfrenchsecretaryofstatebyyoungkinglouisxiiirichelieuwillchangefranceintoaunifiedcentralisedstateabletoresistbothenglandandthehabsburgempiredecemberndashinthemiddleeasttravellerpietrodellavallemarriesjowayadaughterofanestorianchristianfatherandanarmenianmotherinbaghdadthecouplethensetsofftofindtheshahinisfahandecemberndashanschoolestablishmentactordinanceestablishesparishscotlandparishschoolsinscotlandthesameactoftheprivycouncilcommendstheabolitionofscottishgaelicgaelicdecemberndashawidelyreportedearthquakeoccursinleipziggermanyalsodateddecemberdecemberndashanindianyouthcalledoneofthefirstfruitsofindiaisbaptizedwiththenamepeterinlondonatthestdionisbackchurchinaceremonyattendedbythelordmayoroflondonlordmayortheprivy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ctswitchcraftactwitchcraftactinorkneyelspethreochistriedinfrancelegerfirstnameunknowniscondemnedforwitchcraftonmaysylvaniedelaplaineisburnedatpaysdelabourdeasawitchandinorlanseighteenwitchesarekilledasecondwitchhuntbreaksoutinbiscayspainanedictofsilenceisissuedbytheinquisitionbutthekingoverturnstheedictandaccusedwitchesareburnedalivelatestprobabledateofthomasmiddletoncompositionofthewitchplaythewitchatragicomedythatmayhaveenteredintothepresentdaytextofshakespearesmacbethdrinktomeonlywiththineeyescomesfrombenjonsonslovepoemtoceliajonsonspoeticlamentationonmyfirstsonneisalsofromthisyearfrancisdesalesliterarymasterpiecetreatiseontheloveofgodispublishedwhileheisbishopofgenevaorlandogibbonsanthemseethewordisincarnateiswrittenitaliannaturalistfabiocolonnastatesthattonguestonesglossopetraearesharkteethinhistreatisedeglossopetrisdissertatioanimportantenglishdictionaryispublishedbydrjohnbullokarwiththetitleanenglishexpositorteachingtheinterpretationofthehardestwordsusedinourlanguagewithsundryexplicationsdescriptionsanddiscoursesenglishmathematicianhenrybriggsmathematicianhenrybriggsgoestoedinburghtoshowjohnnapierhisefficientmethodoffindinglogarithmsbythecontinuedextractionofsquarerootsmoralistwriterjohndeaconpublishesaquartoentitledtobaccotorturedinthefilthyfumesoftobaccorefinedsupportingtheviewsofjamesiofenglanddeaconwritesthesameyearthatsyphilisisaturkishedspanishedorfrenchizeddiseasethattheenglishcontractbytraffickingwiththecontagiouscourruptionsfortuniolicetipublishesdemonstruorumnaturainitalywhichmarksthebeginningofstudiesintomalformationsoftheembryodutchtraderssmugglethecoffeeplantoutofmochayemenmochaaportinyemenontheredseaandcultivateitatthehortusbotanicusamsterdamamsterdambotanicalgardensthedutchlaterintroduceittojavamuhammadbaqirmajlisiknownasallamehmajlesiisborninthecityofisfahanfortsandiegoinacapulcobaymexicoiscompletedbythespanishasadefenceagainsttheirerstwhilevassalsthedutchantichristianpersecutionsbreakoutinnankingchinaandnagasakijapanthejesuitleadchristiancommunityinjapanatthistimeisoverstrongmasterseafarerhenrymainwaringuniversityofoxfordoxfordgraduateandlawyerturnedsuccessfulnewfoundlandpiratereturnstoenglandispardonedafterrescuinganewfoundlandtradingfleetneargibraltarandbeginstowritearevealingtreatiseonpiracythefirstthailandthaiembassytojapanarriveswilliamharveygiveshisviewsonthecirculationofbloodaslumleianlecturerattheroyalcollegeofphysiciansitisnotuntilthathegiveshisviewsinprintthedutchestablishtheircolonyofessequibocolonyessequibointheregionoftheessequiboriverinnorthernsouthamericapresentdayguyanaforsugarandtobaccoproductionthecolonyisprotectedbyfortkykoveralnowinruinsthedutchalsomapthedelawareriverinnorthamericatheottomanempireattemptslandingsattheshorelinebetweencdizandlisboncroatianmathematicianfaustusverantiuspublisheshisbookmachinaenovaeabookofmechanicalandtechnologicalinventionssomeofwhichareapplicabletothesolutionsofhydrologicalproblemsandothersconcerntheconstructionofwaterclockclepsydrassundialsmillgrindingmillspressesbridgesandboatsforwidelydifferentusesjohnspeedpublishesaneditionofhisatlasofbritainwithdescriptivetextinlatinpierrevernierisemployedwithhisfatherinmakingfinescalemapsoffrancefranchecomtareadanishnaturalphilosopherolewormcollectsmaterialsthatwilllaterbeincorporatedintohiscabinetofcuriositiesmuseumincopenhagenhismuseumisthenucleusoftheuniversityofcopenhagenzoologicalmuseumisaacbeeckmandutchintellectualandfuturefriendofrendescartesleaveshiscandlefactoryinzierikzeetoreturntomiddelburgtostudymedicineinsardiniathefacultyofmedicineandsurgeryoftheuniversityofsassariisfoundedgianlorenzoberninisculptsbacchanalafaunteasedbychildrenattheageofyearsthisworkisnowinnewyorkatthemetropolitanmuseumofartthestatesofhollandsetupacommissiontoadvisethemontheproblemofjewishresidencyandworshiponeofthemembersofthecommissionishugogrotiusahighlyregardedjuristandoneofthemostimportantpoliticalthinkersofhisdaymarieveniercalledlaporteisthefirstfemaleactresstoappearonthestageinparisjesuitastronomerchristophscheinerbecomestheadvisortoarchdukemaximilianbrotherofrudolfiiholyromanemperorinviennaalifelongenemyofgalileofollowingadisputeoverthenatureofsunspotsscheineriscreditedwithreopeningtheaccusationsagainstgalileointommasocampanellasbookindefenceofgalileoiswrittenistanbulssultanahmedmosquealsoknownasthebluemosqueiscompletedduringtheruleofahmediintunisthemosqueofyoussefdeyisisbuilttodayithasanoctagonalminaretcrownedwithaminiaturegreentiledpyramidforaroofinigojonesdesignsthequeenshouseatgreenwichnearlondonambrosebarlowrecentlygraduatedfromthecollegeofsaintgregorydouaifranceandtheroyalcollegeofsaintalbaninvalladolidspainenterstheorderofsaintbenedictinhewillbemartyredinenglandjohnvaughanstearlofcarberyisappointedtothepostofcomptrollerinthenewlyformedhouseholdofcharlesiofenglandprincecharlesinenglandvaughanlaterclaimsthatservingtheprincehascosthimonlyincludeongoingtheuskokwarcontinuesbetweentheaustriansandspanishhabsburgempireononesideandthevenicevenetiansdutchandenglishontheotheranaustroturkishtreatyissignedinbelg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nvernacularlanguagestoeachotherandtosupporteachotheragainsttheirbrotherlothairinominalemperorofallthefranciafrankishkingdomsandtheholyromanempiremarchndashkingalfonsoiiofasturiasalfonsoiiofkingdomofasturiasasturiasnorthernspaindiesafterayearreigninwhichheundertooknumerouscampaignsagainstthemuslimarmiesoftheumayyadcaliphateumayyademirateofcrdobaandalliedhimselfwiththelatecharlemagnethechildlessalfonsochoosesramiroiofasturiasramiroisonofformerkingbermudoiofasturiasbermudoiashissuccessorbritainuuradofthepictsdiesafterayearreignandissucceededbyhissonbrideiviwhocontestshispowerwithrivalgroupsledbybrideiviibruidesonoffokelandkennethmacalpinvikingsattacktheirishmonasteryatclonmacnoisefrombasesinirelandabbasidcaliphatejanuaryndashcaliphalmutasimdiesatabbasidsamarrasamarramoderniraqafteranyearreignheissucceededbyhissonalwathiqasruleroftheabbasidcaliphateonlyincludebirthsalmundhirofcrdobaalmundhirmuslimemirapproximatedatealmuwaffaqmuslimprinceandregentdlihanzhichinesewarlorddpietroicandianodogeofrepublicofveniceveniceapproximatedateyangfuguangchinesegeneralddeathsjanuaryndashalmutasimmuslimcaliphbjanuaryndashtheophilosemperortheophilusbyzantineemperorbmarchndashhumbertbishopofwrzburghumbertbishopofbishopricofwrzburgwrzburgmarchndashxiaomianchancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastytangdynastyaugustndashemperorsagasagaemperorofjapanboctoberndashprinceaboabojapaneseprincebalfonsoiiofasturiasalfonsoiikingofkingdomofasturiasasturiasbbernardofviennefrankishbishopbdngalmacfergailekingofosraigeirelandlichengtangdynastylichengchancellorofthetangdynastyliuyuxichinesechinesepoetrypoetandchinesephilosophyphilosopherbsugawaranokiyotomojapanesenobilitynoblemanbuuradkingofthepictsapproximatedatewegyaltoretaknyetibetannoblemanzhengtanchancellorofthetangdynastyreferencesbydomenicomorellinotocyearromannumeralsdcclivwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropejulyndashpopestepheniireconsecratespepintheshortpepiniiitheshortaslistoffrankishkingskingsofthefrankskingofthefranksatthebasilicaofstdenisbasilicaofsaintdenisoutsideparisbestowinguponhimtheadditionaltitleofpatricianancientromelateromanandbyzantineperiodspatriciusoftheromansthismarksthefirstrecordedcoronationcrowningofacivilrulerbyapopepepinassumestheroleofordainedprotectorofthecatholicchurchjulyndashstepheniianointspepinssonscharleslaterknownascharlemagneandcarlomanicarlomanconsecratingthemaspatriciansatquierzyheproclaimsthecarolingiandynastycarolingiandynastyholyandappealsforhelpagainstthekingdomofthelombardslombardsfinallythefranciafrankishnoblesgivetheirconsenttoacampaigninlombardysummerndashthefranksunderpepiniiiinvadeitalyanddefeatthelombardsunderkingaistulfinthesusavalleypiedmontheenforcesthetermsincludingcessionoftheexarchateofravennatorometheoldestdocumentmentioningthecityofferraranorthernitalyisfromthisyearapproximatedateabbasidcaliphatejunendashcaliphassaffahdiesofsmallpoxafterayearreignheissucceededbyhisbrotheralmansurasruleroftheabbasidcaliphatenovemberndashabdallahibnaligovernorofbiladalshamsyriaanduncleofassaffahlaunchesaclaimforthecaliphatebutisdefeatedbyforcesloyaltoalmansurunderabumuslimatnusaybinnisibismodernturkeyasiajianzhenchinesechinesebuddhismbuddhistmonkarrivesinnaranaranarawhereheiswelcomedbyformeremperoremperorshmushmuandempressempresskmykmyduringhisvisitjianzhenintroducessugartothejapanesecourtusingittomasktheflavorsoffoultastingherbalteaatangdynastytangcensusshowsthatofthechineselivenorthofthechangjiangchangjiangyangtzeriverthecapitalofchanganhasapopulationofmillionandmorethanothercitieshavewellovercitizensapproximatedatebytopicreligionfebruaryndashcouncilofhieriaemperorconstantinevsummonsachristiancouncilinthepalaceofhieriainconstantinoplethecouncilunderthepresidencyofbishoptheodosiosiiitheodosiusofephesussupportsthepolicyofbyzantineiconoclasmiconoclasmandcondemningtheuseofreligiousimagesiconsinthebyzantineempireconstantineincreasesthepersecutionofthemonasterymonasterieshundredsofmonksandnunsaremutilatedorputtodeathjunendashsaintbonifacebonifaceanglosaxonmissionaryiskilledbyabandofpaganismpagansatdokkuminfrisiawhilereadingthereligioustextscripturestochristianconvertsheislaterburiedinthefuldamonasteryabbeyoffuldaentrustedtohisbavariandisciplesaintsturmsturmonlyincludebirthslifantangdynastylifanchancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastytangdynastyddeathsjunesaintbonifacebonifaceanglosaxonmissionaryeobanbishopofbishopricofutrechtutrechtjunendashalsaffahabulabbasalsaffahmuslimcaliphaugustndashcarlomanmayorofthepalacecarlomanmayorofthepalaceofaustrasiaansemundvisigothiccountburchardofwurzburgburchardbishopofbishopricofwrzburgwrzburgapproximatedatechildericiiikingofthefranciafranksapproximatedatecuihaopoetcuihaochinesechinesepoetrypoethiltrudduchessregentofbavariablilinfuchancellorofthetangdynastyrhodrimolwynogkingofkingdomofgwyneddgwyneddwalesreferencesandpopepopeadrianiadrianinotocyearromannumeralsdcclxxiiwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropesaxonwarsfirstphasesaxonwarskingcharlemagneleadsafranciafrankishexpeditionfromthemiddlerhineintodisputedterritorylostbythefranksinhestartsacampaignagainstthesaxonsandseizeseresburgdestroyingtheirminsulsaxontreeworshipsacredtreenearpaderborncharlemagnedevastatesseveralmajorsaxonstrongholdsandforcesthemtoretreatbeyondtheweserweserriverafternegotiatingwithsomesaxonnoblesandobtaininghostagesheinstallsanumberofgarrisonskingdesideriusofthelombardsenragedbytherepudiationofcharlemagneofhisdaughterdesiderataofthelombardsdesiderataproclaimsgerbergawifeofcarlomanigerbergassonslawfulheirstothefrankishthroneheattackspopeadrianiforrefusingtocrownthemandinvadestheduchyofthepentapolisdesideriusmarchesonromeandadrianturnstothefranksformilitarysupportinenglandkingoffaofmerciaattemptstorulekingdomofkentkentdirectlypossiblytodeposehisrivalegbertiiofkentegbertiiapproximatedateasiaabbasidcaliphalmansurcompletesconstructionofthegarrisoncityofalrfiqahadjacenttoraqqabytopicreligionfebruaryndashpopestepheniiidiesafterayearreigninwhichhehasapprovedtheacceptablereverenceoficonsintheeasternchristianityeasternchurchheissucceededbypopeadrianiadrianialsoreferredtoashadrianasthethpopeofromeabbasidcaliphalmansurorderschristiansandjewsinjerusalemtobestampedontheirhandswithadistinctivesymbolonlyincludebirthsbaijuyibaijuyichinesechinesepoetrypoetandofficialdcharlestheyoungersonofcharlemagnedcuiqunchancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastytangdynastydcuizhichancellorofthetangdynastydsongruoxianchinesescholarladyinwaitingandpoetdliaophilosopherliaochinesechinesephilosophyphilosopherandprosewriterdliuyuxichinesepoetandphilosopherddeathsabuhanifafounderofthesunniislamsunnihanafischoolbamalbergaoftemselotharingiannunandsaintbdkyjapanesebuddhisminjapanbuddhistmonkbdngalmaccellaigkingofkingsofosraigeosraigeirelandfebruaryndashpopestepheniiizhuxicaigeneralofthetangdynastyreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdcclxxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireempressireneofathensirenesendsabyzantineempirebyzantineexpeditionaryarmytoinvadesouthernitalybutitisdefeatedanddrivenoutatpopeadrianisurgingbythefranciafrankisharmyalliedwiththeforcesofduchyofbeneventobeneventoshebreaksofftheengagementseebetweenhersonconstantineviandthefrankishprincessrotrudedaughterofkingcharlemagneeuropeaugustndasharechisiiofbeneventoarechisiiautonomousprinceordukeofbeneventodiesgrimoaldiiiofbeneventogrimoaldiiitakenhostagebythefrankssucceedshisfatherasrulerofbeneventomauriziogalbaiodogeofrepublicofvenicevenicediesafterayearreignandissucceededbyhissongiovannigalbaiogiovannihebeginsafeudvendettaagainstthepatriarchofgradoitalybritainthevikingraidonisleofportlandportlandindorsetisthefirstofitskindrecordedinthebritishislesincludingirelandthereeveenglandreeveofdorchesterdorsetdorchesteralocalhighrankingofficialgoestogreetthemaftertheylandperhapsaccustomedtowelcomingscandinavianmerchantsheiskilledvikingattacksincreaseinintensityoverthecomingdecadeskingsoffaofmerciaandbeorhtricofwessexcallthesynodofchelseainkingdomofkentkentwhichisattendedbythepapallegatesthereoffapersuadesthepopepapacytograntarchbishoparchepiscopalstatustothemercianbishopoflichfieldseeoflichfieldinordertosecuretheroyalsuccessionhehashygeberhtcrownhissonecgfrithofmerciaecgfrithkingofmerciaatbrixworthafricaafteroveryearsofbloodyconflicttheabbasidcaliphateabbasidarmyreconquersthewholeofmaghrebnorthafricabytopicreligionsecondcouncilofnicaeaempressirenerestoresthevenerationoficonsimagesofchristandsaintsthisisamajorvictoryofthemonkswhowilladvanceextensiveclaimstocompletefreedomfortheeasternorthodoxchurchinreligionreligiousmattersthisendstheiconoclasmiconoclasticperiodinthebyzantineempireonlyincludebirthsabumasharalbalkhimuslimscholarandastrologyinmedievalislamastrologerrefnamewdlrefapproximatedatelideyuchancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastytangdynastydalaminmuhammadibnharunalaminmuslimcaliphddeathsaugustndasharechisiiofbeneventoarechisiidukeofduchyofbeneventobeneventohyechokoreanbhikkhubuddhistmonkbmauriziogalbaiodogeofrepublicofvenicevenicewillibaldbishopofromancatholicdioceseofeichsttteichstttapproximatedatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdccxcvwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropesaxonwarsfinalphasesaxonwartheslavsslavobotritesobodritesundertheirrulerwitzlausobotriteprincewitzanattackthenorthernsaxonsinlneburgliuniheiskilledinanambushandsucceededbyhissondrokothrascoobotriteprincethrascowhobecomesacarolingiandynastycarolingianduxkingcharlemagneleadsafranksfrankishexpeditionaryforcenorthfrommainzandmarchestotheelbewhereeasternsaxonrebelsagainsurrendercharlemagnecreatesthemarcahispanicaspanishmarchabufferzonebeyondtheformerprovinceofseptimaniaagroupofiberianpeninsulaiberianlordshipsformadefensivebarrierbetweentheumayyadcaliphateumayyadmoorsofalandalusmodernspainandthefranciafrankishkingdombritainquarrelsbetweenthekingscynandindaethwyandhywelaprhodrimolwynoghywelleavethewayopenforcaradogapmeirionthehouseofnewboroughangleseyrhostousurpthethroneofkingdomofgwyneddgwyneddmodernwaleskingoffaofmerciareceivesdiplomacydiplomaticgiftsfromcharlemagneherefoundsstalbanscathedralstalbansabbeysupposedlyinthanksforoverrunningkingdomofeastangliaeastangliaapproximatedateintheearliestrecordedvikingsvikingraidonirelandtheyattackthemonasterymonasteriesationainnerhebridesinishbofincountygalwayinishbofinandinishmurrayapproximatedatebytopicreligiondecemberpopeadrianiagediesafterayearreignandissucceededbypopeleoiiileoiiiasthethpopeofromepaulthedeaconaorderofsaintbenedictbenedictinemonkatmontecassinocompletesthehistoryofthelombardsapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsthelwulfofwessexthelwulfkingofwessexapproximatedatebabakkhorramdinpersianmilitaryleaderorbernardofseptimaniafrankishdukedpopegregoryivgregoryivpopeofthecatholicchurchdjudithofbavariadiedjudithofbavariafrankishqueenorlandulfiofcapualandulfigastaldorcountofprincipalityofcapuacapuaapproximatedatelothairikingandemperorofthefranciafranksdemperormuzongoftangmuzongemperorofthetangdynastytangdynastydnithardfrankishhistoriandbanukhorramdinpersianresistanceheroinedrenauddherbaugesfrankishnobilitynoblemanddeathsdecemberpopeadrianiadrianipopeofthecatholicchurchblfthrythofcrowlandanglosaxonprincessbranardchennkingofleinsterirelandmalikibnanasfounderofthemalikimalikischoolbwitzlausobotriteprincewitzanobodriteprincereferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdcclvwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropeseptemberndashabdalrahmaniamemberoftheumayyadcaliphateumayyaddynastylandsatalmucarinalandalusmodernspainwhereoverthenextyearshewillestablishtheemirateofcrdobateodatoipatoisdeposedandblindedafterayearreignheissucceededbygallagaulowhousurpsthedogeofveniceducalthroneofrepublicofvenicevenicebritaintheanglosaxonchroniclesdescriptionunderthisdatenowdatedofkingsigeberhtofwessexbeingdeposedbycynewulfofwessexcynewulfisnotablyfullerthanearlierentriesasiadecemberndashgeneralanlushanbeginstheanlushanrebellionanshirebellionagainstemperoremperorxuanzongoftangxuanzongofthetangdynastytangdynastychinahisarmysurgesdownfromyanjingfanyangnearmodernbeijingandmovesrapidlyalongthegrandcanalchinagrandcanalmeanwhilexuanzongsendsfengchangqinggovernoroffanyangtobuildupdefensesattheeasterncapitalofluoyangtrisongdetsenbecomesemperoroftibetduringhisreignheplaysapivotalroleintheintroductionofbuddhismandtheestablishmentofthenyingmaorancientschooloftibetanbuddhismempresskkenintroducesthetanabatafestivaltojapanonlyincludemesoamericapoliticalalliancealliancesandtradebetweenmayacivilizationmayancitystateshavebeguntobreakdownmalnutritionisontheriseadiminishingofthefoodsupplycreatessocialupheavalandwarapproximatedatebirthsbelloofcarcassonnefrankishnobleapproximatedatewalaofcorbiefrankishnobleapproximatedatewilliamofgellonefrankishnobleapproximatedatedeathsabdalrahmanibnhabibalfihriarabnobleabumuslimkhorasanipersiangeneralconsortmeiimperialchineseconsorteliseddapgwylogkingofkingdomofpowyspowyswalessunpadhpersianrebelleaderzhangxuanchinesechinesepaintingpainterbreferencessummonsthechristianchurchtoizniknicaeamosaicinhagiasophiaistanbulnotocyearromannumeralscccxxvwasacommonyearstartingonfridayofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofproculusandpaulinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorconstantineipersonallyassuresthesecurityofthedanubefrontierbydefeatingthegothsthevandalsandthesarmatiansliciniusisexecutedinthessalonikithessalonicaonchargeofconspiringandraisingtroopsagainstconstantineigladiatorialcombatisoutlawedintheromanempirethefirstcouncilofnicaeaisheldchinaaprilndashcrownprinceemperorchengofjinjinchengdiagesucceedshisfatheremperormingofjinjinmingdiasemperorofthejindynastyeasternjindynastyduringhisreignheislargelyadvisedbyregentshisuncleyuliangandhighlevelofficialsbytopicartconstantinethegreatfromthebasilicaofmaxentiusandconstantineromeisstartedtobemadeitisnowkeptatpalazzodeiconservatoriromereligionmayndashfirstcouncilofnicaeaconstantineisummonsanecumenicalcouncilofbishopsinizniknicaeaturkeythenicenecreed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drewjacksondiesatthehermitageintennesseejulyndashseptemberjulyndashcharlessturtentersthesimpsondesertincentralaustraliajulyndashaugustndashisambardkingdombrunelsironsteamshipssgreatbritaingreatbritainmakesthetransatlanticcrossingfromliverpooltonewyorkthefirstpropellerscrewpropelledvesseltomakethepassagejulyndashhmsterrorandhmserebusofthefranklinexpeditiongomissinginthedavisstraitwestofgreenlandwhilesearchingforthenorthwestpassageaugustndashtheaberdeenactispassedbytheparliamentoftheunitedkingdomempoweringthebritishroyalnavytosearchbrazilianshipsaspartoftheabolitionoftheatlanticslavetradeslavetradefromafricaaugustndashthefrenchconsulinzanzibarmbroquantreceivesthefinallettersentbyeugnemaizanduringhisexpeditionintotropicalafricarefnamegiraudrefaugustndashthejournalscientificamericanbeginspublicationseptemberndashpotatoblightbreaksoutinirelandrefnamecbhrefbeginningthegreatfamineirelandgreatfamineseptemberndashtheanglofrenchblockadeoftherodelaplataisformallydeclaredseptemberndashthephialphaliterarysocietyisfoundedinjacksonvilleillinoisoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashtheeminentandcontroversialanglicanismanglicanjohnhenrynewmanisreceivedintotheromancatholicchurchoctoberndashinannapolismarylandthenavalschoollaterrenamedtheunitedstatesnavalacademyopenswithfiftymidshipmenandsevenprofessorsoctoberndashamajorityofvotersintherepublicoftexasapproveaproposedconstitutionthatifacceptedbytheunitedstatescongresswillmaketexasausstateoctoberndashthenewyorkheraldbecomesthefirstnewspapertomentionthegameofbaseballoctoberndashthenewyorkmorningnewsbecomesthefirstnewspapertoincludeaboxscoreofabaseballgamenovemberndashanglofrenchblockadeoftherodelaplatandashbattleofvueltadeobligadotheargentineconfederationisnarrowlydefeatedbyananglofrenchfleetonthewatersoftheparanriverbutthevictorssufferseriousdamagetotheirshipsandargentinaattractspoliticalsupportinsouthamericadecemberndashmanifestdestinyuspresidentjameskpolkannouncestocongressthatthemonroedoctrineshouldbestrictlyenforcedandthattheunitedstatesshouldaggressivelyexpandintothewestdecemberndashfirstanglosikhwarsikharmycrossesthesutlejinthepunjabregionpunjabdecemberndashthetemplarsofhonorandtemperanceisfoundedintheunitedstatesdecemberndashdecemberndashbattleofferozeshahanglosikhwareastindiacompanyforcesarevictoriousoverthoseofthesikhempiredecemberndashanesthesiaisusedforchildbirthforthefirsttimebydrcrawfordlonginjeffersongeorgiadecemberndashamericannewspapereditorjohnlosullivanclaimsinconnectionwiththeannexationoftexasintheunitedstatesmagazineanddemocraticreviewthattheunitedstatesshouldbeallowedthefullfillmentofourmanifestdestinytooverspreadthecontinentallottedbyprovidenceforthefreedevelopmentofouryearlymultiplyingmillionsitisthesecondtimeheusesthetermmanifestdestinyanditwillhaveahugeinfluenceonamericanimperialisminthefollowingcenturydecemberndashtexasisadmittedasthethusstatedecemberndashqueensuniversityofirelandqueenscollegesofqueensuniversitybelfastbelfastuniversitycollegecorkcorkandnationaluniversityofirelandgalwaygalwayareincorporatedinirelanddateunknowntherepublicofyucatnseparatesforasecondtimefromcentralistrepublicofmexicomexicoephraimbeerevealsthattheemperorofchinahasgivenhimaspecialdispensationthathehasentrustedhimwithcertainsacredandmysteriousritualsthroughcalebcushingtheuscommissionertochinatoextendtheworkandinfluenceoftheancientandhonorableorderofeclampusvitusinthenewworldfriedrichengelstreatisetheconditionoftheworkingclassinenglandispublishedinleipzigasdielagederarbeitendenklasseinenglandheinrichhoffmannauthorheinrichhoffmannpublishesabooklustigegeschichtenunddrolligebilderintroducinghischaracterstruwwelpeteringermanytheancientandacceptedriteforenglandandwalesanditsdistrictsandchaptersoverseasisfoundedinfreemasonryeugnielucefoundsthelucebenabenschoolinalgiersrefnamewdlrefbirthsjanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashannaedelheimfinnishjournalistdjanuarykingludwigiiiofbavariadpauldeussengermanscholardfebruaryndashivanpulujukrainianphysicistinventordfebruaryndashquintinhoggmerchantquintinhoggbritishphilanthropistdfebruaryndashelihurootamericandiplomatstatesmandiplomatrecipientofthenobelpeaceprizedfebruaryndashgeorgereidaustralianpoliticiangeorgereidthprimeministerofaustraliadmarchndashgeorgcantorgermanmathematiciandmarchndashhenryclaytayloramericanadmiraldmarchndashemperoralexanderiiiofrussiadmarchndashvictorchildvilliersthearlofjerseythgovernorsofnewsouthwalesgovernorofnewsouthwalesdmarchndashwilhelmrntgengermanphysicistnobelprizeinphysicsnobelprizelaureatedaprilndashwilliamhealeydallamericanmalacologistexplorerdaprilndashcarlocanevaitaliangeneraldaprilndashcarlspittelerswisswriternobelprizeinliteraturenobelprizelaureatedmayndashwilliamkingdoncliffordenglishmathematicianphilosopherdmayndashgustafdelavalswedishengineerinventordmayndashgabrielfaurfrenchcomposerdmayndashcharlesjtrainamericanadmiraldmayndashliemetchnikoffrussianmicrobiologistrecipientofthenobelprizeinphysiologyormedicinedmayndashjacintverdaguercatalanscatalanpoetdmayndasheugnegrassetswissbornartistdmayndashkingamadeoiofspaindjun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wasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoftraianusandmaximusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsbyplaceromanempireemperortrajanandmaniuslaberiusmaximusbecomeromanconsulplinytheyoungerbecomesamemberofthecollegeofaugurslegioxgeminalegioxgeminamovestoviennavishalnowikiwhereitremainsuntilthethcenturybytopicreligioninpalmyrasyriaatempleofthesuniserectedtothegodbaalbirthskongzhoueasternhandeathskanishkakingofthekushanspossibledatefrontinusromanempireromanauthorbcadreferencesyearromannumeralscivwasaleapyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofsuburanusandmarcellusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireacrossthelowerdanubeasseenfromdrobetaancientcitydrobetareconstructionbytheengineereduperrexinplinytheyoungerisamemberofthecollegeofaugursnijmegenisrenamedulpianoviomagusbataviansbatavorumafirebreaksoutinancientromerometrajangivestheordertohavethealcntarabridgebuiltoverthetagustagusriveratalcntarahispaniaconstructedbythearchitectlacerapollodorusofdamascusbuildsatrajansbridgestonebridgeoverthedanubemorethanlongalmosthighandwidethebridgeconnectswhatisnowserbiawithromaniaatthetimeknownasdaciabytopicreligioninindiafiguresofgautamabuddhabuddhareplaceabstractmotifsondecorativeitemsonlyincludebirthschenshihandynastychenshichineseofficialdreferencesyearromannumeralscvwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofcandidusandiuliusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsbyplaceromanempireemperortrajanstartsthesecondexpeditionagainstdaciaheleaveswiththeromannavyimperialromanfleetfrombrundusiumpermanentcastracastrumoflegioiiadiutrixataquincummodernbudapestinpannonialegioxxxulpiavictrixlegioxxxulpiavictrixandlegioiitraianafortisiitraianafortisarecreatedbytrajantheromansconquerkerakfromthenabateanspacorusiiofparthiadiesafterayearreigninwhichhehasreclaimedallofhisempirehissuccessorvologasesiiiofparthiavologasesiiireignsuntiladsuppressingbriefrebellionsashebattlesagainstthekushanandalaniasiaemperoremperorheofhanhedidiesafterayearreigninwhichcourteunuchsandtheemperorsinlawshaveregainedinfluenceempressempressdengsuidengsuiplacedhersonemperorshangofhanshangdibarelymonthsoldonthethroneasthefifthlistofrulersofchinaemperorofthechineseeasternhandynastylastyearthofyongyuaneraandstartofyuanxingeraofthechineseeasternhandynastyapeacetreatyissignedbetweenbaekjeandsillainthekoreanpeninsulathewarstartedinadbytopicartsandsciencespapermakingisrefinedbythechineseeunuchcailunwhoreceivesofficialpraisefromtheemperorforhismethodsofmakingpaperfrombarkbiologytreebarkhempremnanttextileragsandfishnetspaperhadbeenmadeinchinafromthendcenturybcbutcailunspaperprovidesawritingsurfacefarsuperiortopuresilkandismuchlesscostlytoproducebambooandwoodenslipswillremaintheusualmaterialsforbooksandscrollsinmostoftheworldforanotheryearsandpaperwillremainachinesesecretforyearsthetrajanbridgeisfinishedformorethanathousandyearsitisthelongestarchbridgeintheworldtohavebeenbuiltintermsofbothtotalandspanlengthreligionpopealexanderisucceedspopeevaristusasthesixthpopetraditionallychangeofecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplefrompatriarchplutarchtopatriarchsedecionbirthshanshangdiddeathsemperorheofhanbadpacorusiiofparthiapacorusiikingofparthiareferencesyearromannumeralscviwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofcommodusandcivicaorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireimageconradcichoriusdiereliefsdertraianssuletafelcvijpgthumbrightpxdecebalussuicidaldeathfromtrajanscolumnignatiusofantiochignatiuswritesalettertochristiansinsmyrnaaroundthisyearwherethetermcatholicchurchisusedthisistheearliestsurvivingwitnesstotheuseofthetermcatholicchurchemperortrajanconquersthedacianfortressesoftheortiemountainsandsurroundsthecapitalsarmizegetusaregiasarmizegetusathedaciansaredefeatedinthebattleofsarmizegetusathecityisencircledwithainvestmentmilitarycircumvallationlinewhentheromansdestroythewaterpipeskingdecebalusfleesandcommitssuicideinaugustthesoutheasternpartofdaciamodernromaniabecomesaromanprovinceromandaciatheveteransoftheromanlegionlegionsaregivenlandgrantlandinthenewprovincefortheirserviceintheromanarmytrajanannexesnabataeanarabiawithitscapitalpetraasaromanprovinceaelianustacticusaelianwriteshistaktiketheoriaprobabledateasiachangeofhanheditohanshangdiofthechineseeasternhandynastyfirstandtheonlyyearofyanpingerachangeofhanshangditohanandiofthechineseeasternhandynastyonlyincludebirthsdeathsdecebaluslistofdaciankingskingofdaciacommitssuicidebeingpursuedbytheromansbadhanhediofthechineseeasternhandynastybadaugustorseptemberndashhanshangdiofthechineseeasternhandynastybliuqingprinceliuqingchineseprincebadreferencesyearromannumeralscviiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofsuraandsenicoorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireluciusliciniussuraandquintussosiusseneciobecomeromanconsulsemperortrajandividespannoniaintotwoportionssometimebetweenandthisyearanindianambassadorisreceivedbytrajanasiafirstyearoftheyongchueraofthechineseeasternhandynastyhanandiantingantiayoungmanbecomesemperorofchinagivingpowertoempressdengsuisuishkingofwajapansendsslavesaspresentstotheemperoranofhanonlyincludebirthsdeathsignatiusofantiochbishopandtheologianmartyredinancientromeromeborncadapostletitustitusdiscipleofpauloftarsuspaultraditionaldatezhengzhonghandynastyeunuchcourtofficialeunuchreferencesyearromannumeralscviiiwasaleapyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoftreboniusandbraduaorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsbyplaceromanempireappiusanniustreboniusgallusconsulappiusanniustreboniusgallusandmarcusappiusbraduabecomeromanconsulinancientromerometheopeningofdoctorsofficesreplaceshousecallsbytopicartsandsciencestacituswriteshistoriestacitushistorieswhichcoverstheperiodfromadtoaddeathshyacinthofcaesareachristianmartyrreferencesyearromannumeralscixwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofpalmaandtullusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirejunendashtheaquatraianaisinauguratedbyemperortrajantheromanaqueductaqueductchannelswaterfromlakebraccianonorthwestofancientromerometheviatraianaisconstructedattheemperortrajanspersonalexpensetheromanroadroadconnectsbeneventowithbrundisiumbrindisithebathsoftrajanbuiltbythearchitectapollodorusofdamascusarededicatedduringthecalendsthethermaeareconstructedontheplatformofthepalaceofnerodomusaureainromeosroesiofparthiasucceedshisbrotherpacorusiiofparthiapacorusiiandrulesoverthewesternparthianempireplinytheyoungerislegatuslegatetobithyniabytopicreligionthechristianchurchproclaimsitselftobeuniversalcatholiconlyincludereferencesnotocyearromannumeralscxwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofpriscinusandscipioorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiretheromanempirehasmorethanofroadsthetrajansforumforumoftrajanisconstructedinancientromeromebythehistoryofsyriasyrianarchitectapollodorusofdamascustacitusisnamedproconsuloftheprovinceofasiaromanprovinceasiaasiacameltraincaravansmakeregulardeparturesfromluoyangwithchinesegingercinnamomumaromaticumcassiaatypeofcinnamomumaromaticumcinnamonandsilktobebarteredincentralasiaforgoldsilverglasswarepotteryclothandintagliojewelleryintagliogemstonegemsfromromebytopicartsandsciencessuetoniuspublishesofillustriousmendevirisillustribusonlyincludebirthshegesippuschroniclerchristianchroniclerdqiaoxuanddeathsduanxichineseprotectorgeneralofthetarimbasinwesternregionsduringthehandynastyreferencesyearromannumeralscxiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofpisoandbolanusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalwyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperortrajansendsplinytheyoungerasromangovernorgovernorlegatusaugustitobithyniaasiatheindianemperorcenguttuvaninvadesthekushanempireanddefeatskanishkaandhisbrothervijayaatquilaluvamnearmathurauttarpradeshmathuraonlyincludebirthsantinousbelovedoftheromanemperorhadriandreferencesyearromannumeralscxiiwasaleapyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoftraianusandcorneliusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperortrajanandtitussextiuscornelius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nownastheyearoftheconsulshipofcalpurniusandliboorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorhadrianvisitstheromanprovinceofnorthafricainordertoinspectlegioiiiaugustalegioiiiaugustastationedatlambaesisforstrategicreasonstheromanlegionarylegionnairesarelocatedintheaursmountainshadrianswalliscompletedinbritanniabritainbuiltmostlyoflimestonestoneintheeastandwithawoodenpalisadeinthewesttheyconstructatleastcastrafortsaboutromanlegionarylegionariesdiggingditchesquarryingrockgeologyrockandcuttingstonepreventingidlenesswhichledtounrestandrebellionsintheranksromanagriculturedeclinesasimportsfromegyptromanprovinceegyptandnorthafricadepresswheatpricesmakingitunprofitabletofarmandforcingmanyfarmersoffthelandromanbakerybakeriesproducedozensofbreadvarietiesandtheromanempireromansdistributefreebreadforthepovertypoorhadrianbeginshisinspectionoftheprovincesofgreeceasiaminorandegyptasiakinggaeruofbaekjesucceedstothethroneofbaekjeinthekoreanpeninsulabytopicartsandsciencesthefossilsoflargeprehistoricanimalsarediscoveredindalmatiaromanprovincedalmatiapantheonromeisfinishedonlyincludebirthsxunshuangconfucianwriterandscholarddeathskinggiruofbaekjereferencesyearromannumeralscxxixwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofcelsusandmarcellusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireadefensefornumidiaisconstructedatlambaesisbylegioiiiaugustalegioiiiaugustaemperorhadriancontinueshisvoyagesnowinspectingcariacappadociaandsyriabytopicreligionchangeofecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplefrompatriarchdiogenesofbyzantiumdiogenestoeleutheriusofbyzantiumeleutheriusonlyincludebirthsgalenanatomyanatomistdcadadliuhongastronomerliuhongastronomerdcaddeathsosroesiofparthiapopejustusofalexandriabreferencesofsassanidempirepersianotocyearromannumeralsdcxxxiiwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacearabiamarchapproximatendashmuhammadmakeshistheeventofghadirkhummfinalsermontothemuslimsshiasbelievethistobetheappointmentofaliibnabitalibashissuccessorjunendashmuhammaddiesatmedinaattheageofafteranillnessandfeveraccordingtoshiashewassucceededbyalialiibnabitalibaccordingtosunnishewassucceededbyabubakrtheimamahshiadoctrineofshiaviewofalialiibnabitalibforthereligiousspiritualandpoliticalleadershipoftheummahstartsriddawarsabubakrlaunchesaseriesofmilitarycampaignsagainstrebeltribesofarabiaarabiantribestoreestablishthepoweroftherashidunrightlyguidedcaliphsandtosecuremuhammadslegacyseptemberndashbattleofbuzakhaanislamiccolumnmenunderkhalidibnalwaliddefeatstheapostasyapostaterebelsundertulayhanearhailsaudiarabiadecemberndashbattleofyamamabattleofaqrabathemuslimforcesofabubakrdefeattheapostaterebelsmenundermusaylimahontheplainofalyamamaaqrabaeuropeaprilndashkingcharibertiiisassassinationassassinatedatblayegirondepossiblyonordersofhishalfbrotherdagobertialongwithhisinfantsondagoberticlaimsaquitaineandgasconybecomingthemostpowerfulmerovingiandynastymerovingiankinginthewestpartofsamosrebellionalciocusleadsbulgarsfrompannoniatorefugewithdagobertwhomassacresthemthenwithsurvivorstosettlewiththewendsundertheprotectionofwalluckubratruleroftheduloclantakespowerfromthepannonianavarsandestablishesoldgreatbulgariaintheareaofblackcumaniakubratsrulestretchesfromdaciatopoltavapersiajunendashyazdegerdiiiageascendstothethroneaskingshahofthesassanidempirepersianempirehebecomesthelastrulerofthesassanidfamilytreesassaniddynastymoderniranasiajanuaryndashanannulareclipseofthesunoccursqueenseondeokofsillaseondeokiscrownedqueenofsillakoreabytopicreligionmarchndashfridayzulhijjaahthelastsermonkhutbahkhutbatulwadaisdeliveredbymuhammadislamicprophetintheuranahvalleyofmountarafattothemuslimswhohasaccompaniedhimforthehajjpilgrimagejunendashmuhammaddiesinmedinaattheageofandissucceededbyabubakrwhobecomesthefirstcaliphviceregentofthemessengerofallahgodheestablishestherashiduncaliphateuntilxuanzangchinesetravelerwritesabouttwohugebuddhasofbamiyanstatuesofbuddhacarvedoutofamountainsideinthebamyanprovincebamiyanvalleyafghanistanonlyincludebirthsalmuhallabibnabisuffraharabgeneraldvindicianusromancatholicarchdioceseofcambraibishopofcambraiapproximatedatedeathsjanuaryndashmedcoffernsmedcbishopofromancatholicdioceseoffernsfernsaprilndashcharibertiikingofaquitainejunendashmuhammadprophetsinislamislamicprophetbaugustndashfatimahdaughterofmuhammadprophetmuhammadoctoberorndashedwinofnorthumbriakingofdeiraandberniciaoctoberndashcolmanmacduaghsaintcolmanmacduaghirelandirishabbotandbishopabudujanasahabahabudujanacompanionofmuhammadchilpericofaquitainechilpericsonofcharibertiiibrahimibnmuhammadsonofmuhammadkhosrauivkingofthesassanidempirepersianempiremusaylimahislamicfalseprophetreferencesinvasionofkhalidibnalwalidiniraqnotocyearromannumeralsdcxxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebritainoctoberndashbattleofhatfieldchasekingedwinofnorthumbriaisdefeatedandkilledbypendaofmerciaandcadwallonapcadfancadwallonofgwyneddathatfieldchasesouthyorkshireosricofdeiraosricsucceedshisuncleedwinaskingofdeirakingdomdeiraprinceeanfrithofberniciaeanfrithreturnsfrompictspictlandtoclaimhisrightfulcrownofbernicianorthernenglandbothreverttopaganismwinterndashcadwallonissiegebesiegedbykingosricatyorkhesuccessfullybreaksoutofthecitywithallhisforcesbysurpriseanddestroysosricsarmyarabiariddawarshadhramautriddawarsabubakrcaliphkhalifaoftherashiduncaliphatelaunchesamilitarycampaignagainstthearabpeoplearabtribeofkindahwhichinhabitstheregionofnajranyemenmarchndashthearabianpeninsulaisunitedunderthecentralauthorityofabubakrthissetsthestageforthemuslimconquestofpersiaislamicconquestofpersiaandthesassanidempiredeclineandfallfallofthesassaniddynastyaprilndashanmuslimarmymenunderkhalidibnalwalidinvadesmesopotamiahewinsdecisivevictoriesinthebattleofchainskuwaitandbattleofriveriraqmayndashbattleofwalajatherashidunarmyrashiduncaliphatearmyunderkhaliddefeatsthesassanidempirepersiansandtheirarabchristiansarabchristianalliesthemilitaryofthesassanidempirepersianarmyisatleastthreetimesthesizerefnamecampaignswitnesspioneerorgvilarticlescompanionabubakrhtmcampaignsineasterniraqkhalifaabubakrcompanionoftheprophetvirtuallibraryofwitnesspioneerrefbattleofullaisforcesoftherashiduncaliphateunderkhaliddefeatanentirepersianarmymenneartherivereuphrateskhalidbesiegesthecityofalhirahhirabattleofhirasiegeofhirathemuslimarabsmenunderkhalidattackthefortresscityofhiraafterabrieffightthecitizenssurrenderandbringgiftstokhalidjulyndashbattleofalanbarsiegeofanbaramuslimarabarmyunderkhalidbesiegesthefortresscityofanbartownanbarthepersiangovernorsurrendersandisallowedtoretirementretirebattleofaynaltamrbattleofeinuttamrthemuslimarmyattacksapersianfrontierpostlocatedsouthofanbarthearabchristianauxiliariesareoverrunandsurrenderaugustndashbattleofdawmataljandalbattleofdumataljandalamuslimarmymenunderkhaliddefeatstherebelarabchristiansatdumataljandalsaudiarabianovemberndashkhalidcoordinatessuccessfulnightattacksagainstthearabchristiansinthebattleofmuzayyahbattleofsaniyyandbattleofzumailbytopicartsandscienceslichungfengbuildsaglobecelestialcelestialglobeapproximatedatereligiondecemberndashfourthcounciloftoledokingsisenandordersameetinginthechurchofleocadiastleocadiathebishopsacceptadecreethatallvisigothsmusttakeanoathtopreservethestabilityofthegothsgothicnationpaulinusofyorkfleeswithqueenthelburhofkentthelburgaandherdaughtereanfldagesouthtokentwhereheismadebishopofrochestereanfldgrowsupundertheprotectionofherunclekingeadbaldofkentonlyincludebirthsjamadeviqueenofhariphunchaithailandapproximatedatewilfridanglosaxonbishopapproximatedatedeathsdaizhouchancellorofthetangdynastyoctoberorndashedwinofnorthumbriaedwinkingofnorthumbriaosricofdeiraosrickingofdeiraapproximatedatesuintilakingofthevisigothsapproximatedatereferencesinvadethelevantinvasionofkhalidibnalwalidinsyrianotocyearromannumeralsdcxxxivwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirearabbyzantinewarsarabconquestofromansyriaarabbyzantinewaremperorheracliusillinfirmandunpopularwiththeeasternorthodoxchurchisunabletopersonallyleadthebyzantinearmytoresistthemuslimconquestofthelevanthesendshisbrothertheodorebrotherofheracliustheodoretoassembleforcestoretakethenewlywonmuslimterritoriesmonophysitismmonophysitesandjewsthroughoutsyriawelcomethearabinvadersastheyarediscontentwithbyzantinerulejulyndashbattleofajnadaynbyzantineforcesmenundertheodorearedefeatedbytherashiduncaliphatenearbeitshemeshmoderndayisraelheracliuswhoisinhomsemesafleestoantiochuponhearingnewsofthebattlesoutcomeeuropekingdagobertiisforcedbytheaustrasiannobilitynoblestoputhisyearoldsonsigebertiiionthethronecedingroyalpowerinaustrasiahefreeshimselffromdependenceonpepinoflandenandextendshisruleoverthebretonsapproximatedatebritaineanfrithofberniciaandhisbodyguardarekilledbykingcadwallonapcadfancadwallonofgwyneddinanattempttonegotiatepeaceeanfrithsbrotheroswaldofnorthumbriaoswaldreturnsfromyearsexileindlriatamodernscotlandtoclaimthecrownofnorthumbriabattleofheavenfieldoswaldaccompaniedpossiblybyaforceofscottishpeoplescotsorpictsdefeatsandkillscadwallonwithacelticbritonswelsharmynearhexhamnorthernenglandhereunitesdeirawithberniciaandbecomesking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nsurdiesafterayearreigninwhichhehasmadebaghdadtheresidenceoftheabbasidcaliphateheissucceededbyhissonalmahdibaghdadbecomesthelargestcityoftheworldtakingtheleadfromchangancapitalofchinaasiatibetsubduesherhimalayashimalayanneighborsandconcludesaboundaryagreementwiththechinesetangdynastyapproximatedatekingbengalhistorydharmapalabeginshisreignofbengalsouthasiabytopicastronomyagrowthofcarbonconcentrationrecordedindendrochronologygrowthringstreeringssuggeststhatacarbonspikeverystrongsolarstormmayhavehittheearthineitheroronlyincludebirthsamalariusarchbishopofromancatholicdioceseoftriertrierapproximatedateebboarchbishopofromancatholicarchdioceseofreimsreimsdeinhardfrankishscholardfujiwaranofuyutsugujapanesegeneraldhilduinbishopofromancatholicarchdioceseofparisparisdleovthearmenianleovbyzantineemperordrotrudefrankishprincessdaughterofcharlemagneortahiribnhusaynpersianabbasidgovernorortheodosiawifeofleovtheodosiabyzantineempressapproximatedatetheophanesthebrandedbyzantinemonkdwettiofreichenaugermanscholarapproximatedatedeathsaprilsmbatviibagratuniarmeniannoblemusheghvimamikonianarmeniannobleseptemberndashconstantinevbyzantineemperorbalmansurmuslimcaliphbciniodikingofthepictsprincessinoeofjapanbfujiwaranokurajimarojapanesepoliticianbruyuanabbessruyuanchinesebuddhistabbessandmasterismailibnjafarshiashahimmapproximatedatekibinomakibijapanesescholarbmilredbishopofanglicandioceseofworcesterworcesterapproximatedatethingfrithearlofmerciaapproximatedatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdcclxxviwasaleapyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireaprilndashemperorleoivthekhazarleoivthekhazarappointshisyearoldsonconstantinevicorulerofthebyzantineempirethisleadstoanuprisingofleoshalfbrothersincludingcaesartitlecaesarnikephoroscaesarnikephorosthesecondsonofformeremperorconstantinevtherevoltisquicklysuppressedleohastheconspiratorsblindedtonsuredandexiledtochersonthemechersonsoutherncrimeaunderguardeuropekingcharlemagnespendseasterintrevisonorthernitalyafterputtingdownarebellioninduchyoffriulifriuliandduchyofspoletospoletoheremoveshrodgaudoffriulifrompowerandreformstheduchyasthemarchoffriulimilitaryfrontierdistrictcoconspiratorswhosupporttherevoltarearechisiiofbeneventoarechisiidukeofduchyofbeneventobeneventoandadalgissonofformerlombardslombardkingdesideriusfrankishcountsareplacedinthecitiesoffriulisaxonwarsfirstphasesaxonwarsthesaxonsagainrevoltagainstchristianityandfranciafrankishruleeresburgfallsbutasaxonassaultuponthecastleofsyburgneardortmundfailscharlemagnehurriedlyreturnsfromitalylaunchingacounteroffensivewhichdefeatsthesaxonsmostoftheirleadersaresummonedtothelipperiverlippeatthetownofbadlippspringenorthrhinewestphaliatosubmitformallytocharlemagnebritainbattleofotfordbattleofotfordkingegbertiiofkentdefeatsthemerciansunderkingoffaofmerciaoffanearotfordandreassertshimselfasrulerofkingdomofkentkentthraciamainprotagonistleifisthedeposedheirtotherepublicofmansterwhowasrescuedfromanattackbytheforcesofthraciabyfinnafriendofseliphsfathersigurdspendingmostofhislifeontherunleifeventuallyfindsshelterinthevillageoffianaonedaythevillagersprotectorsareroutingbanditswhenraydrikthenewdukeofmansterattacksthevillageinsearchofleifkidnappingleifsfriendsnannaandmareetadevastatedbythetownsdestructionandhisfriendsabductionsleifdecidestofacetheforcesofthraciaandretakemansteraidedbyfinnandagrowingbandofrebelsherescuesbothnannaandtheenemycontrolledmareetaanddefeatingtheforcesofbothraydrikandveldahighrankingpriestoftheloptyrsectastheyretakemansterandliberatenorthernthracialeifsforcesfinallyfaceraydrikinbattlebutuponhisdefeatveldtransformshimintoanundeadmonstercalleddeadlordmusleifdestroysmuskillsveldandcementshisforcesdefendingmansterandnorthernthraciafromthegrannvalearmyonlyincludebirthsaljahizafromuslimscholarlymethodscholarandwriterdbaixingjianchinesechinesepoetrypoetandwriterdlusuichancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastytangdynastydsahnunsahnunibnsaidmuslimjuristortahiribnhusaynmuslimgovernorordeathscellachmacdnchadakingofleinsterirelandcinedciarrgemaccathussaigdlnaraidekingflaithniadhmaccongalabbotofclonferthrodgaudoffriulihrodgauddukeofduchyoffriulifriuliitalyhumaydibnqahtabamuslimmilitaryleadernuadauabolcainabbotoftuamirelandreferencesnorthrhinewestphalianotocyearromannumeralsdcclxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearskamogelomathebeiseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropesaxonwarsfirstphasesaxonwarskingcharlemagnespendseasterinnijmegenandleadsalargefrankisharmytopaderbornwhereageneralassemblyofcarolingiandynastycarolingianandsaxonssaxonleadershasbeensummonedoldsaxonysaxonlandsareintegratedintothefranciafrankishkingdomanddividedintomissionaryparishesdukewidukinda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inesthepapalterritoryseepapalstatesdonationofpepinpapalstateshecodifiestheregionsoverwhichthepopewouldbetemporalsovereigntysovereigntheduchyofromeisexpandedbyravennatheduchyofthepentapolispartsoftheduchyofbeneventotuscanycorsicaandlombardynestorianismnestoriansinchinabuildchristianmonasterymonasteriesanderectthenestoriansteleapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsharithalmuhasibifounderofthebaghdadschoolofislamicphilosophyandateacherofthesufimastersjunaydalbaghdadiandsarialsaqtiddeathsalchmundofhexhamalchmundbishopofromancatholicdioceseofhexhamandnewcastlehexhamapproximatedatefergusmacechdachkingofdlriatascotlandguoziyigeneralofthetangdynastybisonokaminoyakatsugujapanesenobilitynoblemanbyangyanchancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastybreferencesleftwithalcuinmiddlepresentshisworktoarchbishopodgarrightnotocyearromannumeralsdcclxxxiiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireabbasidinvasionofasiaminorarabbyzantinewararabforcesmenunderharunalrashidsonoftheabbasidcaliphateabbasidcaliphalmahdicrossthetaurusmountainsandcapturethebyzantineempirebyzantineborderfortressofnidemagidaharunleaveshislieutenantalrabiibnyunustobesiegethecityofnakoleiaphrygiawhileanotherforcemenunderprobablyyahyaibnkhalidissenttoraidthewesterncoastlandsofasiaminorharunhimselfwiththemainarmyadvancestotheopsikionopsicianthemesummerndashharunalrashidreachesasfarasskdarchrysopolisacrossthebosphorusbosporusstraitsfromthebyzantinecapitalconstantinopleafterthedefectionofthearmeniangeneraltatzatesempressireneofathensireneacceptsathreeyearceasefiretruceincludingtheannualpaymentofatributeoforgolddinarsandthehandingoverofsilkgarmentsharunreleasesallhiscaptivesmenincludingchiefministerstaurakioseunuchstaurakiosandotherhostagesrefnametreadgoldrefemperorconstantineviisbetrothedtotheyearoldrotrudedaughterofcharlemagneirenesendsascholarlymethodscholarmonkcalledelisaeustoeducateheringreecegreeklanguageandmannersrefnameglgruncimansteventheempressirenetheathenianmedievalwomanedderekbakeroxfordecclesiasticalhistorysocietyrefeuropesummerndashsaxonwarsmiddlephasesaxonwarskingcharlemagnesendsapunitiveexpeditionaneliteforceofkingdomofgermanyeasternfrankishtroopsunderthecommandofadalgisthechamberlainofficechamberlaingalloandworadsupportedbysaxonforcestodealwiththesaxonsandsorbssorbraidersinthuringiabattleofsntelthefranksundercharlemagnearedefeatedbysaxonrebelsledbywidukindhesucceedsinwipingoutmorethanhalfoftheoccupyingfrankishforcesandagainraisesthebannerofrevoltwidukindfleesandseeksrefugeamongstthedanesautumnndashcharlemagnereturnsfromhiscampaigninitalyandmustersanfrankisharmyofavailabletroopsinbavariahethenmarchestooldsaxonysaxonyprobablytoeresburgcharlemagnemarchesnorthdownthewesertotheallerallerrivermakingcampnearverdenanderallerverdenmassacreofverdencharlemagneexecutesrebelsaxonsatverdenforpracticingpaganismheissuesthecapitulatiodepartibussaxoniaeandimposeschristianityonthesaxonsmakingsaxonyafranciafrankishprovincecharlemagnesummonsalcuinanglosaxonmissionarytoaachenandappointshimaschiefadviseronreligionreligiousandeducationeducationalmattershebecomestheleadingscholarlymethodscholarandteacheratthecarolingiandynastycarolingiancourtbytopicreligionnanchantemplewutainanchantempleonmountwutaiwutaishanshanxiisbuiltduringthetangdynastytangdynastychinaonlyincludebirthstachibananohayanarijapanesecalligraphycalligrapherddeathsjanuaryndashemperorkninkninemperorofjapanbseptemberndashleobaanglosaxonnunconallmacfidhghalkingofumaineirelandthierryivfrankishnobilitynoblemanapproximatedatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdcclxxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirearabbyzantinewarstheearlyabbasidsarabbyzantinewarabyzantineexpeditionaryforceunderstaurakioseunuchstaurakioschiefministerlogothetebeginsacampaignagainstthecommunitiessclavenisclaviniaeofgreecesettingoutfromconstantinopletheimperialarmyfollowsthethracethraciancoastintomacedoniaregionmacedoniaandthensouthintothessalycentralgreeceandthepeloponnesestaurakiosrestoresameasureofbyzantineempirebyzantineauthorityovertheseareasandcollectslootingbootyandtributefromthelocalseuropemauregatusofasturiasillegitimatesonofthelatekingalfonsoiofasturiasalfonsoiusurpsthethroneafterthedeathofhisbrotherinlawsiloofasturiassilohoweverthenobilityhaselectedalfonsoiiofasturiasalfonsoiiatadosindaswifeofsiloinsistencebutmauregatusassemblesalargearmyofsupportersandforcesalfonsotofleetolavamodernspainadosindaisputinthemonasteryofchurchofsanjuanapstolyevangelistasantianesdepraviasanjuandepraviawhereshelivesouttherestofherlifeaprilndashhildegardofthevinzgauhildegardwifeofkingcharlemagnediesinchildbirthafterherninthconf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rconflictkingmauregatusofasturiasdiesafterayearreignandissucceededbybermudoiofasturiasbermudoiasrulerofkingdomofasturiasasturiasmodernspainbritainkinglfwaldiofnorthumbriaismurderedprobablyatcilurnumchestersbythepatriciusealdormansicgaheissucceededbyhiscousinosrediiofnorthumbriaosrediiarabianempireabdalrahmaniemirofemirateofcrdobacrdobadiesafterayearreignandissucceededbyhissonhishamiofcrdobahishamibytopicreligiontheperiodcoveredinadamofbremenshistoricaltreatisenoteworthytreatisestreatiseofthearchbishopricofhamburgbeginstheenryakujitemplecomplexisfoundedbysaichabuddhisminjapanbuddhistmonkonmounthieiintsujapanonlyincludebirthsabutammammuslimarabicpoetrypoetdadishankaraindianphilosophyphilosopherandtheologiandaejangofsillaaejangkingofsillakoreadalzubayribnbakkarmuslimhistoriandidaofherzfeldfrankishduchessandsaintapproximatedatelizaiyigeneralofthetangdynastytangdynastydmethodiosiofconstantinoplemethodiosipatriarchofconstantinopleordeathsseptemberndashlfwaldiofnorthumbrialfwaldikingofkingdomofnorthumbrianorthumbriaabdalrahmanimuslimemirofemirateofcrdobacrdobabadalgiskingandcoregentofthelombardshnabidukeofthealemanniapproximatedatemauregatusofasturiasmauregatuskingofkingdomofasturiasasturiasormazudaoyichinesezenzenbuddhistmonkbnakatominokiyomarojapanesenoblemanbreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdcclxxxixwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropekingcharlemagnecrossestheelbeelberiverwithafranksfrankishsaxonssaxonarmyintoobotritesobotriteterritoryhesubmitstheveletiwiltzesandreachesthebalticregionbaltickingpepinofitalyconquersistriaontheadriaticseaadriaticignoringbyzantineempirebyzantineprotestsheestablishesatributarymarchterritorialentitymarchandsendsmissionarymissionariescharlemagneissuestheadmonitiogeneraliswhichcoverseducationeducationalandecclesiologyecclesiasticalreformswithinthefranciafrankishkingdomcharlemagnefoundsthetownofherfordmoderngermanyinordertoguardafordcrossingthenarrowwerewerreriverbritainkingbeorhtricofwessexmarriesprincesseadburhdaughterofkingoffaofmerciaandacceptsmercianoverlordshipcausantnmacfergusaconstantineiisinstalledaskingofthepictshebecomesoneofthegreatestscotlandscottishmonarchsinthevikingagevikingperiodtheanglosaxonchroniclerecordsthenorseactivityinthebritishislesfirstappearanceofvikingsinenglandseeislamiccaliphatealkhayzuranwidowofformerabbasidcaliphateabbasidcaliphalmahdidiesleavingmoreoftheeffectivepowerinthehandsofharunalrashididrisiofmoroccoidrisireachesvolubilisandfoundstheidrisiddynastycedingmoroccofromtheabbasidcaliphateandfoundingthefirstmoroccanstateasiaanuprisinginjapanleadstoamajordefeatforemperorkanmualongwithaseveredroughtandfaminethestreetsofthecapitalnagaokakyarecloggedwiththesickonlyincludebirthslushangchancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastytangdynastydziryabmuslimislamicpoetrypoetandislamicmusicmusicianddeathsfebruaryndashleoofcataniasaintandbishopofcataniabalkhayzuranwifeandadviserofalmahdidefactocoruleroftheabbasidcaliphatefiachnaemacedorinkingofulaidirelandhildeprandofspoletohildepranddukeofduchyofspoletospoletomauregatusofasturiasmauregatuskingofkingdomofasturiasasturiasortorsoncountoftoulousetorsonfrankishcountoftoulouseornovemberndashwillehadbishopofarchbishopricofbremenbremenreferencesaroundthethcenturynotocyearromannumeralsdccxcwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireseptemberndashthearmeniacthemelocatedinnortheasternanatoliaasiaminormodernturkeyrevoltsagainstempressireneofathensireneanddeclarestheyearoldconstantinevisolerulerofthebyzantineempireotherthemebyzantinedistrictthemesfollowitsexampleandimprisontheirstrategosbyzantineusestrategoiconstantinesendshisiconoclasmiconoclastgeneralmichaellachanodrakontoensurethatthearmeniacshisclosestsupporterstakeanoathireneisconfinedandimprisonedinherpalaceatconstantinopleallhereunuchsareexiledeuropealcuinanglosaxonmissionaryreturnsafteranyearabsencetoenglandduringhisstayatthecarolingiandynastycarolingiancourtofkingcharlemagneinaachenheeducationhaseducatedhissonscharlestheyoungercharlespepinofitalypepinandlouisthepiouslouisalcuinrevisestheliturgychurchliturgyandthebibleandisresponsibleforanintellectualmovementwithinthefranciafrankishkingdombritainkingthelrediofnorthumbriathelredireturnstokingdomofnorthumbrianorthumbriaandisrestoredtothethroneafterlivinginexileforyearshisrivalosrediiofnorthumbriaosrediiisdeposedforciblytonsuredandexiledtotheisleofmanthelredthenfacesarebellionbyanotherrivalnamedeardwulfofnorthumbriaeardwulfthelatteriscapturedandhangedoutsidethegatestoriponcathedralriponabbeythebodyistakenintotheabbeywhereeardwulfrecoversandescapestoexilekingoffaofmerciatakescontrolofkingdomofeastang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ventthatleavesphysicalandpsychologicalscarsaprilthecontinentalcongressvotesaresolutionthankinguscaptainjohnpauljonesforhisservicesaprilfuturenewyorkmayorjamesduanenorthcarolinarepresentativewilliamsharpepoliticianwilliamsharpeandfutureconnecticutgovernoroliverwolcottdeliverthefirstreporttotheuscontinentalcongressaboutthenationaldebtandreportittobeanddollarsaprilthebattleofhobkirkshilltookplaceincamdensouthcarolinamaygeneraljohncampbellofstrachurjohncampbelldefenderofthebritishcolonyofwestfloridasurrendersthecapitalatpensacolatospanishforcescommandedbybernardodegalvezmayndashaspanisharmysentfromlimaputsdowntheincarebellionsandcapturesandsavagelyexecutestpacamaruiijunendashthecommissionagreestotherebelstermsreductionofthealcabalaandoftheindiansforcedtributeabolitionofthenewtaxesontobaccoandpreferenceforcriollopeoplecriollosoverpeninsularesingovernmentpositionsjulyndashseptemberjulyndashfrenchspyfranoishenridelamotteishangeddrawnandquarteredhangedanddrawnbeforealargecrowdattyburnlondoninenglandforhightreasonjulyndashamericanrevolutionndashskirmishatthehouseinthehorseshoeatoryforceunderdavidfanningloyalistdavidfanningattacksphillipalstonssmallerforceofpatriotamericanrevolutionwhigsatalstonshomeincumberlandcountynorthcarolinainpresentdaymoorecountynorthcarolinaalstonstroopssurrenderafterfanningsmenattempttoramthehousewithacartofburningstrawaugustndashamericanrevolutionafrenchfleetundercomtedegrasseenterschesapeakebaycuttingbritishgeneralcharlescornwallisofffromescapebyseaseptemberndashlosangelesisfoundedaspueblodelosngeleselpueblodenuestraseoralareinadelosngelesdeporciunculacityofourladythequeenoftheangelsofporciunculabyagroupofspanishsettlersincaliforniaseptemberndashamericanrevolutionndashbattleofthechesapeakeabritishfleetunderthomasgravesstbarongravesthomasgravesarrivesandfightsdegrassebutisunabletobreakthroughtorelievethesiegeofyorktownseptemberndashamericanrevolutionndashbattleofgrotonheightsabritishforceunderbenedictarnoldattacksafortingrotonconnecticutachievingastrategicvictoryseptemberamericanrevolutionndashbattleofeutawspringssouthcarolinathewarslastsignificantbattleinthesoutherntheatreendsinanarrowbritishtacticalvictoryseptemberndashamericanrevolutiongravesgivesuptryingtobreakthroughthenowreinforcedfrenchfleetandreturnstonewyorkleavingcornwallistohisfateseptemberndashamericanrevolutionamericanandfrenchtroopsbeginasiegeofthebritishatyorktownvirginiaoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashthefirstbagpipescompetitionisheldinthemasonicarmsfalkirkscotlandoctoberndashamericanrevolutionfollowingthesiegeofyorktowngeneralcharlescornwallissurrenderstogeneralgeorgewashingtonatyorktownvirginiaendingthearmedstruggleoftheamericanrevolutionoctoberndashapatentoftolerationprovidinglimitedfreedomofreligionfreedomofworshipisapprovedinthehabsburgmonarchynovemberndashjohnhansoniselectedpresidentofthecontinentalcongressnovemberenglishslavetradersbegintothrowapproximatelyslavestakenoninaccraoverboardalivefromtheslaveshipzongmassacrezonginthecaribbeanseatoconservesuppliesfortheremaindertheliverpoolownerssubsequentlyattempttoreclaimpartoftheirvaluefrominsurershenryhurleofficiallyfoundstheancientorderofdruidsinlondonenglanddecemberndashaschoolisfoundedinwashingtoncountypennsylvaniathatwilllaterbeknownaswashingtonjeffersoncollegedecemberndashamericanrevolutionarywarndashbattleofushantsecondbattleofushantthebritishroyalnavycommandedbyrearadmiralrichardkempenfeltindecisivelydefeatsthefrenchfleetinthebayofbiscaydateunknownjosephiiholyromanemperorabolishesserfdomthebankofnorthamericaischarteredbythecontinentalcongresscharlesmessierpublishesthefinalcatalogofmessierobjectscarlwilhelmscheelediscoverstungstenimmanuelkantpublisheshiscritiqueofpurereasonreverendsamuelpeterspublisheshisgeneralhistoryofconnecticutusingthetermbluelawforthefirsttimephillipsexeteracademyisfoundedinnewhampshireonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashachimvonarnimgermanwriterdjanuaryndashadelbertvonchamissogermanwriterdfebruaryndashrenlaennecfrenchphysicianinventordmarchndashrebeccagratzamericaneducatorphilanthropistdmarchndashkarlfriedrichschinkelgermanarchitectpainterdaprilndashswaminarayanindianhindureformerlateracceptedbysomefollowersofswaminarayanhinduismasadeitydmayndashhenricassinifrenchbotanistnaturalistdjunendashgeorgestephensonenglishengineerdesignerofrailwaylocomotiveslocomotionnolocomotionnostephensonsrocketrocketdjunendashsimondenispoissonfrenchmathematicianphysicistdjulystamfordrafflesenglishfounderofsingaporedjohndsloatamericannavalofficerdjulyndashmerryjosephblondelfrenchpainterdjulyndashmaurogiulianiitaliancomposerdseptemberndasheugnedebeauharnaisfrenchnoblemansonofnapoleonswifejosphinedebeauharnaisjosphinedseptemberndashantondiabelliaustrianmusicpublishereditorcomposerdoctoberndashjameslawrenceusnavyofficerdoctoberndashbernardbolzanoczechphilosophermathematiciandnovemberndashjosephkarlstielergermanpainterdnovemberlucyaikinenglishwriterdmahabandulacommanderinchiefoftheburmesemilitaryforcesdnovemberndashkarlfriedricheichhorngermanjuristdnovemberndashandrsbellovenez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inopletheirprogressischeckedbythesaracensrecruitedfromarabiapetraeaarabtribeswhocontroltheeasternfringesoftheempireoctoberndashthegreuthungifacedwithfoodshortagessplitoffandmovewestintopannoniafollowedbytheirfamiliestheyraidvillagesandfarmlandgratianrecallshismilitarycommandertheodosiusiflaviustheodosiusagesonoftheexecutedgeneraltheodosiustheelderandappointshimcoemperorofthebyzantineempireeasternromanempiremesoamericasiyajkakbeginstoreplacemayacivilizationmayankingswithrelativesofspearthrowerowlemperorofteotihuacansiyajkakconquerselpermayasitewakaonjanuarysiyajkakconquerstikalonjanuarysiyajkakconquersuaxactunbytopicarchitecturevalenscompletestheromanaqueductaqueductofconstantinoplebegunbyconstantinethegreatconstantineireligiongregoryofnazianzusisordainedbishopofconstantinoplepopedamasusiisaccusedofadulterybutisexoneratedbygratianonlyincludebirthsgermanusofauxerresaintgermanusancientdioceseofauxerrebishopofauxerreapproximatedatedeathsaugustvalensflaviusjuliusvalensromanemperorbtraianusmagisterpeditumtraianusromangeneralkilledinbattlereferencesnotocyearromannumeralscccxcvwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofolybriusandprobinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirejanuaryndashemperortheodosiusiagediesafteradiseaseinvolvingsevereedemaatmilantheromanempireisredividedintoaneasternandawesternhalfthebyzantineempireeasternromanempireiscenteredinconstantinopleunderarcadiussonoftheodosiusandthewesternromanempireinmediolanumunderhisbrotherhonoriusemperorhonoriusaprilndasharcadiusmarriesaeliaeudoxiadaughterofthefranksfrankishgeneralflaviusbautowithouttheknowledgeorconsentofrufinusconsulrufinuspraetorianprefectoftheeasthisyearoldhalfsistergallaplacidiaissenttoromewhereshespendsherchildhoodinthehouseholdofstilichoandhiswifeserenaromanserenaalaricialaricvisigothsvisigothicleaderofthefoederatirenouncesromanfealtyandisdeclaredkingwagingwaragainstbothpartsoftheromanempireandendingayearperiodofpeacethegothsledbyalariciinvadeanddevastatethraceandmacedoniaromanprovincemacedoniaimposeatributeonathensandthenturntheirsightsonthewestarcadiusunabletodefeatthemgivesalariccontrolofthebalkansandgrantshimthepositionofmagistermilituminillyricumromanprovinceillyricumnovemberndashrufinusconsulrufinuspraetorianprefectoftheeastismurderedbygothicmercenariesundergainasasiadecemberndashlateryanisdefeatedbyitsformervassalnorthernweiatthebattleofcanheslopeduringthesouthernandnortherndynastiesperiodofchinathehunsbegintheirlargescaleattackontheeasternromanempiretheyinvadearmeniacappadociaandenterpartsofsyriathreateningantiochindiakingrudrasimhaiiirulerofthewesternsatrapsindiaisdefeatedbytheguptaempirebytopicagricultureanestimatedacresofagriculturallandfarmlandlieabandonedincampaniasouthernitalypartlyasaconsequenceofmalariafrommosquitoesbredinswampyareasbutmostlybecauseimprudentagriculturehasruinedthelandartsandsciencespossibledatethatambrosiustheodosiusmacrobiuspublishedhissaturnaliareligionaugustineofhippoaugustineagebecomescoadjutorbishopbishopofhipporegiusmodernalgeriahisassignmentisthereunificationoftheromancatholicchurchinafricaprimarilyfocusingonthedonatistmovementledbyprimianusofcarthageonlyincluderussianastronomernikolaialexandrovichmorozovclaimedthatrevelationtojohncouldbeapocalypseofjohndatedastronomicallyastronomicallydatedtoseptemberbirthsdeathsjanuaryndashtheodosiusiromanemperorbnovemberndashrufinusconsulrufinusromanconsulandpraetorianprefectureoftheeastpraetorianprefectsaintfanaapabanechristianhermitandsaintausoniusromanpoetandrhetoricianreferencesindianotocyearromannumeralscdiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofarcadiusandhonoriusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirethevisigothsadvanceonmediolanummodernmilanandbesiegeastiinliguriakingalaricisendsenvoystonegotiateapeacebuttheromangovernmentrefusestomakedealswithbarbariansaprilndashbattleofpollentiastilichorecallstroopsfromromanbritainbritainandtherhinefrontiertodefenditalyhedecidestoattackthegothsoneastersundayandmanagestocapturealaricswifeandchildrenemperorsarcadiusandhisyoungerbrotherhonoriusemperorhonoriusbecomeromanconsulsasiakinggwanggaetothegreatofgoguryeokoreadefeatstheforcesoflateryanseizingsomeoftheirborderfortressestheavarscarpathiansavarsledbyshelunchlouenhavingdefeatedthegaojudinglingkaokiutinglingnearkobboestablishanomadicempirethatrangesfrommongoliatotheirtyshfaxianfahienchinesebuddhistmonkmakesapilgrimagetoindiainitiatingsinoindianrelationsstirredbyhisfaithtobuddhismhevisitsthesitesofgautamabuddhasiddharthagautamaslifebytopicreligionjeromewritesapologiaecontrarufin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borninparadisebytopicreligioneudoxiaexilesjohnchrysostomarchbishopbishopofconstantinopleforcriticizinghersumptuouslifestyleheisbanishedtothecaucasusinarmeniapopepopeinnocentiinnocentiatromeordersasynodtoreinstatethebishopbuthisenvoysareimprisonedarchbishopatticusofconstantinopleatticusbecomesthenewecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplebishopofconstantinopleonlyincludebirthsdeathsjanuaryndashsainttelemachustelemachuschristianmonkandmartyrfebruaryndashflavianiofantiochflavianipatriarchofantiochjunendashhuanxuanwarlordandemperorofthejindynastyboctoberndashaeliaeudoxialistofromanandbyzantineempressesromanempressandwifeofarcadiusclaudianromanpoetapproximatedateempresshefanihefaniempressofthejindynastyjindynastybsaintpaulapauladesertmotherandsaintbreferencesyearromannumeralscdiiiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoftheodosiusandrumoridusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirejunendashbattleofveronabattleofveronathevisigothsundercommandofkingalariciinvadeitalyagainandadvancethroughthebrennerpassstilichowithanarmyofmendefeatsthegothsnorthofveronaalaricmakesaceasefiretruceandwithdrawseastwardtopraetorianprefectureofillyricumillyricumemperorhonoriusemperorhonoriusandstilichoarehonoredwitharomantriumphtriumphalmarchforthevictoriesagainstthegothsandvandalsthisbecomesthelastvictorycelebratedinrometheodosiusiiagebecomesromanconsulconsulofthebyzantineempireeasternromanempireasiahuiyuanbuddhisthuiyuanarguesthatbuddhismbuddhistmonksshouldbeexemptfrombowingtotheemperorasinofbaekjeallieswithsillaagainstgwanggaetothegreatofgoguryeokoreabytopicreligionthesynodoftheoakdeposesandbanishesjohnchrysostombishopofconstantinoplebutshortlyafterwardheisrecalledonlytobeexilebanishedagainonlyincludebirthshilaryofarleshilaryancientdioceseofarlesbishopofarlesdyuanheofficialofthenorthernweinorthernweidynastyddeathsepiphaniusofsalamischurchfatherseverinofcologneseverinelectorateofcolognebishopofcolognesimadaoziregentofthejindynastyeasternjindynastybreferenceskingofthevisigothsnotocyearromannumeralscdiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofvincentiusandfravitusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsbyplaceromanempireemperorarcadiussendsmanygiftstothehunshunnishchieftainuldininappreciationofhisvictoryoverthegothsandgainasarcadiusthenallieshimselfwiththehunspiracyiscommittedbyslaveryslavetradersfromgalatiaromanprovincegalatiaturkeyalongthecoastsofafricaromanprovinceafricatheoldlegioiiadiutrixpartofwhichhadalwaysbeenstationedataquincummodernbudapestisdividedintotwocomitatensesandshippedtoromanbritainbritanniastilichoromangeneralmagistermilitumleadshisarmyinanextensivecampaignagainstthevandalsinrhaetiaswitzerlandthetempleofartemisnearselukinephesusisdismantlednovemberndashthevisigothsledbykingalaricicrossthealpsandinvadenorthernitalyemperorhonoriusemperorhonoriusmoveshiscapitaltothecoastalcityofravennawhichisprotectedbymarshesandstrongfortificationsstilichobeginstheprocessofreclaimingthecityblackseathechroniconpaschalechroniconpachalepaschalchroniclereportsthattheblackseaiscompletelyfrozenchinakumarajivakuchakucheanbuddhistbhikkhumonkarrivesinchanganandbeginstranslatingbuddhisttextsintochineselanguagechinesebytopicreligiondecemberndashpopeanastasiusidiesatromeafterayearreignandissucceededbypopeinnocentiinnocentiasthethpopeproclaiminghisuniversalpoweroverthewholeofchristendomthemahabharataanhistoryofindiaindiansanskritliteraturesanskritindianepicpoetryepicisfinalisedbirthsaeliaeudocialistofromanandbyzantineempressesromanempressandwifeoftheodosiusiiapproximatedateleoithethracianleoilistofbyzantineemperorsbyzantineemperordaprilndashtheodosiusiiromanemperorddeathsdecemberndashpopeanastasiusiduanyeprinceofthechinesestatenorthernlianglzuanemperorofthediwuhudistatelaterliangsixteenkingdomslaterliangmurongshengemperorofthexianbeistatelateryanbempressyanglzuanswifeempressyangwifeoflzuanreferencesininnotocyearromannumeralscdwasaleapyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofstilichoandaurelianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirejanuaryemperorarcadiusgiveshiswifeaeliaeudoxiatheofficialtitleofaugustahonorificaugustasheisabletowearthepurplepaludamentumandisdepictedinromancurrencyanthemiuspraetorianprefectanthemiuspraetorianprefectureoftheeastpraetorianprefectoftheeastissentonandiplomaticmissionembassytothesassanidempirepersiancapitalctesiphontocongratulatekingyazdegerdionhisaccessiontheyearbeforeariotbreaksoutinconstantinoplethegreatpalaceofconstantinoplegreatpalaceisburnedtothegroundgainasanambitiousgothicleaderattemptstoevacuatehissoldiersoutofthecitybutarmedgothsaretrappedandkilledbyorderofarcadiusafterthemassacregainastriestoescapeacrossthedardanelleshellespontbuthisragtagadhocfleetisdestroyedbyfravittaagothicchieftaininimperialservicewintergainasleadstheremaininggothsbacktotheirhomelandacrossthedanubetheymeetthehunsandaredefeatedthehunnicchieftainuldinsendstheheadofgainastoconstantinoplewherearcadiusreceivesitasadiplomaticgifteuropethefranksestablishthemselvesinthenorthofthenetherlandsthepaeoniakingdompaeoniansillyricumromanprovinceillyricumlosetheiridentityapproximatedatethevandalsstarttheirwestwardtrekfromdaciaandhungaryafricaconstructionatgreatzimbabwebeginsapproximatedateasiachrysanthemumsareintroducedintoancientjapanjapanapproximatedateemperorrichrichtheeldestsonofemperornintokunintokubecomesthethlistofemperorsofjapanemperorofjapanbytopicartresurrectionandemptytombtwomaryswithangelneartheemptytombpanelofadiptychfoundinromeismadeitisnowkeptatcastellosforzescomilanapproximatedateliteraturethevergiliusvaticanusanilluminatedmanuscriptcontainingfragmentsofvirgilsaeneidandgeorgicsismadeinrometheyogasutrasofpatanjaliarecomposedmedicinecaeliusaurelianusromanphysicianispractisinghisworkdemorbisacutisetchronicisconcerningacuteandchronicillnessaguidetoacutemedicineacuteandchronicmedicinechronicdiseasesphysicshypatiagreekphilosophyphilosopherdistinguishesherselfasoneofthefirstwomensciencescientistsandbecomingheadoftheneoplatonismneoplatonistschoolatalexandriareligionthemausoleumofgaleriusinthessalonikisalonicagreeceisconvertedintoachristianchurchchurchbishopsfromgazacitygazapalestineregionpalestinearriveatconstantinopletoaskarcadiusthatheclosethepaganismpagantempleatmarneumonlyincludebirthsasparalansalanpatricianandgeneralmagistermilitumapproximatedatehydatiusbishopofaquaeflaviaemodernchavesportugalchavesportugalapproximatedatesalvianchristianwriterapproximatedatedeathscastorofkardenchristianpriestandhermitempressduanhuiminduanchineseempressandwifeofmurongbaogainasgothsgothicchieftainandgeneralmagistermilitumlilingrongempressandmotherofemperorxiaowuofjinjinxiaowudilguangemperorofthediwuhudistatelaterliangsixteenkingdomslaterliangblshaoheavenlyprincetianwangoflaterliangoribasiusgreekmedicinemedicalwriterandphysicianreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscccxcixwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofeutropiusandtheodorusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiretheboyemperorhonoriusemperorhonoriusofthewesternromanempirewhoisonlyyearsoldclosesthegladiatorgladiatorialschoolsinromeandlegallyendsmuneraancientromemuneragladiatorgamesflaviusmalliustheodorusbecomesromanconsulandofficialattheimperialcourtofemperorarcadiusgainasagothsgothicleaderismademagistermilitumandformsanpoliticalalliancealliancewithdesertersoftribigildalongthebosphorusheproclaimshimselfcoregentusurperandinstallshisforcesinconstantinoplegainasdeposesantigothicofficialsandhaseutropiusconsuleutropiusimperialadvisorcubiculariusexecutedmiddleeastkingbahramivdiesafteranyearreignheissucceededbyyazdegerdiwhobecomesthethirteenthsassanidempiresassanidemperorofiranpersiaasiafaxianfahienchinesebuddhismbuddhistmonktravelstoindiasrilankaandkapilavastuancientcitykapilavastumodernnepalbytopicreligionnovemberndashpopesiriciusdiesatromeafterayearreigninwhichhehascommandedcelibacyforpriestsassertedpapalauthorityovertheentirewesternchurchandthreatenedtoimposesanctionswhodonotfollowhisdictatespopeanastasiusianastasiusisucceedssiriciusasthethpopeheseekstoreconcilethechurchesofromancatholicchurchromeandantiochianorthodoxchurchantiochanastasiusalsocondemnsthedoctrineoforigenflavianiofantiochflavianiisacknowledgedaslegitimatebishopofantiochbythechurchofromeonlyincludebirthsnarsaisyriacpoetandtheologytheologianapproximatedatedeathsnovemberndashpopesiriciusbahramivkingofthesassanidempireiranpersiaeutropiusconsuleutropiusromanconsulandeunuchevagriusponticuschristianmonkandasceticismasceticbsaintfabiolafabiolachristiansaintemperornintokunintokuemperorofjapantribigildostrogothsostrogothicgeneraltufawuguprinceofthexianbeistatesouthernliangsixteenkingdomssouthernliangyuanshansongofficialandpoetofthejindynastyjindynastyreferencesconstantinoplenotocyearromannumeralscccxcviiiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaugustusandeutychianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiregildonicrevoltgildonicrevoltgildomoorishprincerevoltsagainstromanruleinma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leriusjanuariuspatronsaintofnaplesporphyryphilosopherporphyryneoplatonismneoplatonistphilosopherproculusofpozzuolipatronsaintofpozzuolicatherineofalexandriasaintcatherineofalexandriamartyrandvirginityvirgintuobayituochieftainofthetuobaclanchinawangrongjindynastywangrongpoliticianofthejindynastyjindynastybreferencesyearromannumeralscdxixwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmonaxiusandplintaorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacechinaemperorgongofjinjingongdiagesucceedshisdevelopmentaldisabilitydevelopmentallydisabledbrotheremperoranofjinjinandiasemperorofthejindynastyeasternjindynastyandiisasphyxiastrangledbyordersofthewarlordemperorwuofliusongliuyuonlyincludebirthsjulyndashvalentinianiiiemperorofthewesternromanempireddeathsemperoranofjinjinandiemperorofthejindynastyeasternjindynastybreferencesyearromannumeralscdlivwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaetiusandstudiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireseptemberndashemperorvalentinianiiistabshiscommanderinchiefflaviusaetiustodeathduringameetingoftheimperialcouncilatravennahehasaccusedaetiusofplottingagainsthimtoseizepowerafterhisassassinationthewesternromanempirehasnoeffectivedefenderagainstitshostilebarbarianneighborsalansfranksostrogothsvandalsandvisigothseuropebattleofnedaoalliedforcesofsubjectedpeoplesgepidsheruliostrogothsrugiisciriiandsuebiundertheleadershipofkingardaricdefeatthehunsunderellaceldestsonofattilaattilathehuninpannoniaromanprovincepannoniaellaciskilledduringthebattleandsucceededbyhisbrotherdengizichardaricunitesthegepidswithothergermanicpeoplesgermanictribesandfoundsinthepannonianbasinthekingdomofthegepidsthevandalsconquermaltairelandthedioceseofclogherromancatholicdioceseofclogheriserectedonlyincludebirthstheodoricthegreatkingoftheostrogothsdemperorxianwenofnorthernweixianwendichineseemperorofnorthernweiddeathsseptemberndashflaviusaetiusromangeneralmagistermilitumellackingofthehunsjustagratahonoriasisterofvalentinianiiiapproximatedatepopedioscorusiofalexandriadioscorusthegreatpatriarchofalexandriareferencessacksancientromeromenotocyearromannumeralscdlvwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofvalentinianusandanthemiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiremarchndashemperorvalentinianiiiageisassassinationassassinatedbytwohunshunnicretainersofthelateflaviusaetiuswhiletrainingwiththebowandarrowbowonthecampusmartiusromeendingthetheodosiandynastyhisprimiceriusprimiceriussacricubiculiheracliusprimiceriussacricubiculiheracliusisalsomurderedmarchndashpetroniusmaximusformerdomesticusromanempiredomesticuselitebodyguardofaetiusbecomeswithsupportoftheromansenateemperorofthewesternromanempirehesecuresthethronebybribingofficialsoftheimperialpalacemaximusconsolidateshispowerbyaforcedmarriagewithliciniaeudoxiawidowofvalentinianiiimaximusappointsavitusmosttrustedgeneraltotherankofmagistermilitumandsendshimonandiplomaticmissionembassytotoulousetogainsupportofthevisigothsheelevateshissonpalladiuscaesarpalladiustocaesartitlecaesarandhashimmarryeudociadaughterofvalentinianiiieudociaeldestdaughterofvalentinianiiimayndashmaximusisstoningstonedtodeathbyanochlocracyangrymobwhilefleeingromeawidespreadpanicoccurswhenmanycitizenshearthenewsthatthevandalsareplunderingtheitalianmainlandjunendashsackofromesackofromekinggensericleadsthevandalsintoromeafterhehaspromisedpopeleoinottoburnandplunderthecitygensericsacksthecityforaperiodoftwoweekseudoxiaandherdaughterseudociaandplacidiaaretakenhostagethelootinglootissenttotheharbourofostiaanticaostiaandloadedintoshipsfromwhencethevandalsdepartandreturntocarthagejulyndashavitusisproclaimedromanemperorattoulouseandlaterrecognisedbythegaulgallicchiefsinviernumneararlesseptemberndashavitusentersromewithagallicarmyherestorestheimperialauthorityinnoricummodernaustriaandleavesagothsgothicforceunderremistusvisigothgeneralmagistermilitumatravennatheostrogothsconquerpannoniaanddalmatiaromanprovincedalmatiabritanniabattleofaylesfordprincevortimerrebelsagainsttheproanglosaxonsanglosaxonpoliciesofhisfathervortigernheisdefeatedinthebattleataylesfordkenthengistandhorsahengistandhissonoiscofkentoiscbecomekingsofkenthorsaandcatigernbrotherofvortimerarekilledthebritonshistoricalbritonswithdrawtolondonaccordingtotheanglosaxonchronicleasiaskandaguptasucceedskumaraguptaiasruleroftheguptaempireindiaduringhisreignhecrushesthehunshuninvasionhowevertheexpenseofthewarsdrainstheempiresresourcesandcontributestoitsdeclinemesoamericaearliestrecordeddateatchichenitzaontheyucatnpeninsulamexicoapproximatedatebytopiccommercebartereconomyreplacesorganizedtradeasromanempireromansandothercitizensdeserttheirtownsforthecountrysidewheretheywillbelessvulnerableagainstbarbarianraidsapproximatedatemedicinethecityofvindobonaviennaisstruckbyanepidemicthatspreadsthroughtheromanprovincesthediseaseisprobablystreptococcusoraformofscarletfeverwithstreptococcuspneumoniaeapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsrusticusarchbishopoflyonrusticusromancatholicarchdioceseoflyonarchbishopoflyonapproximatedateempressdowagerwangbaomingwangbaomingempressofthesouthernqiddeathsmarchvalentinianiiiemperorofthewesternromanempirebheracliusprimiceriussacricubiculiheracliusromancourtierprimiceriusprimiceriussacricubiculimayndashpetroniusmaximusemperorofthewesternromanempirebiyuofbaekjekingofthreekingdomsofkoreakoreacatigernprinceandsonofvortigernapproximatedatehorsaleaderoftheanglosaxonsapproximatedatekumaraguptairuleroftheguptaempireindianialloftheninehostagesniallnoigiallachhighkingofirelandapproximatedatepalladiuscaesarpalladiussonofpetroniusmaximusapproximatedateprosperofaquitainedisciplechristianitydiscipleandchristianwriterapproximatedatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralscdlviwasaleapyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofavituswithoutcolleagueorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiremarchndashemperormarciansendsandiplomaticmissionembassytocarthagetoendthevandalsvandalraidsinthemediterraneanfromtheirstrongholdsinnorthafricaandquellsdisturbancesonthearmenianfrontieremperoravitussendsagermanicpeoplesgermanicnavalexpeditionundercommandofricimertodefendsicilytheydefeatthevandalstwiceonlandatthebattleofagrigentumandinaseabattleoffcorsicasummerndashcapuaisdestroyedbythevandalsricimerisunabletoendpiracyinthewesternmediterraneanbackedbyhispopularityhegainstheconsentoftheromansenatesenateforanexpeditionagainstavitusseptemberndashremistusromangeneralmagistermilitumissiegebesiegedwithagothicforceatravennaandlaterexecutedinthepalaceinclassisoutsidethecityoctoberndashthevisigothsunderkingtheodoriciiactingonordersofavitusinvadespainwithanarmyofburgundiansfranksandgothsledbytheirkingschilpericiofburgundychilpericiandgondioctheydefeatthesuebiunderkingrechiarontheriverrbigourbicusnearastorgaspainastorgagallaeciathisshattersthepowerofthesuebiduringthebattlerechiariscapturedandlaterexecutedoctoberndashbattleofplacentiaricimersupportedbymajoriandomesticusromanempirecomesdomesticorumdefeatsnearpiacenzanorthernitalytheusurperavitustheycompelhimtorenouncethetyrianpurplepurpleandavitusisobligedtobecomeromancatholicdioceseofpiacenzabobbiobishopofpiacenzaoctoberndashthevisigothsbrutallysackthesuebiscapitalofbragamodernportugalchurchesareburnttothegroundbritanniasaintpatrickleavesbritainoncemoretoevangeliseirelandasamissionarybishoptheanglosaxonscallthebritonscelticpeoplebritishnoblestoapeaceconferenceatstonehengebutturnonthemandmassacrealmosteveryoneapproximatedateasiaafterayearreignemperorankisassassinatedbytheyearoldmayowanokimiprincemayowainretaliationfortheexecutionofhisfatherheissucceededbyhisbrotheremperoryryakuyryakuandbecomesthestemperorofjapanonlyincludebirthsliuzixunprinceandpretenderofliusongdynastyliusongddeathsemperorankofjapanapproximatedateeutychespresbyterandarchimandriteapproximatedaterechiarlistofgalicianmonarchskingofthesuebicapturedandexecutedseptemberndashremistusromangeneralmagistermilitumtalorcikingofthepictsapproximatedatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralscdlviiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofconstantinusandrufusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirejanuaryndashemperormarciandiesatconstantinoplepossiblyofgangrenefootgangreneaninfectioncontractedduringalongreligionreligiousjourneyheisburiedinthechurchoftheholyapostlestogetherwithhislatewifepulcheriafebruaryndashleoithethracianleoiathracoromanordacianhighrankingofficerbecomesthenewemperoroftheeasternromanempirereigningfornearlyyearsheisfirsttoacceptthecrownjewelsbyzantinecrownfromthehandsoftheecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleaprilndashmajorianisacclaimedemperorbythelateromanarmyromanarmyafterdefeatingalemanninearlakemaggioreitalydecemberndashmajorianiscrownedemperorofthewesternromanempireandrecognizedbypopepopeleoileoihisruleisacceptedinitalydalmatiaandsometerritoriesinnortherngauleuropechildericisucceedshisfathermerovechaskingofthesalianfranksheestablisheshiscapitalattournaimodernbelgiumandbecomesafoederatusplfoederatiofthewesternromanempireaccordingtotheanglosaxonchroniclebritonscelticpeoplebritonsareslainatcrayfordcrecganfordinbattleagainsthengistandhorsahengistandhissonoiscofkentpersiayazdegerdiidiesafterayearreignheissucceededbyhissonhormizdiiiwhoseizesthepersianthronehiselderbrotherperozirebelsagainsthiminsistaniranaftermonthsofcivilwarhedefeatshormizdandbecomestheseventeenthlistofshahanshahsofthesasanianempiresasaniankingofthesasanianempirepersianempirebytopicreligionvictoriusofaquitainecomputescomputusnewtablesforcelebratingeasteronlyincludebirthsleontiaporphyrogenitaleontiaromanempressandwifeofanthemiusdmedardusbishopofvermandoisapproximatedatedeathsavitusemperorofthewesternromanempirejanuaryndashmarcianflaviusmarcianromanemperorboctoberndashibasofedessaibasbishopofedessamodernturkeymerovechkingofthesalianfranksapproximatedatepalladiusbishopofirelandpalladiusfirstbishopofirelandapproximatedateproteriusofalexandriasaintproteriuspatriarchofalexandriatheodorettheodoretofcyrrhusbishopandtheologytheologianvalerianofabbenzabishopandsaintbyazdegerdiikingofthesasanianempirepersianempirereferencesnotocyearromannumeralscdlviiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmaiorianusandleoorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperormajorianbuildsaromannavyromanfleetatmisenoandravennahestrengthensthearmybyrecruitingalargenumberofbarbarianmercenariesbastarnaeburgundianshunsostrogothsrugiiscythiansandsuebisummerndashthevandalslandincampaniaatthemouthoftheliriorthegariglianogariglianoriveranddevastatetheregionmajorianpersonallyleadsthelateromanarmyromanarmyanddefeatstheinvadersnearsinuessadestroyingtheirshipsontheseashoreloadedwithbootybattleofarelatemajoriandefeatsthevisigothsunderkingtheodoriciiatarlessoutherngaulneartherhonerhonerivertheodoricisforcedtosignapeacetreatyandbecomesafoederatusplfoederatiofthewesternromanempirewinterndashmajorianenterstherhonevalleyanddefeatstheburgundiansunderkinggondiocatlugdunumheforcesthebagaudaetojointhewesterncoalitionagainstthesuebiinspaineuropechildericisucceedshisfathermerovechaskingofthesalianfranksorbytopicexplorationandcolonizationthecityoftbilisigeorgiacountrygeorgiaonthekuracaspianseakurariverisfoundedbykingvakhtangiofiberiavakhtangiofcaucasianiberiaiberiaitslocationgivesitcontrolofthesilkroadtraderoutesbetweenwesternandeasternsouthcaucasustranscaucasiareligionjulyndashgennadiusofconstantinoplegennadiusibecomesecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleonlyincludebirthsdamasciussyrianneoplatonismneoplatonistapproximatedatexiaozhangmaocrownprinceofsouthernqiddeathsjulyndashanatoliusofconstantinopleanatoliusecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplenuljiofsillanuljikingofsillakoreareferencessrilankanotocyearromannumeralscdlixwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofricimerandpatriciusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorleoithethracianleoisignsapeacetreatywiththeostrogothskingtheodemirsendshissontheodoricthegreattheodoricageasachildhostagetoconstantinoplehelearnsatcourtaboutlatinmilitarytacticsandreligionuntilbritanniakingvortigernisburnttodeathwhilebeingsiegebesiegedbyaromanobritishcultureromanobritishforceunderambrosiusaurelianusatganarewherefordshireeuropethefranksconquerthecityoftrierthefranciafrankishkingdombecomesamilitarypowerandgetsinvolvedinromanempireromanpoliticssaintremigiusremigiusageiselectedromancatholicarchdioceseofreimsbishopofreimsapproximatedateasiakingdhatusenaofanuradhapuradhatusenaofthelistofsrilankanmonarchsmoriyandynastyrulesoversrilankaduringhisreigntheavukanabuddhastatueisbuiltonlyincludebirthsnovemberndashbutzajsakchiikkingofpalenquemexicodeathshormizdiiikingofthesassanidempirepersianempireapproximatedateseptemberndashsimeonstyliteschristianstylitepillarsaintvortigernkingofthebritonshistoricalbritonsapproximatedatereferencesofmaximustheconfessorcnotocyearromannumeralsdclxiiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropekinggodepertmakeswaragainsthisbrotherperctaritheseekstheaidofgrimoaldiofbeneventogrimoaldidukeofduchyofbeneventobeneventowhohashimassassinatedhissonraginpertescapesgrimoaldusurpsthethroneandbecomesrulerofthekingdomofthelombardslombardkingdomperctaritisexiledandseeksrefugeingaulandgreatbritainbritainthefrankstakeadvantageofthelombardcivilwarandinvadenorthernitalybutaredefeatedbygromoaldiking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lyincludebirthsdeathschildericikingofthesalianfranksorsabinianusmagnusromangeneraltheodoricstraboostrogothsostrogothicchieftainpatriarchtimothyiiiofalexandriatimothyiiilistofpatriarchsofalexandriapatriarchofalexandriareferencesnotocyearromannumeralscdlxxxixwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofprobinusandeusebiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireemperorzenoemperorzenoclosestheschoolofedessamodernturkeyfortheirteachingofnestorianismnestoriandoctrinewhereuponthescholarsseekrefugeatthesyriacchurchoftheeasteuropetheostrogothsledbykingtheodoricthegreatinvadenorthernitalythegepidstrytohalttheadvancebuttheodoricdefeatsthematthecityofsirmiumpannoniaromanprovincepannoniaandcontinuesontocrossthejulianalpsaugustndashbattleofisonzobattleofisonzotheodoricdefeatstheoverwhelmingforcesofodoaceratsoanearaquileiaforcinghiswayintoitalyseptemberndashbattleofveronabattleofveronaodoacerisdefeatedagainbytheodoricforasecondtimeheretreatstotheimpregnablecapitalofravennatheostrogothscapturethecitiespaviaandmilanthemajorityofodoacersarmyincludinghismagistermilitumtufasurrenderstotheodoricbytopicreligionthefirsttempleofconfuciusisconstructedinnorthchinanorthernchinaoutsidetheancestraltempleatqufuonlyincludebirthsemperorburetsuburetsuemperorofjapanddeathspatriarchacaciusofconstantinopleacaciusecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchfravittaofconstantinoplefravittapatriarchofconstantinoplemodestbishopoftriermodestelectorateoftrierbishopoftriersidoniusapollinarisbishopanddiplomatwangjiansouthernqiwangjianofficialofliusongdynastyliusongandsouthernqibreferencesyearromannumeralscdxcwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoffaustusandlonginusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropespringndashodoacerreceivesreinforcementsfromthesouthandleavesravennahedefeatstheostrogothsnearfaenzakingtheodoricthegreatretreatstoticinummodernpaviawhereheconstructsafortificationfortifiedcampwhichisblockadedsummerndashtheburgundiansunderkinggundobadcrossthealpsandplunderliguriamanyromanempireromansaretakenintocaptivitykingalariciisupportstheodoricinhisconquestofitalybydispatchinganvisigothsvisigotharmytoraiseodoacerssiegeofpaviaaugustndashbattleofaddatheodoricandhisallyalariciidefeattheforcesofodoacerontheaddariveraddarivernearmilantheodoricandhisostrogothslaysiegetoravennathecitiesofcesenaandriminiretaintheirallegiancetoodoacerasiaempressempressfengwenchengfengofthechinesenorthernweinorthernweidynastydiessheisburiedwithmagnificenthonorsintheempressdowagerwenmingtombwenmingtombbytopicagriculturewheatcornrisestoaterriblefaminepriceandbeforetheendofthesiegeofravennatheinhabitantsfeedonthehideskinhidesofanimalsmanyofthemperishofhungerreligionpatriarcheuphemiusofconstantinopleeuphemiusbecomesecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleonlyincludebirthsmayndashkanjoychitamirulerofpalenquedjohnphiloponuscommentariesonaristotlearistoteliancommentatorandphilosophyphilosopherdromanosthemelodistsyrianpoetapproximatedatevigilantiabyzantineprincessapproximatedatedeathsempressfengwenchengfengchineseempressandregencygovernmentregentofnorthernweibpopepeteriiiofalexandriapeteriiimonguslistofpatriarchsofalexandriapatriarchofalexandriatheodoraofalexandriadesertmothersdesertmotherreferencesyearromannumeralscdxciiiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofalbinusandeusebiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireisaurianwarclaudiopoliscappadociaclaudiopolisancientcityofcappadociaisbesiegedandcapturedbytheromanempireromanstheisauriansblockadethemountainpassesbutjohnthehunchbackjohngibbowinsanoverwhelmingvictoryagainsttherebelsbritanniamarchndashbattleforthebodyofstpatricktheunilldynastyfightsoverthebodyofsaintpatrickwiththeairgiallakingdomaccordingtotheannalsofthefourmasterseuropefebruaryndashodoacersurrendersravennaafterayearsiegeandagreestoamediatedpeacewiththeodoricthegreathesteadilyconsolidateshisruleandprovidessecurityforthelocalpopulationhisachievementistomanagethetransformationofitalyfrombeingthecenterofafracturedromanempiretoasuccessfulandindependentostrogothickingdomonoulphusbrotherofodoaceriskilledduringthesiegeofravennabyarcheryarcherswhileseekingrefugeinachurchmarchndashodoacerisinvitedtoabanquetorganisedinordertocelebratethepeacetreatyduringthefestivitiesodoaceriskilledbytheodorictheg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eycontinueuntilthefollowingyearcausingunseasonalweatherandplantpathologycropfailureworldwidegroupnnamefailedbreaditispossiblethiswascausedbytheeruptionoflakeilopangoilopangoonlyincludebirthsevagriusscholasticussyrianhistoryofchristianitychurchhistorianorempressdowagerlieziliezichineseempressofnorthernzhoudvenantiusfortunatusmerovingiandynastymerovingianbishopapproximatedatedeathsaprilndashpopeagapetusiemperorankanankanemperorofjapantheodahadkingoftheostrogothsassassinationassassinatedmundusgeneralmundusbyzantineempirebyzantinegeneralkilledinbattlenotesandreferencesnotesreferencessecondarysourcescitewebauthorlinkannalsofulsterauthorlinkannalsofulstertitletheannalsofulsterfirstpdraiglastbamburyfirststephenlastbeechinorurluccieceltonlinetahtmleditionelectroniceditioncompiledbytheceltteampublisherceltcorpusofelectronictextsaprojectofuniversitycollegecorkcollegeroadcorkirelanduccieceltyearrefharvduringthesiegeofromesiegeofromeandmordrednotocyearromannumeralsdxxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownasthesecondyearaftertheconsulshipofbelisariusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempiremarchndashsiegeofromesiegeofrometheostrogothsostrogotharmymenunderkingvitigesbeginsthesiegeofthecapitalbelisariusconductsadelayingactionoutsidethepiazzadelpopoloflaminiangateheandadetachmentofhisbucellariusbucellariiarealmostcutoffvitigessetsupsevencampsoverlookingthemaingatesandaccessroutestothecityinordertostarveitoutheblockstheromanaqueductsthataresupplyingromewithwaternecessarybothfordrinkingandforoperatingthegristmillcornmillsmarchndashvitigesattemptstoassaultthenorthernandeasternaurelianwallscitywallswithfoursiegetowersbutisrepulsedattheportamaggiorepraenestinegateknownasthevivariumromevivariumbythedefendersunderthebyzantinegeneralsbessasgeneralbessasandperaniusaprilndashthegothscapturetheportusportusclaudiiatostiaanticaostiatheharborisleftunguardedbytheromansbelisariusisforcedtounloadhissuppliesatantiummodernanziohesendsurgentmessagesforreinforcementstoconstantinopleaprilndashbelisariusreceiveshispromisedreinforcementscavalrymostlyofhunshunnicorslavicpeoplesslavicoriginandexpertarcherybowmenhestartsdespiteshortagesraidsagainstthegothiccampsandvitigesisforcedintoastalematejunendashinromefaminebringsthecitytodespairbelisariussendshissecretaryprocopiustonaplesformorereinforcementsandsuppliesvitigesarrangesathreemontharmisticeforgothicenvoystotraveltoconstantinoplenovemberndashbelisariusbringshislongawaitedreinforcementsnamelyisauriansandcavalryembarkedinostiaalongwithasupplyconvoysafelytoromethegothsareforcedtoabandontheportusclaudiidecemberndashbelisariussendsjohnnephewofvitalianjohnthesanguinarywithaforceofmentowardspicenumtoplundertheeastcoastofitalyhearrivesatariminumriminiwhereheiswelcomedbythelocalromanpopulationdecemberndashtheconstructionofthehagiasophiainconstantinoplebeguniniscompletedbritainbattleofcamlannkingarthurfightshislastbattleagainsttheforcesofhisrebellioussonornephewmordredandismortallywoundedaccordingtothethcenturyannalescambriaeafricaspringndashatthebattleofscalasveteresinpraetorianprefectureofafricaafricabyzantinetroopsundergermanuscousinofjustinianigermanuscrushalargescalemutinystotzasleaderoftherebellionfleeswithahandfuloffollowerstomauretaniaasiaeasternweisendsanadvanceguardofthreearmycolumnsthroughthetongguancountytongpasstoattackwesternweithewesternarmyunderyuwentaiyuwentaidefeatsoneofthecolumnswhiletheothersretreatyuwenfollowsupbutrunsintothemaineasternarmymenthewesternersarepushedbackthroughthepassandtheeasternarmyemergesfromthemountainsunexpectedlytheyarechargedintheflankbywesterncavalryandeasternersarekilledandcapturedjohncottistisstartsashortlivedrebellionagainstjustinianiheisdeclaredemperoratdaramesopotamiadarabutiskilledfourdayslaterbyconspiringsoldiersrefnamemartindalejonesprefamericayaxchilancapturestheajawsofbonampaklakamtuunandcalakmulattheoutsetofthefirsttikalcalakmulwarbytopicconstructiontheaquavirgoaqueductisdestroyedbythegothstheytrytousetheundergroundchannelasasecretroutetoinvaderomereligionmarchndashpopevigiliussucceedspopesilveriussilveriusasthethpopewhenthelatterisdeposedbybelisariusattheorderofjustinianisocietysecondyearofworldwidefamineaconsequenceoftheextremeweathereventsofgroupnnamefailedbreadonlyincludebirthsagilulfbishopofmetzagilulfromancatholicdioceseofmetzbishopofmetzapproximatedatechenchangprinceofthechendynastydemperorgongofwesternweigongdiemperorofwesternweidemperorwuchengofnorthernqiwuchengdiemperorofnorthernqiddeathskingarthurarthurkingofbritaininthemiddleagesbritainapproximatedatefortunatusoftodifortunatusdioceseoftodibishopoftodigartnaitiofthepictsgartnaitikingofthepictshusichungeneralofnorthernweibisidoreofmiletusbyzantinearchitectjohncottistisbyzantineusurpermainemaccearbhallkingofumaineormordredsonornephewofarthurapproximatedatedecemberndashpopesilveriussaintvigorvigorromancatholicdioceseofbayeuxbishopofbayeuxnotesandreferencesnotesreferencessecondarysourcescitejournalauthorlinkannalsofinisfallentitleannalsofinisfallenlastmacairtfirstseneditionelectroniceditioncompiledbybeatrixfrberpublisherceltcorpusofelectronictextsaprojectofuniversitycollegecorkcollegeroadcorkirelanducciecelturluccieceltpublishedtyearrefharvinthetimeofgildascnotocyearromannumeralsdxlwasaleapyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofiustinuswithoutcolleagueorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireemperorjustinianiofferstomakepeacewithvitigesbutbelisariusrefusestotransmitthemessagetheostrogothsthenoffertosupportbelisariusasemperorofthewestmayndashgothicwargothicwarbelisariusconquersmediolanummodernmilanandthegothsgothiccapitalravennavitigesandhiswifematasunthaaretakenascaptivestoconstantinoplebelisariusconsolidatesitalyandbeginsmoppingupoperationscapturingthegothicfortificationsthecitiesticinumandveronanorthofporiverriverporemainingothichandsildibadsucceedsvitigesaskingoftheostrogothsandinstallshisnephewtotilaascommanderofthegothicarmyherecapturesvenetiaregionvenetiaandliguriainnorthernitalyeuropeinsubromanbritainbritainvariouskingdomsareunitedbyarulerhighkingoroverlordwhilewarsarefoughtbetweenotherskinglistofkingsofdumnoniacustenninapcadoisdeposedandreturnstodumnoniainthewestcountrysouthwestofgreatbritainpersiakingkhosrauijealousofjustiniansvictoriesinthewestreceivesandiplomaticmissionembassyfromtheostrogothsatctesiphonurginghimtoactbeforethebyzantinegreeksbyzantinesbecometoopowerfulkhosrauibreakstheeternalpeaceeternalpeaceaftereightyearsthesassanidspersianarmymarchesuptheeuphratesrivereuphratesandfollowsapathtoextracttributesfromtownsalongthewaytoantiochkhosrauicapturesantiochafterafiercesiegehesystematicallyplundersthecitytotheextentthatmarblesculpturemarblestatuesandmosaicsaretransportedtosassanidempirepersiaafricasolomonbyzantinegeneralsolomoncapturestheaursmountainsfromthemoorsandextendsbyzantineempirebyzantineauthorityovernumidiaandmauretaniamauretaniasitifensisthecityoftbessathevestealgeriaisrestoredandfortifiedbytopicreligioncassiodorusformerromanempireromanstatesmanestablishesamonasteryathisestatehouseestateinitalythevivariummonasteryschoolisforhighlyeducationeducatedandsophisticatedmenwhocopysacredandsecularmanuscriptsintendingforthistobetheirsoleoccupationapproximatedatepopevigiliusrejectsmonophysitisminletterstojustinianiandpatriarchmenasofconstantinoplebenedictofnursiawriteshisruleofsaintbenedictmonasticrulescontainingpreceptsforhismonksapproximatedateworldglobalvariableglobalenvironmentalcoolingoccursdueeithertoaimpacteventcometimpactorvolcaniceruptionincentralamericaevidencedbyglobaltreeringgrowthdiminutionhistoricalevidencerecordsthisearlierastheextremeweathereventsofonlyincludebirthsautharikingofthelombardsapproximatedatecolumbanushibernoscottishmissionirishmissionaryorgalswinthaneustrianqueenmarriedtochilpericidgaribaldiofbavariagaribaldilistofrulersofbavariadukeofbavariadjohnofbiclarovisigothchroniclerapproximatedatepopegregoryiapproximatedatemyrddinwylltwelshmythologywelshlegendapproximatedatedeathsdigngabuddhismbuddhistfounderofindianlogicdionysiusexiguusapproximatedatefridolinofsckingenirishmissionaryvedastfranksfrankishbishopvitigeskingoftheostrogothsempressyifuyifuempressofwesternweibempressyujiulyujiulempressofwesternweibreferenceswithmaximianusofravennamaximianofravennanotocyearromannumeralsdxlviwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempiredecemberndashsackofromesackofromeafteralmostayearssiegethecaptureofagrainfleetsentbytheexiledpopevigiliusnearthemouthofthetiberandfailureoftroopsofthebyzantineempireunderbelisariustorelievethecitytheostrogothsunderkingtotilaplunderromeanddestroyitsfortificationshethenwithdrawstoapuliasouthernitalywinterndashpopevigiliusarrivesinconstantinopletomeetwithemperorjustinianithefuturepopepelagiusipopepelagiusissentbytotilatonegotiatewithjustinianeuropeaudoinmurdersandsucceedswalthariaskingofthelombardsaudoinreceivessubsidiesfromjustinianitoencouragehimtobattlethegepidsinthecarpathianmountainsaudoinleadsthelombardsacrossthedanubeintopannoniaromanprovincepannoniaandbecomesanallyofthebyzantinegreeksbyzantinesamericasajwosalisleaderofnaranjofollowingitsconquestbycalakmulduringthefirsttikalcalakmulwarbytopicreligionthebasilicaofsanvitaleravennaiscompletedbybishopmaximianusofravennamaximianusduringthebyzantineexarchateofravennaapproximatedatendashthebishopofbangordioceseofbangorisestablishedinthewaleswelshkingdomofgwyneddwithdeiniolconsecratedasfirstbishoponlyincludebirthsdeath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threatenedbyafranksfrankishinvasionthattheduxdukeshasprovokedtheyelectautharisonofclephastheirkingandgivehimthecapitalofpavianorthernitalythevisigothsunderkingliuvigildcapturethecityofsevilleafterasiegeofnearlyyearshisrebellioussonhermenegildseeksrefugeinachurchatcrdobaandalusiacrdobabutisarrestedandbanishedtotarragonahiswifeingundwifeofhermenegildinguldfleeswithhersontodioceseofafricaafricatheexarchateofravennaisfoundedandorganisedintoagroupofduchyduchiesmainlycoastalcitiesontheitalianpeninsulathecivilandmilitaryheadofthesebyzantineempirebyzantineterritoriesistheexarchgovernorinravennatheslavspushsouthonthebalkanbalkanpeninsulapartlyinconjunctionwiththeavarscarpathiansavarsundertheirrulerkhaganbayaniravagingthecitiesathensandcorinthandthreateningthewallsofconstantinoplelongwallsofconstantinoplekingeboricisdeposedbyhismothersecondhusbandandecawhobecomesthenewrulerofthekingdomofgalicianorthernspainandthesuebisuevigundoaldillegitimatesonofchlotharitriestoexpendhisterritoryfrombrivelagaillardeburgundyandproclaimshimselfkingapproximatedatebritainceawlinofwessexfethanleagbattleoffethanleighkingceawlinofwessexisdefeatedbythebritonscelticpeoplebritonshelootingravagesthesurroundingcountrysideinrevengeapproximatedateasiaemperoremperorwenofsuiwndiofthesuidynastyorganisesthegrandcanalchinagrandcanalhebuildsshipsfortransportationandcerealgrainstoresarelocatedatstrategicpointsonlyincludebirthssaintamandamandbishopandsaintapproximatedatechlothariikingofthefranksdyangzhaoprinceofthesuidynastyddeathsaprilndashruadhnoflorrhairishabbotandsaintchilpericikingofneustriaorsoissonsdeiniolbishopofbangorwalesingundwifeofhermenegildingundwifeofvisigothsvisigothprincehermenegildsaintmaurusmaurusromanabbotandsaintbapproximatedatendashbrideiiofthepictsbrideiikingofthepictsreferencesingallaeciathcenturynotocyearromannumeralsdlxxxvwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropekingchildebertiiagetakesuphissoleruleofaustrasiaafranksfrankisharmyunderkingguntrammarchestocommingespyreneesandbesiegesthecitadelofsaintbertranddecommingessaintbertrandjulyndashgundoaldmerovingiandynastymerovingianusurperkingandhisfollowersaredefeatedduringthesiegeofsaintbertrandheisexecutedandguntramstagesatriumphalentryinorlansthevisigothsunderkingliuvigilddevastatethesuebickingdomofgaliciasuevickingdomingallaecianorthwestspainaftertheconquestliuvigildreintroducesthearianismarianchurchamongthesuebisueveswinterndashfaminestrikesgaulaccordingtogregoryoftoursmerchanttradersplunderthepeoplebysellingscarcelyapeckofcerealgrainorhalfmeasureofwineforthethirdofagoldpiecepersiathesassanidempirepersiancommanderkardariganthcenturykardariganblackhawkbeginsanunsuccessfulsiegeofkzltepemonokartonmodernturkeybritainhussaofberniciahussasucceedshisbrotherfrithuwaldofberniciafrithuwaldaskingofberniciaapproximatedatecreodaofmerciacreodabecomeskingofmerciaaccordingtotheanglosaxonchronicleasiaseptemberndashemperorbidatsuagediesofsmallpoxafterayearreignandissucceededbyhisbrotheremperorymeiymeiasthelistofemperorsofjapanstemperorofjapanemperoremperorjingofwesternliangxiaojingdisucceedshisfatheremperormingofwesternliangxiaomingdiasruleroftheliangdynastychinabytopicreligionkingwideokofbaekjewideokofbaekjethreekingdomsofkoreakoreasendsanofficialescortbearingtributealongwithamasterofbuddhismbuddhistmeditationareciterofbuddhistspellparanormalmagicspellsatemplearchitectandasculpturesculptorofbuddhistartbuddhistimagestothechinesecourtofthesuidynastyapproximatedatethearmenianbishopkardutsatgoeswithpriestsonamissionarytriptothesteppesnorthofthecaucasushesucceedsinbaptismbaptizingmanyhunsandintranslatingbooksintotheirlanguagecolumbanusirishmissionarygatherscompanionsforhisjourneytogreatbritainbritainprobablytothescotlandscottishcoastafterashorttimehecrossestheenglishchannelandlandsinbrittanyfrancezhiyichinesebhikkhumonkreturnstothecityofnanjingjinlingwherehecompleteshiscommentarialworksonthelotussutraonlyincludebirthsduruhuichancellorofthetangdynastydedwinofnorthumbriakingofdeiraandberniciadgoarofaquitainepriesthoodcatholicchurchpriestandhermitapproximatedateyangjiansuiprinceyangjianimperialprinceofthesuidynastydyuchigonggeneralofthetangdynastyddeathsseptemberndashemperorbidatsubidatsuemperorofjapanbcassiodorusromanwiktstatesmanstatesmanandwriterapproximatedatefrithuwaldofberniciafrithuwaldkingofberniciaapproximatedategundoaldmerovingiandynastymerovingianusurperkingapproximatedateaprilndashhermenegildvisigothsvisigothicprinceorjohnofephesusarmenianbishopapproximatedaterigunthdaughterofchilpericibemperormingofwesternliangxiaomingdiemperoroftheliangdynastybreferencesinhabitedbyvlachsromaniansnotocyearromannumeralsdlxxxviwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecamethepreva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byzantinebyzantinearistocracyandbureaucracycourttitleofcuropalateseuropethefranksandburgundiansunderkingguntramandhisnephewchildebertiiinvadenorthernitalybutsufferadisastrousdefeatagainstthelombardsthekingdomofthelombardslombardkingdomitalyisconvertedtoromancatholicismundertheruleofkingauthariapproximatedatebritainthelricofdeirathelricsucceedshisfatherllaofdeirallaaskingofdeirainnorthernenglandaccordingtotheanglosaxonchroniclepersiafirstpersoturkicwarapersianarmymenunderbahrmchobinsupportedbycataphractsheavycavalryambushtheinvadinggktrksturksandwinagreatvictoryatthebattleofthehyrcanianrockasiaemperoremperorwenofsuiwndiofthesuidynastypreparesacampaignagainstthechendynastyheamassestroopsalongthenorthernbankoftheyangtzeriverstretchingfromsichuantothepacificoceanbytopicreligiontheskelligmichaelmonasteryisfoundedonasteeprockyislandoffthecoastofrepublicofirelandirelandapproximatedateonlyincludebirthssainteligiuseligiusbishopandsaintapproximatedatesuintilakingofthevisigothsapproximatedateyuzhiningchancellorofthetangdynastyddeathsedmacbriccirishbishopandsaintllaofdeirallakingofdeiraapproximatedatesaintagericusofverdunagericusbishopricofverdunbishopofverdunfridianusirishprinceandsaintempressdowagerliezilieziempressofnorthernzhoubmonulphbishopoflistofbishopsandprincebishopsofligemaastrichtreferencesyearromannumeralscdlxxxiiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofseverinusandillusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireemperorzenoemperorzenopromulgatesanedictofunionhenotikoninanunsuccessfulefforttosoftenthedecisionmadeatthecouncilofchalcedonandresolvedifferencesbetweentheeasternandwesternchurcheszenowishestoplacatethemonophysitismmonophysitechurchesofegyptpalestineregionpalestineandsyriaforpoliticalreasonschinaprinceemperorwuofsouthernqiqiwudisucceedshisfatheremperorgaoofsouthernqiqigaodiandbecomesemperorofsouthernqionlyincludebirthsjustinianiemperorofthebyzantineempireddeathsailillmoltlistofhighkingsofirelandhighkingofirelandapproximatedateemperorgaoofsouthernqiqigaodichineseemperorofsouthernqibjanuaryndashseverinusofnoricummonkandsaintreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscdlxxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaginantiuswithoutcolleagueorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirebyzantinegeneralillusmagisterofficiorumandverinawidowofthelateemperorleoithethracianleoiattempttooverthrowemperorzenoemperorzenoandplaceanothergeneralnamedleontiususurperleontiusonthethroneeuropetheostrogothsaregivenstatusasfoederatitheycontrolalargepartofmacedoniaromanprovincemacedoniaandthracebalkansbytopicreligionmarchndashpopesimpliciusdiesatromeafterayearreignandissucceededbypopefelixiiifelixiiiasthethpopeheisawidowerwithtwochildrenonlyincludebirthsxiaobaojuanemperorofsouthernqidemperorxuanwuofnorthernweixuanwudiemperorofnorthernweidyuanxuncrownprinceofnorthernweidzhuyiliangdynastyzhuyihighofficialofliangdynastysouthernliangddeathscrimthannmacnnailistofkingsofleinsterkingofleinsterirelandmarchndashpopesimpliciusreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscdlxxxivwasaleapyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofvenantiusandtheodoricusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirejulyndashleontiususurperleontiusromanusurperiscrownedemperorattarsusmersintarsusmodernturkeyempressdowagerverinasendsalettertothegovernorsofthedioceseoftheeastandthedioceseofegyptlateantiquitydioceseofegyptforsupportheisrecognizedinantiochandmakesithiscapitalleontiusraisesarebellionagainstemperorzenoemperorzenowhofacesarevoltalsofromtheostrogothsostrogothkingtheodoricthegreathesendsanarmytosyriabutisdefeatedbythebyzantineempirebyzantinegeneralilluszenosignsapeacetreatywiththeodoricthegreatheappointshimtomagistermilitumandbecomesaromanconsulconsultheeasternempireissavedbydiplomaticnegotiationsandtheimperialarmyisstrengthenedbehindthewallsofconstantinopleeuropekinggundobadproclaimsthelexburgundionumacodelawlawcodeoftheburgundiansconcerningmarriageandinheritanceaswellasregulatingweregildandotherpenaltiesapproximatedatedecemberndashthevisigothsvisigothkingeuricdiesandissucceededbyhissonalariciieurichasbuiltaramparttoprotectthecityofcarcassonnesoutheastoftoulouseonabendoftheauderiverauderiverafricafebruaryndashkinghunericremovesthecatholicbishopsfromtheirofficesandbanishessometocorsicaafewaremartyredincludingformerproconsulvictorianfrumentiusandcompanionsvictorianalongwithfrumentiusandothermerchantstheyarekilledathadrumetumafterrefusingtobecomearianismariansdecemberndashhunericdiesandissucceededbyhisnephewgunthamundwhobecomeskingofthevandalsduringhisreignthecatholicismcatholicsarefreefrompersecutionsandhestabilisesthekingdomseconomyasiathehephthaliteswhitehunsinvadeiranpersiakingperozigathersanarmyofmenandplaceshisbrotherbalashattheheadofthegovernmentinctesiphonatthebattleofheratbattleofheratthepersianpeoplepersiansareambushedanddefeatedperoziiskilledhisbodyiswithdignityreturnedandburiedwithfullhonorsbalashiscoronationcrownedandbecomeskingofsassanidempirepersiathenvarsaktreatyisconcludedbetweenthepersiansandarmeniansbytopicreligionpopefelixiiiexcommunicatespatriarchacaciusofconstantinopleacaciusofconstantinopleandpopepeteriiiofalexandriapeteriiiofalexandriafortheirroleinhavingzenoissuehisedictofunionhenotikonyearsagoheconsiderstheedicttobeheresyhereticalandtheschismbetweenthedioceseofromechurchofromeandtheecumenicalpatriarchateofconstantinoplechurchofconstantinoplewidenstheacacianschismwillnotberesolveduntilonlyincludebirthsantoninawifeofbelisariusantoninabyzantinepatricianancientromepatrikiaandwifeofbelisariusapproximatedatebrendanirelandirishabbotandsaintapproximatedatedeathseurickingofthevisigothsdecemberndashhunerickingofthevandalsperozikingofthesassanidempirepersianempireemperorseineiseineiemperorofjapanverinawifeofformeremperorleoithethracianleoireferencesyearromannumeralscdlxxxvwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmemmiuswithoutcolleagueorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebritanniaaelleofsussexkingofthekingdomofsussexsouthsaxonsfightsthebritonshistoricalbritonsatthestreamofbattleofmercredesburnemercredesburnethebattleendsinadrawaccordingtotheanglosaxonchronicleperiodofkingarthurarthurstwelvebattlesduringwhichhegainsreputationforinvincibilityapproximatedateasiaemperoremperorxiaowenofnorthernweixiaowendiinstitutesanequalfieldsystemequalfieldsystemofagricultureassigningeachpeasantfamilyaboutacreschineseunitsofmeasurementmuoflandofwhichasmallportionistobekeptpermanentlybythefarmerandhisfamilywiththerestrevertingtothestateuponhisdeathorretirementtomakesurethatthepeoplesuperviseeachotherinimplementingthenewsystemhedividesthepopulationintogroupswithfivefamiliesconstitutinganeighborhoodjinfiveneighborhoodsavillagejiandfivevillagesanassociationtangheadedbyachiefchangthelandreformsystemwilldeterrencepsychologydiscouragefarmersfromsellingofftheirpropertiestolargelandtenurelandholdersandwillbecontinuedinessenceforwelloveryearsprinceemperorkenzkenzsucceedshisadoptivefatheremperorseineiseineiandbecomestherdemperorofjapanbytopicreligionpeterthefullerpatriarchofantiochiscondemnedandexcommunicatedbyasynodofwesternbishopsatromeonlyincludebirthscassiodorusromanwiktstatesmanstatesmanandwriterapproximatedatesamsonofdolbishopandsaintapproximatedatetheudericilistoffrankishkingskingofthefranksapproximatedatedeathsabrahamofclermontabbotandsaintapproximatedatefincathmacgarrchulistofkingsofleinsterkingofleinsterirelandaprilndashproclusgreekneoplatonismneoplatonistphilosopherbasclepigeniaathenianphilosopherandmysticbreferencesexpansionnotocyearromannumeralscdlxxxviwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofbasiliusandlonginusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropebattleofsoissonsbattleofsoissonsfranksfrankishforcesunderkingclovisidefeatthegalloromanculturegalloromankingdomofdomainofsoissonssoissonsgaulromanruleundersyagriusendsthelandbetweenthesommeriversommeandtheloirebecomesapartofthefranciafrankishempiresyagriusfleestothevisigothsunderkingalariciibutclovisthreatenswarandheishandedoverforexecutionclovisiestablisheshisnewresidenceatsoissonsheappointsragnacharfrankishpettykingregulusashisdeputyrulerbytopicreligionpersianearlychristianitychristianswhofollownestorianismgatherinthesecondcouncilofsilifkeseleuciamodernturkeyonlyincludebirthsdeathssyagriusromanofficialingaulapproximatedatereferencesyearromannumeralscdlxxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofboethiuswithoutcolleagueorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsbyplaceeuropekingodoacerleadsanarmytovictoryagainsttherugiirugiansinnoricummodernaustriaasiaemperoremperorkenzkenzagediesafterareignofonlythreeyearsbytopicreligionthelaterancouncilconvenedbypopefelixiiiestablishesconditionsforreadmittingtothechurchthosechristianswhohavebeenbaptismrebaptizedbythevandalsonlyincludeonlyincludebirthssacerdosoflyonfrencharchbishopdxiaobaoyinprinceofsouthernqiddeathsgaoyundukegaoyundukeofnorthernweibemperorkenzkenzemperorofjapanapproximatedatesyagriuskingoftheromanempireromansapproximatedatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralscdlxxxviiiwasaleapyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofecclesiusandsividiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireemperorzenoemperorzenoregainspowerfromtheusurperleontiususurperleontiusandtheisaurianpatricianilluswhoarecapturedandexecutedendingayearrebellionseezenoorderstheodoricthegreattooverthrowhisrivalodoacerwhohasestablishedhimselfaskingofitalyseehemarcheswithanostrogothsostrogotharmytothewesteuropeaccordingtotheanglosaxonchroniclehengistandhorsahengistdiesandissucceededbyhissonoiscofkentoiscaskingofkingdomofkentkenttheeastromanempireeastromanemperorzenoemperorzenotasksthekingoftheostrogothstheodericthegreatwithconductingacampaignagainstodoacerwhomheinitiallyhadrecognisedashisrepresentativeinitalyamongthepeopleswholiveonthesouthbankofthedanubeinnoricumripenseandwhoaredefactoruledbytherugiiwhoseempirehasitscentrenearkremsanderdonaukremsonthenorthbankareromiiwhohadbeenevacuatedearlierfromdanubesettlementsabovetheriverennstheyincludemembersoftheseverinusofnoricumseverinconventbecausesomeoftherugiiwanttofightforeastromeagainstodoacertheydestroytherugianempireandallowtheromiitobeevacuatedtoitalybyhisbrotherhunulfinordertopreventthereestablishmentoftherugianempirebyasurvivingprincethenortherndanubianlimesoftheromanempireareeffectivelyabandonedeventherelicsofseverinusofnoricumarecarriedwiththemthegepidscapturebelgradepersiakavadhiiscoronationcrownedbythenobilitynoblesandsucceedshisblindunclebalashasthethkingofsassanidempirepersiaasiaemperorninkenninkenadoptedheirofemperorseineiseineisucceedshisbrotheremperorkenzkenzandbecomesnewemperorofjapanbytopicreligionpeterthefullerissucceededbylistofpatriarchsofantiochpalladiusaspatriarchofantiochpatriarchfravittaofconstantinoplefravittabecomesecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleonlyincludebirthsemperorheofsouthernqihediemperorofsouthernqidempressyunorthernweiyuempressofnorthernweidsennmacgeirrcinnirishsaintdeathsbalashkingofthesassanidempirepersianempirehengestandhorsahengestleaderofkingdomofkentkentillusbyzantinegeneralleontiususurperleontiusbyzantineusurperpeterthefullerpatriarchofantiochreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscdxcixwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofiohanneswithoutcolleagueorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacechinaaprilndashemperoremperorxiaowenofnorthernweidiesofstarvationinhiscapitalatluoyangafterayearreigninwhichhehassinicizationsinicizedhistribalrelativestuobaclancreatedachinesestylegovernmentandinstitutedaequalfieldsystemlandreformprogramcrownprinceemperorxuanwuofnorthernweixuanwudiagesucceedshisfatherxiaowenandbecomesemperorofnorthernweiheappointshisuncleyuanxieprovincialgovernorwhoservestemporarilyasregencygovernmentregenttoformanewgovernmentbytopicreligionmarchndashduringasynodinromewhichisattendedbybishopsandalloftheromanclergypopesymmachusmakesantipopelaurentiusbishopoftheromancatholicdioceseofnocerainferioresarnodioceseofnoceraincampaniaonlyincludemathematicsindianmathematicianaryabhatawriteshismagnumopustheryabhayabirthsingundqueenofthefranksapproximatedatelythienbaoemperorofvietnamdmaximianusofravennamaximianusbishopofravennaddeathsaprilndashemperorxiaowenofnorthernweiemperorofnorthernweibempressfengrunfengrunchineseempressofnorthernweireferencesnotocyearromannumeralscdxciwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofolybriusconsulolybriuswithoutcolleagueorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireaprilndashemperorzenoemperorzenoagediesofdysenteryafterayearreignhehasnosonstosucceedhimandanastasiusiemperoranastasiuspalaceofficialsilentiariusandfavouredfriendofempressariadneempressariadneiselevatedtothethronemayndashanastasiusimarriesariadneshortlyafterhisaccessionhisreignisdisturbedbyreligionreligiousdistractionsandacivilwarstartedbylonginusconsullonginusbrotheroflateemperorzenoantiisaurianriotsbreakoutinthehippodromeofconstantinoplehippodromeatconstantinoplelonginusandseveralotherisauriansincludinggenerallonginusofcardalaareexiledtothebaiddioceseofegyptlateantiquityegyptbritanniaaelleofsussexbesiegesandconquersthefortifiedtownanderituminsoutherngreatbritainbritainhemassacresthepopulationapparentlysubromanbritainsubromanbritonshistoricalbrythonsaccordingtotheanglosaxonchronicleeuropejulyndashodoacermakesanightassaultwithhisheruliguardsmenengagingtheodoricthegreatinadpinetambothsidessufferheavylossesbutintheendtheodoricrepulsestheattackforcingodoacerbackintoravennabytopicreligionlupicinusoflyonlupicinusbecomesromancatholicarchdioceseoflyonbishopoflyonheisthefounderoftheabbeysofsaintclaudejurasaintclaudejuramountainsonlyincludebirthsjohnmalalasgreekchronologychroniclerapproximatedatedeathspetertheiberiangeorgianorthodoxchurchgeorgiantheologytheologianandsaintaprilndashzenoemperorzenolistofbyzantineemperorsbyzantineemperorreferencesyearromannumeralscdxciiwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofanastasiusandrufusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireisaurianwartheisauriansbeginarevoltagainstemperoranastasiusidicorusanastasiusiinsoutherncentralanatoliatherebelsaredefeatedbythelateromanarmyeasternromanarmyunderjohnthescythianandjohnthehunchbackinthebattleofcotyaeumsubordinatecommandersincludethefuturejustinitheyretreattotheirmountainfortressesandcontinueguerrillawarfareagainsttheromanempireromanforcesuntileuropekingtheodericthegreatconquersriminiandbringshisostrogothsostrogothfleettoblockadetheharbourssixmilesfromthecapitalofravennaimportantprovisionsfoodandsuppliesarecutoffandtheinhabitantsarestarvedtodeathbytopicreligionjanuaryndashpopefelixiiidiesafterayearreigninwhichhehasexcommunicatedpatriarchacaciusofconstantinoplethusdividingthedioceseofromewesternchurchandecumenicalpatriarchateofconstantinopleeasternchurchacacianschismheissucceededbypopegelasiusigelasiusiasthethpopeonlyincludebirthsdeathsmarchndashpopefelixiiixiaoniprinceofsouthernqibreferenceshenannotocyearromannumeralscdxcvwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofviatorwithoutcolleagueorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebritanniacerdicofwessexandhissoncynricofwessexcynriclandsomewhereonthesouthcoastprobablynearthehampshiredorsetbordertheirfollowersestablishthebeginningsofthewessexkingdomofwessexchinaemperoremperorxiaowenofnorthernweixiaowendiofnorthernweibuildstheshaolinmonasteryhenanforthemonkbatuoforalternatefoundingdateseeorbytopicreligionpopegelasiusigainssupportfromitalianbishopsinhisassertionthatthespiritualpowerofthepopepapacyissuperiortotheemperorstemporalauthoritylikehispredecessorsthepopeopposesthebyzantineempirebyzantineemperoranastasiusiemperoranastasiusiseffortstoestablishmiaphysitismmiaphysitedoctrineonlyincludebirthsamalasunthaqueenoftheostrogothsapproximatedatechlodomerkingofthefranksdfinnianofmovilleirishbishopdguntheucprincesofkingdomofburgundyburgundydchusichungeneralofnorthernweidtheudebertikingofaustrasiaapproximatedatedeathsfrechmacfinchadalistofkingsofleinsterkingofleinsterreferencessacrificingtozeusambrosianiliadnotocyearromannumeralscdxcviiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofanastasiuswithoutcolleagueorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireemperoranastasiusiemperoranastasiusigivesformalrecognitiontotheostrogothsostrogothkingtheodoricthegreatashisrepresentativeviceroyinitalyhesendstheimperialstandardtoravennatheodoricrespectstheagreementandallowsromanempireromancitizenswithintheostrogothickingdomtobesubjecttoromanlawisaurianwaranastasiusiregainscontroloftheisauriaregionasiaminorandhastherebelleadersexecutedhepacifiesthemountainfortificationstrongholdsoftheisauriansendingtherevoltthattheybeganuponhisascensiontothethroneyearsagochinatheshaolinmonasteryshaolintemplehenanisfoundedaccordingtothejiaqingchongxiuyitongzhiforalternatefoundingdateseeorbytopicartsandsciencesaryabhataindianastronomerandmathematiciancalculatespiascorrecttofourroundedoffdecimalplacesliteraturetheambrosianiliadanilluminatedmanuscriptonvellumoftheiliadofhomerisproducedinconstantinopleapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsabdulmutallibgrandfatherofprophetsinislamislamicprophetmuhammadmohammeddcadocabbotandsaintapproximatedatechlotharilistoffrankishkingskingofthefranksddeathshashimibnabdmanafgreatgrandfatherofmohammedlonginusofcardalaisaurianofficialandrebelleaderyuanxuncrownprinceofnorthernweibreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscdxcviiiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofpaulinusandscythaorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireemperoranastasiusiemperoranastasiusiabolishesthetaxthroughoutthebyzantineempireknownasthecollatiolustralischrysargyronhereformsthemonetarysystemusinggreeknumeralsinsteadofromannumeralsromanpersiakavadhireturnsfromexilewithsupportoftroopsfromthehephthaliteswhitehunsandagainbecomeskingofsassanidempirepersiahepunisheshisopponentsandprobablyhisbrotherdjamaspwhousurpedthethroneasiaprinceemperorburetsuburetsuagesucceedshisfatheremperorninkenninkenandbecomesthethemperorofjapanbytopicreligionnovemberndashpopeanastasiusiidiesafterayearreigninwhichhehastriedtoconciliatefollowersofpatriarchacaciusofconstantinopleacaciuslateecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplewhowasexcommunicationexcommunicatedbypopefelixiiifelixiiinovemberndashanastasiusissucceededbypopesymmachussymmachusasthestpopeintheofficialpapalselectionbeforepapalselectioninthelateranpalaceromemeanwhileantipopelaurentiusiselectedpopeinthebasilicadisantamariamaggiorecausingaschismreligionschismflavianiiofantiochflavianiisucceedspalladiusofantiochpalladiusaspatriarchofantiochonlyincludebirthsemperorjieminofnorthernweijiemindiemperorofnorthernweidkevinofglendaloughirishabbotandsaintddeathsnovemberndashpopeanastasiusiiemperorninkenninkenemperorofjapanemperormingofsouthernqiqimingdiemperorofsouthernqibreferencesshowingplacesvisitbykingaelleofsussexaellenotocyearromannumeralscdlxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearaftertheconsulshipofbasiliscusandarmatusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropejanuaryndashkinggensericdiesanaturaldeathatcarthageandissucceededbyhiseldestsonhunerichemaintainscontrolwithhisvandalsvandalfleetovertheislandsinthewesternmediterraneanseaandrescindshisfatherspolicyofpersecutingtheromancatholicismcatholicsinafricaromanprovinceafricaaccordingtotheanglosaxonchronicleaelleofsussexaellefirstkingofthekingdomofsussexsouthsaxonslandsonthesussexcoastenglandwithhisthreesonsnearcymenshorethebritonshistoricalbritonsengagehimuponlandingbuthissuperiorforcesiegebesiegesthematpevenseyanddrivesthemintothewealdoverthenextnineyearssaxonshoresaxoncoastalholdingsaregraduallyexpandedbyzantineempirearmatusbyzantinemilitarycommandermagistermilitumiskilledbyorderofemperorzenoemperorzenoheismurderedbyhisownfriendonoulphusaftersupportingtherebellionofhisunclebasiliscusseechinaemperorshunofliusongshundiagebecomesemperoroftheliusongdynastyafterhisbrotheremperorhoufeiofliusonghoufeidiisassassinationassassinatedbygeneralemperorgaoofsouthernqixiaodaochengheinstallshimaspuppetrulerandsetshimselfupasregentxiaoreceivesnearimperialpowersandestablisheschinesebuddhismbuddhismasthestatereligionshaolinmonasteryisfoundedaccordingtothecontinuedbiographiesofeminentmonksbydaoxuanthemonasteryisbuiltonthenorthsideofshaoshimountainthewesternpeakofmountsongoneofthefoursacredmountainsofchinabyemperoremperorxiaowenofnorthernweichinaxiaowendiofthenorthernweidynastyinyangxuanzhiintherecordofthebuddhistmonasteriesofluoyangandlixianinthemingyitongzhiconcurwithdaoxuanslocationandattributionforalternatefoundingdateseeorxiaowendisetsupthethreeleaderssystemunderwhichnativehamletplacehamletvillageanddistrictofficersareresponsiblefortaxationandconscriptionthisyearistheearliestdatefortheoldestknownpainteddepictionofahorsecollaronacavemuralofdunhuangduringthenorthernweidynastyonlyincludebirthsdeathsarmatusbyzantinegeneralmagistermilitumbasinaofthuringiabasinaqueenofthuringiagermanyjanuaryndashgenserickingofthevandalsandalansemperorhoufeiofliusonghoufeidiemperoroftheliusongdynastybliubinghighofficialoftheliusongdynastybmunjuofbaekjemunjukingofbaekjethreekingdomsofkoreakoreapopetimothyiiofalexandriatimothyiilistofcopticorthodoxpopesofalexandriacopticorthodoxpatriarchofalexandriayuancanhighofficialoftheliusongdynastybreferencesthegreatsiegeofgibraltareventsonlyincludejanuaryndashmarchjanuaryndashenglishtroopssurrendertothemarathasinwadgaonindiaandareforcedtoreturnallterritoriesacquiredsincejanuaryndashchingthangkhombaiscrownedlistofmeiteikingskingofmanipurjanuaryndashamericanrevolutionarywarclaudiussmithishangedatgoshenvillagenewyorkgoshenorangecountynewyorkforsupposedactsofterrorismuponthepeopleofthesurroundingcommunitiesjanuaryndashafterasecondpetitionforpartitionfromitsresidentsthenorthcarolinageneralassemblyabolishesbutecountynorthcarolinabutecountynorthcarolinaestablishedbydividingitandnamingthenorthernportionwarrencountynorthcarolinawarrencountyforrevolutionarywarherojosephwarrenandthesouthernportionfranklincountynorthcarolinafranklincountyforbenjaminfranklinthegeneralassemblyalsoestablisheswarrentonnorthcarolinawarrentonalsonamedforjosephwarrentobetheseatofwarrencountyandlouisburgnorthcarolinalouisburgnamedforlouisxvioffrancetobetheseatoffranklincountyfebruaryndashlieutenantcolonelfranciscoboulignyarriveswithmlagamalagueocolonistsatbayoutechetoestablishthecityofnewiberialouisianafebruaryndashcaptainjamescookiskilledonthehawaiianislandssandwichislandsonhisthirdandlastvoyagemarchndashthetreatyofaynalkavakissignedbetweenottomanempireottomanturkeyandtherussianempireregardingthecrimeankhanateaprilndashjuneaprilspainandfrancesecretlysignthetreatyofaranjuezconventionofaranjuezwithspainjoininganallianceagainstgreatbritaininreturnforfrancespledgetorecoverallspanishterritorylosttothebritishmayndashwarofthebavariansuccessionrussianandfrenchmediatorsatthecongressofteschennegotiateanendtothewarintheagreementaustriareceivesapartofthebavarianterritorytheinnviertelandrelinquishestherestiscourtmartialedformalfeasancejunendashamericanrevolutionarywarbenedictarnoldiscourtmartialedformalfeasanceinhistreatmentofgovernmentpropertyjunendashamericanrevolutionarywarinsupportoftheusspaindeclareswaronbritainjunendashkingcharlesiiiofspainissuesadeclarationofwaragainstgreatbritainjulyndashseptemberjulyndashamericanrevolutionarywarunitedstatesforcesledbygeneralanthonywaynecapturestonypointnewyorkfrombritishtroopsjulyndashteklegiyorgisibeginsthefirstofhisfivereignsasemperorofethiopiajulyndashbattleofminisinkthegoshenmilitiaisdestroyedbyjosephbrantsforcesjulyndashamericanrevolutionarywaramericanforcesledbycommodoredudleysaltonstalllaunchthepenobscotexpeditioninwhatisnowcastinemainecastinemaineresultingintheworstnavaldefeatinushistoryuntilpearlharborjulyndashthegreatsiegeofgibraltarfourteenthandlastmilitarysiegebeginsthisisanactionbyfrenchandspanishforcestowrestcontrolofgibraltarfromtheestablishedbritishgarrisonthegarrisonledbygeorgeaugustuseliottlaterstbaronheathfieldofgibraltarsurvivesallattacksandablockadeofsuppliesseptemberbattleofbatonrougebattleofbatonrougespanishtroopsunderbernardodeglvezcapturethecityfromthebritishthegreatsiegeofgibraltarstartsthelongestsiegeenduredbythebritisharmedforcesseptemberseptemberndashamericanrevolutionarywarlittlebeardstownaloyaliststrongholdisburntbythesullivanexpeditionseptemberndashamericanrevolutionndashbattleofflamboroughheadtheamericanshipussbonhommerichardbonhommerichardcommandedbyjohnpauljonesengagesthebritishshiphmsserapishmsserapisthebonhommerichardsinksbuttheamericansboardtheserapisandothervesselsandarevictoriousseptemberndashsamuelhuntingtonconnecticutpoliticiansamuelhuntingtoniselectedastheseventhpresidentofthecontinentalcongressrefnameharperharpersencyclopaediaofunitedstateshistoryfromadtoedbybensonjohnlossingandwoodrowwilsonharperbrothersprefoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashthefortwilsonriotagainstjameswilsonandothersinphiladelphiatakesplacenovemberndashthenorthcarolinageneralassemblycarvesanewcountyfromdobbscountynorthcarolinadobbscountynorthcarolinaandnamesitwaynecountynorthcarolinawaynecountyinhonorofunitedstatesgeneralanthonywaynedecemberndashalexandrevicomtedebeauharnaismarriesjosphinedebeauharnaisjosphinetascherdecemberndashamericanrevolutionarywarndashcaptureofsavannahbritishforcesunderarchibaldcampbellbritisharmyofficerbornarchibaldcampbelltakethecityofsavannahgeorgiadecemberndashfortnashboroughlatertobecomenashvilletennesseeisfoundedbyjamesrobertsonexplorerjamesrobertsondecemberndashaffairoffieldingandbylandtfollowingabriefnavalengagementbetweenthebritishanddutchofftheisleofwightthedutchmerchantmenandnavalvesselsarecapturedandtakentoportsmouthenglanddateunknownindustrialrevolutioninenglandtheironbridgeiserectedacrosstheriverseverninshropshiretheworldsfirstbridgebuiltentirelyofcastironitwillopentotrafficonjanuaryrefnamecassellschronologyrefthespinningmuleisperfectedbylancashireinventorsamuelcromptonboultonandwattssmethwickenginenowtheoldestworkingengineintheworldisbroughtintoservicemaythecityoftamperefinlandisfoundedajointspanishportuguesesurveyoftheamazonbasinbeginstodeterminetheboundarybetweenthecolonialpossessionsinsouthamericaitcontinuesuntilonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashstephendecaturamericannavalofficerdjanuaryndashpetermarkrogetbritishlexicographerdmarchndashantoinehenrijominifrenchgeneraldmarchndashwilliamlambndviscountmelbourneprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomdmayndashthomasmooreirishpoetdjulyndashgiorgiopullicinomaltesepainterandarchitectdfrancisscottkeyaugustndashfrancisscottkeyamericanlawyerlyricistdaugustndashbenjaminsillimanamericanchemisteducatorandabolitionistdaugustndashjnsjacobberzeliusswedishchemistdaugustndashjeanaugustedominiqueingresfrenchpainterdseptemberndashmustafaivlistofsultansoftheottomanempiresultanoftheottomanempiredseptemberndashjosephstoryassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesdnovemberndashadamgottloboehlenschlgerdanishpoetddecemberndashmadeleinesophiebaratfrenchcatholicsaintfounderofthesocietyofthesacredheartddateunknowngiacomobeltramiitalianexplorerddeathsjanuaryndashclaudebourgelatfrenchveterinarysurgeonbjanuaryndash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riodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireafterthedeathofhiscousingermanuscousinofjustinianigermanusjustinianiappointsnarsesnewsupremecommanderandreturnstoitalyinsalonaontheadriaticseaadriaticcoastheassemblesabyzantineempirebyzantineexpeditionaryforcetotalingorpossiblymenandacontingentofforeignalliesnotablylombardsheruliherulsandbulgarsrefnamenorwichjnorwichbyzantiumtheearlycenturiesprefgothicwargothicwarnarsesarrivesinvenicevenetiaanddiscoversthatapowerfulostrogothsgothicfranksfrankarmymenunderjointcommandofthekingstotilaandtheudebaldhasblockedtheprincipalroutetothepovalleynotwishingtoengagesuchaformidableforceandconfidentthatthefrankswouldavoidadirectconfrontationnarsesskirtsthelagoonsalongtheadriaticshorebyusingvesselstoleapfroggingstrategyleapfroghisarmyfrompointtopointalongthecoastinthiswayhearrivesatthecapitalravennawithoutencounteringanyoppositionheattacksandcrushesasmallgothsgothicforceatariminummodernriminiautumnndashbattleofsenagallicabattleofsenagallicathebyzantinenavybyzantinefleetwarshipsdestroysthegothicnavalforceunderindulfthcenturyindulfnearsenagallicasenigalliasomemileskmnorthofanconaitmarkstheendofthegothicsupremacyinthemediterraneanseajulyndashbeirutisdestroyedbyanbeirutearthquakeearthquakeandtsunamiitsepicenterhasanestimatedmagnitudeofaboutorandaccordingtoreportsofantoninusofpiacenzapilgrimantoninusofpiacenzachristianpilgrimsomepeoplearekilledrefnamesbeinatirefeuropeathanagildrevoltsagainstthevisigothsvisigothickingagilatheirarmiesmeetatsevilleandalusiaandagilaisdefeatedkutrigursappearineuropeledbychinialusandotherstoassistthegepidspersiaspringndashlazicwarthebyzantinearmyandtheirsabirpeoplesabiralliessomemenunderbessasgeneralbessasrecapturethestrategicbyzantinefortressofpetralazicapetralocatedonthecoastoftheblackseaheordersthedefensivewallcitywallsrazedtothegroundasiaautumnndashxiaodonggreatnephewoftherebelliousgeneralhoujingsucceedsemperorjianwenofliangjianwendiasemperoroftheliangdynastyxiaodonghasnorealpowerandhoujingcontrolstheimperialgovernmentatthecapitaljiankangbuminqaghanchieftainofthegktrksfoundstheqaghansoftheturkickhaganatesturkickhaganateheunitesthelocalturkicpeopleturkictribesandthrowsofftheyokeoftherourankhaganaterourandominationbytopicartsandsciencesjordanesromanbureaucratpublishesgeticatheoriginanddeedsofthegothsapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsempressashinaashinaempressofnorthernzhoudbabaithegreatchurchfatherschurchfatherandtheologytheologianapproximatedategermanuscaesargermanusbyzantinepretenderapproximatedatesoganoumakoumakosogaleaderofthesogaclanddeathsemperorjianwenofliangjianwendiemperoroftheliangdynastybemperorwenofwesternweiwendiemperorofwesternweibxiaodaqicrownprinceofnorthernqibreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdliiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirebattleofmonslactariusinasecretwellconductedmarchkingteiajointsforceswithhisbrotheraligernincampaniatheymarchtorelievethesiegeofcumaemeanwhileatmonslactariusmodernmontilattarinarseslaysanambushthecombinedostrogothsgothicforceiscrushedinahopelesslaststandfortwodayssouthofnaplesandteiaiskilledinthefightingsaligernescapesbutsurrendersafewmonthslatertheostrogothickingdomendsafteryearsofruleinitalythegothsareallowedtoreturntotheirhomesinpeaceandresettleinmoderndayaustriasomepeopleretreattocampsassoutherngaulandresistwithminimalhelpfromthefranksagainstthebyzantinegreeksbyzantinesuntileuropegothicwargothicwarfrankishinvasiontwofranksfrankishalemannidukesbrotherslothairandbuccelincrossthealpsfromgermanywithaforceofmenmostlyfrankishinfantryinthepovalleytheywinaneasyvictoryoveramuchsmallerbyzantineforceatparmaandarejoinedbyremnantsofthegothicarmiesbringingthetotalstrengthoftheinvaderstoaboutmennarsesgatheringhisforcesasquicklyaspossiblemarchesnorthtoharassthefranksbutisnotstrongenoughtoengagetheminbattleinsamniumsouthernitalythebrothersdividetheirforceslothairegoesdowntheeastcoastthenreturnstothenorthtowinterinthepovalleybuccelinfollowsthewestcoasttotheverytoeofthebootintocalabriawherehespendsthewinterhisarmybeingseriouslywastedbyattritionwarfareattritionanddiseaseasiakingseongofbaekjeattacksthekingdomsofgoguryeoandsillahoweverunderasecretagreementsillatroopsattacktheexhaustedbaekjearmyandtakepossessionoftheentirehanriverkoreahanrivervalleyinthegktrksturkickhaganateistemiisappointedgovernoryabguinthewestoftheempiremodernturkestanandmuqanqaghansucceedshisbrotherissikqaghanasemperorkhaganofthegktrksbytopicreligionmayndashthesecondcouncilofconstantinoplefifthecumenicalcouncilisheldinconstantinopleemperorjustinianicondemnsinanedictthethreechaptercontroversythreechapterscausingfurtherschismsandheresyheresiesofmonoenergismandmonothelitismonlyincludebirthsdecemberndashchenshubaohouzhuemperorofthechendynastyddeathsaugustndashxiaojiprinceoftheli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liuvigildandwithdrawstoconstantinopleatthebyzantinecourthecomposesworksagainstarianismapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsfangxuanlingchancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastydumarumarimuslimcaliphddeathskhosrauikingofthesassanidempirepersianempirejulyndashpopebenedictitheodricofberniciatheodrickingofberniciascotlandreferencesandbahrmchobinnotocyearromannumeralsdxcwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirebyzantinesassanidwarofbyzantinesassanidwaremperormauriceemperormauricedefeatsthepersianforcesunderbahrmchobinatnusaybinnisibismodernturkeyanddrivesthembackintoarmeniacomentioluscommandermagistermilitumoftheeasternarmyreceivesthelegitimatepersiankingkhosrauiiasarefugeeinhisheadquartersatmanbijhierapolismauriceestablishestheexarchateofafricaexarchateofcarthageinafricahecombinesthecivilauthorityofapraetorianprefectandthemilitaryauthoritybasedatcarthagemarchndashtheodosiussonofmauricetheodosiuseldestsonofmauriceisproclaimedascoemperorhebecomeshisfathersheirtothebyzantineempirebyzantinethronestepheniofiberiastephenisucceedshisfatherguaramiofiberiaguaramiaskingofcaucasianiberiaiberiageorgiacountrygeorgiaapproximatedateeuropethefranksandburgundiansunderkingguntraminvadeitalytheycapturethecitiesmilanandveronabutareforcedtoleavebyabubonicplagueplagueoutbreakinthepovalleythefranksagaininvadeitalytheycapturemodenaandmantuaseverallombardslombarddukesdefectgisulfioffriuligisulfidukesandmargravesoffriulidukeoffriuliisdefeatedandreplacedbyhissongisulfiioffriuligisulfiiseptemberndashkingautharidiespossiblybypoisonafterayearreignandissucceededbyagilulfdukeduxofturinwhomarrieshiswidowtheodelindafrankishrebellionleadbybasinadaughterofchilpericibritainthelberhtofkentthelberhtsucceedshisfathereormenricofkenteormenricaskingbretwaldaofkingdomofkentkentaccordingtotheanglosaxonchroniclelindisfarnesiegeoflindisfarneabritonscelticpeoplebrythoniccoalitionlayssiegetokinghussaofberniciaatlindisfarnecastleholyislandowainmaburiensucceedshisfatherurienasbrythonickingofrhegedinnorthernenglandapproximatedatepersiaspringndashkinghormizdivdismissesbahrmchobinascommanderspahbederanspahbedherevoltsandmarcheswiththesupportofthepersianarmytowardsctesiphonfebruaryndashhormizdivisdeposedandassassinatedbypersiannobilitynobleshavingruledsinceheissucceededbyhissonkhosrauiiaskingofthesassanidempirepersianempireseptemberndashbahrmchobindefeatstheinferiorforcesofkhosrauiinearctesiphonheseizesthethroneandproclaimshimselfaskinglistofkingsofpersiabahrmivofpersiaasiakadungonbecomeskingofthepandyandynastypandyankingdominsouthindiaapproximatedatebytopicreligionfebruaryndashpopepelagiusiifallsvictimtotheplaguethatdevastatedromeafteranyearreignheissucceededbypopegregoryigregoryiageasthethpopeandthefirstfromamonasticbackgroundegidiusbishopofreimsegidiusbishopofreimsistriedatmetzbeforeacouncilofbishopsforaconspiracypoliticalconspiracyagainstkingchildebertiiheisfoundguiltyandexiledtostrasbourggregoryibeginsavigorousprogramofrebuildingaqueductwatercourseaqueductsandrestoringromehefeedsthecitizenswithdolesofcerealgrainasunderromanempireromanimperialrulecolumbanusirishmissionaryobtainsfromkingguntramthegalloromanculturegalloromancastleluxoviumluxeuillesbainswherehefoundstheluxeuilabbeyabbeyofluxeuilrefnamejonasjonasprefjohnofbiclarovisigothchroniclerfinisheshischroniclebeforeheisappointedbishopofgironacataloniacataloniaspainonlyincludebirthspopebenjaminiofalexandriabenjaminpopeofthecopticorthodoxchurchofalexandriacopticorthodoxpatriarchofalexandriaapproximatedateboranqueenofpersiadbraulioofzaragozabraulioromancatholicarchdioceseofzaragozabishopofzaragozadceddaprinceofwessexapproximatedatedervanprinceofthesorbsapproximatedateeanfrithofberniciaeanfrithkingofberniciadharshaindianemperordjajangkoreanmonkdsaintjudicaljudicalhighkingofdomnoneapproximatekavadhiikingofthesasanianempiredsecundusofnonlombardabbotsichildefrankishqueendtheodorershtuniarmeniangeneraldeathsfebruaryndashpopepelagiusiibseptemberndashautharikingofthelombardssaintblaneblanescottishbishopandsainteormenricofkenteormenrickingofkingdomofkentkentenglandgisulfioffriuligisulfidukesandmargravesoffriulidukeoffriuliitalyguaramiofiberiaguaramikingofcaucasianiberiaiberiageorgiacountrygeorgiahormizdivkingofthesassanidempirepersianempireermelindebrabantsaintbreferenceseventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashconstantinehangerlientersbucharestaslistofrulersofwallachiaprinceofwallachiajanuaryndashacoupdtatisstagedinthenetherlandsbatavianrepublicunitariandemocratpietervreedeendsthepoweroftheparliamentwithaconservativemoderatemajorityfebruaryndashthepapacyisremovedfrompowerbyfrenchgenerallouisalexandreberthierfebruaryusrepresentativerogergriswoldfedctbeatscongressmanmatthewlyonrepvtwithacaneafterthehousedeclinestocensurelyonearlierspittingingriswoldsfacethehousedeclinestodisciplineeithermanrefnameha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oreplaceindividualstatecoinsoctoberndashthethcenturyahbeginsontheislamiccalendaronthestofmuharramahoctoberndashgeneraldavidcobbofthemassachusettsmilitiadefeatsabodyofrebelinsurgentsattauntonmassachusettsinoneofthebattlesofshaysrebellionnovemberndashtheoldestmusicalorganizationintheunitedstatesthestoughtonmusicalsocietyisfoundednovemberndashleopoldiiholyromanemperorpeterleopoldjosephofhabsburglorrainegranddukeoftuscanypromulgatesapenalreformmakinghiscountrythefirststatetoabolishthedeathpenaltynovemberisthereforecommemoratedbycitiesaroundtheworldascitiesforlifedaydecemberndashmissionsantabarbaraisfoundedbypadrefermnlasunasthetenthofthespanishmissionsincaliforniadecemberndashrobertburnsaddresstoahaggisisfirstpublishedinedinburghmissionsantabarbaraisfoundeddateunknownthetownofmartinsboroughnorthcarolinanamedforroyalgovernorjosiahmartininisrenamedgreenesvilleinhonorofunitedstatesgeneralnathanaelgreenebythenorthcarolinageneralassemblythenamegreenesvilleislatershortenedtobecomegreenvillenorthcarolinagreenvillethelastreliablyrecordedwolfinirelandishunteddownandkillednearmountleinstercountycarlowforkillingsheeponlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashjohncatronassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesdjanuaryndashnicholasbiddlebankernicholasbiddlepresidentofthesecondbankoftheunitedstatesdjanuaryndashsirrobertinglisndbaronetsirrobertinglisbtenglishpoliticiandjanuaryndashaugustedemontferrandfrencharchitectdfebruaryndashgrandduchessmariapavlovnaofrussiamariapavlovnaofrussiagrandduchessofsaxeweimareisenachdfebruaryndashmartinwbatesussenatorfromdelawaredfebruaryndashfranoisaragofrenchastronomerphysicistandpoliticiandfebruaryndashwilhelmgrimmgermanphilologistfolkloristdmarchndashagustinadearagnspanishheroinedmarchndashjoachimlelewelpolishhistoriandmarchndashgiovannibattistaamiciitalianastronomermicroscopistandbotanistdaprilndashwilliamrkinglistofvicepresidentsoftheunitedstatesthvicepresidentoftheunitedstatesdaprilndashjohnfranklinbritishnavalofficerandexplorerdaprilndashelizabethandrewwarrencornishbotanistmarinephycologyalgolologistdmayndashjeanfranoisbarrirefrenchhistoriandmayndashalexanderbryanjohnsonamericanphilosopherdjunendashwinfieldscottamericangeneralpresidentialcandidatedaugustdavycrockettamericanfrontiersmandprincessvictoriaofsaxecoburgsaalfeldmotherofqueenvictoriadaugustndashkingludwigiofbavariadaugustndashmicheleugnechevreulfrenchchemistdseptembernicolsbravotimepresidentofmexicodwilliammasonuspoliticianwilliammasonamericanpoliticiandseptemberndashfriedrichkuhlaugermancomposerdseptemberkingchristianviiiofdenmarkdjustinuskernergermanphysiciandseptemberndashcharlesbianconiitalianirishentrepreneurdseptemberndashguadalupevictoriastpresidentofmexicodnovemberhenrybishopcomposerhenrybishopenglishcomposerdcarlmariavonwebergermancomposerddecemberndashwilliamlmarcyamericanstatesmanddateunknowncarolinecornwallisenglishwriterdkimjeonghuikoreanepigrapherdprobablendashmoshoeshoeioflesothoddeathsjanuaryndashmosesmendelssohnjewishphilosopherbjanuaryndashjeantienneguettardfrenchphysicianscientistbjanuaryndashjosephjacksonlisterenglishopticistphysiciandjanuaryndashmeshechwearegovernorofnewhampshirebjanuaryndashhansjoachimvonzietenprussianfieldmarshalbfebruaryndashjohngwynnarchitectjohngwynnenglisharchitectandengineerbmarchndashcharleshumphreysamericandelegatetothecontinentalcongressbaprilndashjohnbyronbritishnavalofficerbaprilndashjohngoodrickeenglishastronomerbmayndashpetronellajohannadetimmermandutchpoetscientistbmayndashevaekebladswedishscientistandagronomistfirstfemalememberoftheroyalswedishacademyofsciencesbmayndashjohnstanleycomposerjohnstanleyenglishcomposerbmayndashcarlwilhelmscheeleswedishchemistbmayndashpedroiiiofportugalconsortofqueenmariaiofportugalbjunendashnathanaelgreenemajorgeneralinthecontinentalarmyrdquartermastergeneralbaugustndashkingfrederickiiofprussiafrederickthegreatbseptemberndashjonashanwayenglishmerchanttravelerandphilanthropistboctoberndashaugustuskeppelstviscountkeppelbritishadmiralboctoberndashjohannludwigaberliswissartistboctoberndashhumphreysturtbritisharchitectbnovemberndashbernardodeglvezspanishmilitaryleaderwhoaidedtheunitedstatesinitsquestforindependenceintheamericanrevolutionarywarbdecemberndashgasparogozziitaliancriticdramatistbreferencesfurtherreadingeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashmarchjanuaryndashthefirstissueofthedailyuniversalregisterlaterknownasthetimesispublishedinlondonjanuaryndashfrenchmanjeanpierreblanchardandamericanjohnjeffriestravelfromdoverenglandtocalaisfranceinahydrogengasballoonaeronauticsballoonbecomingthefirsttocrosstheenglishchannelbyairjanuaryndashrichardhenryleeiselectedaspresidentoftheuscongressoftheconfederationrefnameharperharpersencyclopaediaofunitedstateshistoryfromadtoedbybensonjohnlossingandwoodrowwilsonharperbrothersprefjanuaryndashbattleofrchgmxoimtinvadingthaipeoplesiameseforcesattemptingtoexploitthepoliticalchaosinvietnamareambushedandannihilatedatthemekongriverbythetysndynastytysnjanuaryndashtheuniversityofgeorgiaisfoundedinathensgeorgiaunitedstatesfebruaryndashsirwarrenhastingswhohasbeengoverningindiaonbehalfofkinggeorgeiiiasthegovernorgeneralofthebengalpresidencypresidencyoffortwilliamlaterbritishindiasirjohnmacphersonstbaronetsirjohnmacphersonadministersbritishindiauntilcharlescornwallisstmarquesscornwallisgeneralcharlescornwallisarrivesmonthslaterfebruaryndashtheconfederationcongressvotesanexpensetoestablishdiplomaticrelationswithmoroccomarchndashscottishgeologistjameshuttonfirstpresentshislandmarkworktheoryoftheearthoraninvestigationofthelawsobservableinthecompositiondissolutionandrestorationoflandupontheglobetotheroyalsocietyofedinburghgeneralhenryknoxisappointedastheconfederationcongressssecretaryofwarwithaddeddutiesasthesecretaryofnavybothfunctionsnowoftheusdepartmentofdefensemarchndashamericanengineerjamesrumseysendsalettertogeorgewashingtoninformingofhisplanstocreateasuccessfulsteamboatthomasjeffersonisappointedthenewusministertofranceandbenjaminfranklinsrequestforpermissiontoreturnhomeisacceptedaprilndashjuneaprilndashthecommonwealthofmassachusettsstatecessionscedesallofitsclaimstoterritorywestofnewyorkstatetotheunitedstatesconfederationcongresstheareawillbecomethesouthernportionsofmichiganandwisconsinaprilndashtheempresscatherinethegreatoftherussianempireissuethechartertothetownsprovidingforacoherentunifiedsystemofadministrationfornewgovernmentsorganizedinrussiaaprilndashjohnadamsisappointedastheusambassadortotheunitedkingdomandthomasjeffersonasambassadortofranceaprilndashastronomerwilliamherschelbeginshissecondseriesofsurveysofthestarspublishedinmayndashahotairballooncrashesintullamoreirelandcausingafirethatburnsdownabouthousesmakingittheworldsfirstaviationaccidentsandincidentsaviationdisasterbydaysmayndashthenorthwestordinanceofsettingtherulesfordividingtheusnorthwestterritorylaterohioindianaillinoiswisconsinandmichiganintotownshipsofsquaremilesapieceispassedbytheconfederationcongresswaltergrobillardandlanejboumanclarkonsurveyingandboundarieslexisnexisthesurveysystemwilllaterbeappliedtothecontinentwestofthemississippiriverjunendashthecontinentalnavyisdisbandedjunendashafterseveralattemptsjeanfranoispiltrederozierandhiscompanionpierreromainsetoffinaballoonfromboulognesurmerbuttheballoonsuddenlydeflateswithouttheenvelopecatchingfireandcrashesnearwimereuxinthepasdecalaiskillingbothmenmakingitthefirstfatalaviationdisasterjulyndashseptemberjulyndashdondiegodegardoquiarrivesinnewyorkcityasspainsfirstministertotheunitedstatesjulyndashthedollarandadecimalcurrencysystemisunanimouslychosenasthemoneyunitfortheunitedstatesbythecongressoftheconfederationjulyndashthepiperheidsieckchampagnehouseisfoundedbyflorenslouisheidsieckinreimsfranceaugustndashthefleetoffrenchexplorerjeanfranoisdegalaupcomtedelaprouseleavesparisforthecircumnavigationoftheglobeaugustndashcardinalderohanisarrestedinparistheaffairofthediamondnecklacenecklaceaffaircomesintotheopenseptemberndashtheunitedstatesandthekingdomofprussiasignatreatyofamityandcommerceseptemberndashthebankofnorthamericacentralbankfortheconfederationcongressgovernmentlosesitscharterbenjaminfranklinreturnstophiladelphiaaftersevenyearsastheusambassadortofranceandpreparestotakeofficeasthenewgovernorofpennsylvaniarefnamezallpaulzallbenjaminfranklinshumoruniversitypressofkentuckyprefoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashvincenzolunardiofitalybecomesthefirstpersonpilotaballoonoverscotlandrefonairballoonsmechanicsmagazinejuneprefoctoberndashthefirstnewspaperinbritishindiatheenglishlanguagemadrascourierispublisheditcontinuespublicationasaweeklyuntiloctoberndashfrancemintsnewlouisdorcoinswiththeimageoflouisxvioffrancekinglouisxviontheobverseandonesixthlessgoldthanthecoinswithkinglouisxvsimageoctoberndashthecommonwealthofvirginiastopstheimportationofnewafricanslavesbydeclaringthatnopersonsshallhenceforthbeslaveswithinthiscommonwealthexceptsuchasweresoontheseventeenthdayofoctoberandthedescendantsofthefemalesofthemoctoberndashbenjaminfranklintakesofficeasthenewgovernorofpennsylvaniapresidentofthesupremecouncilofpennsylvaniaatthetimetheequivalentofarepublicasoneoftheindependentgovernmentsoftheunitedstatesofamericaunderthearticlesofconfederationnovemberndashjohnhancockofmassachusettstheformerpresidentofthecontinentalcongressisselectedasthenewpresidentofthecongressoftheconfederationbutisunabletotakeofficebecauseofillnessnovemberndashthetreatyofhopewellissignedbetweentheunitedstatesofamericaandthecherokeenationdecemberndashanedictisissuedlimitingfreemasonrymasoniclodgesthroughouttheholyromanempirebyjosephiiholyromanemperoremperorjosephiiwiththeexceptionofviennabudapestandpraguenoempireprovincemayhavemorethanonelodgedateunverifiedtheuniversityofnewbrunswickisfoundedinfrederictonnewbrunswickfrederictonnewbrunswickcoalgasisfirstusedforlightingilluminationlouisxvioffrancesignstoalawthatahandkerchiefmustbesquarethebritishgovernmentestablishesapermanentlandforceintheeasterncaribbeanbasedinbarbadosbelfastacademylaterbelfastroyalacademyisfoundedbyrevdrjamescrombieinbelfastnorthernirelandfriedrichheinrichjacobipublisheslettersontheteachingsofspinozaandstartsthepantheismcontroversynapoleonbonapartebecomesalieutenantinthefrenchartillerymozartshaydnstringquartetsarepublishedasishiscollaborationwithsalieriandcornettiperlaricuperatasalutediofeliaonlyincludebirthsjanuaryjacobgrimmgermanphilologistfolkloristandwriterdfriedrichwilhelmdukeofschleswigholsteinsonderburgglcksburgdjanuaryndashwilliamproutenglishchemistphysicianandnaturaltheologiandjanuaryndashtheodorgrotthussgermanlithuanianchemistdfebruaryndashmartnmigueldegemesargentinemilitaryleaderdfebruaryndashclaudelouisnavierfrenchengineerphysicistdfebruaryndashannasundstrmswedishchemistdmarchjohnmcleanamericanpoliticianassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesdeleonoreprochaskagermanheroinesoldierdmarchndashellenhutchinsirishbotanistdmarchndashlouisxviioffrancedaprilndashbettinavonarnimgermanpoetdaprilndashjohnjamesaudubonfrenchamericannaturalistillustratordaprilndashkarldraisgermaninventorcreatorofaprecursortothebicycledmayndashjohnwilsonscottishwriterjohnwilsonscottishwriterdmayndashmarcellinchampagnatfrenchcatholicsaintdmayndashjohnhindmarshenglishnavalofficerfirstgovernorofsouthaustraliadjulyndashwilliamjacksonhookerenglishbotanistdjulyndashmahmudiiottomansultandaugustndashthomasdequinceyenglishwriterdaugustndasholiverhazardperryamericannavalofficerdseptemberndashdavidwalkerabolitionistdavidwalkerafricanamericanabolitionistdoctoberndashjosmiguelcarrerachileangeneralfoundingfatherdoctoberndashgunatitanandswamibornmuljisharmaindianparamahamsaofthehinduswaminarayansampradaysectdoctoberndashthomaslovepeacockenglishsatiristdoctoberndashgeorgeormerodenglishhistorianandantiquariandnovemberndashdavidwilkieartistdavidwilkiescottishpainterdnovemberndashwilliambeaumontamericanphysicianandsurgeondnovemberndashvictordebroglievictordebroglieprimeministeroffranceddecemberndashdorothealievenlatviandiplomatpoliticallyactiveprincessddecemberndashchristiangobrechtamericanengraverdesigneroftheunitedstatesseatedlibertycoinageddecemberndashtienneconstantindegerlachestprimeministerofbelgiumddeathsjanuaryndashbaldassaregaluppiitaliancomposerbjanuaryndashjonathantoupenglishclassicalscholarcriticbjanuaryndashmatthewstewartmathematicianmatthewstewartscottishmathematicianbfebruaryndashbarbaraerniliechtensteinconfidencetricksterbaprilndashwilliamwhiteheadpoetwilliamwhiteheadenglishwriterbmaytiennefranoisducdechoiseulfrenchstatesmanbpietrolonghivenetianpainterbjunendashjeanpauldeguademalvesfrenchmathematicianbjunendashjamesoglethorpeenglishgeneralfounderofthestateofgeorgiabaugustndashjonathantrumbullgovernorofthecolonyandthestateofconnecticutbaugustndashgeorgegermainstviscountsackvillebritishsoldierpoliticianbaugustndashjeanbaptistepigallefrenchsculptorboctoberndashdavidbrearleydelegatetotheusconstitutionalconventionbnovemberndashlouisphilippeidukeoforlansfrenchsoldierwriterbnovemberndashbernarddeburyfrenchcomposerbnovemberndashrichardgloverpoetrichardgloverenglishpoetbdecemberndashkittycliveenglishactressplaywrightbdecemberndashjohanhermanwesselnorwegianauthorbdateunknownndashfaustinapignatelliitalianmathematicianbreferencesfurtherreadingeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashmarchjanuaryndashtheottomanempireagreestorussianempirerussiasannexationofthecrimeanpeninsulacrimeainthetreatyofconstantinoplejanuaryndashthecongressoftheunitedstatesratifiesthetreatyofparistreatyofpariswithkingdomofgreatbritaingreatbritaintoendtheamericanrevolutionarywarwiththesignatureofpresidentofthecontinentalcongresspresidentofcongressthomasmifflinrefnameharperharpersencyclopaediaofunitedstateshistoryfromadtoedbybensonjohnlossingandwoodrowwilsonharperbrothersprefjanuaryndashhenrycavendishspapertotheroyalsocietyoflondonexperimentsonairrevealsthecompositionofwatermoleculewaterfebruaryndashthecaptivityofmangaloreancatholicsatseringapatambeginsfebruaryndashjohnwesleyordainsministersforthemethodistchurchintheunitedstatesmarchndashtheconfederationcongressacceptsvirginiasstatecessionscessionofallrightstothenorthwestterritoryandtokentuckymarchndashtheemeraldbuddhaisinstalledatthewatphrakaewonthegroundsofthegrandpalaceinbangkokaprilndashjuneaprilndashthecongressoftheconfederationpassestheordinanceofgovernancetosetguidelinesforaddingtotheoriginalstatesintheunitedstatesofamericaaprilndashthemarriageoffigaroplaythemarriageoffigarowrittenbyplaywrightpierrebeaumarchaisasasequeltothebarberofsevilleplaythebarberofsevillepremieresatthecomdiefranaiseinparisrefdenishollierandrhowardblochanewhistoryoffrenchliteratureharvarduniversitypressprefmayndashthetreatyofparistreatyofparissignedonseptemberthepreviousyearcomesintoeffectmayndashatreatyissignedinpeaceofparisparisbetweenthekingdomofgreatbritainandthedutchrepublicformallyendingthefourthanglodutchwarjunendashelizabeththibleisthefirstwomantorideinahotairballoonatlyonfrancejulyndashseptemberjulyndashthebankofnewyorkopensasthefirstinnewyorkstateandcontinuestooperateunderthatnameforalmostyearsuntilbeingacquiredbymellonfinancialandbecomingbnymellonjulyndashtheunitedstatesandthekingdomoffrancesignaconventionforestablishingdiplomaticrelationsanddeterminingthefunctionsandprerogativesoftheirrespectiveconsulsviceconsulsagentsandcommissariesaugustndashthepittsindiaacteastindiacompanyactsponsoredbybritishprimeministerwilliampitttheyoungerwilliampittwasgivenroyalassentaugustndashcardinalderohaniscalledbeforethefrenchcourttoaccountforhisactionsintheaffairofthediamondnecklaceaugustndashkingdomofgreatbritainbritaincreatesthecolonyofnewbrunswickseptemberndashinfrancetherobertbrothersannejeanrobertandnicolaslouisrobertandamrcollinhullinwhosefirstnameislosttohistorybecomethefirstpeopletoflymorethankmormilesintheairliftingofffromparisandlandinghoursandminuteslaternearbethuneafterajourneyofseptemberndashrussiaestablishesacolonyatkodiakalaskaoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashnorthcarolinarescindsitsresolutionstatecessionscedingitswesternterritorynowtennesseetotheunitedstatesafterearliergivingcongresstwoyearstoacceptthetermsoctoberndashdecemberndashtherevoltofhoreaclocaandcrianintransylvaniacausesjosephiiholyromanemperortosuspendthehungaryhungarianconstitutionnovemberndashtheromancatholicarchdioceseofbaltimoreromancatholicapostolicprefectureoftheunitedstatesisestablishednovemberndashthephenomenonofblackholesisfirstpositedinapaperbyjohnmichellinthephilosophicaltransactionsoftheroyalsocietyoflondonnovemberndashrichardhenryleeofvirginiaisselectedasthenewpresidentoftheconfederationcongressdecemberndashimmanuelkantsessayansweringthequestionwhatisenlightenmentispublisheddecemberndashthemethodistepiscopalchurchintheunitedstatesisofficiallyformedatthechristmasconferenceledbythomascokemethodistthomascokeandfrancisasburydateunknowntheindiaactrequiresthatthegovernorgeneralbechosenfromoutsidethebritisheastindiacompanyanditmakescompanydirectorssubjecttoparliamentarysupervisionkingdomofgreatbritainbritainreceivesitsfirstbalesofimportedunitedstatesamericancottonkingcarlosiiiofthespanishempireauthorizeslandgrantsinaltacaliforniaprincessyekaterinavorontsovadashkovaisnamedfirstpresidentofthenewlycreatedrussianacademythenorthcarolinageneralassemblyincorporatesthetownofmorgansboroughnamedfordanielmorganthetownisdesignatedasthecountyseatforburkecountynorthcarolinaandissubsequentlyrenamedmorgantownandlatershortenedtobecomemorgantonnorthcarolinamorgantonthenorthcarolinageneralassemblychangesthenameofkingstonnorthcarolinaoriginallynamedforkinggeorgeiiiofgreatbritaintokinstonnorthcarolinakinstonthejapanesefaminecontinuesasdieofstarvationahugelocustswarmhitssouthafricabenjaminfranklininventsbifocalsbifocalspectaclesbenjaminfranklintriesinvaintopersuadethefrancefrenchtoaltertheirclocksinwintertotakeadvantageofthedaylightantoinelavoisierpioneersquantitativechemistrycholesterolisisolatedcarlfriedrichgausspioneersthefieldofsummationwiththeformulasummingattheageofangeliqueducoudraymadameducoudraypioneerofmodernmidwiferyretiresonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashphilippeantoinedornanomarshaloffrancedjanuaryndashgeorgehamiltongordonthearlofaberdeenprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomdfebruaryndashnancyhanksmotherofabrahamlincolndfebruaryndashleovonklenzegermanneoclassicistarchitectpainterandwriterdmarchndashwilliambucklandenglishgeologistpaleontologistdmarchndashsamuelhunterchristieenglishphysicistmathematiciandaprilndashlouisspohrgermanviolinistcomposerdaprilndashfriedrichgrafvonwrangelprussianfieldmarshaldaprilndashpeterviviandanielassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesdjunendashjuanantoniolavallejauruguayanmilitarypoliticalfiguredjulyndashcharlesbaudinfrenchadmiraldjulyndashfriedrichbesselgermanmathematicianastronomerdjulyndashdenisdavydovrussiangeneralpoetdaugustndashroberttaylorradicalroberttaylorbritishradicalismhistoricalradicalwriterfreethoughtadvocatedseptemberndashwilliampopeduvalfirstciviliangovernorofthefloridaterritorydoctoberndashkingferdinandviiofspaindoctoberndashthomasrobertbugeaudmarshaloffranceanddukeofislydoctoberleighhuntbritishcriticessayistdjohnmcloughlincanadianfurtraderdoctoberndashhenrytemplerdviscountpalmerstonprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomdoctoberndashsarahbiffenarmlessenglishpainterdnovemberndashzacharytaylorthpresidentoftheunitedstatesdnovemberndashaugustprinceofhohenlohehringenddateunknownndashmaryannewhitbyenglishscientistddeathsfebruaryndashcountofstgermainfrenchphilosopheradventurerbaprilndashnanonagleirishconventfounderbmayndashantoinecourtdegbelinfrenchpastorbmayndashabrahamtrembleyswissnaturalistbjunendashlukrecijabogainovibudmanicroatianpoetbjunendashhenrymiddletonamericanpresidentofthecontinentalcongressbjunendashcaesarrodneyamericanlawyersignerofthedeclarationofindependencebjulyndashwilhelmfriedemannbachgermancomposerbjulyndashdenisdiderotfrenchphilosopherencyclopedistbaugustndashgiovannibattistamartiniitalianmusicianbaugustndashallanramsayallanramsayscottishpainterbaugustndashnathanielhonetheeldernathanielhoneirishbornpainterbaugustndashjunperoserraspanishfranciscanmissionarybseptemberndashcsarfranoiscassinidethuryfrenchastronomerbseptemberndashannleeamericanreligiousleaderbdecemberndashphilliswheatleyfirstpublishedafricanamericanauthorbdecemberndashsamueljohnsonenglishwriterlexicographerbdecemberndashyosabusonjapanesepoetpainterbdecemberndashsethwarneramericanrevolutionaryleaderbdateunknownndashlqunvietnamesephilosopherpoetencyclopedistandgovernmentofficialbreferencesfurtherreadingeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashmarchjanuaryndashamericanrevolutionarywarndashbattleofcapestvincentbattleofcapestvincentbritishadmiralsirgeorgebrydgesrodneystbaronrodneygeorgerodneydefeatsaspanishfleetfebruarythelegislatureofnewyorkvotestoallowitsdelegatestocedeaportionofitswesternterritorytothecontinentalcongressforthecommonbenefitofthewarrefnameharperharpersencyclopaediaofunitedstateshistoryfromadtoedbybensonjohnlossingandwoodrowwilsonharperbrotherspreffebruaryndashtheomicrondeltaomegacoedfraternityisfoundedbybenjaminfranklinmarchthelegislatureofpennsylvaniavotestotoapprovetheactforthegradualemancipationofslavesrefnamefergusonrusselljfergusonearlywesternpennsylvaniapoliticsprefmarchthefirstleagueofarmedneutralityisformedbetweendenmarkswedenandrussianempirerussiafebruaryoldstyleandnewstyledatesosgeneralgilbertdumotiermarquisdelafayettelafayetteembarksonatrochefortcharentemaritimerochefortarrivinginbostononaprilcarryingthenewsthathehassecuredfrenchmenandshipstoreinforcetheamericansideintheamericanrevolutionarywarmarchndashthebritishgazetteandsundaymonitorthefirstsundaynewspaperinbritainbeginspublicationaprilndashjuneaprilndashtheuniversityofmnsterinmnsternorthrhinewestphaliagermanyisfoundedmayndashthefirstepsomderbyhorseraceisrunonepsomdownssurreyenglandrefnamecassellschronologyrefthevictorisdiomedrefnamepocketonthisdayrefmayndashamericanrevolutionarywarcharlestonsouthcarolinaistakenbybritishforceswaxhawmassacreinamericamayndashthecumberlandcompactissignedbyamericansettlersinthecumberlandvalleyoftennesseemayndashnewenglandsdarkdayanunaccountabledarknessspreadsovernewenglandregardedbysomeobserversasafulfillmentofbibleprophecymayndashamericanrevolutionarywarndashwaxhawmassacreloyalistamericanrevolutionloyalistforcesundercolonelbanastretarletonkillsurrenderingpatriotamericanrevolutionamericansoldiersjunendashananticatholicmobledbylordgeorgegordonmarchesontheparliamentofgreatbritainleadingtotheoutbreakofthegordonriotsinlondonjunendashthegordonriotsinlondonareendedbytheinterventionoftroopsaboutpeopleareshotdeadwithanotherwoundedandaroundarrestedjunendashamericanrevolutionarywarndashbattleofspringfieldbattleofspringfieldthecontinentalarmydefeatsthebritishinnewjerseyjulyndashseptemberjulyndashfrenchsoldiersarriveinnewportrhodeislandtoreinforcethecolonistsintheamericanrevolutionarywarjulyndashthefirstbankcreatedintheunitedstatesthebankofpennsylvaniaischarteredaugustndashamericanrevolutionarywarndashbattleofcamdenbritishtroopsinflictheavylossesonapatriotarmyatcamdensouthcarolinaaugustndashamericanrevolutionarywarspanishadmiralluisdecrdovaycrdovacapturesabritishconvoytotallingvesselsamongstindiamenfrigatesandothercargoshipsoffcapestvincentaugustndashlouisxvioffranceabolishestheuseoftortureinextractingconfessionsseptemberndashbenedictarnoldgivesdetailedplansofwestpointnewyorkwestpointtomajorjohnandrthreedayslaterandriscapturedwithpapersrevealingthatarnoldwasplanningtosurrenderwestpointtothebritishseptemberndashbenedictarnoldfleestobritishheldnewyorkoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashamericanrevolutionarywarintappannewyorkkingdomofgreatbritainbritishspyjohnandrishangedbyamericanforcesoctoberndashamericanrevolutionarywarndashbattleofkingsmountainpatriotamericanrevolutionpatriotmilitiaforcesannihilateloyalistamericanrevolutionloyalistsunderbritishmajorpatrickfergusonatkingsmountainsouthcarolinaoctoberndashoctoberndashthegreathurricaneofgreathurricaneflattenstheislandsofbarbadosmartiniqueandsinteustatiusarekillednovemberndashmariatheresaofaustriadiesandherhabsburgdominionspasstoherambitioussonjosephiiholyromanemperorjosephiiwhohasalreadybeenholyromanemperorsincedecemberndashemperorkkakuaccedestothethroneofjapandecemberndashthefourthanglodutchwarbeginsdateunknownencyclopdiejosegabrielkunturkankibusinessmanandlandownerproclaimshimselfincatpacamaruiithecharleslennoxrddukeofrichmonddukeofrichmondcallsinthehouseoflordsofgreatbritainformanhoodsuffrageandannualparliamentswhicharerejectedjeremybenthamsintroductiontoprinciplesofmoralsandlegislationpresentinghisformulationofutilitarianethicsisprintedbutnotpublishedinlondonnikephorostheotokisstartsintroducingedinoverieanattempttointegratetheoldbelieversintorussianorthodoxchurchrussiasestablishedchurchthewoodfordreservebourbonwhiskeydistillationdistillerybeginsoperationinkentuckyinirelandladyberrywhoissentencedtodeathforthemurderofhersonisreleasedwhensheagreestobecomeanexecutionersheretiresintheoriginalcravencottageisbuiltbywilliamcraventhbaroncraveninlondononwhatwillbecomethecentrecircleoffulhamfcspitchtheamateurdramaticgroupdetdramatiskeselskabisfoundedinoslochristianianorwaywesterncountriespayouncesofsilverforchinesegoodsthekingdomofgreatbritainreachescmillionpopulationonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashpierrejeanrobiquetfrenchchemistdjanuaryndashhenrybaldwinjudgehenrybaldwinassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesdfebruaryndashdavidporternavalofficerdavidporteramericannavalofficerdfebruaryndashrichardmccartyuspoliticianrichardmccartyamericanpoliticiandfebruaryndashjohnsumnerbishopjohnsumnerarchbishopofcanterburydmarchndashjosephritneramericanpoliticiandaprilndashwilliamellerychanninginfluentialunitariantheologianministerdaprilndashgotthilfheinrichvonschubertgermannaturalistdaprilndashcharlesnodierfrenchauthordmayndashjohnmckinleyamericanpoliticianassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesdmayndashelizabethfrybritishhumanitariandmayndashhenribraconnotfrenchchemistpharmacistdjunendashcarlvonclausewitzprussianmilitarystrategistdjulyndashsofiahjrnefinnishbaronesswriterdjulyndashfranoiscarloantommarchifrenchphysiciandjulyndashemiliepetersenswedishphilanthropistdjulyndashanastasiobustamantethpresidentofmexicodaugustjeanaugustedominiqueingresfrenchpainterdrichardrushunitedstatesattorneygeneralunderjamesmadisonunitedstatessecretaryofthetreasuryunderpresidentjohnquincyadamsdoctoberndashrichardmentorjohnsonlistofvicepresidentsoftheunitedstatesthvicepresidentoftheunitedstatesdoctoberndashernstanschtzgermanteacherorganistpoetandcomposerdnovemberndashranjitsinghmaharajaofthepunjabsikhempireddecemberndashjohannwolfgangdbereinergermanchemistddecemberndashmarysomervillemaryfairfaxsomervillebritishmathematicianddateunknownjamesjustinianmorierbritishdiplomatnovelistdmanuelamedinamexicannationalheroinedelizabethphilpotbritishpaleontologistdjahonotinuvaysiyuzbeksufipoetddeathsfebruaryndashwilliamblackstoneenglishjuristbfebruaryndashandreasfelixvonoefelegermanhistorianlibrarianbfebruaryndashkristijonasdonelaitislithuanianpoetbmarchndashelizabethbutchillenglishwomanexecutedforthemurderofhernewbornchildbcmarchndashcharlesidukeofbrunswickwolfenbttelbaprilndashulrikastrmfeltswedishcourtierbmayndashcharleshardybritishgovernorofnewfoundlandbcjunendashthomashutchinsongovernorthomashutchinsonamericancolonialgovernorofmassachusettsbjulyndashprincecharlesalexanderoflorraineaustrianmilitaryleaderbjulyndashcharlesbatteuxfrenchphilosopherbaugustndashtiennebonnotdecondillacfrenchphilosopherbaugustndashjohanndekalbbavarianfrenchmilitaryofficerwhoservedasamajorgeneralinthecontinentalarmyduringtheamericanrevolutionarywarbaugustndashjacquesgermainsoufflotfrencharchitectbseptemberndashjohnfieldingenglishmagistratesocialreformerbseptemberndashenochpooramericanrevolutionarygeneralbseptemberndashmarieannedevichychamrondmarquisedudeffandfrenchsalonholderboctoberndashjohnandrbritisharmyofficeroftheamericanrevolutionarywarexecutedboctoberndashwilliamcookworthyenglishchemistbnovemberndashjamessteuarteconomistsirjamessteuartscottisheconomistbnovemberndashempressmariatheresaofaustriabdecemberndashjohnfothergillphysicianjohnfothergillenglishphysicianbdateunknownthomasdilworthbritishclericandwriterreferencesfurtherreadinghistoryofbakufallofsafavidsandbakukhanatebakusurrenderstotherussianseventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunefebruaryndashlouisxvoffranceattainshismajoritymarchndashthearaucowarthemapucheuprisingofmapucheuprisingofbeginsinchilejulyndashdecemberjunendashrussopersianwarrussopersianwarbakusurrenderstotherussiansjulychristianvonwolffholdsalectureforstudentsandthemagistratesattheendofhistermasarectorrefnamewolfcrefasaresultofwhichheisbannedfromprussiaonachargeofatheismaugustndashthepeterhofpalaceopensjustoutsidesaintpetersburgrussianempirerussiaseptemberndashtreatyofsaintpetersburgthetreatyofstpetersburgissignedinrussiaseptemberndashgrandmasterantniomanoeldevilhenalaysdownthefirststoneoffortmanoelinmaltanovemberndashtheprovinceofcarolinaincorporatesnewbernnorthcarolinanewbernasnewbernthetownlaterbecomesthecapitalofnorthcarolinadecemberndashdarzuisterschienendersohngottesbwvdarzuisterschienendersohngottesbwvbyjohannsebastianbachisfirstperformedinleipzigdateunknowntheprovinceofcarolinaincorporatesbeaufortnorthcarolinaastheportofbeaufortmakingitthethirdincorporatedtownintheprovincethefourseasonsvivaldithefourseasonsasetofviolinconcertosbyantoniovivaldiiscomposedonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashnicolereinelepautefrenchastronomermathematiciandjanuaryndashsamuellangdonamericanpresidentofharvarduniversitydjanuaryndashpetronellajohannadetimmermandutchpoetscientistdfebruaryndashjohnwitherspoonamericansignerofthedeclarationofindependencedfebruaryndashtobiasmayergermanastronomerdfebruaryndashlouispierreanquetilfrenchhistoriandfebruaryndashrichardpricewelshphilosopherdfebruaryndashjohnburgoynebritishgeneraldmarchndashcharlescarrollbarristercharlescarrollamericanlawyercontinentalcongressmandmarchndashkingfrederickvofdenmarkdaprilndashcatherinecharlottedelagardieswedishcountessdaprilndashcorneliusharnettunitedstatesamericancontinentalcongressmandaprilndashmathurinjacquesbrissonfrenchnaturalistdjunendashgiovanniantonioscopoliitalianbornphysiciannaturalistdjunendashjohanngeorgpalitzschgermanastronomerdjunendashbaptisedadamsmithscottisheconomistphilosopherdjuneadamfergusonscottishphilosopherhistoriandtheophilu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aitingpoliticallyactivesalonistdnovembermarianomorenoargentinepoliticiandsamuelhumphreysnotedamericannavalarchitectandshipbuilderintheearlythcenturydnovemberndashsalusburyprycehumphreysbritishroyalnavyofficerduringthefrenchrevolutionaryandnapoleonicwarsandthewarofdnovemberjosephlancasterenglishquakerpubliceducationinnovatordmaryanneschimmelpenninckbritishabolitionistdnovemberjeanthomastaschereaujeanthomastaschereaucanadianpoliticiandhenryfanebritisharmyofficerhenryfanebritisharmygeneraldnovemberchristophernstvonhouwaldgermanwriterdfilippodicolloredomelsleaderofthesovereignmilitaryorderofmaltadabdalrahmanofmoroccoalaouitedynastymemberdnovemberndashhryhorykvitkaukrainianwriterjournalistandplaywrightdnovemberndashandrsguazuraryargentinegeneralddecemberndashjosephlouisgaylussacfrenchchemistddecemberndashfranznaegelegermanobstetricianddecemberndashgeorgecrabbwritergeorgecrabbbritishwriterddecemberndashvicentegonzlezmorenospanishgeneralddecemberndashantoniofrancescoorioliitaliancatholiccardinalddecembergeorgetownshendrdmarquesstownshendofgreatbritaindthomaskendallnewzealandmissionaryddecembergodertvandercapellendutchcolonialgovernordchristianeluiseamaliebeckergermanactordjohnpenroseclergymanjohnpenrosechurchofenglandclergymantheologicalwriterddecemberjohnordronauxprivateerjohnordronauxfrenchprivateerdludwigrobertgermandramatistdjoscolombresargentinecatholicbishopddecemberhumphrydavyenglishphysicistchemistdwilliammunroepencilmakerwilliammunroeamericancabinetmakerdjuanmartndeveramendigovernorofmexicantexasddecemberndashjosephgrimaldienglishactorcomedianddecemberndashmariethrseoffranceeldestchildoflouisxviandmarieantoinetteddecemberndashthomaspgrosvenoramericanpoliticianddecemberndashanderssandersteddanishpoliticianddecemberndashjameshaldanestewartbritishpriestddecemberndashfranoisderobianobelgianpoliticianddecemberinouemasamotojapanesedaimyodjamesguyonjramericanpoliticiandthomascoventrycricketerthomascoventryenglishcricketerddecemberndashcalebatwateramericanpoliticianddecemberndashantoinefranoiseugnemerlinfrenchgeneralddecemberfranzxaverhellergermanbotanistdwilliamcowperarchdeaconofcumberlandwilliamcowperenglishbornanglicanclericinaustraliawhowasthearchdeaconofcumberlanddcharleshanburytracystbaronsudeleybritishpoliticiandmatthewarbuckleunitedstatessoldierddecembergeorgantonfriedrichastgermanphilosopherdjohannsimonhermstedtgermanmusiciandundatedsardarfathalikhanwaziriazamofkabuldannamariawalkerscottishbotanistdsaraoustnorwegianlayministerdmariemadeleinelachenaishaitiandefactopoliticianddeathsjanuaryndashcarllinnaeusswedishbotanistbfebruaryndashjosephmarieterrayfrenchstatesmanbfebruaryndashlaurabassiitalianscholarbmarchndashthomasarneenglishcomposerofrulebritanniabmarchndashcharlesdegeerswedishindustrialistandentomologistbmarchndashcharleslebeaufrenchhistorianbaprilndashjameshargreavesenglishweavercarpenterandinventorbmayndashwilliampittstearlofchathamprimeministeroftheunitedkingdombmayndashrobertdarcythearlofholdernessenglishdiplomatandpoliticianbmayndashvoltairefrenchphilosopherbjunendashphiliplivingstonamericansignerofthedeclarationofindependencebjunendashkonradekhofgermanactorbjunendashfrancescacuzzoniitalianoperaticsopranobjunendashpieterburmantheyoungerdutchphilologistbjulyjeanjacquesrousseauswissphilosopherbbathshebaspooneramericanmurdererbcjulyndashannamariamozartaustrianmothertothemozartsbjulyndashjamestownleyenglishdramatistbaugustndashcharlesclmencetfrenchhistorianbaugustndashperegrinebertierddukeofancasterandkestevenbritishgeneralpoliticianbnovemberndashgiovannibattistapiranesiitalianartistbnovemberndashfrancescocettiitalianjesuitscientistbdateunknownndashthomasjohnsondesignerthomasjohnsonenglishfurnituremakerbreferencesfurtherreadingeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashmarchgeneralgeorgewashingtonattrentonjanuaryamericanrevolutionarywaramericanforcesunderthecommandofgeorgewashingtonrepulsedabritishattackatthebattleoftheassunpinkcreekneartrentonnewjerseyjanuaryndashamericanrevolutionarywarndashbattleofprincetonamericangeneralgeorgewashingtonsarmydefeatsbritishtroopsjanuaryndashamericanrevolutionarywarndashbattleoftheassunpinkcreekamericangeneralgeorgewashingtonsarmyrepulsesabritishattackbylieutenantgeneralcharlescornwallisstmarquesscornwallischarlescornwallisinasecondbattleattrentonnewjerseyjanuaryndashmissionsantaclaradeassisfoundedinwhatisnowsantaclaracaliforniajanuaryndashvermontdeclaresitsindependencefromnewyorkbecomingthevermontrepublicanindependentcountryastatusitretainsuntilitjoinstheunitedstatesasthethstateinjanuaryndashthecontinentalcongressapprovesaresolutionthatanauthenticcopywithnamesofthesignersofthedeclarationofindependencebesenttoeachoftheunitedstatesrefnameharperharpersencyclopaediaofunitedstateshistoryfromadtoedbybensonjohnlossingandwoodrowwilsonharperbrotherspreffebruaryndashkingjosephiofportugaldiesandissucceededbyhisbrotherandsoninlawpeteriiiofportugalandhisdaughtermariaiofportugalmarchndashthefourthcontinentalcongresswithjohnhancockaspresidentbeginsadaysessioninphiladelphialastinguntilseptemb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ndashvincenzoborgmaltesemerchantrebelleaderdjanuaryndashelisabonapartegrandduchessoftuscanysisterofnapoleonbonapartedjanuaryndashkarolinejagemanngermanactordfebruaryndashjohncheynephysicianjohncheynebritishphysiciansurgeonandauthordfebruaryndashamableberthelotquebeclawyerauthorandpoliticalfiguredfebruaryfriedrichdelamottefouqufrenchpoetdbernardcourtoisfrenchchemistdfebruaryndashandreasarntzennorwegianpoliticiandfebruaryndashzacheusburnhamcanadianfarmerjudgeandpublicfiguredfebruaryndashmatijanenadoviprimeministerofserbiadmarchndashadolphedureaudelamallefrenchgeographernaturalisthistorianandartistdmarchndashrobertallisonpennsylvaniaunitedstateshouseofrepresentativesusrepresentativedmarchndashcharleslotchurchnovascotiapoliticiandmarchpatrickbrontirishanglicancurateandwriterfatherofwriterscharlotteemilyandannebrontdrogerbtaneychiefjusticeoftheunitedstatesdmarchndashjosmarabustamantemexicancomposerdmarchndashantoinegermainlabarraquefrenchchemistdaprilndashjuneaprilndashwilliamaddamsunitedstatescongressmandaprilndashhenryclayamericanpoliticiandaprilndashjohnalexanderohiopoliticianunitedstateshouseofrepresentativesusrepresentativedaprilndashcarlfriedrichgaussgermanmathematicianastronomerandphysicistdmayndashrichardbourkeaustraliangovernordmayndashmatelimagdalenakuivalatarfinnishkarelianfolksingerdmayndashsamuelbridgerenglishcricketermayndashmaryreibeyaustralianbusinesspersondmayndashjohngeorgechildrenbritishchemistmineralogistandzoologistdjunendashrobertclarkuspoliticianrobertclarkamericanpoliticiandjunendashhemanallenofmiltonunitedstateshouseofrepresentativesusrepresentativedjunendashdaviddanieldavisbritishphysiciandjuneandrzejalojzyankwiczpolishborncatholicarchbishopofpraguedwilliambrownadmiralirishbornfirstadmiralofargentinadjunendashfrederickbatesamericanpoliticiandjulyndashseptemberjulyndashthomasclaytonamericanlawyerpoliticiandjulyndashhenryhallamenglishhistoriandjulyndashphilippottorungegermanpainterdjulyndashroberthamiltonbishopscottishamericaneducatorministerdjulyheinrichwilhelmbrandesgermanphysicistdthomascampbellpoetthomascampbellscottishpoetdhenrytrevorstbarondacrebritishpeersoldierdjulyndashpedroignaciodecastrobarrosargentinestatesmanpriestdaugustndashgiuseppebossiitalianpainterdaugustndashgeorgewolfamericanpoliticiandaugustndashhanschristianrsteddanishphysicistandchemistdaugustndashprincessadladeoforlansfrenchprincessdaugustndashhyacinthbichurinnikitabichurinhyacinthrussianmonkdaugustndashalexanderbashilovrussiangeneraldseptemberndashjamescarrmassachusettspoliticianuscongressmandseptemberndashhenrimarieducrotaydeblainvillefrenchzoologistanatomistdseptemberndashjosephbadeauxcanadianpoliticianddecemberndashmadameclicquotponsardinfrenchchampagneproducerdoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashzaroagaturkishkurdishpossiblesupercentenarianclaimedtohavebeenbornthisyearordoctoberndashguillaumedupuytrenfrenchanatomistmilitarysurgeondoctoberlevibarberamericansurveyorcourtadministratorbankerandlegislatordlorenzodowamericanmethodistpreacherdoctoberaugustefranoismariedecolbertchabanaisfrenchgeneraldheinrichvonkleistgermanpoetdramatistnovelistandshortstorywriterdnovemberndashrichardbassettclergymanwelshclericdnovemberndashnathanielclaiborneamericanpoliticiandnovemberndashsamuelbuttsamericanmilitiaofficerddecemberndashthomasbradfordbritisharmyofficerddecemberndashjuliettercamierfrenchwriterddecemberndashwilliamconneramericantraderpoliticianddecemberndashdupralexanderndearlofcaledonirishpeerlandlordandcolonialadministratorddecemberndashagostinoaglioitalianpainterdecoratorandengraverddecemberndashjohncampbellthdukeofargyllscottishpeerwhigpoliticianddecemberndashemperoralexanderiofrussiaddecemberndashbarbaraspoonerwilberforcewifeofenglishabolitionistwilliamwilberforceddateunknownsuleimanalhalabisyrianstudentassassindcarlosanayauruguayanpoliticiandcharlesjamesapperleyenglishsportsmansportingwriterdcarloarmelliniitalianpoliticianactivistandjuristdmevlanahalidibagdadiottomanmysticdconnelljamesbaldwinirishsoldiercivilservantdkarlfriedrichbeckergermaneducatorhistoriandvicentebenavideschileansoldierdjohnbennetthampshirecricketerdwilliambellingerbullochussenatordsophiacampbellaustralianartistdabielchandlerusphilanthropistdjohnclaiborneuspoliticiandcharlesothonfrdricjeanbaptistedeclaracfrenchartistscholarandarchaeologistdthomascochranjudgecanadianjudgedanselmodelacruzchileanpoliticalfiguredthomasdayconnecticutthomasdayamericanjudgedbenjamindurbanbritishgeneralcolonialadministratordtuimalilamalagasyborntortoiselongestlivinganimalonrecordddeathsjanuaryndashsprangerbarryirishactorbjanuaryndashhughmerceramericanrevolutionarywarofficermortallywoundedinbattlebfebruaryndashabrahamgodwinsoldiercaptainabrahamgodwincaptainofmarinesoftheussladywashingtonbfebruaryndashsethpomeroyamericangunsmithandsoldierbfebruaryndashkingjosephiofportugalbmarchndashgeorgchristophwagenseilaustriancomposerbmarchndashempressxiaoshengxianthemotheroftheqianlongemperorofchinabmarchndashjeanfranoisjosephderochechouartfrenchcatholiccardinalbmarchndashsirhughpatersonndbaronetofbannockburnbmayndashgeorgepigotstbaronpigotbritishgovernorofmadrasbmayndashbuttongwinnettsignatoryoftheamericandeclarationofindependencebaugustndashceliagrilloborromeoitalianpeopleitalianscientistmathematicianbseptemberndashedwardhowardthdukeofnorfolkbritishpeerbseptemberndashjohnbartramamericanbotanistbseptemberndashjohannhlambertswissmathematicianphysicistandastronomerboctoberndashfrancisnashamericanbrigadiergeneralkilledatthebattleofgermantownbcoctoberndashmariethrserodetgeoffrinfrenchsalonholderboctoberndashsimonfraserofbalnainbritishgeneralduringtheamericanrevolutionarywarkilledinbattleboctoberndashsamuelfooteenglishdramatistandactorbnovemberndashcornstalkshawneechiefbcnovemberndashwilliambowyerprinterwilliambowyerenglishprinterbdecemberndashmaximilianiiijosephelectorofbavariabdecemberndashdollypentreathclaimedtobethelastnativespeakerofthecornishlanguagereferencesfurtherreadingeventsonlyincludesummarytheamericanrevolutionbeginsthisyearwiththefirstmilitaryengagementbeingtheaprilbattlesoflexingtonandconcordonthedayafterpaulreveresnowepicridethesecondcontinentalcongresstakesvariousstepstowardorganizinganamericangovernmentappointinggeorgewashingtoncommanderinchiefjunebenjaminfranklinpostmastergeneraljulyandcreatingacontinentalnavyoctoberandamarineforcenovemberaslandingtroopsforitbutasyetthecolonieshavenotdeclaredindependenceandboththebritishjuneandamericanjulygovernmentsmakelawsonjulycongressissuesthedeclarationofthecausesandnecessityoftakinguparmsandonaugustkinggeorgeiiiofenglanddeclarestheamericancoloniesinrebellionannouncingittoparliamentonnovemberonjunetwomonthsintothecolonialsiegeofbostonatthebattleofbunkerhilljustnorthofbostonbritishforcesarevictoriousbutonlyaftersufferingseverecasualtiesandaftercolonialforcesrunoutofammunitioncaptureoffortticonderogafortticonderogaistakenbyamericanforcesinnewyorkcolonysnorthernfrontierandamericanforcesunsuccessfullyinvasionofcanadainvadecanadawithanattackonmontrealdefeatedbybritishforcesonnovemberandanattackonquebecrepulseddecemberhumanknowledgeandtechnologyadvanceswhenjameswattbuildsasuccessfulprototypeofasteamengineandascientificexpeditioncontinuesascaptainjamescookclaimsthesouthgeorgiaandsouthsandwichislandsinthesouthatlanticoceanforbritainnaturespoweroverhumanityisdramaticallydemonstratedwhentheindependencehurricaneaugustseptemberdevastatestheeastcoastofnorthamericakillingandwhenanorthamericansmallpoxepidemicsmallpoxepidemicbeginsinnewenglandjanuarymarchjanuaryndashthehabsburgmonarchyforcestheottomanempiretocedebukovinatoitsrulejanuaryndashwolfgangamadeusmozartfinishesasonataforkeyboardincjanuaryfrancissalvadoriselectedtotheprovincialcongressofsouthcarolinabecomingthefirstjewishpublicofficeholderinnorthamericarefnamecarruthgordoncarruthedtheencyclopediaofamericanfactsanddatesrdeditionthomasycrowellpprefjanuaryjanuaryndashsecondvoyageofjamescookcaptainjamescookcircumnavigatesmakesthefirstlandingonandonjanuarytakespossessionofsouthgeorgiaandthesouthsandwichislandshistorysouthgeorgiainthesouthernatlanticoceanforthekingdomofgreatbritainthefollowingmonthhediscoversthesouthsandwichislandsfebruaryndashamericanrevolutiontheparliamentofgreatbritaindeclarestheprovinceofmassachusettsbaytobeinrebellionfebruaryndashpopepiusvisucceedspopeclementxivasthethpopemarchndashraghunathraopeshwaofthemarathaempireinindiasignsthetreatyofsuratwithbritishgovernorgeneralwarrenhastingsinbombaycedingtheterritoriesofsalsetteandvasaivirarbasseintothebritisheastindiacompanyalongwithpartoftherevenuesfromsuratandbharuchdistrictsinreturnformilitaryassistancethisleadstothefirstanglomarathawarfoughtbetweenthebritishandthemarathasendingwiththetreatyofsalbaiinmarchdanielboonebeginsblazingthewidelyusedwildernessroadusedbywhitesettlerstoreachkentuckyandtennesseemarchndashcatherinethegreatofrussiaissuesamanifestoprohibitingfreedserfsfrombeingreturnedtoserfdominrussiaserfdomrefnamemadriagarefmarchndashamericanrevolutionpatrickhenryadelegatetothesecondvirginiaconventionafterthecommonwealthofvirginiavirginiahouseofburgesseswasdisbandedbythegovernorofvirginiaroyalgovernordelivershisgivemelibertyorgivemedeathspeechatstjohnsepiscopalchurchrichmondvirginiastjohnschurchinrichmondvirginiaapriljuneaprilndashthefirstantislaverysocietyintheunitedstatesisformedbyagroupofquakersinphiladelphiaaprilndashamericanrevolutionpaulrevereandwilliamdawesinstructedbydrjosephwarrenridefrombostontolexingtontowarnjohnhancockandsamueladamssamadamsthatbritishforcesarecomingtotakethemprisonerandtoseizecolonialweaponsandammunitioninconcordaprilndashamericanrevolutionndashbattlesoflexingtonandconcordhostilitybetweenbritainanditsamericancoloniesexplodesintobloodshedignitingtheamericanrevolutionmayndashamericanrevolutionbrunswickmainebrunswickmilitiamencommandedbythompsonswarsamuelthompsoncapturehenrymowatcaptainofmayamericanrevolutionthesecondcontinentalcongressmeetselectsjohnhancockpresidentraisesthecontinentalarmyundergeorgewashingtonascommanderandauthorizesthecoloniestoadopttheirownconstitutionsamericanrevolutionethanallenandbenedictarnoldleadingthegreenmountainboysofvermontcaptureoffortticonderogacapturefortticonderogamayndashamericanrevolutionndashbattleofffairhaveninthefirstnavalengagementoftheamericanrevolutionarywarpatriotsrecovertwopatriotvesselsandcaptureroyalnavysailorsasprisonersofwarmayndashamericanrevolutionthecontinentalcongressbanstradewithcanadamayamericanrevolutionndashbattleoflexingtonamericanmilitiamendrivebritishtroopsbacktobostonthecommitteeofmecklenburgcountynorthcarolinaratifiesthemecklenburgdeclarationofindependencedissolvingallegiancetotheroyalcrownofenglandbecomingthefirstcollectivetodeclaresovereigntyintheroyalcoloniesmayjohnhancockisselectedasthepresidentofthesecondcontinentalcongressmaythecongressadoptsitsaddresstotheinhabitantsofcanadajunendashbattleofmachiasinthesecondnavalengagementoftheamericanrevolutionarywaramericanforcescapturetheschoonerhmsmargarettajunendashamericanrevolutionthebritishforcesofferapardontoallcolonistswholaydowntheirarmsactionbycitizensofmachiasmaineincapturingbritishshipsrecognisestheexistenceofaunitedstatesmerchantmarinejunendashamericanrevolutionthecontinentalcongressnamesgeorgewashingtonascommanderofthecontinentalarmyjunendashthepostofchiefengineerofthecontinentalarmyiscreatedjunendashamericanrevolutiontwomonthsintothecolonialsiegeofbostonbritishopenfireonbreedshilloncharlestownpeninsulaafterchargesthebritishtakethehillinthemisnamedbattleofbunkerhilljuneamericanrevolutionthepostofcommandinggeneraliscreatedbythecontinentalcongressjunethegreatfireoftartugovernorateoflivoniadestroysmostofthetownjulyseptembertucsonisfoundedjulyndashamericanrevolutiongeorgewashingtontakescommandofthemancontinentalarmyatcambridgejulyndashamericanrevolutionthecontinentalcongresssendstheolivebranchpetitionhopingforareconciliationjulyamericanrevolutionthecontinentalcongressissuesthedeclarationofthecausesandnecessityoftakinguparmswhichcontainsthewordsourcauseisjustourunionisperfectbeingwithonemindresolvedtodiefreemenratherthantoliveslavesjulycongressadoptsitssecondpetitiontokinggeorgeiiijulybenjaminchurchphysiciandrbenjaminchurchbecomesthefirstsurgeongeneralofthecontinealarmyjulyndashthesecondcontinentalcongressappointsbenjaminfranklintobethefirstunitedstatespostmastergeneralpostmastergeneralofwhatlaterbecomestheunitedstatespostofficedepartmentfranklinestablishespostsfromfalmouthmainetosavannahgeorgiajulythecongressadoptsitsaddresstothepeopleofirelandjulymichaelhillegasandgeorgeclymerarehiredbythecongresstobethejointtreasurersoftheunitedcoloniesjulysecondvoyageofjamescookanchorsoffthesouthcoastofenglandjamescookcaptaincookhavingcompletedthefirsteastaboutglobalcircumnavigationaugustndashtucsonisfoundedaugustndashamericanrevolutionndashsiegeoffortstjeanamericanrebelslaunchaninvasionofcanadainvasionofcanadaaugustndashamericanrevolutionrefusingtoevenlookattheolivebranchpetitionkinggeorgeiiiissuesaproclamationofrebellionagainsttheamericancoloniesaugustseptemberndashtheindependencehurricanefromsouthcarolinatonovascotiakillsmostlyfishermenandsailorsseptemberndashtheunsuccessfulrisingoftheprieststakesplaceinmaltaseptemberndashamericanrevolutionndashsiegeoffortstjeanbattleoflonguepointethirteencoloniesrevolutionaryforcesundermajethanallenattackmontrealquebeccommandedbykingdomofgreatbritainbritishgeneralguycarletonstbarondorchesterguycarletonallensforcesaredefeatedandallenhimselfiscapturedandheldonbritishshipsuntilheislaterreleasedoctoberdecemberoctoberndashthesayreplottersattempttokidnapgeorgeiiiofgreatbritainoctoberndashamericanrevolutionthecontinentalcongressorderstheestablishmentofthecontinentalnavylatertheunitedstatesnavyoctoberndashamericanrevolutionburningoffalmouthbyshipsoftheroyalnavycommandedbyhenrymowatwhohadbeenhumiliatedbylocalmilitiamenonmayoctoberndashamericanrevolutiongeorgeiiiannouncestoparliamentofgreatbritainparliamentthattheamericancoloniesareinanuprisingandmustbedealtwithaccordinglynovemberndashamericanrevolutioncolonelrichardrichardsonssouthcarolinarevolutionariesmarchthroughninetysixdistrictsouthcarolinaninetysixdistrictinwhatbecomesknownasthesnowcampaigneffectivelyendingallmajorsupportfortheloyalistamericanrevolutionloyalistcauseinthebackcountryofsouthcarolinanovemberndashdunmoresproclamationjohnmurraythearlofdunmorelorddunmorelistofcolonialgovernorsofvirginiacolonialgovernorofvirginiasignsaproclamationpromisingfreedomforslaveryintheunitedstatesslavesofpatriotamericanrevolutionpatriotsiftheyjoinloyalistamericanrevolutionloyalistforcesthuslosingthesupportofslaveowningplantersnovemberndashamericanrevolutionthecontinentalcongresspassesaresolutioncreatingthecontinentalmarinestoserveaslandingtroopsfortherecentlycreatedcontinentalnavythemarinesaredisbandedatendofthewarinaprilbutreformedonjulyastheunitedstatesmarinecorpsnovemberndashamericanrevolutionndashsiegeoffortstjeanbattleofmontrealamericanforcesunderbrigadiergeneralunitedstatesbrigadiergeneralrichardmontgomerycapturemontrealbritishgeneralguycarletonstbarondorchesterguycarletonescapestoquebecdecemberndashamericanrevolutionhenryknoxbeginshisjourneytocambridgemassachusettswiththeartillerythathasbeencapturedfromfortticonderogadecemberndashamericanrevolutionndashbattleofgreatbridgevictorybythecontinentalarmyandmilitialeadstowithdrawalofthebritishfromthecolonyofvirginiadecemberndashamericanrevolutionbattleofquebecbattleofquebecbritishforcesrepulseanattackbycontinentalarmygeneralsrichardmontgomeryandbenedictarnoldatquebecdateunknownintheindustrialrevolutionbeginsingreatbritainjameswattssteamenginepatentisextendedtojunebyactofparliamentandthefirstwattsteamengineenginesarebuiltunderitjohnwilkinsonindustrialistjohnwilkinsoninventsandpatentsanewkindofboringmanufacturingboringmachinecatherinethegreatdecreesastatutefortheadministrationoftheprovincesoftherussianempiredividingthecountryintoprovincesanddistrictsforefficientgovernmentwolfgangamadeusmozartwriteshisfiveviolinconcertosinsalzburgataboutthisdateanorthamericansmallpoxepidemicsmallpoxepidemicbeginsinnewenglandtyphoonliengkiekidevastatesthepacificatollofpingelaponlyincludebirthsjanuaryjanuaryhenrytuftonthearlofthanetenglishcricketerdjanuaryfranciscaulfeildndearlofcharlemontirishpoliticiandjanuarygeorgewearebraikenridgeenglishantiquariandcarlodukeofcalabriaitalianprincedjanuarydatenarimurajapanesesdaimyodjanuarythomasamyotenglishantiquariandjanuaryjuanfranciscolarroblauruguayanpoliticiandantoniovillavicenciopresidentofcolombiadjanuaryjamessewallmorsellunitedstatesfederaljudgedjanuarystanisawkostkazamoyskipolishnobledjanuarypedromorenomexicanrebeldevelynpierrepontmpevelynpierrepontbritishpoliticiandjanuarygeorgepykecanadianpoliticiandjanuaryandrmarieamprefrenchphysicistmathematiciandjanuarymanuelgarcatenormanuelgarcaspanishsingerteachercomposerdjanuaryabrahamhschenckamericanpoliticiandjanuaryjosfernndezsalvadorecuadorianpoliticianjuristdpietrocollettaitaliangeneraldjohnrubenssmithamericanartistdjanuaryfriedrichwilhelmjosephschellinggermanphilosopherdjanuaryladycharlotteburyenglishnovelistdjanuarywaltersavagelandorenglishwriterpoetdjanuaryjohnrichardfarreenglishphysiciandfebruaryfebruaryphilippedegirardfrenchengineerinventorofthefirstflaxspinningframedfebruarygurunprincesshexiaoofthemanchudynastydfebruarymaximiliensbastienfoyfrenchmilitaryleaderdlouisfranoislejeunefrenchgeneralpainterandprintmakerdfebruaryjacoblivborchsverdrupnorwegianeducatordjacobsverdrupnorwegianeducatordantoniobertoloniitalianbotanistwhomadeextensivestudiesofitalianplantsdthomasliddellstbaronravensworthbritishpoliticiandfebruaryfarkasbolyaihungarianmathematiciandtheodorhellpseudonymofkarlgottfriedtheodorwinklerdfebruaryjameswilkesmauriceroyalnavyofficerduringthefrenchrevolutionarywarsandnapoleonicwarsddmrcseyprimeministerofhungaryoctoberdcharleslambenglishessayistdfebruarywilliamhallgovernorwilliamhallamericanpoliticiandfebruarycharleslloydpoetcharleslloydenglishpoetdlouisaadamsfirstladyoftheunitedstatesdfebruarybenjamingorhamamericanpoliticiandfebruarysimmonsjonesbakeramericanpoliticiandmiguelramosarizpemexicanpriestdpaulalleneditorpaulallenamericanauthoreditordfebruaryzalmonwildmanamericanpoliticiandfebruaryfrederickgarlingenglishattorneysolicitordheinrichjacobaldenrathgermanartistdfebruarythomasgirtinbritishartistdfebruaryjohnbibbybusinessmanjohnbibbybritishbusinessmandgiovannibattistacomolliitalianartistdfebruaryguyvictorduperrfrenchadmiraldjohnstarrpoliticianjohnstarrcanadianpoliticiandisraelgreggfirstcaptainofthehistoricamericansteamboatenterprisedfebruaryclaudiusherrickamericaneducatorministerdjeanbaptistegirardsoldierjeanbaptistegirardfrenchsoldierdfebruarygardinerhenryguionbritishroyalnavycaptaindwilliamseymourcongressmanwilliamseymouramericanpoliticiandfebruarymatjkopeckczechpuppeteerdsirclaudiushunterstbaronetlordmayoroflondondedwardstmaurthdukeofsomersetdfebruaryjohncaldwellseigneurjohncaldwellbusinessmanandpoliticianinlowercanadadmarchmarchhenryprittiendbarondunalleybritishpoliticiandmarchcuthbertpowellamericanpoliticiandmarchadameliasvonsieboldgermangynecologistdmarchmarcantoinejulliendeparisfrenchjournalistdmarchnilslandmarknorwegianpoliticiandmarchhenryeckfordshipbuilderhenryeckfordscottishbornamericanshipbuildernavalarchitectindustrialengineerentrepreneurdmichelgrendahlnorwegianpoliticiandjosephchittyenglishlawyerlegalwriterdmarchsamuelstreetjruppercanadabusinessmandmarchjuanbautistaarismendigeneralinthevenezuelanwarofindependencedmarchninianedwardsgovernorofandsenatorfromillinoisdmarchramsayrichardreinagleenglishpainterdmarchjackcrawfordsailorjackcrawfordroyalnavysailordjohancollettnorwegianpoliticiandmarchwilliamhaseldinepepysenglishscientistdmarchpaulineauzoufrenchpainterdpierrebertheznefrencharmygeneraldmuthuswamidikshitarsouthindianpoetcomposerdmarchjohnjohnstonindianagentjohnjohnstonunitedstatesindianagentdmarchthomasmonteaglebaylyamericanpoliticiandmarchjohannheinrichgosslerhamburgbankergrandburgherdmarchhieronymuskarlgrafvoncolloredomansfeldaustriancorpscommanderduringthenapoleonicwarsdaprilaprilcalvinjonesphysiciancalvinjonesamericanpoliticiandaprildutchsambritishboxerdapriljohannnepomukrustaustriansurg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shlanguagepolishforcommissionfortheeducationofthepeopleformedinthepolishlithuaniancommonwealthisconsideredtobetheworldsfirstministryofeducationnovemberfourshipsthedartmouththeeleanorthebeaverandthewilliamdepartbritainforamericacarryingthefirstindianteatobesubjecttothenewlyenactedtaxesthewilliamislostinastormthedartmouthisthefirstshiptoreachbostondockingonnovemberdecemberbostonteapartyagroupofamericanthirteencoloniescolonistsdressedasmohawkindiansstealaboardshipsoftheeastindiacompanyanddumptheircargoofteaintobostonharborinprotestagainstbritishtaxpoliciesdateunknownrussoturkishwarrussianforcesfailtotakesilistriaemelianpugachevstartspugachevsrebellioninrussianempirerussiaattackingandoccupyingsamararussiasamarajohnharrisonswinsthelongitudeprizeforhisinventionofthemarinechronometerhilairerouellediscoversureaistanbultechnicaluniversityisestablishedunderthenameofroyalschoolofnavalengineeringastheworldsfirstcomprehensiveinstitutionofhigherlearningdedicatedtoengineeringeducationinchinawrittenworkbeginsonthesikuquanshuthelargestliterarycompilationofbooksinchinashistorysurpassingtheyongleencyclopediaofthethcenturyuponcompletioninthebooksareboundinvolumeswithmorethanchapterscomprisingaboutmillionpagesandapproximatelymillionchinesecharactersscottishpeoplescottishjudgejamesburnettlordmonboddobeginspublicationofoftheoriginandprogressoflanguageacontributiontoevolutionaryideasoftherenaissanceandenlightenmentevolutionaryideasoftheenlightenmentfriedrichgottliebklopstockpublishesthelastfivecantosofhisepicpoetryepicpoemdermessiasinhamburgonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashwilliamamherststearlamherstbritishambassadortochinagovernorgeneralofindiadjanuaryndashprinceaugustusdukeofsussexprinceaugustusofgreatbritaindukeofsussexdjanuaryndashfriedrichmohsgermangeologistmineralogistdfebruaryndashwilliamhenryharrisonamericanmilitaryleaderandthpresidentoftheunitedstatesdmarchndashjohnholmesuspoliticianjohnholmesamericanpoliticiandmarchndashjuanramnbalcarceargentinemilitaryleaderandpoliticiandmarchndashnathanielbowditchamericanmathematiciandaprilndashtiennemauricegrardprimeministerandmarshaloffrancedapriltienneaignanfrenchwriterlibrettistandplaywrightdmarieboivinfrenchmidwifeinventorandobstetricswriterdaprilndashjeanbaptistedevillleprimeministeroffrancedaprilndashedmundcartwrightenglishinventorfellowoftheroyalsocietydmayndashhenriksteffensnorwegianphilosopherdmayndashgiuseppeacerbiitalianexplorerdmayndashprinceklemenswenzelvonmetternichaustrianstatesmandmayndasharthuraikinenglishchemistandmineralogistdmayndashludwigtieckgermanwriterdjunendashthomasyoungscientistthomasyoungenglishscientistdjulyndashthomasbrisbanescottishastronomergovernorofnewsouthwalesdaugustndashkarlfabergermanhistoriandaugustndashaimbonplandfrenchexplorerbotanistdseptemberndashjonathanalderamericansettlerdoctoberndashlouisphilippeoffrancelouisphilippekingofthefrenchdnovemberndashhenryhuntpoliticianhenryhuntbritishpoliticianddecemberndasharmandaugustinlouisdecaulaincourtfrenchgeneraldiplomatddecemberndashsylvaincharlesvalemarshaloffranceddecemberndashrobertbrownscottishbotanistfrommontroserobertbrownscottishbotanistddecemberndashsirgeorgecayleyenglishaviationpioneerdunknownndashjohanngottfriedarnoldgermancellistdunknownndashkyrafrosinigreekheroinedunknownndashisabelzendalspanishnursedeathsjanuaryndashalexispironfrenchwriterbjanuaryndashmanuelpintodafonsecathgrandmasteroftheknightshospitallerbfebruaryndashkingcharlesemmanueliiiofsardiniabmarchndashluigivanvitelliitalianarchitectbmarchndashphilipstanhopethearlofchesterfieldenglishstatesmanandmanoflettersbmayndashalibeyalkabirmamluksultanofegyptbmayndashalbanbutlerenglishcatholicpriestwriterbjunendashmentewabdowagerempressofethiopiabcjulyndashfranciscojosfreireportuguesehistorianphilologistbjulyndashjohannjoachimquantzgermanflutistcomposerbjulyndashgeorgeedwardsnaturalistgeorgeedwardsenglishnaturalistbjulyndashaxellwenswedishdukebaugustndashstanisawkonarskipolishwriterbaugustndashenriqueflorezspanishhistorianbseptemberndashjohanernstgunnerusnorwegianbishopandbotanistboctoberndashseptimaniedegmontfrenchsalongatheringsalonistboctoberndashphilippedelagupirefrencharchitectbnovemberndashjohnglasscottishministerbnovemberndashfriedrichwilhelmvonseydlitzprussiangeneralbnovemberndashjohnhawkesworthbookeditorjohnhawkesworthenglishwriternovemberndashjamesfitzgeraldstdukeofleinsteririshpoliticianbreferencesfurtherreadingeventsjanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashjohannfriedrichstruenseeandqueencarolinematildaofgreatbritaincarolinematildaarearrestedleadingtohisexecutionandherbanishmentfromdenmarkfebruarybretonsbretonfrenchexploreryvesjosephdekerguelentrmarecdiscoverstheuninhabitedkerguelenislandsinthesouthernindianoceanthevirginiageneralassemblyvirginiaassemblyamendsanacttodescribethepunishmentsforthepracticeofgougingfightingstylegougingrefnameheningreffebruaryndashthefirstpartitionofpolandfirstpartitionofpolandisagreedtobyrussianempirerussiaandprussialaterincludinghabsburgmonarchyaustriamayndashthewataugaassociationisformedineasttennesseejunendashgasp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anrepubliccorsicamayndashcharlesiiiofspainsendsspanishmissionarieswhofoundspanishmissionsincaliforniacaliforniamissionsinsandiegosantabarbaracaliforniasantabarbarasanfranciscoandmontereycaliforniamontereyandbeginthesettlementofcaliforniamayndashpopeclementxivsucceedspopeclementxiiiasthethpopejuneoldstyleosndashatransitofvenusisfollowedfivehourslaterbyatotalsolareclipsetheshortestsuchintervalinhistoricaltimesthetransitisviewedbykinggeorgeiiioftheunitedkingdomgeorgeiiiofgreatbritainattheroyalbotanicgardenskewkewobservatorydanielbooneinkentuckyjunendashfrontiersmandanielboonefirstbeginstoexploremoderndaykentuckyjulyndashdecembernicolasjosephcugnotcugnotssteamwagonjulyndashrichardarkwrightpatentsaspinningframeinenglandabletoweavefabricmechanicallyrefnamecassellschronologyrefjulyndashfatherjunperoserrafoundsmissionsandiegodealcalthefirstofthecaliforniamissionsaugustndashthepartyofgaspardeportolbecomesthefirstwhitepeoplewhitegrouptosetfootintheareanowknownassantamonicacaliforniaaugustndashbresciaexplosionthecityofbresciaitalyisdevastatedwhenthechurchofsannazaroisstruckbylightningtheresultingfireignitesnbsplbnbspkgofgunpowderbeingstoredtherecausingamassiveexplosionwhichdestroysofthecityandkillspeoplethedisasterpromptstheromancatholicchurchtoabandontheirreligiousobjectiontousinglightningrodstoprotecttheirpropertyseptemberndashmassivedroughtsinbengalleadtothebengalfamineofinwhichtenmillionpeopleathirdofthepopulationwilldietheworstnaturaldisasterinhumanhistoryintermsofliveslostthemaharajahofmysoreforcesthebritishtoagreetoatreatyofmutualassistanceinviewofthefaminebutthebritisheastindiacompanyincreasesitsdemandsonthebengalipeopletokeepprofitsupseptemberndashseptemberndashdavidgarrickholdsashakespearejubileefestivalatstratforduponavoninenglandseptemberndashrussoturkishwarrussianforcestaketheottomanfortressofchociminbukovinaoctoberndashjamescooklandsinnewzealandatpovertybayoctoberndashnicolasjosephcugnotdemonstratesasteampoweredartillerytractorseedrawinginkingdomoffrancefrancechessmachinedecemberdartmouthcollegeinhanovernewhampshireisestablishedasjohnwentworthgovernorjohnwentworththeroyalgovernorconveysacharterfromkinggeorgeiiiofenglandordecemberndashthesinoburmesewarisendedbyatrucedateunknowntheauthorizedkingjamesversionofthebibleintheoxfordstandardtexteditedbybenjaminblayneyispublishedinenglandonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashmarielachapellefrenchobstetriciandjanemarcetbritishsciencewriterdjanuarynannettestreichergermanpianomakercomposermusiceducatorandwriterdjanuaryndashmichelneyfrenchmarshaldfebruaryndashprincesspaulineofanhaltbernburggermanregentandsocialreformerdmarchndashfranoissverinmarceaudesgraviersfrenchgeneraldmarchndashdewittclintonthgovernorofnewyorkunitedstatessenatordmarchndashmuhammadaliofegyptegyptianrulerdmarchndashjosephwilliamsonphilanthropistjosephwilliamsonenglishphilanthropistbuilderofthewilliamsontunnelsdmarchndashwilliamsmithgeologistwilliamsmithenglishgeologistcartographerdmarchndashjeandedieusoultfrenchmarshaldjunendashmariannekirchgessnergermanmusiciandaprilndashchristiangnthervonbernstorffdanishandprussianstatesmananddiplomatdaprilndashjakobheinrichlaspeyresgermanlepidopteristdaprilndashjeanlannesfrenchmarshaldaprilndashthomaslawrenceenglishpainterdaprilndashbarthlemycatherinejoubertfrenchgeneraldmayndasharthurwellesleystdukeofwellingtonbritishgeneralprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomdmayndashferdinandiiigranddukeoftuscanydjunendashrobertstewartviscountcastlereaghbritishstatesmandiplomatandsoldierdaugustndashnapoleonbonaparteemperorofthefrenchdaugustndashgeorgescuvierfrenchnaturalistandzoologistknownasthefatherofpaleontologydaugustdavidhosackamerphysicianbotanistahamiltonfamilydoctorseptemberalexandervonhumboldtgermanexplorerscientistdkarlsalomozachariaevonlingenthalgermanjuristdoctoberndashisaacbrockbritishgeneraladministratorddecemberndashjamesscarlettabingerenglishjudgeddecemberndashernstmoritzarndtgermanwriterpoetddateunknownjamesdadfordenglishcanalengineerjohnbellinghamassassinofbritishprimeministerspencerpercevaldhowquachinesemerchantdprobablejohnhenrycolcloughirishrevolutionaryddeathsfebruaryndashpopeclementxiiibmarchndashjohannfriedrichenderschgermancartographerbaprilndashannacanalisdicumianamorganaticmarriagemorganaticspouseofvictoramadeusiiofsavoybaprilndashchiefpontiacottawachiefmurderedbcjunendashedwardholyokeamericanpresidentofharvarduniversitybaugustndashdanielfinchthearlofwinchilseaenglishpoliticianbaugustndashedmondhoyleenglishgameexpertbseptemberndashantoniogenovesiitalianphilosopherbnovemberndashconstantinemavrocordatosprinceofwallachiaandprinceofmoldaviabnovemberndashkamonomabuchijapanesepoetphilologistbdecemberndashchristianfrchtegottgellertgermanpoetbdecemberndashnicholastaaffethviscounttaaffeaustriansoldierbdateunknownndashkingsuremphaaofassambirgittesofiegabeldanishnoblebreferencesfurtherreadingeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunephilipastleycircusjanuaryndashphilipastleystagesthefirstmoderncircusperformingartcircuswithacrobaticsacrobatsongallopinghorsesinlondonfebruaryndashsamueladamssmassachusettscircularlettercircularletterisissuedbythemassachusettshouseofrepresentativesandsenttotheotherthirteencoloniesrefusaltorevoketheletterwillresultindissolutionofthemassachusettsassemblyandfromoctoberincurtheinstitutionofmartiallawtopreventcivilunrestfebruaryndashagroupoftheszlachtapolishnoblesestablishesthebarconfederationtodefendtheinternalandexternalindependenceofthepolishlithuaniancommonwealthagainstrussianinfluenceandagainstkingstanisawiiaugustusmayndashmassacreofstgeorgesfieldsjohnwilkesisimprisonedforwritinganarticleforthenorthbritonseverelycriticizinggeorgeiiioftheunitedkingdomkinggeorgeiiiofgreatbritainthisactionprovokesprotesterstoriotinthesouthwarkdistrictoflondontroopsfireonthemobkillingsevenmayndashafterthetreatyofversaillestreatyofversaillestheislandofcorsicaiscededbyrepublicofgenoagenoatokingdomoffrancefrancejunendashrussoturkishwarrussiacapturesthefortressofbarjulyndashdecemberaugustndashjamescookdepartsfromplymouthonhisfirstvoyageofjamescookfirstvoyageofdiscoveryaugustndashtheshiptheendeavoursetssailseptemberndashseptemberndashthemassachusettsconventionoftownsassemblinginbostonresolvesonawrittenobjectiontotheimpendingarrivalofbritishtroopsratherthanmoremilitantactionbutcausespanicinlondondecemberndashtheslaveshipfredensborgslaveshipfredensborgsinksofftromyanorwaydecemberndashtheroyalacademyisfoundedinlondonwithjoshuareynoldsasitsfirstpresidentrefnamepocketonthisdayrefdecemberndashthekingsrefusaltosignstatedocumentsresultsinthedecembercrisisinswedendecemberndashkingprithvinarayanshahunifiesseveralsmallkingdomstoestablishmoderndaynepalthiskingdomwillcollapseindecemberndashtaksiniscrownedasrulerofthethonburikingdominthailandthroughconquestandestablishesthonburiasitscapitaldateunknownthepetittrianonoriginallydesignedformadamedepompadouriscompletedintheparkofthepalaceofversaillesandinauguratedbylouisxvoffrancenewsmyrnafloridathelargestattemptatcolonizationbythebritishinthenewworldisfoundedbydrandrewturnbullasecretaryofstateunitedkingdomsecretaryofstateforthecoloniesisappointedinkingdomofgreatbritainbritainlouisxvoffranceappointsrennicolascharlesaugustindemaupeourendemaupeouaschancellorandordershimtocrushthejudicialoppositionmembersoftheroyalsocietyofartswritethecompletefarmerorageneraldictionaryofhusbandrypublishedinweeklynumberslouisantoinedebougainvillediscoversthebougainvillestraitandbougainvilleislandthefirstoftheweeklynumbersoftheencyclopdiabritannicaeditedbywilliamsmellieencyclopedistwilliamsmelliearepublishedinedinburghonehundredareplannedthestellersseacowdiscoveredonberingislandinisdriventoextinctiononlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashmariaedgeworthirishnovelistdjanuaryndashjosephbonapartekingofnaplesandspaindjanuaryndashsmiththompsonamericanpoliticianassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesdjanuaryndashkingfrederickviofdenmarkdfebruaryndashfrancisiiholyromanemperordfebruaryndashdouardmortierdukeoftrvisefrenchmarshaldmarchndashtecumsehnativeamericanshawneechiefdmarchndashjosephfourierfrenchmathematicianphysicistdmarchndashmelesinatrenchirishbornwriterandsocialitedmayndashcharlestennantscottishchemistindustrialistdmaycarolineofbrunswickqueenofgeorgeivoftheunitedkingdomdhenrypagetstmarquessofangleseyenglishgeneraldmayndashdolleymadisonfirstladyoftheunitedstatesdjunendashsamuelslateramericanindustrialistdjunendashwilliamfindlaygovernorwilliamfindlayamericanpoliticiandjunendashvincenzodimechmaltesesculptordjunendashelizabethmonroefirstladyoftheunitedstatesdjulyndashadamkarlaugustvoneschenmayergermanphilosopherdjulyndashpraskoviakovalyovazhemchugovarussianserfactressandoperasopranodjulyndashcharlottecordayfrenchmurdererofjeanpaulmaratdaugustndashjeanbaptistebessiresfrenchmarshaldseptemberndashfranoisrendechateaubriandfrenchwriterdiplomatdseptemberndashpaulinelonfrenchfeministradicaldseptemberndashwilliamwallacemathematicianwilliamwallacescottishmathematiciandoctoberndashwilliamberesfordstviscountberesfordbritishgeneralandpoliticiandoctoberndashjosefmaderspergeraustriantailorinventorandsewingmachinepioneerdoctoberndashmaraisidradeguzmnydelacerdaspanishscholarbnovemberndashkaraorepetrovileaderofthefirstserbianuprisingagainsttheottomanempirefounderoftheserbiankaraorevidynastydnovemberzachariaswernergermanreligiouspoetdjosmarchenaruizdecuetospanishwriterdnovemberndashfriedrichschleiermachergermantheologianddateunknownndashmariejeannedelalandefrenchastronomermathematiciandwangzhenyiastronomerwangzhenyichineseastronomerameliagriffithsbritishphycologistddeathsfebruaryndashsirrobertrichthbaronetbritishcavalryofficerbfebruaryndashrobertsmithmathematicianrobertsmithenglishmathematicianbfebruaryndashgeorgedancetheelderenglisharchitectbfebruaryndasharthuronslowenglishpoliticianbmarchndashhermannsamuelreimarusgermanphilosopherwriterbmarchndashnicolaporporaitaliancomposerbmarchndashlaurencesterneirishwriterbaprilndashcanalettoitalianartistbaprilndashgeorgbrandtswedishchemistmineralogistbjunendashjohannjoachimwinckelmanngermanclassicalscholararchaeologistbjunendashjamesshortmathematician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mistdiscovererofstrontiumdaugustndashwilliamhydewollastonenglishchemistdseptemberndashjohndaltonenglishchemistphysicistdseptemberndasharmandemmanueldevignerotduplessisducderichelieuprimeministeroffrancedoctoberndashemmanueldegrouchymarquisdegrouchyfrenchmarshaldnovemberndashjosephradetzkyvonradetzaustrianfieldmarshalddecemberndashbarbarafritchieuspatriotinthecivilwarddecemberndashwilhelmhisingerswedishphysicistandchemistddateunknownndashlolotteforssbergswedishcourtierddeathsjanuaryndashjamesfrancisedwardstuarttheoldpretendertothebritishthronebjanuaryndashthomasbirchenglishhistorianbjanuaryndashkingfrederickvofdenmarkbjanuaryndashgiovanniniccolservandonifrencharchitectandpainterbjanuaryndashjamesquinenglishactorbfebruaryndashcountleopoldjosephvondaunaustrianfieldmarshalbfebruaryndashstanisawleszczyskikingofpolandbmarchndashjanecoldenamericanbotanistbaprilndashjohntaylorclassicalscholarjohntaylorenglishclassicalscholarbaprilndashtiberiushemsterhuisdutchphilologistcriticbmayndashjeanastrucfrenchphysicianscholarbmayndashsamuelchandlerenglishnonconformistministerbmayndashmalharraoholkarindiannoblemanbmayndashhedvigstrmfeltswedishpsalmwriterdjunendashadrienmauricedenoaillesrddukeofnoaillesfrenchsoldierbjulyndashjonathanmayhewamericanministerpatriotbjulyndashelisabethfarnesequeenofphilipvofspainbjulyndashfrantiekmaxmilinkakaczecharchitectbjulyndashgiuseppecastiglionejesuitgiuseppecastiglioneitalianmissionarytochinabaugustndashmargaretfownesluttrellenglishheiresspainterbseptemberndasharchibaldbowerscottishhistorianbseptemberndashbenjaminheathenglishclassicalscholarbnovemberndashjeanmarcnattierfrenchpainterbnovemberndashunicowilhelmvanwassenaerdutchcomposerbdecemberndashjohannchristophgottschedgermanwriterbreferencesfurtherreadingthetreatyofparistreatyofparisissignedeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashtheseatofcolonialadministrationintheviceroyaltyofbrazilismovedfromsalvadorbahiasalvadortoriodejaneirofebruaryndashtheroyalcolonyofnorthcarolinaofficiallycreatesmecklenburgcountynorthcarolinamecklenburgcountyfromthewesternportionofansoncountynorthcarolinaansoncountythecountyisnamedforqueencharlotteofmecklenburgstrelitzwhomarriedgeorgeiiioftheunitedkingdominfebruaryndashsevenyearswarndashfrenchandindianwarthetreatyofparistreatyofparisendsthewarandfrancecedescanadanewfrancetogreatbritainrefnamepocketonthisdayreffebruaryndashthetreatyofhubertusburgputsanendtothesevenyearswarbetweenkingdomofprussiaprussiaandhabsburgmonarchyaustriaandtheiralliesfebruaryndashtheberbiceslaveuprisingstartsintheformerdutchrepublicdutchcolonyofberbicemarchndashcharlestownshendbecomespresidentoftheboardoftradeinthebritishgovernmentmayndashchiefpontiacbeginstheconspiracyofpontiacbyattackingbritishforcesatfortdetroitjunendashpontiacsrebellionatwhatisnowmackinawcitymichiganchippewascapturefortmichilimackinacbydivertingthegarrisonsattentionwithagameoflacrossethenchasingaballintothefortjunendashamagnitudeearthquakeshakeshungaryandslovakiawithamaximummercalliintensityscalemercalliintensityofixviolentdamageislimitedbutarekilledjulyndashdecemberjulyndashthebritisheastindiacompanydeclaresmirqasimthenawabofbengaltobedeposedrefnamecassellschronologyrefrefnamemurshidabadrefaugustndashmirqasimisroutedatodwanalahefleestopatnawherehemassacrestheenglishgarrisonbutissubsequentlydefeatedatkatwamurshidabadgiriaindiagiriasootyudayanalaandmungeraugustndashpontiacswarndashbattleofbushyrunbritishforcesledbyhenrybouquetdefeatchiefpontiacsindiansatbushyruninthepennsylvaniabackcountryaugustndashfireinsmyrnaottomanempiredestroyshousesseptemberndashcatherineiiofrussiaendorsesivanbetskoysplansforafoundlinghomeinmoscowoctoberndashtheroyalproclamationofisissuedbygeorgeiiioftheunitedkingdomrestrictingthewestwardexpansionofbritishnorthamericaandstabilizingrelationswiththeindigenouspeoplesoftheamericasnovemberndashbayestheoremisfirstannounceddecemberndashtourosynagoguenewportrhodeislandisdedicatedbytheendofthethcenturythiswillbetheoldestsynagoguesintheunitedstatesoldestsurvivingsynagogueinnorthamericadecemberndashthepaxtonboysmassacresusquehannockconestogaindiansintheirhomesinlancastercountypennsylvaniawhenthesurvivorsareshelteredinthelancasterworkhousejailthepaxtonboysrideintotownandkillthemaswellondecemberdateunknownlittlehagiasophiainistanbulottomanempireisdamagedinanearthquakejosephhaydnwriteshissymphonynohaydnsymphonynotherussocircassianwarbeginswhentherussianempireattemptstoannexcircassiaonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashedmondcharlesgentfrenchambassadortotheunitedstatesduringthefrenchrevolutiondjanuaryndashlouisalexandreandraultdelangeronrussiangeneraldjanuaryndashcharlesxivjohnofswedenjeanbaptistebernadottemarshaloffrancekingcharlesxivjohnofswedenandcharlesiiijohnofnorwaydfebruaryndashjeanvictormariemoreaufrenchgeneraldfebruaryndashadalbertgyrowetzbohemiancomposerdmarchndashwilliamcobbettenglishjournalistauthordmarchndashguillaumemarieannebrunemarshaloffrancedmarchndashjeanpaulgermanwriterdmayndashjzefantoniponiatowskipolishprincemarshaloffrancedjunendashtheobaldwolfet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egougesfrenchplaywrightdmayndashlouisjeanpierrevieillotfrenchornithologistdmayndashfrederickhowardthearlofcarlisledjunendashwilliamfewamericanpoliticiandjunendashdominiquecomtedecassinijacquesdominiquecomtedecassinifrenchastronomerdaugustndashjohannfriedrichgmelingermannaturalistdaugustndashjacqueslouisdavidfrenchpainterdoctoberndashkingcharlesxiiiofswedencharlesiiofnorwaydoctoberndashjohanndominicusfiorillogermanpainterarthistoriandoctoberndashmarthawaylesskeltonjeffersonwifeofthomasjeffersondnovemberndashkingcharlesivofspaindnovemberndashwilliamchalmersmerchantwilliamchalmersswedishmerchantddecemberndashclaudelouisbertholletfrenchchemistddecemberndashwilliamcavendishthdukeofdevonshireddateunknownjamessayersenglishcaricaturistdtimurshahdurranitimurshahafghankingdthomashollowaypainterthomashollowayenglishportraitpainterengraverdstylianosvlasopoulosgreekjudgewriterddeathsjanuaryndashjohannbernoulliswissmathematicianbjanuaryndasharnolddrakenborchdutchclassicalscholarbfebruaryndashottoferdinandvonabensbergundtraunaustrianfieldmarshalbmarchndashlisabeththrsedelorrainefrenchnoblewomanprincessofepinoybymarriagebmarchndashgeorgewadebritishmilitaryleaderbmarchndashjohanngottfriedwalthergermanmusictheoristorganistandcomposerbaprilndashwilliamkentenglisharchitectbcmayndashthomaslowndesastronomerthomaslowndesbritishastronomerbmayndashhenridukeofelbeufmemberofthehouseoflorrainebjunendashmarretjearentsdutchrebelleaderbaugustndashjamesthomsonpoetbornjamesthomsonscottishpoetbseptemberndashedmundgibsonenglishjuristbseptemberndashmotherignaciadelespritusantofilipinofounderofthecongregationofthereligiousofthevirginmarybseptemberndashannebracegirdleenglishactressbcseptemberndashjohnbalguyenglishphilosopherbnovemberndashisaacwattsenglishhymnwriterbdecemberndashcharlesseymourthdukeofsomersetenglishpoliticianbreferencesfurtherreadingbattleoflauffeldeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashthefirstvenerealdiseasesclinicopensatlondonlockhospitalfebruaryndashkinggeorgeswaracombinedfrenchandindianforcecommandedbycaptainnicolasantoineiicoulondevilliersbattleofgrandprattacksanddefeatsbritishtroopsatgrandprnovascotiaaprilndashthescottishjacobitismjacobitesimonfraserthlordlovatlordlovatisbeheadedbyaxeontowerhilllondonforhightreasonthelastmantobeexecutedinthiswayingreatbritainbritainmayndashwaroftheaustriansuccessionndashfirstbattleofcapefinisterrefirstbattleofcapefinisterrethebritishnavydefeatsafrenchfleetjunendashemperormomozonoofjapanemperormomozonoascendstothethroneofjapansucceedingemperorsakuramachiofjapanemperorsakuramachijunendashoctoberndashtheenglandenglishshipsdobbsgalleyandcaliforniaundercaptainswilliammooreandfrancissmithexplorehudsonbaydiscoveringthereisnonorthwestpassagebythisroutejulyndashdecemberahmadshahdurranicrownedaskingofafghanistanjulyndashwaroftheaustriansuccessionndashbattleoflauffeldfrancedefeatsthecombinedarmiesofhanovergreatbritainandthenetherlandsoctoberthomasherringisappointedarchbishopofcanterburyfollowingthecaptureofkandaharahmadshahdurraniischosenbyaloyajirgaasfirstleaderofthedurraniempirepredecessorofafghanistanoctoberndashwaroftheaustriansuccessionndashsecondbattleofcapefinisterresecondbattleofcapefinisterrethebritishnavyagaindefeatsafrenchfleetnovemberndashriotersinamsterdamdemandgovernmentalreformnovembernovemberndashtheknowlesriotbreaksoutinbostonmassachusettsprotestingimpressmentintothebritishroyalnavynovemberndashprincewilliamivprinceoforangewilliamivoforangebecomesstadtholderofallthedutchrepublicunitedprovincesdateunknownjameslindsexperimentbeginstoprovethatcitrusfruitspreventscurvywaroftheaustriansuccessionspanishtroopsinvadeandoccupythecoastaltownsofbeaufortnorthcarolinabeaufortandbrunswicknorthcarolinabrunswickintheroyalcolonyofnorthcarolinaduringwhatbecomesknownasthespanishalarmtheyarelaterdrivenoutbythelocalmilitiasamueljohnsonbeginsworkonadictionaryoftheenglishlanguageinlondononlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashabrahamlouisbreguetswisshorologistinventordjanuaryndashjohnaikinenglishdoctorandwriterdjanuaryndashjohannelertbodegermanastronomerdjanuaryndashsamuelparrenglishschoolmasterdfebruaryndashjohnwalkingstewartenglishtravellerphilosopherdfebruaryndasheugenioespejoecuadorianscientistdfebruaryndashjustinmorganamericanhorsebreedercomposerdmayndashleopoldiiholyromanemperordmayndashjudithvandorthdutchorangismnetherlandsorangistdjunendashmicheletrojaitalianphysiciandjulyndashrosebertinfrenchfashiondesignerdjulyndashjohnpauljonesamericannavalcaptaindseptemberndashthomascokebishopthomascokefirstunitedmethodistchurchamericanmethodistbishopdoctoberndashjeanfranoisrewbellfrenchpoliticianddecemberndashannasewardenglishwriterddecemberndashgottfriedaugustbrgergermanpoetddateunknownfranoistourtefrenchmusicalinstrumentmakerdfrancissalvadoramericanpatriotdgrigoryshelikhovrussianmerchantddeathsjanuaryndashbartholdheinrichbrockesgermanpoetbjanuaryndashwillemvanmierisdutchpainterbmarchndashjohannmatthiasvonderschulenburggermanaristocratandgeneralbmarchndashchristianaugustusofanhaltzerbstfatherofcatherineiiofrussia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ngtheblackwatchrefnamecassellschronologyrefjunendashbattleofhohenfriedbergfrederickthegreatdestroystheaustrianarmyjunendashkinggeorgeswarthebritishcapturecapebretonislandinnorthamericafromthefrenchjulyndashdecemberjulyndashwaroftheaustriansuccessionndashbattleofmellethefrencharevictoriousinanengagementagainstthepragmaticsanctionofpragmaticalliesjulyndashthefirstrecordedhistoryofwomenscricketwomenscricketmatchtakesplaceinsurreyenglandrefnamecbhrefaugustndashthejacobiterisingofbeginsatglenfinnanscotlandwherecharlesedwardstuartraiseshisstandardseptemberndashcatherinethegreatmarriespeteriiiofrussiainsaintpetersburgseptemberndashjacobiterisingofjacobitesenteredinburghsixdayslatercharlesedwardstuartproclaimshisfatherjamesfrancisedwardstuartasjamesviiiofscotlandseptemberndashfrancisiholyromanemperorfrancisiiselectedholyromanemperorwiththesupportofhiswifemariatheresaheisthesuccessorofcharlesviialbertofelectorateofbavariabavariaanenemyofthehouseofhabsburgwhodiedonjanuaryofthisyearseptemberndashmadamedepompadourisofficiallypresentedatthecourtoflouisxvoffranceseptemberndashjacobiterisingofndashcanterofcoltbriggthebritishthandthdragoonsfleethejacobitesnearedinburghseptemberndashbattleofprestonpansbritishgovernmentforcesaredefeatedbythejacobitesinscotlanddecemberndashjacobiterisingofthescottishjacobitearmyreachesasfarsouthasderbyinenglandcausingpanicinlondontwodayslateritbeginstoretreatdecemberndashjacobiterisingofndashcliftonmoorskirmishthejacobitesarevictoriousinthelastactionbetweentwomilitaryforcesonenglishsoildecemberndashjacobiterisingofndashbattleofinveruriebattleofinveruriethejacobitesarevictoriousoverbritishroyaltroopsdecemberndashthetreatyofdresdengivesprussiafullpossessionofsilesiadecemberndashfordaysfiredestroysbuildingsinistanbulonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashanthonywayneunitedstatesarmyofficerstatesmanandmemberoftheunitedstateshouseofrepresentativesdjanuaryndashjacquestiennemontgolfierfrenchinventordjanuaryndashcalebstrongamericanpoliticiandfebruaryndashhannahmoreenglishreligiouswriterromanticandphilanthropistdfebruaryndashalessandrovoltaitalianphysicistdfebruaryndashhenryjamespyeenglishpoetdfebruaryndasholoftempelmanswedisharchitectdmarchcharlesdibdinenglishcomposerdkazimierzpuaskiamericanrevolutionarywargeneraldmarchndashjohngunbymarylandsoldierintheamericanrevolutionarywardmarchndashjohnbarrynavalofficerjohnbarryofficerinthecontinentalnavyduringtheamericanrevolutionarywarandlaterintheunitedstatesnavydaprilndashphilippepinelfrenchphysiciandaprilndasholiverellsworthchiefjusticeoftheunitedstatesdjulyndashsarabanzetfrencheducatoranddiaristdjulyndashrobertcalderbritishnavalofficerdaugustndashfrancisasburyunitedmethodistchurchamericanmethodistbishopdaugustndashjohannhieronymusschrtergermanastronomerdseptemberndashmikhailillarionovichkutuzovrussianfieldmarshaldnovemberndashvalentinhayfrencheducatorfounderofthefirstschoolfortheblinddnovemberndashjohntreadwellthefourthgovernorofconnecticutddecemberndashqueenjeongsunkoreanregentddecemberndashjohnjayamericanpoliticianandstchiefjusticeoftheunitedstatesdieddecemberndashjohanngottfriedkoehlergermanastronomerddecemberndashwilliampatersonjudgewilliampatersonamericanpoliticianandassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesddateunknownmicaelabastidaspuyucahuaperuvianindigenousrebelleaderddanwonkoreanpainterdroberthharrisonamericanjuristandlieutenantcolonelofthecontinentalarmyddeathsjanuaryndashjosiahfranklinenglishbornamericanbusinessmanfatherofbenjaminfranklinbjanuaryndashcharlesviiholyromanemperorbfebruaryndashjosepheffnergermanarchitectbmarchndashrobertwalpolefirstprimeministeroftheunitedkingdombmayndashtomasoantoniovitaliitalianviolinistandcomposerbmayndashfranoismariestducdebrogliefrenchmilitaryleaderbseptemberndashsirjohnbairdndbaronetbritishpoliticianboctoberndashjonathanswiftangloirishwriterbnovemberndashjamesbutlernddukeoformondeirishstatesmanandsoldierbdecemberndashtiennefourmontfrenchorientalistbdecemberndashjeanbaptistevanloofrenchpainterbdecemberndashjandismaszelenkabohemiancomposerbdateunknownndashhedvigcatharinadelagardiehedvigcatharinadelagardieswedishsalonnirebreferencesndashfebruarybattleoftoulonbattleoftouloneventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashthedagohoyrebellioninthephilippinesbeginswiththekillingoffathergiuseppelambertifebruaryndashviolentstormsfrustratedplannedfrenchinvasionofbritainplannedfrenchinvasionofbritainfebruaryndashfebruaryndashbattleoftoulonbattleoftoulonthebritishfleetisdefeatedbyajointfrancospanishfleetmarchapproximatelyndashthegreatcometofoneofthebrightesteverseenreachesperihelionmarchndashfrancedeclareswarongreatbritainaprilndashthefemalespectatoramonthlyisfoundedbyelizahaywoodinenglandthefirstperiodicalwrittenforwomenbyawomanaprilndashthefirstrulesofgolfaredrawnupatleithforthefirstgolfcompetitionaprilndashbattleofvillafrancaajointfrenchandspanishforcedefeatsbritainandsardiniajunendashcatherinethegreatisreceivedintotherussianorthodoxchurchjulyndashdecemberjulyndashbattleofcasteldelfinofrancedefeatsthekingdomofsardiniajulyndashnadershahlayssiegetotheottomancitadelofkarsaugustndashbattleofvelletribattleofvelletriinthekingdomofnaplesspanishneapolitanforcesdefeatthoseofthearchduchyofaustriaseptemberndashpraguesurrenderstotheprussianscommandedbyfrederickthegreatseptemberndashbattleofmadonnadellolmofranceandspaindefeatthekingdomofsardiniadateunknownthethirdfrenchandindianwarknownaskinggeorgeswarbreaksoutatannapolisroyalnovascotiathefirstsaudistateisfoundedbymuhammadbinsaudtommythumbsprettysongbooksequeltotommythumbssongbookcontainingtheoldestversionofmanywellknownandpopularrhymesispublishedinlondononlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashthomasmifflinfirstgovernorofpennsylvaniadfebruaryndashpierrejosephdesaultfrenchanatomistandsurgeondfebruaryndashmayeramschelrothschildgermanbankerfounderoftherothschildbankingdynastydmayndashcharlotteofmecklenburgstrelitzqueenofgeorgeiiiofgreatbritaindmayndashsamuelirelandbritishauthorandengraverdmayndashrichardlovelledgeworthangloirishpoliticianwriterandinventordjulyndashelbridgegerrylistofvicepresidentsoftheunitedstatesthvicepresidentoftheunitedstatesamericanpoliticiandjulyndashjoshuaclaytonamericanpoliticiandaugustndashjeanbaptistelamarckfrenchnaturalistdaugustndashpierremchainfrenchastronomerdaugustndashjohanngottfriedherdergermanwriterdseptemberndashkingfrederickwilliamiiofprussiadnovemberndashabigailadamsfirstladyoftheunitedstatesddateunknownndashmariebarchdanishballerinaddeathsjanuaryndashjameshamiltonthearlofabercornbjanuaryndashpierrelepautrefrenchartistbjanuaryndashgiambattistavicoitalianphilosopherhistorianbjanuaryndashludwigandreasvonkhevenhlleraustrianfieldmarshalbfebruaryndashhedvigtaubemistresstokingfrederickiofswedenbfebruaryndashjohnhadleyenglishmathematicianbmarchndashjeanbarbeyracfrenchjuristbmarchndashjohnanstisenglishheraldbaprilndashanderscelsiusswedishastronomerbmayndashalexanderpopeenglishwriterbjuneandrcamprafrenchcomposerbjohneamesenglishacademicbjulyndashmihairacoviprinceofmoldaviaandprinceofwallachiaaugustndashjamesbrydgesstdukeofchandosenglishpatronoftheartsbaugustndashjohncrugerdutchbornmayorofnewyorkbaugustndashwilliambyrdiiprominentplanterfromvirginiabseptemberndashprincessthrseoffrancethrseoffrancedaughteroflouisxvoffranceboctoberndashjohannheinrichschulzegermanprofessorandpolymathboctoberndashsarahchurchillduchessofmarlboroughenglishfriendofannequeenofgreatbritainboctoberndashleonardoleoitaliancomposerbdecemberndashmarieannedemaillyneslefrenchmistressofkinglouisxvbdecemberndashlisabethcharlottedorlansduchessandregentoflorrainebdateunknownndashcatherinejrmiefrenchcanadianbotanistbreferencesndashbattleofmollwitzeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjuneaprilndashthenewyorkslaveinsurrectionofnewyorkslaveinsurrectionaplottosetfiretonewyorkcityisdiscoveredaprilndashbattleofmollwitzanarchduchyofaustriaaustrianarmyisdefeatedbykingdomofprussiaprussiantroopsoffrederickthegreatmayndashvitusberingsetsoutfrompetropavlovskkamchatskytomapthecoastsofsiberiaandalaskamayndashbattleofcartagenadeindiasspainwinsanimpressivevictoryovergreatbritainjunendashmariatheresaofaustriaiscrownedkingdomofhungaryqueenregnantofhungaryinbratislavajulyndashdecemberjulyndashjonathanedwardstheologianjonathanedwardsrepeatshissinnersinthehandsofanangrygodsermonatenfieldconnecticutjulyndashalexeichirikovsightslandinsoutheastalaskaandsendssomemenaboardhisshipashoreinalongboatmakingthemthefirsteuropeanstovisitalaskaaugustndashaugustndashwarofjenkinsearndashinvasionofcubainvasionofcubabritishadmiraledwardvernoncapturesguantnamobayincubawhichherenamescumberlandbaybutwhichhisforcesareforcedtoabandonondecemberaugustndashbattleofcolachelrajamarthandavarmaoftravancoredefeatsthedutcheastindiacompanyendingthedutchcolonialruleinindiathefirstmajordefeatofaeuropeancolonialmilitarypowerinindianovemberndashnovemberndashfrancobavariantroopscommandedbymauriceofsaxonystormpraguedecemberndashelizabethofrussiabecomesczarinaafterapalacecoupdecemberndashvitusberingdiesduringhisexpeditioneastofsiberiadecemberndashanderscelsiusdevelopshisownthermometerscalecentigradethepredecessorofthecelsiusscaledateunknownstemmatographiabyhristoforzhefarovichregardedasthefirstserbsserbianandbulgariansecularprintedbookisprintedinviennathepopulationofchinareachescmilliontheroyalorderofscotlandisfoundedonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashbenedictarnoldamericanrevolutionarywargeneraltraitordjanuaryndashhesterthralewelshdiaristdfebruaryndashhenryfuseliswisspainterandwriterdmarchndashjosephiiholyromanemperordmarchndashwilliamwitheringbritishphysiciandmarchndashjeanantoinehoudonfrenchsculptordaprilndashemperormomozonoofjapandaprilndashsamuelchaseassociatejusticeofthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesdmayndashingeborgakeleyenorwegiannobleknownforherlovelifedmayndashandrealuchesiitaliancomposerdjunendashjosephwarrenamericanpatriotphysiciandseptemberndashpetersimonpallasgermanzoologistdoctoberndashedmondmaloneirishscholardoctoberndashpierrechoderlosdelaclosfrenchgeneralauthordoctoberndashjohannaugustvonstarckgermanpastordnovemberndashjohannkasparlavaterswissphysiognomistddateunknownnd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criticdmayndashpatrickhenryamericanpatriotdjunendashsirjohnactonthbaronetprimeministerofnaplesdjunendashfermnlasunspanishmissionarydjunendashcharlesaugustindecoulombfrenchphysicistdjunendashenochpooramericangeneraldjunendashjohnhornetookeenglishpoliticianphilologistdjulyndashjuanbautistadeanzagovernorofthespanishprovinceofnewmexicodjulyndashdanielmorganamericanpioneercongressmanfromvirginiaandgeneraldaugustndashlouisjosephprinceofconddaugustndashalexanderruncimanscottishpainterdaugustndashjeanbaptistelromdelislefrenchgeologistdseptemberndashjeansylvainbaillyfrenchastronomerdseptemberndashcarterbraxtonsigneroftheamericandeclarationofindependencedoctoberndashjamesmacphersonscottishpoetddateunknownrobertjephsonirishdramatistdlichingyuenchineseherbalistmartialartistandtacticaladvisordclaimedpierrelepelleyiseigneurofsarkdclaudiussmithamericanrevolutionarydsirjamestylneylongthbaronetenglishpoliticianddeathsjanuaryndashjeanleclerctheologianswisstheologianandbiblicalscholarbjanuaryndashmatthusdanielpppelmanngermanarchitectbjanuaryndashfilippojuvarraitalianarchitectbfebruaryndashjamesstanleythearlofderbyenglishpoliticianbfebruaryndashstephengrayscientiststephengrayenglishdyerastronomerandscientistbmarchndashgiovannibattistapergolesiitaliancomposerbmarchndashnicholashawksmoorbritisharchitectbcaprilndashprinceeugeneofsavoyfrenchbornaustriangeneralbaprilndashjohannalbertfabriciusgermanscholarandbibliographerbmayndashdiogodemendonacorterealportuguesepoliticianbjulyndashwilliamhardresbritishpoliticianbaugustndashvictorhonorjanssensflemishpainterbseptemberndashdanielgabrielfahrenheitgermanphysicistandinventorboctoberndashgeorgeclarkeenglishpoliticianarchitectbnovemberndashlouisantoinedepardaillandegondrinfrenchdukebdecemberndashantniomanoeldevilhenaportuguesethgrandmasteroftheknightshospitallerbdecemberburialndashantoninahoubrakendutchdraughtswomanbdecemberndashsirwilliamrobinsonstbaronetbritishpoliticianbdecemberndashantoniocaldaraitaliancomposerbdateunknownahmediiiottomansultanbannacolbjrnsdatternorwegianheroinebjohnporteoussoldierjohnporteousscottishcaptainbcchenshupainterchenshuchinesepainterbreferencesrussiantroopstakesiegeofdanzigdanzigeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashsalzburgerslutheranswhowereexpelledbytheromancatholicbishopofsalzburgaustriainoctobersetsailforthebritishcolonyofprovinceofgeorgiageorgiainnorthamericaamericamarchndashsalzburgersarriveatthemouthofthesavannahriverinthebritishprovinceofgeorgiacolonyofgeorgiajunendashfrenchtroopstakephilippsburgbutthejamesfitzjamesstdukeofberwickdukeofberwickiskilledjunendashinmontrealnewfranceablackslaveknownbythefrenchnameofmariejosephangliqueistorturedthenhanginghangedbythefrancefrenchauthoritiesforallegedlysettingafirethatdestroyedpartofthecityjunendashwarofthepolishsuccessionrussiantroopstakesiegeofdanziggdaskgermaniclanguagegermandanzigwhichhadbeenbesiegedsincefebruaryafterthefailureofafrancefrenchexpeditiontorelievethecityjulyndashdecembernovemberndashthedzikwconfederationiscreatedinpolandonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashrobertmorrisfinancierrobertmorrisfoundingfatheroftheunitedstatesdfebruaryndashthomasconwayamericanrevolutionarywargeneraldmarchndashjeannedebellemheroineofthebrabantrevolutionmarchndashthomasmckeanunitedstatesamericanlawyersignerofthedeclarationofindependencedaprilndashtaksinkingofthailanddaprilndashelsabeatabungeswedishpeopleswedishbotanistdmayndashfranzmesmeraustrianphysiciandjulyndashuedaakinarijapaneseauthorandscholardseptemberndashjosephwrightofderbyjosephwrightbritishpainterdoctoberndashsirralphabercrombybritishgeneraldnovemberndashdanielbooneamericanfrontiersmanddecemberndashadamkazimierzczartoryskipolisharistocratandpatronoftheartsddecemberndashgeorgeromneypaintergeorgeromneyenglishpainterddecemberndashmariaiofportugalportuguesequeenfromthebraganzadynastyddateunknowncatharinaahlgrenswedishpoeteditorandearlyfeministdulricaarfvidssonswedishfortunetellerddeathsjanuaryndashjohndennisdramatistjohndennisenglishdramatistcriticbfebruaryjohnfloyerphysicianjohnfloyerenglishphysicianwriterbgiuseppeottaviopitoniitaliancomposerbfebruaryndashdiegodeastorgaycspedesspanishcatholiccardinalbmarchndashrogernorththcenturyrogernorthenglishbiographerbmarchndashandreassilbermanngermanorganbuilderbmarchndashrobertwodrowscottishhistorianbaprilndashlouislullyfrenchcomposerbaprilndashjohannconraddippelgermanalchemistbmayndashjamesthornhillenglishpainterbormayndashsebastianoricciitalianpainterbmayndashgeorgernststahlgermanphysicianandchemistbjunendashjamesfitzjamesstdukeofberwickillegitimatesonofjamesiiofenglandandfrenchmilitarycommanderbjunendashgiovannicevaitalianmathematicianbjunendashclaudelouishectordevillarsmarshaloffrancebjunendashmariejosephangliqueafricanslavejulyndashpeterkingstbaronkinglordchancellorlordchancellorofenglandbcseptemberndashmichelsarrazincanadianscientistbnovemberndashlouisedekrouailleduchessofportsmouthfrenchbornmistressofcharlesiiofenglandbdecemberndashrobroymacgregorscottishclanchiefbreferencesbattleofkirkukbattleofkirkukeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunefebruaryndashbritishcolonistjamesoglethorpefoundssavannahgeorgiamarchndashthemolassesactispassedbytheparliamentofgreatbritainwhichreinforcesthenegativeopinionsofthebritishbyamericancolonistsaprilndashroyalcolonyofnorthcarolinacommissionersjohnwatsonjoshuagraingermichaelhigginsandjameswimbleplanthetownofnewcarthagewhichwilleventuallybecomewilmingtonnorthcarolinaontheeastsideofthecapefearrivermayndashthecantonsystemprussiacantonsystemisfirstintroducedinkingdomofprussiaprussiamayndashtherightofcanadianstokeepfirstnationsindianslaveryslavesisupheldatquebecjulyndashdecemberjulyndashthefirstfreemasonryfreemasonslodgeopensinwhatwillbecometheunitedstatesofamericaoctoberndashtheelectionofaugustusiiiofpolandaugustusiiitosucceedhisfatheraskingofpolandsparksthewarofthepolishsuccessionoctoberndashthebattleofkirkukbattleofkirkukstartswhichwillleadtothedefeatoftheottomanempireottomanarmyundergeneraltopalosmanpashanovemberndashtheslaveinsurrectiononstjohnbeginsslavesfromakwamuslaverebellionrebelagainsttheirownersinthedanishwestindiesonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashphilipcarteretbritishnavalofficerdjanuaryndashbenjaminlincolnmajorgeneralunitedstatesmajorgeneralinthecontinentalarmyduringtheamericanrevolutionarywarandpoliticiandmarchndashjosephpriestleyenglishscientistandministerdmayndashjeancharlesdebordafrenchmathematicianphysicistpoliticalscientistandsailordjulyndashjeremiahdixonenglishsurveyorandastronomerdseptemberndashchristophmartinwielandgermanpoetandwriterdseptemberndashgeorgereadusstatesmangeorgereadamericanlawyerandsigneroftheunitedstatesdeclarationofindependencedeclarationofindependencedoctoberndashfranoissbastiencharlesjosephdecroixcountofclerfaytaustrianfieldmarshaldoctoberndashlisaeriksdotterfinnishvisionarynovemberndashsirajuddaulahthelastindependentrulerofbengalofundividedindiadnovemberndashphilipschuylergeneralintheamericanrevolutionunitedstatessenatorfromnewyorkstatenewyorkfatherofangelicaschuylerchurchandelizabethschuylerhamiltondundatedjohannalfbladswedishactorandsingerddeathsjanuaryndashgeorgebyngstviscounttorringtonenglishroyalnavyadmiralbjanuaryndashlovisavonburghausenswedishmemoiristbjanuaryndashsirgilbertheathcotestbaronetgilbertheathcotemayoroflondonbjanuaryndashthomaswoolstonenglishtheologianbfebruaryndashkingaugustusiithestrongofpolandbfebruaryndashrobertpricejudgebritishjudgeandpoliticianbfebruaryndashulrikaeleonorastlhammarswedishofficerbmarchndashclaudedeforbinfrenchnavalcommanderbaprilndashippolitodesideriitaliantibetologistbaprilndashelizabethhamiltoncountessoforkneymistressofwilliamiiiofenglandbmayndashnicolascoustoufrenchartistbmayndashsirrichardcoxstbaronetenglandbmayndashbartonboothenglishactorbmayndashgeorgbhmgermanorganistbjunendashjohannjakobscheuchzerswissscholarbjulyndashannethrsedemarguenatdecourcellesfrenchsalonholderbaugustndashmatthewtindalenglishdeistbaugustndashpierretiennemonnotfrenchartistbseptemberndashfranoiscouperinfrenchcomposerboctoberndashsirthomasmolyneuxstbaronetirishpoliticianboctoberndashgiovannigirolamosaccheriitalianmathematicianboctoberndasheberhardlouisdukeofwrttembergbnovemberndashwillemadriaanvandersteldutchcolonialadministratorbdecemberndashgerardhoetdutchpainterbreferencesobservesthecrabnebulaforthefirsttimeeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunemarchndashthetreatyofviennatreatyofviennaissignedbetweentheholyromanempiregreatbritainthedutchrepublicandspainaprilndashthetownofraynhammassachusettsinbristolcountyisenteredasanewtownbythegovernorandcourtofprovinceofmassachusettsbaymassachusettsnewenglandamericaaprilndashbritishtraderrobertjenkinsmastermarinerrobertjenkinshashisearcutoffbyspainspanishcoastguardsincubacasusbelliforthewarofjenkinsearinrefnamecassellschronologyrefjulyndashdecemberjulyndashbenjaminfranklinandfellowsubscribersstartthelibrarycompanyofphiladelphiadateunknownroyalcolonyofnorthcarolinagovernorgeorgeburringtonasksthenorthcarolinageneralassemblytopassanactestablishingatownonthecapefearriverinwhatisseenasapoliticalmovetoshiftthepowerawayfromthepowerfulcapefearplantationclassthetownislaidoutinandincorporatedaswilmingtonnorthcarolinawilmingtoninenglishpeopleenglishcaptaingoughcalthorpefamilycharlesgoughrediscoversgoughislandinthesouthatlanticlaurabassibecomesthefirstofficialfemaleuniversityteacheronbeingappointedprofessorofanatomyattheuniversityofbolognaattheageofjohnbevisobservesthecrabnebulaforthefirsttimeinthemoderneratheroyaltheatreofmantuaitalyisbuiltbyferdinandogallibibienaonlyincludebirthsfebruaryndashcharleschurchillsatiristcharleschurchillenglishpoetdmarchndashgabrielasilangfilipinorebelleaderandheroinedaprilndashwilliamwilliamssignerwilliamwilliamssignerofthedeclarationofindependencedmayndashbeilbyporteusbishopoflondonandabolitionistdjunendashmarthawashingtonfirstladyoftheunitedstatesdjunendashdorotheabiehldanishwriterdjulyndashsamuelhuntingtonstatesmansamuelhuntingtonpatriotamericanrevolutionpatriotintheamericanrevolutionandpoliticiandaugustndashhenryconstantinejenningsenglishgamblerandcollectordoctoberndashhenrycavendishe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neofbaekjeinthekoreanpeninsulascholarswhohavedenouncedeunuchcourtofficialeunuchsarearrestedkilledorbanishedfromthecapitalandofficiallifeinhandynastychinathiswasthefirstofthedisastersofthepartisanprohibitionswhichendedinaromansinoromanrelationsenvoyarrivesbyseainrinancommanderyinsouthernchinacentralvietnamhetravelstothechinesecapitalluoyangandisgreetedbyemperorhanhuandiofchinaemperorhuanofthehandynastybytopicreligionpopesotersucceedspopeanicetusasthetwelfthpopelaurencesucceedsalypiusasecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleonlyincludebirthstaishicihandynastygeneralddeathskinggaeruofbaekjemarongbadreferencesyearromannumeralsclxxxixwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofsilanusandsilanusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireplaguepossiblysmallpoxkillsasmanyaspeopleperdayinancientromeromefarmersareunabletoharvesttheircropsandfoodshortagesbringriotsinthecityasialiubiansucceedsemperorlingofhanemperorlingaschineseemperorofthehandynastydongzhuohasliubiandeposedandinstallsemperorxianofhanemperorxianasemperortwothousandeunuchcourtofficialeunuchsinthepalaceareslaughteredinaviolentpurgeinluoyangthecapitalofhanbytopicartsandsciencesgalenpublisheshistreatiseonthevarioustemperamentsakaontheelementsaccordingtohippocratesreligionpopevictorisucceedspopeeleuterusasthefourteenthpopethefirstfromafricapopedemetriusiofalexandriademetriusofalexandriabecomespatriarchofalexandriapantaenuswhowassentbythebishopofalexandriatoindiatopreachchristianitymeetswithlittlesuccessonlyincludebirthsmarchndashpubliusseptimiusgetagetayoungersonofthefutureromanemperorseptimiusseverusdlingtongchinesegeneralservingundertheeasternhandynastywarlordsunquandzhangchunhuawifeofthechinesegeneralsimayiofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathsmayndashemperorlingofhanchineseemperorbseptemberndashhejinhandynastygeneralandregentassassinateddingyuanhandynastygeneralandminorwarlordempressdowagerdongpopeeleuterusempresshehandynastyempressdowagerheemperorlingssecondwifereferencesyearromannumeralscxcixwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofannullianusandfrontoorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiremesopotamiaispartitionedintotworomanprovincesdividedbytheeuphratesmesopotamiaandosroeneemperorseptimiusseveruslayssiegetothecitystatehatraincentralmesopotamiabutfailstocapturethecitydespitebreachingthewallstwonewromanlegionlegionslegioiparthicaiparthicaandlegioiiiparthicaiiiparthicaareformedasapermanentgarrisonasiachinesewarlordyuanshaodefeatsgongsunzaninthebattleofyijinggeodeungofgeumgwangayageodeungsucceedssuroofgeumgwangayaaskingofthekoreankingdomofgayaconfederacygayatraditionaldatebytopicreligionpopezephyrinussucceedspopevictoriasthefifteenthpopeonlyincludebirthszhugeqiaosecondsonoftheeasternwugeneralzhugejinddeathsfebruaryndashlbuhandynastywarlordmarchndashgongsunzanhandynastywarlordsuroofgeumgwangayatraditionaldatetiankaihandynastygeneralandprovincialgovernoryuanshuhandynastywarlordpopevictorireferencesyearromannumeralsccxviiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofpraesensandextricatusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireaprilndashcaracallaisassassinatedbyhissoldiersnearosroeneedessamarcusopelliusmacrinusheadofthepraetorianguarddeclareshimselfromanemperorsummerndashbattleofnisibisbattleofnisibisaromanarmyunderthecommandofmacrinusisdefeatedinathreedaysbattlebytheparthiansatnusaybinnisibisintheprovinceofmesopotamiakingartabanusvofparthiaartabanusvsignsapeacetreatywithancientromeromeafterhereceivedmillionsestertiussestercesfortherebuildingoftownsdestroyedduringthewarinparthiamacrinusofmauritaniabecomesthefirstequestrianromanequestrianromanemperorempressjuliadomnajuliawifeofseptimiusseverusandmotherofcaracallaandpubliusseptimiusgetagetacommitssuicidethecolosseumisbadlydamagedbyfirelightningwhichdestroysthewoodenupperlevelsoftheamphitheaterasiabattleofruxubattleofruxucaocaoonceagainclashesagainstsunquaninyangprovincebytopicreligiondecemberndashthepapacyofpopezephyrinuszephyrinusendspopecallixtusicallixtusiiselectedasthesixteenthpopebutisopposedbythetheologytheologianhippolytuswriterhippolytuswhoaccuseshimoflaxityandofbeingasabellianismmodalistonewhodeniesanydistinctionbetweenthethreepersonsofthetrinityhippolytusbeginshispontificateasantipopeandsetsupabreakawaychurchbuildingchurchforchristianfollowe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llschronologyofworldhistorypublisherweidenfeldnicolsondateisbnpagesrefharvyearromannumeralsmxxviwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropearibertarchbishopofmilancrownsconradiiholyromanemperorconradiikingofitalypietrobarbolanobecomesdogeofvenicehenryiiiholyromanemperorhenrytheblackismadehenryviduchyofbavariadukeofbavariabyhisfatherconradiibattleofthehelgeoffthecoastofswedennavalforcesofcnutthegreatsnorthseaempiredefeatthecombinedswedishandnorwaynorwegianroyalfleetsasiaazuburevoltagainsttheliaodynastyissuppressedwiththezubuforcedtopayanannualtributeonlyincludebirthstostiggodwinsonearlofnorthumbriaapproximatedateddeathsseptemberndashottowilliamcountofburgundyhenryvdukeofbavariahenryofluxemburgdukeofbavariaadelaideblancheofanjouqueenofaquitaineregentofgvaudanandprovencebreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropejanuaryndashrobertdegrandmesnilhisnephewberengarbishopofvenosaberengarhalfsisterjudithfuturewifeofrogeriofsicilyandelevenmonksoftheabbeyofsaintevroularebanishedfromtheduchyofnormandyandheadtosouthernitalyjanuaryndashvratislausiiofbohemiavratislausiisucceedshisbrotherspytihnviidukeofbohemiaspytihnviiasdukeofduchyofbohemiabohemiamayndashnormansrobertguiscardandhisbrotherrogeriofsicilyrogerconquermessinaintheemirateofsicilyoctoberndashpopealexanderiisucceedspopenicholasiiasthethpopespeyercathedralisconsecratedinspeyergermanymostofwestfrisialaterpartofthecountyofhollandisconqueredbyimperialgermanarmiesandgiventothearchdioceseofutrechtbishopofutrechtsosolsatribeinestoniadestroythekievanrusfortificationofyuryevintartuandcarryoutaraidonpskovafricayusufbentashfinsucceedstothethroneofmoroccofollowingthealmoravidconquestonlyincludebirthsflorisicountofhollandwilliamiicountofburgundydeathsjanuaryndashspytihnviidukeofbohemiabjulyndashpopenicholasiibeatriceiabbessofquedlinburgbreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxxviiiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropejulyndashtheromanesquetympanumarchitecturetympanumofsantiagodecompostelacathedralingaliciaspainisconstructedaugustndashbattleofmellrichstadtholyromanemperorhenryivdefeatsthegermanantikingrudolfofswabiaanselmofcanterburyanselmiselectedabbotofbecabbeyinduchyofnormandynormandyapproximatedatendashthewhitetowertoweroflondonwhitetowerofthetoweroflondonisbegununderthedirectionofbishopgundulfofrochesterasiabattleofkalavryethebyzantineimperialforcesofgeneralalexiosikomnenosarevictoriousovertherebelliousgovernorofdyrrhachiumnikephorosbryenniostheelderphilaretosbrachamiosabandonshisclaimtothebyzantineempireonbeingappointeddukeofantiochafoundationofthelaterarmeniankingdomofciliciabythisyeartheironindustryinsongdynastychinaisproducingatotalweightofkgtontofcastironironproductperyearafricathealmoravidemiryusufibntashfinbesiegesceutasincethecitycanreceivehelpfromtheseathesiegewilllastuntilonlyincludebirthskingalexanderiofscotlandalexanderiofscotlanddconstanceoffranceprincessofantiochregentofantiochddeathsnovemberndashudoarchbishopoftrierudoofnellenburgarchbishopoftriernovemberndashbertholdiidukeofcarinthiabcrhysabowainkingofdeheubarthwalesreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxxxwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropeaprilndashcanuteivofdenmarkcanuteivsucceedsaskingofdenmarkonthedeathofhisbrotherharaldiiiofdenmarkharaldiiimayndashwilliamwalcherbishopofdurhamiskilledbyrebelearldomofnorthumbrianorthumbrianstopunishtherebelskingwilliamiofenglandsendshishalfbrotherodoofbayeuxtopacifynorthumbriajulyndashsleifurgissurarsonthefirstbishopinicelanddieswhilegivingmassliturgymassinsklholtchurchautumnndashkingwilliamtheconquerorwilliamiofenglandssonrobertcurthoseissenttoinvadescotlandhereachesasfarasfalkirkrefnamecassellschronologyrefoctoberndashbattleontheelsterrefnamecrusadeshistorianrefbetweenthearmiesofthetworivalbrothersinlawkingsofthegermanstateshenryivholyromanemperorhenryivkingoftheromansandrudolfofrheinfeldenmeetingatthewhiteelsterriverinthegreatsaxonrevoltcivilwaroftheholyromanempirerudolfisthevictorbutdiesthefollowingdayatmerseburgofwoundsreceivedkingwilliamtheconquerorwilliamiofenglandinaletterrefusestoacceptpopegregoryviiashisoverlordkingalfonsovioflenandcastileestablisheslatinliturgyinthecatholicchurchinplaceofthemozarabicriteosmundbishopofsalisburybuildsdevizescastleinkingdomofenglandenglandcndashndashthemasterofdaphnicreatesthemosaicofchristpantocratorinthecentraldomeofthekatholikonatdaphnimonasteryingreeceasiathearmeniankingdomofciliciarubenidprincipalityofciliciagainsindependenceafteritsfounderrubeniprinceofarmeniasucceedsinestablishinghisauthorityinthemountainousregionsofciliciaapproximatedatetheseljuqdynastyseljuqledturkishtribesbeginthegreatturkishinvasionofthekingdomofgeorgiathesongdynastychinesepolymathscientistandstatesmanshenkuobeginshisdefensivemilitarycampaignagainstthetangutpeop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bendvolgabulgariavolgabulgarsdefeatthemongolempiremongolarmythefranciscanruleisapprovedbypopehonoriusiiithesiculonormansicilianfleetfailsinitsattempttoreconquerjerbarefnameespacelibyebrefonlyincludelivoniancrusadedanishestoniaestoniansrevoltagainstthelivonianbrothersoftheswordanddenmarkandforabriefperiodreconqueralloftheirstrongholdsexcepttallinnthetataryokeinrussiabeginswhenthemongolianarmyinvadesafteryearsofthedominanceofthenovgorodrepublicstatebirthsbaibarsmamluksultanofegyptandsyriadhughledespencerstbaronledespencerdjohnfitzalanthearlofarundeldprobableeleanorofprovencequeenconsortofenglanddllywelynapgruffuddlastnativeprinceofwalesddeathsmarchndashwincentykadubekpolishbishopandhistorianbmarchndashkingafonsoiiofportugalbjulyndashkingphilipiioffrancebdateunknowngiralduscambrensiscambronormanclergymanandchroniclerbmstislaviiiofkievadacountessofhollandrulerbmuqalimongolgeneralunkeijapanesesculptorbreferencesyearromannumeralsmccxxivwasaleapyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeamericasjunendashmesoamericanlongcountcalendarmayalongcountcalendarthemesoamericanlongcountcalendareleventhbaktuncomestoanendandthemesoamericanlongcountcalendartwelfthbaktunbeginsthenextdayjunethechichimecascapturetulamesoamericansitetulaeuropefebruaryndashatcarrindeloscondescarrinthekingofkingdomofcastilecastileferdinandiiiofcastileferdinandiiiannounceshisintentiontoresumethereconquistaagainstalandalusrefnamelinehanrefthissameyearthealmohadcaliphyusufiialmohadcaliphyusufiialmustansirdiesandissucceededbyabdulwahidialmohadcaliphabumuhammadalwahidbutinalandalustwocompetingpretendersalsoclaimtheirrightstothethroneabumuhammadibnalmansuraladilinsevilleandabumuhammadabuabdallahalbayyasiincrdobaandalusiathechronicpoliticalinstabilityonthemuslimsideallowsthecastilianprincetobeginhiscampaignvictoriouslyinoctoberwiththecaptureofquesadaspainthelastmusliminhabitantsareexpelledfromsicilyandmaltalivoniancrusadethelivonianbrothersofthesworddefeattheestoniansandreconquerthecapturedstrongholdsonthedanishestoniaestonianmainlandwiththesurrenderofthetartustrongholdonlytheislandsofsaaremaaandmuhuremainunderestoniancontroltheodorekomnenosdoukasrulerofthedespotateofepiruscapturesthessalonikibeginningthedefactobyzantineempireofthessalonicabytopiceducationtheuniversityofnaplesisfoundedreligionseptemberapproximatedatendashstfrancisofassisiwhileprayingonthemountainofvernaduringadayfasthasavisionasaresultofwhichhereceivesthestigmatabrotherleowhoiswithfrancisatthetimeleavesaclearandsimpleaccountoftheeventthefirstdefiniteaccountofthephenomenonofstigmatarefnamecefarefonlyincludebirthsmarchndashsaintkingaofpolandddeathsjulyndashhjyoshitokiregentofthekamakurashogunateofjapanbaugustndashmarieoffranceduchessofbrabantbdateunknowncathalcrobdearguaconchobairkingofconnachtbxiaguichinesepainterbcapproximatedatereferencesyearromannumeralsmccxxviwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaeuropekinglouisviiioffrancelaunchesalargesouthwardoffensiveagainstthealbigensiansandthecountoftoulouseramonberenguerivcountofprovenceusestheopportunitytoreasserthisauthorityupontheautonomousmunicipalitiesofhisestatesoctobermostcitieshavetoaccepttheauthorityofthecountbutmarseilleandnicerebelnovemberndashlouisixoffrancestartstoruleonthedeathoflouisviiikingsanchoiiofportugallaunchesalargeoffensiveagainstthemuslimsandtakesthecityofelvasrefnamepicardreffrederickiiholyromanemperorcallstheimperialdietholyromanempireimperialdietofcremonanuneatonisgrantedacharteredmarketplacemarketstatusbykinghenryiiiofenglandrgnvaldrgurarsonrgnvaldrgurarsonkingoftheislesisoverthrownasrulerofthekingdomoftheislesandreplacedwithhishalfbrotherolaftheblackasiaoctoberndashtrnthheadofthetrndynastyofvietnamforceslhutnglastemperoroftheldynastytocommitsuicidebytopicartsandcultureinnorwaybrotherrobertwritessagaaftristramoksoddoneoftherarefullysurvivingversionsofthelegendoftristanandiseultreligionseptemberndashthecatholicchurchpracticeofeucharisticadorationamonglaypeopleformallybeginsinavignonprovencethecarmeliteorderisapprovedbypopehonoriusiiionlyincludebirthsmarchndashkingcharlesiofnaplesdjunendashkingbolesawvthechasteboleslausvofpolanddbarhebraeusbarhebraeusabulfarajsyriacscholarhistorianandbishopdhethumikingofarmeniarulerofthearmeniankingdomofciliciagertrudeofaustriaduchessandthroneclaimantddeathsmarchndashwilliamlongesperdearlofsalisburyenglishmilitaryleaderseptemberndashpandulfverraccioromanecclesiasticalpoliticianoctoberndashfrancisofassisiitaliansaintbornovemberndashkinglouisviiioffrancebnovemberndashfrederickofisenberggermanpoliticianexecutedbdateunknownndashrobertderosdiedrobertderosenglishbaronbsaintbeatricedesteitaliansaintreferencesyearromannumeralsmccxxixwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludefebruaryndashsixthcrusadefrederickiiholyromanemperorfrederickiisignsatenyeartrucewithalkamilregainingjerusalemnazarethandbethlehemwithneithermilitaryengagementsnors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nutlngeusurpertotheswedishthronesincereferencesyearromannumeralsmccxxxviiiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropemarchndashmongolinvasionofrusndashbattleofthesitriverthemongolhordesofbatukhandefeattherusunderyurivsevolodovichofvladimirsuzdalaugustndashbattleofrlygsstairsighvatrsturlusonandsturlasighvatssonaredefeatedbykolbeinnungiarnrssonandgissurorvaldssonforcontroloficelandiccommonwealthicelandseptemberndashjamesiofaragoncapturesthecityofvalenciacityinspainvalenciafromthemoorswhoretreattogranadatheseatofthepatriarchofaquileiaistransferredtoudinesimondemontfortthearlofleicestersimondemontfortmarrieseleanorsisterofhenryiiiofenglandthelivonianordergivesdanishestonianorthernestoniabacktodenmarkwiththetreatyofstensbythemongolsseizemoscowatthetimeasmalltownpeterboroughcathedralisconsecratedthefounderofthenasriddynastymuhammadiofgranadabeginsalhambracomplexonthesiteofapreislamicfortressthowadramonasteryisfoundedinbhutanasiathekhmerempirekhmersareexpelledfromluangphrabanginlaosthesukhothaikingdomisfoundedinthailandonlyincludebirthsmayndashmagnusviofnorwaymagnuslagabtekingofnorwaydmayndashemiliabicchieriitaliansaintdnovemberndashhenrydemontfortsonofsimondemontfortthearlofleicesterddateunknownnizamuddinauliyaindiansufisaintdfrederickiiidukeoflorrainedmeinhardiiofgoriziatyroldshrimadhvacharyavaishnavismvaishnavitesaintandfounderofthedvaitaschoolddeathsmarchjoanofenglandqueenofscotlandwifeofalexanderiiofscotlandbprinceyuriiiofvladimirbmarchndashhenrythebeardedhenryithebeardeddukeoflowersilesiabcjunendashpeterdesrochesbishopofwinchesterdateunknownalkamilayyubidsultanofegypthughledespensersheriffhughledespenserenglishnoblemanreferencesyearromannumeralsmccxlviiiwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeaprilndashthegothicarchitecturegothicchapelsaintechapelleisconsecratedinparisfranceaugustndashthefoundationstoneofcolognecathedralislaidafteranoldercathedralonthesiteburnsdownonaprilconstructioniscompletedyearslaterinaugustndashthedutchcityofommenreceivescityrightsinthenetherlandscityrightsanddefensivewallfortificationrightsfromottoiiiromancatholicarchdioceseofutrechtarchbishopofutrechtafterithasbeenpillagedatleasttwicebyalocalrobberbaronnovemberndashreconquistakingferdinandiiiofcastilerecapturesthecityofsevillefromthemoorsendingthesiegeofsevillethisyearalsoprincealfonsoxofcastiletakesthecityofalicantenovemberndashinthemiddleofthenightamassonthenorthsideofmontgraniersuddenlycollapsesinoneofthelargesthistoricalrockslopefailuresknownineuropedateunknownkinglouisixoffrancelaunchestheseventhcrusadesettingsailwithanarmyoftowardegyptpopeinnocentivgrantsthecroatiacroatspermissiontousetheirownlanguageandscriptinliturgyseeglagoliticalphabettallinnrevalconvertsfromrigalawtolbecklawrogerbaconpublishestheformulaforblackpowderineuropeapproximatedatendashhistoryoftheaztecsthemexicatribepredecessorsoftheaztecpeoplearriveatchapultepecinmoderndaymexicocityonlyincludebirthsblancheofartoisqueenconsortandregentofnavarreapproximatedatedrobertiidukeofburgundydpeterolivifranciscantheologiandisabellaofaragonqueenoffranceisabellaofaragonqueenofphilipiiioffranceddeathsjanuaryndashkingsanchoiiofportugalbfebruaryndashhenryiidukeofbrabantbmarchndashmaudmarshalenglishcountessbaprilndashgykkhanrulerofthemongolempirebjunendashadachikagemorijapanesesamuraiharaldrlfssonkingofmannandtheislesandhiswifececiladaughterofhkonhkonarsonkingofnorwaythetwowerenewlywedswhodrownednearshetlandontheirreturntothekingdomofmannandtheislesfromnorwaysubutaimongolgeneralreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdclxiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropekingchlothariiiofneustriaandqueenregentbalthildfoundcorbieabbeyinpicardynorthernfrancegivingitimmunityfromtaxationandvisitsfromlocalbishopsinexchangeforprayerperctaritandgodepertbecomecorulersofthelombardsfollowingthedeathoftheirfatheraripertitheysplitthekingdomandestablishtheircapitalinmilanandpavianorthernitalybritainbattleofposburykingcenwalhofwessexinvadesdumnoniasouthwestenglandheisvictoriousoverthenativecelticbritonsbritontribesnearcreditonindevonanddrivesthemtothecoastkingwulfhereofmerciaandhisarmyharrytheberkshiredownssouthofthameandmovesouthtoconquerthemeonwaraandtheisleofwightwulfhereappointsthelwealhofsussexthelwealhaskingofkingdomofsussexsussexandisbaptismbaptizedinmerciahereceivestherecentlyconqueredterritoriesinmoderndayhampshirearabianempirejanuaryndashassassinationofalialialiibnabitalibfirstimamahshiadoctrineshiaimamandfourthcaliphoftherashiduncaliphateisstruckontheheadwithapoisonedswordbythekhawarijabdalrahmanibnmuljamwhileatprayeratashrineatkufamoderndayiraqdyingtwodayslateraccordingtotheshiaislamhissonhasanibnalisucceedshimasthesecondimamaccordingtothesunniislamheissucceededbymuawiyahiagewh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matedatehidulfbishopofromancatholicdioceseoftriertrierapproximatedatejohnmaronsyriacmonkandlistofmaronitepatriarchspatriarchbliduozuogeneralofthetangdynastyjulyndashemperormonmumonmuemperorofjapanboctoberndashpopejohnviiwusansiofficialofthetangdynastyreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdcciwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuroperaginpertdiesandthedeposedkingliutpertseereturnstothethroneofthelombardsraginpertssonaripertiiaripertcapturesliutpertathiscapitalinpaviaandhashimstranglingstrangledinhisbatharipertbecomesnewrulerofthekingdomofthelombardslombardkingdominitalykingegicaergicadiespossiblyassassinationassassinatedinaplotledbyrodericheissucceededbyhissonwittizaaskingofthevisigothsapproximatedatebalkansasparukhofbulgariaasparukhfounderofthefirstbulgarianempirediesafterayearreignheissucceededbyhissontervelofbulgariatervelwhobecomesrulerkhantitlekhanofthebulgariansarabianempirebattleofdayraljamajimcaliphabdalmalikibnmarwansendssyriantroopstoreinforcethemuslimarmyofalhajjajibnyusufhefacesamanarmyunderabdalrahmanibnmuhammadibnalashathnearkufamoderniraqalashathisdefeatedandhisrebellionagainsttheumayyadcaliphatefailsrefnamebyzrefarabconquestofarmeniaumayyadprincemuhammadibnmarwaninvadesthebyzantinearmenianprovinceseastoftheeuphrateslocalcommanderbaanessurrendersbeforealargearabpeoplearabarmyandthepopulationacceptsamuslimgovernormuslimsfromthearabianpeninsuladestroythethenkingdomofaksumaxumcontrolledadulisportofadulisthuscausingthedeclineofethiopianorthodoxtewahedochurchethiopianchristianityontheafricanredseacoastapproximatedatearabmerchantsintroduceorientalspicesintomediterraneanseamediterraneanmarketsmuslimmerchantvesselsvisitthemalukuislandssoutheastasiasoutheastasiaforthefirsttimeapproximatedatejapanthegagakuryobureauofcourtmusicisformedattheimperialcourtinkyotonumeroustypesofmusicanddanceareperformedemperormonmubecomessoleproprietorofallthenationslandthroughacodificationofpoliticallawtaihcodecodeoftaihbytopicreligionseptemberndashpopesergiusidiesatromeafterayearreignheissucceededbypopejohnvijohnviasthethpopeofthecatholicchurchonlyincludebirthsempresskmykmyempressofjapandlibaialsolipochinesechinesepoetrypoetdemperorshmushmuemperorofjapandyazidiiimuslimcaliphddeathsasparukhofbulgariaasparukhrulerofthefirstbulgarianempirebulgarianempireegicaergicakingofthevisigothsorlichongrunprinceofthetangdynastyblixianhuiprincessofthetangdynastybseptemberndashpopesergiusiraginpertkingofthelombardsyeonnamsanmilitaryleaderofgoguryeobreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdccxxivwasaleapyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuroperagenfridexmayorofthepalaceofneustriarevoltsagainstcharlesmartelheiseasilydefeatedandragenfridgivesuphissonsashostagesinturnforkeepinghislandsinanjoucinedmacrgalaigalsoknownastheoneeyedbecomeshighkingofirelandarabianempirejanuaryndashcaliphyazidiidiesoftuberculosisafterayearreignheissucceededbyhisbrotherhishamibnabdalmalikwhoappointskhalidalqasriasgovernoroflistofumayyadgovernorsofiraqiraqtheturgeshkhanatekhaganatescoresamajorvictoryovertheumayyadcaliphatearabsinthedayofthirstnearkhujandmoderntajikistanaarabmuslimsmuslimfleetraidsthebyzantineempirebyzantineruledbalearicislandsaswellasbyzantinesardiniaandlombardcorsicajapanmarchndashempressgenshabdicatesthethroneinfavorofheryearoldnephewemperorshmushmuheisthesonofthelateemperoremperormonmumonmuandbecomesthethemperorofjapanmonarchofjapanmesoamericakaktiliwchanyopaatbecomeskingajawofthemayacivilizationmayacitystateofquiriguguatemalauntilhisdeathinbytopicarchitectureshmuordersthathousesofthejapanesenobilityberoofedwithgreentilesasinchinaandhavewhitewallswithredroofpolesapproximatedatereligionsaintpirminpirminvisigothicmonkisappointedabbotofmittelzellabbeyatreichenauislandwhichhehasfoundedhughofchampagnegrandsonofpepinofherstalisappointedbishopofromancatholicdioceseofbayeuxbayeuxonlyincludebirthsdongjinchineseofficialandgeneralfujiwaranohamanarijapanesenobleandpoetdeathsfelixofravennafelixbishopofravennaarchbishopofravennafogartachmacnillhighkingofirelandcharlesmartelfamilyandchildrenrotrudeoftreveswifeofcharlesmarteltonyukukmilitaryleaderofthegktrksapproximatedatehababahslaveconcubinesingerofcaliphyazidiijanuaryndashyazidiimuslimcaliphbreferencesisexiledbycharlesmartelnotocyearromannumeralsdccxxxviiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingeventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropebattleofavignonfranksfrankishforcesundercharlesmartelmerovingianmayorofthepalaceretakeavignonfromthemuslimforcesanddestroytheumayyadcaliphateumayyadstrongholdcharlessendshisbrotherchildebrandidukeofkingdomofburgundyburgundytobesiegethecityafterhisarrivalcharlesleadsthefrankishtroopsbyusingropeladdersandbatteringramstoattackthedefensivewallfortifiedwallswhichareburnedtothegroundfollowingitscapturebattleofnarbonnebattleofnarbonnefrankishforcesundercharlesmartelbesiegenarbonneoccupiedbyaumayyadgarrisonbutisunabletoretakethefortresscityalombardslombardarmyunderkingliutprandkingofthelombardsliutprandcrossesthealpstoaidcharlesinexpellingthemuslimsfromseptimaniameanwhilemaurontusdukeorcountofprovenceraisesarevoltfromhisunconqueredcityofmarseilleandthreatenstherearofthefranksbattleoftheriverberrefrankishforcesundercharlesmartelinterceptalargemuslimarmysentfromalandalusmodernspainledbyuqbaibnalhajjajtorelievethesiegeofnarbonnethefranksdestroythematthemouthofthetangdeberreriverbierrenorthwestofmarseilleanddrivethesurvivorsintothenearbysealagoonstakingmanyprisonersrefnamefouracreprefcharleseffectivelypreventsumayyadexpansioningaulfollowingthedeathoftheudericivkingofthefranksthethroneisleftvacantforsevenyearscharlesmartelhashissonchildericiiiexiledtoamonasteryandbecomessolerulerofthefranciafrankishkingdomkingpelagiusofasturiasdiesandissucceededbyhissonfavilaofasturiasfavilarefnamerabrefhefoundsthesantacruzdecangasdeonschurchofsantacruzinhiscapitalcangasdeonsnorthwestofspainorsoipatoismurderedattheinstigationofeutychiusexarcheutychiusexarchofexarchateofravennaravennaheissucceededbydomenicoleoniwhoiselectedasthefourthdogeofrepublicofvenicevenicekingongendusofthedanesreinforcesthedanevirkefortificationsinschleswigholsteinheordersapalisaderampartbuiltonthefrontieroflowersaxonysaxonybritainkingceolwulfofnorthumbriaabdicatesinfavourofhiscousineadberhtofnorthumbriaeadberhtandbecomesamonkatlindisfarneprioryafricaegyptchristiansinvadefromthesouthwiththeaimofprotectingthepatriarchofalexandriaapproximatedateasiasecondarabkhazarwarthekhazarsledbyhazertarkhandefeatthemuslimsnearthevolgariverandforcethemtoretreatbyholdingthecaucasusagainstislamicaggressionthekhazarsdelaytheirconquestofeasterneuropeandthwarttheumayyaddesiretoattackconstantinoplefromthenorthseptemberndashbattleofthebaggagetheturgeshdrivebackanumayyadinvasionofkhuttalpursuethemsouthoftheamudaryariveroxusnorthernafghanistanandcapturetheirbaggagetraininthewintertheturgeshandtheirtransoxiananallieslaunchamajorcounterinvasionbutarehaltedemperoremperorxuanzongoftangxuanzongdiscardsthepolicyofconscriptionconscriptingmenintothechinesearmytobereplacedeverythreeyearsreplacingthemwithlongservicesoldierswhoaremorebattlehardenedandefficientapproximatedatebytopiccatastrophefortwoyearsjapanhasbeensufferingfromasmallpoxepidemicperhapsasmuchasonethirdofthepopulationhasperishedonlyincludebirthsfujiwaranotanetsugujapanesenobilitynoblemandhishamibnalkalbimuslimhistoriandhuaisuchinesebhikkhubuddhistmonkdemperorkanmukanmuemperorofjapanddeathserminoflobbesfrankishabbotforthhereanglosaxonbishopofsherbornebishopapproximatedatefujiwaranofusasakijapanesesangijapancounselorbfujiwaranomarojapanesepoliticianbfujiwaranomuchimarojapaneseministerbfujiwaranoumakaijapanesestatesmanbmuofbalhaemukingofbalhaekoreamuawiyaibnhishammuslimgeneralorsoipatodogeofrepublicofvenicevenicepelagiusofasturiaspelagiuskingofkingdomofasturiasasturiasspainsongjingchancellorofthetangdynastybtheudericivkingofthefrankstransportisoneoftheabbreviationsoftheboeinginfictioncomicbookanimationdragonballbardockperishesonhishomeworldvegetabyfriezasattackhissongokukakarotescapestheplanetsdestructionandisraisedonplanetearthreferencescnotocyearromannumeralsdccxviiiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirespringndashamuslimsupplyfleetofshipsundersufyanarrivesfromegyptandifriqiyanorthafricaconcealingitselfalongtheasiaminorasiaticshorethebyzantineempirebyzantineslearnofthefleetslocationfromdefectingcoptschristianegyptianssailorsemperorleoiiitheisaurianleoiiisendsthebyzantinenavyagainhisgreekfireshipsdestroytheenemyvesselsintheseaofmarmaraandseizetheirsuppliesonshoredenyingthesiegingarmyvitalprovisionsonlandthebyzantinetroopsambushanadvancingarabarmyanddestroyitinthehillsaroundsapancasophonsouthofnicomediamodernturkeythearabbesiegersarestillsufferingfromhungerandpestilenceaugustndashsiegeofconstantinoplesiegeofconstantinopleabulgarianempirebulgarreliefforceattackstheinvestmentmilitarysiegelinesatconstantinopleonthewestsideofthebosphorusbosporuscontemporarychroniclersreportthatatleastarabsarekilledduringthebulgarianattackscaliphumariiisforcedtoliftthesiegeaftermonthsthemuslimarmyattemptstowithdrawbackthroughanatoliawhiletherestescapesbyseaintheremainingvesselsthearabfleetsuffersfurthercasualtiestostormsandantypesofvolcaniceruptionseruptionofthevolcanoofsantorinitheraaccordingtoarabsourcesmuslimsperishduringthecampaigneuropebattleofsoissonsbattleofsoissonskingch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mannumeralsdlxxiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropethevisigothsunderkingliuvigildinvadethebyzantineempirebyzantineprovinceofspaniamodernandalusiaandseizethecityofcrdobaandalusiacrdobaafterthedeathofhisbrotherliuvaihebecomessolerulerofthevisigothickingdomapproximatedatebeneventobecomesthecapitalofanindependentduchyofbeneventoduchyunderthelombardslombardchieftainzottoapproximatedatebritaintimelineofconflictinanglosaxonbritainthcenturybattleofbedcanfordtheanglosaxonsunderkingcuthwulffightagainstthebritonscelticpeoplebritonsandconquerthesettlementsofaylesburybensonoxfordshirebensoneynshamandlimburyaccordingtotheanglosaxonchroniclewuffaofeastangliawuffabecomesthefirstkingdomofeastangliakingofeastangliaasrecordedintheanglosaxonroyalgenealogiesapproximatedatebytopicreligionthemonophysitismmonophysitesagainrejectthecouncilofchalcedoncausinganotherschismreligionschismonlyincludebirthslijingtangdynastylijinggeneralandchancelloroftangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastydwangguitangchancellorwangguichancellorofthetangdynastydyangjunprinceyangjunprinceofthesuidynastydmuhammedprophetofislamddeathsaprilndashemperorkinmeikinmeiemperorofjapanbfallndashkilledindynasticintriguegaoyannorthernqiprincegaoyanprinceofnorthernqibheshikaihighofficialofnorthernqibnovemberndashbrendanofbirririshmonasticsaintorndashliuvaikingofthevisigothsorreferencesofthelombardslombardkingalboinnotocyearromannumeralsdlxxiiwasaleapyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirebyzantinesassanidwarofbyzantinesassanidwaremperorjustiniirefusestopaytheannualtributetokhosrauiputtinganendtotheyearpeacetreatythatwasestablishedtenyearsearlierthearmeniansareconsideredalliestothebyzantineempireandjustinsendsabyzantinearmyintosassanidempirepersianterritorybesiegingthefortresscityofnusaybinnisibismodernturkeyrefnameancientfryeancientiranrefeuropesiegeofpaviasiegeofpaviakingalboincapturesticinumpaviaafterathreeyearsiegethebyzantinegreeksbyzantinegarrisonsurrenderstothelombardsthecityisofstrategicimportancelyingattheriversporiverpoandticinoriverticinoandbecomesthecapitalofthekingdomofthelombardsjunendashalboinismurderedatveronainhispalaceattheinstigationofhiswiferosamundgepidrosamunddaughterofthegepidsgepidkingcunimundandherhenchmanhelmechisthekingssquirebothfleetoseekbyzantineprotectioninravennaalboinissucceededaskingofthelombardsbyclephwhoisnotrelatedbyroyalfamilybloodbritaintheodricofberniciatheodricsucceedshisbrotherthelricofberniciathelricaskingofberniciascottishborderssoutheasternscotlandherulesuntilasiatasparqaghansucceedshisbrothermuqanqaghanasrulerkhaganofthegktrksturkickhaganatecentralasiaemperorbidatsubidatsusucceedshisfatheremperorkinmeikinmeiandascendstothethroneofjapanasthelistofemperorsofjapanthemperormesoamericacalakmuldefeatstikalbringinganendtothefirsttikalcalakmulwarskywitnessrulerofcalakmuldiesonlyincludebirthsbirthsdeathsthelricofberniciathelrickingofberniciascotlandjunendashalboinkingofthelombardsbetnmacmuirchertaighighkingofirelandcorippusbyzantineepicpoetryepicpoetapproximatedateeochaidmacdomnaillhighkingofirelandhulguanggeneralofnorthernqibliuvaikingofthevisigothsormuqanqaghanrulerofthegktrkswaldradalombardprincesswaldradalombardslombardprincessbweishouchineseauthorbyuwenhuregentofnorthernzhoubreferencesyearromannumeralsccclxxixwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofausoniusandhermogenianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirejanuaryndashemperorgratianelevatestheodosiusiflaviustheodosiusatsirmiumgivinghimthetitleaugustushonorificaugustuswithpoweroveralltheeasternprovincestheodosiuscomestotermswiththevisigothsandsettlestheminthebalkansasmilitaryalliesfoederatigratianrefusesthetitleofeasternemperorgratianrenouncesthetitlepontifexmaximusbritainisforcedtoendurefiercebarbarianraidseuropenialloftheninehostagesniallbecomeslistofhighkingsofirelandhighkingofirelandpersiakingshapuriirulerofthesassanidempirepersianempireagediesafterayearreigninwhichheconqueredarmeniaandtransferredmultitudesofpeoplefromthewesternlandstosusasusianakhzestnprovincekhuzistanthegreattownnishapuringreaterkhorasankhorasaneasternparthiaisalsofoundedbyhimhisbrotherardashiriigovernorkingofadiabeneisplacedbythenobilitynoblesonthethronechinabuddhismisdeclaredtobeastatereligionthewarofthefeishuiisfoughtinchinamesoamericaseptemberndashyaxnuunayiiniyaxnuunayiinibecomesruleroftikalbytopicreligiongregorynazianzusbecomesecumenicalpatr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uropeanstheywereattackingbeforespreadingtotherestofeuropeincentralandeastasiatherewasaseriesofrevoltsafterkazankhanwaskilledinanuprisingandthechagataikhanatebegantosplinterandfallseveralrevoltsinchinabeganwhatwouldeventuallyleadtotheoverthrowoftheyuandynastytheindiankingdomofvijayanagarawonseveralvictoriesovermuslimconquerorsinthenorthinthisyearaswellineasterneuropestefanuroivduanofserbiastefanduanwasproclaimedtsarofserbiaonaprileastersundayatskopjeinthenearbybyzantineempiretheottomanemirorhanmarriedbyzantineprincesstheodoraaspartofanalliancebetweenherfatherjohnvikantakouzenosandtheottomansongoingcivilwarsinbothbulgariaandbyzantiumcontinueddenmarksolditsportionofnorthernestoniatothelivonianorderoftheteutonicknightsafterfinallyquellingthestgeorgesnightuprisingincentraleuropecharlesivholyromanemperorcharlesivofluxembourgwaselectedromankingonjulyanumberofbankingfamiliesinitalyincludingthebardifamilyfacedbankruptcyinthisyearandmuchofitalysufferedafaminethehundredyearswarbetweenthefranceinthemiddleageskingdomoffranceandthekingdomofenglandcontinuedinwesterneuropeasedwardiiiofenglandledbattleofcaenaninvasionontothecontinentandwonanumberofvictorieseventsonlyincludejanuaryndashdecemberspringndashasevereblackdeathepidemicbeginsinthecrimearefnamebplolejrgenbenedictowbenedictowolejrgentheblackdeathipswichboydellpresspprefmarchndashthefrenchpreparetodefendenglishchannelchannelcoastsrefnamecrecydaviddrcrecytriumphofthelongbowospreypublishingukprefaprilndashthefrenchbesiegeaiguillonlotetgaronneaiguillonaprilndashtheserbianempireisproclaimedinskopjebystephenuroivduanofserbiadusansilnioccupyingmuchofsoutheasterneuroperefnamedusanevansarthurancientillyrialondonibtaurispgivrefmayndashjunendashanenglishinvasionfleetassemblesatportsmouthjunendashbattleofstpoldelontheenglisharmydefeatscharlesofbloisinbrittanyjunendashtheenglishwinasmallvictoryatlarochederrieninbrittanyjunendashtheleadersofghentbrugesandypresagreetosupportedwardiiijulyndashedwardiiiorderstheclosingofenglishportstostopinformationfromreachingkingdomoffrancefrancejulyndashtheenglishfleetattemptstosailfromportsmouthtonormandybutisforcedbackbycontrarywindsjulyndashcharlesivholyromanemperorcharlesivcountofluxembourgandkingofbohemiaiselectedkingoftheromansrefnamecharlesjeepjohnmedievalgermanynewyorkgarlandpubprefjulyndashjulyndashedwardiiiandtheenglisharmycrosstheenglishchannelandbeginaninvasionoffrancerefnamebattlelynnjohnbattleahistoryofcombatandcultureboulderwestviewpresspprefjulyndashjulyndashtheenglishraidandburnneighbouringtownsandvillagesinthecotentinpeninsulaaugustndashbattleofcrcytheenglishdefeatthefrenchinthefirsteuropeanbattlewheregunpowderisusedrefnamecrecydaviddrcrecytriumphofthelongbowospreypublishingukprefseptemberndashtheenglishbeginthesiegeofcalaisoctoberndashbattleofnevillescrosstheenglisharmydefeatsthescotsoctoberndashnovemberndashseveralmongoltownsinthecrimeaareclearedofinhabitantsbytheblackdeathdateunknownrepairsaremadeinthehagiasophiaonlyincludeasiawesternasiathegoldenhordessiegeofkaffacitykaffacontinuedthroughdespiteanumberofobstaclestheywerestruckwiththeblackplagueandforcedtoretreatalthoughnotuntilthefollowingyearasonerussianhistorianrecordsburyplaguevictimsfragmentofaminiaturefromthechroniclesofgilleslimuisisbibliothqueroyaledebelgiquemsfvthemanyareasandpeopleslistedhererepresentmuchofwesternasiaandthecaucasustheeuropeanforeignersarethosefightingwiththetartarsinthemongolledsiegeofkaffatheseeuropeanswouldreturntoeuropethefollowingyearcarryingtheplaguewiththemtravellersreturningfromthecrimeaalsocarriedtheplaguetobyzantiumandarabiaaccordingtogreekandarabscholarsofthetimeanotheraccountoftheeventsinthecrimeareadsmodernscholarsconsiderthisoneoftheearliestandmostdeadlybiologicalwarfarebiologicalattacksinworldhistorythoughintheendthemongolswereforcedtoretreatrefciteweblastwheelisfirstmarkauthorlinkcoauthorstitlebiologicalwarfareatthesiegeofcaffaworkemerginginfectiousdiseasespublishercentersfordiseasecontrolandpreventiondateseptemberurlcdcgovncidodeidvolnohtmdoiaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebcdcgovncidodeidvolnohtmarchivedatemayaddedbydashbotrefearlysourcesstatethattheplaguebeganitsspreadinthespringofatthedonriverrussiariverdonneartheblackseathenspreadthroughoutrussiathecaucasusandthegenoveseprovinceswithintheyearfurthersouthingeorgiacountrygeorgiageorgevofgeorgiakinggeorgethebrilliantdiedandwassucceededbykingdavidixkinggeorgevhadmanagedtoincreasethegeorgianrealmtoalloftranscaucasiahoweverafterthekingdombegantodeclinecausedbygeorgesdeathandthedevastatingspreadoftheplaguethroughouttheareasoonafterwardscentralandeastasiacentralasiawasmarkedinbythecontinueddisintegrationofthemongolsdomainsaswellasbymuslimexpansionkazankhantitlekhanemperorofthechagataikhanatewaskilledbytheforcesofqazaghaninthisyearputtinganendtothechagtaikhanatesstatusasaunifiedempireqazghanwastheleaderofthegroupofturkishnoblesopposedtomongolruleqazghanhadbeenwoundedbykazansforcesearlierintheyearbutratherthantakingadvantageofhisopponentsweaknesskazanretreatedandmanyofhistroopsabandonedhimtotheeastkashmirwasconqueredbyshahmirthefirstmuslimtoruletheareakathmanduwasalsoconqueredinthisyearrefciteweblastfirstauthorlinkcoauthorstitlehimalayanregionadworkpublishernewyorkthemetropolitanmuseumofartyearurlmetmuseumorgtoahhtsshhtsshhtmdoiaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebmetmuseumorgtoahhtsshhtsshhtmarchivedatejulyaddedbydashbotrefhowevermuslimexpansiondidsuffersomedefeatsinsouthernindiathehindukingdomofvijayanagarainindiaconqueredthehoysalasandcelebrateditsfestivalofvictorystrengtheningtheirstatusasalegitimatehinduempireinoppositiontomuslimruleinthenorththeleaderofthedelhisultanateinnorthernindiamuhammudbintughluqhadaparticulardisdainnotonlyforhinduismbutforthedeccanplateaudeccancultureofthesouthteluguchieftainsgatheredinoppositiontothesultaninthisyearandcelebratedvictoryrefciteweblastfirstauthorlinkcoauthorstitleindianhistorytimelineworkpublishervaradhiyearurlgloriousindiacomhistorytimelinehtmldoiaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebgloriousindiacomhistorytimelinehtmlarchivedatemayaddedbydashbotreffurthereastibnbattutatraveledfromsoutheastasiatokhanbaliqbeijinginchinaalthoughthemuslimleadersthereextendedhimawarmwelcometheyadvisedhimtoleavethecitysoonacivilwarhadcausedthekhantofleethecityandriotswerebecomingmoreandmorewidespreadmeanwhiletaigowangsaakoreanbuddhistmonktraveledtochinatoreceivetrainingundertheguidanceofbuddhistleadershihwutaigolaterfoundedthetaigosectofkoreanbuddhismeuropescandinaviaindenmarksoldnorthernestoniadanishestoniatotheteutonicknightsfollowingtheendofanuprisingandconflictbetweentheprodanishpartybishopolafoflyndanisseandtheprogermanpartycaptainmarquardbreidecalledthestgeorgesnightuprisingthedanishdominionsinweresoldformarkweightmarkstothelivonianorderignoringthepromisebychristopheriiofdenmarkchristopheriiinnevertoabandonorsellitsestonianterritoriesthekingofdenmarkevenmadeapublicstatementrepentingforthatbrokenpromiseandaskedforgivenessfromthepopebalkansandasiaminorinthebalkansonaprileastersundaystephenuroivduanofserbiastefanduanwascrownedinskopjeastsarofthenewserbianempirewhichnowoccupiedmuchofsoutheasterneuropealsoinbothbulgariaandbyzantiumwhichatthistimecoveredmostofgreecewereinthemiddleofaseriesofcivilwarsatthesametimethechristianheldislandsandpossessionsaroundtheaegeanseaweresubjecttoturkishraidsrefnameturktheunissenhansottomanvenetiandiplomaticsthecahdnameselectronicjournaloforientalstudiesuniversityofutrechtreforhantheottomanturkishprinceofbithyniawasmarriedtotheodoradaughterofemperorjohnvikantakouzenosrefciteweblastgibbonfirstedwardauthorlinkcoauthorstitlethedeclineandfalloftheromanempireworkpublisherdateurlccelorgccelgibbondeclinefilesvolumechaphtmeuropeformatdoiaccessdaterefcentralonjulycharlesivholyromanemperorcharlesivofluxembourgwaselectedemperoroftheholyromanempireinconsequenceofanalliancebetweenhisfatherandpopeclementvitherelentlessenemyoftheemperorlouisivholyromanemperorlouisivcharleswaschosenromanantikingkinginoppositiontolouisbysomeoftheprincesatrhenshehadpreviouslypromisedtobesubservienttoclementheconfirmedthepapacyinthepossessionofwideterritoriespromisedtoannultheactsoflouisagainstclementtotakenopartinitalianaffairsandtodefendandprotectthechurchcharlesivwasatthistimeinaveryweakpositioningermanyowingtothetermsofhiselectionhewasderisivelyreferredtobysomeasapriestskingpfaffenknigmanybishopsandnearlyalloftheimperialcitiesremainedloyaltolouisthebavariancharlesfurtherendangeredhishighpositionwhenhebackedthelosingsideinthehundredyearswarhelosthisfatherandmanyofhisbestknightsatthebattleofcrcyinaugusthehimselfwaswoundedonthesamefieldtheacquisitionoftheseterritoriesandhisrestlessforeignpolicyhadearnedlouismanyenemiesamongthegermanprincesinthesummerofthehouseofluxembourgluxemburgcharlesivholyromanemperorcharlesivwaselectedrivalkingwiththesupportofpopeclementvilouishimselfobtainedmuchsupportfromtheimperialfreecityimperialfreecitiesandtheknighthoodandsuccessfullyresistedcharleswhowaswidelyregardedasapapalpuppetrexclericorumaswilliamofockhamcalledhimalsothehabsburgdukesstayedloyaltolouisinthebattleofcrcycharlesfatherjohnicountofluxemburgjohnofluxemburgwaskilledcharleshimselfalsotookpartinthebattlebutescapedpraguebecamethenewcapitalofbohemiaundercharleswhobeganrebuildingthecityafterthestyleofparismeanwhileinitalyanumberofbanksinflorencecollapsedduetointernalproblemsinflorencecontributedbykingedwardiiiofenglanddefaultingonsomeofhisloansmostnotablythebardifamilywentbankruptinthisyearitalyalsosufferedafaminemakingitdifficultforthepapacytorecruittroopsfortheattackonsmyrnaintherealmoftechnologypapermakingreachedhollandreflewischarltonchinanewyorkmcgrawhillpprefandfirearmsmadetheirwaytonortherngermanyinthisyeartheearliestrecordsintheareaplacetheminthecityofaachenwesterneuropeonoraroundjulykingedwardiiicrossedtheenglishchanneltonormandywithshipshetooktheportsoflahogueandbarfleurwithoverwhelmingforceandcontinuedinlandtowardscaentakingtownsalongthewaythefrenchmountedadefenceatcaenbutwereultimatelydefeatedthefrenchhadbeenplanningtocrossthechannelandinvadeenglandwithaforceofaboutledbyjeanlefrancbutedwardsattackforcedthemontothedefensiverefnameknightonknightonhenryknightonschronicleoxfordclarendonpresspprefthefrenchkingphillippedestroyedseveralbridgestopreventedwardsadvancebuttheenglishtookthetownofpoissyinaugustandrepaireditsbridgeinordertoadvancethefrenchkingmountedadefenceneartheforestatcrcyenponthieucrcywhichendedinanotherenglishvictoryedwardthenproceededtocalaislayingsiegetothecityfromseptembermeanwhilejeandefrancekingphillippessonbesiegedthecityofaigullonbutwithnosuccesskingphillippealsourgethescotstocontinuethefightagainstenglandtothenorththescotsbelievingthattheenglishwerepreoccupiedwithcalaismarchedintoenglandtowarddurhaminoctoberbutweremetanddefeatedbyanenglishforceofknightsandclergymenatthebattleofnevillescrossandkingdavidofscotlandwascapturedtheirishalsomountedabriefresistancebutweresimilarlydefeatedbeforetheendoftheyearedwardalsocapturedpoitersandthetownssurroundingtonnaycharenteforhisroleinthebattleofcrcyedwardtheblackprincehonouredthebraveryofjohnicountofluxemburgandkingofbohemiaalsoknownasjohnofbohemiajohntheblindbyadoptinghisarmsandmottoichdienoriservejohnsdecadesoffightinghadalreadymadehisnamewidelyknownthroughouteuropeandhisdeathatcrcybecamethelegendarysubjectofseveralwritingsincludingthispassagebyfroissartbirthsjulyndashmargaretcountessofpembrokeenglishprincessdaughterofkingedwardiiiofenglandddateunknownndasheustachedeschampsfrenchpoetddeathsfebruaryndashblessedclareofriminibmarchndashventurinoofbergamodominicanpreacherbaugustndashmuhammadaytimurleaderofthesarbadarsofsabzewaralternativedateisseptemberaugustkilledinthebattleofcrcycharlesiicountofalenonblouisicountofflandersblouisiicountofbloisjohnofbohemiabrudolphdukeoflorraineboctoberndashraghnallmacruaidhrscottishmagnateoctoberkilledinthebattleofnevillescrossjohnrandolphrdearlofmoraymauricedemoraviaearlofstrathearnnovemberndashostasioidapolentalordofravennaassassinatednovemberndashsaintgregoryofsinaibcdateunknowneustacefolvilleenglishoutlawhliondevilleneuvegrandmasteroftheknightsofstjohnreferencesyearromannumeralsmcccxlviiiwasaleapyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludejanuaryndashdecemberaprilndashcharlesuniversityinpraguecharlesuniversityisfoundedinpraguejunendashtwoshipsentertheenglishchannelbringingthebubonicplaguetokingdomofenglandenglandjunendashtheblackdeathoutbreakgoesintofullswinginmelcomberegismoderndayweymouthdorsetinenglandjulyndashapapalbullisissuedbypopeclementviantisemitismprotectingjewsagainstpopularaggressionduringtheblackdeathepidemicnovemberndashtheantiroyalistunionofvalenciaattacksthejewsofmurviedrobecausetheyareserfsofthekingofvalenciaandthusroyalistsdateunknowntheblackdeathepidemicspreadstocentralandwesterneuropeemperorsuksucceedsemperorkomyoofjapanmakingthemthethirdandsecondofthenorthernashikagapretendersrespectivelystefanthemightyserbianempireemperorofserbiaconquersthessalyanddespotateofepirusepirusedwardiiiofenglandcreatesthefirstenglishorderofchivalrythemostnobleorderofthegarterthepskovrepublicgainsindependencefromthenovgorodrepublicwiththetreatyofbolotovotheblackdeathbreaksoutincairoestimationhangzhouinmongolempiremongolianchinabecomesthelargestcityoftheworldtakingtheleadfromcairocapitalofmamluksultanatecairomamlukegyptadefactotruceisobservedbetweenenglandandfranceuntilgonvillehalltheforerunnerofgonvilleandcaiuscollegecambridgeisfoundedonlyincludebirthsdateunknownjohnfitzalanstbaronarundeljohnfitzalanstlordarundeldaliceperrerspoliticallyactiveenglishroyalmistressandcourtierdandronikosivpalaiologosthebyzantineemperordeathsfebruaryndashnarymuntprinceofpinskjunendashambrogiolorenzettisienesepainterbjunendashjuanmanuelprinceofvillenabjulyndashjoanofenglandjoanprincessofenglandaugustndashlaurencehastingsstearlofpembrokebaugustndashjohndestratfordarchbishopofcanterburyoctoberndashalicedelacythcountessoflincolnbdecemberndashemperorhanazonoemperorofjapanbdateunknownlauradenovesfrenchcountessbelovedofpetrarchbpietrolorenzettisienesepainterbgiovannivillanichroniclerofflorencebcumurbeyemirateofaydinemirofaydinreferenceswhobecametitularemperorofconstantinopleandprinceoftarantoonseptemberyearromannumeralsmccclxivwasaleapyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludejanuaryndashdecemberfebruaryndashjointkingsmagnusivofswedenmagnuserikssonandhaakonviofnorwayhaakonmagnussonofswedenarebothdeposedbynoblemenwhoinsteadelectmagnussnephewalbertofswedenalbrektofmecklenburgthenewkingofswedenaprilndashcharlesvoffrancecharlesvbecomesmonarchkingofkingdomoffrancefrancemayndashthejagiellonianuniversityisfoundedinkrakwjulyndashbattleofcascinaforcesoftherepublicofflorenceledbygaleottomalatestadefeatthoseofrepublicofpisapisaseptemberndashphilipiioftarantophilipofanjoubecomeslatinempiretitularemperorofconstantinopleandtarantoprinceoftarantoseptemberndashbattleofauraythebretonwarofsuccessionendswiththevictoryofthemontfortofbrittanyhouseofmontfortovercharlesofbloisdateunknownvladislaviofwallachiavladislavialsoknownasvlaicuvodbecomesvoivod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condivoriancivilwarcivilwaraprilndashaprilndashthesuperoutbreakformedinthesouthernunitedstatessouthernmidwestunitedstatesmidwestandeasternunitedstateswithatornadocountofkillingandinjuringoveraprilndashanestimatedtwobillionpeoplewatchtheweddingofprincewilliamandcatherinemiddletonweddingofprincewilliamdukeofcambridgeandcatherineduchessofcambridgecatherinemiddletonatwestminsterabbeyinlondonmaynotethatalthoughthedeathwasonmaypakistanitimeutctheannouncementwasonmayedtutcmayndashuspresidentbarackobamaannouncesthatosamabinladenthefounderandleaderofthemilitantgroupalqaedawasdeathofosamabinladenkilledonmaypakistanstandardtimepktutcduringanamericanmilitaryoperationinpakistanmayndashtheeuropeanunionagreestoanbspbillionrescuedealforportugalthebailoutloanwillbeequallysplitbetweentheeuropeanfinancialstabilisationmechanismtheeuropeanfinancialstabilityfacilityandtheinternationalmonetaryfundmayndashgrmsvtnicelandsmostactivevolcanoeruptedandcauseddisruptiontoairtravelinnorthwesterneuropemayndashthejoplintornadowasaneftornadothatformedinjoplinmissourikillingandinjuringmayndashformerbosnianserbarmycommanderratkomladiwantedforgenocidewarcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanityisarrestedinserbiajunejunendashchilespuyehuecordncaullepuyehuevolcanopuyehueeruptioneruptscausingairtrafficcancellationsacrosssouthamericanewzealandaustraliaandforcingoverpeopletoevacuatejunendashfoodandagricultureorganizationannouncestheeradicationofthecattleplaguerinderpestfromtheworldjulyjulyndashsouthsudansecedesfromsudanpertheresultofthesouthsudaneseindependencereferendumindependencereferendumheldinjanuaryjulyndashtheplanetneptunecompletesitsfirstorbitsinceitwasdiscoveredinjulyndashsouthsudanjoinstheunitednationsastherdmemberjulygoranhadiisdetainedinserbiabecomingthelastofpeopleindictedbytheinternationalcriminaltribunalfortheformeryugoslaviatheunitednationsdeclaresahornofafricafaminefamineinsouthernsomaliathefirstinoveryearsjulyndashspaceshuttleatlantisspaceshuttleatlantislandssuccessfullyatkennedyspacecenteraftercompletingstsconcludingnasasspaceshuttleprogramrefnamelandingtimesrefjulyndashinthailandovermillionpeopleareaffectedbythailandfloodsseverefloodingtheworldbankestimatesdamagesatbillionthailandbahtbahtusbillionrefnametimerefsomeareasarestillsixfeetunderwaterandmanyfactoryareasremainedclosedattheendoftheyearpeoplearekilledwithofthecountrysprovincesaffectedaugustaugustndashstockexchangesworldwideauguststockmarketsfallsufferheavylossesduetothefearsofcontagionoftheeuropeansovereigndebtcrisisandthecreditratingdowngradedasaresultoftheunitedstatesdebtceilingcrisisofdebtceilingcrisisoftheunitedstatesaugustnasaannouncesthatitsmarsreconnaissanceorbiterhascapturedseasonalflowsonwarmmartianslopesphotographicevidenceofpossibleliquidwateronmarsduringwarmseasonsjunospacecraftjunothefirstsolarpowersolarpoweredspacecraftonamissiontojupiterislaunchedfromcapecanaveralairforcestationaugustndashaugustndashlibyanrebelsbattleoftripolitakecontrolofthecapitaltripolieffectivelyoverthrowingthegovernmentofmuammargaddafiseptemberseptemberndashindiaandbangladeshsignapacttoendtheiryearbangladeshindiaborderborderdemarcationdisputeseptemberndashthesinkingofthemvspiceislanderimvnbspspiceislandernbspicarryingatleastpeoplesinksoffthecoastofzanzibarkillingpeoplerefnamexinhuanewsxinhuanetcomenglishworldchtmbodiesretrievedintanzaniaferryaccidentministerxinhuathseptemberrefseptemberndashapproximatelypeopledieafternairobipipelinefireapetrolpipelineexplodesinnairobiseptemberndashoccupywallstreetprotestsbeginintheunitedstatesthisdevelopsintotheoccupymovementwhichspreadstocountriesbyoctoberrefnamecnnrefrefnameadbustersrefrefnameguardianrefrefnametheatlanticrefrefnameguardianrefseptemberndashwithdeadtheunitednationslaunchesamillionappealforvictimsofthesindhfloodsinpakistanoctoberoctoberndashthedeathtollfromthefloodingofcambodiasmekongriverandattendantflashfloodsreachesoctoberndashisraelandthepalestinianpeoplepalestinianmilitantorganizationhamasbeginamajorgiladshalitprisonerexchangeprisonerswapinwhichthecapturedisraeliarmysoldiergiladshalitisreleasedbyhamasinexchangeforpalestinianandisraeliarabprisonersheldinisraelincludingprisonersservinglifesentencesforplanningandperpetratingterrorattacksoctoberlibyanleadermuammargaddafiisdeathofmuammargaddafikilledinsirtewithnationalliberationarmylibyanationaltransitionalcouncilforcesbattleofsirtetakingcontrolofthecityandendingthewarbasquepeoplebasquebasqueseparatismseparatistmilitantorganisationeuskaditaaskatasunaetadeclaresanendtoitsyearcampaignofpoliticalviolencewhichhaskilledoverpeoplesinceoctoberndashamagnitudemsubwsubvanearthquakeearthquakejoltseasternturkeynearthecityofvanturkeyvankillingoverpeopleanddamagingaboutbuildingsoctoberndashafteranemergencymeetinginbrusselstheeuropeanunionannouncesanagreementtotackletheeuropeansovereigndebtcrisiswhichincludesawriteoffwritedownofofgreekbondsarecapitalisationofeuropeanbanksandanincreaseofthebailoutfundoftheeuropeanfinancialstabilityfacilitytotalingtotrillionrefnamebbcleadersrefoctoberdateselectedbytheunasthesymbolicdatewhenglobalpopulationdayofsevenbillionreachessevenbillionunescoadmittedpalestiniannationalauthoritypalestineasamemberfollowingavoteinwhichmemberstatessupportedandopposednovembernovemberndashthemarssciencelaboratoryrovercuriosityrovercuriositythemostelaboratemartianexplorationvehicletodateislaunchedfromthekennedyspacecenteritlandsonmarsonaugustnovemberndashtheunitedkingdomiranunitedkingdomrelationsseversdiplomaticrelationswithiranandexpelsdiplomatslessthanhoursafterattackonthebritishembassyiniranprotestersattackedthebritishembassyintehrandecemberdecemberndashtheunitedstatesformallydeclaresanwithdrawalofustroopsfromiraqendtotheiraqwarwhilethisendstheiraqiinsurgencyinsurgencyitbeginsiraqiinsurgencypresentanotherdecemberndashtropicalstormwashicausesflashfloodfatalitiesinthephilippineswithpeopleofficiallylistedasmissingrefnamewashiofficialrefdecemberndashsamoaandtokelaumovefromeasttowestoftheinternationaldatelinetherebyskippingdecemberinordertoaligntheirtimezonesbetterwiththeirmaintradingpartnersrefnametribunerefbirthsjanuaryndashprincevincentofdenmarkprincevincentandprincessjosephineofdenmarkdeathsjanuaryjanuarypetepostlethwaitebritishactorbrichardwintersamericanparatrooperbjanuaryalirezapahlaviprincealirezapahlaviofiranbgerryraffertyscottishmusicianbjanuarynatlofthouseenglishfootballerbsusannahyorkbritishactressbjanuaryndashdennisoppenheimamericanartistbjanuaryndashmiltonbabbittamericancomposerbjanuaryndashjohnbarrycomposerjohnbarryenglishcomposerbfebruaryfebruaryndashmariaschneideractressmariaschneiderfrenchactressbfebruaryndashmartialclestinstprimeministerofhaitibfebruaryndashbrianjacquesbritishauthorbfebruaryjosefailoilotimepresidentoffijibgarymoorebritishmusicianbfebruaryndashcesarerubiniitalianbasketballplayerandcoachbfebruaryndashgeorgeshearingbritishamericanjazzpianistbfebruaryndashshrimatajinirmalasrivastavaindianfounderofsahajayogabfebruaryndashnecmettinerbakanthprimeministerofturkeybfebruaryndashjanerussellamericanactressbmarchmarchndashallanlouisyndprimeministerofsaintluciabmarchkrishnaprasadbhattaraithprimeministerofnepalbsimonvandermeerdutchnobelphysicistbmarchndashalbertogranadocubanwriterandscientistbmarchndashjnpopluhrslovakfootballerbmarchndashnatedoggamericanrapperbmarchndashmichaelgoughbritishactorbmarchndashwarrenchristopheramericandiplomatbmarchndashnikolaiandrianovsovietrussiangymnastbmarchndashelizabethtaylorbritishamericanactressbmarchpaulbaranpolishamericancomputerengineerbgeraldineferraroamericanpoliticianbdianawynnejonesbritishwriterbmarchndashfarleygrangeramericanactorbmarchndashjosalencarbrazilianpoliticianbmarchmarygreyeyesthefirstfirstnationswomantojointhecanadianarmedforcesbaprilaprilbaruchsamuelblumbergamericanphysicianbangeflixpatassthpresidentofthecentralafricanrepublicbaprilndashsidneylumetamericanfilmdirectorbaprilndashwilliamlipscombamericanchemistbaprilndashgretewaitznorwegianathletebthereiscurrentlyconsensusnottoincludeelisabethsladenherepleasediscussonthetalkpageifyoudisagreeaprilndashsathyasaibabaindianspiritualleaderbaprilndashernestosabatoargentinewriterbmaymayndashosamabinladensaudibornleaderofalqaedabmayndashjackiecooperamericanactorbmayseveballesterosspanishgolferbwillardboylecanadiannobelphysicistbmayndashlidiagueilertejadathpresidentofboliviabmayndashsamuelwanjirukenyanathletebmayndashguyrazanamasytimeprimeministerofmadagascarbmayndashgarretfitzgeraldthtaoiseachofirelandbmayndashrandysavageamericanprofessionalwrestlerbmayndashxaviertondospanishprofessionalracingcyclistbmayjeffconawayamericanactorbgilscottheronamericanpoetandmusicianbmaysergeibagapshgeorgianbornpoliticianbferencmdlndpresidentofhungarybmayndashrosalynsussmanyalowamericanphysicistbmayndashpaulinebetzamericantennisplayerbjunejunendashjackkevorkianamericaneuthanasiaadvocatebjunendashlawrenceeagleburgeramericandiplomatbjunendashludomartensbelgianwriterandpoliticalactivistbjunendashjorgesemprnspanishwriterandpoliticianbjunemfhusainindianpainterbtomokokawakamijapanesevoiceactressbjunendashpatrickleighfermorbritishtravelwriterscholarandsoldierbjunefrederickchilubandpresidentofzambiabclarenceclemonsamericanmusicianandactorbjunendashryandunnamericantelevisionpersonalitybjunendashpeterfalkamericanactorbjulyjulyndashitamarfrancothpresidentofbrazilbjulyndashottovonhabsburgarchdukeottoofaustriabjulyndashcytwomblyamericanpainterbjulyrobertsblossomamericanactorandpoetbbettyfordamericanfeministactivistphilanthropistandfirstladyoftheunitedstatesbjulyndashrolandpetitfrenchchoreographeranddancerbjulyndashtomgehrelsamericanastronomerbjulyndashjuanmarabordaberrythpresidentofuruguaybjulyndashlucianfreudgermanbornbritishpainterbjulyrobertettingeramericanacademicbnguyncaokthprimeministeroftherepublicofvietnambamywinehousebritishsingerbjulyndashmihaliskakogianniscypriotfilmmakerbjulyndashabdulfatahyounislibyanarmycommanderbjulyndashmarioechandijimnezthpresidentofcostaricabaugustaugustndashbarujbenacerrafvenezuelanbornamericannobelimmunologistbaugustndashbubbasmithamericanfootballplayerandactorbaugustharriholkerithprim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harterofempresstheophanutzimiscianpeacejunendashbattleofcedyniathepolanswesternpolansunderprinceordukemieszkoiofpolandmieszkoidefeatattheirstrongholdincedyniawiththehelpofhiddenreinforcementsthegermanforcesoftheduchyofsaxonysaxoncountodoimargraveofthesaxonostmarkodoithebattleoneofthefirstinhistoryofpolandpolishhistorystrengthenmieszkosholdoverwesternpomeraniaafricabulugginibnziriisappointedviceroyinifriqiyamoderntunisiaandbecomesthefirstruleremiroftheziriddynastyziriddynastybytopicreligionseptemberndashjohnxiiidiesatromeafterayearreignheissucceededbypopebenedictvibenedictviasthethpopeofthecatholicchurchthemonasteryatthesiteofpeterboroughcathedralisrebuiltbydunstanarchbishopofdioceseofcanterburycanterburyonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashemperorshengzongofliaoshengzongemperoroftheliaodynastyliaodynastydmarchndashrobertiioffrancerobertiithepiouskingoffranceinthemiddleagesfrancedalmawardiabbasidfaqhjuristanddiplomatdermesindeofcarcassonneermesindecountessandregentofcountyofbarcelonabarcelonadfujiwaranoseishijapaneseempressconsortdfujiwaranoyukinarijapanesecalligraphycalligrapherdpopegregoryvgregoryvpopeofthecatholicchurchdramonborrellcountofbarcelonaramonborrellcountofbarcelonaddeathsseptemberndashpopejohnxiiijohnxiiipopeofthecatholicchurchdecemberorndasheberhardivofnordgaueberhardivfrankishnobilitynoblemanorlfwoldibishopofcreditonlfwoldiorlfwealdbishopofdioceseofexetercreditonarnulfiicountofboulognearnulfiicountofcountyofboulogneboulogneapproximatedateboleslausidukeofbohemiaboleslausithecrueldukeofduchyofbohemiabohemiaorfengyanluchineseofficialapproximatedatefujiwaranokoretadajapanesestatesmanbkhottigaamoghavarsharuleroftherashtrakutadynastyrashtrakutaempirekyajapanesepriestofpurelandpurelandbuddhismbliutprandofcremonaliutprandlombardbishopandhistoriansviatoslaviofkievsviatoslaviigorevichgrandprinceofkievgrandprinceofkievanruskievreferencesleadinghistroopsinbattlenotocyearromannumeralsdccxiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirephilippikosbardanesphilippicusincitestheinhabitantsofchersonesuscrimeachersontorevoltwiththehelpofthekhazarsemperorjustinianiisalliesforthfromconstantinopletoopposetherebelsinthecrimeaphilippicusdefeatsthebyzantineempirebyzantineforcesinnorthernanatoliaandseizesthecapitalheisproclaimedemperorandjustinianisexecutedendingthehouseofbyzantineempireundertheheracliandynastyheracliusthathasruledsincedecemberndashempresstheodoraofkhazariatheodorahearingthenewsofjustiniansdeathescapeswithheryearoldsontiberiussonofjustinianiitiberiustothesanctuaryatthechurchofstmaryofblachernaeistanbulstmaryschurchconstantinoplesheispursuedbyphilippicushenchmenwhodragthechildfromthealtarandmurderhimoutsidethechurcheuropeanspranddukeofastireturnsfromexiletoitalywithalargeduchyofbavariabavarianarmymanyaustrianswithtroopsofvenetovenetiajoinhiminsupportkingaripertiiwhohasusurperusurpedthethroneseeisdefeatedandtriestoescapefrompaviatogaulwithhistreasurybuthedrownsintheticinoriverticinoriverheisthelastbavariantoweartheironcrownoflombardyironcrownapproximatedatepeacefulrelationsbetweenfranciafranksandfrisiansareconsolidatedbythemarriageofpepinofherstalssongrimoaldtheyoungergrimoaldtothiadsvindtheudesindadaughterofkingredbadkingofthefrisiansradbodaprilndashkingchildebertiiidiesafterayearreignandissucceededbyhissondagobertiiiasrulerofaustrasiapepinofherstalbecomeshisregentbritainduxbeornhthberhtfrithleadsanorthumbriancampaignagainstthepictsanddefeatstheminmanawgododdinmodernscotlandapproximatedatearabianempireaprilndashumayyadconquestofhispaniamuslimtroopsmenledbytariqibnziyadlandatgibraltarandbegintheirinvasionoftheiberianpeninsulanowspainandportugaltariqbeginshisislamicconquestsislamicconquestofthevisigothickingdomwhichduringthedecadeheoccupiesandbringsunderumayyadcaliphateumayyadsovereigntyjulyndashbattleofguadaletethemuslimberberpeopleberbersdefeatthevisigothsvisigothicarmymenunderkingroderickwhodiesinbattlethevisigothcapitaloftoledospaintoledoopensitscitygatestariqibnziyadsendsmoorsmoorishdetachmentstocapturethecitiesofcrdobaandalusiacrdobaandsevilleandalusiaasiaafterpiracypiratesplunderanarabshipnearthemouthoftheindusriverpakistanuamayyadarabsundermuhammadbinqasimmuhammadibnqasiminvademedievalindiaindiawithmenandhorsesestablishingasultanateinhistoryofsindhundertheumayyadsabbasidsandlaterdynastiessindhqasimsendsexpeditionstosaurashtraregionsurashtrawherehemakespeacefultreatysettlementswiththerashtrakutadynastyrashtrakutamuhammadibnqasimcapturesthefortresscityofmultanafteralongsiegeandraidswithhisforcesthepunjabpakistanpunjabregionwithonlylightmuslimcasualtiesmesoamericapalenqueisconqueredbytoninabytopicreligionreconstructionofthehryjitempleinjapaniscompletedapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsmalikibnanasarabulamascholarapproximatedateemperorsuzongoftangsuzongemperorofthetangdynastyddeathsaprilndashchildeberti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largerebelliontakesplaceincrdobaandalusiacrdobaspainagainsttherulingalmoravidsonlyincludebirthsascelinafrenchnunandmysticddeathsdecemberndashalafdalshahanshahfatimidcaliphofegyptbwilliamofchampeauxfrenchphilosopherzhoutongarcherzhoutongarcheryteacherandsecondmilitaryartstutorofsongdynastygeneralyuefeireferencesdaerneyearromannumeralsmcxxvwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaasiajunendashbattleofazazbattleofazazthecrusadersdefeattheseljukturksnovemberndashjurchencampaignsagainstthesongdynastyjinsongwarsthejurchenpeoplejurchensofthejindynastyjindynastydeclarewaronthesongdynastyeuropemayndashlothairiiholyromanemperorlothairofsaxonybecomeskingofgermanyonthedeathofhenryvholyromanemperorhenryvwarendsbetweentoulouseandprovencenassaugermanynassaucastleisbuiltrepublicofflorenceflorenceconquerstheneighboringindependentrepublicoffiesolekingingetheyoungerismurderedinvretaabbeystergtlandinstigatedbyqueenulvhildhkansdotterhercousinmagnusthestrongproclaimshimselfrulerofgtalandwhereasragnvaldknaphvdeinoppositiontohimproclaimshimselfkingofswedeninsvealandtheconsulsofsienaarefirstmentionedindicatingthatthecityhasbecomeanindependentcommunethevenicevenetianspillagerhodesravagesamosandlesbosandoccupychiossaracenpiratesraidthecityofantibesinprovenceandthebenedictinelrinsabbeymonasteryofsainthonoratonthelrinsislandsthefirstfairincountyofportugalportugaliscreatedinpontedelimaitisanearlysignofthecommercializationandeconomicdevelopmentofastillbackwardandselfcontainedregionkingalfonsothebattlerleadsakingdomofcastillecastellanraidinandalusiabytopicartsalbertofaixbeginshishistoriahierosolymitanaeexpeditioniseducationreadingschoolisfoundedinberkshireenglandreligionacollectionofzenbuddhistkoansiscompiledinthechinesebluecliffrecordonlyincludebirthsluyouchinesepoetdrenauddecourtenayanglonormannoblemandmatildaofsavoyqueenofportugaldeathsjanuaryndashkingdavidivofgeorgiabaprilndashvladislausidukeofbohemiamayndashvladimiriimonomakhgranddukeofkievmayndashhenryvholyromanemperorbseptemberndashrichezaofbergduchessofbohemiabcoctoberndashcosmasofpraguebohemianchroniclerdecemberndashagnesiabbessofquedlinburgbcdateunknowneustaceiiiofboulogneingetheyoungerkingofswedensinceirneriusteacheratbolognareferencesdaerneyearromannumeralsmcxxviwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaasiajanuaryndashmarchndashinsongdynastychinascholarsandfarmersdemonstratearoundkaifengfortherestorationofatrustedmilitaryofficialligangsmallconflictseruptbetweentheprotestorsandthegovernmentjanuaryndashemperorhuizongofsongabdicatesinfavourofhissonemperorqinzongofsongqinzongthesongdynastylosestheyellowrivervalleytothejindynastyjindynastyinthejinsongwarsremnantsofthecourtfleesouthincludingmuchofthepopulaceandcommunitiessuchasthekaifengjewstwopreviouslywrittenchinesepharmaceuticalworksonebyshenkuoandanotherbysushiarecombinedintoonewrittenworkeuropemarchndashalfonsoviiiscrownedkingofkingdomofcastilecastileandkingdomoflenleninspainrutherglenbecomesoneofthefirstroyalburghroyalburghsinkingdomofscotlandscotlandragnvaldknaphvdepretendertothemonarchyofswedenswedishthroneiskilledbyupsetpeasantsatalocalthingassemblythingswedeniswithoutarulerbutmagnusthestrongclaimssovereigntyovergothenlandforthetimebeingkingalfonsothebattlerofkingdomofnavarrenavarreandkingdomofaragonaragonlaunchesaraidintogranadatherepublicofvenicevenetiansoccupycephaloniabyzantineemperorjohniikomnenosrestorestheirtradingprivilegesolegariuscreatesaribatcommunityofknightsknownastheconfraternityoftarragonatocombattheandalusiansincountyofbarcelonacataloniabytopicscienceadelardofbathtranslatesmuammadibnmsalkhwrizmsarithmeticandastronomyastronomicaltablesintolatinonlyincludebirthsfanchengdachinesepoettravelwriterandgeographerdaverroesalandalusandalusjudgeandphysicianeyniondetilstonnormanenglishknightandlordofthemanorsibyllaofburgundyqueenconsortofsicilyddeathsfebruaryorndashwilliamixdukeofaquitaineandpoetbmarchndashqueenurracaoflenandcastileboctoberorndashmorphiaofmelitenequeenofjerusalemedgarthethelinglastmemberoftheanglosaxonroyalhousebragnvaldknaphvdepretendertotheswedishthronekilledbyupsetpeasantsatthethingassemblythingabbotekkehardofauraomarkhayympersianpoetandmathematicianaltutilialandalusandalusianpoetreferencesdaerneyearromannumeralsmcxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeestimationconstantinoplecapitalofthebyzantineempirebecomesthelargestcityoftheworldtakingtheleadfromkaifengcapitalofchinabyareaasiajanuaryndashjindynastyjurchenforcessackthenorthernsongdynastysongchinachinesecapitalofkaifengduringthejingkangincidentofthejurchencampaignsagainstthesongdynastyjinsongwarsandbeginmorethanacenturyofpoliticaldivisionbetweennorthernandsouthernchinaeuropeconradiiiofgermanyconradiiiestablishesthehohenstaufendynastywhenheiscrownedantikingtotheholyromanemperorlothairiiiholyromanemperorlothairiiithefirstcoalitionofthenormansnormanprincesagainstroge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datewulfhereofmerciawulfherekingofmerciaapproximatedatewulframofsenswulframromancatholicarchdioceseofsensarchbishopofsensapproximatedatedeathsfebruaryndashpepinoflandenpepintheeldermayorofthepalaceaugustndashpopeseverinussaintalenaalenafrankishmartyrapproximatedatearnulfofmetzfrankishbishopandsaintbilalibnrabahalhabashicompanionofmuhammedchintilakingofthevisigothsapproximatedatedushunchinesechinesebuddhismbuddhistpatriarchbeadbaldofkenteadbaldkingofkingdomofkentkentapproximatedateeanswithanglosaxonprincessapproximatedatelixiaogongprinceofthetangdynastybromanusofrouenromanusromancatholicarchdioceseofrouenbishopofrouenapproximatedateseptemberndashsakkukqueenofpalenquetysiliowelshprinceandbishopyazidibnabisufyanarabgeneralreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdcxliwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirefebruaryndashemperorheracliusagediesofedemadropsyatconstantinopleafterayearreignhereorganizedtheimperialadministrationbutlostarmeniadioceseofegyptlateantiquityegyptpalestineregionpalestinesyriaandmuchofmesopotamiatothemuslimarabsheracliusissucceededbyhissonsconstantineiiibyzantineemperorconstantineiiiandheraklonasmayndashconstantineiiiagediesoftuberculosisafterafourmonthreignleavinghishalfbrotherheraklonassoleemperorrumorsspreadthatconstantinehasbeenpoisonedbyheracliusssecondwifeandniecemartinaempressmartinaseptemberndashthebyzantinesenateturnsagainstmartinaandhersonheraklonaswhoarebothpoliticalmutilationinbyzantineculturemutilatedandexiledtorhodessupportedbygeneralvalentinususurpervalentinusconstantinessonconstansiiagesucceedstothethroneconstansiiestablishesanewcivilmilitarydefensiveorganisationbasedupongeographygeographicalmilitarydistrictbyzantineforcesmaintainthefrontieralongthelineofthetaurusmountainssouthernturkeyeuropeaegamayorofthepalaceaegamayorofthepalaceandregentalongsideofqueenmothernanthildofneustriaandkingdomofburgundyburgundydiesduringthereignofkingclovisiiheisreplacedbyerchinoaldarelativeofdagobertismotherthelombardsunderkingrothariconquergenoaliguriaandallremainingbyzantineempirebyzantineterritoriesinthelowerpovalleyincludingoderzoopitergiumarechisiofbeneventoarechisidukeofprovinceofbeneventobeneventonortheastofnaplesdiesafterayearreignandissucceededbyhissonaiulfiofbeneventoaiulfibritainprinceoswiuofberniciaconquersgododdinortheoldnorthasfarnorthasmanawgododdinmanaumodernscotlandonbehalfofhishalfbrotherkingoswaldofnorthumbriaoswaldapproximatedatekingbrideiiidiesafterayearreignandissucceededbyhisbrothertalorciiiasrulerofthepictsafricanovemberndashsiegeofalexandriasiegeofalexandriamuslimarabsunderamribnalascapturealexandriaafterafourteenmonthsiegebyzantineofficialsformallycapitulatetoamrturningthecityovertoarabhandsthecityoffustatlatercairoisfoundedinegyptitbecomesthefirstlistofcapitalsofegyptcapitalofegyptundermuslimruleasiaemperoremperortaizongoftangtaizongofthetangdynastychinainstigatesatangcampaignsagainstthewesternturkscivilwarinthewesternturkickhaganatebysupportingisbarayabghuqaghannovemberndashemperoremperorjomeijomeiofjapanagediesafterayearreignonlyincludebirthsasparukhofbulgariaasparukhrulerkhantitlekhanofthefirstbulgarianempirebulgarianempireddeathsaegamayorofthepalaceaegamayorofthepalaceneustriaandkingdomofburgundyburgundyarechisiofbeneventoarechisidukeofprovinceofbeneventobeneventoitalybrideiiikingofthepictsconstantineiiibyzantineemperorconstantineiiiemperorofthebyzantineempirefebruaryndashheracliusbyzantineemperornovemberndashemperorjomeijomeiemperorofjapanbmuofbaekjemukingofbaekjeoneofthethreekingdomsofkoreaouyangxunconfucianismconfucianscholarandcalligraphycalligrapherbzaynabbintjahshwifeofmuhammadreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdcxliiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireemperorconstansiimarriesfaustawifeofconstansiifaustadaughterofvalentinususurpervalentinusageneralofarmeniansarmenianoriginheproclaimsheraugustahonorificaugustaandappointshisfatherinlawtocommanderinchiefofthebyzantinearmyvalentinusisallowedtowearthetyrianpurpleimperialpurpleandbecomesthemostpowerfulmaninthebyzantineempireeuropeaprilndashchindasuinthagothsgothicwarlordalreadyyearsoldcommencesarebellionanddeposeskingtulgaintoledospainheisproclaimedkingbythevisigothsvisigothicnobilityandanointedbythebishopstulgaistonsuredandsentouttolivehisdaysinamonasteryradulfkingofthuringiaradulfafranksfrankisharistocratrevoltsagainstkingsigebertiiiofaustrasiaanddefeatshisarmytakingthetitleofrexorkingofthuringiabritainaugustndashbattleofmaserfieldkingpendaofmerciadefeatsandkillskingoswaldofnorthumbriaageatoswestrywestmidlandsregionwestmidlandshecommandsaunitedcelticbritonsbritishandmercianforcewhichincludesthewelsharmyofkingscadafaelcadomeddapcynfeddwcadafaelcadomeddofgwyneddandcynddylancynddylanofpengwernthemerciansbecomedominantinthethemidlandsenglandenglishmidlandsoswiuofnorthumbriaoswiusucceedshishalfbrotheroswaldaskingofberniciahestrengthenshispositionbymarryingeanflddaughterofkingedwinofnorthumbriatheninexileinthekingdomofkentthismarriagetakesplacebetweenandpersiabattleofnahvandtherashidunarmymenundersadibnabiwaqqasdefeatsthepersiansatnahavandnahvandmoderniranthepersiancavalryfullofconfidencemountsanillpreparedattackthearabsretreattoasafeareawheretheyoutmanoeuvreanddestroythepersiansinanarrowmountainvalleyafricafirstbattleofdongolabattleofdongolaamribnalassendsanarabexpeditionofhorsemenunderhiscousinuqbaibnnafitokingdomofmakuriamakuriasouthernegyptthenubiansstrikehardagainstthemuslimsneardongolawithhitandruntacticshitandrunattacksthearabincursionsintonubiaaretemporarilyhaltedcaliphumarumariordersthedestructionofthelibraryofalexandriatheentirecollectionofbooksexceptfortheworksofaristotlestoredatthelibraryareremovedandusedasfueltoheatwaterforthecityspublicbathingpublicbathsasiaemperoremperortaizongoftangtaizongofthetangdynastyissuesadecreethroughoutchinathatincreasesthepunishmentformenwhodeliberatelyinflictinjuriesuponthemselvesmostcommonlybreakingtheirownlegsinordertoavoidmilitaryconscriptionthisdecreeisanefforttoeradicatethispracticethathasgrownasatrendsincethetimeoftherebellionagainstthesuidynastytaizongtangcampaignsagainstthewesternturkssupportsarevoltbyturkictribesagainsttherebelliousyukukshadtuluqaghanofthewesternturkickhaganateempressempresskgyokukgyokuascendstothethroneofjapanafterherhusbandanduncleemperoremperorjomeijomeisdeathinwinterndashyeongaesomunseizespowerovergoguryeothreekingdomsofkoreakoreaandplaceskingbojangofgoguryeobojangonthethronebytopicartsandsciencestheearliestsurvivingdatedarabiclanguagepapyrusperffoundinheracleopolismagnaheracleopolisegyptandtheearliestknownarabictextwithdiacriticalmarksiswrittenarchitecturearabsbeginconstructionofthemosqueofamribnalasmosqueofamratcairothefirstmosquebuiltinegyptandinallofafricareligionoctoberndashpopejohnivdiesafterayearreignheissucceededbyajerusalembornclergyclericofgreekdescentpopetheodoreitheodoreiastherdpopeofromeamonasticismmonasticsettlementisfoundedinhampshireenglandwhichlaterbecomeswinchestercathedralonlyincludebirthsceolfrithanglosaxonabbotapproximatedatehasanofbasrahasanalbasriarabtheologytheologiandjulianoftoledojulianarchbishopofromancatholicarchdioceseoftoledotoledodmelrubairishabbotdmujahidibnjabrmuslimscholarordeathsaugustorndashoswaldofnorthumbriaoswaldkingofnorthumbriaoctoberndashpopejohnivemmaofaustrasiaemmaanglosaxonqueeneowaofmerciaeowakingofmerciathemidlandsenglishmidlandsdomnallbrecckingofdlriatascotlanddomnallmacedohighkingofirelandflaochadmayorofthepalacekingdomofburgundyburgundyheraklonasbyzantineemperorapproximatedatekhalidibnalwalidarabgeneralbmardanshahpersiangeneralnanthildfrankishqueenpulakeshiniikingofchalukyadynastychalukyaindiawillibadpatricianofdukeofkingdomofburgundyburgundyyeongnyuofgoguryeoyeongnyukingofgoguryeothreekingdomsofkoreakoreayuwenshijichancellorofthetangdynastyheadsofthelegislativebureauchancellorofthetangdynastyreferencespayshomagefeudalhomagetobuddhanotocyearromannumeralsdcxliiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireemperorconstansiirecognisestheodorershtuniasrulerofarmeniaafterhissuccessfulcampaignagainstthemuslimshenameshimcommandernakhararofthearmenianarmymaurikioschartoulariosmaurikiosnameshimselfduchyofromeduxofromeandrevoltsagainstexarchisaacthearmenianisaacexarchateofravennahedeclaresromesindependencefromtheexarchateandfromthebyzantineempireeuropekingrothariofthelombardsissuestheedictumrothariwhichisthefirstcodificationoflombardlawwritteninlatintheedictguaranteesrightsonlyforlombardsubjectsdukeleuthariiihasottomayorofthepalaceottomayorofthepalaceofaustrasiamurderedheissucceededbygrimoaldtheeldertheeldestsonofpepinoflandenbritainkingcynegilsofwessexdiesafterayearreignandissucceededbyhissoncenwalhofwessexcenwalhwhoisstillpaganismpaganhemarriesthesisterofkingpendaofmerciaapproximatedatepersiaperoziiisonofyazdegerdiiithelastsassanidempiresassanidkingofiranpersiafleestoterritoryunderthecontrolofthetangdynastyinchinaapproximatedateafricaarabbyzantinewarsarabconquestsofnorthafricaarabbyzantinewararabarmiescontinuetheirmilitaryexpansionintonorthafricaandlaysiegetotripolithecityiscapturedafteronemonthamribnalassendsadetachmenttosabrathamodernlibyathecityputsupfeebleresistancebutsoonsurrendersandagreestopayjizyaasiachineseprefectureprefecturalgovernmentofficialstraveltothecapitalofchangantogivetheannualreportoftheaffairsintheirdistrictsemperoremperortaizongoftangtaizongdiscoversthatmanyhavenoproperquarterstorestinandarerentingroomswithmerchantsthereforetaizongordersthegovernmentagenciesinchargeofmunicipalconstructiontobuildeveryvisitingofficialhisownprivatemansioninthecapitalachinesediplomaticmissionembassyissenttothenorthmiddlekingdomsofindiatheharshavardhanaindianempiretheyareinvitedbyemperorharshapatronofbuddhismandliteratureharshawhoholdsabuddhabuddhistconvocationatthecapitalkannaujwhichisattendedbykingsandthousandsofpilgrimstaizongcommissionsartistyanlibentopaintinthelingyanpavilionthelifesizeportraitsofgovernmentofficialstocommemoratetheirserviceandcontributionstothefoundingofthetangdynastybytopicreligionbbeofcoldinghambbeestablishesamonasteryatebchesterknownaskirkhillatstabbsheadnearcoldinghamscotlandonlyincludebirthsfazangchinesebuddhismbuddhistpatriarchdlizhongprinceofthetangdynastyddeathscynegilsofwessexcynegilskingofwessexapproximatedateseptemberndashgoericofmetzgoericromancatholicdioceseofmetzbishopofmetzaprilndashhoujunjichancellorofthetangdynastymaurikioschartoulariosbyzantinerebelleaderottomayorofthepalaceottomayorofthepalaceaustrasiaweizhengchancellorofthetangdynastybreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdcxlivwasaleapyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirevalentinususurpervalentinusbyzantinegeneralattemptstousurpthethroneofhissoninlawconstansiiheappearsatthegatesofconstantinoplewithacontingentofbyzantinetroopsanddemandstobecrownedemperorhisclaimisrejectedandvalentinusislynchinglynchedbythepopulacebritainoswineofdeiraoswinesonofthelatekingosricofdeiramanagesdespitearmedobjectionsfromkingoswiuofnorthumbriaoswiuofberniciatoestablishhimselfaskingofdeiranorthernenglandhissuccessionprobablythechoiceofthepeopleofdeirasplitsthekingdomofnorthumbriarefnameparkernewadventorgcathenahtmparkeranselmstoswinthecatholicencyclopediavolnewyorkrobertappletoncompanymarrefarabianempirenovemberndashcaliphumaragediesofwoundsinflictedonnovemberbythepersianslavepiruznahavandiatmedinaafterayearreignonhisdeathbedheappointsacommitteetodeterminehissuccessortheyselectuthmanibnaffanwhobecomescaliphoftherashiduncaliphateasiaemperoremperortaizongoftangtaizongofthetangdynastysendsachineseexpeditionaryforcetotangcampaignsagainstkarasahrinvadeandannexthetarimbasinkingdomofkarasahrinxinjiangavassalofthewesternturkickhaganatetheoasisstateisconqueredandwesternturkssenttoassistkarasahraredefeatedbythetangforcesonlyincludezenkojiabuddhisttempleandlandmarkspotinnaganojapanofficiallybuiltbyempresskogyokubirthskinichkanjoychitamiirulerofpalenquelijiaotangdynastylijiaochancellorofthetangdynastyddeathsjanuaryndashsulpitiusthepiousfrenchbishopandsaintoctoberndashpaulinusofyorkpaulinusarchbishopofyorkumarumarimuslimcaliphbottomayorofthepalaceottomayorofthepalaceaustrasiaradulfkingofthuringiaradulfkingofthuringiaapproximatedatetrudpertirishmissionaryorvalentinususurpervalentinusbyzantinegeneralandusurperreferencescnotocyearromannumeralsdcxlvwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirealexandriarevoltsagainstarabpeoplearabruleattheappearanceofabyzantineempirebyzantinefleetshipsandbyzantineforcesrecapturethecityabdullahibnsaadabdullahibnsaadarabgovernorofmuslimconquestofegyptegyptmountsanassaultandretakesithebeginsbuildingamuslimfleeteuropeplatoexarchplatoexarchimperialgovernorofexarchateofravennaravennainvadesthesouthernpovalleythelombardsunderkingrotharidefeathimonthebanksofthepanaroriverpanarorivernearmodenaimperialtroopsarekilledbritainkingcenwalhofwessexaccordingtobedeisdrivenfromhiskingdombyhisbrotherinlawkingpendaofmerciahefleestothecourtofkingannaofeastangliaandisbaptismbaptisedwhileinexilependaoverrunskingdomofwessexwessexkingdomofgwyneddgwyneddandmuchofwalesisinthegraspoffaminewouldbekingcadwaladrcadwaladrfendigaidfleestobrittanycivilwarcontinuesinhiskingdomapproximatedatejapanjulyndashisshiincidentprinceemperortenjinakanoeandfujiwaranokamatariassassinatesoganoirukaduringacoupdtatattheimperialpalaceempressempresskgyokukgyokuisforcedtoabdicatethethroneinfavorofheryoungerbrotheremperorktokuktokuagewhobecomesthethemperorofjapannakanoebecomescrownprinceandprimeministersupportersofthesemilegendaryregentprinceprinceshtokushtokugainsupremacyinjapanemperorktokuestablishesthetaikareformalandreformbasedonconfucianismconfucianideasandchinesephilosophyphilosophiesfromchinaapproximatedatektokucreatesanewcityatosakananiwaandmovesthecapitalfromyamatoprovincethecapitalhasaportseaportestablishingforeigntradeanddiplomacydiplomaticrelationschinafirstcampaigninthegoguryeotangwargoguryeotangwarachineseexpeditionaryarmyunderemperoremperortaizongoftangtaizongcrossestheliaoriverintogoguryeotheoneofthreekingdomsofkoreajulyndashtangforcesunderlishijiheadingsoutheasttowardtheyaluriverputthestrategicfortresscityofanshanansiliaoningu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imatedatetheholyspongeisbroughttoconstantinoplefrompalestineregionpalestinearnulfofmetzarnulfcounseloroftheudebertiibecomesromancatholicdioceseofmetzbishopofmetzsaintgallgallusfoundsthemonasteryofstgallenswitzerlandonlyincludebirthsaishawifeofmuhammaddmayndashconstantineiiibyzantineemperorconstantineiiibyzantineemperordgermanusofgranfeldenfrankishabbotapproximatedatekakchanyopaatkingajawofcopnapproximatedateoswiuofnorthumbriaoswiukingofnorthumbriaapproximatedatedeathseduaridnachhighkingofirelandajneyohlmatkingofpalenqueberthaofkentberthawifeofthelberhtofkentconalllaegbregkingofkingsofbregabregairelandfabiaeudokiaeudokiabyzantineempressgundemarkingofthevisigothsjanaabpakalkingofpalenquetheudebertiikingofaustrasiabreferencesisexecutednotocyearromannumeralsdcxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireemperorheracliusmarrieshisniecemartinaempressmartinashebecomesempressaugustahonorificaugustaofthebyzantineempirethissecondmarriageisconsideredtofallwithintheprohibiteddegreeofkinshipandisapprovedbythecatholicchurchinconstantinoplejanuaryndashconstantineiiibyzantineemperorconstantineiscrownedcoemperorcaesartitlecaesarbyhisfatherheracliusandshortlyafterbetrothedtohiscousingregoriadaughterofnicetascousinofheracliusnicetasonlymontholdconstantinehasnorealpowerandhisdynastictitleispurelyceremonyceremonialbyzantinesassanidwarofpersiandominancebyzantinepersianwarheracliusappointshimselfcommanderinchiefalongwithhisbrothertheodorebrotherofheracliustheodorecuropalatestosolidifycommandofthearmythesassanidempirepersianarmyundershahrbarazcapturethecitiesofdamascusapameasyriaapameaandhomsemesabattleofantiochbattleofantiochheracliusmobilizationmobilisesabyzantineexpeditionaryforcetoantiochsyriabutiscompletelydefeatedoutsidethecitybythepersiansshahinvahmanzadeganmakesfurtherinroadsintocentralandchalcedonwesternanatoliaeuropekingtheudericiidiesofdysenteryintheaustrasiancapitalofmetzwhilepreparingacampaignagainsthislongtimeenemychlothariihisgrandmotherbrunhildaofaustrasiabrunhildaattemptstoestablishathirdregencygovernmentregencyforherillegitimategreatgrandsonsigebertiichlothariireunitesthefranciafrankishkingdombyorderingthemurderofsigebertiiheaccusesbrunhildaageofkillingtenkingsofthefranksaccordingtotheliberhistoriaefrancorumsheisdraggedtodeathbehindawildhorseatabbevillebritainbattleofchesterkingthelfrithofnorthumbriainvadeskingdomofgwyneddgwyneddnorthwestwalesinordertorouteouthisoldenemyedwinofnorthumbriaedwinofdeiraaunitedbritonscelticpeoplebrythonicforcegwyneddpowyspengwernanddumnonianwarriorsisdefeatednearchesterasiagoguryeosuiwaremperoremperoryangofsuiyngdicrossestheliaoriveragainandputsmanchuriaundersiegeduringthecampaignyangxuangananofficialofthesuidynastystartsarebellionnearluoyangfearingattacksfromtwofrontsyngdiisforcedtoretreathisarmyisanapurabecomesthecapitalofthecambodiankingdomofchenlakingdomchenlaapproximatedatebytopicreligionislammuhammadbeginspreachinginpublichespreadsthemessageofislamandencouragesapersonaldevotiontogodarabicleadersfrommeccaopposeanychangeinthetraditionaltribalandreligionreligiouscustomsbirthswoncheukkoreankoreanbuddhismbuddhistmonkddeathsbledricapcustenninkingofdumnoniaenglandbrunhildaofaustrasiabrunhildaqueenofaustrasiapriscusgeneralpriscusbyzantinegeneralsigebertiikingofaustrasiaaprilndashsainttheodoreofsykeontheodoreofsykeonbyzantineasceticismascetictheudericiikingofaustrasiauncelendukeofswabiadukeofalemanniagermanyyangxuanganofficialofthesuidynastyreferencesjerusalemnotocyearromannumeralsdcxivwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirebyzantinesasanianwarofcaptureofjerusalembyzantinesasanianwarapersianjewisharmymencommandedbyshahrbarazcapturesandsacksjerusalemafteradaysiegesomewherebetweenandcitizensareslainanotherareenslavedincludingthepatriarchgreekorthodoxpatriarchofjerusalempatriarchsofjerusalemzachariasmanychurchesinthecityincludingthechurchoftheresurrectionorchurchoftheholysepulchreholysepulchreareburnedandnumerousrelicsincludingthetruecrosstheholylanceandtheholyspongearecarriedofftothepersiancapitalctesiphonthepersiansdestroytheghassanidsghassanidkingdomarabianpeninsulaarabiaavassalstateofthebyzantineempireapproximatedateeuropeoctoberndashkingchlothariipromulgatestheedictofparisedictumchlotachariiasortoffrankishmagnacartathatdefendstherightsofthefranksfrankishnoblesandthechurchandregulatestheappointmentofcountssecularofficialsinchargeofcourtlawcourtscollectingtaxesandassemblingcontingentsforthearmywhileitantisemitismexcludesjewsfromallcivilemploymentinthefranciafrankishkingdomthediocletianspalacepalaceofdiocletianinsplitcroatiasplitcroatiaisdamagedbytheavarscarpathi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theirparentsandputinmonasterymonasterieswheretheylearntheteachingofevangelisminthevisigothickingdombritainkingrdwaldofeastangliardwaldofeastangliaconquersnorthumbrianorthernenglandatthebattleoftheriveridlekingthelfrithofnorthumbriathelfrithiskilledduringthefightingandhischildrenareforcedtofleenorthhisheirprinceeanfrithofberniciaeanfrithageseeksrefugewithhismotherssfamilyprobablyingododdinmodernscotlandandmovesfurthernorthintopictspictlandprincesoswaldofnorthumbriaoswaldageoswiuofnorthumbriaoswiuageandothersescapetothecourtofkingeochaidbuideofdlriatawheretheyareconvertedtochristianitybythemonksofionardwaldinstallsedwinofnorthumbriaedwinaskingofnorthumbriaeffectivelyconfirminghimasbretwaldahetakespowerinhisnativedeiraandinberniciahisreignmarksthedominationofnorthumbriaasleadinganglosaxonsanglosaxonstateofthebritishislesfebruaryndashthelberhtofkentthelberhtthefirstchristiananglosaxonkingdiesinkingdomofkentkentafterayearreignheissucceededbyhispaganismpagansoneadbaldofkenteadbaldwhopromptlymarrieshisstepmotheremmaofaustrasiaemmainaccordancewithprechristiancustomkingsberhtofessexsberhtofkingdomofessexessexdiesafterayearreignandissucceededbyhissonsexredherulesconjointlywithhistwobrothersswardofessexswardandsigeberhttheythrowoutthechristianmissionarymissionariesandreturntopaganismthebattleofchesteroldwelshguaithcaerlegionwelshlanguagewelshbrwydrcaerwhichseparatesthewestwelshfromthenorthwelshofcumbriamarkingtheformationofwalesisfoughtapproximatedatecadfanapiagosucceedshisfatheriagoapbeliaskingofkingdomofgwyneddgwyneddwalesapproximatedatebytopicreligionmellitusbishopoflondonisexiledbysexredandhispaganbrothersswardandsigeberhtheisforcedtotakerefugeingaulandreturnstoenglandthefollowingyearthebanuhashimclanbeginstoboycottmuhammadinordertoputpressureonhismuslimfollowersandhisislamicpreachingsashrineonthesiteofthefuturewestminsterabbeylondonisfoundedapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsgrimoaldtheeldermayorofthepalaceofaustrasiadseptemberndashjavanshirkingofcaucasianalbaniaddeathsfebruaryndashthelberhtofkentthelberhtkingbretwaldaofkingdomofkentkentthelfrithofnorthumbriathelfrithkingofnorthumbriaapproximatedateagilulfkingofthelombardsapproximatedatepopeanastasiusofalexandriaanastasiuspopeofthecopticorthodoxchurchofalexandriacopticpatriarchofalexandriagundoalddukeofastigundoaldbavariannoblemaniagoapbelikingofkingdomofgwyneddgwyneddapproximatedatejohnthemercifulpatriarchofalexandriaempressliuchendynastyliujingyanempressofthechendynastybnechtanneposuerbnechtaniikingofthepictsapproximatedatesbertofessexsbertkingofkingdomofessexessexapproximatedatesecundusofnonlombardabbotselyfapcynankingofkingdomofpowyspowysyeontaejoprimeministerofgoguryeoapproximatedateempressyuanhumoyuanhumoempressofnorthernzhouyuwenshugeneralofthesuidynastyreferencesofwendelinoftriercnotocyearromannumeralsdcxviiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirebyzantinesassanidwarofanatoliabyzantinesassanidwarthesassanidempirepersianarmyundershahinvahmanzadeganconquerschalcedoninanatoliaandreachesthebosporusthreateningconstantinopleemperorheracliusbeginspeacenegotiationspromisinganannualtributeofatalentsofgoldandsilverrefnamegreatrexlieupiirefgreatrexlieugreatrexlieupiirefshahinwithdrawswithhisarmytosyriatofocusontheinvasionofdioceseofegyptlateantiquityegypttheavarscarpathiansavarssendenvoystoconstantinopleforameetingwithheracliusheiswarnedaboutanambushandfleesforsafetybehindthecitywallsintimeangryatthefailuretocapturethebyzantineempirebyzantineemperortheavarsplunderthraceandreturntothedanubedanuberivercarryingoffpeopleeuropegrasulfoffriuligrasulfiibecomesthelombarddukesandmargravesoffriulidukeoffriuliitalyaftertheassassinationofhisnephewstassooffriulitassoandkakkooffriulikakkoinoderzobritainsigeberhtthelittlesigeberhtbecomeskingofkingdomofessexessexafterhisfatherswardofessexswardandunclesexredarekilledinbattleagainstthewessexwestsaxonsheathensrevoltinkingdomofkentkentunderkingeadbaldofkenteadbaldduringtheuprisingjustusbishopofrochesterfleestogaulkingedwinofnorthumbriainvadesandannexestheminorbritonscelticpeoplebritishkingdomofelmetapproximatedateasiaseptemberndashbattleofhuoyirebelforcesunderemperorgaozuoftangliyundefeatthesuidynastysuitroopsnearthefenriverandcapturethechinachinesecapitalchanganlihasgainedsupportfromshibikhanshibirulerkhaganofthegktrkseasternturkswhosecureshisnorthernfrontierandsupplieshimwithhorseswinterndashliyuandemotessuiemperoremperoryangofsuiyngditothestatusoftaishanghuangretiredemperoranddeclaresyangyouemperorwhilehegiveshimselfauthorityoverthewesternsuicommanderychinacommanderiesprefectureunderthetitleofprinceoftangbytopicreligionmeccansbeginameccanboycottofthehashemitesboycottofthebanuhashimclantowhichislamicprophetmuhammadbelongsacivilwarbeginsinmedinabattleofbuaththearabiantribesthatinteractedwithmuhammadarabictribeswinanindecisi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ethemuslimarabsattackbyzantinecretecretekillingorslaveryenslavingmuchofthepopulaceduringthemuslimconquestsapproximatedatebritainkingecgfrithofnorthumbriadefeatsacoalitionledbythemerciansheannexestheregionofkingdomoflindseylindseylincolnshirekingscwineofwessexscwinesucceedshisfathercenfusasrulerofwessexapproximatedateasiakingvikramadityaiofchalukyadynastychalukyadefeatsthepallavadynastypallavanarmyinbattleanddestroysitscapitalkanchipuramkanchimodernindiainkoreaanapjiisconstructedbyorderofkingmunmuofsillainjapanprincessprincesskukuproceedstotheisegrandshrineisejingubytopicreligionthelthrythformerqueenofnorthumbriagiveslargeareasoflandtobishopwilfridtofoundhexhamabbeythemonkwearmouthjarrowabbeymonkwearmouthmonasteryisfoundedbybenedictbiscopinnorthumbriathefirstglasswindowsareplacedinenglandenglishchurchesapproximatedateonlyincludebirthspoppofrisianpoppokinglistofrulersoffrisiadukeoffrisiadsulaymanibnabdalmalikmuslimcaliphapproximatedatedeathsabuayyubalansarifriendsahabahofmuhammadapproximatedatehassanibnthabitarabpoetandcompanionofmuhammaddamanhongrenhongrenchinesechnchnbuddhismbuddhistpatriarchofthetangdynastybseaxburhofwessexseaxburhqueenofwessexapproximatedatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdclxxvwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropekingchildericiiismurderedbyabandofdissatisfiedneustriansalongwithhiswifebilichildandyearoldsondagobertwhilehuntingintheforestoflivrypresentdaylognesnearchellesseineetmarnechellestheudericiiiretakesthethroneofhiselderbrotherchildericiiheinheritsthefrankishkingdomsofneustriaandkingdomofburgundyburgundyclovisiiianillegitimatesonofchlothariiiisproclaimedkingofaustrasiabytheaustrasiannobilitynoblesbritainkingwulfhereofmerciadiesafterayearreigninwhichhehasextendedhisswayovermuchofenglandsouthofthehumberhumberriverincludingessexsurreyandpartofwessexnorthoftheriverthamesthameswulfhereissucceededbyhisbrotherthelredofmerciathelredaprilndashkinghlothhereofkentreestablisheskentishsupremacyinlondonasiatheyearoldwangbopoetwangbowritestengwanggexutocelebratethepavilionofprincetengtengwangpavilionapproximatedatejanuaryndashinjapanaplatformtoobservethestarsforastronomyastrologersiserectedforthefirsttimemarchndashprincesstchiandempressgenmeiprincessabeofjapanproceedtoisejingmarchndashemperoremperortenmutenmudecreestheendofserfdomhealsoordersanendtograntinglandstoprincesofthebloodtoprincesandtoministersandtemplesmayndashtenmuissuesadecreetodistributethetaxriceforpeasantsinpovertyaswellasadecreeregulatingfishingandhuntingandorderingahalttoeatingthefleshofcattlehorsesdogsmonkeysandbarnyardfowlssomejapaneseministerswhoopposetenmuarebanishedtoanisolatedislandamanclimbsthehilleastofthepalacecursestheemperorandkillshimselfseptemberndashatyphoonstrikesjapanbytopicreligiontheabbeysofabingdononthamesabingdonenglandandbathabbeybatharefoundedapproximatedatealdhelmismadeabbotofmalmesburyabbeyonlyincludebirthssaintbonifacebonifaceanglosaxonmissionaryapproximatedatehuochingalamannicnobilitynoblemanapproximatedateniuxiankechancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastydtervelofbulgariatervelrulerkhaganofthefirstbulgarianempirebulgarianempiredwigbertanglosaxonmonkapproximatedatedeathsfebruaryndashcolmnoflindisfarnecolmnbishopoflindisfarnefebruaryndashrandoaldofgrandvalprioryotherpriorandprioriespriorofthebenedictinemonasteryofgrandvalswitzerlandgrandvalmayndashlihongprinceofthetangdynastybamandusbishopandsaintbilichildfrankishqueenchildericiikingofthefranksgermanusofgranfeldenfrankishabbotlupusiofaquitainelupusidukeofaquitaineapproximatedatemeldubirishmonkapproximatedatewulfhereofmerciawulfherekingofmerciareferencesofaustrasiacnotocyearromannumeralsdclxxviwasaleapyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempiresummerndashsiegeofconstantinoplearabattacksandrelatedexpeditionsinsiegeofconstantinoplecaliphmuawiyahisendshissonyazidiyazidwithmuslimreinforcementstoconstantinopleatthesametimethebyzantineempirebyzantineshavetofaceasouthslavsslavicattackonthessalonikimodernmacedoniagreecemacedoniaandlombardslombardattacksinitalyeuropedagobertiisonofthelatekingsigibertiiibecomespartlywiththehelpofbishopwilfridthenewrulerofaustrasiaafterhispredecessorclovisiiiismurderedbritainkingthelredofmerciainvadeskentinanattempttoenforceoverlordshipanddiminishkentishinfluenceinsurreyandlondonhisarmiesdestroythedioceseofrochesterrefnamebedeivbedeecclesiasticalhistorychapterivprefseatofthebishopsinwestkentandravagethesurroundingruralareacountrysidekingscwineofwessexdiesafterayearreignandissucceededbycentwineofwessexcentwinesonofthelatekingcynegilsofwessexcynegilshereassertsthepowerofhisanglosaxonsanglosaxonkingdomoverthewaleswelshasiaemperoremperortenmutenmuofjapanpromulgatesadecreeabouttaxesfromfiefsandtheemploymentofpersonsfortheservicefromtheouterprovincesmenofdistinguishedabilityareallowedtoentertheserviceeventhoughtheyareofthecommonpeopleregardlessoftheirranksthebroadbasedpeninsulareffortundersillasleadershiptopreventchinesedominationofkoreasucceedsinforcingchinesetroopstowithdrawintomanchuriainnortheastchinabytopicreligionaldhelmanglosaxonscholarpoetfoundsmalmesburyabbeyonthesiteofthehermitagereligiousretreathermitageofhisoldtutormeldubthelredofmerciafoundsthemonasteryatbreedononthehillonthesiteofthebulwarksanbritishironageironagehillfortjunendashpopeadeodatusiidiesatromeafterareignofyearsheissucceededbypopedonusdonusasthethpopecuthbertoflindisfarneretirestoahermitagenearholburnataplacenowknownasstcuthbertscavestcuthbertscaveonlyincludebirthsjohnofdamascussyrianmonkandpriesthoodcatholicchurchpriestapproximatedatemuhammadalbaqirfifthimamahshiadoctrineshiaimamanddescendantofmuhammadprophetmuhammadapproximatedatedjanuaryndashprincetoneritonerijapaneseprinceddeathsscwineofwessexscwinekingofwessexclovisiiikingofaustrasiajunendashpopeadeodatusiileyanweichancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastymangsongmangtsenemperoroftibetanempiretibetwangbopoetwangbochineselistofchineselanguagepoetspoetreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdclxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropetheonogursonogurbulgarsarescatteredbythekhazarswhothenestablishagreatsteppeempirecenteredonthevolgaregionlowervolgatheonogursdeparttothepannonianbasinpannonianplainsaintwarinuswarinusfranksfrankishnobilitynoblemanisstoningstonedtodeathneararrasbecauseofafeudbetweenhisbrotherleodegarbishopofromancatholicdioceseofautunautunandebrointhemayorofthepalaceofneustriaasiatangdynastytangchinadeclaresthedeposedbojangofgoguryeokingofkoreajoseonplacinghiminchargeoftheliaodongpeninsulaliaodongareaundertheprotectorategeneraltopacifytheeastamericasatpulilthearmyofcalakmulvanquishestheinsurgencyledbynuunujolchaakmeaningbalajchankawiilisabletoreturntoruledospilasfromhisexileinthekingdomofhixwitzbirthsabdallahibnabdalmalikarabgeneralapproximatedatemuhammadalbaqirmuammadibnalfifthimamahshiadoctrineshiaimamanddescendantofmuhammadprophetmuhammadapproximatedatednanyuehuairangchinesezenzenbuddhistpatriarchddeathspatriarchconstantineiofconstantinopleconstantineipatriarchofconstantinopledrestvikingofthepictsvincentmadelgariusfrankishmonksaintwarinuswarinusfrankishnobilitynoblemanreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdclxxviiiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireautumnndashsiegeofconstantinoplearabattacksandrelatedexpeditionsinsiegeofconstantinopleemperorconstantineivconfrontsthearabsarabbesiegersinaheadonengagementthebyzantinenavybyzantinefleetequippedwithgreekfiredestroysthemuslimfleetatsillyonbyzantineperiodsillyonendingthearabthreattoeuropeandforcingyazidiyazidasonofcaliphmuawiyahitoliftthesiegeonlandandseabritainkingthelredofmerciadefeatsthenorthumbrianforcesunderkingecgfrithofnorthumbriaecgfrithinabattleneartherivertrentarchbishoptheodoreoftarsustheodorehelpstoresolvedifferencesbetweenthetwothelredagreeingtopayaweregildtoavoidanyresumptionofhostilitiesapproximatedatejapanaprilndashemperoremperortenmutenmuholdsonmyddivinationforthepurposeofproceedingtotheabstinencepalacemayndashprincessprincesstchitchisuddenlytakesillanddieswithinthepalacetenmuherfatherisunabletosacrificetothegodsofheavenandearthmayndashtchiisburiedataplacewhichcouldbeakhygoakhygoprefecturetenmuisgraciouslypleasedtoraiselamentforherbytopicreligionwilfridbishopofyorkisattheheightofhispowerandownsvastestatelandestatesthroughoutnorthumbriaafterhisrefusaltoagreetoadivisionofhisepiscopalseeseeecgfrithandtheodorearchbishopofdioceseofcanterburycanterburyhavehimbanishedfromnorthumbriaaprilndashpopedonusdiesatromeafterareignofyearanddaysheissucceededbypopeagathoagathoiwhobecomesthethpopeheisthefirstpopetostoppayingtributetoemperorconstantineivuponelectioninjapanthenationalworshipingtothegodsofheavenandearthisplannedtenmutriestoselecthisdaughtertchiasasaitomakeherservethegodshowevertchisuddenlytakesillanddiesthebeomeosatemplecomplexingeumjeongdistrictgeumjeonggumodernsouthkoreaisconstructedduringthereignofkingmunmuofsillaonlyincludebirthschildebertiiilatemerovingianfrankishkingandsonoftheudericiiichildebrandidukeofkingdomofburgundyburgundydkinichahkalmonaabiiimayacivilizationmayarulerofpalenquedeathsabdullahibnaamirarabgeneralblfwineofdeiralfwinekingofdeiraapproximatedateaishawifeofmuhammadsaintarbogastarbogastbishopofstrasbourgaprilndashpopedonusnathalanscottishbishopmayndashprincesstchitchijapaneseprincesswechtaroffriuliwechtarlombardslombarddukeofduchyoffriulifriulizhangwenguanchancellorofthetangdynastybreferencesdomofbishopleodegarcnotocyearromannumeralsdclxxixwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireemperorconstantineivsignsapeacetreatyofanominalyeardurationwithcaliphmuawiyahioftheumayyadcaliphatemuawiyahpaysanannualtributeofsoliduscoinnomismatapoundsofgoldhorsesandslavesthearabpeoplearabgarrisonsarewithdrawnfromtheirbasesonthebyzantineempirebyzantinecoastlandsincludingcyprusandrhodeseuropedecemberndashkingdagobertiiismurderedinahuntingaccidentnearstenaystenaysurmeuseardennesprobablyonordersfrompepinofherstalthemayorofthepalaceofaustrasiaheissucceededbytheudericiiiwhobecomessolerulerofthefranciafrankishkingdombritainkingthelredofmerciamarriesprincessosthrythsisterofkingecgfrithofnorthumbriaapproximatedateamericasnuunujolchaakanajawofthemayacityoftikalisbythisyeardeceasedafterhisfinaldefeatatthehandsofbalajchankawiilduringthesecondtikalcalakmulwarbytopicreligionadomnnclericallawyerbecomesabbotofthemonasteryofionaabbeylocatedontheionaisleofionamodernscotlandoctoberndashleodegarbishopofromancatholicdioceseofautunautunistorturedandexecutedbyneustriannoblesatfcampuppernormandynormandyonlyincludebirthssimazhenchinesehistoriandpopezacharyzacharypopeofthecatholicchurchddeathslfwineofdeiralfwinekingofdeiraapproximatedatejunendashthelthrythqueenofnorthumbriacennfeladmacailellairishscholardecemberndashdagobertiikingofaustrasiadaizhidechancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastyoctoberleodegarromancatholicdioceseofautunbishopofautunsigebertivfrankishprinceapproximatedatexuyushichancellorofthetangdynastyreferenceskingdomsingreatbritainbritainthcenturycnotocyearromannumeralsdcxcwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebritainkingoswineofkentistoppledbywihtredofkentwihtredbrotherofthelatekingeadricofkentafterayearreignhetakeshislandsnorthoftheriverthamesinrevengeagainstthekingdomofessexeastsaxonsapproximatedateasiaoctoberndashwuzetianascendstothethroneofthetangdynastyandproclaimsherselfrulerofthechinachineseempireasholyanddivineemperorshebecomesthefirstandonlyfemaleemperorinyearsofchinesehistorywuzetianchangesthedynastysnametothedynastiesinchinesehistoryzhoudynastyandbeginstomurderthronepretenderpretendantsandministerswhotrytoopposeherduringherreignsheelevatesthestatusofchinesebuddhismbuddhismabovetaoismbytopicentertainmenttheapproximatedateoftheearliestknownblindfoldchessplayedbysaidibnjubayrreligionwillibrordanglosaxonmissionarytravelsfromyorkwithorderofsaintbenedictbenedictinemonkstowestkapellenetherlandswestkapellemodernnetherlandstochristianitychristianizethepaganfrisiansseptemberndashtheodoreoftarsusagediesatcanterburyheissucceededbyberhtwaldasthetharchbishopofcanterburyapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsashotiiibagratuniashotiiiarmenianprinceapproximatedaterhodrimolwynogrhodrimolwynogapidwalkingofkingdomofgwyneddgwyneddapproximatedatedeathssaintaimaimswissbishopandsaintamalbergaofmaubeugelotharingiansaintapproximatedatebenedictbiscopanglosaxonabbotberthaofvaldorfrankishabbessapproximatedatejulianoftoledojulianarchbishopofromancatholicarchdioceseoftoledotoledobkusailaberberleaderapproximatedatelandradafrankishabbessapproximatedateprincessnukatanukatajapanesepoetbcoswineofkentoswinekingofkingdomofkentkentapproximatedateseptemberndashtheodoreoftarsusarchbishopofcanterburybreferencesatpalenquemexiconotocyearromannumeralsdcxciiwasaleapyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirebattleofsebastopolisthebyzantinearmyunderleontiosisdefeatedatsulusaraysebastopolismodernturkeybyumayyadcaliphatearabforcesledbymuhammadibnmarwanduringthebattleaspecialmilitarycorpssomeasiaminorslavsslavsunderneboulosdesertsthebyzantinelinesandgoesovertothearabmuslimsmuslimarabsarabbyzantinewarsattacksagainstbyzantineholdingsinafricasicilyandtheeastarabbyzantinewarmuslimsconquerarmeniakingdomofiberiaiberiaandcolchisthelastremainingbyzantineempirebyzantineholdingseastofthetaurusmountainsemperorjustinianiiisforcedtoagreetojointbyzantinearabcontrolofcyprusintheeasternmediterraneanseaapproximatedatebritainkingineofwessexinstallshiskinsmannothhelmofsussexnothelmasrulerofkingdomofsussexsussexaccordingtobedesussexissubjectedtoineforanumberofyearsrefnamehehevirefasiaempresswuzetianregainscontrolofthekingdomofkhotantangdynastykingdomofkhotaninthetarimbasinnorthwestchinamesoamericathetempleofthecrosscomplextempleofthecrossatpalenquemexicoisconstructedtocommemoratetheriseofkingkinichkanbalamiitothethroneapproximatedatebytopicreligionthequinisextcouncilisheldinconstantinopleitlaysthefoundationfortheorthodoxcanonlawjustinianiisuppressesnoneasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxreligiouspracticesandordersthearrestofpopesergiusithemilitiasofromeandtheexarchateofravennarefuseandtakethepopessideonlyincludebirthsgundelinafrankishabbessdeathsabdallahibnalzubayrarabsahabasahabibasmbintabibakrcompanionofmuhammadtwoewaldssaxonpriestsapproximatedatebalajchankawiilamayarulerofdospilasbreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdcxciiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropesisebertarchbishopofromancatholicarchdioceseoftoledotoledoleadsarebellionagainstkingegicaergicaofthevisigothsheplanstoassassinateergicaandhiswifeliuvigotobutfailsandisdefrockingdefrockedandexcommunicationexcommunicatedaprilndashsixteenthcounciloftoledoergicacallsforacouncilofthecatholicchurchchurchtodealwiththesecurityofthemonarchykingshiptherebelsareanathemaanathematisedandthevisigothiccodeforumludicumismodifiedbritainkingoshereofhwiccesubkingdomofmerciadiesafterayearreignheissucceededbyhisfoursonsasapparentjointkingsthelberhtkingofthehwiccethelberhtthelheardkingofthehwiccethelheardthelweardkingofthehwiccethelweardandthelrickingofthehwiccethelrickingineofwessexestablisheshiswessexwestsaxonlawofcodestoregainauthorityinhiskingdomheconsolidateswessexsterritoryinthewesternpeninsulaapproximatedatebytopicreligionearconwaldbishopoflondondiesandissucceededbywaldherebishopwaldhereheisburiedatoldstpaulscathedralstpaulscathedralandlaterreveredasasaintwulframofsensattendstheassemblyofbishopsatvalenciennesnorthernfrancepatriarchcallinicusiofconstantinoplecallinicusibecomesthestecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleafterthedeathofpatriarchpauliiofconstantinoplepauliionlyincludebirthsalfonsoiofasturiasalfonsoikingofkingdomofasturiasasturiasapproximatedatedeathsbeggafrankishabbessbbrideiiiikingofthepictsearconwaldbishopoflondonfelcharuameledrainkingofkingsofosraigeosraigeirelandosherekingofhwiccemerciapatriarchpauliiiofconstantinoplepauliiiecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplereferencesnotocyearromannumeralsdcxcivwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirethemardaitesraidmuslimheldterritoriesfromtheirchiefstrongholdcyrrhushagioupolisinnorthernsyriaapproximatedateeuropenovemberndashkingegicaergicaofthevisigothsaccusesthejewsofaidingthemuslimsandsentencesalljewstoslaverybritainkingineofwessexattackskingdomofkentkentandextortspencefromitspeopleinrecompenseforthemurderofkingmulofkentmulkingsbbiofessexabdicatesthethroneandissucceededbyhissonssigeheardofessexsigeheardandswfredofessexswfredapproximatedateasiaasukayamatoasukaimperialcapitalofjapanisabandonedbyempressjitshemoveshercourttofujiwarakynaraprefectureqapaghanqaghanqapaghankhansucceedshisbrotherilterishqaghanillterishkhanasrulerofthegktrkseasternturkickhaganatecentralasiaonlyincludebirthsfujiwaranoumakaijapanesestatesmandhammadarrawiyaarabscholarapproximatedatemildthrythanglosaxonabbessapproximatedatedeathscenredofwessexcoenredkingofdorsetapproximatedatehuaiyixuehuaiyichinesebuddhismbuddhistmonkrodoaldoffriulirodoalddukeoffriuliitalyreferencesofbyzantineempirebyzantiumnotocyearromannumeralsdcxcvwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempirethepopulationofbyzantineempirebyzantiumrevoltsunderleontiosthestrategosmilitarygovernoroftheanatolicthemeandproclaimshimemperorjustinianiiisdeposedandhisrhinotomynoseiscutoffleadingtohissubsequentnicknameoftheslitnosedheisexiledtochersonthemechersoncrimeaandbeginstoplotanattempttoretakethethroneeuropechildebertiiisucceedsclovisivassolekingofthefranciafranksheisthesonoftheudericiiiandbecomesapuppetrulerpuppetaroifainantofpepinofherstalmayorofthepalaceofaustrasiapepininstituteshissondrogoofchampagnedrogoasmayorofthepalaceofkingdomofburgundyburgundyhisyoungersongrimoaldtheyoungergrimoaldiibecomesmayorofthepalaceofneustriathesaxonsdefeatthebructeribetweenthelipperiverlippeandtheruhrandoccupywestphaliaingermanyapproximatedatebritainseptemberndashkingwihtredofkentwhomaintainskingdomofkentkentishindependenceagainstthegrowingexpansionofmerciaissuesoneoftheearliestknownlawofwihtredlawcodesofgreatbritainbritainkingaldfrithofnorthumbriamarriesprincesscuthburhsisterofkingineofwessexapproximatedatemesoamericatikaldefeatscalakmulmodernguatemalaendingtikalcalakmulwarsacenturieslongrivalrybutusheringinanothercenturyofwarfarethatultimatelyleadstobothcitiesabandonmentinthethcenturyuaxaclajuunubaahkawiileighteenrabbitbecomesrulerajawofthemayacivilizationmayancitystatecopnhondurasbytopicreligionnovemberndashwillibrordnorthumbrianmissionarybecomesthefirstbishopofbishopricofutrechtutrechtnetherlandshereturnstofrisiatopreachandbuildsnumerouschurchbuildingchurchesapproximatedatewillibrordestablishesaorderofsaintbenedictbenedictinetrainingcentreforpriestsandyoungnobilitynoblementhisseminarybecomeslatertheutrechtuniversitysuitbertofkaiserswerdtsuitbertanglosaxonmissionaryfoundsamonasteryatdsseldorfkaiserswerthkaiserswerthneardsseldorfingermanyapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsfujiwaranomarojapanesestatesmandherlindisofmaaseikfrankishabbessapproximatedatekibinomakibijapanesescholardmuhammadbinqasimarabgeneraldtomonokoshibijapanesegeneraldemperorshangoftangchineserulerortheophilusofedessagreekastrologerdzaydibnaliarabimamandgrandsonofhusaynibnalidansbertofrouenfrencharchbishopapproximatedatedeathsadooffriuliadodukeoffriulinorthernitalyansbertofrouenfrankishbishopchanimixkawiilmayanrulerajawclovisivkingofthefranksbsbbiofessexsbbikingofkingdomofkentkentapproximatedatereferencescnotocyearromannumeralsdcxcviwasaleapyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebytopicreligionstpetersabbeysalzburgstpetersabbeyisfoundedbyrupertofsalzburgrupertbishopofbishopricofwormswormsatsalzburgmodernaustriaonlyincludebirthsjuresulieequierdeathsjuneorndashchlodulfofmetzchlodulfbishopofromancatholicdioceseofmetzmetzordomnalldonnkingofdlriatascotlandaugustndashprincetakechitakechijapaneseprincevinayadityaofvatapivinayadityakingofchalukyadynastychalukyaindiawoncheukkoreankoreanbuddhismbuddhistmonkbreferencesccnotocyearromannumeralsdcxcixwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceumayyadcaliphateumayyadcaliphateumayyadtroopsinvadearmeniaandsecurethesubmissionofprincesmbatvibagratunithesouthcaucasusbecomesaviceroyaltycalledarminiyaalarminiyaandisdividedintofourregionscaucasianalbaniakingdomofiberiacaucasianiberiatheareaaroundthearasriverandtaronhistoricarmeniataronmodernturkeyasiajunendashennogyjaennoozunujapaneseasceticismasceticisbanishedtoizushimaavolcanovolcanicislandintheizuislandsandaccusedofconfusingthemindofthepeoplewithmagicparanormalmagichewillbelaterregardedasthefounderofafolkreligioncalledshugendonlyincludebirthsimamabuhanifaabhanfaarabimamandscholarddagobertiiikingofthefranciafranksdwangweitangdynastywangweichinesechinesepoetrypoetddeathsprincessniitabeniitabejapaneseprincessprincesseejapaneseprincessseaxburhofelyqueenofkingdomofkentkentwerburghanglosaxonprincessprinceyugeyugejapaneseprincereferencesyearromannumeralsmcliiiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaafricawiththesupportofmuslimtroopstheitalonormannormanssuppressarebelliononthesiciliancontrolledislandofdjerbaandinvadetheislandofkerkennahislandskerkennaasiatairanokiyomoriassumescontrolofthetairaclantairaclanislaminthemaldivesislamisintroducedtothemaldivesmiddleeastaugustbaldwiniiiofjerusalemtakescontrolofthekingdomofjerusalemfromhismothermelisendequeenofjerusalemmelisendeandalsosiegeofascaloncapturesascalonandronikosikomnenosisimprisonedforconspiringagainstbyzantineemperormanuelikomnenosraynaldofchtillonmarriesconstanceofantiochandbecomesprincipalityofantiochprinceofantiocheuropejanuaryhenryiiofenglandhenryofanjouarrivesinkingdomofenglandenglandhopingtodethronethereigningmonarchstephenofenglandandreplacehimwithhenrysmotherempressmatildamaymalcolmivofscotlandmalcolmivsucceedshisgrandfatheraskingofscotlandattheageofandonmayiscrownedatsconepriorynovemberthetreatyofwallingfordunderthedirectionoftheobaldofbecreconcilesstephenofenglandandempressmatildamatildaendingtheanarchywhichhasoccurredduringtheirfightforthethroneofenglandthetreatygrantsthethronetostephenforthedurationofhislifebutmakesmatildassonhenryiiofenglandhenryofanjoutheheirapparentthecityofoberglattinmoderndayswitzerlandisfirstmentionedinwrittenliteratureconfrontedwithimportantfinancialdifficultyduetotheexpensesofitsspanishsecondcrusadecrusadetherepublicofgenoahastosellitsthirdofthecityoftortosawhichsiegeoftortosahadbeenconqueredinduringthatsamecrusadetotheramonberenguerivcountofbarcelonacountofbarcelonarefnamegenoesecrusaderefbytopicdemographyestimationconstantinoplecapitalofthebyzantineempirebecomesthelargestcityoftheworldtakingtheleadfrommervintheseljukempirereligionjulypopeanastasiusivsucceedspopeeugeneiiiasthethpopeonlyincludebirthsaugustwilliamixcountofpoitiersdcathalcrobhdearguaconchobairkingofconnachtdsibyllaofacerraqueendowagerregentofsicilydkamonochmeiajapaneseauthorpoetwakaandessayistmarcoisanudodukeofthearchipelagoddeathsaprilaladilibnalsallarvizierofthefatimidcaliphatemaykingdavidiofscotlandbjunelfrgurarsondiedlfrgurarsonkingoftheislesjulypopeeugeneiiiaugustbernarddetremelayfourthgrandmastersoftheknightstemplargrandmasteroftheknightstemplaratthesiegeofascalonaugusteustaceivcountofboulognesonofstephenkingofenglandbcaugustbernardofclairvauxfrenchchurchmanbdecemberranulfdegernonthearlofchesterbcgilbertdeclarestearlofhertfordbannakomnenebyzantineprincessandhistorianbreferencesyearromannumeralsmccwasaleapyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeaugustndashaftertouringanarmythroughaquitainetoasserthisrighttoitjohnofenglandmarriesyearoldisabellaofangoulmeatbordeauxtheiroquoisinvademoderndayohiofromthenorththemongolsdefeatnorthchinanorthernchinatheuniversityofparisreceivesitscharterfromphilipiioffrancetherebelivankoofbulgariaivankoiscapturedandexecutedbythebyzantineempirebyzantinegeneralalexiospalaiologosdespotalexiospalaiologosthecherokeeandcatawbapeoplecatawbatribesfoughtinagreatbattleinthebrownmountainofmoderndaynorthcarolinaonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashdgenzenjifounderofstzendathraldnalabharalabharipersianphilosopherandmathematiciandulrichvonliechtensteingermannoblemanandpoetdadammarshenglishfranciscanscholarandtheologianapproximatedatedjohnfitzalanlordofoswestrydmatthewparisenglishbenedictinemonkandchroniclerapproximatedatedrabbiisaacbenmosesofviennadmindaugasgreatkingoflithuaniaapproximatedatedwilliamofsherwoodenglishlogicianapproximatedatedcingerdjakobsdatterdanishcountessddeathsaprilndashzhuxichinachineseconfucianphilosopherbdecemberndashgilberthoralthgrandmastersoftheknightstemplargrandmasteroftheknightstemplarcountjosceliniiiofedessabeatritzdediafrenchfemaletroubadourapproximatedatereferencesyearromannumeralsmclxxxwasaleapyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaamericathelastmajorvolcaniceruptionoccursofsunsetcraterinarizonaasiaduringthethirdyearofthejisheraofjapanadevastatingwhirlwinddamageskyotoemperorantokusucceedsemperortakakuraasemperorofjapanprincemochihitoamassesalargearmyandinstigatesthegenpeiwarbetweenthetairaclantairaandminamotoclanminamotoclanskilijarslaniiallieswithsaladinafterthedeathofbyzantineemperormanuelikomnenoseuropeaprilndashfrederickiholyromanemperorfrederickbarbarossaissuesthegelnhausencharterseptemberndashalexiosiikomnenossucceedsasbyzantineemperoronthedeathofhisfathermanuelikomnenosseptemberndashphilipiioffrancephilipiibecomeskingofkingdomoffrancefranceafonsoiofportugalistakenprisonerbyferdinandiioflentheportugueseadmiraldfuasroupinhowinsasecondvictoryintwoyearsagainstthealmohadfleetrefnamepicardrefartoisisannexedbyfrancefrederickbarbarossaremoveshenrythelionfromtheduchyofsaxonyandcreatestheduchiesofwestphaliaandduchyofstyriastyriathewittelsbachfamilytakescontrolofbavariabytopicculturealexanderneckambecomesalecturerinparisandwritesdenaturarerumanearlymentionofchessapproximatedatedemographyestimationhangzhoucapitalofsouthernsongdynastysouthernsongchinabecomesthelargestcityoftheworldtakingtheleadfromfesmoroccofesinthealmohadalmohadempireonlyincludebirthsaugustndashemperorgotobaofjapandberengariaofcastilequeenofalfonsoixofcastiledgilbertdeclarethearlofgloucesterenglishsoldierdkingericxofswedendpossibledatexiaguichinesepainterdcapproximatedatedeathsmarchndashalmustadiabbasidcaliphofbaghdadbseptemberndashkinglouisviioffrancebseptemberndashmanuelikomnenosbyzantineemperorboctoberndashjohnofsalisburyfrenchbishopbcabrahamibndaudspanishjewishphilosophermartyredbcromaniofkievyaroslaviiofkievprincemochihitosonofemperorgoshirakawaofjapanminamotonoyorimasajapanesesamuraibzhushuzhenchinesepoetbcreferencesyearromannumeralsmccxivwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaasianovembersiegeofsinopetheblackseaportcityofsinopturkeysinopesurrenderstotheseljuqturkstheemperorxuanzongofjinemperorxuanzongofjindynastyjinchinasurrenderstothemongolsundergenghiskhanwhohavebesiegedbeijingforayearhepaysahugeransomandthenabandonsnorthernchinaheadingforkaifenginhiscampaignsinliaodongthemongolgeneralmukhalicommandsanewlyformedkhitanpeoplekhitanhanchinesechinesearmyandaspecialcorpsofchineseauxiliarytroopseuropefebruaryndashjohnkingofenglandlandsaninvasionforceatlarochelleinkingdomoffrancefrancerefnamecbhrefjulyndashbattleofbouvinesphilipiioffrancedefeatsanarmyofholyromanempireimperialgermanenglishandflemishsoldiersledbyottoivholyromanemperorinthekingdomoffranceendingtheanglofrenchwarsummerndashkingalfonsoviiiofcastilebesiegesalmohadtroopsinbaezathefamineexperiencedinthepeninsulaissuchthatneitherarmyisabletofightseptemberndashthetreatyofchinonissignedbyjohnkingofenglandandphilipiioffrancerecognisingthehouseofcapetcapetiangainsfromtheangevinempireoctoberndashuponthedeathoftheirfatherkingalfonsoviiiofcastileandoftheirmothereleanorofenglandqueenofcastileeleanoroctoberberenguelaofcastileberenguelabecomestheregentofheryoungbrotherkinghenryiofcastilehenryirefnamelinehanrefdecemberndashwilliamthelionkingofthescotsdieshavingreignedsinceheissucceededbyhissonalexanderiiofscotlandalexanderiicrownedatsconescotlandsconeondecemberwhowillreignuntilhisdeathinthegermancityofbielefeldisfoundedbytopiceducationjunendashapapalordinancedefinestherightsofthescholarsattheuniversityofoxfordreligionaprilapproxndashsimonofapuliaiselectedbishopofexeterinenglandaccordingtocatholicchurchtraditiontherosaryisgiventosaintdominicbymarymotherofjesusonlyincludebirthsaprilndashkinglouisixoffrancedisabellaofenglandholyromanempressqueenofthegermansandqueenconsortofsicilydapproximatedatendashrogerbaconenglishphilosopherandscientistdcdeathsseptemberndashalbertavogadrolatinpatriarchofjerusalemboctoberndashkingalfonsoviiiofcastileboctoberndasheleanorofenglandqueenofcastilebdecemberndashwilliamthelionkingofthescotsbcoctoberndashjohndegraybishopofnorwichdateunknownrurikrostislavichprinceofnovgorodsteksysgrandprinceoflithuaniareferencesandlibuestatuevyehradnotocyearromannumeralsdccxxiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropefebruaryndashkingchilpericiidiesatattignyardennesattignyardennesafterafiveyearreignheissucceededbytheudericivinfantsonofdagobertiiiasmerovingiandynastymerovingianrulerofthefranksunderthecontrolofthemayorofthepalacecharlesmartelsummerndashcharlesmartelrestorestheauthorityoftheaustrianpalacethroughoutthefranciafrankishkingdomincludingagainstfrankishclaimedaquitaineandprovencesouthernfranceheexilesrigobertbishopofromancatholicarchdioceseofreimsreimstogasconyjunendashbattleoftoulousebattleoftoulouseafterbesiegingtoulouseforthreemonthsmuslimforcesundergovernorwalialsamhibnmalikalkhawlaniaredefeatedbyodothegreateudesdukeofaquitainepreventingtheextensionofumayyadcaliphateumayyadcontrolovergaulanbasaibnsuhaymalkalbiisappointedgovernorofalandalusafterthedeathofalsamhthemuslimsunderabdulrahmanalghafiqiabdulrahmanalghafiqiwithdrawtonarbonnethevisigothsvisigothicdukeamrusoftheprovinceoflleidaleridaarearecognisesumayyadruletervelofbulgariatervelrulerkhaganofthefirstbulgarianempirebulgarianempirediesafterayearreignheissucceededbykormesiyofbulgariakormesiypossiblyasonoftervelwhoiscorulerandadescendantoftheroyalduloclanpragueisfoundedaccordingtolegendbyprincesslibueandherhusbandpemysltheploughmanpemyslfounderofthepemysliddynastyapproximatedatebritainkingineofwessexdefeatsprinceineofwessexotherconfictscynewulfanunknownrelationmakingapushforthethroneofwessexchinarainsandheavystormsaroundthesouthernseaportofyangzhoudestroyovershipsandboatsinthegrandcanalchinagrandcanalduringthetangdynastyapproximatedatebytopicreligionprmabbeyisfoundedbybertradaofprmbertradadaughterofformerkingtheudericiiiandhersoncharibertoflaoncharibertcountoflaonapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsassaffahabulabbasalsaffahmuslimcaliphapproximatedatefujiwaranouonajapaneseministerdjbiribnhayynmuslimalchemyalchemistapproximatedatetachibananonaramarojapanesestatesmanddeathsalsamhibnmalikalkhawlanimuslimgeneralapproximatedateardokingofthevisigothsorfebruaryndashchilpericiikingofthefrankseadfrithoflindisfarneeadfrithbishopoflindisfarnedecemberndashempressgenmeigenmeiempressofjapanbheaddabishopofdioceseoflichfieldlichfieldapproximatedatemayndashjohnofbeverleybishopofdioceseofyorkyorkliuzhijichinesehistorianbtervelofbulgariatervelrulerkhaganofthefirstbulgarianempirebulgarianempireyaochongchancellorofthetangdynastychancellorofthetangdynastytangdynastybreferencesfellsdonarsoakthorsoakinhessenotocyearromannumeralsdccxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceasiagunakamadevalicchavikingdomlichhavirulerrajarajahfoundsthecityofkathmandumodernnepalduringhisreignhetransformstheagrarianismagrariansocietytoanindustryindustrialcitytradingbetweenindiaandtibetrefnamebrittanicabritannicacomebcheckedtopicrajagunakamadevaencyclopediabritannicarefbytopicreligionsaintbonifacebonifaceanglosaxonmissionaryfellsdonarsoakthorsoakatreeworshipsacredtreenearfritzlarinhessemarkingthedecisiveeventinthechristianizationofthenortherngermanicpeoplesgermanictribesapproximatedatebonifacemakesbraburgafortifiedfranciafrankishsettlementhistemporaryreligionreligiousbaseonlyincludebirthsarbeooffreisingarbeobishopofromancatholicarchdioceseofmunichandfreisingfreisingapproximatedateisonokaminoyakatsugujapanesenobilitynoblemanddeathsadalbertdukeofalsaceadalbertdukeofduchyofalsacealsacefachtnamacfolachtanirishabbotnoyasumarojapanesenoblemanreferencesyearromannumeralsdccxxvwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendar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ndashduchessmagdalenesibylleofprussiaelectressofsaxonybfebruaryndashjohnarrowsmithscholarjohnarrowsmithenglishtheologianandacademicbfebruaryndashabelservienfrenchdiplomatbfebruaryndashhenrydunsterfirstpresidentofharvardcollegebmarchndashpeterbulkleyenglishandlateramericanpuritanbmarchndashjuanbautistadelezanaspanishtheologianbaprilndashsimondachgermanpoetbmayndashanneeleonoreofhessedarmstadtduchessofbrunswicklneburgbymarriagebmayndashtiennedecourcellesfrenchscholarbmayndashrobertrichrdearlofwarwickbjunendashmorganllwydwelshpuritanpreacherandwriterbjunendashnadirabanubegummughalprincessbjunendashafonsomendespatriarchofethiopiabjunendashhyojongofjoseonthkingofthejoseondynastyofkoreabjulyndashgiuliatofanaitalianpoisonerexecutedaugustndashjonathanbrewsteramericansettlerbaugusteleonoraramirezdimontalvoitalianeducatorbfrederickiiidukeofholsteingottorpbaugustalexanderlindsaystearlofbalcarresscottishpoliticianandnoblebdarashikohindianprincebseptemberndashfrederickvmargraveofbadendurlachbseptemberndashandreastscherninggermanpoetbseptemberndashgiovannipesarodogeofveniceboctoberndashjuandepalafoxymendozaspanishpoliticianclergymanboctoberjeandequenfrenchjesuitmissionaryandhistorianbcrobertcholmondeleystearlofleinsterenglishpoliticianboctoberndashabeltasmandutchexplorerboctoberndashgiovannifrancescobusenelloitalianlibrettistboctoberndashjohnbradshawjudgejohnbradshawenglishjudgebnovemberndashjrmeleroyerdeladauversirefrenchnoblemanfounderofmontrealandanorderofnursingsistersbnovemberndashjensbjelkenorwegiannoblebnovemberndashafzalkhangeneralafzalkhanindiancommanderofthebijapuradilshahiforcesdecemberndashfrabonaventurabisiitalianpainterbdecemberjnosapczaicserehungarianmathematicianbalaindesolminihacfrenchbishopandbeatifiedpersonbreferencestreatyofolivaissignedeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuarycolonelgeorgemonckwithhiscoldstreamguardsregimentcrossesfromscotlandtoenglandatthevillageofcoldstreamandbeginshisadvancetowardslondoninsupportoftheenglishrestorationsamuelpepysbeginshisdiaryrefnamepocketonthisdayreffebruaryndashgeorgemonckandhisregimentarriveinlondonrefnamecbhreffebruaryndashcharlesxiofswedencharlesxibecomeskingofswedenattheageofuponthedeathofhisfathercharlesxgustavofswedencharlesxgustavusfebruaryndashjohnthurloeisreinstatedasenglandssecretaryofstateenglandsecretaryofstatehavingbeendeprivedofhisofficeslateinthepreviousyearmarchndashthelongparliamentdisbandsaprilndashthedeclarationofbredapromisesamnestyfreedomofconscienceandarmybackpayinreturnforsupportfortheenglishrestorationmayndashtreatyofolivapeaceismadebetweenswedishempirethepolishlithuaniancommonwealththehabsburgsandbrandenburgprussiamayndashtheparliamentofenglanddeclaresprincecharlesstuartkingcharlesiiofenglandmayndashjohnthurloeisarrestedforhightreasonforhissupportofolivercromwellsregimemayndashcharlesiiofenglandlandsatdovermayndashthetreatyofcopenhagentreatyofcopenhagenissignedmarkingtheconclusionofthesecondnorthernwarswedenreturnstrndelagtonorwayandbornholmtodenmarkmayndashkingcharlesiiofenglandarrivesinlondonandassumesthethronemarkingthebeginningoftheenglishrestorationjunemarydyerishangedfordefyingalawbanningquakersfromthemassachusettsbaycolonyjunendashjohnthurloeisreleasedfromcustodyjulyndashdecemberaugustndashdredwardstanleypreachesasermoninthenaveofwinchestercathedraltocommemoratethereturnofthechapterfollowingtheenglishrestorationseptemberndashsamuelpepyshashisfirstcupofteaintheunitedkingdomteaaneventrecordedinhisdiaryoctoberndashthetenlistofregicidesofcharlesiregicideswhosignedthedeathwarrantofcharlesiofenglandarehangeddrawnandquarteredaprocesswhichincludestheirbeingdisemboweledandtheirbowelsburnedbeforetheireyesnovemberndashatgreshamcollegeinlondontwelvemenincludingchristopherwrenrobertboylejohnwilkinsandsirrobertmoraymeetafteralecturebywrenanddecidetofoundacollegeforthepromotingofphysicomathematicallexperimentalllearninglaterknownastheroyalsocietydecemberndashandresmalonganativechieftainofpangasinanphilippinesleadsarevoltagainstthespanishregimedecemberndashthefirstactressappearsontheprofessionalstageinenglandinanonsingingrleasdesdemonainothellofollowingreopeningofthetheatresvariouslyconsideredtobemargarethughesannemarshallorkatherinecoreydateunknowntheroyalafricancompanyisfoundedbyjamesiiofenglandtotradeslavesalongthecoastofwestafricablaisepascalslettresprovincialesadefenseofthejansenismjansenistantoinearnauldisorderedtobeshreddedandburnedbykinglouisxivoffrancethecaribexpulsionexpulsionofthecaribindigenouspeoplefrommartiniqueiscarriedoutbyfrenchoccupyingforceshopkinsschoolisfoundedtherigsraadhighcouncilofdenmarkisabolishedanddenmarknorwaybecomesanabsolutemonarchywiththekingdomofdenmarkasahereditarymonarchyapermanentstandingarmyisestablishedinprussiaonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashfrancishutchinsonirishbishopdjanuaryndashjosephboysepresbyterianministerdjanuaryndashfelicecignaniitalianpainterdjanuaryndashhippolytehlyotfrenchhistoriandfebruaryndashjohannkussergermancomposerdfebruaryndashfriedrichhoffmanngermanphysicianandchemistdfebruaryndashleonharddie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toffebruaryitalsorequiresdisbandmentofforeigntroopsinirelandjanuaryndashtherepublicofvenicepolishlithuaniancommonwealthandholyromanempiresignthetreatyofkarlowitzwiththeottomanempiretheottomanturkscedetoaustriaalltheirformerterritoriesintransylvaniaslavoniacroatiaandthewholeofhungaryexceptforthebanatoftemeswarthepeloponneseanddalmatiaarecededtovenicelargepartsoftheukrainearecededtopolandthetreatymarksamajorgeopoliticalshiftastheottomanempiresubsequentlyabandonsitsexpansionismandadoptsadefensiveposturefebruaryndashstreltsyuprisingrebelliousstreltsyareexecutedinmoscowmarchndashtheedinburghgazetteisfirstpublishedinscotlandmarchndashjewsareexpelledfromlbeckgermanyjewishencyclopediacomarticleslubeckaprilndashthethsikhmastergurugobindsinghcreatesthekhalsamayndashpierrelemoynedibervillefoundsthefirsteuropeansettlementinthemississippirivervalleyatfortmaurepasoceanspringsmississippijunendashkingdomofenglandenglandkingdomoffrancefranceandthedutchrepublicagreeonthetermsofthesecondpartitiontreatyforspainjunendashthomassaverydemonstrateshisfirststeampumptotheroyalsocietyoflondonjulyndashdecemberjulyndashpiratecaptainwilliamkiddisarrestedandimprisonedinbostonprovinceofmassachusettsbaymassachusettsjulyndashwilliamdampiersexpeditiontonewhollandaustraliainhmsroebuckhmsroebuckreachesdirkhartogislandatthemouthofwhathecallssharkbayinwesternaustraliaandhebeginsproducingthefirstknowndetailedrecordofaustralianfloraandfaunaaugustndashchristianvofdenmarkchristianvkingofdenmarknorwaysincediesandissucceededbyhissonfrederickivofdenmarkfrederickivtoseptembercitizensofrotterdamdutchrepublicnetherlandsstrikeoverthehighpriceofbutterthetreatyofpreobrazhenskoyecallsforthepartitionoftheswedishempirebetweenthetsardomofrussiakingdomofdenmarknorwayelectorateofsaxonyandpolishlithuaniancommonwealthdecemberndashbaronjacobhopisappointedasthetreasurergeneralofthehaguedecemberndashpeterthegreatorderstherussiannewyearchangedfromseptembertojanuarydateunknownbillingsgatefishmarketinlondonissanctionedasapermanentinstitutionbyanactofparliamentbirthsmarchndashjohnbartramamericanbotanistdmarchndashjohannadolphhassegermancomposerdaprilndashrobertblairpoetrobertblairscottishpoetandclericdmayndashhansjoachimvonzietenprussianfieldmarshaldmayndashsebastiojosdecarvalhoemelostmarquisofpombalmarquisofpombalprimeministerofportugaldjunendashmariethrserodetgeoffrinfrenchsalonholderdoctoberndashjeannequinaultfrenchactressandplaywrightdnovemberndashjeanbaptistesimonchardinfrenchpainterdnovemberndashpierresubleyrasfrenchpainterdnovemberndashkingchristianviofdenmarkddecemberndashwilliambowyerprinterenglishprinterddeathsjanuaryndashmattiapretiitalianpainterbjanuaryndashfedericocacciacardinalarchbishopofmilanbjanuaryndashobadiahwalkerenglishwriterbjanuaryndashkinoshitajunanjapanesephilosopherandconfucianscholarbjanuaryndashsirwilliamtemplestbaronetenglishstatesmanandessayistbfebruarythomaschicheleyenglishpoliticianbmanuelfernndezdesantacruzspanishreligiouswritercatholicprelateandbishopbfebruaryndashjeanbaptistemonnoyerfrenchpainterbmarchndashpedergriffenfelddanishstatesmanbaprilndashhansrosingnorwegianbishopbmarchndashserafinaofgodfounderofsevencarmelitemonasteriesofnunsinsouthernitalybmarchndasherhardweigelgermanmathematicianastronomerandphilosopherbmarchndashedwardstillingfleetbritishtheologianandscholarbaprilndashjeanracinefrenchclassicdramatistbaprilndashhanserasmusamannfreiherrvonabschatzgermanstatesmanandpoetbmayndashlucasachtschellinckflemishpainterbmayndashsiredwardpetrerdbaronetenglishjesuitprivycouncillorbmayndashchristinecharlotteofwrttembergregentofeastfrisiabmayndashjamesbertiestearlofabingdonenglishnoblemanbmayndashbussymansellbussymansellwelshmemberoftheenglishparliamentbjunendashgeorgeiidukeofwrttembergmontbliardbjunendashconstantinmarselisdanishbaronbjunejosiahchildenglishgovernoroftheeastindiacompanybfernandodemenesesndcountofericeiraportuguesenoblebjulylodewijckhuygensdutchdiplomatbtokugawatsunanarijapanesedaimyobjulyndashhortensemancinifavouriteitaliannieceofcardinalmazarinbjulyndashpiermartirearmaniitalianpainterbaugustndashalbertvdukeofsaxecoburgbaugustndashmarcodavianoitaliancapuchinfriarbaugustndashjossaenzdaguirrespanishcatholiccardinalbaugustndashlucreziabarberiniduchessofmodenabaugustndashchristianvofdenmarkchristianvkingofdenmarkandnorwaybseptemberndashgottfriedwilhelmsacergermanjuristbseptemberndashaugustusdukeofschleswigholsteinsonderburgplnnorburgbseptemberndashsimonarnauldmarquisdepomponnesimonarnaulddepomponnefrenchdiplomatandministerboctoberndashgeorgeevelyngeorgeevelynenglishpoliticianboctoberndashmarybealebritishartistbnovemberndashanthonyashleycooperndearlofshaftesburyenglishpoliticianbnovemberndashjosephbeaumontbritishacademicandpoetbnovemberndashpatrickgordonscottishgeneralbdecemberndashsigmundvonerlachswisspoliticianbdecemberndashjohnfrancisdesideratusprinceofnassausiegenbdateunknownhenryeveryenglishpiratebreferenceshmssovereignoftheseasaccidentallyburnseventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashgreatrecoinageoftheparliamentofenglandpassestherecoinageactcolleycibbersplayloveslastshiftisfirstperformedatthetheatreroyaldrurylaneinlondonenglandjanuaryndashinenglandtheshiphmsroyalsovereignformerlyhmssovereignoftheseascatchesfireandburnsatchathamdockyardchathamafteryearsofservicejanuaryoldstyleandnewstyledatesosndashpeterthegreatbecomessoletsarofrussiauponthedeathoftsarivanvofrussiaivanvjanuaryndashinthenetherlandsundertakersrevoltafterfuneralreformsinamsterdammarchndashkingwilliamiiiofenglanddepartsfromthenetherlandsaprilndashfiredestroysthegrabetorleftquarterofgondarthecapitalofethiopiamayndashjohnsalomonsziselectedchiefofsinteustatiusinthecaribbeannetherlandsjulyndashdecemberjulyndashthefleetoftsarpeterthegreatoccupiesazovatthemouthofthedonriverrussiadonriverjulyndashkinglouisxivoffranceandvictoramadeusiiofsardiniavictoramadeusdukeofsavoysignatreatyofturinpeacetreatyaugustndashthedutchstateofdrenthemakeswilliamiiiofenglandwilliamiiioforangeitsstadtholderaugustndashforcesoftherepublicofveniceandtheottomanempirebattleofandrosclashnearandrosnovemberndashjohnvanbrughsplaytherelapsetherelapseorvirtueindangerisfirstperformedatthetheatreroyaldrurylaneinlondondecemberndashconnecticutrouteoneofconnecticutsoldesthighwaysislaidouttotrumbullconnecticuttrumbulldecemberndashjeanfrancoisregnardslejoueurpremieresinparisdecemberndashtheinquisitionburnsanumberofmarranojewsinvoraportugaldateunknownpierrelemoynedibervillecapturesanddestroysstjohnsnewfoundlandpolishlanguagepolishreplacesruthenianlanguageruthenianasanofficiallanguageofthegrandduchyoflithuaniaafaminewipesoutalmostathirdofthepopulationoffinlandandafifthofthepopulationofestoniaabingtontownshipmontgomerycountypennsylvaniaabingtonpennsylvaniaissettledwilliampennoffersanelaborateplanforintercolonialcooperationlargelyintradedefenseandcriminalmattersthesecondpueblorevoltoccursedwardlloydcoffeehouseownerprobablybeginspublicationoflloydsnewsapredecessoroflloydslistinlondononlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashgiuseppegallibibienaitalianarchitectpaintingpainterdmarchndashgiovannibattistatiepoloitalianpainterdmarchndashantoinecourthuguenotantoinecourtfrenchhuguenotministerdaprilndashfrancescacuzzoniitalianoperaticsopranodjunendashfrancisedwardjameskeithscottishsoldierandprussianfieldmarshaldjunendashwilliampepperrellenglishcolonialsoldierdjulyndashwilliamoldysenglishantiquarianandbibliographerdjulyndashbenningwentworthcolonialgovernorofnewhampshiredaugustndashmahmudiottomansultandaugustndashmauricegreenecomposermauricegreeneenglishcomposerdseptemberndashalphonsusliguoriitalianfounderoftheredemptoristorderdoctoberndashchenhongmouchinesescholarandphilosopherdoctoberndashjohnherveyndbaronherveyenglishstatesmanandwriterdnovemberndashconradweiserpennsylvaniasambassadortotheiroquoisconfederacyddecemberndashjamesoglethorpeenglishgeneralandfounderofthestateofgeorgiaasacolonyddateunknownndashchristinekirchgermanastronomerddeathsjanuaryndashcharlesalbanelfrenchmissionaryexplorerincanadabfebruaryndashahomdynastyahomkingsupaatphaaorgadadharsinghafebruaryndashphilipwhartonthbaronwhartonenglishsoldierbfebruaryndashtsarivanvofrussiabfebruaryndashgiovannipietrobelloriitalianarthistorianbmarchndashjeandomatfrenchjuristbmarchndashlouislaneaufrenchbishopactiveinthekingdomofsiambmarchndashlisabethmargueritedorlansfrenchnoblebmarchndashrobertcharnockenglishconspiratorbcmarchndashhenrycasimiriiprinceofnassaudietzstadholderoffrieslandandgroningenbaprilndashmariederabutinchantalmarquisedesvignfrenchwriterbaprilndashsimonfoucherfrenchpolemicistbaprilndashrobertplotbritishnaturalistbmayndashjeandelabruyrefrenchwriterbmayndashmarianaofaustriaqueenconsortofspainbmayndashcountessalbertineagnesofnassauregentoffrieslandgroningenanddrenthebmayndashwilliamgregorywilliamgregoryenglishpoliticianandjudgebmayndashhenrycapellstbaroncapellfirstlordofthebritishadmiraltybmayndashheinrichschwemmergermanmusicteacherandcomposerbjunendashgretadurelswedishnoblewomanandbankfraudjunendashjohniiisobieskikingofpolandbjunendashphiliphenryenglishministerbjulyndashwilliamgodolphindiplomatwilliamgodolphinenglishpoliticianbaugustndashrobertcampbellofglenlyonscottishmilitarycommanderatthemassacreofglencoebseptemberndashcelestinosfondratiitaliancatholiccardinalbseptemberndashprincesseleonoreerdmutheofsaxeeisenachelectressofsaxonybseptemberndashcalebbanksenglishpoliticianbseptemberndashsirralphverneystbaronetofmiddleclaydonenglishbaronetbnovemberndashgregriodematosbrazilianpoetandlawyerbdecemberndashempressmeishmeishempressofjapanbdecemberndashcharlesporterlordchancellorofirelandcharlesporterenglishbornjudgebdecemberndashjohnhampdenenglishpoliticianbdecemberndashgeorgmatthusvischeraustriancartographerbdecemberndashmigueldemolinosspanishmysticbdateunknownndashdaibhidhduibhgheanninbreferencesbattleoftorroellaeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunefebruaryndashtheshipridderschapvanhollandridderschapvanhollandislistofthcenturyshipwrecksinaustralialostatseaafteritdepartsthecapeofgoodhopebutdoesnotarriveatjakartabataviafebruaryndashthecolonyofquilombodospalmarescolonialbrazilbrazilisdestroyedmarchndashthehmssussexhmssussextreasurefleetofthirteenshipsiswreckedinthemediterraneanoffgibraltarwiththelossofapproximatelylivesmayndashthefrenchnavydefeatsspainduringthebattleoftorroellajulyndashdecemberjulyndashthebankofenglandisfoundedthroughroyalcharterbythewhigsbritishpoliticalpartywhigdominatedparliamentofenglandfollowingaproposalbyscottishmerchantwilliampatersonbankerwilliampatersontoraisecapitalbyofferingsafeandsteadyreturnsofinterestguaranteedbyfuturetaxesatotalofmillionisraisedforthewareffortagainstlouisxivoffrancebytheendoftheyeartoestablishthefirstevergovernmentdebtseptemberndashthegreatfireofwarwickbreaksoutinenglandautumnndashamajorwindstormspreadstheculbinsandsoveralargeareaoffarmlandinscotlandoctoberndashbritishamericancolonialforcesledbysirwilliamphipsfailtoseizequebecfromthefrenchoctoberndashqueenmaryiiofenglandfoundstheroyalhospitalforseamenatgreenwichdecemberndashthomastenisonisappointedarchbishopofcanterburydecemberndashtheparliamentofenglandpassesthetriennialactrequiringgeneralelectionseverythreeyearsdecemberndashqueenmaryiiofenglanddiesofsmallpoxagedleavingherhusbandkingwilliamiiiofenglandwilliamiiitorulealonebutwithoutanheirsinceheisalsowithoutaroyalhostessmaryssisterannequeenofgreatbritainprincessanneissummonedbacktocourthavingbeenbanishedafteranunseemlyrowwiththequeenashisofficialheiressdateunknownthelaopeoplelaoempireoflanxangunofficiallyendsthenotoriousvoyageoftheenglishslaveshiphannibalslaveshiphannibalpartoftheatlanticslavetradeoutofbeninendswiththedeathofnearlyhalfoftheslavesaboardrasciansestablishthesettlementwhichwillbecomenovisadonthedanubetheacadmiefranaisepublishesthefirstcompleteeditionofitsdictionnairedelacadmiefranaisedictionnaireinparisonlyincludebirthsaprilndashrichardboylerdearlofburlingtonenglisharchitectdmayndashprincessmariatheresiaofliechtensteindjunendashfranoisquesnayfrencheconomistdjunendashgeorgbrandtswedishchemistandmineralogistdjunendashjohnmichaelrysbrackflemishsculptordjulyndashlouisclaudedaquinfrenchcomposerdaugustndashleonardoleoitaliancomposerdaugustndashfrancishutchesonphilosopherfrancishutchesonirishphilosopherdaugustndashelishawilliamsamericanrectorofyalecollegedseptemberndashphilipstanhopethearlofchesterfieldenglishstatesmanandmanoflettersdseptemberndashhenrypelhamprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomdoctoberndashjohanhelmichromanswedishcomposerdnovemberndashisabellasimonsbankerintheaustriannetherlandsdnovemberndashvoltairefrenchphilosopherdnovemberndashleopoldprinceofanhaltkthenddecemberndashhermannsamuelreimarusgermanphilosopherandwriterddeathsjanuaryndashhenryboothstearlofwarringtonenglishpoliticianbjanuaryndashcharlesgerardstearlofmacclesfieldenglisharistocratandsoldierbcjanuaryndashandrewbalfourbotanistandrewbalfourscottishdoctorbjanuaryndashfrancescomorosinidogeofvenicefromtobjanuaryndashfranoismarieprinceoflillebonnefrenchnoblemanandmemberofthehouseoflorrainebfebruaryndashjohnlouisofelderenbishopofliegebfebruaryndashnatalyanaryshkinatsaritsaofrussiabfebruaryndashantoinetteduligierdelagardedeshouliresfrenchwriterbfebruaryndashcharlesscarboroughenglishphysicianmathematicianbmarchndashvittoriadellarovereitaliannoblebmarchndashjohnconantenglishtheologianclergymanandacademicadministratorbaprilndashnicolsdevillacisspanishpainterbaprilndashjohnswinfenenglishpoliticianbaprilndashclaireclmencedemaillbrzfrenchnoblewomanbaprilndashjohngeorgeivelectorofsaxonybmayndashanthonycarythviscountoffalklandenglishpoliticianbjunendashgaspartllezgirnthdukedeosunaspanishdukebjunendashphiliphowardcardinalphiliphowardenglishcatholiccardinalbjulyndashjuandesantiagoylengarabitospanishcatholicprelatebishopofguadalajaraandbishopofpuertoricobaugustndashantoinearnauldfrenchphilosopherandmathematicianbaugustmariasofiadelagardieswedishcountessandindustrialistbbernardofoffidaitaliansaintbseptemberndashthomaslloydlieutenantgovernorthomaslloydquakerpreacherofprovincialpennsylvaniaboctoberndashsamuelvonpufendorfgermanjuristbnovemberndashjohntillotsonarchbishopofcanterburybnovemberndashismalbullialdusfrenchastronomerbnovemberndashmatsuobashjapanesepoetbnovemberndashmarcellomalpighiitalianphysicianbdecemberndashpierrepugetfrenchartistbdecemberndashwilliambeecherdiedwilliambeecherenglishpoliticianbdecemberndashtiberiofiorilliitalianbornactorbdecemberndashpaolosegneriitalianjesuitbdecemberndashranuccioiifarnesedukeofparmafromuntilhisdeathbdecemberndasherasmusfinxgermanpolymathbdecemberndashqueenmaryiiofenglandscotlandandirelandbdateunknownndashhafzpostturkishmusicianreferencesmountetnaetnaeruptseventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashsicilyearthquakemountetnaeruptscausingadevastatingearthquakethataffectspartsofsicilyandmaltafebruaryndashthecollegeofwilliammaryinwilliamsburgvirginiaisgrantedaroyalcharterfromkingwilliamiiiofenglandwilliamiiiandqueenmaryiiofenglandmayndashforcesoflouisxivoffranceattackheidelbergcapitaloftheelectorateofthepalatinatemayndashheidelbergistakenbyinvadingearlymodernfrancefrenchforcesandthecastleissurrenderedonmayafterwhichthefrenchblowupthetowersofheidelbergcastleusingminesjunendashnineyearswarndashbattleoflagosbattleoflagosoffportugalthefrenchfleetdefeatsthejointdutchrepublicdutchandenglishfleetjulyndashdecemberjulyndashnineyearswarndashbattleoflandennearneerwindenflemishbrabantthedutchrepublicdutchenglisharmyledpersonallybykingwilliamiiiofenglandisdefeatedbytheearlymodernfrancefrenchwithirishjacobitismjacobitemercenariesoctoberndashcharleroifallstofrenchforcesoctoberndashwilliamcongrevescomedystageplaythedoubledealerisfirstperformedatthetheatreroyaldrurylanelondonrefnamemcghewdrefrefnamecbhrefdateunknownchinaconcentratesallitsforeigntradeonguangzhoucantoneuropeanshipsaretakenapartandburnedtohelpkeepthelionswarmareligiousschismtakesplaceinswitzerlandwithinagroupofswissandalsacealsatiananabaptistsledbyjakobammannthosewhofollowammannbecomethemennoniteamishsecttheknightsoftheapocalypseareformedinitalytheacademiaoperosorumlabacensiumisestablishedinljubljanasloveniafinancierrichardhoarerelocateshoaresbankfoundedfromcheapsidetofleetstreetinlondonjohnlockepublisheshisinfluentialbooksomethoughtsconcerningeducationonlyincludewilliampennpublisheshisproposalforfederaleuropeeuropeanfederationessayonthepresentandfuturepeaceofeuropedimitriecantemirpresentshiskitbuilmilmsikialvechilhurftthebookofthescienceofmusicthroughletterstosultanahmediiwhichdealswithmelodicandrhythmicstructureandpracticeofottomanclassicalmusicottomanmusicandcontainsthescoresforaroundworkscomposedduringandbeforehisowntimeinanalphabeticalnotationsystemheinventedbirthsfebruaryndashempressannaofrussiadfebruaryndashjamesquinenglishactordmarchndashjohannjakobwettsteinswisstheologiandmarchndashpopeclementxiiidmarchndashmalharraoholkarindiannoblemandmarchndashjohnharrisonenglishclockmakerdaprilndashgeorgeedwardsnaturalistgeorgeedwardsenglishnaturalistdjunendashjohanngeorgwalchgermantheologiandjulyndashthomaspelhamhollesstdukeofnewcastleprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomdaugustndashlaurentbelissenfrenchcomposerdseptemberndashcharlesradclyffebritishpoliticiandseptemberndashthomasseckerarchbishopofcanterburyddeathsjanuaryndashmehmedivsultanoftheottomanempirebjanuaryndashfedericovisconticardinalarchbishopofmilanbjanuaryndashmargueritedelasablirefrenchsalonistandpolymathbjanuaryndashahasuerusfromanteelenglishclockmakerbfebruaryndashpaulpellissonfrenchwriterbfebruaryndashwilliamturnerlordmayorwilliamturnerbritishpoliticianbfebruaryndashjohndebritoportuguesejesuitmissionaryandmartyrbfebruaryjohanncasparkerllgermancomposerbjohnrashleighofcoombejohnrashleighenglishpoliticianbfebruaryndashhenrikhornswedishmilitaryleaderandnoblebmarchndashwalterchetwyndenglishantiquarypoliticianbaprilndashisaacaboabdafonsecaportuguesesephardicrabbibaprilannemarielouisedorlansduchessofmontpensierfrenchwriterbchristianscrivergermanhymnwriterbaprilndashrogerderabutincomtedebussyfrenchwriterbaprilndashrutgervonaschebergcourlandbornsoldierinswedishservicebaprilndashclaudiocoellospanishbaroquepainterbaprilndashgeorgelouisicountoferbacherbachbmayndashernestlandgraveofhesserheinfelsandlaterofhessenrheinfelsrotenburgbmayndashclaudederouvroyducdesaintsimonfrenchcourtierbmayndashthomasjervoisethomasjervoiseenglishpoliticianbmayndashjanverkoljedutchpainterbmayndashmadamedelafayettefrenchwriterbjunendashjohnwildmanenglishsoldierandpoliticianbcjunendashcamilledeneufvilledevilleroyarchbishopoflyonbjunendashjulianaofhesseeschwegegermannoblewomanbjunendashsirjohnwittewrongstbaronetenglishparliamentarianbjulyjohnashbyroyalnavyofficerjohnashbyenglishadmiralbcjohanhadorphswedishdirectorgeneralofthecentralboardofnationalantiquitiesbjulyulrikaeleonoraofdenmarkqueenofswedenbjohanndanielmajorgermanprofessoroftheoreticalmedicinebaugustndashjohngeorgeiiprinceofanhaltdessaubaugustndashedwardrawsonpoliticianedwardrawsonamericansettlerbseptemberndashflaviochigiflaviochigiitaliancatholiccardinalbseptemberndashjohannweikhardvonvalvasorsloveniannoblemanandpolymathboctoberndashpedroabarcaspanishtheologianboctoberndashcharlesschombergnddukeofschombergenglishgeneralbnovemberndashsamuelhalesconnecticutsettlerandpoliticianbnovemberndashfrancismarshirishbishopbnovemberndashjobadriaenszoonberckheydedutchpainterbnovemberndashwilliamsancroftarchbishopofcanterburybnovemberndashfrancescolorenzobrancatidilauriaitaliancatholiccardinalbdecemberndashcountesspalatineannamagdalenaofbirkenfeldbischweilercountessofhanaulichtenbergbdecemberndashgiuseppefelicetosiitaliancomposerbdecemberndashjacquesrousseaupainterjacquesrousseaufrenchpainterbdecemberndashelisabethheveliusdanzigastronomerbdecemberndashverefanethearlofwestmorlandenglandbdateunknownlionelcopleylistofcolonialgovernorsofmarylandcolonialgovernorofmarylanddlarsnilssonshamanlarsnilssonsamishamaninswedenreferencesbattlesofbarfleurandlahouguebattleoflahougueeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunefebruaryndashmassacreofglencoetheforcesofrobertcampbellofglenlyonrobertcampbellslaughtermembersoftheclanmacdonaldofglencoeinscotlandfromwhomtheyhavepreviouslyacceptedhospitalityfordelayingtosignanoathofallegiancetokingwilliamiiiofenglandmarchndashthesalemwitchtrialsbegininsalemvillagemassachusettssalemvillagemassachusettsbaycolonywiththechargingofwomenwithwitchcraftmarchndashthekangxiemperoroftheqingdynastyissuesthechineseritescontroversyreceptioninchinaedictoftolerationrecognizingalltheromancatholicchurchnotjustthejesuitsandlegalizingmissionsandtheirconversionofchinesepeoplejunendashjunendashnineyearswarndashbattlesofbarfleurandlahoguebattleoflahoguetheanglodutchfleetgainsadecisivenavalvictoryoverthefrenchjunendashjamaicaearthquakejamaicaearthquakeanearthquakeandrelatedtsunamidestroyportroyalcapitalofjamaicaandsubmergeamajorpartofitanestimatedareimmediatelykilledinjuredandaprobableadditionaldiefromthediseaseswhichravagetheislandinthefollowingmonthshistoryinternationalchannelthisdatethishoursprogrammingndashreporttrailsongoingarcheologysincewhichisconsideredthemostimportantunderwaterarcheologicalsiteinthewesternhemisphereuserfabartusjunendashduringafamineinmexicocityanangrymobtorchestheviceroyspalaceandignitesthearchivesmostofthedocumentsandsomepaintingsaresavedbyroyalgeographercarlosdesigenzaygngorajunendashsalemwitchtrialsbridgetbishopishangedforwitchcraftjulyndashdecemberseptemberndashanearthquakeinduchyofbrabantbrabantofrichtermagnitudescalescaleisfeltacrossthelowcountriesgermanyandkingdomofenglandenglandseptemberndashdiegodevargasleadsspanishcolonistsinretakingthecityofsantafenewmexicoafterayearexilefollowingthepueblorevoltofsalemwitchtrialsseptemberndashgilescoreyispeineforteetdurepressedtodeathinanattempttocoerceaconfessionfromhimofwitchcraftbytheendofseptemberwomenandmenhavebeenhangedseptemberndashthelastsalemwitchtrialsofthoseconvictedofwitchcraftinthesalemwitchtrialsarehangedtheremainderofthoseconvictedarealleventuallyreleasedonlyincludeoctoberndashinbarbadosaslaverevoltiscrushedbirthsfebruaryndashkarlludwigvonpllnitzgermanadventurerandwriterdfebruaryndashjohnbyromenglishpoetdaprilndashadriennelecouvreurfrenchactressdaprilndashgiuseppetartiniitaliancomposerandviolinistwasborninpirandaprilndashjamesstirlingmathematicianjamesstirlingscottishmathematiciandmayndashjosephbutlerenglishbishopandphilosopherdaugustndashjohnhenleyclergymanjohnhenleyenglishministerdaugustndashlouishenridukeofbourbonprimeministeroffrancedoctoberndashelisabethfarnesequeenofphilipvofspaindnovemberndashunicowilhelmvanwassenaerdutchcomposerdnovemberndashlouisracinefrenchpoetdnovemberndasheusebiusamortgermancatholictheologiandnovemberndashcarloinnocenzofrugoniitalianpoetddeathsjanuaryndashjohnpagemiddleplantationjohnpageamericanpoliticianbjanuaryndashshubaeldummeramericancongregationalchurchministerbfebruaryndashgeorgedurantattorneyintheprovinceofcarolinabfebruaryndashfernandodevalenzuelastmarquisofvillasierraspanishnoblebfebruaryndashthomasrosewellenglishministerbmarchndashcountesspalatineeleonoracatherineofzweibrckensisterofkingcharlesxofswedenbaprilndashtomsdelacerdardmarquisoflalagunaspanishnoblemanbaprilndashedwardhowardndearlofcarlisleenglishpoliticianbmayndashedwardevelynbritishpoliticianbmayndashalbrechtofsaxeweissenfelsgermanprincebmayndashprincessluisacristinaofsavoyprincessofsavoybmayndashrobertkirkfolkloristrobertkirkscottishfolkloristbibletranslatorgaelicscholarbmayndasheliasashmoleenglandenglishantiquarianbmaynicholasdennysenglishpoliticianbthomasjonesjusticethomasjonesenglishpoliticianandjudgebjunendashmariedebourboncountessofsoissonswifeofthomasfrancisbjunendashpierrebailloquetjesuitmissionarytothecanadianindiansbjunendashrebeccarawsonmassachusettsheroineofthebookleavesfrommargaretsmithsjournalbjunendashchristianlouisidukeofmecklenburgschwerinbjunendashgerardlangbaineenglishdramaticbiographerandcriticbjulyndashrebeccanurseaccusedmassachusettswitchbjulyndashgillesmnagefrenchscholarbjulyndashwilliamharbordpoliticianwilliamharbordbritishpoliticianbaugustndashsirjohncarewrdbaronetenglishmemberofparliamentbaugustndashjamesdouglasearlofangusscottishnoblemanandsoldierbaugustndashjeanmicheldastorgaubardevicarcapitularofpamiersbaugustndashnicolaschorierfrenchhistorianlawyerandwriterbaugustndashjohnproctorsalemwitchtrialsjohnproctoraccusedmassachusettswizardbseptemberndashdavidancillonfrenchhuguenotpastorandauthorbseptemberndashgilescoreymassachusettsfarmerandaccusedwizardbcseptemberndashermesdicolortitalianpoetpoliticalfigurebseptemberndashmaryeasteyamericanwitchboctoberndashgiovannibattistavitaliitaliancomposerboctoberndashalexandervonspaengermangeneralbnovemberndashgdontallemantdesrauxfrenchwriterbnovemberthomasshadwellenglishpoetandplaywrightbcprincegeorgfriedrichofwaldeckdutchgeneralandgermanfieldmarshalbnovemberndashhenrypowleenglishpoliticianbdecemberndashhenrymildmayofgraceshenrymildmayenglishpoliticianbdecemberndashwilliammountfortenglishactoranddramatistbcdecemberndashveitludwigvonseckendorffgermanstatesmanbreferencesbattleofbudabattleofbudaeventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunemayndashthemunicipalityofilaganisfoundedinthephilippinesmayndashjosephdudleyformallybeginshistenureaspresidentofthecouncilofthenewlyformeddominionofnewenglandjulyndashdecemberjuly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manempireottomanhetmanivansamoylovychtosurrenderchyhyrynbaconsrebellionjamestownvirginiajamestownisburnedtothegroundbytheforcesofnathanielbaconcolonistnathanielbaconseptemberndashpopeinnocentxisucceedspopeclementxasthethpopeoctoberndashbattleofgegodogtrunajayadefeatsthemataramsultanateoctoberndashthetreatyofurawnoissignedbetweentheottomanempireottomanturkishempireandpolishlithuaniancommonwealthnovemberndashaprisonisfoundedonnantucketislandintheenglishcolonyofmassachusettsnovemberndashafireinbostonmassachusettsisaccidentallysetbyacarelessandsleepyapprenticewhodropsalightedcandleorleavesittoonearsomecombustiblesubstancethisisthelargestfireknownatthistimeinthedistricttherevincreasematherschurchdwellingandaportionofhispersonallibraryaredestroyeddecemberndashscanianwarndashbattleoflundswedendefeatstheforcesofdenmarkdecemberndasholermermakesthefirstquantitativemeasurementsofthespeedoflightdateunknownemperoryohannesiofethiopiadecreesthatmuslimsmustliveseparatelyfromchristiansthroughouthisrealmantonvanleeuwenhoekdiscoversmicroorganismsandietoffinlandbolantdagbolantdagassemblymeetsinturkufinlandthefrencheastindiacompanyfoundsitsprincipalindianbaseatpondicherrycitypondicherryonthecoromandelcoastonlyincludebirthsmarchndashthomasbostonscottishchurchleaderdmarchndashfrancisiirkczihungarianrebelagainstthehabsburgsdaprilndashkingfrederickiofswedendmayndashmariaclaraeimmartgermanastronomerengraveranddesignerdmayndashjacoporiccatiitalianmathematiciandjunendashlouisedemaisonblancheillegitimatedaughteroflouisxivoffrancedjunendashanthonycollinsenglishphilosopherdjulyndashleopoldiprinceofanhaltdessauprussianfieldmarshaldjulyndashcasparabelgermantheologianhistorianpoetdaugustndashrobertwalpolefirstprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomdseptemberndashlisabethcharlottedorlansduchessandregentoflorrainedseptemberndasheberhardlouisdukeofwrttembergdoctoberndashbenitojernimofeijoymontenegrospanishscholardnovemberndashlouisebndictedebourbonduchessofmainedaughterinlawoflouisxivddateunknownndashalexanderselkirkscottishsailorddeathsjanuaryndashmarcofaustiniitalianoperamanagerbjanuaryndashisaaccommelindutchhistorianbjanuaryndashfrancescocavalliitaliancomposerbjanuaryndashgeorgarnoldaustrianmusicianbjanuaryndashtsaralexisofrussiabfebruaryndashfranoischauveaufrenchpainterbfebruaryndashabrahambossefrenchengraverandartistbcfebruaryndashhughforthenglishpoliticianbmarchndashjuandealmogueraromancatholicprelatewhoservedasarchbishopoflimaandbishopofarequipabmarchndashhenrisauvalfrenchhistorianbmarchndashladyannecliffordthbaronessdecliffordbmarchndashpaulwrtzswedishgeneralbmarchndashbernardinoderebolledospanishpoetsoldieranddiplomatbaprilndashjohnwinthroptheyoungergovernorofconnecticutbaprilndashclaudiafelicitasofaustriaholyromanempressbaprilndashjohnclarkebaptistministerjohnclarkeenglishphysicianbaprilndashmichielderuyterdutchadmiralbmayndashrichardlloydroyalistrichardlloydenglishpoliticianbmayndashhenrivaloisfrenchhistorianbmayndashjohannrahnswissmathematicianbjunendashkarlkasparvonderleyengermancatholicarchbishopbjunendashpaulgerhardtgermanhymnistbjunendashprincesshenrietteadelaideofsavoywifeofferdinandmariabjunendashnathanieldickinsonpioneernathanieldickinsonamericansettlerbjunendashhendrikvanderborchtiigermanpainterbjulyndashjessewhartonmarylandjessewhartonlistofcolonialgovernorsofmarylandcolonialgovernorofmarylandjulyndashcarlgustafwrangelswedishsoldierbjulyndashfrancisirkczihungarianprinceoftransylvaniabjulyndashduchesselisabethsophieofmecklenburggermanpoetcomposerandbymarriageduchessofbrunswicklneburgbjulyndashpopeclementxbjulyndashfranoishdelinabbdaubignacfrenchwriterbjulyndashmadamedebrinvilliersfrenchmurdererbaugustndashhansjakobchristoffelvongrimmelshausengermanwriterbaugustndashnicolsagredothdogeofvenicebaugustndashmargravinelouisecharlotteofbrandenburgduchessofcourlandbymarriagebaugustndashlarsstigzeliusswedishlutheranarchbishopbseptemberndashjohnogilbyscottishbornimpresarioandcartographeractiveindublinandlondonbseptemberndashpauldechomedeysieurdemaisonneuvefrenchmilitaryofficerfounderofmontrealinnewfrancebseptemberndashgerrardwinstanleyenglishreligiousreformerbseptemberndashannademediciarchduchessofaustriabseptemberndashsabbataizevimontenegrinrabbikabbalistandfounderofthejewishsabbateanmovementbmayndashthomasrouseenglishpoliticianbseptemberndashannamariaantigspanishcatholicnunboctoberndashclaudiaruscaitaliancomposersingerandorganistboctoberndashrichardnevillesoldierrichardnevilleenglishsoldierandmpboctoberndashsebastianknpfergermancomposerboctoberndashjuandearellanospanishartistboctoberndashsimondevosflemishpainterboctoberndashnathanielbaconcolonistnathanielbaconvirginiancolonistandinstigatorofbaconsrebellionbcircasoctoberndashjeandesmaretsfrenchwriterbnovemberndashgisbertusvoetiusdutchtheologianbnovemberndashallartpietervanjongestalldutchjuristpoliticiananddiplomatbnovemberndashshangkexichinesegeneralbdecemberndashrolandfrartdechambrayfrenchwriterbdecemberndashwilliammoricesecretaryofstatewilliammoriceenglishpoliticianbdecemberndashedwardbenlowesenglishpoetbdecemberndashadolphprinceofnassauschaumburgandcountofnassauschaumburgbdecembermatthewhalejuristmatthewhalelordchiefjusticeofenglandbwilliamcavendishstdukeofnewcastleupontyneenglishsoldierpoliticianwriterbreferenceseventsonlyincludejanuaryndashjunejanuaryndashfrancodutchwarndashbattleofturckheiminturckheimalsacefrancethefrenchdefeataustriaandbrandenburgjanuaryndashjohnsassamonanenglisheducatednativeamericansintheunitedstatesnativeamericanchristiandiesatassawampsettpondaneventwhichwilltriggerkingphilipswarayearlongwarbetweenthecolonialhistoryoftheunitedstatesenglishamericancolonistsofnewenglandandthealgonquianpeoplesalgonquiannativeamericantribesmarchndashtheguildorganisationmatressescouturiresisfoundedinparisaprilndashenglishpeopleenglishmerchantanthonydelarochblownoffcourseafterroundingcapehorneastaboutmakesthefirstdiscoveryoflandsouthoftheantarcticconvergencelandingonsouthgeorgiaandthesouthsandwichislandssouthgeorgiasouthgeorgiaandprobablygoughislandjunendashjohnsassamonsallegedmurderersareexecutedatplymouthmassachusettsplymouthjunendasharmedwampanoagtribewampanoagsarereportedtravelingaroundswanseamassachusettsjunendashjunendashcolonialauthoritiesofrhodeislandplymouthcolonyplymouthandmassachusettsattemptanegotiationwithmetacometkingphilipleaderofthewampanoagsandseekguaranteesoffidelityfromthenipmuckandnarragansetttribenarragansetttribesjunendashkingphilipswarbreaksoutasthewampanoagsattackswanseajunendashmassachusettstroopsmarchtoswanseatojointheplymouthtroopsjunendashjunendashwampanoagsassaultrehobothmassachusettsrehobothandtauntonmassachusettstauntonthenativeseludecolonialtroopsandleavemounthopeforpocassetmassachusettsthemohegantribetravelstobostoninordertosidewiththeenglishcolonistsagainstthewampanoagsjunendashbattleoffehrbellinbrandenburgdefeatstheswedishpeopleswedesjulyndashdecemberjulyndashthenarragansetttribenarragansetttribesignsapeacetreatywithconnecticutjulyndashjulyndashanenvoyfrommassachusettsattemptstonegotiatewiththenipmucktribeaugustndashaugustndashthenipmucksattackmassachusettstroopsandbesiegebrookfieldmassachusettsaugustndashkingcharlesiiofenglandplacesthefoundationstoneoftheroyalgreenwichobservatoryinlondonconstructionbeginsaugustndashthemassachusettscouncilordersthatchristianindiansaretobeconfinedtodesignatedprayingtownsseptemberndashseptemberndashwhilewampanoagsandnipmucksattackdeerfieldmassachusettscaptainsamuelmoseleycommandsmassachusettstroopsinanattackonthepennacooktribeseptemberndashenglishcolonistsabandondeerfieldsquakeagandbrookfieldduetoacoalitionofindianattacksseptemberndashthebremenverdencampaignofthenorthernwarsbeginswiththeinvasionofamtwildeshausenbythemunsterarmyandtheiradvanceonverdenallerverdenviathecityofbremenseptemberndashthenarragansettssignatreatywiththeenglishinbostonmeanwhilemassachusettstroopsareambushednearnorthamptonmassachusettsoctoberndashthepocomtuctribeattacksanddestroysspringfieldmassachusettsoctoberndashthemassachusettscouncilconvenesandagreesthatallchristianindiansshouldbeorderedtomovetodeerislandmassachusettsdeerislandoctobergottfriedwilhelmleibnizmakesthefirstuseofthelongsasasymboloftheintegralincalculusnovemberndashnovemberndashcommissionersofthethirteencoloniesorganizeaunitedforcetoattackthenarragansetttribenovembergurutegbahadurninthofthesikhgurusisexecutedbymughalrulersheprefersexecutiontodefendtherightofhindustopracticetheirownreligionheissucceededbygurugobindsinghastenthgurugottfriedleibnizusesinfinitesimalcalculusonafunctionmathematicsfunctiondecemberndashunitedcolonialforcesattackthenarragansettsatthegreatswampfightdateunknowngiovannidomenicocassinicassinidiscoverssaturnscassinidivisionantonievanleeuwenhoekbeginstouseamicroscopeforobservinghumantissuesandliquidsonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashlouisderouvroyducdesaintsimonfrenchwriterdjanuaryndasherikbenzeliustheyoungerswedishpriestdfebruaryndashannamoronieducatorannamoroniitalianeducatorbfebruaryndashfranzxaverjosefvonunertlbavarianpoliticiandfebruaryndashguillaumedelislefrenchcartographerdmarchndashpopebenedictxivdmayndashhumphrydittonenglishmathematiciandjunendashfrancescoscipionemarchesedimaffeiitalianarchaeologistdjulyndashmarywalcottamericanaccuseratthesalemwitchtrialsjulyndashevaristoabacoitaliancomposerdjulyndashclaudealexandredebonnevalfrenchsoldierdseptemberndashwilliamsomervileenglishpoetdseptemberndashpauldudleyjuristpauldudleyattorneygeneralofmassachusettsdseptemberndashdorotheakragdanishgeneralpostmasterandnobledoctoberndashsamuelclarkeenglishphilosopherdoctoberndashemperorhigashiyamaofjapandoctoberndashrichardtemplestviscountcobhamenglishsoldierandpoliticianddateunknownwilliamjonesmathematiciandtarabaiindianqueenregentofthemarathaempiredcillegadnorwegianpoetddeathsjanuaryndashfrancescomariabrancacciocatholiccardinalbjanuaryndashdomenicoiicontarinidogeofvenicebfebruaryndashgerharddouwdutchpainterbfebruaryndashgervasehollesenglishmemberofparliamentbmarchndashfrancisdaviesbishopfrancisdaviesbritishbishopbmarchndasharthurchichesterstearlofdonegallirishsoldierbaprilndashvei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rilndashricharddeclarendearlofpembrokeenglishsoldierbmayndashmatthiasidukeoflorrainebaugustndashemperorrokujofjapanboctoberndashwilliamdaubignystearlofarundelenglishpoliticianbcnovemberndashdiegomartnezdevillamayorkingdomofcastilecastiliannoblemandateunknownndashmargretheofroskildedanishlocalsaintprobablerosamundcliffordmistressofhenryiiofenglandbmichaelaspietesbyzantinegeneralreferencesyearromannumeralsmclxiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaasiathebattleoftangdaonovemberandbattleofcaishinovemberndashnovemberontheyangtzeriverduringthejinsongwarsbetweenthejindynastyjindynastyandthesongdynastyinchinaresultintwopivotalsongnavalvictoriesdecemberthewanyanliangprinceofhailingisassassinatedwhileoncampaignheissucceededbyemperorshizongofjinemperorshizongeuropecaprilndashbartholomewiscanusbecomesbishopofexeterinkingdomofenglandenglandgodfreyuaraghallaighkingofeastbreifneinirelanddieshissoncathalsucceedshimericixofswedenericjedvardssonsmurderermagnusiiofswedenmagnushenriksenishimselfmurderedbycharlesviiofswedenkarlsverkerssonwhothenbecomeskingofswedenamuslimoffensiveagainsttheyoungportuguesekingdomreachesalmadarefnamepicardrefthecrossofeuphrosynecommissionedbysainteuphrosyneofpolotskiscreatedbycraftsmanlazarbohsathecrosslaterwentmissingduringworldwariiandhasnotbeenrecoveredonlyincludebirthsseptemberndashemperortakakuraofjapanddateunknownbaldwinivofjerusalemdconstanceduchessofbrittanydwincentykadubekpolishbishopandsaintdpopeinnocentiiidbrtegenghiskhanswifeddeathsfebruaryndashkingingeiofnorwaybaprilndashtheobaldofbecarchbishopofcanterburyjunendashemperorqinzongofsongbseptemberndashmelisendequeenofjerusalembnovemberndashadamofebrachadamabbotofebrachabbeyebrachdecemberndashwanyanliangjurchenemperorbdateunknownhugharchbishopofpalermohugharchbishopofpalermomagnusiiofswedenmagnushenriksenpretendertotheswedishthronereferencesyearromannumeralsmclxxxiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeasiajayavarmanviidefeatsthechamasiachamandassumescontrolofthekhmerempirekhmerkingdomtheyowaeramarkedbyfaminebeginsinjapaneuropeafteraseriesofdefeatsthealmohadnavyundertheadmiralahmadalsiqillicrushestheportuguesefleetandreassertsitscontrolovertheatlanticoceanrefnamepicardrefthewordalbigensiansisfirstusedbychroniclergeoffroydubreuilofvigeoistodescribetheinhabitantsofalbifrancephilipaugustusannulsallloansmadebyjewstochristiansandtakesapercentageforhimselfayearlaterheconfiscatesalljewishpropertyandexpelsthejewsfromparisrefnamebaldwinrefbytopicsciencechineseandjapaneseastronomersobservewhathassincecometobeunderstoodassupernovasnoneofonlyeightsupernovaeinthemilkywayobservedinrecordedhistoryitappearsintheconstellationcassiopeiaconstellationcassiopeiaandisvisibleinthenightskyforaboutdaystheradiosourcecisthoughttobetheremnantfromthiseventguilhemviiilordofmontpellierinkingdomoffrancefrancefreestheteachingofmedicinefromanymonopolyjanuaryreligionseptemberndashpopeluciusiiisucceedspopealexanderiiiasthestpopeonlyincludebirthsdateunknownndashjochimilitaryleadereldestsonofgenghiskhandmathildeofangoulmefrenchnobleddeathsjanuaryndashemperortakakuraofjapanbmarchndashhenryicountofchampagnejunendashhughdekeveliocthearlofchesterhughdekeveliocrdearlofchesterenglishpoliticianbaugustndashpopealexanderiiibcndashadelaofmeissenqueenconsortofdenmarktairanokiyomorijapanesewarlordbassalihismailalmalikrulerofsyriabreferencesinfoboxmedicalconditionnewnamesynonymsyysyndromejacobssyndromeimagexyysyndromednajpgaltcaptionkaryotypefromamalewithxyyfieldmedicalgeneticssymptomstalllearningproblemscomplicationsautismspectrumdisorderadhdonsetdurationtypescausesgeneticsrisksdiagnosischromosomalanalysisdifferentialklinefeltersyndromemarfansyndromesotossyndromepreventionnonetreatmentspeechtherapytutoringmedicationprognosisgoodfrequencyinmalesdeathsdefinitionandsymptomsxyysyndromeisageneticconditioninwhichamalehasanextraychromosomesymptomsareusuallyfewtheymayincludebeingtallerthanaverageacneandanincreasedriskoflearningproblemsthepersonisgenerallyotherwisenormalincludingnormalfertilitycauseanddiagnosistheconditionisgenerallynotheredityinheritedfromapersonsparentsbutratheroccursasaresultofarandomeventduringspermcelldevelopmentdiagnosisisbyachromosomalanalysistherearechromosomesinsteadoftheusualgivingaxyykaryotypetreatmentandepidemiologytreatmentmayincludespeechtherapyorextrahelpwithschoolworkpreventionisnotpossibletheconditionoccursinaboutinmalebirthsrefnameghrrefmanypeoplewiththeconditionareunawarethattheyhaveitrefnamegardreftheconditionwasfirstdescribedinsignsandsymptomsphysicaltraitspeoplewiththexyykaryotypehaveanincreasedgrowthvelocityfromearlychildhoodwithanaveragefinalheightapproximatelynbspcmaboveexpectedfinalheightrefnameratcliffereftheincreasedgenedosageofthreexychromosomepseudoautosomalregionparshortstaturehomeoboxgeneshoxgeneshasbeenpostulatedasacauseoftheincreasedstatureseeninallthreesexchromosometrisomiesxxxxxyandxyyrefnameshoxptabledifferentialdiagnosisoftallstatureandovergrowthsyndromespostnatalovergrowthleadingtochildhoodtallstatureincludesklinefeltersyndromexxyshoxexcesssyndromesxyyrefsevereacnevulgarisacnewasnotedinaveryfewearlycasereportsbutdermatologistsspecializinginacnenowdoubttheexistenceofarelationshipwithxyyrefnameplewigreftestosteronelevelsprenatallyarenormalinxyymalesmostxyymaleshavenormalsexualdevelopmentandhavenormalfertilityrefnamegardnerrefrefnamegardnerrefbehaviorincontrasttotheothercommonsexchromosomeaneuploidiestriplexsyndromexxxandxxyklinefeltersyndrometheaverageiqscoresofxyyboysidentifiedbynewbornscreeningprogramswerenotreducedcomparedtothegeneralpopulationrefnameratclifferefrefnamewalzerrefrefnametheilgaardrefinprospectivestudiesofxyyboysidentifiedbynewbornscreeningprogramstheiqscoresofxyyboyswereusuallyslightlylowerthanthoseoftheirsiblingsapproximatelyhalfofxyyboysidentifiedbynewbornscreeningprogramshadlearningdifficultiesahigherproportionthanfoundamongsiblingsandaboveaverageiqcontrolgroupsinedinburghofxyyboysofidentifiedinanewbornscreeningprogramreceivedremedialreadingteachingcomparedtoofinanaboveaverageiqcontrolgroupofxyboysmatchedbytheirfatherssocialclassinbostonusaofxyyboysofidentifiedinanewbornscreeningprogramhadlearningdifficultiesandreceivedparttimeresourceroomhelpcomparedtoofinanaboveaverageiqcontrolgroupofxyboyswithfamilialbalancedautosomalchromosomaltranslocationchromosometranslocationsdevelopmentaldelaysandbehavioralproblemsarealsopossiblebutthesecharacteristicsvarywidelyamongaffectedboysandmenarenotuniquetoxyyandaremanagednodifferentlyfrominxymalesaggressionisnotseenmorefrequentlyinxyymalescausefilexyysyndromesvgthumbdiagramshowingxyysyndromeformationmiandmiiarethestagesofmeiosiswhiletheblueandpinkcirclesaremaleandfemalecellsrespectivelyandtheblueandpinkbarsareyandxchromosomesrespectivelythepurplecellhasychromosomesandxchromosomeduetofusingwithamalecellwithychromosomeswhichwasduetodivisionproblemsinmiiofthemalexyyisnotinheritedbutusuallyoccursasarandomeventduringtheformationofspermatozoonspermcellsanincidentinchromosomeseparationduringanaphaseiiofmeiosismeiosisiimeiosisiicallednondisjunctioncanresultinspermcellswithanextracopyoftheychromosomeifoneoftheseatypicalspermcellscontributestothegeneticmakeupofachildthechildwillhaveanextraychromosomeineachofthebodyscellsrefnamerobinsonrefinsomecasestheadditionofanextraychromosomeresultsfromnondisjunctionduringcelldivisionduringapostzygoticmitosisinearlyembryonicdevelopmentthiscanproducexyxyymosaicgeneticsmosaicsdiagnosisxyysyndromeisnotusuallydiagnoseduntillearningissuesarepresentthesyndromeisdiagnosedinanincreasingnumberofchildrenprenatallybyamniocentesisamniocentesisandchorionicvillussamplinginordertoobtainachromosomekaryotypewheretheabnormalitycanbeobserveditisestimatedthatonlyofchildrenwithxyysyndromearediagnosedwithintheirlifetimeoftheseapproximatelyarediagnosedprenatallyfortherestofthosediagnosedafterchildbirtharoundhalfarediagnosedduringchildhoodoradolescenceduetodevelopmentaldelaysorlearningdifficultiestherestarediagnosedforavarietyofreasonsincludingasmallpercentageduetofertilityproblemsepidemiologyaroundinboysarebornwithaxyykaryotypetheincidenceofxyyisnotknowntobeaffectedbytheparentsageshistorysinaprilhereditaspublishedthediscoverybycytogeneticscytogeneticistsjoehintjioandalbertlevanatlunduniversityinswedenthatthenormalnumberofchromosomesinploidydiploidhumancellswasnotashadbeenbelievedfortheprecedingthirtyyearsinthewakeoftheestablishmentofthenormalnumberofhumanchromosomesxyywasthelastofthecommonsexchromosomeaneuploidiestobediscoveredtwoyearsafterthediscoveriesofklinefeltersyndromecausexxyturnersyndromehistoryxandtriplexsyndromefirstcasexxxineventhemuchlesscommonxxyysyndromexxyyhadbeendiscoveredinayearbeforexyyscreeningforthosexchromosomeaneuploidieswaspossiblebynotingthepresenceorabsenceoffemalesexchromatinbodiesbarrbodybarrbodiesinthecellnucleusnucleiofinterphasecellsinbuccalsmearmedicalprocedurebuccalsmearsatechniquedevelopedadecadebeforethefirstreportedsexchromosomeaneuploidyrefnamebarrrefananalogoustechniquetoscreenforychromosomeaneuploidiesbynotingsupernumerarymalesexchromatinbodieswasnotdevelopeduntiladecadeafterthefirstreportedsexchromosomeaneuploidyrefnamepursuitrefthefirstpublishedreportofamanwithaxyykaryotypewasbyinternistandcytogeneticistaverysandbergandcolleaguesatroswellparkcancerinstituteroswellparkmemorialinstituteinbuffalonewyorkinitwasanincidentalfindinginanormalyearoldnbspftnbspcmtallmanofaverageintelligencewhowaskaryotypedbecausehehadadaughterwithdownsyndromerefnamesandbergrefonlyadozenisolatedxyycaseswerereportedinthemedicalliteratureinthefouryearsfollowingthefirstreportbysandbergrefnamecourtbrownrefthenindecemberandmarchnaturejournalnatureandthelancetpublishedthefirstpreliminaryreportsbybritishcytogeneticistpatriciajacobsandcolleaguesatthemrchumangeneticsunitatwesterngeneralhospitalinedinburghofachromosomesurveyofmalepatientsatstatehospitalincarstairslanarkshirescotlandsonlyspecialsecurityhospitalforthedevelopmentaldisabilitydevelopmentallydisabledthatfoundninepatientsagestoaveragingalmostnbspftinheightavgrangetohadaxyykaryotypeandmischaracterizedthemasaggressiveandviolentcriminalsrefrefinjanuaryandmarchthelancetandsciencejournalsciencepublishedthefirstusreportsoftallinstitutionalizedxyymalesbymarytelferabiochemistandcolleaguesattheelwynincelwyninstituterefnametelferareftelferfoundfivetalldevelopmentallydisabledxyyboysandmeninhospitalsandpenalinstitutionsinpennsylvaniaandsincefourofthefivehadatleastmoderatefacialacnevulgarisacnereachedtheerroneousconclusionthatacnewasadefiningcharacteristicofxyymalesafterlearningthatconvictedmassmurdererrichardspeckhadbeenkaryotypedtelfernotonlyincorrectlyassumedtheacnescarredspeckwasxyybutreachedthefalseconclusionthatspeckwasthearchetypearchetypicalxyymaleorsupermaleastelferreferredtoxyymalesoutsideofpeerreviewedscientificjournalsinaprilthenewyorktimesusingtelferasamainsourceintroducedthexyygeneticconditiontothegeneralpublicinathreepartseriesonconsecutivedaysthatbeganwithasundayfrontpagestoryabouttheplanneduseoftheconditionasamitigatingfactorintwomurdertrialsinparisrefnamedanielhugondanielhugonparisfrancerefandmelbournerefnamelawrencehannelllawrencehannellmelbourneaustraliaanaustralianmurdercasethatwasreportedtohavebeendecidedonthebasisofthesocalledxyysyndromeactuallywasnotconcernedwithchromosomecountsatallrefandfalselyreportedthatrichardspeckwasanxyymaleandthattheconditionwouldbeusedinanappealofhismurderconvictionrefnamelyonsarticlebyvanderbiltuniversityendocrinologistandgeneticistericengelwhoperformedtwoconfidentialchromosomeanalysesofspeckinseptemberandjunebasedonmischaracterizationsofxyymalesasaggressiveandviolentcriminalsinthedecemberandmarchpreliminaryreportsbyjacobsetalengelhadmadeanunsolicitedrequestinaugusttospecksappointeddefenseattorneycookcountypublicdefendergeraldwgettytoconfidentiallykaryotypespeckwhichwasrepeatedafterfalsenewsreportsinaprilthatspeckwasxyyreftheserieswasechoedthefollowingweekbyarticlesagainusingtelferasamainsourceintimemagazinetimeandnewsweekrefrefandsixmonthslaterinthenewyorktimesmagazineindecemberthejournalofmedicalgeneticspublishedthefirstxyyreviewarticlebymichaelcourtbrownrefthefirstxyyreviewarticlebywmichaelcourtbrownaphysicianandworldauthorityonradiationbiologyandcytogeneticswaspublishedindecemberthemonthhediedatagecourtbrownhadestablishedthemrcclinicaleffectsofradiationunitatwesterngeneralhospitalinedinburghinwhichwasrenamedthemrcclinicalandpopulationcytogeneticsunitinandsubsequentlyrenamedthemrchumangeneticsunitinincourtbrownhadbeenthefirsttosuggestbasedonfindingsofantisocialbehaviorinsomeinstitutionalizedklinefeltersyndromexxypatientsandpsychosisinsomeinstitutionalizedtriplexsyndromexxxpatientsthatindividualswithsexchromosomeabnormalitiescouldbeheldinlawtosufferfromdiminishedresponsibilityrefdirectorofthemrchumangeneticsunitwhichreportednooverrepresentationofxyymalesinnationwidechromosomesurveysofprisonsandhospitalsforthedevelopmentallydisabledandmentallyillinscotlandandconcludedthatstudiesconfinedtoinstitutionalizedxyymalesmaybeguiltyofselectionbiasandthatlongtermlongitudinalstudylongitudinalprospectivecohortstudyprospectivestudiesofnewbornxyyboyswereneededinmayattheannualmeetingoftheamericanpsychiatricassociationtelferandherelwyninstitutecolleaguesreportedthatcasestudiesoftheinstitutionalizedxyyandxxymalestheyhadfoundconvincedthemthatxyymaleshadbeenfalselystigmatizedandthattheirbehaviormaynotbesignificantlydifferentfromchromosomallynormalxymalesrefrefinjunethenationalinstituteofmentalhealthnimhcenterforstudiesofcrimeanddelinquencyheldatwodayxyyconferenceinchevychasemarylandindecemberwithagrantfromthenimhcenterforstudiesofcrimeanddelinquencycytogeneticistdigamberborgaonkaratjohnshopkinshospitalbeganachromosomesurveyofpredominantlyafricanamericanboysagestoinallmarylandinstitutionsfordelinquentneglectedormentallyilljuvenileswhichwassuspendedfromfebruarymayduetoanamericancivillibertiesunionaclulawsuitaboutthelackofinformedconsentrefnamepyeritzrefrefreprintedinkatzexperimentationwithhumanbeingsppreprintedinkatzexperimentationwithhumanbeingsppreprintedinkatzexperimentationwithhumanbeingsprefconcurrentlythroughpsychologistjohnmoneyatjohnshopkinshospitalexperimentedonthirteenxyyboysandmenagestoinanunsuccessfulattempttotreattheirhistoryofbehaviorproblemsbychemicalcastrationusinghighdosedepoproverawithsideeffectsofweightgainavgnbsplbsandsuicidereftwootherxyyboysageweredeemedtooyoungforchemicalcastrationrefinthelatesandearlysscreeningofconsecutivenewbornsforsexchromosomeabnormalitieswasundertakenatsevencentersworldwideindenverjanedinburghaprjunnewhavenoctseptorontooctsepaarhusoctjanoctjanwinnipegfebsepandbostonaprnovrefnamemarchofdimesrefthebostonstudyledbyharvardmedicalschoolchildpsychiatriststanleywalzeratchildrenshospitalbostonchildrenshospitalwasuniqueamongthesevennewbornscreeningstudiesinthatitonlyscreenednewbornboysnonprivatewardnewbornboysatthebrighamandwomenshospitalbostonhospitalforwomenandwasfundedinpartbygrantsfromthenimhcenterforstudiesofcrimeanddelinquencyrefnamebostonreftheedinburghstudywasledbyshirleyratcliffewhofocusedhercareeronitandpublishedtheresultsinrefnamebmjobitrefrefnamewellcomearchivesrefsindecemberlorezechatthekarolinskainstitutetkarolinskainstituteinstockholmfirstreportedintensefluorescenceoftheadenineathyminetrichdistalhalfofthelongarmoftheychromosomeinthenucleiofmetaphasecellstreatedwithquinacrinemustardrefnamezechrefinaprilpeterpearsonandmartinbobrowatthemedicalresearchcouncilukmrcpopulationgeneticsunitinoxfordandcaninovosaattheuniversityofoxfordreportedfluorescentmalesexchromatinbodiesinthenucleiofinterphasecellsinbuccalsmearstreatedwithquinacrinedihydrochloridewhichcouldbeusedtoscreenforychromosomeaneuploidieslikexyyrefnamepearsonrefinjunethexyymanwaspublishedthefirstofsevenkennethroycespynovelswhosefictionaltallintelligentnonviolentxyyherowasareformedexpertcatburglarrecruitedbybritishintelligencefordangerousassignmentsandlateradaptedintoathirteenepisodebritishsummertelevisionseriesbroadcastinandrefrefinotherfictionaltelevisionworksajanuaryepisodebytheprickingofmythumbsofthebritishsciencefictiontvseriesdoomwatchfeaturedanxyyboyexpelledfromschoolbecausehisgeneticconditionledhimtobefalselyaccusedofnearlyblindinganotherboyindecemberattheannualmeetingoftheamericanassociationfortheadvancementofscienceaaasitsretiringpresidentgeneticisthbentleyglasscheeredbythelegalizationofabortioninnewyorkstatenewyorkrefrefenvisionedafuturewherepregnantwomenwouldberequiredbythegovernmenttoabortxyysexdeviantsrefrefmischaracterizationofthexyygeneticconditionwasquicklyincorporatedintohighschoolbiologytextbooksrefnamesadocksynopsisrefwheremisinformationstillpersistsdecadeslaterinchildpsychiatristherbertschreieratchildrenshospitaltoldharvardmedicalschoolmicrobiologistjonbeckwithofscienceforthepeoplethathethoughtwalzersbostonxyystudywasunethicalscienceforthepeopleinvestigatedthestudyandfiledacomplaintwithharvardmedicalschoolaboutthestudyinmarchinnovemberscienceforthepeoplewentpublicwiththeirobjectionstothebostonxyystudyinapressconferenceandanewscientistarticlealleginginadequateinformedconsentalackofbenefitsincenospecifictreatmentwasavailablebutsubstantialriskbystigmatizationwithafalsestereotypetothesubjectsandthattheunblindedexperimentaldesigncouldnotproducemeaningfulresultsregardingthesubjectsbehaviorindecembertheharvardstandingcommitteeonmedicalresearchissuedareportsupportingthebostonxyystudyandinmarchthefacultyvotedtoallowcontinuationofthestudyafteraprilscreeningofnewbornswasdiscontinuedchangestoinformedconsentproceduresandpressurefromadditionaladvocacygroupsincludingthechildrensdefensefundhavingledtothediscontinuationofthelastactiveusnewbornscreeningprogramsforsexchromosomeabnormalitiesinbostonanddenverinaugustsciencepublishedaretrospectivecohortstudybyeducationaltestingservicepsychologisthermanwitkinandcolleaguesthatscreenedthetallestofmenovernbspcminheightbornincopenhagenfromforxxyandxyykaryotypesandfoundanincreasedrateofminorcriminalconvictionsforpropertycrimesamongsixteenxxyandtwelvexyymenmayberelatedtothelowerintelligenceofthosewithcriminalconvictionsbutfoundnoevidencethatxxyorxyymenwereinclinedtobeaggressiveorviolentrefnamewitkinrefsandlaterthemarchofdimessponsoredfiveinternationalconferencesinjunenovembermayjuneandjuneandpublishedarticlesfromtheconferencesinbookforminandfromsevenlongitudinalprospectivecohortstudyprospectivecohortstudiesonthedevelopmentofoverchildrenandyoungadultswithsexchromosomeabnormalitiesidentifiedinthescreeningofalmostconsecutivebirthsinhospitalsindenveredinburghnewhaventorontoaarhuswinnipegandbostonfromtothesesevenstudiestheonlyunbiasedstudiesofunselectedindividualswithsexchromosomeabnormalitieshavereplacedtheolderbiasedstudiesofinstitutionalizedindividualsinunderstandingthedevelopmentofindividualswithsexchromosomeabnormalitiesrefthelastactivelongitudinalprospectivestudyendedinwiththeendoftheyeardenverstudyfollowingthedeathofpediatricianandgeneticistarthurrobinsonrefinmaynaturegeneticspublishedthediscoverybyercoleraoandcolleaguesofthexychromosomepseudoautosomalregionparshortstaturehomeoboxgeneshoxgenehaploinsufficiencyofwhichleadstoshortstatureinturnersyndromexinjulypsychologicalmedicinepublishedacasecontrolstudybyroyaledinburghhospitalpsychiatristmichaelgtzandcolleaguesthatfoundanincreasedrateofcriminalconvictionsamongseventeenxyymenidentifiedintheedinburghnewbornscreeningstudycomparedtoanaboveaverageiqcontrolgroupofsixtyxymenwhichmultiplelogisticregressionanalysisindicatedwasmediatedmainlythroughloweredintelligencerefnamegtzrefinjunetheamericanjournalofmedicalgeneticspublishedresultsfromalongitudinalprospectivecohortdenverfamilydevelopmentstudyledbypediatricianandgeneticistarthurrobinsonsocietyandculturesomemedicalgeneticistsquestionwhetherthetermsyndromeisappropriateforthisconditionrefnamemilunskyrefseealsoklinefeltersyndromexxytriplexsyndromexxxturnersyndromexxxyysyndromexxyyalienasciencefictionmoviesetonaprisonplanetformalecriminalswithdoubleychromosomesreferencesexternallinksmedicalresourcesdiseasesdbicdicdicdoomimmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedici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sicrefnamecanalerefdateunknowncharlesuniversityinpragueisfoundedthisorthenextyearonlyincludeasiawesternasiathemamluksultanatecairomamlukeempireishitbytheplagueintheautumnbaghdadishitinthesameyearcentralandeastasiaafteryearsofresistanceagainstthedelhisultanmuhammudbintughluqthebahmanikingdomamuslimsultanateindeccanplateaudeccanwasestablishedonaugustwhenkingalauddinhasanbahmanshahwascrownedinamosqueindaulatabadmaharashtradaulatabadlaterintheyearthekingdomscapitalwasmovedfromdaulatabadtothemorecentralgulbargasoutheastasiasufferedadroughtwhichdriedupanimportantriverwhichranthroughthecapitalcityofthekingdomofayodhyaforcingthekingtomovethecapitaltoanewlocationonthelopburirivereuropeeasternandscandinavianburyplaguevictimsfragmentofaminiaturefromthechroniclesofgilleslimuisisbibliothqueroyaledebelgiquemsfvonfebruarythebyzantineempiresbyzantinecivilwarofcivilwarbetweenjohnvikantakouzenosandtheregencyendedwithjohnvienteringconstantinopleonfebruaryanagreementwasconcludedwiththeempressannaofsavoywherebyheandjohnvpalaiologoswouldrulejointlytheagreementwasfinalizedinmaywhenjohnvmarriedkantakouzenosyearolddaughterthewarhadcomeatahighcosteconomicallyandterritoriallyandmuchoftheempirewasinneedofrebuildingtomakemattersworseinmaygenoeseshipsfleeingtheblackdeathinkaffastoppedinconstantinopletheplaguesoonspreadfromtheirshipstothecityrefnamebpbenedictowoleandolebenedictowtheblackdeathipswichboydellpresspprefbyautumntheepidemichadspreadthroughoutthebalkanspossiblythroughcontactwithvenetianportsalongtheadriaticseaspecificcaseswererecordedinthenorthernbalkansondecemberinthecityofsplitcitysplitrefnameautogeneratedbenedictowoleandolebenedictowtheblackdeathipswichboydellpresspprefcentralonmaycoladirienzoaromancommonerdeclaredhimselfemperorofromeinfrontofahugecrowdinresponsetowhathadbeenseveralyearsofpowerstrugglesamongtheupperclassbaronypopeclementvialongwithseveralofromesupperclassnobilityunitedtodrivehimoutofthecityinnovemberinoctobergenoeseshipsarrivedinsouthernitalywiththeblackplaguebeginningthespreadofthediseaseintheregionjewswerefirstaccusedofritualmurdersinpolandincasimiriiiofpolandissuespolandsfirstcodifiedcollectionoflawsafterthedietofwilicaseparatelawsarecodifiedforgreaterandlesserpolandwesterneuropeinthecontinuinghundredyearswartheenglishwonthecityofcalaisinatreatysignedinseptemberinameetingwiththefrenchstatesgeneralestatesgeneralinnovemberthefrenchkingphillipwastoldthatintherecentwareffortstheyhadlostallandgainednothingphilliphoweverwasgrantedaportionofthemoneyherequestedandwasabletocontinuehiswareffortthefrenchcityofmarseillesrecognizedtheplagueonseptemberandbynovemberithadspreadtoaixenprovencetheearliestrecordedinvasionoftheplagueintospanishterritorywasinmajorcaindecemberprobablythroughcommercialshipsyearsofplaguebeganinenglandbirthsfebruaryndashdorotheaofmontaugermanhermitessandvisionarydfebruaryndashalbertodestelordofferraraandmodenadmarchndashcatherineofsienaitaliansaintdmarchndashfrederickiiidukeofaustriasecondsonofdukealbertiiofaustriadjulyndashmargheritaofdurazzoqueenconsortofcharlesiiiofnaplesdaugustndashjohnhastingsndearlofpembrokeenglishnoblemanandsoldierddateunknowneleanorofarborearulerofsardiniadelizabethofpomeraniafourthandfinalwifeofcharlesivholyromanemperordemperorgokameyamathemperorofjapandrichardisofschwerinqueenofswedenrichardisofschwerinqueenconsortofswedenddeathsfebruaryndashthomasbekbishopoflincolnbmayndashjohndarcystbarondarcydeknaythenglishpeeragepeerbjunendashjohndewarennethearlofsurreyenglishnoblemanbjunendashbartholomewofsanconcordioitaliandominicancanonistandmanoflettersboctoberndashlouisivholyromanemperorbnovemberndashricharddepilmuirbishopofdunkeldnovemberndashjohnofviktringaustrianchroniclerandpoliticaladvisorincarinthiabnovemberndashjamesiofurgellprinceofaragonbdateunknownhazratshahjalalsufisaintofbengalbwilliamofockhamenglishphilosopherbblancadelacerdaylaraspanishnoblewomanbjohndeegglescliffeenglishbishopadammurimuthenglishecclesiasticandchroniclerbpeteriiiofarboreajudgeofarborealambertoiidapolentalambertoiiandpandolfodapolentabrothersandlordsofravennaandcerviakokanshirenjapaneserinzaizenpatriarchandcelebratedchinesepoetbreferencesyearromannumeralsmcccxlivwasaleapyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludejanuaryndashdecembermarchndashthesiegeofalgecirassiegeofalgecirasoneofthefirsteuropeanmilitaryengagementswheregunpowderwasusedcomestoanendmayndashbattleofpalleneachristianfleetdefeatsaturkishfleetatpallenechalcidiceoctoberndashsmyrniotecrusadeachristianfleetsucceedsintakingtheportcityofsmyrnafromtheaydinidturksdecemberndashfiveyearoldericxiiofswedenerikmagnussontheeldestsonofkingmagnusivofswedenisappointedheirtotheswedishthroneeventhoughswedenatthistimeisanelectivemonarchydateunknownkingedwardiiiofenglandintroducesthreenewgoldcoinstheenglishcoinflorinordoubleleopardflorinenglishcoinhalfflorinorleopardleopardandenglishcoinquarterflorinorhelmhelmunfortunatelytheamountofgoldinthecoinsdoesnotmatchtheirvalueofshillingsshillingsandshillingandsixpenceso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earstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludejanuaryndashdecemberaprilndashthefoundationstoneofnantescathedralinnantesfranceislaidmayndashhussitewarsndashbattleoflipanythecatholicsandultraquistsdefeatthetaboritesendingthehussitewarsjuneorndashzarayaqobbecomesemperorofethiopianempireethiopialatejunendashminerengelbrektengelbrektssonbeginsaswedishrebellionagainstkingericofpomeranianamedtheengelbrektrebellionafterhimeventuallyleadingtothedepositionofthekingjulyndashaugustndashsuerodequionesandhiscompanionsstagethepassohonrosoattherbigoinkingdomoflenlenaugustndashkingericofpomeraniaisdeposedfromtheswedishthroneatameetinginvadstenahestillretainspowerindenmarkandnorwaythoughseptemberndashcosimodemedicireturnstoflorenceoneyeartothedayfollowinghisexilebythealbertifamilyalbertiandstrozzifactionoctoberndashtheuniversityofcataniaisfoundedinitalydateunknownjanvaneyckpaintsthearnolfiniportraitexplorergileanesroundscapebojadorinwesternsaharathusdestroyingthelegendsofthedarkseaportugalportuguesetradersdelivertheirfirstcargoofafricanslavestolisboninmingdynastychinaalongepisodeofdroughtfloodlocustinfestationandfaminecrippleagricultureandcommerceinareasthroughoutthecountryuntilthepukefejdenpukefeudoccursinswedenonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashadolfdukeofbavariadmarchndashwilliamiiicountofhennebergschleusingendmarchndashashikagayoshikatsujapaneseshogundmarchndasheustochiasmeraldacalafatoitaliansaintdjunendashcristoforodellarovereromancatholiccardinaldseptemberndasheleanorofportugaleleanorofportugalholyromanempressdseptemberndashyolandeofvaloisduchessconsortofsavoyddecemberndashantoniogrimaniitalianadmiraldprobablematteomariaboiardoitalianpoetapproximatedatedkanomasanobujapanesepainterddeathsaprilndashalexandraoflithuaniaduchessofmasoviamayndashprokopthegreathussitegeneralbjunendashkingwadysawiijagieowladislausiiofpolandjunendashyuriivrussiangrandprincebnovemberndashkinglouisiiiofnaplesbdateunknownjohnidukeofbourbonbamdaiyasusemperorofethiopiareferencesisdescribedastheonlymingemperorwhodisplayedgenuineartistictalentyearromannumeralsmcdxxxvwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludejanuaryndashdecemberjanuaryndashswedensfirstriksdagoftheestatesissummonedunderrebelleaderengelbrektengelbrektssonwhoiselectedrikshvitsmanmilitarycommanderoftherealmintheabsenceofakingonjanuaryjanuaryndashsicutdudumapapalbullforbiddingtheenslavementoftheguanchesguanchenativesincanaryislandsbythespanishispromulgatedbypopeeugeneivfebruaryndashthekingdomofnaplespassestorenofanjoubyaugustndashbattleofpodragabrothersiliaofmoldaviailiaandstepheniiofmoldaviastepheniibattletoadrawforthethroneofmoldavialeadingtoajointrulebythemhelpedbytheinterventionofthepolishkingaugustndashbattleofponzabattleofponzaalfonsovofaragoniscapturedatgenuezenseptemberndashbattleofpabaiskassigismundkstutaitisdecisivelydefeatsgranddukevitrigailainthedecisivebattleofthecivilwarinthegrandduchyoflithuaniaseptemberndashthecongressofarrastreatyofarrasbetweencharlesviioffranceandphilipiiiofburgundyendstheenglishburgundianallianceoctoberndashericofpomeraniaisreinstatedaskingofswedenonlybrieflyhoweversinceheisonceagaindeposedinjanuaryofthefollowingyeardateunknownfrancisofpaolafoundstheminimreligiousorderorderoftheminimsinitalymingdynastychinareturnstoapolicyofisolationgileanesandafonsogonalvesbaldaiaexplorethecoastofafricaasfarastheangradosruivosnowinwesternsaharaonlyincludebirthsfebruaryndashamadeusixdukeofsavoydaprilndashjohncliffordthbarondecliffordenglishnobledaprilndashjaniithemaddukeofagaandandagainindmayndashjoanoffranceduchessofbourbonfrenchprincessdoctoberndashandreadellarobbiaitalianartistddateunknownjeanmolinetfrenchpoetandchroniclerdkimsiseupkoreanscholarandauthordsophieofpomeraniaduchessofpomeraniadthomasstanleystearlofderbydprobablejohannestinctorisflemishmusictheoristandcomposerapproximatedatedandreadelverrocchioflorentinesculptorapproximatedateddeathsjanuaryndashxuandeemperorofchinabfebruaryndashqueenjoannaiiofnaplesbmarchndashspytekztarnowaijarosawiapolishnoblemanjunendashjohnfitzalanthearlofarundelenglishmilitaryleaderbseptemberndashsirrobertharlingknightrobertharlingenglishknightunderthedukeofbedfordseptemberndashjohnoflancasterstdukeofbedfordregentofenglandbseptemberndashisabeauofbavariaqueenofcharlesvioffranceseptemberndashsavvatiyrussianmonasteryfounderoctoberndashpawewodkowicpolishscholarboctoberndashhermanniiofceljebanofcroatiadecemberndashbonneofberryregentofsavoybreferencesyearromannumeralsmcdxxxviiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludejanuaryndashdecemberjanuaryndashalbertiiofhabsburgbecomeskingofkingdomofhungaryhungaryjanuaryndashthecityofclujnapocaclujkolozsvrisconqueredthusmarkingtheendofthetransylvanianpeasantrevoltwhichstartedatboblnafebruaryndashtheuniotriumnationumpactisestablishedintransylvaniamarchndashalbertiiofhabsburgbecomeskingofgermanyjulyndashcharlesviioffranceissuesthepragmaticsanctionofbourgesgivin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cyhaveinsufficientstrengthtobesiegeandtakethecityaprilndashqueenscollegecambridgeisfirstfoundedbymargaretofanjounovemberndashbattleofnibattleofnijohnhunyadiandthearmyofthecrusadeofvarnadefeatthreemilitaryoftheottomanempirearmiesoftheottomanempireandcapturethecityofniinmoderndayserbiaskanderbegdesertstheottomancampandgoestoalbanianovemberndashskanderbegandhisforcesrebellingagainsttheottomanempireliberatekrujinmiddlealbaniaandraisethealbanianflagdateunknowninmoldaviatheconflictbetweenbrothersandcorulersiliaofmoldaviailiaandstepheniiofmoldaviastepheniireignitesandstephencapturesiliaandblindshimthusremainingsolerulerofthecountryportuguesepeopleportugueseexplorernunotristopenetratesthearguingulfoffthewestcoastofafricakingsejongthegreatestablisheshangulasthenativealphabetofthekoreanlanguagevladiidraculbeginshissecondtermasrulerofwallachiasucceedingbasarabiiofwallachiabasarabiithebuddhistzhihuatempleisbuiltinbeijingattheorderofwangzheneunuchwangzhenchiefeunuchatthecourtofthezhengtongemperorofmingdynastychinaonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashalbertiiidukeofsaxonydfebruaryndashelisabethofbavariaelectressofsaxonydfebruaryndashgiovanniiibentivoglioitaliannobledfebruaryndashmatthiascorvinusofhungarydfebruaryndashannedebeauchampthcountessofwarwickdmayndashedmundearlofrutlandbrotherofkingsedwardivofenglandandrichardiiiofenglanddmayndashvictordukeofmnsterbergreichsgrafdukeofmnsterbergandopavacountofglatzdmayorndashmargaretbeaufortcountessofrichmondandderbyenglishnoblemotherofkinghenryviigrandmotherofkinghenryviiiofenglanddjunendashanthonybrownediedanthonybrowneenglishknightdseptemberndashmuhammadjaunpuridnovemberndashadolfiiiofnassauwiesbadenidsteingermanynobleddecemberndashmagdalenaoffrancefrenchprincessandregentofnavarreddecemberndashpopejuliusiidprobablepierodelpollaioloitalianpainterdygogalesgalamafrisianwarlordandfreedomfightingrebelddeathsjanuaryndasherasmoofnarniitalianmercenarybjanuaryndashrobertlemaonchancelloroffrancefebruaryndashguidantoniodamontefeltrocountofurbinobmarchndashjamesdouglasthearlofdouglasbaprilndashhenrychichelearchbishopofcanterburymayndashniccolalbergatiitaliancardinalanddiplomatbjunendashferdinandtheholyprinceofportugalbaugustndashashikagayoshikatsujapaneseshogunbseptemberndashlewisofluxembourgarchbishopofrouendateunknownndashinfantediogoconstableofportugaljelenabaliserbianduchessbprobablendashzeamimotokiyojapaneseactorandplaywrightbreferencesyearromannumeralsmcdxlivwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaritisoneofeightyearscetocontaineachromannumeraloncemcdxliveventsonlyincludejanuaryndashdecembermarchndashtheleagueoflezhanallianceofalbanianprincipalitiesisestablishedinlezhgeorgekastriotiskanderbegisproclaimedcommanderofthehistoryofottomanalbaniaalbanianresistancemayndashthetreatyoftourssignedbetweenkingdomofenglandenglandandkingdomoffrancefrancesecuresatruceinthehundredyearswarforyearsjunendashcosimodemedicifoundsthelaurentianlibraryinflorencejunendashbattleoftorviollskanderbegdefeatsanottomanarmyaugustndashthepeaceofszegedissignedbetweentheturkishottomanempireandkingdomofhungaryhungaryaugustndasholdzrichwarndashbattleofstjakobanderbirscharlesviioffranceseekingtosendawaytroublesometroopsmadeidlebythetrucewithenglandsendshissonthedauphinlouisxioffrancelouiswithalargearmyintoswitzerlandtosupporttheclaimsoffrederickiiiholyromanemperorthemassivelyoutnumberedswissforceisdestroyedinthisbattlebutinflictsuchcasualtiesonthefrenchthattheywithdrawaugustndashaftermakingpeacewiththekaramanidsottomansultanmuradiiabdicatesinfavorofhissonmehmediinovemberndashbattleofvarnathecrusadingforcesofkingwadysawiiiofpolandandhungaryarecrushedbytheturksundersultanmuradiiwadysawiskilledendingthejagiellonianunionofhungaryandpolanddateunknownconstantinexipalaiologosasrulerofthedespotateofthemoreainvadestheduchyofathensatthistimeunderflorentinecontrolandforcesittopaytributeandreturnthebesgreecethebestothebyzantineempireforcesofthesultanofegyptfailtotakerhodesfromtheknightsofrhodesportugueseexplorersreachthemouthoftheriverssenegalriversenegalandgambiarivergambiaaportuguesefleetofcaravelsledbylanarotedefreitaslandsslavesatalgarveportugalthefirsteuropeanslaveryslavemarketforthesaleofafricanslavesthemercadodeescravosopensinlagosportugalaseriousfireoccursatoldstpaulscathedralinlondontheiguvinetabletsarediscoveredatgubbioitalystepheniiofmoldaviatakesascorulerhisstepbrotherpetruiiiofmoldaviapetrualsobrotherinlawtojohnhunyadionlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashgaleazzomariasforzadukeofmilandmarchndashfrancescogonzagafrancescogonzagacatholiccardinaldaprilndashelizabethofyorkduchessofsuffolkdmayndashottoiiidukeofpomeraniastettindjunendashnilakanthasomayajiindianastronomermathematiciandjunendashcharlottequeenofcyprusdoctoberndashjohndemowbraythdukeofnorfolkddateunknownndashdonatobramanteitalianarchitectddeathsjanuaryndashwilhelmiicountofhennebergschleusingenbfebruaryndashhenriettecountessofmontbliardregentofwrttembergbmarchndashleonardobruniitalianhumanistbaprilndashrobertcampinflemishpainterbmayndashsain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ytopicartsjeandemeuncompletesthefrenchallegoryallegoricalworkoffictionromandelarosewithasecondsectionthefirstsectionwaswrittenbyguillaumedelorrisinmarketsinghentthefirstinstanceisrecordedofemissionoflifeannuitylifeannuitiesbyatowninthelowcountriesthiseventconfirmsatrendofconsolidationoflocalpublicdebtinnorthwesterneuropeinitiatedinbyreimstechnologythevergeescapementasimpletypeofescapementusedinclocksisinventedexactyearunknownreligionramonllullestablishesaschoolinmajorcatoteacharabictopreachersinanattempttoaidproselytismproselytizingtomoorshealsodiscoversdiethylethertheeraofthetosafiststosafotmedievalcommentatorsonthetalmudendsitbeganinonlyincludebirthsjohniidukeofbrabantdbartholomewdebadlesmerestbaronbadlesmereddnyaneshwarindianhindumarathisaintphilosopherandpoetdmondinodeliuzziitalianphysicianandanatomistdgiovannidandreaitalianjuristeleanorofbrittanyabbessdapproximatedatewilliamofalnwickenglishfranciscantheologiandwaltervcountofbriennedukeofathensdgediminasdukeoflithuaniadhenryviiholyromanemperordjohndementeithscottishnoblemandgiovannivillaniflorentinewriterddeathsfebruaryndashmargaretofenglandqueenconsortofthescotsbaprilndasheleanorofleicestereleanorofenglandbaugustndashlorenzotiepolodogeofveniceseptemberndashhumphreydebohunndearlofherefordconstableofenglandbseptemberndashferdinanddelacerdacrownprinceofcastiledateunknownbohemondviofantiochbgeoffreyofbrielbaronofkarytainareferencesyearromannumeralsmcclxxivwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaafricathemarinidamirabuyusufyaqubibnabdalhaqqabuyusufyaqubenterspeacefullyintoceutaputtinganendtosomefortyyearsofindependenceofthecityrefnamepicardrefasianovemberndashkublaikhansyuandynastyattemptsthefirstofseveralmongolinvasionsofjapaninvasionsofjapansoldiersandsupportpersonnelsailsfromkoreaafterthemongolscaptureoutlyingislandstheyarerepulsedonthemainislandatthebattleofbuneibyamassedjapanesewarriorsandastrongstormwhichbatterstheirforcesandfleetcreditforthestormmdashcalledakamikazeordivinewindmdashisgivenbythejapanesetothegodraijinraidennichirenfounderofnichirenbuddhismentersexileonminobuyamanashimountminobueuropemayndashthesecondcounciloflyonsheldbytheleadershipoftheromancatholicchurchconvenestoconsidertheliberationoftheholylandviacrusadesandaddresstheeastwestschismwiththeeasternorthodoxybyzantinechurchthecouncileventuallyapprovesatithetosupporteffortstoliberatetheholylandfrommuslimsandreachesapparentresolutionoftheschismwhichultimatelyprovesunsuccessfulnovemberndashthedietofnurembergordersthatallcrownestatesseizedsincethedeathoffrederickiiholyromanemperorberestoredtorudolphiofgermanyalmostalleuropeanrulersagreewiththenotableexceptionofkingotakariiofbohemiawhohadbenefitedgreatlybyconqueringorotherwisecomingintopossessionofmanyofthoselandspopegregoryxdecreesthatpapalconclaveconclavesmeetingsduringwhichtheelectorshavenocontactwiththeoutsideshouldbeusedforpapalelectionsreformingtheelectoralprocesswhichhadtakenoveryearstoelecthimjosephbenabrahamgikatillawritesginnategozgardenofnutsenglandaugustkingedwardiofenglandfinallyreturnsfromtheninthcrusadetoenglandtobecoronationcrownedkingyearsafterhisfatherkinghenryiiiofenglandhenryiiisdeathhisinterimchancellorandeffectiveregentwalterdemertonretiresfromroyalservicetomakethefinalrevisionstohisstatutesforthefoundationofmertoncollegeoxfordandtakeupthepostofbishopofrochesteroneofedwardsfirstactsistoenforceadecreerequiringallenglandenglishjewstowearyellowbadgesthefirstmainsurveyofthehundredrollsanenglandenglishcensusseenasafollowuptothedomesdaybookcompletedinisbegunitlastsuntilitalymayndashinflorencenineyearolddantealighierifirstseeseightyearoldbeatriceportinaribeatricebonvesindelarivawritesthedidacticallegoricpoemetlibrodeletrescritturenegrarubraaureathefirsttextintheancientwesternlombardlanguagestillsimilartoothergalloitalianlanguagesandoneofthefirstgreatliteraryworksinitalyittellsabouthellchristspassionandparadisethisplotsuggestsdanteinhisdivinecomedycomediaonlyincludebirthsfebruaryndashsaintlouisoftoulousedjulyndashrobertthebrucekingofscotlanddericviofdenmarkdbatricedeplanisolesfrenchnoblecatharapproximatedateadammurimuthenglishecclesiasticandchroniclerapproximatedatedmarchettodapadovaitalianmusictheoristapproximatedatealdhahabiimamdhahabisyrianscholardeathsfebruaryndashlalshahbazqalandarsufiphilosopherandpoetbmarchndashsaintthomasaquinasitalyitaliancatholictheologianbjunendashnasiraldinaltusipersianscientistandwriterbjulyndashbonaventureitaliantheologianandsaintbjulyndashhenryiofnavarrecountofchampagneandbrieandkingofnavarreborncaugustndashrobertdesorbonfrenchtheologianandfounderofthesorbonnebseptemberndashprincemunetakajapaneselistofshogunsshogunbdateunknownaedhmacfelimconchobairkingofconnachtdoucelineofdignefrenchbeguinborncreferencesyearromannumeralsmcclxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropeseptemberndashrudolphiofgermanyiselectedlistofgermankingsandemperorskingofgermanyoverrivalcandidatek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kingshortlythereafterhemarriesthedanishprincessrichezaofdenmarkrichezainordertostrengthenhisrelationshiptothedanishkingvaldemariiofdenmarkvaldemartheconquerorvaldemarusedtosupportkingsverkeriibutthroughthemarriagevaldemarmakespeacewithhisformerenemyerickingjohniofenglandraisesfromchurchpropertyasanextraordinaryfiscallevytheoperationisdescribedasaninestimableandincomparableexactionbycontemporarysourceslivoniancrusadendashbattleofmeraestoniansestonianforcesdefeatthelivonianbrothersoftheswordthecitadeloftheacrocorinthingreecesurrenderstothefourthcrusadecrusadersafterafiveyearsiegebytopicartsandculturegottfriedvonstrassburgwriteshisepicpoemtristanapproximatedatendashndashshazicreatesthepenboxfrompersiairanorafghanistanitisnowkeptatfreergalleryofartsmithsonianinstitutionwashingtondcnatureseptemberndashvenusoccultationoccultsjupiterthelastsuchoccurrenceuntilreligionpopeinnocentiiigivesoralpermissiontofrancisofassisitobegintheorderoffriarsminorthechurchofsthelensbishopsgateinthecityoflondonisfoundedasaprioryoforderofsaintbenedictbenedictinenunsonlyincludebirthsmayndashkingafonsoiiiofportugaldjunendashcountflorisivcountofhollandflorisivofhollanddjulyndashjoanofenglandqueenofscotlandspouseofalexanderiiofscotlanddibnnafispersiananatomistddeathsaonghusmacsomhairlenorsegaelicchieftainluyouchinesepoetbjinulkoreanbuddhistphilosopherhalldraeyjlfsdttiricelandicabbessjulyndashsverkeriiofswedensverkertheyoungerkingofswedenndashbinthesinthebattleofgestilrenqutbuddinaibakfirstmuslimrulerofdelhimauddebraoseenglishnoblewomanbreferencesyearromannumeralsmccviiiwasaleapyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaasiaaprilndashafirebreaksoutinthesongdynastysongchinesecapitalcityofhangzhouragingfordaysandnightsdestroyinghousesoveranareaofmorethanmileskillingpeopleandanunrecordednumberofotherpeoplewhoaretrampledwhileattemptingtofleethegovernmentprovidestemporarylodgingforpeopleinnearbybuddhismbuddhistandtaoismtaoistmonasteriesthecollectivevictimsofthedisasteraregivenstringsofcashalongwithtonsofricesomeofthegovernmentofficialswholosttheirhomestakeupresidenceinrentedboathousesonthenearbywestlakeeuropejanuaryndashpeterofcastelnauiskilledbyavassalofraymondvioftoulousewhoisheldresponsibleandexcommunicatedbypopeinnocentiiijanuaryndashbattleoflenainferiorswedenswedishforcesdefeattheinvadingdenmarkdanesandkingsverkeriiofswedensverkertheyoungerisdeposedaskingofswedenheissucceededbyhisrivalericxofswedenerikknutssonmarchndashpopeinnocentiiiplacesenglandunderaninterdictaspunishmentforkingjohnofenglandrejectinghischoiceforarchbishopofcanterburyundertheinterdictchurchsacramentsincludingmarriageandconsecratedburialareprobablystoppedbutthereisnosignofthepopulardiscontentwhichinterdictsareintendedtoproduceoverthenextseveralyearsjunendashphilipofswabiakingofgermanyandrivaltoholyromanemperorottoivisassassinatedinbambergbygermancountottoofwittelsbachbecausephiliphadrefusedtogivehimhisdaughterinmarriagelivoniancrusadewiththehelpofthenewlyconvertedlocaltribesoflivonianpeoplelivsandlatvianslettsthecrusaderlivonianbrothersoftheswordinitiateraidsintougandiugandicountyinsouthernestoniatheresultingestonianconquestofestoniaancientfightforindependencelastsuntilbytopicartsandculturerobertofcouronwriteshissummaonlyincludebirthsfebruaryndashkingjamesiofaragondhumphreydebohunndearlofherefordconstableofenglanddmngkekhanofthemongolempiremargreteskulesdatterqueenconsortofnorwaydsimondemontfortthearlofleicesterddeathsaprilndashphilipofpoitouprincebishopofdurhamjunendashphilipofswabiakingofgermanynovemberndashsanchaofcastilequeenofaragonsanchaofcastilequeenofalfonsoiiofaragonbdecemberndashemperorzhangzongofjinbamhaoibhorothlainchiefofcalruidhecuilecearnadhareferencesyearromannumeralsmccviiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaasiabeforendashkoshowriteskuyapreachingduringthekamakuraperioditisnowkeptatrokuharamitsujikyotohnenandhisfollowersareexiledtoremotepartsofjapanwhileafewareexecutedforwhatthegovernmentconsidershereticalbuddhistteachingseuropefebruaryndashterramarianacomprisingpresentdayestoniaandlatviaisestablishedasaprincipalityoftheholyromanempirenovemberndashleedsamarkettowninkingdomofenglandenglandreceivesitsfirstcharterpopeinnocentiiideclaresforphilipofswabiaasholyromanemperorareversalofhisprevioussupportforottoivholyromanemperorottoivjohnkingofenglandkingjohnissuesletterspatentcreatingthenewboroughofliverpoolbytopicmarketsthefirstevidenceisdiscoveredofforcedloansinrepublicofvenicevenicethistechniquebecomesthestapleofpublicfinanceineuropeuntilthethcenturyreligionjunendashstephenlangtonisconsecratedasarchbishopofcanterburybypopeinnocentiiionlyincludebirthsjulyndashelizabethofhungaryhungarianprincessandsaintdseptemberndashrumipersianpoetandsufimysticdoctoberndashkinghenryiiiofenglanddhenryiidukeofbrabantdphilipicountofsavoyddeathsjanuaryndashsimoniidukeoflorrainejunendashjigongdaojichinesebuddhistmonkbamalricofbenafrenchtheologianandheretictsarkaloyanofb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rromannumeralsmliiwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceafricabattleofjabalhaydarantheziriddynastyisdefeatedbythebanuhilalhilalianinvaderseuropegodwinearlofwessexreturnstokingdomofenglandenglandfromexileasiathegreatseljuqempireseljukturksconquerisfahanpersiaonlyincludebyodoinofficiallychangesitsnamefromtheujivillabyorderoffujiwaranoyorimichiyorimichifujiwarainyamashiroprovincecurrentofkyotoprefecturejapanbirthsmayndashkingphilipioffrancedmilarepatibetanbuddhistteachersainthughofgrenobleagnesofaquitainecountessofsavoyapproximatedatedeathsjunendashprinceguaimarivofsalernoassassinatedoctoberndashprincevladimirofnovgorodbhughiicountofponthieuemmaofnormandyqueenconsortofenglanddenmarkandnorwaydcfanzhongyanpoliticianchancellorwriterinsongdynastychinabxudaoningchineseartistbapproximatedatereferencesyearromannumeralsmlviwasaleapyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeanselmofcanterburyanselmleavesitalyhenryivholyromanemperorbecomeskingofgermanyottokariofstyriaottokarcountofsteyrbecomesmargraveofthekarantanianmarchlaterknownasstyriaduchystyriathepagodaoffugongtempleofshanxiinnorthernchinaisbuiltduringtheliaodynastyworkbeginsonthepizhipagodaoflingyantemplejinanlingyantempleshandongchinaundertheopposingsongdynastythemuslimsexpelchristianitychristiansfromjerusalemandeuropeanchristiansareforbiddentoenterthechurchoftheholysepulcherthemacedoniandynastyendsinthebyzantineempireonlyincludebirthsbaldwiniicountofhainautdhildegardeofburgundyduchessconsortofgasconyandaquitainedapproximatedatedeathsaugustndashtheodorathcenturytheodoraempressoftheeasternromanempireboctoberndashhenryiiiholyromanemperorbalmaarriabulalaalmaarrisyrianpoetreferencesreferencesyearromannumeralsmlixwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludejanuaryndashpopenicholasiisucceedspopestephenixasthethpopeinstalledinromeinoppositiontoantipopebenedictxaprilndashpopenicholasiiwiththeagreementofthelaterancouncilissuesthepapalbullinnominedominimakingthecollegeofcardinalsthesolevotersinthepapalconclavefortheelectionofpopesaugustndashrobertguiscardsignsthetreatyofmelfiwithpopenicholasiinovemberndashisaacikomnenosresignsasbyzantineemperorappointingconstantinexconstantineducasashissuccessormuhammadbindawudknownasalparslansucceedshisfatherchaghribegasgovernorofgreaterkhorasankhorasanpeterkreimirivofcroatiapeterkreimiriviscrownedkingofcroatiaanddalmatiaonlyincludebirthsfulcherofchartreschroniclerofthefirstcrusadedeathsjunendashbernardiidukeofsaxonybckingpeterkingofhungarypeterurseoloofhungaryeilikaofschweinfurtduchessconsortofsaxonybapproximatedatemichaelcerulariusecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplemichaelvibringasbyzantineemperorreignedreferencesyearromannumeralsmcxcviiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaasiagenghiskhandefeatsthejurkinsmukhalisfathergiveshimandhisbrothertogenghiskhanaspersonalhereditaryslavesamalriciiofjerusalemamalriciisucceedshenryiiofchampagneaskingsofjerusalemkingofjerusalemeuropetheobaldiiiofchampagnetheobaldiiibecomescountofchampagnekaloyanofbulgariakaloyanbecomeslistofbulgarianmonarchstsarofbulgariacorfuisoccupiedbytherepublicofgenoagenoesehubertwalterarchbishopofcanterburynegotiatesapeacewithwalesnorthcrawleyissplitintogreatcrawleyandlittlecrawleyphilipofswabiamarriesireneangelinadaughterofbyzantineemperorisaaciidenmarkdanishkingcanuteviofdenmarkknudraidsareaofpresentdayestoniasaracenpiratesfromthebalearicislandsraidthecityoftouloninprovenceandthebenedictinelrinsabbeymonasteryofsainthonoratonthelrinsislandsbytopicmarketrainyweathercausestheharvesttofailinwesterneuropeoneoftheworstfaminesofthecenturyensuesreligionarbroathabbeyisconsecratedanddedicatedtostthomasbecketonlyincludebirthsjulyndashraymondviicountoftoulousedoctoberndashemperorjuntokuofjapandprincessrishiofjapandamadeusivcountofsavoyddeathsjanuaryndashwilliamlongchamplordchancellorlordchancellorofenglandandbishopaprilndashrhysapgruffyddwaleswelshrulerbaugustseptemberndashmargueriteoffrancebornmargueriteoffrancequeenconsortofenglandhungaryandcroatiabseptemberndashhenryiicountofchampagnebseptemberndashhenryviholyromanemperorbreferencesyearromannumeralsmcxcviiiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceasiaemperortsuchimikadosucceedsemperorgotobaonthethroneofjapaneuropemarchndashphilipofswabiaiselectedkingofgermanybyhissupportersjulyndashottoivholyromanemperorottoofbrunswickiscrownedkingofgermanybythehouseofwelffrederickiiholyromanemperorfrederickiiinfantsonofgermankinghenryviofgermanyhenryviiscrownedkingofsicilyjohnofenglandcapturesapartyofeighteenfrenchknightsmanymenatarmsintheongoingconflictagainstfrancekingrichardiofenglandintroducesanewgreatsealinanattempttokeepthewaragainstfrancefundedthegovernmentproclaimsthatcharterspreviouslystruckwiththeoldsealarenolongervalidandmustb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tlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireluciusanniusfabianusandmarcusnoniusarriusmucianusbecomeromanconsulsasiabattleofcangtingbytopicreligionnovemberndashafloodinedessamesopotamiaedessadestroysachristianchurchkillingoverpeopleosroenebecomesthefirststatewhichadoptschristianityasitsstatereligionofficialreligionpernewinternationalencyclopediaonlyincludebirthsdeciusromanemperorddeathspossibledeathofgalenseebadreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxiiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceafricamarrakechisfoundedbythealmoraviddynastythealmoravidsoverrunmoroccoandestablishanintercontinentalmonarchykingdomstretchingfromspaintosenegalthebanukhurasanvassalofthehammadiddynastybegintorulethenorthofifriqiyaeuropeaffligemabbeyoftheorderofstbenedictisfoundedinaffligembelgiumonlyincludebirthsnikephorosbryenniostheyoungernicephorusbryenniusbyzantineempirebyzantinestatesmanddeathsjanuaryndashadelaideofhungarybcmayndashbaozhengchinesemagistrateandmayorofkaifengblfgrearlofmerciaemmaofprovencesovereigncountessandmargravineofprovencebalmuizzibnbadisruleroftheziriddynastyinnorthafricabreferencesxisaprotocolforcommunicationamongelectronicdevicesusedforhomeautomationdomoticsitprimarilyuseselectricpowertransmissionpowerlinewiringforsignalingandcontrolwherethesignalsinvolvebriefradiofrequencyburstsrepresentingdigitaldatadigitalinformationawirelessradiobasedprotocoltransportisalsodefinedxwasdevelopedinbypicoelectronicsofglenrothesscotlandinordertoallowremotecontrolofhomedevicesandappliancesitwasthefirstgeneralpurposehomeautomationdomoticsdomoticnetworktechnologyandremainsthemostwidelyavailablerefnamerefalthoughanumberofhigherbandwidthcomputingbandwidthalternativesexistxremainspopularinthehomeenvironmentwithmillionsofunitsinuseworldwideandinexpensiveavailabilityofnewcomponentshistoryinagroupofengineersstartedacompanyinglenrothesscotlandcalledpicoelectronicswhencalculatorintegratedcircuitpricesstartedtofallpicorefocusedoncommercialproductsratherthanplainicsinthepicoengineersjointlydevelopedalprecordturntabletheadcaccutracwithbirminghamsoundreproducersatthetimethelargestmanufacturerofrecordchangersintheworlditcouldbeprogrammedtoplayselectedtracksandcouldbeoperatedbyaremotecontrolusingultrasoundsignalswhichsparkedtheideaofremotecontrolforlightsandappliancesbythexprojectwasconceivedsonamedbecauseitwasthetenthprojectinxproductsstartedtoappearinradioshackandsearsstorestogetherwithbsrapartnershipwasformedwiththenamexltdatthattimethesystemconsistedofachannelcommandconsolealampmoduleandanappliancemodulesoonaftercamethewallswitchmoduleandthefirstxtimerinthesthecpcomputerinterfacewasreleasedsoftwarefortheinterfacerunsonthecommodoreappleiiseriesappleiimacintoshmsdosandmicrosoftwindowsmswindowsinbsrwentoutofbusinessandxusaincwasformedintheearlystheconsumermarketwasdividedintotwomaincategoriestheultrahighendwithabudgetatunitedstatesdollarusandthemassmarketwithbudgetsatustouscebusandlonworkswereattemptstoimprovereliabilityandreplacexpowerlinecarriercontroloverviewontheleftandalampmodulenotethetriacandheatsinkhouseholdelectricalwiringwhichpowerslightsandappliancesisusedtosenddigitaldatadigitaldatabetweenxdevicesthisdataisencodedontoahertzkhzcarrierwhichistransmittedasburstsduringtherelativelyquietzerocrossingsoftheorhertzhzacalternatingcurrentwaveformonebitistransmittedateachzerocrossingthedigitaldataconsistsofanphysicaladdressaddressandacommandcomputingcommandsentfromacontrollertoacontrolleddevicemoreadvancedcontrollerscanalsoqueryequallyadvanceddevicestorespondwiththeirstatusthisstatusmaybeassimpleasofforonorthecurrentdimmingleveloreventhetemperatureorothersensorreadingdevicesusuallyplugintothewallwherealamptelevisionorotherhouseholdapplianceplugsinhoweversomebuiltincontrollersarealsoavailableforwallswitchesandceilingfixturestherelativelyhighfrequencycarrierwavecarryingthesignalcannotpassthroughapowertransformeroracrossthephasesofamultiphasesystemforsplitphasesystemsthesignalcanbepassivelycoupledfromphasetophaseusingapassivecapacitorbutforthreephasesystemsorwherethecapacitorprovidesinsufficientcouplingelectronicscouplinganactivexrepeatercanbeusedtoallowsignalstobecoupledacrossphasesandstillmatcheachphaseszerocrossingpointeachbitistransmittedthreetimesineachhalfcycleoffsetbycycleitmayalsobedesirabletoblockxsignalsfromleavingthelocalareasoforexamplethexcontrolsinonehousedonotinterferewiththexcontrolsinaneighboringhouseinthissituationinductorinductiveelectronicfilterfilterscanbeusedtoattenuatorelectronicsattenuatethexsignalscomingintoorgoingoutofthelocalareaprotocolwhetherusingpowerlineorradiocommunicationspacketstransmittedusingthexcontrolprotocolconsistofafourbithousecodefollowedbyoneormorefourbitunitcodesfinallyfollowedbyafourbitcommandfortheconvenienceofusersconfiguringasystemthefourbithousecodeisselectedasaletterfromathroughpwhilethefourbitunitcodeisanumberthroughwhenthesystemisinstalledeachcontrolleddeviceisconfiguredtorespondtooneofthepossibleaddresseshousecodesunitcodeseachdevicereactstocommandsspecificallyaddressedtoitorpossiblytoseveralbroadcastcommandstheprotocolmaytransmitamessagethatsaysselectcodeafollowedbyturnonwhichcommandsunitatoturnonitsdeviceseveralunitscanbeaddressedbeforegivingthecommandallowingacommandtoaffectseveralunitssimultaneouslyforexampleselectaselectaselectaandfinallyturnoncausesunitsaaandatoallturnonnotethatthereisnorestrictionthatpreventsusingmorethanonehousecodewithinasinglehousethealllightsoncommandandallunitsoffcommandswillonlyaffectasinglehousecodesoaninstallationusingmultiplehousecodeseffectivelyhasthedevicesdividedintoseparatezonesonewayvstwowayinexpensivexdevicesonlyreceivecommandsanddonotacknowledgetheirstatustotherestofthenetworktwowaycontrollerdevicesallowforamorerobustnetworkbutcosttwotofourtimesmoreandrequiretwowayxdeviceslistofxcommandsclasswikitablebordercodefunctiondescriptiononewaytwowayallunitsoffswitchoffalldeviceswiththehousecodeindicatedinthemessagexalllightsonswitchesonalllightingdeviceswiththeabilitytocontrolbrightnessxalllightsoffswitchesoffalllightingdevicesxonswitchesonadevicexoffswitchesoffadevicexdimreducesthelightintensityxbrightincreasesthelightintensityxextendedcodeextensioncodexhailrequestrequestsaresponsefromthedeviceswiththehousecodeindicatedinthemessagexhailacknowledgeresponsetothepreviouscommandxpresetdimallowstheselectionoftwopredefinedlevelsoflightintensityxstatusisonresponsetothestatusrequestindicatingthatthedeviceisswitchedonxstatusisoffresponseindicatingthatthedeviceisswitchedoffxstatusrequestrequestrequiringthestatusofadevicexphysicallayerdetailsinthenbsphzalternatingcurrentaccurrentflowabitvalueofoneisrepresentedbyamillisecondburstofnbspkhzatthezerocrossingpointnominallybutwithinmicrosecondsofthezerocrossingpointimmediatelyfollowedbytheabsenceofapulseazerovalueisrepresentedbytheabsenceofnbspkhzatthezerocrossingpointpulseimmediatelyfollowedbythepresenceofapulseallmessagesaresenttwicetoreducefalsesignalingafterallowingforretransmissionlinecontroletcdataratesarearoundbitsmakingxdatatransmissionsoslowthatthetechnologyisconfinedtoturningdevicesonandofforotherverysimpleoperationsinordertoprovideapredictablestartpointeverydataframetransmittedalwaysbeginwithastartcodeofimmediatelyafterthestartcodeahousecodeapappearsandafterthelettercodecomesafunctioncodefunctioncodesmayspecifyaunitnumbercodeoracommandcodetheselectionbetweenthetwomodesbeingdeterminedbythelastbitwhereunitnumberandcommandonestartcodeonelettercodeandonefunctioncodeisknownasanxframeandrepresenttheminimumcomponentsofavalidxdatapacketeachframeissenttwiceinsuccessiontomakesurethereceiversunderstanditoveranypowerlineelectronicnoisenoiseforpurposesofredundancyreliabilityandtoaccommodatelinerepeaterswheneverthedatachangesfromoneaddresstoanotheraddressfromanaddresstoacommandorfromonecommandtoanothercommandthedataframesmustbeseparatedbyatleastclearzerocrossingsorthesequenceofsixzerosresetsthedevicedecoderhardwarelaterdevelopmentsofhardwareareimprovementsofthenativexhardwareineuropeforthevacnbsphzmarketallimprovedproductsusethesamexprotocolandarecompatiblerfprotocoltoallowforwirelesskeypadsremoteswitchesmotionsensorsetceteraanrfprotocolisalsodefinedxwirelessdevicessenddatapacketsthatarenearlyidenticaltothenecinfraredirprotocolusedbymanyirremotesandaradioreceiverthenprovidesanetworkbridgebridgewhichtranslatestheseradiopacketstoordinaryxpowerlinecontrolpacketsthewirelessprotocoloperatesatafrequencyofnbspmegahertzmhzintheunitedstatesusandnbspmhzineuropeansystemsthedevicesavailableusingtheradioprotocolincludekeypadcontrollersclickerskeychaincontrollersthatcancontrolonetofourxdevicesburglaralarmmodulesthatcantransmitsensordatapassiveinfraredswitchestocontrollightingandxchimesnonpassiveinformationburstshardwaresupportdevicemodulesdependingontheloadthatistobecontrolleddifferentmodulesmustbeusedforincandescentlightbulbincandescentlamploadsalampmoduleorwallswitchmodulecanbeusedthesemodulesswitchthepowerusingatriacsolidstateelectronicssolidstateswitchandarealsocapableofdimmerdimmingthelamploadlampmodulesarealmostsilentinoperationandgenerallyratedtocontrolloadsrangingfromapproximatelytowattsforloadsotherthanincandescentlampssuchasfluorescentlampshighintensitydischargelampsandelectricalhomeappliancesthetriacbasedelectronicswitchinginthelampmoduleisunsuitableandanappliancemodulemustbeusedinsteadthesemodulesswitchthepowerusinganimpulserelayintheusthesemodulesaregenerallyratedtocontrolloadsuptoampereswattsatvmanydevicemodulesofferafeaturecalledlocalcontrolifthemoduleisswitchedoffoperatingthepowerswitchonthelamporappliancewillcausethemoduletoturnoninthiswayalampcanstillbelitoracoffeepotturnedonwithouttheneedtouseanxcontrollerwallswitchmodulesmaynotofferthisfeatureasaresultolderappliancemodulesmayfailtoworkwithforexampleaverylowloadsuchasawledtablelampsomewallswitchmodulesofferafeaturecalledlocaldimmingordinarilythelocalpushbuttonofawallswitchmodulesimplyoffersonoffcontrolwithnopossibilityoflocallydimmingthecontrolledlampiflocaldimmingisofferedholdingdownthepushbuttonwillcausethelamptocyclethroughitsbrightnessrangehigherendmoduleshavemoreadvancedfeaturessuchasprogrammableonlevelscustomizablefaderatestheabilitytotransmitcommandswhenusedreferredtoaswaydevicesandscenesupporttherearesensormodulesthatsenseandreporttemperaturelightinfraredmotionorcontactopeningsandclosuresdevicemodulesincludethermostatsaudiblealarmsandcontrollersforlowvoltageswitchescontrollersremotecontrolxcontrollersrangefromextremelysimpletoverysophisticatedthesimplestcontrollersarearrangedtocontrolfourxdevicesatfoursequentialaddressesorthecontrollerstypicallycontainthefollowingbuttonsunitonoffunitonoffunitonoffunitonoffbrightendimlastselectedunitalllightsonallunitsoffmoresophisticatedcontrollerscancontrolmoreunitsandorincorporatetimersthatperformpreprogrammedfunctionsatspecifictimeseachdayunitsarealsoavailablethatusepassiveinfraredmotiondetectorsorphotocellstoturnlightsonandoffbasedonexternalconditionsfinallyverysophisticatedunitsareavailablethatcanbefullyprogrammedorlikethexfirecrackeruseaprogramrunninginanexternalcomputerthesesystemscanexecutemanydifferenttimedeventsrespondtoexternalsensorsandexecutewiththepressofasinglebuttonanentiresceneturninglightsonestablishingbrightnesslevelsandsooncontrolprogramsareavailableforcomputersrunningmicrosoftwindowsapplecomputerapplesapplemacintoshmacintoshlinuxandfreebsdoperatingsystemsburglaralarmsystemsarealsoavailablethesesystemscontaindoorwindowsensorsaswellasmotionsensorsthatuseacodedradiofrequencyrfsignaltoidentifywhentheyaretrippedorjusttoroutinelycheckinandgiveaheartbeatsignaltoshowthatthesystemisstillactiveuserscanarmanddisarmtheirsystemviaseveraldifferentremotecontrolsthatalsouseacodedrfsignaltoensuresecuritywhenanalarmistriggeredtheconsolewillmakeanoutboundtelephonecallwitharecordedmessagetheconsolewillalsousexprotocolstoflashlightswhenanalarmhasbeentriggeredwhilethesecurityconsolesoundsanexternalsirenusingxprotocolssignalswillalsobesenttoremotesirensforadditionalsecuritybridgestherearebridgestotranslatextootherdomoticstandardsegknxstandardknxiobridgeiobridgecanbeusedtotranslatethexprotocoltoawebserviceapiviathexpscpowerlineinterfacemodulethemagdomushomecontrollerfrommagnocompallowsinterconnectionandinteroperationbetweenmosthomeautomationtechnologieslimitationscompatibilitysolidstateswitchesusedinxcontrolspassaverysmallleakagecurrentcompactfluorescentlampsmaydisplaynuisanceblinkingwhenswitchedoffcflmanufacturersrecommendagainstcontrollinglampswithsolidstatetimersorremotecontrolssomexcontrollerswithtriactriacsolidstateoutputsmaynotworkwellwithlowpowerdevicesbelowwattsordeviceslikefluorescentbulbsduetotheleakagecurrentofthedeviceanappliancemoduleusingarelaywithmetalliccontactsmayresolvethisproblemmanyolderapplianceunitshavealocalcontrolfeaturewherebytherelayisintentionallybypassedwithahighvalueresistorthemodulecanthensensetheappliancesownswitchandturnontherelaywhenthelocalswitchisoperatedthissensecurrentmaybeincompatiblewithledorcfllampsnotalldevicescanbeusedonadimmerfluorescentlampsarenotdimmablewithincandescentlampdimmerscertainmodelsofcompactfluorescentdimmablecompactfluorescentlampsaredimmablebutcostmoremotorizedappliancessuchasfansetcgenerallywillnotoperateasexpectedonadimmerwiringandinterferingsourcesoneproblemwithxisexcessiveattenuationofsignalsbetweenthetwoliveconductorsinthesplitphaseelectricpowerwirevoltsystemusedintypicalnorthamericanresidentialconstructionsignalsfromatransmitterononeliveconductormaynotpropagatethroughthehighimpedanceofthedistributiontransformerwindingtotheotherliveconductoroftentheressimplynoreliablepathtoallowthexsignalstopropagatefromonetransformerlegwiretotheotherthisfailuremaycomeandgoaslargevoltdevicessuchasstovesordryersareturnedonandoffwhenturnedonsuchdevicesprovidealowimpedancebridgeforthexsignalsbetweenthetwolegwiresthisproblemcanbepermanentlyovercomebyinstallingacapacitorbetweenthelegwiresasapathforthexsignalsmanufacturerscommonlysellsignalcouplersthatplugintovoltsocketsthatperformthisfunctionmoresophisticatedinstallationsinstallanactiverepeaterdevicebetweenthelegswhileotherscombinesignalamplifierswithacouplingdevicearepeaterisalsoneededforinterphasecommunicationinhomeswiththreephaseelectricpowerinmanycountriesoutsidenorthamericaentirehousesaretypicallywiredfromasinglevoltsinglephasewiresothisproblemdoesnotoccurtelevisionreceiversorhouseholdwirelessdevicesmaycausespuriousofforonsignalsnoisefilteringasinstalledoncomputersaswellasmanymodernappliancesmayhelpkeepexternalnoiseoutofxsignalsbutnoisefiltersnotdesignedforxmayalsoattenuatexsignalstravelingonthebranchcircuittowhichtheapplianceisconnectedcertaintypesofpowersuppliesusedinmodernelectronicequipmentsuchascomputerstelevisionreceiversandsatellitereceiversattenuatepassingxsignalsbyprovidingalowimpedancepathtohighfrequencysignalstypicallythecapacitorsusedontheinputstothesepowersuppliesshortthexsignalfromlinetoneutralsuppressinganyhopeofxcontrolonthecircuitnearthatdevicefiltersareavailablethatwillblockthexsignalsfromeverreachingsuchdevicespluggingoffendingdevicesintosuchfilterscancuremysteriousxintermittentfailureshavingabackuppowersupplyorstandbypowersupplysuchasusedwithcomputersorotherelectronicdevicescantotallykillthatleginahouseholdinstallationbecauseofthefilteringusedinthepowersupplycommandsgettinglostxsignalscanonlybetransmittedonecommandatatimefirstbyaddressingthedevicetocontrolandthensendinganoperationforthatdevicetoperformiftwoxsignalsaretransmittedatthesametimetheymaycollisiontelecommunicationscollideorinterleaveleadingtocommandsthateithercannotbedecodedorthattriggerincorrectoperationsthecmaandrrtransceivercanavoidthesesignalcollisionsthatcansometimesoccurwithothermodelsrelativelyslowthexprotocolisslowittakesroughlythreequartersofasecondtotransmitadeviceaddressandacommandwhilegenerallynotnoticeablewhenusingatabletopcontrolleritbecomesanoticeableproblemwhenusingwayswitchesorwhenutilizingsomesortofcomputerizedcontrollertheapparentdelaycanbelessenedsomewhatbyusingslowerdevicedimrateswithmoreadvancedmodulesanotheroptionistousegroupcontrollightingsceneextendedcommandstheseallowadjustingseveralmodulesatoncebyasinglecommandlimitedfunctionalityxprotocoldoessupportmoreadvancedcontroloverthedimmingspeeddirectdimlevelsettingandgroupcontrolscenesettingsthisisdoneviaextendedmessagesetwhichisanofficialpartofxstandardhoweversupportforallextendedmessagesisnotmandatoryandmanycheapermodulesimplementonlythebasicmessagesettheserequireadjustingeachlightingcircuitoneaftertheotherwhichcanbevisuallyunappealingandalsoveryslowinterferenceandlackofencryptionthestandardxpowerlineandrfprotocolslacksupportforencryptionandcanonlyaddressdevicesunfilteredpowerlinesignalsfromcloseneighborsusingthesamexdeviceaddressesmayinterferewitheachotherinterferingrfwirelesssignalsmaysimilarlybereceivedwithitbeingeasyforanyonenearbywithanxrfremotetowittinglyorunwittinglycausemayhemifanrftopowerlinedeviceisbeingusedonapremisesseealsoinsteonhomeautomationpowerlinecommunicationreferencesexternallinkskbasexcomxknowledgebaselaureannocomxschematicsandmodificationssmarthomeusacominfoxtheoryxtheorytheoryxprotocoljvdeusinfoxprotocolpdfxpltwprotocoltechnicalnotehometoyscomhtinewsfebarticleskingerykingeryhtmdigitalxdigitalxwhichoneshouldiuseyearromannumeralsmxcviwasaleapyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebernardbecomesbishopricofbrandenburgbishopofbrandenburginirelandthedioceseofwaterfordiserectedthefirstdocumentedteachingattheuniversityofoxfordoccursinkingdomofenglandenglandnorwichschooleducationalinstitutionnorwichschoolisfoundedasanepiscopalgrammarschoolthepeoplescrusadetherhinelandmassacresandthefirstcrusadebeginonoctoberndashbattleofcivetotkilijarslaniofthesultanateofrumendsthepeoplescrusadeneariznikkingpeteriofaragonconquershuescarefnamevictorrefphayaoprovincephayaonowaprovinceofthailandisfoundedasakingdomlateaprilndashalargebandofcrusadersapproachesspeyerandmassacresthejewishpopulationtheuniversityofsalernoisfoundedonlyincludebirthshughofstvictorsaxonscholarkingstephenofenglanddtheodorakomnenedaughterofalexiosibyzantineprincessdeathsjanuaryndashwilliamdestcalaisbishopofdurhamenglanddurhamandchiefcounsellorofwilliamiiofenglandmayndashminnaofwormsjewishmartyroctoberndashwaltersansavoirwalterthepennilessaleaderofthefirstcrusadedateunknowneudociamacrembolitissabyzantineregentempressofbyzantineemperorconstantinexbgeoffreyiiicountofanjoubreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaeuropegiovanniorlandilauncchesasuccessfulrepublicofpisapisannavalassaultuponmuslimruledpalermotosupporttheambitionsofrogeriofsicilyrogerofhautevillemayndashbattleofgrausthealliedmuslimandchristiantroopsofthesanchoiioflenandcastilekingofcastileandtheahmadalmuqtadiremirofzaragozamaybeledbyelciddefeatthearagonesearmykingramiroiofaragoniskilledhissanchoiofaragonsonsucceedshimrefnamefletcherreconquistarefbattleofceramiinemirateofsicilysicilyrogeriofsicilyrogerleadsasmallgroupofinvadingnormanstodefeatamuchlargerforceofoccupyingarabmuslimsaidedbyavisionofsaintgeorgetheriverthamesinkingdomofenglandenglandisfrozenforweeksasiabattleofdamghanpartoftheseljukidcivilwaralparslandefeatsqutalmishtosucceedthelatetughrilfounderoftheseljukempirebytopicarchitecturethepizhipagodaoflingyantemplejinanlingyantempleshandongchinaiscompletedstandingataheightofmfttallconstructionofthepresentbuildingofstmarksbasilicaisbegunreligionanselmofcanterburyanselmlatertobecomearchbishopofcanterburybecomespriorattheabbeyofbecthediocesebishopricofolomoucisfoundedonlyincludebirthsyuanwukeqinchinesezenbuddhistmonkdeightdeerjaguarclawmixteclordandfounderoftheprecolumbiancityoftututepecdeathsmarchndashblessedrichezaoflotharingiapolishqueenandsaintspouseofkingmieszkoiiofpolandndashaprilndashemperorrenzongofsongemperorrenzongofsongbaugustndashgruffyddapllywelynkingofgwyneddseptemberndashtughriltoghrlturkishconquerorofpersiaandbaghdadqutalmishkutalmshmemberoftheseljukidhouseandcondenderforthethronekingbelaiofhungarykingramiroiofaragonreferencesthegreatmasterofsimianpaintingisinvitedtothesongdynastyimperialcourtbutdiessoonafteryearromannumeralsmlxivwasaleapyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaamericassunsetcratervolcanopresentdayarizonafirsteruptsjanuarytheaztecmigratefromaztlntosouthernlandsasiathegreatseljuqempireseljukturksstormanatoliatakingcaesareaandanimarkingthebeginningofturkishincursionsintoanatoliathekingdomofgeorgiatakesoversamshvildethecapitaloftheneighboringkingdomoftashirdzorageteuropejunendashcoimbraistakenbyferdinandiofcastilekingferdinandofkingdomofcastilecastileeuropeanwarriorsgotospaintoparticipateinthewarofbarbastrosiegeofbarbastrothisexpeditionissanctionedbythepopealexanderiipopeandisnowregardedasanearlyformofcrusadeharoldgodwinsonisshipwreckedatponthieunormandyandtakencaptivebyguyiofponthieucountguyconstructionofthepiazzadeimiracoliduomoduomoatpisaintuscanybeginsonlyincludebirthsdukeborivojiiofbohemiarobertfitzrichardanormanpeoplenormanlandownerinenglandbeatriceiofbigorrevassalrulerapproximatedatekingnielsofdenmarkdeathsabumuhammadaliibnahmadibnsaidibnhazmandalusianpoetpolymathhistorianphilosopherjuristandtheologiandromtnpainitiatorofthekadampaschoolandfounderofretingmonasteryottokariofstyriarabbiyaakovbenyakargermantalmudistyiyuanjichinesechinesepaintingnorthernsongpainterfamousforhisrealisticpaintingsofanimalsbakkadeviindianprincessgovernorandgeneralbreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxvwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludedecemberndashwestminsterabbeyisconsecratedinkingdomofenglandenglandthekingdomsofgaliciaspaingaliciaandcountyofportugalportugalbecomeindependentundertheruleofgarcaiiofgaliciagarcasimaguanghighchancellorofthechinesesongdynastyheadsateamofscholarsininitiatingthecompilationofanenormouswrittenuniversalhistoryofchinaknownasthezizhitongjianonlyincludebirthssibyllaofburgundyduchessofburgundyddeathsfebruaryndashsiegfriedicountofsponheimbcmayndashfrederickdukeoflowerlorrainebcferdinandioflenspanishmonarchbcgiselaofhungarysaintandqueenconsortofhungarybreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxviiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeonthedeathofherhusbandconstantinexeudociamacrembolitissabecomesregentofthebyzantineempiretheseljukturkstakecaesareaincappadociaconstructionbeginsonthetoweroflondonolaviiiofnorwayolaviiiandmagnusiiofnorwaymagnusiibecomejointkingsofnorwaythetwopretenderstotheswedishthroneericandericarebothkilledduringthestruggleforpowerinswedenhalstensonofkingstenkilwhodiedtheyearbeforebecomesthenewkingofthecountrythetrencavelfamilytakesoverincarcassonnewartburgcastleaccordingtolegendisbuiltinthuringiawinchestercastleisbuiltinhampshireenglandmarchndashbattleonthenemigariverthethreesonsofyaroslaviziaslavvsevolodandsviatoslavdefeatvseslavofpolotskminskandorshaarefirstmentionedinthechroniclesemperorshenzongofsongchinashenzongofsongstartstoruleseoulnamgyeongissplitfromyangjugoryeothepoetwanganshicampaignsagainstcorruptioninchinaonlyincludebirthsariorgilssondeathsjanuaryndashemperoryingzongofsongemperoryingzongofchinabmayndashconstantinexdoukasconstantinexbyzantineemperorbjulyndashjohnkomnenosdomesticoftheschoolsjohnkomnenosbyzantinegeneralbcaseptemberndashbaldwinvcountofflandersbaldwinvofflandersnovemberndashsanchaoflenqueenoflenbccaixiangchinesepoetcalligrapherandgovernmentofficialbericandericpretenderstotheswedishthronekilledinthestruggleforpowerinswedenreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxixwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeharryingofthenorthkingwilliamofenglandwilliamtheconquerorreactstorebellionsmadebyhisanglosaxonsubjectsagainsthimheridesthroughthenorthofenglandwithhisarmyandburnshousescropscattleandlandfromyorktodurhamenglanddurhamwhichresultsinthedeathsofoverpeoplemainlyfromstarvationandwintercoldwilliamtheconquerorfoundsthenormanarchitecturenormanselbyabbeyalmutamidibnabbadsucceedshisfatheronthethroneofthetaifaofsevilleemperorshenzongofsongappointswanganshiashischiefcounsellorwanganshichancellorofthechinesesongdynastyimplementsthenewpoliciessongdynastynewpolicieswhichincludefinancialreformsraisingthesalariesofofficialstoreducecorruptioninstitutionofthebaojiasystemetcnamtinthesouthwardexpansionoftheterritoryofvietnambeginsmagnusiiofnorwaydiesandolafiiiofnorwayolafiiibecomessolekingofnorwaytheseljuqturksfailtocaptureiconiumfollowingabyzantinecounterattacklaunchedfromsyriaonlyincludebirthsmieszkobolesawowicsonofbolesawiitheboldkingofpolandandprinceofcracowdleodiogenessonofbyzantineemperorromanosivdiogenesandeudokiamakrembolitissacrownedcoemperorduringhisfathersreigndkamakuragongorkagemasasamuraifromthetairaclandeathsrobertdecominesearlofnorthumbriaealdredarchbishopofyorkibnhazmmuslimphilosophyphilosopherandtheologytheologiangudesteusbishopofiriagudesteusbishopofiriaflaviajohniiofamalfidukeofamalfigythathorkelsdttirdanishnoblewomanbapproximatedatemagnusiiofnorwaykingofnorwaybpedroseguinfifthbishopoftherestoreddioceseofourensetilopaindiantantricpractitionerandmahasiddhabreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxxivwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludefebruaryndashbattleofmontesarchioprincepandulfivofbeneventoiskilledwhilefightingtheencroachingnormansnovemberndashmagrebtengizmagrebunitesthetengiziislandsandbecomesthefirstkingofthekingdomoftengiztheliaodynastyemperorrejectsaproposalforallkhitanpeopletoadoptsurnamesshanghaibecomesamarkettownonlyincludebirthsfebruaryndashconradiiofitalydedgarkingofscotlanddmaudcountessofhuntingdonqueenconsortofscotlanddapproximatedatedeathsaprilndashhermanimargraveofbadenempressshshijapaneseempressesempressofjapanreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxxvwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludefebruaryndashpopegregoryviiholdsacouncilthatpublishesadecreeagainstlayinvestitureaprilndashpopegregoryviipublishesthedictatuspapaesayingsofthepopeakathedictatesofhildebrandinwhichheassertspapalauthorityoverearthlyaswellasspiritualrulersrevoltoftheearlsthreeearlsrebelagainstwilliamiofenglandwilliamtheconquerorinthelastseriousactofresistancetothenormanconquestfirstbattleoflangensalzahenryivholyromanemperordefeatsthesaxonssaxonnoblesandsubjugatessaxonytheliaodynastyversionofthebuddhisttripiakaiscompletedapproximatedateanundgrdskeisdeposedaskingofsvealandandkinghkantheredofgtalandproclaimshimselfkingofallswedentheseljuqturkstakejerusalemfromthefatimidsldynastyforcesunderlthngkitdefendvietnamagainstinvasionbysongdynastychinathesongdynastychinesepolymathscientistandstatesmanshenkuosolvesaheatedborderdisputewiththeliaodynastybydredgingupolddiplomaticrecordsherefutesemperordaozongofliaosbluffspointforpointduringameetingatmtyongannearmodernpingquaninhebeiandreestablishesthesongsrightfulbordersonlyincludebirthslothairiiholyromanemperordmagnuserlendssonearloforkneysaintmagnuserlendssondoradelaidedelvastocountessandregentofsicilydordericvitalisenglishmonkandhistorianapproximatedatedeathsmarchndashottokariofstyriagermannoblejunendashgebhardofsupplinburgsaxoncountjunendashernestmargraveofaustriabaugustndashpatriarchjohnviiiofconstantinopledecemberndashannoiiarchbishopofcolognedecemberndashedithofwessexqueenofedwardtheconfessorofenglandjohnxiphilinusbyzantinehistorianbleddynapcynfynkingofgwyneddkingpeterkreimirivofcroatiareferencesyearromannumeralsmlxxviwasaleapyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludejanuaryndashthegermansgermanbishopswhohavebeeninvestedbyhenryivholyromanemperorwithdrawtheirallegiancefrompopegregoryviifebruaryndashpopegregoryviiexcommunicateshenryivholyromanemperoroctoberndashdemetriuszvonimirofcroatiademetriuszvonimiriscrownedaskingdomofcroatiamedievalkingofcroatiainsolincroatiasolinnearsplitcroatiasplitbyarepresentativeofpopegregoryviinovemberndashinenglandafrostbeginsthatlastsuntilaprildecemberndashpolandpolishkingbolesawiitheboldpolishbolesawmiayiscrownedingnieznoanselmofcanterburycompletesmonologionthealmoravidscapturetheghanaempireghanaiancapitalofkoumbisalehkumbicountdirkvcountofhollanddirkvreconquersmostofwestfrisiahistoricalfromthearchdioceseofutrechtbishopofutrechtthetrialofpenendenheathisthoughttohavebeenheldwithanimportantrulingregardinglandrightssubsequenttothenormanconquestofenglanddmitarzvonimirofcroatiadonatedthevranatowntownofvranaandbenedictinemonasteryofstgregoryasasignofloyaltytopopegregoryviivikramadityavideposeshisolderbrothersomeshvaraiiandbecomeskingofthewesternchalukyabattleofnhnguytriverldynastyvietnamesetroopsholdbackinvadingsongdynastychinachineseforcesandatruceisconcludedonlyincludebirthsjunendashprincemstislaviofkievmstislavofkievdprincessyasukoprincessandempressconsortofjapanddeathsmarchndashermengardeofanjouduchessofburgundybmarchndashrobertidukeofburgundybmayndashwaltheofearlofnorthumbriabdecemberndashprincesviatoslaviiofkievbbeatriceoflorrainetuscanregentbreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaafricathealmoravidscompletetheconquestoftheghanaempireandreachspainasiatheseljukturkscaptureizniknicaeasuleymaniofrmbecomestheleaderoftheseljuksultanateofrminmodernturkeyanushtegingharchaibecomesasaseljukvassalleaderofthekhwarezmidempireeuropejanuaryndashwalktocanossahenryivholyromanemperorvisitspopegregoryviiasapenitentaskinghimtoremovethesentenceofexcommunicationjanuaryndashtheexcommunicationofhenryivholyromanemperorisliftedaprilthefirstparliamentoffriuliiscreatedhenryivholyromanemperorgrantsthecountyoffriuliwithducalstatustosigaerdpatriarchofaquileiarobertcurthoseinstigateshisfirstinsurrectionagainsthisfatherwilliamtheconquerorinnormandythekingdomofdukljaisfoundedthefirstrecordedtrialbycombatisheldinkingdomofenglandenglandvsevolodofkievbecomestheprinceofkievanrusalfonsoviofcastileconquerscoriaccerescoriarefnamepicardrefpopegregoryviiplacestheislandofcorsicaunderthesecularruleofthearchbishopofpisahughidukeofburgundyhughofburgundysupportsthesanchoramrezkingofaragoninhisconquestofthecastleofsecastillamuonesfromtheahmadalmuqtadiremirofzaragossarefnamecruzadasaragonrefbytopicartsthebayeuxtapestryismadereligionthefirstenglishclunycluniacbenedictineprioryisestablishedatlewespaulofcaenisinstalledasabbotofstalbansinenglandthebuildingofstalbanscathedralstalbansabbeychurchcommencespopechristodolosofalexandriaendshisreignascopticpopedionysiusvlazarosbecomeslistofsyriacorthodoxpatriarchsofantiochsyriacorthodoxpatriarchofantiochonlyincludebirthsjosephibnmigashrabbiddeathsaprilndashanawrahtakingofburmaandfounderofthepaganempirebaprilndashgzaiofhungaryoctoberndashandronikosdoukascousinofmichaelviiandronicusducasbyzantinecourtierbdecemberndashagnesofpoitouholyromanempressandregentbcabulfadlbayhaqipersianhistorianandauthorbshaoyongchinesephilosophercosmologistpoetandhistorianbzhangzaichineseneoconfucianmoralphilosopherandcosmologistbreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxxxiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeaprilndashbyzantineemperornikephorosiiibotaneiatesisoverthrownbyalexiosikomnenoswhoiscrownedonaprilendingthemiddlebyzantineempirebyzantineperiodandbeginningthekomnenoscomnenandynastymayndashalfonsoviofcastilemarriesconstanceofburgundyoctoberndashbyzantinenormanwarsbattleofdyrrhachiumbattleofdyrrhachiumalexiosihelpsdefendalbaniafromthenormansthefirstrecordedmentionofalbaniabutisdefeatedbyrobertguiscardnormancountsanddukesofapuliaandcalabriadukeofapuliaandcalabriaoutsidethecityofdyrrhachiumdurrsthebyzantinecapitalofillyriathenormansgovernalbaniafromsouthernitalyuntilaroundcorfuistakenfromthebyzantineempirebyrobertguiscardturkishpeopleturkishemirtzachasconquersizmirandfoundsashortlivedprincipalitywhichemergesasthefirstseapowerinturkishhistorybattleofmynyddcarnnearstdavidsinwalesgruffuddapcynaninalliancewithrhysaptewdwrprinceofdeheubarthdefeatstheforcesoftrahaearnapcaradogcaradogapgruffyddandmeiliraprhiwallonwhoareallkilledallowinggruffuddtoclaimthekingdomofgwyneddconstructionbeginsonstcanutescathedralinodensedenmarkonlyincludepopegregoryviiwritesalettertothebishopofmetzabouthenryivholyromanemperorhenryivsbehaviorbirthsdecemberndashkinglouisvioffrancedabbotsugerfrenchstatesmanandhistoriandprobabledatedeathsaprilorpossibledatesndashbolesawiithegenerousdeposedkingofpolandbcprobablypoisonedseptemberndashbishopeusebiusofangersoctoberndashnikephorospalaiologosbyzantinegeneraldecemberndashnikephorosiiibotaneiatesdeposedbyzantineemperorbccaradogapgruffyddprinceofkingdomofgwentgwentkilledinbattletrahaearnapcaradogkingofgwyneddkilledinbattlereferencesyearromannumeralsmlxxxiiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeconstructionoftherochestercathedraliscompletedinkingdomofenglandenglandhenryivholyromanemperorbesiegesromeandgainsentryasynodisagreeduponbytheromanstoruleonthedisputebetweenhenryandpopegregoryviiottokariiofstyriaottokariisucceedshisbrotheradalberoofstyriaadalberodiedorasmargraveofstyriaduchystyriathekoreanlanguagekoreanprintingoftheentirebuddhisttripitakaiscompletedamilitarycampaignadvisedbysongdynastystatesmanshenkuofailsthefirstmentionofthegermanygermantownofhofgeismarisrecordedbirthsjunendashemperorhuizongofsongemperorhuizongofchinadqueenurracaofcastiledpetronillaoflorraineregentofhollandddeathsdecemberndashramonberengueriicountofbarcelonareferencesyearromannumeralsmlxxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropesanchoiofaragonconquersgrausalfonsoviofcastileconquerstalaveradelareinatoledotalaveradelareinadukljaconquersbosniaearlymiddleagesbosniajunendashhenryivholyromanemperorbesiegespopegregoryviiincastelsantangeloafricaceutafallstothealmoravidsafterafiveyearsiegerefnamelameretlesmusulmanspicardclameretlesmusulmansdoccidentaumoyenageparispressesuniversitairesdefrancerefonlyincludebirthsdecemberndashannakomneneannacomnenabyzantinehistoriandflorineofburgundyfrenchcrusaderddeathsjanuaryndashottoofnordheimdukeofbavariabcseptemberndashkingmunjongofgoryeobnovemberndashmatildaofflandersqueenofenglandspouseofkingwilliamiofenglandzenggongchinesehistorianandscholarbtheodoraannadoukainaselvovenetiandogaressabreferencesyearromannumeralsmlxxxvwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeaprilndashemperorzhezongbecomesemperorofsongdynastyempressdowagergaocancelsallthereformpackagesanddismissesproreformwanganshimayndashalfonsoviofcastileenterstheislamiccityoftoledospaintoledospainandinvitesfrancefrenchknightstosettlethecentralplateauofspainthedomesdaybookdomesdaysurveyiscommissionedbywilliamiofenglandapparentlypromptedbytheabortiveinvasionofcanuteivofdenmarktoensurepropertaxationandlevieshenryivholyromanemperorhenryivextendsthepeaceofgodoverhisentireempirekatedralskolanlundkatedralskolaninlundtheoldestschoolinscandinaviaisfoundedvratislavdukeofbohemiaiscrownedkingeconomyofthesongdynastybythisyeartheannualoutputofcoppercurrencyforthechinachinesesongdynastyreachesbillioncoinsayearpromptingthechinesegovernmenttoadopttheworldsfirstbanknotepaperprintedmoneylaterinthesonlyincludebirthsalberichofreimsdraoulicountofvermandoisdrobertfitzmartinnormanknightandfirstlordofcemaisdyfedcantrefcemaiswalesdzhangzeduanchinesepainterddeathsaprilndashemperorshenzongofsongemperorshenzongofchinabmayndashpopegregoryviijulyndashrobertguiscardnormansnormanadventureraugustndashaljuwaynimuslimscholarandimambseptemberndashhermanniicountpalatineoflotharingiabchenghaochineseneoconfucianphilosopherbgundredcountessofsurreyenglishnoblereferencesyearromannumeralsmlxxxixwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaasiaramavarmakulashekharaiscrownedinkeralapalmyraisdestroyedbyanearthquakeeuropenorthumbriainkingdomofenglandenglandisdividedbythenormansintothecountiesofnorthumberlandcountypalatineofdurhamyorkshirewestmorlandandlancashiregeorgeiiofgeorgiageorgeiiresignsthekingdomofgeorgiathroneofgeorgiainfavorofhisyearoldsondavidivofgeorgiadavidivaugustndashapowerfulearthquakeisrecordedingreatbritainbritainjunendashgastonivviscountofbarngastonivofbearnandthefrankishcrusaderstakethekingdomofaragonaragonesecityofmonznfromthealmustainiiemirofzaragozarefnamecruzadasaragonrefbytopicreligioncteauxabbeythefirstcistercianmonasteryisfoundedinsouthernfrancethesynodofmelfiunderpopeurbaniiissuesdecreesagainstsimonyandclericalmarriagesupposedlythiscouncildeclaresthattheconcubinesandillegitimatewivesoftheseclericsaresubjecttoslaveryonlyincludebirthsdateunknowndahuizonggaochinesezenbuddhistmonkdhanshizhongchinesegeneralddeathsmayndashlanfrancarchbishopofcanterburymayndashsigwinvonarearchbishopofcologneseptemberorseptemberndashtheobaldiiicountofbloisnovemberndashsaintpeterigneusitalianbenedictinemonkreferencesyearromannumeralsmxcwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaafricabjaabecomesthecapitalofthehammadiddynastyinalgeriaeuropeathirdexpeditionofthealmoravidarmyislaunchedinalandalusdesignedtofinallysubduethetaifataifaskingdomscrdobaandalusiacrdobasevillegrenadamlagaalmeraandrondafalltothetroopsofyusufibntashfinbytopicartsandculturetroubadoursbeginplayinginprovencescienceandtechnologysongdynastychineseauthorqinguanwritesthecanshubookofsericulturewhichdescribesasilkreelingmachinethathastheworldsoldestknownbeltmechanicalmechanicalbeltdriveonlyincludebirthssaintbernardofclairvauxdeliezerbennathanofmainzqinhuisongdynastyqinhuichinesesongdynastyprimeministerdjulianedefontevraultfrenchnobledeathsaprilndashsikelgaitaduchessofapuliabcmayndashliutoldofeppensteindukeofcarinthiabcjunendashjaromrbishopofpraguejulyndashegbertiimargraveofmeissenbcoctoberndashadalberoofwrzburgsaintadalberoreferencesyearromannumeralsmxciwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaeuropekingwilliamiiofenglandinvadesnormandyandgainsafootholdinitladislausiofhungaryoccupiesslavoniakingstjepaniiofcroatiathelastmemberofthetrpimirovidynastytrpimirovicdynastydiespeacefullywithoutleavinganheirbritishislesoctoberndashlondontornadoofatorroscaletfujitascaleftornadoisrecordedinstmarylebowoflondonkingdomofenglandenglandthestormdestroyslondonbridgehenryiofenglandhenrythethirdsonofwilliamiofenglandwilliamtheconquerorisforcedtosurrenderhispropertyofcotentininnormandyafterhistwoolderbrotherswilliamrufusandrobertcurthosemakeapeaceagreementkingmalcolmiiiofscotlandmakesanunsuccessfulattempttoinvadeenglishterritorybutisfinallyforcedtopayhomagetokingwilliamiiofenglandcardiffcastleisbuiltmediterraneanaprilndashbattleoflevounionthepechenegsbesiegeconstantinoplebutaredefeatedsodecisivelybyemperoralexiusithattheyfadeintooblivionfebruarywiththetakingofnotothenormanscompletetheyearlongconquestofsicilyfromtheislamicrulerstheislamicabbadiddynastyrulinginspainfallswhenthealmoraviddynastyalmoravidsstormsevilleconfrontedwiththisnewthreatkingalmutawakkilibnalaftasofbadajozobtainsthesupportofkingdomofcastilecastileinexchangeforthemuslimpositionsonthetagusriversintrasantarmportugalsantarmandlisbonrefnamepicardrefrogerguiscardtakesmaltabytopicreligionathanasiusvibarkhamorobecomeslistofsyriacorthodoxpatriarchsofantiochsyriacorthodoxpatriarchofantiochonlyincludebirthsseptemberndashandronikoskomnenossonofalexiosiandronikoskomnenosbyzantineprinceandgeneraldmatildacountessofrethelfrenchsovereignddeathsmarchndashwalladabintalmustakfiandalusianpoetjunendashdirkvcountofhollandjulyndashabbotwilliamofhirsauaugustndashsisnandodavidesmozarabspanishmilitaryleaderdecemberndashadelaideofsusamargravineofturindateunknownrobertdoylyfirstlordofoxfordcastlehelenaofhungaryqueenofcroatiareferencesyearromannumeralsmxciiwasaleapyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeaprilndashthedioceseofpisaiselevatedtotherankofmetropolitanarchdiocesebypopeurbaniimayndashkingwilliamiiofenglandannexescumbriafromthescottishceltickingdomofstrathclydeandbuildscarlislecastlemayndashlincolncathedralisconsecratedinkingdomofenglandenglandmayndashsynodofszabolcsinkingdomofhungaryhungaryitsdecreesregulatethelifeofnationalclergyandlaymenaswellastherelationbetweenchristiansjewsandmuslimshightidescausegreatfloodinginenglandandkingdomofscotlandscotlandthekentishlandsofgodwinearlofwessexearlgodwinareinundatedbecomingknownasthegoodwinsandsthesongdynastychinesescientistandstatesmansusongpublisheshisxinyixiangfayaoatreatiseoutliningtheconstructionandoperationofhiscomplexastronomicalclocktowerbuiltinkaifengchinaitalsoincludesacelestialatlasoffivestarmapsonlyincludebirthsadlaidedemauriennequeenoffrancedfulkofjerusalemfoulquesvcountofanjouandkingofjerusalemsybillaofnormandyqueenconsortofscotlanddeathsjanuaryndashkingvratislausiiofbohemiamayndashremigiusdefcampfirstbishopoflincolnseptemberndashjordanofhautevillemilitarycommanderinsicilyseptemberndashconradidukeofbohemiaoctoberndashnizamalmulkseljukvizierbnovemberndashmalikshahiseljuksultanreferencesyearromannumeralsmxcivwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludemayndashelcidcompleteshisconquestofvalenciaautonomouscommunityvalenciaspainandbeginshisruleofvalenciathealmoravidcampaigntoregainthecityfailsrefnamelameretlesmusulmanspicardclameretlesmusulmansdoccidentaumoyenageparispressesuniversitairesdefrancerefmayndashthecataniacathedralcathedralofsaintagathaincataniaisconsecratedbythebretonabbotansgerofsainteuphemiaoctoberndashstmarksbasilicaisconsecratedinvenicenovemberndashdonaldiiisucceedsduncaniiofscotlandduncaniiaskingofscotlandthecityofzagrebcroatiaisfirstmentionedasabishopricseeraymondivoftoulousebecomescountoftoulouseantipopeclementiiiisdeposedandurbaniibecomespopeonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndasheudokiakomnenedaughterofalexiosibyzantineprincessdateunknownndashstmalachyirisharchbishopddeathsjanuaryndashalmustansirbillahalmustansirofcairocaliphofegyptbornnovemberndashkingduncaniiofscotlandbcdateunknownndashalbakrispanishmuslimgeographerbcapproximatelyndashterkenkhatunwifeofmalikshahiregentoftheseljukempirereferencesyearromannumeralsmciiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceasiathecrusaderscapturecaesareamaritimathecrusadersdefeatalargefatimidcounterattackofthekingdomofjerusalemnearashkelonascalonandcapturethecityafteryearsofsiegedagobertofpisaisbrieflydeposedaslatinpatriarchofjerusalemandrestoredlaterintheyearraymondivoftoulousebeginstobesiegetripolilebanontripoliandtakesthenominaltitleofcountyoftripolicountoftripoliraymondivoftoulouseisimprisonedbytancredprinceofgalileetancredregentoftheprincipalityofantiochtherepublicofvenicevenetiansestablishanewtradeemporiuminsidoneuropemayndashtheshortlivedprincipalitycreatedbyelcidendsvalenciaspainvalenciaiscapturedbythealmoravidsunderyusufibntashfinitislaterrecapturedevacuatedandburnedbyalfonsoviofcastilejunendashwadysawihermanlistofpolishrulersdukeofpolanddiesatpockleavingthesuccessiontobedisputedbetweenhissonsbolesawiiiwrymouthandzbigniewofpolandzbigniewfollowingthecroatianmilitarydefeatofbythecontestedpactaconventacroatiapactaconventathecroatiannoblesrecognizecolomankingofhungaryastheiroverlordinitiatingthepersonalunionbetweenthetwokingdomshenryiofenglandtakespossessionofarundelcastleinthesouthofenglandhavingbesiegedrobertofbellmerdearlofshrewsburytherehohenbadencastleisbuiltinbadenbadengermanyatthecounciloflondoncounciloflondontheromancatholicchurchbanssodomyandthesaleofchristianslavestononchristiancountriesandreformstheclergybytopicreligionhenryiofenglandordersthetombofedwardtheconfessoropenedthebodyissupposedlyfoundundecayedonlyincludebirthsfebruaryndashempressmatildaenglishthroneclaimantdaughterofhenryiofenglanddoctoberndashwilliamclitocountofflandersdeleanorofchampagnefrenchnoblewomanddeathsmayndashstephencountofbloisjunendashwadysawihermanpolishnoblemanbcempressxiangchineseempressregentbannadalassenabyzantineregentbkingwladislausihermanofpolandbantipopealbertalbertantipopeinromeantipopetheodoricreferencesyearromannumeralsmcivwasaleapyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludeaprilndashthenewbasilicaatvzelayabbeyinfranceisdedicatedmayndashbattleofharranbaldwiniiofjerusalembaldwiniicountyofedessacountofedessaistakenprisonerbytheseljukturkstancredprinceofgalileetancredbecomesregentseptemberndashstcuthbertisreburiedindurhamcathedralthevenicearsenalisfoundedinvenicealfonsoiofaragonbecomeslistofaragonesemonarchskingofaragonandlistofnavarresemonarchsnavarrelistofhistorianshistorianguibertofnogentbecomesabbotofnotredamedenogentbaldwiniofjerusalemcapturesakkoacregeorgiansunderkingdavidivthebuilderdefeatseljukswithonlywarriorssultankilijarslaniofsultanateofrumstartsawarwiththedanishmendstoghtekintutekinatabegofdamascusfoundsashortlivedprincipalityinsyriathefirstexampleofaseriesofseljukidatabegdynastiesthevolcanoheklaeruptsinicelandiccommonwealthicelandonlyincludebirthsrobertdebeaumontndearlofleicesterddeathspeteriofaragonlistofaragonesemonarchskingofaragonandlistofnavarresemonarchsnavarreduqaqseljukrulerofdamascusserloabbotofgloucesterserlonormanabbotofgloucesterinenglandhildegardeofburgundyreferencesyearromannumeralsmcvwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceasiathetamnakingdomisannexedbythekoreangoryeodynastyafricathecrusadersattackmahdiaeuropedecemberndashhenryivholyromanemperorisdeposedbyhissonhenryvholyromanemperorhenryvthealmoravidemiryusufibntashfinsendsamaritimeexpeditiontopalestineregionpalestinefromsevillatowardoffthecrusadersandmaybetoreconquerjerusalemthefleetofmoreorlessseventyshipsrushesintoastorminthemediterraneanandisneverseenagainrefnamelameretlesmusulmanspicardclameretlesmusulmansdoccidentaumoyenageparispressesuniversitairesdefrancerefrogeriiofsicilybecomesthecountofsicilyuponthedeathofingetheelderheissucceededbyhisnephewphilipofswedenphilipaskingofswedentheconsulsofpaviaarefirstmentionedindicatingthatthecityhasbecomeanindependentcommunebytopicreligionantipopesylvesterivsylvesteriviselectedantipopeinromebysupportersofthehenryivholyromanemperorholyemperoronlyincludebirthsmarchndashalfonsoviioflenalfonsoviiofcastiledsovereigncountessmatildaofboulognequeenofenglandwifeofstephenofenglanddmelisendeofjerusalemdibntufailandalusianphilosopherphysicianandofficialapproximatedatedpopealexanderiiirolandobandinellifuturepopealexanderiiiddeathsfebruaryndashraymondivcountoftoulousebcjulyndashrashijewishcommentatoronthetanakhandtalmudbingetheelderkingofswedensincehuangtingjianfamouschinesecalligrapherpainterandpoetbadelaidecountessofsoissonsfrenchrulerreferenceshamdahalzarounibirthdayyearromannumeralsmcviwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludefebruaryndashthexcgreatcometofisfirstsightedseptemberndashbattleoftinchebraihenryiofenglanddefeatsandimprisonshisolderbrotherrobertcurthosedukeofnormandyindevizescastleedgarathelingandwilliamclitoarealsotakenprisonerbalaguerspainiscapturedfromthemoorsbythecountofurgellboleslausiiiofpolandbeginsawaragainsthisbrotherzbigniewofpolandzbigniewforcontrolofkingdomofpolandpolandmagnuserlendssonearloforkneymagnuserlendssonbecomesearloforkneyonlyincludebirthspopecelestineiiiapproximatedatedminamotonoyorimasajapaneseleaderoftheminamotoarmiesinthegenpeiwardempressxingofchinadmatildaofanjouwifeofenglishprincewilliamadelinddeathsaugustndashhenryivholyromanemperorbaugustndashmagnusdukeofsaxonyrobertmaletenglishbaronaliibntahiralsulamisyrianjuristandphilologistyusufibntashfinrulerofspainandnorthafricaeulaliaabbessofshaftesburyreferencesyearromannumeralsmcviiiwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaasiaseptemberndashbyzantineemperoralexiusicomnenusandbohemundiofantiochnegotiatethetreatyofdevolthetairaclantairaandminamotoclanminamotoclansjoinforcestorulejapanafterdefeatingthewarriormonksoftheenryakujitemplenearkyotoeuropespringndashthenorwegiankingsigurdthecrusadersailsfromenglandonthenorwegiancrusadetopalestineregionpalestineherepelsamuslimfleetnearthetagusriverthenattackssintralisbonandalccerdosalandfinallydefeatsasecondmuslimfleetfurthersouthmayndashbattleofuclsbattleofuclsthealmoravidsdecisivelydefeattheforcesofthekingdomsofkingdomofcastilecastileandkingdomoflenlenandrollbacktheadvancesofthereconquistaseveraltownsrecentlycapturedbychristiansarelosttotheconqueringberberssuchastarragonajulyndashlouisvioffrancestartstoruleonthedeathofhisfatheronaugustheiscrownedinorlanscathedralautumnndashtheprincipalityofnitraceasestoexistaftercolomankingofhungarydeposesitslastrulerlmosdukeofcroatiapistoiacathedralinitalysuffersaseverefiretheconsulsofbergamoarefirstmentionedindicatingthatthecityhasbecomeanindependentrepublicbytopicreligionchichestercathedralisconsecratedinkingdomofenglandenglandonlyincludebirthsbohemundiiofantiochdbaldwinivcountofhainautdleopoldivdukeofbavariaddeathsjulyndashkingphilipioffrancebsaintalbericfrenchmonkempresswanghuizongofchinabreferencesyearromannumeralsmcixwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaafricathealmoravidaliibnyusuforganizesanautodafoftheworksofalghazaliinfrontofthecathedralmosqueofcrdobagreatmosqueofcordobaasiathecrusaderscapturetripolilebanontripoliandbeiruteuropefulkofjerusalemfulkvbecomescountofanjouaugustndashbattleofnakothekingdomofpolandpolesledbybolesawiiiwrymouthdefeatthepomeraniansslavictribepomeraniansaugustndashbattleofgogwthepolesdefeattheholyromanempirealfonsoiofaragonmarriesurracaofcastilethealmoravidarmyledbyaliibnyusuffailstoreconquertoledospaintoledolostinbytopiceducationanselmoflaonbecomeschancelloroflaononlyincludebirthsjulyndashkingafonsoiofportugaldbirthdatedisputedqueengongyekoreanqueenconsortddeathsaprilndashanselmofcanterburyarchbishopofcanterburyaprilndashabbothughofclunybjulyndashkingalfonsovioflenandc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erneinhiscontinuingeffortagainstthemuslimsknownasreconquistarefnamepicardrefmongolinvasionsethnicgermangermancolonistsarriveinbratislavaafterthemongolsfailtoconquerthecitythemongolsofthegoldenhordedevastatevolgabulgariaandforcethenationtopaytributeafrenchgoldsmithworkinginbudapestnamedguillaumeboucheriscapturedbythemongolsandtakentokarakorumthegoldenbullofgoldenbullisissuedbykingblaivofhungaryblaivtoinhabitantsofgradeczagrebgradectodayszagrebandsamoborincroatiaduringthemongolinvasionofeuropebythisgoldenbullkingbelaivproclaimafreeroyalcitybattleofgrobnikfieldbattleofgrobnickopoljecroatsstopthemongolianinvasionbytopicsciencetimelineofmedicineandmedicaltechnologyibnnafissuggeststhattherightandleftventricleheartventriclesoftheheartareseparateanddescribesthelessercirculationofbloodreligionthedioceseofwarmiapolandiscreatedonlyincludebirthsjulyndashblessedchristinavonstommelngermanromancatholicmysticecstaticandstigmaticddecemberndashprincemunetakajapaneselistofshogunsshogunddateunknownbeatriceofcastilebeatriceofcastilequeenconsortofkingafonsoiiiofportugaldpatrickivearlofmarchdgeorgepachymeresbyzantinehistoriandcdeathsfebruaryemperorshijofjapanbsaintverdianaitalianreclusebmarchndashwilliamdeforzrdearlofalbemarlejulyndashhjyasutokiregentofjapanboctoberndashemperorjuntokuofjapanbdecemberndashrichardlegraslordkeeperofenglandandabbotofeveshamdateunknownarchambaudviiiofbourbonrulerofbourbonnaisdaudabualfadlkaraitejewishphysicianinegyptbreferencesyearromannumeralsmccxliiiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludemarchndashtreatyofalcarazferdinandiiiofcastileturnstheindependentmuslimtaifaofmurciaintoaprotectorateandinitiatestheprocessofthecolonizationandchristianizationoftheregionmayndashthekingdomofcastilecastillantroopsaregarrisonedinmurciatosupportthehudditedynastyrefnamenegotiatingrefjunendashpopeinnocentivsucceedspopecelestineivasthethpopejunendashbattleofksedathemongolsdefeattheseljukturksofthesultanateofrumthecityofbrnoisfoundedinwhatwillbecometheczechrepubliconlyincludebirthsjunendashalixofbrittanydamedepontarcybretonnobledjunendashemperorgofukakusaofjapandseptemberndashgilbertdeclarethearlofgloucestergilbertdeclarethearlofgloucesterthearlofhertfordenglishpoliticiandjamesiiofmajorcaddeathsjanuaryndashrichardmrdeburghstbaronofconnaughtjanuaryndashhermanvmargraveofbadenbadenbcaprilndashbonifaceofvalpergabishopofaostamayndashhubertdeburghstearlofkentmayndashhughdaubignythearlofarundeloctoberndashhedwigofsilesiapolishsaintbnovemberndashfujiwaranoreishiempressconsortofjapanbreferencesyearromannumeralsmccxlivwasaleapyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludemarchndashfollowingtheirsuccessfulmonthsiegeofmontsgurfrenchroyalforcesburnaboutcatharperfectiandunrepentantcredentesthechristianreconquistainiberiaenjoysastringofsuccessesmarchndashbythetreatyofalmizrathekingofjamesiofaragonaragonandprinceofalfonsoxofcastilecastilecometoanagreementonthedistributionofmuslimlandsyettobereconquistaconqueredrefnamenegotiatingrefmayndashjamesiofaragontakesthemuslimheldcityofjanitaafterseveralmonthsofsiegerefnamenegotiatingrefthissuccessisfollowedbythecaptureofbiarlaterthatyearrefnamenegotiatingrefjamesiofaragonreconquistareconquersalteaspainthealfonsoxofcastileheirprinceofkingdomofcastilecastileconductsaseriesofmilitaryoperationstosupportthemuslimhudditerulersofkingdomofmurciamurciaagainstrebelstrongholdsrefnamenegotiatingrefthesiegeofjerusalemsiegeandfallofjerusalemleadstotheseventhcrusadesultanmalikalmuattamrazesthejerusalemsoldcitywallscitywallsofjerusalemaugustndashthecityscitadelthetowerofdavidhistoryofjerusalemmiddleageskhwarezmiancontrolsurrenderstokhwarezmianempireoctoberndashbattleoflaforbiethearmyofthekingdomofjerusalemisdefeatedbytheayyubidsandkhwarezmiansdogenzenjiestablishestheeiheijitempleinjapanthusfoundingthestsectofzenbuddhismonlyincludebirthsjunendashhenryilandgraveofhessedarchbishophenryiiofvirneburgdapproximatedatendashagnesblannbekinaustrianbeguinemysticddeathsmarchndashgruffyddapllywelynfawrgruffydapllywelyneldestillegitimatechildillegitimatesonofllywelynthegreatbaprilndashhenrikharpestrngdanishbotanicalandmedicalauthordecemberndashjoancountessofflandersandcountyofhainauthainaultbordateunknowneleanorofcastilediedeleanorofcastilequeenconsortofaragondaughterofkingalfonsoviiiandeleonoreplantagenetwitcodeperchycbohemiannoblebreferencesyearromannumeralsmccxlvwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludefebruaryndashthomasbishopoffinlandisgrantedresignationbypopeinnocentivafterhavingconfessedtotortureandforgeryaprilndashpopeinnocentivsendsgiovannidapiandelcarpinetothemongolcourtsuggestingamongstotherthingsthatthemongolsconverttochristianityandjointhecrusadesjunendashthefirstcounciloflyonopensinthecourseofwhichfrederickiiholyromanemperorisexcommunicatedanddeposedandtheseventhcrusadeisproclaimedaugustndashthesecondoftwopapalbullsreferstothemarriageofkingsanchoiiofportugaltomc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eseclassictextsclassicjapanesetextkokinchomonjoiscompletedthemongolsdestroythekingdomofdaliinmodernyunnanthemongolsenslavekoreansandtakethemawayeuropenortherneuropejunendashthecityofalkmaarobtainscityrightsinthelowcountriescityrightsfromthecountofcountyofhollandhollandwilliamiiofhollandwilliamiinovemberndashedwardiofenglandedwardplantagenetthefutureedwardiofenglandagedmarrieseleanorofcastileagedcattheabbeyofsantamaralarealdelashuelgasburgoshisfatherhenryiiiofenglandhenryiiihasdemandedthemarriageinexchangeforendingthewarwithherbrotheralfonsoxofcastileinenglandanimportantstepintheevolutionoftheparliamentandhistoryofthepeeragepeerageoccursaslesserbaronsarereplacedonthekingscouncilbyelectedrepresentativesfromshiresandcitiespopeinnocentivexcommunicationexcommunicatesconradivofgermanyandrudolphiofgermanywhoislaterelectedholyromanemperorthedenmarkdanishcityofcopenhagenreceivesitscitychartertheswedenswedishcityofmalmisfoundeddanyloofhalychprinceofhalychwolynrusiscrownedakingthekingdomofrusrutheniaminorhalychwolynisfoundedsoutherneuropedecemberndashmanfredofsicilydefeatsthearmyofpopeinnocentivatfoggiakinglouisixoffranceexpelsalljewsfromfrancekingafonsoiiiofportugalholdsthefirstsessionofthecortesportugalsgeneralassemblycomposedofnoblesmembersofthemiddleclassandrepresentativesfromallmunicipalitiesinleiriatheghibellinetownofpistoiaistakenoverbyguelphsandghibellinesguelphflorencethehorsesofsaintmarkoncesupposedtohaveadornedthearchoftrajanromearchoftrajaninancientromeareinstalledatstmarksbasilicasaintmarksbasilicainvenicebattleofadrianoplebattleofadrianoplethebyzantineempirebyzantinesdefeatbulgariabytopicmarketsaspartofanoffensiveagainstusuryinnorthwesterneuropepopeinnocentivrelievesthecityofbeauvaisfromitsobligationstoitscreditorsreligiondecemberndashpopealexanderivsucceedspopeinnocentivasthestpopeconstructionisbegunonthecathedralofsaintmartinutrechtcathedralofsaintmartininutrechtcityutrechtthecatholicismcatholicdogmaofpurgatoryisclarifiedandsonamedbythecatholicchurchonlyincludebirthsmayndashmarieofbrabantqueenoffrancedjunendashflorisvcountofhollanddseptemberndashmarcopoloitalianexplorerddateunknownzhaomengfuchinachinesescholarpaintingpainterandcalligrapherdrenrenfachinesepainterbeatriceofcastilemarchionessofmontferratddeathsmarchndashwilliamdeferrersthearlofderbybmayndashconradivofgermanybnovemberndashjohniiidoukasvatatzeslistofbyzantineemperorsbyzantineemperorbdecemberndashpopeinnocentivdateunknownndashsilvesterdeeverdonenglandenglishbishopkristinanilsdotterswedishnoblewomanreferencesyearromannumeralsmcclvwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceasiahulagukhanisdispatchedbyhisbrothermngkekhantodestroytheremainingmuslimstatesinsouthwesternasiaeuropemayndashwilliamofrubruckfromconstantinoplereturnstocyprusfromhismissionaryjourneytoconvertthetatarsofcentralandeasternasiahiseffortshavingbeenunsuccessfulaugustndashthefinalcatharstrongholdinsouthernfrancefallseliminatingtheirlastrefugesincetheromancatholicchurchbeganthealbigensiancrusadetocrushthesectinthedeathoflittlesainthughoflincolnpromptsthepersecutionofjewsinenglandbasedonthebloodlibellisbonbecomesthecapitalofkingdomofportugalportugalasurveyofroyalprivilegesisconductedwhichisincludedinthehundredrollsanenglishcensusseenasafollowuptothedomesdaybookcompletedinthehundredrollsislatercompletedwithtwolargersurveysinandknigsbergnowkaliningradisfoundedbytheteutonicknightsinprussiaandnamedinhonourofkingottokariiofbohemiatheodoreiilaskarisbyzantineemperorinexileintheempireofnicaeaconductsamilitarycampaigntorecoverthracefromthebulgariansheconcludesthetasksuccessfullyayearlaterintheduchyofbavariaissplitintohistoryofbavariawittelsbachsupperandlowerbavariathelandsofthehouseofnassauaredividednottobereuniteduntilkingblaivofhungarygrantsbanskbystricathemunicipalrightsofaroyaltownbytopicartsandculturethegothicarchitecturegothicbourgescathedralcathedralatbourgesfranceiscompleteditisnowaunescoworldheritagesitemarketsatthedeathofbernardobonsignorihisbrotherorlandobonsignoriorlandoisleftsoledirectorofthelargestbankingfirminwesterneuropethegrantavolaofrepublicofsienasienarefnamebiograficorefonlyincludebirthsjulyndashalbertiofgermanyholyromanemperordoctoberndashferdinanddelacerdaspanishnobledwilliamderosstbaronderosclaimanttothecrownofscotlanddducciodibuoninsegnasienasienesepaintingpainterdmargheritacolonnaitalianabbessdgrandprinceandreyofgorodetsapproximatedatedadolfofnassauweilburgkingoftheromansapproximatedateddeathsmayndashwalterdegrayenglishprelateandstatesmanaugustndashlittlesainthughoflincolnbbatukhanmongolrulerandfounderofthebluehordealicecountessofbigorrerulerjarlerarchbishopofuppsalasincesundiatakeitasemihistoricalheroandfounderofthemaliempireapproximatedatebcreferencesyearromannumeralsmcclviiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludesamalaseruptionthesamalasvolcanoeruptsonlombokislandindonesiaoneofthelargestvolcaniceruptionsinthepastyearscreatedsevereclimaticchangesac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earromannumeralsmcclixwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropetheoxfordparliamentoxfordparliamentledbysimondemontfortthearlofleicesterleadstotheacceptancebykinghenryiiiofenglandoftheprovisionsofoxfordseptemberndashbattleofpelagoniatheempireofnicaeadefeatstheprincipalityofachaeaensuringtheeventualreconquestofconstantinopleindecemberndashkingslouisixoffranceandhenryiiiofenglandagreetothetreatyofparistreatyofparisinwhichhenryrenounceshisclaimstofrenchcontrolledterritoryoncontinentaleuropeincludingnormandyinexchangeforlouiswithdrawinghissupportforenglishrebelsthefamousfrescoesoftheboyanachurchinsecondbulgarianempirebulgariaarecompletedthechurchanditsmuralsarenowaunescoworldheritagesitethegermancitiesoflbeckwismarandrostockenterintoapacttodefendagainstpiratesofthebalticsealayingthegroundworkforthehanseaticleaguenogaikhanleadsthesecondmongolempiremongolgoldenhordeattackagainstlithuaniaandsecondmongolinvasionofpolandpolandepirotenicaeanconflictasiaaugustndashwhileconductingasiegeagainstthesongdynastycityknownasfishingtownintheprovinceofchongqingchinathemongolkhaganmngkekhandiesinthenearbyhillspersianchineseandmongolrecordshavedifferentaccountsofhowhediedincludingsuccumbingtoanarrowwoundreceivedbyachinesearcherinthesiegedysenteryandevenacholeraepidemichisdeathsparksasuccessioncrisisinthemongolempirewhilehisbrothersariqbkeandkublaikhankublaisoonconvenetheirownkuriltaitoelectthemselvesasthenextkhanofkhansopeningthepathtoafouryearlongtoluidcivilwarfromtointheendariqbkesurrenderstokublaiwhileengagedinawarwiththemongolsthesongchineseofficiallizengbowritesinhiskozhaizagaoxugaohouthatthecityofqingzhouismanufacturingonetotwothousandstrongcastironironcasedhistoryofgunpowdergunpowderbombshellsamonthdispatchingtoxiangyangdistrictxiangfanxiangyangandyingzhouabouttentotwentythousandsuchbombsatatimelannathaiakingdominthenorthofthailandisfoundedbykingmangraithegoryeokingdominkoreasurrenderstoinvadingmongolempiremongolforcesthechineseeranamechineseerakaiqingbeginsandendsinthenorthernsongdynastyofchinathejapaneseshkaeraendsandtheshgenerabeginsonlyincludebirthsfebruaryndashblancheofportugalinfantabrancaofportugaldaughterofkingafonsoiiiofportugalandurracaofcastiledmarchndashandronikosiipalaiologosbyzantineemperordpietrocavalliniitalianpainterddemetreiiofgeorgiadrichardgdeburghndearlofulsterdprobablendashjohniiofjerusalemddeathsjanuaryndashmatildaiicountessofboulognerulerofboulognequeenconsortofportugalbfebruaryndashthomascountofflandersmayndashkingchristopheriofdenmarkbjulyndashgojongofgoryeoaugustndashmngkekhanofthemongolempireoctoberndashezzelinoiiidaromanoitalianrulernovemberndashadammarshenglishscholarandtheologiandateunknownndashmatthewparisenglishchroniclerreferencesinyearromannumeralsmcclxwasaleapyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceafricaoctoberndashqutuzsaifaddinqutuzmamluksultanofegyptisassassinatedbybaibarswhoseizespowerforhimselfthecivilservantandbardlongingforlostalandalusibnalabbarisburntatthestakebythemarinidrulerasiathetoluidcivilwarbeginsbetweenkublaikhanandariqbkeforthetitleofgreatkhanmayndashkublaikhanbecomesaclaimanttothemongolempireafterthedeathofmngkekhanmayndashkublaisendshisenvoyhaojingtonegotiatewithsongdynastychancellorjiasidaoafterthesmallforceleftbykublaisouthoftheyangtzeriverisdestroyedbyachinesearmyofthesouthernsongdynastychancellorjiasidaoimprisonstheentireembassyofkublaithisslightwillnotbeforgottenbykublaibutheisunabletoassaultthesongduetothecivilwarwithhisrivalbrotherariqbkeseptemberndashbattleofainjalutingalileethemamluksultanatecairomamluksdefeatthemongolsmarkingtheirfirstdecisivedefeatandthepointofmaximumexpansionofthemongolempireisaibnmuhannaisappointedamiralarabunderthemamluksthechineseeranamechineseerajingdingbeginsandendsinthesouthernsongdynastyofchinathejapaneseshgeneraendsandthebunerabeginseuropejulyndashbattleofkressenbrunnkingottokariiofbohemiacapturesduchyofstyriastyriafromkingblaivofhungaryjulyndashlivoniancrusadethebaltsbalticsamogitiansandcuroniansofthegrandduchyoflithuaniadecisivelydefeatthelivonianorderinthebattleofdurbethisleadstheestoniansofsaaremaaislandtoonceagainrebelagainstthelivonianorderseptemberndashbattleofmontapertithesienasieneseghibellinessupportedbytheforcesofkingmanfredofsicilydefeattheflorenceflorentineguelphstheduchyofsaxonyisdividedintoduchyofsaxelauenburgsaxonylauenbergandsaxonywittenbergmarkingtheendofthefirstsaxonstatewarbreaksoutinthevalaisinmoderndayswitzerlandasthebishopofsionbishopryofsiondefendsagainstaninvasionbythecountyofsavoycroatiaintheunionwithhungarycroatiaisdividedintotwosubregionsruledbybantitlebanthecroatianregiononthesouthandslavonianregiononthenorthbykingblaivofhungarybytopicartsandcultureoctoberndashthecathedralofchartresisdedicatedinthepresenceofkinglouisixoffrancethecathedralisnowaunescoworldheritagesitejacobusdevoraginecompileshisworkthegoldenlegendalatemedievalbestsellerthemosaicchristbetweenthevirginandstminiasismadeonthefacadeofflorenceitalyflorencesbasilicadisanminiatoalmontegermanmusictheorymusicaltheoristfrancoofcolognepublishesarscantusmensurabilisinwhichheadvancesanewtheoryofmusicalnotationinwhichthelengthofamusicalnoteisdenotedbytheshapeofthatnoteasystemstillusedtodayconstructionbeginsonthedunkeldcathedralinperthshirescotlandconstructionbeginsonthecathedralsatmeienandschwerinnicolapisanosculptsthepulpitofthepisapiazzadeimiracolibaptisterybaptisteryreligionthenewlyformedsukhothaikingdomofthailandadoptstheravadabuddhismtheadventoftheageoftheholyspiritpredictedbyjoachimoffioreaccordingtohisinterpretationofthebookofrevelationchapteronlyincludebirthsmayorjulyndashjohnofcastilelordofvalenciadecamposdaugustndashkyawswaofpaganlastrulerofthepagankingdomddateunknownenguerranddemarignyministertokingphilipivoffranceprobablehenrydecobhamstbaroncobhamdmatthewiiicskhungarianoligarchmeistereckhartgermantheologianphilosopherandmysticdguillaumedenogaretkeeperofthesealtokingphilipivoffrancedmaximusplanudesbyzantinegrammarianandtheologianapproximatedatedkhutulunmongolprincessandwarriorddeathsaprilndashluchesiusmodestinifoundingmemberofthethirdorderofstfrancismayndashmarieofbrabantholyromanempresswifeofottoivholyromanemperoralternativedateisjuneaugustndashwalterofkirkhambishopofdurhamoctoberndashqutuzsaifaddinqutuzmamluksultanofegyptdecemberndashaymerdevalencebishopaymerdevalencebishopofwinchesterbdateunknownkitbuqamongolmilitaryleaderexecutedsickosjaerdemaruleroffrieslandibnalabbarandalusiandiplomatandscholarbprobablendashaccursiusfranciscusaccursiusitalianjuristreferencesinconstantinoplethecityiscapturedbytheempireofnicaeaonjulythusreestablishingthebyzantineempireyearromannumeralsmcclxiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludejanuaryndashpopealexanderivprohibitstheflagellantsmarchndashthetreatyofnymphaeumtreatyofnymphaeumdirectedagainstthelatinempireofconstantinopleissignedbetweentherepublicofgenoaandthenicaeanemperormichaelviiipalaiologosjunendashkinghenryiiiofenglandobtainsapapalbullreleasinghimfromhisoathtomaintaintheprovisionsofoxfordsettingthestageforthesecondbaronswarrefnamecassellschronologyrefjulyndashbaybarsbecomesthenewmamluksultanatecairomamluksultanofegyptrefnamelockrefjulyndashbattleofcallannthenormansunderjohnfitzgeraldstbarondesmondaredefeatedbythegaelicforcesoffnghinmaccarthaighkingofdesmondjulyndashthecityofconstantinopleisrecapturedbyempireofnicaeanicaeanforcesunderthecommandofalexiosstrategopoulosthusendingthelatinempireandreestablishingthebyzantineempireaugustndashthenicaeanrulermichaelviiipalaiologosiscrownedbyzantineemperorbyzantineemperorinconstantinopleaugustndashpopeurbanivsucceedspopealexanderivasthendpopethelastmantodosowithoutbeingacardinalcatholicismcardinalfirstdecemberndashtheyearoldjohnivlaskarisisblindedbyorderofhiscousinandnominalcorulerofthebyzantineempiremichaelviiipalaiologosinnicaeatorenderhimineligibleforthethroneandheisexiledthepopulationofgreenlandacceptstheoverlordshipofthelistofnorwegianmonarchskingofnorwaylivoniancrusadetheestoniansestonianrebelliononsaaremaaislandisforceddownbythelivonianorderthejapanesebuneraendsandthekcherabeginstheconventofwurmsbachisestablishedinswitzerlandbaibarsestablishesapuppetcaliphateincairoblaivofhungaryrepelsatatarstatarinvasionkublaikhanwhobecameakhaganclaimantinthepreviousyearreleasessongdynastychinesemerchantsfromcaptivityaftertheyhadbeencapturedalongtheborderofhisempireandthesouthernsongdynastyofchinathisisanacttoincreasehisreputationamongstthehanchinesechineseshoreuphislegitimacyasajustrulerandtogainmoredefectorsfromthesouthernsongdynastytheearliestextantchineseillustrationofpascalstriangleisfromyanghuisbookxiangjiejiuzhangsuanfapublishedinthisyearalthoughknowledgeofpascalstriangleexistedinchinabyatleastonlyincludebirthsfebruaryndashwalterdestapledonenglishbishopdfebruaryndashottoiiidukeofbavariadfebruaryndashmargaretofscotlandqueenofnorwaydmarchndashhughledespenserstearlofwinchesterdjulyndasharthuriidukeofbrittanydoctoberndashkingdenisofportugalddateunknownbohemondviicountoftripoliprinceofantiochdprincedanielofmoscowsonofalexandernevskydkonoeiemotojapanesekugydalbertinomussatoitalianstatesmanandwriterdwadysawitheelbowhighkingofpolanddconstantinepalaiologossonofmichaelviiiconstantinepalaiologosbyzantineprinceandgeneralddeathslithographfromcarolinabonafedecennibiograficifebruaryndashhenryiiidukeofbrabantmayndashpopealexanderivjulyndashadolfivofholsteincountofschauenburgseptemberndashplaisanceofantiochqueenofcyprusseptemberndashkonradvonhochstadenarchbishopofcolognenovemberndashsanchiaofprovencequeenconsortofgermanydateunknownannasirdawudayyubidsultanofdamascusandemirofkerakbettisiagozzadiniitalianscholarbqinjiushaochinesemathematicianofthesongdynastybpatriarchnicephorusiiofconstantinoplereferencesyearromannumeralsmcclxiiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaasiakingmangraiofthelannakingdompresentdaynorthernthailandshanstateandxishuangbannadaiautonomousprefecturefoundsthecityofchiangraiasthekingdomscapitaleuropekingmindaugasoflithuaniarenounceschristianityreturningtohispaganismpaganrootsandrevertingtogranddukeoflithuaniatheicelandiccommonwealthentersintotheoldcovenanticelandoldcovenantgissurarsttmliestablishingaunionwithnorwayandacknowledgeskinghaakonivofnorwayasitsrulermarchbattleofhausbergenstrasbourgbecomesanimperialfreecityoftheholyromanempirebytopicartsandcultureadamdelahallewritesthefirstoperettalejeudelafeuilleemarketstherepublicofvenicevenetiansenatestartsconsolidatingallofthecitysoutstandingdebtintoasinglefundlaterknownasthemontevecchiotheholdersofthenewlycreatedprestitiarepromisedaannualcoupontheseclaimscanbesoldandquicklybeforegiverisetothefirstrecordedsecondarymarketforfinancialassetsinmedievaleuropereligionrichardofchichesteriscanonizedasasaintheisbestknownforauthoringtheprayerlateradaptedintothesongdaybydayinthemusicalgodspellonlyincludebirthsaugustndashladislausivofhungarydprobablendashelizabethofcarinthiaqueenofgermanyddeathsaprilndashaegidiusofassisicompanionofsaintfrancisofassisijulyndashricharddeclarethearlofgloucesterenglishsoldierbdateunknownndashmatildaiicountessofneversfrenchvassalbcreferencesyearromannumeralsmcclxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaeuropenorthernandeasterneuropejulyndashscottishnorwegianwarhaakonivofnorwaysetssailtodefendthehebridesagainstalexanderiiiofscotlandoctoberndashbattleoflargsaninconclusivebattleinthescottishnorwegianwarfoughtinscotlandbetweenkingshaakonivofnorwayandalexanderiiiofscotlandmindaugastheonlychristiankingoflithuaniaisassassinatedbyhiscousintreniotathechieftainsoftheeasternpartoficelandbecomethelasttopledgefealtytothekingofnorwaybringingamorecompleteendtotheicelandiccommonwealthandtheageofthesturlungshulagukhanisdefeatedinanattemptedinvasionnorthofthecaucasusbasedonmagdeburglawninpolandisgivencityrightsmediterraneanmayndashjulyndashbattleofsettepozziavenetianfleetdefeatsasuperiorgenoesebyzantinefleetkingjamesiofaragonconquerscrevillentespainfromthemoorsduringthereconquistaalfonsoxofcastileconquersnieblaspainnieblafromibnmahfuzthusterminatinganymuslimpresenceinthewesternpartofthepeninsularefnamepicardrefrepublicofgenoagenoacapturesthecityofchaniaoncretefromtherepublicofvenicevenetiansbytopicartsandculturethesavoypalaceisconstructedinlondonbypeteriicountofsavoyeducationballiolcollegeoxfordisfoundedbyjohnideballiolmarketsedwardiofenglandedwardheirtothethroneofenglandseizeswhichhadbeendepositedtothetrustoftheknightstemplarinlondonbyforeignmerchantsandenglishmagnatestheorlandobonsignoribonsignorifirmgainsthefullmarketofthetransferoffiscalrevenuefromthepapalestatestoromerefnamebiograficorefreligionnahmanideschiefrabbiofcataloniadisputationofbarcelonadefendsthetalmudinanimportantdisputationagainstpablochristianibeforekingjamesiofaragonthedoctrinesoftheologytheologianjoachimoffiorearecondemnedaschristianheresyheresybytheromancatholicchurchatasynodinarlesonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashibntaymiyyahsyrianphilosopherandjuristdtheobaldiidukeoflorrainedyolandeofdreuxqueenofscotlandddeathsjanuaryndashshinranshinranshoninjapanesefounderofthejodoshinshubranchofpurelandbuddhismmarchndashmanuelioftrebizondmanuelimegaskomnenosempireoftrebizondemperoroftrebizondmarchndashhughofsaintcherfrenchcardinalnovemberndashmatildaofbthunefrenchcountessnovemberndashalexandernevskygrandprinceofnovgorodandvladimirdecemberndashkinghaakonivofnorwaybdecemberndashhjtokiyoriregentofjapanbdateunknownbonifacecountofsavoyboroldaigeneralofthegoldenhordehamodecrevecoeurlordwardenofthecinqueportskingmindaugasoflithuaniareferencesacrucialbattleinthesecondbaronswarinenglandyearromannumeralsmcclxivwasaleapyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaasiathetoluidcivilwarendskublaikhandefeatshisbrotherandpretendertothetitleofkhaganorkhanofkhansariqbokewhosurrenderstokublaiandissummarilyimprisonedhediesayearlaterundermysteriouscircumstancespossiblybypoisoningbutthecauseofdeathisstilluncertainhoweverthisbattleessentiallymarkstheendofaunifiedmongolempirekublaikhandecidestomovehiscapitalfromshangduininnermongoliatothechinachinesecityofkhanbaliqdadunowbeijingkublaikhanpubliclyreprimandshisownofficersforexecutingsongdynastychinesegeneralswithouttrialorinvestigationthisactisoneofmanyinordertoenhancehisreputationamongstthehanchinesechinesetoincreasehislegitimacyasajustrulerandwinovermoredefectorsfromthesouthernsongthejapaneseeranamejapaneseerakchendsandthebuneierabeginseuropejanuaryndashkinglouisixoffranceissuesthemiseofamiensasettlementbetweenkinghenryiiiofenglandandbaronsledbysimondemontfortthearlofleicestersimondemontfortheavilyfavouringtheformerwhichleadstothesecondbaronswaraprilndashgilbertdeclarethearlofhertfordleadsamassacreofthejewsatcanterburybeforemayndashthesecondbaronswaralistofenglishcivilwarscivilwarinenglandbeginsmayndashmayndashbattleoflewesbetweensimondemontfortthearlofleicesterandkinghenryiiiofenglandinsussexbytheendofthebattledemontfortsforcescapturebothkinghenryandhissonfuturekingedwardiofenglandedwardimakingdemontforttheuncrownedkingofenglandformonthsbeforeedwardescapescaptivityandrecapturesthethronejunendashtheparliamentofirelandmeetsatcastledermotincountykildarethefirstdefinitelyknownmeetingofthisirelandirishlegislatureaugustndashantisemitismantijewishriotsbreakoutinarnstadtmoderndaygermanyaugustndashmudjarrevoltofmudjarrevoltmuslimrebelforcestookthealczarofjerezdelafronterajerezafterdefeatingthecrownofcastilecastiliangarrisoninspainkingjamesiofaragonreconquistareconquersthecitiesoforihuelainalicanteprovincealicanteandelxinvalenciancommunityvalenciafromthemoorsendingoveryearsofislamicruleoctoberndashmudjarrevoltofmudjarrevoltalfonsoxofcastilekingalfonsoxthewiserecapturesthetownofjerezdelafronteraspainfromthemuslimrebelsthewarofthethuringiansuccessionendsthestateofhessegainsitsindependencefromthuringiaandbecomesafreestateoftheholyromanempireinthepeerageofenglandthetitlebaronderostheoldestcontinuouslyheldpeeragetitleinenglandiscreatedbyhereditarypeerwritsofsummonswritofsummonssinucellodellaroccabecomeslordofcorsicaandrulestheislandbenefitingfromtherivalryofrepublicofpisapisaandrepublicofgenoagenoakingboleslausvofpolandpromulgateslegalprotectionforhisjewishsubjectsincludingprotectionfromthekidnappingandforciblebaptismofjewishchildrenbytopiceducationseptemberndashwalterdemertonformallycompletesthefoundationofthehouseofscholarsofmertonlatermertoncollegeoxfordtoprovideeducationinoldmaldenmaldenandtheuniversityofoxfordreligioninbarcelonaacommissionofdominicanorderdominicanscensorsportionsofthetalmudforthefirsttimebyorderingthecancellationofpassagesfoundreprehensiblefromachristianitychristianpointofviewthomasaquinascompleteshistheologytheologicalworksummacontragentilestraditionaldatingpopeurbanivcreatesthefestivityofcorpuschristifeastcorpusdominionlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashalexanderprinceofscotlanddmayndashprincekoreyasujapaneselistofshogunsshogundpopeclementvdgiovannadaorvietoitaliansaintddeathsaprilndashrogerdequincyndearlofwinchesterenglishpoliticianboctoberndashpopeurbanivnovemberndashemperorlizongofchinadateunknownjohniiofbeirutcrusaderstaterulervincentofbeauvaisfrenchencyclopedistbdanyloofhalychkingofgaliciabisabellaofcyprusregentofjerusalemandreiiiofrussialistofrussianrulersgrandprinceofvladimirreferencesandsurroundinglandsinyearromannumeralsmcclxvwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebytopicwarandpoliticsjanuaryndashinwestminsterthefirstelectedenglishparliamentcalledmontfortsparliamentconductsitsfirstmeetinginthepalaceofwestminsterlatertobeknownasthehousesofparliamentmayndashfuturekingedwardiofenglandescapesthecaptivityofsimondemontfortthearlofleicesteraugustndashsecondbaronswarthebattleofeveshamisfoughtinworcestershirewiththearmyofedwarddefeatingtheforcesofrebelliousbaronsledbysimondemontfortresultinginthedeathofmontfortandmanyofhisalliesthisissometimesconsideredthedeathofchivalryinenglandreconquistakingalfonsoxofcastilecapturesthecityofalicantespainfromthemoorstheisleofmancomesunderscottishrulemongolarmiesledbynogaikhanraidthraceinthefirstmajorbattleinyearssincethesongdynastychinesepushedtheforcesofkublaikhanbackacrosstheyangziriveraftermngkekhansfailedinvasioninkublaikhanengagesthechineseinsichuanprovincekublaigainsapreliminaryvictoryandwarbootyofcapturedsongdynastynavalshipsculturethebookofaneirinawelshmanuscriptofpoetryispennedthebrewingofbudweiserbudvarbeerbeginsinkingdomofbohemiabohemiabudweiserbudvarhasbeenproducedcontinuouslytheretothisdaycorrespondencefrompopeclementivcontainsthefirstknownmentionoftheringofthefishermananitemofpapalregaliathenusedtosealpersonalcorrespondencefromthepopeandlaterforpapalbullsfebruaryndashpopeclementivsucceedspopeurbanivastherdpopebyplaceafricaandasiathemamluksultanatecairomamluksultanatebahridynastyofegyptcapturesseveralcitiesandtownsfromcrusaderstatesinthemiddleeastincludingthecitiesofhaifaarsufandcaesareamaritimatheseeventseventuallyprecipitatetheeighthcrusadeinkublaikhansendsadelegationtojapanwhichlootsislandsalongthewayfiredestroyspartsofoldcairoindiadelhighiyasuddinbalbancomestothethroneandintroducessijdahonlyincludebirthsmayndashemperorfushimiofjapandkingalfonsoiiiofaragonapproximatedatendashdantealighieriitalianpoetdapproximatedatendashmariademolinaregentofcastiledapproximatedatebeatriceportinaridantealighierisbelovedandguidethroughheaveninthedivinecomedyddeathsjanuaryndashjohnmaunselllordchancellorlordchancellorofenglandfebruaryndashhulagukhanofthemongolempirebmayndashsimonstockenglishpriorcanonizedbcjunendashanneofbohemiaduchessofsilesiaboraugustkilledinthebattleofeveshamhughledespencerstbaronledespencerbhenrydemontfortbpeterdemontfortsimondemontfortthearlofleicesterbnovemberndashmagnslfssonkingofmannandtheislesdecemberndashodofredusitalianjuristathraldnalabharalabharpersianphilosopherandmathematicianbyearromannumeralsmcclxviwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropefebruaryndashbattleofbeneventothearmyofcharlesiofsicilycharlescountofanjoudefeatsacombinedgermanygermanandsicilysicilianforceledbykingmanfredofsicilymanfrediskilledinthebattleandpopeclementivinvestscharlesaskingofsicilyandnaplesjunendashwarofsaintsabasinthebattleoftrapanitherepublicofvenicevenetiansdefeatalargerrepublicofgenoagenoesefleetcapturingallitsshipsjulyndashmarydeferrersisorderedtosurrenderlandandliverpoolcastletoedmundcrouchbackstearloflancasteredmundsecondsonofhenryiiiofenglandhenryiiioctoberndashinkingdomofenglandenglandthesecondbaronswarwindsdownassupportersoftheslainrebelleadersimondemontfortthearlofleicestersimondemontfortmakeanofferofpeacetothekinginthedictumofkenilworthafterslightmodificationstothepeacesettlementitisagreedtothefollowingyearthewarbetweenscotlandandnorwayendsaskingalexanderiiiofscotlandandkingmagnusviofnorwayagreetothetreatyofperthwhichcedesthewesternislesandisleofmantoscotlandinexchangeformerksasianiccolandmaffeopolofirstvoyageniccoloandmaffeopolofatheranduncleofmarcopoloreachkublaikhanscapitalkhanbaliqnowbeijinginchinasettingthestageformarcosfamousexpeditionyearslaterkublaikhansendsthepolosbackwithamessagerequestingthatthepopedispatchwesternscholarstoteachinthemongolempirehoweverthisrequestislargelyignoredthemamluksultanatecairomamluksultanbaibarsexpandshisdomaincapturingthecityofbyblosinpresentdaylebanonandtheimportantcastleoftoronfromthecrusaderstatesanddefeatingthearmeniansatciliciabytopiceconomicsinfrancethegoldcuandsilvergroshcoinsaremintedforthefirsttimereligionodedepougyabbessofnotredameauxnonnainssendsagangtoattempttodestroythenearlycompletedchurchofsturbaintroyesbirthshethumiiofarmeniadjohnofbrittanyearlofrichmonddmargaretofvillehardouinladyofakovadrigdzinkumaradzabuddhistmasterdzhoudaguanmongoldiplomatandgeographerddunsscotusscottishphilosopherapproximatedateddeathsjanuaryndashswietopelkiidukeofpomeraniafebruaryndashamadeusoftheamideiitaliansaintfebruaryndashmanfredkingofsicilybjunendashhenryiiprinceofanhaltascherslebenbaugustndashodocountofneverseudesofburgundycountofneversbseptemberndashjanprandotabishopofkrakwoctoberndashbirgerjarlswedishregentandfounderofstockholmbcoctoberndasharsenijesremacsaintarsenijeisremacoctoberndashmargaretofaustriaqueenofbohemiabcdecemberndashjohnofibelinjuristjohnofibelinjuristofthekingdomofjerusalembdecemberndashhenryiiithewhitedukeofwroclawberkekhanofthegoldenhordehughbigodjusticiarhughbigodjusticiarofenglandariqbkeregentofthemongolempiremaolcholuimiiearloffifemoayyeduddinurdisyrianastronomerandmathematiciannasiruddinmahmudsultanofdelhibreferencesyearromannumeralsmcclxviiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebytopicwarandpoliticsfebruaryndashkingafonsoiiiofportugalandkingalfonsoxofcastilesignthebadajozconventiondeterminingtheborderbetweenthekingdomofportugalandthekingdomofleonandensuringportuguesesovereigntyoverkingdomofthealgarvealgarvemayndashtreatyofviterboemperorbaldwiniiofconstantinoplegiftstheprincipalityofachaeatokingcharlesiofsicilyinthehopethatcharlescanhelphimrestorethelatinempirethesecondbaronswarinenglandendsastherebelsandkinghenryiiiofenglandagreetopeacetermsaslaidoutinthedictumofkenilworthtreatyofmontgomerykinghenryiiiofenglandacknowledgesllywelynapgruffuddstitleofprinceofwalesthecityofostravaisfoundedculturerogerbaconcompleteshisworkopusmajusandsendsittopopeclementivwhohadrequesteditbewrittentheworkcontainswiderangingdiscussionofmathematicsopticsalchemyastronomyastrologyandothertopicsandincludeswhatsomebelievetobethefirstdescriptionofamagnifyingglassbaconalsocompletesopusminusasummaryofopusmajuslaterinthesameyeartheonlysourceforhisdateofbirthishisstatementintheopustertiumwritteninthatfortyyearshavepassedsinceifirstlearnedthealphabetthebirthdateassumeshewasnotbeingliteralandmeantyearshadpassedsincehematriculatedatuniversityofoxfordoxfordattheageofifhehadbeenliteralhisbirthdatewasmorelikelytohavebeenaroundtheleadershipofviennaforcesjewstowearpileumcornutumaconeshapedheaddressinadditiontotheyellowbadgesjewsarealreadyforcedtowearinenglandthestatuteofmarlboroughispassedtheoldestenglishlawstillpartiallyinforcebyplaceasiaandafricathegrandcapitalisconstructedinkhanbaliqpresentdaybeijingbykublaikhanhavingmovedthecapitalofthemongolempiretherethreeyearspriormalikulsalihestablishessamudrapasaithefirstislammuslimstateinindonesiaspainattemptsaninvasionofmoroccobutthemarinidssuccessfullydefendagainsttheinvasionanddriveoutspanishforcesonlyincludebirthsfebruaryorfebruaryndashrichardfitzalanthearlofarundeldaugustndashkingjamesiiofaragonddecemberndashemperorgoudaofjapandgiottodibondoneitalianartistdrogerdeflorsicilianmilitaryadventurerdeathsfebruaryndashbaldwinofibelinseneschalofcyprusmarchormarchndashlarsbishoplarsarchbishopofuppsalamarchndashpierredemontreuilpeterofmontereaufrencharchitectbcseptemberndashbeatriceofprovencecountessregnantofprovencebnovemberndashsylvestergozzoliniitalianfounderofthesylvestrinesbnovemberdecemberndashhughiiofcypruskingofcyprusandregentofthekingdomofjerusalembdateunknownndashjohnfitzalanthearlofarundelbretonenglishnoblemanandmarcherlordbreferencesyearromannumeralsmcclxviiiwasaleapyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebytopicwarandpoliticsfebruaryndashbattleofwesenbergbattleofrakverethelivonianorderisdefeatedbydovmontofpskovaugustndashbattleoftagliacozzothearmyofcharlesofanjoudefeatstheghibellinessupportersofconradinofhohenstaufenmarkingthefallofthehohenstaufenfamilyfromtheholyromanempireimperialandkingdomofsicilysicilianthronesandleadingtothenewchapterofcapetianhouseofanjouangevindominationinsouthernitalyoctoberndashconradinthelastlegitimatemaleheirofthehohenstaufendynastyoflistofgermankingsandemperorskingsofgermanyandholyromanemperorsisexecutedalongwithhiscompanionfrederickimargraveofbadenbycharlesiofsicilyapoliticalrivalandallytothehostileromancatholicchurchkingstephenvofhungarylaunchesawaragainstsecondbulgarianempirebulgariathecountyofwernigerodebecomesavassalstateofthemargraveofbrandenburgdogeofvenicechoosingofthedogenewelectionproceduresfortheelectionofthedogeofvenicedogeareestablishedinrepublicofveniceveniceinordertoreducetheinfluenceofpowerfulindividualfamiliespopeclementivdiesthefollowingpapalelectionpapalelectionfailstochooseanewpopeforalmostyearsprecipitatingthelatercreationofstringentrulesgoverningtheelectoralproceduresculturenicolapisanocompletesthefamousoctagonalgothicarchitecturegothicstylepulpitattheduomodisienathecarnivalinveniceisfirstrecordedinfrancetheuseofhopsastheexclusiveflavoringagentusedinthemanufactureofbeerismadecompulsoryinslovakiagutaisfoundedcurrentlykolrovobyplaceasiamayndashcaptureofantiochbattleofantiochtheprincipalityofantiochacrusaderstatescrusaderstatefallstothemamluksultanatecairomamluksultanbaibarshisdestructionofthecityofantiochissogreatastopermanentlynegatethecitysimportancethebattleofxiangyangayearbattlebetweenthechinesesongdynastyandthemongolempiremongolforcesofkublaikhanbeginsinwhatistodayhubeikublaikhansendsanemissarytothekamakurashogunateofjapandemandinganacknowledgmentofsuzeraintyandpaymentoftributethejapaneserefusestartingadiplomaticbackandforthlastinguntilthemongolempiremongolsattempttoinvadeinanearthquakeinciliciakillsanestimatedpeoplethetibetanmonkdrognchgyalphagpaofthesakyaschoolcompletesthephagspascriptwhichwassponsoredbykublaikhanasanewwritingsysteminmongolempirehisempireonlyincludebirthsapriljunendashphilipivoffrancedsaintclareofmontefalcodemperorduanzongofchinadmahautcountessofartoisddeathsmayndashpeteriicountofsavoybaugustndashagnesoffaucignydameruleroffaucignycountessconsortofsavoyoctoberconradindukeofswabiaexecutedbfrederickimargraveofbadenexecutedbnovemberndashpopeclementivdecemberndashvaivilkasprinceofblackrutheniadateunknownbarralofbauxgrandjusticiarofsicilygeorgesonofdavidviiofgeorgiacrownprinceofgeorgiabhenrydebractonenglishjuristvedantadesikaindianhindupoetandphilosopherreferencesyearromannumeralsmcclxixwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaafricaendofthealmohaddynastytheberberpeopleberbermarinidcompletestheconquestofmoroccoreplacingthealmohaddynastywhichitdefeatedinmarrakeshthealmohaddynastyofcaliphsnotuniversallyacceptedthatonceruledmostofnorthafricaandalandalusmoorsmoorishspainisextinguishedwhenidrisiiismurderedinthedynastyslastremainingpossessionmarrakesheuropejunendashkinglouisixoffranceordersalljewsfoundinpublicwithoutanidentifyingyellowbadgetobefinedtenfrenchlivrelivresofsilverkingotakariiofbohemiainheritscarinthiaduchycarinthiaandpartofcarniolamakinghimthemostpowerfulprincewithintheholyromanempiretheempirelackinganemperorduringtheongoinggreatinterregnumotakariiisoneofthemostpowerfulmenineuropetofinancehiscrusadeedwardiofenglandobtainstherighttolevyatwentiethofthevalueofthechurchswealthinenglandthatsumturnsouttobeinsufficientandedwardhastoborrowtoreachhistargetjohnicomynlordofbadenochjohncomynbeginstheconstructionofblaircastleinkingdomofscotlandscotlandbytopicreligionmarchndashodedepougyabbessofnotredameauxnonnainsisexcommunicatedthelatinpatriarchofantiochisexiledafteryearsofholdingtheseebeingdisplacedbecauseoftheeastwestschismofitonceagainrevertsfrompossessionoftheromancatholictotheeasternorthodoxchurchsciencepeterofmaricourtplerindemaricourtfirstdescribesmagnetmagneticpolesandremarksonthenonexistenceofmagneticmonopoleisolatedmagneticpolesonlyincludebirthsjunendasheleanorofenglandcountessofbarddateunknownphilipofartoislordofconchesenoucheconchesnonancourtanddomfronthuanggongwangchinesepainterddeathsseptemberndashidrisiialmohadcaliphoctoberndashulrichiiidukeofcarinthiabcdateunknownguiguesviiofviennoisdauphinofviennebconstanceofaragonladyofvillenaaragoneseprincessbobertopallavicinoitaliannoblemanandmilitarycommanderbvilainiofaulnaymarshalofromaniaandbaronofarcadiareferencesyearromannumeralsmcclxxviiiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyareaamericaasiafebruaryndashthej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cludesoutheastasiafanchanfunanfanchanofkingdomoffunanfunansendsatributemissiontochinabirthssunliangchineseemperoroftheeasternwustateddeathsguyongchineseofficialandscholaroftheeasternwustatebgaiusfuriussabiniusaquilatimesitheustimesitheusadvisorandpraetorianprefectbreferencesyearromannumeralsccxliiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofgratusandlepidusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorgordianiiibeginsacampaignagainstkingshapurithegreekphilosophyphilosopherplotinusjoinshimandhopestoobtainfirsthandknowledgeofsassanidempirepersianandindianphilosophiesgordianiiievacuatesthecimmerianscimmeriancitiesinthebosporankingdombosphoruscrimeaastheterritoryisnowcontrolledbythegothspersiashapurimakesapreemptiveattackonantiochtodriveouttheromanempireromansgordiansfatherinlawgaiusfuriussabiniusaquilatimesitheustimesitheusleadsaromanarmytodefeatthepersianpeoplepersiansatharrancarrhaeandnusaybinnisibisbytopicreligionpatriarchtitussucceedspatriarcheugeniusiasecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleonlyincludebirthssaloninusromanemperordsunhaochineseemperoroftheeasternwustateddeathsardashirirulerofthesassanidempirebreferencesyearromannumeralsccxliwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofgordianusandpompeianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirewinterndashemperorgordianiiireachesantiochandprepareswithhisromanarmyarmyanoffensiveagainstthepersianpeoplepersiansgaiusfuriussabiniusaquilatimesitheustimesitheusbecomespraetorianprefectapproximatedatendashtheduraeuroposchurchisconvertedfromahouseinsyriatheearliestsurvivingchristianchurchbuildingpersiashapuriofpersiashapurisucceedshisfatherardashiriaskingofsassanidempirepersiatheancientcityofbagramafghanistanisabandonedshapuriannexespartsofthekushanempireeuropenovemberndashthebattleofsamhainisfoughtinirelandonlyincludebirthscaomaochineseemperorofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathszhugejinchinesegeneraloftheeasternwustatebsundengeasternwusundengfirstcrownprinceoftheeasternwustatebsunshaogeneralsunshaochinesegeneraloftheeasternwustatebreferencesruinsnotocyearromannumeralsccxlwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofsabinusandvenustusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiretheromanempireisthreatenedonseveralfrontsatthesametimeafricaromanprovinceafricarevoltsandtribesinnorthwestgermaniaunderthenameofthefranksareraidingtherhinefrontierasiaaprilndashshapuribecomescoemperorofthesasanianempirewithhisfatherardashirimaharajasriguptabecomesguptaempireemperorofguptaardashirisassanidkingofpersiadestroyshatrathekushanempirefallsbytopicreligionatthecourtofardashirimaniprophetmaniayoungmysticofctesiphonproclaimshimselfaprophetandpreacheshisdoctrinemanichaeismthroughoutthesassanidempirepersianempireonlyincludebirthslactantiuschristianwriterdapproximatedatesporusofnicaeagreekmathematicianandastronomerapproximatedatezenobiaqueenofthepalmyreneempireddeathsammoniussaccasneoplatonismneoplatonicphilosopherapproximatedatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralsccxxxixwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofgordianusandaviolaorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacechinacaofangsucceedshisadoptivefathercaoruiastheemperorofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperiodofchinarefnamecrespignyrefachineseexpeditionaryforcefromtheeasternwustatediscoverstheislandoftaiwanbytopicreligionorigenpublishestheoldtestamentinfivelanguagesdeathsjanuaryndashcaoruichineseemperorofthecaoweistatebreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsccxxxviiiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofpiusandpontianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperormaximinusthraxcampaignsagainstthecarpipeoplecarpiansonthedanubeinmoesiabalkansinspiteofthepaymentofatributetheromansfailtopersuadethegothsandthegermanicpeoplegermanictribesmarchndashromansubjectsinafricaromanprovinceafricarevoltagainstmaximinusandelectgordianimarcusantoniusgordianusafricanusasemperorheisarichdescendantofthegracchiandthelateemperortrajangordianusyieldstopublicdemandthathesucceedmaximinusandrulesjointlywithhisyearoldsongordianiiaprilndashbattleofcarthagebattleofcarthagenumidianforcesloyaltomaximinusinvadeafricawithsupportoflegioiiiaugustalegioiiiaugustagordianiiiskilledandafterasiegeofdaysgordianicommitssuicidebyhanginghimselfwithhisbeltclothingbeltaprilndashyearofthesixemperorsthesenateoutlawsmaximinusforhisbloodthirstyproscriptionsinancientromeandnominatestwoofitsmemberspupienusandbalbinustothethronemaximinusadvancestothetownaquileiainnorthernitalyhisarmysuffersfromfamineanddiseasewhilethecityisbesiegedsoldiersoflegioiiparthicalegioiiparthicakillhiminhistentalongwithhissongaiusjuliusverusmaximusmaximinuswhoisappointedcaesartitlecoemperortheircorpsesaredecapitationdecapitatedandtheirheadscarriedtoromejulyndashthepraetorianguardstormsthepalaceandcapturespupienusandbalbinustheyaredraggednakedthroughthestreetsofromeandexecutedonthesamedaygordianiiiageisproclaimedthenewemperorgaiusfuriussabiniusaquilatimesitheustimesitheusbecomeshistutorandadvisorfutureromanemperorvalerianemperorvalerianbecomesprincepssenatusthecolosseumisrestoredafterbeingdamagedthegothscomingfromukrainecrossthedanubeanddevastatetheromanempireuptotheborderwithanatoliainnorthafricalegioiiiaugustaisdissolveduntilitsreconstitutioninafricaisdefendedbyauxiliariesromanmilitaryauxiliaryforcesonlyasiasimayiachinesegeneralofthecaoweistatedestroystheoutlyingnortheasternwarlordgongsunyuaninthesimayisliaodongcampaignliaodongcampaignbytopiccommercethesilvercontentoftheromandenariusfallstopercentunderemperorgordianusiiidownfrompercentunderalexanderseverusonlyincludebirthsempressyangyanchineseempressofthejindynastyjindynastydwenyangthreekingdomswenyangchinesegeneralofthejindynastyddeathsaprilgordianiromanemperorbgordianiiromanemperorbjulybalbinusromanemperorbpupienusromanemperorbmaximinusthraxromanemperorbgaiusjuliusverusmaximusmaximinustheyoungerromanemperorgongsunyuanchinesewarlordbasedinliaodongzhuhuanchinesegeneraloftheeasternwustatebbulianshichinesenobleladyofeasternwustatereferencesyearromannumeralsccxxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofperpetuusandfelixorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperormaximinusthraxcampaignsontheriversdanubeandrhineingermaniadefeatingthealemanniandnevervisitsancientromeromeheisacceptedbytheromansenatebuttaxesthericharistocracyheavilyandengenderssuchhostilityamongthemthattheyconspiracypoliticalplotagainsthimpersiakingardashiriofpersiarenewshisattacksontheromanprovinceofmesopotamiabytopicreligionpatriarcheugeniusisucceedspatriarchcastinusasecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplesaintbabylasbecomespatriarchofantiochonlyincludebirthsalexanderofconstantinoplefuturepatriarchofconstantinoplephilippusiiromanemperorddeathsempresszhangliushansfirstwifeempresszhangchineseempressoftheshuhanstateempressmaomingempressmaochineseempressofthecaoweistatewuyithreekingdomswuyichinesegeneraloftheshuhanstatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralsccxxxivwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofpupienusandsullaorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperoralexanderseverusandhismotherjuliaavitamamaeajuliamamaeamovetomoguntiacummodernmainzthecapitalofgermaniasuperiorhislegatusgeneralshaveplannedamilitaryoffensiveandbuiltabridgeacrosstherhinealexanderpreferstonegotiateforpeacebybuyingoffthealemannithispolicyoutragestheromanlegionsandhelosesthetrustofthetroopschinabattleofwuzhangplainsbetweenthechinesestatesofshuhanandcaoweionlyincludebirthsporphyryphilosopherporphyryneoplatonismneoplatonicphilosopherdcwangrongjindynastywangrongchineseofficialandscholarofthejindynastyddeathsaprilndashemperorxianofhanlastemperorofthehandynastybpanzhangchinesegeneraloftheeasternwustateweiyanchinesegeneraloftheshuhanstatezhugeliangchinesestatesmanoftheshuhanstatebreferencesexpansionnotocyearromannumeralsccxxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofclaudiusandpaternusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperoralexanderseveruscelebratesaromantriumphtriumphinancientromerometoobservehisvictorythepreviousyearoverthesasanianempirepersiansheissoonsummonedtotherhinefrontierwherethealamanniinvadewhatisnowmoderndayswabiagermanicpeoplesgermantr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fpersianarsehamericainmexicothecivilizationofteotihuacanflourishesbytopicreligionmarchndashmartyrdomofadrianofnicomediasaintadrianofnicomediaonlyincludebirthsmagnentiusromanusurperdwangxizhichinesechinesecalligraphycalligrapherddeathsaprilndashsaintgeorgesaintgeorgeoflyddasoldieroftheromanempireandmartyrdateunknownferminsaintferminromancatholicsaintacaciusofbyzantiumcenturionintheromanarmyandmartyranthimusofromecaohuanlastemperorofthecaoweikingdomofweibcessianusromancatholicsaintandmartyrcrescentinuspatronsaintofurbinoerasmusofformiaeexpeditusromancommanderandmartyrfelixandadauctuschristianmartyrslujishihenglujichinesewriterandliterarycriticbromanusofcaesareamartyrsaintcyriacusdevotasaintdevotasaintpantaleonvictormauruschristianmartyrvituschristiansaintfromsicilyreferencesyearromannumeralscccivwasaleapyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofvaleriusandvaleriusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperordiocletianissuesfouredictsaimedatdestroyingchristianitychurchesaretobedismantledclergymenarrestedandtheirfollowersforcedtosacrificetopagangodsonpainofdeaththoseputtodeathincludeagnesofromeayearoldchristiangirlwhohasrefusedmarriageandconsecratedhervirginitytogodhailedasamartyrshewillbehonoredasthepatronsaintofchastitygardeninggardenersrapevictimsandvirginsconstantiuschlorusdefeatsthealemanniandfortifiesthetownofkonstanzgermanydiocletianfightsacampaignagainstthecarpipeoplecarpionthedanubeandbecomesseriouslyillatriumphalarchisbuiltfordiocletianinromechinasixteenkingdomsthewuhuuprisingestablishunderliuyuanhanzhaoliuyuanthehanzhaohankingdomsichuanearnsitsindependencefromchinaonlyincludebytopicreligionoctoberndashpopemarcellinusdiesatromeafteranyearreignthethronepapalthronewillremainvacantuntilbirthsdeathsoctoberndashpopemarcellinusdecemberndashanastasiaofsirmiumsaintanastasiamartyreddateunknownbunseoofbaekjekingofbaekjekoreasaintaframartyredbyfireagapechioniaandirenesaintagapechioniaandirenemartyredsaintagnesmartyredsaintalbanpossiblysaintflorianmartyredgorgoniussaintgorgoniusofnicomediamartyredjulianaofnicomediasaintjulianaofnicomediamartyredsaintlucieofsyracusemartyredmargaretthevirginsaintmargaretmartyredpancrasofromesaintpancrasmartyredsaintphilomenamartyredsaintstheodoraanddidymusmartyredsaintvincentofsaragossamartyredreferencesthistemplateworksperfectitreplacesthefollowingtextromannumeralsmmxisacommonyearthatcommonyearstartingonfridaystartedonafridayinthegregoriancalendaritwasthethyearofannodominiorthecommoneradesignationthethyearoftherdmillenniumandofthestcenturyandthestoftheswasdesignatedasinternationalyearofbiodiversityinternationalyearofyoutheuropeanyearforcombatingpovertyandsocialexclusioninternationalyearfortherapprochementofculturespronunciationthereisadebateamongexpertsandthegeneralpubliconhowtopronouncespecificyearsofthestcenturyinenglishtheyearispronouncedeithertwentytenortwothousandandtenwasthefirstyeartohaveawidevariationinpronunciationasthesdecadeyearstoweregenerallypronouncedtwothousandandonetwothreeetcasopposedtothelesscommontwentyoheventsjanuaryfollowingthehaitiearthquakehaitiearthquakeinjanuaryjanuaryndashthetallestmanmadestructuretodatetheburjkhalifaindubaiunitedarabemiratesisofficiallyopenedrefnameusatodayrefrefnameopeningrefrefnamenewsbbccoukrefjanuaryndashthetogonationalfootballteamisinvolvedintogonationalfootballteamattackanattackincabindaprovinceangolaandasaresultwithdrawsfromtheafricacupofnationsafricacupofnationstheattackwasperpetratedbythefrontfortheliberationoftheenclaveofcabindaflectheirfirstsincetheangolancivilwarjanuaryndashahaitiearthquakemagnitudeearthquakeoccursinhaitidevastatingthenationscapitalportauprincewithaconfirmeddeathtolloverrefnamemiamiheraldrefrefnamecnnrefitisthetenthlistsofearthquakesdeadliestearthquakesdeadliestonrecordjanuaryndashalqaedainsurgencyinyemenyemendeclaresanopenwaragainsttheterroristgroupalqaedajanuarythesolareclipseofjanuarylongestannularsolareclipseoftherdmillenniumoccursthechadiancivilwarofficiallyendsjanuaryndashethiopianairlinesflightcrashesintothemediterraneanshortlyaftertakeofffrombeirutrafichaririinternationalairportkillingallpeopleonboardfebruaryfebruaryndashthesculpturelhommequimarcheibyalbertogiacomettisellsinlondonforpoundsterlingmillionusmillionsettinganewworldrecordforaworkofartsoldatauctionfebruaryndashfebruaryndashthewinterolympicsareheldinvancouverandwhistlerbritishcolumbiawhistlercanadafebruaryndashthepresidentofnigermamadoutandjaisoverthrownafteragroupofsoldiersnigeriencoupdtatstormsthepresidentialpalacerefnametoddrefandformarulingjuntathesupremecouncilfortherestorationofdemocracyheadedbychefdescadronsaloudjiborefnameoustsreffebruaryndashanchileearthquakemagnitudeearthquakeoccursinchiletriggeringatsunamioverthepacificandkillingatleastrefnamemuertosreftheearthquakeisoneofthelargestearthquakesbymagnitudelargestinrecordedhistorymarchmarchndashthekasubitombsugandasonlyculturalworldheritagesitearedestroyedbyfiremarchndashtherokscheonanrokscheonanarepublicofkoreanavysouthkoreannavyshipcarryingpersonnelrokscheonansinkingsinksoffthecountryswestcoastkillinginmayanindependentinvestigationblamesnorthkoreawhichdeniestheallegationsrefnamedailynkrefaprilaprilndashkyrgyzstankyrgyzpresidentkurmanbekbakiyevfleesthecountryamidfiercekyrgyzrevolutionofantigovernmentriotsinthecapitalbishkekaprilndashthepresidentofpolandlechkaczyskiisamongkilledwhentheirairplanepolishairforcetucrashcrashesnearsmolenskrussiaaprilndashvolcanicashfromoneoferuptionsofeyjafjallajkullseveraleruptionsbeneathmounteyjafjallajkullanicecapinicelandbeginstoairtraveldisruptionaftertheeyjafjallajkulleruptiondisruptairtrafficacrossnorthernandwesterneuroperefnamenasinforefrefnamebbcrefaprilndashthedeepwaterhorizonexplosiondeepwaterhorizonoildrillingplatformexplodesinthegulfofmexicokillingworkerstheresultingdeepwaterhorizonoilspillhorizonoilspilloneofthelargestinhistoryspreadsforseveralmonthsdamagingthewatersandtheunitedstatescoastlineandpromptinginternationaldebateanddoubtaboutthepracticeandproceduresofoffshoredrillingrefnamewardellrefaprilndashstandardpoorseconomyofgreecedebtcrisisdowngradesgreecessovereignratingsovereigncreditratingtohighyielddebtjunkdaysaftertheactivationofaeurobillioneuropeanunioneuinternationalmonetaryfundimfbailouttriggeringthedeclineofstockmarketsworldwideandoftheeurosvaluerefnamebbcrefrefnamebbcrefrefnamecnnrefandfurtheringaeuropeandebtcrisiseuropeansovereigndebtcrisismaymayndashtheeurozoneandtheinternationalmonetaryfundagreetoabillionbailoutpackageforgreecethepackageinvolvessharpgreekausteritymeasuresmayndashnudegreenleavesandbustbypablopicassosellsinnewyorkforunitedstatesdollarusmillionsettinganothernewworldrecordforaworkofartsoldatauctionmayndashtheflashcrashatrilliondollarstockmarketcrashoccursoverminutesinitiatedbyaseriesofautomatedtradingprogramsinafeedbacklooprefnamephillipsrefmaychilebecomesthestmemberoftheorganisationforeconomiccooperationanddevelopmentoecdscientistsconductingtheneanderthalgenomeprojectannouncethattheyhavednasequencingsequencedenoughoftheneanderthalgenometosuggestthatneanderthalsandhumansmayhavearchaichumanadmixturewithmodernhumansinterbredrefnamepinkowskirefrefnamegreenkrauserefmayndashafriqiyahairwaysflightcrashesatrunwayattripoliinternationalairportinlibyakillingofthepeopleonboardmayndashthaipoliticalprotestsprotestsinbangkokthailandendwithabloodymilitarycrackdownkillingandinjuringmorethanrefnamedeathsrefmayscientistsannouncedthattheyhavecreatedafunctionalgenesynthesisentiregenomessyntheticgenomefivepaintingsworthmillionarestolenfromthemusedartmodernedelavilledeparisrefnameskyrefrefnameguardianrefmayndashairindiaexpressflightovershootstherunwayatmangaloreairportindiamangaloreinternationalairportinindiakillingandleavingsurvivorsmayndashtheahmadiyyamosquesmassacreinlahorepunjabpakistankilledpeopleduringfridayprayersattwomosquesrefnamebbcrefmayndashnineactivistsaregazaflotillaraidkilledinaclashwithsoldierswhenisraelinavyforcesraidandcaptureaflotillaofshipsattemptingtobreaktheblockadeofthegazastripgazablockaderefnameeditioncnncomrefjunejunejunendashsouthkyrgyzstanethnicclashesethnicriotsinkyrgyzstanbetweenkyrgyzpeoplekyrgyzanduzbeksresultinthedeathsofhundredsjunendashjulyndashthefifaworldcupisheldinsouthafricaandiswonbyspainnationalfootballteamspainjunendashjuliagillardiselectedunopposedinaaustralianlaborpartylaborpartyaustralianlaborpartyleadershipspillleadershipballotandsworninasthefirstfemaleprimeministerofaustraliafollowingtheresignationofkevinruddjulyjulyndashthefirsthourflightbyasolarpoweredplaneiscompletedbythesolarimpulsejulyndashsloveniabecomesthendmemberoftheorganisationforeconomiccooperationanddevelopmentoecdjulyndashwikileaksanonlinepublisherofanonymouscovertandclassifiedmaterialleakstothepublicafghanwardocumentsleakoverinternalreportsabouttheunitedstatesledinvolvementinthewarinafghanistanpresentwarinafghanistanfromtojulyndashheavymonsoonrainsbegintocausekhyberpakhtunkhwafloodswidespreadfloodinginthekhyberpakhtunkhwaprovinceofpakistanoverarekilledandmorethanonemillionaredisplacedbythefloodsaugustaugustndashtheworldhealthorganizationdeclarestheflupandemichninfluenzapandemicoversayingworldwidefluactivityhasreturnedtotypicalseasonalpatternsaugustndashaustralianfederalelectionjuliagillardsaustralianlaborpartylaborgillardgovernmentgovernmentisreelectednarrowlydefeatingrefnameabcreftheliberalpartyofaustralialiberalnationalpartyofaustralianationalcoalitionaustraliacoalitionledbytonyabbottseptemberseptemberndashacanterburyearthquakemagnitudeearthquakerockschristchurchnewzealandcausinglargeamountsofdamagebutnodirectfatalitiesitisthefirstinaseriesofearthquakesbetweenandthatresultedinthedeathsofpeopleandoverbillionworthofdamageseismologistsnotedthattheearthquakesequencewashighlyunusualandlikelytoneverhappenagainanywhereelseintheworldseptemberndashisraelbecomestherdmemberoftheorganisationforeconomi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hingverysimilartoxorxinternallybutothersusedquitedifferentprotocolsinternallytheisoequivalentprotocoltoxisoiscompatiblewithxbutadditionallyincludesprovisionfortwoxdtestobedirectlyconnectedtoeachotherwithnonetworkinbetweenbyseparatingthepacketlayerprotocolisopermitsoperationoveradditionalnetworkssuchasisollcisolanandtheosidatalinklayerxoriginallydefinedthreebasicprotocollevelsorarchitecturallayersintheoriginalspecificationsthesewerereferredtoaslevelsandalsohadalevelnumberwhereasallitutxrecommendationsandisostandardsreleasedafterrefertothemaslayersthelayernumbersweredroppedtoavoidconfusionwiththeosimodellayersphysicallayerthislayerspecifiesthephysicalelectricalfunctionalandproceduralcharacteristicstocontrolthephysicallinkbetweenadteandadcecommonimplementationsusexeiaeiaorotherserialprotocolsdatalinklayerthedatalinklayerconsistsofthelinkaccessprocedurefordatainterchangeonthelinkbetweenadteandadceinitsimplementationthelapblinkaccessprocedurebalancedlapbisadatalinkprotocolthatmanagesacommunicationsessionandcontrolsthepacketframingitisabitorientedprotocolthatprovideserrorcorrectionandorderlydeliverypacketlayerthislayerdefinedapacketlayerprotocolforexchangingcontrolanduserdatapacketstoformapacketswitchingnetworkbasedonvirtualcallsaccordingtothepacketlayerprotocolthexmodelwasbasedonthetraditionaltelephonyconceptofestablishingreliablecircuitsthroughasharednetworkbutusingsoftwaretocreatevirtualcallcapabilityvirtualcallsthroughthenetworkthesecallsinterconnectdataterminalequipmentdataterminalequipmentdteprovidingendpointstouserswhichlookedlikepointtopointtelecommunicationspointtopointconnectionseachendpointcanestablishmanyseparatevirtualcallstodifferentendpointsforabriefperiodthespecificationalsoincludedaconnectionlessdatagramservicebutthiswasdroppedinthenextrevisionthefastselectwithrestrictedresponsefacilityisintermediatebetweenfullcallestablishmentandconnectionlesscommunicationitiswidelyusedinqueryresponsetransactionapplicationsinvolvingasinglerequestandresponselimitedtobytesofdatacarriedeachwaythedataiscarriedinanextendedcallrequestpacketandtheresponseiscarriedinanextendedfieldofthecallrejectpacketwithaconnectionneverbeingfullyestablishedcloselyrelatedtothexprotocolaretheprotocolstoconnectasynchronousdevicessuchasdumbterminalsandprinterstoanxnetworkxxandxthisfunctionalitywasperformedusingapacketassemblerdisassemblerorpadalsoknownasatriplexdevicereferringtothethreeprotocolsusedrelationtotheosireferencemodelalthoughxpredatestheosimodelosireferencemodelosirmthephysicallayeroftheosimodelcorrespondstothexphysicallayerthedatalinklayertothexdatalinklayerandthenetworklayertothexpacketlayerthexdatalinklayerlapbprovidesareliabledatapathacrossadatalinkormultipleparalleldatalinksmultilinkwhichmaynotbereliableitselfthexpacketlayerprovidesthevirtualcallmechanismsrunningoverxlapbthepacketlayerincludesmechanismstomaintainvirtualcallsandtosignaldataerrorsintheeventthatthedatalinklayercannotrecoverfromdatatransmissionerrorsallbuttheearliestversionsofxincludefacilitieswhichprovideforosinetworklayeraddressingnsapaddressingseebelowuserdevicesupportimagetelevideoterminaljpgthumbatelevideoterminalmodelmadearoundxwasdevelopedintheeraofcomputerterminalsconnectingtohostcomputersalthoughitalsocanbeusedforcommunicationsbetweencomputersinsteadofdialingdirectlyintothehostcomputerwhichwouldrequirethehosttohaveitsownpoolofmodemsandphonelinesandrequirenonlocalcallerstomakelongdistancecallsthehostcouldhaveanxconnectiontoanetworkserviceprovidernowdumbterminaluserscoulddialintothenetworkslocalpadpacketassemblerdisassemblerpacketassemblydisassemblyfacilityagatewaydeviceconnectingmodemsandseriallinestothexlinkasdefinedbythexandxstandardshavingconnectedtothepadthedumbterminalusertellsthepadwhichhosttoconnecttobygivingaphonenumberlikeaddressinthexaddressformatorbygivingahostnameiftheserviceproviderallowsfornamesthatmaptoxaddressesthepadthenplacesanxcalltothehostestablishingavirtualcallcapabilityvirtualcallnotethatxprovidesforvirtualcallssoappearstobeacircuitswitchednetworkeventhoughinfactthedataitselfispacketswitchingpacketswitchedinternallysimilartothewaytcpprovidesconnectionseventhoughtheunderlyingdataispacketswitchedtwoxhostscouldofcoursecalloneanotherdirectlynopadisinvolvedinthiscaseintheoryitdoesntmatterwhetherthexcallerandxdestinationarebothconnectedtothesamecarrierbutinpracticeitwasnotalwayspossibletomakecallsfromonecarriertoanotherforthepurposeofflowcontrolaslidingwindowprotocolisusedwiththedefaultwindowsizeoftheacknowledgementsmayhaveeitherlocalorendtoendsignificanceadbitdatadeliverybitineachdatapacketindicatesifthesenderrequiresendtoendacknowledgementwhenditmeansthattheacknowledgementhasendtoendsignificanceandmusttakeplaceonlyaftertheremotedtehasacknowledgedreceiptofthedatawhendthenetworkispermittedbutnotrequiredtoacknowledgebeforetheremotedtehasacknowledgedorevenreceivedthedatawhilethepadfunctiondefinedbyxandxspecificallysupportedasynchronouscharacterterminalspadequivalentsweredevelopedtosupportawiderangeofproprietaryintelligentcommunicationsdevicessuchasthoseforibmsystemnetworkarchitecturesnaerrorcontrolerrorrecoveryproceduresatthepacketlayerassumethatthedatalinklayerisresponsibleforretransmittingdatareceivedinerrorpacketlayererrorhandlingfocusesonresynchronizingtheinformationflowincallsaswellasclearingcallsthathavegoneintounrecoverablestateslevelresetpacketswhichreinitializestheflowonavirtualcallbutdoesnotbreakthevirtualcallrestartpacketwhichclearsdownallvirtualcallsonthedatalinkandresetsallpermanentvirtualcircuitsonthedatalinkaddressingandvirtualcircuitsimagesiemensdagfrontjpgthumbanxmodemonceusedtoconnecttothegermandatexpnetworkxsupportstwotypesofvirtualcircuitsvirtualcallcapabilityvirtualcallsvcandpermanentvirtualcircuitspvcvirtualcallsareestablishedonanasneededbasisforexampleavcisestablishedwhenacallisplacedandtorndownafterthecalliscompletevcsareestablishedthroughacallestablishmentandclearingprocedureontheotherhandpermanentvirtualcircuitsarepreconfiguredintothenetworkpvcsareseldomtorndownandthusprovideadedicatedconnectionbetweenendpointsvcmaybeestablishedusingxaddressesthexaddressconsistsofathreedigitdatacountrycodedccplusanetworkdigittogetherformingthefourdigitdatanetworkidentificationcodednicfollowedbythenationalterminalnumberntnofatmosttendigitsnotetheuseofasinglenetworkdigitseeminglyallowingforonlynetworkcarrierspercountrybutsomecountriesareassignedmorethanonedcctoavoidthislimitationnetworksoftenusedfewerthanthefullntndigitsforroutingandmadethesparedigitsavailabletothesubscribersometimescalledthesubaddresswheretheycouldbeusedtoidentifyapplicationsorforfurtherroutingonthesubscribersnetworksnsapaddressingfacilitywasaddedinthexrevisionofthespecificationandthisenabledxtobettermeettherequirementsofopensystemsinterconnectionosiconsconnectionorientednetworkserviceconsrefnamexituintrectrecxenitutrecommendationxrefpublicxnetworkswerenotrequiredtomakeuseofnsapaddressingbuttosupportosiconswererequiredtocarrythensapaddressesandotheritutspecifieddtefacilitiestransparentlyfromdtetodtelaterrevisionsallowedmultipleaddressesinadditiontoxaddressestobecarriedonthesamedtedceinterfacetelexaddressingtelexfpublicswitchedtelephonenetworkpstnaddressingeintegratedservicesdigitalnetworkisdnaddressingeinternetprotocoladdressesianaicpandlocalieeemediaaccesscontrolmacaddressespvcsarepermanentlyestablishedinthenetworkandthereforedonotrequiretheuseofaddressesforcallsetuppvcsareidentifiedatthesubscriberinterfacebytheirlogicalchannelidentifierseebelowhoweverinpracticenotmanyofthenationalxnetworkssupportedpvcsonedtedceinterfacetoanxnetworkhasamaximumoflogicalchannelsonwhichitisallowedtoestablishvirtualcallsandpermanentvirtualcircuitslogicalchannelidentifiersremainassignedtoavirtualcircuitforthedurationoftheconnectionlogicalchannelidentifiersidentifyaspecificlogicalchannelbetweenthedataterminalequipmentdtesubscriberapplianceandthedatacircuitterminatingequipmentdcenetworkandonlyhaslocalsignificanceonthelinkbetweenthesubscriberandthenetworktheotherendoftheconnectionattheremotedteislikelytohaveassignedadifferentlogicalchannelidentifiertherangeofpossiblelogicalchannelsissplitintogroupschannelsassignedtopermanentvirtualcircuitsassignedtoincomingvirtualcallstwowayincomingoroutgoingvirtualcallsandoutgoingvirtualcallslogicalchannelidentifierzerowillnotbeassignedtoapermanentvirtualcircuitorvirtualcallthelogicalchannelidentifierofzeroisusedforpacketswhichdontrelatetoaspecificvirtualcircuitegpacketlayerrestartregistrationanddiagnosticpacketsbillinginpublicnetworksxwastypicallybilledasaflatmonthlyservicefeedependingonlinkspeedandthenapricepersegmentontopofthislinkspeedsvariedtypicallyfrombitsuptombitsalthoughspeedsabovekbitswereuncommoninthepublicnetworksasegmentwasbytesofdataroundedupwithnocarryoverbetweenpacketschargedtothecallerorcalleeinthecaseofreversechargedcallswheresupportedcallsinvokingthefastselectfacilityallowingbytesofdataincallrequestcallconfirmationandcallclearingphaseswouldgenerallyattractanextrachargeasmightuseofsomeoftheotherxfacilitiespvcswouldhaveamonthlyrentalchargeandalowerpricepersegmentthanvcsmakingthemcheaperonlywherelargevolumesofdataarepassedxpackettypesclasswikitablenamexpackettypespackettypedcedtedtedceservicevcpvccallingthesupersetupincomingcallcallrequestxcallconnectedgamingcallacceptedregainingxclearindicationrequestclearrequestindicationxclearconfirmationcityclearconfirmationcityxdataandinterruptorcurrputdatadataxxinterruptinterruptxxinterruptconfirmationinterruptconfirmationxxflowcontrolandresetrrrrxxrnrrnrxxrejrejxxresetindicationresetrequestxxresetconfirmationresetconfirmationxxrestartrestartindicationrestartrequestxrestartconfirmationrestartconfirmationxdiagnosticdiagnosticxregistrationregistrationconfirmationregistrationrequestxrestartconfirmationrestartconfirmationxdiagnosticdiagnosticxregistrationregistrationconfirmationregistrationrequestxrestartconfirmationrestartconfirmationxdiagnosticdiagnosticxregistrationregistrationconfirmationregistrationrequestxrestartconfirmationrestartconfirmationxdiagnosticdiagnosticxregistrationregistrationconfirmationregistrationrequestxxdetailsthenetworkmayallowtheselectionofthemaximallengthinrangetooctetssupnsupvaluesonlypervirtualcircuitbynegotiationaspartofthecallsetupprocedurethemaximallengthmaybedifferentatthetwoendsofthevirtualcircuitdataterminalequipmentconstructscontrolpacketswhichareencapsulatedintodatapacketsthepacketsaresenttothedatacircuitterminatingequipmentusinglapbprotocoldatacircuitterminatingequipmentstripsthelayerheadersinordertoencapsulatepacketstotheinternalnetworkprotocolxfacilitiesxprovidesasetofuserfacilitiesdefinedanddescribedinitutrecommendationxthexuserfacilitiesfallintofivecategoriesessentialfacilitiesadditionalfacilitiesconditionalfacilitiesmandatoryfacilitiesandoptionalfacilitiesxalsoprovidesxanditutspecifieddteoptionaluserfacilitiesdefinedanddescribedinitutrecommendationxthexoptionaluserfacilitiesfallintofourcategoriesofuserfacilitiesthatrequiresubscriptiononlysubscriptionfollowedbydynamicinvocationsubscriptionordynamicinvocationanddynamicinvocationonlyxprotocolversionstheccittitutversionsoftheprotocolspecificationsareforpublicdatanetworkspdntheisoiecversionsaddressadditionalfeaturesforprivatenetworkseglocalareanetworkslanusewhilemaintainingcompatibilitywiththeccittitutspecificationstheuserfacilitiesandotherfeaturessupportedbyeachversionofxandisoiechavevariedfromeditiontoeditionrefnameannexcisoiecfourtheditionannexcrefseveralmajorprotocolversionsofxexistccittrecommendationxorangebookccittrecommendationxyellowbookccittrecommendationxredbookccittrecommendationxbluebookitutrecommendationxwhitebookitutrecommendationxgreybookthexrecommendationallowsmanyoptionsforeachnetworktochoosewhendecidingwhichfeaturestosupportandhowcertainoperationsareperformedthismeanseachnetworkneedstopublishitsowndocumentgivingthespecificationofitsximplementationandmostnetworksrequireddteappliancemanufacturerstoundertakeprotocolconformancetestingwhichincludedtestingforstrictadherenceandenforcementoftheirnetworkspecificoptionsnetworkoperatorswereparticularlyconcernedaboutthepossibilityofabadlybehavingormisconfigureddteappliancetakingoutpartsofthenetworkandaffectingothersubscribersthereforesubscribersdteapplianceshavetobeconfiguredtomatchthespecificationoftheparticularnetworktowhichtheyareconnectingmostoftheseweresufficientlydifferenttopreventinterworkingifthesubscriberdidntconfiguretheirappliancecorrectlyortheappliancemanufacturerdidntincludespecificsupportforthatnetworkinspiteofprotocolconformancetestingthisoftenleadtointerworkingproblemswheninitiallyattachinganappliancetoanetworkinadditiontotheccittitutversionsoftheprotocolfoureditionsofisoiecexistisoiecfirsteditioncompatiblewithxandisoiecsecondeditioncompatiblewithstedandxisoiecthirdeditioncompatiblewithndedandxisoiecfourtheditioncompatiblewithrdedandxseealsoosiprotocolsuitepacketswitchedpacketswitchednetworksarenetworksincludingxasanoldexamplethathaveprotocolsusingpacketsframerelayhasitstechnicalbaseinxpacketswitchingtechnologybutdoesnotattempttocorrecterrorsiberpacisthespanishxnetworkandfirstpubliclyoperatedpacketswitchingnetworkusedasofdatapacwasacanadianvariantofxofferedbybellcanadatranspacnetworktranspacwasthefrenchvariantofxpublicdatanetworkaustpacwasanaustralianpublicxnetworkxotisanxovertcpprotocoliewithxencapsulationontcpipnetworksxpcpacketingisthephilippinexnetworkandfirstpubliclyoperatedpacketswitchingnetworkusedasofreferencesfurtherreadingcomputercommunicationslecturenotesbyprofchaimzieglerphdbrooklyncollegecitebookauthormotorolacodextitlethebasicsbookofxpacketswitchingeditionndseriesthebasicsbookseriesyearpublisheraddisonwesleylocationreadingmaisbnxcitebooklastdeasingtonfirstrichardtitlexexplainededitionndseriescomputercommunicationsandnetworkingyearpublisherellishorwoodlocationchichesterukisbncitebooklastfriendfirstgeorgeefirstjohnllastfikefirsthcharleslastbakerfirstjohnclastbellamytitleunderstandingdatacommunicationseditionndyearpublisherhowardwsamscompanylocationindianapolisisbnrefharvcitebooklastpoochfirstudowauthorwilliamhgreeneauthorgarygmosstitletelecommunicationsandnetworkingpublisherlittlebrownandcompanylocationbostonyearisbncitebooklastschattfirststantitlelinkinglansamicromanagersguideyearpublishermcgrawhillisbnrefharvcitebooklastthorpefirstnicolasmfirstdereklastrosstitlexmadeeasyyearpublisherprenticehallisbnexternallinksituintrectrecxenrecommendationxatitutdocwikiciscocomwikixciscoxreferencefarsitecomxxinfoxhtmanxnetworkingguidewithcomparisonstotcpipwebarchiveorgwebsofttechinfocomnetworkxhtmlxdirectoryinformationalresourcesearchdmozorgcgibinsearchsearchxrfcsandotherresourcesbyopendirectoryinfoboxformercountrynativenameconventionallongnamexiacommonnamexiadynastycontinentasiaregioneastasiaeragovernmenttypemonarchyyearstartcbcyearendcbcpsshangdynastyeventstarteventendimagemapxiadynastysvgimagemapcaptionproposedlocationofthexiadynastycapitaldengfengyangchengbrzhenxunleaderleaderyearleaderyearleadertitleleaderkinginfoboxchinesecpxiwhsiasupsupmisuzghyhasupsupcijhaasupsuptlocbsraoczzrathexiadynastychinesealreadyincludedintheinfoboxseewpmoszhisthefirstdynastyintraditionalchinesehistoryitisdescribedinancienthistoricalchroniclessuchasthebambooannalstheclassicofhistoryandtherecordsofthegrandhistorianaccordingtotraditionthexiadynastywasestablishedbythelegendaryyuthegreatafteremperorshunshunthelastofthethreesovereignsandfiveemperorsfiveemperorsgavehisthronetohimthexiawaslatersucceededbytheshangdynastyaccordingtothetraditionalchronologybaseduponcalculationsbyliuxinthexiaruledbetweenandbcaccordingtothechronologybaseduponthebambooannalsitruledbetweenandbcthexiashangzhouchronologyprojectcommissionedbythechinesegovernmentinconcludedthatthexiaexistedbetweenandbcthetraditionoftracingchinesepoliticalhistoryfromheroicearlyemperorstothexiaandontosucceedingdynastiescomesfromtheideaofthemandateofheaveninwhichonlyonelegitimaterulerexistsatagiventimethispoliticalphilosophywaspromotedbytheconfucianschoolintheeasternzhouperiodlaterbecomingtheofficialpositionofchinesehistoriographyimperialhistoriographyandideologyalthoughthexiaisanimportantelementofearlyrecordedchinesehistoryreliableinformationonthehistoryofchinabeforethcenturybccanonlycomefromarchaeologicalevidenceaschinasfirstestablishedwrittensystemonadurablemediumtheoraclebonescriptdidnotexistuntilthennomentionofthexiaorthesupposedconquestofthexiabytheshanghasbeenfoundinanyshangperiodoraclebonesthefirstdocumentaryreferencetothexiadatesfrommorethanathousandyearslaterintherecordsofthezhoudynastytraditionalaccountsthexiadynastywasdescribedinclassictextssuchastheclassicofhistoryshujingthebambooannalsandtherecordsofthegrandhistorianshijibysimaqianaccordingtotraditionthehuaxiaweretheancestralpeopleofthehanchineseoriginsandearlydevelopmenttraditionalhistoriestracethedevelopmentofthexiatothelegendarythreesovereignsandfiveemperorsaccordingtoancientchinesetextsbeforethexiadynastywasestablishedbattleswerefrequentbetweenthexiatribeandchiyoustribethexiatribeslowlydevelopedaroundthetimeofzhuanxuoneofthefiveemperorstherecordsofthegrandhistorianandtheclassicofritessaythatyuthegreatisthegrandsonofzhuanxubuttherearealsootherrecordslikebanguthatsayyuisthefifthgenerationofzhuanxubasedonthistraditionascribestheancestryofthexiaclantozhuanxugunsattempttostopthefloodgunchinesegunthefatherofyuthegreatistheearliestrecordedmemberofthexiaclanwhentheyellowriverfloodedmanytribesunitedtogethertocontrolandstopthefloodinggunwasappointedbyemperoryaoruleryaotostopthefloodingheorderedtheconstructionoflargeblockadestoblockthepathofthewatertheattemptofguntostopthefloodinglastedfornineyearsbutitwasafailurebecausethefloodsbecamestrongerafternineyearsyaohadalreadygivenhisthronetoshunchineseleadershungunwasorderedtobeimprisonedforlifetoreformtheeasternbarbariansbyshunatyushanchineseamountainlocatedbetweenmoderndonghaicountyinjiangsuprovinceandlinshucountyinshandongprovinceyuthegreatsattempttostopthefloodsyuthegreatyuwashighlytrustedbyshunsoshunappointedhimtofinishhisfathersworkwhichwastostopthefloodingyusmethodwasdifferentfromhisfathersheorganizedpeoplefromdifferenttribesandorderedthemtohelphimbuildcanalsinallthemajorriversthatwerefloodingandleadthewaterouttotheseayuwasdedicatedtohisworkpeoplepraisedhisperseveranceandwereinspiredsomuchsothatothertribesjoinedintheworklegendsaysthatintheyearsittookhimtosuccessfullycompletetheworktostopthefloodsheneverwentbacktohishomevillagetostopandresteventhoughhepassedbyhishousethreetimesestablishmentyussuccessinstoppingthefloodingincreasedagriculturalproductionsincethefloodsweredestructivethexiatribespowerincreasedandyubecametheleaderofthesurroundingtribessoonafterwardsshunchineseleadershunsentyutoleadanarmytosuppressthesanmiaotribewhichcontinuouslyabusedthebordertribesafterdefeatingthemheexiledthemsouthtothehanshuihanriverareathisvictorystrengthenedthexiatribespowerevenmoreasshunagedhethoughtofasuccessorandrelinquishedthethronetoyuthegreatyuwhomhedeemedworthyyussuccessionmarksthestartofthexiadynastyasyuneareddeathhepassedthethronetohissonqiofxiaqiinsteadofpassingittothemostcapablecandidatethussettingtheprecedentfordynasticruleorthehereditarysystemthexiadynastybeganaperiodoffamilyorclancontrolitisbelievedthatzhenxunmoderngongyiwasoneofthecapitalsofthedynastyoverthrowjieofxiajiethelastkingwassaidtobecorrupthewasoverthrownbytangofshangtangthefirstkingoftheshangdynastytangissaidtohavegiventhesmallstateofqihenanqiasafieftotheremnantsofthexiarulingfamilythispracticewasreferredtoasheadoftheformerchineseimperialclanthetwocrowningsandthethreerespectszengziwasadescendantofthexiadynastykingsthroughshaokangthekingsofthestateofyueclaimeddescentfromthexiadynastykingsthroughshaokangmodernstudiesshanxiprovincethepaucityofwrittenevidenceandthetimegapbetweenthesupposedtimeofthexiaandthefirstwrittenreferencestoithavemeantthatthehistoricityofthexiadynastyitselfandthetraditionalnarrativeofitshistoryisatbestuncertaintheyigupaiskepticalschoolofearlychinesehistorystartedbygujiegangintheswasthefirstgroupofscholarswithinchinatosystematicallyquestionthetraditionalstoryofitsearlyhistorybycriticallyexaminingthedevelopmentofthenarrativeofearlychinesehistorythroughouthistoryguconcludedthelaterthetimethelongerthelegendaryperiodofearlierhistoryearlychinesehistoryisataletoldandretoldforgenerationsduringwhichnewelementswereaddedtothefrontendrefnameleeyunkuenleebuildingthechronologyofearlychinesehistoryasianperspectivesvolrefsomehistorianshavesuggestedthatthezhourulersinventedthexiaasapretexttojustifytheirconquestoftheshangbynotingthatjustastheshanghadsupplantedthexiatheyhadsupplantedtheshangtheexistenceofthexiaremainsunprovendespiteeffortsbychinesearchaeologiststolinkthemwiththebronzeageerlitoucultureamongotherpointsguandotherhistoriansnotecertainparallelsbetweenthetraditionalnarrativeofxiahistoryandshanghistorythatwouldsuggestprobablezhouerafabricationoratleastembellishmentofxiahistoryyunkuenleescriticismofnationalistsentimentindevelopinganexplanationofthreedynastieschronologyfocusesonthedichotomyofevidenceprovidedbyarchaeologicalversushistoricalresearchinparticulartheclaimthatthearchaeologicalerlitoucultureerlitoucultureisalsothehistoricalxiadynastyhowtofusethearchaeologicaldateswithhistoricaldatesisachallengetoallchronologicalstudiesofearlycivilizationintheshapeoftheturtlemythartandcosmosinearlychinasarahallannotedthatmanyaspectsofthexiaaresimplytheoppositeoftraitsheldtobeemblematicoftheshangdynastytheimplieddualismbetweentheshangandxiaallanarguesisthatwhiletheshangrepresentsfireorthesunbirdsandtheeastthexiarepresentthewestandwaterthedevelopmentofthismythicalxiaallanarguesisanecessaryactonthepartofthezhoudynastywhojustifytheirconquestoftheshangbynotingthattheshanghadsupplantedthexiahowevertherearescholarsalsoarguethatshangremnantsstillexistedduringearlyzhoudynastyzhourulerscouldntsimplyjustifytheirsuccessiontopacifyshangremnantsifitsentirelyfabricatedsincetheywouldntbelieveitinthefirstplacealthoughtheshangoracleboneinscriptionscontainnomentionofthexiasomescholarshavesuggestedthatpolitiestheymentionmightberemnantsofthexiaguomoruosuggestedthatanenemystatecalledtufangstatementionedinmanyinscriptionsmightbeidentifiedwiththexiathehistorianshenchangyunpointedtofourinscriptionsmentioningqithesamenameasthezhouerastateofqihenanqiwhichaccordingtotraditionalaccountswasestablishedbythedefeatedroyalhouseofxiarefcitewebscripttitletitlexidishdzhundemaychnchnxinshngshngqutranstitleisthexiadynastyfabricatedaresponsetochenchunsurnameshengivenchangyunyearurlxianqinorgxrhtmlarticlesqydthtmlrefarchaeologicaldiscoveriesfromtheerlitouculturearchaeologistshaveuncoveredurbansitesbronzeimplementsandtombsthatpointtothepossibleexistenceofthexiadynastyatlocationscitedinancientchinesehistoricaltextsthereexistsadebateastowhetherornottheerlitouculturewasthesiteofthexiadynastyradiocarbondatingplacesthesiteatctobcprovidingphysicalevidenceoftheexistenceofastatecontemporaneouswithandpossiblyequivalenttothexiadynastyasdescribedinchinesehistoricalworksinasitelocatedinthecityofyanshiwasexcavatedcontaininglargepalacesthatsomearchaeologistshaveattributedtohistoricalcapitalsofchinacapitalofthexiadynastythroughthesandsarchaeologistshaveuncoveredurbansitesbronzeimplementsandtombsinthesamelocationscitedinancientchinesehistoricaltextsregardingxiaataminimumtheeratraditionallydenotedasthexiadynastymarkedanevolutionarystagebetweenthelateneolithicculturesandtheurbancivilizationoftheshangdynastyrefnamelibraryrefinchinesearchaeologistsuncoveredtheremainsofanimperialsizedpalacedatedtoaboutbcaterlitouinhenanfurtherfuelingthediscussionsabouttheexistenceofthedynastyarchaeologicalevidenceofalargeoutburstfloodthatdestroyedthelajiasiteontheupperreachesoftheyellowriverhasbeendatedtoaboutbcthisdateisshortlybeforetheriseoftheerlitoucultureinthemiddleyellowrivervalleyandtheyueshicultureinshandongfollowingthedeclineofthelongshancultureinthenorthchinaplaintheauthorssuggestthatthisfloodmayhavebeenthebasisforthelatermythandcontributedtothetransitionofculturestheyfurtherarguethatthetimingisfurtherevidencefortheidentificationofthexiawiththeerlitouculturerefcitejournaltitleoutburstfloodatbcesupportshistoricityofchinasgreatfloodandthexiadynastygivenqinglongsurnamewugivenzhijunsurnamezhaogivenlisurnameliugivendarrylesurnamegrangergivenhuisurnamewanggivendavidjsurnamecohengivenxiaohongsurnamewugivenmaolinsurnameyegivenofersurnamebaryosefgivenbinsurnamelugivenjinsurnamezhanggivenpeizhensurnamezhanggivendaoyangsurnameyuangivenwuyunsurnameqigivenlinhaisurnamecaigivenshibiaosurnamebaijournalscienceyearvolumeissuepagesdoiscienceaafpmidrefhowevernoevidenceofcontemporaneouswidespreadfloodinginthenorthchinaplainhasyetbeenfoundrefcitewebtitlemassivefloodmayhaveledtochinasearliestempirewebsitenewspublisheramericanassociationfortheadvancementofsciencegivendennissurnamenormileyearurlsciencemagorgnewsmassivefloodmayhaveledchinasearliestempireaccessdateaugustrefsovereignsofthexiadynastythefollowingtableliststherulersofxiaaccordingtosimaqiansshijiunlikesimaslistofshangdynastykingswhichiscloselymatchedbyinscriptionsonoraclebonesfromlateinthatperiodrecordsofxiarulershavenotyetbeenfoundinarchaeologicalexcavationsofcontemporarysitesorrecordsonlatershangdynastyoraclebonesclasswikitablestylebackgroundefefefcolspanposthumousnamesshihaosupsuporderreignsupsupchineselanguagechinesepinyincolspannotesclasslftyuthegreatyalsoyuthegreatdyfoundingfatherofxiadynastyclasslftqiofxiaqsonofyuclasslfttaikangtikngsonofqinbspclasslftzhongkangzhngkngsonofqiandyoungerbrotheroftaikangnbspclasslftxiangofxiaxingsonofzhongkangnbspclasslftshaokangshokngsonofxiangrestoredthecorruptxiadynastyzhuofxiazhsonofshaokangnbspclasslfthuaiofxiahuisonofzhunbspclasslftmangofxiamngsonofhuaiclasslftxieofxiaxisonofmangclasslftbujiangbjingsonofxienbspclasslftjiongofxiajingsonofxieyoungerbrotherofbujiangnbspclasslftjinofxiajnsonofjiongstandardchineseguoyujnorjnputonghuajnclasslftkongjiakngjisonofbujiangnephewofjiongandcousinofjinnbspclasslftgaoofxiagosonofkongjianbspclasslftfaofxiafsonofgaonbspclasslftjierulerjisonoffaalsoluguilgustylebackgroundefefefcolspansmallthereignnameissometimesprecededbythenameofthedynastyxiaforexamplexiayusmallcolspanstylebackgroundefefefsmallpossiblelengthofreigninyearssmallxiadynastyfamilytreeprefbrseealsoerlitouculturelistofneolithicculturesofchinareferencescitationssourcescitationsurnameallangivensarahtitletheshapeoftheturtlemythartandcosmosinearlychinapublisherstateuniversityofnewyorkpressyearisbnpostscriptcitationsurnameallangivensarahtitleerlitouandtheformationofchinesecivilizationtowardanewparadigmjournalthejournalofasianstudiesvolumeissuepagesyeardoisxpostscriptcitationgivendavidnsurnamekeightleyauthorlinkdavidkeightleychaptertheshangchinasfirsthistoricaldynastyeditorgivenmichaeleditorsurnameloeweeditorlinkmichaelloeweeditorgivenedwardleditorsurnameshaughnessyeditorlinkedwardlshaughnessytitlethecambridgehistoryofancientchinalocationcambridgepublishercambridgeuniversitypressyearpagesisbnpostscriptcitationtitlebuildingthechronologyofearlychinesehistorygivenyunkuensurnameleejournalasianperspectivesvolumeissuepagesyearurlscholarspacemanoahawaiieduhandledoiasipostscriptcitationtitlethefloodmythsofearlychinagivenmarkedwardsurnamelewispublishersunypressyearisbnpostscriptcitationsurnameligivenfengtitleearlychinaasocialandculturalhistorypublishercambridgeuniversitypressyearisbnpostscriptcitationsurnameliugivenlititleacademicfreedompoliticalcorrectnessandearlycivilisationinchinesearchaeologythedebateonxiaerlitourelationsjournalantiquityvolumeissueyearpagesdoisxxurlhdlhandlenetpostscriptcitationsurnameliugivenlisurnamechengivenxingcantitlethearchaeologyofchinafromthelatepaleolithictotheearlybronzeageyearpublishercambridgeuniversitypressisbnpostscriptcitationsurnameliugivenlisurnamexugivenhongtitlerethinkingerlitoulegendhistoryandchinesearchaeologyjournalantiquityvolumeissueyearpagesurlhdlhandlenetdoisxpostscriptcitationgivenvictorsurnamemairgivenebrucesurnamebrookstitlewasthereaxidynastyjournalsinoplatonicpapersvolumeyearurlsinoplatonicorgcompletesppxiadynastychinapdfpostscriptcitationtitlethefiveconfucianclassicsgivenmichaelsurnamenylanpublisheryaleuniversitypressyearisbnpostscriptcitationtitlewritingandtheancientstateearlychinaincomparativeperspectivegivenhaichengsurnamewangpublishercambridgeuniversitypressyearisbnpostscriptfurtherreadingcitejournaltitlessmachienshistoricalrecordschapteriithehsiadynastyfirstherbertjtranslatorlastallenjournaljournaloftheroyalasiaticsocietyvolumenumberyearpagesdoisxurlsacredtextscomjournalsjrashtmcitebookchaptertheannalsofthebamboobooksthedynastyofheachapterurlarchiveorgstreamchineseclassicslegggoogpagenmodeuppagestitlethechineseclassicsvolumepartfirstjamestranslatorlastleggeauthorlinkjamesleggeyearurlarchiveorgdetailschineseclassicslegggoogexternallinkschinaorgcnenglishnovhtmstunningcapitalofxiadynastyunearthednotocyearromannumeralsccxcvwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofnummiustuscustuscusandgaiusanniusanullinusanullinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiregaleriusromancaesartitlecaesarinthebalkansisdispatchedtoegyptromanprovinceegypttofightagainsttherebelliouscitiesbusirisloweregyptbusirisandqiftcoptosasiakingnarsehshahofthesassanidempiredeclareswaronancientromeromeandinvadesarmeniawithhisarmytuobaluguandividestheterritoryofthetuobatuobaclanintothreeareashisnephewstuobayiluandtuobayituobecomechieftainsofthewesternandcentralareasofshanxiprovincetuobaluguandominatestheeasternareanearhohhotbytopicreligionpetrarejoinstheprovinceofpalestineregionpalestineandisconvertedtochristianitybythesyrianmonkbarsaumaonlyincludebirthsshihuchineseemperoroflaterzhaoddeathsmaximilianoftebessaberberchristiansaintandmartyrreferencesyearromannumeralsccxcivwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofconstantiusandvaleriusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheann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lleyofthemoravarivermargusserbiajulyorjulyndashdiocletianappointshisfellowofficermaximiantotheofficeofcaesartitlecaesarorjuniorcoemperorlatesummerndashdiocletiandefendsthedanubeagainstsarmatianssarmatianraidshetransfershiscapitaltonicomediamoderndayizmitinturkeycarausiusnavalcommanderatboulognesurmerhistorybononiamoderndayboulognesurmerboulogneisgiventhetaskofclearingtheenglishchanneloffranksfrankishandsaxonpiratesmaximianissenttopacifygaulwherethebagaudaeabandofpeasantsarerevoltingagainsttheromanempireonlyincludeaugdeathsduyuchinesegeneralofthejindynastyjindynastybcarinusromanemperorsabinusjulianusromanusurperreferencesyearromannumeralscclxxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofvaleriusandvaleriusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperordiocletianandmaximianbecomeconsulromanconsulsdiocletiansignsapeacetreatywithbahramiikingofsassanidempirepersiaandinstallstiridatesiiiofarmeniatiridatesiiiaskingofarmeniadiocletianreorganizesthemesopotamianfrontierandfortifiesthecityofcircesiummodernbusayrahontheeuphratesseptemberthefirstindictionbeginsonlyincludebirthsdeathsjanuarysaintsebastianmartyredsaintmauricechristiansoldierexecutedsaintsvictoricusfuscianandgentianmartyredreferencesyearromannumeralscclxxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofcarusandcarinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorcarustravelsthroughthraceandasiaminorheinvadesthepersianempireafteralongmarchheconquersctesiphonthecapitalofthesassanidfamilytreepersiankingdomandpressesonwiththeromanarmybeyondthetigriscarusreceivesforhisvictoriesiniranpersiathetitleofpersicusmaximuscarusdiesinmysteriouscircumstancesduringthewaragainstthesassanidempiresassanidsduringaviolentduststormheiskilledbyastrokeoflightningcarinusmarcusaureliuscarinussucceedshisfathercarusdecemberndashnumerianisproclaimedemperorbyhissoldiersbytopicreligiondecemberndashpopecaiussucceedspopeeutychianasthethpopeonlyincludebirthseusebiusofvercellibishopandsaintapproximatedategehongchinesetaoismtaoistandgovernmentofficialddeathsdecemberndashpopeeutychiancarusmarcusaureliuscarusromanemperorbshantaotaoistshantaochinesetaoistbreferencestheatlantafalconsblewaleadinthesuperbowlyearromannumeralscclxxxiiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofprobusandvictorinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperormarcusaureliusprobusprobustravelstowardssirmiumserbiahetriestoemployhistroopsinpeacefulprojectssuchasdrainingtheswampsinpannoniaprobusismurderedbyhisdiscontentedtroopscarusmarcusaureliuscarusanillyrianandpraetorianprefectisproclaimednewemperorcarusdefeatsthequadiandsarmatiansonthedanubeforhisvictoriesheisgiventhetitlegermanicusmaximuscarusappointshisoldestsoncarinusmarcusaureliuscarinuscaesarandcoemperorofthewesternromanempireasiaanewcityisconstructedinfuzhouslightlysouthoftheoriginalcityyethemainstreetofthecityhasremainedunchangedsincethattimebytopicreligionthepatriarchtheonasofalexandriabecomesoneofthefirstbishopstousethetitlepopeonlyincludebirthsdeathsjiachongchinesestatesmanofthejindynastyjindynastybmarcusaureliusprobusromanemperorbreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscclxxxiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofprobusandtiberianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperormarcusaureliusprobusprobusreturnstoancientromeromewherehecelebrateshisromantriumphtriumphoverthevandalsandtheromanusurperusurpersbonosususurperbonosusjuliussaturninusandproculusonlyincludebirthssaintaquilinaaquilinachristiansaintddeathsproculusromanusurperreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscclxxxwasaleapyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmessallaandgratusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireproculusromanusurperstartsarebellionatlugdunumlyonfranceandproclaimshimselfemperoremperormarcusaureliusprobusprobusdrivesthealansofftoasiaminorandsuppressestherevoltingaulproculusisexe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inareferencesnotocyearromannumeralscclxxviwasaleapyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoftacitusandaemilianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperormarcusclaudiustacitustacitusdoublesthesilvercontentoftheromancurrencyaurelianianusandhalvesitstariffingtodccarrythevaluemarksximarcusanniusflorianusdefeatsthegothsandalanswhohaveinvadedasiaminortacitusdiesofillnessorismurderedattyanaincappadociaflorianusbecomesromanemperorhebreaksoffhiscampaignagainsttheheruliandmarchesfromthebosphorusbosporuswithsupportfromtheromanlegionsinromanbritainbritaingaulhispaniaspainanditalytofightanindecisivebattlewithmarcusaureliusprobusinciliciaflorianusholdspowerforsomeweeksbutisassassinationassassinatedbyhisowntroopsneartarsusmersintarsusturkeyprobusageisproclaimednewemperorofancientromeromeprobusappointscarusmarcusaureliuscarustopraetorianprefectprefectofthepraetorianguardhereturnstheaurelianianustothestandardandofficialtariffingofaurelianasiakingbahramiofsassanidempirepersiadiesafterayearreigninwhichthezoroastrianismzoroastrianpriestsatctesiphoniranputpressureonhimtopersecutebuddhismbuddhistschristianitychristiansandmanichaeismmanichaeansheissucceededbyhissonbahramiireignofmahasenaofsrilankamahasenainceylonorthodoxandunpopularhetriestointroducemahayanabuddhismtothecountryonlyincludebirthsgregoryofnazianzustheeldergregorytheelderbishopofnazianzusapproximatedateguopuchinesewriterdemperoryuanofjinchineseemperorofthejindynastyjindynastydwangdaochinesestatesmanofthejindynastyddeathsbahramikingofsassanidempirepersiamarcusanniusflorianusromanemperormarcusclaudiustacitusromanemperorreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscclxxvwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaurelianusandmarcellinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperoraurelianpreparesacampaignagainstthesasanianempiresassanidsinanatoliaasiaminorinthracewhilewaitingtocrossthebosphoruswithhisarmyhehandsoutseverepunishmentstocorruptioncorruptsoldiersandmakesalistofhighrankingofficersmarkedforexecutionseptemberndashaurelianfallsvictimtoaconspiracyofthepraetorianguardandismurderednearbyzantiumturkeyseptemberndashmarcusclaudiustacitusisproclaimedemperorbytheromansenatesenatehishalfbrothermarcusanniusflorianusbecomespraetorianprefectgaulispillagedbythefranksandthealemanniindiathepallavadynastybeginsinsouthernindiabytopicreligionjanuaryndashpopeeutychiansucceedspopefelixiasthethpopeonlyincludebirthseusebiusofcaesareaapproximatedatesaintgeorgesoldieroftheromanempireandlaterchristianmartyrorapproximatedatedeathsaurelianromanemperorborxiangxiuchinesesagezenobiaqueenofthepalmyreneempirebreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscclwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoftraianusandgratusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireagroupoffrankspenetrateasfarastarragonainhispaniaspainapproximatedatethegothsunderkingcnivainvademoesiatheycrossthedanubeandlaysiegetonovaeandmarcianopolisbattleofaugustatraianatheromanslosethebattleagainstthegothscnivalayssiegetobattleofphilippopolisphilippopolismodernplovdivafteralongresistancecnivaconquersthecityandslaysitsonehundredthousandinhabitantsthealamannidrivetheromansfromthemodernareaofdonauriesanepidemicbeginsinethiopiamovesintoegyptandtheromancoloniesinnorthafricaandspreadsthroughtheromanempirenamedtheplagueofcyprianaftercyprianstcyprianbishopofcarthageafricathekingdomofaksumaxumtakescontrolofcommerceontheredseaasiathekofunerakofunperiodbeginsinjapanthekushanempirecollapsestheearliestchinesereferencestoadeviceknownasemperorssouthpointingcarriagedatetothisperiodamericateotihuacnisrebuiltasafourquarteredcosmogrambyzapoteccivilizationzapotecarchitectsbroughtfrommontealbninoaxacaclassicperiodofmesoamericancivilizationbeginsbytopicartsandsciencesdiophantuswritesarithmeticathefirstsystematictreatiseonalgebrafamilygrouptraditionallycalledthefamilyofvunneriuskeramusismadeitwaslaterplacedinbresciacrossitisnowkeptatmuseocivicodelletcristianabresciaapproximatedatebattlebetweentheromansandthebarbariansdetailoftheludovisibattlesarcophagusfoundnearromeismadeitisnowkeptatmuseonazionaleromanoapproximatedateigelcolumniserectedapproximatedateaftertempleofthefeatheredserpentteotihuacantheciudadelateotihuacanmexicoisbuiltteotihuacanculturereligionemperordeciusinstitutesthepersecutionofchristiansinanattempttorestorethereligionofromepopepopefabianf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engineeringplanstheyconstructthebandekaisarbridgeofvaleriangallienusbecomesthesoleemperorofancientromeromeduringhisreignthepannoniangovernoringenuusrevoltsonthedanubegallienusevacuatesthefortificationslimesintheagridecumatesgermaniasuperiorcoveringtheblackforestareainthefaceofinvadingalamannigallienusestablisheshimselfatmediolanummodernmilanhereorganizesthearmysupportedbyelitecavalryanddispatchestroopstotherhinefrontierpostumusromanusurperformsthegallicempireandprotectstherhineagainstaninvasionofgermanicpeoplesgermanictribessaloninussonofgallienusisproclaimedaugustustitleaugustusbyhistroopspostumusbesiegescolognewheresilvanusmythologysilvanusispraetorianprefectandromanrulerofgaulpostumusexecutessaloninusandhisadvisersilvanusafterbreachingthewallsofcologneheisrecognizedasemperorandestablisheshiscapitalattrierpostumuswinsoveralltheromanprovinceswestofthealpsincludinggaulromanbritainbritainandhispaniatheromancastellumfortofwiesbadengermanyiscapturedbythealamannithefrankstakecontroloverthescheldtestuaryapproximatedateasiasassaniddynastypersiankingshapuridestroyscaesareamazacainasiaminorcaohuansucceedscaomaoasemperorofthechinesestateofcaoweisyriaegyptandpalestineregionpalestinebreakofffromtheromanempiretoformthepersiansupportedpalmyreneempirebytopicartsandsciencesearliestknowndateoforiginsofchesschessreligionpopedionysiusconvenesasynodatrometodemandanexplanationfrombishopdionysiusofalexandriawhohasbeenchargedwithseparatingthemembersofthetrinityasthreedistinctdeitiespaulofsamosatabecomeslistofpatriarchsofantiochpatriarchofantiochonlyincludebirthsgaleriusgaiusgaleriusvaleriusmaximianusromanemperorddeathsjunendashcaomaochineseemperorofthecaoweistatebjulyndashempresscaohandynastyempresscaochineseempressofthehandynastybchentaichinesegeneralofthecaoweistatesaloninusromanemperorandsonofgallienusbsunliangchineseemperoroftheeasternwustatebvalerianemperorvalerianusiromanemperorapproximatedatereferencesalsernotocyearromannumeralscclxiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofgallienusandtaurusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorgallienuscrushesthealemanniatmilanpossibledategallienusrepealstheedictofwhichledtothepersecutionofthechristiansgallienususurperstherebellionofmacrianusmajormacrianusminorandquietusagainstgallienuscomestoanendtheymarchfromasiaminorasiatoeuropebutaredefeatedinthracebygallienusgeneralaureolusandbotharekilledquietusfleestoemesawhereheiskilledbyodaenathusofpalmyraromanpersianwarsbalistaromanusurpercollectsshipsfromcilicianportsanddefeatsthesasanianempirepersianfleetnearpompeiopoliscapturingtheharemofkingshapuribritainelectstojointhegallicempireasiamichuofsillamichuascendsthesillathronebecomingthefirstkingofthelongkimlineonlyincludebirthslujishihenglujichinesewriterddeathsmacrianusmajorromanusurperquietusromanusurpermussiusaemilianusromanusurpercheomhaeofsillakoreanrulerreferenceschinanotocyearromannumeralscclxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofalbinusanddexterorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirekingodenathusofpalmyradeclareshimselfruleroftheareawestoftheeuphratesrivereuphratesandisdeclaredduxorientalisbytheromanemperorgallienusasiaconquestofshubyweithechinesestateofcaoweiconquersshuhanoneofitstworivalstatesbytopicartsandscienceschinesemathematicianliuhuiwritesacommentaryontheninechaptersonthemathematicalartdescribingwhatwilllaterbecalledgaussianeliminationcomputingpietconlyincludebirthseusebiusofcaesareabishopofcaesareadcadeathsempressguocaoruiswifeempressguochineseempressofthecaoweistateliuchenchineseprinceoftheshuhanstateruanjichinesepoetandmusicianbzhugezhanchinesegeneraloftheshuhanstatebreferencesofnotocyearromannumeralscclxviiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofpaternusandarcesilausorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincluderomanempirefirstgothicinvasionthegothsoriginallyfromscandinaviawiththesarmatiansfrommoderniraninvadethebalkansandgreecetheyravagemoesiaandthracetheheruliinvadetheblackseacoasttheyunsuccessfullyattackbyzantiumandcyzicustheromannavyromanobyzantinefleetdefeatstheherulianfleetshipsbutallowsthemtoescapeintotheaegeanseawheretheyraidtheislandsoflemnosandskyrosthegothssackseveralcitiesofsoutherngreeceincludingathensromancorinthcorinthargosandspartaanathenianmilitiaforcemenunderthehistoriandexippuspushestheinvaderstothenorthwheretheyareinterceptedbytheromanarmyunderemperorgallienushewinsanimportantvictorynearthenestosnestosriverontheboundarybetweenmacedoniagreecemacedoniaandthraceaureoluschargedwithdefendingitalydefeatsvictorinuscoemperorofgaulisproclaimedemperorbyhistroopsandbeginshismarchonancientromeromeneareastkingodaenathusofpalmyramakesplansforacampaignincappadociaagainstthegothsheisassassinationassassinatedalongwithhiseldestsonevidentlyonordersfromemperorgallienushiswifezenobiasucceedshimandruleswithheryoungsonvaballathusthepalmyreneempireonlyincludedeathsodaenathuskingofpalmyraassassinatedreferencesephesusnotocyearromannumeralscclxiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofgallienusandfaustianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirethegothsinvadeasiaminoranddestroythetempleofartemisinephesussouthwestanatoliaearthquakeanearthquakestrikesephesusandanotherstrikescyrenelibyacyrenetheheruliherulsaccompanythegothsravagingthecoastsoftheblackseaandtheaegeanseaaegeanonlyincludebirthsdeathsjikangchinesewriterpoettaoistphilosophermusicianandalchemistbvalerianemperorvalerianromanemperorincaptivityreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscclxivwasaleapyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofgallienusandsaturninusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceasiazhonghuisrebellionsunhaosucceedssunxiuasemperorofthechinesestateofeasternwuonlyincludebirthsdeathsmarchndashjiangweichinesegeneraloftheshuhanstatebzhonghuichinesegeneralofthecaoweistatebseptemberndashsunxiuchineseemperoroftheeasternwustatebdengaichinesegeneralofthecaoweistatebreferencesitalynotocyearromannumeralscclxviiiwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofpaternusandegnatiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireseptemberndashbattleofnaissusemperorgallienusaidedbyaureliandefeatsagothsgothiccoalitionwarriorsnearnaissusnimodernserbiagallienusiskilledbyhisownseniorofficersatmediolanummilanwhilebesieginghisrivalaureolusoneofthethirtytyrantsaureolusismurderedinturnbythepraetorianguardclaudiusgothicusmarcusaureliusclaudiusischargedbytheromansenatesenateforhavingmurderedgallienusitwillneverbeprovenhebecomesthenewemperorofancientromeromeandwillreignasclaudiusiiclaudiusiiasksthesenatetosparethelivesofgallienussfamilyandpoliticalsupportersemperorgallienusisimperialcultancientromedeifiedandburiedinafamilytombontheappianwaythealamanniinvadeitalynorthoftheporiverporiverthevisigothsfirstappearasadistinctpeoplenovemberndashbattleoflakebenacusaromanarmymenunderemperorclaudiusiidefeatsthegermanicpeoplegermanictribesofthealamannialongthebanksoflakegardaeuropevictorinusisdeclaredemperorofthegallicempirebytheromanlegionlegionsathistoryoftrieraugustatreverorumtrierfollowingthemurdersofhispredecessorsheisrecognizedbytheromanprovinceprovincesofgaulandromanbritainbritainbuthispaniaisreunitedwiththeromanempirebytopicreligiondecemberndashpopedionysiusdiesatromeafterayearreignandissucceededbypopefelixionlyincludebirthsdeathsdecemberndashpopedionysiusaureolusromanusurpergallienusromanemperorlaelianusromanusurpermarcusaureliusmariusromanemperorgaulpostumusromanemperorofthegallicempirereferencesofpostumuswithinapendantnotocyearromannumeralscclxvwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofvalerianusandlucillusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorgallienustriestwicetocrushtheusurperpostumusbutonthefirstoccasionaureoluscommanderoftheeliteromancavalrycavalrycarelesslyletshimescapethesecondtimegallienussustainsanarrowwoundandhastobreakoffhissiegeofagallicempiregallictownwherepostumushasholeduphemakesnootherseriousattempttoovercomehisrivaldevoteshisattentiontothepoliticalandmilitaryproblemsinthedanubeandeasternpartsoftheromanempirepostumusmakesnomovetomarchonancientromeromeandclaimhisterritorysouthofgaulgallienusgivestheordertofortifymilanandveronagallienusrepelstheinvasionofthegothsinthebalkansageneralofgallienusarmyvictorinusdefectstopostumusonlyincludebirthsdeathsseptembersimazhaochineseregentofthecaoweistatebmajunchineseengineerandinventorofthesouthpointingchariotapproximatedateempresszhueasternwuempresszhuchineseempressoftheeasternwustatereferencestotiusorientisimp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rshistroopstolootthetombsofthehanemperorsandthendestroyluoyangbyfiretoleavebehindnothingforthecoalitionyuanshaobattlesgongsunzanatthebattleofjieqiaoinnorthernchinabytopicartcndashcommodusasherculesfromesquilinehillromeismadeitisnowkeptatpalazzodeiconservatoriancientromeromereligionserapionofantiochbecomespatriarchofantiochonlyincludebirthsxinxianyingdaughterofxinpiddeathshanfuwarlordhanfuchineseprovincialgovernorsuicideqiaomaochinesecommanderyadministratorsunjianchinesewarlordbvologasesivofparthiavologasesivkingofparthiareferencesyearromannumeralscxciiwasaleapyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaeliusandpertinaxorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiredecemberndashemperorcommodusalarmstheromansenatesenatebyappearingdressedasagladiatorforhisnewromanconsulconsulshipjanuaryhismistressmarciafindshernameontheimperialexecutionlistandhiresthechampionwrestlernamednarcissuswrestlernarcissustoassassinatecommodustheantoninesdynastyendscivilwaragainstrikesancientromeasiamayndashlbuassassinatesthewarlorddongzhuowhohascontrolledthecentralgovernmentofthehandynastysincethekingdomofchampabeginstocontrolsouthandcentralvietnamapproximatedatebytopicartsandsciencesafiredestroysgalengalenslibraryreligionsyriacchristianitysyriacchristiansestablishanearlychristiancommunityinkeralaindiaonlyincludebirthsgordianiiromanemperordcaozhichinesepoetofthethreekingdomsperiodddeathsmayndashdongzhuochinesewarlordofthehandynastyassassinateddecemberndashcommodusromanemperorassassinatedbbaoxinchinesegeneralofthehandynastybcaiyongchinesemusicianandcalligrapherofthehandynastyfatherofcaiwenjibliudaichineseofficialofthehandynastyluzhiministerluzhichinesegeneralofthehandynastywangyunhandynastywangyunchineseofficialofthehandynastybreferencesinwhichtherewerefiveclaimantsforthetitleofromanemperorthefivewerepertinaxdidiusjulianuspescenniusnigerclodiusalbinusandseptimiusseveruspicturedthisyearstartedaperiodofcivilwarwheremultiplerulersviedforthechancetobecomecaesaryearromannumeralscxciiiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofsosiusandericiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirejanuaryndashyearofthefiveemperorstheromansenatechoosespertinaxpubliushelviuspertinaxagainsthiswilltosucceedthelatecommodusasemperorpertinaxisforcedtoreorganizethehandlingoffinanceswhichwerewreckedundercommodustoreestablishdisciplineintheromanarmyandtosuspendthefoodprogramsestablishedbytrajanprovokingtheireofthepraetorianguardmarchndashpertinaxisassassinatedbymembersofthepraetorianguardwhostormtheimperialpalacetheempireisauctionedoffdidiusjulianusmarcusdidiusjulianusthehighestbidderoffersmillionsestertiussestercesforthethronetheromangovernorsclodiusalbinusbritanniaromanprovincebritanniaandpescenniusnigersyriaclaimwithsupportoftheirtroopstheimperialthroneaprilndashseptimiusseverusluciusseptimiusseverusisproclaimedemperorbyhistroopsatcarnuntuminpannoniasuperiorbalkanshemarcheswithhisarmytoancientromeromejunendashseptimiusseverusentersthecapitalandhasjulianusputtodeathhereplacesthepraetorianguardwithamanforcefromthedanubianlegionsandgainscontroloftheromanempirebeginningtheseverandynastyseptimiusseverusdefeatsthearmyunderpescenniusatthebattleofcyzicusbattleofcyzicusandbattleofnicaeaasiaminorinbritainclodiusalbinusallieswithseptimiusseverusandacceptsthetitleofcaesartitlecaesarbritonshistoricalbritishtribestakeadvantageofthedisorderintheempireanddamagehadrianswallextensiverepairstothedefenceworkiscarriedoutbythelegionarylegionariescounterfeitingworkshopsbegintoappearthroughouttheromanempireasialastthyearofchupingeraofthechinesehandynastycaocaosinvasionofxuprovincecaocaoinvadestaoqianhandynastytaoqiansxuprovinceholdinghimresponsibleforthedeathofcaosongbytopiccommercethesilvercontentoftheromandenariusfallstopercentunderemperorseptimiusseverusdownfrompercentundermarcusaureliusonlyincludebirthsluotongofficialoftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathsmarchndashpertinaxromanemperorassassinatedbjunendashdidiusjulianusromanemperorassassinatedborcaosonghandynastyofficialandfatherofthewarlordcaocaoliuyuwarlordliuyuhandynastynobleandofficialreferencesyearromannumeralscxcivwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofseptimiusandseptimiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireimperatorseptimiusseverusandclodiusalbinusdecimusclodiusseptimiusalbinuscaesarbecomeromanconsulsbattleofissusbattleofissusemperorseptimiusseverusmarcheswithhisarmyromanlegionlegionstociliciaanddefeatspescenniusnigergovernorofsyriapescenniusretreatstoantiochandisexecutedbyseverustroopsseptimiusseverusbesiegesbyzantiumthedefensivewallcitywallssufferextensivedamageasiafirstyearofxingpingeraofthechinesehandynastybattleofyanprovincecaocaobattleslbuforcontroloveryanprovincethebattlelastsforoveronehundreddaysbytopicartsandsciencesgalenwriteshismanualonpathologytheartofcuringreligionirenaeusdeclaresgnosticdoctrinestobeheresyhereticalonlyincludebirthszhujugeneraloftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathsliuyanhandynastywarlordliuyanhandynastyprovincialgovernormamidihandynastyofficialpescenniusnigerromanusurperbtaoqianhandynastytaoqianhandynastyprovincialgovernorbreferencesyearromannumeralscxcviwasaleapyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofdexterandmessallaorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorseptimiusseverusattemptstoassassinateclodiusalbinusbutfailscausingalbinustoretaliatemilitarilyemperorseptimiusseveruscapturesandsacksbyzantiumthecityisrebuiltandregainsitspreviousprosperityinordertoassurethesupportoftheromanlegioningermanyonhismarchtoancientromeromeclodiusalbinusisdeclaredaugustustitleaugustusbyhisromanarmyarmywhilecrossinggaulhadrianswallinbritanniabritainispartiallydestroyedasiafirstyearoftheemperorxianofhaneranamesjiananeraofthechinesehandynastyemperorxianofhanreturnstoluoyangwhichhasbeenravagedbywarandseeksfortheprotectionofwarlordcaocaoheisadvisedtomovethecapitaltoxuchangtheemperorbecomesapawnchesspawninthehandsofthechinesewarlordsonlyincludebirthscaochongasonofthehandynastywarlordcaocaoddeathsbeolhyuofsillachizhishizhuhouchanyuyufuluochanyuofthesouthernxiongnubreferencesyearromannumeralscxcviiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmagiusandrufinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirefebruaryndashbattleoflugdunumemperorseptimiusseverusdefeatstheselfproclaimedemperorclodiusalbinusatlugdunummodernlyonalbinuscommitssuicideromanlegionarylegionariessackthetownseptimiusseverusreturnstoancientromeromeandhasaboutofalbinusssupportersintheromansenatesenateexecutedafterhisvictoryhedeclareshimselftheadoptedsonofthelatemarcusaureliusseptimiusseverusformsnewromannavynavalunitsmanningallthetriremesinitalywithheavilyarmedtroopsforwarintheeasthissoldiersembarkonanartificialcanalbetweenthetigrisandeuphrateslegioiparthicalegioilegioiiparthicaiiandlegioiiiparthicaiiiparthicaareleviedbyseptimiusseverusforhisparthiancampaigntheromanarmymarcheseasttorepelaparthianinvasionofmesopotamiatheyloottheroyalpalaceatctesiphonandcaptureanenormousnumberofitsinhabitantsasslaveryslavesseptimiusseverusreconstitutestheprovinceofmesopotamiaunderanequestriangovernorcommandingtworomanlegionlegionsseptimiusseveruswhohadsparedthesenateatthebeginningofhisreignnowexcludesitfromcontrollingtheromanempirebydeclaringamilitarydictatorshipasiawarbetweencaocaoandzhangxiubattleofwanchengzhangxiuwarlordzhangxiulaunchesasurpriseattackatcaocaoyuanshudeclareshimselfemperoroftheshortlivedzhongdynastybytopicartsandsciencesgalengalensmajorworkonmedicinespharmacologiaispublishedreligionachristianitychristiancouncilisheldinedessamesopotamiaedessaonlyincludebirthsdengaichinesegeneralofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperioddempresscaohandynastyempresscaolastempressofthechinesehandynastyddeathsfebruaryndashclodiusalbinusrivalforlistofromanemperorsromanemperorbcaoangeldestsonofthehandynastywarlordcaocaobdianweichinesemilitaryofficerservingunderthehandynastywarlordcaocaoguosichinesegeneralandregentofthehandynastyreferencesisanumbernotocyearromannumeralscxcviiiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofsergiusandgallusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirepubliusseptimiusgetasonofseptimiusseverusreceivesthetitleofcaesartitlecaesarcaracallasonofseptimiusseverusisgiventhetitleofaugustustitleaugustusasiachinesewarlordcaocaodefeatslbuinthebattleofxiapiafterwardscaocaohaslbuexecutedbytopicreligionmarkisucceedsolympiansasecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleonlyincludebirthslukaichineseofficialoftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperioddquancongchinesegeneraloftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathslijuehandynastylijuehandynastywarlordandregentmihenghandynastyscholarbzhangyangwarlordzhangyanghandynastywarlordreferencesyearclxxxviiiwasaleapyearstartingonmondayofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoffuscianusandsilanusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirepubliushelviuspertinaxbecomesproconsulofafricaasiaqueenhimikoqueenhimikoakapimikoissaidtohavebegunherreigninjapanonlyincludebirthsaprilndashcaracallaluciusseptimiusbassianuscaracallaromanemperordiedsunshaogeneralsunshaogeneraloftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperioddieddeathsqiangquichanyuofthesouthernxiongnuseealsoaburbeconditaromannumeralsyearromannumeralsclxxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofquintiusandaelianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireseptimiusseverusluciusseptimiusseverusborninleptismagnaisnamedlegateoflyonnaisgaulseptimiusseverusmarriesasyrianprincessjuliadomnaagesheistheyoungestdaughterofhighpriestjuliusbassianusadescendantoftheroyalfamilyofemesaroyalhouseofemesahereldersisterisjuliamaesaanotherplaguehitsancientromeromeclodiusalbinusdefeatsthechattiahighlyorganizedgermanygermantribethatcontrolledtheareathatincludestheblackforestasiabytopicreligionolympianssucceedspertinaxasecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleonlyincludebirthscaopiemperorofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathschenshihandynastychenshichineseofficialoftheeasternhandynastypertinaxofbyzantiumpertinaxbishopofbyzantiumreferencesyearromannumeralsclxxxviwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaureliusandglabrioorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirepeasantsingaulstageanantitaxuprisingundermaternusbishopofmilanmaternusattemptedassassinationofromangovernorpertinaxbybritishusurpersnewzealandthehatepeeruptionhatepevolcaniceruptionextendslaketaupoandmakesskiesredacrosstheworldhoweverrecentradiocarbondatingbyrsparkshasputthedateatadconfidenceonlyincludebirthsmaliangthreekingdomsmaliangofficialoftheshuhanstateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathsbianzhangchineseofficialbsaintapolloniuschristianmartyrsohaemusromanarsaciddynastyofarmeniaclientkingofkingdomofarmeniaantiquityarmeniareferencesnotocyearromannumeralsclxxxivwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofeggiusandaelianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiretheantoninewallinbritanniaromanprovincebritanniaispermanentlyabandonedasiatheyellowturbanrebellionandliangprovincerebellionbreakoutinchinathedisastersofthepartisanprohibitionsendszhangjueleadsthepeasantrevoltagainstemperorlingofhanemperorlingoftheeasternhandynastyheadingforthecapitalofluoyanghismassiveandundisciplinedarmymenburnsanddestroysgovernmentofficesandoutpostsjunendashemperorlingplaceshisbrotherinlawhejinincommandoftheimperialarmyandsendsthemtoattacktheyellowturbanrebelswinterndashzhangjuediesofillnesswhilehisbrotherszhangbaoandzhangliangarekilledinbattlesagainsthanimperialforcestheyellowturbanrebelsbecomescatteredlastthyearofguangheeraandstartofzhongpingeraoftheeasternhandynastykinggogukcheongaonanwuofgoguryeogaogoulipusheschinesearmiesallthewaybacktoliaodongbeolhyuofsillaascendsthethroneonlyincludebirthsguonwangempressofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperioddorigenchristianitychristiantheologytheologianapproximatedatedordeathsjunendashqiaoxuanchineseofficialbadallaofsillazhangjueleaderoftheyellowturbanrebellionreferencesyearromannumeralsclxxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaureliusandvictorinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireanassassinationattemptonromanemperorcommodusbymembersoftheromansenatesenatefailsonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashladyzhenwifeofthecaoweistateemperorcaopidluxunthreekingdomsluxungeneraloftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathsreferencesyearromannumeralsclxxxiiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofsuraandrufusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiremarcuspetroniussuramamertinusandquintustineiusrufusconsulquintustineiusrufusbecomeromanconsulsemperorcommodusescapesdeathatthehandsofassassinationassassinswhohaveattackedhimattheinstigationofhissisterlucillaandalargegroupofromansenatesenatorsheputsmanydistinguishedromanstodeathonchargesofbeingimplicatedintheconspiracypoliticalconspiracylucillaisexiledtocaprionlyincludebirthssunquanhandynastywarlordandfoundingemperoroftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperioddzhurangeneraloftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathsummidiacornificiafaustinaromannoblewomanlucilladaughterofromanemperormarcusaureliussaoterusbithyniangreekfreedmanreferencesyearromannumeralsclxxxiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaureliusandburrusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireimperatorcommodusluciusaureliuscommodusandluciusantistiusburrusbecomeromanconsulstheantoninewallisoverruninbritanniaromanprovincebritanniaoceaniathetaupovolcanovolcanoassociatedwithlaketaupoinnewzealandhatepeeruptioneruptsoneofthelargestonearthinthelastyearstheeffectsofthiseruptionareseenasfarawayasancientromeromeandchinaonlyincludebirthsemperorxianofhanlastemperorofthehandynastydzhugeliangchancellorandregentoftheshuhanstateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathstanshihuaileaderofthexianbeitribesseefivebarbarianswuhureferencesasherculesnotocyearromannumeralsclxxxwasaleapyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofrusticusandcondianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsbyplaceromanempirethequadiarechasedwestwardsdeeperintogermaniathepraetorianprefecttaruteniuspaternusachievesadecisivevictoryagainstthegermanictribesmarchndashemperormarcusaureliusdiesafteraweeksillnessathiscampinvindobonamodernviennaheissucceededbyhissoncommodusagetheeraofthefivegoodemperorsendsromecreatesamilewidebufferzonebythedanubeworkbeginsinancientromeromeonthebuildingofthecolumnofmarcusaureliusndashndashlateempireinromenorthernbritsfrombeyondhadrianswallinvadethenorthofmoderndayenglandcausingemperorcommodustoallowswathesofnortherncitiestoestablishcitywallseuropethegothsreachthebanksoftheblackseaoceanialaketaupoeruptsformingashcloudsasfaraschinaandeuropebytopicartsandsciencesinhismethodusmedendogreekphysiciangalendescribestheconnectionbetweenparalysisandtheseveringofthespinalcordgalenspopularworkonhygieneispublishedreligionjulyndashtwelvechristianinhabitantsofscilliuminnumidiaareexecutedincarthagealsoinnorthafricaknownasthescillitanmartyrsndashtheyhadrefusedtoswearanoathtotheemperorcommoduscreatesanofficialcultofthezoroastrianismzoroastriangodmithrabirthsardashirifounderofthesasanianempiredsimafuofficialofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperioddjuliasoaemiasmotherofemperorelagabalusddeathsmarchndashmarcusaureliusromanemperorbaulusgelliuslatinauthorandgrammarianapproximatedatebcadgaiusjuristgaiusromanjuristapproximatedatelucianapproximatedatebcadmaximillaearlymontanismmontanistmelitoofsardisbishopofsardisstmigginmartyredinnumidiastnamphamoandconsortsmartyredstsymphorianmartyredreferencesmarketplacenotocyearromannumeralsccivwasaleapyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofciloandflaviusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireluciusfabiusciloandmarcusanniusflaviuslibobecomeromanconsulsthedaysanriverfloodsedessamesopotamiaedessaasiagongsunkangachinesewarlordofliaodongestablishesthedaifangcommanderyinnorthernkoreabattleofyecaocaolayssiegetoandcapturestheyuanfamilyheadquartersofyechinayebytopiccommerceatraderecessionintheleptismagnaregionafricaromanprovinceafricaisalleviatedbyemperorseptimiusseveruswhobuysupthecountrysoliveoilforfreedistributioninancientromeromeonlyincludebirthscaoruisecondemperorofcaoweidphilipthearabromanemperorddongjuegeneralofshuhanweizhaothreekingdomsweizhaochinachinesescholarddeathsgongsundugeneralofthehandynastyshenpeiministerunderyuanshaoxinpingministerunderhanfuwarlordhanfuxuyouhandynastyxuyoustrategistunderyuanshaoreferencesyearromannumeralsccxxxiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofclaudiusandsallustusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperoralexanderseverusaccompanieshismotherjuliamamaeatosyriaandcampaignsagainstthesasanianempirepersiansmilitarycommandrestsinthehandsofhislegatusgeneralsbuthispresencegivesadditionalweighttotheromanempireempirespolicyasiabattleofmountqibetweenthechinesestatesofshuhanandcaoweibytopicreligionorigendiscipleofammoniussaccasfounderofneoplatonismisexiledincaesareaonlyincludebirthssunchenchinesegeneralandregentoftheeasternwustateddeathscaozhenchinesegeneralofthecaoweistatezhanghechinesegeneralofthecaoweistatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralsccclxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaugustusandvalensorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorvalensisconvertedtoarianismandordersthepersecutionoforthodoxchristiansinthebyzantineempireromaneastquintusaureliussymmachusbecomesproconsulofafricaandismadeamemberofthepontificalcollegecounttheodosiusisappointedcommanderofanexpeditiontosuppresstherebellionoffirmusinmauretaniavalensaqueductisinauguratednearconstantinoplemodernistanbultheromanaqueductaqueducthasalengthofmeterseuropebattleofthetanaisriverthehunsdefeatthealansnearthedonriverrussiadonsendingtheremnantsfleeingwestwardpersiakingshapuriideclareswarasaresultofvalenssupportofarmeniaemperorvalensmakesantiochhismilitarybaseforthecampaignagainstsassanidempirepersiabytopicreligionsaintmartinoftoursundertakesthechristianizationofgaulonlyincludebirthsmuronghuilateryanmuronghuiimperialprinceofthexianbeistatelateryandmurongshengemperorofthexianbeistatelateryandsynesiusbishopofptolemaiscyrenaicaptolemaisapproximatedatedeathsmayndashathanasiusofalexandriabishopandopponentofarianismjunendashephremthesyrianchristiansaintandhymnwriterhuanwengeneralofthejindynastyjindynastybreferencesyearromannumeralsclxxixwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaureliusandveruorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirethecastraromanfortcastrareginafortressbytheregenriverisbuiltatregensburgontherightbankofthedanubeingermanyromanlegionaryromanlegionariesoflegioiiadiutrixlegioiiadiutrixengraveontherockofthetrenncastleslovakiathenameofthetownlaugaritiomarkingthenorthernmostpointofromanpresenceinthatpartofeuropemarcusaureliusdrivesthemarcomannioverthedanubeandreinforcesthebordertorepopulateandrebuildadevastatedpannoniaancientromeromeallowsthefirstgermancoloniststoenterterritorycontrolledbytheromanempireasiaabgarixofosroeneabgarixthegreatbecomeskingofedessamesopotamiaedessagogukcheonofgoguryeogogukcheonsucceedshisfathershindaeaskingofgoguryeohandynastychinathefulltitleoftheninechaptersonthemathematicalartappearsontwobronzestandardmeasuresdatedtothisyearyetthereisspeculationthatthesamebookexistedbeforehandonlyunderdifferenttitlesintherdcenturyliuhuiwouldprovidecommentaryonthisimportantearlychinesemathematicaltreatiseonlyincludebirthspangtongadvisertothehandynastywarlordliubeidsimayigeneralandregentofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathsmyeongnimdapbugoguryeoprimeministerbadreferencesyearromannumeralsclxxviiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofscipioandrufusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirebruttiacrispinamarriescommodusandreceivethetitleofaugustahonorificaugustaemperormarcusaureliusandhissoncommodusarriveatcarnuntuminpannoniaandtraveltothedanubetofightagainstthemarcomanniasialastthyearofxipingeraandstartofguangheeraofthechinesehandynastyinindiathedeclineofthekushanempirebeginsthesassanidestakeovercentralasiareligionthemontanismmontanistheresyiscondemnedforthefirsttimeonlyincludebirthslmenggeneraloftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathsscaeciliamartyrinromeempresssonghandynastyempresssonghandynastyempressreferencesyearromannumeralsclxxviiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofcommodusandplautiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirecommodusluciusaureliuscommoduscaesarageandmarcuspeducaeusplautiusquintillusbecomeromanconsulscommodusisgiventhetitleaugustushonorificaugustusandismadecoemperorwiththesamestatusashisfathermarcusaureliusmarcusaureliusbeginsasystematicpersecutionofchristianitychristiansatromethefollowerstakerefugeinthecatacombsofromecatacombschurchbuildingchurchesinsoutherngaularedestroyedafteracrowdaccusesthelocalchristiansofpracticingcannibalismandincestfortysevenchristiansaremartyredinlyonsaintblandinaandpothinusbishopoflyonareamongthemmarcomannicwarssecondmarcomannicwarmarcusaureliusandcommodusbeginwaragainstthequadiandthemarcomanniasiachinesetroopssufferacrushingdefeatagainstaconfederacyofcentralasiantribesledbythexianbeiseefivebarbarianswuhuonlyincludebirthscaoangfirstsonofthehandynastywarlordcaocaoapproximatedatedsunyuhandynastysunyuhandynastygeneralandcousinofthewarlordsunquandwangcanhandynastyofficialscholarandpoetdzhuhuangeneraloftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathssaintpolycarpusbadsaintblandinabandothermartyrsinlyonreferencesyearromannumeralsclxxviwasaleapyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofproculusandaperorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirenovemberndashmarcusaureliusgrantscommodustherankofimperatorandmakeshimsupremecommanderoftheromanlegionsdecemberemperormarcusaureliusandhissoncommodusenterancientromeromeafteracampaignnorthofthealpsandreceivearomantriumphtriumphfortheirvictoriesoverthegermanictribesequestrianstatueofmarcusaureliusismadeitisnowkeptatcapitolinemuseumsmuseocapitoliniinromeapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsfazhengadvisertothehandynastywarlordliubeidmachaogeneraloftheshuhanstateinthethreekingdomsperioddliubianhandynastyemperorddeathsreferencesyearromannumeralsclxxivwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofgallusandflaccusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireempressfaustinatheyoungeraccompaniesherhusbandmarcusaureliusonvariousmilitarycampaignsandenjoystheloveoftheromanlegionaryromansoldiersaureliusgivesherthetitleofmatercastrorummotherofthecampmarcusaureliusofficiallyconfersthetitlefulminatathunderingtothelegioxiifulminataasiareigninindiaofyajnashrisatakarnisatavahanakingoftheandhrapradeshandhraheextendshisempirefromthecentertothenorthofindiabytopicartsandsciencesmeditationsbymarcusaureliusiswritteningreekwhileonmilitarycampaignsonlyincludebirthsjiakuijiakuigeneralofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperioddtuobaliweileaderofthetuobaclandzhugejingeneraloftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathspopesoterbishopofromereferencesyearromannumeralsclxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofseverusandpompeianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiregnaeusclaudiusseverusconsulgnaeusclaudiusseverusandclaudiuspompeianustiberiusclaudiuspompeianusbecomeromanconsulsgivencontroloftheeasternempireavidiuscassiusthegovernorofsyriacrushesaninsurrectionofshepherdsknownasthedionysianmysteriesboukoloionlyincludebirthsmaximinusthraxromanemperorddeathssaintdonatusofmuenstereifelcareferencesyearromannumeralsclxxiiwasaleapyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofscipioandmaximusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperormarcusaureliuscrossesthedanubewithanexpeditionaryforcehesubduesthemarcomanniandtheiralliesinapactsignedwiththegermanictribesheimportsthemintotheromanempiretooccupyareasthathadbeendepopulatedbytheplaguediseaseplaguethesarmatiansattackthelowerdanubefrontiermiracleinmoraviaastheromanarmyisencircledbythequadiunderintenseheataviolentthunderstormsweepsawaythequadiinatorrentofwaterandmudandrefreshestheparchedromanlegionarylegionariesavidiuscassiusgovernorofsyriasuppressesanagrarianrevoltinegyptandismadesupremecommanderoftheromanarmyintheeastasialastthyearofjianningeraandstartofxipingeraofthechinesehandynastybattleofjwawongoguryeoprimeministermyeongnimdapbudefeatsthechinesehandynastyforcesinmanchuriabytopicreligiontatianproduceshisdiatessaronaharmonyofthefourgospelsmontanismspreadsthroughtheromanempireonlyincludebirthslusuofficialservingunderthehandynastywarlordsunquandphilostratusphilostratusiitheatheniangreeksophistapproximatedatedcdeathsempressdoumiaoofthehandynastyofchinareferencesyearromannumeralsclxxiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofseverusandherennianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludeviewovertheexcavationsitetowardsthesaronicgulfbyplaceromanempireemperormarcusaureliusformsanewmilitarycommandthepraetenturaitaliaeetalpiumaquileiaisrelievedandthemarcomanniareevictedfromromanterritorymarcusaureliussignsapeacetreatywiththequadiandthesarmatianssarmatianiazygesthegermanictribesofthehasdingivandalsandthelacringibecomeromanalliesarmeniaandmesopotamiabecomeprotectoratesoftheromanempirethecostobocicrossthedanubedaciaandravagethraceinthebalkansbalkanpeninsulatheyreacheleusisnearathensanddestroythetempleoftheeleusinianmysteriesinmayorjunetheoratoraeliusaristidesdeliversapublicspeechinsmyrnalamentingthedamagerecentlyinflictedtothesacredsiteofeleusisonlyincludebirthssimalanghandynastyofficialdtianyugeneralofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathsreferencesyearromannumeralsccvwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaureliusandgetaorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirecaracallamarcusaureliusantoninusaugustusandhisbrotherpubliusseptimiusgetapubliusseptimiusgetacaesarbecomeromanconsulshadrianswallisrestoredafterheavyraidsbycaledonianscaledoniantribeshadoverrunmuchofnorthernromanbritainbritaingaiusfulviusplautianuspraetorianprefectandfatherinlawofcaracallaisassassinatedaemiliuspapinianusbecomespraetorianprefectasiacaocaodefeatsandkillsyuantantheeldestsonofhisrivalyuanshaointhebattleofnanpionlyincludebirthscaoruisecondemperorofthecaoweikingdomofweidsimawanggeneralofcaoweiweiandthejindynastyjindynastydshantaotaoistshantaochinesetaoismtaoistdplotinusaccordingtohisstudentporphyryphilosopherporphyryddeathsguotuadvisorunderyuanshaoyuantaneldestsonofyuanshaoreferencesyearromannumeralsccviwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofumbriusandgaviusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludeonlyincludebyplaceromanempirehadrianswallisretakenforthefirsttimesincethepictishuprisingofemperorseptimiusseveruscomestobritainwithhissonscaracallaandpubliusseptimiusgetagetabirthstrebonianusgallusromanemperorfromtoddeathstaishicigeneralofeasternwuwubreferencesyearromannumeralsccviiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmaximusandseverusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceasiacaocaodefeatsthewuhuantribesatthebattleofwhitewolfmountainsendingthewuhuanintodeclineonlyincludebirthsliushansecondemperoroftheshuhanstateinthethreekingdomsperiodofchinadseverusalexanderromanchildemperorddeathsguojiachinesemilitaryadvisertothewarlordcaocaobtadunwuhuanchieftainyuanshangchinesewarlordyuanxichinesewarlordzhangxiuwarlordzhangxiuchinesewarlordreferencesyearromannumeralsccviiiwasaleapyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaureliusandgetaorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceasiafightsatchangbanchibispringndashsunquandefeatshuangzuatthebattleofjiangxiaoctobercaocaomarchessouthwithhisarmyandcapturestheenemyfleetatjianglingliubeiescapesfromcaocaoatthebattleofchangbandecemberndashcaocaowritesdungexngwinterndashzhouyuandliubeidefeatcaocaoatthebattleofredcliffsalongwiththebattleofyamenandbattleoflakepoyangthisisoneofthelargestnavalhistoryofchinanavalbattlesinchinashistoryromanempirecaracallamarcusaureliusantoninusaugustusandhisbrotherpubliusseptimiusgetapubliusseptimiusgetacaesarbecomeromanconsulsemperorseptimiusseverusleadsanexpeditionmeninromanbritainbritanniacrosseshadrianswallandmovesthrougheasternscotlandtheromanarmypushesthecaledoniansbacktotherivertayandseverussignsapeacetreatyherepairstheantoninewallhisrepairsaresometimescalledtheseveranwallbritainisdividedinthenorthlowerbritainbritanniainferiorisadministeredfromthecastrafortressateburacummodernyorkandinthesouthupperbritainbritanniasuperioriscontrolledbytheromanlegionlegionsatdevavictrixandcaerleoniscaaugustawithitscapitalatromanlondonlondiniumlondonparthiakingvologasesviofparthiavologasesvisucceedshisfathervologasesvofparthiavologasesvtothethronehisbrotherartabanusvofparthiaartabanusvbeginsarebellionagainsthimintheparthiaparthianempireardashirirulerofestakhristakhrpersiarevoltsagainsthisbrotherandfoundsthesassanidfamilytreesassaniddynastyonlyincludebirthssimashigeneralofcaoweiweiddeathsaugustndashliubiaogovernorofjingprovincebcaochongasonofcaocaobhuatuochinesephysicianhuangzugeneralofthehandynastykongrongchinesescholarexecutedbvologasesvofparthiavologasesvruleroftheparthianempirereferencesimageillojpgthumbpxxraysstartatnmandextendacrosstheelectromagneticspectrumtonmoverwhichtheearthsatmosphereisopacityopticsopaquexrayastronomyisanobservationalbranchofastronomywhichdealswiththestudyofxrayobservationanddetectionfromastronomicalobjectsxradiationisabsorbedbytheearthsatmospheresoinstrumentstodetectxraysmustbetakentohighaltitudebyballoonbornetelescopeballoonssoundingrocketsandxrayastronomysatellitesatellitesxrayastronomyisthespacesciencerelatedtoatypeofspacetelescopethatcanseefartherthanstandardlightabsorptiontelescopessuchasthemaunakeaobservatoriesviaxrayradiationxraygenerationxrayemissionisexpectedfromastronomicalobjectsthatcontainextremelyhotgasesattemperaturesfromaboutamillionkelvinktohundredsofmillionsofkelvinmkalthoughxrayshavebeenobservedemanatingfromthesunsincethesthediscoveryinofthefirstcosmicxraysourcewasasurprisethissourceiscalledscorpiusxscoxthefirstxraysourcefoundintheconstellationscorpiusconstellationscorpiusthexrayemissionofscorpiusxistimesgreaterthanitsvisualemissionwhereasthatofthesunisaboutamilliontimeslessinadditiontheenergyoutputinxraysistimesgreaterthanthetotalemissionofthesuninallwavelengthsbasedondiscoveriesinthisnewfieldofxrayastronomystartingwithscorpiusxriccardogiacconireceivedthenobelprizeinphysicsinitisnowknownthatsuchxraysourcesasscoxarecompactstarssuchasneutronstarsorblackholesmaterialfallingintoablackholemayemitxraysbuttheblackholeitselfdoesnottheenergysourceforthexrayemissionisgravityinfallinggasanddustisheatedbythestronggravitationalfieldsoftheseandothercelestialobjectsmanythousandsofxraysourcesareknowninadditionthespacebetweengalaxygalaxiesingalaxyclustersisfilledwithaveryhotbutverydilutegasatatemperaturebetweenandmegakelvinsmkthetotalamountofhotgasisfivetotentimesthetotalmassinthevisiblegalaxiessoundingrocketflightsthefirstsoundingrocketflightsforxrayresearchwereaccomplishedatthewhitesandsmissilerangeinnewmexicowithavrocketonjanuaryadetectorwasplacedinthenoseconesectionandtherocketwaslaunchedinasuborbitalflighttoanaltitudejustabovetheatmospherexraysfromthesunweredetectedbytheusnavalresearchlaboratoryblossomexperimentonboardrefnamerockoonirefanaerobeerocketwaslaunchedonjuneanditdetectedthefirstxraysfromothercelestialsourcesscorpiusxrefnamegiacconirefthelargestdrawbacktorocketflightsistheirveryshortdurationjustafewminutesabovetheatmospherebeforetherocketfallsbacktoearthandtheirlimitedfieldofviewarocketlaunchedfromtheunitedstateswillnotbeabletoseesourcesinthesouthernskyarocketlaunchedfromaustraliawillnotbeabletoseesourcesinthenorthernskyxrayquantumcalorimeterxqcprojectimagenikeblackbrantvcxqclaunchgifthumbpxrightalaunchoftheblackbrantmicrocalorimeterxqcattheturnofthecenturyisapartofthejointundertakingbytheuniversityofwisconsinmadisonandnasasgoddardspaceflightcenterknownasthexrayquantumcalorimeterxqcprojectinastronomytheinterstellarmediumorismisthegasandcosmicdustthatpervadeinterstellarspacethematterthatexistsbetweenthestarsystemswithinagalaxyitfillsinterstellarspaceandblendssmoothlyintothesurroundingintergalacticmediumtheinterstellarmediumconsistsofanextremelydilutebyterrestrialstandardsmixtureofionsatomsmoleculeslargerdustgrainscosmicraysandgalacticmagneticfieldsrefnamespitzerreftheenergythatoccupiesthesamevolumeintheformofelectromagneticradiationistheinterstellarradiationfieldofinterestisthehotionizedmediumhimconsistingofacoronalcloudejectionfromstarsurfacesatsupsupsupsupkwhichemitsxraystheismisturbulenceturbulentandfullofstructureonallspatialscalesstarformationstarsareborndeepinsidelargecomplexesofmolecularcloudstypicallyafewparsecsinsizeduringtheirlivesanddeathsstarsinteractphysicallywiththeismstellarwindsfromyoungclustersofstarsoftenwithgiantorsupergianthiiregionssurroundingthemandshockwavescreatedbysupernovaeinjectenormousamountsofenergyintotheirsurroundingswhichleadstohypersonicturbulencetheresultantstructuresarestellarwindbubblesandsuperbubblesofhotgasthesuniscurrentlytravelingthroughthelocalinterstellarcloudadenserregioninthelowdensitylocalbubbletomeasurethespectrumofthediffusexrayemissionfromtheinterstellarmediumovertheenergyrangetokevnasalaunchedablackbrantrocketblackbrantfromwhitesandsmissilerangenewmexicoonmayrefnamemccammonreftheprincipalinvestigatorforthemissionisdrdanmccammonoftheuniversityofwisconsinballoonsballoonflightscancarryinstrumentstoaltitudesofuptonbspkmabovesealevelwheretheyareaboveasmuchasoftheearthsatmosphereunlikearocketwheredataarecollectedduringabrieffewminutesballoonsareabletostayaloftformuchlongerhoweverevenatsuchaltitudesmuchofthexrayelectromagneticspectrumspectrumisstillabsorbedxrayswithenergieslessthankevajcannotreachballoonsonjulythecrabnebulasupernovaremnantwasdiscoveredtobeahardxraykevsourcebyascintillationcounterflownonaballoonlaunchedfrompalestinetexasusathiswaslikelythefirstballoonbaseddetectionofxraysfromadiscretecosmicxraysourcerefnameheadatesrefhighenergyfocusingtelescopeimagecrabpngthumbpxthecrabnebulaisaremnantofanexplodedstarthisimageshowsthecrabnebulainvariousenergybandsincludingahardxrayimagefromtheheftdatatakenduringitsobservationruneachimageiswidethehighenergyfocusingtelescopeheftisaballoonborneexperimenttoimageastrophysicalsourcesinthehardxraykevbandrefnameharrisonrefitsmaidenflighttookplaceinmayfromfortsumnernewmexicousatheangularresolutionofheftisratherthanusingagrazinganglexraytelescopeheftmakesuseofanoveltungstensiliconmultilayercoatingstoextendthereflectivityofnestedgrazingincidencemirrorsbeyondkevhefthasanenergyresolutionofkevfullwidthathalfmaximumatkevheftwaslaunchedforahourballoonflightinmaytheinstrumentperformedwithinspecificationandobservedsntauxthecrabnebulahighresolutiongammarayandhardxrayspectrometerhiregsaballoonborneexperimentcalledthehighresolutiongammarayandhardxrayspectrometerhiregsobservedxrayandgammaraysemissionsfromthesunandotherastronomicalobjectsrefnamehiregsrefitwaslaunchedfrommcmurdostationantarcticaindecemberandsteadywindscarriedtheballoononacircumpolarflightlastingabouttwoweekseachtimerockoonsimagedeaconrockoonjpgthumbpxnavydeaconrockoonphotographedjustafterashipboardlaunchinjulytherockoonaportmanteauofrocketandballoonwasasolidfuelrocketthatratherthanbeingimmediatelylitwhileonthegroundwasfirstcarriedintotheupperatmospherebyagasfilledballoonthenonceseparatedfromtheballoonatitsmaximumheighttherocketwasautomaticallyignitedthisachievedahigheraltitudesincetherocketdidnothavetomovethroughthelowerthickerairlayersthatwouldhaverequiredmuchmorechemicalfueltheoriginalconceptofrockoonswasdevelopedbycmdrleelewiscmdrghalvorsonsfsingerandjamesavanallenduringtheaerobeerocketfiringcruiseoftheonmarchfromjulytojulythenavalresearchlaboratorynrlshipboardlaunchedeightdeaconrocketdeaconrockoonsforsolarultravioletandxrayobservationsatnwsouthwestofsanclementeislandapogeenbspkmrefnamenrlrefxrayastronomysatellitexrayastronomysatellitesstudyxrayemissionsfromcelestialobjectssatelliteswhichcandetectandtransmitdataaboutthexrayemissionsaredeployedaspartofbranchofspacescienceknownasxrayastronomysatellitesareneededbecausexradiationisabsorbedbytheearthsatmospheresoinstrumentstodetectxraysmustbetakentohighaltitudebyballoonssoundingrocketsandsatellitesxraytelescopesandmirrorsimagexrtlayoutgifpxthumbtheswiftgammarayburstmissioncontainsagrazingincidencewolteritelescopexrttofocusxraysontoastateoftheartccdxraytelescopesxrtshavevaryingdirectionalityorimagingabilitybasedonglancinganglereflectionratherthanrefractionorlargedeviationreflectionrefnameswiftrefrefnamechandrarefthislimitsthemtomuchnarrowerfieldsofviewthanvisibleoruvtelescopesthemirrorscanbemadeofceramicormetalfoilrefnamexrayopticsrefthefirstxraytelescopeinastronomywasusedtoobservethesunthefirstxraypicturetakenwithagrazingincidencetelescopeofthesunwastakeninbyarocketbornetelescopeonapriltheveryfirstxrayimageofthesunwastakenusingapinholecameraonanaerobeehirocketrefnameblakereftheutilizationofxraymirrorsforextrasolarxrayastronomysimultaneouslyrequirestheabilitytodeterminethelocationatthearrivalofanxrayphotonintwodimensionsandareasonabledetectionefficiencyxrayastronomydetectorsimageproportionalcounterarrayrxtejpgthumbpxrightproportionalcounterarrayontherossixraytimingexplorerrxtesatellitexrayastronomydetectorshavebeendesignedandconfiguredprimarilyforenergyandoccasionallyforwavelengthdetectionusingavarietyoftechniquesusuallylimitedtothetechnologyofthetimexraydetectorscollectindividualxraysphotonsofxrayelectromagneticradiationandcountthenumberofphotonscollectedintensitytheenergytokevofthephotonscollectedwavelengthtonbspnmorhowfastthephotonsaredetectedcountsperhourtotellusabouttheobjectthatisemittingthemastrophysicalsourcesofxraysinhighenergyxrayandultravioletastronomyultravioletlightreleasedjanuaryimageherxlcgifpxthumbthislightcurveofherxshowslongtermandmediumtermvariabilityeachpairofverticallinesdelineatetheeclipseofthecompactobjectbehinditscompanionstarinthiscasethecompanionisatwosolarmassstarwitharadiusofnearlyfourtimesthatofoursunthiseclipseshowsustheorbitalperiodofthesystemdaysseveraltypesofastrophysicalobjectsemitfluoresceorreflectxraysfromgalaxyclustersthroughblackholesinactivegalacticnucleusactivegalacticnucleiagntogalacticobjectssuchassupernovaremnantsstarsandbinarystarscontainingawhitedwarfcataclysmicvariablestarsandsupersoftxraysourcesneutronstarorblackholexraybinariessomesolarsystembodiesemitxraysthemostnotablebeingthemoonalthoughmostofthexraybrightnessofthemoonarisesfromreflectedsolarxraysacombinationofmanyunresolvedxraysourcesisthoughttoproducetheobservedxraybackgroundthexraycontinuumcanarisefrombremsstrahlungthermalradiationblackbodyradiationsynchrotronradiationorwhatiscalledcomptonscatteringinversecomptonscatteringinversecomptonscatteringoflowerenergyphotonsbyrelativisticelectronsknockoncollisionsoffastprotonswithatomicelectronsandatomicrecombinationwithorwithoutadditionalelectrontransitionsrefnamemorrisonrefanintermediatemassxraybinaryimxbisabinarystarsystemwhereoneofthecomponentsisaneutronstarorablackholetheothercomponentisanintermediatemassstarrefnamepodsiadlowskirefherculesxiscomposedofaneutronstaraccretingmatterfromanormalstarhzherculisprobablyduetorochelobeoverflowxistheprototypeforthemassivexraybinariesalthoughitfallsontheborderlinebetweenhighandlowmassxraybinariesrefnamepriedhorskyrefcelestialxraysourcesthecelestialspherehasbeendividedintoconstellationstheinternationalastronomicalunioniauconstellationsareareasoftheskyeachofthesecontainsremarkablexraysourcessomeofthemhavebeenidentifiedfromastrophysicalmodelingtobegalaxiesorblackholesatthecentersofgalaxiessomearepulsarsaswithsourcesalreadysuccessfullymodeledbyxrayastrophysicsstrivingtounderstandthegenerationofxraysbytheapparentsourcehelpstounderstandthesuntheuniverseasawholeandhowtheseaffectusonearthconstellationsareanastronomicaldeviceforhandlingobservationandprecisionindependentofcurrentphysicaltheoryorinterpretationastronomyhasbeenaroundforalongtimephysicaltheorychangeswithtimewithrespecttocelestialxraysourcesxrayastrophysicstendstofocusonthephysicalreasonforxraybrightnesswhereasxrayastronomytendstofocusontheirclassificationorderofdiscoveryvariabilityresolvabilityandtheirrelationshipwithnearbysourcesinotherconstellationsimageorioneridanusbubblegifthumbpxrightthisrosatpspcfalsecolorimageisofaportionofanearbystellarwindsuperbubbletheorioneridanussuperbubblestretchingacrosseridanusconstellationeridanusandorionconstellationorionwithintheconstellationsorionanderidanusandstretchingacrossthemisasoftxrayhotspotknownastheorioneridanussuperbubbletheeridanussoftxrayenhancementorsimplytheeridanusbubbleaareaofinterlockingarcsofhemittingfilamentssoftxraysareemittedbyhotgastmkintheinteriorofthesuperbubblethisbrightobjectformsthebackgroundfortheshadowofafilamentofgasanddustthefilamentisshownbytheoverlaidcontourswhichrepresentmicrometreemissionfromdustatatemperatureofaboutkasmeasuredbyirasherethefilamentabsorbssoftxraysbetweenandevindicatingthatthehotgasislocatedbehindthefilamentthisfilamentmaybepartofashellofneutralgasthatsurroundsthehotbubbleitsinteriorisenergizedbyultravioletuvlightandstellarwindsfromhotstarsintheorionobassociationthesestarsenergizeasuperbubbleaboutlysacrosswhichisobservedinthevisualhandxrayportionsofthespectrumproposedfuturexrayobservatorysatellitesthereareseveralprojectsthatareproposedforxrayobservatorysatellitesseemainarticlelinkaboveexplorationalxrayastronomyimageulyssesorbitjpgthumbpxrightulyssessecondorbititarrivedatjupiteronfebruaryforaswingbymaneuverthatincreaseditsinclinationtotheeclipticbydegreesusuallyobservationalastronomyisconsideredtooccuronearthssurfaceorbeneathitinneutrinoastronomytheideaoflimitingobservationtoearthincludesorbitingtheearthassoonastheobserverleavesthecozyconfinesofearththeobserverbecomesadeepspaceexplorerrefnamekawakatsurefexceptforexplorerandexplorerandtheearliersatellitesintheseriesrefnamesmithrefusuallyifaprobeisgoingtobeadeepspaceexploreritleavestheearthoranorbitaroundtheearthforasatelliteorspaceprobetoqualifyasadeepspacexrayastronomerexplorerorastronobotexplorerallitneedstocarryaboardisanxrtorxraydetectorandleaveearthorbitulyssesspacecraftulysseswaslaunchedoctoberandreachedjupiterforitsgravityassistgravitationalslingshotinfebruaryitpassedthesouthsolarpoleinjuneandcrossedtheeclipticequatorinfebruarythesolarxrayandcosmicgammarayburstexperimentgrbhadmainobjectivesstudyandmonitorsolarflaresdetectandlocalizecosmicgammarayburstsandinsitudetectionofjovianauroraeulysseswasthefirstsatellitecarryingagammaburstdetectorwhichwentoutsidetheorbitofmarsthehardxraydetectorsoperatedintherangekevthedetectorsconsistedofmmthickmmdiametercsitlcrystalsmountedviaplasticlighttubestophotomultiplierstheharddetectorchangeditsoperatingmodedependingonmeasuredcountrategroundcommandorchangeinspacecrafttelemetrymodethetriggerlevelwasgenerallysetforsigmaabovebackgroundandthesensitivityissupsupergcmsupsupnjmsupsupwhenabursttriggerisrecordedtheinstrumentswitchestorecordhighresolutiondatarecordingittoakbitmemoryforaslowtelemetryreadoutburstdataconsistofeithersofmsresolutioncountratesorsofmscountratesfromthesumofthedetectorstherewerealsochannelenergyspectrafromthesumofthedetectorstakeneitherinorsecondintegrationsduringwaitmodethedataweretakeneitherinorsintegrationsandenergychannelswithshortestintegrationtimebeingsagaintheoutputsofthedetectorsweresummedtheulyssessoftxraydetectorsconsistedofmmthicknbspcmsupsupareasisurfacebarrierdetectorsanbspmgcmsupsupberylliumfoilfrontwindowrejectedthelowenergyxraysanddefinedaconicalfovofhalfanglethesedetectorswerepassivelycooledandoperateinthetemperaturerangetonbspcthisdetectorhadenergychannelscoveringtherangekevtheoreticalxrayastronomytheoreticalxrayastronomyisabranchoftheoreticalastronomythatdealswiththetheoreticalastrophysicsandtheoreticalastrochemistryofxraygenerationemissionanddetectionasappliedtoastronomicalobjectsliketheoreticalastrophysicstheoreticalxrayastronomyusesawidevarietyoftoolswhichincludemathematicalmodelanalyticalmodelstoapproximatethebehaviorofapossiblexraysourceandcomputationalnumericalanalysisnumericalsimulationstoapproximatetheobservationaldataoncepotentialobservationalconsequencesareavailabletheycanbecomparedwithexperimentalobservationsobserverscanlookfordatathatrefutesamodelorhelpsinchoosingbetweenseveralalternateorconflictingmodelstheoristsalsotrytogenerateormodifymodelstotakeintoaccountnewdatainthecaseofaninconsistencythegeneraltendencyistotrytomakeminimalmodificationstothemodeltofitthedatainsomecasesalargeamountofinconsistentdataovertimemayleadtototalabandonmentofamodelmostofthetopicsinastrophysicsastrochemistryastrometryandotherfieldsthatarebranchesofastronomystudiedbytheoreticiansinvolvexraysandxraysourcesmanyofthebeginningsforatheorycanbefoundinanearthbasedlaboratorywhereanxraysourceisbuiltandstudieddynamosdynamotheorydescribestheprocessthroughwhicharotatingconvectingandelectricallyconductingfluidactstomaintainamagneticfieldthistheoryisusedtoexplainthepresenceofanomalouslylonglivedmagneticfieldsinastrophysicalbodiesifsomeofthestellarmagneticfieldsarereallyinducedbydynamosthenfieldstrengthmightbeassociatedwithrotationraterefnametrimblerefastronomicalmodelsbrchandraxrayobservatoryfromtheobservedxrayspectrumcombinedwithspectralemissionresultsforotherwavelengthrangesanastronomicalmodeladdressingthelikelysourceofxrayemissioncanbeconstructedforexamplewithscorpiusxthexrayspectrumsteeplydropsoffasxrayenergyincreasesuptokevwhichislikelyforathermalplasmamechanisminadditionthereisnoradioemissionandthevisiblecontinuumisroughlywhatwouldbeexpectedfromahotplasmafittingtheobservedxrayfluxtheplasmacouldbeacoronalcloudofacentralobjectoratransientplasmawheretheenergysourceisunknownbutcouldberelatedtotheideaofaclosebinaryinthecrabnebulaxrayspectrumtherearethreefeaturesthatdiffergreatlyfromscorpiusxitsspectrumismuchharderitssourcediameterisinlightyearslysnotastronomicalunitsauanditsradioandopticalsynchrotronemissionarestrongitsoverallxrayluminosityrivalstheopticalemissionandcouldbethatofanonthermalplasmahoweverthecrabnebulaappearsasanxraysourcethatisacentralfreelyexpandingballofdiluteplasmawheretheenergycontentistimesthetotalenergycontentofthelargevisibleandradioportionobtainedfromtheunknownsourcetheastrophysicalxraysourcexraydarkstarsdividinglineasgiantstarsevolvetobecomeredgiantsalsocoincideswiththewindandcoronaldividinglinesrefnamekashyapreftoexplainthedropinxrayemissionacrossthesedividinglinesanumberofmodelshavebeenproposedlowtransitionregiondensitiesleadingtolowemissionincoronaehighdensitywindextinctionofcoronalemissiononlycoolcoronalloopsbecomestablechangesinamagneticfieldstructuretothatanopentopologyleadingtoadecreaseofmagneticallyconfinedplasmaorchangesinthemagneticdynamocharacterleadingtothedisappearanceofstellarfieldsleavingonlysmallscaleturbulencegeneratedfieldsamongredgiantsanalyticalxrayastronomyanalyticalxrayastronomyisappliedtoanastronomypuzzleinanattempttoprovideanacceptablesolutionconsiderthefollowingpuzzlehighmassxraybinarieshmxbsarecomposedofobsupergiantcompanionstarsandcompactobjectsusuallyneutronstarsnsorblackholesbhsupergiantxraybinariessgxbsarehmxbsinwhichthecompactobjectsorbitmassivecompanionswithorbitalperiodsofafewdaysdandincircularorslightlyeccentricorbitssgxbsshowtypicalthehardxrayspectraofaccretingpulsarsandmostshowstrongabsorptionasobscuredhmxbsxrayluminositylsubxsubincreasesuptosupsupergssupsupsupsupwattsthemechanismtriggeringthedifferenttemporalbehaviorobservedbetweentheclassicalsgxbsandtherecentlydiscoveredxraytransientsupergiantfastxraytransientssfxtssupergiantfastxraytransientssfxtsisstilldebatedrefnamezuritaherasrefaimusethediscoveryoflongorbitsdtohelpdiscriminatebetweenemissionmodelsandperhapsbringconstraintsonthemodelsmethodanalyzearchivaldataonvarioussgxbssuchashasbeenobtainedbyintegralforcandidatesexhibitinglongorbitsbuildshortandlongtermlightcurvesperformatiminganalysisinordertostudythetemporalbehaviorofeachcandidateondifferenttimescalescomparevariousastronomicalmodelsdirectsphericalaccretionrochelobeoverflowviaanaccretiondiskonthecompactobjectdrawsomeconclusionsforexamplethesgxbsaxjwasdiscoveredbybepposaxinidentifiedasasgxbofspectraltypebetweenoibiwhichalsodisplayedshortandbrightflaresandanunusuallyverylowquiescentlevelleadingtoitsclassificationasasfxttheanalysisindicatedanunusuallylongorbitalperioddandanelapsedaccretionphaseofdimplyinganellipticalorbitandpossiblesupergiantspectraltypebetweenbiwitheccentricitiesethelargevariationsinthexrayfluxcanbeexplainedthroughaccretionofmacroclumpsformedwithinthestellarwindchoosewhichmodelseemstoworkbestforsaxjtheanalysisbestfitsthemodelthatpredictssfxtsbehaveassgxbswithdifferentorbitalparametershencedifferenttemporalbehaviorstellarxrayastronomystellarxrayastronomyissaidtohavestartedonaprilwiththedetectionofxraysfromcapellastarcapellathexrayluminosityoflsubxsubsupsupergssupsupsupsupwisfourordersofmagnitudeabovethesunsxrayluminositystellarcoronaecoronalstarsorstarswithinacoronalcloudareubiquitousamongthestarsinthecoolhalfofthehertzsprungrusselldiagramthehightemperatureofcapellascoronaasobtainedfromthefirstcoronalxrayspectrumofcapellausingheaorequiredmagneticconfinementunlessitwasafreeflowingcoronalwindinproximacentauriisdiscoveredtobeemittinghighenergyradiationinthexuvincenwasidentifiedasalowactivitycoronalsourcetheeinsteininitialsurveyledtosignificantinsightsxraysourcesaboundamongalltypesofstarsacrossthehertzsprungrusselldiagramandacrossmoststagesofevolutionthexrayluminositiesandtheirdistributionalongthemainsequencewerenotinagreementwiththelongfavoredacousticheatingtheoriesbutwerenowinterpretedastheeffectofmagneticcoronalheatingandstarsthatareotherwisesimilarreveallargedifferencesintheirxrayoutputiftheirrotationperiodisdifferenttofitthemediumresolutionspectrumofuxarisubsolarabundanceswererequiredstellarxrayastronomyiscontributingtowardadeeperunderstandingofmagneticfieldsinmagnetohydrodynamicdynamosthereleaseofenergyintenuousastrophysicalplasmasthroughvariousplasmaphysicalprocessesandtheinteractionsofhighenergyradiationwiththestellarenvironmentcurrentwisdomhasitthatthemassivecoronalmainsequencestarsarelateaorearlyfstarsaconjecturethatissupportedbothbyobservationandbytheoryyounglowmassstarsofstarformationnewlyformedstarsintheorionnebulanewlyformedstarsareknownaspremainsequencestarsduringthestageofstellarevolutionbeforetheyreachthemainsequencestarsinthisstageagesmillionyearsproducexraysintheirstellarcoronaehowevertheirxrayemissionissupsuptosupsuptimesstrongerthanformainsequencestarsofsimilarmassesrefnamepreibischrefxrayemissionforpremainsequencestarswasdiscoveredbytheeinsteinobservatoryrefnamefeigelsonrefrefnamemontmerlerefthisxrayemissionisprimarilyproducedbymagneticreconnectionflaresinthestellarcoronaewithmanysmallflarescontributingtothequiescentxrayemissionfromthesestarsrefnamefeigelsonrefpremainsequencestarshavelargeconvectionzoneswhichinturndrivestrongdynamosproducingstrongsurfacemagneticfieldsthisleadstothehighxrayemissionfromthesestarswhichlieinthesaturatedxrayregimeunlikemainsequencestarsthatshowrotationalmodulationofxrayemissionothersourcesofxrayemissionincludeaccretionhotspotsrefnamekastnerrefandcollimatedoutflowsrefnamepravdorefxrayemissionasanindicatorofstellaryouthisimportantforstudiesofstarformingregionsmoststarformingregionsinthemilkywaygalaxyareprojectedonzoneofavoidancegalacticplanefieldswithnumerousunrelatedfieldstarsitisoftenimpossibletodistinguishmembersofayoungstellarclusterfromfieldstarcontaminantsusingopticalandinfraredimagesalonexrayemissioncaneasilypenetratemoderateabsorptionfrommolecularcloudsandcanbeusedtoidentifycandidateclustermembersrefnamefeigelsonrefunstablewindsgiventhelackofasignificantouterconvectionzonetheorypredictstheabsenceofamagneticdynamoinearlierastarsinearlystarsofspectraltypeoandbshocksdevelopinginunstablewindsarethelikelysourceofxrayscoolestmdwarfsbeyondspectraltypemtheclassicaldynamocannolongeroperateastheinternalstructureofdwarfstarschangessignificantlytheybecomefullyconvectiveasadistributedorsupsupdynamomaybecomerelevantboththemagneticfluxonthesurfaceandthetopologyofthemagneticfieldsinthecoronashouldsystematicallychangeacrossthistransitionperhapsresultinginsomediscontinuitiesinthexraycharacteristicsaroundspectralclassdmhoweverobservationsdonotseemtosupportthispicturelongtimelowestmassxraydetectionvbmevhasshownsteadyemissionatlevelsofxrayluminositylsubxsubnbspsupsupergssupsupsupsupwandflaresuptoanorderofmagnitudehighercomparisonwithotherlatemdwarfsshowsarathercontinuoustrendstrongxrayemissionfromherbigaebestarsherbigaebestarsarepremainsequencestarsastotheirxrayemissionpropertiessomearereminiscentofhotstarsotherspointtocoronalactivityasincoolstarsinparticularthepresenceofflaresandveryhightemperaturesthenatureofthesestrongemissionshasremainedcontroversialwithmodelsincludingunstablestellarwindscollidingwindsmagneticcoronaediskcoronaewindfedmagnetospheresaccretionshockstheoperationofasheardynamothepresenceofunknownlatetypecompanionskgiantsthefkcomstarsaregiantsofspectraltypekwithanunusuallyrapidrotationandsignsofextremeactivitytheirxraycoronaeareamongthemostluminouslsubxsubsupsupergssupsuporsupsupwandthehottestknownwithdominanttemperaturesuptomkhoweverthecurrentpopularhypothesisinvolvesamergerofaclosebinarysysteminwhichtheorbitalangularmomentumofthecompanionistransferredtotheprimarypolluxstarpolluxisthebrighteststarintheconstellationgeminiconstellationgeminidespiteitsbetadesignationandthethbrightestintheskypolluxisagiantorangekstarthatmakesaninterestingcolorcontrastwithitswhitetwincastorevidencehasbeenfoundforahotoutermagneticallysupportedcoronaaroundpolluxandthestarisknowntobeanxrayemitterrefnamehatzesrefetacarinaeimageecarmulticolortnljpgthumbpxrightclassifiedasapeculiarstaretacarinaeexhibitsasuperstaratitscenterasseeninthisimagefromchandraxrayobservatorycreditchandrasciencecenterandnasanewxrayobservationsbythechandraxrayobservatoryshowthreedistinctstructuresanouterhorseshoeshapedringaboutlightyearsindiameterahotinnercoreaboutlightmonthsindiameterandahotcentralsourcelessthanlightmonthindiameterwhichmaycontainthesuperstarthatdrivesthewholeshowtheouterringprovidesevidenceofanotherlargeexplosionthatoccurredoveryearsagothesethreestructuresaroundetacarinaearethoughttorepresentshockwavesproducedbymatterrushingawayfromthesuperstaratsupersonicspeedsthetemperatureoftheshockheatedgasrangesfrommkinthecentralregionstomkonthehorseshoeshapedouterstructurethechandraimagecontainssomepuzzlesforexistingideasofhowastarcanproducesuchhotandintensexrayssaysprofkrisdavidsonoftheuniversityofminnesotaamateurxrayastronomycollectivelyamateurastronomersobserveavarietyofcelestialobjectsandphenomenasometimeswithequipmentthattheybuildthemselvestheunitedstatesairforceacademyusafaisthehomeoftheussonlyundergraduatesatelliteprogramandhasandcontinuestodevelopthefalconlaunchsoundingrocketsrefnamehelmsrefinadditiontoanydirectamateureffortstoputxrayastronomypayloadsintospacethereareopportunitiesthatallowstudentdevelopedexperimentalpayloadstobeputonboardcommercialsoundingrocketsasafreeofchargeriderefnameblaylockreftherearemajorlimitationstoamateursobservingandreportingexperimentsinxrayastronomythecostofbuildinganamateurrocketorballoontoplaceadetectorhighenoughandthecostofappropriatepartstobuildasuitablexraydetectorhistoryofxrayastronomyimagesllabjpgthumbpxnrlscientistsjdpurcellcyjohnsonanddrfsjohnsonareamongthoserecoveringinstrumentsfromavusedforupperatmosphericresearchabovethenewmexicodesertthisisvnumberlaunchedjanuaryphotobydrrichardtouseynrlineohulburtoftheusnavalresearchlaboratoryandassociatesgregorybreitandmerleatuveofthecarnegieinstitutionofwashingtonexploredthepossibilityofequippingroberthgoddardsrocketstoexploretheupperatmospheretwoyearslaterheproposedanexperimentalprograminwhicharocketmightbeinstrumentedtoexploretheupperatmosphereincludingdetectionofultravioletradiationandxraysathighaltitudesrefnamespacelabrefinthelatesthepresenceofaveryhottenuousgassurroundingthesunwasinferredindirectlyfromopticalcoronallinesofhighlyionizedspeciesthesunhasbeenknowntobesurroundedbyahottenuouscoronathebeginningofthesearchforxraysourcesfromabovetheearthsatmospherewasonspaceflightbeforeaugustgmtausarmyformerlygermanvrocketaspartofhermesprojectprojecthermeswaslaunchedfromwhitesandsprovinggroundsthefirstsolarxrayswererecordedbytburnightrefnamekellerrefthroughthesssandsthesensitivityofdetectorsincreasedgreatlyduringtheyearsofxrayastronomyinadditiontheabilitytofocusxrayshasdevelopedenormouslyallowingtheproductionofhighqualityimagesofmanyfascinatingcelestialobjectsmajorquestionsinxrayastronomyasxrayastronomyusesamajorspectralprobetopeerintosourceitisavaluabletoolineffortstounderstandmanypuzzlesstellarmagneticfieldsmagneticfieldsareubiquitousamongstarsyetwedonotunderstandpreciselywhynorhavewefullyunderstoodthebewilderingvarietyofplasmaphysicalmechanismsthatactinstellarenvironmentssomestarsforexampleseemtohavemagneticfieldsfossilstellarmagneticfieldsleftoverfromtheirperiodofformationwhileothersseemtogeneratethefieldanewfrequentlyextrasolarxraysourceastrometrywiththeinitialdetectionofanextrasolarxraysourcethefirstquestionusuallyaskediswhatisthesourceanextensivesearchisoftenmadeinotherwavelengthssuchasvisibleorradioforpossiblecoincidentobjectsmanyoftheverifiedxraylocationsstilldonothavereadilydiscerniblesourcesxrayastrometrybecomesaseriousconcernthatresultsinevergreaterdemandsforfinerangularresolutionandradiancespectralradiancethereareinherentdifficultiesinmakingxrayopticalxrayradioandxrayxrayidentificationsbasedsolelyonpositionalcoincidentsespeciallywithhandicapsinmakingidentificationssuchasthelargeuncertaintiesinpositionaldeterminantsmadefromballoonsandrocketspoorsourceseparationinthecrowdedregiontowardthegalacticcentersourcevariabilityandthemultiplicityofsourcenomenclaturerefnamethomasrefxraysourcecounterpartstostarscanbeidentifiedbycalculatingtheangularseparationbetweensourcecentroidsandpositionofthestarthemaximumallowableseparationisacompromisebetweenalargervaluetoidentifyasmanyrealmatchesaspossibleandasmallervaluetominimizetheprobabilityofspuriousmatchesanadoptedmatchingcriterionoffindsnearlyallpossiblexraysourcematcheswhilekeepingtheprobabilityofanyspuriousmatchesinthesampletorefnamegaidosrefsolarxrayastronomyallofthedetectedxraysourcesataroundornearthesunappeartobeassociatedwithprocessesinthecoronawhichisitsouteratmospherecoronalheatingproblemintheareaofsolarxrayastronomythereisthecoronacoronalheatingproblemcoronalheatingproblemthephotosphereofthesunhasaneffectivetemperatureofkthehightemperatureofthecoronashowsthatitisheatedbysomethingotherthandirectheatheatconductionconductionfromthephotosphererefnamerussellrefitisthoughtthattheenergynecessarytoheatthecoronaisprovidedbyturbulentmotionintheconvectionzonebelowthephotosphereandtwomainmechanismshavebeenproposedtoexplaincoronalheatingthefirstiswaveheatinginwhichsoundgravitationalormagnetohydrodynamicwavesareproducedbyturbulenceintheconvectionzonethesewavestravelupwardanddissipateinthecoronadepositingtheirenergyintheambientgasintheformofheatrefnamealfvenreftheotherismagneticfieldmagneticheatinginwhichmagneticenergyiscontinuouslybuiltupbyphotosphericmotionandreleasedthroughmagneticreconnectionintheformoflargesolarflaresandmyriadsimilarbutsmallereventsnanoflaresrefnameparkerrefcurrentlyitisunclearwhetherwavesareanefficientheatingmechanismallwavesexceptalfvnwaveshavebeenfoundtodissipateorrefractbeforereachingthecoronacoronalmassejectionacoronalmassejectioncmeisanejectedplasmaconsistingprimarilyofelectronsandprotonsinadditiontosmallquantitiesofheavierelementssuchasheliumoxygenandironplustheentrainingcoronalclosedmagneticfieldregionsevolutionoftheseclosedmagneticstructuresinresponsetovariousphotosphericmotionsoverdifferenttimescalesconvectiondifferentialrotationmeridionalcirculationsomehowleadstothecmerefnamegopalswamyrefsmallscaleenergeticsignaturessuchasplasmaheatingobservedascompactsoftxraybrighteningmaybeindicativeofimpendingcmesthesoftxraysigmoidansshapedintensityofsoftxraysisanobservationalmanifestationoftheconnectionbetweencoronalstructureandcmeproductionrelatingthesigmoidsatxrayandotherwavelengthstomagneticstructuresandcurrentsystemsinthesolaratmosphereisthekeytounderstandingtheirrelationshiptocmesthefirstdetectionofacoronalmassejectioncmeassuchwasmadeondecemberbyrtouseyoftheusnavalresearchlaboratoryusingosorefnamehowardrefearlierobservationsofcoronaltransientsorevenphenomenaobservedvisuallyduringsolareclipsesarenowunderstoodasessentiallythesamethingthelargestgeomagneticperturbationresultingpresumablyfromaprehistoriccmecoincidedwiththefirstobservedsolarflareintheflarewasobservedvisuallybyrichardchristophercarringtonandthegeomagneticstormwasobservedwiththerecordingmagnetographatkewgardensthesameinstrumentrecordedacrotchetaninstantaneousperturbationoftheearthsionospherebyionizingsoftxraysthiscouldnoteasilybeunderstoodatthetimebecauseitpredatedthediscoveryofxraysbywilhelmconradroentgenroentgenandtherecognitionoftheionospherebyarthuredwinkennellykennellyandheavisideexoticxraysourcesamicroquasarisasmallercousinofaquasarthatisaradioemittingxraybinarywithanoftenresolvablepairofradiojetslsilsiisaperiodicradioemittingbinarysystemthatisalsothegammaraysourcecgobservationsarerevealingagrowingnumberofrecurrentxraytransientscharacterizedbyshortoutburstswithveryfastrisetimestensofminutesandtypicaldurationsofafewhoursthatareassociatedwithobsupergiantsandhencedefineanewclassofmassivexraybinariessupergiantfastxraytransientssfxtsobservationsmadebychandraxrayobservatorychandraindicatethepresenceofloopsandringsinthehotxrayemittinggasthatsurroundsmessieramagnetarisatypeofneutronstarwithanextremelypowerfulmagneticfieldthedecayofwhichpowerstheemissionofcopiousamountsofhighenergyelectromagneticradiationparticularlyxraysandgammaraysxraydarkstarsimagethesolarcyclexrayhijpgthumbrightpxasolarcycleamontageoftenyearsworthofyohkohsxtimagesdemonstratingthevariationinsolaractivityduringasunspotcyclefromafteraugustatthepeakofsolarcyclecycletoseptemberatthepeakofsolarcyclecyclecredittheyohkohmissionofinstituteofspaceandastronauticalscienceisasjapanandnasausduringthesolarcycleasshowninthesequenceofimagesatrightattimesthesunisalmostxraydarkalmostanxrayvariablebetelgeuseontheotherhandappearstobealwaysxraydarkhardlyanyxraysareemittedbyredgiantsthereisaratherabruptonsetofxrayemissionaroundspectraltypeafwithalargerangeofluminositiesdevelopingacrossspectralclassfaltairisspectraltypeavandvegaisavaltairstotalxrayluminosityisatleastanorderofmagnitudelargerthanthexrayluminosityforvegatheouterconvectionzoneofearlyfstarsisexpectedtobeveryshallowandabsentinatypedwarfsyettheacousticfluxfromtheinteriorreachesamaximumforlateaandearlyfstarsprovokinginvestigationsofmagneticactivityinatypestarsalongthreeprincipallineschemicallypeculiarstarsofspectraltypebporapareappreciablemagneticradiosourcesmostbpapstarsremainundetectedandofthosereportedearlyonasproducingxraysonlyfewofthemcanbeidentifiedasprobablysinglestarsxrayobservationsofferthepossibilitytodetectxraydarkplanetsastheyeclipsepartofthecoronaoftheirparentstarwhileintransitsuchmethodsareparticularlypromisingforlowmassstarsasajupiterlikeplanetcouldeclipsearathersignificantcoronalareaxraydarkplanetcometxrayobservationsofferthepossibilitytodetectxraydarkplanetsastheyeclipsepartofthecoronaoftheirparentstarwhileintransitsuchmethodsareparticularlypromisingforlowmassstarsasajupiterlikeplanetcouldeclipsearathersignificantcoronalareaasxraydetectorshavebecomemoresensitivetheyhaveobservedthatsomeplanetsandothernormallyxraynonluminescentcelestialobjectsundercertainconditionsemitfluoresceorreflectxrayscometlulinimagecometlulinjanswiftgammajpgthumbrightimageofcometlulinonjanuarywhenthecometwasmillionmilesfromearthandmillionmilesfromthesunfromswiftgammarayburstmissionswiftdatafromswiftsultravioletopticaltelescopeisshowninblueandgreenandfromitsxraytelescopeinrednasasswiftgammarayburstmissionsatellitewasmonitoringcometlulinasitclosedtogmofearthforthefirsttimeastronomerscanseesimultaneousuvandxrayimagesofacometthesolarwindafastmovingstreamofparticlesfromthesuninteractswiththecometsbroadercloudofatomsthiscausesthesolarwindtolightupwithxraysandthatswhatswiftsxrtseessaidstefanimmlerofthegoddardspaceflightcenterthisinteractioncalledchargeexchangeresultsinxraysfrommostcometswhentheypasswithinaboutthreetimesearthsdistancefromthesunbecauselulinissoactiveitsatomiccloudisespeciallydenseasaresultthexrayemittingregionextendsfarsunwardofthecometrefnamereddyrefseealsoballoonsforxrayastronomycrabunitgammarayastronomyhistoryofxrayastronomylistofxrayspacetelescopessolarxrayastronomystellarxrayastronomyultravioletastronomyxraytelescopereferencessourcesthecontentofthisarticlewasadaptedandexpandedfromimaginegsfcnasagovpublicdomainexternallinksheasarcgsfcnasagovdocsheasarcheadateshowmanyxrayhtmlhowmanyknownxrayandothersourcesarethereheasarcgsfcnasagovcgibintoolshighenergysourcehighenergysourceplismyfavoriteobjectanxraygammarayoreuvsourcewikiskyorgxrayallskysurveyonwikiskyaudiocaingayastronomycastcomastronomyepxrayastronomyastronomycastxrayastronomycategoriesinfoboxnetworkingprotocoltitlexnslogologoaltimageimagealtcaptionisstackyespurposelandeveloperxeroxdatefillinyeardigitsmonthanddaydigitsbasedoninfluencedsharenetoneipxspxbanyanvinesvinesosilayerportsrfcshardwareethernetxeroxnetworksystemsxnsisacomputernetworkingprotocolsuitedevelopedbyxeroxwithinthexeroxnetworksystemsarchitectureitprovidedgeneralpurposenetworkcommunicationsinternetworkroutingandpacketdeliveryandhigherlevelfunctionssuchasareliablestreamandremoteprocedurecallsxnspredatedandinfluencedthedevelopmentoftheopensystemsinterconnectionosinetworkingmodelandwasveryinfluentialinlocalareanetworkingdesignsduringthesithadlittleimpactontcpiphoweverwhichwasdesignedearlierxnswasdevelopedbythexeroxsystemsdevelopmentdepartmentintheearlyswhowerechargedwithbringingxeroxparcsresearchtomarketxnswasbasedontheearlierandequallyinfluentialparcuniversalpacketpupsuitefromthelatessomeoftheprotocolsinthexnssuitewerelightlymodifiedversionsoftheonesinthepupsuitexnsaddedtheconceptofanetworknumberallowinglargernetworkstobeconstructedfrommultiplesmalleroneswithrouterscontrollingtheflowofinformationbetweenthenetworkstheprotocolsuitespecificationsforxnswereplacedinthepublicdomaininthishelpedxnsbecomethecanonicallocalareanetworkingprotocolcopiedtovariousdegreesbypracticallyallnetworkingsystemsinuseintothesxnswasusedunchangedbycomsshareandungermannbasssnetoneitwasalsousedwithmodificationsasthebasisfornovellnetwareandbanyanvinesxnswasusedasthebasisfortheapplenetsystembutthisnevercommercializedanumberofxnsssolutionstocommonproblemswereusedinapplenetsreplacementappletalkdescriptionoveralldesignincomparisontotheosimodelslayersxnsisafivelayersystemlikethelaterinternetprotocolsuitethephysicalanddatalinklayersoftheosimodelcorrespondtothephysicallayerlayerinxnswhichwasdesignedtousethetransportmechanismoftheunderlyinghardwareanddidnotseparatethedatalinkspecificallyxnssphysicallayerisreallytheethernetlocalareanetworksystemalsobeingdevelopedbyxeroxatthesametimeandanumberofitsdesigndecisionsreflectthatfactthesystemwasdesignedtoallowethernettobereplacedbysomeothersystembutthatwasnotdefinedbytheprotocolnorhadtobetheprimarypartofxnsisitsdefinitionoftheinternaltransportlayerlayerwhichcorrespondstoosisnetworklayeranditisherethattheprimaryinternetworkingprotocolidpisdefinedxnscombinedtheosissessionandtransportlayersintothesingleinterprocesscommunicationslayerlayerlayerwasresourcecontrolsimilartotheosispresentationfinallyontopofbothmodelsistheapplicationlayeralthoughtheselayerswerenotdefinedinthexnsstandardbasicinternetworkprotocolthemaininternetworklayernetworkprotocolprotocolistheinternetdatagramprotocolidpidpisaclosedescendantofpupsparcuniversalpacketbasicinternetworkprotocolinternetworkprotocolandroughlycorrespondstotheinternetprotocoliplayerininternetprotocolsuitetcpipidpusesethernetsbitaddressasthebasisforitsownnetworkaddressinggenerallyusingthemachinesmacaddressastheprimaryuniqueidentifiertothisisaddedanotherbitaddresssectionprovidedbythenetworkingequipmentbitsareprovidedbyroutercomputingrouterstoidentifythenetworknumberintheinternetworkandanotherbitsdefineasocketnumberforserviceselectionwithinasinglehostthenetworknumberportionoftheaddressalsoincludesaspecialvaluewhichmeantthisnetworkforusebyhostswhichdidnotyetknowtheirnetworknumberunliketcpipsocketnumbersarepartofthefullnetworkaddressintheidpheadersothatupperlayerprotocolsdonotneedtoimplementdemultiplexingidpalsosuppliespackettypesagainunlikeipidpalsocontainsachecksumcoveringtheentirepacketbutitisoptionalnotmandatorythisreflectsthefactthatlansgenerallyhavelowerrorratessoxnsremovederrorcorrectionfromthelowerlevelprotocolsinordertoimproveperformanceerrorcorrectioncouldbeoptionallyaddedathigherlevelsintheprotocolstackforinstanceinxnssownsppprotocolxnswaswidelyregardedasfasterthanipduetothisdesignnoteinkeepingwiththelowlatencylanconnectionsitrunsonxnsusesashortpacketsizewhichimprovesperformanceinthecaseoflowerrorratesandshortturnaroundtimesidppacketsareuptobyteslongincludingthebyteidpheadercomputingheaderincomparisoniprequiresallhoststosupportatleastbutsupportspacketsofuptokbytesindividualxnshostpairsonaparticularnetworkmightuselargerpacketsbutnoxnsrouterisrequiredtohandlethemandnomechanismisdefinedtodiscoveriftheinterveningrouterssupportlargerpacketsalsopacketscannotbefragmentedastheycaniniptheroutinginformationprotocolripadescendantofpupsgatewayinformationprotocolisusedastherouterinformationexchangesystemandslightlymodifiedtomatchthesyntaxofaddressesofotherprotocolsuitesremainsinusetodayinotherprotocolsuitessuchastheinternetprotocolsxnsalsoimplementsasimpleechoprotocolattheinternetworklayersimilartoipspingnetworkingutilitypingbutoperatingatalowerlevelinthenetworkingstackinsteadofaddingtheicmpdataaspayloadinanippacketasinpingxnssechoplacedthecommanddirectlywithintheunderlyingidppacketthesamemightbeachievedinipbyexpandingtheicmpipvprotocolprotocolfieldoftheipheadertransportlayerprotocolstherearetwoprimarytransportlayerprotocolsbothverydifferentfromtheirpuppredecessorsequencedpacketprotocolsppisanacknowledgedtransportprotocolanalogoustotransmissioncontrolprotocoltcponechieftechnicaldifferenceisthatthesequencenumberscountthepacketsandnotthebytesasintcpandpupsbspitisthedirectantecedenttonovellnetwarenovellsipxspxpacketexchangeprotocolpepisaconnectionlessnonreliableprotocolsimilarinnaturetouserdatagramprotocoludpandtheantecedenttonovellnetwarenovellspxpxnslikepupalsouseseptheerrorprotocolasareportingsystemforproblemssuchasdroppedpacketsthisprovidedauniquesetofpacketswhichcanbefilteredtolookforproblemsapplicationprotocolscourierrpcintheoriginalxeroxconceptapplicationprotocolssuchasremoteprintingfilingandmailingetcemployedaremoteprocedurecallprotocolnamedcouriercouriercontainedprimitivestoimplementmostofthefeaturesofxeroxsmesaprogramminglanguagemesaprogramminglanguagefunctioncallsapplicationshadtomanuallyserializeanddeserializefunctioncallsincouriertherewasnoautomaticfacilitytranslateafunctionactivationframeintoanrpcienorpccompilerwasavailablebecausecourierwasusedbyallapplicationsthexnsapplicationprotocoldocumentsspecifiedonlycourierfunctioncallinterfacesandmodulefunctionbindingtuplestherewasaspecialfacilityincouriertoallowafunctioncalltosendorreceivebulkdatainitiallyxnsservicelocationwasperformedviabroadcastingremoteprocedurecallsusingaseriesofexpandingringbroadcastsinconsultationwiththelocalroutertogetnetworksatincreasingdistanceslatertheclearinghouseprotocolleveldirectoryservicewascreatedtoperformservicelocationandtheexpandingringbroadcastswereusedonlytolocateaninitialclearinghouseduetoitstightintegrationwithmesaasanunderlyingtechnologymanyofthetraditionalhigherlevelprotocolswerenotpartofthexnssystemitselfthismeantthatvendorsusingthexnsprotocolsallcreatedtheirownsolutionsforfilesharingandprintercomputingprintersupportwhilemanyoftheserdpartyproductstheoreticallycouldtalktoeachotheratapacketleveltherewaslittleornocapabilitytocalleachothersapplicationservicesthisledtocompletefragmentationofthexnsmarketandhasbeencitedasoneofthereasonsthatipeasilydisplaceditauthenticationthexnsprotocolsalsoincludedanauthenticationprotocolandanauthenticationservicetosupportitaftercontactingtheauthenticationserviceforcredentialsthisprotocolprovidedalightweightwaytodigitallysigncourierprocedurecallssothatreceiverscouldverifythesignatureandauthenticatesendersoverthexnsinternetwithouthavingtocontacttheauthenticationserviceagainforthelengthoftheprotocolcommunicationsessionprintingxeroxsprintinglanguageinterpresswasabinaryformattedstandardforcontrollinglaserprintersthedesignersofthislanguagejohnwarnockandchuckgeschkelaterleftxeroxparctostartadobesystemsbeforeleavingtheyrealizedthedifficultyofspecifyingabinaryprintlanguagewherefunctionstoserializetheprintjobwerecumbersomeandwhichmadeitdifficulttodebugerrantprintingjobstorealizethevalueofspecifyingbothaprogrammableandeasilydebugableprintjobinasciiwarnockandgeschkecreatedthepostscriptlanguageasoneoftheirfirstproductsatadoberemotedebugprotocolsbecauseallmachinesinthexeroxcorporateintranetranthewildflowerarchitecturedesignedbybutlerlampsontherewasaremotedebugprotocolformicrocodebasicallyapeekandpokefunctioncouldhaltandmanipulatethemicrocodestateofacseriesordseriesmachineanywhereonearthandthenrestartthemachinealsotherewasaremotedebugprotocolfortheworldswapdebuggerrefcitewebtitleworldstopdebuggersurleceubccagilliesnotehtmldateaccessdaterefthisprotocolcouldviathedebuggernubfreezeaworkstationandthenpeekandpokevariouspartsofmemorychangevariablesandcontinueexecutionifdebuggingsymbolswereavailableacrashedmachinecouldberemotedebuggedfromanywhereonearthhistoryoriginsinethernetandpupinhisfinalyearatharvarduniversityrobertmetcalfebobmetcalfbeganinterviewingatanumberofcompaniesandwasgivenawarmwelcomebyjeromeielkindjerryelkindandroberttaylorcomputerscientistbobtayloratxeroxparcwhowerebeginningtoworkonthenetworkedcomputerworkstationsthatwouldbecomethexeroxaltoheagreedtojoinparcinjulyafterdefendinghisthesisinwhilecouchsurfingatstevecrockershomewhileattendingaconferencemetcalfpickedupacopyjointcomputerconferenceproceedingsofthefalljointcomputerconferenceoffthetablewiththeaimoffallingasleepwhilereadingitinsteadhebecamefascinatedbyanarticleonalohanetanearlierwideareanetworkingsystembyjunehehaddevelopedhisowntheoriesonnetworkingandpresentedthemtohisprofessorswhorejecteditandhewasthrownoutonmyassmetcalfwaswelcomedatparcinspiteofhisunsuccessfulthesisandsoonstarteddevelopmentofwhatwasthenreferredtoasalohanetinawireheteamedupwithdavidboggstohelpwiththeelectronicimplementationandbytheendoftheywerebuildingworkinghardwareatnbspmbitsthepairthenbeganworkingonasimpleprotocolthatwouldrunonthesystemthisledtothedevelopmentoftheparcuniversalpacketpupsystemandbylatethetwohadpupsuccessfullyrunningonethernettheyfiledapatentontheconceptswithmetcalfaddingseveralothernamesbecausehebelievedtheydeservedmentionandthensubmittedapaperontheconcepttocommunicationsoftheacmonethernetdistributedpacketswitchingforlocalcomputernetworkspublishedinjulypuptoxnsbylongbeforepupwascompletemetcalfwasalreadychafingunderthestiffxeroxmanagementhebelievedthecompanyshouldimmediatelyputethernetintoproductionbutfoundlittleinterestamonguppermanagementaseminaleventtookplacewhenprofessorsfrommitsfamedmitcomputerscienceandartificialintelligencelaboratoryartificialintelligencelaboratoryapproachedxeroxinwiththeintentionofbuyingethernetforuseintheirlabxeroxmanagementdeclinedbelievingethernetwasbetterusedtohelpselltheirownequipmenttheailabwouldthengoontomaketheirownversionofethernetchaosnetmetcalfeventuallyleftxeroxnovemberfortransactiontechnologyadivisionofcitibanktaskedwithadvancedproductdevelopmenthoweverhewasluredbacktoxeroxsevenmonthslaterbydavidliddlewhohadrecentlyorganizedthesystemsdevelopmentdivisionwithinxeroxspecificallytobringparcsconceptstomarketmetcalfimmediatelybeganredesigningethernettoworkatnbspmbitsandstartedanefforttorewritepupinaproductionqualityversionlookingforhelponpupmetcalfapproachedyogindalalwhowasatthattimecompletinghisthesisundervintcerfatstanforduniversitydalalwasalsobeingheavilyrecruitedbybobkahnsarpanetteamworkingontcpipbutwhencerflefttojoindarpadalalagreedtomovetoparcandstartedthereindalalbuiltateamincludingwilliamcrowtherprogrammerwilliamcrowtherandhalmurrayandstartedwithacompletereviewofpupdalalalsoattemptedtoremaininvolvedinthetcpeffortsunderwayatdarpabuteventuallygaveupandfocussedfullyonpupdalalcombinedhisexperiencewitharpanetwiththeconceptsfrompupandbytheendoftheyhadpublishedthefirstdraftofthexeroxnetworksystemspecificationthiswasessentiallyaversionofpupwiththeaddedconceptofsocketsandaninternetworkwhichallowedrouterstoforwardpacketsacrossconnectednetworksbyearlythenewsystemwasworkingbutmanagementwasstillnotmakinganymovetocommercializeitasmetcalfputitwhennofurtheractionwasforthcomingmetcalfleftthecompanyattheendofimpactlastusedbyxeroxforcommunicationwiththedocutechpublishingsystemxnsisnolongerinuseduetotheubiquityofiphoweveritplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofnetworkingtechnologyinthesbyinfluencingsoftwareandhardwarevendorstoseriouslyconsidertheneedforcomputingplatformstosupportmorethanonenetworkprotocolstacksimultaneouslyawidevarietyofproprietarynetworkingsystemsweredirectlybasedonxnsorofferedminorvariationsonthethemeamongthesewerenetonebanyanvinesandnovellsipxspxthesesystemsaddedtheirownconceptsontopofthexnsaddressingandroutingsystemvinesaddedadirectoryserviceamongotherserviceswhilenovellnetwareaddedanumberofuserfacingserviceslikeprintingandfilesharingappletalkusedxnslikeroutingbuthadincompatibleaddressesusingshorternumbersxnsalsohelpedtovalidatethedesignofthebsdbsdnetworksubsystembyprovidingasecondprotocolsuiteonewhichwassignificantlydifferentfromtheinternetprotocolsbyimplementingbothstacksinthesamekernelucberkeleycollegeofengineeringresearchunitsberkeleyresearchersdemonstratedthatthedesignwassuitableformorethanjustiprefcitewebtitleontheperformanceofcourierremoteprocedurecallsundercbsdfirstjameslastlaruspublisherucberkeleyecedepartmenturleecsberkeleyedupubstechrptscsdpdfyearaccessdaterefadditionalbsdmodificationswereeventuallynecessarytosupportthefullrangeofopensystemsinterconnectionosiprotocolsreferencescitationsbibliographyreferencemarkstephensbooksgooglecombooksidgzoeaaaambajpgptosilayerdifferentiatessystemsoftwareinfoworldmarchpciscodocwikiciscocomwikixeroxnetworksystemsxeroxnetworksystemsciscocomjamespelkeyhistoryofcomputercommunicationsinfoentrepreneurialcapitalismandinnovationahistoryofcomputercommunicationsxeroxsystemintegrationstandardinternettransportprotocolsxeroxstamfordxeroxsystemintegrationstandardcouriertheremoteprocedurecallprotocolxeroxstamfordoppendcanddalalyktheclearinghouseadecentralizedagentforlocatingnamedobjectsinadistributedenvironmentpaloaltoxeroxcorporationofficesystemsdivisionoctobertechreportosdtisraeljeandlindentaauthenticationinxeroxsstarandnetworksystemspaloaltoxeroxcorporationofficesystemsdivisionmaytechreportosdtofficesystemstechnologyalookintotheworldofthexeroxseriesproductsworkstationsservicesethernetandsoftwaredevelopmenteditedbytedlindenandericharslemtechreportxeroxosdrnovemberacompendiumofpapersdescribingallaspectsofthexeroxstarworkstationandnetworkingprotocolsmostofthemwerereprintsofjournalandconferencepublicationsseealsoxeroxcharactercodestandardexternallinksbitsaverstrailingedgecompdfxeroxxnsxnsgxnsintroductionpdfxeroxnetworksystemsarchitectureintroductiontoxeroxnetworksystemsbitsaverstrailingedgecompdfxeroxxnsxnsgxeroxsystemnetworkarchitecturegeneralinformationmanualaprpdfxeroxnetworksystemsarchitecturegeneralinformationmanualfxrwatsonorgfxrsourcenetnsvnetbsdexampleofanactualimplementationinkernelspacemostechnologyofvalentinianiiicelebratinghismarriagetoliciniaeudoxianotocyearromannumeralscdxxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaetiusandsigisvultusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireflaviusaetiusromangeneralmagistermilitumsecuresthebesiegedcityofnarbonnesoutherngaulagainstkingtheodoriciheconcludesapeacetreatywiththevisigothsandbecomesforthesecondtimeconsuljulyndashvalentinianiiiagerulesasemperoroverthewesternromanempirehismothergallaplacidiaendsherregentregencybutcontinuestoexercisepoliticspoliticalinfluenceuntilherdeathinoctoberndashvalentinianiiicementsanpoliticalalliancealliancewiththeeasternemperortheodosiusiibymarryinghisdaughterliciniaeudoxiainconstantinoplethismarksthefamilyreunionreunionoftwobranchesofthetheodosiandynastyhouseoftheodosiusbritanniamiddlewallopbattleofwallopambrosiusaurelianuskingofthebritonsleaderoftheromanobritishcultureromanobritishdefeatstheanglosaxonsunderkingvortigernheisgivenallthekingdomsofthewesternsideofgreatbritainbritainaccordingtohistoriabrittonummesoamericakinichyaxkukmodiesafteranyearreignheisthefounderandfirstruleroftheprecolumbianeraprecolumbianmayacivilizationcenteredatcopnmodernhondurasbytopicreligionasynodatconstantinopleattemptstoimpingeonthepopesrightsinillyricumromanprovinceillyriaproclustriestoimplementthesynodsdecisionsandpopepopesixtusiiisixtusiiiremindstheillyrianbishopsoftheirobligationstohisvicaratthessalonikionlyincludebirthschildericikingofthesalianfranksapproximatedatesaintremigiusremigiusromancatholicarchdioceseofreimsbishopofreimsapproximatedatedeathsprincesslijingshoulijingshouprincessofthexiongnustatenorthernliangreferencesyearromannumeralsccixwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofcommodusandlollianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirepubliusseptimiusgetareceivesthetitlesofimperatorandaugustustitleaugustusfromhisfatheremperorseptimiusseverusseverusmakesplanstosubduethelandtothenorthofscotlandravagingitseverelyroadbuildingandforestclearingtheromanarmyreachesabercaledoniansscottishtribesbeginguerrillawarfareagainsttheromanempireromansasiainindiabeginningofthereignofchandashrisatavahanakingoftheandhrapradeshandhraonlyincludebirthsfujiachineseofficialofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperioddguanluchinesepractitionerofdivinationdsundengeasternwusundengchinesecrownprinceoftheeasternwustateinthethreekingdomsperioddxiahouxuanofficialofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperiodddeathsliuqiliubiaossonliuqichineseprovincialgovernoroftheeasternhandynastysaintalbanpossibledeathdatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralsccxiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofterentiusandbassusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirefebruaryndashemperorseptimiusseverushavingfallenilldiesineboracummoderndayyorkwhileoncampaigninromanbritainbritainafteranyearreignheislaterdeifiedbytheromansenatesenatehissonscaracallaandpubliusseptimiusgetagetasucceedhimasjointromanemperorsdecemberndashgetaisluredtocomewithouthisbodyguardstomeetcaracallatodiscussapossiblereconciliationwhenhearrivesthepraetorianguardmurdershimandhediesinthearmsofhismotherjuliadomnaeboracumbecomesthecapitalofbritanniainferioranorthernprovinceoftheromanempireasiajanuaryndashcaocaowritesrngxinzmngbnzhlngmarchndashseptembercaocaodefeatsmachaoatthebattleoftongpassbattleoftongpassardashiribecomeskingofpartofpersiabytopicartbathsofcaracallaconstructionbeginsapproximatedatereligionmarkissucceededbyphiladelphusofbyzantiumphiladelphusasecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleonlyincludebirthssimazhaosonofsimayidxiahouhuisimashiswifexiahouhuinoblewomanandwifeofsimashiddeathsfebruaryndashromanemperorseptimiusseverusyorkenglandbdecemberndashpubliusseptimiusgetaromancoemperormurderedbserapionofantiochpatriarchofantiochreferencesyearromannumeralsccxwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoffaustinusandrufinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirehavingsufferedheavylossessinceinvadingscotlandinemperorseptimiusseverussendshissoncaracallatosystematicallywipeoutandtorturethescotsintosubmissiononlyincludebirthsmayndashclaudiusgothicusclaudiusiiromanemperorddexippusgreekhistoriandruanjimusicianandpoetddeathscaochungeneralundercaocaobliuhongastronomerliuhongchinachineseastronomerbmonoimusarabgnosticapproximatedatebzhouyuchinachinesestrategistbreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsccclxxwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaugustusandvalensorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirethegermanicinvasionstookplacethegermanpeoplessurroundedthenorthbordersoftheromanempirewhilethehonsweredestroyingeverythingthattheyhadcomeacrossvillagescitiesevenempiresalawofvalentinianiandvalensbansmarriagesbetweenromanempireromansandbarbariansunderpenaltyofdeathanedictissuedbyvalentinianiandvalensbanstheimportationofwineandoliveoilfromareascontrolledbythebarbarianseuropethehunsmigratewestwardfromthevolgarivervolgaintoeuropeandsubjugatethealansandtheostrogothswiththeirarrivalatraditionofcompositebowsisintroducedathanaricgothicleaderofthetervingiadvanceseastwardsandtakesupadefensivepositionalongthebanksofthedniesterromaniaasiaformerqinconquersformeryaninchinabytopicreligionbasilofcaesareabasilthegreatbecomesbishopofkaysericaesareacappadociademophilusofconstantinoplebecomesecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplealthoughhispositionisdisputedbyevagriusofconstantinoplejohnchrysostomisbaptismbaptizedbirthsalaricikingofthevisigothsdbriceoftourssaintbriceromancatholicarchdioceseoftoursbishopoftoursdhypatiafemalemathematicsmathematicianandancientphilosophyphilosopherapproximatedatedeathseudoxiusofantiochecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplelucifercalaritanusfounderoftheluciferianismluciferiansectapproximatedatereferencesplateofkingshapuriinotocyearromannumeralsccclxxiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofaugustusandpetroniusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirethefortifiedcitiesofthedanubewithsirmiumpannoniaattheforefrontcontributetostopaninvasionofthequadipersiatheneosassanidempirepersianempireattainsthezenithofitspowerunderkingshapuriiastheromanempireromansrenewtheirwaragainstiranpersiahostilitieswillcontinueforthenextyearsasiabaekjeforcesstormthegoguryeocapitalinpyongyangkoreabytopicartsandsciencestheromanpoetausoniuswritesofavoyageontherhineandthemoselleinhisworkmosellareligionaugustineofhippoagetravelstocarthagetocontinuehiseducationinrhetoricmartinoftoursbecomesbishopoftoursapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsemperordaowuofnorthernweidaowudiemperorofnorthernweidvalentinianiiromanemperorddeathsaugustndasheusebiusofvercellibishopandsaintgogugwonofgoguryeogogugwonkingofgoguryeokoreahilarionanchoriteandsaintbluciferofcagliarilucifercalaritanusfounderoftheluciferianismluciferiansectapproximatedatezenoofveronaromancatholicdioceseofveronabishopofveronaandmartyrapproximatedatereferenceschinanotocyearromannumeralsccclxxiiwasaleapyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmodestusandarintheusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorvalentinianiisengagedinoperationsagainstthealamanniquadiandsarmatianswhilehissubordinatesaredealingwithfirmusthcenturyusurperfirmusromanusurperindioceseofafricaafricaandthepictsinromanbritainbritaineuropethehunsattackthetervingionthedniesteroverwhelmingthemwithlightcavalrymountedarcheryhorsearchersanddevastatingthesettlementsofthegothskingathanaricisdefeatedandseeksrefugeinthecarpathianmountainsromaniaathanaricstartsbuildingnewdefensiveworkstoprotecthispeopleagainstthealansandthehunschinasixteenkingdomsemperorfeiofjinjinfeidiisdethronedasemperorofthejindynastyeasternjindynastyheisreplacedbyhisgrandunclesimayuwhoisinstalledasemperorjianwenofjinjinjianwendiseptemberemperorxiaowuofjinjinxiaowudiagesucceedshisfatherjinjianwendiempresschusuanziservesasregentbutdecisionsaremadebythehighofficialsxieanandwangtanzhithefirstdiplomacydiplomatictiesareestablishedbetweenthekoreankingdomofbaekjeandthechinesecourtofthejindy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dillustrationfromdariusdiedwhileintheprocessofpreparingasecondarmytoinvadethegreekmainlandleavingtohissonthetaskofpunishingtheathensatheniansnaxosislandnaxiansanderetriansfortheirinterferenceintheionianrevolttheburningofsardisandtheirvictoryoverthepersiansatbattleofmarathonmarathonfromnbspbcxerxespreparedhisexpeditionthexerxescanalwasdugthroughtheisthmusofthepeninsulaofmountathosprovisionswerestoredinthestationsontheroadthroughthraceandtwopontoonbridgeslaterknownasxerxespontoonbridgeswerebuiltacrossthehellespontsoldiersofmanynationalitiesservedinthearmiesofxerxesfromalloverhismultiethnicmassiveeurasiansizedempireandbeyondincludingtheassyrianpeopleassyriansphoeniciansbabyloniansegyptiansjewsmacedonianseuropeanthracethracianspaioniapaeoniansachaeangreeksioniansaegeanislandsaegeanislandersaeolisaeoliansgreeksfrompontusregionpontuscolchiansandmanymoreaccordingtothegreekhistorianherodotusxerxessfirstattempttobridgethehellespontendedinfailurewhenastormdestroyedtheflaxandpapyruscablesofthebridgesinretaliationxerxesorderedthehellespontthestraititselfwhippedthreehundredtimesandhadfettersthrownintothewaterxerxesssecondattempttobridgethehellespontwassuccessfulthecarthagecarthaginiansicilianwarsthefirstsicilianwarbcinvasionofsicilydeprivedgreeceofthesupportofthepowerfulmonarchsofsyracuseitalysyracuseandagrigentumancientsourcesassumexerxeswasresponsiblemodernscholarshipisskepticalmanysmallergreekstatesmoreovertookthesideofthepersiansespeciallythessalythebesgreecethebesandargosxerxeswasvictoriousduringtheinitialbattlesxerxessetoutinthespringofnbspbcfromsardiswithafleetandarmywhichherodotusestimatedwasroughlyonemillionstrongalongwithelitewarriorsnamedthepersianimmortalsmorerecentestimatesplacethepersianforceataroundcombatantsthermopylaeandathensatthebattleofthermopylaeasmallforceofgreekwarriorsledbykingleonidasileonidasofspartaresistedthemuchlargerpersianforcesbutwereultimatelydefeatedaccordingtoherodotusthepersiansbrokethespartanphalanxafteragreekmancalledephialtesoftrachisephialtesbetrayedhiscountrybytellingthepersiansofanotherpassaroundthemountainsatbattleofartemisiumartemisiumlargestormshaddestroyedshipsfromthegreeksideandsothebattlestoppedprematurelyasthegreeksreceivednewsofthedefeatatthermopylaeandretreatedafterthermopylaeathenswascapturedmostoftheathenianshadabandonedthecityandfledtotheislandofsalamisislandsalamisbeforexerxesarrivedasmallgroupattemptedtodefendtheathenianacropolisbuttheyweredefeatedxerxesburntthecityleavinganarchaeologicallyattesteddestructionlayerknownastheperserschuttthepersiansthusgainedcontrolofallofmainlandgreecetothenorthoftheisthmusofcorinthxerxeswasinducedbythemessageofthemistoclesagainsttheadviceofartemisiaiofcariaartemisiaofhalicarnassustoattackthegreekfleetunderunfavourableconditionsratherthansendingapartofhisshipstothepeloponnesusandawaitingthedissolutionofthegreekarmiesthebattleofsalamisseptembernbspbcwaswonbythegreekfleetafterwhichxerxessetupawintercampinthessalyrefnamehhollandpprefaccordingtoherodotusfearingthatthegreeksmightattackthebridgesacrossthehellespontandtraphisarmyineuropexerxesdecidedtoretreatbacktoasiatakingthegreaterpartofthearmywithhimrefnameviiiherodotusperseustuftseducgibinptextdocperseusatextaquerychapterdlayoutlocviiirefanothercauseoftheretreatmighthavebeencontinuedunrestinbabylonwhichbeingakeyprovinceoftheachaemenidempirerequiredthekingsownattentionrefnameliviusrefheleftbehindacontingentingreecetofinishthecampaignundermardoniuswhoaccordingtoherodotushadsuggestedtheretreatinthefirstplacethisforcewasdefeatedthefollowingyearatbattleofplataeaplataeabythecombinedforcesofthegreekcitystatesendingthepersianoffensiveongreeceforgoodconstructionprojectsnorthofpersepoliscopyingthatofdariusthegreatdariusisusuallyassumedtobethatofxerxesafterthemilitaryblundersingreecexerxesreturnedtopersiaandoversawthecompletionofthemanyconstructionprojectsleftunfinishedbyhisfatheratsusaandpersepolisheoversawthebuildingofthegateofallnationsandthehallofahundredcolumnsatpersepoliswhicharethelargestandmostimposingstructuresofthepalaceheoversawthecompletionoftheapadanathepalaceofdariusandthetreasuryallstartedbydariusaswellashavinghisownpalacebuiltwhichwastwicethesizeofhisfathershistasteinarchitecturewassimilartothatofdariusthoughonanevenmoregiganticscalehehadcolorfulenameledbricklaidontheexteriorfaceoftheapadanahealsomaintainedtheroyalroadbuiltbyhisfatherandcompletedthesusagateandbuiltapalaceofdariusatsusapalaceatsusadeathinaugustnbspbcartabanusofpersiaartabanusthecommanderoftheroyalbodyguardandthemostpowerfulofficialinthepersiancourtassassinatedxerxeswiththehelpofaeunuchaspamitresalthoughartabanusborethesamenameasthefameduncleofxerxesahyrcanianhisrisetoprominencewasduetohispopularityinreligiousquartersofthecourtandharemintriguesheputhissevensonsinkeypositionsandhadaplantodethronetheachaemeniddynastyachaemenidsgreekhistoriansgivecontradictingaccountsofeventsaccordingtoctesiasinpersicaartabanusthenaccusedthecrownprincedariusxerxesseldestsonofthemurderandpersuadedanotherofxerxesssonsartaxerxesiofpersiaartaxerxestoavengethepatricidebykillingdariusbutaccordingtoaristotleinpoliticsbartabanuskilleddariusfirstandthenkilledxerxesafterartaxerxesdiscoveredthemurderhekilledartabanusandhissonsparticipatingintheseintrigueswasthegeneralmegabyzuswhosedecisiontoswitchsidesprobablysavedtheachaemenidsfromlosingtheircontrolofthepersianthronegovernmentreligioninhistoriesherodotusrelatesthatatthestrymonriverthemagisoughtgoodomensbysacrificingwhitehorsesandafterusingtheseenchantmentsandmanyothersbesidestheriverthearmiesofxerxescrosseditsbridgesattheninewaysinedoniancountrywhentheylearnedthatninewayswasthenameoftheplacetheyburiedalivenineboysandninegirlswhowerechildrenofthelocalpeopleherodotusfurtherrelatesthatburyingpeoplealiveisapersiancustomandheaddsthatxerxeswifeamestrisburiedtwicesevensonsofnotablepersiansasanofferingonherownbehalftothefabledgodbeneaththeearthalthoughherodotusreportinthehistorieshascreateddebateconcerningxerxessreligiousbeliefsmodernscholarsconsiderhimazoroastrianismzoroastrianchildrenbyqueenamestrisamytiswifeofmegabyzusdariussonofxerxesidariusthefirstbornmurderedbyartaxerxesiorartabanusofpersiaartabanushystaspessonofxerxesihystaspesmurderedbyartaxerxesiartaxerxesiachaemenessonofxerxesiachaemenesmurderedbyegyptiansrhodogunedaughterofxerxesirhodogunebyunknownwivesartariussatrapofbabylontithraustessonofxerxesitithraustesarsamessatrapofegyptarsamesorarsamenesorarxanesorsarsamassatrapofegyptparysatisdaughterofxerxesiparysatisratashahculturaldepictionsxerxesisthecentralcharacteroftheaeschylusplaythepersiansxerxesistheprotagonistoftheoperasersebythegermanenglishbaroquecomposergeorgefriderichandelitwasfirstperformedinthehermajestystheatrekingstheatrelondononaprilthefamousariaombramaifopenstheoperathemurderofxerxesbyartabanusartabanoexecutionofcrownprincedariusdariorevoltbymegabyzusmegabiseandsubsequentsuccessionofartaxerxesiofpersiaartaxerxesiisromanticisedbytheitalianpoetmetastasioinhisoperalibrettoartasersewhichwasfirstsettomusicbyleonardovinciandsubsequentlybyothercomposerssuchasjohannadolfhasseandjohannchristianbachlatergenerationsfascinationwithancientspartaparticularlythebattleofthermopylaehasledtoxerxesportrayalinworksofpopularculturehewasplayedbydavidfarraractordavidfarrarinthefictionalfilmthespartansinfilmwhereheisportrayedasacruelpowercrazeddespotandanineptcommanderhealsofeaturesprominentlyinthegraphicnovelcomicsbyfrankmillercomicsfrankmilleraswellasthefilmadaptationfilminfilmanditssequelriseofanempireinfilmasportrayedbybrazilianactorrodrigosantoroinwhichheisrepresentedasagiantmanwithandrogynousqualitieswhoclaimstobeagodkingthisportrayalhasattractedcontroversyespeciallyinirankendavitianplaysxerxesinmeetthespartansaparodyofthefirstmovierepletewithsophomorichumouranddeliberateanachronismsotherworksdealingwiththepersianempireorthebiblicalstoryofestherhavealsoreferencedxerxessuchasthevideogameassassinscreediiandthefilmonenightwiththekinginfilminwhichahasuerusxerxeswasportrayedbybritishactorlukegossheistheleaderofthepersianempireinthevideogamecivilizationiiandcivilizationiiiiiialongwithscheherazadealthoughcivilizationivreplaceshimwithcyrusthegreatanddariusigorevidalinhishistoricalfictionnovelcreationnovelcreationdescribesatlengththeriseoftheachemenidsespeciallydariusiandpresentsthelifeanddeathcircumstancesofxerxesvidalsversionofthepersianwarswhichdivergesfromtheorthodoxyofthegreekhistoriesistoldthroughtheinventedcharacterofcyrusspitamaahalfgreekhalfpersianandgrandsonoftheprophetzoroasterthankstohisfamilyconnectioncyrusisbroughtupinthepersiancourtafterthemurderofzoroasterbecomingtheboyhoodfriendofxerxesandlateradiplomatwhoissenttoindiaandlatertogreeceandwhoistherebyabletogainprivilegedaccesstomanyleadinghistoricalfiguresoftheperiodxerxesahasuerusisportrayedbyrichardeganactorrichardeganinthefilmestherandthekingandbyjoelsmallboneinthefilmthebookofestherfilmthebookofestherinatleastoneofthesefilmstheeventsofthebookofestheraredepictedastakingplaceuponxerxesreturnfromgreecexerxesplaysanimportantbackgroundrolenevermakinganappearanceintwoshortworksofalternatehistorytakingplacegenerationsafterhiscompletevictoryovergreecethesearecountingpotsherdsbyharryturtledoveinhisanthologydeparturescollectiondeparturesandthecraftofwarbyloistiltoninalternategeneralsvolumeeditedbyturtledoveetymologyandtransliterationxerxesisthegreeklanguagegreekversionoftheoldpersiannamexayawhichistodayknowninnewpersianaskhashayarreferencesbibliographyancientsourcesciteidrefherodotusciteciteidrefherodotuscitemodernsourcesbridgesemmaimaginingxerxesancientperspectivesonapersiankingbloomsburydandamaevapoliticalhistoryoftheachaemenidempirehollandtompersianfirelondonabacusexternallinksinfoboxmonarchnamexerxesiititleunbulletedlistlistofkingsofpersiakingofkingsofpersialistofpharaohspharaohofegyptimageimagesizecaptionnativelangoldpersiannativelangnamebirthdatebirthplacedeathdatedeathplacepersepolisachaemenidempirepersiasuccessionlistofkingsofpersiakingofpersiareignbcbcdayspredecessorartaxerxesisuccessorsogdianusroyalhouseachaemeniddynastyachaemenidfatherar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hedevisedaplottoeliminatetheexcesspopulationfromhisdominionswiththeassistanceofpsychiatrypsychiatristshegatheredbillionsofhiscitizensunderthepretenseofincometaxinspectionsthenparalyzedthemandfrozetheminamixtureofethanolalcoholandethyleneglycolglycoltocapturetheirsoulsthekidnappedpopulacewasloadedintospacecraftfortransporttothesiteofexterminationtheplanetofteegeeackearththeappearanceofthesespacecraftwouldlaterbesubconsciouslyexpressedinthedesignofthedouglasdctheonlydifferencebeingthatthedchadfanspropellersonitandthespaceplanedidntnuclearweaponfusionbombshydrogenbombswerethenloweredintothevolcanoesanddetonatedsimultaneouslykillingallbutafewalienshubbarddescribedthesceneinhisfilmscriptrevoltinthestarsthenowdisembodiedvictimssoulswhichhubbardcalledthetanswereblownintotheairbytheblasttheywerecapturedbyxenusforcesusinganelectronicribbonwhichalsowasatypeofstandingwaveandsuckedintovacuumzonesaroundtheworldthehundredsofbillionsofcapturedthetansweretakentoatypeofcinemawheretheywereforcedtowatchadfilmthreedsupercolossalmotionpictureforthirtysixdaysthisimplantedwhathubbardtermedvariousmisleadingdatacollectivelytermedtherimplantscientologyimplantintothememoriesofthehaplessthetanswhichhastodowithgodthedevilspaceoperainscientologydoctrinespaceoperaetceterathisincludedallmajorreligiousgroupsworldreligionshubbardspecificallyattributedromancatholicismandtheimageofthecrucifixiontotheinfluenceofxenuthetwoimplantstationscitedbyhubbardweresaidtohavebeenlocatedonhawaiiandprovinceoflaspalmaslaspalmasinthecanaryislandsrefnamecorydonrefinadditiontoimplantingnewbeliefsinthethetanstheimagesdeprivedthemoftheirsenseofidentitysocialsciencepersonalidentitywhenthethetanslefttheprojectionareastheystartedtoclustertogetheringroupsofafewthousandhavinglosttheabilitytodifferentiatebetweeneachothereachclusterofthetansgatheredintooneofthefewremainingbodiesthatsurvivedtheexplosionthesebecamewhatareknownasbodythetanswhicharesaidtobestillclingingtoandadverselyaffectingeveryoneexceptscientologistswhohaveperformedthenecessarystepstoremovethemagovernmentfactionknownastheloyalofficersfinallyoverthrewxenuandhisrenegadesandlockedhimawayinanelectronicmountaintrapfromwhichhehasnotescapedalthoughthelocationofxenuissometimessaidtobethepyreneesonearththisisactuallythelocationhubbardgaveelsewhereforanancientmartianreportstationteegeeackwassubsequentlyabandonedbythegalacticconfederacyandremainsapariahprisonplanettothisdayalthoughithassufferedrepeatedlyfromincursionsbyalienalieninvasioninvaderforcessincethattimeinthecostoflearningthesesecretsfromthechurchofscientologywaspoundsterlingorusbeliefinxenuandbodythetansisarequirementforascientologisttoprogressfurtheralongthebridgetototalfreedomrefnameatackrefthosewhodonotexperiencethebenefitsoftheotiiicourseareexpectedtotakeitandpayforitagainrefnamelistenerrefscientologydoctrinewithinscientologythexenustoryisreferredtoasthewalloffireorincidentiithebroadoutlinesofthestorythatmillionyearsagoagreatcatastrophehappenedinthissectorofthegalaxywhichcausedprofoundlynegativeeffectsforeveryonesincethenaretoldtolowerlevelscientologistsbutthedetailsarekeptstrictlyconfidentialwithinscientologytheotiiidocumentdescribesthathubbardenteredthewalloffirebutemergedaliveprobablytheonlyoneevertodosoinyearshefirstpubliclyannouncedhisbreakthroughinronsjournalrjatapedlecturerecordedonseptembertobesenttoallscientologistsaccordingtohubbardhisresearchwasachievedatthecostofabrokenbackkneeandarmotiiicontainsawarningthattherimplantiscalculatedtokillbypneumoniaetcanyonewhoattemptstosolveithubbardclaimedthathistechdevelopmentiehisotmaterialshadneutralizedthisthreatcreatingasafepathtoredemptionthechurchofscientologyforbadeindividualsfromreadingtheotiiixenucosmogonywithoutfirsthavingtakenprerequisitecoursesrefnameallenrefinrjhubbardthenalludestothedevastatingeffectofxenusgenocideotiiialsodealswithincidentisetfourquadrillionyearsagoinincidentitheunsuspectingthetanwassubjectedtoaloudsnappingnoisefollowedbyafloodofluminescencethensawachariotfollowedbyatrumpetingcherubafteraloudsetofsnapsthethetanwasoverwhelmedbydarknessitisdescribedthatthesetraumaticmemoriesaloneseparatethetansfromtheirstaticnaturalgodlikestatehubbardusestheexistenceofbodythetanstoexplainmanyofthephysicalandmentalailmentsofhumanitywhichhesayspreventpeoplefromachievingtheirhighestspirituallevelsotiiitellsthescientologisttolocatebodythetansandreleasethemfromtheeffectsofincidentsiandiithisisaccomplishedinsoloauditingwherethescientologistholdsbothcansofanemeterinonehandandasksquestionsasanauditorthescientologistisdirectedtofindaclusterofbodythetansaddressittelepathytelepathicallyasaclusterandtakefirsttheclustertheneachindividualmemberthroughincidentiithenincidentiifneededhubbardwarnsthatthisisapainstakingprocedureandthatotlevelsivtoviiarenecessarytocontinuedealingwithonesbodythetansthechurchofscientologyhasobjectedtothexenustorybeingusedtopaintscientologyassciencefictionfantasyoriginsofthestoryhubbardwroteotiiiinlateandearlyinnorthafricawhileonhiswaytolaspalmastojointheenchanterthefirstvesselofhisprivatescientologyfleettheseaorgrefnamemillerrefotiiisaysindecemberinbspknewsomeonehadtotaketheplungebutthematerialwaspublicisedwellbeforethisheemphasizedlaterthatotiiiwashisownpersonaldiscoverycriticsofscientologyhavesuggestedthatotherfactorsmayhavebeenatworkinaletterofthetimetohiswifemarysuehubbardmarysuerefnamecorydonrefhubbardsaidthatinordertoassisthisresearchhewasdrinkingalcoholandtakingstimulantsanddepressantsimdrinkinglotsofrumandpoppingpinksandgreyshisassistantatthetimevirginiadownsboroughsaidthatshehadtoweanhimoffthedietofdrugstowhichhehadbecomeaccustomedrefnameatackrefrussellmillerpositsinbarefacedmessiahthatitwasimportantforhubbardtobefoundinadebilitatedconditionsoastopresentotiiiasaresearchaccomplishmentofimmensemagnituderefnamemillerrefelementsofthexenustoryappearedinscientologybeforeotiiihubbardsdescriptionsofextraterrestrialconflictswereputforwardasearlyasinhisbookhaveyoulivedbeforethislifeandwereenthusiasticallyendorsedbyscientologistswhodocumentedtheirreincarnationpastlivesonotherplanetsinfluenceofotiiionscientologyimagelronhubbarddianeticsisbncoverjpgthumbuprightthevolcanoandfireballonthecoverofdianeticsreferstothexenustorytheandsubsequentreprintsofdianeticsthemodernscienceofmentalhealthdianeticshavehadcoversdepictinganexplodingvolcanowhichisreportedlyareferencetootiiiinalectureandininstructionstohismarketingstaffhubbardexplainedthattheseimageswouldkeyinthesubmergedmemoriesofincidentiiandimpelpeopletobuythebooksrefnameassistslronhubbardclassviiicourselecturenoassistsoctobertapedlecturerefrefcitenewslastdavisfirstmatttitlesellingscientologyaformerscientologistmarketingguruturnsagainstthechurchpublisherportlandmercurydateaugusturlportlandmercurycomnewssellingscientologycontentoidaccessdateoctoberrefrefsincethesthevolcanohasalsobeendepictedintelevisionadvertisementtelevisioncommercialsadvertisingdianeticsscientologysseaorganelitegroupwithinthechurchthatoriginatedwithhubbardspersonalstaffaboardhisfleetofshipstakesmanyofitssymbolsfromthestoryofxenuandotiiiitisexplicitlyintendedtobearevivaloftheloyalofficerswhooverthrewxenuitslogoawreathwithleavesrepresentsthestarsofxenusgalacticconfederacyaccordingtoanofficialscientologydictionarytheseaorgsymboladoptedandusedasthesymbolofagalacticconfederacyfarbackinthehistoryofthissectorderivesmuchofitspowerandauthorityfromthatassociationintheadvancedorgsinedinburghandlosangelesscientologystaffwereatonetimeorderedtowearallwhiteuniformswithsilverbootstomimicxenusgalacticpatrolasdepictedonthecoverofdianeticstheevolutionofasciencethiswasreportedlydoneonthebasisofhubbardsdeclarationinhisflagorderthatmankindwouldacceptregulationfromthatgroupwhichhadlastbetrayedithencetheimitationofxenushenchmeninlosangelesanightwatchwasorderedtowatchforreturningspaceshipsrefnameatackrefnameimagexenulrhhandwritingpngframerightthemanuscriptofotiiicontainstheonlyknownexampleofxenusnameinhubbardshandwritingthenamehasbeenspelledbothasxenuandxemuparticularlyastheuseofthenameonthefirstpageofotiiiistheonlyknownexampleofthenameinhishandwritingintheassistslecturehubbardspeaksofxenuahhhcouldbespelledxemuandclearlysaysxemuseveraltimesontherecordingthetreatmentofrevoltinthestarswhichistypewrittenusesxenuexclusivelyrefcitebooklasthubbardfirstlronauthorlinklronhubbardtitlerevoltinthestarsyearidunitedstatescopyrightofficeregistrationnumberdurefitisspeculatedthatthenamederivesfromxemnuanextraterrestrialcomicbookvillainwhofirstappearedinthestoryiwasaslaveofthelivinghulkinjourneyintomysterynovemberhewascreatedbystanleeandjackkirbyxemnuisagianthairyintergalacticcriminalwhoescapedaprisonplanettraveledtoearthandhypnotizedtheentirehumanpopulationuponxemnusdefeatbyelectricianjoeharperxemnuisimprisonedinastateofcontinualelectricshockinorbitaroundthesunandhumanityisleftwithnomemoryofxemnusexistencechurchofscientologyspositioninitspublicstatementsthechurchofscientologyhasbeenreluctanttoallowanymentionofxenuapassingmentionbyatrialjudgeinpromptedthechurchslawyerstohavetherulingrecordsealingsealedalthoughthiswasreversedintherelativelyfewinstancesinwhichithasacknowledgedxenuscientologyhasstatedthestorystruemeaningcanonlybeunderstoodafteryearsofstudytheycomplainofcriticsusingittopaintthereligionasasciencefictionfantasyseniormembersofthechurchofscientologyhaveseveraltimespubliclydeniedorminimizedtheimportanceofthexenustorybutothershaveaffirmeditsexistenceinscientologylawyerearlcooleyhintedattheimportanceofxenuinscientologydoctrinebystatingthatthousandsofarticlesarewrittenaboutcocacolaandtheydontprintthecocacolaformulaformulaforcocacolascientologyhasmanygraduatedlevelsthroughwhichonecanprogressmanywhoremainatlowerlevelsinthechurchareunawareofmuchofthexenustorywhichisfirstrevealedonoperatingthetanlevelthreeorotiiiitisknowledgesodangerousmembersaretoldthatanyonelearningthismaterialbeforeheisreadycouldbecomeafflictedwithpneumoniareligioustechnologycenterdirectorwarrenmcshanetestifiedinacourtcasethatthechurchofscientologyreceivesasignificantamountofitsrevenuefromfixeddonationspaidbyscientologiststostudytheotmaterialsmcshanesaidthestoryhadneverbeensecretalthoughmaintainingtherewereneverthelesstradesecretscontainedinotiiimcshanediscussedthedetailsofthestoryatsomelengthandspecificallyattributedtheauthorshipofthestorytohubbardwhenjohncarmichaelthepresidentofthechurchofscientologyofnewyorkwasaskedaboutthexenustoryhesaidasreportedintheseptembereditionofthedailytelegraphthatsnotwhatwebelievewhenaskeddirectlyaboutthexenustorybytedkoppelonamericanbroadcastingcompanyabcsnightlineusnewsprogramnightlinescientologyleaderdavidmiscavigesaidthathewastakingthingshubbardsaidoutofcontexthoweverinainterviewwithrollingstonemikerinderthedirectorofthechurchsofficeofspecialaffairssaidthatitisnotastoryitisanauditinglevelwhenaskedaboutthevalidityofthexenustoryrefnameinsiderefinascientologyandmebbcpanoramaprogrammethatairedonmayseniorscientologistthomaswdavistommydavisinterruptedwhencelebritymemberswereaskedaboutxenusayingnoneofusknowwhatyouretalkingaboutitsloonyitsweirdinmarchdaviswasinterviewedbyinvestigativejournalisminvestigativejournalistnathanbacaforkesqtvandwasagainaskedabouttheotiiitextsinaninterviewonabcnewsnightlineusnewsprogramnightlineoctoberinnovemberthechurchofscientologysrepresentativeinnewzealandmikeferriswasaskedinaradiointerviewaboutxenuferrisacknowledgedthatxenuispartoftheesotericaofscientologyleakingofthestorydespitethechurchofscientologyseffortstokeepthestorysecretdetailshavebeenleakedovertheyearsotiiiwasfirstrevealedinrobertkaufmansbookinsidescientologyhowijoinedscientologyandbecamesuperhumaninsidescientologyinwhichkaufmandetailedhisownexperiencesofotiiiandattemptedtokeepthecasefilecheckedoutbyareaderatalltimesbutthestorywassummarizedinthelosangelestimesanddetailedinwilliampoundstonesbiggersecretsfrominformationpresentedinthewollersheimcaseinabookbylronhubbardjrlronhubbardmessiahormadmanquotedthefirstpageofotiiiandsummarizedtherestofitscontentimagexenubbcpanoramajpgrightthumbxenuasdepictedbypanoramatvseriespanoramasincethennewsmediahavementionedxenuincoverageofscientologyoritscelebrityproponentssuchastomcruiseinthebbcsinvestigativenewsseriespanoramatvseriespanoramaairedareporttitledtheroadtototalfreedomwhichfeaturedanoutlineoftheotiiistoryincartoonformrefnamepanoramarefondecemberthexenustorywaspublishedontheinternetforthefirsttimeinapostingtotheusenetnewsgroupaltreligionscientologythroughananonymousremailerthisledtoanscientologyversustheinternetonlinebattlebetweenchurchofscientologylawyersanddetractorsolderversionsofotlevelsitoviiwerebroughtasexhibitsattachedtoadeclarationbystevenfishmanonaprilaspartofchurchofscientologyinternationalvfishmanandgeertzthetextofthisdeclarationanditsexhibitscollectivelyknownasthefishmanaffidavitwerepostedtotheinternetnewsgroupaltreligionscientologyinaugustbyarnaldolermaarnielermaandontheworldwidewebbydavidstouretzkythiswasasubjectofgreatcontroversyandlegalbattlesforseveralyearstherewasacopyrightraidonlermashouseleadingtomassivemirrorwebsitemirroringofthedocumentsandasuitagainstdutchwriterkarinspainkthechurchbringingsuitoncopyrightinfringementcopyrightviolationgroundsforreproducingthesourcematerialandalsoclaimingrewordingswouldrevealatradesecretthechurchofscientologysattemptstokeepxenuunderwrapshavebeencitedincourtfindingsagainstitinseptemberadutchcourtinarulinginthecaseagainstkarinspainkstatedthatoneobjectiveinkeepingotiiandotiiisecretwastowieldpowerovermembersofthechurchofscientologyandpreventdiscussionaboutitsteachingsandpracticesdespitehisclaimsthatprematurerevelationoftheotiiistorywaslethallronhubbardwroteascreenplayversionunderthetitlerevoltinthestarsinthesrefnameoxfordhandbookrefthisrevealedthatxenuhadbeenassistedbybeingsnamedchithegalacticministerofpoliceandchutheexecutivepresidentofthegalacticinterplanetarybankrefnameatackrefithasnotbeenofficiallypublishedalthoughthefilmtreatmenttreatmentwascirculatedaroundhollywoodintheearlysrefnameleibyrefunofficialcopiesofthescreenplaycirculateontheinternetrefnamelewisrefrefnamelewisuforefrefnamemeltonrefonmarchauserpostedthetextofottotheonlinecommunityslashdotthesiteownerstookdownthecommentafterthechurchofscientologyissuedalegalnoticeunderthedigitalmillenniumcopyrightactcriticsofthechurchofscientologyhaveusedpublicproteststospreadthexenusecretinpopularcultureversionsofthexenustoryhaveappearedinbothtelevisionshowsandstageproductionstheoffbroadwaysatiresatiricalmusicalaverymerryunauthorizedchildrensscientologypageantfirststagedinandwinnerofanobieawardinfeaturedchildreninaliencostumestellingthestoryofxenucommonspictureatcommonswikimediaorgwikiimageaverymerryxenujpgthexenustorywasagainsatirizedinanovemberepisodeofthecomedycentralanimatedtelevisionseriessouthparktitledtrappedintheclosetsouthparktrappedintheclosettheemmyawardemmynominatedepisodewhichalsolampoonedscientologiststomcruiseandjohntravoltaasclosetedhomosexualsdepictedxenuasavaguelyhumanoidalienwithtentaclesforarmsinasequencethathadthewordsthisiswhatscientologistsactuallybelievesuperimposedonscreenitdideventuallyrebroadcasttheepisodeonjulystoneandsouthparkcocreatortreyparkerfeltthatcomedycentralsownersviacomhadcancelledtherepeatbecauseoftheupcomingreleaseofthetomcruisefilmmissionimpossibleiiibyparamountpicturesparamountanotherviacomcompanyionlyknowwhatweweretoldthatpeopleinvolvedwithmiwantedtheepisodeofftheairandthatiswhycomedycentralhadtodoitidontknowwhyelseitwouldhavebeenpulledrefnamepinskyrefcommentarywritinginthebookscientologyjamesrlewisbookscientologypublishedbyoxforduniversitypresscontributormikaelrothsteinobservesthattomyknowledgenorealanalysisofscientologysxenumythhasappearedinscholarlypublicationsthemostsoberandenlighteningtextaboutthexenumythisprobablythearticleonwikipediaenglishversionandevenifbriefandreasgrnschlossspieceonscientologyinlewisrothsteinplacesthexenutextbylronhubbardwithinthecontextofacreationmythwithinthescientologymethodologyandcharacterizesitasoneofscientologysmoreimportantreligiousnarrativesthetextthatapparentlyconstitutesthebasicsometimesimplicitmythologyofthemovementthexenumythwhichisbasicallyastoryoftheoriginofmanonearthandthehumanconditionrefnamerothsteinrefrothsteindescribesthephenomenonwithinabeliefsysteminspiredbysciencefictionandnotesthatthemythaboutxenunbspintheshapeofasciencefictioninspiredanthropogonyexplainsthebasicscientologicalclaimsaboutthehumanconditionandreasgrnschloanalyzesthexenutextintheoxfordhandbookofnewreligiousmovementswithinthecontextofadiscussiononuforeligionshecharacterizesthetextasscientologyssecretmythologycontainedespeciallyintheotiiiteachingsgrnschlopointsoutthatlronhubbardalsowroteasciencefictionstorycalledrevoltinthestarswherehedisplaysthisotherwisearcanestoryabouttheancientrulerxenuintheformofanordinarysciencefictionnovelgrnschlopositsbecauseoftheconnectionsbetweenseveralmotifsinhubbardsnovelsandspecificscientologyteachingsonemightperceivescientologyasoneoftherareinstanceswheresciencefictionorfantasyliteraturegenerallyisrelatedtothesuccessfulformationofanewspiritualmovementcomparingthefusionbetweenthetwogenresofhubbardssciencefictionwritingandscientologycreationmythgrnschlowritesalthoughthesciencefictionnovelsareofadifferentgenrethanothertechnologicaldisclosuresofhubbardtheyarehighlyappreciatedbyparticipantsandhubbardsliteraryoutputinthisrealmincludingthelatestmoviebattlefieldearthisalsowellpromotedbytheorganizationwritinginthebookuforeligionseditedbychristopherpartridgegrnschloobservestheenthusiasmforufologyandsciencefictionwascultivatedintheformativephaseofscientologyindeedeventhehighlyarcanestoryoftheintergalacticrulerxenunbspisrelatedbyhubbardinthestyleofasimplesciencefictionnovelrefnamepartridgerefseveralauthorshavepointedoutstructuralsimilaritiesbetweenthexenustoryandthemythologyofgnosticismjamesaherrickwritingaboutthexenutextinthemakingofthenewspiritualitytheeclipseofthewesternreligioustraditionnotesthathubbardsgnosticleaningsareevidentinhisaccountofhumanoriginsnbspinhubbardideasfirstexpressedinsciencefictionareseamlesslytransformedintoaworldwidereligionwithaffinitiestognosticismneverthelessshewritesthexenustoryarousessuspicioninthepublicaboutscientologyandaddsfueltotheclaimsthathubbardssystemistheproductofhiscreativityasasciencefictionwriterratherthanatheologianrefnamemillerrefauthorsmichaelmcdowellandnathanrobertbrowndiscussmisconceptionsaboutthexenutextintheirbookworldreligionsatyourfingertipsandobserveprobablythemostcontroversialmisunderstoodandfrequentlymisrepresentedpartofthescientologyreligionhastodowithascientologymythcommonlyreferredtoasthelegendofxenuwhilethisstoryhasnowbeenundoubtedlyprovenapartofthereligiondespitethefactthatchurchrepresentativesoftendenyitsexistencethestorystrueroleinscientologyisoftenmisrepresentedbyitscriticsasproofthattheybelieveinalienparasiteswhilethestorymayindeedseemoddthisissimplynotthecasemcdowellandbrownconcludethattheseinappropriatemisconceptionsaboutthexenutexthavehadanegativeimpactsuchharshstatementsarethereasonmanyscientologistsnowbecomepassionatelyoffendedateventhementionofxenubynonmembersfreespeechlawyermikegodwinanalyzesactionsbythescientologyorganizationtoprotectandkeepsecretthexenutextwithinadiscussioninhisbookcyberrightsabouttheapplicationoftradesecretlawontheinternetheputsforththequestionbutdidthematerialreallyqualifyastradesecretsamongthematerialthechurchhasbeentryingtosuppressiswhatmightbecalledagenesismythofscientologyastoryaboutagalacticdespotnamedxenuwhodecidedmillionyearsagotokillabunchofpeoplebychainingthemtovolcanoesanddroppingnuclearbombsonthemgodwinasksdoesachurchnormallyhavecompetitorsinthetradesecretsenseifthecatholicsgotholdofthefullfactsaboutxenudoesthismeantheyllgetmoremarketsharehecommentsontheabilityofthescientologyorganizationtoutilizesuchlawsinordertocontainitssecrettextsitseemslikelygivenwhatweknowaboutthecasenowthatevenacombinationofcopyrightandtradesecretlawwouldntaccomplishwhatthechurchwouldliketoaccomplishthetotalsuppressionofanydisseminationofchurchdocumentsordoctrinestheauthorconcludesbutthefactthatthechurchwasunlikelytogainanycompletelegalvictoriesinitscasesdidntmeanthattheywouldntlitigateitsindisputablethatthestrategiclawsuitagainstpublicparticipationmerethreatoflitigationorthecostsofactuallitigationmayaccomplishwhatthelegaltheoriesalonedonottheeffectivesilencingofmanycriticsofthechurchseealsoincidentscientologynotesreferencesexternallinkswhatisscientologyorghtmlpartchppghtmlotiiireleasedinonlineeditionofwhatisscientologycscmuedudstotiiiindexhtmlotiiischolarshippagedavidstouretzkyincludespagescanscommentaryaudiofilessuburbianetfunscnpersfunxenurevolthtmlrevoltinthestarssummarygradywardxenunetarchiveleafletxenuleafletrolandrashleighberryspainknetfishmanothtmlthefishmanaffidavitotiiiextractsandsynopsisbykarinspainkspainknetcosessaysfordevolcanoshtmlascientificscrutinyofotiiipeterfordejuneclaimsaboutxenuevaluatedagainstscientificgeologyxenunetarchiveotiiischolarbtsordtstxtresearchessaydescribingotasadruginducedhallucinationpostedtoaltreligionscientologyonmarchbyprignilliuswebarchiveorgwebgawkercomthehistoryofxenuasexplainedbylronhubbardhimselfinminutesthehistoryofxenuasexplainedbylronhubbardinminutesgawkercomextractfromtheassistslectureofoctobersweenytodcomcosscientologyandchristianityexaminedwebarchiveorgwebspainknetcoscoskitfaegreinjuncyounghtmltestimonyunderoathppfromrobertvaughnyounginrtcvfactnetcivilactionnobunitedstatescourthousedenvercoloradoseptemberdascientologymytenomxenuxylemisoneofthetwotypesoftransporttissuebiologytissueinvascularplantsphloembeingtheotherthebasicfunctionofxylemistotransportwaterfromrootstoshootsandleavesbutitalsotransportsplantnutritionnutrientsthewordxylemisderivedfromthegreeklanguagegreekwordxylonmeaningwoodthebestknownxylemtissueiswoodthoughitisfoundthroughouttheplantthetermwasintroducedbyngelicarlngeliinstructurethemostdistinctivexylemcellbiologycellsarethelongtrachearyelementsthattransportwatertracheidsandvesselelementsaredistinguishedbytheirshapevesselelementsareshorterandareconnectedtogetherintolongtubesthatarecalledvesselsxylemalsocontainstwoothercelltypesparenchymaandgroundtissuefibresfibersxylemcanbefoundinvascularbundlespresentinnonwoodyplantsandnonwoodypartsofwoodyplantsinsecondaryxylemlaiddownbyameristemcalledthevascularcambiuminwoodyplantsaspartofastelebiologystelararrangementnotdividedintobundlesasinmanyfernsintransitionalstagesofplantswithsecondarygrowththefirsttwocategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusivealthoughusuallyavascularbundlewillcontainprimaryxylemonlythebranchingpatternexhibitedbyxylemfollowsmurrayslawrefnamemccullohrefprimaryandsecondaryxylemprimaryxylemisformedduringprimarygrowthfromprocambiumitincludesprotoxylemandmetaxylemmetaxylemdevelopsaftertheprotoxylembutbeforesecondaryxylemmetaxylemhaswidervesselsandtracheidsthanprotoxylemsecondaryxylemisformedduringsecondarygrowthfromvascularcambiumalthoughsecondaryxylemisalsofoundinmembersofthegymnospermgroupsgnetophytaandginkgophytaandtoalesserextentinmembersofthecycadophytathetwomaingroupsinwhichsecondaryxylemcanbefoundareconifersconiferaetherearesomesixhundredspeciesofconifersallspecieshavesecondaryxylemwhichisrelativelyuniforminstructurethroughoutthisgroupmanyconifersbecometalltreesthesecondaryxylemofsuchtreesisusedandmarketedassoftwoodangiospermsangiospermaetherearesomequarterofamilliontofourhundredthousandspeciesofangiospermswithinthisgroupsecondaryxylemisrareinthemonocotsmanynonmonocotangiospermsbecometreesandthesecondaryxylemoftheseisusedandmarketedashardwoodmainfunctionupwardswatertransportthexylemtransportswaterandsolublemineralnutrientsfromtherootsthroughouttheplantitisalsousedtoreplacewaterlostduringtranspirationandphotosynthesisxylemplantsapsapconsistsmainlyofwaterandinorganicionsalthoughitcancontainanumberoforganicchemicalsaswellthetransportispassivenotpoweredbyenergyspentbythevesselelementstrachearyelementsthemselveswhicharedeadbymaturityandnolongerhavelivingcontentstransportingsapupwardsbecomesmoredifficultastheheightofaplantincreasesandupwardstransportofwaterbyxylemisconsideredtolimitthemaximumheightoftreesthreephenomenacausexylemsaptoflowpressureflowhypothesispressureflowhypothesissugarsproducedintheleavesandothergreentissuesarekeptinthephloemsystemcreatingawaterpotentialsolutepressuredifferentialversusthexylemsystemcarryingafarlowerloadofsoluteswaterandmineralsthephloempressurecanrisetoseveralmpafarhigherthanatmosphericpressureselectiveinterconnectionbetweenthesesystemsallowsthishighsoluteconcentrationinthephloemtodrawxylemfluidupwardsbynegativepressuretranspirationalpullsimilarlytheevaporationofwaterfromthesurfacesofmesophylltissuemesophyllcellstotheatmospherealsocreatesanegativepressureatthetopofaplantthiscausesmillionsofminutemeniscusliquidmeniscitoforminthemesophyllcellwalltheresultingsurfacetensioncausesanegativepressureortensionphysicstensioninthexylemthatpullsthewaterfromtherootsandsoilrootpressureifthewaterpotentialoftherootcellsismorenegativethanthatofthesoilusuallyduetohighconcentrationsofsolutionsolutewatercanmovebyosmosisintotherootfromthesoilthiscausesapositivepressurethatforcessapupthexylemtowardstheleavesinsomecircumstancesthesapwillbeforcedfromtheleafthroughahydathodeinaphenomenonknownasguttationrootpressureishighestinthemorningbeforethestomataopenandallowtranspirationtobegindifferentplantspeciescanhavedifferentrootpressureseveninasimilarenvironmentexamplesincludeuptokpainvitisripariabutaroundzeroincelastrusorbiculatustheprimaryforcethatcreatesthecapillaryactionmovementofwaterupwardsinplantsistheadhesionbetweenthewaterandthesurfaceofthexylemconduitscapillaryactionprovidestheforcethatestablishesanequilibriumconfigurationbalancinggravitywhentranspirationremoveswateratthetoptheflowisneededtoreturntotheequilibriumtranspirationalpullresultsfromtheevaporationofwaterfromthesurfacesofcellbiologycellsintheleafleavesthisevaporationcausesthesurfaceofthewatertorecessintothewiktionaryporeporesofthecellwallbycapillaryactionthewaterformsconcavemeniscusliquidmenisciinsidetheporesthehighsurfacetensionofwaterpullsthewiktionaryconcavityconcavityoutwardsgeneratingenoughforcetoliftwaterashighasahundredmetersfromgroundleveltoatreeshighestbranchestranspirationalpullrequiresthatthevesselstransportingthewaterbeverysmallindiameterotherwisecavitationwouldbreakthewatercolumnandaswaterevaporatesfromleavesmoreisdrawnupthroughtheplanttoreplaceitwhenthewaterpressurewithinthexylemreachesextremelevelsduetolowwaterinputfromtherootsifforexamplethesoilisdrythenthegasescomeoutofsolutionandformabubblenbspanembolismformswhichwillspreadquicklytootheradjacentcellsunlesspitbotanyborderedpitsarepresentthesehaveapluglikestructurecalledatorusthatsealsofftheopeningbetweenadjacentcellsandstopstheembolismfromspreadingcohesiontensiontheorythecohesiontensiontheoryisatheoryofintermolecularattractionthatexplainstheprocessofwaterflowupwardsagainsttheforceofgravitythroughthexylemofplantsitwasproposedinbyjohnjolyandhenryhoratiodixondespitenumerousobjectionsthisisthemostwidelyacceptedtheoryforthetransportofwaterthroughaplantsvascularsystembasedontheclassicalresearchofdixonjolyaskenasyanddixonwaterisapolarmoleculewhentwowatermoleculesapproachoneanothertheslightlynegativelychargedoxygenatomofoneformsahydrogenbondwithaslightlypositivelychargedhydrogenatomintheotherthisattractiveforcealongwithotherintermolecularforcesisoneoftheprincipalfactorsresponsiblefortheoccurrenceofsurfacetensioninliquidwateritalsoallowsplantstodrawwaterfromtherootthroughthexylemtotheleafwaterisconstantlylostthroughtranspirationfromtheleafwhenonewatermoleculeislostanotherispulledalongbytheprocessesofcohesionandtensiontranspirationpullutilizingcapillaryactionandtheinherentsurfacetensionofwateristheprimarymechanismofwatermovementinplantshoweveritisnottheonlymechanisminvolvedanyuseofwaterinleavesforceswatertomoveintothemtranspirationinleavescreatestensiondifferentialpressureinthecellwallsofmesophylltissuemesophyllcellsbecauseofthistensionwaterisbeingpulledupfromtherootsintotheleaveshelpedbycohesionchemistrycohesionthepullbetweenindividualwatermoleculesduetohydrogenbondsandadhesionthestickinessbetweenwatermoleculesandthehydrophiliccellwallsofplantsthismechanismofwaterflowworksbecauseofwaterpotentialwaterflowsfromhightolowpotentialandtherulesofsimplediffusionoverthepastcenturytherehasbeenagreatdealofresearchregardingthemechanismofxylemsaptransporttodaymostplantscientistscontinuetoagreethatthecohesiontensiontheorybestexplainsthisprocessbutmultiforcetheoriesthathypothesizeseveralalternativemechanismshavebeensuggestedincludinglongitudinalcellularandxylemosmoticpressuregradientsaxialpotentialgradientsinthevesselsandgelandgasbubblesupportedinterfacialgradientsrefnametyreerefmeasurementofpressureimagepressurebombsvgrightthumbpxadiagramshowingthesetupofapressurebombuntilrecentlythedifferentialpressuresuctionoftranspirationalpullcouldonlybemeasuredindirectlybyapplyingexternalpressurewithapressurebombtocounteractitwhenthetechnologytoperformdirectmeasurementswithapressureprobewasdevelopedtherewasinitiallysomedoubtaboutwhethertheclassictheorywascorrectbecausesomeworkerswereunabletodemonstratenegativepressuresmorerecentmeasurementsdotendtovalidatetheclassictheoryforthemostpartxylemtransportisdrivenbyacombinationoftranspirationalpullfromaboveandrootpressurefrombelowwhichmakestheinterpretationofmeasurementsmorecomplicatedevolutionxylemappearedearlyinthehistoryofterrestrialplantlifefossilplantswithanatomicallypreservedxylemareknownfromthesilurianmorethanmillionyearsagoandtracefossilsresemblingindividualxylemcellsmaybefoundinearlierordovicianrockstheearliesttrueandrecognizablexylemconsistsoftracheidswithahelicalannularreinforcinglayeraddedtothecellwallthisistheonlytypeofxylemfoundintheearliestvascularplantsandthistypeofcellcontinuestobefoundintheprotoxylemfirstformedxylemofalllivinggroupsofplantsseveralgroupsofplantslaterdevelopedpitbotanypittedtracheidcellsitseemsthroughconvergentevolutioninlivingplantspittedtracheidsdonotappearindevelopmentuntilthematurationofthemetaxylemfollowingtheprotoxyleminmostplantspittedtracheidsfunctionastheprimarytransportcellstheothertypeoftrachearyelementbesidesthetracheidisthevesselelementvesselelementsarejoinedbyperforationsintovesselsinvesselswatertravelsbybulkflowasinapiperatherthanbydiffusionthroughcellmembranesthepresenceofvesselsinxylemhasbeenconsideredtobeoneofthekeyinnovationsthatledtothesuccessoftheangiospermshowevertheoccurrenceofvesselelementsisnotrestrictedtoangiospermsandtheyareabsentinsomearchaicorbasallineagesoftheangiospermsegamborellaceaetetracentraceaetrochodendraceaeandwinteraceaeandtheirsecondaryxylemisdescribedbyarthurcronquistasprimitivelyvessellesscronquistconsideredthevesselsofgnetumtobeconvergentwiththoseofangiospermswhethertheabsenceofvesselsinbasalangiospermsisacladisticsdefinitionsprimitiveconditioniscontestedthealternativehypothesisstatesthatvesselelementsoriginatedinaprecursortotheangiospermsandweresubsequentlylostimageficusxylemjpgthumbpxphotosshowingxylemelementsintheshootofafigtreeficusalbacrushedinhydrochloricacidbetweenslidesandcoverslipstophotosynthesizeplantsmustabsorbfromtheatmospherehoweverthiscomesatapricewhilestomataareopentoallowtoenterwatercanevaporateearlyplantssuckedwaterbetweenthewallsoftheircellsthenevolvedtheabilitytocontrolwaterlossandacquisitionthroughtheuseofstomataspecializedwatertransporttissuessoonevolvedintheformofhydroidstracheidsthensecondaryxylemfollowedbyanendodermisandultimatelyvesselsthehighlevelsofsiluriandevoniantimeswhenplantswerefirstcolonizinglandmeantthattheneedforwaterwasrelativelylowaswaswithdrawnfromtheatmospherebyplantsmorewaterwaslostinitscaptureandmoreeleganttransportmechanismsevolvedaswatertransportmechanismsandwaterproofcuticlesevolvedplantscouldsurvivewithoutbeingcontinuallycoveredbyafilmofwaterthistransitionfrompoikilohydrytohomoiohydryopenedupnewpotentialforcolonizationplantsthenneededarobustinternalstructurethatheldlongnarrowchannelsfortransportingwaterfromthesoiltoallthedifferentpartsoftheabovesoilplantespeciallytothepartswherephotosynthesisoccurredduringthesilurianwasreadilyavailablesolittlewaterneededexpendingtoacquireitbytheendofthecarboniferouswhenlevelshadloweredtosomethingapproachingtodaysaroundtimesmorewaterwaslostperunitofuptakehoweverevenintheseeasyearlydayswaterwasatapremiumandhadtobetransportedtopartsoftheplantfromthewetsoiltoavoiddesiccationthisearlywatertransporttookadvantageofthecohesiontensionmechanisminherentinwaterwaterhasatendencytodiffusetoareasthataredrierandthisprocessisacceleratedwhenwatercanbecapillaryactionwickedalongafabricwithsmallspacesinsmallpassagessuchasthatbetweentheplantcellwallsorintracheidsacolumnofwaterbehaveslikerubbernbspwhenmoleculesevaporatefromoneendtheypullthemoleculesbehindthemalongthechannelsthereforetranspirationaloneprovidedthedrivingforceforwatertransportinearlyplantshoweverwithoutdedicatedtransportvesselsthecohesiontensionmechanismcannottransportwatermorethanaboutnbspcmseverelylimitingthesizeoftheearliestplantsthisprocessdemandsasteadysupplyofwaterfromoneendtomaintainthechainstoavoidexhaustingitplantsdevelopedawaterproofplantcuticlecuticleearlycuticlemaynothavehadporesbutdidnotcovertheentireplantsurfacesothatgasexchangecouldcontinuehoweverdehydrationattimeswasinevitableearlyplantscopewiththisbyhavingalotofwaterstoredbetweentheircellwallsandwhenitcomestoitstickingoutthetoughtimesbyputtinglifeonholduntilmorewaterissuppliedimagebandedtubejpgthumbabandedtubefromthelatesilurianearlydevonianthebandsaredifficulttoseeonthisspecimenasanopaquecarbonaceouscoatingconcealsmuchofthetubebandsarejustvisibleinplacesonthelefthalfoftheimagenbspclickontheimageforalargerviewscalebarnbspmtobefreefromtheconstraintsofsmallsizeandconstantmoisturethattheparenchymatictransportsysteminflictedplantsneededamoreefficientwatertransportsystemduringtheearlysiluriantheydevelopedspecializedcellswhichwereligninlignifiedorboresimilarchemicalcompoundstoavoidimplosionthisprocesscoincidedwithcelldeathallowingtheirinnardstobeemptiedandwatertobepassedthroughthemthesewiderdeademptycellswereamilliontimesmoreconductivethantheintercellmethodgivingthepotentialfortransportoverlongerdistancesandhigherdiffusionratestheearliestmacrofossilstobearwatertransporttubesaresilurianplantsplacedinthegenuscooksoniaplantcooksoniarefnameedwardsreftheearlydevonianpretracheophytesaglaophytonandhorneophytonhavestructuresverysimilartothehydroidbotanyhydroidsofmodernmossesplantscontinuedtoinnovatenewwaysofreducingtheresistancetoflowwithintheircellstherebyincreasingtheefficiencyoftheirwatertransportbandsonthewallsoftubesinfactapparentfromtheearlysilurianonwardsbandedtubesaswellastubeswithpittedornamentationontheirwallswerelignifiedrefnameniklascitejournallastniklasfirstklastprattfirstltitleevidenceforligninlikeconstituentsinearlysilurianllandoverianplantfossilsjournalsciencevolumeissuepagesyearpmiddoisciencebibcodescinrefandwhentheyformsinglecelledconduitsareconsideredtobetracheidsthesethenextgenerationoftransportcelldesignhaveamorerigidstructurethanhydroidsallowingthemtocopewithhigherlevelsofwaterpressuretracheidsmayhaveasingleevolutionaryoriginpossiblywithinthehornwortswatertransportrequiresregulationanddynamiccontrolisprovidedbystomatarefnamegkrefbyadjustingtheamountofgasexchangetheycanrestricttheamountofwaterlostthroughtranspirationthisisanimportantrolewherewatersupplyisnotconstantandindeedstomataappeartohaveevolvedbeforetracheidsbeingpresentinthenonvascularhornwortsanendodermisprobablyevolvedduringthesiludevonianbutthefirstfossilevidenceforsuchastructureiscarboniferousthisstructureintherootscoversthewatertransporttissueandregulatesionexchangeandpreventsunwantedpathogensetcfromenteringthewatertransportsystemtheendodermiscanalsoprovideanupwardspressureforcingwateroutoftherootswhentranspirationisnotenoughofadriveronceplantshadevolvedthislevelofcontrolledwatertransporttheyweretrulyhomoiohydricabletoextractwaterfromtheirenvironmentthroughrootlikeorgansratherthanrelyingonafilmofsurfacemoistureenablingthemtogrowtomuchgreatersizeasaresultoftheirindependencefromtheirsurroundingstheylosttheirabilitytosurvivedesiccationnbspacostlytraittoretainduringthedevonianmaximumxylemdiameterincreasedwithtimewiththeminimumdiameterremainingprettyconstantwidertracheidsallowwatertobetransportedfasterbuttheoveralltransportratedependsalsoontheoverallcrosssectionalareaofthexylembundleitselftheincreaseinvascularbundlethicknessfurtherseemstocorrelatewiththewidthofplantaxesandplantheightitisalsocloselyrelatedtotheappearanceofleavesandincreasedstomataldensitybothofwhichwouldincreasethedemandforwaterwhilewidertracheidswithrobustwallsmakeitpossibletoachievehigherwatertransportpressuresthisincreasestheproblemofcavitationcavitationoccurswhenabubbleofairformswithinavesselbreakingthebondsbetweenchainsofwatermoleculesandpreventingthemfrompullingmorewaterupwiththeircohesivetensionatracheidoncecavitatedcannothaveitsembolismremovedandreturntoserviceexceptinafewadvancedangiospermswhichhavedevelopedamechanismofdoingsothereforeitiswellworthplantswhiletoavoidcavitationoccurringforthisreasonpitbotanypitsintracheidwallshaveverysmalldiameterstopreventairenteringandallowingbubblestonucleatefreezethawcyclesareamajorcauseofcavitationdamagetoatracheidswallalmostinevitablyleadstoairleakinginandcavitationhencetheimportanceofmanytracheidsworkinginparallelcavitationishardtoavoidbutonceithasoccurredplantshavearangeofmechanismstocontainthedamagesmallpitslinkadjacentconduitstoallowfluidtoflowbetweenthembutnotairnbspalthoughironicallythesepitswhichpreventthespreadofembolismsarealsoamajorcauseofthemthesepittedsurfacesfurtherreducetheflowofwaterthroughthexylembyasmuchasconifersbythejurassicdevelopedaningeniousimprovementusingvalvelikestructurestoisolatecavitatedelementsthesetorusmargostructureshaveablobfloatinginthemiddleofadonutwhenonesidedepressurizestheblobissuckedintothetorusandblocksfurtherflowotherplantssimplyacceptcavitationforinstanceoaksgrowaringofwidevesselsatthestartofeachspringnoneofwhichsurvivethewinterfrostsmaplesuserootpressureeachspringtoforcesapupwardsfromtherootssqueezingoutanyairbubblesgrowingtoheightalsoemployedanothertraitoftracheidsnbspthesupportofferedbytheirlignifiedwallsdefuncttracheidswereretainedtoformastrongwoodystemproducedinmostinstancesbyasecondaryxylemhoweverinearlyplantstracheidsweretoomechanicallyvulnerableandretainedacentralpositionwithalayeroftoughsclerenchymaontheouterrimofthestemsevenwhentracheidsdotakeastructuralroletheyaresupportedbysclerenchymatictissuetracheidsendwithwallswhichimposeagreatdealofresistanceonflowvesselmembershaveperforatedendwallsandarearrangedinseriestooperateasiftheywereonecontinuousvesselthefunctionofendwallswhichwerethedefaultstateinthedevonianwasprobablytoavoidembolismsanembolismiswhereanairbubbleiscreatedinatracheidthismayhappenasaresultoffreezingorbygasesdissolvingoutofsolutiononceanembolismisformeditusuallycannotberemovedbutseelatertheaffectedcellcannotpullwaterupandisrendereduselessendwallsexcludedthetracheidsofprevascularplantswereabletooperateunderthesamehydraulicconductivityasthoseofthefirstvascularplantcooksoniathesizeoftracheidsislimitedastheycompriseasinglecellthislimitstheirlengthwhichinturnlimitstheirmaximumusefuldiametertonbspmconductivitygrowswiththefourthpowerofdiametersoincreaseddiameterhashugerewardsvesselelementsconsistingofanumberofcellsjoinedattheirendsovercamethislimitandallowedlargertubestoformreachingdiametersofuptonbspmandlengthsofuptonbspmvesselsfirstevolvedduringthedrylowperiodsofthelatepermianinthehorsetailsfernsandselaginellalesindependentlyandlaterappearedinthemidcretaceousinangiospermsandgnetophytesvesselsallowthesamecrosssectionalareaofwoodtotransportaroundahundredtimesmorewaterthantracheidsthisallowedplantstofillmoreoftheirstemswithstructuralfibersandalsoopenedanewnichetovineswhichcouldtransportwaterwithoutbeingasthickasthetreetheygrewondespitetheseadvantagestracheidbasedwoodisalotlighterthuscheapertomakeasvesselsneedtobemuchmorereinforcedtoavoidcavitationexpandtodetailangiospermspatternsingymnospermwoodringspalmsclicksnoteravenedwardshasabriefbutnoteworthyreviewonhomoiohydrywhichmayconeinusefuldevelopmenttherearelinkstothissectionsopleasefixorleaveananchorifyouchangethesectiontitlexylemdevelopmentcanbedescribedbyfourtermscentrarchexarchendarchandmesarchasitdevelopsinyoungplantsitsnaturechangesfromprotoxylemtometaxylemiefromfirstxylemtoafterxylemthepatternsinwhichprotoxylemandmetaxylemarearrangedisimportantinthestudyofplantmorphologyprotoxylemandmetaxylemasayoungvascularplantgrowsoneormorestrandsofprimaryxylemforminitsstemsandrootsthefirstxylemtodevelopiscalledprotoxyleminappearanceprotoxylemisusuallydistinguishedbynarrowervesselsformedofsmallercellssomeofthesecellshavewallswhichcontainthickeningsintheformofringsorhelicesfunctionallyprotoxylemcanextendthecellsareabletogrowinsizeanddevelopwhileastemorrootiselongatinglatermetaxylemdevelopsinthestrandsofxylemmetaxylemvesselsandcellsareusuallylargerthecellshavethickeningswhicharetypicallyeitherintheformofladderliketransversebarsscalariformorcontinuoussheetsexceptforholesorpitspittedfunctionallymetaxylemcompletesitsdevelopmentafterelongationceaseswhenthecellsnolongerneedtogrowinsizerefnamefostergiffordrefpatternsofprotoxylemandmetaxylemtherearefourmainpatternstothearrangementofprotoxylemandmetaxyleminstemsandrootscentrarchreferstothecaseinwhichtheprimaryxylemformsasinglecylinderinthecenterofthestemanddevelopsfromthecenteroutwardstheprotoxylemisthusfoundinthecentralcoreandthemetaxyleminacylinderarounditthispatternwascommoninearlylandplantssuchasrhyniophytesbutisnotpresentinanylivingplantstheotherthreetermsareusedwherethereismorethanonestrandofprimaryxylemexarchisusedwhenthereismorethanonestrandofprimaryxyleminastemorrootandthexylemdevelopsfromtheoutsideinwardstowardsthecenteriecentripetallythemetaxylemisthusclosesttothecenterofthestemorrootandtheprotoxylemclosesttotheperipherytherootsofvascularplantsarenormallyconsideredtohaveexarchdevelopmentendarchisusedwhenthereismorethanonestrandofprimaryxyleminastemorrootandthexylemdevelopsfromtheinsideoutwardstowardstheperipheryiecentrifugallytheprotoxylemisthusclosesttothecenterofthestemorrootandthemetaxylemclosesttotheperipherythestemsofseedplantstypicallyhaveendarchdevelopmentmesarchisusedwhenthereismorethanonestrandofprimaryxyleminastemorrootandthexylemdevelopsfromthemiddleofastrandinbothdirectionsthemetaxylemisthusonboththeperipheralandcentralsidesofthestrandwiththeprotoxylembetweenthemetaxylempossiblysurroundedbyittheleavesandstemsofmanyfernshavemesarchdevelopmentseealsophloemsoilplantatmospherecontinuumstelebiologystelesuctiontylosisbotanytylosisvascularbundlevasculartissuexylemsapreferencesgeneralreferencescitejournalauthorcweiauthoresteudleauthormttyreeauthorpmlintilhactitletheessentialsofdirectxylempressuremeasurementjournalplantcellandenvironmentdatemayvolumeissuepagesdoijxisthemainsourceusedfortheparagraphonrecentresearchcitejournalauthornmicheleholbrookauthormichaeljburnsauthorchristopherbfieldtitlenegativexylempressuresinplantsatestofthebalancingpressuretechniquejournalsciencejournalsciencevolumeissuedatenovemberpagesdoisciencebibcodescihisthefirstpublishedindependenttestshowingthescholanderbombactuallydoesmeasurethetensioninthexylemcitejournalauthorpockmanwtauthorjssperryauthorjwolearytitlesustainedandsignificantnegativewaterpressureinxylemjournalnaturejournalnaturevolumeissuepagesdatedecemberdoiabibcodenaturpisthesecondpublishedindependenttestshowingthescholanderbombactuallydoesmeasurethetensioninthexylemrecentupdateoftheclassicbookonxylemtransportbythelatemartinzimmermannxenuthistemplateworksperfectlyandreplacesthefollowingromannumeralsmmxiiiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaycommonyearthatstartedonatuesdayinthegregoriancalendaritisthethyearinthecommoneraceandannodominiannodominiaddesignationsthethyearintherdmillenniumandthestcenturyandthethyearoftheswasdesignatedasinternationalyearofwatercooperationrefnameunitednationsobservancesinternationalyearsrefinternationalyearofquinoatoceventsjanuaryjanuaryndashmorethanpeoplearekilledandinjuredinjanuarypakistanbombingsseveralbombblastsinpakistanjanuaryndashthefrencharmedforcesfrenchmilitarybeginsafivemonthinterventionintothenorthernmaliconflicttargetingthemilitantislamistansardinegroupjanuaryndashjanuaryndashthirtynineinternationalworkersandonesecurityguarddieinainamenashostagecrisishostagecrisisatanaturalgasfacilitynearinamnasalgeriarefnamereutersreffebruaryfebruaryndashnorthkoreaconductsitsnorthkoreannucleartestthirdundergroundnucleartestpromptingwidespreadcondemnationandtightenedeconomicsanctionsfromtheinternationalcommunityfebruaryndashachelyabinskmeteormeteorexplodesovertherussiancityofchelyabinskinjuringpeopleanddamagingoverbuildingsitisthemostpowerfulmeteortostrikeearthsatmospheretunguskaeventinoveracenturytheincidentalongwithacoincidentaldaflybyofalargerasteroidpromptsinternationalconcernregardingthevulnerabilityoftheplanettometeorstrikesfebruaryndashamericanscientistsuseadprintertocreatealivinglabgrownearfromcollagenandanimalearcellculturesinthefutureitishopedthatsimilarearscouldbegrowntoorderasorgantransplanttransplantsforhumanpatientssufferingfromeartraumaoramputationfebruaryndashpopebenedictxvibenedictxviresignationofpopebenedictxviresignsaspopebecomingthefirsttopapalresignationdososincepopegregoryxiigregoryxiiinandthefirsttodosovoluntarilysincepopecelestinevcelestinevinmarchmar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ncludebyplaceromanempirejulyndashmaximianretiredcoemperorrebelsagainstconstantinethegreatwhilecampaigningagainstthefranksheattemptstomakehimselfemperoratarlesconstantinemarcheshisarmyalongtherhineandembarkshistroopsatchalonsursanemaximianfleestomarseilleandiscapturedconstantineencourageshissuicideandmaximianagehangshimselfmaximinusiidaiamaximinusiiandconstantineiaredeclaredfiliiaugustorumsonsoftheaugustiforthefirsttimefouremperorsadministertheromanempireconstantineconstructsnearthetownofcoloniaclaudiaaraagrippinensiumcologneastonebridgeovertherhinewhichisguardedbythecastellumdivitiamoderndeutzcolognedeutzconstantinebeginstobuildtheaulapalatinabasilicaofconstantineinaugustatreverorumtrieralargepictishraidsouthwardsisattemptedbytopiccommerceconstantineathistoryoftriertrierordersthemintingofanewcointhesoliduscoinsolidusinanefforttooffsetthedecliningvalueofthedenariusandbringstabilitytotheimperialcurrencybyrestoringagoldstandardthesoliduslaterknownasthebezantwillbemintedinthebyzantineempirewithoutchangeinweightorpurityuntilthethcenturyreligionaprilndashpopeeusebiussucceedspopemarcellusiasthestpopebutisbanishedonaugustbytheemperormaxentiustosicilywherehediesperhapsfromahungerstrikeonlyincludebirthsausoniusromanpoetandrhetoriciandepiphaniusofsalamischurchfatherdmaximusofephesusgreekneoplatonismneoplatonistphilosopherapproximatedateulfilaswulfilagothicbishopandmissionaryddeathsjulyndashmaximianromanemperorbaugustndashpopeeusebiusdateunknownempressdandanempressofxiongnuhanzhaoliuhehanzhaoliuheemperorofxiongnuhanzhaoliuyuanhanzhaoliuyuanfoundingemperorofhanzhaoemperorjinjinemperorofjapanapproximatedatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralscccxiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofvaleriusandmaximinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireaprilndashemperorgaleriusdeclaresonhisdeathbedreligiousfreedomandissueshisedictoftolerationbygaleriusedictoftolerationendingpersecutionofchristiansintheeasternpartoftheromanempiremayndashemperorgaleriusdiesagefromagruesomediseasepossiblycolorectalcancerbowelcancerorfourniergangrenemaximinusiidaiamaximinusiidividestheeasternempirebetweencoemperorliciniusandmobiliseshisarmyforacampaigninasiaminorherecommencesthepersecutionofchristiansmaxentiusromanusurperreconquerstheafricanprovincesfromdomitiusalexandermaxentiusbuildsthecircusofmaxentiusneartheviaappiathecircusismeterslongandmeterswideandoffersanaccommodationtosomepeopledecemberndashdiocletianusdiesathisdiocletianspalacepalaceinsplitcroatiasplitcroatiapossiblyhecommitssuicidechinaemperorhuaiofjinjinhuaidiemperorofthejindynastyjindynastyiscapturedatluoyangthecapitalcityispillagedbyliuconghanzhaoliucongrulerofthexiongnustatehunstheinvadersslaughtercitizensbytopicreligionjulyndashpopemiltiadessucceedspopeeusebiusasthendpopethedonatistschismoccursintheafricanchurchonlyincludebirthsdeathsnovemberndashpopepeteriofalexandriasaintpeterpatriarchofalexandriamartyreddecemberndashdiocletiangaiusaureliusvaleriusdiocletianusromanemperorbdomitiusalexanderromanusuperapproximatedategaleriusgaiusgaleriusvaleriusmaximianusromanemperorbsimayueprinceandregentofthejindynastyjindynastyreferencesbycharlesspraguepearcenotocyearromannumeralscccxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofconstantiusandmaximusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorconstantinethegreatdecreesthatruralslaveryslavescanonlybesoldintheprovincewheretheyresideinordertoresolvetheshortageofmanuallabourlabourintheromanempirebytopicreligionconstructionbeginsonthecathedralofantiochsyriaapproximatetraditionaldatendashhelenaempresshelenamotherofconstantinereturningfromherpilgrimagetotheholylandfoundsstavrovounimonasteryoncyprusonlyincludebirthsurbanoflangresfrenchbishopandsaintzhangchonghuarulerofformerliangddeathsjunendashawtelmiddleeasteasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxmonkandsaintoctoberndashsaintcleopatrachristiansaintofthecopticorthodoxchurchdateunknownbetausebishopofreimsreferencesandemperorconstantinethegreatnotocyearromannumeralscccxxviiiwasaleapyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofianuarinusandiustusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirejulyndashconstantinesbridgedanubeconstantinesbridgebuiltoverthedanubebetweensucidavacorabiaromaniaandoescusgigenbulgariaisofficiallyopenedbytheromanempireromanarchitecttheophiluspatriciusbytopicreligionmayndashalexandr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rorjoviangeneraloftheguardsucceedshimandisproclaimedromanemperoremperorbythetroopsemperorjoviannegotiatesadisastrouspeacewithpersiasurrenderingfourofthefiveromanprovincesgainedbygaleriuscaesargaleriusinandthecitiesnusaybinnisibisandsingaramesopotamiaeuropethehunsfirstappearineuropeandreachthecaspianseamiddleeastmayndashmayndashgalileeearthquakeofpetracapitalofthenabataeansinmoderndaysyriaisseriouslydamagedbytopicastronomyaprilndashtheplanetvenusoccultationoccultstheplanetjupiterreligionthecounciloflaodiceawhichdealswithconstrictingtheconductofchurchmembersisheldthemajorcanonlawcatholicchurchcanonapprovedbythiscounciliscanonwhichprohibitsrestingontheshabbatsabbathsaturdayrestrictingchristianstohonoringthegodinchristianitylordonsabbathinchristianitysundaymarmattaimonasteryisfoundedonmountalfafonlyincludebirthssulpiciusseveruschristianwriterapproximatedateemperorwuofliusongwudiemperoroftheliusongdynastyddeathsconsortzhouchengconsortzhouconcubinageconcubineofemperorchengofjinjinchengdijunendashjulianemperorjulianromanemperorzhangxuanjingrulerofthechinesestateformerliangbapproximatedatendashaemiliahilariagalloromanphysicianbreferencesyearromannumeralsccclxiiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmamertinusandnevittaorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirejulyndashemperorjuliantheapostatejulianarrivesatantiochwithanexpeditionaryforcemenandstaysthereforninemonthstolaunchacampaignagainstthesassanidempirepersianempirehesecuresthecooperationwitharshakiiarsaceskingofarmeniawhofightsabloodyguerrillawarfareguerrillawaragainstthepersiansjulianbuildsatsamosatakingdomofcommagenecommageneafleetofhellenisticerawarshipswarshipsandmorethantransportboatsforhisexpeditioniniranpersiaagainstkingshapuriishapuriithegreatanearthquakestrikesizniknicaeaturkeyanearthquakestrikesalkarakjordanbytopicreligionfebruaryndashathanasiusofalexandriaathanasiusreturnstoalexandriaandconvenesasynodcouncilatwhichheappealsforunityamongchristianswhodifferinterminologybutemperorjulianordersathanasiustoleavealexandriahewillremaininexileinupperegyptuntilafterjuliansdeathnextyearoctoberndashthetempleofapolloatdaphneoutsideantiochisdestroyedinamysteriousfireonlyincludebirthsflaviamaximaconstantiadaughterofconstantiusiiapproximatedatemesropmashtotsarmenianlinguistdemperorxiaowuofjinjinxiaowudiemperorofthejindynastyeasternjindynastyddeathsjanuaryndashpauluscatenaromanpoliticianfebruaryndashreginosgreekeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxbishopandsaintmayndashgordianusandepimachusromancatholicpriestsmartyrsandsaintsjunendashdorotheusoftyreromancatholicbishopandmartyrbjunendashcrispuscrispinianusandbenedictaromancatholicpriestsmartyrsandsaintsjunendashbasilofancyrabyzantineeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxbishopandsaintaugustndasheusigniusofantiochbyzantineeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxbishopandmartyrbaugustndashdonatusofarezzoromancatholicbishopandsaintoctoberndasheliphiusromancatholicpriestandsaintoctoberartemiusegyptianeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxmartyrandsainttheodoretofantiochsyrianchristianpriestandmartyrdecemberndashgemellusofancyrabyzantineeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxbishopandsaintdateunknownprincessdowagermaconcubinageconcubineofzhangjunprincezhangjunreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsccclxiwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoftaurusandflorentiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirenovemberndashemperorconstantiusiidiesofafeveratmopsuestiainciliciaageonhisdeathbedheisbaptismbaptisedanddeclareshiscousinjuliantheapostaterightfulsuccessordecemberndashjulianbecomessoleemperoroftheromanempireherulesfromconstantinopleandtriestorestorepaganismconstantiusiiisburiedinthechurchoftheholyapostlesministersandfollowersofconstantiusiiareputtotrialatthechalcedontribunalchinajulyndashsixteenkingdomsemperoraiofjinjinaidiagesucceedsemperormuofjinjinmudiasemperorofthejindynastyeasternjindynastybytopicartndashndashajuliantheapostatecoinisissueditisnowkeptatthebritishmuseumlondonmedicineconstantinopleenforcesastrictlicensingsystemforphysiciansrefnamestephensrefreligionemperorjuliantriestoorganizeapaganchurchandsubstituteitforchristianitypopeliberiusrepudiatesthearianismariancreedanddeclaresthatthecouncilofriminiarminiumhasnoauthoritytoissuedecreesgregorynazianzussaintgregorythetheologianreturnstonazianzusandisappointedapresbyterpriestbyhisfatherwhowantshimtoassistlocalchristiansconstructionofthemonasteryofsaintanthonyintheeasterndesertofegyptbeginsdecemberndashgeorgeofcappadociathearianintrudingbishopofalexandriaismurderedinhisseeandathanasiusofalexandriareturnstohisnativecityintriumphonlyincludebirthsdeathsjunendashmaximusofnaplesromancatholicarchbishopandsaintnovemberndashconstantiusiiromanemperorbdecembergeorgeofcappadociabyzantineeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxarchbishopandsaintgeorgeoflaodiceabyzantineeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxarchbishopandsaintdateunknownapodemiusromanofficerandagentesinrebussecretagenteusebiuspraepositussacricubiculieusebiusromanofficeremperormuofjinjinmudiemperorofthejindynastyeasternjindynastyblishiemperorofthechinesebastatebadiwuhudistatechenghansonghunregentofthechinesestateformerliangwangxizhichinesechinesecalligraphycalligrapherbreferencesisproclaimedromanemperoremperorinlutetiaparisatthethermesdeclunynotocyearromannumeralsccclxwasaleapyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofconstantiusandiulianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirefebruaryndashjuliantheapostatejulianromancaesartitlecaesarisproclaimedemperorbythegaulgalliclegionsinlutetiamodernparisatthethermesdeclunytheyrefusetosupporttheeasterncampaignagainstkingshapuriiofsassanidempirepersiaandrevoltthealamanniraidraetiaswitzerlandbutarepushedbackbehindtherhinebyjulianintotheblackforestkingshapuriicontinueshiscampaignagainsttheromanfortressescapturingsingaracizrebezabdeandnusaybinnisibisemperorconstantiusiiandjulianexchangeseverallettersbothhopingtoavoidacivilwareuropethehunsinvadeeuropebythethousandsspreadingterrorastheytakeoverterritoriesheldforgenerationsbyalansheruliherulsostrogothsandvisigothsasiajapanbeginsyearperiodofgreatinfluenceinkoreabytopicagricultureromanauthoritiesinbritanniabritainexportwheattosupplythelegionsontherhinetheyhaveencouragedproductionofwheatforthatpurposereligioncouncilofconstantinopleemperorconstantiusiirequestsachurchcouncilatconstantinopleboththeeasternandwesternbishopsattendthemeetingulfilasalsoattendsthecouncilandendorsestheresultingcreedafterthecouncilseveralhomoiousianbishopsaredeposedorbanishedincludingmacedoniusiofconstantinopleandcyrilofjerusalemataboutthisdateligugabbeyinfranceisfoundedforthemonasticorderofsaintbenedictbymartinoftoursunderdispensationfrombishophilaryofpoitiersonlyincludebirthsjohncassiandesertfathersdesertfatherandchristiansaintapproximatedatesaintmesrobarmenianmonkandtheologytheologianapproximatedatesaintninianmissionarytoscotlandapproximatedatetaoshengchinesebuddhismchinesebuddhistscholarapproximatedateempresswangfahuiwangfahuiempressduringthejindynastyjindynastyddeathsmayndashjudascyriacusromancatholicpriestandsaintoctoberndashgaudentiusofriminiromancatholicpriestandsaintnovemberndashabramiosthereclusebyzantineeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxpriestandsaintdecemberndashauxentiusofmopsuestiabyzantineeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxpriestandsaintdateunknowneusebiusofemesabyzantineeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxbishopandsaintbmurongjunemperoroftheformeryanbreferencesturkeynotocyearromannumeralsccclixwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofeusebiusandhypatiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirekingshapuriishapuriithegreatofthesassanidempirepersianempireinvadessouthernarmeniatheromansimplementascorchedearthpolicyandplacestrongguardsattheeuphratescrossingssiegeofamidashapuriibesiegestheromanfortressofamidaromancityamidamoderndiyarbakirafterseventythreedaysthecityisconqueredandthepopulationismassacredbythepersiansammianusmarcellinusisafortunatesurvivorandfleestosingarairaqthefirstknownprefectofthecityofconstantinoplehonoratustakesofficefamineinupperrhinelandafleetofriverboatsbuiltfortherhinecrosstothebritisheastcoastandcarrybackenoughcerealcorntoraisethefaminerefnamewheelerrefwinterndashshapuriihaltshiscampaignduetoheavycasualtiesduringthepersianinvasionbytopicartthesarcophagusofjuniusbassusintheoldstpetersbasilicaholyseevaticanismadeapproximatedatereligionjulyndashemperorconstantiusiiconvenesthecouncilofriminitoresolvethecrisisoverarianisminthechurchsomebishopsofthewesternromanempireattendwhiletheeasternbishopssimultaneouslyholdameetingatcouncilofseleuciaseleuciagivenjeromesaintjeromescommentthatthewholeworldgroanedinastonishmenttofinditselfarianitappearstohavefailedpopeliberiusrejectsthenewcreedatriminionlyincludebirthsflaviusstilichoromangeneraldgodigiselkingofthevandalsdgratianromanemperordmurongchongemperorofwesternyandstilichomagistermilitummagistermilitumgeneralinthelateromanarmyromanarmyddeathsbarbatioromangeneralhosiusofcordubabishopofcrdobaspaincrdobaspainjuniusbassusromanpoliticianzhangguangeneralandregentofformerliangreferencesyearromannumeralsccclviiiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofdatianusandneratiuscerealiscerealisorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorconstantiusiibuildsnewfortstosecureuppermesopotamiapersiaskingshapuriisendsandiplomatemissarytoconstantinoplewithgiftsandaletterwrappedinwhitesilkheaddressesconstantiustoreturnthelandsofhisancestorsfromtheeuphratestothefrontierofmacedoniaromanprovincemacedoniaconstantiustactfullyrefusestocedeanyterritoriesthesalianfrankscapitulatetojuliantheapostateingaulheallowsthemtoformaromanfoederatiintoxandriafrankishsettlersareestablishedinareasinthenorthandtheeasttohelpwiththedefenseoftherhinefrontieraninvasionofpannoniabythequadiandthesarmatesisrepulsedbyconstantiusiiaugustmdashanearthquakedestroysnicomediaanddamagescitiesindioceseofmacedoniamacedoniadioceseofasiaasiaanddioceseofpontuspontusrefnamelenskirefbytopicreligionconstantiusiirecallspopeliberiustoromewherehereceivesajoyouswelcomefromthechristiansantipopefelixiiprudentlyretirestohisestatenearportoportugaleudoxiusofantiocheudoxiusbecomeslistofpatriarchsofantiochpatriarchofantiochonlyincludebirthsdeathspaulinusoftrierbishopandchristiansaintprincessduanmurongchuiswifeprincessduanwifeofmurongchuirulerandfounderoflateryanreferencesargentoratumnotocyearromannumeralsccclviiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofconstantiusandiulianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireaprilndashemperorconstantiusiientersromeforthefirsttimetocelebratehisvictoryovermagnentiusheaddresstheromansenatesenateandtheromanpeopleaugustndashbattleofstrasbourgjuliantheapostatejuliancaesartitlecaesardeputyemperorandsupremecommanderofthelateromanarmyromanarmyingaulwinsanimportantvictoryagainstthealemanniatstrasbourgargentoratumdrivingthebarbariansbackbehindtherhinetheimperiallibraryofconstantinopleisfoundedammianusmarcellinusdescribesthepantheonromepantheonasbeingroundedliketheboundaryofthehorizonandvaultedwithabeautifulloftinesswinterndashconstantiusiireceivesambassadorsfromthesassanidempirepersianempiretheydemandthatromerestorethelandssurrenderedbykingnarsehasiathereignoffjintheemperorofformerqincommencesinchinathealansroutthehunarmyinwesternasiairelandsarankingofulsterisoverthrownbytopicreligionlateintheyearpopeliberiustravelstosirmiumpannoniaandagreestosigndocumentsthateffectivelyundothenicenecreedwhichhasimplicitlydisavowedarianismandtoseverhisrelationshipwiththeformeralexandrianpatriarchathanasiusofalexandriaathanasiuswhoisreplacedasbishopofalexandriabyhisarianopponentgeorgeofcappadociaataboutthisdatetherelicsofstandrewtheapostlearetakenfrompatrastoconstantinoplebyorderoftheemperorconstantiusiianddepositedinthechurchoftheholyapostlesataboutthisdatebasilofcaesareavisitsegyptonlyincludebirthsdeathsfushengemperorofthechinesediwuhudistateformerqinbreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsccclivwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofconstantiusandconstantiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorconstantiusiirecallshiscaesartitlecaesarandcousinconstantiusgallustoconstantinopleafterhearingunfavorablereportsabouthimgalluscaesartitlecaesaroftheeasthassuppressedrevoltsinpalestineregionpalestineandcentralanatoliaconstantiusstripshimofhispowersandlaterhashimexecutedinpulapolacroatiathechronographyofromancalendarofanilluminatedmanuscriptisdrawnupandbecomestheearliestdatedcodexeuropeasaresultofthelateromanarmyarmiesofthewesthavingbeenlargelywithdrawnbytheusurpermagnentiusmagnusmagnentiustofightconstantiusiihordesofbarbariansfranksandalemannicrosstheupperrhineintogaulandinvadethelandsofthehelvetiansthebulgarsarefirstmentionedinextanteuropeanchronicleschinafushengemperoroftheformerqinreignsinnorthernchinabytopicreligionlibaniusbecomesateacherofrhetoricinantiochhisstudentsincludejohnchrysostomandtheodoreofmopsuestiaonlyincludebirthssaintfanaapabanechristianhermitandsaintapproximatedatenovemberndashaugustineofhippobishopandtheologytheologiandpaulinusofnolabishopandpoetdpelagiusbritishmonkapproximatedatedeathsconstantinadaughterofconstantinethegreatconstantiusgalluscaesartitlecaesarandsonofjuliusconstantiusbprincesspeiwifeofchineserulerzhangchonghuaxieaigeneralofthechinesestateformerliangreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscccliiiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmagnentiusanddecentiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirebattleofmonsseleucusemperorconstantiusiidefeatstheusurpermagnentiuswhocommitssuicideingaulinordertoavoidcaptureconstantiusbecomessoleemperorandreunifiestheromanempireconstantiusiisendshisofficialpauluscatenatoromanbritainbritaintohuntdowntheopponentssupportingmagnentiusflaviusmartinusvicariusofbritainandsupporterofconstantiusopposesthepersecutionsheisthenaccusedbycatenaofbeingatraitorinresponsemartinustriestokillcatenawithaswordhefailsandthencommitssuicideconstantiusiiassemblesaconciliabulumatarlesandcondemnsathanasiusofalexandriaathanasiusaspatriarchofalexandriabytopicchinawangxizhichinesecalligraphycalligrapherproduceslantingjixuprefacetothepoemscomposedattheorchidpavilioninrunningscriptstyleitbecomesamodelforfuturecalligraphersonlyincludebirthspaulinusofnolasaintpaulinuspaolinoromancatholicdioceseofnolabishopofnoladvigiliusoftrentsaintvigiliusbishopricoftrentbishopoftrentddeathsflaviusmartinusvicariusofromanbritainaugustndashmagnentiusromanusurperbaugustndashdecentiusmagnusdecentiusbrotherandcaesartitlecaesarofmagnentiuszhangchonghuarulerofformerliangbreferencesyearromannumeralscccliiwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofdecentiusandpaulusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorconstantiusiiinvadesnorthernitalyinpursuitoftheusurpermagnentiusmagnusmagnentiuswhowithdrawswithhisarmytogaulhedeclaresanamnestyformagnentiussoldiersmanyofwhomdeserttohimbytheendoftheyearconstantiusentersmilanthealamanniandthefrankscrosstherhineanddefeatthedepletedromanunitsleftatthefrontierthegermanstakecontrolofaroundtownsandcitiesbetweenthemoselleandtherhineconstantiusgallussendshisgeneralmasterofthehorsemagisterequitumursicinusromangeneralursicinustoforcefullyputdownthejewishrevoltagainstgallusjewishrevoltinpalestineregionpalestinetherebelsdestroythecitiesloddiopolisandtiberiaswhiletzipporidiocesareaisrazedtothegroundursicinusgivestheordertokillthousandsofjewsevenchildrenaftertherevoltapermanentgarrisonisstationedingalileeasiawarbeginsbetweenthehunsandthealansranweiisdestroyedbyaxianbeiinvasionwhichalsoreachestheyangtzeriverintheterritoryofthejindynastyjindynastybytopicartsandsciencestheearliestsightingofasupernovaoccursinchinareligionmayndashpopejuliusidiesafterayearreigninwhichhehasmadehimselfthechiefopponentofarianismheissucceededbypopeliberiusasthethpopewhoimmediatelywritestoconstantiusiirequestingacouncilataquileiatodiscusstheformeralexandrianpatriarchathanasiusofalexandriaathanasiuswhoopposesthearianbelieftowhichtheemperorsubscribesonlyincludebirthsarseniusthegreatanchoriteanddesertfathersdesertfatherapproximatedatedeathsaprilndashpopejuliusijunendashranminheavenlyprincetianwangduringthesixteenkingdomsreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscccliwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmagnentiusandgaisoorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiremarchndashemperorconstantiusiielevateshisyearoldcousinconstantiusgallustocaesartitlecaesaratsirmiumpannoniahearrangesamarriagewithhissisterconstantinaandputshiminchargeofthebyzantineempireeasternromanempireconstantiusmarcheswestwithalargefieldarmyaroundmentotopplemagnentiusmagnusmagnentiusinpannoniamayndashthejewishrevoltagainstconstantiusgallusbreaksoutafterhisarrivalatantiochthejewsbeginarebellioninpalestineregionpalestinetheromangarrisoninthetownofdiocesareaiswipedoutseptemberndashbattleofmursamajorconstantiusiidefeatstheusurpermagnentiusalongthevalleyofthedravathebattleisoneofthebloodiestinmilitaryhistoryofancientromeromanmilitaryhistoryduringthefightingmarcellinusmagisterofficiorummarcellinusageneralofmagnentiusiskilledmagnentiushimselfsurviveswinterndashmagnentiusfleestoaquileiainnorthernitalyandfortifiesthemountainpassesinthealpschinaemperorshizhiiskilledbyranminsforcesanactionthatsetsthestageforweisvictoryintheweijiewarchinafjindeclareshimselfheavenlyprincetianwangduringthecollapseoflaterzhaoandestablishedformerqinbytopicartsandsciencesinindiaanewprocessmakespossibletheextractionofsugarfromsugarcanereligionmacedoniusiofconstantinoplemacedoniusisrestoredasecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleonlyincludebirthsprincessdowagerhelanmotherofemperoremperordaowuofnorthernweiweidaowudidligaochinesegeneralofthestatewesternliangsixteenkingdomswesternliangddeathsmarcellinusmagisterofficiorummarcellinusromangeneralmagisterofficiorumshizhiemperorofthejiepeoplejiestatelaterzhaoreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsccclwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofsergiusandnigrinianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirejanuaryndashthewesternromanemperorconstansconstansimakeshimselfextremelyunpopularoneofhisgeneralsmagnentiusmagnusmagnentiusisproclaimedemperorataugustodunuminthedioceseofgalliaewiththesupportofthearmyontherhinefrontierjanuaryndashconstansifleestowardshispaniaspainwhereheissubsequentlyassassinatedatelnecastrumhelenaemagnentiusrulesthewesternromanempireandisfarmoretoleranttowardschristiansandpaganismpagansalikemarchndashvetranioisaskedbyconstantinasisterofconstantiusiitoproclaimhimselfcaesartitlecaesarconstantiusacceptsthenewemperorandsendshimfundstoraiseanarmyjunendashnepotianusiuliusnepotianusromanusurperproclaimshimselfemperorandentersromewithagroupofgladiatorsjunendashnepotianusisdefeatedandkilledbymarcellinusmagisterofficiorummarcellinusatrustedmagisterofficiorumgeneralsentbymagnentiushisheadisputonaspearandcarriedaroundthecitydecemberndashvetraniomeetsconstantiusiiatninaissusserbiaandjoinsforceswithhimvetranioisforcedtoabdicatehistitleandconstantiusallowshimtoliveasaprivatecitizenonastatepensionasiakingpushyavarmanestablishesthevarmandynastyvarmandynastyinassamaboutthistimethehunsbegintoinvadethesassanidempirethecityofanbartownanbariraqisfoundedbykingshapuriitheweijiewarbreaksoutinnorthchinabytopicartthechurchofsantaconstanzainromeisfinishedonlyincludebirthshonoratusancientdioceseofarlesarchbishopofarlesapproximatedatehypatiahypatiaofalexandriafemaleneoplatonismneoplatonistphilosopherapproximatedatemurongweiemperorofthexianbeistateformeryandplutarchofathensgreekphilosophyphilosopherapproximatedatetheodoreofmopsuestiabishopandtheologytheologianapproximatedatezhangxuanjingrulerofthechinesestateformerliangddeathsdiedonjunefebruaryndashconstansconstansiromanemperorjunendashmartinoftongresromancatholicbishopandsaintjunendashnepotianusromanusurperaugustndashcassianofautunromancatholicbishopandsaintnovemberndashpauliofconstantinoplebyzantineeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxbishopandsaintdateunknowneutropiaprincesseutropiaromanprincessshijianemperorofthejiepeoplejiestatelaterzhaoreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscccxlixwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoflimeniusandcatullinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebangaloreemperorshizundiesafterabriefreignofdaysheandhismotherempresszhengyingtaoareexecutedhissonshijiansucceedshimasemperorofthejiepeoplejiestatelaterzhaothemoujongprotomongolstakecontrolofnorthchinaonlyincludebirthsjohnchrysostomarchbishopofconstantinopleapproximatedatedeathsempressliushihuswifeempressliuwifeofemperorshihubshihuemperorofthejiepeoplejiestatelaterzhaobshishiemperorandbrotherofshizunbshizunemperorofthejiestatelaterzhaoweishuocalligraphycalligrapherofthejindynastyjindynastybempresszhanglaterzhaoempresszhangwifeofemperorshizunempresszhengyingtaomotherofemperorshizunreferencesyearromannumeralscccxlviiiwasaleapyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofphilippusandsaliaorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropeulfilaswulfilaescapesreligionreligiouspersecutionbythegothicchieftainathanaricandobtainspermissionfromconstantiusiitohumanmigrationmigratewithhisflockofconvertstomoesiaandsettlenearnicopolisadistrumbulgariaasiainsassanidempirepersiawomenareenrolledinthearmytoperformauxiliaryservicesinindiasamudraguptaoftheguptaempiredefeatsrudrasenainbattleonlyincludebirthsprudentiusromanchristianpoetdshenoutemonkandsaintddeathsmayndashpachomiusthegreatfounderofchristiancenobiticmonasticismbdecemberndashsaintspyridongreekcyprioteasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxbishopandsaintbdateunknownmuronghuangchineseruleroftheformeryanbreferencesyearromannumeralscccxlviiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofrufinusandeusebiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsbyplacechinalishirulerofchenghanfailsinhisattempttohaltajindynastyjinexpeditionunderhuanwenhefleestothecapitalchengduandsurrendershisforcesemperoremperormuofjinjinmudispareshislifeandmakeshimamarquessonlyincludebytopicreligioncouncilofsardicaanattemptismadetoresolvethearianismariancontroversyandgroundrulesforbishopsarelaiddownthecouncilofphilippopolisisheldastheresultofeasternbishopsleavingthecouncilofsardicainplovdivphilippopolisbulgariatheyexcommunicatepopejuliusipopejuliusandasaresulttheariancontroversyisperpetuatedonlyincludebirthseunapiusgreeksophismsophistandhistorianjohnchrysostomarchbishopofconstantinopleapproximatedatemarchjeromesaintjeromepriestandtranslationtranslatorofthebibleapproximatedatesaintpaulapauladesertmotherandsaintdporphyryofgazasaintporphyrybishopofgazacitygazaapproximatedatejanuaryndashtheodosiusiromanemperorddeathsreferencesyearromannumeralscccxlviwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofconstantiusandclaudiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceasiainkoreathebuyeokingdomisabsorbedbygoguryeobytopicreligionemperorconstansconstansiuseshisinfluencetosecurethereturnofathanasiusofalexandriaathanasiusheisrestoredaslistofpatriarchsofalexandriapatriarchofalexandriaanddocumentsarecompiledrelatingtohisexpulsionunderthetitleapologyagainsttheariansmacedoniusiofconstantinoplemacedoniusiecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleisdeposedagainbypauliofconstantinoplepaulijuliusfirmicusmaternuswritesdeerroribusprofanarumreligionumthevisigothsareconvertedtoarianismbyulfilaswulfilaonlyincludebirthszhangtianxichineserulerofformerliangddeathsmaximinoftriermaximinelectorateoftrierbishopoftrierzhangjunformerliangzhangjunprinceofthejindynastyjindynastybreferencesyearromannumeralscccxlvwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefuasifllcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofamantiusandalbinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceindiathemerchantknaithommanvisitsthemalabarcoastinkeralaindiaandassiststhechurchtherethekadambadynastyisfoundedbymayurasharmaitalyconstansordersthesantateclamilanbasilicadisantateclatobeconstructedinlombardyonlyincludebirthsevagriusponticuschristianmonkandasceticismasceticdflaviusafraniussyagriusromanpoliticianandadministratorquintusaureliussymmachusromanromanconsulconsulandintellectualdtyranniusrufinustyranniusofaquileialistofhistorianshistorianandtheologytheologianapproximatedatedeathsfebruaryndashabrahamofarbelapersianbishopandmartyrapproximatedateaprilabdecalasndashpersianorthodoxpriestandsaintshemonbarsabbaendashpersianorthodoxpriestandsaintjunendashpatriarchgregoryofcappadociaaugustndashnarnusromancatholicbishopandsaintnovemberndashabiathahathesandmamlachasyrianorthodoxpriestsvirginmartyrandsaintdateunknownabdishomemberofthechurchoftheeastaphrahatsyrianorthodoxpriestandsaintstepheniofantiochbyzantinebishopandsaintreferencesyearromannumeralscccxlivwasaleapyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofleontiusandbonosusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiretheeasternromanemperorconstantiusiicampaignsineasternmesopotamiaromanprovincemesopotamiaagainstthesassanidpersiansbattleofsingarathelateromanarmyromanarmyunderconstantiuswinsaclosevictoryatthestronglyfortifiedcityofsingaramesopotamiahisenemykingshapuriiisforcedtoliftthesiegeandwithdrawthepersianarmyshapuriibesiegesforthesecondtimetheromanfortressofnusaybinnisibisineasternmesopotamiaromanprovincemesopotamiabutisrepulsedbyforcesunderthegenerallucilianuschinaemperormuofjinjinmudiagesucceedshisfatheremperorkangofjinjinkangdiasemperorofchinahismotherempressdowagerchubecomestherulingauthorityatcourtandservesasregentbytopicartthemakingofadetailofadmonitionsoftheimperialinstructresstocourtladiesattributedtogukaizhiandbeingfromthesixdynastiesperiodbeginsapproximateyearandiscompletedinitisnowkeptatthebritishmuseumlondonreligionbishopeustorgiusibringsrelicsofthebiblicalmagithreemagifromconstantinopletomilanaccordingtoathcenturylegendonlyincludebirthsgukaizhichinesepainterapproximatedatekumrajvabuddhismbuddhistmonkandtranslationtranslatordmaryofegyptpatronsaintapproximatedatewangxianzhicalligrapherwangxianzhichinesechinesecalligraphycalligrapherdzhangyaolingrulerofformerliangddeathsaprilchusdazatsyrianorthodoxpriestmartyrandsaintpusaisyrianorthodoxpriestmartyrandsaintaugustndashheliodorusofbetzabdaibishopandmartyrnovemberndashemperorkangofjinjinkangdiemperorofthejindynastyjindynastybdateunknownbiryuofbaekjekingofbaekjethreekingdomsofkoreareferencesnotocyearromannumeralscccxliiiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmemmiusandromulusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirethewesternromanemperorconstansconstansiisinromanbritainbritainpossiblyinamilitarycampaignagainstthepictsandgaelsscotstheeasternromanemperorconstantiusiicampaignsinadiabeneavassalkingdomofkingdomofarmeniaantiquityarmeniasassanidempirepersianempirebytopicreligionpopejuliusitriestounitethewesternbishopsagainstarianismbyconvokingthecouncilofserdikalatersofiawhichacknowledgesthepopessupremeauthorityandgrantshimtherighttojudgecasesinvolvingthelegalpossessionofepiscopalseesbutonlywesternandegyptianbishopsattendandarianismremainsstrongonlyincludebirthsfudengemperorofthediwuhudistateformerqindemperormuofjinjinmudiemperorofthejindynastyeasternjindynastydxiaowenshouempressdowageroftheliusongdynastydxiexuangeneralofthejindynastyddeathsdecemberndashsaintnicholassantaclausblishouemperorofchenghanbreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscccxliiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofconstantiusandclaudiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirethewesternromanemperorconstanscampaignsinromanbritainbritainagainstthepictsconstanscampaignsvictoriouslyagainstthefrankstheromansenatesenateabolishesgaymarriageeuropealargeearthquakestrikescyprusasiagoguryeoisinvadedbymuronghuangofthexianbeiemperorkangofjinjinkangdisucceedshisbrotheremperorchengofjinjinchengdiasemperorofchinabytopicreligionpauliofconstantinoplepauliecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleisdeposedandreplacedbymacedoniusiofconstantinoplemacedoniusifebruaryndashtheoriginalhagiasophiaisdedicatedinconstantinopleonlyincludebirthsemperorfeiofjinjinfeidiemperorofthejindynastyeasternjindynastyddeathsjulyndashemperorchengofjinjinchengdiemperorofthejindynastybpaulofthebeschristianhermitapproximatedatereferencesnotocyearromannumeralscccxliwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmarcellinusandprobinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearsordateseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorconstansconstansibanspaganismpagansacrificesandmagicritualsunderpenaltyofdeathconstansibeginsasuccessfulcampaignagainstthefranksindiasamudraguptaruleroftheguptaempireextendsduringadecadehiskingdomandhisinfluenceovermostofindiaapillarfoundatallahabadsingshispraisesbytopicreligionthecouncilofencaeniaisheldinantiochpauliofconstantinoplepauliisrestoredasecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplethousandsofchristiansareexecutedatsamandacityseleuciainmesopotamiacopticorthodoxchurchinafricacopticchristianityisintroducedintoethiopiabythesyrianapostlefrumentiusheandhiscolleagueedesiuswerecapturedbyethiopiansayearortwoagoandhavebecomecivilservantsattheaksumiteempireaksumitecourtofkingezanaofaxumezanafrumentiusbecomesthefirstbishopofaxumandencouragesthechristianmerchantspresentinthecountrytopractisetheirfaithopenlyonlyincludebirthsemperoraiofjinjinaidiemperorofthejindynastyeasternjindynastyddeathsempressdujindynastydulingyangempressofthejindynastybeusebiusofnicomediaecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplegehongalsoknownaskohungfamouschinesetaoismtaoistapproximatedatepaulofthebeschristianhermitapproximatedatereferencespredictedandscheduledeventsmayndashpartialsolareclipseseptemberndashplanetaryalignmentofmercuryvenusmarsjupitersaturnandthecrescentmoonnovemberndashpartialsolareclipseglobalenergyconsumptionwillhaveincreasedbypercentfromfromquadrillionbritishthermalunitsbtutoquadrillionbtutheunitedkingdomandfranceplantobanthesaleofallnewdieselandpetrolcarsbythisyearjapanwillhaveshutdownthelastofitsnuclearpowerplantstheantarctictreatywillcomeunderreviewtheunitedstatesairforcewillstartanatleastpartialphaseoutoftheirbbomberswhichbywillhaveservedyearsofcombatnasapredictsthatbythisyearitwillcostonlytensofdollarsperpoundtolaunchhumansorcargointospaceprojectedcompletiondateforthetranseuropeantransportnetworkstentrailcorridorrunningfromgermanytosouthernitalyspacebasedsolarpowerwillbecommerciallyviablethegreatredspotonjupitersatmospherewillbecomecircularaccordingtocalculationsbasedonitsreductionrateatpresentamsterdamaimstobefossilfuelfreepoweringitselectriccarstrucksboatsandbuildingswithenergygeneratedbywindsolarandbiomasscompletionofthehighspeedrailintheunitedstatesnortheastcorridornextgenerationhighspeedrailnortheastcorridorhighspeedrailrouterunningfrombostontowashingtondcpollencountswillbemorethandoubletodayslevelduetoclimatechangeinfictionseestcenturyinfictionreferencesyearromannumeralscccxlwasaleapyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofacindynusandvaleriusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireconstantinoplecapitalofemperorconstantiusiibecomesthelargestcityintheworldtakingtheleadfromromecapitalofhisbrotherconstansconstansiconstantineiiemperorconstantineiiemperorofthecentralpartoftheromanempiretheupperdanubeitalyandmiddleafricacrossesthealpsandattacksthearmyofhisbrotherconstansiemperorofthewesternpartoftheromanempirebritaingaultherhineprovincesandiberiatheyclashataquileiainnorthernitalyconstantineiskilledinaskirmishbyanambushofconstanstroopsconstansisleftsolerulerofthewesternromanempirewithhisotherbrotherconstantiusiiemperorofthebyzantineempireeasternromanempirebytopicreligionpopejuliusiinveighsagainstarianismatthecouncilofromeacaciusofcaesareaacaciussucceedseusebiusasbishopintheepiscopalseeseeofcaesareamaritimacaesareaulfilaswulfilaspreadsevangelismamongthegothsforyearsonlyincludebirthsambroseaureliusambroseromancatholicarchdioceseofmilanbishopofmilanapproximatedateamphilochiusoficoniumamphilochiusbishopofkonyaiconiumapproximatedatejeromepriestandbibletranslatorapproximatedatejustinaempressjustinaromanempressapproximatedatepeterofsebastebishopofarmeniaapproximatedatequintusaureliussymmachusromanconsulandpaganismpaganapproximatedatedeathsconstantineiiemperorconstantineiiromanemperorbmacrinatheeldersaintandmotherofbasiltheelderapproximatedateyulianggeneralofthejindynastyjindynastybreferencesyearromannumeralscccxxxixwasacommonyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofconstantiusandclaudiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorconstantiusiihastenstohisterritoryintheeastwherearevivedsassanidempirepersiaunderkingshapuriiisattackingmesopotamiaforthenextyearsthetwopowersengageinawarofborderskirmisherskirmishingwithnorealvictorbytopicreligionpopejuliusigivesrefugeatrometothealexandrianpatriarchathanasiusofalexandriaathanasiuswhoisdeposedandexpelledduringthefirstsynodoftyreseeeusebiusofnicomediaismadebishopofconstantinoplewhileanotherarianismariansucceedsathanasiusasbishopofalexandriaunderthenamegregoryonlyincludebirthsambroseaureliusambrosiusromancatholicarchdioceseofmilanbishopofmilanapproximatedateempresshefanihefaniempressofthejindynastyjindynastydshishiemperorofthejiepeoplejiestatelaterzhaoddeathsabayebabylonianamoraimamoraeusebiusofcaesareabishopandfirstchurchhistorianapproximatedateshemonbarsabbaelistofpatriarchsofthechurchoftheeastbishopofseleuciactesiphonwangdaostatesmanofthejindynastybreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscccxxxviiiwasacommonyearstartingonsundaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofursusandpolemiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiretheromansalliedwiththegothsarriveinthenorthoftheromanempiretoprotectthedanubefrontieremperorconstantiusiiintervenesagainstthepersianpeoplepersiansinarmeniapersiashapuriikingofthesassanidempirepersianempirebeginsawidespreadpersecutionofchristiansheordersforcibleconversionstothestatereligionzoroastrianismlestthechristiansdisrupthisrealmwhileheisawayfightingtheromansinarmeniaandmesopotamiaasiatuobayihuairulerofthetuobadaisixteenkingdomsdaiclandiesandissucceededbyhisbrothertuobashiyijianbytopicartsantacostanzachurchofsantacostanzaromeisstartedtobebuiltapproximatedatereligioneusebiusofnicomediabecomeslistofpatriarchsofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleafterpauliofconstantinoplepauliisbanishednonchristiansarepersecutedbytheromanempireaspaganismpagansonlyincludebirthsisaacofarmeniaisaaclistofcatholicoiofarmeniapatriarchofarmeniaddeathsablabiusconsulflaviusablabiusromanconsulandpoliticianliqiemperorliqiemperorofthebastatebadiwuhudistatechenghanbtuobayihuaiprinceofthetuobadaisixteenkingdomsdaiclanreferencesisdividedbetweentheterritoriesofwesttoeastconstantineiiemperorconstantineiiconstansidalmatiusandconstantiusiinotocyearromannumeralscccxxxviiwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoffelicianusandtitianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempiremayndashconstantinethegreatfirstchristianromanemperorofthewesternempireandoftheromanempirediesinachyronnearnicomediaatageafterheisbaptismbaptizedbyeusebiusofnicomediaseptemberndashconstantineiiemperorconstantineiiconstantiusiiandconstanssucceedtheirfatherconstantineiascoemperorstheromanempireisdividedbetweenthethreeaugustushonorificaugustiseemapseptemberndashanumberofdescendantsofconstantiuschlorusandofficialsoftheromanempireareexecutedforapurgeagainstthesonsofconstantineipersiakingshapuriiofsasanianempirepersiabeginsawaragainsttheromanempirehesendshistroopsacrossthetigristorecoverarmeniaandmesopotamiashapuriibesiegestheromanfortressofnusaybinnisibissyriabutisrepulsedbytheforcesunderlucilianuschinamuronghuangclaimsthetitleofprinceofyaneffectivelybeginningthekingdomofformeryanbytopicreligionfebruaryndashamonthpapalvacancyendspopejuliusisucceedspopemarkasthethpopejunendashconstantiusiiannouncestherestorationofathanasiusofalexandriaathanasiusaspatriarchofalexandriapauliofconstantinoplepaulibecomesecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplechristianityisdeclaredanofficialreligionincaucasianiberiamarkingtheriseofchristianityingeorgiacountrychristianityingeorgiaonlyincludebirthsfaxianchinesebuddhistmonkandtravelerapproximatedatefjinemperorofthechinesedifivebarbariansdistateformerqindlguangfoundingemperorofthedistatelaterliangsixteenkingdomslaterliangdzenobiusofflorenceddeathsjanuaryndashleontiusofcaesarearomancatholicbishopandsaintfebruaryndasheustathiusofantiochmayndashconstantinethegreatemperoroftheromanempireandorthodoxpriestandsaintbmayndashflaviusdalmatiusfatherofdalmatiusandhannibalianusexecutedaugustndashalexanderofconstantinopleseptemberndashjuliusconstantiussonofconstantiuschlorusexecutedseptemberndashhannibalianuskingofthepontusregionpontusandnephewofconstantineiexecutedseptemberndashdalmatiuscaesartitlecaesarandnephewofconstantineiexecutedreferencesyearromannumeralscccxxxviwasaleapyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofnepotianusandfacundusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirethemilitarysuccessesofemperorconstantineiemperorconstantineiresultinmostofdaciabeingreconqueredbytheromanempirethefirstrecordedcustomstariffisinuseinpalmyrabytopicreligionjanuaryndashpopemarksucceedspopesylvesteriasthethpopepopemarkbeginstobuildthebasilicaofsanmarcoromesanmarcothechurchisdevotedtomarktheevangeliststmarkariusalexandrianpriestcollapsesinthestreetatconstantinopleapproximatedatepopemarkdiesatromeafteranmonthreignnosuccessorisimmediatelyfoundonlyincludebirthsmurongdeemperorofthexianbeistatesouthernyandemperorrichrichemperorofjapanapproximatedatedeathsariusfounderofarianismoctoberndashpopemarkrhescuporisvkingofbosporusreferencesnotocyearromannumeralscccxxxvwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofconstantiusandalbinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireseptemberndashemperorconstantinethegreatconstantineiconsecratesthechurchoftheholysepulchreinoldcityjerusalemjerusalemseptemberndashdalmatiusflaviusdalmatiusisraisedtotherankofcaesartitlecaesarwithcontrolofthraciaandmacedoniaromanprovincemacedoniahannibalianusnephewofconstantineiismadekingofkingsrexregumkingofkingsofthepontusregionponticpeoplenovemberndashathanasiusofalexandriaathanasiusisbanishedtotrieronchargethathepreventedthemaizecornfleetfromsailingtoconstantinopleasiasamudraguptasucceedschandraguptaiaskingoftheguptaempiretuobahenaouststuobayihuaiaschieftainofthetuobaclanemperorshihumovesthecapitalofthelaterzhaostatetokargiliktownyechengbytopicreligionfirstsynodoftyreconstantineiconvenesasynodgatheringofbishopsattyrelebanontyretodeposeandexilepatriarchofalexandriapatriarchathanasiusofalexandriaconstantineireinstatesthealexandrianpriestariusdeclaredaheresyhereticatthefirstcouncilofnicaeaininasynodatjerusalemaboutayearbeforeariusdeathseptemberndashthechurchoftheholysepulchreinjerusalemisconsecrateddecemberndashpopesylvesteridiesatromeafterayearreignheissucceededbypopemarkmarkasthethpopeonlyincludebirthsfushengemperorofthechinesediwuhudistateformerqindgregoryofnyssachristianitychristianbishopandsaintapproximatedatemagnusmaximuswesternromanempirewesternromanemperorapproximatedatetheonofalexandrialastdirectorofthelibraryofalexandriaapproximatedatedeathschandraguptaikingoftheguptadynastyguptaempireladyxunconcubinageconcubineofemperoryuanofjindecemberndashpopesylvesterireferencessfromthezlitenmosaiclibyanotocyearromannumeralscccxxxivwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofoptatusandcaesoniusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireflaviusdalmatiusputsdownarevoltincyprusledbycalocaeruscalocaerusisbroughttotarsu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requestoftheromancatholicchurchconstantineiattemptstoendtheschismreligionschismwiththedonatistchurchonlyincludebirthsconstantineiiemperorconstantineiiromanemperordstmartinoftoursseeapproximatedatedeathsbassianussenatorbassianusromanempireromanadvisorandsenatesenatorsaintblaisebishopofsivassebasteamartyredtuobapugenchieftainofthetuobatuobaclanchinatuobayiluchieftainofthetuobaclanreferencesyearromannumeralscccxviiwasacommonyearstartingontuesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofgallicanusandbassusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropemarchndashemperorconstantinethegreatandcoemperorliciniuselevatetheirsonscrispusconstantineiiemperorconstantineiibeingstillainfantbabyandliciniusiitocaesartitlecaesarsafterthisarrangementconstantinerulesthediocesespannoniaanddioceseofmacedoniamacedoniaandestablisheshisresidenceatsirmiumfromwherehepreparesacampaignagainstthegothsandsarmatiansliciniusrecognisesconstantineiassenioremperorandexecutesvaleriusvalenschinasixteenkingdomsemperoryuanofjinjinyuandifleeswithremnantsofthejincourtandnoblefamiliestothesouthhesucceedsemperorminofjinjinmindiasfirstemperorofthejindynastyeasternjindynastyanddecidestomakejiankangmodernnanjinghisnewcapitaltheearliesthistoricallyverifiedreferencetohistoryofteateaisrecordedalthoughthechinesehavebeendrinkingthedrinkbeverageforcenturiesonlyincludebirthsaugustndashconstantiusiiromanemperordfjinemperorofthediwuhudistateformerqindmartinoftourssaintmartinoftoursromancatholicarchdioceseoftoursbishopoftoursdthemistiusstatesmanrhetoricrhetoricianandphilosophyphilosopherdeathsvaleriusvalensromanemperorreferencesyearromannumeralscccxviiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoflicinianusandcrispusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorconstantinethegreatgivestheancientromantowndrepanaasiaminorthenamehelenopolisbithyniahelenopolisafterhismotherhelenaempresshelenaandbuildsachurchbuildingchurchinhonourofthemartyrlucianofantiochstlucianemperorconstantinethegreatisgiventhetitlebrittanicusmaximusforsuccessfulengagementsinbritainthedetailsofwhichareunknownchinatheearlyimperialchinachineseempirelosesitsterritoriestothenorthoftheyangtzerivertothebenefitofthexiongnuandthexianbeithehanzhaoformerzhaostateisproclaimedliucanandthestaterulingfamilyatlinfenpingyangareexecutedinacoupdtatbyjinzhunwhoisinturnoverthrownbyshileandliuyaoliuyaobecomesthenewemperorofhanzhaoandmoveshiscapitaltochanganbytopicreligiongregorytheilluminatorappointshissonaristaxassuccessorinthepatriarchateofarmeniaonlyincludebirthsempressliushihuswifeempressliuwifeofemperorshihuddeathsfebruaryndashemperorminofjinjinmindiemperorofthejindynastyjindynastymurderedbaugustndashliuconghanzhaoliucongemperorofthexiongnustatefanchangshengchinesetaoismtaoistjinzhunofficialofthexiongnustatehanzhaoliucanemperorofthexiongnustatereferencesandhiswifequeenkumaradeviguptaempirenotocyearromannumeralscccxixwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofconstantinusandliciniusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperorconstantinethegreatprohibitstheseparationofthefamiliesofslaveryslavesduringachangeinownershipindiakingchandraguptaisucceedshisfatherghatotkachaguptarulerghatotkachaasruleroftheguptaempiregeorgiachristianityisintroducedincolchispresentdaygeorgiacountrygeorgiabytopicreligionariustravelstonicomediaattheinvitationofbishopeusebiusofnicomediaeusebiusafterhavingbeenaccusedofheresyandcondemnedbypopealexanderiofalexandriaalexanderthepatriarchofalexandriathisgivesrisetothearianismariancontroversyonlyincludebirthsmurongjunemperoroftheformeryandsaintbassianoromancatholicdioceseoflodibishopoflodilombardylodiitalydeathsghatotkachaguptarulerghatotkacharuleroftheguptaempirereferencestheabovetemplatereplacesromannumeralsmmxivisacommonyearstartingonwednesdayofthegregoriancalendaritwasthethyearoftheannodominiorofcommonerathethyearoftherdmillenniumandofthestcenturyandthethofthesalternativelythefollowingrenditionoftheprecedinglinesadheresmorestrictlytowpryandavoidsthecategorymistakeofphraseslikewednesdayofthegregoriancalendarromannumeralsmmxivisacommonyearthatcommonyearstartingonwednesdaystartedonawednesdayandthecurrentyearinthegregoriancalendaritisthethyearofthecommoneraceandannodominiaddesignationsthethyearoftherdmillenniumandofthestcenturyandthethofthesdecadewasdesignatedasinternationalobservancesinternationalyearofcr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ebattleofmarashbattleofmarashemirsayfaldawlamarchesnorthintothebyzantineempireandravagesthecountrysideofmalatyaprovincemalatyamodernturkeyonhiswaybackhecrossestheeuphratesandinterceptsabyzantinearmyledbybardasphokastheelderbardasphokastheeldernearkahramanmaramarashthebyzantinesaredefeatedbardashimselfbarelyescapesthroughtheinterventionofhisattendantshissonconstantinephokasgovernorofseleuciathemeseleuciaiscapturedandheldprisonerinaleppountilhisdeathofanillnesssometimelatereuropesummerndashliudolfdukeofswabialiudolfdukeofduchyofswabiaswabiaandhisbrotherinlawconradtheredrebelagainstkingottoiholyromanemperorottoiottoandhisarmyfailtocapturethecitiesofmainzandaugsburghedeclaresliudolfandconradasoutlawstrialinabsentiainabsentiahisbrotherbrunothegreatbrunoiarchbishopofromancatholicarchdioceseofcolognecolognerestoresroyalauthorityinduchyoflorrainelorrainebutsomeoftherebelliousdukesreceivesupportfromtheprincipalityofhungaryhungarianstheyseizetheopportunitytoinvadeduchyofbavariabavariathetownofpvoadevarzimisfirstmentionedduringtheruleofmumadonadiascountessofcountyofportugalportugalunderthenamevillaeuraciniafricamarchndashcaliphalmansurbillahdiesafterasevereillnessheissucceededbyhisyearoldsonalmuizzlidinallahasrulerofthefatimidcaliphatehisauthorityisrecognizedovermostofwhatlaterwillbealgeriamoroccoandtunisiaonlyincludebirthsseptemberndashguozongxunchineseemperordseptemberndashabuishaqibrahimbuyidprincelfheahofcanterburylfheaharchbishopofdioceseofcanterburycanterburydalkarajipersianmathematicianapproximatedatebermudoiioflenbermudoiikingofkingdomoflenlenandkingdomofgaliciagaliciaapproximatedatecharlesdukeoflowerlorrainecharlesdukeoflotharingialowerlorrainedfujiwaranokorenarijapanesecourtierdfujiwaranomichitakajapanesenobilitynoblemandherbertiiicountofvermandoisherbertiiicountofvermandoisdkisaimarvazipersianauthorandpersianliteraturepoetdwatanabenotsunajapanesesamuraidempressxiaoyanyanxiaoyanyanchinesekhitanpeoplekhitanempressddeathsmarchndashalmansurbillahfatimidcaliphbaugustndashempressshulpingyingtianchinesekhitanempressbnovemberndashliutgardofsaxonydiedliutgardduchessoflorrainebthelgarbishopofcreditonthelgarbishopofdioceseofexetercreditonapproximatedateabasiofarmeniaabasikingofthebagratunidynastybagratunidynastyarmeniaabutahirkhosrovanipersianwriterandpoetmastalusiofamalfimastalusipenultimatedukeofamalfipatriciusofamalfiitalymayinsunchineseofficialandchancellorofthetangdynastychancellormuhammadbinmusafirsallaridrulerapproximatedaterassofrankishmilitaryleaderpilgrimandsaintrhodriaphywelkingofdeheubarthwaleswangjunlaterzhouchancellorwangjunchinesesingerandchancellorreferenceskingofkingdomofenglandenglandryearromannumeralscmlviiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropeseptemberndashliudolfdukeofswabialiudolftheeldestsonofkingottoiholyromanemperorottoidiesofaviolentfevernearpombiaitisrumoredfromalatentpoisonadministeredsomehowbyberengariisagentsthegermanarmiesreturnhomeleavingberengariiofitalyberengarofivreaincontrolofkingdomofitalyholyromanempireitalyliudolfissucceededbyhisyearoldsonottoidukeofswabiaandbavariaottowhowillbeadoptedandraisedbyhisgrandfatherottoasthelaterdukeofduchyofswabiaswabiaandduchyofbavariabavariawilfrediiofbesalwilfrediicountofcountyofbesalbesalofthehouseofbarcelonaiskilledbyrebelliousvassalsheissucceededbyhisbrothersunifrediiofcerdanyasunifrediienglandmerciaandkingdomofnorthumbrianorthumbriarebelagainstkingeadwigandswitchtheirallegiancetohisbrotheredgarthepeacefuledgartheenglishnoblesinsupportofthechurchagreetodividethekingdomalongtheriverthamesthamesriverwitheadwigkeepingwessexandkentinthesouthandedgarrulinginthenorthedgarsadvisersrecalldunstanfromcountyofflandersflandersseejapanthetenryakueraunderthereignofemperoremperormurakamimurakamiendsthetentokuerabeginsuntilbytopicreligionolgaofkievrulerandregentofkievanrusconvertstotheeasternorthodoxchurchfrompaganismapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsfujiwaranojunshijapaneseempressconsortdfujiwaranokinsuejapanesestatesmandfujiwaranosanesukejapanesenobilitynoblemandfujiwaranoyoshikanejapanesenoblemandwangdansongdynastywangdanchinesepoliticianandgrandchancellorofchinagrandchancellorddeathsjanuaryndashabubakrmuhammadibnalialmadharaitulunidvizierbjunendashguadamirbishopofromancatholicdioceseofvicvicspainseptemberndashliudolfdukeofswabialiudolfdukeofduchyofswabiaswabiaarinjayacholaarinjayakingofthecholadynastycholakingdomindiaistakhripersiantravelerandgeographyandcartographyinmedievalislamgeographermarzubanibnmuhammadsallaridrulerruzbahanbuyidtaxcollectorandgeneralwilfrediiofbesalwilfrediicountofcountyofbesalbesalspainreferencesccyearromannumeralscmlviiiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireoctobernovemberndashbattleofrabanthebyzantineempirebyzantinesunderjohnitzimiskesjohntzimiskesdefeatthehamdaniddynastyhamdanidforcesinnorthernsyriaregionsyriaemirsayfaldawlaisforcedtoretreatmanyofhiscourtcompanionsandghilmanfallinpu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entalpathwaytowardsmalenesspresenceofthisgenestartsofftheprocessofvirilizationthisandotherfactorsresultinthesexdifferencesinhumansrefnamerefthecellsinfemaleswithtwoxchromosomesundergoxinactivationinwhichoneofthetwoxchromosomesisinactivatedtheinactivatedxchromosomeremainswithinacellasabarrbodyhumansaswellassomeotherorganismscanhaveachromosomalarrangementthatiscontrarytotheirphenotypicsexforexamplexxmalesyndromexxmalesorxyfemalesseeandrogeninsensitivitysyndromeadditionallyanabnormalnumberofsexchromosomesaneuploidymaybepresentsuchasturnerssyndromeinwhichasinglexchromosomeispresentandklinefelterssyndromeinwhichtwoxchromosomesandaychromosomearepresentxyysyndromeandxxyysyndromeotherlesscommonchromosomalarrangementsincludetriplexsyndromexxxxandxxxxxotheranimalsinmostmammalssexisdeterminedbypresenceoftheychromosomefemaleisthedefaultsexduetotheabsenceoftheychromosomeinthesalfredjostdeterminedthatthepresenceoftestosteronewasrequiredforwolffianductdevelopmentinthemalerabbitrefnamejostrefsryisasexdetermininggeneontheychromosomeinthetheriansplacentalmammalsandmarsupialsrefnamepmidrefnonhumanmammalsuseseveralgenesontheychromosomenotallmalespecificgenesarelocatedontheychromosomeotherspeciesincludingmostdrosophilaspeciesusethepresenceoftwoxchromosomestodeterminefemalenessonexchromosomegivesputativemalenessthepresenceofychromosomegenesisrequiredfornormalmaledevelopmentothersystemsbirdsandmanyinsectshaveasimilarsystemofsexdeterminationzwsexdeterminationsysteminwhichitisthefemalesthatareheterogameticzwwhilemalesarehomogameticzzmanyinsectsoftheorderhymenopterainsteadhaveasystemthehaplodiploidsexdeterminationsystemwherethemalesarehaploidindividualswhichhavejustonechromosomeofeachtypewhilethefemalesarediploidwithchromosomesappearinginpairssomeotherinsectshavethexsexdeterminationsystemwherejustonechromosometypeappearsinpairsforthefemalebutaloneinthemaleswhileallotherchromosomesappearinpairsinbothsexesinfluencesgeneticithaslongbeenbelievedthatthefemaleformwasthedefaulttemplateforthemammalianfetusesofbothsexesafterthediscoveryofthetestisdeterminingfactortestisdetermininggenesrymanyscientistsshiftedtothetheorythatthegeneticmechanismthatcausesafetustodevelopintoamaleformwasinitiatedbythesrygenewhichwasthoughttoberesponsiblefortheproductionoftestosteroneanditsoveralleffectsonbodyandbraindevelopmentthisperspectivestillsharestheclassicalwayofthinkingthatinordertoproducetwosexesnaturehasdevelopedadefaultfemalepathwayandanactivepathwaybywhichmalegeneswouldinitiatetheprocessofdeterminingamalesexassomethingthatisdevelopedinadditiontoandbasedonthedefaultfemaleformhoweverinaninterviewfortherediscoveringbiologywebsiteresearcherericvilaindescribedhowtheparadigmchangedsincethediscoveryofthesrygenequotetextforalongtimewethoughtthatsrywouldactivateacascadeofmalegenesitturnsoutthatthesexdeterminationpathwayisprobablymorecomplicatedandsrymayinfactinhibitsomeantimalegenestheideaisinsteadofhavingasimplisticmechanismbywhichyouhavepromalegenesgoingallthewaytomakeamaleinfactthereisasolidbalancebetweenpromalegenesandantimalegenesandifthereisalittletoomuchofantimalegenestheremaybeafemalebornandifthereisalittletoomuchofpromalegenesthentherewillbeamalebornweareenteringthisnewerainmolecularbiologyofsexdeterminationwhereitsamoresubtledosageofgenessomepromalessomeprofemalessomeantimalessomeantifemalesthatallinterplaywitheachotherratherthanasimplelinearpathwayofgenesgoingoneaftertheotherwhichmakesitveryfascinatingbutverycomplicatedtostudyinmammalsincludinghumansthesrygeneisresponsiblewithtriggeringthedevelopmentofnondifferentiatedgonadsintotestesratherthanovarieshowevertherearecasesinwhichtestescandevelopintheabsenceofansrygeneseesexreversalinthesecasesthesoxgeneinvolvedinthedevelopmentoftestescaninducetheirdevelopmentwithouttheaidofsryintheabsenceofsryandsoxnotestescandevelopandthepathisclearforthedevelopmentofovariesevensotheabsenceofthesrygeneorthesilencingofthesoxgenearenotenoughtotriggersexualdifferentiationofafetusinthefemaledirectionarecentfindingsuggeststhatovarydevelopmentandmaintenanceisanactiveprocessrefcitejournallastuhlenhautfirstnhenrietteyeartitlesomaticsexreprogrammingofadultovariestotestesbyfoxlablationjournalcellvolumeissuepagesdoijcellpmiddisplayauthorsetalrefregulatedbytheexpressionofaprofemalegenefoxlinaninterviewforthetimesonlineeditionstudycoauthorrobinlovellbadgeexplainedthesignificanceofthediscoveryimplicationslookingintothegeneticdeterminantsofhumansexcanhavewiderangingconsequencesscientistshavebeenstudyingdifferentsexdeterminationsystemsindrosophilamelanogasterfruitfliesandanimalmodelstoattemptanunderstandingofhowthegeneticsofsexualdifferentiationcaninfluencebiologicalprocesseslikereproductionageingrefcitejournallasttowerfirstjohnauthorarbeitmanmichelleyeartitlethegeneticsofgenderandlifespanjournaljournalofbiologyvolumepagesdoijbiolpmidissuepmcrefanddiseasematernalinhumansandmanyotherspeciesofanimalsthefatherdeterminesthesexofthechildinthexysexdeterminationsystemthefemaleprovidedovumcontributesanxchromosomeandthemaleprovidedspermcontributeseitheranxchromosomeoraychromosomeresultinginfemalexxormalexyoffspringrespectivelyhormonelevelsinthemaleparentaffectthesexratioofsperminhumansmaternalinfluencesalsoimpactwhichspermaremorelikelytoachievefertilisationconceptionhumanovalikethoseofothermammalsarecoveredwithathicktranslucentlayercalledthezonapellucidawhichthespermmustpenetratetofertilizetheeggonceviewedsimplyasanimpedimenttofertilizationrecentresearchindicatesthezonapellucidamayinsteadfunctionasasophisticatedbiologicalsecuritysystemthatchemicallycontrolstheentryofthespermintotheeggandprotectsthefertilizedeggfromadditionalspermrecentresearchindicatesthathumanovamayproduceachemicalwhichappearstoattractspermandinfluencetheirswimmingmotionhowevernotallspermarepositivelyimpactedsomeappeartoremainuninfluencedandsomeactuallymoveawayfromtheeggmaternalinfluencesmayalsobepossiblethataffectsexdeterminationinsuchawayastoproducefraternaltwinsequallyweightedbetweenonemaleandonefemalethetimeatwhichinseminationoccursduringtheoestruscyclehasbeenfoundtoaffectthesexratiooftheoffspringofhumanscattlehamstersandothermammalssexspecificmortalityofembryosalsooccurshistoryancientideasonsexdeterminationsinceancienttimespeoplehavebelievedthatthesexofaninfantisdeterminedbyhowmuchheatamansspermhadduringinseminationaristotlewrotethataristotleclaimedthatthemaleprinciplewasthedriverbehindsexdeterminationsuchthatifthemaleprinciplewasinsufficientlyexpressedduringreproductionthefetuswoulddevelopasafemalethcenturygeneticsnettiestevensandedmundbeecherwilsonarecreditedwithindependentlydiscoveringinthechromosomalxysexdeterminationsystemiethefactthatmaleshavexysexchromosomesandfemaleshavexxsexchromosomesrefnamejstorrefrefnameautorefthefirstcluestotheexistenceofafactorthatdeterminesthedevelopmentoftestisinmammalscamefromexperimentscarriedoutbyalfredjostwhocastratedembryonicrabbitsinuteroandnoticedthattheyalldevelopedasfemaleincefordandhisteaminthewakeofjostsexperimentsdiscoveredthattheychromosomewasneededforafetustodevelopasmalewhentheyexaminedpatientswithturnersyndrometurnerssyndromewhogrewupasphenotypicfemalesandfoundthemtobexhemizygousforxandnoyatthesametimejacobstrongdescribedacaseofapatientwithklinefeltersyndromexxywhichimplicatedthepresenceofaychromosomeindevelopmentofmalenessalltheseobservationsleadtoaconsensusthatadominantgenethatdeterminestestisdevelopmenttestisdeterminingfactortdfmustexistonthehumanychromosomethesearchforthistestisdeterminingfactortestisdeterminingfactortdfledateamofscientistsintodiscoveraregionoftheychromosomethatisnecessaryforthemalesexdeterminationwhichwasnamedsrysexdeterminingregionoftheychromosomerefnamelarsensrefseealsointersexualityforinformationonvariationsinhumansexualformssexualdifferentiationhumanychromosomaladamsexdeterminationinsilenesexdeterminationinsilenereferencescytogenetgenomeresexternallinksbioresearchucscedubarrylabclassesanimalbehaviorsexdevohtmsexdeterminationanddifferentiationncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgicallbvviewshowsectionridgndsectionsrysexdeterminationfromthenationalcenterforbiotechnologyinformationblogskqedorgsciencecanmammalianmotherscontrolthesexoftheiroffspringcanmammalianmotherscontrolthesexoftheiroffspringwebarchiveorgwebblogskqedorgsciencekqedsciencearticleonsandiegozooresearchbiolreprodorgcontentfullmaternaldietandotherfactorsaffectingoffspringsexratioareviewpublishedinbiolreprodorgbiologyofreproductionbiodavidsoneducoursesmolbiorestricteddomdomhtmlsexdeterminationandthematernaldominancehypothesiswikigenesorgemeshehtmlspermovuminteractionsatwikigenespredictedandscheduledeventsjunendashsolareclipseofjuneannularsolareclipseoverthenorthernhemisphereseptemberndashthedestroyersforbasesagreementsninetynineyearrentfreeleasesgrantedtotheunitedstatesbytheunitedkingdomwillexpirenovemberndashtransitofmercuryinfictionseestcenturyinfictionreferenceswasdesignatedasinternationalyearoflightsoilgovernanceinternationalyearofsoilsinternationalyearofsoilstoceventsjanuaryjanuarytheeurasianeconomicunioncomesintoeffectcreatingapoliticalunionpoliticalandeconomicunionbetweenrussiabelarusarmeniakazakhstanandkyrgyzstanlithuaniaofficiallylithuaniaandtheeuroadoptstheeuroasitscurrencyreplacingthelithuanianlitaslitasandenlargementoftheeurozonebecomesthenineteentheurozonecountryjanuaryndashjanuaryndashabagamassacreseriesofmassacresinbaganigeriaandsurroundingvillagesbybokoharamkillsmorethanpeoplerefnameafpbirefrefnamebbcrefrefnamenbcnewsrefrefnamereutersrefjanuarytwogunmenbelongingtoalqaedainthearabianpeninsulaalqaedasyemenbranchcharliehebdoshootingkillpeopleandinjuremoreattheparisheadquartersofsatiricalnewspapercharliehebdopromptinganantiterrorismdemonstrationattendedbyoveramillionpeopleandmorethanworldleadersrefnamebreedencharliehebdorefrefnamealdermanbilefskycharliehebdorefjanuaryndashjanuaryraidonkolofatagovernmentraidskillbokoharamfightersinkolofatacameroonjanuaryndashtheswissnationalbankabandonsthecapontheswissfrancfrancsvaluerelativetotheeurocausingturmoilininternationalfinancialmarketsjanuaryndashafterhouthishouthiforcesseizethepresidentialpalaceyem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stablishingasinglemarketthroughoutmostofsouthamericanasaisexpectedtoconductthemaidenflightofitsspacelaunchsystemthereplacementforthespaceshuttleprogramwhichendedininfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencestheabovetemplateworksperfectlyandreplacesthefollowingbutinchangeswillbetoisthecurrentyearandisandinandlaterchangesittoandwasromannumeralsmmxxwillbealeapyearstartingonwednesdayinthegregoriancalendaritisthethyearofcommoneraalsocalledannodominithethoftherdmillenniumandthestcenturyitalsowillbethefirstyearofthespredictedandscheduledeventsmaythejameswebbspacetelescopeisscheduledtobelaunchedinspringafterbeingdelayedtwicebynasamaydominicanrepublicgeneralelectiondominicanrepublicpresidentialelectionjulyaugustthesummerolympicswillbeheldintokyojapanoctobertheexpoworldexpowillopenindubairefnamebiepagerefnovemberunitedstatespresidentialelectionunitedstatespresidentialelectiondecemberthetransitionofbrexittotheeuropeanunionwillexpiredateunknownesasexomarsrovertouchesdownonmarsplannedinitialobservationsbythesquarekilometrearrayradiotelescopeplannedlaunchofnasasmarsmissiontostudythehabitabilityofmarsandprepareforfuturehumanmissionsplannedlaunchoftheunmannedeuclidspacecrafteuclidspaceprobetostudydarkenergytheyuccamountainnuclearwasterepositorywasscheduledtobeginacceptingnuclearwasteearliestyearthatpoweraboardthespaceprobesvoyagerandvoyagerisexpectedtoterminatethougheitherprobemayfunctionpastthisdateestimatedcompletiondateforthebeidounavigationsatellitesystemcompassnavigationsystemliberiawillbecomethefirstnationinafricatocompletelystopcuttingdownitstreesinreturnfordevelopmentaidnorwaywillpaytheimpoverishedcountrymtostopdeforestationbyaccordingtounclimatechiefchristianafigueresisacriticalyeartolimitclimatechangeandavoidirreversibleeffectsthelargehadroncolliderwillbesubstantiallyupgradedestimatedcompletiondateforthejeddahtowerinsaudiarabiawhichisexpectedtobecomethelistoftallestbuildingsintheworldtallestbuildingintheworldandthefirsttoreachkilometerinheightestimatedcompletionoftheaegisballisticmissiledefensesystemaegisashoreaegisashoremissiledefensesysteminpolandinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencespredictedandscheduledeventsdateunknownindiahopestoconductitsfirstindianhumanspaceflightprogramhumanspaceflightinbroodxthelargestbroodofnorthamericanseventeenyearcicadaswillemergecostaricahaspledgedtobecomeacompletelycarbonneutralitycarbonneutralnationbythisdatethetargetdatehasbeensetbypresidentscarariascostaricahaspledgedtobansingleuseplasticproductsthetargetdatehasbeensetbypresidentluisguillermosolsthebritishandirishlionswilltoursouthafricarugbyinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencesnotocyearromannumeralsccxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofmaximusandaelianusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceasiabattleofdongkoubetweenthechinesestatesofcaoweiandeasternwuonlyincludebirthsjikangchinesepolymathddeathsmayndashcaorengeneralofthecaoweistatebjunendashliubeichinesewarlordandfoundingemperorofthestateofshuhaninthethreekingdomsperiodbaugustndashcaozhangprinceandgeneralofthecaoweistateaugustndashjiaxuofficialofthecaoweistatebreferencesyearromannumeralsccxxivwasaleapyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofiulianusandcrispinusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceparthiaaprilndashkingardashiriofpersiaardashiridefeatsartabanusvofparthiaartabanusvatthebattleofhormozdgninshushtardestroyingtheparthiaparthianempireandestablishingthesassaniddynastyartabanusvsbrothervologasesviofparthiavologasesviwillcontinuetorulewitharmenianandkushanempirekushansupportoveroutlyingpartsofparthiaonlyincludebirthsjungcheonofgoguryeokingofgoguryeodcarusmarcusaureliuscarusromanemperordsaintmercuriuschristiansaintandmartyrdsunhezixiaosunhechineseprinceoftheeasternwustatedpeixiuchineseofficialgeographerwriterandcartographerofthejindynastyjindynastyddeathsaprilndashartabanusvofparthiaartabanusvofparthiareferencesnotocyearromannumeralsccxxvwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipoffuscusanddomitiusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireemperoralexanderseverusmarriessallustiaorbianaandpossiblyraisesherfatherseiussallustiustotherankofcaesartitlecaesarbytopicartsandsciencethefirstchristianpaintingsappearinancientromeromedecoratingthecatacombsonlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashgordianiiiromanemperordtrieuthitrinhvietnamesefemalewarriordzhonghuichinesegeneralofficialan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tablishpaganismarnulfofcarinthiahashisillegitimatesonzwentiboldrecognizedasheiroftheeastfranciaeastfrankishkingdomhesupportstheclaimoflouistheblindaskingoflowerburgundyprovenceafterreceivingapersonalappealfromlouissmotherermengardofitalyermengardwhocomestoseearnulfatforchheimnorthernbavariaarnulfgrantsthetownofosnabrcktradeandcoinageprivilegesashipcarryingabouttwentyarabpiracyfreebootersfrompechinainalandalusmodernspainsetsanchorinthegulfofsainttropezinprovencetheyestablishafortifiedbaseatfraxinetmoderndaylagardefreinetafterraidingthesurroundingareathemuslimcolonyisbolsteredbycontingentsofsaracenadventurersthehungariansmagyarsanugriclanguagesugrictribefromthesteppeofcentralasiamovewestundertheleadershipofrpdtheyarepushedbytheirrivalsthepechenegsintothebalkansbalkanpeninsulaandbecomeentangledinawarbetweenbulgariaandthebyzantineempirethemagyarsheadnorthandsettleingreatmoraviainitalyforlbecomesamedievalcommunerepublicforthefirsttimethecityisalliedwiththeghibellinefactioninthemedievalstrugglesbetweentheguelphsandghibellinesinportugalthecountyofcoimbracountofcoimbrahermenegildogutirrezreconquerscoimbrawhichwastemporarilylostafterthefirstconquestofrefnamepicardrefbritainkingseochaidsonofrhuneochaidandgiricofkingdomofscotlandalbaandkingdomofstrathclydestrathclydemodernscotlandaredeposedbyvikingsvikinginvaderstheyaresucceededbydonaldiiofscotlanddonaldiithesonofthelatecausantnmaccinedaconstantineiwhobecomeslistofscottishmonarchskingofscotlandlordthelredlordofthemerciansthelrediiandladythelfldadaughterofkingalfredthegreatofthemerciansbegintheirpolicyoffortifyingmerciancitiesasdefensiveburhburghsstartingwithworcesterapproximatedateasiathelatersillaunifiedsillakingdommodernkoreaunderkingjinseongofsillajinseongseekstocollecttaxesbyforcefrompeasantssettingoffmassivelistofpeasantrevoltspeasantrebellionsapproximatedateindravarmanirulerofthekhmerempiremoderncambodiadiesandissucceededbyhissonyasovarmanicalledtheterraceoftheleperkingleperkingoraprilndashthejapaneseeraninnaendsandkanpyerakanpybeginslastinguntilbytopicreligionbongwonsabongwontemplelocatedinseoulmodernsouthkoreaisfoundedbythekoreankoreanbuddhismbuddhistmasterdoseononlyincludebirthsjanuaryndashlibianemperorofsoutherntangdjanuaryndashabdarrahmaniiiabdalrahmaniiimuslimcaliphorliuyanemperorliuyanemperorofsouthernhandminamotonokintadajapanesewakapoetrywakapoetddeathsjunendashaimoinofsaintgermaindesprsaimoinfrankishmonkandarchivistdecemberndashsolomoniibishopofconstancesolomoniibishopofbishopricofconstanceconstanceboivojidukeofbohemiaboivojidukeofduchyofbohemiabohemiaapproximatedateibnmarwanmuslimsufismsufileaderapproximatedateibnqutaybahmuslimscholarlymethodscholarbindravarmanikingofthekhmerempireorjudicaeldukeofbrittanyjudicaeldukeofduchyofbrittanybrittanyorliutbertarchbishopofmainzliutbertarchbishopofelectorofmainzmainzmengfanglichinesewarlordqinzongquanchinesewarlordsaidibnmakhladmuslimvizierwangjingwuchinesewarlordwilbertarchbishopofcolognewilbertarchbishopofcolognezhaochouchinesewarlordbzhaohuangchinesewarlordreferencespredictedandscheduledeventsfebruaryfebruarythewinterolympicswillbeheldinbeijingchinabeijingwillbethefirstcityevertohostbothsummerolympicsandwinterolympicsfebruaryqueenelizabethiiifstillreigningwillreachyearsonthethronemarkingherplatinumjubileejunespacexfounderandentrepreneurelonmuskplanstosendthefirstbfrspaceshiptomarspavingthewaytocolonizationofmarscolonizationnovemberdecemberthefifaworldcupisscheduledtobeheldinqatardateunknowngermanyplanstophaseoutthelastofitsnuclearpowerplantspschwassmannwachmannwillpossiblycauseameteorshoweresasjupitericymoonexplorerisscheduledtobelaunchedacollisionofthecontactbinarystarsystemkicwillresultinaluminousrednovabrieflycreatingoneofthebrightestobjectsinthenightskyromaniacouldjointheeurozonethetargetdatehasbeensetbyforeignministerteodormelecanuinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencespredictedandscheduledeventsjanuaryndashaprilndashexpoisscheduledinbuenosairesrefnameargrefdateunknownosirisrexisexpectedtoreturnwithsamplesfromtheasteroidbennubennuinthelistofapolloasteroidsapollogroupkanalistanbulwillbefinishedlondonsnewbillionsupersewerwillbefinishedupgradingtheexistingvictorianinfrastructurethecompactoffreeassociationbetweentheunitedstatesandthefederatedstatesofmicronesiaandthemarshallislandsexpiresaccordingtowordsofturkeyspresidentformerlyaprimeministerreceptayyiperdoaniftheaccessionofturkeytotheeuropeanunioncountriesoftheeuropeanunionwillnotacceptturkeyasamemberbeforetheyearturkeywouldnolongerbeacandidatetotheunioninfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencespredictedandscheduledeventsmarchndashmarchlunareclipseaprilndashsolareclipseofapriltotalsolareclipsecentralpacificoceannorthernmexicoeasternsouthwesternandcentralunitedstatessoutheasterncanadaandnorthernatlanticoceanjulyndashaugustndashthesummerolympicswillbeheldinparisfranceseptemberndashseptemberndashthesummerparalympicswillbeheldinparisfranceseptemberndashseptemberlunareclipseoctoberndashsolareclipseofoctoberseptemberndashspacexfounderandentrepreneurelonmuskplanstosendthefirstcrewedbfrrocketbfrspaceshiptomarspavingthewaytohumancolonizationinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencespredictedandscheduledeventsjanuaryndashthefederalaviationadministrationfaawillhavebeenimplementinganewsystemofglobalpositioningsystemgpscallednextgenerationairtransportationsystemnextgenthatwillbefullyfunctionalbythisyeardateunknownpleasedonotaddclaimsbyspacexthatthiswillbetheyearhumanslandonmarsasspacexisnotanencyclopedicsourcethegiantmagellantelescopewhichiscurrentlyunderconstructionisscheduledtohavebeencompletedplannedcompletionofthesquarekilometrearraybothvoyagerandvoyagerspaceprobeshavesufficientelectricalpowertooperatetheirtransmitterradiotransmittersuntilatleastplannedecumenicalmeetingoftheorthodoxandcatholicchurchesatnicaeaiznikturkeytomarkthethanniversaryofthefirstcouncilofnicaeacouncilofnicaeaworldpopulationisexpectedtoreachbillionseealsolistofmostpopulousnationsbystcenturyinfictionreferenceschemboxverifiedfieldschangedverifiedrevidreferenceimagefilexanthinxanthinesvgimagesizeimagefilexanthinedballspngiupacnamedihydropurinedioneothernameshpurinedionesectionchemboxidentifiersiupharligandabbreviationsinchischnochhhinchikeylrfvtywoqmyalwuhfffaoysaninchischnochhhcasnocasnorefeinecspubchemchemspideridrefchemspideriddrugbankrefdrugbankdbuniirefuniiavzusstdinchikeyrefstdinchikeylrfvtywoqmyalwuhfffaoysansmilescnhccnncncoochemblrefchemblstdinchirefstdinchischnochhhrtecsmeshnamechebirefchebikeggrefkeggcsectionchemboxpropertiesformulacsubsubhsubsubnsubsubosubsubmolarmassgmolappearancewhitesoliddensitymeltingptdecomposesmeltingptnotesboilingptboilingptnotessolubilityglcbrglcsolubleothersolventpkapkbsectionchemboxpharmacologyatccodeprefixatccodesuffixatcsupplementalsectionchemboxhazardseuclassmainhazardsnfpahnfpafnfparnfpasrphrasessphrasesrsphrasesflashptautoignitionptexplolimitspelxanthineorarchaicallyxanthicaciddihydropurinedioneisapurinebasegeneticsbasefoundinmosthumanbodytissuesandfluidsandinotherorganismsanumberofstimulantsarederivedfromxanthineincludingcaffeineandtheobrominerefnameisbnrefxanthineisaproductonthepathwayofpurinedegradationitiscreatedfromguaninebyguaninedeaminaseitiscreatedfromhypoxanthinebyxanthineoxidoreductaseitisalsocreatedfromxanthosinebypurinenucleosidephosphorylasepnpxanthineissubsequentlyconvertedtouricacidbytheactionofthexanthineoxidaseenzymestudiesreportedinbasedonsupsupcsupsupcisotopicratiosoforganiccompoundsfoundinthemurchisonmeteoritesuggestedthatxanthineandrelatedchemicalsincludingthernacomponenturacilwereformedextraterrestriallyrefnamemurchbaserefinaugustareportbasedonnasastudieswithmeteoritesfoundonearthwaspublishedsuggestingxanthineandrelatedorganicmoleculesincludingthednaandrnacomponentsadenineandguaninewerefoundinouterspacerefnamecallahanrefrefnamesteigerwaldrefrefnamednarefpathologypeoplewiththeraregeneticdisorderxanthinurialacksufficientxanthineoxidaseandcannotconvertxanthinetouricacidclinicalsignificanceofxanthinederivativesderivativesofxanthineknowncollectivelyasxanthinesareagroupofalkaloidscommonlyusedfortheireffectsasmildstimulantsandasbronchodilatorsnotablyinthetreatmentofasthmasymptomsincontrasttoothermorepotentstimulantslikesympathomimeticaminesxanthinesmainlyacttoopposetheactionsofthesleepinessinducingadenosineandincreasealertnessinthecentralnervoussystemtheyalsostimulatetherespiratorycentreandareusedfortreatmentofinfantileapneaduetowidespreadeffectsthetherapeuticrangeofxanthinesisnarrowmakingthemmerelyasecondlineasthmatreatmentthetherapeuticlevelismicrogramsmlbloodsignsoftoxicityincludetremornauseanervousnessandtachycardiaarrhythmiamethylationmethylatedxanthinesmethylxanthineswhichincludecaffeineaminophyllineibmxparaxanthinepentoxifyllinerefnameptxdereereftheobromineandtheophyllineaffectnotonlytheairwaysbutstimulateheartrateforceofcontractionandcardiacarrhythmiasathighconcentrationsinhighdosestheycanleadtoconvulsionsthatareresistanttoanticonvulsantsmethylxanthinesinduceacidandpepsinsecretionsinthegitractmethylxanthinesaremetabolizedbycytochromepintheliverthesedrugsactasbothcompetitivenonselectivephosphodiesteraseinhibitorsandnonselectiveadenosinereceptorantagonistsrefnameardalyrefwhichinhibitsleepinessinducingadenosinebutdifferentanaloguesshowvaryingpotencyatthenumeroussubtypesandawiderangeofsyntheticxanthinessomenonmethylatedhavebeendevelopedsearchingforcompoundswithgreaterselectivityforphosphodiesterasephosphodiesteraseenzymeoradenosinereceptorsubtypesrefnameusrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefxanthinesarealsofoundveryrarelyasconstituentsofnucleicacidsclasswikitablesortableexamplesofxanthinederivativesnamersubsubrsubsubrsubsubrsubsubiupacnomenclaturefoundinxanthinehhhhdihydropurinedioneplantsanimalscaffeinemethylchsubsubmethylchsubsubmethylchsubsubhtrimethylhpurinehhdionecoffeeguaranayerbamateteakolanutkolaguayusailexhollytheobrominehmethylchsubsubmethylchsubsubhdihydrodimethylhpurinedionecocoabeancacaochocolateyerbamatekolanutkolaguayusailexhollyt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madmuslimimamdfujiwaranoakimitsujapanesebureaucratdfujiwaranosukemasajapanesestatesmandibnjuljulmuslimmedicineinthemedievalislamicworldphysicianapproximatedatejohnviiibarabdounpatriarchofchurchofantiochantiochdottodukeofburgundyottoorododukeofburgundyddeathsfebruaryndashlindingchineseofficialandchancelloraprilndashwangyanxiemperorofmintenkingdomsmintenkingdomsaprilndashwichmanntheelderfrankishnoblemanabumansuralmaturidimuslimtheologianbabutahiraljannabiqarmatianrulerbchoeeonwuikoreanministerandcalligraphycalligrapherbdonnchaddonnhighkingofirelandduansipingrulerofdalikingdomdaliapproximatedatefanggaochineseofficialandchiefofstaffflaithbertachmacinmainnirishabbotharshavarmaniiangkoriankingempressliwangyanxiliempressofmintenkingdomsmintenkingdomsliuhongchangchinesechancellormahipalaigurjarapratiharakingngoquyenvietnamesekingwangyachengchineseprincereferencesinfoboxinstrumentnamexylophonenamesimagexylophonepsfsvgbackgroundpercussionclassificationpercussiondevelopedthcenturyhornbostelsachshornbostelsachsdescsetofpercussionplaquesrangerelatedbalafotxalapartalaggutubuildersmidiarticlesthexylophonefromthegreeklanguagegreekwordsxylonwoodphnsoundvoicemeaningwoodensoundisamusicalinstrumentinthepercussionfamilythatconsistsofwoodenbarsstruckbypercussionmalletmalletseachbarisanidiophonetunedtoapitchofamusicalscalewhetherpentatonicscalepentatonicorheptatonicscaleheptatonicinthecaseofmanyafricanandasianinstrumentsdiatonicscalediatonicinmanywesternchildrensinstrumentsorchromaticscalechromaticfororchestralusethetermxylophonemaybeusedgenerallytoincludeallsuchinstrumentssuchasthemarimbabalafonandeventhesemantronhoweverintheorchestrathetermxylophonerefersspecificallytoachromaticinstrumentofsomewhathigherpitchrangeanddriertimbrethanthemarimbaandthesetwoinstrumentsshouldnotbeconfusedthetermisalsopopularlyusedtorefertosimilarinstrumentsofthelithophoneandmetallophonetypesforexamplethepixiphoneandmanysimilartoysdescribedbythemakersasxylophoneshavebarsofmetalratherthanofwoodandsoareinorganologyregardedasglockenspielsratherthanasxylophonesthebarsofmetalsoundmorehighpitchedthanthewoodenonesdescriptionthemodernwesternxylophonehasbarsofrosewoodpadaukorvarioussyntheticmaterialssuchasfiberglassorfiberglassreinforcedplasticwhichallowsaloudersoundrefnamemaderefsomecanbeassmallarangeasoctavesbutconcertxylophonesaretypicallyoroctavesthexylophoneisatransposinginstrumentitspartsarewrittenoneoctavebelowthesoundingnotesxylophonesshouldbeplayedwithveryhardrubberpolyballoracrylicmalletssometimesmediumtohardrubbermalletsveryhardcoreoryarnmalletsareusedforsoftereffectslightertonescanbecreatedonxylophonesbyusingwoodenheadedmalletsmadefromrosewoodebonybirchorotherhardwoodsconcertxylophoneshavetuberesonatorsbelowthebarstoenhancethetoneandsustainframesaremadeofwoodorcheapsteeltubingmoreexpensivexylophonesfeatureheightadjustmentandmorestabilityinthestandinothermusicculturessomeversionshavegourdsthatactashelmholtzresonatorsothersaretroughxylophoneswithasinglehollowbodythatactsasaresonatorforallthebarsoldmethodsconsistedofarrangingthebarsontiedbundlesofstrawandasstillpracticedtodayplacingthebarsadjacenttoeachotherinaladderlikelayoutancientmalletsweremadeofwillowwoodwithspoonlikebowlsonthebeatenendshistoryaphilippinesphilippinexylophonetheinstrumenthasobscureancientoriginsaccordingtonettlitoriginatedinsoutheastasiaandcametoafricacadwhenagroupofmalayopolynesianspeakingpeoplesmigratedtoafricaonepieceofevidenceforthisisthesimilaritybetweeneastafricanxylophoneorchestrasandjavaneseandbalinesegamelanorchestrasrefnamenettlmpcrefthishoweverhasbeenquestionedbyethnomusicologistandlinguistrogerblenchwhopositsanindependentorigininafricaasianxylophonetheearliestevidenceofatruexylophoneisfromthethcenturyinsoutheastasiawhileasimilarhangingwoodinstrumentatypeofpanharmoniconharmoniconissaidtohaveexistedinbcinwhatisnowpartofchinaaccordingtotheviennasymphoniclibrarythexylophonelikeranatmusicalinstrumentranatwasusedinhinduregionskashtatharanginindonesiafewregionshavetheirowntypeofxylophonesinnorthsumatrathetobabatakpeopletobabatakpeopleusewoodenxylophonesknownasthegarantungspelledgarattungjavaandbaliusexylophonescalledgambangrindikandtingklikingamelanensemblestheystillhavetraditionalsignificanceinmalaysiamelanesiaindonesiathailandmyanmarandregionsoftheamericasafricanxylophonethetermmarimbaisalsoappliedtovarioustraditionalfolkinstrumentssuchasthewestafricabalafonearlyformswereconstructedofbarsatopagourdthewoodisfirstroastedaroundafirebeforeshapingthekeytoachievethedesiredtonetheresonatoristunedtothekeythroughcarefulchoiceofsizeofresonatoradjustmentofthediameterofthemouthoftheresonatorusingwaspwaxandadjustmentoftheheightofthekeyabovetheresonatoraskilledmakercanproducestartlingamplificationthemalletsusedtoplaydibindaandmbilahaveheadsmadefromnaturalrubbertakenfromawildcreepingplantrefnameanswersrefinterlockingoralternatingrhythmfeaturesineasternafricanxylophonemusicsuchasthatofthemakondedimbilatheyaomangolongondoortheshirimamangwiloinwhichtheopacheratheinitialcallandrespondcallerisr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amassivetributeforwhichheimposesaspecialtaxwinterndashkingottoiholyromanemperorottoicedestheduchyofbavariatohisbrotherhenryidukeofbavariahenryitosecurehisrulehenryismarriedtojudithduchessofbavariajudithadaughterofarnulfdukeofbavariaarnulfithebadandappointsaseriesofcountpalatinecountspalatineenglandhorshamamarkettownontheupperreachesoftheriverarunaranriverinwestsussexisfirstmentionedinkingeadredslandcharterseehistoryofhorshamarabianempireaugustndashabuyazidakhawarijkharijiteberberpeopleberberleaderwhohasledarebellionagainstthefatimidcaliphateinifriqiyaisdefeatedinthehodnamountainsmoderndayalgeriacaliphalmansurbillahsetsaboutrestoringthefatimiddominionovernorthafricaandemirateofsicilysicilychinajanuaryndashemperoremperortaizongofliaotaizongofthekhitanpeoplekhitanledliaodynastyliaodynastyinvadesthelaterjinfivedynastieslaterjinfivedynastiesandtenkingdomsperiodfivedynastiesresultinginthedestructionofthelaterjinkhitanforcesheadsouthwardstotheyellowriverbutmustreturntotheirbaseinpresentdaybeijinginmayaftertaizongdiesofanillnessmarchndashthelaterhanfivedynastieslaterhanisfoundedbyliuzhiyuanthemilitarygovernorjiedushiofbingprovincebingzhouhedeclareshimselfemperorformallycalledgaozuandestablishesthecapitalinbianpresentdaykaifengbytopicliteraturealmasudianarabhistorianandgeographercompleteshislargescaleworkthemeadowsofgoldthemeadowsofgoldandminesofgemsahistoricalbookaboutthebeginningoftheworldstartingwithadamandeveonlyincludebirthsfujiwaranokoshijapaneseempressdrajarajacholaikingofcholadynastycholakingdomddeathsjanuaryndashsangweihanchineseshumishichiefofstaffbjanuaryndashzhangyanzechinesegeneralandgovernorjanuaryndashjingyanguangchinesegeneralbmayndashemperortaizongofliaotaizongemperoroftheliaodynastyliaodynastybmayndashmaxifankingofchutenkingdomschutenkingdomsbjunendashzhangliliaodynastyzhangliofficialoftheliaodynastyjunendashqianhongzuokingofwuyuebjunelicongyiprinceoflatertangbconsortdowagerwangwangimperialconsortoflatertangaugustndashabuyazidkharijiteberberleaderbnovemberndashbertholddukeofbavariabertholddukeofduchyofbavariabavariaceacatltopiltzintoltecrulerapproximatedatehughofitalyhughofarleskingofkingdomofitalyholyromanempireitalyandlowerburgundyjordibishopofvicjordibishopofromancatholicdioceseofvicvicspainapproximatedatelirendachinesewarlordandgovernorliuxuchancelloroflatertangandlaterjinfivedynastieslaterjinbwulfgaroflichfieldwulfgarbishopofdioceseoflichfieldlichfieldapproximatedatereferencespredictedandscheduledeventsaprilndashpartialsolareclipsejunendashasteroidwillpassfromtheearthjulyndashaugustndashthesummerolympicswillbeheldinlosangelescaliforniaunitedstatesjulyndashsolareclipseofjulyatotalsolareclipsewillbevisibleacrossaustraliaincludingsydneyandnewzealandoctoberndashasteroidwillpassfromtheearthdateunknownthefehmarnbeltfixedlinkbetweendenmarkandgermanyisexpectedtobecompletedendofreplacementofathunderboltandffightingfalconfleetswithflightningiiinstitutionofafricanmonetaryunionbringingacommoncurrencytomembersoftheafricanunionleaseonmoldauhafenportlotinhamburggermanytotheczechrepublicissettoexpirethesummerparalympicswillbeheldinlosangelestheunitedkingdomwillleadastudyoftheatmospheresofexoplanetsbeyondoursolarsystemknownastheatmosphericremotesensinginfraredexoplanetlargesurveyarielinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencespredictedandscheduledeventsaprilthndashasteroidapophiswillflypastearthdecemberndashthedecemberlunareclipsethesecondoftwometoniccyclemetonictwineclipseswilloccurthefirstofthetwineclipsepairwasthedecemberlunareclipseoccurringondecemberdecemberthetwineclipsesareseparatedbyyearsdateunknownthedigitaltimecapsuleamessagefromearthreachesitsdestinationontheplanetgliesecnasasnewhorizonsspacecraftisscheduledtoleavethesolarsysteminfictionseestcenturyinfictionreferencespredictedandscheduledeventstheworldwillneedatleastpercentmorefoodpercentmoreenergyandpercentmorewaterthanitdidinaccordingtounitednationshighlevelpanelonglobalsustainabilityestimatesindiawillsurpasschinaasthemostpopulouscountrythisyearorearlieraccordingtoprojectionsbytheunitednationstheworldpopulationofhumansisestimatedtobebetweenapproximatelybillionandbillionpeopleastudyestimatedthatduetocontinuedeconomicgrowthinafricamostimpoverishedsubsaharanafricancountrieswillgraduatefromlowtomiddleincomestatusbyitisestimatedthattheglobalmiddleclasswillnumberaboutbillionpeopleaboutofwhomwillliveinasiaandlivinginwhatinisconsideredthedevelopingworldoverallmiddleclasseswillbethemostimportanteconomicandsocialsectorandamajorityoftheworldspopulationwillbeoutofpovertyoftheworldspopulationwillliveinurbanareasduetorapidurbanizationitisalsoestimatedthattherewillbemegacitymegacitiesthatwillcollectivelycontainoftheworldspopulationallbutonewillbeinasiaorafricaduetorapidurbanizationonthosecontinentstheinternationalcommunityincludingtheunitednationsworldbankandunitedstateshavesetthegoalofcompletelyeradicatingextremepovertybynotingasignificantdeclineinextremepovertysincetheworldbankhasnotedthattheendofextremepovertyisinsightandpledgedtocutitdowntoatmostoftheworldspopulationbythistimetheworldhealthorganizationandunicefhavesetagoalforuniversalaccesstobasicsanitationbytheunitednationshasmadeitagoalthatinternetaccessandliteracywillbeuniversalbyfrenchdemographistemmanueltoddforecastedthatthegloballiteracyrateswillbealmostbythisyeartheworldbankhascalledforallcountriestoimplementuniversalhealthcarebythistimeaccordingtoareportbyallusintelligenceagenciesdoneincooperationwithacademicsresearchinstitutescorporationsandpoliticiansfromtheeuropeanunionandindividualcountriesthepolarityinternationalrelationsamericanprimacyunipolarworldorderinwhichtheunitedstatesdominateswillhavedeclinedaschinawillhavesurpassedtheunitedstateseconomicallyandregionalpowerswillhavegrowninstrengthalthoughtheunitedstateswillprobablyremainafirstamongequalsdesalinationwillhavegreatlyincreasedinuserefnamefuturetimelinereftidalpowermayprovideoftheunitedstateselectricityarchitecturaladvanceswillseetallerandtallerskyscrapersappearincludingnewmegatallbuildingswiththepossibilityofakilometertalltowerbythistimedprintingwillhavegrowndramaticallyinusageandevenbuildingsandhumanorganswillbeprintedrefnamefastcompanyrefhealthcarewillbecomelargelyautomatedwithmachinesreplacingofdoctorsinadditionnewadvancesinmedicaltechnologywillgreatlyimprovehumanhealthparticularlynanobotswhichwillbeimplantedinthehumanbodytoaugmenttheimmunesystemraykurzweilarguesthatmostdiseaseswillhavebeenwipedoutbythistimesomeresearchersareaimingfortheabilitytoregeneratehumanlimbstobeachievedbythistimeselfdrivingvehicleswilldominatetheroadsandelonmuskhasprojectedthatoperatinganonselfdrivingvehicleonpublicroadsmayevenbeillegalbythistimecarsbeingbuiltduringthistimewhichwillbesmallerthanthevehiclesofpreviousdecadeswillallbepluginelectricsorhybridsduetotheabilitytoorderproductsontheinternetandamassivegrowthindprintingabouthalfoftheshoppingmallsintheunitedstateswillhavecloseddownhypersonicspeedhypersonicpassengerairlinersmaybeinuseshipsmaybefullycapableofrunningthemselvesandrunningondifferenttypesoffuelwillrequirelessmaintenanceduetosensorsandrobotslocatingandrepairingproblemswhileconstructionusingadvancedmaterialswillmakethemlightercommercialdeliverydroneswillbeinwidespreaduseandthefederalaviationadministrationhasestimatedthattheremaybeasmanyasofthemregularlyoperatinginamericanairspacebyadvancesinroboticswillreplacemanyjobsdonebyhumansandthegrowingcapabilitiesofartificialintelligencewillmeanthatwhitecollarworkerwhitecollarjobswillalsobeincreasinglyautomatedinparticularraykurzweilestimatesthatartificialintelligencewillmatchhumanintelligencebythistimeandthatfurthermorehumanswillbecomehybridswithtechnologybyduetohumanbrainsbeingableconnectwithcomputersandbeingfedinformationaccordingtousarmygeneralrobertwconerobotsmayreplaceonequarterofussoldiersbyaquantumcomputingquantumcomputertrillionsoftimesfasterthanasupercomputermayhavebeendevelopedsmartcitysmartcitieswillbeincreasinglycommonwithoveratrillionsensorsinstalledworldwideajapaneseconstructionfirmtheshimizucorporationinconcertwithmanyresearchfirmsandgovernmentagencieshasplansforanunderwaterhabitatunderwatercityofpeoplecalledtheoceanspiralmilesoffthejapanesecoastwhichwillconsistofagiantspherecontaininghomesandbusinessessituatedjustbelowthesurfaceheldupbyaninemilespiraldescendingtotheseabedwheretherewillbeasubmarineportandafactorypoweringthecitybyusingmicroorganismsthatturncarbondioxideintomethanetheshimizucorporationplanstostartconstructioninaccordingtothediscoverychanneldocumentaryextremeengineeringconstructionofanothershimizuproposedprojecttheshimizumegacitypyramidcouldbeunderwaybythesdnaprofilingtechnologywillhaveadvancedtothepointwheretheequivalentoftheentirehumangenomeprojectcanbeperformedinsecondsusingspecialtouchsensitiveglovesintegratedsmartgridsorgridswhichwillusesensorsandmonitoringdevicestodeterminehowmuchenergytodirecttoanyparticularbuildingbasedonitsindividualneedwillbeinwidespreadusethroughoutthedevelopedworldfurthermoreenergyproductionwillbecomemoredecentralizedduetowidespreaduseofsolarpanelsandfuelcellsbyindividualbusinessesandresidencesandthesegridswillbeableredirectsurpluselectricitytootherbuildingstheirareathroughpowerlineschinaisexpectedtohavetheworldslargestpopulationofchristianssurpassingtheunitedstatesmasdarcityisexpectedtobecompletedbyseealsostcenturyinfictionmelbournereferencesinfoboxweaponisvehicleyesnamexmcrusaderimagecaptionxmcrusaderfiringashelllengthmwidthmheightmweighttonssuspensiontorsionbarspeedkmhprimaryarmamentxmemmcannonsecondaryarmamentarmourenginegehoneywelllvturbineenginecrewcommanderdrivergunnerenginepowerhpkwpwratiothexmcrusaderwastobetheunitedstatesarmysnextgenerationselfpropelledartilleryselfpropelledhowitzersphdesignedtoimprovethesurvivabilitylethalitymobilityandeffectivenessoftheartilleryaswellastheoverallforceitwasinitiallyscheduledforfieldingbyuniteddefensewastheprimecontractorgeneraldynamicsthemajorsubcontractorinearlymaysecretaryofdefensedonaldrumsfeldlistofcancelledmilitaryprojectscancelledthebillionusdprogrambecauseheconsidereditneithermobilenorpreciseenoughtheprototyp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celeoijoinsforceswiththewesternempirebritanniaancienthillfortsinbritainarerefortifiedandthewansdykeearthworkwansdykeisbuiltapproximatedateasiaemperorskandaguptadiesafterayearreignashunsconsolidatetheirconquestsinwesternindiaheissucceededbyhishalfbrotherpuruguptaonlyincludebirthsoctoberndashemperorxiaowenofnorthernweiemperorofnorthernweidcerdicofwessexcerdicfirstkingofanglosaxonsanglosaxonwessexapproximatedateleoiiemperorleoiibyzantineemperordemperorshunofliusongchineseemperorofliusongdynastyliusongddeathsbenignusofarmaghirishbishopapproximatedateskandaguptaruleroftheguptaempireindiareferencesnotocyearromannumeralscdlxivwasaleapyearstartingonwednesdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofrusticusandolybriusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempireolybriusiselectedromanconsulbytheeasterncourtinconstantinopleeuropethesuebisuevicnationinkingdomofgaliciagalicianorthernspainisunifiedunderkingremismundkingtheodoriciisendsremismundgiftsforrecognizinghiskingshipincludingweaponsandagothsgothicprincessforawifeaegidiusdiespossiblypoisonpoisonedandissucceededbyhissonsyagriuswhobecomesrulerofthedomainofsoissonsgaulonlyincludebirthshashimibnabdmanafgreatgrandfatherofmuhammadmohammedapproximatedateemperorwuofliangwudichineseemperoroftheliangdynastyddeathsaegidiusromangeneralmagistermilitumapproximatedateconallgulbankingoftyrconnelltirchonaillapproximatedateempresswangxianyuanwangxianyuanempressandwifeofemperorxiaowuofliusongxiaowudibemperorxiaowuofliusongxiaowudiemperoroftheliusongdynastybreferencesromenotocyearromannumeralscdlxvwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaratthetimeitwasknownastheyearoftheconsulshipofhermenericusandbasiliscusorlessfrequentlyyearaburbeconditathedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplaceromanempirebasiliscuswiththehelpofhissisterverinaaeliaverinawifeofemperorleoithethracianleoibecomesaromanconsulconsulinthebyzantineempireeasternromanempireaugustndashlibiusseveruspuppetmonarchpuppetemperorofthewesternromanempirediesafterayearreignricimerdefactorulerestablishespoliticalcontrolforyearsfromhisresidenceinromebritanniabattleofwippedesfleotthesaxonsundercommandofhengistandhorsahengistandoiscofkentaescaredefeatedbythebritonshistoricalbritonsnearebbsfleetthanetebbsfleetkentduringthebattlewaleswelshleadersarekilledaccordingtotheanglosaxonchronicleeuropekingremismundestablishesapolicyoffriendshipwiththevisigothsandpromotestheconversionofthesuebiintoarianisminkingdomofgaliciagalicianorthernspainchinaemperorqianfeiofliusongqianfeidithenemperormingofliusongmingdibecomesruleroftheliusongdynastyafterhisnephewisassassinationassassinatedbytopicreligionnovemberndashpopehilariusconvokesasynodatromesbasilicadisantamariamaggiorechurchofsantamariamaggiorepeterthefullerbecomespatriarchofantiochapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsjulyndashahkalmonaabimayacivilizationmayarulerofpalenqueddubriciusbishopandsaintapproximatedateliberiuspraetorianprefectliberiusromanaristocratapproximatedateprocopiusofgazachristiansophismsophistandrhetoricianapproximatedateseverusofantiochseveruspatriarchofantiochapproximatedatedeathsmayndashgerontiusbishopofmilangerontiusarchbishopofmilanjunendashemperorwenchengofnorthernweiwenchengdiemperorofnorthernweibaugustndashlibiusseverusemperorofthewesternromanempirebuliuguliofficialofthenorthernweinorthernweidynastyeganmacnillkingofcountytyronetreoghainirelandliuchuyuprincessoftheliusongdynastyreferencesxiangqiredirectcategoryshellnotocyearromannumeralsdccclxxxviiiwasaleapyearstartingonmondaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendareventsonlyincludebyplaceeuropejanuaryndashemperorcharlesthefatcharlesiiithefatdiesatneidingenafterhavingsufferedrepeatboutsofanillnessthatmayhavebeenepilepsythefranciafrankishempireissplitagainandfallsapartintoseparatekingdomscountodooffranceodotheheroofthesiegeofparissiegeofparisiselectedkingofthewestfranciawestfrankishkingdomandcrownedatcompignebywalterarchbishopofsenswalterarchbishopofromancatholicarchdioceseofsenssensotherfrankishnobilitynoblemensupporttheyearoldcharlesthesimpletheposthumousbirthposthumoussonofthelatekinglouisthestammereroctoberndashalanikingofbrittanyalanithegreatcountofvannesandhisrivaljudicaeldukeofbrittanyjudicaelunitetheirforcestodefeatthevikingsatquestembertorjudicaeliskilledinanotablevictoryforthebretonswithvikingscrushedsomefewescapingtotheirshipsincommandofaunitedbretonforcealanisabletodrivethevikingsbacktotheloireloireriveralanbecomessolerulerofduchyofbrittanybrittanyandoverthefrankishcountiesofrennescountyofnantesnantescoutancesandavranchesoctoberndashbattleofmilazzobattleofmilazzotheaghlabidsscoreacrushingvictoryoverabyzantinefleetoffsicilywinterndashkingarnulfofcari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melowyrefgusmoleftfretilinandsupportedvariouscentristcoalitionseventuallybecomingaleadingopponentoffretilinbythemidshewasamajorleaderduringtheearlysgusmobecamedeeplyinvolvedindiplomacyandmediamanagementandwasinstrumentalinalertingtheworldtothedilimassacremassacreindilithatoccurredinsantacruzonnovembergusmowasinterviewedbymanymajormediachannelsandobtainedworldwideattentionasaresultofhishighprofilegusmobecameaprimetargetoftheindonesiangovernmentacampaignforhiscapturewasfinallysuccessfulinnovemberinmaygusmowastriedconvictedandsentencedtolifeimprisonmentbytheindonesiangovernmenthewasfoundguiltyunderarticleoftheindonesianpenalcoderebellionlawnoofillegalpossessionoffirearmsandarticleattemptingtoseparatepartoftheterritoryofindonesiahespokeinhisowndefenceandhewasappointedwithdefencelawyersbeforethecommencementofhistrialthesentencewascommutedtoyearsbypresidentofindonesiaindonesianpresidentsuhartoinaugustalthoughnotreleaseduntillategusmosuccessfullyledtheresistancefromwithinprisonwiththehelpofkristyswordbythetimeofhisreleasehewasregularlyvisitedbyunitednationsrepresentativesanddignitariessuchasnelsonmandelatransitiontoindependenceafterindonesianarrestonaugustaeasttimorspecialautonomyreferendumreferendumwasheldineasttimorandanoverwhelmingmajorityvotedforindependencetheindonesianmilitarycommencedacampaignofterrorasaresultwithterribleconsequencesalthoughtheindonesiangovernmentdeniedorderingthisoffensivetheywerewidelycondemnedforfailingtopreventitasaresultofoverwhelmingdiplomaticpressurefromtheunitednationspromotedbyportugalsincethelatesandalsobytheunitedstatesandaustraliainthesaunsanctionedaustralianledinternationalpeacekeepingforceinternationalforceforeasttimorinterfetenteredeasttimorandgusmowasfinallyreleaseduponhisreturntohisnativeeasttimorhebeganacampaignofreconciliationandrebuildinggusmowasappointedtoaseniorroleintheunadministrationthatgovernedeasttimoruntilmayduringthistimehecontinuallycampaignedforunityandpeacewithineasttimorandwasgenerallyregardedasthedefactoleaderoftheemergingnationelectionswereheldinlateandgusmoendorsedbyninepartiesbutnotbyfretilinranasanindependentandwascomfortablyelectedleaderasaresulthebecamethefirstpresidentofeasttimorwhenitbecameformallyindependentonmaygusmohaspublishedanautobiographywithselectedwritingsentitledtoresististowinheisthemainnarratorofthefilmaherosjourneywherethesunrisesadocumentaryabouthimandeasttimoraccordingtodirectorgracephanitsanintimateinsightintothepersonaltransformationofthemanwhohelpedshapeandliberateeasttimorindependenteasttimordilmarousseffonjunegusmocalledforprimeministermarialkatiritoresignorelsehewouldasallegationsthatalkatirihadorderedaguerrillawarfarehitsquadtothreatenandkillhispoliticalopponentsledtoalargebacklashseniormembersofthefretilinpartymetonjunetodiscussalkatirisfutureastheprimeministeramidstaprotestinvolvingthousandsofpeoplecallingforalkatiritoresigninsteadofgusmodespitereceivingavoteofconfidencefromhispartyalkatiriresignedonjunetoendtheuncertaintyinannouncingthishesaidideclareiamreadytoresignmypositionasprimeministerofthegovernmentsoastoavoidtheresignationofhisexcellencythepresidentoftherepublicxananagusmothehitsquadaccusationsagainstalkatiriweresubsequentlyrejectedbyauncommissionwhichalsocriticisedgusmoformakinginflammatorystatementsduringthecrisisgusmodeclinedtorunforanothertermintheeasttimoresepresidentialelectionaprilpresidentialelectioninmarchhesaidthathewouldleadthenewnationalcongressfortimoresereconstructioncnrtintotheeasttimoreseparliamentaryelectionparliamentaryelectionplannedtobeheldlaterintheyearandsaidthathewouldbewillingtobecomeprimeministerifhispartywontheelectionhewassucceededaspresidentofeasttimorpresidentbyjosramoshortaonmaythecnrtplacedsecondinthejuneparliamentaryelectionbehindfretilintakingofthevoteandseatshewonaseatinparliamentasthefirstnameonthecnrtscandidatelistthecnrtalliedwithotherpartiestoformacoalitionthatwouldholdamajorityofseatsinparliamentafterweeksofdisputebetweenthiscoalitionandfretilinoverwhoshouldformthegovernmentramoshortaannouncedonaugustthatthecnrtledcoalitionwouldformthegovernmentandthatgusmowouldbecomeprimeministeronaugustgusmowassworninatthepresidentialpalaceindilionaugustonfebruaryamotorcadecontaininggusmoeasttimoreseassassinationattemptscameundergunfireonehourafterpresidentjosramoshortawasshotinthestomachgusmosresidencewasalsooccupiedbyrebelsaccordingtotheassociatedpresstheincidentsraisedthepossibilityofaeasttimoresecoupdtatattemptcoupattempttheyhavealsodescribedaspossibleassassinationattemptsrefnameruddtimorabcnetaunewsstorieshtmruddpledgesmoretroopsforeasttimorabcnewsaustralianbroadcastingcorporationbotgeneratedtitlerefandkidnapattemptsrefnamelawyernewsbbccoukhiasiapacificstmetimorarrestsreinadolawyerbbcnewsfebruaryrefawardsandhonoursawardsoctoberingusmowasawardedthesakharovprizesakharovprizeforfreedomofthoughtinjulygusmowasappointedasahonorarycompanionofthenewzealandorderofmeritcnzmforthefurtheranceofnewzealandeasttimorrelationsinhewasawardedthesydneypeaceprizeforbeingcourageousandprincipledleaderfortheindependenceoftheeasttimoresepeoplealsoinhewonthefirstgwangjuprizeforhumanrightscreatedtohonourindividualsgroupsorinstitutionsinkoreaandabroadthathavecontributedinpromotingandadvancinghumanrightsdemocracyandpeacethroughtheirworkrefnamegprefinhewasawardedthenorthsouthprizebythecouncilofeuropegusmoisaneminentmemberofthesergiovieirademellofoundationastudentrunrestaurantatuniversityofwarwickincoventryunitedkingdomwasnamedxananasafterhimhonoursgrandcrossoftheorderoflibertyportugaljunehonoraryknightgrandcrossoftheorderofstmichaelandstgeorgemostdistinguishedorderofsaintmichaelandsaintgeorgeunitedkingdomingrandcollaroftheorderofprincehenryportugalnovemberreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebtimorlestegovtlabouttimorlestepreshtmofficialbiographyxwindowsystemredirectcategoryshellnotocyearromannumeralsdlxxxiiwasacommonyearstartingonthursdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireaugustndashemperortiberiusiiconstantineagediespossiblyfromdeliberatelypoisonedfoodatconstantinopleafterayearreignduringwhichthraceandgreecehavebeeninundatedbytheslavicpeopleslavsheissucceededbyhissoninlawmauriceemperormauriceformernotarywhohascommandedthebyzantinearmyinthewaragainstthesassanidempirepersianempireautumnndashmauriceelevatesjohnmystacontomagistermilitumperdioceseoftheeastorientemhesendsabyzantineexpeditionaryforcetoaghdznikarzanenearmeniawheretheyfightapitchedbattleattherivernymphiusbatmanrivereuropesiegeofsirmiumtheavarscarpathiansavarsundertheirrulerkhaganbayaniaidedbyslavicauxiliarytroopscapturethecityofsirmiumafteralmostayearsiegebayanestablishesanewbaseofoperationswithinthebyzantineempirefromwhichhelootingplundersthebalkansbalkanpeninsulagundoaldillegitimatesonofclotaireiarriveswiththefinancialsupportofconstantinopleinsoutherngaulheclaimsasusurperkingthecitiespoitiersandtoulousepartofthefranciafrankishkingdomapproximatedatethevisigothsunderkingliuvigildcapturethecityofmridaspainmridawesterncentralspainwhichisunderthepoliticalcontrolofitspopularbishopmasonaheisarrestedandexiledforyearspersiaasassanidempirepersianarmyundertamkhosraucrossestheeuphrateseuphratesriverandattacksthecityofviranehirconstantinamodernturkeybutheisdefeatedbythebyzantinegreeksbyzantinesandkilledasiaspringndashemperoremperorxuanofchenxuandiagediesafterayearreignandissucceededbyhisincompetentsonchenshubaohouzhuwhobecomesthenewrulerofthechendynastyemperoremperorwenofsuiwndiofthesuidynastyordersthebuildingofanewcapitalwhichhecallsdaxinggreatprosperityonasitesoutheastofchanganmodernxianbytopicreligionaprilndashpatriarchjohnivofconstantinoplejohnnesteutesbecomestherdbishoporecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinopleonlyincludebirthsarnulfofmetzfrankishbishopandsaintapproximatedatelimisuidynastylimichineserebelleaderduringthesuidynastyddeathsagathiasgreekpoetandhistorianapproximatedateempressashinaashinaempressofnorthernzhoubaprilndasheutychiusofconstantinopleeutychiusecumenicalpatriarchofconstantinoplepatriarchofconstantinoplejustiniangeneraljustinianbyzantinegeneralmagistermilitumtamkhosrausassanidempiresassanidpersiangeneralmarzobanmarzbanaugustndashtiberiusiiconstantinelistofbyzantineemperorsbyzantineemperoremperorxuanofchenxuandiemperorofthechendynastybreferencestaxoboxnamexenopusimagexenopuslaevisjpgimagewidthpximagecaptionxenopuslaevisregnumanimaliaphylumchordatechordataclassisamphibiaordofroganurafamiliapipidaesubfamiliaxenopodinaegenusxenopusgenusauthorityjohanngeorgwaglerwaglersubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionspeciesseetextxenopusgkxenosstrangepousfootcommonlyknownastheclawedfrogisagenusofhighlyaquaticfrogsnativetosubsaharanafricatwentyspeciesarecurrentlydescribedinthexenopusgenusthetwobestknownspeciesofthisgenusarexenopuslaevisandxenopustropicaliswhicharecommonlystudiedasmodelorganismsfordevelopmentalbiologycellbiologytoxicologyneuroscienceandformodellinghumandiseaseandbirthdefectsrefnamewallingfordwallingfordjliukandzhengycurrentbiologyvprrefrefnameharlandharlandrmandgraingerrmtrendsingeneticsvprefthegenusisalsoknownforitspolyploidywithsomespecieshavinguptosetsofchromosomescharacteristicsdescriptionallspeciesofxenopushaveflattenedsomewhateggshapedandstreamlinedbodiesandveryslipperyskinbecauseofaprotectivemucuscoveringrefnamearizonarefthefrogsskinissmoothbutwithalaterallinesensoryorganthathasastitchlikeappearancethefrogsareallexcellentswimmersandhavepowerfulfullywebbedtoesthoughthefingerslackwebbingthreeofthetoesoneachfoothaveconspicuousblackclawsthefrogseyesareontopoftheheadlookingupwardsthepupilsarecirculartheyhavenomoveableeyelidstonguesratheritiscompletelyattachedtothefloorofthemouthoreardrumssimilarlytocommonsurinametoadpipapipathecommonsurinametoadrefnamenocanirefrefnamepassmorepassmorenicarruthersvcsouthafricanfrogspwitwatersranduniversitypressjohannesburgrefunlikemostamphibianstheyhavenohaptoglobinintheirbloodbehaviourxenopusspeciesareentirelyaquaticanimalaquaticthoughtheyhavebeenobservedmigratingonlandtonearbybodiesofwaterduringtimesofdroughtorinheavyraintheyareusuallyfoundinlakesriversswampspotholesinstreamsandmanmadereservoirsadultfrogsareusuallybothpredatorsandscavengersandsincetheirtonguesareunusablethefrogsusetheirsmallforelimbstoaidinthefeedingprocesssincetheyalsolackvocalsacstheymakeclicksbriefpulsesofsoundunderwateragainsimilartopipapipamalesestablishahierarchyofsocialdominanceinwhichprimarilyonemalehastherighttomaketheadvertisementcallduringbreedingseasonthemalesdevelopridgelikenuptialpadsblackincolorontheirfingerstoaidingraspingthefemalethefrogsmatingembraceisinguinalmeaningthemalegraspsthefemalearoundherwaistspeciesxamietivolcanoclawedfrogxandreiandresclawedfrogxborealismarsabitclawedfrogxboumbaensismawaclawedfrogxcliviieritreaclawedfrogxfraserifrasersplatannaxgillicapeplatannaxenopusitombwensisxitombwensisxlaevisafricanclawedfrogorcommonplatannaxlargenilargensclawedfrogxlenduensislenduplateauclawedfrogxlongipeslakeokuclawedfrogxmuellerimllersplatannaxpetersiipetersplatannaxpygmaeusbouchiaclawedfrogxruwenzoriensisugandaclawedfrogxtropicaliswesternclawedfrogxvestituskivuclawedfrogxvictorianuslakevictoriaclawedfrogxwitteidewittesclawedfrogmodelorganismforbiomedicalresearchlikemanyotheranuranstheyareoftenusedinlaboratoryasresearchsubjectsxenopusembryosandeggsareapopularmodelsystemforawidevarietyofbiologicalstudiesthisanimalisusedbecauseofitspowerfulcombinationofexperimentaltractabilityandcloseevolutionaryrelationshipwithhumansatleastcomparedtomanymodelorganismsxenopushaslongbeenanimportanttoolforinvivostudiesinmolecularcellanddevelopmentalbiologyofvertebrateanimalshoweverthewidebreadthofxenopusresearchstemsfromtheadditionalfactthatcellfreeextractsmadefromxenopusareapremierinvitrosystemforstudiesoffundamentalaspectsofcellandmolecularbiologythusxenopusistheonlyvertebratemodelsystemthatallowsforhighthroughputinvivoanalysesofgenefunctionandhighthroughputbiochemistryfurthermorexenopusoocytesarealeadingsystemforstudiesofiontransportandchannelphysiologyxenopusisalsoauniquesystemforanalysesofgenomeevolutionandwholegenomeduplicationinvertebratesasdifferentxenopusspeciesformaploidyseriesformedbyhybridbiologyinterspecifichybridizationxenbaseisthegenericmodelorganismdatabasemodelorganismdatabasemodforbothxenopuslaevisandxenopustropicalisinvestigationofhumandiseasegenesallmodesofxenopusresearchembryoscellfreeextractsandoocytesarecommonlyusedindirectstudiesofhumandiseasegenesandtostudythebasicscienceunderlyinginitiationandprogressionofcancerxenopusembryosforinvivostudiesofhumandiseasegenefunctionxenopusembryosarelargeandeasilymanipulatedandmoreoverthousandsofembryoscanbeobtainedinasingledayindeedxenopuswasthefirstvertebrateanimalforwhichmethodsweredevelopedtoallowrapidanalysisofgenefunctionusingmisexpressionbymrnainjectioninjectionofmrnainxenopusthatledtothecloningofinterferonmoreovertheuseofmorpholinoantisenseoligonucleotidesforgeneknockdownsinvertebrateembryoswhichisnowwidelyusedwasfirstdevelopedbyjanetheasmanusingxenopusinrecentyearstheseapproacheshaveplayedinimportantroleinstudiesofhumandiseasegenesthemechanismofactionforseveralgenesmutatedinhumancystickidneydisordersegnephronophthisishavebeenextensivelystudiedinxenopusembryossheddingnewlightonthelinkbetweenthesedisordersciliogenesisandwntsignalingrefcitejournallastschferfirsttobiaslastptzfirstmichaellastlienkampfirstsoerenlastgannerfirstathinalastbergbreiterfirstastridlastramachandranfirstharibaskarlastgielofffirstverenalastgernerfirstmartinlastmattonetfirstchristiandatetitlegeneticandphysicalinteractionbetweenthenphpandnphpgeneproductsjournalhumanmoleculargeneticsvolumeissuepagesdoihmgddnissnpmcpmidrefxenopusembryoshavealsoprovidedarapidtestbedforvalidatingnewlydiscovereddiseasegenesforexamplestudiesinxenopusconfirmedandelucidatedtheroleofpycrincutislaxawithprogeroidfeaturesrefcitejournallastreversadefirstbrunolastescandebeillardfirstnathalielastdimopouloufirstaikaterinilastfischerfirstbjrnlastchngfirstsereneclastlifirstyunlastshboulfirstmohammadlastthamfirstpuayyokelastkayserilifirsthlyadatetitlemutationsinpycrcausecutislaxawithprogeroidfeaturesjournalnaturegeneticsvolumeissuepagesdoingissnpmidreftransgenicxenopusforstudyingtranscriptionalregulationofhumandiseasegenesxenopusembryosdeveloprapidlysotransgenesisinxenopusisarapidandeffectivemethodforanalyzinggenomicregulatorysequencesinarecentstudymutationsinthesmadlocuswererevealedtoassociatewithhumancolorectalcancerinterestinglythemutationslayinconservedbutnoncodingsequencessuggestingthesemutationsimpactedthepatternsofsmadtranscriptiontotestthishypothesistheauthorsusedxenopustransgenesisandrevealedthisgenomicregiondroveexpressionofgreenfluorescentproteingfpinthehindgutmoreovertransgenicsmadewiththemutantversionofthisregiondisplayedsubstantiallylessexpressioninthehindgutrefcitejournallastpittmanfirstalanmlastnaranjofirstsilvialastwebbfirstemilylastbroderickfirstpeterlastlipsfirstestherhlastvanwezelfirsttomlastmorreaufirsthanslastsullivanfirstkatelastfieldingfirstsarahdatetitlethecolorectalcancerriskatqiscausedbyanovelvariantalteringsmadexpressionjournalgenomeresearchvolumeissuepagesdoigrissnpmcpmidrefxenopuscellfreeextractsforbiochemicalstudiesofproteinsencodedbyhumandiseasegenesauniqueadvantageofthexenopussystemisthatcytosolicextractscontainbothsolublecytoplasmicandnuclearproteinsincludingchromatinproteinsthisisincontrasttocellularextractspreparedfromsomaticcellswithalreadydistinctcellularcompartmentsxenopuseggextractshaveprovidednumerousinsightsintothebasicbiologyofcellswithparticularimpactoncelldivisionandthednatransactionsassociatedwithitseebelowstudiesinxenopuseggextractshavealsoyieldedcriticalinsightsintothemechanismofactionofhumandiseasegenesassociatedwithgeneticinstabilityandelevatedcancerrisksuchasataxiatelangiectasiabrcainheritedbreastandovariancancernbsnijmegenbreakagesyndromerecqlrothmundthomsonsyndromecmyconcogeneandfancproteinsfanconianemiarefcitejournallastsobeckfirstalexandralaststonefirststacielastlandaisfirstigorlastdegraaffirstbendertlasthoatlinfirstmaureenedatetitlethefanconianemiaproteinfancmiscontrolledbyfancdandtheatratmpathwaysjournalthejournalofbiologicalchemistryvolumeissuepagesdoijbcmissnpmcpmidrefxenopusoocytesforstudiesofgeneexpressionandchannelactivityrelatedtohumandiseaseyetanotherstrengthofxenopusistheabilitytorapidlyandeasilyassaytheactivityofchannelandtransporterproteinsusingexpressioninoocytesthisapplicationhasalsoledtoimportantinsightsintohumandiseaseincludingstudiesrelatedtotrypanosomatidtrypanosometransmissionepilepsywithataxiaandsensorineuraldeafnessrefcitejournallastbockenhauerfirstdetleflastfeatherfirstsallylaststanescufirsthoriaclastbandulikfirstsaschalastzdebikfirstanselmalastreicholdfirstmarkuslasttobinfirstjonathanlastliebererfirstevelynlaststernerfirstchristinadatetitleepilepsyataxiasensorineuraldeafnesstubulopathyandkcnjmutationsjournalthenewenglandjournalofmedicinevolumeissuepagesdoinejmoaissnpmcpmidrefcatastrophiccardiacarrhythmialongqtsyndromeandmegalencephalicleukoencephalopathyrefcitejournallastduarrifirstannalastteijidofirstoscarlastlpezhernndezfirsttanialastscheperfirstgertclastbarrierefirsthervelastboorfirstiljalastaguadofirstfernandolastzorzanofirstantoniolastpalacnfirstmanueldatetitlemolecularpathogenesisofmegalencephalicleukoencephalopathywithsubcorticalcystsmutationsinmlccausefoldingdefectsjournalhumanmoleculargeneticsvolumeissuepagesdoihmgddnissnpmcpmidrefgeneeditingbythecrisprcassystemhasrecentlybeendemonstratedinxenopustropicalisandxenopuslaevisthistechniqueisbeingusedtoscreentheeffectsofhumandiseasegenesinxenopusandthesystemissufficientlyefficienttostudytheeffectswithinthesameembryosthathavebeenmanipulatedinvestigationoffundamentalbiologicalprocessessignaltransductionxenopusembryosandcellfreeextractsarewidelyusedforbasicresearchinsignaltransductioninjustthelastfewyearsxenopusembryoshaveprovidedcrucialinsightsintothemechanismsoftgfbetaandwntsignaltransductionforexamplexenopusembryoswereusedtoidentifytheenzymesthatcontrolubiquitinationofsmadrefcitejournallastdupontfirstsiriolastmamidifirstanantlastcordenonsifirstmichelangelolastmontagnerfirstmarcolastzacchignafirstlucalastadornofirstmaddalenalastmartellofirstgrazianolaststinchfieldfirstmichaeljlastsoligofirstsandradatetitlefamuspxadeubiquitinatingenzymeessentialfortgfbetasignalingcontrolssmadmonoubiquitinationjournalcellvolumeissuepagesdoijcellissnpmidrefandtodemonstratedirectlinksbetweentgfbetasuperfamilysignalingpathwaysandotherimportantnetworkssuchasthemapkinasepathwayrefcitejournallastcordenonsifirstmichelangelolastmontagnerfirstmarcolastadornofirstmaddalenalastzacchignafirstlucalastmartellofirstgrazianolastmamidifirstanantlastsoligofirstsandralastdupontfirstsiriolastpiccolofirststefanodatetitleintegrationoftgfbetaandrasmapksignalingthroughpphosphorylationjournalsciencevolumeissuepagesdoiscienceissnpmidrefandthewntpathwayrefcitejournallastfuentealbafirstluisclasteiversfirstedwardlastikedafirstatsushilasthurtadofirstcecilialastkurodafirsthirokilastperafirstedgarmlastderobertisfirstedwardmdatetitleintegratingpatterningsignalswntgskregulatesthedurationofthebmpsmadsignaljournalcellvolumeissuepagesdoijcellissnpmcpmidrefmoreovernewmethodsusingeggextractsrevealednovelimportanttargetsofthewntgskdestructioncomplexrefcitejournallastkimfirstnamgyunlastxufirstchonglastgumbinerfirstbarrymdatetitleidentificationoftargetsofthewntpathwaydestructioncomplexinadditiontobetacateninjournalproceedingsofthenationalacademyofsciencesoftheunitedstatesofamericavolumeissuepagesdoipnasissnpmcpmidrefcelldivisionxenopuseggextractshaveallowedthestudyofmanycomplicatedcellulareventsinvitrobecauseeggcytosolcansupportsuccessivecyclingbetweenmitosisandinterphaseinvitroithasbeencriticaltodiversestudiesofcelldivisionforexamplethesmallgtpaseranwasfirstfoundtoregulateinterphasenucleartransportbutxenopuseggextractsrevealedthecriticalroleofrangtpaseinmitosisindependentofitsroleininterphasenucleartransportrefcitejournallastkalbfirstpetrlastprallefirstarndlastisacofffirstehudylasthealdfirstrebeccalastweisfirstkarstendatetitleanalysisofarangtpregulatedgradientinmitoticsomaticcellsjournalnaturevolumeissuepagesdoinatureissnpmidrefsimilarlythecellfreeextractswereusedtomodelnuclearenvelopeassemblyfromchromatinrevealingthefunctionofrangtpaseinregulatingnuclearenvelopereassemblyaftermitosisrefcitejournallasttsaifirstmingyinglastwangfirstshushenglastheidingerfirstjillmlastshumakerfirstdaleklastadamfirststephenalastgoldmanfirstrobertdlastzhengfirstyixiandatetitleamitoticlaminbmatrixinducedbyrangtprequiredforspindleassemblyjournalsciencevolumeissuepagesdoiscienceissnpmidrefmorerecentlyusingxenopuseggextractsitwaspossibletodemonstratethemitosisspecificfunctionofthenuclearlaminbinregulatingspindlemorphogenesisrefcitejournallastmafirstlilasttsaifirstmingyinglastwangfirstshushenglastlufirstbingwenlastchenfirstronglastiiifirstjohnryateslastzhufirstxuelianglastzhengfirstyixiandatetitlerequirementfornudelanddyneinforassemblyofthelaminbspindlematrixjournalnaturecellbiologyvolumeissuepagesdoincbissnpmcpmidrefandtoidentifynewproteinsthatmediatekinetochoreattachmenttomicrotubulesrefcitejournallastemanuelefirstmichaeljlaststukenbergfirstptodddatetitlexenopuscepisanovelkinetochorecomponentinvolvedinmicrotubuleattachmentjournalcellvolumeissuepagesdoijcellissnpmidrefembryonicdevelopmentxenopusembryosarewidelyusedindevelopmentalbiologyasummaryofrecentadvancesmadebyxenopusresearchinrecentyearswouldincludeepigeneticsofcellfatespecificationrefcitejournallastakkersfirstrobertclastvanheeringenfirstsimonjlastjacobifirstulrikeglastjanssenmegensfirstevamlastfranoijsfirstkeesjanlaststunnenbergfirsthendrikglastveenstrafirstgertjancdatetitleahierarchyofhkmeandhkmeacquisitioninspatialgeneregulationinxenopusembryosjournaldevelopmentalcellvolumeissuepagesdoijdevcelissnpmcpmidrefandepigenomereferencemapsrefcitejournallasthontelezfirstsaartjelastvankruijsbergenfirstilalastgeorgioufirstgeorgioslastvanheeringenfirstsimonjlastbogdanovicfirstozrenlastlisterfirstryanlastveenstrafirstgertjancdatetitleembryonictranscriptioniscontrolledbymaternallydefinedchromatinstatejournalnaturecommunicationsvolumepagesdoincommsissnpmcpmidrefmicrornaingermlayerpatterningandeyedevelopmentrefcitejournallastwalkerfirstjamesclastharlandfirstrichardmdatetitlemicrornaaisrequiredtorepressapoptosisinthedevelopingneuralretinajournalgenesdevelopmentvolumeissuepagesdoigadissnpmcpmidrefrefcitejournallastrosafirstalessandrolastspagnolifirstfrancescamlastbrivanloufirstalihdatetitlethemirfamilycontrolsmesendodermalfatespecificationviaspeciesspecifictargetselectionjournaldevelopmentalcellvolumeissuepagesdoijdevcelissnpmidreflinkbetweenwntsignalingandtelomeraserefcitejournallastparkfirstjaeillastventeicherfirstandrewslasthongfirstjiyeonlastchoifirstjinkuklastjunfirstsoheelastshkrelifirstmarinalastchangfirstwoodylastmengfirstzhaojinglastcheungfirstpeggiedatetitletelomerasemodulateswntsignallingbyassociationwithtargetgenechromatinjournalnaturevolumeissuepagesdoinatureissnpmcpmidrefdevelopmentofthevasculaturerefcitejournallastdevalfirstsarahlastchifirstneilclastmeadowsfirststrydermlastminovitskyfirstsimonlastandersonfirstjoshuaplastharrisfirstianslastehlersfirstmelissallastagarwalfirstpoojalastviselfirstaxeldatetitlecombinatorialregulationofendothelialgeneexpressionbyetsandforkheadtranscriptionfactorsjournalcellvolumeissuepagesdoijcellissnpmcpmidrefgutmorphogenesisrefcitejournallastlifirstyanlastrankinfirstscottalastsinnerfirstdboralastkennyfirstalanplastkriegfirstpaulalastzornfirstaaronmdatetitlesfrpcoordinatesforegutspecificationandmorphogenesisbyantagonizingbothcanonicalandnoncanonicalwntsignalingjournalgenesdevelopmentvolumeissuepagesdoigadissnpmcpmidrefcontactinhibitionandneuralcrestcellmigrationrefcitejournallastcarmonafontainefirstcarloslastmatthewsfirsthelenklastkuriyamafirstseilastmorenofirstmauriciolastdunnfirstgrahamalastparsonsfirstmaddylaststernfirstclaudiodlastmayorfirstrobertodatetitlecontactinhibitionoflocomotioninvivocontrolsneuralcrestdirectionalmigrationjournalnaturevolumeissuepagesdoinatureissnpmcpmidrefandthegenerationofneuralcrestfrompluripotentblastulacellsrefcitejournallastbuitragodelgadofirstelsylastnordinfirstkaralastraofirstanjalilastgearyfirstlaurenlastlabonnefirstcaroledatetitleneurodevelopmentsharedregulatoryprogramssuggestretentionofblastulastagepotentialinneuralcrestcellsjournalsciencevolumeissuepagesdoiscienceaaaissnpmcpmidrefdnareplicationxenopuscellfreeextractsalsosupportthesynchronousassemblyandtheactivationoforiginsofdnareplicationtheyhavebeeninstrumentalincharacterizingthebiochemicalfunctionoftheprereplicativecomplexincludingmcmproteinsrefcitejournallasttsujifirsttoshiyalastlaufirstericlastchiangfirstgaryglastjiangfirstweidatetitletheroleofdbfdrfdependentkinasecdcindnadamagecheckpointcontroljournalmolecularcellvolumeissuepagesdoijmolcelissnpmcpmidrefrefcitejournallastxufirstxiaohualastrochettefirstpatrickjlastfeyissafirsteminetalastsufirsttinavlastliufirstyilundatetitlemcmmediatesrecqassociationwithmcmhelicasecomplexduringdnareplicationjournaltheembojournalvolumeissuepagesdoiembojissnpmcpmidrefdnadamageresponsecellfreeextractshavebeeninstrumentaltounravelthesignalingpathwaysactivatedinresponsetodnadoublestrandbreaksatmreplicationforkstallingatrordnainterstrandcrosslinksfaproteinsandatrnotablyseveralmechanismsandcomponentsofthesesignaltransductionpathwayswerefirstidentifiedinxenopusrefcitejournallastbenyehoyadafirstmeravlastwangfirstlilyclastkozekovfirstivandlastrizzofirstcarmelojlastgottesmanfirstmaxelastgautierfirstjeandatetitlecheckpointsignalingfromasinglednainterstrandcrosslinkjournalmolecularcellvolumeissuepagesdoijmolcelissnpmcpmidrefrefcitejournallastrschlefirstmarkuslastknipscheerfirstpucklastknipsheerfirstpucklastenoiufirstmilicalastangelovfirsttodorlastsunfirstjingchuanlastgriffithfirstjackdlastellenbergerfirsttomelastschrerfirstorlandoddatetitlemechanismofreplicationcoupleddnainterstrandcrosslinkrepairjournalcellvolumeissuepagesdoijcellissnpmcpmidrefrefcitejournallastmacdougallfirstchristinaalastbyunfirsttonyslastvanfirstchristopherlastyeefirstmuhchinglastcimprichfirstkarleneadatetitlethestructuraldeterminantsofcheckpointactivationjournalgenesdevelopmentvolumeissuepagesdoigadissnpmcpmidrefapoptosisxenopusoocytesprovideatractablemodelforbiochemicalstudiesofapoptosisrecentlyoocyteswereusedrecentlytostudythebiochemicalmechanismsofcaspaseactivationimportantlythismechanismturnsouttobeconservedinmammalsrefcitejournallastnuttfirstletaklastbuchakjianfirstmarisarlastganfirsteugenelastdarbandifirstrashidlastyoonfirstsookyounglastwufirstjudyqlastmiyamotofirstyukojlastgibbonsfirstjenniferalastgibbonfirstjenniferadatetitlemetaboliccontrolofoocyteapoptosismediatedbyzetaregulateddephosphorylationofcaspasejournaldevelopmentalcellvolumeissuepagesdoijdevcelissnpmcpmidrefregenerativemedicineinrecentyearstremendousinterestindevelopmentalbiologyhasbeenstokedbythepromiseofregenerativemedicinexenopushasplayedarolehereaswellforexampleexpressionofseventranscriptionfactorsinpluripotentxenopuscellsrenderedthosecellsabletodevelopintofunctionaleyeswhenimplantedintoxenopusembryosprovidingpotentialinsightsintotherepairofretinaldegenerationordamagerefcitejournallastviczianfirstandreaslastsolessiofirsteduardoclastlyoufirstyunglastzuberfirstmichaeledatetitlegenerationoffunctionaleyesfrompluripotentcellsjournalplosbiologyvolumeissuepagesedoijournalpbioissnpmcpmidrefinavastlydifferentstudyxenopusembryoswasusedtostudytheeffectsoftissuetensiononmorphogenesisrefcitejournallastdzambafirstbettejlastjakabfirstkarolyrlastmarsdenfirstmungolastschwartzfirstmartinalastdesimonefirstdouglaswdatetitlecadherinadhesiontissuetensionandnoncanonicalwntsignalingregulatefibronectinmatrixorganizationjournaldevelopmentalcellvolumeissuepagesdoijdevcelissnpmcpmidrefanissuethatwillbecriticalforinvitrotissueengineeringphysiologythedirectionalbeatingofmulticiliatedcellsisessentialtodevelopmentandhomeostasisinthecentralnervoussystemtheairwayandtheoviductinterestinglythemulticiliatedcellsofthexenopusepidermishaverecentlybeendevelopedasthefirstinvivotestbedforlivecellstudiesofsuchciliatedtissuesandthesestudieshaveprovidedimportantinsightsintothebiomechanicalandmolecularcontrolofdirectionalbeatingrefcitejournallastparkfirsttaejoolastmitchellfirstbrianjlastabituafirstphilipblastkintnerfirstchrislastwallingfordfirstjohnbdatetitledishevelledcontrolsapicaldockingandplanarpolarizationofbasalbodiesinciliatedepithelialcellsjournalnaturegeneticsvolumeissuepagesdoingissnpmcpmidrefrefcitejournallastmitchellfirstbrianlastjacobsfirstrichardlastlifirstjulielastchienfirstshulastkintnerfirstchrisdatetitleapositivefeedbackmechanismgovernsthepolarityandmotionofmotileciliajournalnaturevolumeissuepagesdoinatureissnpmidrefsmallmoleculescreenstodevelopnoveltherapeuticsbecausehugeamountsofmaterialareeasilyobtainedallmodalitiesofxenopusresearcharenowbeingusedforsmallmoleculebasedscreenschemicalgeneticsofvasculargrowthinxenopustadpolesgiventheimportantroleofneovascularizationincancerprogressionxenopusembryoswererecentlyusedtoidentifynewsmallmoleculesinhibitorsofbloodvesselgrowthnotablycompoundsidentifiedinxenopuswereeffectiveinmicerefcitejournallastklinfirstrolandelastbnzigertoblerfirstnadjaelastdetmarfirstmichaellastbrndlifirstandrwdatetitleaninvivochemicallibraryscreeninxenopustadpolesrevealsnovelpathwaysinvolvedinangiogenesisandlymphangiogenesisjournalbloodvolumeissuepagesdoibloodissnpmcpmidrefrefcitejournallastnyfirstanneliilastkochfirstmartalastvandeveldefirstwouterlastschneiderfirstmartinlastfischerfirstchristianlastdiezjuanfirstantoniolastnevenfirstelkelastgeudensfirstilselastmaityfirstsunitdatetitleroleofvegfdandvegfrindevelopmentallymphangiogenesisachemicogeneticstudyinxenopustadpolesjournalbloodvolumeissuepagesdoibloodissnpmidurlbloodjournalorgcontentbloodjournalfullpdfrefnotablyfrogembryosfiguredprominentlyinastudythatusedevolutionaryprinciplestoidentifyanovelvasculardisruptingagentthatmayhavechemotherapeuticpotentialrefcitejournallastchafirsthyejilastbyromfirstmichellelastmeadfirstpaulelastellingtonfirstandrewdlastwallingfordfirstjohnblastmarcottefirstedwardmdatetitleevolutionarilyrepurposednetworksrevealthewellknownantifungaldrugthiabendazoletobeanovelvasculardisruptingagentjournalplosbiologyvolumeissuepagesedoijournalpbioissnpmcpmidrefthatworkwasfeaturedinthenewyorktimessciencetimesrefnamenytrefinvivotestingofpotentialendocrinedisruptorsintransgenicxenopusembryosahighthroughputassayforthyroiddisruptionhasrecentlybeendevelopedusingtransgenicxenopusembryosrefnamerenamedfromonrefsmallmoleculescreensinxenopuseggextractseggextractsprovidereadyanalysisofmolecularbiologicalprocessesandcanrapidlyscreenedthisapproachwasusedtoidentifynovelinhibitorsofproteasomemediatedproteindegradationanddnarepairenzymesrefnamerenamedfromonnatchembiolintjcancerrefgeneticstudieswhilexenopuslaevisisthemostcommonlyusedspeciesfordevelopmentalbiologystudiesgeneticstudiesespeciallyforwardgeneticstudiescanbecomplicatedbytheirploidypseudotetraploidgenomexenopustropicalisprovidesasimplermodelforgeneticstudieshavingaploidydiploidgenomegeneexpressionknockdowntechniquestheexpressionofgenescanbereducedbyavarietyofmeansforexamplebyusingantisenseoligonucleotidestargetingspecificmrnamoleculesdnaoligonucleotidescomplementarytospecificmrnamoleculesareoftenchemicallymodifiedtoimprovetheirstabilityinvivothechemicalmodificationsusedforthispurposeincludephosphorothioateomethylmorpholinomeaphosphoramidateanddeedphosphoramidaterefnamecitejournallastdaglefirstjmlastweeksfirstdldatetitleoligonucleotidebasedstrategiestoreducegeneexpressionjournaldifferentiationresearchinbiologicaldiversityvolumeissuepagesdoijxissnpmidrefmorpholinooligonucleotidesmorpholinooligosareusedinbothxlaevisandxtropicalistoprobethefunctionofaproteinbyobservingtheresultsofeliminatingtheproteinsactivityrefnamecitejournallastblumfirstmartinlastderobertisfirstedwardmlastwallingfordfirstjohnblastniehrsfirstchristofdatetitlemorpholinosantisenseandsensibilityjournaldevelopmentalcellvolumeissuepagesdoijdevcelissnpmidrefforexampleasetofxtropicalisgeneshasbeenscreenedinthisfashionmorpholinooligosmosareshortantisenseoligosmadeofmodifiednucleotidesmoscanknockdowngeneexpressionbyinhibitingmrnatranslationblockingrnasplicingorinhibitingmirnaactivityandmaturationmoshaveproventobeeffectiveknockdowntoolsindevelopmentalbiologyexperimentsandrnablockingreagentsforcellsinculturemosdonotdegradetheirrnatargetsbutinsteadactviaastericblockingmechanismrnasehindependentmannertheyremainstableincellsanddonotinduceimmuneresponsesmicroinjectionofmosinearlyxenopusembryoscansuppressgeneexpressioninatargetedmannerlikeallantisenseapproachesdifferentmoscanhavedifferentefficacyandmaycauseofftargetnonspecificeffectsoftenseveralmosneedtobetestedtofindaneffectivetargetsequencerigorouscontrolsareusedtodemonstratespecificityincludingphenocopyofgeneticmutationverificationofreducedproteinbywesternorimmunostainingmrnarescuebyaddingbackamrnaimmunetothemouseofdifferentmostranslationblockingandspliceblockinginjectionofcontrolmosxenbaseprovidesasearchablecatalogofovermosthathavebeenspecificallyusedinxenopusresearchthedataissearchableviasequencegenesymbolandvarioussynonymsasusedindifferentpublicationsxenbasemapsthemostothelatestxenopusgenomesingbrowsepredictsofftargethitsandlistsallxenopusliteratureinwhichthemorpholinohasbeenpublishedreferencesexternallinksxenbaseorgxenbaseaxenopuslaevisandtropicaliswebresourcepeloponnesenotocyearromannumeralsdlxxxiiiwasacommonyearstartingonfridaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendarthedenominationforthisyearhasbeenusedsincetheearlymedievalperiodwhentheannodominicalendarerabecametheprevalentmethodineuropefornamingyearseventsonlyincludebyplacebyzantineempireemperormauriceemperormauricedecidestoendtheannualtributetotheavarscarpathiansavarsamountedpeoplewhohavesweptacrossrussiaandthreatenedthebalkansbalkanpeninsulatheycapturethecitiesofsingidunummodernbelgradeandviminaciummoesiaeuropekingliuvigildlayssiegetosevillesouthernspainandformsanmilitaryalliancealliancewiththebyzantinegreeksbyzantineshesummonshisrebellioussonhermenegildbacktotoledospaintoledoandforceshimtoabandonthechalcedonianchristianitychalcedonianfaiththecityofmonemvasiapeloponneseisfoundedbypeopleseekingrefugefromtheslavsandavarseboricalsocalledeuricsucceedshisfathermirosuevickingmiroaskingofthesuebisuevigallaeciahispaniagallaeciaarabiamuhammadageaccompanieshisuncleabutalibibnabdalmuttalibabutalibduringtradetradingjourneystosyriamesoamericayohliknalsucceedskanbalamiasqueenofthemayacivilizationmayacityofpalenquemexicobytopicmedicinesmallpoxbeginsspreadingfromchinatojapanandkoreaapproximatedateonlyincludebirthsabuubaidahibnaljarrahabuubaidahcompanionofmuhammaddliuvaiikingofthevisigothsdumaribnalkhattabumarcompanionofmuhammaddandsecondcaliphofrashiduncaliphatetheodosiussonofmauricetheodosiusbyzantinecoemperorapproximatedatexiaoxianprinceoftheliangdynastyddeathsfebruaryndashkanbalamirulerofpalenquebmirosuevickingmirokingofthesuebisueviapproximatedatereferencesinfoboxpersonnamexavierahollanderimageportraitofxavierahollander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gydevelopmentcommunicationandagriculturewithmajorsinagriculturaleconomicsanimalscienceandcropsciencethecollegepursuesanintegratedprogramofinstructionresearchextensionandproductiontoeducatestudentsinsustainableagricultureandotherrelevanttechnologiesandinequitableaccesstoresourcesinthecontextofglobaleconomicliberalizationliberalizationandgrassrootspeopleparticipationmanresafarmoffersresearchoutreachandproductionopportunitieswhicharesupplementedbyteambuildingandongoingfacultydevelopmentopportunitiesincludeimmersionincommunitiesandinternshipswithcompaniesandorganizationsonfebruarycommissiononhighereducationcheddeclaredxavierateneocenterofdevelopmentinagricultureforthreeyearsthefirstprivateinstitutiongiventhisdesignationondecemberitwasdeclaredasacenterofexcellenceinagricultureinnovembercheddeclaredxavieranationalcenterofexcellencespecificallyaprovincialinstituteforagriculturepiaunderthenationalagricultureandfisherieseducationsystemasapiaxavierisamongtheprioritypartnersofchedinimplementingdevelopmentprojectsinagriculturexavierateneoqualifiesforagranttofundscholarshipscontinuingagricultureeducationprogramsinstructionalmaterialsdevelopmentandupgradingoffacilitiesincludingresearchlaboratoriesamongotherpriorityprojectssupportedbychedthecollegehasleveliiiphilippineaccreditingassociationofschoolscollegesanduniversitiespaascuaccreditationvaliduntilmaythecollegehasproducedfivetopnotchersandovertopfinishersontheagriculturelicensureexaminationcollegeofartsandsciencesthecollegeofartsandscienceswithmorethanonthefacultyoffersmostoftheuniversityscoresubjectsegfilipinoenglishhumanitiesnaturalandsocialsciencesitsstudentcouncilistheunitedartsandsciencesstudentcouncilitsmascotisthetigeritslinkageswithlocalgovernmentunitssustainitscoastalresearchmanagementandstrengthenitsresearchandextensionnetworktheofficeofinternationalcooperationandnetworkingnegotiateswithforeignuniversitiesforinternationallinkagestheartsandsciencesprogramsoftheuniversityarepaasculevelivaccreditedwithitsliteratureandbiologyprogramsdeclaredasachedcenterofdevelopmentprogramofferingsincludeartseconomicsenglishlanguagefilipinohistoryinternationalstudiesliteraturephilosophysociologyanthropologysciencesbiologychemistrymarinebiologymathematicspsychologycollegeofcomputerstudiesthecollegeofcomputerstudiesfoundedinoffersprogramsincomputerscienceandininformationsystemsitscouncilisthecomputerstudiesstudentcouncilanditsmascotthewizarditwasincludedinthefirstbatchofcentersofdevelopmentforexcellenceininformationtechnologyeducationcodeitbychedanditsbsincomputersciencereceivedleveliiaccreditationfrompaascuitstrivestoremainabreastoflocalandinternationalstandardsandregulatoryrequirementsthroughanisoiwaguidelinesfortheapplicationofisoineducationalignmentinitiativetheccsmaintainspartnershipsandlinkageswithotheracademicindustryandgovernmentinstitutionstoaugmentitsinstructionresearchandsocialoutreachcapabilitiesandtoenhancethedeliveryofitscurricularofferingsforinstanceithasbeenalongtimepartnerandtrainingproviderofthesmartschoolsmicrosoftpartnersinlearningprogramacollaborativeprojectofsmartmicrosoftpbspdepedthatprovidesservicetothecommunitythroughittrainingprogramsforpublicschoolscollegeofengineeringthecollegeofengineeringwasfoundedinwithstudentsandspecialtiesinchemicalcivilelectricalandmechanicalengineeringofthisfirstclassonlygraduatedinoftheseincivilengineeringprogramsinelectronicsandindustrialengineeringwereaddedinandthemastersinengineeringafterinthepassraterangedfrominelectricaltoinmechanicalengineeringalltheprogramsarepaasculeveliiaccreditedandallbutindustrialengineeringarecommissiononhighereducationphilippineschedcentersofdevelopmentthecollegeofengineeringstudentcouncilistheassociationofthecollegeofengineeringstudentsitsmascotisthewarriorsymbolizedbylapulapucollegeofnursingthecollegeofnursingwasfoundedinandwasrecognizedbythecommissiononhighereducationinthefirstbatchinhadapassingrateintheintegratednurseslicensureexaminationthefouryearbachelorofscienceinnursingprogramiscommunityandpreventionorientedstudentsengageinbasicsanitationactivitiesinthecommunitysuchastheregularfreecircumcisionsinbarangaynowikisandcommunityforaonhealthissuesfromthroughxavierateneowithaboutnursesperyearhadapassingrateonthelicensureexamandhasbeenrankedsecondamonglargenursingschoolsinthephilippinesitsstudentcouncilisthecouncilofnursingstudentsanditsmascotisthepythonschoolofbusinessandmanagementtheschoolofbusinessandmanagementformerlycollegeofcommerceisarecognizedcenterofexcellencewithprogramsinaccountancyrealestatemanagementandbusinessadministrationmajorsinbusinesseconomicsfinancialmanagementmarketingmanagementthestudententrepreneurshipprogramisfocusedonentrepreneurialvaluesbusinessethicsenvironmentalstewardshipandcorporatesocialresponsibilityinthecertifiedpublicaccountantcpaexamxurankedthnationwideandfromitsfirstclassinrealestatemanagementofreceivedapassinggradeitsaccountancyandbusinessadministrationprogramsarepaasculevelivreaccreditedvaliduntilmayitsstudentcouncilistheschoolofbusinessandmanagementstudentcounci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sequityownernumemployeesparentdivisionssubsidhomepagefootnotesintlbodystyleximianincpreviouslycalledhelixcodeandoriginallynamedinternationalgnomesupportwasacompanythatdevelopedsoldandsupportedapplicationsoftwareforlinuxandunixbasedonthegnomeplatformitwasfoundedbymigueldeicazaandnatfriedmaninandwasboughtbynovellinnovellcontinuedtodevelopximiansoriginalproductswhileaddingsupportforitsowngroupwiseandzenworkssoftwarehistorymigueldeicazahadajobinterviewatmicrosoftinshortlybeforehestartedthegnomeprojectatmicrosofthemetnatfriedmanwhoworkedthereasaninternafterwardstheybecamegoodfriendsinaprilfriedmancameupwiththeideatocreateacompanytoworkongnomethecompanywasfoundedonoctoberasinternationalgnomesupportbutitsnamewaschangedtohelixcodelaterbecausethatnamecouldnotbetrademarkedthenamewaschangedtoximianonjanuarynatfriedmanwasthechiefexecutiveofficerceoofximianfromitsfoundingtowhenximianbroughtindavidpatrickasceoandpresidentfriedmanbecamevicepresidentofproductmanagementthecompanysbusinessmodelwasbasedonprovidingamixoffreesoftwarefreeandproprietarysoftwaresolutionsandservicesximianwasafoundingmemberofthegnomefoundationandthedesktoplinuxconsortiumximianwasacquiredbynovellonaugustbecauseitwantedtoimproveitsofferingsoflinuxfortheenterprisenovellwasinturnacquiredbytheattachmateattachmategrouponaprilinmaytheattachmategrouplaidoffallitsusstaffworkingonmonosoftwaremonowhichincludeddeicazaheandfriedmanthenfoundedxamarinonmayanewcompanytocontinuethedevelopmentofmonoproductsximianbothdevelopednewproductsandpolishedexistingfreesoftwareprojectstoprovidemoreconsistentoperationtheseprojectswerepackagedintoitsximiandesktopproductmdasharangeofintegratedapplicationsintendedtoprovideallthetoolsatypicalbusinessusermightrequiresocalledximianizedversionsofgnomeopenofficeorgandgaimwerereleasedalongwiththefollowingcompletelynewproductsevolutionsoftwareximianevolutionevolutionsoftwarehistoryximianconnectorredcarpetsoftwareredcarpetbonobognomebonobomonosoftwaremonofurtherreadingreferencesreflistrefsrefnameximianfoundingrefrefnameicazahelixrefrefnameximianceorefrefnameeweekrefrefnamenamechangerefrefnamegffoundingrefrefnamedlcfoundingrefrefnamenovellacqrefrefnametagacqrefrefnametagmonolayoffrefrefnamexamarinrefrefnamexamarinfriedmanrefexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebximiancomcopyofofficialwebsiteontheinternetarchivebasedonthexprotocolkeepsdisplayserverandwindowmanagerasseparatecomponentsanxwindowmanagerisawindowmanagerwhichrunsontopofthexwindowsystemawindowingsystemmainlyusedonunixlikesystemsunliketheclassicmacosmacosapplemacintoshandmicrosoftwindowsplatformsexceptingmicrosoftwindowsexplorerexewindowsshellreplacementshellreplacementswhichhavehistoricallyprovidedavendorcontrolledfixedsetofwaystocontrolhowwindowsandpanedwindowpanesdisplayonacomputerdisplayscreenandhowtheusermayinteractwiththemwindowmanagementforthexwindowsystemwasdeliberatelykeptseparatefromthesoftwareprovidingthegraphicaldisplaytheusercanchoosebetweenvariousthirdpartywindowmanagerswhichdifferfromoneanotherinseveralwaysincludingcustomizabilityofappearanceandfunctionalitytextualmenucomputingmenususedtostartprogramsandorchangeoptionsdockcomputingdocksandothergraphicalwaystostartprogramsmultipledesktopsandvirtualdesktopsdesktopslargerthanthephysicalmonitorsizeandpagerguipagerstoswitchbetweenthemconsumptionofmemoryandothersystemresourcesdegreeofintegrationwithadesktopenvironmentwhichprovidesamorecompleteinterfacetotheoperatingsystemandprovidesarangeofintegratedutilitiesandapplicationshowxwindowmanagersworkwhenawindowmanagerisrunningsomekindsofinteractionbetweenthexwindowsystemprotocolsandarchitecturexserveranditsxwindowsystemprotocolsandarchitecturethexclientservermodelandnetworktransparencyclientsareredirectedthroughthewindowmanagerinparticularwheneveranattempttoshowanewwindowismadethisrequestisredirectedtothewindowmanagerwhichdecidestheinitialpositionofthewindowadditionallymostmodernwindowmanagersarereparentingwindowmanagerreparentingwhichusuallyleadstoabannerbeingplacedatthetopofthewindowandadecorativeframebeingdrawnaroundthewindowthesetwoelementsarecontrolledbythewindowmanagerratherthantheprogramthereforewhentheuserclicksordragstheseelementsitisthewindowmanagerthattakestheappropriateactionssuchasmovingorresizingthewindowwindowmanagersarealsoresponsibleforiconcomputingiconsindeediconsdonotexistatthexwindowsystemcoreprotocollevelwhentheuserrequestsawindowtobeiconifiedthewindowmanagerunmapsitmakesitnonvisibleandtakestheappropriateactionstoshowaniconinitsplacemostmodernwindowmanagersdonotliterallyshowiconstorepresenticonifiedwindowsanymoreoftenanauxiliarytoolbarprogramwillallowaccesstoiconifiedwindowswhilethemainaimofawindowmanageristomanagethewindowsmanywindowmanagershaveadditionalfeaturessuchashandlingmouseclicksintherootwindowpresentingpanesandothervisualelementshandlingsomekeystrokesegaltfmaycloseawindowdecidingwhichapplicationtorunatstartupetcstandardizedprotocolsexisttoallownormalclientstocommunicatewiththewindowmanagertheoriginaloneisinterclientcommunicationconventionsmanualicccmbutthishasbeensupersededbytheextendedwindowmanagerhintsewmhtypesofwindowmanagersstackingwindowmanagersastackingwindowmanagerrendersthewindowsonebyoneontothescreenatspecificcoordinatesifonewindowsareaoverlapsanotherthenthewindowontopoverwritespartoftheothersvisibleappearancethisresultsintheappearancefamiliartomanyusersinwhichwindowsactalittlebitlikepiecesofpaperonadesktopwhichcanbemovedaroundandallowedtooverlapincontrasttocompositingwindowmanagersseebelowthelackofseparateoffscreenbufferscanmeanincreasedefficiencybuteffectssuchastranslucencyarenotpossiblestackingwindowmanagersincludeamiwmblackboxenlightenmentwindowmanagerenlightenmentfluxboxfvwmicewmmotifwindowmanagermwmopenboxandwindowmakertilingwindowmanagersatilingwindowmanagerisawindowmanagerwithanorganizationofthescreenintomutuallynonoverlappingframeshencethenametessellationtilingasopposedtothetraditionalapproachofcoordinatebasedstackingofobjectswindowsthattriestoemulatethedeskparadigmtilingwindowmanagersincludeawesomewindowmanagerawesomedwmionwindowmanagerionlarswmratpoisonstumpwmwmiiiwindowmanagerixmonadandxwemcompositingwindowmanagersacompositingwindowmanagermayappeartotheusersimilartoastackingwindowmanagerhowevertheindividualwindowsarefirstrenderedinindividualbuffersandthentheirimagesarecompositedontothescreenbufferthistwostepprocessmeansthatvisualeffectssuchasshadowstranslucencycanbeapplieditalsomeansthatcompositingwindowmanagersareinherentlymoreresourcehungrythananequivalentlypowerfulstackingwindowmanagerforthisreasonsomewindowmanagersforxdonotsupportcompositingbydefaultsuchasopenboxaskubuntucomquestionscompositinginlubuntucompositingwindowmanagerhistoryhistoricallytheamigainosxinjavalookingglassinandthewindowslonghorndemoindelayeduntilvistainprecededcompositingeffortsunderxcompositingwindowmanagersforxincludegnomesmutterwindowmanagermutternemetacityfirstdevbranchcompositorinorwebarchiveorgwebwebapprrzunihamburgdesusedokumentationpackagesmetacitynewsoflinuxtodaycomdevelopernwgnrloriginalstablebranchcompositorsinceinmailgnomeorgarchivesmetacitydevellistnovembermsghtmlormailgnomeorgarchivesmetacitydevellistfebruarymsghtmlcurrentcompositorarchitecturesincetombuntucomindexphpenablemetacitycompositingingnomeinmetacityclutterbegatmutterwindowmanagermutterinxfcesxfwmsinceoforwebarchiveorgwebmailxfceorgpipermailxfcejanuaryhtmlunityuserinterfaceunityscompizsincewasforkedasberylwindowmanagerberylinbuttheprojectsremergedinandkdeskwinsinceofcompositingsupportcanbeaddedtononcompositingwindowmanagersthroughtheuseofcompositorssuchascomptonvirtualwindowmanagersavirtualwindowmanagerisawindowmanagerthatusesvirtualscreenswhoseresolutioncanbehigherthantheresolutionofonesmonitordisplayadapterthusresemblingatwodimensionalvirtualdesktopwithitsviewportthisenvironmentisveryusefulwhenonewishestohavealargenumberofwindowsopenatthesametimeanumberofvirtualwindowmanagershavebeenmadeincludingfvwmtvtwmhazeandotherswindowmanagersthatareextensiblesomewindowmanagersareextensibleorprogrammablebyuserscriptsinthesewindowmanagersuserscandefinenewactionsoroverridethedefaultorreactionstovariouseventslikewindowsizeandpositionchangeswindowcreationanddeletionkeyandmouseinputtimeretctheyoftenprovideontheflycodeexecutiontoosomeexamplesofsuchwindowmanagersandtheusedlanguagesareawesomewindowmanagerawesomeluaprogramminglanguageluakwinecmascriptqtilepythonsawfishwindowmanagersawfishrepalispprogramminglanguagelispdialectxmonadhaskellprogramminglanguagehaskellstumpwmcommonlispgwmwindowmanagergwmwoolalispdialectseealsocomparisonofxwindowmanagersreparentingwindowmanagerforapopularimplementationtechniquexwindowsystemprotocolsandarchitectureforcontextwindowingsystemwmctrlacommandlineutilityusedtocontrolwindowsinewmhandnetwmcompatiblewindowmanagersxdotoolanothercommandlineutilityusedtocontrolwindowswaylandcompositorreferencesexternallinksxwinmanorgwindowmanagersforxbymattchapmanlinuxsoftczenswlistphpidkategorysoftwarelistwindowmanagerslistofwindowmanagerswithsummariesgilesorrcomwmtablehtmlthecomprehensivelistofwindowmanagersforunixxinefficiencyredirectcategoryshellinfoboxsoftwarenamexfcelogoxfcelogosvgscreenshotxfceondebianpngcaptionxfceondebianthisscreenshotshowsthatxfcedoessupportclientsidedecorationcsdauthorolivierfourdandevelopermultiplereleasedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionstatusactiveprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecgtkplatformunixlikegenredesktopenvironmentlicensegnugeneralpubliclicensegnugplgnulessergeneralpubliclicensegnulgplandbsdlicensewebsitelatestpreviewdatexfcepronouncedasfourindividuallettersisafreeandopensourcesoftwarefreeandopensourcedesktopenvironmentforunixandunixlikeoperatingsystemssuchaslinuxsolarisoperatingsystemsolarisandberkeleysoftwaredistributionbsdxfceaimstobefastandlightweightdisambiguationlightweightwhilestillbeingvisuallyappealingandeasytousexfceembodiesthetraditionalunixphilosophyunixphilosophyofmodularityandreusabilityitconsistsofseparatelypackagedpartsthattogetherprovideallfunctionsofthedesktopenvironmentbutcanbeselectedinsubsetstosuituserneedsandpreferenceanotherpriorityofxfceisadherencetostandardsspecificallythosedefinedatfreedesktoporgfeatureslikegnomexfceisbasedonthegtktoolkitbutitisnotagnomeforkitusesthexfwmwindowmanagerdescribedbelowitsconfigurationisentirelymousedrivenwiththeconfigurationfileshiddenfromthecasualusercomputinguserxfcedoesnotfeatureanydesktopanimationsbutxfwmsupportscompositingwindowmanagercompositinghistoryolivierfourdanstartedtheprojectinasalinuxversionofthecommondesktopenvironmentcderefnamethenrefaunixdesktopenvironmentthatwasinitiallyproprietarysoftwareproprietaryandlaterreleasedasfreesoftwarerefnameosnewsciteweburlosnewscomstorycdereleasedasopensourcetitlecdereleasedasopensourcewebsiteosnewsfirstthomlastholwerdadateaugustrefhoweverovertimexfcedivergedfromcdeandnowstandsonitsownthenamexfcewasoriginallyanacronymforxformstoolkitxformscommonenvironmentbutsincethattimeithasbeenrewrittentwiceandnolongerusesthexformstoolkitthenamesurvivedbutitisnolongercapitalizedasxfcebutratherasxfcethedeveloperscurrentstanceisthattheinitialismnolongerstandsforanythingspecificafternotingthisthefaqonthexfcewikicommentssuggestionxfreakincoolenvironmentrefnamefaqreftheslackwarelinuxdistributionhasnicknamedxfcethecholesterolfreedesktopenvironmentalooseinterpretationoftheinitialismperthefaqthelogoofxfceisamouseobviouslyforallkindsofreasonslikeworlddominationandmonstersandsuchapossiblereferencetothemausgraphicnovelinthesupertuxkartgameinwhichvariousopensourcemascotsraceagainsteachotherthemouseissaidtobeafemalenamedxueearlyversionsxfcebeganasasimpleprojectcreatedwithxformsolivierfourdanreleasedtheprogramwhichwasjustasimpletaskbaronibibliosunsiterefnamegazettereffourdancontinueddevelopingtheprojectandinxfcewasreleasedwiththefirstversionofxfceswindowmanagerxfwmherequestedtohavetheprojectincludedinredhatlinuxbutwasrefusedduetoitsxformsbasisredhatonlyacceptedsoftwarethatwasopensourceandreleasedundereitheragnugeneralpubliclicensegplorbsdcompatiblelicensewhereasatthetimexformswasclosedsourceandfreeonlyforpersonaluseforthesamereasonxfcewasnotindebianbeforeversionandxfcewasonlydistributedindebianscontribsoftwarerepositoryrepositoryinmarchfourdanbeganacompleterewriteoftheprojectbasedongtkanonproprietarytoolkitthenrisinginpopularitytheresultwasxfcelicensedunderthegplalongwithbeingbasedcompletelyonfreesoftwaretheprojectgainedgtkdraganddropsupportnativelanguagesupportandimprovedconfigurabilityxfcewasuploadedtosourceforgenetinfebruarystartingwithversionmodernxfcesbehindwindowsalphacompositingalphablendingalphablendedwindowsandpanelinversionreleasedxfcewasupgradedtousethegtklibrarieschangesinincludedacompositingwindowmanagercompositingmanagerforxfwmwhichaddedbuiltinsupportfortransparencyanddropshadowsaswellasanewdefaultscalablevectorgraphicssvgiconsetinjanuaryxfcewasreleasedthisincludedthethunarfilemanagerareplacementforxffmsupportfordesktopiconswasaddedalsovariousimprovementsweremadetothepaneltopreventbuggypluginsfromcrashingthewholepanelinfebruaryxfcewasreleasedthisversionhadanewconfigurationbackendanewsettingsmanagerandanewsoundmixeraswellasseveralsignificantimprovementstothesessionmanagerandtherestofxfcescorecomponentsinjanuaryxfcewasreleasedthisversionincludedchangessuchasthereplacementofthunarvfsandhalsoftwarehalwithgiognomegioudevconsolekitandpolicykitandnewutilitiesforbrowsingremotenetworksharesusingseveralprotocolsincludingsshfiletransferprotocolsftpservermessageblocksmbandfiletransferprotocolftpwindowclutterwasreducedbymergingallthunarfileprogressdialogboxesintoasingledialogthepanelapplicationwasalsorewrittenforbetterpositioningtransparencyanditemandlaunchermanagementalsointroducedanewmenuplugintoviewdirectoriesthepluginframeworkremainscompatiblewithpluginsthedisplayconfigurationdialoginsupportsrandrdetectingscreensautomaticallyandallowinguserstopicktheirpreferreddisplayresolutionrefreshrateanddisplayrotationmultipledisplayscanbeconfiguredtoeitherworkinmultimonitorclonemodeclonemodeorbeplacednexttoeachotherkeyboardselectionwasrevampedtobeeasierandmoreuserfriendlyalsothemanualsettingseditorwasupdatedtobemorefunctionalthedevelopmentcyclewasthefirsttousethenewreleasestrategyformedafterthexfcereleaseanddevelopmentmodeldevelopedattheubuntuoperatingsystemubuntudesktopsummitinmayanewwebapplicationwasemployedtomakereleasemanagementeasierandadedicatedtransifexserverwassetupforxfcetranslatorstheprojectsserverandmirroringinfrastructurewasalsoupgradedpartlytocopewithanticipateddemandfollowingthereleaseannouncementforxfcereleasedaprilintroducedaverticaldisplaymodeforthepanelandmovedmuchofthedocsxfceorgdocumentationtoanonlinewikithemainfocusofthisreleasewasonimprovingtheuserexperiencexfcewasreleasedonfebruarytwoyearsandtenmonthslatercontrarytomassinternetspeculationabouttheprojectbeingdeadthetargetofwastoimproveuserexperienceandtakeadvantageoftechnologiesintroducedintheinterimnewwindowmanagerfeaturesincludeanalttabdialogandsmartmultimonitorhandlingalsoanewpowermanagementpluginforthepanelsnotificationareawasintroducedaswellasarewrittenmousepadsoftwaretexteditorandanenhancedthunarfilemanagerxfcealsostartedthetransitiontogtkbyportingapplicationandsupportingpluginsandbookmarkswiththeprojectreiterateditscommitmenttounixlikeplatformsotherthanlinuxbyfeaturingopenbsdscreenshotsxfceisthedevelopmentreleaseduringthetransitionofportingcomponentstobefullygtkcompatibleincludingxfcepanelandxfcesettingstheplannedreleaseofxfcewasannouncedinaprilthemaingoalsofthereleaseincludeportingtheremainingcorecomponentsfromgtktogtkreplacingthedependencyonwithgdbusgnomesimplementationofthedbusspecificationandremovingdeprecatedwidgetsmajorfeaturesarepostponedforalaterreleasetheminimumgtkversionwasbumpedfromtosoftwarecomponentsapplicationsdevelopedbythexfceteamarebasedongtkandselfdevelopedxfcelibrariesxfceprovidesadevelopmentframeworkwhichcontainsthefollowingcomponentsexoanapplicationlibraryforthexfcedesktopenvironmentgarconafreedesktoporgcompliantmenulibrarylibxfceuiawidgetslibraryforthexfcedesktopenvironmentlibxfceutilanextensionlibraryforxfceotherthanxfceitselftherearethirdpartyprogramswhichusethexfcelibrarycomputersciencelibrariessuchastheterminalxfcexfceterminaloneoftheservicesprovidedtoapplicationsbytheframeworkisaredbanneracrossthetopofthewindowwhentheapplicationisrunningwithprincipleofleastprivilegerootprivilegeswarningtheuserthattheycoulddamagesystemfilesxfceterminalaterminalemulatorisprovidedaspartofthexfceprojectbutitcanbeusedinotherxwindowsystemenvironmentsaswellitsupportstabscustomizablekeybindingscolorsandwindowsizesitwasdesignedtoreplacegnometerminalwhichdependsonthegnomelibrarieslikegnometerminalthoughitisbasedonthevtelibraryxfwmstartingwithversionxfwmintegratesitsowncompositingwindowmanagercompositingmanagerthunarthunaristhedefaultfilemanagerforxfcereplacingxffmitresemblesgnomesnautilusfilemanagernautilusandisdesignedforspeedandalowmemoryfootprintaswellasbeinghighlycustomizablethroughpluginsxfcealsohasalightweightarchivefilearchivemanagercalledxarchiverbutthisisnotpartofthecorexfcemorerecentlysqueezehasbeenstartedasanarchivemanagerdesignedtointegratebetterintothexfcedesktopandthoughnoreleaseshavebeenmadesincethegitrepositoryofsqueezehasbeenactiveandthisversionismorefeaturerichthanthelaststablereleaseoragestartingwithversionxfcalendarwasrenamedtooragefrenchforthunderstormandseveralfeatureswereaddedoragehasalarmsandusestheicalendarformatmakingitcompatiblewithmanyothercalendarapplicationsegvdirsyncertosyncviacaldavitalsoincludesapanelclockpluginandaninternationalclockapplicationcapableofsimultaneouslyshowingclocksfromseveraldifferenttimezonesmousepadmousepadisthedefaulttexteditorforxfceinsomelinuxdistributionsincludingxubuntumousepadaimstobeaneasytouseandfasteditormeantforquicklyeditingtextfilesnotadevelopmentenvironmentoraneditorwithalargepluginecosystemitoriginatedasasoftwareforkforkofleafpaddevelopedbyerikharrisonandnickschermerbutsincethenithasbeenrewrittenfromscratchparoleafrontendforthegstreamerframeworkitisdevelopedbyaliabdallahandispartofthexfcegoodiesoriginallyonlyplaylistbaseditnowincludesanoptiontoreplacetheentireplaylistwhenopeningafileforplayingxfburnacddvdburningprogramstartingwiththereleaseofxfcexfburnisalsoabletoburnbluraydiscstableofxfcecomponentsclasswikitablecomponentsdescriptionsnotesclipmanclipboardmanagermousepadtexteditororagegraphicalcalendarparoleafrontendforthegstreamerframeworkthunarfilemanagerxfburnopticaldiscauthoringsupportscddvdbluraydiscbrdxfceappfinderapplicationfinderforxfcexfcemixeravolumecontrolpluginforthexfcepanelandastandalonesoundmixerapplicationusesgstreamerasabackendxfcenotifydasimplevisuallyappealingnotificationdaemonforxfcethatimplementsthefreedesktoporgdesktopnotificationsspecificationxfcepaneldesktoptaskbarxfcepowermanagerpcpowermanagementprogramxfcesessionxfcesessionmanagerxfceterminalterminalemulatorxfwmxwindowmanagerwithoptionalcompositingwindowmanagercompositingproductsanddistributionsusingxfcexfceisincludedasoneofthegraphicaluserinterfacesonthepandoraconsolepandorahandheldgamingsystemitisthedefaultdesktopenvironmentinthefollowinglinuxdistributionsbackboxdragoragnulinuxlibredevuangnulinuxosemmabuntslinuxlitemanjarolinuxmxlinuxmythbuntublacklablinuxqubesossalineossolydxksolydxuberstudentubuntustudioxubuntuitisalsoincludedasastandarddesktopoptiononfreebsdandinmanyotherdistributionsincludingarchlinuxdebianubuntuoperatingsystemubuntuopensusefedoraoperatingsystemfedorakalilinuxkalikororaoperatingsystemkororalinuxmintslackwaremageiaandvoidlinuxkalilinuxalsousesxfceasthedesktopenvironmentwhenrunningonthearmplatformdebianmakesaseparatenetinstallcdavailablethatinstallsxfceasthedefaultdesktopenvironmentindebianbrieflymadeitthedefaultenvironmentreplacinggnomeseealsobudgiedesktopenvironmentbudgiecinnamonsoftwarecinnamonlxdematesoftwarematelistofcomputingmascotsreferencesexternallinksxpssystemxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyxpsisasurfacesensitivequantitativespectroscopictechniquethatmeasurestheelementalcompositionatthepartsperthousandrangeempiricalformulachemicalstateandelectronicstateoftheelementsthatexistwithinamaterialxpsspectrumspectraareobtainedbyirradiatingamaterialwithabeamofxrayswhilesimultaneouslymeasuringthekineticenergyandnumberofelectronsthatescapefromthetoptonanometrenmofthematerialbeinganalyzedxpsrequireshighvacuumpsupsupmillibarunitbarorultrahighvacuumuhvpsupsupmillibarconditionsalthoughacurrentareaofdevelopmentisambientpressurexpsinwhichsamplesareanalyzedatpressuresofafewtensofmillibarxpscanbeusedtoanalyzethesurfacesciencesurfacechemistrysurfacechemistryofamaterialinitsasreceivedstateoraftersometreatmentforexamplefracturingcuttingorscrapinginairoruhvtoexposethebulkchemistryionbeamionbeametchingorsputteringionbeametchingtocleanoffsomeorallofthesurfacecontaminationwithmildionetchingortointentionallyexposedeeperlayersofthesamplewithmoreextensiveionetchingindepthprofilingxpsexposuretoheattostudythechangesduetoheatingexposuretoreactivegasesorsolutionsexposuretoionimplantationionbeamimplantexposuretoultravioletlightxpsisalsoknownasescaelectronspectroscopyforchemicalanalysisanabbreviationintroducedbykaisiegbahnsresearchgrouptoemphasizethechemicalratherthanmerelyelementalinformationthatthetechniqueprovidesinprinciplexpsdetectsallelementsinpracticeusingtypicallaboratoryscalexraysourcesxpsdetectsallelementswithanatomicnumberzoflithiumandaboveitcannoteasilydetecthydrogenzorheliumzdetectionlimitsformostoftheelementsonamoderninstrumentareinthepartsperthousandrangedetectionlimitsofpartspermillionppmarepossiblebutrequirespecialconditionsconcentrationattopsurfaceorverylongcollectiontimeovernightxpsisroutinelyusedtoanalyzeinorganiccompoundsmetalalloyssemiconductorspolymerselementchemistryelementscatalystsglassesceramicspaintspapersinkswoodsplantpartscosmeticsmakeupteethbonesimplantmedicinemedicalimplantsbiomaterialsviscousoilsgluesionmodifiedmaterialsandmanyothersxpsislessroutinelyusedtoanalyzethehydratedformsofsomeoftheabovematerialsbyfreezingthesamplesintheirhydratedstateinanultrapureenvironmentandallowingorcausingmultilayersoficetosublimeawaypriortoanalysissuchhydratedxpsanalysisallowshydratedsamplestructureswhichmaybedifferentfromvacuumdehydratedsamplestructurestobestudiedintheirmorerelevantasusedhydratedstructuremanybiomaterialssuchashydrogelsareexamplesofsuchsamplesmeasurementsimagexpsphysicspngthumbpxroughschematicofxpsphysicsphotoelectriceffectxpsisusedtomeasureelementalcompositionofthesurfacetopnbspnmusuallyempiricalformulaofpurematerialselementsthatcontaminateasurfacechemicalorelectronicstateofeachelementinthesurfaceuniformityofelementalcompositionacrossthetopsurfaceorlineprofilingormappinguniformityofelementalcompositionasafunctionofionbeametchingordepthprofilingxpscanbeperformedusingacommerciallybuiltxpssystemaprivatelybuiltxpssystemorasynchrotronbasedlightsourcecombinedwithacustomdesignedelectronenergyanalyzercommercialxpsinstrumentsintheyearusedeitherafocusedtomicrometremicrometerdiameterbeamofmonochromaticalksubsubxraysorabroadtommdiameterbeamofnonmonochromaticpolychromaticalksubsubxraysormgksubsubxraysafewspeciallydesignedxpsinstrumentscananalyzevolatileliquidsorgasesormaterialsatpressuresofroughlytorrtorrmillibarbuttherearerelativelyfewofthesetypesofxpssystemstheabilitytoheatorcoolthesampleduringorpriortoanalysisisrelativelycommonbecausetheenergyofanxraywithparticularwavelengthisknownforalksubsubxraysesubphotonsubevandbecausetheemittedelectronskineticenergiesaremeasuredtheelectronbindingenergyofeachoftheemittedelectronscanbedeterminedbyusinganequationthatisbasedontheworkofernestrutherfordmathetextbindingetextphotonleftetextkineticphirightmathwhereesubbindingsubisthebindingenergybeoftheelectronesubphotonsubistheenergyofthexrayphotonsbeingusedesubkineticsubisthekineticenergyoftheelectronasmeasuredbytheinstrumentandmathphimathistheworkfunctiondependentonboththespectrometerandthematerialthisequationisessentiallyaconservationofenergyequationtheworkfunctiontermmathphimathisanadjustableinstrumentalcorrectionfactorthataccountsforthefewevofkineticenergygivenupbythephotoelectronasitbecomesabsorbedbytheinstrumentsdetectoritisaconstantthatrarelyneedstobeadjustedinpracticehistoryinheinrichrudolfhertzdiscoveredbutcouldnotexplainthephotoelectriceffectwhichwaslaterexplainedinbyalberteinsteinnobelprizeinphysicstwoyearsaftereinsteinspublicationinpdinnesexperimentedwithawilhelmrntgenrntgentubehelmholtzcoilsamagneticfieldhemisphereanelectronkineticenergyanalyzerandphotographicplatestorecordbroadbandsofemittedelectronsasafunctionofvelocityineffectrecordingthefirstxpsspectrumotherresearchersincludinghenrymoseleyrawlinsonandrobinsonindependentlyperformedvariousexperimentstosortoutthedetailsinthebroadbandsafterworldwariiwwiikaisiegbahnandhisresearchgroupinuppsalaswedendevelopedseveralsignificantimprovementsintheequipmentandinrecordedthefirsthighenergyresolutionxpsspectrumofcleavedsodiumchloridenaclrevealingthepotentialofxpsafewyearslaterinsiegbahnpublishedacomprehensivestudyofxpsbringinginstantrecognitionoftheutilityofxpswhichhereferredtoaselectronspectroscopyforchemicalanalysisescaincooperationwithsiegbahnasmallgroupofengineersmikekellycharlesbrysonlavierfayerobertchaneyathewlettpackardintheusaproducedthefirstcommercialmonochromaticxpsinstrumentinsiegbahnreceivedthenobelprizeforphysicsintoacknowledgehisextensiveeffortstodevelopxpsintoausefulanalyticaltoolinparallelwithsiegbahnsworkdavidwturnerdavidturneratimperialcollegeandlateratoxforduniversityintheukdevelopedultravioletphotoelectronspectroscopyupsonmolecularspeciesusingheliumlampsbasicphysicsatypicalxpsspectrumisaplotofthenumberofelectronsdetectedsometimesperunittimeyaxisordinateversusthebindingenergyoftheelectronsdetectedxaxisabscissaeachelementproducesacharacteristicsetofxpspeaksatcharacteristicbindingenergyvaluesthatdirectlyidentifyeachelementthatexistsinoronthesurfaceofthematerialbeinganalyzedthesecharacteristicspectralpeakscorrespondtotheelectronconfigurationoftheelectronswithintheatomsegsspsetcthenumberofdetectedelectronsineachofthecharacteristicpeaksisdirectlyrelatedtotheamountofelementwithinthexpssamplingvolumetogenerateatomicpercentagevalueseachrawxpssignalmustbecorrectedbydividingitssignalintensitynumberofelectronsdetectedbyarelativesensitivityfactorrsfandnormalizedoveralloftheelementsdetectedsincehydrogenisnotdetectedtheseatomicpercentagesexcludehydrogentocountthenumberofelectronsduringtheacquisitionofaspectrumwithaminimumoferrorxpsdetectorsmustbeoperatedunderultrahighvacuumuhvconditionsbecauseelectroncountingdetectorsinxpsinstrumentsaretypicallyonemeterawayfromthematerialirradiatedwithxraysthislongpathlengthfordetectionrequiressuchlowpressuressurfacesensitivityxpsdetectsonlythoseelectronsthathaveactuallyescapedfromthesampleintothevacuumoftheinstrumentandreachthedetectorinordertoescapefromthesampleintovacuumaphotoelectronmusttravelthroughthesamplephotoemittedelectronscanundergoinelasticcollisionsrecombinationexcitationofthesamplerecaptureortrappinginvariousexcitedstateswithinthematerialallofwhichcanreducethenumberofescapingphotoelectronstheseeffectsappearasanexponentialattenuationfunctionasthedepthincreasesmakingthesignalsdetectedfromanalytesatthesurfacemuchstrongerthanthesignalsdetectedfromanalytesdeeperbelowthesamplesurfacethusthesignalmeasuredbyxpsisanexponentiallysurfaceweightedsignalandthisfactcanbeusedtoestimateanalytedepthsinlayeredmaterialscomponentsofacommercialsystemthemaincomponentsofacommerciallymadexpssystemincludeasourceofxraysanultrahighvacuumuhvstainlesssteelchamberwithuhvpumpsanelectroncollectionlensanelectronenergyanalyzermumetalmagneticfieldshieldinganelectrondetectorsystemamoderatevacuumsampleintroductionchambersamplemountsasamplestageandasetofstagemanipulatorsmonochromaticaluminiumkalphaxraysarenormallyproducedbydiffractingandfocusingabeamofnonmonochromaticxraysoffofathindiscofnaturalcrystallinequartzwithamillerindexorientationtheresultingwavelengthisangstromsnbspnmwhichcorrespondstoaphotonenergyofevaluminumkalphaxrayshaveanintrinsicfullwidthathalfmaximumfwhmfullwidthathalfmaximumfwhmofevcenteredoneveeforawelloptimizedmonochromatortheenergywidthofthemonochromatedaluminumkalphaxraysisevbutenergybroadeningincommonelectronenergyanalyzersspectrometersproducesanultimateenergyresolutionontheorderoffwhmevwhichineffectistheultimateenergyresolutionofmostcommercialsystemswhenworkingunderpracticaleverydayconditionshighenergyresolutionsettingswillproducepeakwidthsfwhmbetweenevforvariouspureelementsandsomecompoundsforexampleinaspectrumobtainedinminuteatapassenergyofevusingmonochromatedaluminumkalphaxraystheagdsubsubpeakforacleansilverfilmorfoilwilltypicallyhaveafwhmofevnonmonochromaticmagnesiumxrayshaveawavelengthofangstromsnbspnmwhichcorrespondstoaphotonenergyofevtheenergywidthofthenonmonochromatedxrayisroughlyevwhichineffectistheultimateenergyresolutionofasystemusingnonmonochromaticxraysnonmonochromaticxraysourcesdonotuseanycrystalstodiffractthexrayswhichallowsallprimaryxrayslinesandthefullrangeofhighenergybremsstrahlungxrayskevtoreachthesurfacetheultimateenergyresolutionfwhmwhenusinganonmonochromaticmgkalphasourceisevwhichincludessomecontributionfromspectrometerinducedbroadeningusesandcapabilitiesxpsisroutinelyusedtodeterminewhatelementsandthequantityofthoseelementsthatarepresentwithinthetopnbspnmofthesamplesurfacewhatcontaminationifanyexistsonthesurfaceorinthebulkofthesampleempiricalformulaofamaterialthatisfreeofexcessivesurfacecontaminationthechemicalstateidentificationofoneormoreoftheelementsinthesampleandalsogiveinformationonlocalbondingofatomsthebindingenergyofoneormoreelectronicstatesthethicknessofoneormorethinlayersnbspnmofdifferentmaterialswithinthetopnbspnmofthesurfacethedensityofelectronicstatescapabilitiesofadvancedsystemsmeasureuniformityofelementalcompositionacrossthetopofthesurfaceorlineprofilingormappingmeasureuniformityofelementalcompositionasafunctionofdepthbyionbeametchingordepthprofilingmeasureuniformityofelementalcompositionasafunctionofdepthbytiltingthesampleorangleresolvedxpschemicalstatesandchemicalshifttheabilitytoproducechemicalstateinformationasdistinguishedfrommerelyelementalinformationfromthetopmostfewnmofanysurfacemakesxpsauniqueandvaluabletoolforunderstandingthechemistryofanysurfaceeitherasreceivedorafterphysicalorchemicaltreatmentsinthiscontextchemicalstatereferstothelocalbondingenvironmentofaspeciesinquestionthelocalbondingenvironmentofaspeciesinquestionisaffectedbyitsformaloxidationstatetheidentityofitsnearestneighboratomitsbondinghybridizationtothatnearestneighboratomandinsomecaseseventhebondinghybridizationbetweentheatominquestionandthenextnearestneighboratomthuswhilethenominalbindingenergyofthecsubssubelectronisevsomealsouseevasthenominalvalueforthebindingenergyofcarbonsubtlebutreproducibleshiftsintheactualbindingenergythesocalledchemicalshiftprovidethechemicalstateinformationreferredtoherechemicalstateanalysisiswidelyusedfortheelementcarbonchemicalstateanalysisofthesurfaceofcarboncontainingpolymersreadilyrevealsthepresenceorabsenceofthechemicalstatesofcarbonshowninboldinapproximateorderofincreasingbindingenergyascarbidecsupsupsiliconesichsubsubmethylenemethylhydrocarbonchsubsubchsubsubchsubsubchsubsubandchchaminechsubsubnhsubsubalcoholcohketonecoorganicestercoorcarbonatecosubsubsupsupmonofluorohydrocarboncfhchsubsubdifluorohydrocarboncfsubsubchsubsubandtrifluorocarbonchsubsubcfsubsubtonamebutafewexampleschemicalstateanalysisofthesurfaceofasiliconwaferreadilyrevealschemicalshiftsduetothepresenceorabsenceofthechemicalstatesofsiliconinitsdifferentformaloxidationstatessuchasndopedsiliconandpdopedsiliconmetallicsiliconinfigureabovesiliconsuboxidesisubsubosiliconmonoxidesiosisubsubosubsubandsilicondioxidesiosubsubanexampleofthisisseeninthefigureabovehighresolutionspectrumofanoxidizedsiliconwaferintheenergyrangeofthesipsignalindustrialuseadhesionagricultureautomotivebatteryelectricitybatterybiomaterialsbiomedicalbiotechnologycanningcatalystceramicchemicalcomputercosmeticselectronicsenergyenvironmentbiophysicalenvironmentalfabricsfoodfuelcellsgeologyglasslaserlightinglubricationmagneticstoragemineralogyminingnanotechnologynuclearpowernuclearpackagingpaintingpaperandwoodplatingpolymerandplasticprintingrecordingsemiconductorsteeltextilesthinfilmcoatingweldingroutinelimitsquantitativeaccuracyandprecisionxpsiswidelyusedtogenerateanempiricalformulabecauseitreadilyyieldsexcellentquantitativeaccuracyfromhomogeneoussolidstatematerialsquantificationcanbedividedintotwocategoriesabsolutequantificationandrelativequantificationtheformergenerallyrequirestheuseofcertifiedorindependentlyverifiedstandardsamplesisgenerallymorechallengingandisgenerallylesscommonrelativequantificationismorecommonandinvolvescomparisonsbetweenseveralsamplesinasetforwhichoneormoreanalytesarevariedwhileallothercomponentsthesamplematrixareheldconstantquantitativeaccuracydependsonseveralparameterssuchassignaltonoiseratiopeakintensityaccuracyofrelativesensitivityfactorscorrectionforelectrontransmissionfunctionsurfacevolumehomogeneitycorrectionforenergydependenceofelectronmeanfreepathanddegreeofsampledegradationduetoanalysisunderoptimumconditionsthequantitativeaccuracyoftheatomicpercentatvaluescalculatedfromthemajorxpspeaksisforeachmajorpeakifahighlevelqualitycontrolprotocolisusedtheaccuracycanbefurtherimprovedunderroutineworkconditionswherethesurfaceisamixtureofcontaminationandexpectedmaterialtheaccuracyrangesfromofthevaluereportedinatomicpercentvaluesthequantitativeaccuracyfortheweakerxpssignalsthathavepeakintensitiesofthestrongestsignalareofthetruevalueanddependupontheamountofeffortusedtoimprovethesignaltonoiseratioforexamplebysignalaveragingquantitativeprecisiontheabilitytorepeatameasurementandobtainthesameresultisanessentialconsiderationforproperreportingofquantitativeresultsstandardstatisticaltestssuchasthestudentsttestforcomparisonofmeansshouldbeusedtodetermineconfidencelevelsintheaveragevaluefromasetofreplicatemeasurementsandwhencomparingtheaveragevaluesoftwoormoredifferentsetsofresultsingeneralapvalueanoutputofthestudentsttestoforlessindicatesalevelofconfidencethatisacceptedinthefieldassignificantanalysistimetypicallyrangingminutesforabroadsurveyscanthatmeasurestheamountofalldetectableelementstypicallyminutesforhighresolutionscanthatrevealchemicalstatedifferencesforahighsignalnoiseratioforcountarearesultoftenrequiresmultiplesweepsoftheregionofinteresthoursforadepthprofilethatmeasureselementsasafunctionofetcheddepththisprocesstimecanvarythemostasmanyfactorswillplayaroledetectionlimitspartsperthousandpartperthousandpartspermillionppmultimatedetectionlimitformostelementsisapproximatelyppmwhichrequireshoursmeasuredareameasuredareadependsoninstrumentdesigntheminimumanalysisarearangesfromtomicrometreslargestsizeforamonochromaticbeamofxraysisnbspmmnonmonochromaticbeamsarenbspmmindiameterspectroscopicimageresolutionlevelsofnbspnmorbelowhasbeenachievedonlatestimagingxpsinstrumentsusingsynchrotronradiationasxraysourcesamplesizelimitsinstrumentsacceptsmallmmrangeandlargesamplescmrangeegwaferslimitingfactoristhedesignofthesampleholderthesampletransferandthesizeofthevacuumchamberlargesamplesarelaterallymovedinxandydirectiontoanalysealargerareadegradationduringanalysisdependsonthesensitivityofthematerialtothewavelengthofxraysusedthetotaldoseofthexraysthetemperatureofthesurfaceandthelevelofthevacuummetalsalloysceramicsandmostglassesarenotmeasurablydegradedbyeithernonmonochromaticormonochromaticxrayssomebutnotallpolymerscatalystscertainhighlyoxygenatedcompoundsvariousinorganiccompoundsandfineorganicsaredegradedbyeithermonochromaticornonmonochromaticxraysourcesnonmonochromaticxraysourcesproduceasignificantamountofhighenergybremsstrahlungxrayskevofenergywhichdirectlydegradethesurfacechemistryofvariousmaterialsnonmonochromaticxraysourcesalsoproduceasignificantamountofheattonbspconthesurfaceofthesamplebecausetheanodethatproducesthexraysistypicallyonlytoawayfromthesamplethislevelofheatwhencombinedwiththebremsstrahlungxraysactssynergisticallytoincreasetheamountandrateofdegradationforcertainmaterialsmonochromaticxraysourcesbecausetheyarefarawaynbspcmfromthesampledonotproduceanyheateffectsmonochromaticxraysourcesaremonochromaticbecausethequartzmonochromatorsystemdiffractsthebremsstrahlungxraysoutofthexraybeamwhichmeansthesampleisonlyexposedtoonenarrowbandofxrayenergyforexampleifaluminumkalphaxraysareusedtheintrinsicenergybandhasafwhmofevcenteredoneveeifmagnesiumkalphaxraysareusedtheintrinsicenergybandhasafwhmofevcenteredoneveethesearetheintrinsicxraylinewidthstherangeofenergiestowhichthesampleisexposeddependsonthequalityandoptimizationofthexraymonochromatorbecausethevacuumremovesvariousgasesegosubsubcoandliquidsegwateralcoholsolventsetcthatwereinitiallytrappedwithinoronthesurfaceofthesamplethechemistryandmorphologyofthesurfacewillcontinuetochangeuntilthesurfaceachievesasteadystatethistypeofdegradationissometimesdifficulttodetectgeneralsummaryofusexpsisineffectanondestructivetechniquethatmeasuresthesurfacechemistryofmostanymaterialhowevernondryoutgassingradioactiveorhighlymagneticmaterialscanposeseriouschallengesmaterialsroutinelyanalyzedinorganiccompoundsmetalalloyssemiconductorspolymerspureelementscatalystsglassesceramicspaintspapersinkswoodsplantpartsmakeupteethboneshumanimplantsbiomaterialsviscousoilsgluesionmodifiedmaterialsanalysisdetailschargecompensationtechniqueslowvoltageelectronbeamevorelectronfloodgunuvlightslowvoltageargonionbeamwithlowvoltageelectronbeamevaperturemasksmeshscreenwithlowvoltageelectronbeamssamplepreparationsamplehandlingsamplecleaningsamplemountingsamplegrindingdataprocessingpeakidentificationthenumberofpeaksproducedbyasingleelementvariesfromtomorethantablesofbindingenergiesbesthatidentifytheshellandspinorbitofeachpeakproducedbyagivenelementareincludedwithmodernxpsinstrumentsandcanbefoundinvarioushandbookscitationsandwebsitesbecausetheseexperimentallydeterminedbesarecharacteristicofspecificelementstheycanbedirectlyusedtoidentifyexperimentallymeasuredpeaksofamaterialwithunknownelementalcompositionbeforebeginningtheprocessofpeakidentificationtheanalystmustdetermineifthebesoftheunprocessedsurveyspectrumevhaveorhavenotbeenshiftedduetoapositiveornegativesurfacechargethisismostoftendonebylookingfortwopeaksthatduetothepresenceofcarbonandoxygentbcchargereferencinginsulatorschargereferencingisneededwhenasamplesufferseitherapositiveornegativechargeinducedshiftofexperimentalbeschargereferencingisneededtoobtainmeaningfulbesfrombothwidescanhighsensitivitylowenergyresolutionsurveyspectraevandalsonarrowscanchemicalstatehighenergyresolutionspectrachargeinducedshiftingcausesexperimentallymeasuredbesofxpspeakstoappearatbesthataregreaterorsmallerthantruebeschargereferencingisperformedbyaddingorsubtractingachargecorrectionfactortoeachoftheexperimentallymeasuredbesingeneralthebeofthehydrocarbonpeakofthecsxpssignalisusedtochargereferencechargecorrectallbesobtainedfromnonconductiveinsulatingsamplesorconductorsthathavebeendeliberatelyinsulatedfromthesamplemountchargeinducedshiftingisnormallyduetoamodestexcessoflowvoltagetoevelectronsattachedtothesurfaceoramodestshortageofelectronstoevwithinthetopnbspnmofthesamplecausedbythelossofphotoemittedelectronsthedegreeofchargingdependsonvariousfactorsifbychancethechargingofthesurfaceisexcessivelypositivethenthespectrummightappearasaseriesofrollinghillsnotsharppeaksasshownintheexamplespectrumthecsbeofthehydrocarbonspeciesmoietiesoftheadventitiouscarbonthatappearsonallairexposedconductiveandsemiconductivematerialsisnormallyfoundbetweenevandevforconveniencethecsofhydrocarbonmoietiesisdefinedtoappearbetweenevandevavalueofevhasbecomepopularinrecentyearshoweversomerecentreportsindicatethatevorevrepresentshydrocarbonsattachedonmetalsnotthenaturalnativeoxidetheevbeisroutinelyusedasthereferencebeforchargereferencinginsulatorswhenthecsbeisusedforchargereferencingthenthechargecorrectionfactoristhedifferencebetweenevandtheexperimentallymeasuredcsbeofthehydrocarbonmoietieswhenusingamonochromaticxpssystemtogetherwithalowvoltageelectronfloodgunforchargecompensationtheexperimentalbesofthecshydrocarbonpeakisoftenevsmallerthanthereferencebevalueevinthiscaseallexperimentalbesappearatlowerbesthanexpectedandneedtobeincreasedbyaddingavaluerangingfromtoevnonmonochromaticxpssystemsarenotusuallyequippedwithalowvoltageelectronfloodgunsothebeswillnormallyappearathigherbesthanexpecteditisnormaltosubtractachargecorrectionfactorfromallbesproducedbyanonmonochromaticxpssystemconductivematerialsandmostnativeoxidesofconductorsshouldneverneedchargereferencingconductivematerialsshouldneverbechargereferencedunlessthetopmostlayerofthesamplehasathicknonconductivefilmpeakfittingtheprocessofpeakfittinghighenergyresolutionxpsspectraisstillamixtureofartscienceknowledgeandexperiencethepeakfitprocessisaffectedbyinstrumentdesigninstrumentcomponentsexperimentalsettingsakaanalysisconditionsandsamplevariablesmostinstrumentparametersareconstantwhileothersdependonthechoiceofexperimentalsettingsbeforestartinganypeakfitefforttheanalystperformingthepeakfitneedstoknowifthetopmostnbspnmofthesampleisexpectedtobeahomogeneousmaterialorisexpectedtobeamixtureofmaterialsifthetopnbspnmisahomogeneousmaterialwithonlyveryminoramountsofadventitiouscarbonandadsorbedgasesthentheanalystcanusetheoreticalpeakarearatiostoenhancethepeakfittingprocessvariablesthataffectordefinepeakfitresultsincludefwhmschemicalshiftspeakshapesinstrumentdesignfactorsexperimentalsettingssamplefactorsfullwidthathalfmaximumfwhmthefullwidthathalfmaximumfwhmvaluesareusefulindicatorsofchemicalstatechangesandphysicalinfluencesthatisbroadeningofapeakmayindicateachangeinthenumberofchemicalbondscontributingtoapeakshapeachangeinthesampleconditionxraydamageandordifferentialchargingofthesurfacelocaliseddifferencesinthechargestateofthesurfacehoweveritshouldbenotedthatthefwhmalsodependsonthedetectorandcanalsoincreaseduetothesamplegettingchargedwhenusinghighenergyresolutionexperimentsettingsonanxpsequippedwithamonochromaticalkalphaxraysourcethefwhmofthemajorxpspeaksrangefromevtoevthefollowingisasimplesummaryoffwhmfrommajorxpssignalsmainmetalpeaksegspdffrompuremetalshavefwhmsthatrangefromevtoevmainmetalpeaksegspdffrombinarymetaloxideshavefwhmsthatrangefromevtoevtheospeakfrombinarymetaloxideshavefwhmsthatingeneralrangefromevtoevthecspeakfromadventitioushydrocarbonshavefwhmsthatingeneralrangefromevtoevchemicalshiftschemicalshiftvaluesdependonthedegreeofelectronbondpolarizationbetweennearestneighboratomsaspecificchemicalshiftisthedifferenceinbevaluesofonespecificchemicalstateversusthebeofoneformofthepureelementorofaparticularagreeduponchemicalstateofthatelementcomponentpeaksderivedfrompeakfittingarawchemicalstatespectrumcanbeassignedtothepresenceofdifferentchemicalstateswithinthesamplingvolumeofthesamplepeakshapesdependsoninstrumentparametersexperimentalparametersandsamplecharacteristicsinstrumentdesignfactorsfwhmandpurityofxraysusedmonochromaticalnonmonochromaticmgsynchrotronagzrdesignofelectronanalyzercmahsaretardingfieldexperimentsettingssettingsoftheelectronanalyzeregpassenergystepsizesamplefactorsphysicalformofthesamplesinglecrystalpolishedpowdercorrodednumberofphysicaldefectswithintheanalysisvolumefromargonionetchingfromlasercleaningadvancedinstrumentationaspectshemisphericalelectronenergyanalyzerahemisphericalelectronenergyanalyserisgenerallyusedforapplicationswhereahigherresolutionisneededanidealhemisphericalanalyserconsistsoftwoconcentrichemisphericalelectrodesinnerandouterhemispheresheldatpropervoltagesitispossibletodemonstratethatinsuchasystemitheelectronsarelinearlydispersedalongthedirectionconnectingtheentranceandtheexitslitdependingontheirkineticenergywhileiielectronswiththesameenergyarefirstorderfocusedwhentwopotentialsmathvmathandmathvmathareappliedtotheinnerandouterhemispheresrespectivelytheelectricpotentialandfieldintheregionbetweenthetwoelectrodescanbecalculatedbysolvingthelaplaceequationmathvrleftfracvvrrrightcdotfracrrrconstmathmatherleftfracvvrrrightcdotfracrrrmathwheremathrmathandmathrmatharetheradiiofthetwohemispheresinorderfortheelectronswithkineticenergyetofollowacirculartrajectoryofradiusmathrfracrrmaththeforceexertedbytheelectricfieldmathfeeermathmustequalthecentripetalforcemathfcmathalongthewholepathaftersomealgebrathefollowingexpressioncanbederivedforthepotentialmathvrleftfracvrrrightconstmathwheremathvfraceemathistheenergyoftheelectronsexpressedinevfromthisequationwecancalculatethepotentialdifferencebetweenthetwohemisphereswhichisgivenbymathvvvleftfracrrfracrrrightmaththelatterequationcanbeusedtodeterminethepotentialstobeappliedtothehemispheresinordertoselectelectronswithenergymatheevmaththesocalledpassenergyinfactonlytheelectronswithenergymathemathimpingingnormaltotheentranceslitoftheanalyzerdescribeatrajectoryofradiusmathrrrmathandreachtheexitslitwheretheyarerevealedbythedetectortheinstrumentalenergyresolutionofthedevicedependsbothonthegeometricalparametersoftheanalyzerandontheangulardivergenceoftheincomingphotoelectronsmathdeltaeeleftfracwrfracalpharightmathwheremathwmathistheaveragewidthofthetwoslitsandmathalphamathistheincidenceangleoftheincomingphotoelectronsthoughtheresolutionimproveswithincreasingmathrmathtechnicalproblemsrelatedtothesizeoftheanalyserputalimitontheactualvalueofmathrmathalthoughalowpassenergymathemathimprovestheresolutiontheelectrontransmissionprobabilityisreducedatlowpassenergyandthesignaltonoiseratiodeterioratesaccordinglytheelectrostaticlensesinfrontoftheanalyserhavetwomainpurposestheycollectandfocustheincomingphotoelectronsintotheentranceslitoftheanalyzerandtheydeceleratetheelectronstothekineticenergymathemathinordertoincreasetheresolutionwhenacquiringspectrainsweeporscanningmodethevoltagesofthetwohemispheresmathvmathandmathvmathandhencethepassenergyareheldfixedatthesametimethevoltageappliedtotheelectrostaticlensesissweptinsuchawaythateachchannelcountselectronswiththeselectedkineticenergyfortheselectedamountoftimeinordertoreducetheacquisitiontimeperspectrumthesocalledsnapshotorfixedmodehasbeenintroducedthismodeexploitstherelationbetweenthekineticenergyofaphotoelectronanditspositioninsidethedetectorifthedetectorenergyrangeiswideenoughandifthephotoemissionsignalcollectedfromallthechannelsissufficientlystrongthephotoemissionspectrumcanbeobtainedinonesingleshotfromtheimageofthedetectorcylindricalmirroranalysersincetherelevantinformationinphotoemissionspectroscopyiscontainedinthekineticenergydistributionofthephotoelectronsaspecificdeviceisneededtoenergyfiltertheelectronsemittedorscatteredbythesampleelectrostaticmonochromatorsarethemostcommonchoicetheolderdesignacmarepresentsatradeoffbetweentheneedforhighcountratesandhighangularenergyresolutionthesocalledcylindricalmirroranalysercmaismostlyusedforcheckingtheelementalcompositionofthesurfaceitconsistsoftwocoaxialcylindersplacedinfrontofthesampletheinneronebeingheldatapositivepotentialwhiletheoutercylinderisheldatanegativepotentialonlytheelectronswiththerightenergycanpassthroughthissetupandaredetectedattheendthecountratesarehighbuttheresolutionbothinenergyandangleispoorsynchrotronbasedxpsabreakthroughhasbeenactuallybroughtaboutinthelastdecadesbythedevelopmentoflargescalesynchrotronradiationfacilitiesherebunchesofrelativisticelectronskeptonacircularorbitinsideastorageringareacceleratedthroughbendingmagnetsorinsertiondeviceslikewigglersynchrotronwigglersandundulatorstoproduceahighbrillianceandhighfluxphotonbeamthemainadvantagesofusingsynchrotronlightarethehighbrillianceofthiskindofradiationwhichisordersofmagnitudemoreintenseandbettercollimatedthantheoneproducedbyanodebasedsourcesthetunabilityofsynchrotronradiationoverawidefrequencyrangeitshighpolarizationthehighphotonfluxthepossibilityofproducingextremelyshortpulsesatafrequencyashighasamhzthehighestspectralbrightnessandnarrowestbeamenergydispersionisattainedbyundulatorswhichconsistofperiodicarrayofdipolemagnetsinwhichtheelectronsareforcedtowiggleandthustoemitcoherentlightbesidesthehighintensityenergytunabilityisoneofthemostimportantadvantagesofsynchrotronlightcomparedtothelightproducedbyconventionalxraysourcesinfactawideenergyrangefromtheirtothehardxrayregiondependingontheenergyoftheelectronbunchisaccessiblebychangingtheundulatorgapsbetweenthearrayscontinuousenergyspectraavailablefromasynchrotronradiationsourceallowsselectionofphotonenergiesyieldingoptimumphotoionizationcrosssectionsappropriateforprobingaparticularcorelevelthehighphotonfluxinadditionmakesitpossibletoperformxpsexperimentsalsofromlowdensityatomicspeciessuchasmolecularandatomicadsorbateselectrondetectorsolderstyleelectrondetectorelectronscanbedetectedusinganelectronmultiplierusuallyachanneltronthisdeviceessentiallyconsistsofaglasstubwitharesistivecoatingontheinsideahighvoltageisappliedbetweenthefrontandtheendanelectronwhichentersthechanneltronisacceleratedtothewallwhereitremovesmoreelectronsinsuchawaythatanelectronavalancheiscreateduntilameasurablecurrentpulseisobtainedtheoreticalaspectsquantummechanicaltreatmentwhenaphotoemissioneventtakesplacethefollowingenergyconservationruleholdsmathhnuebvekinmathwheremathhnumathisthephotonenergymathebvmathistheelectronbewithrespecttothevacuumlevelpriortoionizationandmathekinmathisthekineticenergyofthephotoelectronifreferenceistakenwithrespecttothefermilevelasitistypicallydoneinphotoelectronspectroscopymathebvmathmustbereplacedbythesumofthebindingenergyberelativetothefermilevelmathebfmathandthesampleworkfunctionmathphimathfromthetheoreticalpointofviewthephotoemissionprocessfromasolidcanbedescribedwithasemiclassicalapproachwheretheelectromagneticfieldisstilltreatedclassicallywhileaquantummechanicaldescriptionisusedformattertheoneparticlehamiltonianforanelectronsubjectedtoanelectromagneticfieldisgivenbymathihbarfracpartialpsipartialtleftfracmleftmathbfhatpfracecmathbfhatarighthatvrightpsihathpsimathwheremathpsimathistheelectronwavefunctionmathmathbfamathisthevectorpotentialoftheelectromagneticfieldandmathvmathistheunperturbedpotentialofthesolidinthecoulombgaugemathnablacdotmathbfamaththevectorpotentialcommuteswiththemomentumoperatormathmathbfhatpmathbfhatamathsothattheexpressioninbracketsinthehamiltoniansimplifiestomathleftmathbfhatpfracecmathbfhatarighthatpfracecmathbfhatacdotmathbfhatpleftfracecrighthatamathactuallyneglectingthemathnablacdotmathbfamathterminthehamiltonianwearedisregardingpossiblephotocurrentcontributionssucheffectsaregenerallynegligibleinthebulkbutmaybecomeimportantatthesurfacethequadraticterminmathmathbfamathcanbeinsteadsafelyneglectedsinceitscontributioninatypicalphotoemissionexperimentisaboutoneorderofmagnitudesmallerthanthatofthefirstterminfirstorderperturbationapproachtheoneelectronhamiltoniancanbesplitintotwotermsanunperturbedhamiltonianmathhathmathplusaninteractionhamiltonianmathhathmathwhichdescribestheeffectsoftheelectromagneticfieldmathhathfracemcmathbfhatacdotmathbfhatpmathinthetimedependentperturbationtheoryforharmonicperturbationsthetransitionratebetweentheinitialstatemathpsiimathandthefinalstatemathpsifmathisexpressedbythefermisgoldenrulemathfracdomegadtproptofracpihbarlanglepsifhathpsiirangledeltaefeihnumathwherematheimathandmathefmatharetheeigenvaluesoftheunperturbedhamiltonianintheinitialandfinalstaterespectivelyandmathhnumathisthephotonenergythefermigoldenrulestrictlyappliesonlyiftheperturbationactsonthesystemforaninfinitetimesinceinarealsystemtheinteractionhasafinitedurationthediracdeltafunctionintheequationabovemustbereplacedbythedensityofstatesinthefinalstatemathrhofmathmathfracdomegadtproptofracpihbarlanglepsifhathpsiiranglerhofmfirhofmathinarealphotoemissionexperimentthegroundstatecoreelectronbecannotbedirectlyprobedbecausethemeasuredbeincorporatesbothinitialstateandfinalstateeffectsandthespectrallinewidthisbroadenedowingtothefinitecoreholelifetimemathtaumathassuminganexponentialdecayprobabilityforthecoreholeinthetimedomainmathproptoexpttaumaththespectralfunctionwillhavealorentzianshapewithafwhmfullwidthathalfmaximummathgammamathgivenbymathilefracipifracgammaeebgammamathfromthetheoryoffouriertransformsmathgammamathandmathtaumatharelinkedbytheindeterminacyrelationmathgammataugeqhbarmaththephotoemissioneventleavestheatominahighlyexcitedcoreionizedstatefromwhichitcandecayradiativelyfluorescenceornonradiativelytypicallybyaugerdecaybesideslorentzianbroadeningphotoemissionspectraarealsoaffectedbyagaussianbroadeningwhosecontributioncanbeexpressedbymathigefracisigmasqrtexpleftfraceebsigmarightmaththreemainfactorsenterthegaussianbroadeningofthespectratheexperimentalenergyresolutionvibrationalandinhomogeneousbroadeningthefirsteffectiscausedbythenonperfectmonochromaticityofthephotonbeamwhichresultsinafinitebandwidthandbythelimitedresolvingpoweroftheanalyserthevibrationalcomponentisproducedbytheexcitationoflowenergyvibrationalmodesbothintheinitialandinthefinalstatefinallyinhomogeneousbroadeningcanoriginatefromthepresenceofunresolvedcorelevelcomponentsinthespectrumtheoryofcorelevelphotoemissionofelectronsinasolidalsoinelasticscatteringeventscontributetothephotoemissionprocessgeneratingelectronholepairswhichshowupasaninelastictailonthehighbesideofthemainphotoemissionpeakinsomecasesweobservealsoenergylossfeaturesduetoplasmonexcitationsthiscaneitherafinalstateeffectcausedbycoreholedecaywhichgeneratesquantizedelectronwaveexcitationsinthesolidintrinsicplasmonsoritcanbeduetoexcitationsinducedbyphotoelectronstravellingfromtheemittertothesurfaceextrinsicplasmonsduetothereducedcoordinationnumberoffirstlayeratomstheplasmafrequencyofbulkandsurfaceatomsarerelatedbythefollowingequationmathomegasurffracomegabulksqrtmathsothatsurfaceandbulkplasmonscanbeeasilydistinguishedfromeachotherplasmonstatesinasolidaretypicallylocalizedatthesurfaceandcanstronglyaffecttheelectroninelasticmeanfreepathimfpvibrationaleffectstemperaturedependentatomiclatticevibrationsorphononscanbroadenthecorelevelcomponentsandattenuatetheinterferencepatternsinanxpdxrayphotoelectrondiffractionexperimentthesimplestwaytoaccountforvibrationaleffectsisbymultiplyingthescatteredsinglephotoelectronwavefunctionmathphijmathbythedebyewallerfactormathwjexpdeltakjbarujmathwheremathdeltakjmathisthesquaredmagnitudeofthewavevectorvariationcausedbyscatteringandmathbarujmathisthetemperaturedependentonedimensionalvibrationalmeansquareddisplacementofthemathjthmathemitterinthedebyemodelthemeansquareddisplacementiscalculatedintermsofthedebyetemperaturemaththetadmathasmathbarujthbartmkbthetadmathseealsophotoemissionspectroscopyultravioletphotoelectronspectroscopylistofmaterialsanalysismethodscovariancemappingrelatedmethodsupsultravioletphotoelectronspectroscopypesphotoemissionspectroscopyzekerydbergionizationspectroscopyzekezeroelectronkineticenergyspectroscopyaesaugerelectronspectroscopyedsenergydispersivexrayspectroscopyedxoredxrfpeemphotoemissionelectronmicroscopyphotoelectronemissionmicroscopyreferencesfurtherreadinghandbooksofmonochromaticxpsspectrafullyannotatedpdfofvolumesandbvcristpublishedbyxpsinternationalllcmountainviewcausahandbooksofmonochromaticxpsspectravolumesbvcristpublishedbyxpsinternationalllcmountainviewcausasurfaceanalysisbyaugerandxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyedjtgrantanddbriggspublishedbyimpublicationschichesterukanintroductiontosurfaceanalysisbyxpsandaesjfwattsjwolstenholmepublishedbywileysonschichesterukpracticalsurfaceanalysisbyaugerandxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyndeditionedmpseahanddbriggspublishedbywileysonschichesterukpracticalsurfaceanalysisbyaugerandxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyedmpseahanddbriggspublishedbywileysonschichesteruksurfacechemicalanalysisvocabularyisointernationalorganisationforstandardisationisotcswitzerlandisochhandbookofxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyjfmoulderwfsticklepesobolandkdbombenpublishedbyperkinelmercorpedenprairiemnusaexternallinkselettratriesteitlightsourceslabsandservicessurfacelabxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyhtmlxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyoverviewelettratriesteitlightsourceslabsandservicessurfacelabinstrumentdescriptionhtmltheconventionalxraysourceatthesurfacesciencelaboratoryinstrumentaldescriptionandguidedtourelettratriesteitelettrabeamlinessuperescahtmlthesuperescabeamlineelettrawelcometothefastxpsbeamlinewarwickacukfacsciphysicsresearchcondensedmattsurfaceexpxpslinksmonochromatedxpstechniquebackgroundinformationusefulanalysisresourcesandmonochromatedxpsequipmentdescriptionxenawarriorprincessredirectcategoryshellpaintingsyndicsofthedrapersguildxrayfluorescencexrfistheemissionofcharacteristicsecondaryorfluorescentxraysfromamaterialthathasbeenexcitedbybombardingwithhighenergyxraysorgammaraysthephenomenoniswidelyusedforelementalanalysisandanalyticalchemistrychemicalanalysisparticularlyintheinvestigationofmetalsglassceramicsandbuildingmaterialsandforresearchingeochemistryforensicsciencearchaeologyandartobjectssuchaspaintingsandmuralsunderlyingphysicswhenmaterialsareexposedtoshortwavelengthxraysortogammaraysionizationoftheircomponentatomsmaytakeplaceionizationconsistsoftheejectionofoneormoreelectronsfromtheatomandmayoccuriftheatomisexposedtoradiationwithanenergygreaterthanitsionizationenergyxraysandgammarayscanbeenergeticenoughtoexpeltightlyheldelectronsfromtheinneratomicorbitalorbitalsoftheatomtheremovalofanelectroninthiswaymakestheelectronicstructureoftheatomunstableandelectronsinhigherorbitalsfallintothelowerorbitaltofilltheelectronholeholeleftbehindinfallingenergyisreleasedintheformofaphotontheenergyofwhichisequaltotheenergydifferenceofthetwoorbitalsinvolvedthusthematerialemitsradiationwhichhasenergycharacteristicoftheatomspresentthetermfluorescenceisappliedtophenomenainwhichtheabsorptionofradiationofaspecificenergyresultsinthereemissionofradiationofadifferentenergygenerallylowercharacteristicradiationeachelementhaselectronicorbitalsofcharacteristicxraycharacteristicenergyfollowingremovalofaninnerelectronbyanenergeticphotonprovidedbyaprimaryradiationsourceanelectronfromanoutershelldropsintoitsplacetherearealimitednumberofwaysinwhichthiscanhappenasshowninfigurethemaintransitionsaregivennamesanlktransitionistraditionallycalledkalphaksubsubanmktransitioniscalledksubsubanmltransitioniscalledlsubsubandsooneachofthesetransitionsyieldsafluorescentphotonwithacharacteristicenergyequaltothedifferenceinenergyoftheinitialandfinalorbitalthewavelengthofthisfluorescentradiationcanbecalculatedfromplanckpostulateplanckslawmathlambdafrachcemaththefluorescentradiationcanbeanalysedeitherbysortingtheenergiesofthephotonsenergydispersivexrayspectroscopyenergydispersiveanalysisorbyseparatingthewavelengthsoftheradiationwavelengthdispersivexrayspectroscopywavelengthdispersiveanalysisoncesortedtheintensityofeachcharacteristicradiationisdirectlyrelatedtotheamountofeachelementinthematerialthisisthebasisofapowerfultechniqueinanalyticalchemistryfigureshowsthetypicalformofthesharpfluorescentspectrallinesobtainedinthewavelengthdispersivemethodseemoseleyslawprimaryradiationinordertoexcitetheatomsasourceofradiationisrequiredwithsufficientenergytoexpeltightlyheldinnerelectronsconventionalxraygeneratorsaremostcommonlyusedbecausetheiroutputcanreadilybetunedfortheapplicationandbecausehigherpowercanbedeployedrelativetoothertechniqueshowevergammaraysourcescanbeusedwithouttheneedforanelaboratepowersupplyallowinganeasieruseinsmallportableinstrumentswhentheenergysourceisasynchrotronorthexraysarefocusedbyanopticlikeapolycapillarythexraybeamcanbeverysmallandveryintenseasaresultatomicinformationonthesubmicrometrescalecanbeobtainedxraygeneratorsintherangekvareusedwhichallowexcitationofabroadrangeofatomsthecontinuousspectrumconsistsofbremsstrahlungradiationradiationproducedwhenhighenergyelectronspassingthroughthetubeareprogressivelydeceleratedbythematerialofthetubeanodethetargetatypicaltubeoutputspectrumisshowninfiguredispersioninenergydispersiveanalysisthefluorescentxraysemittedbythematerialsamplearedirectedintoasolidstatedetectorwhichproducesacontinuousdistributionofpulsesthevoltagesofwhichareproportionaltotheincomingphotonenergiesthissignalisprocessedbyamultichannelanalysermcawhichproducesanaccumulatingdigitalspectrumthatcanbeprocessedtoobtainanalyticaldatainwavelengthdispersiveanalysisthefluorescentxraysemittedbythematerialsamplearedirectedintoadiffractiongratingmonochromatorthediffractiongratingusedisusuallyasinglecrystalbyvaryingtheangleofincidenceandtakeoffonthecrystalasinglexraywavelengthcanbeselectedthewavelengthobtainedisgivenbybraggslawmathncdotlambdadcdotsinthetamathwheredisthespacingofatomiclayersparalleltothecrystalsurfacedetectioninenergydispersiveanalysisdispersionanddetectionareasingleoperationasalreadymentionedaboveproportionalcountersorvarioustypesofsolidstatedetectorspindiodesiligelisilicondriftdetectorsddareusedtheyallsharethesamedetectionprincipleanincomingxrayphotonionisesalargenumberofdetectoratomswiththeamountofchargeproducedbeingproportionaltotheenergyoftheincomingphotonthechargeisthencollectedandtheprocessrepeatsitselfforthenextphotondetectorspeedisobviouslycriticalasallchargecarriersmeasuredhavetocomefromthesamephotontomeasurethephotonenergycorrectlypeaklengthdiscriminationisusedtoeliminateeventsthatseemtohavebeenproducedbytwoxrayphotonsarrivingalmostsimultaneouslythespectrumisthenbuiltupbydividingtheenergyspectrumintodiscretebinsandcountingthenumberofpulsesregisteredwithineachenergybinwavelengthdispersivexrayspectroscopyedxrfdetectortypesvaryinresolutionspeedandthemeansofcoolingalownumberoffreechargecarriersiscriticalinthesolidstatedetectorsproportionalcounterswithresolutionsofseveralhundredevcoverthelowendoftheperformancespectrumfollowedbypindiodedetectorswhilethesiligeliandsilicondriftdetectorssddoccupythehighendoftheperformancescaleinwavelengthdispersiveanalysisthesinglewavelengthradiationproducedbythemonochromatorispassedintoaphotomultiplieradetectorsimilartoageigercounterwhichcountsindividualphotonsastheypassthroughthecounterisachambercontainingagasthatisionisedbyxrayphotonsacentralelectrodeischargedattypicallyvwithrespecttotheconductingchamberwallsandeachphotontriggersapulselikecascadeofcurrentacrossthisfieldthesignalisamplifiedandtransformedintoanaccumulatingdigitalcountthesecountsarethenprocessedtoobtainanalyticaldataxrayintensitythefluorescenceprocessisinefficientandthesecondaryradiationismuchweakerthantheprimarybeamfurthermorethesecondaryradiationfromlighterelementsisofrelativelylowenergylongwavelengthandhaslowpenetratingpowerandisseverelyattenuatedifthebeampassesthroughairforanydistancebecauseofthisforhighperformanceanalysisthepathfromtubetosampletodetectorismaintainedundervacuumaroundparesidualpressurethismeansinpracticethatmostoftheworkingpartsoftheinstrumenthavetobelocatedinalargevacuumchambertheproblemsofmaintainingmovingpartsinvacuumandofrapidlyintroducingandwithdrawingthesamplewithoutlosingvacuumposemajorchallengesforthedesignoftheinstrumentforlessdemandingapplicationsorwhenthesampleisdamagedbyavacuumegavolatilesampleaheliumsweptxraychambercanbesubstitutedwithsomelossoflowzzatomicnumberintensitieschemicalanalysistheuseofaprimaryxraybeamtoexcitefluorescentradiationfromthesamplewasfirstproposedbyrichardglockerglockerandhanswilhelmschreiberschreiberintodaythemethodisusedasanondestructiveanalyticaltechniqueandasaprocesscontroltoolinmanyextractiveandprocessingindustriesinprinciplethelightestelementthatcanbeanalysedisberylliumzbutduetoinstrumentallimitationsandlowxrayyieldsforthelightelementsitisoftendifficulttoquantifyelementslighterthansodiumzunlessbackgroundcorrectionsandverycomprehensiveinterelementcorrectionsaremadeenergydispersivespectrometryinenergydispersivexrayspectroscopyenergydispersivespectrometersedxoredsthedetectorallowsthedeterminationoftheenergyofthephotonwhenitisdetecteddetectorshistoricallyhavebeenbasedonsiliconsemiconductorsintheformoflithiumdriftedsiliconcrystalsorhighpuritysiliconwaferssilidetectorstheseconsistessentiallyofanbspmmthicksiliconjunctiontypepindiodesameaspindiodewithabiasofvacrossitthelithiumdriftedcentrepartformsthenonconductingilayerwherelicompensatestheresidualacceptorswhichwouldotherwisemakethelayerptypewhenanxrayphotonpassesthroughitcausesaswarmofelectronholepairstoformandthiscausesavoltagepulsetoobtainsufficientlylowconductivitythedetectormustbemaintainedatlowtemperatureandliquidnitrogencoolingmustbeusedforthebestresolutionwithsomelossofresolutionthemuchmoreconvenientpeltiercoolingcanbeemployedwaferdetectorsmorerecentlyhighpuritysiliconwaferswithlowconductivityhavebecomeroutinelyavailablecooledbythethermoelectriceffectpeltiereffectpeltiereffectthisprovidesacheapandconvenientdetectoralthoughtheliquidnitrogencooledsilidetectorstillhasthebestresolutionieabilitytodistinguishdifferentphotonenergiesamplifiersthepulsesgeneratedbythedetectorareprocessedbypulseshapingamplifiersittakestimefortheamplifiertoshapethepulseforoptimumresolutionandthereisthereforeatradeoffbetweenresolutionandcountratelongprocessingtimeforgoodresolutionresultsinpulsepileupinwhichthepulsesfromsuccessivephotonsoverlapmultiphotoneventsarehowevertypicallymoredrawnoutintimephotonsdidnotarriveexactlyatthesametimethansinglephotoneventsandpulselengthdiscriminationcanthusbeusedtofiltermostoftheseoutevensoasmallnumberofpileuppeakswillremainandpileupcorrectionshouldbebuiltintothesoftwareinapplicationsthatrequiretraceanalysistomakethemostefficientuseofthedetectorthetubecurrentshouldbereducedtokeepmultiphotoneventsbeforediscriminationatareasonablelevelegprocessingconsiderablecomputerpowerisdedicatedtocorrectingforpulsepileupandforextractionofdatafrompoorlyresolvedspectratheseelaboratecorrectionprocessestendtobebasedonempiricalrelationshipsthatmaychangewithtimesothatcontinuousvigilanceisrequiredinordertoobtainchemicaldataofadequateprecisionusageenergydispersivexrayspectroscopyedxspectrometersaredifferentfromwavelengthdispersivexrayspectroscopywdxspectrometersinthattheyaresmallersimplerindesignandhavefewerengineeredpartshowevertheaccuracyandresolutionofedxspectrometersarelowerthanforwdxedxspectrometerscanalsouseminiaturexraytubesorgammasourceswhichmakesthemcheaperandallowsminiaturizationandportabilitythistypeofinstrumentiscommonlyusedforportablequalitycontrolscreeningapplicationssuchastestingtoysforleadpbcontentsortingscrapmetalsandmeasuringtheleadcontentofresidentialpaintontheotherhandthelowresolutionandproblemswithlowcountrateandlongdeadtimemakestheminferiorforhighprecisionanalysistheyarehoweververyeffectiveforhighspeedmultielementalanalysisfieldportablexrfanalyserscurrentlyonthemarketweighlessthannbspkgandhavelimitsofdetectionontheorderofpartspermillionofleadpbinpuresandusedforxrayfluorescenceanalysisofindividualgrainsofmineralspecimensusgeologicalsurveywavelengthdispersivespectrometryinwavelengthdispersivexrayspectroscopywavelengthdispersivespectrometerswdxorwavelengthdispersivexrayspectroscopywdsthephotonsareseparatedbydiffractiononasinglecrystalbeforebeingdetectedalthoughwavelengthdispersivespectrometersareoccasionallyusedtoscanawiderangeofwavelengthsproducingaspectrumplotasinedstheyareusuallysetuptomakemeasurementsonlyatthewavelengthoftheemissionlinesoftheelementsofinterestthisisachievedintwodifferentwayssimultaneousspectrometershaveanumberofchannelsdedicatedtoanalysisofasingleelementeachconsistingofafixedgeometrycrystalmonochromatoradetectorandprocessingelectronicsthisallowsanumberofelementstobemeasuredsimultaneouslyandinthecaseofhighpoweredinstrumentscompletehighprecisionanalysescanbeobtainedinundersanotheradvantageofthisarrangementisthatthefixedgeometrymonochromatorshavenocontinuouslymovingpartsandsoareveryreliablereliabilityisimportantinproductionenvironmentswhereinstrumentsareexpectedtoworkwithoutinterruptionformonthsatatimedisadvantagesofsimultaneousspectrometersincluderelativelyhighcostforcomplexanalysessinceeachchannelusedisexpensivethenumberofelementsthatcanbemeasuredislimitedtobecauseofspacelimitationsonthenumberofmonochromatorsthatcanbecrowdedaroundthefluorescingsampletheneedtoaccommodatemultiplemonochromatorsmeansthataratheropenarrangementaroundthesampleisrequiredleadingtorelativelylongtubesamplecrystaldistanceswhichleadstolowerdetectedintensitiesandmorescatteringtheinstrumentisinflexiblebecauseifanewelementistobemeasuredanewmeasurementchannelhastobeboughtandinstalledsequentialspectrometershaveasinglevariablegeometrymonochromatorbutusuallywithanarrangementforselectingfromachoiceofcrystalsasingledetectorassemblybutusuallywithmorethanonedetectorarrangedintandemandasingleelectronicpacktheinstrumentisprogrammedtomovethroughasequenceofwavelengthsineachcaseselectingtheappropriatexraytubepowertheappropriatecrystalandtheappropriatedetectorarrangementthelengthofthemeasurementprogramisessentiallyunlimitedsothisarrangementisveryflexiblebecausethereisonlyonemonochromatorthetubesamplecrystaldistancescanbekeptveryshortresultinginminimallossofdetectedintensitytheobviousdisadvantageisrelativelylonganalysistimeparticularlywhenmanyelementsarebeinganalysednotonlybecausetheelementsaremeasuredinsequencebutalsobecauseacertainamountoftimeistakeninreadjustingthemonochromatorgeometrybetweenmeasurementsfurthermorethefrenziedactivityofthemonochromatorduringananalysisprogramisachallengeformechanicalreliabilityhowevermodernsequentialinstrumentscanachievereliabilityalmostasgoodasthatofsimultaneousinstrumentsevenincontinuoususageapplicationssamplepreparationinordertokeepthegeometryofthetubesampledetectorassemblyconstantthesampleisnormallypreparedasaflatdisctypicallyofdiameternbspmmthisislocatedatastandardizedsmalldistancefromthetubewindowbecausethexrayintensityfollowsaninversesquarelawthetolerancesforthisplacementandfortheflatnessofthesurfacemustbeverytightinordertomaintainarepeatablexrayfluxwaysofobtainingsamplediscsvarymetalsmaybemachinedtoshapemineralsmaybefinelygroundandpressedintoatabletandglassesmaybecasttotherequiredshapeafurtherreasonforobtainingaflatandrepresentativesamplesurfaceisthatthesecondaryxraysfromlighterelementsoftenonlyemitfromthetopfewmicrometresofthesampleinordertofurtherreducetheeffectofsurfaceirregularitiesthesampleisusuallyspunatrpmitisnecessarytoensurethatthesampleissufficientlythicktoabsorbtheentireprimarybeamforhigherzmaterialsafewmillimetresthicknessisadequatebutforalightelementmatrixsuchascoalathicknessofnbspmmisneededmonochromatorsthecommonfeatureofmonochromatorsisthemaintenanceofasymmetricalgeometrybetweenthesamplethecrystalandthedetectorinthisgeometrythebraggdiffractionconditionisobtainedthexrayemissionlinesareverynarrowseefiguresotheanglesmustbedefinedwithconsiderableprecisionthisisachievedintwowaysflatcrystalwithsollercollimatorsthesollercollimatorisastackofparallelmetalplatesspacedafewtenthsofamillimetreaparttoimproveangleresolutiononemustlengthenthecollimatorandorreducetheplatespacingthisarrangementhastheadvantageofsimplicityandrelativelylowcostbutthecollimatorsreduceintensityandincreasescatteringandreducetheareaofsampleandcrystalthatcanbeseenthesimplicityofthegeometryisespeciallyusefulforvariablegeometrymonochromatorscurvedcrystalwithslitstherowlandcirclegeometryensuresthattheslitsarebothinfocusbutinorderforthebraggconditiontobemetatallpointsthecrystalmustfirstbebenttoaradiusofrwhereristheradiusoftherowlandcirclethengroundtoaradiusofrthisarrangementallowshigherintensitiestypicallyfoldwithhigherresolutiontypicallyfoldandlowerbackgroundhoweverthemechanicsofkeepingrowlandcirclegeometryinavariableanglemonochromatorisextremelydifficultinthecaseoffixedanglemonochromatorsforuseinsimultaneousspectrometerscrystalsbenttoalogarithmicspiralshapegivethebestfocusingperformancethemanufactureofcurvedcrystalstoacceptabletolerancesincreasestheirpriceconsiderablyanalysislinesthespectrallinesusedforchemicalanalysisareselectedonthebasisofintensityaccessibilitybytheinstrumentandlackoflineoverlapstypicallinesusedandtheirwavelengthsareasfollowsclasswikitableelementkalphalinewavelengthnmelementlinewavelengthnmelementlinewavelengthnmelementlinewavelengthnmlikniksubsubilsubsubptlsubsubbekcuksubsubxelsubsubaulsubsubbkznksubsubcslsubsubhglsubsubckgaksubsubbalsubsubtllsubsubnkgeksubsublalsubsubpblsubsubokasksubsubcelsubsubbilsubsubfksubsubseksubsubprlsubsubpolsubsubneksubsubbrksubsubndlsubsubatlsubsubnaksubsubkrksubsubpmlsubsubrnlsubsubmgksubsubrbksubsubsmlsubsubfrlsubsubalksubsubsrksubsubeulsubsubralsubsubsiksubsubyksubsubgdlsubsubaclsubsubpksubsubzrksubsubtblsubsubthlsubsubsksubsubnbksubsubdylsubsubpalsubsubclksubsubmoksubsubholsubsubulsubsubarksubsubtcksubsuberlsubsubnplsubsubkksubsubruksubsubtmlsubsubpulsubsubcaksubsubrhksubsubyblsubsubamlsubsubscksubsubpdksubsublulsubsubcmlsubsubtiksubsubagksubsubhflsubsubbklsubsubvksubsubcdksubsubtalsubsubcflsubsubcrksubsubinlsubsubwlsubsubeslsubsubmnksubsubsnlsubsubrelsubsubfmlsubsubfeksubsubsblsubsuboslsubsubmdlsubsubcoksubsubtelsubsubirlsubsubnolsubsubotherlinesareoftenuseddependingonthetypeofsampleandequipmentavailablecrystalsthedesirablecharacteristicsofadiffractioncrystalarehighdiffractionintensityhighdispersionnarrowdiffractedpeakwidthhighpeaktobackgroundabsenceofinterferingelementslowthermalcoefficientofexpansionstabilityinairandonexposuretoxraysreadyavailabilitylowcostcrystalswithsimplestructuretendtogivethebestdiffractionperformancecrystalscontainingheavyatomscandiffractwellbutalsofluorescethemselvescausinginterferencecrystalsthatarewatersolublevolatileororganictendtogivepoorstabilitycommonlyusedcrystalmaterialsincludeliflithiumfluorideadpammoniumdihydrogenphosphategegermaniumgraphiteinsbindiumantimonidepetetrakishydroxymethylmethanepentaerythritolkappotassiumhydrogenphthalaterbaprubidiumhydrogenphthalateandtlapthalliumihydrogenphthalateinadditionthereisanincreasinguseoflayeredsyntheticmicrostructureswhicharesandwichstructuredmaterialscomprisingsuccessivethicklayersoflowatomicnumbermatrixandmonatomiclayersofaheavyelementthesecaninprinciplebecustommanufacturedtodiffractanydesiredlongwavelengthandareusedextensivelyforelementsintherangelitomgclasswikitablepropertiesofcommonlyusedcrystalswidthmaterialwidthplanewidthdnmwidthminnmwidthmaxnmwidthintensitywidththermalexpansionwidthdurabilitylifliflifadpgegraphiteinsbpekaprbapsitlapyttriumboridesybybsubsubnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnmlsmdetectorsdetectorsusedforwavelengthdispersivespectrometryneedtohavehighpulseprocessingspeedsinordertocopewiththeveryhighphotoncountratesthatcanbeobtainedinadditiontheyneedsufficientenergyresolutiontoallowfilteringoutofbackgroundnoiseandspuriousphotonsfromtheprimarybeamorfromcrystalfluorescencetherearefourcommontypesofdetectorgasflowproportionalcounterssealedgasdetectorsscintillationcounterssemiconductordetectorsgasflowproportionalcountersareusedmainlyfordetectionoflongerwavelengthsgasflowsthroughitcontinuouslywheretherearemultipledetectorsthegasispassedthroughtheminseriesthenledtowastethegasisusuallyargonmethanepalthoughtheargonmaybereplacedwithneonorheliumwhereverylongwavelengthsovernbspnmaretobedetectedtheargonisionisedbyincomingxrayphotonsandtheelectricfieldmultipliesthischargeintoameasurablepulsethemethanesuppressestheformationoffluorescentphotonscausedbyrecombinationoftheargonionswithstrayelectronstheanodewireistypicallytungstenornichromeofmdiametersincethepulsestrengthobtainedisessentiallyproportionaltotheratioofthedetectorchamberdiametertothewirediameterafinewireisneededbutitmustalsobestrongenoughtobemaintainedundertensionsothatitremainspreciselystraightandconcentricwiththedetectorthewindowneedstobeconductivethinenoughtotransmitthexrayseffectivelybutthickandstrongenoughtominimizediffusionofthedetectorgasintothehighvacuumofthemonochromatorchambermaterialsoftenusedareberylliummetalmetallizedpolyethyleneterephthalatealuminisedpetfilmandaluminisedpolypropyleneultrathinwindowsdowntomforusewithlowpenetrationlongwavelengthsareveryexpensivethepulsesaresortedelectronicallybypulseheightselectioninordertoisolatethosepulsesderivingfromthesecondaryxrayphotonsbeingcountedsealedgasdetectorsaresimilartothegasflowproportionalcounterexceptthatthegasdoesnotflowthroughitthegasisusuallykryptonorxenonatafewatmospherespressuretheyareappliedusuallytowavelengthsinthenbspnmrangetheyareapplicableinprincipletolongerwavelengthsbutarelimitedbytheproblemofmanufacturingathinwindowcapableofwithstandingthehighpressuredifferencescintillationcountersconsistofascintillatingcrystaltypicallyofsodiumiodidedopedwiththalliumattachedtoaphotomultiplierthecrystalproducesagroupofscintillationsforeachphotonabsorbedthenumberbeingproportionaltothephotonenergythistranslatesintoapulsefromthephotomultiplierofvoltageproportionaltothephotonenergythecrystalmustbeprotectedwitharelativelythickaluminiumberylliumfoilwindowwhichlimitstheuseofthedetectortowavelengthsbelownbspnmscintillationcountersareoftenconnectedinserieswithagasflowproportionalcounterthelatterisprovidedwithanoutletwindowoppositetheinlettowhichthescintillationcounterisattachedthisarrangementisparticularlyusedinsequentialspectrometerssemiconductordetectorscanbeusedintheoryandtheirapplicationsareincreasingastheirtechnologyimprovesbuthistoricallytheiruseforwdxhasbeenrestrictedbytheirslowresponseseeenergydispersivexrayspectroscopyedxextractinganalyticalresultsatfirstsightthetranslationofxrayphotoncountratesintoelementalconcentrationswouldappeartobestraightforwardwdxseparatesthexraylinesefficientlyandtherateofgenerationofsecondaryphotonsisproportionaltotheelementconcentrationhoweverthenumberofphotonsleavingthesampleisalsoaffectedbythephysicalpropertiesofthesamplesocalledmatrixeffectsthesefallbroadlyintothreecategoriesxrayabsorptionxrayenhancementsamplemacroscopiceffectsallelementsabsorbxraystosomeextenteachelementhasacharacteristicabsorptionspectrumwhichconsistsofasawtoothsuccessionoffringeseachstepchangeofwhichhaswavelengthclosetoanemissionlineoftheelementabsorptionattenuatesthesecondaryxraysleavingthesampleforexamplethemassabsorptioncoefficientofsiliconatthewavelengthofthealuminiumklineismkgwhereasthatofironismkgthismeansthatagivenconcentrationofaluminiuminamatrixofirongivesonlyoneseventhofthecountratecomparedwiththesameconcentrationofaluminiuminasiliconmatrixfortunatelymassabsorptioncoefficientsarewellknownandcanbecalculatedhowevertocalculatetheabsorptionforamultielementsamplethecompositionmustbeknownforanalysisofanunknownsampleaniterativeprocedureisthereforeuseditwillbenotedthattoderivethemassabsorptionaccuratelydatafortheconcentrationofelementsnotmeasuredbyxrfmaybeneededandvariousstrategiesareemployedtoestimatetheseasanexampleincementanalysistheconcentrationofoxygenwhichisnotmeasurediscalculatedbyassumingthatallotherelementsarepresentasstandardoxidesenhancementoccurswherethesecondaryxraysemittedbyaheavierelementaresufficientlyenergetictostimulateadditionalsecondaryemissionfromalighterelementthisphenomenoncanalsobemodelledandcorrectionscanbemadeprovidedthatthefullmatrixcompositioncanbededucedsamplemacroscopiceffectsconsistofeffectsofinhomogeneitiesofthesampleandunrepresentativeconditionsatitssurfacesamplesareideallyhomogeneousandisotropicbuttheyoftendeviatefromthisidealmixturesofmultiplecrystallinecomponentsinmineralpowderscanresultinabsorptioneffectsthatdeviatefromthosecalculablefromtheorywhenapowderispressedintoatabletthefinermineralsconcentrateatthesurfacesphericalgrainstendtomigratetothesurfacemorethandoangulargrainsinmachinedmetalsthesoftercomponentsofanalloytendtosmearacrossthesurfaceconsiderablecareandingenuityarerequiredtominimizetheseeffectsbecausetheyareartifactsofthemethodofsamplepreparationtheseeffectscannotbecompensatedbytheoreticalcorrectionsandmustbecalibratedinthismeansthatthecalibrationmaterialsandtheunknownsmustbecompositionallyandmechanicallysimilarandagivencalibrationisapplicableonlytoalimitedrangeofmaterialsglassesmostcloselyapproachtheidealofhomogeneityandisotropyandforaccurateworkmineralsareusuallypreparedbydissolvingtheminaborateglassandcastingthemintoaflatdiscorbeadpreparedinthisformavirtuallyuniversalcalibrationisapplicablefurthercorrectionsthatareoftenemployedincludebackgroundcorrectionandlineoverlapcorrectionthebackgroundsignalinanxrfspectrumderivesprimarilyfromscatteringofprimarybeamphotonsbythesamplesurfacescatteringvarieswiththesamplemassabsorptionbeinggreatestwhenmeanatomicnumberislowwhenmeasuringtraceamountsofanelementorwhenmeasuringonavariablelightmatrixbackgroundcorrectionbecomesnecessarythisisreallyonlyfeasibleonasequentialspectrometerlineoverlapisacommonproblembearinginmindthatthespectrumofacomplexmineralcancontainseveralhundredmeasurablelinessometimesitcanbeovercomebymeasuringalessintensebutoverlapfreelinebutincertaininstancesacorrectionisinevitableforinstancethekistheonlyusablelineformeasuringsodiumanditoverlapsthezincllsubsubmsubsublinethuszincifpresentmustbeanalysedinordertoproperlycorrectthesodiumvalueotherspectroscopicmethodsusingthesameprincipleitisalsopossibletocreateacharacteristicsecondaryxrayemissionusingotherincidentradiationtoexcitethesampleelectronbeamelectronmicroprobeionbeampixeparticleinducedxrayemissionpixewhenradiatedbyanxraybeamthesamplealsoemitsotherradiationsthatcanbeusedforanalysiselectronsejectedbythephotoelectriceffectxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyxpsalsocalledxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyelectronspectroscopyforchemicalanalysisescathedeexcitationalsoejectsaugerelectronsbutaugerelectronspectroscopyaesnormallyusesanelectronbeamastheprobeconfocalconfocalmicroscopyxrayfluorescenceimagingisanewertechniquethatallowscontroloverdepthinadditiontohorizontalandverticalaimingforexamplewhenanalysingburiedlayersinapaintinginstrumentqualificationareviewrefnamefpxarefaddressestheapplicationofportableinstrumentationfromqualityassuranceqaqualitycontrolqcperspectivesitprovidesaguidetothedevelopmentofasetofstandardoperatingproceduressopsifregulatorycomplianceguidelinesarenotavailableseealsoemissionspectroscopylistofmaterialsanalysismethodsmicroxrayfluorescencemssbauereffectresonantfluorescenceofgammaraysxrayfluorescenceholographynotesreferencesbeckhoffbkanngieerblanghoffnwedellrwolffhbooksgooglecombooksidcdepyhnecprintsecfrontcoverhandbookofpracticalxrayfluorescenceanalysisspringerbertinepprinciplesandpracticeofxrayspectrometricanalysiskluweracademicplenumpublishersbuhrkevejenkinsrsmithdkapracticalguideforthepreparationofspecimensforxrfandxrdanalysiswileyjenkinsrxrayfluorescencespectrometrywileyjenkinsrdevriesjlpracticalxrayspectrometryspringerverlagjenkinsrrwgouldrwgedckedbooksgooglecombooksidzwqyyaqlqcprintsecfrontcoverquantitativexrayspectrometrymarceldekkercitebooklastpennerhahnfirstjameseauthorlinkjamespennerhahneditorfirstluciaeditorlastbanciseriesmetalionsinlifesciencesvolumechapterchaptertechnologiesfordetectingmetalsinsinglecellssectionintrinsicxrayfluorescencetitlemetallomicsandthecelldatepublisherspringerisbndoielectronicbookelectronicvangriekenremarkowiczaabooksgooglecombooksidiidrtpascprintsecfrontcoverhandbookofxrayspectrometryndedmarceldekkerincnewyorkvolexternallinkscolourlexcomprojectxrayfluorescencexrayfluorescenceinanalysisofpaintingscolourlexwesternmanchuriaxinjiangeastkazakhstaneastkyrgyzstaninnermongoliagansuinfoboxchinesetitlexiongnucmonmonrqunnumongpxingnwhsiungsupsupnusupsupmigrshiongnujhungsupsupnousupsupyhngnuhtlhingloocbsoczzqonathexiongnuwereaconfederationofnomadsnomadicpeopleswhoaccordingtoancientchinesehistoriographychinesesourcesinhabitedtheeasternasiansteppefromtherdcenturybctothelatestcenturyadtwentyfourhistorieschinesesourcesreportthatmoduchanyuthesupremeleaderafternbspbcfoundedthexiongnuempireaftertheirpreviousoverlordstheyuezhimigratedintocentralasiaduringthendcenturybcthexiongnubecameadominantpoweronthesteppesofnortheastcentralasiacentredonanareaknownlaterasmongoliathexiongnuwerealsoactiveinareasnowpartofsiberiainnermongoliagansuandxinjiangtheirrelationswithadjacentchinesedynastiestothesoutheastwerecomplexwithrepeatedperiodsofconflictandintriguealternatingwithexchangesoftributetradeandmarriagetreatiesattemptstoidentifythexiongnuwithlatergroupsofthewesterneurasianstepperemaincontroversialscythiansandsarmatianswereconcurrentlytothewesttheidentityoftheethniccoreofxiongnuhasbeenasubjectofvariedhypothesesbecauseonlyafewwordsmainlytitlesandpersonalnameswerepreservedinthechinesesourcesthenamexiongnumaybecognatewiththatofthehunsorthehunapeoplehunauraliclanguagesuralicyeniseianlanguagesyeniseianrefnamebeckwithrefcommentedoutduetolackofsourcesverifiabilitytocharianlanguagestocharianormultiethnicrefnamegenggengrefhistoryearlyhistoryanearlyreferencetothexiongnuwasbythehandynastyhistoriansimaqianwhowroteaboutthexiongnuintherecordsofthegrandhistorianbcdrawingadistinctlinebetweenthesettledhuaxiapeoplechinesetothepastoralnomadsxiongnucharacterizingitastwopolargroupsinthesenseofacivilizationversusanuncivilizedsocietythehuayidistinctionprehansourcesoftenclassifythexiongnuasafivebarbarianshupeoplewhichwasablankettermfornomadicpeopleingeneralitonlybecameanethnonymforthexiongnuduringthehanancientchinaoftencameincontactwiththexianyunandthexirongnomadicpeoplesinlaterchinesehistoriographysomegroupsofthesepeopleswerebelievedtobethepossibleprogenitorsofthexiongnupeopleduringthewarringstatesperiodthearmiesfromtheqinstateqinzhaostatezhaoandyanstateyanstateswereencroachingandconqueringvariousnomadicterritoriesthatwereinhabitedbythexiongnuandotherhupeoplesrefnamecosmdicosmorefsinologistedwinpulleyblankarguedthatthexiongnuwerepartofaxironggroupcalledyiquwhohadlivedinshaanbeiandhadbeeninfluencedbychinaforcenturiesbeforetheyweredrivenoutbytheqindynastyqinscampaignagainstthexiongnuexpandedqinsterritoryattheexpenseofthexiongnutheqinempirebecameathreattothexiongnuwhichultimatelyledtothereorganizationofthemanytribesintoaconfederacyxiongnutribeschubeihuyanlantribeluandiqiulinxubustateformationaroundbcinbcthreeyearsbeforethefoundingofhanchinathexiongnuwerebroughttogetherinapowerfulconfederationunderanewchanyumoduchanyuthisnewpoliticalunitytransformedthemintoamoreformidablestatebyenablingformationoflargerarmiesandtheabilitytoexercisebetterstrategiccoordinationthexiongnuadoptedmanyofthechineseagriculturetechniquessuchasslavelaborforheavylaborworesilklikethechineseandlivedinchinesestylehomesthereasonforcreatingtheconfederationremainsunclearsuggestionsincludetheneedforastrongerstatetodealwiththeqinunificationofchinathatresultedinalossoftheordosregionatthehandsofmengtianorthepoliticalcrisisthatovertookthexiongnuinbcwhenqinarmiesevictedthemfromtheirpasturesontheyellowriverafterforginginternalunitymoduexpandedtheempireonallsidestothenorthheconqueredanumberofnomadicpeoplesincludingthedinglingofsouthernsiberiahecrushedthepowerofthedonghupeopleofeasternmongoliaandmanchuriaaswellastheyuezhiinthehexicorridorofgansuwherehissonjizhumadeaskullcupoutoftheyuezhikingmodualsoreoccupiedallthelandspreviouslytakenbytheqingeneralmengtianundermodusleadershipthexiongnuthreatenedthehandynastyalmostcausingemperorgaozuofhanemperorgaozuthefirsthanemperortolosehisthroneinbcbythetimeofmodusdeathinbcthexiongnuhaddriventheyuezhifromthehexicorridorkillingtheyuezhikingintheprocessandassertingtheirpresenceinthewesternregionsthexiongnuwererecognizedasthemostprominentofthenomadsborderingthechinesehanempirerefnamejerrybentleyjerrybentleyoldworldencounterscrossculturalcontactsandexchangesinpremoderntimesnewyorkoxforduniversitypressrefandduringearlyrelationsbetweenthexiongnuandthehantheformerheldthebalanceofpoweraccordingtothebookofhanlaterquotedinduanchengshisninthcenturymiscellaneousmorselsfromyouyangrefxiongnuhierarchyaftermodulaterleadersformedadualisticsystemofpoliticalorganisationwiththeleftandrightbranchesofthexiongnudividedonaregionalbasisthechanyuorshanyuarulerequivalenttotheemperorofchinaexerciseddirectauthorityoverthecentralterritorylongchengdistrictlongchengneartheorkhoninscriptionsinmodernmongoliabecametheannualmeetingplaceandservedasthexiongnucapitalrefnameyuuureftherulerofthexiongnuwascalledthechanyuthetuqikingoftheleftwasnormallytheheirpresumptivenextlowerinthehierarchycamemoreofficialsinpairsofleftandrightthegulithearmycommandersthegreatgovernorsthedunghuandthegudubeneaththemcamethecommandersofdetachmentsofonethousandofonehundredandoftenmenthisnationofnomadsapeopleonthemarchwasorganizedlikeanarmyyapapparentlydescribingtheearlyperiodplacesthechanyusmaincampnorthofshanxiwiththetuqikingoftheleftholdingtheareanorthofbeijingandthetuqikingoftherightholdingtheordosloopareaasfarasgansugroussetprobablydescribingthesituationafterthexiongnuhadbeendrivennorthplacesthechanyuontheupperorkhonrivernearwheregenghiskhanwouldlaterestablishhiscapitalofkarakorumthetuqikingoftheleftlivedintheeastprobablyonthehighkherlenriverthetuqikingoftherightlivedinthewestperhapsnearpresentdayuliastaiinthekhangaimountainsthemarriagetreatysystembctoadlatewesternhandynastywesternorearlyeasternhandynastyinthewinterofbcfollowingasiegeoftaiyuanemperorgaozuofhanpersonallyledamilitarycampaignagainstmodunatthebattleofbaidenghewasambushedreputedlybyelitexiongnucavalrytheemperorwascutofffromsuppliesandreinforcementsforsevendaysonlynarrowlyescapingcapturethehanchinesesentprincessestomarryxiongnuleadersintheireffortstostoptheborderraidsalongwitharrangedmarriagesthehansentgiftstobribethexiongnutostopattackingafterthedefeatatpingchengthehanemperorabandonedamilitarysolutiontothexiongnuthreatinsteadinbcthecourtierwasdispatchedfornegotiationsthepeacesettlementeventuallyreachedbetweenthepartiesincludedahanprincessgiveninmarriagetothechanyucalledheqinperiodicgiftstothexiongnuofsilkdistilledbeveragesandriceequalstatusbetweenthestatesandthegreatwallofchinagreatwallasmutualborderthisfirsttreatysetthepatternforrelationsbetweenthehanandthexiongnuforsixtyyearsuptonbspbcthetreatywasrenewedninetimeseachtimewithanincreaseinthegiftsinnbspbcmodunevenaskedforthehandofemperorgaoswidowempresslzhihissonandsuccessortheenergeticjiyuknownasthelaoshangchanyucontinuedhisfathersexpansionistpolicieslaoshangsucceededinnegotiatingwithemperorwenofhanemperorwentermsforthemaintenanceofalargescalegovernmentsponsoredmarketsystemwhilethexiongnubenefitedhandsomelyfromthechineseperspectivemarriagetreatieswerecostlyhumiliatingandineffectivelaoshangshowedthathedidnottakethepeacetreatyseriouslyononeoccasionhisscoutspenetratedtoapointnearchanganinbchepersonallyledcavalrytoinvadeandingreachingasfarastheimperialretreatatyonginbchissuccessorsentcavalrytoattackshangdangandanothertodatongyunzhongthexiongnualsoheqinxiongnupracticedmarriageallianceswithhandynastyofficersandofficialswhodefectedtotheirsidetheoldersisterofthechanyuthexiongnurulerwasmarriedtothexiongnugeneralzhaoxinthemarquisofxiwhowasservingthehandynastythedaughterofthechanyuwasmarriedtothehanchinesegenerallilingafterhesurrenderedanddefectedrefnamesimawatsonrefrefnamewakemanreftheyeniseikirghizkhagansclaimeddescentfromlilinganotherhanchinesegeneralwhodefectedtothexiongnuwasliguangliwhoalsomarriedadaughterofthechanyuwhentheeasternjindynastyendedthexianbeinorthernweiheqinnorthernweireceivedthehanchinesejindynastyjinprincesimachuzhizhasarefugeeanorthernweixianbeiprincessmarriedsimachuzhigivingbirthtosimajinlongzhnorthernliangxiongnukingjuqumujiansdaughtermarriedsimajinlongwarwithhandynastyworldorderinadthehandynastymadepreparationsforwarwhenthehanemperorwudispatchedtheexplorerzhangqiantoexplorethemysteriouskingdomstothewestandtoformanalliancewiththeyuezhipeopleinordertocombatthexiongnuduringthistimezhangmarriedaxiongnuwifewhoborehimasonandgainedthetrustofthexiongnuleaderrefnamemayorrefwhilezhangqiandidnotsucceedinthismissionrefnamerenerefhisreportsofthewestprovidedevengreaterincentivetocounterthexiongnuholdonwestwardroutesoutofchinaandthechinesepreparedtomountalargescaleattackusingthenorthernsilkroadtomovemenandmaterialwhilehandynastyhanchinawasmakingpreparationsforamilitaryconfrontationfromthereignofemperorwenofhanemperorwenthebreakdidnotcomeuntilbcfollowingbattleofmayianabortivetraptoambushthechanyuatmayibythatpointtheempirewasconsolidatedpoliticallymilitarilyandeconomicallyandwasledbyanadventurousprowarfactionatcourtinthatyearemperorwuofhanchinaemperorwureversedthedecisionhehadmadetheyearbeforetorenewthepeacetreatyfullscalewarbrokeoutinautumnbcwhenchinesecavalrymadeasurpriseattackonthexiongnuatthebordermarketsinbcthehangeneralweiqingretooktheordosinbcthexiongnusufferedanothersetbackwhenhuoqubingledaforceoflightcavalrywestwardoutoflongxiandwithinsixdaysfoughthiswaythroughfivexiongnukingdomsthexiongnuhunyekingwasforcedtosurrenderwithmeninbcbothhuoandweieachleadingcavalrymenandfootsoldiersinordertokeepupwiththemobilityofthexiongnumanyofthenoncavalryhansoldiersweremobileinfantrymenwhotraveledonhorsebackbutfoughtonfootandadvancingalongdifferentroutesforcedthechanyuandhiscourttofleenorthofthegobidesertmajorlogisticaldifficultieslimitedthedurationandlongtermcontinuationofthesecampaignsaccordingtotheanalysisofyanyouthedifficultiesweretwofoldfirstlytherewastheproblemofsupplyingfoodacrosslongdistancessecondlytheweatherinthenorthernxiongnulandswasdifficultforhansoldierswhocouldnevercarryenoughfuelaccordingtoofficialreportsthexiongnulosttomenandoutofthehorsesthehanforceshadbroughtintothedesertfewerthanreturnedtochinaasaresultofthesebattlesthechinesecontrolledthestrategicregionfromtheordosdesertordosandgansucorridortolopnortheysucceededinseparatingthexiongnufromtheqiangpeoplestothesouthandalsogaineddirectaccesstothewesternregionsbecauseofstrongchinesecontroloverthexiongnuthexiongnubecameunstableandwerenolongerathreattothehanchinesebanchaoprotectorgeneralduhuofthehandynastyembarkedwithanarmyofmeninacampaignagainstthexiongnuinsurgentswhowereharassingthetraderoutenowknownasthesilkroadhissuccessfulmilitarycampaignsawthesubjugationofonexiongnutribeafteranotherbanchaoalsosentanenvoynamedganyingtodaqinromebanchaowascreatedthemarquessofdingyuaniethemarquesswhostabilizedfarawayplacesforhisservicestothehanempireandreturnedtothecapitalluoyangattheageofyearsanddiedthereintheyearfollowinghisdeaththepowerofthexiongnuinthewesternregionsincreasedagainandtheemperorsofsubsequentdynastieswereneveragainabletoreachsofartothewestxiongnucivilwarbcwhenachanyudiedpowercouldpasstohisyoungerbrotherifhissonwasnotofagethissystemwhichcanbecomparedtogaelictanistrynormallykeptanadultmaleonthethronebutcouldcausetroubleinlatergenerationswhentherewereseverallineagesthatmightclaimthethronewhenthethchanyudiedinbcpowerwastakenbywoyanqudiagrandsonofthethchanyuscousinbeingsomethingofausurperhetriedtoputhisownmeninpowerwhichonlyincreasedthenumberofhisenemiesthethchanyussonfledeastandinbcrevoltedfewwouldsupportwoyanqudiandhewasdriventosuicideleavingtherebelsonhuhanyeasthethchanyuthewoyanqudifactionthensetuphisbrothertuqiaschanyubcinbcthreemoremendeclaredthemselveschanyutwodroppedtheirclaimsinfavorofthethirdwhowasdefeatedbytuqiinthatyearandsurrenderedtohuhanyethefollowingyearinbctuqiwasdefeatedbyhuhanyeandcommittedsuicidebuttwomoreclaimantsappearedrunzhenandhuhanyeselderbrotherzhizhichanyurunzhenwaskilledbyzhizhiinbcleavingonlyzhizhiandhuhanyezhizhigrewinpowerandinbchuhanyemovedsouthandsubmittedtothechinesehuhanyeusedchinesesupporttoweakenzhizhiwhograduallymovedwestinbcabrothertotuqisethimselfupaschanyuandwaskilledbyzhizhiinbczhizhiwaskilledbyachinesearmywhiletryingtoestablishanewkingdominthefarwestnearlakebalkhashtributaryrelationswiththehaninbchuhanyedecidedtoenterintotributaryrelationswithhanchinarefnamerenereftheoriginaltermsinsistedonbythehancourtwerethatfirstthechanyuorhisrepresentativesshouldcometothecapitaltopayhomagesecondlythechanyushouldsendahostageprinceandthirdlythechanyushouldpresenttributetothehanemperorthepoliticalstatusofthexiongnuinthechineseworldorderwasreducedfromthatofabrotherlystatetothatofanoutervassalduringthisperiodhoweverthexiongnumaintainedpoliticalsovereigntyandfullterritorialintegritythegreatwallofchinacontinuedtoserveasthelineofdemarcationbetweenhanandxiongnuhuhanyesenthissonthewisekingoftherightshuloujutangtothehancourtashostageinbchepersonallyvisitedchangantopayhomagetotheemperoronthechinesenewyearlunarnewyearinthesameyearanotherenvoyqijushanwasreceivedatthesweetspringpalaceinthenorthwestofmodernshanxionthefinancialsidehuhanyewasamplyrewardedinlargequantitiesofgoldcashclothessilkhorsesandgrainforhisparticipationhuhanyemadetwofurtherhomagetripsinbcandbcwitheachonetheimperialgiftswereincreasedonthelasttriphuhanyetooktheopportunitytoasktobeallowedtobecomeanimperialsoninlawasasignofthedeclineinthepoliticalstatusofthexiongnuemperoryuanofhanemperoryuanrefusedgivinghiminsteadfiveladiesinwaitingoneofthemwaswangzhaojunfamedinchinesefolkloreasoneofthefourbeautieswhenzhizhilearnedofhisbrotherssubmissionhealsosentasontothehancourtashostageinnbspbcthentwiceinbcandbchesentenvoystothehancourtwithtributebuthavingfailedtopayhomagepersonallyhewasneveradmittedtothetributarysysteminbcajuniorofficernamedchentangwiththehelpofganyanshouprotectorgeneralofthewesternregionsassembledanexpeditionaryforcethatdefeatedhimatthebattleofzhizhiandsenthisheadasatrophytochangantributaryrelationswerediscontinuedduringthereignofhuduershiadcorrespondingtothepoliticalupheavalsofthexindynastyinchinathexiongnutooktheopportunitytoregaincontrolofthewesternregionsaswellasneighbouringpeoplessuchasthewuhuaninadhudershieventalkedaboutreversingthetributarysystemnorthernxiongnuthexiongnusnewpowerwasmetwithapolicyofappeasementbyemperorguangwuofhanemperorguangwuattheheightofhispowerhuduershievencomparedhimselftohisillustriousancestormoduduetogrowingregionalismamongthexiongnuhoweverhuduershiwasneverabletoestablishunquestionedauthoritywhenhedesignatedhissonasheirapparentincontraventionoftheprincipleoffraternalsuccessionestablishedbyhuhanyebitherizhukingoftherightrefusedtoattendtheannualmeetingatthechanyuscourtastheeldestsonoftheprecedingchanyubipihadalegitimateclaimtothesuccessioninadtwoyearsafterhuduershissonpunuascendedthethroneeightxiongnutribesinbispowerbaseinthesouthwithamilitaryforcetotallingtomenacclaimedbiastheirownchanyuthroughouttheeasternhanperiodthesetwogroupswerecalledthekingdomofsouthernxiongnuconfederatesininnermongoliaandthekingdomofnorthernxiongnutheancienthunnickingdomoftheorkhoninoutermongoliarespectivelyinadtsiyungalliedwiththewuhuanandxianbeiattackedthenorthernkingdomrefnamerenerefhardpressedbythenorthernxiongnuandplaguedbynaturalcalamitiesbibroughtthesouthernxiongnuintotributaryrelationswithhanchinainthetributarysystemwasconsiderablytightenedtokeepthesouthernxiongnuunderhansupervisionthechanyuwasorderedtoestablishhiscourtinthemeijidistrictofxihecommanderythesouthernxiongnuwereresettledineightfrontiercommanderiesatthesametimelargenumbersofchinesewereforcedtomigratetothesecommanderieswheremixedsettlementsbegantoappearthenorthernxiongnuweredispersedbythexianbeiinandagaininbythechineseduringthebattleofikhbayaninwhichthelastnorthernchanyustcenturynorthernchanyuwasdefeatedandfledovertothenorthwestwithhissubjectsgroussetstatesthataroundadthenorthernxiongnuwerecrushedandsubjugatedbythexianbeithusmongoldominationsucceededturkicrefnamerenerefsouthernxiongnueconomicallythesouthernxiongnureliedalmosttotallyonhanassistancetensionswereevidentbetweenthesettledchineseandpractitionersofthenomadicwayoflifethusinanguochanyujoinedforceswithnewlysubjugatedxiongnufromthenorthandstartedalargescalerebellionagainstthehantowardstheendoftheeasternhanthesouthernxiongnuweredrawnintotherebellionsthenplaguingthehancourtinthechanyuwasmurderedbysomeofhisownsubjectsforagreeingtosendtroopstohelpthehansuppressarebellioninhebeimanyofthexiongnufearedthatitwouldsetaprecedentforunendingmilitaryservicetothehancourtthemurderedchanyussonyufuluoentitledchizhisizhusucceededhimbutwasthenoverthrownbythesamerebelliousfactioninhetravelledtoluoyangthehancapitaltoseekaidfromthehancourtbutatthistimethehancourtwasindisorderfromtheclashbetweengrandgeneralhejinandtheeunuchsandtheinterventionofthewarlorddongzhuothechanyuhadnochoicebuttosettledownwithhisfollowersinlinfenpingyangacityinshanxiinhediedandwassucceededbyhisbrotherhucuquaninthewarlordstatesmancaocaodetainedhucuquaninthecityofyechinayeanddividedhisfollowersinshanxiintofivedivisionsleftrightsouthnorthandcentrethiswasaimedatpreventingtheexiledxiongnuinshanxifromengaginginrebellionandalsoallowedcaocaotousethexiongnuasauxiliariesinhiscavalryeventuallythexiongnuaristocracyinshanxichangedtheirsurnamefromluantitoliuforprestigereasonsclaimingthattheywererelatedtothehanimperialclanthroughtheoldintermarriagepolicyposthandynastyandthesixteenkingdomsafterhucuquaninadthesouthernxiongnuwerepartitionedintofivelocaltribeseachlocalchiefwasunderthesurveillanceofachineseresidentwhiletheshanyuwasinsemicaptivityattheimperialcourtrefnamerenerefliuyuansnorthernhanhuchuquanchanyuassumedthepatronymicliureflectinghisimperialancestryinliuyuanhanzhaoliuyuanbecamechanyuofthefivehordesindeclaredhimselfemperorandfoundedthehanzhaodynastyinhissonandsuccessorliuconghanzhaoliucongcapturedluoyangandwithittheemperorhuaiofjinchinaintheemperorminofjinchinawascapturedinchanganbothemperorswerehumiliatedascupbearersinlinfenbeforebeingexecutedinandnorthchinacameunderxiongnurulewhiletheremnantsofthejindynastysurvivedinthesouthatjiankangrefnamerenerefliuyaosformerzhaoinaftersuppressingacoupbyapowerfulministerinthexiongnuhancourtinwhichthexiongnuhanemperorandalargeproportionofthearistocracyweremassacredthexiongnuprinceliuyaomovedthexiongnuhancapitalfrompingyangtochanganandrenamedthedynastyaszhaoliuyuanhaddeclaredtheempiresnamehantocreatealinkagewithhandynastytowhichheclaimedhewasadescendantthroughaprincessbutliuyaofeltthatitwastimetoendthelinkagewithhanandexplicitlyrestorethelinkagetothegreatxiongnuchanyumoduchanyumaodunandthereforedecidedtochangethenameofthestatehoweverthiswasnotabreakfromliuyuanashecontinuedtohonorliuyuanandliucongposthumouslyitishenceknowntohistorianscollectivelyashanzhaohowevertheeasternpartofnorthchinacameunderthecontrolofarebelxiongnuhangeneralofjiepeoplejieancestrynamedshileliuyaoandshilefoughtalongwaruntilwhenliuyaowascapturedinbattleandexecutedchanganfelltoshilesoonafterandthexiongnudynastywaswipedoutnorthchinawasruledbyshileslaterzhaodynastyforthenextyearsrefnamerenerefhowevertheliuxiongnuremainedactiveinthenorthforatleastanothercenturytiefuandxiathenortherntiefubranchofthexiongnugainedcontroloftheinnermongolianregionintheyearsbetweentheconquestofthetuobaxianbeidaisixteenkingdomsstateofdaibytheformerqinempireinanditsrestorationinasthenorthernweiafterthetiefuweregraduallydestroyedbyorsurrenderedtothetuobawiththesubmittingtiefubecomingknownastheduguliuboboasurvivingprinceofthetiefufledtotheordosloopwherehefoundedastatecalledthexiathusnamedbecauseofthexiongnussupposedancestryfromthexiadynastyandchangedhissurnametohelianthehelianxiastatewasconqueredbythenorthernweiinandthexiongnuthencefortheffectivelyceasedtoplayamajorroleinchinesehistoryassimilatingintothexianbeiandhanethnicitiestongwanchengmeaninguniteallnationswasthecapitalofthexiasixteenkingdomswhoserulersclaimeddescentfrommoduchanyutheruinedcitywasdiscoveredinandthestatecouncildesignateditasaculturalrelicundertopstateprotectiontherepairoftheyonganplatformwherehelianboboemperorofthedaxiaregimereviewedparadingtroopshasbeenfinishedandrestorationonthemetertallturretfollowsjuquandnorthernliangthejuquwereabranchofthexiongnutheirleaderjuqumengxuntookoverthenorthernliangbyoverthrowingtheformerpuppetrulerduanyebythejuqupowerwasdestroyedbythenorthernweitheirremnantswerethensettledinthecityofgaochangbeforebeingdestroyedbytherouraninterpretationbarfieldattemptedtointerpretxiongnuhistoryaswellasnarrateithemadethefollowingpointsthexiongnuconfederationwasunusuallylonglivedforasteppeempirethepurposeofraidingchinawasnotsimplyforgoodsbuttoforcethechinesetopayregulartributethepowerofthexiongnurulerwasbasedonhiscontrolofchinesetributewhichheusedtorewardhissupportersthehanandxiongnuempiresroseatthesametimebecausethexiongnustatedependedonchinesetributeamajorxiongnuweaknesswasthecustomoflateralsuccessionifadeadrulerssonwasnotoldenoughtotakecommandpowerpassedtothelaterulersbrotherthisworkedinthefirstgenerationbutcouldleadtocivilwarinthesecondgenerationthefirsttimethishappenedinbctheweakerpartyadoptedwhatbarfieldcallstheinnerfrontierstrategytheymovedsouthandsubmittedtochinaandthenusedchineseresourcestodefeatthenorthernxiongnuandreestablishtheempirethesecondtimethishappenedaboutadthestrategyfailedthesouthernrulerwasunabletodefeatthenorthernrulerandthexiongnuremaineddividedtheoriesregardingethnolinguisticidentityclasswikitablestylefloatrightmarginpxcolspanpronunciationofbrsmallsourcewebarchiveorgwebstarlingrinetrucgibinresponsecgirootconfigmorphobasenamecdatacchinacbigchinafirsttextcharacterecstarlingrinetrusmallpreclassicoldchineseclassicoldchinesepostclassicoldchinesemiddlechinesestandardmandarinmodernmandarinthesoundofthefirstchinesecharacterhasbeenreconstructedasinoldchinesethechinesenameforthexiongnuwasagraphicpejorativesinwrittenchinesepejorativeterminitselfasthecharactershavethemeaningoffierceslavethechinesecharactersarepronouncedasxingninmodernstandardchinesemandarinchinesehunsthesupposedoldchinesesoundofthefirstcharacterhasapossiblesimilaritywiththenamehunshunineuropeanlanguagesthesecondcharacterappearstohavenoparallelinwesternterminologywhetherthesimilarityisevidenceofkinshipormerecoincidenceishardtotellitcouldlendcredencetothetheorythatthehunswereinfactdescendantsofthenorthernxiongnuwhomigratedwestwardorthatthehunswereusinganameborrowedfromthenorthernxiongnuorthatthesexiongnumadeuppartofthehunconfederationthexiongnuhunhypothesisoriginatedwiththethcenturyfrenchhistorianjosephdeguigneswhonoticedthatancientchinesescholarshadreferredtomembersoftribesassociatedwiththexiongnubynamessimilartohunalbeitwithvaryingchinesecharacterstiennedelavaissirehasshownthatinthesogdianalphabetsogdianscriptusedinthesocalledsogdianancientlettersboththexiongnuandhunswerereferredtoaswnxwnindicatingthatthetwoweresynonymousalthoughthetheorythatthexiongnuwereprecursorsofthehunsknownlaterineuropeisnowacceptedbymanyscholarsithasyettobecomeaconsensusviewtheidentificationwiththehunsmaybeeitherincorrectoranoversimplificationaswouldappeartobethecasewithaprotomongolsprotomongolpeopletherouranwhohavesometimesbeenlinkedtothepannonianavarsavarsofcentraleuropeiraniantheoriesharoldwalterbaileyproposedaniranianpeoplesiranianoriginofthexiongnurecognizingalltheearliestxiongnunamesofthendcenturybcasbeingoftheiranianlanguagesiraniantypethistheoryissupportedbyturkologyturkologistplhenrykjankowskiturkologhenrykjankowskicentralasianscholarchristopheribeckwithnotesthatthexiongnunamecouldbeacognateofscythiansscythiansakaandsogdiacorrespondingtoanameforeasterniranianlanguagesnortherniraniansintheunescopublishedhistoryofcivilizationsofcentralasiaitseditorjnosharmattaconcludesthattheroyaltribesandkingsofthexiongnuboreiraniannamesthatallxiongnuwordsnotedbythechinesecanbeexplainedfromascythianlanguagesscythianlanguageandthatitisthereforeclearthatthemajorityofhsiungnutribesspokeaneasterniranianlanguagemongolictheoriesmongolianandotherscholarshavesuggestedthatthexiongnuspokealanguagerelatedtothemongoliclanguagesmongolianarchaeologistsproposedthattheslabgraveculturepeopleweretheancestorsofthexiongnuandsomescholarshavesuggestedthatthexiongnumayhavebeentheancestorsofthemongolsaccordingtothebookofsongsectionjoujanjoujansrourankhaganatealternativenamewastatarconfederationtatarortartarandtheywereaxiongnutribehyacinthbichurinnikitabichurinconsideredxiongnuandxianbeitobetwosubgroupsordynastydynastiesbutthesameethnicityrefnameinfonbichurincollectionofinformationonthepeopleswhoinhabitedcentralasiainancienttimesprefgenghiskhanreferstothetimeofmoduchanyuastheremotetimesofourchanyuinhislettertodaoistqiuchujirefnamehowortharchiveorgdetailsphistoryofmongohowouofthenryhoworthhistoryofthemongolsfromthethtothethcenturyrefsunandmoonsymbolofxiongnuthatdiscoveredbyarchaeologistsissimilartomongoliansoyombosymbolturkictheoriesproponentsofaturkiclanguagetheoryincludeehparkerjeanpierreabelrmusatjuliusklaprothkurakichishiratorigustafjohnramstedtannemarievongabainandomeljanpritsakwhileotherssuggestitwasprotohunshuncraigbenjaminseesthexiongnuaseitherprototurksorprotomongolswhopossiblyspokealanguagerelatedtothedinglingboththethcenturychinesehistoryofthenortherndynastiesandthebookofzhouaninscriptioninthesogdianlanguagereporttheturkstobeasubgroupofthehunsyeniseiantheorieslajosligetiwasthefirsttosuggestthatthexiongnuspokeayeniseianlanguageintheearlysedwingpulleyblankedwinpulleyblankwasthefirsttoexpanduponthisideawithcredibleevidenceinalexandervovinreanalyzedpulleyblanksargumentandfoundfurthersupportforitbyutilizingthemostrecentreconstructionofoldchinesephonologybystarostinandbaxterandasinglechinesetranscriptionofasentenceinthelanguageofthejiepeopleamembertribeofthexiongnuconfederacypreviousturkicinterpretationsoftheaforementionedsentencedonotmatchthechinesetranslationaspreciselyasusingyeniseiangrammarpulleybankanddnkeightleyassertedthatthexiongnutitleswereoriginallysiberianwordsbutwerelaterborrowedbytheturkicandmongolicpeoplesthexiongnulanguagegavetothelaterturkicandmongolianempiresanumberofimportantculturewordsincludingturkishtngrimongoliantenggeriwasoriginallythexiongnuwordforheavenchenglithwrjtitlessuchastarqanandteginandkaghanwerealsoinheritedfromthexiongnulanguagerefthepeoplesofthesteppefrontierinearlychinesesourcesedwingpulleyblankpagerefmultipleethnicitiessincetheearlythcenturyanumberofwesternscholarshaveproposedaconnectionbetweenvariouslanguagefamiliesorsubfamiliesandthelanguageorlanguagesofthexiongnualbertterriendelacouperieconsideredthemtobemulticomponentgroupsmanyscholarsbelievethexiongnuconfederationwasamixtureofdifferentethnolinguisticgroupsandthattheirmainlanguageasrepresentedinthechinesesourcesanditsrelationshipshavenotyetbeensatisfactorilydeterminedkimrejectsoldracialtheoriesorevenethnicaffiliationsinfavourofthehistoricalrealityoftheseextensivemultiethnicpolyglotsteppeempireschinesesourceslinkthetielepeopleandashinatothexiongnunotallturkicpeoplesaccordingtothebookofzhouandthehistoryofnortherndynastieshistoryofthenortherndynastiestheashinatribeashinaclanwasacomponentofthexiongnuconfederationrefnamezhoulinghudefenetalbookofzhouzhsvolrefrefnamenorthernliyanshouhistoryofthenortherndynastieszhsvolrefbutthisconnectionisdisputedrefnamechristianchristianprefandaccordingtothebookofsuiandthetongdiantheyweremixednomadspinyinzhwadegilestsahufrompingliangrefnamesuiweizhengetalbookofsuizhsvolrefrefnametongduyoutongdianvolpreftheashinaandtielemayhavebeenseparateethnicgroupswhomixedwiththexiongnurefnameethnicrudocsexdatcomdocsindexhtmlrussianrefindeedchinesesourceslinkmanynomadicpeopleshuseefivebarbarianswuhuontheirnorthernborderstothexiongnujustasgrecoromanhistoriographerscalledpannonianavarsandhunsscythiansthegreekcognateofnameofturkeytourkiawasusedbythebyzantineempirebyzantinelistofbyzantineemperorsemperorandscholarconstantineviiporphyrogenitusinhisbookdeadministrandoimperiorefnameprinzingsalamonrefthoughinhisuseturksalwaysreferredtomagyarsrefnamehoworthrefsucharchaizingwasacommonliterarytoposandimpliedsimilargeographicoriginsandnomadiclifestylebutnotdirectfiliationsomeuyghursclaimeddescentfromthexiongnuaccordingtochinesehistoryweishuthefounderoftheuyghurkhaganatewasdescendedfromaxiongnurulerrefnamegoldenrefbutmanycontemporaryscholarsdonotconsiderthemodernuyghurstobeofdirectlineardescentfromtheolduyghurkhaganatebecausemodernuyghurlanguageandolduyghurlanguagesaredifferentrefnametursunrefrathertheyconsiderthemtobedescendantsofanumberofpeopleoneofthemtheancientuyghursrefnamexinjiangreflanguageisolatetheoriestheturkologistgerharddoerferhasdeniedanypossibilityofarelationshipbetweenthexiongnulanguageandanyotherknownlanguageandrejectedinthestrongesttermsanyconnectionwithturkicormongolianarchaeologyandgeneticslongheldbythexiongnustcenturybcebritishmuseumottojmaenchenhelfennotesthatthestatuettedisplayscaucasoidfeaturesrefnamemaenchenhelfenreftheoriginalgeographiclocationofthexiongnuisdisputedamongsteppearchaeologistssincethesthegeographicoriginofthexiongnuhasattemptedtobetracedthroughananalysisofearlyironageburialconstructionsnoregionhasbeenproventohavemortuarypracticesthatclearlymatchthatofthexiongnuarchaeologypoliticalcenterofthexiongnustatewasinmongoliaandalmostallofthexiongnukingsburiedinmongoliainthespyotrkozlovsexcavationsoftheroyaltombsatthenoinulaburialsiteinnorthernmongoliathatdatetoaroundthefirstcenturyceprovidedaglimpseintothelostworldofthexiongnuotherarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenunearthedininnermongoliaandelsewheretheyrepresenttheneolithicandhistoricalperiodsofthexiongnushistorythoseincludedtheordosculturemanyofthemhadbeenidentifiedasthexiongnuculturestheregionwasoccupiedpredominantlybypeoplesshowingmongoloidfeaturesknownfromtheirskeletalremainsandartifactsportraitsfoundinthenoinulaexcavationsdemonstrateotherculturalevidencesandinfluencesshowingthatchineseandxiongnuarthaveinfluencedeachothermutuallysomeoftheseembroideredportraitsinthenoinulakurgansalsodepictthexiongnuwithlongbraidedhairwithwideribbonswhichisseentobeidenticalwiththeashinatribeashinaclanhairstylewellpreservedbodiesinxiongnuandprexiongnutombsinthemongolianrepublicandsouthernsiberiashowbothmongoloidandcaucasianfeaturesanalysisofskeletalremainsfromsitesattributedtothexiongnuprovidesanidentificationofdolichocephalicmongoloidethnicallydistinctfromneighboringpopulationsinpresentdaymongoliarussianandchineseanthropologicalandcraniofacialstudiesshowthatthexiongnuwerephysicallyveryheterogenouswithsixdifferentpopulationclustersshowingdifferentdegreesofmongoloidandcaucasoidphysicaltraitstheseclusterspointtosignificantcrossregionalmigrationsbotheasttowestandwesttoeastthatlikelystartedintheneolithicperiodandcontinuedtothemedievalmongolianperiodpresentlythereexistfourfullyexcavatedandwelldocumentedcemeteriesivolgaarchaeologicalsiteivolgadyrestuiburkhantolgoireftstrbatkeramikakhunnskogomogilnikaburkhantolgoierdemshinzhilgeeniibichigarkheologiantropologiugsaatansudlalrefanddaodunzirefningxiawenwukaoguyanjiusuozhongguoshehuikexueyuankaogusuoningxiakaoguzutongxinxianwenwuguanlisuoningxiatongxindaodunzixiongnumudikaoguxuebaorefadditionallythousandsoftombshavebeenrecordedintransbaikaliaandmongoliainadditiontothesethetamirexcavationsitefromasilkroadarkanghaiexcavationprojectistheonlyxiongnucemeteryinmongoliatobefullymappedinscaletamirwaslocatedontamirynulaankhoshuuaprominentgraniticoutcropnearothercemeteriesoftheneolithicbronzeageandmongolperiodsthetlvmirrorsareofparticularinterestthreemirrorswereacquiredfromthreedifferentgravesatthesitethemirrorfoundatfeatureisbelievedtobealowqualitylocalimitationofahanmirrorwhilethewholemirrorfoundatfeatureandfragmentsofamirrorfoundatfeaturearebelievedtobelongtotheclassicaltlvmirrorsanddatebacktothexindynastyortheearlytomiddleeasternhanperiodclassificationsoftheseburialsitesmakedistinctionbetweentwoprevailingtypeofburialsmonumentalrampedterracetombswhichareoftenflankedbysmallersatelliteburialsandcircularorringburialssomescholarsconsiderthisadivisionbetweenelitegravesandcommonergravesotherscholarsfindthisdivisiontoosimplisticandnotevocativeofatruedistinctionbecauseitshowsignoranceofthenatureofthemortuaryinvestmentsandtypicallyluxuriantburialassemblagesanddoesnotaccountforthediscoveryofotherlesserintermentsthatdonotqualifyaseitherofthesetypesgeneticsastudybasedonmitochondrialdnaanalysisofhumanremainsinterredintheegrivervalleyofmongoliaconcludedthattheturkicpeoplesoriginatedfromthesameareaandthereforearepossiblyrelatedrefnamegenomenewsnetworkrefamajorityofthexiongnumtdnasequencescanbeclassifiedasbelongingtoasianhaplogroupsandnearlybelongtoeuropeanhaplogroupsthisfindingindicatesthatcontactbetweeneuropeanandasianpopulationsprecededthestartofxiongnucultureandconfirmsresultsreportedfortwosamplesfromanearlyrdcenturybcpazyrykculturescythosiberianpopulationclissonetalanotherstudyfromscreenedancientsamplesfromtheegyingolnecropolisfortheydnahaplogroupnmnmhaplogroupnaformerlynakaakanmntattheegyingolnecropolislocatedinnorthernmongoliaisyearsoldandbelongstothexiongnuculturethetatpolymorphismisabiallelicmarkerthatdefinesthenaydnahaplogroupwhathassofarbeenobservedonlyinpopulationsfromasiaandnortherneuropeitreachesitshighestfrequencyinyakutsandnorthernuralicpeopleswithsignificantpartsalsoinburyatsandnortheasternsiberianpopulationsopinionsdifferaboutwhetherthegeographicoriginofthetcmutationliesinasiaornortherneurasiazerjaletalsuggestedthatthismutationfirstaroseinthepopulationsofcentralasiatheyproposedmongoliaasacandidatelocationfortheoriginofthetcpolymorphismincontrastforlahermoetalthewidedistributionofthemutationinnortheurasianpopulationssuggeststhatitaroseinnortherneurasiaaccordingtothemtheestimatedtimeofthecmutationisyearsagoaccordingtosomemorerecentresearchesofhaplogroupnthepresenceofnaandnabpreviouslynbnpinmodernsiberianandothereurasianpopulationsisconsideredtoreflectanancientsubstratumprobablyspeakiguraliclanguagesconcerningthexiongnupeopletwoofthemfromtheoldestsectionharbouredthemutationconfirmingthatthetatpolymorphismalreadyexistedinmongoliayearsagothenextarchaeogeneticaloccurrenceofthisntatancientdnawasfoundinhungaryamongthesocalledhungariansenteringthecarpathianbasinchomeconquerorhungariansrefcsnyietalrefalsothreeyakutsadnafromthethcenturyandoftwofromthelatethcenturywerethishaplogroupadditionallytwomtdnasequencematchesrevealedinthisworksuggestthatthexiongnutribeunderstudymayhavebeencomposedofsomeoftheancestorsofthepresentdayyakutpopulationanotherstudyofusinggeneticandarcheologicaldatafromasiberiangraveofpokrovskrecentlydiscoverednearthelenariveranddatedfromtoyearsbpaswellasmodernburyatskhantypeoplekhantymansipeoplemansievenksevenkandyakutsprovidedevidencefortheexistenceofearlycontactbetweenautochthonoushuntersofthesiberiantaigaandnomadichorsebreedersfromthealtaibaikalareamongoliaandburyatiathesimilarityofthemitochondrialhaplotypeofthepokrovsksubjectwithawomanoftheegrivernecropolisofthesecondorthirdcenturymtdnadhaplogroupshowsthatthiscontactwouldhaveoccurredbytheendofthexiongnuperiodandpossiblypriortotherdcenturybcthiscontactcouldhavebeenthrougheithertheexpansionofthexiongnuandothersteppepeopleswestwardstonewareasofsiberiaornorthwardsalongriverwaystheyeniseiriverinparticularcontributedtoextensiveeastwestgeneflowthecombinedevidencedemonstratesthecloserelationshipbetweenthexiongnuandthesiberianpopulationsanotherstudyobservedgeneticsimilarityamongmongoliansamplesfromdifferentperiodsandgeographicareasincludingyearoldxiongnupopulationoftheegyingolvalleythisresultssupportsthehypothesisthatthesuccessionovertimeofdifferentturkicpeoplesturkicandmongoliantribesinthecurrentterritoryofmongoliaresultedinculturalratherthangeneticsgeneticchangesfurthermoreitappearsthattheyakutsprobablydidnotfindtheiroriginamongthexiongnutribesaspreviouslyhypothesisedrefrefaresearchstudyoffocusedonydnasoftheegyingolsiteandbesidestheconfirmationoftheabovementionedtwontatsitalsoidentifiedahaplogroupqmydnaqmhaplogroupfromthemiddleperiodandahaplogroupcmydnacmhaplogroupfromthelaterndcenturyadtheqmisoneofthehaplogroupsoftheindigenouspeoplesoftheamericasthoughthisisnotthissubcladeandminoracrosseurasiaonlytwogroupsintheoldworldarehighmajorityqmgroupsthesearetheselkupshoweveronlyonestudywasmadeandtheketpeopletheyliveinwesternandmiddlesiberiatogetherwiththekhantypeopletheketsoriginallylivedinsouthernsiberiaaccordingtouralisticliteraturetheswiftmigrationanddisjunctionofthesamoyedicpeoplesmightbeconnectedtoaheavywarringintheregionprobablyduetothedissolutionofthexiongnuempireintheperiodofthebattleofthealtaimountainsthemutationdefininghaplogroupcmisrestrainedinnorthandeastasiaandinamericabergenetallelletalthehighestfrequenciesofhaplogroupcarefoundamongthepopulationsofmongoliaandtherussianfareastwhereitisgenerallythemodalhaplogrouphaplogroupcistheonlyvarietyofhaplogroupcmtobefoundamongnativeamericansamongwhomitreachesitshighestfrequencyinnadenpopulationsaresearchprojectofyichuanrefreflookedatthegeneticaffinitiesbetweentuobaxianbeiandxiongnupopulationssomemtdnasequencesfromtuobaxianbeiremainsindonghanperiodwereanalyzedcomparingwiththepublisheddataofxiongnutheresultsindicatedthatthetuobaxianbeipresentedsomecloseaffinitiestothexiongnuwhichimpliedthattherewasageneflowbetweentuobaxianbeiandxiongnuduringthetwosouthwardmigrationsarecentexaminationofthreeskeletonsinaxiongnuelitecemeteryinduurlignarsrevealedawesterneurasianmalewithmaternalueandpaternalhaplogroupraydnarahaplogroupsandtwootherdnasafemalewithmtdnahaplogroupdandamalewithyhaplogroupcandmtdnahaplogroupdwhichareeasterneurasianoriginastudyofanalysedsixhumanremainsofanomadicgroupexcavatedfrompengyangcountyfromthemtdnasixhaplotypeswereidentifiedasthreehaplogroupscdandmtheanalysesrevealedthattheseindividualswerecloselyassociatedwiththeancientxiongnuandmodernnorthernasianstheanalysisofychromosomesfromfourmalesamplesthatweretypedashaplogroupqmallqamindicatedthatthesepeoplehadoriginatedinsiberiaoverthepastdecadechinesearchaeologistshavepublishedseveralreviewsregardingtheresultsofexcavationsinxinjiangtheyimplythexiongnussupremerulingclassparticularlyinterestingarethetombsinthecemeteryatheigouliangxinjiangtheblackgouliangcemeteryalsoknownasthesummerpalaceofthexiongnukingeastofthebarkolbasinnearthecityofhamicityhamibytypingresultsofdnasamplesduringtheexcavationofoneofthetombsitwasdeterminedthatofthemensixwereqaxqmxqmxqmfourwereqbqmintwoseparatetombsandtwowereanunspecifiedsubcladeofqxqaqballyhaplogroupqbmrepresenthostsofthetombswhilehalfofydnaqarepresentshostsandhalfsacrificialvictimstheydatefromthetimeoftheearlywesternhanndstcenturybcinanotherstudythreehumanremainswereidentifiedasqmsummarisingthedatafromavailableevidencesitisconcludedthatthetombsbelongtorepresentativesofthexiongnuhunnunobilityconquerorscultureartisticdistinctionswithinthexiongnuculturemorevarietyisvisiblefromsitetositethanfromeratoeraintermsofthechinesechronologyyetallformawholethatisdistinctfromthatofthehanandotherpeoplesofthenonchinesenorthweseeasimilarimageinworkfrommaoqinggouasitewhichispresumedtohavebeenunderxiongnupoliticalcontrolbutisstillclearlynonxiongnufrommaoqinggouweseethepreyreplacedbyanextensionofthetigersfoottheworkalsodepictsalowerlevelofexecutionmaoqinggouworkwasexecutedinarounderlessdetailedstyleinitsbroadestsensexiongnuiconographyofanimalpredationincludeexamplessuchasthegoldheaddressfromaluchaidengandgoldearringswithaturquoiseandjadeinlaydiscoveredinxigoubaninnermongoliathegoldheaddresscanbeviewedalongwithsomeotherexamplesofxiongnuartfromtheexternallinksatthebottomofthisarticlexiongnuartishardertodistinguishfromsakaorscythianarttherewasasimilaritypresentinstylisticexecutionbutxiongnuartandsakaartdidoftendifferintermsoficonographysakaartdoesnotappeartohaveincludedpredationscenesespeciallywithdeadpreyorsameanimalcombatadditionallysakaartincludedelementsnotcommontoxiongnuiconographysuchasawingedhornedhorsethetwoculturesalsousedtwodifferentbirdheadsxiongnudepictionsofbirdshaveatendencytohaveamoderateeyeandbeakandhaveearswhilesakabirdshaveapronouncedeyeandbeakandnoearssomescholarsclaimthesedifferencesareindicativeofculturaldifferencesscholarsophiakarinpsarrasclaimsthatxiongnuimagesofanimalpredationspecificallytigerpluspreyisspiritualrepresentativeofdeathandrebirthandsameanimalcombatisrepresentativeoftheacquisitionoformaintenanceofpowerrockartandwritingtherockartoftheyinmountainsyinandhelanmountainsisdatedfromthethmillenniumbctothethcenturyaditconsistsmainlyofengravedsignspetroglyphsandonlyminimallyofpaintedimagesexcavationsconductedbetweenandinthenoinulakurgansproducedobjectswithovertwentycarvedcharacterswhichwereeitheridenticalorverysimilartothatoftotheruniclettersoftheoldturkicalphabetdiscoveredintheorkhonvalleyfromthisasomescholarsholdthatthexiongnuhadascriptsimilartoeurasianruniformandthisalphabetitselfservedasthebasisfortheancientturkicwritingtherecordsofthegrandhistorianvolzhsstatethatwhenthexiongnunoteddownsomethingortransmittedamessagetheymadecutsonapieceofwoodtheyalsomentionahuscriptgalleryimagefigishjamtsprgifndcenturybcendcenturycecharactersofhunxianbeiscriptmongoliaandinnermongolianishjamtsnomadsineasterncentralasiainthehistoryofcivilizationsofcentralasiavolumefigpnbspunescopublishingimagefigishjamtsprgifndcenturybcendcenturycecharactersofhunxianbeiscriptmongoliaandinnermongolianishjamtsnomadsineasterncentralasiainthehistoryofcivilizationsofcentralasiavolumefigpnbspunescopublishinggallerydietxiongnuwereanomadicpeoplefromtheirlifestyleofherdingflocksandtheirhorsetradewithchinawecanconcludethattheirdietconsistmainlyofmuttonhorsemeatandwildgeesethatwereshotdownpossibleconnectiontosilladynastyinvariouskindsofancientinscriptionsonmonumentsofmunmuofsillaitisrecordedthatkingsillacamefromxiongnualsotherearesomekoreanresearcherspointoutsgravegoodsofsillaandxiongnuarealikeandalsosomeresearchersinsistsillakingisdescendedfromxiongnuaboutthisthekoreanpublicbroadcasterkoreanbroadcastingsystemkbshasreportedadocumentaryseealsochanyulistofxiongnuchanyuslistofxiongnurulerschanyuschanyuchanyufamilytreesrulersfamilytreenomadicempireethnicgroupsinchinesehistoryhistoryofthehandynastybanyongzubunotesreferencescitationssourcesprimarysourcesbanguetalbookofhanespvolzhspartzhspartfanyehistorianfanyeetalbookofthelaterhanespzhsvolsimaqianetalrecordsofthegrandhistorianespzhsvolworksconsultedadasmichaelagriculturalandpastoralsocietiesinancientandclassicalhistoryamericanhistoricalassociationtempleuniversitypressreviewedjstororgstableherebarfieldthomastheperilousfrontierbasilblackwellbrossederursulaandbryanmillerxiongnuarchaeologymultidisciplinaryperspectivesofthefirststeppeempireininnerasiabonnfreiburgergraphischebetriebefreiburgcsnyibetalintersciencewileycomjournalabstractcretrysretryychromosomeanalysisofancienthungarianandtwomodernhungarianspeakingpopulationsfromthecarpathianbasinannalsofhumangeneticsmarchdemattpaolawritingthelandscapepetroglyphsofinnermongoliaandningxiaprovincechinainbeyondthesteppeandthesownproceedingsoftheuniversityofchicagoconferenceoneurasianarchaeologyeditedbydavidlpetersonetalbrillcolloquiaponticaseriesonthearchaeologyandancienthistoryoftheblackseaareaproceedingsofthefirstinternationalconferenceofeurasianarchaeologyuniversityofchicagomaydavydovaanthoninatheivolgaarchaeologicalcomplexparttheivolgafortressinarchaeologicalsitesofthexiongnuvolstpetersburgdavydovaanthoninatheivolgaarchaeologicalcomplexparttheivolgacemeteryinarchaeologicalsiteso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gthemebycallinghimselfwolfmanjackandaddinghisownsoundeffectssmithtookhisacttointeramericanradioadvertisingwhosenthimtothestudioandtransmittersiteofxerfitwasherethatwolfmanjackinventedhisownstyleofborderblastingbyturningtheairwavesintoonelonginfomercialfeaturingmusicandoffthewallproductswolfmanjackgainedahugeaudiencewhichbroughtinenoughmoneytonotonlypaythebillsbuttocausebanditsandcorruptofficialstoalsotakeenoughinterestintakingoverhispromotionsforthemselvesasaresultsmithbegantopayhisownsecurityforcetoprotecthimbecausealthoughhelivedindelriotexasbecauseofthebrinkleyacthehadtoactuallybroadcastfromthestationitselfinciudadacuainmexicolawlessnessanddeathinaprilxerfreturnedtotheheadlineswhenarmedmenseizedthestationmexicanauthoritiesintervenedstationingfederaltroopstoguardthestationintestimonyemployeessaidtheywerechasedandthatonearmedmanthreatenedkallingerwithapistolafteralegaldisputeajudgefoundinfavorofsalmontesthestationsadministratorwhoputthestationbackontheairinjanuaryagunbattleatthestationleftayearoldmandeadhisbodywasfoundonanadjoiningranchstationpersonnelbroadcastpanickedpleasforhelppromptinglocalresidentstonotifytheauthoritiesafterthesecondgunbattlebobsmithdecidedtoleaveforxeprsamxerbaborderblasterintijuanaandlistenableinlosangelescaliforniaitwasthisstationthatgeorgelucasfeaturedinthemovieamericangraffitimeanwhilexerfrevertedtosellingtimeaccordingtotheoldformatdevisedbydrbrinkleyitfeaturedpaidprogrammingmostofitfromamericanfringeevangelistsrightwingpoliticalgroupsandblacknationalismblacknationalistmessagesfromthenationofislaminapastorsuedthestationforremovinghimfromitsairallegingthatthecontracthehadsignedwasforthedurationofitsbroadcastconcessionintheearlysthestationfacedanotherlawsuitovercontractsforairtimeonxerfinearlystationemployeeswhohadbeenseekingbackwagesforyearssincethegunfightwonavictoryinmexicancourtandmonteswasappointedthesoleadministratorofxerfwiththeadventoffmstereoradiobroadcastinginterestinthemonostaticsignalsofxerfbegantowaneanditssignalwasswitchedfromthenbspkwrcatransmitterwhichwasneverpaidforandwhichconsistentlykeptbreakingdowntoanewnbspkwtransmitteritsprogramscheduleconsistedofprimarilyreligiousshowsanditdidnotbroadcastduringthedayrefnamedayrefbriefrebirthinthesinbobsmithwolfmanjackranintoaradioengineerfriendnamedmikevendittiandhetoldvendittithatnoonehadbeenabletogetxerfbackonfullpowerwithitsoldrcanbspkwtransmitterbecausercadidnothaveanymanualsrelatingtotheequipmentvendittithenapproachedgonzlezwithabusinesspropositionloveinexchangeforrestoringthemainrcatransmittertoactivedutyvendittiaskedgonzleztoleasehimthedaytimehoursfromamtopmbecausethestationwasonlyoperatingonafractionofpowerfromthenbspkwtransmitterxerfwasnotontheairduringthedayatnightxerfrevertedtoitssponsoredformatofmainlyamericanreligiousprogramsvendittisucceededingettingtheoldtransmittertoworkandatfirsthisnewstationloveanametakenfromtheamfrequencybroadcastanenglishlanguageformatcomposedofamixtureofsoftrockoldiesmiddleoftheroadcountryandbigbandmusicalongwithhourlyabcnewsnewscaststhisformatdidnotsellandsoonlovewasprogrammingamodernchristianmusicformatthatdidnotworkeithermichaelvendittiwasamemberofthewordoutreachcenteranondenominationalchurchindelrioduringthistimethechurchwaspastoredbymichaelkyleanativeofdelrioandlongtimebroadcasterhimselfhavingworkedinbothlocalradiostationsandwithpaulkallingermichaelkyleworkedanairshiftatthestationinmexicowhentheformatwenttoallmusicbeforevendittipulledtheplugonloveitattractedalotofpublicityinthetexaspressconcerningtherebirthofxerfasarealborderblastertexasnighttrainanothergroupfromthedallasandfortworthtexasfortworthareathenreplacedbillmackwithanightlytapedprogramcalledthetexasnighttrainbecausethemarathonshowswhichfeaturedeverytypeofpopularmusicandcomedyweretapedtherewasnoproblemwithalackoflivelandlineconnectionsweekendeditionswerealsoheardonsomeusradiostationsintexasincludingkxolanamstationinfortworththeshowtooktelephonerequestswhichwerethenmixedintothefollowingnightprogramtapeitsbigfeaturewasthevoiceofthedjwhowasidentifiedasthenighthawkbutwhosomemistookasavoicecloneofwolfmanjackhewasheraldedoverthesoundeffectsofamassivesteamtrainwhichgavetheimpressionthetexasnighttrainwaschuggingitswayacrosstexaswonderfulradiolondonanothergroupthatwasalsobasedinnorthtexaswhowereawareofthebillmackventureonxerfandthereplacementofhistimeslotbythetexasnighttrainweretheownersofacompanyattemptingtorevivetheunitedkingdombritishpirateradiooffshorestationwonderfulradiolondonheadedbybentoneywhohadbeentheoriginalprogrammanagerforbiglinthesthenewcompanyalsohadlinkstodonpiersonwhohadfoundedthestationinbentoneyandhisbusinessassociatewenttodelrioandmetwithattorneyarturogonzlezinhislawofficewhichhesharedwithinteramericanradioadvertisingincarturogonzlezwasofmexicanheritageandauscitizenheheldanexclusivecontractualarrangementwithxerfssilentconcessionholdersacrosstheriograndeinmexicoarturogonzlezwasabletoenforcehisowncontractwiththeconcessionairebecausehisinteramericanradioadvertisingincheldthepursestringstoallofthemoneypaidbyamericanadvertisersforairtimeonxerfbuiltintothecostsofoperationwerenotonlytheexpensesincurredfromtheelectricalbillsandbasicengineeringhelpbutfrompaymentsforthephysicalsecurityofthestationaswellastheattorneysownprofitmarginlittleifanythingwaseverspentonstudiotransmitterortowerequipmentafterconcludingthearrangementwitharturogonzlezindelriobentoneyandhisassociatethendroveacrosstheriograndeandontothedirtroadsandthroughtheshacksthatledtothesmallantiquatedstudioandbarnthathousedthefacilitiesofradiostationxerfitappearedthatwiththenewinterestbeingshowninthestationfromtexasthatitwouldbepossibletorestorethesignalofthestationtoadependablehighpowerstrengthusingtheoldrcanbspkwtransmitterbeginningonaugustthewonderfulradiolondontopshowwasheardnightlyviatapedprogramswhichwererecordedinenglandandflowntotexasinbritishmusicwasonceagaininvadingtheuschartsinamajorwayjustasithadintheshowevertheuschartswereaboutmonthsbehindthebritishmusicchartsandsowonderfulradiolondonpositioneditselfasplayingtomorrowshitstodaytoaccommodatethenewschedulethetexasnighttrainwaspushedbacktoallowthebiglshowtoserveasitsleadinbeginningatmidnighttexastimeomnibusweekendeditionsofthebiglprogramwerealsoheardonseveralusradiostationsincludingkxolinfortworththefirstofthedailywonderfulradiolondonshowsthatwerebroadcastbyxerfwasintroducedbythevoiceofjohnlennonwhowasaskedinwhathethoughtaboutamericancommercialradioonthesecondnightwhichwastheanniversaryoftheclosedownoftheoriginalwonderfulradiolondononaugustaircheckswereplayedbeginningwiththelastbreakfastshowthathadbeenbroadcasttheprogramforaugustbeganwitharecorddedicatedtobentoneyinwhothencutinontheprogramtothankthedjthathehadpersonallyhiredyearsearlierthisdedicationwasfollowedbythevoicesofmickjaggerringostarrandmanyothersallbiddingthestationfarewellthethemeoftheshowwasthebeatlesyousaygoodbyeandwesayhelloannouncingthenewprogrammingthatwouldbeginthefollowingnightonaugustconstanttransmitterproblemsnosoonerhadthewonderfulradiolondontopshowstartedwhenthetexasnighttrainfoldeditsdemisewasduetothesameproblemthatbillmackhadencounteredthetexasnighttrainoftendisappearedintothestaticoftheambandwhenthexerftransmitterpowerdroppedoffadvertiserswouldnotbuytimeandwithmountingdebtsthetexasnighttraincametotheendofitslinelinkingtheownersofthetexasnighttrainandwonderfulradiolondonprogramswaskmnykxolinfortworthwherebothshowswerealsoairedonweekendskxolwasintheprocessofbeingsoldandharoldglenmartinwholaterreturnedtoworkatkxolwasatthattimetheonlyliveonairpersonalityatxerfusingahillbillyaccentunderthenameofbillypurlhepresentedalivecountrymusicprogramtofillthedeadaironxerfmartinclaimsthehonorofbeingthelastlivevoiceheardonxerfbillypurlsgoldlamxerfjacketispartoftherockandrollhalloffamesborderradiocollectioninclevelandclevelandohiofinalpropositiontomarktheexactdateofitsoriginalstartupwonderfulradiolondoninternationalwrliwasplanningitsownreturnasafulltimeradiostationbroadcastingfromoffthecoastofenglandbeginningindecemberthiswasduringtheperiodinwhichbothradiocarolineandlaserwerebroadcastingsuccessfullyfromshipsoffthebritishcoastthoughnotwithoutharassmentfromtheauthoritiesafterthedemiseofthetexasnighttrainmarathonprogramthewrliteamapproachedattorneyarturogonzlezindelriowithanewproposalsincexerfreceptionreportshadbeenreceivedfromeuropewhenthepowerwasmaintainedatwattsitwasproposedthatwonderfulradiolondonwouldtakeovertheentiretyofthehoursaftermidnightcentraltimethiswouldcorrespondtoamgreenwichmeantimeoruniversalcoordinatedtimeunderthejointcallsignofwonderfulradiolondonviaxerfandoperatingasafullservicestationatfullpowerbiglwouldbeabletoattractboththeadditionalfundingandadvertisingnecessarytoalsomakethenewoffshoreprojectintoacommercialsuccesshowcommercialxerffadedawayhowevertimehadrunoutforthesuperpowerxerfwhenattorneyarturogonzlezwasforcedtoretirehisownageandtheadditionalquestionablelegalitiesamongotherthingsofbrokeringacontractthatwouldinvolveyetanothercountrytheukwouldbecomemoreofaheadachethanhewantedathistimeoflifewithouthistexassalesconnectionthesilentownersoftheancienttransmitterfacilitiesalsoknewthatthedaysofxerfwerefinallyoverwhenarturogonzlezwasforcedoutofthepictureduetocorruptionandallegedfraudulentissuesthemexicanswereleftwithoutofdatebroadcastingfacilitiesandamarketthatwantedbothfmbroadcastingfmstereoandmtvoncabletelevisionbythistimethepreachershadalsodriftedtocableoutletssuchasjimbakkerstheinspirationnetworkptlandpatrobertsonschristianbroadcastingnetworkcbncabletelevisionnetworksadditionallyregulatorychangesonbothsidesoftheborderpresentedagrimpanoramaontheamericansideanewinternationalradioagreementwoulddiminishthecoverageareaofmexicanclearchannelstationsbyallowingamericanstationstosetupshoponthosefrequenciesmeanwhilemexicoproposedchangestoitsbroadcastlawthatwouldallowforoperatorstoowntheirstationsforyearsatwhichtimethegovernmentwouldhavetherighttopurchaseastationforthedepreciatedvalueofitsassetsxerfunderimerhoweveronemexicangroupwashighlyinterestedintakingcontrolofxerfforitselfinthefederalgovernmentcreatedtheinstitutomexicanodelaradioimerwhichinitiallyownedalloftheradiostationswhichthegovernmenthadcomeintoowningthroughotheragenciesgivenxerfsgeographiclocationtransmitterpowerandstatusonaclearchannelthemexicangovernmentconsideredxerfofstrategicimportancetoacquireonfebruaryimerpurchasedtheassetsofcompaaradiodifusoradecoahuilasaandimmediatelytookoveroperationsofxerffivedayslaterinaspecialshareholdersmeetingcompaaradiodifusoradecoahuilavotedtodissolveitselftheconcessionwasformallytransferredtoimeronfebruaryhoweveronceimeracquiredxerfitwasleftwiththeoldbrokentransmitterforwhichtherewerenopartsandasecondnbspkwtransmitterwhichwasalsohavingproblemsandxerfoperatedwithonlywattsinimerbeganamodernizationprojectnationwidespecialattentionwaspaidtoxerfwhereimerlaunchedproyectociudadacuatoimprovethestationstechnicalfacilitiesandstrengthenitsvisionforxerfwiththeacquisitionofanewtransmitterxerfraiseditspowertonbspkwinmayrefnamelapodcronrefonjunepresidentvicentefoxformallydedicatedxerfsnewfacilitiesthegoalofxerfunderimeristoprovideabroadcastservicethatlinksmigratingmexicanstotheiroriginalcommunitiesthestationsprogrammingconsistsofnewstalkprogramsandmexicanpopularmusicamfmmigrationaspartofthemexicangovernmentplantomoveasmanyamstationsaspossibletothefmbandxhrffmsignedonfebruaryhdprogrammingxhrfbeganbroadcastsinhdradioonoctoberthehdstreamrelaysxhoffmreactorwhilehdfeaturesxhimerfmopusbothimerstationsinmexicocityseealsoborderblastermdashalistofsuperpowerradiostationslocatedontheinternationalborderofmexicofacingtheunitedstatesofamericajohnrbrinkleygivesmoredetailsaboutthecareerofthisdoctorwolfmanjackgivesmoredetailsaboutthecareerofthisdiscjockeywhowasfeaturedinthemovieamericangraffitiwonderfulradiolondongivesmoredetailsofthehistoryofthisstationdonpiersongivesmoredetailsaboutthecareerofthisoffshorebroadcastingpioneerzztopcelebratedthestationintheirsongihearditonthexreferenceswolfmanjacksoldstationhowlingonceagaindallastimesheraldjanuaryarticleaboutbillmackandtherestorationoftheoldrcanbspkwtransmitterbymikevendittidelriotohonorwolfmanjacksanantonioexpressnewsjunearticledescribinghowbobsmithwolfmanjackcametodelriotexastomeetarturogonzelezandramondbosquezandwantingtoknowwhowastheownerofradiostationxerfarturogonzelezwhowasinrecallshisfirstmeetingwithbobsmithindetailsconfirmthatxerfhadanbspkwtransmittertheroguishworldofdoctorbrinkleybycarsongeraldrinehartnewyorkborderradiobyfowlergeneandcrawfordbilltexasmonthlypressaustinbigbeatheatalanfreedandtheearlyyearsofrockrollbyjacksonjohnaschirmerbooksnewyorkmassmediamomentsintheunitedkingdomtheussrandtheusaincludesdetailsofxerfinbygilderericlucianblagauniversityofsibiupressromaniaexternallinkslapoderosaimercommxlapoderosamdashofficialimerwebsitetransitionfccgovfccbinamqcallxerffccinformationforxerfhistoryominousvalvecomxerfhtmlthebestdarnstoryofthewholethcenturymdashwebpageaboutxeramxerxeraamxeraandxerfwebarchiveorgwebonthemediaorgtranscriptsthexfactormdashtranscriptofepisodeabouttheborderblastersfromnprsonthemediaintcomsathtmlreferencetobillypurlthelastlivevoiceheardonxerfmdashinadropdownboxharoldglenmartinbillypurlmakesreferencetofivenbspkwtransmitterssnbspkwhoweverxerfhadareasonablynewccanbspkwtransmitterandanancientrcanbspkwtransmitterasreferencedaboveinanotebybobsmithwnjccommemorialmemorialhtmtributetomikevendittiwhodiedonaprilinfoboxinformationappliancenamexeroxaltoimagecaptionthexeroxaltomonitorhasaportraitorientationdeveloperxeroxparccompanyxeroxparcmanufacturerparccompanyxeroxparctypereleasedateconnectivityethernetlifespanunitsshippedaltoibraltoiimediamegabytemboneplatterromcartridgecartridgeosaltoexecutiveexecinputcomputerkeyboardkeyboardbuttonmousecomputingmousekeychordedkeyboardpowercputransistortransistorlogicttlbasedwiththearithmeticlogicunitalubuiltaroundfourmediumscaleintegrationmsichipsithasuserprogrammablemicrocodeusedbigendianformatandacpuclockofrefnamealtocitewebtitlehistoryofcomputersandcomputingbirthofthemoderncomputerpersonalcomputerxeroxaltodateaccessdateurlhistorycomputercommoderncomputerpersonalaltohtmlrefstoragememorydisplaypixelsaudioserviceonlineservicesoffereddimensionsweighttouchpadrelatedxeroxstarapplelisamacintoshthexeroxaltowasthefirstcomputerdesignedfromitsinceptiontosupportanoperatingsystembasedonagraphicaluserinterfaceguilaterusingthedesktopmetaphorthefirstmachineswereintroducedonmarchadecadebeforemassmarketguimachinesarosethealtousesacustommultiintegratedcircuitchipcentralprocessingunitcpufillingasmallcabinetandeachmachinecosttensofthousandsofdollarsdespiteitsstatusasapersonalcomputeronlysmallnumberswerebuiltinitiallybutbythelatesaboutwereinuseatvariousxeroxlabsandaboutanotherinseveraluniversitiestotalproductionwasaboutsystemsthealtobecamewellknowninsiliconvalleyanditsguiwasincreasinglyseenasthefutureofcomputinginstevejobsarrangedavisittoxeroxparcinwhichapplecomputerpersonnelwouldreceiveademonstrationofthetechnologyfromxeroxinexchangeforxeroxbeingabletopurchasestockoptionfinanceoptionsinappleaftertwovisitstoseethealtoappleengineersusedtheconceptstointroducetheapplelisaandmacintoshsystemsxeroxeventuallycommercializedaheavilymodifiedversionofthealtoconceptsasthexeroxstarfirstintroducedinacompleteofficesystemincludingseveralworkstationsstorageandalaserprintercostasmuchasandlikethealtothestarhadlittledirectimpactonthemarkethistorythealtowasconceivedininamemowrittenbybutlerlampsoninspiredbythenlscomputersystemonlinesystemnlsdevelopedbydouglasengelbartanddustinlindbergatsriinternationalsriitwasdesignedmostlybycharlespthackerindustrialdesignandmanufacturingwassubcontractedtoxeroxwhosespecialprogramsgroupteamincludeddougstewartasprogrammanagerabbeysilverstoneoperationsbobnishimuraindustrialdesigneraninitialrunofunitswasproducedbyxeroxelsegundospecialprogramsgroupworkingwithjohnellenbyatparcanddougstewartandabbeysilverstoneatelsegundowhowereresponsibleforredesigningthealtoselectronicsduetothesuccessofthepilotruntheteamwentontoproduceapproximatelyunitsoverthenexttenyearsrefnameclementthehistoryofthexeroxaltocarljclementmarchrefseveralxeroxaltochassisarenowondisplayatthecomputerhistorymuseuminmountainviewcaliforniaandrunningsystemsareondisplayatthelivingcomputersmuseumlabslivingcomputermuseuminseattlewashingtonstatewashingtonatthecomputerhistorymuseumandinprivatehandsforhispioneeringdesignandrealizationofthealtocharlespthackerwasawardedtheturingawardoftheassociationforcomputingmachineryonmarchthecharlesstarkdraperprizewasawardedtothackeralanckaybutlerlampsonandroberttaylorcomputerscientistrobertwtaylorfortheirworkonaltoarchitecturethefollowingdescriptionisbasedmostlyontheaugustbitsaversorgpdfxeroxaltoaltohardwaremanualaugpdfaltohardwaremanualbyxeroxparcaltousesamicrocodeddesignbutunlikemanycomputersthemicrocodeengineisnothiddenfromtheprogrammerinalayereddesignapplicationssuchaspinballtakeadvantageofthistoaccelerateperformancethealtohasabitslicingbitslicearithmeticlogicunitalubasedonthetexasinstrumentschiparomcontrolstorewithawritablecontrolstoreextensionandhasexpandabletokilobytekbofcomputerdatastorageprimarystoragemainmemoryorganizedinbitwordsmassstorageisprovidedbyaharddiskdrivethatusesaremovablemegabytemboneplattercartridgediablosystemsacompanyxeroxlaterboughtsimilartothoseusedbytheibmthebasemachineandonediskarehousedinacabinetaboutthesizeofasmallrefrigeratoronemorediskcanbeaddedviadaisychainelectricalengineeringdaisychainingaltobothblurredandignoredthelinesbetweenfunctionalelementsratherthanadistinctcentralprocessingunitwithawelldefinedelectricalinterfaceegsystembustostorageandperipheralsthealtoaluinteractsdirectlywithhardwareinterfacestomemoryandperipheralsdrivenbymicroinstructionsthatareoutputfromthecontrolstorethemicrocodemachinesupportsuptocooperativemultitaskingcooperativetaskseachwithschedulingcomputingfixedprioritytheemulatortaskexecutesthenormalinstructionsettowhichmostapplicationsarewrittenthatinstructionsetissimilartobutnotthesameasthatofadatageneralnovaotherstasksservethedisplaymemoryrefreshdisknetworkandotheriofunctionsasanexamplethebitmapdisplaycontrollerislittlemorethanabitshiftregistermicrocodemovesdisplayrefreshdatafrommainmemorytotheshiftregisterwhichserializesitintoadisplayofpixelscorrespondingtotheonesandzerosofthememorydataethernetislikewisesupportedbyminimalhardwarewithashiftregisterthatactsbidirectionallytoserializeoutputwordsanddeserializeinputwordsitsspeedwasdesignedtobembitsbecausethemicrocodeenginecouldnotgofasterandcontinuetosupportthevideodisplaydiskactivityandmemoryrefreshunlikemostminicomputersoftheeraaltodoesnotsupportacomputerterminalserialterminalforuserinterfaceapartfromanethernetconnectionthealtosonlycommonoutputdeviceisabilevelblackandwhitecathoderaytubecrtcomputermonitordisplaywithatiltandswivelbasemountedinpageorientationportraitorientationratherthanthemorecommonlandscapeorientationitsinputdevicesareacustomdetachablecomputerkeyboardkeyboardathreebuttoncomputermousemouseandanoptionalkeychordedkeyboardchordkeysetthelasttwoitemshadbeenintroducedbysrisonlinesystemwhilethemousewasaninstantsuccessamongaltousersthechordkeysetneverbecamepopularintheearlymicethebuttonswerethreenarrowbarsarrangedtoptobottomratherthansidetosidetheywerenamedaftertheircolorsinthedocumentationthemotionwassensedbytwowheelsperpendiculartoeachothertheseweresoonreplacedwithaballtypemousewhichwasinventedbyronalderideranddevelopedbybillenglishcomputerengineerbillenglishthesewerephotomechanicalmicefirstusingwhitelightandtheninfraredirtocounttherotationsofwheelsinsidethemousethekeyboardisinterestinginthateachkeyisrepresentedasaseparatebitinasetofmemorylocationsasaresultitispossibletoreadrolloverkeynkeyrollovermultiplekeypressesconcurrentlythistraitcanbeusedtoalterfromwhereonthediskthealtobootsthekeyboardvalueisusedasthesectoraddressonthedisktobootfromandbyholdingspecifickeysdownwhilepressingthebootbuttondifferentmicrocodeandoperatingsystemscanbeloadedthisgaverisetotheexpressionnosebootwherethekeysneededtobootforatestosreleaserequiredmorefingersthanyoucouldcomeupwithnosebootsweremadeobsoletebythemovekeysprogramthatshiftedfilesonthedisksothataspecifiedkeysequencecouldbeusedseveralotheriodevicesweredevelopedforthealtoincludingatvcamerathehytypedaisywheelprinterandaparallelportalthoughthesewerequiterarethealtocouldalsocontrolexternaldiskdrivestoactasafileserverthiswasacommonapplicationforthemachinesoftwareearlysoftwareforthealtowaswrittenintheprogramminglanguagebcplandlaterinmesaprogramminglanguagemesawhichwasnotwidelyusedoutsideparcbutinfluencedseverallaterlanguagessuchasmodulathealtokeyboardlackedtheunderscorekeywhichhadbeenappropriatedfortheleftarrowcharacterusedinmesafortheassignmentoperatorthisfeatureofthealtokeyboardmayhavebeenthesourceforthecamelcasestyleforcompoundidentifiersaltoswerealsomicrocodeprogrammablebyusersthealtohelpedpopularizetheuseofrastergraphicsmodelforalloutputincludingtextandgraphicsitalsointroducedtheconceptofthebitblocktransferoperationbitblitbitbltasthefundamentalprogramminginterfacetothedisplaydespiteitssmallmemorysizemanyinnovativeprogramswerewrittenforthealtoincludingthefirstwysiwygtypesettingdocumentpreparationsystemsbravosoftwarebravoandgypsysoftwaregypsythelaurelemailtoolanditssuccessorhardythesilvectorgraphicseditorusedmainlyforlogiccircuitsprintedcircuitboardandothertechnicaldiagramsthemarkupbitmapeditoranearlypaintprogramthedrawgraphicaleditorusinglinessplinesthefirstwysiwygiclayouteditorintegratedcircuiteditorbasedontheworkoflynnconwaycarvermeadandthemeadconwayrevolutionthefirstversionsofthesmalltalkenvironmentinterlisponeofthefirstnetworkbasedmultipersonvideogamesaltotrekbygeneballtherewasnospreadsheetordatabasesoftwarethefirstelectronicspreadsheetprogramvisicalcdidnotariseuntildiffusionandevolutiontechnicallythealtowasasmallminicomputerbutitcouldbeconsideredapersonalcomputerinthesensethatitwasusedbyonepersonsittingatadeskincontrastwiththemainframecomputersandotherminicomputersoftheeraitwasarguablythefirstpersonalcomputeralthoughthistitleisdisputedbyothersmoresignificantlyandperhapslesscontroversiallyitmaybeconsideredtobeoneofthefirstworkstationsystemsinthestyleofsingleusermachinessuchastheapollodomainapollobasedontheunixoperatingsystemandsystemsbysymbolicsdesignedtonativelyrunlispprogramminglanguagelispasadevelopmentenvironmentintotheswisscomputerpioneerniklauswirthspentasabbaticalatparcandwasexcitedbythealtounabletobringbackoneofthealtosystemstoeuropewirthdecidedtobuildanewsystemfromthescratchandhedesignedwithhisgroupthelilithcomputerlilithlilithwasreadytousearoundquitesometimebeforeapplelisaandappleincapplemacintoshwerereleasedaroundwirthstartedacompleteredesignofthelilithunderthenameoberonoperatingsystemprojectoberoninxeroxdonatedaltostothemassachusettsinstituteoftechnologystanforduniversitycarnegiemellonuniversityrefnamewadlowrefandtheuniversityofrochesterrefnamedenberrefthenationalbureauofstandardsinstituteforcomputersciencesingaithersburgmarylandalsoreceivedonealtoinlatetheyreceivedxeroxinterimfilesystemifsfileserversanddoverlaserprintersthesemachinesweretheinspirationfortheethzrichlilithcomputerlilithandthreeriverscompanyperqworkstationsandthestanforduniversitynetworksunworkstationwhichwaseventuallymarketedbyaspinoffcompanysunmicrosystemstheapollodomainworkstationwasheavilyinfluencedbythealtothewhitehouseinformationsystemsdepartmentacquiredanaltoandsoughttoleadfederalcomputersuppliersinitsdirectiontheexecutiveofficeofthepresidentoftheunitedstateseopissuedarequestforproposalforacomputersystemtoreplacetheagingofficeofmanagementandbudgetombbudgetsystemusingaltolikeworkstationsconnectedtoanibmcompatiblemainframetherequestwaseventuallywithdrawnbecausenomainframeproducercouldsupplysuchaconfigurationindecemberapplecomputerscofounderstevejobsvisitedxeroxparcwherehewasshownthesmalltalkobjectorientedprogrammingenvironmentnetworkingandmostimportantlythewysiwygmousedrivengraphicaluserinterfaceprovidedbythealtoatthetimehedidntrecognizethesignificanceofthefirsttwobutwasexcitedbythelastonepromptlyintegratingitintoapplesproductsfirstintotheapplelisalisaandtheninthemacintoshattractingseveralkeyresearcherstoworkinhiscompanyrefnamenerdsrefinxeroxaltoswereusedbyengineersatparcandatthexeroxsystemdevelopmentdepartmenttodesignthexeroxstarworkstationsxeroxandthealtoxeroxitselfwasslowtorealizethevalueofthetechnologythathadbeendevelopedatparcrefnamefumblerefthexeroxcorporateacquisitionofscientificdatasystemssdslaterxdsinthelateshadnointerestwithparcparcbuilttheirownemulationofthedigitalequipmentcorporationpdpnamedthemaxcthemaxcwasparcsgatewaymachinetothearpanetthefirmwasreluctanttogetintothecomputerbusinessagainwithcommerciallyuntesteddesignsbytemagazinebytemagazinestatedinafterthealtoparcdevelopedmorepowerfulworkstationsnoneintendedasprojectsinformallytermedthedmachinesdandelionleastpowerfulbuttheonlytobemadeaproductinoneformdolphindoradomostpowerfulanemittercoupledlogiceclmachineandhybridslikethedandelirisbeforetheadventofpersonalcomputerssuchastheappleiiinandtheibmpersonalcomputeribmpcinthecomputermarketwasdominatedbycostlymainframesandminicomputersequippedwithdumbterminalsthattimesharedprocessingtimeofthecentralcomputerthroughthesxeroxshowednointerestintheworkdoneatparcwhenxeroxfinallyenteredthepcmarketwiththexeroxtheypointedlyrejectedthealtodesignandoptedinsteadforaveryconventionalmodelacpmbasedmachinewiththethenstandardbycharacteronlymonitorandnomousewiththehelpofparcresearchersxeroxeventuallydevelopedthexeroxstarandlaterthecostreducedstartheofficesystemwhichincludedthedandelionanddaybreakworkstationsthesemachinesbasedonthewildflowerarchitecturedescribedinapaperbybutlerlampsonincorporatedmostofthealtoinnovationsincludingthegraphicaluserinterfacewithiconswindowsfoldersethernetbasedlocalnetworkingandnetworkbasedlaserprinterservicesxeroxonlyrealizedtheirmistakeintheearlysafterapplesmacintoshrevolutionizedthepcmarketviaitsbitmapdisplayandthemousecenteredinterfacebothcopiedfromthealtowhilethexeroxstarserieswasarelativecommercialsuccessitcametoolatetheexpensivexeroxworkstationscouldnotcompeteagainstthecheaperguibasedworkstationsthataroseinthewakeofthefirstmacintoshandxeroxeventuallyquittheworkstationmarketforgoodsourcecodereleaseonoctoberxeroxaltossourcecodeandotherresourceswerereleasedfromthecomputerhistorymuseumseealsonlscomputersystemmousepadalankayadelegoldbergcomputerscientistapplelisareferencesnotesaltousershandbookxeroxparcseptemberfurtherreadingexternallinksbitsaversorgpdfxeroxaltoxeroxaltodocumentsatbitsaversorgdigibarncomcollectionssystemsxeroxaltoatthedigibarnmuseummaniacworldcomaltocomputervideohtmlthealtoinvideonorfolkcswashingtoneduhtbinpostunrestrictedcolloqdetailscgiidalecturevideoofbutlerlampsondescribingxeroxaltoindepthlengthhmaltogetherbrouhahacomamicrocodelevelxeroxaltosimulatorlivingcomputersorgdiscovernewscontraltoaxeroxaltoemulatoraspxcontraltoxeroxaltoemulatortoastytechcomguissaltozipsaltoxeroxaltoemulatorloomcomcomcontraltojsconraltojsxeroxaltoonlineinfoboxprogramminglanguagenamexbasictitlelogologocaptionscreenshotscreenshotcaptionparadigmfamilybasicreleasedlatesdesignermaxreasondevelopersmaxreasoneddiepenninkhoflatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatefrequentlyupdatedyesyesnotypingscopeimplementationsdialectsinfluencedbybasiccprogramminglanguageinfluencedprogramminglanguageplatformioperatingsystemwindowslinuxlicensegnulgplfileextxfileformatwebsitewikibooksxbasicisavariantofthebasicprogramminglanguagebasicprogramminglanguagethatwasdevelopedinthelatesforthemotorolacpuandunixbymaxreasonintheearlysitwasportedtomicrosoftwindowswindowsandlinuxandsinceithasbeenavailableasopensourcesoftwarewithitsruntimelibraryunderthelgpllicenseitshouldnotbeconfusedwithtiextendedbasicwhichissometimescalledxbasicorxbasicxbasicshouldalsonotbeconfusedwiththexbasiclanguageusedinalphasoftwaresalphaanywhereandalphafiveproductsalphasoftwarehasdevelopedxbasicasaproprietarylanguageforitsproductsalphasoftwaresxbasicisnotconnectedinanywayatalltotheversionofxbasicdescribedinthisarticlemaxreasondiscontinuedhissupportanddevelopmentsincehasbeenoverseenbyeddiepenninkhoftogetherwithafewotherenthusiasticprogrammersxbasicisextremelyslowlybeingfurtherdevelopedandimprovedversionisthelatestofficialreleasereleasedonoctoberhoweverundertheguidanceandleadershipofanotherprogrammeranewerversionhasbeenproducedobtainablefromthexbasicyahoogroupslatestatthetimeofwritingwouldbealthoughprimarilycodedtokeepupwithmodernlinuxdistributionsthewindowsversionhasbeensuitablyadjustedtokeepupwiththelinuxversioncharacteristicsxbasichassignedandunsignedandbitandsignedbitintegersaswellasandbitfloatingpointvaluesthestringdatatypeisonlyforbitcharactersitispossibletogenerateanassemblylanguagefilexbasichasawindowsonlyversioncalledxblitedevelopmentisatsourceforgecomponentseditorwritingsourcecodecompilercreatingmachinecodedebuggercheckingforerrorslibrariesreadymadecodetocallonguidesignercreatesthegraphicaluserinterfacefortheprogramexamplecodesourcelangxbasicprogramscontainaprologwithtypefunctionconstantdeclarationsthisentryfunctionwhereexecutionbeginszeroormoreadditionalfunctionsfunctionentryprinthelloworldprintprintprintendfunctionsourcereferencesexternallinksxbasicorgdownloadsdocumentationlinksandresourcesgnetoolssourceforgenetxbsupportindexhtmlmakingyourfirstguitutorialxbnotesfreehostingnetmakeexehtmlmakingastandaloneexecutablexblitecomxblitehomepagexanthusxanthosyellowblondorxanthosmayrefertoingreekmythologyxanthoskingofthebesthesonofptolemykilledbyandropompusormelanthusxanthusmythologyseveralfiguresincludinggodsmenandhorsesbaliusandxanthusthehorsesofachillespeoplexanthusgreekphilosophermasteroftheslaveandfabulistaesopxanthushistorianalogographerwhowroteahistoryoflydiaxanthuspagniniusdominicanleadingphilologistandbiblicalscholarsxanthusrussellsmithamericanartistxanthossurnamegeographyxanthuscityorxanthoscityinancientlyciathesiteofpresentdayknkantalyaprovinceturkeyxanthusriverorxanthosriverinancientlyciaonwhichthecityxanthuswassituatedxanthusspuronthetrojanrangemountainrangeinthepalmerarchipelagoofthebritishantarcticterritorytheartsxanthustheantagonistinthemusicalpeoplearewrongxanthusthefictionalcharacterinrobertnewcombsfantasyseriesbloodandstonexanthusthenameofaristotleboltsestateinthedisneymovieescapetowitchmountainfilmspeciescalliostomaxanthosaspeciesofseasnailcephonodesxanthusamothofthefamilysphingidaemyxococcusxanthusaproteobacteriumparacirrhitesxanthusahawkfishfromtheeasterncentralpacificprotambulyxxanthusasynonymforprotambulyxeuryclesaspeciesofmothofthefamilysphingidaeotherxanthusthelatinformofxanthosanancientlyciancityxanthusfbisanapolloneodiscoveredonmarchbyhenryholtandnormangthomasatpalomarobservatoryxanthusclassrepairshipclassoffiveauxiliaryshipsbuiltfortheunitedstatesnavyandroyalnavyussxanthusaraxanthusclassrepairshipacquiredbytheunitedstatesnavyforthetaskofprovidingrepairstothefleetxanthussteleorxanthianobeliskastelebearinganinscriptioncurrentlybelievedtobetrilingualintheancientlyciancityofxanthosseealsoeuxanthusxanthiusxanthoxanthuinfoboxancientsitenamexanthosnativenamebrksanthosalternatenameimagereconstructionnereidmonumentbmjpgaltcaptionapartialreconstructionofthenereidmonumentfromxanthosinthebritishmuseummaptypeturkeymapaltmapsizecoordinateslocationknkantalyaknkantalyaprovinceturkeyregionlyciatypesettlementpartoflengthwidthareaheightbuildermaterialbuiltabandonedepochsactuallydisplaysasperiodsculturesdependencyofoccupantseventexcavationsarchaeologistsconditionownershipmanagementpublicaccesswebsitenotesdesignationwhsdesignationoffnamexanthosletoondesignationdatethworldheritagecommitteesessiondesignationtypeculturaldesignationcriteriaiiiiidesignationnumberwhcunescoorgenlistdesignationfreenameregiondesignationfreevaluelistofworldheritagesitesineuropeeuropeandnorthamericaxanthoslycianlanguagelycianarnalatinxanthusturkishlanguageturkishksantoswasthenameofacityinancientlyciathesiteofpresentdayknkantalyaknkantalyaprovinceturkeyandoftheriveronwhichthecityissituatedtheruinsofxanthusareonthesouthslopesofahilltheancientacropolislocatedonthenorthernoutskirtsofthemoderncityontheleftbankofthexanthuswhichflowsbeneaththehillasingleroadxantosyoluencirclesthehillandrunsthroughtheruinsxanthosisthegreekappellationofarnaacityoriginallyspeakingthelycianlanguagethehittitelanguagehittiteandluwianlanguageluwiannameofthecityisgivenininscriptionsasarinnanottobeconfusedwiththearinnanearhattusaxanthosisagreeknameacquiredduringitshellenizationtheromanrepublicromanscalledthecityxanthusasallthegreeklanguagegreekossuffixeswerechangedtousinlatinxanthoswasacenterofcultureandcommerceforthelyciansandlaterforthepersiansgreeksandromanswhointurnconqueredthecityandoccupiedtheadjacentterritoryasxanthustheformerbyzantinebishopricremainsalatincatholictitularseeafterthefallofthebyzantineempireinthethcenturytheregionbecameturkishtheancientcityhadlongsincebeenabandonedhistorytrojanwarheroesandlycianleadersglaucusandsarpedonaredescribedintheiliadascomingfromthelandofthexanthosriverinthesametextachillesimmortalanthropomorphismtalkinghorseisnamedbaliusandxanthusxanthosxanthusismentionedbynumerousancientgreekandromanwritersstrabonotesxanthosasthelargestcityinlyciaunderthepersianempirebothherodotusandappiandescribetheconquestofthecitybyharpagusonbehalfoftheachaemenidempirepersianempireinapproximatelynbspbcaccordingtoherodotusthepersiansmetanddefeatedasmalllycianarmyintheflatlandstothenorthofthecityaftertheencounterthelyciansretreatedintothecitywhichwasbesiegedbyharpagusthelyciansdestroyedtheirownxanthianacropoliskilledtheirwiveschildrenandslavesthenproceededonasuicidalattackagainstthesuperiorpersiantroopsthustheentirepopulationofxanthosperishedbutforfamilieswhowereabsentduringthefightingduringthepersianoccupationalocalleadershipwasinstalledatxanthoswhichbynbspbcwasalreadymintingitsowncoinsbynbspbcxanthoswasincludedinthefirstprefecturesofgreecenomosofdariusiinthetributelistxanthosfortunesweretiedtolyciasaslyciachangedsidesduringthegrecopersianwarsarcheologicaldigsdemonstratethatxanthoswasdestroyedinapproximatelynbspbcnbspbcwhetherthiswasdonebytheathensatheniankimonorbythepersiansisopentodebateaswehavenoreferencetothisdestructionineitherpersianorgreeksourcessomescholarsattributethedestructiontonaturaloraccidentalcausesxanthoswasrebuiltafterthedestructionandinthefinaldecadesofthethcenturybcxanthosconquerednearbytelmessosandincorporateditintolyciatheprosperityoflyciaduringthepersianoccupationisdemonstratedbytheextensivearchitecturalachievementsinxanthosparticularlythemanytombsculminatinginthenereidmonumentconquestbyalexanderthegreatreportsonthecityssurrendertoalexanderthegreatdifferarrianreportsapeacefulsurrenderbutappianclaimsthatthecitywassackedafteralexandersdeaththecitychangedhandsamonghisrivalheirsdiodorusnotesthecaptureofxanthosbyptolemyisoterfromantigonusimonophthalmusantigonosromanandbyzantineruleappiandiocassiusandplutarcheachreportthatcitywasonceagaindestroyedintheromancivilwarscircanbspbcbybrutusbutappiannotesthatitwasrebuiltundermarkantonyremainsofaromanamphitheaterremainonthesitemarinosreportsthattherewasaschoolofgrammariansatxanthosinlateantiquityxanthuswasintheromanprovinceoflyciainthecivildioceseofasiaecclesiasticalhistorybishopricxanthuswasimportantenoughintheromanprovinceoflyciatobecomeasuffraganofthemetropolitanarchbishopricofprovincialcapitalmyraintheswayofthepatriarchateofconstantinoplethreeofitsbishopsarehistoricallydocumentedmacedonparticipantinthefirstcouncilofconstantinopleinathanasiussignedintheletteroftheepiscopateoflyciatobyzantineemperorleoithethracianaftercopticmobslynchedpatriarchproteriusofalexandriagiorgiusparticipantinthecouncilintrulloinoftitulararchbishopbrunoheimtitularseethediocesewasnominallyrestoredinaslatintitularbishopricofxanthuslatinxantocuriateitalianxanthiensislatinadjectiveitisvacanthavinghadasingleincumbentnotofthefittingepiscopallowestrankbutarchiepiscopaltitulararchbishopbrunobernardheimswissdeathaspapaldiplomatandheraldistalsoauthorapostolicdelegatetoscandinaviaapostolicpronunciotofinlandapostolicpronunciotoegyptapostolicdelegatetogreatbritainapostolicpronunciotogreatbritainretiredandonemeritatewhenaskedwherexanthuswasheimwouldjokinglyreplymostofitisnowinthebritishmuseumarchaeologyasthecenterofancientlyciaandthesiteofitsmostextensiveantiquitiesxanthoshasbeenameccaforstudentsofanatoliancivilizationsincetheearlythcenturymanyimportantartefactswerefoundatthecitytwotombsthenereidmonumentandthetombofpayavaarenowexhibitedinthebritishmuseumtheharpytombisstilllocatedintheruinsofthecityasanctuaryofletocalledtheletoonislocatedontheoutskirtsofthecitytothesouthwestthexanthianobeliskandtheletoontrilingualaretwotrilingualstelestelaewhichwerefoundinthecityandtheletoonthesitehasbeendesignatedasaunescoworldheritagesitesincethearcheologyarcheologicalexcavationsandsurfaceinvestigationsatxanthoshaveyieldedmanytextsinlycianlanguagelycianandgreekincludingbilingualtextsthatareusefulintheunderstandingoflycianonemonumentthexanthianobeliskisatrilingualrecordinganolderanatolianlanguageconventionallycalledmilyanlanguagetheriverxanthosimagekinikriverjpgpxxanthosrivereenaythumbrightstraboreportstheoriginalnameoftheriverassibrosorsirbisduringthepersianinvasiontheriveriscalledsirbewhichmeansyellowlikethegreekwordxanthoswhichalsomeansyellowtheriverusuallyhasayellowhuebecauseofthesoilinthealluvialbaseofthevalleytodaythesiteofxanthosoverlooksthemodernturkishvillageofknkonceovernbspmlongtheromankemerbridgecrossedtheupperreachesoftherivernearthepresentdayvillageofkemerthemodernturkishnameoftheriveriseenayagreeklegendisthattheriverwascreatedbythebirthpangsofletowhosetempleattheletoonisonthewestbankoftheriverafewkilometerssouthofxanthostheletoonhasbeenexcavatedinthethcenturyandhasyieldednumerouslyciangreekandaramaictextsanotabletrilingualtextknownastheletoontrilingualinallthreelanguageswasfoundandhasbeenfoundtocontainareferencetokingletoontrilingualdateoftheinscriptionartaxerxestheletoonhasbeendesignatedasaunescoworldheritagesiteotherusesintheliterarytroyseriesbyauthordavidgemmellthexanthosisthelargestshipeverbuiltbelongingtotheseriesmaincharacterhelikaonreferencessourcesandexternallinksgcatholicorgdiocesesformerthtmgcatholicformertitularseeincludesdownloadablepublishedworkswhcunescoorgenlistunescoxanthosletoonpbasecomdossemanxanthosextensivepictureseriesofxanthosbibliographypiusbonifaciusgamsseriesepiscoporumecclesiaecatholicaeleipzigpmichellequienorienschristianusinquatuorpatriarchatusdigestusparisvolicolltrevorrbrycethelyciansvolippnbspstraboherodotusappianbellcivarriananabdiodorusdiocassiusplutarchbrutusmarinosvitaprocliquintussmyrnxanthusxanthiasingreekmythologyxanthiuswasadescendantofbellerophonandfatherofleucippusmythologyleucippusandanunnameddaughterthroughthewrathofaphroditeleucippusfellinlovewithhisownsisterthepassionturnedouttoostrongforhimtosuppresssoheaddressedhismotherimploringhertohelphimandthreateningthathewouldkillhimselfifshedidntsheunitedthegirltoleucippusandtheyconsortedforawhilebutthegirlwasalreadybetrothedtoanothermantowhomsomeonereportedthematterthegroomwentontoinformxanthiuswithouttellinghimthenameoftheseducerxanthiuswentstraighttohisdaughterschamberwhereshewastogetherwithleucippusrightatthemomentonhearinghimentershetriedtoescapebutxanthiushitherwithadaggerthinkingthathewasslayingtheseducerandkilledherleucippusfailingtorecognizehisfatheratfirstslewhimwhenthetruthwasrevealedhehadtoleavethecountryandtookpartincolonizationofcreteandthelandsinasiaminorlaterhewaslovedbyleucophryereferencesxdisambiguationmusicredirectcategoryshellxwingfighterredirectcategoryshellcrossplatformcomponentobjectmodelxpcomisacrossplatformcomponentbasedsoftwareengineeringcomponentmodelfrommozillaitissimilartomicrosoftcomponentobjectmodelcomandcommonobjectrequestbrokerarchitecturecorbaitfeaturesmultiplelanguagebindingsandinterfacedescriptionlanguageidldescriptionsthusprogrammerscanplugtheircustomfunctionsintotheframeworkandconnectitwithothercomponentsthemostprominentusageofxpcomiswithinthefirefoxwebbrowsermanyofitsinternalcomponentsinterractviaxpcominterfacesfurthermorefirefoxusedtoallowaddonmozillaaddonsextensivexpcomaccessbutthiswasremovedinfirefoxandreplacedwiththelesspermissivewebextensionsapihoweverthreeforksoftwaredevelopmentforksoffirefoxcontinuetosupportthetraditionaladdoncapabilitypalemoonwebbrowserpalemoonbasiliskwebbrowserbasiliskandwaterfoxthemodelxpcomisoneofthemainthingsmakingthemozillaapplicationenvironmentanactualframeworkitisadevelopmentenvironmentthatprovidesthefollowingfeaturesforthecrossplatformsoftwaredevelopercomponentmanagementfileabstractionmessagepassingobjectmessagepassingmemorymanagementthiscomponentobjectmodelmakesvirtuallyallofthefunctionalityofgeckolayoutenginegeckoavailableasaseriesofcomponentsorreusablecrossplatformsoftwarelibrarylibrariesthatcanbeaccessedfromthewebbrowserorscriptedfromanymozillaapplicationapplicationsthatmustaccessthevariousmozillaxpcomlibrariescomputernetworknetworkingcomputersecuritysecuritydocumentobjectmodeldometcuseaspeciallayerofxpcomcalledxpconnectwhichreflectioncomputerprogrammingreflectsthelibraryinterfacesintojavascriptorotherlanguagesxpconnectgluesthefrontendtothecorcprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagebasedcomponentsinxpcomanditcanbeextendedtoincludescriptingsupportforotherlanguagespyxpcomalreadyofferssupportforpythonprogramminglanguagepythonperlconnectandplxpcomprovidesupportforperlandthereareeffortsunderwaytoaddcommonlanguageinfrastructurecliandrubyprogramminglanguagerubylanguagesupportforxpconnectfordevelopersxpcomallowswritingcomponentsinccprogramminglanguagecjavascriptpythonprogramminglanguagepythonorotherlanguagesforwhichspecialbindingshavebeencreatedandcompileandrunthosecomponentsondozensofdifferentplatformsincludingtheseandotherswheremozillaissupportedtheflexibilitytoreusethexpcomcomponentsfromthegeckolibraryanddevelopnewcomponentsthatrunondifferentplatformsfacilitatesrapidapplicationdevelopmentandresultsinanapplicationthatismoreproductiveandeasiertomaintainthenetworkinglibraryforexampleisasetofxpcomcomponentsthatcanbeaccessedandusedbyanymozillaapplicationfileiosecuritypasswordmanagementandprofilesarealsoseparatexpcomcomponentsthatprogrammerscanuseintheirownapplicationdevelopmentpastoverusexpcomaddsalotofcodeformarshallingcomputersciencemarshallingobjectsandinthenetscapeeraxpcomwasoverusedforinternalinterfaceswhereitwasnttrulynecessaryresultinginsoftwarebloatthiswasakeyreasonwhyinappleincappleforkedkhtmlnotgeckotocreatethewebkitwebkitengineforitssafariwebbrowsersafaribrowsermozillahassincecleanedupsomeofthexpcombloatbythiscombinedwithothereffortsresultedinbigperformanceimprovementsforgeckosoftwaregeckonotethissectionisnotaboutaddonsupportitsaboutcorebrowserfunctionalitysodontaddfirefoxorsimilarinfoherethatsalreadysufficientlycoveredintheledeseealsoxulrunnerxulrunnerisaruntimethatcanbeusedtobootstrapmultiplexulxpcomapplicationsthatareasrichasfirefoxandthunderbirdreferencesexternallinksdevelopermozillaorgenusdocsmozillatechxpcomreferencexpcomapireferencedevelopermozillaorgenusdocsmozillatechxpcomxpcomprojecthomepagebooksmozdevorghtmlmozillachphtmlaslightlyoutofdatebutstillusefulbookthattalksaboutxpcomcodeprojectcomarticlesasimplexpcomtutorialasimplexpcomtutorialpredictedandscheduledeventscmaytheplanetoidsednaisexpectedtoreachitsperihelionitsclosestpointtothesunitisexpectedtoreachadistanceofastronomicalunitauortimestheaveragedistanceearthisfromthesunsednahasahighlyellipticalorbitthusitisdifficulttolocateatitsaphelionitreachesadistanceofaboutauthisdateissubjecttoadjustmentassednasorbitisstillbeingrefinedcjulytheanniversarytricentennialoftheunitedstatesofamericaunitedstateswillbecelebratedinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencesxmlrpcisaremoteprocedurecallrpccommunicationsprotocolprotocolwhichusesxmltoencodeitscallsandhttpasatransportmechanismrefnamebooksimonstlaurentjoejohnstonedddumbilljuneprogrammingwebserviceswithxmlrpcoreillyfirsteditionrefxmlrpcalsorefersgenericallytotheuseofxmlforremoteprocedurecallindependentlyofthespecificprotocolthisarticleisabouttheprotocolnamedxmlrpchistorythexmlrpcprotocolwascreatedinbydavewinerofuserlandsoftwareandmicrosoftrefciteweblastboxfirstdontitleabriefhistoryofsoappublisheroreillydateaprilurlxmlcompubawssoaphtmlaccessdateoctoberrefwithmicrosoftseeingtheprotocolasanessentialpartofscalingupitseffortsinbusinesstobusinessecommerceasnewfunctionalitywasintroducedthestandardevolvedintowhatisnowsoapprotocolsoaprefnamespearheadsrefuserlandsupportedxmlrpcfromversionofitsfrontierwebcontentmanagementsystemreleasedinjunexmlrpcsideaofahumanreadableandwritablescriptparsablestandardforhttpbasedrequestsandresponseshasalsobeenimplementedincompetingspecificationssuchasallaireswddxwebdistributeddataexchangewddxandwebmethodswidlinternetstandardwebinterfacedefinitionlanguagewidlpriorartwrappingcomponentobjectmodelcomcommonobjectrequestbrokerarchitecturecorbaandjavaremotemethodinvocationjavarmiobjectsinxmlsyntaxandtransportingthemviahttpalsoexistedindatachannelswebbrokertechnologythegenericuseofxmlforremoteprocedurecallrpcwaspatentedbyphillipmerrickstewartallenandjosephlappinaprilclaimingbenefittoaprovisionalapplicationfiledinmarchthepatentisassignedtowebmethodslocatedinfairfaxvarefnamemerrickrefusagexmlrpcworksbysendinganhttprequesttoaserverimplementingtheprotocoltheclientinthatcaseistypicallysoftwarewantingtocallasinglemethodofaremotesystemmultipleinputparameterscanbepassedtotheremotemethodonereturnvalueisreturnedtheparametertypesallownestingofparametersintomapsandliststhuslargerstructurescanbetransportedthereforexmlrpccanbeusedtotransportobjectsorstructuresbothasinputandasoutputparametersidentificationofclientsforauthorizationpurposescanbeachievedusingpopularhttpsecuritymethodsbasicaccessauthenticationisusedforidentificationhttpsisusedwhenidentificationviacertificatesandencryptedmessagesareneededbothmethodscanbecombinedincomparisontorestwhereresourcerepresentationsdocumentsaretransferredxmlrpcisdesignedtocallmethodsjsonrpcissimilartoxmlrpcdatatypescommondatatypesareconvertedintotheirxmlequivalentswithexamplevaluesshownbelowclasswikitablenametagexampledescriptionarraysourcelangxmlarraydatavalueiivaluevaluestringsomethingherestringvaluevalueiivaluedataarraysourcearraydatastructurearrayofvaluesstoringnokeysbasesourcelangxmlbaseewignhbidihjlywqgdghpcyebasesourcebaseencodedbinarydatabooleansourcelangxmlbooleanbooleansourcebooleandatatypebooleanlogicalvalueordatetimesourcelangxmldatetimeisotdatetimeisosourcedateandtimeinisoformatdoublesourcelangxmldoubledoublesourcedoubleprecisionfloatingpointnumberintegersourcelangxmlintintsourceorsourcelangxmliisourcewholenumberintegerstringsourcelangxmlstringhelloworldstringsourceorsourcelangxmlhelloworldsourcestringofcharactersmustfollowxmlcharactersandescapingxmlencodingstructsourcelangxmlstructmembernamefoonamevalueiivaluemembermembernamebarnamevalueiivaluememberstructsourceassociativearraynilsourcelangxmlnilsourcenullabletypediscriminatednullvalueanxmlrpcwebarchiveorgwebontosyscomxmlrpcextensionsphpextensionexamplesanexampleofatypicalxmlrpcrequestwouldbesourcelangxmlxmlversionmethodcallmethodnameexamplesgetstatenamemethodnameparamsparamvalueiivalueparamparamsmethodcallsourceanexampleofatypicalxmlrpcresponsewouldbesourcelangxmlxmlversionmethodresponseparamsparamvaluestringsouthdakotastringvalueparamparamsmethodresponsesourceatypicalxmlrpcfaultwouldbesourcelangxmlxmlversionmethodresponsefaultvaluestructmembernamefaultcodenamevalueintintvaluemembermembernamefaultstringnamevaluestringtoomanyparametersstringvaluememberstructvaluefaultmethodresponsesourcecriticismrecentcriticsfromandonwardsofxmlrpcarguethatrpccallscanbemadewithplainxmlandthatxmlrpcdoesnotaddanyvalueoverxmlbothxmlrpcandxmlrequireanapplicationleveldatamodelsuchaswhichfieldnamesaredefinedinthexmlschemaortheparameternamesinxmlrpcfurthermorexmlrpcusesabouttimesthenumberofbytescomparedtoplainxmltoencodethesameobjectswhichisitselfverbosecomparedtojsonrefciteweburlstackoverflowcomquestionstitlewhatisthebenefitofxmlrpcoverplainxmldateseptemberpublisherstackoverflowaccessdateaprilrefrefciteweburlintertwinglynetwikipiexmlrpcdiscussionactionshowredirectdontusexmlrpctitleanopenpollonthemeritsofxmlrpcversusalternativesdatenovemberpublisherwwwintertwinglynetaccessdateaprilrefrefciteweburljoncanadycomblogifyouhaverestwhyxmlrpctitleifyouhaverestwhyxmlrpcauthorjoncanadydatejanuarypublisherjoncanadycomaccessdateaprildeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebjoncanadycomblogifyouhaverestwhyxmlrpcarchivedatemayrefseealsoajaxprogrammingsoftwarecomponentrytechnologiesforsoftwarecomponentscomponenttechnologiescomparisonofdataserializationformatsopmljsonrpcwebservicereferencesexternallinksxpcomredirectcategoryshellxingumayrefertoxinguriverinnorthbrazilasoutheasttributaryoftheamazonxingupeoplesindigenouspeopleslivingnearthexinguriverromancatholicterritorialprelatureofxingulocatedintheareaofthexinguriverxinguindigenousparklocatedinthestateofmatogrossobrazilxinguacharacterinjamesthurberschildrensbooktheclocksxinguandotherstoriesashortstorycollectionbyedithwhartonxingubeerabrazilianschwarzbierproducedbythefemsabeveragecompanyembraerembxinguatypeofaircraftproducedbythebrazilianmanufacturerembraerxinguhillaprojectofmusicianjohnsellekaersxingucorydorasatropicalfreshwaterfishxingufilmxingufilmafilmbydirectorcaohamburgerinfoboxsettlementnameofficialnameofficialnameinenglishifdifferentfromnamenativenameothernamesettlementtypesubprovincialcityimageskylinexianmontagepngimagesizeimagecaptionfromtopterracottaarmyxianterracottawarriorsmuseumgiantwildgoosepagodadrumtowerofxianbelltowerofxiancitywallofxiantangparadiseatnightimageflagimagesealnicknamemottoimagemaplocationofxianprefecturewithinshaanxichinapngmapsizemapcaptionlocationofxiancityjurisdictioninshaanxiimagemapmapcaptionpushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapsizepushpinmapcaptionlocationinnorthwestofchinacoordinatessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnameshaanxileadertitlecommunistpartyofchinapartysecretaryleadernamewangyongkangleadertitlemayorleadernameshangguanjiqingareamagnitudeeareatotalkmareatotalsqmiarealandsqmiareawaterpercentareaurbankmareaurbansqmiareametrokmareametrosqmiareablanksqmielevationmpopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdensityurbankmautopopulationmetropopulationmetrofootnotespopulationdensitymetrokmautopostalcodetypepostalcodepostalcodeareacodewebsitef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stytangththcentfollowingthewarringstatesperiodchinawasunifiedundertheqindynastybcforthefirsttimewiththecapitallocatedatxianyangjustnorthwestofmodernxianrefnamedimingzhongguogujindimingdacidianshanghaishanghaicishuchubansherefthefirstemperorofchinaqinshihuangorderedtheconstructionoftheterracottaarmyandmausoleumofthefirstqinemperorhismausoleumjusttotheeastofxianalmostimmediatelyafterhisascensiontothethroneinbcthefoundingemperorliubangofthehandynastyestablishedhiscapitalinchangancountyhisfirstpalacechanglepalaceperpetualhappinesswasbuiltacrosstheriverfromtheruinoftheqincapitalthisistraditionallyregardedasthefoundingdateofchangantwoyearslaterliubangbuiltweiyangpalacenotyethalfwaypalacenorthofmodernxianweiyangpalacewasthelargestpalaceeverbuiltonearthcoveringwhichistimesthesizeofthecurrentforbiddencityandtimesthesizeofthevaticancitytheoriginalxiancitywallwasstartedinbcandtookyearstofinishuponcompletionthewallmeasuredinlengthandinthicknessatthebaseenclosinganareaofintheyearamidstuprisingsandrebellionsjustpriortothethreekingdomsperiodapowerfulwarlordnameddongzhuomovedthecourtfromluoyangtochanganinabidtoavoidacoalitionofotherpowerfulwarlordsagainsthimfollowingseveralhundredyearsofunrestthesuidynastyunitedchinaagainintheemperorofsuiorderedanewcapitaltobebuiltsoutheastofthehancapitalcalleddaxingitconsistedofthreesectionstheimperialcitythepalacesectionandtheciviliansectionwithatotalareaofwithinthecitywallsatthetimeitwasthelargestcityintheworldthecitywasrenamedchanganbythetangdynastyinthemidthcenturyafterreturningfromhispilgrimagetoindiathebuddhismbuddhistmonkxuanzangestablishedatranslationcentreforsanskritscripturesconstructionofthegreatwildgoosepagodabeganinthispagodawasinheightandwasbuilttostorethetranslationsofbuddhistsutrasobtainedfromindiabyxuanzanginconstructionofthesmallwildgoosepagodabeganthispagodameasuredtallatthetimeofcompletionandwasbuilttostorethetranslationsofbuddhistsutrasbyyijingmonkyijingthemassiveshaanxiearthquakeeventuallydamagedthetowerandreduceditsheighttorefnamekiangkiangrefchanganwasdevastatedattheendofthetangdynastyinresidentswereforcedtomovetothenewcapitalcityinluoyangonlyasmallareainthecitycontinuedtobeoccupiedthereafterduringthemingdynastyanewwallwasconstructedinandremainsintacttothisdaythewallmeasuresincircumferenceinheightandinthicknessatthebaseamoatwasalsobuiltoutsidethewallsthenewwallandmoatwouldprotectamuchsmallercityofmodernerainoctoberduringtherevolutioninwhichtheqingdynastywasoverthrownrevolutionaryforcesmassacredmanchusintheprocessinthenortheasternzonewithinxianscitywallswipingouttheentiremanchupopulationinthecityinthexianincidenttookplaceinsidethecityduringthechinesecivilwartheincidentbroughtthekuomintangkmtandcommunistpartyofchinatoatruceinordertoconcentrateonfightingagainstthejapaneseinvasiononmaythecommunistcontrolledpeoplesliberationarmycapturedthecityofxianfromthekuomintangforcexianmadeheadlinesforbeingoneofthemanycitieswherethechinaantijapanesedemonstrationsoccurredrefnamesinapatriotrefgeographyxianliesontheguanzhongguanzhongplaininthesouthcentralpartofshaanxiprovinceonafloodplaincreatedbytheeightsurroundingriversandstreamsthecityhasanaverageelevationofabovemeansealevelabovesealevelandanannualprecipitationoftheurbanareaofxianislocatedattheweiriverprovidespotablewatertothecitythecitybordersthenorthernfootoftheqinmountainsqinlingtothesouthandthebanksoftheweirivertothenorthmounthuahuashanoneofthefivesacredtaoistmountainsislocatedawaytotheeastofthecitynotfartothenorthistheloessplateauatthebeginningofhandynastyprimeministerzhangliangadvisedtheemperorliubangtochooseguanzhongasthecapitalofthehandynastyguanzhongplainwhichislocatedbehindxiaopassandhangupassconnectslonggansuandshusichuanlandsofthousandmilesrichinharvestbefoundhereasifthisplacebelongstothenationofheavensincethenguanzhongisalsoknownasthenationoftheheavenremovalofthiswillbemetwithaswiftrevertclimateclimatechartxianfloatrightclearnonesourcechinameteorologicaladministrationxianhasatemperatenesstemperateclimatethatisinfluencedbytheeastasianmonsoonclassifiedunderthekppenclimateclassificationassituatedontheborderlinebetweenasemiaridclimatebskandhumidsubtropicalclimatecwatheweirivervalleyischaracterisedbyhothumidityhumidsummerscolddrywintersanddryspringsandautumnsmostoftheannualprecipitationmeteorologyprecipitationisdeliveredfromjulytolateoctobersnowoccasionallyfallsinwinterbutrarelysettlesforlongduststormsoftenoccurduringmarchandaprilasthecityrapidlywarmsupsummermonthsalsoexperiencefrequentbutshortthunderstormsthemonthlyhouraveragetemperaturerangesfromaroundthefreezingmarkinjanuarytoinjulywithanannualmeanofwithmonthlypercentpossiblesunshinerangingfromnbsppercentindecembertonbsppercentinaugustthecityreceiveshoursofbrightsunshineannuallyextremessincehaverangedfromonjanuarytoonjuneahighestrecordofwasregisteredinanotherstationonjunecenterweatherboxlocationxiannormalsextremesmetricfirstysinglelineycollapsedyjanhighcfebhighcmarhighcaprhighcmayhighcjunhighcjulhighcaughighcsephighcocthighcnovhighcdechighcyearhighcjanlowcfeblowcmarlowca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ablealigncenterstylewidthfontsizesmallerbordercolspanmapcolspanaligncenterstylefontsizenormaldivstylepositionrelativeclasscenterdivscopecolrowspanadministrativedivisioncodesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinadivisioncodescopecolrowspanenglishscopecolrowspanchinesescopecolrowspanpinyinscopecolrowspanareainkmscopecolrowspanseatscopecolrowspanpostalcodescopecolcolspansubdivisionsscopecolwidthsubdistrictchinasubdistrictsscopecolwidthtownchinatownsscopecolwidthresidentialcommunitiesscopecolwidthvillagesaligncenterstylefontweightboldxianweiyangdistrictxianweiyangdistrictaligncenterxinchengdistrictxianxinchengdistrictxiyiroadsubdistrictbraligncenterbeilindistrictxianbeilindistrictzhangjiacunsubdistrictbraligncenterlianhudistrictbeiyuanmensubdistrictbraligncenterbaqiaodistrictfangzhichengsubdistrictbraligncenterweiyangdistrictxianweiyangdistrictzhangjiabaosubdistrictbraligncenteryantadistrictxiaozhairoadsubdistrictbraligncenteryanliangdistrictfenghuangroadsubdistrictbraligncenterlintongdistrictlishansubdistrictbraligncenterchangandistrictxianchangandistrictweiqusubdistrictbraligncentergaolingdistrictluyuansubdistrictbraligncenterhuyidistrictgantingsubdistrictbraligncenterlantiancountylanguansubdistrictbraligncenterzhouzhicountyerqusubdistrictbrtransportationmultipleimagealignrightdirectionverticalwidthimagebeidajiestationplatformjpgcaptionxianmetroimageyongningmenstationofxianmetrolinejpgcaptionyongningmenmetrostationimagexiantrainstationjpgcaptionxianrailwaystationimagexiannorthrailwaystationabendjpgcaptionxiannorthrailwaystationimagezhongloutongdaojpgcaptionbelltowerunderpassimagexianinternationalairportjpgcaptionxianxianyanginternationalairportxianhasmanyareasthatareeasilyaccessibleonfootinmanycommercialresidentialeducationalzonesinthecityespeciallyintheshoppingandentertainmentdistrictsaroundthebelltowerunderpassesandoverpasseshavebeenbuiltforthesafetyandconvenienceofpedestrianselectricbikesarepopularamongstudentsandoffereasytransportationinandaroundthecityformanyresidentsabicyclesharingsystembicyclesharingnetworkstartedoperatinginandtodayhasbikesusedbyoverpeopleperdaythebusnetworkiscomplementedbyarapidllyexpandingsubwaysystemthatcarriesovermillioncommutersperdaytherearemorethanmillionregisteredautomobilesinxianthegrowingnumberofpersonalautomobilesalsomeanstrafficjamsareacommonurbanissuemetrolinerunningthroughthecityfromnorthnorthrailwaystationtosouthweiqunanwasthefirstlineopenedtothepubliconseptemberthislineislongwithstationslineopenedonseptemberasawesteastrailwayitsstationsconnecthouweizhaistationhouweizhaiandfangzhichengstationfangzhichenglinerunsfromnortheastbaoshuiqustationxianbaoshuiqutosouthwestyuhuazhaiandopenedonnovembersixlinesareplannedtobefinishedaroundwhencompletedthesystemwillspanitwillmainlyservicetheurbanandsuburbandistrictsofxianmunicipalityandpartofnearbyxianyangcitythesubwaysystemcoverssomeofthemostfamousattractionssuchasbanpomuseumbanpostationlinebellanddrumtowerlinecitywalllineandshaanxihistorymuseumetcrefnamexianchinatournetshaanxixiantransportationxiantransportationchinatournetaccessedrefondecemberafireaccidentoccurredthatwasextinguishedwithinanhourandallworkersevacuatedsafelysixtysixhourslateronjanuaryanotherfireoccurredatanotherstationonlinetaxitaxisinxianarepredominantlybydautomadeinxianmostifnotalltaxisinxianrunoncompressednaturalgasforthetaxisfareduringtheforthefarefallandkmlateratnightforthefarefallandkmlaterrailunsourcedimageremovedtherearepassengertransportrailwaystationsinxianxianrailwaystationlocatedjustnorthofxianwalledcityisoneoftheeightmajornationalrailwaystationsandthemainrailwaytransportationhubofshaanxiprovincethenewxiannorthrailwaystationsituatedafewmilestothenorthisthestationforthehighspeedtrainsofthezhengzhouxianhighspeedrailwaywithplatformsitisthelargestrailwaystationinnorthwestchinaasofmayxiannorthstationisservedonlybythefastgseriesanddseriestrainsrunningonthezhengzhouxianhighspeedrailwayoneofthemcontinuessouthtohankourailwaystationhankouthecitysotherstationsincludexianwestrailwaystationxianwestxianeastrailwaystationxianeastxiansouthrailwaystationxiansouthsanmincunandfangzhichengrailwaystationsxianrailwaystationcovershaspassengerplatformsandtracksitprovidesservicestopeopledailyamongthedestinationsservedbydirecttrainsfromxianarebeijingzhengzhoulanzhoubaojiandmounthuachinarailwayscrhchinarailwayhighspeednowrunanexpressservicesfromxiantobaojiandxiantozhengzhouwithatotalrunningtimetobaojiofunderminutesandhourstozhengzhouthezhengzhouxianhighspeedrailwayalsoservesxianconstructionworkbeganonseptembertherailwayopenedforserviceonfebruarytherailwayhasmadeairservicebetweenzhengzhouandxianuncompetitiveallpassengerflightsbetweenthetwocitiesweresuspendedwithindaysofstartofregularhighspeedrailserviceexpresswaysxiancurrentlyhasthreeringroadsystemsthesecondringroadandthethirdringroadwhichencirclethecitytheseringroadsaresimilartofreewaysexceptwheretherearetrafficsignalsonthesecondringroadasatouristcityxianhasbuiltexpresswaystolintongtongchuanandbaojiwithwellmaintainedroadstofamousscenicspotsins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raditionalserviceindustriesofnbsppercentrepresentingagrowthfromusbilliontousbillionrefnamecityinforefatleastfiftyeightcountrieshaveestablishedoverenterprisesinxianincludingnineteenofthefortuneenterprisestheseincludeabbgroupmitsubishipanasonictoshibafujitsucocacolaandboeingimportantindustriesincludeequipmentmanufacturingtourismandserviceoutsourcingfurthermoreasoneofchinasfourancientcapitalsxiansmanyculturalsitesincludingtheterracottaarmythecitywallofxianandthefamentemplemaketourismanimportantindustryaswellinmilliondomestictouristsvisitedxianearningatotalincomeofrmbbilliononaveragerevenueincreasesbynbsppercentperyearandforeignexchangeearningsmillioninincreasebyaroundnbsppercentxianisalsooneofthefirstserviceoutsourcingcitiesinchinawithovercorporationsintheindustrythecitysoutputvaluefromthissectorexceededrmbbillioninemploymentinthesectordoubledfromfromabaseofandcomputerconsultingalsodoubledfromtoasaresultoftheimportanceofthesoftwareoutsourcingindustrythecityplannedconstructionofasoftwarenewtownwhichisscheduledtobecompletedinwithbillionrmbinvestmentothermajorexportgoodsincludelightingequipmentandautomobilepartswhileitsmajorimportgoodsaremechanicalandelectricalproductsinternationallyxianslargesttradepartneristheunitedstatesxianispartofthewesttriangleeconomiczonealongwithchengduandchongqingindustrialzonesmajorindustrialzonesinxianincludexianeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentzonexianhitechindustriesdevelopmentzoneadailyaverageoftechnologyenterprisesestablishedinxianhitechindustriesdevelopmentzoneintheyearoffromxinhuanetcomjulxianhitechindustriesdevelopmentzonehasmorethanenterpriseswhichrankedsecondplaceinallthehitechzonesinchinaachievedatotalrevenueofbillionyuanitisworthmentioningthatenterprisesannualincomeisoverahundredbillionyuanenterprisesannualincomemorethanbillionmorethanenterpriseearnsoverbillionyuaneachyearlistedcompaniesathomeandabroadhaveaccumulatedofwhichthedomesticasharemarketissuedofthemaccountingformorethanoftheprovincegemlistedcompaniesrankingfirstinthemidwesthightechzonessoftwareandoutsourcingindustriesthegrowingeconomyofxiansupportsthedevelopmentofasoftwareindustryandthecityisapioneerinsoftwareindustryinchinathexiansoftwareparkwithinthexianhitechindustriesdevelopmentzonexdzhasattractedovercorporationsandemployeesasofasiliconcomarticledescribesxianbutxianissellingonitsownmeritswithalargepoolofcheaphumanresourcesfromtheuniversitiesintheareaithooversuparoundcomputergraduateseveryyeareachearningapproximatelyamonthhalfthewagesfortheequivalentjobinbeijingrefenglishpeoplecomcnenghtmlpeoplesdailyrefrefxianonlineinvestorgdocemainaspbureauofcommerceofxianmunicipalgovernmentrefaerospaceindustryinnovemberxianandthechinaaerospacescienceandtechnologycorporationjointlysetupxianaerospacescienceandtechnologyindustrialbasefromitsestablishmentthebasehasfocusedonthedevelopmentofthecivilspaceindustryincludingequipmentmanufacturingsoftwareandserviceoutsourcingnewmaterialsandsolarphotovoltaicsapartfromthecoreareathebasewillcoverxianandtheguanzhongareaandtheexpansionzonewillreachotherpartsofnorthwestchinaandsouthwestchinaitisexpectedthatbythetotalindustryoutputcanreachnbspbillionusdollarswithabouttobrandproductswithintellectualpropertyrightsandtoproductswithglobalcompetitivenessinafterthelaunchoftheinitialaerospacecentreinshanghaitheprcisconstructinganothercivilaerospacecentreintheshaanxiprovincethestatedevelopmentandreformcommissionapprovedtheplanningofxiannationalcivilaerospaceindustrialbaseondecemberthenationalcivilaerospaceindustrialbaseofxiansettocoverwillfocusondevelopingsatellitesnewmaterialsenergiesitandothertechnologiesforcivilapplicationsnotablebusinesspeoplezhangchaoyangtheceoofsohunasdaqbornandraisedinxianisaprominentleaderinthechineseinternetindustryliuchuanzhithefounderandpresidentoflenovolenovogrouplimitedcompletedhistertiarydegreefromxidianuniversityintheseducationpublicxianjiaotonguniversitynorthwesternpolytechnicaluniversityxidianuniversitychanganuniversitynorthwestuniversitychinanorthwestuniversitynorthwestuniversityofpoliticalscienceandlawshaanxipreschoolnormaluniversityshaanxinormaluniversityxianacademyoffineartsxianconservatoryofmusicxianinstituteofposttelecommunicationsxianinternationalstudiesuniversityxianphysicaleducationinstitutexianpolytechnicuniversityxianpetroleumuniversityxiantechnologicaluniversityxianuniversityofarchitectureandtechnologyxianuniversityofartsandsciencexianuniversityxianuniversityoffinanceandeconomicsshaanxiuniversityofscienceandtechnologyxianuniversityofscienceandtechnologyxianuniversityoftechnologymilitaryairforceengineeringuniversitythefourthmilitarymedicaluniversityplarocketforceuniversityofengineeringplaxiantelecommunicationcollegeprivatexianinnovationcollegeofyananuniversityshaanxiinstituteofinternationalcommercexianeurasiauniversityxianfanyiuniversityxianinternationaluniversityxianpeihuauniversityxiansiyuanuniversitynoteinstitutionswithoutfulltimebachelorprogramsarenotlistedinternationaleventsworldhorticulturalexpoxianwaschosentohosttheworldhorticulturalexpositionbythea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everintendedtobeacommercialproductrefnamefumblecitebookauthordouglasksmithauthorrobertcalexandertitlefumblingthefuturehowxeroxinventedthenignoredthefirstpersonalcomputerpublisherwilliammorrowlocationnewyorkyearisbnrefwhilexeroxhadstartedinadevelopmentprojectwhichworkedtoincorporatethoseinnovationsintoacommercialproducttheirconceptwasanintegrateddocumentpreparationsystemcenteredaroundthethenexpensivelaserprintingtechnologyandorientedtowardslargecorporationsandtheirtradingpartnerswhenthatsystemwasannouncedinthecostwasaboutintodaysdollarsforabasicsystemandtodayforeachaddedworkstationthexeroxstardevelopmentprocessthestarwasdevelopedatxeroxssystemsdevelopmentdepartmentsddinelsegundocaliforniawhichhadbeenestablishedinunderthedirectionofdonmassaroasectionofsddsddnorthwaslocatedinpaloaltocaliforniaandincludedsomepeopleborrowedfromparcsddsmissionwastodesigntheofficeofthefutureanewsystemthatwouldincorporatethebestfeaturesofthealtowaseasytouseandcouldautomatemanyofficetasksthedevelopmentteamwasheadedbydavidliddleandwouldeventuallygrowtomorethandevelopersagoodpartofthefirstyearwastakenupbymeetingsandplanningtheresultofwhichwasanextensiveanddetailedfunctionalspecificationinternallytermedtheredbookthisbecamethebibleforalldevelopmenttasksitdefinedtheinterfaceandenforcedconsistencyinallmodulesandtasksallchangestothefunctionalspecificationhadtobeapprovedbyareviewteamwhichmaintainedstandardsrigorouslyonegroupinpaloaltoworkedontheunderlyingoperatingsysteminterfacetothehardwareandprogrammingtoolsteamsinelsegundoandpaloaltocollaboratedondevelopingtheuserinterfaceanduserapplicationsthestaffreliedheavilyonthetechnologiestheywereworkingonfilesharingprintserversandemailtheywereevenconnectedtotheinternetthennamedarpanetwhichhelpedthemcommunicatebetweenelsegundoandpaloaltothestarwasimplementedintheprogramminglanguagemesaprogramminglanguagemesaadirectprecursortomodulaandmodularefciteweburlmodulawarecommdlthtmtitleabriefhistoryofmodulaandlilithauthorniklauswirthdatejanuaryworkthemodulatoroberonandmodulatechnicalpublicationpublishermodulawarecomrefmesawasnotobjectorientedbuttoolsandprogrammingtechniquesweredevelopedwhichallowedpseudoobjectorienteddesignandprogrammingmesarequiredcreatingtwofilesforeverymoduleadefinitionmodulespecifieddatastructuresandproceduresforeachobjectandoneormoreimplementationmodulescontainedthecodefortheproceduresthestarteamusedasophisticatedintegrateddevelopmentenvironmentidenamedinternallytajoandexternallyxeroxdevelopmentenvironmentxdetajohadmanysimilaritieswiththesmalltalkenvironmentbutithadmanyaddedtoolsforexampletheversioncontrolsystemdfwhichrequiredprogrammerstocheckoutmodulesbeforetheycouldbechangedanychangeinamodulewhichwouldforcechangesindependentmoduleswerecloselytrackedanddocumentedchangestolowerlevelmodulesrequiredvariouslevelsofapprovalthesoftwaredevelopmentprocesswasintenseitinvolvedmuchprototypingandusertestingthesoftwareengineeringsoftwareengineershadtodevelopnewnetworkcommunicationsprotocolsanddataencodingschemeswhenthoseusedinparcsresearchenvironmentprovedinadequateinitiallyalldevelopmentwasdoneonaltoworkstationsthesewerenotwellsuitedtotheextremeburdensplacedbythesoftwareeventheprocessorintendedfortheproductprovedinadequateandinvolvedalastminutehardwareredesignmanysoftwareredesignsrewritesandlateadditionshadtobemadevariouslybasedonresultsfromusertestingandmarketingandsystemsconsiderationsajapaneselanguageversionofthesystemwasproducedinconjunctionwithfujixeroxcodenamedjstarandfullsupportforinternationalcustomersintheendmanyfeaturesfromthestarfunctionalspecificationwerenotimplementedtheproducthadtogettomarketandthelastseveralmonthsbeforereleasefocusedonreliabilityandperformancesystemfeaturesuserinterfacethekeyphilosophyoftheuserinterfacewastomimictheofficeparadigmasmuchaspossibleinordertomakeitintuitiveforuserstheconceptofwhatyouseeiswhatyougetwysiwygwasconsideredparamounttextwouldbedisplayedasblackonawhitebackgroundjustlikepaperandtheprinterwouldreplicatethescreenusinginterpressapagedescriptionlanguagedevelopedatparconeofthemaindesignersofthestardrdavidcanfieldsmithinventedtheconceptofcomputericonsandthedesktopmetaphorinwhichtheuserwouldseeadesktopthatcontaineddocumentsandfolderswithdifferenticonsrepresentingdifferenttypesofdocumentsrefnamemitrefrefnamenadersalhanadersierkeverlagdeshopindexphpaestheticsandartintheearlydevelopmentofhumancomputerinterfaceshtmlaestheticsandartintheearlydevelopmentofhumancomputerinterfacesoctoberrefrefnamepygmalionsmithdavidbooksgooglecombooksaboutpygmalionhtmlidmihhaaaaiaajpygmalionacreativeprogrammingenvironmentrefclickinganyiconwouldopenawindowuserswouldnotstartprogramsfirstegatexteditorgraphicsprogramorspreadsheetsoftwaretheywouldsimplyopenthefileandtheappropriateapplicationwouldappearthestaruserinterfacewasbasedontheconceptofobjectsforexampleawordprocessingdocumentwouldholdpageobjectsparagraphobjectssentenceobjectswordobjectsandcharacterobjectstheusercouldselectobjectsbyclickingonthemwiththemouseandpressdedicatedspecialkeysonthekeyboardtoinvokestandardobjectfunctionsopendeletecopymoveinauniformwaytherewasalsoashowpropertieskeyusedtodisplaysettingscalledpropertysheetsfortheparticularobjectegfontsizeforacharacterobjectthesegeneralconventionsgreatlysimplifiedthemenustructureofalltheprogramsobjectintegrationwasdesignedintothesystemfromthestartforexampleachartobjectcreatedinthegraphingmodulecouldbeinsertedintoanytypeofdocumentthistypeofabilityeventuallybecameavailableaspartoftheoperatingsystemontheapplelisaandwasfeaturedinmacossystemaspublishandsubscribemacospublishandsubscribeitbecameavailableonmicrosoftwindowswiththeintroductionofobjectlinkingandembeddingoleinthisapproachwasalsolaterusedontheopendocsoftwareplatforminthemidtolatesandintheappleworksoriginallyclarisworkspackageavailablefortheapplemacandmicrosoftwindowshardwareinitiallythestarsoftwarewastorunonanewseriesofvirtualmemoryprocessorsdescribedinaparctechnicalreportcalledwildfloweranarchitectureforapersonalcomputerbybutlerlampsonthemachineshadnamesthatalwaysbeganwiththeletterdthefirstofthesemachineswasthedolphinbuiltwithtransistortransistorlogicttltechnologythecomplexityofthesoftwareeventuallyoverwhelmeditslimitedconfigurationatonetimeinstarsdevelopmentittookmorethanhalfanhourtorebootthesystemthenextstarworkstationhardwarewasknownasadandelionoftenshortenedtodlionithadamicrocodemicroprogrammedcentralprocessingunitcpubasedontheamdambitslicemicroprocessortechnologythatimplementedavirtualmachinefortheprogramminglanguagemesaprogramminglanguagemesaanenhancedversionofthedandelionwithmoremicrocodespacewasdubbedthedandetigerthebasedandelionsystemhadnbspkilobytekbcomputerstoragememoryexpandabletonbspmbanbspmbnbspmbornbspmbharddriveanfloppydrivemouseandanethernetconnectiontheperformanceofthismachinewhichsoldforwasaboutinthedhrystonebenchmarkcomparabletothatofavaxwhichcostfivetimesmorethecathoderaytubecrtdisplayblackandwhitepixelswithnbsphzrefreshrefcitejournalpublicationdatetitlexeroxdocumentcreationsystembrochurepublicationplaceuxbridgemiddlesexpublisherrankxeroxaccessdatepostscriptnonerefwaslargebythetimesstandardsitwasmeanttobeabletodisplaytwoinpagessidebysideintruesizeaninterestingfeatureofthedisplaywasthattheoverscanareaborderscouldbeprogrammedwithapatternthiswasusedtoextendtherootwindowpatterntoalltheedgesofthemonitorafeaturethatisunavailableeventodayonmostvideocardsthenextdesignthedoradousedanemittercoupledlogiceclprocessoritwasfourtimesfasterthandandeliononstandardbenchmarksandthuscompetitivewiththefastestsuperminicomputersofthedayitwasusedforresearchbutwasarackmountedcputhatwasneverintendedtobeanofficeproductrefnamedoradorefaroutercomputingnetworkroutercalledxeroxdicentrarouterdicentrawasalsobasedonthisdesignmarketingandcommercialreceptionbrochureforsystemthexeroxstarwasnotoriginallymeanttobeastandalonecomputerbuttobepartofanintegratedxeroxpersonalofficesystemthatalsoconnectedtootherworkstationsandnetworkservicesviaethernetalthoughasingleunitsoldforatypicalofficewouldneedtobuyatleastormachinesalongwithafileserverandanameserverprintserverspendingtoforacompleteinstallationwasnotaneasysellwhenasecretarysannualsalarywasaboutandacommodoreviccostaroundlaterincarnationsofthestarwouldallowuserstobuyoneunitwithalaserprinterbutevensoonlyaboutunitsweresoldleadingmanytoconsiderthexeroxstaracommercialfailuretheworkstationwasoriginallydesignedtorunthestarsoftwareforperformingofficetasksbutitwasalsosoldwithdifferentsoftwareforothermarketstheseotherconfigurationsincludedaworkstationforinterlisporsmalltalkandaserversomehavesaidthatthestarwasaheadofitstimethatfewoutsideofasmallcircleofdevelopersreallyunderstoodthepotentialofthesystemrefcitebooklastnormanfirstdonaldaauthorlinkdonaldnormantitletheinvisiblecomputerpublishermitpressyearlocationcambridgemassachusettspageisbnrefconsideringthatibmintroducedtheirbasedibmpcrunningthecomparativelyprimitivepcdosthesameyearthatthestarwasbroughttomarkethowevercomparisonwiththeibmpcmaybeirrelevantwellbeforeitwaslaunchedbuyersinthewordprocessingindustrywereawareofthebasedibmdisplaywriterthefullpageportraitblackonwhitexeroxpagedisplaysystemandthepageperminutexeroxlaserprinterfurthermorethedesignprinciplesofsmalltalkandmodelessworkinghadbeenextensivelydiscussedintheaugustissueofbytemagazinebytemagazinerefciteweburlusersipanetdwighthsmalltalkbyteaugdesignprinciplesbehindsmalltalkhtmltitledesignprinciplesbehindsmalltalkauthordaningallsdateaugustworkbytemagazinepublishermcgrawhilldeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebusersipanetdwighthsmalltalkbyteaugdesignprinciplesbehindsmalltalkhtmlarchivedateseptemberrefsoxeroxparcsstandingandthepotentialofthestarcanscarcelyhavebeenlostonitstargetofficesystemsmarketwhowouldneverhaveexpectedibmtopositionamassmarketpctothreatenfarmoreprofitablededicatedwpsystemsunfortunatelytheinfluentialnichemarketofpioneeringplayersinelectronicpublishingsuchaslongmanwerealreadyaligningtheirproductionprocessestowardsgenericmarkuplanguagessuchassgmlforerunnerofhtmlandxmlwherebyauthorsusinginexpensiveofflinesystemscoulddescribedocumentstructuremakingtheirmanuscriptsreadyfortransfertocomputertofilmsystemsthatofferedfarhigherresolutionthanthethenmaximumofdpilaserprintingtechnologiesanotherpossiblereasongivenforthelackofsuccessofthestarwasxeroxscorporatestructurealongtimecopiercompanyxeroxplayedtotheirstrengthstheyalreadyhadonesignificantfailureinmakingtheiracquisitionofscientificdatasystemspayoffitissaidthattherewereinternaljealousiesbetweentheoldlinecopiersystemsdivisionsthatwereresponsibleforbulkofxeroxsrevenuesandthenewupstartdivisiontheirmarketingeffortswereseenbysomeashalfheartedorunfocusedfurthermorethemosttechnicallysavvysalesrepresentativesthatmighthavesoldofficeautomationequipmentwerepaidlargecommissionsonleasesoflaserprinterequipmentcostinguptoahalfmilliondollarsnocommissionstructurefordecentralizedsystemscouldcompetethemultilingualtechnicaldocumentationmarketwasalsoamajoropportunitybutthisneededcrossbordercollaborationforwhichfewsalesorganisationswerereadyatthetimeevenwithinxeroxcorporationinthemidstherewaslittleunderstandingofthesystemfewcorporateexecutiveseversaworusedthesystemandthesalesteamsiftheyrequestedacomputertoassistwiththeirplanningwouldinsteadreceiveoldercpmbasedxeroxoriisystemstherewasnoefforttoseedthestarsystemswithinxeroxcorporationprobablymostsignificantlystrategicplannersatthexeroxsystemsgroupxsgfeltthattheycouldnotcompeteagainstotherworkstationmakerssuchasapollocomputerorsymbolicsthexeroxnamealonewasconsideredtheirgreatestassetbutitdidnotproducecustomersfinallybytodaysstandardsthesystemwouldbeconsideredveryslowduepartlytothelimitedhardwareofthetimeandpartlytoapoorlyimplementedfilesystemsavingalargefilecouldtakeminutescrashescouldbefollowedbyanhourslongprocesscalledfilescavengingsignaledbytheappearanceofthediagnosticcodeinthetopleftcornerofthescreenintheendthestarsweakcommercialreceptionprobablycamedowntopriceperformanceindemonstrationsandweaknessofsaleschannelseventhenappleincapplecomputersapplelisalisainspiredbythestarandintroducedyearslaterwasamarketfailureformanyofthesamereasonsasthestartocreditxeroxtheydidtrymanythingstotrytoimprovesalesthenextreleaseofstarwasonadifferentmoreefficienthardwareplatformxeroxdaybreakdaybreakusinganewfasterprocessorandaccompaniedbysignificantrewritingofthestarsoftwarerenamedviewpointtoimproveperformancethenewsystemdubbedthexeroxpcswasreleasedinthenewhardwareprovidednbspmbtonbspmbofmemoryanbspmbtonbspmbharddiskaordisplayafloppydriveamouseethernetconnectionandapriceofalittleoverthexeroxcouldbesoldalongwithanattachedlaserprinterasastandalonesystemalsoofferedwasapccompatibilitymodeviaanbasedexpansionboarduserscouldtransferfilesbetweentheviewpointsystemandpcbasedsoftwarealbeitwithsomedifficultybecausethefileformatswereincompatiblewithanyonthepcbutevenwithasignificantlylowerpriceitwasstillarollsroycecarrollsroyceintheworldoflowercostpersonalcomputersinviewpointintroducedmanynewapplicationsrelatedtodesktoppublishingeventuallyxeroxjettisonedtheintegratedhardwaresoftwareworkstationofferedbyviewpointandofferedasoftwareonlyproductcalledglobalviewprovidingthestarinterfaceandtechnologyonanibmpccompatibleplatformtheinitialreleaserequiredinstallingamesacpuaddonboardthefinalreleaseofglobalviewranasanemulatoronsunsolarismicrosoftwindowswindowsorwindowsibmosandwasreleasedinintheendxeroxparcwhichprideditselfuponbuildinghardwareyearsaheadofitstimeandequippingeachresearcherwiththehardwaresotheycouldgetstartedonthesoftwareenabledxeroxtobringtheproducttomarketyearstooearlyallthroughoutthesandintotheearlysthecustomhardwareplatformwasalwaystooexpensiveforthemissionforwhichstarviewpointwasintendedapplehavingcopiedthexeroxstarintheearlyswithlisastruggledandhadthesamepoorresultsapplessecondcostreducedeffortthemacintoshbarelysucceededbyditchingthevirtualmemoryimplementingitinsoftwareandusingcommoditymicroprocessorsandwasnottheirmostprofitableproductinthelatesapplealsostruggledtomakeprofitsonofficesystemsoftwareinthesametimeperiodlpeterdeutschoneofthepioneersofthepostscriptthelanguagepostscriptlanguagefinallyfoundawaytoachievexeroxstarlikeefficiencyusingjustintimecompilationintheearlysforbitmapoperationsmakingthelastbitofxeroxstarcustomhardwarethebitbltobsoletebylegacyeventhoughthestarproductfailedinthemarketitraisedexpectationsandlaidimportantgroundworkforlatercomputersmanyoftheinnovationsbehindthestarsuchaswysiwygeditingethernetandnetworkservicessuchasdirectoryprintfileandinternetworkroutinghavebecomecommonplaceincomputersoftodaymembersoftheapplelisaengineeringteamsawstaratitsintroductionatthenationalcomputerconferencenccandreturnedtocupertinowheretheyconvertedtheirdesktopmanagertoaniconbasedinterfacemodeledonthestaramongthedevelopersofxeroxsgypsysoftwaregypsywysiwygeditorlarryteslerleftxeroxtojoinappleinwherehealsodevelopedthemacappmacappframeworkcharlessimonyileftxeroxtojoinmicrosoftinwherehedevelopedfirstwysiwygversionofmicrosoftwordandbeyondandseveralotherdefectorsfromparcfollowedsimonyitomicrosoftinstarviewpointandglobalviewwerethefirstcommercialcomputingenvironmentstooffersupportformostnaturallanguagesincludingfullfeaturedwordprocessingleadingtotheiradoptionbythevoiceofamericaotherunitedstatesforeignaffairsagenciesandseveralmultinationalcorporationsthealtoandstarbothinfluencedlaterdevelopmentsaltoseffectsbeganearlierinsmallernumberswithlessevolvedsystemsstarseffectsbeganlaterinlargernumberswithmoreevolvedsystemsthelistofproductsthatwereinspiredorinfluencedbytheuserinterfaceofthestarandtoalesserextentthealtoincludetheapplelisaandmacintoshgraphicsenvironmentmanagergemfromdigitalresearchthecpmcompanymicrosoftwindowsataristbtronfromtronprojectcommodoreinternationalcommodoresamigaelixirdesktopmetaphorcomputersystemsinterleafibmosopenlookcodevelopedbyxeroxsunviewkdeventurapublisherandnextstepadobesystemspostscriptwasbasedoninterpressethernetwasfurtherrefinedbycomandhasbecomeadefactostandardnetworkingprotocolsomepeoplelikedominicconnorfeelthatapplemicrosoftandothersplagiarizedtheguiandotherinnovationsfromthexeroxstarandbelievethatxeroxdidntproperlyprotectitsintellectualpropertythetruthismorecomplexperhapsmanypatentdisclosuresweresubmittedfortheinnovationsinthestarhoweveratthetimethexeroxconsentdecreeanfederaltradecommissionftcantitrustactionplacedrestrictionsonwhatthefirmwasabletopatentalsowhenthestardisclosureswerebeingpreparedthexeroxpatentattorneyswerebusywithseveralothernewtechnologiessuchaslaserprintingfinallypatentsonsoftwareparticularlythoserelatingtouserinterfaceswerethenanuntestedlegalareaxeroxdidgototrialtoprotectthestaruserinterfaceinafterapplecomputerincvmicrosoftcorpapplesuedmicrosoftforcopyrightinfringementofitsmacintoshuserinterfaceinwindowsxeroxfiledasimilarlawsuitagainstapplehoweverthissuitwasthrownoutonproceduralgroundsnotsubstantivebecauseathreeyearstatuteoflimitationshadpassedinapplelostitssuitagainstmicrosoftnotonlytheissuesoriginallycontestedbutallclaimstotheuserinterfaceseealsolispmachinepilotoperatingsystemreferencesexternallinkscatborgesrwritingstaouuhtmlchshtmlthefirstguischapterhistoryabriefhistoryofuserinterfacesportalacmorgcitationcfmidstargraphicsanobjectorientedimplementationportalacmorgcitationcfmidtraitsanapproachtomultipleinheritancesubclassingportalacmorgcitationcfmidthedesignofstarsrecordsprocessingdataprocessingforthenoncomputerprofessionalmembersdcnorgdwnelsonxeroxstarretrospectivehtmlthexeroxstararetrospectiveguidebookgalleryorgarticlesthexeroxstararetrospectivethexeroxstararetrospectivewithfullsizescreenshotsdigibarncomfriendscurbowstarindexhtmldavecurbowsxeroxstarhistoricaldocumentsatthedigibarndigibarncomcollectionssystemsxeroxindexhtmlthedigibarnspagesonthexeroxstarinformationsystemthocpnethardwarexeroxstarhtmxeroxstarxeroxstartripodcomhcireviewofthexeroxstartoastytechcomguisstarhtmlguiofxeroxstarvideoyoutubecomwatchvcnvcpvqfeaturerelatedxeroxstaruserinterfaceinfoboxosnamexenixnameofprogramordistributionlogofilenameonlynowikilinknoimagefilelogocaptionlogosizelogoaltscreenshotxenixscreensnappngfilenameonlynowikilinknoimagefilecaptionxenixunderbochsscreenshotsizescreenshotaltcollapsibleversionofforarticlesaboutreleasesofoperatingsystemsonlydevelopermicrosoftsantacruzoperationscovariousresellersnameofmaindeveloperorsponsorfamilyunixunixlikeormicrosoftwindowsworkingstatehistoriccurrentdiscontinuedoperatingsystemsornolongersupportedreleasessourcemodelclosedsourceopensourceclosedsourceorsharedsourcereleaseddiscontinueddontusethisforarticlesaboutreleasesofoperatingsystemsrtmdateonlyforarticlesaboutosreleasesgadateonlyforarticlesaboutosreleaseslatestreleaseversionsystemvreleaselatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatemarketingtargetprogrammedinlanguagesupportedhumanlanguagesenglishfrenchitalianarabicupdatemodelaptwindowsupdateetcpackagemanagerdpkgrpmwindowsinstalleretcsupportedplatformspcxtxpdpzkiaxitaniumarmetckerneltypemonolithickernelhybridmonolithicmicrokernelexokernelnanokerneletcuserlanduilicenseproprietarysoftwareproprietaryprecededbysucceededbyscounixoswebsitenasupportstatusforarticlesaboutreleasesofoperatingsystemsonlyotherarticlesxenixisadiscontinuedversionoftheunixoperatingsystemforvariousmicrocomputerplatformslicensedbymicrosoftfromattcorporationinthelatesthesantacruzoperationscolateracquiredexclusiverightstothesoftwareandeventuallyreplaceditwithscounixnowknownasopenserverscoopenserverinthemidtolatesxenixwasthemostcommonunixvariantmeasuredaccordingtothenumberofmachinesonwhichitwasinstalledrefnamekelleherrefmicrosoftchairmanbillgatessaidinthatforalongtimethatcompanyhadthehighestvolumeattunixlicensehistorybelllabsthedeveloperofunixwaspartoftheregulatedbellsystemandcouldnotsellunixdirectlytoendcustomersitinsteadlicensedthesoftwaretoothersmicrosoftwhichexpectedthatunixwouldbeitsoperatingsystemofthefuturewhenpersonalcomputersbecamepowerfulenoughpurchasedalicenseforversionunixfromattinandannouncedonaugustthatitwouldmakeitavailableforthebitmicrocomputermarketbecausemicrosoftwasnotabletolicensetheunixnameitselfthecompanygaveitanoriginalnamemicrosoftcalledxenixauniversaloperatingenvironmentitdidnotsellxenixdirectlytoendusersbutlicensedthesoftwaretooriginalequipmentmanufactureroemssuchasibmrefnameibmrefintelrefnameintelrefmanagementsystemsdevelopmentrefnamebytereftandycorporationtandyaltosscoandsiemenssinixwhothenportingportedittotheirownproprietarycomputerarchitecturesthefirstversionofxenixwasveryclosetotheoriginalunixversionsourceonthepdpmicrosoftsaidinandlaterversionsweretoincorporateitsownfixesandimprovementsthecompanystatedthatitintendedtoporttheoperatingsystemtothezilogzseriesdigitallsiintelandmotorolaandpossiblynumerousotherprocessorsandprovidemicrosoftsfulllineofsystemsoftwareproductsincludingmicrosoftbasicbasicandotherlanguagesthefirstportwasforthezbitprocessorthefirstcustomershipwasjanuaryforcentraldatacorporationofillinoisfollowedinmarchbyparadynecorporationszproductthefirstportwasforthealtoscomputersystemsnonpccompatibleseriescomputersfirstcustomershipdateqintelsoldcompletecomputerswithxenixundertheirintelsystembrandwithspecificmodelssuchasorxtheyalsoofferedtheindividualboardsthatmadethesecomputersundertheirisbcbrandthisincludedprocessorboardslikeisbcandalsommuboardssuchastheisbcthefirstintelxenixsystemsshippedinjulytherewasalsoaportforibmsystemscohadinitiallyworkedonitsownpdpportofvcalleddynixrefgroupnoteunrelatedtothelaterdynixfromsequentcomputersystemsrefbutthenstruckanagreementwithmicrosoftforjointdevelopmentandtechnologyexchangeonxenixininaporttothebasedapplelisawasjointlydevelopedbyscoandmicrosoftanditwasthefirstshrinkwrappedbinaryproductsoldbyscothedifficultyinportingtothevariousandzbasedmachinessaidmicrosoftinitsoemdirectoryhadbeenthelackofastandardizedmemorymanagementunitandprotectionfacilitieshardwaremanufacturerscompensatedbydesigningtheirownhardwarebuttheensuingcomplexitymadeitextremelydifficultifnotimpossiblefortheverysmallmanufacturertodevelopacomputercapableofsupportingasystemsuchasxenixfromscratchandthexenixkernelmustbecustomtailoredtoeachnewhardwareenvironmentrefnamedirmabenhomeipnetstaticssoftwaremicrosoftxenixmicrosoftxenixoemdirectorypdfmicrosoftxenixoperatingsystemoemdirectorymaypartnooembrefagenerallyavailableporttotheunmappedxintelarchitecturewasdonebythesantacruzoperationaroundscoxenixforthepcxtshippedsometimeinandcontainedsomeenhancementfrombsditalsosupportedthemicnetlocalareanetworkingthelaterversionofxenixleveragedtheintegratedmmupresentonthischipbyrunninginprotectedmodetheprotectedmodethexenixwasaccompaniedbynewhardwarefromxenixoemsforexamplethesperrycorporationsperrypcitanibmpersonalcomputeratibmpcatclonewasadvertisedascapableofsupportingeightsimultaneousdumbterminalusersunderthisversionwhilexenixwasstillbasedonversionunixversionwasupgradedtoaunixsystemiiicodebaseitwasfollowedbyaunixsystemvsystemvcodebaseinxenixakaxenixsystemvrefnamelapinrefmicrosofthopesthatxenixwillbecomethepreferredchoiceforsoftwareproductionandexchangethecompanystatedinrefnameswainerefitplannedtoovertimeimprovemsdossoitwouldbealmostindistinguishablefromsingleuserxenixorxedoswhichwouldalsorunonthezandlsitheywouldbeupwardcompatibleupwardlycompatiblewithxenixwhichbytemagazinebyteindescribedasthemultiusermsdosofthefuturerefnamemorganrefrefnamefiedlerrefmicrosoftschrislarsondescribedmsdossxenixcompatibilityasthesecondmostimportantfeaturerefnamelarsonrefhiscompanyadvertiseddosandxenixtogetherlistingthesharedfeaturesofitssingleuserosandthemultiusermultitaskingunixderivedoperatingsystemandpromisingeasyportingbetweenthemrefnameiwrefattstartedsellingsystemvrefnameshearefhoweverafterthebreakupofthebellsystemmicrosoftbelievingthatitcouldnotcompetewithunixsdeveloperdecidedtoabandonxenixthedecisionwasnotimmediatelytransparentwhichledtothetermvaporwarerefnamenytrefitagreedwithinternationalbusinessmachinesibmtodeveloposrefnameletwinrefandthexenixteamtogetherwiththebestmsdosdeveloperswasassignedtothatprojectinmicrosofttransferredownershipofxenixtoscoinanagreementthatleftmicrosoftowningofscowhenmicrosofteventuallylostinterestinosaswellthecompanybaseditsfurtherhighendstrategyonwindowsntinthesantacruzoperationscoportedxenixtotheintelprocessorabitchipthisaftersecuringknowledgefrommicrosoftinsidersthatmicrosoftwasnolongerdevelopingxenixxenixsystemvreleaseintroducedsupportforiscsiandtcpipscosxenixsystemvwasthefirstbitoperatingsystemavailableonthemarketforthexcpuarchitecturemicrosoftcontinuedtousexenixinternallysubmittingapatchtosupportfunctionalityinunixtoattinwhichtrickleddowntothecodebaseofbothxenixandscounixmicrosoftissaidtohaveusedxenixonsunmicrosystemssunworkstationsandvaxminicomputersextensivelywithintheircompanyaslateasallinternalmicrosoftemailtransportwasdoneonxenixbasedmotorolasystemsuntilwhenthecompanymovedtoitsownexchangeserverproductscoreleaseditsscounixasahigherendproductbasedonsystemvandofferinganumberoftechnicaladvancesoverxenixxenixremainedintheproductlineinthemeantimeattandsunmicrosystemscompletedthemergeofxenixbsdsunosandsystemvintosystemvreleasethelastversionofscoxenixitselfwassystemvreleasedinfeaturesasidefromitsattunixbasexenixincorporatedelementsfromberkeleysoftwaredistributionbsdnotablythevitexteditoranditssupportinglibrariestermcapandcursesprogramminglibrarycursesitskernelfeaturedsomeoriginalextensionsbymicrosoftnotablyfilelockingandsemaphoreprogrammingsemaphoreswhiletotheuserspaceuserlandmicrosoftaddedavisualshellformenucomputingmenudrivenoperationinsteadofthetraditionalunixshellalimitedformoflocalnetworkingoverseriallinesrsportswaspossiblethroughthemicnetsoftwarewhichsupportedfiletransferandelectronicmailalthoughuucpwasstillusedfornetworkingviamodemsoemsoftenaddedfurthermodificationstothexenixsystemtrustedxenixtrustedxenixwasavariantinitiallydevelopedbyibmunderthenamesecurexenixlaterversionsunderthetrustedxenixnameweredevelopedbytrustedinformationsystemsrefcitationlastgligorfirstvdlastchandersekaranfirstcslastchapmanfirstrstitledesignandimplementationofsecurexenixjournalieeetransactionsonsoftwareengineeringvolumeseissuepagesissndatefebruarydoitserefitincorporatedthebelllapadulamodelofmultilevelsecurityandhadamultilevelsecureinterfaceforthestuiiisecurecommunicationsdevicethatisanstuiiiconnectionwouldonlybemadeavailabletoapplicationsrunningatthesameprivilegelevelasthekeyloadedinthestuiiiitwasevaluatedbyformalmethodsandachievedabsecurityratingundertheunitedstatesdepartmentofdefensedodstrustedcomputersystemevaluationcriteriathesecondhighestratingeverachievedbyanevaluatedoperatingsystemrefcitebooklastjaegerfirsttrenttitleoperatingsystemsecuritypublishermorganclaypoolpublishersseriessynthesislecturesoninformationsecurityprivacyandtrustyearurlbooksgooglecombooksidppypsvnbmcprintsecfrontcovervonepageqffalseisbnrefversionwasreleasedinjanuaryversioninaprilandversioninseptemberrefciteweblastlvnezfirstrictitleunixhistorywebsitelevenezcomdatemayurllevenezcomunixaccessdatemayrefitwasstillinuseaslateasseealsoattpluspcixvenixnotesreferencesfurtherreadingreviewofthebetascoxenixonanxtcoversandcomparespcixxenixandvenixexternallinkstenoxnetdocsxenixdocumentationandbooksfordownloadpolarhomecomservicemanofxenixxenixmanpagestenoxnetosesxenixunsortedxeniximagesscansandphotosretrotechnologycomherbsstuffintelimultihtmlintelmultibussystemforxenixorirmxwebarchiveorgwebunicomcompwfaqscoxenixfaqwelcometocompunixxenixscovgroupsgooglecomdmsgcompsystandyubelimsshseisyzrrwlgjxpointerisasystemforaddressingcomponentsofxmlbasedinternetmediaitisdividedamongfourspecificationsasoftwareframeworkframeworkthatformsthebasisforidentifyingxmlfragmentsapositionalelementaddressingschemeaschemefornamespacesandaschemeforxpathbasedaddressingxpointerframeworkisaworldwidewebconsortiumwcrecommendationsincemarchrefnamewcxptrframeworkrefrefnametimelinehistoryciteweburldblabntuagrbikakisxmlandsemanticwebwcstandardstimelinehistorypdftitlexmlandsemanticwebwcstandardstimelinerefthexpointerlanguageisdesignedtoaddressstructuralaspectsofxmlincludingtextcontentandotherinformationobjectscreatedasaresultofparsingthedocumentthusitcouldbeusedtopointtoasectionofadocumenthighlightedbyauserthroughamousedragactionxpointeriscoveredbyaroyaltyfreetechnologypatentheldbysunmicrosystemspositionalelementaddressingthecodeelementcodeschemeintroducespositionaladdressingofchildelementsthisissimilartoasimplexpathaddressbutsubsequentstepscanonlybenumbersrepresentingthepositionofadescendantrelativetoitsbranchonthetreeforinstancegiventhefollowingfragmentsourcelangxmlfoobaridfoobarbazbomabazbomafoobarsourceresultsasthefollowingexamplesxpointeridfoofoobarxpointerfoobarbarxpointerbombomabomaelementbomadescendintofirstelementfoobardescendintosecondchildelementbazselectfirstchildelementbomreferencesseealsofragmentidentifierhtmlhytimetextencodinginitiativeguidelinesxmlexternallinksworgtrxptrframeworkxpointerframeworkworgtrxptrelementpositionalelementaddressingworgtrxptrxmlnsnamespacingworgtrxptrxpointerpathbasedaddressinglistsworgarchivespublicwwwxmllinkingcommentsoctdechtmlxpointerpatenttermsandconditionssourceforgenetprojectscwebopensourceimplementationcognitivewebmvpxmlsourceforgenetxincludegpllicensenetimplementationxincludenetxeroxnetworksystemsredirectcategoryshellgraphicsdisplayresolutionxgathethreeletterabbreviationxslmayhavemultiplemeaningsasdescribedbelowincomputingtheextensiblestylesheetlanguageasetoflanguagetechnologiesfordefiningxmldocumenttransformationandpresentationxslformattingobjectsthexslattackextendedsparselinearisationattackamethodforbreakingciphersthextremesoccerleagueaprofessionalindoorsoccerleaguegraphicsdisplayresolutionvideographicsarrayxwindowsystemredirectcategoryshellimagexochiquetzaljpgthumbxochiquetzalfromthecodexriosthcenturyinaztecmythologyxochiquetzalalsocalledichpochtlimeaningmaidenrefnamedicnahuatldictionarywiredhumanitiesprojectuniversityoforegonretrievedseptemberfromwhpuoregonedudictionariesnahuatlindexlassolinkrefwasagoddessassociatedwithconceptsoffertilitybeautyandfemalesexualpowerservingasaprotectorofyoungmothersandapatronessofpregnancychildbirthandthecraftspractisedbywomensuchasweavingandembroideryinprehispanicmayacultureasimilarfigureisgoddessinamethenamexchiquetzalisacompoundofxochitlxchitlflowerandquetzalliquetzallipreciousfeatherquetzaltailfeatherinclassicalnahuatlmorphologythefirstelementinacompoundmodifiesthesecondandthusthegoddessnamecanlitera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gthenamexoloitzcuintlireferencesxolotlbecausethisdogsmissionwastoaccompanythesoulsofthedeadintheirjourneyintoeternitythenameaxolotlcomesfromnahuatltheazteclanguageonetranslationofthenameconnectstheaxolotltoxolotlthemostcommontranslationiswaterdogatlforwaterandxolotlfordogrefcitewebpublisheraxolotlorgurlaxolotlorgtitleintroductionrefintheazteccalendartherulerofthedayitzcuintlidogismictlantecuhtliwhoisgodofdeathandlordofmictlanandtheafterliferefnameazteccalendarreforiginpxolotlwithxiuhcoatlfireserpentthedogissometimesdepictedcarryingatorchinthesurvivingmayacodiceswhichmayreferencethemayatraditionthatthedogbroughtfiretomankindxolotlseemstohaveaffinitieswiththezapoteccivilizationzapotecandmayacivilizationmayalightningdogandmayrepresentthelightningwhichdescendsfromthethundercloudtheflashthereflectionofwhicharousesinmanyprimitivepeoplethebeliefthatlightningisdoubleandleadsthemtosupposeaconnectionbetweenlightningandtwinsrefnamespencepspenceprefxolotloriginatedinthesouthernregionsandmayrepresentfirerushingdownfromtheheavensorlightflamingupintheheavensxolotlwasoriginallythelightningbeastofthemayatribethedogthedogplaysanimportantroleinmayamanuscriptsheisthelightningbeastwhodartsfromheavenwithatorchinhishandxolotlisrepresenteddirectlyasadogandisdistinguishedasthedeityofairandofthefourdirectionsofthewindbyquetzalcoatlsbreastornamentthereisthereforenodoubtxolotlistobeconsideredequivalenttothebeastdartingfromheavenofthemayamanuscriptthedogistheanimalofthedeadandthereforeoftheplaceofshadowsinthemayancodicesthedogisconspicuouslyassociatedwiththegodofdeathstormandlightninggallerymodepackedheightspxclasscenterfilefrstemanndresdencodexfiredogpjpgdresdencodexdogpnbspfilefrstemanndresdencodexfiredogpjpgdogpnbspfilefrstemanndresdencodexfiredogpjpgdogpnbspgalleryollinandxolotleduardselerassociatesxolotlsportrayalasadogwiththebeliefthatdogsaccompanythesoulsofthedeadtomictlanhefindsfurtherevidenceoftheassociationbetweenxolotldogsdeathandmictlaninthefactthatmesoamericansviewedtwinsasunnaturalmonstrositiesandconsequentlycommonlykilledoneofthetwotwinsshortlyafterbirthselerspeculatesthatxolotlrepresentsthemurderedtwinwhodwellsinthedarknessofmictlanwhilequetzalcoatltheprecioustwinrepresentsthesurvivingtwinwhodwellsinthelightofthesuninmanuscriptsthesettingsundevouredbytheearthisoppositexolotlsimagequetzalcoatlandxolotlconstitutethetwinphasesofvenusasthemorningandeveningstarrespectivelyquetzalcoatlasthemorningstaractsastheharbingerofthesunsrisingrebirtheverydawnxolotlastheeveningstaractsastheharbingerofthesunssettingdeatheveryduskinthiswaytheydividethesinglelifedeathprocessofcyclicaltransformationintoitstwophasesoneleadingfrombirthtodeaththeotherfromdeathtobirthrefnameautoolinandxolotlrefxolotlwasthepatronofthemesoamericanballgamesomescholarsarguetheballgamesymbolizesthesunsperilousanduncertainnighttimejourneythroughtheunderworldxolotlisabletohelpinthesunsrebirthsincehepossessesthepowertoenterandexittheunderworldinseveralofthemanuscriptsxolotlisdepictedstrivingatthisgameagainstothergodsforexampleinthecodexmendozaweseehimplayingwiththemoongodandcanrecognizehimbythesignollinwhichaccompanieshimandbythegougedouteyeinwhichthatsymbolendsselerthinksthattherootofthenameollinsuggestedtomexicansthemotionoftherubberballolliandasaconsequenceballplayingollinispulsatingoscillatingandcenteringmotionchangeitistypifiedbybouncingballspulsatingheartslaborcontractionsearthquakesflappingbutterflywingstheundulatingmotionofweftactivitiesinweavingandtheoscillatingpathofthefifthsunoverandunderthesurfaceoftheearthollinisthemotionchangeofcyclicalcompletionrefcitewebpublishermexicolorecoukurlmexicolorecoukaztecshomeaztecphilosophytitleaztecphilosophyrefajadestatueofaskeletalxolotlcarryingasolardiscbearinganimageofthesunonhisbackrefcitewebpublisherlatinamericastudiesorgurllatinamericanstudiesorgaztecsskeletonizeddeitygiftitleskeletonizeddeityrefrefcitewebpublishergettyimagescomurlgettyimagescomdetailillustrationstatueofxolotlrearviewartefactfrommexicoaztecstockgraphictitlestatueofxolotlrearviewrefcalledthenighttravelersuccinctlyportraysxolotlsroleinassistingthesunthroughtheprocessofdeathgestationandrebirthxolotlsassociationwithollinmotionchangesuggestspropercompletionsandgestationsmustinstantiateollinmotionchangeollinshapeddecompositionandintegrationiedeathpromoteollinshapedcompositionandintegrationierebirthandrenewalnanahuatzinandxolotlpxolotlsacrificestheraingodwithinthesanctuaryoftheredtemplethesunisfinallybornagainstthebackgroundofasolidreddiskawarriordrillsafireonthechestofafigurelyingdownfromthesmokeemergesaredsolardeitywiththewindjewelimmediatelytotherightthedeityisenthronedinthetemplehenowhascanineclawsacaninemouthmaskthewindjewelandadistendedeyethatidentifyhimastheredxolotlhealsocarriesthesunonhisbackrefcitebookauthorbooneelizabethhilltitlecyclesoftimeandmeaninginthemexicanbooksoffatepublisheruniversityoftexaspressyearisbnrefacloserelationshipbetweenxolotlandnanahuatzinexistsxolotlisprobablyidenticalwithnanahuatlnanahuatzineduardselerselercharacterizesnanahuatzinlittlepustulecoveredonewhoisdeformedbysyphilisasanaspectofxolotlinhiscapacityasgodofmonstersdeformingdiseasesanddeformitiesthesyphiliticgodnanahuatzinisanavatarofxolotlseealsodogsinmesoamericanfolkloreandmythlistofdeathdeitiesaztecmythologyinpopularculturenagualblackdogghostcodexxolotlkingxolotlgrandfatherofkingtezozomocazcapotzalcotezozomocxocotlaztecgodnotesreferencescitebookauthorsweelytracyltitlemanifestingpowergenderandtheinterpretationofpowerinarchaeologypublishertaylorfrancisyearisbnexternallinksscnscomearthenotherseanachaidhgodaztechtmlthegodsandgoddessesoftheaztecsancientoriginsnetmythslegendsamericasxolotlunderworlddoggodaztecsxolotltheunderworlddoggodoftheaztecsimagexochipillijpgthumbxochipilliasdepictedinthecodexborgiaborgiacodexxochipilliisthegodofartgamesbeautydanceflowersandsonginaztecmythologyhisnamecontainsthenahuatlwordsxochitlxochitlflowerandpillipillieitherprinceorchildandhencemeansflowerprinceasthepatronofwritingandpaintinghewascalledchicomexochitlthesevenflowerbuthecouldalsobereferredtoasmacuilxochitlfiveflowerhiswifeisthehumangirlmayahuelandhistwinsisterisxochiquetzalasoneofthegodsresponsibleforlistoffertilitygodsfertilityandagriculturalproduceheisalsoassociatedwithtlalocgodofrainandcinteotlgodofmaizexochipillicorrespondswithglyphthetonsuredmaizegodamongtheclassicmayasxochipilliisalsothepatronofbothhomosexualityhomosexualsandmaleprostitutionmaleprostitutesarolepossiblyresultingfromhisbeingabsorbedfromthetolteccivilizationcitesblankedpendingconfirmationandpagenumberrefnamecastillodiazdelcastillobernalthetruehistoryoftheconquestofnewspainrobertbontinecunninghamegrahamedcambridgemasslibraryreprintsisbntrexlerrichardcsexandconquestgenderedviolencepoliticalorderandtheeuropeanconquestoftheamericaspaperbackedithacanycornelluniversitypressisbnkeenbenjamintheaztecimageinwesternthoughtpaperbackednewbrunswicknjrutgersuniversitypressisbnidellalbertthebernaldiazchroniclesnewyorkdoubledayrefrefnamemendelssohnmendelssohnkurtriddleofthepyramidspaperbackednewyorkthameshudsonltdisbnxestradagabrielsanaztectwospiritcosmologyresoundingnahuatlmasculinitieseldersfemininitiesandyouthfrontiersajournalofwomenstudiesrefrefnametaylortaylorclarkllegendssyncretismandcontinuingechoesofhomosexualityfromprecolumbianandcolonialmexicoinmalehomosexualityincentralandsouthamericapaperbackedstephenomurrayedsanfranciscoinstitutoobregonisbnrefrefnamegreenbergprefheamongothergodsisdepictedwearingatalismanknownasanoyohualliwhichwasateardropshapedpendantcraftedoutofmotherofpearlxochipillistatuemexicocityinthemidthcenturyathcenturyaztecstatueofxochipilliwasunearthedonthesideofthevolcanopopocatpetlneartlalmanalcothestatueisofasinglefigureseateduponatemplelikebaseboththestatueandthebaseuponwhichitsitsarecoveredincarvingsofsacredandpsychoactivedrugpsychoactiveorganismsincludingmushroomspsilocybeaztecorumtobacconicotianatabacumololiquiturbinacorymbosasinicuichiheimiasalicifoliapossiblycacahuaxochitlquararibeafunebrisandoneunidentifiedflowerthetextsalwaysusetheflowerinanentirelyspiritualsenseandtheaimofthereligiouscollegeswastocausetheflowerofthebodytobloomthisflowercanbenootherthanthesoultheassociationoftheflowerwiththesunisalsoevidentoneofthehieroglyphsforthesunisafourpetalledflowerandthefeastsoftheninthmonthdedicatedtohuitzilopochtliupowereentirelygivenovertoflowerofferingspaulpettennudephdtitleofbookorarticleplaceofpublicationandpagecitationifappropriatethefigurehimselfsitsonthebaseheadtiltedupeyesopenjawtensedwithhismouthhalfopenandhisarmsopenedtotheheavensthestatueiscurrentlyhousedintheaztechallofthemuseonacionaldeantropologainmexicocityinthepopularrealitytelevisionshowsurvivorustvseriessurvivorastatueofxochipilliwasusedastheimmunityidolforthesurvivorsanjuandelsurentheogenconnectionimagelombardsmuseumjpgthumbxochipilliaztecterracottabrlombardsmuseumithasbeensuggestedbyrobertgordonwassonwassonrefnamewassonprefrichardevansschultesschultesandalberthofmannhofmannthatthestatueofxochipillirepresentsafigureinthethroesofentheogenicecstasythepositionandexpressionofthebodyincombinationwiththeveryclearrepresentationsofpsychedelicsdissociativesanddeliriantshallucinogeniclistofpsychedelicplantsplantswhichareknowntohavebeenusedinsacredcontextsbytheaztecsupportthisinterpretationwassonsaysthatinthestatuesdepictionxochipilliisabsorbedbytemicxochdreamflowersasthenahuasaydescribingtheawesomeexperiencethatfollowstheingestionofanentheogenicanthinkofnothinglikeitinthelongandrichhistoryofeuropeanartxochipilliabsorbedintemicxochseealsomayamaizegodquiabelagayoreferencesexternallinksgettyeduartexhibitionsaztecinteractiveindexhtmljpaulgettymuseumsindepthinteractiveexploringthemuseonacionaldeantropologasthcenturybasaltfigureofxochipilliincludesadetailedexplorationofpsychotropicplantsdepictederowidorgentheogensxochixochishtmlerowidsxochipillivaultchicomecoatlredirectcategoryshellimagebritishmuseumxiuhtecuhtlijpgthumbnailpxrightstatueofxiuhtecuhtliinthebritishmuseuminaztecmythologyxiuhtecuhtliturquoiselordorlordoffirewasthegodoffiredayandheathewasthelordofvolcanoesthepersonificationoflifeafterdeathwarmthincoldfirelightindarknessandfoodduringfaminehewasalsonamedcuezaltzinflameandixcozauhquiandissometimesconsideredtobethesameashuehueteotloldgodalthoughxiuhtecuhtliisusuallyshownasayoungdeitythenahuatlwordxihuitlmeansyearaswellasturquoiseandfireandxiuhtecuhtliwasalsothegodoftheyearandoftimexiuhtecuhtliwasalsooneoftheninelordsofthenightandruledthefirsthourofthenightnamedcipactlialligatorscholarshavelongemphasizedthatthisfiredeityalsohasaquaticqualitiesxiuhtecuhtlidweltinsideanenclosureofturquoisestonesfortifyinghimselfwithturquoisebirdwaterheisthegodoffireinrelationtothecardinaldirectionsjustasthebrazierforlightingfireisthecenterofthehouseortemplexiuhtecuhtliwasthepatrongodoftheaztecemperorswhowereregardedashislivingembodimentattheirenthronementrefnamematosmoctezumapmatosmoctezumasolisolgunprefthedeitywasalsooneofthepatrongodsofthepochtecamerchantclassstonesculpturesofxiuhtecuhtliwererituallyburiedasofferingsandvariousstatuetteshavebeenrecoveredduringexcavationsatthetemplomayorgreattempleoftenochtitlanwithwhichhewascloselyassociatedstatuettesofthedeityfromthetempledepictaseatedmalewithhisarmscrossedasacredfirewasalwayskeptburninginthetemplesofxiuhtecuhtliingratitudeforthegiftoffirethefirstmouthfuloffoodfromeachmealwasflungintothehearthattributesimagemscaradexiuhtecuhtliculturaaztezamixtecaarssummumjpgleftpxthumbthemaskofxiuhtecuhtlifromthebritishmuseumofaztecormixtecprovenancexiuhtecuhtlisfaceispaintedwithblackandredpigmentxiuhtecuhtliwasusuallydepictedadornedwithturquoisemosaicwearingtheturquoisexiuhuitzollicrownofrulershiponhisheadandaturquoisebutterflypectoralonhischestandheoftenwearsadescendingturquoisexiuhtototlbirdcotingaamabilisonhisforeheadandthexiuhcoatlfireserpentonhisbackonhisheadhehasapapercrownpaintedwithdifferentcolorsandmotifsontopofthecrowntherearespraysofgreenfeatherslikeflamesfromafirehehasfeathertuftstoeachsidelikependantstowardhisearsonhisbackhehasplumageresemblingadragonsheadmadeofyellowfeatherswithmarineconchshellshehascopperbellstiedtotheinstepsofhisfeetinhislefthandheholdsashieldwithfivegreenstonescalledchalchihuitesplacedintheformofacrossonathingoldplatethatcoveredalmostalltheshieldinhisrighthandhehasakindofscepterthatwasaroundgoldplatewithaholeinthemiddleandtoppedbytwoglobesonelargerthantheotherthesmalleronehadapointxiuhtecuhtliiscloselyassociatedwithyouthfulwarriorsandwithrulershipandwasconsideredasolargodhisprincipalsymbolsarethetecpatlflintandthemamalhuatzinthetwosticksthatwererubbedtogethertolightceremonialfiresastaffwithadeersheadwasalsoanattributeofxiuhtecuhtlialthoughnotexclusivelysoasitcouldalsobeassociatedwithxochiquetzalandotherdeitiesmanyoftheattributesofxiuhtecuhtliarefoundassociatedwithmesoamericanchronologyearlypostclassictoltecwarriorsbutclearrepresentationsofthegodarenotcommonuntilthemesoamericanchronologylatepostclassicthenahualorspiritformofxiuhtecuhtliisxiuhcoatlthefireserpentrefnamefernndezpfernndezprefxiuhtecuhtliwasembodiedintheteotecuillithesacrificialbrazierintowhichsacrificialvictimswerecastduringthenewfireceremonythistookplaceattheendofeachcycleoftheazteccalendarroundeveryyearswhenthegodswerethoughttobeabletoendtheircovenantwithhumanityfeastswereheldinhonorofxiuhtecuhtlitokeephisfavorsandhumansacrificeswereburnedafterremovingtheirheartannualfestivaltheannualfestivalofxiuhtecuhtliwascelebratedinizcallithethveintenaoftheyeartheizcalliritualsgrewinimportanceeveryfouryearsaframeworkimageofthedeitywasconstructedfromwoodandwasrichlyfinishedwithclothingfeathersandanelaboratemaskquailsweresacrificedtotheidolandtheirbloodspiltbeforeitandcopalwasburntinhishonouronthedayofthefestivalthepriestsofxiuhtecuhtlispentthedaydancingandsingingbeforetheirgodpeoplecaughtanimalsincludingmammalsbirdssnakeslizardsandfishfortendaysbeforethefestivalinordertothrowthemintothehearthonthenightofthefestivalimagexiuhtecuhtlicodexborgiawrubberballsofferingjpgthumbeftpxxiuhtecuhtliinhisroleasoneofthelordsofthenightfromthecodexborgiaeveryfouryearsamoresolemnversionofthefestivalwasheldatthetempleofxiuhtecuhtliintenochtitlanattendedbytheemperorandhisnoblesnewfireceremonyxiuhtecuhtliwascelebratedoftenbutespeciallyattheendofeveryyearperiodthiswasthetimethedaysolarandthedaysacredcalendarsendedonthesamedayandtheazteccelebratedthebindingoftheyearswiththenewfireceremonyinordertoperformtheritualpriestsmarchedinsolemnprocessionupthecerrodelaestrellaarchaeologicalsitehillofthestaronapeninsulanearculhuacntowaitforthestaryohualtecuhtlieitheraldebaraninthetaurusconstellationorthepleiadesasawholetogetpastitszenithhavingascertainedthistheywouldtearouttheheartofasacrificialvictimandkindleaflameinasmallwoodenhearththeyplacedinsidetheholeleftinhischestpriestsusedadrillmethodtogeneratethissacredflameitwasthencarriedonpinestickstolightthefiresanewineveryhearthincludingthesacredbraziersofperpetualfirethatnumberedoverinthecapitalaloneinpopularcultureasetofsixpostagestampsissuedbytheroyalmailintocommemoratethethanniversaryofthebritishmuseumfeaturedamaskofxiuhtecuhtlialongsideothermuseumobjectssuchasthesuttonhoohelmetandhoahakananaiaseealsoxiuhcoatllordsofthenightlordsofthenightmythologynagualserpentsymbolismblacksunmythologynotesreferencesbeginbiblioformatifindentparamisusedplsuseacoloninsteadofasteriskforbulletmarkersinthereferenceslistlastfirsttitlethanniversaryofthebritishmuseumdatewebsitecollectgbstamppublisherurlcollectgbstampscoukexploreissuesissueaccessdatedecemberlastfirsttitlestampsmarkyearsofmuseumnewspaperdailymaillocationlondonpageissuedateoctoberurldailymailcouknewsarticlestampsmarkyearsmuseumhtmlaccessdateoctoberxipetotecimagexipetotecjpgthumbnailrightpxxipetotecasdepictedinthecodexborgiashownholdingabloodyweaponandwearingflayedhumanskinasasuitinaztecmythologyandreligionxipetotecorxipetotecourlordtheflayingflayedonewasalifedeathrebirthdeitygodofagriculturevegetationtheeastdiseasespringgoldsmithssilversmithsliberationandtheseasonsxipetotecwasalsoknownbyvariousothernamesincludingtlatlauhcatlatlauhquitezcatlipocaredsmokingmirrorandyoualahuanthenightdrinkerthetlaxcaltecsandthehuexotzincasworshippedaversionofthedeityunderthenameofcamaxtliandthegodhasbeenidentifiedwithyopizapotecgodyopiazapoteccivilizationzapotecgodrepresentedonmesoamericanchronologyclassicperiodurnsxipetotecisassociatedwithpimplesinflammationandeyediseasesrefnameevanswebsterrefandpossiblyplaguerefnamecurrandanielsrefthisdeityisofuncertainoriginxipetotecwaswidelyworshippedincentralmexicoatthetimeofthespanishconquestandwasknownthroughoutmostofmesoamericarepresentationsofthegodhavebeenfoundasfarawayasmayapanintheyucatnpeninsulatheworshipofxipetotecwascommonalongthegulfcoastofmexicogulfcoastduringtheearlypostclassicthedeityprobablybecameanimportantaztecgodasaresultoftheaztecconquestofthegulfcoastinthemiddleofthefifteenthcenturyattributesxipetotecappearsincodiceswithhisrighthandupraisedandhislefthandextendingtowardsthefrontxipetotecisrepresentedwearingflayedhumanskinusuallywiththeflayedskinofthehandsfallingloosefromthewristshismouthlipsneckhandsandlegsaresometimespaintedredinsomecasessomepartsofthehumanskincoveringispaintedyellowishgraytheeyesarenotvisiblethemouthisopenandtheearsareperforatedhefrequentlyhadverticalstripesrunningdownfromhisforeheadtohischinrunningacrosstheeyeshewassometimesdepictedwithayellowshieldandcarryingacontainerfilledwithseedsonexipetotecsculpturewascarvedfromvolcanicrockandportraysamanstandingonasmallpedestalthechesthasanincisionmadeinordertoextracttheheartofthevictimbeforeflayingitislikelythatsculpturesofxipetotecwererituallydressedintheflayedskinofsacrificialvictimsandworesandalsinmostofxipetotecsculpturesartistsalwaysmakeemphasisinhissacrificialandrenewalnaturebyportrayingthedifferentlayersofskinsymbolismtheworshippersofxipetotecemergingfromtherottingflayedskinaftertwentydayssymbolisedrebirthandtherenewaloftheseasonsthecastingoffoftheoldandthegrowthofnewvegetationtheflayedskinswerebelievedtohavecurativepropertieswhentouchedandmotherstooktheirchildrentotouchsuchskinsinordertorelievetheirailmentspeoplewishingtobecuredmadeofferingstohimatyopicoannualfestivaltheannualfestivalofxipetotecwascelebratedonthespringequinoxbeforetheonsetoftherainyseasonitwasknownastlacaxipehualiztlilitflayingofmenthisfestivaltookplaceinmarchatthetimeofthespanishconquestfortydaysbeforethefestivalofxipetotecanindianslavewhowascapturedatwarwasdressedtorepresentthelivinggodwhowashonoredduringthisperiodthisoccurredineverywardofthecitywhichresultedinmultipleindiansbeingselectedthecentralritualactoftlacaxipehualiztliwasthegladiatorialsacrificeofwarprisonerswhichbothbeganandculminatedthefestivalonthenextdayofthefestivalthegameofcaneswasperformedinthemanneroftwobandsthefirstbandwerethosewhotookthepartofxipetotecandwentdressedintheskinsofthewarprisonerswhowerekilledthepreviousdaysothefreshbloodwasstillflowingtheopposingbandwascomposedofdaringsoldierswhowerebraveandfearlessandwhotookpartinthecombatwiththeothersaftertheconclusionofthisgamethosewhoworethehumanskinswentaroundthroughoutthewholetownenteringhousesanddemandingthatthoseinthehousesgivethemsomealmsorgiftsfortheloveofxipetotecwhileinthehousestheysatdownonsheavesoftzapoteleavesandputonnecklaceswhichweremadeofearsofcornandflowerstheyhadthemputongarlandsandgivethempulquetodrinkwhichwastheirwineannuallyslavesorcaptiveswereselectedassacrificestoxipetotecthisactofputtingonnewskinwasaceremonycalledneteotquiliztlitranslatingtoimpersonationofagodtheskinswereoftenadornedwithbrightfeathersandgoldjewellerywhenwornduringthefestivalvictoriouswarriorswearingflayedskinscarriedoutmockskirmishesthroughouttenochtitlantheypassedthroughthecitybeggingalmsandblessedwhoevergavethemfoodorotherofferingswhenthetwentydayfestivalwasovertheflayedskinswereremovedandstoredinspecialcontainerswithtightfittinglidsdesignedtostopthestenchofputrefactionfromescapingthesecontainerswerethenstoredinachamberbeneaththetemplethegoldsmithsalsoparticipatedintlacaxipehualiztitheyhadafeastcalledyopicoeveryyearinthetempleduringthemonthoftlacaxipehualiztiasatrapwasadornedintheskintakenfromoneofthecaptivesinordertoappearlikexipetoteconthedresstheyputacrownmadeofrichfeatherswhichwasalsoawigoffalsehairgoldornamentswereputinthenoseandnasalseptumrattleswereputintherighthandandagoldshieldwasputinthelefthandwhileredsandalswereputontheirfeetdecoratedwithquailfeatherstheyalsoworeskirtsmadeofrichfeathersandawidegoldnecklacetheywereseatedandofferedxipetotecanuncookedtartofgroundmaizemanyearsofcornthathadbeenbrokenapartinordertogettotheseedsalongwithfruitsandflowersthedeitywashonoredwithadanceandendedinawarexercisehumansacrificevariousmethodsofhumansacrificewereusedtohonourthisgodthehumantrophytakinginmesoamericaflayedskinswereoftentakenfromsacrificialvictimswhohadtheirheartscutoutandsomerepresentationsofxipetotecshowastitchedupwoundinthechestrefnamematosmoctezumapmatosmoctezumasolisolgunprefgladiatorsacrificeisthenamegiventotheformofsacrificeinwhichanespeciallycourageouswarcaptivewasgivenmockweaponstiedtoalargecircularstoneandforcedtofightagainstafullyarmedaztecwarriorasaweaponhewasgivenamacuahuitlawoodenswordwithbladesformedfromobsidianuseinmesoamericaobsidianwiththeobsidianbladesreplacedwithfeathersarrowsacrificewasanothermethodusedbytheworshippersofxipetotecthesacrificialvictimwasboundspreadeagledtoawoodenframehewasthenshotwithmanyarrowssothathisbloodspilledontothegroundthespillingofthevictimsbloodtothegroundwassymbolicofthedesiredabundantrainfallwithahopefulresultofplentifulcropsafterthevictimwasshotwiththearrowstheheartwasremovedwithastoneknifetheflayerthenmadealacerationfromthelowerheadtotheheelsandremovedtheskininonepiecetheseceremonieswentonfortwentydaysmeanwhilethevotariesofthegodworetheskinsanotherinstanceofsacrificewasdonebyagroupofmetalworkerswhowerelocatedinthetownofatzcapotzalcoatzcapoatzalcowhoheldxipetotecinspecialvenerationotherformsofsacrificeweresometimesusedattimesthevictimwascastintoafirepitandburnedothershadtheirthroatscutseealsohumansacrificeinazteccultureaztecmythologyitztapaltotecnotesreferencesbeginbiblioformatifindentparamisusedplsuseacoloninsteadofasteriskforbulletmarkersinthereferenceslistendbiblioformatstylefurtherreadingbeginbiblioformatifindentparamisusedplsuseacoloninsteadofasteriskforbulletmarkersinthereferenceslistendbiblioformatstyleimagexiuhcoatlbritishmuseumjpgthumbrightanaztecsculptureofxiuhcoatlfromtexcocoaltepetltexcoconowinthebritishmuseumrefnamebritishmuseumgooglecomculturalinstituteassetviewerstonefigureofxiuhcoatlgglbipolfakjwrefinaztecreligionxiuhcoatlwasamythologicalserpentitwasregardedasthespiritformofxiuhtecuhtlitheaztecfiredeityandwasalsoanatlatlwieldedbyhuitzilopochtlixiuhcoatlisaclassicalnahuatlwordthatliterallytranslatesasturquoiseserpentitalsocarriesthesymbolicanddescriptivemeaningfireserpentxiuhcoatlwasacommonsubjectofprecolumbianartaztecartincludingillustrationsinazteccodicesanditsuseasabackornamentonrepresentationsofbothxiuhtecuhtliandhuitzilopochtlixiuhcoatlisinterpretedastheembodimentofthedryseasonandwastheweaponofthesuntheroyaldiademorxiuhuitzollipointedturquoisethingofthelistofmexicotenochtitlanrulersaztecemperorsapparentlyrepresentedthetailofthexiuhcoatlthefireserpentattributesxiuhcoatlwastypicallydepictedwithasharplybackturnedsnoutandasegmentedbodyitstailresembledthetrapezeandrayyearsignandprobablydoesrepresentthatsymbolinnahuatlthewordxihuitlmeansyearturquoiseandgrassthetailofxiuhcoatlisoftenmarkedwiththeaztecsymbolforgrassthebodyofthexiuhcoatlwaswrappedwithknottedstripsofpaperlinkingtheserpenttobloodlettinginmesoamericabloodlettingandsacrificerefnamemillermillertaubepprefinthemesoamericanchronologypostclassicperiodthexiuhcoatlfireserpentwasassociatedwiththethreeconceptsassociatedwithitstailsignturquoisegrassandthesolaryearallthreeoftheseconceptswereassociatedwithfireincentralmexicoduringthepostclassicwithdrygrassandthesolaryearbeingcloselyidentifiedwithfireandsolarheatpageoftheprecolumbiancodexborgiadepictsfoursmokingxiuhcoatlserpentsarrangedaroundaburningturquoisemirrorsinmesoamericanculturemirroraturquoiserimmedmirrorhasbeenfoundatthemayacivilizationmayacityofchichenitzawithfourfireserpentscirclingtherimthearchaeologicalsiteoftulamesoamericansitetulahaswarriorcolumnsonmoundbthatbearmirrorsontheirbacksalsosurroundedbyfourxiuhcoatlfireserpentsalthoughthefireserpentcanbeeasilytracedbacktotheearlypostclassicperiodintulaitsultimateoriginsareunclearduringthemesoamericanchronologyclassicperiodthewarserpentofteotihuacanwasprobablyaforerunnerofxiuhcoatlitwasalsodepictedwiththegrasssymbolflamesandthetrapezeandrayyearsymbolmythologyimagehuitzilopochtlijpgthumbrighthuitzilopochtliasdepictedinthecodexborbonicusxiuhcoatlisinhisrighthandxiuhcoatlwasconsideredtobethenahualorspiritformoftheaztecfiregodxiuhtecuhtliitwasalightninglikeweaponbornebyhuitzilopochtliwithitsoonafterhisbirthhepiercedhissistercoyolxauhquidestroyingherandalsodefeatedthecentzonhuitznahuathisincidentisillustratedonafragmentofbrokensculptureexcavatedfromthetemplomayorgreattempleoftenochtitlanthefragmentwasoriginallyapartofalargestonediskthatdepictedthefallencoyolxauhquiwiththexiuhcoatlfireserpentpenetratingherchestthisxiuhcoatlwieldedbyhuitzilopochtlisymbolisestheforcesofdarknessbeingdrivenoutbythefieryraysofthesuntonatiuhthesungodwasguidedacrosstheskybyxiuhcoatlandwasusedbyhimasaweaponagainsthisunderworldenemiesthestarsandthemoonritualduringtheveintenapanquetzaliztliceremonyxiuhcoatlwasrepresentedbyapaperserpentwithredfeathersemergingfromitsopenmawtorepresentflamesduringtheceremonyburningtorchesalsosymbolisedxiuhcoatlandaserpentdancewasperformednotesreferencesbeginbiblioformatifindentparamisusedplsuseacoloninsteadofasteriskforbulletmarkersinthereferenceslistendbiblioformatstylexocotlisthegenericnahuatllanguageclassificationforsouroracidicfruitusedinthenamesofmanyspeciesoffruittreeincludingatoyaxocotlflowingstreamplummazaxocotldeerplumatoyaxocotllargeplumciruelatexocotlyelloworredcrataegushawberriesxalxocotlsandplumorguavaandcouaxocotlserpentfruitbutalsousedinparticularforjocotespondiaspurpureareferencesesxcotlxmucaneandxpiacocesxumucaneredirectmayamythologyxibalbaroughlytranslatedasplaceoffearrefnamenacsrefisthenameoftheunderworldinkichepeoplekichemayamythologyruledbythemayadeathgodsandtheirhelpersinthcenturyverapazguatemalaverapaztheentrancetoxibalbawastraditionallyheldtobeacaveinthevicinityofcobnguatemalacavesystemsinnearbybelizehavealsobeenreferredtoastheentrancetoxibalbainsomemayaareasthemilkywayisviewedastheroadtoxibalbainhabitantsisentangledbykawiilsserpentlegthefemaledeitycouldalsobeidentifiedastheclassicperiodgoddessixibalbaisdescribedinthepopolvuhasacourtbelowthesurfaceoftheearthassociatedwithdeathandwithtwelvegodsorpowerfulrulersknownasthelordsofxibalbathefirstamongthemayadeathgodsrulingxibalbawerehuncameonedeathandvucubcamesevendeaththoughhuncameistheseniorofthetwotheremainingtenlordsareoftenreferredtoasdemonsandaregivencommissionanddomainovervariousformsofhumansufferingtocausesicknessstarvationfeardestitutionpainandultimatelydeaththeselordsallworkinpairsxiquiripatflyingscabandcuchumaquicgatheredbloodwhosickenpeoplesbloodahalpuhpusdemonandahalganajaundicedemonwhocausepeoplesbodiestoswellupchamiabacbonestaffandchamiaholomskullstaffwhoturndeadbodiesintoskeletonsahalmezsweepingsdemonandahaltocobstabbingdemonwhohideintheunsweptareasofpeopleshousesandstabthemtodeathandxicwingandpatanpackstrapwhocausepeopletodiecoughingupbloodwhileoutwalkingonaroadrefnamepvchristensonallenjtranspopolvuhthesacredbookofthemayathegreatclassicofcentralamericanspiritualitytranslatedfromtheoriginalmayatextrefrefnamepvrecinosadriangoetzdeliamorleysgtranspopolvuhsacredbookoftheancientquichemayacivilizationofamericanindiandavidgoetzeiserroneouslylistedasacoauthorinseveralplacesbutnotinthebookreftheremainingresidentsofxibalbaarethoughttohavefallenunderthedominionofoneoftheselordsgoingaboutthefaceoftheearthtocarryouttheirlisteddutiesstructurexibalbawasalargeplaceandanumberofindividualstructuresorlocationswithinxibalbaaredescribedormentionedinthepopolvuhchiefamongthesewasthecouncilplaceofthelordsthefiveorsixhousesthatservedasthefirsttestsofxibalbaandthexibalbanmesoamericanballgameballcourtalsomentionedarethehomesofthelordsgardensandotherstructuresindicatingthatxibalbawasatleastagreatcityxibalbaseemedtoberifewithteststrialsandtrapsforanyonewhocameintothecityeventheroadstoxibalbawerefilledwithobstaclesfirstariverfilledwithscorpionsariverfilledwithbloodandthenariverfilledwithpusrefnamepvrefbeyondthesewasacrossroadswheretravellershadtochoosefromamongfourroadsthatspokeinanattempttoconfuseandbeguileuponpassingtheseobstaclesonewouldcomeuponthexibalbacouncilplacewhereitwasexpectedvisitorswouldgreettheseatedlordsrealisticmannequinswereseatednearthelordstoconfuseandhumiliatepeoplewhogreetedthemandtheconfusedwouldthenbeinvitedtosituponabenchwhichwasactuallyahotcookingsurfacethelordsofxibalbawouldentertainthemselvesbyhumiliatingpeopleinthisfashionbeforesendingthemintooneofxibalbasdeadlyteststhecitywashometoatleastsixdeadlyhousesfilledwithtrialsforvisitorsthefirstwasdarkhouseahousethatwascompletelydarkinsidethesecondwasrattlinghouseorcoldhousefullofbonechillingcoldandrattlinghailthethirdwasjaguarhousefilledwithhungryjaguarsthefourthwasbathousefilledwithdangerousshriekingbatsandthefifthwasrazorhousefilledwithbladesandrazorsthatmovedaboutoftheirownaccordinanotherpartofthepopolvuhasixthtesthothousefilledwithfiresandheatisidentifiedthepurposeofthesetestswastoeitherkillorhumiliatepeopleplacedintothemiftheycouldnotoutwitthetestdownfallofxibalbaxibalbawashomeofafamousballcourtinwhichtheheroesofthepopolvuhsuccumbedtothetrickeryofthedemonsintheformofadeadlybladedballaswellasthesiteinwhichthemayaherotwinsoutwittedthegodsandbroughtabouttheirdownfallaccordingtothepopolvuhthexibalbansatonepointenjoyedtheworshipofthepeopleonthesurfaceoftheearthwhoofferedhumansacrificetothegodsofdeathoverthespanoftimecoveredinthepopolvuhthexibalbansaretrickedintoacceptingcounterfeitsacrificesandthenfinallyhumiliatedintoacceptinglesserofferingsfromaboveanthropologistdennistedlockhasspeculatedthatthisversionofhistorymaybeakichepeoplekicheslanderonearliermayanformsofworshiprefnametedlockdennistedlocktedlockdennispopolvuhthedefinitiveeditionofthemayanbookofthedawnoflifeandthegloriesofgodsandkingstouchstonebooksreftheroleofxibalbaandthexibalbansaftertheirgreatdefeatatthehandsoftheherotwinsisunclearalthoughitseemstohavecontinueditsexistenceasadarkplaceoftheunderworldlongafterreferencesexternallinksauthenticmayacommayacaveshtmmayacavesandxibalbmayamythologymayamythologyredirectmayamythologyxmucaneandxpiacocalternativelyxumucaneandixpiyacocarethenamesofthedivinegrandparentsofmayamythologyofthekichepeopleandthedaykeepersofthepopolvuhtheyareconsideredtobetheoldestofallthedeitygodsofthekichepantheonandareidentifiedbyanumberofnamesthroughoutthetextreflectingtheirmultiplerolesthroughoutthemayancreationmyththeyareusuallymentionedtogetheralthoughxmucaneseemstobealoneduringmostoftheinteractionswiththemayaherotwinswhensheisreferredtoassimplygrandmotherthepairwereinvokedduringthecreationoftheworldinwhichthemayagodswereattemptingtocreatehumanityxmucaneandxpiacocgroundthemaizethatwasusedinpartofthefailedattemptalthoughthebeingscreatedweredescribedasbeingsimplymannequinsandnotrealpeoplethesetwoarealsoinvokedoftenbyotherpowerfuldeitiesfortheirpowersindivinationandmatchmakingxmucaneherselfalsoplaysanintegralroleinthedevelopmentofthemayaherotwinsshewasatfirstwaryofthemandtheirmotherxquicandorderedthemoutofherhousewhentheywereyetinfantsbutshewouldcometoacceptthemalmostasherownsonsraisingandcaringforthemxmucaneisconsideredbysometobethegoddessassociatedwiththewaxingmooncontrastingtothehypotheticalroleofherdaughterinlawasthewaningmoonxmucaneandxpiacocinfoboxsoftwarenameapachexerceslogologocaptionscreenshotcaptiondeveloperapachesoftwarefoundationlatestreleaseversionxercesjbrxercesclatestreleasedatenovemberxercesjbraugustxercesclatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdateprogramminglanguageoperatingsystemcrossplatformgenrexmlparserlibrarycomputinglibrarylicenseapachelicensewebsiteincomputingxercesisapachesoftwarefoundationapachescollectionofsoftwarelibrarysoftwarelibrariesforparsingvalidatingserializingandmanipulatingxmlthelibraryimplementsanumberofstandardapplicationprogramminginterfaceapisforxmlparsingincludingdocumentobjectmodeldomsimpleapiforxmlsaxandsaxtheimplementationisavailableinthejavaprogramminglanguagejavacandperlprogramminglanguagesthenamexercesisbelievedtocommemoratetheextinctxercesbluebutterflyglaucopsychexercesrefcitebooklastbenzfirstbrianlastdurantfirstjohntitlexmlprogrammingbibleurlbooksgooglecombooksidfsrqwuglccpublisherjohnwileysonspublicationdatepageisbnaccessdatequoteapparentlytheparserwasnamedafterthenowextinctxercesbluebutterflyanativeofthesanfranciscopeninsularefseealsoapachelicensejavaxmlxalanreferencesexternallinksxercesapacheorgapachexercesprojecthomexercesapacheorgxercesjxercesjavaprojectxercesapacheorgxercesjapihtmlxercesjavadocsxercesapacheorgxercescxercescprojectxercesapacheorgxercespxercesperlprojectinfoboxsoftwarenameapachexalanlogologocaptionscreenshotcaptiondeveloperapachesoftwarefoundationlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdateprogramminglanguagecandjavaprogramminglanguagejavaoperatingsystemgenrelibrarycomputingsoftwarelibrarylicenseapachelicensewebsitexalanisapopularopensourcelibrarycomputingsoftwarelibraryfromtheapachesoftwarefoundationthatimplementsthexsltxmltransformationlanguageandthexpathlanguagethexalanxsltprocessorisavailableforboththejavaprogramminglanguagejavaandcprogramminglanguagesitcombinestechnologyfromtwomainsourcesanxsltprocessororiginallycreatedbyibmunderthenamelotusxslandanxsltcompilercreatedbysunmicrosystemsunderthenamexsltcawrapperfortheeiffellanguageisavailableseealsojavaxmlxerceslibxmlsaxonxsltreferencesexternallinksxalanapacheorgxalanhomepagexmlrpcinfoboxlanguagenamexhosanativenameisixhosastatessouthafricazimbabwelesothoregioneasterncapewesterncapekwazulunatalnortherncapefreestateethnicityxhosapeoplespeakersmilliondatecensusrefespeakersmillionlspeakersfamilycolornigercongofamatlanticcongolanguagesatlanticcongofambenuecongolanguagesbenuecongofamsouthernbantoidlanguagessouthernbantoidfambantulanguagesbantufamsouthernbantufamngunilanguagesngunifamzundalanguageszundanationbrscriptlatinscriptlatinxhosaalphabetbrxhosabraillesignsignedxhosaisoxhisoxhoisoxhoglottoxhosglottorefnamexhosaguthrieslingualinguasphereinfopagelinguascalelinguacodeautfaautfainclbrvarietiesautfaabrtoautfajbrautfbisihlubimapsouthafricaxhosaspeakersproportionmapsvgmapcaptionproportionofthesouthafricanpopulationthatspeaksxhosaathomecolumnscolcolnoticeipaxhosaorsmallxhosasmallisangunilanguagesngunibantulanguagewithclickconsonantsxhosabeginswithaclickandoneoftheofficiallanguagesofsouthafricarefnameomniglotrefalthoughnotwidelyspokenthereitisalsoanofficiallanguagesofzimbabwelanguageofzimbabwerefnameconstitutionthefollowinglanguagesnamelychewachibarweenglishkalangakoisannambyandaundebeleshanganishonasignlanguagesothotongatswanavendaandxhosaaretheofficiallyrecognisedlanguagesofzimbabwelkubatananetdocslegislconstitutionzimdraftcopacpdfconstitutionofzimbabwefinaldraftrefxhosaisspokenasafirstlanguagebymillionpeopleandbymillionasasecondlanguageinsouthafricamostlyineasterncapeprovincetotalnumberofusersinallcountriesismillionethnologuerefnamexhosaaboutworldlanguagesaboutworldlanguageswebsiteaboutworldlanguagescomlanguageenusaccessdatereflikemostotherbantulanguagesxhosaisatonelinguisticstonallanguagethesamesequenceofconsonantsandvowelscanhavedifferentmeaningsdependingonintonationxhosahastwotoneshighandlowxhosaiswrittenwiththelatinalphabetthreelettersareusedtoindicatethebasicclickscfordentalclicksxforlateralclicksandqforpostalveolarclicksforamoredetailedexplanationseethetableofconsonantphonemesbelowtonesarenotnormallyindicatedinwritingclassificationxhosaispartofthebranchofngunilanguagesknownaszundalanguageswhichalsoincludezululanguagezulusouthernndebelelanguagesouthernndebeleandnorthernndebelelanguagenorthernndebelerefnamewebsterswebstersonlinedictionaryorgdefinitionxhosaenglishonlinexhosaenglishdictionaryrefzundalanguageseffectivelyformadialectcontinuumofvariouslymutuallyintelligiblevarietiesxhosaisalsomutuallyintelligiblewithotherngunilanguagestoalesserextentngunilanguagesareinturnpartofthemuchlargergroupofbantulanguagesrefnameuclalmpuclaeduprofileaspxlangidmenuuclaxhosalanguagematerialsprojectrefgeographicaldistributionfilesouthafricaxhosaspeakersdensitymapsvgthumbgeographicaldistributionofthexhosainsouthafricadensityofxhosahomelanguagespeakerscolumnscolcolsouthafricanenglishenglishandxhosawelcomingvisitorsinxhosaxhosaisthemostwidelydistributedafricanlanguageinsouthafricathoughthemostwidelyspokenafricanlanguageiszuluitisthesecondmostcommonhomelanguageinsouthafricaasawholeapproximatelymillionxhosaspeakersthemajorityliveintheeasterncapefollowedbythewesterncapeapproximatelymilliongautengthefreestatesouthafricanprovincefreestatekwazulunatalnorthwestmpumalangathenortherncapeandlimpoporefnamecensussouthafricainfoessinfosaglancedemographicscensusmainhtmsouthafricapopulationgrowstomillionrefthereisasmallbutsignificantxhosacommunityofaboutinzimbabwealsoasmallcommunityofxhosaspeakersliveinquthingdistrictlesothorefnamexhoethnologuecomshowlanguageaspcodexhoethnologuereportforlanguagecodexhorefdialectsxhosahasseveraldialectsmaholistsmpondopondoxesibebomvanagaikapeoplegaikangqikagcalekathembumpondomisendlambeandhlubihlubiisthedialectintheformerciskeithereisthemoredistincthlubilanguagefurthernorthwherexhosameetssesothophonologyvowelsxhosahasaninventoryoftenvowelsandwrittenasaeioanduinorderalloccurringinbothlongvowellongandshortvowelshortclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterxhosavowelphonemesrowspancolspanfrontvowelfrontcolspanbackvowelbackclasssmallshortvowelshortlongvowellongshortlongclosevowelcloseiiiuuumidvowelmideeeoooopenvowelopencolspanaaatonesxhosaisatonallanguagewithtwoinherentphonemephonemictoneslowandhightonesarerarelymarkedinthewrittenlanguagebuttheycanbeindicatedalongvowelsarephonemephonemicbutareusuallynotwrittenexceptforandwhicharetheresultsofgeminationoftwovowelsbothwithdifferenttonestheyhavethusbecomelongvowelswithcontourtoneshighlowfallinglowhighrisingconsonantsxhosaisrichinuncommonconsonantsbesidesairstreammechanismpulmonicegressivesoundswhicharefoundinallspokenlanguagesithasclickconsonantclicksincomparisonjuhoandialectjuhoanspokenbyroughlypeopleinbotswanaandnamibiahasclicksandtaalanguagetaawithroughlyspeakersinbotswanahasclicksoundsthelargestconsonantinventoryofanyknownlanguagealsoxhosahasejectivesandanimplosivealthoughoftheclicksalsooccurinzulutheyareusedlessfrequentlythaninxhosathefirstsixaredentalclicksrepresentedbythelettercmadewiththetongueonthebackoftheteethandtheyaresimilartothesoundrepresentedinenglishbytuttutortsktsktoreprimandsomeonethenextsixarealveolarlateralclicklateralrepresentedbytheletterxmadebythetongueatthesidesofthemouthandtheyaresimilartothesoundusedtocallhorsesthelastsixarepostalveolarclickalveolarrepresentedbytheletterqmadewiththetipofthetongueattheroofofthemouthandtheysoundsomewhatlikeacorkpulledfromabottlethefollowingtableliststheconsonantphonemesofthelanguagewiththepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipaontheleftandtheorthographyontherightclasswikitablestyletextaligncentercolspanrowspanrowspanlabialconsonantlabialcolspandentalconsonantdentalalveolarconsonantalveolarrowspanpostalveolarconsonantpostalveolarrowspanvelarconsonantvelarrowspanglottalconsonantglottalclasssmallcentralconsonantcentrallateralconsonantlateralrowspanclickconsonantclicksmalltenuisconsonanttenuisejectiveconsonantejectivesmallcxqsmallaspirationphoneticsaspiratedsmallchxhqhsmallslackvoicesmallgcgxgqsmallnasalsmallncnxnqsmallslackvoicenasalsmallngcngxngqsmallglottalisednasalsmallnkcnkxnkqrowspanplosiveconsonantplosivesmalltenuisconsonanttenuisejectiveconsonantejectivesmallpttyksmallaspirationphoneticsaspiratedsmallphthtyhkhsmallslackvoicesmallbhddygsmallimplosiveconsonantimplosivesmallbrowspanaffricateconsonantaffricatesmallejectiveconsonantejectivesmalltstshkrsmallaspirationphoneticsaspiratedsmallthsthshsmallslackvoicesmalldzxfsupsupjrowspanfricativeconsonantfricativesmallvoicelesssmallfshlshrhhsmallslackvoicesmallvzdlzhxfsupsupgrhhrowspannasalconsonantnasalsmallvoicephoneticsfullyvoicedsmallmnnyngsmallslackvoicesmallmhnhnyhnghxfsupsuprowspanapproximantconsonantapproximantsmallvoicephoneticsfullyvoicedsmalllywsmallslackvoicesmalllhyhwhrowspantrillconsonanttrillsmallvoicephoneticsfullyvoicedsmallrxfsupsupsmallbreathyvoicedsmallrxfsupsuptwoadditionalconsonantsandarefoundinborrowingsbotharespelledrtwoadditionalconsonantsandarefoundinborrowingsbotharespelledzhtwoadditionalconsonantsandarefoundinloansbotharespelleddzanadditionalconsonantisfoundinloansitisspellednghinadditiontotheejectiveaffricatethespellingtshmayalsobeusedforeitheroftheaspiratedaffricatesandthebreathyvoicedglottalfricativeissometimesspelledhtheejectivestendtobeelectiveonlyincarefulpronunciationorinsalientpositionsandeventhenonlyforsomespeakersotherwisetheytendtobetenuisconsonanttenuisplainstopssimilarlythetenuisplainclicksareoftenglottalisedwithalongvoiceonsettimebutthatisuncommonthemurmuredclicksplosivesandaffricatesareonlypartiallyvoicedwiththefollowingvowelmurmuredforsomespeakersthatisdamaybepronouncedorequivalentlytheyarebetterdescribedasslackvoicedthanasbreathyvoicedtheyaretrulyvoicedonlyafternasalsbuttheoralocclusionisthenveryshortinstopsanditusuallydoesnotoccuratallinclicksthereforetheabsolutedurationofvoicingisthesameasintenuisstopstheymayalsobevoicedbetweenvowelsinsomespeakingstylesthemorenotablecharacteristicistheirdepressorconsonantdepressoreffectonthetoneofthesyllableconsonantchangeswithprenasalisationwhenconsonantsareprenasalizedstopprenasalisedtheirpronunciationandspellingmaychangethemurmurnolongershiftstothefollowingvowelfricativesbecomeafricatedandifvoicelesstheybecomeejectivesaswellatleastwithsomespeakersmfispronouncedndlispronouncednhlbecomesntlnzbecomesndzetctheorthographicbinmbisthevoicedplosivewhenvoicelessclickscxqareprenasalisedthesilentletterkisaddedkcnkxnkqtopreventconfusionwiththenasalclicksncnxnqmorphologyinkeepingwithmanyothersouthernbantulanguagesxhosaisanagglutinativelanguagewithanarrayofprefixesandsuffixesthatareattachedtorootwordslikeinotherbantulanguagesnounsinxhosaareclassifiedintonounclassmorphologicalclassesorgendergrammargendersinxhosawithdifferentprefixesforbothsingularandpluralvariouspartsofspeechthatqualifyanounmustagreewiththenounaccordingtoitsgenderagreementsusuallyreflectpartoftheoriginalclasswithwhichthewordagreesthewordorderissubjectverbobjectlikeinenglishtheverbismodifiedbyaffixestomarksubjectobjecttenseaspectandmoodthevariouspartsofthesentencemustagreeinbothclassandnumberexamplesukudlalatoplayukubonatoseeumntwanaachildabantwanachildrenumntwanauyadlalathechildisplayingabantwanabayadlalathechildrenareplayingindodaamanamadodamenindodaiyambonaumntwanathemanseesthechildamadodaayababonaabantwanathemenseethechildrenhistoryimagehenryharedugmorecajpgthumbhenryharedugmoreanenglishmanwhobecamefluentinxhosajointlyproducedthefirsttranslationofthebibleintothelanguageinimagenelsonmandelajpgthumbnelsonmandelawasafamousxhosamanxhosaspeakingpeoplehaveinhabitedcoastalregionsofsoutheasternafricasincebeforethethcenturytheyrefertothemselvesasthexhosapeopleamaxhosaandtheirlanguageasxhosaamaxhosamigratedtotheeastcoastofafricaandcameacrosskhoisanspeakingpeoplewhichasaresultofthiscontactthexhosapeopleborrowedsomekhoisanwordsalongwiththeirpronunciationforinstancetheclicksoundsofthekhoisanlanguagesthebantuancestorofxhosadidnothaveclickswhichattesttoastronghistoricalcontactwithasanlanguagethatdidanestimatedofxhosavocabularyisofsanorigininthemodernperiodithasalsoborrowedslightlyfrombothafrikaansandenglishroleinmodernsocietytheroleoflanguagesofafricaindigenouslanguagesinsouthafricaiscomplexandambiguoustheiruseineducationhasbeengovernedbylegislationbeginningwiththebantueducationactatpresentxhosaisusedasthemainlanguageofinstructioninmanyprimaryschoolsandsomesecondaryschoolsbutislargelyreplacedbyenglishaftertheearlyprimarygradeseveninschoolsmainlyservingxhosaspeakingcommunitiesthelanguageisalsostudiedasasubjectthelanguageofinstructionatlistofuniversitiesinsouthafricauniversitiesinsouthafricaisenglishorafrikaansandxhosaistaughtasasubjectbothfornativeandfornonnativespeakersliteraryworksincludingproseandpoetryareavailableinxhosaasarenewspapersandmagazinesthefirstprintedwordinxhosacameoutinfromthelovedalepressinthealiceregionoftheeasterncapebutaswithanylanguagexhosahadarichhistoryoforaltraditionsfromwhichthesocietytaughtinformedandentertainedoneanotherthefirstbibletranslationwasinproducedinpartbyhenryharedugmorethesouthafricanbroadcastingcorporationbroadcastsinxhosaonbothradioonumhlobowenenefmandtelevisionandfilmsplaysandmusicarealsoproducedinthelanguagethebestknownperformerofxhosasongsoutsidesouthafricawasmiriammakebawhosetheclicksongclicksongxhosaqongqothwaneandclicksongbaxabeneooxamareknownfortheirlargenumberofclicksoundstheliteracyrateforfirstlanguagexhosaspeakerswasestimatedatanthemnkosisikeleliafrikaispartofthenationalanthemofsouthafricanationalanthemoftanzaniaandzambiaandtheformeranthemofzimbabweandnamibiaitisamethodisthymnwritteninxhosabyenochsontongaintheoriginalstanzawasnkosisikeleliafrikamaluphakamisuphondolwayoyivaimithandazoyethunkosisikelelathinalusapholwayolordblessafricamayherhornrisehighuphearthouourprayerslordblessusyourfamilyadditionalstanzaswerewrittenlaterbysontongaandotherwriterswiththeoriginalversetranslatedintosothoandafrikaansaswellasenglishseealsoxhosacalendarhenryharedugmorethefirsttranslatorofthescripturesintoxhosaucarmenekhayelitshaaxhosafilmadaptationofbizetscarmenuclalanguagematerialsprojectanonlineprojectforteachinglanguagesincludingxhosareferencesexternallinkslmpuclaeduprofileaspxlangidmenuxhosalanguageprofilewebarchiveorgwebpavelicpaperscomdocumentsodporindexhtmlatuclalanguagematerialsprojectwebarchiveorgwebpanafrilnorgwikidocpmwikiphppanafrlocxhosapanafricanlnpageonxhosalearnorgxhosaphplearnxhosastarlingrinetrucgibinresponsecgirootnewmorphobasenamenewbcobnsfirstxhosabasiclexiconatthegloballexicostatisticaldatabaseparadisechasacollectionsofarthurcapellsmaterialscatalogparadisecorgaucollectionsacacwhichincludexhosalanguagematerialscategoriesfromclosestnarrowesttofarthestmostgenericinterwikilinkssortedalphabeticallybylanguagenotcodenameenzymenamexanthineoxidasedehydrogenaseecnumberiubmbecnumbercasnumbergocodeimagexanthineoxidasefiqpngwidthcaptioncrystallographicstructuremonomerofbovinexanthineoxidaserefnamepmidrefbrtheboundedfadredfesclusterorangethemolybdopterincofactorwithmolybdenumyellowandsalicylateblueareindicatedinfoboxproteinnamexanthineoxidasedehydrogenasecaptionimagewidthhgncidsymbolxanthinedehydrogenasexdhaltsymbolsentrezgeneomimrefseqnmuniprotppdbfiqecnumberchromosomearmpbandlocussupplementarydataxanthineoxidasexosometimesxaoisaformofxanthineoxidoreductaseatypeofenzymethatgeneratesreactiveoxygenspeciestheseenzymescatalyzetheoxidationofhypoxanthinetoxanthineandcanfurthercatalyzetheoxidationofxanthinetouricacidtheseenzymesplayanimportantroleinthecatabolismofpurinesinsomespeciesincludinghumansxanthineoxidaseisdefinedasanenzymeactivityecthesameproteinwhichinhumanshasthehgncapprovedgenesymbolxdhcanalsohavexanthinedehydrogenaseactivityecrefnamekeggrecordforecrefmostoftheproteinintheliverexistsinaformwithxanthinedehydrogenaseactivitybutitcanbeconvertedtoxanthineoxidasebyreversiblesulfhydryloxidationorbyirreversibleproteolyticmodificationrefnameentrezrefreactionthefollowingchemicalreactionsarecatalyzedbyxanthineoxidasehypoxanthinehsubsuboosubsubmathrightleftharpoonsmathxanthinehsubsubosubsubxanthinehsubsuboosubsubmathrightleftharpoonsmathuricacidhsubsubosubsubxanthineoxidasecanalsoactoncertainotherpurinespterinsandaldehydesforexampleitefficientlyconvertsmethylxanthineametaboliteofcaffeinetomethyluricacidbuthaslittleactivityonmethylxanthineundersomecircumstancesitcanproducesuperoxideionrhhsubsuboosubsubmathrightleftharpoonsmathrohosubsubsupsuphsupsupgalleryimagehypoxanthinhypoxanthinesvghypoxanthineoneoxygenatomimagexanthinxanthinesvgxanthinetwooxygensimageharnsureketoformsvguricacidthreeoxygensgalleryotherreactionsbecausexoisasuperoxideproducingenzymewithgenerallowspecificityrefnamemgboninietalrefitcanbecombinedwithothercompoundsandenzymesandcreatereactiveoxidantsaswellasoxidizeothersubstratesbovinexanthineoxidasefrommilkwasoriginallythoughttohaveabindingsitetoreducecytochromecwithbutithasbeenfoundthatthemechanismtoreducethisproteinisthroughxossuperoxideanionbyproductwithcompetitiveinhibitionbycarbonicanhydraserefnamejmmccordifridovichrefanotherreactioncatalyzedbyxanthineoxidaseisthedecompositionofsnitrosothiolsrsnoareactivenitrogenspeciestonitricoxidenowhichreactswithasuperoxideaniontoformperoxynitriteunderaerobicconditionsrefnamemtrujillorefxohasalsobeenfoundtoproducethestrongoneelectronoxidantcarbonateradicalanionfromoxidationwithacetaldehydeinthepresenceofcatalaseandbicarbonateitwassuggestedthatthecarbonateradicalwaslikelyproducedinoneoftheenzymesredoxcenterswithaperoxymonocarbonateintermediatehereisadiagramhighlightingthepathwayscatalyzedbyxanthineoxidaseproteinstructuretheproteinislargehavingamolecularweightofkdaandhasflavingroupflavinmoleculesboundasfadmolybdenumatomsandironatomsboundperenzymaticunitthemolybdenumatomsarecontainedasmolybdopterincofactorsandaretheactivesitesoftheenzymetheironatomsarepartoffesferredoxinironsulfurclustersandparticipateinelectrontransferreactionscatalyticmechanismtheactivesiteofxoiscomposedofamolybdopterinunitwiththemolybdenumatomalsocoordinatedbyterminaloxygenoxoligandoxosulfuratomsandaterminalhydroxideinthereactionwithxanthinetoformuricacidanoxygenatomistransferredfrommolybdenumtoxanthinewherebyseveralintermediatesareassumedtobeinvolvedthereformationoftheactivemolybdenumcenteroccursbytheadditionofwaterlikeotherknownmolybdenumcontainingoxidoreductasestheoxygenatomintroducedtothesubstratebiochemistrysubstratebyxooriginatesfromwaterratherthanfromdioxygenosubsubclinicalsignificancexanthineoxidaseisasuperoxideproducingenzymefoundnormallyinserumbloodserumandthelungsanditsactivityisincreasedduringinfluenzaavirusinfluenzaainfectionduringsevereliverdamagexanthineoxidaseisreleasedintothebloodsoabloodassayforxoisawaytodetermineifliverdamagehashappenedbecausexanthineoxidaseisametabolicpathwayforuricacidformationthexanthineoxidaseinhibitorallopurinolisusedinthetreatmentofgoutsincexanthineoxidaseisinvolvedinthemetabolismofmercaptopurinecautionshouldbetakenbeforeadministeringallopurinolandmercaptopurineoritsprodrugazathioprineinconjunctionxanthinuriaisararegeneticdisorderwherethelackofxanthineoxidaseleadstohighconcentrationofxanthineinbloodandcancausehealthproblemssuchasrenalfailurethereisnospecifictreatmentsufferersareadvisedbydoctorstoavoidfoodshighinpurineandtomaintainahighfluidintaketypeixanthinuriahasbeentraceddirectlytomutationsofthexdhgenewhichmediatesxanthineoxidaseactivitytypeiixanthinuriamayresultfromafailureofthemechanismwhichinsertssulfurintotheactivesitesofxanthineoxidaseandaldehydeoxidasearelatedenzymewithsomeoverlappingactivitiessuchasconversionofallopurinoltooxypurinolinhibitionofxanthineoxidasehasbeenproposedasamechanismforimprovingcardiovascularhealthrefnamepmidrefastudyfoundthatpatientswithchronicobstructivepulmonarydiseasecopdhadadecreaseinoxidativestressincludingglutathioneoxidationandlipidperoxidationwhenxanthineoxidasewasinhibitedusingallopurinolrefnamelmheunksetalrefoxidativestresscanbecausedbyhydroxylfreeradicalsandhydrogenperoxidebothofwhicharebyproductsofxoactivityrefnamephigginsetalrefincreasedconcentrationofserumuricacidhasbeenunderresearchasanindicatorforcardiovascularhealthfactorsandhasbeenusedtostronglypredictmortalityhearttransplantandmoreinpatientsbutitisnotclearwhetherthiscouldbeadirectorcasualassociationorlinkbetweenserumuricacidconcentrationandbyproxyxanthineoxidaseactivityandcardiovascularhealthreactivenitrogenspeciessuchasperoxynitritethatxanthineoxidasecanformhavebeenfoundtoreactwithdnaproteinsandcellscausingcellulardamageoreventoxicityreactivenitrogensignalingcoupledwithreactiveoxygenspecieshavebeenfoundtobeacentralpartofmyocardialandvascularfunctionexplainingwhyxanthineoxidaseisbeingresearchedforlinkstocardiovascularhealthrefnamejmzimmetjmharerefbothxanthineoxidaseandxanthineoxidoreductasearealsopresentincornealepitheliumandendotheliumandmaybeinvolvedinoxidativeeyeinjuryrefnamepmidrefinhibitorsinhibitorsofxoincludeallopurinolrefnamepmidrefoxypurinolrefnamepmidrefandphyticacidrefnamepmidrefithasalsobeenfoundtobeinhibitedbyflavonoidsrefnamecosetalrefincludingthosefoundinbougainvilleaspectabiliswilldnyctaginaceaeleaveswithanicofmtypicallyusedinfolkmedicinerefnamechangwsrefseealsoxanthinedehydrogenasesodiummolybdatereferencesexternallinksxenixredirectcategoryshellinfoboxvideogametitlexpilotimagexpilotscreenjpgcaptionscreencaptureofxpilotngrunningunderfvwmonlinuxdevelopervariouspublisherenginereleasedgenremultiplayeronlinegamemultidirectionalshootermodesmultiplayerplatformsunixlikemicrosoftwindowswindowsmacosiosappleiosxpilotisamultiplayervideogameitisopensourceandrunsonmanyplatformsalthoughitsdgraphicshaveimprovedovertimetheystillresemblethestyleofthrustvideogamethrustgameplayincludescapturetheflagbasedefenseracinggameracinganddeathmatchgamingdeathmatchesxpilotusesaclientserverarchitectureinwhichacentralmetaserverreceivesinformationfromallxpilotservercomputingserversontheinternethistoryinbjrnstabellandkenschoutenthencomputerscienceundergraduatesattheuniversityoftromsbeganwritingxpilotinspiredbytheearliergamethrustvideogamethrustitwasoriginallydevelopedincprogramminglanguageconhpworkstationswhichranunixsoonafteritsfirstpublicreleaseinrefnamereleaserefstabellandschoutenbeganreceivingfeedbacksuggestionsandpatchesfromplayersallaroundtheworldotherxpilotuserswrotedocumentationandcontributedsourcecodetotheprojectbytherewerenearlyonehundredxpilotserversworldwiderefnameacmrefxpilotscodehasbeenforksoftwaredevelopmentforkedseveraltimesxpilotisacompleterewriteofxpilotincunlikeitspredecessoritcomeswithsoundandisbundledwithapplicationstoconfigurethekeyboardshipshapesandbehaviorthelateststableversionofxpilotisinlateanothergroupofdevelopersbeganabranchofxpilotlaterlabeledxpilotngfornextgenerationprogrammedincprogramminglanguagecitcontainstwoclientcomputingclientseitherxbasedorsimpledirectmedialayersdlopenglbasedunliketheblockbasedmapsoftheoriginalgamexpilotngprovideshighframeratesandpolygonmapsanewjavaprogramminglanguagejavabasedmapeditorprovidesbettermapeditingfacilitiesthelatestversionofxpilotngisinblabsreleasedxpilotiphoneanxpilotclientforapplecomputerapplesiphoneandipodtouchitisbasedonxpilotandxpilotngandusestouchscreencontrolswhilethesemodernversionsimplementmanynewfeaturestheyaremostlycompatiblewiththeoriginalprogramgameplaythemetaservercontainsalistofallxpilotmapsontheinternetthesemapscreatedbyusersfeatureseveraltypesofgameplayindeathmatchgamingdeathmatchespointsareearnedbydestroyingotherplayersorvideogamebotrobotsuserscanincreasetheirfirepowerbypickingupitemgamingitemssuchasmissileslandmineminesandlasersplayerscanalsodefendthemselvesbygatheringcloakingdevicecloaksshieldselectroniccountermeasuresecmsandarmorinra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chessdouandemperortaizongoftangslishiminswifeempresszhangsunbothhavexianbeiancestrieswhilethosewhoremainedbehindinthenortherngrasslandemergedaslaterpowerstoruleoverchinaartartofthexianbeiportrayedtheirnomadiclifestyleandconsistedprimarilyofmetalworkandfigurinesthestyleandsubjectsofxianbeiartwereinfluencedbyavarietyofinfluencesandultimatelythexianbeiwereknownforemphasizinguniquenomadicmotifsinartisticadvancementssuchasleafheaddressescrouchingandgeometricizedanimalsdepictionsanimalpendantnecklacesandmetalopenworkrefnamedawnwattjamescychinadawnofagoldenageadcompanjiayaoangelafhowardborisimarshaksubaiandzhaofengnewyorkmetropolitanmuseumofartprintrefleafheaddressestheleafheaddresseswereverycharacteristicofxianbeicultureandtheyarefoundespeciallyinmurongxianbeitombstheircorrespondingornamentalstylealsolinksthexianbeitobactriathesegoldhatornamentsrepresentedtreesandantlersandinchinesetheyarereferredtoasbuyaostepswaysincethethinmetalleavesmovewhenthewearermovessunguopingfirstuncoveredthistypeofartifactanddefinedthreemainstylesblossomingtreehuashuwhichismountedonthefrontofacapneartheforeheadandhasoneormorebrancheswithhangingleavesthatarecircleordropletshapedblossomingtopdinghuawhichiswornontopoftheheadandresemblesatreeoranimalwithmanyleafpendantsandtherareblossomingvinehuamanwhichconsistsofgoldstripsinterwovenwithwireswithleavesanimaliconographyanotherkeyformofxianbeiartisanimaliconographywhichwasimplementedprimarilyinmetalworkthexianbeistylisticallyportrayedcrouchinganimalsingeometricizedabstractedrepeatedformsanddistinguishedtheircultureandartbydepictinganimalpredationandsameanimalcombattypicallysheepdeerandhorseswereillustratedtheartifactsusuallyplaquesorpendantsweremadefrommetalandthebackgroundsweredecoratedwithopenworkormountainouslandscapeswhichharksbacktothexianbeinomadiclifestylewithrepeatedanimalimageryanopenworkbackgroundandarectangularframetheincludedimageofthethreedeerplaqueisaparadigmofthexianbeiartstyleconcaveplaquebackingsimplythatplaquesweremadeusinglostwaxcastingorraiseddesignswereimpressedonthebackofhammeredmetalsheetsrefnamenomadicbunkeremmacandzhixinsunnomadicartoftheeasterneurasiansteppestheeugenevthawandothernewyorkcollectionsgooglebooksedjameswattyaleuniversitypressndwebdecrefhorsesthenomadictraditionsofthexianbeiinspiredthemtoportrayhorsesintheirartworkitisobviousthatthehorseplayedalargeroleintheexistenceofthexianbeiasanomadicpeopleandinonetombahorseskulllayatopxianbeibellsbucklesornamentsasaddleandonegildedbronzestirrupthexianbeinotonlycreatedartfortheirhorsesbuttheyalsomadearttodepicthorsesanotherrecurringmotifwasthewingedhorseithasbeensuggestedbyarchaeologistsubaithatthissymbolwasaheavenlybeastintheshapeofahorsebecauseofitsprominenceinxianbeimythologythissymbolisthoughttohaveguidedanearlyxianbeisouthernmigrationandisarecurringimageinmanyxianbeiartformsfigurinesxianbeifigurineshelptoportraythepeopleofthesocietybyrepresentingpastimesdepictingspecializedclothingandimplyingvariousbeliefsmostfigurineshavebeenrecoveredfromxianbeitombssotheyareprimarilymilitaryandmusicalfiguresmeanttoservethedeceasedinafterlifeprocessionsandguardthetombfurthermorethefigurineclothingspecifiestheaccordingsocialstatuseshigherrankingxianbeiworelongsleevedrobeswithastraightneckshirtunderneathwhilelowerrankingxianbeiworetrousersandbeltedtunicsbuddhistinfluencesxianbeibuddhistinfluenceswerederivedfrominteractionswithhanculturethehanbureaucratsinitiallyhelpedthexianbeiruntheirstatebuteventuallythexianbeibecamesinophilesandpromotedbuddhismthebeginningofthisconversionisevidencedbythebuddhaimagerythatemergesinxianbeiartforinstancetheincludedbuddhaimprintedleafheaddressperfectlyrepresentsthexianbeiconversionandbuddhistsynthesissinceitcombinesboththetraditionalnomadicxianbeileafheaddresswiththenewimageryofbuddhathisxianbeireligiousconversioncontinuedtodevelopinthenorthernweidynastyandultimatelyledtothecreationoftheyunganggrottoesmoderndescendantsmostxianbeiclansadoptedhanfamilynamesduringnorthernweidynastybelowisalistofthexianbeiclansthatareknowntohavebeenchangedintohanfamilynamesthenorthernweiseightnoblexianbeisurnameszhwerethebuliuguhelaidugusurnameduguzhhelouhuniuqiumugexiandyuchizhthemonguortupeopleinmodernchinamayhavedescendedfromthexianbeiwhowereledbytuyuhunkhantomigratewestwardandestablishthetuyuhunkingdominthethirdcenturyandwesternxiathroughthethirteenthcenturytodaytheyareprimarilydistributedinqinghaiandgansuprovinceandspeakamongoliclanguagethexibepeoplexibeorxibopeoplealsobelievetheyaredescendantsofthexianbeiwithconsiderablecontroversiesthathaveattributedtheiroriginstothejurchenstheoroqenpeopleelunchunandthexianbeixianbeidescendantsamongthekoreanpopulationcarrysurnamessuchasmoshortenedfrommurongseoksksekshortenedfromwushilanwonwntheadoptedchinesesurnameofthetuobadokgokofromdugusurnameduguseealsochangeofxianbeinamestohannameskebinenglistofmongolianmonarchsnorthernweidynastyxianbeistatesixteenkingdomstribesinchinesehistoryfivebarbarianswuhuwuhuanchinesesovereignbudugenhanshusanguozhireferencesbibliographyexternallinkswe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ramaticallydifferentpropertiesfromeachotherapplicationsterephthalicacidandrelatedderivativespxyleneistheprincipalprecursortoterephthalicacidanddimethylterephthalatebothmonomersusedintheproductionofpolyethyleneterephthalatepetplasticbottlesandpolyesterclothingofpxyleneproductionandhalfofallxylenesproducedisconsumedinthismanneroxyleneisanimportantprecursortophthalicanhydridethedemandforisophthalicacidisrelativelymodestsomxyleneisrarelysoughtandhencetheutilityofitsconversiontotheoandpisomerssolventapplicationsandindustrialpurposesxyleneisusedasasolventinthisapplicationwithamixtureofisomersitisoftenreferredtoasxylenesorxylolsolventxyleneoftencontainsasmallpercentageofethylbenzeneliketheindividualisomersthemixtureiscolorlesssweetsmellingandhighlyflammableareasofapplicationincludetheprintingrubberandleatherindustriesitisacommoncomponentofinkrubberandadhesivesinthinningpaintsandvarnishesitcanbesubstitutedfortoluenewhereslowerdryingisdesiredandthusisusedbyconservatorrestorerconservatorsofartobjectsinsolubilitytestingsimilarlyitisacleaningagentegforsteelsiliconwafersandintegratedcircuitsindentistryxylenecanbeusedtodissolveguttaperchaamaterialusedforendodonticsrootcanaltreatmentsinthepetroleumindustryxyleneisalsoafrequentcomponentofparaffinsolventsusedwhenthetubingbecomescloggedwithparaffinwaxforsimilarreasonsitisoftentheactiveingredientincommercialproductsforearwaxcerumenremovallaboratoryusexyleneisusedinthelaboratorytomakebathswithdryicetocoolreactionvesselsandasasolventtoremovesyntheticimmersionoilfromthemicroscopeobjectiveopticsobjectiveinopticalmicroscopelightmicroscopyinhistologyxyleneisthemostwidelyusedclearingagentxyleneisusedtoremoveparaffinfromdriedmicroscopeslidespriortostainingafterstainingmicroscopeslidesareputinxylenepriortomountingwithacoverslipprecursortoothercompoundsalthoughconversiontoterephthalicacidisthedominantchemicalconversionxylenesareprecursorstootherchemicalcompoundsforinstancehalogenationchlorinationofbothmethylgroupsgivesthecorrespondingxylenedichloridesbischloromethylbenzeneswhilstfreeradicalhalogenationmonobrominationyieldsxylylbromideateargasagentusedinworldwarisafetyxyleneisflammablebutofmodestacutetoxicitywithrangesfromtonbspmgkgforanimalsoralforratsisnbspmgkgtheprincipalmechanismofdetoxificationisoxidationtotoluicacidmethylbenzoicacidandhydroxylationtohydroxylenethemaineffectofinhalingxylenevaporisdepressionofthecentralnervoussystemcnswithsymptomssuchasheadachedizzinessnauseaandvomitingatanexposureofnbspppmonemayexperiencenauseaoraheadacheatanexposurebetweennbspppmsymptomscanincludefeelinghighdizzinessweaknessirritabilityvomitingandslowedreactiontimerefnamerefthesideeffectsofexposuretolowconcentrationsofxylenearereversibleanddonotcausepermanentdamageonereportcontaineddatathatshowsthatlongtermexposuretolowlevelsofxyleneledtoadecreaseinbalancecoordinationandreactiontimesinparticipantstheseareexamplesofhowitaffectsthecnslongtermexposuremayleadtoheadachesirritabilitydepressioninsomniaagitationextremetirednesstremorsimpairedconcentrationandshorttermmemorythisconditionissometimesgenerallyreferredtoasorganicsolventsyndromeunfortunatelythereisverylittleinformationavailablethatisolatesxylenefromothersolventexposuresintheexaminationoftheseeffectsxyleneisalsoaskinirritantandstripstheskinofitsoilsmakingitmorepermeabletootherchemicalstoreducetheriskofdevelopinghealthproblemsfromoccupationalexposureonemustwearglovesandamasktopreventhighconcentrationsofinhalationandskinirritationfromxyleneseealsooxyleneoxylenemxylenemxylenepxylenepxylenexylenecyanolhydrodealkylationtransalkylationalkylbenzenereferencesexternallinkscdcgovnioshnpgnpgdhtmlnioshpocketguidetochemicalhazardsoxylenecdcgovnioshnpgnpgdhtmlnioshpocketguidetochemicalhazardsmxylenecdcgovnioshnpgnpgdhtmlnioshpocketguidetochemicalhazardspxyleneepagovairtoxicshlthefxyleneshtmlxylenehazardsummaryepamixedisomersseanwaltmanredirectxbasicxeniainfoboxsettlementofficialnamexeniaohiosettlementtypecitynicknamecityofhospitalitybicyclecapitalofthemidwestmottovividhistoryvibrantfutureimagesimageskylinexeniabuildingspngimagesizepximagecaptionlefttorightgreenecountycourthousecollierchapelshawneeparkxeniacityhallborailroadcabooseimageflagimagesealmapsimagemapohmapdotonxeniapngmapsizepxmapcaptionlocationofxeniaohioimagemapmapofgreenecountyohiohighlightingxeniacitypngmapsizepxmapcaptionlocationofxeniaingreenecountylocationsubdivisiontypelistofsovereignstatescountrysubdivisionnameunitedstatessubdivisiontypeusstatestatesubdivisionnameohiosubdivisiontypelistofcountiesinohiocountysubdivisionnamegreenecountyohiogreenegovernmentgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitlemayorleadernamesarahmaysrepublicanpartyunitedstatesrrefnamegazettemayorrefrefnamedncouncilrefleadertitlecitymanagerleadernamebrentmerrimanrepublicanpartyunitedstatesrestablishedtitlefoundedestablisheddateareaunitprefimperialareafootnotesareamagnitudeareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareatotalsqmiarealandsqmiareawatersqmipopulationpopulationasofunitedstatescensuspopulationestpopestasofrefnamepopestimaterefpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationblanktitledemonympopulationblankxenianpopulationdensitysqmigeneralinformationtimezonenorthamericaneasterntimezoneeasternestutcoffsettimezonedstedtutcoffsetdstelevationfootnotesrefnamegrrefelevationmelevationftcoordinatespostalcodetypezipcodepostalcodeareacodeareacodeblanknamefederalinformationprocessingstandardfipscodeblankinforefnamegrrefblanknamegeographicnamesinformationsystemgnisfeatureidblankinforefnamegnisrefwebsitecixeniaohusfootnotesisareplicabuildingbasedontheoriginalxeniastationinxeniaohioxeniaisacityinandthecountyseatofgreenecountyohiounitedstatesrefnamegrrefthemunicipalityislocatedinsouthwesternohiofromdaytonandispartofthedaytonmetropolitanstatisticalareaaswellasthemiamivalleyregionthenamecomesfromthegreeklanguagegreekwordxeniagreekxeniawhichmeanshospitalityasoftheunitedstatescensuscensusthecityhadapopulationofxeniaisthethirdlargestcitybypopulationingreenecountybehindfairbornohiofairbornandbeavercreekohiobeavercreekitservesasthecountyseatofgreenecountybeingatthegeographicalcenterandhousingthecountycourthousethecountysheriffsdepartmentjailandothergovernmentdepartmentsbypopulationitisthelargestplaceintheunitedstateswhosenamebeginswiththexletterxhistoryxeniawasfoundedintheyearohiowasadmittedintotheunioninthatyearpioneerjohnpaulpioneerjohnpaulboughtoflandfromthomasandelizabethrichardsonofhanovercountyvirginiaforpoundscurrentmoneysofvirginiapaulinfluencedcountycommissionerstolocatethecountyseatonthislandattheforksoftheshawneecreeksjosephcvancewasnamedtosurveythesiteandlayoutthetownthefollowingyearheboughtthetownsiteoffromjohnpaulforthenameofthenewvillagewaschosenintypicallydemocraticfashionvancecalledatownmeetingtodiscusspossiblenamesthecommitteehadconsideredseveralsuggestionswithoutreachinganydecisionthentherevrobertarmstrongproposedthenamexeniameaninghospitalityingreekbecauseofthefinehospitalityextendedtohiminthisfriendlycommunitywhenatievoteoccurredlaticiadaviswifeofowendaviswasinvitedtocastthedecidingballotshevotedforxeniathefirstsessionoftheohiogeneralassemblycreatedgreenecountyohiogreenecountyfromthenorthwestterritoryembracingthehomelandoftheshawneeshawneeindianstheirchieftribalvillagewasnorthofxeniaatoldchillicothenowcalledoldtowntheshawneewarchieftecumsehwasbornthereinwilliambeattiewasxeniasfirstbusinessmaninheopenedatavernwhichbecameacenterofcommunityaffairsinjohnmarshallbuiltxeniasfirsthomethefirstlogschoolhousewasconstructedinandthatsameyeartherevjamestowlerbecamethetownsfirstpostmasterthegrowingcommunitysoonattractedmanypioneerindustriesflourmillssawmillswoolenmillsporkpackingplantsoilmillsandtowmillsapetitionforincorporationdatedmarchwascirculatedamongthehouseholdsofxeniaandonjulythatpetitioncontainingsignatureswasfiledwiththecourtofcommonpleasofgreenecountyonoctoberthepetitionforincorporationwasgrantedbythecourtandxeniabecameamunicipalcorporationthearrivalofthelittlemiamirailroadnowthesiteofthelittlemiamiscenictrailwhichpassedthroughxeniastationingavethecityitsearlyindustrialrootsonmarchtheohiogeneralassemblyrodefromcolumbusohiotoxeniaandbackonthenewlycompletedcolumbusandxeniarailroadpresidentelectabrahamlincolnmadeabriefappearanceinthecityashisinauguraltraintraveledfromcincinnatitocolumbusonwednesdaymorningfebruaryhegaveashortspeechwhichwasnotrecordedbyatravelingwriterfromthenewyorktimesasitechoedthesamesentimentsthathehadexpressedbeforeinhispreviousstopsaccordingtothetimeswriteraverylargecrowdassembledandamidthefiringofacannonandenthusiasmmrlincolnaddressedthemfromtherearcarreiteratingwhathehadsaidbeforethetownprogressedrapidlyduringthemidthcenturyartificialgaswasprovidedinthesandcontinuedinuseuntilnaturalgaswasmadeavailableinthefirstfireenginehousewasbuiltinthetelephonecametoxeniainelectricityinandawaterworkssysteminxeniaopeneditsfirstfreepubliclibraryinbythecitywasoperatingitsownsewagesystemxeniaelectedcorneliusclarkasitsfirstmayorinonjanuarythecurrentcommissionmanagerplansucceededtheoldformofmunicipalgovernmenttornadoesxeniahasahistoryofseverestormactivityaccordingtolocallegendtheshawneeindiansreferredtotheareaastheplaceofthedevilwindorthelandofthecrazywindsdependinguponthetranslationrecordsofstormsgobacktotheearlythcenturylocalrecordsshowtornadoesingreenecountysinceonaprilatornadoratedfonthefujitascalecutapathdirectlythroughthemiddleofxeniaduringthesuperoutbreakthesecondlargestseriesoftornadoesinrecordedhistorythedisasterkilledpeopleincludingtwoairnationalguardohionationalguardsmenwhodieddayslaterinarelatedfireinjuredanadditionaldestroyedalmosthalfofthecitysbuildingsandleftpeoplehomelessfiveschoolsincludingxeniahighschoolcentraljuniorhighschoolmckinleyelementarysimonkentonelementaryandsaintbrigidcatholicschoolweredestroyedaswereninechurchesandbusinessesthecitysplightwasfeaturedinthenationalnewsincludinganbctelevisiondocumentarytornadohostedbyfloydkalberpresidentrichardnixonvisitedstrickenareasofxeniafollowingthedevastationcomedianbobhopeorganizedabenefitforxeniaandinappreciationthenewxeniahighschoolauditoriumwasnamedthebobhopeauditoriuminrecognitionoftheircoverageofthistornadothestaffofthexeniadailygazettewonthepulitzerprizeforbreakingnewsreportingpulitzerprizeforspotnewsreportinginxeniawasstruckbyanftornadoonaprilandagainbyanftornadoonseptemberthetornadocausedovermillionindamagebutnoonewaskilledthetwisterofkilledonepersonandinjuredpeoplethistornadofollowedapathroughlyparalleltothetornadoxeniacurrentlyhasasystemoftornadocivildefensesirensirensafterthetornadooutbreakthecitypurchasedasystemofthunderboltsirenfederalsignalthunderboltsirensforwarningduringthetornadostrikethelackofbackuppowersilencedthesirenssothecitypurchasedfederalsignalcorporationfederalsignalsrnseriessirenswithbatterybackupmostofxeniasoldsirensarestillstandingbutnotoperationalrailroadsinxeniaxeniaoriginallyhostedseverallinesownedbythebaltimoreandohiorailroadbaltimoreohioboandpennsylvaniarailroadpennsylvaniaprrrailroadsalllineshavesincebeenabandonedthelastbeingdismantledbythelinesthatpreviouslyservedxeniawerebowellstonohiowellstonsubdivisionbetweenwashingtoncourthouseohiowashingtoncourthouseanddaytonohiodaytonprrlittlemiamirailroadlittlemiamibranchbetweencincinnatiandspringfieldohiospringfieldportionofthelinerandownusroutedetroitstreetandwasthefirstsectiontobedismantledprrmainlinepittsburghtostlouispittsburghstlouismainlineamtrakoperatedthenationallimitedoverthislineuntiltheroadbedsoffiveofxeniassixraillineswereconvertedforrailtrailusetheoneexceptionthebolinewestoftownwasnotconvertedbecauseitcloselyparalleledtheprrmainlineformostifitslengthxeniawasalsoservedbytwointerurbanrailwaysuntilthesdaytonxeniatransitcompanyspringfieldxeniarailwaygeographyxeniaiscentrallylocatedinthetransportationtriangleformedbythreemajorinterstatehighwaysiiandithesenorthsoutheastwestarteriesarewithinminutesofxeniaviausroutesusrouteusrouteandusroutetyingthecommunitytooneofthenationslargestminutehighwaymarketsbeforethecreationoftheusinterstatehighwaysystemuswasoneofthemainsouthwardroutesfromdetroitmichiganwithinxeniausisnameddetroitstreetaccordingtotheunitedstatescensusbureauthecityhasatotalareaofofwhichislandandiswaterrefnamegazetteerfilesrefclimateweatherboxlocationxeniaohiosinglelineyjanrecordhighffebrecordhighfmarrecordhighfaprrecordhighfmayrecordhighfjunrecordhighfjulrecordhighfaugrecordhighfseprecordhighfoctrecordhighfnovrecordhighfdecrecordhighfyearrecordhighfjanhighffebhighfmarhighfaprhighfmayhighfjunhighfjulhighfaughighfsephighfocthighfnovhighfdechighfyearhighfjanlowffeblowfmarlowfaprlowfmaylowfjunlowfjullowfauglowfseplowfoctlowfnovlowfdeclowfyearlowfjanrecordlowffebrecordlowfmarrecordlowfaprrecordlowfmayrecordlowfjunrecordlowfjulrecordlowfaugrecordlowfseprecordlowfoctrecordlowfnovrecordlowfdecrecordlowfyearrecordlowfjanprecipitationinchfebprecipitationinchmarprecipitationinchaprprecipitationinchmayprecipitationinchjunprecipitationinchjulprecipitationinchaugprecipitationinchsepprecipitationinchoctprecipitationinchnovprecipitationinchdecprecipitationinchyearprecipitationinchsourcenoaarefnamencdcciteweburlcdoncdcnoaagovclimatenormalsclimohpdftitlencdcusclimatenormalspublishernationaloceanicandatmosphericadministrationformatpdfaccessdatereftheweatherchannelextremesrefnameweathercomciteweburlweathercomoutlooktravelbusinesstravelerwxclimatologymonthlygraphdaytitlemonthlyaveragesfordaytonohtemperatureandprecipitationaccessdatepublishertheweatherchannelrefhkosunonlyrefnamehkociteweburlweathergovhkwxinfoclimatworldengnamericausdaytonehtmtitleclimatologicalnormalsofdaytonaccessdatepublisherhongkongobservatoryrefdateaugustdemographicsuscensuspopulationestyearestimateestrefrefnameuscensusestreffootnotesourcesrefnamecensusrefrefnamecensusrefrefnamecensuspopestrefcensusasofthecensusrefnamefactfinderrefoftherewerepeoplehouseholdsandfamiliesresidinginthecitythepopulationdensitywastherewerehousingunitsatanaveragedensityoftheracialmakeupofthecitywaswhiteuscensuswhiteafricanamericanuscensusafricanamericannativeamericanuscensusnativeamericanasianuscensusasianfromraceuscensusotherracesandfromtwoormoreraceshispanicuscensushispanicorlatinouscensuslatinoofanyracewereofthepopulationtherewerehouseholdsofwhichhadchildrenundertheageoflivingwiththemweremarriagemarriedcoupleslivingtogetherhadafemalehouseholderwithnohusbandpresenthadamalehouseholderwithnowifepresentandwerenonfamiliesofallhouseholdsweremadeupofindividualsandhadsomeonelivingalonewhowasyearsofageoroldertheaveragehouseholdsizewasandtheaveragefamilysizewasthemedianageinthecitywasyearsofresidentswereundertheageofwerebetweentheagesofandwerefromtowerefromtoandwereyearsofageorolderthegendermakeupofthecitywasmaleandfemalecensusasofthecensusoftherewerepeoplehouseholdsandfamiliesresidinginthecitythepopulationdensitywaspeoplepersquaremilekmtherewerehousingunitsatanaveragedensityofpersquaremilekmtheracialmakeupofthecitywaswhiteuscensuswhiteafricanamericanuscensusafricanamericannativeamericanuscensusnativeamericanasianuscensusasianpacificislanderuscensuspacificislanderfromraceunitedstatescensusotherracesandfromtwoormoreraceshispanicuscensushispanicorlatinouscensuslatinoofanyracewereofthepopulationtherewerehouseholdsoutofwhichhadchildrenundertheageoflivingwiththemweremarriagemarriedcoupleslivingtogetherhadafemalehouseholderwithnohusbandpresentandwerenonfamiliesofallhouseholdsweremadeupofindividualsandhadsomeonelivingalonewhowasyearsofageoroldertheaveragehouseholdsizewasandtheaveragefamilysizewasinthecitythepopulationwasspreadoutwithundertheageoffromtofromtofromtoandwhowereyearsofageorolderthemedianagewasyearsforeveryfemalesthereweremalesforeveryfemalesageandoverthereweremalesthemedianincomeforahouseholdinthecitywasandthemedianincomeforafamilywasmaleshadamedianincomeofversusforfemalesthepercapitaincomeforthecitywasaboutoffamiliesandofthepopulationwerebelowthepovertylineincludingofthoseunderageandofthoseageorovereconomyxeniahasorhasoncehadthefollowingindustrieshoovenandallisonropefactoryxeniashoemanufacturingxeniaironcastingfoundryfoundedbobevansrestaurantsmeatpackingplantxeniaworkhousekroehlerfurniturefactorydestroyedmcdonaldfarmxeniaohiomcdonaldfarmstonequarrystoneusedtorepresentohiointhewashingtonmonumentdoddsmonumentsgraveandmemorialsculptorsfoundedeaveygrocersartsandculturefrommaytheannualdaytonhamventionwillbeheldatthegreenecountyfairgroundshavingmovedfromthenowclosedharaarenaintrotwoodohiothiseventtypicallyattractsoveramateurradioenthusiastsfromaroundtheworldgovernmentthexeniacitycouncilexercisesthepowersandauthorityofamunicipalcorporationasdeterminedbytheconstitutionofthestateofohioandthecharterandordinancesofthecityofxeniathecitycounciliscomposedofsevenelectedcouncilmembersincludingonemayorcouncilmembersareeachelectedforonefouryeartermofofficecitycouncilmembersandtermstartyearsmayorsarahmayssttermcouncilmanandcitycouncilpresidentmichaeldenglethtermcouncilmandalelouderbackrdtermcouncilmanwesleysmithndtermcouncilmanlevipdeansttermcouncilmanedgarwallacesttermcouncilwomanjeannemillssttermthecitymanagerisbrentmerrimaneducationthexeniacommunityschooldistricthaselementarymiddleandhighschoolcoxelementaryschoolgradekmckinleyelementaryschoolgradekarrowoodelementarygradekshawneeelementarygradektecumsehelementarygradekcentralmiddleschoolgradewarnermiddleschoolgradexeniahighschoolgradespringhillelementaryasofdefunctprivateschoolsinxeniaxeniachristianschoollegacychristianacademygradeprekstbrigidschoolgradeprekxeniahasthemainbranchlibraryandadministrativeofficesofthegreenecountypubliclibrarymediaxeniaispartofthedaytonmediamarketthethlargestmediamarketintheunitedstatesnewsthemainnewspaperinxeniaisthexeniadailygazettefoundedinthegazetteispublishedsixdaysaweekacommunitybasedonlinesourcexeniaswordonthestreetisalsoavailablethelargerdaytondailynewswhichcoverstheentiredaytonmetroareaincludesacommunitysectionforxeniainboththeprintedandonlineversionsradioradiostationsbasedinxeniaamwbzixeniaclassiccountryfmwzlrxeniatheeagleclassichitsfmwbzixeniaclassiccountryradioclassiccontemporaryfmweecwfcjxeniastongtowerchristianmediachristiantalkinpopularculturefilmthetownwasthesettingoftheindependentfilmwhosyourdaddydirectedbyandyfickmanxeniaisthesettingforharmonykorinesfilmgummothemoviewasnotfilmedinxeniahoweverbutinkorineshometownofnashvilletennesseeliteraturetomclancymentionsthetowninhisjackryancharacterjackryannovelthebearandthedragonstephenkingmentionsthetowninhisnovelthestandrereleasedininwhichitisthehometownofcharacterdaynajurgensandanothernovelthetalismankingstraubnovelthetalismannovelisthelenhoovensantmyerlivedhereherbestknownworkandladiesoftheclubissetinafictionalversionofxeniamusicmaynardjameskeenanmentionsxeniaatleasttwicewithhisbandpusciferfirstinsourgrapeswhereisthelinemixandagaininafictionaldocumentaryplayedbeforeshowsontheirtourthepuscifercharactersbillydeeburgerandhildyburgerarecreditedasbeingfromxeniatheymightbegiantsmentionxeniainthesongoutofjailontheiralbumjohnhenryalbumjohnhenrythebreedersmentionxeniaaswellasakronohiointhesonglittlefuryontheiralbumtitletkalbumtitletknotablepeopledougadairtelevisionnewspresenternewsanchorandjournalistdougadamsamericanfootballdougadamsnationalfootballleaguenflplayersteveaustriauscongressmanelizabethgowdybakerpainterdavechappellecomedianownsseveralhousesinxeniadeanchenowethhydroplaneandautoracerinmotorsportshalloffameofamericabarryclemensjohnbarryclemensnbaplayerforseasonstrentcolenfldefensiveendfortheindianapoliscoltschrisheroprowrestlerforwweandnxtwwebrandnxtgarygearhartlloydgearhartmajorleaguebaseballmlbplayerandscoutcharleygrapewinactorcaitlinhalliganlawyerandnomineeforfederaljudgerogerhustonharnessracecallercoateskinneylawyerjournalistandpoetjohnlittlecongressmanjohnlittleuscongressmanrogermcmurrinconductorrosemurphyjazzsingerlarrydnicholspuzzleenthusiastandinventorofpocketcubehelenhoovensantmyernovelistlivedhereobiwupoetandauthorarthurmschlesingersrhistorianchieftecumsehshawneechiefinwaroflikelybornjustnorthofxeniathomastaggartmayorofindianapolisandussenatorfromindianaridgelytorrencepoetseealsobankofxeniaalexanderconnerhouseeastsecondstreethistoricdistrictxeniaohiogreenecountycourthouseohiogreenecountylewisajacksonregionalairporthollencamphousemcdonaldfarmxeniaohiomillenschmidthouseohiosoldiersandsailorsorphanshomeohiotownsamuelnpattersonhousexeniaautomobilereferencesexternallinksgeographiclocationcenterxenianorthyellowspringsohioyellowspringsnortheastcedarvilleohiocedarvilleeastjamestownohiojamestownsoutheastbowersvilleohiobowersvillesouthspringvalleyohiospringvalleysouthwestbellbrookohiobellbrookwestbeavercreektownshipohiobeavercreektownshipnorthwestfairbornohiofairbornxrayspexredirectcategoryshellelectronicdatainterchangexscaleisamicroarchitectureforcentralprocessingunitsinitiallydesignedbyintelimplementingthearmarchitectureversioninstructionsetxscalecomprisesseveraldistinctfamiliesixpixcioppxaandceseemorebelowwithsomelatermodelsdesignedassystemonachipsocsintelsoldthepxafamilytomarvelltechnologygroupinjunemarvellthenextendedthebrandtoincludeprocessorswithothermicroarchitectureslikearmholdingsarmscortexacortexthexscalearchitectureisbasedonthearmvteinstructionsetisawithoutthefloatingpointinstructionsxscaleusesasevenstageintegerandaneightstagememorysuperinstructionpipelinepipelinedmicroarchitectureitisthesuccessortotheintelstrongarmlineofmicroprocessorsandmicrocontrollerswhichintelacquiredfromdigitalequipmentcorporationdecsdigitalsemiconductordivisionaspartofasettlementofalawsuitbetweenthetwocompaniesintelusedthestrongarmtoreplaceitsailinglineofoutdatedriscprocessorstheinteliiandinteliiallthegenerationsofxscalearebitarmvteprocessorsmanufacturedwithanbspmornbspmasinixpxpartsprocessandhaveanbspkilobytekbdatacpucachecacheandanbspkbinstructioncachefirstandsecondgenerationxscalemulticoreprocessorsalsohaveanbspkbminidatacacheclaimeditavoidsthrashingofthedcacheforfrequentlychangingdatastreamsproductsbasedontherdgenerationxscalehaveuptonbspkbunifiedlcacheprocessorfamiliesthexscalecoreisusedinanumberofmicrocontrollerfamiliesmanufacturedbyintelandmarvellapplicationprocessorswiththeprefixpxatherearefourgenerationsofxscaleapplicationprocessorsdescribedbelowpxapxaxpxaxpxaxandpxaxxioprocessorswiththeprefixiopnetworkprocessorswiththeprefixixpcontrolplaneprocessorswiththeprefixixcconsumerelectronicsprocessorswiththeprefixcetherearealsostandaloneprocessorstheandtargetedprimarilyatperipheralcomponentinterconnectpciapplicationspxapxapxaxthepxawasintelsentrylevelxscaletargetedatmobilephoneapplicationsitwasreleasedwiththepxainfebruaryandcomesclockedatnbspmhzandnbspmhzthepxaxfamilycodenamedcotullaconsistsofthepxaandpxathepxawasintelsfirstgenerationofxscaleprocessorstherewasachoiceofthreeclockspeedsnbspmhznbspmhzandnbspmhzitcameoutinfebruaryinmarchtherevisioncofthepxawasrenamedtopxathemaindifferenceswereadoubledinternalbusspeednbspmhztonbspmhzforfasterdatatransferlowercorevoltageonlynbspvatnbspmhzforlowerpowerconsumptionandcachemisseswritebackfunctionalityforthedatacachethelackofwhichhadseverelyimpairedperformanceonthepxapxaxthepxaxfamilycodenameddalhartconsistsofthepxaandpxapxathepxaisastandaloneprocessorclockedatthesamefrequencyasthepxaxbutfeaturesatpbgapackagewhichisaboutsmallerthanthepxaxspbgapackagethepxapxaarethesameasthepxabuthaveintelstrataflashmemorystackedontopoftheprocessorinthesamepackagenbspmbofbitmemoryinthepxanbspmbofbitmemoryinthepxaandnbspmbofbitmemoryinthepxathepxaxfamilywasreleasedinmarchpxaxthepxaxfamilycodenamedbulverdeconsistsofthepxaandpxapxaprocessorsthisrevisionisahugeupdatetothexscalefamilyofprocessorsthepxaisclockedinfourdifferentspeedsnbspmhznbspmhznbspmhzandnbspmhzandisastandaloneprocessorwithnopackagedmemorythepxacanbeclockedtonbspmhzornbspmhzandhasnbspmbofbitstackedstrataflashmemoryandnbspmbofbitsdraminthesamepackagethepxacanbeclockedtonbspmhznbspmhzornbspmhzandhasnbspmbofbitstackedstrataflashmemoryintelalsoaddedmanynewtechnologiestothepxaxfamilysuchasspeedsteptheoperatingsystemcanclocktheprocessordownbasedonloadtosavepowerwirelessmmxinstructionsetmmxnewsimdinstructionscontainingthefullmmxinstructionsetandtheintegerinstructionsfromintelsstreamingsimdextensionssseinstructionsetalongwithsomeinstructionsuniquetothexscalewirelessmmxprovidesextrabitprocessorregisterregistersthatcanbetreatedasanarrayoftwobitworddatatypewordsfourbithalfwordsoreightbitbytesthexscalecorecanthenperformuptoeightaddsorfourmultiplyaccumulatemacsinparallelinasinglecyclethiscapabilityisusedtoboostspeedincodecdecodingandencoderencodingofmultimediaandinplayinggamesadditionalperipheralssuchasausbhostinterfaceandacamerainterfaceinternalnbspkbstaticrandomaccessmemorysramtoreducepowerconsumptionandlatencythepxaxfamilywasreleasedinaprilalongwiththepxaxfamilyintelreleasedtheintelggembeddedgraphicscoprocessorpxaxximagetoradexcolibrixscalemonahanspxajpgthumbrightpxtoradexcolibrixscalemonahanspxasodimmmoduleprototypeofmarvellpxasodimmmoduleinaugustintelannouncedthesuccessortobulverdecodenamedmonahanstheydemonstrateditshowingitscapabilitytoplaybackhighdefinitionencodedvideoonapdascreenthenewprocessorwasshownclockedatnbspghzbutintelsaiditonlyofferedaincreaseinperformancenbspmillioninstructionspersecondmipsforthenbspmhzpxaprocessorvsnbspmipsfornbspghzmonahansanannouncedsuccessortotheggraphicsprocessorcodenamedstanwoodhassincebeencanceledsdfeaturesofstanwoodareintegratedintomonahansforextragraphicscapabilitiesintelrecommendsthirdpartychipslikethenvidiagoforcechipfamilyinnovembermarvelltechnologygroupmarvellsemiconductorofficiallyintroducedthemonahansfamilyasmarvellpxapxaandpxapxaiscurrentlyshippinginhighvolumeandisscalableuptonbspmhzpxaandpxadeliverperformancescalabletonbspmhzandaresoftwarecompatiblewithpxapxaxthepxaxwasreleasedbymarvellandcombinesanxscalecorewithagsmcdmacommunicationmodulethepxaxisbuiltusinganbspnmprocesspxaxpxaxisaprocessordesignedbymarvellcombiningtheearlierinteldesignedpxasystemonachipsoccomponentswithanewarmvtecpucorenamedmohawkorpjfrommarvellssheevafamilyinsteadofusingwdcxscaleorarmdesignthecpucoreisderivedfromtheferoceoncoreusedinmarvellsembeddedmarvelltechnologygroupkirkwoodproductlinebutextendedforinstructionlevelcompatibilitywiththexscaleiwmmxthepxaxdeliversstrongperformanceatamassmarketpricepointforcostsensitiveconsumerandembeddedmarketssuchasdigitalpictureframesereadersmultifunctionprinteruserinterfaceuidisplaysinteractivevoipphonesipsurveillancecamerasandhomecontrolgadgetspxathepxaandpxaprocessorserieswereagainbuiltusingthesheevamicroarchitecturedevelopedbymarvellbutupgradedtoarmvinstructionsetcompatibilitythiscoreisasocalledtricorearchitecturethepxaisusedintheblackberryboldpxalittleisknownaboutthepxaalthoughitisknowntobearmcortexacompliantitisutilizedintheblackberrytorchandisbuiltusingnbspnmtechnologypxapxaafterxscaleandsheevathepxaxusesthethirdcpucoredesignthistimelicenseddirectlyfromarminformofdualcorecortexaapplicationprocessorsutilizedbydeviceslikesamsunggalaxytabpxaitisaquadcorecortexaapplicationprocessorwithvivantegpuixcixctheixcprocessorfeaturesclockspeedsatandnbspmhzanbspmhzbusnbspkbofinstructioncachenbspkbofdatacacheandnbspkbofminidatacacheitisalsodesignedforlowpowerconsumptionusingnbspwatnbspmhzthechipcomesinthenbspmmpbgapackageioptheioplineofprocessorsisdesignedtoallowcomputersandstoragedevicestotransferdataandincreaseperformancebyoffloadingiofunctionalityfromthemaincpuofthedevicetheiopxxprocessorsarebasedonthexscalearchitectureanddesignedtoreplacetheoldersdandifamilyofchipstherearetendifferentiopprocessorscurrentlyavailableiopiopiopiopiopiopiopiopiopandiopclockspeedsrangefromnbspmhztonbspghztheprocessorsalsodifferinpcibustypepcibusspeedmemorytypemaximummemoryallowableandthenumberofprocessorcoresixpnetworkprocessorthexscalecoreisutilizedinthesecondgenerationofintelsixpnetworkprocessorlinewhilethefirstgenerationusedstrongarmcorestheixpnetworkprocessorfamilyrangesfromsolutionsaimedatsmallmediumofficenetworkapplicationsixpxxtohighperformancenetworkprocessorssuchastheixpcapableofsustaininguptooclineratesinixpxxdevicesthexscalecoreisusedasbothacontrolanddataplaneprocessorprovidingbothsystemcontrolanddataprocessingthetaskofthexscaleintheixpxxxdevicesistypicallytoprovidecontrolplanefunctionalityonlywithdataprocessingperformedbythemicroenginesexamplesofsuchcontrolplanetasksincluderoutingtableupdatesmicroenginecontrolmemorymanagementceinaprilintelannouncedanxscalebasedprocessortargetingconsumerelectronicsmarketstheintelcecodenamedoloriverapplicationsxscalemicroprocessorscanbefoundinproductssuchasthepopularresearchinmotionrimblackberryhandheldthedellaximfamilyofpocketpcsmostofthezirepalmtreotreoandtungstenhandheldlinesbypalmoneincpalmlaterversionsofthesharpzaurusthemotorolaatheacernthecompaqipaqseriesandmanyotherpersonaldigitalassistantpdasitisusedasthemaincentralprocessingunitcpuintheiyonixpcdesktopcomputerrunningriscosandthensluslugrunningaformoflinuxthexscaleisalsousedindevicessuchaspvpsportablevideoplayerspmcsportablemediacentresincludingthecreativezenportablemediaplayerandamazonkindleebookreaderandindustrialembeddedsystemsattheotherendofthemarketthexscaleiopxstorageioprocessorsareusedinsomeintelxeonbasedserverplatformssaleofpxaprocessorlineonjunethesaleofintelsxscalepxamobileprocessorassetswasannouncedintelagreedtosellthexscalepxabusinesstomarvelltechnologygroupforanestimatedmillionincashandtheassumptionofunspecifiedliabilitiesthemovewasintendedtopermitinteltofocusitsresourcesonitscorexandserverbusinessesmarvellholdsafullarchitecturelicenseforarmallowingittodesignchipstoimplementthearminstructionsetnotjustlicenseaprocessorcoretheacquisitionwascompletedonnovemberintelwasexpectedtocontinuemanufacturingxscaleprocessorsuntilmarvellsecuresothermanufacturingfacilitiesandwouldcontinuemanufacturingandsellingtheixpandiopprocessorsastheywerenotpartofthedealthexscaleeffortatintelwasinitiatedbythepurchaseofthestrongarmdivisionfromdigitalequipmentcorporationinthislicenseisatthearchitecturallevelseealsoredbootopensourcebootloaderthestandardbootfirmwareshippedwithxscaleboardsreferencesexternallinksintelcomdesignintelxscaleintelxscaletechnologyoverviewintelcomdesignnetworkproductsnpfamilyixptpvhtmixpxxtoolkitsintelcomdesignflcompprodbrefhtmintelstrataflashmemorymarvellcomapplicationprocessorsarmadaassetspxapbpdfmarvellpxahighperformanceprocessorpr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mansiongateshowflagpojorderstxiamenchineseininfoboxpostalmapromanizationformerlyromanizationofchineseromanizedasamoyisasubprovincialcityinsoutheasternfujianchinabesidethetaiwanstraititisdividedintosixdprcdistrictshulidistricthulisimingdistrictsimingjimeidistrictjimeitonganhaicangdistricthaicangandxianganaltogetherthesecoveranareaofwithapopulationofasofchinesecensustheurbanizationinchinaurbanizedareaofthecityhasspreadfromitsoriginalislandtoincludepartsofallsixofitsdprcdistrictswithatotalpopulationofthisareaconnectstoquanzhouinthenorthandzhangzhouinthewestmakingupametropolisofmorethanfivemillionpeoplethejinmenjinmenorkinmenislandsadministeredbytherepublicofchinalielessthanawayxiamenislandwasconsideredtopossessoneoftheworldsgreatnaturalharborsinyundangbaybutfujiansinternationaltradewasseabanlongrestrictedtoquanzhouortoguangzhouinguangdongduetothesiltificationofquanzhousharbortheunitedkingdomofgreatbritainandirelandbritishinsistedthatxiamenbetreatyportsopenedtoforeigntradeinthetreatyofnankingtreatythatendedthefirstopiumwarinundertheqingdynastyqingbothbeforeandafterthewartherewasalargescalechinesediasporaemigrationofchinesefromsouthernfujianwhospreadhokkienspeakingcommunitiestosingaporemalaysiaespeciallyinpenangindonesiamedanandriauprovinceandthephilippinestheoverseaschinesecontinuetosupportxiamenseducationalandculturalinstitutionsaspartofchinasopeninguppolicyunderdengxiaopingxiamenbecameoneoftheoriginalfourspecialeconomiczonesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaspecialeconomiczonesopenedtoforeigninvestmentandtradeintheearlysitsformerharborlandreclamationwasenclosedusinglandexcavatedduringthecitysexpansionthecityisknownforitsmildclimatehokkiencultureandgulangyuislandaswellasitsrelativelylowpollutioninxiamenwasrankedaschinasndmostsuitablecityforlivingaswellaschinasmostromanticleisurecityinnamezhengchenggongongulangyuislandtheareaaroundxiamenbayappearsastonganinsomehandynastyhanrecordsxiamenislandwasdescribedasjiaheisletitreceiveditspresentnamefromthexiamencastleerectedontheislandbyzhoudexinginduringthemingdynastymingrefnamezgddczhongguogujindimingdacidianrefthenamewasformerlywrittenusingthechinesecharactersmeaninglowergatewhenitsportprosperedundertheqingdynastyqingthenamewasconsideredunrefinedandchangedtohomophonouscharactersmeaningmansiongatexiamenisthechinesetonesatonalpinyinromanizationofchineseromanizationofthecharacterspronunciationinstandardmandarinmandarinithasalsobeenromanizedashiamennotatypotheformerenglishnameamoywasbasedonthesamenamespronunciationinthezhangzhoudialectofhokkienlanguagehokkienmixiamenwasalsonamedsimingrememberingthemingdynastymingforafewyearsduringitsoccupationbytheloyalistsouthernmingforcesofkoxingatheqingdynastyqingrestoredtheformernameupontheirconquestoftheareabutkoxingasnamewasinturnrestoredafterthexinhairevolutionthatinauguratedtherepublicofchinamainlandrepublicinthenamexiamenwaslaterrestoredagainbutsimingcontinuestobeusedasthenameofoneofitsdistrictsgeographylookingsouththegaojicausewayliesatthebottomandtheoldyundangharbornowaninclosedlakeliestotherightthekinmenkinmenislandscontrolledbytherepublicofchinaarevisibletotheupperleftxiamenisasubprovincialcityinsoutheasternfujianwhoseurbancoregrewupfromtheportofxiamenonsouthernxiamenislandnowlocatedwithinsimingdistrictitnowalsoincludesgulangyuislandandtheruggedcoastofthemainlandfromthenortheastbankofthejiulongriverinthewesttotheislandsofxianganintheeastxiamenislandliesaboutonedegreenorthofthetropicofcancerrefnamecancerrefitisdividedbetweenhulidistrictinthenorthandsimingdistrictinthesouthsimingalsoincludesgulangyuitsmainlandterritoryisdividedamonghaicangdistricthaicangjimeidistrictjimeitongandistricttonganandxiangandistrictxiangandistrictsinthethcenturyxiamensharboronyundangbaywasconsideredoneoftheworldsgreatnaturalharborslandreclamationhassincebeenusedtofillinthemouthofthisinletturningitintosimingdistrictsyundanglakethemunicipalgovernmentislocatedonotherreclaimedlandbesideitthenearestpointoflieyuliehyuinthekinmenkinmenislandsstillcontrolledbytherepublicofchinafromtaiwanliesonlyoffxiamenislandclimatexiamenhasamonsoonalhumidsubtropicalclimatekppenclimateclassificationkppencfacharacterisedbylonghotandhumidsummersbutmoderatecomparedtomuchoftherestoftheprovinceandshortmildanddrywintersthewarmestmonthisjulywithahouraverageofandthecoolestmonthisjanuaryaveragingtheannualmeanisextremessincehaverangedfromondecembertoonjulyspringbothbyhumidityandpercentageofsunshineisthedampestseasonbuttyphoonsinlatesummerandearlyautumncanmakethelatterperiodwetteroverallsummerandautumnaremarkedbycomparativelysunnyconditionswhileautumniswarmanddrytheannualrainfalliswithmonthlypercentpossiblesunshinerangingfrominmarchtoinjulythecityreceiveshoursofbrightsunshineannuallyfrostoccursveryrarelyandthelastsnowfallinthecitytookplaceinjanuarywhensnowalsofellatguangzhoumacauintheinlandpartsofhongkongandinthehillsoftaipeitheareaisknownwithinchinaforitsrelativelylowpollutionweatherboxmetricfirstysinglelineycollapsedylocationxiamenjanhighcfebhighcmarhighcaprhighcmayhighcjunhighcjulhighcaugh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yfoochowjpgplanofthecountryaroundamoyfileviewoftherooftopsofhousesamoychinawellcomeljpgastereoscopystereogramofhousesinxiamenfilesouthernputuomonasteryxiamenamoyfukienprovincewellcomeljpgnanputuotemplegallerybythethcenturythelocalexporteconomyhadcollapsedduetothesuccessofbritishteaplantationsinindiaduringtheqingdynastyqingandtheearlythcenturymanysouthernfujianeseemigratedtosoutheastasiaandtaiwanspreadinghokkienlanguageandcultureoverseaschineseoverseassomeoverseaschinesecurrentlytracetheirancestrytoxiamensomeofthisdiasporalaterreturnedanestimatedxiamenresidentsarereturningoverseaschineseandtheirkinrefnameautogeneratedchinesexmqsxmfjcnqwqxxmqxxmhtmaccessedjunerefotherscontinuetohelpfunduniversitiesandculturalinstitutionsinxiamenatthetimeofthexinhairevolutionthenativepopulationofthecitywasestimatedatandtheforeignsettlementataftertheestablishmentoftherepublicofchinamainlandrepublicofchinatheareaaroundxiamenwasrenamedsimingcountyxiamenstradeduringtheperiodwaslargelyconductedthroughjapanesetaiwantaiwanwhichhadbeenseizedbyempireofjapanjapanduringthefirstsinojapanesewarthejapanesesubsequentlyclaimedfujianastheirsphereofinfluenceduringthecolonialsquabblingoverchinajapanoccupiedxiamenislandfrommaytoseptemberduringsecondsinojapanesewarworldwariiinthelatephasesofthechinesecivilwarthatfollowedthechinesecommunistpartycommunistscapturedxiamenandgulangyuinoctoberbutbattleofguningtoufailedtocapturejinmenthesameyearxiamenbecameaprovinciallyadministeredcityinandmainlandchinaescalatedcoldwarpoliticaltensionsbyshellingnearbyislandsfromxiameninwhatbecameknownasthefirsttaiwanstraitcrisisfirstandsecondtaiwanstraitcrisisthenationalistsrespondedbyrenforcingjinmenandshellingxiamenthegaojicausewaybuiltfromnotionallytransformedxiamenislandintoapeninsulaandsoitwastermedinthegreatleapforwardheadypropagandaofthetimeduetopoliticaltensionstheeasternhalfofxiamenislandandmuchofthefujiancoastfacingtheoffshoreislandsremainedundevelopedinthesandsthewaterpoliceandpostofficeweresituateddirectlyacrossthewaterfromtheamericanembassylookingnorthfromthesouthernshoreofyundanglakewhendengxiaopinginitiatedhisopeninguppolicyxiamenwasmadeoneofthespecialeconomiczonesofchinafirstfourspecialeconomiczonesinwithspecialinvestmentandtraderegulationsattractingdirectforeigninvestmentforeigninvestmentparticularlyfromoverseaschinesethecitygrewandprosperedonaprilxiamenwaspromotedtosubprovincialcitysubprovincialstatusandbegantobespeciallyconsideredinchinasstateplanninginthegovernmentsofmainlandchinaandtaiwanagreedtoinitiatethethreelinkslimitedliberalizationthreeminilinksandrestoredferrycommercialandmaillinksbetweenthemainlandandoffshoreislandstradeandtravelbetweenxiamenandjinmenwasrestoredandlaterexpandedtoincludedirectairtraveltotaiwanislandintravelersbetweenxiamenandjinmenmademilliontripsinthelargestcorruptionscandalinchinashistorywasuncoveredinxiamenimplicatinguptogovernmentofficialslaichangxingisallegedtohaverunanenormoussmugglingoperationwhichfinancedthecitysfootballteamfilmstudioslargestconstructionprojectandavastbrothelrentedtohimbythelocalpublicsecuritybureauaccordingtotimemagazinetimelocalsusedtojokethatxiamenshouldchangeitsnametoyuanhuathenameoflaiscompanytheysubsequentlyclaimedthatpotentialinvestorswerediscouragedbythetaintofcorruptioninxiamenwasrankedaschinasndmostsuitablecityforlivingaswellaschinasmostromanticleisurecityindemographicsaccordingtothesixthnationalpopulationcensusofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacensusxiamenhasapopulationofinhabitantsalmosttimesthepopulationcountedforthelastcensusinwhichwasofinhabitantstheannualaveragepopulationgrowthwasoffortheperiodhoweverthismasksthepopulationexplosioninjimeidistrictwhichquadrupledsincethepriorcensushulidistrictspopulationmorethandoubledtheresidentpopulationwasinyearendandwithapopulationofmillionthoseresidingatleasthalfayearthetotalresidentpopulationissaidtobeindecemberwithoutspecifyingwhatcountsasaresidentlanguagesthelocalvarietiesofchinesevarietyisamoydialectxiamenesealsoknownasamoyneseadialectofhokkienwhichispartofthesouthernminlanguagesamoydialectiswidelyusedandunderstoodacrossthesouthernpartoffujianprovinceaswellasoverseaswhileitiswidelyspokeninandaroundxiamenespeciallybyitshoklopeoplenativespeakerstheamoydialecthasnoofficialstatustheofficiallanguageofallgovernmentandpoliticalbusinessisstandardchinesemandarinalthoughthelocalsdonotusemuchofitintheireverydaylivestheenglishwordsamoyteatcumshawcumshawkmsiorangepekoepekoepehhkowtowkhuthuketchupkichaporiginatedfromamoydialectreligioninthethcenturyxiamenproperhadtwodutchreformedchurchdutchreformedandtwolondonmissionarysocietylmschurchesxiamenislandwashometothreedutchreformedchurchdutchreformedchristianmissionmissionsatkangthaukiothanandchhanchhuoaadministrationxiamenisasubprovincialcityoffujianwithdirectjurisdictionoverdistrictofchinadistrictsclasswikitablestylefontsizecolspanmapnamesimplifiedcharacterssimplifiedchinesepinyinpopulationbrareabrkmsupsupdensitybrkmsupsupcolspanrowspandivstylepositionrelativeclasscenterdivhulidistricthlqsimingdistrictsmngqhaicangdistricthicngqjimeidistrictjmiqtongandistricttngnqxiangandistrictxingnqinmaygulangyuislandgulangyuandkaiyuandistrictkaiyuandistrictsweremergedintosimingdistrictxinglindistrictwasmergedintojimeidistrictandxiangandistrictwascreatedoutofasectionoftongandistricteconomybuildingbuildingxiamenxiamenxiamenhasadiverseandwelldevelopedeconomythesimingandhulidistrictsformitsspecialeconomiczonesofchinaspecialeconomiczoneimportantindustriesarefishingshipbuildingfoodprocessingtanningtextilesmachinetoolmanufacturingchemicalindustriestelecommunicationsandfinancialservicesthecityhaseconomicandtraderelationswithcountriesandregionsworldwideandbenefitsfromforeigninvestmentparticularlycapitalfromhongkongmacauandtaiwaninatotalofprojectswithforeigndirectinvestmenthadbeenapprovedinthecitywithacontractualforeigninvestmentamountofusbillionandanactualforeigndirectinvestmentforeigninvestmentamountofusbillionxiamenisalsothehostofthechinainternationalfairforinvestmentandtradeheldannuallyinearlyseptembertoattractforeigndirectinvestmentintothechinesemainlandxiamenalsoholdstraitsforumannuallyxiamenhasexcellentroadrailairandportinfrastructureinthelastfewyearsxiamenhasinvestedmorethanrmbbillionininfrastructureconstructionfinancialservicesxiamenhashighlydevelopedbankingservicesthebiggestbankisthestateownedcommercialbanksinoforeignjointventurexiameninternationalbanksolelyforeignfundedxiamenbankandxiamenruralcommercialbankvariousforeignbanksthathaveestablishedrepresentativeofficesinxiamentherearemorethanfinancialinstitutionsinoperationinxiamenindustrialzonesthexiamenexportprocessingzoneislocatedinthesouthpartofhaicangdevelopmentzoneonlyfromthehaicangportareafromgaoqiinternationalairportandfromhaicangrailwaystationithasafavorablegeographicallocationandwelldevelopedtransportationnetworkespeciallyseatransportationithasatotalplannedareaofwithforthefirstphaseindustriesencouragedinthezoneincludebiotechnologypharmaceuticalschemicalsproductionandprocessingheavyindustryinstrumentsindustrialequipmentproductionmedicalequipmentandsuppliesresearchanddevelopmentshippingwarehousinglogisticstelecommunicationsequipmenttradinganddistributionxiamenhaicangtaiwaneseinvestmentzoneissituatedtothesoutheastofxiamenislandatthetipofthexiamenzhangzhouquanzhoudeltainsouthfujianborderingzhangzhoucitytothewestjimeidistricttothenorthandoverlookingxiamenislandacrossthenarrowwaterthesquarekilometerhaicangtaiwaneseinvestmentzoneisthelargestnationaltaiwaneseinvestmentzoneauthorizedbythestatecouncilinitissituatedclosetoxiamenportxinglintaiwanmerchantsdevelopmentzonewasapprovedtobeestablishedonmaybythestatecounciltheplannedareaisandthecurrentareaisthezoneislocatedinjimeixiamenthemainindustriessetupinthezonearechemistrymachinerytextileandelectronicsthezoneisfromthexiamengaoqiinternationalairportandfromthenationalhighwaytorchhitechindustrialdevelopmentzonewasapprovedbythestatecouncilasoneofchinasnationallevelhightechindustrialdevelopmentzonesinmarchinthezonebecamethefirsttoachievebillionyuanpersquarekilometertargetoutputlevelitislocatedclosetoxiamengaoqiinternationalairportinxiamenxiangyufreetradezoneisestablishedandapprovedbythestatecounciltheoverallplanningareaisinthereareenterprisesinthisparkindustriesencouragedinthezoneincludeelectronicsassemblymanufacturinggarmentandtextilesproductiontradinganddistributionresearchanddevelopmentshippingwarehousinglogisticstransportationlocaltransportationinbesidethexiamenrailwaystationmainrailwaystationitsexpresswaysandelevatedroadsformaclosednetworkaccessibleonlytothesystemsbussesthegaojicausewayfivemainroadbridgesthejimeixiamenxianganxinglinandhaicangbridgesandtwounderseatunnelxiangantunnelandhaicangtunnellinkxiamenislandwiththemainlandthemainformsofpublictransportationinxiamenarebusandbusrapidtransitbusrapidtransitbrtandthesubwayxiamenbrtxiamensbrtsystemfeaturesadedicatedbusonlyclosedroadsystemwithstationsandticketingsystemsimilartolightrailmostofthebrtnetworkconsistofbuslanesalongexpresswaysandelevatedbrtviaductsonxiamenislandbrtrouteshavenotrafficlightsandtravelspeedislimitedbydesigntofivebrtroutesarecurrentlyinservicebrtroutebrtroutehuandaoavenuebrtroutechenggongavenuebrtrouteandconnectingbrtroutethefareisrmbperkmfortheairconditionedbussesthebrtissupplementedbyshuttlebusservicesthatconnectnearbyplacestothebrtstationstheshuttlebusservicehasaflatrateofrmbfarediscountisavailablewhenstoredvaluecardprepaidecardisusedtaxiscanbeeasilyhailedinmostareasofthecitybicyclesarecommonlyusedbyresidentsespeciallyonxiamenislandunlikemanychinesecitiesmotorcyclesmopedstricyclesandwoodenhandcartsarenotpermittedinxiamenthecityhasupheldthebanonthesevehiclessincetheselectricbikesarepermittedwithproperlicensingandobedienceoftrafficlawsonthesmallislandofgulangyuislandgulangyuoffxiamenislandautomobilesarealsobannedxiamenmetrohasbeenunderconstructionsincenovemberandthefirstlinebeganoperationondecemberasystemoffivelineshasbeenapprovedsofarwithplanstoeventuallyexpandtoelevenlinesincludingservicetosurroundingsuburbanareasroadthefuzhouxiamenandzhangzhouxiamenexpresshighwayslinkxiamenwiththehighwaynetworkoffujianandtheneighboringprovincesofguangdongjiangxiandzhejiangtherearealsocontainerfreightservicesavailablebetweenxiamenandshenzhenandhongkongrailwaysssouthentrancexiamenisservedbytheyingtanxiamenrailwayfuzhouxiamenrailwaylongyanxiamenrailwayandthexiamenshenzhenrailwaywhichareconnectedtolistofrailwaylinesinchinachinasnationalrailwaynetworkdirectpassengertrainsareavailablefromxiamentoshanghainanjinghefeifuzhounanchangandyingtanthecompletionofthexingguoyonganquanzhourailwayfuzhouxiamenhighspeedrailwaynanchangxiamenhighspeedrailwaylongyanxiamenhighspeedrailwayxiamenshantouhighspeedrailwayinlateexpandedtrainservicestodestinationstothewestandsouthwestthexiamenrailwaystationontheislandofxiamenisconnectedtothemainlandbyarailwaybridgethexiamennorthrailwaystationislocatedinjimeidistrictthexiameneastrailwaystationwillbelocatedinxiangandistrictairbearingtheegretliveryaircraftliveryofxiamenairatxiamengaoqiinternationalairportxiamenairportthexiamengaoqiinternationalairportinnortheasternxiamenislandisamainairhubineastchinawithflightstooverdomesticandinternationaldestinationsamonglistofairportsinthepeoplesrepublicofchinaairportsinchinaxiamenrankedamongthetopforbusiestairportsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinabypassengertrafficpassengertraffictopforbusiestairportsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinabycargotrafficcargotrafficandtopforbusiestairportsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinabytrafficmovementsairtrafficitcanhandlemillionpassengersannuallytheairportistheheadquartershubofxiamenairxiamenairlinesxiamenhasdirectflightstomostcitiesinchinahongkongmacaotaiwanandmajorcitiesineastasialiketokyoosakaseoulintercontinentalflightstoamsterdamsydneymelbournevancouverseattlestopovershenzhenlosangeleshavebeenstartedfromxiamenalsoholdastrongnetworktosoutheastasiacitieslikebangkokkualalumpurmanilajakartacebuandsingaporetoserverthelargecommunitiesofsouthernfujiansoverseasdiasporaandtheincreasingtourismflowsseaferriesxiamenhaspassengerferryservicetocitiesalongthecoastofchinaaswellastheneighbouringislandofkinmenjinmentotheeastwhichisadministeredbytherepublicofchinaontaiwantheseferriesareallservedfromthewutongferryterminaltoshuitoupierkinmenonthenortheastsideofthexiamenislandquitedistantfromdowntownxiamenferriestojinmentakeminutestherearefacilitiesinbothdirectionsallowingforquicktransfersbetweenxiamengaoqiinternationalairportxiamengaoqiairportformainlanddestinationsandkinmenairportfortaiwanesedestinationswhichisverypopularwithlargetourgroupsthehepingwharfferryterminalonthesouthwestsideofxiamenislandoffersshortminuteboatridestotheislandofgulangyuislandgulangyuhoweverthisisonlyaccessiblebyxiamenresidentstouristsandnonlocalsmustnowtakealongerminuteferryridefromthemaininternationalferryterminalalsocalledthedongduinternationalterminalonthesouthwestsideofxiamenislandasofoctoberwithafareincreasefromrmbtormbthishasbeeninordertoreducetouristnumbersaccessingtheislandinanefforttoconserveitthisterminalusedtohaveferriestakingminutestokinmenislandbutwereceasedinportadministrationthehistoricportofxiameninyundangbayonthesouthwestsideofxiamenislandhasbeenconvertedintoalakebylandreclamationprojectsthepresentdayportofxiamenliesonthenorthwesternshoreofxiamenislandoppositeitsairportandatelevenothersitesaroundxiamenbayandalongthejiulongriverjiulongestuaryincludingtheneighboringjurisdictionofzhangzhoutheportfacilitiesareinterconnectedbyshiproadandrailtheporthasbeenoneofthebusiestinchinasincetheearlysrefnamechinabriefingbusinessguideemerginghotspotsrefandisservicedbyallofthelargestshippinglinesintheworldinxiamenrankedamongthelistofworldsbusiestcontainerportstopportsintheworldforcontainerfreightthenaturalcoastlineintheportareaiswhilethewaterisoverindepththereareberthsincludingdeepwaterberthsofwhichoperatecontainersofovertonnesamongothercargoeshandledxiamenistheworldslargestsupplybaseforrawtungstenmaterialsxiamenisalsoanimportantbaseinfujianprovinceforshipbuildingmakingmediumsizedandlargecontainervesselsandyachtstourismxiamenanditssurroundingcountrysideisknownforitssceneryandtreelinedbeachesgulangyuislandgulangyuaformertreatyportenclaveisapopularweekendgetawaywithviewsofthecityandfeaturesmanyvictorianstylebuildingsxiamensbotanicalgardenisanatureloversparadisethebuddhistnanputuotempledatingbacktothetangdynastyisanationaltreasurexiamenisalsowellknownasacontinuingfrontlineinthechinesecivilwarwiththenearbyjinmenjinmenislandsremainingundertaiwanesecontrolwatergardenexpoparkhasatotalareaofaboutwithalandareaofconsistingoffiveexhibitionparkislandsfourecologicallandscapesislandsandtwopeninsulasincludingthemainpavilionchineseeducationparkmarinecultureislandspaislandandotherfunctionalareasandrelatedfacilitiesculturexiamenisfamedforitsmusicpuppetshowsgezioperaandtemplecelebrationeventscuisineaswithmuchofsouthernchinathestaplefoodsofxiamenhavelongbeenricechinesefishingindustryseafoodporksweetpotatoesvariouschinesepicklespickledvegetablesandbokchoyrefnamenomrefitstraditionaldishesformabranchofsouthernfujianesecuisinewithtaiwanesecuisinetaiwaneseinfluenceitisparticularlywellknownwithinchinaforitsxiaochistreetfoodandsnacksalocalspecialtyiswormjellytsndngaaspicgelatinmadefromsipunculusnudusakindofmarinepeanutwormmusicmanyfamouschinesemusicianshailfromxiamenandgulangyuislandincludingivylingpohuangyujunyinchengzongjingyangandxufeipingithasamajorsymphonyorchestrathexiamenphilharmonicorchestraeverymaytheresaninternationalmusicfestivalandpianocompetitionsandmusicfestivalsarealsofrequentlyheldongulangyuonhuangyanroadonthewaytosunlightrockisthegulangyuconcerthallwhereclassicalconcertsareregularlyheldonweekendsartxiamenwushipuoilpaintingvillagehasbeennamedasthesecondoftheworldoilpaintingindustrybaseandthesecondbatchofnationalculturalartindustrybasebythechinaartistassociationandtheculturepropertydepartmentofcultureministryxiamenhasstrongindustryadvantageinhanddoneoilpaintingwhichhastwomainmanufacturingbasesherexiamenwushipuoilpaintingvillageandxiamenhaicangoilpaintingvillagemarketsharesineuropeanandamericanmarketistakenupbyproductsexportedfromxiamenasthemainmanufacturingbaseofhandpaintedoilpaintinginchinaxiamenwushipuoilpaintingvillagehasmorethanartistsithastheabilitytoproduceallkindsofoilpaintingswithdifferentspecificationsandstyleswiththesupportofxiamenmunicipalgovernmentithasformedapowerfulindustrialchainprovidedrelatedaccessoriessuchasframesbrushesandpaintcolorsandformedstabletargetcustomerscomposedbyhotelsvillashighclassdepartmentsgalleriesandsoonasanothermailmanufacturingbaseofoilpaintingxiamenhaicangoilpaintingvillagehasmorethanpaintersthescaleofxiamenhaicangoilpaintingvillagehasdevelopedrapidlyinrecentyearswhichisfromoriginallyenterprisestomorethanenterprisesatthemomentthecombinationofmanufacturingsalesanddistributionmakesitbecomeindustrialbaseofcommercialoilpaintingmediaxiamenisservedbyxiamenmediagroupwhichbroadcastsnewsandentertainmentsuchasmoviesandtelevisionseriesbyamfmradioclosecircuittelevisionandsatellitetelevisionmediainxiamenweretemporarilyblockedbythegovernmentinjunewhenaboutpeopleparticipatedinprotestsagainstthebuildingofapxyleneparaxylenefactorybytenglongaromaticpxxiamencoltdwhichisownedbytaiwanesebusinessmanchenyuhaotheincidenthoweverwassolvedsmoothlylaterthatyearcollegesanduniversitiescampusnationalthefirsttwouniversitiesbelowwerefoundedbytankahkeexiamenuniversityfoundedprojectprojectjimeiuniversityhuaqiaouniversitypublicuniversityofchineseacademyofsciencesxiamenmicroelectronicsengineeringcollegexiamenacademyofartsanddesignfuzhouuniversitychineselanguageandculturecollegeofhuaqiaouniversityxiamenuniversityoftechnologyxiamenmedicalcollegexiamenuniversitytankahkeecollegejimeiuniversitychengyicollegeprivatexiameninstituteoftechnologyxiamenhuaxiauniversityxiamennanyanguniversityvocationalcollegexiamencityuniversityxiamenoceanvocationalcollegethexiamenacademyforperformingartsxiameninstituteofsoftwaretechnologyxiamenhuatianinternationalvocationalinstitutexiamenxingcaivocationaltechnicalcollegexiamendonghaiinstitutexiamensecurityscienceandtechnologycollegemilitaryxiamenisheadquartersoftherdarmypeoplesrepublicofchinardgrouparmyofthepeoplesliberationarmyoneofthethreegrouparmiesunderthenanjingmilitaryregionwhichisresponsibleforthedefenseoftheeastchinaeasternchinaincludinganymilitaryactioninthetaiwanstraitnotablepeopleshenkuoscientistandstatesmanspentsomeofhisyouthinxiamenkoxingaamingdynastymingloyalistlaichangxingbusinessmanraymondlamtvbactorandsingeryinchengzongpianisthenrysysrbusinessmanfounderofsmgroupandchairmanofsmprimeholdingstankahkeebusinessmancommunityleaderandphilanthropistincolonialsingaporeandacommunistleaderinthepeoplesrepublicofchinalinqiaozhiachinesephysicianwalterhouserbrattainamericaninventorofthetransistorcorecipientofnobelprizeinphysicshankuohuangethnomusicologistinternationalrelationsconsulatessingaporephilippinesandthailandhavetheconsulatesinxiamensistercitiescolumnslistcardiffwalesuksasebojapancebuphilippinesbaltimoreuswellingtonnewzealandgeorgetownpenanggeorgetownpenangmalaysiasunshinecoastaustraliakaunaslithuaniaguadalajaramexicozoetermeernetherlandssurabayaindonesiamokposouthkoreasarasotaussistercityofsimingdistrictmarathongreecetriergermanyrichmondbritishcolumbiarichmondcanadadushanbetajikistannicefrancephuketthailandizmirturkeynotesreferencespagepagefurtherreadingexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebenglishxmgovcnxiamengovernmentwebsitewhatsonxiamencomwhatsonxiamenchinacitysearchcomxiamenxiamencityguideamoymagiccomamoymagicenglishguidetoxiamenfujianhistoricmapslibutexasedumapsamschinacityplanstxuoclcjpgusarmymapofxiamenlibutexasedumapshistoricalamoyenvironsjpgjapanesegovernmentrailwaysmapofxiamenandsurroundsxeriscapinginfoboxfileformatnamexmiiconiconcaptionscreenshotcaptionextensionttxmittmimeianaorgassignmentsmediatypesapplicationvndxmixmlapplicationvndxmixmlmagicreleasedstandardmofxmimappingfreeyesurllogotypecodetextuniformtypeconformstoownerobjectmanagementgrouplatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedategenremarkuplanguagecontainerforcontainedbyextendedfromxmlextendedtothexmlmetadatainterchangexmiisanobjectmanagementgroupobjectmanagementgroupomgstandardforexchangingmetadatacomputingmetadatainformationviaextensiblemarkuplanguageextensiblemarkuplanguagexmlitcanbeusedforanymetadatawhosemetamodelcanbeexpressedinmetaobjectfacilitymetaobjectfacilitymofthemostcommonuseofxmiisasaninterchangeformatforunifiedmodelinglanguageumlmodelsalthoughitcanalsobeusedforserializationofmodelsofotherlanguagesmetamodelsoverviewintheobjectmanagementgroupomgvisionofmodelingdataissplitintoabstractmodelsandconcretemodelstheabstractmodelsrepresentthesemanticinformationwhereastheconcretemodelsrepresentvisualdiagramsabstractmodelsareinstancesofarbitrarymofbasedmodelinglanguagessuchasunifiedmodelinglanguageumlorsysmlfordiagramsthediagraminterchangedixmidistandardisusedatthemomentthereareseveralincompatibilitiesbetweendifferentmodelingtoolvendorimplementationsofxmievenbetweeninterchangeofabstractmodeldatatheusageofdiagraminterchangeisalmostnonexistentunfortunatelythismeansexchangingfilesbetweenunifiedmodelinglanguageumlmodelingtoolsusingxmiisrarelypossibleonepurposeofxmlmetadatainterchangexmiistoenableeasyinterchangeofmetadatabetweenumlbasedmodelingtoolsandmofbasedmetadatarepositoriesindistributedheterogeneousenvironmentsxmiisalsocommonlyusedasthemediumbywhichmodelsarepassedfrommodelingtoolstosoftwaregenerationtoolsaspartofmodeldrivenengineeringintegrationofindustrystandardsxmiintegratesfourindustrystandardsxmlxmlextensiblemarkuplanguageawcwcstandardunifiedmodelinglanguageumlunifiedmodelinglanguageanobjectmanagementgroupomgmodelingstandardmetaobjectfacilitymofmetaobjectfacilityanobjectmanagementgroupomglanguageforspecifyingmetamodelingmetamodelsmofmappingtoxmitheintegrationofthesefourstandardsintoxmiallowstooldevelopersofdistributedsystemstoshareobjectmodelsandothermetadataseveralversionsofxmihavebeencreatedandthexversionsareradicallydifferentfromthexseriesclasswikitableversionreleasedateurljunenowikiomgorgspecxminowikiaprilnowikiomgorgspecxminowikiaugustnowikiomgorgspecxminowikimarchnowikiomgorgspecxminowikidecembernowikiomgorgspecxminowikiseptembernowikiomgorgspecxminowikitherearenowotherxmlstandardsforrepresentingmetadatacomputingmetadataoneofthemostrecentisthewebontologylanguagewebontologylanguageowlbutontologiesareaveryspecializedkindofmetadataandowlhasnobuiltinsupportformostoftheinformationrepresentedinumlowlisbuiltupontheresourcedescriptionframeworkresourcedescriptionframeworkrdfthediagramdefinitionomgprojectisanotheralternativewhichcanalsoexpressthelayoutandgraphicalrepresentationrefnameddrefxmiisaninternationalstandardxmiinternationalorganizationforstandardizationisointernationalelectrotechnicalcommissioniecinformationtechnologyxmlmetadatainterchangexmixmiinternationalorganizationforstandardizationisointernationalelectrotechnicalcommissioniecinformationtechnologyxmlmetadatainterchangexmiseealsocommonwarehousemetamodelwebontologylanguagegenericmodelingenvironmentgmeeclipsemodelingframeworkemfdomainspecificlanguagedsldomainspecificmodellingdsmmetamodelingmetaobjectfacilitymofreferencesexternallinksjeckledexmiexhtmlumldiagramandcorrespondingxmiomgorgspecxmiomgxmispecificationxrayredirectcategoryshellcopnimagexorswapsvgthumbuprightaltwiththreexoroperationsthebinaryvaluesandareexchangedbetweenvariablesusingthexorswapalgorithmtoexchangenibblesbetweenvariableswithouttheuseoftemporarystorageincomputerprogrammingthexorswapisanalgorithmthatusestheexclusivedisjunctionxorbitwiseoperationtoswapcomputerscienceswapvaluesofdistinctvariableprogrammingvariableshavingthesamedatatypewithoutusingatemporaryvariabledistinctmeansthatthevariablesarestoredatdifferentmemoryaddressestheactualvaluesofthevariablesdonothavetobedifferentthealgorithmconventionalswappingrequirestheuseofatemporarystoragevariableusingthexorswapalgorithmhowevernotemporarystorageisneededthealgorithmisasfollowssyntaxhighlightlangpascalxxxoryyyxorxxxxorysyntaxhighlightthealgorithmtypicallycorrespondstothreemachinecodemachinecodeinstructionssincexorisacommutativeoperationxxorycanbereplacedwithyxorxinanyofthelineswhencodedinassemblylanguagethiscommutativityisoftenexercisedinthesecondlineclasswikitablestylewidthempseudocodeibmsystemassemblyxassemblyintheabovesystemassemblycodesamplerandraredistinctprocessorregisterregistersandeachxroperationleavesitsresultintheregisternamedinthefirstargumentusingxassemblyvaluesxandyareinregisterseaxandebxrespectivelyandplacestheresultoftheoperationinthefirstregisterhoweverthealgorithmfailsifxandyusethesamestoragelocationsincethevaluestoredinthatlocationwillbezeroedoutbythefirstxorinstructionandthenremainzeroitwillnotbeswappedwithitselfnotethatthisisnotthesameasifxandyhavethesamevaluesthetroubleonlycomeswhenxandyusethesamestoragelocationinwhichcasetheirvaluesmustalreadybeequalthatisifxandyusethesamestoragelocationthenthelinesyntaxhighlightlangpascalxxxorysyntaxhighlightsetsxtozerobecausexysoxxoryiszeroandsetsytozerosinceitusesthesamestoragelocationcausingxandytolosetheiroriginalvaluesproofofcorrectnessthebinaryoperationxoroverbitstringsoflengthmathnmathexhibitsthefollowingpropertieswheremathoplusmathdenotesxorlcommutativeoperationcommutativitymathaoplusbboplusamathlassociativitymathaoplusbopluscaoplusbopluscmathlidentityelementidentityexiststhereisabitstringoflengthnsuchthatmathaoplusamathforanymathamathleachelementisitsowninverseelementinverseforeachmathamathmathaoplusamathsupposethatwehavetwodistinctregisterscodercodeandcodercodeasinthetablebelowwithinitialvaluesaandbrespectivelyweperformtheoperationsbelowinsequenceandreduceourresultsusingthepropertieslistedaboveclasswikitablestepoperationregisterregisterreductioninitialvaluemathamathmathbmathcoderrxorrcodemathaoplusbmathmathbmathcoderrxorrcodemathaoplusbmathmathaoplusboplusbaoplusboplusbmathbrmathaoplusmathbrmathamathlbrlbrlcoderrxorrcodemathaoplusboplusaaoplusaoplusbmathbrmathaoplusaoplusbmathbrmathoplusbmathbrmathboplusmathbrmathbmathmathamathlbrlbrlbrlbrllinearalgebrainterpretationasxorcanbeinterpretedasbinaryadditionandapairofvaluescanbeinterpretedasapointintwodimensionalspacethestepsinthealgorithmcanbeinterpretedastimesmatriceswithbinaryvaluesforsimplicityassumeinitiallythatxandyareeachsinglebitsnotbitvectorsforexamplethestepsyntaxhighlightlangpascalxxxorysyntaxhighlightwhichalsohastheimplicitsyntaxhighlightlangpascalyysyntaxhighlightcorrespondstothematrixmathleftbeginsmallmatrixendsmallmatrixrightmathasmathbeginpmatrixendpmatrixbeginpmatrixxyendpmatrixbeginpmatrixxyyendpmatrixmaththesequenceofoperationsisthenexpressedasmathbeginpmatrixendpmatrixbeginpmatrixendpmatrixbeginpmatrixendpmatrixbeginpmatrixendpmatrixmathworkingwithbinaryvaluessomathmathwhichexpressestheelementarymatrixofswitchingtworowsorcolumnsintermsoftheshearmappingtransvectionsshearsofaddingoneelementtotheothertogeneralizetowherexandyarenotsinglebitsbutinsteadbitvectorsoflengthnthesetimesmatricesarereplacedbyntimesnblockmatricessuchasmathleftbeginsmallmatrixinininendsmallmatrixrightmathnotethatthesematricesareoperatingonvaluesnotonvariableswithstoragelocationshencethisinterpretationabstractsawayfromissuesofstoragelocationandtheproblemofbothvariablessharingthesamestoragelocationcodeexampleacprogramminglanguagecfunctionthatimplementsthexorswapalgorithmthisdisplaytemplateisbrokeniniethetophalfoftheprettyborderedboxiscutoffsourcelangcvoidxorswapintxintyifxyxyyxxysourcenotethatthecodedoesnotswaptheintegerspassedimmediatelybutfirstchecksiftheiraddressesaredistinctthisisbecauseiftheaddressesareequalthealgorithmwillfoldtoatriplexxresultinginzerothecodebelowisaniceexampleofoverlyconciseccodeanantipatternnowadaysthebehaviorofthecodeisundefinedwritingoverlyconciseccodehasbecomeunnecessaryasmodernoptimizingcompilerswilleliminateintermediateresultsandtemporaryvariablessourcelangckccundefinedbehaviorerroreiodescriptionunsequencedsideeffectonscalarobjectwithvaluecomputationofsameobjectseegithubcomkframeworkcsemanticsandruntimeverificationcommatchsnapshotdocsrunningexamplestherearenosequencepointstoforcetheexecutionofyxlastseeenwikipediaorgwikisequencepointvoidxorswapintxintyxyyxsourcethexorswapalgorithmcanalsobedefinedwithamacrosourcelangcdefinexorswapunsafeababbaabdoesntworkwhenaandbarethesameobjectassignszerototheobjectinthatcasedefinexorswapababaabbaabchecksthattheaddressesofaandbaredifferentbeforexoringsourcereasonsforuseinpracticeinmostpracticalscenariosthetrivialswapalgorithmusingatemporaryregisterismoreefficientlimitedsituationsinwhichxorswappingmaybepracticalincludeonaprocessorwheretheinstructionsetencodingpermitsthexorswaptobeencodedinasmallernumberofbytesinaregionwithhighregisterpressureitmayallowtheregisterallocatortoavoidspillingaregisterinmicrocontrollerswhereavailableramisverylimitedincryptographicapplicationswhichneedconstanttimefunctionstopreventtimebasedsidechannelattacksbecausethesesituationsareraremostoptimizingcompilersdonotgeneratexorswapcodereasonsforavoidanceinpracticemostmoderncompilerscanoptimizeawaythetemporaryvariableinthenativeswapinwhichcasethenativeswapusesthesameamountofmemoryandthesamenumberofregistersasthexorswapandisatleastasfastandoftenfasterthexorswapisalsomuchlessreadableandcompletelyopaquetoanyoneunfamiliarwiththetechniqueonmoderncpuarchitecturesthexortechniquecanbeslowerthanusingatemporaryvariabletodoswappingonereasonisthatmoderncpusstrivetoexecuteinstructionsinparallelviainstructionpipelinesinthexortechniquetheinputstoeachoperationdependontheresultsofthepreviousoperationsotheymustbeexecutedinstrictlysequentialordernegatinganybenefitsofinstructionlevelparallelismahistoricalreasonwasthatitusedtobepatenteduseventhenthiswasonlyforcomputergraphicsaliasingthexorswapisalsocomplicatedinpracticebyaliasingcomputingaliasingasnotedaboveifanattemptismadetoxorswapthecontentsofsomelocationwithitselftheresultisthatthelocationiszeroedoutanditsvaluelostthereforexorswappingmustnotbeusedblindlyinahighlevellanguageifaliasingispossiblesimilarproblemsoccurwithcallbynameasinjensensdevicewhereswappingcodeicodeandcodeaicodeviaatemporaryvariableyieldsincorrectresultsduetotheargumentsbeingrelatedswappingviacodetempiiaiaitempcodechangesthevalueforcodeicodeinthesecondstatementwhichthenresultsintheincorrectivalueforcodeaicodeinthethirdstatementvariationstheunderlyingprincipleofthexorswapalgorithmcanbeappliedtoanyoperationmeetingcriterialthroughlabovereplacingxorbyadditionandsubtractiongivesaslightlydifferentbutlargelyequivalentformulationsourcelangcvoidaddswapunsignedintxunsignedintyifxyxxyyxyxxysourceunlikethexorswapthisvariationrequiresthattheunderlyingprocessororprogramminglanguageusesamethodsuchasmodulararithmeticorbignumstoguaranteethatthecomputationofcodexycodecannotcauseanerrorduetointegeroverflowthereforeitisseenevenmorerarelyinpracticethanthexorswapnotehoweverthattheimplementationofcodeaddswapcodeaboveinthecprogramminglanguagealwaysworksevenincaseofintegeroverflowsinceaccordingtothecstandardadditionandsubtractionofunsignedintegersfollowtherulesofmodulararithmeticiearedoneinthecyclicgroupmathmathbbzsmathbbzmathwheremathsmathisthenumberofbitsofcodeunsignedintcodeindeedthecorrectnessofthealgorithmfollowsfromthefactthattheformulasmathxyyxmathandmathxyxyyymathholdinanyabeliangroupthisisactuallyageneralizationoftheproofforthexorswapalgorithmxorisboththeadditionandsubtractionintheabeliangroupmathmathbbzmathbbzsmathpleasenotethattheabovedoesntholdwhendealingwiththecodesignedintcodetypethedefaultforcodeintcodesignedintegeroverflowisanundefinedbehaviorincandthusmodulararithmeticisnotguaranteedbythestandardastandardconformingcompilermightoptimizeoutsuchcodewhichleadstoincorrectresultsseealsosymmetricdifferencexorlinkedlistfeistelcipherthexorswapalgorithmisadegenerateformofafeistelcyphernotesreferencesplzamianawartocizmiennychfrchangeinformatiqueenutilisantlopcarationxorredirectxorswapalgorithmredirectxorswapalgorithmimagefemaphotographbymarkwolfetakenonintennesseejpgthumbanoperatortakesanemergencycallatthejacksontennesseedispatchcenterrefnamecrtcrefalsowrittenisanemergencytelephonenumberforthenorthamericannumberingplannanponeofeightncodeslikeotheremergencynumbersaroundtheworldthisnumberisintendedforuseinemergencycircumstancesonlyandusingitforanyotherpurposesuchasmakingfalseorprankcallsisacrimeincertainjurisdictionsinoveroflocationsintheunitedstatesandcanadadialingfromanytelephonewilllinkthecallertoanemergencydispatcherdispatchofficecalledapublicsafetyansweringpointpublicsafetyansweringpointpsapbythetelecomindustrywhichcansendemergencyresponderstothecallerslocationinanemergencyinapproximatelynbsppercentoftheustheenhancedsystemautomaticallypairscallernumberswithaphysicaladdressrefnamefccrefinthephilippinesthephilippinesemergencyhotlinehasbeenavailabletothepublicsinceaugustalthoughitwasfirstavailableindavaocityitisthefirstofitskindinasiapacificregionitreplacesthepreviousemergencynumberusedoutsidedavaocityasofasystemisinuseinmexicowhereimplementationindifferentstatesandmunicipalitiesisbeingconductedemergencytelephonenumberisusedinsingaporemalaysiahongkongtheunitedkingdomandmanybritishterritoriesamongstotherplacesemergencytelephonenumberistheequivalentemergencynumberusedintheeuropeanunionandvariousothercountriesintheussomecarriersincludingattmapthenumbertotheemergencynumberemergencytelephonenumberisusedinaustraliaistheemergencynumberofindiahistoryintheearliestdaysoftelephonetechnologypriortothedevelopmentoftherotarydialtelephonealltelephonecallswereswitchboardoperatoroperatorassistedtoplaceacallthecallerwasrequiredtopickupthetelephonereceiversometimesturnatelephonemagnetomagnetocrankandwaitforthetelephoneoperatortoanswerthecallerwouldthenasktobeconnectedtothenumbertheywishedtocallandtheoperatorwouldmaketherequiredconnectionmanuallybymeansofatelephoneswitchboardswitchboardinanemergencythecallermightsimplysaygetmethepoliceiwanttoreportafireorineedanambulanceordoctoruntildialservicecameintouseonecouldnotplacecallswithoutproperoperatorassistancepennsylvaniapolicecarpolicevehicleindicatingthatisthenumbertodialintheeventofanemergencythefirstknownuseofanationalemergencytelephonenumberbeganintheunitedkingdominusingthenumberemergencytelephonenumberwhichcontinuestothisdayintheunitedstatesthepushforthedevelopmentofanationwideamericanemergencytelephonenumbercameinwhenthenationalassociationoffirechiefsrecommendedthatasinglenumberbeusedforreportingfiresinthenumberwasagreeduponattchosethenumberwhichwassimpleeasytorememberdialedeasilyandbecauseofthemiddleindicatingaspecialnumberseealsoandworkedwellwiththephonesystemsinplaceatthetimewhichwouldnotatthetimethisannouncementonlyaffectedthebellsystemtelephonecompaniesindependentphonecompanieswerenotincludedintheemergencytelephoneplanhoweverbobgallagherofthealabamatelephonecompanydecidedhewantedtoimplementitaheadofattandthecompanychosehaleyvillealabamaasthelocationrefnamedispatchrefonfebruaryalabamaspeakerofthehouserankinfiteplacedthefirstevercallfromhaleyvillecityhalltocongressmantombevillatthecityspolicestationbevillwasaccompaniedbygallagherandalabamapublicservicecommissiondirectorbullconnoreugenebullconnorthephoneusedtoanswerthefirstcallabrightredmodelisnowinamuseuminhaleyvillewhileaduplicatephoneisstillinuseatthepolicestationimageemergencydialsvgthumbpublicnoticeonhighwayattmadeitsfirstimplementationinhuntingtonindianathehometownofjedwardroushwhosponsoredthefederallegislationtoestablishthenationwidesystemonmarchhoweverthespreadofimplementationtookmanyyearsforexamplealthoughthechicagocityofchicagoillinoishadaccesstoserviceasearlyastheillinoiscommercecommissiondidnotauthorizetelephoneserviceproviderillinoisbelltooffertothechicagosuburbsuntilimplementationwasnotimmediateeventhenbyonlyeightchicagosuburbsincookcountyillinoiscookcountyhadserviceaslateasatleastchicagosuburbsstilllackedservicesomeofthosetownshadpreviouslyelectedtodeclineserviceduetocostsandaccordingtoemergencyresponsepersonnelfailuretorecognizethebenefitsofthesystembyoftheuspopulationcoulddialthenumberthisincreasedtobyandbyoftheuspopulationhasaccessconversiontoincanadabeganinandasofvirtuallyallareasexceptforsomeruralareassuchasthenorthwestterritoriesandnunavutareusingeachyearcanadiansmaketwelvemillioncallstoonseptemberattannouncedthatthetennesseestateoftennesseehadapprovedaservicetosupportatextmessagingtexttotrialstatewidewhereattwouldbeabletoallowitsuserstosendtextmessagestopsapsmostbritishoverseasterritoriesinthecaribbeanusethenorthamericannumberingplananguillabermudathebritishvirginislandsandthecaymanislandsuseonoctobersixteenstatesofmexicoswitchedtheiremergencyphonenumberfromtoandthewholecountryconvertedinjuneenhancedenhancedeoreautomaticallygivesthedispatcherthecallerslocationifavailableenhancedisavailableinmostareasapproximatelypercentoftheusinallnorthamericanjurisdictionsspecialprivacylegislationpermitsemergencyoperatorstoobtainacallerstelephonenumberandlocationinformationthisinformationisgatheredbymappingthecallingphonenumbertoanaddressinadatabasethisdatabasefunctionisknownasautomaticlocationidentificationalithedatabaseisgenerallymaintainedbythelocaltelephonecompanyunderacontractwiththepsapeachtelephonecompanyhasitsownstandardsfortheformattingofthedatabasemostalidatabaseshaveacompaniondatabaseknownasthemsagmasterstreetaddressguidethemsagdescribesaddresselementsincludingtheexactspellingsofstreetnamesandstreetnumberrangesinthecaseofmobilephonestheassociatedbillingaddressisnotnecessarilythelocationtowhichemergencyrespondersshouldbesentsincethedeviceisportablethismeansthatlocatingthecallerismorecomplicatedandthereisadifferentsetoflegalandtechnicalrequirementstolocateamobiletelephonegeographicallytherearetwogeneralapproachestousesomeformofradiolocationfromthecellularnetworkortouseaglobalpositioningsystemreceiverbuiltintothephoneitselfbothapproachesaredescribedbytheradioresourcelocationservicesprotocollcsprotocoldependingonthemobilephonehardwareoneoftwotypesoflocationinformationcanbeprovidedtotheoperatorthefirstiswirelessphaseonewphwhichisthetowerlocationandthedirectionthecallcamefromandthesecondiswirelessphasetwowphwhichprovidesanestimatedgpslocationasvoiceoveripvoiceoverinternetprotocolvoiptechnologymaturedserviceprovidersbegantointerconnectvoipwiththepublicswitchedtelephonenetworkandmarketedthevoipserviceasacheapreplacementphoneservicehowevereregulationsandlegalpenaltieshaveseverelyhamperedthemorewidespreadadoptionofvoipvoipismuchmoreflexiblethanlandlinephoneserviceandthereisnoeasywaytoverifythephysicallocationofacalleronanomadicvoipnetworkatanygiventimeespeciallyinthecaseofwirelessnetworksandsomanyprovidersofferedserviceswhichspecificallyexcludedservicesoastoavoidthesevereenoncompliancepenaltiesvoipservicestriedtoimprovisesuchasroutingcallstotheadministrativephonenumberofthepublicsafetyansweringpointaddingonsoftwaretotrackphonelocationsetcinresponsetotheechallengesinherenttoipphonesystemsspecializedtechnologyhasbeendevelopedtolocatecallersintheeventofanemergencysomeofthesenewtechnologiesallowthecallertobelocateddowntothespecificofficeonaparticularfloorofabuildingthesesolutionssupportawiderangeoforganizationswithiptelephonynetworksthesolutionsareavailableforserviceprovidersofferinghostedippbxandresidentialvoipservicesthisincreasinglyimportantsegmentinipphonetechnologyincludesecallroutingservicesandautomatedphonetrackingappliancesmanyofthesesolutionshavebeenestablishedaccordingtofcccrtcandnenaistandardsinordertohelpenterprisesandserviceprovidersreduceliabilityconcernsandmeeteregulationsrefnameemergencygatewaydatasheetrefcomputeraideddispatchdispatchersusecomputeraideddispatchcadtorecordalogofpolicefireandemsservicesitcaneitherbeusedtosendmessagestothedispatcheeviaamobiledataterminalmdtandorusedtostoreandretrievedataieradiologsfieldinterviewsclientinformationschedulesetcadispatchermayannouncethecalldetailstofieldunitsoveratwowayradiosomesystemscommunicateusingatwowayradiosystemsselectivecallingfeaturescadsystemsmaysendtextmessageswithcallforservicedetailstoalphanumericpagersorwirelesstelephonytextserviceslikesmsthecentralideaisthatpersonsinadispatchcenterareabletoeasilyviewandunderstandthestatusofallunitsbeingdispatchedcadprovidesdisplaysandtoolssothatthedispatcherhasanopportunitytohandlecallsforserviceasefficientlyaspossiblefundingservicesintheunitedstatesandenhancedaretypicallyfundedbasedonstatelawsthatimposemonthlyfeesonlocalandwirelesstelephonecustomersincanadaasimilarfeeforservicestructureisregulatedbythefederalcanadianradiotelevisionandtelecommunicationscommissioncrtcdependingonthelocationcountiesandcitiesmayalsolevyafeewhichmaybeinadditiontoorinlieuofthefederalfeethefeesarecollectedbylocaltelephoneandwirelesscarriersthroughmonthlysurchargesoncustomertelephonebillsthecollectedfeesareremittedtoadministrativebodieswhichmaybestatewideboardsstatepublicutilitycommissionsstaterevenuedepartmentsorlocalagenciestheseagenciesdisbursethefundstothepublicsafetyansweringpointsforpurposesasspecifiedinthevariousstatutestelephonecompanytelephonecompaniesinboththeunitedstatesandcanadaincludingwirelesscarriersmaybeentitledtoapplyforandreceivereimbursementsforcostsoftheircompliancewithfederalandstatelawsrequiringthattheirnetworksbecompatiblewithandenhancedfeesvarywidelybylocalitytheymayrangefromaroundpermonthtopermonthperlinetheaveragewirelessfeeintheunitedstatesbasedonthefeesforeachstateaspublishedbythenationalemergencynumberassociationnenaisaroundmonthlyfeesusuallydonotvarybasedonthecustomersusageofthenetworkthoughsomestatesdocapthenumberoflinessubjecttothefeeforlargemultilinebusinessesemergencyserviceresponsereachingadispatcherdoesnotguaranteethatemergencyserviceswillactuallybeabletorespondtothecallastheyarefundedandoperatedseparatelyoneegregiousexampleoccurredduringabudgetcrunchinjosephinecountyoregoninwhennocountypolicewereondutyandnostatepolicewereavailabletorespondtoafemalecallerwhoseabusiveexboyfriendwasintheprocessofbreakingintoherapartmentafterthecallerspenttenminutesonthephonewiththedispatchertheexboyfriendsucceededinbreakinginandrapingherinthenextofkinofdetroitmurdervictimstaceyhightowersuedthecityforitsminuteresponsetimeforrobertpoffapatientexperiencingproblemsbreathingatwentyminutedelayinsummoningemergencymedicalaidprovedfatalpoliceemergencyresponsetimesinthebankruptcityinweretypicallyfiftyminutestoonehourandambulanceresponsetimesatleasttwelvetotwentyminutesproblemswithinactivetelephonesintheussomestateshaverulesrequiringthateverylandlinetelephonethatcanaccessthenetworkbeabletodialregardlessofanyreasonthatnormalservicemayhavebeendisconnectedincludingnonpaymentthisonlyappliestostateswithadonotdisconnectpolicyinplacetelephonecompaniesinthosestatesmustprovideasoftorwarmdialtoneservicedetailscanbefoundatfederalcommunicationscommissionfcconwiredlandlinephonesthisusuallyisaccomplishedbyasoftdialtonewhichsoundsnormalbutwillallowonlyemergencycallsoftenanunusedandunpublishedphonenumberwillbeissuedtothelinesothatitwillworkproperlywithregardtomobilephonestherulesrequirecarrierstoconnectcallsfromanymobilephoneregardlessofwhetherthatphoneiscurrentlyactivesimilarrulesforinactivetelephonesapplyincanadawhenacellularphoneisdeactivatedthephonenumberisoftenrecycledtoanewuserortoanewphoneforthesameuserthedeactivatedcellphonewillstillcompleteacallifithasbatterypowerbuttheoperatorwillseeaspecializednumberindicatingthecellphonehasbeendeactivateditisusuallyrepresentedwithanareacodeofxxxxxxxifthecallisdisconnectedtheoperatorwillnotbeabletoconnecttotheoriginalcalleralsobecausethecellphoneisnolongeractivatedtheoperatorisoftenunabletogetenhancedrequirementsphaseiiinformationcellphonesaboutpercentofcallscamefromcellphonesinandfindingoutwherethecallscamefromrequiredtriangulationausatodaystudyshowedthatwhereinformationwascompiledonthesubjectmanyofthecallsfromcellphonesdidnotincludeinformationallowingthecallertobelocatedchancesofgettingascloseasfeetwerehigherinareaswithmoretowersbutifacallwasmadefromalargebuildingeventhatwouldnotbeenoughtopreciselylocatethecallernewfederalruleswhichserviceprovidershelpedwithrequirelocationinformationforpercentofcallsbyandpercentbyasrecentlyasaprilanunidentifiedcallerdialingtoreportthedeathofthemusicalartistprincemusicianprincestillneededtoprovidethedispatcherwiththephysicaladdressofthebuildinginwhichthemusicianhaddiedbecausethedispatcherhadnoothermeanstodeterminethelocationofthecallerscellphonethecallerwasaskedtolocateapieceofmailwiththebuildingsaddresssothatemergencyresponderscouldbesentinternettelephonyifisdialedfromacommercialvoiceoverinternetprotocolvoiceoveripvoipservicedependingonhowtheproviderhandlessuchcallsthecallmaynotgoanywhereatalloritmaygotoanonemergencynumberatthepublicsafetyansweringpointassociatedwiththebillingorserviceaddressofthecallerbecauseavoipadaptercanbepluggedintoanybroadbandinternetconnectionacallercouldactuallybehundredsoreventhousandsofmilesawayfromhomeyetifthecallgoestoanansweringpointatallitwouldbetheoneassociatedwiththecallersaddressandnottheactuallocationofthecallitmayneverbepossibletoreliablyandaccuratelyidentifythelocationofavoipuserevenifagpsreceiverisinstalledinthevoipadaptersincesuchphonesarenormallyusedindoorsandthusmaybeunabletogetasignalinmarchcommercialvoiceoveripinternettelephonyprovidervonagewassuedbythetexasattorneygeneralwhoallegedthattheirwebsiteandothersalesandservicedocumentationdidnotmakeclearenoughthatvonagesprovisionofservicewasnotdoneinthetraditionalmannerinmaythefccissuedanorderrequiringvoipproviderstoofferservicetoalltheirsubscriberswithindaysoftheorderbeingpublishedtheordersetoffanxietyamongmanyvoipproviderswhofeltitwillbetooexpensiveandrequirethemtoadoptsolutionsthatwontsupportfuturevoipproductsincanadathefederalregulatorshaverequiredinternetserviceprovidersispstoprovideanequivalentservicetotheconventionalpsapsbuteventheseencounterproblemswithcallerlocationsincetheirdatabasesrelyoncompanybillingaddressesinmaymostvoipuserswhodialareconnectedtoacallcenterownedbytheirtelephonecompanyorcontractedbythemtheoperatorsaremostoftennottrainedemergencyserviceprovidersandareonlytheretodotheirbesttoconnectthecallertotheappropriateemergencyserviceifthecallcenterisabletodeterminethelocationoftheemergencytheytrytotransferthecallertotheappropriatepsapmostoftenthecallerendsupbeingdirectedtoapsapinthegeneralareaoftheemergencyaoperatoratthatpsapmustthendeterminethelocationoftheemergencyandeithersendhelpdirectlyortransferthecallertotheappropriateemergencyservicevoipservicesoperatingincanadaarerequiredtoprovideemergencyserviceinaprilanmontholdboyincalgaryalbertadiedafteratorontovoipprovidersoperatorhadanambulancedispatchedtotheaddressofthefamilyspreviousabodeinmississaugaontarioswattingtheusfederalbureauofinvestigationhaswarnedofanincreaseindeliberatefalsealarmsinwhichcalleridspoofingafalseoriginisdisplayedoncallstoemergencyservicestosendswatteamsorheavilyarmedpolicetounsuspectingcitizensdoorstepsvoiceoveripvoiphascontributedgreatlytotheproblembymakingcalloriginmoredifficulttodeterminequicklyandreliablyincaliforniastategovernorjerrybrownsignedlegislationimposingliabilityforthefullcostofthesefalsealarmswhichcanreachormoreperincidentemergenciesacrossjurisdictionswhenacallerdialsthecallisroutedtothelocalpublicsafetyansweringpointhoweverifthecallerisreportinganemergencyinanotherjurisdictionthedispatchersmayormaynotknowhowtocontacttheproperauthoritiesthepubliclypostedphonenumbersformostpolicedepartmentsintheusarenonemergencynumbersthatoftenspecificallyinstructcallerstodialincaseofemergencywhichdoesnotresolvetheissueforcallersoutsideofthejurisdictionintheageofbothcommercialandpersonalhighspeedinternetcommunicationsthisissueisbecominganincreasingproblemnenahasdevelopedthenorthamericanresourcedatabasewhichincludesthenationalpsapregistrypsapscanquerythisdatabasetoobtainemergencycontactinformationofapsapinanothercountyorstatewhenitreceivesacallinvolvinganotherjurisdictiononlineaccesstothisdatabaseisprovidedatnochargeforauthorizedlocalandstateauthoritiesmisdialingintheareacodesandareacodeincludingraleighnorthcarolinaandsurroundingcommunitiesasecondareacodewasaddedusinganoverlayplaninstartinginmarchpeoplemakingcallsfromtheareacodehadtodialtheentirenumberincludingareacodeevenforlocalcallsandmanypeoplestartedwithrealizedtheirmistakeanddisconnectedthreemonthsafterthechangepoliceinwakecountynorthcarolinawakecountywererespondingtosixtimesasmanyhangupsallofwhichrequiredaresponsethisresponsecouldbeacallbackfromthedispatcherslowingdowntheabilitytorespondtoactualemergenciesorifthatdidnotgetaresultavisitfromthepoliceasupervisorrecommendedthatpeopleremainonthelineandexplainthemistakeforallofthenumberofhangupsinwakecountywasnearlythreetimeswhatithadbeenbeforetheswitchoverpoliceresponsesresultedinhangupcallsremainedhighataboutfourtimestheratefrombeforeprivatebranchexchangepbxsystemsrequiringatoreachanoutsidelineandausedtoindicateanareacodecanbeaproblemifthetelephonebuttonsdonttakeinputcorrectlyorthecalleraccidentallypressesabuttonmultipletimesthecallermightmisdialratherthanifsothefirstconnectstotheoutsidenetworkandthenacallisplacedmakingcallspublicnewsprogramsandsuchshowsasrescuehavebroadcastactualcallstocentersohiosenateohiosenatortompattonintroducedabillinwhichwouldhavebannedthebroadcastingofcallsrequiringtheuseoftranscriptsinsteadpattonbelievedthatpeoplewouldbereluctanttomakecallsbecauseofpossibleretaliationorthreatsagainstthosewhocalledheintendedtoseekproofofthisideatosatisfythosewhodidnotbelievehimorthatbroadcastingcallshurtinvestigationstheohiofraternalorderofpolicesupportedthebillbecausebroadcastsofcallshavebeensensationalismsensationalizedohioassociationofbroadcastersdirectorchrismerrittsaidthegovernmentshouldnothavetherighttodecidehowpublicrecordswereusedotheropponentsofsuchabanpointoutthatrecordingsholddispatchersaccountableandshowwhentheyarenotdoingtheirjobsproperlyinawaytranscriptscannotabillsignedbyalabamalistofgovernorsofalabamagovernorbobrileyonaprilrequiresacourtorderbeforerecordingscanbemadepublicalaskafloridakentuckyandwisconsinalsohadbillsbanningthebroadcastsmississippimissouripennsylvaniarhodeislandandwyomingalreadybannedthebroadcastsinaprilthetennesseesenatepassedabillbanningbroadcastsofcallsunlessthecallergavepermissionnorthcarolinalawdefinesrecordingsaspublicrecordsbutanexceptionallowsofficialstoreleaseeithertranscriptsordistortedvoicesseealsononemergencynumbertappingprotocoldialamgmfeaturefilmthatportraysasapoliceemergencynumberecallemergencymedicaldispatcheremergencytelephoneemergencytelephonenumberenhancedincaseofemergencynextgenerationreversereferencesexternallinkstransitionfccgovcgbconsumerfactswirelesssrvcpdfwirelessservicesguidefederalcommunicationscommissionfcckidshealthorgkidwatcherhtmlhowtousefromkidshealthwebarchiveorgwebdispatchcomworldhtmlemergencynumbersaroundtheworldfromdispatchcomxprizefoundationxpmmayrefertoprimecoinapeertopeeropensourcecryptocurrencyxpixmapanasciitextimageformatusedbythexwindowsystemusestheextensioncodexpmcodexpmtvseriesacanadiansitcomtelevisionseriesextremeprojectmanagementcrossphasemodulationatechniqueusedinopticaltransmissionandreceptionwindowsvirtualpcwindowsxpmodewindowsxpmodeavirtualizationfeatureavailableforwindowsxboxredirectcategoryshellinfoboxalbumnametypealbumartistmidnightoilcovermidnightoiljpgaltreleasednovemberrecordedseptembervenuestudiothetownhouselondongenrerockmusicrocknewwavemusicnewwavepostpunklengthlabelsprintmusiccbscolumbiaproducernicklaunaymidnightoilprevtitleplacewithoutapostcardprevyearnexttitleredsailsinthesunsetalbumredsailsinthesunsetnextyearisthefourthalbumbymidnightoilthatwasreleasedonvinylinunderthecolumbiarecordslabelitpeakedatnonbspontheaustraliankentmusicreportalbumschartandremainedonthechartforweeksrefnamekentnoteusedforaustraliansinglesandalbumschartingfromuntilaustralianrecordingindustryassociationariacreatedtheirownariachartschartsinmidinkentbackcalculatedchartpositionsforrefinoctoberthealbumwaslistedinthetopnbspinthebookbestaustralianalbumswithsdieselanddustatnonbsprefnameodonnellrefinjulythealbumwaslistedintriplejhottestaustralianalbumsofalltimeatnumbercontentthealbumsclosingtracksomebodystryingtotellmesomethingcontainsanoteheldbythegroupwhichwouldcontinueintothealbumsrunoutgrooveandemulatedonthecdversionforjustoversecondsthisisanapproximationofaunusualtypesofgramophonerecordsunusualgroovinglockedgrooveagimmickusedanumberoftimesonvinylalbumssuchasdiamonddogsandsgtpepperslonelyheartsclubbandwheretheendingsoundwouldcontinueintotherunoutgroovewithwhichthesoundwouldcontinueonuntiltheturntablearmwasliftedoffortheautomaticreturnonsometurntableswouldkickinreceptionalbumreviewsrevallmusicrevscorerefnamedemingtitlemidnightoilpublisherallmusicaccessdatefebruarylastdemingfirstmarkrefrevrollingstonerevscorerevtherollingstonealbumguiderevscorerevthevillagevoicerevscorecmarkdemingatallmusicwroteitsremarkablylistenableandcatchyofferinguponepassionateanthemafteranotherthebandspoliticsarebothwellconsideredandunapologeticallyupfrontthroughoutwasmidnightoilsfirstundeniablygreatalbumandstillrankswiththeirverybesttracklistingtracklistingtitleoutsideworldwritermoginielengthtitleonlythestrongwriterhirstmoginielengthtitleshortmemorywritergarretthirstmoginielengthtitlereadaboutitwritergarretthirstmoginielengthtitlescreaminbluescreaminbluewritergarrettmoginierotseylengthtitleusforcessongusforceswritergarrettmoginielengthtitlepowerandthepassionsongpowerandthepassionwritergarretthirstmoginielengthtitlemaralingawritergarrettmoginielengthtitletinlegsandtinmineswritergarrettmoginierotseylengthtitlesomebodystryingtotellmesomethingwritergarrettgiffordhirstmoginierotseylengthpersonnelmidnightoilpetergarrettleadvocalspetergiffordbassvocalsrobhirstdrumsvocalsjimmoginieguitarskeyboardsmartinrotseyguitarsadditionalpersonnelgarybarnaclebrassonpowerandthepassionpeterthomsbrassonpowerandthepassionluketunneybrassonpowerandthepassioncertificationsscreaminblueinfoboxsongnamescreaminbluecoveralttypeartistmidnightoilalbumreleasedformatrecordedstudiovenuegenrelengthlabelsprintcolumbiawriterpetergarrettjimmoginiemartinrotseyproducermidnightoilnicklaunaytracksoutsideworldonlythestrongshortmemoryreadaboutitscreaminblueusforcessongusforcespowerandthepassionsongpowerandthepassionmaralingatinlegsandtinminessomebodystryingtotellmesomethingscreaminblueisasongbymidnightoilfromtheirstudioalbumitisthelongesttrackonthealbumbysecondsfeaturinganextremelyesotericyetalsoveryintenseperhapssomewhatprogressiverockinflectedintroforwhichthesongisprobablybestrememberedjustovertwominutesinlengthafterthisthesongbecomesveryquietandkeyboarddrivenallowinggarrettsvocalstobecomedominantdiscountingrepackagingsthesonghasbeenfeaturedonnocompilationsthesongwasperformedsporadicallythroughoutthebandshistorywhileontourforthefullsongwasperformedoccasionallyatothertimesitreappearedyetusuallyasonlytheintroanexampleofthisfromcanbefoundonthelivealbumscreaminbluewhichderivesitsnamefromthistrackotherwisenoliveversionshavebeenofficiallyreleasedthesongwasperformedonmayatthevictheatreinchicagoilusaonthegreatcircletourwhenthebandplayedinfullreferencesxmemorysegmentationreferstotheimplementationofmemorysegmentationintheintelxcomputerinstructionsetarchitecturesegmentationwasintroducedontheintelinasawaytoallowprogramstoaddressmorethannbspkbnbspbytesofmemorytheintelintroducedasecondversionofsegmentationinthataddedsupportforvirtualmemoryandmemoryprotectionatthispointtheoriginalmodelwasrenamedrealmodeandthenewversionwasnamedprotectedmodethexarchitectureintroducedinhaslargelydroppedsupportforsegmentationinbitmodeinbothrealandprotectedmodesthesystemusesbitsegmentregisterstoderivetheactualmemoryaddressinrealmodetheregisterscsdsssandespointtothecurrentlyusedprogramcodesegmentcsthecurrentdatasegmentdsthecurrentcallstackstacksegmentssandoneextrasegmentdeterminedbytheprogrammerestheintelintroducedinaddstwoadditionalsegmentregistersfsandgswithnospecificusesdefinedbythehardwarethewayinwhichthesegmentregistersareuseddiffersbetweenthetwomodesthechoiceofsegmentisnormallydefaultedbytheprocessoraccordingtothefunctionbeingexecutedinstructionsarealwaysfetchedfromthecodesegmentanystackpushorpoporanydatareferencereferringtothestackusesthestacksegmentallotherreferencestodatausethedatasegmenttheextrasegmentisthedefaultdestinationforstringoperationsforexamplemovsorcmpsfsandgshavenohardwareassignedusestheinstructionformatallowsanoptionalsegmentprefixbytewhichcanbeusedtooverridethedefaultsegmentforselectedinstructionsifdesiredrealmodeimageoverlappingrealmodesegmentssvgthumbrightpxthreesegmentsinrealmodememoryclickonimagetoenlargethereisanoverlapbetweensegmentandsegmentthebytesintheturquoiseareacanbeusedfrombothsegmentselectorsinrealmodeorvirtualmodevmodethesizeofasegmentcanrangefrombyteuptonbspbytesusingbitoffsetsthebitsegmentselectorinthesegmentregisterisinterpretedasthemostsignificantbitsofalinearbitaddresscalledasegmentaddressofwhichtheremainingfourleastsignificantbitsareallzerosthesegmentaddressisalwaysaddedtoabitoffsetintheinstructiontoyieldalinearaddresswhichisthesameasphysicaladdressinthismodeforinstancethesegmentedaddressefhhherethesuffixhmeanshexadecimalhasasegmentselectorofefhrepresentingasegmentaddressofefhtowhichtheoffsetisaddedyieldingthelinearaddressefhnbspnbsphnbspnbsphstylemarginleftemttnbspttttstylebackgrounddedttttnbspttsegmentbitsshiftedbitsleftormultipliedbyxttnbspnbspnbspnbspttttstylebackgroundddfttoffsetbitsstyletextdecorationlinethroughttnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspttttnbspttttstylebackgroundfdfttaddressbitsbecauseofthewaythesegmentaddressandoffsetareaddedasinglelinearaddresscanbemappedtouptosupsupdistinctsegmentoffsetpairsforexamplethelinearaddresshcanhavethesegmentedaddressesefhhhhhhetcthiscouldbeconfusingtoprogrammersaccustomedtouniqueaddressingschemesbutitcanalsobeusedtoadvantageforexamplewhenaddressingmultiplenesteddatastructureswhilerealmodesegmentsarealwaysnbspkilobytekblongthepracticaleffectisonlythatnosegmentcanbelongerthannbspkbratherthanthateverysegmentmustbenbspkblongbecausethereisnoprotectionorprivilegelimitationinrealmodeevenifasegmentcouldbedefinedtobesmallerthannbspkbitwouldstillbeentirelyuptotheprogramstocoordinateandkeepwithintheboundsoftheirsegmentsasanyprogramcanalwaysaccessanymemorysinceitcanarbitrarilysetsegmentselectorstochangesegmentaddresseswithabsolutelynosupervisionthereforerealmodecanjustaswellbeimaginedashavingavariablelengthforeachsegmentintherangetobytesthatisjustnotenforcedbythecputheleadingzerosofthelinearaddresssegmentedaddressesandthesegmentandoffsetfieldsareshownhereforclaritytheyareusuallyomittedtheeffectivebitaddressspaceofrealmodelimitsthememoryaddressaddressablememorytosupsupnbspbytesornbspbytesnbspmegabytembthisderiveddirectlyfromthehardwaredesignoftheintelnbspandsubsequentlythecloselyrelatedwhichhadexactlyaddressbusaddresspinsbothwerepackagedinpindippackagesevenwithonlyaddresslinestheaddressanddatabusesweremultiplexedtofitalltheaddressanddatalineswithinthelimitedpincounteachsegmentbeginsatamultipleofnbspbytescalledaparagraphfromthebeginningofthelinearflataddressspacethatisatnbspbyteintervalssinceallsegmentsarenbspkblongthisexplainshowoverlapcanoccurbetweensegmentsandwhyanylocationinthelinearmemoryaddressspacecanbeaccessedwithmanysegmentoffsetpairstheactuallocationofthebeginningofasegmentinthelinearaddressspacecanbecalculatedwithsegmentasegmentvalueofchwouldgivealinearaddressatchinthelinearaddressspacetheaddressoffsetcanthenbeaddedtothisnumberchfhwouldbechfhcfhcfhbeingthelinearaddresssuchaddresstranslationsarecarriedoutbythesegmentationunitofthecputhelastsegmentffffhbeginsatlinearaddressffffhnbspbytesbeforetheendofthenbspbitaddressspaceandthuscanaccesswithanoffsetofuptonbspbytesuptobytespasttheendofthenbspbitaddressspaceonthetheseaddressaccesseswerewrappedaroundtothebeginningoftheaddressspacesuchthatwouldaccessaddressandwouldaccessaddressnbspofthelinearaddressspaceprogrammersusingthisfeatureledtothegateacompatibilityissuesinlatercpugenerationswherethelinearaddressspacewasexpandedpastnbspbitsinbitrealmodeenablingapplicationstomakeuseofmultiplememorysegmentsinordertoaccessmorememorythanavailableinanyoneksegmentisquitecomplexbutwasviewedasanecessaryevilforallbutthesmallesttoolswhichcoulddowithlessmemorytherootoftheproblemisthatnoappropriateaddressarithmeticinstructionssuitableforflataddressingoftheentirememoryrangeareavailableflataddressingispossiblebyapplyingmultipleinstructionswhichhoweverleadstoslowerprogramstheintelmemorymodelmemorymodelconceptderivesfromthesetupofthesegmentregistersforexampleinthetinymodelcsdsssthatistheprogramscodedataandstackareallcontainedwithinasinglenbspkbsegmentinthesmallmemorymodeldssssobothdataandstackresideinthesamesegmentcspointstoadifferentcodesegmentofuptonbspkbprotectedmodeimageprotectedmodesegmentssvgthumbpxleftthreesegmentsinprotectedmodememoryclickonimagetoenlargewiththelocaldescriptortableprotectedmodetheintelsprotectedmodeextendstheprocessorsaddressspacetosupsupbytesmegabytesbutnotbyadjustingtheshiftvalueinsteadthebitsegmentregistersnowcontainanindexintoatableofsegmentdescriptorscontainingbitbaseaddressestowhichtheoffsetisaddedtosupportoldsoftwaretheprocessorstartsupinrealmodeamodeinwhichitusesthesegmentedaddressingmodelofthethereisasmalldifferencethoughtheresultingphysicaladdressisnolongertruncatedtonbspbitssorealmodepointersbutnotpointerscannowrefertoaddressesbetweensubhsubandffefsubhsubthisroughlykilobyteregionofmemorywasknownasthehighmemoryareahmaandlaterversionsofmsdoscoulduseittoincreasetheavailableconventionalmemoryiewithinthefirstmegabytembwiththeadditionofthehmathetotaladdressspaceisapproximatelynbspmbthoughthedoesnottruncaterealmodeaddressestonbspbitsasystemcontainingancandosowithhardwareexternaltotheprocessorbygatingoffthestaddresslinethealinetheibmnbsppcnbspatprovidedthehardwaretodothisforfullbackwardcompatibilitywithsoftwarefortheoriginalibmnbsppcandibmpcxtpcxtmodelsandsoallsubsequentibmpcatatclasspcclonesdidaswellprotectedmodewasseldomusedasitwouldhaveexcludedthelargebodyofuserswithmachinesmoreoveritstillnecessitateddividingmemoryintoksegmentslikewasdoneinrealmodethislimitationcanbeworkedaroundonbitcpuswhichpermittheuseofmemorypointersgreaterthankinsizehoweverasthesegmentlimitfieldisonlybitlongthemaximumsegmentsizethatcanbecreatedismbalthoughpagingcanbeusedtoallocatemorememorynoindividualsegmentmayexceedmbthismethodwascommonlyusedonwindowsxapplicationstoproduceaflatmemoryspacealthoughastheositselfwasstillbitapicallscouldnotbemadewithbitinstructionsthusitwasstillnecessarytoplaceallcodethatperformsapicallsinksegmentsonceprotectedmodeisinvokeditcouldnotbeexitedexceptbyperformingahardwareresetmachinesfollowingtherisingibmpcatstandardcouldfeignaresettothecpuviathestandardisedkeyboardcontrollerbutthiswassignificantlysluggishwindowsxworkedaroundbothoftheseproblemsbyintentionallytriggeringatriplefaultintheinterrupthandlingmechanismsofthecpuwhichwouldcausethecputodropbackintorealmodenearlyinstantlydetailedsegmentationunitworkflowalogicaladdressconsistsofabitsegmentselectorsupplyingaddressbitsandabitoffsetthesegmentselectormustbelocatedinoneofthesegmentregistersthatselectorconsistsofabitrequestedprivilegelevelprivilegelevelrplabittableindicatortiandabitindexwhenattemptingaddresstranslationofagivenlogicaladdresstheprocessorreadsthebitsegmentdescriptorstructurefromeithertheglobaldescriptortablewhentiorthelocaldescriptortablewhentiitthenperformstheprivilegecheckmaxcplrpldplwherecplisthecurrentprivilegelevelfoundinthelowernbspbitsofthecsregisterrplistherequestedprivilegelevelfromthesegmentselectoranddplisthedescriptorprivilegelevelofthesegmentfoundinthedescriptorallprivilegelevelsareintegersintherangewherethelowestnumbercorrespondstothehighestprivilegeiftheinequalityisfalsetheprocessorgeneratesageneralprotectionfaultgeneralprotectiongpfaultotherwiseaddresstranslationcontinuestheprocessorthentakesthebitorbitoffsetandcomparesitagainstthesegmentlimitspecifiedinthesegmentdescriptorifitislargeragpfaultisgeneratedotherwisetheprocessoraddsthebitsegmentbasespecifiedindescriptortotheoffsetcreatingalinearphysicaladdresstheprivilegecheckisdoneonlywhenthesegmentregisterisloadedbecausesegmentdescriptorsarecachedinhiddenpartsofthesegmentregistersrefnamearchintelandiaarchitecturessoftwaredevelopersmanualvolumesystemprogrammingguidepublishedinpagevolathebookiswritteneverysegmentregisterhasavisiblepartandahiddenpartthehiddenpartissometimesreferredtoasadescriptorcacheorashadowregisterwhenasegmentselectorisloadedintothevisiblepartofasegmentregistertheprocessoralsoloadsthehiddenpartofthesegmentregisterwiththebaseaddresssegmentlimitandaccesscontrolinformationfromthesegmentdescriptorpointedtobythesegmentselectortheinformationcachedinthesegmentregistervisibleandhiddenallowstheprocessortotranslateaddresseswithouttakingextrabuscyclestoreadthebaseaddressandlimitfromthesegmentdescriptorrefprotectedmodeintheintelandlaterprotectedmoderetainsthesegmentationmechanismofprotectedmodebutapagingunithasbeenaddedasasecondlayerofaddresstranslationbetweenthesegmentationunitandthephysicalbusalsoimportantlyaddressoffsetsarebitinsteadofbitandthesegmentbaseineachsegmentdescriptorisalsobitinsteadofbitthegeneraloperationofthesegmentationunitisotherwiseunchangedthepagingunitmaybeenabledordisabledifdisabledoperationisthesameasontheifthepagingunitisenabledaddressesinasegmentarenowvirtualaddressesratherthanphysicaladdressesastheywereonthethatisthesegmentstartingaddresstheoffsetandthefinalbitaddressthesegmentationunitderivedbyaddingthetwoareallvirtualorlogicaladdresseswhenthepagingunitisenabledwhenthesegmentationunitgeneratesandvalidatesthesebitvirtualaddressestheenabledpagingunitfinallytranslatesthesevirtualaddressesintophysicaladdressesthephysicaladdressesarebitontheintelbutcanbelargeronnewerprocessorswhichsupportphysicaladdressextensionthealsointroducedtwonewgeneralpurposedatasegmentregistersfsandgstotheoriginalsetoffoursegmentregisterscsdsesandssunlikeprotectedmodecpuscanbeputbackintorealmodemerelybyclearingabitinthecrcontrolregisterlaterdevelopmentsthexarchitecturedoesnotusesegmentationinlongmodebitmodefourofthesegmentregisterscsssdsandesareforcedtoandthelimittosupsupthesegmentregistersfsandgscanstillhaveanonzerobaseaddressthisallowsoperatingsystemstousethesesegmentsforspecialpurposesunliketheglobaldescriptortablemechanismusedbylegacymodesthebaseaddressofthesesegmentsisstoredinamodelspecificregisterthexarchitecturefurtherprovidesthespecialswapgsinstructionwhichallowsswappingthekernelmodeandusermodebaseaddressesforinstancemicrosoftwindowsonxusesthegsnbspsegmenttopointtothewinthreadinformationblockthreadenvironmentblockasmalldatastructureforeachthreadcomputersciencethreadwhichcontainsinformationaboutexceptionhandlingthreadlocalvariablesandotherperthreadstatesimilarlythelinuxkernelusesthegsnbspsegmenttostorepercpudataonxthecpupowersonintorealmodeandisindistinguishablefromabitpentiumivbitinstructionscannotbeusedunlesslongmodeissetwhenlongmodeisoperatingbitinstructionsandvirtualxmodearedisabledandprotectedmodedisappearsgsfsarealsousedingnucompilercollectiongccsthreadlocalstorageandbufferoverflowprotectiongnucompilercollectiongcccanarybasedstackprotectorpracticeslogicaladdressescanbeexplicitlyspecifiedinxassemblylanguageegattsyntaxmovlfseaxequivalenttomfseaxinregistertransferlanguagertlorinintelsyntaxsyntaxhighlightlangasmmovdwordfseaxsyntaxhighlighthoweversegmentregistersareusuallyusedimplicitlyallcpuinstructionsareimplicitlyfetchedfromthecodesegmentspecifiedbythesegmentselectorheldinthecsnbspregistermostmemoryreferencescomefromthedatasegmentspecifiedbythesegmentselectorheldinthedsnbspregisterthesemayalsocomefromtheextrasegmentspecifiedbythesegmentselectorheldintheesnbspregisterifasegmentoverrideprefixprecedestheinstructionthatmakesthememoryreferencemostbutnotallinstructionsthatusedsbydefaultwillacceptanesoverrideprefixprocessorruntimestackstackreferenceseitherimplicitlyegpushandpopinstructionsorexplicitlystackbasedmemoryallocationmemoryaccessesusingtheesporebpregistersusethestacksegmentspecifiedbythesegmentselectorheldinthessnbspregisterxstringinstructionsstringinstructionsegstosmovsalongwithdatasegmentalsousetheextrasegmentspecifiedbythesegmentselectorheldintheesnbspregistersegmentationcannotbeturnedoffonxprocessorsthisistrueforbitmodeaswellbutbeyondthescopeofdiscussionsomanybitoperatingsystemssimulateaflatmemorymodelbysettingallsegmentsbasestoinordertomakesegmentationneutraltoprogramsforinstancethelinuxkernelsetsuponlygeneralpurposesegmentsclasswikitablenamedescriptionbaselimitdescriptorprivilegeleveldplkernelcskernelcodesegmentnbspgibkerneldskerneldatasegmentnbspgibusercsusercodesegmentnbspgibuserdsuserdatasegmentnbspgibsincethebaseissettoinallcasesandthelimitnbspgibthesegmentationunitdoesnotaffecttheaddressestheprogramissuesbeforetheyarriveatthepagingunitthisofcoursereferstoandlaterprocessorsastheearlierxprocessorsdonothaveapagingunitcurrentlinuxalsousesgstopointtothreadlocalstoragesegmentscanbedefinedtobeeithercodedataorsystemsegmentsadditionalpermissionbitsarepresenttomakesegmentsreadonlyreadwriteexecuteetcinprotectedmodecodemayalwaysmodifyallsegmentregistersexceptcsthecodesegmentselectorthisisbecausethecurrentprivilegelevelcploftheprocessorisstoredinthelowernbspbitsofthecsnbspregistertheonlywaytoraisetheprocessorprivilegelevelandreloadcsisthroughthelcallfarcallandintxinstructionintinterruptinstructionssimilarlytheonlywaytolowertheprivilegelevelandreloadcsisthroughlretfarreturnandiretinterruptreturninstructionsinrealmodecodemayalsomodifythecsnbspregisterbymakingafarjumporusinganundocumentedcodepopcscodeinstructionontheorofcourseinrealmodetherearenoprivilegelevelsallprogramshaveabsoluteuncheckedaccesstoallofmemoryandallcpuinstructionsformoreinformationaboutsegmentationseetheiamanualsfreelyavailableontheamdorintelwebsitesnotesandreferencesseealsointelmemorymodelthemultiprogrammingsystemexternallinksintelcomproductsprocessormanualsindexhtmhomeoftheiaintelarchitecturesoftwaredevelopersmanualthestarmanpcministrycomasmdebugsegmentshtmlthesegmentoffsetaddressingschemedesegmentierungspeicherverwaltungfrsegmentmmoirejaxwindowsystemxalapaorjalapamayrefertoanyofthefollowinglocationsnotocguatemalajalapadepartmentjalapajalapamexicojalapabajacaliforniajalapaguerrerojalapamunicipalitytabascojalapatabascoxalapaveracruzinthestateofoaxacasantamarajalapadelmarqussanfelipejalapadedazjalapadelvallenepaljalapanepalnicaraguajalapanuevasegoviaunitedstatesjalapaindianajalapasouthcarolinajalapatennesseeseealsojalapinfoboxsettlementnamexalapanativenamexalapaenrquezofficialnamenicknamelaciudaddelasfloresbrthecityofflowerssettlementtypemunicipalityandsettlementclassificationinmexicocitymottoimageskylineimagesizepximagecaptioncollageofxalapaimageflagimagesealimageshieldescudodearmasdelaciudaddexalapaveracruzjpgimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmapmexicopushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamemexicosubdivisiontypepoliticaldivisionsofmexicostatesubdivisionnameveracruzsubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamegovernmenttypeleadertitlemayorleadernamedrpedrohiplitorodrguezherreronationalregenerationmovementmorenaleadertitlefederaldeputiesleadernamecuitlhuacgarcajimneznationalregenerationmovementmorenaadolfomotahernndezprileadertitlelocaldeputiesleadernametanyacarolaviveroschzaromorenadanielagriegoceballosmorenaestablishedtitlefoundedestablisheddateestablishedtitledeclaredasacityestablisheddateareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmareatotalsqmiarealandkmarealandsqmiareawaterkmareawatersqmiareawaterpercentareaurbankmareaurbansqmiareametrokmareametrosqmipopulationasofestimatepopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationmetropopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationdensitymetrokmpopulationdensitymetrosqmipopulationurbantimezonecentralstandardtimecstutcoffsettimezonedstcentraldaylighttimecdtutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationmelevationftpostalcodetypepostalcodewebsitexalapagobmxwwwxalapagobmxfootnotesxalapaoftenspelledjalapaofficiallyxalapaenrquezisthecapitalcityofthemexicomexicanstatesofmexicostateofveracruzandthenameofthesurroundingmunicipalityinthecensusthecityreportedapopulationofandthemunicipalitiesofmexicomunicipalityofwhichitservesasmunicipalseatreportedapopulationofthemunicipalityhasanareaofnbspkmxalapaliesnearthegeographiccenterofthestateandisthesecondlargestcityinthestateafterthecityofveracruzveracruzveracruztothesoutheastetymologythenamexalapacomesfromthenahuatlrootsxllialisandandpanapanplaceofwaterwhichmeansapproximatelyspringinthesanditsclassicallypronouncedhelpipanahuatlalapaninnahuatlalthoughthefinalnisoftenomittedthesoundvoicelesspostalveolarfricativeliketheenglishshwaswrittenxinthethcenturythisdoesntoccurincontemporaryspanishlanguagespanishanditsmoderncounterpartthesoundvoicelessvelarfricativexorvoicelessglottalfricativehisnormallywrittenasjthespellingxalapalikethewordmxicoreflectstheoldpronunciationxalapaispronouncedhelpipaspanishxalapaorhalapathelastpronunciationisusedprincipallyinmexicanspanishdialectsofmexicossouthcaribbeanspanishthecaribbeanalargepartofcentralamericanspanishcentralamericasomeplacesinspanishlanguageinsouthamericasouthamericaandandalusianspanishthecanaryislandsandwesternandalusiainspainwherexhasconvertedintoavoicelessglottalfricativevoicelessglottalfricativehthecompletenameofthecityisxalapaenriquezbestowedinhonorofgovernorfromthethcenturyjuandelaluzenrquezthecitysnicknamecityofflowersspanishlaciudaddelasfloreswasgivenbyalexandervonhumboldtwhovisitedthecityfebruarythereferenceisalsorelatedtothecitysoldercolonialhistoryaccordingtofolklorethespanishbelievedthatjalapawasthebirthplaceandhomeoftheworldsmostbeautifulwomanlaflorecitawhichliterallymeanslittleflowertheresidentsofxalapaarecalledxalapeosorjalapeojalapeoswhichisthenamegiventothelargepopularpepperscultivatedinthisareahistorythetotonacsfirstestablishedthemselvesaroundfifthmountaininnahuatlthisextinctvolcanoreceiveditsnamebecausetheaztecsuseditasthefifthreferencemountaintogettothegulfofmexicosshorestodayitispreservedinaparkduringthethcenturyfourindigenouspeoplessettledintheterritorytodayknownasxalapaeachbuiltasmallvillagexaliticinthesandwasfoundedbythetotonacastechacapanriverofwastewasfoundedbythechichimecasinthenortheasttecuanapanriverofthebeastswasfoundedbythetoltecasandtlalnecapanwasfoundedbytheteochichimecasaroundthefourvillagesgrewtogetherandjoinedformingonelargevillagenamedxallapanmoctezumailhuicaminathefifthaztecemperorinvadedtheterritoryduringthesecondhalfofthethcenturyallthelandwasruledaspartoftheaztecempirebeforethearrivalandconquestofthespanishconquistadoresinhernncortspassedthroughenroutetotenochtitlanrefnamediazdiazbtheconquestofnewspainlondonpenguinbooksrefinspanishfranciscanscompletedconstructionofaconventanimportanteventinthenuevaespaaofthattimeimagecarlosivderojojpgthumbleftuprightcharlesivofspainofficiallyelevatedthestatusofxalapatotownondecemberwhenthespanisharrivedxalapawasbarelypopulatedthepopulationroseaftertheconquestandcolonialsettlementwhenthespanishimprovedthemexicoorizabaveracruzroutexalapadeclinedinimportanceasatransporthubanditspopulationstagnatedinthethcenturyrefnamemxreffromonxalapabecameincreasinglyimportantduetotradewithmerchantsfromnewspainarrivingtobuyandselltheproductsofthepeninsulanumerousspanishfamiliesfromthenearbytownssettledinxalapasobythepopulationhadincreasedtooverinhabitantsincludingmestizoandspanishthegrowthofxalapainpopulationculturecommerceandimportanceincreaseddramaticallyinthethcenturyrespondingtoresidentsrequestscarlosivofspaindeclaredxalapaatownondecemberinconstructionofxalapacathedralbeganonmayjosmaraalfarogotthefirstairballoonintheamericasairborneinxalapaduetotheabundanceofflowersgrowingintheregionalexandervonhumboldtwhovisitedthetownonfebruarychristeneditthecityoftheflowerssincethebeginningofthethcenturyxalapahasbeenthesceneofsomeimportanthistoricaleventsitsupportedindependencefromspainideasflowedfreelyinthetownandxalapawasrepresentedbymanywhoputforwardtheseideastothoseinmexicocitygovernmentmeetingsonmayshortlybeforemexicanindependenceonseptemberthesameyearxalapawasattackedbytheforcesofdonantoniolpezdesantaannatogetherwithdonjoaquinleoheforcedspanishcaptainjuanhorbregosotosurrenderthetownindependencewasgainedmonthslaterthefirstemperoragustndeiturbidewasnotwarmlyreceivedinxalapaduetopastdifferencesonmaybydecreeofthepresidentoftherepublicdonguadalupevictoriathefirstlegislatureofthestateofveracruzwasestablishedinxalapathatyearxalapawasdeclaredthestatecapitalinthesxalapaandthesurroundingarearevoltedwhenvicenteguerreroreplacedgeneralanastasiobustamanteveracruzwasattackedbyisidrobarradaswhowasattemptingtoreconquerpartsofmexicoandoverweredeployedinthemilitarydefenseofveracruzveracruzveracruzcrdobaveracruzcrdobaandorizabaanastaciobustamantebetrayingtheconfidenceputhimunsuccessfullyrevoltedagainstthelegitimategovernmentwithanewplanofxalapasignedondecemberonnovemberbydecreexalapawasnamedacityindonantoniomaraderiverafoundedthenormalschoolofxalapatotrainteacherstodayitoperatesasapreparatoryschoolforstudentsgoingtocollegeininthemexicanamericanwarsantaannaattemptedtodefeattheopposingforcesnearxalapainthebattleofcerrogordoheledanarmyofmorethansoldiersmexicantroopssufferedmanycasualtiesaroundathousandwerekilledandthreethousandwoundedonapriltheusinvadersoccupiedthecitythefollowingdayamongthemwasltulyssessgrantlaterthecommandinggeneraloftheunionarmiesintheamericancivilwargrantsletterscalljalapadecidedlythemostbeautifulplaceieversawinmylifeanditsclimatethebestintheworldimagebattlecerrogordojpgthumbrightpxbattleofcerrogordoxalapeossuchasambrosioalcaldeandantoniogarcafoughtbravelytodefendthecityofveracruzbutweretakenprisonertheywerereleasedandparoledbutafterrejoiningthefightingagainsttheustheywererecapturednearteocelotakentoxalapasentencedtodeathandexecutedonnovembertodaythesetwomenarerememberedasmartyrsanobeliskcommemoratestheirsacrificebetweensanjosechurchandalcaldemarketnamedforambrosioalcaldeusforcesmarchedontocapturemexicocityanddepartedafterthemexicanamericanwartreatyofguadaloupehidalgotreatyofguadaloupehidalgoinnovemberxalapawasattackedinthefrenchinvasionforeignerstemporarilytookcontrolofthestatecapitalonnovemberthecorpseofemperormaximilianiofmexicowhohadbeenexecutedinquertaroarrivedandwasheldinsanjosattendedbythepriestjosmaraydazathentransferredtoveracruzthefollowingdaytheremainswereshippedbacktoaustriaforburialingeneraljuandelaluzenrquezincreasedtheinfluenceofxalapawhenhemovedsomelegislativeauthorityfromorizabatoxalapainaccordancewithadecreeissuedinjunebyprovisionalgovernorjuanmanuelfernndezdejureguienrquezandswissteacherinfoundedthenormalschoolinxalapathefirstschoolofthistypeinthecountryimagejuandelaluzenrquezjpgthumbrightpxgovernorjuandelaluzenrquezforwhomthecityisnamedenrquezdiedinbuttheconstructionofthenormalschoolandfoundingofitsotherschoolsledtoxalapabecomingknownasacenteroflearningtheathensofveracruzunderenrqueztheoldsanfranciscoconventwasdemolishedandtheareadevelopedintoparquejurezinjunerailroadconstructionbroughtthefirstlocomotiveonthexalapacoatepecveracruzcoatepecteocelorailroadtothecitytheinteroceanicrailwayofmexicointeroceanicrailroadwascompletedinveracruzinthepubliclightingsystemwasintroducedininaclockwasinstalledinthecentreofthecityonabuildingonenrquezstreetwhichnowhousesthenationallotteryagencyonmayfranciscoimaderovisitedxalapaonjuneofthesameyearaminorconflictoccurredbetweenfederalforcesandrevolutionariesonjanuaryastrongearthquakerattledthecitydestroyingseveralbuildingsyearslaterindecemberxalapafellintothepowerofthehuertstascommandedbyguadalupesnchezinthewaterbuildingandagriculturalhousewereconstructedtodayisoccupiedbytheagrarianleagueofcommunitiesandunionfarmersofthestateonseptembertheuniversidaddeveracruzanawasestablishedanddrmanuelsurezbecameitsfirstdirectoronseptemberbydecreenumberthelocallegislaturedeclaredthattheofficialnameofxalapaenrquezshouldbewrittenwithaxratherthanajtoemphasizeitsderivationfromnahuatlxalapaisathrivingcenterforcommerceandmanymultinationalcompanieshavelargeretailstoresandfranchiserestaurantsinthecitytheseincludewalmartsuperamasamsclubthehomedepotliverpoolstoreliverpoolsearscostcoofficedepotofficemaxoxxosanbornscomercialmexicanacafabricasdefranciacoppelgarciamilanomcdonaldsdominospizzapizzahutsubwayrestaurantsubwaystarbuckskentuckyfriedchickenlittlecaesarshugobosspullandbearandcarlsjrpradatousdesignerhousetousetcxalapaalsohasanumberofcinemassomeofthemofsubstantialsizesuchasthecinepolismuseumscreenscinepolistheamericasscreensandothercinemassuchasxtremecinemasincrystalandcinetixinplazaanimaswhichisalocalmovietheatertherearealsoseveralretailmallsinxalapaplazacrystalplazamuseoplazaanimaslafashionplazaamricasandplazalosarcosmanypeopleinxalapaareemployedbythegovernmentsinceitisthestatecapitalxalapaisalsotheheadoneofthefiveregionalsectionsofthetribunalelectoralalevelbelowthesupremecourtthisareaencompassesstatescampechestatecampechechiapasstatechiapasoaxacastateoaxacaquintanaroostatequintanarootabascostatetabascoveracruzstateveracruzandyucatnstateyucatntheotherregionalseatsaremexicocitytolucamonterreyandguadalajaracultureimagecabezacolosalmuseoxalapajpgthumbrightgiantolmecheadamarkoftheindigenouscivilizationsofxalapaxalapaisknownastheathensofveracruzbecauseofthestrongculturalinfluenceofitsmajoruniversityuniversidadveracruzanathemainpublicuniversityinthestateofveracruzgeneralenriquezisknownforpoliciesencouragingtheeducationalsysteminxalapaculturallyxalapahasawidevarietyofeventsassociatedwithitstheatresmuseumsandstreetartmanymusiciansanddancersfrequentlyperforminthecenterinthenightsespeciallyonspecialoccasionsandeventsofcelebrationorcommemorationtheyoftendancethefandangoarthasakeenfollowinginxalapathegallerypinacotecadiegoriveralocatednearthecityhallandparquejurezindowntownhasthemostnumerouscollectionofdiegoriveraspaintingsinallofmexicorefnameflorecitarefholidaysfeastdayofsanjosfeastofsantiagoapostlefeastoftheimmaculateheartofjesusconceptionofmariaandexpofairinternationalareallcelebratedinthecityanimportantreligiousholidayisondecemberthefeastoftheimmaculateconceptioncelebratingmarythemotherofgodpatronessofthecityonoctobersanrafaelguizarandvalenciaarecelebratedwiththousandsofpeoplefromallovermexicovisitingtheirtombthatisinachapelwithinthecathedralthecathedralremainsopenallnightanddayduringthiseventcuisinexalapaistheplaceoforiginofthefamousjalapeopeppersrefnamemxgastrefdishesmadewithmaizegorditastostadatortillatostadaspastypastiesenchiladavarietiesenfrijoladasandchickenarecommonthedessertsthatareconsumedintheregionaretypicallysweetsuchascakeandcocodasandcraftcandieslikecandiedfruitdulcedelecheandjamoncillomusicaxalapaeselhogardenumerosasorquestasybandasdemsicaclsicalaorquestasinfnicadexalapaeslamsdestacadaformadaeldeagostodeotrasorquestasincluyenlaorquestamunicipaldexalapalabandasinfnicadelestadolaorquestademsicapopulardelauvlaorquestadesalsadelauvlaorquestadeguitarrasdexalapatlenhuicaniylaorquestasinfnicajuvenildelestadoqueeslaorquestasinfnicajuvenilparaelestadodeveracruzsonjarochotambinprosperaincluidoelconocidogruposondemaderanotablecitylandmarksimagexalapacatedraljpgthumbpxxalapacathedralthexalapacathedralisamixofbaroqueandneogothicdesignbuiltinithasaclocktowertheclockcomingfromenglandcallejndiamantelitdiamondalleyisoneofthemorecrowdedstreetsatnightbecauseofitsbohemianatmospherewithcafesandanartistscolonycallejnjessteampareisacobblestonestreetnexttothechurchofsanjospatiomuozisaneighborhoodbuiltinthethcenturywithmostoftheoriginalbuildingsintacthereareheldworkshopsinveracruzstylepaintingdanceandmusicparquejurezisaparkincentralxalapawithaterracelikeappearancethesouthernsideoftheparklooksoverthevalleybelowofferingscenicviewsofthesierramadreorientalmountainsinthedistanceparquejurezwasthelocationofthemonasteryofsanfranciscoitislocatedamongthefouroldestneighborhoodsofthecityitscentralgardenfeaturesenormousmonkeypuzzletreesartgallerysanagoraworkshopsanauditoriumandacafthejardndeesculturassculpturegardenisamuseumdedicatedtosculptureexhibitingworksbynationallyandinternationallyrecognizedartiststhemuseointeractivodexalapainteractivemuseumofxalapafeaturesaplanetariumwithanimaxscreenshowingeducationaldocumentariesinthepaseodeloslagosthereusedtobeanancientdamtodayithasfootpathssurroundedbyleafytreescirclingthreelakesandafreshwaterspringtheparquedelostecajetesisinanaturaldepressionorravineofthesamenameinthecenterofthecityunderneathisafreshwaterspringthatfeedstheaqueductsartificialpoolsandcanalsoftheparkthemuseodeantropologadexalapahousesthelargestcollectionofartifactsfromgulfcoastofmexicomexicangulfcoastculturessuchastheolmecthehuastecpeoplehuastecandthetotonacwithmorethanpiecesthemostnotablepiecesinthemuseumarethegiantolmecheadsandthesmallertotonaconessomeofthepiecesinthemuseumdatebacktotheearlypreclassicperiodfrombcbcnearbyisthehaciendadellenceroitsfirstownerwasjuanlenceroasoldierofhernncortsinitwaspurchasedbyantoniolpezdesantaannaforpesostodayitisamuseumwhichdisplaysfurnitureandpersonalbelongingsdatingfromthethcenturyitalsohasachapelspaciousgardensandalakesurroundingthepropertywhichincludeasculpturebygabrielamistralwhospenttimetherewhileinexilethejardnbotnicoclavijeroclavijerobotanicalgardenhasanimportantcollectionofregionalplantswithsectionsdedicatedtomexicanornamentalflowersreconstructedmountainenvironmentsinxalapafernsandthemostextensivevarietyofpinesinmexicorefnamemexdesrefparksandgardensimageparquejurezjpgthumbjurezparkjardnbotnicodexalapaparquejurezparquelosberrosparqueecolgicocerrodelesmacuiltpecmacuiltpecpaseodeloslagosparqueecolgicoelhayaparquenaturajardinesdelauniversidadveracruzanaparquetejargarnicajardndelasesculturasparqueecolgicodelostecajetesparquemaraenriquetaparquerevolucinparquebicentenarioesestadioxalapeostadiumxalapeomuseumsmuseodeantropologadexalapamuseocasadexalapamuseointeractivodexalapamuseodeltranspo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nichmapmaptypebelizemapaltlocationwithinbelizemapcaptionlocationwithinbelizemapsizepxisoregionreliefyescoordinatesmapdotlabellocationcayodistrictbelizecayodistrictnbspbelizeregioncayodistrictbelizecayodistrictbuiltabandonedepochspreclassictopostclassicoccupationculturesmayaeventexcavationsarchaeologiststhomasgannsirjericsthompsonahandersonlintonsatterhwaitepeterschmidtaconditionarchitecturalstylesarchitecturaldetailsnotesrestoredbyxunantunicharchaeologicalprojectdesignationdesignationoffnamedesignationtypedesignationcriteriadesignationdatedelisteddatedesignationpartofdesignationnumberdesignationfreenamedesignationfreevaluedesignationfreenamedesignationfreevaluedesignationfreenamedesignationfreevaluedesignationdesignationoffnamedesignationtypedesignationcriteriadesignationdatedelisteddatedesignationpartofdesignationnumberdesignationfreenamedesignationfreevaluedesignationfreenamedesignationfreevaluedesignationfreenamedesignationfreevalueprecolumbianyesnonfunctionaltrackingparameterdonotremovechangexunantunichisanancientmayacivilizationmayaarchaeologyarchaeologicalsiteinwesternbelizeaboutmilesnbspkmwestofbelizecityinthecayodistrictxunantunichislocatedatoparidgeabovethemopanriverwellwithinsightoftheguatemalaborderwhichisameretothewestrefnamesocialyaegerjasonuntanglingthetiesthatbindthecitythecountrysideandthenatureofmayaurbanismatxunantunichbelizethesocialconstructionofancientcitieswashingtondcsmithsonianinstitutionprintrefitservedasamayacivicceremonialcenterinthelateandterminalclassicperiodstothebelizevalleyregionrefnamecreatinghistorieslecountlisajkakawpotsandcommoncontainerscreatinghistoriesandcollectivememoriesamongtheclassicmayaofxunantunichbelizeancientmesoamericaprintrefatthistimewhentheregionwasatitspeaknearlypeoplelivedinbelizerefnamemaidenfaganbrianmxunantunichthemaidenoftherockfromblacklandtofifthsunthescienceofsacredsitesreadingmaaddisonwesleyprintrefxunantunichsnamemeanssculptureofladyinthemayalanguagemopanlanguagemopanandyucateccombinationnamexunaannobleladytuunichstoneforsculptureandlikemanynamesgiventomayaarchaeologicalsitesisamodernnametheancientnameiscurrentlyunknownthestonewomanreferstotheghostofawomanclaimedbyseveralpeopletoinhabitthesitebeginninginsheisdressedcompletelyinwhiteandhasfireredglowingeyesshegenerallyappearsinfrontofelcastilloascendsthestonestairsanddisappearsintoastonewallthefirstmodernexplorationsofthesitewereconductedbythomasganninthemidsgannmovedfrombritainandservedasthedistrictsurgeonanddistrictcommissionerofcayobritishhondurasstartinginhechosethisareatosettleinbecausehehadaninterestinmayanarchaeologyandhewishedtobeabletoexploretheatthetimeunknownwondersoftheindigenouspeoplegannssuccessorjericsthompsonsirjericsthompsonimplementedamoremethodicalapproachandwasabletoestablishtheregionsfirstceramicchronologyrefnameclassiclecountlisajandjasonyaegeredsclassicmayaprovincialpoliticsxunantunichanditshinterlandstucsonarizonauniversityofarizonaprintrefthemainrecentarchaeologicalteamstoworkatxunantunichandthesurroundingregionarethexunantunicharchaeologicalprojectxapandthexunantunichsettlementsurveyxssinthecambridgeexpeditiontobritishhondurasarrivedinthecolonyanditsarchaeologistmembereuanmackiecarriedoutseveralmonthsofexcavationatxunantunichheexcavatedtheupperbuildingonstructureaingroupbandanewlydiscoveredresidentialstructureajustoutsidethemaincomplexusingtheeuropeanmethodofdetailedrecordingofthestratigraphyofthesuperficialdepositsthemasonrystructuresthemselveswerenotextensivelycutintohewasabletoinferthatbothbuildingshadbeenshatteredbyasuddendisasterwhichmarkedtheendoftheclassicperiodoccupationanearthquakewastentativelyproposedasthecauseitisinferredpurelyonthebasisoftheexcavatedevidenceandalsoontheverydamagedstateofthetopbuildingofstructureaelcastillohewasalsoabletoconfirmthelaterpartofthepotterysequenceconstructedbythompsonthedetailedreportbymackieisexcavationsatxunantunichandpomonabelizeinbritisharchaeologicalreportsintseriesoxfordfarmersthatfedthepeoplelivinginxunantunichtypicallylivedinsmallvillagesdividedintokinbasedresidentialgroupsthefarmswerespreadoutwidelyoverthelandscapethoughthecenterofxunantunichitselfisrathersmallincomparisonthesevillageswereeconomicallyselfsufficientwhichmaybethereasonwhyxunantunichlastedaslongastheydidtheywerenotdependentonthecitytoprovideforthemsettlementdensitywasrelativetosoilqualityproximitytoriversandlocalizedpoliticalhistoriessincethefarmerswerelongestablishedontheirplotsoflandtheywouldnotwanttobeinvolvedwithapolitythatwasunderconstantupheavalduetoinvadingforcesandmorerefnamecommonersenseashmorewendyjasonyaegerandcynthiarobincommonersenselateandterminalclassicsocialstrategiesinthexunantunichareatheterminalclassicinthemayalowlandscollapsetransitionandtransformationboulderuniversityofcoloradoprintrefothernearbymayaarchaeologicalsitesincludechaacreekandcahalpechbuenavistadelcayoandnaranjochronologythereisevidenceofxunantunichbeingsettledasearlyastheceramicphaseofthepreclassicmayapreclassicperiodthefindingshavebeeninsubstantialtoprovethatxunantunichwasasiteofimportanceitwasnotuntilthesamalphaseinadthatxunantunichbegantogrowsignificantlyinsizearchitecturalconstructionsboomedinhatschaakphaseadwhenxunantunichsconnectionwiththepolitynaranjosolidifiedleftinastateofabandonmentatapproximatelyadduetoanunknownviolenteventseeeuanmackiesworkinabovewhichmayberelevantherexunantunichdidnotreestablishitselfasastrongpresenceintheregionuntiltsakphaseinadmonumentsthecoreofthecityxunantunichoccupiesaboutonesquaremilenbspkmconsistingofaseriesofsixplazassurroundedbymorethantemplesandpalacesasapolityinwholexunantunichcontainsmoundspersquarekmasdiscoveredinthesurveysdonebythexssoneofxunantunichsbetterknownstructuresisthepyramidknownaselcastillonottobeconfusedwiththeelcastillochichenitzaelcastilloatchichenitzathesiteisbrokenupintofoursectionsgroupagroupbgroupcandgroupdwithgroupabeingcentralandmostsignificanttothepeoplepriortotheseventhcenturythesitewasmainlyoccupiedbysmallhousesformulatingtheoccasionalvillagewiththearchitecturalboominthesamalphaseweseetheextremeimportanceofcosmologicalandpoliticalplacingofthemonumentsinrelationtotheaxismunditheintersectioncardinalaxisofthesitetheheartofthesiterefnamespatialashmorewendyandjeremyasabloffspatialordersinmayacivicplanslatinamericanantiquityprintrefelcastilloitisthesecondtalleststructureinbelizeafterthetempleatcaracolatsomefeetmtallelcastilloistheaxismundiofthesiteortheintersectionofthetwocardinallinesevidenceofconstructionsuggeststhetemplewasbuiltintwostagestheearlierdubbedstructureandwhichdatestoaroundadandthelaterstructureaststructureandhadthreedoorwayswhereasstructureastonlyhaddoorsonthenorthandsouththepyramidlaysunderneathaseriesofterracesthefinestuccoorfriezesarelocatedonthefinalstagethenorthernandsouthernfriezeshaveerodedandtheotherswerecoveredduringthereconstructionandovertimethereisaplastermoldontheeasternwallfriezethefriezedepictsmanythingseachsectionofthefriezeisbrokenupbyframingbandsofplaitedclothortwistedcordswhichrepresentcelestialphenomenastructureastructureawasbuiltinthelateclassicataroundaditbisectedplazaaiwhichhaduntilthenbeenthemostimportantplazainthesiteitnowliesontopoftheoriginalballcourtofxunantunichbetweenstructureaelcastilloandaitbecamearitualspacesolelyfortherulersandelitewhichdoubledasanimpedimenttootherpublicspacesburialchamberonjulyateamledbyjaimeawediscoveredanuntouchedburialchamberattachedtoalargerbuildingitisconsideredtobeoneofthelargestmayanburialchambersfoundwithinthelastyearsthechambercontainedthecorpseofamaleagedbetweenandyearsthechamberalsocontainedanumberofceramicvesselsobsidianknivesjadepearlsanimalbonesandsomeotherartefactsmadeofstoneosteologistsbelievethemanwasathleticandquitemuscularwhenhediedrelationshipswithothersitesduringatimeperiodwhenmostofmayancivilizationswerecrumblingxunantunichwasmanagingtoexpanditscityanditspoweroverotherareaswithinthevalleyitlastedacenturylongerthanmostofthesiteswithintheregionitisknownthatxunantunichsupersededbuenavistaasthehubofsociopoliticaladministrationfortheuppervalleyinadditiontothemainlocationforeliteancestralandfuneralritesandceremoniesonetheoryisthemovewasmadeduetopoliticalstrifeinthelowlandsduetoneighborsvyingforcontroloverbuenavistaandthatxunantunichwasamuchmoreeasilydefensiblesitelocatedontopofahillrefnamethreetaschekjennifertandjosephwballbuenavistadelcayocahalbechandxunantunichthreecentersthreehistoriesonecentralplacetheancientmayaofthebelizevalleyhalfacenturyofarchaeologicalresearchgainesvilleuniversityoffloridaprintrefthereisevidenceoftradeandcommunicationbetweenothersitesinabundancefirstthereisthedisbursementofpinepinenaturallygrowsinthemountainpineridgewhichisaccessibleviathemacalriveritwasimportedtoxunantunichwherethedisbursementofthisvaluablecommoditycouldbecontrolledbyelitesandrulersthisresourcewasusedinritualisticandbuildingpurposesfortheupperclasswhichwouldsometimesbegiventomembersofthelowerclasstostrengthensociopoliticalstrategiessimilaritiesbetweenpotteryamongdifferentsitesisatraitcommonlylookedforbyarchaeologiststhedifferencebetweenqualitiesofpotterycanaccentuategapsbetweensocialclasseswithinalocationjustasitcanshowthedifferencebetweenclassesofotherpolitiesintheterminalclassicperiodequalityinthedistributionofpotteryatxunantunichcanbeseenaspoliticalcurrencyacrossthebelizevalleypotterytypesbecameuniformamongsitesfoundintheareasinbelizevalleyaroundxunantunichfurtherevidenceoftheirstrongrelationshipswiththestonewomansitenaranjoduetoregionalconflictsnaranjoaregionalpolitybegantodisintegratearoundthethcenturyittransformedfromaregionalauthoritytoasmallersitewhicheventuallydisappearedintothebackgroundforreasonsnotyetunderstooddocumentaryhieroglyphsrapidlydisappearedinadatnaranjowhichalignswiththeearlieststelaatxunantunichstelathestelahieroglyphsandarchitecturearestylisticallysimilartonaranjosinstylerefnamebelizevalleyleventhallrichardmandwendyashmorexunantunichinabelizevalleycontexttheancientmayaofthebelizevalleyhalfacenturyofarchaeologicalresearchgainesvilleuniversityoffloridaprintreffromheretherewasapowershifttoxunantunichalthoughtheinfluenceofnaranjopriortothisiscertaintheconstructionofthecoresiteitselfisextremelysimilartothelayoutofnaranjosgroupblayoutthepronouncednorthsouthaxisbelievedtobealinktoroyalauthorityandcontinuityissharedbetweenthetwothebuildingsareplacedinsimilarspotsandtheshapesofthebuildingsresembleoneanotherseealsomesoamericanchronologylistofmesoamericanpyramidshistoryofbelizeprecolumbianbelizemayaruinsofbelizemayacivilizationreferencesexternallinksnichbelizeorgxunantunichofficialwebsitemagicallydigitalcomxunantunichruinsphotogalleryimagexraydiffractionpatternclprojpgthumbpxthisisanxraydiffractionpatternformedwhenxraysarefocusedonacrystallinematerialinthiscaseaproteineachdotcalledareflectionformsfromthecoherentinterferenceofscatteredxrayspassingthroughthecrystalxrayscatteringtechniquesareafamilyofnondestructiveanalyticalscientifictechniquetechniqueswhichrevealinformationaboutthecrystalstructurechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofmaterialsandthinfilmsthesetechniquesarebasedonobservingthescatteringscatteredintensityphysicsintensityofanxraybeamhittingasampleasafunctionofincidentandscatteredanglepolarizationandwavelengthorenergynotethatxraycrystallographyxraydiffractionxraydiffractionisnowoftenconsideredasubsetofxrayscatteringwherethescatteringiselasticandthescatteringobjectiscrystallinesothattheresultingpatterncontainssharpspotsanalyzedbyxraycrystallographyasinthefigurehoweverbothscatteringanddiffractionarerelatedgeneralphenomenaandthedistinctionhasnotalwaysexistedthusguiniersclassictextfromistitledxraydiffractionincrystalsimperfectcrystalsandamorphousbodiessodiffractionwasclearlynotrestrictedtocrystalsatthattimescatteringtechniqueselasticscatteringxraydiffractionormorespecificallywideanglexraydiffractionwaxdsmallanglexrayscatteringsaxsprobesstructureinthenanometertomicrometerrangebymeasuringscatteringintensityatscatteringanglesclosetoxrayreflectivityisananalyticaltechniquefordeterminingthicknessroughnessanddensityofsinglelayerandmultilayerthinfilmswideanglexrayscatteringwaxsatechniqueconcentratingonscatteringangleslargerthaninelasticxrayscatteringixsinixstheenergyandangleofinelasticcollisioninelasticallyscatteredxraysaremonitoredgivingthedynamicstructurefactormathsmathbfqomegamathfromthismanypropertiesofmaterialscanbeobtainedthespecificpropertydependingonthescaleoftheenergytransferthetablebelowlistingtechniquesisadaptedfrominelasticallyscatteredxrayshaveintermediatephasesandsoinprinciplearenotusefulforxraycrystallographyinpracticexrayswithsmallenergytransfersareincludedwiththediffractionspotsduetoelasticscatteringandxrayswithlargeenergytransferscontributetothebackgroundnoiseinthediffractionpatternclasswikitabletechniquetypicalincidentenergykevenergytransferrangeevinformationoncomptonscatteringfermisurfaceshaperesonantinelasticxrayscatteringresonantixsrixselectronicstructureexcitationsnonresonantixsnrixselectronicstructureexcitationsxrayramanscatteringabsorptionedgestructurebondingvalencehighresolutionixsatomicdynamicsphonondispersionseealsobackscatterstructuredeterminationmaterialssciencemetallurgymineralogyultrafastxrayxraysxraygeneratorreferencesexternallinksxtaliqfrcsicescristalografiaindexenhtmllearningcrystallographyiucracukinternationalunionofcrystallographywebarchiveorgwebiucrorgcwwtopcrystalindexhtmliucrcrystallographyonlineicddcomtheinternationalcentrefordiffractiondataicddcrystallographyorgukthebritishcrystallographicassociationmrlucsbeducentralfacilitiesxraybasicsintroductiontoxraydiffractionatuniversityofcaliforniasantabarbaramameinfoboxsoftwarenamexboardlogoscreenshotcaptiongnuchessonxboarddevelopergnuprojectgenrecomputerchesslicensegnugeneralpubliclicensegplwebsitegnuorgsoftwarexboardxboardlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedateoperatingsystemlinuxfreebsdnetbsdopenbsdmicrosoftwindowsxboardisagraphicaluserinterfacegraphicalchessboardforthexwindowsystemitisdevelopedandmaintainedasfreesoftwarebythegnuprojectwinboardisaportofxboardtorunnativelyonmicrosoftwindowsovervieworiginallydevelopedbytimmanntheseprogramsarecompatiblewithvariouschessenginesthatsupportthechessenginecommunicationprotocolsuchasgnuchessrefnamehagenrefitalsosupportsinternetchessserversrefnamenegusrefplaybymailgameemailchessrefnamemuiquerciarefandtheplayingofsavedgamesrefnamejohnsonrefxboardwinboardremainupdatedandthechessenginecommunicationprotocolhasbeenextendedtomeettheneedsofmodernengineswhichhavefeaturessuchashashtablesmultiprocessingandendgametableswhichcouldnotbecontrolledthroughtheoldprotocolxboardwinboardalsofullysupportenginesthatplaylistofchessvariantschessvariantssuchasfairymaxthismeanstheguiisabletodisplayawiderangeofvariantssuchasxiangqichinesechessshogijapanesechessmakrukthaichesscrazyhousecapablancachessandmanyotherwesternvariantsonboardsofvarioussizesitoffersawesternizedrepresentationforthesegamesbutthealmostlimitlessconfigurabilityofxboardwinboardalsoallowsahighqualityrepresentationofnonwesternstylegamesanothercomputerchessprotocolistheuniversalchessinterfaceucixboardwinboardsupportsthisprotocolanditsdialectsusianducciwhichareincommonuseforshogiandchinesechessthroughadapterprogramssuchaspolyglotanduciwbsincethereexistsaspecialversionofxboardthatbetterintegrateswithapplesosxitisdistributedfromwinboardforumasanosxappincludingseveralenginesforchessandmanychessvariantsandadaptersforrunningenginesinnonnativelysupportedprotocolsitalsocontainssupportingsoftwareforconnectingwiththepopularinternetchessserversficsandiccforonlineplayxboardosxappsthatspecificallyconfigurexboardfororientalstyleshogiorxiangqiarealsoavailablewinboardisaversionofxboardadaptedtomswindowsandisavailableinasimilarpackageseealsognomechesschessenginecomputerchesschessenginecommunicationprotocolreferencesexternallinkssavannahgnuorgprojectsxboardxboardongnusavannahhorizonchesscomfaqwinboardfaqfortheuseofxboardandwinboardchessengineswbecridderkerknllistingofxboardandwinboardchessengineswinterolympicsinfoboxcompanynamelogofounderhenryrollinsindustrymusicbookshqlocationunitedstatesproductsrecordcompanypublisherincisapublisherandrecordcompanyfoundedbymusicianhenryrollinsandnamedafterhisdateofbirthfebruarythecompanyhasreleasedalbumsbytherollinsbandallofrollinssspokenwordworkandnumerousbooksitisbasedinlosangelescaliforniainhismassmarketanthologytheportablehenryrollinsrollinsstatedthathehadgivenitsnamebecausesomeonehadtoldhimthathisfirstselfreleasedbookhadtohaveacompanynameonitandsincehefeltatthetimethathewouldonlyevergettoreleaseonebookhesimplyusedhisbirthdatebranchedoutintoreleasingrecordsnotlongafterrollinsstartedasolocareerfollowingthebreakupofblackflagbandblackflaginitiallyjustreleasingrollinsspokenwordalbumsthefirsttworeleasesbiguglymouthandsweatboxwerefirstcoreleasedwiththelabelrollinswassignedwithatthetimeasamusiciantexashotelrecordssincethenthelabelhasbranchedoutintovariousrockandjazzreleasesandevenspawnedtwospecialistreissuesublabelsinfinitezeroarchiveajointventurewithrickrubinsamericanrecordingsusamericanrecordingsanddistrictlinewhichspecializesinreissuingthemusicofrollinshometownofwashingtondcitisalsousedasthenameofrollinsblazinfinishingmoveinthevideogamedefjamfightfornytheliterarycompanysauthorsincludehenryrollinspublisherblackflagiggypopthestoogesexenecervenkaxauntiechristtheknittersnickcavebirthdaypartybadseedsgrindermanmichaelgiraswansbandswansjoecoletriciawardendonbajemabillshieldsjefferyleepiercethegunclubandellynmaybeseealsolistofrecordlabelsreferencesexternallinksxraycrystallographyinfoboxcompanynamexsalllogocssimagecropimagexsalllogopngbsizecwidthcheightotopoleftlocationcenteraltxsallwritteninyellowletterswithayellowframeimagexsallofficejpgimagesizepximagealtimagecaptionxsallofficeatsloterdijkamsterdamtypegenrefatepredecessorhackticnetsuccessorfoundationhacktickandneabbsfounderfeliperodriguezsvenssonbrropgonggrijpbrpauljongsmabrcorbosmandefunctlocationcityamsterdamlocationcountrylocationnetherlandslocationsareaservedkeypeopleindustryinternetserviceproviderproductsservicesinternettvandtelephonerevenueoperatingincomenetincomeaumassetsequityownerxsallnumemployeesparentkpndivisionssubsidhomepagexsallnlensloganfirstclassinternetfootnotesintlxsallaplayontheenglishpronunciationofaccessforallisthethirdoldestinternetserviceproviderispinthenetherlandsafternlnetandsurfnetxsallwasthesecondcompanytoofferinternetaccesstoprivateindividualssincefoundedinasanoffshootofthehackercomputersecurityhackersclubhackticbyfeliperodriquezropgonggrijppauljongsmaandcorbosmanwhilebasedinamsterdaminitiallyonlyofferingdialinservicesviamodemandisdntodayitoffersdialupaccessaswellasasymmetricdigitalsubscriberlineadslandfiberopticftthservicesaswellasmobileinternetasofxsallwasoneofthelargerispsinthenetherlandsinthecompanyhadaturnoverofmillioneurorealisingamillioneuroprofitbeforetaxesalsoinxsallemployedpeoplefteandservedprivatesubscribersthecompanyisknownforitswillingnesstotakeoncontroversialissueshastakenlegalactionagainstspammingspammersandfoughtoverotherlegalissuesincourtsuchasscientologyvstheinternetactivismandcontroversiesscientologyinmembersofthechurchofscientologycausedaraidontheserversofdutchinternetproviderxsallaspartofascientologyversustheinternetbiggerconflictwithitsonlinecriticsandsueditandkarinspainkforcopyrightviolationsbecauseofcitingoutofsomeconfidentialmaterialsofscientologyasummaryjudgmentfollowedinfullproceedingsinanappealinwhichhasbeenupheldbythesupremecourtofnetherlandsindecemberallinfavoroftheproviderandkarinspainkputtingfreedomofspeechabovecopyrightinsomecasesrefnamehistaboutxsallxsallnloverxsallgeschiedenishistorydutchvisitedjunereffromthesedaysthereisalsoarelationshipwithngobitsoffreedomanorganisationpromotingfreedomofspeechbofwasastrongsupporterforkarininherfightwithscientologystationbindecemberxsallputthebelgraderadiostationbonlineusingstreamingaudiotechnologyinresponsetothejammingofitsbroadcastsbytheregimeofslobodanmiloevixsallinstalledaleasedlinetotheradiostationinresponsetoarequestfromadrinnevanheterenadutchcitizenwhowenttobelgradetosetupvariousculturalactivitiesafterxsallhadlaunchedtheonlinebroadcastofradiobitssignalwaspickedupbythevoiceofamericaandbbcworldserviceandtransmi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aligntopdecemberaftercdradiolaterbecomingsiriussatelliteradiosuccessfullypetitionedthefederalcommunicationscommissionandunitedstatescongresscongresstolookintocreatingdigitalaudioradioservicedarsintheunitedstatesamericanmobilesatellitecorpspinsoffanewdivisionknownasamericanmobileradiocorpwhowouldgoonandjointhreeotherapplicantsaspotentiallicenseeslaterthatyearamericanmobilebringsinworldspaceasainvestorintothenewventurewiththeintentionofusingtheirtechnologyvaligntopgaryparsonsleavesmcicommunicationstojoinamericanmobileasitsceoandpresidentvaligntopmayamericanmobilesatelliteandworldspaceofficiallychangethenameofamericanmobileradiotoxmsatelliteradiolaterthatmonthlonlevinwhowaspoliticallyinstrumentalintheearlyyearsofestablishingamericanmobileradiobecomesitspresidentuntilhewouldremainonuntilinaninfluentialvproleinchargeofgovernmentregulatoryoctoberxmsatelliteradioobtainsoneofonlytwosatellitedigitalaudioradioservicelicensesofferedbythefederalcommunicationscommissiontogetherwithcdradiosiriusthetwobeatoutprimospherelimitedpartnershipanddigitalsatellitebroadcastingcorporationaslicenseesvaligntophughpaneroleavesrequesttvasitspresidentandceotojoinxmsatelliteradiointhesamerolevaligntopjuneclearchannelcommunicationsdirectvgeneralmotorscorporationgeneralmotorsandaprivateinvestmentgroupinvestusmillioninxmsatelliteradioconvertiblebondconvertibledebtbothclearchannelanddirectvagreetodevelopservicesforxmjunewithgmsinvestmentinxmtheyenterintoayeardistributionagreementbetweenxmandgmsubsidiaryonstarcorporationtheagreementcallsforexclusiveinstallationofxmsatelliteradiointogmvehiclesfromnovemberuntilnovemberonstarmustmeetspecificescalatinginstallationrateseachyearwhilexmmustmakeextensivepaymentstoonstarfortheinstallationandsaleofxmintheirvehicleswhilesharingrevenueearnedfromtheseradioswithonstaraswellaspaymentsontheexclusivityagreementjulyamericanmobilesatellitestillxmsparentcompanyusesapproximatelyusmillionoftheproceedsfromtheprivateinvestmenttoreacquiretheinterestworldspaceholdsinoctoberxmsatelliteradioissuessharesofclassacommonstockataninitialpublicofferingipopriceofuspershareamericanmobilesatelliteremainsthemajorityholderofthepubliccompanyvaligntopaprilamericanmobilesatellitecorpchangesitsnametomotientinjulyhondaamericanhondajoinseveralprivateinvestorsinausmillionpreferredstockinvestmentinthecompanyvaligntopseptemberoriginallysetforseptemberanddelayedbecauseofxmsatelliteradioservicelaunchesfirstinsandiegoanddallasfortworthmetroplexdallasfortworthandspreadsacrosstheunitedstatestheinitiallineupincludesmusicchannelsandotherchannelsconsistingofsportstalkchildrensprogrammingentertainmentandnewstheoriginallaunchdateofseptemberispushedbackaftertheseptemberattacksworldtradecenterandpentagonterroristattacksoctoberwithmotientheadingintobankruptcytheyspinofftheirnonxmsatellitedivisionintoajointoperationwithtmicommunicationsandcompanylpawhollyownedsubsidiaryofbceincofcanadathenewventureisknownasthemobilesatelliteventuresnovemberwithmotientinbankruptcytheysellofftheircontrollinginterestinxmtohugheselectronicssingtelandbaroncapitalpartnersthisendsmotientsinterestinxmandbeginsxmshistoryasastandalonecompanyhugheselectronicswouldgoontocombinethisnewinterestinwiththeinterestalreadyheldbytheirsubsidiarydirectvnovemberxmsatelliteradiomarkstheofficiallaunchoffullnationwideservicedecemberxmsatelliteradioendstheyearwithsubscribersvaligntopseptemberxmsatelliteradioaddsplayboyradioanadultentertainmentpremiumchannelavailableforanadditionalpermonthdecemberxmsatelliteradioendstheyearwithsubscribersvaligntopjanuarywiththelaunchandrollouttakinglongerandmorecostlythanexpectedthecompanyundergoesalargeandcomplicatedrecapitalizationplantheplaninvolvesxmexchangingusmillioninolddebtfornewdebtwhiledeferringinterestforyearsonthenotesaswellasrestructuringthepaymentobligationsonthegeneralmotorscorporationgeneralmotorsinstallationagreementissuingaconvertiblebondtogmissuingawarrantfinancewarrantforsharestogmandestablishingarevolvingcreditfacilitywithgmandfinallytheplanincludednewfundingcomingfromaplacementofoverusmillioninconvertiblebondstoagroupofprivateinvestorsjuneveteranawardwinningradioproducerjoebevilacquasradiotheaterextravaganzathecomedyoramahourpremieresonxmsonictheaterchannelcelebrityguestsincludealfrankenlewisblackshelleybermanbobedwardsnancycartwrightandjuneforayjulythecompanyhasnearlysubscribersdecemberxmsatelliteradioendstheyearwithsubscribersvaligntopjanuarythroughmarchwiththesaleofhugheselectronicsfromgeneralmotorscorporationgeneralmotorstorupertmurdochsnewscorpdirectvsinterestinxmsatelliteradioissoldoffonthemarketfebruaryxmradioannouncescommercialfreemusiclineupmarchxmradiolaunchedinstanttrafficandweatherchannelsformajormetropolitanareametropolitanmarketsintheunitedstatesaugustxmradiosubscriberbasebreaksthemillionmarkthecompanypartnerswithautomakersgeneralmotorscorporationgeneralmotorshondaisuzunissantoyotavolkswagenandsaabautomobilesaabtoofferindashxmreceiversonanoriginalequipmentmanufactureroembasistheacuratlisthefirstluxuryautomobiletoofferxmradioasstandardineveryvehicleoctobershockjocksopieandanthonybeginbroadcastingonapremiummonthextraxmsatelliteradiostationalsoformernationalpublicradiohostbobedwardsbroadcaststhefirstbobedwardsshowonxmpublicradiochanneloctoberxmannouncesanyearusmilliondealwithmajorleaguebaseballtobroadcastgameslivenationwideandbecometheofficialsatelliteradioproviderofmajorleaguebaseballtheagreementgrantsxmtherightstousethemlbsilhouettedbatterlogoandthecollectivemarksofallmajorleagueclubsaspartofthedealxmcreatesamlbchannelcalledmlbhomeplatehomeplatethedealstartswiththeseasonandrunsthroughthewithayearoptionthatmlbcanpickupoctoberxmpresentsitsfirstxmgoportablexmreceiverthedelphimyfidecemberxmsatelliteradioendstheyearwithsubscribersvaligntopjanuaryxmintroducestwonewxmgomodelspioneersairwareandthetaofromgiantinternationalfebruaryxmsthirdsatelliterhythmislaunchedsuccessfullymarchxmbecomestheexclusivesatellitepartneroftheindyracingleagueandindianapolisindianapolismotorspeedwayradionetworkimsradionetworkaprilxmannouncesthatithasaddedsubscribersinqpushingtheirtotalsubscriberbasetomillionaprilxmannouncesthatadealhasbeenreachedtobetheofficialsatelliteradionetworkofairamericaradiomayxmannouncesthatsubscribershiphastoppedmillionthisindicatesexponentialgrowthforthecompanyinfiveweekstimetheyaddedsubscribersalmostofthesubscribersaddedduringthepreviousquartermaythewallstreetjournalreportsthatxmhasawardedthecontractforthexmspacecrafttospacesystemsloraljunexmpartnerswithaudiblecomtoofferdownloadableaudioshowarchivesoftheopieandanthonyshowaswellasthebobedwardsshowjulyxmannouncesithasaddedmorethansubscribersinqpushingtheirtotalsubscriberbaseovermillionaugustxmannouncestheadditionofpopularradiohostsronandfezaugustxmannouncesathreeyearpartnershipwiththeunitedstatestennisassociationtobroadcasttheusopentennisusopentournamentthroughaswellasweeklyreportsfromotherusopenserieseventsseptemberronandfezjoinopieandanthonyonopieradiohighvoltagexmseptemberxmannouncesayearusmilliondealtocarrynationalhockeyleaguebroadcastsbeginningwiththeseasoninitiallysharingthecoveragewithsiriusbutgainingsatelliteradioexclusivityfromonwardseptemberxmannouncesithassurpassedmillionsubscribersoctoberxmannouncesthattheyhaveaddedmorethannewnetsubscribersduringqoctoberxmsatelliteradiolauncheschanneltakexmthechannelisgearedtowardwomensprogrammingandfeaturesreplaysoftheellendegeneresshowthetyrabanksshowsyndicatedandoriginalprogrammingaswellasprogrammingfromthefoodnetworkandhgtvadditionallyxmradiodropstwoofitstalkandentertainmentchannelsmtvandvhxmaddssubscribersinqpushingthetotalsubscriberbasetoovermillionoctoberxmannouncesitwillbegincarryingfoxnewstalkinjanuarynovemberdirectvbeginsbroadcastingchannelsaspartoftheiraudioprogrammingthisincludesmusicchannelshomeplatexmandopieradiohighvoltagexmbutnonewsorsportschannelsnovemberxmlaunchestheirnewfalllineupofchannelsunsignedairmusiquesurlaroutelaughattackcanadaquoideneuffrancparlerandhomeicenovemberxmlaunchesserviceincanadadecemberxmandvoiceboxtechnologiesjoinforcestoprovideconversationalvoicedrivenxmexperiencetoautomarketrefnamevoiceboxprrefdecemberxmsatelliteradioendstheyearwithsubscribersvaligntopimagexmandsiriussubscriberssvgrightthumbpxchartdepictingsubscribergrowthforxmsatelliteradioandsiriussatelliteradioasoftheendofjanuaryxmbeginsbroadcastingfoxnewstalkasthechannellaunchesthechannelincludescommentatorsbilloreillycommentatorbilloreillytonysnowjohngibsonmediahostjohngibsonandalancolmesjanuaryxmannouncesithassurpassedmillionsubscribersjanuaryxmwinstophonorsattheconsumerelectronicsshowinlasvegasfortheirtwonewportableunitsthatofferliveprogrammingonthegothenewradiosarethexmpioneercorporationpioneerinnoandsamsunghelixtheyexpecttobereleasedduringtheendofmarchorbeginningofaprilfebruaryxmannouncestheyhavesignedausmillionthreeyeardealwithoprahwinfreysharpoproductionsanewchannelcalledoprahandfriendswilllaunchinseptemberwhichwillbeprogrammedbywinfreyandoriginateintheharpostudiosinchicagothechannelwillfeatureprogramshostedbyateamofpersonalitieswhoappearonhertelevisionshowincludinggaylekingdrmehmetozmariannewilliamsondrrobinsmithbobgreeneandnateberkusaspartoftheagreementoprahwillappearinaweeklyminuteprogramalongwithfriendgaylekingtheprogramwillairweeksayearandfeaturetapedphoneconversationsbetweenwinfreyandkingmarchxmlauncheschannelsbigtracksxmchillandwlwgivingthemcommercialfreemusicchannelswiththeadditionofwlwanewstalkchannelmarchxmannouncesthatthemusicstationsprogrammedbyclearchannelkissxmmixxmxmnashvilleandxmsunnywillbeginairingsomecommercialsbeginninginaprilthiswasadecisionmadebyclearchannelinresponsexmpromisestoadditsowncommercialfreeversionsofthesechannelsinthenearfutureaprilxmlaunchesnewcommercialfreemusicchannelsthechannelsarexmuscountrycommercialfreealternativetonashvillexmflightcommercialfreealternativetomixxmxmhitlistcommercialfreealternativetokissxmenlightenxmxmliquidmetalbroughtbacktothesatellitesafterbeinganonlineexclusiveforoverayearxmtheheatformallytheeyexmescapecommercialfreealternativetosunnyandxmvivaonthesamedatedirectvchangeditschannellineuptofocusinonxmscommercialfreemusictoowhichresultedintheremovaloftwoxmtalkchannelstheadditionofnewmusicchannelsandthereplacementofthefourclearchannelprogrammedmusicchannelsthatbeganairingcommercialsremovedfromdirectvwerexmsmlbchannelhomeplatedtvchannelandhighvoltagedtvchanneladdedweretheheatformallytheeyedtvchannelenlightendtvchannelthetorchdtvchannelliquidmetaldtvchannelandvivadtvchannelreplacedwerenashvilledtvchannelkissdtvchannelmixdtvchannelandsunnydtvchanneldirectvreplacedthosechannelswiththeaforementionednewcommercialfreeversionsprogrammeddirectlybyxmuscountryxmhitlistflightandescaperespectivelyalsoxmchangednamesforsomeofitsstationsxmtheeyebecametheheatxmthefishbecamethemessageandxmallegrabecamefuegoaprilthankstothefansoftheopieandanthonyshowtheoapestsdirecttvaddsxmhighvoltagedtvchannelbacktothechannellineupaprilxmsatelliteradioofficiallyannouncesthelongrumoreddealthatopieandanthonywouldbesyndicatedbacktoterrestrialradiothroughcbsradiojoelhollandercurrentshowrunneratcbsradiowastherefortheannouncementaswasxmprogrammingvpericloganaprilopieandanthonysreformattedshowdebutsoncbsradioaffiliatesnewyorkcityswbmpfmwfnyfmclevelandswkrkfmwxrktapedelayedpmbostonswbcnfmwbcnwestpalmbeachswpbzphiladelphiaswipfmwyspdallaskllinowkrldfmandpittsburghswbzwwrkztheirshowhasbeensegmentedsothatnbspamamisbroadcastonbothxmandcbsandnbspamamisxmexclusivejulynatedavisformerlyofxocommunicationswasmadethepresidentandchiefoperatingofficeraugustxmbeginsplayingchronologicallyeverysongtoevermakethepopchartsthisisexpectedtolastwelloveramonththisplaybackiscalleditxmitthemusicisplayedoneachdecadechannelthemusicfromthesisplayedonthesonthenstartingwithmusicfromjanuarythemusicisplayedonthesonandsoonaroundaugustxmflightispulledfromaolradioonthemacplatformnoexplanationastowhythisoccurredyetaolradioshomepagelistsitinthetopdespitethestreamnotappearingintheaolprogramwhichliststenstreamsundertopinsteadofelevenseptembermsnbcxmisdroppedfromthexmnewschannellineupnoexplanationisgivenbyxmwhomadethedecisiontodiscontinuethenewschannelsfeedseptemberxmannouncesawebarchiveorgwebxmradiocomhaveasppinkversionofthepioneerinnoavailableexclusivelyatcircuitcityatfirstusfromeachunitsoldgoestosupportthesusangkomenbreastcancerfoundationsfightagainstbreastcancerseptemberoprahandfriendsradioofficiallylaunchedonxmchanneloctoberthexmbluessatellitewaslaunchedatopazenitslrocketdecemberxmradiohanukkahgoesontheairthefirstofitskindchannelfeaturescontemporaryandtraditionaljewishmusicalongwithcomedyandchildrensprogrammingtheoriginalprogrammingincludestheparticipationofnotablejewslikebarenakedladiesmatisyahualfrankenkinkyfriedmanneilsedakadrruthandlarrymillerdecemberxmannouncestheybeganbroadcastingthroughxmbluesonfridaybringingtheactivesatellitestoxmrhythmandxmblueswithoriginalsatellitesxmrockandxmrollasinorbitsparesfortheneartermrefnamexmbluesprrefvaligntopjanuarythefederalcommunicationscommissionrulesthatlicensingregulationswouldprohibitapossiblemergerofxmandrivalsiriussatelliteradiorecentremarksbytopofficialswithinbothcompanieshavehintedatapossiblemovetojoinforcestostaveoffbilliondollarlossesassociatedwithincreasedcompetitionbetweenthetwoservicesrefnamemergerfccreffebruaryxmsellsthetranspondersonxmtowellsfargobankinaleasebackagreementthisamountstotakingoutamortgageonthetransponderswhilethebankwillownthemxmactuallyusesthemandhastherighttobuythembackatanytimeattheendoftheleaseperiodxmwillalsohavetheoptiontobuythembackfebruaryxmsatelliteradioholdingsincandsiriussatelliteradioannouncetheywillxmsiriusmergermergecreatingasatelliteradiogiantseexmsiriusmergermarchxmandsiriussatelliteradiofiledaconsolidatedapplicationforauthoritytotransfercontrolatthefccrefnamefccmergerrefaprilxmannouncesqresultsaswellassurpassingeightmillionsubscribersthecompanyalsoclaimsthattheyhaveanadditionalusmillioninpositivecashflowgivingthemtotalavailableliquidityofusmillionmayxmsuspendstalkshowhostsopieanthonyfordaysovercommentsmadeontheirprogrambyahomelessmancalledhomelesscharlieonthepreviousdayrefnamexmprrefmaymayxmexperiencesanoutagethatdeprivesmanysubscribersofserviceforalmosttwentyfourhourstheoutageaffectedthesatellitexmrhythmorsatonreceiversalongwithterrestrialrepeatersxmblamesthesituationonasoftwareglitchrefnamewashpostrefjulyxmannouncesthatceohughpanerowillleavethecompanyinaugustwithcurrentpresidentandcoonatedavissteppingintoserveaspresidentandinterimceorefnamexmprrefaugustxmlaunchesxmxfeaturingrebroadcastsofmanyxmexclusiveshowsonxmthefirstdaysprogrammingconsistsofepisodesofbobdylansthemetimeradiohouraugustxmupgradesitsneuralaudioprocessingmechanismtoimprovesoundqualityacrossitsmusicchannelselectionnovemberxmlaunchesxmxmledtheledzeppelinchannelrefnamexmledrefvaligntopmarchxmdiscontinuesthexmledchannelaccordingtothechannelswebsiteitistakingabreakforthesummermarchtheunitedstatesdepartmentofjusticedeclinestoblockthemergerofxmandsiriussatelliteradioafterthirteenmonthsofreviewrefnamedojrefjulythefccapprovesthexmsiriusmergerrefnamewashingtonpostrefjulysiriusandxmofficiallymergeassiriusxmradioxmcanadaandsiriuscanadasubsidiariesoftheparentcompaniesremainseparateuntilaprilrefnamecrtcgccacrtcgccaengarchivehtmrefaugustxmchannelmandatorymetallicalaunchesthechannelwillbeavailablefromaugustthroughseptemberthechannelwillplaymusicfromtheentiremetallicacatalogincludingrareliverecordingsfromthebandspersonalconcertarchivesextensiveinterviewswiththebandandmoreoctoberlayoffsofxmonairpersonnelareleakedontheinternettheinitialnamesreleasedincludedjsfromalldjddecadeschannelsalongwithdeeptracksxmuethelandlucyoctobernewsthatnationalbasketballassociationbroadcastshavebeenswitchedfromsiriustoxmleaksontheinternetnbabroadcastswillnowbeheardonxmchannelsandarealsosaidtobeavailabletosiriussubscribersthroughthebestofxmpackageforsiriusreceiverscapableofreceivingxmprogrammingoctoberaccordingtothemyspaceblogofbeyondjazzhostmichellesammartinobeyondjazzthemodernjazzchannelwillleavetheaironnovemberbeyondjazzpersonalitymichellesammartinohostofjamminjazzwaslaidoffonoctoberrussdavisprogramdirectorofbeyondjazzwillbelaidoffonnovembernovemberxmimplementsnewchannellineupconsistingofconvergedxmandsiriusprogrammingvaligntopfebruaryxmpreparestofilechapterbankruptcysirihasabilliondebtobligationinandmillionimmediateobligationduefebruarymarchwbmpfmwxrkdropsopieanthonyfromtheirprogrammingscheduleendingtheirrunonterrestrialradioopieanthonynowheardonlyonsatelliteradionovembergaryparsonsresignedaschairmanheisreplacedbyeddywhartensteinasthenewnonexecutivechairmanvaligntopfebruarydirectvremovedallsiriusxmmusicchannelsandreplacedthemwithlistingsfromsonictapvaligntopaprilthecanadianradiotelevisionandtelecommunicationscommissionapprovesthemergerofsiriusandxmbranchesincanadaintosiriusxmcanadavaligntopfebruaryxmincreasestheirbasicratefromustoustechnologyxmprovideddigitalprogrammingdirectlyfromtwohighpoweredsatellitesingeostationaryorbitabovetheequatorxmrhythmatwestlongitudeandxmbluesatwestlongitudeinadditiontoanetworkofgroundbasedrepeatersthecombinationoftwosatellitesandagroundbasedrepeaternetworkwasdesignedtoprovidegapfreecoverageanywherewithinthecontiguoususthesoutherntipofalaskaandinthesouthernpartofcanadathesignalcouldalsobereceivedinthecaribbeanislandsandmostofmexicoreportshavestatedthatareasnorthofacapulcowereabletoreceiveasteadysignalrefnameacapulcorefhoweverxmisnotyetlicensedforreceptionbypaidsubscriberslivingintheseareastheoriginalsatellitesxmrockandxmrollsufferedfromagenericdesignfaultontheboeingseriesofsatellitesfoggingofthesolarpanelswhichmeansthattheirlifetimeswereshortenedtoapproximatelysixyearsinsteadofthedesigngoalofyearsrefnamefccrefimagexmradioheadquartersjpgthumbrightpxxmsatelliteradioheadquartersinwashingtondcnearthenomagallaudetuniversitywmatastationnomagallaudetuniversitymetrostationonjunespacesystemsloralannouncedthatithadbeenawardedacontractforxmrefnameloralprrefrefnameskyrocketxmrefxmwillfeaturetwolargeunfurlableantennassiriusradiosatalsotobebuiltbyloralwillhaveasimilarsinglelargeantennainamericanandcanadianmetropolitanareasxmanditscanadianlicenseecanadiansatelliteradiocsrandoperatingassiriusxmcanadaownedandoperatedanetworkofapproximatelyterrestrialrepeaterstationsmeanttocompensateforsatellitesignalblockagebybuildingstunnelsandbridgesintheunitedstatesxmownedandoperatedapproximatelyrepeatersitescoveringmarketsincanadacsrwasinstallingapproximatelytorepeatersthatwasplannedtobeownedandoperatedbycsrinthelargestcanadiancitiestheactualnumberofrepeatersitesvariesasthesignalisregularlytestedandmonitoredforoptimalperformancetheactualnumberofsitesintheunitedstateshasdroppedfromtheoriginalinstalledwhentheservicefirstlaunchedintherepeaterstransmitinthesamefrequencybandasthesatellitesatypicalcitycontainsormoreterrestrialstationstypicallythereceiverownerisunawarewhenaterrestrialstationisbeingusedunlessheorshechecksantennainformationfromthereceiverbeingusedduetoafccfilinginoctoberthelatestlistofxmsusterrestrialrepeaternetworkwasmadeavailabletothepublicthisdataisavailablenowinbothwhatsonmyxmcomgmapsrepeatersphpgooglebasesearchablebyzipcodeorcitystateandwhatsonmyxmcomgmapsxmrepeaterskmlgoogleearthformatsthexmsignalusednbspmhzofthesbandtonbspmhzxmprovidedkilobitspersecondofitsbandwidthtoonstarcorporationforusewithxmenabledgeneralmotorscorporationgmvehiclesregardlessofwhethertheirownersarexmsubscribersamericanhondaalsoretainedtherighttosomeofthecompanysbandwidthtotransmitmessagestoacuravehiclesviaaserviceknownasacuralinkxmnavtrafficanoptionalservicetransmittedcodedtrafficinformationdirectlytovehiclenavigationsystemsusingtrafficmessagechanneltmctechnologyaudiochannelsonxmweredigitallycompressedusingtheheaacctaacplusheaaccodecfromcodingtechnologiesformostchannelsandtheadvancedmultibandexcitationambecodecfromdigitalvoicesystemsforsomevoicechannelsincludingallofthetrafficandweatherchannelsthexmradiosignalwasbroadcastonseparateradiocarrierswithinthenbspmhzallocationtheentirecontentoftheradioserviceincludingbothdataandaudiocontentwasrepresentedbyonlytwocarrierstheothercarrierscarriedduplicatesofthesamecontenttoachieveredundancythroughdiversitycombiningsignaldiversitythedataoneachcarrierisencodedusingtimedelayedanderrorcorrectionschemestoenhanceavailabilityeffectivelythetotalradiospectrumusedforcontentisalittleovernbspmhzeachtwocarriergroupbroadcastkilobitpersecondstreamsinapproximatelynbspmhzofradiospectrumthesestreamswerecombinedusingapatentedprocesstoformavariablenumberofchannelsusingavarietyofbitratesbandwidthisseparatedintosegmentsofkilobitpersecondvirtualstreamswhicharecombinedtoformaudioanddatachannelsofvaryingbitratesfromtokilobitspersecondxmpreprocessedaudiocontentusingneuralaudioprocessorsthatareoptimizedfortheaacpluscodecincludingspectralbandreplicationsbraudiowasstoreddigitallyindaletbroadcastingdaletaudiolibrarysystemsusinganindustrystandardmpeglayeriiatkbitssometimesknownasmusicamtheaudioisfurtherprocessedbytheneuralaudioprocessorsonthewaytobroadcastinthepastthesiriusxmpopschannelwhichairedclassicalmusicwasbroadcastinsurroundsoundsurroundsoundaudioqualitythetechnologytitledxmhdsurroundistheresultofapartnershipbetweenxmandneuralaudiocorporationwhichprovidescontentwithsixdiscretechannelsofdigitalaudiotheformerxmlivechannelalsobroadcastinthisformatforcertainconcertsandstudioperformancesxmmanufacturingpartnerssuchasdenononkyopioneerelectronicsusaincandyamahamanufactureryamahaintroducedhomeaudiosystemscapableofplayingxmhdsurrounditisnotknownifthexmhdsurroundtechnologyisusedontheserviceinclearchannelprogrammingagreementaspartofterrestrialradiogiantclearchannelcommunicationsearlyinvestmentintoxminthecompaniesenteredintoagreementswhichprovidedforcertainprogramminganddirectordesignationarrangementsaslongasclearchannelretainedthefullamountofitsoriginalinvestmentinxmonepositiveconsequenceofthiswasthatxmhadandstillhasexclusiveprogrammingrightstoallclearchannelcontentincludingpopularnationalshowslikecoasttocoastambuttheshowscouldonlybebroadcastinsidethebandwidthcontrolledbyclearchannelinjuneclearchannelenteredintoaforwardcontractforwardsalesagreementrelatingtoitsownershipofxmduringthethirdquarterofclearchannelandxmarbitratedtheimpactofthisagreementonthewebarchiveorgwebxmradiocomhaveaspoperationalassistanceagreementandthesecgovarchivesedgardatadextxtdirectordesignationagreementthearbitrationpaneldecidedthattheoperationalassistanceagreementwouldremainineffectincludingclearchannelsrighttoreceivearevenueshareofcommercialadvertisingonprogrammingitprovidestoxmbutdeclinedtoenforcethedirectordesignationagreementwhichforcedthemaysfamilymembersofftheboardofdirectorspertheoriginalagreementclearchannelhadtherighttoprogramkbitsorofxmbandwidthrequiringxmtoincludecommercialadvertisingontheexistingnashvillekissxmkissmixxmmixandsunnyxmsunnynowthemusicsummittheamountofadvertisingonthemusicchannelsamountsuptominutesperhoursimilartotheamountofadvertisingxmincludedbeforegoingcommercialfreeexceptionsincludesyndicatedmusicshowswhichcarrynetworkspotsclearchanneladvertisingonxmishandledbyitssubsidiarypremiereradionetworksclearchannelalsoprovidedexistingtalkchannelprogrammingfoxsportsradioextremexmtalkradioxmtalkradioclearchannelalsocontrolledamericarightformerlybuzzxmbutthroughaseriesofshowswapsmostnonclearchannelcontentwasremovedandprogrammingcontrolreturnedtoxmradioplanstointroducenewregionalbasedtalkchannelswhichwouldhavefeaturedaregionalminutenewscastforeachareaofthecountrywerecanceledinsteadclearchannelchosetointroduceothermusicandtalkchannelsnewerchannelsincludingreachmdamericastalkremainontheairthepinkchannelnationallampooncomedyradiowsixfmwlwandrockrandomwerelaunchedandlaterremovedandreplacedbychannelslikebollywoodbeyondradiobollywoodbeyondthemusicsummitandsixxsenseallofwhichareontheairtodayseenasablowtoxmscommercialfreemusicchannelstatusxmexecutivevicepresidentofprogrammingericloganreleasedawebarchiveorgwebxmradiocomhaveaspprogrammingannouncementtoxmsubscribersonthecompanyswebsitethatreiteratedxmscommitmenttocommercialfreemusicwhilenotingthatxmstillhadthemostcommercialfreemusicandthatmorecommercialfreemusicchannelswillbeaddedinthenearfuturetoensurethatxmwillstillhavemorecommercialfreemusicthancompetitorsiriussatelliteradioonaprilxmlauncheduscountryxmflightxmxmhitlistxmandescapexmtoprovidecommercialfreemusicintheformatsoftheclearchannelprogrammedmusicchannelswhichweregoingtobeginairingcommercialsinresponsesiriushasadvertisedthattheyaretheonlysatelliteradioproviderthathascommercialfreemusicchannelsbothxmandsiriusaircommercialsontheirnewstalkandsportschannelstheclearchannelforwardsalesagreementwithbearstearnsbearstearnscoincwasterminatedonaugusttheterminationresultedinclearchannelinvestmentsincpayingbearstearnsatotalofmillionwhichwasthevalueofclearchannelsstakeinxmtheaccretedvalueofthedebtwasmillionandthefairvalueofthecollarwasanassetofmillionwhichresultedinanetgainofmillionforclearchannelxmvsriaainxmsatelliteradiowassuedbytheriaaoverxmsnewportabledevicesthepioneerinnoinnoandhelixtheriaaclaimsthesedevicesareequivalenttoadownloadingservicewhereasxmcontendsthedevicesareprotectedundertheaudiohomerecordingactinjulyxmrequestedthatafederaljudgedismissthecaseitshouldbenotedthatxmssubscriberscansaveonlysongstheyhearontheradioandcannotrequestaspecificsongtobedownloadedorprogramtheirradiostorecordspecificartistsxmsportabledevicesallowtheconsumertorecordaportionoftheirbroadcastmuchlikeavcrdigitalvideorecorderdvrorcassetteplayerwouldallowthecontentasubscriberrecordsisavailableonlywhilethesubscriberstillhasanactiveaccountwithxmsatelliteradiooncetheaccountisterminatedtherecordedcontentwillbecomeinaccessiblealsoifasubscriberfailstolistentoatotalofhoursofprogrammingamonththerecordedcontentwillnotbeaccessiblerecordedcontentcanbeaccessedonlyontheportabledeviceitcannotbetransferredtoahomecomputerorseparatedigitalmusicplayertheideaisnotnewtimetraxtechnologiescorporationledbyceoelliottfrutkindevelopedanapplicationtorecordsongstompandtagthemwiththeartistandtitleinformationdirectlyfromthexmnetworkinxmattemptedtothwartthispracticebydiscontinuingtherequiredxmpcrradiotimetraxrespondedbyquicklyrollingoutadaptiveinterfacestoallowalmostanyxmsubscribertousetheirtunertobuildmusiclibrariesdirectlyfromxmbroadcaststhereisspeculationthatthesefumblesbyxmanditsattitudetowardsthetimetraxtechnologymayhavebeenthewarningshotofmajortroublesbetweentheriaaandxmonjanuaryadistrictjudgeruledthattheriaacouldproceedwiththelawsuitrejectingxmsdefensethattheconductallegedinthecomplaintifprovedbytheriaawouldbeimmuneundertheaudiohomerecordingactofrefnameriaasuitrefpcranddirectpcrattheheartofthetimetraxcontroversywasthexmpcracomputercontrolledxmreceiverunliketheotherreceiverswhichcouldbeusedinthecarorhomestereothexmpcrrequiredacomputertorunasoftwareapplicationonthecomputeractedastheradioscontrolsanddisplaywhichledtoaflurryofthirdpartydeveloperswhowantedtomakeapcrreplacementmanyofthemwebarchiveorgwebxmradiocomhaveaspreceivedceaseanddesistlettersfromthexmcompanyoncethepcrwasdiscontinuedforthereasonslistedabovepeoplefoundthatthexmdirectareceiverintendedtobeusedinsatellitereadycarstereoscanbeconnectedtoacomputerwithaverysimpleadaptercablesomepeoplehavedubbedtheentirekitwithreceivercableandsoftwarethedirectpcrwhiletheoriginalpcrsoftwaredoesnotcontrolthexmdirectreceiverseveralcommunitydevelopershavecontinuedtodeveloppcrreplacementsoftwaremergerwithsiriussatelliteradioonfebruaryxmannouncedamergerdealwithsiriussatelliteradiothemergercombinedthetworadioservicesandcreatedasinglesatelliteradionetworkintheunitedstatesandcanadarefnamesiriusreftheunitedstatesdepartmentofjusticeannouncedonmarchthatithadcloseditsinvestigationofthemergerbecauseitconcludedthattheevidencedoesnotdemonstratethattheproposedmergerofxmandsiriuswaslikelytosubstantiallylessencompetitionrefnamedojclosingstatementrefonjunefederalcommunicationscommissionfccchairmankevinmartinfcckevinmartintoldthewashingtonpostthathehaddecidedtoapprovethexmsiriusmergerafterthecompaniesagreedinthepreviousweektoconcessionsintendedtopreventthenewcompanyfromraisingpricesorstiflingcompetitionmartinissuedanordertoapprovethemergeraccordingtothewallstreetjournalsettingthestageforafinalvotewhichcouldhaveoccurredanytimeafterhisrecommendationwascirculatedthexmsiriusmergergaineditsfinalgovernmentalapprovalfromthefederalcommunicationscommissiononjulywithmartinandcommissionersrobertmmcdowellanddecidingvotedeborahtaylortatevotingintheaffirmativeasatermofthemergerthecombinedcompanywillbefinedalmostmillionforfailingtocreateandmarketinterchangeableradioscapableofreceivingsignalsfrombothcompaniespriortothemergeriphoneipodtouchblackberryandandroidapplicationsxmdevelopedasoftwareapplicationforuseontheappleincappleiphoneandappleipodtouchdevicesthatallowedxmsubscriberstolistentoitsprogrammingovertheappledevicesthesiriusxmiphoneappbecameavailableintheappleitunesstoreonjuneallsiriusxminternetradiosubscribersareabletodownloadtheapplicationfromtheappleappstoreiositunesappstoreforfreelisteningonaniphoneipadipodtouchisincludedwithsomesubscriptionpackagesaseparatefeeisrequiredwithotherpackagessiriusxmdebutedanewwebpagewebarchiveorgwebxmradiocomhaveasptomarkettheapplicationonfebruarysiriusxmreleasedanappfortheresearchinmotionblackberrylineofsmartphonesincludingtheblackberrystormstormseriesblackberryboldboldseriesandblackberrytourtourseriesandblackberrycurvecurveseriesandliketheappleiphoneipodtouchapplicationtheblackberryappworldblackberryappisfreebutrequiresasiriusxmsubscriptionsiriusxmisalsoavailablefordownloadonandroidoperatingsystemandroiddevicesthroughgoogleplaytheapplicationscarrymostofthexmmusictalksportsandentertainmentprogrammingaswellassomeexclusiveinternetonlycontentthemobileapplicationsalsocarryaselectnumberofchannelsfromthebestofsiriusxmpackagesdependentonthesubscriberssubscriptionlevelcanadainnovembercanadiansatelliteradiofiledanapplicationwiththecanadianradiotelevisionandtelecommunicationscommissiontobringthexmservicetocanadaalongwithsiriuscanadaandtheconsortiumofchumlimitedandastralmediacsrwasoneofthreeapplicationsfornationalsubscriptionradioservicessubmittedtothecrtconjunethecrtcapprovedallthreeapplicationsthedecisionswereappealedtothecanadianfederalcabinetbyanumberofbroadcastinglabourandartsandcultureorganizationsincludingthefriendsofcanadianbroadcastingchumlimitedandthenationalcampusandcommunityradioassociationthegroupsobjectedtothesatelliteradioapplicantsapproachtoandreducedlevelsofcanadiancontentandfrenchlanguageprogrammingalongwiththeexclusionofcanadiannoncommercialbroadcastingafteralengthydebatecabinetrejectedtheappealsonseptemberxmscanadianchannelsappearedonusreceiversonnovemberonnovemberxmcanadaofficiallylaunchedseealsoboeingsatellitesystemslistofsiriusxmradiochannelssiriussatelliteradioworldspacexmradiocanadaxmsatelliteradiochannelhistorynotesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxmradiocomhaveaspofficialwebsiteunitedstatesxmradiocaofficialwebsitecanadaxmbizcomofficialxmforbusinesswebsiteforcommercialusexmwxweathercomxmwxweathercomthexylorimbasometimesreferredtoasxylomarimbaormarimbaxylophoneisapitchedpercussioninstrumentpercussionmusicalinstrumentinstrumentcorrespondingtoaxylophonewithanextendedrangeandnottoacombinationofaxylophonewithamarimbaasthenamemightsuggestlikethexylophoneandmarimbathexylorimbaconsistsofaseriesofwoodenbarslaidoutlikeamusicalkeyboardpianokeyboardwithacompasssufficientlylargetoembracethelowsoundingbarsofthemarimbaandthehighestsoundingbarsofthexylophonethelowernotesofthexylorimbasoundlikeaxylophoneratherthanamarimbaonaccountofthebarsbeingthickerandnarrowerthanthoseofamarimbathebarsofthexylophoneandthemarimbaareshapeddifferentlytoemphasizedifferentovertonesandofthedifferentsizeandshapeoftheresonatorsasthemarimbaxylophoneitwasapopularinstrumentinthesandsparticularlyinvaudevillethenamehasbeenasourceofconfusionmanycomposershavecalledforxylorimbaincludingalbanbergpierreboulezandoliviermessiaenbutwrittenpartsrequiringonlyafouroctavexylophonehoweverpierreboulezwrotefortwofiveoctavexylorimbasinpliselonplicompositionsincludingxylorimbaandoctaveinstrumentsalbanbergdreistckethreepiecesfororchestrarevisederikbergmanhathorsuiteforsopranobaritonemixedchorusandensemblecoranglaisfluteharpandpercussionwilliambolcomdreammusicnoforfourplayerspierreboulezlemarteausansmatreforaltoandsixinstrumentsrevisedpierreboulezpliselonpliforsopranoandorchestrahkgruberpianoconcertoworldpremierehelmutlachenmannmouvementvordererstarrungforthreeadhocplayersandplayershelmutlachenmannsouvenirforinstrumentshelmutlachenmannaccantoforsoloclarinetandorchestraoliviermessiaencouleursdelacitclesteforpianoandchamberorchestraoliviermessiaenlatransfigurationdenotreseigneurjsuschristformixedchoirsevensoloinstrumentsandlargeorchestraoliviermessiaendescanyonsauxtoilesforpianosolohornxylorimbaglockenspielandorchestraoliviermessiaensaintfranoisdassiseoperaoliviermessiaenclairssurlaudelclairssurlaudelforlargeorchestraigorstravinskythefloodstravinskythefloodamusicalplaytvoperakarlheinzstockhausengruppenforthreeorchestrasinthelistofinstrumentsfororchestraiiibutthescoreitselfcallsforamarimbaphoneasinorchestraireferencesreferencebladesjamesandjameshollandndxylorimbaxylomarimbamarimbaxylophonegrovemusiconlineeditedbydeanerootoxfordmusiconlineaccessedfebruaryxiuppercaselowercaseisthethletterofthegreekalphabetitispronouncedinmoderngreekandgenerallyorinenglishlanguageenglishinthesystemofgreeknumeralsithasavalueofxiwasderivedfromthephoenicianalphabetphoenicianlettersamekhimagephoeniciansamekhsvgpxxiisnottobeconfusedwiththeletterchiletterchiwhichgaveitsformtothelatinletterxgreekimagexialternatepngthumbleftajoinedvariantofbothinclassicalancientgreekandinmoderngreektheletterrepresentsthesoundinsomearchaicgreekalphabetsarchaiclocalvariantsofthegreekalphabetthisletterwasmissinginsteadespeciallyinthedialectsofmostofthegreekmainlandandeuboeathesoundkswasrepresentedbywhichinclassicalgreekischiletterchiusedforbecausethisvariantofthegreekalphabetwasusedinitalythelatinalphabetborrowedratherthanasthelatinletterxcyrillicwhilehavingnolatinderivativethexiwasadoptedintotheearlycyrillicalphabetastheletterksicyrillicletterksimathematicsandscienceuppercasetheuppercaseletterisusedassymbolforthexibaryoncascadeparticlesinparticlephysicsindicatingnochangeofstateinznotationthepartitionfunctionstatisticalmechanicspartitionfunctionunderthegrandcanonicalensembleinstatisticalmechanicsharishchandrasfunctiontheriemannxifunctionmonetaryunitsofthecryptocurrencyethereumetheretherequaltosupsupweilowercasethelowercaseletterisusedasasymbolforrandomvariablespropositionalvariablesinsomephilosophicalworksfirstfoundinwittgensteinstractatuslogicophilosophicustractatusdimensionlessdistancevariableusedinthelaneemdenequationextentofreactionaconceptinphysicalchemistryusedofteninchemicalengineeringkineticsandthermochemistryunknownstereochemistryorstereocentreconfigurationinaplanarringchemistryringsysteminorganicchemistryrefnamebuckinghamcooperrefaswellasuppercasexiforunknownrsezconfigurationingeneraleigenvectorsdampingratiocccrvibrationalanalysisaparameterinageneralizedparetodistributionthesymmetricfunctionequationoftheriemannzetafunctioninmathematicsalsoknownastheriemannxifunctionauniversalsetinsettheoryanumberusedintheremaindertermoftaylorstheoremthatfallsbetweenthelimitsaandbanumberusedinerrorapproximations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soreventohavebeenboughtbydemetriusphalereusandthenemancipatedinhediedfromhittinghisheadaftertrippingoverabronzepotinhishousexenocrateswassucceededasscholarchbypolemonscholarchpolemonwhomhehadreclaimedfromalifeofprofligacybesidespolemonthestatesmanphocionchaeronofpellenechaerontyrantofpellenetheacademiccrantorthezenoofcitiumstoiczenoandepicurusaresaidtohavefrequentedhislectureswantinginquicknessofapprehensionandnaturalgracehecompensatedbyperseveringandthoroughgoingindustrypurebenevolencepurityofmoralsunselfishnessandamoralearnestnesswhichcompelledesteemandtrustevenfromtheatheniansofhisownagexenocratesadheredcloselytotheplatonistdoctrineandheisaccountedthetypicalrepresentativeoftheoldacademyinhiswritingswhichwerenumerousheseemstohavecoverednearlythewholeoftheacademicprogrambutmetaphysicsandethicswerethesubjectswhichprincipallyengagedhisthoughtsheissaidtohavemademoreexplicitthedivisionofphilosophyintothethreepartsofphysicsdialecticandethicswritingswithacomprehensiveworkondialectictherewerealsoseparatetreatisesonknowledgeonknowledgibilityondivisionsongeneraandspeciesonideasontheoppositeandotherstowhichprobablytheworkonmediatethoughtalsobelongedtwoworksbyxenocratesonphysicsarementionedasarealsobooksonthegodsontheexistentontheoneontheindefiniteonthesoulontheemotionsonmemoryetcinlikemannerwiththemoregeneralethicaltreatisesonhappinessandonvirtuetherewereconnectedseparatebooksonindividualvirtuesonthevoluntaryetchisfourbooksonroyalfamilyroyaltyhehadaddressedtoalexanderthegreatalexanderbesidesthesehehadwrittentreatisesonthestateonthepoweroflawetcaswellasupongeometryarithmeticandastrologybesidesphilosophicaltreatiseshewrotepoetryepandparaenesisphilosophyepistemologyxenocratesmadeamoredefinitedivisionbetweenthethreedepartmentsofphilosophythanspeusippusbutatthesametimeabandonedplatosheuristicmethodofconductingthroughdoubtsaporiaiandadoptedinsteadamodeofbringingforwardhisdoctrinesinwhichtheyweredevelopeddogmaticallyxenocratesrecognizedthreegradesofcognitioneachappropriatedtoaregionofitsownknowledgesensationandopinionhereferredknowledgeepistemetothatessencewhichistheobjectofpurethoughtandisnotincludedinthephenomenalworldsensationaisthesistothatwhichpassesintotheworldofphenomenaopiniondoxatothatessencewhichisatoncetheobjectofsensuousperceptionandmathematicallyofpurereasontheessenceofheavenorthestarssothatheconceivedofdoxainahighersenseandendeavouredmoredefinitelythanplatotoexhibitmathematicsasmediatingbetweenknowledgeandsensuousperceptionallthreemodesofapprehensionpartakeoftruthbutinwhatmannerscientificperceptionepistemonikeaisthesisdidsoweunfortunatelydonotlearnevenherexenocratesspreferenceforsymbolicmodesofsensualisingordenotingappearsheconnectedtheabovethreestagesofknowledgewiththethreemoiraifatesatroposclothoandlachesismythologylachesisweknownothingfurtheraboutthemodeinwhichxenocratescarriedouthisdialecticasitisprobablethatwhatwaspeculiartoaristotelianismaristotelianlogicdidnotremainunnoticedinitforitcanhardlybedoubtedthatthedivisionoftheexistentintotheabsolutelyexistentandtherelativelyexistentattributedtoxenocrateswasopposedtothearistoteliantableofcategoriesaristotlecategoriesmetaphysicsweknowfromplutarchthatxenocratesifhedidnotexplaintheplatonicconstructionoftheworldsoulascrantorafterhimdidneverthelessdrewheavilyonthetimaeusdialoguetimaeusandfurtherthathewasattheheadofthosewhoregardingtheuniverseasunoriginatedandimperishablelookeduponthechronologicalsuccessionintheplatonictheoryasaforminwhichtodenotetherelationsofconceptualsuccessionplutarchunfortunatelydoesnotgiveusanyfurtherdetailsandcontentedhimselfwithdescribingthewellknownassumptionofxenocratesthatthesoulisaselfmovingnumberprobablyweshouldconnectwiththisthestatementthatxenocratescalledunityanddualitymonasandduasdeitiesandcharacterisedtheformerasthefirstmaleexistencerulinginheavenasfatherandzeusasunevennumberandspiritthelatterasfemaleasthemotherofthegodsandasthesouloftheuniversewhichreignsoverthemutableworldunderheavenorasothershaveitthathenamedthezeuswhoeverremainslikehimselfgoverninginthesphereoftheimmutablethehighesttheonewhorulesoverthemutablesublunaryworldthelastoroutermostiflikeotherplatonistshedesignatedthematerialprincipleasundefineddualitytheworldsoulwasprobablydescribedbyhimasthefirstdefineddualitytheconditioningordefiningprincipleofeveryseparatedefinitudeinthesphereofthematerialandchangeablebutnotextendingbeyonditheappearstohavecalleditinthehighestsensetheindividualsoulinaderivativesenseaselfmovingnumberthatisthefirstnumberendowedwithmotiontothisworldsoulzeusortheworldspirithasentrustedinwhatdegreeandinwhatextentwedonotlearndominionoverthatwhichisliabletomotionandchangethedivinepoweroftheworldsoulisthenagainrepresentedinthedifferentspheresoftheuniverseasinfusingsoulintotheplanetssunandmooninapurerformintheshapeoftwelveolympiansolympicgodsasasublunarydaemonmythologydaemonicalpowerasheraposeidondemeteritdwellsintheelementsandthesedaemonicalnaturesmidwaybetweengodsandmenarerelatedtothemastheisoscelestriangleistotheequilateralandthetriangletypesoftrianglescalenethedivineworldsoulwhichreignsoverthewholedomainofsublunarychangesheappearstohavedesignatedasthelastzeusthelastdivineactivityitisnotuntilwegettothesphereoftheseparatedaemonicalpowersofnaturethattheoppositionbetweengoodandevilbeginsandthedaemonicalpowerisappeasedbymeansofastubbornnesswhichitfindstherecongenialtoitthegooddaemonicalpowermakeshappythoseinwhomittakesupitsabodethebadruinsthemforeudaimoniaistheindwellingofagooddaemontheoppositetheindwellingofabadonehowxenocratestriedtoestablishandconnectscientificallytheseassumptionswhichappeartobetakenchieflyfromhisbooksonthenatureofthegodswedonotlearnandcanonlydiscovertheonefundamentalideaatthebasisofthemthatallgradesofexistencearepenetratedbydivinepowerandthatthisgrowslessandlessenergeticinproportionasitdescendstotheperishableandindividualhencehealsoappearstohavemaintainedthatasfarasconsciousnessextendssofaralsoextendsanintuitionofthatallrulingdivinepowerofwhichherepresentedevenirrationalanimalsaspartakingbutneitherthethicknorthethintothedifferentcombinationsofwhichheappearstohavetriedtoreferthevariousgradesofmaterialexistencewereregardedbyhimasinthemselvespartakingofsouldoubtlessbecausehereferredthemimmediatelytothedivineactivityandwasfarfromattemptingtoreconcilethedualityoftheprincipiaortoresolvethemintoanoriginalunityhencetoohewasforprovingtheincorporealityofthesoulbythefactthatitisnotnourishedasthebodyisitisprobablethataftertheexampleofplatohedesignatedthedivineprincipiumasaloneindivisibleandremaininglikeitselfthematerialasthedivisiblepartakingofmultiformityanddifferentandthatfromtheunionofthetwoorfromthelimitationoftheunlimitedbytheabsoluteunityhededucednumberandforthatreasoncalledthesouloftheuniverselikethatofindividualbeingsaselfmovingnumberwhichbyvirtueofitstwofoldrootinthesameandthedifferentsharesequallyinpermanenceandmotionandattainstoconsciousnessbymeansofthereconciliationofthisoppositionaristotleinhismetaphysicsaristotlemetaphysicsrecognizedamongstcontemporaryplatoniststhreeprincipalviewsconcerningtheidealnumbersandtheirrelationtotheideasandtomathematicalnumbersthosewholikeplatodistinguishedidealandmathematicalnumbersthosewholikexenocratesidentifiedidealnumberswithmathematicalnumbersthosewholikespeusippuspostulatedmathematicalnumbersonlyaristotlehasmuchtosayagainstthexenocrateaninterpretationofthetheoryandinparticularpointsoutthatiftheidealnumbersaremadeupofarithmeticalunitstheynotonlyceasetobeprinciplesbutalsobecomesubjecttoarithmeticaloperationsinthederivationofthingsaccordingtotheseriesofthenumbersheseemstohavegonefurtherthananyofhispredecessorsheapproximatedtothepythagoreansinthisthatasisclearfromhisexplanationofthesoulheregardednumberastheconditioningprincipleofconsciousnessandconsequentlyofknowledgealsohethoughtitnecessaryhowevertosupplywhatwaswantinginthepythagoreanassumptionbythemoreaccuratedefinitionborrowedfromplatothatitisonlyinsofarasnumberreconcilestheoppositionbetweenthesameandthedifferentandhasraiseditselftoselfmotionthatitissoulwefindasimilarattemptatthesupplementationoftheplatonicdoctrineinxenocratessassumptionofindivisiblelinesinthemhethoughthehaddiscoveredwhataccordingtoplatogodaloneknowsandheamongmenwhoislovedbyhimnamelytheelementsorprincipiaoftheplatonictrianglesheseemstohavedescribedthemasfirstoriginallinesandinasimilarsensetohavespokenoforiginalplainfiguresandbodiesconvincedthattheprincipiaoftheexistentshouldbesoughtnotinthematerialnotinthedivisiblewhichattainstotheconditionofaphenomenonbutmerelyintheidealdefinitudeofformhemayverywellinaccordancewiththishaveregardedthepointasamerelysubjectivelyadmissiblepresuppositionandapassageofaristotlerespectingthisassumptionshouldperhapsbereferredtohimethicstheinformationonhisethicsisscantyhetriedtosupplementtheplatonicdoctrineatvariouspointsandatthesametimetogiveitamoredirectapplicabilitytolifehedistinguishedfromthegoodandthebadsomethingwhichisneithergoodnorbadfollowingtheideasofhisacademicpredecessorsheviewedthegoodasthatwhichshouldbestrivenafterforitselfthatiswhichhasvalueinitselfwhilethebadistheoppositeofthisconsequentlythatwhichisneithergoodnorbadiswhatinitselfisneithertobestrivenafternortobeavoidedbutderivesvalueortheoppositeaccordingasitservesasmeansforwhatisgoodorbadorratherisusedbyusforthatpurposeimagexenocratesnurembergchroniclejpgleftpxthumbxenocratesdepictedasamedievalscholarinthenurembergchroniclewhilehoweverxenocratesandwithhimspeusippusandtheotherphilosophersoftheolderacademywouldnotacceptthattheseintermediatethingssuchashealthbeautycelebrityfamegooddestinyfortuneetcwerevaluableinthemselveshedidnotacceptthattheywereabsolutelyworthlessorindifferentaccordingthereforeaswhatbelongstotheintermediateregionisadaptedtobringaboutortohinderthegoodxenocratesappearstohavedesignateditasgoodorevilprobablywiththeprovisothatbymisusewhatisgoodmightbecomeevilandviceversathatbyvirtuewhatisevilmightbecomegoodstillhemaintainedthatvirtuealoneisvaluableinitselfandthatthevalueofeverythingelseisconditionalaccordingtothishappinessshouldcoincidewiththeconsciousnessofvirtuethoughitsreferencetotherelationsofhumanliferequirestheadditionalconditionthatitisonlyintheenjoymentofthegoodthingsandcircumstancesoriginallydesignedforitbynaturethatitattainstocompletiontothesegoodthingshoweversensuousgratificationdoesnotbelonginthissenseheontheonehanddenotedperfecthappinessasthepossessionofpersonalvirtueandthecapabilitiesadaptedtoitandthereforereckonedamongitsconstituentelementsbesidesmoralactionsconditionsandfacilitiesthosemovementsandrelationsalsowithoutwhichexternalgoodthingscannotbeattainedandontheotherhanddidnotallowthatwisdomunderstoodasthescienceoffirstcausesorintelligibleessenceorastheoreticalunderstandingisbyitselfthetruewisdomwhichshouldbestrivenafterbypeopleandthereforeseemstohaveregardedthishumanwisdomasatthesametimeexertedininvestigatingdefiningandapplyinghowdecidedlyheinsistednotonlyontherecognitionoftheunconditionalnatureofmoralexcellencebutonmoralityofthoughtisshownbyhisdeclarationthatitcomestothesamethingwhetheronecastslongingeyesorsetsonesfeetuponthepropertyofothershismoralearnestnessisalsoexpressedinthewarningthattheearsofchildrenshouldbeguardedagainstthepoisonofimmoralspeechesmathematicsxenocratesisknowntohavewrittenabookonnumbersandatheoryofnumbersbesidesbooksongeometryplutarchwritesthatxenocratesonceattemptedtofindthetotalnumberofsyllablesthatcouldbemadefromthelettersofthealphabetaccordingtoplutarchxenocratesresultwasamyriadandtwentytimesamyriadmyriadthispossiblyrepresentsthefirstinstancethatacombinatorialprobleminvolvingpermutationswasattemptedxenocratesalsosupportedtheideaofindivisiblelinesandmagnitudesinordertocounterzenosparadoxesseealsoonindivisiblelinesnotesreferencesattributionexternallinkshistorymcsstandrewsacukbiographiesxenocrateshtmluniversityofstandrewsscotlandbiographyofxenocratesspeciesboxnamexenusionauerswaldaefossilrangeimagexenusionpjpgimagecaptiongenusxenusionspeciesauerswaldaeparentauthoritypompeckjauthoritypompeckjrangemaprangemapcaptionsynonymsrefsynonymsxenusionauerswaldaeisanearlyarthropodaarthropodvelvetwormonychophoreknownfromtwospecimensfoundinglacialdebrisingermanyrefnamedzikreftheyprobablyoriginatedinthekalmarsundsandstoneofsouthernswedenjaegerandmartinssonwhichwasdepositedinthelowercambrianuppertommotianloweratdabanianstagesrefnamehanrefthespecimensarenotespeciallywellpreservedtheolderspecimenisnbspcmorsoinlengthwithanarrowweaklysegmentedbodyadepressionrunsupthebottomonallbuttherearmostsegmentsthereisaslightlybulboustailandeachsegmentbeyondthatseemstohaveasinglepairoftaperingannulatedlegssimilartothemodernvelvetwormonychophorebutwithoutclawsninesegmentsarepresentthereisaspineoneachbodybumpandfainttransverseparallelstriationsontheannulationsonthelegsthelegsofwhatispossiblytheforemostsegmentsareeithermissingornotpreservedtheheadisbelievedtobemissingorispoorlypreservedifxenusionisanarthropodaarthropodvelvetwormonychophoreitisoneoftheoldestcurrentlyknownfossilsofamobilemodernanimalitsbeensaidtohavealongnarrowproboscisbutthisisprobablyapreservationalartefactxenusionhasbeenreinterpretedasanediacaranbiotaediacaranfrondanimalbytarloandadrawingofthatinterpretationhasbeenpresentedbymcmenaminassumingthatthecreatureisactuallyalobopodiantheoriginalspecimenwouldappeartobepartofananimalaboutnbspcminlengthinaphotographpresentedintreatiseoninvertebratepaleontologythetreatiseoninvertebratepaleontologyvolumeotheorganismsappearanceseemstosupporttheoriginalinterpretationmorefurtherstudiesofxenusiidclosethepossibilityofarangeomorphyaffinityreferencesexternallinksucmpberkeleyeduonychophonychophorafrhtmlonychophorafossilrecordinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexaibeimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagimagesealpushpinmapbelizepushpinmapsizemapcaptionsubdivisiontypelistofsovereignstatescountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypedistrictsofbelizedistrictsubdivisionnamecorozaldistrictsubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamegovernmenttypevillagecouncilgoverningbodyxaibevillagecouncilleadertitlechairmanleadernamelucianonohestablishedtitleestablisheddateareamagnitudeareatotalkmareatotalsqmiarealandkmarealandsqmiareawaterkmareawatersqmiareawaterpercentareaurbankmareaurbansqmiareametrokmareametrosqmipopulationasofpopulationnotepopulationtotalrefnamecensusrefpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmpopulationdensitymetrosqmipopulationurbantimezonecentraltimezonecentralutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationmelevationftwebsitefootnotesxaibeissmallruralsettlementinthecountryofbelizemainlyconsistingofpeoplefromtheyucatecmayaethnicityitislocatedincorozaldistrictthenamexaibeliterallymeanscrossroadsthepeopleofthemayacivilizationoftentraversedacrossthevillagetoreachothermayavillagesthepopulationofthevillageisverysmallthelastavailabledataofthepopulationofxaibeinrevealedthatithadamodestpopulationofapproximatelypeoplethereishoweverevidenceofthefactthatthepeoplebelongingtothemayacivilizationresidedinthexaibevillagethesepeoplethengraduallyshiftedtomexicojustacrosstheborderatthetimeofthecastewarofyucatnstateyucatnthevillageisknownforcelebratingthemayatraditionhanalpixanwhichmeansfoodforthesoulsalsoknownasdayofthedeaddisastersbecauseofitslocationonthecaribbeancoastlineitisvulnerabletotropicalcycloneshurricanejanetandhurricanedeanbothtropicalcyclonescalescategorystormsmadelandfallnearxaibevillageinandrespectivelythevillagewasbadlydamagedbyhurricanejanetinandwassubstantiallyrebuiltaccessthenearestairportstotheregionincludethesanpedrointernationalairportwhichisonlynbspminbspkmawaythephilipswgoldsoninternationalairportbeingnbspminbspkmfarandthechetumalinternationalairportlocatednbspminbspkmawayatneighboringcountrymexicothecitiesandtownsclosetoxaibearexcanluumpatchakanchanchencarolinacalcuttasanantonioranchitoandsanandresxaibeisalsolocatedonlynbspminbspkmfromthedistrictscapitalcorozaltownlocatedatthecorozalbayeducationthereisonlyoneschoollocatedwithinthevillagelimitsxaiberomancatholicschoolxaibercschooltheschoolhasthreemaindivisionsinfantdivisionmiddledivisionandupperdivisioninfantdivisionisdividedintoinfantiinfantiiandstandardiwherekidsfromfivetosevenyearsoldattendmiddledivisioncomprisesstandardiiandstandardiiistudentsfromeighttotenyearsoldattendupperdivisioncomprisesstandardivstandardvandstandardviwhichareforstudentsfromeleventothirteenyearsofageatthislastlevelstudentsstarttopreparefortheirprimaryschoolexaminationpsewhichforprimaryschoolgraduationpoliticsthevillageasawholehasrepeatedlyvotedthepupvillagecouncilheadedbylucianonohforoveryearsandcommunityaffairshaveaccordingtonearlyallresidentsworkedwellunderthecurrentcouncilhoweverasisthecasethroughoutbelizefinancesaregettingtighterandemploymentopportunitiesscarcerandvillagersfromxaibearenotimmunetofeelingthepinchshopkeeperscomplainofheightenedcompetitionbetweenvendorsasituationmadeworsebytheoveralldecreasingdemandforgoodsasmorevillagersareforcedtorelyoncontrabandmexicangoodssolelytobeabletoprovideforthemselvesandtheirfamiliesasinflationcontinuestoafflictruralcommunitiesthroughoutourcountryeconomythemajorityofvillagersmadetheirwealthduringtheclimaxofthesugarcaneindustryandvillagersaregratefultothepasteconomyforhavingprovidedhousesandlandwhichintodaystighttimeswouldbeimpossibletoacquirehoweverthelabourforceofxaibetodayhasforciblybecomemorefluidadjustingtonewindustriesandjobvacanciesthatwillatleastprovideabareminimumsalarysuchasatthenearbyfrutabombapapayafarmandintheretailandserviceindustryinthefreezoneandbordercasinosforthosewhohavenotbeenabletosecureemploymentlocallymanyhaveleftthevillagetojoinmorepromisingtouristindustriesinthecayesandelsewhereinthecountryalthoughthecurrenteconomiccrisisiswarrantingmanyofthesetosufferunorunderemploymenttooclimatetheclimateinxaibeissubtropicalsimilartothatincentralorsouthfloridainwintertemperaturesmaydroptothehighsfatnightbuttheresneverafrostinspringandsummerthethermometermayhitthelowsatmiddayanddroponlytothesatnightweatherboxlocationxaibemetricfirstyessinglelineyesjanhighcfebhighcmarhighcaprhighcmayhighcjunhighcjulhighcaughighcsephighcocthighcnovhighcdechighcjanlowcfeblowcmarlowcaprlowcmaylowcjunlowcjullowcauglowcseplowcoctlowcnovlowcdeclowcjanprecipitationmmfebprecipitationmmmarprecipitationmmaprprecipitationmmmayprecipitationmmjunprecipitationmmjulprecipitationmmaugprecipitationmmsepprecipitationmmoctprecipitationmmnovprecipitationmmdecprecipitationmmsourcenationalmeteorologicinstituteofbelizedateaugustreferencesinfoboxnumbernumbernumeralnonarydivisorunicodegreekprefixwiktionaryenneaennealatinprefixwiktionarynonanonalangamhariclanguageamhariclangsymbolspanstylefontsizespanlangarabiclanguagearabiclcentralkurdishkurdishlangsymbolspanstylefontsizespanlangurdulangsymbollangarmeniannumeralsarmeniannumerallangsymbolspanstylefontsizespanlangbengalilanguagebengalilangsymbolspanstylefontsizespanlangchinesenumeralschinesejapanesebrkoreannumerallangsymbolbrlangdevangarlangsymbolspanstylefontsizespanlanggreeknumeralsgreeknumerallangsymbollanghebrewnumeralshebrewnumerallangsymbolspanstylefontsizespanlangtamilnumeralslangsymbolspanstylefontsizespanlangkhmernumeralskhmerlangsymbollangtelugulanguagetelugunumerallangsymbolspanstylefontsizespanlangthainumeralsthainumerallangsymbolspanstylefontsizespannineisthenaturalnumberfollowingandprecedingnineisthehighestonedigitnumberinasystemofnumbersusingbasemathematicsisacompositenumberitsproperdivisorsbeinganditistimesandhencethethirdsquarenumbernineisamotzkinnumberitisthefirstcompositeluckynumberalongwiththefirstcompositeoddnumberandonlysingledigitcompositeoddnumberistheonlypositiveperfectpowerthatisonemorethananotherpositiveperfectpowerbycatalanconjecturemihilescustheoremisthehighestsingledigitnumberinthedecimaldecimalsystemitisthesecondnonunitarysquareprimenumberprimeoftheformpsupsupandthefirstthatisoddallsubsequentsquaresofthisformareoddsinceisanexponentialfactorialapolygonwithninesidesiscalledanonagonorenneagonagroupofnineofanythingiscalledanenneadindecimalbaseapositivenumberisdivisiblebyifandonlyifitsdigitalrootisthatisifanynaturalnumberismultipliedbyandthedigitsoftheanswerarerepeatedlyaddeduntilitisjustonedigitthesumwillbeninethereareotherinterestingpatternsinvolvingmultiplesofninethisworksforallthemultiplesofistheonlyothersuchthatanumberisdivisiblebynifandonlyifitsdigitalrootisninpositionalnotationbasenthedivisorsofhavethispropertyanotherconsequenceofbeingisthatitisalsoakaprekarnumberthedifferencebetweenabasepositiveintegerandthesumofitsdigitsisawholemultipleofnineexamplesthesumofthedigitsofisandthedigitalrootofiswhichasexplainedabovedemonstratesthatitisdivisiblebyninethesumofthedigitsofisandthedigitalrootofiscastingoutninesisaquickwayoftestingthecalculationsofsumsdifferencesproductsandquotientsofintegersknownaslongagoasthethnbspcenturysixrecurringninesappearinthedecimalplacesthroughofpiseesixninesinpiifdividinganumberbytheamountofscorrespondingtoitsnumberofdigitsthenumberisturnedintoarepeatingdecimalegtherearenineheegnernumbersprobabilityinprobabilitythenineisalogarithmicmeasureoftheprobabilityofaneventdefinedasthenegativeofthebaselogarithmoftheprobabilityoftheeventsprobabilityaxiomscomplementforexampleaneventthatislikelytooccurhasanunlikelihoodoforwhichamountstoofprobabilityzeroprobabilitygiveszeroninesaprobabilityisconsideredtobeimpossibleinmostcircumstancesthatresultsininfiniteimprobabilitytheeffectivityofprocessesandtheavailabilityofsystemscanbeexpressedasaruleofthumbnotexplicitlyasaseriesofninesforexampleninesfiveninesavailabilityimpliesatotaldowntimeofnomorethanfiveminutesperyearnbsptypicallyaveryhighdegreeofwiktreliabilityreliabilitybutneverlistofbasiccalculationsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitestylewidthpxmultiplicationstylewidthpxxnumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumberclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitestylewidthpxdivisionmathematicsdivisionstylewidthpxxxclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitestylewidthpxexponentiationxnumbernumberclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhiterowspanstylewidthpxradixrowspanxsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubevolutionoftheglyphaccordingtogeorgesifrahtheoriginoftheintegerscanbeattributedtoancientindiancivilizationandwasadoptedbysubsequentcivilizationsinconjunctionwiththeinthebeginningvariousindianswrotesimilartothemodernclosingquestionmarkwithoutthebottomdotthekshatrapaandhraandguptastartedcurvingthebottomverticallinecomingupwithalookalikethenagaricontinuedthebottomstroketomakeacircleandenclosethelookalikeinmuchthesamewaythatthecharacterencirclesalowercaseaastimewentontheenclosingcirclebecamebiggeranditslinecontinuedbeyondthecircledownwardsasthelookalikebecamesmallersoonallthatwasleftofthelookalikewasasquigglethearabssimplyconnectedthatsquiggletothedownwardstrokeatthemiddleandsubsequenteuropeanchangewaspurelycosmeticwhiletheshapeofthecharacterhasanascendertypographyascenderinmostmoderntypefacesintypefaceswithtextfiguresthecharacterusuallyhasadescenderasforexampleinthisnumeralresemblesaninvertedtodisambiguatethetwoonobjectsanddocumentsthatcanbeinvertedtheisoftenunderlinedasisdonefortheanotherdistinctionfromtheisthatitissometimeshandwrittenwithastraightstemresemblingaraisedlowercaseletterqalphabetsandcodesinthenatophoneticalphabetthedigitiscalledninerfivedigitproducepricelookupcodeplucodesthatbeginwithareorganicfoodorganiccommercecommonterminaldigitinpsychologicalpricingcultureandmythologyindianculturenineisanumberthatappearsofteninindiancultureandmythologysomeinstancesareenumeratedbelowninenavagrahainfluencersareattestedinindianastrologyinthevaisheshikabranchofhinduphilosophytherearenineuniversalsubstancesorelementsprithviearthapwaterwatervayuairagnifireakashaetherklatimetimevaisheshikathecategoriesorpadcrthaspacetmanhinduismsoulandmanasearlybuddhismmindnavaratriisaninedayfestivaldedicatedtothenavadurganineformsofdurganavaratnameaningninejewelsmayalsorefertonavaratnasaccomplishedcourtierskormanavratankormanavratanakindofdishoraformofnavaratnaarchitecturearchitectureaccordingtoyogathehumanbodyhasninedoorstwoeyestwoearsthemouthtwonostrilsandtheopeningsfordefecationandprocreationinindianaestheticsthereareninekindsofrasaaestheticsrasachinesecultureninepinyinjiisconsideredagoodnumbersinchineseculturenumberinchineseculturebecauseitsoundsthesameasthewordlonglastingpinyinjinineisstronglyassociatedwiththechinesedragonasymbolofmagicandpowertherearenineformsofthedragonitisdescribedintermsofnineattributesandithasninechildrenithasscalesnbspyinandyangyangmasculineheavenlyandyinandyangyinfeminineearthlyallthreenumbersaremultiplesofaswellashavingthesamedigitalrootofthedragonoftensymbolizestheemperorofchinaemperorandthenumberninecanbefoundinmanyornamentsintheforbiddencitythecircularaltarplatformearthlymountofthetempleofheavenhasonecircularmarbleplateinthecentersurroundedbyaringofnineplatesthenbyaringofplatesandsoonforatotalofnineringswiththeoutermosthavingthenameoftheareacalledkowlooninhongkongliterallymeansninechinesedragondragonstheninedottedlinedelimitscertainislandterritorialdisputesinthesouthchinaseaclaimsbychinainthesouthchinaseathenineranksystemwasacivilservicenominationsystemusedduringcertainchinesedynastiespointsofthehearthealinghealheartmasterimmortalitychannelsintraditionalchinesemedicineancientegypttheninebowsisatermusedinancientegypttorepresentthetraditionalenemiesofegypttheenneadisagroupofnineegyptiandeitieswhoinsomeversionsoftheosirismythjudgedwhetherhorusorsetmythologysetshouldinheritegypteuropeanculturethenineworthiesareninehistoricalorsemilegendaryfigureswhointhemiddleageswerebelievedtopersonifytheidealsofchivalryinnorsemythologytheuniverseisdividedintonorsecosmologynineworldswhichareallconnectedbytheworldtreeyggdrasilgreekmythologytheninemusesingreekmythologyarecalliopeepicpoetrycliohistoryeratoeroticpoetryeuterpelyricpoetrymelpomenetragedypolyhymniasongterpsichoredancethaliamusethaliacomedyanduraniaastronomyittakesninedaysforananviltofallfromheaventoearthandninemoretofallfromearthtotartarusletolaboredforninedaysandninenightsforapolloaccordingtothehomerichymnhomerichymntodelianapollomesoamericanmythologythelordsofthenightisagroupofninedeitieswhoeachruledovereveryninthnightformingacalendricalcycleaztecmythologymictlantheunderworldinaztecmythologyconsistsofninelevelsmayanmythologythemayanunderworldxibalbaconsistsofninelevelselcastillochichenitzaelcastillothemayansteppyramidinchichnitzconsistsofninestepsitissaidthatthiswasdonetorepresenttheninelevelsofxibalbaanthropologyidiomstogothewholenineyardsacatoninetailssuggestsperfectpunishmentandatonementrobertripleyacathasninelivestobeoncloudnineastitchintimesavesninefoundtrueoutoftimespossessionisninetenthsofthelawthewordkpronouncesthesameascanineandisusedinmanyunitedstatesuspolicedepartmentstodenotethepolicedogunitdespitenotsoundinglikethetranslationofthewordcanineinotherlanguagesmanypoliceandmilitaryunitsaroundtheworldusethesamedesignationsomeonedressedtotheninesisdressedupasmuchastheycanbeinnorthamericanurbanculturenineisaslangwordforammpistolorhomicidethelatterfromtheillinoiscriminalcodeforhomicidesocietytheonyahoohostedbymariasansonewasadailyvideocompilationshoworvlogonyahoofeaturingtheninetopwebfindsofthedayninejusticessitontheunitedstatessupremecourttechniqueimageicsninersvgrightthumbpxinternationalmaritimesignalflagforimageplayingcardsjpgthumbpxplayingcardsshowingtheofallfoursuitsstaninesamethodofscalingtestscoresrangefromtotherearesquarefootsquarefeetinasquareyardliteraturetherearedivinecomedythecirclesofhellninecirclesofhellindantesdivinecomedytheninebrightshinerscharactersingarthnixsoldkingdomtrilogytheninebrightshinerswasasbookofpoemsbyanneridlerandafictionbookbyantheafraserthenamederivesfromaverycuriousoldsemipagansemichristiansongtheninetailorsisamysterynovelbyunitedkingdombritishwriterdorothylsayersherninthfeaturingsleuthlordpeterwimseynineunknownmenareinoccultlegendthecustodiansofthesciencesoftheworldsinceancienttimesinjrrtolkiensmiddleearththerearenineringsofpowergiventomenandconsequentlyninenazgulringwraithsadditionallythefellowshipoftheringmembersofthefellowshipoftheringthefellowshipoftheringconsistsofninecompanionsinlorienlegaciesthereareninegardesenttoearthnumbernineisacharacterinlorienlegaciesintheseriesasongoficeandfiretherearenineregionsofwesterosthecrownlandsthenorththeriverlandsthewesterlandsthereachthestormlandsthevaleofarryntheironislandsanddorneadditionallythereisagroupofninecitystatesinwesternessosknowncollectivelyasthefreecitiesbraavoslorathlysmyrnorvospentosqohortyroshandvolantisorganizationsdivineninethenationalpanhelleniccouncilnphcisacollaborativeorganizationofninehistoricallyafricanamericaninternationalgreekletteredfraternitiesandsororitiesplacesandthoroughfareslistofhighwaysnumberedninthavenuemanhattanninthavenueisamajoravenueinmanhattanreligionandphilosophyimagebahaistarsvgpxrightaninepointedstarnineasthehighestsingledigitnumberindecimalbasetensymbolizescompletenessinthebahfaithinadditionthewordbahintheabjadnumeralsabjadnotationhasavalueofandapointedstarisusedtobahsymbolssymbolizethereligionthenumberisreveredinhinduismandconsideredacompleteperfectedanddivinenumberbecauseitrepresentstheendofacycleinthedecimalsystemwhichoriginatedfromtheindiansubcontinentasearlyasthcenturybcbcinbuddhismgautamabuddhawasbelievedtohaveninevirtueswhichhewasaccomplishedperfectlyenlightenedendowedwithknowledgeandconductorpracticewellgoneorwellspokentheknowerofworldstheguideunsurpassedofmentobetamedtheteacherofgodsandmenenlightenedandblessedimportantbuddhistritualsusuallyinvolveninemonksthefirstninedaysofthehebrewcalendarhebrewmonthofavmonthavarecollectivelyknownastheninedaystishahayamimandareaperiodofsemimourningleadinguptotishabavtheninthdayofavonwhichbothtempleinjerusalemtemplesinjerusalemweredestroyednineisasignificantnumberinnorsemythologyodinhunghimselfonanashtreeforninedaystolearntherunesthefourthwayenneagramisonesystemofknowledgewhichshowsthecorrespondencebetweentheintegersandthecircleinthechristianangelichierarchytherearechoirsofangelsramadancalendarmonthramadanthemonthoffastingandprayeristheninthmonthoftheislamiccalendartianstrigramnumberoffengshuiintaoismscienceastronomybeforewhenplutowasplutoiauclassificationofficiallydesignatedasanonplanettherewerenineplanetsinthesolarsystemmessierobjectmessiermisamagnitudeglobularclusterintheconstellationophiuchusthenewgeneralcataloguengcicorgobjectngcaspiralgalaxyintheconstellationpegasusconstellationpegasuschemistrythepurityofchemicalsseeninepuritynineistheatomicnumberoffluorinephysiologyahumanpregnancynormallylastsninemonthsthebasisofnaegelesrulesportsrackbilliardsrackwiththenoballatthecenternineballisthestandardprofessionalpocketbilliardsvariantplayedintheunitedstatesinassociationfootballsoccerthecentreforwardstrikertraditionallysinceatleastthefiftieswearsthenumbershirtinbaseballtherearenineplayersonthefieldincludingthepitchertherearenineinningsinastandardgamerepresentstherightfielderspositionnineajournalofbaseballhistoryandculturepublishedbytheuniversityofnebraskapressinrugbyleaguethejerseynumberassignedtothehookerrugbyleaguehookerinmostcompetitionsanexceptionistheeuropeansuperleaguewhichusesstaticsquadnumberinginrugbyunionthenumberwornbythestartingscrumhalfrugbyunionscrumhalftechnologyimagesevensegmentsvgpxrightimagesevensegmentaltsvgpxrightisoistheinternationalorganizationforstandardizationisosstandardforthetransliterationofcyrilliccharactersintolatincharactersintherichtextformatspecificationisthelanguagecodefortheenglishlanguageallcodesforregionalvariantsofenglisharecongruenttomodthesevensegmentdisplayallowsthenumbertobeconstructedtwowayseitherwithahookattheendofitsstemorwithoutonemostliquidcrystaldisplaylcdcalculatorsusetheformerbutsomevacuumfluorescentdisplayvfdmodelsusethelatterthelimitedownerofthecomthecomisacompanyinthevideogameindustryincludingformertiestotheextremelypopularmmorpgworldofwarcraftmusicrevolutionasoundcollagewhichappearsonthebeatleseponymousalbumthebeatlesalbumthebeatlesakathewhitealbumprominentlyfeaturesaloopofamansvoicerepeatingthephrasenumberninetherearesemitonesinamajorthintervalinmusicseealsodisambiguationcloudninecloudninereferencesfurtherreadingcecilbalmondnumberthesearchforthesigmacodeprestelexclusiveorinfoboxsoftwarenamexnewslogoimagexnewslogoxpngscreenshotdeletedimageremovedimagexnewsmainpngpxcaptionxnewsusenetnewsreaderdeveloperluutranprogramminglanguageobjectpascalusingembarcaderodelphilatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdateoperatingsystemmicrosoftwindowsgenrenewsclientlicenseproprietaryfreewarewebsitewebarchiveorgwebxnewsnewsguycomxnewsnewsguycomxnewsisafreewareusenetnewsclientnewsreadercreatedbyluutranitiswrittenindelphiprogramminglanguagedelphianditisgoodnetkeepingsealofapprovalgnksacompliantsomeofitsfeatureswereinspiredbytheprogramnewsxpresstransaysthathedesignsthexnewsinterfaceandfeaturesforhimselfonlyreflectinghispreferenceshabitsandsensibilityxnewsdoesnotsupportutforanyothercharactersetencodingmakingitdifficultorevenimpossibletouseforreadingorpostingarticlesinlanguagesotherthanenglishitishoweverpossibletorunxnewswithmimeproxytoatleastpartiallyworkaroundthisissuexnewsdoesnotnativelysupportsslbutcanbeaddedusingstunnelquestionsanddiscussionaboutxnewscanbefoundintheusenetgroupnewsnewssoftwarereadersttnewssoftwarereaderstttheauthorneverofficiallyannouncedthestoppingofhisworkontheprogrambutitswebsitewentofflinearoundlateorearlybythattimethelatestofficialversionwasaroundyearsoldseealsolistofusenetnewsreaderscomparisonofusenetnewsreadersreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxnewsnewsguycomofficialwebsitearchivewebarchiveorgweblamaizierenetmppagenhtmlmimeproxyarchivealhowardknightnetmsgidcgistypemsgidamsgiccbadbbluutrangeocitiescomnewsmindspringcomeluusfirstannouncementaboutxnewsonnewssoftwarereadersslyckcomxnewsphpslycksquickguidetoxnewstwovoyagerscomblinkynetnetcompndxwindowshtmlthelateblinkythesharkstipsandthingspageforxnewsdigilanderliberoitxnewsalanfordsitalianxnewstranslationandresourcesspromptuariiiconuminsigniorumxanthippethcenturythcenturybcewasanclassicalathensancientathenianthewifeofsocratesandmotheroftheirthreesonslamproclessophroniscusandmenexenusshewaslikelymuchyoungerthansocratesperhapsbyasmuchasyearsnamexanthippemeansyellowhorsefromthegreeklanguagegreekxanthosblondeandhipposhorsehersisoneofmanygreekpersonalnameswithahorsethemecfphilipposfriendofhorseshippocrateshorsetameretcthehipposinanancientgreeknameoftensuggestedaristocraticheritageoneadditionalreasonforthinkingxanthippesfamilywassociallyprominentwasthathereldestsonwasnamedlamproclesinsteadofsophroniscusaftersophroniscussocratesfathertheancientgreekcustomwastonameonesfirstchildafterthemoreillustriousofthetwograndfathersxanthippesfatherisbelievedtohavebeennamedlamproclesifhewasevenmorewellestablishedinathenianaristocracythanwassocratesfatherhisnamewouldhavebeenthepreferredchoiceforthenameofthefirstbornsoncharacterplatosportrayalofxanthippeinthephaedosuggeststhatshewasadevotedwifeandmothersheismentionednowhereelseinplatoxenophoninhismemorabiliaxenophonmemorabiliaportraysherinmuchthesamelightalthoughhedoesmakelamproclescomplainofherharshnessitcouldbearguedthatthisisfairlytypicalofanadolescentsviewsofastrictparentitisonlyinxenophonssymposiumxenophonsymposiumwherewehavesocratesagreethatsheisinantistheneswordsthehardesttogetalongwithofallthewomenthereareneverthelesssocratesaddsthathechoseherpreciselybecauseofherargumentativespiritperhapsthispictureofxanthippeoriginatedwiththehistoricalantisthenesoneofsocratespupilssincexenophoninitiallyputsthisviewintohismouthclaudiusaelianusaelianalsodepictsherasajealousshrewinhisdescriptionofanepisodeinwhichshetramplesunderfootalargeandbeautifulcakesenttosocratesbyalcibiadesdiogeneslartiustellsofotherstoriesinvolvingxanthippessupposedabusivenessbuthedoesnotciteanysourceforthemrefnamedldiogeneslartiusrefprintportrayingxanthippeemptyingachamberpotoversocratesfromemblematahoratianaillustratedbyothovaeniusitseemsthatxenophonsportrayalofherinhissymposiumhasbeenthemostinfluentialdiogeneslartiusforexampleseemstoquotethesymposiumpassagethoughhedoesnotmentionxenophonbynameandthetermxanthippehasnowcometomeananynaggingscoldingpersonespeciallyashrewishwifelaterwriterssuchasdiogeneslartiuswhocitearistotleastheearliestsourcesaythatsocrateshadasecondwifecalledmyrtoplutarchtellsofasimilarstoryreportingthatitcomesfromaworkentitledongoodbirthbutheexpressesdoubtastowhetheritwaswrittenbyaristotleinplutarchsversionofthestorysocrateswhowasalreadymarriedattendedtomyrtosfinancialconcernswhenshebecameawidowthisdoesnotentailmarriagewehavenomorereliableevidenceonthisissueanunconfirmedanecdotepurportsthatxanthippewasoncesoenragedwithherhusbandthatshetookachamberpotandpoureditoutoversocratesheadwhichnbspaccordingtothetalenbspthephilosopheracceptedwiththeallegoryafterthundercomestherainliteraryreferencesinshakespearestamingoftheshrewpetruchiocompareskatherinaassocratesxanthippeoraworseinactscenethetamingoftheshrewsceneiipaduabeforehortensioshousereadhereaddisondiscussesmatrimonyinthespectatornodatedfridayseptemberthenovelisthenryfieldingdescribestheshrewishmrspartridgethuscquoteshewasbesidesaprofestfollowerofthatnoblesectfoundedbyxantippeofoldbymeansofwhichshebecamemoreformidableintheschoolthanherhusbandfortoconfessthetruthhewasnevermasterthereoranywhereelseinherpresenceforshecontinuedlongerinastateofaffabilityafterthisfitofjealousywasendedthanherhusbandhadeverknownbeforeandhaditnotbeenforsomelittleexerciseswhichallthefollowersofxantippeareobligedtoperformdailymrpartridgewouldhaveenjoyedaperfectserenityofseveralmonthsthehistoryoftomjonesafoundlingbookiichaptersiiiivtheenglishvictorianpoetamylevywroteadramaticmonologuecalledxantippeinhispoemanacrosticedgarallanpoemakesreferencestoheralthoughheallegedlypurposelymisspellshernameandinsteadwriteszantippeindoctorthornebyanthonytrollopetheauthorsaysofwivestheremaypossiblyhavebeenaxantippehereandtherebutimogenesaretobefoundundereverybushsolomonmaimonreferstoawomansxanthippelikecharacterinchapterofhisautobiographyawidowcelebratedforhersuperiortalentsaswellasforherxanthippelikecharacterkeptapublichouseattheextremityofoneofthesuburbsshehadadaughterwhoyieldedtoherinnoneoftheabovementionedqualitiesandwhowasindispensabletoherinthemanagementofthehousejamesjoyceinepisodeofulyssesscyllaandcharybdishasjohneglintonaskstephendedaluswhatusefuldiscoverydidsocrateslearnfromxanthipperefulyssesjamesjoycepwordsworthclassicseditionulyssesannotatednotesforjamesjoycesulyssesdongiffordwithrobertjseidmanrevisedandexpandededitionuniversityofcaliforniapressrefinhisessaythecaseforxanthipperobertgravessuggestedthatthestereotypeofxanthippeasamisguidedshrewisemblematicofanancientstrugglebetweenmasculinityrationalityphilosophyandfemininityintuitionpoetryandthattheriseofphilosophyinsocratestimehasledtorationalityandscientificpursuitcomingtoexerciseanunreasonabledominanceoverhumanlifeandcultureinpopularculturexanthippehasafairlyimportantroleinmaxwellandersonsplaybarefootinathensinthehallmarkhalloffametelevisionproductionshewasplayedbygeraldinepageoppositepeterustinovassocratesintheyoungadultdetectivenoveldetectivesintogasbyhenrywinterfeldtheschoolboysoftenjokeabouttheirschoolmasterxanthossayinghisnameremindsthemofxanthippeputtermesserandxanthippeisthetitleofoneofthechaptersofunitedstatesamericannovelistcynthiaozicksnoveltheputtermesserpapersanationalbookawardfinalistincynthiaozicksnoveltheputtermesserpapersruthputtermessercreatesagolemwhoinsistsonbeingcalledxanthippeafictionalaccountofxanthippesrelationshipwithherhusbandispresentedintheplayxanthippebythebritishauthorandplaywrightdeborahfreemanxanthippewasfirstproducedatthebrockleyjacktheatrelondoninarebelliousdramaticfemaleteenisnamedxanthippeinthenetflixcomedyunbreakablekimmyschmidtwhichfirstairedonnetflixinemanuelcarnevaliitalianamericanpoetinhisautobiographyreferstowomenhemeetswhilebeingtreatedforencephalitisinanitaliansanatoriumasxanthippesallscientificreferencesasteroidxanthippeisnamedinherhonourinpnaskreckiandrkcolwellgavethenamexanthippegenusxanthippetoanewgenusofflowermitethatinhabitsflowersofpalmsofthegenussocrateaandisprobablyphoresisbiologyphoreticonthebeetlesthatpollinatethepalmaspeciesofafricanwhitetoothedshrewwasdescribedbywilfredhudsonosgoodinascrociduraxantippecommonnamexanthippesshrewseealsolistofspeakersinplatosdialoguesreferencesexternallinksxanthisafantasyworldcreatedbyauthorpiersanthonyforhisxanthseriesofnovelsalsoknownasthemagicofxanthanthonyoriginallyintendedforxanthtobeatrilogyandafterthesuccessofthefirstthreebooksexpandedtheseriestoninebooksadevotedfanbasepersuadedtheauthortocontinuewritingtheserieswhichisnowopenendedinaninterviewwithagonyboothcomanthonystatedthathehaskepttheseriesgoingaslongashehasbecausethexanthnovelsarejustabouttheonlythingthepublisherswantfromhimnamethenamexanthpronouncedaspartoftheauthorsnamepieronyisinitselfanunintentionalpunmatchingtheplayfultoneofthebooksbooksredirectpagexanthseriesisanchoredhereasofaugusttherearenovelswiththelatestnovelbeingreleasedinaprilclasswikitablestylewidthwidthnumberwidthtitlewidthpubyearwidthmaincharacteraspellforchameleonmagiciansofxanthbinkbinkthesourceofmagicmagiciansofxanthbinkbinkcastleroognamagiciansofxanthdordorcentauraislemagiciansofxanthdordorogreogresmashogrenightmaremareimbriumdragononapedestalmagiciansofxanthivyivycrewellyeacausticyarnjordanthebarbariangoleminthegearsgrundygolemvaleofthevoleeskilheavencentmagiciansofxanthdolphdolphmanfrommundaniamagiciansofxanthgreygreyisleofviewchexcentaurquestionquestmagiciansofxanthhumfreyhumfreythecolorofherpantiesgwendolyngoblindemonsdontdreamdugharpythymeglohagoblinharpygeisofthegargoylegarygargoylerocandahardplacedemonessmetriayonillwindothercharactersofxanthdemonxafnthdemonxansupthsupnimbyfaungamesforrestfaunzombieloverbreannaxoneofcontentiondugthedastardbeckadragongirlswellfoopcynthiacentaurupinaheavalumlautgolemcuberoutecubecurranteventscliopetpeevenovelpetpeevegoodygoblinstorknakedmagiciansofxanthsurprisesurpriseairapparentdebratwotothefifthcyruscyborgjumpercablejumperspiderknotgneisswendawoodwifewelltemperedclaviclepickaboneluckofthedrawxanthnovelluckofthedrawbryceesreverdoomkodyboardstiffirrelevantkandyfiveportraitsastridbasiliskisisorbhaplessghostwriterintheskyfiresailforthcomingrowspantbajestrightforthcomingworldofxanthinhabitantsandtalentseachhumancharacterinxanthisbornwithauniquemagicparanormalmagicalabilitycalledatalentwiththeexceptionofthexanthcursefiendscursefiendsthewingedcentaursandthechildsurprisegolemdaughterofrapunzelandgrundygolemtheseabilitiesneverrepeatexactlyinindividualsthroughouttheentirehistoryofxanthalthoughnearlyidenticaltalentsshowuponoccasionthoughmanytalentsarelimitedinscopecalledthespotonawallvarietytheseriesfocusesmainlyonindividualswithmagiciancaliberabilitiesoneofthecriteriaforservingaskingofxanthinadditiontothehumancharactersxanthispopulatedbycentaursdemonsdragonsfaunsgargoylesgoblinsgolemsharpyharpiesmerfolkdisambiguationmerfolknagamythologynaganymphsogreszombiesxanthcursefiendscursefiendsandotherfictionalbeaststhoughinitiallyintroducedasobstaclestothehumancharacterssomeindividualsfromthosegroupsbecomemaincharactersinlaterbooksoftheseriesastheseriesprogressessomeofthehalfhumanspeciesarediscoveredtohavethepotentialtopossessmagicaltalentsthecentaursoftheprimarycentaurcommunitycentaurisleexileanycentaurswhodemonstrateamagicaltalentalthoughsomecentaurcommunitiesaremorelenientaboutpossessionoftalenthowevertheytoleratetalentsinlesserracessuchashumansgoblinsandharpiesareshowntohavethepotentialtopossesshalftalentsthecomplementaryhalfexistinginamemberoftheotherspeciesieagoblinmustteamwithaharpyforthemtoutilizetheirtalentthehostilitybetweengoblinsandharpiesprovedamajorobstacletoanyseriouseffortbythemtoworktogethertodevelopthesepotentialtalentsothernonhumanspeciesarealsoshowntopossesspotentialfortalentsgeographygeographicallymodernxanthresemblesthestateoffloridaintheunitedstatesinshapebuthaslandmarksthatmimicwellknowngeographicalfeaturesfromaroundtheworldonemajorexampleofthisisthegapchasmanenormouscanyonamilewidewhichcompletelybisectsthecountryparallelingthedmzofthekoreanpeninsulathepositionofthechasmcouldalsocorrespondwiththecrossfloridabargecanalwhichsimilartothechasmisgenerallyforgottenexceptforthosewhostumbleuponitthegapisguardedbyaresidentdragonknownasstanleysteamerandiscrossedbymeansoftreacherousbridgesmanyofxanthsothergeographicalfeaturesarepunsonthoseoffloridaforexamplelakeokeechobeelakeogrechobeeandthekissimmeeriverkissmeeriverthefloridakeysalsoexistthoughtheyareinxanthactualkeylockkeysotherpunnishfeaturesincludetheisleofviewiloveyoumounteverrestmounteverestandthecentauraislecenteraislecreatedbyamagicianfromthecentaurislethemooniscloseenoughthatflyingcreaturesmaylandtherethebacksideissweetandhoneyishthevisiblesidehasturnedsourandbecomecurdledcheeseduetoobservingwhathashappenedonearthandxanthplantsmaybearfruitofalldescriptionspietreesandshoetreesarecommonortheymaybecarnivoroussuchasthemaneatingtreetangletreesmakingtravelinxanthriskyxanthhasaconnectionwiththenormalworldwhichisreferredtoasmundaniaitspeoplearecalledmundanesalthoughanycitizenofxanthcanentermundaniaatanytimethroughanisthmusinthenorthwestmundanesentertheisthmusinxanthfromrandomgeographiclocationsandtimeperiodsthroughouthistoryinotherwordsxanthdoesnothaveafixedlocationortimeinthemundaneworldandthetimelinebetweenxanthandmundaniaseemstojumpbackwardsandforwardsforexamplewithinthelifetimeofanormalcitizenofxanthanamericanmundanefromandanegyptianmundanefrombccouldbothwalkacrosstheisthmushowevermundanesseemtohavetroublefindingxanthonaconsistentbasismakinganytraveltoxanthasomewhatrareoccurrencedespitetheseseemingdifficultiesxanthwascolonizedinseveralwavesbygroupsofinvadersandnomadsfrommundaniaoverthecourseofseveralcenturiestheseriestiesthesecolonizationeventstoactualhistoricaleventsonearthmostnotablythepunicwarsadultconspiracyfirstmentionedincrewellyetheadultconspiracyisoneoftheprominentfeaturesofthexanthworldnearlyallsubsequentbookscontainreferencestotheconspiracyanditseffectsparticularlythosenovelsinwhichthemaincharactersarechildrenatitscoretheadultconspiracyseekstoprotectchildrenfromknowledgethatcouldbringthemtogreatharmthepreciseageforenteringintotheworldofadultsisagecorrespondingtotheageofmajorityinmostplacestheprimaryprinciplethatinductschildrenintotheconspiracyistheunderstandingofthesecretofsexualreproductionsummoningthestorkinxanthiantermssummoningthestorkliterallymeanstoputoutacalltosummonastorkwhichwilldelivertothecoupleachildinisleofviewitisrevealedthatsummoningthestorkwillreleaseanellipsisintotheairtoflyofftothestorkthisisaplayonthejokethatalltheadultthingshappenafteraparagraphendsinanellipsismostinducteesactuallydiscoverthespecificsoftheactbyaccidentaftermarriageorundertheinfluenceofalovespringamagicalspringwhichcausestwodrinkersnotnecessarilyhumanorevenofthesamespeciestofallmadlyandlustfullyinlovewithoneanotheratfirstsightotherfacultiesoftheadultconspiracyincludecensorshipofprofanityfoullanguagendashallfoulwordscontaintheabilitytocausevariouseffectsthewiltingofplantsnegativeremovalofcurseburrspositiveetctheseareautomaticallythomasbowdlerbleepedwhensaidinthepresenceofsomeonewhohasyettobeinductedvisualaccesstounderwearndashbecauseunderwearissocloselytiedtohumansexualitysexualityevenmoresothannudityinxanthmenbecomeautomaticallyfreakedoutwhentheyviewpantiesthisismadeacommonjokemostprominentlyinthenovelthecolorofherpantiesandisoftenusedbywomentogainadvantageovermenpantiesonlycarrytheireffectswhenwornbutbecauseoftheirnaturetheyareforbiddentobeshowntochildreninabilitytohavechildishfunndashchildrenbelievethatoncetheyjointheadultconspiracytheywillnolongerhavepillowfightseatsweetsanddrinktsodapopkasoftdrinksodapoporwanttohavefunwhilethisbeliefisexaggeratedtheentrytotheconspiracydoescausethecoupletolosetheirbedmonsterinadvertentlycreatingtheappearanceoflosingallchildhoodspiritundertheresponsibilityofadulthooditisimportanttonotethattherehavebeenoccasionswhenchildrengainedaccesstotheadultconspiracyprematurelyjennyelfchecentaurandgwennygoblinhadtobegivenaccesstotheadultconspiracywhengwennyreceivedapairofcontactlensesthatcorrectedherpooreyesightwhilegivinghertheabilitytoseeothersdreamssomeofwhichcouldcontainconspiracymaterialinonerareinstancealittlegirlwasbornwiththemagictalentofimmunitytothemagicalcensorshipofadultconspiracycausingherfamilymuchdistressthiswasremediedwithmagiciansherlockstalentofreversalandavialoflethewaterwhicherasedhermemorymundaniawheneverxanthcharactersvisitthenonmagicallandoutsideofxanthcalledmundaniaitsnativesmundanesspeakwhatsoundslikegibberishtothexanthcharactersthegibberishcanbetranslatedbyasimplereplacementcipherdependingonthemundanelanguagebeingspokenoftenthelanguageisasimpleshiftinthealphabetaletterortwoforwardsorbackwardsseecaesarciphercursefiendscursefiendsareafictionalracecreatedbypiersanthonyfortheseriesxanththeyareoneoftheearlierracesinxanthandareknownfortheirtalenttothrowcursesattheirenemiestheyarebelievedtobetheprimarycauseofseveraldifferentsettingsinxanththelandofairthelandofearththelandoffirethelandofwateralsocalledthewaterwingandthevoidthestoryabouthowtheseregionswerecreatedisdescribedindemonsdontdreamthecursefiendsinthepresentdayxanthstayclosetotheirowncommunitywheretheyputonplaysbecauseofthistheyarewidelyknownfortheiractingskillstheycallthemselvescursefriendsfilmadaptationproducerstevenpaulscompanyspentertainmentgroupisadaptingxanthintobothafilmandatvseriesrelatedworksencyclopediaofxanthbyjodylynnnyeacrossroadsadventureroleplayinggamebookghostofachancebyjodylynnnyeacrossroadsadventureroleplayinggamebookpiersanthonysvisualguidetoxanthwithjodylynnnyexanthboardgamecreatedbymayfairgamesaboardgameforplayerssetinthexanthuniversecompanionsofxanthavideogamedescribedinandfollowingtheplotofdemonsdontdreamletterstojennynonfictionreferencessourceshipierscombibliographyhtmlpiersanthonysbibliographylistghostofachancebyjodylynnyeacrossroadsadventureintheworldofpiersanthonysxanthbioofanogrebypiersanthonyxanthpartfivenumberpnbspexternallinkshipierscomxanthhtmlxanthonhipierscomtheusmacmillancomseriesxanthxanthseriespageattorbookswebarchiveorgwebarchivesaloncombooksfeaturexanthindexhtmliwasacaptiveofxanthareviewofthelonglivedseriesfromsaloncomsalondecemberpiersanthonycomxanthtimelinehtmlthetimelineofxanthinfob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lfinseasontwoxanderbeginsaturbulentandambiguousrelationshipwithpopulargirlcordeliachasecarpenteraftertheyarethrowntogetherinseverallifeordeathsituationsxanderisturnedintoasoldierintheepisodehalloweenbuffythevampireslayerhalloweenandretainsextensivemilitaryknowledgeandtrainingthereafterininnocencebuffythevampireslayerinnocencethisknowledgeprovesessentialtohelpingbuffydefeatademonknownasthejudgewhohadbeenbelievedpracticallyinvinciblewhencordeliadecidessheneedstobreakuptopreservehersocialstatusxandercoerceswitchamymadisonelizabethanneallentocastalovespellwhichmisfirescordeliaisunaffectedbutseeinghowmuchxanderlovesherreuniteswithhimindefianceofherformerfriendsinbewitchedbotheredandbewilderedbuffythevampireslayerbewitchedbotheredandbewilderedtheepisodegofishbuffythevampireslayergofishfocusesonxanderafterhejoinstheswimteamtoinvestigatethedisappearancesofsunnydalehighswimmersintheseasonfinalebecomingbuffythevampireslayerbecomingparttwoxanderdecidesnottotellbuffyaboutwillowsplantoreensoulangelmdashwhohaslosthissoulandisgoingtobringabouttheapocalypsemdashsothatshewillnothesitatetokillhiminordertosavetheworldseasonthreebeginswithxanderandhisfriendsslayingdemonssincebuffyranawaytolosangeleswhencordeliacatchesxanderkissingwillowinloverswalkshedumpshimthistimepermanentlythoughtheyultimatelypartasfriendsthezeppoisacomedicepisodefocusingonxandertheepisodebeginswithcordeliamockinghimasaloserwhichupsetshimasoloadventurebeginswhentherestofthescoobiesinsisthestayawayfromthedangerousfightwiththesisterhoodofjheheborrowshisunclesclassiccarloseshisvirginitytomentallyunstablerogueslayerfaithbuffythevampireslayerfaithelizadushkuandsinglehandedlystopsabandofzombiesfromdestroyingsunnydalehighschoolhiscalmhandlingoftheincidentsignificantlyenhanceshisselfconfidenceandwhenagainmockedbycordeliaisunperturbedxandertakesanyacaulfieldformerlyvengeancedemonanyankatohispromintheprombuffythevampireslayerthepromandhismilitarytrainingprovesusefulindefeatingtheevilmayorbuffythevampireslayermayorharrygroenerinseasonfinalegraduationdaybuffythevampireslayergraduationdayinseasonfourxandersfeelingsofinferiorityandisolationincreaseashehasnotenrolledincollegewithhisfriendsoutsidethecoregroupxanderstrengthenshisrelationshipwithanyaandthetwoeventuallyfallinloveintheseasonfourclimaxprimevalbuffyepisodeprimevalxanderbecomestheheartinthespellwhichconjoinshimwithbuffywillowandgilestodefeatadambuffythevampireslayeradamgeorgehertzbergapartdemonparthumancyborgmonsterfinaleepisoderestlessbuffythevampireslayerrestlessdelvesintothecharacterspsychesthroughdreamsequencesxandersdreaminvolveshiseroticattractiontojoycesummersbuffysmomkristinesutherlandwillowandhergirlfriendtaramaclaytaraamberbensonhisfearofhisabusivefatherandfeaturesareenactmentoffilmapocalypsenowinseasonfivexandermatureshebecomesacarpenterandconstructionworkerandmovesintohisownapartmentwithanyahecomesunderthethrallofcountdraculadraculainpremiereepisodebuffyvsdraculabecominghisrenfieldtheepisodethereplacementbuffythevampireslayerthereplacementfocusesonthetwoaspectsofxandertheemotionallysensibledrivenmanandthecomedicbuffoonxandercentricepisodetrianglebuffyepisodetriangleseeshimdefendwillowandanyaequallyfromanyasexboyfriendlistofminorbuffythevampireslayercharactersolafthetrollabrahambenrubiwhenorderedtochoosebetweenthemintheseasonfinaleheasksanyatomarryhimheusesawreckingballtoassistbuffyinfightingtheseasonsvillainhellgoddessglorificusgloryclarekramerinseasonsixxanderandhisfriendsresurrectbuffythishasconsequencesandbuffysinksintodepressionmooddepressionxandersdoubtsabouthisfuturewithanyaareexpressedwhenhesummonstheallsingingdemonlistofminorbuffythevampireslayercharacterssweetsweethintonbattleinthemusicalepisodeoncemorewithfeelingbuffythevampireslayeroncemorewithfeelingademonexploitsthesefearsinhellsbellsbuffythevampireslayerhellsbellsxanderleavesanyaheartbrokenatthealtarandshereturnstoheroldjobasavengeancedemoningravebuffythevampireslayertheseasonfinalewhenagriefstrickenwillowtriestoendtheworldonlyxanderscompassionandloveforherisabletostopherinseasonsevenwhenbuffyslittlesisterdawnsummersdawnmichelletrachtenbergmistakenlybelievesherselftobeapotentialslayerxanderempathizeswithherdisappointmentovernotbeingtheoneinthespotlightinpotentialbuffythevampireslayerpotentialseasonsevenepisodeconversationswithdeadpeopleistheonlybuffyepisodeinwhichxanderdoesnotappearintheepisodedirtygirlsbuffythevampireslayerdirtygirlsxanderslefteyeisgougedoutbytheevilpreachercalebbuffythevampireslayercalebnathanfillionandhebeginswearinganeyepatchthoughheandanyagetbacktogetherintheseriesfinalechosenbuffythevampireslayerchosenanyaiskilledbyabringersofthefirstevilbringersswordandrewwellsandrewtomlenktheonlywitnesstoherdeathtellshimanyadiedsavinghislifexanderrespondsthatsmygirlalwaysdoingthestupidthingthoughbrendondoesnotportrayxanderagainsubsequenttochosentheangeltvseriesangelepisodedamageangeldamagementionsthatxanderisinafricarecruitingnewlyactivatedslayersforbuffysteambetweenandjosswhedonandjephloebdevelopedaminutepilotepisodeforbuffythe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dalehighhehastodobattlewithanalternateuniverseanyankathelevelsbossvideogamingbossamagicaltophatthatreleasesrabbitsevenstheirplayingfieldslightlyfollowingthelevelatthezoofeaturedinthepackbuffyepisodethepackbuffybattlesagainstanevilalternaterealityversionofgilesstyledripperchaosbleedspromptedprequelcomicbookspublishedbydarkhorseandanovelisationwhichtreatsitasalostepisodeofseasonfivecastingnicholasbrendonstwinbrotherkellydonovanwouldoftenstuntdoubleforxanderintheseriesmostnotablyintheepisodethereplacementbuffyepisodethereplacementwheredualxandersappearonscreenatthesametimetheybothusestagenamestheirsurnameisshultzaschildrentheywereinseparablebeforelandingtheroleofxanderbrendonhadhitrockbottomhisgirlfriendhadlefthimhewasworkingasawaiterandcouldbarelyaffordhisrentandhadalmostgivenupongettinggoodworkafterbuyingthewrongkindofpoptartsforhiscoworkershisbossfiredhimandtoldhimyoushouldbeactingbrendonwasattractedtothepilotscriptforbuffybecauseofhowmuchhehadhatedhighschoolbrendonrecognisedthatxanderwasbasedonjosswhedonwhenhehadattendedhighschoolaccountingforwhyxandergetsallthegoodlinesbrendondidnotgetmuchactingworkafterbuffyfinishedandwentintoanalcoholismdrugrehabilitationrehabilitationcentreinasofasnikistaffordnotesinherunofficialguidetheactorhashadcomparativelymoreworksincewithstageproductionsrefnameunofficialguidereffortheseasonfiveepisodethereplacementbuffythevampireslayerthereplacementwhereademonsplitsxanderintotwopeoplealongthelinesofhisimmatureandhismoreadultcharacteristicsdonovaniscasttoplaytheotherxanderinsceneswherebothappearonscreentogetherdevelopmentoneacademicanalysisoftheseriesfindsthatxanderhasmuchincommonwiththeharrypottercharacterronweasleythewriterciteshisproximitytothemaincharacterhiscomparativeworkingclassstatustobestfriendwillowaswithweasleyandhermionegrangerhermionehisstatusasanobjectofmockeryinschoolforbothxanderandrontheircomparativelackofspecialgiftsaccentuatestheloyaltyandbraveryeachoffersasafriendgiventhatthecharactersoftenplacethemselvesinmortaldangercordeliasstatementtoxanderinthezeppowhichcompareshimtosupermancharacterjimmyolsenisnotedasanotherexamplequalifyingxanderseverymanstatusthoughxanderisoftentheheartofthescoobyganginthezeppoheisexcludedfromtheirbattleagainstahydralikedemonthroughtheuseofjumpcutsbetweenmelodramaticsceneswithbuffyandforinstanceinformantwillythebarkeepersaverioguerratoxanderandagangofzombiesinadrunkencarjourneyxanderisusedasavehicletopointoutthewaysinwhichbuffyordinarilyavoidsbeingoverthetopbyintegratingxanderastheshowssourceofhumourintothemainnarrativeratherthanseparatingthetwohislossofhisvirginitytofaithforexampleismusicallycuedasanantiromanticparalleltotheswellingsymphonicromancescenethatxanderoverseesbetweenbuffyandangelonhisdeparturefromthecarnalbedthemusicisrecuedtheepisodedepictsxandersinglehandedlysavingtheschoolandpotentiallytheworldgiventhehellmouthbuffythevampireslayerhellmouthbeneathitfromanexplosioninsimultaneityagainstglimpsesoftheotherscoobiesstruggleswiththehydrademonastheepisodedrawstoaclimaxthetwosettingsbegintoerodeintooneasthedemonbreaksthroughwallsinthebasementandentersintotheepisodesxanderscenesstevensonnotesthatitisfittingforthecharactertohavehismostheroicmomentintheschoolbasementgiventhatinseasonfourhewillbereducedtolivinginhisparentsxandersfearsinrestlessexplorehisfeelingofbeingtrappedinthatbasementwilcoxarguesthatthebasementisarepresentationofthesubconsciousandthatyoungcarefreezombiejackotoolechannonroerepresentsxandersidegoandsuperegoidhisinnerdesirestheepisodebringstolighthowthebasisforheroismrestsinthesubconsciousandalsohowasthetwobattlesincreasinglymergehisfriendscannothopetosavetheworldandsaveothersunlessxandersbattlewiththeselfpsychologyselfisalsowoninhisconfrontationwithjackjustasinhisconfrontationwithdarkwillowinseasonsixsgravebuffythevampireslayergravexandersavestheworldthroughhiswordsasthewarriorofwordswilcoxfeelsthatthismakesxanderthecharacterwhomostclearlyrepresentsseriescreatorjosswhedonthroughouttheseriesxandersfamilyareseentobedysfunctionalfamilyhighlydysfunctionalandcomposedofalcoholicsxanderrelatesinamendsthathesleepsoutsideatchristmastoavoidthefamilyquarrelsthisleadshimtoseekasurrogatefamilyinhisfriendshipswithbuffywillowandgilesxanderlacksgilessandwillowsacademicintelligenceandbuffysphysicalprowesscordeliaisinitiallyashamedtobexandersgirlfriendthroughouttheseriesxanderstrugglestocontributemeaningfullytothegroupdynamichisdissatisfactionreachesanadirinseasonfourxandersphysicaldislocationfromhiscollegefriendsleadstoaprofoundsenseofbeinguselessinrestlesshismenialjobsanddegradinghabitatrisetothesurfaceofhisdreamnarrativebeforefallingasleephebeginstowatchapocalypsenowwithwillowbuffyandgileswhocommentsohimbeginningtounderstandthisnowitsallaboutthejourneyisntitxandersdreaminturnisoneofintenseselfexplorationinhisdreamxandergoestousethebathroomandisemasculatedandinfantilizedbybuffyaskinghimifheneedsanyhelpthissceneshowsxanderssenseofinsecurityandpowerlessnessneverthelesshebecomeslostandfindshimselfinhisparentsbasementfromtherehefindshimselfinhisicecreamtruckwhereanyaasksifheknowswhatheisdoingunderliningtheaimlessnessofhisjourneyheisinthebasementonceagainwhensuddenlyheisinthearmyandprincipalsnyderasacharacterinapocalypsenowaskswherehecomesfromhesaysthebasementmostlyhefearsthathismilitaryinterrogatoriscorrectinsayingthatheisthewhippingboyandsetonasacrificialstonethispositionofbeinglesschosenforsocialinclusionandgreatthingsthanhispeersmakeshimuniquelyabletocomfortdawninseasonsevenspotentialrefnamestephensrefalthoughthereplacementsetsupitsnarrativeasaneviltwintropeliteraturetelevisionnarrativetropeitscatchisthatbothxandersareinfacttherealxanderinthisepisodexanderuncoversthathehasthepowerwithinhimselftobetheadultsuaveandconfidentmanwhomhehadspenttheepisodeenvyingthedualxandersstephensarguesrepresentsthedualityinallofustheepisodedemonstratesthatxanderisnotdefinedbyhisweakerpersonalitytraitsbutbythecorepersonalitythatisamergerofhisstrongerandweakertraitsxanderscostumechoicesinvarioushalloweenepisodesshowtheaudiencehisdesireformachocredencehecomesvariouslyasacowboyasoldierandasjamesbondasasoldierhewasinfactmagicallyturnedintohiscostumeandgottoretainhismachostatusalongwiththeusefulmilitaryknowledgefollowingthisincidenthischoiceofcostumerepresentsexplicitlywhomhewouldliketoactuallybecomevariousepisodeshighlightxandersintensebraveryforexamplehefacesdownevilangelusboreanazatbuffyshospitaldoorintheepisodekilledbydeathbuffythevampireslayerkilledbydeathandheoffershislifeinplaceofwillowsinincamummygirlwhenbuffypreparestofaceangelusinthebecomingbuffythevampireslayerseasontwofinalehearriveswitharockinhandsayingcavalrysherecavalrysafrightenedguywitharockbutitsherestephensarguesthatthismakesuptheessenceofxanderscharacterthoughpowerlessheisalwaysbothloyalandbraveashisrelationshipwithdawninpotentialandhissupportofbuffyshowxanderfindsthathisrealcallingseemstobeinhisroleastheeternalsupporteronejournalistdescribesthecharacterasamoderndaygreekchorusalwaysanoutsiderlookinginandaversionofjosswhedonhimselfoneauthorwritesthatthefocusofxanderscharacterdevelopmenthasalwaysbeenhisquestformaturitywhiletheircharacterswereanitembrendonwasclosefriendswithcharismacarpenterwhoportrayscordeliawhentheybrokeupontheshowandcordeliatransitionedtothespinoffangelhecommentedthattheyhadhardlyspokenduetobeingindifferentscenesallthetimethisfeltlikeareallifebreakupinmanywayswhenxandergottobecomeseriouswithanyainseasonfivetheactorcommentedthatitwasnicetoseexandermatureafterfouryearsofplayingthenerdlornajowettfeelsthatxandersromancesthroughouttheseasonalmostseemtomakeupforthecharactersshortcomingsanyacommentsthatxanderisavikinginthesackintheyokofactorindicatingnotjustmasculinitybutalsovirilitywithintheshowgaycharacterlarrymistakesxanderforbeinggayandxandersunguardedcommentstowardsspikehaveledsomefanswhowritefanfictiontodepictxanderasbeinggayjowettattributesthistoxandersinternalstruggleswhichconcernacrisisofmasculinityandhisroleamongsthisfriendsdonotcontainareadilyaccessiblesolutionforviewerstoholdontoshearguesthatsomefansseethisasastumblingblockperhapsunconsciouslytorecognisingthecharactersmasculinityandatawiderlevelinconstructinganotionofcontemporarymasculinityinthedvdcommentaryfortheepisodedirtygirlswriterdrewgoddardmentionstherewastalkofkillingoffxandertowardstheendofseasonsevenandhavingthefirstevilassumexandersappearancewhenconversingwithbuffysummersbuffyfortheremainderoftheseasonthiswasultimatelyrejectedsincexanderwasthoughttobetooimportanttotheseriesandhisdeathoccurringsolateintheseasonwouldleavelittletimetodealwithitcorrectlyandthatthroughouttheseriesrunxanderwastheonecharacterwhoneverwaveredandtopunishthatcharacteristicwithdeathwouldsendamessagethestaffwasnttryingtoconveyinsteadofkillingxanderhewasblindedinoneeyereceptionforhisroleasxanderbrendonwasnominatedforsaturnawardinandforbestgenretvactorandinforthesupportingactorlatercritiquesofxanderscharacterregardedhimlesssympatheticallyregardinghimasaniceguyniceguyimpactthezeppoinseasonthreewasaxandercentricepisodewhichonlyfeaturedtheothercharactersinhumorousasideglimpsesoftheirstruggletosavetheworldthisepisodehasprovedveryinfluentialonlatertelevisionwritersinhisproductionnotesdoodlesinthemarginsoftimeindoctorwhoexecutiveproducerrusselltdaviescitesthezeppoalongwithstartrekthenextgenerationepisodelowerdecksasaninfluenceonhisdoctorwhoepisodelovemonsterstheepisodeprovidedatelevisionformatthatcametobeknownasthedoctordoctorwhodoctorliteepisodeanannualtraditionfordoctorwhofromtooftenfeaturingasignificantgueststarcarryingthebulkoftheactingresponsibilitiesasdoctorwhohasamuchsmallercastthanbuffyreferencesfurtherreadingexternallinksbtvswritersguilddymphnanetcharactersxanderhtmlthebtvswritersguildmaincharacterpageforthebtvswritersguildfeaturingxandersvariousincarnationsandrelationshipseachpagefeaturescharacterprofilesessaysonthecharacterandwritingaswellasfanfictionandlinksvryanetbdbcharacterphpcharbuffyversedialoguedbxandercharacterprofileforxanderharrisincludinghismainstoryarcsandadetailedlistofepisodesandscriptlinesandbodonilettercaseminusculeisagraphemenamedscorashformedfromthelettersaandeoriginallyaligaturetypographyligaturerepresentingthelatindiphthongaeithasbeenpromotedtothefullstatusofaletteralphabetletterinthealphabetsofsomelanguagesincludingdanishalphabetdanishnorwegianalphabetnorwegianicelandicorthographyicelandicandfaroesealphabetfaroeseasaletteroftheoldenglishlatinalphabetitwascalledscashtreeaftertheanglosaxonrunesanglosaxonfuthorcrunewhichittransliterationtransliterateditstraditionalnameinenglishisstillashitwasalsousedinoldswedishbeforebeingchangedtoinrecenttimesitisalsousedtorepresentalongasoundvariantsincludeintheslatininclassicallatinthecombinationaedenotesthediphthongwhichhadavaluesimilartothelongiinfineaspronouncedinmostdialectsofmodernenglishbothclassicalandpresentpracticeistowritethelettersseparatelybuttheligaturewasusedinmedievalandearlymodernwritingsinpartbecausewasreducedtothesimplevowelduringtheromanempireinsomemedievalscriptstheligaturewassimplifiedtoanewithogonektheecaudatathatwasfurthersimplifiedintoaplainewhichmayhaveinfluencedorbeeninfluencedbythepronunciationchangehowevertheligatureisstillrelativelycommoninliturgicalbooksandmusicalscoresgreekthedigraphaewasusedinlatintotransliteratethegreeklanguagegreekdiphthongalphaletteralphaiotabutnotforalphaiotasubscriptmodernscientificvocabularythatborrowsfromgreekcontinuestouselatintransliterationconventionsfrenchinthemodernfrenchalphabetisusedtospelllatinandgreekborrowingsliketniaandexquoitwasgreatlypopularizedinsergegainsbourgssongelaeudanlattaielaedanslatitiawhichisthespellinginfrenchlanguagefrenchofthenamelaetitiagivennameltitiaenglishinenglishlanguageenglishusageoftheligaturevariesindifferentplacesinmoderntypographyiftechnologicallimitationsmakeitsusedifficultsuchasinuseoftypewritersfirsttelegraphsorasciiisofteneschewedinfavourofthedigraphorthographydigraphaedigraphaeusageexpertsoftenconsiderthatincorrectespeciallyforforeignwordsinwhichisconsideredalettersuchassirrorbrandnamesthatusetheligatureoravariationofitsuchasonfluxencyclopdiabritannicaaetnatnaincintheunitedstatestheproblemoftheligatureissidesteppedinmanycasesbyuseofaamericanandbritishenglishspellingdifferencessimplifiedspellingwitheashappenedwithaswellusagehowevermayvaryforexamplemedievalisnowmorecommonthanmediaevalandthenowoldfashionedmedivalevenintheunitedkingdombutarchaeologyispreferredoverarcheologyevenintheusgiventheirlonghistoryligaturesaresometimesusedtoinvokearchaismorinliteralquotationsofhistoricsourcesforinstancewordssuchasdmonortherareoftentreatedsotheligatureisseenongravestonesofthethcenturyshortfortateattheageofxxysyymszzdsitisalsocommoninformaltypographyinvitationsresolutionsannouncementsandsomegovernmentdocumentsinoldenglishrepresentedasoundbetweenaandeverymuchliketheshortaofcatinmanydialectsofmodernenglishiflongvowelsaredistinguishedfromshortvowelsthelongversionismarkedwithamacrondiacriticmacronorlesscommonlyanacuteaccentacuteothergermaniclanguagesinoldnorserepresentsthelongvoweltheshortversionofthesamevowelifitisdistinguishedfromiswrittenasinmostvarietiesoffaroesealphabetfaroeseispronouncedasfollowswhensimultaneouslystressedandoccurringeitherwordfinallybeforeavowelletterbeforeasingleconsonantletterorbeforetheconsonantlettergroupsklkrplprtrkjtjsjandthoseconsistingofandoneotherconsonantletterexceptforrwhenpronouncedlikegrexceptasbelowaratheropenwhendirectlyfollowedbythesoundasinrastsilentandfrgarisilentginallothercasesoneofitsetymologicaloriginsisoldnorsetheotherisoldnorsewhichisparticularlyevidentinthedialectsofsuuroywhereisoraeidersunorthernfaroesettfamilydirectionsunorthernfaroeseinicelandiclanguageicelandicrepresentsthediphthongitfollowszinthedanonorwegianalphabetandisfollowedbyandfinallyallthreearevowelsindanishalphabetdanishandnorwegianalphabetnorwegianisaseparateletterofthealphabetthatrepresentsamonophthonginnorwegiantherearefourwaysofpronouncingtheletterasinthenameoftheletterbrlringranesrligtrnekvrnerbjrndhliedhliesrsrfugllrttrrtreesasinfrresjnrmerefrderskjrvsolskjrrverdigvrtlrdbrinwhereiispronouncedasadiphthongasinsthernsersbglisksplsaubevpnesdserhotelcsarcsarvtetrrthreadsverbasinsthnaessnssbrnnekjellbkkelundbkkelundknutvollebkvollebkvsketrdduseasthedefinitearticleinmanywesternnorthernandsouthwesternnorwegiandialectsandinthewesterndanishdialectsofthydistrictthyandsouthernjutlandhasasignificantmeaningthefirstpersonsingularpronounipronouniitisthusanormalspokenwordandisusuallywrittenwhensuchdialectsarerenderedinwritinginwesternandsouthernjutlandicdialectjutishdialectsofdanishisalsotheprocliticdefinitearticlehusthehouseasopposedtodanishlanguagedialectsstandarddanishandallothernordicvarietieswhichhaveencliticdefinitearticlesdanishswedishnorwegianhuseticelandicfaroesehsithehousethedialectsarerarelycommittedtowritingexceptforsomedialectliteraturetheequivalentletteringermanlanguagegermanandswedishlanguageswedishisbutitisnotlocatedatthesameplacewithinthealphabetingermanitisnotaseparateletterfromabutinswedishitisthesecondlastletterbetweenandinthenormalisedspellingofmiddlehighgermanrepresentsalongvoweltheactualspellinginthemanuscriptsvarieshoweverosseticlatinscriptpartofapagefromabookpublishedinossetianlanguageosseticusedtheletterwhenitwaswrittenusingthelatinscriptfromtosincethenossetianhasusedacyrillicscriptcyrillicalphabetwithanidenticallookingletteranditispronouncedasamidcentralvowelschwasouthamericanlanguagestheletterisusedintheofficialorthographyofkawsqarlanguagekawsqarspokeninchileandalsointhatofthefuegianlanguagesfuegianlanguageyaghanlanguageyaghaninternationalphoneticalphabetthesymbolisalsousedintheinternationalphoneticalphabettodenoteanearopenfrontunroundedvowellikeinthewordcatinmanydialectsofmodernenglishwhichisthesoundthatwasmostlikelyrepresentedbytheoldenglishletterintheipaitisalwaysinlowercaseuralicphoneticalphabettheuralicphoneticalphabetupausesseveraladditionalrelatedsymbolscomputerencodingsandenteringandisaccessibleusingaltgrzonamodernusinternationalkeyboardwhenusingthelatinorunicodehtmlcharactersetsthecodepointsforandareandrespectivelythecharacterscanbeenteredbyholdingthealtkeywhiletypinginuppercaseorlowercaseonthenumberpadonmicrosoftwindowswindowssystemsthealtkeyandfororformayalsoworkfromthelegacyibmcodepageinthetextypesettingsystemisproducedbyaeinmicrosoftwordandcanbewrittenusingthekeycombinationctrlshiftfollowedbyaorarespectivelyonusinternationalkeyboardsisaccessiblewiththecombinationofaltgrzinxwindowsystemxaltgraisoftenmappedtooracomposekeysequencecomposeaecanbeusedformoreinformationseeunicodeinputinallversionsofthemacossystemsthroughmacosandandthecurrentosxthefollowingkeycombinationsareusedoptionapostrophekeyoptionshiftontheiphoneipodtouchandipadaswellasphonesrunninggooglesandroidosorwindowsmobileosandonthekindletouchandpaperwhiteandareaccessedbyholdingdownauntilasmallmenuisdisplayedtheicelandickeyboardlayouthasaseparatekeyforandandcharmapcnamelatincapitalletteraeenamelatinsmallletteraeenamelatincapitalletteraewithmacronenamelatinsmallletteraewithmacronfcnamelatincapitalletteraewithacutefdnamelatinsmallletteraewithacutecyrillicthelatinlettersarefrequentlyusedinplaceofthecyrillicaecyrillicandincyrillictextssuchasonossetiansitesontheinternetseealsocyrillicaedigraphecaudataonearopenfrontunroundedvowelrepresentedbyintheipaansuzrunelistofwordsthatmaybespelledwithaligatureanvaereferencesrobertbringhursttheelementsoftypographicstylepagevancouverhartleymarksexternallinksorlowercaseminusculeisavowelandaletteralphabetletterusedinthedanishandnorwegianalphabetdanishdanishandnorwegianalphabetnorwegianfaroeselanguagealphabetfaroeseandsouthernsamilanguagewritingsystemsouthernsamilanguagesitismostlyusedasarepresentationofmidfrontroundedvowelssuchasclosemidfrontroundedvowelandopenmidfrontroundedvowelexceptforsouthernsamiwhereitisusedasanoediphthongthenameofthisletteristhesameasthesounditrepresentsseelanguageusageusagethoughnotitsnativenameamongenglishspeakingtypographersthesymbolmaybecalledaslashedoorowithstrokealthoughthesenamessuggestitisaligaturetypographyligatureoradiacriticalvariantoftheletteroitisconsideredaseparateletterinnorwegiananddanishanditisalphabetizedafterzthuszandinotherlanguagesthatdonothavetheletteraspartoftheregularalphabetorinlimitedcharactersetssuchasasciiisfrequentlyreplacedwiththedigraphorthographydigraphoelowercaseisalsousedintheinternationalphoneticalphabettorepresentaclosemidfrontroundedvowellanguageusageemployingthespellingcopenhagenkbenhaffninmoderndanishlanguagedanishfaroeselanguagefaroeseandnorwegianlanguagenorwegiantheletterisamonophthongalclosemidfrontroundedvoweltheinternationalphoneticalphabetipasymbolforwhichisalsounicodeufaswithsomanyvowelsithasslightvariationsoflightqualityindanishispronouncedasliketheeuinthefrenchwordanddarkqualityindanishispronouncedasliketheuinthefrenchwordmediadanishalphabetogglistentoadanishspeakerrecitingthedanishalphabetinthesuuroydialectoffaroesetheshortispronouncedegtheletterwasusedinbothantiquatypefaceclassantiquaandfrakturfromatleastasearlyasthebibletranslationsinnorwaychristianiiisbibleandversionsbasedonthischristianiiibibleundergermaninfluencetheletterappearedinoldertextsparticularlythoseusingfrakturandwaspreferredforuseonmapsegforhelsingrhelsingrorlslsuntilthesouthernsamilanguageusestheletterinnorwayitisusedinthediphthongsyandinswedentheletterispreferredisusedintheorthographiesofseverallanguagesofafricasuchaslendulanguagelenduspokeninthedemocraticrepublicofthecongoandnzimelanguagekoonzimespokenincameroonindanishisalsoawordmeaningislandthecorrespondingwordisspelledinswedishandinnorwegianwithanacuteaccentunicodeufemayveryseldombeusedindanishlanguagedanishtodistinguishitsusagefromasimilarwordwithexampleagainstthisdistinctionisnotmandatoryandthefirstexamplecanbewrittengrorgrthefirstvariantwithwouldonlybeusedtoavoidconfusionthesecondexamplecannotbespelledgrindanishlanguagedanishmaysometimesbereplacedbythenonauthorisedspellingthisishoweverusuallybasedonamisunderstandingofthegrammaticrulesofgrammaticalconjugationconjugationofverbsendinginthelettersandtheseidiosyncraticspellingsarenotofficiallysanctionedondanishkeyboardsandtypewriterstheacuteaccentmaybetypedaboveanyvowelbypressingtheacutekeybeforepressingtheletterbutisnotimplementedinthemicrosoftwindowskeyboardlayoutfordanishisusedinoldicelandictextswhenwrittenwiththestandardizedorthographydenotingamongotherthingstheumlautlinguisticsumlautsoandsimilarletterstheturkishalphabetturkishazerbaijanialphabetazerbaijaniturkmenalphabetturkmentataralphabettatarswedishalphabetswedishicelandicorthographyicelandicrotumanlanguageorthographyrotumangermanalphabetgermanfinnishalphabetfinnishestonianalphabetestonianandhungarianalphabetsusetheletterinsteadofhungarianlanguagehungarianusesforthesamesoundlengthenedisnotrelatedtoandshouldnotbeconfusedwiththesimilarlookinggreekalphabetgreekorthecyrillicthecyrillicscripthasoecyrillicastheequivalentletterwhichisusedinthecyrillicalphabetsforkazakhalphabetkazakhmongoliancyrillicalphabetmongolianazerbaijanialphabetazerbaijanietctheletterwithumlautwasusedbytheoresundbridgeresundbridgecompanyaspartoftheirlogotypetosymbolizeitsunionbetweenswedenanddenmarksincewithumlautdidnotexistincomputerfontsitwasnotusedintextthelogotypenowusesthespellingresundsbronwithresundsbeingdanishandbronbeingswedishtheletterwithumlautsometimesappearsonpackagingmeantforthescandinavianmarketsoastopreventprintingthesamewordtwiceforexampleliquoriceconfectioneryliquoricebrandsnresnreslogoonthepackagingissnretheletterisrarelyusedonmapseggrnlandsimilarsymbolstheletterissometimesusedinmathematicsasareplacementforthesymbolunicodecharacterureferringtotheemptysetasestablishedbynicolasbourbakibourbakiandsometimesinlinguisticsasareplacementforsamesymbolusedtorepresentazerolinguisticszerothesymbolisalwaysdrawnasaslashedcirclewhereasinmosttypefacestheletterisaslashedellipsethediametersymbolunicodecharacteruissimilartothelowercaseletterandinsometypefacesitevenusesthesameglyphalthoughinmanyotherstheglyphsaresubtlydistinguishablenormallythediametersymbolusesanexactcircleandtheletteroissomewhatstylizedthediametersymbolisusedextensivelyinengineeringdrawingsanditisalsoseenanywherethatabbreviatingdiameterisusefulsuchasoncameralensesforexamplealenswithadiameterofnbspmmwouldbelabelednbspnbspmmorissometimesalsousedasasymbolforaveragevalueparticularlyingermanspeakingcountriesaverageingermaniswiktdurchschnittdurchschnittdirectlytranslatedascutthroughslashedzeroisanalternateglyphforthenumberzerocharacteritsslashdoesnotextendoutsidetheellipseexceptinhandwritingitisoftenusedtodistinguishzerofromthelatinscriptletteroanywherethatpeoplewishtopreemptconfoundverbconfoundingofthetwoparticularlyincodeencodingsystemsscientificandengineeringapplicationscomputerprogrammingsuchassoftwaredevelopmentandtelecommunicationsitisalsousedinamateurradiocallsignssuchasxxxxxxxxandsoonintheunitedstatesandinothercountriesseealsoforinformationoninternationalamateurradiocallsignstheletterisoftenusedintrappedkeyinterlockingtrappedkeyinterlocksequencedrawingstodenoteakeytrappedinalockalockwithoutakeyisshownasanotheletterisalsousedinwrittenmusicespeciallyjazztotypeanadhocmacroanalysischordsymbolforahalfdiminishedseventhchordhalfdiminishedchordasincthetypographytypographicallycorrectchordsymbolisspelledwiththerootchordrootnamefollowedbyaslasheddegreesymbolasinctheslasheddegreesymbolisfoundinthemusicalsymbolsunicodeblockmusicalsymbolsblockofunicodebutisunsupportedbysomefontscanalwaysbeincludedwithhandwritinghoweverhistorytheletterarosetorepresentansoundresultingprimarilyfromgermanicumlautimutationofothereareatleasttwotheoriesabouttheoriginoftheletteritpossiblyaroseasaversionoftheligaturetypographyligatureofthedigraphorthographydigraphoedigraphoewiththehorizontallineoftheewrittenacrosstheoitpossiblyaroseinanglosaxonenglandasanoandaniwritteninthesameplacecomparebedesnorthumbriananglosaxonperiodspellingcoinualchforstandardcenwealhcnwealhamansnameinatextinlatinlatertheletterdisappearedfromanglosaxonastheanglosaxonsoundchangedtoebutbythenuseoftheletterhadspreadfromenglandtoscandinaviacomputerscharmapdnamelatincapitalletterowithstrokefnamelatinsmallletterowithstrokemapebcdicfamilymapcharmapcharmapisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapchardmapcharfnamedreftexrefcharorefcharoinunicodeandhavethecodepointsufeanduffonmicrosoftwindowsusingtheunitedstatesinternationalkeyboardsettingitcanbetypedbyholdingdownthealtgrkeyaltgrkeyandpressinglitcanalsobetypedunderanykeyboardsettingbyholdingdownthekeywhiletypingforuppercaseorforlowercaseonthenumerickeypadprovidedthesystemusescodepageassystemdefaultcodepageisasupersetofisoandandarethedecimalequivalentsofhexadecimaldandfinmacositcanbetypedbyholdingooroandthentypinginmacosandearliersystemsusingausenglishlanguagekeyboardthelettercanbetypedbyholdingtheoptionkeyoptionkeywhiletypingoorotoyieldorinthexwindowsystemenvironmentonecanproducethesecharactersbypressingaltgrandooroorbypressingthemultikeyfollowedwithaslashandthenooroinsomesystemssuchasolderversionsofmsdostheletterisnotpartofthewidelyusedcodepageinscandinaviancodepagesreplacestheyensignatandreplacesthecentcurrencysignatonanamigaoperatingsystemusinganykeyboardmapthelettercanbetypedbyholdingthealtkeyaltkeywhiletypingoorotoyieldorusingmicrosoftwordandmaybetypedbypressingcontrolkeyctrlfollowedbyeitherlowercaseminusculeormajusculeoencodinginunicodenottobeconfusedwiththemathematicalsignsusageinbrandsandpopularculturethesymbolisusedstylisticallyinplaceoftheletteroinmanycontextssomebrandslikemonsterenergyusesomealteredversionofaslashedoaspartoftheirgraphicalthoughtheytypicallydonotchangetheactualspellingorpronunciationinmusicitisusedbyartistssuchasleathermouthintheirlogosandontourpostersunderoathbasedtheiralbumartforbothcdisambiguationdisambiguationandtherebirthtourdoublevinylonthesymbolandcustomarilystylisestheirbandnamebyfeaturingthecharacterinplaceoftheonickjonasalsousesareverseofthesymbolinhislogotheletterisalsousedinthelogofortwentyonepilotstwentynepiltspaulycreepusesitaswellonhisalbumexsanguinationthisletterisalsousedinastylisedmannerbytheaustralianmicrophonebrandrodemicrophonesrdeandwasalsousedinasimilarmannerbythenowdefunctamericansoftwarecompanybroderbundbrderbundsleartisanalesofeastonpennsylvaniamakesuseoftheletterinthelogoandespeciallytheirtaphandlesseealsoslashedzeronotesreferencesrobertbringhursttheelementsoftypographicstyleppnbspfortypographicreferencetoslashedoandbodonilowercaserepresentsvariousalthoughoftenverysimilarphonemesoundsinseverallanguagesitisconsideredaseparateletterintheswedishalphabetswedishdanishalphabetdanishnorwegianalphabetnorwegianfinnishalphabetfinnishnorthfrisianlanguagenorthfrisianwalloonalphabetwalloonchamorroalphabetchamorrolulesamiskoltsamilanguageskoltsamisouthernsamiandgreenlandicalphabetgreenlandicalphabetsadditionallyitispartofthealphabetsusedforthealemannicgermanalemannicandthebavariangermanbavarianaustriangermanaustriandialectsofgermanalphabetgermanthoughisderivedfromanawithanringdiacriticoverringitisconsideredaseparateletteralphabetletteritdevelopedasaformofsemiligaturetypographyligatureofanawithasmalleroaboveittodenoteavowellengthlonganddarkerasimilartohowtheumlautdiacriticumlautmarkthatdistinguishesfromaandfromodevelopedfromasmallewrittenabovetheletterinquestionscandinavianlanguagestheinscandinavianalphabetsrepresentstwosoundsoneshortandonelongtheshortversionrepresentshelpipaipainswedishthelongversionrepresentshelpipaipaindanishandnorwegianthelongversionispronouncedhelpipaipaoriginthesoundoriginallyhadthesameoriginasthelongsoundingermanlanguagegermanaalandhaarscandinavianlanguagescandinavianlhrenglishlanguageenglisheelhairhistoricallythederivesfromtheoldnorselongvowelspelledwiththeletterbutovertimeitdevelopedtoansoundinmostscandinavianlanguagevarietiesinswedishandnorwegianithaseventuallyreachedthepronunciationmedievalwritingoftenuseddoubledlettersforlongvowelsandthevowelcontinuedtobewrittenaainoldswedishtheuseoftheligatureandoforiginallyalsoavariantoftheligaturethatrepresentedthesoundsandrespectivelyweregraduallyreplacedbynewlettersinsteadofusingligaturesaminusculeewasplacedabovethelettersaandotocreatenewgraphemestheylaterevolvedintothemodernlettersandwheretheewassimplifiedintothetwodotsnowreferredtoasdiaeresisdiacriticumlautthisconstructionwasalsoappliedtoconstructanewgraphemewhereanaapreviouslyhadbeenusedaminusculeowasplacedontopofanatocreateanewletteritwasfirstusedinpublishingprintinthegustavvasabiblethatwaspublishedinandreplacedaadigraphaainthethcenturyinanattempttomodernizetheorthographylinguiststriedtointroducethetodanishandnorwegianwritinginthethcenturymostpeoplefeltnoneedforthenewletteralthoughthelettergroupaahadalreadybeenpronouncedlikeforcenturiesalloverscandinaviaaawasusuallytreatedasasingleletterspokenlikethepresentwhenspellingoutnamesorwordsorthographyreformsmakingofficialwerecarriedoutinnorwayinandindenmarkinithasbeenarguedthattheonlymadeitswaytoofficialdanishspellingduetoantigermanandproscandinaviansentimentafterworldwariidanishhadbeentheonlylanguageapartfromgermanandluxembourgishlanguageluxembourgishtousecapitalizationnounscapitalizednounsinthelastdecadesbutabolishedthematthesameoccasioninafewnamesofdanishcitiesortownstheoldspellinghasbeenretainedasanoptionduetolocalresistanceegaalborgandaabenraahoweverlborgandbenrarethespellingsrecommendedbythedansksprognvndanishlanguageboardbetweenandthecityofaarhuswasofficiallyspelledrhushoweverthecityhaschangedtotheaaspellingstartinginacontroversialdecisioncitinginternationalizationandworldwidewebwebcompatibilityadvantagesicelandicorthographyicelandicandfaroesealphabetfaroesearetheonlyscandinavianlanguagesnottousethetheoldnorseletterisretainedbutthesounditnowexpressesisadiphthongpronouncedinicelandicandinfaroesetheshortvariationoffaroeseispronouncedthoughuseinnamesinsomenamesofgeographicalplacestheoldspellingdominatesmoreoftenindenmarkthaninnorwaywhereithasbeenabolishedinofficialusesincelocalsofandresistthewhereasisrarelyseenwithaaspellingofficialrulesallowbothformsinthemostcommoncasesbutisalwayscorrectbeforewhenspellingwiththedoubleawascommonsomenorwegianplacenamescontainedthreeorfourconsecutivealettersforinstancenowariverandblsentheblueblridgesinfamilynamesthebearerofthenameusesaaoraccordingtotheirchoicebutsincefamilynamesareinheritedtheyareresistanttochangeandthetraditionalaastyleisoftenkeptforinstancethelastnameismuchmorecommonthanthesurnameaaisalwaysspelledwithdoubleaneverwiththesinglehowevergivennameswhicharelesscommonlyinheritedhavelargelychangedtotheuseoftheforinstanceinnorwaymorethanmalecitizensspelltheirnamehkonwhileonlyaroundarenamedhaakongivennamehaakoncompanynamesaresometimesspelledwiththedoubleabychoiceusuallyinordertoconveyanimpressionofoldfashionednessortraditionalitythedoublearepresentingasinglesoundisusuallykeptininitialsegforpeoplewhosefirstmiddleandorlastnamebeginswiththedoubleaaccordinglyamannamedhansaagardhaugewouldspellhisinitialshaahnothahorhhwhileawomannamedaasevestergaardwouldspellherinitialsaavnotavorvplaceinalphabetimagepoispakkoruotsisvgthumbthefactthatisacommonletterinswedishwhilehavingnonativeuseinfinnishhasledtoitbeingusedasaconcisesymbolfortheswedishlanguageinfinlandasinthiscampaigntoridfinnishschoolsofmandatoryswedishthephrasereadsawaywithenforcedswedishcorrectalphabetizationindanishandnorwegianplacesasthelastletterinthedanishandnorwegianalphabetalphabetthesequencebeingthisisalsotrueforthealternativespellingaaunlessmanuallycorrectedsortingalgorithmsofprogramslocalisedfordanishornorwegianwillplaceegaaronafterzorroindanishandnorwegianbooksadistinctionismadebetweenforeignandlocalwordsthusforexamplethegermancityaachenislistedunderabutthedanishcityaabenraaislistedunderintheswedishalphabetswedishandfinnishalphabetfinnishalphabetsiscollationsortedafterzasthethirdletterfromtheendthesequencebeinginternationaltranscriptionalternativespellingsofthescandinavianhavebecomeaconcernbecauseofglobalizationandparticularlybecauseofthepopularizationoftheworldwidewebthisistoalargeextentduetothefactthatpriortothecreationofinternationalizeddomainnameidnasystemaroundinternetdomainscontainingscandinavianletterswerenotrecognizedbythednssystemandanywaydonotfeatureonkeyboardsadaptedforotherlanguageswhileitisrecommendedtokeeptheintactwhereverpossiblethenextbestthingistousetheolderdoubleaspellingegwwwraadecominsteadofwwwrdecomthisisbecauseaspreviouslydiscussedtheaaindicatesaseparatesoundiftheisrepresentedasacommonawithouttheoverringegwwwradecomthereisnoindicationthattheaissupposedtorepresentanothersoundentirelyevensorepresentingtheasjustanaisparticularlycommoninswedenascomparedtonorwayanddenmarkbecausethespellingaahasnotraditionaluseherefinnishbecausethefinnishalphabetisderivedfromtheswedishalphabetiscarriedoverbutithasnonativefinnishuseandistreatedasinswedishitsusageislimitedtonamesofswedishdanishornorwegianorigininfinlandtherearemanyswedishspeakingaswellasmanyfinnishspeakingpeoplewithswedishsurnamesandmanyswedishsurnamesincludeinadditiontherearemanygeographicalplacesinthefinnishcoastalareasthathaveintheirnamessuchaskrkandlngnsthefinnishnameforisruotsalainenoswedishoandispronouncedidenticallytoowhichhasthevalueitisnotadvisedtosubstituteaaforinfinnishasaaisalreadyacommonlettercombinationwiththevalueemilianromagnolinemilianoromagnoloemilianromagnolisusedinwordssuchasfrttfruitbrttuglytteverythingsppasoupstpidstupiddppidoubleitisalsousedtorepresenttheopenmidbackunroundedvowelegmodenesedialectmmdnnamdnamanwomanwalloonwritingwasintroducedtosomeeasternlocalvariantsofwalloonlanguagewalloonatthebeginningofthethcenturyandinitiallynotedthesamesoundasindanishitsusequicklyspreadtoalleasterndialectsbuttheculturalinfluenceligecityligeandcoveredthreesoundsalongopenoalongcloseooralongadependingonthelocalvarietiestheuseofasinglelettertocoversuchpronunciationshasbeenembracedbythenewpanwalloonorthographywithoneorthographyforwordsregardlessofthelocalphoneticvariationsinnonstandardizedwritingsoutsidetheligeareawordscontainingarewrittenwithauordependingonthelocalpronunciationforexamplethewordmjhonhouseinthestandardizedorthographyiswrittenmjomhonmohonemaujonindialectalwritingsistroromaniantheistroromanianlanguageistroromanianalphabetisbasedonthestandardromanianlanguageromanianalphabetwiththreeadditionallettersusedtomarksoundsspecificonlytothislanguageandchamorroandarealsousedinthepracticalorthographyofchamorrolanguagechamorroalanguageindigenoustothepeopleofnorthernmarianaislandsandguamthecapitalofguamisalsocalledhagtasymbolforngstrmtheletterucisalsousedthroughouttheworldastheinternationalsymbolforthenonsiunitngstrmaphysicalunitoflengthnamedaftertheswedenswedishphysicistandersjonasngstrmitisalwaysuppercaseinthiscontextsymbolsforunitsnamedafterpersonsaregenerallyuppercasethengstrmisaunitoflengthequaltoonetenbillionthofameterorunicodealsohasencodedhoweverthatisunicodenormalizationcanonicallyequivalenttotheordinarylettertheduplicateencodingatubisduetoroundtripmappingcompatibilitywithaneastasiancharacterencodingbutisotherwisenottobeusedoncomputersimageilluminatedkeyboardjpgthumbrightdanishkeyboardwithkeysforandbronnorwegiankeyboardstheandtradeplacescharmapcnamelatincapitalletterawithringenamelatinsmallletterawithringbnameangstromsignmapebcdicfamilymapcharmapcharmapisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcmapcharenamedrefaltcoderefcharrefcharnamedrefmackeycoderefcharrefcharnamedreftexrefcharaarefcharaaotherusesthelogoofthemajorleaguebaseballteamnowknownasthelosangelesangelsofanaheimisacapitalawithahaloduetotheresemblanceangelsfansareknowntostylisethenameasngelsthelogoofthestargateseriessimilarlyfeaturesastylizedawithacircleaboveitmakingitresembleanasinstargteinnorwegiangtemeansriddlesimilarlycirquedusoleilskoozproductionalsousesthischaracterinitslogoalthoughitispronouncedbythemainsingerasaregularabritishproducerandsingerlpsleyusesinherstagenamearelatedphenomenonisthemetalumlautwhichunlikethepreviousexamplesisintentionaluseofdiacriticsseealsonotesreferencespetterssongertrudsvenskasprketundersjuhundrarenhistoriaomsvenskanochdessutforskandelundstudentlitteraturexternallinkscitenewsgroupnewsgroupsocculturenordicmessageidtingeltangellysatorliuseurlgroupsgooglecomgroupsocculturenordicmsgddcfedmodesourceoutputgplainnoredirecttitlethenordicgraphemesfaqistroromaniannetalphabethtmltheistroromaniansincroatiaalphabetthelocalsethelocalswedentophaseoutandaprilfoolsjokesystemxinfoboxfileformatnamexmlschemawcextensionxsdmimeapplicationxmltextxmlownerworldwidewebconsortiumgenrexmlschemaxmlschemalanguagesxmlschemalanguageextendedfromxmlstandardworgtrxmlschemapartstructuresrecommendationbrworgtrxmlschemapartdatatypesrecommendationbrworgtrxmlschemapartstructuresrecommendationbrworgtrxmlschemapartdatatypesrecommendationxsdxmlschemadefinitionarecommendationoftheworldwidewebconsortiumwcspecifieshowtoformallydescribetheelementsinanextensiblemarkuplanguagexmldocumentitcanbeusedbyprogrammerstoverifyeachpieceofitemcontentinadocumenttheycancheckifitadherestothedescriptionoftheelementitisplacedinlikeallxmlschemaxmlschemalanguagesxsdcanbeusedtoexpressasetofrulestowhichanxmldocumentmustconforminordertobeconsideredvalidaccordingtothatschemahoweverunlikemostotherschemalanguagesxsdwasalsodesignedwiththeintentthatdeterminationofadocumentsvaliditywouldproduceacollectionofinformationadheringtospecificdatatypessuchapostvalidationxmlinformationsetinfosetcanbeusefulinthedevelopmentofxmldocumentprocessingsoftwarehowevertheschemalanguagesdependenceonspecificdatatypeshasprovokedcriticismasdocumentedinthepsvisectionbelowbutlinksnolongerworktounderstandnatureofcriticismhistoryxmlschemapublishedasawcrecommendationinmayrefciteweburldblabntuagrbikakisxmlandsemanticwebwcstandardstimelinehistorypdftitlexmlandsemanticwebwcstandardstimelinedaterefisoneofseveralxmlschemaxmlschemalanguagesitwasthefirstseparateschemalanguageforxmltoachieverecommendationstatusbythewcbecauseofconfusionbetweenxmlschemaasaspecificwcspecificationandtheuseofthesametermtodescribeschemalanguagesingeneralsomepartsoftheusercommunityreferredtothislanguageaswxsaninitialismforwcxmlschemawhileothersreferredtoitasxsdaninitialismforxmlschemadefinitioninversionthewchaschosentoadoptxsdasthepreferrednameandthatisthenameusedinthisarticleinitsappendixofreferencesthexsdspecificationacknowledgestheinfluenceofdocumenttypedefinitiondtdsandotherearlyxmlschemaeffortssuchasddmlschemaforobjectorientedxmlsoxxmldataandxdrschemaxdrithasadoptedfeaturesfromeachoftheseproposalsbutisalsoacompromiseamongthemofthoselanguagesxdrandsoxcontinuedtobeusedandsupportedforawhileafterxmlschemawaspublishedanumberofmicrosoftproductssupportedxdruntilthereleaseofmsxmlwhichdroppedxdrinfavorofxmlschemaindecembercommerceoneincsupporteditssoxschemalanguageuntildeclaringbankruptcyinlatethemostobviousfeaturesofferedinxsdthatarenotavailableinxmlsnativedocumenttypedefinitionsdtdsarexmlnamespacenamespaceawarenessanddatatypesthatistheabilitytodefineelementandattributecontentascontainingvaluessuchasintegersanddatesratherthanarbitrarytextthexsdspecificationwasoriginallypublishedinwithasecondeditionfollowingintocorrectlargenumbersoferrorsxsdbecameaworldwidewebconsortiumwcrecommendationrecwcrecommendationinworgnewsentryaprilschemasandschemadocumentstechnicallyaschemaisanabstractcollectionofmetadataconsistingofasetofschemacomponentschieflyelementandattributedeclarationsandcomplexandsimpletypedefinitionsthesecomponentsareusuallycreatedbyprocessingacollectionofschemadocumentswhichcontainthesourcelanguagedefinitionsofthesecomponentsinpopularusagehoweveraschemadocumentisoftenreferredtoasaschemaschemadocumentsareorganizedbynamespaceallthenamedschemacomponentsbelongtoatargetnamespaceandthetargetnamespaceisapropertyoftheschemadocumentasawholeaschemadocumentmayincludeotherschemadocumentsforthesamenamespaceandmayimportschemadocumentsforadifferentnamespacewhenaninstancedocumentisvalidatedagainstaschemaaprocessknownasassessmenttheschematobeusedforvalidationcaneitherbesuppliedasaparametertothevalidationengineoritcanbereferenceddirectlyfromtheinstancedocumentusingtwospecialattributescodexsischemalocationcodeandcodexsinonamespaceschemalocationcodethelattermechanismrequirestheclientinvokingvalidationtotrustthedocumentsufficientlytoknowthatitisbeingvalidatedagainstthecorrectschemaxsiistheconventionalprefixforthenamespaceworgxmlschemainstancexmlschemadocumentsusuallyhavethefilenameextensionxsdauniqueinternetmediatypeinternetmediatypeisnotyetregisteredforxsdssoapplicationxmlortextxmlshouldbeusedasperrfcschemacomponentsthemaincomponentsofaschemaareelementdeclarationswhichdefinepropertiesofelementstheseincludetheelementnameandtargetnamespaceanimportantpropertyisthetypeoftheelementwhichconstrainswhatattributesandchildrentheelementcanhaveinxsdthetypeoftheelementmaybeconditionalonthevaluesofitsattributesanelementmaybelongtoasubstitutiongroupifelementeisinthesubstitutiongroupofelemenththenwherevertheschemapermitshtoappearemayappearinitsplaceelementsmayhaveintegrityconstraintsuniquenessconstraintsdeterminingthatparticularvaluesmustbeuniquewithinthesubtreerootedatanelementandreferentialconstraintsdeterminingthatvaluesmustmatchtheidentifierofsomeotherelementelementdeclarationsmaybeglobalorlocalallowingthesamenametobeusedforunrelatedelementsindifferentpartsofaninstancedocumentattributedeclarationswhichdefinepropertiesofattributesagainthepropertiesincludetheattributenameandtargetnamespacetheattributetypeconstrainsthevaluesthattheattributemaytakeanattributedeclarationmayalsoincludeadefaultvalueorafixedvaluewhichisthentheonlyvaluetheattributemaytakesimpleandcomplextypesthesearedescribedinthefollowingsectionmodelgroupandattributegroupdefinitionstheseareessentiallymacrosnamedgroupsofelementsandattributesthatcanbereusedinmanydifferenttypedefinitionsanattributeuserepresentstherelationshipofacomplextypeandanattributedeclarationandindicateswhethertheattributeismandatoryoroptionalwhenitisusedinthattypeanelementparticlesimilarlyrepresentstherelationshipofacomplextypeandanelementdeclarationandindicatestheminimumandmaximumnumberoftimestheelementmayappearinthecontentaswellaselementparticlescontentmodelscanincludemodelgroupparticleswhichactlikenonterminalsinagrammartheydefinethechoiceandrepetitionunitswithinthesequenceofpermittedelementsinadditionwildcardparticlesareallowedwhichpermitasetofdifferentelementsperhapsanyelementprovideditisinacertainnamespaceothermorespecializedcomponentsincludeannotationsassertionsnotationsandtheschemacomponentwhichcontainsinformationabouttheschemaasawholetypessimpletypesalsocalleddatatypesconstrainthetextualvaluesthatmayappearinanelementorattributethisisoneofthemoresignificantwaysinwhichxmlschemadiffersfromdtdsforexampleanattributemightbeconstrainedtoholdonlyavaliddateoradecimalnumberxsdprovidesasetofprimitivedatatypescodeanyuricodecodebasebinarycodecodebooleancodecodedatecodecodedatetimecodecodedecimalcodecodedoublecodecodedurationcodecodefloatcodecodehexbinarycodecodegdaycodecodegmonthcodecodegmonthdaycodecodegyearcodecodegyearmonthcodecodenotationcodecodeqnamecodecodestringcodeandcodetimecodeitallowsnewdatatypestobeconstructedfromtheseprimitivesbythreemechanismsrestrictionreducingthesetofpermittedvalueslistallowingasequenceofvaluesandunionallowingachoiceofvaluesfromseveraltypestwentyfivederivedtypesaredefinedwithinthespecificationitselfandfurtherderivedtypescanbedefinedbyusersintheirownschemasthemechanismsavailableforrestrictingdatatypesincludetheabilitytospecifyminimumandmaximumvaluesregularexpressionsconstraintsonthelengthofstringsandconstraintsonthenumberofdigitsindecimalvaluesxsdagainaddsassertionstheabilitytospecifyanarbitraryconstraintbymeansofanxpathexpressioncomplextypesdescribethepermittedcontentofanelementincludingitselementandtextchildrenanditsattributesacomplextypedefinitionconsistsofasetofattributeusesandacontentmodelvarietiesofcontentmodelincludeelementonlycontentinwhichnotextmayappearotherthanwhitespaceortextenclosedbyachildelementsimplecontentinwhichtextisallowedbutchildelementsarenotemptycontentinwhichneithertextnorchildelementsareallowedandmixedcontentwhichpermitsbothelementsandtexttoappearacomplextypecanbederivedfromanothercomplextypebyrestrictiondisallowingsomeelementsattributesorvaluesthatthebasetypepermitsorbyextensionallowingadditionalattributesandelementstoappearinxsdacomplextypemaybeconstrainedbyassertionsxpathexpressionsevaluatedagainstthecontentthatmustevaluatetotruepostschemavalidationinfosetafterxmlschemabasedvalidationitispossibletoexpressanxmldocumentsstructureandcontentintermsofthedatamodelthatwasimplicitduringvalidationthexmlschemadatamodelincludesthevocabularyelementandattributenamesthecontentmodelrelationshipsandstructurethedatatypesthiscollectionofinformationiscalledthepostschemavalidationinfosetpsvithepsvigivesavalidxmldocumentitstypeandfacilitatestreatingthedocumentasanobjectusingobjectorientedprogrammingoopparadigmssecondaryusesforxmlschemastheprimaryreasonfordefininganxmlschemaistoformallydescribeanxmldocumenthowevertheresultingschemahasanumberofotherusesthatgobeyondsimplevalidationcodegenerationtheschemacanbeusedtogeneratecodereferredtoasxmldatabindingthiscodeallowscontentsofxmldocumentstobetreatedasobjectswithintheprogrammingenvironmentgenerationofxmlfilestructuredocumentationtheschemacanbeusedtogeneratehumanreadabledocumentationofanxmlfilestructurethisisespeciallyusefulwheretheauthorshavemadeuseoftheannotationelementsnoformalstandardexistsfordocumentationgenerationbutanumberoftoolsareavailablesuchasthexspstylesheetthatwillproducehighqualityreadablehtmlandprintedmaterialcriticismalthoughxmlschemaissuccessfulinthatithasbeenwidelyadoptedandlargelyachieveswhatitsetouttoithasbeenthesubjectofagreatdealofseverecriticismperhapsmoresothananyotherwcrecommendationgoodsummariesofthecriticismsareprovidedbyjamesclarkrefjamesclarkxmlexpertjamesclarksummaryofxmlschemacriticismsandpromotionofrelaxngasanalternativewebarchiveorgwebimcorgietfxmlusemailarchivemsghtmlrefandersmllerandmichaelschwartzbachrickjelliffeanddavidwebbergeneralproblemsitistoocomplicatedthespecisseveralhundredpagesinaverytechnicallanguagesoitishardtousebynonexpertsndashbutmanynonexpertsneedschemastodescribedataformatsthewcrecommendationitselfisextremelydifficulttoreadmostusersfindworgtrxmlschemawcsxmlschemaprimermucheasiertounderstandxsdlacksanyformalmathematicalspecificationthismakesitdifficulttoreasonaboutschemasforexampletoprovethatamodificationtoaschemaisbackwardscompatibletherearemanysurprisesinthelanguageforexamplethatrestrictionofelementsworksdifferentlyfromrestrictionofattributespracticallimitationsofexpressibilityxsdoffersveryweaksupportforunorderedcontentxsdcannotrequireaspecificrootelementsoextrainformationisrequiredtovalidateeventhesimplestdocumentswhendescribingmixedcontentthecharacterdatacannotbeconstrainedinanywaynotevenasetofvalidcharacterscanbespecifiedcontentandattributedeclarationscannotdependonattributesorelementcontextthiswasalsolistedasacentralproblemofdtditisnotselfdescribingasatrivialexampleseethepreviouspointeventhoughthatwasaninitialdesignrequirementdefaultscannotbespecifiedseparatelyfromthedeclarationsthismakesithardtomakefamiliesofschemasthatonlydifferinthedefaultvalueselementdefaultscanonlybecharacterdatanotcontainingmarkuptechnicalproblemsalthoughittechnicallyisnamespaceconformantitdoesnotseemtofollowthenamespacespiritegunqualifiedlocalsxsdprovidednofacilitiestostatethatthevalueorpresenceofoneattributeisdependentonthevaluesorpresenceofotherattributessocalledcooccurrenceconstraintsthishasbeenfixedinxsdthesetofxsddatatypesonofferishighlyarbitraryrefthispointisamplifiedbyucheogbujiarchiveoreillycompubpostmoreonxmlclasswarfarehtmlmoreonxmlclasswarfareoreillyonlampblogrefthetwotasksofvalidationandaugmentationaddingtypeinformationanddefaultvaluesshouldbekeptseparateversionxsdbecameaworldwidewebconsortiumwcrecommendationrecwcrecommendationinworgnewsentryaprilwhichmeansitisanapprovedwcspecificationsignificantnewfeaturesinxsdaretheabilitytodefineassertionsagainstthedocumentcontentbymeansofxpathexpressionsanideaborrowedfromschematrontheabilitytoselectthetypeagainstwhichanelementwillbevalidatedbasedonthevaluesoftheelementsattributesconditionaltypeassignmentrelaxingtheruleswherebyexplicitelementsinacontentmodelmustnotmatchwildcardsalsoallowedbythemodeltheabilitytospecifywildcardsforbothelementsandattributesthatapplytoalltypesintheschemasothattheyallimplementthesameextensibilitypolicyuntiltheproposedrecommendationdraftxsdalsoproposedtheadditionofanewnumericdatatypeprecisiondecimalthisprovedcontroversialandwasthereforedroppedfromthespecificationatalatestageofdevelopmentseealsolistofxmlschemaslistofxmlschemasinuseontheinternetsortedbypurposerelaxnganotherxmlschemalanguageanisointernationalstandardthatisoftenusedwithxsddatatypesxmlschemaeditorinformationaboutxsdtoolsxmlschemalanguagescomparesxsdtootherxmlschemalanguagesuniqueparticleattributioncanonicalmodelfurtherreadingdefinitivexmlschemapriscillawalmsleyprenticehallxmlschemaericvandervlistoreillythexmlschemacompanionneilbradleyaddisonwesleyprofessionalxmlschemasjonducketetalwroxpressxmlschemaslucindadykesetalsybexreferencesexternallinkswcxmlschemaspecificationworgtrxmlschemaxsdprimerworgtrxmlschemaxsdstructuresworgtrxmlschemaxsddatatypesworgxmlschematoolstoolswcxmlschemaspecificationworgtrxmlschemaxsdstructuresworgtrxmlschemaxsddatatypesotherdblabntuagrbikakissparqlxqueryhtmlsparqlxquerytransformxmlschematoowlmapxmlschemasandowlrdfsontologiesinterwikiescategoriesxxaeromayrefertoxaerorocketxaerosuborbitalrocketquakeiiiarenathislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellmultipleissuesimagemamaxootrjehjpgthumbxootrmgleftandxootrstreetrightmodelsinuseatnewyorkcityxootrpronouncedzooterisamanufactureroffoldingkickscootersandfoldingbicyclesxootrscootersarecharacterizedbynbspmmpolyurethanewheelswithaluminiumhubsandahandbrakeforthefrontwheelfortherearonoldmodelscomparedtotheotherfoldingscooterswithsmallerwheelstheselargerwheelsprovideaneasierrideattheexpenseofasomewhatlesseasyportabilitythehingeisdistinguishedfromcompetitorsinbeinglockedbyinsertingapinratherthanbyacamorotherlatchtheplatformislargeenoughforadultsandavailableinplywoodmagnesiumoraluminumatdifferentpricesxootrscooterswereoriginallyintroducedinbynovacruzproductssincethexootrscooterhasbeenmanufacturedandsoldbyxootrll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microplaysoftwaremicroplayinxenophobewasincludedinmidwaygamesmidwaysmidwayarcadetreasuresarcadetreasuresfortheplaystationpsxboxconsolexboxandnintendogamecubeinxenophobewasincludedinmidwayarcadetreasuresextendedplayonthepspinitwasincludedinmidwayarcadeoriginsfortheplaystationandxboxreceptionatarilynxinacapsulereviewofthelynxversionforstartmagazinestartclaytonwalnumcommentedthegraphicsinsomeroomsaremoredetailedthaninothersandingeneralarentasimpressiveasthoseinelectrocopasimilargamealsothecomplicatedcontrolstakesomegettingusedtojulianrignallreviewedthegameinthejanuaryissueofcvgmagazinehewentontosaythegraphicsandsoundarebothexcellentwiththegameplayischallengingandaddictiveafungamewhichoffersplentyofentertainmentgivingafinalratingofoutofreferencesexternallinksxeroximageaccretiondiskjpgpxthumbartistsimpressionofanxraybinaryxraybinariesareaclassofbinarystarsthatareluminousinxraysthexraysareproducedbymatterfallingfromonecomponentcalledthedonorusuallyarelativelynormalstartotheothercomponentcalledtheaccretorwhichisverycompactaneutronstarorblackholetheinfallingmatterreleasespotentialenergygravitationalpotentialenergygravitationalpotentialenergyuptoseveraltenthsofitsrestmassasxrayshydrogennuclearfusionfusionreleasesonlyaboutpercentofrestmassthelifetimeandthemasstransferrateinanxraybinarydependsontheevolutionarystatusofthedonorstarthemassratiobetweenthestellarcomponentsandtheirorbitalseparationrefnametauriscitebookfirstthomasmlasttaurisfirstedlastvandenheuvellastauthorampychapterchapterformationandevolutionofcompactstellarxraysourceschapterurladsabsharvardeduabscsxsbooktfulltexttitlecompactstellarxraysourceseditorfirstwaltereditorlastlewineditorfirstmichieleditorlastvanderklisseriescambridgeastrophysicsseriespublishercambridgeuniversitypressyearpagesdoiarxivastrophisbnrefanestimatedsupsuppositronsescapepersecondfromatypicalxraybinarylowmassxraybinarylowmassxraybinaryrefcitejournallastweidenspointnerfirstgeorgtitleanasymmetricdistributionofpositronsinthegalacticdiskrevealedbygammaraysjournalnaturedateurlnaturecomnaturejournalvnabsnaturehtmldoinatureaccessdatebibcodenaturwpmidvolumepagesrefrefwiredcomwiredsciencemysteryofantimysteryofantimattersourcesolvedmaybebyjohnborlandrefclassificationxraybinariesarefurthersubdividedintoseveralsometimesoverlappingsubclassesthatperhapsreflecttheunderlyingphysicsbetternotethattheclassificationbymasshighintermediatelowreferstotheopticallyvisibledonornottothecompactxrayemittingaccretorlowmassxraybinarylowmassxraybinarieslmxbssoftxraytransientssxtssymbioticvariablestarsymbioticxraybinariessupersoftxraysourcesorsupersoftsourcesssxsssxbintermediatemassxraybinaryintermediatemassxraybinariesimxbshighmassxraybinaryhighmassxraybinarieshmxbsbexraybinariesbexraybinariesbexrbsxrayastronomyanalyticalxrayastronomysupergiantxraybinariessgxbsxrayastronomyexoticxraysourcessupergiantfastxraytransientssfxtsothersxrayburstersxraypulsarsmicroquasarmicroquasarsradiojetxraybinariesthatcanhouseeitheraneutronstarorablackholelowmassxraybinaryalowmassxraybinarylmxbisabinarystarsystemwhereoneofthecomponentsiseitherablackholeorneutronstartheothercomponentadonorusuallyfillsitsrochelobeandthereforetransfersmasstothecompactstarthedonorislessmassivethanthecompactobjectandcanbeonthemainsequenceadegeneratedwarfwhitedwarforanevolvedstarredgiantapproximatelytwohundredlmxbshavebeendetectedinthemilkywayandofthesethirteenlmxbshavebeendiscoveredinglobularclustersthechandraxrayobservatoryhasrevealedlmxbsinmanydistantgalaxiesatypicallowmassxraybinaryemitsalmostallofitselectromagneticradiationradiationinxraysandtypicallylessthanonepercentinvisiblelightsotheyareamongthebrightestobjectsinthexrayskybutrelativelyfaintinvisiblelighttheapparentmagnitudeistypicallyaroundtothebrightestpartofthesystemistheaccretiondiskaroundthecompactobjecttheorbitalperiodsoflmxbsrangefromtenminutestohundredsofdaysintermediatemassxraybinaryanintermediatemassxraybinaryimxbisabinarystarsystemwhereoneofthecomponentsisaneutronstarorablackholetheothercomponentisanintermediatemassstarhighmassxraybinaryahighmassxraybinaryhmxbisabinarystarsystemthatisstronginxraysandinwhichthenormalstellarcomponentisamassivestarusuallyanoorbstarorabluesupergiantthecompactxrayemittingcomponentisaneutronstarorblackholeafractionofthestellarwindofthemassivenormalstariscapturedbythecompactobjectandproducesxraysasitfallsontothecompactobjectinahighmassxraybinarythemassivestardominatestheemissionofopticallightwhilethecompactobjectisthedominantsourceofxraysthemassivestarsareveryluminousandthereforeeasilydetectedoneofthemostfamoushighmassxraybinariesiscygnusxwhichwasthefirstidentifiedblackholecandidateotherhmxbsincludevelaxnottobeconfusedwithvelaxandumicroquasarimagessartbiggifpxthumbartistsimpressionofthemicroquasarssamicroquasarorradioemittingxraybinaryisthesmallercousinofaquasarmicroquasarsarenamedafterquasarsastheyhavesomecommoncharacteristicsstrongandvariableradioemissionoftenresolvableasapairofradiojetsandanaccretiondisksurroundingacompactobjectwhichiseitherablackholeoraneutronstarinquasarstheblackholeissupermassivemillionsofsolarmassesinmicroquasarsthemassofthecompactobjectisonlyafewsolarmassesinmicroquasarstheaccretedmasscomesfromanormalstarandtheaccretiondiskisveryluminousintheopticalandxrayregionsmicroquasarsaresometimescalledradiojetxraybinariestodistinguishthemfromotherxraybinariesapartoftheradioemissioncomesfromrelativisticjetsoftenshowingapparentsuperluminalmotionmicroquasarsareveryimportantforthestudyofrelativisticjetsthejetsareformedclosetothecompactobjectandtimescalesnearthecompactobjectareproportionaltothemassofthecompactobjectthereforeordinaryquasarstakecenturiestogothroughvariationsamicroquasarexperiencesinonedaynoteworthymicroquasarsincludessinwhichatomicemissionlinesarevisiblefrombothjetsgrswithanespeciallyhighjetvelocityandtheverybrightcygnusxdetecteduptothehighenergygammaraysemevextremelyhighenergiesofparticlesemittinginthevhebandmightbeexplainedbyseveralmechanismsofparticleaccelerationseefermiaccelerationandcentrifugalmechanismofaccelerationseealsoulsissquasarreferencesexternallinksaudiocaingayastronomycastcomastronomyepxrayastronomyastronomycastepisodexrayastronomymultipleissuesextensiblemessagingandpresenceprotocolxmppisacommunicationsprotocolformessageorientedmiddlewarebasedonxmlextensiblemarkuplanguageitenablesthenearrealtimeexchangeofstructuredyetextensibledatabetweenanytwoormorenetworkentitiesoriginallynamedjabbertheprotocolwasdevelopedbythejabberopensourcecommunityinfornearrealtimeinstantmessagingimpresenceinformationandcontactlistmaintenancedesignedtobeextensibilityextensibletheprotocolhasbeenusedalsoforpublishsubscribesystemssignallingforvoiceoveripvoipvideofiletransfergamegamingtheinternetofthingsiotapplicationssuchasthesmartgridandsocialnetworkingservicesunlikemostinstantmessagingprotocolsxmppisdefinedinanopenstandardandusesanopensystemcomputingopensystemsapproachofdevelopmentandapplicationbywhichanyonemayimplementanxmppserviceandinteroperatewithotherorganizationsimplementationsbecausexmppisanopenprotocolimplementationscanbedevelopedusinganysoftwarelicensealthoughmanyserverclientandlibraryimplementationsaredistributedasfreeandopensourcesoftwarenumerousfreewareandcommercialsoftwareimplementationsalsoexisttheinternetengineeringtaskforceietfformedanxmppworkinggroupintoformalizethecoreprotocolsasanietfinstantmessagingandpresencetechnologythexmppworkinggroupproducedfourspecificationsrfcrfcrfcrfcwhichwereapprovedasproposedstandardsininrfcandrfcweresupersededbyrfcandrfcrespectivelywithrfcspecifyingthexmppaddressformatinrfcwassupersededbyrfcinadditiontothesecoreprotocolsstandardizedattheietfthexmppstandardsfoundationformerlythejabbersoftwarefoundationisactiveindevelopingopenxmppextensionsxmppbasedsoftwareisdeployedwidelyacrosstheinternetandbywasusedbyovertenmillionpeopleworldwideaccordingtothexmppstandardsfoundationhistoryjeremiemillerbeganworkingonthejabbertechnologyinandreleasedthefirstversionofthettjabberdjabberdttserveronjanuarytheearlyjabbercommunityfocusedonopensourcesoftwaremainlythejabberdserverbutitsmajoroutcomeprovedtobethedevelopmentofthexmppprotocoltheearlyjabbercommunicationsprotocolprotocolasdevelopedinandformedthebasisforxmppaspublishedinrfcandrfctheprimarychangesduringformalizationbytheietfsxmppworkinggroupweretheadditionoftransportlayersecuritytlsforchannelencryptionandsimpleauthenticationandsecuritylayersaslforauthenticationnotethatrfcandrfchavebeensupersededbyrfcandrfcpublishedinthefirstimservicebasedonxmppwasjabberorgwhichhasoperatedcontinuouslyandofferedfreeaccountssincefromuntilfebruarytheserviceusedjabberdjabberdasitsserversoftwareatwhichtimeitmigratedtoejabberdbothofwhicharefreesoftwareapplicationserversinjanuarytheservicemigratedtotheproprietarysoftwareproprietarymlinkserversoftwareproducedbyisodeltdrefciteweburljabberorgxmppservermigrationtitlejabberorgxmppservermigrationdateaugustaccessdatedecemberdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebjabberorgxmppservermigrationarchivedatedecemberrefinaugustgoogleintroducedgoogletalkacombinationvoipandimsystemthatusesxmppforinstantmessagingandasabaseforavoiceandfiletransfersignalingprotocolcalledjingleprotocoljingletheinitiallaunchdidnotincludeinterserverservertoservercommunicationsgoogleenabledthatfeatureonjanuaryrefciteweburlgoogletalkblogspotcomxmppfederationhtmltitlexmppfederationlastburdfirstgarydatejanuaryaccessdatenovemberrefgooglehassinceaddedvideofunctionalitytogoogletalkalsousingthejingleprotocolforsignalinginmaygoogleannouncedjabbercompatibilitywouldbedroppedfromgoogletalkforservertoserverfederationalthoughitwouldretainclienttoserversupportrefciteweburlhonlinecomopennewsitemgoogleschatclientdropsjabbercompatibilityhtmltitlegoogleschatclientdropsjabbercompatibilitypublisherheiseonlinedatemayaccessdatemayrefinjanuaryaolintroducedexperimentalxmppsupportforitsaolinstantmessengeraimserviceallowingaimuserstocommunicateusingxmpphoweverinmarchthisservicewasdiscontinuedasofmayaolofferslimitedxmppsupportinseptemberciscosystemsacquiredjabberincthecreatorsofthecommercialproductjabberxcprefciteweburlnewsroomciscocomdllscorphtmltitleciscoannouncesdefinitiveagreementtoacquirejabberaccessdatejanuarydeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebnewsroomciscocomdllscorphtmlarchivedatedecemberrefinfebruarythesocialnetworkingsitefacebookopenedupitsfacebookchatchatfeaturetothirdpartyapplicationsviaxmpprefciteweburlblogfacebookcomblogphpposttitlefacebookchatnowavailableeverywhereaccessdatefebruaryrefsomefunctionalitywasunavailablethroughxmppandsupportwasdroppedinaprilrefciteweburldevelopersfacebookcomdocschatfbnoscripttitlechatapideprecatedaccessdatejulyrefsimilarlyindecembermicrosoftreleasedanxmppinterfacetoitsmicrosoftmessengerserviceskypeitsdefactosuccessoralsoprovideslimitedxmppsupporthoweverthesearenotnativexmppimplementationsfederationdecentralizationandaddressingimagejabbernetworksvgthumbasimplexmppnetworkwiththeserversjabberorganddraugrdegreenclientsareonlineyellowclientsarewritingeachotherandsmallgreensubclientsaretheresourcesofoneuserthebrownnetworkisnotconnectedtotheinternettheserverdraugrdeisconnectedtootherimservicesicqaimandotherviaxmpptransportsthexmppnetworkusesaclientservermodelclientserverarchitectureclientsdonottalkdirectlytooneanotherthemodelisdecentralizedanyonecanrunaserverbydesignthereisnocentralauthoritativeserverasthereiswithservicessuchasaolinstantmessengerorwindowslivemessengersomeconfusionoftenarisesonthispointasthereisapublicxmppserverbeingrunatttjabberorgtttowhichalargenumberofuserssubscribehoweveranyonemayruntheirownxmppserverontheirowndomaineveryuseronthenetworkhasauniquexmppaddresscalledjidforhistoricalreasonsxmppaddressesareoftencalledjabberidsthejidisstructuredlikeanemailaddresswithausernameandadomainnameoripaddressfortheserverwherethatuserresidesseparatedbyanatsignttttsuchasttusernameexamplecomttsinceausermaywishtologinfrommultiplelocationstheymayspecifyaresourcearesourceidentifiesaparticularclientbelongingtotheuserforexamplehomeworkormobilethismaybeincludedinthejidbyappendingaslashfollowedbythenameoftheresourceforexamplethefulljidofausersmobileaccountcouldbettusernameexamplecommobiletteachresourcemayhavespecifiedanumericalvaluecalledprioritymessagessimplysenttottusernameexamplecomttwillgototheclientwithhighestprioritybutthosesenttottusernameexamplecommobilettwillgoonlytothemobileclientthehighestpriorityistheonewithlargestnumericalvaluejidswithoutausernamepartarealsovalidandmaybeusedforsystemmessagesandcontrolofspecialfeaturesontheserveraresourceremainsoptionalforthesejidsaswellthemeanstoroutemessagesbasedonalogicalendpointidentifierthejidinsteadofbyanexplicitipaddresspresentopportunitiestousexmppasanoverlaynetworkimplementationontopofdifferentunderlaynetworksconnectingtootherprotocolsimagewieeinjabbertransportfunktioniertsvgpxrightthumbalicesendsamessagethroughthexmppnettotheicqtransportthemessageisnextroutedtobobviatheicqnetworkoneoftheoriginaldesigngoalsoftheearlyjabberopensourcecommunitywasenablinguserstoconnecttomultipleinstantmessagingsystemsespeciallynonxmppsystemsthroughasingleclientapplicationthiswasdonethroughentitiescalledtransportsorgatewaystootherinstantmessagingprotocolsbutalsotoprotocolssuchasshortmessageservicesmsoremailunlikeinstantmessagingmultiprotocolclientsxmppprovidesthisaccessattheserverlevelbycommunicatingviaspecialgatewayservicesrunningalongsideanxmppserveranyusercanregisterwithoneofthesegatewaysbyprovidingtheinformationneededtologontothatnetworkandcanthencommunicatewithusersofthatnetworkasthoughtheywerexmppusersthussuchgatewaysfunctionasclientproxiesthegatewayauthenticatesontheusersbehalfonthenonxmppserviceasaresultanyclientthatfullysupportsxmppcanaccessanynetworkwithagatewaywithoutextracodeintheclientandwithouttheneedfortheclienttohavedirectaccesstotheinternethowevertheclientproxymodelmayviolatetermsofserviceontheprotocolusedalthoughsuchtermsofservicearenotlegallyenforceableinseveralcountriesandalsorequirestheusertosendtheirimusernameandpasswordtothethirdpartysitethatoperatesthetransportwhichmayraiseprivacyandsecurityconcernsanothertypeofgatewayisaservertoservergatewaywhichenablesanonxmppserverdeploymenttoconnecttonativexmppserversusingthebuiltininterdomainfederationfeaturesofxmppsuchservertoservergatewaysareofferedbyseveralenterpriseimsoftwareproductsincludingibmlotussametimeskypeforbusinessserverformerlynamedmicrosoftlyncserverandmicrosoftofficecommunicationsserverocsxmppasanextensiblemessageorientedmiddlewarexmomplatformxmppprovidesageneralframeworkformessagingacrossanetworkwhichoffersamultitudeofapplicationsbeyondtraditionalinstantmessagingimandthedistributionofpresencedatawhileseveralservicediscoveryprotocolsexisttodaysuchaszeroconfigurationnetworkingzeroconfortheservicelocationprotocolxmppprovidesasolidbaseforthediscoveryofservicesresidinglocallyoracrossanetworkandtheavailabilityoftheseservicesviapresenceinformationasspecifiedbyxepdiscobuildingonitscapabilitytosupportdiscoveryacrosslocaldomainnamesystemnetworkdomainsxmppiswellsuitedforcloudcomputingwherevirtualmachinesnetworksandfirewallswouldotherwisepresentobstaclestoalternativeservicediscoveryandpresencebasedsolutionscloudcomputingandstoragesystemsrelyonvariousformsofcommunicationovermultiplelevelsincludingnotonlymessagingbetweensystemstorelaystatebutalsothemigrationordistributionoflargerobjectssuchasstorageorvirtualmachinesalongwithauthenticationandintransitdataprotectionxmppcanbeappliedatavarietyoflevelsandmayproveidealasanextensiblemiddlewareormessageorientedmiddlewaremomprotocolwidelyknownforitsabilitytoexchangexmlbasedcontentnativelyithasbecomeanopenplatformfortheexchangeofotherformsofcontentincludingproprietarybinarystreamsfullmotionvideofmvcontentandthetransportoffilebasedcontentviaforexamplethejingleprotocoljingleseriesofextensionsherethemajorityoftheapplicationshavenothingtodowithhumancommunicationsieimbutinsteadprovideanopenmeanstosupportmachinetomachineorpeertopeercommunicationsacrossadiversesetofnetworksimplementationsxmppisimplementedbyalargenumberofclientsserversandcodelibrariestheseimplementationsareprovidedunderavarietyofsoftwarelicensesxmppviahttpandwebsockettransportstheoriginalandnativetransportprotocolforxmppistransmissioncontrolprotocoltcpusingopenendedxmlstreamsoverlonglivedtcpconnectionsasanalternativetothetcptransportthexmppcommunityhasalsodevelopedanhypertexttransferprotocolhttptransportforwebclientsaswellasusersbehindrestrictedfirewallcomputingfirewallsintheoriginalspecificationxmppcouldusehttpintwowayspollingandbindingthepollingmethodnowdeprecatedessentiallyimpliesmessagesstoredonaserversidedatabasearebeingfetchedandpostedregularlybyanxmppclientbywayofhttpgetandpostrequeststhebindingmethodimplementedusingbidirectionalstreamsoversynchronoushttpboshprotocolboshrefnameboshrefallowsserverstopushmessagestoclientsassoonastheyaresentthispushmodelofnotificationismoreefficientthanpollingwheremanyofthepollsreturnnonewdatabecausetheclientuseshttpmostfirewallsallowclientstofetchandpostmessageswithoutanyhindrancesthusinscenarioswherethetcpportusedbyxmppisblockedaservercanlistenonthenormalhttpportandthetrafficshouldpasswithoutproblemsvariouswebsitesletpeoplesignintoxmppviaabrowserfurthermorethereareopenpublicserversthatlistenonstandardhttpportandhttpsportportsandhenceallowconnectionsfrombehindmostfirewallshowevertheianaregisteredportforboshisactuallynotaperhapsmoreefficienttransportforrealtimemessagingiswebsocketawebtechnologyprovidingforbidirectionalfullduplexcommunicationschannelsoverasingletransmissioncontrolprotocoltcpconnectionxmppoverwebsocketbindingisdefinedintheietfproposedstandardrfcdeploymentsseverallargepublicimservicesnativelyusexmppincludinglivejournalsljtalknimbuzzandhipchatvarioushostingservicessuchasdreamhostenablehostingcustomerstochoosexmppservicesalongsidemoretraditionalwebandemailservicesspecializedxmpphostingservicesalsoexistinformofcloudcomputingcloudsothatdomainownersneednotdirectlyruntheirownxmppserversincludingciscowebexconnectchromeplflosoftbizproductsjabberflosoftbizipoboxnetandhostedimsomeofthelargestmessagingprovidersuseorhavebeenusingvariousformsofxmppbasedprotocolsintheirbackendsystemswithoutnecessarilyexposingthisfacttotheirendusersthisincludeswhatsappgtalkandfacebookchatthedeprecatedfacebookmessagingsystemmostofthesedeploymentsarebuiltonthefreesoftwarefreesoftwareerlangprogramminglanguageerlangbasedxmppservercalledejabberdxmppisalsousedindeploymentsofnonimservicesincludingsmartgridsystemssuchasdemandresponseapplicationsmessageorientedmiddlewareandasareplacementforshortmessageservicesmstoprovidetextmessagingonmanysmartphoneclientsxmppisthedefactostandardforprivatechatingamingrelatedplatformssuchasorigindigitaldistributionsoftwareoriginraptrplaystationandthenowdiscontinuedxfiretwonotableexceptionsaresteamsoftwaresteamandxboxlivebothusetheirownproprietarysoftwareproprietarymessagingprotocolsdevelopmentxsfthexmppstandardsfoundationxsfdevelopsandpublishesextensionstoxmppthroughastandardsprocesscenteredonxmppextensionprotocolsxepspreviouslyknownasjabberenhancementproposalsjepsthefollowingextensionsareinespeciallywideusedataformsservicediscoverymultiuserchatrefnameautogeneratedrefpublishsubscriberefnameautogeneratedrefandpersonaleventingprotocolxhtmlimfiletransferentitycapabilitieshttpbindingjingleprotocoljingleforvoiceandvideointernetofthingsxmppfeaturessuchasfederationacrossdomainspublishsubscribeauthenticationanditssecurityevenformobileendpointsarebeingusedtoimplementtheinternetofthingsseveralxmppextensionsarepartoftheexperimentalimplementationefficientxmlinterchangeexiformatsensordataprovisioningcontrolconcentratorsdiscoverytheseeffortsaredocumentedonapageinthexmppwikidedicatedtointernetofthingsandthexmppiotmailinglistspecificationsandstandardstheinternetengineeringtaskforceietfxmppworkinggrouphasproducedaseriesofrequestforcommentsrfcdocumentsrfcsupersededbyrfcrfcsupersededbyrfcrfcrfcrfcsupersededbyrfcrfcrfcrfcsupersededbyrfcthemostimportantandmostwidelyimplementedofthesespecificationsarerfcextensiblemessagingandpresenceprotocolxmppcorewhichdescribesclientservermodelclientservermessagingusingtwoopenendedxmlstreamsxmlstreamsconsistofltpresencegtltmessagegtandltiqgtinfoqueryaconnectionisauthenticatedwithsimpleauthenticationandsecuritylayersaslandencryptionencryptedwithtransportlayersecuritytlsrfcextensiblemessagingandpresenceprotocolxmppinstantmessagingandpresencedescribesinstantmessagingimthemostcommonapplicationofxmpprfcextensiblemessagingandpresenceprotocolxmppaddressformatdescribestherulesforxmppaddressesalsocalledjabberidsorjidscurrentlyjidsuseprecisasdefinedinrfcforhandlingofunicodecharactersoutsidetheasciirangecompetingstandardsxmpphasoftenbeenregardedasacompetitortosimpleinstantmessagingprotocolsimplebasedonsessioninitiationprotocolsipasthestandardprotocolforinstantmessagingandpresencenotificationthexmppextensionformultiuserchatcanbeseenasacompetitortointernetrelaychatircalthoughircisfarsimplerhasfarfewerfeaturesandisfarmorewidelyusedthexmppextensionsforpublishsubscribeprovidemanyofthesamefeaturesastheadvancedmessagequeuingprotocolamqpfeaturesstrengthsdecentralizationthearchitectureofthexmppnetworkissimilartoemailanyonecanruntheirownxmppserverandthereisnocentralmasterserveropenstandardstheinternetengineeringtaskforceformalizedxmppasanapprovedinstantmessagingandpresencetechnologyunderthenameofxmppthelatestspecificationsarerfcandrfcnoroyaltiesorgrantedpermissionsarerequiredtoimplementthesespecificationshistoryxmpptechnologieshavebeeninusesincemanyimplementationsofthexmppstandardsexistforclientsserverscomponentsandcodelibrariessecurityxmppserverscanbeisolatedegonacompanyintranetandsecureauthenticationsimpleauthenticationandsecuritylayersaslandencryptiontransportlayersecuritytlshavebeenbuiltintothecorexmppspecificationsflexibilitycustomfunctionalitycanbebuiltontopofxmpptomaintaininteroperabilitycommonextensionsaremanagedbythexmppstandardsfoundationxmppapplicationsbeyondimincludechatroomsnetworkmanagementcontentsyndicationcollaborationtoolsfilesharinggamingremotesystemscontrolandmonitoringgeolocationmiddlewareandcloudcomputingvoipandidentityservicesweaknessesdoesnotsupportqualityofserviceqosassureddeliveryofmessageshastobebuiltontopofthexmpplayertherearetwoxepsproposedtodealwiththisissuexmpporgextensionsxephtmlxepmessagedeliveryreceiptswhichisadraftstandardandxmpporgextensionsxephtmlxepchatmarkerswhichisconsideredexperimentaltextbasedcommunicationsincexmlistextbasednormalxmpphasahighernetworkoverheadcomparedtopurelybinarysolutionsthisissueisbeingaddressedbytheexperimentalxmpporgextensionsxephtmlxepefficientxmlinterchangeexiformatwherexmlisserializedinaveryefficientbinarymannerespeciallyinschemainformedmodeinbandbinarydatatransferislimitedbinarydatamustbefirstbaseencodedbeforeitcanbetransmittedinbandthereforeanysignificantamountofbinarydataegfiletransfersisbesttransmittedoutofbanddataoutofbandusinginbandmessagestocoordinatethebestexampleofthisisthejingleprotocoljinglexmppextensionprotocolxmpporgextensionsxephtmlxepextensionsthexmppstandardsfoundationorxsfformerlythejabbersoftwarefoundationisactiveindevelopingopenxmppextensionssocalledxephoweverextensionscanalsobedefinedbyanyindividualsoftwareprojectororganizationanotherexampleisthefederationprotocolinapachewavewhichisbasedonxmppseealsocomparisonofinstantmessagingclientscomparisonofinstantmessagingprotocolscomparisonofxmppserversoftwaresecurecommunicationsimpleinstantmessagingprotocolsimplematrixcommunicationprotocolmatrixreferencesexternallinksxmppiotorgxmppiotorgthexmppiotinternetofthingsinitiativertcquickstartorgrealtimecommunicationsquickstartguidearchivejabberorguserguidejabberuserguideinterviewedbyrandalschwartzandleolaporteinfoboxvideogametitleimagearcadegamejpgcaptionpromotionalartworkforthearcadegamedeveloperatarigamespublisheratarigamesdesignerjohnsalwitzbrdaveralstoncomposerhalcanonearlvickersbradfullerarcadebrneilbrennannesreleaseddecemberinvideogaminggenresportsgamesportsmodesuptoplayersalternatingturnsplatformsarcadegameportsvariouscabinetuprightarcadesystematarisystemcpudecttmhzsoundunamplifiedstereoymmhzpokeymhztmskhzdisplayhorizontalrastermediumresolutionuseddegreesorisaskateboardingarcadegamebyatarigamesithasauniquetimedstructurethatrequirestheplayerscorepointsinordertokeepthegamegoingthegamesnamecomesfromtheultimatetrickturningafulltwocompletecirclesintheairafterjumpingoffaramphastheplayercontrollingaskateboarderrippingaroundamiddleclassneighborhoodbydoingjumpsandtrickstheplayercaneventuallyacquireenoughpointstocompeteataskateparkstoryfromofficialmaterialsitsjustyouyourtrustyskateboardandahundredbucksasyouskatejumpslidespinandmovethroughfourlevelsofdifficultypickinguploosecashearningmoneythrougheventsandfinallyearningatickettooneofthebigskateparksifyoureluckyyoullgettobuysomeradequipmenttomakeyouthecoolestskateboarderalivegameplaythegamebeginswiththeplayercontrollingaskateboarderskatingaroundamiddleclassneighborhoodusingcommonobjectsasrampsforjumpstheplayerbeginswithanumberofticketseachofwhichgrantingadmissiontooneoffourskateparksoreventsinskatecitythehubbetweentheparkswhenaparkisenteredoneticketisexpendedtheplayergainsadditionalticketsfromearningpointswhenevertheplayerisntinaneventabarcountsdownthetimeremaininguntilthearrivalofdeadlyskateboarderhungrykillerbeesandthedreadedwordsskateordieoncethebeesarrivetheplayerstillhasasmallamountoftimewithwhichtogettoaparkbutthelongertheplayerdelaysthisthefasterthebeesbecomeuntiltheyareunavoidablegettingcaughtbythebeesendsthegamethoughondefaultsettingstheplayermayelecttocontinuehisgamebyinsertingmoremoneyreachingaparkwithaticketgivestheplayerthechancetoearnpointsmedalsandmoneywithwhichtoupgradehisequipmentandresetsthetimertheplayerisconstantlyracingtoperformstuntsbothintheeventsandintheparkitselfinordertoearnthepointsneededtoacquireticketsthustheplayersscoreisdirectlytiedtotheamountoftimehehastoplaythegameinordertowintheplayermustcompleteatotalofsixteeneventsthroughfourhubsadifficulttaskstructureimagedegreespngthumbrighttheskateordiemessageappearingastheplayerisrunningoutoftimethegameconsistsoffourlevelseachconsistingoffoureventsramptheplayerclimbsaroundahalfpipestructuretryingtogainmoreandmoreheightandperformingtricksintheairtoearnthemostpossiblepointsthisendswhenthetimerrunsoutdownhillalongcourseconsistingofslopesandbanksmustbenavigatedtoreachafinishlinethequickertheplayerreachesthefinishthemorepointsareearnedslalomanobstaclecourseinwhichtheplayerisrequiredtopassbetweenpairsofyellowflagsscatteredacrossthecourseeachgatepassedgrantsalittleextratimeandscoringdependsontimeremaininguponcrossingthefinishlinejumptheplayerjumpsfromaseriesoframpsattemptingtohitabullseyetargetoffthescreentherearecrypticmarksontherampbeforethejumpthatprovidecluesastothelocationofthetargetthisendswhenthetimerrunsoutortheplayercrossesthefinishlinewhichevercomesfirstscatteredthroughthelevelsareseveralmapiconsplacedonthegroundwhichwhenactivatedshowamapwiththeroadsparksshopsandtheplayerslocationmarkedonitalsoscatteredaboutthelevelarehazardsandobstaclesjumpingoverhazardsearnspointstheplayerearnspointsandmoneyforhighscoresineacheventanddoingwellattheeventsearnsthecashneededtobuyequipmentthatimprovesplayerperformanceandachanceatabronzesilverorgoldmedalcompletingallfoureventsinallfourclassescompletesthegameequipmenttherearefourtypesofskatingequipmenttobepurchasedatdifferentshopsthepricesforeacharethesamebeginningatuponeachreturntoskatecityaftervisitingaparkthepriceincreasesbytoamaximumofshoesallowhigherjumpsandfasteraccelerationboardallowshighertopspeedpadsgivequickerrecoveryfromwipingouthelmetmakestheplayermoreaggressiveaccordingtotheconsoledescriptionwhichtranslatestomakingtheplayerspinfasterarcadecabinetthespeakersforthegamearemountedatopthecabinetinastructureresemblingaboomboxinlinewiththegamesskateratthemethedisplayislargerthanthatforatypicalarcadegameandveryhighresolutionsimilartothatusedforpaperboygamepaperboythejoystickmovesinacircularfashioninsteadofincompassdirectionslikestandardjoysticksthegamealsocontainstwobuttonsoneforkickingwhichrefersnottoactualkickingbutreferstopushingtheskateboardwithafootforspeedandtheotherforjumpingreceptionvideogamereviewscvgcrashgisuserysinclairrevthegamesmachinerevscorerevmicrohobbyesrevscorerevacegamesmagazineacerevscoreportsthegamewasportingportedtothecommodoretwiceintheamstradcpcandzxspectruminthenintendoentertainmentsystemnesinandthegameboycolorinthereisalsoanunreleasedportfortheatarilynxsinclairuserdescribeditasusgoldsfinesthouronsideofthegamecassettetherewasarecordingofthemusicfromtheoriginalarcadegameemulatedversionsofthegameareincludedinmidwayarcadetreasuresreleasedinandmidwayarcadeoriginsreleasedinandlegodimensionsreleasedinlegacythegamescatchphraseinspiredanotherpopularskatingvideogameelectronicartsskateordieinwhichinturnspawnedanothersequelcalledskiordiereferencesexternallinksarcadehistorycompagedetailidatthearcadehistorydatabasesolvaloucomsubpagearcadereviewsreviewhtmlcontemporaryreviewsatsolvaloucominfoboxinformationappliancenamexeroximagecaptionxeroxmanufacturerxeroxtypereleasedatediscontinuedconnectivitylifespanunitssoldmediakbinchfloppydiskskbinchfloppydisksoscpminputkeyboardcomputingkeyboardpowercpuzilogzaclockedatmhzstoragememorykilobytekbramkbtokbreadonlymemoryromdisplayaudioserviceonlineservicesoffereddimensionscmweightkgtouchpadpredecessorsuccessorrelatedthexeroxwasanbitdesktopcomputersoldbyxeroxintheearlysthecomputerranunderthecpmoperatingsystemandusedfloppydiskdrivesformassstoragethemicroprocessorboardwasalicensedvariantofthefergusonbigboardbigboardcomputeroriginaltheoriginalxeroxusedazilogzprocessorclockedatnbspmhzandhadkiboframxeroxchosecpmforthecomputerbecauseofthelargesoftwarelibraryfortheoperatingsystemrefnamewiserefdealersreportedlywerepleasedtosellacomputerfromawellknownfortunecompanybuttherosenelectronicsletterunfavorablyreviewedtheinjunedescribingitasadisappointingmetooproductforaleadingtechnologycompanylikexeroxinnovemberitstatedthatthenewibmpcwasmuchmoreattractivewethinkthebulkofthesaleswillgotoibmrefnamemacerefrefnamerosenrefiioverviewthexeroxiifollowedinfeaturingazaprocessorclockedatnbspmhzpricingstartedatrefnameopmanualxeroxiipersonalcomputeroperationmanualrefhardwaretheprocessorboardwaslocatedinsidethecrtunitandincludedthezakiboframandabootromwhichenabledbootingfromanyofthesupportedexternaldrivesinbitmodescreenthedisplaywasalinecharacterdotmatrixwhiteonblackmonochromecathoderaytubecrtwithsoftwareselectablevariationssuchasreversevideoblinkinglowintensityequivalenttogreytextandresolutiongraphicscommunicationportstheseincludedtwopinrsserialportsincludingoneintendedforaxeroxorxeroxprinterorcompatibleandoneintendedforamodemandtwooptionalparallelportswhichcouldbeaddedviaaninternalpinheaderusablewithaxeroxsuppliedorothercablekeyboardabulkycharacterasciikeyboardwithakeynumerickeypadandacursordiamondwhichotherwisedefaultedtoctrlatoctrlditalsoincludedhelpandlinefeedkeysandwasattachedtothebackofthecrtunitbyathickcablesoftwareatypicaliicamewiththecpmoperatingsystemadiagnosticdiskacopyofwordstarwordprocessorsoftwareandmicrosoftsxeroxbasicbasicprogramminglanguageexpansionthexeroxiiwasquitedifferentfromthexeroxthexeroxmainboardhadbuiltinfloppydiskiodevicesbutnobuiltinfloppydiskiodevicesnorharddiskionoranyexpansionbaycapabilitieswhereasthexeroxiimainboardhadnobuiltindiskiodevicesnorabuiltinprocessorexpansioncapabilitythesewereexpectedandrequiredtobeonexpansionbaycardsthereweretwodifferentexpansionbayconnectorsonewhichaccommodatedoneofseveraldiskioboardsandonewhichaccommodatedaprocessorboardtheprocessorboardwasthetallerofthetwothexeroxiisdiskiocapabilitywasononeoftwodifferentcardsafloppydiskiocardwhichcouldcontrolexternalorfloppiesoramixtureoftheseasconfiguredbyspecialexternalcablesandascsihistorysasiharddiskfloppydiskiocardwhichcouldcontroloneexternalharddriveandonetothreeexternalfloppydrivesthesebeingeithersingleordoublesidedandeithersingleordoubledensityfinallythexeroxiihadaprocessorexpansioncapabilitywhichoptionallysupportedabitintelprocessorcardwithitsownkiborkiboframthebitprocessorcarddidhoweveremploytheonmainboardzaforallperipheraliooperationsthereforethebehavedmorelikeacoprocessorthexeroxiisbitprocessorcardfeaturedatruebitprocessornotanbitprocessorasonthecontemporaryibmpcthebitprocessorcardwashoweverlimitedtokibofdramkibmaximumifincorporatingaratherrareramdaughtercardflippingthexeroxiisconsolebetweenbitandbitmodesonaiiwhichwasequippedwiththeoptionalbitprocessorcardwasaccomplishedbyasimplekeyboardcontrolcommandxeroxiicomponentpartswereavailablefromxeroxoutletstoresatquitereasonablepricesanditwasnotuncommontoconvertsurplusbutnewkibbitprocessorcardstokibbythesubstitutionofsixteendramchipsforthecardsusualsixteendramchipsbotharepindipspinisunusedonaandbecomesaonaplustheadditionoftwoicsonefandonefortwousermodifiedprogrammablearraylogicpalsforcontrollingthesthaddressrowandcolumnnotfoundonstherebyachievingafourtimesincreaseinramwithouttheuseofadaughtercardwhichcouldonlyachieveatwotimesincreaseinramasimplemodificationtothexeroxiisbiosinitializationcodewasdevelopedtomovethebiosimageuptothetopofthekibramareatherebygivingtheapplicationsmaximumcontiguousramotherwisethekiboftheconvertedprocessorcardwassegmentedintoalowerkibsegmentandanupperkibsegmentbutcpmwasdesignedtohandlesuchsegmentedramsothisbiosmodificationwasoptionalalthoughitwasdesirableunlikemuchlaterprocessorsfromintelandotherswhichofferedbothsegmentedandflataddressingtheandtheofferedonlysegmentedaddressingwitheachsegmentbeinglimitedtokibbyeffectiveutilizationofthefouravailablesegmentregisterscodedatastackandextrathekibaddressspacepossiblewiththemodifiedxeroxiiprocessorcardcouldbeveryeffectivelymanagedalthoughinkibchunksindeedifeachdataareawasidentifiedwithitssegmentanditsoffsetpossiblystartingwithzerooffsettheneffectivelytherewaslittleifanypenaltyassociatedwithsuchsegmentedaddressingjustaslongaseachindividualdataareadidnotexceedkibandmostsuchdataareaswereintentionallydesignedsoasnottoexceedkibdiskstoragemuchcpmsoftwareusedthexeroxsdiskformatandothercomputerssuchasthekayproiiwerecompatiblewithitrefnamederflerrefrefnamebyterefthecrtunitcontainedtheprocessorandalargeportonthebackconnectedviaheavycabletoadiskdriveallowingawidevarietyofconfigurationsdiskdrivescouldbedaisychaininformationtechnologycomputerhardwaredaisychainedviaaportonthebackclasswikitablecomponentcapacitytracksdisksectorstrackbytessectornotesdualsinglesidedfloppydriveskusablesingledensitykdoubledensityororallfloppydisksaresoftsectoreddualdoublesideddiskdoublesidedfloppydriveskusablesdkddorordualsinglesidedfloppydriveskusablesdkddordualdoublesidedfloppydriveskusablesdkddorrigiddiskdrivemegabytembprovidedwithonedoublesidedfloppydrivewhichwasexpandabletothreesuchfloppydrivesreferenceiioperationmanualthebasicoperatingsystembosmonitorthesystemcouldfunctiontoalimitedextentwithouthavingtoloadadiskoperatingsystemthesystemmonitorinreadonlymemoryromallowedatbootupavarietyofusesviaonelettercommandsfollowedbyattributesauserwouldnormallyusetheloadcommandtoloadabootstraploaderieforcpmfromafloppyorthefixeddiskonecouldalsoaccessatypewritermodefordirectinterfacewiththeserialprinterportandbasictypingonscreenhostterminalwouldallowtheiitointerfaceasaterminalviaeitheroftheserialportsasspecifiedatuptokbitsforlowendsystemoperationshoweverausercouldmanuallyreadorwritetomemoryexecutecodeataparticularlocationinmemoryreadfromorwritetothesystemportsorevenreadasectorfromadiskfurtherdocumentedcallstobossubroutinesallowedaskilleduserorprogramtorestartthesystemperformdiskoperationstakekeyboardinputwritetothedisplayetalreferenceiireferenceguidemodelanupdatedversionofthiscomputercalledthemodelrandualcpusanbitzandbitintelintelwhichcouldbebootedjointlyorseparatelytheoperatingsystemwasbitcpmandbitcpmanditwassuppliedwiththewordperfectwordprocessoranddbaseiidatabasemanagementsystemithaddoublefloppydiskdrivesamonochromemonitorandadaisywheelprinterlaterindoublefloppydiskdrivesaportraitsizebluemonitorandalaserprinterwereofferedthemodelisalsocalledaxeroxflippingthesconsolebetweenbitandbitmodeswasaccomplishedbyasimplekeyboardcontrolcommandreferencesexternallinksoldcomputerscommuseumcomputeraspstcpictureandspecificationsoldcomputerscommuseumcomputeraspstciipictureandspecsoldcomputerscommuseumcomputeraspstcpictureandspecsmccworkshopcomcomputerscomphistoryhtmarticleabouttheiiwitharigiddriveoptionfrommccworkshopcomalignrightcellpaddingstyleborderpxsolidaaaaaamarginpxpxpaddingpxfontsizeptlineheightpttextaligncenterorisacharacterthatrepresentseitheraletterfromseveralextendedlatinalphabetsortheletteroletteromodifiedwithanumlautdiacriticumlautordiaeresisdiacriticdiaeresisinmanylanguagestheletterortheomodifiedwithanumlautisusedtodenotethenonclosefrontroundedvowelsorinlanguageswithoutsuchvowelsthecharacterisknownasanowithdiaeresisdiacriticdiaeresisanddenotesasyllablebreakwhereinitspronunciationremainsanunmodifiedoumlautatthegermanaustrianbordertheletterowithumlautdiacriticumlautappearsinthegermanalphabetitrepresentstheumlautedformoforesultinginortheletterisoftencollationcollatedtogetherwithointhegermanalphabetbutthereareexceptionswhichcollateitlikeoeoroetheletteralsooccursinsomelanguagesthathaveadoptedgermannamesorspellingsbutitisnotnormallyapartofthosealphabetsindanishandnorwegianwaspreviouslyusedinplaceofinoldertextstodistinguishbetweenopenandclosedsoundsitisalsousedwhenconfusionwithothersymbolscouldoccuronmapsforinstancethedanonorwegianislikethegermanadevelopmentofoeandcanbecomparedwiththefrenchinotherlanguagesthatdonothavetheletteraspartoftheregularalphabetorinlimitedcharactersetssuchasasciioumlautisfrequentlyreplacedwiththedigraphorthographydigraphoeinotherlanguagestheletteralsooccursintwoothergermaniclanguagesswedishlanguageswedishandicelandiclanguageicelandicbutitisregardedthereasaseparateletternotasanumlautedversionofoapartfromgermaniclanguagesitoccursintheuraliclanguagesfinnishalphabetfinnishkarelianlanguagekarelianvepslanguagevepsestonianalphabetestoniansouthernsamilanguagewritingsystemsouthernsamiandhungarianalphabethungarianintheturkiclanguagessuchasazerialphabetazeriturkishalphabetturkishturkmenalphabetturkmenuyghurlanguageuyghuruyghurlatinyziqilatinscriptcrimeantatarlanguagecrimeantatarkazakhlanguagekazakhkazakhalphabetslatinlatinscriptandintheutoaztecanlanguagesutoaztecanlanguagehopilanguagehopiwhereitrepresentsthevowelsoundsitsnameinfinnishlanguagefinnishswedishlanguageswedishicelandiclanguageicelandicestonianlanguageestonianazerialphabetazeriturkishalphabetturkishturkmenalphabetturkmenuyghurlatinyziqiuyghurcrimeantatarlanguagecrimeantatarhungarianlanguagehungarianslovaklanguageslovakczechlanguageczechvoticlanguagevoticandvolapklanguagevolapkisnotowithtwodotssinceisnotavariantofthevowelbutadistinctphonemeunliketheoumlautthelettercannotbewrittenasoeminimalpairsexistbetweenandoeandalsowithooandeasinfinnishelinkanimalinterrogativevselinkoeanimaltestcfgermanicumlautifthecharacterisunavailableoissubstitutedandcontextisrelieduponforinferenceoftheintendedmeaninginromagnoldialectromagnolisusedtorepresentegctktktcookedinmountaindialectsofemiliandialectemilianitisusedtorepresentegtttttallinthesenecalanguageisusedtorepresentabackmidroundednasalizedvowelinswedishtheletterisalsousedastheoneletterwordforanislandwhichisnottobemixedwiththeactualletterinthissenseisalsoaswedishlanguagesurnamelastletterofsomealphabetsitiscollationcollatedasanindependentlettersometimesbyplacingitattheendofthealphabetsuchasinswedishandicelandicandinfinnishafterzandthusfulfillingtheplaceofomegaforexampleinthefinnishexpressionaastahnfromatozhoweverinhungarianaswellasturkishalphabetturkishandotherturkicalphabetsdisambiguationturkicalphabetsthathaveitisanindependentletterbetweenoandpodiaeresisowithdiaeresisdiacriticdiaeresisoccursinseverallanguagesthatusediaeresesintheselanguagestheletterrepresentsanormaloandthepronunciationdoesnotchangeeginthedutchafrikaanswordcoperatiefcooperativeinenglishsomewritersandpublicationssuchasthenewyorkeruseitinenglishwordssuchaszologyandcoperatetoindicatethatthesecondvowelispronouncedseparatelyitisalsoemployedinnamessuchaslaoconcoscountyandtheconstellationbotesusageinphoneticalphabetsintherheinischedokumentaaphoneticalphabetformanywestcentralgermanthelowrhenishandfewrelatedvernacularlanguagesrepresentstheclosemidfrontroundedvowelwiththeipanotationtheuralicphoneticalphabetusesasinfinnishtodenotethefrontvoweltypographyimagevolapukaousvgthumbjohannmartinschleyerproposedanalternateformforinvolapkbutitwasrarelyusedhistoricallyandinwhatlanguagesodiaeresiswaswrittenasanowithtwodotsabovetheletteroumlautwaswrittenasanowithasmallewrittenaboveincursiveoldgermangothicscriptthisminuteeisrepresentedbytwoverticalbarsconnectedbyaslantedlinewhichthendegeneratedtotwoverticalbarsinearlymodernhandwritingsinmostlaterhandwritingsthesebarsinturnnearlybecamedotstheoriginoftheletterwasasimilarligaturetypographyligaturefortheoedigraphdigraphoeewaswrittenaboveoanddegeneratedintotwosmalldotsinsomeinscriptionsanddisplaytypefacesmayberepresentedasanowithasmalllettereinsideinmoderntypographytherewasinsufficientspaceontypewritersandlatercomputerkeyboardstoallowforbothanowithdotsalsorepresentingandanowithbarssincetheylookednearlyidenticalthetwoglyphswerecombinedwhichwasalsodoneincomputercharacterencodingssuchasisoasaresulttherewasnowaytodifferentiatebetweenthedifferentcharactersotheralphabetscontainingodiaerisisincludethewelshalphabetotheralphabetscontainingoumlautincludetheturkmenalphabetforthevoweltheazerbaijanialphabetforthevoweltheyapesealphabetfortheluxembourgianalphabetwhenwritingloanwordsfromstandardgermantheslovenianalphabetwhenwritingloanwordsfromgermanhungarianandturkishandthedinkaalphabetthehungarianalphabetcontainsbothanddoubleacuteoisthelongerpairofseedoubleacuteaccentseealsodiaeresisdiacriticowithdiaeresiscyrillicmetalumlautsurpriseemotionreferencesexternallinksistroromaniannetalphabethtmltheistroromaniansincroatiaalphabethhsseisaswedishchaphtmintroductiontoswedishbyurbansikeborgstockholmalignrightcellpaddingstyleborderpxsolidaaaaaamarginpxpxpaddingpxfontsizeptlineheightpttextaligncenterlowercaseisacharacterthatrepresentseitheraletterfromseveralextendedlatinalphabetsortheletterawithanumlautdiacriticumlautmarkordiaeresisusageindependentletterimagejyvskylmunicipalbordersignjpgthumbrightsignofjyvskylcityinfinlandtheletteroccursasanindependentletterintheswedishalphabetswedishfinnishalphabetfinnishskoltsamilanguageskoltsamikarelianalphabetkarelianestonianalphabetestonianluxembourgishlanguageluxembourgishnorthfrisiansaterlandicemilianoromagnolorotumanlanguagerotumanslovakalphabetslovaktataralphabetzamanliftatargagauzlanguagegagauzandturkmenalphabetturkmenalphabetswhereitrepresentsavowelsoundinfinnishandturkmenthisisalwaysnearopenfrontunroundedvowelinswedishandestonianregionalvariationaswellastheletterspositioninawordallowsforeitherandingermanandslovakstandsfororabitarchaicbutstillcorrectimagemynamakibusstationsignjpgthumbrightthesignatthebusstationofthefinnishtownmynmkiillustratinganartisticvariationoftheletterinthenordiccountriesthevowelsoundwasoriginallywrittenaswhenchristianisationcausedtheformervikingstostartusingthelatinalphabetaroundadtheletteraroseingermanandlaterinswedishfromoriginallywritingtheeinaeontopoftheawhichwithtimebecamesimplifiedastwodotsintheicelandicorthographyicelandicfaroesealphabetfaroesedanishalphabetdanishandnorwegianalphabetnorwegianalphabetsisstillusedinsteadoffinnishlateradoptedtheswedishalphabetduringtheyearsthatfinlandwaspartofswedenalthoughthephenomenonofgermanicumlautdoesnotexistinfinnishthephonemedoesestoniangainedtheletterthroughhighandextensiveexposuretogermaniclanguageswithswedishinparticularduringtheyearsofestoniaasanoccupiedlaterintegratedpartoftheswedishempireuntiltheletterisalsousedinsomeromanialphabetsemilianromagnolinemilianromagnolisusedtorepresentoccurringinsomeemiliandialectsegbolognabolognesebnbwellandnttpeoplecyrillicisusedinsomealphabetsinventedinthethcenturywhicharebasedonthecyrillicscripttheseincludemarilanguagemarialtaylanguagealtayandthetatarskerenskerentataralphabetumlautaimageadiaeresisdgssvgthumbpxingermansignlanguageasimilarglyphawithumlautdiacriticumlautappearsinthegermanalphabetitrepresentstheumlautedformofaresultinginorformanyspeakersingermanitiscalledpronouncedorumlautareferringtotheglyphasaumlautisanuncommonpracticeandwouldbeambiguousasthattermalsoreferstogermanicamutationwithrespecttodiphthongsbehavesasaneegbumeengltreesingermandictionariestheletteriscollationcollatedtogetherwithawhileingermanphonebookstheletteriscollatedasaetheletteralsooccursinsomelanguageswhichhaveadoptedgermannamesorspellingsbutisnotapartoftheselanguagesalphabetsithasrecentlybeenintroducedinrevivalistulsterscotsdialectsulsterscotswritingtheletterwasoriginallyanawithalowercaseeontopwhichwaslaterstylizedtotwodotsinotherlanguagesthatdonothavetheletteraspartoftheregularalphabetorinlimitedcharactersetssuchasasciiusasciiisfrequentlyreplacedwiththetwolettercombinationaephoneticalphabetsintheinternationalphoneticalphabetrepresentsanopencentralunroundedvowelindistinctiontoanopenfrontunroundedvowelintherheinischedokumentaaphoneticalphabetformanywestcentralgermanthelowrhenishandfewrelatedlanguagesrepresentsthesoundtypographyimagevolapukaousvgthumbjohannmartinschleyerproposedanalternateformforinvolapkbutitwasrarelyuseditsuppercaseformresembledacyrillicyacyrillicyahistoricallyadiaeresiswaswrittenasanawithtwodotsabovetheletteraumlautwaswrittenasanawithasmallewrittenabovethisminuteedegeneratedtotwoverticalbarsinmedievalhandwritingaainmostlaterhandwritingsthesebarsinturnnearlybecamedotsahighlysimilarligatureevolvingfromthesameoriginasevolvedintheicelandicorthographyicelandicdanishalphabetdanishandnorwegianalphabetnorwegianalphabetstheligaturewasalsocommoninoldenglishlanguageoldenglishbuthadlargelydisappearedinmiddleenglishinmoderntypographytherewasinsufficientspaceontypewritersandlatercomputerkeyboardstoallowforbothadiaeresisalsorepresentingandaumlautsincetheylookednearidenticalthetwoglyphswerecombinedwhichwasalsodoneincomputercharacterencodingssuchasisoasaresulttherewasnowaytodifferentiatebetweenthedifferentcharactersunicodetheoreticallyprovidesasolutionbutrecommendsitonlyforhighlyspecializedapplicationsisalsousedtorepresentthetheschwasigninsituationswheretheglyphisunavailableasusedinthetatarlanguagetatarandazerilanguagesturkmenlanguageturkmenstartedtouseofficiallyinsteadoftheschwafromonwardscomputerencodingcharmapcnamelatincapitalletterawithdiaeresisenamelatinsmallletterawithdiaeresismapebcdicfamilymapcharmapcharmapisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcmapcharenamedrefmsdosaltcoderefcharaltrefcharaltreferencesexternallinksistroromaniannetalphabethtmltheistroromaniansincroatiaalphabetxrayburstersareoneclassofxraybinaryxraybinarystarsexhibitingperiodicandrapidincreasesinluminositytypicallyafactoroforgreaterthatpeakinthexrayregimeoftheelectromagneticspectrumtheseastrophysicalsystemsarecomposedofanaccretionastrophysicsaccretingcompactobjectandamainsequencecompaniondonorstaracompactobjectinanxraybinarysystemconsistsofeitheraneutronstarorablackholehoweverwiththeemissionofanxrayburstthecompanionstarcanimmediatelybeclassifiedasaneutronstarsinceblackholeblackholesdonothaveasurfaceandalloftheaccretionastrophysicsaccretingmaterialdisappearspasttheeventhorizonthestarsmassisdrawnontothesurfaceoftheneutronstarwherethehydrogenfusestoheliumwhichaccumulatesuntilitfusesinaburstproducingxraysthemassofthedonorstarisusedtocategorizethesystemaseitherahighmassabovesolarmassesorlowmasslessthanxraybinaryabbreviatedashmxbandlmxbrespectivelyxrayburstersdifferobservationallyfromotherxraytransientsourcessuchasxraypulsarsandsoftxraytransientsshowingasharprisetimesecondsfollowedbyspectralsofteningapropertyofcoolingblackbodyblackbodiesindividualburstenergeticsarecharacterizedbyanintegratedfluxofsupsupjoulesrefnamelewincitejournallastlewinfirstwalterhglastvanparadijsfirstjanlasttaamfirstretitlexrayburstsjournalspacesciencereviewsvolumeissuepagesdatedoibfbibcodessrvlrefcomparedtothesteadyluminositywhichisoftheordersupsupjoulesforsteadyaccretionontoaneutronstarrefcitejournallastayaslifirstsauthorjosspctitlethermonuclearprocessesonaccretingneutronstarsasystematicstudyjournalastrophysicaljournalvolumepagesdatedoibibcodeapjarefassuchtheratiooftheburstfluxtothepersistentfluxrangesfromtosupsupbutistypicallyontheorderofthexrayburstsemittedfrommostofthesesystemsrecurontimescalesrangingfromhourstodaysalthoughmoreextendedrecurrencetimesareexhibitedinsomesystemsandweakburstswithrecurrencetimesbetweenminuteshaveyettobeexplainedbutareobservedinsomelessusualcasesrefcitejournallastiliadisfirstchristianlastendtfirstpietermlastprantzosfirstnikoslastthompsonfirstwilliamjtitleexplosivehydrogenburningofsupsupsisupsupssupsuparandsupsupcainnovaeandxrayburstsjournalastrophysicaljournalvolumepagesdatedoibibcodeapjireftheabbreviationxrbcanrefereithertheobjectxraybursterortheassociatedemissionxrayburstburstastrophysicswhenastarinabinarystarbinaryfillsitsrochelobeeitherduetobeingveryclosetoitscompanionorhavingarelativelylargeradiusitbeginstolosematterwhichstreamstowardsitsneutronstarcompanionthestarmayalsoundergostellarmasslossmasslossbyexceedingitseddingtonluminosityorthroughstrongstellarwindsandsomeofthismaterialmaybecomegravitationallyattractedtotheneutronstarinthecircumstanceofashortorbitalperiodandamassivepartnerstarbothoftheseprocessesmaycontributetothetransferofmaterialfromthecompaniontotheneutronstarinbothcasesthefallingmaterialoriginatesfromthesurfacelayersofthepartnerstarandisrichinhydrogenandheliumbecausecompactstarshavehighgravitationgravitationalfieldsthematerialfallswithahighvelocitytowardstheneutronstarusuallycollidingwithotheraccretingmaterialenrouteandinsodoingforminganaccretiondiskinanxraybursterthismaterialaccretesontothesurfaceoftheneutronstarwhereitformsadenselayeraftermerehoursofaccumulationandgravitationalcompressionnuclearfusionstartsinthismatteroftentheincreaseintemperaturegreaterthansupsupkelvinsgivesrisetoathermalrunawaythermonuclearrunawaythisexplosivestellarnucleosynthesisbeginswiththehotcnocyclewhichquicklyyieldstotherpprocesswithinsecondsmostoftheaccretedmaterialisburnedpoweringabrightxrayflashthatisobservablewithxraytelescopestheorysuggeststhatinatleastsomecasesthehydrogenintheaccretingmaterialburnscontinuouslyandthatitistheaccumulationofheliumthatcausestheburststhebehaviorofxrayburstersissimilartothebehaviorofrecurrentnovaeinthatcasethecompactobjectisawhitedwarfthataccreteshydrogenthatfinallyundergoesexplosiveburningobservationofburstsbecauseanenormousamountofenergyisreleasedinashortperiodoftimemuchoftheenergyisreleasedashighenergyphotonsinaccordancewiththetheoryofblackbodyblackbodyradiationinthiscasexraysthisreleaseofenergymaybeobservedasinincreaseinthestarsluminositywithaspaceobservatoryspacetelescopeandiscalledanxraybursttheseburstscannotbeobservedonearthssurfacebecauseouratmosphereisopacityopticsopaquetoxraysmostxrayburstingstarsexhibitrecurrentburstsbecausetheburstsarenotpowerfulenoughtodisruptthestabilityororbitofeitherstarandthewholeprocessmaybeginagainmostxrayburstershaveirregularperiodswhichcanbeontheorderofafewhourstomanymonthsdependingonfactorssuchasthemassesofthestarsthedistancebetweenthetwostarstherateofaccretionandtheexactcompositionoftheaccretedmaterialobservationallyxrayburstsareputintotwodistinctcategorieslabeledtypeiandtypeiiatypeixraybursthasasharprisefollowedbyaslowandgradualdeclineoftheluminosityprofileatypeiixrayburstexhibitsaquickpulseshapeandmayhavemanyfastburstsseparatedbyminuteshoweveronlyfromtwosourceshavetypeiixrayburstsbeenobservedandmostxrayburstsareoftypeiapplicationstoastronomyluminousxrayburstscanbeconsideredstandardcandlessincethemassofneutronstardeterminestheluminosityoftheburstthereforecomparingtheobservedxrayfluxtothepredictedvalueyieldsrelativelyaccuratedistancesobservationsofxrayburstsallowalsothedeterminationoftheradiusoftheneutronstarseealsogammarayburstreferencesparccompanyminusculeisalatinalphabetgraphemeatypographicalligatureligatureofoandeinmedievalandearlymodernlatinitwasusedtorepresentthegreeklanguagegreekdiphthongandinafewnongreekwordsusagesthatcontinueinenglishandfrenchinfrenchitisalsousedinsomenonlearnedwordsrepresentingthenmidfrontroundedvowelmidfrontroundedvowelsoundsratherthansoundingthesameasorthosebeingitstraditionalfrenchvaluesinthewordsborrowedfromorvialatinitisusedinthemodernorthographyforoldnorseoldwestnorseandisusedintheinternationalphoneticalphabettorepresenttheopenmidfrontroundedvowelinanglosaxonrunesenglishrunologyisusedtotransliteratetherunicletterodalruneodaloldenglishestateancestralhomewiththeligaturelatinclassicallatinwrotetheoandeseparatelyashastodayagainbecomethegeneralpracticebuttheligaturewasusedbymedievalandearlymodernwritingsinpartbecausethediphthongalsoundhadbylatelatinmergedintothesoundtheclassicaldiphthonghadthevaluesimilartostandardenglishoiasincoilitoccurredmostofteninborrowingsfromgreekrenderingthatlanguagesinmajusculeenglishanumberofwordswrittenwithwereborrowedfromfrenchandlistoflatinwordswithenglishderivativesfromlatinintoenglishwheretheisnowrarelywrittenmodernamericanenglishspellingusuallysubstitutesesodiarrhahasbecomediarrheaalthoughtherearesomeexceptionssuchasphoenixmythologyphoenixinmodernbritishenglishthespellingsgenerallykeeptheobutremovetheligatureegdiarrhoeatheoeeistraditionallypronouncedasshorteaslongewhichinmostdialectsorandorivowellengthrespectivelyorasanstressandvowelreductioninenglishunroundedunstressedvowelthesethreemodernenglishvaluesinterchangewithoneanotherinconsistentwaysjustasdothevalueswithineachofthesetsfromtheothervowelspellingsthatatthemiddleenglishstagelikewiserepresentednondiphthongsexceptforaswasrecognisedparticularlyincertainpositionsbydobsonndedatendencywherebylongvowelsareinlateruseoftensubstitutedcfpresentdayenglishiknmikeconomicinplaceofthepopulareknmikwhichlatterisinaccordwiththenormalrulesandmustberegardedasthetraditionalandnaturallydevelopedpronunciationnoteconcerningwordsthatenglishhasborrowedfromfrenchrecentlythattheydonotcomeunderitstraditionalpronunciationinsteadinourattemptstoapproximatethevaluesthefrenchareusingforinthesenonlearnedwordsnamelytheirandintermsoftheinternationalphoneticalphabetenglishspeakersuseavarietyofsubstitutionsthisinvolvesonlyafewitemsofvocabularyasonecanseefromlistofwordsthatmaybespelledwithaligatureafairlycompletelistofwordsinenglishthathavespellingscontainingoetheserecentborrowingsfromfrenchincludejustthelikesofetcreturningtotheremainingmajoritywhichdoescomeunderthetraditionalenglishpronunciationofborrowingsfromviapremodernfrenchandfromvialatinwecanlisttheexamplesoftheminthefollowingcategoriesintowhichtheyhavebeendividedbydevelopmentsinourpronunciationsincemiddleenglishanywherethatoeeisfollowedbyanothervowelnomatterthepositionsofstresslinguisticsstressesinthewordentailingthatthiscategoryoverlapswithcertainstressdependentonesbelowinwhichcircumstancesitthenoverridesallofthemwepronounceitaslongeasinonomatopiconomatopiadyspnaapnaamenorrhadiarrhalogorrhaeubabotianhomosisanditspluralhomoseshomopathyhomopathhomopathichomostatichomostasishomozoichomomorphicandhomomorphisminwiktopensyllableopensyllablesimmediatelyfollowingprecedingonesthatbearprimaryorsecondarystresswepronounceanoeeasanunroundedunstressedvowelthatisastheunstressedonethatsoundslikeshortiorinsteadofitforsomedialectsasschwashwatheexamplesbeingtragdyarchdiceseconomisationsophagealsophaguscologistcologyconomiseconomistconomydemanologistnologypnologyandphnicianasanotheroptionexceptinthefirstsubsetthatissaveintragdyandarchdiceseespeciallywhenwewanttoenunciatemoreclearlywealternativelyaddanadditionalsecondarystressonthisvowelandthenpronounceitaslongewealsouselongeforoeeinaprimarystressedopensyllablethatlieswithinthefinaltwosyllablesofthewordnotingthatwhencountingthesyllablesinthisregardoneexcludesfromconsiderationcertainsuffixeseveniftheydoaddsyllablessuchasinthefollowingwordsesandingandevennotmerelygrammaticalsuffixeslikecideifoneletsthepronunciationoftheunsuffixedwordcarryovertothesuffixedoneasonehoweverdoesnotdoingenocidehomicidepatricideetcasinsubpnaingphnixesfticidewhichbelongsinthiscategoryifthepronunciationofitsfirstvowelaslongeindeedduetocarryoverfromthenextwordftusphbeftorpnalcrsusandambaandwelikewiseuselongeforoeeinprimarystressedopensyllablesthatlieinthirdtofinalpositionifthefinalsyllablebeginswithavowelwhiletheoneinbetweenendsinavowelotherthanooruorelsedidpriortoablendingofthatvowelwiththeprecedingconsonantasincliacandmsianwhichthusdependinguponthedialectsilikorsiikanddependingmoreonidiolectthandialectminminmisinthisleavesforlastthevarioussituationswherewehaveshorteaswhatdobsoncalledinthequoteabovethenaturallydevelopedpronunciationthoughthelongvowelsareinlateruseoftensubstitutedforanoeelyinginasecondarilystressedopenorenwiktionaryorgwikiclosedsyllableclosedsyllablenotadjacenttotheprimarystressedoneasinconfderationcologicallyconomicallycumenicallyandstrogenicforanoeeinaclosedsyllableanywhereaslongasitbearssomestresssothisoverlapswiththeprecedingcategoryasinstrogenicstrogenandstrusforanoeeinaprimarystressedsyllablethatdoesnotliewithinthefinaltwoofthewordexceptingthesituationexemplifiedbycliacandmsianthatwejustdiscussedasinconfderatesconfderateadjtoconfderatefderallydipaldipuspnaltyandftidthelikesofftidthoughsuperficiallyexceptionalheredobelonginthiscategorybecausethecountingproperlyincludesalsofinalethathasgonesilentsincemiddleenglishandthereforehasbeenleftoutbysomespellingsinthosesituationswherespeakersbeforetheesdemisesuchaschaucerwhodidnotdropitinrhymeswouldhavehadtheeasanintrinsicpartofthewordratherthanasjustasuffixsaveforitsregularlydisappearingwherefollowedwithnopausebyawordbeginningwithavowelorsometimeshaslesscircumstantialevidencethanthiswordsmodernshortethatitcontainedthefinaleconsiderboththespellingofarchiveorgstreaminernetdlianewenglishdictionaryonhistoricalprinciplesfoundedmainlyonthematerialscollectedbythephilologicalsocietyvolpagenmodeupitsearliestattestationinenglishrecordedbythenedwithinitmakethtoblisterbothhandesfeetoutofwhichissuethfoetideandstinckingewaterinatextdatingtoandtheimmediateancestorofthewordlyingbetweenitandlatinsftidusaumnamelyanglonormanfrenchfetideattestedthcanglonormannetdpissadeinanglonormannetdfetidemedicalanglonormannetdlaureoletextsthemostnarrowlydatablebeinginmanuscriptfromcircaofrogerofsalernoschirurgiawithinparallelsenglishhastotheftidsuchasacidaridavidplacidrabidrapidsapidsqualidvalidvapidgelidintrepidtepidfrigidinsipidliquidlividrigidtimidviscidvividfloridsolidandstolidthestressedsyllablesvowellikewisehasitsshortvalueoroneofitswherewprecedingorrfollowinghascreatedaspecialshortvalueasincertaindialectssqualidfloridandoraridagainbecausethatsyllabledidnotliewithinthewordsfinaltwoasisstraightforwardlyshownforthesewordstoobytheirfrenchspellingsetcothergermaniclanguagesisusedinthemodernscholarlyorthographyofoldnorseoldwestnorserepresentingthevowellengthlongvowelcontrastingwithwhichrepresentstheshortvowelsometimestheisusedinsteadforoldwestnorsemaintainingconsistencywiththedesignationofthelengthoftheothervowelsegmothersisalsousedtoexpressregardlessofthelengthofthevowelinthemodernscholarlyorthographyofmiddlehighgermanisnotusedinmoderngermanlanguagegermanloanwordsusingaregenerallyrenderedegacommonexceptionisthefrenchwordanditscompoundseglikegermandanishdoesntusebutunlikegermandanishreplacesoruinloanwordswithasineconomyfromgreekvialatinorbeeffromfrenchfrenchinfrenchcalledwhichmeanseintheoawiktmnemotechnicmnemotechnicpunusedfirstatschoolsoundinglikemeaningeggsinwaterorsometimesliterallyoandegluedisatruelinguistictypographicligatureligaturenotjustatypographiconelikethefiorflligaturesreflectingetymologyitismostprominentinthewordsmoresheartsistereggbeefsteerworkandeyeinwhichthedigraphulikeeurepresentsthesoundinothercaseslikepluralseggsandsteersitstandsforfrenchalsousesindirectborrowingsfromlatinandgreeksocoeliacdiseasecoeliacinfrenchisinsuchcasestheisclassicallypronouncedorsometimesinmodernpronunciationinsomewordslikeandtheetymologicalischangedtoamorefrenchinfrenchplacenamesofgermanoriginmostlyinandaroundalsacelorrainehistoricallygermanicspeakingareasthathavechangedhandsbetweenfranceandgermanyorprussiabeforeanumberoftimesreplacesgermanandispronouncedexamplesincludeschneckmoselledepartmentmosellektzinguehautrhinandhrdtbasrhininallcasesiscollationalphabetizedasoeratherthanasaseparateletterwhenoeoccursinfrenchwithouttheligatureitispronouncedjustlikewordsspeltwithoithemostcommonwordsofthistypearestovefryingpanandsoftiftheoeisnottobepronouncedthusthenadiaeresisacuteorgraveaccentneedstobeaddedinordertoindicatethatthevowelsshouldbepronouncedseparatelyforexampletheexceptiontothisruleiswhenamorphemeendinginoisjoinedtoonebeginningineasinorwiththeprefixcowhichisalwayspronouncedinhiatuswiththefollowingvowelasinratiocoefficienttranscriptionthesymbolisusedintheinternationalphoneticalphabetipafortheopenmidfrontroundedvowelthissoundresemblestheuinthefrenchlanguagefrenchortheinthegermanlanguagegermanthesecontrastwithfrenchandgermanwhichhavetheclosemidfrontroundedvowelthesmallcapitalvariantrepresentstheopenfrontroundedvowelintheipamodifierlettersmallligatureoeisusedinextensionstotheinternationalphoneticalphabettheuralicphoneticalphabetupaincludestheteuthonistaphonetictranscriptionsystemusesseveralrelatedsymbolsencodingsinunicodethecharactersareencodedatandinisoisxbcandxbdinwindowsatpositionsxcandxcinmacromantheyareatpositionsxceandxcfandwereomittedfromisoaswellasderivedstandardssuchasibmcodepagewhicharestillwidespreadininternetprotocolsandapplicationsistheonlycharacterinmodernfrenchthatisnotincludedinisoandthishasledtoitbecomingreplacedbyoeinmanycomputerassistedpublicationsincludingprintedmagazinesandnewspapersthiswasdueinparttothelackofavailablecharactersinthefrenchisoiecversionthatwasusedearlierforcomputinganotherreasonisthatisabsentfrommostfrenchkeyboardsandasaresultfewpeopleknowhowtoinputittheabovementionedsmallcapitaloftheinternationalphoneticalphabetisencodedatseealsolistoflatinscriptdigraphsooedigraphlistofwordsthatmaybespelledwithaligaturereferencesbibliographydewildegetaledsanglonormannetanglonormandictionaryaccessedaprildobsonejenglishpronunciationvolsoxfordtheclarendonpressndedjordanrichardheidelbergcarlwintersmurrayjamesahetaledsanewenglishdictionaryfoundedonhistoricalprinciplesfoundedmainlyonthematerialscollectedbythephilologicalsocietyvolsanthwhichcontainsintroductionsupplementandbibliographylondonhenryfrowdeexternallinksualbertacasreimermscoursecourseengchrshtmpaleographyspecialcharactersinenglishmanuscriptscoursenotesalignrightcellpaddingstyleborderpxsolidaaaaaamarginpxpxpaddingpxfontsizeptlineheightpttextaligncentermultipleimageperrowtotalwidthimagessharpscambriasvgwidthheightimagessharpslucidasanssvgwidthheightimagetheuerdankszligpngwidthheightimagekurrentsvgwidthheightfootervariantformsofeszettfromtopleftcambriatypefacecambrialucidasanstheuerdankblackletterbasedonatypekurrentingermanorthographythegraphemecalledeszettorscharfessinenglishsharpsrepresentsthephonemeinstandardgermanspecificallywhenfollowinglongvowelsanddiphthongswhilessisusedaftershortvowelsthenameeszettrepresentsthegermanpronunciationofthetwoletterssandzitoriginatesastheszdigraphszdigraphasusedinoldhighgermanandmiddlehighgermanorthographyrepresentedasatypographicligatureligatureoflongsandtailedzinblacklettertypographywhichbecameconflatedwiththeligatureforlongsandroundssusedinromantypethegraphemehasanintermediatepositionbetweenletteralphabetletterandtypographicligatureligatureitbehavesasaligatureinthatithasnoseparatepositioninthegermanalphabetalphabetinalphabeticalorderitistreatedastheequivalentofnotitbehaveslikealetterinthatitsuseisprescribedbyorthographicalrulesandconveysphonologicalinformationuseofindicatesthattheprecedingvowelislongrefaswellasandtaughtaslettersofthealphabetingermanywhichistakentoconsistoflettersrefrefreftraditionallyitdidnothaveacapitalformalthoughsometypedesignersintroduceddefactocapitalizedvariantsofinthecouncilforgermanorthographyultimatelyadoptedcapitalintogermanorthographyendingalongorthographicdebatewhilehasbeenusedasaligatureforthedigraphinearlymodernprintingforlanguagesotherthangermanitsuseinmoderntypographyislimitedtothegermanlanguageinthethcenturyithasfallenoutofusecompletelyinswissstandardgermanusedinswitzerlandandliechtensteinrefnameswisssochfileadmininternetdbkevkaainfosunterrichtrechtschreibungleitfadenpdfleitfadenzurdeutschenrechtschreibungenglishguidetogermanorthographyrdeditionfromtheswissfederalchancelleryretrievedaprrefwhileitremainspartoftheorthographyofstandardgermanelsewherewasencodedbyecmaatpositionhexadecimaldfinheritedbylatinandunicodethelistofxmlandhtmlcharacterentityreferenceshtmlentitycodeampszligcodewasintroducedwithhtmlhtmlthecapitalcapitalvariantwasintroducedbyisoinhistoryoriginthespellingofszforthevoicelessalveolarfricativescontinuingprotogermanictoriginatesinoldhighgermancontrastingwiththevoicelessalveopalatalfricativecontinuingprotogermanicsspelledssthespellingsurvivedintomiddlehighgermanevenafterthemergerofthetwophonemessandinthegothicbookhandsandbastardascriptsofthehighmedievalperiodwouldbewrittenwithlongsandtailedzasthedevelopmentofarecognizabletypographicligatureligaturerepresentingtheszdigraphdevelopsinhandwritingintheearlythcenturyrefnamebrekleherbertebreklezurhandschriftlichenundtypographischengeschichtederbuchstabenligaturausgotischdeutschenundhumanistischitalienischenkontexteningutenbergjahrbuchmainzrefthisligaturewasalsoadoptedasaseparatetypeintheearlyblacklettertypesofthethcenturythesligatureisinoriginseparatefromthedevelopmentoftheligatureitdevelopedinearlythcenturyhumanistlatinmanuscriptsrepresentingthedigraphoflongsandsroundsbreklecitesastheearliestappearanceoftheligaturethehandwritingoflodovicovicentinodatedthisligaturewasadoptedintoantiquatypefaceclassantiquatypefacestherewasthusinearlyprintingnodirectcontrastbetweenanandansligatureinanysingletypefaceblackletterfontsdesignedforprintinggermanwouldhaveanbutnosligaturegermanbeingrenderedaswhileantiquafontsintendedforprintinglatinoritalianwouldhaveansbutnoligaturewhengermantextsbegantobeprintedinantiquaseeantiquafrakturdisputetheantiquasieligaturecametobeusedasanequivalentoftheieligatureinblackletterfontsthusthemodernantiquagermanletterisinsomefontsderivedfromsgraphicallyalthoughitrepresentsthehistoricalszdigraphcontinuedfrommiddlehighgermanandearlymodernhighgermanorthographywithsligaturereadseenlatinblaeuatlassetinantiquasandsisalsoseeninearlymodernenglishexamplefromtheunitedstatesbillofrightsusbillofrightsinthelatethandearlythcenturywhenmoreandmoregermantextswereprintedinromantypeantiquatypesetterslookedforanexactromancounterpartfortheblackletterzligaturewhichdidnotexistinromanfontsprintersexperimentedwithvarioustechniquesmostlyreplacingblackletterinromantypewitheitherszsssorsomecombinationofthesealthoughthereareearlyexamplesinromantypeofasligaturethatlooksliketheletteritwasnotcommonlyusedforszconsultandcitereferencesajamesmosleyeszettorbmarkjamratheeszettsulzbacherformitwasonlywiththefirstorthographicconferencegermanfirstorthographicconferenceinberlininthatprintersandtypefoundriesstartedtolookforacommonletterformtorepresenttheeszettinromantypeinaproposalforvariousletterformswaspublishedinthejournalfrbuchdruckerkunstacommitteeofthetypographicsocietyofleipzigchosethesulzbacherforminitwasproclaimedasthenewstandardfortheeszettinromantypesincethengermanprintingsetinromantypehasusedtheletterthesulzbacherformhoweverdidnotfindunanimousacceptanceitbecamethedefaultformbutmanytypedesignerspreferredandstillpreferotherformssomeresembleablackletterszligatureothersmorearomansligaturetheletterproperhasthusonlybeenusedingermantypesettingtheuseofligaturessimilartorepresentingnotaletterbutthedigraphscanbefoundinearlymodernprintinginotherlanguagesitalianandlatininenglishlanguagetypesettingthespellingsoccursmostlyastwounligatedlettershistoricalorthographyjohannchristophadelungandjohannchristianaugustheyseweretwogermanlexicographylexicographerswhotriedtoestablishconsistentrulesontheapplicationofthelettersinaustriaheysesruleofprevailedfromuntilthesecondorthographicconferenceofwhereitwasdecidedtopreferadelungsruleoverheysesthegermanorthographyreformofreintroducedheysesvariantbutwithoutthelongsclasswikitablerulesofadelungandheysestylebackgroundcccfrakturscriptfrakturaccordingtoadelungwaerschloflopatraematabgrasodenhauseelstylebackgroundcccfrakturaccordingtoheysewaerschlosflopastraematabgrasodenhauseelstylebackgroundcccantiquainthethcenturyadelungwasserschloflopastraemastabgrassodenhauseselstylebackgroundcccantiquainthestcenturyheysewasserschlossflopassstraebrpassstraemastabgrassodenhauseselstylebackgroundccctranslationmoatedcastleraftpassroadscalegrasssoddomesticdonkeysmallinordertodisplayitselementscorrectlytheligaturesofthefrakturtypesettingarenotshowntheipacharacteruishereusedtorepresentfrakturtailedztailedzsmallheysesargumentgiventhatssmayappearattheendofawordbeforeafugueandsbeingacommoninitialletterforwordssssislikelytoappearinalargenumberofcasestheamountofthesecasesisevenhigherthanallthepossibletripleconsonantcasesegdampfschifffahrttogethercriticspointoutthatatriplesinwordslikemissstandfeaturelessreadabilitythanspellingitmistandevenincaseswherethesecondwordofacompoundlinguisticscompounddoesnotstartwithsshouldbeusedtoimprovethereadabilityofthefugueegmeergebnisovermessergebnismeasurementwhichsuggeststheunrelatedwordmesserknifeandmeingenieurovermessingenieurmeasuringengineerwhichsuggeststheunrelatedwordmessingbrassthisproblemofadelungsrulewassolvedbyheysewhodistinguishedbetweenthelongsandtheroundssonlytheroundscouldfinishawordthereforealsocalledterminalsschlusrespschlussstheroundsalsoindicatesthefugueincompoundsinsteadofmissstandandmessergebnisonewrotemistandandmesergebnisbackthenaspecialligatureforheysesrulewasintroducedsamongstthecommonligaturesofffftandtsandweretwodifferentcharactersinthefrakturtypesettingifapplyingheysesrulerepresentationgraphicalvariantstherecommendationofthesulzbacherformwasnotfolloweduniversallyinthcenturyprintingtherewerefourdistinctvariantsofinuseinantiquafontsswithoutligaturebutasasingletypewithreducedspacingbetweenthetwoletterstheligatureofandsinheritedfromthethcenturyantiquatypefacesaligatureofandtailedzadaptingtheblackletterligaturetoantiquathesulzbacherformthefirstvariantnoligaturehasbecomepracticallyobsoletemostmoderntypefacesfolloweitherorwithretainedinoccasionalusagenotablyinstreetsignsinbonnandberlinuseoftypographicvariantsinstreetsignsgalleryfilewaldstraepirnajpgunligaturedsvariantinastreetsigninpirnasaxonyfileberlinerstraejpgantiquaformofthezligatureberlinstreetsignsfileerfurtstraejpgblackletterformofthezligatureerfurtstreetsignsfilenrnbergstraejpgsulzbacherformnrnbergstreetsignsfilemainzstrschilderjpgtwodistinctblacklettertypefacesusedinredandbluestreetsignsinmainztheredsignspellsstraewithsthebluesignusesthestandardblackletterzligaturefilezeichensvgsulzbacherforminthegermaneinbahnstraeonewaystreetsigngallerycapitalformtypefacecrateabschuszgeraetforabschugertlauncherbecauseistreatedasaligaturenotafullletterofthegermanalphabetithadnocapitalforminearlymoderntypesettingtherehavehoweverbeenproposalstointroducecapitalformsofforuseinallcapswritingwherewouldusuallyberepresentedaseitherssorszthiswasfirstproposedinbutdidnotenterofficialorwidespreadusagetheprefacetotheeditionofthedudendictionaryexpressedthedesirabilityofaseparateglyphforcapitaldieverwendungzweierbuchstabenfreinenlautistnureinnotbehelfderaufhrenmusssobaldeingeeigneterdruckbuchstabefrdasgroegeschaffenisttheuseoftwolettersforasinglephonemeismakeshifttobeabandonedassoonasasuitabletypeforthecapitalhasbeendevelopedthedudenwaseditedseparatelyineastandwestgermanyduringthestostheeastgermandudenofthedintroducedacapitalinitstypesettingwithoutrevisingtheruleforcapitalisationthetheditionofstillannouncedthatanuppercasewasindevelopmentandwouldbeintroducedinthefuturetheeditionagainremovedthisannouncementandsimplystatedthatthereisnocapitalversionofregardlessofprescriptiveororthographicalconcernstypesforcapitalweredesignedinvarioustypefacesinthesandseventhoughtheywererarelyusedinthesandreassttznereditorofthetypographicalmagazinesignacampaignedfortheintroductionofthecharactersttznerdepositedacorrespondingproposalwiththeunicodeconsortiumintheproposalwasrejectedatthetimerefandreassttznervorschlagzurkodierungeinesversaleninunicodestddkuugdkjtcscwgdocsnpdfnpdfpdfunicodeconsortiumrejectedcharactersandscriptsunicodeorgallocrejectedhtmlonlineenglischundalskommentardazumichaelkaplaneverycharacterhasastorycapitalsharpsnotencodedblogsmsdncommichkaparchiveaspxmichaelkaplanenglischrefbutasecondproposalsubmittedinwassuccessfulandthecharacterwasintroducedinunicodeversionaslatinextendedadditionalblockinthecouncilforgermanorthographyproposedtheintroductionofoptionaluseofinitsrulesetievariantsstrassevsstraewouldbeacceptedasequallyvalidtherulewasofficiallyadoptedinencodingthehtmlentityforiscodeampszligcodeitscodepointintheisocharacterencodingversionsisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoandidenticallyinunicodeisordfinhexadecimalintexandlatexcodesscodeproducesagermanlanguagesupportpackageforlatexexistsinwhichisproducedbyssimilartoumlautswhichareproducedbyaoanduwiththispackagerefciteweburldesharelatexcomlearngermantitlegermanatreferenceguideyearpublishersharelatexaccessdatemarchrefinmodernbrowserswillbeconvertedtosswhentheelementcontainingitissettouppercaseusingcodetexttransformuppercasecodeincascadingstylesheetsthejavascriptingooglechromewillconverttosswhenconvertedtouppercaseegcodetouppercasecodecharmapeenamelatincapitallettersharpsdfnamelatinsmalllettersharpsusageinthereformedorthographyofadaptedtothespellingreformoldkongrestraenewkongressstraeintheorthographyofthegermanorthographyreformofgermanspellingreformofbothandssareusedtorepresentsbetweentwovowelsasfollowsisusedafterdiphthongsbeientobiteisusedaftergermanlanguagevowelslongvowelsgrentogreetssisusedaftergermanlanguagevowelsshortvowelskssentokissthusithelpstodistinguishwordslikebuelongvowelpenancefineandbusseshortvowelbusesitisalsoconsistentwiththegeneralruleofgermanspellingthatadoubledconsonantletterservestomarktheprecedingvowelasshorttheconsonantsoundisneveractuallydoubledorlengthenedinpronunciationinwordswherethewordstemstemchangessomeformsmayhaveanbutothersanssforinstancesiebeientheybitevssiebissentheybitthesamerulesapplyatsyllablecodatheendofawordorsyllablebutarecomplicatedbythefactthatsinglesisalsopronouncedinthosepositionsthuswordslikegrolargerequirewhileotherslikegrasgrassuseasinglesthecorrectspellingisnotpredictableoutofcontextinstandardgermanpronunciationbutisusuallymadeclearbyrelatedformseggresizeandgrasentograzewherethemedialconsonantsarepronouncedandrespectivelymanydialectsofgermanhoweverhaveanevenlongervoweloranaudiblylesssharpsincasessinglesisusedusageinthetraditionalorthographyinthetraditionalorthographyisalwaysusedattheendofawordorwordcomponentorbeforeaconsonantevenwhentheprecedingvowelisshortforexamplefufoothasalongvowelpronouncedandsowasunaffectedbythespellingreformbutkukisshasashortvowelpronouncedandwasreformedtokussothertraditionalexamplesincludedeunlustlossofappetiteandwrigwaterybutwasserwaterthespellingreformaffectedsomegermanlanguageformsofforeignplacenamessuchasrulandrussiareformedrusslandandpreburgbratislavareformedpressburgtheorthographyofpersonalnamesfirstnamesandfamilynamesandofnamesforlocationswithingermanyproperaustriaandswitzerlandwerenotaffectedbythereformofhoweverthesenamesoftenuseirregularspellingsthatareotherwiseimpermissibleundergermanspellingrulesnotonlyinthematterofthebutalsoinmanyotherrespectsthetraditionalorthographyencouragedtheuseofszinplaceofinwordswithallletterscapitalizedwhereausualsswouldproduceanambiguousresultonepossibleambiguitywasbetweeninmaszeninlimitedamountsmameasureandinmasseninmassiveamountsmassemasssuchcaseswererareenoughthatthisrulewasofficiallyabandonedinthereformedorthographythegermanmilitarystilloccasionallyusesthecapitalizedszevenwithoutanypossibleambiguityasschieszgertshootingmaterialsdonotchangethistoshootingdevicethatwouldbewrongarchitecturaldrawingsmayalsouseszincapitalizationsbecausecapitallettersandbothmaandmassearefrequentlyusedmilitaryteleprinteroperationwithingermanystillusesszforunlikegermantypewritersgermanteleprintermachinesneverfeaturedeitherdiaeresisdiacriticumlautsorthelettersubstitutionandallcapsifnoisavailablessorszisusedinsteadszespeciallyinhungarianinfluencedeasternaustriathisappliesespeciallytoallcapsorsmallcapstextsbecausehadnogenerallyacceptedmajusculeformuntilexceptedareallcapsnamesinlegaldocumentstheymayretainantopreventambiguityforinstancestraersincestraerandstrasserarebothpossiblenamesthisssthatreplacesanhastobehyphenatedasasingleletterinthetraditionalorthographyforinstancestrassestreetcomparestraeinthereformorthographyitishyphenatedlikeotherdoubleconsonantsstrasserefpetergallmannwarumdieschweizerweiterhinkeineszettschreibenzugleicheineanmerkungzueisenbergssilbengelenktheorieinaugstgerhardblmlkarlneriusdietersittahorstedsdieneuregelungderdeutschenrechtschreibungbegrndungundkritiktbingenniemeyerreihegermanistischelinguistikvolpagespersonalunijenadexgapepubeszettpdfprefswitzerlandandliechtensteininswissstandardgermanssusuallyreplaceseverythisisofficiallysanctionedbythereformedgermanorthographyruleswhichstateinnbspesmallsmallinderschweizkannmanimmerssschreibeninswitzerlandonemayalwayswritessliechtensteinfollowsthesamepracticeinswitzerlandhasbeengraduallyabolishedsincetheswhenmostcantonsofswitzerlandcantonsdecidednottoteachitanymoreandtheswisspostalservicestoppedusingitinplacenamestheneuezrcherzeitungwasthelastswissnewspapertogiveupintodayswisspublishinghousesuseonlyforbooksthataddresstheentiregermanspeakingmarketkeyboardsonagermantypewriteringermanyandaustriatheletterispresentoncomputerandtypewriterkeyboardsnormallytotherightontheupperrowthegermantypewriterkeyboardlayoutwasdefinedindinfirstissuedininothercountriestheletterisnotmarkedonthekeyboardbutacombinationofotherkeyscanproduceitoftentheletterisinputusingamodifierandtheskeythedetailsofthekeyboardlayoutdependontheinputlanguageandoperatingsystemsuchasctrlkeyctrlaltkeyaltsonsomekeyboardssuchasusinternationalalsoaltgrkeyaltgrsinmicrosoftwindowsoroptionkeyoptionsontheususextendedandukkeyboardsinmacosinwindowsonecanalsousealtcodesomemodernvirtualkeyboardsshowwhentheuserpressesandholdstheskeyalternativeusesorthographywyokocimodernspellingwysokosiforhighesttextoflukeinsorbianandgermanblackletterinolingchurchissometimesusedingermanwritingtoindicateapronunciationofwherewouldotherwisebeusualinstandardgermaninitialbeforeavowelispronouncedgabrielamendlingpseudonymluiseendlichinhertwonovelsusedaninitialinhernovelstoapproximatethelocaldialectinfrankfurtoderthusindiesindsiewasusedtorepresentinagermaninfluencedspellingsystemforthelithuanianlanguagewhichwasusedinlithuaniaminorineastprussiawhichcanbeseeninegprussianlithuanianspersonalnamessomesurnameshasalsooccasionallybeenusedfortransliteratingsumerianlanguagesumerianstandardtransliterationthesulzbacherformofissomewhatsimilarinshapetotheunrelatedlowercasegreekalphabetgreekletterbetaletterbetaasaconsequencehasoccasionallybeenusedasasurrogateforgreeknotablyinreferencetodevelopmentstagebetatestversionsofapplicationprogramsforolderoperatingsystemswhosecharacterencodingsnotablyisoieclatinandwindowsdidnotsupporteasyuseofgreeklettersalsotheoriginalibmdoscodepagecodepagecpakaoemusconflatesthetwocharactersassigningthemthesamecodepointxeandaglyphthatminimizestheirdifferencesseealsocapitalgreekletterbetalongslongsszdigraphdeheyseschesschreibungdeadelungschesschreibungreferencesexternallinkstypefoundryblogspotcomesszettorhtmljamesmosleyeszettorjanuaryontypefoundryblogspotcomextremelywellwrittenandwellillustrateditstheonearticleonthewebthatreallycoversallthebasicsofeszettandpleasereaditjamesmosleyteachesatureadingrarebookschoolorgfacultymosleyjamestypeculturecomacademicresourcearticlesessaysmarkjamratheeszettinfoboxbookseewikipediawikiprojectnovelsorwikipediawikiprojectbooksnamexenocidetitleorigtranslatorimagexenocidecoverjpgcaptioncoveroffirsteditionhardcoverauthororsonscottcardcoverartistcountryunitedstateslanguageenglishseriesendersgameseriesendersgameseriesgenresciencefictionpublishedtorbooksmediatypeprinthardcoverpaperbackebookpagesppisbndeweycongresspsaxoclcprecededbyspeakerforthedeadfollowedbychildrenofthemindxenocideisthethirdsciencefictionnovelintheendersgameseriesendersgameseriesofbooksbyorsonscottcarditwasnominatedforboththehugoawardhugoandlocusawardforbestnovellocusawardsforbestnovelinrefnamewweciteweburlworldswithoutendcombooksyearindexaspyeartitleawardwinnersnomineesworkworldswithoutendaccessdaterefthetitleisacombinationofxenoxenomeaningalienandcidereferringtotheactofkillingaltogetherreferringtotheactofselectivelykillingpopulationsofextraterrestriallifealiensaplayongenocideplotsummaryonlusitaniaenderfindsaworldwherehumansandpequeninosandthehivequeencouldalllivetogetheraplacewherehebelievesthethreeverydifferentintelligentspeciescouldfindcommongroundatlastlusitaniaalsoharborsthedescoladaavirusthatkillsallhumansitinfectsbutwhichthepequininosrequireinordertobecomeadultsthestarwayscongresssofearstheeffectsofthedescoladashoulditescapefromlusitaniathattheyhaveorderedthedestructionoftheentireplanetandallwholivetherewiththefleetonitswayasecondxenocideseemsinevitablelusitaniafollowingtheeventsofspeakerforthedeadagroupofcharactersaredepictedlivingasmembersofabraziliancatholichumancolonyonlistofendersgameseriesplanetslusitanialusitaniaauniqueplanetinhabitedbytheonlyothertwoknownspeciesofsentientalienlifethepequeninoslittleonesandthethehivequeenendersgamehivequeenthepequeninosarenativetotheplanetwhilethehivequeenwastransplantedtothisworldbyenderpartlyinpenanceforhisneartotaldestructionofherformicsbuggerspeciesinendersgamethelusitanianecosystemispervadedbyacomplexvirusdubbeddescoladaportuguesefornolongergluedbyhumansthedescoladabreaksapartandrearrangesthebasicgeneticstructureoflivingcellsitisextremelyadaptabletoanyspeciesorformofknownlifeandeasilytransmissiblethenativepequeninosandotherlifethatsurvivedonlusitaniaafterthedescoladasintroductiontotheplanetthousandsormillionsofyearsagoareadaptedtoitasaresultofthedeadlyvirusthelusitanianecosystemisseverelylimitedstayingaliveonlusitaniatakesimmenseeffortandresearchonthepartofthehivequeenandthehumansastheyarenotadaptedtothedescoladaneartheendofthestoryitisrevealedthedescoladaispossiblyanartificiallyengineeredvirusdesignedtoterraformplanetsbuttheoriginalcreatorsofthevirusareunknownandthereremainsaslimchanceitevolvednaturallyaftertherebellionofthesmallhumancolonyonlusitaniainspeakerforthedeadtoprotectthefutureoftheintelligentalienspeciesstarwayscongresssendsafleettolusitaniatoregaincontrolwhichwilltakeseveraldecadestoreachitsdestinationvalentinewigginunderherpseudonymdemosthenespublishesaseriesofarticlesrevealingthepresenceofthelittledoctorplanetannihilatingweapononthefleetdemosthenescallsitthesecondxenocideasusingtheweaponwillresultintheobliterationoftheonlyknownintelligentalienlifeshealsoclaimsittobeabrutalcrackdownofanycolonyworldstrivingforautonomyfromstarwayscongresspublicangerspreadsthroughhumanityandrebellionsnearlyensueonseveralcoloniesafterquellingmuchpublicdiscontentstarwayscongressfinishestheiranalysisofthesituationwhilethefleetisenroutefearingthedescoladavirusfurtherrebellionsbycolonyworldsandotherpossibleunknownpoliticalmotivesstarwayscongressattemptstorelayanordertothefleettoannihilatelusitaniauponarrivalafterconferringwithfriendsonwhetheracauseisworthdyingforjaneendersgamejaneacompassionateailivingintheinterstellaransiblecommunicationnetworkshutsofftransmissionstothefleettoblocktheorderasaconsequenceofthisactionsheriskshereventualdiscoveryanddeathshouldthegovernmentshutdownandwipetheinterplanetarynetworknoknownsmallercomputersystemcanhouseherconsciousnessonlusitaniaitselfenderattemptstofindsolutionstotheloomingcatastrophesofthecongressionalfleetdescoladavirusandconflictsamongthehumansandintelligentalienspeciesmuchonlusitaniacentersaroundtheribeirafamilyincludingenderswifenovinhaandherchildrennovinhaandelanorathemotherdaughterteamresponsibleformostofthebiologicaladvancescounteringthecomplexdescoladavirusareunsureiftheycanmanufactureaharmlessreplacementvirusconflictsariseonwhethertheyshouldevendososincethedescoladaisintrinsicallytiedinwiththelifecyclesofalllusitanianorganismsandmayevenbesentientitselfinadditiontotrytodevisemethodstoescapetheplanetlusitaniasleadingtroublemakingphysicistgregoispersuadedbyendertoresearchfasterthanlighttraveldespitegregoscoffingattheideathethirdbiologistaofthefamilyquaraisconvincedthatthedescoladaisanintelligentselfawarespeciesanddeservesattemptsfromthehumansforcommunicationandpreservationanadditionalsiblingandcatholicpriestquimfatherestevoisdeterminedtousefaithandtheologytoheadoffanotherformofxenocideagroupofwarmongeringpequeninowishtowipeoutallearthbornlifeviastarshipcarryingthedeadlydescoladawithinthemworldofpathstarwayscongresswantsitsfleetbackafterallelsefailsitsendsthedilemmaofthefleetsimpossibledisappearancetoseveralcitizensoftheworldofpathaculturalplanetaryenclavemodeledonearlychinapathsculturecentersonthegodspokenthosewhohearthevoicesofthegodsintheformofirresistiblecompulsionsandarecapableofsignificantlysuperiorintelligenceitlaterbecomesclearthatthegodspokenofpatharevictimsofacruelgovernmentprojectgrantedgreatintelligencebygeneticmodificationtheywerealsoshackledwithaformofobsessivecompulsivedisordertocontroltheirloyaltytheexperimentissetinacultureboundbyfivedictatesobeythegodshonortheancestorslovethepeopleservetherulersthenserveyourselfthisisafurthersafeguardagainstrebellionthesuperintelligentgodspokenareconsideredthemostdevoutandholyofallcitizensandanydisloyalthoughtsinagodspokensmindareimmediatelysuppressedbyoverwhelmingobsessivecompulsivebehaviorbelievedtobeasignfromthegodsthethoughtsarewrongthemostrespectedgodspokenonpathislistofendersgamecharacterspeoplefrompathhanfeitzufordevisingatreatytopreventtherebellionofseveralcolonyworldsafterthearticlespublishedbydemosthenesgreatthingsareexpectedofhisdaughterandpotentialsuccessorhanqingjaogloriouslybrightwhiledoubtingtheexistenceofthegodshimselfhanfeitzupromisedhisdyingwifehewouldraiseqingjaowithanunwaveringbeliefinthegodspokenthetwoofthemaretaskedbystarwayscongresswithdecipheringthedisappearanceofthelusitaniafleethanqingjaossecretmaidsiwangmuaidsherinthistaskherintelligencepartiallyunfetteredbytherigidcastesystemtheyoungandnaiveqingjaoeventuallytracestheidentityofdemosthenesdiscoveringthatdemosthenesisvalentinewigginenderssisterbutthatvalentinehasbeenonastarshipenroutetolusitaniaforthelastthirtyyearsqingjaoconcludesthattheonlypossibleexplanationisadvancedcomputersoftwarecloselytiedtothecommunicationnetworkthissoftwaremustbehidingdemosthenesandpublishingherworkwhilealsocausingthedisappearanceofthefleetallbutdiscoveredjanerevealsherselftohanfeitzuhanqingjaoandsiwangmutellingthemabouttheirgeneticslaveryandbeggingforbearanceontheirreporttostarwayscongressalreadyharboringsuspicionsaboutthegodspokensconditionhanfeitzuacceptsthenewsofcongresssatrocityasdoessiwangmubuthisdaughterhanqingjaoclingstoherbeliefthatdemosthenesandjaneareenemiesofthegodsfeelingbetrayedbyherfatherwhoisviolentlyincapacitatedbyocdfromthedisloyalthoughtsqingjaoargueswithjanejanethreatensshuttingoffallcommunicationsfrompathbutsiwangmurealizesthiswouldeventuallyleadtotheplanetsdestructionbystarwayscongressunderstandingjanetobetrulyaliveandcompassionatethroughtearssiwangmustatesjanewillnotblockthereporthoweverqingjaocomparesjanetotheservantsinpathscastesystemmerelyacomputerprogramdesignedtoservehumanscontainingneitherautonomynorawarenessknowingshehasexhaustedherlastpossibilitiesofstoppingqingjaojanesacrificesherfutureandlifeunwillingtobringharmtoqingjaoorthepeopleofpathatriumphantqingjaoreportstheknowledgeofdemosthenesjaneandthefateofthefleettostarwayscongressqingjaorecommendsacoordinateddatesetseveralmonthsfromthepresenttopreparethemassiveundertakingofsettingupcleancomputersacrosstheinterplanetarynetworkafterwhichthetransitiontoanewsystemwillkilljaneandallowcongressfullcontrolagainallowingthemessagetobesentjanerestorescommunicationwiththefleetandcongressreissuestheorderforthefleettoobliteratelusitaniahanfeitzurecoversfromtheincapacitationofhisocddespairingoverhisdaughtersactionsandhisunwittingaidindeeplybrainwashinghertoservecongressheandsiwangmuassistjaneandthoseonlusitaniainfindingsolutionstotheirimpendingcatastrophesplanterapequeninoonlusitaniaoffershislifeforanexperimenttodeterminewhetherthedescoladagivespequeninossentienceoriftheyhavetheabilityinnatelyeventuallyelanoraribeiraisabletocomeupwithapossiblemodelforarecoladaarefitofthedescoladathatallowsthenativelifetosurviveandretainselfawarenessbutdoesntseektokillallotherlifeformswiththeavailableequipmenthowevertherecoladaisimpossibletomakeandtheyarerunningoutoftimeagainstthesoontoarrivefleetoutsidewhilethisresearchtakesplacetragediesoccuronlusitaniafatherestevoribeirathepriestattemptingtoswayadistantwarmongeringsectofthepequeninosfromtheirgoalofattackinghumanityiskilledbythefathertreewarmakerwhotookquimhostageanddeniedhimthefoodwiththeantidescoladachemicalssothedescoladainfectedandkilledhimonthethdayofbeinghostagegregoribeiraspursariotofhumanstoburndownthewarmakersforestbuttheviolentmobgetsoutofhiscontrolandrampagesthroughtheneighboringpequeninoforestinsteadmassacringmanyofitsinhabitantstheoriginalfriendsandalliesofhumanityunderthetermsofthetreatywithpequeninosthehivequeenisbroughtintoholdthepeacesettingaperimeterguardofhivedronesaroundthehumancolonyandpreventingfurtherescalationofviolencebetweenthetwogroupsgregoislockedinjaildespiteeventuallysteppingbetweenthesurvivingpequeninosandhisownriotthetownrealizestheirhorrificrageandconstructsachapelsurroundingthefallenpriestsgravetryingtofindpenancefortheiractionsfinallyabreakthroughismadeknowingtheansiblecommunicationnetworkallowsinstantaneoustransferofinformationandthroughknowledgeofhowthehivequeengivessentiencetochildqueensjanegregoandolhadodiscovertheoutsidetheoutsideisaspacetimeplanewhereaiasinitiallyexistaiaisthetermgiventothepatterndefininganyspecificstructureoftheuniversewhetheraparticularatomastarorasentientconsciousnessformicsformichivequeensarecalledfromoutsideafterbirthgivingawarenesstothenewbodyjaneisabletocontainwithinhervastcomputingpowerthepatterndefiningthebillionsofatomsandoverallstructurecomprisingasimplestarshiplittlemorethanaroomwithpassengersincludedandtakethemoutsidebybringingthemoutsidewhererelativelocationisnonexistentthenbackinsideatadifferentspotinthephysicaluniverseinstantaneoustravelhasbeenachievedfinallymatchingtheinstantaneouscommunicationoftheansiblesandformicstheyquicklyarrangetotakeenderelaandmirotooutsidewhileelaisoutsidesheisabletocreatetherecoladaviruswhichisasafereplacementofthedescoladaandacuretothegodspokengeneticdefectmiroenvisionshisbodyasitwasbeforehewascrippledbyparalysisanduponarrivalintheoutsidehisconsciousnessiscontainedwithinanewrestoredbodyenderdiscovershoweverthesurrealunwittingcreationofanewvalentineandnewpeterwigginfromhissubconsciouswhoembodyidealizedformsofhisaltruisticandpowerhungrysidestherecoladabeginsitsspreadacrosslusitaniaconvertingtheformerlylethalvirusintoaharmlessaidtonativelifethecuretothepeopleofpathsgeneticcontrollingdefectisdistributedyethanfeitzuistragicallyunabletoconvincehisdaughterqingjaothiswasthetruecourseofactionconfrontedwiththepossibilityofbeingliedtoallherlifeanddoomingmanysentientspeciestodestructionoranalternativeofbelievingallsheeverlovedandtrustedhasbetrayedherdemosthenesherfatherherfriendherworldqingjaoinsteadcontinueshergodspokenriteofwoodgraintracinguntilherdeathandishonoredbythoseonpathwhostillbelieveinthegodsasthelasttruegodspokensheiselevatedtogodstatusafterherdeathsiwangmusetsoffwithpetertotakecontroloverstarwayscongresstostopthefleetclosinginonlusitaniathenewvalentinepersonajourneystofindaplanettowhichthepopulationoflusitaniacanevacuatethestageissetforthefinalbookofthefourpartserieschildrenofthemindconnectiontogloriouslybrightpartsofgloriouslybrightfromthejanuaryissueofanalogsciencefictionandfactarerepublishedinxenocideaspartsofchaptersandrefnamexenocideorsonscottcardxenocidenewyorktorbooksrefmultiplemeaningsforxenocideitshouldbenotedthatthenovelcontainsseveralpotentialpathstoxenocidehencethenameofthebookhasvariouspotentialmeaningsmostobviouslyisthepossibledestructionofthepequeninosasthestarwayscongressfleetmakesitswaytolusitaniahoweverthisalsomeansthepossibleannihilationofthenewlyrevivedformicslastlysincetheformicspequeninosandlusitanianativehumansallcarrythedescoladaviruswhichisfataltohumansboththehumansandformicslivingonlusitaniarequirefrequentinoculationtothedescoladainordertosurviveandvirtuallyanythingbutthefewremainingspecimensonlusitaniathefactthatanyofthesecouldbetraversingspacemeanstheycouldspreadthevariousandspellthepotentialeventualannihilationofhumansthroughouttheentirenovelstarwayscongressisactingtopreventthepequeninosfromleavingtheplanetintheeventtheyshouldsomedayposeathreattohumanityhencepreventingtheirownpotentialxenocideseealsolistofendersgamecharacterslistofworksbyorsonscottcardreferencesexternallinkshatrackcomoscbooksxenocidexenocideshtmlaboutthenovelxenocidefromcardswebsiteinfoboxsoftwarenamexvidlogoimagexvidlogosvgxvidlogopxreleasedasxvidstatusactiveprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecreposizeoperatingsystemcrossplatformgenrevideocodeclicensegnugeneralpubliclicensewebsitealexanovemberstandardmpegaspxvidformerlyxvidisavideocodeclibrarycomputinglibraryfollowingthempegvideocodingstandardspecificallympegpartmpegpartadvancedsimpleprofileaspitusesaspfeaturessuchasbframesglobalandquarterpixelmotioncompensationlumimaskingtrellisquantizationandhmpegandcustomquantizationimageprocessingquantizationmatricesxvidisaprimarycompetitorofthedivxprocodeccomparisonofopensourceandclosedsourceincontrastwiththedivxcodecwhichisproprietarysoftwaredevelopedbydivxincxvidisfreesoftwaredistributedunderthetermsofthegnugeneralpubliclicensethisalsomeansthatunlikethedivxcodecwhichisonlyavailableforalimitednumberofplatformsxvidcanbeusedonallplatformsandoperatingsystemsforwhichthesourcecodecanbecompiledhistoryinjanuarydivxnetworksfoundedopendivxaspartofprojectmayowhichwasintendedtobeahomeforopensourcemultimediaprojectsopendivxwasanopensourcempegvideocodecbasedonastrippeddownversionofthemomusysreferencempegencoderthesourcecodehoweverwasplacedunderarestrictivelicenseandonlymembersofthedivxadvancedresearchcentredarchadwriteaccesstotheprojectsconcurrentversionssystemcvsinearlydarcmembersparkywroteanimprovedversionoftheencodingcorecalledencorethiswasupdatedseveraltimesbeforeinaprilitwasremovedfromcvswithoutwarningtheexplanationgivenbysparkywasweourbossesdecidedthatwearenotreadytohaveitinpublicyetinjulydevelopersstartedcomplainingaboutalackofactivityintheprojectthelastcvscommitwasseveralmonthsoldbugfixeswerebeingignoredandpromiseddocumentationhadnotbeenwrittensoonafterdarcreleasedabetaversionoftheirclosedsourcecommercialdivxcodecwhichwasbasedonencoresayingthatwhatthecommunityreallywantsisawinampnotalinuxitwasafterthisthataforksoftwareforkofopendivxwascreatedusingthelatestversionofencorethatwasdownloadedbeforeitwasremovedsincethenalltheopendivxcodehasbeenreplacedandxvidhasbeenpublishedunderthegnugeneralpubliclicensepatentissuesasanimplementationofmpegpartxvidusesmanypatentedtechnologiesforthisreasonxvidxversionswerenotlicensedincountrieswherethesesoftwarepatentsarerecognizedwiththexreleasesagnugplvlicenseisusedwithnoexplicitgeographicalrestrictionhoweverthelegalusageofxvidmaystillberestrictedbylocallawssigmadesignscontroversyinjulysigmadesignsreleasedanmpegvideocodeccalledtherealmagicmpegvideocodecbeforelongpeop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istrictliangzhougansuandqinghaiinhesubsequentlytravelledacrossthegobideserttokumulmodernhamicitythencefollowingthetianshanwestwardhearrivedinturpaninherehemetthekingofturpanabuddhistwhoequippedhimfurtherforhistravelswithlettersofintroductionandvaluablestoserveasfundsthehottestmountaininchinatheflamingmountainsislocatedinturpanandwasdepictedinthejourneytothewestmovingfurtherwestwardxuanzangescapedrobberstoreachkarasahrthentouredthenonmahayanamonasteriesofkuchafurtherwesthepassedaksuxinjiangaksubeforeturningnorthwesttocrossthetianshansbedelpassintomodernkyrgyzstanheskirtedissykkulbeforevisitingtokmakuzbekistantokmakonitsnorthwestandmetthegreatkhaganofthegktrkswhoserelationshiptothetangdynastytangemperorwasfriendlyatthetimeafterafeastxuanzangcontinuedwestthensouthwesttotashkentcapitalofmodernuzbekistanfromherehecrossedthedesertfurtherwesttosamarkandinsamarkandwhichwasunderpersianempirepersianinfluencethepartycameacrosssomeabandonedbuddhisttemplesandxuanzangimpressedthelocalkingwithhispreachingsettingoutagaintothesouthxuanzangcrossedaspurofthepamirmountainspamirsandpassedthroughthefamousirongatescontinuingsouthwardhereachedtheamudaryaandtermezwhereheencounteredacommunityofmorethanathousandbuddhistmonksfurthereasthepassedthroughkunduzwherehestayedforsometimetowitnessthefuneralritesofprincetarduwhohadbeenpoisonedherehemetthemonkdharmasimhaandontheadviceofthelatetardumadethetripwestwardtobalkhmodernafghanistantoseethebuddhistsitesandrelicsespeciallythenavaviharawhichhedescribedasthewesternmostviharaintheworldherexuanzangalsofoundovernonmahayanamonksincludingprajnakaraorrefnamerefamonkwithwhomxuanzangstudiedgamabuddhismearlybuddhistscripturesheacquiredtheimportanttextofthemahavibhasamahvibhaherewhichhelatertranslatedintochineseprajakarathenaccompaniedthepartysouthwardtobamyanwherexuanzangmetthekingandsawtensofnonmahayanamonasteriesinadditiontothetwolargebuddhasofbamiyancarvedoutoftherockfacethepartythenresumedtheirtraveleastwardcrossingtheshibarpassanddescendingtotheregionalcapitalofkapisaprovincekapisiaboutnorthofmodernkabulwhichsportedovermonasteriesandmonksmostlymahayanathiswaspartofthefabledoldlandofgandharaxuanzangtookpartinareligiousdebatehereanddemonstratedhisknowledgeofmanybuddhistschoolsherehealsometthefirstjainismjainsandhinduofhisjourneyhepushedontoadinapurrefproceedingsoftheroyalgeographicalsocietyandmonthlyrecordgreatbritainvolumepagesciencereflaternamedjalalabadandlaghmanprovincelaghmanwhereheconsideredhimselftohavereachedindiatheyearwasindiaxuanzangleftadinapurwhichhadfewbuddhistmonksbutmanystupasandmonasterieshistravelsincludedpassingthroughhunzavalleyhunzaandthekhyberpasstotheeastreachingtheformercapitalofgandharapurushapurapeshawarontheothersidepeshawarwasnothingcomparedtoitsformergloryandbuddhismwasdecliningintheregionxuanzangvisitedanumberofstupasaroundpeshawarnotablythekanishkastupathisstupawasbuiltjustsoutheastofpeshawarbyaformerkingofthecityinitwasrediscoveredbydbspoonerwiththehelpofxuanzangsaccountxuanzangleftpeshawarandtravellednortheasttotheswatvalleyreachingoiynahefoundyearoldmonasteriesthathadpreviouslysupportedmonkstheremnantmonkswereofthemahayanaschoolxuanzangcontinuednorthwardandintothebunervalleybeforedoublingbackviashahbazgarhitocrosstheindusriverathundkhyberpakhtunkhwahundhevisitedtaxilawhichwasdesolateandhalfruinedandfoundmostofitssangharamasstillruinedanddesolatewiththestatehavingbecomeadependencyofkashmirwiththelocalleadersfightingamongstthemselvesforpoweronlyafewmonksremainedtherehenotedthatithadsometimepreviouslybeenasubjectofancientkapisakapisahewenttokashmirinwherehemetatalentedmonksamghayasasandstudiedthereinkashmirhefoundhimselfinanothercenterofbuddhistcultureanddescribesthattherewereovermonasteriesandovermonksintheareabetweenandearlyhestudiedwithvariousmonksincludingmonthswithvintaprabhaormonthswithcandravarmanorandawinterandhalfaspringwithjayaguptaduringthistimexuanzangwroteaboutthefourthbuddhistcouncilthattookplacenearbycaadundertheorderofkingkanishkaofkushanahevisitedchiniotandlahoreaswellandprovidedtheearliestwritingsavailableontheancientcitiesinxuanzangarrivedinmatipuraknownasmandawaruttarpradeshmandawartodayinhewenteasttojalandharineasternpunjabregionpunjabbeforeclimbinguptovisitpredominantlynonmahayanamonasteriesinthekuluvalleyandturningsouthwardagaintobairatandthenmathurauttarpradeshmathuraontheyamunarivermathurahadmonksofbothmajorbuddhistbranchesdespitebeinghindudominatedxuanzangtravelleduptherivertosrughnashrughnaalsomentionedintheworksofudyotakarabeforecrossingeastwardtomatipurawherehearrivedinhavingcrossedtherivergangesrivergangesatmatipuramonasteryxuanzangstudiedundermitrasenafromhereheheadedsouthtosankasyakapithathenonwardtokannaujthegrandcapitaloftheempireofharshaunderthenorthernindianemperorharshaitisbelievedhealsovisitedgovishanpresentdaykashipuruttarakhandkashipurintheharshaerainxuanzangencounteredmonasteriesofmonksbothmahayanaandnonmahayanaandwasimpressedbythekingspatronageofbothscholarshipandbuddhismxuanzangspenttimeinthecitystudyingearlybuddhistscripturesbeforesettingoffeastwardagainforayodhyasaketahomelandoftheyogacaraschoolxuanzangnowmovedsouthtokausambikosamwherehehadacopymadefromanimportantlocalimageofthebuddhaxuanzangnowreturnednorthwardtoshravastibahraichtravelledthroughteraiinthesouthernpartofmodernnepalherehefounddesertedbuddhistmonasteriesandthencetokapilavastuancientcitykapilavastuhislaststopbeforelumbinithebirthplaceofgautamabuddhabuddhainxuanzangsetoutfromlumbinitokusinagarathesiteofbuddhasdeathbeforeheadingsouthwesttothedeerparkatsarnathwherebuddhagavehisfirstsermonandwherexuanzangfoundresidentmonkstravellingeastwardatfirstviavaranasixuanzangreachedvaisalipataliputrapatnaindiapatnaandbodhgayahewasthenaccompaniedbylocalmonkstonalandathegreatestindianuniversityofindianstateofbiharwherehespentatleastthenexttwoyearshevisitedchampamonasterybhagalpurhewasinthecompanyofseveralthousandscholarmonkswhomhepraisedxuanzangstudiedlogicgrammarsanskritandtheyogacaraschoolofbuddhismduringhistimeatnalandarengroussetnotesthatitwasatnalandawhereanazurepoolwindsaroundthemonasteriesadornedwiththefullblowncupsofthebluelotusthedazzlingredflowersofthelovelykanakahanghereandthereandoutsidegrovesofmangotreesoffertheinhabitantstheirdenseandprotectiveshadethatxuanzangmetthevenerablesilabhadrathemonasteryssuperiorsilabhadrahaddreamtofxuanzangsarrivalandthatitwouldhelpspreadfarandwidetheholylawgroussetwritesthechinesepilgrimhadfinallyfoundtheomniscientmastertheincomparablemetaphysicianwhowastomakeknowntohimtheultimatesecretsoftheidealistsystemsthefoundersofmahayanaidealismasangaandvasubandhudignagadharmapalahadinturntrainedsilabhadrasilabhadrawasthusinapositiontomakeavailabletothesinojapaneseworldtheentireheritageofbuddhistidealismandthesiddhixuanzangsgreatphilosophicaltreatiseisnoneotherthanthesummaofthisdoctrinethefruitofsevencenturiesofindianbuddhistthoughtcanwegetsourceforthishealsotraveledtothepallavasdestinykanjeepuramandvisitedthekingnarasimmapallavaartcitymamallapuramfromnalandaxuanzangtravelledthroughseveralkingdomsincludingpundranagaratothecapitalofpundravardhanaidentifiedwithmodernmahasthangarhinpresentdaybangladeshtherexuanzangfoundmonasterieswithovermonksstudyingboththehinayanaandthemahayanaoneofthemwasthevibhmonasteryposhipowherehefoundovermahayanamonksfromallovereastindiahealsovisitedsomapuramahaviharaatpaharpurinthedistrictofnaogaoninmoderndaybangladeshxuanzangturnedsouthwardandtravelledtoandhradesatovisittheviharasatamaravathivillagegunturdistrictamaravatiandnagarjunakondahestayedatamaravatiandstudiedabhidhammapitakamheobservedthatthereweremanyviharasatamaravatiandsomeofthemweredesertedhelaterproceededtokanchitheimperialcapitalofpallavasandastrongcentreofbuddhismhecontinuedtravelingtonasikajantacavesajantamalwafromtherehewenttomultanandpravatabeforereturningtonalandaagainattheinvitationofhindukingkumarbhaskarvarmanhewenteasttotheancientcityofpragjyotishpurainthekingdomofkamarupaaftercrossingthekaratoyariverkaratoyaandspentthreemonthsintheregionbeforegoingtokamarupahevisitedsylhetwhatisnowamoderncityofbangladeshhegivesdetailedaccountaboutcultureandpeopleofsylhetlaterthekingescortedxuanzangbacktothekannaujattherequestofkingharshavardhanawhowasanallyofkumarbhaskarvarmantoattendagreatbuddhistassemblytherewhichwasattendedbybothofthekingsaswellasseveralotherkingsfromneighbouringkingdomsbuddhistmonksbrahmansandjainskingharshainvitedxuanjangtokumbhmelainprayagwherehewitnessedkingharshasgenerousdistributionofgiftstothepooraftervisitingprayaghereturnedtokannaujwherehewasgivenagrandfarewellbykingharshatravelingthroughthekhyberpassofthehindukushxuanzangpassedthroughkashgarkhotananddunhuangonhiswaybacktochinahearrivedinthecapitalchanganontheseventhdayofthefirstmonthofyearsafterheleftchineseterritoryandagreatprocessioncelebratedhisreturnreturntochinaonhisreturntochinainadxuanzangwasgreetedwithmuchhonorbutherefusedallhighcivilappointmentsofferedbythestillreigningemperoremperortaizongoftanginsteadheretiredtoamonasteryanddevotedhisenergyintranslatingbuddhisttextsuntilhisdeathinadaccordingtohisbiographyhereturnedwithoversixhundredmahayanaandhinayanatextssevenstatuesofthebuddhaandmorethanahundredsarirarelicsincelebrationofxuanzangsextraordinaryachievementintranslatingthebuddhisttextsemperorgaozongoftangorderedrenownedtangcalligrapherchusuiliangandinscriberwanwenshaotoinstalltwostelestonescollectivelyknownastheemperorsprefacetothesacredteachingsatthegiantwildgoosepagodachinesebuddhisminfluenceinxianduringxuanzangstravelshestudiedwithmanyfamousbuddhistmastersespeciallyatthefamouscenterofbuddhistlearningatnalandawhenhereturnedhebroughtwithhimsomesanskrittextswiththeemperorssupporthesetupalargetranslationbureauinchanganpresentdayxiandrawingstudentsandcollaboratorsfromallovereastasiaheiscreditedwiththetranslationofsomefasciclesofscripturesintochinesehisstrongestpersonalinterestinbuddhismwasinthefieldofyogcrayogcraorconsciousnessonlytheforceofhisownstudytranslationandcommentaryofthetextsofthesetraditionsinitiatedthedevelopmentofthefaxiangschoolineastasiaalthoughtheschoolitselfdi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eathfrisbysfirsteversnowmobilefrontflipinsnowmobilebesttrickandtorsteinhorgmosfirstlandedtriplecorkinasnowboardcompetitionconcurrentwithcompetitionisthexfestsportsandmusicfestivalwhichofferslivemusicathleteautographsessionsandinteractiveelementsthexgamesgainedmediaexposureduetotheirbignamesponsorstoptierathletesandconsistentfanattendanceasthejournalofsportmanagementexplainsgenerationxandgenerationyarethetwodemographicsmosthighlyvaluedbymarketersthiscreatesabroadapproachonmarketingtowardsthatcertaindemographicwhichiswhythexgamesmarketingandeconomicoutlookissooutoftheboxaccordingtoareportbyespninthewinterxgamesinauguralyearspectatorsattendedthefourdayeventintheattendancedroppedtospectatorsbutjusttwoyearslaterarecordattendanceofpeopleattendedthewinterxgameseastcoastdebutthexgamesandwinterxgamescontinuetogrowwiththepopularityofactionsportsandtheathleteswhocompeteinthemaspartofthexgamestherehavebeenperformancesbyvariousrockbandsovertheyearsaswellasadjbeingonsiteatalleventsthexgameshavemadeitapointsinceitsfoundingtostageanecofriendlyeventsuchmeasuresincludeusingbiodieselfuelintheirvehiclesandorganizingrecyclingcampaignsthexgameshasnevercarriedoutdrugtestsoncompetitorswhichhasbeencriticizedbytheworldantidopingagencydirectorgeneraldavidhowmanandtheinternationalolympiccommitteepresidentthomasbachwinterxgamesthewinterxgamesviiiinwasthefirsttimeanxgameseventwastelevisedliveandalsohadcoveragebyespnsflagshipnewsprogramsportscenterviewershipacrossthethreenetworksthatcarriedcoverageoftheeventnbspabcsportsespnandespnnbspexceededshouseholdaveragebyaccordingtonielsenmediaresearchtheeventalsoreachedrecordhighsinseveraldemographiccategoriestoaccommodatethefirsttimelivecoveragenighttimecompetitionswereaddedresultinginrecordattendancefortheaspencoloradoaspensnowmasscoloradosnowmassvenueincoloradothewinterxgameswasahugeyearforespnandthexgamesitwasthefirstyearthatthegameswereheldinaspenatbuttermilkmountainthegamescontinuedtoaddneweventsincludingtheskislopestyleeventskisuperpipeeventsnowboardingskateboardingetcthemostmemorableincidentofthegameswaswhentheentireusolympicfreestylesnowboardingteamshoweduptocompeteinthewinterxsnowboardsuperpipeeventjustweeksbeforethewinterolympicswinterolympicsinsaltlakecityalsoinespnannouncedtheestablishmentofthexgamesglobalchampionshiptheglobalchampionshipfeaturedtwodistinctvenueshostingcompetitionsinsummerandwinteractionsportssimultaneouslyitconsistedofsixteamsoftheworldstopathletesgroupedtogetherbytheirregionoforigintocompeteinthefourdayeventthewintersportswereheldinwhistlerblackcombresortinbritishcolumbiaandtheeventsincludedsnowboardingandskiingthewinterxgamesareheldinjanuaryorfebruaryusuallyinjanuaryandthesummerxgamesareusuallyheldinaugustbothintheunitedstatesthelocationofthewinterxgamesisinaspencoloradothroughwhilethelocationforthesummerxgameshasbeeninlosangeleschangingtoaustintexasinjunethexgamesalsohasinternationalcompetitionsanddemosaroundtheworldthatareheldatvaryingtimesthroughouttheyearthegamesareshownliveontelevisionthewinterxgamesareasdescribedbyespnacompetitioncompiledofthegreatestwinteractionsportathletesfromaroundtheworldcompetingonanannualbasisthecompetitionhasdayandeveningeventsincludingskiingsnowboardingandsnowmobilingthefirstwinterxgamestookplaceatmountainresortinbigbearlakecaliforniainthefollowingtwoyearsthegameswereheldatcrestedbuttemountainresortincoloradothetwoyearsfollowingthatthegameswereheldinmountsnowvermontsincethewinterxgameshavebeenheldataspensbuttermilkskiareabuttermilkmountainandwillcontinuetobeuntilaccordingtoespnduringswinterxgamesespnusedcameradronestocaptureaerialviewsoftheathletesrunsthiswasafirstforespnglobalexpansionxgamesasiahavebeenheldannuallysinceinmaythexgamesheldtheglobalchampionshipsaspecialeventwherefivecontinentscompetedindisciplinestheeventwasheldintwolocationsthealamodomeinsanantoniotexasandwhistlerbritishcolumbiathefinalteamresultsinorderweretheunitedstateseuropeaustraliaasiaandsouthamericainmayespnheldabidtoselectthreehostcitiesinadditiontolosangelesaspenandtignesfrancetoformasixeventcalendarforthenextthreeyearsbeginningininmaytheselectedcitieswereannouncedbarcelonaspainmunichgermanyandfozdoiguaubrazilthetwoeuropeancitieshavehostedthesummerolympicgamesinthepastwhereasbrazilhasprovidedseveralxgamescompetitorsdespitepreviousplansforathreeyearrunespnoptedtocanceltheglobalexpansionaftersincewinterxgameseuropehavebeenheldintigneseventscurrentsummerflattrackmotoxflattrackmotoxmotoxspeedstylemotoxbestwhipmotoxfreestylemensmotoxendurocrosswomensmotoxendurocrossmotoxstepupmotoxadaptiveracingmensmotoxracingwomensmotoxracingmotoxquarterpipemotoxracingmotoxcrossmountainbikemountainbikeslopestyleskateboardingvertskateboardingskateboardvertmensskateboardparkwomensskateboardparkstreetleagueskateboardingslsselectserieswomensskateboardstreetskateboardbigairbmxfreestylebmxvertrampvertbmxparkbmxstreetbmxbigairbmxdirtrealvideoseriesrealsurfrealwomenrealstreetrealmotoredbullphenommountainbikeslopestyleskateboardstreetbmxstreetesportsmajorleaguegamingmlgcallofdutymlgcount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eyhartishospitalizedafterfallingoffhisbikemidairattemptingabackflipdannyharflandedadegreespininwakeboardingxgamesviiixgameseightnbspfirstunioncenterphiladelphiapennsylvaniaaugustmathoffmanlandedthenohandeddegreespinonabmxmikemetzgerlandedthefirstbackflipinmotoxfreestylexgameshistoryhealsopulledofftwoconsecutiveflipsoneofthemoveranfootgapinacompetitionrunforthevictoryhebecamethefirstpersontowintheeventotherthantravispastranamikemetzgerwinshissecondgoldofthecompetitioninthemotoxbigairbesttrickwithanofootbackflipcareyharttakeshomethesilverfinallylandingabackflippierrelucgagnonwongoldinskateboardvertbesttrickbylandingaheelflipmctwistxgamesixnbspstaplescenterlacoliseumlosangelesaugusttravispastranareturnstoreclaimhisgoldmedalinmotoxfreestylebriandeeganriderbriandeeganlandedthefirsteverinmotoxfreestyleearninghimthebronzeinfmxandgoldinbigairbesttrickryanshecklerbecametheyoungestxgamesgoldmedalisteverattheageofinskateboardstreetparkxgamesxnbspstaplescenterhomedepotcenterlongbeachmarinestadiumlosangelesaugustnateadamsbecamethefirstpersontodefeattravispastranainthemotoxfreestyleeventatthexgamesdannywaywinstheinauguralskateboardbigairjeremymcgrathmadehisfirstappearanceatthexgameswinninggoldinmotoxstepupandbronzeinsupermotochuckcarotherswinsmotoxbesttrickwiththefirstbodyvarialdoneatxgamesxgamesxinbspstaplescenterlosangelesaugustremovalofinlineskatingfromcompetitionshaunwhitefailedtolandtheinskatebesttrickafterattemptsjamiebestwicklandedthefirsteverdoubletailwhipflairinthebmxvertbesttrickeventtravispastranawinsgoldinmotoxfreestyleagainandbecamethemostdecoratedathleteinmotocrossespnsignedacontracttokeepthexgamesinlosangelesthroughxgamesxiixgamesnbspstaplescenterhomedepotcenterlongbeachmarinestadiumlosangelesaugusttravispastranalandedtheworldsfirstdoublebackfliponadirtbikeandwonmotoxbesttrickwithascoreofthehighestcurrentscoreinbesttrickhealsoclaimsgoldinthemotoxfreestyleeventkevinrobinsonbmxriderkevinrobinsonlandedthedoubleflairforthefirsttimetravispastranawontheinauguralxgamesrallybeatingtheformerworldrallychampionshipworldrallychampioncolinmcraebysecondsafterthelatterrolledhiscarwithtwocornerstogoatthehomedepotcenteritishisthirdgoldoftheeventchadkagylandedthefirstflatwhipdoubletailwhipskateboardernyjahhustonbecametheyoungestathletetocompeteinxgamesatyearsoldxgamesxiiixgamesnbspstaplescenterhomedepotcenterlongbeachmarinestadiumlosangelesaugustjakebrownskateboarderjakebrownwashurtafterlandingthefirstinbigaircompetitionhefellfromandlandedonhisbacksideandbackontheflattheforceofthefallknockedhisshoesoffafterminuteslayingmotionlesshewalkedawaywithhelphesufferedafracturedwristbruisedlungandliverwhiplashrupturedspleenandaconcussionrickycarmichaelwonthefirstevermotocrossracingcircuitmathoffmanreturnedtocompetitioninbmxbigairsimontabronmadeanxgamesfirstdoingbacktobacksinbmxvertxgamesxivnbsplosangelesjulynbspaugustdannywayclippedhisshinsonthelipofthequarterpipeafterafootfreefallduringthebigaircompetitionwhichthecommentatorsrefertoasthesecondworstfalleveratthexgamesthefirstbeingjakebrownstheyearbeforeafterspendingafewminuteswithparamedicswaylimpedbacktotherampandwentontonailthetrickhehadfallenoncominginsecondplacebehindbobburnquistwhoscoredaryanshecklerwongoldinskateboardstreethissecondgoldmedalatthexgameskylelozawonhissecondgoldmedalinthemotoxbesttrickcompetitionintwoappearancesbyperforminganeverbeforeseenmovenamedtheelectricdoomxgamesxivfilmedforxgamesdthemovieskateboarderandymacdonaldskateboardingandymacdonaldwonhisthxgamesmedalsurpassingtonyhawkasthealltimeleaderinskateboardingmedalsrallyracertravispastranareclaimedthegoldmedalbydefeatingtannerfoustintherallyxfinaljimdechampfellwhileattemptingthefirsteverfrontfliponamotocrossbiketarahgiegerofpuertoricowonthegoldmedalinthefirsteverwomenssupercrossracejeremyluskwonagoldmedalinthefreestylemotocrossfmxeventxgamesxvxgamesnbsplosangelesjulynbspaugustskateboarderjakebrownskateboarderjakebrownwonhisfirstgoldmedalinthebigaircompetitiondannywaywontheinauguralbigairrailjamacontestwhichhecreatedpaulrodriguezskateboarderpaulrodriguezwonskateboardstreetohiosanthonynapolitanlandedthefirsteverdoublefrontfliponabicyclekylelozabecamethefirstpersontothreepeatgoldmotoxbesttrickincontroversialfashionbyusingthesametrickheusedtowinintheelectricdoomespeciallyafterthejudgeshadsaidthatinnovationwouldwinthegoldthatyearrickycarmichaelfellandhurthimselfonmotoxstepupduetothecircumstancesdualgoldmedalswereawardedtocarmichaelandtoronnierennerblakewilliamsbecamethefirstnonamericanridertowinfmxgoldjamiebestwickwinsbmxvertforthethirdtimepierrelucgagnonwongoldinskateboardvertforthesecondconsecutiveyearinhisfirstxgamesappearancetheretiredindycarchampionkennybrackwonrallyxgoldoverthedefendinggoldmedalisttravispastranainatvfirstcodriversjenhorseyandchrissiebeaviscommentateliveinsidetheracecarsashleyfiolekwonthewomensmotocrosssuperxbecomingthegamesfirstdeafmedalistxgamesxvixgamesnbspstaplescenterlosangelesmemorialcoliseumlalivelosangelesjulynbspaugusttravispastranacompetedinfoureventsafterpullingoutofbesttrickatthelastminutehecamebacktofreestyleafterayearbreakandtookgoldpullingyetanotherdoublebackflipthefirstinxgamesfreestylecompetitionhehadtroublesinrallycostinghimgoldinrallyracingandthechancetocompeteinsuperrallybutcamebackonthebikeandwonhisfirstgoldinmotoxspeedstylebeatingnateadamsashleyfiolekwonthewomensmotocrosssuperxforthesecondyearrunningbecomingtheonlyridertodosomattbuytenwongoldinmotoxstepupbeatingtheformerchampionronnierennerjamiebestwickbecamethefirstpersontopeatwithawininbmxvertpierrelucgagnonbecamethefirstathletetowininskateboardvertthreetimesbeatingthesilvermedalistshaunwhitegarrettreynoldsbecamethefirstathletetowinbmxstreetthreetimescamsinclairmadewhatsomecallthegreatestcomebackinactionsportshistorywinninghisfirstxgamesgoldmedalinbesttrickbypullingadoublebackflipthetrickthatbithimhardinredbullxfightersonlymonthsbeforeleavinghiminacomaforsevendaysandhavinghimretrainhisbodylearninghowtowalkandeventuallytorideagainryanshecklerwonthexgamesgoldmedalinskateboardstreetseekingredemptionafterhisxgamesxvmishapxgamesxviixgamesnbsplosangelesjulyshaunwhiteearnedhissecondgoldmedalinskateboardvertbreakingpierrelucgagnonsyearwinningstreakliamdorantookgoldonhisdebutinthesuperspecialstagerallycarracingeventafterbeatingmarcusgronholminthefinalnyjahhustoncamefirstinthemensskateboardstreethisfirstxgamesgoldmedalsincehisparticipationintheeventatthexgamesxivtravispastranafellwhileattemptingarodeoorashecalleditthetoiletpaperrollinmotoxbesttrickbreakingbonesinhisfootandankledespitetheinjuryhecompetedinrallycrossthreedayslaterusinghandcontrolsmountedtothesteeringwheeljacksonstronglandedthefirstfrontfliponadirtbikeduringmotoxbesttrickclaimingthegoldxgamesxviiixgamesnbsplosangelesjunenbspjulybobburnquistwonhisfourthbigairgoldmedalandhisninthtotalgoldmedalsronnierennerwonthegoldmedalinmotoxstepupbreakingthepreviousrecordheightofbymakingitthehighesteveratthexgameswithjamiebestwickpeatswithawininbmxvertgarrettreynoldspeatsinbmxstreettheonlycompetitortowinbmxstreetinitsyearhistoryatxgamessbastienloebcitrondsbytheneightconsecutivetimesworldrallychampionshipwinnersinceclaimedgoldonhisdebutinthexgamesglobalrallycrosschampionshiprallycrosseventhedominatedsilvermedalistandwrcrivalkenblockbyaboutsecondsafterblocksfordfiestawashamperedbyatirepunctureduringthesecondhalfofthemainfinaljaggereatonbecomestheyoungestpersontocompeteinthexgamesxgamesfozdoiguauxgamesfozdoiguaubraziljakebrownlandsthestollieinskateboardbigairearningthebronzemitchiebruscolandsthestbodyvarialinskateboardbigairbobburnquistwinshisrdconsecutivegoldmedalinskateboardbigairearninghisrdxgamesmedalandlandingthestlienairrodeoflipjamiebestwickwinshisthconsecutivegoldmedalinbmxvertbrycehudsonwinsmotoxstepupasanxgamesrookielaiasanzwinswomensmotoxenduroxasarookiedefeatingtimedefendinggoldmedalistmariaforsbergxgamesbarcelonamitchiebruscolandedthestinskateboardbigairearningthesilverhealsobecametheyoungestskateboardvertmedalistearningthebronzebobburnquistwohisthconsecutivegoldmedalinskateboardbigairearninghisthxgamesmedalalanasmithwonsilverinwomensskateboardparkbecomingtheyoungestxgamesmedalistjamiebestwickwonhisthconsecutivegoldmedalinbmxvertchadkagylandsthestfrontflipflairincompetitionduringbmxvertzackwardenlandedabikeflipbackfliptolatetailwhipduringbmxbigairandtookhissecondstraightgoldxgamesmunichbobburnquistwonhisthconsecutivegoldmedalinskateboardbigairearningarecordthmedallandingthestswitcholliebrettrheederwonthefirstgoldmedalintheinauguralslopestylefreeridemountainbikeeventxgameslosangeleselliotsloanwonhisstgoldmedalinskateboardbigairdefeatingbobburnquistwhoearnedhisthxgamesmedalbronzetomschaartookthesilvervickigoldenwonherrdconsecutivegoldmedalinwomensmotoxracingdefeatingmeghanrutledgeafterrutledgecrashedacrossthegapshealsobecamethestwomantocompeteinafreestylemotoxcompetitionearningbronzeinbestwhipvincebyronlandedthestdoubletailwhipinbmxbigairearningthesilvermorganwadetookthegoldxgamesaustinformerformulaoneandnascardriverscottspeedwinsthegoldinrallycrosssupercarsandmitchelldejongtookitinrallycrosslitesjamiebestwickwonhisninthstraightgoldmedalinbmxvertoneofthetricksbestwickpulledwasafrontflipflairfrontflipwithadegreerotationnewcomerjimmywilkinswonthegoldmedalinskateboardvertthiswaswilkinsfirstprocompetitionxgamesaustincoltonsatterfieldbecomesthesecondpersontolandadoubleflairincompetitionandthefirsttolanditonthebigairrampwiththishetookhissecondstraightgoldinbmxbigairthomaspageswonthefirstevermotoxquarterpipecompetitionlandingabikeflipandscoringavincebyronlandedthefirstflaironavertrampduringthebmxvertcontestandtookthegolddefeatingninetimedefendingchampionjamiebestwicknickiminajandmetallicaperformedinfrontofmassivecrowdsxgamesaustintexasaustinjacksonstronglandedafrontflipinmotoxbesttrickandtookthegoldstronghadjustreturnedfromthehospitalafterhecrashlandedonadoublebackflipduringthequarterpipecompetitionaboutanhourbeforejamiebestwickwonhistenthgoldmedalinbmxvertlandinganalleyooptailwhipwhichhadntbeendonebeforescottycranmerbrokehisbackwhenhisbmxbikemalfunctionedwhileattemptingabackflipdoubletailwhipinbmxparkxgamesminneapolisxgamessydneywinterxgameswinterxgamesbigbearlakecaliforniajanuarynbspfebruaryinattendancewinterxgamescrestedbuttecoloradoinattendancewinterxgamescrestedbuttecoloradoinattendancewinterxgamesmountsnowvermontfebruaryinattendancewinterxgamesmountsnowvermontinattendancewinterxgamesaspencoloradofebruarywinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarynbspfebruarycrjohnsonwinsbronzeinskisuperpipewinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarywinterxgamesixwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarynbspfebruarywinterxgamesxwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuaryjeauxhalllandedtheinthehalfpipecontestafterattemptsespnsignedacontractwiththeaspenskiingcompanytokeepthewinterxgamesincoloradoinwinterxgamesxiwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarypeterolenicklandedthefirstdoubleflipthewhiskeyflipinhalfpipecompetitionhistorystartingarevolutionandsettinganewstandardinsuperpipetrickswinterxgamesxiiwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarywinterxgamesxiiiwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarylevilavalleeattemptedthefirstdoublebackfliponasnowmobileshaunwhitewonthefirstbacktobackgoldsinsnowboardsuperpipewinterxgamesxivwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuaryeeroettalawonthegoldmedalinmenssnowboardslopestylehereachedthefinalswithastaggeringpointstherunnerupericwillettreachedonlypointswinterxgamesxvwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarykellyclarklandedthefirstbyawomanincompetitioninwomenssuperpipetorsteinhorgmolandedthefirsttriplecorkincompetitioninmenssnowboardbigairshaunwhitebecamethefirsttofourpeatinsnowboardsuperpipeinxgameshistorysebastiantoutantwinsgoldasarookieduringthesnowmobilebesttrickthebrotherscoltenandcalebmooresuccessfullylandedatwomanbackflipbutweredisqualifiedbecausejudgesruledtheeventasanindividualsportdanielbodinlatertookgoldfortheeventwinterxgamesxviwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarygamesdedicatedtotherenownedfreestyleskiersarahburkewhodiedonjanuaryshaunwhitewonsnowboardsuperpipeforthefifthyearinarowallwhilepostingaperfectforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofeitherthewinterorsummerxgamesheathfrisbylandedthefirsteverfrontflipofasnowmobileinsnowmobilebesttrickwinterxgamesxviiwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarytuckerhibbertbecamethefirstwinterxgamesathletetosixpeatinanyeventwithhissixthgoldmedalinsnowmobilesnocrossshaunwhitewonsnowboardsuperpipeforthesixthyearinarowandintheprocessshatterstheheightrecordoutofahalfpipewithaormbacksidemethodairelenahightbecamethefirstsnowboardermaleorfemaletolandadoublebacksidealleyooprodeoduringahalfpipecompetitionthefirsttriplecorkswerelandedintheskibigaircompetitionhenrikharlautearnedaperfectscorewithhisnosebuttertriplecorkrefnameespnrefamericansnowmobilercalebmoorebecamethefirstxgamesparticipanttodiefrominjuriessustainedattheeventhediedonjanuaryfromcomplicationsofinjuriessufferedinacrashonjanuaryrefnamecbsrefxgamestignesfranceiouripodladtchikovlandsthestcabdoublecorkinmenssnowboardsuperpipewinterxgamesxviiiwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarytuckerhibbertbecamethefirstwinterxgamesathletetosevenpeatinanyeventwithhisseventhconsecutivegoldmedalinsnowmobilesnocrossmaxparrotwinsdoublegoldinbothmenssnowboardslopestyleandsnowboardbigairyukikadonoattemptstolandthefirstswitchbstriplecorkinsnowboardbigairmaxparrotattemptstolandthefirstcabtriplecorkinsnowboardbigairwinterxgamesxixwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarywinterxgamesxxwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarymaxparrotlandsthefirstcabtriplecorkinsnowboardbigairwinterxgamesxxiwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuarywinterxgamesxxiiwinterxgamesaspencoloradojanuaryvenuesclasswikitablescopecolyearscopecolsummerscopecolwinterscopecolasiascopecoleuropesummerscopecolwinterxgameseuropeeuropewinterscopecollatinamericanewportrhodeislandstowevermontnewportrhodeislandstowevermontsandiegocaliforniabigbearlakecaliforniasandiegocaliforniacrestedbuttecoloradophuketsanfranciscocaliforniacrestedbuttecoloradophuketsanfranciscocaliforniamountsnowvermontphuketphiladelphiapennsylvaniamountsnowvermontphuketxgamesviiiphiladelphiaaspenkualalumpurlosangelesaspenkualalumpurlosangelesaspenkualalumpurlosangeleswinterxgamesixaspenseoulxgamesxiilosangelesaspenkualalumpurxgamesxiiilosangeleswinterxgamesxiaspenshanghaimexicocitylosangeleswinterxgamesxiiaspenshanghaimexicocityxgamesxvlosangeleswinterxgamesxiiiaspenshanghaixgamesxvilosangeleswinterxgamesxivaspenshanghaitignesxgamesxviilosangeleswinterxgamesxvaspenshanghaitignesxgamesxviiilosangeleswinterxgamesxviaspenshanghaitignesxgameslosangeleslosangeleswinterxgamesxviiaspenshanghaibarcelonabrmunichtignesxgamesfozdoiguaufozdoiguauxgamesaustinaustintexaswinterxgamesxviiiaspenshanghaixgamesaustinaustinwinterxgamesxixaspenshanghaixgamesaustinaustinwinterxgamesxxaspencolspanoslorefnameoslorefxgamesminneapolisminneapoliswinterxgamesxxiaspenhafjellrefnamehafjellrefxgamesminneapolisminneapoliswinterxgamesxxiiaspencolspanoslorefnameoslorefxgamesminneapolisminneapolisxgamesminneapolisminneapolisreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebkiaxgamesasiacomxgamesasiaofficialwebsiteplanetxcomauplanetxnbspxgamesaustraliaxuanzangredirectcategoryshellinfoboxchromosomenamehumanxchromosomeimagehumanmalekaryotpehighresolutionxchromosomecroppedpngcaptionhumanxchromosomeaftergbandinggbandingimagehumanmalekaryotpehighresolutionchromosomexpngcaptionxchromosomeinhumanmalekaryogramlengthbpbpbrgrchrefnamenationalcenterforbiotechnologyinformationrefgenesconsensuscdsprojectccdstypeallosomecentromerepositioncentromeresubmetacentricsubmetacentricmbprefnamebphsgenomedecorationpagencbiftpncbinlmnihgovpubgdpideogramgcfvideogramdataforhomosapiencebphsassemblygrchplastupdateretrievedrefchrxensemblidxentrezidxncbiidxucscidxrefseqidncgenbankidcmthexchromosomeisoneofthetwosexdeterminationsystemsexdeterminingchromosomesallosomesinmanyorganismsincludingmammalstheotheristheychromosomeandisfoundinbothmalesandfemalesitisapartofthexysexdeterminationsystemandxsexdeterminationsystemthexchromosomewasnamedforitsuniquepropertiesbyearlyresearcherswhichresultedinthenamingofitscounterpartychromosomeforthenextletterinthealphabetafteritwasdiscoveredlaterrefnamenytangierciteweburlnytimescomscienceangihtmltitleformotherlyxchromosomegenderisonlythebeginninglastangierfirstnataliepublishernewyorktimesdateaccessdaterefdiscoveryitwasfirstnotedthatthexchromosomewasspecialinbyhermannhenkinginleipzighenkingwasstudyingthetesticlesofpyrrhocorisapteruspyrrhocorisandnoticedthatonechromosomedidnottakepartinmeiosischromosomesaresonamedbecauseoftheirabilitytotakeupstainingalthoughthexchromosomecouldbestainedjustaswellastheothershenkingwasunsurewhetheritwasadifferentclassofobjectandconsequentlynameditxelementwhichlaterbecamexchromosomeafteritwasestablishedthatitwasindeedachromosometheideathatthexchromosomewasnamedafteritssimilaritytotheletterxismistakenallchromosomesnormallyappearasanamorphousblobunderthemicroscopeandonlytakeonawelldefinedshapeduringmitosisthisshapeisvaguelyxshapedforallchromosomesitisentirelycoincidentalthattheychromosomeduringmitosishastwoveryshortbrancheswhichcanlookmergedunderthemicroscopeandappearasthedescenderofayshapeitwasfirstsuggestedthatthexchromosomewasinvolvedinsexdeterminationbyclarenceerwinmcclunginaftercomparinghisworkonlocustswithhenkingsandothersmcclungnotedthatonlyhalfthespermreceivedanxchromosomehecalledthischromosomeanaccessorychromosomeandinsistedcorrectlythatitwasaproperchromosomeandtheorizedincorrectlythatitwasthemaledeterminingchromosomerefnameschwartzjamesschwartzinpursuitofthegenefromdarwintodnapagesharvarduniversitypressrefinheritancepatternlukehutchisonnoticedthatanumberofpossibleancestorsonthexchromosomeinheritancelineatagivenancestralgenerationfollowsthefibonaccisequencerefnamexcsrefamaleindividualhasanxchromosomewhichhereceivedfromhismotherandaychromosomewhichhereceivedfromhisfatherthemalecountsastheoriginofhisownxchromosomemathfmathandathisparentsgenerationhisxchromosomecamefromasingleparentmathfmaththemalesmotherreceivedonexchromosomefromhermotherthesonsmaternalgrandmotherandonefromherfatherthesonsmaternalgrandfathersotwograndparentscontributedtothemaledescendantsxchromosomemathfmaththematernalgrandfatherreceivedhisxchromosomefromhismotherandthematernalgrandmotherreceivedxchromosomesfrombothofherparentssothreegreatgrandparentscontributedtothemaledescendantsxchromosomemathfmathfivegreatgreatgrandparentscontributedtothemaledescendantsxchromosomemathfmathetcnotethatthisassumesthatallancestorsofagivendescendantareindependentbutifanygenealogyistracedfarenoughbackintimeancestorsbegintoappearonmultiplelinesofthegenealogyuntileventuallyafoundereffectpopulationfounderappearsonalllinesofthegenealogyhumansfunctionimagesdhiuntencropjpgthumbnucleusofafemaleamnioticfluidcelltopbothxchromosometerritoriesaredetectedbyfluorescenceinsituhybridizationfishshownisasingleopticalsectionmadewithaconfocallaserscanningmicroscopyconfocalmicroscopebottomsamenucleusstainedwithdapiandrecordedwithachargecoupleddeviceccdcamerathebarrbodyisindicatedbythearrowitidentifiestheinactivexxithexchromosomeinhumansspansmorethanmillionbasepairsthebuildingmaterialofdnaitrepresentsaboutproteincodinggenescomparedtotheychromosomecontainingaboutgenesoutoftotalgenesinthehumangenomeeachpersonusuallyhasonepairofsexchromosomesineachcellfemaleshavetwoxchromosomeswhereasmaleshaveonexandoneychromosomebothmalesandfemalesretainoneoftheirmothersxchromosomesandfemalesretaintheirsecondxchromosomefromtheirfathersincethefatherretainshisxchromosomefromhismotherahumanfemalehasonexchromosomefromherpaternalgrandmotherfatherssideandonexchromosomefromhermotherthisinheritancepatterninheritancepatternfollowsthefibonaccinumbersatagivenancestraldepthgeneticdisordersthatareduetomutationsingenesonthexchromosomearedescribedasxlinkedthexchromosomecarrieshundredsofgenesbutfewifanyofthesehaveanythingtododirectlywithsexdeterminationearlyinembryonicdevelopmentinfemalesoneofthetwoxchromosomesisrandomlyandpermanentlyinactivatedinnearlyallsomaticcellscellsotherthanovumeggandspermatozoonspermcellsthisphenomenoniscalledxinactivationorlyonizationandcreatesabarrbodyifxinactivationinthesomaticcellmeantacompletedefunctionalizingofoneofthexchromosomesitwouldensurethatfemaleslikemaleshadonlyonefunctionalcopyofthexchromosomeineachsomaticcellthiswaspreviouslyassumedtobethecasehoweverrecentresearchsuggeststhatthebarrbodymaybemorebiologicallyactivethanwaspreviouslysupposedrefnamecarrelrefgenesnumberofgenesthefollowingaresomeofthegenecountestimatesofhumanxchromosomebecauseresearchersusedifferentapproachestogenomeannotationtheirpredictionsofthenumberofgenesoneachchromosomevariesfortechnicaldetailsseegenepredictionamongvariousprojectsthecollaborativeconsensuscodingsequenceprojectconsensuscdsprojectccdstakesanextremelyconservativestrategysoccdssgenenumberpredictionrepresentsalowerboundonthetotalnumberofhumanproteincodinggenesrefnamepmidrefclasswikitablestyletextalignrightestimatedbyproteincodinggenesnoncodingrnanoncodingrnagenespseudogenessourcereleasedateconsensuscdsprojectccdsstyletextaligncenterrefnameccdsrefhugogenenomenclaturecommitteehgncstyletextaligncenterrefnamehgncrefensemblgenomedatabaseprojectensemblstyletextaligncenterrefnameensemblreleaserefuniprotstyletextaligncenterrefnameuniprotrefnationalcenterforbiotechnologyinformationncbistyletextaligncenterrefnamencbicodingrefrefnamencbinoncodingrefrefnamencbipseudorefgenelistthefollowingisapartiallistofgenesonhumanchromosomexforcompletelistseethelinkintheinfoboxontherightcolumnslistapolipoproteinoapooencodingproteinapolipoproteinoarmcxencodingproteinarmadillorepeatcontainingxlinkedproteinbexbexencodingproteinbrainexpressedxlinkedproteinproteinbexbexencodingproteinbrainexpressedxlinkedproteinbexencodingproteinbrainexpressedxlinkedcoiledcoildomaincontainingproteinccdcencodingproteincoiledcoildomaincontainingproteinccdcencodingproteincoiledcoildomaincontainingcdlcdantigenlikeproteinchordinlikechrdlencodingproteinchordinlikecmtxencodingproteincharcotmarietoothneuropathyxlinkedrecessivecmtxencodingproteincharcotmarietoothneuropathyxlinkeddominantcancertestisantigenfamilymemberactaencodingproteincancertestisantigenfamilymemberacxorfencodingproteinhypotheticalproteinloccxorfachromosomexopenreadingframecxorfchromosomexopenreadingframeencodingproteincxorfencodingproteinchromosomexopenreadingframecxorfencodingproteinuncharacterizedproteincxorfdachencodingproteindachshundhomologefhcencodingproteinefhanddomaincterminalcontainingerccexcisionrepairlikespindleassemblycheckpointhelicaseercclencodingproteinerccexcisionrepairlikespindleassemblycheckpointhelicasefafactorviiiintronproteinfamcencodingproteinfamilywithsequencesimilaritycfambfamilywithsequencesimilaritymemberbfamcencodingproteinfamilywithsequencesimilaritycfamacaaxboxproteinfamafamilywithsequencesimilaritymemberafatefetalandadulttestisexpressedtranscriptproteinfmrasgenefmrasencodingalongnoncodingrnafmrantisensernafrmpdencodingproteinfermandpdzdomaincontainingfundcencodingproteinfundomaincontainingfundcfundomaincontainingproteingproteinnucleolarlikegnllencodingproteingproteinnucleolarlikegpraspgproteincoupledreceptorassociatedsortingproteingripapencodingproteingripassociatedproteinhdhdaencodingenzymehaloaciddehalogenaselikehydrolasedomaincontainingproteinalaslencodingproteinlaslikeproteinmageaencodingproteinmelanomaassociatedantigenmageaencodingproteinmelanomaantigenfamilyamelanomaantigenfamilyamageaencodingproteinmelanomaantigenfamilyamagedbencodingproteinmelanomaassociatedantigendrphmagtencodingproteinmagnesiumtransporterproteinmbnlencodingproteinmuscleblindlikeproteinmirencodingmicrornamicrornamirencodingmicrornamicrornamirencodingproteinmicrornamorflencodingproteinmortalityfactorlikeproteinmotilespermdomaincontainingmospdencodingproteinmotilespermdomaincontainingmotilespermdomaincontainingmospdencodingproteinmotilespermdomaincontainingnkrfgenenkrfencodingproteinnfkappabrepressingfactornrkgenenrkencodingenzymenikrelatedproteinkinaseotudeubiquitinaseotudencodingproteinotudeubiquitinasepasdencodingproteinpasdomaincontainingproteinpbdcencodingaproteinofunestablishedfunctionpcytbencodingenzymecholinephosphatecytidylyltransferasebpinencodingenzymepeptidylprolylcistransisomerasenimainteractingplacencodingproteinplacentaspecificproteinplpencodingproteinproteolipidproteinrpaencodingproteinreplicationproteinakdasubunitrpskaencodingproteinribosomalproteinskinasekdapolypeptiderragbencodingproteinrasrelatedgtpbindingproteinbsfrsaencodingproteinsplicingfactorarginineserinerichaslitrkencodingproteinslitandntrklikeproteinsmarcaencodingproteinprobableglobaltranscriptionactivatorsnflsmsgenesmsencodingenzymesperminesynthasessrencodingproteintransloconassociatedproteinsubunitdeltataflencodingproteintataboxbindingproteinassociatedfactorliketcealencodingproteintranscriptionelongationfactoraproteinliketcealencodingproteintranscriptionelongationfactoraproteinlikethocencodingproteinthocomplexsubunittmemencodingproteinproteinfamatmemencodingproteintransmembraneproteintmlheencodingenzymetrimethyllysinedioxygenasemitochondrialtenomodulintnmdencodingproteintenomodulinalsoreferredtoastendinmyodulintnmdandtemsedlptrappcpencodingproteintraffickingproteinparticlecomplexsubunittrexencodingenzymethreeprimerepairexonucleasetrogenetroencodingproteintrophinintspylencodingproteintestisspecificyencodedlikeproteinuspencodingenzymeubiquitincarboxylterminalhydrolaseyipfencodingproteinproteinyipfzchbencodingproteinzchbzfpencodingproteinzfpzincfingerproteinzmymencodingproteinzincfingermymtypeproteinzincfingerproteinznfencodingproteinzincfingerproteinznfencodingproteinzincfingerproteinzincfingerproteinznfencodingproteinzincfingerproteinzincfingerproteinznfencodingproteinzincfingerproteinstructureitistheorizedbyrossetalandohnothatthexchromosomeisatleastpartiallyderivedfromtheautosomalnonsexrelatedgenomeofothermammalsevidencedfrominterspeciesgenomicsequencealignmentsthexchromosomeisnotablylargerandhasamoreactiveeuchromatinregionthanitsychromosomecounterpartfurthercomparisonofthexandyrevealregionsofhomologybetweenthetwohoweverthecorrespondingregionintheyappearsfarshorterandlacksregionsthatareconservedinthexthroughoutprimatespeciesimplyingageneticdegenerationforyinthatregionbecausemaleshaveonlyonexchromosometheyaremorelikelytohaveanxchromosomerelateddiseaseitisestimatedthataboutofthegenesencodedbythexchromosomeareassociatedwithafamilyofctgenessonamedbecausetheyencodeformarkersfoundinbothtumorcellsincancerpatientsaswellasinthehumantestisinhealthypatientsrefnamerossrefroleindiseasesnumericalabnormalitiesklinefeltersyndromeklinefeltersyndromeiscausedbythepresenceofoneormoreextracopiesofthexchromosomeinamalescellsextrageneticmaterialfromthexchromosomeinterfereswithmalesexualdevelopmentpreventingthetesticlesfromfunctioningnormallyandreducingthelevelsoftestosteronemaleswithklinefeltersyndrometypicallyhaveoneextracopyofthexchromosomeineachcellforatotaloftwoxchromosomesandoneychromosomexxyitislesscommonforaffectedmalestohavetwoorthreeextraxchromosomesxxxyorxxxxyorextracopiesofboththexandychromosomesxxyyineachcelltheextrageneticmaterialmayleadtotallstaturelearningandreadingdisabilitiesandothermedicalproblemseachextraxchromosomelowersthechildsiqbyaboutpointswhichmeansthattheaverageiqinklinefeltersyndromeisingeneralinthenormalrangealthoughbelowaveragewhenadditionalxandorychromosomesarepresentinxxxyxxyyorxxxxydevelopmentaldelaysandcognitivedifficultiescanbemoresevereandmildintellectualdisabilitymaybepresentklinefeltersyndromecanalsoresultfromanextraxchromosomeinonlysomeofthebodyscellsthesecasesarecalledmosaicxyxxytriplexsyndromealsocalledxxxortrisomyxthissyndromeresultsfromanextracopyofthexchromosomeineachofafemalescellsfemaleswithtrisomyxhavethreexchromosomesforatotalofchromosomespercelltheaverageiqoffemaleswiththissyndromeiswhiletheaverageiqofunaffectedsiblingsistheirstatureonaverageistallerthannormalfemalestheyarefertileandtheirchildrendonotinherittheconditionfemaleswithmorethanoneextracopyofthexchromosomexxxxsyndromeorxxxxxsyndromehavebeenidentifiedbuttheseconditionsarerareturnersyndromethisresultswheneachofafemalescellshasonenormalxchromosomeandtheothersexchromosomeismissingoralteredthemissinggeneticmaterialaffectsdevelopmentandcausesthefeaturesoftheconditionincludingshortstatureandinfertilityabouthalfofindividualswithturnersyndromehavemonosomyxxwhichmeanseachcellinawomansbodyhasonlyonecopyofthexchromosomeinsteadoftheusualtwocopiesturnersyndromecanalsooccurifoneofthesexchromosomesispartiallymissingorrearrangedratherthancompletelymissingsomewomenwithturnersyndromehaveachromosomalchangeinonlysomeoftheircellsthesecasesarecalledturnersyndromemosaicsxxxotherdisordersxxmalesyndromeisararedisorderwherethesryregionoftheychromosomehasrecombinedtobelocatedononeofthexchromosomesasaresultthexxcombinationafterfertilizationhasthesameeffectasaxycombinationresultinginamalehowevertheothergenesofthexchromosomecausefeminizationaswellxlinkedendothelialcornealdystrophyisanextremelyrarediseaseofcorneaassociatedwithxqregionlischepithelialcornealdystrophyisassociatedwithxpmegalocorneamegalocorneaisassociatedwithxqqadrenoleukodystrophyarareandfataldisorderthatiscarriedbythemotheronthexcellitaffectsonlyboysbetweentheagesofandanddestroystheprotectivecellsurroundingthenervesmyelininthebrainthefemalecarrierhardlyshowsanysymptomsbecausefemaleshaveacopyofthexcellthisdisordercausesaoncehealthyboytoloseallabilitiestowalktalkseehearandevenswallowwithinyearsafterdiagnosismostboyswithadrenoleukodystrophydieroleinmentalabilitiesandintelligencethexchromosomehasplayedacrucialroleinthedevelopmentofsexuallyselectedcharacteristicsforovermillionyearsduringthattimeithasaccumulatedadisproportionatenumberofgenesconcernedwithmentalfunctionsforreasonsthatarenotyetunderstoodthereisanexcessproportionofgenesonthexchromosomethatareassociatedwiththedevelopmentofintelligencewithnoobviouslinkstoothersignificantbiologicalfunctionscytogeneticbandmultipleimageheadergbandingideogramsofhumanxchromosometotalwidthimagehumanchromosomexideogramverticalsvgwidthheightcaptiongbandingideogramofhumanxchromosomeinresolutionbphsbandlengthinthisdiagramisproportionaltobasepairlengththistypeofideogramisgenerallyusedingenomebrowsersegensemblucscgenomebrowserimagehumanchromosomexbphspngwidthheightcaptiongbandingpatternsofhumanxchromosomeinthreedifferentresolutionsrefnamebphsgenomedecorationpagencbiftpncbinlmnihgovpubgdpideogramgcfvideogramdataforhomosapiencebphsassemblygrchplastupdateretrievedrefrefnamebphsgenomedecorationpagencbiftpncbinlmnihgovpubgdpideogramgcfvideogramdataforhomosapiencebphsassemblygrchplastupdateretrievedrefandrefnamebphsgenomedecorationpagencbiftpncbinlmnihgovpubgdpideogramgcfvideogramdataforhomosapiencebphsassemblygrchplastupdateretrievedrefbandlengthinthisdiagramisbasedontheideogramsfromiscnrefnamenomenclaturerefthistypeofideogramrepresentsactualrelativebandlengthobservedunderamicroscopeatthedifferentmomentsduringthemitosismitoticprocessrefnamesethakulvichaimanitpornsutrefclasswikitablestyletextalignrightgbandinggbandsofhumanxchromosomeinresolutionbphschrarmbandiscnbrstartrefnameiscnthesevaluesiscnstartstoparebasedonthelengthofbandsideogramsfromtheiscnbookaninternationalsystemforhumancytogeneticnomenclaturearbitraryunitrefiscnbrstopbasepairbrstartbasepairbrstopstaindensityxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundgposxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundgposxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundgposxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundblackcolorwhitegposxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundblackcolorwhitegposxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundcolorwhitegposxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgrounddddgposxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxpstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundeffcolorwhiteacenxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundeffcolorwhiteacenxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundgposxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundgposxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundblackcolorwhitegposxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundblackcolorwhitegposxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundcolorwhitegposxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundgposxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundcolorwhitegposxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundblackcolorwhitegposxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgrounddddgposxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundcolorwhitegposxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundwhitegnegxqstyletextalignleftstylebackgroundblackcolorwhitegposxqstyletextalignleftxqstylebackgroundwhitegnegseealsolistofxstrmarkerssexlinkagexinactivationpseudoautosomalregionychromosomereferencescytogenetgenomeresearlierversionsofthisarticlecontainmaterialfromthenationallibraryofmedicinewebarchiveorgwebnlmnihgovcopyrighthtmlapartofthenationalinstitutesofhealthusawhichasausgovernmentpublicationisinthepublicdomainexternallinksinfoboxnumbernumbernumeraldecimaldivisorromanunicodexxgreekprefixdecadecadekadekalatinprefixdecidecilangchinesenumerallangsymbollanghebrewnumeralshebrewlangsymbolspanstylefontsizespanyodlangkhmernumeralskhmerlangsymbollangkoreannumeralskoreanlangsymbollangtamilnumeralstamillangsymbollangthainumeralsthailangsymbollangdevanagaridevangarlangsymbollangbengalilanguagebengalilangsymbollangarabiccentralkurdishkurdishlangsymboltenisanevenandoddnumbersevennaturalnumberfollowingandprecedingnumbertenisthebaseofthedecimalnumeralsystembyfarthemostcommonsystemofdenotingnumbersinbothspokenandwrittenlanguagethereasonforthechoiceoftenisassumedtobethathumanshavetenfingersdigitsincludingthethumbsanthropologyusageandtermsacollectionoftenitemsmostoftentenyearsiscalledadecadetheordinaladjectiveisdecimalthedistributiveadjectiveisdenaryincreasingaquantitybyoneorderofmagnitudeismostwidelyunderstoodtomeanmultiplyingthequantitybytentoreducesomethingbyonetenthistodecimatedecimateinancientromethekillingofoneintensoldiersinacohortwasthepunishmentforcowardiceormutinyoronetenthoftheablebodiedmeninavillageasaformofretributionthuscausingalaborshortageandthreatofstarvationinagrariansocietiesatheoreticalhighestnumberintopicsthatrequirearatingamarkoutoftenbycontrasthavingorasthelowestnumberandbeingaverageotherthenumberofkingdomsinfivedynastiesandtenkingdomsperiodthehousenumberofdowningstreetthenumberofprovincesandterritoriesofcanadaprovincesincanadathedesignationofunitedstatesinterstateafreewaythatrunsfromcaliforniatofloridanumberofdotsinatetractysthenumberofthefrenchdepartmentaubethenumberofregionsinghanathestatenumberofvirginiathenumberintarotdecksthatcorrespondstoeitherchancefortuneorthewheeloffortunedependingonthedeckvariantinmathematicstenisacompositenumberwithdivisorsitsproperdivisorsbeingandtenisthesmallestnoncototientanumberthatcannotbeexpressedasthedifferencebetweenanyintegerandthetotalnumberofcoprimesbelowittenistheseconddiscretesemiprimeandthesecondmemberoftheqdiscretesemiprimefamilytenhasanaliquotsumnofandisaccordinglythefirstdiscretesemiprimetobeindeficitallsubsequentdiscretesemiprimesareindeficitthealiquotsequenceforcomprisesfivememberswiththisnumberbeingthesecondcompositememberofthealiquottreetenisthesmallestsemiprimethatisthesumofallthedistinctprimenumbersfromitslowerfactorthroughitshigherfactoronlythreeothersmallsemiprimesandsharethisattributetenisasemimeandricnumbertenisthesumofthefirstthreeprimenumbersofthefourfirstpositiveintegersofthesquareofthetwofirstoddnumbersandalsoofthefirstfourfactorialstenistheeighthperrinnumberprecededinthesequencebyapolygonwithtensidesisadecagonandisadecagonalnumberbecauseistheproductofapowerofnamelysupsupwithnothingbutdistinctfermatprimesspecificallyaregulardecagonisaconstructiblepolygontenisalsoatriangularnumberacenteredtriangularnumberandatetrahedralnumbertenisthenumberofeightqueenspuzzlenqueensproblemsolutionsforntenisthesmallestnumberwhosestatusasapossiblefriendlynumberisunknowntenfactorialsecondsisexactlyequaltoweeksinnumeralsystemsdecimalsystemasisthecaseforanybaseinitssystemtenisthefirsttwodigitnumberindecimalandthusthelowestnumberwherethepositionofanumeralaffectsitsvalueanyintegerwritteninthedecimalsystemcanbemultipliedbytenbyaddingazerototheendegromannumeralstheromannumeralfortenisxwhichlooksliketwovstheromannumeralforputtogetheritisthoughtthatthevforfiveisderivedfromanopenhandfivedigitsdisplayedandxfortenfrombothhandsincidentallythechinesenumeralchinesewordnumeralfortenisalsoacrosspositionalnumeralsystemsotherthandecimalthedigitfollowedbyishowthevalueofpiswritteninbasepeginhexadecimalisclasswikitablerepresentationofinotherbasesradixbasenumeralsystemnumberunarynumeralsystemunarybinarynumeralsystembinaryternarynumeralsystemternaryquaternarynumeralsystemquaternaryquinarysenaryseptenaryoctalnovenarydecimalduodecimalxhexadecimalalistofbasiccalculationsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitewidthpxmultiplicationwidthpxwidthpxwidthpxxnumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumberclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitewidthpxdivisionmathematicsdivisionwidthpxxxclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitewidthpxexponentiationnumbermillionnumbernumbernumbernumberxnumberinsciencethesiprefixforisdecathemeaningispartofthefollowingtermsdecapodaanorderofcrustaceanswithtenfeetdecaneahydrocarbonwithcarbonatomsalsothenumberplaysaroleinthefollowingarethesereallyhelpfulheretheatomicnumberofneonthenumberofhydrogenatomsinbutaneahydrocarbonthenumberofspacetimedimensionsinsomesuperstringtheoriesthemetricsystemisbasedonthenumbersoconvertingunitsisdonebyaddingorremovingzerosegcentimetermillimetersdecimetercentimetersmetercentimetersdekametermeterskilometermetersastronomythenewgeneralcataloguengcicprojectorgobjectngcamagnitudespiralgalaxyintheconstellationsculptorconstellationsculptormessierobjectmessiermaapparentmagnitudemagnitudeglobularclusterintheconstellationophiuchusinreligionandphilosophyimagetetractyssvgthumbpxthetetractysreferencesinthebiblejudaismandchristianitythetencommandmentsofbookofexodusexodusanddeuteronomyareconsideredacornerstoneofjudaismandchristianitypeopletraditionallytithedonetenthoftheirproducethepracticeoftithingisstillcommoninchristianchurchestodaythoughitisdisputedinsomecirclesastowhetherornotitisrequiredofchristiansindeuteronomythetorahcommandsjewstogiveonetenthoftheirproducetothepoormaaseranifromthisverseandfromanearlierversedeuttherederivesapracticeforjewstogiveonetenthofallearningstothepoorplaguesofegypttenplagueswereinflictedonegyptinjewsobservetheannualtendaysofrepentancebeginningonroshhashanahandendingonyomkippurinjewishliturgytenmartyrsaresingledoutasagrouptherearesaidtobetenlosttribesofisraelthoseotherthanjudahandbenjamintherearetensephirotkabbalahsephirotinthekabbalahkabbalistictreeoflifekabbalahtreeoflifeinjudaismtenmenaretherequiredquorumcalledaminyanforjewishservicesprayerservicesinterpretationsofbookofgenesisgenesisintalmudicandmidrashicteachingssuggestthatonthefirstdaygoddrewforthtenprimalelementsfromtheabyssreligionabyssinordertoconstructallofcreationheavenorfireearthtohuwabohuchaosvoidlightdarknesswindorspiritwaterdayandnightseealsobereshitparshajesustellstheparableofthetenvirginsininpythagoreanismthenumberplayedanimportantroleandwassymbolizedbythetetractysinhinduismlordvishnuappearedontheearthinincarnationsinmoneymostcountriesissuecoinsandbillswithadenominationofseeegdollarnotedisambiguationdollarnoteofthesetheusdimedisambiguationdimewiththevalueoftencentsoronetenthofadollarderivesitsnamefromthemeaningonetenthseedimeunitedstatescoindenominationhistoryandetymologyinmusictheintervalofamajortenthisanoctaveplusamajorthirdtheintervalofaminortenthisanoctaveplusaminorthirdthetitleofquiteafewalbumsseetendisambiguationtenalbumtenlordsaleapingisthegiftonthetenthdayofchristmasinthecarolthetwelvedaysofchristmasso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econdtriangularnumberitistheonlyprimetriangularnumberthefourthfibonaccinumberthesmallestnumberofsidesthatasimplenonselfintersectingpolygoncanhavetheonlynumberforwhichnnandnareprimethreeistheonlyprimewhichisonelessthanasquarenumberperfectsquareanyothernumberwhichisforsomeintegernisnotprimesinceitisthisistrueforaswellwithbutinthiscasethesmallerfactorisifnisgreaterthanbothandaregreaterthansotheirproductisnotprimeanaturalnumberisdivisiblebythreeifthedigitalrootsumofitsdigitsinbaseisdivisiblebyforexamplethenumberisdivisiblebythreetimesandthesumofitsdigitsisbecauseofthisthereverseofanynumberthatisdivisiblebythreeorindeedanypermutationofitsdigitsisalsodivisiblebythreeforinstanceanditsreversearebothdivisiblebythreeandsoareetcseealsodivisibilityrulethisworksinbaseandinanypositionalnotationpositionalnumeralsystemwhoseradixbasedividedbythreeleavesaremainderofonebasesetcthreeofthefiveplatonicsolidshavetriangularfacesthetetrahedrontheoctahedronandtheicosahedronalsothreeofthefiveplatonicsolidshavevertexgeometryverticeswherethreefacesmeetnbspthetetrahedronthehexahedroncubeandthedodecahedronfurthermoreonlythreedifferenttypesofpolygonscomprisethefacesofthefiveplatonicsolidsnbspthetrianglethesquareandthepentagonthereareonlythreedistinctpanmagicsquaresaccordingtopythagorasandthepythagoreanismpythagoreanschoolthenumberwhichtheycalledtriadisthenoblestofalldigitsasitistheonlynumbertoequalthesumofallthetermsbelowitandtheonlynumberwhosesumwiththosebelowequalstheproductofthemanditselfthetrisectionoftheanglewasoneofthethreefamousproblemsofantiquitygaussprovedthateveryintegeristhesumofatmosttriangularnumbersnumeralsystemsthereissomeevidencetosuggestthatearlymanmayhaveusedcountingsystemswhichconsistedofonetwothreeandthereaftermanytodescribecountinglimitsearlypeopleshadawordtodescribethequantitiesofonetwoandthreebutanyquantitybeyondwassimplydenotedasmanythisismostlikelybasedontheprevalenceofthisphenomenonamongpeopleinsuchdisparateregionsasthedeepamazonandborneojungleswherewesterncivilizationsexplorershavehistoricalrecordsoftheirfirstencounterswiththeseindigenouspeoplelistofbasiccalculationsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitewidthpxmultiplicationxnumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumberclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitewidthpxdivisionmathematicsdivisionwidthpxxnumbernumbernumbernumbernumberxclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitewidthpxexponentiationwidthpxnumbernumberxnumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbersciencetheromannumeraliiistandsforgiantstarinthestellarclassificationyerkesspectralclassificationschemethreeistheatomicnumberoflithiumthreeistheasciicodeofendoftextcharacterendoftextthreeisthenumberofdimensionmathematicsandphysicsdimensionsthathumanscanperceivehumansperceivetheuniversetohavethreedimensionalspacethreespatialdimensionsbutsometheoriessuchasstringtheorysuggesttherearemorethetriangleapolygonwiththreeedgegeometryedgesandthreevertexgeometryverticesisthemoststablephysicalshapeforthisreasonitiswidelyutilizedinconstructionengineeringanddesigntheabilityofthehumaneyetodistinguishcolorsisbaseduponthevaryingsensitivityofdifferentcellsintheretinatolightofdifferentwavelengthshumansbeingtrichromacytrichromatictheretinacontainsthreetypesofcolorreceptorcellsorconecellconesprotoscienceineuropeanalchemythethreeprimeslatintriaprimaweresaltchemistrysaltsulfurimagesulphursvgpxandmercuryelementmercuryimagemercurysymbolsvgpxrefnameericjohnholmyardpericjohnholmyardalchemyprefthethreedoshasweaknessesandtheirantidotesarethebasisofayurvedicmedicineinindiapseudosciencethreeisthesymbolicrepresentationformulostcontinentmuaugustusleplongeonsandjameschurchwardslostcontinentrefnamethreeisforthelostcontinentofmurefphilosophyphilosopherssuchasaquinasimmanuelkantkanthegelcharlessanderspeircecnbspspeirceandkarlpopperhavemadethreefolddivisionsortrichotomyphilosophytrichotomieswhichhavebeenimportantintheirworkhegelsdialectichegeliandialecticsdialecticofthesisantithesissynthesisthesisantithesissynthesiscreatesthreenessfromtwonessreligionmanyworldreligionscontaintripledeitiesorconceptsoftrinityincludingthehindutrimurtithehindutridevithethreejewelsofbuddhismthethreepureonesoftaoismthechristianitychristiantrinityholytrinitythetriplegoddessneopaganismtriplegoddessofwiccaisadiagramofthechristiandoctrineofthetrinitychristianitythethreefoldofficeofchristisachristiandoctrinethatchristperformsthefunctionsofprophetpriestandchristthekingkingtheministryofjesuslastedapproximatelythreeyearsadduringtheagonyinthegardenchristaskedthreetimesforthechalicetobetakenfromhislipsjesusresurrectionofjesusrosefromthedeadonthethirddayafterhisdeathsundayapriladthetemptationofchristdeviltemptedjesusthreetimessaintpeterdenialofpeterthricedeniedjesusandrestorationofpeterthriceaffirmedhisfaithinjesusthebiblicalmagimagiwisemenwhowereastronomersastrologersfrompersiagavejesusthreegiftstherearethreesynopticgospelsandthreeepistlesofjohnpaultheapostlewentblindforthreedaysafterhisconversionofpaultheapostleconversiontochristianityjudaismnoahhadthreesonshamsonofnoahhamshemandjapheththethreepatriarchsbiblepatriarchsabrahamisaacandjacobtheprophetbalaambeathisdonkeythreetimestheprophetjonahspentthreedaysandnightsinthebellyofalargefishthreedivisionsofthewrittentorahtorahfivebookofmosesneviimprophetsketuvimwritingsrefnamewhyrefthreedivisionsofthejewishpeoplekohenleviteyisraelthreedailyjewishprayerprayersshacharitminchamaarivthreeshabbatmealsshabbatendswhenthreestarsarevisibleinthenightskythreepilgrimagefestivalspassovershavuotsukkotthreematzosonthepassoversedertablethethreeweeksaperiodofmourningbridgingthefastdaysofseventeenthoftammuzandtishabavthreecardinalsinsforwhichajewmustdieratherthantransgressidolatryjudaismidolatrymurderimmoralitysexualimmoralitysexualimmoralityupsherinajewishboysfirsthaircutatageabethdiniscomposedofthreememberspotentialconversiontojudaismconvertsaretraditionallyturnedawaythreetimestotesttheirsincerityinthejewishmysticismjewishmysticaltraditionofthekabbalahitisbelievedthatthesoulconsistsofthreepartswiththehighestbeingsouljudaismneshamahbreaththemiddlebeingruachwindorspiritandthelowestbeingnepheshnefeshreposesometimesthetwoelementsofchayahlifeoranimalandyechidahunitareadditionallymentionedinthekabbalahthetreeoflifekabbalahtreeoflifehebrewetzhachayimreferstoalatterpillardiagrammaticrepresentationofitscentralmysticalsymbolknownasthesephirotsephirotbuddhismthetriplebodhiwaystounderstandtheendofbirtharebudhupasebudhuandmahaarahaththethreejewelsthethreethingsthatbuddhiststakerefugebuddhismrefugeinshintotheimperialregaliaofjapanoftheswordmirrorandjeweldaoismthethreetreasurestaoismthreetreasuresthebasicvirtuesintaoismthethreedantiansthreelinesofabaguatrigramthreesovereignsheavenfuxihandheadeyehumanityshennongliangyiunithellnwafootabdomenumbiculushinduismthetrimurtibrahmathecreatorvishnuthepreserverandshivathedestroyerthethreegunasfoundinsamkhyaschoolofhinduphilosophythethreepathstosalvationinthebhagavadgitanamedkarmayogabhaktiyogaandjnanayogazoroastrianismthethreevirtuesofhumatahukhtaandhuvarshtagoodthoughtsgoodwordsandgooddeedsareabasictenetinzoroastrianismnorsemythologythreeisaverysignificantnumberinnorsemythologyalongwithitspowersandpriortoragnarktherewillbethreehardwinterswithoutaninterveningsummerthefimbulwinterodinenduredthreehardshipsupontheworldtreeinhisquestfortherunicalphabetruneshehangedhimselfwoundedhimselfwithaspearandsufferedfromhungerandthirstborrborhadthreesonsodinviliandvotherreligionsthewiccanruleofthreewiccanruleofthreethetriplegoddessneopaganismtriplegoddessmaidenmothercronethethreefatesthesonsofcronuszeusposeidonandhadestheslavicgodtriglavmythologytriglavhasthreeheadsesoterictraditionthetheosophicalsocietyhastheosophyblavatskianthreeconditionsofmembershipgurdjieffsthreecentresthreecentersandthefourthwaylawofthreeliberalvellegisthecentralscriptureofthereligionofthelemaconsistsofthreechapterscorrespondingtothreedivinenarratorsrespectivelynuithaditandrahoorkhuitthetriplegreatnessofhermestrismegistusisanimportantthemeinhermeticismasaluckyorunluckynumberthreeformalwritingpinyinsncantonesesaamsupsupisconsideredanumerologygoodnumberinchineseculturebecauseitsoundslikethewordalivepinyinshngcantonesesaangsupsupcomparedtonumberfourpinyinscantoneseseisupsupwhichsoundsliketheworddeathpinyinscantoneseseisupsupcountingtothreeiscommoninsituationswhereagroupofpeoplewishtoperformanactioninsynchronizationsynchronynowonthecountofthreeeverybodypullassumingthecounterisproceedingatauniformratethefirsttwocountsarenecessarytoestablishtherateandthecountofthreeispredictedbasedonthetimingoftheoneandtwobeforeitthreeislikelyusedinsteadofsomeothernumberbecauseitrequirestheminimalamountcountswhilesettingarateineastasiaeastandsoutheastasiathereisawidespreadsuperstitionthatconsidersitinauspicioustotakeaphotowiththreepeopleinititisprofessedthatthepersoninthemiddlewilldiefirstthereisanothersuperstitionthatitisunluckytotakeathreeonamatchsuperstitionthirdlightthatistobethethirdpersontolightacigarettefromthesamematchorlighterthissuperstitionissometimesassertedtohaveoriginatedamongsoldiersinthetrenchesofthefirstworldwarwhenasnipermightseethefirstlighttakeaimonthesecondandfireonthethirdthephrasewiktthirdtimesthecharmthirdtimesthecharmreferstothesuperstitionthataftertwofailuresinanyendeavorathirdattemptismorelikelytosucceedthisisalsosometimesseeninreverseasinthirdmantodosomethingpresumablyforbiddengetscaughtluckespeciallybadluckisoftensaidtocomeinthreessportsinamericanfootballamericanandcanadianfootballafieldgoalisworthpointsinassociationfootballforpurposesofleaguestandingsalmostallleaguesawardthreepointsforawinateamthatwinsthreetrophiesinaseasonissaidtohavewonatrebleassociationfootballtrebleinbaseballabatterstrikeoutstrikesoutuponthethirdstrikezonestrikeinanysinglebattingappearanceeachteamshalfofaninningendsoncethedefensehasrecordedoutsunlessthehometeamhasawalkoffhomerunwalkoffhitintheninthinningoranyextrainninginscorekeepingdenotesthefi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panspanstyletextdecorationoverlinespanspanstyletextdecorationoverlinespanspanstyletextdecorationoverlinespanspanstyletextdecorationoverlinespanspanstyletextdecorationoverlinespanspanstyletextdecorationoverlinespanspanstyletextdecorationoverlinespanspanstyletextdecorationoverlinespanclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitestylewidthpxexponentiationsupxsupxsupsupclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhiterowspanstylewidthpxradixrowspanxsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubsubevolutionoftheglyphinthebeginningvarioushinduswrotemoreorlessinonestrokeasacurvethatlookslikeanuppercasejverticallyinvertedthewesternghubararabsmaincontributionwastomakethelongerlinediagonalratherthanstraightthoughtheyshowedsometendenciestomakingthegraphemecharactermorerectilineartheeasternarabsdevelopedthecharacterfromalookalikeintoanuppercasevlookalikebothmodernarabformsinfluencedtheeuropeanformatwostrokecharacterconsistingofahorizontalupperlinejoinedatitsrighttoalinegoingdowntothebottomleftcorneralinethatisslightlycurvedinsomefontvariantsasisthecasewiththeeuropeanglyphthechamandkhmerglyphforalsoevolvedtolookliketheirglyphforthoughinadifferentwaysotheywerealsoconcernedwithmakingtheirmoredifferentforthekhmerthisofteninvolvedaddingahorizontallineabovetheglyphthisisanalogoustothehorizontalstrokethroughthemiddlethatissometimesusedinhandwritinginthewesternworldbutwhichisalmostneverusedincomputerfontsthishorizontalstrokeishoweverimportanttodistinguishtheglyphforsevenfromtheglyphfornumberoneinwritingsthatusealongupstrokeintheglyphforinsomegreekdialectsofearlythnbspcenturythelongerlinediagonalwasdrawninarathersemicirculartransverselineonthesevensegmentdisplaysofpocketcalculatorsanddigitalwatchesisthenumberwiththemostcommonglyphvariationandalsohavevariantglyphsmostcalculatorsusethreelinesegmentsbutonsharpcorporationsharpcasioandafewotherbrandsofcalculatorsiswrittenwithfourlinesegmentsbecauseinjapankoreaandtaiwaniswrittenasintheillustrationtotherightwhiletheshapeofthecharacterhasanascendertypographyascenderinmostmoderntypefacesintypefaceswithtextfiguresthecharacterusuallyhasadescenderasforexampleinmostpeopleincontinentaleuropeandsomeinbritainandirelandaswellaslatinamericawritewithalineinthemiddlesometimeswiththetoplinecrookedthelinethroughthemiddleisusefultoclearlydifferentiatethecharacterfromthenumbernumberoneasthetwocanappearsimilarwhenwrittenincertainstylesofhandwritingthisglyphisusedinofficialhandwritingrulesforprimaryschoolinrussiaukrainebulgariapolandotherslaviccountriesfrancebelgiumfinlandromaniagermanyandhungaryautomotiveandtransportationnewyorkcitysubwayserviceaserviceofthenewyorkcitysubwaybmwseriesaflagshiprangeofluxuryvehiclesfromgermanautomobilemanufacturerbmwthelotussevenasportscarproducedbylotuseachairplaneinboeingslineofpassengerjetsisnamedwithadigitnumberbeginningandendinginclassicalworldclassicalantiquitylistenfilenamenumbersevenbywilliamsidneygibsonreadbyruthgoldingforlibrivoxsshortnonfictioncollectionvologgtitlecenternumbersevenbrbywilliamsidneygibsonbrsmallreadbyruthgoldingforlibrivoxsmallcenterdescriptioncenteraudioarchiveorgstreamhouseholdwordsdickpagemodeupfulltextcenterposrighttypespeechimagesevendeadlysinssevenclassicalplanetsluminariessevenmetalsofantiquitysevenheavensnamesofthedaysoftheweeksevendaysintheweekrainbowsevencolorsintherainbowsevenseassevencontinentssevenagainstthebessevenkingsofromesevenhillsofistanbulsevenhillsofromesevenliberalartssevensagesofthebamboogroveinchinasevensagesofgreecesaptarishisevensagesconceptinancientindiasevenwisemastersacycleofmedievalstoriessevenwondersoftheancientworldwasconsideredagodnumberinancientegyptthepharaohusuallyorderedthingsingroupsofmultiplesofforatimewasnotevenusedinwritingsforthepeopleofegyptpurenotesinthediatonicscalecommerceandbusinesselevenisthetradingnameofachainofconveniencestoresbasedintheussevenclothingsevenjeansalsoknownassevenforallmankindabrandofdesignerjeanssevenbrandsevenanindianlifestylebrandfoodandbeveragesupisthenameofapopularsoftdrinkmediaandentertainmentfilmsevenartsproductionssevenartspicturescharactersjamesbondssecretagentnumberisstartrekvoyagerfeaturesacharacternamedsevenofninethestartrektheoriginalseriesepisodeassignmentearthfeaturesacharacternamedgaryseventitlessevenfilmseenalsojustcalledsevenisamovieaboutaserialkillerbasinghismurdersandvictimsonthesevendeadlysinssevenchancesstarringbusterkeatonthedisneyfilmsnowwhiteandthesevendwarfsfilmsnowwhiteandthesevendwarfssevensinnersfilmsevensinnersdirectedbytaygarnettstarringmarlenedietrichthemusicalfilmsevenbridesforsevenbrothersfilmsevenbridesforsevenbrotherssevensamuraibyakirakurosawastarringtoshiromifunethemarilynmonroefilmthesevenyearitchwhichisfamousforherwhitedressbillowingupfromagratetheswedenswedishfilmtheseventhsealdirectedbyingmarbergmantheamericanwesterngenrewesternfilmthemagnificentsevenstarringyulbrynnerfacesofdrlaostarringtonyrandallandbarbaraedensevendaysinmaystarringburtlancasterkirkdouglasandfredricmarchtheseventhsigndirectedbycarlschultzandstarringjrgenprochnowanddemimooresevenyearsintibetfilmsevenyearsintibetdirectedbyjeanjacquesannaudandstarringbradpittsevenpoundsstarringwillsmiththemagnificentsevenfilmthemagnificentsevenstarringdenzelwashingtongameslottosuperacanadianlotterygamethathaditsfinaldrawingseptembersevenscardgamesevensacardgamesevenisthesumofanytwooppositesidesonastandardsixsideddicedieinthegameofcrapsadicerollofonthecomeoutconstitutesanaturalandthepasslinewinsimmediatelyhoweveriftheshooterdicethrowerrollsaoronthecomeoutrollthatnumberbecomeshispointnowtheshootermustrepeathispointbeforehethrowsasevenifherepeatshispointthepasslinewinsifherollsasevennotonlydoesthepasslinelosetheshooterlosescontrolofthedicethisiscalledasevenoutvideogamesthethguestproducedbytrilobyteandreleasedbyvirgingamesinisanfmvbasedpuzzlehorrorvideogametheareagroupofdeadlymercenariesthatkidnaptheprotagonistsfamilyinthevideogamekanelynchdeadmeninthekillergamethenumberofindividualpersonalitiesservingharmansmithaspartofthegroupofassassinscalledthekillerinninehoursninepersonsninedoorsoneofthecharactersgoesbythecodenameseveninthefallenlondonstoryseekingmreatensnamethenumberisarecurringthemeliteratureasyoulikeitbywilliamshakespearescontainsthealltheworldsastageagesofmantheoryofmedievalphilosophyinbelovednovelbelovedthenovelbytonimorrisonthenumbersevenseemstohaverecurringsignificancebelovedhassevenlettersaddsuptoseveneachchapterbeginsonanumbercontainingsevenandthesecondchaptercontainssevenpartstheoriginalbritishversionofanthonyburgessnovelaclockworkorangenovelaclockworkorangeissplitintothreesectionsofsevenchaptersinthefirstofthethreedeltoraquestseriesdeltoraquestseriesofbooksbyemilyroddatheprotagonistmustcollectthesevengemsofthefabledbeltofdeltoratopazrubyopallapislazuliemeraldamethystanddiamondeachofthesevengemsareguardedbyoneofsevenguardianslocatedinoneofthesevenlocationsarounddeltoratheforestsofsilencelakeoftearscityoftheratstheshiftingsandsdreadmountainmazeofthebeastandvalleyofthelostinthedragonballseriestherearesevencrystallinespheresknownasthedragonballseachdragonballhasacertainnumberofstarsonitdisplayingitsrespectivenumberinthesetthemangaeurekasevenbasedontheanimeseriesinfistofthenorthstarhokutonokenthemaincharacterkenshiroisalsoknownasthemanwithsevenwoundsforthesevenscarsonhisbodyintheshapeofthebigdipperinthefushigiyuugimangaseriesthefourbeastgodseachhavesevenwarriorsthegenbuseventhebyakkoseventheseiryuusevenandthesuzakusevenintheharrypotterseriesofnovelsbyjkrowlingsevenissaidtobethemostpowerfullymagicharrypottermagicalnumberthereareanumberofreferencestoseveninharrypotterthereareatotalofsevenbooksintheseriesginnyweasleyistheseventhchildandonlydaughteroftheweasleyfamilyharrypottercharacterharrypotterwasborninjulytheseventhmonthoftheyearwizardingstudentsmustcompletesevenyearsofschoolathogwartstherearesevensecretpassagesleadingoutofhogwartssevenisalsothenumberonthebackofharrypottersquidditchrobesharrypotterandtheprisonerofazkabanfilmprisonerofazkabanmovieprofessormoodywasalsohiddeninachestwithanundergroundcubbywhichwaslockedwithsevenlocksharrypotterandthegobletoffireinquidditcheachteamconsistsofsevenplayerschapterfourofharrypotterandthedeathlyhallowsbookistitledthesevenpotterslordvoldemortplannedonmakingsixhorcruxesobjectscontainingpartsofhissoulsothathissoulwouldexistinsevenpartsbutmadeanextraonemakingatotalofsevenhorcruxesintheinuyashaseriestheshichinintaiareastheirnamesaysabandofsevenmercenariesthesevenringsofthevongolafamilyinkatekyohitmanrebornskystormrainsunthundermistandcloudinthelostyearsofmerlinseriesabookistitledthesevensongsofmerlinthecharacternanaandtheorganizationseptimalmooninlovelessmangalovelessmangainthenanamangananamangaseriestherearemanyrecurrentinstancesofthenumbersevennanaisjapaneseforsevenincludingthenameofbothmaincharacterslistofnarutocharactersteamteamconsistsofthemaincharactersinnarutonarutouzumakisasukeuchihasakuraharunoandkakashihatakelaterintheserieslistofnarutocharacterssaijoinsteamnowcalledteamkakashiaftersasukeleftkonohagakureoneofthetailedbeastsintheunnamednarutouniversewhichistheseventailedbeastandagiantkabutomushiwasrevealedtobenamedchmeiandthejinchurikihosttotheyoungkunoichifhassixdragonflylikewingsthatmakesupsixofitstailsandalongstemthatalsomakesupitsactualtailintheonepieceseriestheshichibukailiterallysevenmilitaryseasknownintheenglishversionsasthesevenwarlordsoftheseaaresevenpowerfulpirateswhoprivateerworkforthegovernmentthesagaofsevensunsaseriesofsevennovelsbykevinjandersoninneilgaimansthesandmanvertigosandmanseriesthereareendlessdestinydeathdreamdestructiondespairdesireanddeliriumthesecretsevennameofachildrensadventurebookbyenidblytonintheseptimusheapseriesseptimusistheseventhsonofaseventhsonisbelievedtobethemostmagicalnumbertherewillalsobesevenbooksintheseriesalongwithmanyotherthingsrelatingtothenumberaleksiskivissevenbrothersthemostfamousbookoffinnishliteraturethesevendialsmysterybyagathachristiethesevenhabitsofhighlyeffectivepeopleabookbystephencoveysevenpillarsofwisdomabookwrittenbytelawrencethebooksevenyearsintibetthenovelsevendaysinmaywrittenbyfletcherknebelinthesilmarillionalsoatolkienworktherearesevenlordsofthevalamiddleearthvalarandsevenladiesofthevalarfanoracentralcharacterhassevensonsmaedhrosmaglorcelegormcurufincaranthiramrodandamrasingeorgerrmartinsasongoficeandfiresevengodsthemotherthefatherthewarriorthecronethesmiththemaidenandthestrangerareworshippedinthelandofwesteroswhichismadeupofsevenformerkingdomsandoftencalledthesevenkingdomsthesevenaretheprimarydeitiesofwesterosinwebduboissbookthesoulsofblackfolkhereferstothenegroastheseventhsoninthetalesofalvinmakeranalternatehistoryfantasyseriesbyorsonscottcardseventhsonsareimbuedwithspecialpowersreferredtoasknacksoverthephysicalworldthepowersofaseventhsonofaseventhsonthebirthrightoftheseriesmaincharacteralvinsmithareespeciallypronouncedmenwhowieldthesepowerstocreatearereferredtoasmakersintoarumajutsunoindexthereareatotalofsevenlevelespersacceleratorkakineteitokumisakamikotomuginoshizurishokuhoumisakianunknownesperandsogiitagunhainthetwotowersthesecondvolumeofjrrtolkiensthelordoftheringsthefollowingpoemappearstallshipsandtallkingsthreetimesthreewhatbroughttheyfromthefounderedlandovertheflowingseasevenstarsandsevenstonesandonewhitetreethefounderedlandisnmenorandthesevenstarsareunknownbuttheymayrefertoaconstellationthesickleofthevalarthesevenstonesarethepalantritheseeingstonesthenumbersevenwasalsosignificanttodwarvishcultureasportrayedbytolkienthereweresevenfathersofthedwarvesasrecountedinthesilmarillionandthedwarfmiddleearthdwarveswerelatergivensevenringsbysauronaccordingtothelordoftheringsdavideastisauthoredtwobooksaboutthepopularnumbersevenbothwiththetitlejackieleowrotesevenwearesevenbywilliamwordsworthmarinaorlistoflorienlegaciescharactersnumbersevennumbersevenisacharacterinthebookseriesthelorienlegaciestherevengeofsevenbypittacusloreinrickriordansseriestheheroesofolympustherearesevenheroesofthegreatprophecypercyjacksonannabethchasejasongracepipermcleanleovaldezhazellevesqueandfrankzhangmusicthenumberofnotesinthetraditionalwesterndiatonicscalemajororminorinmusictheromannumeralviiistheleadingtoneviiorsubtonicviiscaledegreechordmusicchordleadingtoneseventhchordorsecondaryleadingtonechordordiatonicfunctionwhendistinguishedandtheoriginaldiameterininchesoftherpmformatgramophonerecordtherearesevenmusiciansinaseptetoraseptuortherearesevenbasicswarassaptaswarasinindiancarnaticmusicsongisasongbyprinceandthenewpowergenerationfromthelovesymbolalbumisaenriqueiglesiasalbummickthompsonisoneoftheguitaristsforpopularmetalbandslipknotsweetisanalbumbysugababesthenumberofdastgahsinpersiantraditionalmusicseventhsonofaseventhsonisthethalbumoftheenglishheavymetalbandironmaidenbroughtoutinsevensalbumsevensisthethalbumbycountrysingergarthbrooksreleasedinconsistingofsongssetsofsevenisasongbymegadethontheiralbumriskukbasedaltrockbandtaketheseventtviithemunificentsevenistheappendedparentheticaltitleforthesongloveisstrongerthanjusticeonstingsalbumtensummonerstalessevenisasongondavidbowiesalbumhoursdavidbowiealbumhourssevendaysisasongofstinginhisalbumtensummonerstalessevenswansisthenameofthealbumbysufjanstevensisanaliasofmexicanmusicianjuansonostralbumostralbumistheseventhalbumofostrsportsaheptathlonisacombinedeventofsevenrunningjumpingandthrowingdisciplinesforbothmensandwomenssportofathleticsathleticsrugbysevensisavariantofunionandleaguethatcontainsonlysevenplayerspersideinsteadofthestandardunionorleagueinthestandardrugbyunionbonuspointssystemateamisawardedabonuspointintheleaguestandingsifitlosesagamebyorfewerpointsinbaseballforbaseballscoringsevenrepresentstheleftfielderspositiontherearesevenwaysthatabattercanreachbasesafehitbaseonballsfielderserrorfielderschoicehitbypitchcatchersinterferenceanddroppedthirdstriketheseventhinningstretchthinningstretchwasattributedtothethuspresidentwilliamhowardtaftjerseynumbersinassociationfootballtherightmidfieldertraditionallywearsthenumberinrugbyleaguethejerseynumberiswornbythestartingscrumhalfhalfbackinmostcompetitionsbutnotintheeuropeansuperleaguewhichusesstaticsquadnumberinginrugbyunionthejerseynumberiswornbythestartingopensideflankersometeamsuseleftandrightflankersinsteadofopensideandblindsidewithbeingwornbythestartingrightflankernumberofplayersincrosscountryrunningateamtraditionallyconsistsofsevenathletesinteamhandballthenumberofplayersoneachteamincludingthegoalkeeperinultimatesportultimatefrisbeetherearesevenplayersonthefieldforeachteaminwaterpoloeachteamisallowedtohaveamaximumofsevenplayersoneofthemagoalkeeperintheplayingareaofthepoolatanygiventimetelevisionnetworksandstationsthecirclelogousedbynumerousamericanbroadcastingcompanyabcnetworkoostationsintheusinthelatesabcarrangedforitsfiveoriginalfoundingootvstationstobroadcastonchannelmaximumnumberofvhfbroadcastchannelsavailableinanytvmarketintheunitedstatesofamericatheyarechannelsandinthenewyorknewarksmsagreaternewyorkcityandlosangeleslongbeachsmsasprosiebensiebenbeinggermanlanguagegermanforsevenatelevisionnetworkingermanysevennetworkatelevisionnetworkinaustraliatransformerlytvbeforetakenoverbytranscorporationatelevisionnetworkinindonesiagmanetworkcompanygmadzbbtvchannelinmetromanilaatelevisionnetworkinthephilippinesprogramsdaysnewzealanddaysacomedygameshowbasedonnewsstoriesfromnewzealandthenameofatelevisionshowthheaventvseriesthheaventhenameofatheadventuresofsupermariobroscartoonepisodecontinentsforkoopasblakeswasabbctelevisiondramabbcsciencefictionseriesthatranfromtoeurekasevenasciencefictionandromanceanimeinreddwarfreddwarfiiepisodeparalleluniversereddwarfparalleluniversehollyreddwarfhollyforgetsthenumberinacountdownforthehollyhopdriveafterarnoldrimmerrimmerremindshimheadmitshehasablindspotforsevenssevenanepisodiccharacterfromthesitcommarriedwithchildrenintheseinfeldepisodethesevensevenisthenamegeorgecostanzadesirestogivehisfirstbornhavingallegedlypromisedthistothewidowofbaseballgreatmickeymantlewhoseuniformnumberwasgeorgeisenragedhoweverwhenhisfiancscousinandspousecopytheideaandgivethenametotheirchildsevendaystvseriessevendaysasciencefictionshowaboutthensausingtimetravelthenameofoneofthemonstersinthecartoontelevisionshowsevenlittlemonsterstvseriessevenlittlemonstersinstartrekvoyagersevenofninealsocalledsevenforshortisoneofthecrewmemberstheultraserieshastwoheroeswithsevenintheirnameultrasevenandultramanneosultrasevenultrasevenatelevisionseriesairedinandthesuperheroofthesamenameheisthehonoraryseventhmemberoftheultragarrisoninhouseofanubisonnickelodeonthechosenonehastobebornonjulyatamgeorgecarlininwhatisperhapshisbestknownroutinesevenwordsyoucanneversayontelevisionluckytvseriesluckyshortlivedabctvseriespremieredaboutsevenpeoplewhowinthelotterythelastepisodeofamericanhorrorstorycovenisnamedthesevenwondersafterthesevengreatpowersawitchshouldperformtobecometheleaderorsupremeofthegenerationpsychokinesistelekinesisconciliumdescensumdivinationtransmutationvitalumvitalisandpyrokinesisintheanimeseriesyugiohduelmonsterstherearesevenmagicalancientegyptianartefactsknownasthemillenniumitemspuzzleeyeringkeyscalerodandnecklacewhichplayasignificantroleinthestorylineoftheshowthroughoutitsdurationthenumberistheracingnumberofherbiesgirlfriendgiselleinthemovieherbiegoestomontecarloplacesthetraditionalcountofbasquecountryhistoricalterritorybasqueprovincesasexpressedinthesloganzazpiakbattranslatesasthesevenareoneandreferstothesevenbasquetraditionalprovincesthefigurativenumberofsevenseasseasthesevenvirginsmountainrangeinsrilankawhichwasthesceneofanairdisasterondecemberinvolvingadcseriesfpassengerjetlineroperatedbythechartercompanymartinairwhichleftdeadthesevensstadiumthesevenssometimestypesetashesevensarugbyunionstadiumindubaiunitedarabemiratesuaeandhometothedubaisevenstournamentreligionandmythologyoldtestamentsevenhebrewwordsofbereishitbookofgenesisgenesislettersthenumberseveninthesevendaysofcreationistypologylinguisticstypologicalandthenumbersevenappearscommonlyelsewhereinthebibletheseincludesevendaysofcreationgenesiseggodrestedonandsanctifiedtheseventhdaybiblicalsabbathsabbathanyonewhodarestokillcainwillsuffervengeanceseventimesovergenesislamechdescendantofcainlamechinhissongoftheswordclaimsthatifcainshallbeavengedsevenfoldhehimselfshallbeseventysevenfoldgenesisnoahiscommandedtobringsevenpairsofeverycleananimalontothearkgenesissevenyearsofplentyandsevenyearsoffamineinpharaohsdreamgenesisinregardstothesinsacrificethekohenanointedpriestwastosprinklethebullocksbloodseventimesbeforetheleviticussevendaysofthefeastofpassoverexodussevendayweekandthepatternconcerningdistributionanduseofmannaexodusthemenorahtemplemenorahisasevenbranchedcandelabrumlitbyoliveoilinthetabernacleandthetempleinjerusalemexodussevenyearcyclearoundtheyearsofjubileeleviticusjerichoswallsfallontheseventhdayaftersevenpriestswithseventrumpetsmarcharoundthecityseventimesjoshuakingdavidhadsevenolderbrotherssamuelthechildsneezedseventimesafterelisharaisedhimfromthedeadkingsseventhingsthataredetestabletotheproverbssevenpillarsofthehouseofwisdomproverbsthewomanwithsevensonsinmaccabeesgadwhosenamemeansgoodluckistheseventhsonofjacobareliistheseventhsonofgadgenesischronicleslistsdavidastheseventhsonofjessechroniclesanunnamedeighthindividualappearedamongtheseveninsamuelthendavidastheyoungestisbroughtbeforesamuelnewtestamentsevenloavesfeedingthemultitudemultipliedintosevenbasketfulsofsurplusmatthewpeteraskedjesusifheshouldforgiveuptoseventimesjesusrespondedbysayingtoforgivethemseventytimesseventimesalludingtothecurseofcainandthesongoflamechingenesissevendemonsweredrivenoutofmarymagdelenelukethesayingsofjesusonthecrosssevenlastsayingsofjesusonthecrosssevenmenofhonestreportfulloftheholyghostandwisdomactsinthebookofrevelationsevenisacentralfigureofquantitiessevenspiritsofgodsevenchurchesofasiasevenchurchestowhichthebookisaddressedsevenofthefollowingappearinrevelationgoldenlampstandsstarstorchesoffiresevensealsangelsandtheirtrumpetslastplaguesgoldenbowlsthundershornsandeyesdiademsandkingsseeothersevensinchristianknowledgeandpracticeincludethesevengiftsoftheholyspirittheworksofmercysevencorporalactsofmercyandworksofmercysevenspiritualactsofmercyofromancatholicanglicanandothertraditionsthesevendeadlysinslustgluttonygreedslothwrathenvyandpridethesevenjoysofthevirginmaryinromancatholicanglicanandothertraditionsthesevensacramentsinthecatholicchurchthoughsometraditionsassignadifferentnumbertheourladyofsorrowssevensorrowsofthevirginmaryinromancatholicanglicanandothertraditionstherearesevensuicidesmentionedinthebibleoldtestamentotandnewtestamentnttheseventerracesofmountpurgatoryoneperdeadlysinthesevenvirtueschastitytemperancecharitydiligencekindnesspatienceandhumilityinthegenealogyinthegospeloflukejesusisthnameinadirectlinethenumberofheadsofthethreebeastsofthebookofrevelationandthesevensealsayransanskritthesanskritwordsaptareferstonumbersevenindianmusichassaptakswarassevenoctatssaregamapadhaniwhicharebasicsofmusicusingwhichhundredsofrgaragasarecomposedcelestialgroupofsevenstarsclassicalplanetsarenamedassaptarshisaptarishibasedonthesevengreatsaintssevenpromisessaptapadisevenroundsinhinduweddingandsevenreincarnationaccordingtohinduismtherearesevenworldsintheuniversesevenseasintheworldandsevenrishiessevenguruscalledsaptarishissevenhillsattirumalaalsoknownasyedukondalavaduinteluguezhumalaiyanintamilmeanssevenhillsgodtherearechakrasinthebasicmodelusedinvariouseasterntraditionsandphilosophiesislamthenumberofayatinsuratalfatihathenumberofheavensthenumberoflayersoftheearththenumberofhellsthenumberoftawafcircumambulationsthataremadearoundthekaabathenumberofwalksbetweenalsafaandalmarwahpilgrimsperformduringthehajjandtheumrahthenumberofdoorstohellissevenforheaventhenumberofdoorsiseightinverseseeislamicviewofjosephofthequranjosephyusefisaskedtointerpretthekingsdreamwheresevenfatcowsweredreamttohavebeendevouredbysevenskinnycowsandsevengreenspikesandothersshrivelledthenumberofthebigsinsorvicesissevenwhicharefromahadithoftheprophetmohamedavoidthesevensinspolytheismwitchcraftthekillingofthesoulwhichallahhasforbiddenexceptbyrightconsumingribaconsumingthewealthoftheorphantoescapefromthebattlesandslanderingchastewomenanamingceremonyislamnamingceremonyisheldforbabiesontheirseventhdayoflifejudaismshivaanotherpronunciationofthehebrewwordforisthenumberofdaysofmourninghenceonesitsshivaasinshivajudaismtheweeklytorahportionisdividedintoseventorahreadingaliyahsandsevenjewishmenorboysovertheageofwhoareconsideredmenbarmitzvaharecalledupforthereadingofthesealiyahsduringshabbatmorningservicessevenblessingsarerecitedunderthejewishviewofmarriagechuppahduringajewishweddingceremonyajewishbrideandgroomarefetedwithsevendaysoffestivemealsaftertheirweddingknownasshevaberachotsevenblessingsthenumberofsukkotprayersushpizzinalsoknownasthesevenshepherdswhovisitthesukkahduringtheholidayofsukkotabrahamisaacjacobjosephhebrewbiblejosephmosesaaronanddavidthenumberofnationsgodtoldtheisraelitestheywoulddisplacewhentheyenteredthelandofisraeldeutthebiblicalhittiteshittitethegirgashitetheamoritethecanaanitetheperizzitethehiviteandthejebusiteinbreslovhasidicdynastybreslovtraditionthesevenorificesofthefaceeyesnostrilsearsandthemoutharecalledthesevencandlesthesephirotofprimaryconsciousemotionthatareattributesofthecreatorchinesetaoismnumberofbaguakanbaxianlitieguaiwestpilgrimjourneytothewestcolorsthwuxingelementqigoldenstarwhitecloudsblueheavenskyblackofcolorsmoonemptyinfinityspaceearthwheregrowntreesgreenwoodredhellfirethsenseofknightsofzodiacastrologythenumberofdaughtersofatlasmythologyatlasinthepleiadesalsocalledthepleiadesgreekmythologysevensistersthenumberofsaintsappearinginaconstellationcalledsaptharishimandalaminindianastronomyothersdeitybeingorcharacterinjapanesemythologythumbpxleftthesevenluckygodsrefertothesevengodsofgoodluckfortuneinjapanesemythologythenumberofarchangelsaccordingtosomesystemsinbuddhismbuddhawalkedstepsathisbirthinkhasipeoplekhasimythologythesevendivinewomenwhowereleftbehindonearthandbecametheancestressesofallhumankindthenumberofsleepingmeninthechristianmythofthesevensleepersthenumberofsagesinhindumythologytheirwivesarethedeitiesreferredtoasthesaptamatrkaorsevenmothersinirangermanlanguagegermanspanishlanguagespanishandotherculturesthatspeakromancelanguagescatsaresaidtohavesevenlivesasopposedtoenglishlanguageenglishwherecatsaresaidtohaveninelivesinirishmythologytheepicherocchulainnisassociatedwiththenumberhehassevenfingersoneachhandseventoesoneachfootandsevenpupilsineacheyeintheirishepictinbcailngecchulainnisyearsoldwhenhereceiveshisfirstweaponsanddefeatsthearmiesoftheulaidhandhissonconnlaisyearsoldwhenheisslainbycchulainninthedeathofaifesonlysoningaliciaspaingalicianfolkloreaseventhsonwillbeawerewolfinotherfolkloresaftersixdaughterstheseventhchildistobeasonandawerewolfinothereuropeanfolklorestheseventhsonofaseventhsonwillbeachildwithspecialpowersofhealingandclairvoyantseeingandinotherculturesthatseventhsonofaseventhsonwouldbeavampireinguaranmythologythenumberofprominentguaranmythologysevenlegendarymonsterslegendarymonstersintheeponymousbritishfolktalethomastherhymerwenttoliveinthefaeriekingdomforsevenyearsmahatmagandhislistofthedestructivesevenblundersoftheworldthatcauseviolencewealthwithoutworkpleasurewithoutconscienceknowledgewithoutcharactercommercewithoutmoralitysciencewithouthumanityreligionwithoutsacrificeandpoliticswithoutprinciplethecosmogonyofurantiagivesanexplanationtothesacrednessofthenumberinsomereligionsincludingthosebasedonatripledeityindeedisthenumberofallthepossiblecombinationsofthreeelementstakenonebyonetwobytwoorbythreeitthereforeexpressesalltheassociativepossibilitiesofthethreefundamentalaspectsoftheabsolutechristiantrinityforexampleortrimurtiinhinduismwhichorganizesthecreationtheseventhofthesecombinationsbeingtheonethatcombinesthethreeaspectsthereforealsoexpressesspiritualachievementinothertraditionsandteachingssevenisseenastheperfectnumberthatholdscreationandtheuniversetogetherfromthedeadlysinstochakrasheavensandplanesofcreationthisnumberholdsgreatsignificanceplacethenumberofmainislandsofmythologicalatlantisthenumberofgatewaystraversedbyinannaduringherdescentintotheunderworldquiviraandcbolacibolawasoneofthelegendarysevencitiesofgoldthespanishthoughtexistedinthebahfaiththetextsevenvalleysthesevenvalleysbytheprophetfounderbahullhrelatesthejourneyofthesoulthroughthesevenvalleysofsearchloveknowledgeunitycontentmentwondermentandfinallytruepovertyandabsolutenothingnessscripturecirclesevenkorantheholyscriptureofthemoorishsciencetempleofamericathingconceptorsymbolthesevenbranchedswordinjapanesemythologythetheosophyblavatskiantheosophicalteachingsofaliceabaileydividethehumanraceintosevenpsychologicaltypescalledthesevenraysintheosophysevenrayswhichshecallsthebasisofnewagepsychologytheminorsymbolnumberofyinandyangyangfromthetaoistyinyangthenumberofpalmsinanegyptiancubitsacredcubitthenumberofranksinmithraismthenumbersevenisofparticularsignificancewithincherokeecosmologymostlikelytobechosenasafavoritenumberbypeoplearoundtheworldtimeinbritishfolkloreeverysevenyearsthequeenofelphamequeenofthefairiespaysatithetohellorpossiblyhellocationhelinthetaleoftamlinscienceastronomythenumberofcelestialobjectsinthesolarsystemvisibletothenakedeyefromearththesunthemoonandthefiveclassicalnakedeyeplanetsmarsmercuryplanetmercuryjupitervenusandsaturnmessierobjectptolemyclustermamagnitudeopenclusterintheconstellationscorpiusthenewgeneralcataloguengcicorgobjectngcathvisualmagnitudemagnitudespiralgalaxyintheconstellationsculptorconstellationsculptorthenumberofmainstarsintheasterismofthebigdipperandtheconstellationoforionconstellationoriontheromannumeralviistandsforwhitedwarfsinthestellarclassificationyerkesspectralclassificationschemetheromannumeralviiusuallystandsfortheseventhdiscoveredsatelliteofaplanetorminorplanetegjupiterviibiologyalmostallmammalshavesevencervicalvertebraethenumberofspotsonacoccinellaseptempunctatasevenspotladybirdthereareseventypesofvirusaccordingtothebaltimoreclassificationchemistryisanalkanewithcarbonatomspermoleculeaneutralphvaluebetweenacidityandalkalinitytheatomicnumberofnitrogenheptaneisanalkanewithcarbonatomsineachmoleculehasperiodperiodictablerowsofknownelementsthenumberofperiodsorhorizontalrowsofchemicalelementelementsintheperiodictableasofthenumberofelectronshellprincipalenergylevelsforelectronsaroundtheatomicnucleusnucleusthenumberofcrystalsystemstriclinicmonoclinicorthorhombictetragonaltrigonalhexagonalandcubicthenumberofcrystallatticesystemscubicorisometrichexagonaltetragonalrhombohedralorthorhombicmonoclinicandtriclinicphysicstherearesevensibaseunitstheseareacoherentsetofunitsdefinedtomeasuresevenbasicphysicalpropertiesmetrekilogramsecondamperekelvinmoleunitmolecandelathesevensibaseunitsareusedtodefineallothersiunitswhichareknownassiderivedunitsisaacnewtonidentifiedroygbivcolorsoftherainbowredorangecolororangeyellowgreenblueindigoandvioletcolorvioletpsychologythemagicalnumbersevenplusorminustwosoftwareisthetelephonenumbersinrussiacallingcodeofrussiaonlythenorthamericannumberingplanandrussiahaveasingledigitcodetherearesevenlayersintheosimodelwindowsoneofthepreviousreleasesofwindowsseriesofoperatingsystemsfrommicrosoftvideogamedeveloperbungiefamedforthehaloserieshaloseriesofgamesoftenreferencesthenumbersevenintheirproductstemporalseasonalandholidaysthesevendaysoftheweekthekulinpeopleofaustralialivingnearthedandenongrangestraditionallyhavesevenseasonssomeofthenativeamericansofmontanaalsohavesevenseasonschinookwindchinookseasonmuddyspringgreensummergoldsummerordrysummerindiansummerlatefallandcoldwintertheheptarchyfromthegreeklanguagegreekforsevenrealmisthenameappliedbyhistorianstotheperiodnbspceinhistoryofenglandenglishhistoryaftertheanglosaxonsanglosaxonconquestofenglandderivedfromthesevenkingdomsofnorthumbriamerciaeastangliakingdomofessexessexkingdomofkentkentkingdomofsussexsussexandwessexwhicheventuallymergedtobecomethekingdomofenglandduringtheearlythnbspcenturyseptemberwastheseventhmonthintheancientromancalendarasitsnameindicatesafterjuliancalendarthereformthatledtothecurrentordertheseventhmonthisjulyseptidiwastheseventhdayofthedecadeinthefrenchrevolutionarycalendarthethglyphofthemayacalendarisbluehanditrepresentsthedaysincr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oonsarereadilyvisiblefromearthmessierobjectmessiermamagnitudeglobularclusterintheconstellationscorpiusthenewgeneralcataloguengcicorgobjectngcafaintgalaxyintheconstellationpiscesconstellationpiscestheromannumeralivstandsforsubgiantinthestellarclassificationyerkesspectralclassificationschemetheromannumeralivusuallystandsforthefourthdiscoveredsatelliteofaplanetorminorplanetegjupiterivinbiologyfouristhenumberofnucleobasetypesindnaandrnaadenineguaninecytosinethymineuracilinrnamanychordateshavefourfeetlegsorleglikeappendagestetrapodsthemammalianheartconsistsoffourchambersmanymammalscarnivoraungulatausefourfingersformovementallinsectswithwingsexceptflyflieshavefourwingsinsectsofthesuperorderendopterygotaalsoknownasholometabolasuchasbutterfliesantsbeesbeetlesfleasfliesmothsandwaspsundergoholometabolismcompletemetamorphisminfourstagesfromembryoovumeggtolarvasuchasgrubcaterpillarthenpupasuchasthechrysalisandfinallytheimagointhecommonabobloodgroupsystemtherearebloodtypesaboabhumanshavefourcaninetoothcaninesandfourwisdomteeththecowsstomachisdividedinfourdigestivecompartmentsreticulumrumenomasumandabomasuminchemistryvalencechemistryvalencyofcarbonthatisbasisoflifeontheearthisfouralsobecauseofitstetrahedralcrystalbondstructurediamondoneofthenaturalallotropesofcarbonisthehardestknownnaturallyoccurringmaterialitisalsothevalenceofsiliconwhosecompoundsformthemajorityofthemassoftheearthscrusttheatomicnumberofberylliumtherearefourbasicstatesofmattersolidliquidgasandplasmaphysicsplasmainphysicsspecialrelativityandgeneralrelativitytreatnatureasfourdimensionalthreedimensionalspacemathematicsdregularspaceandonedimensionaltimearetreatedtogetherandcalledspacetimealsoanyeventehasalightconecomposedoffourzonesofpossiblecommunicationandcauseandeffectoutsidethelightconeisstrictlyincommunicadotherearefourfundamentalforceselectromagnetismgravitationtheweaknuclearforceandthestrongnuclearforceinstatisticalmechanicsthefourfunctionsinequalityisaninequalityforfourfunctionsonafinitedistributivelatticeinlogicandphilosophythesymbolicmeaningsofthenumberfourarelinkedtothoseofthecrossandthesquarealmostfromprehistorictimesthenumberfourwasemployedtosignifywhatwassolidwhatcouldbetouchedandfeltitsrelationshiptothecrossfourpointsmadeitanoutstandingsymbolofwholenessanduniversalityasymbolwhichdrewalltoitselfwherelinesoflatitudeandlongitudeintersecttheydividetheearthintofourproportionsthroughouttheworldkingsandchieftainshavebeencalledlordofthefoursunsorlordofthefourquartersoftheearthwhichisunderstoodtorefertotheextentoftheirpowersbothterritoriallyandintermsoftotalcontroloftheirsubjectsdoingsthesquareofoppositioninbothitsaristotelianversionanditssquareofoppositionmodernsquaresofoppositionbooleanversionconsistsoffourformsaallsisrisomesisrenosisrandosomesisnotrinregardtowhethertwogivenpropositionscanhavethesametruthvaluetherearefourseparatelogicalpossibilitiesthepropositionsaresubalternspossiblybotharetrueandpossiblybotharefalsesubcontrariesitispossiblethatbotharetruebutnotthatbotharefalsecontrariesitispossiblethatbotharefalsebutnotthatbotharetrueorcontradictoriesitisnotpossiblethatbotharetrueanditisnotpossiblethatbotharefalsearistotleheldthattherearebasicallyaristotlecausalitythefourcausesfourcausesinnaturethefourcausesefficientcauseefficientcausethefourcausesmaterialcausematterthefourcausesfinalcauseendandthefourcausesformalcauseformthestoicismstoicsheldwithfourbasiccategoriesstoiccategoriesallviewedasbodiessubstantialandinsubstantialsubstanceinthesenseofsubstrateprimaryformlessmatterqualitymattersorganizationtodifferentiateandindividualizesomethingandcomingdowntoaphysicalingredientsuchaspneumabreathsomehowholdingordisposedasinaposturestateshapesizeactionandsomehowholdingordisposedtowardsomethingasinrelativelocationfamilialrelationandsoforthimmanuelkantexpoundedacategorykantthetableofjudgmentstableofjudgmentsinvolvingfourthreewayalternativesinregardtoquantityqualityrelationmodalityandbasedthereuponacategorykantthetableofcategoriestableoffourcategoriesnamedbythetermsjustlistedandeachwiththreesubcategoriesarthurschopenhauersdoctoralthesiswasonthefourfoldrootoftheprincipleofsufficientreasonfranzbrentanoheldthatanymajorphilosophicalperiodhasfourphasescreativeandrapidlyprogressingwithscientificinterestandresultsthendecliningthroughtheremainingphasespracticalincreasinglyskepticalandliterarymysticalandscientificallyworthlessuntilphilosophyisrenewedthroughanewperiodsfirstphaseseebrentanosessaythefourphasesofphilosophyanditscurrentstatetrbymezeiandsmithcharlessanderspeircecspeirceusuallyatrichotomyphilosophytrichotomistdiscussedfourmethodsforovercomingtroublesomeuncertaintiesandachievingsecurebeliefsthemethodoftenacitypolicyofstickingtoinitialbeliefthemethodofauthoritythemethodofcongruityfollowingafashionableparadigmandthefallibilismfallibilisticselfcorrectingmethodofscienceseethefixationofbeliefthefixationofbeliefandfourbarrierstoinquirybarriersrefusedbythefallibilistassertionofabsolutecertaintymaintainingthatsomethingisabsolutelyunknowablemaintainingthatsomethingisabsolutelyinexplicablebecauseabsolutelybasicorultimateholdingthatperfectexactitudeispossibleespeciallysuchastoquiteprecludeunusualandanomalousphenomenaseewebarchiveorgwebprincetonedubatkepeircefrlhtmfrlfirstruleoflogicpaulweissphilosopherpaulweissbuiltasysteminvolvingfourmodesofbeingactualitiessubstancesinthesenseofsubstantialspatiotemporallyfinitebeingsidealityorpossibilitypurenormativeformexistencethedynamicfieldandgodunityseeweisssmodesofbeingkarlpopperoutlinedatetradicschematodescribethegrowthoftheoriesandviageneralizationalsotheemergenceofnewbehaviorsandlivingorganismsproblemtentativetheoryattemptederroreliminationespeciallybywayofcriticaldiscussionandnewproblemsseepoppersobjectiveknowledgerevisedjohnboydmilitarystrategistmadehiskeyconceptthedecisioncycleorjohnboydmilitarystrategisttheoodaloopoodaloopconsistingoffourstagesobservationdataintakethroughthesensesorientationanalysisandsynthesisofdatadecisionandactionboydheldthathisdecisioncyclehasphilosophicalgeneralitythoughforstrategiststhepointremainsthatthroughswiftdecisionsonecandisruptanopponentsdecisioncyclerichardmckeonoutlinedfourclasseseachwithfoursubclassesofmodesofphilosophicalinquirymodesofbeingbeingmodesofthoughtthatwhichismodesoffactexistencemodesofsimplicityexperienceandcorrespondingtothemfourclasseseachwithfoursubclassesofphilosophicalsemanticsprinciplesmethodsinterpretationsandselectionsseemckeonsphilosophicsemanticsandphilosophicinquiryinfreedomandhistoryandotheressaysjonathanloweejlowearguesinthefourcategoryontologyforfourcategorieskindssubstantialuniversalsattributesrelationaluniversalsandpropertyuniversalsobjectssubstantialparticularsandmodesrelationalparticularsandpropertyparticularsalsoknownastropephilosophytropesseelowesrecentadvancesinmetaphysicscsvassareduweltycfoisfoiskeynoteeprintfouropposedcampsofthemoralityandnatureofevilmoralabsolutismamoralismmoralrelativismandmoraluniversalismintechnologytheresinidentificationcodeusedinrecyclingtoidentifylowdensitypolyethylenemostfurniturehasfourlegstableschairsetcthefourcolorprocesscmykisusedforprintingwideuseofrectangleswithfouranglesandfoursidesbecausetheyhaveeffectiveformandcapabilityforcloseadjacencytoeachotherhousesroomstablesbrickssheetsofpaperscreensfilmframesintherichtextformatspecificationlanguagecodeisforthechineselanguagecodesforregionalvariantsofchinesearecongruenttocreditcardmachineshavefourtwelvefunctionkeysonmostphonesthekeyisassociatedwiththelettersghandibutontheblackberrycellularphoneitisthekeyfordandfonmanycomputerkeyboardsthekeymayalsobeusedtotypethedollarsigniftheshiftkeyishelddownitisthenumberofbitsinanibbleequivalenttohalfabyteininternetslangcanreplacethewordforasfourandforarepronouncedsimilarlyforexampletypinguinsteadofforyouinleetspeakmaybeusedtoreplacetheletteratheinternetprotocolsuitetcpipstackconsistsoffourlayersintransportmanyinternalcombustionenginesarecalledfourstrokeenginesbecausetheycompleteonethermodynamiccycleinfourdistinctstepsintakecompressionpowerandexhaustmostvehiclesincludingmotorvehiclesandparticularlyautomobilecarsautomobilesandlightcommercialvehicleshavefourroadwheelsquattrofourwheeldrivesystemquattromeaningfourintheitalianlanguageisusedbyaudiasatrademarktoindicatethatfourwheeldrivewdtechnologiesareusedonaudibrandedcarsthewordquattrowasinitiallyusedbyaudiininitsoriginalwdcouptheaudiquattroaudialsohasaprivatelyheldsubsidiarycompanycalledquattrogmbhlistofhighwaysnumberedinsportsinbaseballtherearefourbasesinthegamefirstbasesecondbasethirdbaseandhomeplatetoscorearunanoffensiveplayermustcompleteinthesequenceshownacircuitofthosefourbaseswhenabatterreceivesfourpitchesthattheumpiredeclarestobestrikezoneballsinasingleatbatabaseonballsinformallyknownasawalkisawardedwiththebattersenttofirstbaseforscoringnumberisassignedtothesecondbasemanfouristhemostnumberofrunsthatcanbescoredonanysingleatbatwherebyallthreebaserunnersandthebatterscorethemostcommonbeingviaagrandslambaseballgrandslaminbasketballthenumberfourisusedtodesignatethepowerforwardbasketballpowerforwardpositionoftenreferredtoasthefourspotorthefourincricketafourisaspecifictypeofscoringeventwherebytheballcrossestheboundarycricketboundaryaftertouchingthegroundatleastonetimescoringfourrunstakingfourwicketsinfourconsecutiveballsistypicallyreferredtoasadoublehattricktwoconsecutiveoverlappinghattricksinrowingsportrowingafourreferstoaboatforfourrowerswithorwithoutcoxswaininrowingnomenclaturerepresentsacoxlessfourandrepresentsacoxedfourinrugbyleagueatryisworthpointsoneofthetwostartingcentreswearsthejerseynumberanexceptiontothisruleistheeuropeansuperleaguewhichusesstaticsquadnumberinginrugbyuniononeofthetwostartinglockrugbyunionlockswearsthejerseynumberinthestandardrugbyunionbonuspointssystembonuspointssystemapointisawardedintheleaguestandingstoateamthatscoresatleasttriesinamatchregardlessofthematchresultinotherfieldsforthephrasefourletterwordisusedtodescribemanyprofanityswearwordsintheenglishlanguagefouristheonlynumberwhosenameinenglishhasthesamenumberoflettersasitsvaluefourformalwritingpinyinsisconsideredanunluc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ngsixthpeoplewithsexdactylyhavesixfingersoneachhandthemeasuringinstrumentcalledasextantgotitsnamebecauseitsshapeformsonesixthofawholecircleagroupofsixmusiciansiscalledasextetsixbabiesdeliveredinonebirtharesextupletssexyprimepairsprimepairsdifferingbysixaresexybecausesexisthelatinwordforsixevolutionoftheglyphtheevolutionofourmodernglyphforappearsrathersimplewhencomparedwiththatfortheothernumeralsourmoderncanbetracedbacktothebrahminsofindiawhowroteitinonestrokelikeacursivelowercaseerotateddegreesclockwisegraduallytheupperpartofthestrokeabovethecentralsquigglebecamemorecurvedwhilethelowerpartofthestrokebelowthecentralsquigglebecamestraighterthearabsdroppedthepartofthestrokebelowthesquigglefromtheretheeuropeanevolutiontoourmodernwasverystraightforwardasidefromaflirtationwithaglyphthatlookedmorelikeanuppercasegonthesevensegmentdisplaysofcalculatorsandwatchesisusuallywrittenwithsixsegmentssomehistoricalcalculatormodelsusejustfivesegmentsforthebyomittingthetophorizontalbarthisglyphvarianthasnotcaughtonforcalculatorsthatcandisplayresultsinhexadecimalathatlookslikeabisnotpracticaljustasinmostmoderntypefacesintypefaceswithtextfiguresthecharacterusuallyhasanascendertypographyascenderasforexampleinthisnumeralresemblesaninvertedtodisambiguatethetwoonobjectsanddocumentsthatcanbeinvertedthehasoftenbeenunderlinedbothinhandwritingandonprintedlabelsinmusichasstringinstrumentstringsinartiststhesixinenglishwasagroupconsistingofthefrenchcomposersandinthesbandswiththenumbersixintheirnameincludesixorgansofadmittanceoclocksaintselectricsixevelosxeyisbasqueforsixoutonbluesixsixinsixsixpencenonethericherslantvanityandyoumeatsixisthepseudonymofunitedstatesamericanmusicianshawncrahanwhenperformingwiththebandslipknotbandslipknotininstrumentsastandardguitarhassixstringsmostwoodwindinstrumentshavesixbasicholesorkeysegbassoonclarinetpennywhistlesaxophonetheseholesorkeysareusuallynotgivennumbersorlettersinthefingeringchartsinmusictheorytherearesixwholetonesinanoctavetherearesixsemitonesinatritoneinworkssixgeesealayingweregivenasapresentonthesixthdayinthepopularchristmascarolthetwelvedaysofchristmassongthetwelvedaysofchristmasdividedinsixariashexachordumapollinisisgenerallyregardedasoneofthepinnaclesofjohannpachelbelsoeuvrethethemeofthesixthalbumbydreamtheatersixdegreesofinnerturbulencewasthenumbersixthealbumhassixsongsandthesixthsongnbspthatisthecompleteseconddiscnbspexploresthestoriesofsixindividualssufferingfromvariousmentalillnessesaristotlegavesixelementsoftragedythefirstofwhichismythosinreligiontherearepointsonastarofdavidordersofthemishnahsymbolicfoodsplacedonthepassoversederplategodtooksixdaystocreatetheworldintheoldtestamentbookofgenesishumankindwascreatedondayinthecityofgodbookcityofgodaugustineofhipposuggestednewadventorgfathershtmbookchapterthatgodscreationoftheworldtooksixdaysbecauseisaperfectnumberthejudaismjewishholidayofshavuotstartsonthesixthdayofthehebrewcalendarhebrewmonthofsivanseraphshavesixwingsinislamtherearesixarticlesofbelieffastingsixdaysofshawwaltogetherwiththemonthoframadanisequivalenttofastingthewholeyearinstikaandnstikahindutheologyahinduunitsofmeasurementsmallunitsoftimeusedinthevedastrasarenuisthecombinationofsixcelestialparamnusvaisheshikatheatomictheoryatomsseealsotaoismsixlinesofaichinghexagramthreedepartmentsandsixministriessixministriesofemperorofchinahuangdiinscienceastronomymessierobjectmessierobjectmamagnitudeopenclusterintheconstellationscorpiusalsoknownasthebutterflyclusterthenewgeneralcataloguengcicorgobjectngcaspiralgalaxyintheconstellationandromedaconstellationandromedatheromannumeralvistandsforsubdwarfsinthestellarclassificationyerkesspectralclassificationschemeusuallystandsforthesixthdiscoveredsatelliteofaplanetorminorplanetegjupitervibiologyaresidedthecellsofabeehivearehexagonsidedinsectshavesixlegssixkingdomsinthetaxonomicrankbelowdomainbiologyanimaliaplantaefungiprotistaarchaeaarchaeabacteriaandbacteriaeubacteriaseekingdombiologythesixelementsmostcommoninbiomoleculesarecalledthechnopselementsthelettersstandforthechemicalabbreviationsofcarbonhydrogennitrogenoxygenphosphorusandsulfurseechonchemistryofbenzenehasaaromaticityringofsixcarbonatomsabenzenemoleculehasaringofsixcarbonatomsistheatomicnumberofcarbonthesixfoldsymmetryofsnowflakesarisesfromthehexagonalcrystalstructureoficeordinaryiceahexamerisanoligomermadeofsixsubunitsmedicinetherearesixtastesintraditionalindianmedicinecalledayurvedasweetsoursaltybitterpungentandastringentthesetastesareusedtosuggestadietbasedonthesymptomsofthebodyphaseisoneofsixwhopandemicphasespandemicinfluenzaphasesphysicsofparticlephysicstherearesixflavourparticlephysicstypesofquarksandsixtypesofleptonsinthestandardmodelofparticlephysicstherearesixtypesofquarksandsixtypesofleptonsinstatisticalmechanicstheicetypemodelsixvertexmodelhassixpossibleconfigurationsofarrowsateachvertextherearesixcolorsinthergbcolorwheelprimaryredbluegreensecondarycyanmagentaandyellowseetertiarycolorinthreedimensionalspacethreedimensionaleuclideanspacetherearesixunknownreactionphysicssupportreactionsforastaticallyindeterminatestaticallydeterminatestructureoneforceineachofthethreedimensionsandonemomentphysicsmomentthrougheachofthreepossibleorthogonalplanegeometryplanesinsportstheoriginalsixteamsinthenationalhockeyleaguearetorontomapleleafstorontochicagoblackhawkschicagomontrealcanadiensmontrealnewyorkrangersnewyorkbostonbruinsbostonanddetroittheyaretheoldestremainingteamsintheleaguethoughnotnecessarilythefirstsixtheycomprisedtheentireleaguefromnhlseasontonhlexpansionnumberofplayersinassociationfootballsoccerthenumberofsubstitutescombinedbybothteamsthatareallowedinthegameinicehockeythenumberofplayersperteamincludingthegoaltenderthatareontheiceatanyonetimeexcludingpenaltysituationsinvolleyballsixplayersfromeachteamoneachsideplayagainsteachothersixmanfootballisavariantofamericanorcanadianfootballplayedbysmallerschoolswithinsufficientenrollmenttofieldthetraditionalmanamericanormancanadiansquadalsoinvolleyballstandardrulesonlyallowsixtotalsubstitutionsperteampersetsubstitutionsinvolvingtheliberoadefensivespecialistwhocanonlyplayinthebackrowarenotcountedagainstthislimitscoringinbothamericanfootballamericanandcanadianfootballpointsareawardedforatouchdowninaustralianrulesfootballpointsareawardedforagoalscoredwhenakickedballpassesbetweenthedefendingteamstwoinnergoalpostswithouthavingbeentouchedbyanotherplayerinmostrugbyleaguecompetitionsbutnottheeuropeansuperleaguewhichusesstaticsquadnumberingthejerseynumberiswornbythestartingfiveeighthsouthernhemispheretermorstandoffhalfnorthernhemisphereterminrugbyunionthestartingblindsideflankerwearsjerseynumbersometeamsuseleftandrightflankersinsteadofopensideandblindsidewithbeingwornbythestartingleftflankerintechnologyonmostphonesthekeyisassociatedwiththelettersmnandobutontheblackberryitisthekeyforjandkandontheblackberryseriesandblackberrycurvecurvewithfullkeyboarditisthekeyforfthemeterbandinamateurradioincludesthefrequenciesfromtonbspmhzistheresinidentificationcodeusedinrecyclingtoidentifypolystyreneincalendarsintheancientromancalendarsextiliswasthesixthmonthafterthejuliancalendarjulianreformjunebecamethesixthmonthandsextiliswasrenamedaugustsextidiwasthesixthdayofthedecadeinthefrenchrevolutionarycalendarintheartsandentertainmentgamesthenumberofsidesonacubehencethehighestnumberonastandarddicediethesixsidedtilesonahexgridareusedinmanytabletopandboardgamesthehighestnumberononeendofastandarddominoesdominocomicsandcartoonsthesuperaanimatedcartoonseriesfeaturingsixdifferentsuperpoweredheroesthebionicsixaretheheroesoftheeponymousanimatedseriessinistersixisagroupofsupervillainswhoappearinamericancomicbookspublishedbymarvelcomicsliteraturethepowerofsixisabookwrittenbypittacusloreandthesecondinthelorienlegaciesseriesnumberisacharacterinthebookserieslorienlegaciestvnumbersixbattlestargalacticanumbersixtriciahelferisafamilyoffictionalcharactersfromthereimaginedsciencefictiontelevisionseriesbattlestargalacticatvseriesbattlestargalacticanumberthemainprotagonistintheprisonerplayedbypatrickmcgoohanandportrayedbyjimcaviezelintheprisonerminiseriestheremakesixisacharacterinthetelevisionseriesblossomtvseriesblossomplayedbyjennavonosixisthenicknameofkalvarrikacentralcharacterinthetelevisionseriesdarkmattertvseriesdarkmatterplayedbyrogercrosssixtvseriessixisahistoryustvchannelhistorychannelseriesthatchroniclestheoperationsanddailylivesofsealteamsixmoviesnumberteresapalmerisacharacterinthemovieiamnumberfourfilmiamnumberfouranthropologythenameofthesmallestgroupofcubscoutsandguidingsequivalentbrowniegirlguidesbrowniestraditionallyconsistingofsixpeopleandisledbyasixeracoffinistraditionallyburiedsixfeetunderthegroundthusthephrasesixfeetundermeansthatapersonorthingorconceptisdeadtherearesaidtobenomorethansixdegreesofseparationbetweenanytwopeopleonearthinwesternastrologyvirgoastrologyvirgoisthethastrologicalsignofthezodiacsixhumanphysicalneedsbreathingbreatheurinationdefecationwaterfoodandsexthesixdynastiesformpartofchinesehistoryisaluckynumbersinchineseculturenumberinchineseculturethebirminghamsixwereabritishmiscarriageofjusticeheldinprisonforyearssixisusedasaninformalslangtermforthebritishsecretintelligenceservicemiinotherfieldsforsixpackringssixpackisacommonformofpackagingforsixbottlesorcansofdrinkespeciallybeerandbyextensionotherassemblagesofsixitemsthefundamentalflightinstrumentslumpedtogetheronacockpitdisplayareoftencalledthebasicsixorsixpackthenumberofdotsinabraillecellseealsosixdegreesdisambiguationextrasensoryperceptionissometimescalledthesixthsensesixflagsisanamericancompanyrunningamusementparksandthemeparksintheuscanadaandmexicointheusarmysixaspartofamilitarycallsignradiocallsignisusedbythecommandingofficerofaunitwhilesubordinateplatoonleadersusuallygobyonerefcitebooklastmasonfirstrobertauthorlinkrobertmasonwritertitlechickenhawkyearpublishercorgibookslocationlondonisbnpagerefforasimilarexampleseealsorainbowsixreferencestheoddnumberjatoddmathproccambphilsocapropertyofthenumbersixchapterpcameronjhvlintdesignsgraphscodesandtheirlinkswellsdthepenguindictionaryofcuriousandinterestingnumbe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interturkicstemsstartingwithletterslmnpsvostochnajaliteraturarasfaltaicarulibraryeedtlhtmaltaicarurefthissameprincipleisfoundinfinniclanguagesfinnicwiktappendixprotofinnickakteksakakteksawhichconveysameaningoftwobeforetentheprotoindoeuropeanreconstructionwiktappendixprotoindoeuropeanotwotwitselfhasbeenarguedasrepresentinganolddualwhichwouldcorrespondtoanoriginalmeaningoftwicefourproponentsofthisquaternaryhypothesisadducethenumeralwhichmightbebuiltonthestemnewmeaningnewindicatingthebeginningofanewsetofnumeralsafterhavingcountedtoeightrefthehypothesisisdiscussedcriticallyandrejectedaswithoutsufficientsupportbywernerwintersomethoughtaboutindoeuropeannumeralsinjadrankagvozdanoviedindoeuropeannumeralswalterdegruyterfrefglyphimageevoglyphsvgthumbevolutionofthenumeralfromtheindianstotheeuropeansthemodernglyphlikeallmodernhinduarabicnumeralsotherthanzerooriginateswiththebrahminumeralsthebrahminumeralforeightbythestnbspcenturywaswritteninonestrokeasacurvelookinglikeanuppercasehwiththebottomhalfoftheleftlineandtheupperhalfoftherightlineremovedhowevertheeightglyphusedinindiaintheearlycenturiesofthecommoneradevelopedconsiderablevariationandinsomecasestooktheshapeofasinglewedgewhichwasadoptedintothepersoarabictraditionaswiktandalsogaverisetothelaterdevanagarinumeralwiktthealternativecurvedglyphalsoexistedasavariantinpersoarabictraditionwhereitcametolooksimilartoourglyphthenumeralsasusedinalandalusbythethcenturywereadistinctivewesternvariantoftheglyphsusedinthearabicspeakingworldknownasghubrnumeralsghubrtranslatingtosandtableinthesenumeralsthelineofthelikeglyphusedinindianmanuscriptsforeightcametobeformedinghubrasaclosedloopwhichwastheshapethatbecameadoptedintoeuropeanuseinthethnbspcenturyjustasinmostmoderntypefacesintypefaceswithtextfiguresthecharacterusuallyhasanascendertypographyascenderasforexampleinimagetextfigssvgtheinfinitysymboldescribedasasidewaysfigureeightisunrelatedtotheglyphinoriginitisfirstusedinthemathematicalmeaninginfinityinthethnbspcenturyanditmaybederivedfromtheromannumeralforonethousandcioralternativelyfromthefinalgreekletterthenumeraleightingreeknumeralsdevelopedinclassicalgreecebythethcenturybcwaswrittenastheeighthletterofthegreekalphabetthechinesenumeraleightiswrittenintwostrokestheglyphisalsotheradicalthkangxiradicalinsciencephysicsinnuclearphysicsthesecondmagicnumberphysicsmagicnumberinparticlephysicstheeightfoldwayphysicseightfoldwayisusedtoclassifysubatomicparticlesinstatisticalmechanicstheeightvertexmodelhaspossibleconfigurationsofarrowsateachvertexastronomymessierobjectlagoonnebulamamagnitudenebulaintheconstellationofsagittariusconstellationsagittariusthenewgeneralcataloguengcicorgobjectngcadoublestarintheconstellationpegasusconstellationpegasussincethedemotionofplutotoadwarfplanetonaugustinoursolarsystemeightofthebodiesorbitingthesunareconsideredtobeplanetschemistrytheatomicnumberofoxygenthenumberofallotropesofcarbonthemoststableallotropeofasulfurmoleculeismadeofeightsulfuratomsarrangedinarhombicformthemaximumnumberofelectronsthatcanoccupyaelectronshellvalenceshellsvalenceshelltheredpigmentlycopeneconsistsofeightisopreneunitsgeologyadisphenoidcrystalisboundedbyeightscalenetrianglesarrangedinpairsaditetragonalprisminthetetragonalcrystalsystemhaseightsimilarfaceswhosealternateinterfacialanglesonlyareequalbiologyallspidersandmoregenerallyallarachnidshaveeightlegsorbweaverspidersofthecosmopolitanfamilyareneidaehaveeightsimilareyestheoctopusanditscephalopodrelativesingenusargonautanimalargonautahaveeightarmstentaclescompoundcoelenteratesofthesubclassororderoctocoralliaalcyonariahavepolypswitheightbranchedtentaclesandeightseptaseaanemonesofgenusedwardsiahaveeightmesenteryinvertebrateanatomymesenteriesanimalsofphylumctenophoraswimbymeansofeightmeridionalbandsoftransverseciliatedplateseachplaterepresentingarowoflargemodifiedciliathealypiaoctomaculataeightspottedforestergenusalypiafamilyzygaenidaeisadiurnalmothhavingblackwingswithbrilliantwhitespotstheascusinfungioftheclassascomycotaascomycetesversusascomycetesascomycetesfollowingnuclearfusionbearswithinittypicallyeightascosporesherbsofgenuscoreopsistickseedhaveshowyflowerheadswithinvolucralbractsintwodistinctseriesofeighteachtimothylearyidentifiedacircuitmodelofconsciousnesshierarchyofeightlevelsofconsciousnessinhumanadultdentitionthereareeightteethineachquadranttheeighthtoothisthesocalledwisdomtooththereareeightcervicalnervesoneachsideinmanandmostmammalsintechnologyimageicseightsvgrightthumbpxnavalflagsignallingnumeralsnatosignalflagforabyteiseightbitsmanymostlyhistoriccomputerarchitecturesareeightbitamongthemthenintendoentertainmentsystemstandardmmfilmstandardandsupermmfilmsuperarenbspmmlistoffilmformatsfilmformatsvideohianddigitalarerelatedmmvideoformatsonmostphonesthekeyisassociatedwiththeletterstuandvbutontheblackberryitisthekeyforbnandxaneightmayrefertoaneightcylinderengineorautomobileavengineisaninternalcombustionenginewitheightcylindersconfiguredintwobanksrowsoffourformingavwhenseenfromtheendafigureeightknotsonamedforitsconfigurationisakindofstopperknotthenumbereightwritteninparenthesesisthecodeforthemusicalnoteinwindowslivemessengerinasevensegmentdisplaywhenanisilluminatedallthedisplaybulbsareoninmeasurementthesiprefixforsupsupisyottayandforitsreciprocalyoctoyinliquidmeasurementunitedstatescustomaryunitsthereareeightfluidouncesinacupvolumecupeightpintsinagallonandeighttablespoonfulsinagillvolumegillthereareeightfurlongsinamilethecloveanoldenglishunitsavoirdupoisenglishunitofweightwasequaltoeightpoundswhenmeasuringcheeseaneightmaybeanarticleofclothingoftheeighthclothingsizessizeforceeightisthefirstwindstrengthattributedtoagaleonthebeaufortscalewhenannouncedonashippingforecastinculturearchitecturevarioustypesofbuildingsareusuallyeightsidedoctagonalsuchassingleroomedgazebosandmultiroomedpagodasdescendedfromstupasseereligionsectionbeloweightglossaryofarchitectureccaulicolesriseoutoftheleafageinacorinthianordercorinthiancapitalendinginleavesthatsupportthevolutesinreligionfolkbeliefanddivinationbuddhismimagedharmawheelsvgthumbrightinbuddhismthespokeddharmacakrarepresentsthenobleeightfoldpaththedharmacakraabuddhismbuddhistsymbolhaseightspokesthebuddhasprincipalteachingthefournobletruthsramifiesasthenobleeightfoldpathandthebuddhaemphasizestheimportanceoftheeightattainmentsorjhanasinmahayanabuddhismthebranchesoftheeightfoldpathareembodiedbytheeightgreatbodhisattvasmanjusrivajrapaniavalokitevaramaitreyaksitigarbhanivaranavishkambhiakasagarbhaandsamantabhadrathesearelatercontroversiallyassociatedwiththeeightconsciousnessesaccordingtotheyogacaraschoolofthoughtconsciousnessinthefivesensesthoughtconsciousnessselfconsciousnessandunconsciousnessconsciousnessorstorehouseconsciousnessalayavijanatheirreversiblestateofenlightenmentatwhichpointabodhisattvagoesonautopilotistheeightgroundorbhmiingeneraleightseemstobeanauspiciousnumberforbuddhistsegtheeightauspicioussymbolsthejewelencrustedparasolthegoldfishalwaysshownasapairegtheglyphofpiscestheselfreplenishingamphorathewhitekamalalotusflowerthewhiteconchtheeternalcelticstyleinfinitelyloopingknotthebannerofimperialvictorytheeightspokedwheelthatguidestheshipofstateorthatsymbolizesthebuddhasteachingsimilarlybuddhasbirthdaybuddhasbirthdayfallsonthethdayofthethmonthofthechinesecalendarjudaismthereligiousriteofbritmilahcommonlyknownascircumcisionisheldonababyboyseighthdayoflifehanukkahisaneightdayjewishholidaythatstartsonthethdayofkislevsheminiatzerethebrewlanguagehebreweighthdayofassemblyisaonedayjewishholidayimmediatelyfollowingthesevendayholidayofsukkotchristianitythespiritualtheeighthdaychristianeighthdaybecausethenumberreferstothedaysoftheweekwhichrepeatthemselvesthenumberofbeatitudeswikisourcebiblekingjamespeterpeterstatesthattherewereeightpeopleonnoahsarktheantichrististheeighthkinginthebookofrevelationislaminislameightisthenumberofangelscarryingthethroneofgodthroneofallahinheaventhenumberofgatesofheaventaoismbaguabaxianbaduanjinbaduanjinothertheeightimmortalsarechinesedemigodsinwiccathereareeightsabbatsfestivalsseasonsorspokesinthewheeloftheyearinhinduismitisthenumberofwealthabundancethegoddesslakshmihaseightformsthereareeightnidhiorseatsofwealththerearealsoeightguardiansofthedirectionsintaoismandchinesecosmologytheeighttrigramsofthebaguabagualiterallymeanseightsymbolsinancientegyptianmythologytheogdoadegyptianogdoadrepresentstheancientegyptiancreationmythseightprimordialdeitiesofcreationinscientologythereareeightdynamicsofexistenceasaluckynumberthissectionislinkedfromsummerolympicsthenumbereightisconsideredtobeanumbersinchinesecultureluckynumberinchineseandotherasiancultureseightchinesenumeralsnumeralcharactersaccountingpinyinbisconsideredanumbersinchinesecultureeightluckynumberinchineseculturebecauseitsoundslikethewordmeaningtogeneratewealthpinyinfpropertywiththenumbermaybevaluedgreatlybychineseforexampleahongkongvehicleregistrationplatenumberplatewiththenumberwassoldfortheopeningceremonyofthesummerolympicssummerolympicsinbeijingstartedatsecondsandminutespastpmlocaltimeonaugustrefnamegametheguardiancomsportaugolympicsopeningceremonypatriotgameschinamakesitspointwithgreatestshowbyrichardwilliamstheguardianpublishedaugustrefisalsoconsideredaluckynumberinjapanbutthereasonisdifferentfromthatinchinesecultureeightgivesanideaofgrowingprosperousbecausetheletterbroadensgraduallythejapanesethoughtofasaholynumberintheancienttimesthereasonislesswellunderstoodbutitisthoughtthatitisrelatedtothefacttheyusedeighttoexpresslargenumbersvaguelysuchasliterallyeightfoldandtwentyfoldliterallyeightcloudsliterallyeightmillionsofgodsetcitisalsoguessedthattheancientjapanesegaveimportancetopairssosomeresearchersguesstwiceaswhichisalsoguessedtobeaholynumberinthosetimesbecauseitindicatestheworldnorthsoutheastandwestmightbeconsideredaveryholynumberinnumerologyisthenumberofbuildingandinsometheoriesalsothenumberofdestructioninastrologyinastrologyscorpiusscorpioisthethastrologicalsignofthezodiacinthemiddleageswasthenumberofunmovingstarsintheskyandsymbolizedtheperfectionofincomingplanetaryenergyinmusicanddanceanoteplayedforoneeighththedurationofawholenoteiscalledaneighthnoteorquaveranoctavetheintervalbetweentwomusicalnoteswiththesameletternamewhereonehasdoublethefrequencyoftheotherissocalledbecausethereareeightnotesbetweenthetwoonastandardmajororminordiatonicscaleincludingthenotesthemselvesandwithoutchromaticdeviationtheecclesiasticalmusicalmodemodesareascendingdiatonicmusicalscalesofeightnotesortonescomprisinganoctavethereareeightnotesintheoctatonicscalethereareeightmusiciansinadoublequartetoranoctetmusicoctetbothtermsmayalsorefertoamusicalcompositionforeightvoicesorinstrumentscaledoniansisasquaredanceforeightresemblingthequadrillealbumswiththenumbereightintheirtitleincludebytheswedishbandarvingarnaincubusalbumbytheamericanrockbandincubusbandincubusandthemeaningofbyminnesotaindierockbandcloudcultdreamtheaterseighthalbumoctavariumalbumoctavariumcontainsmanydifferentreferencestothenumberincludingthenumberofsongsandvariousaspectsofthemusicandcoverartworkeightmaidsamilkingisthegiftontheeighthdayofchristmasinthecarolthetwelvedaysofchristmassongthetwelvedaysofchristmasthetracktapetrackcartridgeisamusicalrecordingformatisthestagenameofslipknotbandslipknotvocalistcoreytaylortoomanyeightsisasongbyathensgeorgiassuperclusterbandsuperclustereightsecondsacanadianmusicalgrouppopularintheswiththeirmostnotablesongkissyouwhenitsdangerouseightdaysaweeksongeightdaysaweekisasingleforthemusicgroupthebeatlesfigurealbumfigureisthefifthstudioalbumbysingersongwriterelliottsmithreleasedintheyearminghaofromthekpopgroupseventeenbandperformanceunitseventeengoesbythenametheinfilmandtelevisionguysisashortfilmwrittenanddirectedbydanecookmanoreightmanjapanesemangaandanimesuperheromilefilmmileisafilmdirectedbycurtishansonmmfilmmmisafilmdirectedbyjoelschumacherwomenoriginalfrenchtitlefemmesisafilmdirectedbyfranoisozoneightbelowisafilmdirectedbyfrankmarshallfilmproducerfrankmarshalleightleggedfreaksisafilmdirectedbyelloryelkayemeightmenoutisafilmdirectedbyjohnsaylesjennifereightalsoknownasjenniferisafilmwrittenanddirectedbybrucerobinsoneightisenoughisanamericantelevisioncomedydramaseriesinstargatesgandstargateatlantisdialinganchevronaddresswillopenawormholetoanothergalaxythehatefuleightisaamericanwesternmysteryfilmwrittenanddirectedbyquentintarantinokateplusisanamericanrealitytelevisionshowtheweatherchannelssegmentlocalonthesfeaturesdailyandweeklyforecastsforregionsallovertheunitedstatessbsnewsisasouthkoreanprimetimenewsprogrambroadcastonsbsinsportsandothergameseightballpocketbilliardsisplayedwithacueballandnumberedballstheblackballnumberedbeingthemiddleandmostimportantoneasthewinneristheplayerorsidethatlegallypocketsitafterfirstpocketingitsnumericalgroupofobjectballsforothermeaningsseeeightballdisambiguationbalklinesdivideabilliardstableintoeightoutsidecompartmentsordivisionscalledbalksinbalklineandstraightrailtheascendancyofbalklinebalklinebilliardsthetablealsohaseightanchorspacesinchesseachsidehaseightpawnsandtheboardismadeofsquaresarrangedinaneightbyeightlatticetheeightqueenspuzzleisachallengetoarrangeeightqueensontheboardsothatnonecancaptureanyoftheothersinthegameofeightsorcrazyeightseachsuccessiveplayermustplayacardeitherofthesamesuitorofthesamerankasthatplayedbytheprecedingplayerormayplayaneightandcallforanysuittheobjectistogetridofallonescardsfirstinassociationfootballthenumberhashistoricallybeenthenumberofthecentralmidfielderinbaseballscorekeepingthecenterfielderisdesignatedasnumberinrugbyuniontheonlypositionwithoutapropernameisthenumbereightrugbyunionnumberaforwardpositioninmostrugbyleaguecompetitionsthoughnottheeuropeansuperleaguewhichusesstaticsquadnumberingoneofthetwostartingpropswearsthenumberinrowingsportrowinganeightreferstoasweepoarracingboatwithacrewofeightrowersplusacoxswaininthesummerolympicsgamesofthexxixolympiadtheofficialopeningwasonatnbsppmlocaltimeinbeijingchinainthethestanleyparablestanleyparabledemonstrationthereisaneightbuttonthatwhenpressedsaysthewordeightintheracingvideogamemariokartthereisanitemcalledthecrazyeightinfoodsnestlsellsabrandofchocolatesfilledwithpeppermintflavouredcreamcalledaftereightreferringtothetimepmthereareeightvegetablesinvbeveragevjuiceincookingrecipesthereareapproximatelypinchestoateaspooninliteratureeightsmayrefertooctosyllableoctosyllabicusuallycholiambiambicmeterpoetrylinesofversethedrottkvaettanoldicelandicverseconsistedofastanzaofeightregularlinesinterrypratchettsdiscworldserieseightisamagicalnumberandisconsideredtabooeightisnotsafetobesaidbywizardsonthediscworldworlddiscworldandisthenumberofdiscworldgodsbelshamharothbelshamharothalsothereareeightdaysinadiscweekandeightcoloursinadiscspectrumtheeighthonebeingoctarinelewiscarrollspoemthehuntingofthesnarkhasfitscantoswhichisnotedinthefullnamethehuntingofthesnarkanagonyineightfitseightapparitionsappeartomacbethcharactermacbethinactsceneofshakespearesmacbethasrepresentationsoftheeightdescendantsofbanquoinslanganeighthisacommonmeasurementofcannabisdrugmarijuanameaninganeighthofanounceitisalsoacommonunitofsaleforpsilocybinmushroomsalsoaneighthofanounceofcocaineiscommonlyreferredtoasanballreferringtotheshapeofthenumeraleightwasformerlyrepresentedinbingousbingoslangasonefatladyeightyeightwastwofatladiesthenumeralissometimesusedininformalwritingandinternetslangtorepresentthesyllableateasinwritinghforhateorcongratulionsforcongratulationsavrillavignessongskerboiusesthisconventioninthetitlesectioniscommonusslangforcrazybasedontheunitedstatesarmedforcesusmilitaryssectionmilitarysectiondischargeformentaldisordermentallyunfitpersonnelthesectionhousinghousingchoicevoucherprogramoperatedbytheunitedstatesdepartmentofhousingandurbandevelopmentiscommonlyreferredtoasthesectionprogramasthiswastheoriginalsectionoftheactwhichinstitutedtheprogramincolombiaandvenezuelavolverseunochomeaningtotieoneselfinafigurereferstogettingintroubleorcontradictingoneselfinchinaisusedinchatspeakasatermforpartingthisisduetotheclosenessinpronunciationofbandtheenglishwordbyeseealsothemagicalnumbersevenplusorminustworeferencesexternallinksmathucreduhomebaezoctonionsoctonionshtmltheoctonionsjohncbaezxbartheoryisatheoryofsyntacticcategoryformationitembodiestwoindependentclaimsonethatphrasesmaycontainintermediateconstituentsprojectedfromaheadxandtwothatthissystemofprojectedconstituencymaybecommontomorethanonecategoryegnvapetctheletterxisusedtosignifyanarbitrarylexicalcategorypartofspeechwhenanalyzingaspecificutterancespecificcategoriesareassignedthusthexmaybecomeannfornounavforverbanaforadjectiveorapforprepositionthetermxbarisderivedfromthenotationrepresentingthisstructurecertainstructuresarerepresentedbyspanstyletextdecorationoverlinexspananxwithabardiacriticbaroveritbecausethismaybedifficulttotypesetthisisoftenwrittenasxprimeusingtheprimesymbolprimesymbolorwithsuperscriptnumeralsasexponentsegxsupsupinenglishhoweverthisisstillreadasxbarthenotationxpstandsforxphraseandisattheequivalentlevelofxbarbarxwithadoubleoverbarwrittenxprimeorxsupsupusuallyreadaloudasxdoublebarxbartheorywasfirstproposedbynoamchomskyrefchomskynoamremarksonnominalizationinrjacobsandprosenbaumedsreadinginenglishtransformationalgrammarwalthamginnrefbuildingonzelligharrisschapproachtocategoriesandfurtherdevelopedbyrayjackendoffxbartheorywasincorporatedintobothtransformationalandnontransformationaltheoriesofsyntaxincludinggovernmentandbindingtheorygbgeneralizedphrasestructuregrammargpsglexicalfunctionalgrammarlfgandheaddrivenphrasestructuregrammarhpsgrecentworkintheminimalistprogramhaslargelyabandonedxbarschematainfavorofbarephrasestructureapproachescoreconceptstherearethreesyntaxassemblyruleswhichformthebasisofxbartheorytheserulescanbeexpressedinenglishasidlpgrammarimmediatedominancerulesfornaturallanguageusefulforexampleforprogrammersinthefieldofnaturallanguageprocessingorvisuallyasparsetreesallthreerepresentationsarepresentedbelowanxphraseconsistsofanoptionalspecifierlinguisticsspecifierandanxbarinanyorderxpspecifierxprimeprexpxporspecxxspecpreonekindofxbarconsistsofanxbarandanadjunctgrammaradjunctineitherorderxprimexprimeadjunctnotallxpscontainxprimeswithadjunctssothisrewriteruleisoptionalprexxorxadjunctadjunctxpreanotherkindofxbarconsistsofanxtheheadlinguisticsheadofthephraseandanynumberofcomplementlinguisticscomplementspossiblyzeroinanyorderxprimexcomplementprexxorxcomplementcomplementxpreaheadfirstandaheadfinalexampleshowingonecomplementhowtherulescombinethefollowingdiagramillustratesonewaytherulesmightbecombinedtoformagenericxpstructurebecausetherulesarerecursionrecursivethereisaninfinitenumberofpossiblestructuresthatcouldbegeneratedincludingsmallertreesthatomitoptionalpartsstructureswithmultiplecomplementsandadditionallayersofxpsandxprimesofvarioustypesprexpspecxxadjunctxcomplementheadprebecausealloftherulesallowcombinationinanyordertheleftrightpositionofthebranchesatanypointmaybereversedfromwhatisshownintheexamplehoweverinanygivenlanguageusuallyonlyonehandednessforeachruleisobservedtheaboveexamplemapsnaturallyontothelefttorightphraseorderusedinenglishnotethatacomplementcontainingxmaybedistinguishedfromanadjunctcontainingxbythefactthatthecomplementhasanxheadasasiblingwhereasanadjuncthasxbarasasiblingasimplenounphrasethenounphrasethecatmightberenderedlikethisprenpdetnthencatprethewordtheisadeterminerlinguisticsdeterminerspecificallyanarticlegrammararticlewhichatfirstwasbelievedtobeatypeofspecifierfornounstheheadisthedeterminerdwhichprojectsintoadeterminerphrasedpordetpthewordcatisthenounphrasenpwhichactsasthecomplementofthedeterminerphrasemorerecentlyithasbeensuggestedthatdistheheadofthenounphrasenotethatbrancheswithemptyspecifiersadjunctscomplementsandheadsareoftenomittedtoreducevisualclutterthedetpandnpabovehavenoadjunctsorcomplementssotheyendupbeingverylinearinenglishspecifiersprecedethexbarthatcontainstheheadthusdeterminersalwaysprecedetheirnounsiftheyareinthesamenounphraseotherlanguagesusedifferentwordorderafullsentenceformorecomplexutterancesdifferenttheoriesofgrammarassignxbartheoryelementstophrasetypesindifferentwaysconsiderthesentencehestudieslinguisticsattheuniversityatransformationalgrammartheorymightparsethissentenceasthefollowingdiagramshowsimagexbarstsvgrightthumbpxcenterxbartheorygraphofthesentencehestudieslinguisticsattheuniversityipinflectionalphrasetheipisaninflectionalphraseitsspecifieristhenounphrasenpwhichactsasthesubjectofthesentencethecomplementoftheipisthepredicategrammarpredicateofthesentenceaverbphrasevpthereisnowordinthesentencewhichexplicitlyactsastheheadoftheinflectionalphrasebutthisslotisusuallyconsideredtocontaintheunspokenpresenttenseimpliedbythetensemarkerontheverbstudiesaheaddrivenphrasestructuregrammarmightparsethissentencedifferentlyinthistheorythesentenceismodeledasaverbphrasevpthenounphrasenpthatisthesubjectofthesentenceislocatedinthespecifieroftheverbphrasethepredicateparsesthesamewayinboththeoriessubstitutiontestevidencefortheexistenceofxbarsmaybeprovidedbythevariouspossibilitiesofsubstitutionforexampletotheabovesentencehestudieslinguisticsattheuniversitysomeonemayreplyshedoesalsoheretheworddoesstandsfortheentirephrasestudieslinguisticsattheuniversityhoweverhadthereplybeenandshedoesatnightschooltheworddoeswouldstandforjuststudieslinguisticsthisimpliesthatsignificantconstituentscontainingtheverbexistattwolevelstheconstituentatthehigherlevelhereisnamedaverbphraseandthatatthelowerlevelavbarcomingabovetheverbitselfwhichisstudiesreductionintimstowelltriedtoderivexbartheoryfrommoregeneralprinciplesinhismitthesisoriginsofphrasestructureapathbreakingbutultimatelyunsuccessfuleffortaccordingtoandraskornaiandgeoffreypulluminthemidsthereweretwomajorattemptstodeduceversionsofxbartheoryfromindependentprinciplesrichardkaynestheoryofantisymmetryderivedxbartheoryfromtheassumptionthattherewasatightrelationbetweenstructureandlinearorderandnoamchomskyspaperbarephrasestructureattemptedtoeliminatelabellingiebarlevelsfromsyntaxanddeducetheireffectsfromotherprinciplesofthegrammarquantityofsentencestructuretheoriesofsyntaxthatbuildonthexbarschematendtopositalargeamountofsentencestructuretheconstituencybasedbinarybranchingstructuresofthexbarschemaincreasethenumberofnodesintheparsetreetotheupperlimitsofwhatispossibletheresultishighlylayeredtreestalltreesthatacknowledgeasmanysyntacticconstituentsaspossiblethenumberofpotentialdiscontinuitylinguisticsdiscontinuitiesincreaseswhichincreasestheroleofmovementupthetreeinaderivationaltheoryeggovernmentandbindingtheoryorfeaturepassingupanddownthetreeinarepresentationaltheoryeglexicalfunctionalgrammartheanalysisofphenomenasuchasinversionlinguisticsinversionandshiftingsyntaxshiftingbecomesmorecomplexbecausethesephenomenawillnecessarilyinvolvediscontinuitiesandthusnecessitatemovementorfeaturepassingwhetherthelargeamountofsentencestructureassociatedwithxbarschemataisnecessaryorbeneficialisamatterofdebateendocentricstructuresonlywhenthexbarschemawasintroducedandgenerallyadoptedintogenerativegrammarinthesitwasreplacingaviewofsyntaxthatallowedforendocentricexocentricstructureswithonethatviewsallsentencestructureasendocentricinotherwordsallphrasalunitsnecessarilyhaveaheadlinguisticsheadinthexbarschemaunlikethetraditionalbinarydivisionofthesentencesintoasubjectgrammarsubjectnounphrasenpandapredicategrammarpredicateverbphrasevpsnpvpwhichwasanexocentricdivisioninthisregardthexbarschemawastakinggenerativegrammaronesteptowardadependencygrammardependencybasedtheoryofsyntaxsincedependencybasedstructuresareincapableofacknowledgingexocentricdivisionsatthesametimethexbarschemawastakinggenerativegrammartwostepsawayfromadependencybasedunderstandingofsyntacticstructureinsofarasitwasallowingforanexplosionintheamountofsyntacticstructurethatthetheorycanpositdependencybasedstructuresincontrastnecessarilyrestricttheamountofsentencestructuretoanabsoluteminimumseealsominimalistprogrambarephrasestructurebarephrasestructureminimalistsyntaxphrasestructurerulessentencediagramreferencesexternallinkslingupennedubeatricesyntaxtextbookindexhtmlkornaicompapersxbarverpdfwebserviceinfoboxradiostationnamexeramimagecityvillaacuamexicoareanorthamericabrandingsunshinestationbetweenthenationssloganfrequencytranslatorairdateaugustinradioformattalklanguageenglishpowerwattserphaatfeetclasscoordinatescallsignmeaningformercallsignsformerfrequencieshertzkcbrkcaffiliationsdrjohnrbrinkleyownerdrjohnrbrinkleylicenseedrjohnrbrinkleyxerarethecalllettersofafamousborderblasterborderblasterradiostationlicensedtociudadacuavillaacuacoahuilamexicouponlicenseapplicationofjohnrbrinkleyoftheusstateofkansasitfirstcameontheairinitwasforciblyshutdownbythemexicanauthoritiesinandthevillaacuabroadcastingcompanywasdissolvedhistoryofxerxercalleditselfthesunshinestationbetweenthenationsanditbroadcastonkcsontheamplitudemodulationambandfromvillaacuacoahuilatheownerofxerwasdrjohnrbrinkleyofkansaswhomovedtodelriotexasdelriotexaswhereheestablishedamanagementcompanycalledvillaacuabroadcastingcompanyitfirstsignedonaugustwithanbspkwtransmitterandclaimednbspkwpoweroutputviaanomnidirectionalantennatheengineeringwasbywillbranchoffortworthwhohadengineeredwbapamwbapforamoncarterownerofthefortworthstartelegramforabriefperiodxeramwaslicensedforonemillionwattsbutxerwasshutdownbythemexicanauthoritiesonfebruaryrefnamepowerrefandthevillaacuabroadcastingcompanyofdelriotexasdelriotexasunitedstatesuswhichhadmanagedthestationwasdissolvedthecallsignxeramwasreassignedintoanewstationinlinaresnuevolenwhichmigratedtofmandisnowxhrfmseealsojohnrbrinkleyabiographyofthedoctorandhisrelationshiptohisradiostationsxeraamxeramonthsafterxercloseddowninxeraoccupiedtheoriginalfacilitiesofthedefunctxerinseptemberxerfamthelaterstationwhichbeganbroadcastingshortlyafterxeraamwascloseddownreferenceswolfmanjacksoldstationhowlingonceagaindallastimesheraldjanuaryprimarilyaboutxerfamxerfbutitalsoincludesbackgroundinformationontheborderblastersborderradiobyfowlergeneandcrawfordbilltexasmonthlypressaustinmassmediamomentsintheunitedkingdomtheussrandtheusabygilderericlucianblagauniversityofsibiupressromaniaskodammmodelumutationtheregionintibetregionalignrightcellpaddingstyleborderpxsolidaaaaaamarginpxpxpaddingpxfontsizeptlineheightpttextaligncenterorisacharacterthattypicallyrepresentsaclosefrontroundedvowelitisclassifiedasaseparateletterinseveralextendedlatinalphabetsincludingazerialphabetazeriestonianalphabetestonianhungarianalphabethungarianandturkishalphabetturkishbutastheletteruwithanumlautdiacriticumlautdiaeresisdiacriticdiaeresisinotherssuchascatalanalphabetcatalanfrenchalphabetfrenchgalicianalphabetgaliciangermanalphabetgermanoccitanalphabetoccitanandspanishalphabetspanishalthoughnotapartoftheiralphabetitalsoappearsinlanguagessuchasswedishlanguageswedishwhenretainedinforeignnamesandwordsuumlautimagevolapukaousvgthumbjohannmartinschleyerproposedanalternateformforinvolapkbutitwasrarelyusedaglyphuwithumlautdiacriticumlautappearsinthegermanalphabetitrepresentstheumlautedformofuwhichresultsinthesamesoundastheitcanalsorepresentnearclosenearfrontroundedvoweltheletteriscollationcollatedtogetherwithuorasueinlanguagesthathaveadoptedgermannamesorspellingssuchasswedishlanguageswedishtheletteralsooccursitishowevernotapartoftheselanguagesalphabetsinswedishlanguageswedishtheletteriscalledtysktywhichmeansgermanyinotherlanguagesthatdonothavetheletteraspartoftheregularalphabetorinlimitedcharactersetssuchasasciiuumlautisfrequentlyreplacedwiththetwolettercombinationuesoftwareforopticalcharacterrecognitionsometimesseesitfalselyasiilettertheletterispresentinthehungarianalphabethungarianfrenchalphabetfrenchturkishalphabetturkishuyghurlatinalphabetuyghurlatinestonianalphabetestonianazerialphabetazeriturkmenalphabetturkmencrimeantataralphabetcrimeantatarkazakhalphabetkazakhlatinandtataralphabettatarlatinalphabetswhereitrepresentsaclosefrontroundedvowelitisconsideredadistinctlettercollationcollatedseparatelynotasimplemodificationofuoryandisdistinctfromuethissameletterappearsinthechineselanguagechineseromanisationspinyinwadegilesandthegermanbasedlessingothmerwhereitrepresentsthesamesoundlgreenornfemalestandardmandarinchinesepronunciationhasboththesoundsandpinyinonlyusestorepresentaftertheletterslorntoavoidconfusionwithwordssuchasluroadandnuangerwordssuchasyujadeorjusentencearepronouncedwithbutarenotspelledwithalthoughwadegilesandlessinguseinallsituationsastheletterismissingonmostkeyboardsandthelettervisnotpresentinstandardmandarinpinyinthelettervisusedonmostcomputerchineseinputmethodstoentertheletterasaresultromanisationofchinesewiththelettervrepresentingthesoundissometimesfoundudiaeresisseverallanguagesusediaeresisdiacriticdiaeresisovertheletterutoshowthattheletterispronouncedinitsregularwaywithoutdroppingoutbuildingdiphthongswithneighboursetcinspanishlanguagespanishitisusedtodistinguishbetweenguegeandguiginicaragensenicaraguanpinginopenguinsimilarlyincatalanlanguagecatalanguegeareguigiarequeqeareandquiqiareasinaigespinginsqestiadeqialsoisusedtomarkthatvowelpairsthatnormallywouldformadiphthongmustbepronouncedasseparatesyllablesexamplesraldirninfrenchthediaeresisappearsovertheuonlyveryrarelyinsomeuncommonwordscapharnamshamblescapernaumcapharnamcapernamoremmausemmasafterthefrenchorthographyaccentsspellingreformsitisappliedtoafewmorewordslikeaigeformerlyaiguambigeformerlyambiguandargerformerlywithoutthediaeresisusageinphoneticalphabetsintherheinischedokumentaaphoneticalphabetformanywestcentralgermanthelowrhenishandfewrelatedvernacularlanguagesrepresentsarangefromtotypographyhistoricallytheuniqueletterandudiaeresiswerewrittenasauwithtwodotsabovetheletteruumlautwaswrittenasauwithasmallewrittenabovethisminuteedegeneratedtotwoverticalbarsinmedievalhandwritingsinmostlaterhandwritingsthesebarsinturnnearlybecamedotsinmoderntypographytherewasinsufficientspaceontypewritersandlatercomputerkeyboardstoallowforbothauwithdotsalsorepresentingandauwithbarssincetheylookednearidenticalthetwoglyphswerecombinedwhichwasalsodoneincomputercharacterencodingssuchasisoasaresulttherewasnowaytodifferentiatebetweenthethreedifferentcharacterswhileunicodetheoreticallyprovidesasolutionthisisalmostneverusedcomputingcodescharmapdcnamelatincapitalletteruwithdiaeresisfcnamelatinsmallletteruwithdiaeresismapebcdicfamilymapcharfcmapchardcmapisoiecisoisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecmapchardcmapcharfcmapcpmapcharamapcharmapcodepagemapcharmapcharfkeyboardingthemethodsavailableforenteringandfromthekeyboarddependontheoperatingsystemthekeyboardlayoutandtheapplicationmicrosoftwindowssomekeyboardlayoutsfeatureseparatekeysforusingtheswissfrenchkeyboardcanbeenteredbytypingusingtheusinternationallayoutcanbeenteredbytypingmicrosoftwindowswiththenumberlockonholddownthealtkeywhiletypingonthenumerickeypadthedecimalvalueofthecodepointfromtheactivedosoemcodepagewithoutaleadingzerothenreleasethekeyieforandformicrosoftwindowswiththenumberlockonholddownthekeywhiletypingonthenumerickeypadthedecimalvalueofthecodepointfromtheactiveansicodepagewithaleadingzerothenreleasethealtkeyieforandformicrosoftwordforwindowstypefollowedbyfororthenformacoswithanenglishkeyboardlayoutaustralianbritishorustypefollowedbyfororandthenfororbykeepingthekeypressedandthentypingingtkbasedguiapplicationsfollowedbythehexcodeandonsystemswithacomposekeyfollowedbyandforandforseealsoumlautdiacriticuwithdiaeresiscyrilliccyrillicletteruwithdiaeresisreferencesnottobeconfusedwithowithdoubleacutealignrightcellpaddingstyleborderpxsolidaaaaaamarginpxpxpaddingpxfontsizeptlineheightpttextaligncenterorisacompositionofthelatinalphabetlatinletterowiththediacriticmarktildethehtmlentityisampotildeforandampotildeforemilianromagnolinemilianromagnollanguageemilianromagnolisusedtorepresentegsavsavsoapestonianinestonianlanguageestonianisthethletteroftheestonianalphabetalphabetbetweenwandusedtorepresentavowelcharacteristicofestoniantheunroundedbackvowelwhichmaybeclosemidbackunroundedvowelclosemidbackclosebackunroundedvowelclosebackorclosemidcentralunroundedvowelclosemidcentralrefnameasurefthevowelwaspreviouslywrittenwiththeletterbutintheearlythcenturyottowilhelmmasingadoptedtheletterendingtheconfusionbetweenseveralhomographsandclearlyshowinghowtopronounceawordininformalwritingegemailsinstantmessagingandwhenusingforeignkeyboardlayoutswheretheletterisnotavailablesomeestoniansusethecharactersoornumbertoapproximatethisletterinmostofsaaremaaislandispronouncedthesameassamogitianinsamogitiandialectsamogitiantheletterrepresentsasinestoniantheunroundedbackvowelwhichisuniquetosamogitianandisnotfoundinstandardlithuanianthisisarathernewinnovationbroughtonbytheensuingeffortsofstandardisingsamogitianthisletteralleviatestheconfusionbetweenthedistinctpronunciationsoftheletterportugueseintheportugueselanguagethesymbolstandsforanasalvowelnasalclosemidbackroundedvowelalsowritteninipawhichonlyoccursinthecombinationeitisnotconsideredanindependentletteroftheportuguesealphabetalphabetvietnameseinthevietnameselanguagethesymbolstandsforthesoundwithcreakyvoicerisingtonewithaglottalbreakfollowedbyacontinuationoftherisingtonevietnamesealsohasderivedlettersandvrointhevrolanguagethisletteristhethletterofthealphabetpronouncedasinestonianskoltsamiintheskoltsamilanguagethisletteristhethletterofthealphabetpronouncedlikeinestonianmathematicalusethesymbolpronouncedbigohnotationextensionstothebachmannlandaunotationssoftoisusedasavariantofbigonotationthatignoreslogarithmicfactorsthusmathfnintildeognmathisshorthandformathexistskfninognlogkgnmathcomputerencodingduetocharacterencodingconfusiontheletterscanbeseenonmanyincorrectlycodedhungarianlanguagehungarianwebpagesrepresentingletterowithdoubleacuteaccentthiscanhappenduetosaidcharacterssharingacodepointintheisoandisocharactersetsaswellasthewindowsandwindowscharactersetsandthewebsitedesignerforgettingtosetthecorrectcodepageisnotpartofthehungarianalphabettheusageofunicodeavoidsthistypeofproblemsinlatextheoptionofusingoandoexistscharmapdnamelatincapitalletterowithtildefnamelatinsmallletterowithtildemapebcdicfamilymapcharefmapcharcfmapisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapchardmapcharfreferencescitationlastasufirstevaliinalastterasfirstpireyeartitleestonianjournaljournaloftheinternationalphoneticassociationvolumeissuepagesdoisxseealsotildeinfoboxsoftwarenamextreetitlelogoimagenameisenoughlogocaptionlogosizelogoaltscreenshotxtreegoldpngimagenameisenoughcaptionxtreegoldscreenshotsizepxscreenshotaltxtreegoldcollapsibleauthorjeffreycjohnsondeveloperexecutivesystemsincesireleasedrefnameprorefdiscontinuedyeslatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatestatusprogramminglanguageoperatingsystemmsdosmicrosoftwindowsplatformsizelanguagelanguagecountnumberonlylanguagefootnotegenrefilemanagerlicensealexawebsitestandardasofimageztreewinvjpgthumbpxztreewinxtreeisafilemanagercomputerprogramprogramoriginallydesignedforuseundermsdositwaspublishedbyunderwearsystemslaterexecutivesystemsincesiandfirstreleasedonaprilandbecamehighlypopulartheprogramusesatextbaseduserinterfacecharactermodeinterfacewhichhasmanyelementstypicallyassociatedwithagraphicaluserinterfacetheprogramfilledarequirednicheinthemarketasdosshippedwithonlyacommandlineinterfacecommandlinefilemanageruntilthegenerallyunsuccessfuldosshellthatwasprovidedwithmsdoseventhenthespeedandfeaturesofxtreegoldweresuperiornbspspecificallysupportforthezipfileformatzipdatacompressioncompressionformatandabilitytoundeletionundeletefilestheprogramalsohasthebenefitofrequiringverylittlememoryessentialatatimewhenlessthanconventionalmemorykbbarrierkbofmemorywasavailableforprogramstorunhistoryxtreewasofficiallyintroducedonaprilatthewestcoastcomputerfaireandsoldforworkhadbegunonxtreeindecembertheprimarydeveloperwasjefferycjohnsonwhowasworkingforacompanynamedexecutivesystemsincesiadditionalcontributionsweremadebyesiownersdalesinortomsmithandhenryhernandezaswellaskenbroomfieldwhoprovidedqualityassurancethextreenamewastheconceptofjohnsonswifearlettawhohadmadethesuggestionxtreeyouknowlikextreextreereadallaboutitjohnsonwastheoriginatorofthevisualdirectorytreeconceptfirstusedinanepsonbackupproductcreatedbyesijohnsondescribesthecreationofavisualdirectorytreeasfollowseveryoneintheroomwhenifirstdrewitonawhiteboardwhenisatdowntomanddalebothsaiditcantbedonehenryontheotherhandcouldreadmelikeabookandseeingthelookinmyeyessaidsomethinglikenbsppossiblebutnotontodayscomputersthatwasafridayafternoonitwasrunningbymondaymorningandbytheendofthedayverifiedasbeingaccuratebyanofficefullofskepticsthecodetreecodecommandfoundinlatermsdosreleasesdisplayeddirectoriesinamarkedlysimilarfashionbyxtreehadsoldovermillioncopiesandwasreleasedinoverahalfdozenlanguageseveninitsearliestversionxtreecontainedfeatureslikelistingallfilesofabranchincludingsubdirectorieslistingofallfilesonadiskorviewingafilescontentsintextorhexadecimalformatregardlessofitsfileextensionafeatureneveraddedtothebuiltinwindowsfilemanagerxtreewassupplementedbytheenhancedxtreeproinwhichaddedfeaturesforworkingwithmultiplediskdrivesspeedimprovementsandbroughtthekeyboardcommandsmoreinlinewithothercommondosprogramsaversionofxtreeprowithnetwarenovellnetwareconnectivitydebutedinlatextreeprogoldxtreegoldsucceededxtreeproinaddingmenucomputingpulldownmenustoenhancetheinterfaceadditionalfileviewersandthechoiceofanortoncommanderstylesplitpanebetweenlocationsondifferentdisksthefirstguienabledxtreeproductwasxtreemacalsolaunchedinwhichbroughtthextreeinterfacemetaphorstotheclassicmacosmacintoshsystemasafindersoftwarefinderreplacementwhilethemacintoshsystemsoftwarealreadyhadcompetentfilemanagementxtreemacmadeiteasiertomoveandcopyfilesandaddedundeletionandenhancedfilefindingtoolsalsointhecompanyranafourmonthsoftwareamnestyforeveryoneallowingusersofunauthorizedcopiesofxtreetoregisterthemforasmallfeefivethousandlicensesweresoldforeachxtreesufferedaterminaldeclineafterthewidespreadadoptionofmicrosoftwindowsthebuiltinfilemanagerwindowswindowsfilemanagerhadavaguelysimilarappearancetoxtreeandwhileitlackedthespeedkeyboardshortcutsandpoweritdidbenefitgreatlyfrombeingincludedwithwindowsinxtreeforwindowswasreleasedtheproductdroppedmanyofthefeatureslikedinthedosversionswithundeletionandfileeditingparticularlynoticeablebytheirabsencetheprogramalsotookconsiderablylongertoloadthanbothdosxtreeandotherwindowsfilemanagersandoperationslikeviewingfileswereslowerdespitethisfeatureslikenativesupportforfilecompressionandawiderangeoffileviewersmadeitthemostfeaturecompletewindowsfilemanagerofthatyearitwasnotasuccessforthecompanyinthextreecompanywassoldtocentralpointsoftwarewhichwasinturnacquiredbysymantecinrefnamenytrefandinproductionofxtreeproductswashaltedclonesthepopularityoftheprogramhasledmanyenthusiaststodevelopcloneversionsthatworkwithmodernoperatingsystemsknownclonesincludexfileztreewinunixtreeandytreetheauthorsanduserscommonlyviewtheseclonesasatributetotheoriginalxtreeprogramratherthanacompetitorespeciallysincextreeisnolongercommerciallyavailableseealsocomparisonoffilemanagersreferencesexternallinksjeffreycjohnsoncomwhathappenedtoxtreegoldjeffreycjohnsoncomxtreehistoryhtmlthehistoryofxtreextreefanpageorgxtreefanpagecoastlinesoftwarecomxfilextreeforwindowsztreecomztreewinfilemanagerandztreeboldforosunixtreeorgunixtreefilemanagerhandewernerytreehtmlytreeaunixfilemanageralsoinmanylinuxdistributionsaltapczsalamenxtreegoldhtmlservantsalamanderxveacomsoftwarextreextreeboxcontentsmmmountaingunmnorthamericanxbvalkyrieredirectcategoryshellcanoncourtdemmontagnemodeleschneiderinfoboxsettlementnameofficialnamebrxishuangbannadaiautonomousprefecturenativenameothernamesettlementtypeautonomousprefecturesofchinaautonomousprefectureimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionmottoimagesandmapsimagemapyunnansubdivisionsxishuangbannasvgmapsizemapcaptionlocationofxishuangbannaprefectureinyunnanimagemapmapsizemapcaptioncoordinatessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesubdivisiontypezhgbtcodesubdivisiontypesubdivisiontypesubdivisionnameyunnanprovincesubdivisionnamesubdivisionnamesubdivisionnameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaseattypeadministrativecenteradminhqseatjinghongpartstypelistofadministrativedivisionsofyunnanadminunitspartsstylecollpartspjinghonggovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameanawrahtakingleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameunitprefen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ndeyunnanurbanpopulationssmallgeographytheprefecturehasanareaofxishuangbannaisthehomeofthedaipeopletheregionsitsataloweraltitudethanmostofyunnanandborderscloselyontropicalclimateitisfastbecomingasoughtaftertouristdestinationbiodiversityxishuangbannaharborsmuchofthebiodiversityofyunnanwhichharborsmuchofthebiodiversityofchinaitstropicalclimateanditsremotenessuntilrecenttimesaccountsforthisinadditiontoanabundanceofplantsxishuangbannaishometothelastfewasianelephantsstillinchinathespeciesroamedoveralargepartofthecountryevenaslateasafewhundredyearsagotheelephantsareprotectedinareservebuttheplantdiversityisthreatenedbyandhasforfivedecadesbeenthreatenedbytheproliferationofnaturalrubberplantationswhichcompletelydestroytherainforestandreplaceitwithamonocultureoftreesoriginallyfrombrazilpassifloraxishuangbannaensisisarecentlydiscoveredpassifloraspeciesthatisendemismendemictoxishuangbannademographicswithcensusesintheyearxishuangbannahadinhabitantswithapopulationdensityofinhabitantsperkmaccordingtothenationalcensusdaipeoplemakeupthepluralityatwiththehanchinesecominginataclosesecondatatthetimeofthecensushoweverhanpeoplemadeupthelargestsingleethnicgroupinxishuangbannamakingupofapopulationofwhilethedaimadeupandothersthexishuangbannagovernmenthasstrivedtomaintainthisethnicbalanceofaroundofeachgrouphandaiandotherthispolicyisknownastheplanofthreethreethreesnsnsnjhubeforetheincreasingsocialmobilityofthesinhabitantsofxishuangbannacalledeachotherbasinpeoplebqmnzormountainpeopleshnqmnzinreferencetothegroupsstereotypedlocationthehananddailivedmostlyaroundthemountainsandplayedasociallydominantrolewhilethenondaiethnicminoritieslivedinthebasinsandwerepoliticallydisenfranchisedthedaiusedtobecalledthebaiyianduntilaguomindangreformthebaipartwaswrittenwiththedogradicaltheprcgovernmentdecidedthatregardlessofradicalthetermbaiyiispejorativeandadopteddaiinsteadhistoricallysomeethnicminoritiesadaptedsomedaicharacteristicsinordertoalleviatediscriminationandincreasetheirsocialstatussuchastheblangpeopleadoptingthesarongpracticingmatrilocalresidenceandlearningthetaithamalphabetethnicgroupsvillageofmanpoethnicgroupsinxishuangbannacensusclasswikitablelistofethnicgroupsinchinaethnicitypopulationpercentagedaipeopledaitailtaiyatainataiyuanlaostyletextalignrightstyletextalignrighthanchinesestyletextalignrightstyletextalignrighthanipeoplehanistyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightyipeopleyistyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightlahupeoplelahustyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightblangpeopleblangstyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightjinopeoplejinostyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightyaopeopleyaostyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightmiaopeoplemiaostyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightbaipeoplebaistyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightjingpostyletextalignrightstyletextalignrighthuipeoplehuistyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightwapeoplewastyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightzhuangpeoplezhuangstyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightothersstyletextalignrightstyletextalignrightinjinghongcityandmenghaicountythetwomajorhanipeoplehanisubgroupsarejiuweiandjizuothejizuoarethelargesthaniethnicsubgroupinjinghongthejiuweiclaimtohavemigratedfromhongheandmojiangthejiuweiliveinvariousvillagesinjinghongincludingmengbozhaimenghantownjinghongcityagupualsocalledmanwokeinleiwumengsongtownshipjinghongcitynapazhaiindamenglongjinghongcitybaiyavillageinmenghunmenghaicountytheakeulanguageakesubgrouplivesinlougulocatedinmenghunaswellbabingzhaixidingshanmenghaicountytherearealsoethnichanithatarelocallycalledainilivinginvillagesonnanlinmountainofsouthwesternjinghongnamelymanbagemanjinglongmanjingnanmangudumanbaqimanbasanandmanjingmaiethnicminoritylanguagesspokeninsipsongpannaincludetaillanguagemanmetlanguagehulanguageblanglanguagemuaksaaaklanguagebitlanguageculturethesixfamousteamountainsregionlocatedintheprefectureproducesomeofthemosthighlyregardedpuerhteainthethcenturyxishuangbannaisrichinnaturehistoricalandculturalresourcesnotedforitsfolklorerainforestsrareplantsandwildlifeitsmajortouristattractionsincludemengluntropicalbotanicalgardenmanfeilongpagodastanuozhuanglongjingzhenpavilionwildelephantgullydaipeoplesvillageatganlanbathemanchunmanbuddhisttemplewhichhasahistoryofmorethanyearsisalsoaverypopulartouristattractionthecomplexismadeupoffourpartsthemainhallthesutracollectionpavilionthegoldpagodaandthedrumtowerthetempleiswellknownwithinthesoutheastasianregionandeachyearattractsbuddhistmonksandvisitorsfromsrilankathailandmyanmarandlaosthewellknowntraditionalfestivalisthedainewyearknownasthewatersplashingfestivalitlastsforthreedaysfromapriltobesidesthewaterfestivaleventitalsoconsistsofsomeothereventssuchasdragonboatracesfiringofindigenousmissilesflyingkongminglampstransportsincetheopeningofthexishuangbannagasaairportformerlyjinghonginternationalairportintravelingtoxishuangbannabyairhasbecomemorepopularandconvenientandtherearedailyflightsconnectingxishuangbannawithkunmingcitytheareaalsohasairconnectionswithdalicitydalichengduandbangkokthexishuangbannaairportissouthofjinghongcitytherearealsobusroutestoplacesalloveryunnanandneighboringprovincesitiskilometersfromkunmingtojinghonglongdistancesbusesdepartfromkunmingsouthstationandarriveatjinghongbusstationcostingcnywhichisabouthoursdurationrefnamexishuangbannachinatournetyunnanxishuangbannatransportxishuangbannatravelchinatournetaccessedrefinoctoberplanswereannouncedforarailwaylinkingxishuangbannatovientianelaosconnectionstostaterailwayofthailandthailandarealsopossibleseealsoxishuangbannatropicalbotanicalgardenliteraturereferencesexternallinksforbesandrewhenleydavidchinasancientteahorseroadchiangmaicognoscentibooksasinbdqvqxsbngovcnxishuangbannaprefecturegovernmentwebsitejhsgovcnxishuangbannajinghongcitygovernmentwebsitewebarchiveorgwebbncnxishuangbannamengbalanaxibndailycomcnxishuangbannadailyforestcafeorgxishuangbannahtmxishuangbannatravelinformationbiodiversitycentrecomxishuangbannabiodiversitycentreandbiodiversitycentrecomguidewaterwaterpdfguidekepunetcnenglishbannafolkfolhtmlxishuangbannatropicalbotanicalgardentaxoboxnamexanclomysstatusfossilregnumanimaliaphylumchordataclassismammaliaordomultituberculatasuperfamiliaptilodontoideafamilianeoplagiaulacidaegenusxanclomysspeciesxmcgrewibinomialxanclomysmcgrewibinomialauthorityrigbyjkxanclomysisasmallmammalfromthepaleoceneofnorthamericaitwasagenuswithintheextinctordermultituberculatawithinthesubordercimolodontaandfamilyneoplagiaulacidaethegenusxanclomysnamedbyrigbyjkinisalsoknownasxancolomystheidentificationisbasedonasinglespeciesxanclomysmcgrewifossilremainswerefoundinthetorrejonianpaleoceneagestratumstrataoftheswainquarryinwyomingunitedstatesusaffinitiesareuncertaintheresperhapsasecondunnamedspeciesreferencesrigbyswainquarryofthefortunionformationmiddlepaleocenetorrejoniancarboncountywyominggeologicsettingandmammalianfaunaevolutionarymonographsvippkielanjaworowskazhurumjhphylogenyandsystematicsofmultituberculatemammalspaleontologypnbspmuchofthisinformationhasbeenderivedfromhomearcordektdykesptilodonhtmmesozoicmammalsptilodontoideaaninternetdirectorytaxoboxnamexyronomysstatusfossilregnumanimaliaclassismammaliaordomultituberculatasuperfamiliaptilodontoideafamilianeoplagiaulacidaegenusxyronomysgenusauthorityjkrigbysubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxswainaebrxrobinsonixyronomysisanextinctgenusofsmallmammalsfromthepaleoceneofnorthamericawithtwodescribedspeciesthegenuslieswithintheextinctordermultituberculatawithinthesubordercimolodontaandfamilyneoplagiaulacidaethespeciesxyronomysswainaejkrigbywasfoundintorrejonianpaleoceneagestratumstrataofswainquarryinwyomingunitedstatesrepresentedbyacoupleofteeththisgenuswasoriginallyassignedtoeucosmodontidaekielanjaworowskaandhurumpnbspreferittoneoplagiaulacidaeonthebasisofitspossessionofmicroprismaticenameliethetoothenamelisbuiltupfromsmallprismsasecondspeciesxyronomysrobinsoniwasfoundinpuercanlowerpaleoceneagestrataofcoloradousaandwasnamedbymiddletonanddewarinmaterialassignedtothisgenushasalsobeenreportedfromravwinsaskatchewancanadareferenceskielanjaworowskazandhurumjhphylogenyandsystematicsofmultituberculatemammalspaleontologyrigbyjkswainquarryofthefortunionformationmiddlepaleocenetorrejoniancarboncountywyominggeologicsettingandmammalianfaunaevolutionarymonographsvippmuchofthisinformationhasbeenderivedfromhomearcordektdykesptilodonhtmmesozoicmammalsptilodontoideaaninternetdirectoryinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencesxerxesixassemblylanguageisafamilyofbackwardcompatibleassemblylanguageswhichprovidesomelevelofcompatibilityallthewaybacktotheintelintroducedinaprilxassemblylanguagesareusedtoproduceobjectcodeforthexclassofprocessorslikeallassemblylanguagesitusesshortmnemonicstorepresentthefundamentalinstructionsthatthecpuinacomputercanunderstandandfollowcompilerssometimesproduceassemblycodeasanintermediatestepwhentranslatingahighlevelprogramintomachinecoderegardedasaprogramminglanguageassemblycodingismachinecodemachinespecificandlowlevelassemblylanguagesaremoretypicallyusedfordetailedandtimecriticalapplicationssuchassmallrealtimeoperatingsystemrealtimeembeddedsystemsoroperatingsystemkernelcomputersciencekernelsanddevicedrivershistorytheintelandintelwerethefirstcpustohaveaninstructionsetthatisnowcommonlyreferredtoasxthesebitcpuswereanevolutionofthepreviousgenerationofbitcpussuchastheinheritingmanycharacteristicsandinstructionsextendedforthebiteratheandbothusedabitaddressbusandbitinternalregistersbutwhilethehadabitbuscomputingdatabustheintendedasalowcostoptionforembeddedapplicationsandsmallcomputershadanbitdatabusthexassemblylanguagecoversthemanydifferentversionsofcpusthatfollowedfrominteltheintelintelintelintelintelintelpmicroarchitecturepentiumpentiumproandsoonaswellasnonintelcpusfromamdandcyrixsuchasthexandkprocessorsandthenecvalthoughthesemostlyintelcompatiblecpusaddinstructionswhichmightnotstrictlybeconsideredpartofthexassemblylanguagemuchastheinstructionsthatzilogaddedtotheztoformitssupersetoftheintelinstructionsetwouldnotbeconsideredpartoftheiassemblylanguageamdalsomanufacturedintelfamilycpuspriortotheunderasecondsourcecontractasdidsomeothersemiconductormanufacturersthetermxappliestoanycpuwhichcanruntheoriginalassemblylanguageusuallyitwillrunatleastsomeoftheextensionstoothemodernxinstructionsetisasupersetofinstructionsandaseriesofextensionstothisinstructionsetthatbeganwiththeintelmicroprocessornearlyfullbinarybackwardcompatibilityexistsbetweentheintelchipthroughtothecurrentgenerationofxprocessorsalthoughcertainexceptionsdoexistmostlyinthedetailedsemanticsofinfrequentlyusedinstructionssuchaspopsporthehandlingofopcodesthatareundocumentedorundefinedontheinpracticeitistypicaltouseinstructionswhichwillexecuteoneitheranythinglaterthananintelorfullycompatiblecloneprocessororelseanythinglaterthananintelpentiumorcompatiblecloneprocessorbutinrecentyearsvariousoperatingsystemsandapplicationsoftwarehavebeguntorequiremoremodernprocessorsoratleastsupportforlaterspecificextensionstotheinstructionsetegmmxinstructionsetmmxdnowstreamingsimdextensionsssessessemnemonicsandopcodeseachxassemblyinstructionisrepresentedbyamnemonicwhichoftencombinedwithoneormoreoperandstranslatestooneormorebytescalledanopcodethenopinstructiontranslatestoxforinstanceandthehltxinstructionhltinstructiontranslatestoxftherearepotentialopcodeswithnodocumentedmnemonicwhichdifferentprocessorsmayinterpretdifferentlymakingaprogramusingthembehaveinconsistentlyorevengenerateanexceptiononsomeprocessorstheseopcodesoftenturnupincodewritingcompetitionsasawaytomakethecodesmallerfastermoreelegantorjustshowofftheauthorsprowesssyntaxxassemblylanguagehastwomainsyntaxofprogramminglanguagessyntaxbranchesintelsyntaxoriginallyusedfordocumentationofthexarchitecturexplatformandattcorporationattsyntaxrefnamegasvsnasmrefintelsyntaxisdominantinthemsdosandmicrosoftwindowswindowsworldandattsyntaxisdominantintheunixworldsinceunixwascreatedatattbelllabshereisasummaryofthemaindifferencesbetweenintelsyntaxandattsyntaxclasswikitableattintelscoperowparameterordersourcebeforethedestinationsyntaxhighlightlangasmmoveaxsyntaxhighlightdestinationbeforesourcesyntaxhighlightlangnasmmoveaxsyntaxhighlightscoperowparametersizemnemonicsaresuffixedwithaletterindicatingthesizeoftheoperandsqforqwordlforlongdwordwforwordandbforbytesyntaxhighlightlangasmaddlespsyntaxhighlightderivedfromthenameoftheregisterthatisusedegraxeaxaxalimplyqlwbrespectivelysyntaxhighlightlangnasmaddespsyntaxhighlightscoperowsigilcomputerprogrammingsigilsconstantprogrammingimmediatevaluesprefixedwitharegistersprefixedwithatheassemblerautomaticallydetectsthetypeofsymbolsiewhethertheyareregistersconstantsorsomethingelsescoperoweffectivememoryaddressaddressesgeneralsyntaxofdispbaseindexscaleexamplesyntaxhighlightlangasmmovlmemlocationebxecxeaxsyntaxhighlightarithmeticexpressionsinsquarebracketsadditionallysizekeywordslikebytewordordwordhavetobeusedifthesizecannotbedeterminedfromtheoperandsexamplesyntaxhighlightlangnasmmoveaxebxecxmemlocationsyntaxhighlightmanyxassemblersuseintelsyntaxincludingnetwideassemblernasmfasmmasmtasmandyasmgnuassemblergashassupportedbothsyntaxessinceversionviatheintelsyntaxdirectiverefnamewhichasmrefregistersxprocessorshaveacollectionofregistersavailabletobeusedasstoresforbinarydatacollectivelythedataandaddressregistersarecalledthegeneralregisterseachregisterhasaspecialpurposeinadditiontowhattheycanalldoaxmultiplydividestringloadstorecxcountforstringoperationsshiftsdxcomputerporthardwareportaddressforinandoutbxindexregisterformovesppointstotopofstackabstractdatatypestackbppointstobaseofstackframesipointstoasourceinstreamoperationsdipointstoadestinationinstreamoperationsalongwiththegeneralregistersthereareadditionallytheipinstructionpointerflagsregistercomputingflagssegmentregisterscsdsesfsgssswhichdeterminewhereaksegmentstartsnofsgsinearlierextraextensionregistersmmxinstructionsetmmxdnowstreamingsimdextensionssseetcpentiumlateronlytheipregisterpointstothememoryoffsetofthenextinstructioninthecodesegmentitpointstothefirstbyteoftheinstructiontheipregistercannotbeaccessedbytheprogrammerdirectlythexregisterscanbeusedbyusingthemovxinstructionmovinstructionsforexampleinintelsyntaxsyntaxhighlightlangnasmmovaxhcopiesthevaluehexdintoregisteraxsyntaxhighlightsyntaxhighlightlangnasmmovbxaxcopiesthevalueoftheaxregisterintothebxregistersyntaxhighlightsegmentedaddressingthexarchitectureinrealmoderealandvirtualmodeusesaprocessknownassegmentationtoaddressmemorynottheflatmemorymodelusedinmanyotherenvironmentssegmentationinvolvescomposingamemoryaddressfromtwopartsasegmentandanoffsetthesegmentpointstothebeginningofakbgroupofaddressesandtheoffsetdetermineshowfarfromthisbeginningaddressthedesiredaddressisinsegmentedaddressingtworegistersarerequiredforacompletememoryaddressonetoholdthesegmenttheothertoholdtheoffsetinordertotranslatebackintoaflataddressthesegmentvalueisshiftedfourbitsleftequivalenttomultiplicationbysupsuporthenaddedtotheoffsettoformthefulladdresswhichallowsbreakingthekbarrierthroughcleverchoiceofaddressesthoughitmakesprogrammingconsiderablymorecomplexinrealmodeprotectedonlyforexampleifdscontainsthehexadecimalnumberxdeadanddxcontainsthenumberxcafetheywouldtogetherpointtothememoryaddressxdeadxxcafexebcethereforethecpucanaddressuptobytesmbinrealmodebycombiningsegmentandoffsetvalueswefindabitaddresstheoriginalibmpcrestrictedprogramstokbbutanexpandedmemoryspecificationwasusedtoimplementabankswitchingschemethatfelloutofusewhenlateroperatingsystemssuchaswindowsusedthelargeraddressrangesofnewerprocessorsandimplementedtheirownvirtualmemoryschemesprotectedmodestartingwiththeintelwasutilizedbyosrefnamememoryusageseveralshortcomingssuchastheinabilitytoaccessthebiosandtheinabilitytoswitchbacktorealmodewithoutresettingtheprocessorpreventedwidespreadusagerefnamefailingsrefthewasalsostilllimitedtoaddressingmemoryinbitsegmentsmeaningonlysupsupbyteskilobytescouldbeaccessedatatimerefnamememoryusagetoaccesstheextendedfunctionalityofthetheoperatingsystemwouldsettheprocessorintoprotectedmodeenablingbitaddressingandthussupsupbytesofmemorymegabytesrefnameaddressbusinprotectedmodethesegmentselectorcanbebrokendownintothreepartsabitindexatableindicatorbitthatdetermineswhethertheentryisintheglobaldescriptortablegdtorlocaldescriptortableldtandabitrequestedprivilegelevelseexmemorysegmentationwhenreferringtoanaddresswithasegmentandanoffsetthenotationofsegmentoffsetisusedsointheaboveexampletheflataddressxebcecanbewrittenasxdeadxcafeorasasegmentandoffsetregisterpairdsdxtherearesomespecialcombinationsofsegmentregistersandgeneralregistersthatpointtoimportantaddressescsipcsiscodesegmentipisinstructionpointerpointstotheaddresswheretheprocessorwillfetchthenextbyteofcodessspssisstacksegmentspisstackpointerpointstotheaddressofthetopofthestackiethemostrecentlypushedbytedssidsisdatasegmentsiissourceindexisoftenusedtopointtostringdatathatisabouttobecopiedtoesdiesdiesisextrasegmentdiisdestinationindexistypicallyusedtopointtothedestinationforastringcopyasmentionedabovetheintelfeaturedthreeoperatingmodesrealmodeprotectedmodeandvirtualmodetheprotectedmodewhichdebutedinthewasextendedtoallowthetoaddressuptogigabytegbofmemorytheallnewvirtualmodevmmadeitpossibletorunoneormorerealmodeprogramsinaprotectedenvironmentwhichlargelyemulatedrealmodethoughsomeprogramswerenotcompatibletypicallyasaresultofmemoryaddressingtricksorusingunspecifiedopcodesthebitflatmemorymodelofthesextendedprotectedmodemaybethemostimportantfeaturechangeforthexprocessorfamilyuntilamdreleasedxinasithelpeddrivelargescaleadoptionofwindowswhichreliedonprotectedmodesincewindowscouldnowrunmanyapplicationsatonceincludingdosapplicationsbyusingvirtualmemoryandsimplemultitaskingexecutionmodesthexprocessorssupportfivemodesofoperationforxcoderealmodeprotectedmodelongmodevirtualmodeandsystemmanagementmodeinwhichsomeinstructionsareavailableandothersarenotabitsubsetofinstructionsareavailableonthebitxprocessorswhicharetheandtheseinstructionsareavailableinrealmodeonallxprocessorsandinbitprotectedmodeonwardsadditionalinstructionsrelatingtoprotectedmodeareavailableontheandlaterbitinstructionsincludinglaterextensionsarealsoavailableinallmodesincludingrealmodeonthesecpusvmodeandbitprotectedmodeareaddedwithadditionalinstructionsprovidedinthesemodestomanagetheirfeaturessmmwithsomeofitsownspecialinstructionsisavailableonsomeintelisliandlatercpusfinallyinlongmodeamdopterononwardsbitinstructionsandmoreregistersarealsoavailabletheinstructionsetissimilarineachmodebutmemoryaddressingandwordsizevaryrequiringdifferentprogrammingstrategiesthemodesinwhichxcodecanbeexecutedinarerealmodebitprotectedmodebitandbitlongmodebitvirtualmodebitsystemmanagementmodebitswitchingmodestheprocessorrunsinrealmodeimmediatelyafterpoweronsoanoperatingsystemkernelcomputersciencekernelorotherprogrammustexplicitlyswitchtoanothermodeifitwishestoruninanythingbutrealmodeswitchingmodesisaccomplishedbymodifyingcertainbitsoftheprocessorscontrolregistersaftersomepreparationandsomeadditionalsetupmayberequiredaftertheswitchinstructiontypesingeneralthefeaturesofthemodernxinstructionsetareacompactencodingvariablelengthandalignmentindependentencodedasendiannesslittleendianasisalldatainthexarchitecturemainlyoneaddressandtwoaddressinstructionsthatistosaythefirstoperandisalsothedestinationmemoryoperandsasbothsourceanddestinationaresupportedfrequentlyusedtoreadwritestackelementsaddressedusingsmallimmediateoffsetsbothgeneralandimplicitregistercomputingregisterusagealthoughallsevencountingcodeebpcodegeneralregistersinbitmodeandallfifteencountingcoderbpcodegeneralregistersinbitmodecanbefreelyusedasaccumulatorcomputingaccumulatorsorforaddressingmostofthemarealsoimplicitlyusedbycertainmoreorlessspecialinstructionsaffectedregistersmustthereforebetemporarilypreservednormallystackedifactiveduringsuchinstructionsequencesproducesconditionalflagsimplicitlythroughmostintegerarithmeticlogicunitaluinstructionssupportsvariousaddressingmodesincludingimmediateoffsetandscaledindexbutnotpcrelativeexceptjumpsintroducedasanimprovementinthexarchitectureincludesfloatingpointtoastackofregisterscontainsspecialsupportforatomicreadmodifywriteinstructionscodexchgcodecodecmpxchgcodecodecmpxchgbcodecodexaddcodeandintegerinstructionswhichcombinewiththecodelockcodeprefixsimdinstructionsinstructionswhichperformparallelsimultaneoussingleinstructionsonmanyoperandsencodedinadjacentcellsofwiderregistersstackinstructionsthexarchitecturehashardwaresupportforanexecutionstackmechanisminstructionssuchascodepushcodecodepopcodecodecallcodeandcoderetcodeareusedwiththeproperlysetupstacktopassparameterstoallocatespaceforlocaldataandtosaveandrestorecallreturnpointsthecoderetcodesizeinstructionisveryusefulforimplementingspaceefficientandfastcallingconventionswherethecalleeisresponsibleforreclaimingstackspaceoccupiedbyparameterswhensettingupastackframetoholdlocaldataofarecursioncomputersciencerecursiveprocedurethereareseveralchoicesthehighlevelcodeentercodeinstructionintroducedwiththetakesaprocedurenestingdepthargumentaswellasalocalsizeargumentandmaybefasterthanmoreexplicitmanipulationoftheregisterssuchascodepushbpcodecodemovbpspcodecodesubspsizecodewhetheritisfasterorslowerdependsontheparticularxprocessorimplementationaswellasthecallingconventionusedbythecompilerprogrammerorparticularprogramcodemostxcodeisintendedtorunonxprocessorsfromseveralmanufacturersandondifferenttechnologicalgenerationsofprocessorswhichimplieshighlyvaryingmicroarchitecturesandmicrocodesolutionsaswellasvaryinglogicgategateandtransistorleveldesignchoicesthefullrangeofaddressingmodesincludingimmediateandbaseoffsetevenforinstructionssuchascodepushcodeandcodepopcodemakesdirectusageofthestackforintegerfloatingpointandmemoryaddressaddressdatasimpleaswellaskeepingtheapplicationbinaryinterfaceabispecificationsandmechanismsrelativelysimplecomparedtosomeriscarchitecturesrequiremoreexplicitcallstackdetailsintegeraluinstructionsxassemblyhasthestandardmathematicaloperationscodeaddcodecodesubcodecodemulcodewithcodeidivcodethelogicaloperatorscodeandcodecodeorcodecodexorcodecodenegcodebitshiftarithmeticandlogicalcodesalcodecodesarcodecodeshlcodecodeshrcoderotatewithandwithoutcarrycoderclcodecodercrcodecoderolcodecoderorcodeacomplementofbinarycodeddecimalbcdarithmeticinstructionscodeaaacodecodeaadcodecodedaacodeandothersfloatingpointinstructionsxassemblylanguageincludesinstructionsforastackbasedfloatingpointunitfputhefpuwasanoptionalseparatecoprocessorforthethroughtheitwasanonchipoptionfortheseriesanditisastandardfeatureineveryintelxcpusincethestartingwiththepentiumthefpuinstructionsincludeadditionsubtractionnegationmultiplicationdivisionremaindersquarerootsintegertruncationfractiontruncationandscalebypoweroftwotheoperationsalsoincludeconversioninstructionswhichcanloadorstoreavaluefrommemoryinanyofthefollowingformatsbinarycodeddecimalbitintegerbitintegerbitfloatingpointbitfloatingpointorbitfloatingpointuponloadingthevalueisconvertedtothecurrentlyusedfloatingpointmodexalsoincludesanumberoftranscendentalfunctionsincludingsinecosinetangentarctangentexponentiationwiththebaseandlogarithmstobasesoremathematicalconstantethestackregistertostackregisterformatoftheinstructionsisusuallycodefopststncodeorcodefopstnstcodewherecodestcodeisequivalenttocodestcodeandcodestncodeisoneofthestackregisterscodestcodecodestcodecodestcodeliketheintegersthefirstoperandisboththefirstsourceoperandandthedestinationoperandcodefsubrcodeandcodefdivrcodeshouldbesingledoutasfirstswappingthesourceoperandsbeforeperformingthesubtractionordivisiontheadditionsubtractionmultiplicationdivisionstoreandcomparisoninstructionsincludeinstructionmodesthatpopthetopofthestackaftertheiroperationiscompletesoforexamplecodefaddpststcodeperformsthecalculationcodestststcodethenremovescodestcodefromthetopofstackthusmakingwhatwastheresultincodestcodethetopofthestackincodestcodesimdinstructionsmodernxcpuscontainsingleinstructionmultipledatasimdinstructionswhichlargelyperformthesameoperationinparallelonmanyvaluesencodedinawidesimdregistervariousinstructiontechnologiessupportdifferentoperationsondifferentregistersetsbuttakenascompletewholefrommmxinstructionsetmmxtossessessetheyincludegeneralcomputationsonintegerorfloatingpointarithmeticadditionsubtractionmultiplicationshiftminimizationmaximizationcomparisondivisionorsquarerootsoforexamplecodepaddwmmmmcodeperformsparallelbitindicatedbythecodewcodeintegeraddsindicatedbythecodepaddcodeofcodemmcodevaluestocodemmcodeandstorestheresultincodemmcodestreamingsimdextensionsorssealsoincludesafloatingpointmodeinwhichonlytheveryfirstvalueoftheregistersisactuallymodifiedexpandedinssesomeotherunusualinstructionshavebeenaddedincludingasumofabsolutedifferencesusedformotioncompensationmotionestimationmotionestimationinvideocompressionsuchasisdoneinmpegandabitmultiplyaccumulationinstructionusefulforsoftwarebasedalphablendinganddigitalfilteringssesincesseanddnowextensionsincludeadditionandsubtractioninstructionsfortreatingpairedfloatingpointvalueslikecomplexnumberstheseinstructionsetsalsoincludenumerousfixedsubwordinstructionsforshufflinginsertingandextractingthevaluesaroundwithintheregistersinadditionthereareinstructionsformovingdatabetweentheintegerregistersandxmmusedinssefpuusedinmmxregistersdatamanipulationinstructionsthexprocessoralsoincludescomplexaddressingmodesforaddressingmemorywithanimmediateoffsetaregisteraregisterwithanoffsetascaledregisterwithorwithoutanoffsetandaregisterwithanoptionaloffsetandanotherscaledregistersoforexampleonecanencodecodemoveaxtableebxesicodeasasingleinstructionwhichloadsbitsofdatafromtheaddresscomputedascodetableebxesicodeoffsetfromthecodedscodeselectorandstoresittothecodeeaxcoderegisteringeneralxprocessorscanloadandusememorymatchedtothesizeofanyregisteritisoperatingonthesimdinstructionsalsoincludehalfloadinstructionsthexinstructionsetincludesstringloadstoremovescanandcompareinstructionscodelodscodecodestoscodecodemovscodecodescascodeandcodecmpscodewhichperformeachoperationtoaspecifiedsizecodebcodeforbitbytecodewcodeforbitwordcodedcodeforbitdoublewordthenincrementsdecrementsdependingondfdirectionflagtheimplicitaddressregistercodesicodeforcodelodscodecodedicodeforcodestoscodeandcodescascodeandbothforcodemovscodeandcodecmpscodefortheloadstoreandscanoperationstheimplicittargetsourcecomparisonregisterisinthecodealcodecodeaxcodeorcodeeaxcoderegisterdependingonsizetheimplicitsegmentregistersusedarecodedscodeforcodesicodeandcodeescodeforcodedicodethecodecxcodeorcodeecxcoderegisterisusedasadecrementingcounterandtheoperationstopswhenthecounterreacheszeroorforscansandcomparisonswheninequalityisdetectedthestackisimplementedwithanimplicitlydecrementingpushandincrementingpopstackpointerinbitmodethisimplicitstackpointerisaddressedasssspinbitmodeitisssespandinbitmodeitisrspthestackpointeractuallypointstothelastvaluethatwasstoredundertheassumptionthatitssizewillmatchtheoperatingmodeoftheprocessorieorbitstomatchthedefaultwidthofthecodepushcodecodepopcodecodecallcodecoderetcodeinstructionsalsoincludedaretheinstructionscodeentercodeandcodeleavecodewhichreserveandremovedatafromthetopofthestackwhilesettingupastackframepointerincodebpcodecodeebpcodecoderbpcodehoweverdirectsettingoradditionandsubtractiontothecodespcodecodeespcodecoderspcoderegisterisalsosupportedsothecodeentercodecodeleavecodeinstructionsaregenerallyunnecessarythiscodeinthebeginningofafunctionsourcelangnasmpushebpsavecallingfunctionsstackframeebpmovebpespmakeanewstackframeontopofourcallersstacksubespallocatebytesofstackspaceforthisfunctionslocalvariablessourceisfunctionallyequivalenttojustsourcelangnasmentersourceotherinstructionsformanipulatingthestackincludecodepushfcodecodepopfcodeforstoringandretrievingtheeflagsregisterthecodepushacodecodepopacodeinstructionswillstoreandretrievetheentireintegerregisterstatetoandfromthestackvaluesforasimdloadorstoreareassumedtobepackedinadjacentpositionsforthesimdregisterandwillaligntheminsequentiallittleendianordersomesseloadandstoreinstructionsrequirebytealignmenttofunctionproperlythesimdinstructionsetsalsoincludeprefetchinstructionswhichperformtheloadbutdonottargetanyregisterusedforcacheloadingthesseinstructionsetsalsoincludenontemporalstoreinstructionswhichwillperformstoresstraighttomemorywithoutperformingacacheallocateifthedestinationisnotalreadycachedotherwiseitwillbehavelikearegularstoremostgenericintegerandfloatingpointbutnosimdinstructionscanuseoneparameterasacomplexaddressasthesecondsourceparameterintegerinstructionscanalsoacceptonememoryparameterasadestinationoperandprogramflowthexassemblyhasanunconditionaljumpoperationjmpxinstructioncodejmpcodewhichcantakeanimmediateaddressaregisteroranindirectaddressasaparameternotethatmostriscprocessorsonlysupportalinkregisterorshortimmediatedisplacementforjumpingalsosupportedareseveralconditionaljumpsincludingcodejzcodejumponzerocodejnzcodejumponnonzerocodejgcodejumpongreaterthansignedcodejlcodejumponlessthansignedcodejacodejumponabovegreaterthanunsignedcodejbcodejumponbelowlessthanunsignedtheseconditionaloperationsarebasedonthestateofspecificbitsintheflagsregistercomputingeflagsregistermanyarithmeticandlogicoperationssetclearorcomplementtheseflagsdependingontheirresultthecomparisoncodecmpcodecompareandtestxinstructioncodetestcodeinstructionssettheflagsasiftheyhadperformedasubtractionorabitwiseandoperationrespectivelywithoutalteringthevaluesoftheoperandstherearealsoinstructionssuchascodeclccodeclearcarryflagandcodecmccodecomplementcarryflagwhichworkontheflagsdirectlyfloatingpointcomparisonsareperformedviacodefcomcodeorcodeficomcodeinstructionswhicheventuallyhavetobeconvertedtointegerflagseachjumpoperationhasthreedifferentformsdependingonthesizeoftheoperandashortjumpusesanbitsignedoperandwhichisarelativeoffsetfromthecurrentinstructionanearjumpissimilartoashortjumpbutusesabitsignedoperandinrealorprotectedmodeorabitsignedoperandinbitprotectedmodeonlyafarjumpisonethatusesthefullsegmentbaseoffsetvalueasanabsoluteaddresstherearealsoindirectandindexedformsofeachoftheseinadditiontothesimplejumpoperationstherearethecodecallcodecallasubroutineandcoderetcodereturnfromsubroutineinstructionsbeforetransferringcontroltothesubroutinecodecallcodepushesthesegmentoffsetaddressoftheinstructionfollowingthecodecallcodeontothestackcoderetcodepopsthisvalueoffthestackandjumpstoiteffectivelyreturningtheflowofcontroltothatpartoftheprograminthecaseofacodefarcallcodethesegmentbaseispushedfollowingtheoffsetcodefarretcodepopstheoffsetandthenthesegmentbasetoreturntherearealsotwosimilarinstructionsintxinstructioncodeintcodeinterruptwhichsavesthecurrentflagsregistercomputingeflagsregistervalueonthestackthenperformsacodefarcallcodeexceptthatinsteadofanaddressitusesaninterruptvectoranindexintoatableofinterrupthandleraddressestypicallytheinterrupthandlersavesallothercpuregistersitusesunlesstheyareusedtoreturntheresultofanoperationtothecallingprograminsoftwarecalledinterruptsthematchingreturnfrominterruptinstructioniscodeiretcodewhichrestorestheflagsafterreturningsoftinterruptsofthetypedescribedaboveareusedbysomeoperatingsystemsforsystemcallsandcanalsobeusedindebugginghardinterrupthandlershardinterruptsaretriggeredbyexternalhardwareeventsandmustpreserveallregistervaluesasthestateofthecurrentlyexecutingprogramisunknowninprotectedmodeinterruptsmaybesetupbytheostotriggerataskswitchwhichwillautomaticallysaveallregistersoftheactivetaskexampleshelloworldprogramfordosinmasmstyleassemblyusinginterrupthforoutputnbspothersamplesuselibcsprintftoprinttostdoutsourcelangnasmmodelsmallstackhdatamsgdbhelloworldcodestartmovahhdisplaythemessageleadxmsginthmovaxchterminatetheexecutableinthendstartsourcehelloworldprogramforwindowsinmasmstyleassemblysourcelangnasmrequirescoffswitchonandearlierversionsmodelsmallcstackhdatamsgdbhelloworldcodeincludeliblibcmtlibincludeliblibvcruntimelibincludeliblibucrtlibincludeliblegacystdiodefinitionslibextrnprintfnearextrnexitnearpublicmainmainprocpushoffsetmsgcallprintfpushcallexitmainendpendsourcehelloworldprogramforwindowsinnasmstyleassemblysourcelangnasmimagebasexdefinervaxxxsectiontextpushdwordhellocalldwordprintfpushbytecalldwordexitretsectiondatahellodbhelloworldsectionidataddrvamsvcrtlookuptableddddddrvamsvcrtstringddrvamsvcrtimportstimesddendsthedescriptortablemsvcrtstringddmsvcrtdllmsvcrtlookuptableddrvamsvcrtprintfddrvamsvcrtexitddmsvcrtimportsprintfddrvamsvcrtprintfexitddrvamsvcrtexitddmsvcrtprintfdwdwprintfmsvcrtexitdwdwexitddsourcehelloworldprogramforlinuxinnasmstyleassemblysourcelangnasmthisprogramrunsinbitprotectedmodebuildnasmfelffstabsnameasmlinkldonamenameoinbitlongmodeyoucanusebitregistersegraxinsteadofeaxrbxinsteadofebxetcalsochangefelfforfelfinbuildcommandsectiondatasectionforinitializeddatastrdbhelloworldahmessagestringwithnewlinecharattheenddecimalstrlenequstrcalcslengthofstringbytesbysubtractingthestrsstartaddressfromthisaddresssymbolsectiontextthisisthecodesectionglobalstartstartistheentrypointandneedsglobalscopetobeseenbythelinkerequivalenttomaininccstartdefinitionofstartprocedurebeginsheremoveaxspecifythesyswritefunctioncodefromosvectortablemovebxspecifyfiledescriptorstdoutingnulinuxeverythingstreatedasafileevenhardwaredevicesmovecxstrmovestartaddressofstringmessagetoecxregistermovedxstrlenmovelengthofmessageinbytesinthinterruptkerneltoperformthesystemcallwejustsetupingnulinuxservicesarerequestedthroughthekernelmoveaxspecifysysexitfunctioncodefromosvectortablemovebxspecifyreturncodeforoszerotellsoseverythingwentfineinthinterruptkerneltoperformsystemcalltoexitsourcehelloworldprogramforlinuxinnasmstyleassemblyusingthelibccstandardlibrarysourcelangnasmthisprogramrunsinbitprotectedmodegcclinksthestandardclibrarybydefaultbuildnasmfelffstabsnameasmlinkgcconamenameoinbitlongmodeyoucanusebitregistersegraxinsteadofeaxrbxinsteadofebxetcalsochangefelfforfelfinbuildcommandglobalmainmainmustbedefinedasitbeingcompiledagainstthecstandardlibraryexternprintfdeclaresuseofexternalsymbolasprintfisdeclaredinadifferentobjectmodulelinkerresolvesthissymbollatersegmentdatasectionforinitializeddatastringdbhelloworldahhmessagestringwithnewlinechardecimalandthenullterminatorstringnowreferstothestartingaddressatwhichhelloworldisstoredsegmenttextmainpushstringpushtheaddressoffirstcharacterofstringontostackthiswillbeargumenttoprintfcallprintfcallsprintfaddespadvancesstackpointerbyflushingoutthepushedstringargumentretreturnsourcehelloworldprogramforbitmodelinuxinnasmstyleassemblysourcelangnasmbuildnasmfelffstabsnameasmlinkldonamenameobitssectiondatahellodbhelloworldlenhelloequhellosectiontextglobalstartstartmovraxwritesyscallxmovrdifdstdoutmovrsihellobufhellomovrdxlenhellocountlenhellosyscallmovraxexitsyscallxmovrdistatusexitnormallysyscallsourceusingtheflagsregisterflagsareheavilyusedforcomparisonsinthexarchitecturewhenacomparisonismadebetweentwodatathecpusetstherelevantflagorflagsfollowingthisconditionaljumpinstructionscanbeusedtochecktheflagsandbranchtocodethatshouldrunegsourcelangnasmcmpeaxebxjnedosomethingdosomethingdosomethingheresourceflagsarealsousedinthexarchitecturetoturnonandoffcertainfeaturesorexecutionmodesforexampletodisableallmaskableinterruptsyoucanusetheinstructionsourcelangasmclisourcetheflagsregistercanalsobedirectlyaccessedthelowbitsoftheflagregistercanbeloadedintocodeahcodeusingthecodelahfcodeinstructiontheentireflagsregistercanalsobemovedonandoffthestackusingtheinstructionscodepushfcodecodepopfcodecodeintcodeincludingcodeintocodeandcodeiretcodeusingtheinstructionpointerregistertheinstructionpointeriscalledcodeipcodeinbitmodecodeeipcodeinbitmodeandcoderipcodeinbitmodetheinstructionpointerregisterpointstothememoryaddresswhichtheprocessorwillnextattempttoexecuteitcannotbedirectlyaccessedinbitorbitmodebutasequencelikethefollowingcanbewrittentoputtheaddressofcodenextlinecodeintocodeeaxcodesourcelangasmcallnextlinenextlinepopeaxsourcethissequenceofinstructionsgeneratespositionindependentcodebecausecodecallcodetakesaninstructionpointerrelativeimmediateoperanddescribingtheoffsetinbytesofthetargetinstructionfromthenextinstructioninthiscasewritingtotheinstructionpointerissimplenbspacodejmpcodeinstructionsetstheinstructionpointertothetargetaddresssoforexampleasequencelikethefollowingwillputthecontentsofcodeeaxcodeintocodeeipcodesourcelangasmjmpeaxsourceinbitmodeinstructionscanreferencedatarelativetotheinstructionpointersothereislessneedtocopythevalueoftheinstructionpointertoanotherregisterseealsoassemblylanguagexinstructionlistingsxarchitecturecpudesignlistofassemblersselfmodifyingcodedosreferencesfurtherreadingmanualssoftwareintelcomenusarticlesintelsdmintelandiasoftwaredevelopermanualsdeveloperamdcomresourcesdeveloperguidesmanualsamdarchitectureprogrammersmanualvolumeexternallinksinfoboxmusicalartistseewikipediawikiprojectmusiciansnamexclanimagecaptionphotobydevindehavenimagesizeonlyforimagesnarrowerthanpixelsbackgroundgrouporbandoriginbrooklynnewyorkcitygenrehiphopmusichiphopyearsactivebrpresentlabelthbwayrecordsthbwayislandrecordsislandbrpolydorrecordspolydorbrsuburbannoizerecordsassociatedactslinqueisisbrtraedonyabrqueenmotherragecurrentmembersbrotherjbrmasterchinabrkumubrultramanbraclbrlordczabrdjfatjackbrzulupastmembersprofessorxtheoverseerprofessorxdeceasedbrsugarshaftdeceasedbrparadisethearchitectxclanformerlystylizedasxclanandoftenincorrectlyspelledxclanrefnameallmusicbiographyallmusicworkallmusicpublisherallmedianetworklastkellmanfirstandyaccessdateaugustrefisahiphopmusichiphopgroupfrombrooklynnewyorkoriginallyconsistingofbrotherjgrandverbalizerfunkinlessonbrotherjprofessorxtheoverseerparadisethearchitectandsugarshafttherhythmproviderthecurrentincarnationofthegroupfeaturesbrotherjleaderbrotherjmasterchinakumuultramanrahannaacllordczadjfatjackandzulubiographyknownforitsafrocentrismandmilitantactivismasmemberoftheblackwatchmovementxclansoongainedfameforthecontroversyitsmusicarousedthoughcommercialsuccesswassporadicxclansdebutwastotheeastblackwardsfollowedbyxodusandatemporarybreakupbothalbumspeakedatonbillboardmagazinebillboardstoprbhiphopalbumsrecordchartchartintheunitedstatesotherartistswhowereaffiliatedwithxclanandblackwatchincludelinqueisisqueenmotherrageandyzrapperyzxclansaffiliatesreleasedastringoftitlesthroughouttheearlysprofessorxreleasedasoloalbumtitledyearsoftheontheblackhandsideinandasecondsoloalbumtitledpussnbootsthestrugglecontinuesinqueenmotherragereleasedvangloriouslawinvangloriousisawordthatthegroupmadeupnottobeconfusedwithvaingloriousisisreleasedrebelsoulinandyzreleasedhisdebutsonsofthefathernotedforthesongthinkingofamasterplaninfollowedbytheghettosbeengoodtomewhichincludedhismodesthitreturnoftheholyoneinyzbecameaffiliatedwiththegroupafterreleasinghisfirstalbumandthatisisisalsothemcknownaslinquelinqueayoungwhoatonepointwasamemberofthewutangclanaffiliatedgroupdeadlyvenomslaterprojectsinbrotherjformedanewgroupdarksunridersthatreleasedthefulllengthseedsofevolutionininlongtimegroupmembersugarshaftdiedfromcomplicationsofaidsbrotherjwasanearlyandvaluedmemberoftheworldwidehiphoporganizationcalledillcrewuniversalxclanreunitedinthelatesbutdidnotreleaseanynewmaterialbrotherjassembledanewcrewthathecallsxclanmillenniumcipherandreleasedagramophonerecordvinylsinglefortheoneblackwardsrowinprofessorxdiedfromcomplicationsofspinalmeningitisonmarchanewxclanalbumtitledreturnfrommeccaoriginallytitledthetrinitywasreleasedinfeaturingdamianjrgongmarleychalinaofjurassicrbxkrsonedaddyxofkottonmouthkingsandjacobyshaddixleadvocalistoftherockbandpaparoachalsotechnneisfeaturedonahiddenbonustracktitledrespectxclanopenedforinsaneclownpossestempesttourandinjanuaryreleasedanalbumtitledmainstreamoutlawzdiscographyclasswikitablealignleftalbuminformationalignlefttotheeastblackwardsreleasedmaybillboardchartpositionrbhiphopchartpositionsinglesraisetheflagheedthewordofthebrotherfunkinlessonshaftsbigscoregrandverbalizerwhattimeisitalignleftxodusreleasedmaybillboardchartpositionrbhiphopchartpositionsinglesfireearthnaturalxodusforeplayadamftpalignleftreturnfrommeccareleasedjanuarybillboardchartpositionrbhiphopchartpositionsinglesweaponxalignleftmainstreamoutlawzreleasedjanuarybillboardchartpositionrbhiphopchartpositionsinglesreferencesexternallinksdarksunrecordingscomdarksunrecordingscomxclanmusiccomxclanmusiccomwebarchiveorgwebhoodstarsnetinterviewsbrotherjshtmlhoodstarsmagazinetalkstobrotherjjanuaryblackelectoratecomarticlesaspidblackelectoratecomvibesoftheproblackaconversationwithbrotherjofxclanpartiblackelectoratecomart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pacecombatflightsimulatorafterinterceptorhasbrointeractivepurchasedmicroproseacquiringitsstudiosandthexcombrandthereweretalksofxcomtoyscomicsandevenacartoonshowabudgetrangeturnbasedtacticalplaybymailmultiplayergamexcomemailgamesemilgamesxcomwasreleasedininhasbropublishedxcomenforcerapoorlyreceivedthirdpersonshooterlooselybasedontheeventsofenemyunknownmarkingalowpointintheseriesthexcomgameswerealsoreleasedaspartoffourcompilationreleasesxcomcollectorseditionxcomcollectionandxcomcompletepackaswellasinkhugegamespackinatleasttwomoremajortitleshavebeenplannedforthisseriesoneofthemwasxcomgenesisarealtimestrategyandtacticsgamegoingbacktotherootsbutinfulldanotherwasxcomalliancealsoknownasxcomandtheprojectfoxforcefiveanaliensfilmaliensinspiredmixofstrategygameandfirstpersonperspectivetacticalshooterusingthelicensedoriginalunrealenginehoweverbothoftheseprojectswerecancelledafterexmicroprosehasbrointeractivestudioswereallshutdowninwithalliancebeinglaterabortivelyreactivatedinbeforebeingquietlycancelledagainwithoutanyofficialannouncementterrygreeraformerseniorartistandheadofgamedesignatmicroproseukdisclosedwedalsodiscussedotheravenuesforfuturegamesincludingtimetravelretakingthesolarsystemwithinterplanetarydistancesplayingasignificantroleinrecruitmentandresourcesandresistancemovementconceptwhereyouhadtofightbackaftertheworldwastakenandhumanitywastotallyunderthealienyokerefnametgrefxcomgamesvgseriesreviewsupdatedseptembergrnogamexcomenemyunknownmcbrpcbrpsgamethebureauxcomdeclassifiedmcpsbrbrpcgamexcomenemywithinmciosbrbrpsbrpcgamexcommcpcrefnamemcpcrefbrpsrefnamemcpsrefbrxonerefnamemcxonerefinkmarinannouncedtheywereworkingonreimaginingofxcomrelabeledasxcomitwasdescribedasatacticalandstrategicfirstpersonshooterthatwouldcombineelementsfromtheoriginalxcomalongsideanewsettingandviewpointwhilekeepingsomemainconceptsfromtheoriginalgameseriesthesettingreceivedacompleteoverhaulnowbasedintheearlyswiththeoriginalxcomorganizationbeingaussecretfederalagencyoriginallyplannedforthegamewasrepeatedlyredesignedbydifferentstudiosbeforebeingfinallyreleasedinasthebureauxcomdeclassifiedforwindowsosxplaystationandxboxinfiraxisgamesledbymicroprosecofoundersidmeierannouncedthedevelopmentofawindowsplaystationandxboxstrategygamexcomenemyunknownareimaginationofufoenemyunknownwithrealtimestrategicviewturnbasedcombatanddestructibletacticalenvironmentsmoreinveinoftheoriginalxcomgameandsetinamorecontemporarysettingthanthexcomgamebykmarinxcomenemyunknownwasreleasedlaterthatsameyeartocriticalacclaimwinningmultiplegameoftheyearawardsxcomcreatorjuliangollophaileditasaphoenixrisingfromtheashesofthexcomdisastersayingthatitsamazingthatafteryearsabrandthathadgonesobadlyinthewrongdirectionhasfinallybeenputrightitwasalsoportedtoandroidoperatingsystemandroidiososxandplaystationvitainfiraxisreleasedadownloadablecontentforthebasegamexcomenemyunknowntitledxcomenemywithinitwasmadeavailableonsteamsoftwaresteamwhichrequiresenemyunknowntoplayaswellasfortheplaystationandxboxbothversionsarestandaloneanddonotrequireenemyunknowninfiraxisannouncedthatasequelxcomrefnamexcomannouncerefitwasreleasedinforwindowsplaystationxboxoneosxandlinuxitsexpansionxcomwarofthechosenfollowedinjuliangollopsunofficialgamesthedreamlandchroniclesfreedomridgewasagameforthepcandplaystationbyjuliangollopsmythosgamescreatorsofufoenemyunknownandxcomapocalypseclaimedtohavingbeenessentiallyaremakeofthefirstxcomwithdgraphicsrefnamecodoaboutrefthedreamlandchronicleswascanceledinandmythosgamessoonceasedtoexistlasersquadnemesisisalowbudgetpcturnbasedtacticsgamedevelopedbygollopsnextcompanycodotechnologiesandverysimilartotheturnbasedbattlescapecombatsystemofthefirstxcomincodotechnologiesandpublishernamcoalsoreleasedrebelstartacticalcommandagameboyadvanceturnbasedtacticalroleplayinggamethattoowasreminiscentoftheearlybattlescapesystemphoenixpointisanupcomingstrategyandturnbasedtacticsvideogameforwindowsosxandlinuxthathastheopenworldstrategiclayersofthexcomstylegamesoftheslikeenemyunknownandapocalypsetogetherwiththepresentationandtacticalmechanicsofthemorerecentfiraxisrebootgamesthegameisbeingdevelopedbygollopwithsnapshotgamesanindependentgamestudioinbulgariaphoenixpointdescribedasaspiritualsuccessortoxcomisexpectedtobereleasedlateinothermedialiteraturetherearetwoxcomnovelsbasedonthefirstgameintheseriesdianeduanesxcomufodefenseanovelandvladimirvasilyevwritervladimirvasilyevsenemyunknownmicroprosesmanualdocumentationwriterjohnpossidentealsowrotethreeshortstoriesdecommissioningmanleysdepositionandcoopermominvasiontakingplacebetweentheeventsofthefirsttwogamesintheseriestherebootseriesnovelistitledxcomresurrectionbygregkeyesandwaspublishedinbridgingtheplotsofxcomanditssequelboardgameaboardgamedesignedbyericmlangbasedontherebootwasreleasedonjanuarybyfantasyflightgamesintellectualpropertyrightsthetrademarkforthexcomnamewasfiledonmaybymicroprosesoftwareaccordingtojuliangolloptheywantedustodoadealwherewewouldsignoveranyrightsthatwemighthaveinreturnforsomecashplusahighroyaltyonxcomapocalypsetheymoreorlessinsistedonitotherwisetheywerethreateningtocanceltheapocalypseprojectsotherewasalotofbluffinvolvedfollowingtheacquisitionandsubsequentmergerofmicroprosewithhasbrothexcomintellectualpropertyipwasalsotransferredtohasbrointeractiveonaugustduetofinancialdifficultieshasbrointeractivewassoldtoinfogramesentertainmentsaonjanuaryaspartofthistransferthexcomipwaslegallytransferredtoinfogramesondecembershortlythereafterinfogrameswasrenamedatarisainatarisatransferredseveralipstotaketwointeractivesoftwareincandxcomwastransferredwiththemonjunethexcomipiscurrentlyownedbytaketwoanditssubsidiariesbyfirstrumorsemergedthatirrationalgameswhoareownedbytaketwoweredevelopinganewxcomtitlethisgameeventuallybecamethebureauxcomdeclassifiedinmaykgamesasubsidiaryoftaketwoinheritedthexcomfranchiseandrereleasedterrorfromthedeeponsteamsoftwaresteaminseptemberufoenemyunknownapocalypseinterceptorandenforcerwerealsorereleasedasdownloadabletitleskgamesxcomwhichhadbeenindevelopmentsincepriortotheipacquisitionwasfinallycompletedandreleasedininspiredtitlesufisbasicallyjustamodofenemyunknowndoesntcountbecauseoftheseriespopularityvariousotherdevelopershavecreatedspiritualsuccessorgamessimilarinthemeandtoneofthexcomgamessometimescalledxcomclonesjuliangollopalsohimselfcalledturnbasedtacticalgamegenreingeneralassonsofrebelstarinareferencetooneofhisearliergamestheleveltowhichtheyborrowfromtheoriginalseriesvariescommercialabominationthenemesisprojectisarealtimetacticsactiongamedevelopedbyhothousecreationsandreleasedbyeidosinteractiveforthepcinthathasbeentoutedasxcommeetsdayofthedeadfilmdayofthedeadinrealtimealiensversushumansisaufoenemyunknownclonefortheiphoneipadandandroidoperatingsystemandroidgollophighlighteditanexampleofindievideogameremakeremakesinhisxcomlegacychartguardiansagentsofjusticewasanunreleasedgamebysimtexandmicroprosewhichwasdescribedasasuperheroversionofxcomincubationtimeisrunningoutisaturnbasedcombatpcgamethatwasconsideredtobewhatxcomapocalypseshouldhavebeenrefnameincubationreviewsrefitwasdevelopedandreleasedbygermancompanybluebyteinisomerwasanindiegameindiestrategygameprojectcurrentlyabandonedthatwasalsoheavilyinfluencedbythexcomseriesaswellasothergamessuchasdwarffortressandminecraftitblendsrealtimestrategycombatwithworldexplorationandsandboxgameplayufoaftermathisasingleplayerpcstrategyandrealtimetacticsgamewhichwasheavilyinfluencedbythexcomseriesandusedelementsofthemythosgamescanceledthedreamlandchroniclesitwascreatedbyczechcompanyaltarinteractiveandpublishedbytrisynergyaftermathwasfollowedbytwosequelsufoaftershockinandufoafterlightinufoextraterrestrialsapcstrategyturnbasedtacticsgamethatisanunofficialsequeltothexcomgamesdevelopedbyczechdeveloperchaosconceptandreleasedbytrisynergyinthefollowupgameufoextraterrestrialsshadowsoverearthwassupposedrobereleasedinqofbutasofitstillremainsindevelopmentsimultaneouslywithufoextraterrestrialsbattleformercuryufoonlineunrelatedtoufoonlinefightforearthisafreetoplaytacticalmassivelymultiplayeronlineroleplayinggamemmorpgthatisavailableonlyinrussianufoonlinefightforearthisasteamandbrowserbasedmassivelymultiplayeronlinegamemassivelymultiplayertacticalgamegollopcalleditactuallymoreacloneofincubationitcanbeplayedinthefreetoplaysystemusingamicropaymentsystemtogeneraterevenuexenonautsisapcstrategygamebybritishindependentstudiogoldhawkinteractiveagainheavilyinfluencedbythexcomseriesitisbeingmarketedasacoldwarerainsteadofreimaginingoftheoriginalufoenemyunknownandananswertoksthebureauxcomdeclassifiedwhichalienatedsomeofthexcomfanbaseduetoitsfpsbasedgameplaythegamemissedseveralreleasedatesbutwasfinallyreleasedinjunexenonautsiscurrentlyindevelopmentthefranchisewasalsoreferencedinthecivilizationseriescivilizationseriesofstrategyvideogamesthathadpartiallyinspiredxcominfirstplacetheoriginalgamereceivedanunofficialsequelintheexpansionsetciviifantasticworldsformicroprosescivilizationiiinascenariosetonthephobosmoonphobosmoonofmarsfiraxiscivilizationvfeaturesaunittypenamedxcomsquadotherscreenshotfanremakeprojectsforufoenemyunknownincludexcomlasthopeamodofhalflifereleasedinufothetwosidesdevelopmenthaltedinduetocopyrightissuesufocydoniasfallcanceledinxcomorigincancelledinandtherebelsquadadefunctprojectbysamliuopenxcomisanopensourcereimplementationofthatgametofixallthebugsandenablemoddingufoalieninvasionisanopensourcecrossplatformdstrategyturnbasedtacticsfangameheavilyinfluencedbythexcomseriesasimilaropensourcegamebutwhichneverleftaprereleasephaselastupdatedinwasxforcefightfordestinyanotheroneprojectxenocidewasabortedinxenowarisanopensourcesimpletacticalgamefortheandroidandwindowsxcomtacticalisaboardgamereproducingthesquadtacticselementofthefirstgameseealsolasersquadasciencefictiontacticalgamebytheoriginalcreatorsofxcomandanimmediatepredecessorofxcomufoenemyunknownoriginallybegandevelopmentaslasersquadrebelstarseriesrebelstarseriesprecursorgamestobothlasersquadandthexcomseriesalsocreatedbythesamedevelopersreferencesexternallinksfiraxiscomnewssinglexcomcommandersjakesolomonandjuliangollopinterviewedxcomcommandersjakesolomonandjuliangollo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ngsucrosesweetenedgumxylitolwasassociatedwithfewercavitiesthissamepropertyrendersitunsuitableformakingbreadasitinterfereswiththeabilityofyeasttodigestsugarstheperceptionofsweetnessobtainedfromconsumingxylitolcausesthesecretionofsalivawhichactsasabufferagainsttheacidicenvironmentcreatedbythemicroorganismsindentalplaqueincreaseinsalivationcanraisethephtoaneutralrangewithinfewminutesofxylitolconsumptionareviewofxylitoleffectsondentalcavitiesconcludedthatthebodyofevidenceisoflowtoverylowqualityandisinsufficienttodeterminewhetheranyotherxylitolcontainingproductscanpreventcavitiesininfantsolderchildrenoradultsweightmanagementprocessedfoodscontainingxylitolasanonnutritivesweetenermaybeusefultomanagebodyweighttoxicityinhumansxylitolhasnoknowntoxicityinhumanshoweversomereportheartpalpitationsafterconsumingitinonestudyparticipantsconsumedamonthlyaverageofnbspkgofxylitolwithamaximumdailyintakeofnbspgwithnoapparentilleffectslikemostsugaralcoholsxylitolhasalaxativeeffectbecausesugaralcoholsarenotfullybrokendownduringdigestionhowevertheeffectvariesfrompersontopersoninonestudyofchildrenfourexperienceddiarrheafromxylitolslaxativeeffectwhentheyatemorethannbspgramsperdaystudieshavereportedthatadaptationoccursafterseveralweeksofconsumptionaswithothersugaralcoholswiththeexceptionoferythritolconsumptionofxylitolinexcessofoneslaxationthresholdtheamountofsweetenerthatcanbeconsumedbeforeabdominaldiscomfortoccurscanresultintemporarygastrointestinalsideeffectssuchasbloatingflatulenceanddiarrheaadaptationthatisanincreaseofthelaxationthresholdoccurswithregularintakexylitolhasalowerlaxationthresholdthansomesugaralcoholsbutismoreeasilytoleratedthanmannitolandsorbitolrefnamewangrefindogsxylitolisoftenfataltodogsaccordingtotheamericansocietyforthepreventionofcrueltytoanimalsaspcaanimalpoisoncontrolcenterthenumberofcasesofxylitoltoxicosisindogshassignificantlyincreasedsincethefirstreportsindogsthathaveeatenfoodscontainingxylitolgreaterthannbspmilligramsofxylitolconsumedperkilogramofbodyweighthavepresentedwithlowbloodsugarhypoglycemiawhichcanbelifethreateningrefnamedunayeracutereflowbloodsugarcanresultinalossofcoordinationdepressioncollapseandseizuresinaslittleasnbspminutesrefnamedunayerrefintakeofdosesofxylitolgreaterthantonbspmgkgbodyweighthasbeenimplicatedinliverfailureindogswhichcanbefatalrefnamedunayernewrefinwildbirdsthirtycapesugarbirdsdiedwithinminutesofdrinkingasolutionmadewithxylitolfromafeederinagardeninhermanussouthafricaitissuspectedthatittriggeredamassiveinsulinreleasecausinganirreversibledropinbloodsugarseealsoaspartamebirchsaplxylulosereductasesmalllsmallxylulosereductasexylonicacidreferencesinfoboxchessplayernamexiejunimagexiejunjpgcaptionxiejuncuritibabirthnamecountrychinabirthdatebirthplacebaodinghebeichinadeathdatedeathplacetitlegrandmasterchessgrandmasterworldchampionwomensworldchampionbrratinginactivepeakratingjanuaryfideidinfoboxchinesestpxijnwhsiehsupsupchunsupsupmixiejunbornoctoberisachessgrandmasterchessgrandmasterfromchinashehadtwoseparatereignsaswomensworldchesschampionshipwomensworldchesschampionfromtoandagainfromtoxieisoneofthreewomentohaveatleasttwoseparatereignsbesideselisabethbykovaandhouyifanxiejunismarriedtoherformercoachgmwushaobincareerattheageofsixxiebegantoplaychinesechessandbytheageofshehadbecomethegirlsxiangqichampionofbeijingattheurgingofgovernmentauthoritiesshesoonbeganplayinginternationalchessdespiteindifferenttrainingopportunitiesxiebecamethechinesegirlschesschampionininshetiedforsecondfourthplacesattheworldjuniorchesschampionshipworldjuniorgirlschampionshipinadelaideattheageofxiewontherighttochallengeforthewomensworldtitleandinshedefeatedmayachiburdanidzeofgeorgiawhohadheldthetitlesincebyascoreofinshesuccessfullydefendedhertitleagainstnanaioselianiwinningthematchinthesummerofshewasawardedthefullgrandmasterchessgrandmastertitleshelostthewomensworldchesschampionshipwomensworldchesschampionshiptosusanpolgarofhungarybutregainedthetitleinbydefeatinganotherchampionshipfinalistalisagalliamovaafterpolgarrefusedtoacceptmatchconditionsandforfeitedhertitleinfdrationinternationaledeschecsfidechangedtheformatoftheworldchampionshiptoaknockoutsystemandxiewonthetitleagainbeatingfellowchineseplayerqinkanyinginthefinalinguangzhouinaprilwomenschampionxieplayedamatchwithformerworldchesschampionworldchampionanatolykarpovbilledasafemalevsmalechesscontestthematchconsistedoffourgamesatnormaltimecontrolsandtwofastchessrapidgamesthefourgameportionwaswonbykarpovwindrawsandtherapidplayportionalsowenttokarpovwindrawaheroinchinaxiebecamewidelyknownforheroptimismandvividattackingstylehersuccessdidmuchtopopularizeinternationalchessinhercountryandtherestofasiaxiejunprovedtobethefirstofanumberofstrongchinesewomenplayerstheothersbeingzhuchenxuyuhuaandwangleichessplayerwangleishewasalsoanimportantfactorinthechinesewomensteamwinningthegoldmedalatthechessolympiadinelistainkalmykiarussiaaroundtheendofthesxiewasreadingforadoctorateinpsychologyatbeijingnormaluniversitybyxiejundirectedanagencyinthebeijingregiontakingcareofchessandgotalentsinjulyshegainedthetitlesofinternationalarbiterandfideseniortrainerseealsochessinchinareferencesfurtherreadinganannotatedcollectionofmanyofxiesgamesalongwithsomebiographicalinformationabookcontaininginterviewswithmanyfamouschessplayersexternallinksblogsinacomcnxiejunofficialblogchesscomplayersxiejunxiejunchessgamesatchesscomwebarchiveorgwebchessmatecomxiejunnhtmiamnotaprofessionalnbspinterviewsuccessionboxbeforeqinkanyingtitlechinesechesschampionshipwomenschinesechesschampionyearsafterpengzhaoqinsuccessionboxbeforemaiachiburdanidzetitlewomensworldchesschampionfirstreignyearsaftersusanpolgarsuccessionboxbeforesusanpolgarthenvacanttitlewomensworldchesschampionsecondreignyearsafterzhuchennorthamericanxredirectcategoryshellxenophobiamultiplefilelinexiaolinwugifthumbpxdemonstrationofxiaolinwusalgorithmxiaolinwuslinealgorithmisanalgorithmforlinespatialantialiasingantialiasingantialiasingtechniquexiaolinwuslinealgorithmwaspresentedinthearticleanefficientantialiasingtechniqueinthejulyissueofcomputergraphicspublicationcomputergraphicsaswellasinthearticlefastantialiasinginthejuneissueofdrdobbsjournalbresenhamslinealgorithmbresenhamsalgorithmdrawslinesextremelyquicklybutitdoesnotperformantialiasinginadditionitcannothandleanycaseswherethelineendpointsdonotlieexactlyonintegerpointsofthepixelgridanaiveapproachtoantialiasingthelinewouldtakeanextremelylongtimewusalgorithmiscomparativelyfastbutisstillslowerthanbresenhamsalgorithmthealgorithmconsistsofdrawingpairsofpixelsstraddlingthelineeachcolouredaccordingtoitsdistancefromthelinepixelsatthelineendsarehandledseparatelylineslessthanonepixellongarehandledasaspecialcaseanextensiontothealgorithmforcircledrawingwaspresentedbyxiaolinwuinthebookgraphicsgemsiijustasthelinedrawingalgorithmisareplacementforbresenhamslinedrawingalgorithmthecircledrawingalgorithmisareplacementforbresenhamscircledrawingalgorithmalgorithmsyntaxhighlightlangpascalfunctionplotxycisplotthepixelatxywithbrightnesscwherecintegerpartofxfunctionipartxisreturnfloorxfunctionroundxisreturnipartxfractionalpartofxfunctionfpartxisreturnxfloorxfunctionrfpartxisreturnfpartxfunctiondrawlinexyxyisbooleansteepabsyyabsxxifsteepthenswapxyswapxyendififxxthenswapxxswapyyendifdxxxdyyygradientdydxifdxthengradientendifhandlefirstendpointxendroundxyendygradientxendxxgaprfpartxxpxlxendthiswillbeusedinthemainloopypxlipartyendifsteepthenplotypxlxpxlrfpartyendxgapplotypxlxpxlfpartyendxgapelseplotxpxlypxlrfpartyendxgapplotxpxlypxlfpartyendxgapendifinteryyendgradientfirstyintersectionforthemainloophandlesecondendpointxendroundxyendygradientxendxxgapfpartxxpxlxendthiswillbeusedinthemainloopypxlipartyendifsteepthenplotypxlxpxlrfpartyendxgapplotypxlxpxlfpartyendxgapelseplotxpxlypxlrfpartyendxgapplotxpxlypxlfpartyendxgapendifmainloopifsteepthenforxfromxpxltoxpxldobeginplotipartinteryxrfpartinteryplotipartinteryxfpartinteryinteryinterygradientendelseforxfromxpxltoxpxldobeginplotxipartinteryrfpartinteryplotxipartinteryfpartinteryinteryinterygradientendendifendfunctionsyntaxhighlightreferencescitejournalauthorabrashmichaelurlarchivegamedevnetarchivereferencearticlesarticlehtmltitlefastantialiasingcolumnjournaldrdobbsjournaldatejunevolumeissuepagescitejournalauthorwuxiaolinurlportalacmorgcitationcfmidtitleanefficientantialiasingtechniquejournalcomputergraphicspublicationdatejulyvolumeissuepagesdoiisbncitebookauthorwuxiaolinyearchapterfastantialiasedcirclegenerationeditorjamesarvoedtitlegraphicsgemsiipageslocationsanfranciscopublishermorgankaufmannisbnexternallinksecemcmastercaxwuxiaolinwushomepageinfoboxphilosopherregionwesternphilosophyerapresocraticphilosophybirthdatecbcbirthplacecolophoncitycolophondeathdatecbcdeathplaceschooltraditionpresocraticphilosophypresocraticmainintereststheologybrmetaphysicsbrepistemologyinfluencesthalesepimenidespythagorasinfluencedheraclitusepicharmusnotableideasreligiousviewsashumanpsychologicalprojectionprojectionsbrthearchecosmicprinciplesofwaterandearthbrthejustifiedtruebelieftruebeliefandknowledgedistinctionxenophanesofcolophoncitycolophonccbcwasagreecegreekphilosophertheologianpoetandsocialandreligiouscriticxenophaneslivedalifeoftravelhavingleftioniaattheageofandcontinuingtotravelthroughoutthegreekworldforanotheryearssomescholarssayhelivedinexileinsicilyrefnameyorkuoxfordreferencecomviewsentryhtmlsubviewmainentrytexenophanesofcolophontheoxforddictionaryofphilosophysimonblackburnoxforduniversitypressoxfordreferenceonlineoxforduniversitypressoctoberrefknowledgeofhisviewscomesfromfragmentsofhispoetrysurvivingasquotationsbylatergreekwriterstojudgefromthesehiselegiacandiambfootiambicpoetrycriticizedandsatiresatirizedawiderangeofideasincludinghomerandhesiodthebeliefinthepantheongodspantheonofanthropomorphicdeitygodsandthegreeksvenerationofathleticismathleticismheistheearliestgreekpoetwhoclaimsexplicitlytobewritingforfuturegenerationscreatingfamethatwillreachallofgreeceandneverdiewhilethegreekkindofsongssurviveslifexenophaneswasanativeofcolophoncitycolophonacityinionianowwesternturkeysomesayhewasthesonoforthomenesothersthesonofdexiusheprobablylivedforsometimeinveliaeleafoundedbythephocaeansinthestolympiadbcsincehewroteaboutthefoundationofthatcolonyaccordingtoanelegyreputedlycomposedwhenhewasyearsoldpoemsaccordingtobiographerdiogeneslartiusxenophaneswroteinhexametersandalsocomposedelegiesandiambicsagainsthomerandhesiodlaertiusalsomentionstwohistoricalpoemsconcerningthefoundingofcolophonandeleabutoftheseonlythetitleshavebeenpreservedthereisnogoodauthoritythatsaysthatxenophaneswroteaphilosophicalpoemtheneoplatonismneoplatonistphilosophersimpliciusofciliciasimpliciuswritesthathehadnevermetwiththeversesabouttheearthstretchinginfinitelydownwardsfreventhoughhehadaccesstomanyphilosophicalworksseveralofthephilosophicalfragmentsarederivedfromcommentatorsonhomeritisthuslikelythatthephilosophicalremarksofxenophaneswereexpressedincidentallyinhissatirestheologyxenophanessurvivingwritingsdisplayaskepticismthatbecamemorecommonlyexpressedduringthefourthcenturybchesatirizedtraditionalreligiousviewsofhistimeashumanpsychologicalprojectionprojectionsheaimedhiscritiqueatthepolytheisticreligiousviewsofearliergreekpoetsandofhisowncontemporarieshomerandhesiodonefragmentstateshaveattributedtothegodsallsortsofthingsthataremattersofreproachandcensureamongmentheftadulteryandmutualdeceptionsextusempiricusreportedthatsuchobservationswereappreciatedbychristianapologeticschristianapologistsxenophanesisquotedmemorablyinclementofalexandriaarguingagainsttheconceptionofgodsasfundamentallyanthropomorphicanadditionalcriticismofthegodsisfoundinthequotebrblockquotethegodshavenotofcourserevealedallthingstomortalsbrfromthebeginningbutratherseekinginthecourseoftimetheydiscoverbrwhatisbetterbrblockquotexenophanescouldbetryingtosaythathumansareindependentofthegodswiththeirintelligencethatdiscoveriesinscienceandotherareasaretheresultofhumanworkandnotdivinefavorsthusremovingthegodsfromtheroleofreceivingcreditforhumanaccomplishmentbrotherpassagesquotedbyclementofalexandriathatargueagainstthetraditionalgreekconceptionofgodsincludeonegodgreatestamonggodsandhumansbrlikemortalsneitherinformnorinthoughtrefnameosborneosbornecatherinechapterpresocraticphilosophyaveryshortintroductionoxfordupprintrefbutmortalsthinkthatthegodsarebornbrandhavethemortalsownclothesandvoiceandformregardingxenophanestheologyfivekeyconceptsaboutgodcanbeformedgodisbeyondhumanmoralitydoesnotresemblehumanformcannotdieorbeborngodisdivinethuseternalnodivinehierarchyexistsandgoddoesnotinterveneinhumanaffairsxenophanesespousedabeliefthatgodisonesupremeamonggodsandmenandnotlikemortalsinbodyorinmindhemaintainedtherewasonegreatestgodgodisoneeternalbeingsphericalinformcomprehendingallthingswithinhimselfistheabsolutenousmindandthoughtthereforeisintelligentandmovesallthingsbutbearsnoresemblancetohumannatureeitherinbodyormindheisconsideredbysometobeaprecursortoparmenidesandbaruchspinozaspinozabecauseofhisdevelopmentoftheconceptofaonegodgreatestamonggodsandmenthatisabstractuniversalunchangingimmobileandalwayspresentxenophanesisoftenseenasoneofthefirstmonotheismmonotheistsinthewesternworldwesternphilosophyofreligionalthoughthequotationthatseemstopointtoxenophanessmonotheismalsoreferstomultiplegodswhothesupremegodisgreaterthanphysicistandphilosophermaxbernhardweinsteinspecificallyidentifiedxenophanesasoneoftheearliestpandeistsmetaphysicsxenophaneswroteabouttwoextremespredominatingtheworldwetanddryorwaterandearththeargumentcanbeconsideredarebuketoanaximenesairtheoryadetailedaccountofthewetanddryformtheoryisfoundinhippolytusofromehippolytusrefutationofallheresieshealsoholdsthatthereisaninfinitenumberofworldsnotoverlappingintimexenophanesconcludedfromhisexaminationoffossilsthatwateroncemusthavecoveredalloftheearthssurfacetheuseofevidenceisanimportantstepinadvancingfromsimplystatinganideatobackingitupbyevidenceandobservationepistemologyxenophanesiscreditedwithbeingoneofthefirstphilosopherstodistinguishbetweentruebeliefandknowledgewhichhefurtherdevelopedintotheprospectthatyoucanknowsomethingbutnotreallyknowitduetothelackofwholeworksbyxenophanesalotofmeaningislostandalargeamountofguessingisathandsothattheimplicationofknowingbeingsomethingdeeperaclearertruthmayhavespecialimplicationsoritmaymeanthatyoucannotknowsomethingjustbylookingatititisknownthatthemostandwidestvarietyofevidencewasconsideredbyxenophanestobethesurestwaytoproveatheoryhisepistemologywhichisstillinfluentialtodayheldthatthereactuallyexistsatruthofrealitybutthathumansasmortalsareunabletoknowitkarlpopperreadxenophanesassayingthatitispossibletoactonlyonthebasisofworkinghypotheseswemayactasifweknewthetruthaslongasweknowthatthisisextremelyunlikelyxenophanesviewsthenmightserveasabasisofcriticalrationalismintodaysphilosophicalandclassicsdiscoursexenophanesisseenasoneofthemostimportantpresocraticphilosophypresocraticphilosophersithadalsobeencommonsinceantiquitytoseehimastheteacherofzenoofeleathecolleagueofparmenidesandgenerallyassociatedwiththeeleaticschoolbutcommonopiniontodayislikewisethatthisisfalsethereisonefragmentdealingwiththemanagementofafeastanotherwhichdenouncestheexaggeratedimportanceattachedtoathleticvictoriesandseveralwhichdenythehumanizedgodsofhomerargumentssuchasthesemadexenophanesinfamousforhisattacksonconventionalmilitaryandathleticvirtuesofthetimeandwellknowntosidewiththeintellectualinsteadseealsoonmelissusxenophanesandgorgiasnotesbibliographyeditionseduardzellerezellerdiephilosophiedergriechenstvolumebooksgooglecombooksidatucaaaaqaajpgpaptbingenafairbanksarchiveorgdetailsfirstphilosopherfairialathefirstphilosophersofgreecepnbspnewyorkcfhistoryhanoveredutextspresocxenophanhtmlhanoverhistoricaltextshermanndielshdielsandwkranzedsarchiveorgdetailsdiefragmentederkrangoogdiefragmentedervorsokratikerppnbspsteditionberlinthedisconsideredstandardworkandreprintedunalteredmuchsuperiortokirkravengeoffreykirkgskirkjohnravenjeravenandwebarchiveorgwebclassicscamacukfacultystaffbiosacademicresearchstaffmalcolmschofieldmschofieldthepresocraticphilosophersbooksgooglecombooksidkfpdjplscpgpachapterndeditioncambridgemrwrightthepresocraticsthemainfragmentsingreekbristolcfphilosophygrpresocraticsxenophaneshtmxenophanesofcolophonbygiannisstamatellosbgentiliandcpratoedspoetarumelegiacorumtestimoniaetfragmentaleipzigbestgreektextavailablewebarchiveorgwebphilosophyuncedulesherhtmjhlesheredbooksgooglecombooksidlxxjxtviacgcxenophanesfragmentstorontobestenglisheditionandtranslationfurtherreadingjlesherfacultywashingtonedusmcohenlesherhtmlpresocraticcontributionstothetheoryofknowledgeablemediacomctcwebshowcasedeyounghtmludeyoungthehomericgodsandxenophanesopposingtheoryofthedivinewdrechslerandrkattelmenschundgottbeixenophanesinmwitteedgottundmenschimdialogfestschriftfrottokaiserzumgeburtstagberlinnewyorkhfrnkelxenophanesstudienhermeseheitschxenophanesunddieanfngekritischendenkensmainzerakademiederwissenschaftenundderliteraturabhdgeistesundsozialwissklhwernerjaegerwjaegerthetheologyoftheearlygreekphilosophersgiffordlecturesreprwestportctkarljasperskjaspersthegreatphilosophersnewyorketcrkattelthepoliticalphilosophyofxenophanesofcolophontramesottokaiserscholarokaiserdereinegottunddiegtterderweltinzwischenathenundjerursalemstudienzurgriechischenundbiblischentheologieihrereigenartundihremverhltnisberlinnewyorkricharddmckirahanxenophanesofcolophonphilosophybeforesocratesindianapolishackettpublishingcompanykzieglerxenophanesvonkolophoneinrevolutionrdesgeistesgymmasiumexternallinksphilosophygrpresocraticsxenophaneshtmxenophanesofcolophonbygiannisstamatellosxenophanesnetnetindexphppagemainpagexenophanesofcolophonprimaryandsecondaryresourcesinfoboxtelevisionshownamexmenimagexmenanimatedseriesintrojpggenresuperherofictionbractiongenreactionadventurefictionadventurebasedondeveloperericlewaldbrsidneyiwanterbrmarkedensvoicesnormspencerbrcathaljdoddbrlenorezannbrionamorrisbralisonsealysmithbrgeorgebuzabrchrispotteractorchrispotterbrtonydanielsbralysoncourtbrcatherinedisherbrcedricsmithactorcedricsmiththememusiccomposerronwassermancomposerronwassermanbrshukilevybrnoamkanielbramotzplessnercountryunitedstateslanguageenglishnumseasonsnumepisodeslistepisodeslistofxmentvseriesepisodesexecutiveproduceraviaradbrstanleebrjosephcallimaribrwinstonrichardbrericsrollmanproducerlarryhoustonbrwillmeugniotruntimeminutescompanymarvelentertainmentmarvelentertainmentgroupincmarvelentertainmentgroupbrsabanentertainmentdistributormarvelproductionsnewworldanimationnewworldanimationbrdisneyabcdomestictelevisionbvsentertainmentnetworkfoxkidsfirstairedlastairedprecededbyxmenprydeofthexmenfollowedbyxmenevolutionwebsitexmenalsoknownasxmentheanimatedseriesisanamericananimatedtelevisionserieswhichdebutedonoctoberintheunitedstatesonthefoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxnetworkaspartofitsfoxkidssaturdaymorninglineupxmenwasmarvelcomicssecondattemptatananimatedxmentvseriesafterthepilotxmenprydeofthexmenwasnotpickedupbackgroundinmargaretloeschbecameheadoffoxchildrensnetworkthesecondepisodewasturnedinjustbeforedeadlinewithscenesmissingandonlyasingledayreservedforeditingthenightofthesentinelstwopartepisodeoriginallyairedasasneakpreviewonoctoberbecauseoftheproductiondelaysandanimationerrorsinthesetwoepisodesfoxthreatenedtoseverakomscontractswhenfoxreairedthepilotinearlytheerrorswerecorrectedtheseriesearnedtopratingsthroughoutitsfirstseasonandwasrenewedforasecondseasonofepisodesaftertheboxofficesuccessoftheliveactionxmenfilmxmenfilminthesummeroffoxbeganairingrerunsofthecartoononweekdayafternoonsatfirstonlyepisodesthatprimarilyfeaturedcontentinthemoviewerebroadcastlatertheserieswasairedinproperorderbutitwaspulledfromtheairinearlysoonafterfreeformtvchannelabcfamilyandtoondisneybeganairingrerunsduetothewaltdisneycompanydisneysbuyoutofallsabanentertainmentprogramsxmenwastakenofftheairagainaftertoondisneywasdiscontinuedanddisneyxdtookoveritsprogrammingsynopsistheshowfeaturesxmensimilarinlookandlineuptotheearlysxmenlegacyxmendrawnbyjimleespecificallycyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopssblueteamestablishedintheearlyissuesofxmenlegacycomposedofcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopswolverinecharacterwolverineroguecomicsroguestormmarvelcomicsstormbeastcomicsbeastgambitcomicsgambitjubileecomicsjubileejeangreyprofessorxaswellasanoriginalcharactermorphanadaptationofpreviousxmenmemberkevinsydneychangelingtheseriesdealswithsocialissuesincludingdivorceproteusxmenepisodeproteuschristianitynightcrawlerxmenepisodenightcrawlerandbloodlinesxmenepisodebloodlinestheholocaustentermagnetodeadlyreunionsdaysoffuturepasttvepisodesdaysoffuturepastandthephalanxcovenantandaidshysteriatimefugitivesandfeelingsoflonelinessnomutantisanislandtelevisionwassatirizedintheepisodesmojovisionandlongshotxmenepisodelongshotxmencrossedoverwiththeanimatedseriesspidermanwhenspidermanseeksoutthexmenshelptostaveoffhisprogressingmutationinthesecretwarsspidermanabbreviatedformofthesecretwarsstorylinethebeyonderandmadamewebselectedspidermantoleadateamofheroesincludingstormagainstagroupofvillainsanearlierdraftofsecretwarsinvolvedallofthexmenbuttransportingthevoicecasttolosangeleswhereproductionforthespidermananimatedserieswasbasedfromcanadahadbeentoocostlyinpreviouscrossoverssotheepisodewasrewrittentoincludeonlystormwhoseactressionamorrislivedinlosangelesthefirstseasonoftheshowbroughtthexmenintoconflictwithhumanconspiratorsbuildingmutantexterminatingsentinelcomicssentinelrobotsmagnetoandhisattemptstoinstigateahumanmutantwarandthepowerfulmutantapocalypsecomicsapocalypsesplanstoeradicatetheweakbothhumanandmutantalikeotherstorylinesincludingxmenmembermorphsdeathatthehandsofsentinelsbeastsincarcerationandanassassinationattemptonussenatorkellybyapocalypsesminionstoturnhumansentimentagainstthemutantsthesecondseasonseescyclopsandjeangetmarriedandbecomethetargetsofmistersinisterwhohopestousethegeneticallyperfectcombinationoftheirdnatocreateanarmyofobedientmutantsmorphreturnshavingbeenrescuedbysinisterandbrainwashedintoforcingthexmenaparttheseasonalsofeaturesthegrowingriftbetweenhumansandmutantsspearheadedbythefriendsofhumanityanantimutantgroupwholeadthepersecutionofallmutantsapocalypsealsoreturnsdevelopingadeadlyplaguetobeblamedonmutantsfuelingmutanthatredthethirdseasonfocusesonthecosmicforcethephoenixwhichmergeswithjeangreyandeventuallyturnsherintothemalevolentandpowerfuldarkphoenixtheseasonalsointroducedtheshiarempirewhowanttostopthedarkphoenixincludinglilandraandgladiatorotherstorylinesincludetheintroductionofwolverinesformerloverturnedmercenaryladydeathstrikeformerxmenmembericemanandthevillainousshadowkingadaptationsalthoughthemajorityofseriessstoriesareoriginalanumberofstorylinesandeventsfromthecomicsarelooselyadaptedintheseriessuchasseasonthepartpilotepisodenightofthesentinelsfeaturesthemutantregistrationactwhichwasfirstusedindaysoffuturepastfromuncannyxmenjanuaryalsothebattleattheshoppingmallisadaptedfromjubileesfirstappearanceinthestoryladiesnightfromuncannyxmenmayinthatstoryjubileeisattackedbythemsquadandisrescuedbyfemalexmenandthefinalsequencewhereinjubileearrivesatthexmansionisbasedonasimilarsequencewhenkittyprydefirstarrivedatthexmansionfollowingthefuneralforphoenixinelegyfromxmenoctobertheepisodeentermagnetofeaturesaconfrontationatamissilebasethisislargelybasedonthexmensfirstbattlewithmagnetocomicsmagnetoastoldintheirincomicsdebutstoryxmeninxmenseptembercaptiveheartsxmencaptiveheartsislooselybasedoneventsdepictedincatacombsanddancininthedarkfromuncannyxmenmayjuneexceptthatthexmankidnappedbythemorlocksinthosestorieswasangelratherthancyclopsintheepisodeslaveislandxmenslaveislandgenoshastreatmentofmutantsasslavelaborisadaptedfromwelcometogenoshabustingloosewhoshumangonnabearevolutioninuncannyxmenoctobernovemberhoweverthepremiseofhowthegenoshansenslavedmutantsisgreatlyretooledlikelytobemoreappropriateforchildrenstelevisionintheepisodetheunstoppablejuggernautthejuggernautsoriginsisadaptedfromthestorytheoriginofprofessorxinxmenjulyalsothexmenclashingwithjuggernautatthebankisadaptedlooselyfromthestoryjuggernautsbackintowninuncannyxmenparticularlytheportionswherethexmenarestakingoutthebankbeforethejuggernautattacksandtheoriginofcolossusisadaptedfromdeadlygenesisingiantsizexmenmaythecurexmenthecurefeaturesaflashbacktoroguesoriginsdetailingherkisswithcodyrobbinswhichisadaptedfrompublicenemyinuncannyxmenseptemberapocalypsescreationofhisfourhorsemenincometheapocalypseisverylooselyadaptedfromissuesfallingangelboomboomboomwhosedeathisitanywayalltogethernowandmasksfromxfactorcomicsxfactorthefirstpartofthepartepisodestorydaysoffuturepasttvepisodesdaysoffuturepastislooselybasedonxmenjanuarythefirstpartofthedaysoffuturepaststoryarctheentirestorywasretooledtofitthecontinuityestablishedintheanimatedserieshoweversomeoriginalelementsremainedsuchaswolverineleadingaresistanceagainstthesentinelshoweverbishopsroleasatrackerofmutantrebelsisreminiscentofrachelsummersroleasahoundlikelyadaptedfromuncannyxmensimilarlybishopsbetrayalofthesentinelsandtravelbackintimeisadaptedfromkateprydessimilarstuntinxmenandnimrodsappearanceandbattlewiththexmenislikelyadaptedfromraidersofthelosttempleinuncannyxmenmarchandjunealsobishopsassertionthatgambitbetrayedthexmenisadaptedfrombishoptokingsfiveinuncannyxmenaprilwhereinbishopsfuturethexmenwereapparentlykilledbyoneoftheirownandasgambitwastheonlysurvivorbishoplongsuspectedhimofbetrayingthexmenthesecondpartofdaysoffuturepasttvepisodesdaysoffuturepastisadaptedfrommindoutoftimeinuncannyxmenfebruarywhereinthexmenpreventthebrotherhoodofevilmutantsfromassassinatingsenatorrobertedwardkellythestorywasalteredtofitthecontinuityoftheanimatedserieswhereinbishoptakestheplaceofkateprydehoweveritdeviatesfromtheoriginalstorywhenmagnetoabductskellytheentiresentinelplotfromtheepisodethefinaldecisionincludingmastermoldforcingtrasktodohisbiddingisadaptedfromamongusstalkthesentinelsprisonersofthemysteriousmastermoldthesupremesacrificeinxmennovemberjanuarywhilstscottsmarriageproposaltojeanandmistersinistersinterestwhichisexploredfullyinseasonisverylooselyadaptedoninfernopartthefourthashesinuncannyxmenaprilamongotherissueswheresinistermanipulatedscottsmarriagetomadelynepryorforhisowntwistedendsseasontheepisodewhateverittakesxmenwhateverittakesfeaturesaflashbackdepictingmjnarisbirthisbasedonthestorylifedeathiifromuncannyxmenoctoberinthatstorystormdiscoveredshanistribeafterlosinghermutantpowersandresuscitatedshanisunnamedsonasinthisepisodethestoryalsofeaturedatribaleldernamedmjnariwhochosetodiewhenshanissonwasbornsothatthetribewouldnotbecometoonumerousforitsresourcestheepisoderepomanisbasedonshootoutatthestampedefromuncannyxmenmayandtheweaponxstoryarcweaponxstoryfrommarvelcomicspresentsmarchseptembertheepisodexternallyyoursisbaseduponthegambitissueminiseriesfeaturingtithinghonoramongstthievesthebenefactressthiefoftimewhichwaspublishedliterallyaroundthesametimethatepisodefirstaireddecembermarchthoughinitgambitsbrotherisnamedhenriinsteadofbobbyintimefugitivespartsfeaturesavariationofthelegacyvirusstorylinewhereitwasthecreationofapocalypsewhohadcreatedtheviruswiththeaidofgraydoncreedandthefriendsofhumanityinfectinginnocentpeopleandclaimingthatmutantsweretheoneswhohadcausedtheplagueinanattempttostoptheplaguebishopcamebackfromthefuturetodestroyapocalypsesworkbeforetheviruscouldmoveontomutantsbutasaresultvitalantibodiesthatwouldallowthemutantracetosurvivefutureplagueswerenevercreatedtravelingbackfromevenfurtherinthefuturecablewasabletocomeupwithacompromisethatallowedbothbishopsandhisownmissionstosucceedalthoughtheplaguenevermadethejumptomutantsonalargescalebasiscableneverthelessensuredthatwolverinewouldbeinfectedthuscreatingthenecessaryantibodieswhilenotkillinganymutantsthankstowolverineshealingfactorpartsoftheepisodearoguestalearebasedonroguereduxinuncannyxmenoctoberandbyfriendsbetrayedinavengersannualaugustseasonthephoenixsagapartsacrificeislooselybasedonmybrothermyenemyinuncannyxmenfebruarydeathstarrisinggreaterlovehathnoxmanphoenixunleashedinuncannyxmenjuneaugustthephoenixsagapartthedarkshroudislooselybasedonlikeaphoenixfromtheashesinuncannyxmenoctoberanddarkshroudofthepastinuncannyxmenaugustthephoenixsagapartthecryofthebansheeislooselybasedonwhowillstopthejuggernautthefallofthetowerthegentlemansnameismagnetoinuncannyxmendecemberjunethephoenixsagapartthestarjammersislooselybasedonwherenoxmanhasgonebeforeinuncannyxmenoctoberthephoenixsagapartchildoflightislooselybasedonarmageddonnowinuncannyxmendecemberthedarkphoenixsagapartdazzledisbothbasedheavilyandlooselyondifferentareasofthestorylinesdazzlerrunforyourlifeandhellfireistheirnamefromuncannyxmenfebruaryaprilthedarkphoenixsagaparttheinnercircleisbasedonwolverinealoneinuncannyxmenmaytoolatetheheroesinuncannyxmenjunethebattlewiththeinnercirclefollowstheoriginalcomicsverycloselywithbeasttakingtheroleofnightcrawlerwhenjugglingshawandroguetakingtheroleofcolossustearingthearmoffpiercethedarkphoenixsagapartthedarkphoenixisbasedondarkphoenixinuncannyxmenjulyandchildoflightanddarknessinuncannyxmenaugustthedarkphoenixsagapartthefateofthephoenixisbasedonthecomicofthesamenamethefateofthephoenixinuncannyxmenseptembertheepisodeorphansendisbasedonreunioninuncannyxmenandfirstbloodinuncannyxmensanctuarypartislooselybasedonrubiconinxmenvoloctoberandfirestorminxmenvolnovemberfromthexmenlegacyseriesandthefatalattractionscomicsfatalattractionsfictionalcrossovercomicscrossoverstorylinesanctuarypartislooselybasedonfalloutxmenvoldecemberfromthexmenlegacyseriesandthefatalattractionscomicsfatalattractionsfictionalcrossovercomicscrossoverstorylineseasoninonemansworthpartsweseeareverseoftheusualbookinspiringtvrelationshipwhileonemansworthhasatimelinesimilartothatinageofapocalypseinfactthecartoonwasanoriginalstorywrittenayearbeforethecomicbookcameouttheepisodeweaponxliesvideotapeislooselybasedonthestorylinestheshivascenariopartdreamsofgorephaseshivascenariopartdreamsofgorephasetwotheshivascenariopartdreamsofgorephasefromwolverinenovemberjanuarywithabitofthestorylinesnightmarequestreunionbastionsofglorywhatgoesaroundfromissuesseptemberdecemberthrowninaswellthoughtherobottalosiscalledshivathereandtheweaponxprojecthasmoremembersseasonthepartfinalseasonopenerphalanxcovenantwasadaptedfromthecomicphalanxcovenantofthesamenameseptemberoctoberwithbeastasthecentralcharacterthephalanxwereconceivedtobefullyalienandnotmutanthatinghumanswhowereinfectedwiththetechnologybecomingmorelikethetechnarchywithcameronhodgeworkingalongwiththemservingmuchthesameroleasinthecomicsduringthetwoparterbeastteamsupwithwarlockforgepartofxfactormrsinisterameliavoghtwhowasworkingonmuirislandatthetimeandmagnetotheepisodejubileesfairytaletheaterisbasedonkittysfairytaleinuncannyxmenjanuarywherekittyprydetoldafairytaletoillyanarasputinareplacingkittyprydewithjubileeandillyanarasputinawithschoolchildrentheepisodeoldsoldiersislooselybasedonmadripoorknightsinuncannyxmenseptembervoicecasttheseriesvoiceactingwasrecordedintorontostudioswithdanhennesseyservingasvoicedirectortorontovoiceactorshadbeenalreadyusedforthesmarvelcomicscartoonsprincipalcastcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsscottsummersnormspencerthesecondincommandandfieldcommanderofthexmenhepossessestheabilitytofireconcussiveblastsfromhiseyesheandjeangreyareinalongstandingrelationshipandmarryattheendofthefinalseasonwolverinecharacterwolverinelogancathaljdoddamutantwitharegenerativehealingfactorheightenedsensesanadamantiumlacedskeletonthatrenderhisbonesvirtuallyindestructibleandretractableclawscapableofcuttingvirtuallyanythinghewasattractedtojeanbutdecidednottocomebetweenherandscottroguecomicsroguelenorezannshepossessestheuncontrollableabilitytoabsorbthememoriespowersandenergyofthoseshetoucheshoweverifrogueholdsontosomeonetoolongtheirconsciousnesswillbetrappedinhersubconsciousshehaspermanentlyabsorbedthesuperhumanstrengthdurabilityandflightofcaroldanversmsmarvelmsmarvelwasleftavegetableduetothisstormmarvelcomicsstormororomunroeionamorrisalisonsealysmithsheisabletocontroltheweatherusingittoinjureherfoesorflyandissecondincommandofthexmenstormhastoremaininconstantcontrolofheremotionsastheyarelinkedtoherpowersifsheletlooseshewouldcallhorrificweatherconditionsthatwouldputlivesatjeopardybeastcomicsbeastdrhenryhankmccoygeorgebuzahismutationcovershisbodyinfurandmorphshisbodygrantinghimsuperhumanstrengthandagilitytocomplementhisgeniusmindhespendsmostofthefirstseasonimprisonedunfairlyfordestroyingthegovernmentsrecordsofregisteredmutantswhichwasbeingabusedbygyrichandtraskgambitcomicsgambitremylebeauchrispotteractorchrispottertonydanielshecanchargevirtuallyanyobjectwithexplosiveenergyturningthemintobombstheyonlyexplodeonceheletsgooftheobjecthealsowieldsastaffforclosecombatandforwhenhesoutofplayingcardstothrowjubileecomicsjubileejubilationleealysoncourtthenewestandyoungestmemberofthexmensheisclosetowolverinesheisstillgettingusedtoherpowerswhicharetheabilitytogeneratefireworklikeexplosionsjeangreyphoenixforcecomicsphoenixcatherinedisheratelekineticandtelepathsheisinalongstandingrelationshipwithcyclopsandtheymarryattheendofthefinalseasonprofessorxprofessorxcharlesxaviercedricsmithactorcedricsmiththefounderandleaderofthexmenandapowerfultelepathotherversionstheoriginalopeningsequencefeaturedthexmendemonstratingtheirmutantabilitiestoanowverydistinctiveinstrumentalthemewrittenbyronwassermanthisintroisusedthroughoutthefirstfourseasonsamodifiedversioniseventuallyintroducedinseasonfiveepisodeonephalanxcovenantpartoneinthisnewintrothebeginningofthethemeisslightlychangedwhenupnbeganairingrepeatsonsundaymorningsanalternatecreditssequencewasusedahighqualityjapaneseanimatedversionoftheoriginalopeningthismodifiedversionoccasionallyappearsinthedigitalstreamingreleaseoftheshowwhichwasusedforrerunsontoondisneyxmenoriginallyairedontvtokyofromthroughforthetvtokyoduboftheseriestheintrowasreplacedwithanewjapaneseanimatedsequenceaswellasanewthemecalledrisingbythebandambiencestartingwithepisodeasecondnewintrowasusedfeaturingthesongdakishimetaidareyorimotheendcreditssequencewasalsochangeditfeaturedshotsofamericanxmencomicbookssettothesongbacktoyoualsobyambiencethetvtokyodubwasdirectedbyyoshikazuiwanamiandfeaturedscriptsrewrittentoincludeamorehumorousselfsatiricaltoneaswellasanemphasisoncomicaladlibbingahallmarkofiwanamisdubbingstyleepisodeswereeditedfortimesothatnewsegmentscouldbeaddedtotheendwhichpromotedthexmenchildrenoftheatomvideogamexmenchildrenoftheatomvideogamefromcapcomthedubactorswouldpretendtoplaythegameastheircharactersandmakehumorousasidesandremarksxmenwasdubbedasecondtimeintheearlysforbroadcastontoondisneyjapanthisdubwasmorefaithfultotheoriginalenglishscriptsandepisodeswerenotcutfortimethetoondisneyversionusedtheoriginalamericanintroandendcreditsratherthantheuniqueonescreatedforthetvtokyoversiontwoversionsoftheepisodenomutantisanislandexistwithcompletelydifferentanimationthefirstversionwasairedfortoondisneyrerunsandcanbeseenindigitalstreamingservicessuchasitunesandamazonvideowhilethesecondversionisavailableonregiondvdreceptiontheshowwasbothacclaimedandcommerciallysuccessfulalongwithbatmantheanimatedseriestheseriessuccesshelpedlaunchnumerouscomicbookshowsinthesinitsprimexmengarneredveryhighnielsenratingsratingsforasaturdaymorningcartoonandlikebatmantheanimatedseriesitreceivedwidecriticalpraiseforitsportrayalofmanydifferentstorylinesfromthecomicsinignrankedxmenasthethgreatestanimatedshowofalltimeintheirtoplistthethirdhigheststandingforacomicbookadaptedshowonthelisttheshowalsoranksinatoninternetmoviedatabaseimdbshighestratedtvshowswithatleastvotesspinoffsxmenadventuresinfoboxcomicbooktitleimagexmenadventuresjpgcaptionxmenadventuresvolnovbrartbystevelightlepublishermarvelcomicstitlexmenadventuresschedulemonthlyformatongoingdatenovembermarchissuesmaincharteamxmenwritersartistsinkerscoloristscreativeteammonthcreativeteamyearcreatorsxmenadventureswasacomicbookspinoffmediaspinoffoftheanimatedseriesbeginninginnovemberitadaptedthefirstthreeseasonsoftheshowinaprilitbecameadventuresofthexmenwhichcontainedoriginalstoriessetwithinthesamecontinuitythecomicbooklasteduntilmarchshortlyaftertheshowscancellationbythefoxnetworkvolumeoftheofficialhandbookofthemarveluniverseazhardcoversliststhexmencartoonaspartofthemarvelmultiverseinhabitingearthalsotheplagueinfestedfuturethatbishoptriedtopreventinseasonislistedasearthwhilecablesreleaseoftheimmediatecureoftheplagueislistedasearthbibliographyxmenadventuresvolissuesxmenadventuresvolissuesxmenadventuresvolissuesadventuresofthexmenissuesvideogamesxmencartoonmakerthexmencartoonmakerwasarecreationalsoftwarepackagethatallowedtheusertocreateanimationswithaminimallevelofsophisticationbyutilizingalibraryofbackdropsanimationsandsoundeffectsfromtheshowwolverineandstormvoiceonlyhelpyououtcapcomsvsseriesthecharactersintheserieswerelicensedbycapcomandweretheinspirationforthevideogamexmenchildrenoftheatomvideogamexmenchildrenoftheatomwhichinturnwouldbethebasisforthemarvelvscapcomseriesmarvelvscapcomsubseriesofvideogamesmostofthevoiceactorswhodidthevoicesintheseriesreprisedtheirrolesforthevideogamecapcomwouldcontinuetousethesecharacterslongaftertheshowwascancelledbeforeeventuallylosingtherightstocreatemarvelbasedgamestoelectronicartsincapcomhoweverwouldreacquiretherightsinandreleasedmarvelvscapcomfateoftwoworldsinxmenthecomicbookseriesxmenoneofthemanytieintitlesformarvelssecretwarscomicbooksecretwarseventandlaterwasreleasedinitssecondvolumeasacontinuousseriesinearlystarringmembersofthetvshowsrealityreferencesexternallinksdrgdancemaniaexcomxhtmldrgsxmentheanimatedseriespagemarveltoonzonenetxmenmarvelanimationpagepresentsxmenwebarchiveorgwebtvcomxmenshowcasthtmlomactconvertomclkcastshtagcastmorexmentvseriescastxmentvseriesfortheparticularnettestingframeworkseexunitnetfortheunitofmeasurementseexunitxunitisthecollectivenameforseveralunittestingsoftwareframeworkframeworksthatderivetheirstructureandfunctionalityfromsmalltalkssunitsunitdesignedbykentbeckinwaswritteninahighlystructuredobjectorientedprogrammingobjectorientedstylewhichlenteasilytocontemporarylanguagessuchasjavaprogramminglanguagejavaandcsharpprogramminglanguagecfollowingitsintroductioninsmalltalktheframeworkwasportingportedtojavabykentbeckanderichgammaandgainedwidepopularityeventuallygaininggroundinthemajorityofprogramminglanguagesincurrentusethenamesofmanyoftheseframeworksareavariationonsunitusuallyreplacingtheswiththefirstletterorlettersinthenameoftheirintendedlanguagejunitforjavaprogramminglanguagejavarunitforrprogramminglanguageretctheseframeworksandtheircommonarchitecturearecollectivelyknownasxunitxunitarchitectureallxunitframeworkssharethefollowingbasiccomponentarchitecturewithsomevariedimplementationdetailstestrunneratestrunnerisanexecutableprogramthatrunstestsimplementedusinganxunitframeworkandreportsthetestresultstestcaseatestcaseisthemostelementalclassallunittestsareinheritedfromheretestfixturesatestfixturealsoknownasatestcontextisthesetofpreconditionsorstateneededtorunatestthedevelopershouldsetupaknowngoodstatebeforethetestsandreturntotheoriginalstateaftertheteststestsuitesatestsuiteisasetofteststhatallsharethesamefixturetheorderofthetestsshouldntmattertestexecutiontheexecutionofanindividualunittestproceedsasfollowssourcelangcsetupfirstweshouldprepareourworldtomakeanisolatedenvironmentfortestingbodyoftestherewemakealltheteststeardownattheendwhetherwesucceedorfailweshouldcleanupourworldtonotdisturbothertestsorcodesourcethesetupandteardownmethodsservetoinitializeandcleanuptestfixturestestresultformatteratestrunnerproducesresultsinoneormoreoutputformatsinadditiontoaplainhumanreadableformatthereisoftenatestresultformatterthatproducesxmloutputthexmltestresultformatoriginatedwithjunitbutisalsousedbysomeotherxunittestingframeworksforinstancebuildtoolssuchasjenkinssoftwarejenkinsandatlassianbambooatlassianbambooassertionsanassertioncomputingassertionisafunctionormacrothatverifiesthebehaviororthestateoftheunitundertestusuallyanassertionexpressesalogicalconditionallogicalconditionthatistrueforresultsexpectedinacorrectlyrunningsystemundertestsutfailureofanassertiontypicallythrowsanexceptionhandlingexceptionabortingtheexecutionofthecurrenttestxunitframeworksmanyxunitframeworksexistforvariousprogramminglanguagesanddevelopmentplatformslistofunittestingframeworksseealsounittestingingeneralunittestingsoftwaretestingtestanythingprotocolprogrammingapproachtounittestingtestdrivendevelopmentextremeprogrammingreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxprogrammingcomsoftwarehtmotherlistofvariousunittestingframeworksopensourcetestingorgopensourcetestingorglistsmanyunittestingframeworksperformancetestingtoolsandothertoolsprogrammersdevelopersmayfindusefulxunitpatternscomtestautomationpatternsforwritingtestsspecsinxunitmartinfowlercomblikixunithtmlmartinfowleronthebackgroundofxunitinfoboxsettlementnamexicovalledechalcosolidaridadsettlementtypemunicipalitiesofmexicomunicipalityseatimageshieldimagemapmapcaptioncoordinatessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamemexicosubdivisiontypestatesofmexicostatesubdivisionnamestateofmexicomexicosubdivisiontypemunicipalitiesofmexicomunicipalitysubdivisionnamevalledechalcoleaderpartyprdleadertitlemunicipalnbsppresidentleadernamewilfredotorresgonzlezareatotalkmfromenciclopediadelosmunicipiosdemxicopopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautocalculatedbytemplatepopulationnotetimezonecentralstandardtimecstutcoffsettimezonedstcentraldaylighttimecdtutcoffsetdstwebsitefootnotesxicoisacityinthestateofmexicomexicoitservesasthemunicipalseatofvalledechalcomunicipalitiesofmexicomunicipalitywithwhichitisforallpracticalpurposescoterminousthemunicipalityliesadjacenttotheeastsideofthemexicocityfederaldistrictdistritofederalandispartofthemexicocitymetropolitanareasofmexicometropolitanareathecityandmunicipalitylieontheoldlakebedoflakechalcowhichwasdrainedlikemuchofthebasinofmexicothecitynamecomesfromthenearbyxicohillcerrodexicoandthenameofthemunicipalitycomesfromtheoldlakeplusareferencetotheprogramanacionaldesolidaridadnationalprogramofsolidaritywhichwasinitiatedherethemunicipalitysglyphandshieldmakereferencetobothnamesitisadistinctentityfromthecityandmunicipalityofchalcodedazcovarrubiaschalcowhichisnearbychalcoinbothnamesreferstothechalcatribethatwereoneoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthearearefnameencmucrefthecityearlyprehispanichistoryreferstotheareaaroundthecerrodexicoandtheislandofxicoasmostofthemoderncitywasunderwateruntilrelativelyrecentlytheareawasmostlyfishingvillagesfrombctoadhoweverfromtotheareawasdominatedbytheteotihuacanculturefromtoanotomipeopleotomisettlementgainedprominencetheacxotecasarrivedaroundthesametimethatchinampafarmingbeganherexicowasconqueredbytheaztectezozomocinafterwhichgroupsofmexicassettlehereextendingthechinampafarmingsysteminthethandthcenturiestheareawascededtohernncortsbythespanishkindinthemodernareabeganinthethcenturywhenporfiriodazorderedthedrainingoflakechalcowhichdevastatedtheeconomiesoftheformercoastlinecommunitiesthemexicanrevolutiontriedthecompensatethesecommunitiesbythecreationofejidosthetwolargestherebeingestacinxicowithhectaresandsanmiguelxicowithhectarestheseejidosaswellasthepresentdaycityandmunicipalityrestalmostentirelyonformerlakebedforthemostpartthearealaidbarrenuntilthelateswhentherewasasuddeninfluxoffamiliescomingfromthecentralandsouthernpartsofmexicoinsearchoflanddespiteitsproximitytherewasnoinfrastructureforbasicservicesincludingschoolingforchildrenmanypeopleboughtejidolandcausinglegalproblemsthefederalgovernmenthadtostepintoinstallbasicservicesandregularizethepropertyrightsofmorethanparcelsofejidolandthatwassoldhowevertheareadidnotbecomeaseparatemunicipalityuntilinthecensusofthepopulationofxicowaspeoplerefnameinegireftheonlynotablesitesintheareaarethecerrodelmarquswhichcontainsarchitectureandarcheologicalremainsbutthesearenotopentothepublichoweverthereisthemuseocomunitariocommunitymuseumwhichdisplayslocalarcheologicalfindslocatedinthecasadeculturachalchiuhtlicuethereisalsotheexhaciendadexicowhichwasconstructedatthesametimethelakewasdrainedthemunicipalityasmunicipalseatxicohasgoverningjurisdictionoverthefollowingcommunitieslasbombascomalchicasantacruzeltringuloelinvernaderocoloniaampliacinsanmigueltlhuacandejidotulyehualcotablanmeronueveaswellasunnamedcommunitiesithasatotalpopulationofthemunicipalitybordersthemunicipalitiesofixtapalucachicoloapanlosreyesacaquilpanalorienteconchalcodedazcovarrubiasandborderstothesouthwiththemexicanfederaldistrictdistritofederalitcoversatotalsurfaceareaofnbspkmsqmireferencesslashpunctuationredirectcategoryshellinfoboxspaceflightautoallnamexmmnewtonnameslisthighthroughputxrayspectroscopymissionbrxraymultimirrormissionimagexmmnewtonspacecraftmodelpngimagecaptionartistsimpressionofthexmmnewtonspacecraftimagesizepxmissiontypexrayastronomyoperatoreuropeanspaceagencycosparidasatcatwebsitesciesaintxmmnewtonbrxmmesacesaintmissiondurationplannedyearsbrmanufacturerdorniersatellitensystemecarlzeissagcarlzeissmedialariomatramarconispacebpddifesaespaziofokkerspacerefnamewilsonreflaunchmassdrymassdimensionslengthbrspanpowerwattslaunchdatenbsputcrefnameesareflaunchrocketarianegnorefnamegunterarianereflaunchsiteguianaspacecentreelalaunchcontractorarianespaceenteredservicejulydisposaltypewhetherthespacecraftwasdeorbiteddecommissionedplacedinagraveyardorbitetcdeactivatedwhencraftwasdecommissioneddestroyedwhencraftwasdestroyedifotherthanbyreentrylastcontactwhenlastsignalreceivedifnotdecommissioneddecaydatewhencraftreenteredtheatmospherenotneededifitlandedorbitreferencegeocentricorbitgeocentricorbitsemimajororbiteccentricityorbitperiapsisorbitapoapsisorbitinclinationnbspdegreesorbitperiodnbspminutesorbitepochfebruarynbsputcrefnameheavensaboverefapsisgeetelescopetypewoltertelescopewoltertypetelescopediameteroutermirrorbrinnermirrortelescopefocallengthtelescopeareaatkevbratkevtelescopewavelengthnbspnanometrenmnbspkevtelescoperesolutiontoarcsecondsinstrumentslistinfoboxspaceflightinstrumentsacronymepicnameeuropeanphotonimagingcameraacronymrgsnamereflectiongratingspectrometeracronymomnameopticalmonitorinsigniafilexmmnewtoninsigniapnginsigniacaptionesaastrophysicsinsigniaforxmmnewtoninsigniaaltxmmnewtonmissioninsigniainsigniasizexpxprogrammelistofeuropeanspaceagencyprogramsandmissionshorizonhorizonpreviousmissionhuygensspacecrafthuygensnextmissionclusteriispacecraftclusteriixmmnewtonalsoknownasthehighthroughputxrayspectroscopymissionandthexraymultimirrormissionisanxrayspaceobservatorylaunchedbytheeuropeanspaceagencyindecemberonanarianerocketitisthesecondcornerstonemissionofesashorizonprogrammenamedafterphysicistandastronomersirisaacnewtonthespacecraftistaskedwithinvestigatinginterstellarxraysourcesperformingnarrowandbroadrangespectroscopyandperformingthefirstsimultaneousimagingofobjectsinbothxrayandopticalvisiblespectrumvisibleandultravioletwavelengthsrefnamexmmobjectivesreforiginallyscheduledforatwoyearmissionthespacecraftremainsingoodhealthandhasreceivedmissionextensionsthroughrefnameesarefesaplanstosucceedxmmnewtonwiththeadvancedtelescopeforhighenergyastrophysicsathenathesecondlargemissioninthecosmicvisionplantobelaunchedinxmmnewtonissimilartonasaschandraxrayobservatoryalsolaunchedinasofmaymorethanacademicpaperpapershavebeenpublishedabouteitherxmmnewtonorthescientificresultsithasreturnedrefnamexmmpapersrefconceptandmissionhistorytheobservationalscopeofxmmnewtonincludesthexrayastronomydetectionofxrayemissionsfromastronomicalobjectsdetailedstudiesofstarformingregionsinvestigationoftheformationandevolutionofgalaxyclusterstheenvironmentofsupermassiveblackholesandmappingofthemysteriousdarkmatterrefnamebulletinrefinevenbeforethelaunchofxmmnewtonpredecessorexosatinaproposalwasgeneratedforamultimirrorxraytelescopemissionandmissionobjectiveswerepresentedataacademicconferenceworkshopindenmarkinjunethetelescopeworkinggrouphadreducedthenumberofxraytelescopestosevenstandardisedunitsinjunetheeuropeanspaceagencyapprovedthemissionandissuedacallforinvestigationproposalsanannouncementofopportunityimprovementsintechnologyfurtherreducedthenumberofxraytelescopesneededtojustthreeinjunethemissionsinstrumentshadbeenselectedandworkbeganonspacecrafthardwareaprojectteamwasformedinjanuaryandbasedattheeuropeanspaceresearchandtechnologycentreestecinnoordwijknetherlandsprimecontractordomiersatellitensystemeasubsidiaryoftheformerdaimlerchrysleraerospacewaschoseninoctoberafterthemissionwasapprovedintotheimplementationphasewithdevelopmentandconstructionbeginninginmarchandmarchrespectivelythexmmsurveysciencecentrewasestablishedattheuniversityofleicesterinandspacecraftintegrationandtestingwascompletedinseptemberxmmlefttheestecintegrationfacilityonseptembertakenbyroadtokatwijkthenbythebargeemelitorotterdamonseptemberthespacecraftleftrotterdamforfrenchguianaaboardarianespacetransportshipmntoucanrefnameesarefthetoucandockedatthefrenchguianesetownofkourouonseptemberandwastransportedtoguianaspacecentrearianefinalassemblybuildingforfinallaunchpreparationrefnameesareflaunchofxmmtookplaceondecemberatnbsputcfromtheguianaspacecentrefortyminutesafterbeingreleasedfromthearianeupperstagetelemetryconfirmedtogroundstationsthatthespacecraftssolararrayshadsuccessfullydeployedengineerswaitedanadditionalhoursbeforecommandingtheonboardpropulsionsystemstofireatotaloffivetimeswhichbetweendecemberchangedtheorbittowithadegreeinclinationthisresultedinthespacecraftmakingonecompleteorbitrevolutionoftheearthapproximatelyeveryhoursrefnamexmmorbitnavrefimmediatelyafterlaunchxmmbeganitslaunchandearlyorbitphaseofoperationsandtheinstrumentcommissioningphasebeganonjanuaryonmarchthecalibrationandperformancevalidationphasebeganandroutinescienceoperationsbeganonjuneduringapressconferenceonfebruaryesapresentedthefirstimagestakenbyxmmandannouncedthatanewnamehadbeenchosenforthespacecraftwhereastheprogramhadformallybeenknownasthehighthroughputxrayspectroscopymissionthenewnamewouldreflectthenatureoftheprogramandtheoriginatorofthefieldofspectroscopyexplainingthenewnameofxmmnewtonrogerbonnetesasformerdirectorofsciencesaidwehavechosenthisnamebecausesirisaacnewtonwasthemanwhoinventedspectroscopyandxmmisaspectroscopymissionhenotedthatbecausenewtonissynonymouswithgravityandoneofthegoalsofthesatellitewastolocatelargenumbersofblackholecandidatestherewasnobetterchoicethanxmmnewtonforthenameofthismissionrefnamexmmfactsheetrefincludingallconstructionspacecraftlaunchandtwoyearsofoperationtheprojectwasaccomplishedwithinabudgetofconditionsbecauseofthespacecraftsgoodhealthandthesignificantreturnsofdataxmmnewtonhasreceivedseveralmissionextensionsbyesasscienceprogrammecommitteethefirstextensioncameduringnovemberandextendedoperationsthroughmarchthespacecrafthastheabilitytolowertheoperatingtemperatureofboththeepicandrgscamerasafunctionthatwasincludedtocounteractthedeleteriouseffectsofionisingradiationonthecamerapixelsingeneraltheinstrumentsarecooledtoreducetheamountofdarkcurrentphysicsdarkcurrentwithinthedevicesduringthenightofnovemberrgswascooledfromitsinitialtemperatureofdowntoandafewhourslatertoafteranalysingtheresultsitwasdeterminedtheoptimaltemperatureforbothrgsunitswouldbeandduringnovemberbothrgsandrgsweresettothislevelduringnovembertheepicmosccddetectorswerecooledfromtheirinitialoperatingtemperatureoftoanewsettingofaftertheseadjustmentsboththeepicandrgscamerasshoweddramaticimprovementsinqualityrefnamexmmcamcoolingrefonoctoberxmmnewtonsufferedanunexpectedcommunicationsfailureduringwhichtimetherewasnocontactwiththespacecraftwhilesomeconcernwasexpressedthatthevehiclemayhavesufferedacatastrophiceventphotographstakenbyamateurastronomersatthestarkenburgobservatoryingermanyandatotherlocationsworldwideshowedthatthespacecraftwasintactandappearedoncourseaweaksignalwasfinallydetectedusingaantennainnewnorciawesternaustraliaandcommunicationwithxmmnewtonsuggestedthatthespacecraftsradiofrequencyswitchhadfailedaftertroubleshootingasolutiongroundcontrollersusednasasantennaatthegoldstonedeepspacecommunicationscomplextosendacommandthatchangedtheswitchtoitslastworkingpositionesastatedinapressreleasethatonoctoberagroundstationattheeuropeanspaceastronomycentreesacmadecontactwiththesatelliteconfirmingtheprocesshadworkedandthatthesatellitewasbackundercontrolrefnameaerorefrefnameesarefrefnameesarefspacecrafttoulousexmmnewtonisalongspacetelescopeandiswidewithsolararraysdeployedatlaunchitweighedthespacecrafthasthreedegreesofstabilisationwhichallowittoaimatatargetwithanaccuracyoftominuteofarcarcsecondsthisstabilisationisachievedthroughtheuseofthespacecraftsaocsattitudeorbitcontrolsubsystemthesesystemsalsoallowthespacecrafttopointatdifferentcelestialtargetsandcanturnthecraftatamaximumofdegreesperhourtheinstrumentsonboardxmmnewtonarethreeeuropeanphotonimagingcamerasepictworeflectiongratingspectrometersrgsandanopticalmonitorthespacecraftisroughlycylindricalinshapeandhasfourmajorcomponentsattheforeofthespacecraftisthemirrorsupportplatformwhichsupportsthexraytelescopeassembliesandgratingsystemstheopticalmonitorandtwostartrackerssurroundingthiscomponentistheservicemodulewhichcarriesvariousspacecraftsupportsystemsbuscomputingcomputerandelectricbussesconsumablessuchasfuelandcoolantphotovoltaicsystemsolararraysthetelescopesunshieldandtwosbandsbandantennasbehindtheseunitsisthetelescopetubealonghollowcarbonfibrestructurewhichprovidesexactspacingbetweenthemirrorsandtheirdetectionequipmentthissectionalsohostsoutgassingequipmentonitsexteriorwhichhelpsremoveanycontaminantsfromtheinteriorofthesatelliteattheaftendofspacecraftisthefocalplaneassemblywhichsupportsthefocalplaneplatformcarryingthecamerasandspectrometersandthedatahandlingpowerdistributionandradiatorassembliesrefnamebulletinrefinstrumentseuropeanphotonimagingcamerasthethreeeuropeanphotonimagingcamerasepicaretheprimaryinstrumentsaboardxmmnewtonthesystemiscomposedoftwometaloxidesemiconductormoschargecoupleddeviceccdcamerasandasinglepnjunctionpnccdcamerawithatotalfieldofviewofminuteofarcarcminutesandanenergysensitivityrangebetweeneachcameracontainsasixpositionopticalfilterfilterwheelwiththreetypesofxraytransparentfiltersafullyopenandafullyclosedpositioneachalsocontainsaradioactivesourceusedforinternalcalibrationthecamerascanbeindependentlyoperatedinavarietyofmodesdependingontheimagesensitivityandspeedneededaswellastheintensityofthetargetrefnamexmminstrumentsepicrefrefnamexmmmanualrefrefnameturnerrefthetwomosccdcamerasareusedtodetectlowenergyxrayseachcameraiscomposedofsevensiliconchipsoneinthecentreandsixcirclingitwitheachchipcontainingamatrixofpixelsgivingthecameraatotalresolutionofaboutmegapixelsascoolingdiscussedaboveeachcamerahasalargeadjacentradiatorwhichcoolstheinstrumenttoanoperatingtemperatureoftheyweredevelopedandbuiltbytheuniversityofleicesterspaceresearchcentreandenglishelectricvalvecompanyeevltdthepnccdcameraisusedtodetecthighenergyxraysandiscomposedofasinglesiliconchipwithtwelveindividualembeddedccdseachccdispixelsforatotalcapacityofpixelsatthetimeofitsconstructionthepnccdcameraonxmmnewtonwasthelargestsuchdeviceevermadewithasensitiveareaofaradiatorcoolsthecameratothissystemwasmadebytheuniversityoftbingenastronomischesinstituttbingenthemaxplanckinstituteforextraterrestrialphysicsandpnsensorallofgermanyrefnamepnsensorrefrefnamestruderreftheepicsystemrecordsthreetypesofdataabouteveryxraythatisdetectedbyitsccdcamerasthetimethatthexrayarrivesallowsscientiststodeveloplightcurveswhichprojectsthenumberofxraysthatarriveovertimeandshowschangesinthebrightnessofthetargetwherethexrayhitsthecameraallowsforavisibleimagetobedevelopedofthetargettheamountofenergycarriedbythexraycanalsobedetectedandhelpsscientiststodeterminethephysicalprocessesoccurringatthetargetsuchasitstemperatureitschemicalmakeupandwhattheenvironmentislikebetweenthetargetandthetelescoperefnameleicasterepicrefreflectiongratingspectrometersthereflectiongratingspectrometersrgsareasecondarysystemonthespacecraftandarecomposedoftwofocalplanecamerasandtheirassociatedreflectiongratingarraysthissystemisusedtobuildxrayspectroscopyxrayspectraldataandcandeterminethechemicalelementelementspresentinthetargetaswellasthetemperaturequantityandothercharacteristicsofthoseelementsthergssystemoperatesintherangewhichallowsdetectionofcarbonnitrogenoxygenneonmagnesiumsiliconandironrefnamedenherderdenherderstatesthatthergssystemoperatesintherangebutthemajorityofsourcesincludingofficialesawebsitescontradictthisrefrefnamebrinkmanrefthefocalplanecameraseachconsistofninemosccddevicesmountedinarowandfollowingacurvecalledarowlandcircleeachccdcontainspixelsforatotalresolutionofmorethanmegapixelsthetotalwidthandlengthoftheccdarraywasdictatedbythesizeofthergsspectrumandthewavelengthrangerespectivelyeachccdarrayissurroundedbyarelativelymassivewallprovidingheatconductionandradiationshieldingtwostageradiatorscoolthecamerastoanoperatingtemperatureofthecamerasystemswereajointeffortbetweennetherlandsinstituteforspaceresearchsronthepaulscherrerinstituteandmullardspacesciencelaboratorymsslwitheevltdandcontravesspaceprovidinghardwarerefnamexmmsupporttechrgsrefrefnamexmminstrumentsrgsrefthereflectiongratingarraysareattachedtotwooftheprimarytelescopestheyallowapproximatelyoftheincomingxraystopassunperturbedtotheepicsystemwhileredirectingtheotherontothefocalplanecameraseachrgawasdesignedtocontainidenticalgratingsthoughafabricationerrorleftonewithonlybecausethetelescopemirrorshavealreadyfocusedthexraystoconvergeatthefocalpointeachgratinghasthesameangleofincidenceandaswiththefocalplanecameraseachgratingarrayconformstoarowlandcirclethisconfigurationminimisesfocalaberrationseachgratingiscomposedofthicksiliconcarbidesubstratecoveredwithagoldfilmandissupportedbyfiveberylliumstiffenersthegratingscontainalargenumberofgrooveswhichactuallyperformthexraydeflectioneachgratingcontainsanaverageofgroovespermillimetrethergaswerebuiltbycolumbiauniversityopticalmonitortheopticalmonitoromisaritcheychrtientelescoperitcheychrtienopticalultraviolettelescopedesignedtoprovidesimultaneousobservationsalongsidethespacecraftsxrayinstrumentstheomissensitivebetweennanometresinaarcminutesquarefieldofviewcoalignedwiththecentreofthexraytelescopesfieldofviewithasafocallengthofandafocalratioofrefnamexmminstrumentsomrefrefnamemasonreftheinstrumentiscomposedofthetelescopemodulecontainingtheopticsdetectorsprocessingequipmentandpowersupplyandthedigitalelectronicsmodulecontainingtheinstrumentcontrolunitanddataprocessingunitsincominglightisdirectedintooneoftwofullyredundantdetectorsystemsthelightpassesthroughanpositionopticalfilterfilterwheeloneopaquetoblocklightsixbroadbandfiltersonewhitelightfilteronemagnifierandtwogrismsthenthroughanintensifierwhichamplifiesthelightbyonemilliontimesthenontotheccdsensortheccdispixelsinsizeofwhichpixelsareusedforobservationseachpixelisfurthersubsampledintopixelsresultinginafinalproductthatisinsizetheopticalmonitorwasbuiltbythemullardspacesciencelaboratorywithcontributionsfromorganisationsintheunitedstatesandbelgiumtelescopesfeedingtheepicandrgssystemsarethreetelescopesdesignedspecificallytodirectxraysintothespacecraftsprimaryinstrumentsthetelescopeassemblieseachhaveadiameterofareinlengthandhaveabaseweightofthetwotelescopeswithreflectiongratingarraysweighanadditionalcomponentsofthetelescopesincludefromfronttorearthemirrorassemblydoorentranceandxraybafflebafflesmirrormoduleelectrondeflectorareflectiongratingarrayintwooftheassembliesandexitbafflerefnamexmmmirrorintrorefrefnamexmmmirrorconfigrefrefnamexmmmirrordesignrefeachtelescopeconsistsofcylindricalnestedwoltertelescopewoltertypemirrorsdevelopedbymedialarioofitalyeachlongandrangingindiameterfromproducingatotalcollectingareaofatelectronvoltkevandatkevthemirrorsrangefromthickfortheinnermostmirrortothickfortheoutermostmirrorandtheseparationbetweeneachmirrorrangesfromfrominnermosttooutermosteachmirrorwasbuiltbyvapourdepositinganbspnmlayerofgoldreflectingsurfaceontoahighlypolishedaluminiummandrelfollowedbyelectroformingamonolithicnickelsupportlayerontothegoldthefinishedmirrorsweregluedintothegroovesofaninconelspiderwhichkeepsthemalignedtowithinthefivemicrontolerancerequiredtoachieveadequatexrayresolutionthemandrelsweremanufacturedbycarlzeissagandtheelectroformingandfinalassemblywereperformedbymedialariowithcontributionsfromkayserthrederefnamebulletinrefsubsystemsattitudeorbitcontrolsystemspacecraftthreeaxisattitudecontrolishandledbytheattitudeorbitcontrolsystemaocscomposedoffourreactionwheelsfourinertialmeasurementunitstwostartrackersthreefinesunsensorsandthreesunacquisitionsensorstheaocswasprovidedbymatramarconispaceoftheunitedkingdomrefnamexmmengineeringaocsrefrefnamexmmmanualrefcoarsespacecraftorientationandorbitmaintenanceisprovidedbytwosetsoffourhydrazinethrustersprimaryandbackupthehydrazinethrusterswerebuiltbydasadasariofgermanyrefnameesarefpowersystemsprimarypowerforxmmnewtonisprovidedbytwofixedsolararraysthearraysarecomposedofsixpanelsmeasuringforatotalofandamassofatlaunchthearraysprovidedwofpowerandwereexpectedtoprovidewaftertenyearsofoperationdeploymentofeacharraytookfourminutesthearrayswereprovidedbyfokkerspaceofthenetherlandsrefnameesarefwhendirectsunlightisunavailablepowerisprovidedbytwonickelcadmiumbatterynickelcadmiumbatteriesprovidingahandweighingeachthebatterieswereprovidedbysaftgroupesasaftoffranceradiationmonitorsystemthecamerasareaccompaniedbytheepicradiationmonitorsystemermswhichmeasurestheradiationenvironmentsurroundingthespacecraftspecificallytheambientprotonandelectronfluxthisprovideswarningofdamagingradiationeventstoallowforautomaticshutdownofthesensitivecameraccdsandassociatedelectronicstheermswasbuiltbythecentredetudespatialedesrayonnementsoffrancevisualmonitoringcamerasthevisualmonitoringcamerasvmconthespacecraftwereaddedtomonitorthedeploymentofsolararraysandthesunshieldandhaveadditionallyprovidedimagesofthethrustersfiringandoutgassingofthetelescopetubeduringearlyoperationstwovmcswereinstalledonthefocalplaneassemblylookingforwardthefirstisfugaablackandwhitecamerawithhighdynamicrangeandpixelresolutionthesecondisirisacolourcamerawithavariableexposuretimeandpixelresolutionbothcamerasmeasureandweighttheyuseactivepixelsensorsatechnologythatwasnewatthetimeofxmmnewtondevelopmentthecamerasweredevelopedbyandimecbothofbelgiumrefnamehabincrefgroundsystemsxmmnewtonmissioncontrolislocatedattheeuropeanspaceoperationscentreesocindarmstadtgermanytwogroundstationslocatedinperthandkourouareusedtomaintaincontinuouscontactwiththespacecraftthroughmostofitsorbitbackupgroundstationsarelocatedinvillanuevadelacaadavillafrancadelcastillosantiagoanddongarabecausexmmnewtoncontainsnoonboarddatastoragesciencedataistransmittedtothesegroundstationsinrealtimedataisthenforwardedtotheeuropeanspaceastronomycentrescienceoperationscentreinvillafrancadelcastillospainwherepipelineprocessinghasbeenperformedsincemarchdataisarchivedanddistributedbythexmmnewtonsurveysciencecentresscatlinstitutderechercheenastrophysiqueetplantologieintoulousefrancepriortojunethesscwasoperatedbytheuniversityofleicesterbutoperationsweretransferredduetoawithdrawaloffundingbytheunitedkingdomrefnamessciraprefobservationsanddiscoveriesthespaceobservatorywasusedtodiscoverthegalaxyclusterxmmxcsbillionlightyearsawayfromearththeobjectscpfdiscoveredbythehubblespacetelescopehstinfebruarywasobservedbyxmmnewtoninearlyaugustandappearedtoshowanxrayglowarounditrefnamenaturereftwoordersofmagnitudemoreluminousthanthatofsupernovaerefnamegansickerefinjuneateamfromtheuniversityofgenevaswitzerlandreportedxmmnewtonseeingaflarethatlastedfourhoursatapeakintensityoftimesthenormalratefromanobservationofsupergiantfastxraytransientigrjwhereabluesupergiantstarshedaplumeofmatterthatwaspartlyingestedbyasmallercompanionneutronstarwithaccompanyingxrayemissionsrefnamebozzorefinfebruaryitwasannouncedthatxmmnewtonalongwithnustarhaveforthefirsttimemeasuredthespinrateofasupermassiveblackholebyobservingtheblackholeatthecoreofgalaxyngcatthesametimeitverifiedthemodelthatexplainsthedistortionofxraysemittedfromablackholerefnamerisalitirefinfebruaryseparateanalysesextractedfromthespectrumofxrayemissionsobservedbyxmmnewtonamonochromaticsignalaroundkevrefnamebulbulrefthissignaliscomingfromdifferentgalaxyclustersandseveralscenariosofdarkmattercanjustifysuchalineforexampleakevcandidateannihilatingintophotonsrefnamedudasreforakevdarkmatterparticledecayingintophotonandneutrinorefnameishidarefseealsoinfraredastronomyreferencesexternallinkssciesaintxmmnewtonxmmnewtonwebsitebyesaesaintouractivitiesoperationsxmmnewtonoperationsxmmnewtonoperationswebsitebyesaxmmesacesaintxmmnewtonscienceoperationscentrewebsitebyesaxmmcatalogirapompeuxmmnewtonsurveysciencecentrewebsitebythelinstitutderechercheenastrophysiqueetplantologieheasarcgsfcnasagovdocsxmmxmmnewtonguestobserverfacilitywebsitebynasagoddardspaceflightcenterpredictionsfebruaryndashassumingnofurtherextensionstothecopyrightlawoftheunitedstatesdurationofcopyrighttermofcopyrightsbecomelawintheinterimallsoundrecordingsfixedbeforefebruarywillenterthepublicdomainintheusjulyndashutcmercuryplanetmercurywilloccultneptunethisrareeventwillbeverydifficulttoobservefromearthoctoberndashaactivesetimetimessagecosmiccallcosmiccallsentfromthemeteryevpatoriaeupatoriaplanetaryradararrivesatitsdestinationhdstarinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencesxdccxabidccorextendeddccisacomputerfilesharingmethodwhichusestheinternetrelaychatircnetworkasahostservicehistorylimitationsintheoriginaldirectclienttoclientdccprotocolpreventedthetransfersofverylargefilesorgroupsoffilesxdccwasdevelopedtoallowbatchingoffilestogetherandrequestingsendingthosefilestoothersrefnamesecuringrefxdccwasinitiallyascriptcomputerprogrammingscriptwritteninforirciirefnamethebookofircrefbyxabixabithisscriptextendstheirciidcccommandnowxdccreferstoircbotsrunningfilesharingprogramsingeneralrefnamestealthisfilesharingbookrefxdccbotsserveoneormoreusuallylargefilesfordownloadusingthedirectclienttoclientdccprotocolthoughxdcciscommonlyemployedindistributingillegalcontentsuchaswarezreleasesofsoftwaremusicandmoviesitcanalsobeusedinlegalwaysfeaturesunlikepeertopeertransfersxdccserversareoftenhostedonconnectionswithveryhighupstreambandwidthsometimesinexcessofmbitoftenfiletransferprotocolftpserversarealsorunningonthexdccserverstofacilitateuploadingofmaterialstothemmanyxdccserversrunonsecuritycompromisedcomputersusagesincebrowserbasedircscriptsarenotcompatiblewiththedccprotocolusersneedtoinstallaprogramsuchasmircontheircomputerinordertoreceivefilesthesoftwarehastobeproperlyconfiguredotherwisedownloadswillberejectedbythesoftwaretousexdcconecansendaprivatemessagequeryorsendaclienttoclientprotocolctcpcommandtoabotusinganircclienttheusercanaskabotwhatfilesithasbyprivatemessagingxdcclisttothebothoweverthisfeatureisoftendisabledastonotattracttoomuchattentionwhenauserwantstodownloadapacketorfilefromabottheuserwouldtypesomethingsuchasxdccsendpacknumbertothebotthebotwilleitherstartsendingtheuserthepacketorthebotwillplacetheuserinaqueueandforcetheusertowaittheirturnsomechannelshavespecialrulesforexamplerequiringtheusertojoinasecondchannelwithinacertainamountoftimeafterstartingthedownloadtoavoidinterruptionsaddonsexistsuchasxdccklipperformircwhichlistentoadvertslistedinachannelbythebotsandsavethemtoaseparatewindowtofacilitateeasierbrowsingandallowuserstoviewthestatusofabotspeedqueuesslotsetcsearchenginesanumberofsearchenginesexistindexingtheircxdccnetworkverymuchlikesitessuchasthepiratebaydoesfortorrentscurrentlyactiveindexersincludexdccfindercomxdccfindercomsunxdcccomsunxdcccomcrwlgacrwlgareferencesexternallinksxabifilesircxdccbircxdccscriptbetatheoriginalxdccscriptinfoboxbonenamexiphoidprocesslatinprocessusxiphoideusimagexiphoidprocessfrontalpngcaptionpositionofthexiphoidprocessshowninredimagegraypngcaptionposteriorsurfaceofsternumxiphoidprocesslabeledatbottomthexiphoidprocessorxiphisternumormetasternumisasmallcartilagecartilaginousprocessanatomyprocessextensionofthelowerinferiorpartofthehumansternumsternumwhichisusuallyossificationossifiedintheadulthumanitmayalsobereferredtoastheensiformprocessboththegreekderivedxiphoidanditslatinequivalentensiformmeanswordlikestructurethexiphoidprocessisconsideredtobeattheleveloftheththoracicvertebraethoracicvertebraandthetdermatomeanatomydermatomedevelopmentinnewbornsandyoungespeciallyslenderinfantsthetipofthexiphoidprocessmaybebothseenandfeltasalumpjustbelowthesternalnotchbyagetothexiphoidusuallyfusestothebodyofthesternumwithafibrousjointunlikethesynovialjointsynovialarticulationofmajorjointsthisisnonmovableossificationofthexiphoidprocessoccursaroundagerefnamemooreclinicallyorientedanatomyrefvariationthexiphoidprocesscanbenaturallybifurcationbifurcatedandsometimesperforatedthesevariancesinmorphologyareinheritablewhichcanhelpgroupfamilymemberstogetherwhendealingwithburialremainsthesemorphologicaldifferencesposenohealthriskandaresimplyadifferenceinformotheranimalsinbirdsthexiphoidprocessisalongstructureoftenfollowingthedirectionofthekeelbirdanatomykeelfunctionmuchthewaythefirstsevenribsarticulatewiththesternumthecartilageintheceliacplexusjoinsonthexiphoidprocessreinforcingitandindirectlyattachesthecostalcartilagetothesternumthexiphoidprocessisinvolvedintheattachmentofmanymusclesincludingtheabdominaldiaphragmamusclenecessaryfornormalbreathingitalsoanchorstherectusabdominusmusclesabsduringcpritisimportanttonotputpressureonthexiphoidprocessthispieceofboneisunsupportedandcaneasilybebrokenoffcausingdamagetointernalorgansproperplacementofthehandsduringcprisatthebaseofthesternumjustabovethexiphoidprocessclinicalsignificancepressureonthexiphoidprocessshouldbeavoidedwhenadministeringchestcompressionsincardiopulmonaryresuscitationcprasthiscancausethexiphoidprocesstobreakoffresultinginpuncturesorlacerationsofthethoracicdiaphragmdiaphragmadditionallythelivermaybepuncturedresultinginlethalhemorrhagingxiphoidalgiaxiphodyniaisasyndromedistinguishablebypainandtendernesstothesternumwhilesomesourcesdescribethisdisorderasrareotherssuggestitisrelativelycommonbutoverlookedbyphysiciansthisisamusculoskeletaldisorderthathastheabilitytoproduceaconstellationofsymptomsthatcanmimicanumberofcommonabdominalandthoracicdisordersanddiseasessymptomscanincludeabdominalpainchestpainnauseaandradiatingpaintothebackneckandshouldersliftingheavyobjectsortraumatothechestmaybethecauseofthismusculoskeletaldisorderandpainmaybeheightenedbybendingortwistinganestheticandsteroidinjectionsarecommonlyemployedtotreatthismedicalconditiontheearliestknowncaseofthiswasnotedinrefnamepmcrefafterageapersonmaybecomeawareoftheirpartiallyossifiedxiphoidprocessandmistakeitforanabnormalitypericardiocentesistheprocedurewherebyfluidisaspiratedfromthepericardiumoftenusesthexiphoidprocessasananatomicallandmarkbywhichthisprocedureiscarriedoutfossaassuperficialpendantofxiphoidprocessetymologythewordxiphoidderivesfromthegreeklanguagegreekwordxiphosforstraightswordthetipofwhichtheprocesssomewhatresemblesthexiphoidprocessisatranslationoflatinprocessusxiphoidesclassicallatinosandancientgreekbothmeanbonewhilemeansswordshapedadditionalimagesgalleryfilexiphoidprocessanimationgifpositionofxiphoidprocessshowninredanimationfilexiphoidprocessbelowpngcloseupfilexiphoidprocesscloseupanimationgifshapeofaxiphoidprocessanimationgalleryreferencesexternallinksxiphoidprocessinfoboxpresidentnamexushichangimagexushichangjpgbirthdatebirthplaceweihuihenanqingdynastydeathdatedeathplacerepublicofchinarepublicofchinaofficepresidentoftherepublicofchinatermoctoberjunepredecessorfengguozhangsuccessorzhouziqiofficepremieroftherepublicofchinatermmaydecemberpredecessorsunbaoqisuccessorloutsengtsiangtermmarchaprilpredecessorloutsengtsiangsuccessorduanqiruixushichanghsushihchangcourtesynamejurenchujenoctoberjunewasthepresidentoftherepublicofchinainbeijingfromoctobertojunetheonlypermanentpresidentofthebeiyanggovernmenttobeacivilianhispresidencywasalsothelongestofthewarlorderachinawarlorderabiographyxusancestralhometownwasyinxiancountycurrentyinzhoudistrictningboyinzhoudistrictningbozhejiangprovinceborninweihuihenanhewasyuanshikaisclosestfriendhewasatonetimetheviceroyofthethreenortheastprovincesandattheendoftheqingdynastyhewasmadechiefofthegeneralstaffdespitebeingacivilianxuwasalsotheministerofthecabinetinyikuangprinceqingprinceqingsprinceqingscabinetcabinetheresignedaslistofpremiersofchinasecretaryofstatepremierinprotesttoyuansimperialambitioninlateheresumedhispostafteryuanabandonedmonarchismonmarchhiselectionaspresidentwaslargelyengineeredbyduanqiruiandhisanhuicliquehewaschosenbecausehewasacivilianyethadclosetiestothebeiyangarmyandwasneutraltobothitszhilicliquezhiliandanhuicliqueslackinganymilitarypowerofhisownhehadtoplayduanzhilileadercaokunandfengtiancliquefengtianleaderzhangzuolinagainsteachothertostayinpowerheheldamassivecelebrationinbeijingforchinasvictoryinworldwarionnovemberhoweverhebroughttroopsintothealliedinterventionintherussiancivilwaraceasefirewithsunyatsensrivalconstitutionalprotectionmovementconstitutionalprotectiongovernmentwasdeclaredandintellectualsweregivengreaterfreedomthislasteduntilnewsfromfranceshowedhowduanqiruipromisedgermanterritoryinshandongtojapanlargestudentprotestsmayfourthmovementledtoxucrackingdownwithmassarrestsmajunamuslimledprotestsagainsttheversailletreatyrefnamelynnrefrefnamerefthedelegationwasorderedhomeandchinarefusedtosignorratifythetreatyofversaillesversaillestreatyconsequentlytheshakyalliancebetweenthezhiliandanhuicliquescollapsedwithduandecisivelydefeatedthisledtotheeraofhighwarlordismconflictwiththesouthflaredagaininandhealsofailedtoretakemongoliacaokunwhoneverlikedxupressuredhimoutofofficeandrestoredliyuanhongreferencesxvrosstandsfortheextensiblevirtualrealityoperatingsystemtheprojectsgoalistodevelopacollectionofopenstandardopenprotocolsforbuildingdistributedonlinevirtualrealityenvironmentsexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxvrosorgthexvrosprojecttwelvetablesndcenturyxmsatelliteradioinfoboxfileformatnamexmiconlogoscreenshotcaptionextensionxmmimeaudioxmtypecodeuniformtypemagicownertritondemogrouptritongenremodulefilemodulefileformatcontainerforcontainedbyextendedfrommodfileformatmodextendedtostandardxmstandingforextendedmodfileformatmoduleisanaudiofiletypeintroducedbytritondemogrouptritonsfasttrackerxmintroducedsamplebasedsynthesismultisamplingmultisamplingcapableinstrumentswithvolumeandpanningenvelopesandbasicpatterncompressionitalsoexpandedtheavailableeffectcommandsandchannelsaddedbitsamplingmusicsamplesupportandofferedanalternativefrequencytableforportamentosxmisacommonformatformanychiptunesseealsomodulefilemodfileformatsmfileformatitfileformatexternallinksxmplayisafreewareaudioplayerforwindowswhichsupportsxmfilesmilkytrackerorgmilkytrackerafreesoftwarecrossplatformxmtrackermusicsoftwaretrackermikmodraphnetnetlibmikmodafreesoftwarelibraryforusingxmpwebjpsnetolivierlmodplugoldmodplugwebsitemodplugxmmssfnetlibmodplugafreesoftwarelibraryforplayingandusingxmwithafrontendcanconvertxmfilesunseencombasshtmlbassmodaproprietarylibraryforusingxmandaxmplayerfoobarorgcomponentsviewfoodumbfoodumbafoobarpluginforxmformatinfoboxalbumnametypestudioartistsugarraycoversrjpgaltreleasedjanuaryrecordedvenuestudiogenrealternativerockpoprocklengthlabelatlanticrecordsatlanticproducerdavidkahneexceptforabracadabrawhichwasproducedbyralphsallprevtitleflooredprevyearnexttitlesugarrayalbumsugarraynextyearmiscsinglesnametypestudiosingleeverymorningsugarraysongeverymorningsinglesomedaysugarraysongsomedaysinglefallsapartsugarraysongfallsapartsingledatejanuarysingledatejunesingledatedecemberisthethirdstudioalbumbyamericanrockmusicrockbandsugarrayreleasedonjanuaryitenteredthetoponthebillboardbillboardpeakingatnumberrefnamebillboardtitlechartperformancepublisherprometheusglobalmediaworkbillboardmagazinebillboardaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebbillboardcomarchivedatejunedeadurlnodfrefandcertifiedplatinumrecordtripleplatinumbytheriaathealbumshowsthebandmovingintoamoremainstreampoprocksoundawayfromtheirearlierfunkmetalandnumetalsoundduetothesuccessoftheirsingleflysugarraysongflyofftheirprioralbumflooredthealbumstitleisaselfdeprecatingreferencetotheminutesoffamecriticsclaimedthebandwasridingonbackgroundinsugarrayreleasedtheirsecondalbumflooredwhilelargelyanalternativemetalalbumlateintherecordingsessionsthebandrecordedamuchpopmusicpoppiertrackthereggaerocksongflysugarraysongflythetrackbecameasurprisehitthetracksmassivesuccessinspiredthebandtofurtherpursuethesoundontheirfollowingalbumrefnamenyrockrefsoundthealbumssoundhaselementsofalternativerockrefnameallmusictitlesugarraybiographylasthueyfirststeveyearpublisherallmusicaccessdaterefandpoprockrefnamenwecitewebtitleurlnmecomreviewssugarraypublishernmedateaccessdaterefaimformeisapunkrocktrackintheveinofgreendayandfallsapartsugarraysongfallsapartandpersonalspaceinvadertakeinfluencefromsynchronicitythepolicealbumsynchronicityandmenwithouthatswhileburningdoghasaskatepunksoundsimilartotheoffspringandlivedirectfeaturesvocalsfromkrsoneinadditioneverymorningsugarraysongeverymorningthathasbeencalledanacousticmusicacousticpopmusicpopnumbersomedaysugarraysongsomedayandodetothelonelyheartedarereminiscentofprevioushitsingleflysugarraysongflythealbumalsofeaturestwocomedicsongstitlednewdirectiontheformerbeingdeathmetalandthelatteracircusmusicinstrumentalpromotionandreleasethesongglorywasusedinthefilmamericanpiefilmamericanpieandfeaturedonthesoundtrackalbumthesongaimformewasfeaturedinthefilmmaxkeeblesbigmovereceptionalbumratingsrevallmusicrevscorerefnameamrefreventertainmentweeklyrevscorecrefnameewrefrevtheguardianrevscorerevlosangelestimesrevscorerefnamelatimesrefrevnmerevscorerefnamenmerefrevqmagazineqrevscorerevrollingstonerevscorerefnamersrrefrevtherollingstonealbumguiderevscorerevthevillagevoicerevscorerefnamechristgaurefthealbumwasgenerallywellreceivedbycriticspaulpearsonofallmusicwrotetheirthirdalbumshowedanalarmingoverhaulintheirapproachfromtheirmetalshellactowardacalmermelodiouspasticheofsongsandconcludedthathassuchcatchinessandcharmthatitsaguiltypleasureofhighorderandabiggerstepthanonemighthaveexpectedfromsugarraynmesreferredtothealbumasahellishlydifficultrecordtohatenotthatthisisespeciallyinspiredstuffbutifyouwantedasoundtrackforthekindofsunkissedpoolpartythesleevedepictsismaybeasgoodasyoucouldgettodayrollingstonemagazinerollingstonepraisedthealbumforitsdiversityandfornotstickingtoocloselytothesoundofflystatingthatthebandinsteadgoesoffthedeependwithgorgeouspsychedelicguitarhooksanddrumloopsandmarkmcgrathswiseguyfutontalkeverythingtheyplayisshapedbythecutandpasteaestheticofthesamplerrobertchristgaupickedoutthealbumssongeverymorningasachoicecutdavidbrowneofentertainmentweeklywaslesspositiveandstateditsgenuinelyhardtohatesugarraystilllisteningtoisasomewhatsaddepressingexperiencethealbumisthesoundofabandresignedtothepossibilitythattheymaybeonehitwunderkindsandthatthemillionfanswhoboughttheirlastalbummayhavemovedontobarenakedladiestracklistingtracklistingcollapsednoheadlineextracolumntotallengthalllyricsallmusicsugarrayexceptwherenotedtitlenewdirectionnotewriterlyricsmusicextralengthtitleeverymorningsugarraysongeverymorningnotewriterlyricsmusicextralengthtitlefallsapartsugarraysongfallsapartnotewriterlyricsmusicsugarraydavidkahneextralengthtitlepersonalspaceinvadernotewriterlyricsmusicsugarraydavidkahneextralengthtitlelivedirectnotefeatkrsonewriterlyricsmusicsugarraydavidkahneextralengthtitlesomedaysugarraysongsomedaynotewriterlyricsmusicsugarraydavidkahneextralengthtitleaimformenotewriterlyricsmusicextralengthtitleodetothelonelyheartednotewriterlyricsmusicnicksopkovichsugarraydavidkahneextralengthtitleburningdognotewriterlyricsmusicextralengthtitleeventhoughnotewriterlyricsmusicextralengthtitleabracadabrastevemillerbandsongabracadabranotestevemillerbandcoverwriterlyricsmusicstevemillerextralengthtitleglorynotewriterlyricsmusicextralengthtitlenewdirectionnotewriterlyricsmusicextralengthsugarraysoldadifferentversionofthealbumtoaudiencesthatattendedtheirlivetourthisalbumincludedtracksrefnameamrefnotfoundontheretailversionthesetracksarethehitflyfromtheirpreviousflooredalbumtheoriginaldemorecordingofaimformealiveacousticversionofeverymorningtheradioeditoffallsapartriversasongwritteninthestyleofandintributetoweezerfrontmanriverscuomoreferencesinfoboxnonprofitnamexiphorgfoundationimagefishxiphorgpngcaptionfounderchrismontgomerychristophermontgomerytypectaxidregistrationidfoundeddatelocationsomervillemassachusettsunitedstatescoordinatesoriginskeypeoplechrismontgomerychristophermontgomeryjackmoffittralphgilestheorajeanmarcvalinspeexceltopusaudioformatopusjoshcoalsonflacmichaelsmithtimothybterriberryareaservedworldwideproductsfreesoftwarefreemultimediaformatslibrariesandstreamingsoftwareservicesfocusmissionmethodrevenueendowmentnumvolunteersnumemployeesnummemberssubsidownermottoformernamehomepagedissolvedfootnotesxiphorgfoundationisanonprofitorganizationthatproducesfreesoftwarefreemultimediaformatsandsoftwaretoolsitfocusesontheoggfamilyofformatsandthemostsuccessfulonehasbeenvorbisanopenandfreelylicensedaudioformatandcodecdesignedtocompetewiththepatentedwindowsmediaaudiowmampandadvancedaudiocodingaacasofthecurrentdevelopmentworkisfocusingondaalaanopenandpatentfreevideoformatandcodecdesignedtocompetewiththepatentedhighefficiencyvideocodingandvpinadditiontoitsinhousedevelopmentworkthefoundationhasalsobroughtseveralalreadyexistingbutcomplementaryfreesoftwareprojectsunderitsaegismostofwhichhaveaseparateactivegroupofdeveloperstheseincludespeexanaudiocodecdesignedforspeechandfreelosslessaudiocodecflacalosslessaudiocodecthexiphorgfoundationhascriticizedmicrosoftandtherecordingindustryassociationofamericariaafortheirlackofopennessrefnamexiphaboutreftheystatethatifcompanieslikemicrosoftownedsoftwarepatentpatentsontheinternetthenothercompanieswouldtrytocompeteandthenetasdesignedbywarringcorporateentitieswouldbeabattlegroundofincompatibleandexpensivestandardshaditactuallysurvivedatalltheyalsocondemntheriaafortheirsupportofprojectssuchassecuredigitalmusicinitiativeinthefreesoftwarefoundationlistedthexiphorgprojectsashighpriorityfreesoftwareprojectshighpriorityprojectshighpriorityfreesoftwareprojectsrefnamefsfpriorityciteweburlfsforgcampaignspriorityhtmltitlehighpriorityfreesoftwareprojectspublisherfreesoftwarefoundationaccessdaterefhistorychrismontgomerycreatoroftheoggcontainerformatfoundedthexiphophoruscompanyandlaterthexiphorgfoundationrefnamemontyciteweburlxiphorgcontacttitlexiphorgcontactinformationpublisherxiphorgaccessdaterefthefirstworkthatbecametheoggmediaprojectsstartedinrefnametnlciteweburltnlnetwhobibliographyvorbisphptitleachallengertomppublishertristanlouisdateaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebtnlnetwhobibliographyvorbisphparchivedatedeadurlyesdfrefthenamexiphabbreviatestheoriginalorganizationalnamexiphophorusnamedafterthegreenswordtailcommonswordtailfishxiphophorushelleriirefnamexiphnameciteweburlxiphorgxiphnametitlenamingpublisherxiphorgaccessdaterefthenamexiphophoruscompanywasuseduntilrefnameoggsquishdvorakciteweburllistsxiphorgpipermailvorbisaprilhtmltitlevorbisdvorakinterviewsmontyauthorbrianziskpublisherdateaccessdaterefrefnameadvogadociteweburladvogatoorgarticlehtmltitleinterviewchristophermontgomeryofxiphophorusauthoradvogadopublisheradvogadodateaccessdaterefrefnamexiphophorusciteweburlxiphorgindexhtmltitlexiphophorushomeauthorxiphophoruscompanypublisherarchiveorgdateaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebxiphorgindexhtmlarchivedaterefwhenitwasrenamedtoxiphorgfoundationrefnamexiphnameciteweburlxiphorgtitlexiphorghomeauthorxiphorgfoundationpublisherarchiveorgdateaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebxiphorgarchivedaterefinthexiphophoruscompanydefineditselfonitswebsiteasadistributedgroupoffreeandopensourceprogrammersworkingtoprotectthefoundationsofinternetmultimediafromdominationbyselfservingcorporateinterestsrefnamexiphophorusciteweburlxiphorgtitlexiphophorushomeauthorxiphophoruscompanypublisherarchiveorgdateaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebxiphorgarchivedaterefinthexiphorgfoundationdefineditselfonitswebsiteasanonprofitcorporationdedicatedtoprotectingthefoundationsofinternetmultimediafromcontrolbyprivateinterestsinmarchthexiphorgfoundationwasrecognizedbytheinternalrevenueserviceirsasacnonprofitorganizationrefnamexiphxiphorgxiphorgpressnonprofitspeexspeexreachesxiphorgnowacnonprofitorganizationretrievedrefwhichmeansthatuscitizenscandeductdonationsmadetoxiphorgfromtheirtaxesxiphorgfoundationprojectsoggnbspamultimediadigitalcontainerformatcontainerformatareferenceimplementationandthenativefileandstreamformatforthexiphorgmultimediacodecsvorbisnbspalossyaudiocompressiondataaudiocompressionformatandcodectheoranbspalossyvideocodingformatandcodecflacnbspalosslessaudiocompressionformatandsoftwarespeexnbspalossyspeechencodingformatandsoftwaredeprecatedceltnbspanultralowdelaylossyaudiocompressionformatthathasbeenmergedintoopusandisnowobsoleteopuscodecopusnbspalowdelaylossyaudiocompressionformatoriginallyintendedforvoiceoveripvoiptremorsoftwaretremornbspanintegeronlyimplementationofthevorbisaudiodecoderforembeddeddevicessoftwareoggpcmnbspanencapsulationofpcmaudiodatainsidetheoggcontainerformatskeletonnbspastructuringinformationformultitrackoggfilesalogicalbitstreamwithinanoggstreamrealtimetransportprotocolrtppayloadsnbspcontainersforvorbistheoraspeexandopuscontinuousmediamarkuplanguagecmmlnbspanxmlbasedmarkuplanguagefortimecontinuousdataatimedtextcodecdeprecatedoggsquishnbspalosslessaudiocompressionformatandsoftwarediscontinuedoggoggcodecstarkinnbspanexperimentallossyvideocodingformatnostablereleasediscontinueddaalanbspavideocodingformatandcodeckatenbspanoverlaycodecthatcancarryanimatedtextandimageslibaonbspanaudiooutputlibrarythatoperatesondifferentplatformsrefcitewebfirstlastauthorauthorlinkcoauthorstitlelibaoacrossplatformaudiolibraryurlxiphorgaoworkpublisherxiphorglocationtranstitledoidatemonthyearaccessdatequotelibaoisacrossplatformaudiolibrarythatallowsprogramstooutputaudiousingasimpleapionawidevarietyofplatformsrefannodexnbspanencapsulationformatwhichinterleavestimecontinuousdatawithcmmlmarkup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pmentlbulatersenthismentopretendtosurrendertoxiahoudunwhofellfortheruseandwastakenhostagebytheenemyinhisowncamplbusmendemandedaheavyransomxiahoudunstroopsbecamefearfulandconfusedwhentheyheardthattheircommanderhadbeentakenhostagexiahoudunssubordinatehanhaoledhismentooutsidexiahouscampwherehegaveordersfortheotherofficerstoremainintheirrespectivecampsandnotmakeanymovethesituationintheothercampsbecamestablehethenheadedtowardsxiahoudunstentandshoutedatthehostagetakersyoumurderoustraitorshowdareyoutakethecommanderhostagedoyoustillexpecttoliveivereceivedorderstoattacktheenemysoiwontletyouhaveyourwayjustforthesakeofoneofficerwithtearsinhiseyeshetoldxiahoudunthisisthelawivetofollowithanhaothenorderedhismentoattackthehostagetakerswhowereshockedbyhisresponseandimmediatelygaveupthehostagetakerskowtowedandbeggedfortheirlivesweonlywanttoobtainsomemoneyforouruseandwellleaveafterthathanhaoreprimandedthemsternlyandhadthemallexecutedxiahoudunwassavedwhencaocaolearntoftherebellionhewithdrewhisarmyfromxuprovinceandreturnedtoyanprovincetoattacklbuxiahoudunparticipatedinthebattlesagainstlbuandwashitinthelefteyebyastrayarrowduringaskirmishafterthelossofhislefteyehewasgiventhenicknameblindxiahouincaocaosarmyxiahoudunhatedthisnicknameandhewouldthrowamirrortothegroundwheneverhesawhisownreflectionlbuwasbesiegedbycaocaoinpuyangforoverdaysandheeventuallyabandonedthecitywhenafaminebrokeoutcaocaoseizedbackhisterritoriesinyanprovincepreviouslylosttolbumidcareerxiahoudunwasappointedastheadministratorofchenliuaroundpresentdaykaifenghenanandjiyinnearpresentdaydingtaocountyshandongcommanderychinacommanderiesandheldtherankofgeneralwhobuildsmartialmighthewasalsoenfeoffedasthemarquessmarquisofgaoandistrictwhilehewasinofficeadroughtbrokeoutandtherewasalocustinfestationintheregiontocountertheseproblemsxiahoudunspearheadedanagriculturalprogrammeinwhichheinstructedworkerstodamupthetaishouriveratributaryofthehuairivertocreatealargepondhepersonallyparticipatedintheconstructionworksandalsoencouragedthepeopletogrowcropsintheinundatedlandthisprogrammegreatlyaidedthepeopleduringthoseyearsofseverefaminehewaslaterreassignedtobetheintendantofhenanxiahoudundidnotparticipateincaocaoscampaignsinnorthernchinaagainstyuanshaoyuanssonsandtheiralliesthroughoutthesceinsteadheremainedbehindtodefendcaocaosterritoriesincentralchinaincaocaosrivalliubeiwhohadsoughtrefugeunderjingprovincesgovernorliubiaoreceivedanorderfromliubiaototakeadvantageofcaocaosabsencetoattackcaosbaseintheimperialcapitalxupresentdayxuchanghenaninresponsecaocaosentxiahoudunyujinandlidiantoleadanarmytoresistliubeiandbothsidesclashedatthebattleofbowangliubeiburnthiscampsandfeignedretreattoluretheenemyintoanambushxiahoudunandhismenfellforthetrickandweredefeatedintheambushlidianwhosuspectedanambushanddidnotjoininthepursuitledreinforcementstohelpxiahoudunandyujinliubeiwithdrewhisforcesafterseeinglidiansapproachafterthebattleofyeinxiahoudunwaspromotedtogeneralwhocalmsthewavesbutretainedhisappointmentastheintendantofhenanhewasabletoadministerandoverseeaffairssmoothlywithoutbeinghamperedbylayersofbureaucracyinxiahoudunwasgrantedanadditionaltaxablehouseholdsinhismarquisateinrecognitionofhiscontributionsbringingthetotalnumberofhouseholdstolaterlifeanddeathinafteracampaignagainstcaocaosrivalsunquanxiahoudunwasorderedtostationatjuchaoinpresentdaychaohuanhuiandwasplacedincommandofjunsasarewardforhiscontributionsinbattlehereceivedanumberofperformingcourtesanstoentertainhimtheimperialorderthatcamewiththerewardreadwhenweijiangpacifiedthexirongpeoplerongpeoplehewasonlyrewardedwithgoldandrichesdontyougeneraldeservemorethanhiminwhencaocaowasonajourneybackfrommobeisoutheastofpresentdayjiacountyhenanjiacountyhenanhetreatedxiahoudunlikeacloseaidebylettingxiahourideinthesamecarriageashimandallowingxiahoutoenterhisprivatequartersatthetimeemperorxianofhanemperorxianhadmadecaocaoavassalkingunderthetitlekingofweiandgrantedhimpermissiontosetupanindependentvassalkingdomwhichwasstillnominallyunderhanimperialcontrolwhilemanyofcaocaossubordinateshadbeenappointedtopositionsinhisvassalkingdomxiahoudunstillheldappointmentsunderthehancentralgovernmentxiahoudunrequestedtoserveincaocaosvassalkingdomtoshowhisloyaltybutcaocaotoldhimiheardthatthebestrulerslearnfromtheirsubjectswhilethesecondbestbefriendtheirsubjectsofficialsarenoblemenofvirtuewhyloweryourselftoservesuchasmallkingdomlikeweixiahouduninsistedsocaocaoappointedhimasgeneralofthevanguardxiahoudunthenledhismentoshouchunandlatergarrisonedatzhaolingaroundlatexiahoudunalongwithchenqunhuanjieandothersurgedcaocaototakethethronefromemperorxianxiahoudunsaideveryoneintheempireknowsthatthehandynastyslifespanhascometoanendandthattherearemanycontendersseekingtoreplaceitsinceancienttimeswhoeversucceedsineliminatingthepeoplestroubleswillwintheheartsofthepeopleandbecometheirrulerasofnowyourhighnesshasbeenfightingbattlesforoveryearsyouvemadeoutstandingachievementsandtheheartsofthepeoplearewithyouyoushouldfollowthewillofheavenandthepeoplewhatstheretohesitateaboutcaocaorepliedthesequalitiesaredisplayedingovernmentthisthenalsoconstitutestheexerciseofgovernmentifthemandateofheavendoesbelongtomeillbelikekingwenofzhoucaocaodiedinearlyandpassedonhisvassalkingtitletohissoncaopiwhowasstillanominalsubjectofemperorxianxiahoudunwaspromotedtogeneralinchiefhediedsomemonthslaterthecaomanzhuanandtheshiyumentionedthatxiahoudunoncesuggestedtocaocaotoeliminateliubeifirstinordertoforcesunquantosurrenderofhisownaccordandthenfollowinthefootstepsofthemythologicalrulersemperorshunshunandyuthegreatyubymakingemperorxianvoluntarilyabdicatethethronetohimcaocaoacceptedhisproposalaftercaocaosdeathxiahoudunregrettedhiswordsandfellsickanddiedthehistoriansunshengjindynastysunshengdismissedtheshiyuaccountasnonsensesayingthatitdidnotmatchwhatwasrecordedinthemaintextofxiahoudunsbiographyinthesanguozhixiahoudunfeltashamedofservingunderthehanimperialcourtsoherequestedtoserveincaocaosvassalkingdomfamilymountdingjunthebluebasetoneisusedtoreflecthisuprightandcourageouspersonalityinlatecaopiforcedemperorxianofhanemperorxiantoabdicatethethroneinhisfavourandestablishedthestateofcaoweimarkingtheendofthehandynastyandthestartofthethreekingdomsperiodcaopigrantedxiahouduntheposthumousnameposthumoustitlemarquiszhongwhichliterallymeansloyalmarquisxiahoudunsoriginalmarquistitlemarquisofgaoandistrictwasinheritedbyhissonxiahouchonglaterinrecognitionofxiahoudunspastcontributionscaopiaddedtaxablehouseholdstoxiahouchongsmarquisateandmadeeachofxiahoudunssevensonsandtwograndsonsasecondarymarquisxiahoudunsyoungerbrotherxiahoulianwasalsoenfeoffedasamarquisxiahoudunssecondsonxiahoumaomarriedoneofcaocaosdaughtersprincessqingheandheldhighrankingpositionsintheweiimperialcourtxiahoudunalsohadtwoothersonsxiahouzizangandxiahouzijiangwhenxiahouchongdiedhismarquistitlewasinheritedbyhissonxiahouyuxiahouyuinturnwassucceededbyhissonxiahoushaoaccordingtothejinyangqiuxiahoudundidnothaveanysuccessorafterhisgrandsonxiahouzuodiedinappraisalalthoughxiahoudunwasasoldierformostofhislifehewasreceptivetoscholarlyartsandeveninvitednotablescholarstohiscamptotutorhimheledafrugalandsimplelifestyleandusedhisexcesswealthtohelptheneedyhetookfromofficialtreasuriesinsteadofdirectlyfromthecommonpeoplewhenhedidnothaveenoughmoneyhealsodidnotownmuchpropertyinromanceofthethreekingdomsxiahoudunisfeaturedasacharacterinthethcenturyhistoricalnovelromanceofthethreekingdomswhichromanticisesthehistoricaleventsbeforeandduringthethreekingdomsperiodseethefollowingforsomefictitiousstoriesinromanceofthethreekingdomsinvolvingxiahoudunbattleofxiapixiahoudunlosinghislefteyebattleofbowanginfictioninpopularculturepleasedonotintroduceanyfurtherdetailsonthispersonsroleinthegamesalreadymentionedinthissectionxiahoudunisfeaturedasaplayablecharacterinkoeisdynastywarriorsvideogameseriesaswellaswarriorsorochiacrossoverbetweendynastywarriorsandsamuraiwarriorshealsoappearsinallinstalmentsofkoeisromanceofthethreekingdomsvideogameseriesromanceofthethreekingdomsstrategygameseriesthereisacardbasedonxiahouduncalledxiahouduntheoneeyedintheportalthreekingdomssetofthemagicthegatheringcollectiblecardgametheanimebattlevixenskoihimemusandyuyushikialsomakereferencestoxiahouduninwhichheisknownbyhisjapanesenamekaktonseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsnotesreferenceschenshouchenshourecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhiluoguanzhongluoguanzhongromanceofthethreekingdomssanguoyanyipeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhutibetautonomousregionlistofhistoricalgnutellaclientsxoloxredirectcategoryshellxssusuallymeanscrosssitescriptingitmayalsorefertoxssfileamicrosoftvisualstudiodatasetdesignersurfacedatafilethexscreensaverextensionassanlanguagebyisocodeseealsoexperimentalsatellitesystemxssaspacecraftcssdisambiguationacuteaccentredirectcategoryshelldiaeresisdiacriticredirectcategoryshellpleasedonotconvertthispageintoadisambigthediaeresisdiacriticarticlecoversallcasesofthesymbolsoaredirectissufficientforthesymbolspecificallyingermanseethegermanicumlautarticlemexicanhairlessdogthefirstcputointroducethexextensionsinxalsoknownasxxamdandintelonlythosementionedinindustrynamingconventionstagrefvariousnamesareusedfortheinstructionsetpriortothelaunchxandxwereusedwhileuponthereleaseamdnameditamdrefnameinqamdcitewebtitledebianamdfaqurlwikidebianorgdebianamdfaqworkdebianwikiaccessdaterefintelinitiallyusedthenamesiaeandemtbeforefinallysettlingonintelforitsimplementationsomeintheindustryincludingappleincapplerefnameapplexcitewebtitlexcodemodelurldeveloperapplecomlibrarymacdocumentationdevelopertoolsconceptualmachotopicsarticlesxcodehtmlpublisherappleaccessdatenovemberrefrefnameapplexarchmanpagerefrefnameapplexemailciteweburllistsapplecomarchivesdarwindevaugmsghtmltitlereintelxnubugreportaccessdateauthorkevinvanvechtendateworkdarwindevmailinglistpublisherapplecomputerquotethekernelanddevelopertoolshavestandardizedonxforthenameofthemachoarchitecturerefusexandxwhileothersnotablysunmicrosystemsrefnamesolarisxcitewebtitlesolarisonamdopteronurloraclecomtechnetworkserverstoragesolarisoverviewsolarisamdopteronjsphtmlpublisheroracleacces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turemipshavegprsdecalphaalphaarmarchitecturebitarchitecturebitarmandsparchaveorvliwlikemachinessuchastheiawhichhasnbspregistershoweveranamdimplementationmayhavefarmoreinternalregistersthanthenumberofarchitecturalregistersexposedbytheinstructionsetseeregisterrenamingadditionalxmmsseregisterssimilarlythenumberofbitxmmdontconfusethisnamewithmmxmmxhasnohardwareregistersandismappedtothefpustackherewetalkaboutssexmmregistersregistersusedforstreamingsimdextensionsstreamingsimdinstructionsisalsoincreasedfromtolargervirtualaddressspacetheamdarchitecturedefinesabitvirtualaddressformatofwhichtheloworderbitsareusedincurrentimplementationsthisallowsuptonbspterabytetbsupsupbytesofvirtualaddressspacethearchitecturedefinitionallowsthislimittoberaisedinfutureimplementationstothefullbitsextendingthevirtualaddressspacetonbspexabyteebsupsupbytesthisiscomparedtojustnbspgigabytegbsupsupbytesforthexrefnameintelciteweburlintelcomassetspdfmanualpdftitleintelandiaarchitecturessoftwaredevelopersmanualvolumeasystemprogrammingguidepartnbspaccessdateformatpdfpagesrefthismeansthatverylargefilescanbeoperatedonbymemorymappedfilemappingtheentirefileintotheprocessaddressspacewhichisoftenmuchfasterthanworkingwithfilereadwritecallsratherthanhavingtomapregionsofthefileintoandoutoftheaddressspacelargerphysicaladdressspacetheoriginalimplementationoftheamdarchitectureimplementedbitphysicaladdressesandsocouldaddressuptonbsptbsupsupbytesoframcurrentimplementationsoftheamdarchitecturestartingfromamdkamdhmicroarchitectureitshasinhexnotthasintenthpleaseseethereferencenamedamdhimmediatelyfollowingpleasedonotchangethisbacktothextendthistobitphysicaladdressesrefciteweburlamdorgfileadminuseruploadpubbitlinuxmythsandfactspdftitlemythandfactsaboutbitlinuxaccessdatedateformatpdfpagequotephysicaladdressspaceincreasedtobitsdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebamdorgfileadminuseruploadpubbitlinuxmythsandfactspdfarchivedateoctoberdfmdyallreflimitedbythepagetableentryformatthiswouldallowaddressingofuptonbsppetabytepboframforcomparisonbitxprocessorsarelimitedtonbspgboframinphysicaladdressextensionpaemoderefnameshanleypprocitebooktitlepentiumproandpentiumiisystemarchitectureeditionsecondlastshanleyfirsttomisbnseriespcsystemarchitectureseriesyearpublisheraddisonwesleypagerefornbspgboframwithoutpaemodelargerphysicaladdressspaceinlegacymodewhenoperatinginlegacymodetheamdarchitecturesupportsphysicaladdressextensionpaemodeasdomostcurrentxprocessorsbutamdextendspaefrombitstoanarchitecturallimitofnbspbitsofphysicaladdressanyimplementationthereforeallowsthesamephysicaladdresslimitasunderlongmodeinstructionpointerrelativedataaccessinstructionscannowreferencedatarelativetotheinstructionpointerripregisterthismakespositionindependentcodeasisoftenusedinlibrarycomputingsharedlibrariessharedlibrariesandcodeloadedatruntimemoreefficientsseinstructionstheoriginalamdarchitectureadoptedintelsstreamingsimdextensionssseandsseascoreinstructionstheseinstructionsetsprovideavectorsupplementtothescalarxfpuforthesingleprecisionanddoubleprecisiondatatypesssealsooffersintegervectoroperationsfordatatypesrangingfrombittobitprecisionthismakesthevectorcapabilitiesofthearchitectureonparwiththoseofthemostadvancedxprocessorsofitstimetheseinstructionscanalsobeusedinbitmodetheproliferationofbitprocessorshasmadethesevectorcapabilitiesubiquitousinhomecomputersallowingtheimprovementofthestandardsofbitapplicationsthebiteditionofwindowsforexamplerequiresthepresenceofsseinstructionssseinstructionsandlaterstreamingsimdextensionsinstructionsetsarenotstandardfeaturesofthearchitecturenoexecutebitthenoexecutebitornxbitbitofthepagetableentryallowstheoperatingsystemtospecifywhichpagesofvirtualaddressspacecancontainexecutablecodeandwhichcannotanattempttoexecutecodefromapagetaggednoexecutewillresultinamemoryaccessviolationsimilartoanattempttowritetoareadonlypagethisshouldmakeitmoredifficultformaliciouscodetotakecontrolofthesystemviabufferoverflowbufferoverrunoruncheckedbufferattacksasimilarfeaturehasbeenavailableonxprocessorssincetheasanattributeofsegmentdescriptorshoweverthisworksonlyonanentiresegmentatatimexmemorysegmentationsegmentedaddressinghaslongbeenconsideredanobsoletemodeofoperationandallcurrentpcoperatingsystemsineffectbypassitsettingallsegmentstoabaseaddressofzeroandintheirbitimplementationasizeofnbspgbamdwasthefirstxfamilyvendortoimplementnoexecuteinlinearaddressingmodethefeatureisalsoavailableinlegacymodeonamdprocessorsandrecentintelxprocessorswhenpaeisusedremovalofolderfeaturesafewsystemprogrammingfeaturesofthexarchitecturewereeitherunusedorunderusedinmodernoperatingsystemsandareeithernotavailableonamdinlongbitandcompatibilitymodeorexistonlyinlimitedformtheseincludesegmentedaddressingalthoughthefsandgssegmentsareretainedinvestigialformforuseasextrabasepointerstooperatingsystemstructuresthetaskstatesegmenttaskstateswitchmechanismandvirtualmodethesefeaturesremainfullyimplementedinlegacymodeallowingtheseprocessorstorunbitandbitoperatingsystemswithoutmodificationssomeinstructionsthatprovedtoberarelyusefularenotsupportedinbitmodeincludingsavingrestoringofsegmentregistersonthestacksavingrestoringofallregisterspushapopadecimalarithmeticboundandintoinstructionsandfarjumpsandcallswithimmediateoperandsvirtualaddressspacedetailscanonicalformaddressesmultipleimageheadercanonicaladdressspaceimplementationsdiagramsnottoscalewidthdirectionhorizontalalignrightimageamdcanonicalbitsvgcaptioncurrentbitimplementationimageamdcanonicalbitsvgcaptionbitimplementationimageamdcanonicalbitsvgcaptionbitimplementationalthoughvirtualaddressesarenbspbitswideinbitmodecurrentimplementationsandallchipsknowntobeintheplanningstagesdonotallowtheentirevirtualaddressspaceofsupsupbytesnbspebtobeusedthiswouldbeapproximatelyfourbilliontimesthesizeofvirtualaddressspaceonbitmachinesmostoperatingsystemsandapplicationswillnotneedsuchalargeaddressspacefortheforeseeablefuturesoimplementingsuchwidevirtualaddresseswouldsimplyincreasethecomplexityandcostofaddresstranslationwithnorealbenefitamdthereforedecidedthatinthefirstimplementationsofthearchitectureonlytheleastsignificantnbspbitsofavirtualaddresswouldactuallybeusedinaddresstranslationpagetablelookupinadditiontheamdspecificationrequiresthatthemostsignificantbitsofanyvirtualaddressbitsthroughmustbecopiesofbitinamannerakintosignextensionifthisrequirementisnotmettheprocessorwillraiseanexceptionaddressescomplyingwiththisrulearereferredtoascanonicalformcanonicalformaddressesrunfromthroughfffffffffffandfromffffthroughffffffffffffffffforatotalofnbsptbofusablevirtualaddressspacethisisstilltimeslargerthanthevirtualgbaddressspaceofbitmachinesthisfeatureeaseslaterscalabilitytotruebitaddressingmanyoperatingsystemsincludingbutnotlimitedtothewindowsntfamilytakethehigheraddressedhalfoftheaddressspacenamedkernelspaceforthemselvesandleavetheloweraddressedhalfuserspaceforapplicationcodeusermodestacksheapsandotherdataregionsthecanonicaladdressdesignensuresthateveryamdcompliantimplementationhasineffecttwomemoryhalvesthelowerhalfstartsatandgrowsupwardsasmorevirtualaddressbitsbecomeavailablewhilethehigherhalfisdockedtothetopoftheaddressspaceandgrowsdownwardsalsoenforcingthecanonicalformofaddressesbycheckingtheunusedaddressbitspreventstheirusebytheoperatingsystemintaggedpointersasflagsprivilegemarkersetcassuchusecouldbecomeproblematicwhenthearchitectureisextendedtoimplementmorevirtualaddressbitsthefirstversionsofwindowsforxdidnotevenusethefullnbsptbtheywererestrictedtojustnbsptbofuserspaceandnbsptbofkernelspaceitwouldbegoodtoincludeotherosslimitsherepagetablestructurethebitaddressingmodelongmodeisasupersetofphysicaladdressextensionspaebecauseofthispagingpagesizesmaybenbspkilobytekbsupsupbytesornbspmegabytembsupsupbyteslongmodealsosupportspagesizesofnbspgigabytegbsupsupbytesratherthanthethreelevelpagetablesystemusedbysystemsinpaemodesystemsrunninginlongmodeusefourlevelsofpagetablepaespagedirectorypointertableisextendedfromfourentriestoandanadditionalpagemaplevelnbsppmltableisaddedcontainingentriesinbitimplementationsafullmappinghierarchyofnbspkbpagesforthewholebitspacewouldtakeabitmorethannbspgbofmemoryaboutofthenbsptbvirtualspaceintelhasproposedaschemewithaintellevelpagingfivelevelpagetableifimplementedthiswouldallowintelprocessorstosupportabitvirtualaddressspaceoperatingsystemlimitstheoperatingsystemcanalsolimitthevirtualaddressspacedetailswhereapplicablearegiveninthexoperatingsystemcompatibilityandcharacteristicsoperatingsystemcompatibilityandcharacteristicssectionphysicaladdressspacedetailscurrentamdprocessorssupportaphysicaladdressspaceofuptosupsupbytesoframornbsptbhowevertherewerenoknownxmotherboardsthatsupportnbsptboframrefciteweburlsupermicrocomaplusmotherboardopterontitleopteronseriesmotherboardspublishersupermicrocorporationaccessdaterefrefciteweburlsupermicrocomproductsmotherboardxeontitlesupermicroxeonautoedrmunicodectrlcharwnowinmappingintentunknownsolutionspublishersupermicrocorporationaccessdaterefrefciteweburlsupermicrocomaplusmotherboardopterontitleopteronseriesmotherboardspublishersupermicrocorporationaccessdaterefrefciteweburlsupermicrocomproductsmotherboardcoreindexcfmtitletyanproductmatrixpublishermitecinternationalcorporationaccessdatereftheoperatingsystemmayplaceadditionallimitsontheamountoframthatisusableorsupporteddetailsonthispointaregiveninthexoperatingsystemcompatibilityandcharacteristicsoperatingsystemcompatibilityandcharacteristicssectionofthisarticleoperatingmodesclasswikitablestyletextaligncenteroperatingmodeoperatingsubmodeoperatingsystemrequiredtypeofcodebeingrundefaultaddresssizedefaultoperandsizesupportedtypicaloperandsizesregisterfilesizetypicalgeneralpurposeregistergprwidthrowspanlongmodebitmodebitoperatingsystemorbootloaderlongmodebitcodebitsbitsorbitsregistersperfilebitsrowspancompatibilitymodebitoperatingsystemorbootloaderprotectedmodethebitprotectedmodecodebitsbitsorbitsregistersperfilebitsbitoperatingsystemprotectedmodethebitprotectedmodecodebitsbitsorbitsregistersperfilebitsrowspanlegacymoderowspanprotectedmodebitoperatingsystemorbootloaderorbitbootloaderprotectedmodethebitprotectedmodecodebitsbitsorbitsregistersperfilebitsbitprotectedmodeoperatingsystemorbootloaderororbitbootloaderprotectedmodethebitprotectedmodecodebitsbitsorbitsregistersperfileorbitsvirtualmodeorbitprotectedmodeoperatingsystemrealmodebitrealmodecodebitsbitsorbitsregistersperfileorbitsrealmodebitrealmodeoperatingsystemorbootloaderororbitbootloaderrealmodebitrealmodecodebitsbitsorbitsregistersperfileorbitsthetraditionalxfpuregisterstackisnotincludedintheregisterfilesizeextensioninbitmodecomparedwiththexmmregistersusedbyssewhichdidgetextendedthexregisterstackisnotasimpleregisterfilealthoughitdoesallowdirectaccesstoindividualregistersbylowcostexchangeoperationsalsonotethatbitcodewrittenfortheandbelowcannotusethebitgeneralpurposeregistersgeneralpurposeregistergprsbitcodewrittenfortheandabovecanusebitgprsbutdefaultstousingbitoperandsthearchitecturehastwoprimarymodesofoperationlongmodeandlegacymodelongmodelongmodeisthearchitecturesintendedprimarymodeofoperationitisacombinationoftheprocessorsnativebitmodeandacombinedbitandbitcompatibilitymodeitisusedbybitoperatingsystemsunderabitoperatingsystembitprogramsrununderbitmodeandbitandbitprotectedmodeapplicationsthatdonotneedtouseeitherrealmodeorvirtualmodeinordertoexecuteatanytimerunundercompatibilitymoderealmodeprogramsandprogramsthatusevirtualmodeatanytimecannotberuninlongmodeunlessthosemodesareemulatedinsoftwarehoweversuchprogramsmaybestartedfromanoperatingsystemrunninginlongmodeonprocessorssupportingvtxoramdvbycreatingavirtualprocessorrunninginthedesiredmodesincethebasicinstructionsetisthesamethereisalmostnoperformancepenaltyforexecutingprotectedmodexcodethisisunlikeintelsiawheredifferencesintheunderlyinginstructionsetmeansthatrunningbitcodemustbedoneeitherinemulationofxmakingtheprocessslowerorwithadedicatedxcoprocessorhoweveronthexplatformmanyxapplicationscouldbenefitfromabitrecompileduetotheadditionalregistersinbitcodeandguaranteedssebasedfpusupportwhichacompilercanuseforoptimizationhoweverapplicationsthatregularlyhandleintegerswiderthanbitssuchascryptographicalgorithmswillneedarewriteofthecodehandlingthehugeintegersinordertotakeadvantageofthebitregisterslegacymodelegacymodeisthemodeusedbybitprotectedmodeorrealmodeandbitoperatingsystemsinthismodetheprocessoractslikeabitxprocessorandonlybitandbitcodecanbeexecutedlegacymodeallowsforamaximumofnbspbitvirtualaddressingwhichlimitsthevirtualaddressspacetonbspgbbitprogramscannotberunfromlegacymodeintelintelnbspisintelsimplementationofxusedandimplementedinvariousprocessorsmadebyintelhistoryhistoricallyamdhasdevelopedandproducedprocessorswithinstructionsetspatternedafterintelsoriginaldesignsbutwithxroleswerereversedintelfounditselfinthepositionofadoptingtheinstructionsetarchitectureisawhichamdhadcreatedasanextensiontointelsownxprocessorlineintelsprojectwasoriginallycodenamedyamhillaftertheyamhillriverinoregonswillamettevalleyafterseveralyearsofdenyingitsexistenceintelannouncedatthefebruaryinteldeveloperforumidfthattheprojectwasindeedunderwayintelschairmanatthetimecraigbarrettchiefexecutivecraigbarrettadmittedthatthiswasoneoftheirworstkeptsecretsintelsnameforthisinstructionsethaschangedseveraltimesthenameusedattheidfwasctpresumablyforclackamastechnologyanothercodenamefromanclackamasriveroregonriverwithinweekstheybeganreferringtoitasiaeforiaextensionsandinmarchunveiledtheofficialnameemtextendedmemorytechnologyinlateintelbeganinsteadusingthenameintelnbspforitsimplementationparallelingamdsuseofthenameamdrefciteweburlintelcomtechnologyintelindexhtmtitleintelnbsparchitectureaccessdatepublisherintelrefthefirstprocessortoimplementintelnbspwasthemultisocketprocessorxeoncodenamedxeonnoconaandirwindalenoconainjuneincontrasttheinitialprescottchipsfebruarydidnotenablethisfeatureintelsubsequentlybegansellingintelnbspenabledpentiumsusingtheerevisionoftheprescottcorebeingsoldontheoemmarketasthepentiummodelftheerevisionalsoaddsexecutedisablexdintelsnameforthenxbittointelnbspandhasbeenincludedinthencurrentxeoncodenamedirwindaleintelsofficiallaunchofintelnbspunderthenameemtatthattimeinmainstreamdesktopprocessorswasthensteppingprescottmthefirstintelmobileprocessorimplementingintelnbspisthemerommicroprocessormeromversionofthecoreprocessorwhichwasreleasedonjulynoneofintelsearliernotebookcpuscoreduopentiummceleronmpentiummobilepentiumimplementintelnbspimplementationsintelsprocessorsimplementingtheintelarchitectureincludethepentiumfseriesxseriesandcelerondmodelsxxandandalllaterceleronsallmodelsofxeonsincexeonnoconaandirwindalenoconaallmodelsofpentiumdualcoreprocessorssincemerommicroprocessormerommmerommtheintelatomatomddddnnnnnnnandnandallversionsofthepentiumdpentiumextremeeditioncorenbspintelcoreicorenbspiintelcoreicorenbspiandcorenbspiprocessorsviasximplementationviatechnologiesintroducedtheirfirstimplementationofthexarchitectureinafterfiveyearsofdevelopmentbyitscpudivisioncentaurtechnologyrefcitewebtitleviatolaunchnewprocessorarchitectureinqpublisherdigitimesurldigitimescomnewsapdhtmlaccessdateformatsubscriptionrequiredrefcodenamedisaiahthebitarchitecturewasunveiledonjanuaryrefcitewebtitleisaiahrevealedviasnewlowpowerarchitecturepublisherarstechnicaurlarstechnicacomarticlespaediacpuviacpuisaiaharsaccessdatefirstjonlaststokesdaterefandlaunchedonmayundertheviananobrandnamerefcitepressreleasetitlevialaunchesviananoprocessorfamilypublisherviatechnologiesviaurlviatechcomenvialaunchesviananoprocessorfamilyaccessdatedatereftheprocessorsupportsanumberofviaspecificxextensionsdesignedtoboostefficiencyinlowpowerappliancesitisexpectedthattheisaiaharchitecturewillbetwiceasfastinintegerperformanceandfourtimesasfastinfloatingpointperformanceasthepreviousgenerationviaestheratanequivalentclockspeedpowerconsumptionisalsoexpectedtobeonparwiththepreviousgenerationviacpuswiththermaldesignpowerrangingfromnbspwtonbspwrefcitewebpublisherviatechnologiesviaurlviacomtwendownloadspresentationsprocessorspbviaisaiahpdftitleviaisaiaharchitectureintroductionformatpdfaccessdatedatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebviacomtwendownloadspresentationsprocessorspbviaisaiahpdfarchivedateseptemberdfmdyallrefbeingacompletelynewdesigntheisaiaharchitecturewasbuiltwithsupportforfeatureslikethexinstructionsetandxvirtualizationwhichwereunavailableonitspredecessorstheviaclinewhileretainingtheirencryptionextensionsdifferencesbetweenamdandintelalthoughnearlyidenticaltherearesomedifferencesbetweenthetwoinstructionsetsinthesemanticsofafewseldomusedmachineinstructionsorsituationswhicharemainlyusedforsystemprogrammingrefnametrcscottrefcompilersgenerallyproduceexecutablesiemachinecodethatavoidanydifferencesatleastforordinaryapplicationsoftwareapplicationprogramsthisisthereforeofinterestmainlytodevelopersofcompilersoperatingsystemsandsimilarwhichmustdealwithindividualandspecialsysteminstructionsrecentimplementationsintelnbspsfindfirstsetcodebsfcodeandfindfirstsetcodebsrcodeinstructionsactdifferentlythanamdswhenthesourceiszeroandtheoperandsizeisnbspbitstheprocessorsetsthezeroflagandleavestheuppernbspbitsofthedestinationundefinedamdrequiresadifferentmicrocodeupdateformatandcontrolmsrsmodelspecificregisterswhileintelnbspimplementsmicrocodeupdateunchangedfromtheirbitonlyprocessorsintelnbsplackssomemsrsthatareconsideredarchitecturalinamdtheseincludecodesyscfgcodecodetopmemcodeandcodetopmemcodeintelnbspallowscodesyscallcodecodesysretcodeonlyinbitmodenotincompatibilitymodeandallowscodesysentercodecodesysexitcodeinbothmodesamdlackscodesysentercodecodesysexitcodeinbothsubmodesoflongmodeinbitmodenearbrancheswiththehoperandsizeoverrideprefixbehavedifferentlyintelnbspignoresthisprefixtheinstructionhasbitsignextendedoffsetandinstructionpointerisnottruncatedamdusesbitoffsetfieldintheinstructionandclearsthetopnbspbitsofinstructionpointeramdprocessorsraiseafloatingpointinvalidexceptionwhenperformingancodefldcodeorcodefstpcodeofanbitsignallingnanwhileintelprocessorsdonotintelnbsplackstheabilitytosaveandrestoreareducedandthusfasterversionofthefloatingpointstateinvolvingthecodefxsavecodeandcodefxrstorcodeinstructionsamdprocessorseversinceopteronreveandathlonrevdhavereintroducedlimitedsupportforsegmentationviathelongmodesegmentlimitenablelmslebittoeasexvirtualizationbitvirtualizationofbitguestswhenreturningtoanoncanonicaladdressusingcodesysretcodeamdprocessorsexecutethegeneralprotectionfaulthandlerinprivilegelevelwhileonintelnbspprocessorsitisexecutedinprivilegelevelolderimplementationsearlyamdprocessorstypicallyonsocketandlackedthettcmpxchgbttinstructionwhichisanextensionofthettcmpxchgbttinstructionpresentonmostpostprocessorssimilartottcmpxchgbttttcmpxchgbttallowsforatomicoperationsonoctalwordsthisisusefulforparallelalgorithmsthatusecompareandswapondatalargerthanthesizeofapointercommoninlockfreeandwaitfreealgorithmswithoutttcmpxchgbttonemustuseworkaroundssuchasacriticalsectionoralternativelockfreeapproachesitsabsencealsopreventsbitmicrosoftwindowswindowspriortowindowsfromhavingausermodeaddressspacelargerthannbspterabytesthebitversionofwindowsrequirestheinstructionrefnamecpuinstsciteweburlwindowsmicrosoftcomenuswindowssystemrequirementstitlesystemrequirementswindowsquotetoinstallabitosonabitpcyourprocessorneedstosupportcmpxchgbprefetchwandlahfsahfaccessdaterefearlyamdandintelnbspcpuslackedttlahfttandttsahfttinstructionsinbitmodeamdintroducedtheseinstructionsalsoinbitmodewiththeirathlonnbspopteronandturionnbsprevisionnbspdprocessorsinmarchwhileintelintroducedtheinstructionswiththepentiumnbspnbspgsteppingindecemberthebitversionofwindowsrequiresthisfeatureearlyintelcpuswithintelnbspalsolackthenxbitoftheamdarchitecturethisfeatureisrequiredbyallversionsofwindowsxearlyintelnbspimplementationspentiumprescottprescottandpentiumcedarmillcedarmillonlyallowedaccesstonbspgbofphysicalmemorywhileoriginalamdimplementationsallowedaccesstonbsptbofphysicalmemoryrecentamdimplementationsprovidenbsptbofphysicaladdressspaceandamdplansanexpansiontonbsppbwhilesomeintelnbspimplementationscouldaddressuptonbsptbphysicalmemorycapacitiesofthissizeareappropriateforlargescaleapplicationssuchaslargedatabasesandhighperformancecomputingcentrallyorientedapplicationsandscientificcomputingadoptioninsupercomputerstrackedbytoptheappearanceofbitextensionsforthexarchitectureenabledbitxprocessorsbyamdandintellightolivewithcirclesandredwithcirclesonthediagramprovidedinthissectionrespectivelytoreplacemostriscprocessorarchitecturespreviouslyusedinsuchsystemsincludingpariscsparcdecalphaalphaandothersaswellasbitxgreenwithdotsandpurplewithdotsonthediagrameventhoughintelitselfinitiallytriedunsuccessfullytoreplacexwithanewincompatiblebitarchitectureintheitaniumprocessorthemainnonxcpuarchitecturewhichisstillusedinsupercomputingisthepowerarchitectureusedbyibmpowermicroprocessorsbluewithadiamondpatternonthediagramwithsparcbeingfarbehindinnumbersontopwhilerecentlyafujitsusparcviiifxbasedsupercomputerwithoutcoprocessorsreachednumberonethatisstillinthetoptennoncpuarchitecturecoprocessorsgeneralpurposecomputingongraphicsprocessingunitsgpgpuhavealsoplayedabigroleinperformanceintelsxeonphicoprocessorswhichimplementasubsetofxwithsomevectorextensionsarealsousedalongwithxprocessorsinthetianhesupercomputeroperatingsystemcompatibilityandcharacteristicsthefollowingoperatingsystemsandreleasessupportthexarchitectureinlongmodebsddragonflybsdpreliminaryinfrastructureworkwasstartedinfebruaryforaxportrefnamedflyamdprelimrefthisdevelopmentlaterstalleddevelopmentstartedagainduringjulyrefnamedflyamdnoahrefandcontinuedduringgooglesummerofcodeandsocrefnamedflyamdsocrefrefnamedflyamdsocrefthefirstofficialreleasetocontainxsupportwasversionrefnamedflyamdreleasereffreebsdfreebsdfirstaddedxsupportunderthenameamdasanexperimentalarchitectureinreleaseinjuneitwasincludedasastandarddistributionarchitectureasofreleaseinjanuarysincethenfreebsdhasdesignateditasatiernbspplatformthereleaseversioncleanedupsomequirkswithrunningxexecutablesunderamdandmostdriversworkjustastheydoonthexarchitectureworkiscurrentlybeingdonetointegratemorefullythexapplicationbinaryinterfaceabiinthesamemannerasthelinuxbitabicompatibilitycurrentlyworksnetbsdxarchitecturesupportwasfirstcommittedtothenetbsdsourcetreeonjuneasofnetbsdnbspreleasedondecembernetbsdamdisafullyintegratedandsupportedportbitcodeisstillsupportedinbitmodewithanetbsdkernelcompatibilitylayerforbitsyscallsthenxbitisusedtoprovidenonexecutablestackandheapwithperpagegranularitysegmentgranularitybeingusedonbitxopenbsdopenbsdhassupportedamdsinceopenbsdreleasedonmaycompleteintreeimplementationofamdsupportwasachievedpriortothehardwaresinitialreleasebecauseamdhadloanedseveralmachinesfortheprojectshackathonthatyearopenbsddevelopershavetakentotheplatformbecauseofitssupportforthenxbitwhichallowedforaneasyimplementationofthewxfeaturethecodefortheamdportofopenbsdalsorunsonintelprocessorswhichcontainscloneduseoftheamdextensionsbutsinceintelleftoutthepagetablenxbitinearlyintelprocessorsthereisnowxcapabilityonthoseintelcpuslaterintelprocessorsaddedthenxbitunderthenamexdbitsymmetricmultiprocessingsmpworksonopenbsdsamdportstartingwithreleaseonnovemberdositispossibletoenterlongmodeunderdoswithoutadosextenderbuttheusermustreturntorealmodeinordertocallbiosordosinterruptsitmayalsobepossibletoenterlongmodewithadosextendersimilartodosgwbutmorecomplexsincexlacksvirtualmodedositselfisnotawareofthatandnobenefitsshouldbeexpectedunlessrunningdosinanemulationwithanadequatevirtualizationdriverbackendforexamplethemassstorageinterfacelinuxlinuxwasthefirstoperatingsystemkerneltorunthexarchitectureinlongmodestartingwiththeversioninprecedingthehardwaresavailabilitylinuxalsoprovidesbackwardcompatibilityforrunningbitexecutablesthispermitsprogramstoberecompiledintolongmodewhileretainingtheuseofbitprogramsseverallinuxdistributionscurrentlyshipwithxnativekernelsanduserlandcomputinguserlandssomesuchasarchlinuxsuselinuxsusemandrivalinuxmandrivaanddebianallowuserstoinstallasetofbitcomponentsandlibrarieswheninstallingoffabitdvdthusallowingmostexistingbitapplicationstorunalongsidethebitosotherdistributionssuchasfedoraoperatingsystemfedoraslackwareandubuntuoperatingsystemubuntuareavailableinoneversioncompiledforabitarchitectureandanothercompiledforabitarchitecturefedoraandredhatenterpriselinuxallowconcurrentinstallationofalluserlandcomponentsinbothandbitversionsonabitsystemxabiapplicationbinaryinterfaceintroducedinlinuxallowsprogramscompiledforthexabitoruninthebitmodeofxwhileonlyusingbitpointersanddatafieldsrefnamexabihonlinecitenewsurlhonlinecomopenfeatureskernellogxabigetsaroundbitdrawbackshtmlarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebhonlinecomopenfeatureskernellogxabigetsaroundbitdrawbackshtmlarchivedateoctobertitlekernellogxabigetsaroundbitdrawbackspublisherwwwhonlinecomauthorthorstenleemhuisdateaccessdatedeadurlyesdfmdyallrefrefnamexabilinuxplumberscitenewsurllinuxplumbersconforgocwsessionstitlexanativebitabiforxpublisherlinuxplumbersconforgaccessdaterefrefnamexabidevelopmentgroupcitenewsurlsitesgooglecomsitexabititlexabipublishergooglesitesaccessdaterefthoughthislimitstheprogramtoavirtualaddressspaceofnbspgbitalsodecreasesthememoryfootprintoftheprogramandinsomecasescanallowittorunfasterbitlinuxallowsuptonbspterabytetbofvirtualaddressspaceforindividualprocessesandcanaddressapproximatelynbsptbofphysicalmemorysubjecttoprocessorandsystemlimitationsrefnamedebianamdcitenewsurldebianorgportsamdtitleamdportpublisherdebianorgaccessdaterefmacosmacosxandhigherversionsofmacosxtigermacosxrunbitcommandlinetoolsusingtheposixandmathlibrariesonbitintelbasedmachinesjustasallversionsofmacosxandrunthemonbitpowerpcmachinesnootherlibrariesorframeworksworkwithbitapplicationsinmacosxrefciteweburldeveloperapplecomreleasenotesdevelopertoolsrncompilertoolsindexhtmlarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebdeveloperapplecomreleasenotesdevelopertoolsrncompilertoolsindexhtmlarchivedatetitleapplemacosxxcodereleasenotescompilertoolspublisherappleincdateaccessdaterefthekernelandallkernelextensionsarebitonlymacosxleopardmacosxsupportsbitguiapplicationsusingcocoaapicocoaquartzgraphicslayerquartzopenglandxonbitintelbasedmachinesaswellasonbitpowerpcmachinesrefciteweburlapplecommacosxtechnologybithtmlarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebapplecommacosxtechnologybithtmlarchivedatetitleapplemacosxleopardtechnologybitpublisherappleincaccessdaterefallnonguilibrariesandframeworksalsosupportbitapplicationsonthoseplatformsthekernelandallkernelextensionsarebitonlymacosxsnowleopardmacosxisthefirstversionofmacosthatsupportsabitkernelcomputingkernelhowevernotallbitcomputerscanrunthebitkernelandnotallbitcomputersthatcanrunthebitkernelwilldosobydefaultrefcitewebtitlemacosxvmacsthatusethebitkernelurlsupportapplecomkbhtpublisherappleincaccessdaterefthebitkernellikethebitkernelsupportsbitapplicationsbothkernelsalsosupportbitapplicationsbitapplicationshaveavirtualaddressspacelimitofnbspgbundereitherkernelrefnamearstechnicamacosxbitciteweburlarstechnicacomapplereviewsmacosxarstitlemacosxsnowleopardthearstechnicareviewpublisherarstechnicallcauthorjohnsiracusaaccessdaterefrefnameapplebitciteweburlapplecommacosxtechnologysixtyfourbitarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebapplecommacosxtechnologysixtyfourbitarchivedatetitlemacosxtechnologypublisherappleincaccessdaterefosxmountainlionosxincludesonlythebitkernelbutcontinuestosupportbitapplicationsthebitkerneldoesnotsupportbitloadablekernelmodulekernelextensionsandthebitkerneldoesnotsupportbitkernelextensionsmacosusestheuniversalbinaryformattopackageandbitversionsofapplicationandlibrarycodeintoasinglefilethemostappropriateversionisautomaticallyselectedatloadtimeinmacosxtheuniversalbinaryformatisalsousedforthekernelandforthosekernelextensionsthatsupportbothbitandbitkernelssolarissolarisoperatingsystemsolarisandlaterreleasessupportthexarchitectureforsolarisjustaswiththesparcarchitecturethereisonlyoneoperatingsystemimagewhichcontainsabitkernelandabitkernelthisislabeledasthexxdvdromimagethedefaultbehavioristobootabitkernelallowingbothbitandexistingornewbitexecutablestoberunabitkernelcanalsobemanuallyselectedinwhichcaseonlybitexecutableswillrunthecodeisainfocodecommandcanbeusedtodetermineifasystemisrunningabitkernelforsolarisonlythebitkernelisprovidedhoweverthebitkernelsupportsbothandbitexecutableslibrariesandsystemcallswindowsxeditionsofmicrosoftwindowsclientandserverwindowsxpprofessionalxeditionandwindowsserverxeditionwerereleasedinmarchinternallytheyareactuallythesamebuildspastheysharethesamesourcebaseandoperatingsystembinariessoevensystemupdatesarereleasedinunifiedpackagesmuchinthemanneraswindowsprofessionalandservereditionsforxwindowsvistawhichalsohasmanydifferenteditionswasreleasedinjanuarywindowsnbspwasreleasedinjulywindowsserverrwassoldinonlyxanditaniumeditionslaterversionsofwindowsserveronlyofferanxeditionversionsofwindowsforxpriortowindowsandwindowsserverrofferthefollowingnbsptbofvirtualaddressspaceperprocessaccessiblefrombothusermodeandkernelmodereferredtoastheusermodeaddressspaceanxprogramcanuseallofthissubjecttobackingstorelimitsonthesystemandprovideditislinkedwiththelargeaddressawareoptionrefnamevsdoclaaciteweburlmsdnmicrosoftcomenuslibrarywzbzvsaspxtitlelargeaddressawarehandlelargeaddressesquotethelargeaddressawareoptiontellsthelinkerthattheapplicationcanhandleaddresseslargerthannbspgigabytesworkvisualstudiodocumentationvisualclinkeroptionspublishermicrosoftaccessdaterefthisisafoldincreaseoverthedefaultnbspgbusermodevirtualaddressspaceofferedbybitwindowsrefnamepietrekbitwindowsprogrammingciteweburlmsdnmicrosoftcomenusmagazineccaspxtitleeverythingyouneedtoknowtostartprogrammingbitwindowssystemspublishermicrosoftauthormattpietrekdatemayaccessdaterefrefnamemicrosoftmovetoxciteweburltechnetmicrosoftcomenusmagazineinsidemscomaspxtitlemakingthemovetoxpublishermicrosoftauthorchrisstamanddatejanuaryaccessdaterefnbsptbofkernelmodevirtualaddressspacefortheoperatingsystemaswiththeusermodeaddressspacethisisafoldincreaseoverbitwindowsversionstheincreasedspaceprimarilybenefitsthefilesystemcacheandkernelmodeheapsnonpagedpoolandpagedpoolwindowsonlyusesatotalofnbsptboutofthenbsptbimplementedbytheprocessorsbecauseearlyamdprocessorslackedacodecmpxchgbcodeinstructionrefcitewebtitlebehindwindowsxsbitvirtualmemoryaddressinglimiturlalexionescucompaccessdaterefunderwindowsandwindowsserverrbothusermodeandkernelmodevirtualaddressspaceshavebeenextendedtonbsptbtheseversionsofwindowswillnotinstallonprocessorsthatlackthecodecmpxchgbcodeinstructionthefollowingadditionalcharacteristicsapplytoallxversionsofwindowsabilitytorunexistingbitapplicationscodeexecodeprogramsanddynamiclinklibrariesttdllttsusingwowifwowissupportedonthatversionfurthermoreabitprogramifitwaslinkedwiththelargeaddressawareoptioncanuseuptonbspgbofvirtualaddressspaceinbitwindowsinsteadofthedefaultnbspgboptionalnbspgbwithttgbttbootoptionandlargeaddressawarelinkoptionofferedbybitwindowsrefnamebitprogramminggamedevelopersciteweburlmsdnmicrosoftcomenuslibraryeevsaspxportingtobittitlebitprogrammingforgamedevelopersaccessdateaugustrefunliketheuseofthettgbttbootoptiononxthisdoesnotreducethekernelmodevirtualaddressspaceavailabletotheoperatingsystembitapplicationscanthereforebenefitfromrunningonxwindowseveniftheyarenotrecompiledforxbothandbitapplicationsifnotlinkedwithlargeaddressawarearelimitedtonbspgbofvirtualaddressspaceabilitytouseuptonbspgbwindowsxpvistanbspgbwindowsnbspnbspgbwindowsnbspnbsptbwindowsservernbsptbwindowsserverwindowsnbsptbwindowsserverornbsptbwindowsserverofphysicalrandomaccessmemoryramrefciteweburlmsdnmicrosoftcomenuslibraryaavsaspxtitlememorylimitsforwindowsreleasespublishermicrosoftaccessdatefebruaryrefllpdatamodelintandlongtypesarenbspbitswidelonglongisnbspbitswhilepointersandtypesderivedfrompointersarenbspbitswidekernelmodedevicedriversmustbebitversionsthereisnowaytorunbitkernelmodeexecutableswithinthebitoperatingsystemusermodedevicedriverscanbeeitherbitorbitbitwindowswinanddosapplicationswillnotrunonxversionsofwindowsduetoremovalofthevirtualdosmachinesubsystemntvdmwhichreliedupontheabilitytousevirtualmodevirtualmodecannotbeenteredwhilerunninginlongmodefullimplementationofthenxbitnxnoexecutepageprotectionfeaturethisisalsoimplementedonrecentbitversionsofwindowswhentheyarestartedinpaemodeinsteadoffssegmentdescriptoronxversionsofthewindowsntfamilygssegmentdescriptorisusedtopointtotwooperatingsystemdefinedstructuresthreadinformationblocknttibinusermodeandprocessorcontrolregionkpcrinkernelmodethusforexampleinusermodettgsttistheaddressofthefirstmemberofthethreadinformationblockmaintainingthisconventionmadethexporteasierbutrequiredamdtoretainthefunctionofthefsandgssegmentsinlongmodeeventhoughsegmentedaddressingperseisnotreallyusedbyanymodernoperatingsystemearlyreportsclaimedthattheoperatingsystemschedulerwouldnotsaveandrestorethexfpumachinestateacrossthreadcontextswitchesobservedbehaviorshowsthatthisisnotthecasethexstateissavedandrestoredexceptforkernelmodeonlythreadsalimitationthatexistsinthebitversionaswellthemostrecentdocumentationavailablefrommicrosoftstatesthatthexmmxdnowinstructionsmaybeusedinlongmodebutthattheyaredeprecatedandmaycausecompatibilityproblemsinthefutureisthereawaytousequoteswithnamedrefsquotethexmmxanddnowinstructionsetsaredeprecatedinbitmodessomecomponentslikemicrosoftjetdatabaseengineanddataaccessobjectswillnotbeportedtobitarchitecturessuchasxandiamicrosoftvisualstudiocancompilenativecodenativeapplicationstotargeteitherthexarchitecturewhichcanrunonlyonbitmicrosoftwindowsortheiaarchitecturewhichcanrunasabitapplicationonbitmicrosoftwindowsorbitmicrosoftwindowsinwowemulationmodemanagedcodemanagedapplicationscanbecompiledeitheriniaxoranycpumodessoftwarecreatedinthefirsttwomodesbehaveliketheiriaorxnativecodecounterpartsrespectivelywhenusingtheanycpumodehoweverapplicationsinbitversionsofmicrosoftwindowsrunasbitapplicationswhiletheyrunasabitapplicationinbiteditionsofmicrosoftwindowsvideogameconsolesbothplaystationandxboxoneandtheirsuccessorsincorporateamdxprocessorsbasedonthejaguarmicroarchitecturejaguarmicroarchitecturerefnamexboxonemayanandtechcomparisonrefrefnamexboxonemayspecgameinformerreffirmwareandgamesarewritteninxcodenolegacyxcodeisinvolvedindustrynamingconventionssinceamdandintelaresubstantiallysimilarmanysoftwareandhardwareproductsuseonevendorneutraltermtoindicatetheircompatibilitywithbothimplementationsamdsoriginaldesignationforthisprocessorarchitecturexisstillsometimesusedforthispurposeasisthevariantxothercompaniessuchasmicrosoftandsunmicrosystemsoraclecorporationusethecontractionxinmarketingmaterialthetermiareferstotheitaniumprocessorandshouldnotbeconfusedwithxasitisacompletelydifferentinstructionsetmanyoperatingsystemsandproductsespeciallythosethatintroducedxsupportpriortointelsentryintothemarketusethetermamdoramdtorefertobothamdandintelamdmostbsdsystemssuchasfreebsdmidnightbsdnetbsdandopenbsdrefertobothamdandintelunderthearchitecturenameamdsomelinuxdistributionssuchasdebianubuntuoperatingsystemubuntugentoolinuxrefertobothamdandintelunderthearchitecturenameamdmicrosoftwindowssxversionsusetheamdmonikerinternallytodesignatevariouscomponentswhichuseorarecompatiblewiththisarchitectureforexampletheenvironmentvariableprocessorarchitectureisassignedthevalueamdasopposedtoxinbitversionsandthesystemdirectoryonawindowsxeditioninstallationcdromisnamedamdincontrasttoiinbitversionssunssolarisoperatingsystemsolarisisalistcommandidentifiesbothamdandintelbasedsystemsasamdjavadevelopmentkitjdkthenameamdisusedindirectorynamescontainingxfilesxthelinuxkernelandthegnucompilercollectionreferstobitarchitectureasxsomelinuxdistributionssuchasfedoraoperatingsystemfedoraopensusearchlinuxgentoolinuxrefertothisbitarchitectureasxapplemacosreferstobitarchitectureasxorxasseenintheterminalcommandcodearchcodeandintheirdeveloperdocumentationbreakingwithmostotherbsdsystemsdragonflybsdreferstobitarchitectureasxhaikuoperatingsystemhaikureferstobitarchitectureasxlicensingxamdwassolelydevelopedbyamdamdholdspatentsontechniquesusedinamdthosepatentsmustbelicensedfromamdinordertoimplementamdintelenteredintoacrosslicensingagreementwithamdlicensingtoamdtheirpatentsonexistingxtechniquesandlicensingfromamdtheirpatentsontechniquesusedinxrefciteweburlcontractscorporatefindlawcomagreementsamdintellicensehtmltitlepatentcrosslicenseagreementbetweenamdandintelaccessdatedatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebcontractscorporatefindlawcomagreementsamdintellicensehtmlarchivedatejunerefinamdandintelsettledseverallawsuitsandcrosslicensingdisagreementsextendingtheircrosslicensingagreementsseealsoamdgenericencapsulatedsoftwarearchitectureagesaxabinotesreferencesexternallinksdeveloperamdcomresourcesdocumentationarticlesdeveloperguidesmanualsamdsamddeveloperguidesandmanualsstanfordeduclasseeabstractsohtmlxextendingthexarchitecturetobitstechnicaltalkbythearchitectofamdwebarchiveorgwebstanfordonlinestanfordeducourseseeeeasxvideoarchiveandstanfordeduclasseeabstractshtmlsecondtalkbythesamespeakerwebarchiveorgwebstanfordonlinestanfordeducourseseeeeasxvideoarchivexbitlabscomnewsotherdisplayhtmlamdsenhancedvirusprotectiontheregistercoukintelfixesemtinteltweaksemtforfullamdcompatibilityextremetechcomextremeanalystintelreverseengineeredamdanalystintelreverseengineeredamdmarcinfollinuxkernelmwearlyreportofdifferencesbetweeninteliaeandamdgccgnuorgpubgccsummitportingtobitpdfportingtobitgnulinuxsystemsbyandreasjaegerfromgccsummitanexcellentpaperexplainingalmostallpracticalaspectsforatransitionfrombittobittechreportcomreviewsqbitsindexxpgtechreportarticlebitcomputingintheoryandpracticeintelcomtechnologyintelindexhtmintelarchitecturewebarchiveorgwebsoftwareintelcomenusarticlesallaboutbitsintelsoftwarenetworkbitsturboirccomasmturboirccomtutorialofenteringtheprotectedandthelongmodetherawwayfromdoswebarchiveorgwebsoftwareintelcomenusarticlessevenstepsofmigratingaprogramtoabitsystemsevenstepsofmigratingaprogramtoabitsystemmsdnmicrosoftcomenuslibraryaavsaspxmemorylimitsforwindowsreleasescategoryisaddedtotheamdredirectpageinsteadofhereinordertomakethatnameappearinthecategorylistingratherthanxxyzaffairredirectcategoryshellredirecttuvanthroatsingingthexfilesxumayrefertokunglanguagekxoelanguagelongcommenttoavoidbeinglistedonshortpagesinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnameiiarmoredcorpsbrxviiicorpsbrxviiiairbornecorpsimagepatchoftheunitedstatesarmyxviiiairbornecorpspngcaptionxviiiairbornecorpsshouldersleeveinsigniadatesbrpresentcountryallegiancebranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructureunitedstatesarmyforcescommandusarmyforcescommandwebsitearmymilxviiicorpscurrentcommanderlieutenantgeneralunitedstatesltgpauljlacameragarrisonfortbraggnorthcarolinausceremonialchiefnicknamepatronmottoskydragonscolorscolorslabelcolorofberetmascotbattlesworldwariibattleofthebulgewesternalliedinvasionofgermanygulfwarpersiangulfwarbrwaronterrorglobalwaronterrorismwarinafghanistanwarinafghanistaniraqwaroperationinherentresolvenotablecommandersmatthewridgwaybrjohnwleonardbrjamesjlindsaybrthomasjhtrapnellbrwilliamcwestmorelandbrhenryeemersonbrhughsheltonanniversariesidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelcombatserviceidentificationbadgeidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabeldistinctiveunitinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelflagidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelunitedstatesmilitaryberetflashberetflashidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelparachutistbadgeunitedstatesairbornebackgroundtrimmingbackgroundtrimminguscorpspreviousxviicorpsunitedstatesnextxixcorpsunitedstatesthexviiiairbornecorpsisacorpsoftheunitedstatesarmythathasbeeninexistencesinceandsawextensiveserviceduringworldwariithecorpsisdesignedforrapiddeploymentforcerapiddeploymentanywhereintheworldandisreferredtoasamericascontingencycorpsitsheadquartersareatfortbraggnorthcarolinaleadershipitscommandgroupincludescommandingofficercommandinggenerallieutenantgeneralunitedstateslieutenantgeneralpauljlacamerarefnamebraggarmymilbraggarmymilleaderspagesdefaultaspxrefexecutiveofficerdeputycommandinggeneralmajorgeneralunitedstatesmajorgeneralbrianjmckiernanexecutiveofficerdeputycommandinggeneraloperationsbrigadiergeneralmarcgagnecanadianarmysergeantmajorunitedstatescommandsergeantmajorcommandsergeantmajorcharlesalbertsonunitedstatesarmysoldiercharlesalbertsonhistoryworldwariigalleryfileiiarmoredcorpspngiiarmoredcorpsfilexviiiarmycorpsssipngxviiicorpsfilexviiiairbornecorpscsibpngxviiiairbornecorpsgallerythecorpswasfirstactivatedonjanuaryfiveweeksaftertheentryoftheunitedstatesintoworldwariiastheiiarmoredcorpsatfortpolkcamppolklouisianaunderthecommandofmajorgeneralunitedstatesmajorgeneralwilliamhenryharrisonmorrisjrwhentheconceptofarmoredcorpsprovedunnecessaryiiarmoredcorpswasredesignatedasxviiicorpsonoctoberatthepresidioofmontereycaliforniaxviiicorpsdeployedtoeuropeonaugustandbecamethexviiiairbornecorpsonaugustatogbournestgeorgeogbournestgeorgeenglandassumingcommandofthendairbornedivisionndandstairbornedivisionsaspartofthepreparationforoperationmarketgardenpriortothistimethetwodivisionswereassignedtoviicorpsunitedstatesviicorpsandamericanairbornelandingsinnormandyjumpedintonormandyduringoperationoverlordthealliesofworldwariialliedinvasionofnormandyaspartofviicorpsmajorgeneralmatthewridgwaymatthewbunkerridgwayahighlyprofessionalcompetentandexperiencedairborneforcesairbornecommanderwhohadledthendairbornedivisioninalliedinvasionofsicilysicilyalliedinvasionofitalyitalyandnormandywaschosentocommandthecorpswhichthenconsistedofthendandstairbornedivisionsandwaspartofthenewlycreatedfirstalliedairbornearmythecorpswasunabletoseeserviceinoperationmarketgardenwiththeiairbornecorpsunitedkingdombritishiairbornecorpsbeingchoseninsteadfollowingthebattleofthebulgeinwhichthecorpsplayedasignificantpartandwhichduringtheearlystagesofthebattlethecorpswascommandedbymajorgeneraljamesmgavinofthendairborneallamericanairborneunitsonthewesternfrontworldwariiwesternfrontfellundercommandofthecorpsxviiiairbornecorpsplannedandexecutedoperationvarsitytheairbornecomponentofoperationplunderthecrossingoftherhineriverrhineintonazigermanygermanyitwasoneofthelargestairborneoperationsofthewarwiththethairbornedivisionunitedkingdombritishthandthairbornedivisionunitedstatesusthairbornedivisionsundercommandthethairbornedivisionunitedstatesusthairbornedivisionwastoparticipateintheassaulthoweverduetoalackofasufficientnumberoftransportsthedivisionwasunabletotakepartaftertakingpartinthewesternalliedinvasionofgermanythexviiiairbornecorpsstillunderridgwayreturnedtotheunitedstatesinjuneandwasinitiallytotakepartintheinvasionofempireofjapanjapancodenamedoperationdownfallhoweverthejapanesesurrenderedjustweekslaterandxviiiairbornecorpswasinactivatedonoctoberatfortcampbellkentuckyworldwariiunitsstinfantrydivisionunitedstatesstinfantrydivisionnbspjanuarynbspfebruarythinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthinfantrydivisionnbspjanuarynbspjulythairbornedivisionunitedstatesthairbornedivisionnbspaugustnbspjanuaryfebruarynbspmarchthinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthinfantrydivisionnbspdecembernbspfebruarythinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthinfantrydivisionnbspdecembernbspjanuaryjanuarythinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthinfantrydivisionnbspfebruarynbspfebruaryndairbornedivisionnbspaugustnbspseptemberdecembernbspfebruaryaprilnbspjanuarythdivisionunitedstatesthinfantrydivisionnbspdecembernbspdecemberthinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthinfantrydivisionnbspaprilnbspaprilthinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthinfantrydivisionnbspaprilnbspaprilstairbornedivisionnbspaugustnbspseptemberfebruarynbspaprilthinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthinfantrydivisionnbspdecembernbspfebruaryrdarmoreddivisionunitedstatesrdarmoreddivisionnbspdecembernbspdecembertharmoreddivisionunitedstatestharmoreddivisionnbspmaynbspoctobertharmoreddivisionunitedstatestharmoreddivisionnbspdecembernbspjanuaryaprilnbspoctobertharmoreddivisionunitedstatestharmoreddivisionnbspaprilnbspaprilcoldwartodesertstormthecorpswasreactivatedatfortbraggonmayunderthecommandofmajorgeneraljohnwleonardsincethenthecorpshasbeentheprimarystrategicresponseforcewithsubordinateunitsparticipatinginoveradozenmajoroperationslistedbelowinbothcombatandhumanitarianrolesprimarilyincentralamericaandthecentcomareaofresponsibilityinthexviiiairbornecorpswasgiventheadditionaldesignationofthestrategicarmycorpsthedesignationwasinrealitytheassignmentofanadditionalmissionratherthanatruedesignationtheadditionalmissionwastoprovideaflexiblestrikecapabilitythatcoulddeployworldwideonshortnoticewithoutdeclarationofanemergencythethinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthinfantrydivisionatfortlewiswashingtonandthestairbornedivisionatfortcampbellkentuckyweredesignatedasstracsfirstlinedivisionswhilethestinfantrydivisionunitedstatesstinfantrydivisionatfortrileykansasandthendairbornedivisionatfortbraggweretoprovidebackupintheeventofgeneralwarthethlogisticalcommandlaterinactivatedalsoatfortbraggwouldprovidethecorpswithlogisticssupportwhilefortbraggsxviiiairbornecorpsartillerywouldcontrolartilleryunitsrefnamestracrefthecorpsdeployedforcestotheunitedstatesoccupationofthedominicanrepublicunitedstatesoccupationofthedominicanrepublicoperationpowerpackinthecorpsdeployedforcestothevietnamconflicttoincludetheentiretyofthestairbornedivisionandtherdbrigadeofthendairbornedivisioninelementsofthecorpsweredeployedtodetroittosuppressriotsandalsotothecongotosupportthegovernmentthereandtorescuecivilianhostagesaspartofoperationdragonrougeinthecorpsfirstrotatedelementstothesinaipeninsulaaspartofthemultinationalforceandobserversuntoguaranteethecampdavidpeaceaccordsinelementsofthecorpsweredeployedtotheislandofgrenadaaspartofoperationurgentfurywiththestatedgoalofreestablishingthedemocraticallyelectedgovernmentinxviiiairbornecorpscommandedbythenltgcarlstinerparticipatedintheinvasionofpanamainoperationjustcausestinerservedconcurrentlyascommanderofjointtaskforcesouthinxviiiairbornecorpsparticipatedinthegulfwarpersiangulfwarthecorpswasresponsibleforsecuringviicorpsnorthernflankagainstapossibleiraqicounterattackalongwiththendandstairbornedivisionsthinfantrydivisionandrdarmoredcavalryregimentxviiiairbornecorpsalsogainedoperationalcontrolofthefrenchthlightarmordivisionladwhichalsoincludedunitsfromthefrenchforeignlegionduringoperationsdesertshieldanddesertstormxviiiairbornecorpsartilleryconsistedoftheththandthfieldartilleryregimentsfarthelivingquartersforthesethreeunitsweresituatedbetweenthedairbornedivisionandthespecialforcesatfortbraggnorthcarolinafortbraggofthethreeunitsonlythwasairborneforcesairbornequalifiedandservedastheonlyfullyairbornedeployablenbspmmfieldartilleryunitinhistorythethfarandthfarwerekeycomponentsofthethrustintoiraqinthefirstgulfwarprovidingfiresupportforthefrenchforeignlegionandthendairbornedivisionthethbattalionthfieldartilleryregimentalsoservedinamajorsupportroleforndandfrenchtroopsduringthegulfwaritconsistedofthreeindividualbatteriesalphaandbravobatterieswereairbornequalifiedcharliebatterywasairassaultqualifiedalphaandbravobatterieswereassignedtofortbraggnorthcarolinacharliebatterywasassignedtofortcampbellkentuckyallofthebattalionsweresubsequentlyreflaggedduringtheyearsfollowingthegulfwarunitspostworldwariithroughrdinfantrydivisionunitedstatesrdinfantrydivisionlightthinfantrydivisionlightthinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthinfantrydivisionmechanizednolongeractivethmountaindivisionunitedstatesthmountaindivisionlightinfantryndairbornedivisionunitedstatesndairbornedivisionairborneinfantrystairbornedivisionunitedstatesstairbornedivisionairassaultxviiiairbornecorpsartillerythfiresbrigadethfieldartillerybrigadestsustainmentcommandtheaterthsignalbrigadeunitedstatesthsignalbrigadethaviationbrigadenolongeractivethengineerbrigadethbattlefieldsurveillancebrigadeunitedstatesthbattlefieldsurveillancebrigadethairdefenseartillerybrigadethmilitarypolicebrigadethmedicalcommandadditionalsmallernationalguardandreserveunitsstcenturyfilexviiiabncorpsheadquartersjpgthumbleftthexviiiairbornecorpscommandgroupledbyltgnowgenlloydaustinlloydjaustinreturnshomefromoperationiraqifreedominthecorpsheadquarterswasdeployedtoafghanistanfrommayandbecamecombinedjointtaskforceforthedeploymentxviiiairbornecorpswasmostrecentlydeployedfromjanuarytojanuarytobaghdadiraqwhereitservedasthemultinationalcorpsiraqfollowingitsreturnxviiiairbornecorpsanditssubordinateunitsbegantheprocessofmodernizationandreorganizationunderthepreviouschiefofstaffoftheunitedstatesarmyarmychiefofstaffsfuturerestructureoftheunitedstatesarmyarmythecorpsheadquartersofthexviiiairbornecorpswillloseitsairbornespecificallyparachutecertificationasacostcuttingmeasurethesamewilloccurtothedivisionalheadquartersofthendairbornedivisionthisplanisdesignedtofollowtheusarmysrestructuringplantogofrombeingdivisionbasedtobrigadebasedthiswillmeanthatthelargestunitsthatwillbeairbornespecificallyparachutecertifiedwillbeatthebrigadelevelevensofortraditionalandhistoricalreasonstheformationwillcontinuetobecalledthexviiiairbornecorpsthedivisionsthatfallunderthexviiiairbornecorpsaswellastheothertwocorpsinthearmyareinaperiodoftransitionshiftingfromcorpscontroltofalldirectlyunderforscomeliminatingthecorpsstatusasamiddlemanthistiesinwiththearmysbroadmodularityplanasacorpscandeployandsupportanyunitnotjusttheunitssubordinatetothecorpsthedinfantrydivisionunitedstatesrdinfantrydivisionthethmountaindivisionunitedstatesthmountaindivisionlightinfantryandthestairbornedivisionairassaulthavealreadychangedovertodirectforscomcontrolthendairbornedivisionwilltransferafterthedivisionreturnsfromafghanistaninaugustxviiiairbornecorpstraveledtosouthkoreatoparticipateinulchifocuslensajointtrainingexercisebetweentherepublicofkoreaarmyandcoalitionforcesstationedthereinmidaprilthedepartmentofthearmyconfirmedthenextoifdeploymentschedulewithxviiiairbornecorpsdeployingtorelieveiiicorpsasthemnciatcampvictorybaghdadiraqxviiiairbornecorpsisscheduledtoreplaceiiicorpsinnovemberthecorpswilldeployalongwithstarmoreddivisionunitedstatesstarmoreddivisionandthinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthinfantrydivisionaswellasthmountaindivisionorganizationstbrigadecombatteamthmountaindivisionandstbctndairbornedivisionondecemberstarsandstripesreportedthatinaugustthexviiiairbornecorpsdeployedtoiraqforoperationinherentresolveindecemberthisincludedthethairbornecorpsheadquartersandthestspecialforcescommandairborneprovisionalstspecialforcescommandwhichisdeployedasthespecialoperationsjointtaskforceoperationinherentresolvethethfieldartillerybrigadedeployedintoiraqwithhighmobilityartilleryrocketsystemscurrentstructurexviiiairbornecorpsfortbraggnorthcarolinafortbraggrdinfantrydivisionunitedstatesrdinfantrydivisionfortstewartthmountaindivisionunitedstatesthmountaindivisionfortdrumndairbornedivisionunitedstatesndairbornedivisionfortbraggnorthcarolinafortbraggstairbornedivisionunitedstatesstairbornedivisionfortcampbellthfieldartillerybrigadefortbraggthengineerbrigadefortbraggothermajorunitsstationedalongthexviiicorpsunitsarethmilitarypolicebrigadefortbraggstsustainmentcommandtheaterfortbraggpartofunitedstatesarmycentralrdsustainmentcommandexpeditionaryfortknoxthtransportationbrigadeunitedstatesthtransportationbrigadeforteustisthsupportcommandcbrneaberdeenprovinggroundspartofunitedstatesarmyforcescommandndordnancegroupeodfortcampbellthmilitaryintelligencebrigadefortbraggstmaneuverenhancementbrigadefortpolkdisbandedthsignalbrigadeunitedstatesthsignalbrigadefortgordonthairdefenseartillerybrigadeunitedstatesthairdefenseartillerybrigadefortbraggpartofndarmyairmissiledefensecommandthairsupportoperationsgrouppopefieldunitedstatesairforceunitresponsibleforcoordinatingcorpstacticalairsupportthmedicalbrigadefortbraggoperationsthecorpshasparticipatedinanumberofoperationssincethenoperationpowerpacknbspdominicanrepublicoperationurgentfurynbspgrenadaoperationgoldenpheasantnbsphondurasoperationnimroddancernbsppanamaoperationhawkeyenbspusvirginislandsoperationjustcausenbsppanamagulfwaroperationdesertshieldoperationdesertshieldnbspsaudiarabiaoperationdesertstormnbspsaudiarabiakuwaitandiraqoperationgtmonbspcubaoperationhurricaneandrewnbspfloridaoperationrestorehopenbspsomaliaoperationupholdmaintaindemocracynbsphaitioperationvigilantwarriornbspkuwaitoperationjointforgenbspbosniaoperationenduringfreedomnbspafghanistanoperationiraqifreedomnbspiraqoperationiraqifreedomnbspiraqoperationunifiedresponsenbsphaitiiraqwaroperationnewdawnnbspiraqoperationinherentresolvenbspiraqandsyrianotablemembersjohndaltenburgmgdeputyjudgeadvocategeneraloftheusarmyralpheatonbgndairbornedivisionandxviiiairbornecorpschiefofstaffmichaelcflowersbgcommanderjointpowmiaaccountingcommandmichaeltflynnltgthnationalsecurityadvisordirectorofthedefenseintelligenceagencyandisafcommandercharlesdgemarltcusastronautteresakingsgmfirstfemalecommandantoftheusarmydrillsergeantacademystanleyamcchrystalgenisafcommanderraymondtodiernogentharmychiefofstaffjamespeakeltgsecretaryofveteransaffairsdavidpetraeusgenisafcommanderanddirectorofthecentralintelligenceagencydavidmrodriguezgencommanderusafricacommandandforscomarthurdsimonscolledtheoperationivorycoastsontayraidduringthevietnamwarmichaeltomczykcptcomputerentrepreneurandjointdeveloperofthecommodorevicthomasrturneriiltgcommandinggeneralofunitedstatesarmynorthjamescyarbroughbgcommanderjointreadinesstrainingcenteratfortpolkalvincyorksgtsergeantyorkheroofworldwariandrecipientofthemedalofhonorreferencesexternallinksabcbraggarmymilxviiiairbornecorpshomepageglobalsecurityorgmilitaryagencyarmyxviiicorpshtmglobalsecurityxviiiairbornecorpscdmcontentdmoclcorgcdmsearchcollectionpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollpcollsearchtermxviiiairbornecorpshistoryofficefieldallmodeallconnandordernosortadascxviiiairbornecorpsdesertstormdesertshieldphotographsusarmyheritageandeducationcentercarlislepennsylvaniaeurosignforconsistencydonotchangethearticleeurosignisaboutthesymbolitselfwhilethearticleeuroisnototherredirectsfromsymbolsfollowthesamereasoningredirectshellquotationmarkredirectcategoryshellalignrightcellpaddingstyleborderpxsolidaaaaaamarginpxpxpaddingpxfontsizeptlineheightpttextaligncenterspanstylefontfamilycursivespanimagefwithhookandflorinsvgthumblowercasefwithhookinregulartypeontheleftandinitalicontherighttheflorinsignisalwaysinitalictheletterfwithhookmajusculelowercaseminusculeisaletterofthelatinscriptbasedontheitalictypeitalicformofforonitsregularformwithahookdiacriticdescenderhookaddedaverysimilarlookingletteradotlessjwithahookandahorizontalstrokeisusedintheipaforavoicedpalatalimplosiveregularisusedinwritingtheewelanguageinastraightformtorepresentthesoundasdistinctfromtheletterfwhichrepresentsanitalictheminusculeitalicalsocalledtheflorinsignisusedasasymbolforseveralcurrenciesincludingtheformerdutchguilderthearubanflorinandthenetherlandsantilleanguilderitcanbefoundasitalicinnonitalicfontstheitalichasbeenusedtodenotefunctionmathematicsmathematicalfunctionsortoindicaterelativeapertureapertureinphotographyeginplaceofthemorecommonitalicspanstylefontfamilyseriffspaninseriffontsorobliquefinsansseriffontsappearanceincomputerfontsoldertypefacefontsandcharacterencodingsincludedonlythelowercaseminusculeformforitsuseasanabbreviationunicodeincludesboththemajusculeandtheminusculebecauseofitsorigintheitalicfwithahooklooksexactlyliketheitalicffinsometypefacesandoccupycodepointsandinunicoderespectivelyandmaybeenteredbyappropriateunicodeinputmethodsinputmethodsonacomputerrunningmicrosoftwindowsandusingthewindowscharacterencodingtheminusculecanbeinputusingorthecharacterhasbeenusedonthemacintoshtomeanfoldercomputingfolderinparticularaspartofafoldernameforexamplethegamebugdomwhenincludedonsomemacosinstall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ethomaskempismaryannebeckettgilbertabbottbeckettgilbertarthurbeckettarthurwilliambeckettwilliambeckettusageinvariouslanguagesemilianromagnolisusedinemiliandialectemiliantorepresentshortstressedaegbolognesedialectsacttsakatsackcharactermappingscharmapcnamelatincapitalletterawithgraveenamelatinsmallletterawithgravemapisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcmapcharemicrosoftwindowsuserscantypeanbypressingoronthenumericpadofthekeyboardcanbetypedbypressingaacuteaccentacuteisaletteroftheblackfootlanguageblackfootczechlanguageczechdutchlanguagedutchfaroeselanguagefaroesegalicianlanguagegalicianhungarianlanguagehungarianicelandiclanguageicelandicirishlanguageirishkazakhlanguagekazakhlakotalanguagelakotanavajolanguagenavajooccitanlanguageoccitanportugueselanguageportuguesesamilanguagessmislovaklanguageslovakspanishlanguagespanishvietnameselanguagevietnameseandwelshlanguagewelshlanguagesasavariantoftheletteraitissometimesconfusedwithegappleswhichismorecommonlywrittenasapplesmeaningapplesatdollareachusageinvariouslanguageschineseinchinesepinyinisthestandardchinesephonologytonesyngpngtonetraditionalchinesecharacterssimplifiedchinesecharactershighrisingtoneofairishinirishlanguageirishiscalledafadalongapronouncedandappearsinwordssuchasslngoodbyeitistheonlydiacriticusedinmodernirishsincethedeclineofthedotdiacriticdotabovemanylettersintheirishlanguagefadaisonlyusedonvowellettersieitsymbolisesalengtheningofthevowelczechhungarianandslovakisthendletteroftheczechlanguageczechhungarianlanguagehungarianandslovaklanguagesandrepresentsfaroeseisthendletterofthefaroesealphabetandrepresentsoricelandicisthesecondletteroftheicelandicorthographyicelandicalphabetandrepresentsasinowkazakhisthesecondletterofthekazakhalphabetslatinscriptkazakhlatinalphabetandrepresentsportugueseinportugueseisusedtomarkastressedinwordswhosestressedsyllableisinanabnormallocationwithinthewordasinlthereandrpidorapidfastifthelocationofthestressedsyllableispredictabletheacuteaccentisnotusedcontrastswithpronouncedscottishgaelicwasonceusedinscottishgaeliclanguagescottishbuthasnowbeenlargelysupersededbyitcanstillbeseenincertainwritingsbutitisnolongerusedinstandardorthographyspanishinspanishisanaccentedletterpronouncedjustthewayaisbothandasoundlikeatheaccentindicatesthestressedsyllableinwordswithirregularstresspatternsitcanalsobeusedtobreakupadiphthongspanishdiphthongortoavoidwhatwouldotherwisebehomonymsalthoughthisdoesnothappenwithbecauseaisastrongvowelandusuallydoesnotbecomeasemivowelinadiphthongseediacriticandacuteaccentformoredetailsvietnameseinthevietnamesealphabetisthesclingtonehighrisingtoneofawelshinwelshwordstressusuallyfallsonthepenultimatesyllablebutonewayofindicatingstressonafinalshortvowelisthroughtheuseoftheacuteaccenttheacuteaccentonaisoftenfoundinverbalnounsandborrowedwordsforexamplecasutohatecaniatutoallowcarafncaravancharactermappingscharmapcenamelatincapitalletterawithacutenamelatinsmallletterawithacutemapebcdicfamilymapcharmapcharmapisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcmapchareseealsoacuteaccentmultipleissuesacircumflexisaletteroftheinarisamilanguageinarisamiromanianlanguageromanianandvietnameselanguagevietnamesealphabetsthisletteralsoappearsinfrenchlanguagefrenchfriulianlanguagefriulianwestfrisianlanguagefrisianportugueselanguageportugueseturkishlanguageturkishwalloonlanguagewalloonandwelshlanguagewelshlanguagesasavariantofletteraberberlanguagescanbeusedinberberlatinalphabettorepresentemilianromagnolisusedtorepresentainemiliandialectemiliandialectsasinbolognesecnakanacanefaroesejohanhenrikschrterwhotranslatedthegospelofmatthewintofaroeselanguagefaroeseinusedtodenoteanonsyllabicaasinthefollowingexampleclasswikitableschrtermodernfaroeselangfobrinhlidsiturujgjiltanstoulibrtehitvenavujvbrdrevurhoonsjraevnordlondunbrujhildarhajtiilsujnlangfobrynhildsiturgyltumstlibrtahittvnavvbrdregurhonsjraavnorlondumbrhildarheitilsnisnotusedinmodernfaroesehoweverfrenchinthefrenchlanguageisusedastheletterwithacircumflexaccentitisaremnantofoldfrenchwherethevowelwasfollowedwithsomeexceptionsbytheconsonantforexamplethemodernformbtoncomesfromtheoldfrenchbastonphoneticallyistraditionallypronouncedasbutisnowadaysrarelydistinguishedfromainmanydialectssuchasinparisianfrenchinmaghrebfrenchisusedtotranscribethearabicconsonantwhosepronunciationisclosetoanonsyllabicfriulianisusedtorepresentthesoundinarisamiisusedtorepresentthesounditalianoccasionallyusedtorepresentthesoundinwordslikeamronotheylovedportugueseinportugueseisusedtomarkastressedinwordswhosestressedsyllableisinanunpredictablelocationwithinthewordasinlminabladeandrguebirugbywherethelocationofthestressedsyllableispredictablethecircumflexaccentisnotusedcontrastswithpronouncedromanianistherdletteroftheromanianalphabetandrepresentswhichisalsorepresentedinromanianasletterthedifferencebetweenthetwoisthatisusedinthemiddleofthewordasinromniawhileisusedatthebeginningandattheendsnelegereunderstandingaurtohateacompoundwordstartingorendingwiththeletterwillretainitevenifitgoesinthemiddleofthewordnenelegeremisunderstandingrussianisusedintheisoisosystemofromanizationofrussianrussiantransliterationastheletterserbocroatianinallstandardvarietiesofserbocroatianisnotaletterbutsimplyanawiththecircumflexthatdenotesvowellengthitisusedonlyoccasionallyandthendisambiguateshomographswhichdifferonlybysyllablelengththatismostcommoninthepluralgenitivecaseandsoitisalsocalledgenitivesignjasamsmturkishisusedtoindicatetheconsonantbeforeaispalatalizationphoneticspalatalizedasinistikllindependenceitisalsousedtoindicateinwordsforwhichthelongvowelchangesthemeaningasinadetpiecesanddettraditionhalaauntandhlstillvietnameseistherdletterofthevietnamesealphabetandrepresentsinvietnamesephonologydiacriticscanbeaddedtoformfiveformstorepresentfivevietnamesephonologytonetonesofukrainianmuchlikeinrussianisusedintheisoisosystemofukrainiantransliterationastheletterwelshinwelshlanguagewelshisusedtorepresentlongstresslinguisticsstressedawhenwithoutthecircumflexthevowelwouldbepronouncedasshortegrarableasopposedtoaronorgwrcivilisedhumaneratherthangwarnapeoftheneckitisoftenfoundinfinalsyllablesinwhichthelettersoccurtwiceaandcombinetoproducealongstressedvowelthatcommonlyhappenswhenaverbstemendinginstressedacombineswiththenominalisationnominalisingsuffixadasincantiataadgivingcaniatdpermissionandalsowhenasingularnounendinginareceivesthepluralsuffixauasindramaaubecomingdramudramasplaysitisalsousefulinwritingborrowedwordswithfinalstressegbrigdbrigadeacircumflexisalsousedinthewordwhichisbothaprepositionmeaningwithbymeansofasandtheliterarywelshmorphologymyndgwneudcaelanddodthirdpersonnonpastsingularoftheverbalnounmyndgothatdistinguishesitinwritingfromthesimilarlypronouncedameaningandwhetherwhowhichthatcharactermappingscharmapcnamelatincapitalletterawithcircumflexenamelatinsmallletterawithcircumflexmapisoiecisoisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecmapcharcmapcharemapebcdicmapcharmapcharwindowsaltkeycodesaltclasswikitablealtaltaltalttexandlatexandareobtainedbythecommandsaandaseealsocircumflexreferencesawithtildeisaletterusedinsomelanguagesgenerallyconsideredavariantoftheletterainportugueselanguageportugueserepresentsanasalvowelnasalnearopencentralvowelitsexactheightvariesfromnearopencentralvowelnearopentomidcentralvowelmidaccordingtodialectitappearsonitsownandaspartofthediphthongseandothesymbolisusedforthenasalvowelinguaranlanguageguarankashubianlanguagekashubianandtaalanguagetaainaromanianlanguagearomanianthesymbolisusedforthemidcentralvowelinvietnameselanguagevietnameseitrepresentsinahighbreakingrisingtonethisalsousedintaalanguagexintheinternationalphoneticalphabetstandsforanasalopenfrontunroundedvowelasinquebecfrenchmamanandjeanitisoftenproducedbytextencodingerrorstheletterwasalsousedinthegreenlandiclanguagegreenlandicalphabettorepresentalongvowelnexttoageminationgemiatedconsonantbutnowitisreplacedwithaaexamplepiltoqaappilattoqdisambiguationaappilattoqintentionallinktodabpageallunicodevaluesstartwithsotheunicodevalueforisactuallynotcharmapcnamelatincapitalletterawithtildeenamelatinsmallletterawithtildemapebcdicfamilymapcharmapcharmapisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcmapchareseealsotildeisalettertheletterewithagraveaccentinenglishlanguageenglishtheletterissometimesusedinthepasttenseformsofverbsinpoetictextstoindicatethatthefinalsyllableshouldbepronouncedseparatelyforexampleblessdwouldindicatethepronunciationratherthanitalsooccursinloanwordssuchasitaliancaffinemiliandialectemilianisusedtorepresentegltltbedinromagnoldialectromagnolitrepresentsegvccvtoldmeninfrenchlanguagefrenchitalwaysrepresentsasoundofletterewhenthisisattheendofasyllablemeansisinmodernitalianlanguageitalianegilcanepiccolomeaningthedogissmallitisderivedfromlatinstandisaccentedtodistinguishitfromtheconjunctionemeaningandisalsousedtomarkastressedattheendofawordonlyasincaffisalsousedforanwithatonallinguisticsfallingtoneinpinyinthechineselanguageromanalphabettranscriptionsystemthewordconsistingonlyofthisvowelisanabbreviationforthehubeiadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovinceofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaisalsousedinmacedonianlatinasanequivalentoftheletteryecyrillicyewithgraveisusedinvietnamesetorepresenttheletterewiththeduhuyntoneitcanalsocombinewithtoformcharmapcnamelatincapitalletterewithgraveenamelatinsmallletterewithgravemapebcdicfamilymapcharmapcharmapisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcmapcharekeystrokesmicrosoftwindowsuserscantypeanbypressingoronthenumericpadofthekeyboardcanbetypedbypressingseealsoyewithgraveacyrillicletterwithasimilarglypheacuteaccentacuteisaletterofthelatinalphabetitisfoundinafrikaanslanguageafrikaanscatalanlanguagecatalanczechlanguageczechdanishlanguagedanishemilianromagnollanguageemilianromagnolfrenchlanguagefrenchenglishlanguageenglishgalicianlanguagegalicianhungarianlanguagehungarianicelandiclanguageicelandicirishlanguageirishitalianlanguageitaliankashubianlanguagekashubianluxembourgishlanguageluxembourgishoccitanlanguageoccitannorwegianlanguagenorwegianportugueselanguageportugueseslovaklanguageslovakspanishlanguagespanishswedishlanguageswedishvietnameselanguagevietnameseandwelshlanguagewelshlanguagesasavariantofthelettereinenglishlanguageenglishitmaybeobservedasapronunciationaidinloanwordsegrsumfromfrenchorromanizationsegpokmonfromjapaneselanguagejapanesethisisalsousedindutchlanguagedutchandnavajolanguagenavajoorisalsousedforwithatonallanguagerisingtoneinpinyinaromanizationsystemforstandardchineseitisalsousedinindonesianlanguageindonesiandictionariestodenoteincontrastwitheeusageinvariouslanguagesczechandslovakisthethletteroftheczechalphabetandslovakalphabetandrepresentsdanishnorwegianandswedishindanishnorwegianandswedishtheletterisusedtoindicatethataterminalsyllablewiththevoweleisstressedanditisoftenusedonlywhenitchangesthemeaningseeacuteaccentstressacuteaccentforamoredetaileddescriptiondutchlikeinenglishisrespectedwhenwritingforeignwordsmainlyfromfrenchitisalsousedtodifferentiatethearticleeenequivalenttoeitheraoraninenglishandnthenumberoneitisalsousedtoaddvisualstressonwordsinthesamewayenglishmightuseitalicsindutchsomepeopleusehasagreetinglikeheyorhiemilianromagnolinemiliandialectemilianisusedtorepresenteegrccrekrichinromagnoldialectromagnolthesameletterisusedtorepresenteegldarledarthievesenglishinenglishtheeacutehassomeusesmostlyinwordsoffrenchoriginsuchasnersumfiancesautandcoupandnamessuchasbeyoncbrenemurderofjonbentramseyjonbentandthopokmonthemediafranchiseownedbyjapanesecorporationnintendousesktosignifytheproperpronunciationofthehiraganasomespanishwordssuchaspuntapiortoreareuseldinenglishalsopadmamidalainstarwarshasaninhernamefrenchtheletterpronouncedecontrastswithwhichispronouncedandiswidelyusedinfrenchhungarianisthethletterofthehungarianalphabetandrepresentsicelandicisthethletteroftheicelandicorthographyicelandicalphabetandrepresentsirishinirishtheacuteaccentfadamarksalongvowelandsoispronounceditalianisavariantofecarryinganacuteaccentitrepresentsancarryingthetonicaccentitisusedonlyifitisthelastletterofthewordexceptindictionariesorwhenadifferentpronunciationmayaffectthemeaningofawordperchwhybecauseandpscafishingtobecomparedwithcaffcoffeeandpscapeachwhichhaveagraveaccentitisalsowhattheitalianscalltheirversionofthefbikashubianisthethletterofthekashubianalphabetandrepresentsitalsorepresentsinsomedialectsandrepresentsinareabetweenpuckandkartuzyportugueseinportugueseisusedtomarkastressedinwordswhosestressedsyllableisinunpredictablewithinthewordasinpssimoverybadifthelocationofthestressedsyllableispredictabletheacuteaccentisnotusedcontrastswithcanalsomeaniselabonitasheisprettyspanishinspanishisanaccentedletterandispronouncedjustlikeeetheaccentindicatesthestressedsyllableinwordswithirregularstressasinxtasisorbebseediacriticandacuteaccentformoredetailsscottishgaelicwasonceusedinscottishgaeliclanguagescottishgaelicbuthasnowbeenlargelysupersededbyitcanstillbeseenbutitisnolongerusedinthestandardorthographywelshinwelshwordstressusuallyfallsonthepenultimatesyllablebutonewayofindicatingstressonafinalshortvowelisthroughtheuseoftheacuteaccentoftenfoundoneinborrowedwordspersonlpersonnelsigartcigaretteymbarlumbrellavietnameseinvietnamesetheletterindicatestherisingtoneitcanalsobecombinedwithtoformcharactermappingscharmapcnamelatincapitalletterewithacuteenamelatinsmallletterewithacutemapisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcmapcharemapmacosromanmapcharmapcharekeystrokesmicrosoftwindowsuserscantypeanbypressingoronthenumericpadofthekeyboardcanbetypedbypressingoronkeyboardlayoutusinternationalusinternationalandkeyboardlayoutukenglishukenglishkeyboardlayoutsuserscantypetheacuteaccentletterbytypingthismethodcanalsobeappliedtomanyotheracuteaccentedletterswhichdonotappearonthestandardusenglishkeyboardlayoutinmicrosoftworduserscanpressthenorfororonmacosuserscanpressthenorfororusingacomposekeyuserscanholdandpressfororforonastandardandroidoperatingsystemandroidwindowsmobileorioskeyboarduserscanholdthekeyuntilspecialcharactersappearslidetotheandreleaseseealsoacuteaccentexternallinksomniglotcomomniglotwritingsystemslanguagesoftheworldomniglotcomwritinghungarianhtmhungarianlanguageomniglotcomwritingicelandichtmicelandiclanguageomniglotcomwritingkashubianhtmkashubianlanguageomniglotcomwritingczechhtmczechlanguageomniglotcomwritingslovakhtmslovaklanguageomniglotcomwritinguyghurhtmuyghurlanguageecircumflexisaletterofthelatinalphabetfoundinafrikaansdutchfrenchfriuliankurdishportuguesevietnameseandwelshitisusedtotransliterateukrainianandchineseafrikaansisconsiderednotaseparateletterinafrikaansbutavariationofethecircumflexforcesthepronunciationofetobebutewithoutthecircumflexispronouncedasordependingonitsplacementinthewordchineseinthepinyinromanizationofstandardmandarinchineserepresentsitcorrespondstobopomofozhuyinthecircumflexoccursonlyifistheonlyletterinthesyllableehwithoutthecircumflexeastheonlyletterinthesyllablerepresentshungryelsewhereiswrittenasabeforenoreattheendofasyllablewiththeappropriatetonemarkxinfirstxuntochoosexutolearnxixiethanksinpehejisthefifthtoneofepossessiveadjectivalsuffixdutchindutchchangesthepronunciationofefromtoandappearsonlyinwordsfromfrenchfrenchdiacriticsarenotconsideredlettersofthefrenchalphabetinfrenchchangesthepronunciationofefromtoitisusedinsteadofforwordsthatusedtobewrittenesfriulianrepresentsanditalianoccasionallyusedtorepresentorinwordslikefrotheydidkurdishisthethletterofthekurdishalphabetkurdishkurmanjialphabetandrepresentseportugueseinportuguesemarksastressedonlyinwordswhosestressedsyllableisinanunpredictablelocationinthewordpssegopeachtheletterpronouncedcanalsocontrastwithpronouncedasindgiveukrainianisusedintheisoisosystemofukrainiantransliterationasthelettervietnameseisthethletterofthevietnamesealphabetandrepresentsinvietnamesephonologydiacriticscanbeaddedtoformfiveformstorepresentfivetonesofwelshinwelshlanguagewelshrepresentslongsresslinguisticsstressedeifthevowelwouldotherwisebepronouncedasshortllnliteratureasopposedtollencurtainorgmgameasopposedtogemgemjewelthatisusefulforborrowedwordswithafinalstresslikeaplappealcharactermappingsunicodeencodedpairsofprecomposedcharactersforthefivetonesofinvietnamesetwopairsofthefiveandcanalsobeusedasthesecondandfourthtonesofinpinyinthefirstandthirdtonesofinpinyinhavetoberepresentedbycombiningcharactercombiningdiacriticalmarkslikeampandampcharmapcanamelatincapitalletterewithcircumflexeanamelatinsmallletterewithcircumflexmapebcdicfamilymapcharmapcharmapisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcamapchareaseealsocircumflexetremadiacriticdiaeresisisaletterinthealbanianlanguagealbaniankashubianlanguagekashubianemilianromagnollanguageemilianromagnolandladinlanguageladinalphabetsasavariantofthelettereitalsoappearsinacehneselanguageacehneseafrikaansdutchlanguagedutchfilipinolanguagefilipinofrenchlanguagefrenchluxembourgishlanguageluxembourgishtheabruzzesedialectoftheneapolitanlanguageandtheascolanodialecttheletterisalsousedinsenecalanguagesenecataiwanesehokkienturoyolanguageturoyoanduyghurlanguageuyghurwhenwritteninlatinalphabetlatinscriptusageinvariouslanguagesafrikaansinafrikaanstheumlautdiacritictremaafrikaansdeeltekenismostlyusedtoindicatethatthevowelshouldnotbediphthongisedforexamplegergiverispronouncedwhilstgeerawedgeshapedpieceoffabricispronouncedtherearesomecaseswherethedeeltekendoesnothingtothepronunciationlikeinrenrainwhichispronouncedthenonexistentwordreenwouldbepronouncedthesamethedeeltekeninthiscasehasonlyahistoricalbackgroundthearchaicformofrenisregenandthedeeltekenindicatesthatthegwasremovedsomeolderpeoplestillpronouncerenintwosyllablesthedeeltekendoesexactlywhatitsaysdeeltekenbeingafrikaansforseparationmarkitseparatessyllablesasitindicatesthestartofanewoneanexampleofthisisthewordvolbirdwhichispronouncedintwosyllableswithoutitthewordwouldbecomevoelfeelwhichispronouncedinonesyllablealbanianisthethletterofthealbanianalphabetandrepresentsthevowelitisthemostcommonlyusedletterofthelanguagecomprisingpercentofallwritingsascolanoisaphoneticsymbolalsousedinthetranscriptionofabruzzesedialectsandintheprovinceofascolipicenotheascolanodialectitiscalledmuteeandsoundslikeahummeditisimportantfortheprosodyofthedialectitselfemilianromagnolisusedinromagnoldialectromagnoltorepresentegfradlfradlfradlbrotherinsomeperipheralemiliandialectemiliandialectsisusedtorepresentegstrttstrtnarrowenglishuseofthecharacterintheenglishlanguageisrelativelyraresomepublicationssuchastheamericanmagazinethenewyorkeruseitmoreoftenthanothersitisusedtoindicatethattheeistobepronouncedseparatelyfromtheprecedingvoweleginthewordrentrythefemininenamechloorinthemasculinenameraphaloratalllikeinthenameofthebrontfamilybrontsisterswherewithoutdiaeresisthefinalewouldbemutefrenchanddutchappearsinwordslikefrenchnolanddutchkoloninthissocalledumlautdiacritictremaisusedtoindicatethatthevowelshouldnotbediphthongedforexamplenolispronouncedwhilstnoelwouldbepronouncedlikewisekoloninispronouncedwhilstkolonienwouldbepronouncedkashubianisthethletterofthekashubianalphabetandrepresentsladinalthoughnotusedinstandardladinlanguageladinisusedinsomelocaldialectsitrepresentslatininmanyeditionsoflatintextsthediaeresisisusedtoindicatethataeandoeformahiatuslinguisticshiatusnotadiphthongintheclassicalpronunciationoramonophthongintraditionalenglishpronunciationsexamplesarairpotapoetcorceretocoerceluxembourgishinluxembourgishlanguageluxembourgishisusedforstressedschwalikeinthewordmmeralwaysitisalsousedtoindicateamorphologicalpluralendingaftertwosuchasineereggsorleenlaymayanlanguagesinthemodernorthographyofmayanlanguagestheletterrepresentsasinalbanianrussianinsomelatintransliterationsofrussianlanguagerussianisusedtorepresentitshomoglyphrepresentingastressedasinpotmkintorenderthecyrillicsyriacinthesyriaclatinalphabetthelettergivesaschwaingrammarsometimesitisareplacementfortheotheroriginalvowelsaoeiuexamplewordsthathaveknorheiswaitingkrhitheyarerunningkrqdosheisdancingsxrlashehasclosedgfolhewillworkmadnoeastmnwhatarbelieveturoyolanguageturoyoandassyrianneoaramaicassyrianlanguagesmayutilizethisdiacriticalbeitrarelysenecainsenecalanguagesenecatheletterisusedtorepresentaclosemidfrontunroundedvowelclosemidfrontunroundednasalizedvoweltagalogintagaloglanguagetagalogisusedtorepresenttheschwaparticularlyinwordsoriginatingfromotherlanguagesofthephilippinesphilippinelanguagesuyghuristhethletteroftheuyghurlatinalphabetandrepresentsclosemidfrontunroundedvowelcharactermappingscharmapcbebnamelatinlettercapitalewithdiaeresisnamelatinlettersmallewithdiaeresismapisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcbmapcharebseealsoumlautdiacriticyocyrillicyoacyrillichomoglyphreferencesalignrightcellpaddingstyleborderpxsolidaaaaaamarginpxpxpaddingpxfontsizeptlineheightpttextaligncenterisusedintheisoisosystemofukrainiantransliterationasthecyrillicletterinthepinyinsystemofchineseromanizationisaniwithafallingtonethisappearsinalcozaucamixteclanguagealcozaucamixtecitalianlanguageitalianportugueselanguageportuguesetaoslanguagetaosvietnameselanguagevietnamesewelshlanguagewelshscottishgaelicandalsointheconstructedlanguagenavilanguagenavicharmapccnamelatincapitalletteriwithgraveecnamelatinsmallletteriwithgravemapebcdicfamilymapcharmapcharmapisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharccmapcharecseealsograveaccentiacuteaccentacuteisaletterinthefaroeselanguagefaroesehungarianlanguagehungarianicelandiclanguageicelandicczechlanguageczechslovaklanguageslovakandtatarlanguageswhereitoftenindicatesalongivowelthisformalsoappearsincatalanlanguagecatalanirishlanguageirishitalianlanguageitalianoccitanlanguageoccitanportugueselanguageportuguesespanishlanguagespanishgalicianlanguagegalicianleoneselanguageleonesenavajolanguagenavajoandvietnameselanguageasavariantoftheletteriinlatinthelongiisusedinsteadofforalongivowelusageinvariouslanguagesfaroeseisthethletterofthefaroesealphabetandrepresentshungarianicelandicczechandslovakisthethletterofthehungarianalphabetthethletteroftheicelandicorthographyicelandicalphabetthethletteroftheczechalphabetandthethletteroftheslovakalphabetitrepresentstataristhethletterofthetataralphabetbasedonzamanlifitrepresentsvietnameseinvietnamesealphabetisthesactonehighrisingtoneofichineseinchinesepinyinistheyngpngtonehighrisingtoneofiportuguesespanishinportugueseandspanishtheisnotconsideredaletterbuttheletteriwithanaccentitisusedtodenoteanisyllablewithabnormalstressitalianisavariantoficarryinganacuteaccentitrepresentsanicarryingthetonicaccentitisusedonlyifitisthelastletterofthewordexceptindictionariesorwhenadifferentpronunciationmayaffectthemeaningofawordvolaviolatesandvilavioletcharactermappingscharmapcdnamelatincapitalletteriwithacuteednamelatinsmallletteriwithacutemapisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcdmapcharedseealsoacuteaccenticircumflexisaletterinthefriulianalphabetfriuliankurdishalphabetkurdishandromanianalphabetsthisletteralsoappearsinfrenchlanguagefrenchturkishlanguageturkishitalianlanguageitalianwelshlanguagewelshandwalloonlanguagewalloonlanguagesasavariantofletteriafrikaansinafrikaansisapunctuatedformofithepluralofwedgekurdishisthethletterofthekurdishalphabetkurdishkurmanjialphabetandrepresentskurdishlanguageromanianisthethletteroftheromanianalphabetanddenotesthissoundisalsorepresentedinromanianasletterthedifferenceisthatisusedinthemiddleofawordasinbutisusedatthebeginningortheendofawordunderstandingtohateacompoundwordstartingorendingwiththeletterretainsithoweverevenifitisinthemiddleofthewordmisunderstandingitalianisavariantofiinitalianlanguageitalianitshouldbeusedwhenformingthepluralofmalenounsendingintoavoidstressingthewrongsyllableprinciplehasthepluralandprincehasaspluralhowevertheusageofinitalianisrapidlydecreasingmostitalianswriteforthepluralsofbothandfrenchisaletterwhichappearsinseveralfrenchwordsliketobebornabyssmasterandmoreunlikeandthecircumflexdoesnotalterthepronunciationoforthecircumflexusuallydenotestheexclusionofaletterusuallyansthatwasinapriorversionofthewordbecamebecameandthenbecameandthenthereformsoffrenchorthographyspellingreformsremovedtheaccentsiftheyarenotrequiredtodistinguishbetweenhomonymsandsoandnolongertakethecircumflexhowevermeaningyouroneasapronounusesthecircumflextodistinguishitfrommeaningyourasapossessivedeterminerturkishinturkishcanindicatethesoundinarabicloanwordswhereitisusedasanarabicgrammarnisbaadjectivalsuffixthatmakesanadjectivefromanounhayatvitaliktisadeconomicalsiyaspoliticaletcwelshinwelshlanguagewelshisusedtorepresentlongstresslinguisticsstressediwhenwithoutthecircumflexthevowelwouldbepronouncedasshortthesoftmutationmutatedformofteamasopposedtononoughtnothingotherusageinmathematicsthelettermathmathbfhatboldsymbolimathmathissometimesusedtodenoteaunitvectorinphysicscharactermappingscharmapcenamelatincapitalletteriwithcircumflexeenamelatinsmallletteriwithcircumflexmapebcdicfamilymapcharmapcharmapisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcemapchareeseealsocircumflexilowercaseisasymbolusedinvariouslanguageswrittenwiththelatinalphabetitcanbereadastheletteriwithdiaeresisdiacriticdiaeresisoriumlautinafrikaanslanguageafrikaanscatalanlanguagecatalandutchlanguagedutchfrenchlanguagefrenchgalicianlanguagegalicianwelshlanguagewelshsouthernsamilanguagesouthernsamiandoccasionallyenglishlanguageenglishisusedwhenfollowsanothervowelandindicateshiatuslinguisticshiatusdiaeresisinthepronunciationofsuchaworditindicatesthatthetwovowelsarepronouncedinseparatesyllablesratherthantogetherasadiphthongordigraphorthographydigraphforexamplefrenchmasmaizewithoutthediaeresistheispartofthedigraphmaisbuttheletterisalsoindutchlanguagedutchoekraneukraineandenglishnaveorinscholarlywritingonturkiclanguagesissometimesusedtowritetheclosebackunroundedvowelwhichinthestandardmodernturkishalphabetiswrittenasthedottedanddotlessidotlessithebackneutralvowelreconstructedinprotomongoliclanguageprotomongolicissometimeswritteninthetranscriptionofamazonianlanguagesisusedtorepresentthehighcentralvowelcomputinglowercaseoccursinthesequencewhichistheunicodebyteordermarkinutfmisinterpretedasisoorcpbothcommonencodingsinsoftwareconfiguredforenglishlanguageusersthusittendstoindicatethatanyfollowingmojibakecanbecorrectedbyreinterpretingitasutfcharmapcfnamelatincapitalletteriwithdiaeresisefnamelatinsmallletteriwithdiaeresismapebcdicfamilymapcharmapcharmapisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapcharcfmapcharefseealsoumlautdiacriticyicyrillicreferenceslowercaseinternationalphoneticalphabetphoneticalphabetnyeisaletterofthemodernlatinalphabetformedbyplacingatildecalledavirgulillainspanishontopofanupperorlowercasenitbecamepartofthespanishalphabetintheeighteenthcenturywhenitwasfirstformallydefinedbutitisalsousedinotherlanguagessuchasgalicianalphabetgalicianasturianalphabetasturianthearagoneselanguagearagonesegrafadeuescabasquelanguagebasquechavacanolanguagechavacanofilipinoorthographyfilipinochamorrolanguagechamorroguaranilanguageguaraniquechuaalphabetquechuamapudungunalphabetmapudungunmandinkalanguagemandinkaandtetumalphabettetumalphabetsaswellasinlatintransliterationoftocharianlanguagestocharianandsanskritwhereitrepresentsitrepresentsincrimeantatarlanguagecrimeantatarinbretonlanguagebretonandinrohingyalanguagerohingyaitdenotesnasalizationoftheprecedingvowelunlikemanyotherlettersthatusediacriticmarkssuchasinspanishlanguagespanishandgermanlanguagegermanandinfrenchlanguagefrenchandportugueselanguageportugueseinspanishlanguagespanishgalicianlanguagegalicianbasquelanguagebasqueasturianlanguageasturianleoneselanguageleoneseguaranilanguageguaraniandfilipinolanguagefilipinoisconsideredaletterinitsownrighthasitsownnameinspanishanditsownalphabeticalorderplaceinthealphabetafternitsalphabeticalindependenceissimilartotheenglishwwhichhistoricallycamefromadoubledvhistoryhistoricallyaroseasatypographicligatureligatureofnnthetildewasshorthandforthesecondnwrittenoverthefirstthisisaletterinthespanishalphabetthatisusedformanywordsforexamplethespanishwordaoannoinoldspanishmeaningyearandderivedfromlatinsmallannvssmallotherlanguagesusedthemacrondiacriticmacronoverannormtoindicatesimpledoublingalreadyinmedievallatinpalaeographythesignthatinspanishcametobecalledvirgulillameaninglittlecommawasusedoveravoweltoindicateafollowingnasalconsonantnormthathadbeenomittedasinttusfortantusorquforquamthisusagewaspassedontootherlanguagesusingthelatinalphabetalthoughitwassubsequentlydroppedbymostspanishretainedithoweverinsomespecificcasesparticularlytoindicatethepalatalnasalthesoundthatisnowspeltasthewordtildecomesfromspanishderivedbymetathesisofthewordttuloastidlothisoriginallyfromlatinsmalltitulussmalltitleorheadingcomparecabildowithlatinsmallcapitulumsmallfromspellingsofannoabbreviatedasnoasexplainedabovethetildewasthenceforthtransferredtothenandkeptasausefulexpedienttoindicatethenewpalatalnasalsoundthatspanishhaddevelopedinthatpositionaothesignwasalsoadoptedforthesamepalatalnasalinallothercasesevenwhenitdidnotderivefromanoriginalnnasinleafromlatinlignaorseorfromlatinseniorthepalatalnasalsoundisroughlyreminiscentoftheenglishconsonantclustercanyonwhilethiscommondescriptionisenoughtogivearoughideaofthesounditisnotpreciseitisanalogoustogivingthepronunciationoftheenglishwordshotassyototherromancelanguageshavedifferentspellingsforthissounditalianlanguageitalianandfrenchlanguagefrenchusegnaconsonantclusterthathadevolvedfromlatinwhereasoccitanlanguageoccitanandportugueselanguageportuguesechosenhandcatalanlanguagecatalannyeventhoughthesedigraphshadnoetymologicalprecedentwhenmorsecodewasextendedtocoverlanguagesotherthanenglishthesequencewasallottedforthischaracteralthoughisusedbyotherlanguageswhosespellingswereinfluencedbyspanishithasrecentlybeenchosentorepresenttheidentityofthespanishlanguageespeciallyasaresultofthebattleagainstitsobliterationfromcomputerkeyboardsbyanenglishledindustryrefnameggmrefcrosslinguisticusageinspanishandsomeotherlanguagessuchasphilippinelanguagesfilipinolanguagesaymaralanguageaymaraquechualanguagequechuamapudungnguaranilanguageguaranibasquelanguagebasquechamorrolanguagechamorroleonesfelanguageleoneseyavapailanguageyavapaiandtetumwhoseorthographieshavesomebasisinthatofspanishitrepresentsapalatalnasalingalicianlanguagegalicianitrepresentssuchasoundbutitwasprobablynotadoptedfromspanishasevidencedbyitspresenceinthefirstgalicianportuguesewritteningaliciaspaingaliciaconservedtextglforodoboburgodecastrocaldelasforodoboburgodecastrocaldelaswritteninotherromancelanguagesalsohavethesoundwrittennhinoccitanlanguageoccitanespahnlespanhuandportugueselanguageportugueseespanholgninitalianlanguageitalianspagnoloandfrenchlanguagefrenchespagnolandnyincatalanlanguagecatalanandaragoneselanguagearagoneseespanyoltheaccentedletterusedinpolishlanguagepolishandthecharacterusedinczechlanguageczechandslovaklanguageslovakarealsoequivalenttothespanishletterthesamesoundiswrittennyinindonesianlanguageindonesianstandardzhuangzhuangandhungarianlanguagehungarianandnhinvietnameselanguagevietnameseandportugueselanguageportugueseintagaloglanguagetagalogvisayanlanguagesvisayanandotherlanguagesofthephilippinesphilippinelanguagesitisalsowrittenasnyformosttermstheconventionalexceptionswithconsiderablevariationsarepropernameswhichusuallyretainandtheiroriginalspanishlanguageinthephilippinesspanishorhispanicisedspellingsantoniodecebsantonioparaaquebamboomaalacmaalacmalacaangpalacemalacaanitisalphabeticalordercollatedasthethletterofthefilipinoalphabetinfilipinoorthographyadoptionofthelatinscriptoldfilipinoorthographytheletterwasalsousedalongwithgtorepresentthevelarnasalsoundexceptattheendofawordwhenngwouldbeusedifappropriateinsteadofatildewhichoriginallyspannedasequenceofnandgasinngsuchaspangalannamethatisbecausetheoldorthographywasbasedonspanishandwithoutthetildepangalanwouldhavebeenpronouncedwiththesequencethereforepanggalantheformgbecameamorecommonwaytorepresentnguntiltheearlythcenturymainlybecauseitwasmorereadilyavailableintypesetsthanthetildespanningbothlettersitisalsousedtorepresentthevelarnasalincrimeantatarlanguagecrimeantatarinjaaliflatinscriptwritingofthedistantlyrelatedtatarlanguageissometimesusedasasubstitutefornwithdescenderwhichisnotavailableonmanycomputersystemsinthebretonlanguageitnasalvowelnasalisestheprecedingvowelasinjawhichcorrespondstothefrenchnamejeanandhasthesamepronunciationitisusedinanumberofenglishlanguageenglishtermsofspanishoriginsuchasjalapeopiacoladapiataandelniosouthernoscillationelniothespanishwordcanhoweverbecamenaturalizedascanyonuntilthemiddleofthethcenturyadaptingitasnnwasmorecommoninenglishasinthephrasebattleofcorunnanowitisalmostalwaysleftunmodifiedintheorthographyforlanguagesofsenegalrepresentsthepalatalnasalsenegalisuniqueamongcountriesofwestafricainusingthisletterthesamilanguagelulesamilanguageusestheletterwhichisoftenwrittenoncomputerssincebutnotwasavailableonkeyboardsandinthelatincharactersetculturalsignificanceplaneofthespanishrepublicanairforcetheletterhascometorepresenttheidentityofthespanishlanguagelatinopublisherbilltecklabeledhispaniccultureanditsinfluenceontheunitedstatesgenerationandlaterstartedamagazinewiththatnameorganizationssuchastheinstitutocervantesandthenationalassociationofhispanicjournalistshaveadoptedtheletterastheirmarkforhispanicheritageitwasusedinthespanishrepublicanairforceforaircraftidentificationthecircumstancessurroundingthecrashofserialpotezplanethatwasshotdownoverthesierradegdarrangeofthesistemaibriconearvaldelinaresinspiredfrenchwriterandrmalrauxtowritethenovellespoirtranslatedintoenglishasmanshopeandmadeintothemovienamedespoirsierradeteruelinaeuropeancommunityreportrecommendedtherepealofaregulationpreventingthesaleinspainofcomputerproductsnotsupportingallthecharacteristicsofthespanishwritingsystemclaimingthatitwasaprotectionismprotectionistmeasureagainsttheprinciplesofthefreemarketthiswouldhaveallowedthedistributionofkeyboardswithoutankeytherealacademiaespaolastatedthatthematterwasaseriousattackagainstthelanguagenobelprizewinnerinliteraturegabrielgarcamrquezexpressedhisdisdainoveritseliminationbysayingtheisnotanarchaeologicalpieceofjunkbutjusttheoppositeaculturalleapofaromancelanguagethatlefttheothersbehindinexpressingwithonlyoneletterasoundthatotherlanguagescontinuetoexpresswithtwoamongotherformsofcontroversyarethosepertainingtotheanglicizationofspanishnamingcustomsspanishsurnamesthereplacementofwithanotherletteraltersthepronunciationandmeaningofawordornameinthesamemannerthatreplacinganyletterinagivenwordwithanotheronewouldforexamplepeasurnamepeaisacommonspanishsurnameandacommonnounthatmeansrockyhillitisoftenanglicizedaspenachangingthenametothespanishwordforpityoftenusedintermsofsorrowwhenfedericopeawasfirstrunningformayorofdenverinthedenverpostprintedhisnamewithoutthetildeaspenaafterhewontheelectiontheybeganprintinghisnamewiththetildeaspeasadministrationhadmanycriticstheirobjectionsweresometimeswhimsicallyexpressedasosincecnnenespaolcnnsspanishlanguagenewschannelincorporatesanewlogowhereinatildeisplacedovertwonsanothernewschanneltlnenespaolhastlwithantakingtheplaceoftheexpectednasitslogothecitycouncilofacoruachangedtheplacementofthetildefromoverthetoovertheinitialtocreatealogoinawaysimilartowhatwasdonebythecityofgteborgthatchangedthedieresisofthetoacolontheishowevernotusedintheurlcomputerusagecharmapdnamelatincapitalletternwithtildefnamelatinsmallletternwithtildeinunicodehasthecodeuddecimalwhilehasthecodeufdecimaladditionallytheycanbegeneratedusingcombiningtildexudecimalfollowedbynorninhtmlcharacterentityreferencethecodesforandarecodeampntildecodeandcodeampntildecodeorcodeampcodeandcodeampcodeandhavetheirownkeyinthespanishandlatinamericankeyboardlayoutsseethecorrespondingsectionsatkeyboardlayoutandtilderoleofmechanicaltypewritersthefollowinginstructionsapplyonlytoenglishlanguagekeyboardsonandroidoperatingsystemandroiddevicesholdingnorndownonthekeyboardmakesentryofandpossibleonapplemacintoshoperatingsystemsincludingmacosxitcanbetypedbypressingandholdingtheoptionkeyandthentypingnfollowedbytypingeithernornontheiphoneandipadwhichusetheappleiosoperatingsystemtheisaccessedbyholdingdownthenkeywhichopensamenuonanenglishlanguagekeyboardapplesmacosxlionmacosxlionoperatingsystemalsomadetheavailableinthesamewaytomakealowercaseinthemicrosoftwindowsoperatingsystemholddownthealtkeyandtypethenumberoronthenumerickeypadwithnumlockturnedontomakeanuppercasepressaltoraltcharactermapwindowscharactermapinmicrosoftwindowswindowsidentifiestheletteraslatinsmallcapitalletternwithtildeasoftnotphysicalspanishlanguagekeyboardiseasilyinstalledinwindowsinmicrosoftwordcanbetypedbypressingcontrolshifttildeandthenannonlinuxitcanbecreatedbypressingctrlshiftuandthentypingdorffollowedbyspaceorctrltoendthecharactercodeinputthisproducesoranotheroptionforanyoperatingsystemistoconfigurethesystemtousetheusinternationalkeyboardlayoutwithwhichcanbeproducedeitherbyholdingaltgrandthenpressingnorbytypingthetildefollowedbynyetanotheroptionistouseacomposekeyhardwarebasedorsoftwareemulatedpressingthecomposekeythenandthennresultsinacapitalncanbesubstitutedtoproduceandinmostcasestheorderofandncanbereverseduseinurlsthelettermaybeusedininternationalizeddomainnamesbutitwillhavetobeconvertedfromunicodetoasciiduringtheregistrationprocessiefromwwwpiatacomtowwwxnpiataptacominuniformresourcelocatorurlsexceptforthedomainnamemaybereplacedbycodeccodeandbycodecbcodethisisnotneededfornewerbrowsersthehexdigitsrepresenttheutfencodingoftheglyphsandthisfeatureallowsalmostanyunicodecharactertobeencodedanditisconsideredimportanttosupportlanguagesotherthanenglishseealsotildeenglishtermswithdiacriticalmarksothersymbolsforthepalatalnasalgndigraphnhdigraphnjletternydigraphpalatalnasalipasymbolotherletterswithatildegmpreferencesclassinfoboxstylefontsizeptlineheightpttextaligncenterstylefontfamilycursiveograveaccentgraveisaletterofthelatinscriptusageitisusedincatalanlanguagecatalanemilianromagnollanguageemilianromagnollombardlanguagelombardoccitanlanguageoccitankashubianlanguagekashubianscottishgaelictaoslanguagetaosvietnameselanguagevietnamesehaitiancreoleandwelshlanguagewelshitalsoappearsinitalianlanguageitalianasavariantofousageinvariouslanguageskashubianisthethletterofthekashubianalphabetandrepresentsvietnameseinthevietnamesealphabetisthehuyntonefallingtoneofochineseinchinesepinyinistheyngqtonefallingtoneofowelshinwelshlanguagewelshthegraveaccentisusedonotodenoteavowellengthshortsoundinawordthatwouldotherwisebepronouncedwithalongosoundcdcodversuscodcodeitalianinitalianthegraveaccentisusedoveranyvoweltoindicatewordfinalstressniccolequivalentofnicholasandtheforenameofmachiavelliitcanalsobeusedonnonfinalvowelstoindicatethatthestressfallsthereorwhetheranooraneisopenorclosedcrsocorsicanvscrsocourserunpastparticipleofcorrerealwaysrepresentstheopenmidbackroundedvowelemilianromagnolinemiliandialectemilianisusedtorepresentegssboneinromagnoldialectromagnolitisusedtorepresentegpipjmorecharactermappingscharmapdnamelatincapitalletterowithgravefnamelatinsmallletterowithgravemapisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapchardmapcharfoacuteaccentacuteisaletterintheemilianromagnollanguageemilianromagnolfaroeselanguagefaroesehungarianlanguagehungarianicelandiclanguageicelandickashubianlanguagekashubiankazakhlanguagekazakhpolishlanguagepolishczechlanguageczechslovaklanguageslovakandsorbianlanguagesthisletteralsoappearsintheafrikaanslanguageafrikaanscatalanlanguagecatalanirishlanguageirishoccitanlanguageoccitanportugueselanguageportuguesespanishlanguagespanishitalianlanguageitalianandgalicianlanguagegalicianlanguagesasavariantofletteroitissometimesalsousedinenglishforloanwordsusageinvariouslanguageschineseinchinesepinyinistheyngpngtonehighrisingtoneofoczechandslovakisthethletteroftheczechalphabetandthethletteroftheslovakalphabetitrepresentsemilianromagnolinemiliandialectemilianisusedtorepresentoegsttsotdryinromagnoldialectromagnolisusedtorepresentoegalraalorathenfaroeseisthethletterofthefaroesealphabetandrepresentsoricelandicisthethletteroftheicelandicorthographyicelandicalphabetandrepresentsirishiswidelyusedinirishlanguageirishwhereithasvariousmeaningstheprepositionfromthepatronymicspatronymictermgrandsonusuallymaledescendantfirstorsecondcousinvariantsuauuawhenirishnameswereanglicizedthecommonlywaseitherdroppedorwrittenasotheinterjectionohitalianinitalianlanguageitalianisanoptionalsymbolespeciallyusedindictionariessometimesusedtoindicatethatastressedoshouldbepronouncedwithaclosesoundcrsocourseasopposedtocrsocorsicanbutbotharecommonlywrittenwithnoaccentmarkswhenthecontextisclearasimilarprocessmayoccurwithandasinpscafishingandpscapeachinwhichtheaccentmarkisnotwrittenbotharewrittenaspescakashubianistherdletterofthekashubianalphabetandrepresentsitalsorepresentsinsoutherndialectshungarianisthethletterofthehungarianalphabetitrepresentskazakhisthethletterofthekazakhalphabetslatinscriptkazakhlatinalphabetandrepresentsorpolishspanstylefontfeaturesettingslocllangplspanisthestletterofthepolishalphabetandrepresentsportugueseinportugueseisusedtomarkastressedinwordswhosestressedsyllableisinanunpredictablelocationwithinthewordasinpdustandculosglassesifthelocationofthestressedsyllableispredictabletheacuteaccentisnotusedcontrastswithscottishgaelicwasoncewidelyusedinscottishgaeliclanguagescottishbutithasnowbeenlargelysupersededbyitcanstillbeseenincertainwritingsbutisnolongerusedinstandardorthographyspanishisusedinthespanishlanguagetodenoteanosyllablewithabnormalstresslinguisticsstresssorbianrepresentsinuppersorbianandrepresentsorinespeciallylowersorbianvietnameseinvietnamesealphabetisthesctonehighrisingtoneofocharactermappingscharmapdnamelatincapitalletterowithacutefnamelatinsmallletterowithacutemapebcdicfamilymapchareemapcharcemapisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapchardmapcharfseealsoacuteaccentreferencescircumflexredirectcategoryshellgraveaccentredirectcategoryshelloruwithacuteaccentacuteisalatinalphabetlatinletterusedintheczechalphabetczechfaroesealphabetfaroesehungarianalphabethungarianicelandicorthographyicelandicandslovakalphabetslovakwritingsystemsthisletteralsoappearsindutchalphabetdutchirishalphabetirishoccitanalphabetoccitanpinyinalphabetpinyinportuguesealphabetportuguesespanishalphabetspanishitalianalphabetitaliangalicianlanguagegalicianandvietnamesealphabetvietnameseasavariantoftheletteruusageinvariouslanguagesczechisthethletteroftheczechalphabetandrepresentsasounditisalwaysthefirstletterofthewordexceptincompoundwordssuchastrojhelnktrianglewhichiscomposedoftwowordstrojwhichisderivedfromtithreeandhelwhichmeansangleifthisletterisinthemiddleofthewordletterisusedinsteadfaroeseisthethletterofthefaroesealphabetandmayrepresentthefollowingsoundsshortinsuchwordsaskrssmugcoffeecupshortbeforeinsuchwordsaskgvcowbutalsoinbrdleypbridallongdiphthongintiouthshousejbuthungarianisthethletterofthehungarianalphabetandrepresentsasoundicelandicisthethletteroftheicelandicorthographyicelandicalphabetandrepresentsasoundpinyininpinyinmandarinchinesetransliteratedtolatinrepresentsauvowelsoundofthesecondrisingtoneslovakisthethletteroftheslovakalphabetandrepresentsasoundportugueseinportuguesetheisnotaletterbuttheletteruwithanaccentitisusedtodenoteanusyllablewithabnormalstressitalianisavariantofucarryinganacuteaccentitrepresentsanucarryingthetonicaccentitisusedonlyifitisthelastletterofthewordexceptindictionariesspanishsameasportugueseseeabovecharacterencodingcharmapdanamelatincapitalletteruwithacutefanamelatinsmallletteruwithacutemapebcdicfamilymapcharfemapchardemapisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisoisomapchardamapcharfaseealsoacuteaccentucircumflexisaletterofthekurdishlanguagekurdishalphabetitalsoappearsinemilianromagnollanguageemilianromagnolcircumflexinfrenchfrenchfriulianlanguagefriulianandturkishlanguageturkishlanguagesasavariantoftheletteruthisletterwasusedintheisoisosystemofcyrillictransliterationastheletterandalsoinwadegilesoneoftheromanizationsystemsinchineselanguagechineseforapicaldentalunroundedvowelasintztzsscorrespondstopresentzicisiinpinyinrespectivelyitisalsointaoslanguagetaosafrikaansinafrikaansisapunctuatedformofuandausageexampleincludesbrepluralofbrugbridgeemilianromagnolrepresentsuinemiliandialectsinthebolognesedialectanvdavudmeansnephewsfrenchinfrenchdoesnotchangethepronunciationoftheletteruexceptinjeuneyoungwhichisstilloftenpronounceddifferentlyfromjeneafastinsomeotherwordslikemthecircumflexhasnodisambiguatingvalueattemptshavebeenmadetoabolishitinsuchwordsseecircumflexinfrenchalsooftenappearsinwordsthatusedtohaveansaftertheuthefrenchwordforaugustaotusedtobewrittenaoustfriulianrepresentsthesounditalianoccasionallyusedtorepresentthesoundinwordslikefronotheywerekurdishisusedinlatinkurmanjinthekurdishalphabettorepresentaclosecentralroundedvowelpolishinthemasoviandialectrepresentsjuturkishindicatespalatalizationphoneticspalatalizationoftheprecedingconsonantsknetquietnessispronouncedwelshinwelshlanguagewelshisusedtorepresentaloongstresslinguisticsstresseduorwhenwithoutthecircumflexitwouldbepronouncedasashortorcytnagreedbmiwasasopposedtobumfivewelshmorphologyinitialconsonantmutationsoftmutatedprenominalformcharactermappingscharmapdbnamelatincapitalletteruwithcircumflexfbnamelatinsmallletteruwithcircumflexmapebcdicfamilymapcharfbmapchardbmapisoiecisoisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecisoiecmapchardbmapcharfbseealsocircumflexobelusrcatshellxtmayrefertoscienceandtechnologycomputingandelectronicsxtmobilenetworkatelecomnewzealandmobilenetworkibmpcxtapersonalcomputerxtbusarchitecturecrosstalkanelectricalinterferencecausedbyawirecarryinganelectricalsignalthextversionsofradeongraphicscardsxtorxtxtnowikinowikiavideoserverfromevsbroadcastequipmentxtxsltanimplementationinjavaofxsltransformationsxsltcreatedbyjamesclarkxtoolkitintrinsicsorxtoolkitorxtalibraryprovidinganobjectorientedlookingapiforthexwindowsystemcanondigitalrebelxtadigitalsinglelensreflexcameravehiclesfordxtfalconacarproducedbythefordmotorcompanyinaustraliabetweenandmoyesxtanaustralianhanggliderdesignsubaruxtasportscarotherusesxtbrewingcompanyanenglishmicrobreweryxtbandaswedishmetalbandextratimeinsportcrosstraininginsportairexeliataairlinecodextchristmastreeoilwellbopitbopitxtbopitxtaelectronicgamemayrefertonewyearsdayapublicholidayinmanycountriesheldannuallyonthefirstofjanuaryschweizersgpanamericangliderdesignworldthefirstlevelofnintendossupermariobroslongcommenttoavoidbeinglistedonshortpagesthexungenmovementisaculturalandliterarymovementinmainlandchinaemphasizinglocalandminorityculturesitbeganinthelatesitspremiseisthattheculturalrevolutiondamagedapluralisticchineseidentitythathadexistedforcenturiesandthatthereconstructionofthatidentityrequiresahealthyappreciationoflocalculturesxducetranceduceisanxmltransformationlanguageexternallinksxducesourceforgenetxducehomepagexmltransformationlanguageredirectxorswapalgorithmdrugboxverifiedfieldschangedwatchedfieldschangedverifiedrevidiupacnametertbutyldimethylphenylmethylbrdihydrohimidazoleimagexylometazolinesvgwidthclinicaldatapronouncetradenameotrivinotrivineothersdrugscompregnancycategoryclegalstatusotcdependencyliabilitymoderateroutesofadministrationinsufflationmedicineintranasalsprayordropspharmacokineticdatabioavailabilitymetabolismeliminationhalflifesecondsexcretionurinaryidentifierscasnumberrefcasnumberatcprefixratcsuffixaaatcsupplementalpubchemiupharliganddrugbankrefdrugbankdbchemspideridrefchemspideriduniirefuniiwpyfthkkeggrefkeggdchemblrefchemblchemicaldatachnmolecularweightgmolsmilesncncccccccccccccccstdinchirefstdinchischnchhhhhstdinchikeyrefstdinchikeyhucjfaomupxhdkuhfffaoysandefinitionandmedicalusesxylometazolinealsospelledxylomethazolineisamedicationwhichisusedtoimprovesymptomsofnasalcongestionallergicrhinitisandsinusitisuseisalsonotrecommendedinthoselessthanthreemonthsofageandsomesaynotlessthanyearsofagesaysyearssaysmonthsitisuseddirectlyinthehumannosenoseasasprayordropssideeffectsandmechanismsideeffectsincludetroublesleepingirritationofthenosenauseaandheadachelongtermuseisnotrecommendedduetoarhinitismedicamentosawhenstoppeduseisnotrecommendedduringpregnancyxylometazolineisinthedecongestantandalphaadrenergicagonistfamiliesofmedicationrefnamegrarefrefnamemtmrefsocietyandculturexylometazolinewaspatentedinandcameintomedicaluseinmechanismofactionthedrugworksbystimulatingadrenergicreceptorsonthelaminapropriaofbloodvesselsinthenosethedecongestanteffectisduetovasoconstrictionconstrictionoflargeveinsinthenosewhichswellupduringtheinflammationofanyinfectionorallergyofthenosethesmallerarteriesarealsoconstrictedandthiscausesthecolourofthenasalepitheliumtobevisiblypalerafterdosagexylometazolineisanimidazolederivativewhichisdesignedtomimicthemolecularshapeofadrenalineitbindstoalphaadrenergicreceptorsubsubandalphaadrenergicreceptorsubsubadrenergicreceptorsinthenasalmucosaduetoitssympathomimeticeffectsitshouldnotbeusedbypeoplewithhighbloodpressureorotherheartproblemsextendedusageofxylometazolinecanresultindecreasedeffectivenessorabuildupoftoleranceagainstthedrugthenumberofreceptorsdecreasesandwhentheadministrationofthedrugisceasedchroniccongestioncanoccurthisiscalledrhinitismedicamentosacommonlyreferredtoasreboundcongestionmoreoverlongtermoverdosingcancausedegenerativechangesinnasalmucousmembranesthatposeanotherhealthproblemsocietyandculturebrandnamesxylometazolineissoldunderanumberofbrandnamesworldwideincludingantazolsquareinbangladeshxylometopsoninbangladeshcirovinklarigenindenmarknasolinneorinoleinanovorinolynthotrinozotrivenotrivingreecenewzealandnorwaynetherlandssouthafricaswedenvietnamotrivineunitedkingdomturkeyotrixrhinosetzenfreshnasomistxinindianaphthyziniumxymelyninlatviasinutabnasalspraysnupakutsudafedxylocomodxylolininuaexylovitolynthinserbiaxynosineinpakistanafghanistankyrgyzstanandkazakhstanxymelinzymelinxylostarxylorininpolandnasobolxylomephaandothersswitzerlandotrivinanddecozalinjordannasicromanianoproductscontainingxylometazolinearecurrentlymarketedoravailableintheunitedstatesformulationsthestandardadultsolutionstrengthismassconcentrationchemistrywvxylometazolineornbspmgpermlsolutionandthedoseforchildrenunderisusuallynbspmgmlseealsooxymetazolinereferencesnotethisarticleisfocusedonusageofthephrasenotonitsmathematicalincorrectnessthephrasetwoplustwoequalsfiveisasloganusedinmanydifferentformsofmassmediamediamostnotablyinpartonechaptersevenofthebooknineteeneightyfourbygeorgeorwellinthenovelitisusedasanexampleofanobviouslyfalsedogmathatonemayberequiredtobelievesimilartootherobviouslyfalsesloganspromotedbythepartynineteeneightyfourthepartyinthenovelorwellsprotagonistwinstonsmithusesthephrasetowonderifinnerpartythestatemightdeclaretwoplustwoequalsfiveasafactheponderswhetherifeverybodybelievesitthatconsensusrealitymakesittruetheinnerpartyinterrogatorofthoughtcrimethoughtcriminalsobrienobriensaysofthemathematicallyfalsestatementthatcontroloverphysicalrealityisunimportantsolongasonecontrolsonesownperceptionstowhatthepartywillsthenanycorporealactispossibleinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofdoublethinksometimestheyarefivesometimestheyarethreesometimestheyareallofthematonceselfevidenttruthandselfevidentfalsehoodtheequationhasbeenproverbialasthetypeofanobvioustruthsincethethcenturyanditappearsassuchinjohannwigandsdeneutralibusetmediislibellusthattwicetwoarefouramanmaynotlawfullymakeadoubtofitbecausethatmannerofknowledgeisgrauengravenintomannesmansnaturerefnameclarendonpressrefrendescartesrealmofpureideasconsidersthatselfevidentideasuchastwoplustwoequalsfourmayinfacthavenorealityoutsidethemindaccordingtothemeditationsonfirstphilosophyfirstmeditationthestandardoftruthisselfevidenceofclearanddistinctideashoweverdescartesquestionsthecorrespondenceoftheseideastorealityinhisplaydomjuanmolirestitlecharacterisaskedwhathebelievesheanswersthathebelievesthattwoplustwoequalsfourthemirrorimageofthisthatisthearchetypicaluntruthisattestedatleastasearlyasephraimchamberscyclopdiaoranuniversaldictionaryofartsandsciencespublishedinthatyearfollowsitsdefinitionofthewordabsurdwiththisillustrativeexamplethusapropositionwouldbeabsurdthatshouldaffirmthattwoandtwomakefiveorthatshoulddenyemtomakefoursimilarlysamueljohnsonsaidinthatyoumayhaveareasonwhytwoandtwoshouldmakefivebuttheywillstillmakebutfourthefirstknownsympatheticreferencetotheequationappearsinanletterbylordbyrontohissoontobewifeanneisabellabyronbaronessbyronanabellamilbankeinwhichhewritesiknowthattwoandtwomakefourshouldbegladtoproveittooificouldthoughimustsayifbyanysortofprocessicouldconvertintofiveitwouldgivememuchgreaterpleasurefrenchandrussianliteraturealthoughthephrasehadearlierbeenusedtoindicateanabsurdityingeneralitsusewithinapoliticalsettingisfirstattestedatthedawningofthefrenchrevolutionemmanueljosephsieysabbsieysinhiswhatisthethirdestatemockedthefactthattheestatesgeneralfranceestatesgeneralgavedisproportionatevotingpowertothearistocracyandtheclergyinwiththefollowinganalogyconsequentlyifitbeclaimedthatunderthefrenchconstitutionindividualsoutofmillioncitizensconstitutetwothirdsofthecommonwillonlyonecommentispossibleitisaclaimthattwoandtwomakefiverefnamebakerboyerrefhonordebalzacsnovelsraphtacontainsthefollowingpassagequotethusyouwillneverfindinallnaturetwoidenticalobjectsinthenaturalorderthereforetwoandtwocannevermakefourfortoattainthatresultwemustcombineunitsthatareexactlyalikeandyouknowthatitisimpossibletofindtwoleavesalikeonthesametreeortwoidenticalindividualsinthesamespeciesoftreethataxiomofyournumerationfalseinvisiblenatureisfalselikewiseintheinvisibleuniverseofyourabstractionswherethesamevarietyisfoundinyourideaswhicharetheobjectsofthevisibleworldextendedbytheirinterrelationsindeedthedifferencesaremorestrikingtherethanelsewherevictorhugousedthisphraseinheobjectedtothewayinwhichthevastmajorityoffrenchvotershadbackednapoleoniiiendorsingthewayliberalvalueshadbeenignoredinnapoleoniiiscouprefnamerodericktlongrefinhispamphletnapolonlepetithewritesnowgetsevenmillionfivehundredthousandvotestodeclarethattwoandtwomakefivethatthestraightlineisthelongestroadthatthewholeislessthanitspartgetitdeclaredbyeightmillionsbytenmillionsbyahundredmillionsofvotesyouwillnothaveadvancedastepinfyodordostoyevskysnotesfromundergroundpublishedintheprotagonistimplicitlysupportstheideaoftwotimestwomakingfivespendingseveralparagraphsconsideringtheimplicationsofrejectingthestatementtwotimestwomakesfourhispurposeisnotideologicalhoweverinsteadheproposesthatitisthefreewilltochooseorrejectthelogicalaswellastheillogicalthatmakesmankindhumanheaddsiadmitthattwicetwomakesfourisanexcellentthingbutifwearetogiveeverythingitsduetwicetwomakesfiveissometimesaverycharmingthingtoodostoyevskymayhavebeenawareofhugosuseofthisphrasehehadbeensentencedtodeathforhisparticipationinaradicalintellectualdiscussiongroupthesentencewascommutedtoimprisonmentinsiberiaandhechangedhisopinionssuchthattheywouldfitnoconventionallabelstheideaseemstohavebeensignificanttorussianliteratureandcultureivanturgenevwroteinprayeroneofhispoemsinprosewhateveramanpraysforhepraysforamiracleeveryprayerreducesitselftothisgreatgodgrantthattwicetwobenotfouralsosimilarsentimentsaresaidtobeamongleotolstoyslastwordswhenurgedtoconvertbacktotherussianorthodoxchurcheveninthevalleyoftheshadowofdeathtwoandtwodonotmakesixeventurnofthecenturyrussiannewspapercolumnistsusedthephrasetosuggestthemoralconfusionoftheagerussiananarchistmikhailbakuniningodandthestateclassifiesdeismasimagineaphilosophicalvinegarsauceofthemostopposedsystemsamixtureofchurchfathersfathersofthechurchscholasticphilosophersdescartesandblaisepascalpascalimmanuelkantkantandscottishpsychologistsallthisasuperstructureonthedivineandinnateideasofplatoandcoveredupwithalayerofhegelianimmanenceaccompaniedofcoursebyanignoranceascontemptuousasitiscompleteofnaturalscienceandprovingjustastwotimestwomakefivetheexistenceofapersonalgodinthereactioningermanybakunincomparesthebehaviorofcompromisingpositiviststotheoneofjustemilieuatthebeginningofthejulyrevolutionquotingafrenchjournaltheleftsaystimesaretherighttimesareandthejustemilieusaystimesaresovietplanningthesovietunionbeganitsfirstfiveyearplanfirstfiveyeareconomicplaninitsgoalswereambitiousfromthestartseekingtheimmediatetransformationoftheussrintoanindustrialnationtheconsequencesforunderperformanceduringtheplanwereseveremanagerswhoadmittedmissingtheirtargetsevenasthosetargetswererevisedupwardcouldbechargedwiththecrimeofwreckingsovietunionwreckingafterstatisticsfromthefirsttwoyearsindicatedthattheplanwasaheadofschedulejosephstalinannouncedthattheplanwouldbecompletedinfouryearsrefnamestalinrefpropagandistiakovguminersupportedthiscampaignwithaposterreadingarithmeticofanalternativeplanplustheenthusiasmoftheworkersstalindeclaredtheplanasuccessatthebeginningofnotingthecreationofseveralheavyindustriesrefnamestalinrefgeorgeorwellcouldhavebeeninfluencedbythispostergeorgeorwellgeorgeorwellhadusedthisconceptbeforepublishingnineteeneightyfourinduringhiscareeratthebbchebecamefamiliarwiththemethodsofnazipropagandainhisessaylookingbackonthespanishcivilwarspanishwarrefnamelookingbackrefpublishedinsixyearsbeforethepublicationofnineteeneightyfourorwellwroteintheviewofmostoforwellsbiographersthemainsourceforthiswasassignmentinutopiabyeugenelyonsanaccountofhistimeinthesovietunionthiscontainsachaptertwoplustwoequalsfivethatreferredtoguminerssloganhoweverorwellspokeofthenazismnazissohemayhavebeenmakingreferencetothereichsmarschallhermanngringwhoonceinadebatablyhyperbolicdisplayofloyaltytoadolfhitlerdeclaredifthefhrerwantsittwoandtwomakesfiveinnineteeneightyfourorwellwritesrefafterorwellinpoliticsandreligioninpresidentialdebatespriortotheiranianpresidentialelectionsreformistcandidatemirhosseinmousaviaccusedhisinterlocutorpresidentmahmoudahmadinejadofbeingillogicalandsaidifyouaskthepresidentwhattwobytwomakeshewouldanswerfiveinthefollowingdaysoneofthesloganschantedbymousavissupporterswastwobytwomakesfivemediacriticandrewkeenusesthephraseinhiscritiqueofwikipediaspolicytoletanyoneedithebelievesalongwithmarshallpoethatthisleadstoanencyclopediaofcommonknowledgenotexpertexpertknowledgehebelievesthewisdomofthecrowdwilldistorttruthifonewalksthroughthestreetsofhavanaincubaonecanseethegraffitispraypaintedaroundthecityasasubtlesignthatnoteveryoneiscontentwiththeregimeitisoftenclosetopropagandapostersinitaliancatholicpriestantoniospadaroacloseassociateofpopefrancistweetedtheologyisnotmathematicsintheologycanmakebecauseithastodowithgodandreallifeofpeoplethisremarkwastakenbymanytraditionalistcatholicstobereferringtoallegedcontradictionsbetweencertaininterpretationofamorislaetitiaanapostolicexhortationonhowdivorcedandremarriedcatholicscanreturntothechurchandlongstandingmarriageinthecatholicchurchcatholicdoctrineonmarriageremarriageanddivorcesomecharacterizedspadaroasallegingthatonecouldactcountertothedoctrineofthecatholicchurchiftheyfeltthatgodallowedthemtodosoinspiteofanymoraloftheologicalcontradictionsencounteredothershavedefendedhimclaimingthathewasmerelyreferringtothecatholicviewthatgodwillneverbeabletobeperfectlycomprehendedbyhumanreasonaloneotherscomparedhimhumorouslytorexmottramacharacterinevelynwaughevelynwaughsnovelbridesheadrevisitedinthenovelmottramduringhiscatechesisashedisinterestedlypreparestoenterthecatholicchurchtomarryanothermaincharactermakesnoefforttorationallyascertainanyaspectofthefaithattributingallcontradictionstohissinfulnessculturalreferencesinaynrandsatlasshruggedtheherojohngaltpositsthatthenoblestactyouhaveeverperformedistheactofyourmindintheprocessofgraspingthattwoandtwomakefourpopularenglishalternativerockbandradioheadusedthesloganasthetitleforsongtheopeningtrackontheirthstudioalbumhailtothethiefinthestartrekthenextgenerationepisodechainofcommandstartrekthenextgenerationchainofcommandpartiijeanlucpicardcaptainpicardistorturedbyacardassianinamannersimilartothetortureofwinstonsmithbyobrienfromnineteeneightyfourduringtheepisodethecardassianofficertriestocoercepicardtoadmitseeingfivelightswheninfacttherewereonlyfourpicardvaliantlystickstorealityneartheendwhenpicardisabouttobebroughtbacktohiscrewhedefiantlydeclaresonceagaintherearefourlightshoweverlaterinacounselingsessionwithdeannatroitroipicardadmitsthathebelievedhedidseefivelightsattheendintheiranianshortfilmtwotwofilmtwotwoateacherinanauthoritarianschoolusesastooltoinstillconformityinthevideogamemetalgearsolidvthephantompainthecharacterocelotmetalgearocelotwillrepeatasoneofafewphraseshesaysaftertellingtheplayerhehasreceiveddrugresistancetrainingthisisareferencetoocelotsowndoublethinkduringthegameinthevideogameorwellvideogameorwelltheachievementisunlockedforensuringthepublicacceptanceoftheorwellsurveillancesystemandtheeradicationofthoughtaprominentantigovernmentmovementthereforeensuringthecontinuedandtotalcontrolofthenationstotalitariangovernmentbraziliansongwritercaetanovelosowroteasongcalledcomolikeinportugueseinwhichoneoftheversestranslatesaseverythingallrightlikeareareferencetothedictatorshipthatruledbraziltheninbusinesstextsaboutsynergyisusedwithoutironytoindicatethattheoutcomeofacollectiveeffortisgreatersumofindividualeffortsseealsoaschconformityexperimentsformoreonhowtheinfluenceofamajoritycanaffecthowasinglepersonthinksnewspeakalternativefactssocialconstructivismpostmodernityculturalturnpoststructuralismgaslightingreferencesfurtherreadingexternallinkstimecomtimeprintouthtmltwoplustwoequalsredtimemagazinemondayjunxuanzangalignrightcellpaddingstyleborderpxsolidaaaaaamarginpxpxpaddingpxfontsizeptlineheightpttextaligncenterorccircumflexisaconsonantinesperantoorthographyrepresentingthesounditisbasedonthelettercesperantoorthographyusesadiacriticforallfourofitspostalveolarconsonantsasdothelatinbasedslaviclanguagesslavicalphabetslettersanddigraphorthographydigraphsthataresimilartoandrepresentthesamesoundincludeslovenianlanguageslovenepolishlanguagepolishdigraphczenglishlanguageenglishandspanishlanguagespanishdigraphchfrenchlanguagefrenchdigraphsandtrigraphstrigraphtchnorwegianlanguagenorwegiantrigraphtsjgermanlanguagegermantetragraphtschanditalianlanguageitaliancbeforeiorecharactermappingscharmapnamelatincapitallettercwithcircumflexnamelatinsmalllettercwithcircumflexseealsoorgcircumflexisaconsonantinesperantoorthographyrepresentingavoicephoneticsvoicedpostalveolaraffricateeitherpalatoalveolarorretroflexandisequivalenttoavoicedpostalveolaraffricateoravoicedretroflexaffricatewhileesperantoorthographyusesadiacriticforitsfourpostalveolarconsonantsasdothelatinbasedslaviclanguagesslavicalphabetsthebaselettersareromanogermanicisbasedonthelettergwhichhasthissoundinenglishlanguageenglishanditalianlanguageitalianbeforethevowelsiandewithsomeexceptionsinenglishtobetterpreservetheshapeofborrowingsfromthoselanguagessuchaseneralafromgeneralthanslavicwouldusesofinotherlanguagesinhaidalanguagehaidaalanguageisolatetheletterwassometimesusedtorepresentpharyngealvoicedfricativeinaleutlanguagealeutaneskimoaleutlanguagerepresentsavoiceduvularfricativethecorrespondingvoicelessaleutsoundisrepresentedbyxcircumflexxindutchlanguagedutchtheletterisusedinsomephrasebooksanddictionariesforpronunciationhelpitrepresentsaplosivebecausegispronouncedasafricativeindutchinsometranscriptionsofsumerianlanguagesumerianisusedtorepresentthevelarnasalseealsoesperantoorthographyidsirkumfleksorisaconsonantinesperantoorthographyrepresentingavoicelessvelarfricativeorvoicelessuvularfricativeitsnameinesperantoisopronounceditisalsousedinthereviseddemersblanchetstongeorthographyforchinookjargoninthecaseofthelowercaseminusculesomefontsplacethecircumflexcentredabovetheentirebaseletterhothersovertheriseroftheletterandothersovertheshoulderimagehcircumflexpngleftpxinthefontscodesylfaenpragmaticaesperantoreporteddemisewasalwaystheleastusedesperantoletterthoughitusuallyhasmoredictionaryentriesthanandmostofitsusesareinclassicalgreeklanguagegreeketymswhereitrepresentedchiletterchisincethelatterispronouncedkinmostlanguagesneologismneologisticequivalentssoonappearedinwhichwasreplacedbyksuchastenikoteknikotechnologyandemiokemiochemistrysomeotherreplacementsfollowedunusualpatternssuchasinoinochinesetheseadditionsandreplacementscameveryearlyandwereingeneralusebyworldwarnbspisincethentheimminentdemiseofhasbeenoftendiscussedbuthasneverreallyhappenedthereareveryfewmodernreplacementsnotablykorusofororochorussomewordsarepreferredtoexistingreplacementsoldornewsuchasaosovskaosochaosseveralwordscommonlyuseparticularlythoseofnongreeketymologyanokhanotojotamusicjotalitentejnoliechtensteinetcorthoseinwhichthereisanotherwordthatuseskinthatcontextthelatterincludeeoechoekobeginningeoczechekobankcheckorochoruskorohearthorohourotherusesanitalianitalodiscosingerfromtheshadtheinhisstagenamecatoinquantummechanicsissometimesusedtorepresentthehamiltonianquantummechanicshamiltonianoperatorphysicsoperatorespeciallyinthewheelerdewittequationcomputingcodecharmapnamelatincapitalletterhwithcircumflexnamelatinsmallletterhwithcircumflexseealsoreferencesorjcircumflexisaletterinesperantoorthographyrepresentingthesoundwhileesperantoorthographyusesadiacriticforitsfourpostalveolarconsonantsasdothelatinbasedslaviclanguagesslavicalphabetsthebaselettersareromanogermanicisbasedonthefrenchlanguagefrenchpronunciationoftheletterjtobetterpreservetheshapeofborrowingsfromthatlanguagesuchasurnalofromjournalthanslavicwouldusageinmathematicsthelettermathboldsymbolhatjmathmathissometimesusedtodenoteaunitvectorinmathematicsseealsoorscircumflexisaconsonantinesperantoorthographyrepresentingthesoundesperantoorthographyusesadiacriticforallfourofitspostalveolarconsonantsasdomostlatinbasedslaviclanguagesslavicalphabetspolishalphabetpolishisthemostnotableexceptionlettersanddigraphorthographydigraphsthataresimilartoalsobasedonsandrepresentthesamesoundincludeczechalphabetczechsyriaclatinalphabetsyriacslovakalphabetslovakslovenealphabetsloveneserbianlatinandcroatianalphabetcroatianandenglishalphabetenglishshandportuguesealphabetportuguesexchthecyrillicletterrepresentsthesamesoundisusedinisostandardoftransliterationintolatincharactersofcyrilliccharactersforletterseealsoorisaletterintheesperantoorthographyesperantoalphabetbasedonuitisalsousedinthebelarusianlanguagewhenwritteninthethcenturyformofthebelarusianlatinalphabettheaccentmarkdiacriticisknownasabrevethislettershouldnotbeconfusedwithucaronwhichisusedtoindicateuinthethirdtoneofchineselanguagepinyincomparecaronwithbrevecharmapcnamelatincapitalletteruwithbrevednamelatinsmallletteruwithbrevemapisomapcharddmapcharfdbelarusiantheletteriscallednonsyllabicuromanisedunieskadovajeinbelarusianbecauseitresemblesthevowelubutformsnosyllablesitisanallophoneofthatformsthediphthongsaeoandisequivalenttoitscyrilliccounterpartisshortucyrillicsometimesasinnationalgeographicmagazinenationalgeographicatlasesthecyrillicletterisromanizedaswesperantorepresentsasemivowelintheesperantoorthographyorthographyofesperantowhichisaninternationalauxiliarylanguagepubliclypresentedinasinbelarusianesperantoispronouncedasasemivowelnonsyllabicprimarilyinthediphthongsaeandrarelyoitisthoughtthatwascreatedbyanalogywiththebelarusianlettershortucyrilliccyrillicuwithbrevewhichwasproposedbypabessonovinmayalsobeusedforwinforeignnamessuchasaingtonoforwashingtonalthoughitusuallyiswrittenwithvvaingtonoitisalsousedforwinonomatopoeiasasinawaaanduniquelyinonenativelexicalwordowhichistheesperantonameoftheletteritselfromanianwaspreviouslypartoftheromanianalphabetuwithbrevewasusedonlyintheendingofaworditwasessentiallyalatinequivalentoftheslavonicbackyerfoundinlanguageslikerussianunpronouncedinmostcasesitservedtoindicatethatthepreviousconsonantwasnotpalatalizedorthattheprecedingiwasthevoweliandnotameremarkerofpalatalizationwhenwaspronounceditwouldfollowastressedvowelandstandinforsemivoweluasinwordseaandmeallspelledtodaywithoutthebreveoncefrequentitsurvivestodayinauthormateiucaragialesnameoriginallyspelledmateiitisnotspecifiedwhetherthepronunciationshouldadoptaversionthathehimselfprobablyneverusedwhileinmanyeditionsheisstillcreditedasmateiinothernamesonlythebrevewasdroppedwhilepreservingthepronunciationofasemivoweluasisthecaseofbphasdeotherusesinsomephilologicaltranscriptionsoflatindenotesavowellengthshortuforexamplefgtochaseawayvsfmtosmoketheletterisalsocommonlyusedamongslaviststodenotetheshortbackclosedvowelofprotoslavicvowelnotationprotoslavicthemccunereischauerromanizationofkoreanlanguagekoreanusestosignifytheclosebackunroundedvowelinitisalsousedinisototranscribethemalayalamlanguagessamvtkramanepenthesisepentheticvowelseveralschemesforpronunciationrespellingforenglishpronunciationofenglishwordshaveusedforexampletheamericanheritagedictionaryoftheenglishlanguagehasusedforthevowelintheenglishwordcutseealsoesperantoorthographyshortucyrillicshortuusedinbelarusiancyrillicalphabetbreveshortinotesxlrmayrefertoxlrconnectoranelectricalconnectorcommonlyusedinaudioequipmentcadillacxlraretractablehardtopconvertibleautomobilemegasxlranamericananimatedtelevisionseriesxlinkedrecessiveinheritancexlrarollercoasterxlprogramminglanguagesemanticsxlprogramminglanguageruntimeinsoftwareanxmlpipelineisformedwhenxmlextensiblemarkuplanguageprocessesespeciallyxmltransformationlanguagexmltransformationsandxmlvalidationsareconnectedforinstancegiventwotransformationstsubsubandtsubsubthetwocanbeconnectedsothataninputxmldocumentistransformedbytsubsubandthentheoutputoftsubsubisfedasinputdocumenttotsubsubsimplepipelinesliketheonedescribedabovearecalledlinearasingleinputdocumentalwaysgoesthroughthesamesequenceoftransformationstoproduceasingleoutputdocumentlinearoperationslinearoperationscanbedividedinatleasttwopartsmicrooperationstheyoperateattheinnerdocumentlevelrenamerenameselementsorattributeswithoutmodifyingthecontentreplacereplaceselementsorattributesinsertaddsanewdataelementtotheoutputstreamataspecifiedpointdeleteremovesanelementorattributealsoknownaspruningtheinputtreewrapwrapselementswithadditionalelementsreorderchangestheorderofelementsdocumentoperationstheytaketheinputdocumentasawholeidentitytransformmakesaverbatimcopyofitsinputtotheoutputcompareittakestwodocumentsandcomparethemtransformexecuteatransformontheinputfileusingaspecifiedxsltfileversionorshouldbespecifiedsplittakeasinglexmldocumentandsplititintodistinctdocumentssequenceoperationstheyaremainlyintroducedinxprocandhelptohandlethesequenceofdocumentasawholecountittakesasequenceofdocumentsandcountsthemidentitytransformmakesaverbatimcopyofitsinputsequenceofdocumentstotheoutputsplitsequencetakesasequenceofdocumentsasinputandroutesthemtodifferentoutputsdependingonmatchingruleswrapsequencetakesasequenceofdocumentsasinputandwrapsthemintooneormoredocumentsnonlinearnonlinearoperationsonpipelinesmayincludeconditionalsmdashwhereagiventransformationisexecutedifaconditionismetwhileanothertransformationisexecutedotherwiseloopsmdashwhereatransformationisexecutedoneachnodeofanodesetselectedfromadocumentoratransformationisexecuteduntilaconditionevaluatestofalseteesmdashwhereadocumentisfedtomultipletransformationspotentiallyhappeninginparallelaggregationsmdashwheremultipledocumentsareaggregatedintoasingledocumentexceptionhandlingmdashwherefailuresinprocessingcanresultinanalternatepipelinebeingprocessedsomestandardsalsocategorizetransformationasmacrochangesimpactinganentirefileormicroimpactingonlyanelementorattributexmlpipelinelanguagesxmlpipelinelanguagesareusedtodefinepipelinesaprogramwrittenwithanxmlpipelinelanguageisimplementedbysoftwareknownasanxmlpipelineenginewhichcreatesprocessesconnectsthemtogetherandfinallyexecutesthepipelineexistingxmlpipelinelanguagesincludestandardsxprocxprocanxmlpipelinelanguageisawcrecommendationfordefininglinearandnonlinearxmlpipelinesproductspecificwcxmlpipelinedefinitionlanguageisspecifiedinawcnotewcxmlpipelinelanguagexplversiondraftisspecifiedinawcsubmissionandacomponentoforbeonpresentationserveropsnowcalledorbeonformsthisspecificationprovidesanimplementationofanearlierversionofthelanguagexplallowsthedeclarationofcomplexpipelineswithconditionalsloopsteesaggregationsandsubpipelinesxprocisroughlyasupersetofxplrefnamexplandxprocrefapachecocooncocoonsitemapsallowamongotherfunctionalitythedeclarationofxmlpipelinescocoonsitemapsareoneoftheearliestimplementationsoftheconceptofxmlpipelinesmallxxmlpipelinesareusedbythesmallxprojectservingxmldefinesavocabularyforexpressingflatxmlxmlflatflatflatandxmlxmltransformationsinpipelinespolarlakecomreferencedatadistributionxmldatapipeliningplatformpolarlakecircuitmarkuplanguageusedbypolarlakesruntimetodefinepolarlakecomreferencedatadistributionxmldatapipeliningplatformxmlpipelinescircuitsarecollectionsofpathsthroughwhichfragmentsofxmlstreamusuallyassaxordomeventscomponentsareplacedonpathstointeractwiththestreamandortheoutsideworldinalowlatencyprocessxmlshisascriptinglanguagebasedontheunixshellswhichnativelysupportsxmlandtextpipelinesxmlshorgstylusstudioxmlpipelineisavisualgrammarwhichdefinesthefollowingoperationsinputoutputxqueryxsltvalidatexslfotopdfconverttoxmlconvertfromxmlchoosewarningstoppipegranularitydifferentxmlpipelineimplementationssupportdifferentgranularityofflowdocumentwholedocumentsflowthroughthepipeasatomicunitsadocumentcanonlybeinoneplaceatatimethoughusuallymultipledocumentsmaybeinthepipeatonceeventelementtextnodeseventsmayflowthroughdifferentpathsadocumentmaybeconcurrentlyflowingthroughmanycomponentsatthesametimestandardizationuntilmaytherewasnowidelyusedstandardforxmlpipelinelanguageshoweverwiththeintroductionofthewcxprocstandardasawcrecommendationrecommendationrecwcrecommendationasofmaywidespreadadoptioncanbeexpectedhistorydouglasmcilroyofbelllaboratoriesaddsthepipeoperatortotheunixcommandshellthisallowstheoutputfromoneshellprogramtogodirectlyintoinputofanothershellprogramwithoutgoingtodiskthisallowedprogramssuchastheunixawkandsedtobespecializedyetworktogethercsdartmouthedudougformoredetailsseepipelineunixseanmcgrathblogspotcomseanmcgrathdevelopedactoolkitforsgmlprocessingstefanomazzocchireleasesthefirstversionofapachecocoononeofthefirstsoftwareprogramstousexmlpipelinespolarlakecompolarlakebuildpolarlakecomreferencedatadistributionxmldatapipeliningplatformxmloperatingsystemwhichincludespolarlakecomreferencedatadistributionxmldatapipeliningplatformxmlpipeliningnotessubmittedbynormanwalshandevemalerfromsunmicrosystemsaswellasawcsubmissionsubmittedinbyerikbruchezandalessandrovernetfromorbeonwereimportantstepstowardspawninganactualstandardizationeffortwhileneithersubmissiondirectlybecameawcrecommendationtheywereconsideredkeysourcesofinspirationforthewcxmlprocessingworkinggroupworkinggroupseptemberwcxmlprocessingworkinggroupworkinggroupstartedthetaskofthisworkinggroupwastocreateaspecificationforanxmlpipelininglanguageaugustxmlshorgxmlshanxmlpipelinelanguagewasannouncedatbalisagenetproceedingsvolhtmlleebalisagevolleehtmlbalisageseealsoapachecocoonidentitytransformnetkernelpipelineunixwcrecommendationxsltreferencesexternallinksstandardsrecommendationsworgtrxprocxprocanxmlpipelinelanguagewcrecommendationmayworkingdraftsworgxmlprocessingwcxmlprocessingmodelworkinggroupworgtrxmlpipelinewcxmlpipelinedefinitionlanguagenoteworgsubmissionxplwcxmlpipelinelanguagexplversiondraftsubmissionproductspecificdatatypedeenxmlxsltxslfoxprocxproctutorialandreferenceoraclecomtechnologytechxmlxdkhomehtmloraclesxmlpipelinedefinitionlanguagecontrollerimplementationpartofxmldeveloperskitnoindividualdownloadcocoonapacheorguserdocsconceptssitemaphtmlcocoonsitemapresearchservercoukdocsbooktutorialdocguidexmlpipelinesmainhtmlnetkernelxmlpipelinesideallianceorgproceedingsxtechpapersmanagingcomplexdocumentgenerationthroughpipeliningorbeoncomoisdocreferencexplpipelinesxmlpipelinelanguagexpldocumentationnormanwalshnamesxpipesxpipepolarlakecompolarlakereferencedatamanagementpolarlakexmlcircuitsandreferencedatamanagementsmallxdevjavanetsmallxservingxmlsourceforgenetservingxmlstylusstudiocomxmlpipelinehtmlxmlpipelineimplementationfromstylusstudiothisprogramallowsxmltransformstobechainedtogetheralongwithotheroperationsonxmlfilessuchasvalidationandhtmltidyxmlpipelineservercomivixmlpipelineserverxmlpipelineserverisanimplementationforthestylusstudioxmlpipelinelanguagexprocorgnormanwalshsxprocwebsitenormanwalshisthechairofthewcxprocs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triestypicallyconsistofindepthanalysesofinternationalsituationsanddomesticattitudestowardsregionalissuesandacertaincountrysperceptionofchinarefnamelamplamptondavidthemakingofchineseforeignandsecuritypolicyintheeraofreformstanforduniversitypressrefthechinesegovernmentsinternalmediapublicationsystemfollowsastricthierarchicalpatterndesignedtofacilitatepartycontrolapublicationcalledreferencenewswhichincludestranslatedarticlesfromabroadaswellasnewsandcommentarybyxinhuareportersisdeliveredbyxinhuapersonnelratherthanbythenationalmailsystemtoofficialsattheworkinglevelandaboveathreetotenpagereportcalledinternalreferenceneibucankaoisdistributedtoofficialsattheministeriallevelandhigheroneexamplewasthefirstreportsonthesarsoutbreakbyxinhuawhichonlygovernmentofficialswereallowedtoseethemostclassifiedxinhuainternalreportsareissuedtothetopdozenorsopartyandgovernmentofficialsheadquartersandregionalsectorsthexinhuaheadquartersislocatedinbeijingstrategicallylocatedwithincloseproximitytozhongnanhaiwhichhousestheheadquartersofthecommunistpartyofchinathestatecouncilofthepeoplesrepublicofchinastatecouncilandtheofficeofthepresidentofthepeoplesrepublicofchinathexinhuanewsagencyestablisheditsfirstoverseasaffiliateininlondonwithsamuelchinqueaspublishernowitdistributesitsnewsinasiamiddleeastlatinamericaafricathroughmorethanaffiliateswithregionalheadquartersinhongkongmoscowcairobrusselsnewyorkcitymexicocityandnairobiplusaunitednationsbureauhongkongxinhuasbranchinhongkongwasnotjustapressofficebutservedasthedefactoembassydefactoembassyoftheprcintheterritorywhenitwasunderbritishhongkongbritishadministrationitwasnamedanewsagencyunderthespecialhistoricconditionsbeforetheterritoryssovereigntywastransferofsovereigntyoverhongkongtransferredfrombritaintochinabecausethepeoplesrepublicdidnotrecognisebritishsovereigntyoverthecolonyandcouldnotsetupaconsulateonwhatitconsideredtobeitssoildespiteitsunofficialstatusthedirectorsofthexinhuahongkongbranchincludedhighrankingformerdiplomatssuchaszhounanformerambassadortotheunitednationsandviceministerofforeignaffairswholaternegotiatedthesinobritishjointdeclarationonthefutureofhongkonghispredecessorxujiatunwasalsovicechairmanofthehongkongbasiclawdraftingcommitteebeforefleeingtotheunitedstatesinresponsetothemilitarycrackdownonthetiananmensquareprotestsoftiananmensquareprotestswherehewentintoexileitwasauthorizedbythespecialadministrativeregionofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaspecialadministrativeregiongovernmenttocontinuetorepresentthecentralgovernmentafteranditwasrenamedtheliaisonofficeofthecentralpeoplesgovernmentinthehongkongspecialadministrativeregionliaisonofficeofthecentralpeoplesgovernmentinthehongkongsaronjanuaryretainingbranchchiefjiangenzhuasinauguraldirectorthestatecouncilofthepeoplesrepublicofchinastatecouncilappointedgaosirenasthedirectorinaugustaftertheliaisonofficewasestablishedxinhuaagencywasreconstitutedasabonafidepressofficecairoxinhuaopeneditsmiddleeastregionalbureauincairoegyptininnovemberxinhuanewsagencyopenedanewofficebuildingalongsidethenileriverincairosmaadidistrictvientianexinhuaopenedabureauinvientianethecapitaloflaosinitistheonlyforeignnewsbureaupermittedtopermanentlyoperateinthecountrycontroversiesoverviewbiaspoliticalcorrectnessbothforeignanddomesticantigovernmentcriticshaveroutinelyattackedxinhuaforitspoliticalcorrectnessandfavorableportrayalofchinasstatepoliciesinreporterswithoutbordersreporterssansfrontieresaccusedxinhuaofbeingtheworldsbiggestpropagandamachinepointingoutthatxinhuaspresidentheldtherankofaministerinthegovernmentthereportfurtherassertedthatthenewsagencywasattheheartofcensorshipanddisinformationputinplacebythegovernmentinainterviewwiththetimesofindiathenxinhuapresidenttiancongmingaffirmedtheproblemofhistoricalsetbacksandpopularperceptionsnewsweekslammedxinhuaasbeingbestknownforitsblindspotsregardingcontroversialnewsinchinaalthoughthearticleacknowledgesthatxinhuasspindiminisheswhenthenewsdoesntinvolvechinaduringthesarsoutbreakxinhuawasslowtoreleasereportsoftheincidenttothepublichoweveritsreportingintheaftermathofthesichuanearthquakewasseenasmoretransparentandcredibleasxinhuajournalistsoperatedmorefreelyafterthebeijingtelevisionculturalcenterfirecognizantofxinhuastardyreportingincontrasttobloggerschinaannouncedtheinvestmentofbillionyuantoxinhuathevicepresidentofthechinainternationalpublishinggroupcommentedonthissayingthatquantityofmediaexposurewouldnotnecessarilyhelpperceptionsofchinaratherhesaidmediashouldfocusonemphasizingchinesecultureandthechinesewayoflifetoconveythemessagethatchinaisafriendnotanenemyxinhuaforitsownparthascriticizedwesternworldforeignmediabiasandinaccuratereportingcitinganincidentduringthetibetanunrestwhenwesternmediaoutletsusedscenesoflawenforcementinnepalnepalesepolicearrestingtibetanprotestersasevidenceofchinesepolicebrutalitywithcommentaryfromcnnsjackcaffertycallingthechinesegoonsandthugscnnlaterapologizedforthecommentsrefnamecnnrefbutrichardspencerofthesundaytelegraphdefendedwhatheconcededwasbiasedwesternmediacoverageoftheriotsblamingchineseauthori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onstructureandsecurityanxraygeneratorgenerallycontainsanxraytubetoproducethexrayspossiblyradioisotopescanalsobeusedtogeneratexraysanxraytubeisasimplevacuumtubethatcontainsacathodewhichdirectsastreamofelectronsintoavacuumandananodewhichcollectstheelectronsandismadeoftungstentoevacuatetheheatgeneratedbythecollisionwhentheelectronscollidewiththetargetaboutoftheresultingenergyisemittedasxrayswiththeremainingreleasedasheatduetothehighenergyoftheelectronsthatreachrelativisticspeedsthetargetisusuallymadeoftungstenevenifothermaterialcanbeusedparticularlyinxrfapplicationsanxraygeneratoralsoneedstocontainacoolingsystemtocooltheanodemanyxraygeneratorsusewateroroilrecirculatingsystemsrefnamentdndtedorgeducationresourcescommunitycollegeradiographyequipmentmaterialsxraygeneratorshtmxraygeneratorsndtresourcecenterpagefetchedaprilrefmedicalimagingwithanxraygeneratorandaxraydetectordetectorinmedicalimagingapplicationsanxraymachinehasacontrolconsolethatisusedbyaradiologictechnologisttoselectxrayattributessuitableforthespecificexamapowersupplythatcreatesandproducesthedesiredkvppeakkilovoltagemamilliamperessometimesreferredtoasmaswhichisactuallymamultipliedbythedesiredexposurelengthforthexraytubeandthexraytubeitselfhistorythediscoveryofxrayscamefromexperimentingwithcrookestubesanearlyexperimentalelectricaldischargetubeinventedbyenglishphysicistwilliamcrookesaroundinwilhelmrntgendiscoveredxraysemanatingfromcrookestubesandthemanyusesforxrayswereimmediatelyapparentoneofthefirstxrayphotographswasmadeofthehandofrntgenswifetheimagedisplayedbothherweddingringandbonesonjanuaryanxraymachinewasformallydisplayedbyhenrylouissmithafullyfunctioningunitwasintroducedtothepublicatthelouisianapurchaseexpositionmedicalcontributionsworldsfairbyclarencemadisondallyclarencedallyinthesandsxraymachineswereusedinstorestohelpsellfootwearthesewereknownasshoefittingfluoroscopeshoweverastheharmfuleffectsofxrayradiationwereproperlyconsideredtheyfinallyfelloutofuseshoefittinguseofthedevicewasfirstbannedbythestateofpennsylvaniaintheyweremoreaclevermarketingtooltoattractcustomersratherthanafittingaidtogetherwithrobertjvandegraaffjohngtrumpdevelopedoneofthefirstmillionvoltxraygeneratorsoverviewanxrayimagingsystemconsistsofageneratorcontrolconsolewheretheoperatorselectsdesiredtechniquestoobtainaqualityreadableimagekvpmaandexposuretimeanxraygeneratorwhichcontrolsthexraytubecurrentxraytubekilovoltageandxrayemittingexposuretimeanxraytubethatconvertsthekilovoltageandmaintoactualxraysandanimagedetectionsystemwhichcanbeeitherafilmanalogtechnologyoradigitalcapturesystemandapicturearchivingandcommunicationsystempacsapplicationsxraymachinesareusedinhealthcareforvisualisingbonestructuresduringsurgeriesespeciallyorthopedictoassistsurgeonsinreattachingbrokenboneswithscrewsorstructuralplatesassistingcardiologistsinlocatingblockedarteriesandguidingstentplacementsorperformingangioplastiesandforotherdensetissuessuchastumoursnonmedicinalapplicationsincludesecurityandmaterialanalysismedicineimagemobilexraymachinejpgthumbrightmobilefluoroscopyunitscanproduceimagescontinuouslythemainfieldsinwhichxraymachinesareusedinmedicineareradiographyradiotherapyandfluoroscopictypeproceduresfluoroscopyradiogrradiographyaphyisgenerallyusedforfasthighlypenetratingimagesandisusuallyusedinareaswithahighbonecontentbutcanalsobeusedtolookfortumorssuchaswithmammographyimagingsomeformsofradiographyincludeorthopantomogramapanoramicxrayofthejawshowingalltheteethatoncemammographyxraysofbreasttissuetomographyxrayimaginginsectionsradiotherapytheuseofxrayradiationtotreatmalignantandbenigncancercellsanonimagingapplicationfluoroscopyisusedincaseswhererealtimevisualizationisnecessaryandismostcommonlyencounteredineverydaylifeatairportsecuritysomemedicalapplicationsoffluoroscopyincludeangiographyusedtoexaminebloodvesselsinrealtimealongwiththeplacementofstentsandotherprocedurestorepairblockedarteriesbariumenemaaprocedureusedtoexamineproblemsofthecolonanatomycolonandlowergastrointestinaltractbariumswallowsimilartoabariumenemabutusedtoexaminetheuppergastroinstestinaltractbiopsytheremovaloftissueforexaminationxraysarehighlypenetratingionizingradiationthereforexraymachinesareusedtotakepicturesofdensetissuessuchasbonesandteeththisisbecausebonesabsorbtheradiationmorethanthelessdensesofttissuexraysfromasourcepassthroughthebodyandontoaphotographiccassetteareaswhereradiationisabsorbedshowupaslightershadesofgreyclosertowhitethiscanbeusedtodiagnosebrokenorfracturedbonesinfluoroscopyimagingofthedigestivetractisdonewiththehelpofaradiocontrastradiocontrastagentsuchasbariumsulfatewhichisopaquetoxrayssecurityimageflughafenkontrollejpgthumbhandluggageinspectionmachineatberlinschnefeldairportxraymachinesareusedtoscreenobjectsnoninvasivelyluggageatairportsecurityairportsandstudentbaggageatsomeschoolschoolsecurityschoolsareexaminedforpossibleweaponsincludingbombspricesoftheseluggagexraysvaryfromtothemainpartsofanxraybaggageinspectionsystemarethegeneratorusedtogeneratexraysthedetectortodetectradiationafterpassingthroughthebaggagesignalprocessorunitusuallyapctoprocesstheincomingsignalfromthedetectorandaconveyorsystemformovingbaggageintothesystemportablepulsedxraybatterypoweredxraygeneratorusedinsecurityasshowninthefigureprovideseodresponderssaferanalysisofanypossibletargethazardoperationwhenbaggageisplacedontheconveyoritismovedintothemachinebytheoperatorthereisaninfraredtransmitterandreceiverassemblytodetectthebaggagewhenitentersthetunnelthisassemblygivesthesignaltoswitchonthegeneratorandsignalprocessingsystemthesignalprocessingsystemprocessesincomingsignalsfromthedetectorandreproduceanimagebaseduponthetypeofmaterialandmaterialdensityinsidethebaggagethisimageisthensenttothedisplayunitcolorclassificationimagexrayverkehrshausjpgthumbxrayimageofabackpackorganicandinorganicmaterialsarediscriminatedinusingdualenergytechniquesthecolouroftheimagedisplayeddependsuponthematerialandmaterialdensityorganicmaterialsuchaspaperclothesandmostexplosivesaredisplayedinorangemixedmaterialssuchasaluminumaredisplayedingreeninorganicmaterialssuchascopperaredisplayedinblueandnonpenetrableitemsaredisplayedinblacksomemachinesdisplaythisasayellowishgreenorredthedarknessofthecolordependsuponthedensityorthicknessofthematerialthematerialdensitydeterminationisachievedbytwolayerdetectorthelayersofthedetectorpixelsareseparatedwithastripofmetalthemetalabsorbssoftrayslettingtheshortermorepenetratingwavelengthsthroughtothebottomlayerofdetectorsturningthedetectortoacrudetwobandspectrometeradvancesinxraytechnologyaprilwwwarmymilfetchedfromurlonaprilrefafilmofcarbonnanotubesasacathodethatemitselectronsatroomtemperaturewhenexposedtoanelectricalfieldhasbeenfashionedintoanxraydeviceanarrayoftheseemitterscanbeplacedaroundatargetitemtobescannedandtheimagesfromeachemittercanbeassembledbycomputersoftwaretoprovideadimensionalimageofthetargetinafractionofthetimeittakesusingaconventionalxraydevicethesystemalsoallowsrapidprecisecontrolenablingprospectivephysiologicalgatedimagingengineersattheuniversityofmissourimucolumbiamissouricolumbiahaveinventedacompactsourceofxraysandotherformsofradiationtheradiationsourceisthesizeofastickofgumandcouldbeusedtocreateportablexrayscannersaprototypehandheldxrayscannerusingthesourcecouldbemanufacturedinassoonasthreeyearsseealsofluoroscopebackscatterxrayegforsecurityscanningpassengersratherthanbaggagexraycrystallographyradiographyxrayfluorescencexrayastronomyjustdetectorsnotesreferencescitejournalauthorzhangjauthoryanggauthorchengyauthorgaobqiuqauthorleeyzauthorlujpauthorzhouolastauthorampyestitlestationaryscanningxraysourcebasedoncarbonnanotubefieldemittersjournalappliedphysicslettersvolumeissuemayyearpagedoiurlscitationaiporggetabsservletgetabsservletprognormalidapplabidtypecvipsgifsyesarchiveurlarchiveisscitationaiporggetabsservletgetabsservletprognormalidapplabidtypecvipsgifsyesdeadurlyesarchivedatebibcodeapphlrzchrissalbergownerofrapidxraybizrapidxrayxianfenginfoboxroyaltynamexianfengemperornativenametemplenamechinesewnzngbrmanchuwendzungimagejpgsuccessionlistofemperorsoftheqingdynastythemperoroftheqingdynastycoronationmarchreignmarchaugustpredecessordaoguangemperorsuccessortongzhiemperorfullnamechineseyzhbrmanchulanguagemanchuijuposthumousnameemperorxitinyynzhzhngchummodzhnwshngxioyungngdunrnkunmnzhungjinxinbrmanchulanguagemanchuiletuhwangdititlestheemperoreranamechineselanguagechinesexinfngbrmanchulanguagemanchugubcielgiyenggebrbrmongolianlanguagemongolianbreradatesroyalhouseaisingiorofatherdaoguangemperormotherempressxiaoquanchengbirthdatebirthplaceoldsummerpalacebeijingqingdynastychinadeathdatedeathplacechengdemountainresortchengdesummerpalacezhiliqingdynastychinaplaceofburialdinglingeasternqingtombszunhuatangshanhebeiprovincechinathexianfengemperorjulyaugustpersonalnameijuoryizhuwastheninthemperorofchinaemperorofthemanchupeoplemanchuledqingdynastyandtheseventhqingemperortoruleoverchinafromtofamilyandearlylifeyizhuwasborninattheoldsummerpalaceeightkilometresnorthwestofbeijinghewasfromthemanchuaisingioroclanandwasthefourthsonofthedaoguangemperorhismotherwastheempressxiaoquanchengnobleconsortquanofthemanchuniohuruclanwhowasmadeempressinandisknownposthumouslyasempressxiaoquanchengyizhuwasreputedtohaveanabilityinliteratureandadministrationwhichsurpassedmostofhisbrotherswhichimpressedhisfatherwhothereforedecidedtomakehimhissuccessorearlyreignyizhusucceededthethroneinatageandwasarelativelyyoungemperorheinheritedadynastythatfacednotonlyinternalbutalsoforeignchallengesyizhuschineseeranamereigntitlexianfengwhichmeansuniversalprosperitydidnotreflectthesituationinthefirstofaseriesofpopularrebellionsbeganthatwouldnearlydestroytheqingdynastythetaipingrebellionbeganindecemberwhenhongxiuquanahakkapeoplehakkaleaderofasyncreticchristiansectdefeatedlocalforcessenttodispersehisfollowershongthenproclaimedtheestablishmentofthetaipingheavenlykingdomandtherebellionspreadtoseveralprovinceswithamazingspeedthefollowingyearthenianrebellionstartedinnorthchinaunlikethechristianinfluencedtaipingrebelsthenianmovementlackedaclearpoliticalprogrambuttheybecameaseriousthreattotheqingcapitalbeijingwiththemobilityoftheircavalrybasedarmiestheqingimperialforcessufferedrepeateddefeatsatthehandsofbothrebelmovementsrebellionsandwarsinthetaipingrebelsbattleofnanjingcapturednanjingandforawhileitseemedthatbeijingwouldfallnextbutthetaipingnorthernexpeditionwasdefeatedandthesituationstabilizedthexianfengemperordispatchedseveralprominentmandarinbureaucratmandarinssuchaszengguofanandthemongolgeneralsenggerinchentocrushtherebellionsbuttheyonlyobtainedlimitedsuccessthebiggestmiaorebellionrevoltofthemiaopeopleagainstchineseruleinhistorystartedinandravagedtheregionuntilfinallyputdownininanattempttoregainnanjingbattleofnankingwasdefeatedandthepanthayrebellionbrokeoutinyunnanmeanwhileaninitiallyminorincidentonthecoaststriggeredthesecondopiumwaranglofrenchforcesafterincitingafewbattlesnotallvictoriesforthemonthecoastneartianjinattemptednegotiationwiththeqinggovernmentthexianfengemperorundertheinfluenceofhisnobleconsortyilaterempressdowagercixibelievedinchinesesuperiorityandwouldnotagreetoanycolonialdemandshedelegatedprincegongqingdynastyprincegongforseveralnegotiationsbutrelationsbrokedowncompletelywhenabritishdiplomatharrysmithparkessirharryparkeswasarrestedduringnegotiationsonseptembertheanglofrenchinvasionclashedwithsenggerinchensmongolcavalryonseptembernearzhangjiawanbeforeproceedingtowardtheoutskirtsofbeijingforadecisivebattleintongzhoudistrictbeijingonseptemberatthebattleofpalikaobattleofeightmilebridgesenggerinchenstroopsincludinghiselitemongolcavalrywerecompletelyannihilatedafterseveraldoomedfrontalchargesagainsttheconcentratedfirepoweroftheanglofrenchforceswhichenteredbeijingonoctoberonoctoberthebritishandfrenchforceswentontolootandburntheoldsummerpalaceandsummerpalaceuponlearningaboutthisnewsthexianfengemperorshealthquicklydeterioratedduringthexianfengemperorsreignchinalostpartofmanchuriatotherussianempireinaccordingtothetreatyofaiguntheterritorybetweenstanovoymountainsandamurriverwascededtorussiaandinaccordingtotheconventionofpekingtreatyofbeijingthesamethinghappenedalsototheareaeastofussuririverafterthattreatytherussiansfoundedthecityofvladivostokintheareatheyhadannexedwhilenegotiationswiththeeuropeanpowerswerebeingheldthexianfengemperorandhisimperialentouragefledtojeholprovincejeholprovinceinthenameofconductingtheannualimperialhuntingexpeditionashishealthworsenedtheemperorsabilitytogovernalsodeterioratedandcompetingideologiesincourtledtotheformationoftwodistinctfactionsoneledbytheseniorofficialsushunandtheprinceszaiyuanandduanhuaandtheotherledbyempressdowagercixinobleconsortyiwhowassupportedbythegeneralrongluandtheeightbannersbannermenoftheclannarayehenaraclandeathmonbrbrmonrmncbrbrmncromthexianfengemperordiedonaugustfromashortlifeofoverindulgenceatthechengdemountainresortkilometresnortheastofbeijinghissuccessorwashissurvivingsixyearoldsontongzhiemperorzaichunadaybeforehisdeaththexianfengemperorhadsummonedsushunandhissupporterstohisbedsideandgavethemanimperialedictthatdictatedthepowerstructureduringhissonsminoritytheedictappointedeightmenzaiyuanduanhuajingshousushunmuyinkuangyuanduhanandjiaoyouyingasaneightmemberregencycounciltoaidzaichunwhowaslaterenthronedasthetongzhiemperorbytraditionafterthedeathofanemperortheemperorsbodywastobeaccompaniedtothecapitalbytheregentsnobleconsortyiandempressdowagercianempressconsortzhenwhowerenowknownasempressdowagerscixiandciantravelledaheadtobeijingandplannedxinyoucoupacoupwithprincegongqingdynastyprincegongthatoustedtheeightregentsempressdowagercixitheneffectivelyruledchinaoverthesubsequentyearsasaregentthexianfengemperorwasinterredintheeasternqingtombskilometresmileseastofbeijinginthedinglingtombofquietudemausoleumcomplexlegacytheqingdynastycontinuedtodeclineduringthereignofthexianfengemperorrebellionsinthecountrywhichbeganthefirstyearofhisreignwouldnotbequelleduntilwellintothereignofthetongzhiemperorandresultedinmillionsofdeathsthexianfengemperoralsohadtodealwiththebritishandfrenchandtheirevergrowingappetitetoexpandtradefurtherintochinathexianfengemperorlikehisfatherthedaoguangemperorunderstoodverylittleabouteuropeansandtheirmindsetheviewednonchineseasinferiorandregardedtherepeatedrequestsbytheeuropeansfortheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationsasanoffencewhentheeuropeansintroducedthelongheldconceptofanexchangedconsularrelationshipthexianfengemperorquicklyrebuffedtheideaatthetimeofhisdeathhehadnotmetwithanyforeigndignitarydespitehistumultuousdecadeofreignthexianfengemperorwascommonlyseenasthelastqingemperortohaveheldparamountauthorityrulinginhisownrightthereignsofhissonandsubsequentsuccessorswereoverseenbyregentsatrendpresentuntilthefalloftheqingdynastyancestryahnentafelcollapsedyesaligncenterboxstylebackgroundcolorfccboxstylebackgroundcolorfbboxstylebackgroundcolorffcboxstylebackgroundcolorbfcboxstylebackgroundcolorfethsonaisingioroyizhuwenzongbrbrndsondaoguangemperoraisingiorominningxuanzongbrbrwifeempressxiaoquanchengladyniohuruempressxiaoquanchengbrbrthsonjiaqingemperoraisingioroyongyanrenzongbrbrwifeempressxiaoshuruiladyhitaraempressxiaoshuruibrbrnio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spanstyletextalignleftverticalaligncenterdivstylewidthpximportantnbspnmdivivybridgeeexxxexxxvsepivybridgeepexxvmarstylebackgroundcolorfecfcivybridgeexexxvfebivybridgeexexxxxvfebstylebackgroundcolorfecfchaswelleexxxexxxvsephaswellepexxvjunstylebackgroundcolorfecfccolspanstylebackgroundcolorfffhaswellexexxxxvmaystylebackgroundcolorfeeddrowspanstyletextalignleftverticalaligncenterdivstylewidthpximportantnbspnmdivbroadwelleexxxexxxvjuncolspanstylebackgroundcolorfffborderwidthrowspanstylebackgroundcolorfeeddskylakedtevoctstylebackgroundcolorfeeddskylakexskylakespcolspanlistofintelxeonmicroprocessorsthexeonbrandhasbeenmaintainedoverseveralgenerationsofxandxprocessorsoldermodelsaddedthexeonmonikertotheendofthenameoftheircorrespondingdesktopprocessorbutmorerecentmodelsusedthenamexeononitsownthexeoncpusgenerallyhavemorecpucachecachethantheirdesktopcounterpartsinadditiontomultiprocessingcapabilitiespbasedxeonpentiumiixeonthefirstxeonbrandedprocessorwasthepentiumiixeoncodenameddrakeitwasreleasedinreplacingthepentiumproinintelsserverlineupthepentiumiixeonwasadeschutesmicroprocessordeschutespentiumiiandsharedthesameproductcodewithafullspeednbspkbnbspmbornbspmbcpucachelcachethelcachewasimplementedwithcustomkbsramsdevelopedbyintelthenumberofsramsdependedontheamountofcacheakbconfigurationrequiredonesramambconfigurationtwosramsandambconfigurationfoursramsonbothsidesofthepcbeachsramwasanbspmmbynbspmmnbspmmdiefabricatedinanbspmfourlayermetalcmosprocessandpackagedinacavitydownwirebondedlandgridarraylgatheadditionalcacherequiredalargermoduleandthusthepentiumiixeonusedalargerslotslotitwassupportedbythegxdualprocessorworkstationchipsetandthenxquadoroctoprocessorchipsetpentiumiiixeoninthepentiumiixeonwasreplacedbythepentiumiiixeonreflectingtheincrementalchangesfromthepentiumiideschutesmicroprocessordeschutescoretothepentiumiiikatmaimicroprocessorkatmaicorethefirstpentiumiiixeonnamedtannerwasjustlikeitspredecessorexceptfortheadditionofstreamingsimdextensionssseandafewcachecontrollerimprovementstheproductcodesfortannermirroredthatofkatmaithesecondversionnamedcascadeswasbasedonthepentiumiiicopperminemicroprocessorcopperminecorethecascadesxeonusedanbspmhzbusandrelativelysmallnbspkbondielcacheresultinginalmostthesamecapabilitiesastheslotcoppermineprocessorswhichwerecapableofdualprocessoroperationbutnotquadprocessoroperationtoimprovethissituationintelreleasedanotherversionofficiallyalsonamedcascadesbutoftenreferredtoascascadesnbspmbthatcameintwovariantswithnbspmbornbspmboflcacheitsbusspeedwasfixedatnbspmhzthoughinpracticethecachewasabletooffsetthistheproductcodeforcascadesmirroredthatofcopperminenetburstbasedxeonxeondpxeonmpbitfosterinmidthexeonbrandwasintroducedpentiumwasdroppedfromthenametheinitialvariantthatusedthenewnetburstmicroarchitecturenetburstmicroarchitecturefosterwasslightlydifferentfromthedesktoppentiumpentiumwillamettewillametteitwasadecentchipforworkstationsbutforserverapplicationsitwasalmostalwaysoutperformedbytheoldercascadescoreswithamblcacheandamdsathlonathlonmpcombinedwiththeneedtouseexpensiverdramrambusdynamicramthefosterssalesweresomewhatunimpressiveatmosttwofosterprocessorscouldbeaccommodatedinasymmetricmultiprocessingsymmetricmultiprocessingsmpsystembuiltwithamainstreamchipsetsoasecondversionfostermpwasintroducedwithanbspmblcacheandthejacksonhyperthreadinghyperthreadingcapacitythisimprovedperformanceslightlybutnotenoughtoliftitoutofthirdplaceitwasalsopricedmuchhigherthanthedualprocessordpversionsthefostersharedtheproductcodewithwillametteprestoniainintelreleasedananometernbspnmversionofxeonbrandedcpucodenamedprestoniaitsupportedintelsnewhyperthreadingtechnologyandhadanbspkblcachethiswasbasedonthepentiumnorthwoodnorthwoodpentiumcoreanewserverchipsetintelxeonchipsetsnetburstbasedxeonchipsetsewhichallowedtheuseofdualchannelddrsdramwasreleasedtosupportthisprocessorinserversandsoonthebusspeedwasboostedtonbspmtsaccompaniedbynewchipsetstheeforserversandtheeforworkstationstheprestoniaperformedmuchbetterthanitspredecessorandnoticeablybetterthanathlonmpthesupportofnewfeaturesintheexxseriesalsogaveitakeyadvantageoverthepentiumiiixeonandathlonmpbrandedcpusbothstuckwithratheroldchipsetsanditquicklybecamethetopsellingserverworkstationprocessorgallatininfoboxcpunamegallatinimagexeondpgallatinslaesocketjpgcaptionproducedstartmarchproducedendslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitmtsfsbfastunitmtssizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacksocketsocketcodecpuidfxbrandxeonarchxmicroarchnetburstmicroarchitecturenetburstnumcoreslcachekbkuopstracecachelcachenbspkblcachembmbmbapplicationdpandmpserversubsequenttotheprestoniawasthegallatinwhichhadanlcacheofnbspmbornbspmbitsxeonmpversionalsoperformedmuchbetterthanthefostermpandwaspopularinserverslaterexperiencewiththenbspnmprocessallowedinteltocreatethexeonmpbrandedgallatinwithnbspmbcachethexeonbrandedprestoniaandgallatinweredesignatedlikenorthwoodxeondpxeonmpbitnoconaandirwindaleduetoalackofsuccesswithintelsitaniumanditaniumprocessorsamdwasabletointroducexabitextensiontothexarchitectureintelfollowedsuitbyincludingintelformerlyemtitisalmostidenticaltoamdinthenanometernbspnmversionofthepentiumpentiumprescottprescottandaxeonversioncodenamednoconawithmblcachewasreleasedinreleasedwithitweretheeworkstationeandebothserverchipsetswhichaddedsupportforpciexpressddrsdramddriiandserialatathexeonwasnoticeablyslowerthanamdsopteronalthoughitcouldbefasterinsituationswherehyperthreadingcameintoplayaslightlyupdatedcorecalledirwindalewasreleasedinearlywithmblcacheandtheabilitytohaveitsclockspeedreducedduringlowprocessordemandalthoughitwasabitmorecompetitivethanthenoconahadbeenindependentwebarchiveorgwebanandtechcomcpuchipsetsshowdocaspxitestsshowedthatamdsopteronstilloutperformedirwindalebothoftheseprescottderivedxeonshavetheproductcodecranfordandpotomacbitxeonmpswereintroducedinaprilthecheapercranfordwasanmpversionofnoconawhilethemoreexpensivepotomacwasacranfordwithnbspmboflcachelikenoconaandirwindaletheyalsohaveproductcodedualcorexeonpaxvilledpinfoboxcpunamepaxvilleimageimagesizecaptionproducedstartoctoberproducedendaugustslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitmtsfsbfastunitmtssizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacklgasocketcodecpuidfbrandxeonarchxmicroarchnetburstmicroarchitecturenetburstnumcoreslcachelcachenbspmblcacheapplicationdpservermpserverthefirstmulticorecomputingdualcorecpubrandedxeoncodenamedpaxvilledpproductcodewasreleasedbyintelonoctoberpaxvilledphadnetburstmicroarchitecturenetburstmicroarchitectureandwasadualcoreequivalentofthesinglecorenoconaandirwindaleirwindalerelatedtothepentiumdbrandedpentiumdsmithfieldsmithfieldwithnbspmboflcachenbspmbpercoretheonlypaxvilledpmodelreleasedranatnbspghzfeaturedannbspmtsfrontsidebusandwasproducedusingananometernbspnmprocessseriespaxvillempanmpcapableversionofpaxvilledpcodenamedpaxvillempproductcodewasreleasedonnovembertherearetwoversionsonewithnbspmboflcachenbspmbpercoreandonewithnbspmboflnbspmbpercorepaxvillempcalledthedualcorexeonserieswasproducedusinganbspnmprocesspaxvillempclockrangesbetweennbspghzandnbspghzmodelnumberswithsomemodelshavinganbspmtsfsbandothershavingannbspmtsfsbclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolclockfrequencyscopecollcachescopecolfsbscopecoltdpghznbspnbspmbmhzwghznbspnbspmbmhzwghznbspnbspmbmhzwghznbspnbspmbmhzwseriestulsainfoboxcpunametulsaimageimagesizecaptionproducedstartaugustproducedendaugustslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitmtsfsbfastunitmtssizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacksocketcodecpuidfbrandxeonxxarchxmicroarchnetburstmicroarchitecturenetburstnumcoreslcachelcachenbspmblcachenbspmbapplicationmpserverreleasedonaugusttheseriescodenamedtulsaproductcodeisanimprovedversionofpaxvillempbuiltonanbspnmprocesswithnbspmboflcachenbspmbpercoreanduptonbspmboflcacheitusessockettulsawasreleasedintwolinesthenlineusesanbspmtsfsbandthemlineusesannbspmtsfsbthenlinerangesfromnbspghztonbspghzmodelnumbersnnandthemlinerangesfromnbspghztonbspghzmodelnumbersmmlcacherangesfromnbspmbtonbspmbacrossthemodelsclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedscopecollcachescopecollcachescopecolfsbscopecoltdpnghzmbmbmhzwmghzmbmbmhzwnghzmbmbmhzwmghzmbmbmhzwnghzmbmbmhzwmghzmbmbmhzwnghzmbmbmhzwmghzmbmbmhzwnghzmbmbmhzwseriesdempseyinfoboxcpunamedempseyimageimagesizecaptionproducedstartmayproducedendaugustslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitmtsfsbfastunitmtssizefromnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacklgabrandxeonxxarchxmicroarchnetburstmicroarchitecturenetburstnumcoreslcachelcachenbspmblcacheapplicationdpserveronmayintelreleasedthedualcorecpuxeonbrandedseriescodenameddempseyproductcodereleasedasthedualcorexeonseriesdempseyisanetburstmicroarchitecturenetburstmicroarchitectureprocessorproducedusingananometernbspnmprocessandisvirtuallyidenticaltointelspentiumdpreslerpreslerpentiumextremeeditionexceptfortheadditionofsmpsupportwhichletsdempseyoperateindualprocessorsystemsdempseyrangesbetweennbspghzandnbspghzmodelnumberssomemodelshaveanbspmtsfsbandothershaveanbspmtsfsbdempseyhasnbspmboflcachenbspmbpercoreamediumvoltagemodelatnbspghzandnbspmtsfsbmodelnumberhasalsobeenreleaseddempseyalsointroducesanewinterfaceforxeonprocessorslgaalsoknownassocketjdempseywasthefirstxeoncoreinalongtimetobesomewhatcompetitivewithitsopteronbasedcounterpartsalthoughitcouldnotclaimadecisiveleadinanyperformancemetricthatwouldhavetowaitforitssuccessorthewoodcrestclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpwnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbsppentiummyonahbasedxeonlvulvsossamaninfoboxcpunamesossamanimageghzxeonlvsossamanprocessorjpgcaptionproducedstartproducedendslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitmtsfsbfastunitmtssizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacksocketmcodecpuidexbrandxeonarchxmicroarchenhancedpentiummmicroarchitectureenhancedpentiummnumcoreslcachelcachenbspmblcacheapplicationdpserveronmarchintelreleasedadualcoreprocessorcodenamedsossamanandbrandedasxeonlvlowvoltagesubsequentlyanulvultralowvoltageversionwasreleasedthesossamanwasalowultralowpoweranddoubleprocessorcapablecpulikeamdquadfxplatformamdquadfxbasedontheyonahmicroprocessoryonahprocessorforultradensenonconsumerenvironmentietargetedatthebladeserverandembeddedmarketsandwasratedatathermaldesignpowerthermaldesignpowertdpofwlvnbspghznbspghzandnbspghzandwulvnbspghzassuchitsupportedmostofthesamefeaturesasearlierxeonsvirtualizationtechnologynbspmtsfrontsidebusanddualcoreprocessingbutdidnotsupportbitoperationssoitcouldnotrunbitserversoftwaresuchasmicrosoftexchangeserverexchangeservermicrosoftexchangeserverandthereforewaslimitedtonbspgbofmemoryaplannedsuccessorcodenamedmerommicroprocessormerommpwastobeadropinupgradetoenablesossamanbasedserverstoupgradetobitcapabilityhoweverthiswasabandonedinfavouroflowvoltageversionsofthexeonserieswoodcrestwoodcrestlvprocessorleavingthesossamanatadeadendwithnoupgradepathclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpwulvlvlvlvcorebasedxeondualcoreseriesconroetheseriescodenamedconroeproductcodedualcorexeonbrandedcpureleasedattheendofseptemberwasthefirstxeonforsinglecpuoperationthesameprocessorisbrandedasintelcorecoreduooraspentiumdualcoreandceleronwithvaryingfeaturesdisabledtheyuselgasockettoperateonanbspmhzfrontsidebussupportenhancedintelspeedsteptechnologyandintelvirtualizationtechnologybutdonotsupporthyperthreadingconroeprocessorswithanumberendinginhaveanbspmtsfsbclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpwmodelsmarkedwithastararenotpresentinintelsdatabaseserieswolfdaletheseriescodenamedwolfdaleproductcodedualcorexeonbrandedcpuwasjustarebrandedversionoftheintelsmainstreamintelcorecoreduoeeandpentiumdualcoreeprocessorsfeaturingthesamenanometernbspnmprocessandnbspmboflcacheunlikemostxeonprocessorstheyonlysupportsinglecpuoperationtheyuselgasockettoperateonanbspmhzfrontsidebussupportenhancedintelspeedsteptechnologyandintelvirtualizationtechnologybutdonotsupporthyperthreadingclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpweleserieswoodcrestinfoboxcpunamewoodcrestimagefileintelxeondpwoodcrestjpegimagesizecaptionproducedstartproducedendslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitmtsfsbfastunitmtssizefromnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacklgacodecpuidfxbrandxeonxxarchxmicroarchcoremicroarchitecturecorenumcoreslcachelcachenbspmblcacheapplicationdpserveronjuneintelreleasedthedualcorecpuxeonbrandedseriescodenamedwoodcrestproductcodeitwasthefirstintelcoremicroarchitecturecoremicroarchitectureprocessortobelaunchedonthemarketitisaserverandworkstationversionoftheintelcoreprocessorintelclaimsthatitprovidesanboostinperformancewhilereducingpowerconsumptionbyrelativetothepentiumdmostmodelshaveanbspmtsfsbexceptfortheandwhichhaveanbspmtsfsbthefastestprocessoroperatesatnbspghzallwoodcrestsuselgaandallexcepttwomodelshaveatdpofnbspwthehasatdpofnbspwandthelvnbspghzhasatdpofnbspwthepreviousgenerationxeonshadatdpofnbspwallmodelssupportintelintelsximplementationthenxbitxdbitandxvirtualizationvirtualizationtechnologywiththedemandbasedswitchingpowermanagementoptiononlyondualcorexeonorabovewoodcresthasnbspmbofsharedlcacheclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpwserieswolfdaledpinfoboxcpunamewolfdaledpimageimagesizecaptionproducedstartproducedendpresentslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitmtsfsbfastunitmtssizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacklgacodecpuidxbrandxeonxxarchxmicroarchpenrynmicroarchitecturepenrynnumcoreslcachelcachenbspmblcacheapplicationdpserveronnovemberintelreleasedthedualcorecpuxeonbrandedseriescodenamedwolfdaledpproductcodeitisbuiltonananometernbspnmprocesslikethedesktopcoreduoandxeonspwolfdalemicroprocessorwolfdalefeaturingintelintelsximplementationthenxbitxdbitandxvirtualizationvirtualizationtechnologyitisunclearwhetherthedemandbasedswitchingpowermanagementisavailableonthelwolfdalehasnbspmbofsharedlcacheclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpwellxxxseriestigertontheseriescodenamedtigertonproductcodeisanmpcapableprocessorsimilartothetigertonseriesbutincontrastonlyonecoreisactiveoneachsiliconchipandtheotheroneisdisabledresultinginadualcoreprocessorclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpwenbspnbspenbspnbspquadcoreandmulticorexeonserieskentsfieldintelreleasedrelabeledversionsofitsquadcorecorequadprocessorasthexeonseriesproductcodeonjanuarythenbspnbspquadcoredualdiedualcorecomprisedtwoseparatedualcoredienexttoeachotherinonecpupackagethemodelsarethexxandxrunningatnbspghznbspghzandnbspghzrespectivelyrefnamedailytechquadxeondailytechcomarticleaspxnewsidquadcorexeondetailsunveileddailytechrefliketheseriesthesemodelsonlysupportsinglecpuoperationandoperateonanbspmhzfrontsidebusitistargetedattheblademarketthexisalsobrandedandsoldaslistofintelcoremicroprocessorskentsfieldnmcorequadqthexasqclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpwxnbspnbspxnbspnbspxnbspnbspseriesyorkfieldintelreleasedrelabeledversionsofitsquadcorelistofintelcoremicroprocessorsyorkfieldnmcorequadyorkfieldqandqxprocessorsasthexeonseriesproductcodethisprocessorcomprisestwoseparatedualcorediesnexttoeachotherinonecpupackageandmanufacturedinananometernbspnmprocessthemodelsarethexxxxandxrunningatnbspghznbspghznbspghznbspghzandnbspghzrespectivelythelcacheisaunifiednbspmbperdieexceptforthexwithasmallernbspmblcacheperdieandafrontsidebusofnbspmhzallmodelsfeatureintelintelsximplementationthenxbitxdbitandxvirtualizationvirtualizationtechnologyaswellasdemandbasedswitchingtheyorkfieldmicroprocessoryorkfieldclyorkfieldclproductcodevariantoftheseprocessorsarexxandxtheyhaveareducedtdpofwandaremadeforsinglecpulgasystemsinsteadoflgawhichisusedinallotheryorkfieldprocessorsinallotherrespectstheyareidenticaltotheiryorkfieldcounterpartsseriesclovertowninfoboxcpunameclovertownimagefilexeonxclovertownjpgimagesizecaptionproducedstartproducedendpresentslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitmtsfsbfastunitsizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacklgacodecpuidfxbrandxeonxxarchxmicroarchcoremicroarchitecturecorenumcoreslcachelcachenbspmblcacheapplicationdpserveraquadcoresuccessorofthewoodcrestfordpsegmentconsistingoftwodualcorewoodcrestchipsinonepackagesimilarlytothedualcorepentiumdbrandedcpustwosinglecorechipsorthequadcorekentsfieldmicroprocessorkentsfieldallclovertownsusethelgapackagetheclovertownhasbeenusuallyimplementedwithtwowoodcrestdiesonamultichipmodulemultichipmodulewithnbspmboflcachenbspmbperdielikewoodcrestlowermodelsuseanbspmtsfsbandhighermodelsuseanbspmtsfsbintelreleasedclovertownproductcodeonnovemberwithmodelseeeeandxrangingfromnbspghztonbspghzallmodelssupportmmxssessessessseintelxdbitannxbitimplementationintelvttheeandxdesignationsareborrowedfromintelscoremodelnumberingschemeanendingofimpliesanbspmtsfsbandanendingofimpliesanbspmtsfsballmodelshaveatdpofnbspwwiththeexceptionofthexwhichhasatdpofnbspwandthexwhichhasatdpofnbspwalowvoltageversionofclovertownwithatdpofnbspwhasamodelnumbersllandlnbspghznbspghzandnbspghzrespectivelythenbspghzxarrivedinjulyandbecameavailableintheappleincapplemacproonaprilthexperformsuptoaroundnbspgflopsinthelinpackbenchmarkclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpwenbspnbsplnbspnbspenbspnbsplnbspnbspenbspnbsplnbspnbspenbspnbspxnbspnbspxnbspnbspseriesharpertowninfoboxcpunameharpertownimageimagesizecaptionproducedstartproducedendpresentslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitmtsfsbfastunitsizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacklgacodecpuidxbrandxeonxxbrandintelcorecorequadqxarchxmicroarchpenrynmicroarchitecturepenrynnumcoreslcachelcachenbspnbspmblcacheapplicationdpserveronnovemberintelpresentedyorkfieldmicroprocessoryorkfieldbasedxeonscalledharpertownproductcodetothepublicintelcomassetspdfdatasheetpdfthisfamilyconsistsofdualdiequadcorecpusmanufacturedonananometernbspnmprocessandfeaturingnbspmhznbspmhznbspmhzfrontsidebuseswithtdpratedfromnbspwtonbspwdependingonthemodeltheseprocessorsfitinthelgapackageallmodelsfeatureintelintelsximplementationthenxbitxdbitandxvirtualizationvirtualizationtechnologyallexcepttheeandlalsofeaturedemandbasedswitchingthesupplementarycharacterinfrontofthemodelnumberrepresentsthethermalratinganldepictsatdpofnbspwornbspwanedepictsnbspwwhereasanxisnbspwtdporabovethespeedofnbspghzcomesasfourmodelstwomodelswithnbspwtdptwoothermodelswithnbspwtdpwithnbspmhzornbspmhzfrontsidebusrespectivelythefastestharpertownisthexwhosetdpofnbspwishigherthanthoseoftheprescottbasedxeondpbuthavingtwiceasmanycoresthexisalsosoldunderthenamecoreextremeqxforuseintheintelskulltrailsystemintelnbspmhzfrontsidebusxeonprocessorswilldropintotheintelseaburgchipsetwhereasseveralmainboardsfeaturingtheintelchipsetareenabledtoruntheprocessorswithanbspmhzfrontsidebusspeedseaburgfeaturessupportfordualslotsanduptonbspgbofmemoryclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpwenbspnbsplnbspnbspenbspnbsplnbspnbspenbspnbsplnbspnbspenbspnbsplnbspnbspenbspnbspxnbspnbspenbspnbspxnbspnbspxnbspnbspenbspnbspenbspnbspxnbspnbspxnbspnbspxnbspnbspseriestigertoninfoboxcpunametigertonimageimagesizecaptionproducedstartproducedendpresentslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitmtsfsbfastunitsizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacksocketmpgacodebrcpuidfxbrandxeonxxbrandxeonxxarchxmicroarchcoremicroarchitecturecorenumcoreslcachelcacheormblcacheapplicationmpservertheseriescodenamedtigertonproductcodeisafoursocketpackagedinsocketandmorecapablequadcoreprocessorconsistingoftwodualcorecorearchitecturesiliconchipsonasingleceramicmodulesimilartointelsxeonseriesclovertownprocessormodulestheseriesusesintelscanelandclarksboroplatformintelclaimstheseriesxeonsoffermorethantwicetheperformanceperwattasintelspreviousgenerationseriestheseriescanelandchipsetprovidesapointtopointinterfaceallowingthefullfrontsidebusbandwidthperprocessorthexxxseriesisaimedatthelargeservermarketsupportingconfigurationsofuptonbspcpusperhostclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpweeeelxseriesdunningtoninfoboxcpunamedunningtonimageintelxeoneopendieatheatspreaderjpgimagesizepxcaptionexposeddieofanintelxeoneheatspreaderremovedproducedstartproducedendpresentslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitmtsfsbfastunitsizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacksocketmpgacodecpuiddbrandxeonxxarchxmicroarchpenrynmicroarchitecturepenrynnumcoreslcachenbspnbspkblcachenbspnbspmblcachenbspmbapplicationmpserverdunningtonthelastcpuofthepenryngenerationandintelsfirstmulticoreabovetwodiefeaturesasinglediesixorhexacoredesignwiththreeunifiednbspmblcachesresemblingthreemergednanometernbspnmdualcorewolfdalediesandnbspkblcachedataandnbspmboflcacheitfeaturesnbspmhzfrontsidebusfsbfitsintothetigertonsmpgasocketandiscompatiblewithboththeintelcanelandandibmxchipsetstheseprocessorssupportddrnbspmhzandhaveamaximumthermaldesignpowertdpbelownbspwtheyareintendedforbladesandotherstackedcomputersystemsavailabilitywasscheduledforthesecondhalfofitwasfollowedshortlybythenehalemmicroarchitecturenehalemmicroarchitecturetotaltransistorcountisbillionannouncedonseptemberclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolfsbmhzscopecoltdpwscopecolcoreseeelelxnehalembasedxeonserieslynnfieldxeonseriesprocessorsbasedonlynnfieldfillthegapbetweenthepreviousseriesyorkfieldprocessorsandthenewerseriesbloomfieldlikebloomfieldtheyarequadcoresinglepackageprocessorsbasedonthenehalemmicroarchitecturenehalemmicroarchitecturebutwereintroducedalmostayearlaterinseptemberthesameprocessorsaremarketedformidrangetohighenddesktopssystemsascoreiandcoreitheyhavetwointegratedmemorychannelsaswellaspciexpressanddirectmediainterfacedmilinksbutnointelquickpathinterconnectquickpathinterconnectqpiinterfaceseriesclarkdaleatlowendoftheseriesisnotalynnfieldbutaclarkdaleprocessorwhichisalsousedinthecoreiandcoreiprocessorsaswellasthecelerongandgpentiumseriesasinglemodelwasreleasedinmarchthexeonlcomparedtoallotherclarkdalebasedproductsthisonedoesnotsupportintegratedgraphicsbuthasamuchlowerthermaldesignpowerofjustwcomparedtothelynnfieldbasedxeonmodelsitonlyofferstwocoresseriesbloomfieldbloomfieldisthecodenameforthesuccessortothexeoncoremicroarchitectureisbasedonthenehalemmicroarchitecturenehalemmicroarchitectureandusesthesamenanometernbspnmmanufacturingmethodsasintelspenrynmicroprocessorpenrynthefirstprocessorreleasedwiththenehalemarchitectureisthedesktopintelcoreiwhichwasreleasedinnovemberthisistheserverversionforsinglecpusystemsthisisasinglesocketintelxeonprocessortheperformanceimprovementsoverpreviousxeonprocessorsarebasedmainlyonintegratedmemorycontrollersupportingthreememorychannelsofddrudimmunbufferedorrdimmregisteredanewpointtopointprocessorinterconnectquickpathreplacingthelegacyfrontsidebussimultaneousmultithreadingbymultiplecoresandhyperthreadingpercoreclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolqpispeedgtsscopecolddrclockmhzscopecoltdpwscopecolcoresscopecolthreadsscopecolintelturboboostturboboostwnownowyeswyeswyeswyeswyeswyeswyesseriesgainestowninfoboxcpunamegainestownimageimagesizecaptionproducedstartproducedendpresentslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitfsbfastunitsizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacklgabrandxeonxxarchxmicroarchnehalemmicroarchitecturenehalemcpuidaxcodenumcoreslcachelcachenbspkblcachenbspmbapplicationdpservergainestownornehalemepthesuccessortothexeoncoremicroarchitectureisbasedonthenehalemmicroarchitecturenehalemmicroarchitectureandusesthesamenanometernbspnmmanufacturingmethodsasintelspenrynmicroprocessorpenrynthefirstprocessorreleasedwiththenehalemmicroarchitectureisthedesktopintelcoreiwhichwasreleasedinnovemberserverprocessorsofthexeonxxrangewerefirstsuppliedtotestersindecembertheperformanceimprovementsoverpreviousxeonprocessorsarebasedmainlyonintegratedmemorycontrollersupportingthreememorychannelsofddrsdramanewpointtopointprocessorinterconnectquickpathreplacingthelegacyfrontsidebusgainestownhastwoquickpathinterfaceshyperthreadingpercorestartingfromthatwasalreadypresentinprecoreduoprocessorsclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolqpispeedgtsscopecolddrclockmhzscopecoltdpwscopecolcoresscopecolthreadsscopecolturboboostenoenoenoenolnoenolyeseyeslyeseyeslyeseyesxyesxyesxyeswyeswyesccseriesjasperforestinfoboxcpunamejasperforestimageimagesizecaptionproducedstartproducedendpresentslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitfsbfastunitsizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacklgabrandxeoncxxupbrandxeoncxxdpbrandceleronpxxxuparchxmicroarchnehalemmicroarchitecturenehalemcpuidexcodenumcoreslcachelcachenbspkblcachenbspmbapplicationupdpserverjasperforestisanehalembasedembeddedprocessorwithpciexpressconnectionsondiecorecountsfromtocoresandpowerenvelopesfromtowattstheuniprocessorversionwithoutqpicomesaslcxxandecxxwhilethedualprocessorversionissoldaslcxxandecxxandusesqpiforcommunicationbetweentheprocessorsbothversionsuseadmilinktocommunicatewiththethatisalsousedintheserieslynfieldxeonprocessorsbutuseanlgapackagethatisotherwiseusedforprocessorswithqpibutnodmiorpciexpresslinksthecpuidcodeofbothlynnfieldandjasperforestisexiefamilymodeltheceleronpbelongsintothesamefamilyasthelcxxseriesbutlackssomereliabilityavailabilityandserviceabilitycomputerhardwarerasfeaturesthatarepresentinthexeonversionseriesgulftownwestmereepgulftownorwestmereepasixcorenbspnmarchitecturewestmeremicroarchitecturewestmerebasedprocessoristhebasisforthexeonxxandxxseriesandtheintelcorecoreicoreixitlaunchedinthefirstquarterofthexxseriesfollowsthexxseriesbloomfielduniprocessormodelwhilethexxseriesfollowsthexxseriesgainestowndualprocessormodelandbotharesocketcompatibletotheirpredecessorsclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedghzscopecollcachembscopecolqpispeedgtsscopecolddrclockmhzscopecoltdpwscopecolcoresscopecolthreadsscopecolturboboostwywywyenenenlnlyeylyeylylylyeylyeyeyxyxyxyxyxyxyxyxyxyxyxyxyseriesbecktoninfoboxcpunamebecktonimagexeonbecktonwithandwithoutheatspreaderjpgimagesizecaptionxeonbecktonwithandwithouttheheatspreaderproducedstartproducedendpresentslowestfastestslowunitghzfastunitghzfsbslowestfsbfastestfsbslowunitfsbfastunitsizefromnbspnmsizetosoldbydesignfirmmanufcoresockpacklgabrandxeonxxdpbrandxeonxxmparchxmicroarchnehalemmicroarchitecturenehalemcpuidexcodenumcoreslcachelcachenbspkblcachenbspmbapplicationdpmpserverbecktonornehalemexexpandableservermarketisanehalembasedprocessorwithuptoeightcoresandusesbufferinginsidethechipsettosupportuptostandardddrdimmspercpusocketwithoutrequiringtheuseoffbdimmsrefciteweburlanandtechcomweblogshowpostaspxititlenehalemexbilliontransistorseightcoresonedierefunlikeallpreviousxeonmpprocessorsnehalemexusesthenewlgapackagereplacingthesocketusedinthepreviousmodelsuptoxeonseriesdunningtondunningtonthexxmodelshavefourquickpathinterfacessoitcanbeusedinuptoeightsocketconfigurationswhilethexxmodelsareonlyforuptotwosocketsdesignedbythedigitalenterprisegroupdegsantaclaraandhudsondesignteamsbecktonismanufacturedonthepnbspnmtechnologyitslaunchinmarchcoincidedwiththatofitsdirectcompetitoramdsopteronxxxmagnycoursmostmodelslimitthenumberofcoresandqpilinksaswellasthelcachesizeinordertogetabroaderrangeofproductsoutofthesinglechipdesignclasswikitablesortablescopecolmodelscopecolspeedscopecollcachescopecolqpispeedscopecolddrclockscopecoltdpscopecolcoresscopecolthreadsscopecolturboboosteghzmbgtsmhzweghzmbgtsmhzwxghzmbgtsmhzweghzmbgtsmhzweghzmbgtsmhzweghzmbgtsmhzwxghzmbgtsmhzwlghzmbgtsmhzwxghzmbgtsmhzwlghzmbgtsmhzwxghzmbgtsmhzwexxxserieswestmereexwestmereexisthefollowontobecktonnehalemexandthefirstintelchiptohavetencpucoresthemicroarchitectureisthesameasinthesixcoregulftownwestmereepprocessorbutitusesthelgapackagelikebecktontosupportuptoeightsocketsstartingwithwestmereexthenamingschemehaschangedonceagainwithexxxxnowsignifyingthehighendlineofxeonprocessorsusingapackagethatsupportslargerthantwocpuconfigurationsformerlythexxxseriessimilarlythexxxuniprocessorandxxxdualprocessorseriesturnedintoexxxxandexxxxrespectivelyforlaterprocessorssandybridgeandivybridgebasedxeonexxseriessandybridgethexeonexxlineofprocessorsintroducedinaprilusesthesandybridgechipsthatarealsothebaseforthecoreiiixxxandceleronpentiumgxxxproductsusingthesamelgasocketbutwithadifferentsetoffeaturesdisablednotablythexeonvariantsincludesupportforeccmemoryvtdandtrustedexecutionthatarenotpresentontheconsumermodelswhileonlysomexeoneenabletheintegratedgputhatispresentonsandybridgelikeitsxeonseriespredecessorsthexeoneonlysupportsoperationwithasinglecpusocketandistargetedatentrylevelworkstationsandserversthecpuidofthisprocessorisahtheproductcodeisexxvseriesivybridgexeonexxvisaminorupdateofthesandybridgebasedexxusingthenbspnmshrinkandprovidingslightlybetterperformancewhileremainingbackwardscompatibletheywerereleasedinmayandmirrorthedesktopcoreiiixxxpartsexxxxseriessandybridgeenandexxxxxxseriessandybridgeepthexeonexxprocessorsfollowthepreviousxeonseriesproductsasthehighendsinglesocketplatformusingthelgapackageintroducedwiththisprocessortheysharethesandybridgeeplatformwiththesinglesocketcoreixxandixxprocessorsthecpuchipshavenointegratedgpubuteightcpucoressomeofwhicharedisabledintheentrylevelproductsthexeonexxlinehasthesamefeaturesbutalsoenablesmultisocketoperationliketheearlierxeonseriesandxeonseriesprocessorsexxvxxvseriesivybridgeenandexxvxxvxxvseriesivybridgeepthexeonevlinewasanupdatereleasedinseptembertoreplacetheoriginalxeoneprocessorswithavariantbasedontheivybridgeshrinkthemaximumnumberofcpucoreswasraisedtoperprocessormoduleandthetotallcachewasuppedtonbspmbtheconsumerversionofthexeonexxvprocessoristheintelcorecoreicoreixxandxxexxvxxvxxvseriesivybridgeexthexeonevlinewasanupdatereleasedinfebruarytoreplacetheoriginalxeoneprocessorswithavariantbasedontheivybridgeshrinktherewasnosandybridgeversionoftheseprocessorshaswellbasedxeonexxvserieshaswellwsintroducedinmayxeonexxnbspvisthefirstxeonseriesbasedonthehaswellmicroarchitectureitusesthenewlganbspsocketwhichwasintroducedwiththedesktopcoreiihaswellprocessorsincompatiblewiththelgathatwasusedinxeonnbspeandenbspvasbeforethemaindifferencebetweenthedesktopandserverversionsisaddedsupportforeccmemoryinthexeonbrandedpartsthemainbenefitofthenewmicroarchitectureisbetterpowerefficiencyexxxxvserieshaswellepintroducedinseptemberxeonexxnbspvandxeonexxnbspvseriesusethenewlganbspvsocketwhichisincompatiblewiththelganbspsocketusedbyearlierxeonnbspeandenbspvgenerationsbasedonsandybridgeandivybridgemicroarchitecturessomeofthemainbenefitsofthisgenerationcomparedtothepreviousoneareimprovedpowerefficiencyhighercorecountsandbiggerlastlevelcachesllcsfollowingthealreadyusednomenclaturexeonexxvseriesallowsdualsocketoperationoneofthenewfeaturesofthisgenerationisthatxeonenbspvmodelswithmorethancoressupportclusterondiecodoperationmodeallowingcpusmultiplecolumnsofcoresandllcslicestobelogicallydividedintowhatispresentedastwononuniformmemoryaccessnumacpustotheoperatingsystembykeepingdataandinstructionslocaltothepartitionofcpuwhichisprocessingthemthusdecreasingthellcaccesslatencycodbringsperformanceimprovementstonumaawareoperatingsystemsandapplicationsrefciteweburlanandtechcomshowintelxeoneversionuptohaswellepcorestitleintelxeoneversionuptohaswellepcoresthemagicinsidetheuncoredateaccessdateauthorjohandegelaspublisheranandtechrefexxxxvserieshaswellexintroducedinmayxeonexxnbspvandxeonexxnbspvseriesprovidehighercorecountshigherpercoreperformanceandimprovedreliabilityfeaturescomparedtothepreviousxeonenbspvgenerationfollowingtheusualskunomenclaturexeonexxnbspvandexxnbspvseriesallowmultisocketoperationsupportinguptoquadandeightsocketconfigurationsrespectivelyrefnamecpuworldciteweburlcpuworldcomnewsintellaunchesxeonevserverprocessorshtmltitleintellaunchesxeonevserverprocessorsdateaccessdateauthoranthonyshvetswebsitecpuworldcomrefrefnameanandtechciteweburlanandtechcomshowthexeonevreviewtitletheintelxeonevreviewthepowerkillerdateaccessdateauthorjohandegelaspublisheranandtechreftheseprocessorsusethelganbsprsocketrefciteweburlwccftechcomintelunleasheshaswellexxeonevprocessorscoresmblcachetbddrmemorysupportbilliontransistorstitleintelunleasheshaswellexxeonevprocessorsuptocoresmblcachetbddrmemorysupportandbilliontransistorsdateaccessdateauthorhassanmujtabawebsitewccftechcomrefxeonexxnbspvandexxnbspvseriescontainaquadchannelintegratedmemorycontrollerimcsupportingbothddrandddrlrdimmorrdimmmemorymodulesthroughtheuseofjordancreekddrorjordancreekddrmemorybufferchipsbothversionsofthememorybufferchipconnecttotheprocessorusingversionoftheintelscalablememoryinterconnectsmiinterfacewhilesupportinglockstepmemorylayoutsforimprovedreliabilityuptofourmemorybufferchipscanbeconnectedtoaprocessorwithuptosixdimmslotssupportedpereachmemorybufferchipxeonexxnbspvandexxnbspvseriesalsocontainfunctionalbugfreesupportfortransactionalsynchronizationextensionstsxwhichwasdisabledviaamicrocodeupdateinaugustforhaswellehaswellwsexxvandhaswellepexxxxvmodelsduetoabugthatwasdiscoveredinthetsximplementationrefciteweburlanandtechcomshowinteldisablestsxinstructionserratumfoundinhaswellhaswelleepbroadwellytitleinteldisablestsxinstructionserratumfoundinhaswellhaswelleepbroadwellydateaccessdateauthoriancutresspublisheranandtechrefrefciteweburltechreportcomnewserratapromptsinteltodisabletsxinhaswellearlybroadwellcpustitleerratapromptsinteltodisabletsxinhaswellearlybroadwellcpusdateaccessdatefirstscottlastwassonpublisherthetechreportrefrefciteweburlintelcomcontentdamwwwpublicusendocumentsspecificationupdatesthgencorefamilydesktopspecificationupdatepdftitledesktopthgenerationintelcoreprocessorfamilydesktopintelpentiumprocessorfamilyanddesktopintelceleronprocessorfamilyspecificationupdaterevisiondatejuneaccessdatepublisherintelformatpdfpagequoteunderacomplexsetofinternaltimingconditionsandsystemeventssoftwareusingtheinteltsxtransactionalsynchronizationextensionsinstructionsmayobserveunpredictablesystembehaviorrefbroadwellbasedxeonexxvseriesbroadwellwsintroducedinjunexeonexxnbspvisthefirstxeonseriesbasedonthebroadwellmicroarchitectureituseslganbspsocketwhichwasintroducedwiththedesktopcoreiihaswellprocessorsasbeforethemaindifferencebetweenthedesktopandserverversionsisaddedsupportforeccmemoryinthexeonbrandedpartsthemainbenefitofthenewmicroarchitectureisthenewlithographyprocesswhichresultsinbetterpowerefficiencyskylakebasedxeonexxvseriesskylakewsintroducedinoctoberxeonexxnbspvisthefirstxeonseriesbasedontheskylakemicroarchitectureitusesnewlganbspsocketwhichwasintroducedwiththedesktopcoreiiskylakeprocessorsalthoughitusesthesamesocketasconsumerprocessorsitislimitedtothecserverchipsetseriesandwillnotworkwithconsumerchipsetslikezasbeforethemaindifferencebetwe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terswitchedovertothethennewtransitionedtointelwiththecorebasedxeonofferingsandsubsequentlyswitchedagaintotwoquadcoremicroprocessorsthexservecanbeusedforavarietyofapplicationsincludingfileserverwebserverorevenhighperformancecomputingapplicationsusingclustercomputingclusteringadedicatedclusterxservethexserveclusternodewithoutavideocardandopticaldriveswasalsoavailableonnovemberappleannouncedthatthexservelinewouldbediscontinuedonjanuaryrefnamexservediscontinuepdfrefandreplacedwiththemacpromacproservermacproserverandthemacminimacminiservermacminiserverinfoboxcomputernamexservegdeveloperappleinctyperackmountedservercomputingserverphotoimagexservegjpgpxbrtheoriginalxservegbrimagexservegslotjpgpxsecondgenerationxservegbrthesecondgenerationxservegbrimagexserveclusternodejpgpxcaptionthexservegclusternodefirstreleasedatemaydiscontinuationdatejanuaryprocessorsingleordualpowerpcgbrnbspghznbspghzxservegappleintroducedthexserveonmayreleasedinjuneinitiallytwoconfigurationoptionswereavailableasingleprocessorxserveatusandadualprocessorxserveatusxservessoldbeforeaugustshippedwithmacosxvpumaserverwhilethosesoldaftershippedwithmacosxvjaguarserveronfebruaryapplereleasedanimprovedandexpandedxservelineupimprovementsincludedoneortwonbspghzpowerpcgprocessorsfastermemoryandhighercapacityultraataharddiskdrivesthefrontplatewasredesignedforaslotloadingopticaldriveanewmodelthexserveclusternodewasannouncedatthesamepriceasthesingleprocessorxservefeaturingtwonbspghzprocessorsnoopticaldriveasingleharddrivebaynovideoorethernetcardsandaclientversionofjaguarserveronaprilthexserveraidwasintroducedprovidingamuchhighercapacityandhigherthroughputdisksubsystemforthexserveclasswikitablecellpaddingcellspacingstylebackgroundffdeadwidthcomponentstylebackgroundffdeadwidthxservegstylebackgroundffdeadwidthxservegslotloadstylebackgroundffdeadwidthxservegclusternodemodelidentifierrackmaccolspanrackmaccentralprocessingunitprocessornbspghzordualnbspghznbspghzordualnbspghzdualnbspghzcpucachecolspankblkblmblperprocessorfrontsidebusnbspmhzcolspannbspmhzrandomaccessmemorymemorymbofpcddrsdramnbspghzbrmbofpcddrsdramdpnbspghzbrspanstylecolorexpandabletogbspanmbofpcddrsdramnbspghzbrmbofpcddrsdramdpnbspghzbrspanstylecolorexpandabletogbspanmbofpcddrsdrambrspanstylecolorexpandabletogbspancomputergraphicsgraphicsaticonventionalpcipcigraphicswithmbofddrsdrambrspanstylecoloroptionalatiradeonagpxspanatipcigraphicswithmbofddrsdrambrspanstylecoloroptionalagpxcardwithmbofddrsdramspannonerowspanharddriveorgbrpmatabrspanstylecoloruptoxgbgbspangbrpmatabrspanstylecoloruptoxgbgbspangbrpmataultraataoptionalultrascsibrfourinternalbaysultraatabrfourinternalbaysultraataopticaldrivecdrombrtrayloadingcdromorcdrwdvdromcombodrivebrslotloadingnoneconnectivitycolspanxgigabitethernetoneonpcicardxgigabitethernetexpansioncolspanxbitnbspmhzconventionalpcipcislotsbrxnbspmhzpciagpslotusedforgigabitethernetcardxbitnbspmhzpcislotsperipheralsxusbbrxfirewirebrxrsserialcolspanxusbbrxfirewirebrxfirewirebrxrsserialvideooutvgavgaorvgadviandsvideowithagpxcardnonemaximumoperatingsystemcolspanmacosxserverversionleopardweightcolspannbspkgpoundsxserveginfoboxcomputernamexservegdeveloperappleinctyperackmountedservercomputingserverphotoimagexservegjpgpxbrthexservegbrimagexserveclusternodejpgpxcaptionthexservegclusternodefirstreleasedatejanuarydiscontinuationdatenovemberprocessorsingleordualpowerpcgbrghzghzwebsiteonjanuaryappleintroducedthexservegaredesignedhigherperformancexservethebitpowerpcgswerereplacedwithoneortwobitpowerpcprocessorsrunningatnbspghzventilationissuesrestrictedittothreesatahotswapdrivebayswiththeoriginalspaceforthefourthdrivebayusedforairventsthefrontplateandslotloadingopticaldrivewereretainedfromthelastxservegthehighermemorycapacityandbandwidthaswellasthestrongerfloatingpointperformanceofthepowerpcmadeitmoresuitableforhighperformancecomputinghpcapplicationssystemxcomputingsystemxisonesuchclustercomputerbuiltwithxservesthreeconfigurationoptionswereavailableasingleprocessormodelatusadualprocessormodelatandadualprocessorclusternodemodelwithanunchangedappearancefromthegclusternodeatusonjanuaryappleupdatedthexservegwithfasterprocessorsinthedualprocessorconfigurationsgbharddisksweremadeavailableforuptotbofinternalstoragetheslotloadingopticaldrivewasupgradedtoacombinationdvdromcdrwstandarddvdrwoptionalsoonafterappleupdatedthexserveandxserveraidtoallowtheuseofgbharddrivesxservegmodelsbeforeaprilshippedwithmacosxvpantherafteraprilshippedwithmacosxvtigerclasswikitablecellpaddingcellspacingstylebackgroundffdeadwidthcomponentstylebackgroundffdeadwidthxservegstylebackgroundffdeadwidthxservegclusternodemodelidentifiercolspanrackmaccentralprocessingunitprocessornbspghzdualnbspghzordualnbspghzdualnbspghzordualnbspghzcpucachecolspankblfrontsidebuscolspannbspghznbspghzspordpbrnbspghznbspghzdprandomaccessmemorymemorymborgbofnbspmhzpceccddrsdrambrspanstylecolorexpandabletogbspanmbofnbspmhzpceccddrsdrambrspanstylecolorexpandabletogbspancomputergraphicsgraphicscolspannonebrspanstylecoloroptionalpcicardspanrowspanha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rvegapplexservegdevelopernotemultipleissuesinfoboxsoftwarenamexineprojectdevelopersomethingmoreinformativethantheobviousxineteamprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecoperatingsystemcrossplatformgenremediaplayersoftwaremediaplayerlicensegnugeneralpubliclicensegnugplrefnamefeaturesrefreleasedwebsiteinfoboxsoftwarenamexinelibfrequentlyupdatedyesreleaseversionupdatedonteditthispagejustclickontheversionnumberinfoboxsoftwarenamexineuiscreenshotxinescreenshotpngfrequentlyupdatedyesreleaseversionupdatedonteditthispagejustclickontheversionnumberinfoboxsoftwarenamegxinescreenshotgxinescreenshotpngfrequentlyupdatedyesreleaseversionupdatedonteditthispagejustclickontheversionnumberinfoboxsoftwarenamexinepluginfrequentlyupdatedyesreleaseversionupdatedonteditthispagejustclickontheversionnumberxinehistoryxinewasstartedinbygnterbartschshortlyafterlinuxtagatthattimeplayingdvdsinlinuxwasdescribedasatortuousprocessrefnameancientlinuxdvdrefsinceonehadtomanuallycreateaudioandvideonamedpipesandstarttheirseparateddecoderprocessesgnterrealizedtheomsopenmediasystemorlividapproachhadobviousshortcomingsintermsofaudioandvideosynchronizationsoxinewasbornasanexperimenttryingtogetitrighttheprojectevolvedintoamodernmediaplayermultithreadedarchitecturerefnamearchitecturerefduringxinedevelopmentsomeeffortwasdedicatedtomakingaclearseparationoftheplayerenginexinelibandfrontendandbackendfrontendxineuisincethereleasetheapiofxinelibisconsideredstableandseveralapplicationsandplayersrelyonitgnterlefttheprojectinwhenheofficiallyannouncedthenewprojectleadersmiguelfreitasmichaelroitzschmikemelansonandthibautmatternsupportedmediaformatsphysicalmediacompactdisccdsdvdsvideocdsrefnamexinemrlmanrefcontainerformatdigitalcontainerformatsgpaudiovideointerleaveaviadvancedsystemsformatasfflvmatroskaquicktimemovquicktimempffmpegnutnutoggogmrealmediaaudioformatsadvancedaudiocodingaacdolbyacacapplelosslessalacadaptivemultirateamrflacmprealaudioshortenfileformatshortenspeexvorbiswindowsmediaaudiowmatemplatecompressionformatsvideoformatscinepakdvhhmpegavchuffyuvindeomjpegmpegmpegmpegasprealvideosorensoncodecsorensontheorawmvpartialincludingwmvwmvandwmvviaffmpegvideodevicesvideolinuxvldigitalvideobroadcastingdvbdigitalvideorecorderpvrnetworkprotocolshypertexttransferprotocolhttptransmissioncontrolprotocoltcpuserdatagramprotocoludprealtimetransportprotocolrtpservermessageblocksmbmicrosoftmediaservicesmmsnetpbmformatpnmrealtimestreamingprotocolrtspdvdissuessinceitisnotamemberofdvdforumthexineprojectisnotcontractuallyobligedtoinsertuseroperationprohibitionsuchasdisallowingfastforwardorskippingduringtrailersandadshoweverwithoutmembershipintheforumtheprojectalsocannotmakexineplaydvdsencryptionencryptedwithcontentscramblingsystemcssexceptbyusingreverseengineeredcodexinethereforeusesthelibdvdcsslibrarywhichwascreatedbyreverseengineeringthelegalstatusoflibdvdcssisquestionableinseveralnationsintheunitedstatesforexamplethedigitalmillenniumcopyrightactuniversalvreimerdesarguablyprohibitsreverseengineeringofcssvirtuallyallcommercialdvdsareencryptedwithcssotherissuestopreventascreensaverfromstartingxinesendsascrolllockkeysignaltotheenvironmenttopretendkeyboardinteractiontookplacethiscanoftenleadtoissueswithotherprogramsrunningastheyreceivethescrolllockkeyasnormalinputoneexampleisthekonsoleterminalemulatorwhichchangesthebehaviourofthearrowkeyswhenscrolllockisusedgraphicaluserinterfacethexineprojectoffersgraphicalfrontendsforxineincludingonebasedonxlibandanotherongtkalongwithabrowserpluginotherfrontendsforxineareavailablefromotherprojectsxinebackendthesharedlibraryxinelibusedanddevelopedbyxineisalsousedbyotherprojectsforexampleitcanbeusedinsteadofgstreamerasabackendforthephononkdephononmediaframeworkusedbykdeandqtsoftwareqtseealsolistofcodecsopensourcecodecsandcontainerscomparisonofvideocodecscomparisonofaudiocodingformatscomparisonofcontainerformatsscreencastreferencesexternallinksanonscmdebianorghgxinelibxineliblatestsourcecodexfreesectionsignredirectshellanxorlinkedlistisadatastructureusedincomputerprogrammingittakesadvantageofthebitwiseoperationxorbitwisexoroperationtodecreasestoragerequirementsfordoublylinkedlistsdescriptionanordinarydoublylinkedliststoresaddressesofthepreviousandnextlistitemsineachlistnoderequiringtwoaddressfieldsabcdenextnextnextprevprevprevanxorlinkedlistcompressesthesameinformationintooneaddressfieldbystoringthebitwisexorheredenotedbyoftheaddressforpreviousandtheaddressfornextinonefieldabcdeacbdcemoreformallylinkbaddraaddrclinkcaddrbaddrdwhentraversingthelistfromlefttorightsupposingthecursorisatcthepreviousitembmaybexoredwiththevalueinthelinkfieldbdtheaddressfordwillthenbeobtainedandlisttraversalmayresumethesamepatternappliesintheotherdirectionieaddrdlinkcaddrbwherelinkcaddrbaddrdsoaddrdaddrbaddrdaddrbaddrdaddrbaddrbaddrdsincexxaddrdaddrdsincexxaddrdaddrdthexoroperationcancelsaddrbappearingtwiceintheequationandallweareleftwithistheaddrdtostarttraversingthelistineitherdirectionfromsomepointtheaddressoftwoconsecutiveitemsisrequirediftheaddressesofthetwoconsecutiveitemsarereversedlisttraversalwilloccurintheoppositedirectiontheoryofoperationthekeyisthefirstoperationandthepropertiesofxorxxxxxyyxxyzxyztherregisteralwayscontainsthexoroftheaddressofcurrentitemcwiththeaddressofthepredecessoritempcpthelinkfieldsintherecordscontainthexoroftheleftandrightsuccessoraddressessaylrxorofrcpwiththecurrentlinkfieldlryieldscplrifthepredecessorwasltheplandlcanceloutleavingcrifthepredecessorhadbeenrtheprandrcancelleavingclineachcasetheresultisthexorofthecurrentaddresswiththenextaddressxorofthiswiththecurrentaddressinrleavesthenextaddressrisleftwiththerequisitexorpairofthenowcurrentaddressandthepredecessorfeaturestwoxoroperationssufficetodothetraversalfromoneitemtothenextthesameinstructionssufficinginbothcasesconsideralistwithitemscodebcdcodeandwithrandrbeingprocessorregisterregisterscontainingrespectivelytheaddressofthecurrentsayclistitemandaworkregistercontainingthexorofthecurrentaddresswiththepreviousaddresssaycdcastassysteminstructionsxrlinkrcdbdiebclinkbeingthelinkfieldinthecurrentrecordcontainingbdxrrrrcbciebvoilthenextrecordendoflistissignifiedbyimaginingalistitemataddresszeroplacedadjacenttoanendpointasincodeabccodethelinkfieldatawouldbebanadditionalinstructionisneededintheabovesequenceafterthetwoxoroperationstodetectazeroresultindevelopingtheaddressofthecurrentitemalistendpointcanbemadereflectivebymakingthelinkpointerbezeroazeropointerisamirrorthexoroftheleftandrightneighboraddressesbeingthesameiszerodrawbacksgeneralpurposedebuggingtoolscannotfollowthexorchainmakingdebuggingmoredifficultthepriceforthedecreaseinmemoryusageisanincreaseincodecomplexitymakingmaintenancemoreexpensivemostgarbagecollectioncomputersciencegarbagecollectionschemesdonotworkwithdatastructuresthatdonotcontainliteralpointercomputerprogrammingpointersnotalllanguagessupporttypeconversionbetweenpointersandintegersxoronpointersisnotdefinedinsomecontextswhiletraversingthelisttheaddressofthepreviouslyaccessednodeisneededtocalculatethenextnodesaddressandthepointerswillbeunreadableifoneisnttraversingthelistmdashforexampleifthepointertoalistitemwascontainedinanotherdatastructurexorlinkedlistsdonotprovidesomeoftheimportantadvantagesofdoublylinkedlistssuchastheabilitytodeleteanodefromthelistknowingonlyitsaddressortheabilitytoinsertanewnodebeforeorafteranexistingnodewhenknowingonlytheaddressoftheexistingnodecomputersystemshaveincreasinglycheapandplentifulmemoryandstorageoverheadisnotgenerallyanoverridingissueoutsidespecializedembeddedsystemswhereitisstilldesirabletoreducetheoverheadofalinkedlistunrolledlinkedlistunrollingprovidesamorepracticalapproachaswellasotheradvantagessuchasincreasingcacheperformanceandspeedingrandomaccessvariationstheunderlyingprincipleofthexorlinkedlistcanbeappliedtoanyreversiblebinaryoperationreplacingxorbyadditionorsubtractiongivesslightlydifferentbutlargelyequivalentformulationsadditionlinkedlistabcdeacbdcethiskindoflisthasexactlythesamepropertiesasthexorlinkedlistexceptthatazerolinkfieldisnotamirrortheaddressofthenextnodeinthelistisgivenbysubtractingthepreviousnodesaddressfromthecurrentnodeslinkfieldsubtractionlinkedlistabcdecadbecthiskindoflistdiffersfromthetraditionalxorlinkedlistinthattheinstructionsequencesneededtotraversethelistforwardsisdifferentfromthesequenceneededtotraversethelistinreversetheaddressofthenextnodegoingforwardsisgivenbyaddingthelinkfieldtothepreviousnodesaddresstheaddressoftheprecedingnodeisgivenbysubtractingthelinkfieldfromthenextnodesaddressthesubtractionlinkedlistisalsospecialinthattheentirelistcanberelocatedinmemorywithoutneedinganypatchingofpointervaluessinceaddingaconstantoffsettoeachaddressinthelistwillnotrequireanychangestothevaluesstoredinthelinkfieldsseealsoserializationthisisanadvantageoverbothxorlinkedlistsandtraditionallinkedlistsintegeroverflowandunderflowaretreatedasundefinedbehaviorinthecstandardandassuchadditionandsubtractionlinkedlistscannotbeportablewithoutproperhandlingofthatthisdoesnthappenwithxorlistsasbitwiseoperationsonunsignedtypessuchasuintptrtneverproduceundefinedbehaviorseealsoxorswapalgorithmreferencesexternallinksblogwsensorscompexampleimplementationincprokashsinhalinuxjournalcomarticleamemoryefficientdoublylinkedlistlinuxjournaldectibetautonomousregionpredictedandscheduledeventssolareclipseofmarchmarchndashsolareclipseofmarchmarchndashtotallunareclipsemayndashtransitofmercurysolareclipseofseptemberseptemberndashpartialsolareclipseseptemberndashtotallunareclipseperihelionpassageofhalleyscometbeinearlyearthwillhavebillionpeopleageandoverbillionpeopleliveincitiesthepopulationoftheentireworldattheturnofthecenturybycohortlifeexpectancyatbirthisprojectedtoreachyearsforfemalesineachukconstituentcountryexceptscotlandwhereitisprojectedtoreachyearsspeculationsnanotechnologynanofabricatorsareamainstreamconsumerproductcomplementarysearchesfindlifeinourownandotherplanetarysystemsinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencespredictionsnovemberndashtransitofmercurynovemberutcndashvenuswilloccultationoccultjupiteritwillbeverydifficulttoobservefromearthbecausetheelongationofvenusandjupiterfromthesunatthistimewillbeonlydegreesthiseventwillbethefirstoccultationofaplanetbyanothersincejanuaryhoweverthenextwilloccurlessthantwoyearslateronjulyinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencesxcdcanrefertoxcdisocurrencycodefortheeastcaribbeandollarchampforgeuilairportiatacodexerezclubdeportivospanishfootballclubbajajxcdccbikebybajajautoofindiareleasedinxcdxmlschemafilenameextensionxdrmayrefertoxdraudioorextendeddynamicrangeaqualitycontrolsystemforprerecordedaudiocassettesxdrvideogamexdravideogameforthesegamegadrivexdrdramorextremedataratedynamicrandomaccessmemoryxdrschemawasaschemalanguageforspecifyingandvalidatingxmldocumentsexternaldatarepresentationanimplementationoftheosimodelpresentationlayerrfcextensivelydrugresistantforexampleextensivelydrugresistanttuberculosisxdrtbspecialdrawingrightsamonetaryunitoftheinternationalmonetaryfundisocurrencycodexsallredirectcategoryshellmultipleissuesxinefficiencyisthedifferencebetweenproductiveefficiencyefficientbehaviorofbusinessbusinessesassumedorimpliedbyeconomicstheoryeconomictheoryandtheirobservedbehaviorinpracticecausedbyalackofcompetitioneconomicscompetitivepressuretheconceptsofxinefficiencywereintroducedbyharveyleibensteinrefnamepoliconomicswebsitepoliconomicscomlanguageenusaccessdaterefrefnameleibensteinrefoverviewmainstreameconomyeconomictheorytendstoassumethatthemanagementoffirmsacttomaximizeprofitaccountingprofitbyminimizingtheinputsusedtoproduceagivenlevelofoutputcompetitionenergizesfirmstoseekproductiveefficiencygainsandproduceatlowestunitcostsorrisklosingsalestomoreefficientrivalswithmarketstructuremarketformsotherthanperfectcompetitionsuchasmonopolyproductiveinefficiencycanpersistbecausethelackofcompetitionmakesitpossibletouseinefficientproductiontechniquesandstillstayinbusinessinadditiontomonopolysociologistshaveidentifiedanumberofwaysinwhichmarketsmaybeorganizationallyembeddedandthusmaydepartinbehaviorfromeconomictheoryorganizationalslackoccurswhenfirmsopttoemploymoreresourcesthanareneededtoproduceagivenlevelofoutputunusedcapacityresultsinxinefficiencyorganizationalslackcanbeexplainedbytheagentprincipalproblemincompaniesownershipandmanagementareseparateshareholderstheprincipalelectdirectorstheagenttoactontheirbehalfandmaximizeshareholdervaluemanagersmaytakedecisionsthatmaximizetheirownandnotshareholderobjectiveseghiringextrastafftoreducemanagerworkloadsthisincreasesunitcostsxinefficiencyonlylooksattheoutputsthatareproducedwithgiveninputsitdoesnttakeaccountofwhethertheinputsarethebestonestobeusingorwhethertheoutputsarethebestonestobeproducingforexampleafirmthatemploysbrainsurgeonstodigditchesmightstillbexefficienteventhoughreallocatingthebrainsurgeonstocuringthesickwouldbemoreefficientforsocietyoverallinthissensexinefficiencyfocusesonproductiveefficiencyandminimisingcostsratherthanallocativeefficiencyandmaximisingwelfareexamplesmonopolyamonopolyisapricemakerinthatitschoiceofoutputlevelaffectsthepricepaidbyconsumersconsequentlyamonopolytendstopriceatapointwherepriceisgreaterthanlongrunaveragecostsxinefficiencyhowevertendstoincreaseaveragecostscausingfurtherdivergencefromtheeconomicallyefficientoutcomethesourcesofxinefficiencyhavebeenascribedtothingssuchasoverinvestmentandempirebuildingbymanagerslackofmotivationstemmingfromalackofcompetitionandpressurebylaborunionstopayabovemarketwagesseealsoinefficiencygovernmentfailuregovernmentwasteparetoefficiencyproductioncostsandpricingproductiveefficiencyreferencesdexineffizienzincryptographyxisastandardthatdefinestheformatofpublickeycertificatesxcertificatesareusedinmanyinternetprotocolsincludingtransportlayersecuritytlssslwhichisthebasisforhttpsthesecureprotocolforbrowsingtheworldwidewebwebtheyarealsousedinofflineapplicationslikeelectronicsignaturesanxcertificatecontainsapublickeyandanidentityahostnameoranorganizationoranindividualandiseithersignedbyacertificateauthorityorselfsignedwhenacertificateissignedbyatrustedcertificateauthorityorvalidatedbyothermeanssomeoneholdingthatcertificatecanrelyonthepublickeyitcontainstoestablishsecurecommunicationswithanotherpartyorvalidatedocumentsdigitalsignaturedigitallysignedbythecorrespondingprivatekeybesidestheformatforcertificatesthemselvesxspecifiescertificaterevocationlistsasameanstodistributeinformationaboutcertificatesthatarenolongervalidandacertificationpathvalidationalgorithmwhichallowsforcertificatestobesignedbyintermediatecacertificateswhichareinturnsignedbyothercertificateseventuallyreachingatrustanchorxisdefinedbytheinternationaltelecommunicationunioninternationaltelecommunicationsunionsstandardizationsectoritutandisbasedonabstractsyntaxnotationoneasnanotheritutstandardhistoryandusagexwasinitiallyissuedonjulyandwasbeguninassociationwiththexstandarditassumesastricthierarchicalsystemofcertificateauthoritycertificateauthoritiescasforissuingthecertificatesthiscontrastswithweboftrustmodelslikeprettygoodprivacypgpwhereanyonenotjustspecialcasmaysignandthusattesttothevalidityofotherskeycertificatesversionofxincludestheflexibilitytosupportothertopologieslikenetworkbridgebridgesandmeshnetworkmeshesrefnamerfcrefitcanbeusedinapeertopeeropenpgplikeweboftrustbutwasrarelyusedthatwayasofthexsystemhasonlybeenimplementedbysovereignnationsforstateidentityinformationsharingtreatyfulfillmentpurposesandtheietfspublickeyinfrastructurexorpkixworkinggrouphasadaptedthestandardtothemoreflexibleorganizationoftheinternetinfactthetermxcertificateusuallyreferstotheietfspkixcertificateandrevocationlistcrlprofileofthexvcertificatestandardasspecifiedinrfccommonlycalledpkixforpublickeyinfrastructurexcertificatesinthexsystemanorganizationthatwantsasignedcertificaterequestsoneviaacertificatesigningrequestcsrtodothisitfirstgeneratesakeypairkeepingtheprivatekeycryptographyprivatekeysecretandusingittosignthecsrthiscontainsinformationidentifyingtheapplicantandtheapplicantspublickeycryptographypublickeythatisusedtoverifythesignatureofthecsrandthedistinguishednamednthatthecertificateisforthecsrmaybeaccompaniedbyothercredentialsorproofsofidentityrequiredbythecertificateauthoritythecertificationauthorityissuesacertificatebindingapublickeytoaparticulardistinguishednamedirectorystructuredistinguishednameanorganizationstrustedrootcertificatescanbedistributedtoallemployeessothattheycanusethecompanypkisystembrowserssuchasinternetexplorerfirefoxoperawebbrowseroperasafariwebbrowsersafariandgooglechromechromecomewithapredeterminedsetofrootcertificatespreinstalledsosecuresocketslayersslcertificatesfrommajorcertificateauthoritieswillworkinstantlyineffectthebrowsersdevelopersdeterminewhichcasaretrustedthirdpartiesforthebrowsersusersforexamplefirefoxprovidesacsvandorhtmlfilecontainingalistofincludedcasxandrfcalsoincludestandardsforcertificaterevocationlistcrlimplementationsanotherietfapprovedwayofcheckingacertificatesvalidityistheonlinecertificatestatusprotocolocspfirefoxenablesocspcheckingbydefaultasdoversionsofwindowsfromatleastvistaandlaterstructureofacertificatethestructureforeseenbythestandardsisexpressedinaformallanguageabstractsyntaxnotationoneasnthestructureofanxvdigitalcertificateisasfollowscertificateversionnumberserialnumbersignaturealgorithmidissuernamevalidityperiodnotbeforenotaftersubjectnamesubjectpublickeyinfopublickeyalgorithmsubjectpublickeyissueruniqueidentifieroptionalsubjectuniqueidentifieroptionalextensionsoptionalcertificatesignaturealgorithmcertificatesignatureeachextensionhasitsownidexpressedasobjectidentifierwhichisasetofvaluestogetherwitheitheracriticalornoncriticalindicationacertificateusingsystemmustrejectthecertificateifitencountersacriticalextensionthatitdoesnotrecognizeoracriticalextensionthatcontainsinformationthatitcannotprocessanoncriticalextensionmaybeignoredifitisnotrecognizedbutmustbeprocessedifitisrecognizedthestructureofversionisgiveninnowikirfcnowikiitutintroducedissuerandsubjectuniqueidentifiersinversiontopermitthereuseofissuerorsubjectnameaftersometimeanexampleofreusewillbewhenacertificateauthoritycagoesbankruptanditsnameisdeletedfromthecountryspubliclistaftersometimeanothercawiththesamenamemayregisteritselfeventhoughitisunrelatedtothefirstonehoweverietfrecommendsthatnoissuerandsubjectnamesbereusedthereforeversionisnotwidelydeployedintheinternetextensionswereintroducedinversionacacanuseextensionstoissueacertificateonlyforaspecificpurposeegonlyforcodesigningsigningdigitalobjectsinallversionstheserialnumbermustbeuniqueforeachcertificateissuedbyaspecificcaasmentionedinnowikirfcnowikiextensionsinformingaspecificusageofacertificatenowikirfcnowikianditspredecessorsdefinesanumberofcertificateextensionswhichindicatehowthecertificateshouldbeusedmostofthemarearcsfromthettjointisoccittdsidcettoidsomeofthemostcommondefinedinsectionarebasicconstraintsttidcettrefciteweburltoolsietforghtmlrfcsectiontitlerfcsectionbasicconstraintsrefareusedtoindicatewhetherthecertificatebelongstoacakeyusagettidcettrefciteweburltoolsietforghtmlrfcsectiontitlerfcsectionkeyusagerefprovidesabitmapspecifyingthecryptographicoperationswhichmaybeperformedusingthepublickeycontainedinthecertificateforexampleitcouldindicatethatthekeyshouldbeusedforsignaturesbutnotforenciphermentextendedkeyusagettidcettrefciteweburltoolsietforghtmlrfcsectiontitlerfcsectionextendedkeyusagerefisusedtypicallyonaleafcertificatetoindicatethepurposeofthepublickeycontainedinthecertificateitcontainsalistofoidseachofwhichindicatesanalloweduseforexamplettidpkixttindicatesthatthekeymaybeusedontheserverendofatlsorsslconnectionttidpkixttindicatesthatthekeymaybeusedtosecureemailingeneralifacertificatehasseveralextensionsrestrictingitsuseallrestrictionsmustbesatisfiedforagivenusetobeappropriatenowikirfcnowikigivesthespecificexampleofacertificatecontainingbothkeyusageandextendedkeyusageinthiscasebothmustbeprocessedandthecertificatecanonlybeusedifbothextensionsarecoherentinspecifyingtheusageofacertificateforexamplenetworksecurityservicesnssusesbothextensionstospecifycertificateusagecertificatefilenameextensionsthereareseveralcommonlyusedfilenameextensionsforxcertificatesunfortunatelysomeoftheseextensionsarealsousedforotherdatasuchasprivatekeysttpemttprivacyenhancedelectronicmailbaseencodeddistinguishedencodingrulesdercertificateenclosedbetweenbegincertificateandendcertificatettcerttttcrtttttderttusuallyinbinarydistinguishedencodingrulesderformbutbaseencodedcertificatesarecommontooseettpemttabovettpbttttpcttpkcspkcssigneddatastructurewithoutdatajustcertificatesorrevocationlistcrlsttpttpkcspkcsmaycontaincertificatespublicandprivatekeyspasswordprotectedttpfxttpfxpredecessorofpkcsusuallycontainsdatainpkcsformategwithpfxfilesgeneratedininternetinformationservicesiispkcspkcsisastandardforsigningorencryptingofficiallycalledenvelopingdatasincethecertificateisneededtoverifysigneddataitispossibletoincludetheminthesigneddatastructureattpcttfileisadegeneratedsigneddatastructurewithoutanydatatosignpkcspkcsevolvedfromthepersonalinformationexchangepfxstandardandisusedtoexchangepublicandprivateobjectsinasinglefilecertificatechainsandcrosscertificationacertificatechainseetheequivalentconceptofcertificationpathdefinedbyrfcrefnamerfccertificationpathvalidationcitebooktitleinternetxpublickeyinfrastructurecertificateandcertificaterevocationlistcrlprofilepublishernetworkworkinggroupyearsectioncertificationpathvalidationurltoolsietforghtmlrfcpagerefisalistofcertificatesusuallystartingwithanendentitycertificatefollowedbyoneormorecertificateauthoritycacertificatesusuallythelastonebeingaselfsignedcertificatewiththefollowingpropertiestheissuerofeachcertificateexceptthelastonematchesthesubjectofthenextcertificateinthelisteachcertificateexceptthelastoneissupposedtobesignedbythesecretkeycorrespondingtothenextcertificateinthechainiethesignatureofonecertificatecanbeverifiedusingthepublickeycontainedinthefollowingcertificatethelastcertificateinthelistisatrustanchoracertificatethatyoutrustbecauseitwasdeliveredtoyoubysometrustworthyprocedurecertificatechainsareusedinordertocheckthatthepublickeypkcontainedinatargetcertificatethefirstcertificateinthechainandotherdatacontainediniteffectivelybelongstoitssubjectinordertoascertainthisthesignatureonthetargetcertificateisverifiedbyusingthepkcontainedinthefollowingcertificatewhosesignatureisverifiedusingthenextcertificateandsoonuntilthelastcertificateinthechainisreachedasthelastcertificateisatrustanchorsuccessfullyreachingitwillprovethatthetargetcertificatecanbetrustedthedescriptionintheprecedingparagraphisasimplifiedviewonthecertificationpathvalidationalgorithmcertificationpathvalidationprocessasdefinedbyrfcwhichinvolvesadditionalcheckssuchasverifyingvaliditydatesoncertificateslookinguprevocationlistcrlsetcexamininghowcertificatechainsarebuiltandvalidateditisimportanttonotethataconcretecertificatecanbepartofverydifferentcertificatechainsallofthemvalidthisisbecauseseveralcacertificatescanbegeneratedforthesamesubjectandpublickeybutbesignedwithdifferentprivatekeysfromdifferentcasordifferentprivatekeysfromthesamecasoalthoughasinglexcertificatecanhaveonlyoneissuerandonecasignatureitcanbevalidlylinkedtomorethanonecertificatebuildingcompletelydifferentcertificatechainsthisiscrucialforcrosscertificationbetweenpkisandotherapplicationsrefnameunderstandingcertificationpathconstructioncitebooktitleunderstandingcertificationpathconstructiondateseptemberpublisherpkiforumlastlloydfirststeveurloasispkiorgpdfsunderstandingpathconstructiondspdfrefseethefollowingexamplesinthesediagramseachboxrepresentsacertificatewithitssubjectinboldabmeansaissignedbybormorepreciselyaissignedbythesecretkeycorrespondingtothepublickeycontainedinbcertificateswiththesamecolorthatarenotwhitetransparentcontainthesamepublickeyexamplecrosscertificationatrootcertificationauthoritycalevelbetweentwopkisinordertomanagethatusercertificatesexistinginpkilikeuseraretrustedbypkicageneratesacertificatecertcontainingthepublickeyofcarefcitebooktitlequalifiedsubordinationdeploymentscenariosdateaugustpublishermicrosoftsectioncrosscertificationbetweenrootcasurltechnetmicrosoftcomenuslibraryccvwsaspxrefnowbothcertandcertingreenhavethesamesubjectandpublickeysotherearetwovalidchainsforcertusercertcertandcertcertcertsimilarlycacangenerateacertificatecertcontainingthepublickeyofcasothatusercertificatesexistinginpkilikeuseraretrustedbypkiexamplecacertificaterenewalcitebooktitleunderstandingcertificationpathconstructiondateseptemberpublisherpkiforumurloasispkiorgpdfsunderstandingpathconstructiondspdfquotetoallowforgracefultransitionfromtheoldsigningkeypairtothenewsigningkeypairthecashouldissueacertificatethatcontainstheoldpublickeysignedbythenewprivatesigningkeyandacertificatethatcontainsthenewpublickeysignedbytheoldprivatesigningkeybothofthesecertificatesareselfissuedbutneitherisselfsignedcertificateselfsignednotethattheseareinadditiontothetwoselfsignedcertificatesoneoldonenewsincebothcertandcertcontainthesamepublickeytheoldonetherearetwovalidcertificatechainsforcertcertcertandcertcertcertandanalogouslyforcertthisallowsthatoldusercertificatessuchascertandnewcertificatessuchascertcanbetrustedindifferentlybyapartyhavingeitherthenewrootcacertificateortheoldoneastrustanchorduringthetransitiontothenewcakeysrefnamepkiimplementingandmanagingesecuritycitebooktitlepkiimplementingandmanagingesecurityyearpublisherrsapressosbornemcgrawhilllastnashlastduanelastjosephlastbrinkisbnsectionkeyandcertificatelifecyclescacertificaterenewalrefsamplexcertificatesthisisanexampleofadecodedxcertificatethatwasusedbywikipediaorgandseveralotherwikipediawebsitesitwasissuedbyglobalsignasstatedintheissuerfielditssubjectfielddescribeswikipediaasanorganizationanditssubjectalternativenamefielddescribesthehostnamesforwhichitcouldbeusedthesubjectpublickeyinfofieldcontainsanecdsapublickeywhilethesignatureatthebottomwasgeneratedbyglobalsignsrsacryptosystemrsaprivatekeyendentitycertificatecertificatedataversionxserialnumberefcbadebsignaturealgorithmshawithrsaencryptionissuercbeoglobalsignnvsacnglobalsignorganizationvalidationcashagvaliditynotbeforenovgmtnotafternovgmtsubjectcusstcalifornialsanfranciscoowikimediafoundationinccnwikipediaorgsubjectpublickeyinfopublickeyalgorithmidecpublickeypublickeybitpubcadceadacfcacaafceacbbfdcdbceedbacabaecbeaedffcabbcecfccdbefdcasnoidprimevnistcurvepxvextensionsxvkeyusagecriticaldigitalsignaturekeyagreementauthorityinformationaccesscaissuersurinowikisecureglobalsigncomcacertgsorganizationvalshagrcrtnowikiocspurinowikiocspglobalsigncomgsorganizationvalshagnowikixvcertificatepoliciespolicycpsnowikiglobalsigncomrepositorynowikipolicyxvbasicconstraintscafalsexvcrldistributionpointsfullnameurinowikicrlglobalsigncomgsgsorganizationvalshagcrlnowikixvsubjectalternativenamednswikipediaorgdnsmmediawikiorgdnsmwikibooksorgdnsmwikidataorgdnsmwikimediaorgdnsmwikimediafoundationorgdnsmwikinewsorgdnsmwikipediaorgdnsmwikiquoteorgdnsmwikisourceorgdnsmwikiversityorgdnsmwikivoyageorgdnsmwiktionaryorgdnsmediawikiorgdnsplanetwikimediaorgdnswikibooksorgdnswikidataorgdnswikimediaorgdnswikimediafoundationorgdnswikinewsorgdnswikiquoteorgdnswikisourceorgdnswikiversityorgdnswikivoyageorgdnswiktionaryorgdnswmfusercontentorgdnszerowikipediaorgdnsmediawikiorgdnswwikidnswikibooksorgdnswikidataorgdnswikimediaorgdnswikimediafoundationorgdnswikinewsorgdnswikiquoteorgdnswikisourceorgdnswikiversityorgdnswikivoyageorgdnswiktionaryorgdnswmfusercontentorgdnswikipediaorgxvextendedkeyusagetlswebserverauthenticationtlswebclientauthenticationxvsubjectkeyidentifieraabbcebdabefdccxvauthoritykeyidentifierkeyiddefbdcccccdbeacsignaturealgorithmshawithrsaencryptionbcedddfafbdeetovalidatethisendentitycertificateoneneedsanintermediatecertificatethatmatchesitsissuerandauthoritykeyidentifierclasswikitableissuercbeoglobalsignnvsacnglobalsignorganizationvalidationcashagauthoritykeyidentifierdefbdcccccdbeacinatlsconnectionaproperlyconfiguredserverwouldprovidetheintermediateaspartofthehandshakehoweveritsalsopossibletoretrievetheintermediatecertificatebyfetchingthecaissuersurlfromtheendentitycertificateintermediatecertificatethisisanexampleofanintermediatecertificatebelongingtoacertificateauthoritythiscertificatesignedtheendentitycertificateaboveandwassignedbytherootcertificatebelownotethatthesubjectfieldofthisintermediatecertificatematchestheissuerfieldoftheendentitycertificatethatitsignedalsothesubjectkeyidentifierfieldintheintermediatematchestheauthoritykeyidentifierfieldintheendentitycertificatecertificatedataversionxserialnumberefsignaturealgorithmshawithrsaencryptionissuercbeoglobalsignnvsaourootcacnglobalsignrootcavaliditynotbeforefebgmtnotafterfebgmtsubjectcbeoglobalsignnvsacnglobalsignorganizationvalidationcashagsubjectpublickeyinfopublickeyalgorithmrsaencryptionpublickeybitmoduluscecffccadceexponentxxvextensionsxvkeyusagecriticalcertificatesigncrlsignxvbasicconstraintscriticalcatruepathlenxvsubjectkeyidentifierdefbdcccccdbeacxvcertificatepoliciespolicyxvanypolicycpsnowikiglobalsigncomrepositorynowikixvcrldistributionpointsfullnameurinowikicrlglobalsignnetrootcrlnowikiauthorityinformationaccessocspurinowikiocspglobalsigncomrootrnowikixvauthoritykeyidentifierkeyidbadcafdcdafffcfdbsignaturealgorithmshawithrsaencryptionaeeebdaebcrootcertificatethisisanexampleofaselfsignedcertificateselfsignedrootcertificaterepresentingacertificateauthorityitsissuerandsubjectfieldsarethesameanditssignaturecanbevalidatedwithitsownpublickeyvalidationofthetrustchainhastoendhereifthevalidatingprogramhasthisrootcertificateinitspublickeycertificaterootprogramstruststoretheendentitycertificatecanbeconsideredtrustedforuseinatlsconnectionotherwisetheendentitycertificateisconsidereduntrustedcertificatedataversionxserialnumberbacsignaturealgorithmshawithrsaencryptionissuercbeoglobalsignnvsaourootcacnglobalsignrootcavaliditynotbeforesepgmtnotafterjangmtsubjectcbeoglobalsignnvsaourootcacnglobalsignrootcasubjectpublickeyinfopublickeyalgorithmrsaencryptionpublickeybitmodulusdaeedceaefaefbfbexponentxxvextensionsxvkeyusagecriticalcertificatesigncrlsignxvbasicconstraintscriticalcatruexvsubjectkeyidentifierbadcafdcdafffcfdbsignaturealgorithmshawithrsaencryptiondecfddbfecbaabecbsecuritythereareanumberofpublicationsaboutpkiproblemsbybruceschneierpetergutmanncomputerscientistpetergutmannandothersecurityexpertsrefnameschneierciteweburlschneiercompaperpkipdftitletoppkirisksauthorcarlellisonandbruceschneierpublishercomputersecurityjournalvolumexvinumberrefrefnamepkinotdeadciteweburlcsaucklandacnzpgutpubsnotdeadpdftitlepkiitsnotdeadjustrestingauthorpetergutmannpublisherieeecomputervolumeissuerefrefnamegutmannciteweblastgutmannfirstpetertitleeverythingyouneverwantedtoknowaboutpkibutwereforcedtofindouturlcsaucklandacnzpgutpubspkitutorialpdfaccessdatenovemberrefarchitecturalweaknessesuseofblacklistinginvalidcertificatesusingrevocationlistcrlsandonlinecertificatestatusprotocolocspiftheclientonlytrustscertificateswhencrlsareavailablethentheylosetheofflinecapabilitythatmakespkiattractivesomostclientsdotrustcertificateswhencrlsarenotavailablebutinthatcaseanattackerthatcontrolsthecommunicationchannelcandisablethecrlsadamlangleyofgooglehassaidsoftfailcrlchecksarelikeasafetybeltthatworksexceptwhenyouarehavinganaccidentcrlsarenotablyapoorchoicebecauseoflargesizesandconvoluteddistributionpatternsambiguousocspsemanticsandlackofhistoricalrevocationstatusrevocationofrootcertificatesisnotaddressedaggregationproblemidentityclaimsauthenticatewithanidentifierattributeclaimssubmitabagofvettedattributesandpolicyclaimsarecombinedinasinglecontainerthisraisesprivacypolicymappingandmaintenanceissuesdelegationproblemcascannottechnicallyrestrictsubordinatecasfromissuingcertificatesoutsidealimitednamespacesorattributesetthisfeatureofxisnotinusethereforealargenumberofcasexistontheinternetandclassifyingthemandtheirpoliciesisaninsurmountabletaskdelegationofauthoritywithinanorganizationcannotbehandledatallasincommonbusinesspracticefederationproblemcertificatechainsthataretheresultofsubordinatecasbridgecasandcrosssigningmakevalidationcomplexandexpensiveintermsofprocessingtimepathvalidationsemanticsmaybeambiguousthehierarchywithathirdpartytrustedpartyistheonlymodelthisisinconvenientwhenabilateraltrustrelationshipisalreadyinplaceissuanceofanextendedvalidationcertificateextendedvalidationevcertificateforahostnamedoesntpreventissuanceofalowervalidationcertificatevalidforthesamehostnamewhichmeansthatthehighervalidationlevelofevdoesntprotectagainstmaninthemiddleattacksproblemswithcertificateauthoritiesthesubjectnottherelyingpartypurchasescertificatesthesubjectwilloftenutilizethecheapestissuersoqualityisnotbeingpaidforinthecompetingmarketthisispartlyaddressedbyextendedvalidationcertificatescertificationauthoritiesdenyalmostallwarrantiestotheuserincludingsubjectorevenrelyingpartiestheexpirationdateshouldbeusedtolimitthetimethekeystrengthisdeemedsufficientthisparameterisabusedbycertificationauthoritiestochargetheclientanextensionfeethisplacesanunnecessaryburdenontheuserwithkeyrolloverusersuseanundefinedcertificationrequestprotocoltoobtainacertificatewhichispublishedinanunclearlocationinanonexistentdirectorywithnorealmeanstorevokeitlikeallbusinessescasaresubjecttothelegaljurisdictionstheyoperatewithinandmaybelegallycompelledtocompromisetheinterestsoftheircustomersandtheirusersintelligenceagencieshavealsomadeuseoffalsecertificatesissuedthroughextralegalcompromiseofcassuchasdiginotartocarryoutmaninthemiddleattacksanotherexampleisarevocationrequestofthecaofthedutchgovernmentbecauseofanewdutchlawbecomingactivestartingjanuarygivingnewpowersforthedutchintelligenceandsecurityservicesrefnamevanpeltrefimplementationissuesimplementationssufferfromdesignflawsbugsdifferentinterpretationsofstandardsandlackofinteroperabilityofdifferentstandardssomeproblemsaremanyimplementationsturnoffrevocationcheckseenasobstaclepoliciesarenotenforcedifitwasturnedoninallbrowsersbydefaultincludingcodesigningitwouldprobablycrashtheinfrastructurednsarecomplexandlittleunderstoodlackofcanonicalizationinternationalizationproblemsrfcnamehastwonotationsnameandpolicyconstraintshardlysupportedkeyusageignoredfirstcertificateinalistbeingusedenforcementofcustomoidsisdifficultattributesshouldnotbemadecriticalbecauseitmakesclientscrashunspecifiedlengthofattributesleadtoproductspecificlimitsthereareimplementationerrorswithxthatallowegfalsifiedsubjectnamesusingnullterminatedstringsorcodeinjectionattacksincertificatesbyusingillegalxpaddedsubidentifiersofobjectidentifierswrongimplementationsorbyusingintegeroverflowsoftheclientsbrowsersanattackercanincludeanunknownattributeinthecsrwhichthecawillsignwhichtheclientwronglyinterpretsascnoiddankaminskyatthethchaoscommunicationcongressblackopsofpkicryptographicweaknessesdigitalsignaturesystemsdependonsecurecryptographichashfunctionstoworkwhenapublickeyinfrastructureallowstheuseofahashfunctionthatisnolongersecureanattackercanexploitweaknessesinthehashfunctiontoforgecertificatesspecificallyifanattackerisabletoproduceacollisionresistancehashcollisiontheycanconvinceacatosignacertificatewithinnocuouscontentswherethehashofthosecontentsisidenticaltothehashofanothermalicioussetofcertificatecontentscreatedbytheattackerwithvaluesoftheirchoosingtheattackercanthenappendthecaprovidedsignaturetotheirmaliciouscertificatecontentsresultinginamaliciouscertificatethatappearstobesignedbythecabecausethemaliciouscertificatecontentsarechosensolelybytheattackertheycanhavedifferentvaliditydatesorhostnamesthantheinnocuouscertificatethemaliciouscertificatecanevencontainacatruefieldmakingitabletoissuefurthertrustedcertificatesmdbasedcertificateswereusedforalongtimeandwerevulnerabletopreimageattackssincetherootcertificatealreadyhadaselfsignatureattackerscouldusethissignatureanduseitforanintermediatecertificateinarjenlenstraandbennedewegerdemonstratedhowtousehashcollisionstoconstructtwoxcertificatesthatcontainidenticalsignaturesandthatdifferonlyinthepublickeysachievedusingacollisionattackonthemdhashfunctionrefnamelenstradewegerrefinalexandersotirovandmarcstevenscomputerscientistmarcstevenspresentedatthechaoscommunicationcongressapracticalattackthatallowedthemtocreatearoguecertificateauthorityacceptedbyallcommonbrowsersbyexploitingthefactthatrapidsslwasstillissuingxcertificatesbasedonmdinaprilattheeurocryptconferenceaustralianresearchersofmacquarieuniversitypresentedautomaticdifferentialpathsearchingforshatheresearcherswereabletodeduceamethodwhichincreasesthelikelihoodofacollisionbyseveralordersofmagnitudeinfebruaryagroupofresearchersproducedashacollisiondemonstratingshasweaknessmitigationsforcryptographicweaknessesexploitingahashcollisiontoforgexsignaturesrequiresthattheattackerbeabletopredictthedatathatthecertificateauthoritywillsignthiscanbesomewhatmitigatedbythecageneratingarandomcomponentinthecertificatesitsignstypicallytheserialnumberthecabrowserforumhasrequiredserialnumberentropyinitsbaselinerequirementssectionsincethebaselinerequirementsforbidissuanceofcertificatesusingshachromeandfirefoxrejectcertificatesthatuseshabothedgeandsafariarealsorejectingshacertificatenonbrowserxvalidatorsdonotyetrejectshacertificatespkistandardsforxpkcscryptographicmessagesyntaxstandardnbsppublickeyswithproofofidentityforsignedandorencryptedmessageforpkitransportlayersecuritytlsanditspredecessorsslnbspcryptographicprotocolsforinternetsecurecommunicationsonlinecertificatestatusprotocolocspcertificaterevocationlistcrlnbspthisistocheckcertificaterevocationstatuspkcspersonalinformationexchangesyntaxstandardnbspusedtostoreaprivatekeywiththeappropriatepublickeycertificatepkixworkinggroupintheinternetengineeringtaskforceinconjunctionwiththenationalinstituteofstandardsandtechnologyrefnamepkixcharterrefformedthepublickeyinfrastructurexworkinggrouptheworkinggroupconcludedinjuneiscommonlyreferredtoaspkixitproducedrequestforcommentsrfcsandotherstandardsdocumentationonusingdeployingxinpracticeinparticularitproducedrfcanditssuccessorrfcwhichdefinehowtousexininternetprotocolsmajorprotocolsandstandardsusingxcertificatestransportlayersecuritytlssslandhttpsusetherfcprofileofxasdosmimesecuremultipurposeinternetmailextensionsandtheeaptlseaptransportlayersecurityeaptlseaptlsmethodforwifiauthenticationanyprotocolthatusestlssuchassmtppopimapldapxmppandmanymoreinherentlyusesxipsecusesitsownprofileofxdefinedinrfctheappscablelabscomspecificationopencablesecurityspecificationopencablesecurityspecificationdefinesitsownprofileofxforuseinthecableindustrydeviceslikesmartcardsandtrustedplatformmoduletpmsoftencarrycertificatestoidentifythemselvesortheirownersthesecertificatesareinxformthewssecuritystandarddefinesauthenticationeitherthroughtlsorthroughitsowncertificateprofilerefnamerefbothmethodsusextheauthenticodemicrosoftauthenticodecodesigningsystemusesxtoidentifyauthorsofcomputerprogramstheopcuaindustrialautomationcommunicationstandardusesxsecureshellsshgenerallyusesatrustonfirstusetrustonfirstusesecuritymodelanddoesnthaveneedforcertificateshoweverthepopularopensshimplementationdoessupportacasignedidentitymodelbasedonitsownnonxcertificateformatseealsoabstractsyntaxnotationonecertificatepolicycodeaccesssecuritycommunicationssecurityinformationsecurityisoiecjtcpublickeycryptographytimestampprotocoltrustedtimestampingreferencesexternallinksituintrectrecxenitutsxstandardspetergutmannsarticlescsaucklandacnzpgutpubspkitutorialpdfoverviewofpkicsaucklandacnzpgutpubsxguidetxtximplementationnotesandstyleguidejavasuncomsecurityseccodeguidehtmlsunincsecurecodeguidelinesrfcinternetxpublickeyinfrastructurecertificationpathbuildingcertlogikcomdecodercsrdecoderandcertificatedecodercanbeusedtodecodeandexamineanencodedcsrorcertificatephpseclibsourceforgenetxdecoderphpphpseclibxdecoderdecodestoanassociativearraywhosekeyscorrespondtoxsasndescriptionactiunetseseleseselewizardforsslselfsignedcertificatesmicrosofttechnettechnetmicrosoftcomenuslibrarybbvexchgaspxunderstandingdigitalcertificatesisaspecialtelephonenumbersupportedinmanycommunitiesincanadaandtheunitedstatesthenumberprovidesaccesstononemergencymunicipalitymunicipalservicesthenumberformatfollowsthencodeforagroupofshortspecialpurposelocalnumbersasdesignatedinthenorthamericannumberingplancreatesacentralhubforconstituentstobeabletoaccessavarietyofcityservicesthenumberisintendedinparttodivertroutineinquiriesandnonurgentcommunityconcernsfromthenumberwhichisreservedforemergencyserviceapromotionalwebsiteforinakrondescribedthedistinctionasfollowsburningbuildingcallburningquestioncallmanycitiesalsoacceptcommentsthroughonlineinterfacesanopenapplicationprogramminginterfaceisalsoavailablefortheseserviceshistorythefirstuseofforinformationalserviceswasinbaltimoremarylandwheretheservicecommencedonoctoberisintendedtoconnectcallerstoacallcenterthatcanbethesameasthecallcenterbutwithcallsassignedasecondarypriorityansweredonlywhennocallsarewaitingthissystemisintendedtoextendthesystemsuchthattrueemergencycallersareansweredquicklywithhighestprioritythelargestoperationinnorthamericaoperatesinnewyorkcitywhichwasimplementedinthecanadianradiotelevisionandtelecommunicationscommissioncrtcreservedtheuseoffornonemergencymunicipalservicesthroughoutcanadaonnovemberthefirstcanadianserviceopenedincalgaryalbertaonmayhistoricallythecodewasusedbysometelephonecompaniesfortestingpurposesinalbertawastheautomaticnumberannouncementcircuitanacuntilaprilwhenthiswaschangedtotomakewayfortheserviceintheunitedstateswassometimesusedasafictitiousareacodeinbellsystemadvertisementsdepictingtelephonesoftenthephoneintheadvertisementwouldbearthespecificnumberareacodethistelephonenumberfictitiousphonenumberwasusedinthehorrorfilmwhenastrangercallsfilmwhenastrangercallsintheopeningofthetelevisionseriestherockfordfilesinthefilmghostbustersandontwoepisodesofthesecondseasonofthetvseriesmissionimpossibleepisodetitledthekillingonthekillersphoneandfourthseasonepisodetitledtimebombonaphoneatanuclearplantinafictitiouscountrythisnumberisalsoseenonthephoneinmisteredduringshotswherethetalkinghorsedialsthephoneusingapencilinhismouththisnumberwasalsousedinthemovieoncebittenfilmoncebittenitisonthephoneinthedatingnightclubthathangsonthewallbehindjimcareyandlaurenhuttonwhentheyfirstmeetwasalsousedinnumerousepisodesofthebionicwomanastheprivatephonenumberofjaimesommersinhercoachhouseattheendofaepisodeofroutetvseriesroutetitledkissthemonstermakehimsleeplinccallshisestrangedfatheratanumberhavingareacodethenumberwasusedforaradiostationhotlineinepisodeseasonofthetvshowalftvseriesalfthisareacodeisalsousedastheareacodeforsunnyvalecaliforniawhichisactuallyinthemoviewargamesduringthewardialingsequencewherethemaincharacterissearchingforavideogamecompanysmodempoolwasusedinaepisodeofsearchtvseriessearchseasonepisodemomentsofmadnessasthephonenumberforthelairofkidnapperralphbyronplayedbypatrickonealactorpatrickonealoperationserviceisgenerallyimplementedatthelocallevelandinsomecitiesitisalsousedforvariousmunicipalcallsexamplesofcallsintendedforabandonedvehiclesinroadwaycodeandhousingviolationsdeadanimalremovaldebrisinroadwaygraffitiremovalillegalburningnonworkingstreetlampsparkingmeterstrafficlightsnoisecomplaintsparkinglawenforcementparksandrecreationconcernspotholessinkholesandutilityholesinstreetspublicsafetyconcernsreportingstolenvehiclesopenonmarchthefederalchiefinformationofficeroftheunitedstatesvivekkundraannouncedthecreationofauniformopenapplicationprogramminginterfacefortheseservicesinattechcrunchtechcrunchdisrupttechcrunchcitysourcedfirstlaunchedmobiletoallowcitizenstosubmitissuesdirectlyfromasmartphonetotheirlocalgovernmenttheonlineserviceseeclickfixwhichpartnerswithnewsmedianewsorganizationstopromotereportedissuesisavailableacrosstheunitedstatesbutdoesnotconnecttomunicipalitieswiththeirpermissionorknowledgeexceptinafewselectcasesopenisusedinternationallyforexamplebyfixmystreetintheunitedkingdomrefnamesteinbergciteweburlmysocietyorgopenintroducedtitleopenwhatisitandwhyisitgoodnewsforbothgovernmentsandcitizenslaststeinbergfirsttomauthorlinktomsteinbergdatejulypublishermysocietyaccessdatejanuaryrefavailabilityunitedstatesisavailableinseveralmajoramericancitiesincludingakronohioalbanygeorgiaalbuquerquenewmexicoanaheimcaliforniaaustintexasbatonrougelouisianaberkeleycaliforniabirminghamalabamabostonmassachusettsbuffalonewyorkcharlottenorthcarolinachattanoogatennesseechicagochicagoillinoisclevelandclevelandohiosoftlaunchonlylimitednumberofdepartmentsareavailablecolumbusgeorgiacolumbusohiodallasdallastexasdanburyconnecticutdenverdenvercoloradodetroitdetroitmichiganelpasotexaselginillinoisevanstonillinoisfortwayneindianagreensboronorthcarolinagulfportmississippihartfordconnecticuthamptonvirginiahaverhillmassachusettshoustonhoustontexasjacksonvillefloridakansascitymissouriknoxvilletennesseelacrossewisconsinlasvegaslasvegasnevadalaredotexaslexingtonkentuckylittlerockarkansaslouisvillekentuckylosangeleslosangelescaliforniamemphistennesseemiamimiamifloridamilwaukeemilwaukeewisconsinminneapolisminneapolisminnesotamobilealabamamontgomeryalabamanashvilletennesseeneworleanslouisianaoaklandcaliforniaoxfordalabamanewportnewsvirginianewyorkcitynewyorkcitynewyorknewtonmassachusettsorlandofloridapensacolafloridapittsburghpittsburghpennsylvaniaphiladelphiaphiladelphiapennsylvaniaprovidencerhodeislandprovoutahredmondwashingtonrichmondvirginiariversidecaliforniarochesternewyorksacramentocaliforniasanantoniosanantoniotexassanfranciscosanfranciscocaliforniasanjosecaliforniasomervillemassachusettssouthbendindianaspringfieldmassachusettstampafloridatempearizonaterrehauteindianatroyalabamatuscaloosaalabamavirginiabeachvirginiawashingtondcwaterburyconnecticutwinstonsalemnorthcarolinayonkersnewyorkisalsoavailableinanincreasingnumberofuscountiesandsmallertownsforexamplebaldwincountyalabamabrookhavennewyorkbrowardcountyfloridacolumbiacountygeorgiamecklenburgcountynorthcarolinaviacityofcharlottenccharlottemontgomerycountymarylandorangecountyfloridaorangecountycaliforniapinalcountyarizonawestchestercountynewyorkcanadatheserviceisavailableinthefollowingcommunitieswithstartingdatecalgarycalgaryalbertamaydurhamregionontariojanuaryedmontonedmontonalbertadecemberfortstjohnbritishcolumbianovembergatineaugatineauquebecjunegreatersudburygreatersudburyontariofebruaryhalifaxnovascotianovemberregionalmunicipalityofhaltonhaltonregionontariomarchlavalquebecoctobermontrealmontrealquebecmiddecemberottawaottawaontarioseptemberregionalmunicipalityofpeelpeelregionontariooctoberstjohnsnewfoundlandandlabradorjunetorontotorontoontarioseptembervancouvervancouverbritishcolumbiawaterlooregionontariodecemberwindsorontarioaugustwinnipegwinnipegmanitobajanuarylatinamericaplaceslikepanamapuertoricoandcostaricahaveimplementednationwidecentersintherepublicofpanamatheescentrodeatencinciudadanacentrodeatencionciudadanaislegallyresponsibleforthecentralizedreceptionofcitizencomplaintsrequestssuggestionsandconsultationstogovernmentagenciesormunicipalitiesitshoursofoperationsarehourssevendaysaweekanddaysayearreceivingoveramillioncitizencontactsonanallannualbasisthroughitstollfreelineselfserviceportalmobileapplicationandsocialmediaaccountsequivalentsinothercountriesfinlandonayearlylevelthedispatchersinfinlandsservicereceivesomenonurgentcallsinordertocurbthisproblemwhichtiesuppreciousresourcesacommitteeproposesthatfinlandlaunchanewtelephonenumberforsuchcallscallstothisnumberwouldalsobefreeofchargegermanyingermanyisasingleaccessnumbertocommunalregionalandfederaladministrationsswedenswedenhasintroducedasystemwherelessurgentcallerscancalltogetconnectedtothelocalpolicestationdependingoncurrentloadandsituationhoweverthecallcouldpotentiallybeconnectedtoanystationinswedencallstothisnumberarechargedaccordingtothesameratesasanyothernationalcallsunitedkingdominallpartsoftheunitedkingdomthenonemergencynumberforcontactingthepoliceisnonemergencytelephonenumberusagethecostofcityservicesinbaltimorehasbeendramaticallyreducedbythecombinationoftheserviceandcitistatwhilebaltimorewasthefirstcitytouseasapolicenonemergencynumberinjanuarychicagoinitiatedthefirstcomprehensivesystembyprovidinginformationandtrackingcityservicesfromintaketoresolutioninadditiontotakingnonemergencypolicecallswhenthenewservicewaslaunchedinformationregardingallcityservicesservicerequestsassistanceinreachingvariouscitydepartmentsandpublicofficesandavarietyofinformationrangingfrominformationaboutthecitysbluebagrecyclingprogramtospecialeventsschedulescouldbeobtainedbycallingthisalsosupplantedtheneedtorememberorfindthenumberwhichuntilthenactedasaswitchingstationforreachingvariouscitydepartmentsandemployeesaswellaschicagopolicenonemergencydialingthisnumbertodaydirectsyoutoacenteroperatorfromanyareacodesinceitslaunchchicagohaswonnumerousnationalawardsincludingtheinnovationsinamericangovernmentawardfromtheashinstitutefordemocraticgovernanceandinnovationatharvarduniversitysjohnfkennedyschoolofgovernmentininadditiontoprovidingseamlessdeliveryofcityservicestoresidentsthecallcenterservesasabackuptothecityscallcenterinorangecountyfloridainwhilethesystemwasbeingpilotedthreehurricanesstruckcentralfloridatheunusualoccurrencedamagedhomesandbusinessesthroughouttheorlandoareathepilotprogramusedasevendigitnumberinitiallyanditwasthisnumberthatreceivedthedemandsforposthurricaneservicesthisexperiencetestedandprovedthevalueoftheprogramandorangecountyimmediatelyactivatedthenumberforgovernmentalcustomerserviceinnewyorkcityisusedbycityofficialsasoneofseveralsourcesofmeasurementandinformationabouttheperformanceofcityservicesimportantdatesinthehistoryofnewyorksserviceincludedecemberwhenitreceiveditsrecordhighofcallsduetothefirstdayofthenewyorkcitytransitstrikeandjunewhenitreceiveditsmillionthcallinsanfranciscoisthenumberforthecityandcountyofsanfranciscolikenewyorkcityitprovidesinformationforcityservicessuchastransitinformationsanfranciscowasimplementedinshortlyafterthelaunchofthetthirdstreetsanfranciscomunicipalrailwaymunilightraillinehoweverithascomeundersubstantialcriticismoflatebecausethesystemchargesthefinanciallystrappedsanfranciscomunicipalrailwaymunisystemforeverymunirelatedphonecallsomehavecriticizedmayorgavinnewsomforstealingmunifundsintothesystembeyondchronorgnewsindexphpitemidinthecityofcharlottenorthcarolinacharlotteandmecklenburgcountynorthcarolinaisalsousedtofindlostpetsgetanswerstoquestionsabouttaxescomplainaboutneededroadwaymaintenancegetinformationaboutfloodconditionsmakenonemergencypolicereportsandothergovernmentservicesthecityofphiladelphiaimplementedtheserviceinthephillycontactcenterprovidesinformationtocitizensandplacesservicerequestsfordepartmentsacrossthecitytheserequestsincludebutarenotlimitedtomissedrubbishgraffitiremovablelicenseinspectioninquiriesandpotholerepairsphillyreceivesovermillioncallseachyeardespitenotbeinginserviceonabasisasisthecaseinothercitiesseealsoemergencytelephonenumbercivildefensebycountrynationalemergencytechnologyguardreferencesschellongapeterlangnetindexcfmvidvlangevhrvurvuurcitizenrelationshipmanagementastudyofcrmingovernmentdissertationpeterlangpublishinggroupfrankfurtammainbernbruxellesnewyorkoxfordicmaorgmainbcaspbcidhsidssidicmanationalstudyofcrmtechnologytheonphiladelphiassystemwebarchiveorgwebwhyyorgblogsitsourcitytheonphiladelphiassystemmayornutterannouncesphillymobileappcityofphiladelphiawordpresscommayornutterannouncesphillymobileappcityofphiladelphiaselectsicmatoassistphillyicmaorgenicmanewsroomarticlecityofphiladelphiaselectsicmatoassistphillyexternallinkshksharvardedunetgovhtmlnmapuscanadagovernmentcallcentercirmhtmmapofuscanadianandinternationalnprojectsopenorgopenstandardizedtechnologyforlocationbasedcollaborativeissuetrackingwikiopenorgopenwikiisthetelephonenumberforlocaldirectoryassistanceintheunitedstatesandcanadaisalsocommonlyreferredtoasdadirectoryassistanceorinformationapproximatelybillioncallsaremadetowithintheunitedstateseveryyearhasbeenusedsinceatleastinnewyorkcitysanfranciscoandotherlargecitieswherepanelswitchpanelandnumberonecrossbarswitchingsystemcrossbartelephoneexchangeswitchingequipmentinstalledbythebellsystemwasprevalenthoweverinsmallerbellsystemcitiesandalmostallareasservedbygteandothercompanieswherestrowgerswitchstepbystepequipmentwasthenormsuchaslosangeleswasuseduntilatleastthesandinsomecasesthepacificnorthwestforexampleuntilthemidsuntiltheearlysandcallswerefreeinmoststatesintheunitedstatesandcanadadirectoryassistancewashistoricallyalocalfunctionandmostcompaniesupdatedlistingsattheirdirectoryassistancecentersalmostdailycallerswoulddialorforfastefficientandaccurateservicewhenlongdistancecallinglongdistancenumberswereneededpriortothefullintroductionofdirectdialedlongdistancecallinglongdistanceservicecallerswouldcalleitheroroperatorandrequestafreelongdistanceconnectiontothedirectoryassistancecenterinthedistantcityindirectdialedlongdistancedirectoryassistancebecameavailablethenumberincitieswithpanelandcrossbarswitchingequipmentwasareacodewhereasincitieswithstepbystepequipmentthenumberwasorfornumbersnotlocalbutinthesameareacodeandareacodeorareacodefornumbersinotherareacodesinsomeareacodesthedirectoryassistancecenterwasabletoservetheentireareacodebutinmanytheoperatorintheprincipalcityoftheareacodedialedwouldconnectthecalleronwardtoamorelocaldirectoryassistancecenterforthemostuptodateinformationaftertheintroductionofcompetitivelocalexchangecarrierlocalexchangecompetitionmosttelephonecompaniesoutsourceddirectoryassistanceservicetonationwidecallcentersthishasblurredthedistinctionbetweenandformodificationoffinaljudgmentregulatoryreasonswheretelephoneserviceisprovidedbytraditionallocalexchangecarriersthelocalexchangecarrierlocalcarrierwilldeterminehowtohandlethechosenlocaltollintralatacarrierwilldeterminehowtohandlecallsforareacodeswithinthelataandthechoseninterexchangecarrierlongdistancecarrierforinterlatacallswilldeterminehowtohandleotherareacodecallsforserviceprovidedbycellularandvoiceoveripvoipcarrierswherethecustomerdoesnothaveachoiceoflocaltollorlongdistancecarriersallcallsmaybehandledthesamewayinnorthamericaallareasformerlyusinghavebeenconvertedtousingandisnowreservedforverticalservicecodesoutsidenorthamericannumbersarestillinusefortheseandotherservicesinmosteuropeancountriesnnumbersarerelatedtoemergencyservicesandistheeuropeanunifiedemergencynumberiscommonlyusedintheunitedstatesandcanadaasaslangwordforinformationorgossipinthejumptoitsongjumptoitbyamericanrecordingartistarethafranklinforexamplethelyricrunswehavealotoffundontwegirldishinoutthedirtoneverybodyandgivineachotherthetherelationshipbetweenandlongdistancedialingdirectdistancedialingdddwasfirstintroducedinareaswithcommoncontrolswitchingpanelswitchpanelandnumberonecrossbarswitchingsystemcrossbarinthestheseareashadusedfordirectoryassistanceandbecauseoftheabilityofcommoncontrolswitchingtoanalyzetheinitialdigitsofanumberinasenderbeforeroutingthecalltheseareasdidnotrequirethedialingofaninitialtoinitiatealongdistancecallinglongdistancecalltherewasnoambiguitybecausetheinitialassignmentofareacodesalwaysusedeitheraoraastheseconddigitandtheseconddigitoflocalnumberswasneveraorabecauseoftheuseoftwoletterplusdigitlocalnumberingwiththelettersonlyondigitsofthedialareaswithstrowgerswitchstepbystepequipmentprocessedthecallonedigitatatimeasdialedbythecallerandthusneededacommonprefixtodistinguishlongdistancedialingfromlocalcallsthebellsystemdesignchoicewasbutsincewasinusefordirectoryassistancealongwithothercodesrepairwaschangeshadtobemadeinthestepbystepareasinitiallywasusedtemporarilyastheprefixinmostoftheseareastosimplifylongdistancecallingitwasdesirabletochangethistoasomeareasconvertedimmediatelytofordirectoryassistanceandforrepairotherareasretainedbyinstallingwhatwasknownasdoubleheadertrunkswhichactuallyconnectedthecalltothelongdistanceequipmentandthensnatcheditbackiftheseconddigitwasalsoatheconversionproceededasfollowsinspringfieldmassachusettsclasswikitableyearlocaldaldprefixlongdistancedaforinformationoutsidespringfieldbutwithinbrareacodeforinformationinotherareacodesdirectoryassistancedatatheservicesofdirectoryassistancequeriesisoftenoutsourcedtoacallcentrewhospecializesinthatfunctionhistoricallywhenasinglecarrierprovidedmostofthetelephonyservicesforaregionthedatausedtosatisfythesearchcouldexclusivelycomeforthatcarrierssubscriberrollstodaywhenthemarketisfragmentedamongstmanycarriersthedatamustbeaggregatedbyadataaggregatorspecializingindirectorylistingssuchaslssidatacomlssithedataaggregatordistributesthedatatotheserviceseitheronalivebasisactuallyservicingeachqueryorbyperiodicallytransferringlargeswathsoflistingstothecallcenterssystemsforlocalsearchingthedataaggregatorcollectsthedatafromtherollsofmanytelecommunicationcarrierssomecarrierssuchasvonagedonotsendtheircustomerrollstotheaggregatortheircustomerscangettheirlistingsinthedirectoryassistancedatabaseusingafreeservicesuchaslistyourselfnetlistyourselfnetlandlinetelephonedirectoryassistancelandlineservicehasbeenhistoricallyprovidedbylocaltelephonecompaniesincludingthoseoftheformerbellsystemorsubsequentregionalbelloperatingcompaniesrbocstelephonecarrierssincethattimemayprovidethecallstothecustomerfreeofchargeanduseadsupportedoracustomerretentionmodelmeaningunknownsincethebellsystemdivestituretherbocsintheunitedstateshavepricedusehighertoanaverageofusdpercallcomparedtocanadiandollarcadinmostofcanadaprovidingopportunitiesforcompetingservicesintheunitedstatessuchasadsponsoredfreewirelesstelephonedirectoryinadditiontothelocalandlongdistancedirectoryservicesthereisalsoconsumerchoiceandprivacyprotectedwirelessserviceasspecifiedbytheindustrytheservicewillgiveconsumersthechoiceofincludingtheirwirelessphonenumbersinvoiceconsumerswhochoosetooptinwillnothavetheirinformationdisclosedforprintonlinedirectorieslistsortelemarketingfirmstheservicewillallowanylandlineorwirelessphoneusertocallandbeconnectedtothewirelesslistingofapersonwhohaschosentoparticipateintheservicecarrierswhomakeuptheindustryllccreatingtheserviceincludealltelnowabsorbedbyverizonwirelessattmobilityattsprintnextelandtmobileustmobileseealsoalphanumericorderdirectoryassistancefreetheinfobingmobilegoogspeechrecognitiontellmenetworksreferencesfurtherreadingblogsearchenginewatchcomblogrecentsurveyfromtellmenetworksincaboutusagekelseygroupcomvisitorsearchviewilmsummaryaspdocidsflagnothekelseygroupreportonwirelessvoicesearchisaspecialabbreviateddialingabbreviatedtelephonenumberreservedincanadaandtheunitedstatesasaneasytorememberthreedigittelephonenumbermeanttoprovideinformationandreferralstohealthhumanandsocialserviceorganizationsliketheemergencytelephonenumberisoneoftheeightncodesofthenorthamericannumberingplannanphistoryunitedstatesformanyyearsnewyorktelephonenowaunitofverizonusedasanautomatedcreditrequestnumberfordisconnectedormisdialedcallsthisservicewasinservicefromthesthroughtheearlysfrommanylargercitiesthelongdistanceoperatorwasreachedbydialinginordertoplacealongdistancecallthenorthamericannumberingplanlaterdesignatedforlongdistanceoperatoraccessunitedwayofmetropolitanatlantawasthefirsttointroduceaserviceinmanystatesbeganimplementationplanssoonafteraidedbytheunitedwayofamericainpartnershipwiththeallianceofinformationandreferralsystemsairsonjulythefederalcommunicationscommissionfccapprovedfornationwideuseasashortnumberintheunitedstatesalongwithintexasparticularlyinthecoastalbendareaisalsothenumbertocallforelderlyandhandicappedpeopleneedingevacuationassistanceintheeventofapendingdisastersuchasahurricanecanadathecanadianradiotelevisionandtelecommunicationscommissioncrtcapprovedtheuseofthroughoutcanadaonaugustthefirstcanadianserviceopenedintorontoonjuneservicesarefreeofchargeandmultilingualincanadaoperationcenterhoursvarymanyareopentorefercallerstoorganizationsthatprovideservicesinsuchareasassubstancedependenceaddictioncounselingaffordablehousingalzheimersdiseasealzheimersassistancechildcaredebtcounselingdisasterreliefdonationopportunitieseducationemergencyfoodsuchasfoodbanksandsoupkitchensenglishlanguagelearningandteachingeslsocialwelfareprovisionfinancialassistancehomelessservicesemploymentcounsellorjobcounselingparentingprogramspsychotherapycounselingseniorcitizenprogramssuicidepreventiontelephonereassurancecarefortheelderlyvolunteeropportunitiesyouthprogramswhereavailableisoperatedbyaprivatenonprofitcommunityserviceorganizationlocalgovernmentorlocalaffiliatesofthenationalorganizationoftheunitedwayofamericaprovidesinformationandreferralbusinessreferraltocallersonwheretoobtainassistancefromlocalandnationalsocialserviceprogramslocalandnationalgovernmentalagenciesandlocalandnationalnonprofitorganizationsaswellaswheretovolunteerormakeadonationlocallyreferralsareoftengivenfromdatabasesaccessedbycallspecialiststhesedatabasescouldbehousedoffsiteoronsiteareoftenregionalandlinkedtoaspecificbrandofsoftwareusedtoaccessandeditdatabaserecordstoensurethemostuptodatereferralsaregiventocallersinformationinthedatabaseshouldnotbeolderthanoneyearmanycentersareexploringmemorandumsofunderstandingwithstateandfederalgovernmentstofacilitatetheefficienthandlingoffuturedisasterstelevisionorradiostationscouldeasilytellcitizenstocallintheeventofanemergencycallspecialistsatthesecenterswouldbeinformedofcurrentdisasterplansorplacestoreceivehelpandcouldtheninformthepublicofthecorrectcourseofactionrecentlyinfloridatexasarizonamassachusettsiowaandthegulfcoastregioncenterswereinstrumentalincoordinatingwithlocalgovernmentofficialsandprovidinginformationtocommunitiesbeforeandafterlocaldisastersavailabilityunitedstatesasofoctobertheserviceisavailableinallstatesandwashingtondcstateshavecompletecoverageanditisavailableinpuertoricoinnortherncaliforniawasinstitutedthroughoutmostofthesanfranciscobayareacalifornianinetytwopercentofcaliforniaresidentsnowhaveaccesstothecaliforniapublicutilitiescommissioncpucruledinthatservicewouldbeestablishedonacountybycountybasiscaliforniasfirstservicelaunchedonfebruaryinventuracountycurrentlyisincountiesformoreinformationonincaliforniavisitcairsorgwwwcairsorgorusorgstatushtmwwwusorgstatushtmcanadaincanadaisavailableinthefollowingplacesstartingdatesinparenthesesnotethatthislistmaybeoutofdateservicecoverageisgenerallyexpandingovertimenovascotianscanovascotiaprovincewidefebruaryquebecqccaengrandmontralandquebecregionscaenqubecrgionscapitalenationalecapitalenationaleregionaprilchaudireappalacheschaudireappalachesregionaprillahauteyamaskaregionalcountymunicipalitylahauteyamaskalavalquebeclavalregionoctobergreatermontrealgreatermontrealaprilontarioontariocaontarioalgomadistrictseptemberbrucecountyontariobrucecountyfebruaryfrontenaccountyontariofrontenaccountyjunegreycountyontariogreycountyfebruaryhaliburtoncountyontariohaliburtoncountyseptemberregionalmunicipalityofhaltonhaltonregionhuroncountyontariohuroncountyjunekawarthalakesseptemberkingstonontariokingstonjunelennoxandaddingtoncountyjunelondonontariolondonoctoberdistrictmunicipalityofmuskokamuskokadistrictnovemberregionalmunicipalityofniagaraniagararegionnovembernorthumberlandcountyontarionorthumberlandcountymayottawaseptemberoxfordcountyontariooxfordcountyseptemberregionalmunicipalityofpeelpeelregionmayperthcountyontarioperthcountyjunepeterboroughcountyontariopeterboroughcountyjunerenfrewcountyfebruarysaultstemarieontariosaultstemarieseptembersimcoecountyontariosimcoecountynovemberthunderbayfebruarytorontojuneregionalmunicipalityofwaterloowaterlooregionmaywindsorontariowindsoressexcountyontarioessexcountynovembersaskatchewanskcasaskatchewanprovincewidewebonlyseptemberalbertaabcaalbertacalgaryalbertacalgaryedmontonalbertaedmontonbritishcolumbiabccabcfraservalleyregionaldistrictoctobermetrovancouveroctobersunshinecoastregionaldistrictsquamishlillooetregionaldistrictoctobervancouverislandgulfislandsseptemberthewindsorstarhasreportedonmarchthatwindsorontariointendedtohaveaserviceupbyasthegovernmentofontarioprovincialgovernmentallocatedcanadiandollartostartitupwithmuchofthemoneybeingdonatedbytheunitedwayofcanadabuthadasettimelimitonhowlongthosefundswouldbeavailableonnovemberthecityofwindsorscitywindsorcawebsiteannouncedthatserviceforwindsorandessexcountyontarioessexcountybeganandwasbeingrunbytheunitedwaywhoalsorunsthelocalserviceplanstointroduceservicesarealsoindevelopmentinothercanadiancommunitiesontarioextendedprovincewideinandnovascotiasprovincewidedeploymentwillbefullyoperationalininbritishcolumbiaservicesareadministeredbybccabcandisavailableonvancouverislandgulfislandsandinthemetrovancouversquamishlillooetregionaldistrictsquamishlillooetsunshinecoastregionaldistrictandfraservalleyandregionaldistrictswithplanstoexpandtheservicesprovinciallyinsomecommunitiesunusedxcodeswereassignedasringbacknumberplanttestnumbersfortelephoneinstallerstestingindividuallinesinthecanadianprovinceofprinceedwardislandforinstancewhenwasdialeditcausedabusysignaltooccurandthedialerstelephonelinewouldgodeadforseveralminutesafterwardthesecodesmustfirstberecoveredbymovingthetestfunctionselsewhereandarestandardreservedlocalandlongdistancetestexchangesinmostareastopermitredeploymentaslocalpublicinformationnumbersaccreditationunitedstatestheamericanaccreditingbodyforcentersistheairsorgallianceofinformationreferralsystemsairsairsprovidesanindepthaccreditationprocessforcentersairsalsocertifiescallcenterrepresentativesascertifiedinformationandreferralspecialistscirscertifiedinformationandreferralspecialistsforagingcirsaandcertifiedresourcespecialistscrsannuallyairsstandardshavebeencreatedtoprovideabenchmarkforcentersanditsstaffthestandardsregulatenationallyhowacentersprovidesservicesandhowtheycollectandstoreinformationinfolineoflosangelesaninformationandreferralservicesagencyservingthegreaterlosangelesareadevelopedanationaltaxonomyofhumanservicesthatprovidesastandardlanguageforinformationandreferralprovidersnationallyairsadoptedthistaxonomyasitsnationalstandardforuseinthefieldofinformationandreferralthistaxonomyprovidesstandarddefinitionoftermsanexactcodingstructureforreferralsandsearchmethodologyforprovidingreferralstoconsumersmoreinformationabouttheairsinfolinetaxonomyofhumanservicescanbefoundattaxonomyorgwwwtaxonomyorgaccreditedcentersmusthaveactivememorandumsofunderstandingwithlocalserviceaswellasdomesticviolenceproviderseldercareprovidersmentalhealthprovidersandlocallawenforcementtonameafewcanadaincanadaprofessionalcertificationishandledbyinformcanadainformcanadacathenationalinitiativeisapartnershipbetweeninformcanadaandunitedwayofcanadaunitedwayofcanadacentraidecanadaworkisunderwaytocreateabilingualcanadiantaxonomyofhumanservicesbasedontheairsinfolinetaxonomythisprojectisledbyinformcanadaandsignificantstepshavebeenmadeonthecreationofastartertaxonomybytheontariophaseprojectfundedbytheontariotrilliumfoundationandthegovernmentofcanadaupdatesonthecanadiantaxonomyprojectaremaintainedbycaimplementationprocessthenumbermustbecapturedandapprovedforassigningthroughthelocaltelecomcompaniesprovidingservicesinthelocalareatheprocessofimplementingaserviceinacommunityhastakenmanypathssinceitsbeginninginsomeplaceshaveacentralizedstatewidesystemwhileothershavedecentralizedregionalnetworkswithdifferenttypesofaffiliationsintheunitedstateseachimplementationismonitoredbythenationalaccreditingentityairsorgallianceofinformationreferralsystemsairsanditslocalstatewideaffiliateincanadathedeploymentofserviceissubjecttoinformcanadaaccreditationandcanadianradiotelevisionandtelecommunicationscommissioncrtcapprovalseealsospeeddialcrisishotlinesocialservicesfightingpovertyreferencesexternallinksfccgovcgbconsumerfactshtmlfccfactsheetonorginformationreferralsearchinfoboxstartrekracenamexindiimagecaptionthefiveextantxindisubspeciesandtheskullofanavianextinctleadergovernedbythexindicouncilnotimplementedplanetxinduslanguagevariousnativelanguagesaffiliationguardiansndcenturyunitedfederationofplanetsthcenturythexindiisthecollectivetermforsixfantasytropesandconventionssentientracesfictionalracesinthesciencefictiontelevisionprogramtelevisionseriesstartrekenterprisetheentirestartrekenterpriseseasonthirdseasonbroadcastintocenteredonthisgroupofpreviouslyunknownalienstheyarenativetotheplanetxindusinaregionofouterspacespaceknownasthelistofstartrekregionsofspacedelphicexpansedelphicexpansetheyconsistoffivespeciesresemblingfamiliarearthanimalsararityforalienracesinstartrekandasixthresemblinghumansatfirsttheyappearedasviolentenemieswantingnointeractionwithhumanitybutcommongroundgraduallyemergedasthecrewoftheenterprisenxenterprisediscoveredthatthexindiwerebeingmanipulatedintothisenmitybytheirguardianssomexindibecameimportantrecurringcharactersastheepisodestoryarcunfoldedduringthethirteenthliveactionfilmintheseriesstartrekbeyondthexindiwerementionedalongwiththeromulansasaliensthathumanityfoughtwarsagainstintheyearsleadinguptotheformationofthefederationtheirdefeatandeventualalliancewasthecausebehindedisonsmutinyagainstthefederationleadinghimtobecomethevillainkrallfirstappearancethexindispresencewasestablishedinthesecondseasonfinaleofstartrekenterprisetheexpansestartrekepisodetheexpanseinwhichthexindilaunchedaprobethatattackedearthinfictionearthinaprilkillingsevenmillionpeopleinastripofdestructionstretchingfromfloridatovenezuelatheyappearedagaininthethirdseasonpremierethexinditoplayamajorroleintheprimarystoryarcofseasonthreexindihistorythexindiareacollectiveofsixdifferentintelligentspecieswhichevolvedsimultaneouslyonthesameplanetxindusdespitetheradicallydifferentappearanceofallsixspeciestheyallshareidenticalridgesontheircheekbonesandhaveverysimilardnaallsixofthesespecieswereinvolvedinawarlastingaboutyearsandendinginthesalliancesamongthexindispecieswereforgedandchangedcontinuouslythroughoutthewarsomuchthatyearsintothewarmostxindiforgotwhatstartedithowevereveryonerememberedhowitendedinanactofdesperationtheinsectoidsandreptiliansdetonatedseveralchargesbeneaththeeightlargestseismicfissuresofthegeologicallyunstableplanetxindusleadingtoitsdestructionandultimatelytheextinctionoftheavianraceafterthewarthexindiscatteredthroughouttheexpanseintoseveralcolonycoloniesasawholetheyhaveapassionatedesiretoestablishanewhomeworldandunifyallxindibutdiffergreatlyonhowtoaccomplishthisandonwhoshouldholdtheultimatereinsofpowerthexindithenspenttheearlypartofdecidinghowtoconfrontthethreatofhumanityandplannedabiologicalweaponbasedonthehumangeneticprofilethiswasultimatelyrejectedbythexindicouncilthereptilianswentalongwiththebioweaponbutwereeventuallyfoiledandsotheyworkedonaweapontoblowupearththeytechnicallysucceededhoweverthattimelinewasundonespherebuildersthexindiwereactuallypawnsinthetemporalcoldwarasinterferenceintheirhistorybeganshortlyaftertheendingoftheircivilwarwiththeappearanceofatransdimensionalalienracewhoguidedthemtonewhomelandsandresourcesthexindicametoreveretheseguardianswhomtheylaterunderstoodtobethesamespeciesasthespherebuildersthesealienswerealsosimilarlyreveredbythetriannonwhobelievedthatdeitieswhotheycalledthemakersconstructedthespherestotransformtheexpanseintoaparadisethisledtoadevastatingreligiouscivilwarasseenintheepisodechosenrealmthexindiwerealsoinformedbytheguardiansatleastasearlyasthattheywouldbevictimsofagenocidegenocidalattackfromhumansinthethcenturyfollowingtheirguidancethexindilaunchedapreemptiveteststrikeonearthasaprecursortoadevastatingsecondattackinlistofminorrecurringcharactersinstartrekenterprisedanielsdanielstimelinexindicrewmenserveintheunitedfederationofplanetsfederationinthethcenturyinabattlewithhumansandxindiagainstthespherebuilderswiththehelpofcaptainarchersevidenceofthefuturecooperationthexindicouncilbegantosplitovertheissueofwhethertheguardiansweretherealenemyornotthesplitwidenedwhenreptiliancouncilmemberlistofminorrecurringcharactersinstartrekenterprisedolimdolimkilledprimatecouncilmemberlistofminorrecurringcharactersinstartrekenterprisedegradegrawiththehelpoftheguardiansthereptiliansandinsectoidsthentookcontrolofthefinishedxindiweaponandsetonacourseforearththustriggeringanewcivilwaracombinedfleetofarborealsprimatesaquaticsandhumanoidspursuedtheweaponenroutetoearthariftappearedinthereptilianinsectoidalliancewhentheinsectoidsproposeddelayingthedestructionofearthinlightofarchersrevelationaboutthetruenatureofthespherebuildersthereptiliansdeterminedtoseethetaskcompletedeliminatedtheaccompanyinginsectoidvesselarrivingnearearthanandorianvesselcommandedbylistofminorrecurringcharactersinstartrekenterprisethylekshranshransuddenlydestroyedthereptilianvesselallowinghumanstoboardthexindiweaponanddestroyitatthesametimeenterprisewasabletodestroytheentirespherenetworkstoppingthespatialanomalieswiththespherebuilderthreatendedthexindicouncilreconvenedthereptilianswereeventuallyconvincedtoreturnandthexindiabandonedtheirbeliefintheguardiansandtheirhostileintenttowardhumansxindispeciesxindiaquaticsxindiaquaticsresembleearthsireniansswimmingunderwaterandspeakingthroughanimalecholocationecholocationaquaticshaveareputationfortakingaverylongtimetomakeadecisionbutaremorereadilyconvincedbyvisualevidencethexindihaveasayingitseasiertocountthestarsthanitisforanaquatictoreachadecisiontheappearanceoftheaquaticsintheserieswasinspiredbythemosasauruseventhoughtheaquaticsarepeacefultheyhaveastrongmilitarytheirwarshipsresemblelargeearthmantaraysandarefilledwithwaterhoweverthereisatleastonesectionoftheshipthatissealedandfilledwithairforlandbasedracesthisroomalsohasawindowsothevisitorscancommunicatewiththeaquaticcrewaquaticvesselscanemitafieldthatdisruptstargetingscannersthiscanalsobeappliedtoprotectothershipshowevertheirshipsareveryslowandcannottravelmuchfasterthanwarpaquaticshipsalsocarryextremelypowerfulweaponsandaremorethanamatchforinsectoidandreptilianshipsaquaticwarshipsarehugeandoneofthemwasdepictedcarryingtheenterprisenxenterprisenxtoearthinsideachamberwithinthevesselafterthexindiweaponwasdestroyedxindiarborealsxindiarborealsarecoveredwithhairandresembleearthslothstheyrunkemociteproductionfacilitiesthroughoutthedelphicexpanselistofstartrekcharactersgmggralikaxindiarborealgavelistofminorrecurringcharactersinstartrekenterprisedegradegraashipmentofimpurekemocitetosabotageproductionofthecouncilsweaponprototypetheyhaveshowntheleastinterestindestroyinghumanityarborealsarealsoafraidofthewatertheyarewellknownasscientistsjannarwasafriendofdegraandanallyofjonathanarchercaptainarcherxindiaviansxindiavianswerebirdlikexindiwiththeabilitytoflyalthoughallthatiseverseenofthisspeciesisasingleskullidenticaltothatofagiraffetheyoncedarkenedtheskiesofxindusthexindihomeworldtheyarethoughttobeextinctsincethereptiliansandinsectoidsplantedexplosivesthatdestroyedthexindihomeworldafterthehundredyearwartheavianshavingprimitivetechnologycouldnotleavetheplanetandwerewipedoutbecauseofthisthereptilianssaythattheirlairinwhichthexindicouncilnowconveneshasastenchoffailurexindiinsectoidsxindiinsectoidsresembleacrossbetweensixfootearthmantisprayingmantidsflyfliesandantsinsectoidshaveanlifeexpectancyaveragelifespanofyearstheyreproduceasexualreproductionasexuallybylayingeggbiologyeggswhichtakeaboutaweektomatureeggsacsaresuspendedfromceilingsandtubulesconnectedtothemspraychemicalsthatcausepassersbytoreverseimprintingpsychologyimprintonthehatchlingsprotectingthemasaparentwouldhatchlingsaresoimportanttoinsectoidsthathatcheriesaboardstarshipsareheavilyshieldedasseeninepisodehatcherystartrekenterprisehatcherytheinsectoidcrewwillsacrificethemselvestopreservetheirunbornoffspringtheyspeakaclickinglanguageofwhichthereareknowndialectsinsectoidiconographyisradicallydifferentfromthatofotherxindiinsectoidpersonalnamesgetlongerwithageinsectoidshaveareputationforrushingintodecisionsinsectoidstarshipsaredesigneddifferentlyfromothervesselstheydonthaveoneareadesignatedforbridgedutiescommandfunctionsaredistributedthroughouttheshipinsectoidchairsandassaultvehiclesaredesignedforinsectoidanatomyandnothumanoidstheyhavealongstandingalliancewiththereptiliansandtogethertheydestroyedthexindihomeworldafterthehundredyearwarxindiprimatesxindiprimatesresembleearthhumansandhaveasimilarbrainstructuretothexindireptilianstheywereoneofthefirstxindispeciesincludingthereptilianstobeinformedofthethreatposedbyhumanitydegraaxindiprimatewasassignedtodeveloptheweaponwhichwastodestroyearthinlatethecrewoftheenterprisenxenterpriseboardedandstudiedaprimatesvesselandinterrogatedthecrewintheepisodestratagemstartrekenterprisestratagemarcherlearnedfromdegrathatacolonyofprimatesresidesonazatiprimewheretheweaponwasbeingconstructedlikehumansxindiprimateshavedifferencesinskintonethechairmanofthexindicouncilwasaxindiprimatexindireptiliansxindireptiliansresembleacrossbetweenseveralearthlizardsthisspeciesisresponsibleforapreemptiveattackonearthinaidedbytransdimensionalbeingsthereptiliansalsotraveledtotocollectbloodsamplesfortheirbioweaponinthefuturebutwerefoiledbyjonathanarcherandtpolreptiliansprefertobelowtothegroundasopposedtohighrisebuildingstheyuseweaponswithregenerativebiometricpowercellsthatoverloadifanotherspeciestriestousethemtheyusethermalchambersonboardtheirshipstokeeptheirenergytheyarethemostaggressiveraceofxindiandseemtobemoreinterestedthantheotherracesindestroyingearththemilitaryleadershipofthereptiliansappeartobeobsessedwitheugenicsthexindiinsectoidsaretheracethatthereptiliansareclosesttoalongwiththeinsectoidstheyareresponsibleforthedestructionofthexindihomeworldtheattacksquadronsseenatazatiprimeconsistedoftworeptilianshipsandtwoinsectoidshipscommanderdolimwasthexindireptilianrepresentativeonthecouncilxindicouncilthexindicouncilisthejointgovernmentalbodyofthexindiracesasseenseasonthreeofstartrekenterprisethecouncilwasformedafterthedestructionofthexindihomeworldxindusinthesitconsistsoftworepresentativesofeachofthexindispeciesandwasformedtofindanewhomeworldforallthexindiraceshoweveralthoughtheyfoundafewsuitableplanetstheycouldneveragreeonafinalchoicethecouncilchamberislocatedonaplanetlightyearsfromazatiprimethelandbasedracessitatalargeroundtableinthecenteroftheroomwhiletheaquaticslookonfromalargetankadjoiningthechamberbyawindowthechamberhasbuiltinequipmentforholographicsandaviewscreenfortelemetrythechamberitselfwasactuallyastrongholdbuiltbythexindiaviansbeforetheywerewipedoutcircathecouncildiscoveredthathumansweregoingtodestroytheminfourhundredyearsinapanictheyassignedtheprimatescientistdegratoconstructaweapontodestroyearthafteranumberofdisagreementsthecouncilwasdissolvedinordertodothespherebuildersbiddingthereptiliansandinsectoidsbrokeawayfromtheprimatesarborealsandeventuallytheaquaticscivilwarultimatelybrokeoutwhencommanderdolimkilleddegraafterdolimwaskilledthespherebuilderswerediscreditedthesuperweapondestroyedandthecouncilreconvenedthenamesofcouncilrepresentativesasrevealedinthecouncilstartrekenterprisethecouncilwerearborealslistofminorrecurringcharactersinstartrekenterprisejannarjannaraquaticskiaphetammansorinsectoidsunknownmostxindiinsectoidnamesareunpronounceablebyhumanscalledshrestinthenovelizationsprimatesthechairmanlistofminorrecurringcharactersinstartrekenterprisedegradegrareptiliansregimentalcommanderlistofminorrecurringcharactersinstartrekenterprisedolimdolimothersignificantxindicharactersthexindikessickprimateenslavedonaimpulsestartrekenterprisetrelliumdtrelliumdminelistofstartrekcharacterstztthalenprimatedegrasassistantlistofstartrekcharactersgmggralikarborealchieftechnicianofkemocitefacilityreferencesexternallinksstartrekcomstartrekviewlibraryaliensentarticlehtmlxindientryonstartrekofficialsitecsrasyvestartrekuxindovdevlkerundgruppierungenimstartrekuniversumxindisvlistaverutomjordiskaraseristartrekxindiinfoboxmilitaryconflictconflictxinhairevolutionbrchineserevolutionofpartofantiqingsentimentantiqingmovementsimagexinhairevolutioninshanghaijpgimagesizepxcaptiondoubletenrevolutioninshanghaithepictureaboveisnanjingroadnankingroadaftertheshanghaiarmeduprisingshanghaiuprisinghungwiththefiveracesunderoneunionflagsthenusedbytherevolutionariesinshanghaiandnorthernchinadatewuchanguprisingnbspbrplaceqingdynastychinacasuswuchanguprisingresultabdicationofpuyifalloftheqingdynastyendofimperialchinaestablishmentoftherepublicofchinarepublicofchinadestabilizationofchinacombatantcombatantprovisionalgovernmentoftherepublicofchinaprovisionalgovernmentoftherepublicofchinabrhubeimilitarygovernmentoftherepublicofchinabrtongmenghuibrgelaohuibrtiandihuibrvariousotherrevolutionarygroupsandforcesbrregionalofficialsandwarlordscommanderempressdowagerlongyubrprinceregentprinceregentzaifengprincechunzaifengbrprimeministeryuanshikaibrfengguozhangbrmaanliangbrduanqiruibryangzengxinbrmaqibrvariousothernobilitynoblesoftheqingdynastycommanderprovisionalgovernmentoftherepublicofchinaprovpresidentsunyatsenbrjiangrankgeneralhuangxingbrsongjiaorenbrchenqimeibrprovisionalgovernmentoftherepublicofchinaprovvicepresidentliyuanhongbrprovisionalgovernmentoftherepublicofchinaprovpresidentyuanshikaistrengthstrengthcasualtiescasualtiesinfoboxchinesepicxinhairevolutionchinesecharacterssvgpiccapxinhairevolutioninchinesecharacterspicsizepxcpxnhigmngwhsinsupsuphaisup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ontheboxerrebellionpromptedanotherforeigninvasionofbeijinginandtheimpositionofunequaltreatytermswhichcarvedawayterritoriescreatedextraterritorialconcessionsandgaveawaytradeprivilegesunderinternalandexternalpressuretheqingcourtbegantoadoptsomeofthereformstheqingmanagedtomaintainitsmonopolyonpoliticalpowerbysuppressingoftenwithgreatbrutalityalldomesticrebellionsdissidentscouldoperateonlyinsecretsocietiesandundergroundorganizationsinforeignconcessionsorinexileoverseasorganizationforrevolutionwpnfccviolationyeungkuwanpresidentsunyatsenthreeoftheearliestrevolutionariesearliestgroupsthereweremanyrevolutionariesandgroupsthatwantedtooverthrowtheqinggovernmenttoreestablishhanledgovernmenttheearliestrevolutionaryorganizationswerefoundedoutsideofchinasuchasyeungkuwansfurenliterarysocietycreatedinhongkonginthereweremembersincludingtsetsantaiwhodidpoliticalsatiresuchasthesituationinthefareastoneofthefirsteverchinesemanhuaandwholaterbecameoneofthecorefoundersofthesouthchinamorningpostsunyatsensrevivechinasocietyxingzhonghuirevivechinasocietywasestablishedinhonoluluinwiththemainpurposeofraisingfundsforrevolutionsthetwoorganizationsweremergedinsmallergroupsthehuaxinghuihuaxinghuichinarevivalsocietywasfoundedinwithnotableslikehuangxingzhangshizhaochentianhuaandsongjiaorenalongwithotherstheirmottowastakeoneprovincebyforceandinspiretheotherprovincestoriseuptheguangfuhuiguangfuhuirestorationsocietywasalsofoundedininshanghaiwithcaiyuanpeiothernotablemembersincludezhangbinglinandtaochengzhangdespiteprofessingtheantiqingcausetheguangfuhuiwashighlycriticalofsunyatsentherewerealsomanyotherminorrevolutionaryorganizationssuchaslizhixuehuiinjiangsugongqianghuiinsichuanyiwenhuiandhanzudulihuiinfujianyizhisheinjiangxiyuewanghuiinanhuiandqunzhihuiinguangzhoutherewerealsocriminalorganizationsthatwereantimanchuincludingthegreengangandhongmenzhigongtangsunyatsenhimselfcameincontactwiththehongmenalsoknownastiandihuitiandihuiheavenandearthsocietygelaohuigelaohuielderbrothersocietywasanothergroupwithzhudewuyuzhangliuzhidanandhelongthisistherevolutionarygroupthatwouldeventuallydevelopastronglinkwiththelatercommunistpartyofchinacommunistpartytongmenghuisunyatsensuccessfullyunitedtherevivechinasocietyhuaxinghuiandguangfuhuiinthesummeroftherebyestablishingtheunifiedtongmenghuitongmenghuiunitedleagueinaugustintokyowhileitstartedintokyoithadlooseorganizationsdistributedacrossandoutsidethecountrysunyatsenwastheleaderofthisunifiedgroupotherrevolutionarieswhoworkedwiththetongmenghuiincludewangjingweiandhuhanminwhenthetongmenhuiwasestablishedmorethanofthetongmenhuimemberswerebetweenyearsofagesomeoftheworkintheeraincludesmanhuapublicationssuchasthejournalofcurrentpictoriallatergroupsinfebruaryrizhihuialsohadmanyrevolutionariesincludingsunwuzhangnanxianhejiweiandfengmuminanucleusofattendeesofthisconferenceevolvedintothetongmenhuisestablishmentinhubeiinjulyseveralmembersoftongmenhuiintokyoadvocatedarevolutionintheareaoftheyangtzeriverliuquiyijiaodafengzhangboxiangandsunwuestablishedgongjinhuiprogressiveassociationrefnamewangwangkewenmodernchinaanencyclopediaofhistorycultureandnationalismtaylorfrancispublishingpprefinjanuarytherevolutionarygroupzhengwuxueshewasrenamedaswenxuesheliterarysocietyrefnamemzvolumeofpgrefjiangyiwuwaschosenastheleaderthesetwoorganizationswouldplayabigroleinthewuchanguprisingmanyyoungrevolutionariesadoptedtheanarchisminchinaradicalprogramsoftheanarchistsintokyoliushipeiproposedtheoverthrowofthemanchusandareturntochineseclassicalvaluesinparislishizhenwuzhihuiandzhangrenjieagreedwithsunonthenecessityofrevolutionandjoinedthetongmenghuibutarguedthatapoliticalreplacementofonegovernmentwithanothergovernmentwouldnotbeprogressrevolutioninfamilygenderandsocialvalueswouldremovetheneedforgovernmentandcoercionzhangjirepublicofchinazhangjiwasamongtheanarchistswhodefendedassassinationandterrorismasameanstowardrevolutionbutothersinsistedthatonlyeducationwasjustifiableimportantanarchistsincludedcaiyuanpeiwangjingweiandzhangrenjiewhogavesunmajorfinancialhelpmanyoftheseanarchistswouldlaterassumehighpositionsinthekuomintangkmtviewsmanyrevolutionariespromotedantiqingantimanchusentimentsandrevivedmemoriesofconflictbetweentheethnicminoritymanchupeoplemanchuandtheethnicmajorityhanchinesefromthelatemingdynastyleadingintellectualswereinfluencedbybooksthathadsurvivedfromthelastyearsofthemingdynastythelastdynastyofhanchineseinsunyatsenannouncedthathisorganizationsgoalwastoexpelthemanchupeopletatarbarbarianstorevivenamesofchinazhongguoandzhonghuazhonghuatoestablisharepublicandtodistributelandequallyamongthepeoplerefnamechinahistvolvchineseuniversitypresspgrefmanyoftheundergroundgroupspromotedtheideasofresistqingandrestoremingthathadbeenaroundsincethedaysofthetaipingrebellionotherssuchaszhangbinglinsupportedstraightuplineslikeslaythemanchusandconceptslikeantimanchuismstrataandgroupsthexinhairevolutionwassupportedbymanygroupsincludingstudentsandintellectualswhoreturnedfromabroadaswellasparticipantsoftherevolutionaryorganizationsoverseaschinesesoldiersofthenewarmylocalgentryfarmersandothersoverseaschineseassistancefromoverseaschinesewasimportantinthexinhairevolutioninthefirstyearoftherevivechinasocietythefirstmeetingeverheldbythegroupwasheldinthehomeofhofonanoverseaschinesewhowastheleaderofthefirstchinesechurchofchristoverseaschinesesupportedandactivelyparticipatedinthefundingofrevolutionaryactivitiesespeciallythesoutheastasiachineseofbritishmalayamalayasingaporeandmalaysianewlyemergedintellectualsinaftertheabolitionoftheimperialexaminationstheqinggovernmentestablishedmanynewschoolsandencouragedstudentstostudyabroadmanyyoungpeopleattendedthenewschoolsorwentabroadtostudyinplaceslikejapanrefnamefenbyfenbyjonathanthehistoryofmodernchinathefallandriseofagreatpowerpgpgrefanewclassofintellectualsemergedfromthosestudentswhocontributedimmenselytothexinhairevolutionbesidessunyatsenkeyfiguresintherevolutionsuchashuangxingsongjiaorenhuhanminliaozhongkaizhuzhixinrevolutionaryzhuzhixinandwangjingweiwereallchinesestudentsinjapansomewereyoungstudentslikezourongknownforwritingthebookrevolutionaryarmyinwhichhetalkedabouttheexterminationofthemanchusfortheyearsofoppressionsorrowcrueltyandtyrannyandturningthedescendantsofyanhuangemperorssonsandgrandsonsofyellowemperorintogeorgewashingtonsrefnamefenbyfenbyjonathanthehistoryofmodernchinathefallandriseofagreatpowerpgrefbeforerevolutionariesfocusedoncoordinatingtheseorganizationsinpreparationforuprisingsthattheseorganizationswouldlaunchhencethesegroupswouldprovidemostofthemanpowerneededfortheoverthrowoftheqingdynastyafterthexinhairevolutionsunyatsenrecalledthedaysofrecruitingsupportfortherevolutionandsaidtheliteratiweredeeplyintothesearchforhonorsandprofitssotheywereregardedashavingonlysecondaryimportancebycontrastorganizationsliketiandihuisanhehuiwereabletosowwidelytheideasofresistingtheqingandrestoringtheminggentryandbusinessmenwithsomeprinceqingscabinetroyalcabinetmembersthestrengthofthegentryinlocalpoliticshadbecomeapparentfromdecembertheqinggovernmentcreatedsomeapparatustoallowthegentryandbusinessmentoparticipateinpoliticsthesemiddleclasspeoplewereoriginallysupportersofconstitutionalismhowevertheybecamedisenchantedwhentheqinggovernmentcreatedaprinceqingscabinetcabinetwithyikuangprinceqingprinceqingasprimeministeroftheimperialcabinetprimeministerbyearlyanexperimentalcabinethadthirteenmembersnineofwhomweremanchusselectedfromtheimperialfamilyrefnamewangkewangkewenmodernchinaanencyclopediaofhistorycultureandnationalismtaylorfrancispublishingpgrefforeignersbesideschineseandoverseaschinesesomeofthesupportersandparticipantsofthexinhairevolutionwereforeignersamongthemthejapanesewerethemostactivegroupsomejapaneseevenbecamemembersoftongmenghuimiyazakitoutenwastheclosestjapanesesupporterothersincludedheiyamashuandryheiuchidahomerleaanamericanwhobecamesunyatsensclosestforeignadvisorinsupportedsunyatsensmilitaryambitionsbritishsoldierrowlandjmulkernalsotookpartintherevolutionrefnamelaukitlaukitchingchanchinabritainandhongkongchineseuniversitypressprefsomeforeignerssuchasenglishexplorerarthurdecarlesowerbyledexpeditionstorescueforeignmissionariesinandrefnameborstsmithrefmultipleimagealignrightdirectionhorizontalheaderheaderalignleftrightcenterheaderbackgroundfooteryuanrosetopowerinnorthchinaandbuiltthebeiyangarmyfooteralignleftrightcenterfooterbackgroundimageyuanshikaiasgovernorofshandongjpgwidthcaptionyuanshikaiimagebeiyangarmyjpgwidthcaptionsoldiersofthenewarmiesthenewarmywasformedinafterthedefeatoftheqingsinthefirstsinojapanesewartheywerelaunchedbyadecreefromeightprovincesnewarmytroopswerebyfarthebesttrainedandequippedtherecruitswereofahigherqualitythantheoldarmyandreceivedregularpromotionsbeginningintherevolutionariesbegantoshifttheircalltothenewarmiessunyatsenandtherevolutionariesinfiltratedthenewarmyuprisingsandincidentsthecentralfocusoftheuprisingsweremostlyconnectedwiththetongmenghuiandsunyatsenincludingsubgroupssomeuprisingsinvolvedgroupsthatnevermergedwiththetongmenghuisunyatsenmayhaveparticipatedinuprisingsalluprisingspriortothefailedwuchanguprisingfirstguangzhouuprisinginthespringoftherevivechinasocietywhichwasbasedinhongkongplannedthefirstguangzhouuprisingluhaodongwastaskedwithdesigningtherevolutionariesblueskywithawhitesunflagonoctoberyeungkuwanandsunyatsenledzhengshiliangandluhaodongtoguangzhoupreparingtocaptureguangzhouinonestrikehoweverthedetailsoftheirplanswereleakedtotheqinggovernmentthefirstguangzhouuprisingwasafailureunderpressurefromtheqinggovernmentthegovernmentofhongkongforbadethesetwomentoentertheterritoryforfiveyearssunyatsenwentintoexilepromotingthechineserevolutionandraisingfundsinjapantheunitedstatescanadaandbritaininfollowingthehuizhouuprisingyeungkuwanwasassassinatedbyqingagentsinhongkongindependencearmyuprisinginaftertheboxerrebellionstartedtangcaichangandtansitongofthepreviousfootemancipationsocietyorganisedtheindependencearmytheindependencearmyuprisingwasplannedtooccuronaugusthuizhouuprisingonoctobersunyatsenorderedthelaunchofthehuizhouuprisingtherevolutionaryarmywasledbyzhengshiliangandinitiallyincludedmenwhofoughtforhalfamonthhoweverafterthehirobumiitojapaneseprimeministerprohibitedsunyatsenfromcarryingoutrevolutionaryactivitiesontaiwanzhengshilianghadnochoicebuttoorderthearmytodispersethisuprisingthereforealsofailedbritishsoldierrowlandjmulkernparticipatedinthisuprisingmultipleimagealignrightdirectionhorizontalheaderheaderalignrightheaderbackgroundfootertwoimportantqingfiguresatthetimefooteralignleftfooterbackgroundwidthimagezhangzhitongjpgwidthaltcaptionzhangzhidongimagelihungchangcjpgwidthaltcaptionlihongzhanggreatminguprisingaveryshortuprisingoccurredfromtojanuarytoestablishagreatmingheavenlykingdomthisinvolvedtsetsantailijitangliangmuguangandhongquanfuwhoformerlytookpartinthejintianuprisingduringthetaipingheavenlykingdomerapingliuliuprisingmafuyiandhuaxinghuiwasinvolvedinanuprisinginthethreeareasofpingxiangliuyangandlilingcalledpingliuliuprisinginbeijingzhengyangmeneastrailwayassassinationattemptwuyueofguangfuhuicarriedoutanassassinationattemptatthebeijingzhengyangmeneastrailwaystationinanattackonfiveqingofficialsonseptemberhuangganguprisingthehuangganguprisingwaslaunchedonmayinchaozhouotherjapanesethatfollowedincludeandaftertheuprisingbegantheqinggovernmentquicklyandforcefullysuppresseditaroundrevolutionarieswerekilledhuizhouqinhuuprisinginthesameyearsunyatsensentmorerevolutionariestohuizhoutolaunchthehuizhouqinhuuprisingtheqingarmyfledindisorderandtherevolutionariesexploitedtheopportunitycapturingseveraltownstheydefeatedtheqingarmyonceagaininbazhiyiemanyorganizationsvoicedtheirsupportaftertheuprisingandthenumberofrevolutionaryforcesincreasedtotwohundredmenatitsheighttheuprisinghoweverultimatelyfailedanqinguprisingonjulyxuxilinofguangfuhuiledanuprisinginanqinganhuiwhichbecameknownastheanqinguprisingxuxilinatthetimewasthepolicecommissioneraswellasthesupervisorofthepoliceacademyheledanuprisingthatwastoassassinatetheprovincialgovernorofanhuienminghiscousinqiujinwasexecutedafewdayslaterqinzhouuprisingfromaugusttoseptembertheqinzhouuprisingoccurredtoprotestagainstheavytaxationfromthegovernmentsunyatsensentwangheshuntheretoassisttherevolutionaryarmyandcapturedthecountyinseptemberrefnamexnpublishingrefafterthattheyattemptedtobesiegeandcaptureqinzhoubuttheywereunsuccessfultheyeventuallyretreatedtotheareaofshiwandashanwhilewangheshunreturnedtovietnamzhennanguanuprisingondecemberthezhennanguanuprisingtookplaceatfriendshippasszhennanguanapassonthechinesevietnamesebordersunyatsensenthuangmintangtomonitorthepasswhichwasguardedbyafortwiththeassistanceofsupportersamongthefortsdefenderstherevolutionariescapturedthecannontowerinzhennanguansunyatsenhuangxingandhuhanminpersonallywenttothetowertocommandthebattletheqinggovernmentsenttroopsledbylongjiguangandlurongtingtocounterattackandtherevolutionarieswereforcedtoretreatintothemountainousareasafterthefailureofthisuprisingsunwasforcedtomovetosingaporeduetosunyatsenantisunmovementsantisunsentimentswithintherevolutionarygroupshewouldnotreturntothemainlanduntilafterthewuchanguprisingqinlianuprisingonmarchhuangxinglaunchedaraidlaterknownastheqinlianuprisingfromabaseinvietnamandattackedthecitiesofqinzhouandlianzhouinguangdongthestrugglecontinuedforfourteendaysbutwasforcedtoterminateaftertherevolutionariesranoutofsupplieshekouuprisinginaprilanotheruprisingwaslaunchedinyunnanhekoucalledthehekouuprisinghuangmingtangledtwohundredmenfromvietnamandattackedhekouonaprilotherrevolutionarieswhoparticipatedincludewangheshunandguanrenfutheywereoutnumberedanddefeatedbygovernmenttroopshoweverandtheuprisingfailedmapaoyinguprisingonnovemberthemapaoyinguprisingwaslaunchedbyrevolutionarygroupyuewanghuimemberxiongchenggeiatanhuiyuewanghuiatthistimewasasubsetoftongmenghuithisuprisingalsofailedgengxunewarmyuprisinginfebruarythegengxunewarmyuprisingalsoknownastheguangzhounewarmyuprisingtookplacerefnameyqpublishingdigitizedbyuniversityofmichiganoctoberrefthisinvolvedaconflictbetweenthecitizensandlocalpoliceagainstthenewarmyafterrevolutionaryleaderniyingdianwaskilledbyqingforcestheremainingrevolutionarieswerequicklydefeatedcausingtheuprisingtofailsecondguangzhouuprisingonaprilanuprisingoccurredinguangzhouknownasthesecondguangzhouuprisingoryellowflowermoundrevoltitendedindisasterasbodieswerefoundonlycouldbeidentifiedrevolutionarylinjueminwasoneoftheontheeveofbattlehewrotethelegendaryalettertomywifelatertobeconsideredasamasterpieceinchineseliteraturerefnamelangmeadlangmeaddonaldmayalinabiographyabccliopublishingpprefwuchanguprisingtheliterarysocietyandtheprogressiveassociationwererevolutionaryorganizationsinvolvedintheuprisingthatmainlybeganwitharailwayprotectionmovementprotestinthelatesummersomehubeinewarmyunitswereorderedtoneighboringsichuantoquelltherailwayprotectionmovementamassprotestagainsttheqinggovernmentsseizureandhandoveroflocalrailwaydevelopmentventurestoforeignpowersrefnamereillytreillythomasscienceandfootballiiivolumetaylorfrancispublishingpprefeightbannerbannerofficerslikeduanfangtherailroadsuperintendentandzhaoerfengledthenewarmyagainsttherailwayprotectionmovementthenewarmyunitsofhubeihadoriginallybeenthehubeiarmywhichhadbeentrainedbyqingofficialzhangzhidongonseptembertheliterarysocietyandprogressiveassociationconvenedaconferenceinwuchangalongwithsixtyrepresentativesfromlocalnewarmyunitsduringtheconferencetheyestablishedaheadquartersfortheuprisingtheleadersofthetwoorganizationsjiangyiwuandsunwuwereelectedascommanderandchiefofstaffinitiallythedateoftheuprisingwastobeoctoberrefnamegongtongnonbsppprefitwaspostponedtoalaterdateduetoinsufficientpreparationsrevolutionariesintentonoverthrowingtheqingdynastyhadbuiltbombsandonoctoberoneaccidentallyexplodedsunyatsenhimselfhadnodirectpartintheuprisingandwastravelingintheunitedstatesatthetimeinanefforttorecruitmoresupportfromamongoverseaschinesetheqingviceroyofhuguangruichengtriedtotrackdownandarresttherevolutionariestherevoltwasasuccesstheentirecityofwuchangwascapturedbytherevolutionariesonthemorningofoctoberthateveningtheyestablishedatacticalheadquartersandannouncedtheestablishmentofthemilitarygovernmentofhubeiofrepublicofchinatheconferencechoseliyuanhongasthegovernorofthetemporarygovernmentqingofficerslikethebannermenduanfangandzhaoerfengwerekilledbytherevolutionaryforcesprovincialuprisingsafterthesuccessofthewuchanguprisingmanyotherprotestsoccurredthroughoutthecountryforvariousreasonssomeoftheuprisingsdeclaredrestorationofthehanchineseruleotheruprisingswereasteptowardindependenceandsomewereprotestsorrebellionsagainstthelocalauthoritiesregardlessthereasonfortheuprisingtheoutcomewasthatallprovincesinthecountryrenouncedtheqingdynastyandjoinedtherocchangsharestorationonoctoberthehunantongmenghuiwereledbyjiaodafengandchenzuoxintheycapturedthecityandkilledthelocalimperialgeneralthentheyannouncedtheestablishmentofthehunanmilitarygovernmentoftherepublicofchinaandannouncedtheiroppositiontotheqingempireshaanxiuprisingonthesamedayshaanxistongmenghuiledbyjingdingchengandqiandingaswellasjingwumuandothersincludinggelaohuilaunchedanuprisingandcapturedxianaftertwodaysofstruggletheattackwassuccessfulbutafternewsarrivedthatpuyiwasabouttoabdicatemaagreedtojointhenewrepublicxianmanchucityfinallyfellonoctoberafteramassacreofmanchusinlivingtherejiujianguprisingonoctoberlinsenjiangquncaihuiandothermembersofthetongmenghuiintheprovinceofjiangxiplottedarevoltofnewarmyunitsshanxitaiyuanuprisingonoctoberyanxishanofthenewarmyledanuprisingintaiyuanthecapitalcityoftheprovinceofshanxialongwithyaoyijiehuangguoliangwenshouquanlichenglinzhangshuzhiandqiaoxitheymanagedtokilltheqinggovernorofshanxiluzhongqitheythenannouncedtheestablishmentofshanximilitarygovernmentwithyanxishanasthemilitarygovernoryanxishanwouldlaterbecomeoneofthewarlordsthatplaguedchinaduringwhatwasknownasthewarlorderakunmingdoubleninthuprisingonoctoberligenyuanofthetongmenghuiinyunnanjoinedwithcaieluopeijintangjiyaoandotherofficersofthenewarmytolaunchthedoubleninthfestivaldoubleninthuprisingtheycapturedkunmingthenextdayandestablishedtheyunnanmilitarygovernmentelectingcaieasthemilitarygovernornanchangrestorationonoctoberthenanchangbranchofthetongmenghuilednewarmyunitsinasuccessfuluprisingtheyestablishedthejiangximilitarygovernmentliliejunwaselectedasthemilitarygovernorlideclaredjiangxiasindependentandlaunchedanexpeditionagainstqingofficialyuanshikaishanghaiarmeduprisingmilitarygovernorofshanghaionnovembershanghaistongmenghuiguangfuhuiandmerchantsledbychenqimeilipingsuzhangchengyouliyingshilixieheandsongjiaorenorganizedanarmedrebellioninshanghaitheyreceivedthesupportoflocalpoliceofficerstherebelscapturedthejiangnanworkshoponthethandcapturedshanghaisoonafteronnovembertheyestablishedtheshanghaimilitarygovernmentandelectedchenqimeiasthemilitarygovernorhewouldeventuallybecomeoneofthefoundersofthefourbigfamiliesoftherepublicofchinarocfourbigfamiliesalongwithsomeofthemostwellknownfamiliesoftheeraguizhouuprisingonnovemberzhangbailinoftherevolutionarypartyinguizhouledanuprisingalongwithnewarmyunitsandstudentsfromthemilitaryacademytheyimmediatelycapturedguiyangandestablishedthegreathanguizhoumilitarygovernmentelectingyangjinchengandzhaodequanasthechiefandvicegovernorzhejianguprisingalsoonnovemberrevolutionariesinzhejiangurgedthenewarmyunitsinhangzhoutolaunchanuprisingzhuruiwusiyulugongwangandothersofthenewarmycapturedthemilitarysuppliesworkshopotherunitsledbychiangkaishekandyinzhireicapturedmostofthegovernmentofficeseventuallyhangzhouwasunderthecontroloftherevolutionariesandtheconstitutionisttangshouqianwaselectedasthemilitarygovernorjiangsurestorationonnovemberjiangsuconstitutionistsandgentryurgedqinggovernorchengdequantoannounceindependenceandestablishedthejiangsurevolutionarymilitarygovernmentwithchenghimselfasthegovernorunlikesomeoftheothercitiesantimanchuviolencebeganaftertherestorationonnovemberinzhenjiangthemanchuquarterswereransackedandanunknownnumberofmanchuswerekilledzaimufeelingbetrayedcommittedsuicidethisisregardedasthezhenjianguprisinganhuiuprisingmembersofanhuistongmenghuialsolaunchedanuprisingonthatdayandlaidsiegetotheprovincialcapitaltheconstitutionistspersuadedzhujiabaotheqinggovernorofanhuitoannounceindependenceguangxiuprisingonnovembertheguangxipoliticsdepartmentdecidedtosecedefromtheqinggovernmentannouncingguangxisindependenceqinggovernorshenbingkunwasallowedtoremaingovernorbutlurongtingwouldsoonbecomethenewgovernorlurongtingwouldlaterrisetoprominenceduringthewarlorderaasoneofthewarlordsandhisbanditscontrolledguangxiformorethanadecadeundertheleadershipofhuangshaohongthemuslimlawstudentbaichongxienlistedinadaretodieunittofightasarevolutionaryrefnameboormanhowardreffujianindependenceaddressinginlianjiangcountyfujianinnovembermembersoffujiansbranchofthetongmenghuialongwithsundaorenofthenewarmylaunchedanuprisingagainsttheqingarmythefujianmilitarygovernmentwasestablishedandsundaorenwaselectedasthemilitarygovernorguangdongindependenceneartheendofoctoberchenjiongmingdengkengpengreihaiandothermembersofguangdongstongmenghuiorganizedlocalmilitiastolaunchtheuprisinginhuazhouguangdonghuazhounanhaidistrictnanhaishundedistrictsundeandsanshuidistrictsanshuiinguangdongprovinceonnovemberafterbeingpersuadedbyhuhanmingenerallizhunandlongjiguangoftheguangdongnavyagreedtosupporttherevolutiontheqingviceroyofliangguangzhangmingqiwasforcedtodiscusswiththelocalrepresentativesaproposalforguangdongsindependencetheydecidedtoannounceitthenextdaychenjiongmingthencapturedhuizhouonnovemberguangdongannounceditsindependenceandestablishedamilitarygovernmentitwasunknownatthetimeifrepresentativesfromtheeuropeancoloniesofbritishhongkonghongkongandportuguesemacaumacauwouldbecededtothenewgovernmentshandongindependenceonnovemberpersuadedbyrevolutionarydinweifenandseveralotherofficersofthenewarmytheqinggovernorofshandongsunbaoqiagreedtosecedefromtheqinggovernmentandannouncedshandongsindependenceningxiauprisingonnovemberningxiathetongmenghuilaunchedtheningxiauprisingtherevolutionariessentyuyourentozhangjiachuancountyzhangjiachuantomeetdunganpeopledungansufimastermayuanzhangtopersuadehimnottosupporttheqinghowevermadidnotwanttoendangerhisrelationshipwiththeqingshesenttheeasterngansumuslimmilitiaunderthecommandofoneofhissonstohelpmaqicrushtheningxiagelaohuisomeoftherevolutionariesinvolvedincludedhuangyueandxiangshenwhogatherednewarmyforcesatqinzhousichuanindependenceonnovemberguanganorganizedthegreathanshuhanshunorthernmilitarygovernmentonnovemberchengduandsichuanbegantodeclareindependencebytheththegreathansichuanmilitarygovernmentwasestablishedheadedbyrevolutionarypudianzunqingofficialduanfangwouldalsobekillednankinguprisingonnovembersupportedbythetongmenghuixushaozhenofthenewarmyannouncedanuprisinginmolinpassawayfromnanjingcitynankingcityxushaozhenchenqimeiandothergeneralsdecidedtoformaunitedarmyunderxutostrikenankingtogetheronnovembertheunitedarmyheadquarterswasestablishedinzhenjiangbetweennovemberanddecemberunderthecommandofxushaozhentheunitedarmycapturedwulongshanmufushanyuhuataitianbaocityandmanyotherstrongholdsoftheqingarmyondecembernankingcitywascapturedbytherevolutionariesafterthebattleofnankingondecemberrevolutionarysuliangbiledtroopsinamassacreofalargenumberofmanchustheexactnumberisnotknowntibetanindependenceintheqingsentzhaoerfengtotibettoretaliateagainsttibetanrebellionrebellionszhaowasbeheadedindecemberbyprorepublicofchinarepublicanforcesthebulkoftheareathatwashistoricallyknownaskhamwasnowclaimedtobethexikangxikangadministrativedistrictcreatedbytherepublicanrevolutionariesbytheendofthelastmanchutroopswereforcedoutoftibetthroughindiathubtengyatsothethdalailamareturnedtotibetinjanuaryfromsikkimwherehehadbeenresidingbecauseofthismanyhavereadthisreplyasaformaldeclarationofindependencethechinesesideignoredtheresponseandtibethadthirtyyearsfreeofinterferencefromchinamongolianindependenceattheendofthemongolstookactionwithanarmedrevoltagainstthemanchuauthoritiesbutwereunsuccessfulintheattemptondecemberbogdkhanbecametheleaderofthemongolempireinnermongoliabecameacontestedterrainbetweenkhanandtherepublicingeneralrussiasupportedtheoutermongolianrevolutionofindependenceofoutermongoliaincludingtannuuriankhaiduringthetimeofthexinhairevolutiontibetandmongoliathenrecognizedeachotherinatreatydihuaandyiliuprisinginxinjiangondecemberliuxianzunandtherevolutionariesstartedthermqidihuauprisingqinggovernoryuandahuafledandhandedoverhisresignationtoyangzengxinbecausehecouldnothandlefightingtherevolutionariesrefnameyzmillwardjamesaeurasiancrossroadsahistoryofxinjiangcolumbiauniversitypresspgrefinthemorningofjanuaryanewyiligovernmentwasestablishedfortherevolutionariesbuttherevolutionarieswouldbedefeatedatjinghecountyjingheinjanuaryandfebruaryelevenmoreformerqingofficialswouldbeassassinatedinbarklkazakhautonomouscountyzhenxikarashahraksuxinjiangaksukuchaluntaiandkashgarinaprilandmaytherevolutionariesprintednewmultilingualmediataiwanuprisinginaspartofthexinhairevolutiontongmenghuisentluofuxingtothetaiwanislandislandoftaiwantofreeitfrombeingjapaneseruleintaiwanoccupiedbythejapanesethegoalwastobringtaiwanislandbacktothechineserepublicbyhavingthetaiwanuprisingluowascaughtandkilledonmarchchangeofgovernmentnorthqingcourtlasttransformationattemptonnovembertheqinggovernmentappointedyuanshikaiastheprimeministeroftheimperialcabinetreplacingyikuangprinceqingprinceqingonnovemberafterapropositionbycenchunxuanfromtheconstitutionalmonarchymovementintheqingcourtpassedthenineteenarticleswhichturnedtheqingfromanautocraticsystemwiththeemperorhavingunlimitedpowertoaconstitutionalmonarchyrefnamerhoadsrhoadsedwardjmmanchushanethnicrelationsandpoliticalpowerinlateqingandearlyrepublicanchinauniversityofwashingtonpublishingpgrefonnovemberhuangxingevencabledyuanshikaiandinvitedhimtojointherepublicrefnamepomplpomerantzzhanglindawutingfangreformandmodernizationinmodernchinesehistoryhongkonguniversitypresspgrefthecourtchangesweretoolateandtheemperorwasabouttohavetostepdownsouthgovernmentinnankingonnovemberwuchangandhanyangdistricthanyanghadfallenbacktotheqingarmysoforsafetytherevolutionariesconvenedtheirfirstconferenceatthebritishconcessioninhankouonnovemberrefnameksliewksliewstrugglefordemocracysungchiaojenandthechineserevolutionuniversityofcaliforniapresspgrefbydecembertherevolutionaryforceswereabletonankinguprisingcapturenankingintheuprisingtherevolutionariesdecidedtomakeitthesiteofthenewprovisionalgovernmentatthetimebeijingwasstilltheqingcapitalnorthsouthconferenceleftedwardselbylittlemiddlewutingfangrightondecemberthenorthsouthconferencewasheldinshanghaitodiscussthenorthandsouthissuestangleftbeijingforwuhantonegotiatewiththerevolutionariestherevolutionarieschosewutingfangwiththeinterventionofsixforeignpowerstheunitedkingdomtheunitedstatesgermanyrussianempirerussiajapanandfrancetangshaoyiandwutingfangbegantonegotiateasettlementatthebritishconcessionterritoryconcessionforeignbusinessmanedwardselbylittleactedasthenegotiatorandfacilitatedthepeaceagreementtheyagreedthatyuanshikaiwouldforcetheqingemperortoabdicateinexchangeforthesouthernprovincessupportofyuanasthepresidentoftherepublicafterconsideringthepossibilitythatthenewrepublicmightbedefeatedinacivilwarorbyforeigninvasionsunyatsenagreedtoyuansproposaltounifychinaunderyuanshikaisbeijinggovernmentfurtherdecisionsweremadetolettheemperorruleoverhislittlecourtinthenewsummerpalacehewouldbetreatedasarulerofaseparatecountryandhaveexpensesofseveralmilliontaelsinsilverestablishmentoftherepublicflagandtheironbloodstarflagrepublicofchinadeclaredandnationalflagissuerepublicofchinaprovisionalpresidentialelectionondecembersunyatsenwaselectedasthefirstlistofleadersoftherepublicofchinaprovisionalpresidentjanuarywassetastheepochreferencedatefirstdayofthefirstyearoftherocrefnamewellwellandsasahsulingathousandmilesofdreamsthejourneysoftwochinesesistersrowmanlittlefieldpublishingpgrefonjanuarytherepresentativesrecommendedliyuanhongastheprovisionalvicepresidentduringandafterthexinhairevolutionmanygroupsthatparticipatedwantedtheirownpennantasthenationalflagduringthewuchanguprisingthemilitaryunitsofwuchangwantedtheninestarflagwithtaijituthefiveracesunderoneunionflagwithhorizontalstripesrepresentedthefivemajornationalitiesoftherepublicdespitethegeneraltargetoftheuprisingstobethemanchussunyatsensongjiaorenandhuangxingunanimouslyadvocatedracialintegrationtobecarriedoutfromthemainlandtothefrontiersdonghuamenincidentonjanuarywhilereturningtohisresidenceyuanshikaiwasambushedinabombattackorganizedbythetongmenghuiindonghuamentianjintientsinbeijinghesentamessagetotherevolutionariesthenextdaypledginghisloyaltyandaskingthemnottoorganizeanymoreassassinationattemptsagainsthimabdicationoftheemperorzhangjianpoliticianzhangjiandraftedanabdicationproposalthatwasapprovedbytheprovisionalsenateonjanuarywutingfangofthenankingprovisionalgovernmentofficiallydeliveredtheimperialedictofabdicationtoyuanshikaifortheabdicationofpuyionjanuarysunyatsenannouncedthathewouldresignthepresidencyinfavorofyuanshikaiifthelattersupportedtheemperorsabdicationyuanthenpressuredempressdowagerlongyuwiththethreatthatthelivesoftheimperialfamilywouldnotbesparedifabdicationdidnotcomebeforetherevolutionariesreachedbeijingbutiftheyagreetoabdicatetheprovisionalgovernmentwouldhonorthetermsproposedbytheimperialfamilyonfebruaryempressdowagerlongyugaveyuanfullpermissiontonegotiatetheabdicationtermsoftheqingemperoryuanthendrewuphisownversionandforwardedittotherevolutionariesonfebruaryhisversionconsistedofthreesectionsinsteadoftwoonfebruaryafterbeingpressuredbyyuanandotherministerspuyiagesixandempressdowagerlongyuacceptedyuanstermsofabdicationdebateoverthecapitalasaconditionforcedingleadershiptoyuanshikaisunyatseninsistedthattheprovisionalgovernmentremaininnanjingonfebruarytheprovisionalsenateinitiallyvotedinfavorofmakingbeijingthecapitalovernanjingwithtwovotesgoingforwuhanandonefortianjinzhangjianandothersreasonedthathavingthecapitalinbeijingwouldcheckagainstmanchurestorationandoutermongoliamongolsecessionbutsunandhuangxingarguedinfavorofnanjingtobalanceagainstyuanspowerbaseinthenorthliyuanhongpresentedwuhanasacompromisethenextdaytheprovisionalsenatevotedagainthistimeinfavorofnanjingwithtwovotesforwuhansunsentadelegationledbycaiyuanpeiandwangjingweitopersuadeyuantomovetonanjingtheywereallegedlystartedbydisobedienttroopsofcaokunaloyalofficerofyuanthedisordergaveyuanthepretexttostayinthenorthtoguardagainstunrestonmarchyuanwasinauguratedinbeijingastheprovisionalpresidentoftherepublicofchinarefnamexinhaiorgpchinesexinhaiorgyanjiuhtmprefonapriltheprovisionalsenateinnanjingvotedtomakebeijingthecapitaloftherepublicandconvenedinbeijingattheendofthemonthrepublicangovernmentinbeijingonmarchyuanshikaiwasswornasthesecondprovisionalpresidentoftherepublicofchinainbeijingthegovernmentbasedinbeijingcalledthebeiyanggovernmentwasnotinternationallyrecognizedasthelegitimategovernmentoftherepublicofchinauntilsotheperiodfromuntilwasknownsimplyasthebeiyangperiodtherepublicofchinanationalassemblyelectionsfirstnationalassemblyelectiontookplaceaccordingtotheprovisionalconstitutionoftherepublicofchinaprovisionalconstitutionwhileinbeijingthekuomintangwasformedonaugustthekmtheldthemajorityofseatsaftertheelectionsongjiaorenwaselectedaspremierhoweversongwasassassinatedinshanghaionmarchunderthesecretorderofyuanshikaiproposedhanmonarchsandretentionofaristocraticnobletitlessomeadvocatedthatahanbeinstalledasemperoreitherthedescendantofconfuciuswhowasthedukeyanshengrefnamewoodhouserefrefnamespencerefrefnamehuliureforthemingdynastyimperialfamilydescendantthemarquisofextendedgracerefnamekentrefrefnamealdrichrefthedukeyanshengwasproposedforreplacingtheqingdynastyasemperorbyliangqichaothehanhereditaryaristocraticnobilitylikethedukeyanshengmarquisofextendedgraceandthetitleofthewujingboshichangedtodachengzhishengxianshinanzongfengsiguanandthetitlesheldbythedescendantsofmenciuszengziandyanhuiwereretainedbythenewrepublicofchinaandthetitleholderscontinuedtoreceivetheirpensionswesternviewstheamericanchristianrevdrgeorgefpentecostspokeoutagainstwesternimperialismsayinglegacysocialinfluenceaftertherevolutiontherewasahugeoutpouringofantimanchusentimentthroughchinabutparticularlyinbeijingwherethousandsdiedinantimanchuviolenceasimperialrestrictionsonhanresidencyandbehaviorwithinthecitycrumbledasmanchuimperialpowercrumbledantimanchusentimentisrecordedinbookslikeashorthistoryofnucaislavesandthebiographiesofavariciousofficialsandcorruptpersonnelbylaolirefnameckdrefduringtheabdicationofthelastemperorempressdowagerlongyuyuanshikaiandsunyatsenbothtriedtoadopttheconceptofmanchuandhanasonefamilyrefnamerhoadsrhoadsedwardjmmanchushanethnicrelationsandpoliticalpowerinlateqingandearlyrepublicanchinauniversityofwashingtonpublishingprefpeoplestartedexploringanddebatingwiththemselvesontherootcauseoftheirnationalweaknessthisnewsearchofidentitywasthenewculturemovementmanchucultureandmanchulanguagelanguageonthecontraryhasbecomevirtuallyextinctbyunlikerevolutionsinthewestthexinhairevolutiondidnotrestructuresocietytheparticipantsofthexinhairevolutionweremostlymilitarypersonneloldtypebureaucratsandlocalgentriesthesepeoplestillheldregionalpowerafterthexinhairevolutionsomebecamewarlordstherewerenomajorimprovementsinthestandardoflivingwriterluxuncommentedinduringthepublishingofthetruestoryofahqtenyearsafterthexinhairevolutionthatbasicallynothingchangedexceptthemanchushaveleftthekitchentheeconomicproblemswerenotaddresseduntilthegovernanceofchiangchingkuointaiwananddengxiaopingonthemainlandthexinhairevolutionmainlygotridoffeudalismfengjianfromlateimperialchinaintheusualviewofhistorianstherearetworestorationsoffeudalpoweraftertherevolutionthefirstwasyuanshikaithesecondwaszhangxunqingloyalistzhangxunrefnameyanjiayanjiaqiyanhongdavidskmairdenisctowardademocraticchinatheintellectualautobiographyofyanjiaqiuniversityofhawaiipresspgrefbothwereunsuccessfulbutthefeudalremnantsreturnedtochinawiththeculturalrevolutioninaconceptcalledguanxiwherepeoplereliednotonfeudalrelationshipsbutpersonalrelationshipsforsurvivalrefnameyangmyangmayfairmeihuigiftsfavorsandbanquetstheartofsocialrelationshipsinchinacornelluniversitypresspgrefwhileguanxiishelpfulintaiwanonthemainlandguanxiisnecessarytogetanythingdonerefnameluoyluoyadongguanxiandbusinessvolumeofasiapacificbusinessseriesworldscientificpgrefhistoricalsignificancethexinhairevolutionoverthrewtheqinggovernmentandtwothousandyearsofmonarchythroughoutchinesehistoryolddynastieshadalwaysbeenreplacedbynewdynastiesthexinhairevolutionhoweverwasthefirsttooverthrowamonarchycompletelyandattempttoestablisharepublictospreaddemocraticideasthroughoutchinathoughinattheprovisionalgovernmentwelcomeceremonysunyatsensaidtherevolutionisnotyetsuccessfulthecomradesstillneedtostriveforthefuturesincethesthetwodominantpartiesthekmtandprcseethexinhairevolutionquitedifferentlyonthemainlandsunyatsenwasseenasthemanwhohelpedbringdowntheqingapreconditionforthecommuniststatefoundedintheprcviewssunsworkasthefirststeptowardstherealrevolutioninwhenthecommunistssetupatrulyindependentstatethatexpelledforeignersandbuiltamilitaryandindustrialpowerthefatherofpeoplesrepublicofchinanewchinaisseenasmaozedonginliushaoqiwasquotedassayingthatthexinhairevolutioninsertedtheconceptofarepublicintocommonpeoplezhouenlaipointedoutthatthexinhairevolutionoverthrewtheqingruleendedyearsofmonarchyandliberatedthemindofpeopletoagreatextentandopenedupthepathforthedevelopmentoffuturerevolutionthisisagreatvictorymodernevaluationachangeinthebeliefthattherevolutionhadbeenagenerallypositivechangebeganinthelatesandsbutzhangshizhaowasquotedasarguingthatwhentalkingaboutthexinhairevolutionthetheoristthesedaystendstooveremphasizethewordsuccesswaswayoverusedthesuccessofthedemocracygainedfromtherevolutioncanvarydependingononesviewevenafterthedeathofsunyatseninforsixtyyearsthekmtcontrolledallfivebranchesofthegovernmentnonewereindependentmeanwhiletheidealsofdemocracyarefarfromrealisedonthemainlandforexampleformerchinesepremierwenjiabaooncesaidinaspeechthatwithoutrealdemocracythereisnoguaranteeofeconomicandpoliticalrightsbutheledacrackdownondissidentsinthepeoplesrepublicofchinacrackdownagainstthepeacefulchineseprodemocracyprotestschinesejasmineprotestsliuxiaoboaprodemocracyactivistwhoreceivedtheglobalnobelpeaceprizediedinprisonotherssuchasqinyongminofthedemocracypartyofchinawhowasonlyreleasedfromprisonaftertwelveyearsdonotpraisethexinhairevolutionseealsofilmfilmgermanrevolutionofmilitaryoftherepublicofchinanationalrevolutionaryarmyrussianrevolutiontaishperiodtimelineoflateantiqingrebellionsnotesreferencesfurtherreadingprimarysourceswuxinghanthreedayjournalofwuchanguprisingcontemporaryaccountssecondarysourcesenglishchineseexternallinksxiangqixboxredirectcategoryshellthexihutroughisaregionintheeastchinasealocatedapproximatelykilometreseastofthecitiesofshanghaiandningbochinatheregionisarepositoryfornaturalgasandconsistsofthechunxiaogasfieldchunxiaotianwaitiancanxueduanqiaoandpinghuefieldstheentiretroughisapproximatelykilometreslongandrunsparalleltothechinesecoastonaugustitwasannouncedthatsinopeccnoocroyaldutchshellroyaldutchshellandunocalhadenteredintoajointventuretoexploitthegasreservesinthetroughbeginninginmidgasproductionwasexpectedtoreachnbspkmayearbyhoweveronseptemberthetwoforeignpartnersinthejointventureroyaldutchshellandunocalcorporationannouncedtheirwithdrawalcitingdoubtsoverthecommercialviabilityoftheresourcesintheareaandtheterritorialdisputeexternallinkschinaorgcnenglishsephtmoilgiantsdepartxihutroughgasprojectchinadailyseptemberoftheartistxuweiwasamingdynastychinesepainterpoetwriteranddramatistfamedforhisartisticexpressivenessandunsuccessfulinlifeendinghislifeinpovertyafterthemurderofhisthirdwifeandseveralattemptsatsuicidelifexuscourtesynameswerewenqingandthenlaterwenchanghisartnamepseudonymswerethemountainmanoftheheavenlypondtinchshnrndaoistofthegreenvinehouseqngtngdoshandthewaterandmoonofthebureausfarmshtinshuyuborninshanyinnowshaoxinginzhejiangprovincexuwasraisedbyasinglemotherwhodiedwhenhewasathemarriedawomansurnamedpanwhodiedfiveyearslaterthoughhepassedthecountycivilexaminationatagexuwasneverabletopasstheprovincialcivilserviceexaminationsevenafterattemptingiteighttimesaftergeneralhuwasarrestedandlosthispositionxuweifearedasimilarfateforhimselfxubecamementallydistraughtatthisjunctureattemptingtocommitsuicideninetimessuchasbyaxinghimselfintheskullanddrillingbothofhisearshismentalimbalanceledtohiskillingofhissecondwifezhangafterbecomingparanoidthatshewashavinganaffairasapunishmentforthismurderhewasjailedforsevenyearsuntilhisfriendzhangyuanbianfromthehanlinacademymanagedtofreehimatageofitispossiblexuweisufferedfrombipolardisorderbipolardisorderaconditionactuallyrecognizedinchinaatthistimexuspenttherestofhislifepaintingbutwithlittlefinancialsuccesshoweverhispaintingshavebeenhighlysoughtafterinmoderntimesliterarycareerxuwasaplaywrightwhowrotethefollowingfourplaystheheroinemulangoestowarinherfathersplacecimulandescribeshuamulanafemaledegreeholdernzhuangyuantheadventuresoftheintelligenthuangchongjiathehistoryofthemaddrumkuanggushicrimesofcaocaoandazenmastersdreamofthelandofgreenjadecuixiangmengabuddhiststoryxusdramaticeffortsoftendealwithwomensthemesandxucanberegardedassomethingofanearlywomensrightsadvocatethebritishorientalistarthurwaleyinhisintroductiontothetranslationofjinpingmeiarguedthatxuweiwastheauthorbutlaterscholarshavenotbeenconvincedxuweiwasalsoapoetinshistyleofconsiderablenotexuscollectedworksinchaptersexistswithacommentarybythelatemingwriteryuanhongdaoyuanhongdaoandtheothersofhisliterarymovementwereundoubtedlyinfluencedbythewritingsofxuofthevariousartsxuweipracticedheheldhiscalligraphyinhighestesteemnextwashispoetryamoderntypeseteditionofxuweiscollectedworksxuweijiwaspublishedbythezhonghuapublishinghouseinbeijinginpreviouslyathcenturyeditionofhiscollectedworksknownasthexuwenchangsanjiwasreproducedintaiwanininabooklengthstudyofxuweiconcludesthatxuweicanbeseenasthequintessentialscholarincottonclothesorbuyiwenrenascholarwhocouldnotpassthecivilserviceexaminationyetbecameactiveintherealmofliteratureandculturalachievementmanysuchindividualsappearedinthelatethandearlythcenturiesandattachedthemselvestosuccessfulofficialsorbecameindependentinlatemingchinapaintingstyletodayxuweiisidentifiedasoneoftheearliestchinesepainterstobeclosestinspiritandtechniquewiththemethodnowknownassplatteredinkthatutilisesconsiderablequantitiesofinkthatarepracticallypou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eleaseddahliaalbumdahliawhichliketheirtwopreviousalbumsdebutedatnumberonexjapanperformedtheirlastconcertatthetokyodomeondecembermakingitthelastoffiveconsecutivesoldoutnewyearseveconcertsthegroupheldatthestadiumaftertenyearsxjapanreunitedinandrecordedthenewsongivxjapansongivoverthenexttwoyearstheyperformedseveralconcertsincludingtheirfirstoverseasshowinhongkongandformallyaddedsugizoasleadguitaristinplaceofhidewhodiedinbeforeholdinganorthamericantourininthebandwentontheirfirstworldtourthroughouteuropesouthamericaandasiaxjapanhasreleasedfivestudioalbumssixlivealbumsandsinglesinhmvgrouphmvjapanrankedthebandatnumberontheirlistofthemostimportantjapanesepopactsinrollingstonerollingstonejapanrankedbluebloodnumberonitslistofthegreatestjapaneserockalbumsofalltimeinloudwirenamedxjapanthebestmetalbandfromjapanithasbeenreportedthatxjapanhavesoldovermillionrecordsrefnamechisuntimesrefhistoryxrefinyoshikimusicianyoshikiandtoshimusiciantoshiformedabandcalleddynamiteintheirhometownoftateyamachibawhentheywerejustyearsolddynamitechangeditsnametonoiseinwhiletheywerestillinhighschoolinnoisedisbandedandyoshikiandtoshiformedanewbandtheynameditxwhiletheytriedtothinkofanothernamebutthenamestuckxbegantoactivelyperforminthetokyoareainwithafrequentlychanginglineuptheyoriginallyattemptedtopitchinwithjapansundergroundpunkmovementbutthebanddidnotfitinwithitastheywereconsideredtoocommercialandflamboyantrefnamethetimesreftheirfirstsingleillkillyouwasreleasedondadarecordsinjuneandthebandcontributedbreakthedarknesstothesamplerrecordsamplerheavymetalforceiiiinnovemberwhichalsofeaturedasongbysavertigerrefnamejrrlegendrefrefnameheavymetaliiirefinnovemberbassisttaijimusiciantaijiexdementiajoinedxthoughheleftthegroupshortlythereafterrefnamejrrearlyreftoensureacontinuousoutletforthebandsmusicyoshikifoundedtheindiemusicindependentlabelextasyrecordsinaprilandreleasedtheirsecondsingleorgasmsongorgasmthesongsstabmeinthebackandnoconnexionforthefebruaryvictorrecordssamplerskullthrashzonevolumeiwererecordedwithpatamusicianpataexjudyasasupportguitarplayerafterpataonceagainprovidedsupportthistimeataliveshowheofficiallyjoinedcompletingthegroupsfirstwellknownlineupimagexpromojpgthumbrightxcircatoshitaijiyoshikipatahideinaugusttheyperformedattherockmonstereventatkyotosportsvalleyandgaveouttheirfirsthomevideoxclamationondecemberthebandparticipatedinanauditionperformingartsauditionheldbysonymusicentertainmentjapancbssonywhichledtoarecordingcontractinaugustofthefollowingyearinthemeantimethebandreleaseditsfirstalbumvanishingvisionthroughextasyrecordsonaprilandtouredextensivelyinsupportoftherecordthealbumsfirstpressofcopiessoldoutinaweektoppingtheoriconindieschartandreachingnumberonthemainchartthevanishingtourvoltookthebandtolocationsforshowsfromjunetojulywhiletheburnouttourhadperformancesthroughoutoctoberinnovemberxparticipatedinmusicmagazinerockinfsstreetfightingmenconcertatdifferariakearenathatyearthemembersalsomadeabriefcameoappearanceintheamericanfilmtokyopopstarringcarriehamiltonanddiamondyukairefnametokyopoprefxssoldoutbluebloodtourstartedonmarchwithtwooftheconcertssellingoutinadvanceincludingthemarchshowatshibuyapublichallwhichwaslaterreleasedonhomevideoasbluebloodtourbakuhatsusunzengigthealbumbluebloodxjapanalbumbluebloodwasreleasedonaprilanddebutedatnumbersixontheoriconchartthesinglekurenaisongkurenaireachednumberfiveandthebandwentontheroseandbloodtourwhichwastemporarilysuspendedwhenyoshikicollapsedafteranovemberconcertthissuccessearnedthebandthegrandprixnewartistoftheyearawardatthethannualjapangolddiscawardsinthealbumwasreleasedonjulyanddebutedatnumberonesellingovercopiesitwaslatercertifiedmillionbytherecordingindustryassociationofjapanriajdecembersawthexwithorchestraconcertatnhkhallwhereasthenamesuggeststhebandperformedbackedbyanorchestrabeganwiththreesoldoutconcertsatthetokyodometitledtokyodomedaysonthevergeofdestructiononjanuarythetitlewaspossiblymoremeaningfulthanitappearsatfirstglanceasonjanuaryitwasannouncedthatbassplayertaijihadleftthegrouptheofficialreasongivenforhisdeparturewasduetomusicaldifferenceshoweverinhisautobiographytaijiclaimshewasaskedtoleavebecauseheconfrontedyoshikiduetothesubstantialincomegapbetweenyoshikiandeachoftheothermemberswhenaskedabouttaijisdepartureinyoshikisaidhecrossedthelineofourbandsrulesandtothisdayistilldontknowifthedecisionwasrightorwrongbutwedidnthaveachoiceonaugustthebandheldapressconferenceinnewyorkatrockefellercenterthereheathmusicianheathexmediayouthwasannouncedastheirnewbassplayeraroundthistimethebandssuccessinjapanmadeaninternationalbreakthroughappearlikelyleadingtothemleavingsonyforanamericanrecordcontractwithatlanticrecordsandtherenamingofthebandfromxtoxjapanxjapanimagexjapanlogopngthumbuprightpxthexjapanlogousedbythebandafterthenamechangeinartoflifewasreleasedonaugustbyatlanticrecordsandconsistssolelyoftheminuteheavilyorchestratedtitletrackaptlytitledxjapanreturnstheconcertswereheldatthetokyodomeondecemberandmarkingthebeginningofanewyearsevetraditionthatwouldlastuntilthegroupsdisbandmentwasalsoquietuntilnovemberwhenthebandbeganthetourfortheirnextalbumdahliatouraroundthistimethegroupdroppedmostofitsoriginalvisualkeiaestheticsinfavorofamorecasuallookwhileitwasntreleaseduntilnovembersinglesfromthealbumhadbeenreleasedasearlyasafewmonthsafterartoflifethoughthiscauseddahliaalbumdahliatocontainrelativelylittlenewmaterialthealbumreachednumberoneonthechartsthetourwasoriginallyscheduledtoendonmarchhoweveritwascutshortwhenyoshikiherniatedcervicalvertebraeafterthemarchshowtheydidhoweverperformtheirtraditionoftwotokyodomeconcertsondecembertitledandonseptemberatpmyoshikihidepataandheathheldapressconferencewheretheyannouncedthatxjapanwoulddisbandvocalisttoshidecidedtoleavethebandastheglamoroussuccessorientedlifeofarockstarfailedtosatisfyhimemotionallyasopposedtoasimplerlifeandcareerhoweveraroundtwelveyearslaterheconfirmedwhatwaslongreportedinthemediathathewasbrainwashedviaviolenceandabuseandconnedoutofmoneyleadingtobankruptcyxjapanperformedtheirfarewellshowtitledthelastlivelastnightatthetokyodomeondecembermakingitthelastoffiveconsecutivenewyearsevesthegroupperformedatthestadiumalthoughlaterthatsamedaytheyplayedforeverlovexjapansongforeverloveatthatyearskhakuutagassenmarkingtheirtruelastperformancepostxjapanwhilereissuescompilationsandlivefootagecontinuedtobereleasedthemembersofxjapanpursuedsolocareersandotherprojectshidemusicianhidewhoreleasedhisfirstsoloalbumhideyourfaceincontinuedhissolocareerwithasounddistinctivelydifferentfromxjapansmusicleaningmoretowardsalternativerockuntilhisdeathonmayjusttwomonthslaterthedebutalbumfromhisamericanbasedbandzilchbandzilchwhichincludedraymcveightheprofessionalsbandtheprofessionalspaulravenmusicianpaulravenkillingjokeandjoeycastilloqueensofthestoneagewasreleasedhisthirdsoloalbumjazooformallyincludinghislivebandspreadbeaverwasreleasedinnovemberandbecamehismostsuccessfulhavingreachednumberoneandsoldoveramillioncopiespriortohisdeathhideandyoshikitalkedaboutrestartingxjapanwithanewvocalistintheyeartoshimusiciantoshissolocareerwhichbeganinhasbeenextensivewithhimhavingreleasedoveralbumsandperformednumerousacousticmusicacousticshowsforsmalleraudiencesaccordingtohiswebsitehisutatabitravelingconcerttourincludedoverconcertsbetweenandafterbothhavingreleasedsoloalbumsintheearlyspatamusicianpataandheathmusicianheathteamedupwithspreadbeaverpercussionistprogrammingmusicprogrammerinawhoworkedonseveralofxjapansreleasestoprovideatrackforthehidetributealbumtributespiritsrefnametributespiritsrefthethreewouldreuniteagainintoformdopeheadzwhichreleasedtwoalbumsbeforeceasingactivityrefciteweburlsankeicomeconomynewsprlnhtmltitlehidehidethanniversaryfilmjunkstoryyoshikixjapandatepublishersankeishimbunaccessdatelanguagejapaneserefheaththencontinuedhissolocareerandpataformedtheinstrumentalrockgrouprainjapanesebandrainwhichlateraddedspreadbeaverkeyboardistdiebeforethebandsbreakupyoshikimusicianyoshikihadalreadyindependentlycollaboratedwithqueenbandqueendrummerrogermeddowstaylorrogertayloronthesingleforeignsandandprovidedthejapanesecontributiontotheinternationalkissbandkisstributealbumkissmyassclassickissregroovedanorchestralarrangementofthesongblackdiamondkisssongblackdiamondrefnamekissfaqkmarefacompilationwithorchestraltreatmentsofxjapansongstitledeternalmelodywasalsoreleaseditwasperformedbythelondonphilharmonicorchestraandamongothersfeaturedthebeatlesproducergeorgemartinasanarrangerrefnamecdjapaneternalmelodyrefsinceyoshikihasengagedinnumerousactivitiessuchasbrieflybeingamemberofthepopbandglobebandgloberefnameglobeprofilerefproducingsinglesforthekoreanrockbandtraxbandtraxrefnamecdjapantraxsinglesrefandnumerousothersaswellasworkingonhissoloprojectvioletukwhichhasyettopublishamajorreleasehehasalsocontributedmusictothemoviecatacombsfilmcatacombsandproducedthesoundtrackofrepothegeneticoperarefnamerepocatacombsrefonmaytheformationofthesupergroupmusicsupergroupskinjapanesebandskinwasannouncedwhichbesidesyoshikiconsistsofpoprockartistsgacktandmiyaviaswellaslunaseaguitaristsugizothebandgaveitsfirstandonlyperformanceattheanimeexpoconventioninlongbeachcaliforniaonjunerefnameanimeexposkinrefreunionaccordingtoareportbythenewspapersponichitoshivisitedyoshikiinlosangelesinnovembertoworkonthesongwithoutyouasatributetohidethebandmadeitsfirstpublicappearanceonoctoberontherooftopoftheshoppingcenteraquacityinodaibatokyotofilmamusicvideoforthenewlyrecordedsongivxjapansongivthesongwasusedasthethemeoftheamericanhorrormoviesawivitwaswrittenbyyoshikiandrecordedwithallxjapanmembersoftheprebreakuplineupasitutilizespreviouslyunreleasedguitartracksbyhidemusicianhiderefnametokyographivvideorefrefnameofficialivvideorefivwasreleasedthroughitunesonjanuarytoppingthestoreschartsonthatdayrefnameblabbermouthfortusitunesrefsugizoandwesborlandinonjanuarytwotokyodomeconcertdateswereannouncedformarchandmarchrefnamechunichinewcitewebscripttitlejaworkchunichicojpurlchunichicojpchuspoarticleentertainmentnewsckhtmllanguagejapaneseaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebchunichicojpchuspoarticleentertainmentnewsckhtmlarchivedatejanuaryrefthesubsequentshowswerewithoutsuchdifficultiesandduringapressconferenceplansforaconcertinparisfranceonjulywereannouncedwithanintendedaudienceofpeopleinadditiontotheparisdateplansforconcertsatthemadisonsquaregardeninnewyorkcityonseptemberandatthetaipeiworldtradecenterintaipeionaugustwerealsoannouncedrefnameannparisnycrefrefnametokyographtaiwanconcertrefdelayssugizojoinsandfirstoverseasperformancesthehidemusicianhidememorialsummittookplaceonmayandatajinomotostadiumwithxjapanperformingtheseconddayasatributetothemusicianwhowasalsoaformerxguitaristnumerousotherpopularactssuchastakanorinishikawatmrevolutionobliviondustandversaillesbandversaillesalsoperformedwithphantasmagoriabandphantasmagoriaandlunaseaevenreunitingforonedayrefnamehidememorialsummitreforganizersplannedforanestimatedfanstoattendthetwoshowsonjuneitwasreportedthatallofxjapanspreviouslyscheduledshowswouldbepostponeduntilfurthernoticeduetoarecurrenceofyoshikisspinaldischerniationdischerniationtheparisandtaipeiconcertswererescheduledparisfornovemberrefnametokyographconcertpostponementrefrefnameblabbermouthconcertpostponementrefrefnametokyographparisrescheduledrefimagetapeixjapanjpgthumbuprightaspecialilluminationintaipeiincelebrationofthefirstxjapanliveconcertintaiwaninonseptemberyoshikiheldapressconferenceintokyowhereheannouncedanewunnamedxjapansongwasintheworksrefnameblabbermouthseppressconferencerefrefnamejrrseppressconferencerefconcertsatsaitamasuperarenaonchristmasandnewyearsevewerealsoannouncedaftertheconferenceyoshikiwentonapromotionaltouracrossasiaonnovemberthefrenchticketingwebsiteavosannouncedthattheplannedticketsalefortheshowinpariswouldbecanceledlaterthatdayxjapanreleasedapressstatementthroughtheirfrenchlanguagewebsiteapologizingforthesecondpostponementandannouncedthattheplannedchristmasshowswouldlikelysufferasimilarfaterefnamendpariscancelrefondecemberxjapanperformedtheirnewyearsevecountdownperformanceattheakasakablitzimagexjapanhongkongjpgthumbleftxjapaninconcertinhongkongfeaturinganimageofthedeceasedhideonscreenwhomtheystillconsideramemberofthebandonjanuarythebandarrivedinhongkongfortheirjanuaryandshowsonmayitwasannouncedthatsugizoofficiallyjoinedxjapanasleadguitaristsincethebandconsidersdeceasedhidetheirregularmembersugizobecamethesixthmemberofxjapantheirfirstshowwithhimasafullmemberwasheldthenextdayatthetokyodomewheretheyplayedjadesongjadeforthefirsttimethetaiwanconcertthatwaspostponedforasecondtimeinjanuarywasfinallyheldonmayinonjanuarythebandmadeitsfirstpublicusappearancebyshootingfournewmusicvideosinhollywoodthefourvideoswereforrustynailsongrustynailendlessrainivxjapansongivandtheirnewsongjadesongjadeinfebruaryyoshikiconfirmedthatxjapanwillbeperformingatlollapaloozainaugustlaterthatmonthheannouncedatapresseventthatthebandwouldberelocatingtolosangelescaliforniawithaconcertbeingplannedforasimplevenueinthecityareatomarkthebandsfirstofficialnorthamericanshowitwasalsoannouncedthatasixthalbumwasintheworksandwasexpectedtobereleasedinthefallrefnamejapimportrefinmarchyoshikifiledalawsuitagainstnexstarcorporationformillionyenindamagestheinitialdealwasformillionyeninadvanceroyaltiesandcontractmoneywhichthebandclaimsnottohavereceivedbetweenandthecompanyalsosponsoredseveralconcertsaroundasiaandjapannothavingpaidperformancefeesandmerchandisesalestoxjapaninallthetotalunpaidamountismorethanmillionyenthelawsuitsoughtonlymillionyenfortherevenueearnedfromtheconcertswithanadditionalclaimofmillionyenincasethetrialproceededyoshikissideeventuallywonthelawsuitinwherethetokyodistrictcourtorderednexstartopaymillionyenindamagesonjulythebandappearedatclubnokiainlosangeleswheretheyperformedanacousticsetlistandrecordedamusicvideoforthenewsongborntobefreexjapanperformedatlistoflollapaloozalineupsbyyearlollapaloozaingrantparkchicagograntparkchicagoonaugustinthefollowingdaysyoshikididaqaarticlewiththephoenixnewtimesandwasinterviewedbyabcnewsonaugustandthebandperformedatwodayshowatinternationalstadiumyokohamanissanstadiumthelargeststadiuminjapansomemediareportedanestimatedattendanceofforthetwoconcertsrefnamendlawsuitreffromseptembertooctoberxjapanperformedtheirfirstevernorthamericantourwithdatesinlosangelesoaklandcaliforniaoaklandseattlechicagovancouvertorontoandnewyorkcityrefnamenatourrefondecemberyoshikiannouncedthatanewxjapansongscarletlovesongwascomposedfortheanimatedmovieadaptationofthebuddhamangabuddhamangaworldtourandmadisonsquaregardenitwasannouncedonjanuarythatxjapansignedayearagreementwithemiinnovemberthelabelwillhandletheamericandistributionoftheirsinglejadewhichwastobereleasedonmarchandtheiruntitledalbumwhichwassetforreleaseinlatesummerinpromotionofthenewalbumitwasalsostatedtheywouldbetouringextensivelyaroundtheworldthroughoutxjapanperformedonmarchatasiagirlsexplosionafashioneventandmusicconcertthatyoshikicreatedwithjayfritwasannouncedtheywouldperforminargentinabrazilchilemexicoandperulaterintheyearduetothethokuearthquakeandtsunamithatoccurredinjapanonmarchthebanddecidedtopostponethereleaseofjadeuntiljuneyoshikialsodecidedtoauctionoffoneofhisusedsignaturekawaicrystalgrandpianosofwhichallproceedsweresenttohelpprovideaidtothevictimsoftheearthquakeandtsunamiscarletlovesongwasreleasedinjapanonjuneandonjunetheirfirstworldwidesinglejadesongjadewasreleasedbothonitunesthatsamedaytheyperformedinlondonthefirstconcertoftheeuropeanlegoftheirongoingworldtourwhichwasfollowedbyparisonjulyutrechtonjulyandberlinonjulyrefnameeuropetourrefinxjapanalsoperformedatthesummersonicfestivalthatwasheldonaugustandintokyoandosakatheirworldtourssouthamericanconcertsweresantiagoonseptembersopauloonseptemberbuenosairesonseptemberlimaonseptemberandmexicocityonseptemberrefnamesouthamtourreftheasianlegofthetourbroughtstopsinseoulonoctobershanghaionoctoberhongkongonnovembertaipeionnovemberandbangkokonnovemberrefnamesonicthrefthebeijingshoworiginallyscheduledfornovemberwascancelledbythepromotersonoctoberduetotechnicalandproductionissuesaftermorethantwoyearsofinactivityxjapanannouncedtheremasteredcompilationalbumtheworldxjapanhatsunozensekaibesttheworldxjapanhatsunozensekaibestforreleaseonjunetheyperformedatyokohamaarenaonseptemberandoctoberandatmadisonsquaregardenonoctoberatbothconcertsthecoverofthesongbeneaththeskinwasplayedoriginallywrittenbysugizoforskinjapanesebandskinthegroupformedbyyoshikiintheyparticipatedinmusicstationmusicstationsuperliveonnewyearsevemarkingtheirfirsttelevisionappearanceinseventeenyearsthelastbeingonkhakuutagasseninpresentnewalbumdocumentaryfilmandjapantourinjuneyoshikiannouncedxjapanssixthandfirststudioalbuminyearswouldbereleasedonmarchthebandperformedonjuneatmakuharimesseaspartofthesecondnightoflunaseaslunaticfestthefirstsinglefromthealbumborntobefreexjapansongborntobefreewasreleasedonnovemberxjapansfirstdomestictourofjapaninyearsbeganwiththreeconsecutivedatesatyokohamaarenaondecembercontinuedwithosakajhallondecemberfukuokaconventioncentermarinemessefukuokaondecemberhiroshimaprefecturalsportscenterhiroshimagreenarenaondecemberandfinishedondecemberatthenippongaishihallrefnamenewtourreftheyalsoperformedonkhakuutagassenforthefirsttimeinyearsrefnamekohakurefwithdirectorstephenkijakataqasessionofthesanfranciscocaliforniasanfranciscoscreeningofwearexinoctoberonjanuarypatawasrushedtotheintensivecareunitofatokyohospitalhewasdiagnosedwithalifethreateningconditionwhichincludedaseverebloodclotbutwasinstableconditiononfebruaryxjapanannouncedthepostponementoftheiralbumreleaseandmarchconcertatthewembleyarenaforawholeyeartheconcertsubsequentlytakingplaceonmarchinjuneyoshikistatedthatpatawasdischargedinmarchbuthadtogobackforsurgeryinaugustpataannouncedhewasdischargedonaugustxjapanheadlinedallthreenightsofthevisualjapansummitonoctoberatmakuharimessethewearexsoundtrackwearexsoundtrackalbumwasreleasedonmarchthesoundtrackreachednoinitsfirstweekintheoriconalbumschartnointheukalbumschartandnointheukrockmetalsinglesandalbumschartsukrockmetalalbumschartonmarchanalbumsigningtookplaceathmvinoxfordstreetlondonallthecopiesofthephysicalcopiesofthewearexsoundtrackavailableatthesigningweresoldintheeventaccordingtostorestaffthiswasthefirsttimetherewasaselloutofallphysicalcopiesatsuchasigningrefnamefusetvrefanewsonglavenuswasusedastheendingthemesongforwearexandwasoneofsongsincontentionfornominationfortheacademyawardforbestoriginalsongforthethacademyawardsrefnameoscarsrefinaprilyoshikiannouncedthatthethalbumsongswerereadyandonlymixingandmasteringremainedandreleasewasexpectedinthenextfewmonthswhenyoshikiappearedandperformedonbbcradiosfrontrowradiofrontrowonoctoberitwasannouncedthesixthalbumwouldbereleasedinspringhoweverinaprilwheninterviewedforklossstevejonesmusicianjonesysjukeboxjonesysjukeboxyoshikisaidthealbumwouldbereleasedineithersummerorfallonmayyoshikismanagementannouncedthatthedrummerwouldundergourgentsurgeryonmaywhereanartificialdiscwouldbeinsertedbetweenhisvertebraeduetohishealthconditionsitwasreportedthatconcertswouldneedtobeeitherrescheduledorcancelledonjunexjapanannouncedatapressconferencethattheconcertswouldnotbepostponedbutinsteadperformedinanacousticsetwithyoshikiatthepianoasitisuncertainwhetherhewouldbeabletoplaythedrumsinthefutureinnovemberitwasannouncedthatxjapanwillperformattheyearendkohakuutagassenaspartofthewhiteteamthebandperformedamedleyofendlessrainandkurenaiandduringtheperformanceyoshikiplayeddrumsagainforthefirsttimesincehisnecksurgeryonndjanuaryitwasannouncedthatxjapanwouldperformatcoachellavalleymusicandartsfestivalcoachellafestivalinaprilthejanuaryissueofneomagazineneomagazinenamedxjapanthebestmusicalactintheirannualawardswithwearexnamedthebestasianmovieinfebruarythebandsperformanceatwembleyinwasnamedthebesteventatwembleyarenainthesseliveawardsinmarchwearexwasnamedthebestmusicfilminthespaceshowermusicvideoawardsspaceshowermusicawardsonaprilandthebandperformedatzeppzeppdivercityintokyoforalimitedaudiencebuttheconcertwasbroadcastliveacrossasiainselectedtheatresrichardfortusandwesborlandwereannouncedasguestmusiciansatthesecondweekendofcoachellamarilynmansonjoinedthebandonstageandperformedsweetdreamsaremadeofthismarilynmansoncoversweetdreamswithyoshikionpianomusicalstylelistenfilenamexkurenaioggtitlekurenaidescriptionkurenaisongkurenaixsmajordebutsingleisafastpowermetalsongwithheavysymphonicelementsandhasbecomeoneofthebandssignaturesongstypemusicfilenamextearsoggtitletearsdescriptionapianodrivenballadwithclassicalorchestrationtearsxjapansongtearswasthebandsfirstsinglereleasedwithbassistheathfilenamexscarsoggtitlescarsdescriptionxsonlysinglewrittenbysomeoneotherthanyoshikiscarsxjapansongscarsisaprogressivemetalsongbythebandsdeceasedformerguitaristhidexjapansmusicdevelopedinthewakeofamericanandbritishglammetalglamandheavymetalmusicheavymetalmusicandischaracterizedbydrivingspeedmetalspeedpowermetalcompositionswithsymphonicmetalsymphonicelementsegkurenaisongkurenaisilentjealousyandemotionalballadmusicballadsegendlessrainforeverlovexjapansongforeverloverefnameasiaartsxbestrefrefnameamgbioaccessdaterefmanyofthegroupssongsmakeuseoforchestratedpassagesparticularlyonlongertrackssuchasthetenandahalfminutetearsxjapansongtearscrucifymyloveandthetwentynineminuteartoflifethemajorityofthebandslyricsareinjapanesethebandsnativelanguagehowevermanyinstancesshowthelyricsalternatingfromjapanesetoenglishandbackexamplesofthisincludethespokenwordbackgroundvocalsduringthebridgeofrustynailsongrustynailandmultiplelinesincludingtheentireprechorusofthesongweekendxjapansongweekendthefirstrecordedversionofkurenaifromvanishingvisioncontainslyricsentirelyinenglishthemajorityofthebandscatalogofmusicwaswrittenbyyoshikimusicianyoshikiwithrelativelylittlecompositionfromtheothermembershidemusicianhidecontributedseveralsongsincludingthesinglescarsxjapansongscarswhilepatamusicianpatasonlyclaimiswhitewindfrommrmartinpatasnaptoshimusiciantoshiscontributionsarelimitedtolyricsforafewsongstaijimusiciantaijicontributedmusictoacoupleofsongsnotablyvoicelessscreamingfromthealbumjealousyxjapanalbumjealousyforwhichwhenperformedliveheplayedtheacousticguitaranddesperateangelheathmusicianheathsonlywritingcreditistheinstrumentalsongwriggleonthealbumdahliaalbumdahliawhichhewrotewithpataonlyonesongiscreditedasafullbandcollaborationeasyfightramblingonthealbumbluebloodxjapanalbumbluebloodofsongsfromthebandslesserknownformermembersonlythetracktimetriplovingfromthesingleorgasmcomposedbyjunwithtoshiwritingthelyricswasofficiallyreleasedinitwasreportedthatsugizohadwrittensomesongsthoughnofurtherinformationhasbeengivensincethatyearyoshikiclaimedthattheirnewmaterialwasprettymuchthesamethingmaybealittleedgierhoweverinhespecificallystateditwillnotbethesameasbeforeaddingthatitwillbeveryheavymelodicandmorecontemporaryyoshikissongwritingprocessisunusualinthathewritessheetmusicscoresforeverythingincludingguitaranddrumsbeforebeginningtoplayitwiththebandalthoughchangesaremadeifnecessaryappearanceandimagerefxjapansappearancewasinspiredbyglamrockkissbandkissdavidbowieaswellastraditionaljapanesekabukitheatrewhereitwascustomaryformaleactorstoplayfemalerolesanddresslikewomenvisualkeiartistsstilloftenemployfemininelooksandgarbsfortheirstageaccordingtojosephineyunlikeitsmusicxslookwasindividualisticsquareshoulderedtoshidonnedleatherandmetallookinglikeacharacteroutoftheanimegundamtaijidolledupinperfectprettyglampatassleepybackseatdemeanorandwhiskeybottlebecamehistrademarkashideforevergoadedtheaudienceandyoshikiwasaparadoxallhisownbewtichinglyeffeminateonemomentandafullforcewristbreakingliterallyhurricaneinconcertthenextwillhodgkinsonofthetimesdescribedxjapanashavingthegrandiosityofqueentheheavymetalhysteriaofironmaidenandthesymphonicsophisticationofclassicalmusicalltiedupwithahealthydoseofmelodramatheirearlyimagewascharacterizedbyheavymakeupdarkeyelinerandeyeshadowfacepaintingandhighstandinghairwhichonecriticdescribedasskyscraperhairyoshikishighlyandrogynyandrogynouslooksdressedinlaceandpearlswerereferredtoasdecadentthebandalsousedaccessoriesreminiscentofglamgothsubculturegothmetaljewelrycrossestheirstagereflectedthebandsdualityinnaturetheforcefulmasculineheavymetalmusicheavymetalsongswerebalancedoutbytoshishighpitchedtenorvoiceandyoshikissoftpianoplaywherehewouldoftenwearlongfemaledressesandacteffeminatebythereleaseoftheirstudioalbumdahliaalbumdahliathebandtoneditsstageappearancedowncuttingtheirhairandwearingmorerockinspiredoutfitsinainterviewyoshikistatedthattheabandoningofstrongermakeupandoutrageousoutfitswasanaturalprogressionintheirstylehowevertheystilldousemakeuponstagesometimesheavysometimeslessandthathestillconsidersthebandvisualkeirefnamemetalsucksreflegacyandinfluencexjapanareconsideredoneofthefoundersofvisualkeiamovementamongjapanesemusicianscomparabletowesternglamrockglamwiththenameitselfbelievedtohavebeenderivedfromtheirsloganpsychedelicviolencecrimeofvisualshockuponformerguitaristhidesdeathinlessthanayearafterthebandbrokeupbillboardmagazinebillboardsstevemccluredeclaredittheendofaneraexplainingxwerethefirstgenerationofvisualkeibandsforthenextgenerationofbandsitslikethatsitthetorchhasbeenpassedtousmanybandsandartistsmostrelatedtovisualkeicountthemasaninfluenceorlookuptothemincludingmiyavirefnamemiyavirefdirengreyrefnamedirengreyrefrefnamedirengreyrefsyuandfumiyaofgalneryusrefnamesyurefrefnamefumiyarefthegazettebandthegazetterefnamegazetterefdbanddrefnamedrefsadiebandsadievocalistmaorefnamemaoreftrukawauchifromrefnametorurefmayamusicianmayaoflmcrefnamemayarefflowbandflowrefnameflowrefyuukifromunsrawrefnameyuukirefdjozmarefnameozmalunasearefkeiofdiodistraughtoverlordrefnamekeirefaiefromdeadmanbanddeadmanrefnameaierefscrewbandscrewsjinrefnamejinrefanddaizystripperrefnamedaizystripperrefthemembersofversaillesbandversaillesnamedxandlunaseaasinfluenceswithsingerkamijomusiciankamijosayingithinkthereisntanyoneinthejapanesemusicbusinesswhohasntbeeninfluencedbythemlikewiseledaofgalneryusanddeluhiclaimshewasnoteveninterestedinmusicuntilafriendplayedhimxjapanandlunaseaandalsodeclaredxjapansmusichisbibleamericanmusicianmartyfriedmancalledxjapanthebiggestbandinvisualkeiandbyfarthemostversatilemusicallyandcitedthemasthereasonhegotintojapaneserockmusicrefnameglobalmetalrefinwearexgenesimmonsclaimsthatifthexjapanmemberswereborninamericaorenglandandsanginenglishtheymightbethebiggestbandintheworldduetobandsvariousmisfortuneswiththesuicideofbandmemberstoshisbrainwashingandlackofoverseassuccessxjapanhavebeendescribedinthetimesastheworldsunluckiestbandinanarticlepublishedonfridaythethoctoberwhenaskedinaninterviewifthebandwasunluckyyoshikiansweredkindaimeanyouknowwithsomuchcrazydramathathashappenedovertheyearsbutatthesametimewehaveamazingfansaroundtheworldsoicantsaytheworldsunluckiestbandbutwhaticansayistheworldsluckiestbandthankstoourfansthegroupwaspopularamongrebelliousyouthswhowereattractedtoasasiaweekputitthetoneofalienationandfrustrationforwhichxwasreveredinradioandtvhostbryanburtonlewisexplainedinjapantheimagethatwehaveofthexaudienceisruralkidsgoingthrougharebellionphasetheyputtheirlifeintobeingxfanstheydresslikeittheybreatheitinthedocumentaryglobalmetalyoshikistatedthatthemusicindustryandmediahatedthebandandwouldnoteveninterviewthembuteventuallywesoldmillionalbumssotheyhadnochoicexhavealsobeennamedoneofthefirstjapaneseactstoachievemainstreamsuccesswhileonanindependentrecordlabelhmvgrouphmvjapanrankedthebandnumberonalistofthemostimportantjapanesepopactsandintheycameinthirdinapollbyoricononwhichjapanesebandspeoplewantaroundforfuturegenerationsinconsequenceofsoundnamedxjapanoneoftheirtopcultactsinaprilxjapanwontherevolvermagazinerevolvergoldengodsawardforbestinternationalartistrefnameloudwirereftheywereawardedmostdevotedfansintheloudwirecomloudwiremusicawardsonjanuaryandwonthepollagaintwoyearslateronfebruarylaterthatyeartheyalsowonthewebsitesbestlivebandtournamentinaugustbeatingoutpearljaminthefinalroundlaweeklyrankedxjapantenthonanoctoberlistofthebestprogmetalbandsinmarchloudwirenamedxjapanthebestmetalbandfromjapanwritingthattheirhighoctanepowermetalandexhilaratingliveshowmakethemthepinnacleofheavymusicinthelandoftherisingsunhoweverxjapanhavealsomadeamarkoutsideofthemusicindustryinattherequestofthejapanesegovernmentyoshikicomposedandperformedaclassicalsongforjapansemperorakihitoatacelebrationinhonorofthetenthanniversaryofhisenthronementrefnamejapanzonerefhispoliticalpartytheliberaldemocraticpartyjapanliberaldemocraticpartyevenusedxssongforeverloveinseveralcommercialsinitwasalsoreportedthatkoizumiwasinfluentialingettingthehidemuseumopenedinyokosukainmemberscurrentmembersyoshikimusicianyoshikinbspdrumspianokeyboardsbandleadersmallpresentsmalltoshimusiciantoshinbspleadvocalsacousticguitarsmallpresentsmallpatamusicianpatanbsprhythmguitarbackingvocalssmallpresentsmallheathmusicianheathnbspbassguitarbackingvocalssmallpresentsmallsugizonbspleadguitarviolinbackingvocalssmallpresentsmallsmallasatouringmusiciansmallformermembersnbspguitarsmalldiedsmallnbspguitarsmallsmallnbspbassguitarsmallsmallnbspguitarsmallsmallnbspguitarsmallsmallnbspguitarsmallsmallnbspguitarsmallsmallnbspbassguitarsmallsmallnbspguitarsmallsmallnbspguitarsmallsmallnbspguitarsmallsmallrefnameyoshikibiographyreftaijimusiciantaijinbspbassguitaracousticguitarbackingvocalssmalldiedsmallpleaserefrainfromaddingherethesearetheyearstaijiwasanofficialmemberofthebandhewasonlyaguestmusicianfortheaugustandyokohamaconcertsthereforethatyearshouldnotbeaddedherehidemusicianhidenbspleadguitarbackingvocalssmalldiedsmallalthoughhideandtaijiaredeceasedthebandstillconsidersthemmembersandintroducesthemateveryconcertwiththegroupgoingasfarastoplayaudiovideoclipsoftheirvoiceguitarforsomesongspleaserefrainfrommovinghideandtaijitocurrentmemberstheyaredeceasedthereforecannotphysicallybeinthebandthereisanotestatingthatthebandconsidersthemcurrentmembersthisissufficientenoughalleditsmovingthemtocurrentmemberswillautomaticallybemarkedasvandalismwhichcouldleadtoanipbanfortheaddressthroughwhichtheeditoriginatedifmultipleoffensescontinueandrevertedtothepreviousarticleversionuponreviewtimelinetagtimelineimagesizewidthheightplotarealeftbottomtoprightalignbarsjustifydateformatmmddyyyyperiodfromtilltimeaxisorientationhorizontalformatyyyylegendorientationverticalpositionbottomcolumnsscalemajorincrementstartscaleminorincrementstartcolorsidvocalsvalueredlegendvocalsi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wantedtomakeamoviethatwaspureandhonestbutheisstrugglingwithsomethinghonesttosaycarlasurprisesguidoluisaandrosellaoutsidethehotelandguidoclaimsthatheandcarlaendedtheiraffairyearsagoluisaandrosellacallhimonthelieandguidoslipsintoafantasyworldwherehelordsoveraharemofwomenfromhislifetheybathehimlikeathisgrandmothersvillaandsprayhimwithpowderbutarejectedshowgirlstartsarebellionthefantasywomenattackguidowithharshtruthsabouthimselfandhissexlifeandguidoliterallywhipsthembackintoshapefedupwithdelaystheproducerguidoalbertiforcesguidotoreviewhismanyscreentestscreentestsbutguidostillwontmakeanydecisionsthescreentestsareforrolesportrayedearlierinsuchascarlatheprostitutethecardinaletcwhenluisaseeshowbitterlyguidochoosestorepresentherinthemovieshefleesthetheaterdeclaringthattheirmarriageisoversinceguidoisunabletodealwiththetruthbutguidosidealwomanarrivesintheformofanactressnamedclaudiaguidotakeshertovisitaproposedsetexplainingthathismovieisaboutaburnedoutmanwhofindssalvationinthisidealwomanclaudialistensintentlybutconcludesthattheprotagonistisunsympatheticbecauseheisincapableoflovebrokenguidocallsoffthefilmbuttheproducerandthefilmsstaffannounceamassivepressconferenceattherocketshipsetguidoattemptstoescapefromthefrenziedjournalistsandwhenpressedforastatementheinsteadcrawlsunderatableandshootshimselfintheheadthecrewbeginstodisassembletherocketshipsincethefilmiscanceledthecriticpraisesguidoformakingawisedecisionandguidohasarevelationhewasattemptingtosolvehispersonalconfusionbycreatingafilmtohelpotherswheninsteadheneedstoaccepthislifeforwhatitisheasksluisaforherassistanceindoingsoandshesaysshelltryagroupofmusicalclownsledbyayoungguidotransformtherocketshipsetintoacircusleadingthemenandwomenofguidoslifedownthestepsofthesetshoutingthroughamegaphoneguidodirectsthemintoacircusringandcarlatellshimthatshefiguredoutwhathewastryingtosaythatguidocantdowithoutthepeopleinhislifethemenandwomenholdhandsandrunaroundthecircleguidoandluisajoiningthemlastcastmarcellomastroianniasguidoanselmiafilmdirectoranoukaimeasluisaanselmiguidoswiferossellafalkasrossellaluisasbestfriendandguidosconfidantesandramiloascarlaguidosmistressclaudiacardinaleasclaudiaamoviestarguidocastsashisidealwomansimonettasimeoniasyounggirlguidoalbertiaspaceafilmproducermarioconocchiaasmarioconocchiaguidosproductionassistantbrunoagostiniasbrunoagostinitheproductiondirectorcesarinomicelipicardiascesarinotheproductionsupervisorjeanrougeulascarinidaumierafilmcriticmariopisuasmariomezzabottaguidosfriendbarbarasteeleasgloriamorinmezzabottasnewyounggirlfriendmadeleinelebeauasmadeleineafrenchactresscaterinaborattoasamysteriousladyinthehoteleddragaleaslasaraghinaaprostituteeugenewalterasanamericanjournalistmaryindovinoasmayatheclairvoyantabdalqadirassufiiandallasasmauricemayasassistantgiudittarissoneasguidosmotherannibaleninchiasguidosfatheredyvesselasamannequinproductioninanoctoberlettertohiscolleaguebrunellorondifellinifirstoutlinedhisfilmideasaboutamansufferingcreativeblockwellthenaguyawriteranykindofprofessionalmanatheatricalproducerhastointerrupttheusualrhythmofhislifefortwoweeksbecauseofanottooseriousdiseaseitsawarningbellsomethingisblockinguphissystemunclearaboutthescriptitstitleandhisprotagonistsprofessionhescoutedlocationsthroughoutitalylookingforthefilminthehopeofresolvinghisconfusionflaianosuggestedlabellaconfusioneliterallythebeautifulconfusionasthemoviestitleunderpressurefromhisproducersfellinifinallysettledonaselfreferentialtitlereferringprincipallybutnotexclusivelytothenumberoffilmshehaddirecteduptothattimegivingtheordertostartproductioninspringfellinisigneddealswithhisproducerrizzolifixeddateshadsetsconstructedcastmastroiannianoukaimeandsandramiloinleadrolesanddidscreentestsatthescalerastudiosinromehehiredcinematographergiannidivenanzoamongkeypersonnelbutapartfromnaminghisheroguidoanselmihestillcouldntdecidewhathischaracterdidforalivingthecrisiscametoaheadinaprilwhensittinginhiscinecittofficehebeganalettertorizzoliconfessinghehadlosthisfilmandhadtoabandontheprojectinterruptedbythechiefmachinistrequestinghecelebratethelaunchoffelliniputasidetheletterandwentonthesetraisingatoasttothecrewhefeltoverwhelmedbyshameiwasinanoexitsituationiwasadirectorwhowantedtomakeafilmhenolongerremembersandloandbeholdatthatverymomenteverythingfellintoplaceigotstraighttotheheartofthefilmiwouldnarrateeverythingthathadbeenhappeningtomeiwouldmakeafilmtellingthestoryofadirectorwhonolongerknowswhatfilmhewantedtomakewhenshootingbeganonmayeugenewalterrecalledfellinitakingalittlepieceofbrownpapertapeandstickingitneartheviewfinderofthemoviecameracamerawrittenonitwasricordaticheunfilmcomicorememberthatthisisacomicfilmperplexedbytheseeminglychaoticincessantimprovisationonthesetdeenaboyerthedirectorsamericanpressofficeratthetimeaskedforarationalefellinitoldherthathehopedtoconveythethreelevelsonwhichourmindslivethepastthepresentandtheconditionaltherealmoffantasywasfilmedinthesphericalcinematographicprocessusingmillimeterfilmandexhibitedwithanaspectratioofaswithmostitalianfilmsofthisperiodthesoundwasenti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heywillnotbeaspleasedasiftheyhadattendedtheexpositionofaninternationalscandalaudienceshoweverlovedittosuchanextentthatacompanyattemptedtoobtaintherightstomassproduceguidoanselmisblackdirectorshatfellinibiographerhollisalpertnotedthatinthemonthsfollowingitsreleasecriticalcommentaryonproliferatedasthefilmbecameanintellectualcudtochewoninagroupofthirtyeuropeanintellectualsandfilmmakersvotedottoemezzothemostimportanteuropeanfilmevermadeinchicagosuntimesfilmreviewerrogerebertwrotethatdespitetheeffortsofseveralotherfilmmakerstomaketheirownversionsofthesamestoryitremainsthedefinitivefilmaboutdirectorsblockitcamenumbertwoontheandsightsounddirectorspollbeatenonlybycitizenkaneisafixtureonthebritishfilminstitutessightsoundcriticsanddirectorspollsofthetoptenfilmsevermadeitrankednumbertwoonthemagazinesdirectorstoptenpollandnumbereightonthecriticstoptenpollandstayedwithinthetoptenbutslightlylowerinthepollnumberfouronthedirectorspollandtenonthecriticspollinthefilmwasrankedinempiremagazineempiremagazinesthebestfilmsofworldcinemarefcitewebtitlethebestfilmsofworldcinemaquoteurlempireonlinecomfeaturesgreatestworldcinemafilmsdefaultaspfilmworkempirerefdirectormartinscorsesealsolisteditasoneofhisfavouritefilmsofalltimethemesisaboutthestrugglesinvolvedinthecreativeprocessbothtechnicalandpersonalandtheproblemsartistsfacewhenexpectedtodeliversomethingpersonalandprofoundwithintensepublicscrutinyonaconstrictedschedulewhilesimultaneouslyhavingtodealwiththeirownpersonalrelationshipsitisinalargersenseaboutfindingtruepersonalhappinesswithinadifficultfragmentedlifelikeseveralitalianfilmsoftheperiodmostevidentinthefilmsoffelliniscontemporarymichelangeloantonionialsoisaboutthealienatingeffectsofmodernizationthetitleisinkeepingwithfellinisselfreflexivethemethemakingofhiseighthandahalffilmhisprevioussixfeaturefilmsincludedthewhitesheiklosceiccobiancoivitellonilastradafilmlastradailbidonenightsofcabirialenottidicabiriaandladolcevitawithalbertolattuadahecodirectedvarietylightslucidelvarietvarietylightsinhistwoshortsegmentsincludedunagenziamatrimonialeamarriageagencyintheanthologyfilmomnibusfilmlamoreincittloveinthecityandletentazionideldottorantoniofromtheomnibusfilmboccacciotheworkingtitleforwaslabellaconfusionethebeautifulconfusionproposedbycoscreenwriterennioflaianobutfellinithenhadthesimplerideawhichprovedentirelywrongtocallitcomedyaccordingtoitalianwriteralbertoarbasinofellinisfilmusedsimilarartisticproceduresandhadparallelswithmusilsnovelthemanwithoutqualitiesinfluencelaterintheyearofthefilmsreleaseagroupofyoungitalianwritersfoundedgruppoaliterarycollectiveoftheneoavanguardiacomposedofnovelistsreviewerscriticsandpoetsinspiredbyandumbertoecosseminalessayoperaapertaopenworkimitationsofpileupbydirectorsallovertheworldwrotefellinibiographertulliokezichthefollowingiskezichsshortlistofthefilmsithasinspiredmickeyonearthurpennalexinwonderlandpaulmazurskybewareofaholywhorerainerwernerfassbinderdayfornightfilmlanuitamricainedayfornightfranoistruffautallthatjazzfilmallthatjazzbobfossestardustmemorieswoodyallensognidoronannimorettiplanetparadevadimabdrashitovlapeliculadelreycarlossorinlivinginobliviontomdicillowomenpetergreenawaygrigorikonstantinopolskysynecdochenewyorkcharliekaufmanandthegreatbeautypaolosorrentinothetonywinningbroadwaytheatrebroadwaymusicalninemusicalninescorebymauryyestonbookbyarthurkopitisbasedonthefilmunderscoringguidosobsessionwithwomenbymakinghimtheonlymalecharactertheoriginalproductiondirectedbytommytunestarredrauljuliaasguidoanitamorrisascarlalilianemontevecchiaslilianelafleurguidosproducerandkarenakersasluisaabroadwayrevivalstarredantoniobanderasjanekrakowskimarystuartmastersonandchitariveranineliveactionfilmitwasmadeintoafilmindirectedbyrobmarshallandstarringdanieldaylewisasguidoalongsidenicolekidmanmarioncotillardjudidenchkatehudsonpenlopecruzandsophialorenthemusicvideoforremssongeverybodyhurtsdrawsheavilyfromsopeningdreamsequencewiththebandstuckinatrafficjamsubtitlesofthethoughtsofpeopletrappedinsidecarsappearonscreenuntileveryoneabandonstheirvehicletowalkinsteadthentheyvanishtheeuropeannetworkofyoungcinemanisimasawasnamedafterthephraseasanisimasaintheamericanbandtyphoonamericanbandtyphoonusesasanisimasaasakeylyricintheiralbumyoutubecomwatchvjbtnbppieytsofferingsawardswontwoacademyawardsforacademyawardforbestforeignlanguagefilmbestforeignlanguagefilmandacademyawardforcostumedesignbestcostumedesignblackandwhitewhilegarneringthreeothernominationsforacademyawardforbestdirectorbestdirectoracademyawardforwritingoriginalscreenplaybestoriginalscreenplayandacademyawardforbestartdirectionbestartdirectionblackandwhiterefnameoscarsrefthenewyorkfilmcriticscirclealsonamedbestforeignlanguagefilmthenastrodargentoitaliannationalsyndicateoffilmjournalistsawardedthemovieallsevenprizesfornastrodargentoforbestdirectordirectornastrodargentoforbestproducerproduceroriginalstoryscreenplaynastrodargentoforbestscoremusiccinematographyandbestnastrodargentoforbestsupportingactresssupportingactresssandramiloitalsogarnerednominationsfornastrodargentoforbestactorbestactorbestcostumedesignandbestproductiondesignatthesaintvincentfilmfestivalitwasawardedgrandprizeoverluchinoviscontistheleopardfilmilgattopardotheleopardthefilmscreenedinaprilatthecannesfilmfestivaljurymembersincludedstanleykramerjeanmaraissatyajitrayandscreenwritersergioamideiseealsolistofitaliansubmissionsfortheacademyawardforbestforeignlanguagefilmlistofsubmissionstothethacademyawardsforbestforeignlanguagefilmlistoffilmsconsideredthebestreferencesnotesbibliographyaffroncharlesfedericofellinidirectornewbrunswickrutgersuniversitypresshollisalpertalperthollisfellinialifenewyorkparagonhousebondanellapeterthecinemaoffedericofelliniprincetonprincetonuniversitypressbondanellapeterthefilmsoffedericofellinicambridgecambridgeuniversitypressfavaclaudioandaldoviganothefilmsoffedericofellininewyorkcitadelpressfellinifedericocommentsonfilmedgiovannigrazzinitransjosephhenryfresnothepressofcaliforniastateuniversityatfresnotulliokezichkezichtulliofedericofellinihislifeandworknewyorkfaberandfaberexternallinksrogerebertsuntimescomappspbcsdllarticleaidreviewschicagosuntimesreviewbyrogereberttheguardiancomfilmaprderekmalcolmscenturyoffilmderekmalcolmguardianukreviewbyderekmalcolmcriterioncomcurrentpostsafilmwithitselfasitssubjectcriterioncollectionessaybyalexandersesonskeinfoboxofficeholdernamexuhuangnativenameimagexuhuangportraitjpgimagesizepxcaptionaqingdynastyillustrationofxuhuangaltofficegeneraloftherighttermstarttermendmonarchcaopiofficegeneralwhopacifiesbanditstermstarttermendmonarchemperorxianofhanchancellorcaocaoofficegeneralwhosweepsacrossthewildernessbrtermstarttermendmonarchemperorxianofhanchancellorcaocaobirthdateunknownbirthplacehongtongcountyshanxideathdaterefnamedeathyearthesanguozhistatedthatxuhuangdiedinthefirstyearofthetaiheerainthereignofcaoruiquotefromsanguozhivolrefchildrenxugaioccupationgeneralblankcourtesynamedatagongmingblankposthumousnamedatamarquiszhuangblankpeeragedatamarquisofyangpingbrxuhuangdiedcourtesynamegongmingwasamilitarygeneralservingunderthewarlordcaocaointhelateeasternhandynastyhelaterservedinthestateofcaoweiduringthethreekingdomsperiodunderthefirsttworulerscaopiandcaoruibeforehisdeathatthestartofcaoruisreignxuhuangisbestnotedforbreakingthesiegeatthebattleoffanchenginbyroutingtheenemycommanderguanyuonthefieldchenshouwhowrotethehistoricaltextrecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhinamedxuhuangasoneofthefiveelitegeneralsofhistimealongsidezhangliaoyuejinyujinandzhangheearlylifeandserviceunderyangfengxuhuangwasfromyangcountyhedongcommanderywhichislocatedsoutheastofpresentdayhongtongcountyshanxiheservedasaminorofficialinthecommanderyofficeinhisyouthlaterhebecameasubordinateofyangfengfromthewhitewavebanditsoriginallyasectofyellowturbanrebellionyellowturbanrebelsthatroseupinxuhuangshometowninshanxiafterthebanditsraidedhedongandtaiyuancommanderiesinovertheyearstheleadersofthewhitewavebanditshadbeenholdingdifferentattitudestowardthehancentralgovernmentyangfengsubmittedtodongzhuoawarlordwhocontrolledthecentralgovernmentintheearlysxuhuanglaterfollowedyangfengtoquellsomeremnantsoftheyellowturbanrebelsandwasappointedasacavalrycommandantbythehancentralgovernmentafterdongzhuowasassassinatedinhissubordinateslijuehandynastylijueandguosiseizedcontrolofthecentralgovernmentandheldemperorxianofhanemperorxianthefigureheadhanrulerhostageintheimperialcapitalchanganpresentdayxianshaanxiininternalconflictbrokeoutbetweenlijueandguosiwhoserespectivefactionsstartedwarringwitheachotherinthestreetsofchanganyangfengandxuhuangwerelijuessubordinatesatthetimeinthesameyearxuhuangconvincedyangfengtoescortemperorxianfromchanganbacktotheoldimperialcapitalluoyangwhichlaidinruinsafterdongzhuoburntitdownyearsagowhilemovingthecapitaltochanganinluoyangwhenconflictbrokeoutbetweenyangfenganddongchenghandynastydongchengthelattersummonedthewarlordcaocaotohelphimdealwithhisrivalinearlycaocaoarrivedinluoyangandfetchedemperorxiantohisbaseinxupresentdayxuchanghenanwhichwasdesignatedasthenewimperialcapitalwhenxuhuangurgedyangfengtojoincaocaosforcesyangwantedtoheedhisadvicebutultimatelyrefusedinlatecaocaoattackedanddefeatedyangfengxuhuangthenswitchedhisallegiancetocaocaocaocaoscampaignsincentralandnorthernchinacaocaosentxuhuangwithanarmytoattackrebelsatjuancountywestofpresentdayyuanyangcountyhenanandyuanwucountypresentdayyuanyangcountyhenanxuhuangdefeatedthemandwaspromotedtomajorgeneralduringthebattlesbetweencaocaoandlbuinxuinxuhuangattackedanddefeatedlbussubordinateszhaoshuandlizouinbattlewithaidfromshihuanhealsodefeatedandkilledsuiguinheneicommanderyinpresentdayhenaninduringthebattleofguandubetweencaocaoandyuanshaoxuhuangparticipatedintheearlyskirmishesatbattleofbomabomanearhuacountyhenanandbattleofyanfordyanfordpresentdayyanjincountyhenanwherehedefeatedthewarlordliubeiwhohadjoinedyuanshaoafterlosingxuprovinceandyuanshaosgeneralsyanliangandwenchouhewaspromotedtolieutenantgeneralforhisachievementsandlaterjoinedcaohongineliminatingrebelsledbyzhubiatyinjiangsouthwestofpresentdayxuchanghenanyuanshaohadstoredhissuppliesatadepotingushisouthwestofpresentdayyanjincountyhenancaocaosentxuhuangandshihuantoattackthispositiontheydefeatedthedefendersatgushiandburntdownyuanshaosgraincartsforcingyuanshaotocallforreliefsuppliesinresponsetothisraidxuhuangreceivedthetitleofamarquisofachiefvillageforhiscontributionsafewyearslaterxuhuangjoinedthefollowupoperationagainsttheheirsofyuanshaowhodiedininthedefenderofyiyangcountynortheastofpresentdayhandanhebeihanfanfeignedsurrenderandstrengthenedhisdefencesxuhuangthenwrotealetterofpersuasionandhaditfiredintothecountyonanarrowthedefenderwaswonoverandxuhuangconqueredyiyangcountywithoutbloodshedbeforethecountyfellxuhuangwenttoseecaocaoandaskedhimtorefrainfrommassacringtheresidentsofyiyangcountyonlyafterhanfansurrenderedtherationaleoftheirfinaldecisionwasentirelybasedontacticalconsiderationwhichwastoinduceotherenemyterritoriesintovoluntarilysurrenderingbysettinganexamplecaocaoapprovedxuhuangssuggestionxuhuanglatersetupanambushandroutedtheyuansforcesatmaochengdefeatedyuantanatthebattleofnanpiandsuppressedarevoltinpingyuancommanderyaroundpresentdaydezhoushandonghealsoparticipatedincaocaoscampaignagainstyuanshangyuanxiandthewuhuantribeswhichledtothebattleofwhitewolfmountaininxuhuangwasfurtherpromotedtogeneralwhosweepsacrossthewildernessforhiscontributionsinbattlebattleofjianglinginxuhuangfollowedcaocaotopacifyjingprovincecoveringpresentdayhubeiandhunanandparticipatedinthebattleofredcliffsinthesameyearwhencaocaoretreatednorthafterhisdefeatatredcliffsxuhuangwasorderedtostaybehindwithcaoreninjianglingcountytoresistattacksbysunquansforcesononeoccasionzhouyuthecommanderofsunquansforcesleftthedefenceofhismaincamptohissubordinatelingtongandledmostofthetroopstorescueanothergeneralganningwhowasbattleofyilingsurroundedbycaorenscavalryatyilingpresentdayyichanghubeilingtongwasleftwithonlyaweefractionofthearmytoguardthecampxuhuangandcaorenwereunabletodefeatlingtongandtheenemycampremainedintactasaresultthefightingdraggedonforayearandthecasualtycountoncaocaossidekeptincreasingxuhuangandcaoreneventuallyreceivedordersfromcaocaotoabandonjianglingcountyandretreatnorthcaocaosnorthwesterncampaignsaftersuppressingarebellionbyshangyaointaiyuancommanderyaroundpresentdaytaiyuanshanxiinxuhuangjoinedcaocaoinhiscampaignsinliangprovincecoveringpartsofpresentdayshaanxiandgansuincaocaoengagedacoalitionofnorthwesternwarlordsledbymachaoandhansuiatthebattleoftongpassbattleoftongpassafterdiscoveringthathansuididnotleaveanytroopstoguardpubanfordxuhuangsuggestedtocaocaotosendhimnorthandcrosstheyellowriverviapubanfordtocircumventtongpassfromthewestoftherivercaocaoapprovedxuhuangsplanandsentzhulingthreekingdomszhulingtogowithhimtheycrossedpubanandstartedpitchingcampsbutbeforethedefencefortificationwascompletedoneofthecoalitionmembersliangxingscoutedtheminsteadofaskinghisalliesforreinforcementliangxingattackedrightawaybutwasroutedintheendxuhuangandzhulingthenimpelledthepacetocompletethedefenceandwaitedforthearrivalofthemainforceshoweverthediscoveryofxuhuangspresencehadalertedthecoalitionforcesandcreatedaseriouscrisisforcaocaoscrossingoftheriveraftercaocaosvictoryattongpasshesentxuhuangandxiahouyuantopacifythevariousdiwuhuditribesinyumicountyeastofpresentdayqianyangcountyshaanxiandqiancountysouthofpresentdaylongcountyshaanxixuhuangandxiahouyuanlaterrendezvousedwithcaocaosmainarmyatandingcommanderyaroundpresentdayzhenyuancountygansuaftercaocaohadreturnedtoyeancientchinayeinpresentdayhandanhebeihesentxuhuangandxiahouyuanagaintosuppressrevoltsinfucountysouthwestofpresentdayhuanglingcountyshaanxiandxiayangcountysouthwestofpresentdayhanchengshaanxiwheretheydefeatedliangxingandforcedsomecivilianfamiliesintosubmissionwhencaocaoembarkedonanothercampaigninwesternchinatoattackthewarlordzhangluhandynastyzhangluinhanzhonghesentxuhuangwithaseparateforcetopacifytheditribeslivinginduandchouyimountainsxuhuangsucceededandwaspromotedtogeneralwhopacifiesbanditshealsobrokerebelforcessiegeonzhangshunanddefeatedtherebelleaderchenfuhanzhongcampaigninxuhuangwastaskedwithdefendinghanzhonghanzhongcommanderyscommunicationlinemaminggeheservedunderthecommandofxiahouyuantohalttheadvancesofliubeisarmywhenliubeisentchenshithreekingdomschenshitocutoffxiahouyuanssupplyroutesxuhuangledtroopstostriketheenemyheadonduetoxuhuangsferociousattackmanyenemysoldiersjumpedoffthecliffandthecasualtyratewashighenoughtokeephanzhongsecureforthetimebeingcaocaowasdelightedwhenheheardofthevictoryandhegaveorderstoxuhuangthispassisacrucialgatewayintohanzhongliubeiintendstoisolatethepassandthenmoveontoconquerhanzhongyouvedonewellinfoilingtheenemysattemptbattleoffanchengxuhuangsmostgloriousmomentinhismilitarycareercameatthebattleoffanchenginwhenfanalsocalledfanchenginpresentdayfanchengdistrictxiangfanhubeiandxiangyangwerebesiegedbyliubeisgeneralguanyucaocaofirstsentyujintoleadareliefforcetoliftthesiegebutyujinssevenarmiesweredestroyedbyafloodcaocaothenorderedxuhuangtoleadasecondreliefforcetoliftthesiegecaorenthegeneraldefendingfanandlchangwhodefendedxiangyangwerebothtrappedintheirfortressesbyguanyusforcesformonthsknowingthatmostofhissoldierswerecomposedofnewrecruitswithouttrainingxuhuangdidnotgostraightintobattlebutcampedbehindtheenemytoimposeadeterrenteffectinthemeantimeheinstructedhissubordinatesxushangandljiantooverseethediggingoftrenchesaroundthenearbyenemystrongholdofyanchengtodeceivetheenemyintothinkingthattheyweretryingtocutoffsuppliesintoyanchengtheenemyfellfortheruseandabandonedtheirpositionyieldingxuhuangafootholdonthebattlefieldbythistimeatotalofcampshadgatheredunderxuhuangsflagwithhisstrengthenedarmyxuhuangunleashedanattackonguanyutheenemyencirclementconsistedoffivecampssoxuhuangspreadnewsthathewasplanningtoattackthemaincampwhilehesecretlyattackedtheotherfoursidecampsinsteadwhenguanyusawthatthefoursidecampshadbeendestroyedhepersonallyledhorsementocountertheattackersbutwaseventuallyoutmatchedmanyofhissoldierswereforcedintothenearbyhanriverhanshuihanriverwheretheydrownedthesiegeonfanchengwasthusliftedwhencaocaoheardofthevictoryhepraisedxuhuangtheenemyformationwasverythickbutyetyoumanagedtoachievevictoryanddestroyedtheircampsandkilledsomanyoftheirmeniveparticipatedinbattlesforoveryearsbutiveneverheardofanypersoninhistorywhoattemptedtobreakasiegebylaunchingadirectattackontheenemysencirclementthesituationatfanandxiangyangwasmuchworsethanthatatjuandjimoyourachievementsarecomparabletothoseofsuntzusunwuandtianrangjurangjutheshujirecordedanincidentaboutxuhuangmeetingguanyuonthebattlefieldxuhuanghadaclosepersonalfriendshipwithguanyutheyoftenchattedaboutotherthingsapartfrommilitaryaffairswhentheymetagainatfanchengxuhuanggaveanordertohismenwhoevermanagestotakeguanyunchangsheadwillberewardedwithcattyjinofgoldguanyuwasshockedandheaskedxuhuangbrotherwhatareyoutalkingaboutxuhuangrepliedthisisanaffairofthestateuponxuhuangsreturncaocaowentsevenliunitlioutofxuchangtogreethimgivinghimfullcreditforsecuringfanandxiangyangthroughoutthefieldreceptionthesoldiersofothercommandersshiftedaboutinordertogetabetterviewofcaocaobutxuhuangsmenstoodstationaryinneatfilesseeingthiscaocaolaudedgeneralxuhastrulyinheritedthestyleofzhouyafuserviceundercaopiandcaoruicaocaodiedinandhisvassalkingtitlekingofweiwasinheritedbyhissoncaopixuhuangcontinuedtobeheavilytrustedbycaopiandhewasappointedgeneraloftherightandenfeoffedasthemarquisofludistrictlaterthatyearcaopiforcedemperorxianofhanemperorxiantoabdicatethethronetohimbecomingemperorandestablishingthestateofcaoweicaopiconferredthetitlemarquisofyangonxuhuangandsenthimandxiahoushangtoleadanarmytoattackshangyongcommanderyinpresentdaynorthwesternhubeiwheretheyachievedsuccessxuhuangwaslaterorderedtogarrisonatyangpingpassinpresentdayningqiangcountyshaanxisohismarquistitlewaschangedtomarquisofyangpingcaopidiedinandwassucceededbyhissoncaoruiduringthattimexuhuangsuccessfullyrepelledaninvasiononxiangyangbytheeasternwugeneralzhugejinforhiscontributionshewasawardedanothertaxablehouseholdsinhismarquisatebringingthetotalnumbertowhenxuhuangbecameseriouslyilllaterhegaveinstructionsthathewastobegivenasimpleburialafterhisdeathxuhuangdiedinandwasgrantedtheposthumousnameposthumoustitlemarquiszhuangwhichliterallymeansrobustmarquisxuhuangstitleswereinheritedbyhissonxugaiafterhisdeathwhenxugaidiedthetitleswereinheritedbyhissonxubacaoruigrantedthetitlesofmarquisestoxugaiandxubaandplacedsomehouseholdsundertheircontrolappraisalchenshouconcludedxuhuangsbiographyintherecordsofthethreekingdomswithabriefappraisalinromanceofthethreekingdomsinthethcenturyhistoricalnovelromanceofthethreekingdomsxuhuangmadehisfirstappearanceinchapterwhereheservedunderyangfengxuhuangandyangfengescortedemperorxianofhanemperorxianbacktoluoyangafterthedeathofdongzhuowhohadbeenholdingtheemperorhostagewhencaocaocametoluoyangtofetchtheemperortohisbaseinxuchangxuyangfengsentxuhuangtostophimcaocaoknewonfirstsightthatxuhuangwasanextraordinarymansohesentxuchutoduelwithxuhuangneithersidecouldgainanadvantageovereachotherafterboutsandbythencaocaowasveryimpressedbyxuhuangsskillnotwantingeitherofthetwomentogethurtcaocaothencalledforxuchutoretreatknowinghislordintendedtorecruitxuhuangmanchongasubjectofcaocaoandafellowtownsmanofxuhuangvolunteeredtopersuadexutodefectthatverynightmanchongdisguisedhimselfasacommonsoldiersneakedintoxuhuangstentandsuccessfullypersuadedhimtojoincaocaomanchongthensuggestedslayingyangfengasagestureofdefectionbutxuhuangrefusedtokillhisformersuperiorinthenovelxuhuangmethisendduringthexinchengrebellionwhenhewasstruckbyanarrowintheforeheadfiredbytherebelleadermengdahismenimmediatelytookhimbacktocampwherethephysicianremovedthearrowandtriedtohealhimbutxuhuangeventuallydiedlaterthatnightthenovelclaimedthathewasyearsoldbutthisfigureisnotsupportedbyanyevidencefromhistoricalrecordsinpopularculturepleasedonotintroduceanyfurtherdetailsonthispersonsroleinthegamesalreadymentionedinthissectionxuhuangisfeaturedasaplayablecharacterinkoeisdynastywarriorsandwarriorsorochivideogameserieshealsoappearsinallinstalmentsofkoeisromanceofthethreekingdomsvideogameseriesromanceofthethreekingdomsstrategygameseriesseealsofiveelitegeneralslistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsnotesreferenceschenshouchenshourecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhiluoguanzhongluoguanzhongromanceofthethreekingdomssanguoyanyipeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhuthexlrconnectorisastyleofelectricalconnectorprimarilyfoundonprofessionalaudiovideoandstagelightingequipmenttheconnectorsarecircularindesignandhavebetweenandpinstheyaremostcommonlyassociatedwithbalancedaudiointerconnectionincludingaesdigitalaudiobutarealsousedforlightingcontrollowvoltagepowersuppliesandotherapplicationsxlrconnectorsareavailablefromanumberofmanufacturersandarecoveredbyaninternationalstandardfordimensionsiectheyaresuperficiallysimilartotheolderandsmallerdinconnectorrangebutarenotphysicallycompatiblewiththemasmallerversiontheminixlrconnectorisusedonsmallerequipmenthistoryandmanufacturersthexlrconnectorwasinventedbyjameshcannonjameshcannonjameshcannonfounderofcannoncompanycannonelectricinlosangelescalifornianowpartofittcorporationandforthisreasonitwassometimescolloquiallyknownasacannonplugorcannonconnectororiginallymanufacturedasthecannonxseriesbyalockingmechanismwasaddedcannonxlaversionsurroundingthefemalecontactswithasyntheticrubberneoprenepolychloropreneinsulationusingthepartnumberprefixxlrittcannonoriginallymanufacturedxlrconnectorsintwolocationskanagawajapanandmelbourneaustraliatheaustralianoperationwassoldtoalcatelcomponentsinandthenacquiredbyamphenolinittcannoncontinuestomanufacturexlrconnectorsinjapantheswitchcraftcorporationlaterstartedmanufacturingcompatibleconnectorsfollowedbyneutrikneutrikmadeanumberofimprovementstotheconnectoranditssecondgenerationdesignknownasthexserieshadjustfourpartsforthecableconnectorandeliminatedthesmallscrewsusedbybothcannonandswitchcraftwhichwerepronetoworkingloosefallingoutandbecominglostdesignxlrconnectorsareavailableinmaleandfemaleversionsinbothcableandchassismountingdesignsatotaloffourstylesthisisslightlyunusualasmanyotherconnectordesignsomitoneofthestylestypicallyachassismountingmaleconnectorthefemalexlrconnectorsaredesignedtofirstconnectpintheearthpinbeforetheotherpinsmakecontactwhenamalexlrconnectorisinsertedwiththegroundconnectionestablishedbeforethesignallinesareconnectedtheinsertionandremovalofxlrconnectorsinliveequipmentispossiblewithoutpickingupexternalsignalsasusuallyhappenswithforexamplercajackrcaconnectorsthenumberofpinsvariesasofxlrconnectorsareavailablewithuptopinsandminixlrconnectorswithuptoeightxlrconnectorsfromdifferentmanufacturerswillintermatewiththeexceptionofswitchcraftsixpinmodelswhichuseanonstandardarrangementforthepinscurrentpatternsandapplicationsthreepinxlrthreepinxlrconnectorsarebyfarthemostcommonstyleandareanindustrystandardforbalancedaudiosignalsthegreatmajorityofprofessionalmicrophonesusethexlrconnectorinpreviousyearstheywereusedforloudspeakerconnectionsforinstancebytraceelliotinitsbassenclosuresthexlrcouldacceptnbspawgnbspmmwirewithacurrentcarryingcapacityofampssuitableformostloudspeakersbuttheyhavebeensupersededbythespeakonconnectorforprofessionalloudspeakersthespeakonconnectoracceptslargerwireandcarriesmorecurrentanditprovidesabettershieldforthecontactswhichmaycarrydangerousvoltageswhenconnectedtoanamplifierthreepinxlrconnectorsareusedtointerconnectpoweredspeakerswithlinelevelsignalsthisuseiscommonlyseeninpasystemapplicationsandseemstobegrowingmorecommonrechargeabledevicesexistthatusethreepinxlrconnectorsthesecanbefoundonelectricpoweredmobilitywheelchairsandscooterstheconnectorscarryfromtonbspampsatnbspvoltsanobsoleteuseforthreepinxlrconnectorswasformididataonsomeoctaveplateausynthesizersincludingthevoyetrathethreepinxlrconnectoriscommonlyusedfordmxconnectorsdmxonlightingandrelatedcontrolequipmentrefnamedmxstandardpinoutsrefparticularlyatthebudgetdjendofthemarkethoweverusingthreepinxlrconnectorsfordmxisspecificallyprohibitedbysectionofthedmxstandardrefnametspplasaorgrefuseofthethreepinxlrinthiscontextfirstlypresentsariskofdamagetothelightingequipmentshouldanaudiocablecarryingvoltphantompowerbeaccidentallyconnectedandsecondlyencouragestheuseofcablefollowinganalogueaudiospecificationsfordmxwhichcanleadtosignaldegradationandunreliableoperationofthedmxnetworkfourpinxlrfourpinxlrconnectorsareusedinavarietyofapplicationsrefnamepinoutsrupinoutsruhomexlrpinoutshtmlprofessionalaudioentertainmentdevicespinxlrconnectorpinoutdiagrampinoutsguidecombotgeneratedtitlereftheyarethestandardconnectorforintercomheadsetssuchassystemsmadebyclearcomandtelexcommunicationstelextwopinsareusedforthemonoheadphonesignalandtwopinsfortheunbalancedmicrophonesignalanothercommonuseisfordcpowerconnectionsforprofessionalfilmandvideocamerasandrelatedequipmentsomedeskmicrophoneswithledsusethemthefourthpinisusedtopowertheledindicatingthatthemicrophoneisonrefnamesennheisersennheisercomsennheiserhomeennsfrootprofessionalwiredmicrophonesinstalledsoundopenrowrefotherusesforthefourpinxlrincludesomescrollerscolourchangingdevicesforstagelightingamxamxanaloglightingcontrolnowobsoleteandsomepyrotechnicequipmentfivepinxlrfivepinxlrconnectorsarethestandardfordmxlightingdmxdigitallightingcontrolothercommonusesarefordualelementorstereomicrophonestwobalancedaudiosignalswithacommongroundandstereointercomheadsetpinsforthestereoheadphonesignalleftrightandgroundandpinsfortheunbalancedmicrophonesignaladditionallyfivepinxlriscommonlyusedfordcpowerinaudioequipmentsixpinxlrsixpinxlrconnectorsareusedfordualchannelintercomsystemsandstagelightingcontrolapplicationsanothercommonuseisprofessionalstereoheadsetwithbalancedmicrophoneheadphoneleftpinheadphonerightpinheadphonecommonpinmichighpinmiclowpinmicgroundpinsevenpinxlrsevenpinxlrconnectorsareusedtoconnectsomevalvetubecondensermicrophonestotheirpowersuppliescarryingsignalpolarisationvoltageheaterandhtusedbyseveralmodelsoflemaitreandultratecfogmachinesforremotecontrolanobsoleteuseforsevenpinxlrconnectorswasanaloguelightingcontrolsignalsaswellasforwiredintercominbroadcaststudiosspecificallywithwardbeckintercomspdntheloudspeakercannonknownasapdnconnectorhadblueorwhiteinsulationdependingonitsgenderofconnectorsandfastenersgenderwasintendedforconnectionsbetweenaudiopoweramplifiersandloudspeakersthesearemanufacturedbyamphenolformerlybyalcatelcomponentsandittcannonaustraliaobsoletepatternspowerconnectionsnotethatthepanelconnectorisshroudedforsafetyreasonsmanyothertypesofconnectorsusingthexlrtypeshellexistwithvariouspinconfigurationsmostnotablearetwonowobsoletethreepinpatternsmanufacturedbycannoncompanyittcannonthepowercannonalsocalledthexlrlneconnectorhadshroudedpinsandredinsulationitwasintendedasamainspowerplugbuthasbeensupersededbytheiecseriesofconnectorsandincreasinglymorerecentlythepowerconconnectordevelopedbyneutriktechnicalusageinformationthissectioncontainsmoretechnicalinformationrelatingthemostcommonapplicationsofxlrconnectorsthreepininaudiousexlrclineswitchcraftxflineneutrikncmppanelneutrikncfppanelcombojackelectronicindustriesallianceeiastandardrsadescribestheuseofthethreepinxlrknownasxlrforbalancedaudiosignallevelapplicationsclasswikitablecolspanstyletextaligncenterpinfunctionchassisgroundelectricitygroundcableshieldpositivepolarityterminalforbalancedaudiocircuitsakahotnegativepolarityterminalforbalancedcircuitsakacoldpriortotheintroductionofthisstandardthewiringofpinsandvariedthepinhotandpincoldconventionwastypicallyusedbyeuropeanandjapaneseequipmentmanufacturersbutamericancompaniesusedpinhotandpincoldthiscausedproblemswheninterconnectingequipmentwithunbalancedconnectionsthepinhotconventionisnowobsoletebutisstillfoundonvintageequipmentpinhasalwaysbeengroundandorshieldifthecableisshieldedandmanyconnectorsconnectitinternallytotheconnectorshellorcasealthoughcoveredinindustrytechnicalstandardsthereisstillsomedisagreementonthebestwaytohandletheuseofpinforgroundingearthingthemaincontroversyiswhethertheshelloftheconnectorshouldbeconnectedtopinortheshieldorleftfloatingaesstandardsmentionedaboverecommendthatshellsofcablemountedconnectorsshouldneverbeconnectedtopinortheshieldbecauseinadvertentcontactoftheshellwithanothergroundedsurfacewhileinusecancreateunwantedcurrentpathsforfaultcurrentpotentiallycausinghumandothernoiseontheotherhandequipmentcontainingactivecircuitryshouldalwayshavepinconnectedtotheconductiveenclosureoftheequipmentascloseaspossibletothepointwherethesignalenterstheenclosuretheargumentcentersontheradiofrequencyshieldingprovidedbytheshelloftheconnectorwhichmaybereducedifitisleftfloatinganalternativesolutionistoconnecttheshelltopinandtheshieldthroughasmallvaluecapacitorprovidingrfshieldingbutallowingverylittleaudiofrequencycurrenttoflowthiscapabilitycanbebuiltintoafixedjackoracableterminatedwithxlrconnectorsthestandardsignalflowforaudioinxlrconnectorsisthattheoutputisamaleconnectorandtheinputisfemaleinotherwordsthepinsontheplugpointinthedirectionofsignalflowthisistheoppositeofpowerconnectorstandardswhichnormallyusefemaleconnectorsforoutputsaconventioninfluencedbytheneedtopreventaccidentalcontactwithdangerousvoltageshoweverthevoltagesofmicrophoneandlinelevelaudiosignalsarenothazardousthemalexlrisusuallyincorporatedinthebodyofamicrophonesinceequipmentoftenrequiresaninputonatrsphonejackoranxlrconnectorneutrikandamphenolofferseveralmodelsofcombinationconnectorthatacceptbothxlrandnbspinchphoneconnectoraudiotsortrsphoneplugsfourpindcpowerthemostcommonstandardisforpintobegroundandpintobevoltsnominalwithpinsandunusedthisconfigurationisusedonmostprofessionalvideocamerasandisalsocommononaudioequipmentdesignedforlocationusethereareothernonstandardarrangementsparticularlyfoundonolderequipmentfourpinintercomheadsetclearcomtelexrtsandmanyotherproductionintercomsystemsusefourpinxlrconnectorsforattachingmonauralintercomheadsetsorhandsetsthestandardpinoutforfourpinxlrheadsetsispinmicrophonegroundscreenshieldpinmicrophonesignalhotinputpinheadphonegroundreturnpinheadphonesignalhotoutputfivepindmxanddcpowerforaudiosystemsthefivepinxlristhestandardconnectorfordmxconnectorsdmxthemostcommonprotocolforcontrollingprofessionallightingandrelatedequipmentthreepinxlrconnectorsareincreasinglycommoninsteadtheseareelectricallycompatiblewithasimplejumperingbetweenthemhoweverusingthreepinxlrconnectiorsfordmxisspecificallyprohibitedbysectionofthedmxstandardfivepinxlrisalsoacommonpowerconnectorinmodularprofessionalaudiosystemssuchastheautomatedprocessesincsapilunchboxformatthisformatisbecomingincreasinglypopularandfivepinxlrfordcpowerisusedbymanyrdpartymoduleandchassisdeveloperssuchasbaeaudioandjlmaudioitisalsousedbyslatedigitalforthevmsmicrophonepreamptypicallythepinconfigurationispinchassisgroundbrpinpowergroundbrpinpositivevoltagetypicallyvoltsorvoltsbrpinnegativevoltagetypicallyvoltsorvoltsbrpinphantompowervoltagetypicallyvoltswherexlrconnectorsareusedfordcpowerthegendersarereversedwithrespecttotheirstandarduseforlinelevelandmiclevelaudiotypicallyaudiosignalsonxlrconnectorsfollowthepinsuchthatamaleconnectorisanoutputandafemaleconnectorisaninputinmostpowerapplicationsnotjustxlrconnectorsthefemaleconnectoristheoutputandthemaleconnectoristheinputthismakesaccidentalcontactwithlivepartslesslikelyinaudiodevicesitalsopreventsaccidentalapplicationofdcpowertosignalinputsadditionalusageinformationatonetimethreepinxlrconnectorswerealsousedextensivelyonloudspeakercablesaswhenfirstintroducedtheyrepresentedanewstandardofruggednessandeconomicalternativeswerenotreadilyavailableoftentwoconductorloudspeakercablehadthreepinfemaleconnectorsonbothendstodistinguishitfromathreeconductorshieldedsignallevelcablewhichhasafemaleconnectoratoneendandamaleattheothereitherpinorwaslivedependingonthemanufacturerwithpinalwaystheearthyreturnthisusageisnowbothobsoleteanddangeroustoequipmentbutisstillsometimesencounteredespeciallyonolderequipmentforexamplesomeloudspeakershaveabuiltinmaleconnectorasaninputconnectorforspeakerlevelsignalthisusewassupersededinprofessionalaudioapplicationsbytheneutrikspeakonconnectorgalleryimagexlrpictajpgmaleandfemalexlrpanelconnectorsimagexlrpictajpgfemalexlrpanelconnectorimagexlrpictajpgfemalexlrpanelconnectorgalleryphantompowersomemicrophonessuchascondensermicrophonesrequirepoweranalternativetobatterypowerisphantompowerwhichconsistsofdirectcurrentappliedequallythroughthetwosignallingtelecommunicationsignallinesofabalancedaudioconnectorusuallyathreepinxlrconnectorthesupplyvoltageisreferencedtothegroundpinoftheconnectorpinofanxlrwhichnormallyisconnectedtothecableshieldoragroundwireinthecableorbothphantompowerisusuallysuppliedatanominalvoltsdcalthoughlowervoltagesarepermissibleandmodernmicrophoneswilloftenoperateoverawiderangeitiscommonformodernmixerstohaveabuiltinswitchoperatedvoltpowersupplywhichsuppliesallmicinputswithphantompowerthuseliminatingtheneedforbulkyexternalsuppliesonindividualmicsxldkeyedvariantthexldconnectorisaproposedkeyedvariantofthexlrconnectorthekeyspreventaccidentalmixingofxlrandxldconnectorsxldplugsandsocketsareusedmostlyinsoundrecordingandreproductionprofessionalaudioandvideoelectronicscablingapplicationsthexldconnectorisproposedbytheaudioengineeringsocietyaesmicrophonedigitalmicrophoneinterfacedigitalmicrophoneinterfacestandardtheconnectorsaresimilartoxlrbutwithanextracodingkeyandgroovethatallowscontrolovertheintermatingofxldplugsandxlrsocketsaconnectorwiththecodingkeyinstalledwillnotmatewithaconnectorthatdoesnothavethematchinggrooverefdondaviseugenepatronissoundsystemengineeringthirdeditionfocalpresspagerefbysuitablykeyingconnectorsanalogmicrophonescanbeprotectedfromdamagebythehighcurrentdigitalphantompowersupplyprovidedfordigitalmicrophonesminixlrconnectortheminixlrconnectoralsoknownasthetqgortataconnectornumberdependingonnumberofpolesisusedoncompactitemssuchasuhfwirelessmicrophonebeltpackssomestudioandfieldrecordingheadphonesaswellasaudiotechnicacondensermicrophonesbutisnotingeneraluseonmajoritemssuchasmixingdeskstheminixlrconnectorwasfirstdevisedbyswitchcraftandisalsoavailablefromreanandvariousothersourcesasyettheminixlrconnectorsdonotappeartobecoveredbyanyisoornationalstandardseealsorfconnectorreferencesexternallinkscolomarcomshavanoxlrcablehtmlmakingxlrcablesinfoboxvgseriestitlexenosagaimagexenosagalogopngcreatortetsuyatakahashidevelopermonolithsoftbrtomcreatebrbandainamcoentertainmentnamcomobilepublishergenreroleplayingvideogameroleplayingplatformsplaystationmobiledevicesmobilenintendodsplatformoforiginplaystationfirstreleaseversionxenosagaepisodeifirstreleasedatefebruarylatestreleaseversionxenosagaepisodeiiilatestreleasedatejulyxenosagaisaroleplayingvideogameseriesdevelopedbymonolithsoftandprimarilypublishedbynamcoformingpartofthewiderxenoseriesxenometaseriesxenosagaissetinasciencefictionuniverseandfollowsagroupofcharactersastheyfacebothahostilealienracecalledthegnosisandhumanfactionsfightingforcontrolofthezoharanartifactconnectedtoagodlikeenergycalledudogameplayacrosstheseriesissimilarwiththecharactersbeingguidedthroughalinearnarrativeandfightingenemiesusingaturnsroundsandtimekeepingsystemsingamesturnbasedturnbasedcombatsystemthepartyfightsbothonfootandinavarietyofmechsthexenosagaserieswascreatedbytetsuyatakahashiasaspiritualsuccessortothesquarecompanysquareproducedxenogearsforwhichhefoundedmonolithsoftwithhelpfromnamcomultiplexenogearsstaffreturnedincludingcowritersorayasagafollowingthereleaseofthexenosagaepisodeifirstgamethexenosagaserieswasgivenovertonewstaffwithtakahashibothsupervisingtheprojectandprovidingthedraftscriptsunderthenewstafftheoriginalscriptsawseveralchangesanditsplannedsixpartstructurecutdownbyhalftheseriesmadeconsiderableuseofbiblicalmythologyandelementsoftheworksofcarljungandfriedrichnietzschewiththesubtitlesofthemaintrilogydrawingfromtheworksofnietzschereceptionofindividualtitleshasbeenpositivealthoughjournalistshavecommentedthattheserieswastooambitiouswhilethefirstgamemetwithstrongsalestheseriesasawholewasacommercialdisappointmentthefirstgamealsoreceivedbothamangaandanxenosagatheanimationanimeadaptationthelatterbeingdubbedandreleasedinnorthamericafollowingtheendofthexenosagaseriestakahashiandotherteammembersstartedanewprojecttorebuildmoralewhichbecamexenobladechroniclescharactersfromxenosagawouldgoontoappearinmultiplecrossovergamestitlesgamesxenosagaspansfivedifferentgamessharingasinglecontinuitythethreemainlinegamesfortheplaystationaspinoffandprequelformobiledevicesandaremakeofthefirsttwoentriesinthetrilogyforthenintendodseachtitleinthetrilogyfeaturesasubtitletakenfromthepublishedworkofgermanphilosopherfriedrichnietzschevgtimelinesummaryxenosagaepisodeiaxenosagaepisodeiibxenosagapiedpiperaxenosagaiiibxenosagaepisodeiiixenosagaepisodeiwasfirstreleasedinjapaninfebruaryfortheplaystationpsitsnorthamericanreleasecameonfebruaryaninternationalversiontitledxenosagaepisodeireloadedwasreleasedinjapanonnovemberthegamessubtitlederwillezurmachtwastakenfromthenativetitleofthewilltopowermanuscriptthewilltopoweraposthumouslypublishedcollectionofnoteswrittenbyfriedrichnietzschexenosagaepisodeiiwasreleasedonjuneinjapanforthepsthegamewasreleasedinnorthamericaonfebruaryineuropethegamewaspublishedbysonycomputerentertainmentsonycomputerentertainmenteuropeonoctoberitwastheonlygametobereleasedineuropethesubtitlejenseitsvongutundbseistakenfromthenativetitleofnietzschesphilosophicalnovelbeyondgoodandevilxenosagapiedpiperwasreleasedacrossthreeepisodesbetweenjulyandoctoberforvodafonemobiledevicesaversionfornttdocomosimodeservicewasreleasedonjulypiedpiperremainsexclusivetojapanitssubtitleisinspiredbythegermanfableofthepiedpiperofhamelinxenosagaiiiwasreleasedinjapanonmarchforthenintendodsthegameisaremakeofepisodeiandepisodeiiwithredrawnartworkgameplayadjustedforaportableplatformandadditionalstoryelementsbasedoncutcontentfromthehomeconsoleversionsxenosagaepisodeiiireleasedinjapanonjulyitreleasedinnorthamericaonaugustofthesameyearpublishedbythethenrebrandedbandainamcoentertainmentnamcobandaigamesthegameisthelastpropertytobereleasedinthexenosagaseriestodateadditionalmediafollowingthereleaseofepisodeiasupplementarydisctitledxenosagafreakswasreleasedonaprilthediscfeaturesavisualnovelsegmentfeaturingmultiplecharactersfromthegameaminigamedubbedxenopittenadictionarythatexplainsthegamesterminologyandademoforepisodeiifreakswaspartofamovementwiththexenosagaseriestoturnitintoamultimediafranchisewiththeprojectgrowingsubstantiallylargerthanpreviouslyplannedxenosagaepisodeiwasadaptedasamangabyatsushibabaandpublishedthroughmonthlycomiczerosumitwaslaterreleasedinthreevolumesbypublisherichijinshabetweenandadditionallyananimeadaptationtitledxenosagatheanimationwhichadaptedtheeventsofthefirstgamewasproducedbytoeianimationoriginallybroadcastontvasahibetweenjanuaryandmarchtheanimewaslaterlicensedanddubbedforanorthamericanreleaseoriginallylicensedbyadvisionthenorthamericanrightsarecurrentlyheldbyfunimationentertainmentmultiplestafffromxenosagatheanimationlaterworkedonxenosagaiiicommonelementsgameplaysettingandthemesthexenosagaseriestakesplacewithinasinglesciencefictionuniverseintheyearxxthezoharanartifactdatingfromthebeginningoftheuniversewhichconnectstotherealmofagodlikeenergydubbedudowasunearthedbyanarcheologicalexpeditioninkenyathezohariskeytoenablinghumanitytotravelinspacebeyondthesolarsystemoveryearsinthefuturehumanityhasleftearthbehindtocolonizethegalaxyfollowingaterribleeventresultinginearthslocationbeinglostandtheplanetbeingdubbedlostjerusalembythegameseventshumanityhasadoptedanewcalendarsystemdubbedtranscendchristtcwiththegameseventstakingplaceintcequivalenttoadhumanityisnowspreadacrossplanetswiththeirgovernmentsformingthegalaxyfederationplanetsareconnectedthroughawarptravelnetworkcalledtheunusmundusnetworkumntheumnismanagedbyvectorindustrieswhichalsocontrolsinterestsinthefederationsmilitaryexistingalongsidehumansarerealianssynthetichumanswhoholdequalstatuswithnaturalhumansakeyeventthatimpactsthegamesstorylineisthemiltianconflictwhichoccurredfourteenyearsbeforetheeventsofepisodeiontheplanetmiltiabeginningduetoawarbetweenthethenscientificuticorganizationandthefederationitescalatedduetoagroupofexperimentalrealiansgoingberserkandattackingpeopleindiscriminatelywhilepresumeddestroyedmiltiawaslostinaspacetimeanomalywhenanexperimentinvolvingurtvsanarmyofgeneticallymodifiedchildrendesignedtocombatudosenergiesgoeshorriblywrongfollowingtheapparentdestructionofmiltianewsettlementsandanewgovernmentareestablishedonaneighboringplanetnamedsecondmiltiakeyorganizationsincludethefederationgovernmentthekukaifoundationagroupthatactsasashelterforenhancedhumansincludingurtvsvectorindustriesamegacorporationcontrollingtheumnasplinterfactioncalledtheuticorganizationreligiouscultormuswhichfundsuticandthetestamentsagroupofmenwhohavebeengrantedaformofimmortalityfollowingtheiroriginaldeathsrefnamexenoworldrefthefirstgamefollowsseriesprotagonistsshionuzukiandprototypebattleandroidkosmosescapingagnosisattackandtravelingtosecondmiltiaaboardthepassengerfreighterelsawheretheymeetayoungmancalledchaostogetherwithurtvandkukaicofounderjrthegroupthwarttheplansofalbedopiazzollajrsinsanebiologicalbrotherinepisodeiialbedousesinformationgatheredduringtheeventsofepisodeitoopenthewaytotheoriginalplanetmiltiawhichbecomesthefocusofaconflictbetweenthefederationandormusormusleadersergiusgainscontrolofapowerfulmechcalledprotoomegadestroyingmiltiaintheprocessheisthenkilledbythetestamentswhogivealbedocontrolofprotoomegaforcingjrtokillhiminepisodeiiishionkosmoschaosandtherestoftheirgroupconfrontboththetestamentswhichincludesaresurrectedalbedoandvectorceowilhelmwilhelmisrevealedtobeanimmortalbeingstoppingtheuniversesdestructionthrougheternalreturneternalrecurrencethegroupdefeatshimthenkosmosandchaoshelpbanishthegnosistotheregionoflostjerusalemshionandjrsetofftofindlostjerusalemandsavetheuniversepiedpiperfollowsthecharacterjansauerlaterknownasthecyborgzigguratasheinvestigatesthecrimesofacyberspacebasedserialkillerdubbedvoyageracenturybeforetheeventsofepisodeivoyagerrevealedtobeamemberofjansteamdrivenovertheedgebyudosinfluenceisturnedbywilhelmintoatestamentthenkillseveryoneclosetojanincludinghisfamilybeforegivinghimachoicebetweenbeingkilledandbecomingatestamentjaninsteadshootshimselflaterbeingresurrectedasacyborgthexenosagaseriesincorporatesmultiplereferencestochristianmythologybiblicalmythologyjewishmysticismandgnosticismseveralcharacterobjectandplacenamessuchasnephilimzohargnosismerkabahmysticismmerkabaharetakenfromsourceswithinthesebeliefsystemsrefnamesagainterviewrefnietzscheinparticularisheavilyreferencedthroughoutthexenosagatrilogywitheachentrytakingitssubtitlefromthenativetitleofoneofhisfamousworksforepisodeiandepisodeiithesubtitlestieddirectlyintothestorythemesandcharactersrefnamexenosagapreviewrefrefnamexenosagapreviewrefrefnamexenoguiderefrefnamexenwestreleaserefthesubtitleofpiedpiperlikewisetiedtothegamesnarrativerefnamepiedmonolithrefhistoryconceptanddevelopmentthecreatorofxenosagawastetsuyatakahashiwhohadpreviouslyworkedatsquarecompanysquareonmultipleprojectsincludingentriesinthefinalfantasyseriestogetherwithhiswifesorayasagatakahashicreatedaproposalforfinalfantasyviiwhilerejectedtheywereallowedtodeveloptheproposalasitsownprojecttitledxenogearsasequeltoxenogearswasallegedlyintheplanningstagesbutitwasneverreleasedthescenariowaswrittenbytakahashiandsagathexenosagaserieswhilecarryingoverthematicanddesignelementsfromxenogearsisanunconnectedspiritualsuccessortothatgamefollowingthereleaseofepisodeitakahashiandothermonolithsoftstaffreassessedtheseriesandthegeneralstructureofmonolithsofttakaashiwhohadactedasthefirstgamesdirectorsteppeddowntoallowthexenosagaseriestogrowhegavethedevelopmentofepisodeiiandfuturexenosagaprojectstoateamofyoungerdevelopersthenewteamdecidedtoshiftthegamesfocusbasedonplayerfeedbackandexpandtheseriesintoothermediatakahashicontinuedtoactasasupervisortoensuretheseriesremainedtruetotheoriginaloverallplansagalatercommentedthatthesechangesresultedintheplannedscenarioforepisodeiiialsobeingchangedaportionoftheintendednarrativeofepisodeiiwasturnedintotheplotofpiedpiperpiedpiperwascodevelopedbymonolithsoftbandainamcoentertainmentnamcomobileandtomcreaterefnamexenotomreffollowingthecompletionofepisodeiiandpiedpipersagalefttheseriesrefnamexenosagarefwhenepisodeiandepisodeiiwereremadeasxenosagaiiiwhichwasmonolithsoftsfirstportabletitleandcodevelopedwithtomcreatetakahashiworkedwithscenariowriteryuichirotakedaonthescenariowhichwastobothincludetheoriginalgameseventsandincorporateelementsandscenarioscutfromtheoriginalversionswhiledoingthistakahashiandtakedaneededtokeepthescenarioconsistentwiththeindevelopmentepisodeiiithevolumeofthegamesscenarioandtakahashiswishtocutaslittlestoryaspossibleresultedinthegamebeinggivenatwodimensionalartstylerefnamexenosagaiiiignrefmusicthescoreforepisodeiwascomposedbyyasunorimitsudawhohadcreatedthemusicforxenogearsmitsudaworkedwithtakahashitocreatetracksbaseduponspecificlocationsandscenarioelementsratherthangeneralrecycledtracksforsegmentsofthegameforepisodeiithemusicwascomposedbytwopeopleyukikajiurawhohadfoundfameasacomposerforanimeseriesandshinjihosoewhoworkedonstreetfighterexandtheridgeracerseriesthetwoworkedrespectivelyonthecinematicandgameplaytrackstheydidnotcollaborateonanytracksorevenmeetduringthegamesproductionallthreegameshavereceivedalbumreleasesalthoughbothepisodeiiandepisodeiiisawlargeportionsoftheirscoresgounreleasedduetovaryingfactorsreceptioninanarticleforupcomaboutvideogameseriesthathadendedprematurelyscottsharkeyfeltthatnoonewassurprisedwhentheseriesendedwithepisodeiiiashedeemedtheseriesfartooambitiousjeremyparishwritingforeurogamerusgamerfeltthattakahashimanagedtocomethroughdespitehisplannedsixpartseriesbeingcutdownbyhalfwithepisodeiiibeingasatisfactoryconclusiontotheseriesstorylinehealsonotedthatxenosagashowedatrendwithtakakashisworkofbeingambitioustothepointofneedingtocompromisetheoriginalplanduetoexternallimitationsblakepetersoninanfeatureonthexenosagaseriesfeltthatthesuccessoflaterxenotitleswhichtookadifferentapproachandhadmetwithcriticalandcommercialsuccessmeantthatthexenosagaserieswouldnotbecontinuedrefnamegrevxenorefindividualtitlesvideogameseriesreviewsupdatedjulyfamyesgamexenosagaepisodeifamrefnamefamreviewrefmcreviewsrefnamemcrefgamexenosagaepisodeiifamrefnamefamreviewrefmcreviewsrefnamemcrefgamexenosagaiiifamrefnamefamreviewrefmcgamexenosagaepisodeiiifamrefnamefamreviewrefmcreviewsrefnamemcrefepisodeireceivedpositivereviewsuponreleasethenarrativewasgenerallypraisedforitscomplexstructureandcinematicapproachwhileitsgameplaywasseenasenjoyabledespiteinitiallybeingcomplicatedevenbygenrestandardsandthemechsegmentsnotfeelingconsequentialthegraphicsandmusicweregenerallypraisedalthoughthelatterwasfelttobetoosparserefnameeuroxenoiirefrefnamegproxenoiirefrefnamegamespotxenoiirefrefnamespyxenoiirefrefnameignxenoiirefepisodeiiireceivedpraiseforitsnarrativeandthewayitconcludedtheseriesoverarchingplotbutmanyfeltthattherewastoomuchneedforknowledgeoftheoriginalgamesforittobeenjoyablefornewcomersthebattlesystemandcharactercustomizationalsosawpraisealthoughothergameplayaspectssuchassideactivitiesdividedopinionrefnamerpgreviewxenorefrefnamerpgfreviewxenorefsalesepisodeimanagedastrongdebutsellingoverunitswithinthreedaysofitsreleaseandbecomingtheseventhbestsellinggameinjapanduringitwasalsoacommercialsuccessinternationallygoingontoselloveronemillioncopiesepisodeiidebutedatinsaleschartsgoingontosellinjapanduringitalsosawcommercialsuccessinnorthamericaalthoughnosalesfigureswererevealeddespitethisepisodeiiunderperformedcommerciallyreachingjustoverofnamcosprojectedsalestargetxenosagaiiimetwithpoorsaleswithitsdebutbeingseenasdisappointingforthestillpopularseriesandgoingontoselloverunitsduringepisodeiiidebutedwithsalesapproachingnotedasbeingthelowestdebutforthemaintrilogysellingovercopiesinjapanduringlegacytheinitialsuccessofxenosagaturnedmonolithsoftintoapopulardeveloperwithnamcoplacingthecompanyalongsidenamcotalesstudioasavaluabledevelopmentpartnerfollowingthereleaseofepisodeiiiandthemixedreceptionreceivedbytheseriesasawholetheentiredevelopmentteamwereinastateoflowmoralepartlytoboostteammoraleandcreateagameplayerswouldenjoytheteamdevelopedanewrpgforthewiioriginallytitledmonadobeginningoftheworlditstitlewaseventuallychangedtoxenobladechroniclesduringitsdevelopmenttheteammovedawayfromthenarrativeanddesigntechniquesusedforthexenosagagameswhichwereconsideredoldfashionedrefnamexenobladeinterviewrefthesuccessofxenobladechroniclesledtothedevelopmentoffurtherxenotitlesinalaterinterviewtakahashistatedthathewouldbewillingtodevelopfurthertitlesinthexenosagaseriesiffundingwasprovidedthecharacterkosmoswasincludedaspartoftheplayablecastofnamcocapcomfortheplaystationacrossovertitledevelopedbymonolithsoftfeaturingcharactersfrombothnamcoandcapcomownedgamefranchiseskosmosandherrivalfromxenosagaepisodeiiitelosappearedinsuperrobottaisenogsagaendlessfrontiersupportingcharactermomowaslaterintroducedalongsidekosmosandtelosinthegamessequelsuperrobottaisenogsagaendlessfrontiersuperrobottaisenogsagaendlessfrontierexceedsuperrobottaisenogsagaendlessfrontierexceedbothkosmosandtelosstarredinprojectxzoneforthenintendodsaspiritualsuccessortonamcocapcomfromthesamedevelopmentteamkosmosalsoappearedinitssequelprojectxzonealongsidexenobladechroniclesheroinefioranotesreferencesexternallinksxenharmonicmusicisthatwhichusesamusicaltuningtuningsystemwhichneitherconformstonorcloselyapproximatesthecommonequaltemperamenttwelvetoneequaltemperamenttoneequaltemperamentthetermxenharmonicwascoinedbyivordarregfromxeniagreekxeniagreeklanguagegreekhospitableandxenosgreekxenosgreeklanguagegreekforeignhestateditasbeingintendedtoincludejustintonationandsuchtemperamentsastheandtonealongwiththehighernumberedreallymicrotonalsystemsasfarasonewishestogojohnchalmersauthorofdivisionsofthetetrachordwritestheconverseofthisdefinitionisthatmusicwhichcanbeperformedintoneequaltemperamentwithoutsignificantlossofitsidentityisnottrulymicrotonalthusxenharmonicmusicmaybedistinguishedfromthemorecommontwelvetoneequaltemperamentaswellassomeuseofjustintonationandequaltemperamentsbytheuseofunfamiliarintervalsharmoniesandtimbreswhichmayberelatedtothetuningstheoristsotherthanchalmersconsiderxenharmonicandnonxenharmonictobesubjectiveasanexampleedwardfooteinhisprogramnotesforhisdegreesoftonalitycdreferstothedifferencesinhisresponsetothemoreradicaltuningsheusessuchaskinbergertuningkinbergeranddemorgantuningdemorganfromshockingtotoosubtletoimmediatelynoticesayingrefdiatonicxenharmonicmusicmusicalsocansharemuchofthefamiliarterritoryoftwelvetonemusicandyethavexenharmonicfeaturesasexampleseasleyblackwoodjreaselyblackwoodauthorofthestructureofrecognizablediatonictuningswrotemanyetudesinetsfromequaltoequalwhichbringoutbothmanyconnectionsandresemblancestotwelvetonemusicaswellasbringingoutvariousxenharmoniccharacteristicsofthetuningsseehistwelvemicrotonaletudesforelectronicmusicmediainhisprogramnotesforhisfanfareinetrefnameblackwoodprogramnotesrefhewritesforaperhapsmoreradicalexampleforhissixteennotesandantinohewritesdarregexplainsidevisedthetermxenharmonictorefertoeverythingthatdoesnotsoundliketoneequaltemperamenttuningsinstrumentsandcomposersanyscaleortuningotherthantoneequaltemperamentcanbeusedtocreatexenharmonicmusicthisincludesotherequaldivisionsoftheoctaveandscalesbasedonjustintonationextensionofthetwelvetonescaleextendedjustintonationtuningsderivedfromthepartialsorovertonesofphysicalobjectswithaninharmonicityinharmonicspectrumorharmonicseriesmusicovertoneseriessuchasrodsprongsplatesdiscsspheroidsandrocksaresometimesusedasthebasisofxenharmonicexplorationwilliamsetharesisapioneerinthisareawilliamcolvigwhoworkedwiththecomposerlouharrisoncreatedthetubulongasetofxenharmonictubeselectronicmusiccomposedwitharbitrarilychosenxenharmonicscaleswasexploredonthealbumradionicsradioanalbumofmusicalradionicthoughtfrequenciesbybritishcomposermeadowhousedanielwilsonwhocomposedhispieceswithfrequencyrunssubmittedbyusersofacustombuiltwebapplicationreplicatingradionicsradionicsbasedelectronicsoundmakingequipmentusedbyoxfordsgeorgedelawarrdelawarrlaboratoriesinthelatesthenonpythagoreanscaleutilizedbyrobertschneideroftheapplesinstereobasedonasequenceoflogarithmsmaybeconsideredxenharmonicaswellasanniegosfieldspurposefullyoutoftunesamplerbasedmusicusingnonsystematictuningsandtheworkofothercomposersincludingelodielautenwendycarlosivordarregpaulerlichandmanyothersseealsobohlenpiercescaleregulartemperamentreferencesfurtherreadingsethareswilliamspringercomtuningtimbrespectrumscaleexternallinksmicrotonalismocommicrotonalitywebhuygensfokkerorgmusicdiscographyhtmlmicrotonalmusiconcdeceservecewiscedusethareshomepageforwilliamsetharesxenharmonicwikispacescomxenharmonicwikionwikispacesfacebookcomgroupphpgidxenharmonicalliancebarbieripatriziopatriziobarbieriithtmenharmonicinstrumentsandmusiclatinaillevantelibreriaeditriceitunesapplecomalbumfanfareinnoteequaltuningidblackwoodmicrotonalcompositionseasleyblackwoodjeffreykustonitunesincludesfanfareinedoalsoincludesthenotesandantinoasthefirstofthetwelveetudesinthatcollectionnoahjordancamicrotonalpianoworkofnoahjordaninfoboxcomicscharacterwikipediawikiprojectcomicscharacternamexornimageconvertedcaptioncoverofnewxmenjunfeaturingxornpencilsbyfrankquitelyrealnamekuanyinxornbrshenxornspeciesmutantmarvelcomicshumanmutantpublishermarvelcomicsdebutnewxmenseriesnewxmenannualpublicationannualcreatorsgrantmorrisonwriterbrfrankquitelyartistallianceskuanyinbrxmenbrbrotherhoodofmutantsbrxmansionxavierinstitutebrshenbrxmenaliaseskuanyinbrmagnetocomicsmagnetothecollectivemichaelpointercomicsmichaelpointerpowerskuanyinbrsuninhisheadhealingpowerselectricityandmagnetismgenerationandmanipulationteleportationviatimespacewormholesgravitymanipulationtelepathyselfsustenancecancausehissuntoturnintoblackholeshenbrblackholeinhisheadhealingpowersteleportationtimespacewormholesgravitymanipulationtelepathyselfsustenancecancausehisblackholetoturnintosuncatsupersubcatmarvelcomicsheroyvillainysortkeyxornxornisthealiasoftwofictionalcharacterfictionalcomicbookcharactersappearinginbookspublishedbymarvelcomicspublicationhistoryfirstappearinginnewxmenseriesnewxmenannualxornwascreatedbygrantmorrisonandfrankquitelyoriginallydepictedasachinachinesemutantmarvelcomicsmutantwithastarforabrainheiseventuallyrevealedtobethexmensnemesismagnetocomicsmagnetoindisguiseattheclimaxofmorrisonsrunaftermagnetoisapparentlykilledinthexmenplanetxplanetxstoryarcheappearsaliveandwellafewmonthslaterinsexcaliburcomicsexcaliburvolwhichestablishedthatxornneverwasmagnetomarvelhaspresentedseveralpartialexplanationsbothinthecomicspagesandinthepressastothetruenatureidentityandmotivesofxornfictionalcharacterbiographynewxmenxorndebutsinnewxmenannualimprisonedbythechinesegovernmentwhereacorruptmutantofficialofferstosellhimtosublimemarvelcomicsjohnsublimexornisforcedtowearaskulllikemaskdesignedtorestrainhisenergyoutputashehasasunforabraininhisheadthexmenandsublimesumencomicsumenfindxornjustasheisattemptingtocommitsuicidebyremovinghismaskwhichwoulddestroytheearthcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopswiththehelpofemmafrostisabletoestablishcontactwithxornconvincinghimnottokillhimselfandoffershimapositionamongthexmenxornisnextseeninnewxmenwherecyclopstrackshimdowntoamonasterywhereheistoldbythemonksthatxornhasdemonstratedhealingpowersthepairarecapturedbytheshiarbutarriveatthexmansionintimeforxorntohealthexmenofananosentinelcomicssentinelinfectionrestoringprofessorxprofessorxaviersabilitytowalkintheprocessdespitetheordealsthroughwhichhehadpassedxornisoptimisticopenandevensomewhatnaivexornkeepsadiarytosharehisthoughtswithprofessorxaviersincexavierisblindedbythesunbeneathhismaskandcannotreadhismindherehedetailshisinteractionswithchineseimmigrantsandtheresidentsofmutanttowninnewyorkcityinparticularanincidentwherehefailedtosaveayoungmutantfrombeingkilledbyfrightenedpolicemenxornissoonputinchargeofthespecialclassagroupofphysicalandsocialmisfitsattendingthexmansionxavierinstitutethoughhehopestobefriendthesestudentshebecomesdisillusionedastheymockandinsulthimheremainsdeterminedtohelphisspecialclassevensavingtheirlivesfromagroupofumeninnewxmenartbyphiljimenezinthestorylinexmenplanetxplanetxxornremoveshismaskrevealinghimselftobethexmensnemesismagnetowhohasbeenbelieveddeadsincethedestructionofgenoshamagnetoexplainsthatthexornidentitywasanelaboraterusecraftedwiththehelpofchinesesupportersinordertoinfiltratethexmeneventheprisonwasafakehavingreturnedxaviertoacrippledstatexavierhadnotbeenhealedmagnetomerelyusedthenanosentinelstogluehisspinetogethermagnetolevelsthexmansionandconquersnewyorkcitywhereheenslavesthehumanpopulationanddestroysmuchofthecityheattemptstorecreatethebrotherhoodwithtoadcomicstoadtherebelliousstepfordcuckoosstepfordcuckoostepfordcuckoospersonalitiesesmeandthemembersofxornsspecialclassmagnetofindshoweverthatmanyofhisrecruitsareunresponsivetohisideasandapproachwithsomeaskingforthereturnofthemorehumanexornandothersdoubtfulthatmagnetohastrulyreturnedmuchtohischagrinindecisiveandrelyingheavilyonthedruglistofcomicbookdrugskickkicktoaugmenthispowerhestrugglestomaintaintheloyaltyandrespectofhisfollowersheannouncesaplantoinverttheplanetbyreversingitsmagneticpolesandemploysincreasinglyfascismfascisticmethodsincludingtheconstructionofanazismnaziesquecremationcrematoriuminwhichheplanstoeradicatetheremaininghumanpopulationofthecityhealsoappearstobeexperiencingaformofdissociativeidentitydisorderasthexornpersonabeginstomanifestitselfasavoicewithinmagnetosheadclaimingtobetheembodimentofmagnetoswisdomidealismandnobilityafterhisdefeatatthehandsofthexmenbutbeforehiscapturehefatallywoundsjeangreywolverinecharacterwolverineinaberserkfuryovergreysdeathdecapitationdecapitateshimthereturnofmagnetoandthesecondxorngrantmorrisonintendedxorntobemagnetofromhisfirstappearanceasmorrisonstatedinaninterviewafterheleftnewxmeninmyopiniontherereallyshouldnothavebeenanactualxornhehadtobefakethatwasthecruelpointofhiminfactsoonaftertherevelationofxornsidentityinnewxmenreaderspointedoutthatcluesthatxornwasactuallymagnetohadbeenhiddenthroughoutmorrisonsrunaccordingtothenxmenwriterchuckaustenthexmeneditorslikedthexorncharacterandhopedmorrisonwouldchangehismindabouttherevelationwhenhedidnottheyaskedaustentobringxornbackasaseparatecharactermorrisonhasexpressedcriticismofthissubsequentretconininterviewsmarvelalsowantedtocontinueusingmagnetoaustenstatedthatmarvelsawvalueinmagnetonotbeingamassmurdererofnewyorkersmarvelretroactivecontinuityretconnedthexornmagnetorevelationandbroughtbackxornandmagnetoaftermorrisonsdepartureinuncannyxmenandxaviertakesthebodyofmagnetotogenoshawheretheyholdafuneralforthedeceasedmutantleaderhoweverinthelastpageofexcaliburxaviermeetsmagnetoaliveandwellongenoshainsubsequentissuesofexcaliburxavierandmagnetodebatethetrueidentityandmotivesofxorntheindividualwhosebandagewrappedbodytheybroughttogenoshainthesamemonthmagnetoreturnedinchrisclaremontsnewexcaliburbookaustensxmenintroducedanewxornnamedshenxornshenxornclaimstobethetwinbrotheroftheoriginalxornnowreferredtoaskuanyinxornwhoundertheinfluenceoftheentityknownassublimemarvelcomicssublimehadpretendedtobemagnetothisclaimissupportedwhenemmafrostconductsathoroughmindscanofshennottoolongaftershenxorndisappearsafterheunleashesthegravitationalforcesofhisblackholeforabrainfromhisheadindirectcontrasttohistwinbrotherinthecourseofhelpingthexmendefeatanattackbyabrotherhoodofmutantsledbyexoduscomicsexodusduringtheeventsofthehouseofmminiseriesmillionsofmutantsfindthemselvessuddenlydepoweredafterscarletwitchspeaksthephrasenomoremutantsamongthemaremagnetocomicsmagnetoandshenxornthetrueidentityofxornandhisrelationshiptothecharactermagnetobecameasubjectofconfusiontofansmarvelrefrainedfromgivingacompleteexplanationeventuallyhintingthatthesummercrossoverhouseofmwouldclearupthesituationthexornentryintheofficialhandbookofthemarveluniverseofficialhandbookofthemarveluniversexmenstatedthatkuanyineventuallyrevealedhimselftobeaduplicateofthexmensnemesismagnetoatransformationbelievedtohavebeencausedbymagnetosdaughterthescarletwitchthisexplanationwasbasedonasuggestioninhouseofmwhereindoctorstrangespeculatesthatwandahasbeenplayingwiththeworldforfarlongerthanevensheknowsandmayhavebeenresponsibleforherfatherspuzzlingrebirthanalternativeexplanationhassincebeengiveninthepagesofthenewavengerscomicsnewavengerssinceaccordingtomarveleditortombrevoortnobodywassatisfiedwiththatoffhandednonexplanationanditdidntmakeaheckofalotofsensebyitselfevenasathrowawaythecollectivelaterthecollectivepowersignaturesofthedepoweredmutantsarriveinalaskaandmergeswithapostalworkernamedmichaelpointerhehimselfamutantdisorientedheenterscanadaandwieldingthepoweroffiftymutantskillseverymemberofalphaflightexceptsasquatchcomicssasquatchandgoesonarampagedestroyingdowntownclevelandspidermanandthevisionmarvelcomicsthevisionyoungavengersvisionfindthatitsenergysignaturesmatchupwiththedepoweredmutantsongenoshathecollectiverepowersmagnetocomicsmagnetowhorecognizestheintelligencecontrollingitasxornjustasthethenewavengerscomicsnewavengersarrivexornexplainsthathetooktheimageofmagnetobecauseheknewmutantswouldfollowhimandthattheyneededtherealmagnetoagainreferenceismadetoxornsconfusinghistoryasvisioncommentsthathisfilesonxornareincompletewithwolverinelatercommentingxornsfilesonxornareincompletedemonstratinghownotevenxornseemstobecertainwhoheisironmancaroldanversmsmarvelandthesentrycomicssentrycombinetheirpowersandsendthecollectivexornintothesunpointerisseparatedfromthecollectivehoweverpointerstillhasaccesstothepowersofthecollectiveandasoftheendofthecivilwarcomicbookcivilwarminiseriesiscoercedintojoiningthenewlyformedomegaflightcanadiansuperheroteamomegaflightusingasuitdesignedtoharnesshispowersmarveleditorinchiefjoequesadainanewsaramainterviewreiteratedtheshenxornkuanyinxornexplanationbutaddedthatbecausexornspowerswerepsychokineticandhispersonalitywassostrongitbasicallyremainedanalmostdisembodiedsentientthingamongthebigballofmutantenergywhenthatenergygotsuckeddowntoearthbymichaelandallabsorbedbyhimxornwasthedominantpersonalityinthemixandthatswhatdrovehimtowardsgenoshaandmagnetoallnewalldifferentmarvelwhentheterrigenmistswerereleasedaroundtheglobewhittlingdownmutantkindsnumberandsuppressinganynewmutantmanifestationamilitantbandcomposedofinhumansandmutantsknownasthedarkriderscomicsdarkriderswholongbelievedinsurvivalofthefittestbegangunningdownallmutanthealersonesuchmutantisshenxornwhosrevealedtohavebeenrepoweredsomehowitcanbeassumedthathewasrepoweredbyhisowntwinbrotheroffpanelduringthecollectivearcandhasnowsecludedhimselfsomewhereintibetheisabletokillbarrageandmakequickworkoftherestoftheridersaftertheychosetobattleinsteadofhaveteaduringhydracomicshydrasoverthrowoftheunitedstatesgovernmentasseeninthesecretempirecomicssecretempirestorylineshenxornischosentoleadnewtianasovereignnationcreatedformutantssomewhereincaliforniaitislaterrevealedthatemmafrostisthetrueleaderofnewtianandthatxornisthepuppetrulerthatshecontrolswithhertelepathyotherversionsageofapocalypseinthethanniversaryoftheageofapocalypsewhichtakesplacerightafterthenuclearattackbythehumanhighcouncilxornisfoundbythexmeninthebreedingpensfollowingthefallofapocalypseinthisrealityxornisfemaleandclaimedthathermutantabilitiesmanifestedwhilesheandherfamilywereworkersintheseattlecoreduringtheriotsthatkilledthemembersofgenerationnextmagnetoimmediatelyofferedheraplacewiththexmenduringhertimewiththeteamxornneverremovedherhelmetcausingsometobelieveitcontainedherenergypowerswhileothersinthexmenwhisperedthatthehelmettrulyconcealedhideousscarsfromhertimeinthecorehoweverthetruthwasthatxornwasactuallythethoughtdeceasedhuskcomicshuskwhohadbeenmanipulatedbymistersinisterandassumedtheidentityofxornandusedherhuskingabilitiestoenableherselftodemonstratemanydifferentpowersinordertoinfiltratethexmenandkillmagnetoandroguecomicsroguessoncharlesbattleoftheatomanewfemaleversioncalledladyxornlaterappearsaspartofafutureteamofxmenthattravelsbacktothepresentduringthebattleoftheatomeventthisxornislaterrevealedtobeanadultversionoftheyoungtimedisplacedjeangreywhoneededthexornmasktocontrolherpowerstheteamofxmenshewaswithwasactuallythebrotherhoodofmutantsfromthefuturethenemesisofthetruexmenandshediedwhenherpowerswentoutofcontrolinabattlebetweenthexmenandthefuturebrotherhoodatcapecitadelxornlaterreturnsaliveandonceagainbattlesthexmenwiththerestofthefuturebrotherhoodhoweveritissubsequentlyrevealedthatthisxornwasjustapuppetfigurecreatedbycharlesxavieriismindpowersaftertherealxorndiedduringherfinalconfrontationwithheryoungerselftheformerbrotherhoodarefreedfromcharlesxavieriisinfluenceandarereturnedtotheirtimelineultimatemarveltheultimatemarvelversionofxornkuanyiandhistwinbrotherzornshenyifirstappearedintheminiserieshawkeyecomicsultimatecomicshawkeyeandspreadouttobeincludedinothertitleslikeultimatecomicsultimatesandultimatecomicsxmenthetwinsbecometheleadersofthepeopleageneticallyalteredspeciesofsuperhumansthatwereproducedbythesoutheastasianrepublicsearassupersoldiersbutlaterrebelledthepeopleareinpossessionofasupersoldierserumthathawkeyecomicsagentclintbartonakahawkeyeistaskedbyshieldwithretrievingthisledtoshenformingtheeternalscomicseternalswhilekuanformedthecelestialscomicscelestialshawkeyelaterleadsultimatenickfurynickfurythefalconcomicsfalconandblackwidowcomicsmonicachangblackwidowtothetwincapitalcitiesofsearinordertomeetwithxornandzornthetwobrothersagreetohelpfuryfightoffreedrichardsinvasionultraverseanunrelatedmutantnamedxornappearedintheultraverseearthonanalternateearthxornandhisbrotherzornweremembersofthexmentheywerekilledbyterraxduringthecabalcomicscabalsattackonearthinothermediavideogamesinthexmenlegendsthemaskofxornisthefinalitemaplayercangetplayingthestorymodeandgivesacharacterthecapacityofperformingmutantattackswithoutspendingmutantenergyinthemarvelultimateallianceheroesandvillainsexpansionpackxornisthethirdunlockablecostumeformagnetoinmarvelheroesvideogamemarvelheroesthemaskofxornisauniqueitemwearablebyanyheroithasschancetobedroppedbymagnetowhenheisdefeatedtoysmagnetoasxornwasavailableinthesecondseriesofhasbrosmarvellegendswithremovablehelmetthetabletopminiaturesgameheroclixreleasedaxornfigureinitsultimatessetwiththelimitededitionfeaturedasmagnetointhexorncostumereferencesexternallinksmarvelcomuniversexornxornonthemarveluniversewebarchiveorgwebalphaflightnetalphanexindexphptitlecollectivealphaflightnetalphanexentryonthecollectivemultipleissuesinfoboxtelevisionshownamexmenevolutionimagexmenevolutionjpgcaptionshownamegenreteendramabrsuperherofictionbractionfictionactionbrsciencefantasybrsuspensecreatormartyisenbergbrrobertnskirbrdavidwisewriterdavidwisebasedondeveloperjohnbushbrjohnhydebrjonveinwritergregjohnsondirectorcreativedirectorpresenterstarringvoiceskirbymorrowbrvenusterzobrneildenisbrscottmcneilbrkirstenwilliamsonbrmeghanblackbrmaggieblueoharabrbradswailebrdavidkayevoiceactordavidkayebrmichaelkopsabrandrewfrancisnarratedthememusiccomposeropenthemeendthemecomposerwilliamkevinandersoncountryunitedstatesbrcanadalanguageenglishnumseasonsnumepisodeslistepisodeslistofxmenevolutionepisodesexecutiveproduceraviaradbrstanleebrrickungarproducermikewolfbrboydkirklandeditoralbreitenbachlocationcinematographycameraruntimeminutescompanymarvelstudiosbrfilmromandistributorwarnerbrostelevisionbrdisneyabcdomestictelevisionchannelkidswbpictureformataudioformatfirstrunfirstairedlastairedprecededbyxmentvseriesfollowedbywolverineandthexmentvserieswolverineandthexmenrelatedwebsitewebsitetitleproductionwebsiteproductionwebsitetitlexmenevolutionisanamericanlistofanimatedtelevisionseriesanimatedtelevisionseriesaboutthemarvelcomicssuperheroteamxmeninthisincarnationmanyofthecharactersareteenagersratherthanadultstheseriesranforatotaloffourseasonsepisodesfromnovemberuntiloctoberonkidswbwhichhasmadeitthethirdlongestrunningmarvelcomicsanimatedseriesbehindonlyfoxkidsxmentvseriesxmenandspidermantvseriesspidermananimatedseriestheseriesbeganrunningondisneyxdonjuneproducedintheunitedstatesthevoicerecordingwasdoneincanadaandtheshowwasanimatedinjapanandsouthkoreaplotseasononethefirstseasonintroducesthecorecharactersandlaysthefoundationsforfuturestorylinesprofessorxcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopswolverinecharacterwolverinestormmarvelcomicsstormandjeangreymakeuptheoriginalxmenastheseasondevelopstheranksofthexmenarebolsteredbytheappearanceofnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerinthefirstepisoderefnametenyearstoughforxmenevanlevinenewsgooglecomnewspapersidyvaaaaibajsjidttsdaaaaibajpgtenyearstoughforxmenromenewstribunenovemberretrievedjunerefkittyprydeshadowcatinthesecondspykeinthefifthandroguecomicsroguewhooriginallyjoinsthebrotherhoodinthefourthepisodeinthethirdinthelaterepisodesofthisseasonnightcrawlerdiscoverstheidentityofhisbirthmotherwolverinefindsanswerstohispastrogueswitchessidestojointhexmenandxaviershalfbrotherjuggernautcomicsjuggernautisreleasedfromhisprisonconfrontationsaretypicallywiththebrotherhoodwhoviefornewrecruitswiththexmenoverthecourseoftheseasontoadcomicstoadisthefirsttobeintroducedfollowedbyavalanchecomicsavalancheblobcomicsblobandquicksilvercomicsquicksilverthebrotherhoodledbymystiquecomicsmystiqueareinfactbeingdirectedbyahigherpowertheidentityofwhomwasrevealedinthetwopartseasonfinaleasbeingmagnetocomicsmagnetoaftercyclopsdiscoversthathisbrotherhavokcomicsalexactuallysurvivedtheplanecrashthatkilledtheirparentstheyarebothtakenbymagnetointohissanctuaryonasteroidmmagnetocapturesseveralxmenandbrotherhoodmembersinanattempttoamplifytheirmutantabilitiesandremovetheiremotionsthebrotherhoodandxmenshowupleavingmagnetosabretoothcomicssabretoothandmystiquetrappedontheasteroidasteroidmisdestroyedbyscottandalexsummersbutnotbeforetwometalspheresflyfromtheexplodingasteroidseasontwothesecondseasonseestheadditionofseveralnewmutantsincludingbeastcomicsbeastwhobecomesateacheratthexavierinstituteforhigherlearningxavierinstituteandanxmanaswellasaversionofthenewmutantsboomboomcomicsboomboomsunspotcomicssunspoticemancomicsicemanwolfsbanecomicswolfsbanemagmacomicsmagmajamiemadroxmultiplejubileecomicsjubileeberzerkercomicsberzerkerandcannonballcomicscannonballduringthecourseoftheseasonitisrevealedthatthevillainswhosupposedlyperishedonasteroidmareactuallyalivesabretoothcomicssabretoothcontinueshispursuitofwolverinewhilemagnetocontinuestoworkhisownagendamystiqueposesasristywildeahighschoolstudentatbayvillehighwhobefriendsrogueandbreaksintothemansiontostealxavierscerebrofilesusingthefilessherecoverswandamaximoffthescarletwitchmagnetosdaughterandquicksilvercomicsquicksilverssisterthementallyunstablemutantjoinsthebrotherhooduponmystiquesreturnallowingthemtodefeatthexmeninabattleatthebayvillemallbeforethefinaleapivotalepisodeairedfeaturingthetelepathmesmeroopeningoneofthreedoorsthatwouldunleashamutantknownasapocalypsecomicsapocalypseintheseasonfinalexavierrigorouslytrainshisxmentofacemagnetopairingthemwiththebrotherhoodcyclopsfuriouswithhavingtoworkwithhisformeradversariesleavestheteamthemansionislatersettoselfdestructwithcyclopsandseveralstudentsstillinsidemagnetomeanwhilerecruitssabretoothgambitcomicsgambitpyromarvelcomicspyroandcolossuscomicscolossusashisacolytescomicsacolytestofightthexmenbrotherhoodteamatthesametimewolverineiscapturedbybolivartrasktouseasatestsubjectfortheantimutantweaponthesentinelcomicssentinelmagnetocontinuestomanipulateeventsbyunleashingthesentinelontothecityforcingthexmentousetheirpowersinpublicwandatracksdownmagnetoandattackshimwhileheistryingtodealwiththesentinelthatistargetinghimthesentinelisdamagedandapparentlycrushesmagnetoasitfallswhenthemutantswhohavenotbeencapturedbythesentinelreturntotheremainsofthemansioncyclopsandthestudentsemergefromtheexplosionwithminorinjuriesscottthrowsxavierfromhiswheelchairandblameshimforblowingupthemansioneveryoneisshockedasxaviercalmlystandsuptransformingintomystiqueseasonthreeinthethirdseasontheshownotablybeginstotakeamuchmoreserioustoneafterthebattlewiththesentinelthemutantsarenolongerasecretandpublicreactionisoneofhostilitytheshowisbroughtintomoretraditionalxmenloredealingwiththemesofprejudicepublicmisconceptionandlargerthreatsastheseasonprogressestherealxavierisfoundmystiqueisdefeatedthemansionisrebuiltandthexmenallowedbackintobayvillehighscottandjeandevelopastrongerandcloserromanticrelationshipparticularlyaftermystiquekidnapsscottandbringshimtomexicospykeleavesthexmenwhenhismutantabilitybecomesuncontrollabledecidingtolivewiththesewerdwellingmutantsknownasthemorlockscomicsmorlocksandwandacontinuestosearchformagnetowhoshediscoverswassavedbyquicksilveratthelastseconduntilmagnetousesthetelepathicmutantmastermindjasonwyngardemastermindtochangeherchildhoodmemoriesaspartofthestoryarcseriesarcroguelosescontrolofherpowersleadingtoherhospitalizationduringthistimeshelearnsthatsheisinfactmystiquesadoptivedaughtermystiquethroughthevisionsofthemutantdestinyireneadlerdestinyforesawthatthefateofrogueandherselflayinthehandsofanancientmutantthatwouldberesurrectedapocalypseemergesintheseasonsfinalepisodesmesmeromanipulatesmagnetointoopeningtheseconddoorandusesmystiqueandahypnotizedroguetoopenthelastturningmystiquetostoneintheprocessnowreleasedapocalypseeasilydefeatsthecombinedstrengthofthexmenmagnetotheacolytesandthebrotherhoodbeforeescapingseasonfourthefinalseasoncontainedonlynineepisodesintheseasonpremiereapocalypseapparentlykillsmagnetowhileroguemurdersmystiquebypushingherpetrifiedfigureoffacliffleavingnightcrawlerwithoutclosurethebrotherhoodbecometemporarydogooderswolverinesteenagegirlclonexreturnsxaviertravelstoscotlandinordertoconfronthissonlegionmarvelcomicsdavidspykeandthemorlocksrisetothesurfacerogueiskidnappedbygambitandtakentolouisianatohelpfreehisfatherandshadowcatdiscoversadaniellemoonstarmutantghostwhoisfoundinanundergroundcavethecharacterleechcomicsleechisalsointroducedasayoungboynameddorianleachinthefinaleapocalypsedefeatsxavierandstormtransformingthemalongwithmagnetoandmystiqueintohishorsemenofapocalypsefourhorsemenapocalypseinstructshishorsementoprotecthisthreedomesandhisbaseofoperationswhichwillturnthemajorityoftheworldpopulationintomutantsinthefinalbattlethehorsemenarereturnedtonormalandapocalypseissentthroughtimerogueandnightcrawlerrefusetheexcusesoftheirmothershadowcatandavalanchefindloveonceagainmagnetoisreunitedwithquicksilverandthescarletwitchstormandspykearealsoreunitedandxavierseeshisstudentsreunitedasthexmenfinalmomentstheseriesendswithaspeechbycharlesxavierwhohadcaughtaglimpseofthefuturewhilebeingcontrolledbyapocalypsethefollowingfuturescenarioswereforeseencontinuedantimutantsentimentareformedmagnetoteachingthenewmutantsincludingareturnedjubileecomicsjubileeandwolfsbanecomicswolfsbanejeaneventuallybeingtakenoverbytheallpowerfulphoenixmarvelcomicsdarkphoenixwithinherandbecomingthexmensmostterribleofenemieshadtheseriescontinuedtheshowsnextseasonwouldhavefocusedonthedarkphoenixsagathedarkphoenixsagathefuturexmenteamconsistingofcyclopsnightcrawlerxicemanbeastshadowcatcolossusrogueabletoflyandnotwearingglovesandstormtheuniformsthesefuturexmenwearlookverymuchlikethedarkuniformsseenintheultimatexmencomicaswellasthatoftheliveactionfeaturefilmsthebrotherhoodincludingthescarletwitchandpyrostandinginfrontofashieldsignforeshadowingthefreedomforcecomicsfreedomforceafleetofsentinelsledbynimrodcomicsnimrodthelastsceneshowsthexmenthenewmutantsgambitcomicsgambitandcolossuscomicscolossusformeracolytescomicsacolytestabithasmithboomboomhavokcomicshavokwarrenworthingtoniiiangelxandareturningspykeseasonfivecancelledhadtheshowcontinuedafteritstwopartseasonfinaleascensionwiththirteenmoreepisodeswouldhavebeenproduceditwouldlikelyfocusontheconstantpersecutionanddiscriminationmutantkindcontinuestoreceivefromnormalpeoplesincebeingdiscoveredattheendofxmenevolutionepisodelistseasontwoitwouldalsohaveadapteditsownversionofthedarkphoenixsagathedarkphoenixsagawithjeangreybeingtakenoverbytheallpowerfulphoenixforcewithinherasforeseenbyprofessorxandwiththexmenattemptingtosaveherfromtheuniversalentitythatcontrolledhercharactersprofessorxprofessorcharlesxavierdavidkayevoiceactordavidkayeistheteamstelepathicmentorandfinancerheisverysimilartohiscomicbookcounterpartonlymorecasuallikethecomicprofessorxheisstillsomewhatsecretiveifonlyfortheprotectionofhisstudentsheoccasionallyvisitsjuggernautwhoisinsuspendedanimationcyclopsmarvelcomicsscottsummerscyclopskirbymorrowissomewhattoneddownfromhiscomicbookcounterpartheislessstiffandpossessesamoreopensenseofhumorcontrastingwithmanyotherincarnationscyclopsisnotthealoofdoubtfullonerbutahandsomeandconfidentleaderwhoexudesnaturalauthorityalthoughheisstillsomewhatstandoffishwhiletheotherstudentstendtolookuptohimhiscompetitivenatureandcloselyheldtemperwillgetinthewayattimesheisthemostofficiousandruleabidingofthexmenandtheleastlikelytofoolaroundhealsogrowsclosertojeangreyandeventuallyentersintoarelationshipwithherjeangreyvenusterzoismisspopularwhatroguethinksofherofthexmensmartathleticbeautifulwelllikedandthesecondincommandaftercyclopshoweversheismoreinsecurethanhercomicbookcounterpartandpossessesajealousstreakwhenitcomestoscottsummersunlikemanymutantswhobeganassocialoutcastsandcametofindtheirhorizonsexpandedthroughtheirassociationwiththeinstitutejeanstartsoutfromahighpositionofstatusshealsogetsacrushoncyclopsbutdoesntknowhowtoreactortellhimhowshefeelsbutduringtheseriestheyeventuallyopenuptoeachotherspykeevandanielsspykeneildenisisstormsnephewwiththeabilitytoprojectbonelikespikesfromhisskinheistheyoungestmemberoftheteamspykewouldmuchratherplaybasketballorskateboardthanstudyhehasproblemswithauthoritymakinghimtherebelofthemainteamspykeandquicksilverhadanongoingrivalrysincechildhoodthatculminatedwhenpietroframedevanforrobberylaterintheserieshejoinsthemorlockswhenhelosescontrolofhispowersbutreappearsasaprotectorofallmutantswolverinecharacterloganwolverinescottmcneilthoughsimilarinmostwaystotheclassicwolverinehasbeenseriouslytoneddowninviolencehasaslightlydifferenthairstyleandisdesignedtobemoreofarolemodelforthestudentsandappearedmoreasagruffuncletypecharacterheisalsoinchargeofthestudentscombatandsurvivaltrainingandisfamousamongthestudentsforhisapparentlydifficultandchallengingmethodsaswellashisstrictandunyieldingteachingmannerstormmarvelcomicsororomunroestormkirstenwilliamsonlikehercodenameimpliesisabletoharnessandmanipulatetheforcesofnaturestormcansummonlightningfromabenignskymanifestviolentstormscallupfreezingblizzardsandbringallformsofprecipitationtobearshecanevenharnessthepowerofwindallowinghertoflyororoisknownforhercalmpersonalityandregalmannerandshewasevenworshippedasagoddessinafricaduetoherabilitytosummontherainsroguecomicsroguemeghanblackisareclusiveparanoidgothshehasagreatdealofangstwithrespecttoherpowerswhichkeepherfromeversafelytouchinganyoneduetothemachinationsofmystiquerogueinitiallydistrustedthexmenbutafterlearningthatmystiquetrickedherbyattackingherposingasmembersofthexmensheacceptedtheirmembershipatfirstannoyedbynightcrawlersjokingbehaviorshebecomesclosetohimafterlearningthatsheishisadoptedsisterandbothrenouncemystiqueforabusingthemtheseriesestablishednobirthnameforrogueandgavenohintstoitafterherintroductoryepisoderoguesmutantabilityallowshertodrawupontheaspectsofanothermemorieshabitsspeechpatternspowersifmutantthroughbareskintoskincontactitisuncontrollableandpossiblydeadlyshebecomesclosetoscottovertheircommonproblemswithcontrollingtheirpowersanddevelopsacrushonhimbuthisowncrushonjeanandhershynesspreventsanyfurtherdevelopmentofarelationshipshelaterbecomesfriendswithgambitkittyprydekittyprydeshadowcatmaggieblueoharapossessesthemutantabilitytobecomeintangibleallowinghertopassorphasethroughsolidobjectsatwillsheisthesecondyoungestmemberoftheteamherculinaryskillsareaconstantsourceofdismayamongtheotherskittyledaveryshelteredlifebeforejoiningthexmenandwasinitiallyafraidofnightcrawlersdemonicappearancebutshehassincegrownintoaveryopenmindedandworldlyyoungladyandsheandkurtwagnereventuallydevelopaveryclosebrotherandsisterfriendshipshealsobeginsdatingavalancheofthebrotherhoodofmutantsdespitetheiropposingteamsnightcrawlercomicskurtwagnernightcrawlerbradswaileistheteleportinghumoristoftheteamtheevolutionnightcrawlerisverysimilartohiscomicversionandhasafriendlybigbrotherrelationshipwithcyclopsduringhisearlydaysattheinstitutehewasstillfeelingveryinsecureaboutfittinginandcompensatedforitwithexcessivegoofinessuntiltheepisodemiddleversekurtisthebiologicalsonofmystiquebutwasraisedbykindfosterparentsingermanyinsteadofbeingabandonedbymystiquesheaccidentallydroppedhimoverabridgewhileescapingmagnetoandwhenshesawhehadbeentakeninbyfosterparentsshedecidedtolethimremainwiththembeastcomicshankmccoybeastmichaelkopsajoinsduringthesecondseasonbeastissimilartohiscomiccounterpartinmostwaysthoughtheevolutionversionspeaksmorecasuallyhewasoriginallyagymcoachandchemistryteacheratbayvillehighbeforehislatenttransformationintotheapelikebeastcouldnolongerbecontrolledwiththemedicationshehadformulateduponfirstlearningofhismutationthischangeoffortuneforcedhimtoretireandjointhexmenwherehecouldcontinuetoteachitwasduringtheinitialdiscoveryofhismutationthathebecameacquaintedwithprofessorxaviermusicxmenevolutionfeaturedseveralsongsthatwereproducedexclusivelyfortheshowonlyagirlthebayvillesirensthemeinwalkonthewildsidetoadtoadsthemeinthetoadthewitchandthewardrobewhoaminowroguesthemeinroguerecruitwolverinewolverinesthemeinapromotionalvideoevolutionthemethemesonginthestartoftheshowthethemeandscoreforxmenevolutionwascomposedandproducedbywilliamkevinandersonseveralcharactershaddistinctmusicalcuesincludingavalanchecomicsavalancheheavyguitarriffsstormmarvelcomicsstormorchestrapieceandapocalypsecomicsapocalypseegyptianmusicothershadspecialsoundeffectstheseincludejeangreylightchimenoisesabretoothcomicssabretoothroaringroguecomicsroguealsohasauniqueblackandwhitespecialeffectmagnetocomicsmagnetogambitcomicsgambitshadowcatandnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerthemainthemesongwasrecordedbyandersonproductionnotesoneofthemainpointsofthenewxmenevolutionconceptwasthedesignofthenewcostumesearlyconceptartsketchesshowthexmeninclassicgoldandblackgarbinthesedraftsspykewearscornrowsroguesoutfitexposeshermidriffandjeangreyscostumeisthefemaleversionofcyclopscostumebothjeangreyandshadowcatwearfacemasksandkittyisalsowearinganorangeminiskirtanddrmartensdocmartensoverspandexearlystormdrawingsshowherwearingwhiteratherthanblackapointofcontroversywasthedesignoftheblueskinnedvillainmystiquestevenegordonthecharacterdesigneranddirectorofvariousepisodeswasneverimpressedwiththemystiquedesignsforthefirstseasonmystiquewasoriginallytobepresentedasnudeasinthexmenfilmfilmsbutwarnerbrothersdidnotwantthisincludedinakidswbproductiontheshowalsocontainedvariouspopculturereferencesinepisodeofthefirstseasononeofwolverinesdefensiveprogramsforthedangerroomisreferredtoaslogansrunxaclearreferencetothenovelfilmlogansruntheroguekittydanceinspykecamwasmodeledafterasimilardanceinthebuffythevampireslayertvseriesbuffythevampireslayerepisodebadgirlsbuffythevampireslayerbadgirlsbuffycreatorjosswhedonhasopenlycreditedhisinspirationforbuffyaskittyprydestartingwiththefirstepisodeofseasonimpacttheepisodetitlewasnolongerairedonscreenatthebeginningoftheshowandxmenevolutionbecamethethirdlongestrunningmarvelcartoonbehindspidermantvseriesspidermantheanimatedseriesseasonsepisodesandxmentvseriesxmentheanimatedseriesseasonsepisodesboydkirklandtheshowsproducersayshisfavoritexmenevolutionseasonisseasonthemonthlybudgetforxmenevolutionwassuccessorstheshowgavebirthtoanewserieswolverineandthexmentvserieswolverineandthexmenwhichbeganairinginnovemberitwasnotacontinuationofxmenevolutionthoughthesamecreativeteambehindtheshowcraigkylechrisyoststevenegordongregjohnsonandboydkirklandallreturnedtoworkontheseriesinjeangreyandrobertkellyvoicedbytheirrespectivexmenevolutionactorsappearedintheironmanarmoredadventuresepisodethexfactorreceptionxmenevolutionhasreceivedmostlypositivereviewsfromcriticsandisconstantlyhailedasoneofthebestsuperheroanimatedseriesofalltimeaccordingtoigntheshowairedmuchtoxfansinitialprotestsandlamentationsrpgnetenjoyedevolutionnowikissecondseasonhailingitastheshowstransitionseasonanimprovementovertheshowsfirstseasonineverywayxmenevolutionaccordingtorpgnetintroducedmanyreimaginedcharactersfromxmenlorethatwillcertainlyentertainthexmenfansspecificallybeastandprincipalkelleyhoweverrpgnetwrotesomeepisodescouldeasilybecutoutoftheshowandtheywouldnotbemisseddescribingthedialogueasatrociousattimesandsomeofthecharactersasveryonedimensionalpositivelyfredchoiofthetechnewspaperthetechhailedxmenevolutionasthebestincarnationofxmenyetadmittingthatthereareafewchangeswhichwillsendpuristpuristshowlinginthestreetshoweverchoiacknowledgedthatthestudentsgenerallyhaveabilitiesmorepowerfulthantheyeverhadinthecomicsspecificallymentioningintangibleshadowcatandtelekineticjeangreywhilepraisingtheshowsanimationandmusiccleanerthantheoriginalserieschoidescribedthetransformationofrogueintoareclusivegothchickascompletelybafflingbutsurprisinglypalatablenotingtheshowstreatmentofitscharactersspecificallymakingthemhighschoolteenagersforthematicpurposesasadmirablejohngnettlesofpopmattersconcludedwhatdisappointshoweveristhesheernumberofmissedopportunitieshereandthedecisiontosubscribetothesameoldsocialnormsreviewingxmenevolutionnowikisthirdseasonfilipvukcevicofignwasmixedinhisanalysisdeemingitinferiortoxmentheanimatedseriesandconcludingevolutionwillinterestlongtimexfansbutthefluffystoriesandunderutilizedcharacterpersonalitieswillcausediscerningviewerstozoneoutsufferingfromitsattempttocrameveryoneinadditionallytheauthorfeltthatevolutionlacksthevisualflairofthebatmanandthewitofteentitanstheauthoralsopannedtheseriesaveragevoiceactingfeelingthatmagnetowolverineandbeastweremiscasthoweverhepositivelynotedthatcombinedwithinventivegagstheshowdoesitsbesttomakethemostofthemutantspowersbecausethefightscenesarefuntowatchifonlytoseehowthecharactersinteractawardsandnominationsxmenevolutionwontheawardforoutstandingsoundmixingspecialclassatthethdaytimeemmyawardsonmayandwontheawardforoutstandingsoundeditingliveactionandanimationatthethdaytimeemmyawardsonmayitalsowonthecoveroftheyearawardinforbestanimatedfigureforbeastitwasnominatedforseveralmotionpicturesoundeditorsgoldenreelawardsaswellasotheremmysstevenegordonthedirectorofthisshowwasnominatedintheproductiondesigninananimatedtelevisionproductioncategoryforxmenevolutionattheannieawardsanalysiscomparisonwithoriginalcomicsthexmenevolutionserieswastargetedatayoungeraudienceandassuchportraysthemajorityofcharactersasteenagersratherthanadultslikeinxmentheanimatedseriesintheserieslikemanyanimatedseriesbasedoncomicscompletelynewcharacterswereintroducedincludingspykeasmuchofthecastwereteenagerstheyareshownregularlyattendinghighschoolinadditiontothexaviersinstituteatthelatterprofessorxstormwolverineandlaterbeastalsoactedastheirteachersattheinstitutebeastalsoservedasateachertothecastathighschoolpriortohistransformationxmenevolutionissetinbayvillenewyorkthestateestablishedintheepisodethebeastofbayvillewherekittyprydereceivesapackageaddressedtobayvillenewyorkfurthermoreintheearlypartoftheseriesuntiltheendofseasonmostpeopleareunawareoftheexistenceofmutantsalsothebrotherhoodteamisnotknownasthebrotherhoodofevilmutantswithinthecontextofthisseriestheyarenotateamofterroristsormutantsupremacistsinsteadthebrotherhoodismadeupofmisfitmutantswhooftenopposethexmeninphysicalsocialandphilosophicalrealmstheserieswascreatedasastarkcontrasttoxmentheanimatedseriestheseriesbiblewaswrittenbyrobertnskirandmartyisenbergalbeituncreditedwhomeanttotakethexmenbacktotheirrootsashighschoolstudentslearningtocontroltheirsuperpowersaswhenthecomicstermedthemthestrangestteensofallwhereasthefoxseriesreflectedthethencurrentroleofxmenasfreedomfightersbattlingpersecutionandbigotryagainstmutantkindxmenevolutionusedthethemeofmutantpowersasametaphorforthestrugglesofadolescencethelookoftheserieswasdesignedbyproducerboydkirklandandartistfrankpaurwhocreatednewcostumesforthexmenreplacingthecomicsfaithfuldesignsofxmentheanimatedserieswithanimeinfluencedcostumeswhichweremuchmoreanimationfriendlythefirstseasonmainlyconcernedthecharactersconflictwithmagnetosbrotherhoodofmutantsaswellasservedasanintroductorytomanyofthecharacterstoallowpeopletogetusedtothesenewteenageversionslaterseasonspredominantlyfeaturedapocalypseasanadversaryintroducedversionsofthenewmutantsmorlockscomicsmorlocksandmagnetosacolytesaswellasposedtheusgovernmentasanadversarytoallpartiestheseriesrevealedadetailedknowledgeofcanonhistoryinanumberofsmallwaysexamplesincludetheevolutionofcerebrofromaconsoledeviceshadowcatsinitialuneasinessaroundnightcrawlerandforgecomicsforgesscientificarrogancealongwithhisdevicescausingunintendedconsequencesrogueisshowntoabsorbcyclopspowersinthecorrectmannerinthefoxseriesshealsoabsorbedhislackofcontroloverhisbeamswhichwasaresultofabraininjurynotinherentinhispowersxmenevolutionshowsherwithfullcontroloverthemjustasscottwouldifhehadnotsustainedabraininjuryinsurvivalofthefittestxaviersaysthatjuggernautacquiredhispowersthroughmysticismbutunlikethecomicsaysthatitunlockedalatentmutantpowerandinthecauldronmagnetodevelopshismutantenhancingtechnologyfromthatsamejewelofcyttorakbutsaysthathehasfoundittobescientificratherthanmysticalindayofrecoverytoadcomicstoadisseentobequitecomfortablewithtechnologyandinoperationrebirththeprisonerofwarpowcampmagnetoisheldinasachildisvisuallysimilarintheopeningshottoauschwitzconcentrationcampauschwitzthoughitisnotidentifiedassuchinadditionbeastcomicsbeastsoriginisalmostidenticaltothatofthecomicdespitethechangeinprofessionandsettingmesmeroisshownaspartofacircustroupemuchlikehisappearanceinthephoenixsagaasidefromthissupportingcharacterslikebolivartrasknickfurycaptainamericadestinyagathaharknessandamandaseftonwerealltakenfromthexmencomicusuallyservingtohomagetooriginalswithoutnecessarilystayingcompletelyfaithfultotheirformanotherdifferencebetweenthecomicandtheshowisthenamechangestoadoriginallymortimertoynbeeischangedtotoddtolanskyandavalancheoriginallydominicpetrosischangedtolancealversbothchangednameshavesimilaritiestotheircodenamesalsotheirnationalitieswerechangedtoamericanfromrespectivelybritishandgreekevolutioncharactersinthecomicsandfilmsxanoriginalcharacterintroducedinlaterseasonsmadehercomicbookdebutintheminiseriesnyxcomicsnyxwhereherappearancewasslightlyalteredtomorecloselyresemblewolverineshereceivedaselftitledcomicminiseriesinmuchlikeharleyquinnofbatmantheanimatedseriesterrymcginnisofbatmanbeyondormarvelsownfirestarmarvelcomicsfirestarofspidermanandhisamazingfriendsshewasacharacteroriginallycreatedforananimatedseriesthatwasincorporatedintocomicbookcanonfictioncanonthecharacterofdrdeborahrismanwhichcreatedxthecloneofwolverinerefnameepisodexrefwasalsocreatedfortheshowandwasreplacedwithasimilarcharacternameddrsarahkinneyintheminiseriesxrefnameunlimitedhighlightsxrefrefnamexchrisyostwjonathansibalixnojanuarymarvelcomicsrefthecomicbookxstatixfeaturedanafricanamericanmutantwiththesamecodenameandabilitiesasspykehoweverthisversionofspykewasnotrelatedtostormhadaverydifferentpersonalitymodeledafterpopulargangstarappersandisacompletelyseparatecharacteranothersimilarcharacterappearedinxmenthelaststandbutasamemberofthebrotherhoodofmutantsheislistedasspikeinthecreditsbutisnotmentionedbynameinthefilmandhasnodialoguewhenwolverineinvadestheforestbaseofthebrotherhoodspikeisoneofthecharactersthatattackshimdemonstratingabilitiesidenticaltothoseshownbythespykecharacterbeforehelostcontrolofhismutationanothersimilarcharacterwhobearsagreaterresemblancetospykeappearsinxmendaysoffuturepastbutagainheisnotnamedinthecanonstormhasateenagedcousinnotanephewnameddavidevansbutheisapparentlytooyoungtodisplayanymutantabilitiesmarvelreferencesandcameosxmenevolutionweavesmanyreferencesandcameosintoitsshowoneofthemaskswornbythevandalsintheseasonepisodemainstreambearsasuitableresemblancetotheclassicmarvelcomicsmonsterfinfangfoomintheseasonepisodeunderlockandkeycircumstancesgatheramixofxmenjuniormembersandnonmembersintoamissionteamthatmatchestheoriginalxmenteamcyclopsjeangreybeasticemanandangelicemanmentionsthatthisisdefinitelythecoolteamintheseasonepisodedarkhorizonspartwhenrogueenterskittysroomkittyisseensleepingwithastuffedpurpledragonareferencetolockheedherpurpledragoncompanionalsoindarkhorizonspartnightcrawlercolossusandshadowcataregroupedtogetherwhenthexmenandtheacolytesareseparatedareferencetotheeuropebasedsuperheroteamexcaliburcomicsexcaliburwhichincludedallthreemutantsinitsrostercaptainamericaistheonlynonmutantmarvelsuperheroandmutatecomicsmutatetoappearonevolutionthereisalsohoweverasmallironmanreferenceintheepisodeonangelswingswhenasignreadingstarkenterprisesisseenduringanexteriorshotofnewyorkcityandasmallspidermanreferencewhenangelwasreadingthedailybuglethenewspaperthatpeterparkerspidermannormallytakespicturesforinadditionomegaredmentionsdavidnorthcomicsmaverickandkestrelmarvelcomicskestrelintheepisodetargetxreferringtothelatteraswraithindarkhorizonspartthehieroglyphicstranslatedbybeastrefertothepharaohramatutoneidentityofkangtheconquerorhomemediareleaseitunesallfourseasonsareavailablefordownloadinsdformatonitunesonlyavailableforamericabeingreleasedinbymarvelallseasonsimmediatelybrokeintothetopanimationchartsonituneswithseasonpeakingatdvdclasswikitablerowspannamecolspanreleasedatesrowspanepnbsprowspanadditionalinformationregionregionregionunxpectedchangesseptembertbatbastyletextaligncenterseasononevolumeonexplosivedaysseptembertbatbastyletextaligncenterseasononevolumetwoxmarksthespotseptembertbatbastyletextaligncenterseasononevolumethreexposingthetruthseptembertbatbastyletextaligncenterseasononevolumefourmutantsrisingfebruarytbatbastyletextaligncenterseasontwovolumeonepowersrevealedfebruarytbatbastyletextaligncenterseasontwovolumetwoenemiesunveiledjunetbatbastyletextaligncenterseasontwovolumethreemystiquesrevengenovembertbatbastyletextaligncenterseasontwovolumefourthecompletethirdseasonmaytbatbastyletextaligncenterthecompletefourthseasontbatbatbastyletextaligncenterstreamingservicesnetflixtheseriesisnotcurrentlyavailableonnetflixnetflixinstantthoughdoesofferthedvdyoutubeallfourseasonswereuploadedonyoutubehowevermarvelentertainmentsyoutubechannellistedthemasprivategoogleplayallfourseasonsarecurrentlyavailableongoogleplayalthoughtheshowisinaccessibleinsomecountriessuchaspolandhuluhuluhadallepisodesavailableonstreamingasearlyastheseriesiscurrentlyavailablewithahuluplussubscriptionamazonallfourseasonsarecurrentlyavailableonamazoninstantvideoitunesallfourseasonsarecurrentlyavailableforpurchaseontheitunesstoremerchandisecomicbooksinjanuarymarvelcomicsbeganpublishinganxmenevolutioncomicbookpartiallybasedontheshowwrittenbydevinkgraysonwithartbystudioxditwasabruptlycanceledaftertheninthissueduetolowsalestheserieshasbeenreprintedintwotradepaperbackcomicstradepaperbacksthecomicintroducedtheevolutionversionofthemorlocksbeforetheyappearedontheshowandtheirappearancesandmotivationswereradicallydifferentinbothversionsitalsofeaturedanappearancefrommimiccomicsmimicwhoneverappearedontheshowanongoingplotlinewouldhaveintroducedtheevolutionversionofmistersinisterbutthecomicwascanceledbeforeitcouldberesolvedhoweverthecoveroftheunreleasedissuedoesrevealhisintendedcharacterdesignactionfigurinesmarveltoystoybizcreatedalineofactionfigurestacobellranthefirstxmenevolutionthemedpromotionwithitskidsmealsburgerkingalsoranakidsmealpromotionwhichincludedxmenevolutiontoyseachtoyincludedaminidiscwithgamesscreensaversandaminicomicrelatedtothecharacterthelineupincludedroguemystiquecyclopswolverinemagnetoquicksilvernightcrawlerandtoadreferencesexternallinksnightlizardautomatictaxoboxfossilrangelatecretaceouspresentimagewpnfccviolationxenosaurusgrandisjpgimagecaptionxenosaurusgrandisauthorityedwarddrinkercopecopesubdivisionranksgenerasubdivisionexostinusrestesxenosaurusxenosauridaeisafamilyofanguimorphlizardswhoseonlylivingrepresentativeisthegenusxenosauruswhichisnativetocentralamericaxenosauridae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esreachintojiangxiandguangdongtraditionallyitwasregardedthatthewestleftbranchisthemainstreamoftheupperxiangwhichrisesinhaiyangmountainsbetweenxingancountyxinganandlingchuancountyguangxilingchuancountiesofguangxiaccordingtothestnationalwatercensusofchinaintheeastbranchxiaoriveroriginatingfromlanshancountyofhunanrefnamesourcethesourcestreamofthexiangisinlanshancountythemainriverofthexianghaslengthofwithadrainagebasinareaofroughhnxinhuanetcomchtmhnxinhuanetcomorhnrednetcnchtmrednetcnmayrefwasidentifiedasthemainstemoftheupperxiangthepingislandofyongzhouisthemeetingofthetwostreamsthewestsourceoriginatingfromguangxiandtheesatsourceofthexiaoriveroriginatingfromlanshancountyofhunanwiththetributariesthexianghasadrainagebasinriverbasinareaofofwhichhunanhasanareaofreftheriverbasinareainhunanaccordingtohunanthfiveyearplanonwaterconservationfgwhunangovcnxxgkghjhthtmlfgwhunangovcnorchinafindlawcnfaguiphtmlfindlawcnrefinasituationofguangxisourcethexianghasalengthofinanothersituationofxiaoriverasthemainsourcestreamthexianghasalengthofthexiangriverpostalmapromanizationformerlyromanizationofchineseromanizedasthesiangkiangandnowalsoknownasthexiangjiangisalistofchineseriversriverinsouthernchinatheriversnameandchinesecharactercharacterisusedasthechineseabbreviationforhunangeographytheupperxiangriverhastwolargebranchesthewestleftandeastrightthewestbranchistraditionallyknownasthemainstreamoriginatingfromhaiyangmountainsinguilinofguangxiasthetraditionalmainstreamthewestbranchhasbeenwidelyquestionedinhunanaccordingtothenationalwatercensusofchinatheeastbranchregardedasthemainstreamofthexiangisxiaoriverwhichrisesinyegoumountainofxiangjiangyuanxiangjiangyuantownshipinlanshancountyhunanthetwobranchesconvergeatpingislandtoformthemainstemofthexiangthemainstemislocatedintheeasternpartofhunanthexianggenerallyflowssouthwesttonortheastfromlinglingdistrictofyongzhoutoxiangyincountyandemptiesintotheyangtzeyangtzeriverviadongtinglakelakedongtinguppercoursetheleftbranchalsoknownasthewestbranchoftheuppercourseistraditionallyknowntheupperxiangrivertheportionofthexiangriverupstreamcalledxiangshuiriverfromtheriversourceheadwatersatxingancountyguangxithewestbranchflowsapproximatelytopingislandofyongzhouwhereitisjoinedbythexiaorivertoformthemiddlexiangriverrefnameleftbranchaboutxiangriveringuangxireachersaccordingtotheguangxigeneraldescriptiongeographicaofguangxiwatersandriverstheyangtzeriversystemseegxdqwcombinmseexeseachwordkaarecrungxdqwcomtheyangtzeriversysteminguangxirefhistoricallyitwasrecognizedthattheheadwatersofthexiangriseinhaiyangmountainspeoplesaythexiangandtheliriverguangxiliriverssharethesameoriginbecausetheupperreachesofthetworiversareconnectedbytheancientlingqucanalwhichislocatedinxingancountyguangxiaccordingtoatraditionalsayingofthewaterinlingquflowsintothexiangandflowsintotheliriverinthepastthecanalalongwiththexiangriverandtheguiriverprovidedanimportantwaterwayconnectingtheyangtzeriverwiththepearlriverdeltaxiaoriverthexiaoriveristheeastbranchoftheuppercourseasofwatercensusofchinaitmayberegardedasthemainstreamoftheupperxiangriverxiaorisesinxiangjiangyuanxiangjiangyuantownshipoflanshancountyfromtheheadwaterstopingislandattheconfluencewiththewestbranchleftbranchfromguangxiitrunswiththetributariesthexiaoriverhasadrainagebasinareaoftributariesthexiaoriverflowsintothexiangnearchangshathezhengriverconvergeswiththexianginchengbeidistricthengyangthelianshuiriverandjuanriverflowsintothexiangnearhekouxiangtancountyhekoutownxiangtanriversourcebankgeographyrightbanktributarytributarieschangshahuanglongriverthenorthernmostoneofrightbanktributariesofchangshasectiontherivermouthisatzengzigangbetweendalongofchatingchatingtownandhuashioftongguansubdistrictofwangchengdistrictshizhurivertherivermouthislocatedatlanjiapoofcaitaoyuanvillagetongguansubdistrictwangchengdistrictshaherivertributaryofxiangrivershaherivertherivermouthislocatedbetweenfanshenyuanvillageofwangchengdistrictandxianinggangcommunityofkaifudistrictchangshakaifudistrictlaodaorivertherivermouthislocatedatjiangwanofxiufengsubdistrictchangshaxiufengsubdistrictkaifudistrictchangshakaifudistrictliuyangrivertherivermouthislocatedatxinhedeltarivermouthmouthofkaifudistrictchangshakaifudistrictmuyungangriverthesouthernmostoneofrightbanktributariesofchangshasectiontherivermouthislocatedbetweendawantangandmazilingofmuyunmuyunsubdistricttianxindistrictxiangtanwujiacreekhonghechannelzhuzhoulushuirivertherivermouthislocatedinlukouzhuzhoulukouzhuzhouguangximochuanriverbankgeographyleftbanktributarytributarieschangshaliulinriverthenorthernmostoneofleftbanktributariesofchangshasectiontherivermouthislocatedbetweenlingbeixiangyinlingbeiofxiangyincountyandqiaokouwangchengqiaokouofwangchengdistrictoldweirivertheoldweiriverxiangriverweiriveralsoknownasyaheriverisariversystemintheregionofdazhongbatardeauweiriverxiangriverweiriverthelargestleftbanktributaryofchangshasectionofxiangrivertherivermouthislocatedingaotanglinggaotanglingsubdistrictofwangchengdistrictmaqiaorivertherivermouthislocatedatcongshugangofgaotanglinggaotanglingsubdistrictwaterwaysofdazelakeincludingdazelakeandwaterwaysitsmainstreamjoinsxiangriverathuilongbriagelongwanggangrivertherivermouthislocatedatwangyuehuofyueludistrictjinriverxiangriverjinrivertherivermouthislocatedinthesouthoftheyuelumountainyueludistrictwaterwaysoftongxicreekguanyincreekxiangtanzhabucreekzhubucreeklianshuiriverjuanriverzijingriverincultureinthechinesefolkreligiontheriverisprotectedbythexiangrivergoddessesorxiangconsortsehuangandnyingtheyaresaidtohavebeenthedaughtersofthelegendaryruleremperoryaoyaoandthewivesofhissuccessorshunrulershununabletobearthepainoftheirhusbandsdeaththeycommittedsuicideinthisriveranetiologicalmythrelatesthespotsonthespottedbambooalsoknownasthexiangbambooorxiangconsortbambooandteardropbambootothetearsoftheweepingconsortstheywereworshippedinsomeformbythepeopleofstateofchuchuduringthewarringstatesanditspoetquyuaniscreditedwithwritingthejiugeladiesxiangtodocumenttheritualsongsintheirhonorthetangpoetrylatetanglatetangdynastypoetyuwulingissupposedtohavebeenfondofthesceneryalongthexiangriverthefourclassicnovelsclassicchinesenovelthedreamoftheredchamberincludesacharactershixiangyunwhotakesoneofthechinesecharacterscharactersofherchinesenamenamefromtherivermaozedongstheshiankianweeklyreviewshiankianweeklyreviewfoundedonjunepublicizedchinesecommunismmarxisminchangshamajorcitiesalongtheriverhengyangzhuzhouxiangtanchangshaseealsodongtinglakelistofchineseriversxiaoxiangnotesbibliographycitebookeditorlastmatsuuraeditorfirsttomohisaeditorlinktomohisamatsuuralastuekifirsthisayukiauthorlinkhisayukiuekilastunofirstnaotoauthorlinknaotounolastmatsubarafirstakiraauthorlinkakiramatsubarachapterpagestitlekanshinojitenscripttitlejalanguagejapaneseyearvolumelocationtokyopublishertaishkanshotenrefoclcexternallinksreferencesredirectxiangriverredirectxiangriverxiangriverredirectcategoryshellxenawarriorprincessxinhuanewsagencyxwpmaystandforwordperfectforunixxenawarriorprincessanamericantelevisionseriesfilmedinnewzealandoriginallyreleasedlongcommenttopreventlistingonspecialshortpagesinfoboxfileformatnamexcoffextensionnonettottmimeowneribmcreatorcodegenrebinaryfilebinaryexecutableobjectcodeobjectsharedlibrariescontainerforcontainedbyextendedfromcoffextendedtoxcoffforextendedcoffisanimprovedandexpandedversionofthecoffobjectfileformatdefinedbyibmandusedinaixoperatingsystemaixearlyversionsofthepowerpcapplemacintoshmacintoshalsosupportedxcoffasdidbeosxcoffadditionsincludetheuseofibmbasicassemblylanguagemachineinstructionsmnemoniccsectstoprovidesubsectiongranularityofcrossreferencesandtheuseofstabsfordebugginginformationforthehandlingofsharedlibrarysharedlibrariesisalsomoreelaboratethanforplaincoffmorerecentlyibmdefinedanxcoffversionsupportingbitibmaixaixandusedxcofftomeantheoriginalfileformatseealsocomparisonofexecutablefileformatsexternallinksibmcomsupportknowledgecentersswaixcomibmaixfilesxcoffhtmibmsdescriptionofxcoffinfoboxsettlementnamenativenamepostalcodetypepostalcodepostalcodexxsettlementtypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountyimageskylinexinhuajpgimagecaptiontianhuasouthroadmapcaptionlocationofthecountypushpinmapchinahunanpushpinlabelxinhuapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationinhunanpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamehunansubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnameloudiareafootnotesareatotalkmpopulationfootnotesrefnamepermanentrefpopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautocoordinatesfootnotescoorpinpointcoordinateselevationftelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetwebsitexinhuacountyvisacountiesofchinacountyandthelistofcountyleveldivisionsofhunanbypopulationthmostpopulouscountyleveldivisionintheprovincesofchinaprovinceofhunanchinaitisundertheadministrationofloudiloudicitylocatedalongthemiddlereachesoftheziriveritcoverssquarekilometersandhasapopulationofxinhuasharestheborderwithlengshuijianglianyuanxinshaoxupuandlonghuicountiesandcitiesasacountyitwasfoundedatnorthernsongdynastyandnowitisunderjurisdictionoftheloudicityandsubdividedintotownshipsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipsandtownchinatownsshangmeihunanshangmeiisthecountyseatinmediaattentionwasattractedbyaconstructionprojectstartedbythecountysgovernmentinthehopeofattractingtouriststheofficialswantedtobuildalavishtemplexiongshansidivertingfundsfrommoreessentialprojectsclimateweatherboxwidthautometricfirstysinglelineycollapsedylocationxinhuajanhighcfebhighcmarhighcaprhighcmayhighcjunhighcjulhighcaughighcsephighcocthighcnovhighcdechighcjanmeancfebmeancmarmeancaprmeancmaymeancjunmeancjulmeancaugmeancsepmeancoctmeancnovmeancdecmeancyearmeancjanlowcfeblowcmarlowcaprlowcmaylowcjunlowcjullowcauglowcseplowcoctlowcnovlowcdeclowcjanrecordhighcjanrecordlowcfebrecordhighcfebrecordlowcmarrecordhighcmarrecordlowcaprrecordhighcaprrecordlowcmayrecordhighcmayrecordlowcjunrecordhighcjunrecordlowcjulrecordhighcjulrecordlowcaugrecordhighcaugrecordlowcseprecordhighcsep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emotionduringthesecondsinojapanesewarxudidnotremainwiththethdivisionbutwastransferredtoseveraldifferentpositionsduringthewarhebrieflyspendtimewithluoronghuanbuildingbasesincommunistcontrolledareasofshandongbeforebeingtransferredtohelongsuniteddefensearmyinwhichheservedasdeputycommanderthecommunistbasesxuhelpedtoestablishprovedusefulafterworldwariiendedandthechinesecivilwarresumedintheearlystagesofthewarwhenthekuomintangforcedthecommunistheadquartersinshaanxitoevacuateitwasevacuatedtothebasesestablishedbyxuafterduringthechinesecivilwarxuparticipatedinseveralbattlesinnorthchinacontrarytothecommontacticofmanycommunistcommandersduringthecivilwarwhofavoredattackingonlyafterestablishingforcesofseveraltimesthedefendersluooftenengagednumericallyequalorsuperiorforcesandemergedvictoriousinandluoengagedanddefeatedtheforcesofyanxishanashanxiwarlordwhowasalignedwiththekuomintangpoliticalcareerafterthecommunistswonthecivilwarinxuservedasthepeoplesliberationarmygeneralstaffdepartmentgeneralchiefofstaffofthepeoplesliberationarmyinhewasnamedthevicechairmanofthecentralmilitarycommissionchinacentralmilitarycommissionandhewasnamedoneoftheyuanshuaipeoplesrepublicofchinatenmarshalsinhebecameoneofchinasvicepremierofthepeoplesrepublicofchinavicepremiersinxusufferedpoliticalpersecutionbyredguardschinaredguardsinwhenhewasaccusedofopposingtheleadershipoflinbiaoandattemptingtomoderatesomeofthemoreradicaleffectsoftheculturalrevolutionxuprotecteddengxiaopingwhendengwaspurgedfromthegovernmentinlaterinhewasoneofthemilitarysupportersofhuaguofengscoupagainstthegangoffourchinagangoffourwhicheventuallybroughtdengbacktopowerandformallyendedtheculturalrevolutionwhileservingasministryofnationaldefenseofthepeoplesrepublicofchinadefenseministerfromtoxuadvocateddevelopingthepeoplesliberationarmyasawelltrainedwellequippedmilitaryforceandpromotedtheuseofforeignmilitarytechnologythisviewwasadeparturefrommaoistpoliticaldoctrineandxupromoteddramaticpredictionsofanimminentconflictwiththesovietunioninordertogeneratepoliticalsupportforhisideasinxuwasalmostkilledinanaccidentofchinesemmalyutkamodelshjatgmdemonstrationwhenthemissilesuddenlymalfunctionedandturneddegreesaftertravelingseveralhundredmetersflyinginoppositedirectiontowardtheobservationplatformwherexuandothertoprankingchineseofficersweresittingandlandedrightinfrontoftheplatformitwasfortunateforxuandtheothersontheplatformthatthemissilefailedtoexplodeandtheysurvivedandremainedthereuntilthecompletionofthedemonstrationxudidnotoriginallyplantoattendthedemonstrationbutbecausebothyejianyingandnierongzhenwhooriginallyplannedtoattendwerehospitalizedatthetimexuwasinvitedinsteadxuledthepreparationsforplaoperationsinthesinovietnamwarinafterresigningasdefenseministerinxuremainedactiveinpoliticsheservedinthepolitburoandthecentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinacentralcommitteeandwasthevicechairmanofthecentralmilitarycommissionhewasforcedtoresignhispositionsalongwithnierongzhenyejianyinginxudiedinhisofficialobituarystatedthathislifewasagloriousonexuwasanoutstandingcommunistagreatproletarianrevolutionaryastrategistandoneofthefoundersofthechinesepeoplesliberationarmyseealsolistofofficersofthepeoplesliberationarmyreferencesbibliographyassociatedpressarticleslatimescomnewsmnxuxiangqianxuxiangqianchineseredarmymarshallosangelestimesseptemberretrievedaugustkristofnicholasdnytimescomobituariesxuxiangqianalongmarchveterandiesathtmlxuxiangqianalongmarchveterandiesatnewyorktimesseptemberretrievedaugustlewchristopherrthethirdchineserevolutionarywarananalysisofcommuniststrategyandleadershiptheusaandcanadaroutelagewortzellarrymhighamrobindsbooksgooglecombooksidrfuhrmshcpgpalpgpadqvonepageqffalsedictionaryofcontemporarychinesemilitaryhistorywestportctgreenwoodpressrepresentinggreatbritainsitslaughingonthewhitecliffsofdoverdepictedasahillaltseecaptionthexyzaffairwasapoliticalanddiplomaticepisodeinandearlyintheadministrationofjohnadamsinvolvingaconfrontationbetweentheunitedstatesandfrenchfirstrepublicrepublicanfrancethatledtoanundeclaredwarcalledthequasiwarthenamederivesfromthesubstitutionofthelettersxyandzforthenamesoffrenchdiplomatshottinguerxbellamyyandhautevalzindocumentsreleasedbytheadamsadministrationanamericandiplomaticcommissionwassenttofranceinjulytonegotiateproblemsthatwerethreateningtobreakoutintowarthediplomatscharlescotesworthpinckneyjohnmarshallandelbridgegerrywereapproachedthroughinformalchannelsbyagentsofthefrenchforeignministercharlesmauricedetalleyrandprigordtalleyrandwhodemandedbribesandaloanbeforeformalnegotiationscouldbeginalthoughsuchdemandswerenotuncommoninmainlandeuropeandiplomacyofthetimetheamericanswereoffendedbythemandeventuallyleftfrancewithouteverengaginginformalnegotiationsgerryseekingtoavoidalloutwarremainedforseveralmonthsaftertheothertwocommissionerslefthisexchangeswithtalleyrandlaidgroundworkfortheeventualendtodiplomaticandmilitaryhostilitiesthefailureofthecommissioncausedapoliticalfirestormintheunitedstateswhenthecommissionsdispatcheswerepublisheditledtotheundeclaredquasiwarquasiwartofederalistpartyfederalistswhocontrolledthegovernmenttookadvantageofthenationalangertobuildupthenationsmilitarytheyalsoattackedthedemocraticrepublicanpartyjeffersonianrepublicansfortheirprofrenchstanceandelbridgegerryanonpartisanatthetimeforwhattheysawashisroleinthecommissionsfailurebackgroundinthewakeofthefrenchrevolutionrelationsbetweenthefrenchfirstrepublicnewfrenchrepublicandtheamericanadministrationofpresidentgeorgewashingtonbecamestrainedinfranceandtherestofeuropefrenchrevolutionarywarswenttowaraconflictinwhichwashingtondeclaredamericanneutralityhoweverbothfranceandkingdomofgreatbritaingreatbritainthemajornavalpowersinthewarseizedshipsofneutralpowersincludingthoseoftheunitedstatesthattradedwiththeirenemieswiththejaytreatyratifiedintheunitedstatesreachedanagreementonthematterwithbritainthatangeredmembersofthefrenchdirectorydirectorythatgovernedfrancethefrenchnavyconsequentlysteppedupitseffortstointerdictamericantradewithbritainbythetimejohnadamsassumedthepresidencyinearlythematterwasreachingcrisisproportionsinmarchnotlongafterassumingofficepresidentadamslearnedthatcharlescotesworthpinckneyhadbeenrefusedasunitedstatesambassadortofranceusministerbecauseoftheescalatingcrisisandthatamericanmerchantshipshadbeenseizedinthecaribbeanpopularopinionintheunitedstatesonrelationswithfrancewasdividedalonglargelypoliticallinesfederaliststookahardlinefavoringadefensivebuildupbutnotnecessarilyadvocatingwarwhilerepublicansexpressedsolidaritywiththerepublicanismrepublicanidealsofthefrenchrevolutionariesanddidnotwanttobeseenascooperatingwiththefederalistadamsadministrationjeffersonlookedatthefederalistsasmonarchistswhowerelinkedtobritainandthereforehostiletoamericanvaluescommissiontofranceimagecharlescpinckneypngthumbrightcharlescotesworthpinckneyheadedtheamericancommissioninlatemayadamscabinetmettodiscussfrenchrelationsandtochooseaspecialcommissiontofranceadamsinitiallyproposedthatjohnmarshallandelbridgegerryjoinpinckneyonthecommissionbuthiscabinetobjectedtothechoiceofgerrybecausehewasnotastrongfederalistfrancisdanawaschoseninsteadofgerrybuthedeclinedtoserveandadamswhoconsideredgerryoneofthetwomostimpartialmeninamericahehimselfbeingtheothersubmittedhisnametotheunitedstatessenateindanassteadwithoutconsultinghiscabinetrefnameferlingferlingprefadamsinintroducingthemattertocongressmadeasomewhatbelligerentspeechinwhichhecalledforavigorousdefenseofthenationsneutralityandexpansionoftheunitedstatesnavybutstoppedshortofcallingforwaragainstfrancecongressapprovedthischoiceofcommissionersandadamsinstructedthemtonegotiatesimilartermstothosethathadbeengrantedtobritaininthejaytreatythecommissionerswerealsoinstructedtorefuseloansbuttobeflexibleinthearrangementofpaymenttermsforfinancialmattersmarshallleftforeuropeinmidjulytojoinpinckneywithgerryfollowingafewweekslaterthepoliticaldivisionsinthecommissionsmakeupwerereflectedintheirattitudestowardthenegotiationsmarshallandpinckneybothfederalistsdistrustedthefrenchwhilegerrywhowasthenopposedtopoliticalpartieswaswillingtobeflexibleandunhurriedindealingwiththemthefrenchrepublicestablishedinattheheightofthefrenchrevolutionwasbygovernedbyabicamerallegislativeassemblywithafivememberdirectoryactingasthenationalexecutivethedirectorywasundergoingbothinternalpowerstrugglesandstruggleswiththecounciloffivehundredthelowerchamberofthelegislatureministerialchangestookplaceinthefirsthalfofincludingtheselectioninjulyofcharlesmauricedetalleyrandasministerofforeignaffairsfranceforeignministertalleyrandwhohadrecentlyspentafewyearsintheunitedstateswasopenlyconcernedabouttheestablishmentofclosertiesbetweentheusandbritainthedirectorygenerallynotwelldisposedtoamericaninterestsbecamenotablymorehostiletotheminseptemberwhencoupoffructidoraninternalcouppropelledseveralantiamericansintopowertheseleadersandtalleyrandviewedpresidentadamsashostiletotheirinterestsbutdidnotthinkthattherewassignificantdangerofwarinpartbasedonadviceimpartedtofrenchdiplomatsbythomasjeffersontalleyranddecidedtoadoptameasuredslowpacetothenegotiationsimagetalleyrandjpgthumbleftuprightfrenchforeignministercharlesmauricedetalleyrandtalleyrandtheamericancommissionarrivedinparisinearlyoctoberandimmediatelyrequestedameetingwithtalleyrandafteraninitialbriefmeetinginwhichtalleyrandonlyprovisionallyacceptedthecommissionerscredentialsalongermeetingwasheldaweeklatertalleyrandsoughtfromthecommissionersanexplanationforthespeechadamshadmadeinmaywhichhadangereddirectorymembershismotivationwastodeterminehowfavorablythecommissionersweredisposedtothenegotiationsiftheyrespondedinanunfavorablemannerthedirectorywouldrefusetoaccepttheircredentialsthecommissionersfirstlearnedoftalleyrandsexpecteddemandonoctoberthroughanindirectchanneltheydecidedthatnoexplanationwouldbegivenforadamsspeechinitialmeetingswhatfollowedwereaseriesofmeetingsthattookplaceoutsideformaldiplomaticchannelsonoctobernicholashubbardanenglishmanworkingforadutchbankusedbytheamericansandwhocametobeidentifiedaswinthepublishedpapersnotifiedpinckneythatbaronjeanconradhottinguerwhomhubbarddescribedonlyasamanofhonorwishedtomeetwithhimpinckneyagreedandthetwomenmetthenexteveninghottinguerwhowaslateridentifiedasxrelayedaseriesoffrenchdemandswhichincludedalargeloantothefrenchgovernmentandthepaymentofabribetotalleyrandpinckneyrelayedthesedemandstotheothercommissionersandhottinguerrepeatedthemtotheentirecommissionwhichcurtlyrefusedthedemandseventhoughitwaswidelyknownthatdiplomatsfromothernationshadpaidbribestodealwithtalleyrandhottinguerthenintroducedthecommissiontopierrebellamyywhomherepresentedasbeingamemberoftalleyrandsinnercircleheevenproposedaseriesofpurchasesatinflatedpricesofcurrencyasameansbywhichsuchmoneycouldbeclandestinelyexchangedimageelbridgegerrypaintingjpgthumbrightuprightelbridgegerrynotlongafterthisstandofftalleyrandsentlucienhautevalztomeetwithelbridgegerrythetwomenkneweachotherhavingmetinbostoninhautevalassuredgerryoftalleyrandssincerityinseekingpeaceandencouragedhimtokeeptheinformalnegotiationsopenhereiteratedthedemandsforaloanandbribeaweeklaternotablyafterthesigningofthetreatyofcampoformiowhichendedthefiveyearwarofthefirstcoalitionbetweenfranceandmostoftheothereuropeanpowershottinguerandbellamyagainmetwiththecommissionandrepeatedtheiroriginaldemandsaccompaniedbythreatsofpotentialwarsincefrancewasatleastmomentarilyatpeaceineuropepinckneysresponsewasfamousnononotasixpencelaternegotiationsthecommissionerssoondiscoveredthatonlyunofficialchannelswereopentothemoverthenextseveralmonthstalleyrandsentaseriesofinformalnegotiatorstomeetwithandinfluencethecommissionerssomeoftheinformalavenueswerecloseddowngerryforinstanceinformedhautevalthattheycouldnolongermeetsincehautevalhadnoformalauthorityandtalleyrandfinallyappearedinnovemberatadinnerprimarilytocastigatetheamericansfortheirunwillingnesstoaccedetothedemandforabriberefnamesstinchcombeprefimagejeanconradhottinguerbymartindavidmuetjpgthumbleftuprightjeanconradhottinguerinlatenovembertalleyrandbeganmaneuveringtoseparategerryfromtheothercommissionersheextendedasocialdinnerinvitationtogerrywhichthelatterseekingtomaintaincommunicationsplannedtoattendthematterheighteneddistrustofgerrybymarshallandpinckneywhosoughtguaranteesthatgerrywouldlimitanyrepresentationsandagreementshemightconsiderdespiteseekingtorefuseinformalnegotiationsallofthecommissionersendeduphavingprivatemeetingswithsomeoftalleyrandsnegotiatorsthecommissionerseventuallydividedovertheissueofwhethertocontinueinformalnegotiationswiththefederalistsmarshallandpinckneyopposedandgerryinfavorthisdivisionwaseventuallycleartotalleyrandwhotoldgerryinjanuarythathewouldnolongerdealwithpinckneyinfebruarytalleyrandgainedapprovalfromthedirectoryforanewbargainingpositionandhemaneuveredtoexcludemarshallfromthenegotiationsaswellthechangeinstrategyalarmedanumberofamericanresidentsofpariswhoreportedthegrowingpossibilityofwararoundthistimegerryattalleyrandsinsistencebegankeepingsecretfromtheothercommissionersthesubstanceoftheirmeetingsimagejohnmarshallbyhenryinmanjpgthumbrightuprightjohnmarshallallthreecommissionersmetwithtalleyrandinformallyinmarchbutitwasclearthatthepartieswereatanimpassethisappearedtobethecasedespitetalleyrandsagreementtodropthedemandforaloanbothsidespreparedstatementstobesentacrosstheatlanticstatingtheirpositionsandmarshallandpinckneyfrozenoutoftalksthattalleyrandwouldonlyconductwithgerryleftfranceinaprilhehoweverremainedoptimisticthatwarwasunrealisticwritingtowilliamvansmurraytheunitedstatesambassadortothenetherlandsamericanministertothenetherlandsthatnothingbutmadnesswouldcausethefrenchtodeclarewarrefnamebilliasbilliasprefgerryresolutelyrefusedtoengageinfurthersubstantivenegotiationswithtalleyrandagreeingonlytostayuntilsomeonewithmoreauthoritycouldreplacehimandwrotetopresidentadamsrequestingassistanceinsecuringhisdeparturefromparistalleyrandeventuallysentrepresentativestothehaguetoreopennegotiationswithwilliamvansmurrayandgerryfinallyreturnedhomeinoctoberreactionintheunitedstatesimagewilliamvansmurrayjpgthumbrightuprightwilliamvansmurraywhiletheamericandiplomatswereineuropepresidentadamsconsideredhisoptionsintheeventofthecommissionsfailurehiscabineturgedthatthenationsmilitarybestrengthenedincludingtheraisingofamanarmyandtheacquisitionorconstructionofshipsofthelineforthenavyhehadnosubstantivewordfromthecommissionersuntilmarchwhenthefirstdispatchesrevealingthefrenchdemandsandnegotiatingtacticsarrivedthecommissionsapparentfailurewasdulyreportedtocongressalthoughadamskeptsecretthemistreatmentlackofrecognitionanddemandforabribeofthediplomatsseekingtominimizeawarlikereactionhiscabinetwasdividedonhowtoreactthegeneraltenorwasoneofhostilitytowardfrancewithattorneygeneralcharlesleeattorneygeneralcharlesleeandsecretaryofstatetimothypickeringarguingforadeclarationofwardemocraticrepublicanleadersincongressbelievingadamshadexaggeratedthefrenchpositionbecausehesoughtwarunitedwithhawkishfederaliststodemandthereleaseofthecommissionersdispatchesonmarchadamsturnedthemoverwiththenamesofsomeofthefrenchactorsredactedandreplacedbytheletterswxyandztheuseofthesedisguisinglettersledthebusinesstoimmediatelybecomeknownasthexyzaffairthereleaseofthedispatchesproducedexactlytheresponseadamsfearedfederalistscalledforwaranddemocraticrepublicanswereleftwithoutaneffectiveargumentagainstthemhavingmiscalculatedthereasonforadamssecrecycongressauthorizedtheacquisitionoftwelvefrigatesandmadeotherappropriationstoincreasemilitaryreadinessdespitecallsforaformalwardeclarationadamssteadfastlyrefusedtoaskcongressforoneonjulycongressannulledthetreatyofalliancetreatyofallianceandtwodayslaterauthorizedattacksonfrenchwarshipspartisanresponsesfederalistsusedthedispatchestoquestiontheloyaltyofprofrenchdemocraticrepublicansthisattitudecontributedtothepassageofthealienandseditionactsrestrictingthemovementsandactionsofforeignersandlimitingspeechcriticalofthegovernmentrefnamebilliasbilliaspreffederalistswereotherwisedividedonthequestionofwarandthedemocraticrepublicanspaintedhawkishfederalistsaswarmongersseekingtounderminetherepublicbymilitarymeanselbridgegerrywasplacedinadifficultpositionuponhisreturntotheunitedstatesfederalistsspurredbyjohnmarshallsaccountsoftheirdisagreementscriticizedhimforabettingthebreakdownofthenegotiationsthesebitterlyharshandpartisancommentsturnedgerryagainstthefederalistsandheeventuallyendedupjoiningwiththedemocraticrepublicansinpoliticalreactioninfrancewhennewsreachedfranceofthepublicationofthedispatchesandtheensuinghostilereactiontheresponsewasoneoffurytalleyrandwascalledtothedirectorytoaccountforhisroleintheaffairhedeniedallassociationwiththeinformalnegotiatorsandenlistedtheassistanceofgerryinexposingtheagentswhosenameshadbeenredactedacharadegerryagreedtoparticipateininexchangetalleyrandconfirmedprivatelytogerrythattheagentswereinfactinhisemployandthathewascontrarytostatementsmadetothedirectoryinterestedinpursuingreconciliationpresidentadamslaterwrotethattalleyrandsconfessiontogerrywassignificantinhisdecisiontocontinueeffortstomaintainpeacegerryinhisprivatereportontheaffairtoadamsinclaimedcreditformaintainingthepeaceandforinfluencingsignificantchangesinfrenchpolicythatlessenedthehostilitiesandeventuallybroughtapeacetreatythewarlikeattitudeoftheunitedstatesandthestartofthequasiwaranavalwarbetweenthetwocountriesthatwasfoughtprimarilyinthecaribbeanconvincedtalleyrandthathehadmiscalculatedinhisdealingswiththecommissionersinresponsetothediplomaticovertureshemadetowilliamvansmurrayinthehaguepresidentadamssentnegotiatorstofranceinwhoeventuallynegotiatedanendtohostilitieswiththeconventionoftreatyofmortefontainetreatyofmortefontainewhosenegotiationsweremanagedinpartbymarshallthenunitedstatessecretaryofstatesecretaryofstateinseptemberthisagreementwasmadewithfirstconsulnapoleonbonapartewhohadoverthrownthedirectoryinthecoupofbrumaireinnovemberanditwasratifiedbytheunitedstatessenateindecemberseealsotimelineofunitedstatesdiplomatichistoryfranceunitedstatesrelationsnotesreferencesfurtherreadingberkincarolasovereignpeoplethecrisesofthesandthebirthofamericannationalismppexternallinksletrugnlusapresidentsjohnadamsthexyzaffairphptranscriptofadamsspeechonthereleaseofthexyzpaperswebarchiveorgwebhistorystategovmilestonesxyzthexyzaffairandthequasiwarwithfranceusdepartmentofstateofficeofthehistorianquasiwarisincludedinthesexfreexeroxstarautomatictaxoboxnamexenosaurusimageimagecaptionxenosaurusgrandistaxonxenosaurusauthoritywilhelmpeterswpetersxenosaurusisagenusoflizardstheonlygenusinthefamilybiologyfamilyxenosauridaerefnamerdbxenosauridaeandxenosaurusthereptiledatabasewwwreptiledatabaseorgrefspeciesthefollowingtenspeciesarerecognizedasbeingvalidxenosaurusagrenonxenosaurusarboreusxenosaurusfractusxenosaurusgrandisxenosaurusmendozaixenosaurusnewmanorumxenosauruspenaixenosaurusphalaroantheronxenosaurusplatycepsxenosaurusrackhamixenosaurusrectocollarisxenosaurussanmartinensisxenosaurustzacualtipanecusnotabeneabinomialnomenclaturebinomialauthorityinparenthesesindicatesthatthespecieswasoriginallydescribedinagenusotherthanxenosaurusreferencesfurtherreadingwilhelmpeterspetersweineneuegattungvoneidechsenxenosaurusfasciatusausmexicoanewgenusoflizardsxenosaurusfasciatusfrommexicomonatsberichtederkniglichenpreussischenakademiezuberlinxenosaurusnewgenusingermanautomatictaxoboximagexantusiavigilisjpgimagecaptionxantusiavigilistaxonxantusiaauthorityspencerfullertonbairdbairdrefnamenrdbrefxantusiaisoneofthreegenusgeneraofnightlizardsfamilybiologyfamilyxantusiidaespeciesofxantusiaaresmalltomediumsizedviviparouslivebearinglizardsfoundintheunitedstatesussouthwesternunitedstatessouthwestandinnorthernmexicotaxonomyandetymologythenamesanddescriptionsofthegenusxantusiaandthetypespeciesxvigiliswerepublishedinbyspencerfullertonbairdthegenusgenericnamecommemoratingthenaturalhistorynaturalistjohnxantusspeciesthefollowingisalistofspeciesinthegenusxantusiaarizonaesmalllaurencemonroeklauberklaubersmallarizonanightlizardxantusiabezyismalltheodorejohnstonepapenfusspapenfussjrobertmaceymaceyjamesaschulteiijaschultesmallbezysnightlizardxantusiabolsonaesmallrobertgwebbwebbsmallbolsnnightlizardxantusiaextorrissmallwebbsmalldurangonightlizardxantusiagilbertismalljohnvandenburghvandenburghsma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therebelshedefeatedthemkilledxuheandpacifiedthevariouscountiesintheregionhealsocollectedtheenemysfoodsuppliesanddistributedthemamonghisowntroopsinaftercaocaoreturnedfromhisdefeatatthebattleofredcliffsagainstthealliedforcesofsunquanandliubeiheorderedxiahouyuantoleadanassaultonleixuwhohadstartedarevoltinlujiangcommanderyinpresentdayhefeianhuiafterdefeatingleixuxiahouyuanwasappointedactingprotectorgeneralwhoattacksthewestandorderedtoleadtroopstogetherwithxuhuangtoattackrebelsintaiyuancommanderyinpresentdayshanxitheyconqueredoverenemycampskilledtherebelchiefshangyaoandmassacredthepopulationintherebelbasecampaignsinwesternchinainxiahouyuanparticipatedinthebattleoftongpassbattleoftongpassoncaocaossideagainstacoalitionofwesternwarlordsledbyhansuiandmachaoinwhichcaoemergedvictoriousagainstthecoalitionheandzhulingthreekingdomszhulinglaterledaseparateforcetopacifythediwuhuditribesinyumiandqiancountiesfollowingthatherendezvousedwithcaocaosmainforceinandingcommanderycoveringpartsofpresentdayningxiaandgansuwheretheyforcedyangqiuwarlordyangqiuanallyofhansuiandmachaotosurrenderincaocaoreturnedtoyeancientchinayeinpresentdayhandanhebeileavingbehindxiahouyuanzhulingandluzhaotogarrisoninchanganxiahouyuanheldtheappointmentofactinggeneralwhoprotectsthearmyatthetimehedefeatedagroupofbanditsledbyliuxionginnanshanandforcedthemtosurrenderhealsobesiegedliangxinganallyofhansuiandmachaoinhucountyanddefeatedandkilledliangxinginrecognitionofhiscontributionsthehanimperialcourtenfeoffedhimasthemarquisofbochangvillageinmachaobesiegedweikangtheinspectorofliangprovinceintheprovincialcapitaljiorjichenginpresentdaygangucountygansuxiahouyuanwantedtoleadreinforcementstohelpweikangbutarrivedtoolateasjihadalreadyfallentomachaoxiahouyuanandhisarmyhadtravelledmorethanliunitliontheirwaytojiwhentheyfellintoanambushsetupbymachaoxiahouyuanlostthebattleanddecidedtowithdrawhistroopswhenheheardthattheditribesinqiancountyhadstartedarebellioninzhaoquyinfengandseveralotherswhowereforcedtosubmittomachaoafterheseizedcontrolofliangprovincesecretlyplottedtodrivemachaooutoftheprovincejiangxustartedarevoltinluorluchenginpresentdaylicountygansulicountygansutoluremachaotoattackhimwhilezhaoquandtheotherspretendedtourgemachaotoleadhistroopstolutosuppresstherevoltmachaofellfortherusesoonafterheleftjizhaoquandtheothersturnedagainsthimandkilledhiswifeandchildrenatthesametimemachaoalsofailedtorecapturelufromjiangxusohebecamestrandedmachaoretreatedtohanzhonghanzhongcommanderywhereheborrowedtroopsfromthewarlordzhangluhandynastyzhangluandreturnedtoattackjiangxuandhisalliesatmountqithemountainousregionsaroundpresentdaylicountygansujiangxusentamessengertochangantorequestforreinforcementsxiahouyuanandtheofficersinchanganheldameetingonwhethertohelpjiangxuandhisalliesornotmanyoftheofficersthoughtthattheyshouldwaitforordersfromcaocaobeforemakinganymovehoweverxiahouyuanhadadifferentopinionandhesaidourlordisliunitliawayinyeancientchinayebythetimehereceivesourreportjiangxuandhisalliesaredoneforthereforeitisimperativethatwesendreinforcementstothemimmediatelyheappointedzhanghetoleadinfantryandcavalryasthevanguardandheadtowardsmountqiviaanarrowpassatchencangpresentdaychencangdistrictbaojishaanxiwhilehesupervisedthesupplytrainandfollowedbehindwithanotherarmywhenzhanghesstrongarmyreachedtheweirivermachaoinitiallysentafewthousanddiwuhudiandqiangpeopleqianghorsementoresisttheenemybutlatercalledforaretreatbeforebothsidescouldengageinbattlezhangheadvancedfurtherandseizedthemilitaryequipmentleftbehindbymachaosforceswhenxiahouyuansarmyarrivedmostthecountiesinliangprovincehadbeenpacifiedafterthevictoryxiahouyuanpreparedforanoffensiveagainstmachaosallyhansuiwhoretreatedwhenheheardofxiahouyuansapproachxiahouyuancapturedhansuisfoodsuppliesandpursuedhimtolueyangcountyhansuihadsetupabasesomeliawayfromxiahouyuanspositionsoxiahouyuanssubordinatesurgedtheirgeneraltoattackeitherhansuiortheditribesinxingguonortheastofpresentdayqinancountygansuxiahouyuanchoseneitherofthetwooptionsasheknewthathansuistroopswerewellpreparedforbattleandthatxingguosfortificationswerestronginsteadheplannedtoattacktheqiangtribesinchanglialongthehulurivergansuhepointedoutthatmanyofhansuissoldierswereqiangtribesmenfromchanglisotheywouldreturntosavetheirhomeiftheyheardthatchangliwasunderattackifhansuistroopsdecidedtoholdtheircurrentpositiontheywouldbeisolatediftheycametodefendchanglixiahouyuansforceswouldbeabletoengagetheminbattlexiahouyuanthenorderedhissubordinatestoguardtheirsuppliesandheavyequipmentwhileheledaunitoflightlyarmedinfantryandcavalrytoraidchangliburningdownmanyqiangcampsandkillingmanypeopleasxiahouyuanexpectedtheqiangtribesmeninhansuisarmyreturnedtochangliandencounteredxiahouyuansarmyxiahouyuansmenwerefearfulwhentheysawhansuislargerarmysotheyproposedsettingupcampsanddefensivestructuresbeforefightingtheenemyhoweverxiahouyuansaidwevetravelledoveralongdistanceourtroopswillbewornoutbythetimetheyfinisherectingthesedefensivestructuresandwonthaveenergylefttofighttheenemytheenemymayhavesuperiorityinnumbersbuttheyareeasytodealwithhethenlaunchedanattackonhansuisforcesandscoredamajorvictoryovertheenemycapturingtheirflagsandbannersafterthathereturnedtolueyangcountyandlaidsiegeonxingguothedichieftainsinxingguofledtojoinmachaowhiletheotherssurrenderedxiahouyuanalsoattackedsomexiongnuencampmentsatgaopinginpresentdayguyuanningxiadrovethexiongnuawayandcapturedtheirsuppliesandlivestockthehanimperialcourtauthorisedhimtooverseetheaffairsintheregionduringtheliangprovincerebellioninthesarebelchiefsongjiandeclaredhimselfkingoftheriversourcewhopacifieshaninfuhancountyaroundpresentdaylinxiacitylinxiagansuafterxiahouyuanpacifiedliangprovincecaocaoorderedhimtoattacksongjianxiahouyuanbesiegedfuhanconqueredthecountywithinmonthsandcapturedandexecutedsongjianandallhisfollowershealsosentzhanghetoforcetheotherqiangtribesintheregiontosurrenderbymostofwesternchinahadbeenpacifiedandsubmittedtocaocaoscontrolcaocaowroteanordertopraisexiahouyuansongjianhadbeencausingtroubleforoveryearsxiahouyuaneliminatedhiminonemovementandmadeanunprecedentedachievementconfuciusoncesaidicannotdoaswellasyoubattlesaroundhanzhonginthehanimperialcourtawardedxiahouyuanwithanadditionaltaxablehouseholdsinhismarquisatebringingthetotalnumbertosubsequentlyxiahouyuanledanattackonthediwuhudiandqiangpeopleqiangtribesofwuduinpresentdaylongnangansuatxiabiancapturingoverhualargeunitofmeasurementofgrainwhencaocaoledhisforcestoattackthewarlordzhangluhandynastyzhangluinhanzhonghanzhongcommanderyxiahouyuanledallthemilitaryofficersandnoblesinliangprovincetomeetcaocaoatxiuvillagetheqiangandtribalchieftainswerefearfulofxiahouyuanwhenevertheyattendedmeetingswithcaocaozhanglusurrenderedtocaocaoafterhisdefeatatthebattleofyangpingxiahouyuanwasappointedactingprotectorgeneralandwasorderedtopacifybacommanderychinacommanderywiththeaidofzhangheandxuhuangcaocaolaterreturnedtoyeancientchinayeinpresentdayhandanhebeiandleftxiahouyuanandothersbehindtodefendthenewlyconqueredhanzhongcommanderyxiahouyuanwasappointedgeneralwhoattacksthewestincaocaosrivalliubeiwhohadliubeistakeoverofyiprovincetakenoveryiprovincecoveringpresentdaysichuanandchongqinginlaunchedhanzhongcampaignacampaigntowrestlecontrolofhanzhongfromcaocaowhenliubeisforcesreachedyangpingpassinpresentdayningqiangcountyshaanxixiahouyuanledhismentoresisttheenemyandbothsideswerelockedinastalematefornearlyayearonenightinthefirstlunarmonthofliubeisetfiretothebarbedfencesaroundxiahouyuanscampsoxiahouyuansentzhanghetodefendtheeasternpartofthecampwhilehepersonallyledalightlyarmedforcetoguardthesouthzhangheattackedliubeiwhenthelattertauntedhimbuthefailedtoovercometheenemyxiahouyuanthensentafractionofhisowntroopstohelpzhangheliubeisgeneralhuangzhonglaunchedafierceassaultonxiahouyuaneventhoughhismenhadlessbattleexperiencethanxiahouyuanstroopsxiahouyuanwaskilledinactionxiahouyuanwasgrantedtheposthumousnameposthumoustitlemarquisminwhichliterallymeanssympatheticmarquiscaocaooncegavethefollowingpieceofadvicetoxiahouyuanafterhescoredaseriesofvictoriesageneralshouldconsiderhisweaknessesbepreparedforsituationsinwhichhecannotwinandnotrelysolelyonsheerbraverycourageisabaseinstinctheshouldpossessbutheshouldalsousewisdomandstrategywhenhemakesmovesonewhoknowsonlybraveryisnomorethananordinarymanwhocanfightenemiesfamilyxiahouyuansspousewasayoungersisterofoneofcaocaoswivesxiahouyuanseldestsonxiahouhengmarriedthedaughterofcaocaosyoungerbrotherthemarquisaiofhaiyangcaocaofavouredxiahouhengwhoinheritedhisfatherstitlemarquisofbochangvillagehismarquistitlewaslaterchangedtomarquisofanningvillagexiahouyuanssecondsonxiahoubaservedasamilitarygeneralinthestateofcaoweihedefectedtoweisrivalstateshuhanaftertheregentsimayiseizedpowerfromhiscoregentcaoshuangandbecamethedefactorulerofweixiahouyuanhadfiveothersonswhowereyoungerthanxiahoubaxiahouchengxiahouhuiandxiahouhexiahouyuanalsohadaniecewhowasaboutoryearsoldinceshewasoutgatheringfirewoodwhenshewastakenbyzhangfeishebecamezhangfeiswifeandborehimadaughterwholatermarriedliushanandbecameempresszhangliushansfirstwifeempressjingaiofthestateofshuhaninromanceofthethreekingdomsxiahouyuanisfeaturedasacharacterinthethcenturyhistoricalnovelromanceofthethreekingdomswhichromanticisesthehistoricaleventsbeforeandduringthethreekingdomsperiodhemadeseveralappearancesinthenovelbutthemostsignificantonewashisdeathatthebattleofmountdingjuninseebattleofmountdingjuninfictionfordetailsinpopularculturepleasedonotintroduceanyfurtherdetailsonthispersonsroleinthegamesalreadymentionedinthissectionxiahouyuanisfeaturedasaplayablecharacterinkoeisdynastywarriorsandwarriorsorochivideogameseriesinthegamesheisxiahoudunsbrotherandisportrayedasbeingabithaplessbutpowerfulandloyalnonethelesshealsoappearsinallinstalmentsofthestrategygameseriesromanceofthethreekingdomsvideogameseriesromanceofthethreekingdomsandtherealtimewargamekesseniiallofwhichwereproducedbykoeiseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsnotesreferencesauthorunknownyizhoushuchenshouchenshourecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhiluoguanzhongluoguanzhongromanceofthethreekingdomssanguoyanyipeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhuinfoboxofficeholdernamexiahoubanativenameimagexiahoubajpgimagesizepxcaptionaqingdynastyillustrationofxiahoubasdeathaltofficegeneralofchariotsandcavalrytermstarttermendmonarchliushanofficegeneraloftherighttermstartstermendmonarchcaofangofficegeneralwhoprotectsthearmytermstartstermendmonarchcaofangbirthdateunknowndeathdatedeathplacefatherxiahouyuanchildrenyanghuswifeoccupationgeneralblankcourtesynamedatazhongquanblankposthumousnamedatalostovertimeblankpeeragedatamarquisofbochangvillagexiahoubadiedcourtesynamezhongquanwasamilitarygeneralofthestateofcaoweiinthethreekingdomsperiodhewasthesecondsonofxiahouyuanaprominentgeneralwhoservedundercaocaothewarlordwholaidthefoundationforthestateofcaoweiaroundxiahoubadefectedtoweisrivalstateshuhanaftertheregentsimayiseizedpowerinaincidentatgaopingtombscoupdtathewaskilledinbattlesometimebetweenandagainstweiforcesserviceundercaoweiearlycareerxiahoubasparentswereimportantfiguresincaoweihisfatherxiahouyuanhadfoughtalongsidehisdistantcousinandfounderofweicaocaosincethestartofthecivilwarandwasoneofthemosttrustedofcaosgeneralswhilexiahoubasmotherwasasisterinlawofcaocaoafterxiahouyuanwaskilledatbattleofmountdingjuninatthehandsofshugeneralhuangzhongmostofhistroopswereplacedunderthecommandofzhangheuponadvicefromguohuaiwhilehisprivatemilitiaandguardsweresucceededbyhisfivesonsxiahoubasincethendisplayedgreathatredagainstshuandvowedtorevengeforhisfatherinxiahouyuanseldestsonxiahouhengwasgivenhisownmarquisateandmarquistitlesoxiahoubainheritedhisfathersmarquistitlewithastipendoftaxrevenuesfromtaxablehouseholdsinwhentheweigeneralcaozhenproposedashiftfromdefensivetooffensivestanceagainstshuhanlieutenantgeneralxiahoubawasnamedasthevanguardhethenledaforcetowardshanzhonghanzhongcommanderytakingaroutethoughthenbspkmziwutrailandcampedinacrookedgorgenearthexingshicampsetupearlierbyshugeneralweiyantherexiahoubawasidentifiedbythelocalresidentswhoreportedhispresencetotheshuforcesandwasunderheavyattackasthemainarmyofcaozhenhadnotcaughtupwiththevanguardxiahoubawasthrownintoagravesituationwherehewasforcedtorelyonpersonalskillstofighthisenemiesbetweenbarricadesuntilcaozhenarrivedthetwoforcesreachedastalemateandthestandofflastedforafewmonthsbutthedevelopmentsfavouredtheshusideascontinuousrainfalloveramonthhadrenderednarrowvalleysimpassableresultinginweiarmyslogisticaldifficultyinadditiontothedisadvantageousweatherweiyanhadpenetratedtotheweiarmysrearandsuccessfullyincitedsomenonhantribestoopposetheweiforcessocaozhenandxiahoubabegrudginglyconsentedonthedecisiontoretreatsincethenxiahoubawasappointedgeneraloftherightandstationedinlongxicommanderytotraintroopshetreatedbothhismilitiaandcommonsoldierswellandgainedtheirsupportasatrustedaideofcaoshuanginthesxiahoubawasenfeoffedasthemarquisofbochangvillageandbecameacloseassociateofcaoshuangcaozhenssonandaregenttotheweiemperorcaofangwhencaoshuangdecidedtowagewaragainstshutoenhancehispersonalinfluenceandreputationxiahoubawasmadeprotectorofthearmyandcameundercommandofxiahouxuanwhowasthemarquisssonintheclanfortheensuingcampaignhowevertheweigeneralguohuaiwhomxiahoubadislikedhadthehonourofleadingthevanguardthistimeweiforceschosetheshortertangluotrailintoshuterritorybutagainexperiencedlogisticproblemsasalongsectionofthetrailhadnowatersourceasaresulttheweiforceshadnochoicebuttoretreatandmanysoldiersmerelydiedofthirstalongthewaybackafterthewarguohuaiduetohistimelywithdrawaloftroopswasgrantedahighermilitaryauthorityoverxiahoubafromtoxiahoubaplayedintothehandsofguohuaiwhowieldedpowertotemporarilycommandhimwhenamilitarycrisisaroseinwhensometriballeadersrebelledagainstweixiahoubacameunderattackbytheshugeneraljiangweiwhocametosupportthetribestogetherwithguohuaixiahoubarepelledjiangweisattackandstruckbackattherebelsforcingmanyofthemtosurrenderhoweverezhesaioftheqiangtribesandzhiwudaiofthehutribesstillperseveredsothewarwasfragmentedintobattlesthatdraggedontowhereinjiangweiagainledshuforcestotheaidoftherebelsatthispointitisclearthatguohuaiinsteadofxiahouxuanwastheactualcommanderonthefieldtogiveoutordersforinstancewhenguohuaidecidedtoattackjiangweissubordinateliaohuaxiahoubawasordereddirectlybythedecisionmakertotailjiangweismaintrooptothewestuponknowingliaohuawasunderattackjiangweiharshlyreturnedtohisaidesassistancejustasguohuaipredictedisolatingtherebelsfromshureinforcementastheshucommanderwaswornoutfromthetravelsowasxiahoubabutthegloryandmeritofsubjugatingtherebellionwenttoguohuaiwhowaspromotedtoadistrictmarquisforhisachievementsonthecontraryxiahoubavirtuallyreceivednothingforhiseffortinthecampaignserviceundershudefectionfromweitoshuinafteraincidentatgaopingtombscoupdtatbysimayiagainstcaoshuangalotofthelattersaffiliateswerealsoputtodeathbeingaclosefriendandassociateofcaoshuangxiahoubawassensitivetothepoliticaldevelopmentsandgrewsuspiciousofsimayisfactionsoonxiahouxuanwhohadthestaffofauthoritytocommandtroopsoverliangandyongprovinceswasorderedtothecapitalundertheguiseofapromotionfraughtwithdreadxiahoubadiscussedtheissuewithxiahouxuanandpersuadedthelattertofleewithhimtoshubutxiahouxuanrefusedandsaidiwontliveasaguestinakingdomofbarbarianswhatfurtherperturbedxiahoubawasthepersonwhosucceededxiahouxuansformerpositionwasnoneotherthanguohuaiwhomxiahoubahadapersonalfeudwiththereforexiahoubaembarkedonhislonejourneyintoshuonhiswaytoshuxiahoubalosthiswayandwentintoadeadendinavalleywhereheranoutoffoodandresortedtokillhishorsetakingthecarcassasalastsupperhekeptwalkinguntilhislegswerecrippledthenhelaidbeneathashadowprojectedfromalargerockandaskedtravellersfordirectionbuthisgeometrystillcouldnotfigureouthowtogetoutfromthedeadendwhenthelocalsreportedthepresenceofalamebeggarwholookedaliketothegreatgeneralxiahoubawhoattackedthemyearsagotheshuemperorliushanhurriedlysentarescueteamtoescorthisbrotherinlawtotheshucapitalchengduyearsagooneofxiahoubassisterswasabductedbytheshugeneralzhangfeiandbecamehiswifeasaconsequencetheliuclanandxiahouclanwerelinkedtogetherthoughliushansmarriagewithzhangfeisdaughterthatwaswhyliushancalledhissonanephewofthexiahoufamilywhetheritwasforpoliticalreasonsoraprivatefamilyissueliushanappointedthehandicappedxiahoubaasgeneralofchariotsandcavalryinshulaterlifeinshuneverthelessjiangweiapparentlybefriendedxiahoubaandtheduowentonseveralcampaignsagainstthestateofweiandnearlyfailedallofthemtheweiimperialcourtpardonedxiahoubassonsonaccountofxiahouyuansroleinthefoundingofweiinsteadtheywereexiledtolelangcommanderyinpresentdaynorthkoreaatthetimexiahoubawasalreadyasexagenarianifnotaseptuagenarianhewasstillactiveinsociallifeastoryaboutthatwasrecordedinfolkloreofyiregionswhichsaysaneagerxiahoubaoncewantedtobefriendzhangniwhowasfamousforsubjugatingthesouthernbarbariansandwasoneofthemostcelebratedshugeneralsbackthenwhenxiahoubafirstmetzhangnihetoldhimalthoughimnotclosetoyouihavealreadyentrustedwhollytoyouforalongtimeihopeyouwouldunderstandthiszhangnirespondedidontknowyouandyoudontknowmetherationaleisontheotherendhowcanyousayyourelyonmeihopeyousaveyourwordsandcontinuethistalkthreeyearslaterthisincidentwascirculatedwithinshuandknowledgeablepersonsandscholarsagreedonzhangnisreplyandtookxiahoubaasajokeasanewcomerfromweixiahoubamusthavehadfaceddiscriminationanddistrustfromhiscolleaguesbutduetohiscomplicatedbackgroundhewastrustedbyliushanandhighlyvaluedbyanotherdefectorofweijiangweioncejiangweiaskedxiahoubaifsimayiwhogainedcontrolofweicourtwouldattackshuxiahoubarepliedtheyjustrecentlyestablishedhegemonysotheywillnotindulgeinforeignaffairshoweverthereisayoungzhonghuiwhowillbeathreattobotheasternwuwuandshubelievingxiahoubasviewsthatsimayiwouldnothandleborderissuesforsometimejiangweirevivedzhugeliangsstrategyonconstantlywagingwarsagainstweiandbroughtxiahoubawithhimonjiangweisnorthernexpeditionshisexpeditionsxiahoubadistinguishedhimselfinjiangweisonlybigvictoryinhiscampaignswhichwasthebattleofdidaoafterthatbattlexiahoubawasnotmentionedagaininhistoricrecordsaccordingtorecordsofthreekingdomsxiahoubasucceededdengzhiasthegeneralofchariotsandcavalryafterthepredecessorsdeathinzizhitongjiannotedthatxiahoubawasaliveinandrecordsofthreekingdomsnotedxiahoubawasnotaliveinwhenliaohuaandzhangyibogongzhangyiweredescribedtohavesucceededhisgeneralpositionsoxiahoubamusthavehaddiedbetweenandinromanceofthethreekingdomsinthethcenturyhistoricalnovelromanceofthethreekingdomsxiahoubasdeathwasalteredwhentheinvasionofshuoccurredinxiahoubadefendedshuatthebattleoftaoyanghewaskilledbythearrowsandstonesthatwerethrownbytheweiforceslayinginwaitonthecliffsinpopularculturepleasedonotintroduceanyfurtherdetailsonthispersonsroleinthegamesalreadymentionedinthissectionxiahoubaisfirstintroducedasaplayablecharacterinthedynastywarriorsseventhinstalmentofkoeisdynastywarriorsvideogameseriesseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsshuroadsreferenceschenshouchenshourecordsofthreekingdomssanguozhivolumespeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhuxinminweeklychinesecharacterchinesepinyinxnmnzhuknisaweeklynewsmagazinepublishedinshanghaichinaitisownedbywenhuixinminunitedpressgroupthemagazinewasfirstpublishedinjanuaryreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebweeklynewscomcnofficialwebsiteofxinminweeklyieeeieeesersemayaherotwinsinfoboxancientsitenamexochicalcoalternatenameimagemexicoxochicalcopyramidsjpgimagesizepxaltcaptionpyramidsinxochicalcomapmaptypemesoamericamapaltmapcaptionlocationwithinmesoamericamapsizereliefcoordinatesmapdotlabellocationmiacatlnmorelosmexicoregionmesoamericabuiltabandonedepochslateclassiccultureseventexcavationsarchaeologistsarchitecturalstylesarchitecturaldetailsnotesinfoboxunescoworldheritagesitechildyesofficialnamearchaeologicalmonumentszoneofxochicalcoidyearcriteriaculturaliiiivareahaxochicalcoisaprecolumbianarchaeologicalsiteinmiacatlnmunicipalityinthewesternpartofthemexicanstateofmorelosthenamexochicalcomaybetranslatedfromnahuatlasinthehouseofflowersthesiteislocatednbspkmsouthwestofcuernavacaaboutmilesbyroadfrommexicocitythesiteisopentovisitorsallweekfromnbspamtonbsppmalthoughaccesstotheobservatoryisonlyallowedafternoontheapogeeofxochicalcocameafterthefallofteotihuacanandithasbeenspeculatedthatxochicalcomayhaveplayedapartinthefalloftheteotihuacanempirethemesoamericanarchitecturearchitectureandiconographyofxochicalcoshowaffinitieswithteotihuacanthemayacivilizationmayaareaandthematlatzincapeoplematlatzincacultureofthetolucavalleytodaytheresidentsofthenearbyvillageofcuentepecspeaknahuatllanguagenahuatlthemainceremonialcenterisatopanartificiallyleveledhillwithremainsofresidentialstructuresmostlyunexcavatedonlongterracescoveringtheslopesthesitewasfirstoccupiedbybcbutdidnotdevelopintoanurbancenteruntiltheepiclassicperiodadnearlyallthestandingarchitectureatthesitewasbuiltatthistimeatitspeakthecitymayhavehadapopulationofuptopeoplemonumentsimagemexicoxochicalcoballgamejpgthumblefttheprimaryballcourtatxochicalcoofspecialinterestaresculpturedreliefsonthesidesofsomebuildingsthetempleofthefeatheredserpenthasfinestylizeddepictionsofthatdeityinastylewhichincludesapparentinfluencesofteotihuacanandmayaartthehightaludsofthepyramidbearreliefcarvingsthatdepicttownsthatpaidtributetoxochicalcoaswellasseveralseatedfiguresthatlookmayanithasbeenspeculatedthatxochicalcomayhavehadacommunityofartistsfromotherpartsofmesoamericaothermonumentsatthesiteincludeseveralothersteppyramidtemplespalacesthreemesoamericanballcourtballcourtssweatbathsanunusualrowofcircularaltarsandacavewithstepscarveddownintoitthesitealsohassomefreestandingsculpturedstelaeotherswereremovedfromtheiroriginallocationandarenowondisplayinthenationalinstituteofanthropologyandhistoryinahmuseuminmexicocityandatthesitemuseumhistoryandexplorationxochicalcowasfoundedinaboutadbytheolmecaxicallancawhichareamayangroupoftradersfromcampecheatasitethatgavethemanexcellentpositionalongseveralofthemajormesoamericantraderoutesthecitystatehadapopulationoftopeoplemanyofwhomwereengagedincraftproductionandlongdistancetradeitwasanimportantfortressedcommercialandreligiouscenterfollowingthedeclineofthegreatmesoamericancitystatesthepoorfarmingconditionsintheareashowthatitwaslikelybuiltfordefensepurposesandtradingtheruinswerefirstdescribedbyexplorerantonioalzateinalexandervonhumboldtpublishedillustrationsandadescriptionofxochicalcoinemperormaximilianofmexicovisitedtheruinsthetempleofthefeatheredserpentwasrestoredbymexicanarchaeologistleopoldobatresinmajorarchaeologicalexcavationsandfurtherrestorationsweredoneinaprojectfromthesthroughthesbyeduardonogueraandcsarsaenzjaimelitvakkingalsoworkedatthesiteinarchaeologistkennethhirthofpennsylvaniastateuniversitybeganamultiseasonfieldworkprojectinwhichhemappedtheentiresiteandconductedexcavationsofhousesandobsidianuseinmesoamericaobsidianworkshopsinalargescaleprogramofexcavationofmonumentalarchitecturewasinitiatedbynorbertogonzlezcrespoandsilviagarzaoftheinahanewmuseumwasbuilttohousethespectacularfindsofthisprojectdestructionofthecityatsomepointaroundadthecityofxochicalcowasburnedanddestroyedmanyoftheexcavatedhousesandtempleshavelayersofburninganddestructionthatcoverthedepositsfromthemainepiclassicoccupationunderneathdestructionlayersnumerousobjectswereleftinplaceinthehousesindicatingthatthesitewasdestroyedandabandonedquicklyasmallremnantpopulationlivedonhoweveronthelowerslopesofthehilllateraroundthesitewasrecolonizedbythenahuatlspeakingtlahuicapeoplesancestorstothenahuatlspeakingpopulationsofthemodernstateofmorelosxochicalcoisaunescoworldheritagesiteandatouristdestinationthesitealsohasawellstockedmuseumastronomicalobservatorytheobservatoryisacavemodifiedtoallowstudyofthemovementofthesunthecavewascoveredwithstuccoandpaintedblackyellowandredwithachimneythatmeasuredfromthebasetothesurfacemetersandwhichishexagonalinthetopthechimneyhasaslightslopeallowingthesunsraystobetoprojectedonthefloorofthecaveinthedaysrunningfromapriltoaugustthesunshinesintothecaveinthesunsmovementtowardsthetropicofcancerandupontheirreturnrespectivelyonmayandjulythesunisatitszenithandtheastronomicalnoonthebeamoflightfallsdirectlythroughthechimneyshowingtheimageofthesunonthefloorofthecavesurelytakingadvantageofthesolarphenomenonthesitewasalsousedforreligiousceremoniestempleofthefeatheredserpentimagexochicalcoserpienteemplumadagrjpgcenterthumbpxtempleofthefeatheredserpentthetempleofthefeatheredserpenthasfinestylizeddepictionsofthatdeityinastylewhichincludesapparentinfluencesofteotihuacanandmayaartseealsolistofarchaeoastronomicalsitessortedbycountrylistofmesoamericanpyramidsnotesmajorpublicationsdelafuentebeatrizsilviagarzatarazonanorbertogonzlezcrespoarnoldleboefmiguellenportillaandjavierwimerlaacrpolisdexochicalcoinstitutodeculturademoreloscuernavacagonzlezcresponorbertosilviagarzatarazonahortensiadeveganovapablomayergualaandgisellecantoaguilararchaeologicalinvestigationsatxochicalcomorelosandancientmesoamericahirthkennethgeditorarchaeologicalresearchatxochicalcovolumeancienturbanismatxochicalcotheevolutionandorganizationofaprehispanicsocietyandvolumethexochicalcomappingprojectuniversityofutahpresssaltlakecityhirthkennethgeditorobsidiancraftproductioninancientcentralmexicouniversityofutahpresssaltlakecityhirthkennethgandanncyphersguillntiempoyasentamientoenxochicalcoinstitutodeinvestigacionesantropolgicasuniversidadnacionalautnomademxicomexicocityexternallinkswhcunescoorgenlistarchaeologicalmonumentszoneofxochicalcoworldheritagesitedelangeorgxochicalcoxochicalcohtmthedelangesvisitxochicalcowithlotsofphotosinfoboxsoftwarenamexcodelogoxcodeiconpngscreenshotxcodescreenshotpngcaptiondeveloperappleincoperatingsystemmacosxandlatergenreintegrateddevelopmentenvironmentidelicensefreewarewithopensourcecomponentswebsitexcodeisanintegrateddevelopmentenvironmentideformacoscontainingasuiteofsoftwaredevelopmenttoolsdevelopedbyappleincapplefordevelopingsoftwareformacosioswatchosandtvosfirstreleasedinthelateststablereleaseisversionandisavailableviathemacappstorefreeofchargeformacoshighsierraandmacossierrausersrefnamexcodeonthemacappstorerefmacdeveloperprogramregistereddeveloperscandownloadsoftwarereleaselifecyclepreviewreleasesandpriorversionsofthesuitethroughtheappledeveloperwebsitemajorfeaturesxcodesupportssourcecodefortheprogramminglanguagescprogramminglanguageccobjectivecobjectivecjavaprogramminglanguagejavaapplescriptpythonprogramminglanguagepythonrubyprogramminglanguagerubyreseditrezandswiftprogramminglanguageswiftwithavarietyofprogrammingmodelsincludingbutnotlimitedtococoaapicocoacarbonapicarbonandjavathirdpartieshaveaddedsupportforgnupascalfreepascaladaprogramminglanguageadacsharpprogramminglanguagecperldprogramminglanguagedandfortranxcodecanbuildfatbinaryfilescontainingcodeformultiplearchitectureswiththemachoexecutableformatthesearecalleduniversalbinaryfileswhichallowsoftwaretorunonbothpowerpcandintelbasedxcomputingplatformplatformsandthatcanincludebothbitandbitcodeforbotharchitecturesusingtheiossdkxcodecanalsobeusedtocompileanddebugapplicationsforiosthatrunonarmarchitectureprocessorsxcodeincludestheguitoolinstrumentsapplicationinstrumentswhichrunsatopadynamictracingframeworkdtracecreatedbysunmicrosystemsandreleasedaspartofopensolariscompositionthemainapplicationofthesuiteistheintegrateddevelopmentenvironmentidealsonamedxcodethexcodesuiteincludesmostofapplesdeveloperdocumentationandbuiltininterfacebuilderanapplicationusedtoconstructgraphicaluserinterfacesuptoxcodethexcodesuiteincludedamodifiedversionofthegnucompilercollectioninxcodeuptoxcodeitincludedthellvmgcccompilerwithfrontendsfromthegnucompilercollectionandacodegeneratorbasedonllvminxcodeandlateritincludedtheclangccobjectiveccompilerwithnewlywrittenfrontendsandacodegeneratorbasedonllvmandtheclangstaticprogramanalysisstaticanalyzerstartingwithxcodetheclangcompilerbecamethedefaultcompilerrefnamewhatsnewinxcoderefstartingwithxcodeclangwastheonlycompilerprovideduptoxcodethexcodesuiteusedthegnudebuggergdbasthefrontandbackendsbackendfortheidesdebuggerstartingwithxcodethelldbdebuggerlldbdebuggerwasalsoprovidedstartingwithxcodelldbreplacedgdbasthedefaultbackendfortheidesdebuggerrefnamewhatsnewinxcoderefstartingwithxcodegdbwasnolongersuppliedremovedfeaturesformerlyxcodesupporteddistributingaproductbuildprocessovermultiplesystemsonetechnologyinvolvedwasnamedsharedworkgroupbuildwhichusedthebonjourprotocoltoautomaticallydiscoversystemsprovidingcompilerservicesandamodifiedversionofthefreesoftwareproductdistcctofacilitatethedistributionofworkloadsearlierversionsofxcodeprovidedasystemnameddedicatednetworkbuildsthesefeaturesareabsentinthesupportedversionsofxcodexcodealsoincludesappleswebobjectstoolsandframeworksforbuildingjavawebapplicationsandwebservicesformerlysoldasaseparateproductasofxcodeappledroppedwebobjectsdevelopmentinsidexcodewolipsshouldbeusedinsteadxcodestillincludesthewebobjectsframeworksversionhistoryxseriesxcodewasreleasedinfallxcodewasbasedonprojectbuilderbuthadanupdateduserinterfaceuizerolinkfixcontinuedistributedbuildsupportandcodesenseindexingthenextsignificantreleasexcodehadbettercodecompletionandanimproveddebuggerxseriesxcodewasreleasedwithmacosxvtigeritincludedthequartzcomposervisualprogramminglanguagebettercodesenseindexingforjavaandapacheantantsupportitalsoincludedtheapplereferencelibrarytoolwhichallowssearchingandreadingonlinedocumentationfromappleswebsiteanddocumentationinstalledonalocalcomputerxcodecouldcreateuniversalbinaryfilesitsupportedsharedprecompiledheadersunittestingtargetsconditionalbreakpointsandwatchpointsitalsohadbetterdependencyanalysisthefinalversionofxcodeformacosxvwasxseriesxcodewasreleasedwithmacosxvleopardnotablechangessinceincludethedtracedebuggingtoolnownamedinstrumentsapplicationinstrumentsrefactoringsupportcontextsensitivedocumentationandobjectivecwithgarbagecollectioncomputersciencegarbagecollectionitalsosupportsprojectsnapshotswhichprovideabasicformofversioncontrolmessagebubbleswhichshowbuilderrorsdebugvaluesalongsidecodeandbuildingfourarchitecturefatbinariesandbitintelandpowerpcxcodewasanupdatereleaseofthedevelopertoolsformacosxandwasthesameversionincludedwiththeiphonesdkitcouldtargetnonmacosxplatformsincludingiphoneositincludedthegccandllvmgcccompilersanothernewfeaturesincexcodeisthatxcodesscmsupportnowincludessubversionxcodewasreleasedwithmacosxvsnowleopardandinstallsonnoearlierv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hesetsofcallforhelpfreshgearandtechlivethefilmingsetupwasincreasedtothreecamerasamainfloorcameraajibcamerajibcamforhighangleshotsandablackandwhitehandhelddvcamerawhichwouldbecuttosuddenlyandintermittentlythroughoutepisodesxplaysprimarysetconsistedofasinglecouchcoffeetableandtelevisionwithworkinggameconsolespositionedinthemiddleofthelargestudiofloorbuthostssesslerandwebbwouldmigratearoundvariousareasofthestudionormallynotevengoingtotheiractualsetuntiltheendoftheprogrameachepisodewouldtypicallyconcludewithsesslerandwebbplayingoneoftheconsolesonthetvtheshowsformatconsistedprimarilyofgamereviewsandpreviewswithsomepreviewsbeingconductedasliveinstudiodemosbymorganandadamwithanoccasionalgamerelatedsketchthrowninforcomedicvaluethedisembodiedvoicewasalsointroducedtotheshowatthisphaseinitshistorythisunseenannouncerwouldbegineachepisodewithanoftenoverthetopintroductiontowhichthehostsusuallyrespondedorcommentedthesecommentsvariedwidelyrangingfromtotalnonsequiturlogicnonsequiturstogilbertandsullivanreferencestoportalcurrenteventscurrenteventsalongwithviewersubmittedintrostakenfromtheshowswebforumsunlikeitspredecessorsxplayhadmoreofanedgecontainingsomeadultlanguageandmorematuresometimescontroversialsubjectmatterasaresultitwaspairedinaprogrammingblockwiththenetworksothernewshowunscrewedwithmartinsargentxplayoriginallyranfivenightsaweekatnbsppmestbutitwasmoveduptoestsoonafterxplayairedfourbrandnewepisodesfortheirfirsttwoweeksbutwouldultimatelyairthreenewepisodesaweekforthemajorityoftheshowsremainderontechtvmanyoftheepisodescreatedduringthistimeperiodairedonthelistofprogramsbroadcastbyggrewindgrewindblockofretroprogramminginthefirstepisodewouldendupbeingthelastshowonthechannelitselfbeforeitofficiallyshutdownondecemberxplaylosangelesdeletedimageremovedimagexplajpgthumbnailpxrightgstudiothestxplaysetinlosangelescomcastpurchasedtechtvinmayandmergeditwithitsgnetworknecessitatingamoveforxplaysbaseofoperationsfromsanfranciscotogssantamonicacaliforniasantamonicastudiosthenewsetdesignedfortheshowresembledaloungeorrecreationroomrumpusroomwherethehostscouldsitaroundwhilediscussingtheirlatestreviewsduringthethepisodewhichoriginallyairedonmayallchairswereremovedfromthesetsothatadamandmorganhadtostandthroughoutthedurationofeachepisodewhileoriginallymaintainingitslatenighttimeslotnewepisodeswereeventuallymovedtonbsppmestintheafternoonsusuallyairingonmondaystuesdaysandwednesdaysstartingonaprilthischangedtonbsppmestonseptemberbeforexplayreturnedtoprimetimeonnovemberofthesameyeartoannbsppmesttimeslotonmarchitwasannouncedthatthegstudiosinsantamonicawouldcloseonaprilproductionofgprogramswasrelocatedtothestudiosoftheeetelevisionnetworksituatedelsewhereinthelosangelesareaasaconsequencetherewerenewsetsdesignedforxplayandmanygemployeesinvolvedinproductionwerelaidofftheebuildingssetwassmallerthanthesantamonicastudiothussomeaspectsofthestudiohadtobeshrunkdownthexplaylogowasretrofittedtositabovethestageontherighthandsideofthesetwithcurtainssurroundingtheentiretyofthespacetocreateasenseofintimacyalargeflatscreenmonitorwasalsoplacedinthebackgroundandseveralsmalldecorativeglassballswerestrategicallyplacedaroundvariousspotsontheflooradamandmorganwouldoftenjokeoftheirfearthattheywouldtripoveroneoftheseballsandhurtthemselvesduringvideogameanalysisandviewermailsegmentssesslerandwebbwouldsitinorangereclinerchairsastheydebatedovertheissueathandxplayexpandsonjanuarythegnetworkcommencedwithacompleteoverhaultotheshowsentireformatbrandingthemoveasxplayjumpingtothenextlevelbothadamandmorganhavestatedthatthisnewformatrepresentsthetypeofshowthattheyvealwayswantedxplaytobewherebyastrictfocusongamereviewswasreplacedwithabroaderrangeoftopicsrelatingtothevideogamefieldincludingmoreindepthgamingnewsfirstlooksatgamedemosandgamecheatcodesstrategieswithkristinadamstwiceaweekthesetwasonceagainrefurbishedtocoincidewiththechangeasthestudionowhasbluetingedwallscoveredwithseveralflatscreenmonitorsandagiantorangexplaylogoalsonewlyredesignedfortherelaunchcoveringthefloorinadditiongtookadvantageofthenewsetandshowformatbyexpandingxplaysscheduleinordertoairnewepisodesfivedaysaweekhowevereconomicfactorsforcedgtocontractxplaysschedulebackdowntoonlythreeoriginalepisodesperweekstartingonmarchinadditiontheshowstimeslotwasmovedoutofprimetimetonbsppmestalthoughrerunsstillairatoclockandanumberofxplaystaffmemberswerelaidoffxplayxlindecembertheshowairedxlargeonehourepisodeseverytuesdaythursdayandfridayaccordingtogtelevisionpresidentneiltilesthiswasanexperimentalchangewiththepossibilityofhavingallepisodesrunminuteslongsometimeinthefuturewherenewsegmentswereincorporatedtoseeifxplaycouldgodeeperthanthecurrenthalfhourshowallowstilesalsostatedthatthewriterswillbelookingtoaddmorecomedybackintotheprogramasrequestedthepisodeonfebruaryxplayaireditsthepisodetocommemoratethistelevisionmilestonegtvfeaturedagtvcomvideosxplaycelebrationfebatpmethourmarathoncontainingfavoriteepisodesoftheseriesleadinguptothepremiereoftheactualnewepisodechangesininaprilitwasannouncedthatsesslerwouldnolongerbepartofthegtvnetworkthishappenedtocoincidewiththelatestredesignofthexplaysetwhichmadeitsdebutonthejunethepisodeandfeaturedgiantwhitetingedflatscreenmonitorsdisplayingtwolargeorangeandblackxlogospositionedbehindthehostsaswellastheadditionofastudioaudiencemakingthepresentationoftheprogramsimilartothatofattackoftheshowalsothereisanareaofthestudiowithtwolargerecliningchairsandaglasstableusedasaplacetointerviewfeaturedguestssuchasmarklamiafromtreyarchandtedpricefrominsomniacgamesseriesfinaleonoctoberitwasreportedthattheshowalongwithattackoftheshowwouldceaseproductionaftertheonehourseriesfinaleairedjanuaryxplayaireditsfinalepisodewithanhourlongtributetotheshowshistoryonjanuaryduringthebroadcastthehostsannouncedthatthenetworkwouldbeauctioningoffxplaymemorabiliaviaebaythesetwasevendesignedtoresembleatelethonwithseveralpeopledrunklinkcanadianguysupermanapairofstlegionimperialstormtroopersmanningphonesandthatallproceedsfromthewinningbidswouldbedonatedtochildsplaycharitychildsplayatchildsplaycharityorgxplaychildsplaycharityorgxplaythethreeitemsauctionedoffwereasevenfoottheelderscrollsvskyrimdovahkiinstatueasignedcopyofthescriptforthefinalepisodeandahalolimitededitionxboxconsolebundlesignedbythexplaystaffafteramontageofscenesfromtheshowshistorytocloseoutthebroadcastwiththetaglineashowontelevisionapriljanuarytheremainingcastandcrewthankedtheviewersaswellasthedevelopersformakingthegamesthatmadetheshowpossibleevenkoeibecausetakingadumpondynastywarriorsfilledupalottatimetheclosingcreditsthenraninthestyleofaseravideogamewithanbitversionofthelogoandthephrasecongratulationsyouhavecompletedxplaywritteninanbitfontandsettochiptunemusiconcethecreditswerecompletethewordsgameovergameoverappearedonscreenalongwithaxboxliveachievementunlockedgmissioncompletebadgewiththegmediacopyrightboxshowninthebottomleftcornerwhengceasedbroadcastingondecemberthelastprogrambroadcastatpmestwasthefirstepisodeofxplayfollowingtheendoftheserieswebbandsesslerhavecontinuedtoworktogetheronoccasiondespitebothnolongerbeinginvolvedinvideogamejournalisminthepairhostedthepreshowforbethesdasoftworkspressconferenceatelectronicentertainmentexpoeinreviewstherehavebeengamesreviewedonxplayformostoftheshowsrunreviewsweredesignatedbyafivepointratingscalebasedonsuchfactorsasgraphicssoundgameplayandplayabilityiereplayvalueoriginalratingsscaleonxplaysoriginaltechtvhomepagetheratingssystemwasbrokendowninthefollowingwaycquotehateditdonotbuythisgamenotevenworththebargainbinrunfromitescapeescapealrightthesegamesarefunwithsomegoodpointsbutnothingspecialtheresdefinitelyafewspecificthingsholdingthisgamebackwaituntilthepricecomesdownorpickitupasarentertocheckoutsomeofthethingsitdoesrightgoodfuntoplayprettysolidtitleswithafewminorflawsmostgameswillprobablyfallintothiscategorytheyrethegamesthatifyoulikethegenreorlikedothersimilartitlesyoumightconsidergivingitagoodlookotherwiseyoumightnotbeintoitverygoodgamesthatareatthetopofallourlistsbutaremissingthatstrangeintangibleauraofperfectionandunfortunatelythatskeepingthemfromgettingintherealmofthealmightyfivenearperfectperfectifyoureatrueplayerthesegameswillundoubtedlybeinyourcollectionorattheveryleastyoullhaveplayedthemuntilthecartridgesandcdsmeltedifagamegetsaandyoulikethegenreyoushouldbuythefirstgametoreceiveaperfectoutofratingwastomclancyssplintercellvideogametomclancyssplintercellduringthenovemberthepisodethefirstgametoreceiveaoutofratingwasinfogramesentertainmentsainfogramesracerhumveeassaultduringthemaythepisoderatingsprimerinaepisodebilledasaprimeronourscoringsystemadamandmorganfurtherelaboratedontheirratingsscaleascoreofisagamethathastoproducetruecrappinessthroughthefullcooperationofanentiredevelopmentteamleveldesignerstakingoffearlytoattendtheirchildrenssoccergamesanimatorsgettingsohighduringtheirlunchbreakthattheycantoperatetheirmouseandofcoursemoneyhungryexecswhowillreleaseanythingiftheycandupekidsintobeggingtheirmomsforitexamplegivencentbulletproofascoreofissuchadifficultscoretogivebecauseitrequiresagamethatfundamentallyfailsbuthasabarelyredeemingcharmwhichmakesituntenabletogiveaitsthatsuddenlysusancocktailoftechnicalcompetencefloatedatopapileofdreckexamplegivengenjidaysofthebladetherearedifferentlevelstoascoreoftheresthethatsamixofverygoodandverybadelementslikebloodwilltellorsthathaveagreatconceptthatspoorlyexecutedlikesidmeiersrailroadsrailroadsandthentheresthosesthatarejustchurnedoutbecausetheyknowpeoplewillbuythemeventhoughtheresnothingoriginalinitlikeeveryfifaseriesfifagameeverexamplegivensidmeiersrailroadstherearereallytwokindsofgamesthatgetsregularlythesearegreatgameswithsignificantproblemslikedeadrisingvideogamedeadrisingandgamesthatareamazingbutjustarentsuitedforeveryonethewarhammerdawnofwardarkcrusadewarhammerdarkcrusadeexpansionoranyofthethesimssimsexpansionsaregoodexamplesexamplegivendeadrisingvideogamedeadrisingtitlesthatearnaperfectoutofarethosemagnificentgameswhichwhateverminorflawstheymayhavecallouttousandsaybuymeyoumustbuymeexamplegivenkamiduringthisepisodethehostsalsoexplainedwhytheyuseapointratingssystemratherthanaorevenpointscalecquotemorganoursystemisbetterbecauseitrecognizesthatscoresarebroadgeneralizationsadamforexampleagamespotcompopularwebsitegavemobilesuitgundamcrossfireascoreofoutoftheygavewinterolympicstorinoawhatisthedifferencemorganbothgamessuckallthescoreisgonnabeabletocommunicatetoyouisthatthegameisbadifyouwantmorenuanceonthesuckageyouhavetoactuallygoandreadthereviewseeinapointscaleeverythingunderjustmeansthisgameaintworthbuyingsotheresnorealdifferenceadamandtheresnorealnuancetoascoredifferenceoftwoorthreetenthsofapointourscoresatleastgivesweepinggeneralizationsforyoutouseasaguideratingsprimeronthejanuarythepisodeadamandmorgangaveangtvcomvideosxplaygamereviewratingsprimerupdatedratingsprimerinresponsetoconfusionspawnedbyaggregatorreviewsiteslikemetacritictothatendthexplayreviewscalewasbrokendowninthefollowingmanneroutofbrokencontrolsamateurishdesignlessfunthanamenuscreenmainlyshoddylicensedgamesclashofthetitansvideogameclashofthetitansandshovelwaretournamentoflegendsoutofsomefuntobehadseriousflawsingameplayrentalatbestexamplesgivenwerequantumtheoryvideogamequantumtheoryandtronevolutionoutofnotbadnotgreataveragetechnicallycompetentoftenlackinginambitionmainlyrushedsequelsfrontmissionevolvedandfunctionallicensedgamesjamesbondbloodstoneoutofgoodgamewithgoodideasaccomplishesmostgoalsminorflawshurtplayabilitygamesthatmightnotbeforeveryoneheavyrainoutofoutstandinggenredefiningtitlerealizesallambitionsofitsdesignrenewsyourfaithingamingexamplesgivenwerereddeadredemptionandmasseffectintroductionofthehalfstarduringtheseasonpremierejanuarythehalfstarwasintroducedtothexplayratingssystemwithgtvcomvideosnewreviewratingssystemthehostsexplainingthattheyfeltachangetowardsamoregranularratingsscalewillhelpdistinguishthegreatgamesfromthereallygreatgamesfromthereallyreallygreatgamestheyalsobelievedthatovertheyearsithadgottenalittletooeasytoscorethecovetedoutofandthatthechangewillmakesuchanaccomplishmentmoreofararityitalsomeansthatthelowestscoreagamecanachieveisnowaonehalfpointoutofinadditionthereviewscalewasagainbrokendowntomaketheshowscriteriacleartotheviewingaudiencestarsexceptionalgameatruemustplayexamplegivengearsofwarstarsgreatgamewithminorissueslacksthatcertainsomethingexamplegiventhelegendofzeldaskywardswordstarsdecentgamenothingspecialnothingawfulexamplegivendeadislandstarsseverelyflawednotrecommendedexamplegiventhelordoftheringswarinthenorthstartrulyawfulnoredeemingqualitiesexamplegiventhorgodofthunderthehostsconcludedthisexplanationwiththefollowingcaveatcquoteadamidowannaemphasizethatwhilenumericalscoresareaconvenientsynopsisofthereviewersopiniontheyareincapableofencapsulatingthenuancesoftheenglishlanguagemorganthatmeansreadthetextbeforeyouscreamatuswepreferinformedscreamingorifyoucantreadyoucanwatchthevideoreviewthefirstgametoreceiveahalfstarinitsratingwaskingdomsofamalurreckoninggtvcomvideoskingdomsofamalurreckoningvideoreviewtwoandahalfstarsduringthefebruarythepisodethefirstgametoreceivethelowestpossibleratingwassteelbattalionheavyarmorgtvcomvideossteelbattalionheavyarmorreviewstarsduringthejulyndepisodeduringtheaprileditionofyoutubecomwatchvkqeinpqtjotmssesslerssomethingadamnowanemployeeofrevisionimpliedthattheintroductionofthehalfstarratingwasactuallypushedthroughbygexecutiveswithouthisknowledgehestatedthathecamebackintofindoutthatwehadmovedtoahalfstarsystemaswellanditwasallatthebehestofoneveryverylargepublisherwhosaidthattheshowwouldntbetakenseriouslyunlesswewerelistedonmetacriticsketchesandsegmentsvariousrecurringsegmentsandcomedyskitshavebeenusedthroughouttheshowshistorybythexplaywritersgamingupdatethefeedgamingeditionthegamingupdateoriginallybeganinasashortsegmenthostedbyjoelgourdinwhichrecappedthetopthreeorfournewsitemsofthedayandwouldoftenairbeforeleadingouttocommercialwhenxplayrelaunchedwiththeirnewformatinthesegmentdevelopedintoatwotothreeminutepiecerunningatthestartofeachshownarratedbyeitheradamormorganorbyblairherterwhoservedasxplaynewsdeskproduceratthetimethencontinuedviaanewstickeratthebottomofthescreenthroughouttherestoftheepisodevideoviewermailxplayinboxadamandmorganwouldoftenreadselectedcorrespondencefromtheprogramsviewersattheendofeveryepisodethesemessagesfromthefanscouldbequestionsaboutthecurrentstateofthevideogameindustryrequestsforrecommendationsonthebestgamestobuyorespeciallyduringthetechtverahatemailfromviewerswhofeltthatxplaydidnotgivecertaingamesafairratingonnovemberxplaygavetheirviewermailsegmentahightechfaceliftbyrenamingitvideoviewermailwhilepreviouscorrespondencewasheldviathewrittenwordoremailtheproducersaddedtheabilityforviewerstoalsorecordshortclipsofthemselvesaskingquestionswithawebcamorvideorecorderpeoplewhohadtheirviewermailappearonairoftenwouldreceiveafreegiftsuchasagameortshirtprovidedbyjinxcominearlythissegmentwasagainrebrandedassimplythexplayinboxwiththepracticeoffeaturingvideoclipssentinfromviewersseeminglydroppedaltogetherfacetimethissegmentfeaturedthehostsconductinganinterviewwithapersonalityfromthegamingcommunityprogrammersdirectorscompanyceosetceitherinstudioorviasatelliteitcontinuedthexplaytraditionofhavingfamousnamesontheirshowincludingnongamingcelebritiessuchasadamwestdavidduchovnyjohncleesebenaffleckangelinajoliecarmenelectrabenstillerandrewwkrobvandamkurtanglequentinrichardsonjetlivindieseljaninagavankarandkumailnanjianixlistatopfivelistcompiledbythexplaywritersthathavetodowithvideogamesincludingtopfivesmashbroslevelstopfivecreaturesinhaloandtopfiverecommendedobscuregamescheatthecheatconceptoriginallyexistedasacheathalfhourtelevisionprogramairingonthegnetworkhoweverintheshowshostkristinadamskristinadamsneholtmovedovertothexplaystaffandcheatwasrecreatedasasinglesegmentwheresheprovidedcheatinginvideogamescheatcodesandorsecretsforcurrentlyreleasedgamestotheviewingaudiencespoilertheaterinthissegmentadamandmorganshowcasedandspoilermediaspoiledtheendingsofcurrentgenerationgamesthathadbeenonthemarketforsometimetheirreasoningwasthatthegamehadbeenavailabletothehomeviewersforsuchalengthoftimethatiftheyhavenotyetpurchasedbeatensaidgamebythispointtheyneverwillpastgamesthathavebeengiventhespoilertheatertreatmentincludemetroidprimeresidentevilkingdomheartsvideogamekingdomheartskingdomheartsiidevilmaycryvideogamedevilmaycryconkersbadfurdayandmetalgearsolidsonsoflibertymetalgearsolidtherewasalsoanoccasionalsegmentcalledinsignificantspoilertheateralternatelyidentifiedasnotsospoilertheaterandirrelevantspoilertheaterongswebsitewhichfeaturedtheendingsofgamesthateitherexhibitedverylittleinthewayofplotsuchaskatamaridamacyandleftbehindeternalforcesorwerebasedonmovieswherethestorylinesarealreadywellknownlikethegodfatherthegamethegodfatherreservoirdogsvideogamereservoirdogsandpiratesofthecaribbeanvideogamepiratesofthecaribbeanxplayinvestigatesthissegmentbeganduringthetechtveraasaparodyofinvestigativenewsprogramsxplaywoulddelveintosuchhardhittingissuesastheeffectsoferatedgamesonamericasyouthjustwhatthecoolpeoplesuchasthentechliveanchorchrislearywereintothehorrorsofanimaltestingforvideogamequalitycontrolandwhycertainintellectualpropertylikethetvshowamericanchopperdeservedtohavetheirownvideogamesinthecleverlytitledhowdtheygetagamehoweverthissegmenthasrecentlytakenonamoreserioustonewiththeshowtacklingsubjectswithoutthesoleintentofcreatingcomedyskitsexamplesincludealookattheportrayalofsexinvideogamestheprevalenceofachievementwhoresandaninspectionofthelifeofcompetitivegamerstevewiebebestofawardsxplaywoulddedicateanentireshowtothebestgamesreleasedovertheprecedingtwelvemonthsawardswerehandedoutinseveralcategoriessuchasmostoriginalgameandbesthandheldgamebutthemostprestigiousandmosthotlydebatedisgameoftheyearwinnerborderlandswinnertheelderscrollsvskyrimwinnermasseffectwinnerunchartedamongthieveswinnerfableiiwinnerbioshockwinnerthelegendofzeldatwilightprincesswinnerresidentevilwinnerhalowinnerstarwarsknightsoftheoldrepublicgoldenmulletawardsthepolaroppositeofxplaysyearlybestofspecialthegoldenmulletawardswereusedtoshowcasethereviewerspicksforworstvideogamesofthepastyearthenameisatwistedhomagetotheaquamancharacterfromthepoorlyreviewedgameaquamanbattleforatlantiswhosportedablondepolygonalmullethaircutmullethairstylethexplaychallengeinthissegmentthehostswouldhaveacelebrityguestconductaspeedrunthroughworldoftheoriginalsupermariobrosforthenestheirtimeswerethenplacedontheleaderboardieacardboardfacsimileoftheflagpolefoundattheendofthelevelrandypitchfordsecondstedpricesecondscliffbleszinskisecondsgamerappergamesecondsscottportersecondskikiwolfkillsecondskenlevinegamedeveloperkenlevinesecondsandrewwksecondsernestclinesecondsthomasjanesecondstoddstashwicksecondsthemesrecurringcharactersxplayhasamassedalargegroupoffictionalcharactersthatwillappearfromtimetotimeoftentobringsomehumorduringgamereviewsinternsxplayhasitsowncastofinternsstudentsfromlocaluniversitieswhohavesignedupwithgtogainvaluableworkexperienceinthetelevisionproductionfieldwhowillsometimesappearascharactersontheshowwhenappearingoncameratheyarecommonlyoutfittedinawhiteundershirtwiththewordinternscrawledacrossthechestinblacksharpiemarkersharpietheirrolesarenotrelegatedtosimplybeingonscreencomicreliefastheinternsareaccountableformuchofthegamefootageusedduringreviewspreviewsxplayinternsalsoplayaroleinotherbehindthescenesworkontheshowssetsomeoftheformerinternshaveeventuallybeenhiredfulltimewithinthegcompanyitselfexamplesincludeleticiacaparazthefirstinterntobeofferedafulltimepositioninasaproductionassistantandlatertheprogramswebproducerbeforeleavingthecompanyinjuneasaresultofthegtechtvmergerjasonfrankovitzhewouldleavetheshowinearlyalbertiskanderwhohasworkedasaproductionassistantforgsvideogamevixensandgtvcomtvseriesgtvcomgeneyraolanowapartofgsgameseditorialdepartmenttheliaisonbetweentheshowsandtheactualsoftwarehardwarecompaniesericacasioaproductionassistantforxplayandemilymollenkopfhiredasaproductionassistantonattackoftheshowinanearcompletelistofinternswhohaveworkedontheshowfollowsfromsanfranciscocalifornialeticiacaparazjasonfrankovitzscotthumphreychrisivarsonmattkettererrobertpadburydesireepeeljanasuverkroppkevintheobaldblakeyoshiuraandkevinyuenfromlosangelescalifor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mewithkasparovaswhiteendedinadrawafterkasparovsacrificedapawninthesemislavforabetterpositionheeventuallywonarookchessrookforabishopchessbishopandpawnchesspawnbutwasunabletoconverttheadvantageintoawinfritzmanagedtoopenlinesagainstkasparovskinganddrawchessdrewwithperpetualchecknfdccdnfnceenbdqcbdgbbbdqergbxcbxcneoooqfbenxfrdfnebbccxdexddxcqendoonfqecbxcbxfkxfngndcnxenxebdbebxedxerfbdqckgrgfrbrfqcrcqdhqdgbxarxeqdrdqxercdqerdqerdqgrdgamenovemberfritzkasparovchessdiagramtrightgamefritzkasparovrlrdpdqlkdqdbdplplpdpdpdplplplnlklfinalpositionopeningruylopezberlindefensebrecocthesecondgamewithfritzaswhitewasaruylopezkasparovplayedtheberlindefencenfwithwhichvladimirkramnikhaddrawnagainstdeepfritzinthebrainsinbahrainmatchandwhichkramnikhadalsosuccessfullyemployedasadrawingvariationagainstkasparovhimselfintheirworldchampionshipmatchfritzhoweveravoidedthesimplifyingmainlinenxedndbxcdxcdxenfqxdkxdinsteadkeepingpiecesontheboardwithdkasparovseemedtohaveatleastequalchancesuntilheblunderchessblunderedonmovewhenshortoftimeseetimecontrolandlosteenfncbbnfddcgoobgnbdooreredbddnebxdnxdahaabfcnfbbqdrbgexfqxfnfqhndnfnenxerxehqdrfrberfregqbrafcqgcxdcxdbaxbqxbbhqbkhqbrgrxedxeqxfndbxdexdrergqergqdrgqdgamenovemberkasparovfritzchessdiagramtrightgamekasparovfritzrdkdrdqdndpdpdpdnlplpdndbdplpdplpdrlblplplplrlqlplklblfinalpositionopeningqgdsemislavacceleratedmeranalekhinevariationbrecodgamethreewasanothersemislavbutfritzvariedfromgameoneearlywithakasparovrepliedwithcwhichtookthegameintothesortofclosedpositionwhichitisgenerallybelievedcomputersdonotplaywellthegamefollowedonebetweensamuelreshevskyandpaulkeresfromtheworldchesschampionshipworldchampionshiptournamentuntilmovewhenkasparovvariedblackeventuallywonthatgamethoughwhiteseemedtobebetteroutofthechessopeningopeningkasparovwonapawnwhilekeepingthepositionclosedandfritzdidnotappeartounderstandtheclosedpositionwellmovingitspiecesbackandforthwithnoobviousplaninthemeantimekasparovpushedhisextraapawnandbrokethroughonthequeensidewiththecomputerhavingabsolutelynocounterplayandkasparovabouttoforcethroughhisbpawntopromotewinningmorematerialchessmaterialthefritzoperatorsresignedonmovemakingthematchtiedatnfnfcencddceacnbdbabeqaqcbaendbebqdhoonbbdrbbenxanbbbqdrbqeqdnfdaqhnbbhqdnfkdbekcrdrcnbdkbnfanganeabxanardbgbgbgqgkakhnabdbcnenbkgrbbcrabhbfqeqdnfqabbnxbrxbnxaqdqckhrbgamenovemberfritzkasparovchessdiagramtrightgamefritzkasparovqlpdkdpdrdqdplplrlklfinalpositionopeningqueensgambitacceptedqgaclassicalabrecodfritzwiththewhitepiecesagainvariedfromgametwoimmediatelywithdaqueensgambitacceptedfollowedandforawhilekasparovfollowedarapidgamehehadwonwithblackagainstkramnikinwhereasinthatgameheexchangedhisqueenforarookbishopandpawnwithnxdradnxfrxdrxdhereheplayedmoresoberlyrapidlyexchangingpiecesandquicklydrawingthematchendedtiedddcdxcnfeeabxccoonfbbcxdexdncncbereoobfnadnxbqxbexdradbeqxbbdbgrbqxarxbbxfqxfqxdqxcndrxanxefxeqxekhrfqcqxdrfxfrxfqxfkhhqdkhthexfactorisatelevisionmusiccompetitionfranchisexfactororthexfactormayalsorefertonationalversionsofthefranchisethexfactoruktvseriesthexfactorukthexfactorustvseriesthexfactorusthexfactoraustraliathexfactoraustraliathexfactorgreecethexfactorgreecethexfactornewzealandthexfactornewzealandthexfactorphilippinesthexfactorphilippinesthexfactorxseeralnajahpanarabfactorxchilefactorxchilethexfactorjiqingchangxiangchinathexfactorzhongguozuiqiangyinchinafaktorarussiaelfactorxcolombiafactorxspainfactorxspainfactorxportugalfactorxportugalxfactorarmeniaxfactorarmeniaxfactorbelgiumxfactorbelgiumxfactorbraziliantvseriesxfactorbraziliantvseriesxfactorbulgariaxfactorbulgariaxfactorczechrepublicxfactorczechrepublicxfactordenmarkxfactordenmarkxfactorfinlandxfactorfinlandxfactorfrancexfactorfrancexfactorgermanyxfactorgermanyxfactoricelandxfactoricelandxfactorindiaxfactorindiaxfaktorxfaktorhungaryxfactorindonesiaxfactorindonesiaxfactorisraelxfactorisraelxfactoritalyxfactoritalyxfactorkazakhstanxfactorkazakhstanxfactorlithuaniaxfactorlithuaniaxfactornetherlandsxfactornetherlandsxfactornorwayxfactornorwayxfactorpolandxfactorpolandxfactorromaniaxfactorromaniaxfaktorsloveniaxfactorsloveniaxfactorslovakiaxfactorslovakiaxfactorswedenxfactorswedenxfactorukrainexfactorukrainesportsdantehallbornnicknamedthexfactoramericanfootballplayerxfactorprofessionalwrestlingavillainousprofessionalwrestlingstableintheworldwrestlingfederationwwfmusicthexfactorthexfactortvseriescddoublealbumfromsonymusicthexfactorironmaidenalbumthexfactorironmaidenalbumbyironmaidenexfactorasongbylaurynhillgamesandcomicsthexfactoralistofdeepsilvervideogamesvideogamepublishedbydeepsilverxfactorcomicsxfactorcomicsanamericancomicbookseriespublishedbymarvelcomicsotherusesthexfactorasciencefictionandrenortonbibliographybookbyandrenortontheexfactoranepisodeoftheocxfactorastrophysicstheproportionalityconstantwhichconvertscoemissionlinebrightnesstomolecularhydrogenmassxfactoranabnormallylargecirculatorysystemofthehorsexfactorheartseeninsomethoroughbredhorsesseealsofactorxdisambiguationgathexfactorhuthexfactoregyrtelmstlapxaraflareopenvectorf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eventuallymasterfungpromotesraimundotoxiaolinapprenticeafterwardsthemonksareintroducedtoxiaolinmonkturnedevilvillainchaseyoungchasetakesaninterestinomiandbecomesdeterminedtomanipulatehismindintojoiningtheheylinsidewhenmasterfungbecomestrappedintheyingyangworldomiasksforhelpfromchasehesucceedsinrescuingmasterfunghoweveruponleavingtheyingyangworldhisbadchitakesoverandhejoinstheheylinsidechasesucceedsinrestoringwuyatoherhumanformthoughhetakesherpowerstheremainingmonkssoonlearnthatchasehadsentmasterfungintotheyingyangworldknowingtheeventsthatwouldunfoldafterwardsincludingomijoininghissideseasonthreekimikoclayandraimundotraveltotheyingyangworldtoretrieveomisgoodchiandreturnhimtothexiaolinsideaftergainingomibackthemonksarepromotedtowudaiwarriorstheyarethenintroducedtohannibalbeananevilvillainfromtheyingyangworldwhoisresponsibleforturningchaseyoungtotheheylinsidetowardtheendoftheirjourneymasterfungtellsthemonksthattheyhaveonefinalquestbeforetheteamsleadertheshokuwarriorwillberevealedomidecidesthathewillstophannibalbeanfromturningchasetotheheylinsideheendsupfreezinghimselfinordertotraveltothefuturetofindthesandsoftimethroughtimetravelhesucceedsbyswitchingthelaomanglongsoupwithpeasouphoweverwhenhereturnstohispresenttimehelearnsthathisactionshavemadethingsworseinsteadofchasejoiningtheheylinsideitischasesformerfriendmastermonkguanwhomhannibalbeanturnsevilthemonksandchasearecapturedbyhannibalbeanwuyaandtheevilguanchasesacrificeshisgoodselftosavethemonksandgivethemtheopportunitytofightandreturneverythingtothewayitwasthemonkssucceedandthetimelineisfixedintheendraimundoisrevealedastheshokuwarriortheseriesconcludeswitheveryvillainattackingthetempleandthewudaiwarriorsledbyraimundoproceedingtocounterattackcharactersxiaolinshowdownfeaturesalargecastmanyofwhomonlyappearinoneepisodeandoccasionallyreturnforcameoappearancecameosorforsingleepisodeslaterintheserieswhilesupportingcharactersareoftenonedimensionalandserveanimmediatepurposeintheepisodeinwhichtheyappearmaincharactersareoftenwelldevelopedwithstrengthsandflawsthatbecomepresentastheseriesprogressesmaincharacterskeepthesebiosbriefmoredetailisinthecharacterlistlistofxiaolinshowdowncharactersomiomivoicedbytarastrongthexiaolindragonofwateromiisthemainprotagonistoftheseriesandwasthefirstdragonintrainingtotrainwithmasterfungattimesomicanbeselfishandboastfulandoftenlearnslessonsofhumilityhavingbeenraisedinthemonasteryheisnaveabouttheoutsideworldasarunninggagomiroutinelyconfusesidiomidiomaticphrasesfromsimplechangestolackinganyresemblancetotheoriginalphrasewhatsoeveromissignaturemovesaretsunamistrikewatertornadostrikewaterandwudaineptunewaterhiswudaiweaponistheshimostaffandhiselementalshengongwuisthekaijincharmhispreferredshengongwuistheorboftornamireferredtoasorboftorpedoinchroniclesasitisawatershengongwulistofxiaolinshowdowncharacterskimikotohomikokimikotohomikovoicedbygreydelislethexiaolindragonoffirekimikotohomikoistheonlyfemalememberoftheteamkimikoisthemosttechsavvymemberoftheteamandcomesfromjapankimikoalsochangeshairstylesandoutfitsalmosteveryepisodekimikossignaturemovesarejudoletteflipfireandwudaimarsfireherpreferredshengongwuisthestarhanabiherwudaiweaponisthearrowsparrowandherelementalshengongwuisthecatseyedracoshehastheshortesttempergenerallyateventheslightestprovocationshecanhoweverbeextremelyfocusedandignoreouterannoyingdistractionsthisisevidencedwhenshewieldsthetanglewebcombsaidbymasterfungtorequirehighlevelsofconcentrationrefnametangledwebreflistofxiaolinshowdowncharactersraimundopedrosaraimundopedrosavoicedbytomkennythexiaolindragonofwindraimundoisstubbornandselfcenteredbutalsodoesanythingtoprotecthisfriendsraimundoisstreetsmartandthegroupsselfproclaimedrebelhecomesfrombrazilfromthecityofriodejaneirohejoinstheheylinsidetwiceintheseriesonceoutofenvyofthesuccessofhisfriendsandasecondtimeasaploytotakeshengongwuandthetreasureoftheblindswordsmanfromhannibalroybeanraimundossignaturemovesaretyphoonboomwindandwudaistarwindhispreferredshengongwuistheswordofthestormhiswudaiweaponisthebladeofthenebulaandhiselementalshengongwuisthecrestofthecondorheisnamedshokuwarriorinthefinalepisodelistofxiaolinshowdowncharactersclaybaileyclaybaileyvoicedbyjeffbennettthexiaolindragonofearthclayistheteammuscleandahomegrowntexascowboyclaysometimesspeaksincowboyslangandusesmetaphorsbecauseofhisgoodgentlemanmannersheneverfightsgirlsrefnamekatnapperefhealsohasabadcaseofstagefrighthislargesizeandsensibledemeanorbelittleshisgoodhumoredandgentlenaturetheonlytimehegetsreallymadisifsomeonetakesordestroyshisbelovedcowboyhatclayhasasisternamedjessiewhoisanoutlawandleaderoftheblackvipersclayssignaturemovesareseismickickearthandwudaicraterearthhispreferredshengongwuarethefistoftebigongandthethirdarmsashhiswudaiweaponisthebigbangmeteorangandhiselementalshengongwuisthelonghorntauruslistofxiaolinshowdowncharactersdojokanojochodojokanojochovoicedbywayneknightashapeshiftingchinesedragonthexiaolinwarriorsmainmodeoftransportationandwisecrackingadvisordojocansenseshengongwuhehasnohindlegsandisnormallyaboutfeetlongbutwhenthesituationrequiresithecanshiftintoafullsizedfootdragonhehasservedgrandmasterdashirefnamedayspastrefdojoisoftenseenaroundclayintheshowhangingaroundhisarmsittingonhisshoulderorinsidehiscowboyhatwhendojoisoutofcommissionthexiaolinwarriorsuseanaircraftshengongwucalledthesilvermantarayortheothertransportshengongwusuchasthecrouchingcougartheshengarooorthetunnelarmadillolistofxiaolinshowdowncharactersjackspicerjackspicervoicedbydannycookseythexiaolinwarriorsfirstnemesisjackspicerisnotableforhisroboticengineeringlongrantsoveruseofthewordevilandhisrepetitiveselfproclamationofevilboygeniusheisresponsibleforreleasingwuyafromthepuzzleboxthatgrandmasterdashilockedherinandaidsherinfindingshengongwutoconquertheworldjackhasaidedthexiaolinwarriorsonoccasionanddoesshowoccasionalleaningstowardgoodhoweverhealwayswindsupbackontheevilsideasareflectionofhischaracterhispreferredshengongwuisthemonkeystaffwhichwastheonlyshengongwuheisleftwithattheendoftheserieslistofxiaolinshowdowncharacterswuyawuyavoicedbysusansiloayearoldheylinwitchwhoservesastheprincipleantagonisttothexiaolinafterbeingimprisonedinapuzzleboxbygrandmasterdashiforyearswuyasphysicalformwasdestroyedhergoalistousetheshengongwutoregainatangiblebodyalongwithhermagicalpowerswhichhappensattheendofseasononewiththehelpofraimundotheserpentstailandthereversingmirrorshelikedojohastheabilitytosenseashengongwusappearancebutdoesnotneedthescrolloftheshengongwutodeterminewhatitdoesatonepointsheleavesjacktotakeonraimundoaspartnerbutaftermuchdebatehereturnstothepathofgoodlistofxiaolinshowdowncharacterschaseyoungchaseyoungvoicedbyjasonmarsdenavillainintroducedinthesecondseasonasanevenbiggerevilthreatthanjackhehimselfwasturnedtotheheylinsidewhenhannibalbeanconvincedhimtodrinkthelaomanglongsoupinreturnforremainingforeveryoungchaseyoungcontrolsanarmyoftherianthropicwarriorstrappedintheformofjunglecatsandhastheabilitytoturnintoareptiliancreaturechaserarelyusesshengongwuinbattlesinceheclaimsitdistractshimfromhoninghismartialartsskillsduringthesecondseasonoftheshowchaseplotstoturnomitotheheylinsideaspartofaplottoruletheworldhesucceedsbutlaterreleasesomiasamatterofhonorsupportingcharacterslistofxiaolinshowdowncharactersmasterfungmasterfungvoicedbyrenauberjonoisinseasonandmauricelamarcheinseasonsthexiaolinwarriorsmastertrainerandguidemasterfungismortifiedbyhischargesbehaviorattimeshealsoisnearlyalwayscalmdespitethewarriorsbehaviorandmistakeslistofxiaolinshowdowncharactersmastermonkguanmastermonkguanvoicedbyjeffbennettalegendarytaichimasterwhohastraveledtheworldadozentimesandhasdefeatedmanyopponentsusingonlyhisfamousspearofguanwhichwaslatergiventoomibutgiveshisfavoritecopyofthespearofguantoraimundohemakeshisfirstappearanceintheseriesbytradingdojotochaseyoungwhointendedtousehiminhisloumanglongsouptogethisspearofguanbackhealsoaidstheyoungmonksincombattraininghehashisowntempleonacliffsideneartheoceanwheretheyoungmonksstayandstoreshengongwuwhilehetrainsthemlistofxiaolinshowdowncharactersgrandmasterdashigrandmasterdashivoicedbytomkennythegrandmasterxiaolinmonkwhoimprisonedwuyainapuzzleboxyearsagoheappearedalongdojowhenomitraveledtothepastseekingasecondpuzzleboxhewasfriendswithmastermonkguanandchaseyoungandmetomiwhenheassistedthethreeinthebattleagainstwuyalistofxiaolinshowdowncharactershannibalroybeanhannibalroybeanvoicedbytomkennyhannibalisasmallbeanshapeddemonwhospendshistimeplottingevilandworlddominationheisfirstshownimprisonedintheyingyangworldbychaseyoungbuttricksthexiaolinwarriorsintoreleasinghimhisprimaryshengongwuisthemobymorpherwhichheusestoshapeshiftintootherformsandchangesizeandtravelsonhisbirdyingyingmysticalelementsshengongwuthefocusoftheseriesisoncollectingthefictionalshengongwumysticalartifactsthathavemagicalpowersactivatedbysayingtheartifactsnamealoudwuyasreleasecausedshengongwutorevealthemselvestheyareprimarilyusedinxiaolinshowdownsthefirstxiaolinshowdownwasbetweengrandmasterdashiandwuyaitwasagreatbattleinwhichdashiusedtheshengongwuagainstwuyasheylinmagiceventuallygrandmasterdashiwasthevictorandwuyawastrappedwithinamysticalpuzzleboxdeterminedtoensurethatwuyawouldnotbeabletogetherhandsontheshengongwuandruletheworldwiththemgrandmasterdashiandthedragondojohidthemallovertheworlddashithencreatedthexiaolintempleandbeganalineageofxiaolinwarriorstopreventtheshengongwufromfallingintothewronghandsshouldwuyaeverbefreedthexiaolinwarriorswouldriseupandfighttheforcesoftheheylinashengongwucanonlybelocatedwhenitchoosestorevealitselfatthatpointbothwuyaanddojocansenseitsactivationandcanfinditsgenerallocationwuyacantellwhatshengongwuhasrevealeditselfwhilethexiaolinmustdefertotheancientscrolloftheshengongwutofindoutwhichonehasbeenrevealedchaseyoungisalsocapableofanticipatingwhenanewshengongwuisrevealedtherearetwooccasionsduringwhichastronomicaleventsaffecttheshengongwuwhentheplanetsalignthemselvestheshengongwugathertoformmalamalajongwhentherareheylincometfliesoverearththeshengongwucomealiveandtakeovertheiruserraimundowassubjecttotheheylincometsmagicintheepisodethelasttemptationofraimundoandhewastakenoverbythegoldentigerclawsthirdarmsashhelmetofjongandmanyothershengongwuhewasturnedintoagiantfreakishbruteuntilthecomethadpassedanditwassafetotaketheshengongwuoffinxiaolinchroniclesmanyshengongwuareredesignedandevenrenamedsuchastheorboftornamiswordofthestormfistoftebigongandmonkeystaffxiaolinshowdownsinxiaolinshowdownwhenmorethanonepersongrabsashengongwuatthesametimeaxiaolinshowdownoccursinthisnamesakecompetitioneachsidewagersashengongwuheshealreadyownsinsomecasesthecompetitorsinvokeashenyibudarewheremultipleusuallytwoshengongwuarewageredthewinnerobtainsalltheshengongwufoughtfortotalingfiveshengongwuinsomecaseswhenmorethantwopeopletouchashengongwuatonceadifferentkindofxiaolinshowdownoccurstheshowdowntrioisatwoononeorthreepersonfreeforallaxiaolinshowdowntsunamiiseitheratwoontwoorafourpersonfreeforallshowdownandaneightwayxiaolinshowdownisafouronfourshowdownonecanalsocallforacosmicclashshowdownallowingthecallertobringmorepeopleintotheshowdownwhodidnottouchtheshengongwuhoweverinthistypeofshowdownoneofthecompetitorsmustbeoveronehalfshengongwuandlookkindoffreakishgenerallythecompetitorsinaxiaolinshowdownofanytypeusetheshengongwuthattheywageredtocompetewithhowevertherehavebeeninstanceswhereashengongwunotwageredwasusedinthexiaolinshowdownasinthelasttemptationofraimundowhenwuyausedtheshroudofshadowsagainstthexiaolinwarriorswhileshewaspossessingraimundoanothershowdownwasinlistofxiaolinshowdownepisodesenterthedragonwhenomiusesthereversingmirrorandshroudofshadowsondojothechallengeinaxiaolinshowdowncanbeanythingbutmostcommonlyissomesortofracetotheshengongwuwhentheshowdowniscalledtheworldwarpsaroundthecompetitorsandbystandersandtheterraintheyareonbecomesanextremeextentsuchasamountainsidebecomingafieldofrockpillarsorasnowfieldbecomingalargesnowboardingcoursesomeshowdownshavealsoaffectedthoseinvolvedsuchasgainingweightforasumowrestlingshowdownothercontestshavebeengamesoftagbasketballorcombatthechallengeofficiallybeginsafterthechangeandwhenbothorallcombatantsyellgongyitanpaithenthedecidedconteststartswhenoneisvictorioustheterrainreturnstonormalandthewinnergainspossessionofallthewageredshengongwugongyitanpaiisapseudochinesewayofsayingreadysetgorefnamethejourneyofathousandmilesreftanpaimeansshowdowninchinesegongischineseforbeginastoattackandyimeanstheinchinesesoitliterallymeansbegintheshowdownomiinadvertentlygavethecompetitionitsnamewhenhetraveledbackintimeinepisodedayspasttoaskgrandmasterdashitomakeanotherpuzzleboxtoimprisonwuyaepisodesawardsandnominationsdaytimeemmyawardsclasswikitableyearcategoryseasonresultstdaytimeemmyawardsoutstandingsoundeditingnbspliveactionandanimationstsmallepisodessmallnddaytimeemmyawardsoutstandingsoundeditingnbspliveactionandanimationstsmallepsmallndsmallepsmallrddaytimeemmyawardsoutstandingsoundeditingnbspliveactionandanimationndsmallepsmallrdsmallepsmallthdaytimeemmyawardsoutstandingsoundeditingnbspliveactionandanimationrdsmallepisodessmallannieawardsclasswikitableyearcategoryseasonresultoutstandingcharacterdesigninananimatedtelevisionproductionstsmallepisodessmallotherxiaolinshowdownwasalsonominatedfortwomotionpicturesoundeditorsthegoldenreelgoldenreelawardscriticalreceptionxiaolinshowdownwasahugehitforthekidswbnetworkanditrankedatthenopositionagainstallothersaturdaymorningcompetitionmainlybetweenkidsagedinothermediagameskonamidevelopedaxiaolinshowdownvideogamethatwasreleasedonnovemberforplaystationplaystationportablexboxconsolexboxandnintendodsinadditionwizardsofthecoastreleasedatradingcardgamebasedontheseriesdvdreleasealistofxiaolinshowdownepisodesseasonseasononedvdhasbeenreleaseditisadiscsetandhasspecialfeaturesondiscbuttheonlyfeaturesaretrailersforothershowsandmoviesonjanuarythamazonacquiredtherightstoproduceseasonondvdbutwillonlyprintcopiesondemandtakingseveraldaysextraonapriltherdandfinalseasonwasreleasedasamanufactureondemandreleaseallseasonsandxiaolinchroniclesareavailableonamazoninstantvideoanditunesinhdsequelseriesonseptemberacontinuationoftheseriesrefnamegenaoinfoxiaolinchroniclescominformationpagerefxiaolinchroniclespremieredtheserieswasstandalonethatisnotcanontoshowdownchroniclesfeaturesanewallyofthemaincharactersnamedpingpongastheycontinuetheirfightagainstwuyajackspicerandchaseyoungathirdseriesisbeingplannedasadirectcontinuationofshowdownseealsolistofxiaolinshowdownepisodesxiaolinshowdowntradingcardgamereferencesexternallinksredirectxmangaredirectcategoryshellinfoboxofficeholdernamexushengnativenameimageimagesizecaptionaltofficegeneralwhostabilisestheeastbrtermstarttermendmonarchsunquanofficegeneralwhobuildsmartialmightbrtermstarttermendofficeadministratoroflujiangtermstarttermendofficegeneralofthehouseholdtermstarttermendofficeprefectofwuhutermstarttermendofficecoloneltermstarttermendofficechiefofchaisangtermstarttermendbirthdateunknownbirthplacejucountyshandongdeathdatechildrenxukaioccupationgeneralblankcourtesynamedatawenxiangblankpeeragedatamarquisofwuhubrxushengdiedcourtesynamewenxiangwasamilitarygeneralservingunderthewarlordsunquaninthelateeasternhandynastyandtheearlythreekingdomsperiodearlylifeandcareerxushengwasfromjucountylangyacommanderychinacommanderywhichisinpresentdayjucountyshandongwhenchaosbrokeoutincentralandnorthernchinatowardstheendofthehandynastyxushengmovedfromhishometowntowucommanderyaroundpresentdaysuzhoujiangsuinsouthernchinawherehegainedareputationforhisbraveryhewaslaterrecruitedbythewarlordsunquanwhocontrolledmuchoftheterritoriesinjiangnanjiangdongatthetimesunquanappointedxushengasamajorofseparatecommandplacedhimincommandoftroopsandappointedhimasthechiefofchaisangsouthwestofpresentdayjiujiangjiangxitodefendthecountyfromattacksbyhuangzutheadministratorofjiangxiacommanderyaroundpresentdayxinzhoudistrictwuhanhubeihuangzuoncesenthissonhuangshetoleadafewthousandtroopstoattackchaisangcommanderyatthetimexushenghadlessthanmenwithhimsotheyreleasedarrowsathuangshesadvancingforcesandwoundedoverenemysoldiersxushengthenorderedthecitygatestobeopenedandtheychargedoutanddefeatedtheenemyhuangshenolongerposedathreattoxushengafterthatbattlexushengwaspromotedtocolonelandappointedastheprefectofwuhuwuhucountylaterhedefeatedsomebanditsinnaneandlinchengcountieshewassubsequentlypromotedtogeneralofthehouseholdandtaskedwithoverseeingaregimentwarswithcaocaoandliubeiinwhensunquansrivalcaocaoledanarmytoattackruxunorthofpresentdaywuweicountyanhuixushengfollowedsunquantoresisttheenemyatthebattleofruxubattleofruxucaocaolaunchedaheavyassaultonhengjiangsoutheastofpresentdayhecountyanhuionthenorthernshoreoftheyangtzesoxushengandsunquansothergeneralsledtheirforcestodefendthatpositionstrongwindsblewtheirmengchongsatypeofwarshipacrosstherivertowardscaocaossidesunquansgeneralswereallterrifiedanddidnotdaretolandontheenemysgroundshoweverxushengledhismentochargeattheenemyandsucceededinkillingafewandforcingtheresttoretreatwhenthewindsstoppedsunquansforcesreturnedtotheirsidesunquanhighlypraisedxushengforhiscourageinsunquanledhisarmiestoattackhefeiastrategicfortressdefendedbycaocaosgeneralzhangliaoleadingtothebattleofxiaoyaofordduringanearlyskirmishwhensunquansforceswerejustsettinguptheircampsoutsidehefeizhangliaosuddenlyledhundredsoftroopsonafierceassaultcompletelycatchingtheenemyoffguardxushengsunitwasroutedandhismenturnedaroundandfledpanzhanganotherofficerundersunquanexecutedtwodesertersonefromxushengsunitandtheotherfromsongqianeasternwusongqiansxushenghadnochoicebuttogatherhisremainingmenandreturntobattlehelosthismaoatypeoflongspearintheearlierclashbutheqifoundhisweaponlateronthebattlefieldaplagueeventuallyforcedsunquantowithdrawhisforcesfromhefeiastheywereretreatingzhangliaoandhistroopslaunchedasuddencounterattackandinflictedacrushingdefeatontheenemyatxiaoyaofordxushengwaspromotedtogeneralwhobuildsmartialmightenfeoffedasamarquisofachiefvillageappointedastheadministratoroflujiangcommanderyandgivenlinchengcountyashismarquisatebetweenwhenthebattleofxiaotingbrokeoutbetweensunquanandliubeixushengparticipatedinthewarandsucceededincapturingmanyenemycampswhensunquansforceslaunchedacounterattackafterenduringdefeatsinearlierengagementswarwithweianddeathinlatecaopiorderedhisgeneralcaoxiutoleadthecaoweiweiarmiestoattackdongkoucountyinresponsetotheinvasionxushengalongwithlfanandquancongledsunquansforcesacrosstherivertodefenddongkouhowevertheyencounteredastormandmanyoftheirtroopsandshipswerelostsunquansgeneralswerebrowbeatenbecausetheyhadlostabouthalfoftheirshipsinthestormbutwereoverjoyedwhentheyheardofthearrivalofheqiwhoreacheddongkoubehindscheduleandwasnotaffectedbythedisastercoincidentallyheqiwasobsessedwithluxuriessohisshipswerefinelydecoratedandhisweaponswereoftopqualitycaoxiuwasshockedwhenhewitnessedthegrandeurdisplayofheqisrefulgentnavysohepausedtheattackandwithdrewxushengmanagedtogatherhissurvivingtroopsandformadefencelinealongtheshoreanavalbattleensuedduringwhichcaoxiutargetedlfanwhilesendinghissubordinatestoattackxushengxushengwasoutnumberedbuthemanagedtoholdhispositionbothsideseventuallywithdrewtheirforcesxushengwassubsequentlypromotedtogeneralwhostabilisestheeastandelevatedfromthestatusofavillagemarquistoacountymarquisunderthetitlemarquisofwuhuinlatewhencaopimobilisedalargearmytoattacksunquanxushengsuggestedtopitchencampmentsfromjiankangjianyeerectfaketowerswithineachcampandsuspendsomewarshipsontheriversunquansothergeneralsdisagreedandfeltthatsuchdefenceswouldservenopurposebutxushengignoredthemandproceededwithhisplanxushengsruseeffectivelyledtotheconstructionofawallalongtheriverbanksthatservedasaborderstretchingoverhundredsofliunitliwhencaopireachedguanglingcommanderycoveringpartsofpresentdayjiangsuhesawsunquansstrongdefencesandthehightideandsighedcaoweiweihasthousandsofarmedcavalryunitsbuttheycantbedeployedherehethenwithdrewhisforcessunquansgeneralsfinallyrecognisedthevalueofxushengsplanxushengdiedsometimeduringthehuangwuerainthereignofsunquanbeforesundeclaredhimselfemperorandestablishedthestateofeasternwuhismilitiaandmarquistitlewereinheritedbyhissonxukaiappraisalxushengwasknownforhisconfidenceandferventloyaltytowardssunquanasdemonstratedintheincidentwhenxingzhencametoconferthetitlekingofwuonsunquaninsunquanbecameavassalofthestateofcaoweiwhichreplacedthehandynastyaftertheweifoundercaopiforcedemperorxianofhanemperorxiantoabdicatethethronetohimcaopisentxingzhenasanemissarytomeetsunquanandconferthetitlekingofwuonhimxingzhenbehavedarrogantlyinfrontofsunquanandincurredmuchangerfromsunquanssubjectsincludingzhangzhaoandxushengxushengtoldhiscolleaguesisntithumiliatingtowatchourlordsubmittoxingzhenandnotbeabletoservehimwithourlivesandhelphimconquerxuluoyangandbashutearsrolleddownhisfacewhenxingzhenheardxushengsremarkhetoldanaideitsobviousfromthereactionsofthesubjectsofjiangdongthattheywontremainsubservientforlongxingzhenwasrightbecauseinsunquandeclaredindependencefromweibutcontinuedrulinghisdomainunderthetitlekingofwubeforedeclaringhimselfemperorinxushengsegodidnotalwaysleadtopositiveactionsthoughafterthebattleofruxubattleofruxuinzhoutaiwasappointedasthecommanderofthegarrisonatruxuwithxushengandzhuranashissubordinateshoweverbothofthemwereunwillingtosubmittozhoutaiscommandcitingthelattershumbleoriginsincomparisontotheirmoreaffluentfamilybackgroundswhensunquanheardaboutithevisitedruxuandhostedapartyforalltheofficersthereduringwhichheaskedzhoutaitodisplayhisbattlescarsforalltoseehelaterawardedzhouwithanimperialparasolafterthatincidentxushengandzhuranagreedtosubmittozhoutaiscommandxushengwasalsoknownforhistendencytoworrytoomuchwhenhewasservingastheprefectofwuhucountyhearrestedoneofjiangqinssubordinatesandsoughtpermissionfromsunquantohavethatmanexecutedhoweversunquandeclinedbecausejiangqinwasawaybattlingbanditsinyuzhangcommanderysincethenxushenghadbeenapprehensiveofjiangqinduringthebattleofruxuinjiangqinandlmengwereplacedinchargeofmilitarydisciplineamongsunquansforcesxushengwasworriedthatjiangqinmightusetheopportunitytofindfaultwithhimbutmuchtohissurprisejiangqinpraisedhiminfrontofsunquanwhensunquanaskedjiangqinwhyhedidsojiangrepliedthatxushengwasloyalandhardworkingpossessedbothcourageandtalentandwascapableofleadingthousandsoftroopsseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsnotesreferenceschenshouchenshourecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhipeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhuxiriverinfoboxrivernamexijiangimagepanoramiojpgimagecaptionlookingacrossthexiriverfromheshanguangdongheshantojiujiangguangdongjiujiangfoshancityimagesizemapzhujiangrivermappngmapsizemapaltmapcaptionthepearlriverchinapearlriversystemincludingthexiriversourcelocationguiriverguijiangandxunriverxunjianginwuzhoumouthlocationthepearlriverdeltaonthesouthchinaseasubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinaandvietnamprogressionlengthsourceelevationmouthelevationdischargeavgbasinsizeriversystemtributarieslefthejiangtributariesrightthexiriveristhewesterntributaryofthepearlriverchinapearlriverinpeoplesrepublicofchinachinaitisformedbytheconfluenceoftheguiriverguiandxunriverxunriversinwuzhouguangxiitthenflowseastthroughguangdongandentersthepearlriverdeltajusteastofthelingyanggorgeinzhaoqingthemainbranchofthexiriverflowssoutheastthroughthedeltaenteringthesouthchinaseaatmodaomenjustwestofmacauthemajorcitiesalongthexiincludewuzhouzhaoqingandjiangmentheothertwomaintributariesofpearlriverarethedongriverchinadongriverliterallytheeastriverandbeiriverthenorthernriverthexiriverisnavigableforitsentirelengthitisacommercialwaterwayofsouthernchinaandlinksthedeltacitiestotheinteriorovertwothousandyearsagothelingqucanalwasdugconnectingthexiriverbasintheliriverguangxiliriverwhichisatributaryoftheguiriverwiththexiangriverwhichflowsintotheyangtzethusprovidingacontinuouswaterwayfromthepearlriverdeltatotheyangtzevalleytheentirexiriversystemisthelargestofthepearlstributariesatinlengthanditsvolumeofflowissecondinchinaonlytothatoftheyangtzeriveritsupplieswatertomanyplacesinguangxiguangdongandmacauothertransliterationsoftheriversnameincludehsiriverandhsichiangxiriversystemclasswikitablecolspanxijiangriversystemitalicsreferringtoriversflowingoutsideofguangxifuchuanriverfuchuanheriverherowspanxiliriverguangxiliguiriverguibeipanriverrowspanhongshuiriverhongshuirowspanqianjiangriverqianrowspanxunriverxunnanpanriverrongriverrongrowspanliuriverliulongriverguangxilongyoujiangriveryourowspanyongjiangyongrowspanyuriverchinayuzuojiangriverzuomajorcitiesalongtheriverwuzhouzhaoqingfoshangaomingdistrictheshanguangdongheshanjiangmenzhongshanzhuhaireferencesexternallinkswwfpandaorgaboutourearthecoregionsxijiangriversstreamscfmwwfxijiangriversandstreamsecoregionxanthippusgreeklanguagegreekwasaspartanmercenarygeneralhiredbytheancientcarthagecarthaginianstoaidintheirwaragainsttheromanrepublicromansduringthefirstpunicwarhetrainedcarthaginiansoldiersandledthemintothebattleoftuniswherecarthaginianforcesroutedtheromanexpeditionaryforceandcapturedtheromanconsulmarcusatiliusregulusinbcxanthippusiscreditedwiththecarthaginianformationcavalrysplitbetweenthetwowingsmercenaryinfantryontheirrightwithahastilyraisedphalanxofciviliansinthecentreandalineofelephantsinfrontoftheinfantrywhichdefeatedtheromansformedintheirnormalformationwiththeoutnumberedcavalryonthewingsandlegionaryinfantryinthecentrehealsorealisedthemistakesthecarthaginiansweremakingbyavoidingopengroundbecauseoftheromanssuperiorinfantrywhichrestrictedthecarthaginiancavalryandelephantsthestrongestpartsoftheirarmiesdiodorusgivesanaccountofxanthippusdeathafterthebattleoftunisxanthippusstoppedinthecityoflilybaeumwhichwasbesiegedbytheromanrepublicromansheinspiredcourageandledanattackdefeatingtheromansjealousofxanthippusssuccessthecitybetrayedhimbygivinghimaleakyshipandhesupposedlysankintheadriaticseaonhisvoyagehomeforlazenbythisstoryiscompletelyimplausiblethereisareportofaxanthippusbeingmadegovernorofanewlyacquiredprovincebyptolemyiiieuergetesptolemyeuergetesofegyptinbcsiliusitalicuswritesthatxanthippuswasoriginallyfromamyclaeinlaconiabutthismayaswellbeaninventionformetricconveniencereferencessourceskorarchaeotakorarchaeotasabinesgullthcenturyredirectxiriverxiiimayrefertonumberorxiiiinromannumeralsthcenturyorinromannumeralsxiiicomicsxiiicomicsabelgiancomicbookseriesbyjeanvanhammeandwilliamvancexiiivideogamexiiivideogameavideogamebasedonthecomicbookseriesxiiiminiseriesxiiiminiseriesatvminiseriesbasedonthecomicbookseriesandgameofthesametitlexiiitheseriesatvseriesbasedonthecomicbookseriesandminiseriesxiiiragealbumxiiiragealbumxiiimushroomheadalbumxiiimushroomheadalbumxiiitntalbumxiiitntalbumfactorxiiiaclottingfactorinsidethecoagulationcascaderugbyleaguestilloftenknownasjustxiiiinfranceduetothenamerugbyoncebeingforbiddenfortheleaguecodeseealsothirteendisambiguationnumberdisambiguationredxiiiacharacterfromfinalfantasyviiorganizationxiiiafictionalorganizationfromthekingdomheartsseriesfinalfantasyxiiiavideogamethelandbeforetimexiiithewisdomoffriendsafilmthekingoffightersxiiiafightinggamereferencesrdcenturyinfoboxroyaltynamexuandeemperortemplenamemingdynastymingxuanzongbrimagejpgimagesizepxsuccessionthlistofemperorsofthemingdynastyemperorofthemingdynastyreignjunejanuarycoronationjunepredecessorhongxiemperorsuccessorzhengtongemperorfullnamezhuzhanjiposthumousnameemperorxiantianchongdaoyingmingshenshengqinwenzhaowukuanrenchunxiaozhangbreranamexuandeeradatesfebruaryjanuaryhousehouseofzhufatherhongxiemperormotherempresschengxiaozhaobirthdatebirthplacebeijingdeathdatedeathplaceplaceofburialjinglingmingtombsbeijinginfoboxchinesecpxunddwhsansupsuptesupsuptisupsupmigrshiuanderdihjsyunsupsupdaksupsupdaisupsupysyndkdaitlsuantiktthexuandeemperormarchjanuarypersonalnamezhuzhanjiwasthefifthemperorofthemingdynastyofchinarulingfromtohischineseeranameeranamexuandemeansproclamationofvirtuelifezhuzhanjiwastheeldestsonofthehongxiemperorandempresschengxiaozhaohewasdescribedasacrownprincewhowasendowedwiththequalityofanexcellentmonarchinasectionsurroundedbysuperstitionofhisbiographyhisgrandfatheryongleemperorhadhighhopesthathemightplayanimportantparttoassisthisfatherhewasfondofpoetryandliteraturealthoughhecontinuedtorefertobeijingasthesecondarycapitalonallofficialdocumentshemaintaineditashisresidenceandcontinuedtorulethereinthestyleofhisgrandfathertheyongleemperorhepermittedzhenghetoleadthetreasurevoyagesseventhandlastofhismaritimeexpeditionsthexuandeemperorsunclezhugaoxuzhugaoxutheprinceofhanhadbeenafavoriteoftheyongleemperorforhismilitarysuccessesbuthedisobeyedimperialinstructionsandinhadbeenexiledtothesmallfiefofleaninshandongwhenzhugaoxurevoltedthexuandeemperortooksoldiersandattackedhimatleanzhugaoxusurrenderedsoonafterwardwasreducedtothestatusofacommonersixhundredrebellingofficialswereexecutedandwerebanishedtheemperordidnotwishtoexecutehisuncleatthestartbutlatereventsangeredtheemperorsomuchthatzhugaoxuwasexecutedthroughfiretortureallhissonswereexecutedaswellitisverylikelythatzhugaoxusarrogancewelldetailedinmanyhistorictextsoffendedtheemperoratheorystatesthatwhentheemperorwenttovisithisunclezhugaoxuintentionallytrippedhiminthexuandeemperorgrantedkingshhashihashiofchzanthefamilynameshangshinjapanesegavehimthetitleofliuqiuwangjaprykykingofryukyukingdomrykyandgiftedhimaredlacqueredtabletwithchungshanchzaninjapaneseinscribedingoldwhichwasthenplacedonthechzonmongatenearshuricastlethexuandeemperorwantedtowithdrawhistroopsfromvitnambutsomeofhisadvisorsdisagreedafterminggarrisonssufferedheavycasualtiestheemperorsentliushengprinceofzhongshanliushengwithanarmythesewerebadlydefeatedbythevietnamesethemingforceswithdrewandthexuandeemperoreventuallyrecognizedtheindependenceofvitnaminthenorththexuandeemperorwasinspectingtheborderwithcavalrytroopsinandwasabletoretaliateagainstaraidbythemongolsofthenorthernyuandynastytheminggovernmentletarughtaiseasternmongolsbattlewithtoghonsoirattribesofthewestthemingimperialcourtreceivedhorsesannuallyfromarughtaibuthewasdefeatedbytheoiratsinandwaskilledinwhentoghontookovereasternmongoliatheminggovernmentthenmaintainedfriendlyrelationswiththeoiratschinasdiplomaticrelationswithjapanimprovedinrelationswithkoreaweregenerallygoodwiththeexceptionofthekoreansresentinghavingtosendvirginsoccasionallytothexuandeemperorsimperialharemaprivycouncilofeunuchsstrengthenedcentralizedpowerbycontrollingthejinyiweisecretpoliceandtheirinfluencecontinuedtogrowinthenotoriouscensorliuguanwassentencedtopenalservitudeandwasreplacedbytheincorruptibleguzuodwhodismissedmembersofthebeijingandnanjingcensoratesforincompetencesomecensorsweredemotedimprisonedandbanishedbutnonewereexecutedreplacementswereputonprobationasthecensorateinvestigatedtheentiremingadministrationincludingthemilitarythesameyeartheemperorreformedtherulesgoverningmilitaryconscriptionandthetreatmentofdesertersyetthehereditarymilitarycontinuedtobeinefficientandtosufferfrompoormoralehugeinequalitiesintaxburdenshadcausedmanyfarmersinsomeareastoleavetheirfarmsinthepastfortyyearsinthexuandeemperororderedtaxreductionsonallimperiallandsandsentouttouringpacifierstocoordinateprovincialadministrationexercisingciviliancontroloverthemilitarytheyattemptedtoeliminatetheirregularitiesandthecorruptionoftherevenuecollectorstheemperoroftenorderedretrialsthatallowedthousandsofinnocentpeopletobereleasedthexuandeemperordiedofillnessinafterrulingfortenyearsheruledoveraremarkablypeacefulperiodwithnosignificantexternalorinternalproblemslaterhistorianshaveconsideredhisreigntobetheheightofthemingdynastysgoldenagetheemperorasanartistfromthexuandeeraofthemingdynastythexuandeemperorwasknownasanaccomplishedpainterparticularlyskilledatpaintinganimalssomeofhisartworkispreservedinthenationalpalacemuseumtaipeiandarthurmsacklermuseumadivisionofharvardartmuseumincambridgerobertdmowrythecuratorofchineseartatthearthurmsacklermuseumdescribedhimastheonlymingemperorwhodisplayedgenuineartistictalentandinterestalsothexuandemarkandperiodisoftenconsideredoneofthemostsophisticatedperiodsinthehistoryofchineseblueandwhiteporcelaincraftsancestryahnentafelcollapsedyesaligncenterboxstylebackgroundcolorfccboxstylebackgroundcolorfbboxstylebackgroundcolorffcboxstylebackgroundcolorbfcboxstylebackgroundcolorfestsonzhuzhanjixuanzongbrbrstsonhongxiemperorzhugaochirenzongbrbrwifeempresschengxiaozhaoladyzhangempresschengxiaozhaobrbrthsonyongleemperorzhudichengzubrbrwifeempressrenxiaowenxuyihuaempressrenxiaowenbrbrzhangqicountofpengchengbrladytongcountessofpengchengbrthsonhongwuemperorzhuyuanzhangemperorgaobrbrwifeempressmahongwumaxiuyingempressxiaocigaobrbrxudaxudaprincewuningofzhongshanbrbrladyxiemadameofprinceofzhongshanbrzhushizhenemperorchunbrbrwifeladychenempresschunbrbrmagongprinceofxubrladyzhengmadameofprinceofxubrxuliusiprinceofzhongshanbrladycaimadameofprinceofzhongshanbrxiezaixingbrfamilyspousesempressesclasswikitabletitlenameborndiedstylewidthptparentsissuenoteshushanxiangempressgongrangzhangbrhushanxiangbrhurongbrbrladyliubrprincessofshundebrprincessofyongqingmarriedxuanzonginbrcrownprincessbrempressbrempressgongrangzhangempresssunempressxiaogongzhangbrladysunbrsunzhongcountofhuichangbrbrdongyuanzhenbrprincessofchangdebremperoryingzongofmingyingzongxuanzongsconcubinebrnobleconsortbrempressbrempressdowagerbrempressdowagershangshengbrempressdowagershengliebrempressxiaogongzhangempressdowagerxiaoyibrladywubrjanwuyanmingbrbrladyshenbrjingtaiemperordaizongenteredtheimperialcourtinbrconsortxianbrempressdowagerbrconsortxuanmiaoxianbrconsortrongsixianbrempressdowagerxiaoyinobleconsortsclasswikitabletitlenameborndiedissuenotesnobleconsortduanjingbrladyhebrunknownnonexuanzongsconcubinebrconsorthuibrforcedtocommitselfimmolationbrnobleconsortduanjingconsortsclasswikitabletitlenameborndiedissuenotesconsortchunjingxianbrladyzhaobrunknownnoneforcedtocommitselfimmolationconsortzhenshunhuibrladywubrunknownnoneforcedtocommitselfimmolationconsortzhuangjingshubrladyjiaobrunknownnoneforcedtocommitselfimmolationconsortzhuangshunjingbrladycaobrunknownnoneforcedtocommitselfimmolationconsortzhenhuishunbrladyxubrunknownnoneforcedtocommitselfimmolationconsortgongdinglibrladyyuanbrunknownnoneforcedtocommitselfimmolationconsortzhenjinggongbrladyzhubrunknownnoneforcedtocommitselfimmolationconsortgongshunchongbrladylibrunknownnoneforcedtocommitselfimmolationconsortsuxichengbrladyhebrunknownnoneforcedtocommitselfimmolationconsortshubrladyliubrunknownunknownnonexuanzongsconcubineissuesonsclasswikitabletitlenameborndiedmothernotesemperoryingzongofmingyingzongbrqizhenbrnovfebempresssunempressxiaogongzhangcrownprincebremperorbrcapturedduringtumucrisisbrretiredemperorbremperorbryingzongjingtaiemperordaizongbrqiyubrsepmarempressdowagerxiaoyiprinceofchengbremperorbrplacedunderhousearrestinbrprinceliofchengbremperorjingbrdaizongdaughtersclasswikitabletitlenameborndiedmotherspousesissuenotesprincessofshundebrunknownrowspanhushanxiangempressgongrangzhangshijingbrnoneprincessofyongqingbrunknownunknownnonenonediedyoungprincessofchangdebrunknownempresssunempressxiaogongzhangxuehuanbrseealsochineseemperorsfamilytreelatefootnotesreferencesfordetailsonthexuandeemperorseethecambridgehistoryofchinavolpagestothisarticleisessentiallyasummaryofthosepagesfurtherreadingearlymingchinabyedwarddreyerchinesegovernmentinmingtimesbycharleshuckerlistofxmenmembersinfoboxtelevisionshownamexmenprydeofthexmenimagexmenprydeofthexmencoverjpgcaptiongenresuperherobractionfictionactionadventure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rththiswouldsendupacloudofdustanddebrisblockingoutthesunforyearsplungingtheplanetintoanothericeagewhichwouldleavenormalhumansweakenedallowingthemutantstotakeoverthexmenleaveatonceformagnetosorbitingsanctuaryasteroidmbutthexmeninstructkittytostayasthemissionisfartoodangerousandshehasnotbeentrainedkittyhoweverwantingtoproveherworthandmakeamendsforherpreviousfailurephasesaboardtheblackbirdcomicsblackbirdandhideswiththeprofessorsblessinguponreachingtheasteroideachxmanquicklybecomesengagedwithanobstacleonthewaytomagnetostormisneededtocoverthebreachthexmenblowintoasteroidmdazzlertakesonpyrowolverinetrapstoadcolossusengagesjuggernautandcyclopsbattleswhitequeenonlynightcrawleraftereffortlesslyteleportingpasttheblobfinallyconfrontsagloatingmagnetoasthescorpiocometisapproachingearthasmagnetoisabouttoblastnightcrawlerkittyemergesfromthefloorcausingmagnetotoaccidentallyblastthewiringofhisdevicenightcrawlerteleportsupanduseshisbodyasaconductwhilekittyknocksmagnetoontotheplatformusinghispowertoredirectthecometscoursetowardsasteroidmnightcrawlermustrisksacrificinghimselftocompletethemachinescircuitorthecometwillchangecoursebacktoearththexmenwatchfromtheblackbirdfornightcrawlertoteleportatthelastminutethecometandasteroidcollidebutnightcrawlerrematerializesoutinspacetheteamattemptstoretrievehimwiththeblackbirdsgrapplerarmsbeforeheburnsupenteringtheatmospheretheymissandnightcrawlerdisintegratesthexmenmourntheirfallenteammateandkittycriesoverhowbadlyshehadtreatedhimearlierbutthencoughingfromoneofthestoragelockersrevealsthatnightcrawlerhasjustmanagedtoteleporthimselfintotheplanebeforetheatmosphericentryrealequilibriumgasmodelatmosphericcompressiontotallyburneduphissuitwhilethexmengivekittyopencreditforhereffortswolverineinsiststhatkittyisnotamemberofthexmenatleastnotyetcreditscastclasswikitablemichaelbellactormichaelbellcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsandadditionalvoicesandichapmanstormmarvelcomicsstormadditionalvoicesronaldgansjuggernautcomicsjuggernautalanoppenheimerblobcomicsblobandcolonelchaffeyneilrossnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerkathsoucieshadowcatkittyprydealexandrastoddartdazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlerandadditionalvoicesearlboenmagnetocomicsmagnetopatfraleypyromarvelcomicspyrodangilvezancolossuscomicscolossuspatrickpinneywolverinecharacterwolverineandadditionalvoicessusansiloemmafrostwhitequeenjohnstephensonactorjohnstephensonprofessorxprofxfrankwelkertoadcomicstoadandlockheedcomicslockheedcrewclasswikitablestanleenarrationlarryparrwriterwillmeugniotproducerrayleeanimationdirectorsturosenvoicedirectormargaretloeschleeguntherexecutiveproducersrobertjwalshcomposercriticalresponsethereactionfromfanstothepilotisgenerallymixedalthoughpraisedforitshighqualityanimationrefnamehttpreffanssimplyfeltthatthepilotforthemostpartcameacrossastoocampstylecampyrefnamemarveltoonzonenetrefrefnamexentertainmentrefforacomicespeciallyundertheguidanceofjohnbyrnecomicsjohnbyrneandchrisclaremontrefnamexmenugocomrefwithoftendarkandadultorientedthemeslikexmentheonscreenactionsequenceshadtobeseverelycurtailedforachildrenscartoonshowandtheepisodeonlysuperficiallydealswiththesortofsocialissuesoftendealtwithinthecomicssuchasisolationintoleranceracismandbigotryfurthermorepuristswerenotfondofthewaycertaincharacterswereportrayedinthepilotforinstancekittyprydewasseenintheireyesascomingacrossastoomuchofawhinydamselindistressalthoughthismayhavebeenintendedtobethestartofhercharacterarceventuallyevolvingintoastrongermorematureheroinefansalsofounditconfusingtoseethewhitequeenbeportrayedasamemberofthebrotherhoodofmutantsinthefinalversionhoweverwolverinecallstoadadingoratherthanpyroaccordingtorickholbergastakendirectlyfromthebookxmenthecharactersandtheiruniversestoryboardartistandfinalizerforprydeofthexmenandspidermanandhisamazingfriendstieinsgraphicnovelsinmarvelpublishedagraphicnoveltitledxmenanimationspecialanadaptationofprydeofthexmenthatfeaturedfilmimagesofcelanimationfromthecartoonratherthanoriginalartvideogamesinxmenmadnessinmurderworldalsoknownsimplyasxmenwasreleasedfordoscommodoreandamigacomputersystemsitwasdevelopedandpublishedbyparagonsoftwareinandfeaturedthecastofprydeofthexmenitwasasidescrollerwithpuzzlessetinmurderworldalimitededitioncomicbookwasincludedinljnreleasedtheuncannyxmenvideogametheuncannyxmenforthenintendoentertainmentsystemfeaturinganearexactlineupoftheteamfromthiscartoononlyswappingoutdazzlercomicsdazzlerforicemancomicsicemanthegamereceivednegativereviewsfromgamersandcriticsandwasnamedoneoftheworstsuperherogamesofalltimebyupcomaspreviouslymentionedinkonamiproducedanxmenvideogamexmenarcadegamebasedontheprydeofthexmenpilottheplayerchoosesoneofsixxmencyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopscolossuscomicscolossuswolverinecharacterwolverinestormmarvelcomicsstormnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerordazzlercomicsdazzlertheirobjectiveistostopthevillainmagnetocomicsmagnetofromwreakinghavoconhumancivilizationtheymustfightthroughanarmyofhundredsofhumansizedsentinelscomicssentinelsandsupervillainssuchaspyromarvelcomicspyroblobcomicsblobwendigocomicswendigonimrodcomicsnimrod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miruralwithcommunitiesthatstillretainmanyoldtraditionsandeconomicactivitiesforexamplesanantoniomolotlnisnotedfortextilesanditschinelosdancersthemostnotableneighborhoodscommunitiesincludexaltocanejidosdetepepanlanorialascrucesejidosdexochimilcoandsangregorioatlapulcosanfranciscocaltongoisoneoftheoldestneighborhoodsoftheboroughxaltocnbeganasaranchorhaciendathatbelongedtotheindigenouscaciquesitwaslaterdonatedtothesanbernardinodesienachurchxochimilcosanbernardinodesienamonasteryafterthemonasterywassecularizeditbecamehaciendalandagainbutovertimepartsweresoldanditbecamethecurrentareaofxochimilcothechurchforthiscommunitywasbuiltinasthehaciendachapeloriginallyitwasdedicatedtojesusthencandlemasandfinallythevirginofthesorrowsvirgendelosdoloresitofficiallybecameasanctuaryindeclaredbythearchbishopofmexicoinxaltocnbecameaparishandinthischurchbecametheofficialparishchurchthemaincelebrationofthechurchistoanimageofthevirginmarywhichissaidtohavemiraculouslyappearedinthepenofaturkeykeptbyanoldwomanrefnamexaltocanrefintheboroughhadapopulationofofthetotalpopulationofthefederaldistrictthegrowthrateisforthepastdecadelowerthanthedecadeprevioushoweveralargepercentageoftheboroughspopulationlivesinpovertyandmanyliveillegallyonecologicalreserveslackingbasicservicessuchasrunningwateranddrainagebuttodaymostconstructionsareboxycinderblockconstructionsmanyofwhicharenotpaintedbythecensusitspopulationhadgrowntoinhabitantsorofmexicocitystotalwhatwasthecityofxochimilconowsometimescalledthehistoriccenteroftheboroughbeganasaprehispaniccityonthesouthernshoreoflakexochimilcoafterthespanishconquestoftheaztecempireconquestthespanishbuiltthesanbernardinodesienamonasteryandchurchwhichisstillthecenteroftheboroughthemainstreetthroughthecenteroftownguadalupeiramirezwasoriginallyalandbridgeconnectingthisareathenonanislandtothecausewaythatleadtotenochtitlanmexicocityasthelakedriedthebridgebecameroadanditwascalledthepuentedeaxomulcointhecolonialeraitreceiveditscurrentnameinthestohonoradelegateoftheboroughrefnamecallesdemexicorefthistowncenteralsohasalargeplazaandtothesideofthisalargeareafilledwithstreetvendorsmanysellingicecreamthereisalsoatiangusdecomidaormarketfilledwithfoodstallsrefnameescaperefthiscenterunderwentrenovationsinatacostofsixtymillionmexicanpesopesosdrainageandsidewalkswereimprovedandsecuritycamerasinstalledtoimprovetheareaslookfortouristsbusinessesinthecenteragreedwiththeboroughandinahtochangetheirfaadestocertaincolorsrefnamerenuevanrefmuchoftheboroughslandisformerlakebeditsmainelevationsincludexochitepecandtlacuallelimountainsalongwithtwovolcanoesnamedteutliandtzompolitcontainstwonaturalriverscalledsantiagoandtepapantlaalongwiththevariouscanalswhichiswhatisleftofthelaketheelevatedareasoftheboroughcontainsmallforestsofocotesmuntingiacalaburastrawberrytreesmexicanwhitecedarcedarsmontezumacypressandatreecalledatepozanrefnameellugarrefxochimilcoalongwithothersouthernboroughssuchasmilpaaltaandtlalpanhavelowercrimestatisticsthanmostotherareasofthefederaldistricthowevercrimeespeciallythatrelatedtokidnappinganddrugtraffickinghasbeenontheriseandmoreruralcommunitieshavetakentovigilantejusticeresidentsstatethatthisisnecessarybecausethereisinsufficientpoliceprotectionxochimilcohasonlyonepolicemanforeachresidentsonaverageandtherehavebeencomplaintsthatpolicehavetakenoverminutestorespondtocallstheboroughhasapopulationofbutonlypoliceandpolicecarstherewasonecaseofvigilantejusticeinwhenayouthaccusedofrobberywascaughtandbeatenbyresidentsbeforehandedovertopolicebutthepolicedidnotpursuethechargerefnameenfrentanrefthexochimilcolightraillinelocallyknownaseltrenligeroofserviciodetransporteselctricossteprovideslightrailserviceconnectingtheboroughtothemexicocitymetrosystemcanalschinampasandtrajineraslakexochimilcoandthecanalsystemxochimilcoischaracterizedbyasystemofcanalswhichmeasureaboutatotalofnbspkmsupsupthesecanalsareallofwhatisleftofwhatusedtobeavastlakeandcanalsystemthatextendedovermostpartsofthevalleyofmexicorestrictingcitiessuchastenochtitlanmexicocityandxochimilcotosmallislandsthissystemofwaterwayswasthemaintransportationvenueespeciallyforgoodsfromtheprehispanicperioduntilthethcenturyintheprehispanicperiodpartsoftheshallowlakeswerefilledincreatingcanalsstartingintheearlycolonialperiodtheinterconnectedlakesofthevalleyincludinglakexochimilcoweredrainedbythethcenturythelakeshadshrunktoasystemofcanalsthatstillconnectedxochimilcowiththecenterofmexicocityhoweverwiththepumpingofundergroundaquiferssincetheearlythcenturywatertableshavedroppeddryingcanalsandallthatareleftaretheonesinxochimilcothecanalsarefedbyfreshwaterspringswhichisartificiallysupplementedbytreatedwaterthisbecausewatertablesarestilldroppingandhumanexpansionandfillinginofcanalsisstilloccurringthreateningtohavethelastofthesecanalsdisappeardespitetheirimportancetotourismrefnamewhoreftheseremainingcanalsandtheirecosystemwasdeclaredaworldheritagesiteinwiththepurposeofsavingthemsomeoftheseendemicspeciesincludeafreshwatercrayfishcalledanacocilandthemontezumafroghoweverthemostrepresentativeanimalfromthesewatersistheaxolotlambystomamexicanumthisamphibianwasusedasamedicinefoodandceremonialobjectduringtheaztecempireitwasconsideredtobeanincarnationofthegodxolotlbrotherofquetzalcoatlithasbeenstudiedduetoitsabilitiestoregeneratelimbsandotherbodypartsitcanalsoreachsexualmaturityasalarvawhichnootheramphibiancandowhilemostlyaquaticitdoeshavelimitedabilitytobreatheairmostofthethreattothespeciesislossofhabitatandpollutionbuttheintroductionofnonnativefishsuchastilapiahasalsohaddisastrouseffectsonthepopulationofthisandotherspeciesconservationeffortsincluderesearchandenvironmentaleducationthegrupodeinvestigacindelajoloteenxochimilcogiaxisanonprofitresearchgroupdedicatedtothepreservationoftheaxolotlwhichisindangerofextinctionitworkstobetterunderstandthecreatureaswellaswiththelocalcommunitytoprotectwhatisleftofitshabitatrefnamegiaxrefinadditiontospeciesthatliveintheareayearroundthewetlandsherehostaboutfortypercentofthemigratorybirdspeciesthatarrivetomexicoroughlyusethewetareasaroundxochimilcofornestingmanyofthesecomefromtheunitedstatesandcanadahowevermuchofthishabitathasbeenurbanizedaboutspecieshavebeenfoundintheareaoverallsomeofthemigratoryspeciesincludepelicansstorksbuzzardsandfalconsrefnameespeciesrefthedestructionofthelastofthesecanalsbeganinthesatthattimegroundwaterpumpingunderthecitycenterwascausingseveresubsidencethesewellswereclosedandnewonesduginxochimilcoandothersouthernboroughshighratesofextractionhavehadthesameeffectonwatertablesandcanalsbegantodrythiswasgrantedinbutthesesamemajorenvironmentalproblemsstillexistastudybyunescoanduniversidadautnomametropolitanahasshownthattherearestillveryhighlevelsofpollutionbothgarbageandfecalmatterinthecanalsandtherestillarapidrateofdeteriorationhectaresofprotectedareaunescohasplacedthemostblamefortheproblemsontheproliferationofillegalhumansettlementsintheprotectedzonetheareaisalsosinkingperyearduetooverpumpingofgroundwaterandcanalsarebeingfilledinillegallythedeteriorationishappeningsofastthatunescohasthreatenedtopullxochimilcoworldheritagesitestatusothermajorproblemsfacingthecanalsystemisthedamagebyintroducedspeciesanddiseasedestroyingnativeonesnymphaeaceaewaterlilieswereintroducedtothecanalsfrombrazilinthessincethentheyhavebecomeaseriousproblemastheirovergrowthdepletesmineralsandoxygenfromthewateruptotonsoftheplanthasbeenextractedfromthecanalsmonthlyinabrazilianinsectanthonomusgrandiswasintroducedtothecanalstohelpcontroltheplantintroducedspeciesincludecarpandtilapiawhichwereintroducedintheshoweverthesehavebeenverydetrimentaltothenativeecosystemespeciallytheaxolotlwhoseeggstheyeatdespitetonsofthefishbeingcaughtinthecanalstheyarestillaseriousproblemrefnamejroblesrefsincebeingdeclaredaworldheritagesitetherehavebeenattemptstorescuethecanalsystemthefirstmajoreffortoccurredbetweenandwhichwascalledtherescateecolgicoithadthegoalofconstructingalargeartificiallakefortourismandsportscoveringhectarestentimesthesizeofthelakeinchapultepecchapultepecparkthesewouldbedividedintotwopartscalledthecinegagrandeandcinegachicaonthesideoftheanilloperifricoperifricosuritwouldalsoincludethecreationofachinampazoneandareasforcultureandcommerceandelevatedbuildingsoverthetwosidesoftheperifricosursimilartothoseinthesanjernimoareahoweverthisplanwasstoppedbyagriculturalcommunitiesintheareawhichhavealonghistoryofdefendingtheirrightshoweversincethentheareahasbeenurbanizeditwasreplacedbyxochimilcoecologicalparkandplantmarketamuchsmallerlakewithecologicalareaandplantmarketinboroughauthoritiesbeganareforestationprogramoverhectaresofchinampasandforestedareasatacostofmillionmexicanpesopesosthisprogramincludesthecuttingofnonnativespeciessuchaseucalyptusandcertainpinesandcedarstoeradicateplaguesassociatedwiththemhoweverresidentsnearforestssuchasinbosquedenativitasparkxochimilconativitasopposethecuttingofhealthytreesthesearetobereplacedbynativespeciesespeciallyjunipersinthechinampaareaschinampasthecanalsoflakexochimilcowereinitiallycreatedalongwithartificialagriculturalplotscalledchinampaschinampaswereinventedbytheprehispanicpeoplesoftheregionaroundyearagoasawaytoincreaseagriculturalproductionontheshallowwatersofthelakesraftswereconstructedofjuniperbranchesontotheseraftsfloatingonthewaterlakebedmudandsoilwereheapedandcropsplantedtheseraftstiedtojunipertreeswouldeventuallysinkandanewonebebuilttoreplaceitovertimethesesunkenraftswouldformsquareorrectangularislandsheldinplaceinpartbythejunipertreesasthesechinampaislandspropagatedareasofthelakewerereducedtocanalsthesefloatinggardenswereanimportantpartoftheeconomyoftheaztecempirebythetimethespanisharrivedrefnamechinampasgobrefrefnameelocasorefrefnameloscanalesreftodayonlyaboutchinampasallaffixedtothelakebottomstillexistintheiroriginalformsurroundedbycanalsandusedforagriculturetheresthavebecomesolidgroundandurbanizedinthecenterofxochimilcothereareaboutchinampascoveringanareaofhectareshoweveronereasonthenumberhasdecreasedisthatsmallerchinampashavebeencombinedtocreatelargeroneswhiletherearestillthosewhomaintainchinampastraditionallyandusethemforagriculturethechinampacultureisfadingintheboroughwithmanybeingurbanizedandbeingturnedintosoccerfieldsandsitesforhousingandbusinessesthedeteriorationofmanyofthesechinampascanbeseenastheiredgeserodeintothedarkpollutedwaterofthecanalsthemostdeterioratedchinampasarelocatedinthecommunitiesofsantamaranativitassantacruzacalpixcasangregoriaatlapulcoandejidodexochimilcotogetherthesehaveatotalofthirtyeightillegalsettlementstorepairanumberofchinampastheboroughalongwithfederalauthoritieshasreinforcedfortytwokmofshorelineofthethatexistinthelakeareathisinvolvestheplantingofjunipertreesandthesinkingoftezontlepylonsintothelakebedtheseremainingchinampasarepartofthexochimilcoworldheritagesitehavesincechangeduseandbecomeresidencesandbusinessesthosethatremainagriculturalaremostlyusedasnurseriesgrowingornamentalplantssuchasbougainvilleascactusesdahliasdaylilydayliliesandevenbonsaitheyarestillanimportantpartoftheboroughsagriculturalproductiontherehavebeenvariousattemptstosavetheremainingchinampasincludingtheircataloguingbyunescouniversidadautnomametropolitanauamandinahinandvariousreforestationeffortsespeciallyofjunipertreestheislandofthedollsaboutanhourlongcanalridefromanembarcaderopierliesisladelasmuecasortheislandofthedollsitisthebestknownchinampaorfloatinggardeninxochimilcoitbelongedtoamannameddonjulinsantanabarreraanativeofthelaasuncinneighborhoodsantanabarrerawasalonerwhowasrarelyseeninmostofxochimilcoaccordingtothelegendsantanabarreradiscoveredalittlegirldrownedinmysteriouscircumstancesinthecanalshealsofoundadollfloatingnearbyandassumingitbelongedtothedeceasedgirlhungitfromatreeasasignofrespectafterthishebegantohearwhispersfootstepsandanguishedwailsinthedarknesseventhoughhishuthiddendeepinsidethewoodsofxochimilcowasmilesawayfromcivilizationdrivenbyfearhespentthenextfiftyyearshangingmoreandmoredollssomemissingbodypartsallovertheislandinanattempttoappeasewhathebelievedtobethedrownedgirlsspiritrefnamedailymailcoukdailymailcouknewsarticleentermexicoshauntedislanddollsdarethousandscreepytoyshangtreesquelltormentedscreamsghostlittlegirldrownedtherehtmlrefafterbarrerasdeathinhisbodyreportedlyfoundintheexactspotwherehefoundthegirlsbodyfiftyyearsbeforetheareabecameapopulartouristattractionwherevisitorsbringmoredollsthelocalsdescribeitascharmednothauntedeventhoughtravelersclaimthedollswhispertothemprofessionalphotographercindyvaskovisitedthenightmarishislandinanddescribeditasthecreepiestplaceshehasevervisitedtheexcursionbeganthroughmazelikecanalssurroundedbylushgreeneryandbeautifulsingingbirdsbutsoonherboatwassloweddownbyaswarmoflilypadsandthecanalfellominouslysilentshetoldmailonlineattheendofthejourneythetrajineraturnedalongabendinthewaterwayandiwasstruckbyasurrealvisionofhundredsmaybethousandsofdollshangingfromtreesonthetinyislandthedollsarestillontheislandwhichisaccessiblebyboattheislandwasfeaturedonthetravelchannelshowghostadventuresandtheamazonprimeshowloretvseriesrefnamemuecasgobrefhistorywithlacalaveracatrinafordayofthedeadthenamexochimilcocomesfromnahuatlandmeansflowerfieldthisreferredtothemanyflowersandothercropsthatweregrownhereonchinampassincetheprehispanicperiodthefirsthumanpresenceintheareawasofhuntergathererswhoeventuallysettledintofarmingcommunitiesrefnameniosdiosrefthexochimilcaswerefarmersandfoundedtheirfirstdominionunderaleadernamedacatonalloheiscreditedwithinventingthechinampasystemofagriculturetoincreaseproductionthesechinampaseventuallybecamethemainproducerwithcropssuchascornbeanschilipepperssquashandmorethexochimilcoaltepetlcityofxochimilcowasfoundedinovertimeitgrewandbegantodominateotherareasonthesouthsideofthelakessuchasmixquictlhuacpuebloculhuacnculhuacanandevenpartsofwhatisnowthemorelosstateofmorelosxochimilcohadonewomanrulerwhichdidnothappenanywhereelseinmesoamericaintheprehispanicperiodsheiscreditedwithaddinganumberofdistinctivedishestotheareascuisinewithinclusionssuchasatolenecuatollichileatolliatolewithchilipepperesquitesandtlapiquesinthenemperorcaxtoltzinmovedthecityfromthemainlandtotheislandoftlilaninthisrespectitwaslikeanotherislandcityintheareatenochtitlanalthoughnolongeranislandthecitycenterisstillinthesamespotintenochtitlanattackedxochimilcoforcingthecitytoappealtoazcapotzalcoaltepetlazcapotzalcoforhelptheconquestwasunsuccessfulbutxochimilcowasthenforcedtopaytributetoazcapotzalcotenochtitlansucceededinconqueringxochimilcoinwhileitwasruledbytzalpoyotzinshortlythereafteraztecemperoritzcoatlbuiltthecausewayorcalzadathatwouldconnectthetwocitiesoverthelakeduringthereignofmoctezumailhuicaminathexochimilcascontributedmaterialsandmanpowertoconstructatempletohuitzilopochtlitheyalsoparticipatedinthefurtherconquestsoftheaztecempiresuchasincuernavacacuauhnhuaccuernavacaxaliscoandthemetztitlnandvalleyofoaxacaoaxacavalleysfortheirserviceahuizotlgrantedthexochimilcasautonomyintheirlandsandthetwocitiescoexistedpeacefullyaztecemperorswouldpassbyhereonroyalbargesontheirwaytochalcoaltpetlchalcoxicothenanislandinlakechalcoforcenturiesxochimilcoremainedrelativelyseparatefrommexicocitybutprovidedmuchofthelargercitysproduceaztecemperormoctezumaxocoyotzinimposedanewgovernoromcatlontoxochimilcoduetothearrivalofthespanishbutthisgovernorwasforcedtoreturntotenochtitlanwhentheemperorwastakenprisonerhewasthensucceededbymacuilxochitecuhtlibuteightydayslaterhetoowenttotenochtitlantofightthespanishalongsidecuitlhuachewasfollowedbyapochquiyautzinwhoremainedloyaltotenochtitlanforthisreasonhernncortsdecidedtosendarmiestosubduexochimilcobeforetakingtenochtitlanthisoccurredonaprilduringthebattlecortswasalmostkilledwhenhefelloffhishorsebuthewassavedbyasoldiernamedcristbaldeoleathebattlewasfierceandleftfewxochimilcawarriorsaliveaccordingtolegenditwasafterthisbattlethatcuauhtmoccametoxochimilcoandplantedajunipertreeinthesanjuanneighborhoodtocommemoratetheeventprehispanicxochimilcowasanislandconnectedtothemainlandbythreecausewaysoneofthesestillexistsintheformofavenidaguadalupeiramirezoneofthecitysmainstreetsthiscausewayledtothemainceremonialcenterofthetownwhichwascalledthequilaztlithespanishdestroyedthequilaztliduringtheconquestandreplaceditwiththesanbernardinodesienachurchwhichwouldbecomethesocialandpoliticalcenterofthecolonialcitythecityinturnwasthemostimportantsettlementinthesouthofthevalleyofmexicointhecolonialeraduringthesiegeoftenochtitlanhernancortesattackedthecityandthegreatnumberofwarriorsinitduringthebattlecorteswasknockedfromhishorseandalmostcapturedbythemexicansthefollowingdayguatemocsenttenthousandwarriorsbylandandtwothousandbycanoetoattackthespaniardsfollowedbytenthousandreinforcementsthemexicansweredefeatedandcorteswasabletocapturefivemexicancaptainscortesthenproceededwithhismarchrefnamediazdiazbtheconquestofnewspainlondonpenguinbooksrefaftertheconquestapochquiyauhtzinthelastlordofxochimilcowasbaptizedwiththenameofluscortscerndealvaradoinandhewasallowedtocontinuegoverningunderthespanishevangelizationwasundertakenherebymartndevalenciawithanumberofotherswhoareknownasthetwelveapostlesofmexicofirsttwelvefranciscansinmexicotheirmonasterywasbuiltbetweenandalongwithmanychapelsandchurchesinthexochimilcoareaahospitalintlacoapaandaschoolxochimilcowasmadeanencomiendaofpedrodealvaradoinandremainedsuchuntilthespanishusedthelakesandcanalsofthevalleyofmexicomuchastheindigenousdidatleastatfirstxochimilcoremainedanimportantagriculturalareashippingitsproducetomexicocityinthesamewayshoweverproblemswithfloodingespeciallythegreatfloodofinmexicocityandxochimilcospurredthespanishtobeginprojectstodrainthelakesasaresulttheselakesincludinglakexochimilcohassufferedoneofthemostradicaltransformationsinthehistoryofurbanizationfivehundredyearsagothelakeextendedkmandcontainedofchinampasandofcanalstodaythereareonlykmofchinampasandofcanalsandtheyarestilldisappearingxochimilcowasgrantedthetitleofcitybyphilipiiofspainfelipeiiinthroughmuchofthecolonialerathecitysnativepopulationwasdecimatedbyepidemicsespeciallytyphoiddespitethisandbecauseoftheapparentacceptanceofchristianitythexochimilcaswerepermittedtoretainanumberoftheirtraditionsandtheiridentityasapeoplethearearemainedmostlyindigenousformuchofthecolonialperioditsimportanceasanagriculturalcenterwitheasyaccesstomexicocitymeantthatinthethcenturyabouttwothousandbargesadaystilltraveledonthewatersthatseparatedthetwoareasinxochimilcobecameacorregimientoorsemiautonomousareafrommexicocityandwouldremainsountilmexicanwarofindependenceindependenceitwouldalsoincreaseinimportanceasastopoverforthosetravelingbetweenmexicocityandcuernavacaalsoduringthistimexochimilamartndelacruzwrotelibellusdemedicinalibusindorumherbisxihuipahtlimechualamatobetterknownastheaztecherbalbookorthecruzbadianocodexitistheoldestbookonmedicinewrittenontheamericancontinentitwastranslatedintolatinbyjuanbadianotheoriginalisintheholyseevaticanafterindependencexochimilcobecameamunicipalityinwhatwasthenthestateofmexicoitwouldlaterbecomeapartofthefederaldistrictofmexicocityafterthemexicanamericanwarwhenthisdistrictwasexpandedmanuelpaynoinhisnovellosbandidosdelrofriorelatedajourneythroughherebetweensanlzaromexicocitysanlzaroandchalcodedazcovarrubiaschalcointhefirststeampoweredboattraveledthroughhereconnectingmexicocitywithchalcosteampoweredshipsremainedinxochimilcowatersfromthenuntiltheswhentheyfadedfromusebeforeduringandafterxochimilcocontinuedtomakemoretraditionalraftscanoesandtrajineraspushedalongtheshallowwatersbyapoleupthroughthecenturiesthevalleylakescontinuedtoshrinkbuttherewerestillcanalsthatlinkedxochimilcotothecenterofmexicocityinthelatethcenturymexicocityhadoutgrownitstraditionalwatersuppliesandbegantotakewaterfromthespringsandundergroundaquifersofxochimilcodegradationofthelakeswasfastestintheearlythcenturywhenwatermanagementingreatermexicocityprojectssuchasthecanaldeldesagewerebuilttofurtherdrainthevalleythisandexcessiveaquiferpumpingloweredwatertablesandcanalsnearmexicocitycenterdriedupandcutoffaninexpensivewaytogetgoodstomarketforxochimilcothishadamajoreffectontheareaseconomyalongwiththeeffectsofthelossoffishingforcommunitiessuchassantacruzacalpixcasangregorioatlapulcoandsanluistlaxialtemalcorescartarloinanelectrictramserveswasinauguratedthatwassupposedtoreachtulyehualcobutneverdidduringthemexicanrevolutionthefirstliberationarmyofthesouthzapatistascameintotheboroughthroughmilpaaltatheyburnedareasinnativitasandsanlucasinandthenstayedwithoutfurtherattackstheythentookthecityofxochimilcoinburningthesouthernpartthezapatistasthencontrolledmostofwhatisnowtheboroughonaprilyouthswereshottodeathinasmallalleyinsanlucasxochimancaaplaquecommemoratesthesitewhenthezapatistaswereconfrontedbytroopsloyaltovenustianocarranzaincuemancotheydamagedpumpsandsetthecenterofxochimilcoandtheoriginalmunicipalpalaceonfireinfranciscovillaandemilianozapatametinsangregorioandsignedanalliancecalledthepactofxochimilcoafterthewarxochimilcobecameaboroughwhenthefederaldistrictwasreorganizedincludingthecommunitiesofmixquicsanjuanixtayopanandtetelcotheseandotherterritorieswouldbelostanditsfinaldimensionsattainedininthesxochimilcolostcontrolofmostofitswatersupplytakenbythecityforitsneedstheurbansprawlofmexicocityreachedxochimilcointhemidthcenturyanditstillaffectstheboroughtodayinthesthefederalgovernmentbegantoreplacethelostsupplytothecanalswithtreatedwaterfromthenearbycerrodelaestrellanationalparkcerrodelaestrellathisismostofthewaterthatnowflowsinthecanalsthetreatedwaterisclearbutnotpotableduetobacteriaandheavymetalshoweveritisusedtoirrigatecropsgrownonthechinampaseventhoughthecanalsarefurtherpollutedbyuntreatedsewerageandgarbagethebiggestthreattothecanalsandtheirecosystemisuncontrolledsprawlmostlyduetoillegalbuildingonconservationlandthesesettlementsarepollutingcanalswithuntreatedgarbageandwasteandfillingincanalstomakenewlandtherearethirtyoneillegalsettlementsinthehistoriccenterwithconstructionstenoftheseareinthechinampasofsangregorioatlapulcosanluistlaxialtemalcosantacruzacalpixcaandsantamaranativitastheboroughandunescoareatoddsoverwhattodoaboutthehectaresofillegalsettlementsreligionfromtheprehispanicperiodtothepresentreligionhaspervadedthelifeofpeopleinthisregionsinceitwasimposedintheearlythcenturythecatholicreligionhaspermeatedandmoldedpopularculturelikeinotherpartsofmexicoindigenousideasandpracticessuchasthoseofthexochimilcawerenotcompletelyeradicatedinsteadmanywereintegratedandreadaptedtocatholicismoneexampleofthisisthebuildingofchurchesoverformertemplesandothersacredsitesthesechurchesdecorationoftenhaveindigenouselementstothemaswellamoreimportantsyncretismhasbeenthemanyreligiousfestivalsthatoccurthroughtheyearandthemeansbywhichthesefestivalsaresponsoredandorganizedmuchofreligiouspracticeintheboroughisthroughsymbolicprocessesthatworktoproduceakindofsocialcohesionthemostvisibleofthesearethelargecivicreligiousfestivalsthereissomereligiouspluralityintheboroughalthoughtheyrepresentaverysmallminorityofthepopulationtherearethirtysixnoncatholiccongregationsintheboroughwithaboutseventyplacesofworshipalmostallareprotestantorevangelicalgroupsestablishedbymissionariesmostlyfromtheunitedstatesthefirstwasestablishedyearsagobutmosthavebeenestablishedinthelasttwentyyearswithasmallbutgrowingnumberoffollowershoweversincealmostallsocialactivityisrelatedtothispopularcatholicfestivalcalendarintoleranceofreligiousminoritiesgenerallytakesthesubtleformofbeingexcludedfromeventsalthoughanumberofnoncatholicsparticipateinfestivitiesanywaythesemostlyreligiousfestivalsandothertraditionshavebeenmaintaindespitetheurbanizationoftheboroughthecalendarofcelebrationshereisextensivesomearecivicorpoliticaleventssuchasgritodedoloresindependencedayorlocalcelebrationssuchasthebirthofpoetfernandoceladathebirthofquirinomendozaycortscomposerofcielitolindoandthecommemorationofthemeetingoffranciscovillaandemilianozapataondecemberinthisareahowevermosteventsaretiedtoreligiousactivityandtraditionorganizedbyvolunteerscalledmayordomosthereareofficiallyrecognizedfestivalsduringtheyearincludingthoselocaltospecificcommunitiesoneofthesemorelocalizedfestivalsisonfeastofthecrossmaydayoftheholycrosswhichhasbeencelebratedincommunitiessuchassantacruzxochitepecormagdalenaxochitepecsantacruzacalpixcanandthecenterofxochimilcoforoveryearsrefnametresmayorefhoweverthebestknownmayordomopositionisnotforafestivalbutratherforthecareofanniodiosofmexicoimageofthechildjesuscalledtheniopatheimageisoveryearsoldandhasafollowingofaboutinthexochimilcoareatheimagewasthoughttohavebeenmadeoforangetreewoodbutthiswasprovenfalsewhentheimagewasdroppedandafingerdamagedallowingforthetakingofasmallsampletheanalysisshowedthatitwasmadeinthelocalareaofatreecalledachocolninthethorthcenturythemayordomoreceivesnothingforthecareoftheimageandpaysallexpensesoutofpocketwhichincludesbuildingroomsfortheimagetostayandsponsoringthenearlydailyeventsdedicatedtothisimagetheannualcyclebeginonfebruarywhentheimageisreceivedbyanewmayordomoduringtheyeartheimagevisitshomesandhospitalsaccompaniedbychinelosdancersinadditiontotheniopanotherimportantchildjesusfiguresincludetheniodormiditointhexaltocanneighborhoodtheniodebelenatthesalitreembarcaderotheniotamaleritoandtheniodesanjuantheseimagesalongwiththeniopanarecelebratedtogetheronaprilataneventcalledtheniossagradostherearevariousreplicasoftheniopawhichareownedbyformermayordomosfifteenoftheeighteenpueblosofxochimilcoholdmajoreventsfordayofthedeadincludingcostumeparadesexhibitionsespeciallyofaltarsincemeteriesmuseumsplazasandmorethedoloresolmedomuseumhasanannualmonumentalaltartothedeadfortheoccasionaspertraditionsthecemeteriesofsmallercommunitiessuchassanfranciscotlalnepantlasantacruzxochitepecandsantamaranativitasarelitwiththeglowofnumerouscandlesandlovedonessitvigiloverthegravesrefnamelamentorefinxochimilcoafterthespanishconquestoftheaztecempireconquestspaniardsbegantobuildchurchesandmonasteriesinthevariousvillagesinwhatisnowtheboroughtypicaloftheseisthemonasteryatsantamaratepepanconstructedbetweenandtodayxochimilcohasnineparishesandfiverectoriesthemostimportantofthisisalsothefirstchurchestablishedintheareathesanbernardinodesienachurchandformermonasteryfoundedbymartndevalenciainamonasteryschoolwasfoundedatthesitewithclassesinrhetorictheologyandartsandlettersmostofthefundingoftheprojectcamefromindigenousleadersoftheareaespeciallymartncerndedelvarointhechurchwantedtobringthecomplexsfranciscansintomexicocitybutthelocalpeopleopposedandwonhoweverintherewerestillonlyfourmonksservingovernativepeoplesoonaftertheindigenouspopulationwasorganizedintoneighborhoodsforindoctrinationandcensuspurposessantiagotepalcatlalpansanlucasxochimancasanmateopochtlasanmigueltopilejosanfranciscotlalnepantlasansalvadorcuautencosantaceciliaahuautlasanandrsocoyoacacsanlorenzotlatecpansanmartntiatilpansantamarianativitaszacapanysantacruzacalpixcanthechurchmaintainsisverylargeatriumarchitectureatriumwhichwascommontomonasteriesduringtheevangelizationeffortsoftheveryearlycolonialperiodtheseatriumsweremeanttoholdlargecongregationsofindigenouspeopleswhowereministeredtobyveryfewmonksthesidegateoftheatriumhasamixtureofplateresquegothicarchitecturegothicandindigenousfeaturethewestgatehasthreearcheswhichrepresentthespanishindigenousandmestizopeoplesoftheareathiswasthespacewherethefirstbaptismsoftheindigenousweredonethechurchmonasterycomplexistallandhasafortressappearanceagainsomethingcommonforthetimeperiodthechurchinteriorconservesitsoriginalthcenturymainaltarwithfourstoriestallcontainsindigenousitalianflemishandspanishinfluenceandiscoveredinkaratgoldleafitcontainsareliefofsanbernardinosurroundedbytwogroupsofindigenoussculptureswhoarehelpingtobuildthechurchabovesanbernardinothereisadepictionofthevirginoftheassumptionandthevirginofxochimilcothepaintingsrepresentepisodesfromthelifeofjesusandhavebeenattributedtosimonpereynsandandrsdelaconchathisisoneofthefewthcenturyaltarpiecestohavesurvivedandtheonlyonesimilartoitinsizeandconstructionislocatedinthemonasteryinhuejotzingopueblatherearesevenotheraltarpieceswhichdatefromthethtothethcenturiestheonededicatedtochristonthenorthsideisfromthethcenturybutitisincompleteatitsbaseandsidestheonededicatedtotheholyfamilydatesfromeitherthethorthcenturiesanotherdedicatedtochristonthesouthsideisfromthethorthcenturyonededicatedtomartindeporresisnotablebecauseithasnocolumnsthechurchsonlychapelservesasatabernaclethisroomcontainsalargepaintingofcalvarytherearealsoalargenumberofnotablepaintingsbynamessuchasechaveoriosimnpereynssnchezsalmerncaravaggiofranciscomartnezpainterfranciscomartnezluisarciniegasandjuanmartnezmontesthebaptismalfontsaredecoratedinacanthusornamentacanthusleavesamongwhichisaprehispanicstyleskulltheorganisbaroquearchitecturebaroquefromthethcenturythepewsaremadeofredcedarasarethetwopulpitsallmadebyjuanrojasinthethcenturythesanpedrotlalnahuacchurchwasoneofthefirstpozachapelsusedforprocessionsbuiltinxochimilcodatingfromthemainchurchhasamasonryfaadeinfrontasmallpavedyardcontainsacrosssculptedinwoodandsandstoneasignificantnumberofprehispanicartifactshavebeenfoundonthegroundsitislocatedoncallepedroramrezdelcastillorefnamerinconesjimnezgonzlezprefthelaasuncincolhuacatzincochurchisneoclassicalarchitectureneoclassicalwitharchesservingasbuttressesitmainaltarismodernfromtheendofthethcenturythischurchisimportantduetoitsassociationwithanumberoftraditionsincludingtheburningofjudasoneastersundayandfireworksonframescalledtoritosgoodfridayisdedicatedtotheholyburialwithmayordomossponsoringbreakfastitislocatedinthelaasuncinneighborhoodrefnamerinconesjimnezgonzlezprefthesantacrucitadeanalcochurchwasfirstbuiltinthenrebuiltinneoclassicalstyleinitsmainaltarismodernithasachapelinwhichanumberoffilmshavebeenshotincludingonecalledmaracandelariathesanjuanbautistatlateuhchichurchisfrontedbyalargejunipertreesaidtohavebeenplantedbycuauhtmoctocommemoratetheallianceofthexochimilaswiththeaztecstofightthespanishthechurchhasbeenthroughanumberofrestorationsitislocatedinthehistoriccenterofxochimilcothesantamaradelosdoloresxaltocanchurchisaneoclassicalbuildingbutitsmainaltarisplateresqueandbaroquearchitecturebaroquethischurchishostsadaycelebrationofcarnivallongwiththesurroundingneighborhoodsandmarketsthebelemchurchinthehistoriccenterdatesfromithasbeenrenovatedseveraltimeswiththelasttimeinthelaconcepcindemaratlacoapachurchwasoriginallypartofahospitalbuiltbythefranciscansinthethcenturytheelrosarionepantlatlacaisachapeluniquetotheareaasitsfaadeisdecoratedwithtilesitcontainsanotablepaintingofsaintchristopherfromthethcenturyoriginallythechapelwasdedicatedtomargaretthevirginsaintmargaretitwasdeclaredahistoricmonumentinthefranciscocaltongochurchisoneofthefarthestfromthehistoriccenteroftheboroughinthecaltongoneighborhooditsfaadehasanumberofprehispanicelementseventhoughitwasbuiltinthelasantisimatrinidadchililicochurchisnotedforitsjamessonofzebedeeequestrianstatueofsaintjamesaswellasitscollectionofdocumentsrelatedtoxochimilcoshistoryitislocatedinthelasantisimaneighborhoodthesanestebantecpanpanchurchwasbuiltonthesiteofaprehispanicpalaceandceremonialcenterthecurrentbuildingwasconstructedinthemiddleofthethcenturythisbuildinglostitsoriginalvaultbutitwasrebuiltinalongwiththebelltoweritislocatedinthesanestebanneighborhoodthesancristbalxalanchurchislocatedinthesancristbalneighborhoodwhichisknownforfloricultureincludingpoppiesthatwerebroughtfromeuropesinceitbloomsinspringtherewasadaydedicatedtotheredpoppyflowerpoppycalledthelunesdeamapolaswhichisthedayaftereastersundayhoweverthistraditionendedwhenpoppycultivationwasbannedinthesanlorenzotlaltecpanchurchislocatedinthesanlorenzoneighborhoodonceknownforitsfishermentheystillspecializeinatamalewithfishnonreligiousfestivalstherearefortynineimportantmostlysecularfestivalsthroughtheyearwiththemostimportantbeingtheferiadelanieveferiadelaalegrayelolivoandtheflormsbellasdelejidotheflormsbelladelejidomostbeautifulfloweroftheejidoorfieldbeautypageantpageantisaboroughwideeventdedicatedtofjthebeautyofmexicanindigenouswomentheoriginsofthiseventaretracedbackoveryearswithsymbolismthatisbasedontheprehispanicnotionofaflowerwomanrepresentativeofmotherearthandfertilitythisflowerwomanisbasedonthegoddessxochiquetzalthegoddessofflowersandloverobbedfromherhusbandtlalocbytezcatlipocaafterthespanishconquestoftheaztecempireconquestthisflowerwomansymbolsurvivedandwouldappearatcertaincatholicfestivalssuchastheviernesdedoloresorthefridaybeforepalmsundayanofficialpageantdedicatedtothiswasestablishedinoriginallyitspurposewasreligiousbutiteventuallybecamesecularizedforthisreasontheeventwasmovedtoaweekbeforetheviernesdedoloresandthencalledtheviernesdelasamapolastheeventexistedinthisformforyearswithdancingfoodpulquecharrosandpageantsfeaturingchinapoblanasinthetraditiondiminishedasthelastofthecanalsconnectingtheareawiththemetrojamaicajamaicamarketclosedintheeluniversalmexicocityeluniversalnewspaperheldabeautypageantforthethanniversaryoftheendofthemexicanwarofindependencecallingitlaindiabonitadedicatedtoindigenouswomenthefirstwinnerwasmarabibianauribeinanotherpageantwascreatedformestizowomencalledlaflormsbelladelejidoorthemostbeautifulfloweroftheejidowhichoccurredeachyearontheviernesdedoloresinthemetrosantaanitasantaanitaareathiseventwasmovedtomixquicsanandresmixquicinthesbutthelackofcrowdshaditmoveagainintoxochimilcowhereitremainsrefnameflormasbellareftheferiadenieveicesandicecreamfairtakesplaceinsantiagotulyehualcoeachaprilflavoredsnowwasconsumedintheprehispanicperiodeatenbytherichandmadefromsnowfromthenearbymountainsandtransportedthroughthisareatheconsumptionofthisflavoredsnowcontinuedintothecolonialeraandthefirstfairdedicatedtoitwasestablishedinbymartndevalenciathefairwascelebratedsporadicallyuntilwhentherewasrenewedinterestinitmakingitanannualeventintheeventhaditsthanniversaryduringthistimenewflavorsandtypesoffrozenconfectionshavebeeninventedsomeoftheflavorsareuncommonsuchasrosepetalpulquemolesaucemolespearmintlettuceshrimpandtequilamanyoftheseweredevelopedbylocalresidentfaustinociciliamorarefnamenievegobrefthecommunityofsantiagotepalcatlalpanholdsanannualcornfestivalasitisstillasignificantproducerofthiscropthiseventiscalledtheferiadelmaizylatortillacornandtortillafairinmayitfocusesonthetraditionalmethodsofpreparingandeatingthegrainsuchasintortillasgorditassopesquesadillastlacoyoswithvariousfillingsandatoleespeciallyaversionflavoredwithchilipeppersrefnamecorntorreftheferiadelaalegrayelolivoalegriaandolivefairhasbeenanannualeventsincethesinsantiagotulyehualcoitismostlybasedonagrainnativetomexicocalledamaranthanalegriaisasweetmadewiththisgrainhoneywithdriedfruitsandnutssometimesaddedhoweverthetermisalsousedtorefertotheplantthatproducesamaranthanolivoisanolivetreeamaranthwasanimportantpartoftheprehispanicdietduetoitsnutritivequalitiesanditsuseinvariousceremoniesthisannualfairisdedicatedtoelaborationofthissweetalongwitholiveproductsfromthearearefnamealegriagobrefoverproducersofthegrainoffertheirproductsinvariouspreparationstherearealsoculturaleventssuchasconcertsrefnamespantojareftheferianacionaldeldulcecristalizadonationalcrystallizedcandyfairtakesplaceeachyearinthesantacruzacalpixcacommunityattheplazacivicathisfairisdedicatedtoatraditionalsweetofvariousfruitsandsometimesplantswhichareconservedinasugarsolutionuntiltheycrystallizetheseincludesquashpineapplenopalcactustomatoeschilipepperscommonfigfigsandmorethesetraditionalsweetsareoftensoldalongsideotherssuchascoconutconfectionspalanquetasdecacahuatesimilartopeanutbrittleandnuezconlecheanutmilkconfectionthesecandiesaretheresultofablendingofprehispanicandeuropeansweettraditionsthemaineuropeancontributionsaresugarandmilkproductswhichareoftenmixedwithnativeorotherintroducedingredientsoriginallyfruitsandotherfoodswerecrystallizedthiswayforconservationmanyinthecommunityofsantacruzacalpixcaspecializeinthemakingofoneormoreofthesesweetswhichbeganinwithtwoshopsbelongingtosantiagoramrezolveraandaureliomendozainthetepetitlaneighborhoodinthesthetowndecidedtoholdanannualfairtopromotetheirproductswhichoriginallywasheldinconjunctionwiththefestivaltothelocalpatronsainttheeventincludesprizesforthebestconfectionsinseveralcategoriesandtheintroductionofnewtypesofcandiesrefnamecristalizadorefothereventsincludethecarnivalofxochimilcowhichwasbegunintorescuethecarnivaltraditionintheareaitconsistsofaseriesofmusicalconcertsofvarioustypesartexhibitsfoodandcraftsdisplaysandplaysforchildrenxochimilcohasalsotraditionallyheldtheoktoberfestcelebrationsoktoberfestattheclubalemnwhichislocatedintheboroughinxochimilcowasmadefilmsinazulrsulamurayamaappearedinthatfilmaslauraeconomysincetheprehispanicperiodxochimilcoseconomyhastraditionallybeenbasedonagriculturemostlybysupplyingtotheneedsofmexicocitythisnotonlydominatedtheeconomybutalsotheareasreligiouspracticessomeofwhichcanstillbeseentothepresentdayagriculturestillremainsimportantintheboroughbutmostofthefocushasshiftedtoflowersandornamentalplantsonemajorreasonforthisisthepoorqualityoftheareaswatersupplyxochimilcohasfourmajormarketsdedicatedtothesaleofplantsandflowerscuemancopalaciodelaflormercadodemadreselvaandthehistoricmarketatsanluistlaxialtemalcoxochimilcoecologicalparkandplantmarketcuemancoisthelargestinxochimilcoandthelargestofitskindinlatinamericacoveringthirteenhectareswithitsowncactusgardenandformspartofthexochimilcoecologicalparkandplantmarketecologicalpreserveofcuemancorefnamemercadocuemancorefrefnamerinconesjimnezgonzlezpreftheboroughproducesmillionpoinsettiaseachyearaccountingformostofthemillionsoldeachyearinmexicocitythisrepresentsanincomefortheboroughofabouttomillionpesosannuallygrownbyaboutgrowersrefnamenochebuenarefhoweverstartinginthelatterthcenturymostofareaseconomyhasshiftedawayfromagricultureonereasonforthisisthedeteriorationoftheareasenvironmentplaguesandpoorplanninghavegravelyaffectedtheconservationareainxochimilcototheextentthatmanyfruittreestraditionallygrownherehavedisappearedincludingcapulinsandpeachesoverthelastfortyyearsthepercentageofpeopleintheboroughworkinginagriculturehasdroppedfromfortypercenttothreepercentxochimilcostillhasunitsofagriculturalproductionaccountingforofthetotalofthefederaldistrictthesecoverhectaresoflandorofthedistricthectaresisfarmlandwithamuchsmalleramountdedicatedtofishingandforestryxochimilcoaccountsforpercentoftheflowerproductionofthedistrictofpoinsettiasandallofthegeraniumsandrosesgrownhereitalsogrowsaboutofthedistrictsspinachcropofthefigsofpearsofpearsandofplumsasaproduceroflivestockxochimilcoaccountsforofthecattleofthepigofsheepandofthedomesticfowlproductionofthedistrictmostoftheemployedareinmanufacturingcommerceandservicesoverofallbusinessesintheborougharerelatedtocommerceandserviceshowevermanufacturingcontributestooftheboroughgdpwithcommerceatandservicesatafteragriculturethemostvisibleeconomicactivityistourismwhichisconsideredpartofcommerceandservicesthecanalschinampasandtrajinerasaretheboroughsmaintouristattractioninfebruarytrajineraoperatorsprotestedtheexistenceofclandestinetouroperatorssupposedlytoleratedbyauthoritiestherearesupposedlyasmanyastwentyfiveorthirtyofthesewhopaybribesofpesosamonthtooperateawayfromthesixembarcaderosauthorizedbytheboroughotherlandmarksasidefromthecanalsandtrajinerasthebestknownattractioninxochimilcoisthedoloresolmedomuseumthismuseumwasoncethehomeofsocialitedoloresolmedobeforethisitwasthemainhouseofthelanoriahaciendaestablishedinthethcenturybeforeshediedmsolmedodecidedtodonateherhousemuchofwhatwasinitandherartcollectiontothepublicasamuseumthebuildingsaresurroundedbygardensplantedwithnativemexicanspeciesaroundwhichwanderpeacocksanotherareahousesanumberofmexicanhairlessdogxoloitzcuintledogthemuseumscollectionincludesaboutprehispanicpiecesthelargestcollectionofworksbydiegoriveraatpiecesaswellasanumberofworksbyfridakahloandangelinabeloffitalsocontainsroomsfilledwithfurnitureitemsfrommanypartsoftheworldandeverydayitemsusedbyolmedoandherfamilyinnovemberthemuseumsetupamonumentalaltartothedeadthemuseoarqueolgicodexochimilcoarcheologicalmuseumofxochimilcobeganasacollectionofprehispanicartifactssuchasceramicsstoneitemsbonesandmorethathadbeenfoundintheareaoftenduringconstructionprojectsinthemuseumbegantodisplaytheseitemstothepublicinthecollectionmovedpermanentlytoalatethcenturyhousewhichwasrestoredinthesandinauguratedunderitscurrentnamethiscollectioncontainspiecesmostlyceramicandstoneobjectsincludingfigurescookingutensilsarrowheadsrefnamemuseoarqgobrefitislocatedonavenidatenochtitlninsantacruzacalpixcalocatedtoonesideisoneofthefreshwaterspringsthatfeedthecanalsontheothersidesaregardensrefnamerinconesjimnezgonzlezprefnearthearcheologicalmuseumisasitecalledcuahilamaitisahillthatrisesaboutfiftymetersabovethelakebedthesiteconsistsofterracesandtwelvepetroglyphsthatdatetoaboutthemostimportantoftheseiscalledthenahualapaamapthatcontainsthelocationsofsourcesofwaterlakexochimilcoeightbuildingsandalargequantityofroadsandpathsasmuchoftheboroughisstillclassifiedasanecologicalreservethereareanumberofgreenareasopentothepublictheseincludeseveralforestssuchasthebosquedenativitasparkxochimilcobosquedenativitasthexochimilcoecologicalparkandplantmarketxochimilcoecologicalreservethecentroacuexcomatlandmichmaniecotourismparkthereareseveralparksdesignatedasforestssuchasthebosquedenativitasandthebosquedesanluistlaxialtemacotheseareconsideredareasofenvironmentalvaluebythecityandestablishedtocountersomeofthedamagecausedbyurbansprawlinxochimilcotheseareasareopentothepublicbutwithminimalservicessuchaspicnictablesandhorsebackridingthecentrodeeducacinambientalacuexcomatlacuexcomatlenvironmentaleducationcenterislocatedontheroadbetweenxochimilcocenterandtulyehualcoitcontainsfishfarmsbeekeepingplantnurseriesandgreenhousesaswellassportsfacilitiesclassroomsworkshopsanauditoriumanopenairtheatreandacafeteriaitisincoloniaquirinomendozamichmaniisanecotourismprogramsponsoredbytheboroughwhichissituatedonfiftyhectaresofchinampasthesiteofferskayakingrecreationalfishingatemazcalcabinrentalsandenvironmentaleducationrefnamemichmanirefthecrateroftheteocavolcanohasasportsfacilitywithjaialaigymnasiumsandasoccerfieldthevirgiliouriberowingtrackswasbuiltforthesummerolympicsolympicsinoneofthecanalsitmeasurestwokmlongandwideitisstillusedforcanoeingkayakingandrowingeducationtheboroughcontainspreschoolsprimaryschoolsmiddleschoolsfourtechnicalhighschoolsandhighschoolsthatserveastudentpopulationofoverstudentspercentofthepopulationisilliteratelowerthanthecityaveragethehighestpercentageofilliteratepeopleconsistsofthoseoversixtyyearsofagethelowestisintheyearoldbracketpostsecondaryeducationtheuniversidadautnomametropolitanawasestablishedininxochimilcoundermexicanpresidentluisecheverratomeetthegrowingdemandforpublicuniversityeducationinthecitycurrentlytheinstitutionhasthreecampusesinthefederaldistrictinazcapotzalcoiztapalapaandxochimilcoanditiscomposedofseveralacademicdivisionsthesedivisionsincludethedivisindecienciasyartesparaeldiseodivisindecienciasbiolgicasydelasaludandthedivisindecienciassocialesyhumanidadestheinstitutionoffersabouttwentybachelorsdegreesanequalnumberofmastersanddoctoratedegreesaswellasanumberofcertificateprogramsrefnameuamxrefthenationalschoolofartsunamescuelanacionaldeartesplsticasnationalschooloffineartswasoriginallyestablishedasthesancarlosacademyinthehistoriccenterofmexicocityduringthelatecolonialeraintheschoolbecamethemostprestigiousartacademyinmexicoaftermexicanwarofindependenceindependenceinthethcenturyintheschoolwasincorporatedintotheuniversidadnacionalautnomademxicointhestheschooldividedintoanundergraduateandgraduatedivisionandintheundergraduatedivisionmovedtoanewcampusinxochimilcoleavingthegraduatestudiesatthetraditionalsiteinthehistoriccenterrefnamejrodriguezrefenapremainsasthecountryslargestandmostprestigiousarteducationinstitutionrefnameradiounamrefprimaryandsecondaryschoolsnationalpublichighschoolsofthenationalautonomousuniversityofmexicounamescuelanacionalpreparatoriamexicoescuelanacionalpreparatoriaincludeescuelanacionalpreparatoriaplantelgabinobarredapublichighschoolsoftheinstitutodeeducacinmediasuperiordeldistritofederaliemsincludeescuelapreparatoriaxochimilcobernardinodesahagnthecolegioalemnalexandervonhumboldtmexicocitycolegioalemnalexandervonhumboldthasitscampussurcampussdformerlycampusxochimilcointhedistrictthekindergartenandprimarylevelsoccupytheplanteltepepanincoloniatepepanandthesecondaryandpreparatorylevelsoccupytheplantellanoriaincoloniahuichapanlanorianotesreferencesbeginbiblioformatifindentparamisusedplsuseacoloninsteadofasteriskforbulletmarkersinthereferenceslistendbiblioformatstyleexternallinksxochimilcodfgobmxofficialdelegacinxochimilcowebsitedelegacinxochimilcowebarchiveorgwebenvironmentalgraffiticombeatentracknewshauntedislandwheredollscomelifenewenvironmentalgraffiticomblogtheislandofdollsarticleandphotographsyoutubecomplaylistlistpllacorhqcmnshugotqehafulqtzouappdesktopsoyxochimilcoconabioviayoutubethmillenniuminfoboxofficeholdernamexavierbecerraimagexavierbecerraofficialportraitjpgofficerdattorneygeneralofcaliforniagovernorjerrybrowntermstartjanuarytermendpredecessorkamalaharrissuccessorofficedemocraticcaucuschairmanoftheunitedstateshouseofrepresentativeschairofthehousedemocraticcaucusleadernancypelositermstartjanuarytermendjanuarypredecessorjohnblarsonjohnlarsonsuccessorjosephcrowleyjoecrowleyofficedemocraticcaucusvicechairmanoftheunitedstateshouseofrepresentativesvicechairofthehousedemocraticcaucusleadernancypelositermstartjanuarytermendjanuarypredecessorjohnlarsonsuccessorjoecrowleyofficepartyleadersoftheunitedstateshouseofrepresentativeshousedemocraticassistanttotheleaderleadernancyp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atthespellingshouldneverbeusedinformalwritinghistoryuseinenglishearlyuseofxmasincludesbernardwardshistoryofstedmundscollegeoldhalloriginallypublishedcircaaroundthetermwaswrittenasxpesmsseintheanglosaxonchroniclexmasisfoundinaletterfromgeorgewoodwarddiplomatgeorgewoodwardinlordbyronusedtheterminasdidsamuelcoleridgeandlewiscarrollintheunitedstatesthefifthamericaneditionofwilliamperrysroyalstandardenglishdictionarypublishedinbostoninincludedinitslistofexplanationsofcommonabbreviationsorcontractionofwordstheentryxmaschristmasoliverwendellholmesjrusedtheterminaletterdatedsinceatleastthelatethcenturyxmashasbeeninuseinvariousotherenglishlanguagenationsquotationswiththewordcanbefoundintextsfirstwrittenincanadaandthewordhasbeenusedinaustraliaandinthecaribbeanmerriamwebstersdictionaryofenglishusagestatedthatmodernuseofthetermislargelylimitedtoadvertisementsheadlinesandbannerswhereitsconcisenessisvaluedtheassociationwithcommercehasdonenothingforitsreputationaccordingtothedictionaryintheunitedkingdomtheformerchurchofenglandbishopofdioceseofblackburnblackburnalanchestersbishopalanchestersrecommendedtohisclergythattheyavoidthespellingintheunitedstatesinnewhampshiregovernormeldrimthomsonsentoutapressreleasesayingthathewantedjournaliststokeepthechristinchristmasandnotcallitxmaswhichhecalledapaganspellingofchristmasuseofxforchristimagechirhosvgthumbuprightthelabarumoftencalledthechirhoisachristiansymbolrepresentingchristtheabbreviationofchristmasasxmasisthesourceofdisagreementamongchristianswhoobservetheholidaythedecembernewsandviewspublishedbythechurchleagueofamericaaconservativeorganizationcofoundedinbygeorgewashingtonrobnettattackedtheuseofxmasinanarticletitledxtheunknownquantitytheclaimswerepickeduplaterbygeraldlksmithwhoindecemberclaimedthatxmaswasablasphemousomissionofthenameofchristandthatxisreferredtoasbeingsymbolicaloftheunknownquantitysmithfurtherarguedthatjewsintroducedsantaclaustosuppressthenewtestamentaccountsofjesusandthattheunitednationsatthebehestofworldjewryhadoutlawedthenameofchristthereishoweverawelldocumentedhistoryofuseofactuallyachiletterchiasanabbreviationforchristandpossiblyalsoasymbolofthecrosstheabbreviationappearsonmanyorthodoxchristianreligiousiconsdennisbratcherwritingforawebsiteforchristiansstatestherearealwaysthosewholoudlydecrytheuseoftheabbreviationxmasassomekindofblasphemyagainstchristandchristianityamongthemareevangelistfranklingrahamandcnnjournalistrolandsmartingrahamstatedinaninterviewrolandmartinlikewiserelatestheuseofxmastohisgrowingconcernsofincreasingcommercializationandsecularizationofoneofchristianityshighestholydaysbratcherpositsthatthosewhodislikeabbreviatingthewordareunfamiliarwithalonghistoryofchristiansusingxinplaceofchristforvariouspurposesthewordchristanditscompoundsincludingchristmashavebeenabbreviatedinenglishforatleastthepastyearslongbeforethemodernxmaswascommonlyusedchristwasoftenwrittenasxorxttherearereferencesintheanglosaxonchronicleasfarbackasthisxandparoseastheuppercaseformsofthegreekalphabetgreekletterschiletterchandrhorusedinancientabbreviationsforgreekforchristthelabarumanamalgamationofthetwogreeklettersrenderedasrefgroupnoteunicodecharacterchirhourefisasymboloftenusedtorepresentchristincatholicchurchcatholicprotestantandeasternorthodoxchurchorthodoxchristianchurchestheoxfordenglishdictionaryoedandtheoedsupplementhavecitedusagesofxorxpforchristasearlyasthetermsxtianandlesscommonlyxpianhavealsobeenusedforchristiantheoedfurthercitesusageofxtianityforchristianityfromaccordingtomerriamwebstersdictionaryofenglishusagemostoftheevidenceforthesewordscomesfromeducatedenglishmenwhoknewtheirgreekrefnamemwdeubooksgooglecombooksidyjuspvrdgcpgpadqxmasusageeizvzwsafjysyaseykhrawxmasarticlemerriamwebstersdictionaryofenglishusagemerriamwebsterpretrievedviagooglebooksdecemberrefinancientchristianartandareabbreviationsforchristsnameinmanymanuscriptsofthenewtestamentandiconsisanabbreviationforasisxcthefirstandlastlettersingreekusingthelunatesigmalettersigmacompareicforjesusingreekotherusesofxtforchristotherpropernamescontainingthenamechristbesidesthosementionedabovearesometimesabbreviatedsimilarlyeitherasxorxtbothofwhichhavebeenusedhistoricallyegxtopherorxopherforchristopherorxtinaorxinaforthenamechristinainthethandthcenturiesxeneandexenewerecommonspellingsforthegivennamechristinetheamericansingerchristinaaguilerahassometimesgonebythenamextinasimilarlyexenecervenkahasbeenanotedamericansingersongwritersincethisusageofxtospellthesyllablekrisratherthanthesoundskshasextendedtoxtalforcrystalandonfloristssignstoxantforchrysanthemumeventhoughthesewordsarenotetymologicallyrelatedtochristcrystalcomesfromagreekwordmeaningiceandnotevenusingtheletterandchrysanthemumcomesfromgreekwordsmeaninggoldenflowerwhilechristcomesfromagreekwordmeaninganointedinpopularcultureintheanimatedtelevisionseriesfuturamawhichissetinthestcenturyxmasistheofficialnameforthedayformerlyknownaschristmaswhichintheepisodexmasstoryissaidtohavebecomeanarchaicpronunciationintheamericanversionoftheboardgamemonopolygamemonopolypl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eatmentplantoutfallsorthechemicaldefensesproducedbysomeorganismsasprotectionagainstpredatorsrefnamemansuyrefthetermxenobioticshoweverisveryoftenusedinthecontextofpollutantssuchaspolychlorinateddibenzodioxinsdioxinsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandtheireffectonthebiotaecologybiotabecausexenobioticsareunderstoodassubstancesforeigntoanentirebiologicalsystemieartificialsubstanceswhichdidnotexistinnaturebeforetheirsynthesisbyhumansthetermxenobioticisderivedfromthegreekwordsxenosforeignerstrangerandbiosvioslifeplusthegreeksuffixforadjectivesticxenobioticsmaybegroupedascarcinogensdrugsenvironmentalpollutantsfoodadditiveshydrocarbonsandpesticidesxenobioticmetabolismthebodyremovesxenobioticsbyxenobioticmetabolismthisconsistsofthedeactivationandtheexcretionofxenobioticsandhappensmostlyintheliverexcretionroutesareurinefaecesbreathandsweathepaticenzymesareresponsibleforthemetabolismofxenobioticsbyfirstactivatingthemoxidationreductionhydrolysisandorhydrationofthexenobioticandthenconjugatingtheactivesecondarymetabolitewithglucuronicacidsulphuricacidorglutathionefollowedbyexcretioninbileorurineanexampleofagroupofenzymesinvolvedinxenobioticmetabolismishepaticmicrosomalcytochromeptheseenzymesthatmetabolizexenobioticsareveryimportantforthepharmaceuticalindustrybecausetheyareresponsibleforthebreakdownofmedicationsalthoughthebodyisabletoremovexenobioticsbyreducingittoalesstoxicformthroughxenobioticmetabolismthenexcretingititisalsopossibleforittobeconvertedintoamoretoxicforminsomecasesthisprocessisreferredtoasactivationbioactivationandcanresultinstructuralandfunctionalchangestothemicrobiotarefnamerefexposuretoxenobioticscandisruptthemicrobiomecommunitystructureeitherbyincreasingordecreasingthesizeofcertainbacterialpopulationsdependingonthesubstancefunctionalchangesthatresultvarydependingonthesubstanceandcanincludeincreasedexpressioningenesinvolvedinstressresponseandantimicrobialresistanceantibioticresistancechangesinthelevelsofmetabolitesproducedetcrefnamereforganismscanalsoevolutionevolvetotoleratexenobioticsanexampleisthecoevolutionoftheproductionoftetrodotoxinintheroughskinnednewtandtheevolutionoftetrodotoxinresistanceinitspredatorthecommongartersnakeinthispredatorpreypairanevolutionaryarmsracehasproducedhighlevelsoftoxininthenewtandcorrespondinglyhighlevelsofresistanceinthesnakerefnamerefthisevolutionaryresponseisbasedonthesnakeevolvingmodifiedformsoftheionchannelsthatthetoxinactsuponsobecomingresistanttoitseffectsrefnamerefanotherexampleofaxenobiotictolerancemechanismistheuseofatpbindingcassettetransporteratpbindingcassetteabctransporterswhichislargelyexhibitedininsectsrefnamerefsuchtransporterscontributetoresistancebyenablingthetransportoftoxinsacrossthecellmembranethuspreventingaccumulationofthesesubstanceswithincellsxenobioticsintheenvironmentxenobioticsubstancesareanissueforsewagetreatmentsystemssincetheyaremanyinnumberandeachwillpresentitsownproblemsastohowtoremovethemandwhetheritisworthtryingtosomexenobioticsareresistanttodegradationxenobioticssuchaspolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonspahsandtrichloroethylenetceaccumulateintheenvironmentduetotheirrecalcitrantpropertiesandhavebecomeanenvironmentalconcernduetotheirtoxicityandaccumulationthisoccursparticularlyinthesubsurfaceenvironmentandwatersourcesaswellasinbiologicalsystemshavingthepotentialtoimpacthumanhealthrefnamerefsomeofthemainsourcesofpollutionandtheintroductionofxenobioticsintotheenvironmentcomefromlargeindustriessuchaspharmaceuticalsfossilfuelspulpandpaperbleachingandagriculturerefnamerefforexampletheymaybesyntheticorganochloridessuchasplasticsandpesticidesornaturallyoccurringorganicchemicalssuchaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonpolyaromatichydrocarbonspahsandsomefractionsofcrudeoilandcoalmicroorganismsmaybeaviablesolutiontotheissueofenvironmentalpollutionbytheproductionofxenobioticsaprocessknownasbioremediationthisprocesscanbefurtheralteredtomanipulatethemetabolicpathwaysofmicroorganismsinordertodegradeharmfulxenobioticsunderspecificenvironmentalconditionsatamoredesirableratemechanismsofbioremediationincludebothgeneticallyengineeringmicroorganismsandisolatingthenaturallyoccurringxenobioticdegradingmicrobesresearchhasbeenconductedtoidentifythegenesresponsiblefortheabilityofmicroorganismstometabolizecertainxenobioticsandithasbeensuggestedthatthisresearchcanbeusedinordertoengineermicroorganismsspecificallyforthispurposenotonlycancurrentpathwaysbeengineeredtobeexpressedinotherorganismsbutthecreationofnovelpathwaysisapossibleapproachxenobioticsmaybelimitedintheenvironmentanddifficulttoaccessinareassuchasthesubsurfaceenvironmentdegradativeorganismscanbeengineeredtoincreasemobilityinordertoaccessthesecompoundsincludingenhancedchemotaxisonelimitationofthebioremediationprocessisthatoptimalconditionsarerequiredforpropermetabolicfunctioningofcertainmicroorganismswhichmaybedifficulttomeetinanenvironmentalsettinginsomecasesasinglemicroorganismmaynotbecapableofperformingallmetabolicprocessesrequiredfordegradationofaxenobioticcompoundandsosyntrophicbacterialconsortiamaybeemployedinthiscaseagroupofbacteriaworkinconjunctionresultingindeadendproductsfromoneorganismbeingfurtherdegradedbyanotherorganisminothercasestheproductsofonemicroorganismsmayinhibittheactivityanotherandthusabalancemustbemaintainedmanyxenobioticsproduceavarietyofbiologicaleffectswhichisusedwhentheyarecharacterizedusingbioassaybeforetheycanberegisteredforsaleinmostcountriesxenobioticpesticidesmustundergoextensiveevaluationforriskfactorssuchastoxicitytohumansecotoxicityorpersistenceintheenvironmentforexampleduringtheregistrationprocesstheherbicidecloransulammethylwasfoundtodegraderelativelyquicklyinsoilrefnamerefinterspeciesorgantransplantationthetermxenobioticisalsousedtorefertoorgananatomyorgansorgantransplanttransplantedfromonespeciestoanotherforexamplesomeresearchershopethatheartsandotherorganscouldbetransplantedfrompigstohumansmanypeopledieeveryyearwhoselivescouldhavebeensavedifacriticalorganhadbeenavailablefortransplantkidneysarecurrentlythemostcommonlytransplantedorganxenobioticorganswouldneedtobedevelopedinsuchawaythattheywouldnotberejectedbytheimmunesystemseealsodrugmetabolismxenobioticmetabolismisredirectedtothespecialcasedrugmetabolismreferencessexlinkageinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamepacificimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelsthreelargedrivingwheelsjoinedwithacouplingrodandasinglesmalltrailingwheelcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimageqclassjpgaltcaptionnzrqclassnewzealandsqclassofthefirsttruepacificlocomotiveequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalycrefinedtocorcfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountryaustralialocomotiveqclassrailwaywesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysdesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotiverailwaylehighvalleyrailroaddesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitexperimentalwithstrongsfireboxmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrynewzealandlocomotivenzrqclassqclassrailwaynewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnewzealandrailwaysdeptdesigneralbeattiebuilderbaldwinlocomotiveworksevolvedfromlocomotiveevolvedtomainbenefitwideanddeepfireboxbehindcoupledwheelsmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoffourleadingwheelsontwoaxlessixpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonthreeaxlesandtwotrailingwheelsononeaxlethelocomotivebecamealmostgloballyknownasapacifictyperefnamesteamglossaryprcrailconsultingltdlanguageenrefrefnamehollandrefoverviewtheintroductionofthedesigninhasbeendescribedasaveritablemilestoneinlocomotiveprogressrefnamelocomotivedevelopmentinnznzetcvictoriaacnztmscholarlyteigovrailtbodydhtmlprogresslocomotivedevelopmentinnewzealandthepacifictypeitsgenesisandtriumphthenewzealandrailwaysmagazinevolumeissueoctoberrefonmanyrailwaysworldwidepacificsteamlocomotivesprovidedthemotivepowerforexpresspassengertrainsthroughoutmuchoftheearlytomidthcenturybeforeeitherbeingsupersededbylargertypesinthelatesandsorreplacedbyelectriclocomotiveelectricordiesellocomotivedieselelectriclocomotivesduringthesandsneverthelessnewpacificdesignscontinuedtobebuiltuntilthemidsthetypeisgenerallyconsideredtobeanenlargementofthelocomotiveatlantictypealthoughitsnzrqclassprototypehadadirectrelationshiptothetenwheelerandprairieeffectivelybeingacombinationofthetwotypesrefnamepacifictyperefthesuccessofthetypecanbeattributedtoacombinationofitsfourwheelleadingtruckwhichprovidedbetterstabilityatspeedthanaprairiethesixdrivingwheelswhichallowedforalargerboilerandtheapplicationofmoretractiveeffortthantheearlierlocomotiveatlanticandthetwowheeltrailingtruckfirstusedonthenewzealandprairieofthispermittedthefireboxsteamenginefireboxtobelocatedbehindthehighdrivingwheelsandtherebyallowedittobebothwideanddeepunlikethetenwheelerwhichhadeitheranarrowanddeepfireboxbetweenthedrivingwheelsorawideandshallowoneabovethetypeiswellsuitedtohighspeedrunningtheworldspeedrecordforsteamtractionofhasbeenheldbyabritishpacificlocomotivethelnerclassamallardmallardsincejulydevelopmentthetwoearliestlocomotivesbothcreatedintheunitedstatesofamericawereexperimentaldesignswhichwerenotperpetuatedinthelehighvalleyrailroadexperimentedwithatenwheelerdesignwithastrongspatentfireboxacylindricaldevicebehindthecabwhichrequiredanextensionoftheframeandtheadditionoftwotrailingwheelstosupportitinthechicagomilwaukeestpaulandpacificrailroadchicagomilwaukeeandstpaulrailwayrebuiltaconventionalwithtrailingwheelsasameansofreducingitsaxleloadrefnameellisellishamiltonthepictorialencyclopaediaofrailwayshamlynpprefinsixqclasstanklocomotiveswereintroducedonthewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysthefirsttruepacificdesignedassuchwithalargefireboxaftofthecoupledwheelswasorderedinbythenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnzrfromthebaldwinlocomotiveworksofphiladelphiapennsylvaniathenzrchiefmechanicalengineeralbeattieorderedthirteennewnzrqclassqclasslocomotiveswithasufficientlylargefireboxsteamenginefireboxthatwouldbeabletoefficientlyburnpoorgradelignitelignitecoalfromeasternsouthislandminesevenbeforebaldwinhadcompletedtheorderfromnewzealandtheirengineersrealisedtheadvantagesofthenewtypeandincorporateditintotheirstandarddesignsforothercustomersthedesignwassoonwidelyadoptedbydesignersthroughouttheworldoriginofthenametherearedifferentopinionsconcerningtheoriginofthenamepacificthedesignwasanaturalenlargementoftheexistingbaldwinatlantictypebutthetypenamemayalsobeinrecognitionofthefactthatanewzealanddesignerhadfirstproposeditusuallyhowevernewwheelarrangementswerenamedforornamedbytherailroadwhichfirstusedthetypeintheunitedstatesinthecaseofthepacificthatwasthemissouripacificrailroadininthecapecolonycapeofgoodhopeinsouthafricathefirstpacificsweredeliveredfromkitsonandcompanyinanddesignatedthesouthafricanclassakarooclassfromtheregionofthecapewesternsystemofthecapegovernmentrailwaysthattheyweredesignedtoworkinglobalpopularitythepacifictypewasusedonmainlinerailwaysaroundtheworldtherailwaysofnewzealandandaustraliawerethefirstintheworldtorunlargenumbersofpacificlocomotiveshavingintroducedtypesinandrespectivelyandoperatingthemuntilthesimageprrkjpgthumbleftbuildersphotographofaltoonabuiltknoduringthefirsthalfofthethcenturythepacificrapidlybecamethepredominantpassengersteampowerinnorthamericabetweenandaboutlocomotivesofthetypewerebuiltbynorthamericanmanufacturersforserviceintheunitedstatesandcanadawithexportedlocomotivesincludedaboutwerebuiltintotalaboutofthesewerebuiltbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyalcowhichbecamethemainbuilderofthetypeandbybaldwinlargenumberswerealsousedinsouthamericamostofwhichweresuppliedbymanufacturersintheunitedkingdomtheunitedstatesandgermanyenlargedkarooclasssarclassafricawasthethirdcontinentuponwhichthepacificwasregularlyusedfollowingtheintroductionofthekarooclassonthecapegovernmentrailwaysinthecapeofgoodhopeintheearliestafricanexampleswerebuiltintheunitedkingdombykitsonandcompanytheearliestexamplesofthepacificineuropeweretwofrenchprototypesintroducedinanddesignedbythecompagnieduchemindeferdeparisorlanspotoovercometheinsufficientpoweroftheirwithinafewweeksthesewerefollowedbyagermanpacifictypethatalthoughalreadydesignedinonlyenteredserviceinlatethenextwasabritishtypeintroducedinjanuarybytheoutbreakofthefirstworldwarthetypewasbeingwidelyusedontherailwaysofcontinentaleuropethepacifictypewasintroducedintoasiainthesameyearthatitwasfirstusedineuropebythespacificswerebeingusedbymanyrailwaysthroughouttheasiancontinentinthepacificgaveitsnametoarthurhoneggersorchestralworkpacificwhichsuccessfullyreflectivelyinterpretstheemotivesoundsofasteamlocomotiveafterthefrenchsystemofcountingaxlesratherthanwheelstanklocomotivesduringthefirsttwodecadesofthethcenturythepacificwheelarrangementenjoyedlimitedpopularityontanklocomotivesonalocomotivethetrailingwheelssupportthetanklocomotivefuelbunkercoalbunkerratherthananenlargedfireboxandsuchalocomotiveisthereforeactuallyatankengineversionofthetenwheelertenderlocomotiveindeedmanyoftheearliestexampleswereeitherrebuiltfromtenderlocomotivesorsharedtheirbasicdesignarounditbecameapparenttodesignersthatthewheelarrangementallowedatoolimitedbunkersizeformostpurposeswiththeresultthatmostlaterdesignsoflargesuburbantankclasseswereofthehudsonoradriaticwheelarrangementlifespanbuiltinthepacificbecamethemajorexpresspassengertrainexpresspassengerlocomotivetypeonmanyrailwaysthroughoutthessandsexampleswerealsobuiltforfastfreightandmixedtrafficlocomotivemixedtrafficdutieshoweverduetotheincreasingweightoftrainsduringtheslargerdevelopmentsofthetypebecamenecessaryintheunitedstatesandelsewherethemostnotableofthesewasthehudsonorbaltictypewhichhadafourwheeltrailingbogiethatpermittedanevenlargerfireboxalbeitatalossofsomeadhesiveweightandthemountaintypewhichusedanextrapairofdrivingwheelstodelivermoretractiveefforttotherailsneverthelessthepacifictyperemainedwidelyusedonexpresspassengertrainsuntilsteamlocomotivetheendofsteamingeneralusetheendofsteamtractionthelastexampleswerebuiltintheunitedkingdomandjapaninthemidsbritishrailwaysintroduceditsbrstandardclassstandardclassandbrstandardclassclassdesignsinandandthefinalunitedkingdomdesignthebrstandardclassstandardclassinrefnamebrucebrucealfredthesteamlocomotiveinamericaitsdevelopmentinthetwentiethcenturywwnortonrefhoweverthestoryofthetypedidnotendinthesonefurthermainlineexampleofthelnerpeppercornclassalnerpeppercornclassatornadonotornadowascompletedatdarlingtonbytheasteamlocomotivetrustindesignedtomeetmodernsafetyandcertificationstandardstornadorunsonthenetworkrailunitedkingdomsrailnetworkandonmainlineconnectedheritagerailwaysrefnamermgreatesttherailwaymagazinegreatbritishlocomotivesautumnwinterspecialpabonusstentrythestcenturysteammiraclerefusageargentinathevulcanfoundrybuilttwentypacificlocomotivesfortheformerbuenosairesgreatsouthernrailwaybagsrintwoofwhichstillsurviveafurthersinglebclasslocomotivewasbuiltinandthekclassoftwelvepacificlocomotiveswasbuiltforthebagsrbyvulcaninrefnamevulcanenuiiorgvulcanfoundryphotographspictoriallocolisthtmvulcanfoundryphotographiclocolistrefinthecentralargentinerailwayferrocarrilcentralargentinoorfccaorderedtwentylargethreecylinderpsclasspacificlocomotiveswithcaprottivalvegearwhichwereatthetimethemostpowerfullocomotivesonthefccainoneofthesesetupasouthamericanspeedrecordaveragingontheelcordobesexpressacrossthenonstoprunfromrosariotobuenosaireshaulingatontrainandattimesattainingamaximumspeedofnearlythevulcanfoundrybuiltafurtherfiftylocomotivesofamodernisedpsclassversionofthisdesignforthenationalisedferrocarrilesargentinosfcabetweenandrefnamevulcanenuiiorgvulcanfoundryphotographslocomotivespublicityargentinerailwayspspdfvulcanlocomotivesargentinerailwaysandrefaustraliainaustraliathefirstknownexampleofthewheelarrangementwastheqclasstanklocomotiveofthegaugewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwayswagrthesixlocomotiveswereintroducedinbutfourofthemweresoonconvertedtoahudsonconfigurationthewagrwasthelargestuserofpacifictendertypesinaustraliaintotalthewagroperatedatleastlocomotivesacquiredbetweenandmakingitbyfaritsmostnumerouswheelarrangementthefirstsimpleexpansionsimplextenderlocomotivesinaustraliawereorderedfrombritishmanufacturersforthewagrhoweverduetoslowdeliverytimesbythebritishcompaniesasaresultoffullorderbooksandtheirpreferenceforlargerorderstwentycompoundexpansionlocomotiveswerealsoorderedfrombaldwinlocomotiveworksinpennsylvaniaandplacedinserviceindesignatedtheecclassfromtheselocomotivesdesignedforheavygoodsandpassengertrafficwereconvertedintolightlineslclassenginesbutwithoutalteringtheirwheelarrangementthebritishbuiltlocomotivesthewagreclasswerebuiltbynasmythgaskellandcompanyexpansionnasmythwilsonandcompanynorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblandvulcanfoundrybetweenandthesewerethefirstofthetypetobeintroducedinquantitywithlocomotivesintheclassotherpacifictypelocomotivesoperatedbythewagrincludedthetwentystrongcclassintroducedinwhichwereconvertedfromatoawheelarrangementfromitwasnotuntiltheintroductionofthewagrpandprclasseswagrpclassinthatwesternaustraliareceivedwhatmanyconsideredatruepacificalargewellbalancedlocomotivedesignedprimarilyforfastpassengertrafficthepclassconsistedoflocomotivesbuiltinandbynblaswellaslocallyatthewagrsmidlandrailwayworkshopsthepclassenginesrevolutionisedexpresspassengertravelinwesternaustraliabydrasticallyreducingpassengertraveltimesbetweendestinationsthefirstbatchoftenwagrprriverclasslocomotivesnamedafterprominentriversinwesternaustraliaandwithaboilerpressureratingofcomparedtotheofthepclasswerebuiltinatthemidlandrailwayworkshopsbetweenandeightofthepclasslocomotiveswerealsoconvertedtowagrpandprclassesprclassmodificationsprclassoneofthemwaspreservedthewagruclassoffourteenoilburninglocomotivesoneofwhichwaspreservedwerepurchasedfromnblinassurpluswarworkenginesfollowingthesecondworldwarthewagrsfinalpacificdesignwasitspmandpmrclassesoflocomotivesintroducedinfiveofwhichhavebeenpreservedtheselocomotiveswereintendedtoreplacetheprclassbutwerequicklyrelegatedtogoodsworkingsafterprovingtoberigidsteamersrefnamemcnicolmcnicolswagrsteamlocomotivesinpreservationpmandpmrclassentriespprefthemidlandrailwayofwesternaustraliaoneofthelongestlivedprivatelyownedrailwaysinaustraliafollowedthewagrsexamplebyintroducingfivepacificlocomotiveswhichwerebuiltbykitsonandcompanytothesouthafricanclassakaroodesignofthecapegovernmentrailwaysasbasisrefnamedurrantrefinthesheavypacificlocomotiveswereintroducedbybothsouthaustralianrailwayssarandvictorianrailwaysvrinresponsetoincreasinglyheavypassengertrainsandthedemandforfasterservicesalthoughsimilarinsizepowerandtopspeedtheirdesignsreflecteddifferentapproachesthesouthaustralianrailwaysclasssarclassreflectedcontemporaryamericanlocomotivepracticebothindesignfeaturesandappearancewithtwolargecylindersthesarownedaltogethertwentypacificlocomotivesofwhichthefirsttenwereoftheclasssuppliedbyarmstrongwhitworthoftheunitedkingdomintheremainderwereofthesouthaustralianrailwaysclassclassbuiltatislingtonworksrailwaystationislingtonworkshopsbetweenandthevictorianrailwayssclassvrsclassontheotherhandshowedastrongbritishlnergresleyclassesaandalondonandnortheasternrailwayinfluencewiththreecylindersandwithgresleyconjugatedvalvegeardrivingthethirdinsidecylinderthevrsfoursclasslocomotiveswerebuiltatnewportworksbetweenandvictorianrailwaysddclassddeclasscthevralsobuiltalocomotiveclassthevictorianrailwaysddclassddeclassthatwasdevelopedfromasuccessfulddclassdesigninintendedforoutersuburbanpassengerservicesinmelbournethegaugequeenslandrailwaysqrhadtwopacificlocomotiveclassesbetweenandqueenslandbclasslocomotivebclasswereintroducedtohaulmailtrainstheprototypebuiltbyqrslistofqueenslandsteamlocomotivesipswichworkshopsipswichworkshopsbegantrialrunsonjulyandwasfollowedbytwobatchesofeightlocomotivesinandthelastlocomotiveofthisclasswasdeliveredinanothertwentywerebuiltbywalkerslimitedofmaryboroughqueenslandmaryboroughbetweenandofthesenowasthelastmainlinesteamlocomotivetobebuiltinaustraliarefnameqrigorgqrigorgmotivepowerlocomotivessteambbclassqueenslandrailwaysinterestgroupbbclassrefthenewsouthwalesgovernmentrailwaysnswgrintroduceditsnewsouthwalesclasslocomotivecclassforexpresspassengerserviceinthesetwocylinderpacificshadafreesteamingboilerandwererenownedfortheirperformanceretiredclassleadernswsteamlocomotivenohasachievedconsiderablefameinpreservationwithnotablefeatssuchasatranscontinentaljourneyfromsydneytoperthwesternaustraliaperthinthetasmaniangovernmentrailwaysownedfourteenpacificlocomotivesfourlocomotivesofclassrrtorwerebuiltforpassengertrainsbyperryengineeringinadelaidethefinalbatchoftenpacificlocomotivesofclassmmtomarrivedintasmaniainbuiltbyrobertstephensonandhawthornsinandwereusedonalltrainsonmajorlinesinnortherntasmaniaaustriatheonlypacifictypetobebuiltinaustriawastheclasstanklocomotiveoftheimperialroyalaustrianstaterailwayskkstblaterthebbsterreichischebundesbahnenbbofwhichwerebuiltbetweenandrefnamebekjindichbekzdenekbekparnlokomotivysdsdsteamlocomotivespragueinczechpprefthishighlysuccessfullocomotiveremainedinserviceuntiltheclasswaslateralsoproducedanddevelopedinczechoslovakiaastheclassoftheczechoslovakstaterailwayssdbetweenandoftheselocomotiveswerebuiltthereandinadditionseventeenoftheoriginalaustrianclasslocomotiveswereusedtheretheysurvivedinserviceuntilthreeexampleshavebeenpreservedalsoseeenczechoslovakiaczechoslovakiathepacifictenderlocomotivesthatworkedpassengerservicesinaustriabetweenandallbelongedtotherailwaysofothercountriessuchasthedeutschereichsbahntheczechoslovakstaterailwaysandtheyugoslavrailwayshistoryyugoslavstaterailwaysbulgariathebulgarianstaterailwaysbdzboughtitsfirstfourcylindersimpleexpansionpacifictypelocomotivefromjohncockerillcompanyjohncockerillofbelgiuminithauledexpresstrainsfromsofiatosvilengradandwasrebuiltininbdzimproveditsexpressservicebetweensofiaandburgasandplacedanorderwithkruppingermanyforfivethreecylinderpacifictypelocomotivesbecauseofthedisruptioncausedbythesecondworldwarthelocomotiveswereonlydeliveredtobulgariaintheyhadcylinderscoupledwheelsandwerecapableofamaximumspeedoftheywereinitiallydesignatedclasstobutintheirclassificationwaschangedtototheyallsurviveduntiltheendofsteamtractioninbulgariainthesenginenohassincebeenrestoredandasofwasinworkingorderburmaburmawasadministeredasaprovinceofbritishindiafromuntilinthevulcanfoundrybuiltthreelocomotivesoftheycclassforthehistoryofrailtransportinburmatheburmarailwaycompanyburmarailwayssincemostofburmaslocomotivestockwasdestroyedduringthejapaneseoccupationofburmainthesecondworldwarvulcanfoundrydeliveredsixtypacificlocomotivesoftheybclassinafterthewarcanadathecanadianpacificrailwaycpremployedseveralpacificclassesbeginningwithgclasslocomotivesbuiltbetweenandbythecpratitscprangusshopsangusworkshopsandbythemontreallocomotiveworksafterexamplesofanewgclasslocomotivewithasuperheaterwerebuiltbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyatschenectadylocomotiveworksschenectadyangusandmontrealthelastoftheseremainedinserviceuntilafterthefirstworldwarthecprneededheaviermixedtrafficlocomotivessincesteelpassengercarsreplacedtheolderwoodenonesonitsmainlinesthisresultedintheintroductioninofgaclasswithdrivingwheelsbuiltbyangusforserviceoverflatterrainandfivegclasslocomotiveswithsmallerdriversbuiltbymontrealforhillyterrainafurthergclasslocomotiveswerebuiltinbatchesbetweenandtheselocomotiveswerewithdrawnfromservicebetweenandexamplesofthegclasslocomotivewerebuiltafterthefirsttwowerebuiltbyangusandtherestbymontrealandthecanadianlocomotivecompanytheywereconsideredfastefficientandhandsomelocomotivesandremainedinserviceonmanysecondarylinesofthecpruntiltheendofsteamrefnamecanadianpacificsteamlocomotivecompacificpagecpsteamlocomotivecomcanadianpacificpacifictypelocomotivesrefthereidnewfoundlandcompanylimitedwhichoperatedtherailwaysindominionofnewfoundlandnewfoundlandtookdeliveryoftenpacificlocomotiveswithdriversbetweenandbuiltbybaldwinmontrealandalcoschenectadynumberedtotheyhadtwocylindersandweighedtonstheyallpassedtothegovernmentownednewfoundlandrailwayandthentocanadiannationalrailwayscnwhennewfoundlandjoinedtheconfederationofcanadacnrenumberedthemtoandclassifiedthemasjablwandofjbblwandmlwbothofandjcalcoschenectadyoftheyweretheonlypacifictypelocomotivesbuilttooperateongaugeinnorthamericatheonlysurvivingnewfoundlandsteamlocomotivethenewfoundlandrailwaynolatercnnoispreservedandondisplayatthehumbermouthhistorictrainsiteinnewfoundlandalsoseeenmexicomexicochinathejapaneseintroducedseveralclassesofpacificlocomotiveduringtheiroccupationofmanchuriabutthepashirobecamethestandardandwaschinasmostnumerousclassofsteampassengerlocomotivebetweenandaroundwerebuiltforthesouthmanchuriarailwaysmrthemanchuriannationalrailwayandtherailwaysofoccupiednorthchinatheywerebuiltbyvariousjapanesebuildersincludingcnrdaliandalianandcsrsifangcoltdsifangwhilethesmrsownworkshopswerealsoinvolvedintheconstructionthejapanesebuiltpashinalocomotiveswereusedontheasiaexpresstrainbetweenandduringjapanesecontrolofthesmrthesewerebuiltbykawasakiheavyindustrieskawasakianddalianthenameshenglivictorywasusedforallclassesofpacificinheritedbythenewchinainthepashirobecametheshenglislclasswhilethepashinalocomotivesweredesignatedshenglislclassunderchineseownershipthesifangworksresumedproductionofslclasslocomotivesinandcompletedlocomotivesbeforemovingontormclassconstructionintheinabilityoftheclasstohaultheheavierpassengertrainsthatwereintroducedinthesandssawthemprogressivelybeingreallocatedtosecondarydutiesbymostofthesurvivorswereconcentratedinmanchuriaatthedashiqiaojilinandbaichengdepotsthermclasswaschinaslaststeampassengerdesignitwasalatesdevelopmentofthesuccessfulprewarslclasspacificandbecamethestandardpassengerclasstheclassnumberedrmtoenteredserviceinandatotalofwerebuiltbeforeproductionceasedininthestheyweregraduallydisplacedfrompremierservicesbylocomotivesmoresuitedtohandlingheaviertrainsandtheyendedtheirservicelivesonsecondarypassengerdutiesczechoslovakiabetweenandtwopacifictenderrailtenderlocomotiveclasseswerebuiltinczechoslovakiaandoperatedbytheczechoslovakstaterailwayseskoslovensksttndrhyorsdthesewerethesdsdclassclassandclassexpresspassengerlocomotivesthehorsepowerpacificclasswasthemostsuccessfulofthesenicknamedmikdobecauseofitsshortchimneybetweenandwerebuiltinfiveseriesbythekodaworksinplzeintendedfortheheaviestlongdistanceexpresstrainsthisclassisconsideredtohavebeenamongthemostsuccessfullocomotivesineuropethelocomotivesbegantobewithdrawninwiththelastonebeingretiredinonelocomotivenohasbeenpreservedalsoseeenaustriaaustriaegyptpriortotheegyptianstaterailwaysusedlocomotiveatlanticortenwheelertypesonexpresspassengertrainshoweverinarequirementaroseforalocomotivecapableofhaulingtonnetrainsoverthefromcairotoalexandriaintwohoursthesewereoriginallygoingtobehudsonlocomotivesbutthespecificationwaseasedtosuitatonnetrainloadallowingatypetobeusedtheywereorderedfromsocitalsaciennedeconstructionsmcaniquessocitalsaciennesacmatgrafenstadeninfrancetheclasswasunusualinbeingdesignedforoilburningwithalongnarrowfireboxandcombustionchamberfittedbetweentheplateframestheyhadashortlifespaninexpresstrainservicesincethewarputanendtofasttrainrunninginegyptthepacificswerethentransferredtohaulslowernightexpresstrainstoluxorandaswansomeremainedinserviceuptoethiopiathefrenchownedrailtransportinethiopiaoriginsimperialrailwaycompanyofethiopiawithoftrackagehadfourpacifictypelocomotivesonitsrosterthefirstonewasboughtfromnicaiseetdelcuvehistoryforgesusinesetfonderiesdehainesaintpierreinbelgiuminthislocomotivehadbeenorderedbythespanishrailwayferrocarrilmadridaragoninpriortotheoutbreakofthefirstworldwarbutitwasneverdeliveredforreasonsunknownthelocomotiveusedsaturatedsteamandhaddiametercoupledwheelswhichmadeitwellsuitedtorunthebetweenaddisabebaanddiredawainethiopiaalsoseeenspainspainthreemoresimilarpacificlocomotivesbutsuperheatersuperheatedwereorderedintheyarrivedaftertheitalianconquestofethiopiaandwereallocatedtotheaddisabebaanddiredawashedstheycontinuedtohaulpassengertrainsuntilthemainlinedieselsarrivedinafterwhichallweresoonwithdrawnfromserviceandscrappedintheearlysrefnamecontinentalcontinentalrailwayjournalarticlesreffinlandtwentytwopacificlocomotivesofthevrclasshrclasshrnumberstoandnamedukkopekkaafterthenicknameoffinnishpresidentpehrevindsvinhufvudwereconstructedinfinlandbytampellaandlokomobetweenandtheywerethelargestpassengerlocomotivestobebuiltandusedinfinlandandremainedtheprimarylocomotivesonexpresstrainsforsouthernfinlanduntilwhentheclasshrdiesellocomotivestookoverthelasttwoclasshrlocomotivestobebuiltinnumbersandlokomoworksnumbersandwereequippedthroughoutwithskfctyperollerbearingsevenonthecoupledrodbigendsandrepresentedafinecombinationofamericanandgermanlocomotivebuildingpracticestheywerealongwiththedeutschebundesbahnclassthelastnewbuiltpacifictypelocomotivesineuropewhentestedafterdeliveryfromlokomoortampellaeachlocomotivereachedbutineverydayservicetheirspeedwaslimitedtoallthelocomotiveswereinitiallylocatedatpasiladepotinhelsinkibutinthelastseventobebuiltweretransferredtokouvoladepotbyeuropeanstandardsclasshrlocomotivesranhighannualkilometrefiguresbetweenperlocomotiveperyearbetweenandthetwofullyrollerbearingequippedlocomotivesevenexceededthemarkinthehighestannualkilometrefiguretobeobtainedbyasteamlocomotiveinnortherneuropetheonlysimilarannualkilometresbyeuropeanpacifictypelocomotiveswereruningermanyandbytherollerbearingequippedlnerpeppercornclassapeppercornclassalocomotivesofthelondonandnortheasternrailwayintheunitedkingdomatleasttwelveclasshrlocomotiveswerepreservedasataprilofwhichtwowereinoperationalconditionthesewerenoownedbythevrgroupandtheprivatelyownednonowasreservedfortherailwaymuseuminhyvinkandnowasreservedforthecityofhelsinkiasapossiblestaticmonumentfrancefrancewasamajoruserofthepacifictypefollowingtheintroductionoftwosuccessfulcompagnieduchemindeferdeparisorlansparisorlansprototypesinalistoffrenchpacificsteamlocomotivesfurtherpacificlocomotiveswerebuiltfororacquiredbythemajorfrenchrailwaycompaniesincludingthoseacquiredfromgermanyfollowingthetermsofthearmisticewithgermanyarmisticeinatthecitdutrainatmulhousetheparisorlansorderedafurtherpacificlocomotivesthatweredeliveredbetweenandandanotherinandanotherfiftywereorderedfromtheamericanlocomotivecompanyinandfortyofthetypetptatwereboughtinthecompanywasparticularlyfamousfortheandrchapelonfrenchlocomotiveschapelonpacificsoftothecheminsdeferdelouestlouestfollowedwithtwoprototypelocomotivesinbutdidnotcontinuewiththepacifictypetheimperialrailwaysinalsacelorrainealsacelorrainebuiltlistofalsacelorrainelocomotiveseightpacificlocomotivesinatthetimewhentherailwaywasstillundergermancontrolthesebecamefrenchlocomotivesinthecheminsdeferdeparislyonetlamditerraneparislyonetlamditerraneplmwasthelargestfrenchuserofpacificlocomotivesowningbuiltbetweenandthesewerebothcompoundlocomotivecompoundandsimplexlocomotivesandwerebuiltbothwithandwithoutsuperheaterslargenumberswerelaterrebuilttocompoundsortoincorporatesuperheatersbyboththeplmandthestateownedsocitnationaledescheminsdeferfranaissncfeatstpierredescorpsthechemindeferdunordnordbuiltpacificlocomotivesfromincludingthevarioussocalledsuperpacifictypesoftothecompanyalsoorderedchapelontyperebuildsfromtheparisorlansinandnewbuiltlocomotivesbetweenandgouestnopreservedbythepacificvapeurclubthecheminsdeferdeltatltatownedpacificlocomotivessomeofwhichweretransferredfromtheroyalbavarianstaterailwaysbavarianrailwaysandroyalwrttembergstaterailwayswrttembergrailwaysasarmisticereparationsinthechemindeferdumidimidilikewiseownedaltogetherfortypacificlocomotivesacquiredinthreebatchestheeasterncheminsdeferdelestlestneverbuiltapreferringitstenwheelertypesuntilitprogressedstraighttothemuchlargermountaintypethelestneverthelessboughtpacificlocomotivestothedesignsofothercompaniesincludingfortytptattypeclassslocomotivesbetweenandandtwelveclassschapelonrebuildsinafternationalisationinthesocitnationaledescheminsdeferfranaissncfbuiltnomorepacificsalthoughitcontinuedtorebuildsomeoftheexistingstockrunningonlinesalreadyestablishedbytheprivaterailwaycompaniesparticularlybycontinuingtoapplythegreatimprovementsbroughtaboutbytheworkofandrchapelongermanyclassivfthefirstpacificlocomotiveforagermanrailwaywasthebadischeivfclassforthegrandduchyofbadenstaterailwaysgroherzoglichbadischestaatseisenbahnendesignedbymaffeicompanymaffeiinhoweverduetomanufacturingdelaysthefirstthreelocomotiveswerenotintroduceduntilshortlyafterthefirstfrenchpacificstheywerefourcylindercompoundlocomotivesoftheaugustvonborriesvonborriestypeafterthemaffeilocomotivesafurtherwerebuiltunderlicensebymaschinenbaugesellschaftkarlsruhekarlsruheengineeringworksanddeliveredbetweenandhoweverthemostsuccessfulearlygermanpacificclasswasthebavariansclassoftheroyalbavarianstaterailwayskniglichebayerischestaatseisenbahnendesignedbyantonhammelandheinrichlepplaofmaffeithiswasalargerdevelopmentofthebadenivfclasswithafourcylindercompoundarrangementaltogetherofthemwerebuiltbetweenandwiththelastonebeingretiredfromordinaryserviceinwhenthevariousprefirstworldwarpacificlocomotivesfromthedifferentgermanstaterailwaycompaniesweregroupedtogetherbythedeutschereichsbahnastheclasswithsevensubclassesthebadenclassivfbecamethedrgclasswhilethebavariansclassbecamethedrgclassrefnamehorstjobermayerhorstjobermayertaschenbuchdeutschedampflokomotivenregelspurfranckhscheverlagshandlungstuttgartrefduringthesandsthedeutschereichsbahncontinuedtobuildnewpacificdesignssuchasthedrgclassclasstodrgclassclasssubclassesthedrgclassclassatwocylinderstandardtypeofthedeutschereichsbahnintroducedbetweenandwasthefirststandardisedeinheitsdampflokomotivesteamexpresspassengerlocomotiveclasstobebuiltfortheunifiedgermanrailwaysystemthedrgclassclassfourcylindercompoundlocomotiveversionwaslesssuccessfulbeingcostlytomaintainonlytenwerebuiltandallofthemwererebuiltintotwocylinderclasslocomotivesbetweenandthedrgclassclasswasalighterversionoftheclassbuiltbetweenandtenlocomotivesoftheclassremainedinpolandafterthesecondworldwarandweredesignatedthepolishstaterailwayspkpclasspmalsoseeenpolandpolandinonlytwoprototypesofthestreamlineddbclassclasswerebuiltbykruppforthedeutschebundesbahntheywerenicknamedschwarzeschwneblackswansandsurviveduntilhungarythehungarianlocomotivebuildermvagmagyarkirlyillamvasutakgpgyrabuiltseveralclassesoflocomotivesafterbothforthehungarianstaterailwaysmagyarllamvasutakormvandforexportelsewhereineuropemvpacificnumberhasbeenpreservedatthehungarianrailwayheritageparkmuseuminbudapestindiatheearliestindianlocomotivesweretwoclassclocomotivesbuiltforthenarrowgaugedarjeelinghimalayanrailwaybythenorthbritishlocomotivecompanyinbothwereretiredinfromthemidsuntilthesthepacifictypebecameverycommononboththebroadgaugeandnarrowgaugelinesinindiabroadgaugeinthelocomotivestandardscommitteeoftheindiangovernmentrecommendedeightbasictypesoflocomotiveforuseonthesubcontinentthreeofwhichwerethesewerethexaclassforbranchlinepassengerworkingthexbclassforlightpassengertrainsandthexcclassforheavypassengertrainsthevulcanfoundrybuiltlargenumbersofalltheseclassesforthedifferentindianrailwaysbetweenthelatesandearlysbeginningwithfourteeneachfortheeastindianrailwaycompanyeirandthegreatindianpeninsularailwaygiprinintwoxpclasslocomotiveswerebuiltforthegiprbyvulcanfoundrythesewereexperimentallocomotivesthatformedthebasisforindiasrenownedindianlocomotiveclasswpwpclassdesignedbyrailwayboarddesignersinindiaspecificallytouselowcaloriehighashindiancoalthewpclasswasintroducedafterthesecondworldwarandremainedthemostprestigiouslocomotiveoftheindianrailwaysiruntilthesafewreconditionedwpclasslocomotiveswerelatersoldtocountriesinthemiddleeasttherewerealsotwowlclassesthefirstfourlocomotivesbuiltinbyvulcanfoundryforthenorthwesternrailwaybritishindianorthwesternrailwaywenttopakistanuponthepartitionofindiaindiapakistanpartitionasecondindianwlclasswasintroducedinandtenoftheselocomotiveswerebuiltbyvulcanfoundrynarrowgaugethebengalnagpurrailwayhadasaturatedcclassasuperheatedcsclassandaccclasscomprisingcclasslocomotivesthathadbeenconvertedfromsaturatedtosuperheatedsteamthesouthindiarailwaysirorderedsixybclassandtwoxbclasspacificlocomotivesfromthevulcanfoundryinthemysorestaterailwayhadtheeesandesclassesthescindiastaterailwayhadaclassofeightnmclasslocomotivesbuiltbywgbagnallintheonlypostsecondworldwaronnarrowgaugeindianrailwayswerethefivezpclasslocomotiveswithsixwheeltendersbuiltbynipponsharyoinjapaninindonesiatheearliestpacificclassesinindonesiawerethenismofthenederlandschindischespoorwegmaatschappijnismtheprivaterailwaycompanythathadopenedthefirstrailwaylineincentraljavainandtheclasscofthestaatsspoorwegenstaterailwaybothwerebuiltinbythenorthbritishlocomotivecompanyandbeyerpeacockandcompanyrespectivelytwentyclassclocomotivesweredeliveredtothestaatsspoorwegeninandtheyweredesignedbydutchengineersandweremanufacturedinthenetherlandsbythestorkbvnederlandsefabriekvanwerktuigenenspoorwegmaterieelwerkspoorthecombinationofawheelarrangementwithfourcylinderswasexpectedtoprovidethestabilityrequiredtohaulexpresstrainsbutthiswasnotachievedtherewerecomplaintsthattheclocomotivesoscillatedwhendrivenathighspeedwhileexcessivewearonthereardrivingwheelsandtheinaccessibilityoftheinsidecylindersledtomaintenancedifficultiesthemajorityoftheclasswerescrappedbytheptkeretaapiindonesianrailwaysoonafterindonesiasindependencethelastsurvivorwasnumbercwhichlasteduntilthefinaldaysofsteamlocomotivesinindonesiaduringitslastdaysinservicebeforeretirementitwasusedtohaullocalpassengertrainsbetweenbangilandsurabayakotairaqwhenthebaghdadrailwaywasnearingcompletionbetweenmosulandthetownoftelkotchekontheborderwithsyriatheiraqirepublicrailwaysiraqistaterailwaysorderedfourstreamlinedpacificlocomotivesfromrobertstephensonandhawthornsintheunitedkingdomtohaultheinternationaltaurusexpressbetweenistanbulinturkeyandbaghdadiniraqontheiraqistageofitsjourneythreeweredeliveredinanddesignatedtheiraqistaterailwayspcclasspcclassbutthefourthwaslostenroutewhentheiraqistandardgaugerailwaysweredieselisationdieselisedinthestheclasswaswithdrawnfromservicerefnamemiddleeastrailwaysrefitalybetweenandpacificlocomotivesoftheclasswerebuiltfortheferroviedellostatoitalianeitalianstaterailwaystwentybysocietitalianaernestobredabredainmilantenbygioansaldocansaldoingenoaandthreebyofficinemeccanicheinmilanbetweenandtheselocomotiveswererebuiltwithlargerboilersandreclassifiedasclassoneofthemnoestablishedtheitalianspeedrecordforsteamlocomotivesatthewholeclasswaswithdrawnbetweenandonelocomotivenohasbeenpreservedatthemuseodellascienzaedellatecnologiadimilanonationalmuseumofscienceandtechnologyofmilanjapanthejapanesegovernmentrailwaysbuiltanumberofdesignsbetweenandthesthemostnotablewaspossiblythecclassthefirstjapanesebuilthighspeedpassengerlocomotiveusedforexpressservicesonthetkaidmainlinetkaidmainlineandlateronregionaltrunklinesfiveoftheselocomotiveswerebuiltinotherjapanesepacificdesignsincludedthecclassbuiltfromtothecandcclassesthatwerebothbuiltinthecclassthejnrclassccclassbuiltfromtoandthecclassthecclassofwhichwerebuiltbykawasakiheavyindustriesrollingstockcompanykawasakikishaseizmitsubishiheavyindustriesmitsubishiandhitachiwasthejnrslaststeamlocomotiveandwasuseduntiltoworkpassengertrainsonthemuroranhokkaidmuroranmainlinebetweeniwamizawahokkaidiwamizawaandmuroraninhokkaidomalawithenyasalandrailwaysthemalawirailwaysafterindependenceobtainedsixclassfpacifictypelocomotivesfromthebritishwardepartmentintoworkonthetranszambesirailwaytzrthelocomotiveshadbeenbuiltbythenorthbritishlocomotivecompanyinandwerenumberedtzrtoallsixwerestillinserviceonthemalawirailwaysinmalayathekeretapitanahmelayumalayanrailwaywasamongsttheearliestrailwaysinasiatoadoptpacifictypelocomotivessixtylocomotivesofthefederatedmalaystatesrailwaysfmsrfederatedmalaystatesrailwaysfmsrclasshclasshwerebuiltbetweenandwithasmallvolumeofhighlyratedfreighttrafficitwaspossibletoadoptstandardenginesforbothpassengerandfreightservicesthreecoupledaxlesweresufficienttomovethetrainsatmoderatespeedsoverthewholemalayanrailnetworkasaresultofexperiencegainedwiththefirstbatchoflocomotivesthedesignofmalayanpacificlocomotiveswasfinalisedandenginesofthisdesignwereeventuallybuilttheyhadbarframessteelfireboxesandthreecylinderseachofthecoupledwheelswereindiametertheheatingsurfaceoftheboilerwasofwhichwassuperheatingsurfacewhilethegrateareawasthetotalweightinworkingorderwastonswithamaximumaxleloadoftonsitsmaximumspeedinordinaryservicewasthethreecylinderswereprovidedwithpoppetvalverotarycampoppetvalveswiththecamshaftdividedintotwopartsindependentlydrivenfromeachsideoftheenginewhichavoidedcompleteimmobilisationincaseofabreakdownonalongstretchofsingletracktheselocomotiveswerealllaterconvertedtoburnoilfuelduringthesecondworldwarafterthefallofsingaporethejapanesesouthernexpeditionaryarmygroupsouthernarmysrailwayengineeringtroopstransferredanumberofoldermalayanpacificlocomotivestooperatetheirtaimenrensetsutetsudotheburmarailwaythailandburmarailwaysomepacificswerenotreturnedtomalaypeninsulamalayaafterthewarbutremainedinthailandwhentherailconnectionwasestablishedbetweenthemalayanandthairailwaysthepacificswereacommonsightattheheadofthesingaporeandbangkokexpressesaswellasontheotherpassengertrainsindomesticmalayanserviceafterthearrivalofthemainlinedieselelectriclocomotivesinthelatterpartofthesthepacificsweretransferredtolessimportanttrainsmanysurviveduptheendofmalayansteamtractioninthesmexicothecanadiannationalrailwaycnsoldagaugepacificlocomotivetheformercnnotoferrocarrilesnacionalesdemxicowhereitwasnumberedalsoseeencanadacanadamozambiquethemozambiqueportsandrailwayscaminhosdeferrodelourenomarquesinportuguesemozambiqueordereditsfirstthreeclasspacificlocomotivesfrombaldwinintheyhauledpassengertrainsonthelinebetweenmaputolourenomarquesmaputoandressanogarciaandalsocrossedthesouthafricanborderatkomatipoortinsouthafricafromlourenomarqueswheresouthafricanrailwayslocomotivestookoverfortherestofthewaytopretoriatwomorelocomotiveswereaddedinandafurtherorderforfouradditionalpacificlocomotiveswasplacedwithhenschelinforuseonthebeiramozambiquebeiramachipandalinehenschelalsosuppliedthreemoremodernpacifictypelocomotivestomozambiqueinthesehenschelpacificsweighedtonsinworkingorderwhileitstotalweighttenderincludedwastonsthefiregrateareawasandithadcylindersanddiameterdrivingwheelstheselocomotivesweregoodexamplesofpacifictypepassengerlocomotivesinsouthernafricawhentheyarrivedtheirolderamericanbuiltcounterpartswererelievedofmainlinedutytohaulthelourenomarqueslocalsuburbanservicesallthepacificswereallocatedtothelourenomarquesshedforthewholeoftheirservicelivesandallwerestillinserviceinnewzealandthefirsttruepacificstheoriginalthirteennzrqclassqclasslocomotivesbuiltbybaldwinforthenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnzrinworkeduntilwithdrawalinnonehasbeenpreservedthesewerefollowedbypacificlocomotivesofthenzraclassaclassbuiltinbythenzrsaddingtonrailwayworkshopsandbyagpriceagpricelimitedtwoofthesehavebeenpreservedafurthertenlocomotivesofthenzraaclassasupasupclasswerebuiltbybaldwininthemostnotableclassinnewzealandwasthenzrabclassasupbsupclassbuiltbetweenandbyaddingtonpriceandthenorthbritishlocomotivecompanyinscotlandthesewerereputedtobethefirstlocomotivestogenerateonehorsepowerforeveryofweightandeventuallybecamethemostnumerousclassofsteamlocomotivesinnewzealandwithatotalofbuiltandafurtherrebuiltfromnzrwabclasswabclasshudsontankengineswhentheyweresupersededbynewlocomotivesontheprincipalexpressandheaviestfreighttrainsduringthestheywereutilisedonsecondarydutiestheasupbsupclasslocomotivesremainedinserviceuntiltwoyearsbeforetheendofsteamlocomotiveoperationsinnewzealandasaresultsevenofthemhavebeenpreservedinnorthbritishlocomotivecompanybeganconstructionofanorderofpacificlocomotivesfornewzealandanordervolumeunheardofintheunitedkingdomatthistimenotehiddenuntilconfirmedandproperlyintegratedwiththetextseemstobepartofthelocosdiscussedinprecedingparaonefurthertypewasthenzrgclassgclasstheseweresixthreecylinderpacificlocomotivesthatwererebuiltfromthreeunsuccessfulgclassgarrattlocomotivesbynzrshillsideengineeringhillsideworkshopsintheywereequippedwithnzrabclassasupbsupclassboilersnewrollerbearingtrailingtrucksnewcabsandvanderbilttypetenderlocomotivetendersofsimilardesigntothatoftheasupbsupclasslikethegarrattstheywerecreatedfromtherebuildswerenotconsideredsuccessfulintedblomfieldlocomotivefitteratrotoruanewzealandbuiltasuperqpacificforthefootgaugetootandwhistlerailwaytheengineoperatedattootandwhistleskuirauparkrailwayforsixyearsbeforeofficialdomdemandedthelocomotiveberetireditwasreplacedbyablackfivereplicaanothersuperqexistsasainchgaugeenginenigeriabetweenandthegaugenigerianrailwaysorderedtenclasspacificsfromnasmythgaskellandcompanynasmythwilsoncompanyinmanchesterforexpressservicesonthelinebetweenlagosandkanotheyusedsaturatedsteamandhadoutsidecylindersanddiameterdrivingwheelsalltenwerenamedandtheyhaulednamedtrainslikethenorthmailandboatexpressbothaveragingonlybetweenstopstheywereoustedfromprincipalpassengertrainswhenthefirstmainlinediesellocomotivesarrivedbutcontinuedworkinglessimportantsecondarytrainserviceswellintothesphilippinesthephilippinenationalrailwaysmanilarailroadcompanymrroperatedtenthreecylindersimpleexpansionpacificlocomotivesbuiltintheunitedstatesbybaldwininandtheywerenumberedtoandworkedthemainexpresstrainsoutofmanilathesewereamongstthefinestlookingmoderngaugelocomotivestoappearinasiaallwerepresumablydestroyedduringtheandbattlesonluzonduringthesecondworldwarpolandinthepolishstaterailwayspolskiekolejepastwoweorpkplocomotiveclassificationsystemlocomotiveswithacaxlearrangementwereidentifiedwiththelettermintheclassprefixexpresslocomotivesthereforehadapmprefixpassengerlocomotivesanomprefixandtankpassengerlocomotivesanokmprefixthepkpclasspmconsistedoftwoexperimentalpolishprototypeexpresslocomotivesbuiltbyfablokofchrzanwinoneofthemnopmwasstreamlinedwhiletheotherhadastandardappearanceinordertocomparetheirrespectiveperformancesintermsoftopspeedaccelerationandcoalandwaterconsumptionthepmwonagoldmedalattheexpositioninternationaledesartsettechniquesdanslaviemoderneinternationalexpositionofmodernartandtechnologyinparisinitwasdamagedandlaterscrappedduringthesecondworldwarbutpmsurvivedandworkedonthepkpuntilwhenitwasgiventothewarsawrailwaymuseuminitwasrebuiltandrestoredtomainlinespecificationsandnicknamedbeautifulheleneasofwhilestillremainingmuseumpropertythelocomotivewasinregularserviceatwolsztynbesidesthesetwopolishbuiltlocomotivesseveralgermandrgclassclasssupsupandclasssupsuplocomotivesexwrttembergcwrttembergclasscandaustrianclasstanklocomotivessawserviceinpolandastheclassespmpmomandokmrespectivelyalsoseeengermanygermanyandenaustriaaustriaonenarrowgaugepacificlocomotivethetubizebelgijkabuiltinbyateliersmtallurgiquesinnivellesandtubizeinbelgiumwasalsousedinpolandandispreservedatthenarrowgaugerailwaymuseuminwenecjapolandportugaltheportugueserailwayscomboiosdeportugalcaminhosdeferroportuguesesorcphadtwobatchesofpacificchclasslocomotivesrunningonitsbroadgaugelinesbuiltbyhenschelsoninandthefirstbatchoftenlocomotivesnumberedtowereusedonlinessouthoftherivertaguswhilethesecondbatchofeightnumberedtowerebuiltfortheportolinenorthofthetagusbothpacificclasseshaddeepandnarrowfireboxsteamenginefireboxesandthesamecylinderscoupledwheelsandmotionasthetenwheelersoftheclasscptorefnamehenschelhenschelworkslistcompiledbydringbernhardschmeiserwienunpublishedrefthepacificswerecapableofveryfastrunningbeforethesecondworldwarthecpwasrenownedforthespeedofitstrainsthetrackwascarefullymaintainedlaidwithrailsandthespeedlimitofwasfrequentlyreachedwithsteamlocomotivesinnormalservicetheseenginescouldhaultonsbehindthetenderatonleveltrackinafourcoachtrainweighingtonsandhauledbyapacificlocomotiveoftheclasscoveredthefromportotolisboncampolideinminutesatanaveragespeedofwithstopsatpapilhosaandentroncamentomunicipalityentroncamentoadistanceofofslightlyfallinglevelorslightlyrisinggradientcouldbecoveredatspeedsofwhilestationstopslastinglessthanaminutewerefrequenttheselocomotivesbegantobereplacedbydieselsinthesanddisappearedfromthesceneintheearlysoneofthepacificlocomotivesnoispreservedatthesantarmdepotmuseumrussiasovietunionpacificswerenotcommoninrussiatheonlyknownexampleswerethefourcylinderlclassexpresspassengerlocomotivesbuiltbythekirovplantputilovcompanyputilovworksatsaintpetersburgforthevladikavkazprivaterailroadinthechiefdesignerwasvazlavlopushinskiiwholateremigratedfromsovietrussiatheselocomotiveswerethemostpowerfulpassengerlocomotivesintsaristrussiaeighteenlocomotiveswerebuiltbetweenandallocatedtotherostovondontihoretskayakavkazkayaarmavirrussiaarmavirandmineralnyevodydepotstheyhauledprincipalexpressandheavypassengertrainsbetweenrostovondonandvladikavkazadistanceofallwereoilfiredaftertheoctoberrevolutionafurtherlclasslocomotiveswerebuiltatputilovworksbetweenandatfirstthesecoalfiredlocomotiveswereallocatedtotheoktyabrskayarailwayoctoberrailwaytohaulprincipalpassengertrainsoveradistanceofofdoubletracklinebetweenthetwolargestcitiesinrussiansovietfederativesocialistrepublicsovietrussiamoscowandleningradatthetimetrainspeedsinsovietrussiawereslowandthefastesttraintookfourteenhoursandthirtyminutesbetweenthetwocitiesthetrainswhichwererunningfourreturnworkingsdailywereratherheavywithtrainloadsoftenexceedingmetrictonsbehindthetenderintheexpresstrainswererunningatanaveragespeedofwithfourintermediatestopsbetweenthesecitieslocomotiveswereusuallychangedattverwhentheproductionoftheheavierberkshireclassissovietunionjosephstalingotunderwayinthepacificsweremodifiedfromcoaltooilfiringandtransferredtojoinotherolderlocomotivesonthenorthcaucasuslinesfromwheretheyworkedasfarsouthastobakuinseventeenlocomotiveswereallocatedtothenorthcaucasusrailwaytothetranscaucasusrailwayandsixtotheorenburgrailwayinduringthegermansummerinvasionintonorthcaucasusalltheclasslpacificswereevacuatedfromtheretothetranscaucasusrailwayafterthesecondworldwarintheyweredesignatedlpclassandwererelievedfromheavierdutiesanumberwerewithdrawnfromservicebetweenandthelastonelpclassnowasretiredfromgroznydepotininpacificlocomotivesofthedeutschereichsbahnsdrgclassclassandtwostreamlineddrbclassclasspacificlocomotivesfellintorussianhandsineastprussiatheywereregaugedtogaugeandallocatedtothelithuanianrailwayswheretheyhauledexpressandpassengertrainsfromvilniustokaliningradknigsbergandtominskthelastoneswerewithdrawnfromserviceinsouthafricacapegaugenatalgovernmentrailwaysashairymarycthefirstuseofthewheelarrangementinsouthafricawascduringdesignsforamikadotypetankandtenderlocomotivewerepreparedbythenatalgovernmentrailwaysngrthelocomotivewasbuiltinthedurbanworkshopsandenteredserviceinnamedngrtthavelockhavelockbutitwassoonrebuilttoapacificconfigurationhavelockwasthefirstlocomotivetobedesignedandbuiltinsouthafricaduringthesecondboerwarhavelocksawactioninserviceonarmouredtrainsunlikeusualpracticeinsuchcasestheenginewasnotequippedwitharmourplateprotectionbutwasdrapedinstrandsofthickhempropewhichearnedittheaptnicknamehairymaryamongstthetroopsinthengrrebuiltoneofitssouthafricanclassctclasskstanklocomotivestoalocomotivetoextenditsrangebyprovidingalargerbunkerinwhenitwasassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwayssaritwasdesignatedsouthafricanclassctclasscinthatsameyearfourmoreoftheselocomotiveswerebuiltfromsurplusmaterialinthesarsdurbanworkshopsrefnamepaxtonbournerefnomoretanklocomotiveswiththepacificwheelarrangementsawuseoninsouthafricatwoclassvariantswereintroducedonthengrbetweenandintwosouthafricanclassclassapacifictenderlocomotivesenteredserviceonthengrdesignedbylocomotivesuperintendentdahendrieandbuiltbynbltheyhadplateframesusedsaturatedsteamandhadstephensonvalvegeartoaccommodatethewideanddeepfireboxhendrieusedabridlecastingsimilartothatintroducedonthecgrbybeattywithhissouthafricanclassydevelopmentclassprairieinthismethodofwideningtheframesforthefireboxcontinuedinsouthafricanlocomotivedesignuntilwhenthegeneraladoptionofbarframesrendereditnolongernecessaryintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassclassonthesarinadditiontwomoreclassalocomotivesalsoknownasclasshendriecwerebuiltinthengrsdurbanworkshopsintheywerearedesignedversionofthehendrieasimilaringeneralproportionsbutwithwalschaertsvalvegearslightlylargerdiametercoupledwheelsalargerboilerandamoreenclosedcabthatofferedbetterprotectiontothecrewinthesardesignatedthemsouthafricanclasscclassccapegovernmentrailwaysthefirstlocomotiveswithapacificwheelarrangementinthecapeweretwotanklocomotivesthatenteredserviceinontheprivatemetropolitansuburbantmetropolitanandsuburbanrailwaythatoperatedasuburbanpassengerservicebetweencapetownandseapointinbothlocomotivesweresoldtothemashonalandrailwaythreeclassandoneexperimentalkarootenderlocomotivevariantswereintroducedonthecapegovernmentrailwayscgrbetweenandinthefirsttwokaroolocomotivesenteredpassengerserviceonthecgritwasadevelopmentofthesouthafricanclassycgrclassandwasdesignedbychieflocomotivesuperintendenthmbeattythelocomotivesbuiltbykitsonandcompanywereacquiredtocopewiththeincreasingweightofpassengertrainsontheoneineightyrulinggradientbetweenbeaufortwestanddeaarinthekaroohencethekarooclassnameinwhentheycameontothesarrostertheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassaclassafollowingonthesuccessofthefirsttwokarooclasslocomotivesafurtherfourwereorderedfrombeyerpeacockandcompanyintheyweremodifiedslightlyinviewoftheexperiencegainedwiththeoriginaltwoonthesartheywerealldesignatedsouthafricanclassbclassbuntilonewaslaterreboileredwithasouthafricanlocomotivenumberingandclassificationwatsonstandardboilerswatsonstandardnoboilerandreclassifiedclassbrallofthemwerelaterequippedwithpistonvalvecylindersandsuperheatersinthecgrplacedasingleexperimentalcompoundlocomotivethreecylindercompoundthreecylindercompoundpacificinservicebasedonthesecondsouthafricanclassbkarooclassbuiltbythenorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblitwasnotclassifiedandwassimplyreferredtoasthethreecylindercompoundthecylinderswerearrangedinthewaltermackersiesmithsmithsystemofcompoundingwithasinglehighpressurecylindersituatedbetweenthetwolowpressurecylindersthelocomotivehadalocomotiveframebarframesbarframewalschaertsvalvegearandusedsaturatedsteamcomparedtoasimplextwocylinderkaroothecompoundcouldtakeaheavytrainupalongcontinuousgradeatamuchhigherspeedwhileexperienceddriversfounditcouldoutperformthekaroointermsofpoweraswellasfuelandwaterconsumptioninthesarclassifieditassouthafricanclassexperimentalclassexperimentalrefnamecompoundencompoundlocomotivecompoundlocomotivereftheenlargedkaroobuiltbyvulcanfoundrywasoneofthelocomotivetypesthatweredesignedandorderedbythecgrbeforethesarwasestablishedandthatendedupbeingdeliveredtothenewlyestablishednationalrailwaysoftheunionofsouthafricainitwasalargerandheavierversionoftheclassbwithahigherpitchedboilerbelpairefireboxlargerdiameterleadingandcoupledwheelsandlargercylindersthefourlocomotivesweredesignatedsouthafricanclassclassoneofthemwaslaterreboileredwithawatsonstandardnoboilerequippedwithasuperheaterandreclassifiedtoclassrrefnamehollandrefcentralsouthafricanrailwayssarnofiveclasspacificpassengerlocomotivesdesignedbypahydethefirstchieflocomotivesuperintendentofthecentralsouthafricanrailwayscsarweredeliveredfromvulcanfoundryintheyhadbarframesstephensonvalvegearandusedsaturatedsteamandprovedveryusefulforpassengerworkwithmoderateloadsworkingthemailtrainsfromjohannesburgtodurbanasfarascharlestownkwazulunatalcharlestownonthetransvaalnatalborderformanyyearstheyretainedtheirsouthafricanclassclassclassificationonthesarsarnofiveclassvariantswereintroducedbetweenandalsoinandalsodesignedbyhydefifteenclasspacificlocomotivesweredeliveredtothecsarfromnblthelocomotiveswereofanextremelyadvanceddesignsuperheatedandwiththehighestboilerpitchyetinsouthafricawithplateframeswidebelpairefireboxesoutsideadmissionpistonvalvesandwalschaertsvalvegearinwhentheywereassimilatedintothesartheyretainedtheirsouthafricanclassclassclassificationtenheavypacificpassengerlocomotivesdesignedbycsarchiefmechanicalengineercmeggelliotbasedonhydesclassdesignwereorderedfromnblanddeliveredintheyhadlocomotiveframeplateframesplateframesbelpairefireboxesandwalschaertsvalvegearandweredeliveredintwovariantsfiveofthemusingsaturatedsteamwhiletherestweresuperheatedwhilesimilartotheclasstheirboilerswerearrangedfurtherforwardstheirfireboxthroatsandbackplateswereslopedinsteadofbeingverticaltheyusedinsideadmissionpistonvalvesandtheirvalvegearwasreversedbymeansofaverticalsteamreversingenginemountedontherighthandrunningboardtheywereallclassifiedasclassbythecsarbutinthesardesignatedthesaturatedsteamlocomotivessouthafricanclassaclassaandthesuperheatedonessouthafricanclassbclassbafurtherfivesuperheatedclassblocomotivesweredeliveredtothesarfrombeyerpeacockintwelvelightpacificlocomotiveswerealsoplacedinservicebythecsarinclassifiedasclasscdesignedbyelliotandbuiltbynbltheyweresimilartotheclassbutslightlysmallerandwithsmallercoupledwheelstheyusedsaturatedsteamandhadbelpairefireboxesandwalschaertsvalvegearbuttheyweresoonreboileredandequippedwithsuperheatersintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclasscclasscbythesaronemorepacificwasorderedbythecsarfromalcoinitwassuperheatedandbuilttoverymuchthesamespecificationsasthatoftheclassofthatsameyearbutwithabarframeitwasslightlymorepowerfulthantheclassandwasdesignatedclassbythecsaralongwiththefifteenlocomotivesofinthelocomotivebecamethesolesouthafricanclassdclassdonthesarsouthafricanrailwayssevenclassvariantswereintroducedonthesouthafricanrailwayssarbetweenandcthesouthafricanclassclasspacificwasdesignedbyhendriecmeofthesarfromtoandwasbuiltbynblwhodeliveredtwelvelocomotivesinthedesigncloselyfollowedthatofthesouthafricanclassclassmountaintypethatwasintroducedatthesametimefromthesamebuildersandmanypartsweremadeinterchangeabletheyhadwalschaertsvalvegearweresuperheatedandhadbelpairefireboxesatthetimeitwasconsideredaverylargeandpowerfulexpresslocomotiveevenwhencomparedtobritishlocomotivesbuilttorunonwithcoupledwheelstheratioofwheeldiametertorailgaugewasthesameasthatofastandardgaugelocomotivehavingcoupledwheelstheirtractiveeffortofatboilerpressureexceededtheatboilerpressureofgeorgejacksonchurchwardchurchwardsgwrthegreatbearthegreatbearonthegreatwesternrailwayandequalledalsoatboilerpressurethatofnigelgresleygresleyssubsequentgreatnorthernrailwaygreatbritaingreatnorthernpacificsthismadetheclassthemostpowerfulexpresspassengerlocomotivedesignyettohavebeenbuiltinbritainatthetimethesouthafricanclassaclassafourcylindersimplexpacificofwasdesignedbyhendrieandbuiltbynbltwolocomotivesweredeliveredidenticalinmostrespectstotheirpredecessorclassexceptthattheyhadfourcylindersinsteadoftheusualtwoallfourcylinderswerearrangedinlinebelowthesmokeboxandwerethesamesizewiththeoutercylindersdrivingthecentrecoupledwheelswhiletheinnercylindersoperatedonacrankedleadingcoupledwheelaxletheresultwasaverysmoothrunninglocomotivecapableofveryfastrunningbutsincetheloadinggaugeavailablespaceonacapegaugelocomotivepreventedlargercylindersfrombeingfittedthefourcylinderdesignwasneverrepeatedbythesarrestoredtoitsasdeliveredappearancethesouthafricanclassbclassbpacificalsodesignedbyhendriewasalsobuiltbynblwhodeliveredtenlocomotivesinnovembertheywereidenticaltothepredecessorsouthafricanclassclassandsuccessorsouthafricanclasscclasscinmostrespectsexceptthattheyhadwidercabsthantheclasswhiletheclasschadacombustionchamberinthefireboxalltenwereeventuallyreboileredwithwatsonstandardnobboilersandwatsoncabswithslantedfrontsandreclassifiedtoclasscrtensouthafricanclasscclassclocomotivesalsodesignedbyhendrieandbuiltbynblweredeliveredinwithanothertwentyfollowinginidenticaltopredecessorsclassandclassbinmostrespectsexceptfortheadditionofacombustionchambertheyprovedtobeexcellentfreesteamingfastandreliablelocomotiveswithareserveofpowergreaterthaneitherofthepredecessorsallthirtywerelaterreboileredwithwatsonstandardnobboilersandalsoreclassifiedtoclasscrsevensouthafricanclassdclassdpacificlocomotiveswerebuiltforthesarbybaldwinlocomotiveworksinandtheclasswasdesignedforworkingtheunionlimitedandunionexpressfastpassengertrainsforerunnersofthebluetrainbetweenjohannesburgandcapetownthebuildersconformedtosarrequirementsbutalsoincorporatedthelatestamericanrailwayengineeringpracticesandintroducedseveralnewfeaturestothesarsuchastopfeedstotheboilerselfcleaningsmokeboxessellarsdriftingvalvesgreaselubricationandarchtubestosupportthebrickarchandimprovecirculationithadabarframeextendingfromthefrontbufferbeamtothereardragboxwhileitssizeearneditthenicknamebigberthainnomadelocomotivehistorybyhaulingtheunionlimitedoverthefromjohannesburgtocapetowninhourswhenordersformorepacificlocomotiveswereplacedintheclassddesignwasmodifiedbythecmecolonelfrcollinsdistinguishedserviceorderdsowhoshortenedtheframetoendatthefrontofthefireboxandaddedabridlecastingthisresultedinawiderframebelowthefireboxandcabandconsequentlymoreashpanroomfourteensouthafricanclassdaclassdalocomotiveswerebuilttothisdesignsixbyhohenzollernlocomotiveworksinandeightbybaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwininthehohenzollernandbaldwinlocomotivesdifferedfromtheclassdonlybyvirtueofitsshortenedframewhenagwatsonsucceededcollinsascmeinhedesignedaboilerwithaverywidefireboxofthewoottenfireboxwoottentypewithagrateareaoftoimprovethesteamingpropertiesoftheselocomotivesthegratewaslargerthanthatofthehohenzollernandbaldwinlocomotivesandtheseboilerswereinstalledonthefinalsixsouthafricanclassdaclassdalocomotivesbuiltbyhenschelsonhenschelintheselocomotivesweresufficientlydifferentfromthebaldwinandhohenzollernbuiltstojustifyaseparateclassificationsuchasclassdbbutthisdidnothappenthesteamingabilityofthesesixknownastheclassdawidefireboxwasphenomenalandledtotheadoptionofwidefireboxeswithoutcombustionchambersasthestandardonallsubsequentsarmainlinelocomotivesthesouthafricanclasseclassepacificwasdesignedbywatsonandbuiltbyhenschelwhodeliveredsixlocomotivesinwithitsdiametercoupledwheelsitwasconsideredtobethemostremarkablecapegaugeexpresspassengerlocomotiveeverbuiltthecoupledwheelswerethelargesteverusedonanylessthanlocomotiveandithadanallupweightandtractiveeffortequaltoorexceedingthatofmostpacificsoutsidenorthamericaitusedpoppetvalvesteamenginerotarycampoppetvalvegeardrivenbyoutsiderotaryshaftswhichresultedinextremelyfreerunningcharacteristicsitalsoboastedthelargestfiregrateonanypacificoutsidenorthamericatheclassehadasouthafricanlocomotivenumberingandclassificationwatsonstandardboilerswatsonstandardnoaboilerandataboveraillevelitsboilercentrelinewasthehighestpitchedonthesarthisandthelimitationsoftheloadinggaugemadeitimpossibletoinstallanormalsteamdomeanditsplacewastakenbyaninspectionmanholesteamwascollectedthroughnumeroussmallfeederpipesfixedintotwocollectorpipeswhichwerearrangedashighaspossibleabovethewatersurfacethecollectorpipesjoinedtogethertoformamainsteampipeindiameterwhichledtothesuperheaterheaderandmultiplevalveregulatorsituatedinthesmokeboxnarrowgaugeintwosmallsidetanklocomotivesdesignedbyhendrieandbuiltbyhunsletenteredserviceonthetwofootgaugerailwaysinsouthafricaestcourtweenenestcourtweenennarrowgaugerailwayofthengrtheyhadoutsideplateframesandusedwalschaertsvalvegeartheywerecommonlyknownasngrclassnthunsletsidetankssinceallnarrowgaugelocomotivesonthengrweredesignatedclassnalthoughtheycameontothesarrosterintheywereneverclassifiedsincetheyweresoldtothemomedesrailwayinportuguesewestafricainlongbeforeasystemofgroupingnarrowgaugelocomotivesintoclasseswasintroducedbythesarsomewherebetweenandrefnamengrannualtherailwayreportforyearendingdecnatalgovernmentrailwayspparrefinthengrplacedanothersixtanklocomotivesinservicedesignedbyhendriebasedonhishunsletsidetankbuiltbyhawthornleslieandcompanytheyalsohadoutsideplateframesandusedwalschaertsvalvegeartheywerecommonlyknownasthehawthornlesliesidetanksandwereacquiredspecificallyforthenewnarrowgaugeumzintodonnybrooknarrowgaugerailwaydonnybrookesperanzarailwayinnataltheycameontothesarrosterinandwerelaterclassifiedassouthafricanclassngtclassngincgrngttwopacifictanklocomotiveswithbarframesandwalschaertsvalvegearbuiltbywgbagnallbagnallenteredserviceonthenarrowgaugeavontuurrailwaywalmerbranchwalmerbranchofthecgrinportelizabeththeycameontothesarrosterinandremainedinserviceuntilthewalmerbranchwasclosedininshortlybeforebeingamalgamatedintothesarthengrplacedthefirsttwoofsevennarrowgaugelocomotivesinservicebuiltbykerrstuartandcompanyusingthehawthornlesliedrawingsfortheclassngtwomorefollowedinandanotherthreeinalsofromkerrstuartwhilevirtuallyidenticaltothehawthornlesliesidetankstheirboilerpitchhadbeenraisedtomakealargerfireboxpossibletheyalsohadhighersidetanksandlessornatesandboxesontopoftheboilerbetweenandtheywereallclassifiedassouthafricanclassngtclassnginthesarorderedsixnarrowgaugepacifictenderlocomotivesfrombaldwinlocomotiveworkstheyhadoutsidebarframesandwalschaertsvalvegearandbecamepopularlyknownasthesixtiesbasedontheirenginenumberrangetypicallyamericaninappearancewithanornatechimneycapandsteamdomeaswellasaseparateenginenumberonadiskonthefrontofthesmokeboxdoortheyweretheonlynarrowgaugepacifictenderlocomotivestoseeserviceonthesarlaterdesignatedsouthafricanclassngclassngtheywereplacedinserviceontheavontuurrailwaylangklooflinebetweenportelizabethandavontuurintheeasterncapewheretheyspentmostoftheirworkinglivesintwoofthemweretransferredtosouthwestafricaswaallsixwerewithdrawnfromservicebyasadirectresultofthetrackgaugeconversionwideningofthenarrowgaugelinesinswatospainapacificlocomotivewasorderedbytheferrocarrilmadridaragonfromforgesusinesetfonderiesdehainesaintpierreinbelgiuminbutwasnotdeliveredpresumablyduetothedisruptiontotradecausedbythefirstworldwarthelocomotivewaseventuallysoldtothefrenchownedrailtransportinethiopiaoriginsimperialrailwaycompanyofethiopiainalsoseeenethiopiaethiopiaintheferrocarrillaroblapurchasedfourvintagepacificlocomotivesfromthetunisianrailwaysthesehadbeenbuiltinbysocitalsaciennedeconstructionsmcaniquessacmtheywerenumberedtoandwerescrappedintheearlysafterhavingservedinspainformorethantenyearsalsoseeentunisiatunisiaswedenintheswedishstaterailwaysstatensjrnvgarorsjorderedelevenfourcylindercompoundpacifictypelocomotivesfromnydqvistholmnohabforthestockholmmalmheavyexpresstrainservicetheyhaddiametercoupledwheelswithtwoandtwocylinderstheyweredesignatedthesjfsteamlocomotivesjclassfnumberedfromtoandthelocomotiveswerelimitedtoamaximumspeedoftheyhauledexpresstrainsonthissouthernmainlineuntiltheelectrificationofthestockholmmalmlineinthesjthentriedthemonthegothenburgnonelectrifiedsectionbuttheywerenotasuccessonthislinewhichwasalsoduetobeelectrifiedtheywerethenallsoldtotheneighbouringdanishstaterailwaysdsbrailwaycompanydsbinaftertheywerewithdrawnfromserviceindenmarkdsbnoexsjnowaspresentedtotheswedishrailwaymuseumatgvleinwhiledsbnoexsjnowaspresentedtosjabbythedanishrailwaymuseumintohaulheritagetrainstaiwanthefirstpacifictypelocomotivesappearedinformosanowtaiwaninwhenamericanlocomotivecompanyalcorogerslocomotiveandmachineworksrogersdeliveredthreelocomotivesthatwerederivedfromthejapanesegovernmentrailwaystypetheywerenumberedfromtoonemorelocomotivenumberwasdeliveredintheyhauledthemostimportantpassengerexpresstrainsbetweentaihokuandkaohsiungtakaoinfivemorelocomotivesofthejapanesegovernmentrailwaysclasswereaddednumberedtoandinfourmoreweredeliverednumberedtohitachideliveredeightmorejapanesejnrclasscclasslocomotivespresumablyaswarreparationstothetaiwanrailwayadministrationthesewerethelastpacifictypelocomotivestoarriveintaiwanunderthechiangkaishekadministrationthailandtheroyalstaterailwaysofsiamrsrthepredecessorofthestaterailwayofthailandsrtintroducednewstandardpacificlocomotivesforexpresstrainsandmixedtraffictrainstosupersedetheeclasslocomotiveswhichhadbeencommissionedbetweenandthefirsttypeofpacificlocomotivewaspurchasedfrombatignolleschtilloninfranceinothersfollowedfrombaldwinlocomotiveworksbetweenandandwereprominentonsouthernlinestherewerealsothesuccessfulhanomagpacificlocomotivesofthedesignofwhichlatebecameamodelforthepacificlocomotivesimportedfromjapanthefinaltypeofpacificsteamlocomotivewaswhenrsrimportedthepartsforlocomotivesbasedonthehanomagdesignfromjapanduringandhoweverassemblyoftheseatthemakkasanfactorywasnotcompleteduntilafterthesecondworldwarrsrimportedafurtherthirtypacifictypelocomotivesfromjapaninnumberedtotwoofthemnumbersandwerestillinservicewithsrtinforspecialnostalgictripstunisiastandardgaugeinthetunisiancheminsdeferbneguelmaplacedfivepacificlocomotivesinserviceattunisbuiltbysocitalsaciennedeconstructionsmcaniquessacmtheywerenumberedtolatertoberenumberedtotunisianrailwayssocitnationaledecheminsdefertunisiensnumberstoafurtherfourweresuppliedinandthreemoreinalsobuiltbysacmtheyworkedthelinefromtunistoghardimaouonthealgerianborderhaulingthetunisalgiersdirectexpresstrainstheyalsoworkedsomesemifastpassengertrainsonthelinebetweentunisandbizertatheyhauledallprincipalexpressandpassengertrainsbetweentunisvilleandghardimaouuntilwhenthenewmainlinedieselsrelegatedthemtosecondarytrainsallwerewithdrawnfromserviceduringandmetregaugealsointhecheminsdeferbneguelmaorderedfivelocomotivesfromsacmtheengineweightinworkingorderwasmetrictonneswithcoupledwheelsofdiameterandtwocylinderstheywereconsideredverysuccessfulandtunisianrailwaysorderedthreemoreinthesewereusedonthemainlinesouthfromtunistosousseandthelinetosfaxbetweenthetwoworldwarstheywererenownedforprovidingthefastestmetregaugeserviceintheworldandspeedsofoverwerecommoninordinaryservicewhenthetunisianrailwaysdieselisedbetweenandtheselocomotiveswerewithdrawnfromserviceandplacedinstagingeventhoughaslateasintheystillregularlyachievedspeedsofuptoinnumbersandweresoldtotheferrocarrillaroblainspainthosewhichremainedintunisiawerescrappedinrefnamecrjcontinentalrailwayjournalnrandnewseriesarticletunisianrailwaysbypmkallabishoprefalsoseeenspainspainunitedkingdomtenderlocomotivespriortotherailwaysactgroupingonlyfivelocomotiveshadbeenbuiltintheunitedkingdomthefirstofthesewasgwrthegreatbearnothegreatbearintroducedbythegreatwesternrailwaygwrinthiswasanexperimentallocomotivewhichprovedtobemorepowerfulthantherailwaysrequirementsandalsotooheavyformuchofitsinfrastructureasaresultitwasscrappedinandmanyofthepartswereusedtobuildagwrclassgwrcastleclasstenwheelerlocomotivethegreatnorthernrailwaygreatbritaingreatnorthernrailwaygnrandthenortheasternrailwayuknortheasternrailwaynereachbuilttwopacifictypesinlatertobecomethelnergresleyclassesaandaclassesaalnerclassaandaonthelondonandnortheasternrailwaylnerfurtherexamplesofthesetwoclasseswerebuiltbythelnerafterclassatheflyingscotsmanthegnrlnerclassaaclassadesignedbysirnigelgresleyandlaterrebuiltintotheimprovedclassafeaturedthreecylindersandaninnovativegresleyconjugatedvalvegearconjugatedvalvegeartheclasseventuallyconsistedoflocomotivesafterinitialteethingproblemsitprovedtobeanexcellentdesignandoneofthemthelnerclassaflyingscotsmanflyingscotsmanwasthefirstbritishlocomotivetobeofficiallyrecordedasreachingholderoftheworldspeedrecordforsteamtractionthisspeedwassurpassedbythestreamlinedlnerclassaofwhenlnerclassasilverlinknosilverlinkreachedonitsinauguralruninthreeyearslateronjulylnerclassamallardnomallardtouchedwhichisstilltheworldspeedrecordforsteamtractionlocomotivesoftheclasswerebuiltbyafurtherpacificlocomotivesofthelnerpeppercornclassapeppercornclassalnerthompsonclassathompsonclassalnerpeppercornclassapeppercornclassalnerthompsonclassathompsonclassalnerthompsonclassathompsonclassaandlnerthompsonclassathompsonclassawereeitherbuiltorrebuiltforthelnerbyedwardthompsonengineeredwardthompsonandarthurpeppercornalthoughmanyactuallyonlyappearedinthebritishrailwaysbreraafterinonefurtherlocomotiveofthepeppercornclassadesignthelnerpeppercornclassatornadotornadowasbuiltbytheasteamlocomotivetrustprincesselizabeththelondonmidlandandscottishrailwaylmsintroduceditstwelveprincessroyalclasspacificlocomotivesinandthenenlargedthedesignwiththestreamlinedprincesscoronationclassoflocomotivesofthecoronationclasswerebuiltbywithonemoreappearingininthebreralmsprincesscoronationclasscoronationcoronationnothefirstoftheclassreachedonjuneandbrieflyheldthebritishspeedrecordforsteamtractionuntilitwasbetteredbythelnermallardayearlaterthelmsprincessroyalclasswasalsousedasthebasisforanunusualexperimentallocomotivetheturbomotivewhichusedturbinesinsteadofcylindersduringthesecondworldwarthesouthernrailwaygreatbritainsouthernrailwaysrintroducedtwoclassesofpacificdesignedbynewzealanderoliverbulleidthesewerethesrmerchantnavyclassmerchantnavyclassandthesrwestcountryclasswestcountryandbattleofbritainclassthesetwoclassescontinuedtobebuiltinthebreraandeventuallytotaledthirtymerchantnavyclasslocomotivesandwestcountryandbattleofbritainclasslocomotivesthebrstandardclassbritanniapacificlocomotivesintroducedinwereofasimpleexpansiontwocylinderdesignwithwalschaertsvalvegeartheirconservativedesignreflectedarequirementforamorecosteffectivelowermaintenancelocomotivetenlocomotivesofalighterversionthebrstandardclasswereintroducedinthefinalpacificdesignintheunitedkingdomwasthebrstandardclassdukeofgloucesterbrstandardclassnodukeofgloucesterofwhichonlyonewasbuiltinithadmanypartsincommonwiththebritanniasbuthadthreecylindersandcaprottivalvegearitwasusedasatestbedofsortstobefurtherdevelopedwithimprovedefficiencyandpowerasthestatedgoaltanklocomotivesfourtanklocomotivedesignswereintroducedintheunitedkingdomduringandcharlesbowencookeofthelondonandnorthwesternrailwaylnwrintroducedhislnwrprinceofwalestankclassprinceofwalestankclassinitwasatanklocomotiveversionofhissuccessfullnwrprinceofwalesclassprinceofwalesclasswerebuiltforsuburbanservicesoutofeustonrailwaystationeustonstationinthesameyearthenerclassydesignedbywilsonworsdellandlatertobecomethelnerclassawasintroducedbyworsdellssuccessorforhaulingcoaltrainsithadbeendevelopedfromthenerclassxheavyshunterslaterthelnerclasstalsoindemarshofthelondonbrightonandsouthcoastrailwaylondonbrightonandsouthcoastrailwaylbscrdesignedanentirelynewlbscrjclassjclasslocomotiveforbrightonmainlinelondontobrightonexpresstrainsonlyonewasbuiltbeforehissuccessorlawsonbillintonalteredthedesigntocreatethelbscrjclassjclassthemostsuccessfulandlongestsurvivingbritishclasswasthegcrclassnnclasslaterthelneraclassofthegreatcentralrailwaygcrintroducedinitwasdesignedbyjohngrobinsonandthelastoftheclasssurviveduntilfourbatcheswerebuiltbetweenandandafifthbatchwasorderedbythelnerinanothertankclassthecaledonianrailwayclassdesignedbywilliampickersgillappearedinwithtwelvelocomotivesbuiltbynorthbritishlocomotivecompanytheywerenicknamedthewemyssbaypugssinceseveraloftheclasswereallocatedtodotheglasgowtowemyssbaysuburbanexpressworkinscotlandalltanklocomotiveswerecalledpugsteamlocomotivepugsevenlargeoneslikethiscaledonianpacificclassandthelargeglasgowandsouthwesternrailwaybalticclassinandroberturieofthelondonandsouthwesternrailwaylswrbuiltfivelswrhclasshclasslocomotivesforshortdistancetransferfreighttrainsinthelondonareathesesurvivedinserviceuntilunitedstatesofamericalocomotiveinthepacifictypewasfirstusedintheunitedstatesinthiswasanunusualdoublecabormotherhubbardtypewithanunusuallyhugefireboxdesignedtousethewastetailingsfromanthracitecoalmineswhilethisdesigndidnotbecomepopularthewasrediscoveredforthesamereasontoimprovethetenwheelerwithalargerfireboxwithaltogetherpacificlocomotivesthepennsylvaniarailroadprrwasthelargestuserofthetypeintheunitedstatestherailroadboughtitsfirstexperimentalclassfromamericanlocomotivecompanyalcoinaftertestingafurtherpacificlocomotivesinvariousversionsdesignatedclassesandwerebuiltbytheprratitsaltoonaworksandbyalcoandbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinbetweenandrefnamepennsylvaniapacificsteamlocomotivecompacificpageprrsteamlocomotivecomvandalialinespennsylvaniapacifictypelocomotivesrefprrksksintheprrorderedanexperimentalkclassfromalcowithalargerboilersuperheatermechanicalstokerandotherinnovationsasimilarprrksksclasslocomotivewasbuiltbytheprrinbutnomorewerebuiltuntilbetweenandtheprrbuiltkslocomotivesandbaldwinafurtherbringingthetotaloftheksclasstothelastprrpacificlocomotivesweretwolargeprrkkclasslocomotivesbuiltinnowasbuiltattheprraltoonaworksandhadwalschaertsvalvegearwhilenowasbuiltbybaldwinandhadcaprottivalvegearalthoughsuccessfultheselocomotiveswerenotreplicatedsincethelargermountaintypesbegantobeintroducednowasdroppedfromtherosterinoctoberandnowasretiredinseptemberthefirstmodernexampleofthetypetobebuiltfordutyintheunitedstateswasbuiltforthemissouripacificinbutthechiefproponentofthetypewestofthemississippiriverwastheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwaywhobeganbuyingthetypethenextyearandultimatelyownedtheroadwouldhavepioneeredthetypeifnotforabeliefthatatwowheeledleadtruckwouldbesufficientforhighspeedpassengerservicetheybeganbuyingprairietypesinquantityfrombaldwininwiththefourcylindervauclaincompoundsystemaweightofanddiametercoupledwheelswhentheseprovedinsufficientlystableforhighspeedservicetheroadorderedtheclassofpacificswhichweretwocylindersimplexenginesweighingandfittedwithdiametercoupledwheelsonunusuallylongaxlecentersimmediatelyupontheirarrivalonthepropertytheirdrivewheelswereswappedwiththediameterdriversofftheearlierprairietypeswhichbecamefastfreightlocomotivesthesewouldwindupinbranchlineservicewheretheywereverysuccessfulandultimatelyoutlastedthepacificsthesantafeorderedadditionalpacifictypesofbothfourcylinderbalancedcompoundandtwocylindersimpletypesinsevenclassesthroughthesegraduallyincreasedtoandinvariablyrodeondriversthesimpletypestendedtorunconservativepressuresatwhilethecompoundsranattheearlyexamplesutilizedafireboxgrateofsquarefeetsqmbutthelastfewclasseshadlargergratesofsqftsqmallofthesewereconsideredlightpacificsbytheroadandtherewereafewenginesoforphanclassesaswellsomeofthesewerescrappedascompoundsbutmostwererebuiltwithtwoxxnbspmmsimplecylindersandoperatingpressuretherailroadbeganscrappingtheseinandregrettedscrappingthosefewduringthemassivetrafficofthesecondworldwartwoweresemistreamlinedforabriefperiodduringtheyhauledallmannerofpassengertrainsandsawoccasionaldutyinlocalfreightandhelperserviceallwereoutofservicebytheyinitiallyservedonthewesternportionofthesantafesystemwestoflajuntacoloradowherethelinetraversedtherockymountainsandtackledthemountainsofcaliforniaatlantictypesweregenerallyusedonthegreatplainslateraspassengercarsgrewtofeetminlengthandgainedweightduetoallsteelconstructionpacificswouldreplacetheatlantictypesintheeastandthewesternstretcheswouldbeservedbynewmountainandnortherntypestheseengineswerenotdissimilartotheusralightpacificsintroducedduringthefirstworldwarbutdifferedincertainrespectsthesantafelikemostlargeunitedstatesrailroadswasaccustomedtocustomdesigningtheirownpowerandrefusedtobuyusradesignsduringtheillfatednationalizationoftheunitedstatesrailroadsunderwilsonthiserahoweverdidallowmanysmallerrailroadswhocouldnotaffordtocustomdesignpowertomodernizetheirfleetsanditalsosawtheriseoftheusraheavypacificthepennsylvaniakseriesservedasaprototypeforthesebuttheydifferedinimportantaspectssuchastheprrsbelpairefireboxesthesantafedidnotbuyanyusraheavypacificseitherbutafterthewarbaldwinbeganbuildingthenewandevenheavierclassfortheroadthesewerehugeatbutwereotherwiseaconservativedesignwithtwosimplexcylinderswalschaertsvalvegearsquarefeetsqmofgrateandboilersfiftywerebuiltbybaldwinthroughbutwhileimprovementstothelightpacificsweremostlyconfinedtosimplificationandotherupdateswereonlysporadicallyappliedalloftheswerebuiltorretrofittedwithfeedwaterheatersandallbutsixweretoreceivediameterdrivingwheelsbeforeorduringthesecondworldwarallgotapressureincreasetoninereceivedthermicsyphonsandalittleexperimentationwasdonewithcombustionchambersandrollerbearingsweightsultimatelyreachedthesetooweremostlyoutofservicebysixsantafepacifictypessurvivemostofthemoftheheavyclassmostoftheunitedstatesrailroadswhichofferedpassengerserviceusedpacifictypesexceptforthecustomdesignandsheervolumeofunitsproducedtheexperienceofrailroadsintheeasternandwesternunitedstateswasnotdissimilartothatofthepennsylvaniaandsantaferespectivelysomeroadsdevelopedtheseintothehudsonorbaltictypeotherspreferredtheversatilityofthemountainandnortherntypesandsomelikethesantafeboughtbothonerailroadthestlouissanfranciscoorfriscoactuallyconvertedafewexistingpacifictypestohudsonswithlargerfireboxesintheirspringfieldmissourispringfieldshopsthepacifictypehoweverwasfarandawaythepredominantpassengerservicesteamengineintheunitedstatesuntiltheendofsteamlighterstreamlinedcarsledtoaresurgenceofthelightpacificwithseveralrailroadsapplyingstreamlinedshroudstoolderenginesthelastpacificbuiltforserviceintheunitedstateswasdeliveredtothereadinginmostorallpacificswereoutofregularservicebyonenotablethesoolinesoolinenowhichhauledthelastofthesoolinerailroadssteampoweredtrainsinwaspreservedandwasrestoredtooperatingconditionforexcursionssheisnowondisplayatthelakesuperiorrailroadmuseuminduluthminnesotareferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamemountainimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelsfourlargedrivingwheelsjoinedwithacouplingrodandasinglesmalltrailingwheelcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagesarclassrjpgaltcaptionsouthafricanclassngrhendriedthefirsttruemountainlocomotiveequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalydfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountrycolonyofnatallocomotivesouthafricanclassatngrclassddbsarailwaynatalgovernmentrailwaysdesignerbuilderdbsandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountrycolonyofnatallocomotivesouthafricanclassbngralteredclassbrailwaynatalgovernmentrailwaysdesignerbuildernatalgovernmentrailwaysevolvedfrommodifiedevolvedtomainbenefitimprovedstabilityatspeedmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrycolonyofnatallocomotivesouthafricanclassngrclasshendriedrailwaynatalgovernmentrailwaysdesignerdahendriebuildernorthbritishlocomotivecompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitwideanddeepfireboxbehindcoupledwheelsmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoffourleadingwheelseightpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsandtwotrailingwheelsthistypeofsteamlocomotiveiscommonlyknownasthemountaintyperefnamesteamglossaryrefoverviewthetankenginetankandtenderrailtenderlocomotiveversionsofthemountainwheelarrangementbothoriginatedinthecolonyofnatalinsouthafricainthenatalgovernmentrailwaysngrplacedthefirstfiveofitseventualonehundredsouthafricanclassatclassdtanklocomotivesinservicethelocomotivewasdesignedbywilliammilnethelocomotivesuperintendentofthengrfromtoandwasbuiltbydbsandcompanythiswasthefirstknownuseofthewheelarrangementintheworldrefnamehollandrefinsixngrsouthafricanclassclassbmastodonlocomotivesdesignedbydahendriengrlocomotivesuperintendentfromtoweremodifiedtoawheelarrangementbyhavingtrailingbisseltrucksaddedbelowtheircabstoimprovetheirstabilitywhenhaulingfastpassengertrainsthesesouthafricanclassbalteredclassblocomotiveswerethefirsttenderlocomotivesintheworldthefirstlocomotivetobedesignedandbuiltasatenderlocomotivewasnewzealandsnzrxclassxclassdesignedbyalbeattieandbuiltbythenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentsaddingtonworkshopsinchristchurchinitwasdesignedtohaulheavyfreighttrainsonthemountainouscentralsectionofthenorthislandmaintrunkrailwayanditisbelievedthatthiswasthesourceofthemountainnameofthetypealthoughitisalsopossiblethatthenamewasoriginatedbythechesapeakeandohiorailwayintheunitedstatesofamericawhonamedthetypeafterthealleghenymountainsthexclasswashowevernotconsideredtobeatruemountaintypesinceitstrailingtruckservedtospreadtheaxleloadratherthantoallowalargerandwiderfireboxthetrailingwheelswerepositionedwellbehindanarrowfireboxwhichitselfsatabovethecoupledwheelsnecessitatingthesamedesigncompromisebetweencoupledwheeldiameterandgratesizeasonaconsolidationormastodonatruedesignwasaprogressionoftheclassicpacificlayoutwhichfeaturedawidefireboxpositionedabovethetrailingtruckandbehindthecoupledwheelsallowingforawideanddeepfireboxaswellaslargecoupledwheelsrefnamexclassrefinthengrplacedtheworldsfirsttruemountaintypelocomotiveinservicewhenfivesouthafricanclassclasshendriedtenderlocomotiveswerecommissioneditwasdesignedbyhendrietohandlecoaltrafficontheuppernatalmainlineandwhileitwasbasedontheclasshendriebithadthefireboxpositionedtotherearofthecoupledwheelstomakealargergrateandashpanpossibletoaccomplishthistheplateframewasequippedwithacastbridleatthereartoaccommodatetheimprovedfireboxdesignwhichalsonecessitatedtheadditionofatrailingtruckfivelocomotiveswerebuiltbythenorthbritishlocomotivecompanyanddeliveredinthetypewentontobecomethemostwidelyusedsteamlocomotivewheelarrangementinsouthafricawithaltogetherthirtyclassesofbothtankandtenderversionseventuallyseeingserviceonthesouthafricanrailwaysusageangolainsixlocomotiveswerebuiltbynorthbritishlocomotivecompanytothedesignofthesouthafricanclassdsouthafricanclassdfortheangolancaminhodeferrodebenguelacfborbenguelarailwayastheirthclassrefnamenblnorthbritishlocomotivecompanyworkslistcompiledbyaustrianlocomotivehistorianbernhardschmeiserrefaustraliaunlikesomeothercountrieswhichutilisedthedesignforheavypassengerdutiestheaustralianwasmoretypicallyusedasaheavygoodslocomotivewithsmallcoupledwheelsandaverylargefireboxthefirstinaustraliawasthegaugeofthetasmaniangovernmentrailwaysnineteenwerebuiltinbatchesbetweenandbyperryengineeringinsouthaustraliawalkerslimitedofmaryboroughqueenslandandclydeengineeringofnewsouthwalesuntiltheclasshandledthemajorityofmainlinegoodstrainsaroundthestaterefnametasmanianqaustraliansteamcomqhtmtasmaniangovernmentrailwaysqstaticallydisplayedrefarmstrongwhitworthbuilttenclasslocomotivesforthesouthaustralianrailwaysintheywerethemostpowerfullocomotivesinaustraliaatthetimeandtheheaviestnonarticulatedlocomotivesyetbuiltintheunitedkingdomintheyweremodifiedtobclassnorthernlocomotivesthethreecylindernewsouthwalesdclasslocomotivedclasslocomotiveofthenewsouthwalesgovernmentrailwaysnswgrwasoneofthelargestandmostpowerfullocomotiveseverbuiltinaustraliatwentyfivewerebuiltbyclydeengineeringfromwiththeirlargegratesandtractiveefforttheywereputtogooduseonthesteepinandingradientsleadingoutofsydneyonthenewsouthwalesmainlinestheddesignwasdevelopedfurtherinwiththesmallercylinderednewsouthwalesdclasslocomotivedclassofwhichthirteenwerebuiltattheeveleighrailwayworkshopseveleighandcardifflocomotiveworkshopsofthenswgrthisclassprovedtobelesssuccessfulsufferingfromreliabilityproblemsattributedtotherackandpinionvalvegearthatwasusedforthethirdcylinderinsteadofthegresleyconjugatedvalvegeargresleyholcroftvalvegearthatwasusedonthedclassthewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwayswagrintroducedtwoclassesoflocomotiveforfreighthaulageonthestatesnetworkthefirstwasthewagrsclasssclassofwhichtenwerebuiltatthewagrmidlandrailwayworkshopsfromwiththelocomotivesnamedafterwestaustralianmountainsthesecondwasthewagrwclasswclassofwhichwerebuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanyinandthelayoutallowedfortheweightoftheserelativelypowerfullocomotivestobespreadoveranumberofaxlesresultinginthewclasshavingamaximumaxleloadoflessthantonsitalsoenabledtheincorporationofawidefireboxforburningpoorqualitycoalinthetasmaniangovernmentrailwayspurchasedamodernlocomotivethehclasseightlocomotiveswerebuiltbyvulcanfoundryforgoodstrainworkingrefnametasmanianaustraliansteamcomtgrframehtmaustraliansteampreservedsteamlocomotivesdownundertasmaniangovernmentrailwaysrefbulgariainthebulgarianstaterailwaysbdzplacedanorderwithhenschelsoningermanyforfiftybdzclassexpresspassengerlocomotivestheywereofthetypeaxlearrangementsimplesteamexpansionsuperheatingthreecylinderfasttrainserviceandweredesignedtobecapableofhaulingheavypassengertrainsovertheoftensevereprofilesofthebulgarianmainlineswithgradientsofuptothefirsttwolocomotivesweredeliveredbytheendofduringtrialsitprovedthatthespecificationsofthebdzdesigningengineerswerecorrectandthattheyhadsuccessfullyovercometheshortcomingsofinsufficientpowerandsomeconstructionproblemsthathadbeenexperiencedwiththebdzmikadoclassandclasslocomotivesmassproductionbeganthefollowingyearbutwasinterruptedbywarrestrictionsintroducedbythegermanauthoritiesanddeliverywashaltedbeforethefullorderwasfilledonlytenmorelocomotiveswerebuiltanddeliveredattheendofandearlyandthetotalnumberofthebdzclassremainedattwelvelocomotivesnumberedsmallsmalltosmallsmallaftertheselocomotivesweregraduallyconvertedtomixedfueloilandcoalfiringwhichresultedinimprovedsteamingabilityandbetterperformanceparticularlyonmountainouslinesduringtheiryearsofservicetheyexhibitedexcellentperformanceandonlyminorproblemswereexperiencedsuchasovalwearingoftheleadingaxlesinsidecrankafterfactoryrepaironeoftheselocomotivesnosmallsmallwaspreservedinthedepotatgornaoryahovitsaandreturnedtooperationfortouristtrainscanadathecprangusshopsangusshopsofthecanadianpacificrailwaycprbuiltapairoflocomotivesinwhiletheywerenotreplicatedthecprkepttheminserviceforthirtyyearsthecprrevertedtopacificlocomotivesbeforemovingontothehudsonrefnamedrurycpdrurypprefthecanadiannationalrailwayoperatedeightyuclasslocomotivesinpassengerservicebuiltbymontreallocomotiveworksinthelasttwentydesignatedthecnufufclassweredeliveredwithsemistreamlinedconicalsmokeboxcoversthatearnedthemthenicknameofbulletnosebettysczechoslovakiatheczechoslovakstaterailwayssdintroducedtheclassexpresspassengerlocomotiveinaftersuccessfultrialsinthetatramountainstocompareittoanalternativeberkshireprototypeinthedesignwasdevelopedfurtherintotheclassthesetechnicallysophisticatedlocomotiveswerereputedlycapableofthermalefficiencythesdalsobuiltalighterandmorenumerousclasslocomotivefranceinfrancethemountainknownasthetypebasedonitsaxlearrangementbegantobeusedonthemoreundulatingroutesasincreasinglyheavyloadsbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofallsteelpassengercarsafterbegantoovertaxthehillclimbingcapabilitiesoftheexistingpacificandthespeedcapabilitiesofmikadolocomotivesaltogetherlocomotiveswerebuiltforfrenchservicethecheminsdeferdelestesttookdeliveryofaprototypefourcylindercompoundlocomotivefromitsownpernayshopsinthiswasthefirstmountaintypetobebuiltforcommercialservicewithinfrancetheestsubsequentlyorderedfortyproductionlocomotivesinbasedontheprototypedesignbutwithimprovementsdeliverytookplaceoverthefollowingthreeyearsbetweenandthecheminsdeferdeltattatobtainedlocomotivesbuilttothedesignoftheestundersocitnationaledescheminsdeferfranaissncfmanagementaftertheselocomotivesweretransferredtotheestregionandservedtherefortherestoftheirservicelivesthecheminsdeferdeparislyonetlamditerraneplmintroducedbulletnosedclassacompoundmountaintypesintoincreasetrainspeedsovertheseuildebourgogneinclinethisfourcylindercompoundlocomotivewasunusualinhavingshortconnectingrodsfortheoutsidehighpressurecylindersthatconnectedtothefirstdrivingaxleratherthanthesecondaswastypicalofmostsixoreightcoupledlocomotivespossiblyasaresultofthisthelocomotivedidnotrunsmoothlyatspeedsfasterthaninadditioninordertolimittheweightthebuiltuplocomotiveframeswerelightlyconstructedwhichresultedintorsionandflexingwhichcausedthewheelbearingstooverheatthisproblemwasneversolvedontheplmengineshoweverinspiteoftheseshortcomingsandtruetothemountaintypetheywerestillabletohaulheavypassengertrainsovergradientsatspeedandcouldtakeantonneloadoveraingradientatnopbasedontheclassatheuniqueplmclasscbuiltinhadconnectingrodslinkingthesecondandthirddrivingaxlesthislocomotiveservedastheprototypeforthedevelopmentofthepostwarstandardsncfclassptheplmalsoexperimentedwithahighpressurewatertubeboilerontheuniqueplmbplmbprototypeconstructedwithagermanschmidthenschelboilerinitwassoonlearnedhoweverthatthislocomotivewasafailureanditwasretiredandbrokenupbythemidsthetatalsobuiltaprototypethreecylindersimpleexpansionlocomotiveinthewhichwasanembarrassingfailureforthecompanybutwhichwaslaterconvertedbyandrchapelonintothelegendarysncfclassanorthernlocomotivethesncfwithdesigninputfromandrchapelonchapelondevelopedtheearlierplmcintothestrongsncfclasspclasspintheselocomotivesalthoughpronetoaxleboxproblemscausedbyaframethatwasnotrigidenoughfortheoutputofthecylinderswereneverthelessveryeffectiveandsomewerestillrunningintheearlysmozambiqueinmarchandjulytwelvereboileredsouthafricanrailwayssouthafricanclassbclassbrlocomotivesbuiltbymontreallocomotiveworksmlwincanadabetweenandweresoldtocaminhosdeferrodemoambiquecfmthemozambiquerailwayswheretheyweremainlyusedforshuntingatmaputolourencomarquesandoccasionallyonfreightservicetoswazilandrefnamedurrantrefnewzealandthefirstofeighteennzrxclassxclassalfreddeglehndeglehncompoundlocomotivesdesignedbyalbeattiethechiefmechanicalengineerofthenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnzrbetweenandwasbuiltbythenzrsaddingtonrailwayworkshopsinchristchurchinthefirstlocomotiveintheworldtobedesignedandbuiltasatenderlocomotiveitwasdesignedtohaulheavyfreighttrainsonthenewlycompletedmountainouscentralsectionofthenorthislandmaintrunkrailwayonememberofthepioneeringxclasssurvivesandiscurrentlylocatedatthedepotofthefeildinganddistrictsteamrailsocietybetweenandjandnzrjaclassjsupasupclasslocomotivesenteredserviceofthesewerebuiltbynorthbritishlocomotivecompanyandbythehillsideengineeringhillsiderailwayworkshopsindunedintheselocomotivessurvivedinserviceuntilandwerethelastinservicesteamlocomotivesonthenzrtenhavebeenpreservedrhodesianorthernrhodesiatwolocomotiveswerebuiltinbyhenschelsonhenschelandsontothedesignofthesouthafricanclassdsouthafricanclassdforthenkanacopperminesinnorthernrhodesianowzambiatheywerenumberedandintherhodesiarailwaysthclassnumberrangerefnamehenschelhenschellieferlistehenschelsonworkslistcompiledbydietmarstresowrefsouthernrhodesiaalighterversionofthesouthafricanclassawasbuiltfortherhodesiarailwaysrrbynorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblinitwasdesignatedtherrthclassandwasusedonthelongsectionsouthofbulawayoinsouthernrhodesianowzimbabwethroughbechuanalandprotectoratenowbotswanatomafekinginthecapeprovincelikethesouthafricanclassatherrthclasshadacombustionchambertheonlyrrlocomotiveclasswiththisfeaturebetweenandlocomotiveswerebuiltforrrbyhenschelsonhenschelandsontothedesignofthesouthafricanclassdsouthafricanclassdastheirthclassandcclasstheirtendersweresimilartothesouthafricanversionstorpedotypebutwithplateframeinsteadofbuckeyebogiesoneofthesethesolerrcclasswasbuiltasacondensinglocomotiverefnamepattisonpattisonrgthunderingsmokestedilminstersomersetsablepublishinghousepprefinfourmorewithoutsuperheatingandnumberedfromtowerebuilttothedesignofthesouthafricanclassdbynblforthehwangecollierywankiecollieryinsouthernrhodesiasouthafricatanklocomotivesofthethirtyclassesoflocomotivestoseeserviceonthesouthafricanrailwayssarfourweretanklocomotivesthefirstlocomotiveintheworldtobedesignedwiththiswheelarrangementwastheclassdtankofthenatalgovernmentrailwaysngrthebrainchildoflocomotivesuperintendentwilliammilneandbuiltbydbsandcompanyaltogetheroftheselocomotivesweredeliveredintenbatchesbetweenandintheycameintosarstockandweredesignatedsouthafricanclassatclassarefnamepaxtonbournerefwhenthesouthafricanclasshttreidtenwheelersofthengrdesignedbylocomotivesuperintendentgwreidbegantobewithdrawnfrommainlineserviceforbranchlineandshuntingdutiesctheyweregraduallyconvertedtoawheelarrangementbyremovingthefifthsetofcoupledwheelsinfivesuchconvertedlocomotivesoriginallybuiltbydbsbetweenandweredesignatedsouthafricanclasshtclasshonthesarthesarconvertedmanymorereidtenwheelerstobutreclassifiedonlythefirstthreeofthesetoclasshwhiletherestretainedtheirsouthafricanclasshtclasshclassificationevenaftermodificationrefnamehollandrefintheimperialmilitaryrailwaysplacedtanklocomotivesinservicebuiltbydbsandneilsonandcompanyturnofthethcenturyneilsonreidandcompanytothespecificationsofthesouthafricanclasshtreidtenwheelerofthengrtheybecametheclasseonthecentralsouthafricanrailwayswhoconvertedsixofthemtotanklocomotivesinthefivesurvivorsweredesignatedsouthafricanclasshtclasshonthesarinthengrplacedclassetanklocomotivesinserviceitwasthefirstlocomotivetobedesignedforthengrbylocomotivesuperintendentdahendrieandwasbuiltbynorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblintheselocomotivesweredesignatedsouthafricanclassgtclassgbythesartenderlocomotivesbetweenwhentheworldsfirsttruemountaintypetenderlocomotivewasplacedinservicebythengrandwhenthesouthafricanclassclassandclassncnorthernlocomotivesarrivedonthescenemountaintenderlocomotivesbecamethemostpopulargoodslocomotivesonsouthafricanrailsbetweenandaltogetherdifferentclassesoflocomotiveswereacquiredformainlineandbranchlineserviceinthengrmodifiedsixofitsclassbmastodonlocomotivesbuiltbynblintoclassalteredblocomotivesinordertoimprovetheirstabilityonpassengertrainsthismadethemthefirsttenderlocomotivesintheworldwithawheelarrangementintheywereclassifiedassouthafricanclassbclassbbythesarthesarclassoriginatedonthengrthreevariantswereintroducedbetweenandinthengrplacedtheworldsfirsttruemountaintypelocomotiveinservicewhenthefirstofthirtyclassbtenderlocomotivesalsoknownasthehendriedwerecommissioneddesignedbydahendrietohandlecoaltrafficontheuppernatalmainlineandbasedonhisalteredsouthafricanclassclassbmountainofthefireboxwaspositionedtotherearofthecoupledwheelstomakeanimprovedgrateandashpanpossibletheywerebuiltbynblinandintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassonthesarinthengrplacedasingleexperimentalclassbamericandlocomotiveinservicebuiltbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyalcothelocomotivewassimilartotheclassbhendriedandwasnicknamedmaudeallanbytheenginemeninitbecamethesolesouthafricanclassaclassaonthesarinthesartookdeliveryoftensouthafricanclassbclassbmountainlocomotivesthathadbeenorderedbythengrtheyearbeforedesignedbyhendrieandbuiltbynbltheselocomotiveshadplateframeswalschaertsvalvegearandbelpairefireboxesandwerethefirstofhendriesdesignstohavesuperheatersandpistonvalvesinsteadofslidevalvestheclassoriginatedonthecapegovernmentrailwayscgrtwovariantswereintroducedinandinthecgrplacedtwomountainlocomotivesinservicedesignedbychieflocomotivesuperintendenthmbeattyasaheavymixedtrafficlocomotivewithstephensonvalvegearandthatusedsaturatedsteamtheywerebuiltbynbltheywerenotclassifiedonthecgrbutayearlaterwhentheyweretakenontothesarrostertheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassclassinandtensouthafricanclassaclassalocomotiveswereplacedinservicebythesarbuiltbynblitwasanimprovedversionofthepredecessorclasswithasuperheaterandwalschaertsvalvegearlikethetwoforerunnerstheywereexcellentsteamersandwiththeimprovementsgaveamuchbetterperformancethreeclassvariantswereintroducedbythesarbetweenandbetweenandthesarplacedsouthafricanclassclasslocomotivesinservicedesignedbysarchiefmechanicalengineercmedahendrieforuseincoaltrafficonthelinefromwitbanktogermistontheywerethelargestnonarticulatedlocomotivesinsouthafricaatthetimethefirstwerebuiltbynblbetweenandandtheremainderbybeyerpeacockandcompanybpinbetweenandsouthafricanclassaclassalocomotivesenteredserviceitwasthefinallocomotivedesignbyhendrieandoneofhisfinestanimprovedandlargerversionofhisclasswithlargerdiametercylindersandaredesignedboilerthatincludedacombustionchamberitwassuperheatedandhadwalschaertsvalvegearandabelpairefireboxwerebuiltbynblbetweenandandbyhenschelsoningermanyinandinthesarplacedthirtysouthafricanclassbclassblocomotivesinservicebuilttotheclassdesignbybaldwinlocomotiveworksintheunitedstatesunitedstatesofamericatheywereverysimilartothesecondandsubsequentordersoftheclassbutwereclassifiedseparatelyasclassbpossiblymerelybecausetheywereamericanbuiltwhiletheclasswasbritishbuiltfourclassvariantswereintroducedbythesarbetweenandbetweenandthesarplacedsouthafricanclassclasslocomotivesinservicedesignedbyhendrieasadevelopmentofthesouthafricanclassclassitwasbuiltbyrobertstephensonandcompanywithcoupledwheelsitwasevolvedasintermediatelocomotivebetweenthesouthafricanclassbclassbwithitscoupledwheelsandtheclasswithitscoupledwheelsinandsouthafricanclassaclassalocomotivesenteredservicealsodesignedbyhendrieitwasalighterlocomotiveforuseoncoastallinesandwasbuiltbynblliketheclassitalsohadwalschaertsvalvegearabelpairefireboxandwassuperheatedbutithadasmallerboilerandsmallercylinderstoreducetheaxleloadinginfifteensouthafricanclassbclassblocomotivesenteredservicebuiltbybpitsintendedusewasonthelowersectionofthenatalmainlinewherespeedswerelowwithfrequentstopsandhendriethereforedesignedthemwithoutsuperheatersinservicetheomissionofsuperheatingsoonbecameaboneofcontentionandbyallofthemwereconvertedtosuperheatingandreclassifiedtoclassofallthelocomotivesintroducedbyhendrietheclassbwastheonlyonetofallshortofexpectationsbetweenandsouthafricanclasscclassclocomotiveswereorderedfromthemontreallocomotiveworksmlwincanadaasaresultofwartimedisruptionineuropewhilebuilttohendriesspecificationstheyweredesignedbymlwresultinginalocomotivewithsometypicalnorthamericancharacteristicsandwithamericanstylehighrunningboardsthelocomotivesweredeliveredinfourbatchesallfourwithdifferentengineweightsandmaximumaxleloadsthroughreboileringsandrebalancingsduringitsservicelifethissingleclasseventuallyendedupassixdifferentlocomotiveclassesrefnamediagrambooksouthafricanrailwaysharbourssuidafrikaansespoorweenhawensauglocomotivediagrambooklokomotiefdiagramboekgaugespoorwydtesarsasmechanicaldepartmentwerktuigkundigedeptdrawingofficetekenkantoorpretoriaprefrefnamediagrambooksouthafricanrailwaysharbourssuidafrikaansespoorweenhawensauglocomotivediagrambooklokomotiefdiagramboekgaugespoorwydtesteamlocomotivesstoomlokomotiewesarsasmechanicaldepartmentwerktuigkundigedeptdrawingofficetekenkantoorpretoriappaarefsevenclassvariantswereintroducedbythesarbetweenandintensouthafricanclassclasslocomotivesenteredservicebuiltbynblanddesignedbyhendrieasalargemixedtrafficlocomotivewithlargercoupledwheelsforuseintheorangefreestatewheregradesandcurvaturewerelessseverethanonthecoastalsectionstoreducetheweightonthetrailingwheelssteelfireboxeswereusedafeaturethatbecamestandardonlargelocomotivesbutnecessitatedtheintroductionofwatertreatmentplantsinsomepartsofthecountrytopreventcorrosionbetweenandthesarplacedsouthafricanclassaclassalocomotivesinservicedeliveredintenbatchesfromthreemanufacturersofthewholehendriedesignedmountainfamilythisclassprovedtobehismostusefulandmostnumerousgroupoflocomotivesbeingwartimeinitialproductionanddeliveryoccurredindribsanddrabsnbldeliveredbetweenandbpdeliveredthirtyinandandmaffeicompanyjamaffeideliveredthelastinbetweenandthirtysouthafricanclassbclassblocomotivesenteredserviceasaresultofwartimedisruptionineuropetheywereorderedfrommlwincanadatheywerebuilttothegeneralspecificationsoftheclassbutwithbarframesandsometypicalnorthamericanfeaturesandtheywereequippedwithbelpairefireboxeswithcombustionchambersinandthesarplacedtwelvesouthafricanclasscclassclocomotivesinservicebuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksandconformingtosarrequirementsasfaraspracticablebutalsoincorporatingthelatestamericanrailwayengineeringpracticestheyintroducedseveralnewfeaturestothesarsuchastopfeedstotheboilerselfcleaningsmokeboxessellarsdriftingvalvesandgreaselubricationtheirfireboxeswereequippedwithsiphontubestosupportthebrickarchandtoimprovewatercirculationthelocomotivessizequicklyearneditthenicknamebigbillbetweenandsouthafricanclasscaclasscalocomotivesenteredserviceitwasaredesignedversionoftheclasscwiththeframeswidenedunderthefireboxbymeansofabridlecastingwerebuiltbyalcoinfourbybaldwinintenbysocietitalianaernestobredaofmilaninitalyinandbynblbetweenandbetweenandthesarplacedsouthafricanclasseclasselocomotivesinserviceitwasarefinementoftheclasscandclasscaandwasdesignedbycmeagwatsonincorporatingmanyoftheimprovementsthathadbeendevelopedbyhimtwoofwhichwereavastlyenlargedsouthafricanlocomotivenumberingandclassificationwatsonstandardboilerswatsonstandardboilerandawatsoncabwithaslopingfronttwentywerebuiltbyrobertstephensonandhawthornsrshinsixteenbyhenschelinandeightbyberlinermaschinenbauinthelocomotiveshadpoppetvalvegearandwerefasteventhoughsometroublewasinitiallyexperiencedwiththegearinthereversepositionbetweenandsouthafricanclassfclassflocomotiveswereplacedinservicemakingitthemostnumeroussteamlocomotiveclassinsarserviceitwassimilartotheclassewithawatsonstandardnobboilerandawatsoncabbutwithwalschaertsvalvegearitwasdesignedbycmewajdayandbuiltinfourbatchesoveraperiodofeightyearsspanningthesecondworldwarinsevenwerebuiltbyberlinerfourteenbyhenschelsonhenschelandbynorthbritishlocomotivecompanynbllocomotivebuildingwasinterruptedbythewarbutbecauseofacriticalmotivepowershortagethatdevelopedduringthewarmanufacturingwasresumedevenbeforehostilitieshadceasedinproductionstartedwiththirtylocomotivesbybeyerpeacockandcompanybpfollowedbysixtybynblinthefinalbatchofwasbuiltbynblinandtheprewarclassfswerehandstokedandweredeliveredwithoutsmokedeflectorswhilethepostwarlocomotiveswerebuiltwithmechanicalstokerssmokedeflectorsandvacuumbrakesonthecoupledwheelsaswellasthetendersfiveclassvariantswereintroducedbythesarbetweenandinthesarplacedfoursouthafricanclassclasslocomotivesinserviceitwasalighterbranchlineversionoftheclassescandcamainlinelocomotivesbuilttothebasicdesignoftestengineermmloubserasrequestedbycmecolonelfrcollinsdistinguishedserviceorderdsobuiltbyberlineringermanytheyweresuperheatedbuiltonbarframesandusedwalschaertsvalvegearrefnameloubsertalksouthafricanclasscontentofemailreceivedfromrsloubsersonofmmloubsersarcmeonjuninformationsuppliedbyrsloubsersonofsarcmemmloubserrefinsouthafricanclassaclassalocomotivesenteredserviceitwasalatermodeloftheclassbutredesignedbycollinstoachievealighteraxleloadingbyreducingthecoupledwheeldiameterfromreducingthecylinderdiameterfromandbyusingasmallerboilertheywerebuiltbyswisslocomotiveandmachineworksslminfourteensouthafricanclassbclassblocomotivesenteredservicebuiltingermanybyberlineritwasvirtuallyidenticaltotheclassapartfromthewheelbaseofthefrontbogiewhichhadbeenincreasedfromtotoimprovetheclearancebetweenthecylindersandthebogiewheelsfiftysouthafricanclasscclassclocomotivesenteredserviceinbuiltbynbltothedesignoftheclassbbutwithpoppetvalvesteamenginerotarycampoppetvalvegearandsouthafricanlocomotivenumberingandclassificationwatsonstandardboilerswatsonstandardnoaboilersithadalargersuperheaterthantheclassbandwasequippedwithawatsoncabwithaslopingfrontthatlikethewatsonstandardboilerwastobecomestandardonlatersarsteamlocomotiveclassesinabreakwithpriorcustomtheashpanandrunningboardswereaffixedtothelocomotiveframeinsteadoftotheboilertofacilitateeasierremovaloftheboilerforrepairsbetweenandsouthafricanclassdclassdlocomotivesenteredservicewiththefinaldevelopmentoftheclassseriesoflocomotiveshavingbeendoneinbycmewajdaytheclassdnicknameddollywasverysimilartoitspredecessorclasscbutwithpistonvalvesandwalschaertsvalvegearinsteadofrcpoppetgearthelocomotiveswerebuiltinbatchesbyseverallocomotivemanufacturersinandsixtywerebuiltbykruppfriedrichkruppagandanothersixtybytheborsiglokomotivwerkeaegborsiglokomotivwerkeinkodaworksinczechoslovakiabuiltfifteenbeforelocomotivebuildingwasinterruptedbythesecondworldwarinfiftywerebuiltbyrobertstephensonandhawthornsrshandthefinalbatchoffiftywasdeliveredbynblinthenbllocomotivesweredeliveredwithsouthafricantypemxtendertypemxtorpedotenderswithcylindricalwatertanksthatranonthreeaxlebuckeyesteelcastingsbuckeyebogiesinandthesarplacedsouthafricanclassclasslocomotivesinserviceitslastandlargestmountainlocomotivedesignedbydayitwasintendedasageneralutilitylocomotivecapableofoperatingonrailandwasbuiltintwobatchesbyberlinermaschinenbauandhenschelsonhenschelingermanytheoriginalorderinwasfortwentylocomotivesofwhichberlinerbuiltsevenandhenschelthirteenhowevertheurgencybroughtaboutbytherapidlydeterioratingpoliticalclimateineuropeatthetimeledtoafurtherlocomotivesbeingorderedevenbeforethefirstbatchcouldbedeliveredandtestedofthesehenschelbuiltandberlinerthelastlocomotiveofthissecondorderwasdeliveredinaugustjustonemonthbeforetheoutbreakofthesecondworldwarsincetheywereintendedforworkinginthearidkarootheywereequippedwithverylargetenderswithahighwatercapacitythatrodeonsixwheeledbogiesspainspainhadmorethanmountainlocomotivesknownasthetypeinfiveclassesthefirsttypetobeintroducedalthoughearlierbyonlyafewweekswasthenorteclassinandlaterthiswasahugefourcylindercompoundenginecompoundmachinewithaworkingorderweightandcoupledwheelsadiameterthatwasbelievedtobeidealforpassengerlocomotivesinthemountainouspeninsulaitperformedverywellonheavyexpresstrainsfrommadridtothefrenchborderinirunalthoughbuiltinspainthetypewasofgermandesigncompaadelosferrocarrilesdemadridazaragozayalicantemzacommissionedthetypebuiltbylamaquinistaterrestreymartimamtminbarcelonaitwasarudetwocylindersimpleexpansionlocomotivealsowithcoupledwheelsandslightlylighterthanitsnortecounterpartwiththefirstonesofattonnesandthelastonesofattonnesacontroversyaroseinspainbetweenthedefendersofthesetwotypesthewasslightlymorepowerfulbutthesimplicityandreliabilityofthespanishdesignedwaspreferredthemzacommissionedanenhancedtypedesignedwithastreamlinedcasinglamodeanddesignatedthetypethespanishcivilwarinterruptedconstructionandthetenmachineswereonlycompletedafterthewarwasendedinalthoughwelldesignedandgoodperformersintheorytheylackedtheadvantagesofstreamlinecasingandespeciallysufferedfromproblemsassociatedwiththehighpressureboilerthatneededspeciallydesignedlubricatorsthatwerenotavailableintheimpoverishedpostwarspainpleasedoublecheckthislastsentenceiediteditgrammarwiseandimnotcertainthatididntscrewupsomefactsintheprocessinfactthisappliestothewholespainsectionthenortelaunchedthejustbeforerenfewasestablishedinitwasanenhancedtypewithnewdesignedcylindersaftertheproposalsofandrchapelonthelocomotivewasslightlymorepowerfulthanhersistersandrenfecommissionedmoretobebuiltbetweenandtheincreasedcapacityofthenewmachinesneverreacheditsfullpotentialhoweverduetothelackinmaintenancetypicalofpostwarspaininrenfecommissionedthetypetorunonformermzalinesthetypeusedthehighcapacityboilerdesignedforthesantafetypeoftheywereverypowerfulmachineswithweightsexceedingtonnesandwithcoupledwheelstheyperformedwellandwereappreciatedbythecrewswhocalledthembonitasprettysacoalfiredandstokerequippeddesigntheywereconvertedtooilfiringinthesconstructionceasedinwithlocomotivesbuiltthelastonewasretiredinoneispreservedfinmralanovatarragonacataloniaspainfortheappfienthusiastassociationwiththeintentiontorestoreittorunningorderunitedkingdomtheunitedkingdomsentirepopulationofmountainlocomotivesconsistsofherculesandsamsonthetwogaugelocomotivesoftheromneyhytheanddymchurchrailwayromneyhytheanddymchurchlightrailwayinkentenglandthelocomotiveswerebuiltbypaxmanenginesdaveypaxmandaveypaxmaninunitedstatesofamericathewasmostpopularonthenorthamericancontinentwhenthepacificfleetswerebecomingoverburdenedaspassengertrainsgrewinlengthandweightthefirstnorthamericanlocomotiveswerebuiltbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyalcoforthechesapeakeandohiorailwaycoinitispossiblethatthemountainnamewasoriginatedbycoafterthealleghenymountainswheretheirfirstlocomotiveswerebuilttoworkalcocombinedthetractionoftheeightcoupledmikadowiththeexcellenttrackingqualitiesofthepacificsfourwheelleadingtruckalthoughcointendedtheirnewmountainsforpassengerservicethetypealsoprovedidealforthenewfasterfreightservicesthatrailroadsintheunitedstateswereintroducingmanylocomotiveswerethereforebuiltfordualserviceatotalofaboutmountaintypelocomotiveswerebuiltforamericanrailroadswithlocomotivesthelargestuserintheunitedstateswasthenewyorkcentralrailroadnycwhonamedtheirsthenycmohawkmohawktypeotherlargeusersintheunitedstateswerethepennsylvaniarailroadwithprrmclassmclassmaandclassmblocomotivesthatwereusedmostlyforfastfreightservicethefloridaeastcoastwithninetypassengerlocomotivesthenewyorknewhavenandhartfordrailroadwithseventyandthesouthernrailwayussouthernrailwaywithfiftyeighttheheaviestsintheunitedstateswerethetwentyillinoiscentralclasslocomotivesbuiltbytherailroadinandthesouthernpacificorderedatotalofsforbothfreightandpassengerservicethelastandclosetmountaintypeinoperationwasfriscostlouissanfranciscoaclasstmountaintypebuiltbythebaldwinlocomotiveworksinphiladelphiapennsylvaniainmayofnowscurrentstatusisforherondisplayedatthenationalmuseumoftransportationinstlouisreferencesbbcradioxtrainfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnametexasimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelfivelargedrivingwheelsjoinedtogetherwithacouplingrodandtwosmalltrailingwheelscaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimageatsfpngaltcaptionatsfclasstexastypeequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyeefrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotivenorailwayatchisontopekaandsantaferailwaydesignerbaldwinlocomotiveworksbuilderbaldwinlocomotiveworksevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesalocomotivehastwoleadingwheelsononeaxleusuallyinabisseltrucktencoupleddrivingwheelsonfiveaxlesandfourtrailingwheelsontwoaxlesusuallyinabogiethesewerereferredtoasthetexastypeinmostoftheunitedstatesthecoloradotypeonthechicagoburlingtonandquincyrailroadburlingtonrouteandtheselkirktypeincanadarefnamebarrisciteweblastbarrisfirstwurlsteamlocomotivecomlocobasephpcountryusawheeltitlethetexastypelocomotiverefoverviewthetexaswheelarrangementoriginatedandwasprincipallyusedintheunitedstatesofamericatheevolutionofthislocomotivetypebeganasasantafetypewithalargerfourwheeledtrailingtruckthatwouldallowanenlargedfireboxsteamenginefireboxasubsequentdevelopmentwasasanelongatedberkshiretypethatrequiredextradrivingwheelstoremainwithinaxleloadlimitsexamplesofbothoftheseevolutionaryprogressionscanbefoundsometanklocomotivesalsoexistedineasterneuropeoneextraordinaryexperimentaltenderlocomotivebuiltinthesovietunionhadansovietopposedpistonopposedpistondrivesystemrefnamerussiaaqpldslpipexcommuseumlocolocorussrussrefrhtmrussianreformsaccessedonoctoberrefusagebelgiancongothetexastypewasrareinafricaonelocomotivenumberedwasbuiltforthecfdubascongoaukatangabyjohncockerillcompanysocitanonymejohncockerillinithadcylindersanddiameterdrivingwheelswithaworkingordermassofagrateareaofandatractiveeffortatboilerpressureofthelocomotiveisbelievedtohavebeenbuiltforthelinebetweenbukamaandkaminaandaccumulatedduringitsservicelifetimeevenwithitslargesizeitwashandfiredandhadtwofireboxdoorswithtwofiremenbeingcarriedbraziloutsidenorthamericathewasrareinsouthamericathecentralrailwayofbrazilorderedseventeenlocomotivestenfrombaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinwhichweredeliveredinandanothersevenfromtheamericanlocomotivecompanywhichweredeliveredincanadathecanadianpacificcpselkirklocomotiveswereallbuiltbymontreallocomotiveworksmlwthefirsttwentyoftheselargeengineswerebuiltindesignatedtaclassandallocatednumberstotheircanadiantypenamewasaftertheselkirkmountainsacrosswhichtheywereplacedinservicetherailwaysummitofwhichwaslocatedjustinsidethewesternportaloftheconnaughttunnelbeneathrogerspassbritishcolumbiarogerspassrefnameatkinsrefmlwbuiltanothertenofthesesuccessfullocomotivesforcpduringnovemberanddecemberdesignatedtbclassandnumberedfromtomodificationstotheoriginaldesignledtothetbbeingtentonneslighterwhileitsoperatingsteampressurewasincreasedfromafurthersixselkirksclassedtcandnumberedfromtoweredeliveredbymlwintheywerethelaststandardgaugesteamlocomotivestobebuiltincanadaforacanadianrailwaythesewereverysimilartothetbclassapartfromafewrefinementswhichincludedtwocrosscompoundaircompressorstospeeduprechargingoftheairbrakesystemwhilesomesmallstreamliningtoucheswerenotretainedsuchasthestreamlinedcasingaroundthesmokeboxstackaswellastheteardropshapeoftheclassificationlightsinadditiontheinsideofthecabswerenolongerinsulatedinthesamemannerasthepreviousversionswhichhadprovidedbettercoldweathercabinsulationandwerebetterlikedbycrewsthelastselkirksweretakenoutofserviceinthesewerethemostpowerfulsteamlocomotivesinthebritishempiresouthafricacinthesouthafricanrailwayssarplacedonesouthafricanclassclasssteamlocomotivewithatexaswheelarrangementinservicedesignedasamixedtrafficlocomotivesuitableforlightrailitwasdesignedbyagwatsonchiefmechanicalengineerofthesarfromtoandbuiltbythenorthbritishlocomotivecompanyinglasgowonlytheonelocomotivewasbuiltatthetimerepresentingthemaximumpowerobtainableoncapegaugefromatencouplednonarticulatedlocomotivethatwaslimitedtoaaxleloadonrailtoenableittonegotiatetightcurvesthethirdandfourthsetsofcoupledwheelswereflangelessdriverflangelessrefnamehollandrefrefnamenblnorthbritishlocomotivecompanyworkslistcompiledbyaustrianlocomotivehistorianbernhardschmeiserrefrefnamediagrambooksouthafricanrailwaysandharbourslocomotivediagrambookgaugesteamlocomotivesaugustasamendedrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefthelocomotivessouthafricantypefttendertypefttenderwasanunusualexperimentaltypeusingsixpairsofwheelsinawheelarrangementwiththeleadingandtrailingwheelsinbisseltruckbisseltypeponytrucksandtherestoftheaxlesmountedwitharigidwheelbaseasimilarsouthafricantypejvtendertypejvtenderhadbeenbuiltinthesaltrivershopsincapetowninfortestpurposesandasaprototypetothetypeftthetenderswheelarrangementdidnotprovetobeverysuccessfulhoweverandwasnotusedagainsovietunioncthereweretwotexastypelocomotivesbuiltintheussronethesovietlocomotiveclassorclassorbuiltinbythelocomotiveworksinulanudehadcylindersthatwereplacedabovethecenterdrivingaxleunlikenearlyallsteamlocomotivesthepistonshadrodsonbothendswhichtransferredpowertothewheelstheideawastobalancethedrivingforcesonthewheelsallowingthecounterweightsonthewheelstobesmallerandreducinghammerblowonthetracktestrunsshowedhoweverthattheordesignwasunsuitableasapracticallocomotivethelocomotivewasneverusedformorethantestingandwasreturnedtoitsbuilderandscrappedunitedstatesofamericaatchisontopekasantafetheatchisontopekasantaferailwayatsftookdeliveryoflocomotivenofromthebaldwinlocomotiveworksinitwasusedbysantafeasanexperimentallocomotiveandwasrosteredasamemberofatsfsclassofsthatwasfittedwithafourwheeltrailingtrucknearlyahundredmoreclasslocomotivesweredeliveredafternobutallwiththewheelarrangementphotographsexistthatshownofittedwithatleasttwodifferentdesignsoffourwheeltrailingtruckthroughtheyearsnoothermembersoftheclasshavebeendocumentedwithfourwheeltrailingtrucksnowasscrappedinstillequippedwithafourwheeltrailingtrucknomadamequeensantafewhohadoriginatedthetypeadopteditagaininwithsantafenonicknamedmadamequeenthislocomotivewassimilartothecotwiththesamedriversbutwithboilerpressureandlimitedcutoffitprovedtheviabilityofthetypeonthesantaferailwaybutthegreatdepressionshelvedplanstoacquiremoreinwiththerailroadsfortunesimprovingsantafeacquiredtenmorelocomotivesthesecamewithdiameterdriversandboilerpressuremakingtheseatsfsthefastestandmostmodernofalloftheoriginalorderoftenfivewereoilburningandfivecoalburningbutwhensantafeorderedtwentyfivemorefordeliveryinallweredeliveredequippedtoburnoilthefirstofthebatchproduceddrawbarhorsepoweronroadtestthehighestfigureknownforatwocylindersteamlocomotivetexasandpacificthetypewasrevivedinbythelimalocomotiveworksthistimeitwasanexpansionoftheberkshiretypethatlimahadpioneeredaversionoftheberkshirewithtendrivingwheelsinsteadofeightwasanobviousdevelopmentandthefirsttobedeliveredweretothetexasandpacificrailwayafterwhichthetypewassubsequentlynamedthefourwheeltrailingtruckallowedamuchlargerfireboxandthusagreaterabilitytogenerateheatandthussteamthesuperpowersteamsuperpowerdesignaslimasmarketingdepartmentcalleditresultedinalocomotivethatcoulddevelopgreatpoweratspeedwhilenotrunningoutofsteamgeneratingabilitychesapeakeohiotheearlylimabuilttexastypeswerelowdriveredindiameterwhichdidnotleaveenoughspacetofullycounterweighttheextremelyheavyandsturdysiderodsandmainrodsrequiredforsuchapowerfullocomotivespistonthruststhatchangedinonthechesapeakeandohiorailwaycowhostretchedthedesignofanerierailroadhighdriveredberkshiretypelocomotivetoproducefortyoftheatexastypewithdiameterdriversthatwasbothpowerfulandfastenoughforthenewhigherspeedfreightservicesthattherailroadswereintroducingallsubsequenttexastypeswereofthishigherdriveredsortpennsylvaniathepennsylvaniarailroadprrorderedfewnewlocomotivesaftersinceelectrificationbothconsumedtherailroadsresourcesandresultedinasupplyofexcesssteamlocomotivesthateliminatedanyrequirementfornewpoweritwasnotuntilthesecondworldwarhadbegunthattheprrslocomotivefleetbegantoappearinadequatealthoughtheprrurgentlyneedednewandmodernfreightpowerthewarproductionboardprohibitedworkingonanewdesignandsincetherewasnotenoughtimetotrialaprototypeinanyeventtheprrcastaroundforotherrailroadsdesignsthatitmightmodifyforprruseitsettledonthesomemodificationsweremadetothedesignfortheseprrwarbabiestheseincludedprrdropcouplerssheetsteelpilotlocomotivepilotsprrstylecontrolcarrailcabslargeprrtenderlocomotivetenderskeystonesteamautomobilekeystonenumberplatesupfrontandothermodificationsitstillbetrayeditsforeignheritagebylackingtheprrtrademarkbelpairefireboxandbyhavingaboosterengineonthetrailingtruckaltogetherlocomotiveswerebuiltbetweenandandbecamethelargestfleetoftexastypelocomotivesinexistenceallwereeventuallysoldasscrapwhenthepennsylvaniarailroaddieselizednorthamericanownersoftexastypesclasswikitablestylemarginemautoemautonorthamericanconstructionrosterstylebackgroundsilverrailroadquantityclassnamestylebackgroundsilverclassstylebackgroundsilverroadnumbersstylebackgroundsilverbuilderstylebackgroundsilverbuildyearstylebackgroundsilvernotesrowspanatchisontopekaandsantaferailwayatchisontopekaandsantafebrtexasstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncentersantafebaldwinstyletextaligncenterpreservedstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterbaldwinstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterbaldwinstyletextaligncentersantafepreservedrowspanbessemerandlakeerierailroadbessemerlakeeriebr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raftandthefireburnedpoorlytheproblemwasmitigatedbyblockingoffthefirstfewfeetofthegratesbaldwinlocomotiveworksbuiltmoreforthenorthernpacificinnoneweresavedsouthernpacificthesouthernpacificrailroadsouthernpacificrailroadsfamouscabforwardcabforwardarticulatedsteamlocomotiveswereeffectivelyayellowstoneinreversebutthespalsoownedsomeconventionalsforuseonitslessmountainousrouteslimalocomotiveworksbuiltsouthernpacificclassacacclasslocomotivesintheyhadskylinecasingswithstripedpilotlocomotivepilotsatfirsttheyburnedcoalbutwerelaterconvertedtooilnoneweresavedduluthmissabeandironrangeinfoboxlocomotiveimageyellowstonejpgnamedmiryellowstonespowertypesteambuilderbaldwinlocomotiveworksbuilddatetotalproductionwhytetypeuicclassddgaugestandardgaugeleadingdiameterdriverdiametertrailingdiameterwheelbaselengthwidthheightweightondriverslocoweighttenderweightlocotenderweightfueltypecoalfuelcapwatercapboilerboilerpressurefireareafireboxareasuperheatertypefeedwaterheatercylindercountfourcylindersizepoweroutputaboutmphtractiveeffortfactorofadhesionoperatorduluthmissabeironrangerailwaydmiroperatorclassmmfleetnumbersretiredatepreservedunitsdispositionthreepreservedremainderscrappedtheduluthmissabeandironrangerailwayhauledironoreinminnesotaironoreisheavyandthedmiroperatedlongtrainsoforecarsrequiringmaximumpowertheselocomotiveswerebasedupontensthatbaldwinhadbuiltinthesforthewesternpacificrailroadtheneedforalargercoalburningfireboxandalongerallweathercabledtotheuseofafourwheeltrailingtruckgivingthemtheyellowstonewheelarrangementtheywerethemostpowerfulyellowstonesbuiltproducingoftractiveeffortandhadthemostweightondriverssothattheywerenotpronetoslippingeightlocomotivesclassmwerebuiltbybaldwinintheyellowstonesmetorexceededthedmirspecificationssomorewereorderedclassmthesecondbatchwascompletedinlateafterthemissabesseasonaldownturninoretrafficsosomeofthenewmswereleasedtoanddelivereddirectlytothedenverriograndewesternthenextwinterthedrgwagainleasedthedmirsyellowstonesasbankenginehelpersovertennesseepasscoloradotennesseepasscoloradoandforotherfreightdutiestheriograndereturnedtheyellowstonesafterairbrakefailurecausednotowreckonthefireclayloopthiswasdespitetheriograndesearlierassessmentthattheseyellowstoneswerethefinestenginesevertooperatetheredmirsweretheonlyyellowstonestohaveahighcapacitypedestalorcentipedetenderandhadrollerbearingsonallaxlessomeofthelocomotiveshadacylindricalelescofeedwaterheateraheadofthechimneysmokestackwhileothershadaworthingtonunitwithitsrectangularboxinthesamelocationonlyoneyellowstonewasretiredbeforedieselizationtookplaceonthemissabenowassoldforscrapafterawrecktherestoftheswereretiredbetweenandasdiesellocomotivestookoveroftheeighteenbuiltthreesurviveandareondisplayinminnesotanoatproctorminnesotaproctornoatthelakesuperiorrailroadmuseuminduluthminnesotaduluthandnoattwoharborsminnesotatwoharborsbaltimoreandohioinfoboxlocomotivenameboemyellowstonepowertypesteambuilderbaldwinlocomotiveworksbuilddatetotalproductionwhytetypeuicclassddgaugestandardgaugeleadingdiameterdriverdiametertrailingdiameterwheelbaselengthlocomotivebroverallwidthheightweightondriverslocoweighttenderweightlocotenderweightfueltypecoalfuelcapwatercapboilerdiaboilerpressurefireareafireboxareawithalongcombustionchambersuperheatertypetypeefeedwaterheaterworthingtoncylindercountfourcylindersizepoweroutputtractiveeffortfactorofadhesionoperatorbaltimoreohiorailroadbooperatorclassemfleetnumberslaterlastrundateaprilpreservedunitsdispositionallthirtyscrappedbywhentheusenteredworldwariitheamericanrailroadssawincreasesintrafficthebaltimoreandohiorailroadalongwithotherrailroadswantedtopurchasemoreofthediesellocomotivediesellocomotivessincetheywereshowingimprovedperformanceoversteamlocomotivesbutthewarproductionboardregulatedtheproductionofsteamanddiesellocomotivesuntilthewaremergencywasoversoalongwithproducingnewclassttypelocomotivesbuiltinhouseattheirmtclareshopsinbaltimoremarylandthebotookdeliveryofbaltimoreandohiorailroadlocomotivesclassemyellowstonesinandthelargestnumberandthesmallestofthistypebuiltbybaldwinaswellasthemostmoderntheemproducedoftractiveeffortondriverswithsteampressureandfourcylindersthetendercarriedofwaterandtonsofcoaltheengineweighedwhilethetenderweighedforacombinednothingbiggercouldoperatewithinthetunnelclearancesandtrackrestrictionsonthebosmainlinetheywereequippedwiththenewesttechnologyincludingtheworthingtonfeedwaterheatersuperheaterwithfrontendthrottlecyclonefrontendthermicsyphonsalateralcushioningdeviceinthefrontpairofdriversonbothenginesandthefrontwheelsandthetrailingtruckaswellasrollerbearingsonallaxlesengineandtenderwhichgavethemthereputationofyardcreepersbecausethreemencouldmoveoneonaleveltrackwiththecylindercocksopenbospresidentroybwhiteafterinspectingthefirstonedeliveredsaidtothegeneralsuperintendentofmotivepowerandequipmentakgallowaywellimustsaytheyhaveeverythingfleetnumberswerebuiltanddeliveredinandinallbythebaldwinlocomotiveworksofphiladelphiapennsylvaniatheywenttoworkonthecumberlanddivisionsruggedwestendsubdivisionwithitsmorethangradesandtightcurveswherewiththeolderelclassestheyhauledwestvirginiacoalandfreightssincetheemshadrollerbearingsthroughouttheyalsohandledmailandexpresstrainsreplacingtwoboclasstmountainsthatcontinueduntiljanuarywhennearoaklandmarylandtrainwithenginederailedwiththelocomotiverollingontotheengineerssidekillingtheengineertheemswerethenrestrictedtocoalandfreighttrainsuntilthelateswhenthebousedemnoforrailfantripstheemsalsoranonthepittsburghdivisionoversandpatchgradenearmeyersdalepennsylvaniawithemptyhoppersironoreordolomiteloadswestboundcoaleastboundaswellasgeneralfreightinbothdirectionsinthelatesthebousedemnoforrailfantripsmostlybetweencumberlandmdandconnellsvillepawellknownphotographerandcumberlandmdnativewilliamppricecapturedonstillpicturesandmmfilmstheemsontheeastsideofsandpatchpullingheavytrainswithtwoofthebosclasssandsabigsixesontherearashelpersdispatchedfromhyndmanpaneartheendofsteamtheywereallsentouttofairmontandwheelingwestvirginiaandlorainohiowithlakeboundcoaltrainsaswellasrunsbetweenwillardohandgarrettindianauntilthebostartedtoretiretheminallwerescrappedoutsidetheunitedstatesthemetregaugecentralrailwayofbraziltookdeliveryoffoursfromthegermanygermanfirmofhenschelintheyweretheonlynarrowgaugelocomotivesofthiswheelarrangementtheyhadthelargestboilerseverusedonanarrowgaugemalletlocomotivemalletsovietrussiaconstructedtwolocomotivesatthekolomnalocomotiveworksthesewerethepclassnumberspandpthefirstlocomotivecarriedpartialcasingsovertheboilerandsmokeboxtypicalofthespborenosuchadornmentsandhadamoreconventionalappearancebothengineshadtenderswithpartbogieandpartfixedframesimilartotheamericancentipedetendersnotesexternallinkstoytrainscomyellowstonehtmwebsiteoftoytrainsyellowstonesteamlocomotivesbooksgooglecombooksidtqdaaaambajpgpadqpopularscienceplanepopularmechanicshleneijfvztoxupmeisqkwipkdasaxoibookresultctresultresnumsqivedccoqaewaavonepageqftrueisthismonsterlocomotiveaheorshepopularmechanicsmonthlyjulyxdfmayrefertoextensibledataformathubbleextremedeepfieldibmextendeddensityformatlongcommenttoavoidbeinglistedonshortpagesxsilextensiblescientificinterchangelanguageisanxmlbasedtransportlanguageforscientificdatasupportingtheinclusionofbothinfiledataandmetadatacomputingmetadatathelanguagecomeswithanextensiblejavaprogramminglanguagejavaobjectcomputerscienceobjectmodelthelanguageselementaryobjectsincludeparamarbitraryassociationbetweenakeywordcomputerprogrammingkeywordandavaluearraytableasetofcolumnheadingsfollowedbyasetofrecordsandstreamwhichenablesonetoeitherencapsulatedatainsidethexsilcomputerfilefileorpointtoanexternaldatasourcebinaryformatdescriptionlanguagebfdisanxmldialectbasedonxsilexternallinksauthorslibrarycaltecheduxsilextensiblescientificinterchangelanguagethcenturythcenturythcenturymacauxlorvariantsmaystandforartsandentertainmentxlbandajpopbandxlrecordingsabritishindependentrecordlabelxlacharacterintheanimatedseriesbuzzlightyearofstarcommandbusinessesandorganizationstransportationxlairwaysfranceafrenchairlinexlairwaysgermanyagermancharterairlinexlleisuregroupamajorunitedkingdomtouroperatorwhichceasedoperationsinxlairwaysukadefunctbritishairlinewhichwaspartofxlleisuregrouplanecuadoriataairlinecodexlthebasetrimlevelforfordtrucksotherbusinessesandorganizationsxlaxiataanindonesianmobilephonenetworkoperatorxlcenteraciviccenterinhartfordconnecticutunitedstatesxlcolaaswedishsoftdrinkxlgroupafinancialservicescompanyheadquarteredinirelandwithexecutiveofficesinbermudaxlrecordingsabritishindependentrecordlabelnorthtexasintermediatesanctionsfacilityaprivatelyoperatedprisonfacilitytdcjshorthandisxlscienceandtechnologyxsublsubinductivereactanceapropertyofaninductorxlprogramminglanguageacomputerprogramminglanguagedesignedtosupportconceptprogrammingxlseriescomputersintheataribitfamilyincludingthexlxlandxlweatherstarxlalsoknownasjustxlacomputerusedbytheweatherchannelforlocalforecastsotherusesnumberinromannumeralsxlextralargeaclothingsizeexcessoflossreinsuranceaparticularnonproportionaltypeofreinsurancecontactseealsoexceldisambiguationxvorxvmayrefertoartsandentertainmentxvrapperbornrapperfromwichitakansasunitedstatesxvalbumxvalbumareleasebykingsxscienceandtechnologyxvsoftwareasharewareimagedisplayandmanipulationprogramforunixsubaruxvacompactsuvxvideoextensionanextensiontothexwindowsystemotherusesnumberinromannumeralsairvietnamiatacodexvxxorxxmayrefertoartsandmediamusicthexxabritishindiebandxxbandxxbandaclevelandnowavebandxxalbumxxalbumaalbumbythexxxxmushroomheadalbumxxmushroomheadalbumxxgreatbigseaalbumxxgreatbigseaalbumxxoaralbumxxoaralbumasongfororxxaalbumbyayumihamasakiothermediaxxcsiepisodexxcsiepisodexxfilmxxfilmaanthologyhorrorfilmwrestlemaniaxxaworldwrestlingentertainmentpaypervieweventxxorganizationafictionalorganisationinthecomicandgamexiiimilitaryxxsystemordoublecrosssystemabritishdeceptionoperationinthesecondworldwarlegioxxvaleriavictrixorxxthethlegionoftheromanempirexxbombercommandausaafcommandduringworldwariiotherusesxxchromosomenumberorxxinromannumeralsdosequisorxxabrandofmexicanbeerseealsodisambiguationxdisambiguationxxc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mitexquartzmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxquartzmacosxsnowleopardorlaterfirstreleasesupportedonosxmavericksxquartzmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxquartzmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxquartzmacosxsnowleopardorlaterfirstreleasesupportedonosxmountainlionxquartzmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxquartzmacosxsnowleopardorlaterfirstreleasesupportedonmacosxlionmacosxlionxquartzmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxquartzmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxquartzmacosxleopardmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxquartzmacosxleopardmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxquartzmacosxleopardmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxquartzmacosxleopardmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxquartzmacosxleopardmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxquartzmacosxleopardmacosxsnowleopardorlaterfirstreleasesupportedonmacosxsnowleopardseealsomacxxsupportonclassicmacosxwaylandtosupportxapplicationunderwaylanddisplayserverprotocolwaylandxdarwinanimplementationofxformacosthatprecededxquartzandsupportsversionsofmacosbeforeunlikexquartzreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsoftwarenamexscreensaverauthorjamiezawinskideveloperjamiezawinskiscreenshotxscreensaverxmatrixpngcaptionxscreensaverdemoandthexmatrixhacklatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedateoperatingsystemunixlikegenrescreensaverlicensemitlicensexlicensewebsitexscreensaverisacollectionofrefnamemainsitescreenshotsreffreescreensaversforunixlikeunixmacosiosandandroidoperatingsystemandroiditwascreatedbyjamiezawinskiinandisstillmaintainedbyhimthefreesoftwareandopensourceunixlikeoperatingsystemsrunningthexwindowsystemsuchaslinuxandfreebsdusexscreensaveralmostexclusivelyonthosesystemstherearetwopartstoxscreensaverthecollectionofscreensaversandtheframeworkforblankingandlockingthescreeninrecentyearssomelinuxdistributionshavebeenusingthegnomescreensaverorkscreensaverscreenblankingframeworksbydefaultinsteadoftheframeworkincludedwithxscreensavertheystilldependonthexscreensavercollectionofscreensaverswhichisoverofthepackagewiththeexceptionofgnomescreensaverversionandonwardwhichhasdroppedsupportforscreensaverscompletelysupportingonlysimplescreenblankingonmacintoshsystemsxscreensaverworkswiththeusualapplescreensaverframeworkandxwindowsystemxisunneededinversionatimebombsoftwaretimebombhasbeenintroducedthatdisplayslargepopupschastisingtheuserforhavinganoutdatedversiononloginorinteractingwithxscreensaverthelockscreenhassimilarwordagexscreensaverisreleasedunderthetermsofthemitlicensexlicensesoftwarearchitectureonereasonforxscreensaverspopularityisthemodularityofitsdesignwhichmakesiteasytoaddnewdisplaymodesthedisplaymodestermedhacksfromthehistoricalusagedisplayhackareeachstandaloneprogramsinvokedbythexscreensaverdaemoninthiswayathirdpartyscreensavercanbewritteninanylanguageorwithanygraphicslibrarysolongasitiscapableofrenderingontoanexternallyprovidedwindowforportabilitytheincludedhacksareallwrittenincprogramminglanguagecusinglibxandoropenglanimportantfeatureofthexscreensaverdaemonsdesignisthatthedisplaymodesaresandboxcomputersecuritysandboxedintoaseparateprocessfromthescreenlockingframeworkthismeansthataprogrammingerrorinoneofthegraphicaldisplaymodescannotcompromisethescreenlockeritselfegacrashinadisplaymodewillnotunlockthescreenonunixsystemsrunningthehacksfromthecommandlinewillcausethemtoopentheirownnonfullscreenwindowfortestingpurposesglmatrixwasportedtowaylanddisplayserverprotocolwaylandtheauthorchooseglmatrixbecauseitrenderswithopenglandtheonesthatdonotrenderwithxlibandtheauthordidnotwanttoportsuchtocairographicscairohackstheincludedhacksarehighlyvariedrangingfromsimpledpsychedelicartpsychedeliatoddemonstrationsofcomplexmathematicalprinciplestosimulationsofothercomputersystemstorecreationsofartifactsandeffectsfrommoviesthoughmanyofthenewerhackstakefulladvantageofthepowerofmoderncomputerstheageoftheprojectmeansthatsomeoftheolderhacksmaylookdatedtomoderneyesastheywereoriginallywrittenformuchlesspowerfulcomputerspopularhacksincludeatlantisndashanopenglanimationshowingwhalesanddolphinsbsodndashshowsfakefatalscreenofdeathvariantsfrommanycomputersystemsincludingmicrosoftwindowsbluescreenofdeathalinuxkernelpanicadarwinoperatingsystemdarwincrashanamigagurumeditationerrorasadmacandmoreapplendashsimulatesanappleiicomputershowingauserenteringasimplebasicprogramandrunningitwhenrunfromthecommandlineitisafullyfunctionalterminalemulatorasisphosphorbarcodendashanumberofcolouredbarcodesscrollacrossthescreenflowndashaddisplayofstrangeattractorsflyingtoastersndashdtoastersflyaroundinspiredbytheclassicafterdarksoftwareafterdarkscreensavergearsndashanopenglanimationofintermeshinggearsandplanetarygearsglmatrixndashanopenglanimationsimilartothematrixdigitalraindigitalraintitlesequenceseeninthematrixtrilogymoleculendashanopenglanimationshowingspacefillingmodelspacefillingorballandstickmodelballandstickmodelsofaseriesofcommondrugsandothermoleculesofwhichthirtyeightarebuiltinitcanalsoreadproteindatabankpdbproteindatabankfromafileorfilesplacedinadirectoryasinputpenrosendashtilesthescreenaperiodicallywithcolouredpenrosetilesspotlightndashputsamovingspotlightacrossthedesktopinthestyleofthejamesbondfilmopeningsequencessproingiesndashananimationinthestyl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andthevkwasalsoaclassofonlytwolocomotivesbuiltbyborsiglokomotivwerkeaegofgermanyinthevkswereusedatafortressandwereeventuallyalsousedindismantlingthefortressafterwhichonelocomotivewentintoindustrialuseandwasscrappedintheotherwassoldtothefinnishrailwaysandnicknamedleenaitbecamenoandisnowtheoldestworkingbroadgaugelocomotiveinfinlandbeingpreservedatthefinnishrailwaymuseumindonesiathesemarangcheribonstoomtrammaatschappijscsimportedstandardgaugetlocomotivesofthebclassbetweenandoriginallytooperateservicesfromkalibrodisemarangtotanggungandyogyakartatheywerebuiltbyschsischemaschinenfabrikinchemnitzgermanytheywereamodernlocomotivedesignforthetimeequippedwithasuperheaterthelargestallocationofbclasslocomotiveswasintegalcentraljavaforservicestopurwokertosomewerelaterconvertedtotramenginesandworkedintegalcentraljavategalandpurwokertoalllocomotiveswereinexistenceattheendofbutbyonlyunitsremainedtwolocomotiveshavebeenpreservedbatthetamanminiindonesiaindahmuseumoftransportandbattheambarawarailwaymuseumnewzealandthenzraclassnzraclassofconsistedofthreeenginetypesofsimilarspecificationbutdifferingdetailtheywerebritishandnewzealandbuiltandseveralwerepreservedsouthafricabrunelgaugeconstructionlocomotiveinthegovernmentofthebritishcapecolonycapecolonyestablishedharbourboardsatitsthreemajorportstablebayportelizabethandeastlondoneasterncapeeastlondonwhilerailwaylineswerelaidatalltheseharbourstrainswereforthemostpartinitiallyhauledbyoxenormulesthefirststeamlocomotivestoseeserviceattheseharbourswerebrunelgaugeengineswhichwereplacedinserviceonbreakwaterconstructionattablebayharbourinandeastlondonharbourinattablebayharbourathirdbrunelgaugetablebayharbourtthetlocomotiveoftlocomotivewasacquiredfromfletcherjenningscointohaultipwagonsfromthevictoriabasinexcavationsitetothebreakwaterwhichwasbeingconstructedsimultaneouslyrefnamemiddletontalkharbourboardtbttablebayharbourconstructionlocomotivestablebayharbourconstructionlocomotivesreftheeastlondonharboursconstructionlocomotiveswereeastlondonharbourvbverticalboilerenginessimilarinappearancetotheamericangrasshopperlocomotivegrasshoppertyperefnamegrasshoppertalkharbourboardelverticalboilerlocoinfofromjohnmiddletonjohnmiddletononverticalboilerlocomotivesinsouthafricarefafourthlocomotivewasaddedattablebayharbourinatablebayharbourwtwelltankenginealsobuiltbyfletcherjenningsthreetablebayharbourstsaddletanklocomotivesenteredbreakwaterconstructionserviceintablebayharbourtwoinandonemoreinbuiltbyblackhawthorncorefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuaryppreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefstandardgaugeinseptembermessrsejpickeringcontractorstothecapetownrailwayanddockcompanyfortheconstructionofthecapetownwellingtonrailwaylineimportedasmallbroadgaugesidetanksteamlocomotivefromenglandforuseduringtheconstructionoftherailwaythiswasthefirstlocomotiveinsouthafricainthelocomotivewasrebuilttoatconfigurationbeforeitwasshippedtoportalfredwhereitservedasconstructionlocomotiveonthebanksofthekowieriverandwascapetownrailwaydocktnicknamedblackieithasbeendeclaredaheritageobjectssouthafricaheritageobjectandwasplinthedinthemainconcourseofcapetownstationrefnamelittleyblackiearticlebydlittleysarailseptemberoctoberpublishedbyrssaprefstationthefirstrailwaylocomotivetoruninrevenueearningserviceinsouthafricawasasmallbroadgaugewtwelltankenginenatalrailwaywtnatalnamednatalmanufacturedbycarrettmarshallandcompanyofleedsitmadeitsinauguralrunfrommarketsquaretopointstationindurbanduringtheofficialopeningofthefirstoperatingrailwayinsouthafricaontuesdayjunerefnamesarhistorythesouthafricanrailwayshistoricalsurveyeditorgeorgehartpublisherbillhartsponsoredbydorbylltdcircapprefinthenatalrailwaycompanyobtainedasaddletanklocomotivewithawheelarrangementfromkitsonandcompanythiswasthenatalrailwayssecondlocomotiveandwasnatalrailwaystdurbannameddurbanrefnamebrunomartinitsapuzzlementarticlebybrunomartinsaraildecemberpprefinwhileconstructionworkbythekowieharbourimprovementcompanywasunderwayatportalfredthecapegovernmentrailwaysacquiredonebroadgaugelocomotivecgrstaidnamedaidfrompeckettandsonsfoxwalkerandcompanyofbristolforuseasconstructionlocomotiveontheeastbankofthekowierivercapegaugeduringthelatethandearlythcenturiesanumberoftankenginetankandsaddletanklocomotiveswereimportedintosouthafricamanyofthemforuseinharboursmanyoftheselocomotivescameintosouthafricanrailwayssarstockinbutwereneverclassifiedinandthreecapegaugecgrstsaddletanklocomotivesbuiltbymanningwardlewereplacedinservicebythecapegovernmentrailwaystwoonthemidlandsysteminandthethirdonthewesternsystemintheywerethefirstcapegaugelocomotivestoenterserviceinsouthafricarefnamelittleycgrnumberingrevisedarticlebydavelittleysarailmayjunepprefinacgrstthirdsaddletanklocomotivealsobuiltbymanningwardlewasdeliveredtothemidlandsystemofthecgrinportelizabeththelocomotivewasofasmallerdesignthantheearlierlocomotivesofrefnameuloliwerailwayhistoryofsouthafricanoearlylocomotivesofthecapegovernmentrailwayarticlebyleithpaxtontheuloliwevolnojanuarypprefbetweenandcgrstclassstsixsaddletanklocomotiveswithdomelessboilersandcgrstclassstthreewithdomeswereplacedinserviceonallthreesystemsofthecgrtheywerealldesignatedfirstclasswhenaclassificationsystemwasadoptedintwocapegaugesaddletanklocomotiveswithawheelarrangementwereplacedinservicebyteagueandcompanywhooperatedteaguestramwayatthekimberleydiamondmineinonewassoldtothemineandtheothertothecgrforuseduringtheconstructionofatemporaryrailbridgeacrosstheorangeriveratnorvalspontintheprocessthecgrlocomotivecgrstcoffeepotnicknamedcoffeepotbecamethefirstlocomotivetorunacrosstheborderbetweenthecapecolonyandtheorangefreestaterefnamecoffeepottalkcgrstcoffeepotadditionalinformationsuppliedbyjohnmiddletonjohnmiddletononthecoffeepotrefcgrstthirteensaddletanklocomotiveswereacquiredbythetablebayharbourboardfromblackhawthorncoblackhawthornandcompanyblackhawthorncochapmanandfurneauxchapmanandfurneauxandhawthornleslieandcompanybetweenandelevensurvivedtocomeintosarstockinbutwerenotincludedintherenumberingschedulesorclassifiedinthenetherlandssouthafricanrailwaycompanynederlandschezuidafrikaanschespoorwegmaatschappijnzasmobtaineditsfirstsixlocomotivesforuseonthenewlinewhichwasbeingconstructedfromjohannesburgtoboksburgonenzasmtonnerttonnerandfiveverysimilarnzasmtonnerttonnersrefnamesarhoctespitaliertjdaywajthelocomotiveinsouthafricaabriefhistoryofrailwaydevelopmentchapterivthenzasmsouthafricanrailwaysandharboursmagazineoctoberpprefinandthenzasmobtainedthreenzasmtonnerttonnertramwaylocomotivesforuseonthenewlinefromjohannesburgtoboksburgwhichbecameknownastherandtramlineinfivesaddletanklocomotiveswereimportedbuiltbyneilsonandcompanyforthenatalgovernmentrailwaysngronewaslatersoldtothepretoriapietersburgrailwaypprwhereitwasnamednatalwhiletwomorewenttothedurbanharbourtheremainingtwowerelaterincludedinthengrsngrclasskstclasskinfouroftheselocomotivessurvivedincludingtheexpprlocomotivetobetakenontothesarrosterasobsoleteunclassifiedlocomotivesbetweenandportelizabethharboursteightsaddletanklocomotiveswereacquiredbytheportelizabethharbourboardforshuntingserviceattheportelizabethharbourfourbuiltbyblackhawthorncoblackhawthorninandtwobyblackhawthorncochapmanandfurneauxchapmanandfurneauxinandtwobyhudswellclarkehudswellclarkeinintheharboursdepartmentofthenatalgovernmentplacedasinglesaddletanklocomotiveinserviceasharbourshunterindurbanharbouritwasbuiltbyhudswellclarkeanddurbanharbourscongellanamedcongellainportelizabethharbourstlocomotivesnotoasinglestlocomotivebuiltbyfletcherjenningscooverviewnewlowcaengineeringwasdeliveredtotheportelizabethharbourboardaftertheharbourboardsweredisbandedsomelocomotivesenteredsarharbourserviceaspreviouslyownedtwolocomotivessouthafricandockshunterstnamedstormbergandthebuswereoriginallybuiltbyhudswellclarkeforthesouthafricanpublicworksdepartmentintheywereacquiredbythesarinbutwerenamedinsteadofbeingclassifiedandnumberedthecgracquiredacgrrailmotorsingleselfcontainedrailmotorwithatwheelarrangementforlowvolumepassengerservicetherailmotorwasasidetanklocomotivewithapassengercoachasanintegralpartofthelocomotiveitselfwithafourwheeledbogieunderthecoachendrefnamemetropolitanmetropolitanamalgamatedrailwaycarriageandwagoncompanyltddrawingnorefinthecentralsouthafricanrailwaysalsoacquiredacsarrailmotorsingleselfcontainedrailmotorwithatwheelarrangementrefnamecsarannualscsargeneralmanagersreportsextractsfromthecsargeneralmanagersreportsforrefinthesouthafricanrailwaysacquiredasingleselfcontainedsouthafricanclaytonrailmotorclaytonrailmotorwithawheelarrangementforlowvolumepassengerservicethevehiclewasaverticalboileredsteamlocomotivewithapassengercoachwhichwasanintegralpartofthelocomotiveitselfrefnameclaytonclaytonsteamrailcoachfromthedaverhindcollectionrailwayhistorygroupofsouthafricapinelandscapetownrefinlongaftertheharbourboardshadceasedtoexistacontractorslocomotivewhichhadbeenimportedcforuseontheforeshorelandreclamationprojectincapetownwasboughtbythesarforuseasdockshunterintablebayharbourithadbeenbuiltinbyorensteinkoppelandonthesaritwassouthafricandockshuntertnumberedsarhnwnorefnamerhgjanfptcomcsssasteamnewsrailwayhistorygrouprhgbulletinnopdfrailwayhistorygroupofsouthernafricabulletinnojanuarynotesoncapetownharbourextensioncontractsbyjohnmiddletonrefnarrowgaugesbetweenandnamaqualandwtcondenserthreewelltankcondensinglocomotiveswereplacedinservicebythecapecopperminingcompanyonitsnamaqualandrailwaybetweenportnollothandookiepinthecapecolonytheywerethefirstcondensingsteamlocomotivestoenterserviceinsouthafricatheywerelaterrebuiltasconventionalwelltanklocomotivesrefnamebagshawerefinrandminesacquiredtwonarrowgaugetanksteamlocomotivesfromavonsideenginecompanyandinasimilarlocomotivewasdeliveredtoreynoldsbrotherssugarestatesinnatalinwhenanurgentneedaroseforadditionalnarrowgaugelocomotivesingermansouthwestafricaduringtheworldwarifirstworldwarsouthafricanngtthesethreelocomotiveswerepurchasedsecondhandbythesouthafricanrailwaysrefnamedulezrefinthebritishwarofficeplacedtwosirdarclassttanksteamlocomotivesinserviceonanarrowgaugelineneargermistoninthezuidafrikaanscherepubliekwheretheroyalengineershadestablishedasiegeparkduringthesecondboerwarthelocomotiveswerebuiltbykerrstuartandcompanyattheendofthewarthetwosirdarlocomotivesweresoldtoafarmerwhousedthemonafirewoodlinebetweentwofootgaugerailwaysinsouthafricapienaarsrivierpankoppienaarsrivierandpankopuntilthelineandlocomotivesweretakenoverbythecentralsouthafricanrailwayscsarinwhentheselocomotiveswereassimilatedintothesartheywererenumberedwithanngprefixtotheirnumberswhenasystemofgroupingnarrowgaugelocomotivesintoclasseswaseventuallyintroducedbythesarsomewherebetweenandtheyweredesignatedrefnamekerrstuartkerrstuartandcompanyworkslistrefinthecgrplacedasinglenarrowgaugetanksteamlocomotiveinserviceontheavontuurbranchbuiltbymanningwardleclassifiedcgrtypecttypecandnamedmidgetinthislocomotivewasassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwaysandrenumbereditwassoldtothewestrandconsolidatedminesnearkrugersdorpinasinglecgrngtsmallfivetonlocomotivebuiltbykraussmaffeioverviewkrausscompanywaspurchasedbythecgrcandplacedinserviceasconstructionengineonthenarrowgaugeavontuurbranchoutofportelizabethrefnamesarhaprespitaliertjdaywajthelocomotiveinsouthafricaabriefhistoryofrailwaydevelopmentchapteriithecapegovernmentrailwayscontinuedsouthafricanrailwaysandharboursmagazineaprilpprefunitedkingdomtanklocomotivesthetankengineversionsofthewheelarrangementbegantoappearintheunitedkingdomintheearlyswiththefirstsignificantclassbeingsixsaddletanksdesignedbyrobertsinclairlocomotiveengineerrobertsinclairforthecaledonianrailwaylocomotivewrenbythetypewasverypopularanditcontinuedtobebuiltinsignificantnumbersforbothmainlinerailwaymainlineandindustrialrailwaysalmosttotheendofsteamtractionhudswellclarkeweresupplyingtanklocomotivesaddletankindustrialsaddletanksuntilatleastandbothandrewbarclaysonscobarclayandrobertstephensonandhawthornsuntilaninterestingvariationonthisthemewerethetractionenginebasedrailwaylocomotivesbuiltbyavelingandporterthelastbritishrailwayslmskitsonststdockshunterswerebuiltbyhorwichworksaslateasandsurviveduntiltenderlocomotivesduringthesthewheelarrangementwaswidelyusedbyedwardburyontheburybarframelocomotivebarframedlocomotivesbuiltforthelondonandbirminghamrailwayhoweverwiththeexceptionofafewisolatedexamplesusedbythesmallercompaniessuchasthecambrianrailwaysthelocomotivesofthefurnessrailwayfurnessrailwayandthetaffvalerailwayandfourexamplesbuiltbyedwardfletcherengineerofthenortheasternrailwayuknortheasternrailwaybetweenandthetenderlocomotivehadbeenlargelysupersededonbritainsmainlinerailwaysbyunitedstatesofamericatanklocomotivesvbatlanticnothegrasshopperlocomotivegrasshopperattheborailroadmuseumanearlyexampleoftheverticalboilertypewasthebaltimoreandohiorailroadsatlanticlocomotiveatlanticnobuiltinbyphineasdavisandisraelgartnerintheunitedstatesthetanklocomotivewasprincipallyusedforindustrialrailwaypurposestenderlocomotivesimagevulcanironworksindiajpgthumbleftunitedstatesbuilttenderlocomotiveintheunitedstatesthebestfriendofcharlestonwasthefirstlocomotivetobebuiltentirelywithintheunitedstatesitwasbuiltinforthesouthcarolinacanalandrailroadcompanybythewestpointfoundryofnewyorkthejohnbulllocomotivejohnbullwasbuiltbyrobertstephensonandcompanyforthecamdenandamboyrailroadinnewjerseyinbutwaslaterrebuiltasathepennsylvaniarailroadkeptproducingclasseslongafterallothermajorrailroadshadabandoneddevelopmentofthetypebuildingtheirfinalprrasasclassintothestheaswasamonsteramonglargerthanmanydesignswithmodernfeaturesfoundonfewothersofitstypesuchassuperheatersuperheatingpowerreverseandpistonvalvesteamenginepistonvalvesthepennsycontinuedtobuildthetypebecauseithadalargeamountofconfinedandtightindustrialtrackmorethanmostotherrailroadshaddieselnumberofdiesellocomotivesthewheelarrangementwasalsousedonanumberofsmalldmdiesellocomotivedieselmechanicaldieselmechanicalswitchershuntersproducedbyjohnfowlercoandotherbuildersinthesandearliersimilarlyitwasperpetuatedonanumberofdieselmechanicalanddiesellocomotivedieselhydraulicdieselhydraulicclassesbetweenandseethelistofbritishrailmoderntractionlocomotiveclassesmanyofthesewerelatersoldforindustrialusetherearedediesellocomotivedieselelectriclocomotivestooalthoughsmallinnumberthesmallestdieselswitcherssuchastheemdmodelwereofthisarrangementreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamesixcoupledimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofthreewheelsallcoupledtogetherwithacouplingrodcaptionimagehackworthsroyalgeorgebritishrailwaylocomotivesjpgaltcaptionhackworthsroyalgeorgeofequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalycfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondatescountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountryunitedkingdomlocomotivehackworthsroyalgeorgerailwaystocktonanddarlingtonrailwaydesignertimothyhackworthbuildertimothyhackworthevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefittotalenginemassasadhesiveweightmaindrawbackinstabilityatspeedfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementofnoleadingwheelssixpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonthreeaxlesandnotrailingwheelsthiswasthemostcommonwheelarrangementusedonbothtenderrailtenderandtanklocomotivesinversionswithbothcylinderlocomotiveinsideandoutsidecylindersintheunitedkingdomthewhytenotationofwheelarrangementwasalsooftenusedfortheclassificationofelectricanddieselelectriclocomotiveswithsiderodcoupleddrivingwheelsundertheuicclassificationpopularineuropethiswheelarrangementiswrittenascifthewheelsarecoupledwithrodsorgearsorcoiftheyareindependentlydriventhelatterusuallybeingelectricanddieselelectriclocomotivesoverviewhistorytheconfigurationwasthemostwidelyusedwheelarrangementforbothtenderrailtenderandtanklocomotivetanksteamlocomotivesthetypewasalsowidelyusedfordieselswitcherswitchersshuntersbecausetheylackleadingwheelleadingandtrailingwheelslocomotivesofthistypehavealltheirweightpressingdownontheirdrivingwheelsandconsequentlyhaveahightractiveeffortandfactorofadhesionmakingthemcomparativelystrongenginesfortheirsizeweightandfuelconsumptionontheotherhandthelackofunpoweredleadingwheelshavetheresultthatlocomotivesarelessstableatspeedtheyarethereforemostlyusedontrainswherehighspeedisunnecessarysincetenderenginescanpullfairlyheavytrainsalbeitslowlythetypewascommonlyusedtopullshortandmediumdistancefreightrailtransportfreighttrainssuchaspickupgoodstrainsalongbothmainlinerailwaymainandbranchlinesthetankengineversionswerewidelyusedasswitcherswitchingshuntershuntinglocomotivessincethesmallertypeswerenotlargeenoughtobeversatileinthisjobandlargerswitchinglocomotivesontheotherhandweretoobigtobeeconomicalorevenusableonlightlybuiltrailwayssuchasdockyardsandgoodsyardspreciselythesortsofplaceswhereswitchinglocomotivesweremostneededtheearliestlocomotiveshadoutsidecylindersastheseweresimplertoconstructandmaintainhoweveroncedesignersbegantoovercometheproblemofthebreakageofthecrankaxlesinsidecylinderversionswerefoundtobemorestablethereafterthispatternwaswidelyadoptedparticularlyintheunitedkingdomalthoughoutsidecylinderversionswerealsowidelyusedtankengineversionsofthetypebegantobebuiltinquantityinthemidsandhadbecomeverycommonbythemidsearlyexampleslocomotiveswereamongstthefirsttypestobeusedtheearliestrecordedexamplewastheroyalgeorgebuiltbytimothyhackworthforthestocktonanddarlingtonrailwayinotherearlyexamplesincludedthevulcanthefirstinsidecylindertypebuiltbycharlestayleurandcompanyinfortheleicesterandswanningtonrailwayandhectoralongboilerlocomotivebuiltbykitsonandcompanyinfortheyorkandnorthmidlandrailwayderwentlocomotivederwentatwotenderlocomotivebuiltinbywilliamandalfredkitchingforthestocktonanddarlingtonrailwayispreservedatdarlingtonrailwaycentreandmuseumsuffixesforasteamtanklocomotivethesuffixusuallyindicatesthetypeoftankortankstsidetanksstsaddletankptpanniertankswtwelltankothersteamlocomotivesuffixesincludevbverticalboilerffirelesslocomotiveggearedsteamlocomotiveforadiesellocomotivethesuffixindicatesthetransmissiontypedmmechanicaltransmissiondhtorqueconverterhydraulictransmissiondedieselelectrictransmissionelectrictransmissionusageallthemajorcontinentaleuropeanrailwaysusedsofonesortoranotherthoughusuallynotintheproportionsusedintheunitedkingdomasintheunitedstateseuropeanlocomotiveswerelargelyrestrictedtoswitchingandstationpilotdutiesthoughtheywerealsowidelyusedonshortbranchlinestohaulpassengerandfreighttrainsonmostbranchlinesthoughlargerandmorepowerfultankenginestendedtobefavouredaustraliainnewsouthwalesthenewsouthwaleszclasslocomotivezclasswasatendertypewiththiswheelarrangementaswasthevictorianrailwaysyclassthedorrigorailwaymuseumcollectionincludessevenlocomotivesofthewheelarrangementincludingtwozclassandthreesaddletanksandtwosidetanksfinlandscalemodelofafinnishvrclassvrtanklocomotivesusedbyfinlandwerethevrclassvrandvrclassvrthevrclassvrswerenumberedtotoandtotheyhadoutsidecylindersandwereoperationalfromtobuiltbytampellafinlandandhanomaghannoverschemaschinenbauagtheywerenicknamedchickennumberispreservedatthefinnishrailwaymuseumthevrswereaclassofonlyfourlocomotivesnumberedtooriginallybuiltassbyvulcanironworksunitedstatesbutmodifiedtosinandreclassifiedasvrfinlandstenderlocomotivesweretheclassescccccandcthefinnishsteamlocomotiveclasscswereaclassoftenlocomotivesnumberedtotheywereoperationalfromtotheywerebuiltbyneilsonandcompanyandwerenicknamedbristollarinumberpreservedatthefinnishrailwaymuseumisthesecondoldestpreservedlocomotiveinfinlandtheeighteenclasscswerenumberedtoandtotheywerealsonicknamedbristollarithecwasaclassofonlytwolocomotivesnumberedandthethirteenclasscswerenumberedandtothefourteenfinnishsteamlocomotiveclasscswerenumberedtotheywereoperationalfromtotheywerebuiltbyhanomaginhannoverandwerenicknamedblikstinoispreservedatthefinnishrailwaymuseumthecwasasolitaryclassofonelocomotivenumberednewzealandinnewzealandthedesignwasrestrictedtotankenginesthehunsletbuiltnzrmclassmclassofandyclassofprovidedexampleshoweverthenzrfclassfclassbuiltbetweenandwasthemostprolificsurvivingtheentireeraofnzrsteamoperationswithexamplesofwhichwerepreservedsouthafricacapegaugeinthecapegovernmentrailwayscgrplacedapairofcgrtstephensonspatentpermanentlycoupledbacktobacktanklocomotivesinserviceonthecapeeasternsystemtheyworkedoutofeastlondonincomparativetrialswiththeexperimentalcgrfairliefairlielocomotivethatwasacquiredinthatsameyearrefnamehollandrefrefnamedulezrefrefnamekitsonworkslisttalkcgrstephensontwhatwerethesetortwhatwerethesetortrefthenatalharboursdepartmentplacedasinglesaddletanklocomotiveinserviceinnameddurbanharboursjohnmilnejohnmilnerefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefthenatalgovernmentrailwaysplacedasinglelocomotiveinshuntingserviceinlaterdesignatedngrclasskstclasskvirtuallyidenticaltothedurbanharboursjohnmilneandbuiltbythesamemanufacturerinkowierailwayttwotanklocomotivesenteredserviceontheprivatekowierailwaybetweengrahamstownandportalfredbothlocomotiveswererebuilttoatwheelarrangementininthenetherlandssouthafricanrailwaycompanynederlandschezuidafrikaanschespoorwegmaatschappijofthezuidafrikaanscherepubliektransvaalrepublicplacedsixnzasmtonnersttonnerstlocomotivesinserviceonconstructionworkinandthreepprtonnersttonnersaddletanklocomotiveswerebuiltforthepretoriapietersburgrailwaypprbyhawthornleslieandcompanyhawthornleslieandcompanythesewerethefirstlocomotivestobeobtainedbythethenrecentlyestablishedpprtwoofthesenamednylstroomandpietersburgcameintosarstockinandsurvivedintothesrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuaryppreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefinasingletharbourlocomotivebuiltbyhudswellclarkehudswellclarkewasdeliveredtotheharboursdepartmentofnatalitwasnameddurbanharboursedwardinnesedwardinnesandretainedthisnamewhenitwastakenontothesarrosterincgrsttwosaddletanklocomotivesweresuppliedtotheeastlondonharbourboardinbuiltbyhunsletbothsurviveduntiltheswellintothesarerainasinglesaddletankharbourlocomotivenameddurbanharbourssiralbertsiralbertwasbuiltbyhunsletfortheharboursdepartmentofnatalitcameintosarstockinandwaswithdrawninnarrowgaugesintwogaugetanklocomotivesbuiltbythelilleshallcompanyofoakengatesshropshireinandwereplacedinservicebythecapeofgoodhopecopperminingcompanynamednamaqualandtjohnkingandminertheywerethefirststeamlocomotivestoenterserviceonthehithertomulepowerednamaqualandrailwaybetweenportnollothandthenamaqualandcopperminesaroundookiepinthecapecolonyrefnamebagshawerefinorensteinkoppelarthurkoppelactingasagentimportedasinglenarrowgaugetanksteamlocomotiveforacustomerindurbanitwasthenpurchasedbythecapegovernmentrailwaysandusedascgrngtconstructionlocomotiveontheavontuurbranchfrominthislocomotivewasassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwaysandinitwassenttogermansouthwestafricaduringthefirstworldwarcampaigninthatterritorysouthwestafricabetweenandmorethanfiftypairsofsouthwestafricanzwillingezwillingetwintanksteamlocomotiveswereacquiredbytheswakopmundwindhukstaatsbahnswakopmundwindhoekstaterailwayindeutschsdwestafrikadswanownamibiazwillingelocomotiveswereaclassofsmallschmalspurnarrowgaugetanksteamlocomotivesthatwerebuiltingermanyinthelatethandearlythcenturiesasindicatedbytheirnamezwillingetwinstheyweredesignedtobeusedinpairssemipermanentlycoupledbacktobackatthecabsallowingasinglefootplatecrewtofireandcontrolbothlocomotivesthepairsoflocomotivessharedacommonmanufacturersworksnumberandenginenumberwiththeunitsbeingdesignatedasaandbbywhenthesartookcontrolofallrailwayoperationsinsouthwestafricaswaonlytwosingleillingelocomotivessurvivedtobeabsorbedontotherosterofthesarinthegermanadministrationindswaacquiredthreesouthwestafricanclasshcclasshctanklocomotivesforthenarrowgaugeotaviminingandrailwaycompanyonemoreenteredserviceinandanotherwasobtainedbythesouthafricanrailwaysininthelderitzbuchteisenbahnlderitzbuchtrailwayplacedtwosouthwestafricantcapegaugetlocomotivesinserviceasshuntingenginestheywereapparentlynolongerinservicewhenallrailwaysintheterritorycameundertheadministrationofthesouthafricanrailwaysinrefnamesarhjanespitaliertjdaywajthelocomotiveinsouthafricaabriefhistoryofrailwaydevelopmentchapterviisouthafricanrailwayscontinuedsouthafricanrailwaysandharboursmagazinejanuaryprefswitzerlandduringthesecondworldwarswitzerlandconvertedsomeshuntingenginesintoelectricsteamlocomotivesunitedkingdomthetenderlocomotivetypewasextremelycommoninbritainformorethanacenturyandwasstillbeingbuiltinlargenumbersduringthesbetweenandexamplesofthejohnramsbottomengineerjohnramsbottomdxgoodsclasswerebuiltbythelondonandnorthwesternrailwayandthelancashireandyorkshirerailwaythiswastheearliestexampleofstandardisationandmassproductionoflocomotivesofthetotalstockofstandardgaugelocomotivesoperatingonbritishrailwaysinaroundseriouslyjustwonderingenginesoverathirdweretendertypestheultimatebritishwasthesrclassqqausteritytypedevelopedbythesouthernrailwaygreatbritainsouthernrailwayduringthesecondworldwartohaulveryheavyfreighttrainsitwasthemostpowerfulsteamdesignproducedineuropesimilarlythetanklocomotivesbecamethemostcommonlocomotivetypeonallrailwaysthroughoutthethcenturyallofthebigfourbritishrailwaycompaniesbigfourcompaniestoemergefromtherailwaysactrailwaysactgroupingusedtheminvastnumbersthegreatwesternrailwayinparticularhadmanyofthetypemostcharacteristicallyintheformofthepanniertanklocomotivethatremainedinproductionwellpastnationalizationrailwaynationalisationinwhendieselshuntersbegantobeintroducedthetypebecamethemostcommonmanyofthebritishrailwaysshuntertypeswereincludingbritishrailclassclassthestandardlightshunterandbritishrailclassclassandbritishrailclassclassthestandardheaviershuntersunitedstatesofamericaintheunitedstateshugenumbersoflocomotiveswereproducedwiththemajorityofthembeingusedasswitcherstheusrawasthesmallestoftheusrastandardlocomotivesusrastandardclassesdesignedandproducedduringthebriefgovernmentcontroloftherailroadsthroughtheunitedstatesrailroadadministrationusraduringthefirstworldwarofthemwerebuiltandendedupinthehandsofabouttwodozenunitedstatesrailroadsinadditionmanyoftherailroadsandothersbuiltnumerouscopiesafterthewarthepennsylvaniarailroadrosteredovertypesovertheyearswhichwereclassedasclassbonthatsystemtheunitedstatessweregenerallytenderlocomotivesduringthesecondworldwarnofewerthanusatcsclasstankengineswerebuiltbythedavenportlocomotiveworksforusebythetransportationcorpsunitedstatesarmyunitedstatesarmytransportationcorpsinbotheuropeandnorthafricasomeoftheseremainedinservicelongafterthewarhavingbeenpurchasedorotherwiseadoptedbythecountrieswheretheywereusedtheseincludedaustriaegyptfranceiraqtheunitedkingdomandyugoslaviathesrusaclassfourteenenginespurchasedbythesouthernrailwayuksouthernrailwayinremainedinservicewellintothesdesignedtobeextremelystrongbuteasytomaintaintheseengineshadaveryshortwheelbasethatallowedthemtooperateondockyardrailwaysreferencesexternallinkssparetimelabscomanimatoanimatoindexhtmlbuildingascalelivesteamlocomotivethissiteincludesafullfactorydrawingofafinnishswitcherxformsisanxmlformatusedforcollectinginputsfromformhtmlwebformsxformswasdesignedtobethenextgenerationofhtmlxhtmlformsbutisgenericenoughthatitcanalsobeusedinastandalonemannerorwithpresentationlanguagesotherthanxhtmltodescribeauserinterfaceandasetofcommondatamanipulationtasksxformsthirdeditionwaspublishedonoctobertheoriginalxformsspecificationbecameanofficialwcrecommendationonoctoberwhilexformswhichintroducedanumberofimprovementsreachedthesamestatusonoctoberdifferencesfromwebformsincontrasttotheoriginalwebformsoriginallydefinedinhtmlthecreatorsofxformshaveusedamodelviewcontrollermvcapproachthemodelconsistsofoneormorexformsmodelsdescribingformdataconstraintsuponthatdataandsubmissionstheviewdescribeswhatcontrolsappearintheformhowtheyaregroupedtogetherandwhatdatatheyareboundtocascadingstylesheetscsscanbeusedtodescribeaformsappearanceanxformsdocumentcanbeassimpleasawebformbyonlyspecifyingthesubmissionelementinthemodelsectionandplacingthecontrolsinthebodybutxformsincludesmanyadvancedfeaturesforexamplenewdatacanberequestedandusedtoupdatetheformwhileitisrunningmuchlikeusingxmlhttprequestajaxprogrammingajaxexceptwithoutscriptingtheformauthorcanvalidateuserdataagainstxmlschemawcxmlschemadatatypesrequirecertaindatadisableinputcontrolsorchangesectionsoftheformdependingoncircumstancesenforceparticularrelationshipsbetweendatainputvariablelengtharraysofdataoutputcalculatedvaluesderivedfromformdataprefillentriesusinganxmldocumentrespondtoactionsinrealtimeversusatsubmissiontimeandmodifythestyleofeachcontroldependingonthedevicetheyaredisplayedondesktopbrowserversusmobileversustextonlyetcthereisoftennoneedforanyscriptingwithlanguagessuchasjavascripthoweverxformsdoesincludeaneventmodelandactionsforimplementingmorecomplexformbehaviorsactionsandeventhandlingarespecifiedusingthexformsxmldialectratherthanmorecommonscriptinglanguageslikejavascriptlikewebformsxformscanusevariousnonxmlsubmissionprotocolsmultipartformdataapplicationxwwwformurlencodedbutanewfeatureisthatxformscansenddatatoaserverinxmlformatxmldocumentscanalsobeusedtoprefilldataintheformbecausexmlisastandardmanytoolsexistthatcanparseandmodifydatauponsubmissionsimilartoolsforlegacyformsalsoexistxformsisitselfanxmldialectandthereforecancreateandbecreatedfromotherxmldocumentsusingxsltransformationsxsltusingtransformationsxformscanbeautomaticallycreatedfromxmlschemasandxformscanbeconvertedtoxhtmlformssoftwaresupportatthetimeofthiswritingnowidelyusedwebbrowsersupportsxformsnativelyhowevervariousbrowserpluginsclientsideextensionsandserverclientsolutionsexistthefollowinglistssomeimplementationsthemozillafirefoxfirefoxxformsextensionwaspartofthemozillaprojectxformssesupportisnotcompletebutcoversmostofthespecificationwithanotableexceptionofattributebasedrepeatingusedinhtmltablestheextensionwasavailableforbothfirefoxandfirefoxbutisnotupgradedtosupportfirefoxandhigherinjulytheleaddeveloperwrotethatxformssupportwouldnolongergetupdatedsupportforxformswaseventuallydeprecatedinfirefoxibmlotusformssupportsdevelopmentanddeploymentofxformsbasedpurexmlformstrialdownloadsareavailableofaneclipsebasedvisualdesignenvironmentandaclientsideviewerthatcanrunxformsbasedformsbothinthewebbrowserandasastandalonedesktopapplicationopenofficeorgversionsandgreaterandlibreofficesupportxformsimplementationtechnologiescomparedformfacesformfacesajaxformsxsltformsbetterformchibaorbeonandsmartsiteformsarebasedonajaxtechnologytheamountofserversideandclientsideprocessingvariesbetweentheseimplementationsforexampleubiquityxformsformfacesandxsltformsprovidexformsclientsideprocessinganddatamodelupdatesviapureajaxprocessingonthexformsstandardtheothersuseserversidejavanetxformsprocessingtranscodingtoajaxmarkuppriortodeliveringthecontenttothebrowserbothtechniquescanworkacrossbrowserseachimplementationissignificantlydifferentwithrespecttodependenciesscalabilityperformancelicensingmaturitynetworktrafficofflinecapabilityandcrossbrowsercompatibilitysystemarchitectsshouldevaluatetheseconstraintsagainsttheirneedstodeterminepotentialrisksandobjectivespluginslikeformsplayerandotherclientsidetechnologycanhavesomebenefitsaswellbecausetheyintegratethemselvesintothebrowsertheywillworkwithexistingserverarchitecturescanbemoreresponsiveandrequirefewerserverfetchesthetradeoffbetweenserversideandclientpluginsolutionsiswherethesoftwareismaintainedeithereachclientmustinstalltherequiredpluginortheserverarchitecturemustchangetoaccommodatethexformstranscoderenginelanguagetechnologyitisintheorypossibletomixbothofthesesolutionsforinstancetestingthebrowserforaclientsidexformsimplementationandservingnativexformsinthatcaseanddefaultingtoaserversolutioninothercasesubiquityxformsformfacesandxsltformsprovideazerosoftwaresolutiononeithertheclientorservernonewsoftwareneedstobeinstalledontheclientandthesolutioncanbeusedinconjunctionwithanyserversidearchitecturethisispossiblebecauseformfacesandubiquityxformsarewritteninajaxandbecausexsltformsiswritteninxsltandinajaxthetradeoffisthatcomparedtoothersolutionsmorecodeisinitiallydownloadedtotheclientcodecanbecachedontheclientandformfacesdoesnotyetsupportxmlschemavalidationfurthermorexformssubmissionswithreplaceallbehaviourwilltypicallynotresultintruepagereplacementsandthereforebreakthenormalbackbuttonbehaviourxrxapplicationarchitecturebecausexformsmakesiteasytoeditcomplexxmldatatherearemanyadvantagestousingxformswithnativexmldatabasesthatfrequentlyleveragerepresentationalstatetransferrestinterfacesthecombinationofthreetechnologiesxformsontheclientrestinterfacesandxqueryontheserveriscollectivelyknownasxrxwebapplicationarchitecturexrxapplicationdevelopmentxrxisknownforitssimplearchitecturethatusesxmlbothontheclientandinthedatabaseandavoidsthetransformationstoobjectorrelationaldatastructuresseeoreillynetcomxmlblogxrxasimpleelegantdisruptivhtmlxrxsimpleelegantdisruptivexformsformobiledevicesbenefitsxformsprovidesspecificbenefitswhenusedonmobiledevicesuserinterfacesusingxformsrequirefewerroundtripswiththeserverandareinthatsensemoreselfcontainedthanuserinterfacesusinghtmlformscapabilitiesofmobiledevicesvarygreatlyconsequentlytheamountoftheworkinvolvedingeneratingdifferentuserinterfacesfordifferentdevicesisofparticularconcerninthemobileworldxformshasbeendesignedfromthegrounduptoallowformstobedescribedindependentlyofthedevicewhichreducestheamountofworkrequiredtotargetmultipledevicesxformsreducestheneedforjavascriptwhichisparticularlyinterestingasjavascriptsupportvariesgreatlyonmobiledevicesandcannotbewidelyrelieduponthisalsoallowssystemsonwhichjavascriptisdisabledforsecurityconcernstocontinuetooperateflawlesslyimplementationsenketoenketoorgenketoisaninbrowserxformsclientbuiltusingjavascriptsxfolitexfoliteorgxfoliteisalightweightxformsclientforthejmeplatformitwasoriginallycreatedatnokiaresearchcenteranditincludesadomandxpathimplementationaswellasanxformsenginethatimplementsthexformsspecificationalmostcompletelyxfolitewasreleasedasbetasoftwareandshouldnotbeconsideredreadyforproductionuseassuchhoweveritdoescontainamaturexformsenginethathasbeendesignedtoworkwithdifferentuiimplementationsxmlschemasandcssareoutsideprojectscopehoweverxfoliteisopensourceandlicensedunderthelgpllicensebutisnotbeingactivelydevelopedfurtherjavarosabitbucketorgjavarosajavarosawikihomejavarosaisanxformsclientwritteninjavamobileeditionjmeandsupportsawidearrayofdevicesfromtopendsmartphonesandpdaswithlargescreensandabundantmemorytolowenddeviceslikethenokiaandmakingjavarosausableonlowresourcedevicesisoneoftheprojectshighestprioritiesjavarosaalphawasreleasedinseptemberodkcollectopendatakitorgusecollectodkcollectispartoftheopendatakitandisanxformsclientforandroiddevicestheclientdisplaysxforminsequentialorderobeyingformlogicentryconstraintsandrepeatingsubstructuresusersworkthroughthepromptsandsavethesubmissionascompletedorpartiallycompletedallowinglaterrevisionandcanrecordpicturesaswellastheirlocationusingthephonesbuiltincameraandgpsdevicerespectivelygroupcompletegroupcompletecomgroupcompleteisamobiledatacollectionsystemthatincludesgroupcompletemobilegcmobileanxformsclientforandroiddevicesgcmobileprovidesaninterfacetocreatexformsonthemobiledeviceaswellasxformsdataentrywithcapabilitiessimilartoodkcollectformsanddataarestoredincouchdbdatabasesallowingmobileworkerstomakechangestoformsanddatawhileofflinecollaborateondataentryandsharecollecteddatawithteammembersandbackofficedataconsumersinrealtimegroupcompleteiscompatiblewithallmajorodksystemsgroupcompletewasdiscontinuedasofmarchandthecodereleasedinfebruaryasopensourceseealsoinfopathformsservicesconvexsoftwarelibraryxlsformreferencesworgtrxformsxformswcrecommendationoctobercitebookfirsttvlastramantitlexformsxmlpoweredwebformspublisheraddisonwesleylocationbostonyearisbncitebookfirstmicahlastdubinkotitlexformsessentialspublisheroreillyassociateslocationsebastopolcafarnhamisbnurlxformsinstitutecomessentialsyearexternallinksxformsresourcesatwcworgcommunityxformsusersthexformsuserscommunitygroupworgmarkupformsxformsfaqhtmlxformsfrequentlyaskedquestionsworgtrxformsxformswasaworgtrrecxformswcrecommendationonoctoberworgcommunityxformsuserswikixformsxformsworkingdraftworgcommunityxformsuserswikixpathexpressionsmodulexformsxpathexpressionsmoduleaquickintroductiontoworgmarkupformsxformsforhtmlauthorshtmlxformsforhtmlauthorsbystevenpembertonworgmarkupformsxformsqrhtmlxformsquickreferenceworgcommunityxformsuserswikixformsimplementationsxformsimplementationsworgmarkupformstheformsworkinggrouphistoricalinterestxformsthirdeditionwasaworgtrrecxformswcrecommendationonoctoberagencexmlcomxsltformshtmxsltformswebarchiveorgwebxformssmartsitenlsmartsitexformsinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamebaltichudsonimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelsthreelargedrivingwheelsjoinedtogetherwithacouplingrodandtwosmalltrailingwheelscaptionimageclasscngrnoblackjpgaltcaptionsouthafricanclassctngrclasshtsarclasscequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalycfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrycolonyofnatallocomotivesouthafricanclassctngrclasshtrailwaynatalgovernmentrailwaysdesignergeorgewilliamreidbuildernatalgovernmentrailwaysevolvedfromtevolvedtomainbenefitranequallywellineitherdirectionmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountryfrancelocomotivecylindercompoundbalticrailwaychemindeferdunorddesignergastondubousquetbuilderchemindeferdunordevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationoflocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoffourleadingwheelssixpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsandfourtrailingwheelsinfrancewherethetypewasfirstuseditisknownasthebalticwhileitbecameknownasthehudsoninmostofnorthamericarefnamesteamglossaryrailwaytechnicalcomstglosshtmlrailwaytechnicalwebpagessteamlocomotiveglossaryrefoverviewtenderlocomotivesthetenderrailtenderlocomotivewasfirstintroducedinandthroughoutthestosthewheelarrangementwaswidelyusedinnorthamericaandtoalesserextentintherestoftheworldthetypecombinedthebasicdesignprinciplesofthepacifictypewithanimprovedboilerandlargerfireboxsteamenginefireboxthatnecessitatedadditionalsupportattherearofthelocomotiveingeneraltheavailabletractiveeffortdifferedlittlefromthatofthepacificbutthesteamraisingabilitywasincreasedgivingmorepoweratspeedthewasbestsuitedtohighspeedrunningacrossflatterrainsincethetypehadfewerdrivingwheelsthancarryingwheelsasmallerpercentageofthelocomotivesweightcontributedtotractioncomparedtoothertypeslikethepacificitwaswellsuitedforhighspeedpassengertrainsbutnotforstartingheavyfreighttrainsandsloggingonlongsustainedgradeswheremorepairsofdrivingwheelsarebetterthefirsttenderlocomotiveintheworldwasafourcylindercompoundlocomotivedesignedbygastondubousquetforthechemindeferdunordinfranceinsinceitwasdesignedfortheparissaintpetersburgexpressitwasnamedthebalticafterthebalticseawhichwasalogicalextensionofthenamingconventionthatstartedwiththelocomotiveatlanticandpacificrefnamereedreedbrianlocoprofilenordpacificswindsorprofilepublicationsrefthefirstintheunitedstatesofamericathejofthenewyorkcentralrailroadwasbuiltintotherailroadsdesignbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyalcotherethetypewasnamedthenychudsonhudsonafterthehudsonriverrefnamehudsontypesteamlocomotivecomhudsonhudsontypelocomotivesreftheworldspeedrecordforsteamlocomotiveswasheldbyaatleasttwiceinthechicagomilwaukeestpaulandpacificrailroadmilwaukeeroadsmilwaukeeroadclassfclassfnoreachedandinthegermanclassreachedthatrecordwasbrokenbythebritishpacificlnerclassamallardnomallardonjulywhenitreachedstilltheworldspeedrecordforsteamtractionrefnamedbmuseumdeutschebahncomsitedbmuseumenexhibitionsvehiclesehtmldbmuseuminnuremberggermanysfasteststeamlocomotivereftanklocomotivesthewasalsoafairlycommonwheelarrangementforpassengertanklocomotivesassuchitwasessentiallythetanklocomotiveequivalentofatenderlocomotivewithwatertanksandacoalbunkersupportedbyfourtrailingwheelsinsteadofinatenderinnewzealandalltlocomotivesweretankversionsoflocomotivesthefirstknowntanklocomotivewasrebuiltfromanatalgovernmentrailwaysngrsouthafricanclassctksclasswhichwasmodifiedintoenableittorunequallywellineitherdirectiononthecolonyofnatalnatalsouthcoastlinewherenoturningfacilitieswereavailableatthetimethissolelocomotivelaterbecamethesouthafricanclassctclassconthesouthafricanrailwayssarthefirstknownlocomotiveclasstobedesignedwithawheelarrangementthengrssouthafricanclassetclassftanklocomotivewasbasedonthismodifiedlocomotiveandbuiltbyneilsonandcompanyturnofthethcenturyneilsonreidandcompanyinthesebecametheclasseonthesarinrefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefonedrgclassstreamlinedtwasbuiltforthedeutschereichsbahninusageaustraliatenderlocomotivesseventyvictorianrailwaysrclassrclasshudsontenderlocomotivestheonlyclassofthisconfigurationinaustraliaandbuiltbynorthbritishlocomotivecompanywereintroducedbythevictorianrailwaysinformainlineexpresspassengeroperationshowevertheintroductioninofthevictorianrailwaysbclassdieselbclassdieselelectriclocomotivessawtherclassalmostimmediatelybeingrelegatedtosecondarypassengerandfreightusewithmanybeingstagedatdepotsaroundthestateanumberwerepreservedandsomeofthesecontinuedtooperateonspecialexcursiontrainsrclasswiththeprivatisationofregionalpassengeroperationsinvictoriainthemidstworclasslocomotiveswerebroughtbackintonormalrevenueservicebythewestcoastrailwayvictoriawestcoastrailwayforregularlyscheduledmainlinepassengertrainsbetweenmelbourneandwarrnamboolthelocomotivesunderwentanumberofmodificationstoallowforreliablehighspeedoperationincludingduallemporexhaustsoilfiringandtheadditionofadieselcontrolstandformultipleunitoperationtheuseoftheserclasslocomotivesonthewarrnamboolvlinerailservicewarrnamboollinedidnotcontinueafterthedemiseoftheprivateoperatorintanklocomotivesthetanklocomotiveconfigurationwasapopulartypewiththewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysthewagrdclassdclasswasintroducedforsuburbanpassengerserviceinitssuccessorsbothalsoofthewheelarrangementwerethewagrdmclassdmclassofthatwasrebuiltfromolderwagreclasseclasspacifictenderlocomotivesandthewagrddclassddclassofthenswgovernmentrailwaysclasstlocomotiveswereusedonsydneyandnewcastlesuburbanpassengertrainworkingsnoispreservedatthedorrigosteamrailwayandmuseumonthenswnorthcoastcanadatenderlocomotivesthesecondlargestuserofthetypeinnorthamericawasthecanadianpacificrailwaywithhatoheclasslocomotivesnumberedtoandbuiltbymontreallocomotiveworksmlwbetweenandtheywerehighlysuccessfulandimprovedserviceandjourneytimesonthecprstranscontinentalroutesthethirdandlaterbatchesofcprhudsonshctohenumberstoweredubbedroyalhudsonsandweresemistreamlinedroyalpermissionwasgivenfortheselocomotivestobeartheroyalcrownandarmsafterlocomotivenohauledgeorgevioftheunitedkingdomkinggeorgeviacrosscanadainfivecprhudsonssurvivedcanadianpacifichbclassnoempressisthesoleremainingunstreamlinedcprhudsonitwasrepatriatedfromstaticdisplayatsteamtowninscrantonpennsylvaniatothecprinandwasrestoredandconvertedtooilburningtohaulexcursionsforcprtheotherremaininghclasslocomotivesareallroyalhudsonsasofthreewereondisplayinmuseumsnoincalifornianoinquebecandnoinontariowhilenothefirstoilburningroyalhudsonoftheclasswasoperationalandbasedinbritishcolumbiabythecprhudsonsweretheonlyoperationalhudsonsinnorthamericaalsoseeennorthamericanproductionlistnorthamericanproductionlisttanklocomotivesthegrandtrunkrailwaygtrhadsixkclasslocomotivesbuiltinseptemberbymlwandacquiredforsuburbanservicenumberedtoonthegtrtheywerereclassifiedasxaandrenumberedtoafterbeingabsorbedbythecanadiannationalrailwaycninthreeofthemarepreservednumbersgtcnandcanadiannationalcnatthesteamtownnationalhistoricsiteinscrantonpennsylvaniaandgtcnatthecanadianrailwaymuseumindelsonquebecalsoseeennorthamericanproductionlistnorthamericanproductionlistfinlandinkeuruufinlandthefinnishstaterailwaysvrclassprclassprnicknamedhenschelwasagaugepassengertanklocomotiveclassorderedfromhenschelsonbytheestonianstaterailwaysinthespringofandcompletedintheoutbreakofthesecondworldwarpreventedtheirdeliverytoestoniabutafewoftheseenginesdidoperateinlatviaintheybecamesuperfluouswhenthegermansbeganconvertingthebaltictrackstoandthefourlocomotivesweresoldtofinlandtheywereclassifiedprandnumberedtoupontheirarrivalinfinlandindecembertheclassprtankswerequiteadvancedlocomotivesandwerebasedonthehenschelbuiltdrgclasstankenginedesignofforthedeutschereichsbahndeutschereichsbahngesellschaftdrgdeutschereichsbahnaftertheirinitialteethingproblemsweresolvedtheyprovedtobefastrunnersandanidealadditiontothemotivepowerstabletheywereoriginallybuiltasoilburnersandrevertedtothistypeoffuelbetweenandwhenoilpriceswerelowwithitscoupledwheelsitwasveryfastandoneofthemachievedduringatestrunnothelastclassprinservicewaswithdrawninmayonlynohasbeenpreservedfrancethefourcylindercompoundlocomotivedesignedbygastondubousquetforthefrenchchemindeferdunordofwhichtwonordandandwerebuiltatthecompanysworkshopsinwasthefirsttenderlocomotiveintheworldwiththiswheelarrangementnamedthebalticsinceitwasintendedforserviceontheparissaintpetersburgexpressitsmostremarkablefeaturewastheenechelonarrangementofthetwolowpressureinsidecylindersinordertoaccommodatetheverylargeboreoneofthemwasbuiltwithawatertubefireboxalthoughtheywerenotmultipliedtheyweretheforerunnersofthehighlysuccessfulnordpacificsandsuperpacificsonesurvivesinthemusefranaisduchemindeferfrenchnationalrailwaymuseumatmulhouseineasternfrancecutupinsectionedformtodisplayitsinteriorduringtheworldexhibitioninparisinitstenderwasnotpreservedfrancealsoproducedsomeofthelastbalticlocomotivesinmarcdecasothelastchiefmechanicalengineerofthenordoriginatedtheconstructionofeightbalticlocomotivesalldeliveredtothenewlyestablishedsocitnationaledescheminsdeferfranaisfrenchnationalrailwaycorporationorsncfoftheseeightthreewererclassthreecylindersimpleexpansionsimplexlocomotiveswithrotarycampoppetvalvegearwhilefourweresclassfourcylindercompoundlocomotivesinitiallyalsowithpoppetvalvegearthatwaslaterreplacedbywalschaertsvalvegeardrivingoscillatingcamsbuiltforcomparativepurposesitwasfoundthatthecompoundsoutperformedthesimplestheeighthoftheclassthefinalfrenchbaltictypewascompletedinastheuclassthiswasanotherfourcylindercompoundwithwalschaertsvalvegearbutwithverylargeandlightpistonvalvesthatprovedcapableofmorethanthislocomotiveisalsopreservedatmulhousealsoseeennetherlandsnetherlandsgermanytenderlocomotivesthreetenderlocomotiveswerebuiltforthedeutschereichsbahndeutschereichsbahngesellschaftdeutschereichsbahndrgbyaugustborsigborsigindesignateddrgclassclasstheyweredesignedforhighspeedrunningtheywerethreecylinderlocomotiveswithgiantdrivingwheelsandpowerfulclaspbrakesonallwheelsthefirsttwolocomotiveswereconventionallocomotivesbutthethirdwasbuiltasacabforwardandburnedpulverisedcoalallthreewerebuiltstreamlinedinshroudsthatcoveredthelocomotivesalmosttotherailheadonmaythesetaworldspeedrecordofthatwasbetteredbythebritishpacificmallardtwoyearslateronjulythewasconvertedtoconventionalboilerforwardrunninginallthreesurvivedthesecondworldwarandwererebuiltasconventionalnonstreamlinedlocomotivesinwithnewboilerstheyworkedinthisformuntilwhenelectriclocomotivestookoveronthehighspeedroutesthefirstlocomotivewasrestoredtoitsoriginalstreamlinedconfigurationinfordisplayinthenurembergtransportmuseumtanklocomotivesanumberofgermanlocomotiveclasseswerebuiltthebestknownbeingtheprussiantclassofaltogetherofthemwerebuiltbytheagvulcanstettinstettinermaschinenbauagvulcanandhenschelsonbetweenandofthesewenttotheprussianstaterailwaysandsubsequentlythedeutschereichsbahnwheretheybecamethedrgclassindiathereweretwoclassesoftenderlocomotivesinindiabothearlyinthehistoryofthewheelarrangementandalsoofunusuallynarrowgaugetheninegclasslocomotivesofthegaugebarsilightrailwayinwesternindiawerebuiltbynasmythgaskellandcompanynasmythwilsonandcompanyinandandbywgbagnallinthefourndclasslocomotivesofthegaugescindiastaterailwayingwaliorwerebuiltinbykerrstuartandcompanyindonesiatheindonesiancclasslocomotiveoftheptkeretaapijavastaatsspoorwegenwasintroducedtojavabythenetherlandscolonialadministrationtheclasswasdesignedtomeettherequirementtohaultrainsoftonsataspeedofonainclinewithradiuscurvesthelocomotivesalsohadtobeabletonegotiatecurveswithasharpradiusofataspeedofbetweenandaltogetherlocomotiveswereorderedfromthreemanufacturersstorkbvwerkspoorarmstrongwhitworthandswisslocomotiveandmachineworksthecclasswasusedonrailwaylinesaroundjakartabandungandsurabayauntilelectrificationwascarriedoutaroundjakartabetweenandtheywerethenrelocatedtosecondarylineslikethemerakbantenmeraktanahabanginbantenprovincethelinesaroundkertosonoandblitarandalsobetweenpurwokertokutoarjoandpurworejoregencypurworejofromcclassexpresspassengertanklocomotiveswerebuiltforthejavastaatsspoorwegenbythreegermanmanufacturershenschelsonschsischemaschinenfabrikandmaschinenfabrikesslingenrefnamehenschelhenschellieferlistehenschelsonworkslistcompiledbydietmarstresowrefthecclasswasoneofthemostpopularinindonesiaachievingspeedsofuptoitwasdeclaredtheworldsfasteststeamlocomotiveongaugewhenitachievedinadditionbeingatanklocomotiveitwasabletotravelatfullspeedinbothdirectionsitwasusedonthejakartabandungjakartasurabayaandmalangsurabayaroutesduringthedutchcolonialerathetermvluggevierfastfourwasusedonthejakartabandungroutewherecclasslocomotivescoveredthedistanceoffourtimesadayataspeedofwithatraveltimeofabouthoursminutestheseexpresstrainsonlystoppedforoneminuteatkarawangcikampekandpurwakartainadditionthecclasslocomotivewasusedonexpresstrainslikethejavanachtexpressjavanightexpressandtheeendaagscheexpressonedayexpressacclasslocomotivealsohauledthetraincarryingsukarnopresidentsukarnoandhisentouragetoyogyakartaonjanuaryirelandthefirstandlongestlivedbalticsinirelandweretwolocomotivesbuiltbynasmythgaskellandcompanynasmythwilsoninforthenarrowgaugecountydonegalrailwaysjointcommitteecountydonegalrailwaysbothwerelatersuperheatedandonelasteduntilalbeitderelictjapanbetweenandthejapanesenationalrailwaysbuiltthreeclassesofratheradvancedamericanstylegaugehudsontenderlocomotivesbetweenandjnrclasscclassclocomotiveswererebuiltfromformerjnrclassdclassdmikadofreightlocomotivestheclasscwasthefirstjapaneselocomotivewiththehudsonwheelarrangementinandjnrclasscclassclocomotiveswerebuiltwithnewframesandusingtheboilersofjnrclassdclassdmikadolocomotivesthesewerethelargestandfasteststeampassengerlocomotivestoruninjapanrefnameinouerefbetweenandjnrclasscclassclocomotiveswererebuiltfromsurplusclasscpacificlocomotivesatthehamamatsuandkriyamafukushimakriyamafactoriestheclasscandclasscweresmallerlocomotivesthantheclasscwhichfilledthetightjapaneseloadinggaugetheywereequippedwithboxpokdrivingwheelsandusedseveralamericanstyleapplianceseventhoughtheyhadbritishstylesmokeboxdoorsnetherlandsthedutchrailwaysorderedsixpassengerlocomotivesfrombeyerpeacockandcompanyinafollowuporderforlocomotiveswasonlypartlydeliveredwhenduetothedownturnintrafficcausedbythefirstworldwarthedutchauthoritiescancelledtheremainderoftheorderthefortylocomotivesasorderedwereoriginallytobenumberedtobutthethatweredeliveredwerelaterrenumberedtothefourteenundeliveredlocomotivesweresoldtothebritishwardepartmentukwardepartmentforuseonthewesternfrontwhereairbrakedpassengerlocomotiveswereinshortsupplytheywereassignedrailwayoperatingdivisionrodnumberstoandandwereusedonambulanceandtrooptrainsaswellascivilianpassengertrainsinthebritishsectorafterthewartheyweresoldtothechemindeferdunordinfrancewhonumberedthemtoinallfourteenpassedontothesncfwhorenumberedthemtbtotbtwowerewithdrawninbuttherestremainedinserviceuntiltheywereoutlivedbytheirdutchsisterlocomotivesofwhichtwentywerestillinserviceinalsoseeenfrancefrancetherewerealsotenfourcylinderclasslocomotivesbuiltinbyhohenzollernandwerkspoorandbasedontheclassthelasttwowerewithdrawninsouthafricanotenderlocomotivessawserviceinsouthafricabutsixtanklocomotiveclasseswereusedallofthemoninthenatalgovernmentrailwaysngrrebuiltoneofitssouthafricanclassctclasskstanklocomotivestoaconfigurationasdirectedbyngrlocomotivesuperintendentgeorgewilliamreidthiswasthefirstknownuseofthiswheelarrangementandwasdonetoenablethelocomotivetorunequallywellineitherdirectioninshuttleserviceonthecolonyofnatalnatalsouthcoastlinewherenoturningfacilitieswereavailableinwhenitwasassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwayssarthislocomotivewasdesignatedsouthafricanclassctclassctentanklocomotivesdesignedbygwreidwerebuiltforthengrbyneilsonandcompanyturnofthethcenturyneilsonreidandcompanyinitwasthefirstknownlocomotiveintheworldtobedesignedandbuiltasabaltictypeknownastheneilsonreidlocomotivesuntiltheyweredesignatedthengrsclassftheywerelargerversionsoftherebuiltclasshlocomotiveofandmanyofthemaindimensionswereidenticalithadaplateframestephensonvalvegearandusedsaturatedsteamintheybecamethesouthafricanclassetclasseonthesareightclassftanklocomotiveswereplacedinserviceonthecentralsouthafricanrailwayscsarindesignedbycsarchieflocomotivesuperintendentpahydeandbuiltbyvulcanfoundryithadabarframestephensonvalvegearandusedsaturatedsteamandwasacquiredforthesuburbanservicesbetweenspringsandrandfonteinthedoubleredliningontheirblackliveryandpolishedcoppercappedchimneysbrassdomesandboilerbandsearnedthemthenicknamechocolateboxestheselocomotivesretainedtheirsouthafricanclassftclassfclassificationonthesarintwocsarrackrtracktanklocomotiveswerebuiltforthecsarbyvulcanfoundryforuseonthesteepracksectionbetweenwatervalonderandwatervalbovenonthelinetomozambiquedesignedastwocylinderlocomotivesbyhydethedesignwasmodifiedbythebuilderstofourcylinderswiththeinsidecylindersdrivingtherackequipmentbutwithoutacompensatingincreaseinboilercapacitythelocomotiveswerefailuresontheracksectiontheirrackequipmentwasremovedwithinayearofenteringserviceandtheywerereassignedtoshuntingdutyintheywereconsideredobsoletebythesarandnotclassifiedbuttheyremainedinserviceuntilcsevensouthafricanclassktclassktanklocomotiveswhichhadbeenbuiltforthephilippinenationalrailwaysmanilarailwaycompanyinthephilippineislandsbythenorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblinweresoldtothesarinsincedeliveringthemtothephilippinesduringthefirstworldwarbecameimpossibletheyweresuperheatedhadwalschaertsvalvegearandwerethefirstlocomotivesinsouthafricatobeequippedwithexhauststeaminjectorswhichwereofthedaviesandmetcalfepatternnicknamedmanilatheyremainedinserviceuntilrefnamehollandrefsixtanklocomotivesdesignedbysarchiefmechanicalengineerdahendrieandbuiltbynasmythgaskellandcompanynasmythwilsonandcompanywereintroducedonthesarindesignatedsouthafricanclassjtclassjtheyhadwalschaertsvalvegearandbelpairefireboxesandusedsaturatedsteamacquiredtocopewithincreasingtrafficonthenatalsouthcoastbutunabletohandletherapidlyincreasingloadsduetotheirsmallproportionstheysoonendedupbeingemployedasshuntingenginesinthedurbanharbouratmosselbayandinthecapemidlandsuntiltheywerewithdrawnfromservicebysovietuniononlythreeprototypehudsonlocomotiveswerebuiltintheformersovietunioninandtheywereallstreamlinedandweretheonlystreamlinedseriesofsovietsteamlocomotivesalthoughalaterpostwarsovietunionpseriesnorthernlocomotivewassemistreamlinedallthreewerescrappedinthesintwowerebuiltbythekolomnalocomotiveworksthesewereknownastheklocomotivesdesignedbylevlebedyanskiiandratedatdesignatedthepseriestheywereusedtohaultheredarrowpassengertrainbetweenmoscowandsaintpetersburgleningradtheintentionwastobuilduptotenklocomotivestohaulallexpresspassengertrainsbetweenmoscowandleningradbuttheseplanswereinterruptedbythesecondworldwarandnotresumedanotheronewasbuiltinluhanskvoroshilovgradinknownasthevexperimentallocomotivenumberthislocomotivewasneverusedonmainlineserviceunitedkingdomtenderlocomotivestheonlytenderlocomotiveintheunitedkingdomwasthelondonandnortheasternrailwaylnernobuiltinasanexperimentalhighpressurecompoundlocomotivewithanexperimentalhighpressuresteamlocomotivehighpressurewatertubeboileritwastheonlylocomotiveofthelnerclasswclasswandbecameknownasthehushhushlocomotiveonaccountofthegreatsecrecyunderwhichitwasbuiltitstrailingwheelswerearrangeduniquelyinsteadofbeinginonefourwheeltrailingtruckthefirstpairwasacartazziaxlemountedinarigidframebutstillallowedsidewaysdeflectionagainstacenteringforceastypicalofthelnerspracticeonitspacificlocomotivesthesecondpairwasinatwowheeltrailingtrucktheexperimentprovedmuchlesssuccessfulthanhadbeenhopedandinitwasrebuiltalongthelinesofastreamlinedlnerclassapacificthoughitretaineditsbalticwheelarrangementafterbeingrebuilttheclasswwasstilleasilydistinguishablefromanaataglancewithoutlookingfortheextratrailingwheelsbythefactthatitwasneverofficiallynamedeventhoughthenamepegasushadbeenproposeditthereforebecameknownamongrailfantrainspottingtrainspottersastheunnamedornonamestreaktanklocomotivesanumberoflocomotiveswerebuiltforvariousbritishrailwaycompaniesthefirststandardgaugeexampleswererobertwhiteleggrobertwhiteleggsdesigninforthelondontilburyandsouthendrailwayltsrtheywereonlydeliveredaftertheltsrhadbeentakenoverbythemidlandrailwaywheretheyweredesignatedtheltsrclassclassbetweenandthelondonbrightonandsouthcoastrailwaylbscrbuiltsevenlbscrlclasslclasstanklocomotivesknownasthebrightonbalticsthefirstexamplessufferedfrominstabilityproblemsuntiltheywererebuiltwithwelltanksthesehighspeedtanklocomotiveshauledthefamoussouthernbellelbscbrightonbelletrainuntiltherailwayelectrificationsystemelectrificationofthebrightonmainlinebrightonmainlineinafterwhichtheywereconvertedintonxclasstenderlocomotivestheyremainedinserviceuntiltheglasgowandsouthwesternrailwayandanumberofotherrailwaysalsohadtanklocomotiveclassesofthiswheelarrangementthelancashireandyorkshirerailwayexampleswereveryrareinhavingfourcylindersknownasthelyrhughestdreadnoughttankstheyprovedtobetoolargeandtoocomplexforthedutiestheyperformedthesaturatedsteamtanklocomotivesofthebelfastandcountydownrailwaywerespectacularlyunsuccessfulbecauseofpoorvalvesettingsontheotherhandthefurnessrailwaytanklocomotivesalsousingsaturatedsteamandwithinsidecylinderswereverypopularwiththeircrewsunitedstatesofamericastreamlinedforthethcenturylimitedthefirsthudsonlocomotiveinnorthamericawasbuiltinforthenewyorkcentralrailroadnycbyamericanlocomotivecompanyalcototherailroadsdesignthelocomotiveprovedtobeverysuccessfulandwasnamedthenychudsonhudsontypeafterthehudsonriverthirteenoftheselocomotivesonejtypeandtwelvejatypeswerestreamlinedforusewithnamedpassengertrainsliketheempirestateexpressandthethcenturylimitedbetweenthenycanditssubsidiariesthebostonandalbanyrailroadbatheclevelandcincinnatichicagoandstlouisrailwaycccstlorbigfourandthemichigancentralrailroadmctheyacquiredaltogetherlocomotivesofseveraldifferenttypesthelargesthudsonfleetinnorthamericathechicagomilwaukeestpaulandpacificrailroadmilwaukeeroadcouldhaveproducedthefirstamericansinceitsdesignworkwasdoneearlierthanthatofthenycbutfinancialconstraintsdelayedtheprojectandthemilwaukeeslocomotivesonlyemergedinthemilwaukeecalledthembalticfollowingtheeuropeanpracticestartedinfrancetheinitialorderoffourteenmilwaukeeroadclassfclassflocomotiveswasfollowedbyeightmoreclassfalocomotivesinandinthemilwaukeeacquiredsixstreamlinedmilwaukeeroadclassfclassfbalticswiththeshroudsthesetookoverthemilwaukeescrackhiawathaservicehiawathaexpresstrainsfromthemilwaukeeroadclassaclassalocomotiveatlanticsandwereamongthefasteststeamlocomotivesofalltimetheschedulesofmanyofthesetrainsrequiredextendedrunningatinadditiontothemilwaukeesstreamlinedclassftwootherrailroadsorderedlargerandfasterlocomotiveswithdriversinthelatestheseweretheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwaysantafewithitsatsfclassclassandthechicagoandnorthwesterntransportationcompanychicagoandnorthwesterncnwwithitscnwclasseclassethemilwaukeeandcnwlocomotiveswereallstreamlinedandonlyoneofthesantafelocomotivesthebluegooseinthechicagoburlingtonandquincyrailroadburlingtonrouteneededbackuplocomotivesfortheirstreamlineddieselhauledzephyrpassengertrainstheirsolutionwastostreamlinetheirbaldwinbuiltnointheirmainiowashopsthelocomotivewasrenumberedasnoandgiventhenameaeolusafterthemythicalkeeperofthewindsasecondstreamlinedwasbuiltforthispurposeandnumberedtherewerealsosomeonceoffandexperimentallocomotivesanumberwererebuiltfrompacificlocomotivesorinsomecasesfromotherdesignsthebaltimoreandohiorailroadbobuiltfourasexperimentallocomotivesbetweenandusingbaltimoreandohiorailroadlocomotivesuncledanandcolonelemersoncolonelemersonswatertubefireboxesbuteventuallyturnedtodieselelectrictractioninsteadintheillinoiscentralrailroadicrebuiltaberkshireintoitsonlyhudsontheillinoiscentralnowhichwasnotasuccessandwasnotrepeatedthewabashrailroadrebuiltitssevenwabashclasspclassphudsonsfromtheirunsuccessfulkandkclassmikadolocomotivesnorthamericanproductionlistaltogetherrailroadsinnorthamericaownedsmanyweresimilarinconcepttothenychudsonswithdrivingwheelsbutmostwerealittlelargerthanthenyclocomotivessuchasthefandfaclassesofthemilwaukeeroadtheclassofthecanadiannationalrailwaycanadiannationalthecanadianpacificrailwaycanadianpacificlocomotivestheclassoftheburlingtonroutetheclassofthenewyorknewhavenandhartfordrailroadnewhavenandthedelawarelackawannaandwesternclassclassofthedelawarelackawannaandwesternrailroadlackawannatherewerealsothelightweightswhichincludetheclassofthenewyorkchicagoandstlouisrailroadnickelplateroadtheclassdofthemainecentralrailroadcompanymainecentralandtheclassoftheferrocarrilesnacionalesdemxicondemonthesetheextraaxlewasusedtoreducetheaxleloadincomparisontoapacificlocomotivebecausethedesignwasreallyonlyoptimallysuitedtoexpresspassengertrainswhichweredieselisedearlythehudsonswereearlycandidatesforwithdrawalandscrappingnoneofthenyclocomotivessurvivedandneitherdidanyofthemilwaukeelocomotivesfivecanadianpacifichudsonssurviveincludingfourroyalhudsonsandtheunstreamlinedcanadianpacificfiveoftheburlingtonroutelocomotivessurviveincludingtheaeolusothersurvivinghudsonlocomotivesaretwoeachofthesantafeandcanadiannationalandsingleexamplesfromthechesapeakeandohiorailwayndemandnickelplateroadthepennsylvaniarailroadalsoownedtheprrppclassofelectriclocomotivesalsowithawheelarrangementclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedsortablestylemarginemautofontsizenorthamericanlocomotivesinorderofintroductionrailroadqtyclassroadnumbersbuilderbuildyearsnotesgrandtrunkrailwaygtcanadiannationalkmontreallocomotiveworksmontrealtankengineslatercnclassrowspannewyorkcentralrailroadnycnychudsonjamericanlocomotivecompanyalconychudsonjaalcorowspanmichigancentralmcnycnychudsonjbalcorenumberednycnychudsonjcalcorenumberednycnychudsonjdalcorenumberednycrowspanatchisontopekaandsantaferailwayatsfatsfclassbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinatsfclassbaldwinonestreamlinednorowspannickelplateroadnkplaalcolblimarowspanbostonandalbanyrailroadbanycnychudsonjaalcorenumberednycnychudsonjbalcorenumberednycnychudsonjclimalocomotiveworkslimarenumberednycrowspanclevelandcincinnatichicagoandstlouisrailroadcccstlnycnychudsonjdalcorenumberednycnychudsonjealcorenumberednycrowspancanadianpacificrailwaycprroyalhudsonhamontrealroyalhudsonhbmontrealcanadianpacifictheempressistheonlysurvivingexampleoftheclasshbandoneofthetwooperatinghudsontypesinnorthamericaroyalhudsonhcmontrealstreamlinedcanadianpacificistheonlysurvivingexampleoftheclasshcitwasoneofthetworoyalhudsonsthatmadeafewamazingamountsofexcursiontripsthroughpennsylvaniavirginiatennesseenorthcarolinasouthcarolinageorgialouisianaintheunitedstatesroyalhudsonhdmontrealstreamlinedcanadianpacificandaretheonlytworemainingclasshdroyalhudsonscanadianpacificistheoldestclasshdbuiltinmadeanamazingtriponapassengerexcursioncalledroyaltrainwhenitcarriedoneofthebritsroyalmembersinthefamilykinggeorgevithatshowthecanadianpacificsclasshchegotthetermroyalhudsonroyalhudsonhemontrealstreamlinedoilburnercanadianpacificistheonlysurvivingexampleoftheclasshbandoneofthetwooperatinghudsontypesinnorthamericaalongwithcanadiannationalrailwaycnkamontrealrowspanmilwaukeeroadmilwmilwaukeeroadclassffbaldwinrenumberedmilwaukeeroadclassffabaldwinrenumberedmilwaukeeroadclassffalcostreamlinedmainecentralrailroadmecdbaldwinrowspanchicagoburlingtonandquincyrailroadcbqsbaldwinrebuiltasclasssaolusscbqburlingtonnewsacbqburlingtonnewstreamlinednamedolusrowspanbaltimoreohiorailroadbovbomountclareshopsmtclarerebuiltfrompclassbaltimoreandohionolordbaltimorevbaltimoreandohionolordbaltimorebomtclarenewrenumberedvbomtclarenewvbomtclarenewdelawarelackawannaandwesternrailroaddlwdelawarelackawannaandwesternclassalcoillinoiscentralrailroadicillinoiscentralnoicrebuiltfromnoferrocarrilesnacionalesdemxicondemnralconewyorknewhavenandhartfordrailroadnhibaldwinsemistreamlinedstlouissanfranciscorailwayslsfslsfrebuiltfromschicagoandnorthwesternrailwaycnwcnwclasseealcostreamlinedrowspanchesapeakeandohiorailwaycochesapeakeandohioclasslandlalbaldwinscrappedbutthecoclasskkanawhasmatchtheirsameappearancesevensoifthetheirwheelarrangementisdifferentlcorebuiltfromfourstreamlinedchesapeakeandohioclasslandlalabaldwinscrappedbutthecoclasskkanawhasmatchtheirsameappearancesevensoifthetheirwheelarrangementisdifferentwabashrailroadwabwabashclassppwabdecaturrebuiltfromsreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamenorthernimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelsfourlargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodandtwosmalltrailingwheelscaptionimagemayandxxrpflickrdrewjjpgaltcaptionatchisontopekaandsantaferailwaysantafenoofequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalydfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotivenpclassarailwaynorthernpacificrailwaydesigneramericanlocomotivecompanybuilderamericanlocomotivecompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoffourleadingwheelsontwoaxleseightpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonfouraxlesandfourtrailingwheelsontwoaxlesthetypewasfirstusedbythenorthernpacificrailwayandinitiallynamedthenorthernpacificbutrailfansandrailroademployeeshaveshortenedthenamewhenreferringtothetypeandnowismostcommonlyknownasanorthernoverviewdevelopmentthewheelarrangementwasanobviousprogressionfromthemountaintypeandliketheberkshireandhudsontypesanexampleofthesuperpowerconceptinsteamlocomotivedesignthatmadeuseofthelargerfireboxsteamenginefireboxthatcouldbesupportedbythefourwheeltrailingtruckwhichallowedimprovedfreesteamingparticularlyatspeedthiswascombinedwiththestabilityatspeedbroughtaboutbythefourwheelleadingtruckandthegreateradhesionoftheeightdrivingwheelstheevolutiontothetypeoccurredintheunitedstatesunitedstatesofamericasoonafterthelimalocomotiveworksintroducedtheconceptoflimasuperpowerinmakingheavyandtypelocomotivestheprototypewasbuilttosuperpowerprinciplesbyamericanlocomotivecompanyalcoforthenorthernpacificrailwaynpinwithafourwheeltrailingtrucktocarrytheweightofaverylargefireboxthatwasdesignedtoburnlowqualitylignitecoalthepotentialbenefitofsupportingafireboxwithagrateonafourwheeltrailingtruckwasquicklyrealizedbylocomotivedesignerssincegiventhetrucksadditionalweightofapproximatelyandtheofadditionalengineweightthatafourwheeltruckcouldcarryabovethatofatwowheeltruckthedifferenceofwasavailabletobeusedforincreasedboilercapacityrefnamealfredwalfredwbrucethesteamlocomotiveinamericaitsdevelopmentinthetwentiethcenturynewyorkpprefthetypearrivedonthelocomotivesceneatatimewhennearlyalltheimportantdesignimprovementshadalreadybeenprovensuchasthesuperheaterfiremansteamenginemechanicalstokermechanicalstokeroutsidevalvegearthedeltatrailingtruckandtheonepiecebedframeofcaststeelwithintegrallycastcylinderswhichdidmuchtoadvancetheapplicationofrollingelementbearingrollerbearingsrollerbearingsonsteamlocomotivessinceitgavethestrengthandrigiditytoholdthemincorrectalignmentinthetimkencompanyactuallyusedabuiltbyalcowithrollerbearingsonallaxlesandcalledthetimkentodemonstratethevalueoftheirsealedrollerbearingsovernearlyeverymainlineintheunitedstatesthetimkenwassubsequentlysoldtothenpwhereitbecamenpnonbsptheirsoleclassalocomotivethestabilityofthewheelarrangementenabledittobeprovidedwithdrivingwheelsofuptodiameterforhighspeedpassengerandfastfreightoperationandwiththelatestlateralcontroldevicesthetypewasflexibleoncurvesinspiteofitsdriverstheincreasedboilersizethatbecamepossiblewiththistypetogetherwiththehighaxleloadspermittedonmainlinesinnorthamericaresultedinthedesignofsomemassivelocomotiveswithallupweightsexceedingtonswithtenderincludedtheproveditselfsuitableforbothexpresspassengerandfastfreightservicewhileitwasnotsuitedtoheavydragfreighttrainsfasterandlightertrainswerewellsuitedtothetypealthoughlocomotivesofthewheelarrangementwereusedinanumberofcountriesthosethatweredevelopedoutsidenorthamericaincludedvariousdesignfeatureswhichsetthemapartfromnorthamericanpracticetheunitedstatescanadaandmexicowerethedomainsofthenorthamericanandscaleddownexamplesofthetypewereexportedbytwoamericanbuildersalcoandbaldwinlocomotiveworksforlinesinbrazilmostweretwocylinderlocomotivesbutfourclassesofthreecylinderswerebuiltthesimplexdrbclassclassbythedeutschereichsbahningermanythesimplexvictorianrailwayshclasshclassbythevictorianrailwaysinaustraliathecompoundaclassofthesocitnationaledescheminsdeferfranaissncfinfranceanexperimentalhighpressurecompoundlocomotiveofthenewyorkcentralnycthenorthernnamesincethewasfirstusedbythenorthernpacificrailwaythetypewasnamednorthernmostnorthamericanrailroadsusedthisnamebutsomeadopteddifferentnamesbigappleonthecentralofgeorgiarailwaycgconfederationonthecanadiannationalrailwaycnnamedbecausetheywerepurchasedinthethanniversaryofcanadasconfederationintheconfederationswerelaterrenamedbythecntothegenericnorthernnameinthelateryearsdixieonthenashvillechattanoogaandstlouisrailwayncgoldenstateonthesouthernpacifictransportationcompanysouthernpacificrailroadsptemporarilyrenamedgeneralserviceduringthesecondworldwarandalsoreferredtoasgsbywesternpacificrailroadwesternpacificforthosegsswhichweredivertedtothewpfromspsorderbythewarproductionboardgreenbrieronthechesapeakeandohiorailwaycojonthenorfolkandwesternrailwaynwfefontheunionpacificrailroadupniagaraonthenewyorkcentralrailroadnycnigaraontheferrocarrilesnacionalesdemxicondemandinbrazilpoconoonthedelawarelackawannaandwesternrailroadlackawannapotomaconthewesternmarylandrailwaywmwesternonthedenverandriograndewesternrailroadriograndewyomingonthelehighvalleyrailroadlvtherichmondfredericksburgandpotomacrailroadrfpgaveeachofitsthreeclassesaseparatenamethegeneralofthegovernorofandthestatesmanofdemisethebigwheeledwasathomeonheavypassengertrainsandquitecapableofspeedsoverbutfreightwasthebreadandbutteroftherailroadsandinthatservicethenorthernhadlimitationstheadhesiveweightonawaslimitedtoaboutoftheenginesweightnotincludingthedeadweightofthetenderhenrybowenthechiefmechanicalengineerofthecanadianpacificrailwaycprfromtorecognizedthisandaftertestingthefirsttwocprkanorthernsintroducedbyhispredecessorhedesignedaselkirktypeusingthesameboilertheresultingtaselkirklocomotivehadthesamenumberofaxlesasthenorthernbutthedrivingwheelswerereducedfromindiameterwhiletheadditionalpairofdrivingwheelsincreasedthetractiveeffortbyinalatervariantbowenaddedaboostertothetrailingtruckenablingthebigselkirktoexertnearlymoretractiveeffortthanthesimilarsizedkanorthernhoweverwhenitwasdemonstratedthatathreeunitemdfunitemdfdieselelectricconsistthatweighedalittlelessthanthetotalengineandtendermassofacprkanortherncouldproducenearlythreetimesitstractiveeffortevennewsuperpowersteamlocomotiveswereretiredasquicklyasfinanceallowedusageaustraliaatotaloflocomotivesoperatedinaustraliabuilttothreedistinctdesignsinthetengaugesouthaustralianrailwaysclassmountaintypesofwereequippedwithsteamboostersintheformofsmallauxiliarysteamenginestoincreasetheirpowerthisnecessitatedthereplacementoftheirtwowheeltrailingtruckswithfourwheelbogiestheboostercontributedanadditionaltothetractiveeffortandpermittedanincreaseinthelocomotivesloadacrossthemountloftyrangestotonsintheirnewconfigurationtheywerereclassifiedtobclassrefnameaustralianbnatrailmuseumorgauexhibitsnrmhtmlnationalrailwaymuseumportadelaidebclasssteamlocomotivenotombarrsmithretrievednovemberrefinthefirstoftwelvestreamlinedsouthaustralianrailwaysclasssteamlocomotiveclasslocomotivesweredeliveredfromtheislingtonworkshopsinadelaidealthoughtheywerelargelocomotivestheyweredesignedtorunonlightlyconstructedtrackwiththeenginesweightbeingspreadovereightaxlestheirdiametercoupledwheelswerespeciallybalancedforrunningrefnameaustraliannatrailmuseumorgauexhibitsnrmhtmlnationalrailwaymuseumportadelaideclasssteamlocomotivenoessingtonlewisretrievednovemberrefhheavyharrythevictorianrailwayshclasshclassthreecylinderofthevictorianrailwaysbuiltinwasdesignedforheavypassengerworkonthelinebetweenmelbourneandadelaidenicknamedheavyharryitwasthelargestandsecondmostpowerfulnonarticulatedsteamlocomotivebuiltinaustraliaafterthenswgrdandwasoneofthefourknownclassesofthreecylinderlocomotivesconstructionofthreelocomotivescommencedatthenewportworkshopsinandthreesetsofframesweremanufacturedalthoughworkwashaltedduetotheoutbreakofthesecondworldwarashortageofmotivepowercausedbyincreasedwartimetrafficresultedinauthorisationbeinggivenforthecompletionofclassleaderhthelocomotivewentintoserviceonfebruarybutremainedthesolememberoftheclasssincetheothertwopartlybuiltlocomotiveswerenevercompletedsincethenecessaryupgradestotheadelaidelinewasdeferredthehclassoperatedonlyonthelinebetweenmelbourneandalburyinnewsouthwalesrefnamedunnrefbraziltomeettheacutelocomotiveshortagesinbrazilafterthesecondworldwarscaleddownamericannigaralocomotiveswereorderedbythebraziliandepartamentonacionaldeestradasdeferrodneffromtheamericanlocomotivecompanyalcointheselocomotivesweresuppliedtotheaugustopestanapoliticiancongressmanfounderoftherailwaycompanyofriograndedosulandstatesecretaryviaofrreadoriograndedosulvfrgswhichthenpurchasedanotherfifteendirectlyfromalcointheyweredesignatedtheclassinandsomeofthemweresoldtoboliviathebaldwinlocomotiveworkssuppliedsimilarlocomotivestotheredemineiradeviaormvnototherededeviaoparansantacatarinarvpscnotoandthenoroestedobrasilnobnotoafterhisretirementfromthesocitnationaledescheminsdeferfranaissncfinfrancefrenchengineerandrchapelonwasappointedasthechiefdesigneroflocomotivesatthefrenchstateownedsalesconsortiumgroupementdexportationdelocomotivesensudamriquegelsainacontractwassignedbetweendnefandgelsafortheconstructionoflocomotiveswithaaxleloadtheorderalsoincludedberkshiresallninetylocomotivesweredeliveredbyjanuarytheclassfnigaralocomotiveswerebuiltbysocitdeconstructiondesbatignollesfrbatignolleschtillonbatignolleschtillontheyweretwocylindersimpleexpansionlocomotivesdesignedtoburnpoorqualitylocalcoalwithalowcalorificthermalvaluewithcoupledwheelsofdiameterandagrateareaoftheywerecoupledtobigtenderswhichacoalcapacityofthebelpairefireboxincludedacombustionchamberandtheboilerpressurewasahighonememberoftheclasswastestedonthereseaubretonlineinfrancebeforebeingshippedtobrazilthednefallocatedthelocomotivestofourofbrazilsstaterailwaysunderbrazilianrailwayconditionsthesemodernlocomotiveswerenotpopularwithlocalrailwaymenandwerenotusedasmuchashadbeenhopedtheirmaximumaxleloadofrestrictedtheirusefulnessasdidtheirlongtendersinsomeplacestherailwayturntableturntablesweretooshorttoturnthelocomotivesandtheyhadtobeturnedonwyerailtrianglesinadditionthebuildingspecificationshadcalledforalocomotivecapableofamaximumspeedofandtheabilitytonegotiatecurveswithaminimumrailwaycurveradiusminimumradiusofthislastpointprovedtobeasourceofcontentionwhenitwaslaterdiscoveredthatthecurvesinsomeplaceswereoflessthanradiusasaconsequencethelocomotiveswereinvolvedinanumberofderailmentsinthelatestheywererelegateddownfromfirstclasspassengertrainssomelocomotivesallocatedtosouthernbrazilwerealsotriedinboliviacanadasincethecanadianmainlinesweregenerallylaidwithrailcanadianwereheavyandweighedinwithaxleloadsuptowhenthecanadiannationalrailwaycnintroduceditsfirstinitusedthenameconfederationlocomotiveconfederationforthetypetocelebratethethanniversaryofthecanadianconfederationthecnemployedatotalofconfederationlocomotivesuaaltogetherfortylocomotivesweredeliveredintwentyclassuafromthecanadianlocomotivecompanyandtwentyclassubfromthemontreallocomotiveworksmlwanothertwentyclassuccamefrommlwinandanotherfiveclassudalsofrommlwinthecnuawasoneofthefewstreamlinedconfederationtypeswithfivelocomotivesbuiltbymlwandalsointroducedinuanonbspachievedfameinbyheadingtheroyaltrainandbeingexhibitedatthenewyorkworldsfairinthesameyearbetweenandatotalofninetymoreconfederationlocomotivesbuiltinfourbatcheswereaddedtothecnrosterrefnamenortherntypecnsteamlocomotivecomnorthernpagecnrgrandtrunkwesterncanadiannationalnortherntypelocomotivesrefthecanadianpacificrailwaycprexperimentedwiththewheelarrangementinwhentwokaclasslocomotiveswerebuiltinitscprangusshopsangusshopsinmontrealthefirstlocomotivestobebuiltwithaonepiececaststeelframeincanadahoweversincethecprmainlineswerebuilttohighstandardstherailwaypreferredtodevelopthehudsontypeforpassengerworksinceitgaveadequatepowerandwascheapertomaintainwhileatencoupledtypetheselkirkwasadoptedforheavydutyworkneverthelessalthoughthetwocprnorthernsremainedorphanstheyprovedtheirworthcontinuouslyforyearsonovernightpassengertrainsbetweenmontrealandtorontobeforetheirretirementintheywereconvertedtooilburnersandworkedfreighttrainsintheprairieprovincesrefnamenortherntypecpsteamlocomotivecomnorthernpagecpcanadianpacificnortherntypelocomotivesrefchileinthegermanbuilderhenschelsonsuppliedtengaugelocomotivestotheferrocarrilesdelestadostaterailwaysorfdeofchiledesignatedthetipotheywerecalledsupermontaassupermountainssincetheyfollowedthetipomountainthatwasintroducedsixyearsearliertheywereequippedwithmechanicalstokersandvanderbilttendersandweighedtonnesinworkingorderontesttheyproducedatacoalconsumptionofandawaterconsumptionofperkilometrethedesignwasnotrepeatedhoweverandthefdereturnedtothewheelarrangementwithitssubsequentacquisitionsthetipowasusedonthelinefromalmedatotalcauntilitwasreplacedbydieselsinoneofthemnoispreservedinthesantiagorailwaymuseumchinainthebeijinghankourailwayinchinaneedednewlocomotivesfortheirguangzhoutoshaoguanlinewheregradientsofaroundtwopercentcurveswithlessthanradiusandlowcapacitybridgesexistedtherequirementwasthereforeforalocomotivewithhightractiveeffortandalowaxleloadinandserieslocomotivesdesignedandbuiltintheunitedkingdombyvulcanfoundryweredeliveredtotherailwaythelocomotivesrepresentedasignificantimprovementoverpreviousdesignsandincorporatedamoreefficientetypesuperheaterandduplexsteamvalvetoallowbettersteamingwithoutenlargingtheboilerwhilethewheelarrangementallowedbetterweightdistributionwhenthechangshaguangzhourailwaywascompletedinoctoberthelocomotivesweretransferredtooperateoverthenorthernsectionbetweenhankouandchangshaonthisnewmainlinewhichconnectedguangzhouwithtianjinandbeijingpekingfollowingtheestablishmentofthechinapeoplesrepublicofchinathelocomotivesweredesignatedthechinarailwayskfclasssomeofthelocomotivessurvivedinserviceuntiltheearlysoneofthemnoispreservedatthenationalrailwaymuseumintheunitedkingdomfrancetheloneaprototypeofthesocitnationaledescheminsdeferfranaissncfwasoneofthefourknownclassesofthreecylinderlocomotivesitalsohadthedistinctionalongwithanexperimentalhighpressurelocomotiveofthenewyorkcentralrailroadintheunitedstatesofbeingoneofthetwocompounditwasrebuiltbyandrechapelonfromtheunsuccessfulthreecylindersimpleexpansionlocomotivenoofthecheminsdeferdeltatintoacompoundlocomotivethisremarkablelocomotiveachievedextraordinarypoweroutputsandefficiencyincoalandwaterconsumptionbutnofurtherexampleswerebuiltsincethesncffocusedonelectrictractionforitsfuturemotivepowerdevelopmenttheawasputthroughtrialsonmanytestrunswhichshowedthatthislocomotivewasequalinpoweroutputtotheexistingsncfelectriclocomotivesatthetimehereforthefirsttimeineuropewasasteamlocomotivewithaaxleloadwhichwasnotonlyatleastaspowerfulasthemostpowerfulexistinghighspeedelectriclocomotivebutwhichcouldrepeatedlyachieveitsmaximumpowerwithoutanymechanicaltroubledevelopingandwithofpeaktractiveeffortandofmeantractiveeffortnothingineuropecouldmatchitwhiletheawasbeingtestedelectricalengineersweredesigningthelocomotivesforthelinebetweenparisandlyonwhichwastobeelectrifiedanelectriclocomotivethatwastobeslightlymorepowerfulthanthesuccessfulparistoorlansdtypeelectriclocomotivewasbeingcontemplatedwhenthetestresultsoftheabecameknownhoweverthedesignwashurriedlychangedtoincorporatethemaximumcapacitypossiblewithaaxleloadresultingintheclasswithapoweroutputofmorethanmorethanthatoftheoriginaldesigntheperformancesofthefrmistraltrainmistralandotherheavypassengerexpresstrainswouldthereforenothavebeensooutstandingiftheahadnotexistedandandrechapelonthereforeindirectlyinfluencedfrenchelectriclocomotivedesigninadditiontheademonstratedthesuitabilityofthesauvagesmithsystemofcompoundingforfrenchconditionsandthedesignsforfuturefrenchsteamlocomotivesthatwerepreparedbutneverproducedweretomakeuseofthesauvagesmithcompoundingsysteminservicetheawasallocatedtothelemansdepotandbetweenandithauledexpresstrainsoverthebetweenlemansandbrestfrancebrestitdidnotremaininservicelonghoweverandwaswithdrawnandscrappedingermanyinthedeutschereichsbahnplacedtwoprototypethreecylinderdrbclassdhheavyexpresslocomotivesinservicebuiltbykruppinalongwiththeloneaofthesocitnationaledescheminsdeferfranaissncfandthelonevictorianrailwayshclassinaustraliaitwasoneofthefourknownclassesofthreecylinderlocomotivesduetotheoutbreakofthesecondworldwaronlythetwolocomotiveswereproducedwiththreecylinderslargediametercoupledwheelsahighboilerpressureandoftractiveefforttheywerecapableofamaximumspeedofandcouldhaulatonnetrainatmanypartssuchastheboilerwerestandardisedwiththatofthedrgclassheavyfreightlocomotivethestreamlinedclasstheonlygermanwasthebiggeststeamlocomotiveeverbuiltingermanythetwolocomotivesweresheddedinfrankfurtandwereplacedinserviceonthelinetoerfurtnowasbombedanddestroyedduringthehostilitiesandnosurviveduntilwhenitwasretiredandscrappedmexicointheferrocarrilesnacionalesdemxicondemplacedorderswithamericanlocomotivecompanyandbaldwinlocomotiveworksforsixtynigaralocomotivesforuseonitsprincipalexpresspassengerservicesonupgradedlinesbuttheorderwasreducedtoinfavourofdieselelectriclocomotivestheseqrclasslocomotiveswereusedmainlyonlinesnorthofmexicocityandwerenicknamedlamaquinaallweretakenoutofserviceinthelatesnosurvivesalthoughnotinoperatingconditionstoredonthedeadlineatthenewhopeandivylandrailroadinnewhopepennsylvanianewzealandnewzealandadoptedthenarrowgaugetominimiserailwayconstructioncostsandduetothemountainousterraintheloadinggaugewasrestrictedtoamaximumheightofandwidthofmakingitoneofthemostrestrictiveloadinggaugesintheworldwhilethisundoubtedlyreducedthecostofbuildingthetwohundredoddtunnelsontherailwaysystemitposedmajorproblemsforlocomotivedesignerswhichwereexacerbatedbyanaxleloadlimitofrefnamenzrthcenturytechhistoryconzthcenturysteamhtmthenineteenthcenturyheritagethesteamrailwaysrefafterthesovietunionandsouthafricathenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnzrhadthelargestfleetoflocomotivesoutsidenorthamericawithsimilarlocomotivesinthenzrkclasskclassnzrkaclassksupasupclassandnzrkbclassksupbsupclassthekclasswasdesignedbyrjgardtotherequirementsoflocomotivesuperintendentprangusandwasbuiltlocallyatthehuttworkshopsofthenzrthefirstlocomotivesweredeliveredduringthedepthsofthegreatdepressioninthegrateandcomparativelylargeboilerwasslunglowonanarrowframetokeepwithintheheightrestrictionsandwidthrestrictionswereadheredtowithslopedcabsidesandthemountingoftwosinglestageaircompressorsinfrontofthesmokeboxaftertheconstructionofthirtykclasslocomotivesthenzrdevelopedthedesigntostrengthentheframeandintroducedotherimprovementssuchasrollerbearingsonallaxlesandacfiaccessoirespourlescheminsdeferetlindustriefeedwaterheatersintroducedfromtheywerealsobuiltinnzrworkshopsmostofthemwithstreamlinedshroudingtocovertheexternalpipeworkoftheirfeedwaterheatersystemsthefirstlocomotivesweredesignatedksupasupclassandworkedonthenorthislandmainlineswiththeolderkclasslocomotivessixmorewerebuiltdesignatedksupbsupclassforserviceonthesteeplygradedmidlandlineonthesouthislandtheselocomotiveswereequippedwithtrailingtruckboosterswhichraisedtheirtractiveeffortbyonoccasiontheserecordedspeedsuptothestreamliningshroudsoftheksupasupandksupbsupclasseswereremovedinthelateswhentheacfifeedwaterheaterswerereplacedwithexhauststeaminjectorsthelastoftheselocomotiveswaswithdrawninduetodieselisationsevenhavebeenpreservedkclassnumbersandksupasupclassnumbersandandksupbsupclassnosouthafricabetweenandthesouthafricanrailwayssarplacedfiftysouthafricanclassncclassncnorthernlocomotivesinservicedesignedunderthedirectionofchiefmechanicalengineerlcgrubbelevenoftheselocomotiveswerebuiltbynorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblandbyhenschelsontheyweretendedbysouthafricantypeewtendertypeewtenderswhichrodeonsixwheeledbogiestwoversionsofthesamelocomotivewerebuilttheclassncbeingthenoncondensingversionhencethencsuffixtotheclassnumberrefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefninetysouthafricanclassclasscondensinglocomotiveswereintroducedsimultaneouslyacquiredasameanstodealwiththeshortageofadequatesuppliesofsuitablelocomotivewaterinthearidkaroothedesignworkontheenginescondensingapparatusandtheenormouscondensingtenderwascarriedoutbyhenschelwhobuiltonelocomotivecompletewithtenderaswellassixtyofthecondensingtenderstowhichtheyheldthepatenttheothercondensinglocomotivesandthirtytenderswerebuiltbynblthesouthafricantypecztendertypeczcondensingtenderswereslightlylongerthantheirenginesonethirdofthetotallengthofthetenderwastakenupbythewatertankandcoalbunkerwhiletherestwastakenupbyeightlargeradiatorsoneachsidecooledbyfivesteamdrivenroofmountedfansrollerbearingswereusedthroughoutonalltheselocomotivesincludingthecouplingandconnectingrodsthecrossheadgudgeonpinsaswellasthethreeaxlebogiesofboththestandardandcondensingtenderstheleadingbogiesandcoupledwheelshadcannontypeaxleboxesthecylindersandframeswerecastinonepiecewhilethesteelcylindersandsteamchestswerefittedwithcastironlinersthetenderframesofbothlocomotivetypeswerealsoonepiecesteelwaterbottomcastingssincetheywereentirelymountedonrollerbearingsverylittleeffortwasrequiredtomovethesebiglocomotivesonthecondensinglocomotivesspentsteamwasrecycledandcondensedbacktowaterforrepeatedusesincethesteamwasnotexpelledupthechimneythesmokeboxcontainedasteamturbinedrivenfanbeneaththechimneytokeepthedraughtgoingvisualevidenceofthisalteredandslightlylongersmokeboxisthelocomotivesbanjofacesmokeboxfrontthecondensingsystemprovedextremelyefficientandreducedwaterconsumptionbyasmuchasbyusingthesamewateruptoeighttimesoverwhichgavetheclassarangeofbetweenwaterrefillsinadditionthehotcondensatefeedwaterresultedinsignificantlyreducedcoalconsumptionhowevertheclasswasacomplexlocomotivethatrequiredhighmaintenanceespeciallyontheturbineblowerfansinthesmokeboxwhosebladesneededtobereplacedfrequentlyduetodamagebysolidparticlesintheexhausttheequallycomplexcondensingtenderalsorequiredfrequentmaintenancebetweenandpartlymotivatedbythespreadofelectricanddieselelectrictractionallbutthreeofthelocomotiveswereconvertedtofreeexhaustingandnoncondensinglocomotivesandreclassifiedtoclassncintheprocesstheircondensingtenderswerealsorebuilttoordinarycoalandwatertendersbyremovingthecondensingradiatorsandrooffansandreplacingitwithamassiveroundtoppedwatertanksincethetenderswerebuiltonsinglecaststeelmainframesitwasimpracticaltoattempttoshortenthemlocomotiveswiththeserebuiltsouthafricantypeewtendertypeewtendersweresoonnicknamedworshondsausagedogordachshundrefnamedurrantrefthesouthafricanclassclasspopularlyknownasthereddevilwasrebuiltfromhenschelbuiltclassncnobymechanicalengineerdavidwardaletherebuildingtookplaceatthesaltrivershopsofthesarincapetownandwasbasedontheprinciplesdevelopedbyargentinianmechanicalengineerliviodanteportatheprimaryobjectivesofthemodificationsweretoimprovethecombustionandsteamingratetoreducetheemissionofwastefulblacksmokeandtoovercometheproblemofclinkeringthiswasachievedbytheuseofagasproducercombustionsystemgpcswhichreliesonthegasificationofcoalonalowtemperaturefirebedsothatthegasesarethenfullyburntabovethefirebedthegpcsminimisestheamountofairbeingdrawnupthroughthefirebedthemainsourceofairrequiredforcombustionbeingthroughancillaryairintakeslocatedonthefireboxsidesabovethefirebedrefnameultimatesteamtrainweborgtuspwardalehtmltheultimatesteampagerefrefnamerooinekmartynbanecoukmodernsteamdwrooinekrooinekhtmlsouthafricasreddevilrefrefnamegpcstrainweborgtuspfireboxhtmlgasproducercombustionsystemgpcsrefthemodifiedlocomotivebecametheonlyclasscomparedtoanunmodifiedclassncthereddevilachievedameasuredsavingoncoalandameasuredsavingonwatermeasuredduringfreightserviceandaincreaseindrawbarpowerbasedonthemaximumrecordeddrawbarpoweritsapproximatemaximumrangeinfullloadfreightserviceontogradeswasbasedonitscoalcapacityandbasedonitswatercapacitythemaximumrecordedfreightloadhauledrelativetogradientwasongradesanditcouldhaulapassengertrainataconstantspeedofongradesthereddevilsgreatpowerhoweveralsoturnedouttobeitsoneweaknesstheclassnchadalreadyproventobeontheslipperysideandthemuchmorepowerfulclasswithessentiallystillthesamedimensionsastheclassncwasevenworseitwasapoorperformeratstartingoratlowspeedsonsteepgradientssovietunionoutsidenorthamericathelargestfleetoflocomotiveswastheclasspofthesovetskiezheleznyedorogiszhdorsovietrailwaysofwhichwerebuiltbythekolomnalocomotiveworksbetweenandasthelastsovietstandardclasssteamlocomotivetheclasspsharedsomecommoncomponentsanddesignattributeswithearlierstandardsovietdesignssuchasthelclassdecapodtypeandlvclasssantafetypeaswellassomecommonattributeswiththepclassmalletandpclassyellowstonetypemalletforexamplethepandlvclassessharedthesamefeedwaterheatermadebythebryanskmachinefactoryapartfromatriooffullystreamlinedbaltictypelocomotivestheyweretheonlysemistreamlinedsteamlocomotivesbuiltinrussiatherussianlocomotiveclasspclasspwasoneofthebestpassengersteamlocomotiveclassesbuiltinthesovietuniontheyhadboilerswithofheatingsurfacethathadaworkingboilerpressureofrussiandesignedrollerbearingswerefittedthroughoutandtheboilersweredesignedtoprovideacontinuoussteamingcapacityofperofheatingsurfaceintheboilerwithitscylinderenginecylindersanddiametercoupledwheelsitcouldeasilyattainspeedsuptowithpassengertrainsofuptotheclasspfirstappearedontheoktyabrskayarailwayoctoberrailwaytohaulprincipalexpresstrainsbetweenmoscowandsaintpetersburgleningradbuttheydidnotremainonthismainlinelongdieselstookoverafteronlyafewyearsandthepclasslocomotivesweretransferredtootherlinesanddepotssuchasthemoscowkurskandmoscowryazanlineskalininrussiakalininkrasnoyarskbelarusianrailwaymelitopoldepotkuibyshevandalexandrovtownalexandrovdepotlaterwhenelectrificationanddieselisationexpandedmanyoftheclassplocomotivesweretransferredtoworkonthelvivrussianfareastfareasteasternsiberiaandtransbaikalrailwaysthelastwaswithdrawnfromregularscheduledexpresspassengertrainserviceinallwerestagedinfullworkingorderandkeptinreservefortimesofextraordinarydemandatcertainintervalsthelocomotivesweretakenoutfromstagingsteamedupandputtoworktohaultrainstotesttheconditionofthelocomotivesinthelatesthesestrategicreservesoflocomotivesweredisbandedandtheclassplocomotivesweredistributedtomuseumsandforpreservationsomethathadnotseenregularuseformorethanfifteenyearsandwereintheworstmechanicalconditionwerescrappeditwasfoundthattherollerbearingssufferedmostbystandingunusedwhenthecomputerisednewclassnumberswereintroducedbytherussianministryofrailwaystheclasspweredesignatedclasstointhesafterthecollapseofthesovietunionanumberweresoldtoprivatetrainoperatorsspainthefclassexpresspassengerlocomotivesweredesignedbytherednacionaldelosferrocarrilesespaolesrenfeinandwereremarkablywellproportioneddevelopedfromaprecedingmountaintypetheyhadimprovedsteampassagesanddevelopedtopercentmorepoweratmediumcutoffsandhighspeedtenoftheselocomotiveswerebuiltbylamaquinistaterrestreymaritimasainbarcelonatoburnfueloiltheyhadwittetypesmokedeflectorsandwerefittedwithadoublekylchapkylchapkyllchapelonblastpipeaworthingtonfeedwaterheaterandatraitementintegralarmandtiawatersofteningdevicetoincreasethecomfortofthelocomotivecrewthecabshadwoodenfloorsmountedonspringsandtheseatsofthedriverandfiremanwerealsosprungaverywelcomeimprovementforlongrunsonpoortrackstheselocomotiveswerepaintedinagreenliverywhenturnedoutfromthebuildersworksatbarcelonaandwereconsequentlynicknamedlosverdesthegreensthefclasswasthefastestspanishsteamlocomotivewhentestedonthelinefrombarcelonatotarragonaacrossofpracticallylevelandstraightlinebetweenvilanovailageltrandsanvincenteaspeedexceedingwassustainedtwicefirstwithatrainoftonsandthenwithatrainoftonshighcapacityteststookplacebetweenmadridandvilaspainvilawhenatrainweighingtonsincludingadynamometercarwashauledatsustainedspeedsofupagradientofinupagradientofinandupagradientofinthegrosshorsepowerfiguresrecordedwiththedynamometercarwereandrespectivelythecalculatedhorsepowerontherailbeingandthelatteroutputtranslatestoaboutwiththeselocomotivestherewassomeconcernaboutwatersupplythecapacityofthetenderwaslimitedatonlyandwithfewwateringpointsinservicethefullcapacityofthelocomotivewasnotalwaysusedforfearofrunningshortofthisessentialcommodityinthesemiaridspanishlandscapeforexampleforthestretchbetweenmedinadelcampoandburgosthatriseswithanuphillstartthreeintermediatestopsoneslackandsomeshuntingmovementstocoupleextracoachestothetraintheamountofwaterconsumedwasaboutalltenlocomotiveswereallocatedtothemirandadeebroshedtohaulprincipalheavyexpresstrainsinthestheywereafamiliarsightattheheadofthepremierexpresstrainsbutintheyweretransferredentirelytosemifastpassengertrainsandeventothehaulageofheavyseasonalfruittrainsbetweencastejnnavarrecastejnandalsasuaaltsasualsasuafromoctobertojanuaryonelocomotivenofispreservedattherailwaymuseummadridmadridrailwaymuseumunitedstatesofamericatheamericanwasaheavylocomotivewithnearlyallexamplesintheunitedstateshavingaxleloadsofmorethanonrailroadswithrailofaxleloadsofmorethanwerepermittedexceptionallyheavynorthernswerethereforeintroducedontheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwayatchisontopekaandsantafesantafechicagoandnorthwesterntransportationcompanychicagoandnorthwesterncnwchesapeakeandohiorailwaychesapeakeandohiocochicagomilwaukeestpaulandpacificrailroadmilwaukeeroadnorthernpacificrailwaynorthernpacificnpnorfolkandwesternrailwaynorfolkandwesternnwspokaneportlandandseattlerailwayspokaneportlandandseattlespsandwesternmarylandrailwaywesternmarylandwmrailroadsthepreservedspokaneportlandandseattlespsnoisasurvivingexampleofthethreespsclassespslocomotiveswhichhadtheheaviestaxleloadofallatthelightestnorthernsintheunitedstateswerethesixhclasslocomotivesofthetoledopeoriaandwesternrailwaytoledopeoriaandwesterntpwwithanaxleloadofrefnamenortherntypespssteamlocomotivecomnorthernpagespsspokaneportlandseattlenortherntypelocomotivesrefrefnamenortherntypetpwsteamlocomotivecomnorthernpagetpwtoledopeoriawesternnortherntypelocomotivesrefsomenorthernswereusedonexceptionallylongrunsthesantafenorthernswererosteredtohaulthechiefandfastmailtrainsbetweenlajuntacoloradoandlosangelesacrossandalsohandledthegrandcanyonlimitedbetweenlosangelesandwellingtonkansasacrossfromtheyranthroughfromlosangelestokansascitymetropolitanareakansascityviathebelencutoffandamarillotexasadistanceofsettinganewrecordforthroughsteamlocomotiverostersrefnamevernonlvernonlsmiththecasefortheamericansteamlocomotivetrainsmagazineaugustreftheniagarasofthenewyorkcentralrailroadnycalsoaccomplishedlongrunsonnewyorkcitynewyorktochicagopassengertrainsincludingthechicagoanandthecommodorevanderbiltrefnamenortherntypenycsteamlocomotivecomnorthernpagenycnewyorkcentralnortherntypelocomotivesrefnorthernpacifichauledthenorthcoastlimitedacrossfromstpaulminnesotatolivingstonmontanarefnamenortherntypenpsteamlocomotivecomnorthernpagenpnorthernpacificnortherntypelocomotivesrefseveraloftheearlierlocomotivemodelsweremodifiedorrebuiltduringtheirservicelivessantafedevelopedtheirnorthernsforyearsandnamedtheclassesbasedonthenumberofthefirstlocomotiveintheclassthefourteensantafeclasslocomotivesthatwereintroducedinandwereofconservativedesignwithdiameterdrivingwheelsandaboilerpressureofintheselocomotiveswererebuiltwithmoremodernfeaturesincludingnewdiameterboxpokdrivingwheelsincreasedsizesteampassagestoandfromthecylinderstheboilerpressureraisedtoandrollerbearingsonallengineaxlesthisgavethemamaximumdrawbarpowerofatenginenowasequippedwithfranklinrotarycampoppetvalvegearandachievedtheverylowsteamrateofnbsplbperindicatedhorsepowerhournbspmgjtheselocomotiveswerepermittedtorunatbuttheywereallegedtohaveexceededseveraltimestheheavyclasshnorthernsofthechicagoandnorthwesternrailroadwererebuiltinwithlightweightrodsboxpokdrivingwheelsandrollerbearingsonallaxlesandtheboilerpressurewasraisedfromsomeyearslaterofthemunderwentanotherrebuildwhichincludednewnickelsteelframesnewcylinderspilotbeamsandairreservoirsnewfireboxesandotherminorimprovementsthesewerereclassifiedasclasshrefnamenortherntypecnwsteamlocomotivecomnorthernpagecnwchicagonorthwesternnortherntypelocomotivesrefsomenorthernlocomotiveswerealsorebuiltfromolderenginesbetweenandthereadingcompanyreadingrailroadrebuiltthirtyoftheirheavyiclassconsolidationstoboosterfittednorthernlocomotiveswithdiameterdrivingwheelsanadditionalringwasaddedatthesmokeboxendoftheboilerwhichincreasedthelengthoftheboilertubesfromtoandalargersmokeboxwasinstalledwhichincreasedthedistancebetweenthetubeplateandthechimneycentrelinefromtosteampressurewasraisedfromfoursyphonswerefittedthreeinthefireboxproperandoneinthecombustionchamberatwelvewheeledtenderwasattachedweighingtonsinworkingorderwithacapacityoftonsofcoalandofwateranewcaststeelframewasusedwiththecylinderscastintegralandrollerbearingsonallaxlestheywerereclassifiedtotandnumberedtotwooftheselocomotivespreservedforhaulingspecialtrainswerestillinuseinrefnamenortherntypereadingsteamlocomotivecomnorthernpageprphiladelphiareadingnortherntypelocomotivesrefthenorthernswereworkhorsesthatwentwithoutmuchpublicrecognitionwithafewexceptionsthesouthernpacificclassgsclassgsgoldenstatelocomotivesofsouthernpacificspofwhichwerebuiltbylimalocomotiveworksinandweresemistreamlinedandweregivenastrikingliverywithabroadorangevalenceoverthewheelsbelowanarrowredbandthatcamehalfwayupthecabwindowsthelocomotivesheadedthecoastdaylightspcoastdaylighttrainontherailroadscoastlineupcoastlinebetweenlosangelesandsanfranciscothetelevisionprogramadventuresofsupermantvseriestheadventuresofsupermanwasintroducedwithashotofanspgsastheannouncerdeclaredthatsupermanwasmorepowerfulthanalocomotiveoneofthemsouthernpacificgsnohasbeenrestoredandisinoperatingconditionrefnamenortherntypespsteamlocomotivecomnorthernpagespsouthernpacificnortherntypelocomotivesrefevenafterthedemiseofsteamthenortherntypehasbeeninthespotlightofpublicityandalongwithunionpacificunionpacificnooftheunionpacificfefserieshavebeenthefavouredtypetoprovidemainlineexcursionsintheunitedstatesthelatteristheonlysteamlocomotiveofaclassirailroadnevertohavebeenretiredrefnameamericanrailsamericanrailscomhtmlamericanrailscomthenortherntypeaccessedonnovemberrefnorthamericanproductionlistmostnorthamericanswerebuiltbyalcolimaandthebaldwinlocomotiveworkswhilecanadiannationalrailwaysfleetwasbuiltbymontreallocomotiveworksonlythecanadianpacificrailwaythenorfolkandwesternrailwaythestlouissouthwesternrailwaycottonbeltandthereadingcompanyreadingrailroadbuilttheirownrefnamesteamlocomotivecomrefthenortherntypewasusedbyrailroadsintheamericasincludingrailroadsintheunitedstatesthreeincanadaoneinmexicoandtwoinbrazilinalltherewerefewerthanlocomotivesofthistypeinnorthamericacomparedtotheapproximatelymountaintypesandpacifictypesbyfarthelargestfleetwasownedbythecnanditssubsidiarythegrandtrunkwesternrailroadwithaltogetherlocomotivesclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstylemarginemautotextaligncenternorthamericanlocomotiveoperatorsstylebackgroundsilverrailroadbrquantitynicknameclassroadnumbersbuilderbuildyearnotesrowspannorthernpacificrailwaynorthernsaamericanlocomotivecompanyalcoaalcoextimkenscrappedbutspsiswellknownforlookingveryidenticaltotheclassabaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinscrappedbutspsiswellknownforlookingveryidenticaltotheclassabaldwinscrappedbutspsiswellknownforlookingveryidenticaltotheclassabaldwinscrappedbutspsiswellknownforlookingveryidenticaltotheclassabaldwinscrappedbutspsiswellknownforlookingveryidenticaltotheclassrowspanatchisontopekaandsantaferailwaybrnorthernsbaldwinisusedasanexcursionlocobaldwinbaldwinbaldwinrowspancanadiannationalrailwaysconfederationsuacanadianlocomotivecompanyclcubmontreallocomotiveworksmlwucmlwudmlwuemlwufclcugmlwuhmlwuamlwstreamlinedrowspancanadiannationalsubsidiarygrandtrunkwesternrailroadgrandtrunkwesternbrconfederationsuaalcoubalcoublimalocomotiveworkslimastreamlinedrowspandelawarelackawannaandwesternrailroadbrpoconosqalcoqalcoqalcoqalcocanadianpacificrailwaybrnorthernskaangusshopscpanguschicagoandnorthwesternrailwaynorthernshbaldwinrebuilttohrowspanchicagorockislandandpacificrailroadbrnorthernsralcoralcorowspandenverandriograndewesternrailroadbrwesternsmbaldwinmbaldwinrowspangreatnorthernrailwayusgreatnorthernrailwaybrnorthernssbaldwinsbaldwinrowspanchicagoburlingtonandquincyrailroadbrnorthernsobaldwinoacbqrowspanmilwaukeeroadbrnorthernssbaldwinrenumberedinsmilwsbaldwinsalconousedasanexcursionlocomotiverowspannashvillechattanoogaandstlouisrailwaybrdixiesjalcojalconounderrestorationbythenashvillesteampreservationsocietyincentennialparkinnashvilletennesseeandtheonlysurvivingthatworkedfornashvillechattanoogaandstlouisrailroadrowspanstlouissouthwesternrailwayakacottonbeltroutebrnorthernslblwlsswstlouissouthwesternistheyoungestandonlysurvivingclasslnorthernandunderrestorationatthearkansasrailroadmuseuminpinebluffarkansasrowspansouthernpacificbrgoldenstatesorgeneralservicesouthernpacificclassgsgsbaldwinsouthernpacificclassgsgslimasouthernpacificclassgsgslimasouthernpacificclassgsgslimasouthernpacificistheonlysurvivinggsandisusedasanexcursionlocosouthernpacificclassgsgslimasouthernpacificclassgsgslimasouthernpacificistheoldestandonlysurvivinggsandthelastgsclassbuilttodaydisplayedatthemuseumoftransportationinkirkwoodnexttostlouismissourisouthernpacificsubsidiarytexasandneworleansrailroadbrgoldenstatessouthernpacificclassgsgsbaldwintimkenrollerbearingcompanydemonstratoratimkenalcotonpclassawabashrailroadbrnorthernsobaldwinrowspanlehighvalleyrailroadbrwyomingstabaldwintaalcotbalcotbaldwinrowspannewyorkcentralrailroadbrniagarashsaalcosaalcosbalcosaalcorowspanchesapeakeandohiorailwaybrgreenbriersjlimajalimanoisthelastcommerciallybuiltpassengersteamlocomotiveintheusiscurrentlytheworldsmostadvancedsteamlocomotiveitisnowatthegreenbrierhotelawaitingserviceforthegreenbrierpresidentialexpressontarionorthlandrailwaynorthernsclcatlanticcoastlinerailroadsrbaldwinrowspanrichmondfredericksburgandpotomacrailroadnamesbyclassbelowgeneralsbaldwingovernorsbaldwinstatesmenbaldwintoledopeoriaandwesternrailwaynorthernshalcorowspanunionpacificrailroadbrnorthernsorfoureightfoursfefsfefalcofefalcofefalcounionpacificistheoldestoperatingsteamengineonaclassonerailroadandisusedasanexcursionlocomotivewisconsincentralrailwaywisconsincentralrailwaynorthernsolimaspokaneportlandandseattlerailwaybrnorthernsspsclasseeblwnpaclassspokaneportlandandseattlesurvivesandisusedasanexcursionlocorowspanmissouripacificrailroadnorthernsmpbaldwinnorfolkandwesternrailwayjsjroanokeshopsnwnorfolkwesternhasbeenrestoredandreturnedtorevenueserviceforexcursionsinthesummerofrefnamencfireuprefrefnamevafireuprefcentralofgeorgiarailwaybigapplesklimadelawareandhudsonrailroadnorthernskalcostlouissanfranciscorailwaynorthernsbaldwinwesternpacificrailroadbrnorthernsgslimasouthernpacificclassgsspgsreadingcompanyreadingrailroadbrnorthernstreadingconvertedfromclassialocomotivesferrocarrilesnacionalesdemxicobrnigarasqralcobrbaldwinwesternmarylandrailwaypotomacsjbaldwinpreservationbycountryinmanycountriesthewasalatedevelopmentofthesteamlocomotiveclosetothetimeofsteamsdemisemanymorewerethereforepreservedthanofotherolderwheelarrangementseitherplinthedorinmuseumswithseveralbeingkeptinrunningconditionsomeofthemorenotablepreservednorthernsworldwidearelistedherebycountryoforiginaustraliasouthaustralianrailwaysinstaticpreservationatthenationalrailwaymuseumportadelaidesouthaustralianrailwaysrestoredtoserviceinoperatingthesteamrangertouristrailwaybetweenmountbarkersouthaustraliamountbarkerandvictorharboratthetimesouthaustralianrailwaysinstaticpreservationatthenationalrailwaymuseumportadelaidevictorianrailwayshclasshnbspinstaticpreservationattheaustralianrailwayhistoricalsocietymuseuminnewportvictoriathislocomotiveistheonlysurvivingthreecylinderexampleofacanadacanadiannationalrailwayscnonstaticdisplayatthecanadianrailwaymuseumindelsonquebeccnonstaticdisplayindowntownguelphontariocncanadiansciencetechnologymuseumottawaontariocanadiannationalrailwayscncanadiannationalonstaticdisplayindowntowntorontoontarioatthetorontorailwayheritagecentrecnforterierailroadmuseumforterieontariousedbythecnonexcursionsinthesandscncanadiansciencetechnologymuseumottawaontariocpcanadiansciencetechnologymuseumottawaontariocpondisplayatevrazformerlyipscosteelreginasaskatchewangtwondisplayattheillinoisrailwaymuseuminunionillinoisgrandtrunkwesterngtwrestoredinbytheohiocentralrailroadownedbyageofsteamroundhousesugarcreekohiocurrentlythelocomotiveisinneedofvalveandrunninggearworkchinaclasskfdisplayedatthechinarailwaymuseumbeijingclasskfdisplayedatthenationalrailwaymuseumyorkukmexicorefnamemexicanpreservedsteamlocomotivecomlistssearchdbphpclassqrcountrymexsurvivingsteamlocomotivesinmexicorefndemguadalajarajaliscondemretiredinacquiredbythegreatnortheasternrailroadfoundationanddisplayedatthealtamontnewyorkfairgroundsuntilonleasetothenewhopeandivylandrailroadndemzacatecaszacatecasndemhuehuetocamexicondempachucahidalgondempueblapueblandemaguascalientesaguascalientesndemleonguanajuatondemmexicocityndemmonterreynuev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sengerservicebetweenstlouistulsaandoklahomacitycosmeticallyrestoredandrelocatedtoroutestationparkintulsaokinstlouissanfranciscorailwaybuiltinranovernightpassengerserviceasthefriscometeortrainmeteorbetweenstlouistulsaandoklahomacitydonatedtothedallasmuseumoftheamericanrailroadinseptemberstlouissanfranciscorailwaymissouristatefairgroundssedaliamissouristlouissanfranciscorailwaygrantbeachparkspringfieldmissourispokaneportlandandseattlerestoredinbytheoregonrailheritagefoundationandisoperatedinexcursionservicenoisstoredattheoregonrailheritagecenterinportlandoregonalongwithspsouthernpacificstillinoperationservedasthelocomotivefortheamericanfreedomtrainbicentennialamericanfreedomtrainstoredattheoregonrailheritagecenterinportlandoregonalongwithspssouthernpacificonstaticdisplayatthemuseumoftransportationinstlouismissourithiswasthelaststeamlocomotiveusedinrevenueservicebyspunionpacificrockislanddepotmuseumcouncilbluffsiowaunionpacificutahstaterailroadmuseumogdenutahunionpacificunionpacificrailroadcheyennewyomingunionpacificthelaststeamlocomotivebuiltforunionpacificrailroadpartofupheritagefleetoftenusedforrunninginexcursionserviceandonoccasionrevenueserviceneverretiredlongestcontinuouslyoperatingsteamlocomotiveonaclassrailroadkeptatcheyennewyomingwhennotonexcursionreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofoneleadingwheelandfivelargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimageprrisjpgaltcaptionpennsylvaniarailroadclassprristhemostsuccessfulclassofsuchlocomotivesinnorthamericanotethefireboxplacedabovethereardriversequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyefrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoftwoleadingwheelsononeaxletenpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonfiveaxlesandnotrailingwheelsthisarrangementwasoftennameddecapodespeciallyintheunitedstatesalthoughthisnamewassometimesappliedtolocomotivesoftencoupledarrangementparticularlyintheunitedkingdomnotablegermanlocomotivesofthistypeincludethewarlocomotivesofclasstheselocomotiveswerepopularineuropeparticularlyingermanyandinrussiaunitedkingdombritishuseofthetypewasconfinedtotheperiodduringandafterworldwariiintheunitedstatesthewasnotwidelypopularbutwasafavoriteofasmallnumberofrailroadswhichoperatedmostlyinmountainousterrainamongthesewastheerierailroadamajorchicagotonewyorktrunklinerailroadthesmainadvantagewasthatfiveoutofsixofitsaxleswerepoweredmeaningalmostalltheadhesiveweightweightwasavailablefortractionratherthanbeingdistributedoverpilotandtrailingwheelsthelongrigidwheelbasecausedproblemsontightlycurvedtracksodrivingwheelblinddriverswerethenormeitheronthecentralaxleandoronthesecondandorfourthaxlesoftenlateralmotiondeviceswereattachedtotheleadingdriveaxlethewheelarrangementsdisadvantagesincludedthefireboxsteamenginefireboxsizerestrictioncausedbythelackoftrailingwheelthismeantthefireboxwasfittedinbetweenthewheelscommononearlierlocomotivesandwaslongandnarroworifmountedabovethedrivingwheelswaswideandlongbutshallowmanylocomotiveschosethelatteroptionafireboxmountedoverthedriversalsorestrictedthediameterofthedrivingwheelswhichinturnlimitedspeedaswiththeconsolidationchoppingatspeedensuredaroughrideforthecrewduetoinstabilitycausedbythewheelarrangementinfactbackinganylocomotivewithoutatrailingaxlewasrestrictedtoundertwentymilesperhourorlessmostswerenotoperatedatspeedsgreaterthannbspmphnbspkmhthetypeoperatedasfreightenginealthoughlocomotivesingermanyandtheunitedkingdomprovedcapableofhaulingtrainpassengertrainsunitedstatesimagepennsylvaniarailroadsteamlocomotivejpgthumbrightpxpennsylvaniarailroadislocomotivethefirstdecapodswerebuiltforthelehighvalleyrailroadinthelatestheyprovedtooroughonthetrackbecauseoftheirlongcoupledwheelbasenomorefollowedforyearsuntilthenorthernpacificrailwayboughttwoforuseontheswitchbacksoverstampedepasswhilethetunnelwasbeingbuiltinlowspeedservicewherehightractiveeffortwascriticalthesedecapodsweresuccessfulsmallnumbersofotherdecapodswerebuiltoverthenexttwentyyearsmostlyforserviceinsteeplygradeslopegradedmountainousareaswherepoweratlowspeedswastherequirementthetypedidnotproveaspopularasthesuccessfulconsolidationtypeamongdecapoduserswastheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwaytheengineswerecompoundlocomotivetandemcompoundsbuttheirongoingreversinglimitationsbecamethegenesisofthewheelarrangementimageseaboardjpgthumbrightpxseaboardairlineoneofoverundeliveredclassyerussiandecapodsitresidesatthenorthcarolinatransportationmuseumnotethesmallerboilerdiametercomparedtotheisabovethefirstboostinthenumberofdecapodsoccurredwhenrussianempireimperialrussiaorderedapproximatelydecapodsfromamericanbuildersduringworldwariwhentheoctoberrevolutionbolshevikrevolutionoccurredinhadalreadybeendeliveredthesestrandedlocomotiveswereadoptedbytheunitedstatesrailroadadministrationusrathebodycreatedbythegovernmenttooverseeandcontroltherailroadsduringthewarconvertedtoamericanstandardsandputtouseonamericanrailroadssmallandlightfootedtheserussiandecapodsprovedpopularwithsmallerrailroadsandmanyofthemremainedinservicelongaftertheusrascontroloftherailroadsceasedmanyindeedlasteduntiltheendofsteamonthoserailroadsimageboilergapjpgthumbleftpxthesameclassyerussiandecapodshowingthelargegapbetweentheboileranddriverstypicaloflocomotivesdesignedforrussiaswengelsuggestedthearrangementwasobsoletebywhenthepennsylvaniarailroadprrcommencedanexperimentwithalocomotiveatitsjuniataplantmostcoupledenginesconstructedforusrailroadsduringworldwarwereoftheusraarrangementbuttheprrcommittedtoofthesswengelarguedthiscommitmenttothenicknameddekswascontroversialeveninandwasmoresoinwhentheprrplacedadditionalorderstheprrwassoonthebiggestuserofdecapodsintheunitedstatesthetypewasideallysuitedtothepennsysheavilygradedalleghenymountainsrouteswhichrequiredluggingabilityaccordingtotractiveeffortnotspeedaccordingtohorsepowertheprrboughtsincludingbuiltatitsownshopsinoneofthelargestlocomotiveordersevertherestcamefromthebaldwinlocomotiveworkstheprrsweighedanddevelopedaboutoftractiveeffortwithanaxleloadingofovertheenginessteamedatandhadarelativelylargesuperheaterthegrateareaofaboutwasonthesmallsidebutamechanicalstokerpartlycompensatedforthisrefnameswengelnopageswengelreftheprrdecapodclassprrisiswasunliketherussiandecapoditwashugetakingadvantageoftheprrsheavytrackageandhighaxleloadingwithafatfreesteamingboilerthatearnedthetypethenicknameofhipposontheprrtwogiantcylindersxnbspinchgavetheispowerandtheirtenderspermittedhardandlongworkingsbetweenstopstheywereunpopularwiththecrewsfortheywerehardridingasmallnumberofotherdecapodswereorderedbyotherrailroadsthosebuiltforthewesternmarylandrailwaywerethelargesteverbuiltatalmostweightbaldwindevelopedtwostandardsforrailroadswithlowaxleloadrequirementsrefnamedrurysteamkingewjrindruryprefthirteendecapodlocomotivessurviveintheusaincludingtwobaldwinstandardssixrussiandecapodsandoneprritwogreatwesterndecapodgreatwesternabaldwindecapodatthestrasburgrailroadandfriscoarussiandecapodattheillinoisrailwaymuseumareoperationalonedecapodsurvivesasastaticexhibitatthenorthcarolinatransportationmuseuminspencernorthcarolinaseaboardairlinepreserveddecapodaintheunitesstatesincludeisondisplayatthenorthcarolinatransportationmuseumspencerncisondisplayatmissileparkinaltusokisondisplayatthenationalmuseumoftransportationstlouismoisondisplayatthemuseumoftheamericanrailroadfriscotxisoperatedbytheillinoisrailwaymuseumunioniliscurrentlybeingrestoredbythebeltongrandviewkansascityrailroadbeltonohgermanyimagelocomotivebrjpgthumbpxabrthearrangementwasaverypopularoneingermanythefirstwerebuiltbytheindividualstaterailwaysfromtoandtheselaterbecamethedeutschereichsbahndrgprussiangbrthedrgthenproducedanumberofstandardclassesofstheheavycylinderdrgclassbrbuiltthetwocylinderversiondrgclassbrbuiltandthelightweightdrbclassbrbuiltduringwartimethebrandbrdesignsweresimplifiedaskbergangskriegslokomotivenorinterimwarlocomotivesbyitwasclearthateventheseweretoocomplicatedexpensivetimeconsumingtobuildandusedtoomuchmaterialinshortsupplysonewkriegslokomotivewarlocomotivedesignsweredevelopedthelightweightdrbclassbrbuiltandtheintermediateweightdrgclassbrbuiltpostwarlocomotivesofthesetypesparticularlythebrwerespreadallovereuropeandweretakenintoservicebytherailwaysofmanydifferentcountriesbrinfrancesncfsncfxxbrinbelgiumnationalrailwaycompanyofbelgiumnmbssncbclassindenmarkdsbrailwaycompanydsbclassnbrinaustriaaustrianfederalrailwaysbbclassinbelgiumnmbssncbclassinnorwaynorwegianstaterailwaysnsbclassunitedkingdomlocomotiveswithtendrivingwheelswererareinbritishrailwayhistoryinaninitialdesignforlyrhughesafourcylinderoftractiveeffortwasproducedbythelancashireandyorkshirerailwaybutnonewerebuiltthishadbeeninspiredbyssworkinginbelgiumandusedasimilartaperedboilerwiththeroundtoppedfireboxalmostfillingtheloadinggaugerefcitebooktitlelocomotivesthatneverwerefirstrobinlastbarnesyearpublisherjanesisbnchapterlyrhughespagesrefthewdausterityfirstwasbuiltduringthesecondworldwarasavariantoftheausterityforlightlybuiltrailwaystheonlyothertypewasthestrongbrstandardclassfclassfintroducedbybritishrailwaysintheclassincludedbrstandardclassfeveningstareveningstarthelaststeamlocomotivebuiltforbritishrailwaysinandnamedblackprincewhenpreservedwhichinsetarecordfortheheavieststeamlocomotivehauledtraininbritainwhenitstartedatontrainatfosteryeomanquarryinsomersetfinlandimagetrlocomotivejpegthumbrightalconotratthefinnishrailwaymuseumthevrgroupstaterailroadsoffinlandpurchasedamericandecapodsafterworldwariiwwiithesewereoriginallybuiltforthesovietunionbutneverdeliveredtothemoftheenginesweremadebybaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinbyamericanlocomotivecompanyalcosincetheywereoriginallybuiltfortheussrtheyhadthecorrectgaugeforfinlandtooexactlyonealcoispreservedatthefinnishrailwaymuseuminhyvinkfinlandthelocomotivewasnicknamedtrumaninfinlanditwasusedforhaulingheavyfreighttrainsfrancefromtothefrenchindustrybuiltmorethandecapodsforthreerailwaycompaniesparisorlansnordestandforthenationalrailwayssncfmoreoverattheendofworldwariisncfinheritedmorethanunitsofgermandecapodsbuiltinfrancemostlybrthelastdecapodasncfpwaswithdrawninallsoffrenchorofgermandesignprovedreliableandpowerfulinserviceonecannoticethatsomeenginesoftheparisorlanscompanywerededicatedtopassengerserviceondifficultmountainlinesromaniaafterthesecondworldwarromaniabuilttheclassafterdrbclassatotaloflocomotiveswerebuiltbetweenatfaurmalaxalateraugustworksinbucharestandinreiabuilderdetailsreiamalaxareiasovietunionimageparovozeajpgthumbrightsteamlocomotiveyelinussuriyskwerefairlycommonfreightlocomotivesintheformersovietuniontheycamefromseveralsourcesusimportsclassyeclassyebuiltbyalcoandbaldwinrespectivelygermanwartrophydrbclasslocomotiveswhatbecamethesovietteseriesandlocallybuiltthelocallybuiltlocomotiveswererepresentedbysometebuiltfromcapturedgermanpartssosergoordjonikidzeandllebedyanskiserieslocomotivesthelserieslocomotiveswereoneofthemoreadvancedsteamlocomotivesbuiltintheformersovietuniontheyusedanautomaticstokertofeedcoalandhadarelativelylowaxleloadtonnesornbsplbtobecompatiblewiththewartornrailroadsoftheformersovietunionseveralexamplesoftheselocomotivesarestillpreservedinworkingorderfootnotesreferencesexternallinksirmorgcgibinrsearchcgisteamstlouissanfranciscorailroadillinoisrailwaymuseumsrosterpageforslsftheoperablexalapaxbandxserveredirectcategoryshellinfoboxlanguagenamexavantenativenameauwstatesbrazilregionmatogrossoethnicityxavantepeoplespeakersdaterefefamilycoloramericanfammacrogelanguagesmacrogefamjlanguagesgelanguagesfamcentralfamacuaisoxavglottoxavaglottorefnamexavantenoticeipathexavantelanguageisajlanguagesjlanguagespokenbythexavantepeopleintheareasurroundingeasternmatogrossobrazilthexavantelanguageisunusualinitsphonologyitsergativeergativeobjectagentverbwordorderanditsuseofhonoraryandendearmenttermsinitsmorphologylinguisticsmorphologythexavantepeopleareapproximatelyindividualsinvillagesasofbutthelanguageisspokenbypeopleofwhomaboutaremonolingualinxavantealonethecurrentspeakersmadeupofallagesusethelanguagevigorouslyandholdpositiveattitudestowardsxavanterefnameethnologuerefbackgroundxavanteisalanguageinthejfamilyspokeninmatogrossointhewestpartofbrazilrefnamedesouzarefithasbeenorthographicallyrenderedaschavanteandshavanteandisalsocalledakuenakwenauweuptabiawecriscapuscitiandtapuacrefnameolacrefhistorythexavantepeopleoriginatefromtheeastofthearaguaiariverinwhatwasthencalledtheprovinceofgoiasrefnameneelrefintheearlythcenturythisareawasheavilyinvadedbycolonizerssearchingforgoldleadingtotheindigenouspopulationintheareatosufferfromepidemicsandliveintheresidentialsettlementscreatedbythegovernmentrefnamegarfieldreffollowingthisinthelatethandearlythcenturiesgroupsofindigenouspeoplenowdistinctlyselfidentifyingasxavantesettledinmatogrossothisareawasrelativelyundisturbeduntilthesrefnamegrahamrefatthispointthegovernmentundergetuliovargasinitiatedthemarchtothewestcampaignwithinthenationalintegrationprograminwhichexpansiontotheinteriorofbrazilanddomesticationofthesavagewereheavilypromotedinthemeantimegroupsincludingmissionarieshadinvadedthematogrossototrytoconvertthexavanateintocatholicismtheindigenouspeopleangryattheunsolicitedinvasionattackedthegroupinreturnhoweverfollowingthisperioduntilthespeacefulcontactsinwhichgoodswereexchangedwereestablishedfromthestothesthexavantelandwascovetedforfarmingandagriculturepurposesdealstoarrangetransferstowhitesettlerswereoftenfraudulentandlandusedformonoculturessuchasentirefieldsofriceorgrazingthepeopleweretransferredfrommatogrossotosouthernbrazilalessfertileregionhoweverthexavantepeoplethenbegantheattempttorecoverthelandtheyhadlivedonpriortocontactwithsettlersintheswithdemandsforterritorybeingmetwithviolencebylargecapitalistcompaniesthatnowhadholdoftheareasinsixareasweredemarcatedtothexavanteandintherightstoextensionsofsomeareaswerewoncurrentlytherehasbeenaprogramofdocumentationofindigenousculturesprodocultdevotedtoxavanterunbyjrwelchandrcostathepermanentcollectioncontainingimagestextcartographyandmoreinformationonthexavantepeopleandlanguageishousedinthemuseumoftheindianlanguageoverviewxavanteisamemberofthejlanguagefamilyitselfamemberofthemacrogstockrefnamerodriguesrefthisstockisspokeninawidedistributionofnoncentralbrazilmacrogisalsopopularintheeasternnorthernandcentralandsouthwesternpartsofthecountryaswellasbeingdistributedinnearbyboliviaparaguayandargentinabutthejfamilyisitsonlyremaininglargesubgroupwithotherlanguagesremaininginisolatesduetoextinctionwithinjitslanguagesaredistributedinfourdivisionsnorthernnortheasterncentralandsouthernandarebetterpreservedthanotherlanguagesinthestockduetoitsinlandinhabitingspeakersxavanteisclassifiedinthecentralalongsidexerentexaxriabaandakroathestockismarkedbyalargepresenceofnasalvowelsthisalsobeingmarkedintheprotojreconstructedlanguageconsonantinventoriesofthemacrogestockareofmediumsizewithxavantehistoricallyundergoingaphonologicalchangefromvelarconsonantstoglottalstopsallaremildlysyntheticwithoutcomplexmorphologylinguisticsmorphologyandhavesvconstituentordersethnographiesthexavantepeoplehavebeenstudiedinethnographiesinanddemographicinformationandethnographicdetailswereresearchedforthecontextofhealthamongthexavantebybastaandtuberculosisspecificallybeingexaminedalongsideethnographicinformationbydesouzacontemporaryxavanteresearchbylecenaandcolleaguesinanddasilvainhasalsoinvestigatedinactivityandsocioeconomicstatusintheregionandgeneralinformationregardingthewaysthatxavantepeoplewerelivinginthelatethandearlystcenturyxavanteinlinguisticsthexavantelanguagewasfirstreferencedinthethcenturyinworksofcomparativephilologywhichusedwordlistsfromthelanguageandoverviewsofitsstructurerefnamelathamrefrefnamevonmartiusrefinthethcenturyxavantehasbeenstudiedacademicallysincethesbybothbrazilianandforeignlinguistsstartingwithagrammarrefnamemdrefpapersfromthisperiodexaminedthelanguagesphonemesrefnamembrefsyllablestructurerefnamebbrefaswellasaspectandacquisitionrefnamemarefbythesworksonthesyntaxandsemanticsofxavantewerepublishedfocusingonsentenceinitialdevicesrefnamegrimesrefandfocusrefnamebcrefthefirstxavanteportuguesedictionarywasalsoproducedbyhallmcleodandmitchellallofwhomhadresearchedextensivelyinxavantesincethesmorespecificpropertiesofthelanguagehavebeenresearchedacademicallynamelywithrespecttoacquisitionrefnameharefrefnamemcrefnameagreementrefnamedossantosrefassimilationrefnamequintinorefmorphologyandrespectintimacyrelationshipsrefnameharrisonrefarevisedxavanteportuguesedictionaryagaincompiledbyhallmcleodandmitchellwasreleasedinphonologythephonologyofxavanteisdescribedbymcleodvowelsxavantehasninevowelqualitieslongandshortfouroccurnasalizedlongandshortclasswikitablefrontvowelfrontcentralvowelcentralbackvowelbackstyletextaligncenterhighvowelhighstyletextaligncentermidvowelmidstyletextaligncenterlowvowellowiswhenlongandwhenshortisraisedafterinanoninitialsyllableisacentralvowelitisaroundedincertainstylisticconventionsisamidvowelwhenlongandamoreopenwhenshortiswhenlongandorwhenshortanddonotvarymuchiswrittenintheorthographyconsonantsxavantehastenconsonantstheyarerealizedasbordercellpaddingcellspacingclasswikitablerowspancolspanrowspanlabialconsonantlabialcolspancoronalconsonantcoronalrowspanglottalconsonantglottalapicalconsonantapicallaminalconsonantlaminalaligncenterrowspanobstruentssmallvoicephoneticsvoicelesssmallaligncentersmallvoicephoneticsvoicedsmallaligncentercolspansonorantsplacementisapproximatevariesbetweenobstruentandsonorantalveolarandpalatalxavanteishighlyunusualinlackingvelarconsonantsexceptforthelabiovelarapproximantataphonemiclevelitarguablyalsolacksnasalstopnasalconsonantswhichislessunusualintheamazonthelanguagehoweverhasahighdegreeofallophonyandnasalstopsappearbeforenasalvowelsallophonywithsofewphonemiccontrastsxavanteallowswidelatitudeinallophonesofitsconsonantspandtareaspirationlinguisticsaspiratedassyllableonsetsatthebeginningofawordbetweenvowelsorbeforerandunreleasedassyllablecodasattheendofawordorbeforeaconsonantotherthanrcfreevariationfreelyvariesamongasanonsetandasacodaonlyprecedinganotherasisaglottalstopbinacorccsyllableonsetbeforeanoralvowelispronouncedasaplainvoicedstopatthebeginningofaphonologicalwordandaseitherorasaprenasalizationprenasalizedvoicedstopinthemiddleofawordbeforenasalvowelsascorccitispronouncedasasyllablecodaispronouncedbeforeregardlessofthefollowingvowelsnasalityandoptionallyalsoasbeforetheoralallophonesoftheothervoicedobstruentsandoritisbeforedinasyllableonsetbeforeanoralvowelispronouncedeitherasaplainvoicedstoporasprenasalizedvoicedstopunlikeitmaybeprenasalizedatthebeginningofaphonologicalwordnotjustasasyllableonsetbeforeanasalvowelitispronouncedasasyllablecodaispronouncedbeforetheoralallophoneofaconsonantandasbeforeanasalconsonantjinasyllableonsetbeforeanoralvowelispronouncedinfreevariationbeforeanasalvowelitispronouncedasasyllablecodaisgenerallypronouncedandisnasalizedtoorafteranasalvowelitisalsonasalizedtobeforeaprenasalizedstopallophonebetweenoralvowelsthesequenceoptionallytakesanepentheticorwhenisfollowedbyananasalizedepentheticschwaseparatesthemrisanalveolarflapwhichisnasalizedbetweennasalvowelswissimilartoenglishwbutroundednessnotroundedbeforethevowelrefasmcleodmitchelldescribeitantesdaletraipronunciadocomoowinglssemarredondamentodoslbiosecomumpoucodefricoemoutrosambientesnohfricoeoslbiossearredondammaisbeforetheletteriitspronouncedastheenglishwwithoutroundingofthelipsandwithabitoffrictioninotherenvironmentsitdoesnthavefrictionandthelipsaremoreroundedthiswouldappeartomeanthatisamoreorlesstypicallabiovelarapproximantinmostsituationswithanunroundedsemifricativeallophoneapproximatelybeforethevowelthoughpossiblyaroundednesslabiallycompressedvelarinthatenvironmentmcleodhadcoveredonlytheunroundedallophoneofonemawumvocideoralassilbiconoarredondadoposteriorfechadoaltosonorothephonemeisanoralsemivowelunroundedhighbackandvoicedrefhhasnoplaceofarticulationbutisavoicelesstransitionbetweenvowelsvowelsdonotbecomenasalizedbecauseofnasalizedconsonantssotheonlyconsonantsthatbecomenasalarethoseinaclusterprecedinganasalvowelandcodaafteranasalvowelaprecedingoralvowelblocksthenasalityfromspreadingtoprecedingsyllablesphonotacticsxavantesyllablesareoftheformsconsonantcvowelvccvcvcccvccvandccvthatisallsyllablesbeginwithaconsonantsometimestwotheymayoptionallyeitherendwithaconsonantorhavealongvowelalthoughasyllablemayendinaconsonantaphonologicalwordmaynotapartfromafewcasesofwordfinaltheattestedinitialccconsonantclustersareallsevenobstruentsoccurinfinalpositionbutinamaximalccvcsyllableonlyareattestedacrosstwosyllablesthefollowingccsequencesareattestedtherearealsocccsequencessuchascodafollowedbyonsetthevowelsandarerareandnotattestedinmaximalccvcsyllablesmorphologyinxavantemorphologicalvariationsofwordsareasignificantaspectofgeneratingnewconstructionswithinthelanguageforexamplemorphologyreflectshonorificstatusinthatmorphemesareusedtodenoterelationshipsofintimacyandkinshipsimilarlysocialpositionsandsituationsofindividualsaremarkedusingmorphologicalconstructionsforinstanceaamaagroupofxavantementrainedinnewformsofpreexistingwordsarereferredtobyothermembersoftheclanusingaspecificsetofmorphologicalformsxavantealsousesareflexiveprefixtsiinsituationsrequiringthisgrammaticalconstructiontobedenotedforinstancemadtolookatbecomestsimadtolookatoneselffinallythepostverbalmorphemeniappearswhenreferringtoagenericorunknownsubjectasinmawrniorsomeoneunknownkilledhimmorphologicalchangesareimportantingeneratingmeaninginxavanteandreflectthepossibilitiesofshowingmeaningusingsetmorphemesaspreviouslydiscussedxavanteexpressesrelationshipsbetweenpeopleinitsmorphologythisisparticularlyreflectedinfamilialconnectionsachildmustusetherespectfulgrammaticalformswhengrowingolderinreferencetotheirparentsandgrandparentsandarescoldediftheydonotdosoharrisonforexamplethemorphemeaisaddedtorefertoasecondpersonsingularaboyaskinghisgrandfathertogiveafavourtohisgrandmotherisgeneratedthusbordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspradarehmeatesrrenaapsidaternedasggrfatherendrherethereresltrputdowndimimplatergenltreatpurpgrandfatherhereputthisoverthereforgrandmothertoeatlaterconversationbetweenmenandtheirfatherinlawsisalsomarkedbyuseofhonorificgrammaticalvariantsusedbybothpartiesfinallyacouplethathasbeenarrangedtobemarriedalsoenteraspecificrelationshipknownasdasiwasiniandmustusegrammaticalformsdenotingrespectinallmorphologicalvariationinxavanteiscriticaltodisplayingintimacyandclosenessbetweenpeopleandinmarkingwheresucharelationshipexiststhroughthewaytheyrefertooneanotherwithmorepersonalrelationshipsbeingdenotedbyspecialgrammaticalformsalsopreviouslydiscussedwastheuseofthepostverbalmorphemeniwhereferringtounknownsubjectsthisisformallyknownasanonreferentialsubjectinthatthesubjectdoesnotrefertoimmediateentityintheworldforinstanceinsayingpeopleasacollectiveinsteadofmyunclethismorphemeisaddedinbothtransitiveandintransitiveclausesforinstancewhensayingbothpeoplelovemeandpeoplerunniisalsocommonlyusedwithanothermorphemedaasapersonprefixreferringtoagenericentityforexampletousebothtransitiveandintransitivesentencesasexamplesbordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspmatdasiwiazrininpstcertgencollhitnrefspeopleunspecifiedgroupcollectivelybeathimupbordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspdaahnatetaryrynigenalotrefngenmournnrefslotsofpeoplearemourninginthesewaysxavanteusesmorphologicalvariationtoexpressconceptsrelatingtoabstractindividualsthatexistinadifferentwaythanconcretespecificpeoplebyextensionthelanguageusesmorphologyingeneraltoconceptualizeavarietyofconceptsincludingclosenessinrelationshipsaswellaspersonalprefixespronounsclasswikitablestyletextaligncentercolspangrammaticalpersonpersoncolspangrammaticalnumbersingularcolspandualgrammaticalnumberdualcolspanpluralrowspanpersonalpronounpersonalbrpronounsgrammaticalpersonstpersonwaimewatwaweusdualwatwaweuspluralgrammaticalpersonndpersonteayoumatwawayoudualmatyoupluralgrammaticalpersonrdpersontehesheithimhermattheythemdualtetheythempluralsyntaxcasethesyntaxofxavanteutilizesseveraltypesofcasemarkingsinitsstructuresmarkingtheintransitivesubjectstransitivesubjectoragentaandtransitiveobjectorpatientoindifferentwaysrefnamediasdeoliveirasantosreffirstitdistinguishesbetweenanumbermarkingsystemandapersonmarkingsystemwithbothcontainingseveralsubsystemstheformerusesaneutralsubsystemwhenargumentsfulfillcertaincriteriaitalsoincludesanominativeaccusativesubsystemwhentheoofatransitiveargumentfallsunderaspecifiedcategoryfinallythepersonmarkingsystemofxavanteisnotableforhavingmultiplesubsystemsasaconsequenceexaminingthesecasesystemsisvitaltounderstandingthesyntaxofxavantexavantescasesystemsemphasisethelexicalizationofnumbersystemsparticlesinthelanguagedependonwhetheritisinthestndorrdpersonwhetherthereferentisinthesubjectobjectpossessororcomplementpositionandifthepredicateisanounnominaloraverbverbalxavantealsousesasingulardualandpluralandthenumberofthereferentalsodictatewhichnumberparticlewillbeusedwithinthisnumbermarkingsystemverbalclausesuseaneutralmarkingsubsysteminwhichthemarkingofasandoisidenticalwhenevertheseargumentsaresingularorwhenoisdefiniteandallthreeargumentsarenonsingularaneutralsystemismarkedforhavingthethreeargumentsmarkedidenticallyandiscommonacrosslanguagesinxavantethissituationisreferredtoasneutralbecauseinthefirstcasenoneofthethreecoreargumentsgetmarkedandinthesecondallgetthesamemarkinganexampleisseenherebordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspteajwawajwawapotcrynzrdualyouarebothcryingbordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspwadrwawahbtsipeateirdwasndualemponefishpoteatnzrdualyoubotheatonefishthenumbersysteminxavantealsocontainsanominativeaccusativesubsystemfoundwhenoisnonsingularandindefinitewhenoisstpersondualoroisndpersondualandastpersonpluralsimultaneouslyanominativeaccusativesystemismarkedwhensandaaretreatedequallywhileodifferswiththefirsttwoobtainingnominativemarkingandthethirdgettingaccusativeinxavantethenominativeaccusativesubsystemmostcommonlymarksofornumberwhiletheothertwodonotgetmarkingalthoughthereverseisalsotruethisisseeninthefollowingexamplebordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbsptetiaadzahurepotcoughdualtheyarebothcoughingbordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspteteibdzridzahuretsidhergmakenzrdualbasketempitwasmadebybothofthemthebasketthenumbersysteminxavantealsocontainsanominativeaccusativesubsystemfoundwhenoisnonsingularandindefinitewhenoisstpersondualoroisndpersondualandastpersonpluralsimultaneouslyanominativeaccusativesystemismarkedwhensandaaretreatedequallywhileodifferswiththefirsttwoobtainingnominativemarkingandthethirdgettingaccusativeinxavantethenominativeaccusativesubsystemmostcommonlymarksofornumberwhiletheothertwodonotgetmarkingalthoughthereverseisalsotruethisisseeninthefollowingexamplebordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbsptetiaadzahurepotcoughdualtheyarebothcoughingbordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspteteibdzridzahuretsidhergmakenzrdualbasketempitwasmadebybothofthemthebasketxavantealsousesapersonmarkingsysteminwhichsubjectsandobjectsaremarkeddifferentlydependingonanumberofcriteriatheabsolutiveseriesmarksbothintransitivesubjectsandtransitiveobjectstheaccusativeseriesmarksstpersondualpluralobjectrdpersonsingularordualorpluralobjectwhenthesubjectisndpersonsingulardualorpluralthenominativeseriesmarksthesubjectofbothtransitiveandintransitiveclausesandamemphaticseriesthatmarkspronounstoformemphaticpronominalexpressionswithbothtransitiveandintransitiveclausesthepersonmarkingsystemhasmoresubsystemsthatthenumberonewiththreevariationsofergativeabsolutivecasemarkingsergativeabsolutiveismarkedassandobeingequalwithabeingdifferentandthefirsttwobeingassignedasergativeandthethirdassignedasabsolutiveinxavanteergativeabsolutiveiusescrossreferencingonsandoonlywithareceivingnomarkingergativeabsolutiveiiismarkedwhenoisinrdpersonindefiniteandaisndpersonpluralergativeabsolutiveiiiismarkedwiththeuseofaparticleoradpositionafterthenounwithareceivingamarkandsandonotreceivingoneandisonlyusedrelativeandsubordinatetransitiveclausesornegatedindependenttransitiveclausesbordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspwawaaadpotcoughdualwebothcoughbordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspwaatsaridpotbitenzrdualwebothbityouxavantespersonmarkingsystemalsocontainsatripartitesubsysteminwhichasandoarealltreateddifferentlyinxavantethisspecificallyoccursasallargumentsreceivingdifferentargumentsfromthedifferentseriespreviouslydiscussedthisisseenherebordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspwaiwawapotcrysingicrybordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspbteiwatsaperfpotbitewebothhityouxavantespersonmarkingsystemalsohasavariationofanominativeaccusativesysteminwhichsandaaremarkeddifferentlyfromobordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspwaiwawapotcrysingicrybordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspbteiwatsaperfpotbitewebothhityoufinallyxavantehastwosplitsubsystemsthefirstsplitsisfoundinthesubjectsofnominalpredicatesthesecondsplitooccursinrelativeclausesoverallthepersonmarkingsysteminxavantecontainsmultiplesubsystemsdependingonthesituationsinwhichtheyappearinallxavanteusesanumberofcasemarkingsystemsinitsclausesvaryingbasedonnumberandpersonmarkingsitprovidesexamplesofaneutralsystemnominativeaccusativesubsystemsergativeabsolutivesubsystemsandsplitsubsystemsvaryingbasedondifferenttriggerssemanticspluralsinthexavantelanguagepluralsaswellasdualsareusedtomarkargumentsinaclausethelanguagedifferentiatesbetweensingularnounsanddualofwhichthereisaquantityoftwoandpluralinwhichtheargumentcontainsmorethantwoitemstheseareexpressedusingmorphologicalmethodsincludingunitsthatareusedinavarietyofcontextsincludingindifferentcombinationsthesemarkingsappeartobeusedparticularlyforhumansubjectsandoverallarevitaltothestructureofaclauseinxavantedualargumentsinxavanteparticularlythosereferringtopeopleuseoneofseveralpossiblemorphologicalunitsinordertodescribeapairofhumanargumentsitisfirstimportanttodistinguishbetweenthefirstsecondandthirdpersonforusingthedualinthefirstpersonasasubjectsuchasinweboththemorphemewaisusedinthebeginningoftheclausewithdattheendoftheclauseincombinationtheyproducethefirstpersondualthisisseenherebordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspwaatsaridpotbitenzrdualwebothbiteyouwhenusingthedualfirstpersonasanobjecthoweveradifferentmorphemewaisattachedtothemainverbforinstanceasherebordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspbtewatsaperfpotbiteyoubitbothofuswhenusingthedualinthesecondpersonforinstanceinsayingyoubothreduplicationisusedtodenoteoptionalityintheclauseinthefirstcasewhenbothisimpliedwaaloneisusedattheendoftheclausewiththereduplicatedwawaoccurringearlierasfollowsbordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspwadrwawahbtsipeaterdwasndualemponefishpoteatnzrdualyoubotheatonefishhoweverwhenthedualisnotoptionalintheclauseonlythereduplicatedwawaoccursattheendoftheclauseasherebordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspteaiwawajwawapotcrynzrdualyouarebothcryingfinallythirdpersondualisalsodenotedsimilarlydependingonwhethertheargumentisinthesubjectorobjectpositionfortheformerthemorphemedzahurisplacedclausefinallyanddenotestheybothasseenherebordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspdritsiotodzahurnsrmedbentdualtheyarebothbenthoweverwhenthethirdpersondualisintheobjectpositionthesamemorphemedzahurisalsousedasinthefollowingexamplebordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspdrhtedzaatsabrdzahurnsemppotprojrundualbothofthemwillruninallthedualmarksallargumentsinxavanteanddifferentiatesbetweenfirstsecondandthirdpersoninsubjectandobjectpositionspluralsinxavanteinwhichmorethantwoargumentsaredescribedisexpressedusingitsownvariationsofmorphemesinthefirstpersonandthirdpersondzaraisusedclausefinallyasherebordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspwadriwadzotodzaransrmedbentpluralweareallbentbordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspdritsiotodzaransrmedbentpluraltheyareallbenthoweverthesecondpersonpluralisexpresseddifferentlywiththepreviousmorphemedzarabeingcombinedwithwawaintwopositionsclausemediallyaftertheinitialpersonmarkerandclausefinallyasherebordercellspacingcellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsenbspnbspnbspadrwawaajraredzarawawansdualsmallpluraldualtheyareallsmallinallthepluralinxavanteisexpressedwithlessvariationthaninthedualbutnonethelessisalwaysimportanttomarkingquantityofhumansubjectsinthefirstsecondandthirdpersonnotesbibliographymcleodruthmitchellvaleriesilorgamericasbrasilpublcnsdictgramxvgrampdfaspectosdalnguaxavantesilpublicationscuiabmtburgesseunicesilorgamericasbrasilpublcnslingxvfocopdffocoetpicoemxavantesrielingsticavolhalljoanmcleodruthmitchellvaleriesilorgamericasbrasilpublcnsdictgramxvdictpdfpequenodicionrioxavanteportugusportugusxavantesociedadeinternacionaldelingsticacuiabmtmcleodruthsilorgamericasbrasilpublcnslingxvphonempdffonemasxavantesrielingsticaharrisonalecjsilorgamericasbrasilpublcnsanthroxavhonorpdfxavantemorphologyandrespectintimacyrelationshipsexternallinkslanguagemuseumcomencyclopediaxxavantephpthelanguagemuseumwebarchiveorgwebsilorgamericasbrasillangpageenglxvpghtmsilbrazilaillautexasorgsearchcollectionhtmlcidxavantelanguagecollectionoflauragrahamcontainingtworecordednarrativesatthearchiveoftheindigenouslanguagesoflatinamericapredictedandscheduledeventsmarchndashtherewillbeasolareclipseofmarchtotalsolareclipsebeginningoverthelineislandsandpassingovermexicowiththecenteroftheeclipsepassingthetipofthemississippideltaandthencontinuingovergeorgiausstategeorgiaandsavannahgeorgiasavannahdecemberndashtheclosestsupermoonofthecenturywilloccurinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencespredictedandscheduledeventstheunitedstatesunitedstatesofamericasarmedforcesarepresumedtophaseouttheentiremabramsfleetfromservicebythistimethemabramswillhaveseenyearsofservicewiththeusarmyandunitedstatesmarinecorpsusmcitwillbepresumablyreplacedbymainbattletanksorweaponssystemsresultingfromeitherthecancelledgroundcombatvehiclegcvprogramorcancelledfuturecombatsystemsfcsprograminfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencespredictedandscheduledeventsnovemberndashtheleaseagreementinternationalspeedwaycorporationhaswithdaytonabeachdaytonabeachracingandrecreationalfacilitiesdistrictracingandrecreationalfacilitiesdistrictexpiresdateunknownhawksbillcreekagreementtaxexemptstatusisscheduledtoexpireinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencespredictedandscheduledeventsadesigncompetitioncalledhospitalitytransformedresorthotelsinenvisagedhighrisehotelsthathangdownfromtheantarcticicesheetinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencesinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencespredictedandscheduledev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wsofpeopleintheroomandsoonthisinspiredcagetouseasimilarideaashelaterstatedactuallywhatpushedmeintoitwasnotgutsbuttheexampleofrobertrauschenberghiswhitepaintingswhenisawthoseisaidohyesimustotherwiseimlaggingotherwisemusicislagginginanintroductiontoanarticlecalledonrobertrauschenbergartistandhisworksjohncagewritestowhomitmayconcernthewhitepaintingscamefirstmysilentpiececamelaterprecursorslistentypemusicfilenamealphonseallaisfuneralmarchfortheobsequiesofadeafmanoggtitlefuneralmarchfortheobsequiesofadeafmandescriptionalphonseallaisfuneralmarchfortheobsequiesofadeafmananearliermusicalworkconsistingentirelyofrestscompositionsthatlikeincludenosoundsproducedbytheperformerwereconceivedbyanumberofcomposersandwritersbeforecageexamplesincludethefollowingalphonseallaissfuneralmarchfortheobsequiesofadeafmanconsistingoftwentyfourblankmeasuresallaiswasanassociateoferiksatieandgivencagesprofoundadmirationforsatieitispossiblethatcagewasinspiredbythefuneralmarchwhenaskedcageclaimedhewasunawareofallaisscompositionatthetimeingastonlerouxsnovelladoubleviedethophrastelonguetsilentconcertsaregivenbythetalpapeopleerwinschulhoffsinfuturumamovementfromthefnfpittoreskenforpianotheczechcomposersmeticulouslynotatedcompositionismadeupentirelyofrestsinharoldactonsbookcornelianamusicianconductsperformancesconsistinglargelyofsilenceinjazzmusiciandavetoughjokedthathewaswritingaplayinwhichastringquartetisplayingthemostadvancedmusiceverwrittenitsmadeupentirelyofrestssuddenlytheviolamanjumpsupinarageandshakeshisbowatthefirstviolinlouthescreamsyouplayedthatlastmeasurewrongyveskleinsmonotonesilencesymphonyinformallythemonotonesymphonyconceivedanorchestralfortyminutepiecewhosesecondandlastmovementisatwentyminutesilencethefirstmovementbeinganunvaryingtwentyminutedronethemusicologistrichardtaruskinhasarguedthatisanexampleofautomaticbehaviorautomatismsincetheromanticeracomposershavebeenstrivingtoproducemusicthatcouldbeseparatedfromanysocialconnectionstranscendingtheboundariesoftimeandspaceinautomatismcomposerswishtocompletelyremoveboththecomposersandtheartistfromtheprocessofcreationthisismotivatedbythebeliefthatwhatwethinkofasselfexpressionisreallyjustaninfusionoftheartwiththesocialstandardsthatwehavebeensubjectedtosincebirththereforetheonlywaytoachievetruthistoremovetheartistfromtheprocessofcreationcageachievesthatbyemployingchanceeguseoftheichingortossingcoinstomakecompositionaldecisionsinneitherartistnorcomposerhasanyimpactonthepiecesothatcagehasnowayofcontrollingwhatambientsoundswillbeheardbytheaudiencepremiereandreceptionclasstoccoloursstylefloatrightmarginleftemmarginrightemfontsizecolorblackwidthemmaxwidthcellspacingstyletextalignlefttheymissedthepointtheresnosuchthingassilencewhattheythoughtwassilencebecausetheydidntknowhowtolistenwasfullofaccidentalsoundsyoucouldhearthewindstirringoutsideduringthefirstmovementduringthesecondraindropsbeganpatteringtheroofandduringthethirdthepeoplethemselvesmadeallkindsofinterestingsoundsastheytalkedorwalkedoutstyletextalignrightjohncagespeakingaboutthepremiereofthepremiereofthethreemovementwasgivenbydavidtudoronaugustinmaverickconcerthallwoodstocknewyorkaspartofarecitalofcontemporarypianomusictheaudiencesawhimsitatthepianoandtomarkthebeginningofthepiececlosethekeyboardlidsometimelaterheopeneditbrieflytomarktheendofthefirstmovementthisprocesswasrepeatedforthesecondandthirdmovementsthepieceremainscontroversialtothisdayandisseenaschallengingtheverydefinitionofmusicindefiningnoisemusicanditsvaluepaulhegartyinnoisemusicahistorycontendsthatcagesrepresentsthebeginningofnoisemusicproperforhegartynoisemusicaswithisthatmusicmadeupofincidentalsoundsthatrepresentperfectlythetensionbetweendesirablesoundproperlyplayedmusicalnotesandundesirablenoisethatmakeupallnoisemusicchallengesorratherexploitstoaradicalextentthesocialregimentsofthemodernconcertlifeetiquetteexperimentingonunsuspectingconcertgoerstoproveanimportantpointfirstthechoiceofaprestigiousvenueandthesocialstatusofthecomposerandtheperformersautomaticallyheightensaudiencesexpectationsforthepieceasaresultthelistenerismorefocusedgivingcagesthesameamountofattentionorperhapsevenmoreasifitwerebeethovensninthrefnametaruskintaruskinrefthusevenbeforetheperformancethereceptionoftheworkisalreadypredeterminedbythesocialsetupoftheconcertfurthermoretheaudiencesbehaviorislimitedbytherulesandregulationoftheconcerthalltheywillquietlysitandlistentoofambientnoiseitisnoteasytogetalargegroupofpeopletolistentoambientnoisefornearlyfiveminutesunlesstheyareregulatedbytheconcerthalletiquettethesecondpointmadebyconcernsdurationaccordingtocagedurationistheessentialbuildingblockofallofmusicthisdistinctionismotivatedbythefactthatdurationistheonlyelementsharedbybothsilenceandsoundasaresulttheunderlyingstructureofanymusicalpiececonsistsofanorganizedsequenceoftimebucketstheycouldbefilledwitheithersoundssilenceornoisewhereneitheroftheseelementsisabsolutelynecessaryforcompletenessinthespiritofhisteacherarnoldschoenbergschoenbergcagemanagedtoemancipatethesilenceandthenoisetomakeitanacceptableorperhapsevenintegralpartofhismusiccompositionservesasaradicalandextremeillustrationofthisconceptaskingthatifthetimebucketsaretheonlynecessarypartsofthemusicalcompositionthenwhatstopsthecomposerfromfillingthemwithnointentionalsoundsthethirdpointisthattheworkofmusicisdefinednotonlybyitscontentbutalsobythebehavioritelicitsfromtheaudienceinthecaseofstravinskystheriteofspringriteofspringthiswouldconsistofwidespreaddissatisfactionleadinguptoviolentriotsincagestheaudiencefeltcheatedbyhavingtolistentonocomposedsoundsfromtheperformerneverthelessintheaudiencecontributedthebulkofthemusicalmaterialofthepiecesincethepiececonsistsofexclusivelyambientnoisetheaudiencesbehaviortheirwhispersandmovementsareessentialelementsthatfilltheabovementionedtimebucketsinatedtalkphilosophyprofessorjuliandoddarguesthatiswittyconceptualartbutdoesnotmeetthecriteriaforittocountasmusicinsteadchallengingthelistenertoquestionwhatthenatureofmusicisinatedtalkpsychologistpaulbloomputsforwardasoneexampletoshowthatknowingabouttheoriginofsomethinginfluencesouropinionaboutitasthatsilenceisdifferentfromotherformsofsilenceversionsofthescoreseveralversionsofthescoreexisttherearefourknownlaterversionsoneofwhichisinthenewyorkpubliclibraryrefnamevogelcarolvogelnovembernytimescomartsdesignaglennligonatnationalgalleryjohncageatmomahtmlamomentofsilenceatmomathenewyorktimesreftheoriginalwoodstockmanuscriptaugustconventionalnotationdedicatedtodavidtudorthismanuscriptiscurrentlylosttudorsattemptatrecreatingtheoriginalscoreisreproducedinfettermanthekremenmanuscriptgraphicspacetimenotationdedicatedtoirwinkrementhemovementsofthepiecearerenderedasspacebetweenlongverticallinesatempoindicationisprovidedandattheendofeachmovementthetimeisindicatedinminutesandsecondseditionpetersnoakremenwasgiventhescorebycageonjuneforhisthbirthdaythescorewaslaterpurchasedforthemuseumofmodernartbyhenryrkravisinhonorofhiswifemariejosedrouinthemuseumspresidentthesocalledfirsttaceteditionatypewrittenscoreliststhethreemovementsusingromannumberswiththewordtacettacetunderneatheachanotebycagedescribesthefirstperformanceandmentionsthattheworkmaybeperformedbyanyinstrumentalistorcombinationofinstrumentalistsandlastanylengthoftimeeditionpetersnooutofprintthesocalledsecondtaceteditionsameasthefirstexceptthatitisprintedincagescalligraphyandtheexplanatorynotementionsthekremenmanuscripteditionpetersnoieitcarriesthesamecatalognumberasthefirsttaceteditionadditionallyafacsimilereducedinsizeofthekremenmanuscriptappearedinjulyinsourcenothefirsttaceteditionisdescribedinnymanbutitisnotreproducedinthatbookthereissomediscrepancybetweenthelengthsofindividualmovementsofthepremiereperformancespecifiedindifferentversionsofthescorethewoodstockprintedprogramspecifiesthelengthsandasdoesthekremenmanuscriptandpresumablytheoriginalmanuscripthadthesameindicationshoweverinthefirsttaceteditioncagewritesthatatthepremierethetimingswereandinthesecondtaceteditionheaddsthatafterthepremieracopyhasbeenmadeforirwinkremeninwhichthetimelengthsofthemovementswereandthecausesofthisdiscrepancyarenotcurrentlyunderstoodtheoriginalmanuscriptbeingstilllostnoincagewrotewhichisalsoreferredtoasnothedirectionsoriginallyconsistedofonesentenceinasituationprovidedwithmaximumamplificationperformadisciplinedactionatthefirstperformancecagehadtowritethatsentencethesecondperformanceaddedfournewqualificationstothedirectionstheperformershouldallowanyinterruptionsoftheactiontheactionshouldfulfillanobligationtoothersthesameactionshouldnotbeusedinmorethanoneperformanceandshouldnotbetheperformanceofamusicalcompositiononesupsupinlatethreeyearsbeforehisdeathcagerevisitedtheideaofonelasttimehecomposedonesupsupthefulltitleofwhichisonesupsupimagegclefsvgpxasinallnumberpiecesnumberpiecesonereferstothenumberofperformersrequiredthescoreinstructstheperformertobuildasoundreinforcementsystemsoundsystemintheconcerthallsothatthewholehallisontheedgeofaudiofeedbackfeedbackwithoutactuallyfeedingbackthecontentofthepieceistheelectronicallyamplifiedsoundofthehallandtheaudienceperformancesandrecordingshasbeenrecordedonseveraloccasionsfrankzapparecordeditaspartofachanceoperationthejohncagetributeonthekochlabelinjamestenneyperformedatrudolfschindlershistorickingsroadhouseincelebrationoftheworksthanniversaryseveralperformancesofincludingatechnoremixbynewwaverwerebroadcastonaustralianradiostationabcclassicfmaspartofaprogramexploringsonicresponsestocagesworktheswedishelectronicbandcovenantbandcovenantconcludedtheiralbumunitedstatesofmindalbumunitedstatesofmindwitharenditionofentitledyoucanmakeyourownmusiconjanuaryatthebarbicancentreinlondonthebbcsymphonyorchestragavetheuksfirstorchestralperformanceofthisworktheperformancewasbroadcastliveonbbcradioandoneofthemainchallengeswasthatthestationsemergencybackupsystemsaredesignedtoswitchonandplaymusicwheneverapparentsilencedeadairlastinglongerthanapresetdurationisdetectedtheyhadtobeswitchedoffforthisperformanceatongueincheekversionwasrecordedbythestaffoftheuktheguardianguardiannewspaperonjanuaryintheworkwasvotedtobenumberintheabcradiosclassicpianoabcclassicpianocountdownasilenceoffourminutesandthirtythreesecondsappearsasthepenultimatetrackofthelivingcolouralbumthechairinthedoorwayondecemberaninternationalsimultaneousperformanceofcagestookplaceinvolvingoverperformersamateurandprofessionalmusiciansandartiststheglobalorchestraconductedlivebybobdickinsonformermemberofpostpunkgroupmagazinebandmagazineviavideolinkperformedthepieceinsupportofthecageagainstthemachinecampaigntobringtochristmasnumberinasecondperformancetookplaceondecemberonnovemberthelateshowwithstephencolbertuploadedavideoofthispiecebeingperformedbyacatshowingthatitsperformerisntrequiredtobehumanukchristmasnumberonecampaignintheweekleadinguptochristmasafacebookpagewascreatedtoencouragepeopleintheuktobuyanewrenditionofinthehopethatitwouldpreventthewinnerofthethexfactorukseriesseventhseriesofthexfactorfromtoppingtheuksingleschartandachievingthelistofchristmasnumberonesinglesukchristmasnumberonethepagewasinspiredbyantracymorterearliercampaigninwhichafacebookpagesetupbyjonandtraceymorterpromptedpeopletobuykillinginthenamebyamericanrapmetalprotestgrouprageagainstthemachineintheweekbeforechristmasandhasthereforebeendubbedcageagainstthemachinethecreatorsofthefacebookpagehopedthatreachingnumberonewouldhelptopromotethepieceandmakedecemberasilentnightasofseptemberthefacebookpagehasoverlikesthecampaignreceivedsupportfromseveralcelebritiesitfirstcameintoprominenceafteritwasmentionedbybritishsciencewriterbengoldacreonhistwitterprofilewithintwoweeksbritishnewspaperthesununitedkingdomthesunreportedthatthefacebookpagehadbeenbackedbymorethanmembersoneofseveralsimilarcampaignsthefacebookpagewascalledtheonlyeffortthisyearwithahopeofreachingnumberonebytheguardianjournalisttomewinginseptemberxfmdjeddytemplemorrisalsovoicedhissupportonhisblogasdidlukebainbridgethisversionofcagesworkfailedtomakenumberbutchartedatnumberontheuksingleschartnotessourcescagejohnsilencelecturesandwritingsmiddletownconnwesleyanuniversitypressreprintedcambridgethemitpressreprintedwesleyanpaperbackeditionmiddletownconnwesleyanuniversitypressreprintedmiddletownconnwesleyanunivpressreprintedlondonmarionboyarsdickinsonpeterreviewsofthreebooksonsatiemusicalquarterlyfettermanwilliamjohncagestheatrepiecesnotationsandperformancesamsterdamharwoodacademicpublishersclothpbkkostelanetzrichardconversingwithjohncagenewyorkroutledgelienhardjohnhinventingmoderngrowingupwithxraysskyscrapersandtailfinsnewyorkoxforduniversitypressclothpbknymanmichaelexperimentalmusiccageandbeyondlondonstudiovistanewyorkschirmerbookspritchettjamesthemusicofjohncagecambridgeandnewyorkcambridgeuniversitypressupdatedjulyonlynolongereditedbylauramacysinceseptemberwhendeanelrootassumedtheeditorshiprevilldavidtheroaringsilencejohncagealifenewyorkarcadepublishingsolomonlarryjrevisedthesoundsofsilencejohncageandsolomonsmusicnetminsehtmavailableonlinerichardtaruskintaruskinrichardoxfordhistoryofwesternmusicvolumenewyorkoxforduniversitypressfurtherreadingarnsinkeanddanielsdietersoundslikesilencehartwaremedienkunstvereinleipzigspectorbooksdaviesstephenjohncagesisitmusicaustralasianjournalofphilosophyvolnoppdoddjulianwhatisaustralasianjournalofphilosophykyleganngannkylenosuchthingassilencejohncagesiconsofamericanewhavenyaleuniversitypressclothgartenjoelhuffingtonpostcomjoelgarteninterviewwithmomacuratorbhtmlirartsinterviewwithmomacuratordavidplatzkeraboutthenewexhibitiononjohncagethehuffingtonpostfebruarylipovanatolyastheplayofsilentpresencestillnessoranarchyofsilencecultureandartnumbersandpartpppartppexternallinksbbccouknewsmagazinewhatjohncagessilentsymphonyreallymeansbbcnewsnewsbbccoukhientertainmentmusicstmradioplayssilentsymphonybbconlineincludesrealaudiosoundfileobserverguardiancoukreviewstoryhtmlaquietnightoutwithcagefromtheuktheobserverobservertheguardiancomartsfridayreviewstoryhtmlthemusicofchancefromtheuktheguardianguardiannewspaperclassicalnotesnetcolumnssilencehtmlthesoundsofsilencefurthercommentarybypetergutmannubucomfilmcagehtmlvideoofaorchestralperformanceaudiointerglacialcomsburkestuffcagehtmljohncagesinmidioggvorbisoggaufileformatauandwavformatsnprorgramfilesatcatcrmmjohncagesfromnationalpublicradiosthemostimportantamericanmusicalworksofthethcenturyrealaudiofileformatappjohncageorghtmljohncagesasaniphoneapppublishedbythejohncagetrustxworxwmayrefertolanguagexwadigraphusedinthetlingitlanguagetorepresentseelistoflatindigraphsxwadigraphusedinalaskantlingittorepresentseelistoflatindigraphstransportationxwgsamodeloffordvehiclexwfalconamodeloffordvehiclexwamodelofpsaxenginepsaxautomobileenginenokscootiataairlinecodexwskyexpressiataairlinecodexwotherusesxwingastarwarsstarfighterxenoglossyinfoboxalbumnametypeliveartistweatherreportcoverweatherreportjpgaltreleasedaugustrecordednovemberandearlyvenuestudiogenrejazzfusionlengthlabelcolumbiarecordscolumbiaproducerjoezawinuljacopastoriusprevtitlemrgonealbummrgoneprevyearnexttitlenightpassageweatherreportalbumnightpassagenextyearalbumratingsrevallmusicrevscorerevrobertchristgaurevscorebrevtherollingstonejazzrecordguiderevscorerefnamersjrgcitebooklastswensonfirstjeditorauthorlinkyeartitletherollingstonejazzrecordguidepublisherrandomhouserollingstonelocationusaisbnxpagesrefisthetenthalbumandsecondlivealbumbythejazzfusiongroupweatherreportitwasrecordedliveexceptfortrackswhichwerestudiorecordedamongothertitlesitfeaturesaliveversionofthegroupssignaturepiecebirdlandcompositionbirdlandthealbumwonagrammyawardforgrammyawardforbestjazzfusionperformancebestjazzfusionperformancehistorythealbumtakesitsnamefromthebandshabitofstartingtheirperformanceatpmatthetimeofthetourthebandwereafourpiecewhowouldtakethestagecontinuouslyforaroundtwoandahalfhourseachofthememberstakingasolospottogivenotjustavirtuosoperformancebuttogivetheothersabreakwayneshortersometimesplayspercussioninsteadofsaxophoneonstageandononeofthestudiotracksthecalypsomusiccalypsoinspiredbrownstreetjoezawinulssonerichplayspercussionalongwitherskineandpastoriusthetoursawweatherreportattheheightoftheircommercialsuccessandtheplaylistleantheavilyontherecentsuccessesblackmarketbirdlandcompositionbirdlandandteentownjacopastoriusplayedanotablesoloslangwhichstartedwithanoutoftimerenditionofdoloresbywayneshorterthenmeldedamultipartbasssolousingarackmountedmxrdigitaldelayleadingintoreferencestothirdstonefromthesunbyjimihendrixportraitoftracyfromhisownsoloworkthenontothehillsarealivewiththesoundofmusichefinishedoffplayinghisbasswithitsownstrapaccordingtopetererskinethebandoriginallyplannedfortheentirealbumtobelivebutanengineeraccidentallyerasedsomeofthematerialpromptingthebandtogointothestudiotorecordthefourthsidethealbumwasoriginallyadoublegatefoldlpbutthereissueoncddroppedatrackscarletwomanandwasreleasedasasinglecdinjapanthealbumhasbeenreleasedasacdsetwithallthetracksoftheoriginaltracklistingtracklistallwritingjoezawinulexceptwherenotedheadlinesideonetitleblackmarketlengthtitlescarletwomannotealphonsojohnsonwayneshorterzawinullengthtracklistheadlinesidetwotitleteentownnotejacopastoriuslengthtitlearemarkyoumadelengthtitleslangnotepastoriuslengthtitleinasilentwaylengthtracklistheadlinesidethreetitlebirdlandcompositionbirdlandlengthtitlethanksforthememorynoteleorobinralphraingerlengthtitlemedleybadiaboogiewoogiewaltzlengthtracklistheadlinesidefourtitlelengthtitlebrownstreetnotezawinulshorterlengthtitletheorphanlengthtitlesightseeingnoteshorterlengthpersonneljoezawinulnbspkeyboardinstrumentkeyboardsarpquadrasynthesizerbassbasssynthesizerbasssynthesizerpercussioninstrumentpercussionrecordproducerproducervocoderwayneshorternbsptenorsaxophonesopranosaxophonejacopastoriusnbspfretlessbassguitarpercussioninstrumentpercussiondrumsonbrownstreetpetererskinenbspdrumkitdrumsthewestlosangeleschristianacademychildrenschoirnbspvocalsontheorphanerichzawinulnbsppercussioninstrumentpercussiononbrownstreettechnicalraythompsonliverecordingjohnhaenykimkingwarrendeweymixingengineersnancydonaldcoverdesignstevesmithcoverillustrationreferencesexternallinksbinkienetwrdisceightthirtyhtmlweatherreportannotateddiscographyxbartheoryxassemblylanguagexassemblylanguageinfoboxnumbernumbercardinalminusoneordinalstnegativefirstlanghinduarabicnumeralsystemarabiclangsymbollangchinesenumeralsnegativenumberschinesenumerallangsymbollangbengalilanguagebengalilangsymbollangbinarynumeralsystembinarybytelangsymbolalignedtableleftrightysignedmagnitudesmsubsubtwoscomplementscsubsublanghexadecimalhexbytelangsymbolalignedtableleftrightysignedmagnitudesmxsubsubtwoscomplementscxffsubsubinmathematicsistheadditiveinverseofnumberthatisthenumberthatwhenadditionaddedtogivestheadditiveidentityelementitisthenegativenumbernegativeintegergreaterthannegativetwoandlessthannbspnumbernegativeonebearsrelationtoeulersidentitysinceeinsoftwaredevelopmentisacommoninitialvalueforintegersandisalsousedtoshowthatsentinelvalueavariablecontainsnousefulinformationinprogramminglanguagescanbeusedtoarrayslicingindexthelastorndlastitemofanarraydatastructurearraydependingonwhetherorrepresentsthefirstitemnegativeonehassomesimilarbutslightlydifferentpropertiestopositiveonerefbooksgooglecombooksidxrhdlwzqecmathematicalanalysisandapplicationsbyjayantvdeshpanderefalgebraicpropertiesmultiplyinganumberbyisequivalenttochangingthesignonthenumberthiscanbeprovedusingthedistributivelawandtheaxiomthatisthemultiplicativeidentityforxrealnumberrealwehavemathxcdotxcdotxcdotxcdotxcdotxmathwhereweusedthefactthatanyrealxtimesequalsimpliedbycancellationpropertycancellationfromtheequationmathcdotxcdotxcdotxcdotxmathandiinthecomplexplanecomplexorcartesianplaneinotherwordsmathxcdotxmathsonbspnbspxornbspxisthearithmeticinverseofxsquareofthesquarealgebrasquareofiemultipliedbyequalsasaconsequenceaproductoftwonegativerealnumbersispositiveforanalgebraicproofofthisresultstartwiththeequationmathcdotcdotmaththefirstequalityfollowsfromtheaboveresultthesecondfollowsfromthedefinitionofasadditiveinverseofitispreciselythatnumberthatwhenaddedtogivesnowusingthedistributivelawweseethatmathcdotcdotcdotcdotmaththesecondequalityfollowsfromthefactthatisamultiplicativeidentitybutnowaddingtobothsidesofthislastequationimpliesmathcdotmaththeaboveargumentsholdinanyringmathematicsringaconceptofabstractalgebrageneralizingintegersandrealnumberssquarerootsofthecomplexnumberimaginaryunitisatisfiesisupsupandassuchcanbeconsideredasasquarerootoftheonlyothercomplexnumberxsatisfyingtheequationxsupsupisiinthealgebraofquaternionscontainingthecomplexplanetheequationxsupsuphasanquaternionsquarerootsofinfinityofsolutionsexponentiationtonegativeintegersexponentiationofanonzerorealnumbercanbeextendedtoexponentiationnegativeintegerexponentsnegativeintegerswemakethedefinitionthatxsupsupmeaningthatwedefineraisinganumbertothepowertohavethesameeffectastakingitsreciprocalmathematicsreciprocalthisdefinitionisthenextendedtonegativeintegerspreservestheexponentiallawxsupasupxsupbsupxsupabsupforrealnumbersaandbexponentiationtonegativeintegerscanbeextendedtoinvertibleelementsofaringbydefiningxsupsupasthemultiplicativeinverseofxthatappearsnexttofunctionsormatricesdoesnotmeanraisingthemtothepowerbuttheirinversefunctionsorinversematricesforexamplefsupsupxistheinverseoffxorsinsupsupxisanotationofarcsinefunctioncomputerrepresentationmostcomputersystemsrepresentnegativeintegersusingtwoscomplementinsuchsystemsisrepresentedusingabitpatternofallonesforexampleanbitsignedintegerusingtwoscomplementwouldrepresentasthebitstringorffinhexadecimalbaseifinterpretedasanunsignedintegerthesamebitstringofnonesrepresentssupnsupnbspnbspthelargestpossiblevaluethatnbitscanholdforexamplethebitstringaboverepresentssupsupnbspnbspnbspnbspprogramminglanguagesinsomeprogramminglanguageswhenusedtoarrayslicingindexsomedatatypessuchasanarraydatastructurearraythencanbeusedtoidentifytheverylastorndlastitemdependingonwhetherorrepresentsthefirstitemifthefirstitemisindexedbythenidentifiesthelastitemifthefirstitemisindexedbythenidentifiesthesecondtolastitemseealsomenelausstheoremreferencesmultipleissuesthexaverianbrothersorcongregationofstfrancisxaviercfxareareligiousinstitutefoundedbytheodorejamesrykeninbrugesbelgiuminandnamedafterfrancisxaviersaintfrancisxaviertheinstituteisdedicatedtoreligiouseducationromancatholiceducationinbelgiumenglandandtheunitedstateshistoryrykensvisiontheodorejamesrykenwasbornininthesmallvillageofelshoutnorthbrabantthenetherlandstoardentlycatholicmiddleclassparentsorphanedatayoungagerykenwasraisedbyhisunclerykenwastrainedasashoemakerhefeltacallingbygodwhichdrewhimtoworkfirstasacatechistfollowedbyhelpingmanageanorphanageandlaterbycaringforcholerapatientsinthenetherlandsatagerykenwenttonorthamericawhereheservedasacatechistamongthemissionariestotheindigenouspeoplesoftheamericasnativeamericansduringhisthreeyeartourheconceivedtheideaofstartingacongregationcatholiccongregationofbrotherstoworkalongsidethemissionarypriestsonreturningtoeuropehesetaboutplanningtofoundsuchasocietyinbelgiumacountryeminentformissionaryzealfoundingwhenrykenreturnedtotheusinhedecidedthatthechildrenofcatholicimmigrantsweremoreinneedofinstructionthanwerethoseofnativeamericansbishoprosatiofstlouismissouriencouragedhimtofoundacongregationoflaymentoteachallclassesofyouthsixotherbishopssanctionedhisplantobringreligiousteacherstotheunitedstatesrykenservedatermofprobationinthenovitiateoftheredemptoristfatherstopreparetogotorometoreceivethepermissionandblessingofpopegregoryxviforhismissionhemodeledthereligiousgarbofmembersofhisinstituteafterthatoftheredemptoriststhespiritofthexaverianbrothersontheotherhandcanbetracedtotheinfluenceofrevisidorevandekerckhovethejesuitconfessorandcounselorofrykendekerckhhovedrewuptheoriginalrulesoftheorderalthoughmanyreligiousinstituteswerebeingfoundedatthetimeaspartofacatholicrevivalthatsucceededthefallofnapoleonirykenhadadifferentvisionhewantedtofoundamissionaryinstituteratherthanacongregationthatwouldaddresstheneedsofaspecificregiononjunerykenthenyearsoldsettledinarentedhouseonezelstraatinthecenturiesoldcityofbrugesbelgiumforfivedayshewaitedforthearrivalofthetwocompanionswhohadpromisedtojoinhiminhisundertakingaweaveroccupationweaverandatailorhiscompanionsprovedtobelessdedicatedandresilientthanheandheneededayeartorecruitbettersuitedcandidatesheandhiscolleaguessoonopenedtwoprimaryschoolsinbrugesandsomeofthexavieranbrothersweresenttoanormalschoolatsinttruidenforprofessionalteachertrainingbythecommunityhadgrownbeyondthespaceavailableinthelittlehouseonezelstraatwithfinancialhelpfromasympatheticbankerrykenpurchasedalargeestateinaneighboringsectionofbrugescalledhetwalletjethexaverianbrothersbegantoattractcandidatesfromgermanythenetherlandsbelgiumenglandirelandandfranceinacolonyofbrotherswenttoenglandtoopenschoolsinparishesinburyandmanchestereventuallytheyopenedclaphamcollegelondonandtheboardingschoolsofmayfieldcollegeanditsassociatedpreparatoryboardingschoolatfoxhuntmanorinsussexmayfieldcollegeclosedinbecauseofthelackofentrantstotheordertroublesandresignationfortherestofhissuperiorshiprykenwouldbeburdenedbytheloanhetookinordertopurchasehetwalletjeinadditionhewasnotaverygoodadministratorandhisinstitutehadacrisisatthemotherhouseinbrugesrykenwasaskedtotenderhisresignationbyjeanbaptistemaloubishopofbrugesrykenwillinglyturnedoverhisofficetoayoungermanandspentthelastelevenyearsofhislifeasasimplememberoftheinstitutehehadestablishedbeforehisdeathonnovemberatagerykenattendedthefirstgeneralchapterofhisinstituteinbrugesinbythistimetheinstitutehadcleareditsdebtandthenumberofbrothershadincreasedfromintotheyhadninewellestablishedcommunitiesworkingamongthepoorinbelgiumenglandandtheunitedstatesmissiontotheunitedstatesinlouisvillekentuckylouisvillebishopmartinspaldinginvitedthexaverianbrotherstoopenaschoolinhisdioceseandinthefirstcolonyofbrothersmovedtotheunitedstatesthebrotherstookchargeofseveralparochialschoolsinandopenedstxavierhighschoollouisvillekentuckyinspaldingthenarchbishopofbaltimoreaskedthexaverianstoopenschoolsthereandtheydidsobaltimorewasmadethecenterofxaverianactivitiesintheunitedstatesandinanovitiatewasopenedthereatthesiteofmountsaintjosephcollegewhereitstillstandsbythexaverianbrothershadopenedschoolsinnewyorkstatenewyorkmarylandmassachusettsvirginiawestvirginiaandpennsylvaniarosarymakingasmallrosarymakingclubformedbyxaverianbrothersylvanmattinglyinlouisvillekentuckyingrewtobethelargestcatholicrosarymakinggroupintheunitedstatesinspiredbythemessageofourladyoffatimamattinglyformedourladyoffatimarosarymakingclubinthebasementofstxavierhighschoolalthoughmattinglydiedintheorganizationgrewtobeourladysrosarymakerswhichhasactivemembersintheunitedstatesandhasdistributedhundredsofmillionsoffreerosariesworldwideaffiliatedschoolsborderbordercolorblackcellpaddingcellspacingxaveriancollegemanchesterenglandxaverianacukstjohnshighschoolmassachusettsstjohnshighschoolshrewsburymassachusettsshrewsburymassachusettsstjohnshighorgstxavierhighschoollouisvillestxavierhighschoollouisvillekentuckylouisvillekentuckysaintxcommaldencatholichighschoolmaldenmassachusettsmaldenmassachusettsmaldencatholicorgxaverianbrothershighschoolwestwoodmassachusettswestwoodmassachusettsxbhscomstmarysrykenhighschoolleonardtownmarylandleonardtownmarylandsmrhsorgxavierhighschoolmiddletownctxavierhighschoolmiddletownconnecticutmiddletownconnecticutxavierhighschoolorgsaintbernardhighschooluncasvilleconnecticutstbernardschooluncasvilleconnecticutuncasvilleconnecticutsaintbernardcomstfrancisxavierinstitutebrugesbelgiumsfxbruggebestjohnspreparatoryschooldanversmassachusettsstjohnspreparatoryschooldanversmassachusettsdanversmassachusettsstjohnspreporgstfrancisxaviersixthformcollegelondonenglandwebarchiveorgwebsfxavieracukstbernardsinstituteknokkebelgiumwebarchiveorgwebhomescarletbestbkmountsaintjosephcollegebaltimoremarylandbaltimoremarylandmsjneteduxaverianhighschoolbrooklynnewyorkstatenewyorkxaverianorgourladyofgoodcounselhighschoolmontgomerycountymarylandourladyofgoodcounselhighschoololneymarylandolneymarylandolgchsorgnazarethregionalhighschoolbrooklynnazarethregionalhighschoolbrooklynnewyorkstatenewyorknazarethrhsorglowellcatholichighschoollowellmassachusettslowellmassachusettslowellcatholicorgsaintjosephregionalhighschoolmontvalenewjerseysaintjosephregionalorgpreviouslyaffiliatedschoolsborderbordercolorblackcellpaddingcellspacingstfrancisromancatholicgrammarschoolhartlepoolenglandnaleonardhalljrnavalacademyleonardtownmarylandnamayfieldcollegemayfieldandfiveashesmayfieldenglandnamissionchurchhighschoolbostonmassachusettsexternallinksxaverianbrothersorgxaverianbrothersofficialwebsitenewadventorgcathenbhtmxaverianbrotherscatholicencyclopedialivingthecharismcomlivingthecharismthebrothersblogsitewitharticlescommunicationsvideosnewsetcxraybinaryxmoicwpredictedandscheduledeventsinjulythegagreedtoreduceglobalgreenhousegasemissionsbyhalfininnovemberachimsteinerexecutivedirectoroftheunitednationsenvironmentprogramwarnedofaglobalcollapseofallspeciesbeingfishediffishingcontinuesatitscurrentpacerefnamekanterrefinmarchprofessorgerrygilmorepredictedthatgroundbasedastronomywouldbecomeimpossiblebythisyearbecauseofpollutionfromaircraftcontrailexhausttrailsandclimatechangearnulfjaegerwaldenoftheeuropeancommissionsinstituteforenergybelievesthatsolarpowerfromnorthafricacanprovidegigawattgwtotheentirecontinentofeuropeunderaplanannouncedinjulynewzealandaimstoeradicateallnonnativespeciesnativeratsopossumsandweaselsbythisyearworldpopulationinnovembertheunitednationspopulationfundreportedthattheworldpopulationisprojectedtobebillioninfrombillionthenwithmostoftheincreaseindevelopingcountrydevelopingcountriesevenasthepopulationofindustrializedcountryindustrializedcountrieswillremainstablethisfigurewasrevisedtobillioninandbillioninintheunitedstatescensusbureauprojectedaworldpopulationofbillionanotherstudydonebytheeuropeancommissioncommunityresearchstatedthattheworldpopulationisexpectedtogrowatadecreasingratetobillioninandafterthepopulationinseveralcountriesincludingthoseineuropeandchinawilldecreasestabilizationinthepopulationwillhappeninthesecondhalfofthecenturyrefnamereferencearefitiscalculatedtherewillbecentenarianspeopleatleastahundredyearsoldbornbeforeintheunitedstatesbythepopulationcontinuestogrowbutataslowerpacesummarizesthedemographerthomasbuettnerauthorofunreportonworldpopulationprojectionspresentedthursdayfebruaryaccordingtothisstudybillionpeoplewillinhabitearthinagainstbilliontodaythisincreaseamountstoaddingtothecurrentworldpopulationthecombinedpopulationsofchinaandindiastressesthepopulationdivisionoftheunitednationsthegeneraltrendishoweveraslowdowninpopulationgrowthcomparedtogainsoftwentytofiftyyearsthistendstoconfirmagradualstabilizationoftheoverallpopulationnotsurprisinglypopulationgrowthwillbehighestinpoorcountriesalreadystrugglingtoprovidefoodsecurityforitspeoplebirthsplanningandfertilitydeclineexplainthisdifferencestressestheunreporttheunitednationspredictsthatoutofeverypeopleintheworldwillbeyearsorolderworldlifeexpectancyatbirthisalsoexpectedtoexceedyearsinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencescensusgovipcwwwidbuscensusbureaupopulationpredictionbycountrytheguardiancomprinthtmlguardianarticleonspainsshrinkingcoastlineexternallinksnewscnetcomhtmlimaginingthetechworldinatcnetlistofmilitarycorpsmdashlistofmilitarycorpsbynumbermdashlistofmilitarycorpsbynamecorpsthcorpseighteenthcorpsorxviiicorpsmayrefertotharmycorpsfrancexviiicorpsgermanyaunitofthegermanarmyxviiicorpsgermanempireaunitoftheimperialgermanarmypriortoandduringworldwarixviiireservecorpsgermanempireaunitoftheimperialgermanarmyduringworldwarixviiicorpsottomanempireaunitoftheottomanarmyxviiicorpsunitedkingdomaunitofthebritisharmyxviiiairbornecorpsunitedstatesaunitoftheunitedstatesarmyxviiicorpsacwaunitoftheunionnorthernarmyduringtheamericancivilwarseealsothdivisiondisambiguationthbrigadedisambiguationthregimentdisambiguationthbattaliondisambiguationsquadrondisambiguationxmenevolutionredirectcategoryshellxmenmayrefertoxfilmxasuperherofilmbasedonthefictionalcharactersthexmenxmenclonewarsavideogamereleasedinbysegaofamericaforthemegadrivegenesisxmeniithefallofthemutantsaroleplayingdosgameforthepclongcommenttoavoidbeinglistedonshortpagesxfilmredirectxfactorcomicspredictedandscheduledeventsinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencesredirectbmwinfoboxofficeholdernamexunyunativenameimageportraitofxunyujpgimagesizepxcaptionaqingdynastyillustrationofxunyualtofficeprefectofthemastersofwritingbractingtermstarttermendmonarchemperorxianofhanchancellorcaocaosuccessorhuaxinbirthdaterefnamesgzbirthanddeathyearsxunyusbiographyinrecordsofthethreekingdomsstatedthathediedattheageofbyeastasianagereckoninginthethyearofthejiananerainthereignofemperorxianofhanbycalculationhisbirthyearshouldbearoundrefbirthplacexuchanghenandeathdateageddeathplaceshoucountyanhuirelationsseexunfamilyofyingchuanfatherxungunchildrenoccupationstatesmanadviserblankcourtesynamedatawenruoblankposthumousnamedatamarquisjingblankpeeragedatamarquisofwansuivillagebrxunyucourtesynamewenruowasastrategistandstatesmanwhoservedasanadvisortothewarlordcaocaointhelateeasternhandynastyearlylifexunyuwasfromyingchuancommanderychinacommanderyaroundpresentdayxuchanghenanandwasborninafamilyofgovernmentofficialshewasdescribedinhistoricalrecordsasatallandhandsomegentlemanhisgrandfatherxunshuservedasalocalgovernorandhadeightsonswhowerenicknamedtheeightdragonsofthexunfamilyanuncleofxunyuxunshuangservedasoneofthethreeducalministerswhilexunyusfatherxunfanwasthechancellorofthefeudalprincipalityofjibeixunyuprovedtobeatalentedyouthandwasevaluatedbythescholarheyonghandynastyheyongassomeonecapableofassistingkingsinhewasnominatedasaxiaoliancivilservicecandidateandbeganhiscareerinthecivilservicewhenthewarlorddongzhuoseizedcontrolofthecapitalluoyangxunyufearedforhissafetyandresignedreturningtojiprovincepresentdayhebeiinthesubsequentyearswarlordsquicklyroseineachregionxunyufirstservedyuanshaowhosepowerbasewasinjiprovincebutlaterlefthimandwenttoservecaocaoincaocaorecognisedxunyustalentandheexclaimedherecomesmyzhangliangwesternhanzifangwhenxunyuarrivedandheappointedxunasanarmycommandantserviceundercaocaoxunyuscontributionstocaocaosforcesandadministrationareimmenseononehandherecommendedmanyothermenofcalibretocaocaoincludingxunyouhiscousinsecondcousinsonceremovedsecondcousinnephewchenqunzhongyaoguojiaandsimayicreatingabodyofadvisorsaroundcaoatthesametimeheparticipatedinseveralbattlesandmajoreventsoftheeraoftengivingtimelyadvicetohislordcaocaointurnrespectedxunyugreatlyandplacedgreatstoreinhisadviceinascaocaoledacaocaosinvasionofxuprovincecampaignagainsttaoqianhandynastytaoqianinxuprovincehishomebaseatyanprovincewassuddenlyattackedbylbuandtwoofcaosofficialschengongandzhangmiaochosetodefecttolbuatthattimexunyuwasinchargeofthedefencesofjuanchengandhisfirmactionssavedthecityfromcaptureallowingcaocaosarmiestoreturnanddriveawaylbusubsequentlyonthedeathoftaoqianhandynastytaoqiancaocaowastemptedtoturnaroundandmoveonxuprovincebeforereturningtodealwithlbuitwasxunyuwhodissuadedhimfromthisremindinghimthatyanprovincewashisheartlandandpowerbaseandshouldbesecuredfirstbeforelaunchingcampaignsabroaditwasalsoatxunyussuggestionthatcaocaochosetoescortemperorxianofhanemperorxianwhowasthenlivingintheruinsofluoyangtohisownbaseatxupresentdayxuchanghenanintakingontheroleofprotectingtheemperorxunyusplanwastocontroltherebelliousinthenameoftheemperorthethcenturyhistoricalnovelromanceofthethreekingdomssubtlydistortsthistoholdtheemperorhostagetocontrolthewarlordsinthelongrunthisstrategywouldgivecaocaoaconsiderablepoliticaladvantageoverhisrivalsallowinghimtolegitimisehisactionsbytakingtheminthenameoftheemperorincaocaowaslockedinastalemateagainstyuanshaoatthebattleofguanduformonthseventuallyexhaustinghisfoodsupplywhilecontemplatingretreathesentalettertoxunyuwhowasthendefendingxuforadvicexunyudissuadedcaocaowithaletterhighlightingseveraladvantagesthathisarmyheldoveryuanshaosforcesandurginghimtostandfasttheeventualresultwasadecisivevictoryforcaocaowhichwascrucialtohisdominationofnorthernchinadeathindongzhaothreekingdomsdongzhaoandagroupofcaocaoloyalistssubmittedamemorialtoemperorxianproposingthatcaoshouldbegrantedthetitleofadukethisproposalwassignificantasitwouldallowcaocaotosetupaselfcontainedfeudalstatewithinthehandynastyuptothispointcaocaospoliticallegitimacywasonlyunderpinnedbyhispositionasthechancellorchinachancellorxunyuwhoseidealswereforcaocaotocontinuebeingtheprotectorofthehandynastyopposeddongzhaosproposalknowingthatdongzhaowasprobablyaconduitforcaocaowhenapproachedbytheformerforhissupportxunyutolddongthatcaospersonalmissionwasoneofrestoringthehandynastyandwouldnotapproveofsuchamovethuspossiblyhintingtocaothatheshouldabandontheideaxunyusremarksgreatlydispleasedcaocaofollowingthisxunyuwassenttoqiaotorewardthesoldierswhotookpartinamilitarycampaignagainstsunquanwhiletherexunyuwassaidtohavefallensickandbroughttoshouchunpresentdayshoucountyanhuifortreatmentandrecuperationhediedinthefollowingyearinthecircumstancesofhisdeatharousedgreatsuspicionandisamatterofdebateasitcamecloselyafterhisoppositiontowardscaocaosascensiontodukefamilygrandfatherxunshuservedasprefectoflanglingfatherxungunservedaschancellorofjinanunclesxunjianxunjingxundaoxunwangxunshuangservedaschancellorofpingyuanministerofthehouseholdandexcellencyofworksxunsuxunfusiblingsxunyanthirdbrotherxunchenfourthbrotherservedyuanshaopersuadedhanfuwarlordhanfutosurrenderfateunknownafterthebattleofguanduspouseladytangdaughteroftanghengsonsxunyunservedasrapidastigersgeneralofthehouseholdmarriedcaocaosdaughterprincessanyangdiedatayoungagexunyuservedaspalaceassistantimperialclerkxunshenservedasgeneralinchiefsassistantofficerdiedatayoungagexunyirosetothepositionofgrandcommandantduringthejindynastyposthumouslyhonouredasdukekangoflinhuaixuncanascholarandxuanxuephilosophermarriedcaohongsdaughtersoninlawchenqunservedthestateofweiinitiatorofthenineranksystemsecondcousinnephewxunyouoneofcaocaosadvisorsgrandsonsxunhanoldestsonofxunyungrantedtitleofmarquisofguangyangxiangdiedattheageofxunyisecondsonofxunyunmarriedsimayisdaughterprincessnanyangservedasageneralposthumouslygrantedtitleofmarquisofzhenxunyusonofxunyuservedasimperialsecretaryduringthejindynastychentaisonofchenqunparticipatedincounterattackstjiangweiscampaignsgreatgrandsonsxunjunsonofxunhanservedasrightinspectorofthefeatheredforestimperialguarddiedatayoungagexundanoldestsonofxunyiservedasministerstewardxunkaisecondsonofxunyiservedasgeneralwhoconquersthewestduringthejindynastyxunkuithirdsonofxunyiservedasprotectorgeneralofthearmyposthumouslyappointedgeneralofchariotsandcavalryxunyusonofxunyuservedasimperialsecretarydescendantsxunsongsonofxunjunservedasahouseholdcounsellorxunguandaughterofxunsongxunxiansonofxunsongservedasnorthgeneralofthehouseholdandgovernorofxuandyanprovincesxunbozigrandsonofxunxianservedasapalaceassistantimperialclerkduringtheliusongdynastyauthorofthexunfamilyrecordsinpopularculturepleasedonotintroduceanyfurtherdetailsonthispersonsroleinthegamesalreadymentionedinthissectioninkoeisvideogamedynastywarriorsdynastywarriorsempiresfansvotedinthefacebookandtwitterpollforoneofthenewofficerstohavethenamexunyuxunyubecameaplayablecharacterinkoeisdynastywarriorsempiresinkoeiskesseniixunyuplaysaprominentrolealthoughthecharacterisportrayedasawomanwhoharboursarequitedloveforcaocaointhevisualnovelandanimeserieskoihimemusjunikuxunyusjapanesenamealsoservesasastrategisttosscaocaoandhasalesbianismhugecrushonherseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsreferenceschenshouchenshourecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhivolumepeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhuinfoboxofficeholdernamexushunativenameimagexushujpgimagesizepxcaptionaqingdynastyillustrationofxushualtofficepalaceassistantimperialclerktermstarttermendmonarchcaopiofficerightgeneralofthehouseholdtermstarttermendmonarchcaopibirthdateunknownbirthplacehenandeathdateunknownoccupationofficialblankcourtesynamedatayuanzhiblankoriginalnamedatashanfuxushuscourtesynameyuanzhioriginallynamedshanfuwasanofficialofthestateofcaoweiinthethreekingdomsperiodhewasbornsometimeinthelateeasternhandynastyandusedtobeavigilanteswordsmaninhisearlylifehoweverafterrunningintotroublewiththeauthoritiesherenouncedhisoldwaysandtookupscholarlypursuitshelivedareclusivelifefromthestomidsinjingprovincecoveringpresentdayhubeiandhunanprovinceswherehemetandbefriendedzhugelianginlatehebecameanadvisertothewarlordliubeiandservedunderliuforaboutayearhealsorecommendedzhugeliangtoliubeiduringthisperiodoftimeinlateliubeiwasdefeatedatthebattleofchangbanbyhisrivalcaocaoxushusmotherwascapturedbycaocaosforcesduringthebattlefeelinglostandwithoutasenseofdirectionxushueventuallyleftliubeiandjoinedcaocaohecontinuedservinginthestateofcaoweifoundedbycaocaossonandsuccessorcaopiwhoendedthehandynastyanddiedofillnessinofficexushusdefectionfromliubeitocaocaowasfictionalisedinthehistoricalnovelromanceofthethreekingdomsinthenovelhewasliubeischiefstrategistbeforezhugeliangcamealongandheoncehelpedliurepeltwoattacksfromcaocaosgeneralcaorenhewaseventuallytrickedbycaocaointoleavingliubeiandjoiningcaobutherecommendedzhugeliangtoliubeforeleavingandsworenevertogiveadvicetocaoearlylifexushuwasfromyingchuancommanderychinacommanderyyuzhouancientchinayuprovincewhichisinpresentdaycentralhenanhisoriginalfamilynamewasshansurnameshanandhisoriginalgivennamewasfuhewasaswordsmaninhisearlylifeandheoncehelpedsomeonetakerevengebykillinganotherpersontoavoidbeingrecognisedhecoveredhisfacewithwhitechalkandlethishairrunwildhewaslaterarrestedbyanofficialwhoaskedhimforhisnamebuthedidnotreplytheofficialtiedhimtoacartparadedhimthroughthestreetsandaskedforanypersonwhocouldidentifyhimnoonecameforthxushusfellowsrescuedhimlaterhewassogratefultobesavedthathegaveuphislifeasaswordsmanandbecameascholarwhenxushufirstattendedschoolhismatesostracisedhimbecauseofhisbackgroundbutheremainedhumbleandhardworkinghewokeupearlycleanedtheschoolaloneandpaidgreatattentiontohisstudieshemetshitaoalsoknownasshiguangyuanandbecameclosefriendswithhimintheearlyswhenwarsbrokeoutincentralchinaxushuandshitaomovedsouthtojingprovincecoveringpresentdayhubeiandhunanwheretheymetzhugeliangandbefriendedhimduringhistimeinjingprovincefromthelatestotheearlysdecadexushumaintainedclosefriendshipswithzhugeliangshitaoandmenggongweitheytravelledandstudiedtogetherservingliubeiwhenthewarlordliubeiwasstationedatxinyecountyxushuvisitedhimandreceivedawarmreceptionxushurecommendedzhugeliangasanadvisertoliubeiandtoldhimthathemustvisitzhugelianginpersoniehecannotinvitezhugeliangtovisithimzhugelianglatercametoserveliubeiafterthelattervisitedhimthriceandconsultedhimontheaffairsoftheirtimeinliubiaothegovernorofjingprovincediedandwassucceededbyhisyoungersonliuconghandynastyliuconglaterthatyearwhenthewarlordcaocaoinvadedjingprovinceliucongsurrenderedandmuchofnorthernjingprovincecameundercaocaoscontrolliubeiledhisforcesandalargenumberofcivilianssouthtoxiakouinpresentdaywuhanhubeiwhichwasindependentofcaocaoscontrolandwhereliubiaoseldersonliuqiliubiaossonliuqiwasbasedxushuaccompaniedliubeionhisjourneytowardsxiakoucaocaosentriderstopursueliubeitheycaughtupwithhimanddefeatedhimatthebattleofchangbancaocaosmencapturedxushusmotherduringthebattlesoxushudecidedtoleaveliubeitoreunitewithhismotherbeforeleavinghepointedathisheartandtoldliubeiiwantedtojoinyougeneralinmakinggreatachievementsthisismypurposeinlifenowthativelostmymotherivealsolostmysenseofdirectionthisisntgoingtobehelpfulnowibidfarewelltoyouhewenttojoincaocaoshitaoalsofollowedhimandbothofthemcametoservecaocaoserviceincaoweixushucontinuedservinginthestateofcaoweifoundedbycaocaossonandsuccessorcaopiaftertheendofthehandynastyfallofthehandynastyandthestartofthethreekingdomsperiodinthesduringthereignofcaopixushuservedasarightgeneralofthehouseholdandapalaceassistantimperialclerkduringthereignofcaoruicaopissuccessorzhugeliangwhowasthenthechancellorchinachancellorregentofthestateofshuhanwhichliubeifoundedinledzhugeliangsnorthernexpeditionsaseriesofcampaignstoattackthestateofcaoweiwhenzhugeliangheardthatxushuandshitaohadbecomewealthyandfamousofficialsinweiheremarkedtherearesomemanytalentsinweiwhyarentthetalentsofthesetwomenputtogoodusexushudiedofillnessinweiseveralyearslateratombstonewithhisnameonitwasfoundinpengchengpresentdayxuzhoujiangsuinromanceofthethreekingdomsofthesummerpalacebeijingxushuisfeaturedasafairlyprominentcharacterinthehistoricalnovelromanceofthethreekingdomswhichromanticisesthehistoricaleventsbeforeandduringthethreekingdomsperiodheappearedmainlyinchaptersinwhichheservedasliubeisstrategistbeforezhugeliangcamealongxushuwassingingonthestreetsofxinyecountyxinyewhenliubeinoticedhimandaskedhimifhewaseitherthecrouchingdragonortheyoungphoenixthatsimahuispokeofhoweverxushutoldliubeithathewasneitherofthemheagreedtobecomeliubeisstrategistandhelpedliucounteraninvadingarmyledbycaocaosgeneralcaorencaorendeployedhistroopsinaneightgatesgoldenlocksformationoutsidexinyebutxushupointedouttheweaknessesintheformationandinstructedliusgeneralzhaoyunonhowtobreakitzhaoyunledhismentoattacktheformationandsucceededinbreakingitanddefeatingcaorenxushualsoaccuratelypredictedthatcaorenwouldlaunchasurpriseattackthatnightafterhisdefeatliubeidefeatedcaorenagaininthenightbattleandforcedcaorentoretreatcaocaowasimpressedwhenheheardaboutxushuandwaseagertorecruitxuasanadviserheinvitedxushusmothertomeethimandaskedhertowritealettertohersonrequestingthathersoncometojoinhimxushusmotherrefuseddenouncedcaocaoasatreacherousvillainandthrewaninkstoneathimthefuriouscaocaoorderedxushusmothertobeexecutedbutchangedhismindwhenchengyuremindedhimthatxushuwouldbemoredeterminedtohelpliubeiopposehimifhekilledhismothercaocaothenhadxushusmotherdetainedandaskedchengyutopretendtobexushusswornbrothertowinthetrustofxusmotheraftersometimechengyugotclosetoxushusmotherandlearnttomimicherhandwritinghewrotealettertoxushuinthehandwritingofxusmothertellingxuthatshewasintroubleandurginghimtocometotheimperialcapitalxupresentdayxuchanghenanquicklyxushuwasafilialsonsoheimmediatelyleftforxuafterreadingtheletterxushuwasinahurrywhenhespedoffonhorsebackonthewayhesuddenlyrememberedsomethingandimmediatelyturnedbacktomeetliubeiandrecommendzhugeliangtohimhethenresumedhisjourneytoxuwhenhearrivedathisdestinationhewasshockedtodiscoverthathehadbeentrickedhismotherwasfuriouswithhersonsfailuretodiscernbetweentruthanddeceptionandashamedbythefactthathersonjoinedcaocaoinsteadofliubeishecommittedsuicidexushuremainedwithcaocaobuthesworenevertogiveadvicetocaothechinesesayinghisbodyisincaocaocaocaoscampbuthisheartisactuallywiththehandynastyhandynastyisderivedfromthisstoryaboutxushuandlistoffictitiousstoriesinromanceofthethreekingdomsguanyusthreeconditionsanotherstoryaboutguanyuinromanceofthethreekingdomsitisusedtodescribeasituationwhereapersonwhoostensiblyworksforabadorganisationisactuallyloyaltowardsanothergoodorganisationinpopularculturepleasedonotintroduceanyfurtherdetailsonthispersonsroleinthegamesalreadymentionedinthissectionxushuisfirstintroducedasaplayablecharacterindynastywarriorsempiresofkoeisdynastywarriorsvideogameseriesseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsreferenceschenshouchenshourecordsofthreekingdomssanguozhiluoguanzhongluoguanzhongromanceofthethreekingdomssanguoyanyipeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhuinfoboxgreekdimosnamexanthinamelocalimagemappanoramiojpgperipheastmacedoniaandthraceperiphunitxanthiregionalunitxanthipopmunicipalityareamunicipalitypopmunicunitareamunicunitpopcommunitypopulationasofelevationcoordinatespostalcodeareacodelicenceahmayorcharalambosdimarchopouloswebsitewebarchiveorgwebcityofxanthigrwwwcityofxanthigrimageskylinepanoramiojpgcaptionskylineoldtownofxanthicityflagcitysealdistrictspartysinceelevationminelevationmaxxanthixnthiisacityinwesternthracethracenortheasterngreeceitisthecapitalofthexanthiregionalunitxanthiregionalunitofthemodernregionsofgreeceregionofeastmacedoniaandthraceamphitheatricallybuiltonthefootofrhodopemountainsrhodopemountainchainthecityisdividedbythekosynthosriverintothewestpartwheretheoldandthemoderntownarelocatedandtheeastpartthatboastsarichnaturalenvironmenttheoldtownofxanthiisknownthroughoutgreeceforitsdistinctivearchitecturecombiningmanybyzantinegreekchurcheswithneoclassicismneoclassicalmansionsofgreekmerchantsfromthethandthcenturiesandottomaneramosquesrefnamevisitgreecegrrefotherlandmarksinxanthiincludethearchaeologicalmuseumofabderathraceabderaandthegreekfolkartmuseumxanthiisfamousthroughoutgreeceespeciallymacedoniagreecemacedoniaandwesternthracethraceforitsannualspringcarnivalgreeklanguagegreekwhichhasasignificantroleinthecityseconomyoverculturalassociationsfromaroundgreeceparticipateinthecarnivalprogramthefestivitieswhichtakeplaceduringtheperiodincludeconcertstheatreplaysmusicanddancenightsexhibitionsacyclingeventgamesonthestreetsandreenactmentsofoldcustomsnamexanthiisknownasiskeeinturkishlanguageturkishandskechaorksantiinbulgarianlanguagebulgarianhistoryprobablyisidentifiedwiththeancientcityofxantheiamentionedinthestbccenturybythegeographerstrabobutwasnotmentionedbyanyotherancienthistorianitbeganasasmallvillageandexperiencedallthetumultuousperiodsofthehistoryofthracesuchasraidsdisastersethnicconflictscivilwarsthepopulationoftheregionofxanthihaddwindleddowntoalmostnothingastheregionwasdepopulatedinthethirdcenturyandalmosteverythinghadbeendestroyedwhentheottomansconqueredtheregioninannodominiadforthisreasontheottomanempireottomansbroughtsettlersfromwithinofasiaminorwhichishowgeniseawascreatedwhileoraioandxanthiremainedmainlygreeksgreekandchristiancentresmiddleagesknownreferencestoxanthiorxanthiathecitysoriginsareobscureitwasaprosperousstrongholdofthebyzantineerabutlatterbecameacolonyoftheturksknownaseskijexanthiisfirstrecordedinannodominiadalthoughwrittenrecordsindicateseveralothersnowlostrefnamehistoryofxanthivisitgreecegrenhistoryhistoryofxanthihistoryofxanthirefxanthifeaturedinthecampaignofandronikosiipalaiologosincityofxanthibuildingbyxanthiaswellasgeniseabecamerenownedforitstobaccoqualitymanyforeignsightseerstraveledthroughouttheregionanddescribedboththelifeandstrugglesofthelocalstobaccocommercethroughouteuropeledxanthiintoacourseofprosperitygeorgedemetriouwasactiveinthexanthiareaduringthegreekrevolutionofinmarchandapriltwoearthquakesliterallyleveledthecityhoweverplayedadecisiveroleinthefurtherdevelopmentsthecitysrebuildingimmediatelygotunderwayinthecityofgeniseawasburneddownandthusalloftheagenciesandservicesweretransferredtoxanthiwhichatthattimehadapopulationofaboutinhabitantsintherailroadlinewasestablishednearthecitywhilefurthereconomicdevelopmentledtothefoundingofschoolsandassociationsduringthelateperiodofottomanruleuntilthecitywasadministrativelylocatedinthesanjakofgmlcinewithintheadrianoplevilayetbalkanwarsduringthefirstbalkanwarxanthiwascapturedbythebulgarianarmyfromtheottomansinnovemberinthesecondbalkanwarthegreekarmycaptureditinjulyhoweverwiththetreatyofbucharesttreatyofbucharestxanthialongwithwesternthracewerecededtobulgariawhereitwasalsocalledskechaandremainedapartofthelatteruntiltheendofworldwarifollowingthebulgariandefeatinthiswarwesternthracecameunderalliesofworldwariadministrationonoctoberbeforebeingcededtogreeceinthetreatyofneuillyoctoberthedaythegreekarmyundergeorgiosleonardopouloscommandenteredthecityiscelebratedinxanthiastheanniversaryofitsliberationanthypolochagosgavrielladaswhowasfromxanthileadthefirsttroopsinthecityladasbecamemayorofthecityfromtoworldwariionaprilthethinfantrydivisioncapturedxanthifollowingthebattleofgreecegermaninvasionofgreeceanditwaspassedtothebulgariansthecitybecametheadministrativecenterofthebulgarianprovinceofeasternmacedoniaandthracebelomorieandservedasheadquartersforthesecondarmybulgariabulgariansecondarmyduringthebulgarianoccupationmorethanmenfromxanthibothchristiansandmuslimsweresentforforcedlaborinbulgariaonmarchthejewsofxanthiwerearrestedbythebulgariansandimprisonedinatobaccowarehouseonandmarchtheyweredeportedinconcentrationcampsinpolandfromacommunityofpeopleonlysurvivedtheholocaustthecitywasliberatedonmoderneranowadaysxanthiisamoderncityrichinhistorytraditionsandcustomsandwithmanyattractionsforthevisitorsincludingthesurroundingareasitisworthvisitingthecityduringthecarnivaleitherfebruaryormarchasdateschangeandduringtheoldtownfestivalbeginningofseptemberalsooneshouldnotmissthexanthibazaareverysaturdayxanthiisknownasthecityofonethousandcoloursandlikekomotinianddidymoteichohasalargepopulationofturkishspeakingmuslimsdatingtotheottomanperiodthemuslimpopulationofeastmacedoniaandthracedatestotheottomanperiodandunliketheturkishmuslimsandgreekmuslimsofgreekmacedoniaandepiruswasexemptedfromthegreekturkishpopulationexchangefollowingthetreatyoflausanneinthegreekauthoritiesplannedtodemolishthelandmarkofthecitytheclocktowerbuiltbythepomakhadjieminagainthisdecisionresultedinprotestsbythelocalmuslimsandtheplanswerecancelledmunicipalitythemunicipalityxanthiwasformedatthelocalgovernmentreformbythemergerofthefollowingformermunicipalitiesthatbecamemunicipalunitsrefnamekallikratiskedkegruploadsfekbkallikratispdfkallikratislawgreeceministryofinteriorrefstavroupolixanthistavroupolixanthithemunicipalityhasanareaofkmsupsupthemunicipalunitkmsupsuprefnamestatrefcommunitiesthemunicipalunitxanthiissubdividedintothecommunitiesevmoirokimmeriaandxanthithesecommunitiescontainthefollowingsettlementsevmoirokallithealamprinolefkineamorsinipalaiamorsinipetrochorikimmeriagialisterilivadipelekitotheabandonedvillagesalikochorianthiroaskyraeranosketikiportaprioniandydrochorixanthipopulationclasswikitableyearpopulationthousandseducationdemocritusuniversityofthraceschoolofengineeringdepartmentofelectricalandcomputerengineeringdepartmentofcivilengineeringdepartmentofenvironmentalengineeringdepartmentofarchitecturalengineeringdepartmentofproductionmanagementengineeringculturaleventscarnivalandoldtownsfestivalsthecityhasrichhistorytraditionandcustomsanditistheculturalcenterintheareaitisalsoconsideredamulticulturalcityandithasbeencharacterizedasxanthithecityofthethousandcoloursxanthiscarnivalisverypopulareveryfebruaryandisoneofthemostpopularcarnivalsingreecewhiletheoldtownfestivalearlyseptemberisequallyfamousfurthermorethebazaarofxanthiisfamousandtakesplaceatemporiousquareeverysaturdayinadditionthemanoshatzidakisfestivalattractsworldwideinterestmuseumsfolkloremuseumofxanthicclesiasticalmuseummetropolisofxanthimunicipalgalleryofxanthimuseumofnaturalhistorythearchangelsmonasterymuseumofchildrensartmuseumofxanthitobaccomuseumoldtownmuseummuseummanoshatzidakisunderconstructionsportsxanthifcxanthifcplaysinthesuperleaguegreecexanthibcplayedintheaethnikigreekaleagueapsaspidaxanthiaspidaxanthifootballoneappearanceinthefirstleagueandbasketballorfeasxanthifcorfeasxanthifcfootballorionxanthibasketballfamouspeoplefromxanthimanoshadjidakisgreekcomposererifgrenturkishfilmdirectorwinnerofpalmedorincannesfilmfestivalyanakipaskalevbulgarianrevolutionarymemberofimoroarchbishopchristodoulosformerarchbishopofthegreekorthodoxchurchvasilistorosidisstrikerforbolognafcandthegreeknationalfootballteamakispanougreekfolkmusicianandcomposerlambrospapantonioumandraxanthiwashingtonusajournalistpoliticalanalystzafeirismelascontemporarygreeklakosingerinternationalrelationsxanthiistwintownsandsistercitiestwinnedwithsmolyanbulgarianovibeogradserbiagifhornlowersaxonygermanybigaanakkalebigaturkeysincerefnamegreektwinningsrefbursaturkeygallerycentergalleryfilexanthibyaltanjpgviewofxanthifromkosynthosriverfilemetropolisinxanthijpggreekorthodoxmetropolisfilekapnapothikipnewmontarismenijpgoldtobaccowarehousestodayarestoredmuseumfileviewfromamansionintheoldcityofxanthijpgoldmansionfilexanthigreecejpgoldtownstreetgallerycenterreferencesexternallinksgrtheoldtownofxanthidreconstructionduthgrdemocritusuniversityofthracewebarchiveorgwebotagrengxanthimunicipalityofxanthiwebarchiveorgwebalexeledduthgrthracethelandoforpheusdemocritusuniversityofthracecetigrculturalandeducationaltechnologyinstituteexcaliburinfoboxuniversitynamexidianuniversitynativenameimagenamexidianlogopngimagesizepxmottoestablishedtypepublicuniversitypublicpresidentzongkaiyangfacultyundergradpostgradcityxiancountrychinacoordinatescampusurbanareaurbanacrekmaffiliationswebsitexidianeducnlogoxidianuniversitychinesepinyinxndinzkjdxuisapublicresearchuniversitylocatedinxianchinafoundedintheuniversityisconsideredoneofthetopuniversitiesofresearchandeducationofengineeringinchinaitselectronicengineeringprogramranksthinchinaasofaprilitisrankedinbestglobaluniversitiesinchinabyusnewsworldreportusnewsandworldreportitisalsooneoftheprojectuniversitieshistorytheuniversitywasfoundedininruijinjiangxiastheradioschoolofthecentralmilitarycommitteeitwasthefirsttechnicalschoolestablishedbythecommunistpartyofchinalatertheschoolwasmovedfromzhangjiakouhebeitoxianinitwasoneofthefirstnationalkeyuniversitiesinitwasrenamedthepeoplesliberationarmyinstituteoftelecommunicationengineeringininitwasrenamednorthwestinstituteoftelecommunicationengineeringandwasnolongeramilitaryinstituteinitsnamewaschangedtoxidianuniversityacademicsxidianuniversityisoneofanationalkeyuniversitiesmanagedbyministryofeducationofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaitisoneoftheuniversitieswithgraduateschoolsinchinaxidianuniversityisorganizedintoschoolstheuniversityhasundergraduateprogramsindifferentdomainscoveringengineeringsciencemanagementandeconomicsitalsooffersmastersandphddegreestheuniversityhasoverstudentsincludingundergraduatestudentsmastersstudentsanddoctoralstudentsnationalkeydisciplineshavebeenaffiliatedwithxidianuniversityschooloftelecommunicationsengineeringtheschoolisdedicatedtoeducationandresearchintheareasofcommunicationsengineeringinformationsystemssecuritywirelessbroadbandandsignalandinformationprocessingtherearemorethanundergraduatesmastersstudentsanddoctoralstudentsschoolofelectronicengineeringtheschoolhasfacultymembersincludingonememberofchineseacademyofsciencestwonationalfamousteachersofchinaandthreenationalexpertswithoutstandingcontributionthreenationalkeydisciplinessignalandinformationprocessingcircuitsandsystemselectromagneticfieldandmicrowavetechnologyschoolofcomputerscienceandtechnologytheschoolwasestablishedinitwasoneoftheearliestcomputerscienceschoolinchinatheschoolranksthinchinaandamongtopintheworldbyacademicrankingofworlduniversitiesschoolofmicroelectronicstheschoolisoneofthenationalinstructionbasesforintegratedcircuittalentsbyministryofeducationofthepeoplesrepublicofchinamicroelectronicsandsolidstateelectronicsisoneofthenationalkeydisciplinestheschoolhasundergraduateprogramsmastersprogramsanddoctoralprogramsaroundundergraduatesandpostgraduatestudentsareenrolledintheschooltheschoolisorganizedintodepartmentsdepartmentofmicroelectronicsdepartmentofmicrocircuitsanddevicesdepartmentofintegratedcircuitsystemdepartmentofintegratedengineeringresearchresearchatxidianuniversityconsistsoftelecommunicationengineeringsignalandinformationprocessingcomputerscienceandengineeringmicroelectronicsicdesignxidianuniversityhasfourstatekeylaboratoriesthestatekeylaboratoryofradarsignalprocessingthestatekeylaboratoryofintegratedservicesnetworkthestatekeylaboratoryofantennasandmicrowavetechnologythestatekeylaboratoryofwidebandgapsemiconductortechnologynotablepeoplealumniliuchuanzhifounderlenovoliqingzengcofoundertencenthulijiaoformergovernorofthepeoplesbankofchinalingliwriterwritertaoligeneralofpeoplesliberationarmydexianbiscientistlaixuejiacryptographergouzhongwenpoliticianhejunyinviceministerministryofscienceandtechnologyzhonglinwangphysicistnianxiulinvicechairmannationaldevelopmentandreformcommissionfengtianseniorvicepresidenthuaweifacultyningcaielectricalengineerrankingsinfoboxworlduniversityrankingarwuwarwuwrefthewthewrefrefnametherankingtimeshighereducationcomworlduniversityrankingsworldrankingworlduniversityrankingsrefqswqswrefintimeshighereducationrankedtheuniversitytopintheworldreferenceszeroofafunctioninfoboxpersonimagexuzhimojpgcaptionxuzhimobirthdatebirthplacehainingzhejiangdeathdatedeathplacetaianshandongdeathcauseplanecrashrelationsjinyongcousinspousealmamaterplainlistuniversityofshanghaitianjinuniversitypeiyanguniversitypekinguniversityclarkuniversitycolumbiauniversitythelondonschoolofeconomicsandpoliticalsciencekingscollegecambridgexuzhimojanuaryndashnovemberwasanearlythcenturychinesepoetxuzhimooriginalnamexuyousenpseudonymsnanhuandshizhebxiashizhejiangprovincechinadnovjinanshandongprovincewasafreethinkingchinesepoetwhostrovetoloosenchinesepoetryfromitstraditionalformsandtoreshapeitundertheinfluencesofwesternpoetryandthevernacularchineselanguagerefnamezhimorefoneofthemostrenownedromanticpoetsofthcenturychineseliteratureheisknownforhispromotionofmodernchinesepoetryandmadecontributionstomodernchineseliteraturereturningtochinainxuzhimobeganwritingpoemsandessaysinthevernacularstylehefellundertheinfluenceoftheindianpoetrabindranathtagorewhilehewasservingasinterpreterforhimduringalecturetourofchinaalltheforeignliteraturetowhichxuzhimohadbeenexposedservedtoshapehisownpoetryandestablishhimasaleaderinthemodernpoetrymovementinchinahehelpedbringbigchangestochineseliteraturefromthatperiodtocommemoratexuzhimoinjulyastoneofwhitebeijingmarblewasinstalledatthebacksofkingscollegecambridgenearthebridgeovertherivercamxusbestknownpoemcalledvariouslytranslatedasonleavingcambridgesayinggoodbyetocambridgeagaingoodbyeagaincambridgeleavingtherevisitedcambridgeetcacollectionofxuspoetrywithenglishtranslationswaspublishedbyoleanderpresscambridgeinbiographyxuwasborninhainingzhejiangandgraduatedfromthefamoushangzhouhighschoolinhemarriedzhangyouyiandnextyearhewenttopeiyanguniversitynowtianjinuniversitytostudylawinhemovedtopekinguniversitypkuduetothelawdepartmentofpeiyanguniversitymergingintopkuinhetraveledtotheunitedstatestostudypoliticalandsocialsciencewithaminorinhistoryatclarkuniversityinworcestermassachusettsworcestermassachusettswhereheearnedhisbachelorsdegreeshortlyafterwardheenrolledatcolumbiauniversityinnewyorktopursueagraduatedegreeineconomicsandpoliticsinfindingthestatesintolerableheleftintostudyatkingscollegecambridgeinenglandwherehefellinlovewithenglishromanticismromanticpoetrylikethatofkeatsandpercybyssheshelleyshelleyandwasalsoinfluencedbythefrenchromanticandsymbolistssymbolistpoetssomeofwhoseworkshetranslatedintochineseinhereturnedtochinaandbecamealeaderofthemodernpoetrymovementinhefoundedthecrescentmoonsocietywhenthebengalipoetrybengalipoetrabindranathtagorevisitedchinaxuzhimoplayedthepartoforalinterpreterxuwasalsorenownedforhisuseofvernacularvarietiesofchinesehewasoneofthefirstchinesewriterstosuccessfullynaturalizewesternromanticformsintomodernchinesepoetryheworkedasaneditorandprofessoratseveralschoolsbeforedyinginaplanecrashonnovemberneartaiantaianshandongrefnameebbritannicacomebcheckedtopicxuzhimoxuzhimoencyclopdiabritannicaencyclopdiabritannicaonlineencyclopdiabritannicaincwebnovrefwhileflyingonastinsondetroiterfromnanjingtobeijingheleftbehindfourcollectionsofverseandseveralvolumesoftranslationsfromvariouslanguagesonapuntboatpuntingincambridgepuntloveaffairsxuzhimosvariousloveaffairswithzhangyouyilinhuiyinandluxiaomanarewellknowninchinaxumarriedzhangyouyitheirhoneymoonperioddidnotlastlonghoweverandlugraduallybecamemoreandmoredepressedbecauseluwaswastefulandxusparentsrefusedtolendthemmoneyxuhadtotakeseveraljobsindifferentcitiestokeepupwiththelifestyleludesiredshewaswidowedwhenxudiedinanairplanecrashxuwasalsoromanticallylinkedtoamericanauthorpearlsbuckandamericanjournalistagnessmedleyinanobituarywriterwenyuanningcommentedthatxusrelationswithwomenareexactlylikepercybysshepercybyssheshelleyshelleysletnowomanflatterherselfthattsemohaseverlovedherhehasonlylovedhisowninnerversionofidealbeautyairplanecrashonnovemberxuzhimopreparedtoleavenanjingnankingtoattendalecturegivenbylinhuiyinatauniversityinbeijingpekingheboardedachinaairwaysfederalstinsondetroiteranaircraftcontractedbychunghwaposttodeliverairmailonthenanjingbeijingroutehoweverwhentheflightarrivedinthejinanareatheflightencounteredseverefogleavingthepilotwithnoclearviewtolandtheplanedescendedintothemountainousareabelowunnoticedasboththepilotswerelookingforthecourseaccordingtothemapwhentheaircraftwasaimingtoturnlefttogobacktothecourseagainithitthepeakofamountainandbrokeofftherightwingtheplanespunoutofcontrolandcrashedintothemountainsneartaiancityinshandongprovincexuzhimowhosufferedfromfatalcerebraltraumaandseveralcutsonhisbodywaskilledinstantlyaswellasoneofthetwopilotsthefirstofficerhoweversurvivedtheinitialimpactbutalsoperishedduetoprotractedrescueitisbelievedthattheaccidentwasattributedtobothpilotsmisjudgementoftheflightsaltitudeaswellasfailingtorecognizetheterrainsurroundingthemwhichisconsideredasatypicalcfitsomerumorshoweveroutcrythatthedeathofxuzhimoturnedouttobeamurderbutitwasconfirmeduntruecambridgepoemimagekingscollegexuzhimomemorialjpgthumbmemorialstonetoxuzhimowiththefirstandlasttwolinesofhispoematthebacksofkingscollegecambridgeenglishversionshavebeenpublishedundervarioustitlestheoneusedherebypermissionwastranslatedbyguohuachenandpublishedintheuniversityofcambridgesthanniversarybookclasswikitablestylepaddingleftpxpoempoemstylepaddingleftpxpoemtakingleaveofcambridgeagainpleasedonotchangethistitlesinceweareusingguohuachenstranslationweshouldalsouseguohuachensversionofthetitleasstatedintheaboveparagraphtherearemanyenglishtitlesweshouldusetheonethatcorrespondswiththetranslationweareusingunlessthereisgoodreasontodootherwisebyxuzhimosoftlyiamleavingjustassoftlyasicameisoftlywavegoodbyetothecloudsinthewesternskythegoldenwillowsbytheriversideareyoungbridesinthesettingsuntheirglitteringreflectionsontheshimmeringriverkeepundulatinginmyheartthegreentap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rationcrusaderthelastbritishattempttorelievethesiegeoftobrukittookseverecasualtiesmainlybecauseofobsoletebritisharmouredwarfarenorthafricantheatretanktacticsespeciallychargingantitankgunsbutfinallyforcederwinrommelsafrikakorpstowithdrawtoelagheilaincentrallibyainrommelhadcounterattackedanddriventhebritishbacktobattleofgazalagazalaafewmileswestoftobruktheplanofeightharmyunitedkingdombritisheightharmycommanderneilritchiewastohavexiiicorpsunitedkingdomxiiicorpsholdthelinewhilexxxcorpswouldstopanyattempttooutflankthepositionsouthofbattleofbirhakeimbirhachiemheldbythestfreefrenchbrigadetheymanagedtoslowrommelsarmourdownandforcedrommelstanksintothecauldronthegapleftinthebritishlinesbythedestructionofthethinfantrybrigadeunitedkingdomthinfantrybrigadepartofthethnorthumbrianinfantrydivisionbritishcounterattacksattemptedtocrushitbutfailedeventuallythefreefrenchatbirhachiemwereforcedtowithdrawandrommelwasabletobreakoutofthecauldronxxxcorpswasforcedtoretreattomersamatruhheldbythenewlyformedxcorpsunitedkingdombritishxcorpsthegermansquicklybrokethroughsurroundedxcorpswhichfortunatelyforthebritishmanagedtobreakoutandpushedxxxcorpsbacktoelalameinelalameinthedepletedxxxcorpspulledbacktoelalameinthelastdefensiblepositionwestoftherivernileitwastheonlyplaceinthewesterndesertcampaigninwhichtherewouldnotbeanopenflankanormalruleofdesertwarfareduetothesoftgroundoftheqattaradepressionimmediatelysouthoftheopposingforcesandthemediterraneanseathenortherncoastalsectorwasassignedtoxxxcorpsduetosignificantpreviouscasualtiesandequipmentlossesxxxcorpswasreinforcedstalameinbytheattachmentofunitsfromothercommonwealthofnationscommonwealtharmiesthathadpreviouslybeenattachedtoxiiicorpsunitedkingdomxiiicorpsthesouthafricanstinfantrydivisionsouthafricastsouthafricaninfantrydivisionandaustralianthdivisionaustraliathaustralianinfantrydivisionthecorpssothermainunitwasthebritishrdarmouredbrigadeunitedkingdomrdarmouredbrigadegroupinjulyxxxcorpsagainsustainedheavycasualtiesatthefirstbattleofelalameinalthoughamajoraxisoffensivewasrepelledwilloughbynorriestbaronnorriewilloughbynorriewasreplacedascorpscommanderbywilliamhavelockramsdenwilliamramsdeninaugustasaresultofthepreviousdefeatsandlossesprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomprimeministerwinstonchurchilldismissedclaudeauchinleckascommanderinchiefofmiddleeastcommandandgeneralofficercommandinggeneralofficercommandinggoceightharmyauchinleckwasreplacedasalliedcommanderbyharoldalexanderstearlalexanderoftunisharoldalexanderandasgoceightharmybywilliamgottwilliamgottpreviouslycommanderofxiiicorpsgottwaskilledsoonafterwardswhentheaircraftcarryinghimwasshotdownhewasreplacedbybernardmontgomerystviscountmontgomeryofalameinbernardmontgomeryattheendofaugustrommelagaindecidedtoattemptabreakthroughthistimeatthesouthernendofthelinebattleofalamhalfaattackingaridgenamedalamelhalfawhilethiswasdirectedmainlyatxiiicorpsxxxcorpswasthesubjectofseveraldiversionaryraidsinseptemberramsdenwasreplacedbyoliverleesexxxcorpswastobethefocusofmontgomerysfirstmajoroffensivecodenamedoperationlightfoottotheunitsalreadymentionedwereaddedthenewzealandndnewzealanddivisionnddivisionpreviouslyxiiicorpsthebritishsthighlanddivisionsthighlandinfantrydivisionandtheindianthinfantrydivisionindiathinfantrydivisionalongwiththebritishtharmouredbrigadeunitedkingdomtharmouredbrigademontgomerysplancalledforextensiveretrainingasxxxcorpswastocreateacorridorthroughaxisminefieldsforthetanksofxcorpsunitedkingdomxcorpsonthenightofoctoberlightfootcommencedwithaprolongedandintenseartillerybombardmentxxxcorpsattackedthecorpsquicklysustainedveryheavycasualtiesbuttheaustraliannewzealandsouthafricanandhighlanddivisionscontinuedtopushtheattackcreatingseveralgapsintheminefieldsbeforegermanresistancestoppedfurtheradvancestobringxxxcorpsuptostrengththnorthumbrianinfantrydivisionxiiicorpswasaddedearlyonthemorningofnovemberxcorpsandxxxcorpslaunchedthefourthphaseoflightfootcodenamedoperationsuperchargeoperationsuperchargebynovemberthetanksofxcorpshadbrokenthroughandtheallieshadwonthesecondbattleofelalameintheaustralianthdivisionwastransferredtothesouthwestpacifictheaterofworldwariisouthwestpacifictheatrethestsouthafricandivisionwasleftinegyptafterelalameinxxxcorpspushedforwardsteadilyitstoppeditsadvanceatthemarethlineintunisiainlatefebruarytunisiaonmarchxxxcorpslaunchedanattackonthemarethlineaspartofoperationpugilistwiththethnorthumbrianinfantrydivisionthnorthumbrianandsthighlanddivisionsthighlandinfantrydivisionsintheleadtheymanagedtocreateagapbutitwasquicklycontainedbyrommelsthpanzerdivisionwehrmachtthpanzerdivisionduringoperationsuperchargeiiaforcecommandedbylieutenantgeneralbrianhorrockscomposedofthenewzealandcorpsandstunitedkingdomdivisionstarmoureddivisionfromxcorpsexploitedaflankingpositionestablishedbythenewzealandersduringpugilistandbrokethegermanflankdefencesonthenightoftheththforcingtheoutflankedgermanforcestowithdrawnorthwardstowadiakritinmidaprilxxxcorpsattemptedtoattackthepositionheadonbutmadelittleprogressagainstdeterminedgermananditalianresistancebythattimethefirstarmyunitedkingdombritishfirstarmyhadbrokenthroughthegermanlineontheirleftincentraltunisiaandtheaxisforceswereforcedtosurrendersicilyonjulyxxxcorpswaspartofthealliedinvasionofsicilyinvasionoftheitalianislandofsicilythecorpsunderlieutenantgeneraloliverleesewastocomposetheleftflankofthebritisheightharmyitwasreinforcedwiththestcanadiandivisionstcanadianinfantrydivisionthestcanadianarmouredbrigadeandthestbrigadeunitedkingdomstinfantrybrigadeofunitsfrommaltathendnewzealandandthethindiandivisionwerenotavailableforsicilybecausetheyhadbothincurredheavylossesxxxcorpslandednearpachinoandmadeearlygainsagainsttheitaliancoastaldivisionitalianthcoastaldivisionandtheitalianinfantrydivisionnapolinapolidivisionbyjulyitwashalfwaytomessinaprogressslowedconsiderablyafterthatbecausesicilysmountainousterrainfavouredwellequippeddefenderslikethegermanforcesingroupschmalzandtheymanagedtomoveverylittletheaxisbeganwithdrawingtroopsfromsicilyandthegermansputupabravefightingwithdrawalbyaugustthelastgermantroopshadcrossedthestraitsofmessinaandtheallieswereincontrolofsicilyxxxcorpswasthenpulledoutofthelineandsenttotheunitedkingdomtorefitandretrainforoperationoverlordnorthwesteuropeorderofbattlegeneralofficercommandinggeneralofficercommandingltgengerardbucknalltoaugustbrltgenbrianhorrocksfromaugustcorpstroopsthhussarsarmouredcarsrdantitankregimentroyalartillerythlightantiaircraftregimentrathdurhamsurveyregimentraxxxcorpstroopsroyalengineersxxxcorpssignalstharmygrouprathregimentroyalhorseartillerythmediumregimentrathmediumregimentrathsussexmediumregimentrastwestridingartillerywestridingmediumregimentrandbedfordshireyeomanryheavyregimentroyalartillerynormandyinnormandyxxxcorpsnowcommandedbylieutenantgeneralgerardbucknallagainincludedthethdivisionwhichlandedongoldbeachitquicklyoverwhelmedthegermandefendersofthethstaticinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionandhadlinkedupwiththeicorpsunitedkingdomicorpsbytheendofnormandylandingsddayfollowingddaythecorpslaunchedoperationperchitmadeslowgainsfacingstiffresistancebutbyjunehadlinkedupwithusforcesadvancingfromomahabeachonjuneanopportunityarosethegermanshadagapintheirfrontlinesnearthetownofcaumontlventthetharmoureddivisionunitedkingdomtharmoureddivisionwassenttoexploitthegapandheadtowardsvillersbocagecalvadosvillersbocageinanattempttooutflankthegermanpanzerlehrdivisionandforcethemtowithdrawresultinginthebattleofvillersbocagethisattackwasthwartedbyelementsofthepanzerlehrdivisionandthestssheavypanzerbattalionbucknallwasheavilycriticisedforhisdecisionsduringtheoperationandbattlexxxcorpswastheninvolvedinabattleofattritionwithonlyminorgainsbeingmadeuptojulythefrontlineremainedrelativelyunchangedthenextdayhowevertheamericanslaunchedoperationcobraanattackongermanpositionsonthewesternendofthecontentinpeninsulatheymadeconsiderableprogressandthesecondarmyunitedkingdombritishsecondarmylaunchedoperationbluecoattosupporttheattackandtoexploitthemomentumviiicorpsunitedkingdomviiicorpsontherightflankmadeconsiderableprogressbutxxxcorpswassluggishannoyedmontgomerysackedbucknallandreplacedhimwithlieutenantgeneralbrianhorrocksadistinguishedveteranofnorthafricaafterthesackingofbucknalltheperformanceofxxxcorpsimprovedconsiderablyanditmanagedtokeepupwiththeotherbritishcorpsduringthefalaisepocketbattleforthefalaisegapafterthegermancollapsexxxcorpsquicklyadvancednortheastandliberatedbrusselsandantwerpinbelgiumtheretheadvancewashaltedbecauseofashortageoffuelelementsoftheguardsarmoureddivisionandthendhouseholdcavalryregimentmanagedtosecureabridgeacrossthealbertcanalmaasscheldecanalintothenetherlandsthisbridgewasnicknamedjoesbridgeinhonouroflieutenantcolonelunitedkingdomlieutenantcoloneljoevandeleurofthendbattalionirishguardswhocapturedthebridgeoperationmarketgardenafterthesuccessinfranceandbelgiumgeneralmontgomerycommandingthestarmygroupturnedhisattentiontooutflankingthesiegfriedlineandinvadingtheruhrinapincermovementthenorthernpartofthepincerwouldbeneararnhematthedutchgermanborderalliedtroopswouldconcentrateatthispointtoformthenorthernpartofthepincerxxxcorpsconsistingofapproximatelymenwouldadvancealongthemainaxisofthebritishsecondarmyslineoftheoffensiveandreacharnhemwithinhoursandcontinueontothedutchgermanborderxxxcorpsthegroundoperationwastobethegardenpartoftheoperationtoprojectpastarnhemthisrequiredcrossinganumberofchokepointsoverwaterobstaclesthelastofthemaroadbridgeatarnhemwhenthepincerclosedthiswouldallowgroundtroopstotrapthetharmywehrmachtgermantharmysplittingitfromthestparachutearmygermanystparachutearmyonthewayaroundthenorthernflankofthesiegfriedlinethemarketpartoftheoperationwastoseizethebridgesuptoarnhemmontgomeryrequestedfromgeneralunitedstatesgeneraldwightdeisenhowerthesupremealliedcommanderonthewesternfrontworldwariiwesternfronttodeploythefirstalliedairbornearmythestairbornedivisionusstairbornedivisionundermajorgeneralunitedstatesmajorgeneralmaxwelldtaylorwasdroppedateindhoventosecurethesonnorthbrabantsonandwilhelminacanalbridgesthendairbornedivisionusndairbornedivisionunderbrigadiergeneralunitedstatesbrigadiergeneraljamesmgavindroppedatnijmegentosecurethegravenetherlandsgraveandnijmegenbridgeswhilethestairbornedivisionunitedkingdombritishstairbornedivisionundermajorgeneralroyurquhartdroppedatarnhemtosecurethebridgeheadoverthenederrijnattachedtothestairbornedivisionwasthestindependentparachutebrigadepolandpolishstparachutebrigadeundermajorgeneralmajorgeneralstanisawsosabowskiimagexxxcorpspassingthroughgravejpgthumbleftvehiclesoftheguardsarmoureddivisionofxxxcorpspassingthroughgravenetherlandsgravehavinglinkedupwiththendairbornedivisionusndairbornedivisionoperationmarketgardencommencedathonsundayseptemberwiththeartillerypreparationbygunsatitwastobethemostambitiousgroundoffensiveoperationbythebritisharmyinthewarsofarhoweveritwasalsobesetbyproblemsthegroundwasassessedtobetoosofttoaccommodatethemshermanshermantanksoftheleadingirishguardsbattlegroupforcingtheentireguardsarmoureddivisiontostayonthesinglehighwayasthexxxcorpsadvancednortheastitbecameobviousthatthesinglehighwaywaspronetotrafficjamsandwasextremelyvulnerabletoenemycounterattackstheleadelementsofxxxcorpsmajorgeneralallanadairsguardsarmoureddivisionwereambushedbygermanantitankdefencescausingdelaystotheadvancewhiletheinfantrydealtwiththeenemyasaresulttheywerefarshortofthendairbornedivisionsobjectiveshavingnotevenreachedthestairbornedivisionbytheendofthefirstdayontheseconddayofgardentheguardsarmoureddivisioncontinuednorthwardstoeindhovenwheretheymetelementsofthendbattalionthinfantryregimentunitedstatesthparachuteinfantryregimentofthestairbornedivisiontheysoondiscoveredthattaylorssthadfailedtosecurethebridgeatsonintactcreatingmoredelaysbeforexxxcorpsengineersarrivedtobuildabaileybridgeonthemorningoftheththeguardsarmoureddivisionadvancedwithoutfacingmuchresistancereachingthenijmegenbridgeonthesamedaywheretheyfoundthattheusndairbornedivisionhadfailedtocapturetheroadbridgeatnijmegenwithtroopsonlyatthesouthernendofthebridgexxxcorpsbroughtupboatsusedbybridgeengineersallowingtwocompaniesofmajorunitedstatesmajorjuliancooksrdbattalionthinfantryregimentunitedstatesthparachuteinfantryregimenttocrosstherivertoassaultthebridgefromthenorthernendxxxcorpscapturedthenijmegenbridgerunningtheirtanksovertheguardsarmoureddivisionadvancedandquicklyestablishedpositionsonthenorthernbanktosecurethebridgefurthersouthinthestairbornedivisionssectormanyunitsfromthexxxcorpshadtobedetachedtofightoffrepeatedattemptsbythegermanthpanzerbrigadetocutthehighwaythestbrigadeunitedkingdomstinfantrybrigadefromthethdivisionandthethinfantrybrigadeandheadquartersnortheasttharmouredbrigadespentmostofthetimeduringoperationmarketgardenreactingtotheseprobesbygermanpanthertanksandpanzergrenadiersthiscreatedmajortrafficjamsanddelayedreinforcementsreachingadairsguardsarmoureddivisionparticularlytherdwessexinfantrydivisionundermajorgeneralgwilymivorthomasandthethinfantrybrigadeunitedkingdomthandstinfantrybrigadeunitedkingdomstbrigadesofthethdivisionwhichfurthersloweddownthexxxcorpsadvancebytheseptembertheguardsarmoureddivisiontroopswereexhaustedandhorrocksalsotookillwithxxxcorpsperiodicallybeingcommandedbyitsbrigadiergeneralstaffbgsbrigadierunitedkingdombrigadierharoldpymanforwhichhewouldbemadechiefofstaffchiefofstaffofsecondarmyaftertheoperationtheyhadfoughtcontinuouslyforfivedaysmuchofitagainstfiercegermanresistanceandwereunabletocontinuetheoffensiveanylongertherddivisionwasbroughtuptocontinuetheoffensivewhomanagedtodefeatelementsofthethsspanzerdivisionfrundsbergthsspanzerdivisionthatpenetratedtonijmegenareaandadvancedtothenederrijnandtheareacalledtheislandtherethethbattaliondorsetregimentsuccessfullycrossedtherhineasadiversionsothattheremnantsofthebritishstairbornedivisioncouldwithdrawmoresafelybutmanymenofthethdorsetswerethemselvesleftbehindonthenorthbankoftherhinewhenthedivisionwithdrewthefailureofgavinsndairbornedivisiontoseizethenijmegenbridgecausedalongdelayforthexxxcorpstoarriveatthearnhembridgeasplannedthiscausedthebritishstairbornedivisionwhichwasbattleofarnhemsurroundedatarnhemandsufferedveryheavylossestoretreatfromthearnhembridgeafterthedelayenabledthegermanstoreinforcewitharmoureddivisionsmostofthebritishstairbornedivisioneitherdiedfightingsurrenderedorwithdrewtothepolishstparachutebrigadepositionsandeffectivelyendedtheoffensiveinthefollowingweeksxxxcorpsspentmostofitstimeguardingthecorridorthatithadmanagedtocreateduringtheadvanceeventuallythiscorridorwouldbeexpandedandwouldprovideasecurebaseforfurtheroperationsardennesduringthebattleofthebulgeunitsofxxxcorpsmovedtosecurethebridgesoverthemeuserivermeuseondecemberthecorpspushedthendpanzerdivisionoutofcelleshouyetcellesondecembertheycapturedrochefortbelgiumrochefortatthewesternendofthesalientsreentrantsandpocketssalienttherhinelandcampaignimagebritishgeneralsbujpgthumbrightlieutenantgeneralhorrocksaddressesxxxcorpsstaffatreesgermanyreesonthebanksoftherhinemayxxxcorpswasheavilyinvolvedinthefightingthatprecededtheoperationplunderrhinecrossingsundercommandofthestcanadianarmyandwithadditionaldivisionsitwasresponsibleforthesuccessfulifdifficultadvancethroughthekleverreichswaldreichswaldforestthatwasthefirstphaseofoperationveritableinfebruarythesubsequentphaseswereredesignatedasoperationblockbustertheterrainnowallowedatwocorpsfrontwithxxxcorpstakingthewesternsideuntilmeetingatgeldernwithelementsofthethusarmyonmarchgeneralofficerscommandingcommandersincludedaugoctlieutenantgeneralvyvyanpopenovjullieutenantgeneralwilloughbynorriestbaronnorriewilloughbynorriejulseplieutenantgeneralwilliamhavelockramsdenwilliamramsdensepdeclieutenantgeneraloliverleesesiroliverleesejanjullieutenantgeneralgerardbucknallaugdeclieutenantgeneralbrianhorrocksdecseplieutenantgeneralalexandergallowayseealsobattleofgazalanotesreferencesfortygeorgebritisharmyhandbookstroudsuttonpublishingisbnohorrocksbrianescapetoactionstmartinspressnewyorkpublishedinukasafulllifemoremantimothyrobertandersonduncandesertratsbritishtharmyinnorthafricaospreypublishingexternalsourceswebarchiveorgwebrapwpblueyondercoukindexhtmlroyalartilleryinfoboxpoliticiandonotaddhonorificsornumbersofsuccessiontheyarenotusedingreecenamexenophonzolotasbrimagezolotasjpgimagesizepxofficeprimeministerofgreecepresidentchristossartzetakistermstartnovembertermendaprilpredecessorioannisgrivassuccessorkonstantinosmitsotakisofficegovernorofthebankofgreecetermstartnovembertermendoctoberpredecessorpanagotispapaligourassuccessorgerasimosarsenistermstartfebruarytermendaugustpredecessorgeorgiosmantzavinossuccessordemetriosgalanistermstartoctobertermendjanuarypredecessortheodorostourkovasilissuccessorkyriakosvarvaresosbirthdatebirthplaceathensgreecedeathdatedeathplaceathensgreecepartyindependentpoliticianindependentspouselolazolotaalmamaternationalandkapodistrianuniversityofathensuniversityofathensbrleipziguniversitybruniversityofparisxenophonzolotasapriljunewasagreecegreekeconomistandservedasaninterimnonpartyprimeministerofgreecelifeandcareerborninathensonaprilzolotasstudiedeconomicsattheuniversityofathensandlaterstudiedinleipzigandparishecamefromawealthyfamilyofgoldsmithswithrootsinprerevolutionaryrussiainhebecameprofessorofeconomicsatathensuniversityandataristotleuniversityofthessalonikiaposthehelduntilwhenheresignedinprotestatthemilitaryregimewhichhadcometopowerinhewasamemberoftheboardofdirectorsofunrrainandheldseniorpostsintheinternationalmonetaryfundandotherinternationalorganisationsinandzolotaswasdirectorofthebankofgreeceinwhenheresignedinprotestattheregimeandhepublishedmanyworksongreekandinternationaleconomictopicshewasakeynesianandwasactiveinsocialistcircleswithhisclosefriendprofessorangelosangelopoulosheisalsofamousfordemonstratingthecontributionofgreeklanguagetotheenglishvocabularybymakingenglishhisspeechesspeechesashesaidusingwiththeexceptionofarticlesandprepositionsonlygreekwordstoforeignaudienceswhentheelectionsofnovemberfailedtogiveamajoritytoeitherthepanhellenicsocialistmovementpasokpartyofandreaspapandreouorthenewdemocracygreecenewdemocracypartyofconstantinemitsotakiszolotasthenagedagreedtobecomeprimeministeratheadofanonpartyadministrationuntilfreshelectionscouldbeheldhesteppeddownaftertheelectionofaprilwhichgavemitsotakisanarrowmajorityhewasaworkaholicandanavidwinterswimmermakingapointofswimmingeverymorningthroughouttheyearevenintohisninetieshisbookeconomicgrowthanddecliningsocialwelfareadvancestheideathatinmoderneconomicgrowththereisanincreasingoutputofuselessandevendiscomfortingthingssuchasadvertisingforthatreasonmoderneconomicgrowthcannotbeatallconsideredascreatingconditionsforfurtherhumanhappinessathesisquiteinagreementwithideasbyauthorssuchasrichardeasterlinorhermandalyzolotasdiedonjuneattheageofheisburiedinthefirstcemeteryofathensfromoctoberwhenformergreecegreeklistofheadsofstateofgreecepresidentmichailstasinopoulosdieduntilhisowndeathzolotaswastheworldsoldestlivingformerheadofstatespeechestwoofhisspeechesinenglishattheinternationalbankforreconstructionanddevelopmentareconsideredtobehistoricandnotablebecausetheycontainedmainlyenglishwordsofgreekorigintermsofgreekoriginherearethetextsialwayswishedtoaddressthisassemblyingreekbutrealizedthatitwouldhavebeenindeedgreektoallpresentinthisroomifoundouthoweverthaticouldmakemyaddressingreekwhichwouldstillbeenglishtoeverybodywithyourpermissionmrchairmanlshalldoitnowusingwiththeexceptionofarticlesandprepositionsonlygreekwordskyrieieulogizethearchonsofthepanethnicnumismaticthesaurusandtheecumenicaltrapezafortheorthodoxyoftheiraxiomsmethodsandpoliciesalthoughthereisanepisodeofcacophonyofthetrapezawithhellaswithenthusiasmwedialogueandsynagonizeatthesynodsofourdidymousorganizationsinwhichpolymorphouseconomicideasanddogmasareanalyzedandsynthesizedourcriticalproblemssuchasthenumismaticplethorageneratesomeagonyandmelancholythisphenomenonischaracteristicofourepochbuttomythesiswehavethedynamismtoprogramtherapeuticpracticesasaprophylaxisfromchaosandcatastropheinparallelapanethnicunhypocriticaleconomicsynergyandharmonizationinademocraticclimateisbasiciapologizeformyeccentricmonologueiemphasizemyeuharistiatoyoukyrietotheeugenicandgenerousamericanethnosandtotheorganizersandprotagonistsof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dwardalmondnedalmondtosuggestanewnameforcexsromannumeraltenremindedalmondofacorpswhichhadfoughtundermacarthurinthelastwarwhynotcallitthexcorpsheaskedmacarthurwasdelightedandapprovedofthenamegeneralalmondwassubsequentlychosenbymacarthurasxcorpsnewcommanderthemarinesfirstcapturedanislandoffshoreofinchonasapreludetotheassaultandatthenexttidethemainattackwentindespitethenoiseoftheattackontheoffshoreislanditcompletelysurprisedthenorthkoreanforcesthemarinesthenmovedontothecapitalcityofseoulinheavyfightingtheyeventuallydroveoutthenorthkoreandefenderstheusarmysthinfantrydivisionwhichhadlandedlateratinchonengagedtheenemyontheoutskirtsofseouldestroyinganarmoredregimentinchonhadaverylargetidalrangeandwasthusveryriskytouseasalandingsitenonethelessthelandingprovedtobeanenormoussuccessitisbyfarthelargestamphibiousassaulttohavetakenplacesinceworldwariiandoneoftheboldestoperationtailboardthexcorpsplannedamphibiouslandingontheeastcoastofnorthkoreaisamendedbyuncopordnoculminatinginawithdrawaltotheseathebattleofchosinreservoirafterthelandingatinchonxcorpsattackedupthekoreanpeninsulaontheleftflankofeighthunitedstatesarmyeightharmyhoweveritwaswithdrawntoprepareforanotheramphibiousassaultthistimeatwonsanontheeasterncoastthisactionprovedtobeamistakeontwocountsfirstforcesoftheeightharmymovingbylandreachedwonsanbeforetheassaultwentinseconditprovedtobetoofarforunforcestogoafteranadministrativelandingatwonsanxcorpsnowincludingthedinfantrydivisionunitedstatesusdinfantrydivisionadvancedinlandnorthwesttowardstheyaluriverwiththefirstrepublicofkoreairokcorpsmadeupoftworokdivisionsinthefarnorthorrightflankthethinfantrydivisionunitedstatesusthinfantrydivisionwasinthecenterandtheusstmarinedivisionunitedstateskoreanwarstmarinedivisionmardivonthesouthernorleftflankofthexcorpsattackdinfantrydivisionwasinitiallyinreserveaselementsoftheirokcorpsandthinfantrydivisionclosedonthemanchurianborderthestmarinedivisionhesitatedandbecameboggeddowninthevicinityofthebattleofchosinreservoirchosinreservoirchangjinhothepeoplesliberationarmychinesecommunistforceschoosethismomenttointerveneenmasseinthewartheycrossedtheyaluintonorthernkoreaandengagedtharmyandxcorpsacrosstheirfrontagesthemarineswereonbothleftandrightsidesofthechangjinreservoirregimentalcombatteamrctakataskforcemacleantaskforcefaithofthearmysthinfantrydivisionreplacedthethmarineregimentontheeastsideofthereservoirinapiecemealfashionwithonlytwoofitsthreemaneuverbattalionsinplacebeforeheavyengagementwiththeenemycommencedxcorpswasstrungoutalongmanymilesinsubfreezingtemperatureswiththeroktroopsandthethinfantrydivisiontothenorthincontactwithenemyforcesregimentalcombatteamwastoofarfromitsparentdivisionforsupportandwithoutorganictanksupportanditsthirdmaneuverelementitwasdecimatedbytheonslaughtofthechinesethestmardivfaredbetterandwithremnantsofrctarmyengineersandxcorpssupportpersonnelbeganitsmovetotheseamovingthroughelementsoftherdinfantrydivisionbattleofchosinreservoirorderofbattletaskforcedogfromthethinfantryregimentunitedstateskoreawarthinfantryregimentandareinforcedbattalionofthethinfantryregimentunitedstatesthinfantryregimentwhoprovidedflankandrearguardcoverforthewithdrawingunitsthethinfantrydivisioninthecenterandtheirokcorpsontherightflankalsobeganwithdrawingtothehungnambeachheadthemarineswithdrewthroughthedinfantrydivisionwithintermittentcontactwithchineseforcesuptosudongtheextremetemperaturesduringthisperiodcausedthemajorityofthecasualtiesforxcorpsthemarinesmanagedtoreachthesafetyofhungnamfirstwheretherdandthinfantrydivisionsandirokcorpsprovidedperimeterdefensethemarineswereevacuatedbythemiddleofdecemberfollowedbythethinfantrydivisionirokcorpsandthelastofthexcorpselementsthedinfantrydivisionwaslasttoleavethebeachandevacuatedondecemberforintrepidserviceduringthebattleofthechosinreservoirwithchinesecommunistforcesusarmylieutenantcoloneldoncfaithjrhavingassumedcommandofregimentalcombatteamthinfantrydivisionforactionsduringtheperiodnovemberthroughdecemberusarmylieutenantcoloneljohnudpageofthexcorpsartilleryhavingdistinguishedhimselfinactionduringtheperiodofnovembertodecemberandusmarinecorpsstaffsergeantwilliamgwindrichcompanyidbattalionthmarinesdecemberwereposthumouslyawardedthemedalofhonorreceivingthemedalofhonorinpersonusmarinecorpslieutenantcolonelraydavisusmarineraydavisincommandofthestbattalionthmarinesforhisactionsthroughdecemberusmarinecorpscaptainwilliamebarberincommandoffoxcompanyndbattalionthmarinesforhisactionsduringtheperiodnovemberthroughdecemberusmarinecorpsstaffsergeantrobertkennemorecompanyedbattalionthmarinesforhisactionsduringtheperiodandnovemberandusmarinecorpsprivatefirstclasshectoracafferatajrcompanyfdbattalionthmarinesforhisactionsonnovemberlateractionsafterthewithdrawalfromthenortheastcoastandonceitsunitshadbeenreconstitutedxcorpswentintothelineandremainedtherefortherestofthewaritiswidelycontendedthatxcorpsremainedoutsideofthedirectcommandofeightharmytoolongxcorpsreportingdirectlytothesupremecommanderhadbeennecessaryfortheinchonlandingsandstilldefensibleforthewonsanattackhoweverafteritenteredthemainlineconventionalmilitarydoctrineindicatedthatitshouldhavebeenplacedimmediatelyunderthecommandofeightharmygeneraldouglasmacarthurthecommanderoftheunitedstatesforceswasaccusedoffavoritismtowardsedwardalmondthecontroversialcommanderofxcorpswhowasdualhattedasthecommanderofxcorpsandmacarthurschiefofstaffandhispersonalfriendafterxcorpswasplacedunderthecommandofeightharmyitperformedwithpowerfulstrengthfortherestofthewarpostkoreanwarintheyearsfollowingthekoreanwarxcorpsservedasaregionalheadquartershavingadministrativelogisticalandtrainingresponsibilityforbothactiveandunitedstatesarmyreservearmyreserveunitsinthenorthwesternportionofthecontinentalunitedstatesxcorpswasinactivatedonmarchaspartofthecompromisebetweenunitedstatessecretaryofdefenseussecretaryofdefenserobertsmcnamarawhowantedtomergethearmyreserveintothearmynationalguardandtheunitedstatescongresswhowantedtomaintainthearmyreserveasitthenexistedunderthecompromiseplanallofthecombatdivisionsandmostseparatecombatbrigadesofthearmyreservewereinactivatedwithacorrespondingincreaseinthenationalguardatthesametimenondivisionalcombatsupportandcombatservicesupportunitswerereallocatedinthearmyreservethefourteenareacorpswereinactivatedintheirplaceeighteenarmyreservecommandsarcomswereestablishedeacharcomwasinturnassignedtooneoffivefieldarmycontinentalusarmiesconusasunderarmygroundforcespostwarcontinentalarmycommandconarcthebulkofxcorpsarmyreserveunitswereassignedtothetharmyreservecommandunitedstatestharmyreservecommandinpopularculturetheusarmytenthcorpsisthenameofthemainfieldforcefeaturedinharoldcoylestechnothrillerthetenthousandinthenovelitsgroundcombatelementsarethethinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthmechanizedinfantrydivisionthetharmoreddivisionunitedstatestharmoreddivisionandthethcavalryregimenttharmoredcavalryregimentcommandersmajorgeneralfranklinlsibertaugusttojanuaryxcorpsinactivatedlieutenantgeneraledwardmalmondaugusttojulymajorgeneralclovisebyersjulytodecemberlieutenantgeneralwillistonbpalmerdecembertoaugustlieutenantgeneralisaacdwhitenovembertoaprilxcorpsinactivatednotableformermemberswebgriffinwilliamebutterworthiiiservedwithheadquartersasaninformationofficerbasedinkwandaerireferencestwentyormayrefertonumberthenaturalnumberfollowingandprecedingoneoftheyearsbcadmusicalbumsndchapterofactsalbumndchapterofactsalbumcunteralbumcunteralbumdraganamirkovialbumdraganamirkovialbumharryconnickjralbumharryconnickjralbumjansmitalbumjansmitalbumkaterusbyalbumkaterusbyalbumterminaatoralbumterminaatoralbumtlcalbumtlcalbumedmondleungalbumedmondleungalbumthalbumthalbumbycasiopeatwentytwentyanalbumreleasedinjapanbysouthkoreanrockbandftislandtwentyboyziimenalbumtwentyboyziimenalbumtwentychicanealbumtwentychicanealbumtwentyjebediahalbumtwentyjebediahalbumtwentylynyrdskynyrdalbumtwentylynyrdskynyrdalbumtwentyrobertcrayalbumtwentyrobertcrayalbumsongstwentytherippingtonssongtwentytherippingtonssongfromthanniversaryplacestwentylincolnshireahamletinenglandthetwentygeorgiaorwestgreenanamericanunincorporatedcommunityincoffeecountytwentylakealakeinminnesotatwentylakesbasinincaliforniaseasternsierraotherusestwentyfilmtwentyfilmafilmfromsouthkoreaseealsotwentydollarbilldisambiguationtwentypencedisambiguationxxdisambiguationxxcorpsdisambiguationkungpeopleredirectcategoryshelleighteenormayrefertonumberthenaturalnumberfollowingandprecedingoneoftheyearsbcadfilmtelevisionandentertainmentfilmfilmataiwaneseexperimentalfilmbasedontheshortstorygodsdiceeighteenfilmeighteenfilmacanadiandramaticfeaturefilmbritishboardoffilmclassificationanagerestrictedadmissionratingforfilmsintheunitedkingdomdragonballdragonballacharacterinthedragonballfranchisemusicalbumsmobyalbummobyalbumnanakitadealbumnanakitadealbumdebutalbumbygemsongssecondsofsummersongsecondsofsummersongfromtheireponymousdebutalbumonedirectionsongonedirectionsongfromtheirstudioalbumfourimeighteenbyalicecoopercommonlyreferredtoassimplyeighteeneighteenclcsongeighteenclcsongadigitalsinglebyclceighteenbyconniefranciseighteenbyforwardrussiaeighteenbypatriciacahillsingerpatriciacahillbsidetocolmbnseealsoratingdisambiguationseventeenormayrefertonumberthenaturalnumberfollowingandprecedingoneoftheyearsbcadbooksandmagazinesseventeenamericanmagazineseventeenamericanmagazineanamericanmagazineforteenagegirlsseventeenjapanesemagazineseventeenjapanesemagazineajapanesemagazineforteenagegirlsseventeenserafinnovelseventeenserafinnovelanovelbyshanserafinseventeentarkingtonnovelseventeentarkingtonnovelanovelbyboothtarkingtonseventeensebuntiinanovelbykenzaburefilmandtelevisionseventeenfilmseventeenfilmanamericansilentcomedyseventeenfilmseventeenfilmanamericancomedyseventeenfilmseventeenfilmadocumentaryagainfilmagainfilmafilmwhoseworkingtitlewasnumberseventeenafilmdirectedbyalfredhitchcockseventeenthekillingseventeenthekillingaepisodeoftheamericantelevisiondramaseriesthekillingseventeentvdramaseventeentvdramaaukdramaticshortstarringchristienanholtmusicalbumsseventeenkeishawhitealbumseventeenkeishawhitealbumandthetitlesongseventeenirisalbumseventeenirisalbumm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onfreeingamericanciviliansandsoldierscapturedonbataanandcorregidorinresistancewasquicklyreducednorthofthepasigriverbutthejapanesefoughtferociouslyinsouthernmanilaamericanforcesofthethstcavalryandthairborneandfilipinoforcesofthephilippinecommonwealtharmyunitsandlocalguerrillafightersjoinedupinmanilaonfebruarymeanwhilethethinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthredstarinfantrydivisionjoinedxivcorpsonfebruaryandattackedwellfortifiedenemyforcesintheshimbulineeastofmanilainanamphibiousairparatroopgroundassaultelementsofthethairbornedivisionaidedbyelementsofxivcorpsspecialtroopsfreedamericaninterneesfromlosbanosprisoncampfebruarymainenemyresistancecollapsedwiththetakingoftheancientwalledcityofintramurosonfebruarybytheusthdivisionandaidingphilippinecommonwealtharmyunitsandrecognizedguerrillasmoppingupwascompletedinthreepublicbuildingthathadbeenfortifiedbythejapaneseandinmanilabaywherejapanesehassetupdefensesinthehulksofsunkenshipsthecleanupofsouthernluzonwiththestcavalryandthethairbornecomprisingmajorcorpsunitswasbegunmarchandbymaytheareawasdeclaredfreeofjapaneseorganizedresistancethenonjulythecorpswiththethndinfantrydivisionunitedstatesndredarrowthandthinfantrydivisionunitedstatesthcyclonedivisionbeganthecleanupofnorthernluzoncampaigncreditsandpostwarservicexivcorpsiscreditedwithserviceintheguadalcanalnorthernsolomonsbismarckarchipelagoandluzoncampaignssubsequenttoworldwariixivcorpswasactiveinminneapolisminnesotafromtoreferencesnotesbibliographywilsonjohnbcompilerarmiescorpsdivisionsandseparatebrigadeswashingtondcgovernmentprintingofficewebciteweblastlongfirstgavincoauthorsyearurlawmgovauhistorieschapteraspvolumetitlevolumeviithefinalcampaignsworkofficialhistoriessecondworldwarpublisheraustralianwarmemorialaccessdatejanuaryxvidredirectcategoryshelllistofmilitarycorpsmdashlistofmilitarycorpsbynumbermdashlistofmilitarycorpsbynamecorpsthcorpsfourteenthcorpsorxivcorpsmayrefertoxivcorpsgrandearmeacorpsoftheimperialfrencharmyduringthenapoleonicwarsxivcorpsgermanempireaunitoftheimperialgermanarmypriortoandduringworldwarixivreservecorpsgermanempireaunitoftheimperialgermanarmyduringworldwarixivcorpsindiaxivcorpsottomanempirexivcorpsunitedkingdomxivcorpsunitedstatesxivcorpsacwamericancivilwarcorpsmmmmnatoinfoboxvideogameimagecaptiondevelopermicroprosemicroprosechapelhillpublisherhasbrointeractiveseriesxcomengineplatformsmicrosoftwindowsreleasedunreleasedgenrestrategyvideogamestrategymodessingleplayerdirectorproducerdesignerdaveellisgamedesignerdaveellisprogrammerartistwritercomposerxcomgenesiswasamicrosoftwindowswindowsstrategyvideogameindevelopmentinthexcomseriesitwasbeingdevelopedbymicroproseemployeesthenworkingforhasbrointeractivewhohadboughtoutmicroproseproductiontookplaceintheoriginalmicroproseofficesinchapelhillnorthcarolinaandthegamewasplannedsometimeforxcomgenesiswasnevercompletedduetotheclosureofthechapelhillmicroprosestudiodevelopmentthedevelopmentteamconsistedofmicroproseveteransandnewhirestohelpwiththeworkloadsomeofthenewhireswerevideogameindustrygameindustryveteransbutsomewerenewtogamedevelopmentasubstantialnumberofthenewhirescamefromthefreshlyshutdownengineeringanimationinceaigamedevelopmentstudioinsaltlakecityutahthechapelhilldevelopmentteamjustafterfinishingxcominterceptorhadcompletedconvertingtheoriginalxcomgamesfromdostomicrosoftwindowswindowsusingdirectxwantingtoreturntogameplayoftheoriginalgamestheteambegandevelopingastorylinethatwasconducivetosquadbasedmissionsthehighlightoftheoriginalgamesthecreepyatmospherefrighteninglypowerfulaliensbasebuildingandresearchwereallallottedforinthenewversiongenesiswouldbeadcomputergraphicsdrealtimestrategygametherealtimegameplaywastentativemdashifusingitdidntconveythesameatmosphereandfeelastheoriginalitwouldbereplacedwithaturnbasedimplementationasaprecautionthegamedesignerdaveellisgamedesignerdaveellishadprovidedforafeaturewhereplayerscouldeasilystoptheactionandissuecommandstotheirunitsinmidtheteamstarteddevelopingadenginefromscratchtheengineuseddirectdtotakeadvantageofhardwareaccelerationbutalsohadasoftwaredengineforthosecomputerswithoutdcardstheteamdevelopedageoscapeaviewofearthfromorbitthatfarsurpassedtheimplementationinpreviousversionstheoriginalgamehadaflatshadedratherblockyrepresentationoftheearthgenesishadasmoothglobeonabackgroundofstarswiththecomputermousemousetheusercouldturntheearthandwhendoingsocouldseethesunandmoonpassbyinthebackgroundatranslucentcoveringofcloudsswirledabovethetranquilbluegreenandbrownplanetsurfacebelowtheteambuiltaleveleditortoallowtheartiststobuildlevelsforthebattlescapemdashtheareaswherebattlesagainstthealieninvaderswouldtakeplacetheartistscreatedanurbanenvironmentwithafillingstationwarehouseanapartmentbuildingattachedparkinggarageaparkaburningtrashbinandstreetlightsthatcastpoolsoflightfloatingaboveitallwasablimpwithfloodlightsstreamingearthwardstandinginformationoutsidetheiraircraftwerethexcomsoldiersshiftingontheirfeetlookinglefttorightzoomingincloselyonecouldevenseetheirchestshuffastheybreathedbysimplypointingandclickingthesoldierscouldbecomman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safterworkingasaschoolteacherandholdingaseriesofminorjobsinthemunicipalbureaucracyonaprilhesetoutontheshipenglandcarriersupposedlytoworkhispassagetohongkongbuthedisembarkedinlondonandmadehiswaytoturinhereturnedtolondontomeetupwithhismotherandauntwithwhomhetraveledtoparisturinagaingenoaandhismothersnativezoaglioverthefollowingfewyearsdespitetheonsetofworldwarihewouldmoveamongthesecitiesaswellastoursmarseilleandflorencetowardstheendofthewarheservedattheargentineconsulateinmilanduringtheyearsofthewarhestruckupwhatwastobealifelongfriendshipwithargentineartistemiliopettorutithenayoungmanlivinginitalyandassociatedwiththefuturismartfuturistsalsoaroundthattimehebegantopaymoreattentiontopaintingfirstwithwatercolorwhichwouldalwaysremainhismainmediumasapainteralthoughhegraduallybeganworkingintemperaandveryoccasionallyoilpaintingoilshealsoadoptedthepennameofxulsolarhisfirstmajorexhibitionofhisartwasininmilantogetherwithsculptorarturomartiniinschulzsolarifirstsignedhisworkxulsolarostensiblyforthepurposestosimplifythephoneticsofhisnamebutanexaminationoftheadoptednamerevealsthatthefirstnameisthereverseofluxwhichmeanslightinlatincombinedwithsolarthenamereadsasthelightofthesunanddemonstratestheartistsaffinityfortheuniversalsourceoflightandenergyhisfathersnameschulzandxularepronouncedthesameinspanishrefduringtheyearsthatfollowedhecontinuedhistravelsextendinghisorbittomunichandhamburginhisworkwasexhibitedinparisinashowoflatinamericanartistshealsostruckupanacquaintancewithbritishmagealeistercrowleyandhismistressleahhirsigwhoheldhighhopesforhisdiscipleshipbutlaterthatyearhereturnedtobuenosaireswherehepromptlybecameassociatedwiththeavantgardefloridagroupakamartnfierromagazinemartnfierrogroupacirclethatalsoincludedjorgeluisborgeswithwhomhewastokeepanassociationandclosefriendshipitwasinthisgroupthathealsometpoetandnovelistleopoldomarechalwhowouldimmortalizehimastheastrologerschultzeinhisfamousnoveladnbuenosayreshebegantoexhibitfrequentlyinthegalleriesofbuenosairesnotablyinaexhibitionofmodernpaintersthatincludednorahborgessisterofjorgeluisborgesandemiliopettorutithroughouttherestofhislifehewouldexhibitregularlyinbuenosairesandmontevideouruguaybuthewouldnothaveanothermajoreuropeanexhibitionuntilhistwilightyearsinayearbeforehisdeathhehadamajorexpositionatthemusenationaldartmoderneinparisinhediedinhishouseattigrebuenosairesyearsbeforehisbiographybyemiliopettorutiwaspublishedworkandinterestssolarspaintingsaremainlysculpturesoftenusingstrikingcontrastsandbrightcolourstypicallyinrelativelysmallformatshisvisualstyleseemsequidistantbetweenwassilykandinskyandpaulkleeontheonehandandmarcchagallontheotherhealsoworkedinsomeextremelyunorthodoxartisticmediasuchasmodifyingpianosincludingaversionwiththreerowsofkeysthepoetfernandodemarainanessayxulsolarypaulkleepublishedintheargentinemagazinelyraandquotedextensivelyatxulsolarorgarxulxulhtmlwroteitisnoteasyforthehumanspirittoelevateitselffromastrologytoastronomybutwewouldbemakingamistakeifweforgetthatanauthenticastrologerlikexulsolarisclosetothesourceofthestarstheprimitivismofxulsolarisanteriortotheappearanceofthegodsthegodscorrespondtoamoreevolvedformofenergysolarhadastronginterestinastrologyatleastasearlyashebegantodrawastrologicalchartshealsohadastronginterestinbuddhismandbelievedstronglyinreincarnationhealsodevelopedhisownsetoftarotcardshispaintingsreflecthisreligiousbeliefsfeaturingobjectsasstairsroadsandtherepresentationofgodheinventedtwofullyelaboratedimaginarylanguagessymbolsfromwhichfigureinhispaintingsandwasalsoanexponentofduodecimalmathematicshesaidofhimselfiammaestroofawritingnoonereadsyetoneofhisinventedlanguageswascalledneocriolloapoeticfusionofportugueselanguageportugueseandspanishwhichhereportedlywouldfrequentlyuseasaspokenlanguageintalkingtopeoplehealsoinventedapanlinguawhichaspiredtobeaworldlanguagelinkingmathematicsmusicastrologyandthevisualartsanideareminiscentofhermannhessesglassbeadgameindeedgameswereaparticularinterestofhisincludinghisowninventedversionofchessormorepreciselynonchessoutsideofargentinasolarmaybestbeknownforhisassociationwithborgesinhefiguredasaminorcharacterinborgesssemifictionaltlnuqbarorbistertiusinheillustratedalimitededitioncopiesofunmodeloparalamuertewrittenbyborgesandadolfobioycasareswritingtogetherunderthepseudonymbsurezlynchheandborgeshadcommoninterestsingermanexpressionismexpressionisticpoetrytheworksofemanuelswedenborgalgernoncharlesswinburneandwilliamblakeandeasternphilosophyespeciallybuddhismandtheichingrefciteweburlcyberwhelmorgdiversityexpresshtmborgeshtmtitleborgesyxulsolarmundosimaginariosauthoriselamverdugoarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebcyberwhelmorgdiversityexpresshtmborgeshtmarchivedatejunerefdiscussionofentierroandfiordoentierrowatercoloronpaperafterabriefexperimentationwithoilsxulchosethewatercolorsandtemperathatwouldbecomehispreferredmediainsteadoflargescalecanvasesxulpaintedonsmallsheetsofpapersometimesmountinghisfinishedworksonsheetsofcardboardoneofhisearlyworksinwhatwouldbecomehissignatureformatentierrodemonstratestheconfluenceofxulsinternalthoughtsandexternalinfluencestheimageisofafuneralprocessionofbeingspossiblycelestialledbyanangelfigurefloatingabovethegroundtheprofilesofthefiguressuggestprecolumbianartandpossiblyanancientegyptianinfluenceaswelltheangelfigureaswellasthemournershaveluminouspeaksabovetheirheadsinareimaginingofhalostheshapesofthepeaksarerepeatedbytonguesoffirethatpointupfromthebottomedgeofthepaintingtheimagestronglysuggestsanafterworldbutitisnotclearfromtheimagewhethertheenvironmentcorrelatestotraditionchristianunderstandingsofheavenorhellxulsolarprovideshisviewerwithanewimageofanafterlifetwofiguresholdashroudedcorpsewhichisalsosurroundedbyflamesthehandsofthecorpsearefoldedbutabovethecorpseafigureresemblingafetusemergesthatxulusesafetusinsteadofanimageofadeceasedpersonoftypicalageleadsonetoreadtheimageasadepictionofreincarnationrepresentingabreakfromtraditionalcatholicideasoflifeanddeathanddemonstratingtheinvestigationintodisparatespiritualitieswhichwouldcontinuefortherestofxulslifeasthefiguresrecedeinthepaintingxulreducesthemtogeometricshapestheformsceasetoberecognizableasbeingsandthenaretransformedintowhatcanbeatomborportalthatallthemournersareofthesamecolorasthetempleindicatesthattheyjustlikethedeceasedwillmakethesametransitionsomedayxulsolarslifeduringhistwentieswasmarkedbyprofoundexistentialcrisisrefnamegradowczykgradowczykmariohxulsolarbuenosairesedicionesalbarefhiswritingsatthetimerevealaprofounddesireforcreativeexpressionandakindofangstcausedbytheprofusionofideasandthoughtsheentertainedblockquotedazzlinglightcolorsneverseenharmoniesofecstasiesandofhellunheardofsoundsanewbeautythatismineifmydamagingsorrowsareduetolaborinchildbirthiampregnantwithanimmensenewworldblockquotegradowczykdescribesxulatthispointinhislifeasavisionaryrabidlyopposedtothecanonsreigninginthebuenosairesofhistimelikeotherartisticallyinclinedpeopleofhisgenerationxulsoughttostudyineuropeandsettledforatimeinpariswhileitwasanepicenterforavantgardeartthecitywashometothecubistswhileattractingitalianfuturistsrussianartistsandparticipatinginthedialogueaboutgermanexpressionismtherewasalsoafashionforsculptureandobjectsbroughtbacktoeuropebyanthropologistsandtradersfromafricanandpacificoceancoloniesaswellastheamericastheartisticcanonsthatgradowczykreferstowerepropagatedbytheofficialargentineartinstitutionswhofavoredvisualrepresentationsassociatedwithnationaliconspainterslikecarlosripamontecesreoquirsandfernandofaderextolledimagesofpampaslandscapesandruralgauchocultureentierrosfirmlyplacesxulsolarasamemberofthismodernistargentinemovementratherthanpaintingsubjectsrecognizableasargentinexulsfocusisinternalpaintingfromhisownimaginationhisearlyartisticoutputseemstorepresenttheprofusionofideasandthemesthatgrewoutofxulscontemplationstheflatshapesandboldcolorsusedinthepaintingdemonstrateacubistinfluencethefacesofthefiguresparticularlytheeyesandshapesofheadscanbeseenasowingtothefashionforartandartifactsfromafricaandtheamericasmentionedabovefiordotemperaonpapermountedonboardtheseverebleaklandscapeinfiordosuggestsancientchineseandjapaneseprintsnarrowmountainswithundulatingedgesstabupfromplacidwaterherexulcommunicateshisaffinitywithasianformsandinturnideastheladdersthatcrisscrossthemountainsaredescribedbygradowczykassymbolizingspiritualitybothoftheascendantnatureaswellaswiththepossibilityofdescentthesinglefigureinthebottomcornersuggestsahermeticexistenceadifficultspiritualpaththatismirroredinthesteepstaircasesthefigureholdsabookinonehandandwhatappearstobealanternintheotherrepresentingstudyandguidancexultellshisviewerthatwhilespiritualpursuitcanbearduousothershaveestablishedapathandtheypointthewayastructureappearsatoponemountainostensiblyatemplenoneoftheladdersleaddirectlytothemountainpeakhoweverthepathtwistsandturnsandthedoorscutintothemountainsidesrepresentthestagesandpossiblemomentsofbeingwaylaidasoneendeavorsspirituallyfromandxulspaintingwasinfluencedbyhisthoughtsofthesecondworldwarthesuddenpowerfulemergenceofinhumanityandthepotentialeffectsontheworldatlargeworeveryheavyontheartistgradowczykpositsthatxulreachedhishighestpointofartisticexpressivityintheseasceticpaintingswhosethemecorrespondedtothatanguishingrealitylegacyinxulinitiatedaprojecttoestablishauniversalclubwhichhecalledpanklubinneocriollonearlyfiftyyearslaterhiswidowmicaelalitacadenasestablishedthefundacinpanklubbasedontheoriginalpreceptssetbyxulduringhislifetimerefnamemuseumhistoryciteweburlxulsolarorgarxulintroihtmltitlehistorypublisherxulsolarmuseumrefthisfoundationestablishedthemuseoxulsolarininabuildingwhosedesignwasbasedonxulsworkthemuseoexhibitsworksthatxulhimselfselectedforthepanklubaswellashousesobjectssculpturesandthedocumentscompilinghispersonalarchivethefundacionalsopreservesxulshomewherehisextensivelibraryislocatedfromtoanargentineliterarymagazinenamedxulwaspublishedintheessaythataccompaniedthepublicationofitsanthologyseveralreasonsaregivenforwhythemagazinewasnamedassuchthelastparagraphoftheessaybeginswhatshouldhavebeenfirstremainsforthelastxulthenameofthemagazinewasanhomagetoxulsolarasingularlycomplexindividualwriteramongmanyotherthingsalthoughhewasknownmainlyasoneoftheprincipalplasticartistsofargentinarefnamesantiagoperedniksantiagoperednikjorgexulvariationsonthenameofamagazinethexulreaderananthologyofargentinepoetryedernestolivongrossmannewyorkseguefoundationxviixxiiirefquotesfromxulsolarsownwritingsblockquotealthoughthisisatimewhenartismoreindividualandarbitrarythaneveritwouldbeamistaketocallitanarchicinspiteofsomuchconfusionthereexistsawelldefinedtendencytowardsimplicityofmeanstowardclearandsolidarchitecturetowardthepureplasticsensethatprotectsandaccentsabstractmeaningsoflinemassandcolorallwithinacompletelibertyofsubjectandcompositionletusadmitinanycasethatamongusnowifmostlystillhiddenaremanyoralloftheseedsofourfutureartandnotinmuseumsoverseasandnotinthehomesoffamousforeigndealersletushonortherareonesourrebelliousspiritswholikethisartistbeforedenyingothersfindaffirmationinthemselvesthatinsteadofdestroyingseektobuildletushonorthosewhostrugglesothatthesoulofourcountrycanbemorebeautifulbecausethewarsofindependenceforouramericaarenotyetoverblockquoteexcerptedfromanarticlewritteninanticipationofemiliopettorutisfirstbuenosairesexhibitionforthemagazinemartnfierrooctoberselectedexhibitionsxulsolarandthesculptorarturomartinigalleriaartemilannovembertodecemberexpositiondartamricainlatinmusegalliraparismarchtoaprilprimersalnlibrewitcombbuenosairessalndelosindependientesbuenosairesexposicindepintoresmodernosamigosdelartebuenosairesxulsolaramigosdelartebuenosairesmaysalndepintoresyescultoresmodernosamigosdelartebuenosairesoctoberxulsolaramigosdelartebuenosairesxulsolargalerasamosbuenosairesxulsolargaleraguinbuenosairespinturayesculturaargentinadeestesiglomuseonacionaldebellasartesbuenosairesxulsolargaleravanrielsalavbuenosaireshomenajeaxulsolarmuseonacionaldebellasartesbuenosairesxulsolarexposicinretrospectivagaleraproarbuenosairesiiibienalamericanadeartehomenajeaxulsolarmuseoprovincialdebellasartescrdobaxulsolargalerarubbersbuenosairesxulsolaracollectorsvisionracheladlergallerynewyorkxulsolarthearchitecturescourtauldinstitutegallerieslondonxulsolarvisionesyrevelacionescoleccincostantinibuenosairesjunetoaugustascoaorgxulsolarandjorgeluisborgesartfriendshipxulsolarandjorgeluisborgestheartoffriendshipamericassocietynewyorkapriltojulyandphoenixartmuseumphoenixazseptembertodecemberselectedworksnidodefnicesoilonboardcprivatecollectionpaisajeconmonumentooilonboardcprivatecollectionbuenosairesdosanjoswatercoloronpapermuseoxulsolarbuenosairesentierrowatercoloronpapermuseoxulsolarbuenosairesofrendacuoriwatercoloronpapermountedoncardmuseoxulsolarbuenosairesreptilquesubewatercoloronpapermuseoxulsolarbuenosairescasasenaltowatercoloronpapermuseoxulsolarbuenosairesgrafaantigatemperaonpapermuseoxulsolarbuenosairesfiordotemperaonpapermuseoxulsolarbuenosairesccasiplantastemperaonpapermuseoxulsolarbuenosairesmurosbiomboswatercoloronpapermuseoxulsolarbuenosairespanarbolwatercoloronpapermuseoxulsolarbuenosairescruzwoodandwatercolormuseoxulsolarbuenosairesgrafatemperaonpapermuseoxulsolarbuenosairesmipraypertominguardianjotemperaonpapermuseoxulsolarbuenosairesreferencesbibliographybastoskernmarialuciatheartfieldinbuenosairesdebatesandartisticpracticesxulsolarvisionesyrevelacionesbuenosairesmalbacoleccioncostantinispanishgradowczykmariohalejandroxulsolarbuenosairesedicionesalbamarziopetercthedialecticofxulsolarxulsolarvisionesyrevelacionesbuenosairesmalbacoleccioncostantininelsondanielexulsolarssansignosthebookofchangesxulsolarvisionesyrevelacionesbuenosairesmalbacoleccioncostantinisantiagoperednikjorgexulvariationsonthenameofamagazinethexulreaderananthologyofargentinepoetryedernestolivongrossmannewyorkseguefoundationxviixxiiischwartzjorgeletthestarscomposesyllablesxulandneocreolexulsolarvisionesyrevelacionesbuenosairesmalbacoleccioncostantinisolarxulemiliopettorutireadingsinlatinamericanmodernartedpatrickfranknewhavenyaleuptedinteresabiographicalandartisticchronologyxulsolarvisionesyrevelacionesbuenosairesmalbacoleccioncostantinihistorymuseoxulsolarfundacionpanklubmuseoxulsolarmayxulsolarorgarxulintroihtmlexternallinksxulsolarorgarcoleccionhtmlcoleccinpermanenteaboutreproductionsfrommuseoxulsolarspanishwordswithoutbordersorgarticlecoecosastrixulsolarofbuenosairesbiographyxulsolariscorrectlyalphabetizedasxulsolarnotsolarxulbeforehestylizedhisnamehissurnameswereschulzsolaribytheiberiansystemschulzxulwouldbetheprimarysurnamefromhisfathersolarisolarthesecondfromhismotherinfoboxanimangaheadernamexxxholicimagecaptionjapanesecoverofxxxholicmangavolumepublishedbykodanshajakanjijaromajihorikkugenresupernaturalpsychologicalcomedyitalictitlenoinfoboxanimangaprinttypemangaauthorclampmangaartistsclamppublisherkodanshapublisherendemographicseinenmangaseinenshnenmangashnenmagazineweeklyyoungmagazineyoungmagazinesmallsmallbrbessatsushnenmagazinesmallsmallfirstlastvolumesvolumelistlistofxxxholicchaptersinfoboxanimangavideotypetvseriesdirectortsutomumizushimaproducertorukawaguchibrshuichimachidabrjunjisekibrtetsuyawatanabebrtsuyoshiyoshidabrnanaseohk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ngastitlewasoriginallygoingtobeaddictedbutitwaschangedforthelessambiguousholiclikeclampspreviousworktokyobabylonxxxholicfocusesonsocialpathologiesbutwithamoreesoterictonethexxxbeforetheholicisthejapanesewayofsayingoffillintheblankthereforethetitleitselfgivesahintaboutwhattheseriesareaboutitistalkingaboutthepeoplewiththeproblemssuchasanalcoholicoraworkaholicbeingafantasticalseriestheseholicscanhaveverydifferentpathologiestheartstyleofthemangadrawsontheinfluenceofukiyoewoodprintswhenmakingachaptercomposedofabouttwentypagesclamptakesaroundtwodaystomaketheartworkthetimedifferingwiththeonesfromotherseriestheymadewhenfirstpresentingtheideaofrunningxxxholiclinkedwithtsubasareservoirchroniclealthoughohkawaexpressedconcernsforthestraintheweeklypaceofsuchaserieswouldplaceontheartistsshewholeheartedlyapprovedinaccordancewithohkawasdesireforeachtohaveawellorganizedstoryclampavoidsputtingreferencesbetweenthetwostoriestoofrequentlythemesasthetitleimpliesthemangafocusesonaddictionstoregularhabitstheseaddictionsareexpandedinasupernaturalsettingservingasaparalleltorealworldsocietieswatanukisproblemofbeingconstantlyfollowedbydemonscanbecomparedwiththesensationofanormalpersonfeelingscaredbythebeliefheisobservedacrosstheseriesseveralclientswithdifferentaddictionsvisitsyukosshopseekinghelpsolvingthesecasesresultsinmoraldilemmasclampplacesemphasisontheimportanceofwordswhenwritingthemangayukosdialoguesalwaysaffecttheothercharactersduetohowdirectandsecuresheiswhenspeakinginearlychapterswhilesheworriesawomanaddictedtotheinternetbylabelingherhusbandandchildasotherpeopleyukoistransmittingthephilosophyofindividualismandthepowerherclienthasincontrasttoyukoanotherclienthasatendencytoliewhichbringshermisfortunesmediamangawrittenandillustratedbyclampxxxholichasbeenserializedinkodanshasjournalyoungmagazineperiodicallyfromuntilmarchbeforemovingtobessatsushnenmagazineinjuneaoneshotchapterofxxxholicwasalsopublishedinweeklyshnenmagazineinitsjuneissuefeaturingacrossoverwithtsubasareservoirchronicleitendedserializationonfebruaryinthebessatsushnenmagazinethefirstvolumewasreleasedonjulyrefnamexxxholickodanshavolrefandthelastvolumethenineteenthwaspublishedonmarchrefnamexxxholickodanshavolrefxxxholicwasoneofthefirstfourmangaserieslicensedforenglishreleaseinnorthamericabydelreymangaandwasacquiredtogetherwithmobilesuitgundamseednegimamagisternegimagiandtsubasareservoirchronicleinjanuarydelreypublisheditsfirstvolumeonapriltheserieshasalsobeenlicensedforanenglishlanguagereleasebytanoshimiwhoreleasedthefirstninevolumesintheunitedkingdomwiththefirstoneonaugustrefnamexxxholictanovolrefrefnamexxxholictanoshimivolrefanewxxxholicmangatitledwasannouncedattheclampfestivaleventitwasscheduledtobepublishedinkodanshasyoungmagazineinfebruaryhoweveramonthsdelayinthemagazinesissuereleasedateschangedthistomarchkodanshausaannouncedinjulytheylicensedthemangaforenglishreleasebutthepublicationofitsvolumeswillbeannouncedoncethefirstvolumeisreleasedinjapanrefnamekodanshausareffilmproductionigproducedananimatedfilmoftheseriestitledxxxholicamidsummernightsdreamholicxxxholicmanatsunoyorunoyumewhichpremieredonaugustalongsidetheprincessinthebirdcagekingdomthedvdversionwasreleasedonnovemberinthefilmykoreceivesarequestfromawomantohelpherbackintohermansionwhichdoesnotallowhertoenterthefilmwasselectedasafinalistfortheannecyinternationalanimatedfilmfestivalinthefeaturefilmscategorywithotherfournomineesasterixandthevikingsoriginspiritsofthepastwallaceandgromitandtheawardwinnerrenaissancefilmrenaissanceanimetelevisionseriestheanimeadaptationsofxxxholicwereproducedbyproductionigthefirstseasonofanimetelevisionadaptationofxxxholicbeganairingontokyobroadcastingsystemtbsonaprilinjapanandendedonseptemberwithepisodesintotalboththefilmandtheanimeseriesaredirectedbytsutomumizushimaagehaohkawaclampsdirectorandmainscriptwriterservedasexecutiveproducerandcoservedastheseriescompositionwriterofthetvseriesthesecondseasonbeganairingontbsonaprilinjapanandendedonjunewithepisodesintotalthemainstaffandcastremainsthesameasinthefirstseasonthefirstseasonsepisodeswerealsocollectedineightdvdvolumespublishedbetweenjulyandfebruarywhiletwodvdboxeswerereleasedonaugustandoctoberthesecondsoneswerereleasedinsevendvdvolumesbetweenjuneanddecemberadvdboxwasreleasedonjanuarythefirstseasonwaslicensedbyfunimationentertainmentinjulysixdvdswerereleasedbetweenmarchandoctoberfeaturingthefirstseasonwhileadvdboxwasreleasedonjulyonjanuarytheseriesmadeitsnorthamericandebutonthefunimationchanneloriginalvideoanimationsatwodvdoriginalvideoanimationentitledwasalsoreleasedbyproductionigthefirstdvdforthisovawasreleasedonfebruarywiththethvolumeofthejapanesemangathesecondonewasreleasedalongsidevolumeonjuneitsstoryfocusesonhowlistofxxxholiccharactersharukadomekiharukadomekitellswatanukianddomekitosearchforfouritemswhichleadwatanukitoenterintothedreamworldtheovawasrereleasedinblurayformatalongsidethefirstvolumeofxxxholicreionoctoberanotherovatitledwasshippedwiththethvolumeofthexxxholicmangaonaprilitisseteversinceykosdeathandfollowswatanukislifeasthenewshopsowneranotherovatitledwasreleasedonmarchasincludedwithaspecialeditionfromvolumeintheovawatanukiseesvariouspartsofdomekislifeincludinghischildhoodandtheeventsthathappenedacrosstheseriesliveactiontvseriesitwasannouncedonseptemberthatxxxholicwillbeadaptedintoaliveactiontvseriesforairingatfebruaryonwowowannewatanabeplaystheroleofyukoichiharawhileshotasometaniplaysthecharacterkimihirowatanukitheseriesisdirectedbykeisuketoyoshimaitranforeightepisodesitfeaturesaitaifromsugashikaoasitsopeningthemesongtheserieswascollectedinaboxreleasedinbothdvdandblurayformatonnovemberothertherewerealsoseveralotherreleasesinthefranchiseanoveltitledrefnamenisioisinsiterefwaswrittenbynisioisinandpublishedinjapanonaugustrefnamenisioisinjpreleaserefitfeaturesfourstorieswiththefirstonebeinganadaptationoftheseriesfirstchapterthenovelincludesoriginalartworkbyclampdelreypublishedanenglishtranslationofxxxholicanotherholicrefnameanndelreyrefreleasedonoctoberrefnameamazonanotherholrefseveralfanbookshavebeenreleasedinjapanthefirstisandwasreleasedonaugusttvanimationholicextraofficialguidewasreleasedonmayandfocusedininformationfromtheanimeadaptationanothermangaguidebookiswhichwasreleasedonnovemberitwasreleasedinenglishbydelreyonoctoberastheofficialxxxholicguideonmarchkodanshapublishedanotherguidebooktitledrefciteweburlbookclubkodanshacojpbcbcsearchviewjspbtitlepublisherkodanshalanguagejapaneseaccessdatemarchrefanotherrelatedbookiswhichwasreleasedbykodanshaonjulyitissetpriortotheeventsofxxxholicandtsubasaandtellsthelivesfromthetwomokonamodokieversincetheircreationbyclowreedandykoichiharainjanuarykodanshawillalsoreleaseaxxxholicartbookanvisualnoveladventuregamebymarvelousentertainmentfortheplaystationvideogameconsolewasreleasedinjapanonaugustnamedtwosoundtrackalbumswerereleasedforthefranchisethefirstoneisxxxholicamidsummernightsdreamoriginalsoundtrackwhichwasreleasedonaugustbyponycanyonitcontainsovertwentytracksfromtheseriesfilmthesecondsoundtracktitledxxxholicsoundfilewasreleasedaugustbysenssensprojectthecdincludesthirtyfivesoundtracksincludingahiddenbonustrackvariousofthemfromtheplaystationgameaswellasfromthetvseriesxxxholicalsomakesacrossoverwithtsubasainthedramacdsserieswhichwasreleasedinthreevolumesreceptiontheserieshassoldwellinjapanwithitsthirteenthvolumebeingrdinthetopmangasoldinjapanininaprilkodanshaannouncedthemangahasmillioncopiesinprinttheseriesdebutinnorthamericawasalsosuccessfulwithitsfirstvolumerankingsixthinnielsenbookscanslistofbestsellingvolumesduringitsfirstweekvolumealsohitnoonthenewyorktimeslistofbestsellingmangashortlyafteritslaunchinaprilaccordingtothenewyorktimesxxxholicwasthesixthbestsellingmangaintheunitedstatesinrefnameinformrefinmaniaentertainmentsbestmangaawardsforxxxholicwasthewinnerinthecategorybestmaturethexxxholicmangaserieshasalsobeenwellreceivedbyvariouspublicationswithmaniaentertainmentsmeganlaveypraisingitsfocusonthepeoplesthoughtsaswellasitscomedyshealsofounditsconnectionwithtsubasareservoirchronicleappealingduetoeventsbeingdepictedfromdifferentpointsofviewpersuadingreaderstoreadbothseriesmichaelaronsonfrommangalifestatedtheseriesintroductionhadpotentialtobeworthreadingduetoitsepisodicnatureandfoundsomeofitscharacterstobegrippingthoughdanpolleyalsofrommangalifecommentingthatwatanukidoesseemalittlebitweaktobetheleadcharacterontheotherhandmatthewalexanderfrommaniaentertainmentstatedthatwatanukischaracterwaswelldevelopedacrosstheseriesbecomingmoreappealingnothavingreadtsubasamatthewalexanderfeltthattheadditionofelementsfromtheseriesintoxxxholicwaswellmadeasitstartedtosuggestaconnectionbetweenthetwoseriesprotagonistshoweversantosfoundtheseriesconnectionwithtsubasatobeconfusingtothepointthatonlyreadersfrombothserieswouldunderstandsomeexplanationsregardingeventshappeningfromvolumeonwardsactiveanimeshollyellingwoodcalledthemtragicinspiringandbeautifullybreathtakinglysadenjoyingthewayyukosfatewasrevealedbutwonderinghowitwouldcontinuecarlosantosstatedthatalthoughtheserieslostitsstarperformeritkeptbeingappealingduetothefactthatwatanukireplacedherandfoundmostofvolumeasanexerciseingettingbackononesfeetafteraheartbreakinglossanditisallthemoreinspirationalforthatontheotherhandithasalsobeencriticizedforbeinglessvisuallybusythantsubasaduetosomepageslackingbackgroundsthoughcriticmichaelaronsonformangalifestatedthatthepanelscompositionisabletomakeupforsuchissuesrefnamemangalifeonereftheanimeadaptationofxxxholichasreceivedmixedreceptionfromdifferentpublicationswithanimenewsnetworkscaseybrienzalikinghowitsfirstseasonisfaithfultotheoriginalmaterialhowevershefoundthatsomeoffunimationssubtitlesinitsfirstepisodestobeconfusingadvisingpeopletowatchtheenglishdubbedversioninsteadinabiggeroverviewofthefirstseasoncarlosantosfoundissueswiththeanimationsunintentionalsuperdeformedmomentsinwhichthecharacterslimbsbecamenotablylongerhealsocriticizedsomeofitsepisodesstorytellingasitfallsflatduetotrivialissuesdiscussedhollyellingwoodfromactiveanimecalledtheseriesoneofthemostdistinctlyimaginativebecauseofthecombinationofsupernaturalelementsandcomedypointingtotheanimationqualityellingwoodfoundeachcharacterdistinctiveandtheanimationissuestobecomicaldvdtalkstodddouglassjrgavepraisetothethemestoucheduponintheanimeseriesdespitegivingdisapprovaltoitsepisodicnaturedouglassfoundthecharactersappealingduetotheirdevelopmentovertheseriesignwriterjeffharrisfounditsstarttolerablestatingthatfansfromactionseriesmaynotbeinterestedbyxxxholicdespiteitspotentiallikesantoshecommentedonitsanimationcitingsimilarissueswiththedesignnotingsomemomentslackedthefluidityseeninotherpartsoftheserieshealsocriticizedtheblankbackgroundchoicesquestioningiftheyweretrulyartisticdecisionsordonetosaveonanimationcostschrisbeveridgeofmaniagaveamixedreviewfortheanimationagreeingwithsantosandharrisbutstillenjoyedtheanimationstyleconcludingthateverythingaboutthevisualdesignoftheshowisveryappealinganalyzingitsepisodicnaturebeveridgeenjoyedtheformatandpraisedtheseriesabilitytostrikeabalancebetweenlightanddarkpartsofitsstoriesreferencesreflistrefsrefnamenewtypeusakatohidekazuuetaminoruyoshidasayurixxxholicamidsummernightsdreamnewtypeusappfebruaryrefexternallinksproductionigcomcontentsworksspxxxholicamidsummernightsdreamandproductionigcomcontentsworksspxxxholictvseriesatproductionigsofficialsitemmvcojpspecialgamepsxxxholicxxxholicwatanukinoizayoisowaofficialgamesitesenseiredirectcategoryshellredirectsingaporesystemshockimagelatinalphabetpngrightthumbinupperandlowercasethegraphemelatincwithcaronalsoknownashekinczechlanguageczechandmkeinslovaklanguageslovakisusedinvariouscontextsusuallydenotingthevoicelesspostalveolaraffricateconsonantliketheenglishchinthewordchocolateitisrepresentedinunicodeasucuppercaseandudlowercaseoriginthesymboloriginateswiththethcenturyczechalphabetasintroducedbythereformsofjanhusfromthereitwasadoptedintothecroatianalphabetbyljudevitgajinanditisalsousedinmacedonianlanguagemacedonianslovaklanguageslovakbosnianalphabetbosnianlatvianlanguagelatvianlithuanianlanguagelithuanianpomaklanguagepomakberberlanguageberberandmontenegrinlanguagemontenegrinusesinberberlanguageberberbosnianlanguagebosnianlatincroatianlanguagecroatianslovenianlanguageslovenianmontenegrinalphabetmontenegrinlatinserbianlatinalphabetserbianlatinczechlanguageczechsorbianlanguagesorbianskoltsamilanguageskoltsamiandlakotalanguagelakotaalphabetsitisthefourthletterofthealphabetinnorthernsaminorthernsmialphabetandthebalticlanguageslithuanianalphabetlithuanianandlatvianalphabetlatviantheletterisinfifthplaceinslovaklanguageslovakitissixthletterofthealphabetitisalsousedinpashtolanguagepashtoequivalenttosyriaclatinalphabetandsaanichlanguagesaanichitisequivalenttochecyrillicincyrillicscriptcyrillicandcanbeusedinukrainiantransliterationukrainianbelarusianlatinalphabetbelarusianrussianlanguagerussianandbulgarianlanguagebulgarianromanisationsitfeaturesmorepermanentlyinthelatinicformsofserbianlanguageserbianmontenegrinlanguagemontenegrinmacedonianlanguagemacedonianaswellasbelarusianlatinalphabetbelarusianisalsousedinamericanistphoneticnotationsoftwarerepresentationinsoftwarefollowsthesamerulesasthehekunicodecharmapcnamelatincapitallettercwithcarondnamelatinsmalllettercwithcaronucuppercaseusealtforinputandudlowercaseusealtforinputcreatethischaracterthecombiningcharacteruccanbeplacedtogetherwitheithercorctogenerallyachievethesamevisualresulttexlatexintextthecontrolsequencevcwillworkinmathmodecheckcalsoworksseealsoczdigraphchdigraphreferencestheextendedspeechassessmentmethodsphoneticalphabetxsampacodeekssmpcodeisavariantofsampadevelopedinbyjohncwellsprofessorofphoneticsattheuniversityoflondonrefnamesampapdfrefitisdesignedtounifytheindividuallanguagesampaalphabetsandextendsampatocovertheentirerangeofcharactersintheinternationalphoneticalphabetipatheresultisasampainspiredremappingoftheipaintobitasciisampawasdevisedasakludgeincomputersciencehacktoworkaroundtheinabilityoftextencodingstorepresentipasymbolslaterasunicodesupportforipasymbolsbecamemorewidespreadthenecessityforaseparatecomputerreadablesystemforrepresentingtheipainasciidecreasedhoweverxsampaisstillusefulasthebasisforaninputmethodfortrueipasummarynotestheipasymbolsthatareordinarylowercaselettershavethesamevalueinxsampaastheydointheipaxsampausesbackslashesasmodifyingsuffixestocreatenewsymbolsforexamplecodeocodeisadistinctsoundfromcodeocodetowhichitbearsnorelationsuchuseofthebackslashcharactercanbeaproblemsincemanyprogramsinterpretitasanescapecharacterforthecharacterfollowingitforexampleyoucannotusesuchxsampasymbolsinemuthereforeyouneedtoreplacebackslashwithsomeothersymboleganasteriskwhenaddingphonemictranscriptiontoanemuspeechdatabasexsampadiacriticsfollowthesymbolstheymodifyexceptforcodecodefornasalizationcodecodeforsyllabicconsonantsyllabicityandcodecodeforretroflexionandrcoloredvowelrhotacizationdiacriticsarejoinedtothecharacterwiththeunderscorecharactercodecodetheunderscorecharacterisalsousedtoencodetheipatiebarthenumberscodecodetocodecodearereserveddiacriticsasshorthandforlanguagespecifictonenumberslowercasesymbolsclasswikitablesortablexsampaipaipaimagedesc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patedthechargethatremainsonthedrumafterthisexposureisalatentimageandisanegativeoftheoriginaldocumentwhetherinascanningorastationaryopticalsystemcombinationsoflensesandmirrorsareusedtoprojecttheoriginalimageontheplatenscanningsurfaceontothephotoconductoradditionallenseswithdifferentfocallengthsorzoominglensesareutilizedtoenlargeorreducetheimagethescanningsystemthoughmustchangeitsscannerspeedtoadapttoelementsorreductionsadrumisinferiortoabeltinthesensethatalthoughitissimplerthanabeltitmustbebufferedgraduallyinpartsrollingonthedrumasaresultthebeltismoreefficienttouseoneexposuretomakeadirectpassageinalaserorledprintermodulatedlightisprojectedontothedrumsurfacetocreatethelatentimagethemodulatedlightisusedonlytocreatethepositiveimagehencethetermblackwritingstepdevelopmentinhighvolumecopiersthedrumispresentedwithaslowlyturbulentmixtureoftonerparticlesandlargerironreusablecarrierparticlestonerisapowderitsearlyformwascarbonpowderthenmeltmixedwithapolymerthecarrierparticleshaveacoatingwhichduringagitationgeneratesatriboelectricchargeaformofstaticelectricitywhichattractsacoatingoftonerparticlesinadditionthemixismanipulatedwithamagneticrollertopresenttothesurfaceofthedrumorbeltabrushoftonerbycontactwiththecarriereachneutraltonerparticlehasanelectricchargeofpolarityoppositetothechargeofthelatentimageonthedrumthechargeattractstonertoformavisibleimageonthedrumtocontroltheamountoftonertransferredabiasvoltageisappliedtothedeveloperrollertocounteracttheattractionbetweentonerandlatentimagewhereanegativeimageisrequiredaswhenprintingfromamicroformnegativethenthetonerhasthesamepolarityasthecoronainstepelectrostaticlinesofforcedrivethetonerparticlesawayfromthelatentimagetowardstheunchargedareawhichistheareaexposedfromthenegativeearlycolorcopiersandprintersusedmultiplecopycyclesforeachpageoutputusingcoloredfiltersandtonersmodernunitsuseonlyasinglescantofourseparateminiatureprocessunitsoperatingsimultaneouslyeachwithitsowncoronasdrumanddeveloperunitsteptransferpaperispassedbetweenthedrumandthetransfercoronawhichhasapolaritythatistheoppositeofthechargeonthetonerthetonerimageistransferredfromthedrumtothepaperbyacombinationofpressureandelectrostaticattractiononmanycolorandhighspeedmachinesitiscommontoreplacethetransfercoronawithoneormorechargedbiastransferrollerswhichapplygreaterpressureandproduceahigherqualityimagestepseparationordetackelectricchargesonthepaperarepartiallyneutralizedbyacfromasecondcoronausuallyconstructedintandemwiththetransfercoronaandimmediatelyafteritasaresultthepapercompletewithmostbutnotallofthetonerimageisseparatedfromthedrumorbeltsurfacestepfixingorfusingthetonerimageispermanentlyfixedtothepaperusingeitheraheatandpressuremechanismhotrollfuseroraradiantfusingtechnologyovenfusertomeltandbondthetonerparticlesintothemediumusuallypaperbeingprintedtherealsousedtobeavailableofflinevaporfuserstheseweretrayscoveredincottongauzesprinkledwithavolatileliquidsuchasetherwhenthetransferredimagewasbroughtintoproximitywiththevaporfromtheevaporatingliquidtheresultwasaperfectlyfixedcopywithoutanyofthedistortionortonermigrationwhichcanoccurwiththeothermethodsthismethodisnolongerusedduetoemissionsoffumesstepcleaningthedrumhavingalreadybeenpartiallydischargedduringdetackisfurtherdischargedbylightanyremainingtonerthatdidnottransferinstepisremovedfromthedrumsurfacebyarotatingbrushundersuctionorasqueegeeknownasthecleaningbladethiswastetonerusuallyisroutedintoawastetonercompartmentforlaterdisposalhoweverinsomesystemsitisroutedbackintothedeveloperunitforreusethisprocessknownastonerreclaimismuchmoreeconomicalbutcanpossiblyleadtoareducedoveralltonerefficiencythroughaprocessknownastonerpollutingwherebyconcentrationlevelsoftonerdeveloperhavingpoorelectrostaticpropertiesarepermittedtobuildupinthedeveloperunitreducingtheoverallefficiencyofthetonerinthesystemsomesystemshaveabandonedtheseparatedevelopercarrierthesesystemsknownasmonocomponentoperateasabovebutuseeitheramagnetictonerorfusibledeveloperthereisnoneedtoreplacewornoutdeveloperastheusereffectivelyreplacesitalongwiththetoneranalternativedevelopingsystemdevelopedbykipfromanabandonedlineofresearchbyxeroxcompletelyreplacesmagnetictonermanipulationandthecleaningsystemwithaseriesofcomputercontrolledvaryingbiasesthetonerisprinteddirectlyontothedrumbydirectcontactwitharubberdevelopingrollerwhichbyreversingthebiasremovesalltheunwantedtonerandreturnsittothedeveloperunitforreusethedevelopmentofxerographyhasledtonewtechnologiesthathasthepotentialtoeventuallyeradicatetraditionaloffsetprintingmachinesthesenewmachinesthatprintinfullcmykcolorsuchasxeikonusexerographybutprovidenearlythequalityoftraditionalinkprintsdurabilityxerographicdocumentsandthecloselyrelatedlaserprinterprintoutscanhaveexcellentarchivistarchivaldurabilitydependingonthequalityofthepaperusediflowqualitypaperisuseditcanyellowanddegradeduetoresidualacidintheuntreatedpulpintheworstcaseoldcopiescanliterallycrumbleintosmallparticleswhenhandledhighqualityxerographiccopiesonacidfreepapercanlastaslongastypewrittenorhandwrittendocumentsonthes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ndgnulocatelocateandgrepwhenfilenamesmaycontainttttttttandspacenewlinestillrequirescodecodeplacementofargumentsioptionthexargscommandoffersoptionstoinsertthelistedargumentsatsomepositionotherthantheendofthecommandlinethettittoptiontoxargstakesastringthatwillbereplacedwiththesuppliedinputbeforethecommandisexecutedacommonchoiceisttttsourcelangbashmkdirbackupsfindpathtypefnameprintxargsicpabackupssourceshelltrickanotherwaytoachieveasimilareffectistouseashellasthelaunchedcommandanddealwiththecomplexityinthatshellforexamplesourcelangbashmkdirbackupsfindpathtypefnameprintxargsbashcforfilenamedocpafilenamebackupsdonebashsourcethewordcodebashcodeattheendofthelineisinterpretedbycodebashccodeasgnuorgsoftwarebashmanualbashrefhtmlspecialparametersspecialparameterifthewordcodebashcodewerentpresentthenameofthefirstmatchedfilewouldbeassignedtocodecodeandthefilewouldntbecopiedtocodebackupscodeanywordcanbeusedinsteadofcodebashcodebutsincecodecodeusuallyexpandstothenameoftheshellorshellscriptbeingexecutedcodebashcodeisagoodchoiceseparatorproblemmanyunixutilitiesarelineorientedthesemayworkwithcodexargscodeaslongasthelinesdonotcontaincodecodecodecodeoraspacesomeoftheunixutilitiescanusenullcharacternulasrecordseparatoregperlrequirescodecodeandcodecodeinsteadofcodencodecodelocateunixlocatecoderequiresusingcodecodecodefindunixfindcoderequiresusingcodeprintcodecodegrepcoderequirescodezcodeorcodezcodecodesortunixsortcoderequiresusingcodezcodeusingcodecodeforcodexargscodedealswiththeproblembutmanyunixutilitiescannotusenulasseparatoregcodeheadunixheadcodecodetailunixtailcodecodelscodecodeechocommandechocodecodesedcodecodetarfileformattarvcodecodewcunixwccodecodewhichunixwhichcodebutoftenpeopleforgetthisandassumecodexargscodeisalsolineorientedwhichisnotthecaseperdefaultcodexargscodeseparatesonnewlinesandblankswithinlinessubstringswithblanksmustbesingleordoublequotedtheseparatorproblemisillustratedheresourcelangbashtouchimportantfiletouchnotimportantfilefindnamenottailxargsrmmkdirprecordsfindnametypedtailxargsrmdirsourcerunningtheabovewillcausecodeimportantfilecodetoberemovedbutwillremoveneitherthedirectorycalledcoderecordscodenorthefilecalledcodenotimportantfilecodetheproperfixistousethecodeprintcodeoptionbutcodetailcodeandothertoolsdonotsupportnulterminatedstringssourcelangbashtouchimportantfiletouchnotimportantfilefindnamenotprintxargsrmmkdirprecordsfindnametypedprintxargsrmdirsourcewhenusingthecodeprintcodeoptionentriesareseparatedbyanullcharacterinsteadofanendoflinethisisequivalenttothemoreverbosecommandsourcelangbashfindnamenottrnxargsrmsourceorshorterbyswitchingcodexargscodetolineorientedmodewiththecodedcodedelimiteroptionsourcelangbashfindnamenotxargsdnrmsourcebutingeneralusingthecodecodeoptionshouldbepreferredsincenewlinesinfilenamesarestillaproblemgnucodegnuparallelparallelcodeisanalternativetocodexargscodethatisdesignedtohavethesameoptionsbutbelineorientedthususinggnuparallelinsteadtheabovewouldworkasexpectedforunixenvironmentswherecodexargscodedoesnotsupportthecodecodeoptionegsolarisaixthefollowingcannotbeusedasitdoesnotdealwithttttandttttgnucodeparallelcodewouldworkonsolaristhoughsourcelangbashfindnamenotsedsgxargsrmsourceforsolarisdonotusetheseexamplestofixfilepermsastheydonotdealcorrectlywithnamessuchasrecordsgnucodeparallelcodeinsteadofcodexargscodewouldworkthoughsourcelangbashfindtypedprintsedesesxargschmodfindtypefprintsedesesxargschmodsourceoperatingonasubsetofargumentsatatimeonemightbedealingwithcommandsthatcanonlyacceptoneormaybetwoargumentsatatimeforexamplethecodediffcodecommandoperatesontwofilesatatimethecodencodeoptiontocodexargscodespecifieshowmanyargumentsatatimetosupplytothegivencommandthecommandwillbeinvokedrepeatedlyuntilallinputisexhaustednotethatonthelastinvocationonemightgetfewerthanthedesirednumberofargumentsifthereisinsufficientinputusecodexargscodetobreakuptheinputintotwoargumentsperlinesourcelangconsoleechoxargsnsourceinadditiontorunningbasedonaspecifiednumberofargumentsatatimeonecanalsoinvokeacommandforeachlineofinputwiththecodelcodeoptiononecanuseanarbitrarynumberoflinesatatimebutoneismostcommonhereishowonemightcodediffcodeeverygitcommitagainstitsparentsourcelangbashgitlogformathpxargslgitdiffsourceencodingproblemtheargumentseparatorprocessingofcodexargscodeisnottheonlyproblemwithusingthecodexargscodeprograminitsdefaultmodemostunixtoolswhichareoftenusedtomanipulatefilenamesforexamplecodesedcodecodebasenamecodecodesortcodeetcaretextprocessingtoolshoweverunixpathnamesarenotreallytextconsiderapathnameaaabbbccctheaaadirectoryanditsbbbsubdirectorycaningeneralbecreatedbydifferentuserswithdifferentenvironmentsthatmeanstheseuserscouldhaveadifferentlocalesetupandthatmeansthataaaandbbbdonotevennecessarilyhavetohavethesamecharacterencodingforexampleaaacouldbeinutfandbbbinshiftjisasaresultanabsolutepathnameinaunixsystemmaynotbecorrectlyprocessableastextunderasinglecharacterencodingtoolswhichrelyontheirinputbeingtextmayfailonsuchstringsoneworkaroundforthisproblemistorunsuchtoolsintheclocalewhichessentiallyprocessesthebytesoftheinputasishoweverthiswillchangethebehaviorofthetoolsinwaystheusermaynotexpectforexamplesomeoftheusersexpectationsaboutcasefoldingbehaviormaynotbemetreferencesexternallinkspoftutcomlinuxxargscommandtutorialwithexampleslinuxxargscommandtutorialwithexamplesmanualpagesbarrettminfoboxsettlementnameofficialnameofficialnameinenglishifdifferentfromnamenativenameothernamenicknamesettlementtypeprefecturelevelcitymottoimageskylinexiningmontagejpgimagesizepximagecaptionclockwisefromtopmabufangmansionduobamosquedongguanmosquekumbummonasteryimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizecitylogocitylogosizeimagemapqinghaisubdivisionsxiningsvgmapsizemapcaptionlocationofxiningcityjurisdictioninqinghaiimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinchinapushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamechinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameqinghaisubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountylevelnbspdivisionssubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipleveltownshipnbspdivisionssubdivisionnamegovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitlecommunistpartysecretarypartysecretaryleadernamewangxiaopoliticianwangxiaoleadertitlemayorleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnoteslistofchinaadministrativeregionsbyarearankedthareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionareawaterkmareawaterpercentareaurbankmareametrokmpopulationasofcensuspopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmautopopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmautopopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmautopopulationblanktitlemundensityrankpopulationblanklistofchinaadministrativeregionsbypopulationdensitythpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationblanktitlepopulationblanktimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmpostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetelephonenumbersinchinablanknamelicenseplatechinalicenseplateprefixesblankinfoablanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitexininggovcnwwwxininggovcnfootnoteschinesepicxnnamesvgpiccapxnngintraditionalcharacterstraditionaltopandsimplifiedcharacterssimplifiedbottomchinesecharacterspicsizepxtspxnnggrshiningbpmfnbspnbspnbspmyrsynngmixejwhsisupsupningsupsuppspsiningorzilingjsaisupsupningsupsupwuusisupsupnyinsupsuppojselnglwesterntranquilitytibwyliezilingzwpyzilingorderstmonmongmonrselengxiningxnngzilingisthecapitalpoliticalcapitalofqinghaiprovinceinwesternchinaandthelargestcityonthetibetanplateauithasinhabitantsatthecensuswhomliveinthebuiltupareamadeofurbandistrictsrefnamecensusrefthecitywasacommercialhubalongthenorthernsilkroadshexicorridorforoveryearsandwasastrongholdofthehandynastyhansuidynastysuitangdynastytangandsongdynastysongdynastiesresistanceagainstnomadicattacksfromthewestalthoughlongapartofgansuprovincexiningwasaddedtoqinghaiinxiningholdssitesofreligioussignificancetomuslimsandbuddhistsincludingthedongguanmosqueandtaermonasterythecityliesinthehuangshuirivervalleyandowingtoitshighaltitudehasasemiaridclimatecoldsemiaridclimatescoldsemiaridclimateitisqinghaitibetrailwayconnectedbyrailtolhasatibetautonomousregiontibetandlanzhouxinjianghighspeedrailwayconnectedbyhighspeedrailtolanzhougansuandrmqixinjianghistoryxininghasahistoryofoveryearsandwasachiefcommercialhubonthehexicorridorcaravanroutetotibethandlingespeciallytimberwoolandsaltinancienttimesthetradealongthehexicorridorwaspartofalargertradecorridoralongthenorthernsilkroadwhoseusewasintensifiedinthestcenturybcaftereffortsbythehandynastytocontrolthisrouteunderthehandynastybcadacountycalledlinqiangwasestablishedtocontrolthelocalqiangtribesmenitwasagainafrontiercountyunderthesuidynastysuiandtangdynastytangdynastiesduringthethandearlythcenturiesitwasacenterofconstantwarfarewithtuyuhunandtibetanempiretibetinitwasoverrunbythetibetansandwhileundertibetancontrolwasknowntothechineseasqingtangchengrecoveredbythesongdynastyinitreceivedthenamexiningmeaningpeaceinthewestandhasbeentheseatofaprefectureorsuperiorprefectureunderthatnamesincethattimeinthelatethcenturythekumbummonasterywasfoundedsometothesoutheastestablishingxiningasanimportantreligiouscenterforthegelugschoolofbuddhistsamajorgulangearthquakeearthquakeoccurredmaymeasuringatamomentmagnitudescalemagnitudeofitwasoneofthedeadliestearthquakesinchinawithatotalcountofoverdeathsitalsocausedlargelandfracturesxiningwastheextraterritorialcapitalofthekokonorterritoryandremainedingansuuntilwhenitbecametheprovincialcapitalofthenewlyestablishedindependentprovinceofqinghaixiningwassubjectedtoaerialbombardmentbyjapanesewarplanesinduringthesecondsinojapanesewarthebombingspurredallethnicitiesinqinghaiincludingthelocalqinghaimongolsandqinghaitibetansagainstthejapanesethesalarmuslimgeneralhanyouwendirectedthedefenseofthecityofxiningduringairraidsbyjapaneseplaneshansurvivedanaerialbombardmentbyjapaneseplanesinxiningwhilehewasbeingdirectedviatelephonefrommabufangwhohidinanairraidshelterinamilitarybarracksthebombingresultedinhumanfleshsplatteringablueskywithawhitesunflagandhanbeingburiedinrubblehanyouwenwasdraggedoutoftherubblewhilebleedingandhemanagedtograbamachinegunwhilehewaslimpingandfiredbackatthejapanesewarplanesandcursedthejapaneseasdogsinhisnativesalarlanguagemabukangandmabufangwerehavingadiscussiononmabiaogeneralmabiaowhenjapanesewarplanesbombedxiningxiningwasgivenmunicipalstatusinundertheruleofgovernormabufangxiningliketherestofqinghaiunderwentindustrializationandmodernizationintheusasoldmabufangapipedwatersewagesystemwhichwasinstalledinxiningmabufangalsopromotededucationhemadebusinessmenmethodicallycleanupxiningbyservingasinsectexterminatorskillingfliesandneatlythrowingthemawaysincethelateswhentheliujiagorgedamandhydroelectricprojectcameintooperationinneighboringgansuprovincexininghasbeenlinkedbyahightensionelectricalgridtobothliujiaandlanzhouitalsouseslocalcoalfromminesatdatongxiantothenorthamodernwoollenmillwasinstalledatxiningbeforethecityalsohasaleatherindustryandisamarketforsaltfromtheqaidamregionduringthelatesmediumsizedironandsteelworkswerebuilttheresupplyingmetaltolanzhouconstructionofahighwaytothemineralrichqaidambasinandcompletioninalinktothechineserailnetworkvialanzhouingansuprovincehasspurredindustrialdevelopmentthiseffortwaspartofaplanofthecentralgovernmenttorapidlyexploitoilandpasturageinthexiningareabeginninginthesgeographyandclimatexiningislocatedintheeasternpartofqinghaiprovinceandliesonthehuangshuiriverithasatotalareaofxiningislocatedontheeasternedgeoftheqinghaitibetplateauandtheupperreachesofthehuangshuiriveritisthepoliticaleconomicandculturalcenterofqinghaiprovincewithanaveragealtitudeofabouthumanactivityintheregioncanbetracedtoyearsagoduringthehandynastywesternandeasternhandynastiesowingtoitsdevelopingagriculturexiningwaspaidnoticedduetoitseconomicandmilitarysignificanceaswellasbeinganimportanthingebetweenthecentralplainsandthewesternpartofchinainancienttimesxiningwasanimportantlinkinthesilkroaditcontinuestobeanimportantrailandroadlinktothehinterlandsoftheqinghaitibetplateauxininghasalsobeendubbedthesummerresortcapitalofchinaowingtoitscoolsummerwithasemiaridclimatecoldsemiaridclimatescoldsemiaridclimatekppenclimateclassificationkppenbskconditionsareinfluencedbythearidityandhighaltitudenightsarecoldorcoolthroughouttheyearandthediurnaltemperaturevariationoftenreachesorexceedsthemonthlyhouraveragetemperaturesrangesfrominjanuarytoinjulytheannualmeanisstillmakingitoneofthewarmestlocationsinqinghaiduetothelowelevationbyprovincialstandardsrainfallfallsmainlyfrommaytoseptemberandtheareaisoftendryandsunnywithmonthlypercentpossiblesunshinerangingfromnbsppercentinseptembertonbsppercentinnovemberandjanuarythecityreceiveshoursofbrightsunshineperyearextremetemperatureshaverangedfromtoweatherboxlocationxiningmetricfirstysinglelineyjanhighcfebhighcmarhighcaprhighcmayhighcjunhighcjulhighcaughighcsephighcocthighcnovhighcdechighcyearhighcjanlowcfeblowcmarlowcaprlowcmaylowcjunlowcjullowcauglowcseplowcoctlowcnovlowcdeclowcyearlowcjanrecordhighcfebrecordhighcmarrecordhighcaprrecordhighcmayrecordhighcjunrecordhighcjulrecordhighcaugrecordhighcseprecordhighcoctrecordhighcnovrecordhighcdecrecordhighcjanmeancfebmeancmarmeancaprmeancmaymeancjunmeancjulmeancaugmeancsepmeancoctmeancnovmeancdecmeancyearmeancjanrecordlowcfebrecordlowcmarrecordlowcaprrecordlowcmayrecordlowcjunrecordlowcjulrecordlowcaugrecordlowcseprecordlowcoctrecordlowcnovrecordlowcdecrecordlowcprecipitationcolourgreenjanprecipitationmmfebprecipitationmmmarprecipitationmmaprprecipitationmmmayprecipitationmmjunprecipitationmmjulprecipitationmmaugprecipitationmmsepprecipitationmmoctprecipitationmmnovprecipitationmmdecprecipitationmmjanhumidityfebhumiditymarhumidityaprhumiditymayhumidityjunhumidityjulhumidityaughumiditysephumidityocthumiditynovhumiditydechumidityunitprecipitationdaysmmjanprecipitationdaysfebprecipitationdaysmarprecipitationdaysaprprecipitationdaysmayprecipitationdaysjunprecipitationdaysjulprecipitationdaysaugprecipitationdayssepprecipitationdaysoctprecipitationdaysnovprecipitationdaysdecprecipitationdaysjansunjanpercentsunfebsunfebpercentsunmarsunmarpercentsunaprsunaprpercentsunmaysunmaypercentsunjunsunjunpercentsunjulsunjulpercentsunaugsunaugpercentsunsepsunseppercentsunoctsunoctpercentsunnovsunnovpercentsundecsundecpercentsunyearpercentsunsourcechinameteorologicaladministrationdateaugustrivermanagementintheworldbanklentusbilliontoaidrivertreatmentinxiningincludingsanxiancountysantifloodingprojectwithanaddedusbilliontosupportinfrastructureqinghaihasinvestedlargeamountsinthetreatmentofhuangshuimainriverandnanchuanrivertotallinghoweveratreatmentonarivercourseandflashfloodreliefchannelsremainpendingduetolackofequipmentinsanxiancountyalongrivercourseandflashfloodreliefchannelsneedtreatmentairqualityaccordingtoaworldhealthorganizationbasedonchinesestatisticsxininghasthesecondworstairpollutionairqualityannualmeanpmugmofamongelevenwesternchinacitiesandisworsethanbeijingeconomythegrossdomesticproductgdppercapitawasrmbusinitsmainindustriesarewoolspinningandtextilesfurmeatmilksaltandlightprocessingindustrieseconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentzonesxiningeconomictechnologicaldevelopmentzonexiningeconomictechnologicaldevelopmentzonexetdzwasapprovedasstateleveldevelopmentzoneinjulyithasaplannedareaofxetdzliesintheeastofxiningawayfromdowntownthexetdzisthefirstofitskindatthenationallevelontheqinghaitibetplateauitisestablishedtofulfillthenationsstrategyofdevelopingthewestxetdzenjoysaconvenienttransportationsystemconnectedbythexininglanzhouexpresswayandrunthroughbytwomainroadsthebroadestroadsofthecityitisawayfromtherailwaystationfromxiningairportitfocusesonthedevelopmentoffollowingindustrieschemicalsbasedonsaltlakeresourcesnonferrousmetalsandpetroleumandnaturalgasprocessingspecialmedicinefoodsandbiochemicalsusinglocalplateauanimalsandplantsnewproductsinvolvingecologicalandenvironmentalprotectionhightechnologynewmaterialsaswellasinformationtechnologyandservicessuchaslogisticsbankingrealestatetourismhotelcateringagencyandinternationaltradepopulationdemographicsaccordingtothesixthnationalpopulationcensusofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacensustheprefecturelevelcityofxininghasapopulationofinhabitantspersonsmorethaninandthedemographicgrowthfortheperiodwasofnbsppercentperyearatpresentfourdistrictsthreecountiesandanationaleconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentzoneareundertheadministrationofthelocalgovernmentwithapopulationofmorethantwomillionxiningisthefirstcityontheupperreachesoftheyellowrivertoachieveapopulationinthemillionsethnicdiversitythereareaboutnationalitieslivingherethoughonlythehanchinesehanhuipeoplehuimonguortupeopleinchineseandtibetanpeopletibetanarenumericallysignificantlocaltraditionsandcustomsareinfluencedbythetibetansmonguormuslimsandhanoncensusnumbershanchineserepresentnbsppercentofthetotalpopulationofxiningwhilehuinbsppercenttibetannbsppercentandtunbsppercentarethemainethnicminoritiesinchinaminoritygroupsinthecityreligionlocatedinthesouthwestpartofxiningcitythekumbummonasteryortaermonasteryisoneofsixfamousmonasteriesinthegelugalsocalledyellowhatsectoftibetanbuddhismandhashundredsofmonkshavingahistoryofoveryearsthedongguanmosquelocatedinthexiningcityzoneisoneofthemostfamousmosquesinthenorthwestregionofchinaithassplendidanddiversiformtowerswallsandhallsinthemosqueanotheruniquereligiousstructureisthebeishansinorthmountaintempleataoistfacilitytherearemorethanchristianmeetingpointsinxiningthecatholicminorityispastorallyservedbytheprediocesanapostolicprefectureofxiningadministrativedivisionsthemunicipalityoverseessevendistrictprcdistrictsandcountiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountiesthedataherearepresentedinkmandinpopulationaccordingtocensusclasswikitablestylefontsizemarginautocolspanmapcolspandivstylepositionrelativeclasscenterdivnamesimplifiedchinesehanyupinyinareakmsupsuppopulationbrdensitybrkmsupsupcolspanstyletextaligncenterbackgrounddddurbanstyleheightpxchengzhongdistrictxiningchengzhongdistrictchengdongdistrictchengxidistrictchengbeidistrictcolspanstyletextaligncenterbackgrounddddsuburbanhuangzhongcountycolspanstyletextaligncenterbackgrounddddruralhuangyuancountydatonghuiandtuautonomouscountydatonghuiandtubrautonomouscountyeducationcollegesanduniversitiesqinghaiuniversityqinghainormaluniversityqinghaiuniversityfornationalitiesprivateschoolsxininginternationalacademyisanenglishlanguageinternationalschooltourismdonotremovethebiggestparkindowntownxiningtransportationxiningissituatedinafertilemountainbasininthevalleyofthehuangshuiriveratributaryoftheyellowriverthatactsasariverportthecityliesaboutwestoflanzhouthecapitalofgansuprovinceonwhatwastraditionallythemaintraderoutefromnorthernandsouthernchinanorthernchinaintotibetandtheqaidambasintheseroutesarenowfollowedbymodernhighwaysrailwaysincexininghasbeenconnectedbythelanzhouqinghairailwaytorailtransportinchinachinasrailwaynetworklaterthisrailwaywasextendedintotheqaidamareaviahaiyancountyqinghaihaiyannearqinghailaketogolmudandsincetolhasatibetautonomousregiontibetseetheqinghaitibetrailwaythesecondmajorrailwayservingxiningisthelanzhouxinjianghighspeedrailwayopenedindecemberwhenfirstopeneditjustprovidedhighspeedtrainservicetolanzhouandurumqiandpointsinbetweeneventuallyitwillbeconnectedtotherestofthenationshighspeedrailnetworkunlikemanyotherchinesecitieswheretheconventionalandhighspeedtrainsstopatdifferenttrainstationsxiningrailwaystationisservedbybothtypesoftrainsthusitcanbeusedasatransferpointforegapassengertravelingfromxinjiangtotibetairxiningcaojiabuairportservestheareawithregularlyscheduledpassengerflightstomajorchinesecitiesincludingbeijingshanghaihongkongch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corpsofthebritisharmyduringworldwarifirstworldwarthecorpswasformedinpalestineregionpalestineinjuneunderlieutenantgeneralphilipchetwodestbaronchetwodephilipchetwoderefnamecorpsreffollowingthebritishfailureinthesecondbattleofgazatheegyptianexpeditionaryforceunderwentamajorrearrangementwiththeappointmentofgeneraledmundallenbyasthenewcommanderinchieftheinfantrycomponentoftheforcewasdividedintotwocorpsxxcorpsandxxicorpsunitedkingdomxxicorpsthecorpsinitiallycomprisedfourinfantrydivisionsrefnamegraingergraingerpprefthirishdivisionrdwelshdivisionthndlondondivisionthyeomanrydivisionthexxcorpsfirstsawactioninthebattleofbeershebabeershebaphaseofthethirdbattleofgazaonoctoberthethandthdivisionscapturedturkeyturkishoutpostswestofthetownbutwerenotinvolvedinthefinalassaultfollowingbeershebaonnovemberthecorpsmadeafrontalassaultagainsttheturkishfortificationsinthevicinityofsheriawheretheththandthdivisionssucceededinbreakingthroughthethdivisioncapturedthehareiraredoubtonnovemberandthethdivisionadvancedonhujinsupportoftheaustralianmounteddivisionsefforttocutofftheretreatingturkisharmyduringthebattleofmegiddobattleofmegiddotheformationwascorpstroopsthirishdivisionrdwelshdivisiongeneralofficerscommandingcommandersincludedjunenovemberlieutenantgeneralphilipchetwodestbaronchetwodephilipchetwodeseealsobritishmilitaryhistoryreferencesbibliographycorpsthcorpstwentiethcorpsorxxcorpsmayrefertoitalianxxmotorisedcorpsxxcorpsgermanempireaunitoftheimperialgermanarmypriortoandduringworldwarixxcorpsottomanempirexxcorpsunitedkingdomxxcorpsunitedstatesxxcorpsacwaunitedstatesarmycorpsduringtheamericancivilwartharmycorpsrussianempireseealsoxxdisambiguationdisambiguationlistofmilitarycorpslistofmilitarycorpsbynumberlistofmilitarycorpsbynameinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexvcorpsimagecaptiondatespresentcountryindiaallegiancebranchindianarmytypearmycorpsrolesizecorpscommandstructurenortherncommandindiaarmynortherncommandgarrisonsrinagarnicknamechinarcorpspatronmottocolorsmarchmascotequipmentcommandersbattlesanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonoursnotablecommandersbikramsinghgeneralgeneralbikramsinghbrsyedatahasnainltgensyedatahasnainbrsundararajanpadmanabhangensundararajanpadmanabhaninsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbolcultureandhistorycurrentcommanderltgeneralanilkumarbhattceremonialchiefxvcorpswasfirstestablishedinaspartofthebritishindianarmyduringworldwariixvcorpsbritishindiawasfirstformedfromheadquartersassamandbengalpresidencydistricthqonmarchtodefendbengalunderthecommandofeasternarmyitwasdisbandedinthecorpswasreestablishedafterindiagainedindependenceaspartoftheindianarmyittookpartinallofthewarsagainstpakistanitisbasedatsrinagaritcurrentlyconsistsofthinfantrydivisionindiathinfantrydivisionheadquarteredatbaramullathinfantrydivisionindiathinfantrydivisionheadquarteredatgurezartillerybrigadelistofcommandersclasswikitablenamerankappointmentdateleftofficeunitofcommissionreferenceskrishanpalrowspanlieutenantgeneraljanuaryassamregimentvinayakgopalpatankarapriljulyregimentofartillerynirbhaysharmajulyjuneparachuteregimentssdhillonjuneoctoberthegrenadiersamarjeetsinghsekhonoctobernovembersikhlightinfantrymukeshsabharwalnovemberrajputregimentbikramsinghgeneralbikramsinghgeneraloctobersikhlightinfantryncmarwahrowspanlieutenantgeneralnovemberdecemberkumaonregimentsyedatahasnaindecemberjunethegarhwalriflesgarhwalriflesomprakashgeneralomprakashjunejunekumaonregimentkumaonregimentgurmitsinghjunejunesubratasahajunenovemberassamregimentsatishduanovemberoctoberjammuandkashmirlightinfantryjammuandkashmirlightinfantryjaswindersinghsandhunovemberdecembergorkhariflesanilkumarbhattdecemberincumbentgorkhariflesfurtherreadingrichardarenaldiandravirikheindianarmyorderofbattleorbatcomfortigerlilybooksadivisionofgeneraldatallcindianarmycorpspreviousxivcorpsindiaxivcorpsnextxvicorpsindiaxvicorpsxmmsmultipleissuesinfoboxwebsitenamexangafaviconlogoxangapngscreenshotcaptionurlalexarefnamealexarefupdatedmonthlybyokbotcommercialfreesubscriptiontypeblogregistrationrequiredtoblogownerxangacomincauthorjohnhilermarcginsburgdanhuddlelaunchdatecurrentstatusrevenuexangaisawebsitethathostsbloghostingserviceweblogsphotoblogsandsocialnetworkingservicesocialnetworkingprofilesitisoperatedbyxangacomincandbasedinnewyorkcityoriginsxangabeganinasasiteforsharingbookandmusicreviewsaccordingtoalexainternetaninternetmetricswebsitexangasrankinghascontinuallydeclinedsincehistoryiscitingweblogsfromwithinxangaalegitimatesourcepracticexangawasintroducedinoctoberinaformatdissimilartoitscurrentstrainthefollowingyearxangabecamepublicasaresultofaseriesofemailrecruitmentmethodsviageocitiessentbybiancabroussardafictionalprpersonalityofxangainbizstonetheformercreativedirectorleftxangaheeventuallywentontobecomepartofthebloggerteamatgoogleandthentoworkatanewinternetstartupodeoalotofwordchangenecessarybelowseverebiasagainstxangaalsoicanfindanyevidenceofthexangalympicsinfooutsideofblogsoverthenextfewyearsxangaunderwentseveralformattingchangesfeaturedcontentwasdividedinintopremiumandclassicviewswithpremiumasthe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micyearthehoffacademicquadrangletothesouthoffenwickplaceandeastoftheacademicmallopenedinsmithhallishometothewilliamscollegeofbusinessandfeaturesawallstreetstyletradingcenterwithbloombergterminalsandtwostocktickerssmithisalsohometoxaviersmbaprogramsandxaviersentrepreneurialcenterthedartagnancapitalfundxaviersundergraduatestudentinvestmentfundisinthebuildingsfifththirdtradingcenterxaviersentrepreneurshipisrankedthnationallyaccordingtotheprincetonreviewtheconatonlearningcommonsiswestofsmithhallandnexttotheacademicmallthelearningcommonsishometoallofxaviersacademicsupportservicesacademicsanddemographicsxavieruniversityoffersmajorswithinthecollegesofartsandsciencessocialscienceshealthandeducationandthewilliamscollegeofbusinessseveralminorsandpreprofessionalprogramsarealsoofferedincludingablendedacceleratednursingxaviereduacceleratednursingprogramacceleratedbachelorofscienceinnursingdegreeallstudentsmustcompletethecorecurriculumundergraduatestudentsattendingxaviermustcompleteasignificantnumberofdistributionrequirementsthataremorecommonlyknownasthecorecurriculumtherearerequiredcoursesintheologyphilosophymathematicsfineartshistoryphysicalscienceliteratureforeignlanguageandthesocialsciencesthecorecurriculumisaconfluenceofjesuitidealsknownastheratiostudiorumandagreatbooksprogramallstudentsuponcompletionofabachelorsdegreehavereadtherepublicplatotherepublicdiscourseonmethodandselectionsfromthebibleamongotheroriginaltextsmajorrequirementsallundergraduatestudentsarerequiredtocompletethecorecurriculumseeaboveandcomplywithdepartmentalrequirementsbusinessmajorsfromthewilliamscollegeofbusinessarealsorequiredtocompletethebusinesscorewhichconsistsofcoursesinaccountingbusinesslaweconomicsfinancehumanresourcesinformationsystemsmanagementmarketingandstatisticsthebusinesscoreoccupiescredithoursbusinessmajorsthereforeareonlyrequiredtotakehoursintheirchosenfieldprovidingmanystudentswithanincentivetodeclareasecondmajorwithinthewilliamscollegeofbusinessstudentsintheothercollegesthecollegeofsocialsciencesandthecollegeofartsandsciencesgenerallyhavetocompleteatleastcredithoursofcourseswithinthemajorandelectiveswithinthecollegetograduatewithabaorbsdegreecredithoursmustbeobtainedandallstudentsmustachieveagpaminimumintheirmajorcourseofstudymostscholarshipsrequireagpaoforhighertransferscholarshipsareawardedbasedongpafrompreviousuniversityattendedcertainmajorssuchaspoliticsphilosophyandthepublicppphonorsbachelorofartshabandphilosophyrequireawrittenthesisanddefensebeforeaselectedcommitteephilosophyalsorequiresawrittencomprehensiveexamhonorarysocietychaptersxavierhasseveralhonorarysocietychaptersincludingalphasigmanuthehonorsocietyofjesuitinstitutionsofhighereducationbetaalphapsianhonororganizationforfinancialinformationstudentsandprofessionalsbetagammasigmatheinternationalhonorsocietyservingbusinessprogramsaccreditedbyaacsbinternationalphibetakappaanelitehonorsocietypresentwithinonlyofuniversitiesmortarboardnationalhonorsocietyrecognizingcollegeseniorsetasigmaphianhonorsocietyaimedatpreservinginterestandscholarshipinclassicalstudiesrankingsxavierwasrankedthamongmidwestcollegesanduniversitiesbyusnewsworldreportforitseditionofamericasbestcollegesreportitwasrankedstforaveragesixyeargraduationrateinthemidwestatrdforalumnigivingandndforupandcomingschoolskiplingerspersonalfinancelistedxavierthamongprivatecollegeanduniversitiesasabestvalueforforbesrankedthamongamericastopcollegesforthamongprivatecollegesandthinthemidwestathleticsxaviercompetesatthenationalcollegiateathleticassociationncaancaadivisionidivisionilevelinthebigeastconferenceandtheirmascotisdartagnanthemusketeerxaviersponsorseightintercollegiatesportsformenandeightsportsforwomenrefnamexuaboutreftheuniversitysgraduationrateofisthethirdhighestgraduationrateforathletesinthenationbehinddukeuniversityandstanforduniversityxaviersportsteamshaveseveraltraditionalrivalrieswithlocaluniversitiesincludingtheuniversityofcincinnatiandtheuniversityofdaytonxavierwasafoundingmemberofthemidwesterncityconferenceinrenamedthemidwesterncollegiateconferenceinitisnowknownasthehorizonleaguexavierwasamemberoftheatlanticconferencefromtowhereitenjoyedmanysuccessfulbasketballseasonsonmarchthexavieradministrationannouncedthattheschoolwilljointhenewlycreatedbigeastconferencebigeastfollowingthebigeastconferencerealignmentrealignmentoftheoldbigeastconferenceandmovedtothenewconferencejulythebasketballandvolleyballteamsplayintheseatcintascenteroncampuswhichopenedinmensbasketballthexaviermensbasketballteamisperhapsthebestknownofthesportssponsoredatxaviertheteamhasenjoyedconsiderablerecentsuccessreachingtheeliteeightinthencaamensdivisionibasketballchampionshipncaatournamentinncaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentandandstillhasnotmadeafinalfoursinceeverymensbasketballplayerwhohasplayedasaseniorhasgraduatedwithadegreeduringtheeraofcollegefootballsnowdefunctbowlchampionshipseriesxavierwasoneofonlytwoschoolsoutsidethemainbcsconferencesagroupnowknownasthepowerfiveconferencespowerfivetobelistedamongthetopmostvaluableprogramsincollegebasketballtheotherbeingunlvrunninrebelsbasketballunlvaccordingtoforbesfootballxavierfieldedanncaadivisionicollegefootballfootballteamuntilthencaadivisionifootballseasonseasonthereforefansoftenclaimthatxavierhasntwonsincebaseballthexavierbaseballteamwonthebigeastconferencebaseballtournamentbigeastchampionshipandparticipatedinthenashvilleregionalthexavierbaseballteamwontheatlanticconferencebaseballtournamentatlantictournamentandparticipatedinthehoustonregionalswimmingthexaviermensswimteamearnedtheschoolsfirstbigeastconferencechampionshipintheteamwasledbyheadcoachbrentmacdonaldwhoearnedbigeastcoachoftheyearinandthexaviermensswimteamdefendedtheirtitleinandmakingittheirthirdchampionshipinarowsincejoiningtheconferenceinclubsportstheclubsportsprogramisdesignedtoservetheinterestsofxavieruniversitystudentsfacultyandstaffindifferentsportsandrecreationalactivitiestheseinterestsmaybecompetitiverecreationalandorinstructionalinnaturemascotsxavierisoneofahandfulofuniversitieswithtwomascotsdartagnanthemusketeeristheuniversitysofficialmascotandistheoriginoftheschoolsnicknamethexaviermusketeersthemusketeerconceptwassuggestedinbythelatereverendfrancisjfinnsjtheblueblobcameaboutinwhenthespiritsquadcoordinatorsrealizedthatamoreaudiencefriendlymascotwasneededthemusketeermascotwhosportedahandlebarmustacheandapropswordscaredyoungerspectatorstheblueblobisafurrycreaturethathasmadeseveraltelevisionandmagazineappearancesovertheyearsincludingacontroversialplayboyappearancetheblueblobhasbobblebodydollsplushreplicasandtshirtsmadeinhislikenessandanannualblueblobappreciationnightduringthemusketeersbasketballseasonhemostrecentlyappearedontwoespnthisissportscentercommercialswithprofootballhalloffamememberjimkellyandsportscenteranchorsscottvanpeltandjohnandersonsportscasterjohnandersonmediamostxaviergamescanbeheardonwlworwkrcamjoesundermandoestheplaybyplayandbyronlarkindoescolorcommentaryfoxsportsnetohioholdsthelocaltelevisionrightstothemusketeersbasketballgamesbradjohansendoesplaybyplayandstevewolfistheanalystovertheairstationswcpotvandwstrtvhaveheldtherightstoxaviergamesinthepastdorothydaycenterforfaithandjusticethiscenterisanimportantpartofxavieruniversitysmissiontoformmenandwomenforothersstudentprogramsatthebeginningoffreshmanyearthecentergivesstudentsopportunitiestoformcommunityamongthemselveswithaneffortatinclusivenessacrossalllinesoffaithandculturetheyarethenencouragedtojointheotherstudentsinchoosingfromavarietyofserviceopportunitiesstudentscanpursuecommunityservicethroughthefollowingprogramsworkinthenexuscommunitygardenweeklyservicewithorganizationsinthecincinnatiareathroughthexchangeprogramcommunityactiondaywhenthewholexucommunityandalumniareencouragedtogiveadayofservicetothelargercommunityamonthlyserviceopportunityatstfrancisseraphsoupkitchenandalternativebreaksofferingopportunitiestoserveinthestatesandabroadduringspringbreakandinsummeratotalofimmersiontripsareoffereditisestimatedthatstudentsperformmorethanservicehoursinayearmostprogramsincludereflectioncomponentsandthefollowingprogramsfacilitatedbythecenterarealsostagedtoprovokereflectionignatianfamilyteachinforjusticestoriesofsolidaritymurdersofjesuitsinelsalvadorjesuitmartyrsofelsalvadorcommemorationandcontemplativesinactionmoreintensiveserviceexperiencesincludethefollowingsummerserviceinternshipallowsstudentstoliveoncampuswhilebeingpaidforworkingatanareanonprofitgraduateinternshipemploysgraduatestoworkalongwiththecfjstaffxaviererecruitingisthecenterslistingofnonprofitinternshipsnationwidethisissupplementedbyidealistorgwhichincludesalsointernationallistingssponsorsofinternshipsincludescrippshowardfoundationtheromancatholicarchdioceseofcincinnaticatholicarchdiocesethecatholiccampaignforhumandevelopmentandcommunitysharesgetawayforfirstyearstudentswithopportunitiestoorganizeandmakespiritualretreatsgraduateschoolandyearofservicefairintroducesstudentstooveroptionsforayearofserviceaftergraduationathomeandabroadsomeofthemorepopulararepeacecorpspeacecorpsjesuitvolunteercorpsjesuitvolunteercorpspublicalliespublicalliesandamericorpsamericorpslonglistingsofpossibilitiesareonwebsiteshostedbystanforduniversitystanfordnotredameuniversitynotredameserviceleaderandvolunteergovfacultyandstaffopportunitiesincludemixingwiththestudentsinthenexuscommunitygardenprojectjoininginonthealternativebreaksimmersionexperiencesparticipatingincommunityactiondayandworkingservicelearningintothecontentofcoursesalumnialumnicontributetotheserviceeffortsoftheuniversitythroughthemagissocietyonthecfjblogspottheysharewhattheyaredoingandtheymeetattimesasagroupthecfjofficehelpsthemtonetworkwithothersonsocialcausesintheirprofessionnotablealumnixavierhasanumberofnotablealumniincludingdannyabramowicznflwidereceivergeorgebillmanphysiologyprofessoratohiostatejkennethblackwellohiosecretaryofstategopohiogubernatorialcandidatejohnboehnerspeakeroftheunitedstateshouseofrepresentativesforthethcongressandthcongressushouseofrepresentativespartyleadersoftheunitedstateshouseofrepresentativesminorityle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hamoftheuniversityofcambridgecomputerlaboratorycambridgecomputerlaboratoryandthealgorithmwaspresentedinanunpublishedtechnicalreportinneedhamandwheeleritisnotsubjecttoanypatentsrefnamewheelerrefliketeaxteaisablocksizecryptographybitblockfeistelcipherwithacryptographickeylengthbitkeyandasuggestedroundsseveraldifferencesfromteaareapparentincludingasomewhatmorecomplexkeyschedulekeyscheduleandarearrangementoftheshiftsxorsandadditionsimplementationsthisstandardcprogramminglanguagecsourcecodeadaptedfromthereferencecodereleasedintothepublicdomainbydavidwheelerandrogerneedhamencryptsanddecryptsusingxteasourcelangcincludestdinthtakebitsofdatainvandvandbitsofkeykeyvoidencipherunsignedintnumroundsuinttvuinttconstkeyunsignedintiuinttvvvvsumdeltaxebforiinumroundsivvvvsumkeysumsumdeltavvvvsumkeysumvvvvvoiddecipherunsignedintnumroundsuinttvuinttconstkeyunsignedintiuinttvvvvdeltaxebsumdeltanumroundsforiinumroundsivvvvsumkeysumsumdeltavvvvsumkeysumvvvvsourcethechangesfromthereferencesourcecodeareminorthereferencesourcecodeusedthecodeunsignedlongcodetyperatherthanthebitcleancodeuinttcodethereferencesourcecodedidnotusecodeconstcodetypesthereferencesourcecodeomittedredundantparenthesesusingcprecedencetowritetheroundfunctionasegcodevvvvsumksumcodetherecommendedvalueforthenumroundsparameterisnotaseachiterationoftheloopdoestwofeistelcipherroundstoadditionallyimprovespeedtheloopcanbeunrolledbyprecomputingthevaluesofsumkeycryptanalysisinkoetalpresentedarelatedkeyattackrelatedkeydifferentialattackonoutofroundsofxtearequiringsupsupchosenplaintextsandatimecomplexityofsupsupkoetalinlupresentedarelatedkeyrectangleattackonroundsofxteabreakingmoreroundsthananypreviouslypublishedcryptanalyticresultsforxteathepaperpresentstwoattacksonewithoutandwithaweakkeyassumptionwhichcorrespondstosupsupbytesofdataandsupsupoperationsandsupsupbytesofdataandsupsupoperationsrespectivelyblockteapresentedalongwithxteawasavariablewidthblockciphertermedblockteawhichusesthextearoundfunctionbutblockteaappliesitcyclicallyacrossanentiremessageforseveraliterationsbecauseitoperatesontheentiremessageblockteahasthepropertythatitdoesnotneedablockciphermodesofoperationmodeofoperationanattackonthefullblockteawasdescribedinsaarinenwhichalsodetailsaweaknessinblockteassuccessorxxteaseealsorcastreamcipherthatjustlikexteaisdesignedtobeverysimpletoimplementxxteablockteassuccessortinyencryptionalgorithmteablockteasprecursorreferencesfurtherreadinggauthamsekarnickymouhavesselinvelichkovandbartpreneelcosicesatkuleuvenbepublicationsarticlepdfmeetinthemiddleattacksonreducedroundxteainproceedingsofctrsalecturenotesincomputersciencespringersciencebusinessmediaspringerverlagyoungdaikoseokhiehongwonilleesangjinleeandjonginlimrelatedkeyattackrelatedkeydifferentialattacksonroundsofxteaandfullroundsofgostinproceedingsoffselecturenotesincomputersciencespringersciencebusinessmediaspringerverlagseokhiehongdeukjohongyoungdaikodonghoonchangwonilleeandsangjinleedifferentialcryptanalysisofteaandxteainproceedingsoficiscbdukjaemoonkyungdeokhwangwonilleesangjinleeandjonginlimimpossibledifferentialcryptanalysisofreducedroundxteaandtealecturenotesincomputersciencevikramreddyandemwebarchiveorgwebhomeuchicagoeduandemvikramandempdfacryptanalysisofthetinyencryptionalgorithmmastersthesistheuniversityofalabamatuscaloosamarkkujuhanisaarinenwebarchiveorgwebmjosfidocsaarinenblockteapdfcryptanalysisofblockteaunpublishedmanuscriptoctoberexternallinkscommonswikimediaorgwikiimagexteadataflowjpgdataflowdiagramwebarchiveorgwebteahtmawebpageadvocatingteaandxteaandprovidingavarietyofimplementationscixcoukklockstoneteavecthtmtestvectorsforteaandxteatayloredgecomreferencemathematicsvrandempdfacryptanalysisofthetinyencryptionalgorithmpolarsslorgsourcecodeacimplementationofxteaphpeinfachdesonstigesgeneratorxteaphpphpimplementationofxteairnisnetsoftxtedpascaldelphiimplementationofxteacodegooglecomphdatabasesourcebrowsetrunkhsrcmainorghsecurityxteajavajavaimplementationofxtearoundsgithubcomsimplitoxteajsjavascriptimplementationofxtearoundsaspnactivestatecomaspncookbookpythonrecipepythonimplementationofxteawikisecondlifecomwikixteastrongencryptionimplementationlindenscriptinglanguagelslimplementationofxteaforsecondlifescriptingopencoresorgprojectxteaverilogimplementationofxteainstantiationscomdownloadsgoodiescommunitygoodiesxteaencryptionhtmsmalltalkimplementationofxteaxscaleredirectcategoryshellinfoboxcompanynamexangollclogoxangosvgtypeprivatecompanyprivatefoundationlocationlehiutlehiutahunitedstatesusakeypeopleaarongarritygaryhollisterjoemortongordonmortonandkentwoodindustrymultilevelmarketinghomepagexangollcsometimesstylizedasxangoandxangowasaprivatelyownedlehiutahlehiutahbasedmultilevelmarketingcompanyfoundedinitwasacquiredbyzijainternationalinmaythecompanymarketedanddistributedxangojuiceablendedjuiceproductconsistingofmangosteenandotherjuicesandskincarepersonalcareenergysupplementandnutritionalsupplementproductsrefnameftcjulyftcgovoscommentsbusinessopprulepdfcommentstothefederaltradecommissionbyxangollconthenoticeofpropo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honesandpotentialhealtheffectsaccordingtoawarningbytheusfoodanddrugadministrationxangosdistributorshadillegallyusedmarketingmaterialstopromotemangosteenjuiceclaimingmorethanhumanhealthbenefitsincludingantiinflammatoryantimicrobialantifungalantiviralanticancerantiulcerantihepatotoxicantirhinoviralandantiallergiceffectsrefnamefdawarningcasewatchorgfdawarningprodxangoshtmlusfoodanddrugadministrationwarningletterseptemberrefpromotionalliteraturefortheproductcitesantioxidantsfromtheinediblepericarpofthefruitasprovidinghealthbenefitsnoneoftheseclaimshoweverhasscientificproofestablishedbypeerreviewedresearchandhumanclinicaltrialsasdiscussedbelowtheamericancancersocietyprofileofmangosteenjuicestatesthereisnoreliableevidencethatmangosteenjuicepureorbarkiseffectiveasacancertreatmentinhumansasofaprilitalsostatesthatthemangosteenfruithasbeenshowntoberichinantioxidantsveryearlylaboratorystudiessuggestitmayhavepromiseasatopicaltreatmentforacneearlysmalllaboratoryandanimalstudiessuggestthatfurtherresearchshouldbedonetodeterminewhetheritcanhelptopreventcancerinhumanspericarpxanthonesremainunderpreliminaryresearchtodefinetheirpotentialpropertieswhichmayincludeantioxidantandchemopreventiveeffectsinthemayoclinicstatedtherewaslaboratoryevidencethatmangosteenxanthoneshadantiinflammatoryactivitybuttherewasnoevidencedemonstratingsuchantiinflammatoryeffectsinhumansthemayoclinichassinceconfirmedthereisstillnoconclusiveevidenceofeffectivenessrefnamemayocliniccomcitewebtitlecandrinkingmangosteenjuicereducearthritisinflammationandpainurlmayocliniccomhealthmangosteenandateoctoberauthorbrentabauerpublishermayoclinicaccessdateseptemberrefinxangoscientificadviserdavidmortonparticipatedinafourpartdebateontheassertedclaimsofmangosteenhealthbenefitsrefnamecrownrefrefnamemortonrefrefnamecrownrefusfdawarningonseptembertheunitedstatesfoodanddrugadministrationunitedstatesfoodanddrugadministrationissuedafdawarningletterwarninglettertoxangollcinternationalinresponsetothecompanyspromotionofxangojuiceasanaidtotreatandorcurevariousdiseasestheagencysletterwarnedthatxangojuicehadnotbeenproperlytestedforsafetyandefficacyandasaproposednewdrugitcouldnotbelegallysoldintheuswithoutpriorapprovalofthefdaxangowaswarnedthatitcouldfaceenforcementactionincludingseizureandorinjunctionofproductsorsuspensionofbusinessunderfdadruglabelingrulesxangoasmanufacturerisresponsibleforsatisfyingscientificcriteriatomakehealthclaimsonitsproductlabelsandallmarketingmaterialsasofseptemberthecaseremainedopeneffectivenessthemayoclinicsaidinoctoberthattherearenopublishedclinicaltrialsshowingevidencethateitherthefruitoritsjuicenbspndashmarketedunderthenamexangojuicenbspndashisaneffectivetreatmentforarthritiscanceroranyotherdisorderinhumansinthemayoclinicreiteratedthatitisstilltooearlytosayforsurewhatrolemangosteenjuicehasintreatingarthritissymptomsinfebruarytheucberkeleywellnessnewslettersponsoredbytheuniversityofcaliforniaatberkeleysaidthatmangosteenmarketersmakefarfetchedandunsubstantiatedclaimsfortheirproductsthenewsletternotesthattherearenoclinicaltrialsandwhathappensinatesttubeoranimalmaynotoccurinahumananyreportedbenefitsinhumanshavebeenanecdotalnooneevenknowsiftheprocessedfruitjuiceandcapsulesretainthepotentiallybeneficialcompoundswhatsmorethejuiceistypicallyamixoffruitjuicesnbspwithanundisclosedamountofmangosteeninitralphwmosswriterralphmossanalternativecancertreatmentadvocatehassaidofmangosteenjuicequoteinmyopinionwhatwehavehereissimplyanoverpricedfruitdrinkfruitdrinksareoftenhealthfulbeveragesbuttheonlyreasonicanseethatthepromotersofmangosteencangetawaywithchargingforthisproductisthattheyareplayingonpatientshopesandfearsinacynicalwaywithoutthehealthclaimsopenorimpliedtheproductcouldonlybesoldforatmostorwhichforexampleisthecostofantioxidantrichpomegranatejuicerefcitationauthorralphwmosspublicationdatemaytitlecancerdecisionsatafriendlyskepticlooksatmangosteenpartiiperiodicalthemossreportspublishercancerdecisionscomurlcancerdecisionscomhtmlaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebcancerdecisionscomhtmlarchivedatejunerefamedicalcasereportdescribedapatientwithsevereacidosispossiblyattributabletoayearofdailyusetoloseweightdosenotdescribedofmangosteenjuicebrandnotdescribedinfusedwithxanthonoidsasoccursinthemanufactureofxangojuicetheauthorsproposedthatchronicexposuretoalphamangostinaxanthonecouldbetoxictomitochondrialfunctionleadingtoimpairmentofcellularrespirationandproductionoflacticacidosisitalianantitrustactioninitalyscompetitionlawantitrustandconsumerprotectionauthoritytheautoritgarantedellaconcorrenzaedelmercatoagcmsuspendedtheactivitiesofxangoinresponsetooverbroadhealthclaimsaswellaspossibleviolationsofpyramidschemelawslitigationtahitiannoniinternationaltahitiannoniinternationaltniarivalmlmbeveragecompanysuedxangollcandseveralofitstopexecutivesinfebruaryinthethcourtsofutahdistrictcourtinprovoutahallegingthatxangoexecutivesstoletnisconceptforamangosteenbasedsupplementwhiletheywereemployedbytnisparentcompanyafteracountersuitagainsttniwaslaunchedbyxangollcthetwopartiessettledoutofcourtajointstatementbytniandxangosaidthattheyhadagreedtoresolvetheirdisputesandthelitigationbetweenthemandtheirfoundersbuttheparticularsofthesettlementwerenotdisclosedmismanagementallegationsinthestateofutahssupremecourtgavethegreenlighttoaxangoinvestortoproceedwithasuitthatallegescorporatelootingandmismanagementofmillionsofdollarsbythelehisupplementscompanysfoundersfortheirpersonalexpensesincludingluxurycarsandperformanceenhancingmedicaltreatmentsinadecisionissuedtheutahsupremecourtoverturnedathdistrictcourtrulingthatdismissedalawsuitfiledinbyangelinvestorsllcallegingxangosfounderstookmillionsofdollarsinpersonalloansfromthecompanyandpaidthemselvesexcessivesalarieswhilewastingcorporateassetsinxangosettledwithangelinvestorsforanundisclosedamountofmoneyangelinvestorswhohadownednomorethanpercentofthelehicompanyhadchargedinthreelawsuitsinutahcountythatthefoundersdeprivedthemofsomeofthereturnontheirinvestmentthegroupcitedsuchexpendituresasmonthlyautoallowancesfamilyvacationsandinonecaseworthofhomefurnishingsthetermsofthesettlementwerenotdisclosedinxangofounderbryandavisfiledalawsuitaccusinghispartnersofspyingthreateningemployeesfalsifyingdistributorpositionstosiphonofffundsdefraudingonxangotaxesandtheirpersonaltaxesfalsifyingrecordschangingcreditcardstatementschargingasbusinessexpensestopurchasegrandpianosvacationshomerenovationslandscapingelectronicsexpensivebicyclesscootersandforceoaarongarrityanopenexpenseaccountforonemistressaccordingtothelawsuitgarrityembezzledhundredsofthousandsofdollarsinassetsfromthecompanywritingoffclothingmedicalenhancementsjewelryeventticketsbicycleselectronicsandcharteredplanesandvacationsasbusinessexpensescfonatebrownsetupsecretfounderaccountsforgarrityandotherstoallowthemtoimproperlyspendxangoassetsdavisalsoallegesinthelawsuitthatgarritysassistantandreawaterfallwithwhomhewasinarelationshiphadacompanycreditcardthatsheusedforpersonalexpensesandthatgarritysentinfraudulentexpensereportsotherallegationsincludegarrityusingpowerandinfluenceasafoundertothreatenxangoemployeesintoturningablindeyetohistheftandinstitutingwhathetermedacultureofgivingatxangomeaningthatfoundersandemployeesgarritydeterminedwereinhisgoodgracescouldunlimitedlyusexangoassetsfortheirpersonalbenefitthelawsuitfurtherreportsfoundersareallegedtohaveusedxangoemploymentandforcedqualifieddistributorpositionstosiphonxangoassetstofamilymembersandfriendsdavisallegesthefoundersconspiredtogivethemselvesillicitdistributionsthroughataxfraudschemeandthatthefoundersalsoformedvariouscompetingcompanieswithxangoassetsheisalsoclaimingthatthefounderstookstepstofreezehimoutofthecompanyignoringdavisobjectionstowrongfulconductfalsifyingboardminutestoreflectunanimousconsenttoactionstowhichhehadvoicedobjectionsxangoemployeesweretoldnottotalktodavisunderpenaltyofterminationthatfoundersalsofalselyclaimedtoxangoemployeesthathehadresignedhispositionatxangoanddisparagedhimasaresultdavissaidxangowithheldbonusdistributionpaymentstodavisaswellasdiscontinuingemployeebenefitsthelawsuitfurtherstatesthatgarrityhasalsomisusedxangossecuritydepartmenttoretaliateagainstdavisangelleadersandfoundersofcompetingmlmsandxangodistributorsandemployeeaccordingtothesuitgarrityallegedlyaskedjustinbarretttousehisaccesstolawenforcementdatabasestofindinformationontheseindividualsthatwasnotonpublicrecordwhichinformationgarritycouldthenusetohisadvantagehealsorequestedthatthexangosecuritydepartmentobtainnontraceablewirelessaccountsforhimforthepurposeofonlinecorporateintelligencegatheringdisseminationofinformationandpostingdefamatorycommentsaboutcompetitorsdistributorsemployeesandothersabogusaccountwasillegallycreatedunderthefictitiousnamejohngablethexangoboardsattorneysaidtheaccusationsarefabricatedbecausedavisisattemptingtoextractaninflatedbuyoutfromthemforhissharesinthecompanybeneventosaidseveralmonthsagothexangoboardoffereddavisaseparationagreementduetohisongoingfailuretofulfillhisresponsibilitiesandthatdavishasfailedtoshowupforworkyetstillexpectsaregularpaycheckgarritysattorneyrefutedtheclaimsayingtheallegationsaretohelpdavisinflatehisshareholdingsforagreaterprofitalsoinxangofiledanactionagainstbryandavisinthethirdjudicialdistrictcourtutahandsaltlakecityrefutingmrdavisclaimsinhislawsuitandclaimingthatmrdaviswasnegligentinhisdutiesxangosettledthesecasesultimatelyoutofcourtforanundisclosedamounttaxationissuesinxangohadissuesconcerningtaxesatthetopoftaxdelinquencylistswasowedforthelehiheadquartersofxangoamultilevelmarketingcompanythatsellsnutritionalsupplementswhichhasitsnameontheuniformsofrealsaltlakesoccerplayersthatpropertyisownedbythaipropertieswhichispartofthesamecorporategroupasxangosaidnatebrownchieffinancialofficerforxangoseealsolistofineffectivecancertreatmentsreferencesndcenturymmxorgfoundationredirectcategoryshellredirectxenotransplantationcarcoltcommandoakacarxmgauredirecthongkongtaalanguagemultipleissuesinfoboxsoftwaretitlenamexorgserverlogoxorglogosvgimagenameisenoughlogosizepxlogoaltxorgserverlogologocaptionscreenshotimagenameisenoughscreenshotsizescreenshotaltcaptioncollapsibleauthordeveloperxorgfoundationreleasedrefnameannouncexrrefdiscontinuedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedaterefnameannouncereflatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatestatusprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecoperatingsystemcrossplatformplatformsizenbspmiblanguageenglishlanguageenglishlanguagecountnumberonlylanguagefootnotegenredisplayserverlicensemitlicensealexawebsitestandardxorgserveristhefreesoftwarefreeandopensourceimplementationofthedisplayserverforthexwindowsystemstewardedbythexorgfoundationimplementationsoftheclientsideoftheprotocolareavailableegintheformofxlibandxcbtheserviceswithwhichthexorgfoundationsupportsxserverincludethepackagingofthereleasescertificationforafeeevaluationofimprovementstothecodedevelopingthewebsiteandhandlingthedistributionofmonetarydonationsthereleasesarecodeddocumentedandpackagedbyglobaldevelopersoftwaredeveloperssoftwarearchitecturethexorgserverimplementstheserversideofthexwindowsystemcoreprotocolandextensionstoitegrandrversionintegratessupportforsystemdbasedlaunchingandmanagementwhichimprovedbootperformanceandreliabilitydeviceindependentxdixthedeviceindependentxdixisthepartofthexorgserverthatinteractswithclientsandimplementssoftwarerenderingthemainloopandtheeventdeliveryarepartofthedixanxserverhasatremendousamountoffunctionalitythatmustbeimplementedtosupportthexcoreprotocolthisincludescodetablesglyphrasterizationandcachingxlogicalfontdescriptionxlfdsandthecorerenderingapiwhichdrawsgraphicsprimitivesdevicedependentxddxthedevicedependentxddxisthepartofthexserverthatinteractswiththehardwareinthexorgserversourcecodeeachdirectoryunderhwcorrespondstooneddxhardwarecomprisesgraphicscardsaswellasmouseandkeyboardseachdriverishardwarespecificandimplementedasaseparateloadablemoduledgraphicsdriverforhistoricalreasonsthexorgserverstillcontainsgraphicsdevicedriverssupportingsomeformofdrenderingaccelerationinthepastmodesettingwasdonebyanxservergraphicsdevicedriverspecifictosomevideocontrollerhardwareegagraphicsprocessingunitgputothismodesettingfunctionalityadditionalsupportfordaccelerationwasaddedwhensuchbecameavailablewithvariousgpusthemodesettingfunctionalitywasmovedintothedirectrenderingmanagerdrmandisbeingexposedthroughandrmmodesettinginterfacethenewapproachbeingcalledkernelmodesettingkmsbutthedrenderingaccelerationremainedindebianthedgraphicsdriversforthexorgserverarepackagedindividuallyandcalledxserverxorgvideoafterinstallationthedgraphicsdriverfileisfoundundercodeusrlibxorgmodulesdriverscodethepackagexserverxorgvideonouveauinstallscodenouveaudrvsocodewithasizeofkibtheproprietarynvidiageforcedriverinstallsamibsizedfilecalledcodenvidiadrvsocodeandradeonsoftwareinstallscodefglrxdrvsocodewithasizeofaboutmibtheavailablefreeandopensourcegraphicsdevicedriversarebeingdevelopedinsideofthemesadprojectwhilethesecanberecompiledasrequiredthedevelopmentoftheproprietaryddxdgraphicsdriversisgreatlyeasedwhenthexorgserverkeepsastableapiabiacrossmultipleofitsversionswithversionagenericmethodformodesettingwasmainlinedxfvideomodesettingthedebianpackagebeingcalledxserverxorgvideomodesettingonaprilamdemployeemicheldnzerreleasedcodexfvideoaticodeversionandcodexfvideoamdgpucodeversionthelaterincludingsupportfortheirpolarismicroarchitecturepolarismicroarchitectureaccelerationarchitecturesthereareatleastxfreeaccelerationarchitecturexaaexaumaaccelerationarchitectureuxaandsnacomputergraphicssnaglamorglamorisagenerichardwareindependentdaccelerationdriverforthexserverthattranslatesthexrenderprimitivesintoopengloperationstakingadvantageofanyexistingdopengldriversinthiswayitisfunctionallysimilartoquartzextremeandquartzgldperformanceaccelerationforapplequartzcompositortheultimategoalofglamoristoobsoleteandreplacealltheddxdgraphicsdevicedriversandaccelerationarchitecturestherebyavoidingtheneedtowritexdspecificdriversforeverysupportedgraphicchipsetglamorrequiresaddriverwithsupportforshadersglamorperformancetuningwasacceptedforgooglesummerofcodeglamorsupportsxephyranddirectrenderinginfrastructuredridriandcanboostsomeoperationsbysinceitsmainliningintoversionofthexorgserverdevelopmentonglamorwascontinuedandpatchesforthereleasewerepublishedvirtualizationthereisadistinctandspecialddxforinstancesofthexorgserverwhichrunonaguestsysteminsideofavirtualizationvirtualizedenvironmentxfvideoqxladriverfortheqxlvideodevicesimpleprotocolforindependentcomputingenvironmentsspicemakesuseofthisdriverthoughitworkswithoutitaswellinthedebianrepositoriesitiscalledxserverxorgvideoqxlcfpackagesdebianorgbusterxserverxorgvideoqxlinputstackunderdebiandriversrelatedtoinputarefoundundercodeusrlibxorgmodulesinputcodesuchdriversarenamedegcodeevdevdrvsocodecodemousedrvsocodecodesynapticsdrvsocodeorcodewacomdrvsocodewithversionthexorgserverobtainedsupportforthelibinputlibraryinformofawrappercalledttxfinputlibinputttatthexdcintorontolibratbagwasintroducedasagenericlibrarytosupportconfigurablemicecodexserverxorginputjoystickcodeistheinputmoduleforthexorgservertohandleclassicjoysticksandgamepadswhichisnotmeantforplayinggamesunderxbuttocontrolthecursorwithajoystickorgamepadotherddxcomponentsxwaylandxwaylandisaseriesofpatchesoverthexorgservercodebasethatimplementanxserverrunninguponthewaylanddisplayserverprotocolwaylandprotocolthepatchesaredevelopedandmaintainedbythewaylanddevelopersforcompatibilitywithxapplicationsduringthetransitiontowaylandandwasmainlinedinversionofthexorgserverinrefnamexorgserverrefwhenauserrunsanxapplicationfromwithinwaylanddisplayserverprotocolwestonitcallsuponxwaylandtoservicetherequestrefrefxquartzxquartzisaseriesofpatchesfromappleinctointegratesupportforthexprotocolintotheirquartzcompositorinasimilarwaytohowxwaylandintegratesxintowaylandcompositorsxspicexspiceisadevicedriverforthexorgserveritsupportstheqxlframebufferdeviceandincludesawrapperscriptwhichmakesitpossibletolaunchanxorgserverwhosedisplayisexportedviathespiceprotocolspiceprotocolthisenablesuseofspiceinaremotedesktopenvironmentwithoutrequiringkernelbasedvirtualmachinekvmvirtualizationxephyrxephyrisanxonximplementationsinceversionxephyrservesastheprimarydevelopmentenvironmentforthenewdaccelerationsubsystemglamorpermittingrapiddevelopmentandtestingonasinglemachineipcthexorgserverandanyxclienteachrunasdistinctprocessesonunixlinuxaprocessknowsnothingaboutanyotherprocessesforittocommunicatewithanotherprocessitiscompletelyandutterlyreliantonthekerneltomoderatethecommunicationviaavailableinterprocesscommunicationipcmechanismsunixdomainsocketsareusedtocommunicatewithprocessesrunningonthesamemachinespecialsocketfunctioncallsarepartofthesystemcallinterfacealthoughnetworksocketinternetdomainsocketscanbeusedlocallyunixdomainsocketsaremoreefficientsincetheydonothavethecommunicationsprotocolprotocoloverheadchecksumsbyteordersetcxorgserverdoesnotusedbussocketsisthemostcommoninterprocesscommunicationipcmethodbetweentheprocessesofthexserveranditsvariousxclientsitprovidestheapplicationprogramminginterfaceapiforcommunicationinthetcpipdomainandalsolocallyonlyintheunixdomainthereareseveralotherapisdescribedinthextransportinterfaceforinstancetlitransportlayerinterfaceotheroptionsforipcbetweenforthexclientserverrequirexwindowsystemextensionsforinstancethemitshmmitsharedmemoryextensionmitshmmultiseatconfigurationmultiseatreferstoanassemblyofasinglecomputerwithmultipleseatsallowingmultipleuserstositdownatthecomputerloginandusethecomputeratthesametimeindependentlythecomputerhasmultiplekeyboardsmiceandmonitorsattachedtoeacheachseathavingonekeyboardonemouseandonemonitorassignedtoitaseatconsistsofallhardwaredevicesassignedtoaspecificworkplaceitconsistsofatleastonegraphicsdevicegraphicscardorjustanoutputandtheattachedmonitorandakeyboardandamouseitcanalsoincludevideocamerassoundcardsandmoreduetolimitationofthevtsysteminthelinuxkernelandofthexcoreprotocolinparticularlyhowxdefinestherelationbetweentherootwindowandanoutputofthegraphicscardmultiseatdoesnotworkoutoftheboxfortheusuallinuxdistributionbutnecessitatesaspecialconfigurationtherearethesemethodstoconfigureamultiseatassemblymultiplexephyrserversoverahostxorgservermultipleinstancesofanxorgserveronegraphicscardperseatasinglegraphicscardsforallseatstheutilizedcommandlineoptionsofthexorgserverarecodeisolatedevicebusidcoderestrictdeviceresetsoutputtothedeviceatbusidthebusidstringhastheformbustypebusdevicefunctionegpciatpresentonlyisolationofpcidevicesissupportediethisoptionisignoredifbustypeisanythingotherthanpcicodevtxxcodethedefaultforegdebianstretchisiebypressingtheusercanswitchtothevtrunningthexorgserveronlytheuseronthefirstmonitorhastheuseofvtconsolesandcanusextoselectthemtheotherusershaveagnomedisplaymanagergdmloginscreenandcanusexorgservernormallybuthavenovtseventhoughasingleusercanutilizemultiplemonitorsconnectedtothedifferentportsofasinglegraphicscardcfrandrthemethodwhichisbasedonmultipleinstancesofthexorgserverseemstorequiremultipleconventionalpcipcigraphicscardsitispossibletoconfiguremultiseatemployingonlyonegraphicscardbutduetolimitationsofthexprotocolthisnecessitatestheusageofxdisplaymanagercontrolprotocolxdmcpthereisalsoxdmxdistributedmultiheadxadoptionunixandlinuxthexorgserverrunsonmanyfreesoftwareunixlikeoperatingsystemsincludingbeingadoptedforusebymostlinuxdistributionsandberkeleysoftwaredistributionbsdvariantsitisalsothexserverforthesolarisoperatingsystemsolarisoperatingsystemxorgisalsoavailableintherepositoriesofminixminixmicrosoftwindowscygwinxcygwinsimplementationofthexserverformicrosoftwindowsusesthexorgserverasdovcxsrvvisualcxserverrefciteweburlvcxsrvsourceforgenettitlevcxsrvwindowsxserverwebsitesourceforgenetaccessdatequotewindowsxserverbasedonthexorggitsourceslikexmingorcygwinsxwinbutcompiledwithvisualcrefandxmingsshclientssuchasputtyallowlaunchingofxapplicationsthroughxforwardingontheconditionthatitisenabledonboththeserverandclientosxosxversionspriortomacosxleopardshippedwithanxfreebasedserverbutsxserveradoptedthexorgcodebasestartingwithosxmountainlionxisnotbundledinosxinsteadithastobeinstalledfromforexampletheopensourcexquartzprojectasofversionxappxquartzdoesnotexposesupportforhighresolutionretinadisplaystoxappswhichruninpixeldoubledmodeonhighresolutiondisplayshistoryandservesitsclientsthemodernxorgfoundationcameintobeinginwhenthebodythatoversawxstandardsandpublishedtheofficialreferenceimplementationjoinedforceswithformerxfreedevelopersxrthefirstversionofthexorgserverwasforksoftwaredevelopmentforkedfromxfreerctheimmediatereasonfortheforkwasadisagreementwiththenewlicenseforthefinalreleaseversionofxfreebutseveraldisagreementsamongthecontributorssurfacedpriortothesplitmanyofthepreviousxfreedevelopershavejoinedthexorgserverprojectinagreateffortwasputinthemodularizationofthexorgserversourcecoderesultinginadualreleasebytheendoftheyearthexrreleaseaddedanewmodularbuildsystembasedonthegnuautotoolswhilexrkepttheoldimakebuildsystembothreleasessharingthesamecodebasesincethenthexrbranchismaintainedfrozenandalltheongoingdevelopmentisdonetothemodularbranchthenewbuildsystemalsobroughttheuseofdlloaderstandarddynamiclinkertoloadpluginsanddriversdeprecatingtheoldownmethodasaconsequenceofthemodularizationthexbinariesweremovingoutoftheirownttusrxrttsubdirectorytreeandintotheglobalttusrtttreeonmanyunixsystemsinjuneanothereffortwasdonetomovethexorgserversourcecodebasefromconcurrentversionssystemcvstogitsoftwaregitbotheffortshadthelongtermgoalofbringingnewdeveloperstotheprojectinthewordsofalancoopersmithinthereleasethekdriveframeworkasmallimplementationofxwrittenbykeithpackardwhichwasnotbasedonxfreethatxorgdevelopersusedasatestinggroundfornewideassuchasexawasintegratedintothemaincodebaseofxorgserverinthenewdribasedonthekernelmodesettingkmsdriverreplaceddrithischangealsosetamajormilestoneinthexorgserverarchitectureasthedriversweremovedoutfromtheserveranduserspaceumstothekernelspaceintheinitialversionsofdriandpresentextensionswerewrittenandcodedbykeithpackardtoprovideafasterandscreentearingtearingfreedrenderingbytheendoftheyeartheimplementationofglxwasrewrittenbyadamjacksonatredhatreleasesclasswikitablesortableversiondatexreleasemainfeaturesrefnameannouncexrrefxrinitialmodularizedxserverexaarchitecturerefnameannouncerefxrkdriveintegrationaiglxsupportrefnameannouncerefxrautoconfigurationenhancedsupportforglbasedcompositingmanagersrefnameannouncerefrandrrefnameannouncerefxrinputhotpluggingsupportrefnameannouncerefxrmultipointerxmpxrefnameannouncerefrandrdirectrenderinginfrastructuredrixinputrefnameannouncerefxrxinputmultipointerxrefnameannouncerefudevinputhandlingrefnameannouncerefxrrefnameannouncerefxsynchronizationfencesrefnameannouncerefrefnameannouncerefxrxinputincludingmultitouchsupportrefnameannouncerefnewddxdriverapidirectrenderinginfrastructuredrioffloadrandropenglxcontextsremovingxfreeaccelerationarchitecturexaarefnameannouncerefxinputrefnameannouncerefdriandpresentextensionsrefnameannouncerefxwaylandddxglamoraccelerationnonpcidevicessupportlogindsystemdlogindsupportrootlessxobtainedsupportforthelibinputlibraryinformofawrappercalledttxfinputlibinputttrefnamehuttererrefrefnamelibinputfosdemrefrefnameannouncerefgenericdrmkmsdriverttxfvideomodesettingttaddedsupportfordirectrenderinginfrastructuredridriwithglamorrefnameannouncerefrandrrefnameschedulerefthreadedinputprimesynchronizationxwaylandpointerconfinementandwarpingwindowsdriextensionsupporttbamesonsoftwaremesonbuildsystemreleasecandidateavailablecolspanseealsoreferenceimplementationpartofastandardreleasepackagexwindowmanagerapackagethatisdeliberatelykeptseparatefromthexserverpackagexvideoextensionevdevxorgconfxquartzxenocarareferencesexternallinksxorgxorghomepagecgitfreedesktoporgxorgxorggitsourcecoderepositoryonfreenodexorgserverredirectcategoryshellxerophytelockheedmartinxredirectcategoryshellxaumayrefertotheisostandardcodeforonetroyounceofgoldasaninvestmentgoldconsideredasacurrencyasymbolforthephiladelphiagoldandsilverindexanindexofpreciousmetalminingcompanystocksthataretradedonthephiladelphiastockexchangeanauthenticationprotocollibraryforxwindowsystemaportugueseslangwordalsowrittenastchauorsimplychaufromtheitalianwordciaomeaninggoodbyebyegoldmoneyincaglobalfullreservebankingandgoldbasedfinancialservicescompanywhichoffersfullreservepreciousmetalfocusedfinancialservicesencompassingsavingspaymentswealthservicesdealingexecutioncustodyandresearchhsinchuhsinchuionthrusterimagexenolithsierrajpgthumbgabbroicxenolithingraniteinrockcreekcanyoneasternsierranevadaussierranevadacaliforniaweatheringtoiddingsitewithinamantlegeologymantlexenolithaxenolithforeignrockisarockgeologyrockfragmentthatbecomesenvelopedinalargerrockduringthelattersdevelopmentandsolidificationingeologythetermxenolithisalmostexclusivelyusedtodescribeinclusionmineralinclusionsinigneousrockduringmagmaemplacementanderuptionxenolithsmaybeengulfedalongthemarginsofamagmamagmachamberchambertornloosefromthewallsofaneruptinglavaconduitorexplosivediatremeorpickedupalongthebaseofaflowingbodyoflavaontheearthssurfaceaxenocrystisanindividualforeigncrystalincludedwithinanigneousbodyexamplesofxenocrystsarequartzcrystalsinasilicadeficientlavaanddiamondswithinkimberlitediatremesxenolithscanbenonuniformwithinindividuallocationseveninareaswhicharespatiallylimitedegrhyolitedominatedlavaofniijimaniijimavolcanojapancontainstwotypesofgabbrogabbroicxenolithswhichareofdifferentorigintheywereformedindifferenttemperatureandpressureconditionsalthoughthetermxenolithismostcommonlyassociatedwithigneousinclusionsabroaddefinitioncouldincluderockfragmentswhichhavebecomeencasedinsedimentaryrockrefnamenatgeogxenorefrefnamekomovetalrefxenolithsaresometimesfoundinrecoveredmeteoritesrefnamexenolpireftobeconsideredatruexenoliththeincludedrockmustbeidentifiablydifferentfromtherockinwhichitisenvelopedanincludedrockofsimilartypeiscalledanautolithoracognateinclusionxenolithsandxenocrystsprovideimportantinformationaboutthecompositionoftheotherwiseinaccessiblemantlegeologymantlebasaltskimberliteslamproitesandlamprophyreswhichhavetheirsourceintheuppermantleoftencontainfragmentsandcrystalsassumedtobeapartoftheoriginatingmantlemineralogyxenolithsofduniteperidotiteandspinellherzoliteinbasalticlavaflowsareoneexamplekimberlitescontaininadditiontodiamondxenocrystsfragmentsoflherzolitesofvaryingcompositionthealuminiumbearingmineralsofthesefragmentsprovidecluestothedepthoforigincalcicplagioclaseisstabletoadepthofbetweenandaboutspinelisthestablealuminiumphaseatdepthsgreaterthanaboutnbspkmdensegarnetbecomesthealuminiumbearingmineralsomekimberlitescontainxenolithsofeclogitewhichisconsideredtobethehighpressuremetamorphismmetamorphicproductofbasalticoceaniccrustasitdescendsintothemantlealongsubductionzonesthelargescaleinclusionofforeignrockstrataatthemarginsofanigneousintrusioniscalledaroofpendantexamplescaliforniafootforscalegalleryimagexenolithslittlecottonwoodcanyonjpgxenolithsingranodioriteofthealtastockgeologystocklittlecottonwoodcanyonutahimagesandstonexenolithfairleeplutonjpglargexenolithofsandstoneprobablyfromthealbeeformationwithinthefairleeplutoninvermontimageperidotiticmantlexenolithjpgperidotitegreenmantlexenolithwithinadarkvolcanicbombfromvulkaneifelgermanycoinofoneeuroforscaleimagenephelinitjpgroundedyellowweatheredperidotitexenolithinanephelinitelavaflowatkaiserstuhlbadenwrttembergkaiserstuhlswgermanyimagegneissinclusioningraniteplatexlikeyesjpglargexenolithofbaltimoregneissintheguilfordquartzmonzoniteinawalloftheoldwaltersvillequarrygranitemarylandgranitemarylandaboutgalleryreferencesnixonpeterhmantlexenolithsjwileysonsexternallinksinfoboxnumbernumberthenumberwasusedasaninjokeatthecomputergamemanufacturerinfocomithasoccasionallyappearedinlatercomputergamesasatributetoinfocomsignificanceofthenumberthenumbermakesanumberofappearancesininfocomgamesnickmontfortinhisbooktwistylittlepassagessuggeststhatthenumberwaschosennotonlybecauseisthesexpositioncommonnameofasexualpositionbutalsobecauseinitswrittenformfallsnaturallyintotwopartswithanunusualrelationshipinhexadecimalisnumberindecimalnumberindecimalisinoctalthispropertywaspointedoutinaversionofthejargonfiledatingbackatleasttocommentingontheexclusivetomitartificialintelligencelaboratorymitaiusageofasagenericlargequantityguylsteelesaididontknowwhetheritsoriginsarerelatedtotheobsceneinterpretationbutidoknowthatdecimaloctalandhexadecimaldecimalwhichisanicepropertythesamenaturalrelationshipappliestonumberandinmathematicsisthethirdpolygonalnumbergonalnumberandthefifthgonalnumberitisalsothethgonalandthethgonalnumberappearancesappearancesininfocomgamesbeyondzorktherearechristmastreemonstersbureaucracycomputergamebureaucracythesampletranscriptincludesaticketwiththedescriptionticketnumberseatfacmebuildingauditoriumrunningtheadventuregamecartridgecausestheboysenberrycomputertocrashalmostimmediatelywiththemessageinternalerrordeadlinecomputergamedeadlinetheserialnumberonthepharmacylabelonthetabletsisleathergoddessesofphobosthereareleavesinthesackfoundinclevelandohiotrinitycomputergametrinitythereareleavesinthebookinthecottagewishbringeratthelakeedgeacountleavesgivesaquickcountturnsupexactlyleavesthewitnessvideogamethewitnessthegunreceiptusedasabookmarkinthemysterybookisnumberzorkiprobablyitsmostfamousappearancesourcelangconsoleonthegroundisapileofleavescountleavesthereareleavesheresourcezorkzerothiszoowithcagesiseasilythelargestinquendorzorktheundiscoveredundergroundenteringthetheaterfromtheculturalcomplexbuilttotheprecisespecificationsoflorddimwitflatheaditsexcessivestructureholdsseatsappearancesinlatergamesinadvancedxoruafteryoudrinkapotionyoudropittothefloorshatteringintoshardsofglassinadamcadresgameivideogameisourcelangconsoleopentrunkyouopenthetrunkrevealingyourlaundryexaminelaundrytherearepiecesoflaundryheresourceinthenintendoentertainmentsystemnesversionofultimaquestoftheavataroneofthemagesclaimshesworkingonabookthathaspagessofarinthekingdomofloathingstrangeleafletgamewithingameaparodyofclassictextadventurestheplayercanandfindofthemintempusmudthethroneofthegrandmistressofmagicismadeofemeraldsnotesellipsisradioxunitedkingdomxboxredirectcategoryshellimagexitcowboysjpgpxrtthumbcowboysatthexitranchinthexitranchwasacattleranchlandranchinthetexaspanhandlewhichoperatedfromtocomprisingoveracresnbspkmoflanditranformilesnbspkmalongtheborder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lingwithideologyofthecommunistpartyofthesovietunionsovietcommunismasundoubtedlygreatesttaskourdiplomacyhaseverfacedandprobablygreatestitwilleverhavetofaceinthefirsttwosectionshepositedconceptsthatbecamethefoundationofamericancoldwarpolicytheussrperceiveditselfatperpetualwarwithcapitalismtheussrviewedleftwingbutnoncommunistgroupsinothercountriesasanevenworseenemyofitselfthanthecapitalistonestheussrwouldusecontrollablemarxismmarxistsinthecapitalistworldasalliessovietaggressionwasfundamentallynotalignedwiththeviewsoftherussiansrussianpeopleorwitheconomicrealitybutrootedinhistoricrussiannationalismandneurosisthegovernmentofthesovietunionsovietgovernmentsstructureinhibitedobjectiveoraccuratepicturesofinternalandexternalrealityaccordingtokennanthesovietuniondidnotseethepossibilityforlongtermpeacefulcoexistencewiththecapitalistworldthesovietseverpresentaimwastoadvancethesocialistcauseforthesovietscapitalismwasamenacetotheidealsofsocialismandcapitalistscouldnotbetrustedorallowedtoinfluencethesovietpeopleoutrightconflictwasneverconsideredadesirableavenueforthepropagationofthesovietcausebuttheireyesandearswerealwaysopenfortheopportunitytotakeadvantageofdiseasedtissueanywhereintheworldinsectionfivekennanexpositedsovietweaknessesandproposedusstrategystatingthatdespitethegreatchallengemyconvictionthatproblemiswithinourpowertosolveandthatwithoutrecoursetoanygeneralmilitaryconflicthearguedthatthesovietunionwouldbesensitivetoforcethatthesovietswereweakcomparedtotheunitedwesternworldthatthesovietswerevulnerabletointernalinstabilityandthatpropagandainthesovietunionsovietpropagandawasprimarilynegativeanddestructivekennanadvocatedsoundappraisalpubliceducationsolutionsoftheinternalproblemsofussocietyproposingforothernationsapositivepictureoftheworldtheuswouldliketoseeandfaithinthesuperiorityofthewesternwayoflifeoverthecollectiveidealsofsovietcommunistscliffordelseyreportinjulypresidenttrumanenlistedtheservicesofoneofhissenioradvisersclarkcliffordtoprepareareportonsovietrelationsthatwouldprovidedetailonsovietdisregardforpostwaragreementsthepresidentallegedlyfrustratedbysovietactionsclaimedhewantedtobereadytorevealtothewholeworldthefulltruthabouttherussianfailuretohonoragreementsrefnamecliffordclarkmcliffordandrichardcholbrookecounseltothepresidentamemoirnewyorkrandomhouserefwiththeassistanceofgeorgeelseycliffordsetouttowriteareportthatwouldtaketheanalysisofthelongtelegramandtranslateitintoconcretepolicyrecommendationsthepairsolicitedtheinputofseniorofficialsinthedepartmentsofstatewarandjusticethejointchiefsofstaffandthecentralintelligencegroupandutilizedtheexpertiseofgeorgekennanandcharlesbohleninwritingtheirreportthefinalreportentitledamericanrelationswiththesovietunionwaspresentedsolelytothepresidentonseptemberanditdidnotcirculatebeyondhisdeskinfactpresidenttrumanorderedthatallcopiesofthereportbedeliveredtohimbecausethereportwasofgreatvaluetohimbutifitleakeditwouldblowtheroofoffthewhitehousewedhavethemostserioussituationonourhandsthathasyetoccurredinmyadministrationthereportwouldremaintopsecretanduncirculateduntilitappearedinarthurkrocksmemoirsinthereportprovidedtrumanwiththebackgroundofwartimerelationswiththesovietunioninsightintoexistingagreementsandmostimportantdetailonsovietviolationsofagreementswiththeunitedstatesitalsostressedtheimportanceofawellinformedpublicbecauseonlyawellinformedpublicwillsupportthesternpolicieswhichsovietactivitiesmakeimperativerefnamecliffordreporttrumanlibraryorgpdfcliffordelseyreportaccessedfebruaryrefthefirstmentionoftheconceptofcontainmentrestrainingandconfiningthesovietinfluenceappearedinthecliffordelseyreportoriginofthearticlethesourcesofsovietconductbeganasaprivatereportpreparedforsecretaryofdefensejamesforrestalinjanuarywhenpublishedthearticlewasnotintendedtobeastatementofthegovernmentsofficialviewsofthesovietsituationwhenitwasrevealedthattheauthorwasgeorgekennantheconnectiontoofficialpolicywasmadeandsomehighrankingofficialsincludingsecretaryofstategeorgecmarshallquestionedtheapprovalforthepublicationrefnamearticlexthesourcesofsovietconductforeignaffairsnorefkennanwasheavilyinvolvedintheevolutionofuspolicytowardthesovietunionfollowingworldwariibothhiswritingofthelongtelegramandhisinputintothecliffordelseyreportfactoredintothecontentofthearticlethelongtelegramwasareviewofhowthesovietunionsawtheworldthecliffordelseyreporttookthosefactsandinterpretedhowtheyaffectedtheworldandwhattheunitedstatesshoulddoaboutitthexarticletooktheinformationpresentedinthetwopriorreportsandconstructedaroadmapforthecoldwarthearticleprovedtobethepublicfaceofamericanforeignpolicyinthecoldwareventhoughkennanhimselfnotedthathefeltthathewasmisunderstoodinthestatementthattheunitedstatespolicytowardthesovietunionmustbethatofalongtermpatientbutfirmandvigilantcontainmentofrussianexpansivetendenciesthispolicywasmisinterpretedtomeanthattheuswouldcontainthesovietuniongloballymuchofthemeaningthatwasinterpretedfromthearticleevenwithinthegovernmentwasnotthetruemeaningthatkennanintendedheadmittedthattherewereseriousdeficienciesinthearticleandhewasafflictedwithulcersovertheresponsethatthearticlereceivedrefnamegaticharlesgatiwhatcontainmentmeantforeignpolicynorefseealsowikisourcethesourcesofsovietconductthesourcesofsovietconductoriginaltextbygeorgefkennancordonsanitairefrenchhistorianandrfontainearguedthatthecoldwarhadstartedimmediatelyaftertheoctoberrevolutionanationalstrategicnarrativebymryalsoknownastheyarticlewhichwaslaterinspiredbythexarticlereferencesexternallinksntanetnetkennanhtmlthelongtelegramfasorgirpoffdocsnschstnschtmnscusobjectivesandprogramsfornationalsecuritynscwassubmitteddirectlytopresidentharrytrumaninbyanadhocinterdepartmentalcommitteeunderitspolicyplanningheadpaulnitzemtholyokeeduacadintrelnovikovhtmthenovikovtelegramrussianresponsetokennanedsitementnehgovlessonplansourcesdiscordedsitementslessonplansourcesofdiscordxarticleredirectcategoryshellxwindowsystemredirectcategoryshellinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamextorttypestudioartistkmfdmcoverkmfdmxtortpngaltonadarkbackgroundthewordkmfdminwhitecapitallettersatthetopandxtortincapitalyellowlettersatthebottominthecenterisanimageofamanflyingdirectlyupandtowardstheviewerwithstylizedexplosionsandasunburstinthebackgrounditisdoneinawoodcutstylewithangularblockytexturesandusesasimplepatternofblueyellowwhiteandblackcaptionoriginalcoverreleasedrecordedlateearlybrgenreindustrialmetalindustrialrocklengthlanguageenglishlanguageenglishgermanlanguagegermanlabelwaxtraxrecordswaxtraxtvtrecordstvtproducersaschakonietzkognterschulzchrisshepardlastalbumnihilbrthisalbumxtortbrnextalbumsymbolsalbumsymbolsbrmiscsinglesnamextorttypestudiosinglepowerkmfdmsongpowersingledateaugustsinglerulessongrulessingledatenovemberxtortstylizedasxtotreleasedonjuneonwaxtraxrecordswaxtraxtvtrecordstvtistheninthstudioalbumbyindustrialrockgroupkmfdmitwasrecordedinchicagoillinoisfromtheendofthroughearlyshortlyafterthedeathofwaxtraxcofounderandbandfriendjimnashxtortfeaturesavarietyofguestartistsfromtheindustrialmusicsceneandstudiomusiciansfromothergenresbutincludeslimitedparticipationfromcoremembereneschthealbumwasmassivelypromotedbytvtrecordswhichpressedtensofthousandsoffreecopiesofthefirstsinglepowerbandleadersaschakonietzkocreatedhisownformofpromotionissuingapressreleasethatbothdisparagedandlaudedthecomingsetxtortwasgenerallywellreceivedbycriticswithmanycallingitsuperlativeandisthehighestchartingandkmfdmalbumtodateaftertheoriginalreleasewentoutofprintaremasteredversionwasreleasedinbackgroundinlatekmfdmhadcompletedthebeatbybeatandinyourfacetoursinsupportoftheirlastalbumnihilkmfdmfrontmanandfoundersaschakonietzkodescribednihilasthecrownandsaidthebandhadcomeasclosetomainstreampopularityashewantedhefeltthebandneededtomoveawayfromitssuccessinkonietzkorecalledthathehadhatedalltheattentioninterviewsphotoshootsetcafterthetourskonietzkoreturnedtochicagoinordertobewithhisfriendjimnashcofounderofwaxtraxrecordswhowasdyingfromaidskonietzkoreferredtothedeathofnashthatoctoberastheendofaneraeneschoneofthelongtimecoremembersofkmfdmhadalmostnothingtodowithxtortcontributingtojusttwosongswithregardtoeschslackofparticipationkonietzkosaideneschisjusteneschhenevermadehimselfavailabletodothisalbumandsoitsalwaysmybeliefthatthethingmustkeepmovingihadtodoitwithouthimhealsosaidthetwowerenotincommunicationaroundthetimeofthealbumsreleaseproductionxtortwaspreproducedandtrackedinseattleatholeinthewallstudioandrecordedandmixedinchicagoatchicagorecordingcompanykonietzkocontactedfmeinheitandhadhimcometochicagoinjanuarytoworkonsometrackstogetherkonietzkoalsobroughtinanumberofwaxtraxalumnisuchaschrisconnellymusicianchrisconnellyofrevoltingcocksandbillrieflinofministrybandministrytohelpwiththealbumscreationalongwithassistancefrommorethanadozenstudiomusicianskonietzkorequiredallthealbumscontributorstobeoncallthirteenhoursadayduringproductionsayingidontcarewhattheydoontheirowntimebutwhentheydokmfdmiftheydontcomplywiththescheduletheyreoutkonietzkosaidtheideasforsongsbeganwithindividualsoundswhichhethenmodifieduntilhecreatedaloopedrhythmcrazeforexamplekonietzkocalledanhomagetoatariteenageriotabandwithtwoguysonegirlacouplerolandtrtrsdrummachinesandabassmachinehesaidhewasinspiredbytouringwiththebandineuropeinsupportofnihilinaftercreatingthebasetunesthesongswenttognterschulzanotherlongtimemembertoaddguitarswiththecompletedsongskonietzkothenallowedguestartistssuchasconnellytopicksongstheywantedtocontributetoandaddedtheirvocalsorotherinstrumentationforxtortkonietzkousedmacintoshproductstodoallthesynchronizationlistenfilenamekmfdmblameoggtitleblamedescriptionthechorusofblamewhichfeaturessomeofthehornsectionfromtowerofpowerfilenamekmfdmpoweroggtitlepowerdescriptionthechorusofpowerwhichfeaturessoulmamavampingbycherylwilsonconnellycontributedtofourtracksincludingblamewhichalsofeaturedthehornsectionfromtheoaklandcaliforniabasedgrouptowerofpowernicoleblackmankmfdmspublicistatthetimecontributedspokenwordvocalstothetrackdogmawhichwasadaptedfromthetenminuteliveperformancesheprovidedwhiletouringwiththebandpowermeanwhilewasmadetofulfillarequestbythebandslabelwaxtraxrecordswaxtraxforaradiopromosongkonietzkosaidhedheardradiodidntlikebigfemalechorusessohegotvoiceovercommercialsingercherylwilsontohelpwiththesongwhichhecalleddumbandcatchythehiddentrackofthealbumfairyisastorynarratedbyjrblackmailwhohadworkedwiththebandpreviouslyintheskonietzkosaiditwasinspiredbyblackmailsdirtyfantasieshealsosaiditwasnotaserioustrackitwasmorelikekidsatplayforthebackgroundsoundsthegroupdidthingslikerollscrewsonthefloorwhileschulzplayedpianoreleasethefirsttrackonthealbumpowerkmfdmsongpowerwasfeaturedonthewaxtraxsummerswindleacassettesamplerincludedwithissuesofthejulyissueofalternativepressanothercopiesofthesamplerweretobehandedoutatsummercollegeandbeacheventsandgivenawayatradiostationsprereleasepostersandinformationsheetsweremailedouttofansblackmanwrotethepromotionalpieceforthealbumspresskitandatkonietzkosrequestwrotethefirsthalfofthepromoasaninsultingtakedownofthealbumratherthanasastandardpromothefirstletterofeachlineofthefirstsectionofthepromospelledoutthephraseaprilfoolsdayfuckerandincludedlinessuchasitsbeenyearsandfiftyalbumsforthegermanamericanrocksquadaretheyrunningoutofgasorwhatandkmfdmcantsuckhardenoughaquotefromthetrackinanethesecondhalfofthepromoincludedphrasessuchasxtortisasupersonicsoundtrackandthenewalbumisthesoundofabandattheheightoftheirpowerscarrieborzilloofbillboardmagazinebillboardstatedkmfdmwaspoisedtomakeasignificantcommercialbreakthroughkonietzkosaidatthetimetherewerenoplanstotourinsupportofthealbumsreleasehelatersaidthiswasduetothefactthatthebandasatouringunithadceasedtoexistxtortwasreleasedonjuneonwaxtraxtvtrecordstvtoncassettecdandvinylthealbumwasalsoreleasedincdformatineuropeandjapaninadditiontobeingthefirstkmfdmalbumtochartinthebillboardstayingthereforthreeweeksandpeakingatnotheweekofjulyxtortsoldovercopiesmakingitoneofthebandsbestsellingalbumsthesongsonofagunwasmadeintoananimatedvideobyvisualartistaidanhughesaidanbrutehugheswhoalsodidthealbumscoverartworkonmarchmetropolisrecordsreleasedadigitallyremasteredversionofthealbumoncdandmplookingbackonthealbumatthetimeofitsrereleasekonietzkosaiditwashisfavoritealbumofthescriticalreceptionalbumratingsrevallmusicrevscorerevchicagosuntimesrevscorerevcmjnewmusicmonthlyrevscorefavorablerevdailyheraldarlingtonheightsdailyheraldrevscorereventertainmentweeklyrevscorearevrollingstonerevscorefavorablereviewsforxtortwerealmostuniversallypositivejonwiederhornofentertainmentweeklycalledittheheaviestandmostdanceablediscinkmfdmsyearcareerwhilegivingitanaheidimacdonaldofcmjnewmusicmonthlycomparedxtorttogettinghitwithawreckingballsayingwhenkmfdmdoeswhatitdoesbestitisthebestatwhatitdoesnamelyjackhammerindustrialanthemsthathitwithstunningprecisionandpowersandymasuoofrollingstonecalledthealbumtheproductofafirstratelineupandpraisedthealbumsdiversitysayingthetracksonxtortaregroundedinkmfdmssmartsynthesisofmetalliccrunchswivelingrhythmsandsophisticatedelectronicsbutitstheorganicelementsthatgivethealbumazestytwistkevinmwilliamsofthechicagosuntimesgavethealbumanessentialratingandsaidkmfdmhassomemajormojoworkingwithxtortlizarmstrongofthedailyheraldarlingtonheightsdailyheraldthoughttheguestcontributorsaddedsignificantdifferencestotheirindividualsongslarryflickofbillboardsaidpowertheopeningtrackfindsfrontmansaschakonietzkosnarlingandgrowlingwithpalpableforcewhilecherylwilsonsoftenstheedgeswithsplashesofsoulmamavampingduringthechoruswilliamscalledthesongirresistiblemasuonotedinparticulartheuseofhornsandthehammondborganandconcludedbystatingintheirinsidiouslyartyandintellectuallysassymusickmfdmcontinuetobringdiverseelementstogethertocreateaunifiedwholearmstrongcalleddogmaasongthatcrossedoverfrombeingindustrialtofrighteningandwilliamssaiditwascaptivatingarmstrongsaidsonofagunwasthealbumstrulyexplosivetrackbutwilliamsthoughtinanewasthebestsongtracklistingallinformationfromreleasecdbooklettracklistinglyricscreditsnowritingcreditsyestitlepowerkmfdmsongpowerwritersaschakonietzkognterschulzlengthtitleapathywritermarkdurantekonietzkoschulzlengthtitlerulessongruleswriterchrisconnellymusicianchrisconnellydurantekonietzkoschulzlengthtitlecrazewriterconnellykonietzkoschulzlengthtitledogmawriternicoleblackmanfmeinheitkonietzkoschulzlengthtitleinanewriterdurantekonietzkoschulzlengthtitleblamewriterconnellykonietzkoschulzlengthtitlesonofagunwriterkonietzkoschulzjonvaneatonlengthtitleikonswriterconnellyeinheitkonietzkoschulzlengthtitlewrathwriterkonietzkoschulzvaneatonlengthtitlefairywriterjrblackmailkonietzkoschulznoteoriginallyahiddentrackattheendofwrathonwaxtraxtvtreleaselengthtotallengthpersonnelallinformationfromreleasecdbookletexceptwherenotedmusiciansmarkduranteelectricguitarguitarsaschakonietzkosingingvocalsbassguitarbasssynthesizersprogrammingdrumkitdrumsrecordproducerproductionaudiomixingrecordedmusicmixingbillrieflindrumsgnterschulzbassguitarpianomixingphotographyadditionalpersonneldoronaalbertivocalsbrucebendingervoicebrucebreckenfeldhammondborganmusicorganjrblackmailnarrationnicoleblackmanvocalsmichaelcichowicztrumpetchrisconnellyvocalsfmeinheitwh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edinlatinamericaondecemberthenewyorktimeshighlightedhersuccessinbrazilandlatinamericainanarticlebycorrespondentjamesbrookejournalistjamesbrookethepublicationhighlightedtherecordsalesofalbumsofthesingerwhichinreachedmillioncopiesanditssuccessinthehispanicmarketwhereitreachedcopieswiththeirfirstalbuminspanishatthetimeshewascalledbynewyorkmagazineaslatinamericanmadonnainthelosangelestimessaidthatxuxawasprobablybetterknowntomostlatinamericanpreadolescentsthanmichaeljacksonnotonlywasshesuccessfulinamericasamericabutineuropeaswellintapingprogramsinbrazilandargentinaxuxawasinvitedtohostedtheprogramxuxaparkinspainreleasedbytelecincochannelthegameshowwasshownonsundayswithhighratingstheshowlastedtwoyearsthethemesongoftheshowsabordelavidahadhugesuccessinspainbeingamongthemostplayedintheeuropeanhotsinglesherxuxaparkalbumalsosoldwellforweeksandwascertifiedgoldbillboardmagazinepublishedinseptemberthatthealbumxuxawasatthetopofthespanishchartsandappearedinpositionofthemostsoldalbumsintheworldthebiggesthitsonthisdiscwereloquitaportionthebillboardchartsbillboardchartlunadecristalonthebillboardchartsbillboardchartandchindoleleonthebillboardchartsbillboardchartthealbumreachedthefifthpositionintheusbillboardtoplatinalbumsofinpeoplemagazinechosexuxaasoneofthemostbeautifulpeopleintheworldinxuxahostedanenglishlanguageseriesintheunitedstatestitledxuxatvseriesxuxahoweveritdidnotachievethepopularityshehadenjoyedthroughoutbrazillatinamericaandspainandwascancelledafteroneseasonduetolowratingsitwasinitiallybroadcastbystationsacrossthecountrytheshowswereproducedonsoundstageatcbstelevisioncityinlosangelesepisodesweretapedforthefirstseasonoftheshowtapingoftheepisodeswasdoneinaweekperiodinthesummeroftheshowswerebroadcastmondaythroughfridaygenerallyintheearlymorningormidafternoonallepisodeswerebroadcastduringtheinitialweeksbeforetherewasarepeathelpingxuxaontheshowwerethepixiesthreeuspaquitasplusonebrazilianpaquitathemellizasuncreditedjellyjamandtenchildwranglersforkidsonthesetstartingseptemberxuxabeganairingonthefamilychannelunitedstatesthefamilychannelcablenetworkatametpttheyreprisedoriginalepisodesonanewchildrensblockuntilfebruarywhenxuxastoppedairingonthefamilychanneltheshowwassoldtoagreatnumberofcountriesthroughouttheworldincludingjapanisraelrussiaaustraliaromaniaandsomearabcountriesherinternationalambitionsapparentlyendedafterthegruelingtapingscheduleforheramericanshowshewashospitalizedforseveraldaysduetoexhaustionanddecidedtogiveupherinternationalcareerrefcitenewsurlewcomewarticlehtmltitlexuxatvshotbrazilnutdateoctworkkentuckerpageentertainmentweeklyaccessdateseptemberrefintheussonywonderhasreleasedtwoofhervideosandarecordthatincludesenglishtranslationsofsomeofhermostsuccessfulsongsinportugueseandspanishweekendshowsthepresenterreturnedtoherchildrensaudiencewithxuxaparkthebrazilianversionofaprojectofthexuxaparkbraziliantvseriessamenamethatcommandedinspainxuxastriumphantentrancescontinuedinoneofthestagesshesteppedoutofapyramidinthelastphaseoftheprogramxuxaarrivedinhericonicspaceshiptheprogramdirectedbymarlenemattosgatheredpicturesjokesandmusicalattractionswasexhibitedbetweenjuneandjanuaryonsaturdaymorningsoftvglobotheattractionwascanceledabruptlyduetothetragicfirethatoccurredinjanuaryintherecordingofitsbraziliancarnivalcarnivalspecialinparalleltoxuxaparkxuxacommandedxuxahitsbetweenjanuaryandaprilonsundayafternoonsontvglobotheprogramcameasapictureofxuxaparkbuthasbecomeanindependentprogramduetoitsgreatsuccessinattractionxuxareceivedseveralmusicalattractionslikebandsdjsandsingersafteritsendtheprogramreturnedtobeonlyapaintingofthexuxaparkinspiredbyxuxahitstheplanetaxuxawascreatedwhichpremieredonaprilandimmediatelybecameafeveramongthosewhogrewupfollowingxuxascareerinitiallyplanetaxuxawasshownontvglobossaturdayafternoonssoxuxapresentedtwoshowssimultaneouslyonthesamedayasxuxaparkoccupiedthebroadcastersmorningsasofapriltheprogrambegantobepresentedonsundayafternoonsduetotheworldcupremainingonsundaysuntilitsclosureinplanetaxuxawasfocusedontheperformancesofmusiciansandbandstheprogramhadtheformatofadiscotechhadtheparticipationofthepublicandreceivedfamousgueststheattractioncametoanendonjulyduetothedesireofxuxatoreturntothechildrenspublicandtheendofthepartnershipwiththedirectormarlenemattosxuxanomundodaimaginaoandtvxuxaasamotherxuxanoticedashortageofvideosforsmallchildreninshedesignedthexuxasparabaixinhosxspbsparabaixinhosaudiovisualandthecdanddvdsetthealbumxuxasparabaixinhosxspbsparabaixinhosreceivedworldwiderecognitionandwonthelatingrammyawardforbestlatinchildrensalbumcategorywiththesuccessofthexuxaprojectforbaixinhoswhichwasaimedatchildrenfromtoyearsoldthepresenterhadthedesiretocreateaprograminthiseducationalmoldandonoctobershedebutedxuxanomundodaimaginaotheshowwasbroadcastonmondaymorningsoftvglobomarkingthereturnofthepresenterthebroaddailyofthestationaftertheendofxoudaxuxatheattractionaboutminuteslongwasdividedintofourblocksandhadframesdisplayedalternatelythroughouttheweekthroughcomputergraphicscapabilitiesxuxaappearedseatedonaglobewithabluebackgroundfilledwithwhitecloudsandfeaturedpicturesthatblendedentertainmentanddidacticelementsaftermanyreformulationstoreversethelowaudiencetheprogramcametoanendondecemberinxuxawasnominatedagaintogrammyforxuxasparabaixinhosxspbcountryxuxasparabaixinhosandtookthesecondtrophyinthesamecategoryonjunesheinauguratedanamusementparkwithhernamemundodexuxalocatedinsopauloinanareaofsquaremeterswasthelargestindooramusementparkinlatinamericaandhasmorethanattractionsthemundodoxuxaispartofthegroupofamusementparksthatmostinvoiceinbraziltogethertheparksmadeaboutrmillionperyearinforthethirdconsecutivetimeshecompetedwiththevideoxuxasparabaixinhosxspbpraiaxuxasparabaixinhosinthesamecategorythetheditionxuxasparabaixinhosxspbcircoxuxacircusbecameahugesellingsuccessandwastransformedintoashowthatdraggedcrowdsintotheatersinthexuxasparabaixinhosxspbfestaxuxafestapromotedaremixofoldhitstheprojectpleasedboththechildrenandtheparentswhogrewupfollowinghercareerinxuxaisagainpresentinthelatingrammyastheonlybrazilianinthebestchildrensalbumcategorywithxuxasparabaixinhosxspbsustentabilidadexspbthisisalreadythefifthindicationofthexuxasparabaixinhosseriesaftersuccessiveaudiencedefeatswithxuxanomundodaimaginaotvgloboreformulatedagaintheattractioncommandedbyxuxathatchangeditsnameandagegroupandonaprilitpremieredtvxuxatheprogramhadtwodistinctphasesandthefirstwasbroadcastonmondaymorningtothechildrensaudienceinamixofplaydramaturgycompetitioncartoonsandmusicalnumberspresentationthenameoftheprogramwasanallusiontothefictionaltvxuxaatelevisionstationwithseveralattractionsaftermanychangesfornotbeingabletokeepthestationintheisolatedleadershiptheprogramnolongerairedondecemberwiththesuccessofxspbxuxareleasedinargentinainthexuxaaudiovisualsolamenteparabajitosinparalleltotvxuxathepresentercommandedconexoxuxabetweendecemberandjanuarytheprogramhadfourteamsformedbythreepeopleoneathleteonepersonalityandoneteenagertogethertheyfacedvariouskindsofphysicalevidenceandgeneralknowledgeinbeautifulsettingsinthecountrytheprogramlastedthreestagestheteamsweredividedbycolorsyellowgreenblueandorangethefourteamsdisputedanxofgoldthatwasworththreepointsanxofsilverworthtwoorabronzexwhichwasworthonepointinalltherewerethreestagesdisplayedinseveneditionsthetwowinnersofthefirststageandthetwowinnersoftheseconddisputedthefinaloftheprogramvenciathegroupthatobtainsmorepointsthroughoutthecompetitiontvxuxareturnedtotvglobogridonmaytotallyrefurbishedaimedatthewholefamilywithnewformatandscheduleanddifferentattractionsitbecameaweeklyauditoriumprogramscreenedonsaturdaysatamtheshowceasedtoshowcartoonsinvestedinjokesandxuxawentontoreceiveherguestsonastagedesignedforinterviewsandmusicalnumbersinxuxareleasedthefilmxuxaemomistriodefeiurinhatellingwhathappenstotheprincessesafterthehappilyeverafterthefilmstarredsashameneghelintheatersandfeaturedtheparticipationofhebecamargolucianoszafirlucianohuckanglicatelevisionhostangelicaandothersthefilmtookmorethanpeopletothemoviesandwasreleasedinbraziltheunitedstatesandangolainthemusicalcareerxuxalefttosomlivresigningwithsonymusicitisestimatedthatthecontractvaluewasrmillionxuxareleasedthethtitleofthexuxasparabaixinhosseriestitledxuxasparabaixinhosxspbnatalmgiconatalmgicoandinthetheditionofxspbentitledxuxasparabaixinhosxspbbaixinhosbichinhosebaixinhosbichinhosemaisthealbumsoldinmonththeamountnecessarytobecomethebestsellingdvdofinbrazilinoctoberxuxagaveaninterviewexplainingitsbreakwithfreesoundthepresenterclaimedthatherthenrecordcompanywasprovidingatightbudgetforthesizeofitsprojectsalsoinwaschosenbythereadersofthenewspaperclarnthefavoritebraziliansingeroftheargentinesinaprilhelaunchedthemundodaxuxaprogramontvglobointernacionaltheattractionwasshowntobraziliansubscribersoneverycontinentfrommondaytofridayandshowsthebestmomentsofhercareerongloboaswellasclipsfromxspbwithsuccessinthemorningstheprogramtvxuxawastransferredtotheafternoonsofsaturdayinreplacingthesessionofsaturdaythatsufferedtoleavethetransmitterintheisolatedleadershiptvxuxafinallycametoanendonjanuaryduetothehealthproblemsofthepresenterinmayafterfiveyearsinsonymusicxuxareturnstosomlivreinapressreleasethelabelreportsthatitcorrectsoneofthemainmistakesinthecompanyshistorynottokeeponeofthecountrysgreatestartistspresentredegloboexitandnewphaseonmarchafteryearsoftvgloboandoutoftheairformorethanayearwiththeendoftvxuxathepresentersignswithrederecordxuxaandtvglobohadamicablybrokentheircontractindecemberthearrivalofxuxaintheheadquartersofthestationwastransmittedlivebytheprogramofthetardethestationorganizedoneofthebiggesteventsofitshistorywithseverallinkswiththefansinthedoorofitsheadquartersinsopaulothemovementoftheemployeesandthesigningofacontractwiththepresenceofthehighdomeofthebroadcasterandjournalistsofvariousmediaatapressconferencespeciallysetupfortheblondeattheteatrorecordthiswasconsideredoneofthebiggestsigningsinthehistoryofthetransmitteraccordingtositesspecializedintvaftermuchspeculationastowhatitwouldbeandatwhattimeitwouldbescreenedthepresenterpremieredxuxameneghelbraziliantvseriesxuxameneghelashowofthesamenameonaugustonrecordtvsmondaynighttheprogramscreeneddirectlyfromrecnovwasinspiredbytheellendegeneresshowandblendedentertainmentfunexcitementhumormusicalattractionsinterviewsgamesandspecialfeaturestheattractionalsoopenedspacefortheviewertointeractthroughsocialnetworksitslastepisodeairedondecemberafterhavingitsreleasepostponedseveraltimessomlivrelaunchedindecemberthexuxasparabaixinhosxspbabcdoxspbthirteenthvolumeofxuxasparabaixinhosrecordedinandexpectedtobereleasedinseptemberxpsbearnedxuxaalatingrammynominationbutbecauseitwasreleasedafterthedeadlineitwasdisqualifiedbythelatinrecordingacademyonaprilxuxadebutedtheprogramdancingbrasilabrazilianversionoftheamericanprogramdancingwiththestarsproducedbyendemolshinegroupendemolshineandshownbyrecordtvrecentlyxuxaannouncedthenationallaunchoftheirnewtourofshowstitledxuchandbasedonthetraditionalteachdaalicesocialactivisminbrasliaindilmarousseffatthepalciodoplanaltoinandxuxaparticipateofseminaraboutviolenceagainstchildreninbrasliainseptembercolombiansingershakiraandxuxajoinedforcesthroughtheirrespectivecharitablefoundationstoaidchildrenyoungerthansixyearsoldwholiveinbrazilspoorestcommunitiesthetwoartiststogetherwithbraziliangovernmentofficialssignedanaccordinriodejaneiroforaprogramofcooperationinitsfirstfouryearsitplanstoprovidebetteraccesstoeducationtochildrenfromschoolsinbrazilxuxaisthegodmotherandpostergirlofthecampaigntrinationaltocombatsexualexploitationofchildrenandadolescentswhichaimstoencouragepeopletoreportcasesofexploitationandabuseofminorslivingontheborderbetweenbrazilparaguayandargentinasincemaythecampaignhasintegratedtheactionsofseveralgroupstheitaipudamtheinternationallabourorganizationilothemunicipaltourismcouncilchildhoodandyouthministryoflaborandemploymentbrazilministryoflaborandemploymentandentitiesofparaguayandargentinawhoworkinthesameareainmaypresidentdilmarousseffsignedalawthatappliedstrongerpenaltiestothecrimeofsexualexploitationofchildrenandadolescentsonjunexuxawaspresentwhenthesenateofbrazilpassedtheleidapalmadaplcwhichhadbeenadoptedbythecommissiononhumanrightsofthechamberofdeputiesbrazilchamberofdeputieswhenaskedaboutcriticismfromsomeparentsabouthowtheywilleducatetheirchildrenafterthepassageofthislawxuxasaidthattheycaneducatebutwithoutviolencewehavetoshowthatpeoplecanandshouldeducatewithoutviolencexuxasaidthattheprojectshouldbetreatedasleimeninobernardonotleidapalmadapersonallifefortuneandinvestmentsattheageofshebegantomodelprofessionallyyearslatertheaffairwithsoccerplayerpelboostedherprofileandinxuxaalreadywasconsideredoneofthemainpublicityfiguresofthecountryannouncingfromunderweartoresidentialbuildingsinthesameyearsheobtainedasupportingpaperinthenovelofglobotvtheybythemandlittlebylittleitgainedmorespaceinthetelenovelaalsoinxuxafoundedherfirstcompanyxuxaproduesalegalentitythattakescareofthebrandofxuxaandholdsexclusivelytherightstocommercializetheuseofthebrandandimageoftheartistnationallyandinternationallyandrepresentstheartistincontractsinanyareahoweverinxuxaprodueswasresponsibleforthecomingofthedangerousworldtourfrommichaeljacksontobrazilandhasperformedinothersegmentswithoutthepresenceofxuxaasthecoproductionoffilmsbyrenatoaragoanglicatelevisionhostangelicaandfathermarcelorossiattheageofinxuxawasinvitedtopresenttheclubedacrianaintheextincttvmancheteduringthistimesheworkedasamodelduringtheweekinnewyorkcitynewyorkandrecordedtheshowonweekendshowevertheagencymadeherchoosebetweencareerphotosandwalkwaysasamodelortvandxuxaoptedforthetelevisionshowwiththesuccessofaudienceoftheprogramandthealbumxuxaeseusamigoswhichsoldcopiesxuxawascontractedbyglobotvandsomlivreinthesameyearxuxafoundedthebrandobichocomeuresponsibleforthecommercializationofclothesandaccessoriesforchildrenrefnameodiaarchiveiskjpyselectionapartirdoseuaumxnoplanetarefwiththeinitialsalaryatglobotvofusxuxahadseveralincreasesinitssalarywhichinhadalreadyreachedonemilliondollarsalsoinshefoundedbeijinhobeijinhoproduesresponsibleforthecoproductionoftelevisionprogramsandalbumsuntilthecompaniesofxuxawerecommandedbyherfathertheretiredmilitarylusflorianomeneghelthemotheraldathebrothersciranobladimirandsolangethisyearmarlenemattosdirectorofherprogramandlawyerluizcludiomoreiratookoverthecompaniesthexuxafilmseriespremieredfortheatersthesameyearwiththefilmsuperxuxacontrabaixoastralwhichwaswatchedbymorethanmillionviewersthisyeartheartistsfortunewasovermillioninxuxaalreadysharedwithhebecamargothetitleofhighestpaidhostoflatinamericareceivingonlyintheglobetvusmillionmonthlythisyearsheboughtthemgmeneghelfarminriobonitoriodejaneiroriobonitoriodejaneirowhichhadthreemillionsquaremetersandhadmangoesanddairycattlealsointheactivitiesofthexuxameneghelfoundationwhichcurrentlycarriesoutfoursocialdevelopmentprogramsprogramfornetworksandpoliticalincidenceprogramforsocioeducationalactionsintegratedassistanceprogramandtheinstitutionalpartnershipsprogrambeganyearinxuxahadalreadyreachedthemarkofmillionrecordssoldwhichhadgeneratedaturnoverofmorethanmillionofwhichwasdestinedforitthemovieluadecristalreleasedthisyearwaswatchedbymorethanmillionviewersandgeneratedaprofitofmillionforxuxaproductionsthisyearshefoundedxuxainternationalcorporationbasedinthecaymanislandsawellknowntaxhavenresponsibleforcollectingroyaltiesandroyaltiesaroundtheworldxuxasroyaltiesvariedbetweenandofthefinalprofitfromthesaleofproductslicensedunderitsbrandxuxamadeafinalprofitofmillioninresultinginherthappearanceonforbeslistoftopmostenlightenedcelebritiesinthefirstlatinamericantoappearonthelistthemagazinereportedthatherfortunehadalreadysurpassedthatofmadonnaentertainermadonnaandwasequatedwiththatofarnoldschwarzeneggeralsointheyearxuxaboughtasiteinvargemgrandeinriodejaneirofortwomilliondollarsthepropertyunderwentseveralrenovationssothatitcouldbetheofficialresidenceofxuxawithminizooandnurseryheatedpoolwithwaterfallmainhousewithmtwofloorsandfivesuiteswithclosetguesthousewithmjapaneserestaurantwithmbarindustrialkitchenandlaundryfitnesscenterwithmpartyroomwithmrecordingstudiomsaunacommhouseoftheemployeeswithmoldhouseofthecaretakerwithmsupportcellarwithmlinenandstoragewithmgarageforeightcarsandhelipadwithatotalofthousandsquaremetersxuxatraveledwiththegolfcartsandthisonewasarefugefortheartistwhichdidnotpreventthatfanssleptintheentranceofthesitewaitingforxuxathesitewascalledcasarosawasafrequentfigureintelevisionprogramsandspecializedmagazinesconsequentlygainingspaceinthepopularculturearrivingtobecalledneverlandranchneverlandbrazilianinwiththeconcernofprovidingasociallifeclosertonormaltoherdaughtersashaxuxaputthesiteupforsaleformillionhoweverthepresenterhasnotyetbeenabletosellthepropertywhichisstillpartofitsequitystillinxuxaacquiredanapartmentoffivemilliondollarsinnewyorkthatstillformspartoftheartistspatrimonyandtookadvantageoftheopeningofthebrazilianmarkettotheimportedvehiclestofoundtheshinecarconcessionaireofimportedluxurycarsbasedinriodejaneirowithapartnershipwithgrendenexuxasoldmillionsandalsinbrazilmillionintheunitedstatesmillioninmexicoandthousandintherestoflatinamericaonlyinrefnamexuxavejavejaabrilcombridadeexclusivoxuxamateriahtmlaloirinhachegoulvejamarchrefinshebeganherinternationalcareerasatelevisionpresenterlaunchingtheshowelshowdexuxabytelefeargentinatheprogramwasretransmittedtocountriesinlatinamericaandtheunitedstatesbetweenandxuxareceivedmillionamonthforworkontheargentinebroadcastersheboughtfiveluxuryapartmentsinsopauloandriodejaneirowhichearnedinrentinxuxasignedacontractwiththespainspanishtelevisionnetworktelecincoforepisodesofthexuxaparkgameshowxuxaparkprogramreceivingperepisodeonlyredeglobotelefeandtelecincoxuxareceivedmorethanmillionmonthlyinmayxuxasestatewasestimatedatusmillionbypeoplemagazinepeoplemakingitthesecondrichestartistinbraziluntilthenwiththesamepatrimonyofrobertocarlosandbehindsilviosantosinthesameyearshefoundedlightbeamcorporationtolicenseherbrandexclusivelyintheunitedstatessellingthisyearamongotherproductsthousanddollsxuxamadeadvertisingcampaignsayearearningeachxuxamadeafinalprofitofmillioninresultinginherreturntothelistofcelebritieswhogrewricherinthelastyearbyforbesinthistimeinthplacebetweenandxuxahadsoldmilliondiscswhichhadgeneratedarevenueofovermilliondollarsofwhichwasdestinedforxuxaxuxasxuxaprogramproducedfourtoursincludingxuxasxuxatourinwhichxuxascachewasoverwithaproductionschedulethatinvolvedtentrucksairticketstwowagonstwotonstageswithmorethanpeopleinvolvedinshepremieredthexuxaprogramintheunitedstatesinenglishtheprogramwasbroadcastbymorethanrelaysinthecountryincludingcbsandabcfamilyandwasalsosoldtomorethancountriesthroughtheprogramxuxareceivedmillionandlaunchedproductsinmorethancountriessothatshecouldrestbetweentherecordingsoftheshowxuxaboughtamansionincalabasascalifrniainseptembertheresidencewasboughtbythesingerandamericanactressbrandynorwoodformillionintheyearofxuxahandledmilliondollarsonlyinlicensesrefmetropolescomvidaeestilocelebridadesxoudaxuxadaredeglobocompletaanosxoudaxuxadaredeglobocompletaanosmarchrefattheendofthisyearaprobleminthespinemadeherslowdowninthedeathofayrtonsennaalsocontributedtothattheartistsdiminisheditsrateofworkgraduallyalsothisyearsheboughtamansiononstarislandinmiamiformillionthemansionhadalreadybelongedtomadonnaandisownedbyxuxauntilthepresenttimeatouristboatridetitledrichandfamoustourincludesthexuxamansioninthescriptinpresentvaluesamansionintheislandhastheminimumpriceofmilliononherrdbirthdayshewonaferrariffromhermanagermarlenematosintheyrealizedthetourtdebemcomavidawithmorethanconcertsandacacheofthousanddollarsalsoinshefoundedlarsempreendimentosresponsibleforrealestateinvestmentsandthecreationoftheomundodaxuxaparkininsheacquiredamilliondollarhomeincelebrationfloridacelebrationfloridaneardisneylandinanyearoldgirldaughteroffriendsofxuxapassedawayintheparksofdisneywhileitwaslodgedinthehouseofxuxaintheyacquiredacoverageoffoursuitesforrmillioninsoconradointhecityofriodejaneiroinpartofthecovercaughtfirewhenxuxasashaandlucianoszafirwereinthepropertylucianowastakentothehospitalwithadegreeofintoxicationbythegreatsmokethatquicklyspreadrefnameaptosxuxaimoveisculturamixcomnoticiasapartamentoxuxaapartamentoxuxamarchrefaccordingtothemagazinerevistavejavejaalsoinxuxahadmillioninequityreferringonlytorealestatetheyearwasalsomarkedbytheprofessionalbreakupofxuxaandmarlenemattoswholeftthecommandoftheholdingcompanyofxuxabyreducingtheirsalaryatglobotvtomillionamonthwhichlasteduntiltheirexitoftheissuerandthefoundationofthecompanyespaolaserinwhichxuxaownsofparticipationitendedtheyearwithlicensedproductsandmonthlysalesofrmillionrefnameespacolaserespacolasercombrquemsomosquemsomosmarchrefinsheboughttheguguparkatthespmarketmallinsopauloandtransformeditintothexuxamundoomundoamusementparkxuxaboughttheparkformilliontheparkmadeaboutrmillionayearrefnameparqueomundodaxuxabestspcombrsgridservercomomundodexuxaomundodexuxamarchrefinwhenshelefttoliveincasarosaxuxamovedtoaresidencethathadbeenbuiltinthemalibucondominiuminbarradatijucathesquaremeterstoreymansionisvaluedatrmillioninlarsempreendimentosofxuxawasorderedtopayanindemnityofrformoralandmaterialdamagesinlegalproceedingsinnovemberxuxadidnotagreetotheincreaseintherentofthebuildingwhichtheshinecarcompanyoccupiedandstartedthecompanyincourtbutlosttheactionleavingthepropertyandextinguishingshinecarinjanuaryalsoinjanuaryxuxawonalawsuitagainstfolhauniversalwhichhadstatedinthattheartistwassatanistandwouldhavesoldhersoultothedevilformillioninxuxareceivedrmilliontoparticipateinanadvertisingcampaignofthebeautyproductsbrandwellachangingthecolorofherhairappearingbrunetteforthefirsttimeinhercareertheamountwasdonatedtothexuxameneghelfoundationintvbandeiranteswascondemnedbythesuperiorcourtofjusticebrazilsuperiorcourtofjusticestjtopayanindemnityofmillionreaistothepresenterthestjruledthatxuxaappearednakedonthestationsshowintheimageshadbeenpublishedbyplayboybeforexuxalaunchedherselfasachildrensshowhostintheearlysthestjthereforerejectedtherequestoftheissuertorediscusstheamountofcompensationestablishedbythecourtofjusticeofriodejaneirotjrjinalsoinxuxaboughtanislandinangradosreisforrmillionininrecordtvwasorderedtopayrtoxuxathebroadcasterwassuedforbroadcastingphotosofthehostessinanessayperformedforplayboyintheswithoutauthorizationduringtheguguliberatoininfebruaryxuxarefusedaproposalofrenewalwithglobotvsinceitssalarywouldhappenofamilliondollarsmonthlythatreceivedfromtorthousandwithoutnextprojectstoreturntopresentaprograminthesamemonththeomundodaxuxacametoanendsincetheplacewouldhavetogothroughnewinvestmentsinattractionsandlayouttomeettheneedtoexpandtheshoppingcenterinwhichitwaswhichwouldnotbeviablethatduetothebrazilianeconomiccrisisbrazilianeconomiccrisistheparkhadafinalprofitofrmillioninagainstrmillioninitwassoldtoparquedamnicaforrmillioninmarchxuxasignedwithrecordtvforrmillionmonthlyifyourprogramleavesthegridofthestationxuxawillreceivemonthlyinthatsameyearthelaserspaceearnedrmillionxuxaasabusinesswomanhadafinalprofitofmillionfromhercompaniesinespaolaserearnedrmillionexpandingitsoperationstounitsinbrazilxuxaasabusinesswomanmadeafinalprofitofrmillionwithherholdingcompanyininthesameyearhelaunchedhimselfasyoutuberthecompanyofchildrenspartiescasaxofthepresenterearnedmillionreaisinaincreaseinoneyeartheequityofxuxaanditscompaniesisvaluedatusbillionbeingoneoftherichestwomeninbrazilmaternityandrelationshipsxuxahasonedaughtersashameneghelsashawhowasborninsashasfatherisactorlucianoszafirxuxadatedbraziliansoccerlegendpelinthesandlaterformulalegendayrtonsennashereportedinthatreclusivesingermichaeljacksonhadoncecourtedherinvitinghertodinnerathisneverlandranchneverlandestateandthenhadasubordinateaskwhethershewouldconsiderlivingwithjacksonsherecentlybeganarelationshipwithactorandsingerjunnoandradeinheritaliannationalitywasrecognizedxuxasmotherdonaaldameneghelsuffersfromparkinsonsdiseaseandisinanadvancedstageoftheillnesssheunderwentseveralsurgeriesinanattempttoslowdownorreverseitsprogressfilmographytelevisioncolumnslistclubedacrianaxoudaxuxabobeoudanouelshowdexuxaparadodaxuxaxuxaparkprogramaxuxaxuxaxuxatvseriesxuxaxuxaparkbraziliantvseriesxuxaparkxuxahitsplanetaxuxaxuxanomundodaimaginaotvxuxaxuxamenegheltvseriesxuxamenegheldancingbrasilfilmscolumnslistlovestrangelovefuscopretootrapalhonaarcadenoostrapalheseomgicodeorzostrapalhesnoreinodafantasiasuperxuxacontrabaixoastralsuperxuxacontrabaixoastralaprincesaxuxaeostrapalhesluadecristalomistrioderobinhoodgachonegroxuxarequebraxuxapopstarxuxaeosduendesxuxaeosduendesnocaminhodasfadasxuxaeosduendesnocaminhodasfadasxuxaabracadabraxuxaeotesourodacidadeperdidaxuxinhaegutocontraosmonstrosdoespaoxuxinhaegutocontraosmonstrosdoespaoxuxagmeasxuxaemsonhodemeninaxuxaemomistriodefeiurinhacareerinmusicinthealbumxoudaxuxaalbumxoudaxuxasoldovertwomillioncopiesbreakingthesouthamericanrecordforsalesearningeightplatinumawardsgrantedeverycopiessoldrefcitenewsurlgglobocompopartenoticiafotosaoredordomundoqueimitamposedaxuxaviramhitnofacebookhtmltitlefotosaoredordomundoqueimitamposedaxuxaviramhitnofacebookdatejulyauthorgustavomillerauthorlaurabrentanolanguageptworkgaccessdateseptemberrefinthefollowingyearsxuxalaunchedsixdiscsincludingxoudaxuxaandxoudaxuxaandrecordedtwolpswiththesongstranslatedintospanishwhichsoldmillioncopiesfromxuxahadsoldmillionalbumsarecordinlatinamericanmusicsalesxuxarecordedaboutsongsrecordedalbumsthattogetherhavesoldovermillioncopiesandwereawardedgoldrecordsinbrazilthealbumxoudaxuxahadmorethancopiessoldmakingitthebestsellingchildrensalbumaccordingtotheguinnessbookinvejamagazinevejamagazinenamedxuxatherichestartistinbrazilwithanestimatednetworthofmillionaccordingtothesamemagazinexuxasearningswerecomparabletohollywoodstarslikejuliarobertsandkeanureevesshewasfirstinthelistofartistswithhighestsalesoverthepasttenyearstheaudiovisualmusicvideoxuxasparabaixinhossoldovereightmillioncopiesandwonfivenominationsandtwolatingrammyawardsforlatingrammyawardforbestlatinchildrensalbumbestchildrensalbumintheassociaobrasileiradosprodutoresdediscosabpfreleasedthelistofthebestsellingdvdsinthecountryaccordingtoabpdxuxahadtwodvdsamongthetopteninxspbvolumesixthplaceandxspbninthdiscographyxuxaeseusamigosxoudaxuxaalbumxoudaxuxaxegundoxoudaxuxaxoudaxuxaxoudaxuxaxuxaxuxaxuxaxoudaxuxaseisxuxaxuxaxoudaxuxasetexuxaxuxaxuxaalbumxuxasextosentidoxuxasextosentidoelpequeomundoluznomeucaminholuznomeucaminhotdebemcomavidaxuxadanceboasnotciassfaltavavocelmundosdelosdoselmundoesdelosdosxuxaxuxasparabaixinhossparabaixinhosxuxasparabaixinhossparabaixinhosxuxasparabaixinhoscountrysparabaixinhosxuxasparabaixinhospraiasparabaixinhosxuxasparabaixinhoscircocircosolamenteparabajitosxuxasparabaixinhosfestafestaxuxasparabaixinhosbrincadeirassparabaixinhosxuxasparabaixinhosescolasparabaixinhosxuxasparabaixinhosnatalmgiconatalmgicoxuxasparabaixinhosvolbaixinhosbichinhosebaixinhosbichinhosemaisxuxasparabaixinhosvolsustentabilidadesustentabilidadexuxasparabaixinhospradanarpradanarxuxasparabaixinhosabcdoxspbabcdoxspbawardsreferencesexternallinksnowikinowikisupsupnowikinowikisupsupisanaspectratioimageaspectratiowithawidthofunitsandheightofsinceithasbecomethemostcommonaspectratiofortelevisionsandcomputermonitorsandisalsotheinternationalstandardformatofhighdefinitiontelevisionhdtvfullhdnonhddigitaltelevisionandanalogwidescreentelevisionthishasreplacedtheoldaspectratiohistoryfiledrkernspowerssmptederivationofaspectratiosvgthumbrightpxanequalareacomparisonoftheaspectratioswhichdrkernspowersemployedtoderivethesmptestandarddrkernshpowersamemberofthesmpteworkinggrouponhighdefinitionelectronicproductionfirstproposedtheaspectratioatatimewhennobodywascreatingvideosthepopularchoicesinwerebasedontelevisionstandardsratioatthetimetheeuropeanflatratiotheamericanflatratiotheratioofnbspmmfilmsandpanavisionandthecinemascoperatioforanamorphicwidescreenfilmspowerscutoutrectangleswithequalareasshapedtomatcheachofthepopularaspectratioswhenoverlappedwiththeircenterpointsalignedhefoundthatallofthoseaspectratiorectanglesfitwithinanouterrectanglewithanaspectratioofandallofthemalsocoveredasmallercommoninnerrectanglewiththesameaspectratiorefnamecinemasourcerefthevaluefoundbypowersisexactlythegeometricmeanoftheextremeaspectratiosandorseealsoaspectratioformoreinformationspanstylefontsizefontstretchspanwhichiscoincidentallyclosetoapplyingthesamegeometricmeantechniquetoandyieldstheaspectratiowhichislikewiseusedasacompromisebetweentheseratioswhilewasinitiallyselectedasacompromiseformatthesubsequentpopularityofhdtvbroadcasthassolidifiedasperhapsthemostimportantvideoaspectratioinusemostandvideoisnowrecordedusingashootandprotecttechniquethatkeepsthemainactionwithinainnerrectangletofacilitatehdbroadcastconverselyitisquitecommontouseatechniqueknownascentercuttingtoapproachthechallengeofpresentingmaterialshottypicallytobothahdandlegacyaudiencesimultaneouslywithouthavingtocompromiseimagesizeforeitheraudiencecontentcreatorsframecriticalcontentorgraphicstofitwithintherasterspacethishassimilaritiestoafilmingtechniquecalledopenmatteaftertheoriginalactionplanoftheearlystheeuropeanunionhasinstitutedtheactionplanrefnameactionplanrefjusttoacceleratethedevelopmentoftheadvancedtelevisionservicesinaspectratiobothinpalandalsoinhighdefinitiontelevisionhdtvthecommunityfundfortheactionplanamountedtoeuromillioninthecomputerindustrystartedswitchingtoasthestandardaspectratioformonitorsandlaptopsareportbydisplaysearchcitedanumberofreasonsforthisshiftincludingtheabilityforpcandmonitormanufacturerstoexpandtheirproductrangesbyofferingproductswithwiderscreensandhigherresolutionshelpingconsumerstomoreeasilyadoptsuchproductsandstimulatingthegrowthofthenotebookpcandlcdmonitormarketrefnamedisplayrefinbenniebudlerproductmanagerofitproductsatsamsungsouthafricaconfirmedthatmonitorscapableofresolutionsarentbeingmanufacturedanymoreitisallaboutreducingmanufacturingcoststhenewaspectratiopanelsaremorecosteffectivetomanufacturelocallythanthepreviouspanelssincecomputerdisplaysareadvertisedbytheirdiagonalmeasureformonitorswiththesamedisplayareaawidescreenmonitorwillhavealargerdiagonalmeasurethussoundingmoreimpressivewithinlimitstheamountofinformationthatcanbedisplayedandthecostofthemonitordependmoreonareathanondiagonalmeasureinmarchtheresolutionbecamethemostcommonusedresolutionamongsteamsoftwaresteamsuserstheearliermostcommonresolutionwaspropertiesistheonlywidescreenaspectrationativelysupportedbythedvdvideoframesizeandframeratedvdformatanamorphicdvdtransfersstoretheinformationaspalorntscsquarepixelswhichissettoexpandtoeitherorwhichthetelevisionorvideoplayerhandlesforexampleapaldvdwithafullframeimagemaycontainavideoresolutionofratiobutamediaplayersoftwarevideoplayersoftwarewillstretchthistosquarepixelswithaflaginordertorecreatethecorrectaspectratiodvdproducerscanalsochoosetoshowevenwiderratiossuchasandrefgrouploweralphanameanamorphictheratioiscommonlylabeledegintheamericansocietyofcinematographersamericancinematographermanualandismistakenlyreferredtoasonlycinemafilmsbeforethesocietyofmotionpictureandtelevisionengineerssmpterevisionusedrefwithinthedvdframebyhardmattehardmattingoraddingblackbarswithintheimageitselfsomefilmswhichweremadeinaaspectratiosuchastheusitaliancoproductionmanoflamanchafilmmanoflamanchaandkennethbranaghsmuchadoaboutnothingfilmmuchadoaboutnothingfitquitecomfortablyontoahdtvscreenandhavebeenissuedanamorphicallyenhancedondvdwithouttheblackbarsmanydigitalvideocamerashavethecapabilitytorecordinmmfilmsupermmfilmisfrequentlyusedfortelevisionproductionduetoitslowercostlackofneedforsoundtrackspaceonthefilmitselfandaspectratiosimilartocommonresolutionscommonresolutionsforarelistedinthetablebelowclasswikitablesortablewidthheightstandardyoutubepgraphicsdisplayresolutionnhdnhdgraphicsdisplayresolutionqhdqhdgraphicsdisplayresolutionhdhdgraphicsdisplayresolutionwxgawxgahdgraphicsdisplayresolutionfhdxfullhdgraphicsdisplayresolutionqhdwqhdxqhdqhdgraphicsdisplayresolutionuhdkuhdgraphicsdisplayresolutionkfullkuhdgraphicsdisplayresolutionkuhdxkuhdgraphicsdisplayresolutionkuhdxkuhdineuropeineuropeisthestandardbroadcastformatformostdigitalchannelsandallhighdefinitiontelevisionhdtvbroadcastssomecountriesadoptedtheformatforanalogtelevisionfirstbyusingthepalplusstandardnowobsoleteandthenbysimplyusingwidescreensignalingwsssignalsonnormalpalbroadcastsclasswikitablecountrychannelallchannelsandorratelevisiallchannelsallchannelsallchannelsallchannelsexceptntvbelarusbelarusbrestbelarusgrondabelarusvitsebskallchannelsallchannelsallchannelsallchannelscroatianradiotelevisionhrtrtltelevizijartlcroatiartlnovatvcroatianovatvdomatvcroatiadomatvrtlkockicasportskatelevizijacroatiasportskatelevizijabrsmallolderprogrammesfilmedinarebrcroppedbrtransmittedintheiroriginalformatsmallallchannelsallchannelsallchannelsallchannelsalldvbttlvisionnumriqueterrestretntbrandalmostallpaychannelsviatntustvnetworktntadsldvbcanddvbsbrcanaldcalcanalfamilypokerchannelcineplaycincinmapremieroltvmotorstvdisneycinemagicfrancedisneycinemagicdisneycinemagicfrancedisneycinemagicnrjhitscincinmapremierhdandsdnationalgeographichdandsdushuaiatvhdandsddisneycinemagicfrancedisneycinemagichdandsdmtvhdnrjhdandsdiconcerthdeurohdmelodyzenhdscifichannelfrancescifichannelhdandsdmeruehdandsdorangecinemaxhdetcallchannelsgpbtvgpbtvtvmaraotvimedimediaholdingimeditvmaestrotvgdstvvoiceofabkhaziaajaratvkavkasiatvtabulatvpirvelitvaratreatvallchannelsallchannelsexceptcartoonnetworkcentralandeasterneuropecartoonnetworkallthreenationalstationsbroadcastinwithoccasionalprogrammeslocalstationsstilluseraiditeilifsireannrtchannelstvirelandtvtgandeirsportallchannelsallchannelsalwaysonlatvijastelevzijaltvltvretvtvsportacentrstvtvxxibroftenonprovidenceequitypartneschannelstvlatviatvlatvijasneatkargtelevzijalnttvlatviatvandothersalwaysonlrtchannelslrttelevizijalrtkultralrtlituanicasportlithuanialietuvosrytastvbalticumtvbalticumauksinisbroftenonlnkchannelslnktelevisionstationlnkbtvlithuaniabtvtvlithuaniatvinfotvtvchannelstvlithuaniatvlithuaniatvtvlithuaniatvviasatsportbaltictvpremiumbralwaysonliuksrtltlltzebuergluxetvallchannelsallnationwidechannelstrmmoldovamoldovagmggroupprimecanalcanalpublikatvprotvchishinaunjurnaltvtvtlmontecarlomonacoinfoallchannelsallchannelsisthenationalstandardfortelevisionnbspndashalmostallchannelsconformtothisformatallchannelsallchannelsallchannelsallchannelssanmarinortvallchannelsallnationwidechannelsrtvscmeslovakiajttanewschanneltaandothersallchannelsallchannelsallchannelsallchannelsallchannelsuapbcuafirstkulturaukrainiantelevisionchanneluakulturaregionaltelevisionnetworkzhytomyrzaporizhiauakarpatyuakrymuadonbasmediagroupallchannelsintermediagroupallchannelsstarlightmediaexceptnovyikanalmediagroupukraineexcepteskulaptvkanalchannelukraineespresotvpryamiynewsonenewsnetworkpershiydiloviychannelchannelpravdatutoboztvuatvatrgroupatrtvchannelatrlalezikxsportblackseatvpoverkhnosttvsportsportmusicboxukraineeumusicnikikidsnikijuniortrofeytvdachatvhdfashionenglishclubtvmalyatkotvinwiththeintroductionofdigitaltelevisiondigitalversionsofbbconebbctwoitvtvnetworkitvandchannelwerecreatedanitvdigitalondigitalsettopboxorasubscriptiontobskybskydigitalwasrequiredtoviewthedigitalversionsbronjulycdaymostoftheukbroadcastindustrybeganrequiringcommercialstobedeliveredinfullheightformatwithasafeareatelevisionsafeareaforthosechannelsstillbroadcastinginitvandcupgradedtheircontinuitybroadcastingcontinuitysuitestobe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theinternationaltelecommunicationsunionitutheinternationalbodywhichallocatesradiofrequenciesforcivilianuseisnotauthorisedtoallocatefrequencybandsformilitaryradiocommunicationthisisalsothecasepertainingtoxbandmilitarycommunicationssatelliteshoweverinordertomeetmilitaryradiospectrumrequirementsegforfixedsatelliteserviceandmobilesatelliteservicethenorthatlantictreatyorganizationnatonationsnegotiatedthesocallednjfanatojointcivilmilitaryfrequencyagreementnjfaclasswikitablealigncenterabcdaligncentercolspanbgcolordcdcdcbrmhzfixedbrfixedsatellltesebrmobilesatellltesebrsessentialmilitaryrequirementsforsatellitedownlinksthemobilesatellitesubbandnbspmhzisfornavalandlandmobileearthstationsbrmilitaryrequirementforfixedsystemsinsomecountriesthisisaharmonisedspanstylecolornatobandtypespanforsatellitedownlinksbrnbspmhzispairedwithnbspmhzforthemobilesatelllteallocationbrthefixedandmobileservicesarenottobeimplementedinthebandnbspmhzinmostnatocountriesincludingituregionbrinthebandnbspmhzthetransportableearthstationscannotclaimprotectionfromtheotherservicesbrmhzfixedmilitaryrequirementsforexistingnatofixedsystemsinsomecountriesbrmhzfixedsatelllteesbrmobilesatelllteessbrfixedbrearthexplorationsatelliteserviceearthexplorationsatellitesebrsabressentialmilitaryrequirementsforsatelliteuplinksthemobilesatellitesubbandnbspmhzisfornavalandlandmobilesatelliteearthstationsbrmilitaryrequirementforearthexplorationsatellitedownlinkpurposesinthebandnbspmhzbrmilitaryrequirementforfixedsystemsinsomecountriesthisisaharmonisednatobandtypeforsatelliteuplinksbrnbspmhzispairedwithnbspmhzforthemobilesatelllteallocationbrthefixedandmobileservicesarenottobeimplementedinnbspmhzinmostnatocountriesincludingituregionbrinthebandsandnbspmhzthetransportableearthstationsmustnotcauseharmfulinterferencetootherservicesnbspmhzbrnbspghzbrradiolocationbrradiolocationmilitaryrequirementforlandairborneandnavalradarsharmonisednatobandtypeinselectedsubbandsisdesirableamateurradiotheradioregulationsoftheinternationaltelecommunicationunionallowamateurradiooperationsinthefrequencyrangetonbspghzandamateursatelliteoperationsareallowedintherangetonbspghzthisisknownasthecentimeterbandbyamateursandthexbandbyamsatotherusesmotiondetectorsoftenusenbspghznbspghzisproposedfortrafficlightcrossingdetectorscomreginirelandhasallocatednbspghzfortrafficsensorsassrdmanyelectronparamagneticresonanceeprspectrometersoperatenearnbspghzparticleacceleratorparticleacceleratorsmaybepoweredbyxbandrfsourcesthefrequenciesarethenstandardizedatnbspghzeuropeornbspghzuswhichisthesecondharmonicofcbandieeeparticleacceleratorscbandandfourthharmonicofsbandotherusessbandtheeuropeanxbandfrequencyisusedforthecompactlinearcollidercompactlinearcolliderclicseealsocassegrainreflectordirectionalantennaxtarseabasedxbandradarseabasedxbandradarnewhorizonstelecommunicationsanddatahandlingnewhorizonstelecommunicationsvoyagerprogramspacecraftdesignearthobservationsatellitestransmissionfrequenciesterrasarxagermanearthobservationsatellitereferencesexternallinksntiadocgovosmhomeallochrtpdfgphofreeonlinecoukmicrowaveswidebandhtmsingaporeredirectcategoryshellredirectsingaporeinfoboxalbumnametypestudioartistyesbandyescoveralbumjpgaltreleasedrecordednovemberjulyvenuestudiosarmstudiossarmandassociatedindependentrecordingairstudiosbrsmalllondonenglandsmallgenrelengthlabelatcorecordsatcoproducerflatlisttrevorhornyessmallholdononlysmallprevtitleclassicyesprevyearnexttitlelivethesolosnextyearmiscsinglesnametypestudiosingleownerofalonelyheartsingledateoctobersingleleaveitsingledatefebruarysingleitcanhappensingledatejunesingleholdonyessongholdonsingledatenovemberistheeleventhstudioalbumbytheenglishprogressiverockbandyesbandyesreleasedonnovemberbyatcorecordsafterthegroupdisbandedinwhentheyhadtoureddramayesalbumdramabassistchrissquireanddrummeralanwhiteyesdrummeralanwhiteformedcinemabandcinemawithguitaristandsingersongwritertrevorrabinandoriginalyeskeyboardisttonykayemusiciantonykayewhohadleftinandbeganrecordinganalbumtheyadoptedamorecommercialandpoporientedmusicaldirectionastheresultoftheirnewmaterialmuchofwhichderivedfromrabinsdemoswithformeryessingertrevorhornastheirproducerduringthemixingstageformeryessingerjonandersonwhohadleftinacceptedtheinvitationtoreturnandrecordtheleadvocalsleadingtocinemachangingtheirnametoyeswasreleasedtoagenerallypositivereceptionandintroducedthebandtoanewgenerationoffansitreachednoontheusbillboardbillboardandnoontheukalbumschartandremainstheirbestsellingalbumwithovermillioncopiessoldintheusofthealbumsfoursinglesownerofalonelyheartwasthemostsuccessfulandistheironlysongtotoptheusbillboardbillboardhothotandhotmainstreamrocktrackschartscinemayessongcinemaearnedthegroupagrammyawardforgrammyawardforbestrockinstrumentalperformancebestrockinstrumentalperformanceyestouredthealbuminandwhichincludedtwoheadlineshowsattheinauguralrockinriofestivalthealbumwasremasteredinwithpreviouslyunreleasedbonustracksbackgroundindecemberyescompletedtheirtourofnorthamericaandtheukinsupportoftheirtenthalbumdramayesalbumdramawiththesh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gianavigatorsystemprovidestrafficmetropolitanatlantarapidtransitauthoritymartagrtaandotherpublictransportcarpoolridesharethecleanaircampaigncleanaircampaignhartsfieldjacksonatlantainternationalairportatlantaandsavannahhiltonheadinternationalairportsavannahairportamtrakgreyhoundlinesgreyhoundweatherandtourisminformationinaninteractivevoiceresponseivrformatcallersarealsogiventheoptionofconnectingtoliveoperatorsatthegeorgiadepartmentoftransportationstransportationmanagementcenterinatlantaconnectingtooperatorsallowsuserstoreporttrafficaccidentstothegeorgiastatepatrolorlocalpoliceorsheriffsorrequestfreewayservicepatrolmotoristassistancefromthehighwayemergencyresponseoperatorsheroprogramcallerscanalsoconnecttoadjacentstatessystemsincludingnorthcarolinasinjanuarythegeorgiadepartmentoftransportationlaunchedamobileapplicationontheiphoneplatformtoprovideiphoneuserswithamobileoptionforuptotheminutetrafficinformationfoundonthewebsitetheapplicationalsoprovidesspecialoffersandotherinformationaboutbusinessesandorganizationswhoparticipateintheprogramgeorgiaactuallyhadasystemforyearsbeforethisusingonlyliveoperatorsandtheverticalservicecodecodedotwhichcouldnotnecessarilybeusedbythosemobilephoneuserswhowereroamingfromelsewhereasthesecodesarespecifictoeachphonecompanyalocalareacodenumberinmetroatlantaandatollfreenumberwereusedfortheseandlandlinecallsandstillserveasbackupformobileprovidersthatfailtoconnectkentuckyinkentuckyservicescovertrafficandweatherconditionsandcanalsobeheardontheradioontheamdialthetravelersinformationstationandatkygovnewhampshirethenewhampshiredepartmentoftransportationhasimplementedaservicethathelpscommutersandtravelersaccessinformationregardingweatherrelatedroadconditionsconstructionandcongestionviathewebormobiledevicethesitecanbefoundatwwwnhcomnewhampshireispartofanstateconsortiumthatissharingthecosttodesignanddevelopthesystemnewyorknewyorkisestablishedandadministeredbythenewyorkstatedepartmentoftransportationnysdotbasicservicewaslaunchedinthenewyorkcitymetropolitanareainlatestatewidecoverageandmoresophisticatedserviceswillbeaddedthroughoutnygetconnectedtogoistheumbrellabrandofthenewyorkstatedepartmentoftransportationfortraffictransitandtravelinformationthenewyorkthemelineisgetconnectedtogothetaglineisnewyorkstatesofficialtrafficandtravelinfosourcethecreditlineisafreeserviceofthenewyorkstatedepartmentoftransportationinthenewyorkmetropolitanareaprovidesinformationonbussubwayandcommuterrailmasstransitsystemsinadditiontoroadconditionsandtrafficinformationpennsylvaniapennsylvaniasstatewidelaunchedonseptemberthesystemprovidesuptodateinformationonallthestatesinterstatehighwaystennesseeimplementedinaugusttennesseetravelershavetheoptionofaccessingroadandtravelconditionsattncomorthroughthephoneservicevirginiathefccdesignatedasthenationaltravelerinformationnumbervirginiassystembeganintheshenandoahvalleyinandwentstatewideinearlycurrentlyboththevirginiaorgwebsiteandcallingfromanylandlineormobilephoneprovidesstatewidetravellinginformationalternativelythereisnowavdotappforiosandandroiddeviceswestvirginiathewestvirginiadepartmentoftransportationsfreetravelerinformationsystemprovidesrealtimetrafficinformationincludingcongestionconstructionlaneclosuresroadconditionsandsevereweatherinformationonallwestvirginiainterstatesandothermajorhighwaystheresourceisavailablehoursadayviaphonebydialingoronlineatwvorgwvadvisoriesalsoareavailablefromthewvdrivesafemobileappandviastatewideregionalandroadwayspecifictwitterfeedsthepublicsafetyalertssuchasamberalertamberalertsandsilveralertscarriedonarevoluntarycooperativepartnershipsamonglawenforcementwvdototheragenciesandlocalbroadcasterswvdotusesoverheadelectronicmessagesignsandtogetpublicsafetyalertsouttothepublicwasimplementedinwestvirginiainwyominginthesummeroftheoriginalvendorwasremovedandserviceswereredesignedandimprovedusingmeridianenvironmentaltechnologytheefforttoredesignandimproveserviceundertakensummeroftorevampwydotstravelinformationtelephoneserviceispayingbenefitsthiswinterbasedonrecentcustomerfeedbacksomeoftheadditionalfeaturesareabilitytochooseneighboringstatesthatprovideinformationvoicerecognitionwiththeoptiontoreverttotouchtonekeypadinputabilitytochooseroutespecificinformationorregionalsummariesagencycapabilitytoincludealertsamberhomelandcustomizedlocalregionssanfranciscoinadditiontothephoneservicetravelersinthesanfranciscobayareacanaccesstransitandtrafficinformationonawebsitewhichprovidesinformationonmasstransitschedulesandaninteractivetripplannerwhichwillprovideanoptimalroutingbetweenagivenorigindestinationandoptionaltimeconstraintsinadditionorgprovidesinformationonbicyclingcarpoolridesharingandthetollroadsystemfastrakorgisaserviceofthemetropolitantransportationcommissionsanfranciscometropolitantransportationcommissionandwasdesignedbythetransportationengineeringcompanyparsonsbrinckerhofffarradynenowtelventfarradynerefnametelventfarradynecorporatesiterefthesystemhadafairamountofcontroversywhenitwasannouncedthatitwouldusefastrakelectronictollcollectionelectronictolltagstot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numbertoaccesslocalutilitylocationservicesbycountrycanadaincanadainjulythecanadianradiotelevisionandtelecommunicationscommissioncrtcassignedfornonurgenthealthteletriagetelehealthservicesinmaytheprovinceofquebecannouncedtheadoptionofforthispurposefollowedbybritishcolumbiainnovembernovascotiainjulysaskatchewaninmarchalbertainjuneandnewfoundlandandlabradorinjulysincenewbrunswickimplementedaprovincewidetelecareserviceadoptingthenumberinplaceofthetollfreenumberinunitedstatesimagelogosvgrightpxinmarchtheunitedstatesfederalcommunicationscommissionfccmadetheuniversalnumberfortheregionalservicesthatcoordinatelocationservicesforundergroundpublicutilitiesintheusbeforethattimeeachofthesecallbeforeyoudigserviceshaditsownnumberandthefccandotherswantedtomakeitaseasyaspossibleforeveryoneplanninganexcavationtocallfirstthissafetymeasurenotonlyhelpspreventdamagethatinterruptstelecommunicationsbutalsothecuttingofsubterraneanundergroundingpowerlineswatersupplynetworkwatermainsandpipelinetransportoilandnaturalgasnaturalgaspipesundergroundutilitiesarelocatedviacolorcodedmarkingstypicallyuptoandnotpasttheusersserviceconnectionormeterlinesontheothersideofthemeterorserviceconnectionareconsideredtobepartofthecustomerspropertyandwilltypicallynotbelocatedbytheseservicesestablishmentofanabbreviateddialingnumberforthispurposewasrequiredbythepipelinesafetyimprovementactoftheuseofforcallbeforeyoudigserviceswaslongestablishedincaliforniaandnevadathroughanorganizationknownasundergroundservicealertbeforethefccmandateditsuseforthispurposeprevioususespriortothefcchadneverofficiallyassignedforanyservicebutdidnotpreventitsuseeithertraditionallyhasbeenadirectlinetothebusinessofficeofthetelephonecompanyprovidingserviceonthelinefromthereonemayperformsomeorallofthefollowingoperationspaythebillpaymentbillorderadditionallinesorderandcancelservicesorderandrentingrentequipmentordertelephonecardcallingcardsspeaktocustomerservicesuchserviceshavebeenmergedintomobilephonessometimesuseforthispurposeaswellmanytelephonecompaniesincludingcanadastelusareexperimentingwithmergingandservicenowthatneitherwillusuallyroutedirectlytoahumanoperatorprofessionoperatorgenerallyanautomaticphoneansweringsystemorotherautomatedattendantwillnowanswerbothlinesanywayatonepointintimethisnumberroutedtoasamisdialedcallbutthisoperationhaslongpassedfromuseitwasdesignedsothatwhensomeonewasinacrisistheywouldnotbepanickedbyhavingreachedthewronglinehoweverthereassignmentofthiscodewasrequiredduetothescarcityofnnumbersreferencesexternallinkscallcomcallcomcrtcgccaengarchivedthtmcrtcapprovalofincanadacbccacanadabritishcolumbiastorybchealthadvicehtmlhotlineoffersnonemergencyhealthadvicenshealthlinkcanovascotiahealthlinklockheedmartinxmantaredirectcategoryshellastringoftwohyphenminuscharactersormayapproximateorrefertoendashemdashasatypewriterapproximationsigdashestheemailandusenetsignaturedelimiterforunixcommandsusedasaprefixforcommandoptionsbyitselfittypicallymeanstheendofcommandoptionsdecrementoperatorinsomeprogramminglanguagesinlinecommentscommonlyusedinprogramminglanguagesemoticonapictorialrepresentationofafacialexpressionincharactersseealsodisambiguationhtmlcommenttagcodecodecodecodehorizontalruleihopethiseventuallybecomeanarticlewithmentioningofinwikicodeandsuchasciirenderingapproximationasciiartdisambiguationdisambiguationdisambiguationdisambiguationinfoboxmedicalconditionnewnameswyersyndromesynonymsimagecaptionpronouncefieldsymptomscomplicationsonsetdurationtypescausesrisksdiagnosisdifferentialpreventiontreatmentmedicationprognosisfrequencydeathsswyersyndromeorxygonadaldysgenesisisatypeofhypogonadisminapersonwhosekaryotypeisxythepersonisexternallyfemalewithstreakgonadsandifleftuntreatedwillnotexperiencepubertysuchgonadsaretypicallysurgicallyremovedastheyhaveasignificantriskofdevelopingtumorsandatypicalmedicaltreatmentwouldincludehormonereplacementtherapythesyndromewasnamedbygeraldswyeranendocrinologistbasedinlondonunitedkingdomgeneticassociationstypesincludeclasswikitabletypeomimgenelocusxygonadaldysgenesiscompletesryrelatedsryypxygonadaldysgenesiscompleteorpartialdhhrelateddhhhedgehogdhhqxygonadaldysgenesiscompleteorpartialwithorwithoutadrenalfailurenraqxygonadaldysgenesiscompletecbxrelatedcbxgenecbxqxygonadaldysgenesiscompleteorpartialwithpdeletiondmrtpswyersyndromeasaformofpuregonadaldysgenesisthereareseveralformsofgonadaldysgenesisthetermpuregonadaldysgenesispgdhasbeenusedtodescribeconditionswithnormalsetsofsexchromosomesegxxorxyasopposedtothosewhosegonadaldysgenesisresultsfrommissingallorpartofthesecondsexchromosomethelattergroupincludesthosewithturnersyndromeiexanditsvariantsaswellasthosewithmixedgonadaldysgenesisandamixtureofcelllinessomecontainingaychromosomeegxyxthusswyersyndromeisreferredtoaspgdxyandxxgonadaldysgenesisaspgdxxpatientswithpgdhaveanormalkaryotypebutmayhavedefectsofaspecificgeneonachromosomepathogenesisthefirstknownstepofsexualdifferentiationofanormalxyfetusisthedevelopmentoftestestheearlystagesoftesticularformationinthesecondmonthofgestationrequirestheactionofseveralgenesofwhichoneoftheearliestandmostimportantissrythesexdeterminingregionoftheychromosomemutationsofsryaccountformanycasesofswyersyndromewhensuchageneisdefectivethedevelopmentofthegonadsbeforedifferentiationindifferentgonadsfailtodifferentiateintotestesinanxygeneticallymalefetuswithouttestesnotestosteroneorantimullerianhormoneantimllerianhormoneamhisproducedwithouttestosteronethewolffianductsfailtodevelopsonointernalmaleorgansareformedalsothelackoftestosteronemeansthatnodihydrotestosteroneisformedandconsequentlytheexternalgenitaliafailtovirilizationvirilizeresultinginnormalfemalegenitaliawithoutamhthemllerianductsdevelopintonormalinternalfemaleorgansuterusfallopiantubescervixvaginaababywhoisapparentlyagirlisbornandisnormalinmostanatomicrespectsexceptthatthechildhasnonfunctionalstreakgonadsinsteadofovaryovariesortestesasgirlsovariesnormallyproducenoimportantbodychangesbeforepubertyadefectofthereproductivesystemtypicallyremainsunsuspecteduntilpubertyfailstooccurinpeoplewithswyersyndrometheyappeartobenormalgirlsandaregenerallyconsideredsodiagnosisduetotheinabilityofthestreakgonadstoproducesexhormonesbothestrogensandandrogensmostofthesecondarysexcharacteristicsdonotdevelopthisisespeciallytrueofestrogenicchangessuchasbreastdevelopmentwideningofthepelvisandhipsandmenstrualcyclemenstrualperiodsastheadrenalglandscanmakelimitedamountsofandrogensandarenotaffectedbythissyndromemostofthesepersonswilldeveloppubichairthoughitoftenremainssparseevaluationofdelayedpubertyusuallyrevealselevationofgonadotropinsindicatingthatthepituitaryisprovidingthesignalforpubertybutthegonadsarefailingtorespondthenextstepsoftheevaluationusuallyincludecheckingakaryotypeandimagingofthepelvisthekaryotyperevealsxychromosomesandtheimagingdemonstratesthepresenceofauterusbutnoovariesthestreakgonadsarenotusuallyseenbymostimagingalthoughanxykaryotypecanalsoindicateapersonwithcompleteandrogeninsensitivitysyndrometheabsenceofbreastsandthepresenceofauterusandpubichairexcludethepossibilityatthispointitisusuallypossibleforaphysiciantomakeadiagnosisofswyersyndromegonadaldysgenesisandothersimilarorrelatedconditionsswyersyndromerepresentsonephenotypephenotypicresultofafailureofthegonadstodevelopproperlyandhenceispartofaclassofconditionstermedgonadaldysgenesistherearemanyformsofgonadaldysgenesisswyersyndromeisanexampleofaconditioninwhichanexternallyunambiguousfemalebodycarriesdysgeneticatypicalorabnormalgonadsotherexamplesincludecompleteandrogeninsensitivitysyndromepartialxchromosomedeletionslipoidcongenitaladrenalhyperplasiaandturnersyndrometreatmentupondiagnosisestrogenandprogesteronetherapyistypicallycommencedpromotingthedevelopmentoffemalecharacteristicstheconsequencesofstreakgonadstoapersonwithswyersyndromegonadscannotmakeestrogensothebreastswillnotdevelopandtheuteruswillnotgrowandmenstruateuntilestrogenisadministeredthisisoftengiventransdermallygonadscannotmakeprogesteronesomenstrualperiodswillnotbepredictableuntilprogestinisadministeredusuallyasapillgonadscannotproduceovumeggssoconceivingchildrennaturallyisnotpossibleawomanwithauterusandovariesbutwithoutfemalegameteisabletobecomepregnantbyimplantationofanotherwomansfertilizedeggembryotransferstreakgonadswithychromosomecontainingcellshaveahighlikelihoodofdevelopingcancerespeciallygonadoblastomastreakgonadsareusuallyremovedwithinayearorsoofdiagnosissincethecancercanbeginduringinfancyreferencesfurtherreadingexternallinksmedicalresourcesdiseasesdbicdicdicdoomimmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicmeshiddmayrefertothelastyearofthethmillenniumacommonyearstartingonwednesdaynumberunitedstatesfivethousanddollarbillunitedstatesbillfeaturingaportraitofjamesmadisonmetresaneventracedbylongdistanceathletespowermananindustrialhardrockbandlongcommenttoavoidbeinglistedonshortpagesnumberxdreamaremarcuschristophermaichelbornmayandjanmllerbornfebruarytheyarealsoknownasroughandrushtheyaresomeoftheculthitproducersofpsychedelictrancemusicandhailfromhamburggermanythelatestxdreamalbumweinterfacexdreamalbumweinterfaceincludesvocalsfromamericansingerarielelectronfirstworkmullerwaseducatedasasoundengineermaichelwasamusicianfamiliarwithtechnomusictechnoandreggaeandwasalreadymakingelectronicmusicininthepairfirstmetwhenmarcuswashavingproblemswithhispersonalcomputerpcandsomeonesentjantohelpfixitthatsameyeartheyteameduptoworkonasessiontogethertheirfirstworkconcentratedonasoundsimilartotechnowithsomehiphopmusichiphopelementswhichgotsomematerialreleasedontunnelrecordstranceduringtheearlystheywerefirstintroducedtothetrancemusictrancesceneinhamburganddecidedtoswitchtheirmusictothisgenrefromtheybeganreleasingseveralsinglesonthehamburglabeltunnelrecordsasxdreamandundermanyaliasessuchasthepollinatortwoalbumsfollowedontunnelrecordstriptotrancesylvaniaandwecreatedourownhappinesswhichweremuchclosertotheoriginalformulaofpsychedelictrancealthoughfeaturingtheunmistakabletrippyearlyxdreamsoundinoctoberxdreamreachedanagreementwiththenewunitedkingdomuktrancelabelblueroomreleasedworkingwithblueroomtheyreleasedthefamoussinglethefrogfeaturingauthent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eryrefthinspdiscovereddecemberdiscovererlincolnnearearthasteroidresearchlineardiscoverysitelincolnlaboratorysexperimentaltestsitelincolnlabsetsmpcnamealtnamespronouncednamedaftermpcategorynearearthobjectneopotentiallyhazardousobjectphathinsporbitrefthinspepochseptemberjuliandayjduncertaintyobservationarcyrdaysaphelionastronomicalunitauperihelionausemimajoraueccentricityperiodjulianyearastronomyyrdaysmeananomalydegreeanglemeanmotiondayinclinationascnodeargperimoidaulunardistanceastronomylddimensionskmbrkmmasskgrotationalbedospectraltypeabsmagnitudeisasubkilometersizedasteroidclassifiedasnearearthobjectandpotentiallyhazardousasteroidoftheapolloasteroidapollogroupitwasdiscoveredondecemberbythelincolnnearearthasteroidresearchlinearprogramatlincolnlaboratorysexperimentaltestsitenearsocorronewmexicointheunitedstatesorbitandclassificationtheasteroidorbitsthesunatadistanceofnbspastronomicalunitauonceeverymonthsdaysitsorbithasanorbitaleccentricityeccentricityofandanorbitalinclinationinclinationofdegreeanglewithrespecttotheeclipticithasanearthminimumorbitalintersectiondistanceofauwhichcorrespondstolunardistanceastronomylunardistancesthebodysobservationarcbeginswithitsofficialdiscoveryobservationasnoprecoveriesweretakenandnoprioridentificationsweremadeimpactriskbetweenandwasconsideredtohaveaboutainchanceofcollidingwithearthonjunebasedonadayobservationarcfollowingitsdiscoverywithanestimatedmassofkilogramsitwasrankedattorinoscalecurrenttorinoscalelevelonthetorinoscaleofimpactriskandwastheonlynearearthobjecttoberankedhigherthanzerountilitwasjoinedbyatlevelinnovemberandthenwhenapophisthenknownonlybyitsprovisionaldesignationwastemporarilyassessedatlevelfourindecemberbothandapophisarenowratedatlevelzeroonfebruarywasobservedbythemountlemmonsurveyafterbeinglostformorethanyearstherefinementofitsorbiteliminatedthepossibilityofimpactinitisnowknownthatonnovembertheasteroidwillbefromearthphysicalcharacteristicsaccordingtoagenericconversionofabsolutemagnitudetodiametermeasurestometersnamingasofthisminorplanetremainsunnamedreferencesreflistemrefsrefnamejpldatacitewebtypelastobstitlejplsmallbodydatabasebrowserxrurlssdjplnasagovsbdbcgisstrpublisherjetpropulsionlaboratoryaccessdatejunerefrefnamempccitewebtitlexrworkminorplanetcenterurlminorplanetcenternetdbsearchshowobjectobjectidaccessdatemarchrefrefnamejplimpactriskcitewebtitlexrearthimpactrisksummarypublisherwaybackmachineurlneojplnasagovriskxrhtmlaccessdatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebneojplnasagovriskxrhtmlarchivedatefebruaryrefrefnamejplclosecitewebtypelastobservationobservationarcarcyearstitlejplcloseapproachdataxrurlssdjplnasagovsbdbcgisstrxrcadcadaccessdaterefrefnamehcitewebtitleabsolutemagnitudehpublishernasajplurlneojplnasagovglossaryhhtmlaccessdatemarchrefendofreflistexternallinkshohmanntransfercomcrthtmnewsearthimpactriskratingspostedinthelastdaysaccsconsolidatedrisktablesminorplanetinfophplcdbsummaryqueryphpasteroidlightcurvedatabaselcdbqueryformminorplanetinfolightcurvedatabasehtmlinfoobswwwunigechbehrendpagecouhtmlasteroidsandcometsrotationcurvescdrobservatoiredegenveraoulbehrendminorplanetcenternetiaulistsnumberedmpshtmldiscoverycircumstancesnumberedminorplanetsminorplanetcentercorpsdesminescorpsofbridgeswatersandforestsinfoboxtopleveldomainnamexxxbackgrounddbcimagedotxxxpngcaptionxxxtldlogofromicmregistryintroducedtypesponsoredtopleveldomainstatusgenerallyavailableregistryicmregistrylimitedliabilitycompanyllcsponsorinternationalfoundationforonlineresponsibilityintendeduseinternetpornographyactualusemainlyassecondarydomainsforpornographicwebsitesprimarydomainsstilltendtobeundercomrestrictionsapplicantsareprescreenedandtheirexistingwebsitescheckedtoascertaintheyarepartoftheadultentertainmentcommunityapostregistrationchallengeprocessexistsalsostandardssuchasnotmarketingtominorsmustbeadheredtostructuredirectsecondlevelregistrationsalloweddocumentrfcicannorgtldsstldappsmarxxxhtmicannnewstldrfpapplicationdisputepolicyudrpicannorgtldsagreementssponsoredsponsorshipagmtattocthtmchartereligibilitydisputeresolutionprocedurecedrpstartuptrademarkoppositionprocedurestopwebsiteicmregistrycomicmregistrydnssecnoxxxpronounceddottriplexratingecksordotecksecksecksisasponsoredtopleveldomainstldintendedasavoluntaryoptionforinternetpornographypornographicsitesontheinternetthesponsoringorganizationistheinternationalfoundationforonlineresponsibilityiffortheregistryisoperatedbyicmregistryllctheicannboardvotedtoapprovethestldonmarchitwentintooperationonaprilthetldentereditssunriseperiodonseptemberatutcthesunriseperiodendedoctoberlandrushperiodlastedfromnovemberthroughnovemberandgeneralavailabilitycommencedondecemberbackgroundagtldgenerictopleveldomainforsexuallyexplicitmaterialwasproposedasonetoolfordealingwiththeconflictbetweenthosewhowishtoprovideandaccesssuchmaterialthroughtheinternetandthosewhowishtopreventaccesstoiteitherbychildrenandadolescenceadolescentsorbyemployeesattheirworkplacesadvocatesoftheideaarguethatitwillbeeasierforparentsandemployerstoblocktheentiretldratherthanusingmo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amenneagramfigureasymbolofthefourthwaygurdjieffworkusedtoexplainandvisualizethedynamicsoftheinteractionbetweenthetwogreatlawsoftheuniverseaccordingtogigurdjieffthelawofthreeandthelawofseventhemovementofthenumbersofdividedbyetcandthesubsequentmovementoftheenneagramareportrayedingurdjieffsgurdjieffmovementssacreddancesknownasthemovementsreferencesxmoicwinfoboxmusicalartistbackgroundsolosingerseewikipediawikiprojectmusiciansnamexavierruddimagexavierruddjpgcaptionxavierruddinconcertimagesizepxbirthplacebirthdateorigintorquayvictoriaaustraliainstrumentvocalsguitarharmonicadidgeridooyidakilapsteelguitarpercussiongenrefolkmusicfolkbluesmusicbluesindiefolkfolkrockreggaeoccupationmusiciansingersongwriteryearsactivepresentlabeluniversalmusicgroupuniversalmusicaustraliabrsaltxuniversalrecordsuniversalfontanarecordsuscanadaassociatedactswebsitexavierruddbornmayisanaustraliansingersongwriterandmultiinstrumentalistseveralofruddssongsincorporatesociallyconsciousthemessuchasspiritualityhumanityenvironmentalismandtherightsofindigenousaustraliansbackgroundandearlylifexavierruddgrewupinjanjucvictoriajanjucneartorquayvictoriaheattendedstjosephscollegegeelonghismaternalgrandfatherwasdutchbornintilburgatowninthenetherlandsbeforemigratingtoaustraliaoneofhisgrandmotherswasfromanirishpotatogrowingfamilyandgrewupincolacvictoriahisfatherwasbornwithaboriginalirishandscottishheritagerefnamecafebabelrefandruddhaswurundjeribackgroundoneofhisgreatgrandmotherswasanaboriginalaustralianandherchildruddspaternalgrandmotherwastakenawayfromherrefnameseroukasrefruddshowedakeeninterestinmusicgrowingupinafamilyofsevenchildrenrefnamelobleyrefrefnameautogeneratedrefwhileprimaryschoolagedruddusedhismothersvacuumcleanerasamakeshiftdidgeridooandhebeganplayinghisbrothersguitarrefnamemurfettrefhealsoplayedsaxophoneandclarinetasachildruddsbrothercanstillplayguitarbutwentontobecomeanaccountantinorlandofloridaasachildxavierruddsoldrecycledwoodthroughhisownfurniturebusinessimmediatelyafterfinishingschoolruddtraveledtofijihelivedinvillagesaroundthecountryforninenbspmonthsreturningtoaustraliaatagecareerearlycareertodebutstudioalbumbeforelaunchinghissolocareerruddbeganplayingmusicaspartofthebandxavierandthehumhedrewinspirationfromartistssuchasleokottkebenharpernataliemerchantandmultiinstrumentalistdavidlindleymusiciandavidlindleyaswellasmusicfromdiversesourcessuchashawaiianandnativeamericanmusichismusicfirsttookhimoverseaswhenhetraveledtowhistlerbritishcolumbiaruddwasinabandandwouldplayeachnightafteradayofsnowboardingruddwasincanadawhentheseptemberattackshappenedruddfeltspunoutwatchingtheamericanmediacoverageincludinggraphicimageryofthedestructionoftheworldtradecenterruddwrotethesongthethofseptemberwhichwouldfeatureonhisfirststudioalbumtoletaboutthedayaftertheattacksindiscussingthesongruddsaidsolacetofoodinthebellyinruddreleasedsolacehisfirstalbumtobedistributedbyamajorlabeluniversalmusicaustraliaratherthaninvitingguestartiststojoinhimontherecordruddperformedalltheinstrumentationforthealbumalonewithonlyafewoverdubsinstrumentsincludeddidgeridoosslideguitarsstompboxesdjembedrumsslitdrumsandtheharmonicainhisliveshowruddcametoberenownedforhisonemanbandperformancerefnameridleyrefruddrecordedfoodinthebellyinmidwhilstonbreakfromanextensivenorthamericantourtherecordingwasmadeinmaynbspatbowenislandpartofthegreatervancouverregionaldistrictwhitemoththesongwhitemothwaswrittenaboutamoththatfollowedruddssonjoaquinforseveralhoursonhismothersthbirthdayruddthoughtitwasthespiritofhisthenwifesgrandmotherruddandhisfamilywereholidayingtocelebratetheoccasiononanislandoffsrilankainruddpartneredwithclifbarsgreennotesprogramtocreatethebetterpeoplecampaignthecampaignwasaboutexpressinggratitudetothepeopleintheworldtakingstepstomakepositivechangefromdarkshadesofbluetocollaborationwithizintabablackwaterthefirsttrackonruddsalbumdarkshadesofbluewasnamedafteroneoflutkenruddspaintingsthealbumsawruddintroduceaheaviersoundusingelectricguitarsinplaceofacousticguitarsandcreatingdarkermoresombertonesherecordedwithdavetolleyapercussionistdrummerwhohehadpreviouslycollaboratedwithforwhitemothandfoodinthebellyreflectingondarkshadesofblueruddtoldmediahefelttheheaviersoundwasaprecursorforthingsthatmightcomeifeellikemymusicisaheadofmeallthetimeruddwasreferringtohisandlutkensdivorcewhichwasfinalisedinafterthefailureofhismarriageruddwassupportedinhisgriefandrecoverybynewsouthafricanbandmatesbassisttiomoloantoaandpercussionistandilenqubezeloruddhadmetmoloantoaandnqubezeloperformingatthewiesenaustriawiesennukefestivalrefnamecuthbertsonrefrudddescribedhisconnectionwithmoloantoaandnqubezeloasmusicalspiritualandemotionalifeelliketheyweresenttomehesaidinruddboughtnbsphectaresofpropertyatkoonyumrangemullumbimbythelocationwastheinspirationforthenameofthealbumruddwouldreleasewithmoloantoaandnqubezelokoonyumsunthealbummovedawayfromtheheaviersoundofdarkshadesofbluetoamoreupbeatstylespiritbirdinruddunderwentemergencybacksurgerytorepairthreeherniateddisksbonespursandnervedamageruddwrotethetrackcomfortableinmyskinonhisalb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reoffreesoftwarewithsourcecodehowevermanyofthemcontainproprietaryadditionsoverviewofxenprojectsreleasesincommercialdistributionsclasswikitablesortableoverviewofcitrixxenserverreleasesandrelatedxenprojectversionscommercialdistributionversionreleasedateofcommercialversionxenprojectsversioncommercialreleaseeoldatecitrixxenservercitrixxenserverrefnamerefcitrixxenservercitrixxenserverspcitrixxenservercitrixxenserverspcitrixxenservercitrixxenserverrefnamexenserverrefseealsocloudstackkernelbasedvirtualmachinekvmopenstackvirtualdiskimagetbootatxtbasedintegritysystemforthelinuxkernelandxenhypervisorvmwareesxqubesosreferencesfurtherreadingpaulveneziaaprilinfoworldcomdvirtualizationvirtualizationshootoutcitrixmicrosoftredhatandvmwarevirtualizationshootoutcitrixmicrosoftredhatandvmwaretheleadingservervirtualizationcontenderstackleinfoworldsultimatevirtualizationchallengeinfoworldexternallinksimagecryptoxanthinpngthumbrightpxthechemicalstructureofcryptoxanthinimageraweggjpgthumbthecolorofaneggyolkisfromthexanthophyllcarotenoidsluteinandzeaxanthinxanthophyllsoriginallyphylloxanthinsareyellowpigmentsthatoccurwidelyinnatureandformoneoftwomajordivisionsofthecarotenoidgrouptheotherdivisionisformedbythecarotenesthenameisfromgreekxanthosyellowrefnamelsjrefandphyllonleafrefnamelsjrefduetotheirformationoftheyellowbandseeninearlyhistoryofchromatographychromatographyofleafpigmentsmolecularstructurethemolecularstructureofxanthophyllsissimilartothatofcarotenesbutxanthophyllscontainoxygenatomswhilecarotenesarepurelyhydrocarbonswithnooxygenxanthophyllscontaintheiroxygeneitherashydroxylgroupsandoraspairsofhydrogenatomsthataresubstitutedbyoxygenatomsactingasabridgeepoxideforthisreasontheyaremorepolarmoleculepolarthanthepurelyhydrocarboncarotenesanditisthisdifferencethatallowstheirseparationsfromcarotenesinmanytypesofchromatographytypicallycarotenesaremoreorangeincolorthanxanthophyllsoccurrencelikeothercarotenoidsxanthophyllsarefoundinhighestquantityintheleavesofmostgreenplantswheretheyacttomodulatelightenergyandperhapsserveasanonphotochemicalquenchingagenttodealwithtripletchlorophyllanexcitedformofchlorophyllwhichisoverproducedathighlightlevelsinphotosynthesisthexanthophyllsfoundinthebodiesofanimalsandindietaryanimalproductsareultimatelyderivedfromplantsourcesinthedietforexampletheyellowcolorofchickeneggbiologyeggyolksfatandskincomesfromingestedxanthophyllsprimarilyluteinwhichisoftenaddedtochickenfeedforthispurposetheyellowcolorofthehumanmaculalutealiterallyyellowspotintheretinaoftheeyeresultsfromtheluteinandzeaxanthinitcontainsbothxanthophyllsagainrequiringasourceinthehumandiettobepresentintheeyethesexanthophyllsprotecttheeyefromionizingblueandultravioletlightwhichtheyabsorbthesetwospecificxanthophyllsdonotfunctioninthemechanismofsightsincetheycannotbeconvertedtoretinalalsocalledretinaldehydeorvitaminaaldehydetheirarrangementisbelievedtobethecauseofhaidingersbrushanentopticphenomenonthatallowstheperceptionofthepolarizationwavespolarizationoflightexamplecompoundsthegroupofxanthophyllsincludesamongmanyothercompoundsluteinzeaxanthinneoxanthinviolaxanthinflavoxanthinandandcryptoxanthinthelattercompoundistheonlyknownxanthophylltocontainabetaiononeringandthuscryptoxanthinistheonlyxanthophyllthatisknowntopossessprovitaminaactivityformammalseventhenitisavitaminonlyforplanteatingmammalsthatpossesstheenzymetomakeretinalfromcarotenoidsthatcontainbetaiononesomecarnivoreslackthisenzymeinspeciesotherthanmammalscertainxanthophyllsmaybeconvertedtohydroxylatedretinalanaloguesthatfunctiondirectlyinvisionforexamplewiththeexceptionofcertainfliesmostinsectsusethexanthophyllderivedrisomerofhydroxyretinalforvisualactivitieswhichmeansthatcryptoxanthinandotherxanthophyllssuchasluteinandzeaxanthinmayfunctionasformsofvisualvitaminaforthemwhilecarotenessuchasbetacarotenedonotxanthophyllcyclethexanthophyllcycleinvolvestheenzymaticremovalofepoxygroupsfromxanthophyllsegviolaxanthinantheraxanthindiadinoxanthintocreatesocalleddeepoxidisedxanthophyllsegdiatoxanthinzeaxanthintheseenzymaticcycleswerefoundtoplayakeyroleinstimulatingenergydissipationwithinlightharvestingantennaproteinsbynonphotochemicalquenchingamechanismtoreducetheamountofenergythatreachesthephotosyntheticreactioncentersnonphotochemicalquenchingisoneofthemainwaysofprotectingagainstphotoinhibitioninhigherplantstherearethreecarotenoidpigmentsthatareactiveinthexanthophyllcycleviolaxanthinantheraxanthinandzeaxanthinduringlightstressviolaxanthinisconvertedtozeaxanthinviatheintermediateantheraxanthinwhichplaysadirectphotoprotectiveroleactingasalipidprotectiveantioxidantandbystimulatingnonphotochemicalquenchingwithinlightharvestingproteinsthisconversionofviolaxanthintozeaxanthinisdonebytheenzymeviolaxanthindeepoxidasewhilethereversereactionisperformedbyzeaxanthinepoxidaseindiatomsanddinoflagellatesthexanthophyllcycleconsistsofthepigmentdiadinoxanthinwhichistransformedintodiatoxanthindiatomsordinoxanthindinoflagellatesunderhighlightconditionsrefjeffreyswmveskintroductiontomarinephytoplanktonandtheirpigmentsignaturesinjeffreyswrfcmantouraswwrightedsphytoplanktonpigmentsinoceanographyppunescopublishingparisrefwrightetalfebfoundthattheincreaseinzeaxanthinappearstosurpassthedecreaseinviolaxanthininspinachandcommentedthatthediscrepancycouldbeexplainedbyasynthesisofzeaxanthinfrombetacarotenehowevertheynotedfurtherstudyisrequiredtoexplorethishypothesisfoodsourcesxanthophyllsarefoundinallyoungleavesandinetiolationetiolatedleavesexamplesofotherrichsourcesincludepapayapeachesprunesandsquashwhichcontainluteindiestersreferencesdemmigadamsbwwadamsphotoprotectioninanecologicalcontexttheremarkablecomplexityofthermalenergydissipationnewphytologistexternallinksredirectcellpaddingpxcellspacingpxbgcolorffffstylefloatrightborderpxsolidmarginpxcolspanaligncenterstylebordertoppxsolidinsertimageherealigncenterstylebackgroundccfborderbottompxsolidcolspanyulinwangalignrightstylebordertoppxsolidchinesenamefamilynamestylebordertoppxsolidxiaosurnamexiaoxioalignrightstylebordertoppxsolidchinesenamegivennamestylebordertoppxsolidzhaoyezhoyalignrightstylebordertoppxsolidposthumousnamestylebordertoppxsolidnonexiaozhaoyeoftenknownbyhisposthumouslydemotedtitleofprinceofyulincourtesynameyuanshangnicknamefashenwasanemperorofthehistoryofchinachinesedynastysouthernqiheisknownastheprinceofyulinbecausethatwasthetitlehewasposthumouslydemotedtoafterhisgranduncleemperormingofsouthernqixiaoluanassassinatedhiminduringhisbriefreignhewasknownasoverlydevotinghistimeongamesandpleasureunawarethattheambitiousxiaoluanhadtargetedhimforremovalandafterhisdeathxiaoluanbrieflymadehisbrotherxiaozhaowenemperorbutthenseizedthethronehimselfbackgroundxiaozhaoyewasborninwhenhisgreatgrandfatheremperorgaoofsouthernqixiaodaochengwasaliusonggeneralinitiallyafterxiaodaochengseizedthethroneinendingliusongandestablishingsouthernqiasitsemperorgaoxiaozhaoyesfatherxiaozhangmaoastheoldestsonofthecrownprinceemperorwuofsouthernqixiaozewascreatedtheprinceofnancommanderyxiaozhaoyesmotherempressdowagerwangbaomingwangbaomingxiaozhangmaoswifewascreatedtheprincessofnancommanderyxiaozhaoyehimselfwasnotgivenanytitlesatthemomenthewastheonlysonofxiaozhangmaobornofprincesswangasshewasnotmuchfavoredbyherhusbandasprinceofnancommanderythencrownprinceinafteremperorgaodiedxiaozesucceededhimasemperorwuxiaozhangmaowascreatedthecrownprinceandxiaozhaoyeasxiaozhangmaosoldestsonwasgivenhisfathersoldtitleofprinceofnancommanderyinatagehemarriedhejingyingashisprincessonthesurfacewhenxiaozhaoyewastheprinceofnancommanderyhewasthoughttobestudiouscarefulfiliallypiouselegantinhisbehavioranddexteriousthereforehisgrandfatheremperorwufavoredhimgreatlyhoweverwhennotinthepresenceofhisgrandfatherorfatherxiaozhaoyewasinsteadfrivolousandspendingtimewithpeoplewhowerebadinfluencesduringthistimehelivedwithhisunclexiaoziliangtheprinceofjinglinginxifuanimportantsuburbofthecapitaljiankangasxiaozhangmaooftenlimitedhisactivitiesandbudgetxiaozhaoyeoftenborrowedmoneyfromrichhouseholdswhowouldnotdaretorefusehealsoduplicatedasetofkeysforthefortressgatessothathecouldspendnighttimeingamesatvariousmilitarycampsexasperatedhisteachersshirenzuandhutianyibelievingthattheyandtheirhouseholdswouldbeintroubleregardlessofwhethertheyinformedthistoemperorwuorcrownprincezhangmaoornotbothcommittedsuicidexiaoziliangswifeprincessyuanraisedhimwithlovebutxiaozhaoyeashegrewbecamesuspiciousthathisunclewasinterestedintakingthethronehimselfxiaozhaoyeswifeprincesshewasknownforheradulterousactivitiesasshecarriedonaffairswithotherswhileshewasprincessthemostinfamousaffairshecarriedoutwaswithxiaozhaoyesattendantyangminitwassaidthattheyspentdayandnighttogetherjustlikehusbandandwifehoweverhejingyingalsowasverylovinginherrelationshipwithxiaozhaoyeandsoxiaozhaoyeturnedablindeyetoheradulterousactivitiessomehistoriansindicatethattherecouldhavealsobeenasexualrelationshipbetweenxiaozhaoyeandyangminsuggestingamnagetroisinwhenxiaozhangmaowasillxiaozhaoyedisplayedgreatdistresssomuchsothathisownhealthappearedtobeinjeopardyandthosewhosawhimweretouchedhoweverassoonashearrivedathishousehebecamehappyandfeastedheoftenrequestedawitchnamedyangtocursehisgrandfatherandfathersothathecouldbecomeemperorsoonersoonxiaozhangmaodiedandxiaozhaoyegaveladyyangmuchrewardsbelievinghercursestobeeffectiveandaskedhertocontinuetocursehisgrandfathernotrealizingxiaozhaoyesactivitiesemperorwucreatedxiaozhaoyecrownprincetoreplacexiaozhangmaoprincesshewascreatedcrownprincessandcrownprincesswangbecamecrownprincessdowageremperorwuhimselfsoonfellsickandwhilexiaozhaoyecontinuedtoputonafrontofdistresshewasinfactquitehappyandwhenhewrotetothecrownprincesshewroteonelargecharacterofximeaninghappinesssurroundedbysmallerxicharactersasemperorwufellextremelyilltheofficialwangrongwhowasfriendlywithxiaoziliangtriedtocarryoutaplottoputxiaoziliangonthethroneinsteadofxiaozhaoyetheplothoweverwasthwartedbyemperorwuscousinemperormingofsouthernqixiaoluanthemarquessofxichangandafteremperorwusoondiedlateinxiaozhaoyetookthethronereignemperorwuswillinstructedxiaozhaoyetoentrustgovernmentalmatterstoxiaoziliangandxiaoluanbutxiaozhaoyebelievingxiaoziliangtobecomplicitinwangrongsplotimmediatelycarriedoutseveralactionsthatwereintendedtoshowhisdistrustleavingactualpowerinxiaoluanshandswhileentrustingpalaceandmilitarymatterstoseveralassociatesheendearedhimselftowhilehewastheprinceofnancommanderywhileleavingxiaoziliangwithahighlyhonoredbutceremonialpostxiaozhaoyealsoorderedwangtocommitsuicideassoonasemperorwuwasplacedinacoffinxiaozhaoyeresumedtheplayingofmusicwhichwastraditionallyconsideredinappropriateduringtimesofmourninghealsotookemperorwusfavoriteconcubineconsorthuoashisownconsortanactthenconsideredincestandinordertoavoidthisfrombeingknownhadhernamechangedtoxuhehonoredcrownprincessdowagerwangasempressdowagerwhilecreatingcrownprincessheempresshespenthisdaysonfeastinggamesandonrewardinghisassociatesoftenseentalkingtomoneybeforeitwasnoteasyformetoobtainevenoneofyounowthereisnoonetostopmefromusingyouthetreasurysurplusesthatthefrugalemperorgaoandtherelativelyfrugalemperorwubuiltupwereexpendedinlessthanayearhisassociatesweresellingofficesopenlyandxiaozhaoyenotonlydidnotcurbtheminbutapprovedtheirrequestshandilyxiaoluanseeingthatxiaozhaoyewasnotbehavingappropriatelybeganconsideringdeposingxiaozhaoyehealsooftencounseledxiaozhaoyetochangehiswaysbutxiaozhaoyedidnotlistenandbegantobesuspiciousofxiaoluanparticularlyafterxiaoluansubsequentlyforcedhimtoexecuteempresshesloveryangminandhisassociatexulongjuafteraccusingthemofcrimeshetriedtodiscussthematterwithemperorwusyoungerbrotherxiaoqiangtheprinceofpoyangwhohoweveropposedtotheactionmeanwhilexiaozhaoyestrustedgeneralsxiaochenandxiaotanzhiseeinghowfrivoloushisactionswereinsteadsecretlyjoinedxiaoluanspartyandwereinformingxiaoluanofxiaozhaoyesactionssoonxiaoluanwasfindingexcusestoexecuteseveralotherassociatesofxiaozhaoyeincludingthegeneralzhoufengshutheteacherduwenqianandtheheadofthehouseholdqiwuzhenzhiinordertoweakenxiaozhaoyesassociatesmeanwhilexiaozhaoyesownalertnesswasreducedafterxiaoziliangdiedofanxietyinsummerbyfallhoweverxiaozhaoyewastiredofxiaoluanandheplottedwithempresshesuncleheyintohavexiaoluankilledheyindidnotdaretodosoandsuggestedthatxiaoluanbeobservedfurtherxiaozhaoyethereforestoppedgivingimportanttaskstoxiaoluanxiaoluanthenstartedhiscoupinconjunctionwithxiaochenandxiaotanzhiandxiaozhaoyenotrealizingthatxiaochenandxiaotanzhihadbetrayedhimsoughthelpfromxiaochenwhenherealizedxiaoluanwasbeginninganattackonthepalacehishopesweredashedwhenhesawxiaochenenterthepalacehispalaceguardswerestillreadytofightbutxiaozhaoyeinsteadfledandxiaochenchasedhimdownandkilledhimxiaoluanissuedanedictinempressdowagerwangsnamedemotingxiaozhaoyetotherankofprincewiththetitleofprinceofyulinwhichbecamethetitlebywhichhewasthereafterknownandmakinghisyoungerbrotherxiaozhaowentheprinceofxinanemperoreranamelongchangpylngchngpersonalinformationfatherxiaozhangmaocrownprincewenhuiposthumouslyhonoredasemperorwensonofemperorwuofsouthernqimotherempressdowagerwangbaomingcrownprincesswangbaomingwifehejingyingcreatedmajorconcubineconsortxunehuooriginallyconcubineofemperorwuofsouthernqireferencesbookofsouthernqizhsvolhistoryofsoutherndynastiesvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwsshhtmzizhitongjianvolszhszhsinfoboxroyaltynamehailinggongwangimagebirthdatedeathdatefamilynamexiaosurnamexiaoxioclannamegivennamezhaowenzhownreigndynastyeranameeradatestemplenameposthumousnamegonggngliterallymeaningrespectfulxiaozhaowenformallyprincegongofhailingcourtesynamejishangwasanemperorofthehistoryofchinachinesedynastysouthernqiheisknownastheprinceofhailingbecausethatwasthetitlehewasdemotedtoafterhewasdeposedbyhisgranduncleemperormingofsouthernqixiaoluaninxiaoluanhadmadehimemperorearlierinafterassassinatinghisbrotherxiaozhaoyeafterxiaoluandeposedhimandassumedthethronehimselfhehadxiaozhaowenpoisonedbackgroundxiaozhaowenwasborninasthesecondsonofthethensouthernqipriceofnancommanderyxiaozhangmaotheoldestsonofthecrownprinceemperorwuofsouthernqixiaozehismotherwasxiaozhangmaosconcubineladyxulittleisknownabouthischildhoodafterthedeathofhisgreatgrandfatheremperorgaoofsouthernqiemperorgaoinhisgrandfatherxiaozebecameemperorasemperorwuandhisfatherxiaozhangmaobecamecrownprinceinatagesixxiaozhaowenwascreatedthedukeoflinruinhemarriedwangshaomingthedaughteroftheofficialwangciashisduchessearlyinhisfatherxiaozhangmaodiedandhisolderbrotherxiaozhaoyebecamecrownprinceseveralmonthslaterstillinemperorwudiedaswellandxiaozhaoyebecameemperorxiaozhaoyecreatedxiaozhaowentheprinceofxinanxiaozhaoyewasafrivolousandwastefulrulerspendingmuchtimeinfeastandgamesinfalltheprimeministeremperormingofsouthernqixiaoluanthemarquessofxichangcousinofemperorwuseeingxiaozhaoyeasanincompetentrulerandbelievingthatxiaozhaoyewasgoingtoactagainsthimcarriedoutacoupandassassinatedxiaozhaoyeheplacedxiaozhaowenonthethronetosucceedxiaozhaoyereignwhilexiaozhaowennowcarriedthetitleofemperoractualauthoritywasinthehandsofxiaoluanandxiaoluanhadhimselfinitiallycreatedthedukeofxuanchengandthentheprinceofxuanchenginxiaozhaowensnamexiaoluansooncarriedouttheexecutionsofalargenumberofprinceswhoweresonsofemperorsgaoandwuwhomheviewedasthreatsagainsthimselfxiaoqiangtheprinceofpoyangsonofemperorgaoxiaozilongtheprinceofsuisonofemperorwuxiaozimaotheprinceofjinansonofemperorwuxiaozijingtheprinceofanlusonofemperorwuxiaoruitheprinceofnanpingsonofemperorgaoxiaoqiutheprinceofjinxisonofemperorgaoxiaokengtheprinceofyidusonofemperorgaoxiaoshuotheprinceofguiyangsonofemperorgaoxiaojuntheprinceofhengyangsonofemperorgaoxiaofengtheprinceofjiangxiasonofemperorgaoxiaozizhentheprinceofjianansonofemperorwuxiaoziluntheprinceofbalingsonofemperorwuxiaoziqingtheprinceoflulingsonofemperorwuinitiallyxiaozhaowensyoungerbrotherxiaozhaoxiutheprinceoflinhaiwastobekilledaswellbutwassparedatthelastminuteinplaceoftheseimperialprincesfromemperorsgaoandwuslinesxiaoluanbecausehisownsonswereyounginstalledhisnephewsxiaoyaoguangxiaoyaoxinandxiaoyaochanginimportantpostslessthanthreemonthsafterxiaozhaowenbecameemperorxiaoluanissuedanedictinthenameofxiaozhangmaoswifeempressdowagerwangbaomingstatingthatxiaozhaowenwasnotsufficientlyintelligentandhealthytobeemperorgivingthethronetoxiaoluanwhothentookthethroneasemperormingafterreigntheedictdeposingxiaozhaowencreatedhimthetitleoftheprinceofhailingaboutamonthafterhewasremovedfromthethronehoweverxiaoluanonpretensesthatxiaozhaowenwasillsentimperialphysicianstoseehimbutinsteadinstructedthephysicianstohavehimpoisonedxiaozhaowenwasgiventheposthumousnamegongmeaningrespectfulandburiedwithgreathonorsbutnotimperialhonorseranameyanxingynxngpersonalinformationfatherxiaozhangmaothecrownprincewenhuiposthumouslyhonoredasemperorwensonofemperorwuofsouthernqimotherladyxuxiaozhangmaosconcubinewifewangshaomingcreatedreferencesbookofsouthernqizhsvolhistoryofsoutherndynastiesvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwsshhtmzizhitongjianvolszhszhscellpaddingpxcellspacingpxbgcolorffffstylefloatrightborderpxsolidmarginpxcolspanaligncenterstylebordertoppxsolidinsertimageherealigncenterstylebackgroundccfborderbottompxsolidcolspandonghunhoualignrightstylebordertoppxsolidchinesenamefamilynamestylebordertoppxsolidxiaosurnamexiaoxioalignrightstylebordertoppxsolidchinesenamegivennamestylebordertoppxsolidbaojuanbojunalignrightstylebordertoppxsolidposthumousnamestylebordertoppxsolidnonexiaobaojuannxiaomingxiancommonlyknownbyhisposthumouslydemotedtitleofmarquessofdonghuncourtesynamezhizangwasanemperorofthehistoryofchinachinesedynastysouthernqihewasknownasaviolentrulerwhoexecutedhighlevelofficialsathiswhimandthisdrewseveralmajorrebellionsthelastofwhichbyhisgeneralemperorwuofliangxiaoyanoverthrewhimandeventuallyhisdynastywithxiaoyanestablishingliangdynastyheisknownasthemarquessofdonghunbecausexiaoyandemotedhimtothattitleafterhewaskilledinasiegeofthecapitaljiankangbackgroundxiaobaojuanwasborninwhenhisfatheremperormingofsouthernqixiaoluanwasamidhighlevelofficialandthemarquessofxichangasthecousinofemperorwuofsouthernqiemperorwuhisoriginalnamewasxiaomingxianhewasxiaoluanssecondsonandhismotherliuhuiduanwasxiaoluanswifehisonlyolderbrotherxiaobaoyiwasborntoxiaoluansconcubineladyyinhismothermarchionessliuhadthreeothersonsxiaobaoxuanxiaobaoyinandemperorheofsouthernqixiaobaorongbeforedyingininwithemperorwusfrivolousandincompetentgrandsonxiaozhaoyeasemperorandwithxiaoluanashisprimeministerxiaoluancarriedoutacoupdtatandoverthrewxiaozhaoyeitwasaroundthistimethatxiaobaojuansnamewaschangedfrommingxiantobaojuanxiaoluaninitiallymadexiaozhaoyesyoungerbrotherxiaozhaowenemperorbutafterfurthercementinghispowerincludingkillingmanysonsofbothemperorwuandemperorwusfatheremperorgaoofsouthernqiemperorgaosouthernqisfoundingemperorxiaoluantookoverthethronehimselfasemperormingasxiaobaojuansolderbrotherxiaobaoyiwassaidtobeseverelydisabledandunabletotalkxiaobaojuanasthesecondsonandtheoldestbornofxiaoluanswifewascreatedcrownprinceascrownprincenotmuchisknownaboutxiaobaojuansactivitiesascrownprincewhatisknownwasthatemperormingoftentoldhimabouthowxiaozhaoyehadconsideredkillinghimandwarninghimthatheneededtoactdecisivelyitwasalsosaidthathedislikedstudiesbutratherlikedtospendtimeingamesandthathewasanintrovertwhodidnotliketotalkinhisfathergavethedaughterofhisofficialchuchengchulingqutohimashiscrownprincessinmarriageinhehadacomingofageceremonyinduringtherebellionoftheretiredgeneralwangjingzedespitethefactthatwangsarmywassomedistanceawayfromthecapitaljiankangxiaobaojuanmistookafireasasignthatwangsarmywasnearthecapitalandchangedintoajumpsuittotrytofleebutsubsequentlywangsarmywasdefeatedinfallemperormingdiedxiaobaojuansucceededtothethroneasemperorreignemperormingswillleftagroupofhighlevelofficialsinchargeofthegovernmentxiaobaojuanscousinxiaoyaoguangtheprinceofshiantheprimeministerxuxiaosithetrustedjiangshiandhisbrotherjiangyouxiaobaojuansuncleliuxuanandthegeneralxiaotanzhixiaobaojuanhimselfwasanxioustoexerciseimperialauthoritybutoftenspenthistimeingameswithhiscloseassociateswhomheoftenawardedmoneythehighlevelofficialsparticularlyjiangshitriedtocurbhisbehaviorandthisbroughtgreatresentmentfromtheyoungemperorwhowasdescribedasnotlikingmeetingswithofficialsbutfavoredeunuchsbodyguardsandmessengershecreatedhiswifecrownprincesschuempressandcreatedhisonlyknownsonxiaosongbyhisconcubineconsorthuangcrownprincewiththeyoungemperorslackofvirtuesbecomingevidentjiangshibeganadiscussionamonghighlevelofficialstodeposehimandtoreplacehimwithhisyoungerbrotherxiaobaoxuantheprinceofjiangxiahoweverliuxuandislikedxiaobaoxuanandxiaoyaoguangusedthistosteerthediscussiontomakinghimselfemperorhoweverliuopposedthisaswellandxiaoyaoguangininangerunsuccessfullytriedtoassassinateliuwhothenreportedtheplottoxiaobaojuanxiaobaojuanimmediatelyhadjiangshiandjiangyouarrestedandexecutedxiaoyaoguanginfearfeignedillnessandresignedbutsubsequentlyfearedthatxiaobaojuanwouldexecutehimanywayandstartedarebellionputtingthepalaceundersiegexiaobaojuansforcescommandedbyxiaotanzhiandtwoothergeneralszuoxingshengandcaohucounterattackedandputxiaoyaoguangsheadquartersundersiegecapturingandexecutinghimintheaftermathsofxiaoyaoguangsrebellionxiaobaojuannowcontrolledmorepowerthanbeforeandinitiallyhepromotedxuxiaosixiaotanzhiliuxuancaohuaswellastheofficialshenwenjitorewardthemfortheircontributionsandloyaltyduringxiaoyaoguangsrebellionhoweverlessthanamonthlaterxiaobaojuanuponreportsbyhisassociateswhodislikedxiaotanzhihadhimarrestedandexecutedsoonthesamefatefellliuandcaoandfromthispointontheentiregovernmentwasinfearnotknowingwhomtheemperorwouldnextkilltwomonthslaterxuandshenaswellasshensnephewshenzhaolewerekilledaswelluponhearinghowxiaobaojuanwasslaughteringthehighlevelofficialstheseniorgeneralchenxiandathenthegovernorofjiangprovincemodernjiangxiandfujianstartedarebellionadvancingquicklyonjiankangandreachingtheoutskirtsofthecapitalinlessthanamontharoundnewyearhoweverchenthendiedinbattleandhisrebellionwasdefeatedafterchenwasdefeatedxiaobaojuanbecameevenmorearbitraryinhisbehaviorhelikedtovisitmanyplacesoutsidethepalacebutdidnotliketohavepeopleseehisfaceandsowouldfirstsendguardstoexpelpeoplefromtheirhomesandbusinessbeforeheadingtothelocationanyonewhodidnotevacuateeitherwillfullyornotwouldbeexecutedbythispointthecommonpeoplebegantoresenttheemperoraswellinspringinfearthegeneralpeizhaoyethegovernorofyuprovincemoderncentralanhuisurrenderedtheimportantcityshouyangtorivalnorthernweixiaobaojuansentthegeneralscuihuijingandxiaoyitotrytorecaptureshouyanghoweverassoonasheleftthecapitalregioncuiannouncedthatbecauseoftheemperorsviolentcharacterhewasstartingarebelliontooverthrowtheemperorhepersuadedxiaobaojuansbrotherxiaobaoxuantojoinhimandinjustdaystheyreachedthecapitalandputthepalaceundersiegehowevercuibelievingthatvictorywasathanddidnotcarryoutthecampaigndiligentlyandxiaobaojuansentmessengerstorecallxiaoyitotrytosavethecapitalxiaoyiadvancedquicklybackonthecapitalanddefeatedcuiwhofledbutwaskilledduringflightxiaobaoxuanwasexecutedaftercuisdeathxiaobaojuangrewevenmoreconfidentandhisassociatesquicklycontrolledthegovernmenthefavoredhisconcubineconsortpanyunuawardingherandherfatherpanbaoqingwithmanythingspanbaoqingoftenfalselyaccusedotherpeopleofcrimesandhadthemexecutedseizingtheirpropertyxiaobaojuanalsocarriedoutalargenumberofconstructionprojectsandoftendemandedtributesofluxuryitemsfromthepeopleandhisassociatesusedthisopportunitytodemandevenmorethingsandthepeoplegrewwearytoawardxiaoyixiaobaojuanhadmadehimprimeministerafterhedefeatedcuihuijingbuthesoongrewsuspiciousofxiaoyiaswellandwithhisassociatespersuadinghimtohesoonforcedxiaoyitocommitsuicideinwinterxiaoyisbrotheremperorwuofliangxiaoyanthegovernorofyongprovincemodernnorthwesternhubeithusdeclaredarebellionfromhisprovincialcapitalxiangyangdistrictxiangfanxiangyangxiaobaojuansentthegeneralliushanyangtoattackxiaoyanbutinfearofasurpriseattackfromliushanyangxiaoyingzhouthechiefofstaffforxiaobaojuansbrotherxiaobaorongwhoservedasthetitulargovernorofjingprovincemoderncentralandwesternhubeiinsteadjoinedxiaoyanandsurprisedandkilledliushanyangbothxiaoyanandxiaoyingzhouthendeclaredthattheywantedtooverthrowxiaobaojuanandmakexiaobaorongemperorxiaoyingzhouremainedatjianglingcountyjianglingwithxiaobaorongwhilexiaoyanattackedeastxiaoyansprogresswasnotfastbutwassteadyandbyspringthewesternhalfoftheempirewasunderthecontrolofhisforcesmeanwhilexiaoyingzhouhadxiaobaorongdeclaredemperorasemperorheforthenextseveralmonthsthensouthernqihadtwoemperorsmeanwhiletwootherjiankangbasedplotstokillxiaobaojuanonebyhiscousinxiaozhaozhoutheprinceofbalingagrandsonofemperorgaoandonebythegeneralzhangxintaifailedbywinterxiaoyanhadreachedjiankangandputthecityundersiegebutwhilehewasinitiallysuccessfulindefeatingxiaobaojuansforcesthecitywasinitiallyablydefendedbythegeneralswangzhenguoandzhangjiandthesiegestalledmeanwhilexiaoyingzhouwhohadmaintainedabalanceofpowerwithxiaoyandiedofillnessandfromthispointtherewasnodoubtthatxiaoyanwasincontroloftherebellionaroundthenewyearxiaobaojuansassociatestoldhimthatintheiropinionitwasbecausewangzhenguoandzhangjiwerenotwholeheartedthatxiaoyansarmycouldnotbedefeatedhearingofthisinfearwangandzhanghadxiaobaojuanassassinatedandhadhisheadpresentedtoxiaoyanxiaobaojuanwasposthumouslydemotedtothetitleofmarquessofdonghunconsortpanandhisotherassociateswereexecutedandempresschuandcrownprincesongwerebothdemotedtocommonerrankbyxiaoyanhadtakenoverthethronefromxiaobaorongaswellandhadendedsouthernqiandestablishedliangdynastyeranameyongyuanyngyunpersonalinformationfatheremperormingofsouthernqimothermarchionessliuhuiduandposthumouslyhonoredasempressjingwifechulingqucreateddeposedmajorconcubinesconsortpanyunuconsorthuangmotherofcrownprincesongconsortwulaterconcubineofemperorwuofliangchildrenxiaosongthecrownprincecreateddeposednotesandreferencesbookofsouthernqizhsvolhistoryofsoutherndynastiesvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwsshhtmzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhszhszhsbbcradioxtrabbcradioxtrabbcradioxtrainfoboxinformationappliancenamexeroxdaybreakakaxeroxpcsxeroxlogoincludethetagimagecaptionxeroxdeveloperxeroxmanufacturerxeroxfamilytypeworkstationgenerationreleasedatelifespanpricerefnamepcmagprefdiscontinuedunitssoldunitsshippedmediaosglobalviewviewpointpowercpumesamhzprocessorintelauxiliaryprocessorforpcemulationstorageormbharddriveandinchfloppydiskdriveadditionalandmboptionforxeroxmemorymbexpandabletombmbforxeroxdisplayorinchpixelsperinchmonochromedisplaysgraphicssoundinputcontrollersconnectivityethernetserviceonlineservicesoffereddimensionsweighttopgamecompatibilitypredecessorxeroxstarsuccessorrelatedwebsitexeroxdaybreakalsoxeroxpcsxeroxisaworkstationcomputermarketedbyxeroxfromtooverviewthedaybreakrunstheglobalviewviewpointlaterglobalviewgraphicaluserinterfaceguiandwasusedextensivelythroughoutxeroxuntilbeingreplacedbysunmicrosystemssunsandibmpccompatiblepcsalthoughbeingyearsaheadofitstimeitwasneveramajorcommercialsuccesstheproprietaryclosedarchitectureandxeroxsreluctancetoreleasethemesaprogramminglanguagemesadevelopmentenvironmentforgeneralusestifledanythirdpartydevelopmentafullyconfiguredcomeswithanmbharddiskmbofrandomaccessmemoryramainchfloppydiskdriveanethernetcontrollerandapcemulatorcardcontainingancputhebasicsystemcomeswithmboframandambharddiskdaybreakisthelastmachinethatwasreleasedinthedpronounceddstarseriesofmachinesatleastsomeofwhichsharedaninstructionsetarchitectureknownaswildflowerdesignedbybutlerlampsonmachinesinthisseriesincludeinorderdolphindoradodicentradandeliondandetigerdaybreakthenevermanufactureddaisyandamultiprocessorsystemusedinahighendprintingsystemthedaybreakwassoldasaxeroxworkstationwhenconfiguredasalispmachineitwassoldasthexeroxpcsprofessionalcomputersystemorviewpointpcsprofessionalcomputersystemwhensoldasanofficeworkstationrunningtheglobalviewviewpointsystembasedonthestarsoftwareoriginallydevelopedforthexeroxstaryouforgottomentionthexeroxiiwithambhdusinggvwinxseealsoxeroxstarreferencesreferencesexternallinksoldcomputerscommuseumcomputeraspstcoldcomputerscommuseumxeroxcriticalmasscyclingchemboxverifiedfieldschangedverifiedrevidreferencerefnamecarlrothrefothernameseimagefilexanthansvgimagesizepxsectionchemboxidentifierscasnorefcasnochemspideridrefchemspideridnonesectionchemboxpropertiesformulacsubsubhsubsubosubsubmonomersectionchemboxhazardsrphrasessphrasesxanthangumisapolysaccharidewithmanyindustrialusesincludingasacommonfoodadditiveitisaneffectivethickeningagentandstabilizerfoodstabilizertopreventingredientsfromseparatingitcanbeproducedfromdifferentmonosaccharidesimplesugarsusingafermentationprocessandderivesitsnamefromthestrainbiologystrainofbacteriausedxanthomonascampestrishistoryxanthangumwasdiscoveredbyallenejeanesallenerosalindjeanesandherresearchteamattheunitedstatesdepartmentofagricultureandbroughtintocommercialproductionunderthetradenamekelzanintheearlysrefwhistlerroylandbemillerjamesnedsindustrialgumspolysaccharidesandtheirderivativesacademicpressrefitwasapprovedforuseinfoodsinandisacceptedasasafefoodadditiveintheusacanadaeuropeandmanyothercountrieswithenumberexanthangumderivesitsnamefromthestrainofbacteriausedduringthefermentationprocessxanthomonascampestristhisisthesamebacteriumresponsibleforcausingblackrottoformonbroccolicauliflowerandotherleafyvegetablesusesxanthangumcanproduceasignificantincreaseintheviscosityofaliquidinfoodsxanthangumiscommoninsaladdressingsandsaucesithelpstopreventoilseparationbystabilizingtheemulsionalthoughitisnotanemulsifieremulsifiersemulsifierxanthangumalsohelpssuspendsolidparticlessuchasspicesxanthangumhelpscreatethedesiredtextureinmanyicecreamstoothpasteoftencontainsxanthangumasabindertokeeptheproductuniformxanthangumalsohelpsthickencommercialeggsubstitutesmadefromeggwhitestoreplacethefatandemulsifiersfoundinyolksitisalsoapreferredmethodofthickeningliquidsforthosewithswallowingdisorderssinceitdoesnotchangethecolororflavoroffoodsorbeveragesattypicaluselevelsrefnamemodernistcookingmadeeasycomcuisinemxanthangumretrievedfrommodernistcuisinerefinglutenfreedietglutenfreebakingxanthangumisusedtogivethedoughorbatterthestickinessthatwouldotherwisebeachievedwithgluteninmostfoodsitisusedatconcentrationsoforlessintheoilindustryxanthangumisusedinlargequantitiestothickendrillingmudthesefluidsservetocarrythesolidscutbythedrillingbitbacktothesurfacexanthangumprovidesgreatlowendrheologywhenthecirculationstopsthesolidsstillremainsuspendedinthedrillingfluidthewidespreaduseofhorizontaldrillingandthedemandforgoodcontrolofdrilledsolidshasledtoitsexpandeduseithasalsobeenaddedtoconcretepouredunderwatertoincreaseitsviscosityandpreventwashouterosionwashoutincosmeticsxanthangumisusedtopreparewatergelsusuallyinconjunctionwithbentoniteclaysitisalsousedinoilinwateremulsionstohelpstabilizetheoildropletsagainstcoalescencechemistrycoalescenceithassomeskintissuehydrationhydratingpropertiesxanthangumisacommoningredientinfakebloodrecipesandingungeslimeshearthinningtheviscosityofxanthangumsolutionsdecreaseswithhighershearratesthisiscalledshearthinningorpseudoplasticitythismeansthataproductsubjectedtoshearwhetherfrommixingshakingorevenchewingwillthinoutbutoncetheshearforcesareremovedthefoodwillthickenbackupinsaladdressingforexampletheadditionofxanthangummakesitthickenoughatrestinthebottletokeepthemixturefairlyhomogeneousbuttheshearforcesgeneratedbyshakingandpouringthinsitsoitcanbeeasilypouredwhenitexitsthebottletheshearforcesareremovedanditthickensbackupsoitclingstothesaladamountsusedthegreatertheratioofxanthangumaddedtoaliquidthethickertheliquidwillbecomeanemulsioncanbeformedwithaslittleasbyweightincreasingtheamountofgumgivesathickermorestableemulsionuptoxanthangumateaspoonofxanthangumweighsaboutgramsandbringsonecupmlofwatertoaconcentrationtomakeafoamxanthangumistypicallyusedlargeramountsresultinlargerbubblesanddenserfoameggwhitepowderwithxanthangumyieldsbubblessimilartosoapbubbleshealthevaluationofworkersexposedtoxanthangumdustfoundevidenceofalinktorespiratorysymptomsrefnamesargentrefonmaythefdaissuedapressreleaseaboutsimplythickafoodthickeningadditivecontainingxanthangumastheactiveingredientwarningparentscaregiversandhealthcareprovidersnottofeedsimplythickathickeningproducttoprematureinfantstheconcernisthattheproductmaycauseprematureinfantstosuffernecrotizingenterocolitisnecallergiesthenutrientsusedintheproductionofxanthangummaybederivedfromavarietyofcropsourcessomeofwhichareknownallergenssuchaswheatorsoyinfermentationprocessessuchasintheproductionofxanthangumnutrientsareneededasafoodsourcebythefermentationorganismtypicalnutrientsusedinfermentationprocessesaresoybeanproteinsandmaizecornorwheatstarcheshoweverproductsmadebyfermentationsuchasgumsarenotcomposedofthesourcenutrientsthesearemetabolizedduringfermentationthenafterthefermentationstepthegumsarerecoveredandpurifieddriedandmillednutrientsarenottransferreddirectlytothefinalproductsalthoughunavoidableresiduesoftheprocessmaybepresentduetothepresenceoflowlevelsofresidualproteinmaterialorproteinfragmentsinxanthangumitispossiblethatinisolatedcasesanadversereactiontotheseproteinssuchasallergyorsensitizationcouldresultinstancesofthisoccurringarehoweverextremelyrareandxanthangumisnotlistedasaknownallergenorsensitizerforthegeneralpublicinfactxanthangumisnotablyusedtoreplacegrainsorothersensitizersinproductsintendedforindividualswithsensitivitiesorallergiestograinsxanthangumisahighlyefficientlaxativeaccordingtoastudythatfedgdayfordaystonormalvolunteersthisisnotadosagethatwouldbeencounteredinnormalconsumptionoffoodstuffsthisstudysetouttoexaminetheuseofxanthangumasalaxativeasdescribedabovexanthangumbindswaterveryefficientlywhichsignificantlyaidspassingstoolsrefnamedalyrefsomepeoplereacttomuchsmalleramountsofxanthangumwithsymptomsofintestinalbloatinganddiarrheatherearemanysubstitutesforxanthangumwhenusedforbakingsuchasguargumandlocustbeangumpreparationxanthangumisproducedbythefermentationbiochemistryfermentationofglucosesucroseorlactosethepolysaccharideispreparedbythebacteriabeinginoculatedintoasterileaqueoussolutionofcarbohydratesasourceofnitrogendipotassiumphosphateandsometraceelementsthemediumiswellaeratedandstirredandthexanthanpolymerisproducedextracellularlyintothemediumafteronetofourdaysthepolymerisprecipitationchemistryprecipitatedfromthemediumbytheadditionofisopropylalcoholandtheprecipitateisdriedandmilledtogiveapowderthatisreadilysolubleinwaterorbrineitiscomposedofpentasacchariderepeatunitscomprisingglucosemannoseandglucuronicacidinthemolarconcentrationmolarratioastrainofxcampestrishasbeendevelopedthatwillgrowonlactosewhichallowsittobeusedtoprocesswheyawasteproductofcheeseproductionthiscanproduceglofxanthangumforeveryglofwheypowderwheyderivedxanthangumiscommonlyusedinmanycommercialproductssuchasshampoosandsaladdressingsdetailofthebiosynthesissynthesisoriginatesfromglucoseassubstrateforsynthesisofthesugarnucleotidesprecursorsudpglucoseudpglucuronateandgdpmannosethatarerequiredforbuildingthepentasacchariderepeatunitthislinksthesynthesisofxanthantothecentralcarbohydratemetabolismtherepeatunitsarebuiltupatundecaprenylphosphatelipidcarriersthatareanchoredinthecytoplasmicmembranespecificglycosyltransferasessequentiallytransferthesugarmoietiesofthenucleotidesugarxanthanprecursorstothelipidcarriersacetylandpyruvylresiduesareaddedasnoncarbohydratedecorationsmaturerepeatunitsarepolymerizedandexportedinawayresemblingthewzydependentpolysaccharidesynthesismechanismofenterobacteriaceaeproductsofthegumgeneclu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epascalaswellasdataaccessinterfacesforsqlandisaminmanycasesthesewereprofilesofexistinginternationalstandardsxpgfollowedinitsprimaryfocusbeingconvergencewiththeposixoperatingsystemspecificationsthiswasprobablythemostwidelyusedandinfluentialdeliverableofthexopenorganisationbythegrouphadexpandedtomembersinadditiontotheoriginalfivephilipsandnokiafromeuropeattcorporationdigitalequipmentcorporationdigitalunisyshewlettpackardibmncrcorporationncrsunmicrosystemsprimecomputerapollocomputerfromnorthamericafujitsuhitachiltdhitachiandnecfromjapanplustheopensoftwarefoundationandunixinternationalxopenmanagedtheunixbrandingunixtrademarkfromtowhenitmergedwiththeopensoftwarefoundationtoformtheopengroupoutputthexopenportabilityguideisastandardforunixsystemsoriginallypublishedbyxopencompanyltdbasedontheattsystemvinterfacedefinitionithasawiderscopethanposixwhichisonlyconcernedwithdirectoperatingsysteminterfacestheportabilityguidespecifiesacommonapplicationenvironmentcaeintendedtoallowportabilityofapplicationsacrossoperatingsystemstheprimaryaimwascompatibilitybetweendifferentvendorsimplementationsofunixthoughsomevendorsalsoimplementedthestandardsonnonunixplatformsthexpgandxpgstandardsreleasedinandrespectivelydefineallaspectsoftheoperatingsystemprogramminglanguagesandprotocolswhichcompliantsystemsshouldhavethelastversionofthexpgthexopenportabilityguideissuealsoknownasthecommonapplicationsenvironmentspecificationissuecaewaspublishedinjulybytheopengroupthesingleunixspecificationwasbasedonthexpgstandardchaptersthexpgspecificationincludesthesechapterssysteminterfacesandheadersxshissueccommandsandutilitiesxcuissuecsysteminterfacedefinitionsxbdissuecreferencesmentionsxopenlistsmembersanditseffortstodefineanewstandardinterfacetounixcsmanacukccsresreshtmgiclandeuropebyvirgiliopasqualifromresurrectionthebulletinofthecomputerconservationsocietynumbersummercontainsmoreonhistoryofxopencbtaylorthexopengroupandthecommonapplicationenvironmenticltechnicaljournalvolppnbspcbtaylorxopenfromstrengthtostrengthicltechnicaljournalvolppnbspcbtaylorxopenandopensystemsxopencompanylimitedexternallinksopengrouporgtheopengroupformerlyknownasxopencompanyunixorgwhatisunixhtmlahistoryofunixxewisthecallsignofthefollowingbroadcaststationsinmexicocitymexicotelevisionstationxewtvchannelradiostationxewamkhzbrandedaswradioradiostationxewfmmhzxmlnamespaceinfoboxmusicalartistnamexyzimagecaptionbackgroundgrouporbandoriginlondonenglandgenreprogressiverockhardrockyearsactivelabelswansongrecordsswansongassociatedactsledzeppelinyesbandyesthefirmrockbandthefirmwebsitepastmemberschrissquirebralanwhiteyesdrummeralanwhitebrjimmypagebrdavelawsonmusiciandavelawsonxyzwereashortlivedrocksupergroupmusicsupergroupthenamexyzistakenfromexyesbandyesledzeppelinzeppelinasthegroupconsistedofexledzeppelinguitaristjimmypagealongwithexyesmemberschrissquirebassguitarvocalskeyboardsandalanwhiteyesdrummeralanwhitedrumshistorythebandcametogetheraftersquiremetpagebychanceatapartyshortlybeforechristmasthegroupalsofeaturedformergreensladekeyboardplayerandvocalistdavelawsonmusiciandavelawsonsquirewasthemainwriterforthegrouppagebelievedthebandneededastrongvocalistandsoughtoutformerledzeppelinfrontmanrobertplantplantdidattendonexyzrehearsalonfebruarybutdecidednottojointhegroupcitinghisdislikeforthecomplexityofthemusicandbecausehewasstilldeeplyhurtbytherecentdeathofhislongtimefriendandledzeppelinsdrummerjohnbonhamwithoutafirmcommitmentfromplantandcontractualissuesonwhoshouldmanagethegrouppetergrantmusicmanagerpetergrantorbrianlanetheprojectwasshelvedshortlythereafterwithxyzsfutureinlimbosquireandwhiterecordedachristmassinglecalledrunwiththefoxinoctoberatsquireshousenewpipersbeforeformingcinemabandcinemawithguitaristtrevorrabinandkeyboardisttonykayemusiciantonykayerabininitiallyattemptedtoreworkthexyzmaterialalongwithhissolosongsforthenewgroupcinemawentontobecomeareformationofyeswiththeadditionofsingerjonandersonandtherecordingofthealbumalbuminitisunclearwhatofthexyzmaterialmadeittobutwhitesaidinainterviewthatthosewerethebeginningofsomesongsthatendeduponthenextyesalbumanywaywhitealsoconfirmedthexyzmaterialwasusedonalbuminainterviewinjimmypagejoinedyesincludingsquireandwhiteonstageplayingimdownduringaconcertintheirlivetouratwestfalenhalleindortmunddortmundgermanypagehasnotdismissedthepossibilityofreleasingthexyzmaterialsquiresupportedtheideabutsaidpagehadntdiscussedthematterwithhimrefnamekearthcbslocalcomchrissquireinterviewaboutxyzrefdemoedmaterialafoursongdemotapeofxyzconsistingoftwoinstrumentalsminddriveandfortunehunterandtwosongscanyouseeandtelephonesecretsfeaturingvocalsfromsquireexistsandcanbefoundonbootlegrecordingroiotradingsitesminddrivepartoftheinstrumentalwasreworkedandbecamepartofminddriveontheyesalbumkeystoascensionrefnameprasadrefcreditedasabandcompositionfortunehunterthisotherinstrumentalwasusedastheintrotothefirmrockbandthefirmsfortunehunteraboutfortunehuntersquireexplainedoneofthetracksendedupbeingcalledfortunehunterthatwasariffthatjimmybroughtintothemixanywaypartofoursongminddrivewasalso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oughsomeofthosefeaturesareexpectedtobebuiltbythexsltdocumentstructurexslfodocumentsarexmldocumentsbuttheydonothavetoconformtoanydocumenttypedefinitiondtdorschemainsteadtheyconformtoasyntaxdefinedintheworgtrxslxslfospecificationxslfodocumentscontaintworequiredsectionsthefirstsectiondetailsalistofnamedpagelayoutsthesecondsectionisalistofdocumentdatawithmarkupthatusesthevariouspagelayoutstodeterminehowthecontentfillsthevariouspagespagelayoutsdefinethepropertiesofthepagetheycandefinethedirectionsfortheflowoftextsoastomatchtheconventionsforthelanguageinquestiontheydefinethesizeofapageaswellasthemarginsofthatpagemoreimportantlytheycandefinesequencesofpagesthatallowforeffectswheretheoddandevenpageslookdifferentforexampleonecandefineapagelayoutsequencethatgivesextraspacetotheinnermarginsforprintingpurposesthisallowsmorespacetobegiventothemarginwherethebookwillbeboundthedocumentdataportionisbrokenupintoasequenceofflowswhereeachflowisattachedtoapagelayouttheflowscontainalistofblockswhichinturneachcontainalistoftextdatainlinemarkupelementsoracombinationofthetwocontentmayalsobeaddedtothemarginsofthedocumentforpagenumberschapterheadingsandthelikeblocksandinlineelementsfunctioninmuchthesamewayasforcssthoughsomeoftherulesforpaddingandmarginsdifferbetweenfoandcssthedirectionrelativetothepageorientationfortheprogressionofblocksandinlinescanbefullyspecifiedthusallowingfodocumentstofunctionunderlanguagesthatarereaddifferentfromenglishthelanguageofthefospecificationunlikethatofcssusesdirectionneutraltermslikestartandendratherthanleftandrightwhendescribingthesedirectionsxslfosbasiccontentmarkupisderivedfromcssanditscascadingrulesassuchmanyattributesinxslfopropagateintothechildelementsunlessexplicitlyoverriddencapabilitiesofxslfovxslfoiscapableofagreatdealoftextuallayoutfunctionalityinadditiontotheinformationasspecifiedabovexslfoslanguageallowsforthespecificationofthefollowingmultiplecolumnsapagecanbedefinedtohavemultiplecolumnswhenthisisthecaseblocksflowfromonecolumnintothenextbydefaultindividualblockscanbesettospanallcolumnscreatingatextualbreakinthepagethecolumnsabovethisbreakwillflowintoeachotheraswillthecolumnsbelowthebreakbutnotextisallowedtoflowfromtheabovesectiontothebelowsectionbecauseofthenatureofxslfospagespecificationmultiplepagesmayactuallyhavedifferentnumbersandwidthsofcolumnsassuchtextcanflowfromacolumnpagetoacolumnpagetoacolumnpagequiteeasilyallfofeaturesworkwithintherestrictionsofamulticolumnpagewecanspanmultiplecolumnsbyspecifyingtwoattributesiespanpaddingafterlistsanxslfolistisessentiallytwosetsofblocksstackedsidebysideanentryconsistsofablockontheleftorstartinlinedirectionandablocksequenceontherightorendinlinedirectiontheblockontheleftisconceptuallywhatwouldbethenumberorbulletinalisthoweveritcouldjustaseasilybeastringoftextasonemightseeinaglossaryentrytheblockontherightworksasexpectedbothoftheseblockscanbeblockcontainersorhavemultipleblocksinasinglelistentrynumberingofxslfolistswhentheyarenumberedisexpectedtobedonebythexsltorwhateverotherprocessthatgeneratedthexslfodocumentassuchnumberlistsaretobeexplicitlynumberedinxslfopaginationcontrolstheusercanspecifywidowtypesettingwidowandorphantypesettingorphanforblocksorfortheflowitselfandallowtheattributestocascadeintochildblocksadditionallyblockscanbespecifiedtobekepttogetheronasinglepageforexampleanimageblockandthedescriptionofthatimagecanbesettoneverbeseparatedthefoprocessorwilldoitsbesttoadheretothesecommandsevenifitrequirescreatingagreatdealofemptyspaceonapagefootnotestheusercancreatefootnotesthatappearatthebottomofapagethefootnoteiswritteninthefodocumentintheregularflowoftextatthepointwhereitisreferencedthereferenceisrepresentedasaninlinedefinitionthoughitisnotrequiredthebodyisoneormoreblocksthatareplacedbythefoprocessortothebottomofthepagethefoprocessorguaranteesthatwhereverthereferenceisthefootnotecitedbythatreferencewillbeginonthesamepagethiswillbesoevenifitmeanscreatingextraemptyspaceonapagetablesanfotablefunctionsmuchlikeanhtmlcsstabletheuserspecifiesrowsofdataforeachindividualcelltheusercanalsospecifysomestylinginformationforeachcolumnsuchasbackgroundcoloradditionallytheusercanspecifythefirstrowasatableheaderrowwithitsownseparatestylinginformationthefoprocessorcanbetoldexactlyhowmuchspacetogiveeachcolumnoritcanbetoldtoautofitthetextinthetabletextorientationcontrolsfohasextensivecontrolsfororientingblocksoftextonecaninthemiddleofapagedesignateablockoftexttobeorientedinadifferentorientationtheseorientedblockscanbeusedforlanguagesinadifferentorientationfromtherestofthedocumentorsimplyifoneneedstoorientthetextforlayoutpurposestheseblockscancontainvirtuallyanykindofcontentfromtablestolistsorevenotherblocksofreorientedtextmiscellaneouspagenumbercitationsapagethatcontainsaspecialtagcanbecitedintextandthefoprocessorwillfillintheactualpagenumberwherethistagappearsblockbordersinanumberofstylesbackgroundcolorsandimagesfontcontrolsandweightingasincsssidefloatsmiscellaneousinlineelementscapabilitiesofxslfovversionofxslfoaddsanumberofnewfeaturestoversionmultipleflowsandflowmappingxslfowasfairlyrestrictiveaboutwhattextwasallowedtogoinwhatareasofapageversionloosenstheserestrictionssignificantlyallowingflowingtexttobemappedintomultipleexplicitregionsonapagethisallowsformorenewspaperliketypesettingbookmarksmanyoutputformatsforxslfoprocessorsspecificallypdfhavebookmarkingfeaturestheseallowtheformattospecifyastringoftextinaseparatewindowthatcanbeselectedbytheuserwhenselectedthedocumentwindowscrollsimmediatelytoaspecificregionofthedocumentxslfovnowprovidestheabilitytocreatenamedbookmarksinxslfothusallowingtheprocessortopassthisontoanoutputformatthatsupportsitindexingxslfohasfeaturesthatsupportthegenerationofanindexthatmightbefoundatthebackofabookthisisdonethroughreferencingofproperlymarkedupelementsinthefodocumentlastpagecitationthelastpagecanbegeneratedwithoutprovidinganexplicitindocumentreferencetoaspecificanchorinthefodocumentthedefinitionoflastpagecanberestrictedtowithinaspecificsetofpagesortocovertheentiredocumentthisallowstheusertospecifysomethinglikepageoutofwherepageisthepagenumberofalastpagedefinitiontablemarkerstablemarkersallowtheusertocreatedynamiccontentwithintableheadersandfooterssuchasrunningtotalsatthebottomofeachpageofatableortablecontinuedindicatorsinsideoutsidefloatsxslfoaddsthekeywordsinsideandoutsideforsidefloatswhichmakesitpossibletoachievepagelayoutswithmarginaliapositionedontheoutsideorinsideedgesofpagesinsidereferstothesideofthepagetowardsthebookbindingandoutsidereferstothesideofapageawayfromthebookbindingrefinedgraphicsizingxslforefinesthefunctionalityforsizingofgraphicstofitwiththeabilitytoshrinktofitbutnotgrowtofitaswellastheabilitytodefinespecificscalingstepsinadditiontheresultingscalingfactorcanbereferencedfordisplayforexampletosayinafigurecaptionimageshownisactualsizeadvantagesxmllanguagebecauseitisanxmllanguageonlyanxslttransformandanxsltprocessorisrequiredtogeneratexslfocodefromanyxmllanguageonecaneasilywriteadocumentintextencodinginitiativeteiordocbookandtransformitintohtmlforwebviewingorpdfthroughanfoprocessorforprintinginfacttherearemanypreexistingteianddocbookxsltsforbothofthesepurposeseaseofuseanotheradvantageofxslfoistherelativeeaseofusemuchofthefunctionalityofthelanguageisbasedonworkfromcsssoacssuserwillbefamiliarwiththebasicsofthemarkupattributesunderstandingwhataspecificsectionofanfodocumentwilllooklikeisusuallyquiteeasylowcostcomparedwithcommercialtypesettingandpagelayoutproductsxslfocanofferamuchlowercostsolutionwhenitotherwisemeetsthetypographicandlayoutrequirementsseebelowtheinitialcostofownershipislowzeroifthefreeimplementationssuchasformattingobjectsprocessorapachefopandxmlrofforgxmlroffmeetyourrequirementsespeciallycomparedtothecostofcommercialcompositiontoolstheskillsrequiredprimarilyxsltprogrammingarewidelyavailablethereareanumberofgoodbooksonxslfoaswellasonlineresourcesandanactiveusercommunitymultilingualxslfohasbeendesignedtoworkforallwrittenhumanlanguagesandtheimplementationshavelargelyachievedthatgoalthismakesxslfoparticularlywellsuitedforcomposingdocumentslocalizedintoalargenumberofnationallanguageswheretherequirementistohaveasingletoolsetthatcancomposeallthelanguageversionsofdocumentsthisisespeciallyvaluablefortechnicaldocumentationforthingslikeconsumerelectronicswhereasianandmiddleeasternlanguagesareimportantbecausethosepartsofworldrepresenthugemarketsforthingslikemobilephonesandcomputerperipheralsmaturestandardwiththepublicationofxslfoxslfoisprovingtobeamaturestandardwithanumberofsolidcommercialandnoncommercialimplementationsthereisnoothercomparablestandardforpagecompositiondrawbackslimitedcapabilitiesxslfowasspecificallydesignedtomeettherequirementsoflightlydesigneddocumentstypifiedbytechnicalmanualsbusinessdocumentsinvoicesandsoonwhileitcanbeandisusedformoresophisticateddesignsitisinherentlylimitedinwhatitcandofromalayoutandtypographicperspectiveinparticularxslfodoesnotprovideadirectwaytogetformattingeffectsthatdependonknowingthepagepositionrelationshipoftwoformattingobjectsforexamplethereisnodirectwaytosayifthisthingisonthesamepageasthatthingthendoxotherwisedoythisisanexplicitdesigndecisionreflectingthetwostagetransformbasedabstractprocessingmodelusedbyxslfothislimitationcanbeaddressedbyimplementingamultipassprocessunfortunatelythereiscurrentlynostandardforhowtheresultofthefirstpasswouldbecommunicatedbacktothesecondpassmostifnotallimplementationsprovidesomeformofprocessableintermediateresultformatthatcanbeusedforthisbutanysuchprocessimplementedtodaywouldbynecessitybeimplementationspecificbythesametokenthereareimportantlayoutfeaturesthataresimplynotinxslfoeitherbecausetheywerenotofhighenoughpriorityorbecausedesigningthemwastoodifficulttoallowinclusioninversionorbecausetherewereinsufficientimplementationstoallowtheirinclusioninthefinalspecificationperwcrulesinadditiontothesearchitecturallimitationsthecurrentxslfoimplementationsbothcommercialandopensourcedonotprovidethesameleveloftypographicsophisticationprovidedbyhighendlayouttoolslikequarkxpressoradobeindesignindesignorbyprogrammabletypesettingsystemslikelatexforexamplenocurrentimplementationprovidesfeaturesforensuringthattextlinesonfacingpagesarelinedupverticallythereisnothinginthexslfospecificationthatpreventsitbutnothingthatrequiresiteitherformostdocumentsforwhichacompletelyautomatedcompositionsolutionissufficientthatleveloftypographicsophisticationisnotneededhoweverforhighendpublicationsandmassmarketbooksitusuallyisinsomecasesthiscanbemetbyusingxslttogeneratealatexdocumentinsteadextensiondependencywhenconsideringtheapplicabilityofxslfotoaparticulardocumentordocumentdesignonemustconsiderproprietaryextensionsprovidedbythedifferentxslfoimplementationstheseextensionsaddfeaturesthatarenotpartofthecorespecificationforexampleoneproductaddssupportforjapanesetypographicconventionsthatthexslfospecificationdoesnotaddresshoweveruseofthesefeaturesmakessuchanxslfosystemalittlemoreboundtoaspecificimplementationbutnotcompletelyboundasitwouldbewhenusingatotallyproprietarycompositionsystemimpracticalmanualeditingitisgenerallyimpracticaltoeditxslfoinstancesbyhandxslfowasdesignedforclarityandcompletenessnoteaseofeditingvisualeditingtoolssuchasxfdesignercanalleviatethetaskalthoughnotallxslfotagsareaccessiblemostnotablymarkersandfootnotesitshouldbenotedthatxfdesignerisnolongeransupportedproductfromecrionsoftwareincwhentryingtodecidewhetherornotxslfowillworkforagivendocumentthefollowingtypographicandlayoutrequirementsusuallyindicatethatxslfowillnotworkalthoughsomeofthesemaybesatisfiedbyproprietaryextensionsneedtorestartfootnotenumbersorsymbolsequenceoneachnewpagehoweversomeimplementationsprovideextensionstosupportautomaticfootnotenumberingneedtoruntextaroundbothsidesofafloatedobjectxslfocanruntextaroundonesideandthetopandorbottombutnotbothsideshoweversomeimplementationsprovidesupportforsuchcomplexlayoutsviaproprietaryextensionsneedtohavevariablenumbersofcolumnsonasinglepagehoweveratleasttwocommercialimplementationsprovideextensionsforcreatingmulticolumnblockswithinapageneedtohavecolumnwidefootnotesseveralimplementationsprovidecolumnfootnoteextensionsneedtohavemarginaliathatisdynamicallyplacedrelativetoothermarginaliaforexamplemarginalnotesthatareevenlyspacedverticallyonthepagexslfoonlyprovidesfeaturesforplacingmarginaliasothatitisverticallyalignedwithitsanchorneedtocreatecontentthatspreadsacrosstwopagesasafloatoroutoflineobjectinanotherwisehomogeneoussequenceofrepeatingpagemastersthiscanbedoneinxslfousingmultiplebodyregionsandflowmapsbutitrequiresbeingabletocontrolthepagemastersusedforthosepagesneedbothbottomfloatedcontentandfootnotesonthesamepageneedtobeabletoruntextagainstanarbitrarycurvethoughsomeimplementationsupportscalablevectorgraphicssvgwhichcanbeusedtogetaroundthislimitationneedtobeabletoconstrainlinestospecificbaselinegridsforexampletoachieveexactregistrationoflinesonfacingpagesanythingthatrequirespageawarelayoutsuchasensuringthatafigurealwaysoccursonthepagefacingitsanchorpointreplacementxmlandhtmlstandardswiththecssstandardsincecssworgtrcsspagehtmlpagedmediamodulestartstosupplybasicfeaturestoprintedmediawiththeworgtrcsspagecsspagedmediamodulelevelwciscompletingtheformulationofanintegratedstandardfordocumentformattingandtogeneratepdfssosincecsspagedisawcproposalforaxslforeplacementsoftwareproductslikeprincesoftwareprinceandantennahousecomantennahouseformatterhavedemonstratedcomparablequalityofxslfobutusingcssinthepdfproductionseealsoxhtmlformattingobjectsprocessorapachefopopensourceandroyaltyfreeimplementationofxslfoaltsoftxmlpdfxslformatterxepsoftwarexepcommercialandproprietaryrenderingengineantennahouseformatterxslfoandcssformattingsoftwarecommercialandproprietaryrenderingenginexfdesignervisualxslfoeditorandtemplatedesignerxfdesignerisnolongerasupportedproductfromecrionsoftwareincreferencesexternallinksworgtrxslxslfospecificationonwcworgtrrecxslxslfospecificationonwcxmlcompubaxslfohtmlwhatisxslfoonxmlcomdpawsoncoukxslsectindexhtmlfoexamplesandtechniquesreferencesitesetupbydavepawsonantennahousecomxslsamplexslsamplehtmxslfotutorialandsamplesrenderxcomtutorialhtmlxslformattingobjectstutorialaxslorgaxslopensourceapiforprocessingxslfodocumentsforayorgforayopensourceandroyaltyfreeimplementationofxslfousingtheaxslinterfacesdatatypedeenxmlxsltxslfoxslfoxslfointroductionandexamplesfonetcodeplexcomfonetxslfotopdfrendererfornetpdfnowcompdfnowcomfreexslfogeneratorwebservicechristinaaguileradenverdisambiguationxmlschemawcinfoboxpersonimageportraitofxunzijpgcaptionportraitofxunzinamexunkuangbirthdatecbcbirthplacezhaostatestateofzhaodeathdatecbcageddeathplacechustatestateofchuoccupationconfucianphilosophyphilosophernationalityopponentsmenciuszisiinfoboxchineseclpxnkungwhsnsupsupkuangsupsupgrshyunkuanqjseonsupsupfongsupsupysuhnfongwuutlsnhngmczwinxngocbssnqinmangsaltnamexunzitspxnzgrshyuntzyywhsunsupsuptzusupsupxunkuangccbcaltccbcalsowidelyknownasxunzimasterxunwasachineseconfucianphilosophyphilosopherwholivedduringthewarringstatesperiodandcontributedtothehundredschoolsofthoughtabookknownasthexunzibookxunziistraditionallyattributedtohimxunzisdoctrineswereinfluentialinformingtheofficialstatedo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dtypeactivegalacticnucleiagnreferencestshanksigeorgantopoulosgcstewartkapoundsnaturecomnaturejournalvnabsahtmltheoriginofthecosmicxraybackgroundnatureseptemberxavierbarconsbooksgooglecombooksidqlljxzocdqxraybackgroundthexraybackgroundcambridgeuniversitypresspagesaudiocaingayastronomycastcomastronomyepxrayastronomyastronomycastxrayastronomyseealsoxrayastronomyxdisplaymanagerprogramtypexdisplaymanagercontrolprotocolmultipleissuesinfoboxmusicalartistnamexiuxiuimagexiuxiulegitbizjpgcaptionxiuxiuinbackgroundgrouporbandoriginsanjosecaliforniagenreexperimentalrockartrockexperimentalmusicexperimentalnoisepopyearsactivendashpresentlabelpolyvinylrecordsbrupsettherhythmbrbellaunionrecordsbrruechristinebrabsolutelykosherbrfreeporcupinesocietybrkillrockstarsassociatedactsformerghostsdeerhoofyearrabbitcyclelarsenbluewaterwhitedeathgoodforcowscoldcaveoxbowbandoxbowgrouperbandgrouperhighplacescarlabozulichevangelistathepaperchasebandthepaperchaseyellowswanskidsoleartistsolenitzerebbjohnzornzolajesusswansbandswansmerzbowwebsitexiuxiuorgofficialsitecurrentmembersjamiestewartsingerjamiestewartbrangelaseobrthorharrispastmembersshaynadunkelmanbrcaraleemcelroybrcorymccullochbrlaurenandrewsbryvonnechenbrjherekbischoffbrchessmithbrgregsaunierbrdevinhoffxiuxiuisanamericanexperimentalmusicexperimentalbandformedinbysingersongwriterjamiestewartmusicianjamiestewartinsanjosecaliforniacurrentlythelineupconsistsofstewarttheonlyconstantmembersinceformationangelaseoandthorharristhebandsnamecomesfromthefilmxiuxiuthesentdowngirlxiuxiuthesentdowngirlnowikiandhasinfluencedthesoundoftheirmusicaccordingtostewarthistoryformationandearlyyearsjamiestewartmusicianjamiestewartformedxiuxiuinafterhispreviousbandtenintheswearjardisbandedstewartandcorymccullochcontinuedfromthepreviousgroupandwerejoinedbyyvonnechenandlaurenandrewsthebandssoundwascharacterizedbyitsuseofindigenousinstrumentsandprogrammeddrumsinplaceoftraditionalrockinstrumentsharmoniummandolinbrassbellsgongskeyboardsandacrossbetweenaguitarrnmexicanoandacelloforbassxiuxiuwouldtourtheirfirstlpknifeplayanditssuccessorepchapelofthechimesepchapelofthechimesinblendingbothmelodyandcacophonywithaheavyrelianceonpercussionpercussiveinstrumentationandbrassinstrumentationfollowingthegroupwouldshrinkinmembershipasyvonnechenleftinordertofocusonherveganboutiqueotsuandselfpublishedmagazinezumwhilecorymccullochalsostoppedtouringfocusinginsteadonproducingthebandsnexttwolpsapersonallosswouldaffectxiuxiuaswellasjamiestewartsfathermusicianandrecordproducermichaelstewartmusicianmichaelstewartwasfounddeadafteranapparentsuicidecopingwiththeselossesstewartwouldrecordthegroupsfollowuptoknifeplaysapromisexiuxiualbumapromisecontinuingtofocusonthesubjectmatterofjamiestewartspersonallifeaswitnessedpreviouslybyknifeplayapromiseactslikeaconceptrecordofinternaldespairconsistingoftentrackstherecordwasorientedtowardsamoreorlessacousticpresentationratherthanrelyingontheboomingbrassandpercussionwhichhadworkedtomakeknifeplayhowevertherecorddidnotveerfromtheformulatedprogrammingmusicprogrammingforwhichstewartandmccullochwouldbepraisedbyfansandcriticsalikeduringthistimestewartrecordedfagpatrolacollectionofpreviousrecordedmaterialaswellascoversofsongsbythesmithsandhispreviousgroupwithmccullochtenintheswearjarreleasedasahandmadecdbyrobfisksandkellygoodefisksfreeporcupinesocietyfagpatrolwaslimitedtoonlyafewhundredcopiesinthespringofstewartandmccullochreleasedwhatisconsideredbymanytobethegroupsmostaccessiblealbumfabulousmusclesmorepopfriendlyinitssoundthanpreviousreleasesfabulousmusclesboostedxiuxiutonewheightsintermsofpopularitylargelythankstoitssingleiluvthevalleyohthetoneofthealbumreflectedanincrediblyincrediblyviolentincrediblyjarringanddifficulttotakestringofeventsinstewartslifestewartdescribedhislyricsasneverfictionalhetoldpitchforkthatxiuxiusongsarebasedaroundfivetopicsfamilypoliticssexloveandlovelessnesssuicideandhowtheyareconnectedwiththedepartureoflaurenandrewsinwhowishedtofocusonheracademicstudiesstewartwasjoinedonstagebyhislonglostcousincaraleemcelroyinthetwowouldtourrelentlesslythroughoutthatyearreleasingnotonlythegroupsthirdlpbutalsosplitrecordingswiththissongisamessbutsoamiandbunkbedalongwiththefleshettessinglewhichfeaturedarenditionofthetenintheswearjartrackhelsabotbymcelroylaforttodeargodihatemyselfseenasareturntostewartsmoredarkandcrabbydemeanorxiuxiusfourthalbumlafortalbumlafortalludedtoafrustrationwhichstewarthadfeltthroughouttheprocessofrecordingtherecordcenteredaroundthetopicofhorribletimesinhorriblelivesaswellasstewartspersonalfrustrationswiththenuspresidentgeorgewbushlafortischaracterizedbyanaltogetherdifferentsoundlayeredbymandolinpumporganharmoniumclarinetcelloautoharpandtubainadditiontolafortxiuxiuwouldjoinitalianexperimentalgrouplarseninformingxxlwhichreleaseditsfirstlpciatisticoinfollowedlaterbyitssuccessorspicchiologyinstewartalsoissuedformativesplitsthroughoutworkingwithartistssuchasthepaperchasebandthepaperchasekillmetomorrowanddevendrabanhartinstewartwouldbreakfromtraditionbyendinghisprofessionalrelationshipwithmccullochhethenstartedrecordingwithsanfranciscobasedbanddeerhoofsdrummergregsaunierasproducerforxiuxiusfifthlpentitledtheairforcesaunierwhohadpreviouslyworkedwithstewartonknifeplaycreatedfortherecordagreaterwallofsoundastarkcontrasttothatofmccullochsdiscordantattitudetowardsproductiontheairforcewouldbesupportedthroughoutbyathreepieceensembleasstewartandmcelroywerejoinedbydrummerpercussionistchessmithwhohimselfhadpreviouslyworkedwiththegrouponknifeplayproducedbygregsaunierstewartsaidthatthealbumisaboutmakingotherpeoplefeelbadinsteadoffeelingbadoneselfandtheyearitwasreleasedwasoneofthefirstnotdominatedbypersonaltragediesitsmajorthemesareguiltandsexasopposedtosorrowandsexstewartconsideredittheirbestandmostconsciouslypopalbumyethesaidthatthebandwasobsessedwithweezersweezeralbumbluealbumandthesmithssthequeenisdeadwhileontourthoughthealbumdoesnotreflectthosealbumsparticularlytheairforcealsocontainedthebandsfirstalbumbasedsongwithoutvocalsbystewartwithmcelroysinginghellofromeauclairemultipleimagedirectionverticalwidthimagexiuxiujamiestewartdscjpgimagexiuxiuangelaseodscjpgfooterxiuxiumembersjamiestewartshaynadunkelmanandangelaseoinaarhusdenmarkathirdeptumipiaciilikeyouofsongsoriginallyrecordedbyactssuchasbauhausbandbauhausnedellebigstarthepussycatdollsandninasimonewasreleasedinalongwithacollaborationwithambientartistgrouperbandgrouperentitledcreepshowshortlythereafterxiuxiuwouldrecordtheirsixthalbumswomenasloverstheirlongestlptodatewomenasloversattemptstohomeinonthesynthpopinfluencesofthegroupssoundstewartsandmcelroysduetwithmichaelgiraofswansbandswansonacoverofdavidbowieandqueenbandqueensunderpressureisrepresentativeofthistouringthatyearalongsidexiuxiualuministdevinhoffonbassthebandssecondfourpieceincarnationwouldnotlastlongashoffabruptlyleftthegroupsoonaftertouringbeganinmayitwasrevealedthatcaraleemcelroywouldnolongerworkwithxiuxiuspeculationsranastowhatreasonsmcelroyhadforleavingthegroupafterfiveyearsofrecordingandtouringthoughnoexplanationwasgivenotherthanhersubsequentmembershipinmanhattanbaseddarkwavegroupcoldcavewhichshesoonafterdepartedfrominwiththevacanciesleftbybothhoffandmcelroystewartandsmithrecruitedangelaseoinlatethereafterthegroupwouldbeginworkonitsseventhlpdeargodihatemyselfrecordinginbothoaklandcaliforniaaswellasdurhamnorthcarolinaonceagainshiftingmotifsxiuxiuwouldthistimechoosetoexperimentwithvideogamebasedprogrammingutilizingthenintendodstowritemanyofthesongswhichappearontheirreleasethemusicvideoforthesongdeargodihatemyselfreceivedattentiononlineinthevideoconsistsofangelaseoinducingvomitingoverthecourseofthethreeminutesongculminatingwithhervomitingonstewartwhohasbeeneatingachocolatebarduringtheentirevideoseoandstewarthavedefendedthevideoonlineandininterviewsstatingthatthevideoillustratesthesubjectofthesonginanextremeandvisceralfashionpresentalwaystoforgetinxiuxiuleftkillrockstarsandsignedwithbellaunionandpolyvinylrecordcopolyvinylxiuxiureleasedalwaysxiuxiualbumalwaysonthesenewlabelsinitwascalledmagnificentandgivenstarsbytheindependentandgivenabydrownedinsoundinaprilstewartandeugenerobinsonofoxbowbandoxbowreleasedthecollaborativealbumxiuxiueugenesrobinsonpresentsalmineoonimportantrecordsafterhavingtouredeuropetogetherinfebruarytopromotetheprojectinanemailsenttofansonjanuaryxiuxiuannouncedthatchessmithmaryhalvorsontimbernetonymalabyandreaparkinsandjamiestewartjustfinishedrecordinganalbuminnycoffreejazzandartsongversionsofallninasimonesongsthealbumninaxiuxiualbumninawasreleasedongravefacerecordsondecemberinthesameemailxiuxiualsoannouncedthatanewxiuxiualbumwasbeingmadexiuxiusaidthatitispossiblethatitwillbenamedangelgutsredclassroomalbumangelgutsredclassroomandthatitwillbeameantightheartedblacknessofeinstrzendeneubautenneubautenvssuicidebandsuicidevsnicoangelgutsredclassroomwasreleasedfebruaryitwasgivenanoutofbydrownedinsoundandmojorefnamedisrefdavidhartleyofbandwarondrugspraisedthealbumcallingitanstereoscopicassaultonnovemberthebandannouncedtheirnextalbumforgetxiuxiualbumforgetsetforreleaseonfebruarytheannouncementwasaccompaniedwithleadsinglewonderingsignifyingareturntomorepoporientatedsongwritingrefnamepitchforkrefnameandmusicalstylethebandsnamecomesfromthefilmxiuxiuthesentdowngirlthebandfounditsfirsttrackstomatchtherottenrealnessspiritofthefilmthatsometimeslifeturnsoutwithaworstpossiblecasescenariostewartsaidtracychapmansfastcarwhichxiuxiucoveredonapromisexiuxiualbumapromisehadasimilarthemestewarthasaddedthatthebandwasaproductofsanjosepirateradiostationsthatplayedhousemusichousehinrgfreestylemusicfreestyleandtechnowhichstewartconsideredunpretentiousplainheartbrokenclearandbasedarounddancingawaysadnesshesaidhewrotehisfirstxiuxiusongafterleavingasanjosedanceclubaloneonachristmasnightxiuxiucamefromfeelingstupidandlonelyandthenwantingtodanceitawaybuthavingtheclubanditsmusiconlymagnifythatstupidandlonelyfeelingatthetimeofapromisestewartsaidthathewasinfluencedbygamelanandjapaneseandkoreanfolkmusicandhadbeenlisteningtocontemporaryclassicalandgaydancemusicliveperformancesinstewarttoldpitchforkthatthebandsliveshowswerestarklydifferentfromtherecordedmaterialhesaidthiswaslargelyduetothetechnicallimitationsofbeingabletoreproducethewayitwasrecordedintheirliveshowsthebandincreasedtheintensityoftheirloudrockpartsthoughstewartreportedtheirsettobehalfloudermoredanceystuffandhalfreallyquietstuffhesaidthelatterwassometimesatoddswiththetypeofvenuestheyplayedreceptionmetrosiliconvalleysdavidespinozalikenedstewarttoanexplorerchartingnewterritoriesofsoundinashestartedxiuxiuhecomparedstewartsvoicetoacombinationofrobertsmithmusicianrobertsmithsfragilityandthedownwardspiraleratrentreznorsangerandnotedstewartsdeliberateandconsideredchoicestowardsdevelopingthebandstoneinlightofthedisparatewackinessoftheindividualinstrumentsbrandonstosuyofpitchforknotedacontinualpoeticandromanticbeautybehindtheviolenceinstewartslyricshewrotethatthebandinspiredfandomofthekindwhereteenagegirlsaskforstewartsautographdiscographystudioalbumsknifeplayalbumknifeplayapromisexiuxiualbumapromisefabulousmuscleslafortalbumlaforttheairforcealbumtheairforcewomenasloversdeargodihatemyselfalwaysxiuxiualbumalwaysninaxiuxiualbumninaangelgutsredclassroomalbumangelgutsredclassroomuncloudedskyplaysthemusicoftwinpeaksforgetxiuxiualbumforgetnotesandreferencesreflistemrefsrefnamemetronoshowjoeshowrefrefnamemetrorubbersoulrefrefnamepitchforkrefrefnamepitchforkrefexternallinksryanxfrdarksharkinfoboxalbumnametypecompilationartistthebeatlescoverbeatlesjpgaltreleasedaprilrefnamehaberrefrecordedseptemberjuneabbeyroadstudiosemistudioslondonandpathmarconistudiosparisvenuestudiogenrerockmusicrocklengthlabelapplerecordsappleproducergeorgemartincompilerallenkleinprevtitleprevyearnexttitlenextyearmiscextrachronologyartistthebeatlestypecompilationprevtitlethebeatleschristmasrecordscompilationlpthebeatleschristmasalbumprevyeartitleyearnexttitlenextyearalbumratingsrevallmusicrevscorerevblendermagazineblenderrevscorerevrollingstonerevscorealsoknownastheredalbumisacompilationalbumbytheenglishrockmusicrockbandthebeatlesspanningtheyearsindicatedinthetitlereleasedwithitscounterpartthebluealbuminitreachednointheunitedkingdomandnointheunitedstatescashboxmagazinecashboxalbumcharthoweverinbillboardmagazinebillboardpeakedatnowhilereachedthetopspotthealbumwasrereleasedinseptemberoncompactdiscchartingatnointheukthealbumwascompiledbybeatlesmanagerallenkleineventhoughthegrouphadsuccesswithcoverversioncoverversionsofsongsmostnotablywithtwistandshoutwhichmadenumberonthebillboardchartsonlysongscomposedbythebeatleswereincludedaswiththiscompilationwasproducedbyapplerecordsappleemirecordsemiatleastpartiallyinresponsetoabootlegrecordingbootlegcollectiontitledalphaomegawhichhadbeensoldontelevisionthepreviousyearprintadvertisingforthetworecordsmadeapointofdeclaringthemtheonlyauthorizedcollectionofthebeatlesrefnamersrefalbumcoversforthegroupsdebutlprecordlppleasepleasemephotographerangusmcbeantookthedistinctivecolourphotographofthegrouplookingdownoverthestairwellinsideemihouseemislondonheadquartersinmanchestersquarenowdemolishedthecoverfortheepthebeatlesnousedapicturefromthesameshootinthebeatlesaskedmcbeantorecreatethisshotalthoughoneofthephotographswasoriginallyintendedfortheplannedgetbackalbumitwasnotusedwhenthatprojectsaweventualreleaseinasletitbeinsteadanunusedphotographfromthephotoshootalongwithanotheronefromwererespectivelyusedforthecoversofboththislpandtheinnergatefoldphotoforbothlpsisfromthemaddayoutrefnamemaddayoutrefphotosessioninlondononsundayjulythealbumcoverwasdesignedbytomwilkesreleasevariationsoriginalreleaseappleskbowholeandslicedapplesonredbackgroundsecondpressingscapitolskbocapitoltargetlogoonbackofalbumcoverredlabelswithcapitolinlightredatbottomtherearealsocopieserroneouslypressedwiththebluelabelsforthepressingsfirstredvinylissuecapitolsebxcapitoldomelogoonbackofalbumcoverlargedomelogoattopoflabelsthebritishandamericanversionsofthevinylalbumcontainnotabledifferencesforexamplehelpsonghelpontheamericaneditionincludesthesamepseudojamesbondthemejamesbondintroasthemixfoundontheamericanhelphelpalbumunitedstatesreleasesoundtracklpwhilethesamesongonthebritisheditiondoesnotalsothebritishlpusesthestereowhisperingintromixofifeelfinewhiletheuslpusesthemonomixfrombeatleswhichisdrenchedinadditionalreverbseemixvariationsbelowthefirstcompactdiscversionwasreleasedonseptemberitwasreleasedontwodiscsforthepriceoftwoalbumsthoughitcouldhavefitontoasinglediscemistatedthatthiswasdonetomatchthereleaseofthecdversionusednewdigitalmastersthefirstfourtracksonthecdreleaseareinmonotherestofthetracksareinstereothetracksallmylovingcantbuymeloveaharddaysnightsongaharddaysnightandiloveherandeightdaysaweekmadetheircdstereodebutwiththisreleasetheversionswerealsoissuedonvinylintheukremasteredversionemiannouncedonaugustthatthealbumhadbeenremasteredforasecondtimeandonceagainwouldbereleasedasatwocdpackagethealbumwasreleasedworldwideonoctoberandoctoberinnorthamericamasteredvinylthealbumwasreissuedonnbspgvinylinpreparedfromtheoriginalukcompilationmasterthefakestereomixesoflovemedoandshelovesyouwerereplacedbythetruemonover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tsinputcdqmustbecalledaftersettingeaxifedxisnotmanuallyinitializedasindivisionbeforeidivcmpsdcomparestringdoublewordcomparesesediwithdsesiandincrementsordecrementsbothediandesidependingondfcanbeprefixedwithrepcwdeconvertwordtodoublewordunlikecwdcwdesignextendsaxtoeaxinsteadofaxtodxaxibtsinsertbitstringdiscontinuedwithbstepofinsdinputfromporttostringdoublewordiretxinterruptreturndsuffixmeansbitreturnfsuffixmeansdonotgenerateepiloguecodeieleaveinstructionuseiretdratherthaniretinbitsituationsjecxzjumpifecxiszerolfslgsloadfarpointerlssloadstacksegmentlodsdloadstringdoublewordcodeeaxesedicodedependsondfescannotbeoverriddencanbeprefixedwithreploopwloopccwloopconditionalloopsameaslooploopccforearlierprocessorsloopdloopccdloopwhileequalcodeifccecxgotolblcodecczeroequalnonzerononequalmovtofromcrdrtrmovetofromspecialregisterscrcontrolregistersdrdebugregisterstrtestregistersuptomovsdmovestringdoublewordcodedwordesedidwordesicodedependsondfcanbeprefixedwithrepmovsxmovewithsignextensioncodelongrsignedcharrmcodeandsimilarmovzxmovewithzeroextensioncodelongrunsignedcharrmcodeandsimilaroutsdoutputtoportfromstringdoublewordcodeportdxlongesicodedependsondfpopadpopalldoublewordbitregistersfromstackdoesnotpopregisterespoffofstackpopfdpopdataintoeflagsregisterpushadpushalldoublewordbitregistersontostackpushfdpusheflagsregisterontostackscasdscanstringdatadoublewordcomparesesediwitheaxandincrementsordecrementsedidependingondfcanbeprefixedwithrepsetccsetbytetooneonconditionzerootherwisettsetasetaesetbsetbesetcsetesetgsetgesetlsetlesetnasetnaesetnbsetnbesetncsetnesetngsetngesetnlsetnlesetnosetnpsetnssetnzsetosetpsetpesetposetssetzttshldshiftleftdoublewordshrdshiftrightdoublewordcoderrclrclcodeinsteadofclimmediatecanbeusedstosdstorestringdoublewordcodeesedieaxcodedependsondfescannotbeoverriddencanbeprefixedwithrepxbtsextractbitstringdiscontinuedwithbstepofaddedwithclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotesbswapbyteswapsourcelangcenclosenonerrrxffrxffrsourceonlyworksforbitregisterscmpxchgatomiccompareandexchangeseecompareandswaponlaterasundocumentedopcodeavailableinvdinvalidateinternalcachesflushinternalcachesinvlpginvalidatetranslationlookasidebuffertlbentryinvalidatetlbentryforpagethatcontainsdataspecifiedwbinvdwritebackandinvalidatecachewritesbackallmodifiedcachelinesintheprocessorsinternalcachetomainmemoryandinvalidatestheinternalcachesxaddexchangeandaddexchangesthefirstoperandwiththesecondoperandthenloadsthesumofthetwovaluesintothedestinationoperandaddedwithintelppentiumclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotescpuidcpuidentificationreturnsdataregardingprocessoridentificationandfeaturesandreturnsdatatotheeaxebxecxandedxregistersinstructionfunctionsspecifiedbytheeaxregisterthiswasalsoaddedtolaterprocessorscmpxchgbcompareandexchangebytescompareedxeaxwithmifequalsetzfandloadecxebxintomelseclearzfandloadmintoedxeaxrdmsrreadfrommodelspecificregisterloadmodelspecificregistermsrspecifiedbyecxintoedxeaxrdtscreadtimestampcounterreturnsthenumberofprocessortickssincetheprocessorbeingonlinesincethelastpoweronofsystemwrmsrwritetomodelspecificregisterwritethevalueinedxeaxtomodelspecificregistermsrspecifiedbyecxrsmresumefromsystemmanagementmodethiswasintroducedbytheisltheislvariantslandlaterandisalsointheiintelslslandlaterresumesfromsystemmanagementmodesmmaddedwithpentiummmxclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotesrdpmcreadthepmcperformancemonitoringcounterspecifiedintheecxregisterintoregistersedxeaxalsommxregistersandmmxsupportinstructionswereaddedtheyareusableforbothintegerandfloatingpointoperationsseebelowaddedwithamdkclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotessyscallfunctionallyequivalenttosysentersysretfunctionallyequivalenttosysexitamdchangedthecpuiddetectionbitforthisfeaturefromthekiionaddedwithpentiumproclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotescmovccconditionalmovecmovacmovaecmovbcmovbecmovccmovecmovgcmovgecmovlcmovlecmovnacmovnaecmovnbcmovnbecmovnccmovnecmovngcmovngecmovnlcmovnlecmovnocmovnpcmovnscmovnzcmovocmovpcmovpecmovpocmovscmovzudundefinedinstructiongeneratesaninvalidopcodethisinstructionisprovidedforsoftwaretestingtoexplicitlygenerateaninvalidopcodetheopcodeforthisinstructionisreservedforthispurposeaddedwithpentiumiiclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotessysentersystemcallentersometimescalledthefastsystemcallinstructionthisinstructionwasintendedtoincreasetheperformanceofoperatingsystemcallsnotethatonthepentiumprothecpuidinstructionincorrectlyreportstheseinstructionsasavailablesysexitsystemcallexitaddedwithstreamingsimdextensionssseclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningnotesmaskmovqmmmmffrmaskedmoveofquadwordselectivelywritebytesfrommmtomemorylocationusingthebytemaskinmmmovntpsmxmmfbrmovealignedfourpackedsinglefpnontemporalmovepackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesfromxmmtomminimizingpollutioninthecachehierarchymovntqmmmfermovequadwordusingnontemporalhintnoprmrowspanffrowspanmultibytenooperationinstructionrowspannoprmprefetchtfprefetchdatafromaddressprefetchintoallcachelevelsprefetchtfprefetchdatafromaddressprefetchintoallcachelevelsexceptlprefetchtfprefetchdatafromaddressprefetchintoallcachelevelsexceptlandlprefetchntafprefetchdatafromaddressprefetchtonontemporalcachestructureminimizingcachepollutionsfencefaefstorefenceprocessorhinttomakesureallstoreoperationsthattookplacepriortothesfencecallaregloballyvisibleaddedwithsseclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningnotesclflushmfaecachelineflushinvalidatesthecachelinethatcontainsthelinearaddressspecifiedwiththesourceoperandfromalllevelsoftheprocessorcachehierarchylfencefaeeloadfenceserializesloadoperationsmfencefaefmemoryfenceperformsaserializingoperationonallloadandstoreinstructionsthatwereissuedpriorthemfenceinstructionmovntimrfcrmovedoublewordnontemporalmovedoublewordfromrtomminimizingpollutioninthecachehierarchypausefspinloophintprovidesahinttotheprocessorthatthefollowingcodeisaspinloopforcacheabilityaddedwithsseclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotessetupmonitoraddresssetsupalinearaddressrangetobemonitoredbyhardwareandactivatesthemonitormonitorwaitprocessorhinttostopinstructionexecutionandenteranimplementationdependentoptimizedstateuntiloccurrenceofaclassofeventsaddedwithsseclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningnotescrcrrmfffrrowspanaccumulatecrcrowspancomputescyclicredundancycheckcrcvalueusingthecrcccastagnolipolynomialxedcfnormalformxedcfthisisthepolynomialusediniscsiincontrasttothemorepopularoneusedinethernetitsparityisevenanditcanthusdetectanyerrorwithanoddnumberofchangedbitscrcrrmfrexffrcrcrrmfffrcrcrrmfffrcrcrrmfrexwffrcrcrrmfrexwffrcrcrrmfffraddedwithxclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotescdqesignextendeaxintoraxcqosignextendraxintordxraxcmpsqcomparestringquadwordcmpxchgbcompareandexchangebytesiretqbitreturnfrominterruptjrcxzjumpifrcxiszerolodsqloadstringquadwordmovsxdmovwithsignextendbittobitpopfqpoprflagsregisterpushfqpushrflagsregisterrdtscpreadtimestampcounterandprocessoridscasqscanstringquadwordstosqstorestringquadwordswapgsexchangegsbasewithkernelgsbasemsraddedwithxvirtualizationamdvirtualizationamdvamdvclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotesopcodeclgiclearglobalinterruptflagclearsthegifxfnbspxnbspxddinvlpgainvalidatetlbentryinaspecifiedasidinvalidatesthetlbmappingforthevirtualpagespecifiedinraxandtheasidspecifiedinecxxfnbspxnbspxdfmovcrnmovetoorfromcontrolregistersmovesorbitcontentstocontrolregisterandviceversaxfnbspxorxfnbspxmovdrnmovetoorfromdebugregistersmovesorbitcontentstocontrolregisterandviceversaxfnbspxorxfnbspxskinitsecureinitandjumpwithattestationverifiablestartupoftrustedsoftwarebasedonsecurehashcomparisonxfnbspxnbspxdestgisetglobalinterruptflagsetsthegifxfnbspxnbspxdcvmloadloadstatefromvmcbloadsasubsetofprocessorstatefromthevmcbspecifiedbythephysicaladdressintheraxregisterxfnbspxnbspxdavmmcallcallvmmusedexclusivelytocommunicatewithvmmxfnbspxnbspxdvmrunrunvirtualmachineperformsaswitchtotheguestosxfnbspxnbspxdvmsavesavestatetovmcbsavesadditionalgueststatetovmcbxfnbspxnbspxdbaddedwithintelvtxclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotesopcodevmptrldloadpointertovirtualmachinecontrolstructureloadsthecurrentvmcspointerfrommemoryxfnbspxcvmptrststorepointertovirtualmachinecontrolstructurestoresthecurrentvmcspointerintoaspecifiedmemoryaddresstheoperandofthisinstructionisalwaysbitsandisalwaysinmemoryxfnbspxcvmclearclearvirtualmachinecontrolstructurewritesanycacheddatatothevmcsxnbspxfnbspxcvmreadreadfieldfromvirtualmachinecontrolstructurereadsoutafieldinthevmcsxfnbspxvmwritewritefieldtovirtualmachinecontrolstructuremodifiesafieldinthevmcsxfnbspxvmcallcalltovmmonitorcallsvmmonitorfunctionfromguestsystemxfnbspxnbspxcvmlaunchlaunchvirtualmachinelaunchvirtualmachinemanagedbycurrentvmcsxfnbspxnbspxcvmresumeresumevirtualmachineresumevirtualmachinemanagedbycurrentvmcsxfnbspxnbspxcvmxoffleavevmxoperationstopshardwaresupportedvirualisationenvironmentxfnbspxnbspxcvmxonentervmxoperationentershardwaresupportedvirualisationenvironmentxfnbspxfnbspxcvmptrldvmptrstvmclearvmreadvmwritevmcallvmlaunchvmresumevmxoffvmxonaddedwithadvancedbitmanipulationabmlzcnthammingweightpopcntpopulationcountadvancedbitmanipulationaddedwithbitmanipulationinstructionsetsbmibitmanipulationinstructionsetbmiandnbextrblsiblsmskblsrtzcntaddedwithbitmanipulationinstructionsetsbmibitmanipulationinstructionsetbmibzhimulxpdeppextrorxsarxshrxshlxaddedwithbitmanipulationinstructionsetstbmtrailingbitmanipulationtbmbextrblcfillblciblcicblcmaskblcsblsfillblsictmskctzmskxfloatingpointinstructionsoriginalinstructionsclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotesfxmmathxmathmoreprecisethanmathxmathforclosetozerofabsabsolutevaluefaddaddfaddpaddandpopfbldloadbcdfbstpstorebcdandpopfchschangesignfclexclearexceptionsfcomcomparefcompcompareandpopfcomppcompareandpoptwicefdecstpdecrementfloatingpointstackpointerfdisidisableinterruptsonlyotherwisefnopfdivdividepentiumfdivbugfdivpdivideandpopfdivrdividereversedfdivrpdividereversedandpopfenienableinterruptsonlyotherwisefnopffreefreeregisterfiaddintegeraddficomintegercompareficompintegercompareandpopfidivintegerdividefidivrintegerdividereversedfildloadintegerfimulintegermultiplyfincstpincrementfloatingpointstackpointerfinitinitializefloatingpointprocessorfiststoreintegerfistpstoreintegerandpopfisubintegersubtractfisubrintegersubtractreversedfldfloatingpointloadfldloadontostackfldcwloadcontrolwordfldenvloadenvironmentstatefldenvwloadenvironmentstatebitfldleloadontostackfldltloadontostackfldlgloadontostackfldlnloadontostackfldpiloadontostackfldzloadontostackfmulmultiplyfmulpmultiplyandpopfnclexclearexceptionsnowaitfndisidisableinterruptsnowaitonlyotherwisefnopfnenienableinterruptsnowaitonlyotherwisefnopfninitinitializefloatingpointprocessornowaitfnopnooperationfnsavesavefpustatenowaitbitfnsavewsavefpustatenowaitbitfnstcwstorecontrolwordnowaitfnstenvstorefpuenvironmentnowaitfnstenvwstorefpuenvironmentnowaitbitfnstswstorestatuswordnowaitfpatanpartialarctangentfprempartialremainderfptanpartialtangentfrndintroundtointegerfrstorrestoresavedstatefrstorwrestoresavedstateperhapsnotactuallyavailableinfsavesavefpustatefsavewsavefpustatebitfscalescalebyfactoroffsqrtsquarerootfstfloatingpointstorefstcwstorecontrolwordfstenvstorefpuenvironmentfstenvwstorefpuenvironmentbitfstpstoreandpopfstswstorestatuswordfsubsubtractfsubpsubtractandpopfsubrreversesubtractfsubrpreversesubtractandpopftsttestforzerofwaitwaitwhilefpuisexecutingfxamexamineconditionflagsfxchexchangeregistersfxtractextractexponentandsignificandfylxifthenthebaselogarithmiscomputedfylxpmoreprecisethanifxisclosetozeroaddedinspecificprocessorsaddedwithxclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotesfsetpmsetprotectedmodeonlyotherwisefnopaddedwithxclasswikitableinstructionmeaningnotesfcoscosinefldenvdloadenvironmentstatebitfsavedsavefpustatebitfstenvdstorefpuenvironmentbitfprempartialremaindercomputesieeeremainderfrstordrestoresavedstatebitfsinsinefsincossineandcosinefstenvdstorefpuenvironmentbitfucomunorderedcomparefucompunorderedcompareandpopfucomppunorderedcompareandpoptwiceaddedwithpentiumprofcmovvariantsfcmovbfcmovbefcmovefcmovnbfcmovnbefcmovnefcmovnufcmovufcomivariantsfcomifcomipfucomifucomipaddedwithstreamingsimdextensionsssefxrstorfxsavethesearealsosupportedonlaterpentiumiiswhichdonotcontainssesupportaddedwithssefisttpxtointegerconversionwithtruncationregardlessofstatuswordsimdinstructionsmmxinstructionsetmmxinstructionsmmxinstructionsoperateonthemmregisterswhicharebitwidetheyaresharedwiththefpuregistersoriginalmmxinstructionsaddedwithpentiummmxclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningnotesemmsfemptymmxtechnologystatemarksallxfpuregistersforusebyfpumovdmmrmfermovedoublewordmovdrmmmfermovedoublewordmovqmmmmmffrmovequadwordmovqmmmmmffrmovequadwordmovqmmrmrexwfermovequadwordmovqrmmmrexwfermovequadwordpackssdwmmmmmfbrpackdoublewordstowordssignedwithsaturationpacksswbmmmmmfrpackwordstobytessignedwithsaturationpackuswbmmmmmfrpackwordstobytesunsignedwithsaturationpaddbmmmmmffcraddpackedbyteintegerspaddwmmmmmffdraddpackedwordintegerspadddmmmmmfferaddpackeddoublewordintegerspaddqmmmmmfdraddpackedquadwordintegerspaddsbmmmmmfecraddpackedsignedbyteintegersandsaturatepaddswmmmmmfedraddpackedsignedwordintegersandsaturatepaddusbmmmmmfdcraddpackedunsignedbyteintegersandsaturatepadduswmmmmmfddraddpackedunsignedwordintegersandsaturatepandmmmmmfdbrbitwiseandpandnmmmmmfdfrbitwiseandnotpormmmmmfebrbitwiseorpxormmmmmfefrbitwisexorpcmpeqbmmmmmfrcomparepackedbytesforequalitypcmpeqwmmmmmfrcomparepackedwordsforequalitypcmpeqdmmmmmfrcomparepackeddoublewordsforequalitypcmpgtbmmmmmfrcomparepackedsignedbyteintegersforgreaterthanpcmpgtwmmmmmfrcomparepackedsignedwordintegersforgreaterthanpcmpgtdmmmmmfrcomparepackedsigneddoublewordintegersforgreaterthanpmaddwdmmmmmffrmultiplypackedwordsaddadjacentdoublewordresultspmulhwmmmmmfermultiplypackedsignedwordintegersstorehighbitsofresultspmullwmmmmmfdrmultiplypackedsignedwordintegersstorelowbitsofresultspsllwmmimmfibshiftleftwordsshiftinzerospsllwmmmmmffrshiftleftwordsshiftinzerospslldmmimmfibshiftleftdoublewordsshiftinzerospslldmmmmmffrshiftleftdoublewordsshiftinzerospsllqmmimmfibshiftleftquadwordshiftinzerospsllqmmmmmffrshiftleftquadwordshiftinzerospsradmmimmfibshiftrightdoublewordsshiftinsignbitspsradmmmmmfershiftrightdoublewordsshiftinsignbitspsrawmmimmfibshiftrightwordsshiftinsignbitspsrawmmmmmfershiftrightwordsshiftinsignbitspsrlwmmimmfibshiftrightwordsshiftinzerospsrlwmmmmmfdrshiftrightwordsshiftinzerospsrldmmimmfibshiftrightdoublewordsshiftinzerospsrldmmmmmfdrshiftrightdoublewordsshiftinzerospsrlqmmimmfibshiftrightquadwordshiftinzerospsrlqmmmmmfdrshiftrightquadwordshiftinzerospsubbmmmmmffrsubtractpackedbyteintegerspsubwmmmmmffrsubtractpackedwordintegerspsubdmmmmmffarsubtractpackeddoublewordintegerspsubsbmmmmmfersubtractsignedpackedbyteswithsaturationpsubswmmmmmfersubtractsignedpackedwordswithsaturationpsubusbmmmmmfdrsubtractunsignedpackedbyteswithsaturationpsubuswmmmmmfdrsubtractunsignedpackedwordswithsaturationpunpckhbwmmmmmfrunpackandinterleavehighorderbytespunpckhwdmmmmmfrunpackandinterleavehighorderwordspunpckhdqmmmmmfarunpackandinterleavehighorderdoublewordspunpcklbwmmmmmfrunpackandinterleaveloworderbytespunpcklwdmmmmmfrunpackandinterleaveloworderwordspunpckldqmmmmmfrunpackandinterleaveloworderdoublewordsmmxinstructionsaddedinspecificprocessorsextendedmmxemmiinstructionsaddedwithxmxfromcyrixdeprecatednowpavebpaddsiwpmagwpdistibpsubsiwpmvzbpmulhrwpmvnzbpmvlzbpmvgezbpmulhriwpmachriwmmxinstructionsaddedwithextendedmmxmmxandssethefollowingmmxinstructionwereaddedwithssetheyarealsoavailableontheathlonunderthenamemmxclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningpshufwmmmmmimmfribshufflepackedwordspinsrwmmrmimmfcrinsertwordpextrwregmmimmfcrextractwordpmovmskbregmmfdrmovebytemaskpminubmmmmmfdarminimumofpackedunsignedbyteintegerspmaxubmmmmmfdermaximumofpackedunsignedbyteintegerspavgbmmmmmferaveragepackedintegerspavgwmmmmmferaveragepackedintegerspmulhuwmmmmmfermultiplypackedunsignedintegersandstorehighresultpminswmmmmmfearminimumofpackedsignedwordintegerspmaxswmmmmmfeermaximumofpackedsignedwordintegerspsadbwmmmmmffrcomputesumofabsolutedifferencesmmxinstructionsaddedwithssethefollowingmmxinstructionswereaddedwithsseclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningpsubqmmmmmffbrsubtractquadwordintegerpmuludqmmmmmffrmultiplyunsigneddoublewordintegermmxinstructionsaddedwithssseclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningpsignbmmmmmfrnegatezeropreservepackedbyteintegersdependingoncorrespondingsignpsignwmmmmmfrnegatezeropreservepackedwordintegersdependingoncorrespondingsignpsigndmmmmmfarnegatezeropreservepackeddoublewordintegersdependingoncorrespondingsignpshufbmmmmmfrshufflebytespmulhrswmmmmmfbrmultiplybitsignedwordsscaleandroundsigneddoublewordspackhighbitspmaddubswmmmmmfrmultiplysignedandunsignedbytesaddhorizontalpairofsignedwordspacksaturatedsignedwordsphsubwmmmmmfrsubtractandpackbitsignedintegershorizontallyphsubswmmmmmfrsubtractandpackbitsignedintegerhorizontallywithsaturationphsubdmmmmmfrsubtractandpackbitsignedintegershorizontallyphaddswmmmmmfraddandpackbitsignedintegershorizontallypacksaturatedintegerstommphaddwmmmmmfraddandpackbitintegershorizontallyphadddmmmmmfraddandpackbitintegershorizontallypalignrmmmmmimmfafribconcatenatedestinationandsourceoperandsextractbytealignedresultshiftedtotherightpabsbmmmmmfcrcomputetheabsolutevalueofbytesandstoreunsignedresultpabswmmmmmfdrcomputetheabsolutevalueofbitintegersandstoreunsignedresultpabsdmmmmmfercomputetheabsolutevalueofbitintegersandstoreunsignedresultdnowinstructionsaddedwithkfemmspavgusbpfidpfaccpfaddpfcmpeqpfcmpgepfcmpgtpfmaxpfminpfmulpfrcppfrcpitpfrcpitpfrsqitpfrsqrtpfsubpfsubrpifdpmulhrwprefetchprefetchwdnowinstructionsaddedwithathlonandamdkiiiknmmobilekpfiwpfnaccpfpnaccpifwpswapdaddedwithgeodegxpfrsqrtvpfrcpvstreamingsimdextensionssseinstructionsaddedwithpentiumiiisseinstructionsoperateonxmmregisterswhicharebitwidesseconsistsofthefollowingssesimdfloatingpointinstructionsclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningandpsxmmxmmmfrbitwiselogicalandofpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesandnpsxmmxmmmfrbitwiselogicalandnotofpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesorpsxmmxmmmfrbitwiselogicalorofsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesxorpsxmmxmmmfrbitwiselogicalxorforsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovupsxmmxmmmfrmoveunalignedpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovssxmmxmmmffrmovescalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovupsxmmmxmmfrmoveunalignedpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovssxmmmxmmffrmovescalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovlpsxmmmfrmovelowpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovhlpsxmmxmmfrmovepackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvalueshightolowmovlpsmxmmfrmovelowpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesunpcklpsxmmxmmmfrunpackandinterleavelowpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesunpckhpsxmmxmmmfrunpackandinterleavehighpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovhpsxmmmfrmovehighpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovlhpsxmmxmmfrmovepackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvalueslowtohighmovhpsmxmmfrmovehighpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovapsxmmxmmmfrmovealignedpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovapsxmmmxmmfrmovealignedpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovmskpsregxmmfrextractpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointbitsignmasktheupperbitsoftheregisterarefilledwithzeroscvtpipsxmmmmmfarconvertpackeddwordintegerstopackedsingleprecisionfpvaluescvtsissxmmrmffarconvertdwordintegertoscalarsingleprecisionfpvaluecvtsissxmmrmfrexwfarconvertqwordintegertoscalarsingleprecisionfpvaluemovntpsmxmmfbrstorepackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesusingnontemporalhintcvttpspimmxmmmfcrconvertwithtruncationpackedsingleprecisionfpvaluestopackeddwordintegerscvttsssirxmmmffcrconvertwithtruncationscalarsingleprecisionfpvaluetodwordintegercvttsssirxmmmfrexwfcrconvertwithtruncationscalarsingleprecisionfpvaluetoqwordintegercvtpspimmxmmmfdrconvertpackedsingleprecisionfpvaluestopackeddwordintegerscvtsssirxmmmffdrconvertscalarsingleprecisionfpvaluetodwordintegercvtsssirxmmmfrexwfdrconvertscalarsingleprecisionfpvaluetoqwordintegerucomissxmmxmmmferunorderedcomparescalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesandseteflagscomissxmmxmmmffrcomparescalarorderedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesandseteflagssqrtpsxmmxmmmfrcomputesquarerootsofpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluessqrtssxmmxmmmffrcomputesquarerootofscalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluersqrtpsxmmxmmmfrcomputereciprocalofsquarerootofpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluersqrtssxmmxmmmffrcomputereciprocalofsquarerootofscalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluercppsxmmxmmmfrcomputereciprocalofpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesrcpssxmmxmmmffrcomputereciprocalofscalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesaddpsxmmxmmmfraddpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesaddssxmmxmmmffraddscalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmulpsxmmxmmmfrmultiplypackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmulssxmmxmmmffrmultiplyscalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluessubpsxmmxmmmfcrsubtractpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluessubssxmmxmmmffcrsubtractscalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesminpsxmmxmmmfdrreturnminimumpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesminssxmmxmmmffdrreturnminimumscalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesdivpsxmmxmmmferdividepackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesdivssxmmxmmmfferdividescalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmaxpsxmmxmmmffrreturnmaximumpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmaxssxmmxmmmfffrreturnmaximumscalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesldmxcsrmfaeloadmxcsrregisterstatestmxcsrmfaestoremxcsrregisterstatecmppsxmmxmmmimmfcribcomparepackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluescmpssxmmxmmmimmffcribcomparescalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesshufpsxmmxmmmimmfcribshufflepackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesthefloatingpointsinglebitwiseoperationsandpsandnpsorpsandxorpsproducethesameresultasthesseintegerpandpandnporpxoranddoubleonesandpdandnpdorpdxorpdbutcanintroduceextralatencyfordomainchangeswhenappliedvaluesofthewrongtypesseinstructionsaddedwithpentiumssesimdfloatingpointinstructionsssedatamovementinstructionsclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningmovapdxmmxmmmfrmovealignedpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovapdxmmmxmmfrmovealignedpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovntpdmxmmfbrstorepackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesusingnontemporalhintmovhpdxmmmfrmovehighpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluemovhpdmxmmfrmovehighpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluemovlpdxmmmfrmovelowpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluemovlpdmxmmfrmovelowpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluemovupdxmmxmmmfrmoveunalignedpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovupdxmmmxmmfrmoveunalignedpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovmskpdregxmmfrextractpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointsignmaskmovsdxmmxmmmffrmoveormergescalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluemovsdxmmmxmmffrmoveormergescalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluessepackedarithmeticinstructionsclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningaddpdxmmxmmmfraddpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesaddsdxmmxmmmffraddlowdoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluedivpdxmmxmmmferdividepackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesdivsdxmmxmmmfferdividescalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluemaxpdxmmxmmmffrmaximumofpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmaxsdxmmxmmmfffrreturnmaximumscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvalueminpdxmmxmmmfdrminimumofpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesminsdxmmxmmmffdrreturnminimumscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluemulpdxmmxmmmfrmultiplypackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmulsdxmmxmmmffrmultiplyscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesqrtpdxmmxmmmfrsquarerootofdoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluessqrtsdxmmxmmmffrcomputesquarerootofscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesubpdxmmxmmmfcrsubtractpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluessubsdxmmxmmmffcrsubtractscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesselogicalinstructionsclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningandpdxmmxmmmfrbitwiselogicalandofpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesandnpdxmmxmmmfrbitwiselogicalandnotofpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesorpdxmmxmmmfrbitwiselogicalorofpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesxorpdxmmxmmmfrbitwiselogicalxorofpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesssecompareinstructionsclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningcmppdxmmxmmmimmfcribcomparepackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluescmpsdxmmxmmmimmffcribcomparelowdoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluescomisdxmmxmmmffrcomparescalarordereddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesandseteflagsucomisdxmmxmmmferunorderedcomparescalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesandseteflagssseshuffleandunpackinstructionsclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningshufpdxmmxmmmimmfcribpackedinterleaveshuffleofpairsofdoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesunpckhpdxmmxmmmfrunpackandinterleavehighpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesunpcklpdxmmxmmmfrunpackandinterleavelowpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluessseconversioninstructionsclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningcvtdqpdxmmxmmmfferconvertpackeddoublewordintegerstopackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluescvtdqpsxmmxmmmfbrconvertpackeddoublewordintegerstopackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluescvtpddqxmmxmmmfferconvertpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluestopackeddoublewordintegerscvtpdpimmxmmmfdrconvertpackeddoubleprecisionfpvaluestopackeddwordintegerscvtpdpsxmmxmmmfarconvertpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluestopackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluescvtpipdxmmmmmfarconvertpackeddwordintegerstopackeddoubleprecisionfpvaluescvtpsdqxmmxmmmfbrconvertpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluestopackedsigneddoublewordintegervaluescvtpspdxmmxmmmfarconvertpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluestopackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluescvtsdsirxmmmffdrconvertscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluetodoublewordintegercvtsdsirxmmmfrexwfdrconvertscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluetoquadwordintegerwithsignextensioncvtsdssxmmxmmmffarconvertscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluetoscalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluecvtsisdxmmrmffarconvertdoublewordintegertoscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluecvtsisdxmmrmfrexwfarconvertquadwordintegertoscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluecvtsssdxmmxmmmffarconvertscalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluetoscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluecvttpddqxmmxmmmferconvertwithtruncationpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluestopackeddoublewordintegerscvttpdpimmxmmmfcrconvertwithtruncationpackeddoubleprecisionfpvaluestopackeddwordintegerscvttpsdqxmmxmmmffbrconvertwithtruncationpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluestopackedsigneddoublewordintegervaluescvttsdsirxmmmffcrconvertwithtruncationscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluetosigneddwordintegercvttsdsirxmmmfrexwfcrconvertwithtruncationscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluetosignedqwordintegercmpsdandmovsdhavethesamenameasthestringcomputersciencestringinstructionmnemonicscmpsdcmpsandmovsdmovshowevertheformerrefertoscalardoubleprecisiondoubleprecisionfloatingpointfloatingpointswhereasthelattersrefertointegercomputersciencedoublewordstringsssesimdintegerinstructionsssemmxlikeinstructionsextendedtosseregisterssseallowsexecutionofmmxinstructionsonsseregistersprocessingtwicetheamountofdataatonceclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningmovdxmmrmfermovedoublewordmovdrmxmmfermovedoublewordmovqxmmxmmmffermovequadwordmovqxmmmxmmfdrmovequadwordmovqrmxmmrexwfermovequadwordmovqxmmrmrexwfermovequadwordpmovmskbregxmmfdrmoveabytemaskzeroingtheupperbitsoftheregisterpextrwregxmmimmfcribextractspecifiedwordandmoveittoregsettingbitsandzeroingtherestpinsrwxmmrmimmfcribmovelowwordatthespecifiedwordpositionpackssdwxmmxmmmfbrconvertspackedsigneddoublewordintegersintopackedsignedwordintegerswithsaturationpacksswbxmmxmmmfrconvertspackedsignedwordintegersintopackedsignedbyteintegerswithsaturationpackuswbxmmxmmmfrconvertssignedwordintegersintounsignedbyteintegerswithsaturationpaddbxmmxmmmffcraddpackedbyteintegerspaddwxmmxmmmffdraddpackedwordintegerspadddxmmxmmmfferaddpackeddoublewordintegerspaddqxmmxmmmfdraddpackedquadwordintegerspaddsbxmmxmmmfecraddpackedsignedbyteintegerswithsaturationpaddswxmmxmmmfedraddpackedsignedwordintegerswithsaturationpaddusbxmmxmmmfdcraddpackedunsignedbyteintegerswithsaturationpadduswxmmxmmmfddraddpackedunsignedwordintegerswithsaturationpandxmmxmmmfdbrbitwiseandpandnxmmxmmmfdfrbitwiseandnotporxmmxmmmfebrbitwiseorpxorxmmxmmmfefrbitwisexorpcmpeqbxmmxmmmfrcomparepackedbytesforequalitypcmpeqwxmmxmmmfrcomparepackedwordsforequalitypcmpeqdxmmxmmmfrcomparepackeddoublewordsforequalitypcmpgtbxmmxmmmfrcomparepackedsignedbyteintegersforgreaterthanpcmpgtwxmmxmmmfrcomparepackedsignedwordintegersforgreaterthanpcmpgtdxmmxmmmfrcomparepackedsigneddoublewordintegersforgreaterthanpmullwxmmxmmmfdrmultiplypackedsignedwordintegerswithsaturationpmulhwxmmxmmmfermultiplythepackedsignedwordintegersstorethehighbitsoftheresultspmulhuwxmmxmmmfermultiplypackedunsignedwordintegersstorethehighbitsoftheresultspmuludqxmmxmmmffrmultiplypackedunsigneddoublewordintegerspsllwxmmxmmmffrshiftwordsleftwhileshiftinginspsllwxmmimmfibshiftwordsleftwhileshiftinginspslldxmmxmmmffrshiftdoublewordsleftwhileshiftinginspslldxmmimmfibshiftdoublewordsleftwhileshiftinginspsllqxmmxmmmffrshiftquadwordsleftwhileshiftinginspsllqxmmimmfibshiftquadwordsleftwhileshiftinginspsradxmmxmmmfershiftdoublewordrightwhileshiftinginsignbitspsradxmmimmfibshiftdoublewordsrightwhileshiftinginsignbitspsrawxmmxmmmfershiftwordsrightwhileshiftinginsignbitspsrawxmmimmfibshiftwordsrightwhileshiftinginsignbitspsrlwxmmxmmmfdrshiftwordsrightwhileshiftinginspsrlwxmmimmfibshiftwordsrightwhileshiftinginspsrldxmmxmmmfdrshiftdoublewordsrightwhileshiftinginspsrldxmmimmfibshiftdoublewordsrightwhileshiftinginspsrlqxmmxmmmfdrshiftquadwordsrightwhileshiftinginspsrlqxmmimmfibshiftquadwordsrightwhileshiftinginspsubbxmmxmmmffrsubtractpackedbyteintegerspsubwxmmxmmmffrsubtractpackedwordintegerspsubdxmmxmmmffarsubtractpackeddoublewordintegerspsubqxmmxmmmffbrsubtractpackedquadwordintegerspsubsbxmmxmmmfersubtractpackedsignedbyteintegerswithsaturationpsubswxmmxmmmfersubtractpackedsignedwordintegerswithsaturationpmaddwdxmmxmmmffrmultiplythepackedwordintegersaddadjacentdoublewordresultspsubusbxmmxmmmfdrsubtractpackedunsignedbyteintegerswithsaturationpsubuswxmmxmmmfdrsubtractpackedunsignedwordintegerswithsaturationpunpckhbwxmmxmmmfrunpackandinterleavehighorderbytespunpckhwdxmmxmmmfrunpackandinterleavehighorderwordspunpckhdqxmmxmmmfarunpackandinterleavehighorderdoublewordspunpcklbwxmmxmmmfrinterleaveloworderbytespunpcklwdxmmxmmmfrinterleaveloworderwordspunpckldqxmmxmmmfrinterleaveloworderdoublewordspavgbxmmxmmmferaveragepackedunsignedbyteintegerswithroundingpavgwxmmxmmmferaveragepackedunsignedwordintegerswithroundingpminubxmmxmmmfdarcomparepackedunsignedbyteintegersandstorepackedminimumvaluespminswxmmxmmmfearcomparepackedsignedwordintegersandstorepackedminimumvaluespmaxswxmmxmmmfeercomparepackedsignedwordintegersandstoremaximumpackedvaluespmaxubxmmxmmmfdercomparepackedunsignedbyteintegersandstorepackedmaximumvaluespsadbwxmmxmmmffrcomputestheabsolutedifferencesofthepackedunsignedbyteintegersthelowdifferencesandhighdifferencesarethensummedseparatelytoproducetwounsignedwordintegerresultssseintegerinstructionsforsseregistersonlythefollowinginstructionscanbeusedonlyonsseregisterssincebytheirnaturetheydonotworkonmmxregistersclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningmaskmovdquxmmxmmffrnontemporalstoreofselectedbytesfromanxmmregisterintomemorymovdqqmmxmmffdrmovelowquadwordfromxmmtommxregistermovdqaxmmxmmmffrmovealigneddoublequadwordmovdqaxmmmxmmffrmovealigneddoublequadwordmovdquxmmxmmmfffrmoveunaligneddoublequadwordmovdquxmmmxmmfffrmoveunaligneddoublequadwordmovqdqxmmmmffdrmovequadwordfrommmxregistertolowquadwordofxmmregistermovntdqmxmmferstorepackedintegersusingnontemporalhintpshufhwxmmxmmmimmffribshufflepackedhighwordspshuflwxmmxmmmimmffribshufflepackedlowwordspshufdxmmxmmmimmfribshufflepackeddoublewordspslldqxmmimmfibpackedshiftleftlogicaldoublequadwordspsrldqxmmimmfibpackedshiftrightlogicaldoublequadwordspunpckhqdqxmmxmmmfdrunpackandinterleavehighorderquadwordspunpcklqdqxmmxmmmfcrinterleavelowquadwordssseinstructionsaddedwithpentiumsupportingssessesimdfloatingpointinstructionsclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningnotesaddsubpsxmmxmmmffdraddsubtractsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesrowspanforcomplexarithmeticaddsubpdxmmxmmmfdraddsubtractdoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovddupxmmxmmmffrmovedoubleprecisionfloatingpointvalueandduplicatemovsldupxmmxmmmffrmoveandduplicateevenindexsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesmovshdupxmmxmmmffrmoveandduplicateoddindexsingleprecisionfloatingpointvalueshaddpsxmmxmmmffcrhorizontaladdpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesrowspanforgraphicshaddpdxmmxmmmfcrhorizontaladdpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvalueshsubpsxmmxmmmffdrhorizontalsubtractpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvalueshsubpdxmmxmmmfdrhorizontalsubtractpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesssesimdintegerinstructionsclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningnoteslddquxmmmemfffrloadunaligneddataandreturndoublequadwordinstructionallyequivalenttomovdquforvideoencodingssseinstructionsaddedwithxeonseriesandinitialcorethefollowingmmxlikeinstructionsextendedtosseregisterswereaddedwithssseclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningpsignbxmmxmmmfrnegatezeropreservepackedbyteintegersdependingoncorrespondingsignpsignwxmmxmmmfrnegatezeropreservepackedwordintegersdependingoncorrespondingsignpsigndxmmxmmmfarnegatezeropreservepackeddoublewordintegersdependingoncorrespondingpshufbxmmxmmmfrshufflebytespmulhrswxmmxmmmfbrmultiplybitsignedwordsscaleandroundsigneddoublewordspackhighbitspmaddubswxmmxmmmfrmultiplysignedandunsignedbytesaddhorizontalpairofsignedwordspacksaturatedsignedwordsphsubwxmmxmmmfrsubtractandpackbitsignedintegershorizontallyphsubswxmmxmmmfrsubtractandpackbitsignedintegerhorizontallywithsaturationphsubdxmmxmmmfrsubtractandpackbitsignedintegershorizontallyphaddswxmmxmmmfraddandpackbitsignedintegershorizontallywithsaturationphaddwxmmxmmmfraddandpackbitintegershorizontallyphadddxmmxmmmfraddandpackbitintegershorizontallypalignrxmmxmmmimmfafribconcatenatedestinationandsourceoperandsextractbytealignedresultshiftedtotherightpabsbxmmxmmmfcrcomputetheabsolutevalueofbytesandstoreunsignedresultpabswxmmxmmmfdrcomputetheabsolutevalueofbitintegersandstoreunsignedresultpabsdxmmxmmmfercomputetheabsolutevalueofbitintegersandstoreunsignedresultsseinstructionssseaddedwithcoremanufacturedinnmssesimdfloatingpointinstructionsclasswikitableinstructionopcodemeaningdppsxmmxmmmimmfaribselectivelymultiplypackedspfloatingpointvaluesaddandselectivelystoredppdxmmxmmmimmfaribselectivelymultiplypackeddpfloatingpointvaluesaddandselectivelystoreblendpsxmmxmmmimmfacribselectpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesfromspecifiedmaskblendvpsxmmxmmmltxmmgtfrselectpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesfromspecifiedmaskblendpdxmmxmmmimmfadribselectpackeddpfpvaluesfromspecifiedmaskblendvpdxmmxmmmltxmmgtfrselectpackeddpfpvaluesfromspecifiedmaskroundpsxmmxmmmimmfaribroundpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesroundssxmmxmmmimmfaaribroundthelowpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvalueroundpdxmmxmmmimmfaribroundpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvaluesroundsdxmmxmmmimmfabribroundthelowpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointvalueinsertpsxmmxmmmimmfaribinsertaselectedsingleprecisionfloatingpointvalueatthespecifieddestinationelementandzerooutdestinationelementsextractpsregmxmmimmfaribextractonesingleprecisionflo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oldhunanchinachinesetspxnqjwhsinchichialtnameyouanbrcourtesynamecpyunaltnamejiaxuanbrartnametspjixunxinqijimaywasachinesepoetandmilitaryleaderduringthesouthernsongdynastylifeduringxinslifetimenorthernchinawasoccupiedduringthejinsongwarsbythejurchenpeoplejurchensofthejindynastyjindynastyanomadicpeoplefromwhatisnownortheastchinathenregardedasbarbariansonlysouthernchinawasruledbythehanchinesesouthernsongdynastyxinwasborninthemoderncityofjinaninshandongprovinceinhischildhoodhisgrandfathertoldhimaboutthetimewhenthehanchineseruledthenorthandtoldhimtobeanhonorablemanandseekrevengeagainstthebarbarianforthenationitwasthenwhenhedevelopedhispatrioticfeelingshisgrandfathernamedhimafteralegendarymilitarycommanderfromthewesternhandynastyhanhuoqubingbothqubingandqijimeantodeliveroneselffromdiseasesxinstartedhismilitarycareerattheageoftwentytwohecommandedaninsurrectiongroupoffiftymenandfoughtthejurchenalongsidegengjingsmuchlargerarmythatconsistedoftensofthousandsofmenalthoughtheyhadsomesmallscalevictoriesinbecausethejurchenwerebecomingmoreunitedinternallyxinpersuadedgengjingtojoinforceswiththesouthernsongarmyinordertofightthejurchenmoreeffectivelygengjingagreedbutjustasxinfinishedameetingwiththesouthernsongemperorwhoendorsedgengjingstroopsxinlearnedthatgengjinghadbeenassassinatedbytheirformerfriendturnedtraitorzhanganguowithmerelyfiftymenxinfoughthiswaythroughthejurchencampandcapturedzhanganguoxinthenledhismensafelybackacrosstheborderandhadzhanganguodecapitatedbytheemperorxinsvictorygainedhimaplaceinthesouthernsongcourthoweverbecausetheemperorwassurroundedbypeoplewhosupportedanappeasementpolicyratherthanopenwarfarewiththejinxinwassidelinedfromtoheheldaseriesofminorpoststhatneveramountedtoanythingmomentousalthoughduringthesameperiodhetriedtooffertheemperorhistreatisesonhowtomanagetheinvasionsbythejinaswellasotherstateaffairshewasnevertakenseriouslyfinallyheresolvedtodothingsonhisownheimprovedtheirrigationsystemsinhisdistrictrelocatedpovertystruckpeasantsandtrainedhisowntroopshisambitionsoonarousedsuspicionagainsthiminhewasforcedtoresignheleftforjiangxiwherehethenstayedandperfectedhisfamouscipoetryciformofpoetryfortendepressingyearsinxinwasrecalledtothesongcourttotakeupanotherminorpostbecausethepreviousincumbenthaddiedthisjobdidnotlastlongbecauseoncehecompletedtherequirementsofhisjobhestartedtrainingmenformilitarypurposesagainhewassoondischargedinasthejinbeganpressingharderagainstthesouthernsongborderhantuozhoutheconsulofthesouthernsongcourtinneedofmilitariststookxinunderhiswinghoweverhantuozhoudisregardedxinssincereadviceforeffectivemilitarymovesandheremovedxinfromhisteamthenextyearaccusingxinofbeinglubriciousavariciousandmanyothernonexistentfaultsthecrucialmomentcameinwhenthejindefiantlyaskedforhantuozhousheadforapeacetreatyitwasthenthathanrealizedthatheneededxinagainxindidnothesitateinrespondingtohanscallforhelpunfortunatelyhediedofoldagesoonafterwardsworksomesixhundredandtwentyofxinspoemssurvivetodayallwerewrittenafterhemovedtothesouthpoetryscholarsconsiderxinequallytalentedincipoetryciassushitheirdifferencehoweveristhatthecontentofxinspoetryspansanevengreaterrangeoftopicsxinisalsofamousforemployingmanyallusionsinhispoemssomeofthemostquotedlinesfromhispoetrywithaccompanyingtranslationsareshownbelowbutinthecrowdonceandagainilookforherinvainwhenallatonceiturnmyheadifindhertherewherelanternlightisdimlyshedtherenditionbylinyutangwithanabbacddcrhymeschemeisreproducedbelowinmyyoungdaysihadtastedonlygladnessbutlovedtomountthetopfloorbutlovedtomountthetopfloortowriteasongpretendingsadnessandnowihavetastedsorrowsflavoursbitterandsourandcantfindawordandcantfindawordbutmerelysaywhatagoldenautumnhouranotherrenditioniswhenyoungineverdidknowthetasteofwoeorsorrowuptothetopfloorilovedtogouptothetopfloorilovedtogofortocomposenewversesifeignedmysorrowandwoeyetnowthativeknownthetasteofwoesorrowandbitternessihesitatetomentionithesitatetomentionitwhatabeautifullychillyautumnisayafterallinthislastlinethereisasuddentransitionleapfromxinspersonalunderstandingofmelancholytotheseasonthathesexperiencingthisleapprobablypresentsitselfasaformidablepsychologicalandculturalobstacleforanonchinesespeakertheautumncarriesmanymeaningsinchineseliteraturedeeperunderstandingofthelastlineisfullofsadnessthetruesorrowcantbeexpressedbywordsorrepeatingthesorrowisanotherdeephurtorevenyoucanfindthewordstoshowyourbitternessbutnooneunderstandsitorevenyoucanfindpeoplewhounderstandyourbitternessbutthingshavehappenedandnothingwillbechangedsamemeaningwasalsoexpressedinotherspoemsforexampleonebyfangyuelifeisfullofdisappointmentshardlyanycanweconfideinothersthemeritofthispoemistalkingaboutmelancholyinamildandsubtlewaywithusingautumnthisisonereasonpeoplelovethispoemandquoteiteversooftentodayseealsolistofchineseauthorssongpoetryreferencesliuzhongmeiedxinqijibeijingwuzhouchuanbochubensheloirvingyuchenghsinchichinewyorktwaynepublishersincfurtherreadingcitebookfirstguangminglastdengtitlebiographyofxinqijichronicleofxinqijislifepublishersdxjointpublishingcompanyyearlanguagechineseisbncitebookfirstguangminglastdengtitleannotatedpapersofxinqijipublishershanghaiantiquarianpressyearlanguagechineseisbnexternallinksinfoboxanimangaheadernameximagexmangacoverjpgcaptionxvolumecoverjapanesejakanjijaromajiekkusugenredramasupernaturalfictionsupernaturalinfoboxanimangaprinttypemangaauthorclampmangaartistsclamppublisherkadokawashotenpublisherendemographicshjomangashjomagazinemonthlyasukafirstmaylastmarchvolumesvolumelistlistofxchaptersinfoboxanimangavideotypefilmdirectorrintaroproducertsunehikokadokawawriternanaseohkawabrasamiwatanabemusicyasuakishimizustudiomadhousecompanymadhouselicenseereleasedaugustruntimeminutesinfoboxanimangavideotypeovatitlexanomendirectoryoshiakikawajiriproducerwriteryukienatsumusicnaokisatostudiomadhousecompanymadhouselicenseereleasedaugustruntimeminutesinfoboxanimangavideotypetvseriesdirectoryoshiakikawajiriproducerwriteryukienatsumusicnaokisatstudiomadhousecompanymadhouselicenseenetworkwowownetworkenfirstoctoberlastmarchepisodesepisodelistlistofxepisodesalsoknownasxisajapaneseshjomangashjomangaseriescreatedbyclampmangaartistsclampamangakacreativeteammadeupbysatsukiigarashinanaseohkawatsubakinekoiandmokonaitpremieredinmonthlyasukasmayissueandranthereuntilthemagazineseditorsshowedconcernintheincreasinglyviolentstoriestheserieswentonlongtermhiatusinmarchandhasyettobeconcludedthestorytakesplaceattheendofdayseschatologyendofdaysintheyeartheseriesfollowslistofxcharacterskamuishirkamuishirayoungespermythologyesperwhoreturnshometotokyoafterayearabsencetofacehisdestinyastheonewhowilldeterminehumanitysfatekadokawashotencollectedandpublishedtheindividualchaptersintankbonvolumeswithfivechapterspublishedinthebookallaboutclampallbutseveralfinalchaptershavebeenpublishedithasbeenadaptedintoaseriesofdramacdaudiodramasaanimeanimatedfeaturefilmandatelevisionseriesinwiththetwolatterproducedbymadhousecompanymadhousevizmediapublishedallvolumesinnorthamericawhilethefilmandthetvserieshavereleasedindvdsbymangaentertainmentandgeneonrespectivelytheseriesisaforayintoapocalypticfictionitcombineselementsfromvariousglobalcrisisendoftheworldscenariosbothsecularandreligiouswithitsownmythositsmanythemesincludeexploringthepersonalityofmankindandtheirrelationshipwithothersandexternalconflictssuchastheimpendingarmageddonithasalsogarneredmostlypositivereviewsdespiteitslackofanendingplotinateenagernamedkamuishirreturnstotokyoafterasixyearabsencehecomestoprotectthosedearesttohimkotoriandfmamonouandfulfillhismothersdyingwishofchangingfatetheendoftheworldisfastapproachingassuperhumanindividualsgatherandtakesidesintokyothebattlesiteofarmageddonfollowingkamuisarrivalthedragonsofheavenandthedragonsofearththetwofactionsinthefinalbattleforhumanitysfutureviefortheyoungmansallegianceconvincedhispowerwillassuretheirvictorythedragonsofheavenarethefirsttocontactkamuithedragonsofheavenareguidedbyhinotoprophetdreamgazerforthedietofjapanlegislatureofjapantheyaretheprotectorsofthespiritualbarriersintheformofbuildingssuchasthetokyotowerthatholdthefabricofnaturetogetheraslongasthekekkaisurvivejudgmentdayispostponedthedragonsofeartharethecounterparttothedragonsofheaventheirmissionistodestroythekekkaiandunleashearthquakessothegaiahypothesisearthcanbecuredoftheplagueofhumanitytheywereassembledbyhinotossisterkanoesecretarytothetokyocityhallgovernoroftokyoaskamuiisforcedtochoosebetweenthetwosidesheconcludesheonlywantstoprotectkotoriandfmaandbecomesadragonofheavenatthesametimefmahasachangeofpersonalityandbecomesthekamuiofthedragonsofearthashewasdestinedtobekamuisoppositefmakillskotoriandswearstokillkamuidecidinghewishestobringfmabacktonormalkamuijoinsthedragonsofheavenintheirfightagainstthedragonsofearthbecauseoftheissuesregardingthemangasserializationtheplotfromtheserieshasyettobeconcludedbyclamptheanimatedfilmsandthetvseriesfollowthemangasinitialstoryandcometotwodifferentendingsinthefilmallthedragonsofheavenandearthdieintheensuingbattlesleavingkamuiandfmaasthelastdragonsinthefinalbattlekamuidecapitatesfmaandthefilmendswithkamuicryingwhyheendedkillinghisbestfriendinthetvseriesallthedragonsofheavenslosetheirpowerstocreatekekkaibecausetheylosetheirmostimportantpeopleleavingthetokyodefenselessashinotocommitssuicidetostopheralternateselffromattackingthedragonsofheavenkamuigoestofacefmainthefightsoutcomekamuiiskilledbyfmabutuseshislastforcestotransformhisbodyintoakekkaithatprotectstheworldfromthechangefromthedragonsofearthandcausesfmatoreturntohisoldselfdesignclampsxappearstodefytheconventionsofshnenboysmangaandshjogirlsmangathestorydevelopsthegroupsideasonmansresponsibilitytoitselfitsfamilyandtheplanetandisinfluencedbytheworksofgonagaiandkyokuteibakindevelopmentafterthesuccessoftokyobabylonandclampschooldetectivesthemembersofclampwereapproachedbytheireditoratmonthlyasukatoscriptalongerseriesrefnamekisekiinterviewwithclampxpartinclampnokisekivolumekodansharefnanaseohkawathegroupsheadwriterseizedtheopportunitytoscriptherlongindevelopmentendoftheworldepicconceivedwhileshewasstillinsecondaryeducationinjapanmiddleschoolohkawasoriginalstoryfocusedonagroupofwarriorsfightingalosingbattleinthenameofjusticewhiletheideanevermaterializedmanyaspectswerecarriedoverintoclampsmangaincludingtheleadcharactersofkamuiandfumarefnameyearstenyearsofxpuffmagazinejanuaryrefohkawacitesgonagaisdevilmanasastylisticandthematicinfluencebeyondhispenchantfordrawingextremeviolencenagaiswritinginvolvesthemeslikethenatureofgoodandevilandfearideasthatleftanimpressiononclampswriteratanearlyagelikedevilmanxfollowstwomalebestfriendsdestinedtofighteachotheronarmageddonaconfrontationbroughtaboutbythemurderoftheherosgirlfriendchildhoodsweethearttherestofthecastincludescharactersfromthegroupsentirecanonincludingunpublishedworkseffectivelycreatingawholefictionaluniverseworldinhabitedbytheircreationsincludessubarusumeragiandseishirsakurazukaseishirosakurazukafromtokyobabylonandthemaincharactersofclampschooldetectivesthetitleofxwaschosenbecauseithasnofixedmeaninginmathematicsitisacommonvariablemathematicsvariablebeyondmathematicsxisagenericplaceholderwhosevalueissecretorunknownxisalsoacruciformanallusiontochristianmythosandtherepresentationofdeathandrebirthinkabbalahinfluencesinfengshuiearthquakesareattributedtotheshiftingofearthdragonwhenitisagitatedsimilarlyinxtokyoisfatedtobedestroyedbyaseriesofearthquakescreatedbythedragonsofearthrefnamevivachnetrefxisclampstakeontheapocalypticfictiongenretheseriescombineselementsfromvariousglobalcrisisendoftheworldscenariosandmythsincludingchristianeschatologykamuiisestablishedasachristfigurethedragonsofheaventaketheirmonikerfromthesevensealsintroducedinchapterofthebookofrevelationwhiletheantagonisticangelsalludetothesevencelestialbeingsorderedtogotheirwaysandpouroutthevialsofthewrathofgodupontheearthbookofrevelationrevkjvrefnamezeroxzeroillustratedcollectionkadokawashotenrefonthesideoftheangelsisasentientsupercomputerbrandedwiththenumbernumberofthebeastotherapocalypticstandardssuchasearthquakesareemployedbuttheapocalypseofclampsmangatradesthereligiouselementforanenvironmentalthemeinspiredbythegaiatheorytheideathattheearthitselfisonelivingorganismohkawacraftsanendbroughtonbyhumanitysabuseoftheplanetmankindexistsinbinaryoppositiontotheearthbytheendofdayshumanityhasbecomesuchanuisancethattheonlywaytosavetheplanetistodestroythewholeofcivilizationtheangelshumanbeingsthemselvesexpectapostjudgmentreturntoparadisewithmankindgonetheplanetcanregulateitselfbacktohealthandexperiencearebirththesealshoweverlooktopreservethestatusquoandentrustthefutureoftheplanettothepeoplethemestheconflictbetweenthedragonsofheavenandearthisattheheartoftheseriesthecharacterscarrythestoryandtheirconfrontationsgobeyondthephysicalasmankindscontinuedexistencebecomesaquestionofethicsphilosophyethicsidealethicsidealsandbiologylikeitspredecessortokyobabylonbutunliketokyobabylonwherethecharacterswerevocalintheirconcernstopicsinxgounspokenandsubtextimpliedthestoryplacesanemphasisonfamilialdignityandindividualismthedragonsofheavenkamuiexceptedwereappointedfrombirthwiththetaskofprotectingmankindtheywereraisedindividuallywiththeirdestinyinmindandtheobligationtotheirfamiliespreventsthemfromhaphazardlychangingsideswhileitispossibleforthesealstosympathizewiththeangelsidealsultimatelytheymustdowhatfeelsrightforthemtheirabilitytosummonthekekkaiandthusthestatusasadragonofheavenisboundtothewilltofightforsomethingorsomeonexdelvesontherelationshipbetweenmanandtheearthinaninterviewwithpuffmagazineohkawatalksofhowmankindsconcernforthepreservationrestorationandimprovementoftheplanetstemsfromadesiretoperpetuateitsownexistencesheexplainspeoplewillsavetheearthtosavethemselvesbutdragonsofearthwhowillriskthemselvestosavetheearthmotifsxplaysoutlikeatragedywherethecharactersareatthemercyofforcesgreaterthanthemselvestheseriessharessomemotifswithapocalypticliteraturelikethedisclosureoffutureeventsthroughdreamsandestablishesadualnaturetoitscharactersandconceptsrepresentstheprotagonistsstrugglewithhimselfandhisdestinyohkawaadmitstobeingfascinatedwiththedoctrineofdualismdualisticcosmologydualismistheinterdependencebetweenopposingelementsthegeneralizationthattwoopposingcomplementaryforcesarefoundinallthingssheinterpretsitasqualitiesthatseempleasantinonepersonbutcanmakeyouhatethenextthatsthedualnatureweallhaveinspiredbytheworksofgonagaiohkawasoughttocreateheroescapableofwrongdoingevenevilkamuiisthepersonificationofthisdoctrinecarriesadoubleconnotationtheonewhorepresentsthemajestyofgodmeaningtheonewhoprotectstheworldandcarriesoutgodswillandtheonewhohuntsthemajestyofgodmeaningtheonewhokillsdragonsofheaventhosegivengodspoweranddestroystheworldkamuisdecisiontosavetheworldasheknowsitisadefiningmomentasitgivesrisetohisdoublestartwinstarfumafumaundergoesapersonalitychangetothepointheisnolongerrecognizabletohisbestfriendhetakesthenameofkamuithusfulfillingthedualprophecyandbringingbalancetotheconflictfumaskamuipersonaiskamuisotherhalfkamuiistheepitomeoftheevilandgoodthatmendotheyinandyangdualitymotifextendstothedragonsofheavenandearthtwogroupsofwarriorsbothalikeinpowerledtobattlebyoppositesistersoneachsideisaadivinerwhooneiromancyseesthefutureinitsdreamsdreamsareasourceofinspirationforohkawaintokyobabylontheprotagonistsdreamsrevealtohimahiddentruthinxxxholicthecharactersdreamscompriseaparalleluniversefictionwholeworldparalleltotheirowndreamsequencedreamsinxdepictthefuturethedestructionofmankindhinotodreamgazerforthedragonsofheavenisconvinceditcanbechangedohkawaexplainsitasluciddreamingwheretheindividualcanexertconsciouscontroloverthedreamtothepointitcanperformimpossiblefeatskakyoofthedragonsofearthisadreamgazerinapermanentcomawholivesinthedreamworldplotdevicedreamscapealwaysdreamingofthefutureandknowingthereisnothinghecandoaboutitalthoughhehopesforabetterfuturehecannotgetinvolvedandisconvincedfatalismallispredeterminedincludingkamuisreturnkamuisarrivalintokyounwillinglysetsarmageddoninmotionkotorisdeathandfumasturningwereforetoldbutsubjecttotheyoungmansallegiancethinkingofthepeopleheloveskamuichoosestobecomeadragonofheaventoprotectthembutendsuplosingthemforitothercharactersarealsoatthemercyofdestinyfatesorataarisugawaisdestinedtodieforawomanbutunlikekamuithewarriormonkembraceshispreordainedfutureandchoosesarashikishuofthedragonsofheavenastheonehellgivehislifeforsubarusumeragiexpressesnointerestinthefutureoftheearthbutstillheandseishirsakurazukahiscounterpartaredrawntotokyoonthepromiseddayevenwiththefatalistatmospherethatpersistsintheseriesohkawaisconvincedindividualsexertcontrolovertheirdestinythesamewaytheychoosebetweenrightandwrongmediamangaxstartedserializationinkadokawashotensmonthlyasukaonmaypublishingtheseriesprovedtroublesomeonaccountofitssubjectmatterthedisastersitshowsarereminiscentofonesthathappenedinjapansuchasearthquakesormurderscommittedbyjuvenilesserializationstoppedinmarchandinmarchclampstatedtheyweresearchingforapropermagazinetoconcludeitrefnamehiatusrefrefnamestaffinterrefthechaptershavebeencollectedinatotalofeighteentankbonvolumeswiththefirstonereleasedonjulyandtheeighteenthonseptemberrefnamejaponerefrefnamejapeighteenciteweburlkadokawacojpcomicbkdetailphppcdtitlexpublisherkadokawashotenlanguagejapaneseaccessdatedecemberrefonseptemberkadokawashotenpublishedclampnewtypeplatinumaspecialclampeditionofnewtypetheissueincludesthexsupplementareprintoffivepreviouslyuncollectedchapterstheseriesisexpectedtoreachtwentyonevolumesuponcompletionrefnameaxrefthenorthamericanversionofthemangaretitledxinitsinitialprintingwasserializedinvizmediasanimericaextraandreleasedinformundertheshjoimprinttradenameimprintinjulyvizmediaremovedtheseriesfromanimericaextraduetolicensingissuesrefnameadaptrefbutitlaterreturnedinitsissuepublishedinmarchalleighteenvolumeshavebeenreleasedbyvizmediaasofmayrefnamevizrefbeginninginvizisreissuingtheseriesasaseriesofthreeinonevolumesunflippedandnowtitledxinnorthamericarefnamevizrefmusicvideoonnovembersmerecordsreleasedpronouncedinenglishnotasxsquaredbutasdoublexashortfilmbasedonclampsmangasettothemusicofheavymetalmusicheavymetalbandxjapanxfeaturesaslideshowofxartworksettoamedleyofxjapanssilentjealousykurenaisongkurenaiandendlessrainandtheorgasmsongxmusicvideodirectedbyshigeyukihayashiaudiodramathexwerereleasedfromjunetodecemberbyvictorentertainmentthesevendramacdaudiodramasscriptedbynanaseohkawafocusonthethoughtsandmotivationsoftheindividualdragonsofheavenandearththecharacterfilesareperformedbythefeaturefilmvoiceactinginjapanvoiceactorstheywerecreatedtopromotethefilmversionofthemangafeaturefilmthexfeaturefilmdirectedbyrintarocaptainharlockdoomedmegalopolisandcoscriptedbynanaseohkawapremieredaugustinjapanthehorrorfilmsupernaturalthrillergenrethrillerfocusesontheroleskamuikotoriandfumaplayintheapocalypserefnameexclusiverefreducingthedragonsofheavenandearthtoperipheralcharacterseventhoughtheabbreviatedstoryfailstoplacethecharactersactioninthepropercontextthefilmispraisedforitsdreamlikeatmosphererefnamenytimesrefpowerfulimageryandvisuallyengagingactionsequencesrefnamevarietyrefthefilmwasgivenalimitedreleaseintheunitedstatesinearlyandreleasedtodvdonseptemberxthedestinywarafilmscomiccomicbookbasedonthefeaturefilmwasreleasedonseptemberkadokawashotenxjapanssongforeverlovexjapansongforeverloveisthemoviesthemesongthesongwaslaterusedbytheformerjapaneseprimeministerjunichirokoizumiinacampaignadvertisementintvseriestheepisodesfromxanimetelevisionseriesweredirectedbyyoshiakikawajiribeingfirstannouncedonoctoberinanticipationtotheseriespremierewasreleasedovadirecttodvdonaugustwrittenanddirectedbykawajirianomentellsthestoryoftheupcomingbattlesthroughthepropheciesofcharactersofxmangakakykuzukikakykuzukidreamgazerforthedragonofearthandactsasprimerforviewersnotfamiliarwithclampsmangatheseriespremieredoctoberonwowowsatellitetelevisionandfinishedonmarchtotalingtwentyfourepisodesrefnameepisodelistrefatotaloftwelvedvdvolumesfromtheserieseachcontainingtwoepisodeswerereleasedinjapanfromfebruarytojanuarybybandaivisualthemusicfortheserieswascomposedbynaokisatwithtwooriginalsoundtracksbeingreleasedpioneerentertainmentclaimedownershipoftheseriesfordistributioninnorthamericainmarchgeneoncollectedtheseriesandtheovainatotalofeightdvdvolumesreleasedbetweenseptemberandnovembertwodvdboxsetsoftheserieswerealsoreleasedonjanuaryingeneonreleasedthextvseriesremixwhichwascomposedoffiveindividualdvdsreleasedbetweenjulyandnovemberaswellasadvdboxsetonjulytheseriesairedintheunitedstatesonencoretvnetworkencoreactioninmarchthedvdscamewithreencodedvideoandaudioincludingsurroundsoundforboththejapaneseandenglishtracksinseptemberfunimationentertainmentannouncedthatithadacquiredtherightstotheanimeseriesandovatheywererereleasedtheminadvdboxitonjuneusingtheoriginalgeneondubbingprovidedbybangzoomentertainmentfortheenglishlanguageaudiotrackvideogameswasreleasedfortheplaystationonaugustbybandaithefightinggamefeaturesastorymodesetinthetelevisionseriescontinuityandaversusmodewhichallowsplayerstocompeteagainsteachotherusinganyofthedragonsofheavenorearththegamewasnotreleasedoutsidejapanandithastwodifferentendingsxcardoffateacollectiblecardgamecardbattlevideogameforthewonderswancolorwasreleasedjunereceptioninmangathecompleteguidejasonthompsonwroteevenwithoutaproperendingtheserieshasalotgoingforitforoneitsabsolutelygorgeousaddingthestorytellingisntclampsbestbutitshardnottogetsweptupinthemomentumtowardthedayofdestinyrefnamemangaguiderefthefilmisconsideredatechnicalmasterpiecebutitlacksplotandcharacterdevelopmentrefnameannfilmrefthetelevisionseriesisconsideredabetteradaptationthanthefeaturefilmrefnamexonerefrefnameaodvolrefrefnamethemreftheincarnationmakesuseofitslongerrunningtimeandepisodeformattoexploretheoriginalmythosandworksthecharactersbackstoriesintothenarrativethroughtheuseofflashbacknarrativeflashbacksrefnamefringefeaturerefbamboodongofanimenewsnetworkfindsthattheseriestrieshardtopleaseeveryoneandcomesdaringlyclosetosucceedingzacbertschycommentsthattheanimationqualityisconsistentlyveryhighandthatthecharactersareneveroffmodelandeachepisodeisanimatedwithanamazingflashofstyleandfluiditythoughthemangahassomeelementsthatneitherthefilmnorthetvserieshadadaptedeachistreatedmoreorlessasitsowninterpretationofeventsespeciallywhenitcomestohoweachadaptationendsseealsoteitomonogatariawardwinninghistoricalfantasynovelwhichinspiredaspectsofxsmythologyreferencesfurtherreadingexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebanimericamagcomfeaturesxhtmlanimericareviewoffranchisewebarchiveorgwebanimericamagcomfeaturesxthemoviehtmlreviewofmoviexaviergrallwasajournalistandpoetfrombrittanyfrancewhowasastrongadvocateofbretonnationalismduringtheemsavthirdemsavhisworkglorifiesamysticalbrittanyearlycareerxaviergrallwasborninlandivisiauinfinistrebutmovedtoparisheworkedasajournalistforcatholicpublicationsincludingthejournalslavielaviecatholiqueofwhichhewaseditorandtmoignagechrtienhealsowroteforlemondeandbretagnebretonismgrallrediscoveredhisbretonidentityinthesleavingparispermanentlyinreturningtobrittanytoliveatbossulanfarminnizonjustoutsidepontavengrallsreassertionofbretonidentityfollowedaperiodofdisillusionmentwithfrancefollowingthealgerianwarhelaterwrotethatthewarunderminedhisbeliefintheideaoffranceinresponsehedefinedhimselfasbretoninoppositiontofrenchidentityfromthispointonhisworkemphasiseamulticulturalidealbuildingauniqueexampleofbretonliteratureinfrenchactivismwithhisfriendsalainguelandtheprotestsingerglenmorhefoundededitionskelennwherehepublishedbardeimaginkeltiablueslaftedelanuitandriresetpleursdelavenalainguelwhofollowedhisfirststepsinliteratureandwithwhomhemaintainedavoluminouscorrespondencewasoneofhisbestfriendswhosesupportandfriendshipcontinueduntiltheendofhislifereconnectingwithhispastasacolumnisthepublishedlechevalcouchthelounginghorseascathingresponsetopierrejakezhliasspopularautobiographicalnovelchevaldorgueilhorseofpridewhichhecalledfossilizedfolkismhealsovilifiedearlierbretonpoetsandsingersnotablytheodorebotrelwhohedescribedasthecreatorofapitiableimageofbrittanybornfromthedepthsofhisidiocyhelaterexpressedregretforhavingwrittenthebookgrallcontinuedtoworkfromadistanceforlemondeandlaviecatholiquehepublishedpamphletsandoccasionalpieceslebilletdolivierpresentedhispassionsandhismoodsoncurrenttopicshealsowroteessaysonfranoismauriacjamesdeanandothersintheearlyshefoundedthebretonseparatistnewspaperlenationbretonnewithalainguelandglenmorwherehepublishedlyricsunderthepseudonymofsaintherbotsamongothershediedinquimperlincommemorationsabronzesculpturetohismemorystandsonthepromenadexaviergrallonthebanksoftheriveraveninpontaveneachyearincarhaixafestivaldesvieillescharruesbearshisnamealiteraryprizewascreatedinhisnameatthefestivaldelaparolepotiquepaysdequimperlleprixxaviergrallisawardedtoapoetforhislifesworkrecipientsarejeanpaulkermarrecinjacquelinesaintjeaninmariejosechristieninalainjgouinpierrecolininpublicationsjamesdeanetnotrejeunessemauriacjournalistelagnrationdudjebelafricabluescantiquesmlillalerituelbretonbardeimaginditionskelennkeltiabluesditionskelennglenmorlaftedelanuitditionskelennriresetpleursdelavenditionskelennlasnedespluiesetdestombesditionskelennlechevalcouchstlepourflicitrobertdelamennaislamennaisentendrastuleventchanterdanslegrandchnesiloindetoitristanarthurrimbaudlamarcheausoleilsoloet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ernjindynastyandestablishtheliusongdynastyasemperorwuthexiefamilybackedanalternativegeneralandthefactionalintrigueswentonforyearsbeforeandaftertheeventualtriumphoftheliuastheliusongdynastyliuyugainedmoreandmorepowerattheexpenseofthexieandtheotheroldfamiliesbutatfirstwascontenttohavetheservicesofxielingyunnominallyasanofficialofjinhoweverintheyearliuyudeclaredtheendofjinandthebeginningofhisnewdynastytheliusongatthispointasanofficialintheliusonggovernmentxielingyunreceivedademotiontomarquiswithonlyhouseholdsinfeeyongjiawasacoastalseaportsurroundedbyscenichillsandthesettingforxielingyunsyongjiapoeticperiodwhenhewrotesomeofhisfinestpoemsafterayearinofficeherehoweverxieclaiminghealthproblemsresignedandreturnedhometothefamilyestateinshangyurefnamechangchangrefretiringtosouthhillafterreturninghometothefamilyestateinshiningshangyuwherehespentconsiderabletimeattendingtothepreviouslyundevelopedorcultivatedsouthhillwhichmayalsobeknownassouthmountainherehewentonlongexploratoryexpeditionsaccompaniedbydozensofservantswhooftenhadtohackawaythroughthemoredenselyvegetatedareasxielingyunisalsofamedforhavinginventedandusedatypeofwoodenbootswithspikeswhichhecouldremoveoradjustdependingonwhetherhewasonlevelgroundoronanupordownslopehispoemsfromthisperiodmadeittothecapitalcitywheretheywerepopularlyreadandthepoemsfromhisshiningperiodremainamonghislonglastingaccomplishmentssomeofthedescriptionsofandnamesforthelocationsofpoeticoccasionsonhisestatecanbeseentobedirectlyinfluentialonthefortypoemsofthewangchuanjialsoknownasthewangorwheelrivercollectionwrittenbywangweitangdynastywangweiandpeidiinregardstowangweistangdynastyretirementestateatlantiancountylantiansouthofthecontemporarycapitalchanganmodernxianinshaanxiprovincebackinofficeexileanddeathmeanwhilethepoliticalchangeswentonunabatedandxieonceagainbecameenmeshedintheminthenewsovereignsummonedhimtocourtwherehespenttwoyearswithnorealdutyorpowerbutratherasatokentodisplayloyaltyhethenleftfortwoyearsbutcamebackintodefendhimselfagainstchargesplacedbyhislocalprefectinhewasrelegatedtowhatisnowfuzhoujiangxifuzhouinjiangxithenthenextyearfurtherexiledtoguangzhouxielingyunwasthensentencedtodeathonapretextinatwhichpointhewrotehisfinalpoemlamentingthathisdeathwasnottobeononeofhisbelovedhilltopsandthenwasexecutedpoetryxielingyunhasbeenconsideredanatureorlandscapepoetfocusingontheshanshuipoetrymountainandstreamsincontrasttothefieldsandgardenspoetryfieldandgardenlandscapepoetryhispoetryisallusiveandcomplexwithpossiblebuddhistinfluenceformaltechniquexiewasinfluencedbyatraditionoffupoetryfustylepoetryorliteraturethefutraditionoftenincludedeloquentdescriptionsofthebeautiesofnatureindeedxiehimselfwrotehisrenownedfuonreturningtothemountainsinthisstylehoweverxiesbreakthroughwastodistilltheessenceofthistypeoffuandadaptandcompressitintotheshipoetryshimorepurelypoeticforminfluencehailedastheprogenitorofthechineselandscapepoetrygenreshanshuipoetryshanshuipoetrythereputationofxielingyunasagreatpoetremainssecureasithasforoverathousandyearsthewangchuanjibywangweitangdynastywangweiandpeidiwhichdescribesthelandscapefeaturesofwangsestatenearchanganparticularlyshowstheinfluenceofxielingyunspoetrydescribingthelandscapefeaturesofhisestatenearwestlakeseealsoclassicalchinesepoetrylistofchineseauthorsmahayanamahaparinirvanasutrashanshuipoetrysixdynastiespoetrywanghongxietiaozhejiangnotesreferenceschanghcchineseliteraturenaturepoetrynewyorkcolumbiauniversitypressshenyuchengwordpediacomsearchcontentaspidxielingyunencyclopediaofchinachineseliteratureeditionstedburtonwatsonwatsonburtonchineselyricismshihpoetryfromthesecondtothetwelfthcenturynewyorkcolumbiauniversitypressfurtherreadinginfoboxofficeholdernamexavierderouxofficememberofthefrenchnationalassemblyforcharentemaritimetermstarttermendbirthdatebirthplaceboulognebillancourtfrancedeathdatedeathplaceparisfrancenationalityfrancefrenchpartyunionforapopularmovementumpprofessionlawyerxavierderouxdecemberjunewasafrenchpoliticianhewasamemberoftheradicalpartyfranceradicalpartyandadeputylegislatordeputyforthedepartmentcharentemaritimeinthenationalassemblyoffrancefromuntilandfromuntilfromuntilhisdeathinhewastheelectedmayorfrancemayorofchaniersasmalltownincharentemaritimereferencesinfoboxofficeholdernamexavierbertrandimagexavierbertrandjpgofficepresidentoftheregionalcouncilfrancepresidentoftheregionalcouncilbrofhautsdefrancetermstartjanuarytermendpredecessorclaudegewercbrdanielpercheronsuccessorofficemayorfrancemayorofsaintquentinaisnesaintquentintermstartoctobertermendjanuarypredecessorpierreandrsuccessorfrdriquemacarezofficeministerofsocialaffairsfranceministeroflabouremploymentandministerofhealthfrancehealthprimeministerfranoisfillontermstartnovembertermendmaypredecessorricwoerthbrchristinelagardebrroselynebachelotsuccessormichelsapinbrmarisoltouraineofficesecretarygeneraloftheunionforapopularmovementtermstartdecembertermendnovemberpredecessorpatrickdevedjiansuccessorjeanfranoiscopofficeministerofsocialaffairsfranceministeroflaboursocialrelationsandsolidarityprimeministerfranoisfillontermstartmaytermendjanuarypredecessorjeanlouisborloosuccessorbricehortefeuxofficeministerofhealthfranceministerofhealthandsolidarityprimeministerfranoisfillontermstartjunetermendmarchpredecessorphilippedousteblazysuccessorphilippebasbrroselynebachelotbirthdatebirthplacechlonsenchampagnechlonssurmarnefrancebrdeathdatedeathplacepartyunionforapopularmovementbrtherepublicansfrancetherepublicansspousechildrenalmamateruniversityofreimschampagneardennexavierrenlouisbertrandbornmarchisafrenchpoliticianhewasministerofhealthfranceministerofhealthfromtoindominiquedevillepinsgovernmentunderpresidentjacqueschiracthenservedasministerofsocialaffairsfranceministeroflaboursocialaffairsandsolidarityfromtoandasministeroflabouremploymentandhealthfromtoheplayedaleadingroleinnicolassarkozyspresidentialcampaigninafterthefrenchregionalelectionsregionalelectionsbertrandbecamepresidentoftheregionalcouncilofhautsdefrancehewasamemberofunionforapopularmovementlatertherepublicansfrancetherepublicansuntildecemberwhenheannouncedthatwasdefinitivelyleavingthepartyafterlaurentwauquiezwastherepublicansfranceleadershipelectionelectedtheleaderofthepartybiographyearlylifexavierbertrandwasbornonmarchinchlonsenchampagnechlonssurmarneinthemarnedpartementofthechampagneardennergionsinfrancergionoffrancehestudiedinreimswhereheobtainedamastersdegreeinpubliclawthenadiplmedtudessuprieuresspcialisesdessinlocaladministrationhebeganhisprofessionallifeasaninsuranceagentpoliticalcareerattheageofsixteenhevolunteeredfortherallyfortherepublicrprandquicklywentintopoliticsinheledthecampaignforthenotothemaastrichttreatyinhisdepartmenttheaisneintheregionofpicardyhewasatthetimeassistanttothemayorofsaintquentinaisnehewasoneofthepioneersofthesaintquentinbeachaneventsimilartoparisplagefromtohewasparliamentaryassistanttojacquesbraconniersenateoffrancesenatorfortheaisneandhewaselectedtothenationalassemblyonjuneforthethlegislaturerepresentingthesecondconstituencyoftheaisnedepartmentinalainjupppresidentfortheunionforapopularmovementumpmadeputhiminchargeofleadingthedebateandexplainingthesubjectofpensionsreformduringatouroffrancehewaschosentodefendthisdraftbillinthenationalassemblyatthesametimehewaspartoftheclubdelaboussoleagroupofdeputieswhodeclaredtheirloyaltytothenpresidentjacqueschiracandprimeministerjeanpierreraffarinduringthisperiodxavierbertrandreceivedfavourableattentionintherightwingpoliticalmilieuonmarchwhenraffarinappointedhisthirdgovernmenthewasnamedjuniorhealthministerforhealthinsuranceunderhisseniorministerphilippedousteblazyheledthereformonhealthinsurancelateronhepronouncedhimselfstronglyinfavourofatreatyestablishingaconstitutionforeuropeeuropeanconstitutionforthefrencheuropeanconstitutionreferendumreferendumonmayafterthemajorityofthefrenchelectorateanswerednotothereferendumraffarinresignedasprimeministerunderthenewpmdominiquedevillepinandwiththeencouragementoftheformeronehebecametheseniorministerforhealthwhendousteblazywasreappointedforeignaffairsministerhismandateashealthministerwasmarkedbythechikungunyaepidemicandthelawagainstsmokinginpublicplacesratifiedinheannouncedhissupporttoumppresidentialcandidatenicolassarkozyonseptemberhewasnamedsarkozysofficialspokespersononjanuaryhequitthegovernmentonmarchtodevotehimselffullytothecampaignonmayhewasnamedministeroflaboursocialaffairsandsolidarityinthenewprimeministerfranoisfillonsgovernmentonjunehewasrenamedministeroflaboursocialaffairsandsolidarityinfillonssecondgovernmentafterthefirstonehandedinitsresignationthedaybeforeforrehandlingaftergovernmentnumbertwoalainjuppministerofecologyanddevelopmentandtheonlyministerofstateresignedafterhavinglostinthelegislativeracetodeputyofbordeauxhethenservedasministeroflabouremploymentandhealthfromtopersonallifehewasmarriedtoemmanuellegontieradvisoronhumanresourcesonjulytheyhavethreechildrentwoofwhomaretwinshehasbeenamemberofthegrandorientoffrancesincereferencesbrmarisoltourainebrxenophanesxenographyisknowledgeofaforeignlanguagerefnamecobbettcitebooktitleanewfrenchenglishdictionarylastcobbettfirstwilliamauthorlinkwilliamcobbettcoauthorsyearpublishermillsjowettmillslocationoriginalfromtheuniversityofmichiganisbnpagepagesurlbooksgooglecombooksidbfjuaaaamaajpgpadqxenographyrefinspiritualismwritinginalanguagewhichisunknowntothewriterrefnamepostcitebooktitlecommunicatingwiththebeyondapracticalhandbookofspiritualismlastpostfirstericgauthorlinkcoauthorsyearpublisherkessingerpublishinglocationisbnpagepagesurlbooksgooglecombooksidioubaegcpgpadqxenographyrefitissimilarbutnotthesameasxenoglossyandxenolaliareferencesthextrapolistrainalsowrittenasxtrapolisisanelectricpassengertraindesignedbythetransporttechnologycompanyalstomthetrainshavehighfloorsandareavailableinbothsingleanddoubledeckmodelsmodelsincludextrapolismelbournemelbourneaustraliaandvalparasovalparasochileminxtrapolisduplexknownasminparisparisfrancextrapolismodularvalparasovalparasochileandsantiagosantiagorancaguachilextrapolismegasouthafricaotherlocationsgermanygermanrailwayscopenhagenlisboninalstomofferedaxtrapolisukdesignforthethameslinkrollingstockprogrammebutsubsequentlywithdrewtheirbidreferencesexternallinksalstomcomtransportalstomtransportwebarchiveorgwebalstomcomtransportproductsandservicesrollingstockxtrapolissuburbantrainsxtrapolisofficialsiteatalstomtransportwebarchiveorgwebtrenestcompasajerosxtrapolisxtrapolistrainphotosatgranvalparaisoinspanishcoinedthetermxenoglossyinxenoglossyalsowrittenxenoglossiasometimesalsoknownasxenolaliaistheputativeparanormalphenomenoninwhichapersonisabletospeakorwritealanguageheorshecouldnothaveacquiredbynaturalmeansthewordsderivefromancientgreekgreekxenosforeignerandglssatongueorlanguagethetermxenoglossywasostensiblycoinedbyfrenchparapsychologistcharlesrichetinstoriesofxenoglossyarefoundinthebibleandcontemporaryclaimsofxenoglossyhavebeenmadebyparapsychologistsandreincarnationresearcherssuchasianstevensonthereisnoscientificevidencethatxenoglossyisanactualphenomenonrefnamewwwpersonalumichedusarahthomasonthomasonsarahpersonalumicheduthomasonpapersxenoglpdfxenoglossyingordonsteintheencyclopediaoftheparanormalprometheusbooksrefrefnamegordonrefhistorystoriesofthemiraclemiraculousabilitiesofcertainindividualstoreadwritespeakorunderstandaforeignlanguagethatappearinthebibleandotherchristianreligiousliteraturewentontoinspiresimilaraccountsandstoriesduringthemiddleagessomereportsofxenoglossyhavesurfacedinthepopularpresssuchasczechspeedwayridermatjkswhoinseptembersupposedlyawokeafteracrashandwasabletoconverseinperfectenglishhoweverpressreportsofhisfluencyinenglishwerebasedentirelyonanecdotalstoriestoldbyhisczechteammatesnotableclaimsianstevensonparapsychologistandpsychiatristattheuniversityofvirginiaianstevensonclaimedtherewereahandfulofcasesthatsuggestedevidenceofxenoglossytheseincludedtwowhereasubjectunderhypnosiscouldallegedlyconversewithpeoplespeakingtheforeignlanguageinsteadofmerelybeingabletoreciteforeignwordssarahthomasonalinguistattheuniversityofmichiganreanalyzedthesecasesconcludingthatthelinguisticevidenceistooweaktoprovidesupportfortheclaimsofxenoglossywhenstevensoninvestigatedanamericanhousewifeknownastewhoexhibitedthemalepersonalityofaswedishfarmernamedjensenjacobywhileunderhypnosishereportedthatthesubjectwasabletoconverseinswedishalbeitnotfluentlyhoweverthomasonsreanalysisconcludedthatjensencouldnotconvincinglybeclaimedtospeakswedishwritingthatthoughjensenhadatotalvocabularyofaboutwordsthisisnotveryimpressivewhencomparedwiththethousandsofwordsknownbyanynativespeakerofanynaturallanguageeventakingintoaccountthelimitedcontextsinwhichjensenspokeswedishthomasonfoundthatjensengavenocomplexsentencesmostlygivingoneortwowordanswersandconcludedstevensonsdemonstrationthattherewasnofraudinthecaseisconvincingbuthisclaimthatjensenhadthecapacitytospeakswedishisnotlinguistwilliamsamarindrewthesameconclusionasthomasonstevensonalsoinvestigatedanotheramericanwomannameddoloresjaywhoexhibitedthepersonalityofagermanteenagegirlnamedgretchenwhilehypnotizedheclaimedthatthesubjectwasabletoconverseingermanthomasonsreanalysiswhileacknowledgingthattheevidenceagainstfraudwasconvincingconcludedthatgretchencouldnotconversefluentlyingermanandthatherspeechwaslargelytherepetitionofgermanquestionswithdifferentintonationorutterancesofoneortwowordsthomasonfoundthatthegermanvocabularyofgretchenwasminuteandherpronunciationwasspottyaddingthatdoloresjayhadsomepreviousexposuretogermanintvprogramsandhadlookedatagermanbookwilliamjsamarinalinguistfromtheuniversityoftorontohaswrittenthatstevensonhadchosentocorrespondwithlinguistsinaselectiveandunprofessionalmannerhenotedthatstevensoncorrespondedwithonelinguistforaperiodofsixyearswithoutraisinganydiscussionaboutthekindsofthingthatlinguistswouldneedtoknowhealsowrotethatmostofstevensonscollaboratorswerefellowbelieversintheparanormalstartingwithapreconceivednotionprofwilliamfrawleyinareviewforstevensonsunlearnedlanguagenewstudiesinxenoglossywrotethathewastoouncriticallyacceptingofaparanormalinterpretationofthecasesinonecaseafemalesubjectcouldonlyansweryesornoquestionsingermanwhichfrawleyfoundunimpressiveinanotherthefemalesubjectcouldspeakbengalilanguagebengaliwithapoorpronunciationfrawleynotedthatshewasraisedonthelanguageofmarathilanguagemarathirelatedtobengalihadstudiedsanskritfromwhichbothmarathiandbengalideriveandwaslivinginatownwiththousandsofbengalipeoplebengalisheconcludedstevensondoesnotconsiderenoughlinguisticevidenceinthesecasestowarranthismetaphysicsthepsychologistdavidlesteralsoevaluatedstevensonscasesandwrotethesubjectsmadegrammaticalmistakesmispronouncedwordsanddidnotshowawidevocabularyofwordsinforeignlanguagethustheycannotbeconsideredevidenceforxenoglossyalfredhulmeintheearlythcenturyalfredhulmeaselfproclaimedegyptologistinvestigatedayounggirlnamedivycarterbeaumontalsoknownasrosemaryfromblackpoolenglandwhoclaimedtobeundertheinfluenceofthepersonalityofababylonianprincesshulmewasconvincedshespokeinanegyptianlanguageancientegyptiandialecthoweveraccordingtolinguistkarenstollznowseveralscholarsexaminedthedataindependentlyandconcludedthathulmesanalysesweregrosslyinaccuratehulmeha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gameseriesitwasdevelopedbymythosgamesthecreatorsoftheoriginalxcomgameandpublishedbymicroproseininvideogamingformsdosandmicrosoftwindowsgameplaysimilartothefirsttwoxcomgamesapocalypsefeaturesamaplikemanagementmodethecityscapeandanisometricadventuregameisometriccombatmodethebattlescapethemanagementmodetakesplaceinasinglecitycalledmegaprimusratherthanbeingspreadoutovertheentireplanetearthasinthepreviousgamesinadditionapocalypsewasthefirstgameinthexcomseriestoincludearealtimecombatoptionaswellasthetraditionalturnbasedmodeapocalypsefeaturesaredoneinterfacewithnewgraphicsitismorecomplexandthetaskofkeepingandincreasingthefundingofthexcomorganizationnowextendstonotonlyinterceptingunidentifiedflyingobjectufosbutalsotominimizingcollateraldamagepreventingalienhostiletakeoversandevenraidingthebuildingsofotherorganisationsofwhichthereareseveralinmegaprimusanewfeatureisthechoiceofplayingthetacticalmissionsineitherthefamiliarturnbasedtacticsturnbasedmodeorrealtimetacticsrealtimeintheturnbasedmodethealiensandhumansswitchturnstoperformactionswhileinrealtimeeverythinghappenssimultaneouslythoughthegamecanbepausedatanytimetoissueorderstoagentsxcomapocalypseclaimstohaveaselflearningartificialintelligenceaimodulethegamedoesfeatureselfadjustingdifficultywhereplayerperformancesinfluencesthealienzealtoexpandandinfestsluggishxcomresponsestotalfailuresandabadweeklyratingslowthealienbuildupofweaponsandcreaturesbutnotshipsontheirhomeworldthisgivestheplayerthechancetoamendtheirfailuresandrethinktheirstrategyforexampleahighratinginfirstfivedayscanmakethealiensattackyourhqheadonwithalargeheavilyarmedmoboftenconverselyalowratinginthefirstfivedayscanmakethealiensonlyincurtwiceaweekwithaverysmallforcethisalsoaffectstheequipmentqualityofthealienssoifaveryhighscoreisacquiredquicklyforexamplebyusingabugthatallowstheplayertoraidalliedorganisationswithouthostileresponsetheveryfirstbatchofaliensmightbefoundwithpersonalshieldsanddisruptorcannonswhichnormallywouldappearonlymuchlaterinthegamemegaprimusthecityisrunbyelectedsenatorslargecorporationsmaintaintheenvironmentalsocialandeconomicstructureofthecitywhilethepopulaceliveinrelativecomfortmegaprimushasitsownmarginalizedminoritiesconsistingofsectoidhumanhybridsandandroidrobotandroidsbothbyproductsofthepreviouswarstheseminoritieshavesetuptheirownpoliticalpressuregroupswhenthealiensinvadethecitygovernmentreestablishesxcomthistimethereisnoabsolutesupportbyworldcitygovernmentsmegaprimushasitsowngoverningbodywhosupplynearlyallofxcomsincomexcomwouldhavetosupportitsincomethroughthesaleofalienartifactscapturedfrommissionsanditemsmanufacturedintheirownworkshopsxcommustmaintainagoodrapportwithotherorganizationsinthecityifxcomangersanyofthemorfailstocontainthealienincursionorganizationswilldemandcompensationorevenactivelyattackxcomforcestheywillalsowithdrawtheirsupportifanyforthexcomprojectforexamplethetranstellarorganizationwouldpreventagentsandsciencepersonnelfromtravellingaroundthecitythecorporationsandpoliticalorganizationswillmakeprofitsperformresearchmanufactureitemsandevenfightcovertbattleswithoneanotherindependentlyoftheplayerforexampleifmegapolthecitypolicearemakinglotsofmoneytheywillbeabletomaintainastrongpresenceinthecityattackingalienshipsandotherhostileaircraftthemoredamagetothecityandthegreatermegapolsfinancialtroublethelesstheywillbeabletorespondtoenemyattacksacrossthecityoneoftheseorganizationsthecultofsiriusisagroupofreligiousfanaticswhoworshipthealiensandisinherentlyhostiletoxcomthealiensratherthansimplysigningnonaggressiontreatieswiththevariouscorporationswillattempttoinfesttheirceosandtakecontroloftheorganizationsthemselvesifthegovernmentbecomeshostiletowardsxcomforanyreasonsuchasalieninterferenceorexcessivedamagetogovernmentpropertyandpersonnelthenthexcomprojectwillreceivenofurtherfundingthisisapotentialdisasterfortheplayerandcanleadtoxcomscroungingoutamiserableexistencestealingfromotherorganisationsinordertosurvivehoweverwithperfectmanagementxcomcanoutpowertheentirecitysmilitarywhilebeingricherthanevenfoodmonopolycompanynutrivendthendestroythewholecityandgetawaywithitgiventhegamessuperbflexibilityhavingfriendlyrelationswithbothminoritiestheandroidorganisationselfandthehybridmutantalliancecanresultinsuperblytalentedrecruitsoftheseracesbecomingavailableinfollowingweeksoriginallythegamewasgoingtobemuchlargerandbeevenmoreindepthwithpoliticalintriguehelpingtobringthecityofmegaprimustolifeanunimplementedweaponcalledthetrackerguncouldbefiredatanunsuspectingenemyattachingsomekindoftracerontohisclothesthepersoncouldthenbetrailedaroundthecitybyoneormorexcomagentsallofthispoliticalintriguewascutdowntothebarebonesduetothefollowingconstraintsplothalfacenturyaftertheendofthexcomterrorfromthedeepsecondxcomcampaignthelastbattleoftlethhasseverelydamagedearthsbiosphereasaresultseveralselfcontainedmegalopoliscitytypemegalopolistypecitieswereproposedtoprovidehabitationforhumanitythegamefollowsmegaprimusthefirstofthesecitiesbuiltovertheruinsoftorontocanadameanwhiletheoffworldcolonyofmarsisexploitedbytheeleriumminingcorporationsolmineandoppressedbymarsecmarssecuritythealienthreatinthegameispresentedbyanewraceoforganicextradimensionalaliensthatinitiallyseemtohavenorelationtothealiensoftheprevioustwogamesthoughlatermissionssetinthealienshomedimensionrevealtheyhaveenslavedsectoidsurvivorsthesenewaliensattackthecitythroughtetrahedronshapedteleportgatestheplayermustfindouthowtosendtheirownaircraftalongwithxcomagentsthroughthesegateswithoutbeingdestroyedandtakethewartothealiensapocalypsehasracesofextraterrestriallifeinpopularculturealienbeingsincludinganthropodsbrainsuckershyperwormsmegaspawnsandmicronoidseachracehasvariousstrengthsandweaknessesandsomeracesaredependentonotherracesthealienlifecycleplaysacrucialroleinthegametheplayerisexposedtothisalienlifecyclethroughresearchandmoreimportantlythelowerlevelalienattacksduringspecimengatheringcombatprimarilytheattackoftheweaponizedalienthebrainsuckerwhichattacksindividualsafterlandingfromapodlauncherutilizedbyalienfootsoldiersthebrainsuckerhatchesandattacksthenearestindividualbyjumpingontheirheadandseeminglyinjectingsomethingintothemthroughthemouthanddyingimmediatelyaftertheattemptthelifecyclelatertakesamysteriousturnasitshowsnoconnectionbetweentheloweralienformsandhigheralienformseventuallyhoweveritisfoundtheleadersoftheinvasionarethemicronoidsaraceofsapientsinglecelledorganismsthatliveinthebloodstreamsoftheotheralienstheultimategoaloftheinvasionistoinjectmicronoidsintothebloodstreamsofimportantfiguresallowingthemtocontrolmegaprimusthroughpsionicdominationoftheirhoststheplayeriseventuallytaskedwithinvadingthealienshomeworldanddestroyingtheirsideofthegateastheonlywaytostopthemicronoidinfestationdevelopmentduringthecreationofapocalypsemythosgamescreatedthegamebutmicroprosewantedtocreatethegraphicsgolloprecollectedrefrefartistterrygreerrecalledmymainmemoryofapocalypsewasthepainweallwentthroughitwasahugelyambitiousprojectandusedamixofrenderedandhanddrawnartworkfromavarietyofgraphicstyleswhichdidntalwaysworkalthoughalltheindividualbitsweregreatprobablytheworstfitwastimwhiteanestablishedsfartistwhohadbeencommissionedtodothecharacterdesignsiliketimsworkbuthismodelswereintenselydetailedandquiteunsuitableforreducingtothescaleneededforanisometricgameofthistypethecreatureshedesignedlookedgreatfullscreenbutreducedtothesizetheywouldbeingametheywereoftenunrecognizableblobsidontknowthereasonsbehindthedecisiontohirehimonlythattheproblemswereapparenttoeveryoneintheartdepartmentandiwouldhavelovedtohaveseenthemditchedreleasexcomapocalypsewasoriginallyreleasedonjuneitwasrereleasedaspartofthecompilationsxcomcollectionbyhasbrointeractiveinandxcomcompletepackinandkhugegamespackinbykgamesonseptemberthexcomseriesincludingxcomapocalypsebecameavailableforsaleonvalvessteamsoftwaresteamplatformthegamerunsinaspeciallyconfiguredversionofdosboxreceptionsalesxcomapocalypsedebutedatonpcdatascomputergamesaleschartforthemonthofjulyrefnamegamespotsalesrefitsecuredthplacethefollowingmonthrefnameaugrefbyjulythegamehadshippedunitstoretailersgloballymarketresearchfirmsoftrendsestimatedsellthroughofunitsduringjulyalonerefnamesalesrefcriticalreviewsvideogamereviewspcgusrefnamepcgamerusrefcwgrefnamecgwrefpczonerefnamepczonerefrevpcmagazinerevscorerefnamepcmagrefrevcomputergamesmagazinecomputergamesstrategyplusrevscorerefnamecgmrefdespitethetroubleddevelopmentapocalypsewaswellreceivedithasanaggregatedgamerankingsscoreoffromthreereviewsrefnamegamerankingscomrefgamespotincludeditontheirlistofthemostdisappointingendingscriticizingthegameforitscolorfulalmosthumoroustonebutaddedthatotherwisethedesignersdidagreatjobopensourcesoftwareremakeinagroupofdevelopersformedtoremakethegamefromscratchincundertheopenapoctitlebytheremakehadreachedanalphareleasestatewiththeentiregameplayablefromstarttoendandagrowingcommunityofdevelopersandplayersdetailscanbefoundontheopenapocforumscurrentlyhostedatopenapocorgreferencesexternallinksufopaediaorgindexphptitleapocalypsexcomapocalypseonufopaediainfoboxvideogametitlexcomterrorfromthedeepimagexcomterrorjpgcaptionnorthamericanmsdoscoverartdevelopermicroprosepublishermicroprosedesignerstephengossrefnamegamemanualrefproducerstuartwhyteprogrammerbillbarnabrannettebellbrnickthompsonartistdrewnorthcottbrmatthewknottwriteralkisalkiviadescomposerjohnbroomhallbrallisterbrimbleseriesxcomenginereleasedjunedosbrplaystationbrwindowsrefnamemobygamesrefgenrerealtimestrategyturnbasedtacticsmodessingleplayerplatformsmsdosplaystationconsoleplaystationmicrosoftwindowswindowsxcomterrorfromthedeepisastrategyvideogamedevelopedandpublishedbymicroproseforthepcinandfortheplaystationconsoleplaystationinitisasequeltoufoenemyunknownxcomufodefenseandthesecondgameofthexcomseriesthistimetakingthewaragainstarenewedalieninvasionintotheearthsoceansgameplayxcomterrorfromthedeeptakesplacemostlyunderwaterwithbasebuildingandcombatallbeingsubmergedbeneaththewavesthisisalsousedasaplotdeviceallofthealientechnologyfromthefirstgameisunusableinsaltwaterforcingtheplayertocaptureanddevelopnewtechnologyjustlikeufoenemyunknownxcomufodefensethegameconsistsoftwopartsthefirstistherealtimestrategyrealtimebasedgeoscapeaglobalviewofearthwheretheplayerviewsalienandxcomcraftandbasescanhireanddismissstaffbuyandsellvehiclesweaponryammunitionanditemsandbuildandexpandbasesthesecondpartthebattlescapeisusedforcombatbetweensquadsofaliensandhumansandtakestheformofaturnbasedtacticsturnbasedbattlefromanisometricgraphicsinvideogamesisometricviewunderwaterbattlesusethesamephysicsasthegroundonesbutcertainweaponscannotbeusedonsurfacelandmissionsthegamefeaturessomemissiontypescomposingofmultiplepartssuchasalienshippingrouteterrorattacksinwhichthefirstpartisabattleoftheupperfloorsoftheshipwhilethesecondparttakesplacesinthelowerdecksoftheshipallpartsmustbecompletedforthesemissionstobesuccessfulandsoldierslostinpreviouspartsdonotappearinlaterpartsasidefromlengthymultipartmissionsmaplayoutsaremorecomplicatedthereareseveraltypesofterrormissionsandweaponscarryfewerroundsintheirmagazinesdifficultylevelsweremarkedlyincreasedcomparedtoenemyunknownapartofthereasonfortheenhanceddifficultyisthatplayerscomplainedofthefirstgamebeingtooeasyhowevermicroprosewereunawarethatthiswasduetoabugthatresultedinitrevertingtobeginnermodeinthereleasedversionanewfeatureaddedintftdwasmeleeweaponsthankstofeedbackfromtheplayerswhosuggestedtheideaplotterrorfromthedeepissetinfourdecadesaftertheeventsofenemyunknownfollowingthedestructionofthealienbrainoncydoniaatransmitterremainedactivetherewhichawakenedagroupofaliensundertheearthsseaswhohadlaindormantformillionsofyearsafterawakeningthealiensproceedtoterrorizeseagoingvesselsandportcitieskidnappinghumanstoperformbizarregeneticexperimentsonthemxcomwhichhadbeendisbandedafterthefirstalienwarisrevivedbytheearthsgovernmentstofightthisnewmenaceasthealiensultimategoalistoreawakentheirsupremeleaderabeingthatcannotbestoppedoncerevivedeventuallyitisrevealedtheaquaticalienscousinsofthesectoidsfromenemyunknowncametoearthonamassivespacecraftknownastleththatcrashedintowhatisnowthegulfofmexicomillionyearsagocausingthecretaceouspaleogeneextinctioneventextinctionofthedinosaursdestructionoftlethbytheplayerresultsinvictorybutalsoaccidentallyresultsinanotherworldwideenvironmentalcataclysmdestroyingtheecosystemofearthandsettingthestageforthethirdgameintheseriesxcomapocalypsedevelopmentmicroprosewantedmythosgamestomakeasequeltoenemyunknowninsixmonthsjuliangollopfeltthattheonlywaytodosowastochangethegraphicsandmakeminorchangestothegameplayeventuallymicroproselicensedmythoscodeandtheirinternalukstudiocreatedterrorfromthedeepwithinayearwhilemythosgamesbegandevelopingapocalypsesimultaneouslywithmakingtheconsoleportofterrormicroproseukalsobeganworkontheirxcomallianceprojectrefnameeurogamergollopinterviewrefmicroproseartistterrygreerrecalledreleasexcomterrorfromthedeepwasoriginallyreleasedonjuneforthepcdositwasportedtotheplaystationconsoleplaystationininawindowsportwasreleasedwithenemyunknownaspartofthexcomcollectorseditiononmayterrorfromthedeepwasreleasedonsteamsoftwaresteambykgameswhohasinheritedthefranchisefirstonlyforthewindowsxpbutalaterupdatewhichenabledwindowsvistasupportthegamehasbeenalsorereleasedaspartofthecompilationsxcomcollectorseditionbymicroproseinxcomcollectionbyhasbrointeractiveinxcomcompletepackbykgamesinandkhugegamespackinthefancreatedopenxcomprojectoriginallyanimprovedmodernizedremakeofthefirstgamealsoaddedtftdsupportwhichfixedanumberofbugsandprogrammingoversightsintheoriginalgameincludingbetterenemyaireceptionvideogamereviewsgspotpcgukpcguspczonerevnextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationrevscoretogetherwithitspredecessorufoenemyunknownterrorfromthedeepssaleshadpassedmillioncopiesbymarchrefnamesalesrefthegamewasreceivedmostlyverywellbycriticspcgamerukcalledittobenotonlyagreatsequeltoufobutasuperbgameinitsownrightrefnamepcgpcgameraprilrefontheotherhandgamespotstatedthatapartfromnewartandahandfulofnewcombatoptionsthisisexactlythesamegameasufodefenseonlymuchmoredifficultrefnamegsrefnextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationfeltthesameintheendxcomisstillaphenomenalgameandhasbeenscoredassuchbutitseemssomuchmorecouldhavebeenaccomplishedtomakethisgamemorethanjustacarboncopyofanoldgamerefnamengenrefjuliangollopcriticisedmicroproseforsomeclassicmistakesinturnbasedgameswhichistomakethedifficultytootoughandthelevelstoobiglongandtedioustogetthroughaccordingtojakesolomontheleaddesignerofsxcomenemyunknownmicroprosedidfewnewthingswiththesequelexceptmadeitbrutallyharderandmadethecruiseshipsfourtimeslongerthananyhumancouldrealisticallymakeyetstillthegamewasawesomeseealsoxcomenemywithinsourcesxcomterrorfromthedeeptheofficialstrategyguidebydaveellisgamedesignerdaveellisreferencesexternallinksufopaediaorgindexphptitletftdufopaediaanextensivewikicontaininginformationanalysisstrategyandotherresourcesforthisandothergamesintheseriesinfoboxfeatureontitannamexanaduimageimagetitanglobejpgpxcaptionxanaduisthebrightareaatthebottomcentrerightofthisimagetypebrightalbedofeaturecoordinatesdiameterkmnoteseponymkublakhanxanaduxanaduoftencalledxanaduregionnotetoeditorsregioisnotatypoitsactuallylatinthoughthisisnotitsofficialnameisahighlyreflectiveareaontheleadinghemisphereofsaturnsmoontitanmoontitanitsnamecomesfromanalternatetranscriptionofshangduthesummercapitaloftheyuandynastyestablishedbykublaikhanandmadefamousbysamueltaylorcoleridgethefeaturewasfirstidentifiedinbyastronomersusingthehubblespacetelescopeatinfraredwavelengthsandhasrecentlybeenimagedinmoredetailbythecassinihuygenscassinispaceprobexanaduisaboutthesizeofaustraliapreliminaryobservationsindicatethatxanaduisaplateaulikeregionofhighlyreflectivewatericecontrastingsomewhatwiththedarkerlowerregionstheseinturnseemtocontrastquitesharplywiththeverydarklunarmaremariawhichwereoncebelievedtobeseasofliquidhydrocarbonsbutarenowthoughttobeplainsrecentimagesbycassiniduringencountersinoctoberanddecemberrevealcomplexalbedofeaturealbedopatternsinthewesternportionofxanaduwhilescientistsarestilldebatingthesignificanceandcauseofthealbedopatternsonelikelyculpritistectonismevidenceforthisexistsinapatternofcrisscrossingdarklineamentsnearthewesternsideofxanaduscientistsarealsoinvestigatingtheboundarybetweenxanaduandshangrilatitanshangrilaadarkregiontothewesttheshapeoftheboundarysuggeststhatthedarkmaterialembaysthebrightterrainradarimagestakenbycassinihaverevealedduneshillsriversandvalleyspresentonxanaduthefeaturesarelikelycarvedinwatericebyliquidmethaneorethanewatericebehavessimilarlytorockatthepressuresandtemperaturespresentontitanssurfaceseealsotuiregioxanadudisambiguationtitanmoontitanreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebsaturnjplnasagovmultimediaimagesimagedetailscfmpathfmultimediafimagesftitanfimagesfpiajpgtypeimagemapoftitanwithxanaduandhuygenslandingsitevisiblefromthecassinihuygensmissionhomepagespacecomscienceastronomyxanaduhtmlpatchofsaturnsmoonresemblesearththeregistercomtitanxanaducassinifindslandontitanlucysherrifftheregisterthursdayjulygmtmultipleissuesleadtooshortdatemaydatejuneinfoboxmedianamexdpictureimagecaptionanbspmibfujifilmxdcardencodingtypememorycardcapacitymaximumnbspmebibytemiboriginalbrmaximumnbspgibtypemmtypehownerolympuscompanyolympusfujifilmusedigitalcamerasvoicerecordersdimensionsnbspmmnbspmmnbspmmweightnbspgramsxdpicturecardisaflashmemorycardformatusedindigitalcamerasmadebyolympuscompanyolympusandfujifilmthexdinthexdpicturecardstandsforextremedigitalxdcardshavebeenmanufacturedwithcapacitiesofnbspmegabytembuptonbspgbtheyarenotusedinanycamerascurrentlyinproductionhistorythecardsweredevelopedbyolympuscompanyolympusandfujifilmandintroducedintothemarketinjulytoshibatoshibacorporationandsamsungelectronicsmanufacturedthecardsforolympusandfujifilmxdcardsweresoldunderotherbrandsincludingkodaksandiskpnytechnologiespnyandlexarbutwerenotbrandedwiththerespectivecompanieslogosexceptforkodakpreviouslyxdcompetedprimarilywithsecuredigitalsdcardscompactflashcfandsonysmemorystickbecauseofitshighercostandlimitedusageinproductsotherthandigitalcamerasxdlostgroundtosdwhichisbroadlyusedbycellularphonespersonalcomputersdigitalaudioplayersandmanyotherdigitalcamerasolympusbegantomoveawayfromthexdformatwiththereleaseoftheolympusepepcamerawhichsupportedonlysecuredigitalmemorycardsrefnameolympusamericacomrefasofspringallnewolympuscamerasannouncedatthecesconsumerelectronicsshowandphotomarketingassociationannualconventionandtradeshowphotomarketingassociationinternationaltradeshowcanusesdcardsthischangeovertothesdcardformathasneverbeenofficiallyannouncedbyolympuscorporationthehigherenddslrcamerassuchastheeandeamongotherscontinuetousecompactflashcardsaswellcomparisonwithrivalformatsthexdformathasbeendiscontinuednewcardsarestillmanufacturedbutcamerassupportingxdmemorycardsexclusivelyarenolongermanufacturedadvantagescontainsnoflashtranslationlayerdesignedtoemulatetheblockdevicestructureofaharddiskdrivemagneticdiskdrivebetterdesignedflashfilesystemscandirectlyaccessthenandflashnandflashhardwareverysimilartoastandardnandchipmodifiedxdreaderscanbeusedtoreadarbitrarynandchipsdisadvantagescardformatisproprietarysoftwareproprietarytofujifilmandolympusjustasthememorystickformatistosonynopublicdocumentationavailableseebelowforreverseengineeringresultsincontrastthecompactflashformatisdescribedbycompletelyopenandfreespecificationshasnotkeptupwiththetransferrateorspeedofothercardsnotablycompactflashandsdbutalsothelaterversionsofthememorystickthefastestxdcardofferslessthanofthespeedofcurrentcompactflashcardsdirectlyderivedfromthesmartmediacardthushasnowearlevelingcontrollermayhaveashorterlifespanthancomparablecardswithftlwearlevelersifthefilesystemuseddoesnottakeintoaccountwearlevelinggenerallymoreexpensivethanothermemorycardtypesnbspgibxdcardsretailpricesareapproximatelythreetimesthoseofsamecapacitysdcardsmanynewerolympusandfujifilmdigitalcamerasacceptthemorepopularsecuredigitalsdorcompactflashcfcardsinadditiontoorinsteadofthexdformatsmallmaximumcapacityrelativetoothermemorycardformatsfirstgenerationxdcardshaveamaximumcapacityofonlynbspmibtypemexpandsthetheoreticalmaximumcapacitytonbspgibbuttherearenocardsavailablewithcapacitygreaterthannbspgibalthoughphysicallysmallerthansecuredigitalandmemorystickcardsxdcardsarelargerthanthesecompetitorsreducedsizevariantsmicrosdandmemorystickmicrolesswidelysupportedbycameracardreaderandaccessorymanufacturersthanotherformatssdcardsandvariantsaresupportedbyallconsumerleveldigitalcamerasfrommajormanufacturersotherinformationtypemmandtypehcardstheoriginalxdcardswereavailableinnbspmibtonbspmibcapacitiesthetypemcardreleasedinfebruaryrefnamesteverefusesmultilevelcellmlcarchitecturetoachieveatheoreticalstoragecapacityofuptonbspgibtypemcardsareavailableinsizesfromnbspmibtonbspgibhoweverthetypemsuffersfromslowerreadwritespeedsthantheoriginalcardsthetypehcardfirstreleasedinnovemberrefnamesteverefoffershigherdataratesthantypemcardstheoreticallyasmuchastimesfasterasoftypehcardswereonlyavailableinnbspmibnbspmibnbspgibandnbspgibcapacitiesbothfujiandolympusdiscontinuedtheproductionoftypehcardsincitinghighproductioncoststhetypemcardfirstreleasedinaprilrefnamepressreleaserefoffersdataratestimesthatoftypemcardsasofcardsareavailableonlyinandgibcapacitiesolympussaysthatitsxdcardssupportspecialpictureeffectswhenusedinsomeolympuscamerasthoughthesesoftwarefeaturesarenotintrinsicallyhardwaredependenttypehandmcardshoweverarerequiredinnewermodelstocapturevideoathighratefpsduetochangesinthecardsstoragearchitecturenewertypemandhcardsmayhavecompatibilityissueswithsomeoldercamerasespeciallyvideorecordingcompatibilitylistsareavailableforolympusolympusamericasandfujifilmsnewercardsareincompatiblewithsomecardreaderstheoreticaltransferspeedspicturesmaybetransferredfromadigitalcamerasxdcardtoapersonalcomputerbypluggingthecameraintothepcviaausborieeecableorbyremovingthecardfromthecameraandinsertingitintoacardreaderinbothcasesthecomputerseesthecardasamassstoragedevicecontainingimagefilesalthoughsoftwareorfirmwarecanalterthisrepresentationcardreadersmaybeintegratedintothepcorattachedviacableadaptersareavailabletoallowanxdpicturecardtobepluggedintootherreadersandinsomecasescamerasincludingpccardparallelportcompactflashandsmartmediasmartmediastylefontsizetextaligncenterclasswikitablerowspantyperowspanwritespeedbrmibsrowspanreadspeedbrmibscolspancapacitiesavailablenbspmibnbspmibnbspmibnbspmibnbspmibnbspmibnbspgibnbspgibrowspanstandardmhmdetailedspecificationsdetailedspecificationsaretightlycontrolledbyolympusandfujifilmwhichchargelicensingfeesandroyaltiesandrequirenondisclosureagreementsinexchangeforthetechnicalinformationrequiredtoproducexdcompatibledevicesthememoryformatusedisnotwelldocumenteditisdifficulttostudyitdirectlysincemostcameradevicesandmostusbcardreadersdonotprovidedirectaccesstotheflashmemorysincethecardsarecontrollerlesscamerasandcardreadersmustperformwearlevelinganderrordetectiontheynormallyhidetheportionofthememorywhichstoresthisinformationamongotherthingsfromhigherlevelaccesshoweverafewmodelsofxdcardreadersbasedonthealaudachipdoallowdirectaccessbypassingtheabovemechanismstoanxdcardsflashmemorythesereadershavebeenreverseengineeredandlinuxdevicedriverdrivershavebeenproducedbythealaudaprojectwhichhasdocumentedtheonchipdatastructuresofthexdcardaccordingtothisinformationxdcardheadersaresimilartothoseusedbysmartmediaandincludechipmanufacturerinformationrawhardwareattherawhardwarelevelanxdcardissimplyanordinarynandflashintegratedcircuitinanunusualpackagecomparingthepinoutofanxdcardonefindsanearlyonetoonecorrespondencebetweentheactivepinsofthetwodevicesxdcardssharethischaracteristicwiththeoldersmartmediacardswhicharealsobasicallyrawnandflashchipsalbeitinalargerpackagexdandsmartmediacardscanbeusedbyhobbyistsasaconvenientsourceofnandflashmemorychipsforcustomprojectsforexamplethematteljuiceboxportablemediaplayerpmpcanbebootedintolinuxusingamodifiedcartridgecontaininganxdcardwithabootimagewrittenonitadditionallysmartmediaandxdcardreaderscanbeusedtoreadthedatafromnandflashchipsinelectronicdevicesbysolderingleadsbetweenthechipandthecardreaderpanoramicmodesomeolympuscamerasoffercamerabasedpanoramicprocessinginthosecamerasthatsupportbothxdandcompactflashcardspanoramicprocessingonlyworkswithimagesstoredonthexdcardifinstallednewerolympuscamerashaveneitherxdcardsnorthisrestrictionunsubtantiatedreportsclaimthatsomecamerassuchastheeonlysupportpanoramicprocessingwhenusingolympusbrandedxdcardsthemodelnumbershavenotbeendocumentedinthiscasethereappearstobeaworkarounditappearsthatthecardmanufacturerinformationissimplystoredintheflashmemoryinthecardinformationstructuredescribedinthealaudaprojectsdocumentationseeabovethusitispossibletoalteranotherbrandofxdcardtopresentitselfasolympusxdcardbyaccessingtherawflashmemorythiscanbedonebyusingahackeddevicedriverforausbcardreaderseealsocomparisonofmemorycardsformatwarreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgweballpinoutsorgindexphptitlexdpicturecardxdpicturecardconnectorpinoutxprizefoundationredirectcategoryshellboeingxredirectcategoryshellxylemtubeepinfoboxartistnamexubingimagexubingjpgcaptionxubingattheasianartmuseumofsanfranciscobirthnamexubingbirthdatebirthplacechongqingpeoplesrepublicofchinachinadeathdatedeathplacenationalitychinesefieldinstallationartprintmakingcalligraphytrainingprintmakingmovementresidencebeijingchinaworksabookfromtheskypatronsawardsmacarthurfellowsprogramxubingchinesecharacterchinesepbornisachinachineseartistwholivedintheunitedstatesforeighteenyearscurrentlyresidinginbeijingheusedtoserveasthevicepresidentofthechinacentralacademyoffineartscentralacademyoffineartsheismostknownforhisprintmakingskillsandinstallationspiecesaswellashiscreativeartisticuseoflanguagewordsandtextandhowtheyhaveaffectedourunderstandingoftheworldheiscurrentlyanadwhiteprofessoratlargeatcornelluniversitybiographyborninchongqinginxugrewupinbeijinghisfatherwastheheadofthehistorydepartmentatpekinguniversityinneartheendoftheculturalrevolutionhewasrelocatedtothecountrysidefortwoyearsaspartofmaozedongsreeducationpolicyreturningtobeijinginheenrolledatthechinacentralacademyoffineartscentralacademyoffineartscafawherehejoinedtheprintmakingdepartmentandalsoworkedduringashortperiodoftimeasateacherreceivinghismastersinfineartinafterthetiananmensquareprotestsofhisrecentworkcameunderscrutinyfromthegovernmentandreceivedharshcriticismforwhatwasperceivedasacritiqueofthechinesegovernmentduetothepoliticalpressureandartisticrestrictionsoftheposttiananmenperiodinchinaxubinglikemanyofhiscontemporariesmovedtotheunitedstatesinwherehewasinvitedbytheuniversityofwisconsinmadisonhethenresidedtotheunitedstatesuntilhisappointmentasvicepresidentofthebeijingcafaininxuhadhisfirstexhibitionintheunitedstatesattheuniversityofwisconsinmadisonselvehjemmuseumofartnowchazenmuseumofartincludinghisinstallationsabookfromtheskybookfromtheskyandghostspoundingthewallinbookfromtheskytheartistinventedcharactersandhandcarvedthemintowoodblocksthenusedthemasmovabletypetoprintvolumesandscrollswhicharedisplayedlaidoutonthefloorandhungfromtheceilingthevastplanesoftextseemtoconveyancientwisdombutareinfactunintelligibletheglassysurfaceofalakeasitespecificinstallationfortheelvehjemwasonviewininthisworkanetofcastaluminumlettersformingapassagefromhenrydavidthoreauswaldenstretchesacrossthemuseumsatriumandpoursdownintoanillegiblepileoflettersonthefloorbelowworkinginawiderangeofmediaxucreatesinstallationsthatquestiontheideaofcommunicatingmeaningthroughlanguagedemonstratinghowbothmeaningsandwrittenwordscanbeeasilymanipulatedhereceivedamacarthurfoundationgrantinjulypresentedtohimfororiginalitycreativityselfdirectionandcapacitytocontributeimportantlytosocietyparticularlyinprintmakingandcalligraphyinheexhibitedatthethennewchineseartscentreinmanchesterandinhewontheinauguralartesmundiprizeinwalesforwheredoesthedustcollectitselfaninstallationusingdusthecollectedinnewyorkcityonthedayafterthedestructionoftheworldtradecenterworldtradecenterhewonalsoahalfyearoffreeworkandstudyattheamericanacademyinberlinrefnameamacadrefxubingwasappointedthenewvicepresidentofthechinacentralacademyoffineartsinbeijingmarchartearlyworkswhileatthecentralacademyoffineartsxubingmasteredthesocialistrealismstyleofartsopredominantduringthemaoisteraaftergraduatingwithhisdegreeinprintmakingtheartistveeredawayandcreatedsimplebutdramaticwoodcutssuchasshatteredjadeandbustlingvillageonthewaterinxubingreturnedtohistraininginprintmakingtocreatelargeandelaborateinstallationpieceslikebookfromtheskyandghostspoundingthewallinstallationpiecesabookfromtheskyxubingstianshubookfromtheskyisalargeinstallationfeaturingpreciselylaidoutrowsofbooksandhangingscrollswithwrittenchinesetextsevensothisworkchallengesourveryapproachtolanguagebecauseoftheuniquenatureofthetextwrittenonthepaperfirstpresentedinbeijinginthelearnedlitefeltslightedbytheartistsboldmovetodesignandprintovercharactersthatlookedchinesebutwerecompletelymeaninglessaccordingtostandardmandarinxubinginfuseshisworkwithmeaningbystirringconfusionanddiscomfortinhisaudiencemostlyduetothefactthatthechinesecharactersusedinthesetextsarenotrealcharactersthispiecewaswellreceivedinchinauntilwhereuponthesocialandpoliticaldramaofthetiananmensquareprotestsoftiananmensquareprotestsledthegovernmenttolookaskanceatxubingstianshuleavingchinainforthepoliticalandartisticfreedomoftheunitedstatesxubingcontinuedtoexploreandexpresshisthoughtsondeconstructinglanguagetochallengeourmostnaturalculturalassumptionshisthoughtprovokingworkenticedwesternaudiencesandhesoonbecameoneoftheleadingartistsinthemodernchineseartsceneghostspoundingthewallusinghisbackgroundinprintmakinginmayandjunexubingandateamofartstudentsandhelpfromlocalresidentsbeganamonumentalprojectcreatingarubbingfromasectionofthegreatwallatjinshanlinginordertocreatetherubbingsxubingusedentirelytraditionalchinesemethodsandmaterialsforstonerubbingincludingricepaperandinkmeasuringmxmtheresultinginstallationpiececonsistsofrubbingsofdifferentsectionsofthegreatwallasinthecaseofmanyofhisworksxubingdirectlyrelatedhiscolossalpieceghostspoundingthewalltothepoliticalsituationinchinawhilesurveyinghisworkwhileinstalledatelvehjemmuseumofartxubingsaidthathisgreatwallrepresentsakindofthinkingthatmakesnosenseandisveryconservativeareallyclosedinthinkingthatsymbolizestheisolationismofchinesepoliticstheprintsofthegreatwallriseuponeithersideoftheexhibitmakingtheviewerseemsmallandinsignificantincomparisontothemassiveloomingrepresentationsofsolidstonewallssquarewordcalligraphyfromhebeganwritingchinesecharacterswhichwerenonsensicaltochinesepeoplebutunderstandabletoenglishspeakersbecausetheywereoneblockwordsmadeofenglishlettersbenttotheshapeofhanzihecalledthisnewenglishcalligraphyandgavelessonsinhowtowritethecharactersbackgroundstoryinhisseriesbackgroundstoryxubingusesunusualmaterialsinordertocreateadeceptivelytypicalchinesescrollpaintingfromthefrontthepieceverymuchresemblesatraditionalshanshuilandscapescrollpaintingwithimagesofmountainstreesandrivershoweverwhenseenfrombehindtheviewerissurprisedtofindthatthebeautifulpaintingisinfactcreatedbyusingtheshapesandshadowsofrandomnaturalplantdebrisonceagainxubingchallengeshisaudiencesbasicassumptionsandshowsthemthateverythingisnotalwaysasitfirstseemsphoenixprojectinafterreturningtochinatotakethepositionatthecentralacademyoffineartsxubingwasaskedtocreateasculpturefortheatriumoftheworldfinancialcenterwhichwasthenbeingdevelopedinbeijinghewasshockedbyprimitiveworkingconditionshesawattheconstructionsitelatersayingthattheymademyskinquiverhewasinspiredtoconstructtwolargesculpturesintheformofbirdsthataremadelargelyoutofconstructiondebrisandtoolsthathesalvagedfromthesitethelargersculpturefeetmeterslongisidentifiedasamaleandnamedfenginaccordancewiththechinesefenghuangphoenixtraditionthesmalleroneisfeetmeterslongandisafemalenamedhuangoriginallyplannedtotakefourmonthsthesculpturesultimatelytooktwoyearstobuildbythattimethedevelopersofthecomplexhaddecidedthesculpturesdidnotmeettheirneedstheyweredisplayedatthetodayartmuseuminbeijingandattheshanghaiworldexpobeforecomingtotheunitedstatesinafterayearatthemassachusettsmuseumofcontemporaryarttheywerethenmovedtothecathedralofsaintjohnthedivineinnewyorkcitywheretheywereunveiledtothepubliconmarchtheyweresuspendedfromtheceilingofthenavewheretheyarenowexpectedtospendaboutayearrefnamenytphoenixrefthephoenixsculptureisthesubjectofthedocumentarymagiclanternfilmscomxubingphoenixxubingphoenixbydanieltraublatermediumsxubingsartmediumhasevolvedovertheyearsmorphingfromonestyletothenextprintmakingandwoodblockcarvinginstallationartliveinstallationartmetalworkandsculpturelandscapingandevenvirtualanddigitalmediumstakinginstallationartastepfurtherxubingfocusedonliveinstallationartbyusinganimalsinhisexhibitssuchasinthecaseofthesilkwormseriesandacasestudyoftransferenceusingsilkwormsandpigsrespectivelyinorbyshowcasingsheepinthenetlaterheexploredthecombinationofmodernandtraditionalmediumsasinthecaseofbackgroundstorypresentwherehisworkimitatesatraditionalchinesebrushandinkscrollfromthefrontbutisinfactdesignedbymeansoftheprojectedshadowsofplantsandsticksevenmorerecentlyxubinghasdelvedintosculptureandmetalworkingasseeninmonkeysgraspingthemoonandthephoenixprojectinfluencesandthemesxubingsartmostlyreflectsculturalissueswhichragedduringhisearlylifeinchinamostnotablytheculturalandlinguisticreformsenactedbythecommunistpartyinchinaundermaozedongsleadershipweighheavilyonmodernchineseartistswholivedthroughthisperiodsimilarlytheculturalrevolutionalsoranklesthemodernchineseartisticconsciousnesseventhoughdifferentartistshavefocusedondifferentanglesxubinginparticularplayswiththenotionoftheparadoxbetweenthepowerandficklenessoflanguageofwhatitmeanstobehumanandofhowourperceptionscolorourworldviewxubingplaysincessantlywiththerolepurposeandrealityoflanguageearlyinhislifehisfatherwouldmakehimwriteapageofcharactersadayencouraginghimtonotonlycopytheirformtoperfectionbutalsotocapturetheirspirittheiressenceduringmaosculturalreformationsandthereorganizationofthestandardchineselanguagexubingexperiencedtheconstantreformationofwordsthisconstantlinguisticchangeinfluencedhisartxubingemphasizestheimmortalityoftheessenceoflanguagewhilevividlyillustratingtheimpermanenceandcapriciousnessofwordsthemselvesinthiswaylanguagebecomesmalleableanditcanbefashionedtoeitherliberateorcontroljustasitisnighimpossibletodetanglelifefrompoliticsduringtheculturalrevolutioneraanditsramificationsindecadestofollowxubingalsointertwinespoliticalmessagesintohisartitwasnotuntilthatxubingsetasidehispostmaoistreactionaryartandinvestedinothertopicsforexamplehetookonenvironmentalprojectssuchasforestprojectwhichencouragedtheuninterruptedflowoffundsfromdevelopedcountriestokenyaearmarkedfortheplantingofnewtreesevensohisfocusisalwaysontheeffectthatenvironmentalissueshaveonpeoplesuchasthevillagesinkenyanotnecessarilytheeffectsonthelandscapeoronthepoliticalsituationattheturnofthemillenniumanewdefiningsocialpatternemergedaftertheterroristattacksintheunitedstatesontensiongrewbetweenthewestandthemiddleeastfinallyexplodingintowhatwaslabeledasthewaronterrorthissituationgaverisetosocialthemesofanxietyandhopelessnesswhicheventuallyhaveseepedintotherealmoftheartsevensosomeartistslikexubingchosetoexploretheserenityfoundinthemidstofchaosasillustratedinhisworkwheredoesthedustitselfcollectforthispiecetheartistgathereddustfromtheaftermathofthecollapseofthetwintowersinnewyorkafterseptemberandusesittorecreatethegrayfilmthatcoveredmanhattanintheweeksfollowingtheattacksstenciledinthedustabuddhistpoemreadsasthereisnothingfromthefirstwheredoesthedustitselfcollectusingthistragedyasanexpressionofthehumannarrativexubingcontemplatestherelationshipbetweenthematerialandthespiritualandheexploresthecomplicatedcircumstancescreatedbydifferentworldperspectivesawardsandhonorshonorarydoctorofhumaneletterscolumbiauniversitynewyorksoutherngraphicscouncillifetimeachievementawardinternationalassociationofartcriticsawardforbestinstallationorsingleworkofartinamuseumnewenglandtheyouthfriendsawardnewyorkartesmundiprizeamericanacademyinberlincocacolafellowshipfukuokaasiancultureprizemacarthurawardpollackkrasnerfoundationprizepartiallistofworkslanmanshanhuabrilliantmountainflowersmagazineabookfromtheskyghostspoundingthewallabcposttestamentbrailliterateacasestudyintransferenceintroductiontosquarewordcalligraphyoxforddictionarybirddefinitionsilkwormbooklostletterslandscriptpostcardsredbooktobaccoprojectbookfromthegroundmonkeysgraspingforthemoonongoingmitpressmitedubooksbookgroundbookfromthegroundfrompointtopointinpopularcultureonfilmtheenduringpassionforinkbybrittaericksonreferencesexternallinksbrooklynrailorgartxubinginterviewwithellenpearlmaninbrooklynrailfromseptemberchildprotectionandobscenityenforcementactrdcenturyrdcenturyrdcenturythcenturyinfoboxalbumnametypecompilationartistthebeatlescoverbeatlesjpgaltreleasedaprilrefnamehaberrefrecordednovembernbspaprilvenuestudioabbeyroadstudiosemiolympicstudiosolympicapplecorpsapplestudioappleandtridentstudioslondongenrerockmusicrockpsychedelicrockrefnameamgallmusicreviewreflengthlabelapplerecordsappleproducergeorgemartinandphilspectorcompilerallenkleinprevtitleprevyearnexttitlenextyearmiscextrachronologyartistthebeatlestypecompilationprevtitleprevyeartitleyearnexttitlerocknrollmusicalbumrocknrollmusicnextyearalbumreviewsrevallmusicrevscorerevblendermagazineblenderrevscorerevrollingstonerevscorewidelyknownasthebluealbumisacompilationofsongsbytheenglishrockmusicrockbandthebeatlesspanningtheyearsindicatedinthetitleitwasreleasedwiththeredalbuminmadenumberontheamericanbillboardchartandnumberonthebritishalbumchartthisalbumwasrereleasedinseptemberoncompactdisccdchartingatnumberintheunitedkingdomthealbumwascompiledbybeatlesmanagerallenkleinsongsperformedbythebeatlesassoloartistswerealsoconsideredforinclusionbutlikethecoversongsonlimitedspaceresultedinthisideahavingtobeabandonedaswiththiscompilationwasproducedbyapplerecordsappleemirecordsemiatleastpartiallyinresponsetoabootlegrecordingbootlegcollectiontitledalphaomegawhichhadbeensoldontelevisionthepreviousyearprintadvertisingforthetworecordsmadeapointofdeclaringthemtheonlyauthorizedcollectionofthebeatlesrefnamersiimgurcomelhnhvjpgrefalbumcoversforthegroupsdebutlpalbumlppleasepleasemephotographerangusmcbeantookthedistinctivecolourphotographofthegrouplookingdownoverthestairwellinsideemihouseemislondonheadquartersinmanchestersquaredemolishedininthebeatlesaskedmcbeantorecreatethisshotalthoughaphotographfromthephotoshootwasoriginallyintendedforthethenplannedgetbackalbumitwasnotusedwhenthatprojectsaweventualreleaseinasletitbealbumletitbeinsteadanotherphotographfromtheshootalongwithanunusedphotographfromthephotoshootwasusedforboththislpandtheinnergatefoldphotoforbothlpsisbydonmccullinfromthemaddayoutrefnamemaddayoutrefphotosessioninlondononsundayjulythealbumcoverwasdesignedbytomwilkesinternationalversionsunlikethecollectionthebluealbumwaslargelythesameintheusandukalthoughthereweresomevariationstheuseditionhadbothpennylaneandhellogoodbyeinfakestereoandiamthewalruswithafourbeatelectricpianointroductiontheukversionhadthemorecommonsixbeatbeginninginthespanisheditiononeaftersubstitutedtheballadofjohnandyokoasongthatwasbannedfromtheairwavesshortlyafterbeingreleasedasasingleinforitsallusiontochristandgibraltarinthelyricsthealbumshadseveralothervariantsandanomaliesgetbackwasdescribedasthealbumversionintheuslinernotesalthoughitwasinfactthesingleversioninbothcountriesheyjudewasaroundninesecondsshorterthanithadbeenontheoriginalsinglealthoughthefulllengthwasrestoredforthecompactdisceditiontheoriginalvinylversionfadedinduringthecrowdnoiseatthebeginningofadayinthelifethefadeinwasdifferentonboththeukandusversionstheoriginalcompactdisceditionmeanwhilefeaturedacleanversionpreviouslyheardontheimaginejohnlennonsoundtrackimaginejohnlennonsoundtrackalbuminthealbumlinernotesstatethatallsongswereproducedbygeorgemartinexceptacrosstheuniverseandthelongandwindingroadproducedbyphilspectormeaningthatgeorgemartinwascreditedasproducerofthesongdontletmedownwhichusuallyhasnoofficialproducerscreditreleasevariationsoriginalreleaseappleskbowholeandslicedapplesinbluebackgroundsecondpressingcapitolskbocapitoltargetlabelonbackofalbumcoverbluelabelwithcapitolinlightbluelettersatbottomfirstbluevinylreleasecapitolsebxcapitoldomelabelonbackofalbumcoverlargedomelogoattopoflightbluelabelseastgermanreleaseamigaonedisconlywithtracksmostlyfromdisconeof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vesearcharticledisplayimwyarchiveurlarchiveisbillboardbizbbbizchartsarchivesearcharticledisplayimwydeadurlyesarchivedatedecembertitlebillboardbiztoppopalbumsofpublisherbillboardbizaccessdateaprilrefchartpositionalignleftrpmyearendcanadianalbumschartalignleftdutchalbumschartalignleftitalianalbumschartalignleftjapanesealbumschartcertificationsintheusthealbumsolddoublelpsbydecemberanddoublelpsbytheendofthedecaderefnamehowmanyrecordsdidthebeatlesactuallysellrefrefrefsalesamountrefsalesamountsalesrefrefseealsolistofbestsellingalbumsinfrancelistofbestsellingalbumsingermanylistofbestsellingalbumsintheunitedstateslistofdiamondcertifiedalbumsincanadareferencesexternallinksnorwegianwoodorgbeatlesdiskouklpbluehtmnotesonreleasessuccessionboxbeforehousesoftheholybyledzeppelintitlebillboardbillboardnumberonealbumsofusanumberonealbumyearsmaynbspjuneafterredrosespeedwaybypaulmccartneywingssuccessionboxbeforebythebeatlestitleaustrianchartnumberonealbumyearsseptemberafterbythebeatlessuccessionboxbeforelivinginthematerialworldbygeorgeharrisontitlespanishchartnumberonealbumyearsoctoberafterninobravovolbyninobravoemperorxuanzongoftanginfoboxpersonnamexuxiakeimagexuxiakepngimagesizepximagecaptionportraitofxuxiakebirthnamexuhongzubirthdatejanuarybirthplacejiangsuchinadeathdatemarchageddeathcauseillnessdeathplacechinaeducationoccupationexplorerspouseparentschildrenxuxiakejanuarymarchbornxuhongzucourtesynamezhenzhiwasachinachinesetravelwriterandgeographerofthemingdynastyknownbestforhisfamousgeographicaltreatiseandnotedforhisbraveryandhumilityhetraveledthroughoutchinaformorethanyearsdocumentinghistravelsextensivelytherecordsofhistravelswerecompiledposthumouslyinxuxiakestravelthetraveldiariesxuxiakeandhisworktranslatedbydingwenjiangrefnameneedhamvolumeneedhamvolumerefxuswritingfallsundertheoldchineseliterarycategoryoftravelrecordliteratureyoujiwenxuewhichusednarrativeandprosestylesofwritingtoportrayonestravelexperiencesrefnamehargetthargettrefthepeoplesliberationarmynavybarracksshipchinesebarracksshipxuxiakexuxiakewasnamedafterhimlifewithancestorsfromjiangxiprovincexuxiakewasborninwhatistodayjiangyininjiangsuprovinceasxuhongzuasthesecondsonofxuyuanandwangrurenitwasoftensaidhismotherencouragedhimtotravelandthisshapedxuspredilectionshissobriquetiszhenzhixiakewasanalternatesobriquetgiventohimbyhisfriendchenjiruanditmeansonewhoisinthesunsetcloudshisotherfriendhuangdaozhoualsogavexuanalternatesobriquetxiayimeaninguntrammelledinthesunsetcloudsonhisjourneysthroughoutchinahetravelledwithaservantcalledguxinghefacedmanyhardshipsalongthewayashewasoftendependentonthepatronageoflocalscholarswhowouldhelphimafterhehadbeenrobbedofallhisbelongingslocalbuddhistabbotsofthevariousplaceshevisitedoftenwouldpayhimmoneyaswellforthesmallserviceofrecordingthehistoryoftheirlocalmonasteryfromthesnowypassesofsichuantothesubtropicaljunglesofguangxiandyunnantothemountainsoftibetxuxiakewroteofallhisexperiencesandprovidedenormousamountsofwrittendetailfromhisobservationstravelrecordsthewrittenworkofxuxiakestravelrecordsanddiariescontainedsomechinesecharactersanenormousworkforasingleauthorofhistimexusworkwasquitesystematicprovidingaccuratedetailsofmeasurementandhisworklatertranslatedintomodernchinesebydingwenjiangreadsmoreliketheaccountsofathcenturyfieldsurveyorthananearlythcenturyscholaringuizhouhemadethediscoveryofthetruesourceofthexijiangwestriverhealsodiscoveredthemekongandsalweenriverswereinfactseparatedrainageswithcompletelyseparatewatershedsnotesreferenceshargettjamesmsomepreliminaryremarksonthetravelrecordsofthesongdynastychineseliteratureessaysarticlesreviewsclearjulywardjulianandhongzuxuxuxiaketheartoftravelwritingrichmondenglandcurzonneedhamjosephscienceandcivilisationinchinamathematicsandthesciencesofheavenandearthvoliiicambridgeuniversitypressexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebchinacultureorggbenmadeinchinacontenthtmxuxiakebioatchinacultureorgxlsorxlsmayrefertomicrosoftexcelfileformataspreadsheetfileformatcadillacxlsaprototypecadillacconceptcarexelisincnysesymbolaglobalaerospacedefenseinformationandservicescompanylusitanianlanguageisocodeanindoeuropeanpaleohispaniclanguagemidwestquestarxlsanamericanultralightaircraftdesignsaintlouisairportiataairportcodenearsaintlouissenegalinchessthetermxrayorxrayattackissometimesusedasasynonymforskewerchessskeweritcanalsorefertoachesstactictacticwhereaeitherindirectlyattacksanenemypiecethroughanotherpieceorpiecesordefendsafriendlypiecethroughanenemypieceexampleschessdiagramtleftrdbdqdrdkdpdpdpdpdbdpdpdndpdplpdplndplplnlblnlplblplplplrlqlrlklpositionarisingfromblackknightstangoblacksrookxrayswhitespawnonechessdiagramtrightrdbdqdrdkdpdpdndpdpdpdnlrlblplplbdplplnlqlklrlpositionafterbhkfafterfblacksrookonfxrayswhiteskingonfthesecondusageisseeninthepositionatleftwhicharisesfromtheblackknightstangochessopeningopeningafterdnfcncnfeadncgebgberebeedndauthorsrichardpalliserandgeorgiorlovintheirrespectivebooksonthatopeningbothnotethatwhiteandblackinchessblacksrookchessrookonexrayswhiteandblackinchesswhitesepawnthroughblacksownpawnchessp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sreferencesxinuredirectcategoryshellinfoboxtelevisionepisodetitleseriesstartrekthenextgenerationseasonepisodeproductionairdatewriterplainlistmauricehurleyscreenwritermauricehurleyrobertlewinscreenwriterrobertlewindirectorpaullynchdirectorpaullynchphotographeredwardrbrownmusicronjonescomposerronjonesguestscarolynmccormickasminueteugenedynarskigenedynarskiasorfilquinteroskatyboyeraszeroonealexandrajohnsonasonezeroivalaneaszerozerokelliannmcnallyasoneonejacksheldonaspianoplayerabdulsalaamelrazzacasbassplayerronbrownasdrummerprevangelonenexttooshortaseasonepisodelistlistofstartrekthenextgenerationepisodeslistofstartrekthenextgenerationepisodesisthethepisodeofthestartrekthenextgenerationseasonfirstseasonoftheamericansciencefictiontelevisionseriesstartrekthenextgenerationitwasfirstbroadcastonfebruaryintheunitedstatesinbroadcastsyndicationitwaswrittenbymauricehurleyscreenwritermauricehurleyandrobertlewinscreenwriterrobertlewinanddirectedbypaullynchdirectorpaullynchsetinthethcenturytheseriesfollowstheadventuresofthecrewofthestarfleetstarshipussenterprisenccdenterprisedinthisepisodemembersofanalienracecalledthebynarshijackanearlyevacuatedenterprisewhileretrofittingthecomputerinspacedockmakeupsupervisormichaelwestmorecreatedthelookofthebynarswhowerefourwomeninextensivemakeupthemusicalscorewasscoredbyronjonescomposerronjonesreviewerspraisedthebynarsthemselvesandtheresponsetotheepisodewasgenerallypositivewithonecriticcallingitthebestoftheseasonitwasawardedanemmyawardforoutstandingsoundeditingforaseriesplottheunitedfederationofplanetsfederationstarshipenterprisearrivesatstarbasestartrekstarbasenbspforaroutinemaintenancecheckcaptainjeanlucpicardpatrickstewartandcommanderwilliamrikerjonathanfrakesgreetstarbasecommanderquinteroseugenedynarskigenedynarskiandtwopairsofsmallhumanoidaliensknownasbynarsthebynarsheavilyrelyontheircomputertechnologyandworkinpairsforbestefficiencymuchofthecrewtakeshoreleavewhilepicardrikerandaskeletoncrewremainaboardrikerisintriguedbythebynarsclaimedupgradestotheholodeckandstartsaprograminajazzbartheprogramincludesawomannamedminuetcarolynmccormickbywhomrikerisfascinatedbothasabeautifulandcharmingwomanbutalsobythelevelofsophisticationinherresponsesrikershortlyreturnsandpicardwalksinonhimkissingminuetandhetooisamazedbythesimulationmeanwhilethebynarsdiscreetlycreateacatastrophicfailureintheshipswarpcoreltcmdrdatastartrekdatabrentspinerandgeordilaforgelevarburtonareunabletolocatepicardorrikerandassumingthemtoalreadybeonthestarbaseorderanemergencyevacuationtheysettheshiptoleavethestarbaseandwarptoasafelocationbeforeitwouldexplodehoweveroncetheyareclearofthedockthefailuredisappearsandtheshipsetscourseforthebynarsystemtheplanetbynausorbitingbetamagellandatalaforgeandquinterosrealizethatthebynarsarestillaboardtheshipbuttherearecurrentlynootherworkingvesselstofollowthembackontheenterpriserikerandpicardleavethesimulationtofindtheshipemptyandatwarptothebynarsystemwiththeshipscontrolslockedtothebridgefearingthatthebynarshavetakenovertheshipfornefariouspurposestheysettheshiptoselfdestructinminutesandthentakethebridgebyintershiptransporterstartrektransporterbeamandfindthebynarsthereunconsciousaftercancellingtheselfdestructtheyfindthebynarshaveuploadedmassiveamountsofinformationtotheenterprisecomputersbuttheyareunabletodecodeitrealizingthatminuetwaspurposelycreatedbythebynarsasadistractionpicardandrikeraskthesimulationaboutwhatisgoingonastheshipnearstheorbitofbynarminuetexplainsthatastarnearthebynarhomeworldhadgonesupernovaandtheelectromagneticpulseempitemittedwouldknockouttheircomputersystemseffectivelykillingthebynarstheyhadusedtheenterprisetouploadtheircomputerinformationforsafekeepingandthenplannedtodownloaditbacktothebynarcomputersafterthethreatoftheemphadpassedwithdatashelppicardandrikersuccessfullydownloadthedataandthebynarsrecovertheyapologizefortheiractionshavingfearedthatstarfleetwouldrefusetohelpthoughpicardnotestheyonlyhadtoaskastheenterprisereturnstostarbaserikerreturnstotheholodecktothankminuetbutfindsthatwithoutthebynardatathesimulationhasregressedtotheexpectednormfortheholodeckandwhileminuetstillexistssheisnotthesameasbeforerikerreportstopicardthatminuetisgoneproductionthenameisabinarynumberacontractionofthenamesofthebynarsoneonezerozeroonezeroandzeroonetheepisodeatonepointwascalleditwasoriginallyintendedthatthisepisodewouldtakeplacepriortothebiggoodbyewiththebynarsmodificationscausingtheproblemswiththeholodeckseeninthatepisodeinsteaditwaschangedtothebynarsaimingtofixtheholodecktopreventthoseproblemsreoccurringthebynarsthemselveswereplayedbyyoungwomentodisguisetheirvoicesthepitchwasloweredinpostproductionitwasoriginallyplannedtoaddsubtitlesoverthebynarsconversationsbetweenthemselvesrefnamenemeceknemeceknemecekpreftheimageofthestarbaseorbitingaplanetwasreusedfromstartrekiiithesearchforspockthescorewascreatedbyronjonescomposerronjoneswhoincorporatedjazzthemescomposedbyjohnbeasleymusicianjohnbeasleydirectorpaullynchdirectorpaullynchalsothoughtthatthebynarsweregreatcarolynmccormickappearedasminuetandsubsequentlybecamearegularcastmemberinlaworderlawandordershereturnedtotheroleofminuetinthestartrekthenextgenerationseasonseasonfourepisodefutureimperfecteugenedynarskigenedynarskihadpreviouslyappearedasbenchildressinstartrektheoriginalseriesepisodemuddswomenandkrodakinthemarkofgideonreceptionairedinbroadcastsyndicationduringtheweekcommencingfebruaryitreceivednielsenratingsofreflectingthepercentageofallhouseholdswatchingtheepisodeduringitstimeslottheseratingswerelowerthanboththeepisodesbroadcastbothbeforeandafterwardsfortheirworkinthisepisodebillwistromwilsondyermacematiosianjameswolvingtongerrysackmanandkeithbilderbeckwereawardedanemmyawardforoutstandingsoundeditingforaseriesrefnameemmydatabasereftvguiderankeditnoonitslistofthetopstartrekepisodesforthemagazinescelebrationofthefranchisesthanniversaryseveralreviewersrewatchedtheepisodeaftertheendoftheseriesjameshuntreviewedtheepisodeforthewebsitedenofgeekinjanuaryhewassurprisedbytheepisodeashewentinexpectingsomethingthatwastypicallyseasononeawfulandgotsomethingthatwasactuallyalotoffunzackhandlenwatchedtheepisodefortheavclubinmayhetoowassurprisedbywhathefoundhandlensaidthatlasttimeisawitithoughtrikerandminuetsinteractionswerecheesyashelltheydidntbothermesomuchnowbecausetheydontgoonverylongandtheressomethinghilariousaboutamantryingtoseduceacomputersimulationdesignedtorespondtohisseductionsandthoughtthiswassolidhegavetheepisodeabgradekeithdecandidoreviewedtheepisodefortorbookstorcominjunehedescribeditasoneofthestrongestfirstseasonepisodeshealsothoughtthatturningofftheautodestructwithtwominutestogoinsteadofmeresecondsneatlyavoidedaclichandgaveitascoreofsevenoutoftenmichelleericagreenfortreknationwatchedtheepisodeinjuneshethoughtthatitcameveryclosetobeingareallygoodepisodejamahlepsicokhanathiswebsitejammersreviewsdescribedaseasilyseasononesbestandmostmemorableepisodehegaveitascoreoffouroutoffourhomemediareleasethefirsthomemediareleaseofwasonvhscassetteappearingonaugustintheunitedstatesandcanadatheepisodewaslaterincludedonthestartrekthenextgenerationseasononedvdboxsetreleasedinmarchandthenreleasedaspartoftheseasononebluraydiscbluraysetonjulynbspnotesreferencesexternallinksinfoboxmusicalartistseewikipediawikiprojectmusiciansnamefranzxaverscharwenkaimagescharwenkajpgcaptionfxscharwenkabackgroundnonvocalinstrumentalistbirthdatebirthplaceszamotuysamterkingdomofprussiaprussiadeathdatedeathplaceberlinweimarrepublicgermanyinstrumentpianogenreclassicalmusicclassicaloccupationpianistcomposeryearsactivefranzxaverscharwenkajanuarydecemberwasagermanpianistcomposerandteacherofbohemianpolishdescenthewasthebrotherofludwigphilippscharwenkawhowasalsoacomposerandteacherofmusiclifeandcareerfranzxaverscharwenkawasborninszamotuysamterkingdomofprussiaprussiapolishszamotuyuntilandsincepartofpolandinhispaternalancestorsoriginallycamefrompraguethenmovedtofrankfurtontheoderinprobablyforreasonsoffaithandsettledthereafterinsamterhisfatheraugustwilhelmwasagiftedmasterbuilderbutdecidedlydidnothaveanearformusichismothernegolischwasanethnicpolefromafamilyofsomemeanswhowasmusicallyinclinedandearlyoninstilledinherchildrenaloveofmusicalthoughhebeganlearningtoplaythepianobyearwhenhewasscharwenkadidnotstartformalmusicstudiesuntilhewaswhenhisfamilymovedtoberlinandheenrolledattheakademiedertonkunstundertheodorkullakhispianisticskillsdevelopedrapidlyandhemadehisdebutatthesingakademieinhetaughtattheacademyuntilenteringmilitaryserviceinuponhisdischargeinscharwenkabegantouringasaconcertpianistpraisedforthebeautyofhistonehewasarenownedinterpreterofthemusicoffrdricchopinrefnamesuttonisuttoninewgroverefinscharwenkaorganizedasuccessfulannualseriesofchamberandsoloconcertsatthesingakademieinconjunctionwithgustavhollnderandheinrichgrnfeldthatoctoberhefoundedhisownmusicschoolinberlininheconductedthefirstinaseriesoforchestralconcertsdevotedtothemusicofhectorberliozfranzlisztandludwigvanbeethovenwhilecontinuingtotourextensivelyandplayhisworksincollaborationwithotherartistssuchastheconductorhansrichterconductorhansrichterandtheviolinistjosephjoachimthistripleroleaspianistcomposerandeducatorwouldoccupyscharwenkafortherestofhiscareerinscharwenkamadehisfirsttourofunitedstatesamericadecidingtoemigrateheopenedanewyorkcitynewyorkbranchofhisscharwenkamusicschoolintheberlinscharwenkaconservatorywasunitedwiththeklindworthconservatoryandinhereturnedklindworthscharwenkaconservatorythereasdirectorfromnewyorkinwithwpetzetheopenedaschoolofmusicwithapianoteachersseminaryattachedamongpianistswhoreceivedsomeinstructionfromhimwerejosviannadamottafridtjofbackergrndahlandselmarjansonhismethodikdesklavierspielswaspublishedinleipziginsometimeintheveryearlysheconductedfelixmendelssohnspianoconcertonomendelssohngminorconcertoatwhichthecomposerandpianistmartheservinemadetheirdebutsrefnameflyertherothstringquartetinaprogramofcompositionsbymartheservineprogramforconcertattownhallnewyorknyfebrefscharwenkamadeseveralrecordingsforcolumbiarecordsinandincludingworksofhisownaswellaschopinmendelssohncarlmariavonweberweberandliszthisaccountofchopinsfan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thallmonomialsofacertaindegreeofamonomialdegreecomplexityestimatesshowedthatthexlattackwouldnotworkagainsttheequationsderivedfromblockcipherssuchasaeshoweverthesystemsofequationsproducedhadaspecialstructureandthexslalgorithmwasdevelopedasarefinementofxlwhichcouldtakeadvantageofthisstructureinxsltheequationsaremultipliedonlybycarefullyselectedmonomialsandseveralvariantshavebeenproposedresearchintotheefficiencyofxlanditsderivativealgorithmsremainsongoingyangandchenapplicationtoblockcipherscourtoisandpieprzykobservedthatadvancedencryptionstandardaesrijndaelandpartiallyalsoserpentcipherserpentcouldbeexpressedasasystemofquadraticequationsthevariablesrepresentnotjusttheplaintextciphertextandkeybitsbutalsovariousintermediatevalueswithinthealgorithmthesboxofaesappearstobeespeciallyvulnerabletothistypeofanalysisasitisbasedonthealgebraicallysimpleinversefunctionsubsequentlyotherciphershavebeenstudiedtoseewhatsystemsofequationscanbeproducedalexbiryukovbiryukovanddecannireincludingcamelliaciphercamelliakhazadmistyandkasumiunlikeotherformsofcryptanalysissuchasdifferentialcryptanalysisdifferentialandlinearcryptanalysislinearcryptanalysisonlyoneortwoknownplaintextsarerequiredthexslalgorithmistailoredtosolvethetypeofequationsystemsthatareproducedcourtoisandpieprzykestimatethatanoptimisticevaluationshowsthatthexslattackmightbeabletobreakrijndaelwithbitsandserpentforkeylengthsofandbitstheiranalysishoweverisnotuniversallyacceptedforexampleinaesconferencebonnoneoftheinventorsofrijndaelvincentrijmencommentedthexslattackisnotanattackitisadreampromptlycourtoisansweredxslmaybeadreamitmayalsobeaverybaddreamandturnintoanightmarerefciteweburlcosicesatkuleuvenacbenessieforumreadphpfittitlererijndaelandotherblockciphersauthorvincentrijmendatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebcosicesatkuleuvenacbenessieforumreadphpfitarchivedatedeadurlyesaccessdaterefhoweverneitheranylaterpaperoranyactionsbythensaornistgiveanysupporttothisremarkbycourtoisinseanmurphycryptographermurphyandmattrobshawrobshawdiscoveredanalternativedescriptionofaesembeddingitinalargerciphercalledbeswhichcanbedescribedusingverysimpleoperationsoverasinglefieldmathematicsfieldgfsupsupanxslattackmountedonthissystemyieldsasimplersetofequationswhichwouldbreakaeswithcomplexityofaroundsupsupifthecourtoisandpieprzykanalysisiscorrectincidandleurentgaveevidencethatinitsproposedformthexslalgorithmdoesnotprovideanefficientmethodforsolvingtheaessystemofequationshowevercourtoisdisputedtheirfindingsatfsechuweelimandkhoongmingkhooshowedthatitcannotpossiblyworkaspresentedevenifxslworksagainstsomemodernalgorithmstheattackcurrentlyposeslittledangerintermsofpracticalsecuritylikemanymoderncryptanalyticresultsitwouldbeasocalledcertificationalweaknesswhilefasterthanabruteforceattacktheresourcesrequiredarestillhugeanditisveryunlikelythatrealworldsystemscouldbecompromisedbyusingitfutureimprovementscouldincreasethepracticalityofanattackhoweverbecausethistypeofattackisnewandunexpectedsomecryptographershaveexpresseduneaseatthealgebraicsimplicityofcipherslikerijndaelbruceschneierandnielsfergusonwritewehaveonecriticismofaeswedontquitetrustthesecuritywhatconcernsusthemostaboutaesisitssimplealgebraicstructurenootherblockcipherweknowofhassuchasimplealgebraicrepresentationwehavenoideawhetherthisleadstoanattackornotbutnotknowingisreasonenoughtobeskepticalabouttheuseofaespracticalcryptographyppreferencessmurphymrobshawciteseerxistpsueduviewdocsummarydoicommentsonthesecurityoftheaesandthexsltechniqueexternallinkscryptosystemnetaescourtoispageonaesquadibloccomcryptocohtmquadraticcryptanalysisanexplanationofthexslattackbyjjgsavardwebarchiveorgwebusdsicomaeshtmlaesisnotbrokenbytmoheprintiacrorgcourtoisandpieprzykpaperoneprintcommentaryinthecryptogramnewsletterschneiercomcryptogramhtmlschneiercomcryptogramhtmlschneiercomcryptogramhtmlsecurityforumscomforumviewtopicphppanoverviewofaesandxslxeromayrefertoxerobandanaustralianpunkbandxerorapperdetroitindependentsongwriterxeroanearlynameforthebandlinkinparkaswellasademotapeofthesamenamexerosffanzinexerosffanzinexerocomicsxerocomicsxerosoftwareanonlineaccountingsystemxerofilmxerofilmxeroshoesxeroshoesabrandofminimalistfootwearseealsoxerosdisambiguationzerodisambiguationinfoboxuniversityestablishedformernamesjiaotonguniversitynationalchiaotunguniversitynanyangpublicschoolnamexianjiaotonguniversitynativenamemottopresidentwangshuguoimagenamexianjiaotonguniversitypngtypepublicuniversitypubliccityxianprovinceshaanxicountrycoorcampusurbanstudentsfacultyfreelabelfreeaffiliationscleaguecwebsitexianjiaotonguniversityabbreviatedxjtuisacleagueuniversitywithstrengthsinengineeringtechnologymanagementandpublichealthlocatedinxianshaanxichinaxjtustwentyschoolscompriseacomprehensiveresearchuniversityofferingprogramsinnineareasscienceengineeringmedicineeconomicsmanagementartlawphilosophyandeducationsincethesxjtuhasbeenreferredtoasthemitoftheeastxjtuhousesfivenationalkeylaboratoriesfournationalspeciallaboratoriesandtwonationalengineeringresearchcentersxjtuseightaffiliatedteachinghospitalsincludetw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emanticsnestedternariescanbesimulatedascodecexprexprexprwhichfirstccondcondtruecodewherethefunctioncodewhichfirstcodereturnstheindexofthefirsttruevalueintheconditionvectornotethatbothofthesemapequivalentsarebinaryoperatorsrevealingthattheternaryoperatoristernaryinsyntaxratherthansemanticstheseconstructionscanberegardedasaweakformofcurryingbasedondataconcatenationratherthanfunctioncompositionifthelanguageprovidesamechanismoffuturesandpromisesfuturesorpromisesthenshortcircuitevaluationcansometimesalsobesimulatedinthecontextofabinarymapoperationconditionalassignmentcodecodeisusedasfollowsconditionvalueiftruevalueiffalsetheconditionisevaluatedtrueorfalseasabooleanexpressiononthebasisoftheevaluationofthebooleanconditiontheentireexpressionreturnsvalueiftrueifconditionistruebutvalueiffalseotherwiseusuallythetwosubexpressionsvalueiftrueandvalueiffalsemusthavethesametypewhichdeterminesthetypeofthewholeexpressiontheimportanceofthistypecheckingliesintheoperatorsmostcommonuseinconditionalprogrammingconditionalassignmentcomputerscienceassignmentstatementsinthisusageitappearsasanexpressionprogrammingexpressionontherightsideofanassignmentstatementprogrammingstatementasfollowsvariableconditionvalueiftruevalueiffalsetheoperatorissimilartothewayconditionalexpressionsifthenelseconstructsworkinfunctionalprogramminglanguageslikeschemeprogramminglanguageschememlprogramminglanguagemlandhaskellprogramminglanguagehaskellsinceifthenelseformsanexpressioninsteadofastatementinthoselanguagesusagetheconditionaloperatorsmostcommonusageistomakeatersesimpleconditionalassignmentstatementforexampleifwewishtoimplementsomeccodetochangeashopsnormalopeninghoursfromoclocktooclockonsundayswemayusesourcelangcintopeningtimedaysundaysourceinsteadofthemoreverbosesourcelangcintopeningtimeifdaysundayopeningtimeelseopeningtimesourcethetwoformsarenearlyequivalentkeepinmindthattheisanexpressionandconditionalprogrammingifetheneelseifthenelseisastatementnotethatneitherthetruenorfalseportionscanbeomittedfromtheconditionaloperatorwithoutanerrorreportuponparsingthiscontrastswithifthenelsestatementswheretheelseclausecanbeomittedmostofthelanguagesemphasizingfunctionalprogrammingdontneedsuchanoperatorastheirregularconditionalexpressionsisanexpressioninthefirstplaceegtheschemeprogramminglanguageschemeexpressionisequivalentinsemanticstothecexpressionthisisalsothecaseinmanyimperativelanguagesstartingwithalgolwhereitispossibletowriteorsmalltalkorrubyprogramminglanguagerubyalthoughworksaswellnotethatsomelanguagesmayevaluateboththetrueandfalseexpressionseventhoughonlyoneortheotherwillbeassignedtothevariablethismeansthatifthetrueorfalseexpressioncontainafunctioncallthatfunctionmaybecalledandexecutedcausinganyrelatedsideeffectsduetothefunctionsexecutionregardlessofwhetherornotitsresultwillbeusedprogrammersshouldconsulttheirprogramminglanguagespecificationsortesttheternaryoperatortodeterminewhetherornotthelanguagewillevaluatebothexpressionsinthiswayifitdoesandthisisnotthedesiredbehaviourthenanconditionalprogrammingifetheneelseifthenelsestatementshouldbeusedactionscriptsourcelangactionscriptconditionvalueiftruevalueiffalsesourceadatheeditionofadaprogramminglanguageadahasintroducedconditionalexpressionsusingifandcaseaspartofanenlargedsetofexpressionsincludingquantifiedexpressionsandexpressionfunctionstherationaleforadastatesmotivesforadanothavinghadthembeforeaswellasmotivesfornowaddingthemsuchastosupportcontractsalsonewpayperhourifdaysundaythenelsewhenthevalueofanifexpressionisitselfofbooleantypethentheelsepartmaybeomittedthevaluebeingtruemultipleconditionsmaychainedusingelsifalgolbothalgolsalgolexpressionsandcompoundstatementschoiceclausesifandthecaseclausesprovidethecoderwithachoiceofeithertheboldsyntaxorthebriefformsingleifchoiceclauseifconditionthenstatementselsestatementsfibriefformconditionstatementsstatementschainedifchoiceclauseifconditionthenstatementselifconditionthenstatementselsestatementsfibriefformconditionstatementsconditionstatementsstatementsaplsourcelangaplresultvalueiftrueconditionvalueiffalsesourceorsourcelangaplresultvalueiftrueconditionvalueiffalsesourceawksourcelangawkresultconditionvalueiftruevalueiffalsesourcebashatrueternaryoperatoronlyexistsforarithmeticexpressionssourcelangbashresultconditionvalueiftruevalueiffalsesourceforstringsthereonlyexistworkaroundslikeegsourcelangbashresultabechovalueiftrueechovalueiffalsesourcewherecodeabcodecanbeanyconditioncodetestcoderespectivecodecodecanevaluatecatraditionalifelseconstructincprogramminglanguagecjavaprogramminglanguagejavaandjavascriptiswrittenrefnameclearninggnucfaqsorgdocslearncxhtmltheconditionaloperatorrefsourcelangcifabresultxelseresultysourcethiscanberewrittenasthefollowingstatementsourcelangcresultabxysourceasintheifelseconstructonlyoneoftheexpressionsxandyisevaluatedthisissignificantiftheevaluationofxoryhassideeffectcomputersciencesideeffectsrefnameisoiecisoiecerefthebehaviourisundefinedifanattemptismadetousetheresultoftheconditionaloperatorasanvaluecomputersciencelrvaluelvalueagnuprojectgnuextensiontocallowsomittingthesecondoperandandusingimplicitlythefirstoperandasthesecondalsosourcelangcaxysourcetheexpressionisequivalenttosourcelangcaxxysourceexceptthatifxisanexpressionitisevaluatedonlyoncethedifferenceissignificantifevaluatingtheexpressionhassideeffectsthisshorthandformissometimesknownastheelvisoperatorinotherlanguagescunlikeincprogramminglanguagectheprecedenceofthecodecodeoperatorincisthesameasthatoftheassignmentoperatorcodecodeorcodeopcodeanditcanreturnanlvaluethismeansthatexpressionslikecodeqabccodeandcodeqabccodearebothlegalandareparseddifferentlytheformerbeingequivalenttocodeqabccodeincthereareconditionalassignmentsituationswhereuseoftheifelsestatementisimpossiblesincethislanguageexplicitlydistinguishesbetweeninitializationprogramminginitializationandassignmentprogrammingassignmentinsuchcaseitisalwayspossibletouseafunctioncallbutthiscanbecumbersomeandinelegantforexampletopassconditionallydifferentvaluesasanargumentforaconstructorofafieldorabaseclassitisimpossibletouseaplainifelsestatementinthiscasewecanuseaconditionalassignmentexpressionorafunctioncallbearinmindalsothatsometypesallowinitializationbutdonotallowassignmentoreventhattheassignmentoperatorandtheconstructordototallydifferentthingsthislastistrueforreferencetypesforexamplesourcelangcppincludeiostreamincludefstreamincludestringintmainintargccharargvstdstringnamestdofstreamfoutifargcargvnameargvfoutopennamecstrstdiosoutstdiosappstdostreamsoutnameemptystdcoutfoutsouthelloworldstdendlreturnsourceinthiscasethereisnopossibilityofusinganifelsestatementinplaceoftheoperatoralthoughwecanreplacetheuseofwithafunctioncallinsideofwhichcanbeanifelsestatementfurthermoretheconditionaloperatorcanyieldanlvalueieavaluetowhichanothervaluecanbeassignedconsiderthefollowingexamplesourcelangcppincludeiostreamintmainintargccharargvintaintbargcabstdcoutaabbstdendlreturnsourcenoteincandothervariouslanguagesternaryoperatorslikeabcarealsopossiblebutareveryrareinthisexampleifthebooleanexpressionargcyieldsthevaluetrueinlinethevalueisassignedtothevariableaotherwiseitisassignedtobcincsharpprogramminglanguagecifconditionistruefirstexpressionisevaluatedandbecomestheresultiffalsethesecondexpressionisevaluatedandbecomestheresultaswithjavaprogramminglanguagejavaonlyoneoftwoexpressionsiseverevaluatedsourcelangcconditionfirstexpressionsecondexpressionstaticdoublesincdoublexreturnxmathsinxxsourcecfmlsourcelangcfcresultrandrangeheadstailssourceroughlyofthetimethecoderandrangecodeexpressionwillreturntrueorfalsemeaningresultwilltakethevalueheadsortailsrespectivelyluceerailoandcoldfusionspecificluceerailoandcoldfusionalsoimplementtheelvisoperatorcodecodewhichwillreturnthevalueoftheexpressionifitisnotnullotherwisethespecifieddefaultsyntaxsourcelangcfcresultexpressionvalueifexpressionisnullsourceexamplesourcelangcfcresultfdefaultwherefunctionfifrandrangeeitherorfalsetruereturnvaluewriteoutputresultsourcethefunctioncodefcodewillreturncodevaluecoderoughlyofthetimeotherwisewillnotreturnanythingifcodefcodereturnsvaluecoderesultcodewilltakethatvalueotherwisewilltakethevaluedefaultcoffeescriptexampleofusingthisoperatorincoffeescriptsourcelangcoffeescriptifisthentruevalueelsefalsevaluesourcereturnsfalsevaluecommonlispassignmentusingaconditionalexpressionincommonlispsourcelanglispsetfresultifabxysourcealternativeformsourcelanglispifabsetfresultxsetfresultysourcedelphiinobjectpascaldelphithecodeifthencodefunctioncanbeusedtoachievethesameascodecodeifthecodesystemmathcodelibraryisusedthecodeifthencodefunctionreturnsanumericvaluesuchasanintegerdoubleprecisiondoubleorextendedifthecodesystemstrutilscodelibraryisusedthisfunctioncanalsoreturnastringcomputersciencestringvalueusingcodesystemmathcodesourcelangdelphifunctionifthenavaluebooleanconstatrueintegerconstafalseintegerintegerfunctionifthenavaluebooleanconstatrueintconstafalseintintfunctionifthenavaluebooleanconstatrueuintconstafalseuintuintfunctionifthenavaluebooleanconstatruesingleconstafalsesinglesinglefunctionifthenavaluebooleanconstatruedoubleconstafalsedoubledoublefunctionifthenavaluebooleanconstatrueextendedconstafalseextendedextendedsourceusingthecodesystemstrutilscodelibrarysourcelangdelphifunctionifthenavaluebooleanconstatruestringafalsestringstringsourceusageexamplesourcelangdelphifunctiongetopeningtimeweekdayintegerintegerbeginthisfunctionwillreturntheopeningtimeforthegivenweekdayforsundaysforotherdaysresultifthenweekdayorweekdayendsourceunlikeatrueternaryoperatorhoweverbothoftheresultsareevaluatedpriortoperformingthecomparisonforexampleifoneoftheresultsisacalltoafunctionwhichinsertsarowintoadatabasetablethatfunctionwillbecalledwhetherornottheconditiontoreturnthatspecificresultismetfortranwiththeadditionstothecodeinthereleasetheternaryoperatorwasaddedtothefortrancompilerastheintrinsicfunctionmergesourcelangfortranvariablemergexyabsourcehaskellthebuiltinifthenelsesyntaxisinlinetheexpressionsourcelanghaskellifpredicatethenexprelseexprsourcehastypesourcelanghaskellboolaaasourcethebaselibraryalsoprovidesthefunctiondataboolboolsourcelanghaskellboolaaboolasourceinbothcasesnospecialtreatmentisneededtoensurethatonlytheselectedexpressionisevaluatedsincehaskellisnonstrictbydefaultthisalsomeansanoperatorcanbedefinedthatwhenusedincombinationwiththecodecodeoperatorfunctionsexactlylikecodecodeinmostlanguagessourcelanghaskellboolaaapredxyifpredthenxelseyinfixexamplevehiclewillevaluatetoairplaneargavehicleargbboatargaairplaneargttraincarsourcehoweveritismoreidiomatictousehaskellorgonlinereporthaskellhaskellchhtmlxpatternguardssourcelanghaskellexamplevehiclewillevaluatetoairplaneargavehicleargbboatargaairplaneargttrainotherwisecarsourcejavainjavaprogramminglanguagejavathisexpressionevaluatestocodeiffooisselectedassignselectedfootobarifnotassignbaztobarcodesourcelangjavaobjectbarfooisselectedfoobazsourcenotethatjavainamannersimilartoconlyevaluatestheusedexpressionandwillnotevaluatetheunusedexpressionrefnamejavajavaspecificationdocsoraclecomjavasespecsjlssehtmljlshtmljlsconditionaloperatorrefjavascripttheconditionaloperatorinjavascriptissimilartothatofcandjavaprogramminglanguagejavaexceptforthefactthemiddleexpressioncannotbeacommaexpressionalsoasincbutunlikeincprogramminglanguagecorperlitwillnotbindtighterthananassignmenttoitsrightcodeqabccodeisequivalenttocodeqabccodeinsteadofcodeqabccodesourcelangjavascriptvartimeoutsettingsnullsettingstimeoutsourcejustlikecandjavatheexpressionwillonlybeevaluatedifandonlyiftheexpressionisthematchingonefortheconditiongiventheotherexpressionwillnotbeevaluatedlualuadoesnothaveatraditionalconditionaloperatorhowevertheshortcircuitbehaviourofitsandandoroperatorsallowstheemulationofthisbehavioursourcelangluaequivalenttovarcondabvarcondandaorbsourcethiswillsucceedunlessaislogicallyfalsefalseornilinthiscasetheexpressionwillalwaysresultinbthiscanresultinsomesurprisingbehaviourifignoredsqlthesqlcodecasecodeexpressionisageneralizationoftheternaryoperatorinsteadofoneconditionalandtworesultsnconditionalsandnresultscanbespecifiedwithoneconditionalitisequivalentalthoughmoreverbosetotheternaryoperatorsourcelangsqlselectcasewhenabthenxelseyendasconditionalexamplefromtabsourcethiscanbeexpandedtoseveralconditionalssourcelangsqlselectcasewhenabthenxwhenabthenyelsezendasconditionalexamplefromtabsourcemysqlinadditiontothestandardcodecasecodeexpressionmysqlprovidesancodeifcodefunctionasanextensionsourcelangmysqlifcondabsourceoraclesqlinadditiontothestandardcodecasecodeexpressionoraclehasavariadicfunctionalcounterpartwhichoperatessimilarlytoaswitchstatementandcanbeusedtoemulatetheconditionaloperatorwhentestingforequalitysourcelangoraclegeneralsyntaxtakescaseresultpairscomparingagainstanexpressionfollowedbyafallbackresultdecodeexpressioncaseresultcasenresultnresultelsewecanemulatetheconditionaloperatorbyjustselectingonecasedecodeexpressionconditiontruefalsesourcethecodedecodecodefunctionistodaydeprecatedinfavourofthestandardcodecasecodeexpressionthiscanbeusedinbothoraclesqlqueriesaswellasplsqlblockswhereascodedecodecodecanonlybeusedintheformerperlatraditionalifelseconstructinperlorphpiswrittensourcelangperlifabresultxelseresultysourcerewrittentousetheconditionaloperatorsourcelangperlresultabxysourceunlikecperlallowstheuseoftheconditionalexpressionasanlvalueegsourcelangperlabxyresultsourcewillassignresulttoeitherxorydependingonthelogicalexpressionperlusesdoublesymbolsanddoubleinsteadofrefnameperloprefsourcelangperlresultabxysourcephpasimplephpimplementationisthissourcelangphpphpabsvaluevaluevaluesourceduetoanunfortunatedesignofthelanguagegrammartheconditionaloperatorinphpisleftoperatorassociativityassociativeincontrasttootherlanguagesthusgivenavalueoftforargthephpcodeinthefollowingexamplewouldyieldthevaluehorseinsteadoftrainasonemightexpectsourcelangphpphpargtvehicleargbbusargaairplaneargttrainargccararghhorsefeetechovehiclesourcethereasonisthatnestingtwoconditionaloperatorsproducesanoversizedconditionwiththelasttwooptionsasitsbranchescocooisreallycocoothisisacknowledgedandwillprobablynotchangetoavoidthisnestedparenthesisareneededasinthisexamplesourcelangphpphpargtvehicleargbbusargaairplaneargttrainargccararghhorsefeetechovehiclesourcethiswillproducetheresultoftrainbeingprintedtotheoutputanalogoustoarightassociativeconditionaloperatorphpsincephpthereisashorthandoftheconditionaloperatorsometimesreferredtoastheelvisoperatorelvisoperatorthesyntaxforthisshorthandisbelowsourcelangphpcabequivalenttocaabsourcepythonthoughithadbeendelayedforseveralyearsbydisagreementsoversyntaxanoperatorforaconditionalexpressioninpythonprogramminglanguagepythonwasapprovedaspythonorgdevpepspeppythonenhancementproposalandwasaddedtothereleaseinseptemberpythonsconditionaloperatordiffersfromthecommoncodecodeoperatorintheorderofitsoperandsthegeneralformissourcelangpythonresultxifabelseysourcethisforminvitesconsideringcodexcodeasthenormalvalueandcodeycodeasanexceptionalcaseonecanusethesyntaxsourcelangpythonresultlambdaylambdaxabsourceasaworkaroundforcodethatalsoneedstorununderpythonversionsbeforenotethatoperandsarelazyevaluationlazilyevaluateditispossibletoremovethelambdasandfunctioncallsbuttheoperandswillbeeagerlyevaluatedwhichisntconsistentwiththeconditionaloperatorofmostotherlanguagesegbyindexingatuplesourcelangpythonresultyxabsourceorusinganexplicitlyconstructeddictionarysourcelangpythonresulttruexfalseyabsourcealessreliablebutsimplertoreadalternativeistoabusethecodeandcodeandcodeorcodeoperatorsandwritesourcelangpythonresultabandxorysourcebutthiscodewouldbreakifcodexcodecouldbeafalsyvaluecodenonecodecodefalsecodecodecodeanemptysequenceorcollectionastheexpressionwouldreturncodeycodewhetheritwastruthyorfalsyinsteadofthefalsycodexcodeapossibleworkaroundistomakecodexcodeandcodeycodelistsortuplessotheyareneverfalsyandthengrabthefirstelementoftheresultingsequenceasinthefollowingsourcelangpythonresultabandxorysourceorsourcelangpythonresultabandxorysourcenbwhenwrappingpythonsconditionalconstructintoautilityfunctiontheunalterablyeagernatureofthemoreintuitivelanguageconstructforsideeffectfunctionssourcelangpyconfunclambdabaaaanotbdeftrueprinttruereturntrulydeffalseprintfalsereturnfalselyfunctruetruefalsetruefalsetrulyfuncfalsetruefalsetruefalsefalselysourcesimilarresultsfromsourcelangpythonfunclambdabaaaifbelseafunclambdabaabandaorafunclambdabaalambdaalambdaanotbsourceasthecorrectcallwouldbesourcelangpyconfunctruetruefalsetruetrulyfuncfalsetruefalsefalsefalselysourcehoweverthepythonconstructissafercallingtheconstructdirectlyworksmoreintuitivelysourcelangpycontrueiftrueelsefalsetruetrulytrueiffalseelsefalsefalsefalselysourceclearlythereasonbeingthatinthecaseofsourcelangpythonfunctruetruefalsesourcethefunctionsarecalledwhensentasparametersratherthanwhenreturnedfromfuncrthetraditionalifelseconstructinrprogramminglanguagerwhichisanimplementationofsprogramminglanguagesissourcelangrsplusifabxtrueelsexfalsesourceifthereisonlyonestatementineachblockbracescanbeomittedlikeincprogramminglanguagecsourcelangrsplusifabxtrueelsexfalsesourcethecodeabovecanbewritteninthefollowingnonstandardcondensedwaysourcelangrsplusxifabtrueelsefalsesourcethereexistsalsothefunctioncodeifelsecodethatallowsrewritingtheexpressionaboveassourcelangrsplusxifelseabtruefalsesourcethecodeifelsecodefunctionisautomaticallyvectorizedforinstancesourcelangrconsoleifelsectruefalsetruefalsesourcerubyexampleofusingthisoperatorinrubyprogramminglanguagerubysourcelangrubytruevaluefalsevaluesourcereturnsfalsevalueatraditionalifelseconstructinrubyprogramminglanguagerubyiswrittenrefnamepickaxeprogrammingrubyrubydocorgdocsprogrammingrubyhtmltutexpressionshtmlsconditionalexecutionrefsourcelangrubyifabresultxelseresultyendsourcethiscouldalsobewrittenassourcelangrubyresultifabxelseyendsourcethesecanberewrittenasthefollowingstatementsourcelangrubyresultabxysourcerustbeinganexpressionorientedprogramminglanguagerustsexistingcodeifexprsubsubelseexprsubsubcodesyntaxcanbehaveasthetraditionalcodecodeternaryoperatordoesearlierversionsofthelanguagedidhavethecodecodeoperatorbutitwasremovedduetoduplicationwithcodeifcodenotethelackofsemicolonsinthecodebelowcomparedtoamoredeclarativeifelseblockandthesemicolonattheendoftheassignmenttoysourcelangrustletxletyifxelsesourceschemesameasincommonlispeveryexpressionhasavaluethusthebuiltincodeifcodecanbeusedsourcelangschemeletxyifxsourcesmalltalkeveryexpressionmessagesendhasavaluethuscodeiftrueiffalsecodecanbeusedsourcelangschemexyxyxiftrueiffalsesourceswifttheternaryconditionaloperatorofswiftiswrittenintheusualwayofthectraditionandisusedwithinexpressionssourcelangswiftletresultababsourcetclexampleofusingthisoperatorintclsourcelangtclsetxsetyexprxsourceteststandinanicomteststandnationalinstrumentsteststandexpressionifconditionistruethefirstexpressionisevaluatedandbecomestheoutputoftheconditionaloperationiffalsethesecondexpressionisevaluatedandbecomestheresultonlyoneoftwoexpressionsiseverevaluatedsourcelangcconditionfirstexpressionsecondexpressionsourceforexamplesourcelangcrunstaterootparameterstestsocketindexlocalsuutindexlocalsuutindexsourcesetstheuutindexlocalvariabletoiftestsocketindexisotherwiseitsetsuutindextosimilartootherlanguagesfirstexpressionandsecondexpressiondonotneedtobeautonomousexpressionsallowingtheoperatortobeusedforvariableassignmentsourcelangclocalsuutindexrunstaterootparameterstestsocketindexsourceverilogverilogistechnicallyahardwaredescriptionlanguagenotaprogramminglanguagethoughthesemanticsofbothareverysimilaritusesthecodecodesyntaxfortheternaryoperatorsourcelangverilogusingblockingassignmentwireoutassignoutselabsourcethisisequivalenttothemoreverboseverilogcodesourcelangverilogusingblockingassignmentwireoutifselassignoutaelseassignoutbsourcevisualbasicvisualbasicdoesntusecodecodepersebuthasaverysimilarimplementationofthisshorthandcodeifelsecodestatementusingthefirstexampleprovidedinthisarticleitcandosourcelangvbnetvariableiifconditionvalueiftruevalueiffalsedimopeningtimeasintegeriifdaysundaysourceintheaboveexamplecodeiifcodeisaternaryfunctionbutnotaternaryoperatorasafunctionthevaluesofallthreeportionsareevaluatedbeforethefunctioncalloccursthisimposedlimitationsandinvisualbasicnetreleasedwithvisualstudioanactualconditionaloperatorwasintroducedusingthecodeifcodekeywordinsteadofcodeiifcodethisallowsthefollowingexamplecodetoworksourcelangvbnetdimnameasstringifpersonisnothingpersonnamesourceusingcodeiifcodecodepersonnamecodewouldbeevaluatedevenifpersoniscodenullpointernullcodenothingcausinganexceptionhandlingexceptionwithatrueshortcircuitingconditionaloperatorcodepersonnamecodeisnotevaluatedunlesspersonisnotcodenullcodevisualbasicnetvisualbasicversionhasaddedtheoperatorcodeifcodeinadditiontotheexistingcodeiifcodefunctionthatexistedpreviouslyasatrueoperatoritdoesnothavethesideeffectsandpotentialinefficienciesofthecodeiifcodefunctionthesyntaxesofthetokensaresimilarcodeifconditionopopcodevscodeiifconditionopopcodeasmentionedabovethefunctioncallhassignificantdisadvantagesbecausethesubexpressionsmustallbeevaluatedaccordingtovisualbasicsevaluationstrategyforfunctioncallsandtheresultwillalwaysbeoftypevariantvborobjectvbnetthecodeifcodeoperatorhoweverdoesnotsufferfromtheseproblemsasitsupportsconditionalevaluationanddeterminesthetypeoftheexpressionbasedonthetypesofitsoperandsresulttypeclearlythetypeoftheresultofthecodecodeoperatormustbeinsomesensethetypeunificationofthetypesofitssecondandthirdoperandsincthisisaccomplishedfornumerictypesbyarithmeticpromotionsincecdoesnothaveatypehierarchyforpointercomputerprogrammingpointertypespointeroperandsmayonlybeusediftheyareofthesametypeignoringtypequalifiersoroneisvoidtypevoidornullpointernullitisundefinedbehaviourtomixpointerandintegralorincompatiblepointertypesthussourcelangcnumberspelloutnumbersfortytwosourcewillresultinacompiletimeerrorinmostcompilersinstyleguidelinesconditionaloperatorsarewidelyusedandcanbeusefulincertaincircumstancestoavoidtheuseofancodeifcodestatementeitherbecausetheextraverbiagewouldbetoolengthyorbecausethesyntacticcontextdoesnotpermitastatementforexamplecpreprocessordefinemaxabababorsourcelangcppforiimaxpatternsicpatternsishowwindowmdatafoniswshowswhidesourcethelatterexampleusesthemicrosoftfoundationclassesframeworkforwininitializationanimportantuseoftheconditionaloperatorisinallowingasingleinitializationstatementratherthanmultipleinitializationstatementsinmanycasesthisalsoallowssingleassignmentandforanidentifiertobeaconstantcomputerprogrammingconstantthesimplestbenefitisavoidingduplicatingthevariablenameasinpythonsourcelangpythonxfooifbelsebarsourceinsteadofsourcelangpythonifbxfooelsexbarsourcemoreimportantlyinlanguageswithblockscopesuchasctheblocksofanifelsestatementcreatesnewscopesandthusvariablesmustbedeclaredbeforetheifelsestatementassourcelangcppstdstringsifbsfooelsesbarsourceuseoftheconditionaloperatorsimplifiesthissourcelangcppstdstringsbfoobarsourcefurthersinceinitializationisnowpartofthedeclarationratherthanaseparatestatementtheidentifiercanbeaconstantformallyofcodeconstcomputerprogrammingconstcodetypesourcelangcppconststdstringsbfoobarsourcecaseselectorswhenproperlyformattedtheconditionaloperatorcanbeusedtowritesimpleandcoherentcaseselectorsforexamplesourcelangcvehicleargbbusargaairplaneargttrainargccararghhorsefeetsourceappropriateuseoftheconditionaloperatorinavariableassignmentcontextreducestheprobabilityofabugfromafaultyassignmentastheassignedvariableisstatedjustonceasopposedtomultipletimesprogramminglanguageswithouttheconditionaloperatorthefollowingareexamplesofnotablegeneralpurposeprogramminglanguagesthatdontprovideaconditionaloperatorcoffeescriptgoprogramminglanguagegoprogramminglanguagematlabpascalprogramminglanguagepascalalthoughobjectpascalobjectpascaldelphidohaveafunctioncodeifthencodetodothesamewithcaveatsrustprogramminglanguagerustthecodeifelsecodeconstructisanexpressionandcanbeusedtogetthesamefunctionalityfortranseealsoiifinlineiffunctionnullcoalescingoperatorcodecodeoperatorelvisoperatorcodecodeorsometimescodecodeasashorthandbinaryoperatorconditioneddisjunctionequivalentternarylogicalconnectivereferencesexternallinksmsdnmicrosoftcomenuslibrarytywkvsaspxdescriptionofconditionaloperatorincmsdnmicrosoftcomenuslibrarybbaspxdescriptionofifoperatorinvisualbasicpythonorgpepspephtmldescriptionofconditionalexpressioninpythonpepdiveintopythonnetpowerofintrospectionandorhtmlalternativeworkaroundforconditionaloperatorexpressioninpythonjavasuncomdocsbooksjlsthirdeditionhtmlexpressionshtmldescriptioninthejavalanguagespecificationphpnetmanualenlanguageoperatorscomparisonphplanguageoperatorscomparisonternarydescriptioninthephplanguagedocumentationmicrosoftcomdownloadsdetailsaspxfamilyiddeddfbfafaefdisplaylangenvisualbasiclanguagespecificationdefragezeichenbedingungsoperatorinfoboxalbumwikiprojectalbuminfoboxnamexraysierratypealbumartisttomcochranecovertomcochranexraysierrajpgreleasedfebruaryrecordedgenreheartlandrocklengthlabelworlddominationrecordingsworlddominationproducertomcochranejohnwebstermusicianjohnwebsterlastalbumsongsofacirclingspiritbrthisalbumxraysierrabrnextalbumnostrangerbrnoprosereleasedinfebruaryxraysierraisthecriticallyacclaimedfourthsolostudioalbumbyredriderfrontmantomcochraneitfeaturedthehitsiwonderwilliedixon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asfoughtandcaocaoscoredamajorvictoryxuchukilledseveralenemiesandwaspromotedtomilitaryguardgeneralofthehouseholdforhisachievementthiswasthefirsttimethetermmilitaryguardwasusedcaocaossoldiersknewthatxuchupossessedthemightofatigerbuthewasalsosimplemindedsotheynicknamedhimtigerfoolincidentwithcaorenxuchuwasknowntobeacautiousandseriouspersonwhodidnottalkmuchandwasverymindfulofrulesandregulationsoncecaocaoscousincaorencamefromjingprovincetomeetcaocaowhohadrecentlyreceivedthetitleofavassalkingkingofweifromemperorxianofhanemperorxianintheimperialcapitalxupresentdayxuchanghenancaocaowasstillinhispersonalchamberswithxuchustandingguardoutsidewhencaorenarrivedcaorenaskedxuchutojoinhiminthesideroomforachathoweverxuchurepliedthekingiscomingoutsoonhethenenteredcaocaoschamberscaorenwasveryunhappywithxuchulatersomeonetoldxuchuthegeneralcaorenisacloserelativeandimportantsubjectofthekingheloweredhimselfwhenheaskedtochatwithyouhowcouldyourejecthimxuchurespondedhemaybeacloserelativeandimportantsubjectofthekingbuthesinchargeofexternaldefencesatthebordersixuchuaminchargeofinternalsecurityifhewantedtochatwithmewecoulddosoinpublicwhydidheasktochatwithmeinprivatecaocaowasimpressedandhefavouredxuchuevenmoreafterheheardabouttheincidentsohepromotedhimtocentralresolutegeneralserviceundercaopiwhencaocaodiedinxuchuwassooverwhelmedwithsorrowthathevomitedbloodlaterthatyearcaocaossoncaopiendedthehandynastyandestablishedthestateofcaoweimarkingthestartofthethreekingdomsperiodcaopibecameemperorandhealsofavouredxuchugreatlyhepromotedxuchutogeneralofthemilitaryguardsandputhiminchargeofthepalaceguardsandalsograntedhimthetitlemarquisofwansuivillagetheoriginaltigerwarriorsunderxuchuscommandwereallcommissionedasofficersbycaocaobutamongthemonlyslightlymorethanrosethroughtherankstobecomegeneralsandrecipientsofmarquistitleswhileonlyaboutahundredwerepromotedtocommandantsandcolonelscaopidiedinandwassucceededbyhissoncaoruicaoruigrantedxuchuthetitlemarquisofmoudistrictandtaxablehouseholdsunderhiscontrolandevenconferredthetitleofasecondarymarquisononeofxussonsafterhisdeathxuchuwasgiventheposthumousnamemarquiszhuangwhichliterallymeansrobustmarquisfamilyanddescendantssometimeduringthetaiheerainthereignofcaoruitheemperorissuedanimperialedictpraisingxuchuandconferringthetitleofasecondarymarquisonxuchussonandgrandsonxuchustitleswereinheritedbyhissonxuyiinwhencaoweilaunchedconquestofshubyweiamajorcampaigntoconqueritsrivalstateshuhanxuyiservedasanofficerofthestandardundertheweigeneralzhonghuiwhotaskedhimwithoverseeingtheconstructionofroadsleadingintoshuwhenthemainarmycommandedbyzhonghuipassedthroughtheroadsitturnedoutthattheroadswerepoorlybuiltzhonghuihadxuyiexecutedforhisfailureandthisincidentshockedtheweiarmyxuyistitleswereinheritedbyhissonxuzongduringthereignofemperorwuofjinemperorwuofthejindynastyjindynastyxuchuselderbrotherxudingalsoservedintheweimilitaryandwaspromotedtogeneralwhoinspiresmightandcommandedtherapidastigersdivisionoftheimperialguardsappraisalchenshouwhowrotexuchusbiographyintherecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhicommentedthatxuchuanddianweiwerepowerfulbodyguardsandwerecomparabletofankuaiageneralwhoservedunderemperorgaozuofhanliubangthefoundingemperorofthehandynastyinromanceofthethreekingdomsxuchuappearsasacharacterinthehistoricalnovelromanceofthethreekingdomsbyluoguanzhongwhichromanticisesthehistoricaleventsbeforeandduringthethreekingdomsperiodhisbraveryandstrengthwasemphasisedbyafictionalepisodeinchapterwhenheduelledwithmachaoduringthebattleoftongpassbattleoftongpassinpopularculturepleasedonotintroduceanyfurtherdetailsonthispersonsroleinthegamesalreadymentionedinthissectionxuchuisfeaturedasaplayablecharacterinkoeisdynastywarriorsandwarriorsorochivideogameserieshisnameiserroneouslyromanisedasxuzhuinthegamesseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsnotesreferenceschenshouchenshourecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhiluoguanzhongluoguanzhongromanceofthethreekingdomssanguoyanyipeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhuthcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturymayrefertohertztheaudiotoneusedinphreakingtogaincontroloftelephonenetworksthehackerquarterlyamagazinenamedaftertheaforementionedhztoneatarivideogameconsoleatisradeonrradeonhdxxxseriesgraphicscardarpanalogsynthesizeralfaromeoacarnokiaxxxseriesnokiaamobilephonethelastyearofthethcenturythenumbernumbertoseealsoseriesdisambiguationinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinyiofficialnamexinyidistrictnativenamenativenamelangisocodeegfrforfrenchifmorethanoneuseinsteadothernamesettlementtypedistricttaiwandistrictsuchastownvillagecityboroughetctranslitlangtranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfoimageskylineportraitaltonthompsonjpgimagesizeimagealtimagecaptionimagemapmapsizemapaltmapcaptionxinyidistrictintaipeicitysubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamerepublicofchinataiwansubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnameeasterntaipeinamedforseattypedefaultstoseatseatpartstypedivisionspartsstylelistcollcollapsedlistparaparagraphformatpartspartstextorheaderforpartslistpvilla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ninamongalltheprovincesinchinawithanaveragepmconcentrationofgmrankingsecondandthirdrespectivelyareprovincesofhubeiandhebeiwithpmconcentrationsofgmandgmrefnameautorefxinxiangisthethmostpollutedcityairwiseinchinawithapmconcentrationofgmovertimesthesafelimitestablishedbythewhoduringthefirstquarterofothercitiesinhenanthatrankedwithinthetopmostpollutedcitiesinchinaduringthefirstquarterofincludezhengzhoujiaozuoanyangpingdingshanzhoukouxuchangpuyangandluoyangallwithpmconcentrationsabovegmfarmlandgovernedbythemunicipalitywerealsonotedforcaixinglobalcomhtmlheavymetalcontaminationbyleadingchinanewssitecaixinastheepicenterofchinesebatterynickelcadmiumproducersseealsotoxicheavymetaltransportthecityisarailjunctionandindustrialcentreattheheadofnavigationontheweirivershandongtherivermadenavigableforsmallvesselsbyriverimprovementsintheslinksthecitywithtianjinthemainportforbeijinglaterduetoheavyindustrialchemicalpollutiontherivercoursehadbeentotallycutoffandgotfilledupafterrecentdredgesitisstillnomorethanamanmadelakerailxinxiangislocatedatthejunctionofthebeijingguangzhourailwaybeijingguangzhouxinxiangyueshanrailwayxinxiangyueshanandthexinxiangyanzhourailwayxinxiangyanzhourailwaysxinxianghastworailwaystationsoneisxinxiangrailwaystationtheotherisxinxiangdongrailwaystationeducationthereareseveraluniversitiesandcollegeslocatedintheprefecturelevelcityhenannormaluniversityxinxianguniversitynewlycombineduniversitylocatedintheeasternpartofxinxiangithasfacultiesandcentershenaninstituteofscienceandtechnologyxinxiangmedicaluniversityhenanmechanicalandelectricalengineeringcollegexinxianghygieneschoolseealsohistoryofthepoliticaldivisionsofchinalistofcatholicdiocesesinchinalistoftwintownsandsistercitiesinchinareferencessourcesandexternallinksxinxianggovcngovernmentwebsiteofxinxianggcatholicorgdiocesesdiocesesinshtmgcatholicapostolicprefecturexinxiangcomwindowonxinxiangxxueducnxinxianguniversityxindistartrekxindicouncilredirectcategoryshellxwindowsystemredirectcategoryshellredirectgoldenratioinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexiangzhounativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypedistrictprcdistrictimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinahubeipushpinlabelxiangzhoupushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinhubeicoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehubeisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamexiangyangsubdivisiontypesubdivisionnameestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukareafootnotesareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareawaterpercentareanoteelevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxiangzhoudistrictisadistrictprcdistrictofthecityofxiangyanghubeipeoplesrepublicofchinathedistrictitselfwasformerlyknownasxiangyangitwasacityfamousforthesiegeofxiangyangbyinvadingforcesofthemongolfoundedyuandynastyitwasalsoanimportantcityduringtheperiodofthethreekingdomsintheromanceofthethreekingdomsitwassaidthatitwasnearbyxiangyangthatzhugeliangreceivedhisthreevisitsfromliubeixiangyangwasalsowheresunjianfoughtliubiaoinadduringthethreekingdomstodayxiangzhouhasbeenincorporatedwithnearbyfanchengtoformtheprefecturelevelcityofxiangyangpartofhubeiprovinceexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebhbxygovcnxiangzhougovernmentwebsiteinfoboxcomicsorganizationwikipediawikiprojectcomicsimageimagesizecaptionpublishermarvelcomicsdebutxterminatorsoctcoveronlybrxterminatorsnovfirstfullappearancecreatorslouisesimonsonbrjonbogdanovebasememberstabithasmithboomboombrrustycollinsbrleechcomicsleechbrartiemaddicksbrrictorbrskidscomicsskidsbrtakimatsuyawizkidsubcatmarvelcomicsheroyvillainthexterminatorsarefictionalcharactersappearinginamericancomicbookspublishedbymarvelcomicshistorythenamexterminatorswasoriginallyusedbyxfactorcomicsvolumexfactoratthatgroupsinceptionthefiveoriginalxmenwarrenworthingtoniiiangelbeastcomicsbeastcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsicemancomicsicemanandjeangreymarvelgirlhadfoundedxfactorinvestigationsandposedasnormalhumanspurportedtobeanorganizationofmutantmarvelcomicsmutanthunterswhentheywentintoactionincostumeinpublictheyposedasanothermutantteamunderthenamexterminatorseventuallywhenxfactorrealizedthatthisrusewasactuallyaploybytheirformerbusinessmanagercameronhodgetoworsenhumanmutantrelationstheyabandonedthexterminatorsidentityintheirtimeposingasmutanthuntersxfactorsecretlygatheredtogetheranumberofmutantsincludingsomemorlockscomicsmorlocksandseveraladolescentsthegroupconsistedoftabithasmithboomboomrustycollinsrictorskidscomicsskidsandtwoyoungerchildrenleechcomicsleechandartiemaddickstheseyoungtraineesweresplitbetweentwoboardingschoolsseparatedbyaboutamileartieandleechweresenttoaschoolfordyslexiadyslexicstheyenjoyeditthereespeciallyaftertheyconvincedtheteachersthattheyshouldbekepttogethertheolderkidsdidnothavesuchaneasytimeofitattendingphillipsexeteracademyareallifeeliteboardingschoolandbeingtormentedbytheotherstudentsrustyhimselfhoweverhadgonetoprisonvoluntarilytoanswerfortheaccidentalinjurieshehadcausedwithhisflamepowerswhentheeventsofinfernomarvelcomicsinfernobegangoblinssensingthepowersinartieandleechkidnappedthemoutoftheirbedsatschoolthedemonsweresupposedtohavegatheredyoungerpowerfulchildrenbutwereinitiallyconfusedtakimatsuyatakitheirnewfriendfoughtthedemonswithhispowertocraftcomplexmachineryfromnearbyobjectsthedemonsknockedhimoutescapingwiththeboystakithenformedaflyingmachineinordertogathertherestofthegroupinitiallyrustydidnotwanttoleavehisprisoncellbutagreedtodosowhenheunderstoodthekidswereindangerartieleechandtakibecameprisonersofthedemonsforawhilewithtakiforcedtomakecomplexmachinesthatenhancedthepowersofthedemonleadernastirhtherestoftheteamjoinedupwiththenewmutantsnewmutantsvolnewmutantsallthechildrenkidnappedbythedemonsincludingartieleechandtakiwereeventuallyrescuedsafelytheyoungerkidswerereturnedtoschoolandtheoldermembersjoinedforceswiththenewmutantseffectivelyendingtheteaminothermediatelevisiontabithasmithboomboomrustycollinsskidscomicsskidsandtakimatsuyawizkidappearedonthexmentvseriesxmenanimatedseriestheretheyareorphanswhomcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsmetwhilevisitinghisoldorphanageinnebraskaamanknownaspurplemankillgraveofferedtohelpandadoptedtheorphansseeminglyoutofcharityinrealitykillgraveamutanthimselfwithtelepathicabilitieswantedtousetheirpowerstotakeoverasgovernorscottwasabletosnaprustyandtheothersoutofkillgraveshypnoticbrainwashingintheendreferencesxalapaxratingwesternxiaxdpicturecarddirectoryassistanceredirectcategoryshellxuzhimoinfoboxalbumnametypestudioartistusherentertainerushercoverushercoverjpgaltreleasedrecordedvenuestudiogenrecontemporaryrbrbpopmusicpoplengthlabelaristarecordsaristaproducerjermaineduprilareidantoniolareidtheneptunesbabyfacemusicianbabyfacemikecitybryanmichaelcoxjimmyjamterrylewiskevinsheksperebriggssoulshockkarlindaronjonespoketoneprevtitleliveusheralbumliveprevyearnexttitleconfessionsusheralbumconfessionsnextyearmiscsinglesnametypestudiosingleuremindmesingledatemaysingleugotitbadsingledateseptembersingleudonthavetocallsingledatejanuarysingleuturnsonguturnsingledateaprilsinglecanuhelpmesingledateaugustisthethirdstudioalbumbyamericansingerusherentertainerusheritwasfirstreleasedonjulybyaristarecordsrecordingwashandledbyseveralproducersincludingtheneptunesjermainedupribabyfacemusicianbabyfacekevinsheksperebriggsmikecitybryanmichaelcoxjimmyjamterrylewisalthoughintendedforanoctoberreleaseunderthetitleallaboututhealbumwasdelayednumeroustimesfollowingtheleakofseveraltracksontotheonlinemusicstorenapsterpayservicenapsterushersubsequentlyrecordednewtracksandreleasedthealbumunderthenewtitlewhichisderivedfromushersingingforthefirsttimeinhislocalchurchinandthealbumsreleasedateoftakesinspirationfrommultipleartistsincludingdonnyhathawaysteviewondermarvingayeandmichaeljacksonitfollowsthethemeofushersrelationshipexperiencealongwiththeemotionsofloveandheartacheusherpromotedthealbumbyembarkingonthesupportingtourevolutiontourintowhichitheperformedinfortyfourshowsacrossnorthamericahealsomadeappearancesintelevisionshowsincludinglivewithregisandkellyandtotalrequestliveproducedtwobillboardhotbillboardhotnumberonesinglesuremindmeandugotitbadstayedontopforfourandfiveweeksrespectivelythealbumdebutedatnumberfourontheusbillboardbillboardchartwithcopiessoldinitsfirstweekithassoldovermillioncopiesintheunitedstatesreceivingatimesriaacertificationplatinumcertificationfromtherecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaworldwidesalesstandatovereightmillionreceivedgenerallypositivereviewsfromcriticswhopraisedushersvocalsanddevelopmentasanartistbutwereambivalenttowardssomeofthealbumsmaterialthealbumearnedushernumerousawardsincludingtwogrammyawardsthreebillboardmusicawardsbillboardmusicawardsandabetawardsbetawardbackgroundusherhadinitiallyplannedtoreleasethealbumentitledallaboutuashisthirdstudioalbumonoctoberthealbumwastofollowhissuccessfulmywaywhichtodatehassoldoversevenmillioncopiesfollowingtheeventthealbumsreleasewasdelayedtwiceondecembertojulyduringthetapingofmtviconjanetjacksonspecialusherexplainedthathereturnedtothestudiostorecordnewsongsstatingididntwantthattobethewaymyrecordwasrememberedorthewayiwouldpresentthattomyfanpersonfansitturnedoutalotbetterwhileaddingthattracksthatwereavailableformusicdownloaddownloadonthesitewerenotgoingtobeincludedonthenewalbumwithnewtracksproducedusherspublicistannouncedanewnameforthealbumunderthetitlewhoclaimsthatitispracticallyanewalbumusherhintedthatitwasderivedaftersomethingsignificanttohimandhewoulddiscloseitintheupcomingmonthseventuallyhisspokespersonrevealedthatthesegmentofthetitlereferstotheyearwhenushersanginpublicforthefirsttimeathischurchinatlantawiththereferringtotheyearrefnameidontknowvideorefrecordingpicturedproducedandcowroteseveralsongsonthealbumalongwithfrequentcollaboratorbryanmichaelcoxwasrecordedintheunitedstatesinthecitiesoflosangelesnewyorkminneapolisandatlantathealbumsproductionwashandledbyseveralproducersincludingtheneptunesjermainedupripdiddywhohadproducedthemajorityofusherspreviousalbummywayusheralbummywaybabyfacemusicianbabyfacekevinsheksperebriggsmikecitybryanmichaelcoxandjimmyjamterrylewisseveralmonthslaterjamandlewisproducedthesongseparatedalongwithmultiplatinumproducersricataridaronjoneswhoalsowrotetherecordtowhichtheproducersthenturnedintolareidwholikedthetrackandaskedthemtoproducemorefollowingthisusheraskedbothproducerstocreateasongsimilartotheirtenderloveperformedbyrbvocalgroupforcemdsthoughhewantedittobehisownuniquerecordwhichcontainsasmallsimilaritytowhichjamandlewiscreatedcanuhelpmefollowingthecompletionofjamandlewisweresentbacktothestudiobyreidtorevampthealbumssecondsingleuremindmeexplainingwealreadyknowhecandanceandhesgotthestyleandthatwholethingbutiwantpeopletojustgohecansingcompositionlistenposleftfilenameuremindmeoggtitleuremindmedescriptionuremindmeisancontemporaryrbrbsonganditslyricsdiscussawomanwhoremindsusherofanexgirlfriendthushecannotdateherinaninterviewwithmtvushercommentedthatlyricallyrepresentshissoulandelaboratedbyexplainingthathewasinspiredbyloveandheartacheilistentoalotofdonnyhathawayssteviewondersmarvingayesandmichaeljacksonsearlierrecordsthosemotowngreatstheresalittlebitofallofthatinthealbumireallyappreciatewhatmusicwasbackthenaswellasintheearlyswhenyouhadartistsliketroopbandtroopandjodeciandmichaeljacksonwasinhisprimeudonthavetocallisahiphopsonginspiredbyjacksonwhileugotitbadisanrbslowjamthealbumsleadsingleuremindmeisalsoanrbtrackrefnameaolrbrefsinglespopyacollarwasreleasedfromusherspreviouslyintendedthirdstudioalbumallaboutuasthefirstsinglefollowingthesongsleakononlinemusicstorenapsterpayservicenapsteralongwithseveralothertracksitwasaddedtosomeeditionsofitenteredandpeakedatnumbertwoontheuksingleschartbutachievedlesssuccessintheunitedstateswithapeakofnumbersixtyonthebillboardhotbillboardhotthesongsoldnearlycopiesinitsopeningweekitreceivedpositivereviewsfrommostcriticswhociteditasahighlightfromthealbumthesongtoppedthebillboardhotforfourconsecutiveweeksuremindmealsoreachedthetopfiveinseveralcountriesincludingsyndicatnationaldelditionphonographiquefrancerecordingindustryassociationofnewzealandnewzealandtheuksingleschartunitedkingdomandariachartsaustraliaithasbeencertifiedplatinumbytheaustralianrecordingindustryassociationariaandgoldbytherecordingindustryassociationofnewzealandrianzidontknowfeaturingrapperproducerseancombspdiddywasplannedasthealbumssecondsingleitwasreceivingradioplaypriortothereleaseofuremindmepeakingatonthehotrbhiphopsongschartandavideowastobeproducedinlosangelesdirectedbythelatterartistthealbumssecondsinglewasinsteadugotitbadreleasedonseptemberthesonglikeitspredecessortoppedthebillboardhotchartforfiveweeksitremainednumberoneforoneweekbeforebeingreplacedbynickelbackshowyouremindmeforfourweeksthesongthenreturnedtothetopreplacingthelatterforfourmoreweeksugotitbadalsoachievedchartsuccessinotherterritoriesreachingthetopfiveinnewzealandandtheukthesonghasbeencertifiedgoldbyboththerecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaandtherecordingindustryassociationofnewzealandrianzudonthavetocallwasreleasedasthethirdsingleonjanuaryitimpactedthehotpeakingatnumberthreeandthehotrbhiphopsongschartatnumbertwoitwasreleasedwithseancombpdiddysineedagirlpartoneintheukasabsidesingleandreachednumberfouruturnwasreleasedasthealbumsthsingleonaprilasaninternationalsingleitreachedthetopteninbelgiumandaustraliarefnameuturnchartsrefcanuhelpmewasreleasedasthealbumsfinalsingleonaugustrefnamecanuhelpmecdsinglerefitpeakedatonthehotrbhiphopsongschartandontherhythmictopchartrefnameusheralbumpeakchartpositionsrefreleaseandpromotionusherinitiallyplannedtoreleasehisthirdstudioalbumonoctoberunderthetitleallaboutubutduetotheleakofmultipletracksseveralmonthspriortothedateitwasdelayedfirsttodecemberitwasdelayedagaintojuneinregardstothisushercommentedthatpushingtherecordbackwasariskbutithoughtitwouldbuildanticipationfinalreleasedatewasaugustonaristarecordsintheunitedstatesunitedkingdomaustraliaandcanadaonthedayofreleaseofthealbumintheunitedstatestowhicharistalabelledasusherdayusherperformedthealbumsleadsingleuremindmeontheshowlivewithregisandkellyhealsoperformedthesingleduringthebetawardsbetawardsandtheunitedwestandwhatmorecanigiveconcertatrfkstadiuminwashingtondcwhichwasheldintributetothevictimsoftheseptemberattacksseptemberattacksusherappearedontotalrequestliveattendedanautographsigningsessioninavirgingroupvirginmegastoreandalisteningsessionforthealbumintheplanethollywoodrestaurantusherperformedugotitbadattheamericanmusicawardsofamericanmusicawardsandagainonjuneatthecomcastcenterfortheperformingartstweetercenteralongwithudonthavetocallduringhisconcertcriticalreceptionalbumreviewsmcrevallmusicrevscorerevblendermagazineblenderrevscorereventertainmentweeklyrevscorebrevnmerevscorerevqmagazineqrevscorerevrollingstonerevscorerevslantmagazinerevscorerevvibemagazineviberevscorereceivedgenerallypositivereviewsfrommusicjournalismmusiccriticsatmetacriticwhichassignsastandardscorenormalizedratingoutoftoreviewsfrommainstreamcriticsthealbumreceivedanweightedmeanaveragescoreofbasedonreviewsnmelucyobriencommendedusherforproducingamorematurealbumthatreflectshisemotionalexperiencewritingversatilityisthekeyherestaccatobeatswithmellifluousmelodyrichslowjamslowjamsandedgyharmoniesbutwoventhroughwithushersownperspectiveawinnerjdconsidineofblendermagazineblendercommentedthatthealbumdoeswhatitssupposedtogivingusheragrownuprbsoundwithoutreducinghisboyishcharmrefnameconsidinerefkathrynmcguireofrollingstonedescribedushersvocalsasvelvetyandfurtherwrotethatamidalltheplayboypoutingandpreeningushersvocalsareimpressivelyadaptablemcguirenotedthealbumsprimaryfaultisthatusherneversurrendershismeticulouslygroomedveneerwitheverytrackbeingformulaicorradiosaferefnamemcguiremcguirekathrynrollingstoneretrievedonnovemberrefsalcinquemaniofslantmagazinenotedthedistinctionbetweenseveralofthealbumssongswithjanetjacksonswhilecomparingushersvocalstothatofanotherjacksonmembermichaeljacksonbringouttheotherjacksoninusherbolsteringfalsettovocalbridgesonidontknowandudonthavetocallthatareundeniablypoproyaltyentertainmentweeklyjoshtyrangielsaidthatthetracksblendharmlesslytogetherbutwasambivalenttowardsthequalityofthesongsproducedafterushersfouryearhiatusrefnametyrangieltyrangieljoshewcomewarticlehtmlreviewentertainmentweeklytimewarnerretrievedonnovemberrefaccoladesthealbumearnedushernumerousaccoladesatthethgrammyawardshewonhisfirstgrammyforgrammyawardforbestmalerbvocalperformancebestrbvocalperformancemaleforuremindmethefollowingyearatthethgrammyawardshewontheawardagainforudonthavetocallasanactusherwonseveralawardsincludingthreebillboardmagazinebillboardrbhiphopawardsinfortoprbhiphopsinglesartisttoprbhiphopmaleartistandtoprbhiphopartistandabetawardsbetawardforbetawardforbestrbartistsbestrbartistatthesoultrainmusicawardsthealbumearnedhimanawardformalerbsoulalbumindecemberthealbumanditssingleugotitbadwererankedassomeofthebestrecordsofthedecadetheformerwaspositionedatnumbersixtythreeandthelatteratnumberfifteenrespectivelyonthebillboardandhotdecadeendchartsinugotitbadwasrankedasoneofthealltimehotsongspositionedatnumberninetyninecommercialperformancethealbumdebutedatnumberfourontheusbillboardbillboardchartsellingcopiesinitsfirstweekeighteenweeksafterthereleaseofithadsoldmillioncopiesandwaspredictedtobeonpacetooutsellmywaywhichsoldmillionunitsduringthesameperiodontheweekoffebruarytotalsalesstoodatmillionanditwaschartedatnumberelevenonthebillboardbymarchthealbumhadsoldmillioncopiesintheunitedstatesandhadreceivedatimesplatinumcertificationfromtherecordingindustryassociationofamericariaarefnamebillboardcoverrefthealbumdebutedatopthecanadianalbumschartandspentthreeweeksonthechartittoppedtheukalbumschartontheweekendingaugustandremainedonitforfortysevenweeksbeforedroppingoutthealbumwascertifiedplatinumbythebritishphonographicindustrybpiontheariachartsaustralianalbumschartpeakedatnumbersevenandremainedonthechartforfortythreeweeksitwascertifiedtimesplatinumbytheaustralianrecordingindustryassociationariathealbumdebutedinthetopfiveonthedanishalbumschartandbelgiumalbumschartwalloniaitdebutedinthetopteninseveralcountriesincludingnewzealandalbumschartnewzealanddutchalbumschartthenetherlandsswissalbumschartswitzerlandandnorwegianalbumschartnorwaybynovemberthealbumhadsoldovermillioncopiesworldwiderefnamepeoplereftracklistingtracklistingheadlineuseditioncollapsednototallengthextracolumnproducerstitleintroludeextraraymondjimmyjamterrylewislengthwriterusherentertainerusherraymondivtitleuremindmeextraclementjimmyjamterrylewislengthwriteranitamccloudedmundbutterclementtitleidontknowextratheneptuneslengthwriterpharrellwilliamsdraytongossnotefeaturingseancombspdiddytitletworkitoutextrajimmyjamterrylewislengthwriterraymondjamesharrisiiilewistitleugotitbadextraduprilengthwriterraymondjermainedupribryanmichaelcoxtitleifiwanttoextrababyfacemusicianbabyfacedupricoxlengthwriterraymondbabyfacemusiciankennethedmondsdupricoxthenotoriousbigchristopherwallaceeasymobeeostenharveyrogertroutmantitleicantletugoextradupricoxlengthwriterraymonddupricoxtitleudonthavetocallextratheneptuneslengthwriterwilliamstitlewithoutuinterludeextraraymondjimmyjamterrylewislengthwriterraymondtitlecanuhelpmeextrajimmyjamterrylewislengthwriterraymondharrisiiilewistitlehowdoisayextrajimmyjamterrylewissoundsofblacknessjamesbigjimwrightlengthwriterraymondharrisiiilewistitlehottestthingextramikecitylengthwritermichaelflowerstitlegoodolghettoextradupricoxlengthwriterraymonddupricoxtitleuturnsonguturnextradupricoxlengthwriterraymonddupricoxtitleurtheoneextrasoulshockkarlinlengthwriterraymondnextgrouprlhuggartracklistingcollapsedyestotallengthheadlineinternationaleditionextracolumnproducerstitleintroludeextraraymondivjimmyjamterrylewislengthwriterraymondivtitleuremindmeextra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mexxxxasapunonthexxxratingforpornographythefourxswereanabbreviationforexploreexpandexploitandexterminatebyfebruaryanotherauthorinthemagazinestatedthatcommandadventuresstarshiponlypayslipservicetothefourxsrefnamecirulisrefandothergamecommentatorsadoptedthexlabeltodescribeagamegenrewithspecificgameplayconventionsrefnamehabibrefrefnameironcladgamesrefrefnamemobygamesciteweburlmobygamescomgamegroupxgamestitlemobygamesxgamesgroupdescriptionpublishermobygamesaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebmobygamescomgamegroupxgamesarchivedatejunedeadurlyesdfrefexploremeansplayerssendscoutsacrossaminimapmaptorevealsurroundingterritoriesexpandmeansplayersclaimnewterritorybycreatingnewsettlementsorsometimesbyextendingtheinfluenceofexistingsettlementsexploitmeansplayersgatheranduseresourcesinareastheycontrolandimprovetheefficiencyofthatusageexterminatemeansattackingandeliminatingrivalplayerssinceinsomegamesallterritoryiseventuallyclaimedeliminatingarivalspresencemaybetheonlywaytoachievefurtherexpansionthesefourelementsofgameplayhavebeendescribedasthefourphasesofaxcomputergamesessionthesephasesoftenoverlapwitheachotherandvaryinlengthdependingonthegamedesignforexamplethespaceempiresseriesspaceempiresseriesandgalacticcivilizationsiidarkavatarhavealongexpansionphasebecauseplayersmustmakelargeinvestmentsinresearchtoexploreandexpandintoeveryarearefnamemalfadorrefrefnamebuttsrefrefnamelackeyrefdifficultiesindefinitionwhilemanycomputerstrategygamesarguablycontainasimilarexploreexpandexploitexterminatecyclegamejournalistsvideogamedeveloperdevelopersandenthusiastsgenerallyapplyxtoamorespecificclassofgamesrefnamesosedistinctrefandcontrastxgameswithotherstrategygamessuchascommandconquerrefciteweburlgamespotcompcstrategysinsofasolarempirereviewhtmltagtabsreviewstitlesinsofasolarempireforpcreviewgamespotpublishergamespotdatefirstjasonlastocampoaccessdatearchiveurlarchiveishttpaffwwwgamespotcomfsinsofasolarempirefreviewsfsinsofasolarempirereviewfarchivedatedeadurlnodfrefhencewritershavetriedtoshowhowxgamesaredefinedbymorethanjusthavingeachofthefourxscomputergamingsiteshavestatedthatxgamesaredistinguishedbytheirgreatercomplexityandscaleandtheirintricateuseofdiplomacybeyondthestandardfriendorfoeseeninotherstrategygamesreviewershavealsostatedthatxgamesfeaturearangeofdiplomaticoptionsrefnamedeafgamersrefrefnametacticularcancerrefrefnamevandykrefandthattheyarewellknownfortheirlargedetailedempiresandcomplexgameplayrefnameblogwiredsoasreviewrefrefnamegalcivgotycitewebyearfirstsallastaccardoaccessdateurlgotygamespycompcindexhtmlpublishergamespytitlegamespysgameoftheyeargalacticcivilizationsiidreadlordsarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebgotygamespycompcindexhtmlarchivedateaprildeadurlyesdfrefinparticularxgamesofferdetailedcontroloveranempireseconomywhileothercomputerstrategygamessimplifythisinfavorofcombatfocusedgameplaygamedesignxcomputergamesareasubgenreofstrategyvideogamestrategygamesandincludebothturnbasedstrategyturnbasedandrealtimestrategytitlesrefnamedeafgamerssudgrefthegameplayinvolvesbuildinganempirewhichtakesplaceinasettingsuchasearthrefrefafantasyworldoringalacticempirespacerefnamemooretrorefeachplayertakescontrolofadifferentcivilizationorracewithuniquecharacteristicsandstrengthsmostxgamesrepresenttheseracialdifferenceswithacollectionofeconomicandmilitarybonusesresearchandtechnologyannotatedimagefloatrightwidthheightimagewidthimagefreecivtechnologytreepngcaptiononepartoffreecivtechnologytreenotethecomplexdependenciesbetweentechnologiesannotationsxgamestypicallyfeatureatechnologytreewhichrepresentsaseriesofadvancementsthatplayerscanunlocktogainnewunitsbuildingsandothercapabilitiestechnologytreesinxgamesaretypicallylargerthaninotherstrategygamesfeaturingalargerselectionofchoicesrefnamejoystiqsoasedesignerinterviewrefempiresmustgenerateresearchresourcesandinvesttheminnewtechnologyrefnamerollingsrefinxgamesthemainprerequisiteforresearchinganadvancedtechnologyisknowledgeofearliertechnologyrefnamemobygamesxdefciteweburlmobygamescomgamegroupxgamestitlemobygamesxgamesgroupdescriptionpublishermobygamesaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebmobygamescomgamegroupxgamesarchivedatejunedeadurlyesdfrefthisisincontrasttononxrealtimestrategygameswheretechnologicalprogressisachievedbybuildingstructuresthatgrantaccesstomoreadvancedstructuresandunitsresearchisimportantinxgamesbecausetechnologicalprogressisanengineforconquestbattlesareoftenwonbysuperiormilitarytechnologyorgreaternumberswithbattletacticsplayingasmallerpartincontrastmilitaryupgradesinnonxgamesaresometimessmallenoughthattechnologicallybasicunitsremainimportantthroughoutthegamerefnamenonxbasicunitsremainimportantciteweburlukgamespotcompcstrategystarcraftreviewhtmldatepublishergamespotfirstronlastdulintitlestarcraftforpcreviewaccessdatearchiveurlarchiveishttpaffukgamespotcomfstarcraftfreviewsfstarcraftreviewfarchivedatedeadurlyesdfrefcombatcombatisanimportantpartofxgameplaybecausexgamesallowaplayertowinbyexterminatingallrivalplayersorbyconqueringathresholdamountofthegamesuniversesomexgamessuchasgalacticciviliza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fnamemoomicrorefxgamesbegantoofferartificialintelligenceaigovernorsthatautomatethemicromanagementofacolonysbuildordersbutplayerscriticizedthesegovernorsformakingpoordecisionsinresponsedevelopershavetriedotherapproachestoreducemicromanagementrefnameigngalcivinterviewrefandsomeapproacheshavebeenmorewellreceivedthanotherscommentatorsgenerallyagreethatgalacticcivilizationssucceedswhichgamingnexuscomattributestothegamesuseofprogrammablegovernorsrefrefsinsofasolarempirewasdesignedtoreducetheincentivesformicromanagementrefrefandreviewersfoundthatthegamesuserinterfaceinterfacemadeempiremanagementmoreelegantontheotherhandmasteroforioniiireducedmicromanagementbylimitingcompleteplayercontrolovertheirempirerefnameimperialfocusrefrefnamemetacriticmoorefhistoryoriginthecreatorofthecivilizationseriescivilizationseriesofxgamesearlyxgameswereinfluencedbyboardgamesandtextbasedgametextbasedcomputergamesfromthesrefnamegamespyhistoryrefcosmicbalanceiiandromedaconquestandreachforthestarscomputergamereachforthestarswerepublishedinandarenowseenretrospectivelyasxgamesalthoughandromedaconquestwasonlyasimplegameofempireexpansionreachforthestarsintroducedtherelationshipbetweeneconomicgrowthtechnologicalprogressandconquestrefnameearlygameconventionscitewebfirstbrucelastgeryktitlehistoryofspaceempiregamestheearlyyearspublishergamespoturlgamespotcomgamespotfeaturespchistoryspaceempirephtmldateaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebgamespotcomgamespotfeaturespchistoryspaceempirephtmlarchivedatedeadurlyesdfrefpriortosidmeierroberttsmithcreatedtheprecursorofallxstrategyvideogamesarmadafollowedupbyaversionwithenhancedgraphicsarmadadeluxehoweverduetothefinancialproblemsofthepublishingcompanyinterstelcorporationarmadanevergotenoughmarketingandattentionfromgamersfuturexspacestrategygamessuchasmasteroforionwouldgoontoadoptthegameplayandconceptsfoundinarmadaarmadathespiritualsuccessortoarmadawasreleasedbyntroniumgamesinyearsafterthereleaseoftheoriginalininsidmeierreleasedcivilizationcomputergamecivilizationandpopularizedthelevelofdetailthathasbecomecommoninthegenrerefnamecivfirstrefsidmeierscivilizationsidmeiersistechnicallypartofthetitlewasinfluencedbyboardgamessuchasriskgameriskandtheavalonhillboardgamealsocalledcivilizationboardgamecivilizationanotablesimilaritybetweenthecivilizationcomputergameandboardgameistheimportanceofdiplomacyandtechnologicaladvancementsidmeierscivilizationwasalsoinfluencedbypersonalcomputergamessuchasthecitybuildinggamecitymanagementgamesimcityvideogamesimcityandthewargamevideogameswargameclassicempireempirerefnamecivhistoryrefcivilizationbecamewidelysuccessfulandinfluencedmanyxgamestocomecomputergamingworldcompareditsimportancetocomputergamingtothatofthewheelrefnamecgwcitemagazinelastemrichfirstalanauthorlastfirstdatedecembertitlemakingthebestofallpossibleworldsdepartmenturlcgwmuseumorggalleriesindexphpyearpubidmagazinecomputergamingworldpagestyperefintwohighlyinfluentialspacegameswerereleasedvgaplanetswasreleasedforthepcwhilespacewardhowasreleasedonthemacintoshalthoughxspacegameswereultimatelymoreinfluencedbythecomplexityofvgaplanetsspacewardhoearnedpraiseforitsrelativelysimpleyetchallenginggamedesignrefnamespaceempirescitewebfirstbrucelastgerykurlgamespotcomgamespotfeaturespchistoryspaceempirephtmltitlegamespotahistoryofspaceempiregamesvgaplanetsandspacewardhopublishergamespotdateaccessdatearchiveurlarchiveishttpaffwwwgamespotcomfgamespotffeaturesfpcfhistoryspaceempirefphtmlarchivedatedeadurlyesdfrefspacewardhoisnotableforitssimilaritytothegamemasteroforionrefnamemoogreatestrefwithitssimpleyetdeepgameplaymasteroforionalsodrewuponearlierxgamessuchasreachforthestarsrefrefandisconsideredaclassicgamethatsetanewstandardforthegenreinapreviewofmasteroforionemrichcoinedthetermxxxxtodescribetheemerginggenreeventuallythexlabelwasadoptedbythegameindustryandisnowappliedtoseveralearliergamereleasesrefnamespacexintrocitewebfirstbrucelastgeryktitlehistoryofspaceempiregamesintroductionpublishergamespoturlgamespotcomgamespotfeaturespchistoryspaceempireindexhtmldateaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebgamespotcomgamespotfeaturespchistoryspaceempireindexhtmlarchivedatedeadurlyesdfrefpeakfollowingthesuccessofcivilizationandmasteroforionotherdevelopersbeganreleasingtheirownxgamesinstardocklauncheditsfirstversionofthegalacticcivilizationsseriesforosrefrefandthelongstandingspaceempiresseriesbeganassharewareascendancyvideogameascendancyandstarswerereleasedinandbothcontinuedthegenresemphasisonstrategicdepthandempiremanagementmeanwhilethecivilizationrefrefandmasteroforionrefciteweburlukgamespotcommacstrategymasteroforionindexhtmlpublishergamespotyeartitlemasteroforioniiformacaccessdatearchiveurlarchiveishttpaffukgamespotcomfmasteroforioniifplatformfmacfarchivedatedeadurlyesdfreffranchisesexpandedtheirmarketwithversionsforthemacintoshsidmeiersteamalsoproducedcolonizationvideogamecolonizationinandcivilizationiiinrefrefwhilesimtexreleasedmasteroforioninmasterofmagicinandmasteroforioniibattleatantaresmasteroforioniiinrefrefbythelatesrealtimestrategygamesbeganoutsellingturnbasedgamesrefnamegamespyrtsvstbsrefastheysurgedinpopularitymajorxdevelopersfellintodifficultiessidmeiersfiraxisgamesreleasedsidmeiersalphacentauriintocriticalacclaimbutthegamefellshortofcommercialexpectationsrefrefcivilizationiiiencountereddevelopmentproblemsfollowedbyarushedreleaseinrefrefdespitetheexcitementovermasteroforioniiiitsreleaseinwasmetwithcriticismforitslackofplayercontrolpoorinterfaceandweakgameartificialintelligenceaivideogamepublishergamepublisherseventuallybecameriskaversetofinancingthedevelopmentofxgamesrealtimehybridxeventuallyrealtimexgameswerereleasedsuchasimperiumgalacticainrefnamexandrtsrefstarshipsunlimitedinandswordofthestarsinfeaturingacombinationofturnbasedstrategyandrealtimetacticalcombattheblendofxandrealtimestrategygameplayledironcladgamestomarkettheirreleasesinsofasolarempireasartxgamerefrefthiscombinationoffeaturesearnedthegameamentionasoneofthetopgamesfromincludinggamespotsawardforbeststrategygameandignsawardforbestpcgamerefciteweburlgamespotcombestofgenreawardsindexhtmlpagetitlegamespotbestgamesofbeststrategygamepublishergamespotdateaccessdatearchiveurlarchiveisgamespotcombestofgenreawardsindexhtmlpagearchivedatedeadurlnodfrefrefrefrefrefrefrefcrossfertilizationbetweenboardgamesandvideogamescontinuedforexamplesomeaspectsofmasteroforioniiiweredrawnfromthefirsteditionoftheboardgametwilightimperiumrefnamemoodesignerdiarydecrefevensinsofasolarempirewasinspiredbytheideaofadaptingtheboardgamebuckrogersbattleforthethcenturybuckrogersbattleforthethcenturyintoarealtimevideogamerefrefgoingintheoppositedirectioneaglegamesmadeaboardgameadaptationofsidmeierscivilizationincompletelydifferentfromtheboardgamethathadinspiredthecomputergameinthefirstplacerefrefrecenthistoryinstardockreleasedaremakeofgalacticcivilizationswhichwaspraisedbyreviewerswhosawthegameasareplacementforthemasteroforionseriesrefrefrefrefinthethecreativeassemblycreativeassemblyreleasedthecriticallyacclaimedrometotalwarwhichhasspawnedmanysequelscivilizationivwasreleasedattheendofandwasconsideredthepcgameoftheyearaccordingtoseveralreviewersincludinggamespotandgamespyrefrefitisnowconsideredoneofthegreatestcomputergamesinhistoryhavingbeenrankedthesecondbestpcgameofalltimebyignrefrefbythecivilizationserieshadsoldovereightmillioncopiesrefnamecivsalesreffollowedthereleaseofcivilizationrevolutionforvideogameconsolegameconsolessoonafterrefrefcivilizationvinrefrefandcivilizationviinmeanwhilestardockreleasedgalacticcivilizationsiidreadlordsgalacticcivilizationsiiwhichwasconsideredthesixthbestpcgameofbygamespyadditionallyfrenchdeveloperamplitudestudiosreleasedbothendlessspaceandendlesslegendthesesuccesseshaveledstardocksbradwardelltoassertthatxgameshaveexcellentgrowthpotentialparticularlyamonglesshardcoreplayersrefrefthisisinadditiontotheloyalbaseofxgamerswhohavesupportedfreesoftwarereleasessuchasfreecivrefreffreecolrefreffreeoriongoldenageofcivilizationsrefrefandcevorefrefreferencesxpathxincludeisagenericmechanismformergingxmldocumentsbywritinginclusiontagsinthemaindocumenttoautomaticallyincludeotherdocumentsorpartsthereofrefciteweburlworgtrxincludeexamplestitlexmlinclusionsxincludeversionsecondeditionappendixcexamplesnonnormativeauthorjmarshauthordorchardauthordanielveillardpublisherworldwidewebconsortiumaccessdatereftheresultingdocumentbecomesasinglecompositexmlinformationsetthexincludemechanismcanbeusedtoincorporatecontentfromeitherxmlfilesornonxmltextfilesexampleforexampleincludingthetextfilecodelicensetxtcodethisdocumentispublishedundergnufreedocumentationlicenseinanxhtmldocumentsourcelangxmlxmlversionhtmlxmlnsworgxhtmlxmlnsxiworgxincludeheadheadbodybodyhtmlsourcegivessourcelangxmlxmlversionhtmlxmlnsworgxhtmlxmlnsxiworgxincludeheadheadbodybodyhtmlsourcethemechanismissimilartohtmlscodeltobjectgtcodetagwhichisspecifictothehtmlmarkuplanguagebutthexincludemechanismworkswithanyxmlformatsuchassvgandxhtmlwebbrowsersupportnotnativelypartiallyusingsomeextrajavascriptcoderefciteweburldevelopermozillaorgendocsxincludetitlexincludeauthorbrettzpublishermozilladevelopernetworkrefseealsoxpathreferencesexternallinksworgtrxincludexincludestandardxmlcompubaxincludeprocessinginxsltwithxiprhtmlxincludewithxsltxercesapacheorgxercesjfaqxincludehtmlusingxincludeinxercesxmlcomlptausingxincludearticlebyelliotterustyharoldimagexxxenophilepngthumbrightcovertoxxxenophilepencilsbyphilfoglioxxxenophileisanunitedstatesamericancomicbookseriespublishedbypalliardpressandlaterstudiofoglioitisananthologyofshortwhimsicaleroticfantasyandsciencefictionstorieswrittenandpenciledbyphilfoglioeachstoryisinkerinkedbyadifferentartisttheseriesgeneralemphasisisontheenjoymentofsexualityasaplayfulactivityfogliosatirizesnumerousplotelementsoffantasyandsciencefictionsuchastimetravelcloningrobotsfaustdealswiththedevillovepotionsandgeisgeasaitportraysavarietyofsexualactivitiesincludingoralsexanalsexgroupsexmasturbationvoyeurismdoublepenetrationracefantasyinterracialliterallybestialityalthoughgenerallywithbodyswapananimalpossessingintelligencemildsadomasochismhomosexualityfemaleineveryissuemalejustinthelastissueexhibitionismsexwithanynumberofdevicesnecrophiliaorsexwithaghostanywayprostitutionandeverysinglepositionandcombinationimaginableincludingsomethatwereonlypossibleinweightlessnessmicrogravityrefnamehiciteweburlhootislandcomtextinterviewphilhtmltitlehootislandinterviewwithphilfogliopublisherhootislandviaarchiveorgarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebhootislandcomtextinterviewphilhtmlarchivedatereffogliocitedrapemindcontrolpedophiliaclassicalnecrophiliaexcretionsnuffpornbrandingpiercingheavysadomasochismandspankingastopicsthathedidnotfindappealingandwouldnotwriteaboutpublicationhistoryxxxenophilewaspublishedasaseriesoftencomicbooksfromtointhecontentsofthefirstfiveissueswerereprintedinthexxxenophilebigbookofuninandthecontentsofthetenissueswerereprintedinthefivevolumethexxxenophilecollectionserieseachvolumecontainedanumberofstoriesfromtheoriginalcomicsnotintheiroriginalpublicationorderplusanewstorygenerallyasecondlookatcharactersfromanearlierstorysuchasthesuperheroorgasmlassandherfourarmedmalesidekickforeplaytheadditionalstorieswerecompiledseparatelyinafinaleleventhissueofthecomicbookinasixthvolumeofthexxxenophilecollectionwithanewpagestorywaspublishedininstudiofoglioreleasedxxxenophilequickanddirtyapageashcancopybookletofunreleasedmaterialtheseriesisonhiatusontheinitiativeofthefogliosuntiltheirchildrenareofappropriateageforthematerialpalliardpresspublishedarelatedseriesxxxenophilepresentswhichpresentedstoriesbyothercreatorseachstorytakingupanentireissuetherewerefiveissuespublishedwithstoriesbyjulieannsczesnycolinuptontwoandcharliewisetwocardgameacollectiblecardgamebasedonthecomicwasalsocreatedwithgamemechanicsdesignedbyjamesernestrefcitejournaltitlepyramidpickxxxenophiletheadultsonlytradingcardgamelastdedmanfirststephenurlsjgamescompyramidloginarticlehtmlidpublisherstevejacksongamesdatejournalpyramidmagazinepyramidissuerefrefcitejournaltitlepyramidinterviewjamesernesturlsjgamescompyramidloginarticlehtmlidlastrossfirstsjohnauthorlinksjohnrossgamedesignerjournalpyramidmagazinepyramidonlinepublisherstevejacksongamesdateaccessdaterefitwasthefirstadultthemedccgwithadultmechanicssomecardscontaineddirectionsfortheplayertoremoveapieceofclothingitwasdesignedafterpositivereaderreactiontothetenthissueofthecomicscoverwhichshowedcardsforahypotheticalxxxenophileccginthisgamewasreworkedintoanonadultnoncollectiblecardgamecalledgirlgeniustheworksrefcitejournaltitlepyramidpicktheworkscardgameurlsjgamescompyramidloginarticlehtmlidjournalpyramidmagazinepyramidonlinepublisherstevejacksongameslastweierfirstbraddateaccessdaterefbasedonthefoglioscomicgirlgeniuscontributorsxxxenophilestorieswereinkedbyavarietyofwellknownandlesserknownartistsmarknelsonartistmarknelsondougricejulieannsczesnyhilarybartamatthowarthdelphynemorigordonpurcellrandycrawfordartistrandycrawfordwilliammessnerloebsbrianthomasartistbrianthomasruththompsonartistruththompsonpaulguinanleahernandezadamhughesjohnworkmandonnabarrstephenrbissettedavidcherryshonhowellbillwillinghamdavidleeandersonstephendestefanotomverrvickywymanfrankkellyfreasrantzhoseleybarbkaalbergstevesullivanartiststevesullivanleeburksleladowlingkevineastmanpeterhsukelleyjonesgeofdarrowquintonhooverterriesmithneilvokesdennisclarkbobeggletonmichaeltgilbertsusanvancampmikechristianartistmikechristiancolleendoranpameklundshepherdhendrixandbriansnoddybriansnddytwostoriesreferencesexternallinksbbccoukdnahgahgxxxenophileeditedguideentrymilehighcomicscomcgibinbackissuecgititlemilehighcomicsxxxenophilelistingxxxenophileredirectcategoryshellinfoboxvideogametitlexmenvsstreetfighterimagexmenvsstreetfightertitlepngcaptionpromotionalflyerdevelopercapcompublisherarcadeandsegasaturncapcombrplaystationproducertetsuyaiijimacomposerplainlistyukiiwaiyukotakeharareleasedarcadebrsegasaturnbrplaystationbrseriesmarvelvscapcombrstreetfightergenrefightinggamefightingmodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayermultiplayervideogamemultiplayerplatformsplainlistarcadegamearcadeplaystationconsoleplaystationsegasaturncabinetuprightrefnameklovrefarcadesystemcpsystemiisoundqsounddisplayrastergraphicsrasterhorizontalisafictionalcrossovercrossoverfightingvideogamedevelopedandpublishedbycapcomitiscapcomsthirdfightinggametofeaturemarvelcomicscharactersfollowingxmenchildrenoftheatomvideogamexmenchildrenoftheatomandmarvelsuperheroesvideogamemarvelsuperheroesandthefirstinstallmentinthemarvelvscapcomseriesasthetitlesuggeststhegameincludescharactersfrommarvelsxmenfranchiseandthecastfromcapcomsstreetfighterseriesoriginallyreleasedasaarcadegamecoinoperatedarcadegameinitwaseventuallyportingportingofvideogamesportedtothesegasaturninandtheplaystationconsoleplaystationinxmenvsstreetfighterfeaturesgameplaysimilartostreetfighterbutincorporatesdualcharacterselectionandtagteambasedcombateachplayerselectstwocharacterstocompeteinaoneononebattleattemptingtodefeattheopposingteamtheplayersaregiventheabilitytoswitchbetweentheircharactersatanypointduringthematchthegamealsoincorporatesnumerouselementsfromxmenchildrenoftheatomandmarvelsuperheroesthegamewasreleasedtogenerallypositivereviewswithcriticspraisingitsgameplayandspritecomputergraphicsspriteanimationqualitywhilethesegasaturnportreceivedpraiseformaintainingtheexperienceoftheoriginalarcadeversiontheplaystationportwasmetwithmixedtonegativecriticalreceptionforremovingseveralfeaturessuchastagteambattlesthechangesweredoneinresponsetothetechnicallimitationsoftheplaystationasequeltothegamemarvelsuperheroesvsstreetfighterwasreleasedingameplayattacksmbisonwhiletheirrespectiveteammatesjuggernautcomicsjuggernautandchunliawaitoffscreenplayerscanchoosetotagintheirsecondarycharacteratanygivenpointsimilartocapcomsvariousstreetfightertitlesxmenvsstreetfighterisadcomputergraphicsdfightinggameinwhichplayerscontrolvariouscharacterstoengageinoneononecombatattemptingtoknockouttheopponentbydepletingtheirhealthgaminghealthplayersselecttwocharactersatthebeginningofamatcheachsportingtheirownlifegaugethestartingcharactercantagintheoffscreencharacteratanytimeduringthefightthedormantcharacterwillalsoslowlyrecoveraportionoftheirvitalitywhilethecurrentcharacterisfightingifthetimerrunsoutbeforeeitherteamisknockedoutthentheplayerwiththemostremaininghealthisdeclaredthewinnerthegameborrowsnumerousgameplayconventionsfromcapcomspreviousmarvellicensedventuresxmenchildrenoftheatomvideogamexmenchildrenoftheatomandmarvelsuperheroesvideogamemarvelsuperheroessuchasthesuperjumptheabilitytojumphigherthannormalandaerialravetheabilitytoperformcombovideogamingcombosontheopponentwhileintheairxmenvsstreetfighteralsoincludesametersystemsimilartothetwoaforementionedgamescalledthehypercombogaugeascharactersperformmovesandreceivedamagetheplayershypercombogaugeswillgraduallyfillplayerscanexpendtheirmetertoperformvariousspecialtechniquessuchasthehypercombowhichunleasheshighamountsofdamagevariablecombinationwherebothcharactersusetheirhypercombossimultaneouslyandvariablecounterwhichtransformsadefensiveblockintoanoffensivecounterattackbytaggingintheoffscreencharacterrefnamegamefanrefmodesthearcadesegasaturnandplaystationversionsofxmenvsstreetfighterallincludearcademodeandversusmodeinversusmodetwoplayerscanfightagainsteachotherlocallytheplaystationportalsofeaturestrainingmodewhereplayerscanpracticemovesandcombosagainstnonaggressivecomputeropponentsandsurvivalmodewhereplayersfightagainstendlesswavesofteamsplayablecharactersstylefloatrightmarginrightpxclasswikitablestyletextalignrightxmencharactersstreetfightercharacterscyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsgambitcomicsgambitjuggernautcomicsjuggernautmagnetocomicsmagnetoroguecomicsroguesabretoothcomicssabretoothstormmarvelcomicsstormwolverinecharacterwolverineakumastreetfighterakumacammywhitecharliestreetfightercharlienashchunlidhalsimkenmastersmbisonryustreetfighterryuzangiefxmenvsstreetfighterfeaturesarosterofplayablecharactersthespritedesignsthemselvesarebasedonthecharactersappearancesfromthesxmentvseriesanimatedxmentelevisionseriescompletewiththeoriginalvoiceactorsthestreetfightercharacterspritesarereusedfromstreetfighteralphasimilartohissecretguestappearanceinchildrenoftheatomakumastreetfighterakumaappearsasahiddencharacterinxmenvsstreetfighterinordertocreatealevelplayingfieldbetweenthecastofstreetfighterandthexmenseriessuperheroesandsupervillainsthestreetfightercharacterswerereimaginedwithhighlyexaggeratedversionsoftheirspecialmovesdevelopmentandreleasexmenvsstreetfighterdebutedinjapaninseptemberforthecpsystemiiarcadeboardandwasreleasedworldwidelateroninthegamereceivedaporttothesegasaturninjapanonnovembertheportutilizedthesaturnsmegabytembramcartridgeperipheralwhichwaspackagedalongsidethegametodeliveranarcadeperfectconversionitwasnotofficiallyreleasedinnorthamericaduetothesaturnslowsalesnumbersinthenorthamericanmarketanimportedversionwassoldatcertainelectronicsboutiquelocationssegahadinitiallyintendedtoreleasethegameineuropebundledwiththeexpansioncartridgehowevertheseplanswereeventuallyshelvedatanovemberpressconferencecapcomannouncedthatthehomeversionofxmenvsstreetfighterwouldbeexclusivetothesaturnfacingongoingaccusationsoffavoritismtowardsthesaturnduetotheperceivedsuperiorityofthesaturnversionofstreetfighteralphaovertheplaystationconsoleplaystationversionandthehomeversionofnightwarriorsdarkstalkersrevengebeingsaturnexclusivecapcomlaterrescindedthisannouncementstatinginsteadthatplaystationandsaturnversionsofxmenvsstreetfighterwouldbereleasedsimultaneouslyandwouldbothbearcadeperfecthowevertheplaystationversionwasnotreleaseduntilfebruaryinjapanwhereitwasrenamedxmenvsstreetfighterexeditiontheplaystationportwasalsoreleasedinnorthamericaonjuneandeuropeinnovembermoreoverduetothememorylimitationsoftheplaystationboththegraphicsandgameplayoftheportwerealteredinadditiontheoneroundbattlesusedinthearcadeandsegasaturnversionswereextendedtoatwooutofthreeroundsetuptheplaystationversionincludesacodethatallowsplayerstocompeteinpseudotagteammatchesprovidedthateachplayerusestheiropponentsstartingcharacterastheirpartnerforexampleifplayeriscontrollingryuandplayeriscontrollingwolverinethenplayerspartnerwillbewolverineandplayerspartnerwillberyureceptionvideogamereviewspstruessattruenatrueallgamepsallgamessatcvgpscvgssatedgessategmpsgipsgissatgamepropsgameprossatgamerevpscgspotpsgspotssatrefnamegspotsatrefignpsgrpsrefnamegrpsrefgrssatrefnamegrsatrefareviewerfornextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationscoredthearcadeversionthreeoutoffivestarshecomplimentedthetagteammechanicandnotedthatthegamecontinuedtheinflationofexplosiveprojectilesandlengthycombosfromcapcomspreviousdfightersbutfeltthisbreedofgamehadbeenmilkedoutconcludingxmenvsstreetfighterisafungamebutitsjustabitofanoverdoseofthekindofgameofwhichwevealreadyplayedwaytoomuchthesegasaturneditionofxmenvsstreetfighterreceivedfavorablereviewsaccordingtothereviewaggregationwebsitegamerankingsreviewerspraiseditsfastpacedgameplayanimationandsoundqualityandtechnicalperformanceincomparisontotheoriginalarcadeversionjeffgerstmannofgamespotcommendedthecharacterspriteanimationsandbackgrounddetailsclaimingthatthereisnobetterlookingdfighteronanyconsolesystemwhilegerstmannalsopraisedtheportforitsfastloadingtimesandlackofslowdownhecriticizedthegameforitsdefenseorientedgameplayandunoriginalsoundtrackgameinformerlaudedtheportforrunningandlookingidenticaltoitsarcadecounterpartdeclaringitoneofthebestarcadeconversionseverseentodatetheplaystationversionontheotherhandreceivedmixedreviewsaccordingtogamerankingsmanyreviewerscritiqueswerecenteredontheportsvariouschangesasaresultoftheplaystationstechnicalrestraintsbothgamespotandgamerevolutionlambastedthegameforitsremovaloftagteambattlesandseveralinstancesofslowdownthetwositesalsocriticizedtheportslowframerateandnoticeabledeclineinanimationqualitywhilegameinformerandignsharedmanyofthesamecriticismstheyviewedthegamefromamorepositiveperspectivebothmaintainedthatwhiletheplaystationportpaledincomparisontothesegasaturnversionitwasstillasolidfightinggameasforthearcadeversionallgamegaveitascoreoffourstarsoutoffivesequelasequeltoxmenvsstreetfighterwasreleasedbycapcominmarvelsuperheroesvsstreetfighterwhilesimilarintermsofgameplayandartstylereplacesamajorityofthexmencastwithcharactersfromothermarvelcomicspropertiessuchascaptainamericaandspidermanthegameisnotableforintroducingassistsintothemarvelvscapcomserieswhichallowplayerstosummontheiroffscreencharactertoperformanattackduringbattlelikexmenvsstreetfighterthegamewasportedtothesegasaturnandplaystationwhichwerereleasedinandrespectivelyreferencesexternallinksredirectlastcallreturnxorgserverxorgserverequalssignrcatshellletaaifatheninfoboxcomicsteamandtitlewikipediawikiprojectcomicsgroupsectionnamexforceimagexforcevolpngimagesizedefaultcaptionvariantcoverofxforcevolmaybrartbyadigranovpublishermarvelcomicsdebutheaddebutnewmutantsdebutmoaprildebutyrdebutheaddebutdebutmodebutyrcreatorsfabianniciezabrrobliefeldgroupytypeteambusinessorganisationorganizationyteamybaseownersemployeesmembersfullrosterlistofxmenmembersxforcecablefoundedlistofxforcemembersseriessectiontitlexforcecvrimagexforcejpgcvrcaptioncoverforxforceaugustbrartbyrobliefeldschedulemonthlyformatlimitedyongoingysuperheroypubseriesdatestishheadstishyrstishmoendishyrendishmostishheadstishyrstishmoendishyrendishmostishheadstishyrstishmoendishyrendishmostishheadstishyrstishmoendishyrendishmoissuesmaincharteamwritersartistspencillersinkerslettererscoloristseditorscreativeteammonthcreativeteamyearcreatorsseriestpbcounterxisbntpbfamousmutantmortalisbntpbxforceandcablelegendreturnsisbntpbangelsanddemonsisbntpboldghostsisbntpbnotforgottenisbntpbxforcecablemessiahwarisbncategorysectioncatteamssubcatmarvelcomicsaltcatheroyvillainsortkeyxforceaddpubcatxmentitlesxforceisafictionalteamofsuperheroesappearinginamericancomicbookspublishedbymarvelcomicsmostcommonlyinassociationwiththexmenconceivedbywriterillustratorrobliefeldtheteamfirstappearedinnewmutantsnewmutantsvolnewmutantsaprilincomicsandsoonafterwardswasfeaturedinitsownseriescalledxforcethegroupwasoriginallyarevampedversionofthesteamthenewmutantsxforcesfirstleaderwasthemutantmarvelcomicsmutantcablecomicscableanoffshootofthexmenxforcetakesamoremilitantwordmilitantandaggressiveapproachtowardsitsenemiescomparedtothexmenthexforcewillappearintheupcomingfilmdeadpoolpublicationhistorypublicationthexforceserieswassuccessfulintheearlysbutitspopularitywanedafterliefeldleftwhichcausedmarveltoimplementseveralreformstothetitlefromincomicsuntilincomicswithvaryingdegreesofsuccesslowsalesonthexforceserieseventuallypromptedmarveltorevampthetitleinwithanewcastintheformofagroupofselfinterestedyoungmutantswhoweregatheredtogetherbyacorporationtobecomemediastarsandusedthenamexforcexforcewascanceledwithandrelaunchedasxstatixwhichcoincidedwithasimilarrebrandingoftheteaminthestoryafterxstatixwascanceledwithmarvelreunitedtheoriginalxforceteamforasixissuelimitedseriescomicslimitedseriesplottedanddrawnbyliefeldinincomicsincomicsduringthexmenmessiahcomplexmessiahcomplexcrossoveranewversionofthexforceteamwasformedwithwolverinecharacterwolverineleadingamoremilitaristicblackopsbranchofthexmenthissquadwouldformthebasisforanewxforceseriesstartingfebruarybywriterscraigkyleandchristopheryostplusclaytoncrainastheartisttheseriescametoaconclusioninseptemberincomicsaspartofthexmensecondcomingsecondcomingstorylinethatranthroughvariousxtitlesthetitlewasthenrelaunchedinoctoberasuncannyxforcewithrickremenderandjeromeopeaasthecreativeteamandwolverinepsylockedeadpoolwarrenworthingtoniiiarchangelfantomexandfantomexevaastheinitialrostertheuncannyxforceseriesendedatissueinincomicsandwasonceagainrelaunchedasuncannyxforcevolaspartofmarvelnowwithanewteamledbystormmarvelcomicsstormandpsylockewrittenbysamhumphriesaconcurrentxforcebookwrittenbydennishopelesscableandxforcewasreleasedatthesametimebringingcablebackintothexforcefoldthetwoseriesendedinafteracrossoverbetweenthetwotitledvendettaanewxforcevolwaslaunchedfeaturingablackopssquadcomposedofcablepsylockefantomexandmarrowcomicsmarrowwrittenbyxmenlegacywritersimonspurrierrefnamecomicbookresourcesrefxforcevolumeliefeldperiodxforcewascreatedbyillustratorrobliefeldafterhestartedpencilingthenewmutantscomicbookinwiththepopularityofliefeldsartledtohimtakingovertheplottingdutiesonthebookwithhelpfromwriterfabianniciezawhoprovidedthedialogueforliefeldsplotsliefeldtransformedthenewmutantsintoxforceinnewmutantsthebooksfinalissueliefeldandniciezalaunchedxforceinaugustrobliefeldobtainedthenamefortheseriesfromanunknownartistataconventionafewmonthspriortoitsreleasewiththeaidofamultiplevariantpolybaggedcardthebooksoldarecordmillioncopiesandremainsthesecondhighestsellingamericancomicbookofalltimesurpassedonlybyjimleesxmenbookthatsamesummerwithmillioncopiestheoriginallineupoftheteamincludedtabithasmithboomboomcablecomicscablecannonballcomicscannonballdominocomicsdominoferalcomicsferalshatterstarandwarpathcomicswarpathinlaterissuesxforcesrosterwouldincludesirynrictorandsunspotcomicssunspotthemainopponentsofxforceduringitsfirstyearweretheterrorismterroristmutantliberationfrontledbystryfeamaskedmutantwithamysteriouslinktocableearlyissuesalsofeaturedthewisecrackingmercenarydeadpooltheimmortalexternalsandanewversionofthebrotherhoodofmutantspropelledbyliefeldsartxforcebecameoneofmarvelsbestsellingcomicbooksimmediatelyafteritsdebuttheseriesrivaledtheamazingspidermananduncannyxmeninpopularityparticularlywiththeadolescentdemographicmarveltoystoybizrespondedtoxforcespopularitybyintroducinganxforceactionfigurelinealongsideitsxmenactionfigurelineliefeldillustratedtheseriesuptoandstoppedplottingitafterasliefeldhadbecomeincreasinglyfrustratedthathedidnotownthecharactershecreatedandthathisartwasbeingusedonavarietyofproductbusinessmerchandisewhileheallegedlyreceivedlittleroyaltiesalongwithsixotherpopularmarvelartistsliefeldleftmarvelcomicsintoformimagecomicsmidsniciezaandloebxforcecontinuedwithniciezawritingandgregcapulloillustratingniciezawhoalsowrotexmenvolhelpedplotthexcutionerssongstorylinethatoverlappedintomostxmenrelatedbooksinthefallofinthatstorystryfeframescableforanassassinationattemptonthexmensfounderprofessorxleadingtoaclashbetweenthexmenandxforcethecrossoverboostedcablespopularitydespitethecharactersapparentdeathinxforceleadingtohisownsoloseriesbeinglaunchedinafterxcutionerssongxforcecontinuedunderniciezaandcapulloandlaterpencilledbytonydanielhavingtemporarilylosttheirleaderxforceattemptedtodevelopanidentityoftheirowntheteamgraduallydevelopedintoadysfunctionalfamilyaftercablesreturninandthetitleregularlycombinedsoapoperaplotthreadssuchasromanceandsirynsalcoholismwithviolentactionniciezafleshedoutpreviouslyunknownelementsofeachcharactershistoryincludingsirynsfamilyinirelandrictorsinmexicoandcannonballsinkentuckyaswellasthemysteriousoriginsofshatterstarthisperiodalsosawthereintroductionofcharactersfromthegroupsnewmutantsdayssuchasrustycollinsrustyandskidscomicsskidsdaniellemoonstarandcyphercomicscypherandwolfsbanecomicswolfsbanealongsimmeringsubplotaboutreignfireandthedisappearanceofsunspotcametoaclimaxjustasthebookwentonhiatusfortheageofapocalypsecrossovereventinduetofallingsalesxforceemergedfromtheageofapocalypseeventwithanewcreativeteamofwriterjephloebandillustratoradampollinawhosignificantlyrevisedtheteamwithissueloebintroducednewteamuniformshadtheteammoveinwiththexmenatthexmansionandplacedemphasisoncharacterdrivenstorieswithfewerfightscenesrictorquittheteamandcannonballjoinedthexmencalibancomicscalibanasuperstrongalbinismalbinomutantwhopossessedthemindofachildjoinedtheteamloebsstoriesincludedrevelationsaboutshatterstarsoriginandthetransformationofboomerformerlyboomboomintothemoreaggressivemeltdownfanresponsewasgenerallypositivepostcableperiodinincomicswriterjohnfrancismoorecomicsjohnfrancismooreportrayedtheteamascarefreewalkersexploringtheopenroadandhadxforcebreakawayfromcableandthexmentherosterofthatincarnationwasmeltdownsirynsunspotwarpathanddaniellemoonstarinincomicsmooreandnewartistjimcheunghadxforcemovetoanewheadquartersinsanfranciscocaliforniasanfranciscoreturnedcannonballandlaterdominototheteamandaddedbedlamcomicsbedlamamutantwhocoulddisruptelectronicequipmenthowevertowardstheendofthisrunsalesonthetitlebegantofalldrasticallywriterwarrenelliswhowasknownforhisdarkcynicalstylerevampedthreebooksxforcegenerationxandxmanaspartoftherevolutioncomicbookrevolutionrevampofthexmenseriesoftitlesinincomicsellisstintonxforcecowrittenbyianedgintonandillustratedbywhilceportaciosawbedlamcannonballmeltdownandwarpathbecomeacovertoperationcovertopssuperheroteamundertheleadershipofpetewisdomabritishmutantandformerintelligenceagentwhocouldshootburningbladesofenergyfromhisfingerssalesremainedaboutthesamedespitethechangesincreatorscancellationandreplacementinearlyincomicsthexforcetitlewascompletelyreimaginedbywriterpetermilliganandartistmikeallredwhoreplacedtheexistingincarnationoftheteamwithanentirelydifferentgroupofmutantsusingthexforcenameinxforcebedlamcannonballmeltdownandwarpathallappeartodieinanexplosionthoughallsubsequentlyreturnthenextissuesawtheintroductionofanewsardonicallytonedxforceconsistingofcolorfullydressedandemotionallyimmatureyoungmutantsputtogetherandmarketedtobemediasuperstarsxforcewascanceledwithinlateincomicsandreplacedwiththeretitledxstatixseriesinlateinmarvelreleasedanewsixissuexforceminiseriesonceagainplottedandillustratedbyliefeldwithdialoguebyniciezathatgatheredmanyofthecharactersfeaturedinthefirstxforcetocriticalpanningyetdecentsalessomecontroversyarosefromliefeldsinsertionofovertenpagesfrompreviousunpublishedcomicbooksweaponxandcablefirstcontactwithwordballoonseditedtomakethemfitthexforcestorylineitwassubsequentlyfollowedwithafourissueprequelxforceshatterstarminiseriesimagexforcecoverjpgthumbuprightcoverofxforcevolaprilartbyclaytoncrainxforcevolumeanewxforceongoingserieswaslaunchedinfebruarywrittenbycraigkyleandchristopheryostanddrawnbyclaytoncraincyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsformsablackopsincarnationofxforcethatuseslethalforcetopermanentlydealwiththreatsagainstmutantsjamesproudstarwarpathwolfsbanecomicswolfsbanewolverinecharacterwolverineandxformthestartinglineupwithwarrenworthingtoniiiangeldominocomicsdominoandelixircomicselixirjoiningsoonafteryosthadatonepointstatedthatdeadpoolwouldjointhecasttobringmorediversitytotheteambutthisdidnothappenuntilafterhisrunandthelaunchofuncannyxforcethisteamdoesbattleredhulkandhisteamconsistingofdeadpoolpunisherelektracomicselectraandthundraastheytrytohuntdowndominouncannyxforcexforcewasreplacedinoctoberwithuncannyxforcebyrickremenderandjeromeopeathisnewseriesintroducesteammemberspsylockefantomexanddeadpoolaccordingtoremenderthisisagroupofcharactersthathavehadtheirsoulsstainedbyevilforcesinthepastacommonthreadconnectingthemtheyvealreadymadethehardcompromisesinthepasttheyvealltakenlifethetitlehadathreeissuefearitselfcomicsfearitselftieinminiserieswrittenbyrobwilliamscomicsrobwilliamswithartbysimonebianchiartistsimonebianchirefnameuxfnewsaramarefasofissuecharacterswerekilledandofthemwerefromtheageofapocalypsetimelinemarvelnowaspartofmarvelnowtwonewxforceserieswouldreplaceremendersuncannyxforcepriortotheirannouncementthetwotitleswereteasedbyasinglewordandthebookscreativeteamwantedwithdennishopelessandsalvadorlarrocaandkillerswithsamhumphriesandrongarneywantedwasfirstrevealedtobethebrandnewcableandxforcerefnamecaxfcbrrefwithkillerslaterrevealedtobearelauncheduncannyxforcerefnamenewuxfcbrrefcableandxforcewrittenbydennishopelessandpenciledbysalvadorlarrocafeaturedcableontherunafterawakeningfromacomainthepostavengersvsxmenavxworldharkeningbacktotheearlydaysoftheoriginalxforcecablewouldleadanoutlawxforceteamconsistingofdominocomicsdominocolossuscomicscolossusforgecomicsforgedoctornemesisandtabithasmithboomboomwhosemissionsofstoppinghugetragediesbeforetheyhappenputsthematoddswiththenewlyformeduncannyavengersledbycablesunclehavokcomicshavoktherelauncheduncannyxforcewaswrittenbysamhumphriesandpenciledbyrongarneyandfeaturedapsylockeledteamwithaninitialrosterofstormmarvelcomicsstormpuckcomicspuckandclustertheywouldbejoinedbyspiralcomicsspiralandbishopcomicsbishopastheysoughttolocateapsychicmutantgirlwhohadbeenkidnappedxforcevolumeaspartoftheallnewmarvelnowcampaignanewvolumeofxforcewaslaunchedinfebruaryreplacingcableandxforceanduncannyxforcevolitfeaturesateamofcablepsylockefantomexdrnemesisandmarrowcomicsmarrowwrittenbyxmenlegacywritersimonspurrierthetitlehasendedwithissuesplotsummaryvolumeangelsanddemonstheteamsfirstmissionhastheminvestigatingthetheftofbastioncomicsbastionsheadfromashieldbasethetrailleadsbacktothepurifiersledbymatthewrismanandthemysteriouselibardtheyattachbastionsheadtothebodyofanimrodunittousetherevivedbastionintheirholywaragainstmutantkindbastionretrievesanoffspringofthetechnarchmagustechnarchymagusfromtheoceanfloorandrevivesseveraldeceasedxmenvillainsincludingcameronhodgebolivartraskandgraydoncreedbyinfectingtheircorpseswiththetechnarchtransmodevirusthevirusallowsbastionadegreeofmentalcontrolovertherevivedcorpseshealsoinfectstwolivingsubjectswiththevirusdonaldpierceandtheleperqueenduringxforcesraidonapuriferbaserismanholdswolfsbanehostagewhilewolverinecallsfortheteamtostanddownxdecidesrismanisbluffingandactivatesaconcealeddetonatorthatsetsoffaseriesofpowerfulexplosivestheexplosionbringsmostofthebasedownaroundthembutrismanisabletoescapewithwolfsbaneduringthechaoswolverinelateradmonisheslauraforbeingsorecklesswiththelivesofherteammatesandforallowingrahnetobekidnappedafterinterrogatingandkillingnumerouspurifiersxforcefindsrahneheldinawarehousebarelyaliveangelretrieveselixirtohealrahnewhowakesupsoonafterlaurathencatchesthescentofelixirsandangelsbloodandrunsofftohelpthemshereachestheroomjustintimetoseewolfsbanestandingaboveangelwithhisseveredwingsinherjawswhileinthepurifierscustodyrahnehadbeenbrainwashedbyherderangedfatherreverendcraigcausinghertogoberserkatthesightofanangelicfigurewolfsbanesavagelyattackslaurabeforehandingoverangelswingstothepurifierselixirhealsbothhisandangelswoundsthendiscoversthatangelswingsarentorganicandcantberegrownangeltransformsintowarrenworthingtoniiiarchangelcompletewithmetallicwingsarchangelwoundswolverineandxbeforetakingofftowardthepurifiersbasesensinghisoldwingsmeanwhilethepurifiersusesamplesofangelsstolenwingstodeveloptechnoorganicwingsfortheirsoldiersgivingthemsimilarabilitiestoarchangelthegroupofpurifiersgivenwingsisdubbedthechoirxforcepursuesarchangeltothepurifiersbaseandslaughtersmostofthechoirwhilerismandiscoverselibardabsorbingthetechnarchoffspringintohishandxkillsrismanwithaheadshotandbrieflyfightselielioverpowersherbutispreventedfromkillingherwhenwarpathstabshimcausinghimtofleewolverinetakesonbastionwhodeemsthethreatposedbywolverineunacceptableandretreatsafterwardsxforcefindsarchangelunconsciousandinhumanformcompletewithfeatheredwingswolverineinformscyclopsoftheturnofeventsandcyclopsaskswhichofxforcestargetsshouldbenextoldghostsoncexforceregroupsatangelsaerietheytestthereactionsofrahneandangeltooneanotherrahnerevertstofullferalformuponseeingangelwhorespondsbytransformingintoarchangelwolverineandelixirrestrainwolfsbanewhilecyclopstalksdownarchangelwhohastroublecontrollinghisapocalypselikementalitywhileinhistransformedstatelauracallsinthestepfordcuckoostoeraseelixirsmemoriesofxforcetohelpthemremaincovertbeforetheydosoangelinformsthemofalivetelecastfeaturinggraydoncreedwhoclaimsanlmdwasassassinatedinhisplaceandpubliclydenouncesmutantsoncemorecyclopsassemblesxforceincludingelixirandunexpectedlydeclaresthevanisherastheirnexttargetitisrevealedthatscalphuntermarvelcomicsscalphunteraformermaraudercontactedcyclopsaboutabreakinatanoldlabofmistersinisterthatheldanalteredversionofthelegacyviruswhileinpursuitofthevanishertheteamrunsintodominowhojoinsforceswiththemtorecoverthelegacyvirusaftercorneringvanisherandinducinganinoperablebraintumorcourtesyofelixirtoensurehiscooperationvanisherrevealshelosttheviruswhileescapingfromahordeofmarauderclonesthatwereawakenedafterthedeathofsinisterxforcereturnstothelabandkilltheclonedmaraudersinsidedominoretrievesthevirusonlytobeconfrontedbytherightcomicstherightsshocktrooperswhohavecometotakethevirusforthemselvesxisinjectedwiththeviruswhiledoingbattleandrunstowardanearbymoltenvattodestroyherselfthusdestroyingtheviruselixircatcheslauraasshejumpsanduseshishealingpowerstopurgeherofthevirusdeclaringthathispurposeinxforceistoensurenomoreofhisfriendswilldiewithvanisherintowxforcereturnshomemeanwhilewarpathreturnstohistribesreservationatcampverdetovisithisbrothersgravebutdiscoverstheemptygravesofhisentiretribebeforebeingviolentlyattackedbythedemonbearjustashesabouttobekilledwarpathissavedbyghostriderjohnnyblazeghostriderwhoofferstoteachhimhowtokillademonafterengagingthedemonbearinbattleoncemoreghostriderrealizesthedemonisreactingtopaincausedbyadaggerembeddedinitsbodyoncewarpathremovesthedaggerthedemonisrevealedtobethespiritguidesofwarpathstribecorruptedbytheblackmagicofthedaggerthesespiritsgrantwarpathavisionthatrevealsthehistoryofthemanresponsiblefordiggingupthegravesofhistribeelibardwarpathreturnshomeandtellsxforcewhatthespiritsshowedhimwhichendswiththerevelationthateliisusingthetechnarchtransmodevirustorevivedeadmutantsasanofferingtohisqueenselenecomicsselenesoonafterbeautifuldreamermarvelcomicsbeautifuldreamermysteriouslydiesafterlosingcontrolofherpowersandkillinghundredsofcivilianscyclopsrealizesthiswaslikelycausedbythemutatedlegacyvirusandassemblesxforcetodealwiththesituationcyclopsalsorevealshesintheprocessoftrackingdowncablecomicscableandgiveseachofthematimetraveldevicethatwillberemotelyactivatedwhenbeastcomicsbeastdeterminescablesexactlocationinthetimestreamfeverpitchcomicsfeverpitchlosescontrolofhispowerssoonafterresultinginasimilarmassacrewhileescapingtheexplosionarchangelspotstheleperqueenandinformscyclopsoncetabithasmithboomboomhellionmarvelcomicshellionandsurgecomicssurgearekidnappedthestepfordcuckoosusecerebrocerebratotrackthemdownhellionandsurgeareinjectedwiththealteredlegacyvirusandteleportedoutjustasxforcestormtheleperqueensbaseaswolverinequestionstheleperqueencyclopsinformshimthatcablehasbeenfoundandxforceisbeingsentafterhimdespitewolverinesprotestscyclopsactivatesthetimetraveldevicessendingxforceforwardintimebeforetheycankilltheleperqueenmessiahwarxforceisinvoluntarilysenttothefuturetoretrievecablecomicscableandhopethelandscapeisabarrenravagedareaandtheteamquicklyencountersdangerapocalypsecomicsapocalypsehasbeendefeatedandstryfecontrolsthisfuturexforceandcablestruggletosavehopefrombishopandstryfenotforgottennotforgottentakesplacedirectlyafterxforcesreturntothepresentxemergesfromthetimestreamjustintimetosavetabithasmithboomboomfrombeingkilledbytheleperqueensecondsaftershekillstheleperqueenbothsheandboomboomaretakenintocustodybyagentsofhammerattheunitednationshellionandsurgearerescuedfromthesapienleaguebywolverinearchangelandelixirboomboomisfreedfromhammercustodybywarpathwhilexisreturnedtothefacilityshewakesuptofindherleftarmseveredbykimuracomicskimurawieldingachainsawbeforeshecancutofftherightarmkimuraisshotbyagentmoralesagentyoungisrevealedtobeamemberofthefacilitythatinfiltratedhammertoacquiretheintelthatmoraleshadonxwhenyoungtriestorecruitmoralesintothefacilitysherejectshisofferbybeatinghimunconsciousinthepresentxandmoralesmaketheirwaytoafacilitylabthatholdsmassamountsofthechemicaltriggerthatforcesxtokillwhileinsidetheroomxcutstheclawsoutofherseveredarmandgivesthemtomoralesforsafekeepingshelightsamolotovcocktailofsortswhichsetsthesprinklersystemoffthefacilitysoldiersfinishcuttingthroughtolaurajustaskimurarealizesthesprinklersaresprayingthetriggerscenteverywherexgoesferalandkillsallthesoldiersinherwayshegetstothefacilityheadsofficejustasthesprinklersstartsprayingwaterwashingawaythescentkimuramanagestoclublaurafrombehindandthenkillsthefacilityheadplanningonframinglauraforitagentmoralesarrivesandsetskimuraonfiretodistractherwhilesheandlauramakeherescapemoralesrevealssheriggedtheplacetoexplodeandtheygetoutintimetherestofxforcearrivesandtakeslauraandherseveredclawshomeleadingintotheeventsofnecroshanecroshaxforceisinvolvedinthebattleagainstselenesresurrectedmutantforcesonutopiauntilcyclopssendsthemtogenoshatokillselenetheyarriveatnecroshaandmanagetorescuewarpathwhothenleadstheminbattleagainstagodlikeseleneandmanagetokillherusinganoldritualofwarpathstribewolverinetellscyclopsthatwarpathxwolfsbaneandelixirareoutoftheteambutcyclopsinsiststhatxforcewillbeneededmorethaneverinthetimeaheadxmensecondcomingxforceisjoinedbycableandcypheronatimetravelingmissiontostopaninvasionofnimrodssentfromapossibledystopianfutureascableonlyhasoneuseremainingonhistimetravelingdeviceitisbelievedtobeaonewaysuicidemissionaftertheycompletetheirmissionandcablesacrificeshimselftoreturnxforcetothepresenthopesmutantpowersemergeandshedestroysbastionafterthebattleloganisconfrontedbystormaboutxforceshetellsloganthathenevershouldhaveinvolvedjamesrahneandlauraandlogantellsherthatheneverwantedtheminvolvedbutdoesntregretwhattheydidlogantellslaurathatshesoutandtofigureoutwhatshewantsfromlifeafterwardlogandiscussesthefutureofxforcewithcyclopswhodecidestodisbandtheteamloganmeetswithhisnewteamashorttimelaterconsistingofhimselfarchangelfantomexpsylockeanddeadpooldecidingtorunanewxforceteamwithouttheknowledgeofcyclopsortheotherxmenvolumedirtytricksthenewxforceconsistsofcablemarrowwhodespitelosingherpowersduringmdayisrepoweredusingapsychicheadbandpsylockefantomexanddrnemesistheyareinvestigatinganexplosioninalexandriathatputhopesummersintoacomaandfindanewmutantnicknamedmemesinceshecanonlycommunicatethroughcomputersasherbodyiscomatosetheydiscoverrussianbillionaireyevgenymalevitchvolgaisbehindalexandriaexplosionandthekidnappinghehasbeenkidnappingmutantsandsuperchargingthemwithkineticenergyandmakingthemintohumanbombswhileinparistheypretendtokillamutantthatcanreadthemindsofcatssothefrenchsecretmutantforceslebureausdiscretwillcometoinvestigatethentheykidnaplenecrogateuramutantthatcanreadthemindsofthedeceasedusinghispowerstheyfindvolgasheadquartersandthatvolgafoundamutantthatcanteleportbetweendimensionsthreateningthedeathofhisfamilytheyforcetheteleportingmutanttobringbackapowerfulweaponfromearththatcreatessupersoldiersbutgreatlydecreasestheirlifespanduringtheattackonvolgasbasemarrowdiscoversthatshewaspregnantduringmdayandvolunteeredtogetherpowersbackbutatthecostofherpregnancyshehasamentalbreakdownandxforceiscaptureditseemsallislostwhencableissuperchargedandblownupbyvolgaitturnsoutthatcablewaspresentatalexandriaanditwashimandhopethatcausedtheexplosionwhenhewassuperchargedbyvolgashenchmanhopemimickedhispowersandthechemicalscausedhertofallintoacomacablesurvivedtheexplosionssincehewasntreallytheredrnemesiskeepscablelockedinstasisandcreatesacloneofhimeverydayanduploadshismemoriesthecableanddrnemesisattackvolgasbaseagainandteleportshissuperchargedhenchmenintoouterspaceandthenvolgaseemstocommitsuicidebysupercharginghimselfandkillingthecablecloneagainbutmarrowcreatesaboneshieldtoprotecttheteamvolgasspiritsurvivestheexplosionandanothercablecloneemergesfromthexforcebasetomournoverhopewhowasabletomanifestherselfinadigitalavatarbycopyingthepowersofabraindeadmutantmemepsylockeisabletodiscovertheswitchwithherpsychicpowersbutpromiseshopethatshewonttellcablehidefearcableandthexforcewhohavebarelysurvivedtheirordealwithvolgatrackateamofbritishspecialforcesintothedeserttheteamistrackingterroristsknownasthequaddeesitturnsoutvolgasoldhistechtoboththebritishandthequaddeesxforcebeginsabductingtheteambutareattackedbypetewisdommegganandfaizahussainexcaliburfrommicomicsmisoonthequaddeeskidnaponememberoftheteamsothethreegroupsdecidetoworktogetherpsylockeisabletofindoutthatthesuperpoweredbritishspecialforcesteamwillalldiesoonfromvolgastechsotheteamsacrificesthemselvessomiandxforcecanescapetheyalsolearnthattheresasecretorganizationcalledtheyelloweyespyingonallmutantswhoalsokidnappeddominothisseriesalsoretconsmultiplexmenbackstorieswiththeintroductionoflistofmarvelcomicscharactersfforgetmenotforgetmenothispoweristoimmediatelybeforgotbyanybodywhospeakswithhimandtobecompletelyunnoticedbypeoplearoundhimunlessheacknowledgesthemonlyxavierknowsofhisexistenceevensettingapsychicalarmclocktocheckinwithforgetmenoteveryhourtoremindhimsomebodyremembershimhehangsaroundthexmansionrepellingattackersandsavingthexmenmultipletimeswithoutthemrealizingitandblamingitondumbluckordeusexmachinadrnemesisusinganalgorithmbasedonblursincamerafootageandmissingtoiletpaperatthexmansioncreatesateleportertobringforgetmenottothexforcebaseonanabandonedshieldhelicarriertheteamhasgreatdifficultycatchingforgetmenotsincewheneverhehidestheyforgotabouthimthentakeacoffeebreakwhereaprereordedvideobydrnemesisplaysremindingthemtofindforgetmenotthisturnsintoaviscouscyclealmostlikeatimeloopuntilforgetmenotrealizesthathewasbroughtheretotricktheyelloweyespybotswhichlookliketinygnatsintoallowinghimselftobetrackedplaceareversetrackingbeaconononeandthenthedronewillforgethimimmediatelyandnotselfdestructthisplanworkshoweverfantomexthenkillsforgetmenotstatingthatheknewabouthimallthetimesincehehasthreebrainsandnanobotsinhisbrainfantomexsayshedoesitbecauseheisevilandboredtheshipscleaningbotssweepawayforgetmenotsbodyanddrnemesisforgetsspeakingwithhimandassumeshefiguredouthowtotrackthespybotsonhisownendsmeanstheteamattackstheyelloweyebasebutduringthebattlememehopesummershacksintofantomexsconsciousnessthankstohisnanobotbraininordertolearnwhyhebrokeupwithherhethenrevealsthatheknewhopesummerswasposingasmemehethenbetraystheteamandplanstousetheyelloweyetrackingtechnologytofindhismissingclonesclusterandweaponxiiiitturnsoutyelloweyeisactuallymojocomicsmojowhorevealsthatmemeisactuallyhopesummerstotherestoftheteamcabledebatesusingtheyelloweyetechnologybutpsylockewantsthefacilitydestroyedtheydonthavetimetodebatesinceasecondcloneofcablewasalreadyatthefacilitywithdrnemesistrackingvolgaduringthepriorfighttheteamdoesnthavetimetodebatethemoralitysincefantomexwasabletorecodevolgassuperviruscodewhenhediedandevareloadedthevirustogiveherunlimitedsuperpowershoweversincehismindisstillmechanicalmemehackedintohimmakinghimthinkhekilledtheteamwhiletheyactuallyescapedaftermemediesforgetmenotrevealshimselftotheteamandasksmarrowtotouchhopesbodythenhopescopiesmarrowshealingfactorandisabletotemporarilyhealherselfenoughtoplayavideoshowinghowcablehasbeenmanipulatingtheteamforgetmenotthenpushespsylockeintohopewhothencopiesherpsychicpowersandrevealstotheteamhertroubleschildhoodandhowdespitecablesavingherlifebytravelingbetweendimensionsshehasoutgrownhimmorallyanddoesntlookuptohimmarrowthemkillsthecableclonehopealsorevealedtheirlocationtofantomexwhoisonhiswaytokillthemhopeusingdrnemesisssuperintellectthenfiguresoutthatfantomexdoesntbelieveheisimperfectbutrevealstohimthatperfectrequirescracksandinadequaciesandperfectionisreallybeingateamfantomexcannotcomprehendthisandhasamentalbreakdownpsylockethenusesherpsibladetoscramblehismindtheteamlaterrevealstheyfiredcablefromtheteamxforcerostervolumeclasswikitableissuescharacterstabithasmithboomboomcablecomicscablecannonballcomicscannonballcopycatmarvelcomicscopycatasdominoferalcomicsferalshatterstarwarpathcomicswarpathboomboomcablecannonballcopycatferalgideoncomicsgideonshatterstarsirynsunspotcomicssunspotwarpathboomboomcannonballferalrictorshatterstarsirynsunspotwarpathboomboomcablecannonballferalrictorshatterstarsirynsunspotwarpathboomboomcablecannonballdominocomicsdominorictorshatterstarsirynwarpathboomboomcablecannonballdominocomicsdominoproshrictorshatterstarsirynwarpathboomboomcablecannonballdominocomicsdominorictorshatterstarsirynwarpathboomboomcablecalibancomicscalibandominoshatterstarsirynsunspotwarpathcablecalibandominomeltdownformerlyboomboomrictorshatterstarsirynsunspotwarpathmeltdowndaniellemoonstarmoonstarsirynsunspotwarpathbedlamcomicsbedlamcannonballmeltdownmoonstarsirynsunspotwarpathbedlamcannonballdominomeltdownmoonstarsirynsunspotwarpathbedlamcannonballdominomeltdownmoonstarwarpathbedlamcannonballmeltdownwarpathpetewisdomwisdombedlamcannonballdominomeltdownwarpathanarchistcomicsanarchistbatteringramdoopcomicsdoopgingenieplazmugogirlzeitgeistcomicszeitgeistanarchistblokecomicsblokedoopmistersensitiveorphanphatcomicsphatsaintannacomicssaintannaugogirlvivisectormarvelcomicsvivisectoranarchistdooporphanphatsaintannaugogirlvivisectoranarchistdooporphanphatugogirlvivisectoranarchistdooporphanphatspikemarvelcomicsspikeugogirlvivisectoranarchistdeadgir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lxanthosomapedatumsmallhemslsmallamericantarooaxacacentralamericavenezuelaxanthosomayucatanensesmallenglsmallyucatnquintanarooformerlyplacedingenusxanthosomacaladiumlindeniismallandrmadisonsmallasxlindeniismallandrenglsmallgallerygalleryimagexanthosomasagittifoliumatkadavoorjpginflorescenceofxanthosomasagittifoliumimageinflodetailjpginflorescenceofxdaguensefilexanthosomapollinationjpgbeetlepollinationinxdaguenseimageinfrucxanthosomacopyjpginfructescenceofxpoeppigiiperuvianamazonasxdaguensewesterncordilleraoflosandescolombiagalleryreferencesexternallinkshortpurdueedunewcropnexusxanthosomanexhtmlxanthosomasppatpurdueuniversitycenterfornewcropsplantsproductskalluscomaroidsediblescientifichtmdistributionandnamesofediblearoidsdollarsignredirectshellcommentcomputerprogrammingcommentcomputerprogrammingredirectcategoryshellbackslashredirectcategoryshellquotationmarkredirectcategoryshellxmlsignaturealsocalledxmldsigxmldsigxmlsigdefinesanxmlsyntaxfordigitalsignaturesandisdefinedinthewcrecommendationworgtrxmldsigcorexmlsignaturesyntaxandprocessingfunctionallyithasmuchincommonwithpkcsbutismoreextensibleandgearedtowardssigningxmldocumentsitisusedbyvariousworldwidewebwebtechnologiessuchassoapsecurityassertionmarkuplanguagesamlandothersxmlsignaturescanbeusedtosigndatandasharesourcendashofanymimecontenttypetypetypicallyxmldocumentsbutanythingthatisaccessibleviaauniformresourcelocatorurlcanbesignedanxmlsignatureusedtosignaresourceoutsideitscontainingxmldocumentiscalledadetachedsignatureifitisusedtosignsomepartofitscontainingdocumentitiscalledanenvelopedsignatureifitcontainsthesigneddatawithinitselfitiscalledanenvelopingsignaturestructureanxmlsignatureconsistsofacodesignaturecodeelementinthecodenowikiworgxmldsignowikicodenamespacethebasicstructureisasfollowssourcelangxmlsignaturesignedinfocanonicalizationmethodsignaturemethodreferencetransformsdigestmethoddigestvaluereferencereferenceetcsignedinfosignaturevaluekeyinfoobjectsignaturesourcethecodesignedinfocodeelementcontainsorreferencesthesigneddataandspecifieswhatalgorithmsareusedthecodesignaturemethodcodeandcodecanonicalizationmethodcodeelementsareusedbythecodesignaturevaluecodeelementandareincludedincodesignedinfocodetoprotectthemfromtamperingoneormorecodereferencecodeelementsspecifytheresourcebeingsignedbyurireferenceandanytransformstobeappliedtotheresourcepriortosigningatransformationcanbeaxpathexpressionthatselectsadefinedsubsetofthedocumenttreecodedigestmethodcodespecifiesthehashalgorithmbeforeapplyingthehashcodedigestvaluecodecontainsthebaseencodedresultofapplyingthehashalgorithmtothetransformedresourcesdefinedinthecodereferencecodeelementattributesthecodesignaturevaluecodeelementcontainsthebaseencodedsignatureresultthesignaturegeneratedwiththeparametersspecifiedinthecodesignaturemethodcodeelementofthecodesignedinfocodeelementafterapplyingthealgorithmspecifiedbythecodecanonicalizationmethodcodecodekeyinfocodeelementoptionallyallowsthesignertoproviderecipientswiththekeythatvalidatesthesignatureusuallyintheformofoneormorexdigitalcertificatestherelyingpartymustidentifythekeyfromcontextifcodekeyinfocodeisnotpresentthecodeobjectcodeelementoptionalcontainsthesigneddataifthisisanenvelopingsignaturevalidationandsecurityconsiderationswhenvalidatinganxmlsignatureaprocedurecalledcorevalidationisfollowedreferencevalidationeachcodereferencecodesdigestisverifiedbyretrievingthecorrespondingresourceandapplyinganytransformsandthenthespecifieddigestmethodtoittheresultiscomparedtotherecordedcodedigestvaluecodeiftheydonotmatchvalidationfailssignaturevalidationthecodesignedinfocodeelementisserializedusingthecanonicalizationmethodspecifiedincodecanonicalizationmethodcodethekeydataisretrievedusingcodekeyinfocodeorbyothermeansandthesignatureisverifiedusingthemethodspecifiedincodesignaturemethodcodethisprocedureestablisheswhethertheresourceswerereallysignedbytheallegedpartyhoweverbecauseoftheextensibilityofthecanonicalizationandtransformmethodstheverifyingpartymustalsomakesurethatwhatwasactuallysignedordigestedisreallywhatwaspresentintheoriginaldatainotherwordsthatthealgorithmsusedtherecanbetrustednottochangethemeaningofthesigneddatabecausethesigneddocumentsstructurecanbetamperedwithleadingtosignaturewrappingattacksthevalidationprocessshouldalsocoverxmldocumentstructuresignedelementandsignatureelementshouldbeselectedusingabsolutexpathexpressionnotcodegetelementbynamecodemethodsxmlcanonicalizationthecreationofxmlsignaturesissubstantiallymorecomplexthanthecreationofanordinarydigitalsignaturebecauseagivenxmldocumentanxmlinfosetinfosetincommonusageamongxmldevelopersmayhavemorethanonelegalserializedrepresentationforexamplewhitespaceinsideanxmlelementisnotsyntacticallysignificantsothatcodeltelemnbspgtcodeissyntacticallyidenticaltocodeltelemgtcodesincethedigitalsignatureiscreatedbyusinganasymmetrickeyalgorithmtypicallyrsaalgorithmrsatoencrypttheresultsofrunningtheserializedxmldocumentthroughacryptographichashfunctiontypicallyshaasinglebytedifferencewouldcausethedigitalsignaturetovarymoreoverifanxmldocumentistransferredfromcomputertocomputerthenewlinelineterminatormaybechangedfromcrtolftocrlfetcaprogramthatdigestsandvalidatesanxmldocumentmaylaterrenderthexmldocumentinadifferentwayegaddingexcessspacebetweenattributedefinitionswithanelementdefinitionorusingrelativevsabsoluteurlsorbyreorderingnamespacedefinitionscanonicalxmlisespeciallyimportantwhenanxmlsignaturereferstoaremotedocumentwhichmayberenderedintimevaryingwaysbyanerrantremoteservertoavoidtheseproblemsandguaranteethatlogicallyidenticalxmldocumentsgiveidenticaldigitalsignaturesanxmlcanonicalizationtransformfrequentlyabbreviatedcnisemployedwhensigningxmldocumentsforsigningthecodesignedinfocodeacanonicalizationismandatorythesealgorithmsguaranteethatsemanticallyidenticaldocumentsproduceexactlyidenticalserializedrepresentationsanothercomplicationarisesbecauseofthewaythatthedefaultcanonicalizationalgorithmhandlesnamespacedeclarationsfrequentlyasignedxmldocumentneedstobeembeddedinanotherdocumentinthiscasetheoriginalcanonicalizationalgorithmwillnotyieldthesameresultasifthedocumentistreatedaloneforthisreasonthesocalledexclusivecanonicalizationwhichserializesxmlnamespacedeclarationsindependentlyofthesurroundingxmlwascreatedbenefitsxmlsignatureismoreflexiblethanotherformsofdigitalsignaturessuchasprettygoodprivacyandcryptographicmessagesyntaxbecauseitdoesnotoperateonbinarydatabutonthexmlinfosetallowingtoworkonsubsetsofthedatahavingvariouswaystobindthesignatureandsignedinformationandperformtransformationsanothercoreconceptiscanonicalizationthatistosignonlytheessenceeliminatingmeaninglessdifferenceslikewhitespaceandlineendingsissuestherearecriticismsdirectedatthearchitectureofxmlsecurityingeneralandatthesuitabilityofxmlcanonicalizationinparticularasafrontendtosigningandencryptingxmldataduetoitscomplexityinherentprocessingrequirementandpoorperformancecharacteristicstheargumentisthatperformingxmlcanonicalizationcausesexcessivelatencythatissimplytoomuchtoovercomefortransactionalperformancesensitiveserviceorientedarchitecturesoaapplicationstheseissuesarebeingaddressedintheworgxmlsecxmlsecurityworkinggroupwithoutproperpolicyandimplementationrefnamepkreftheuseofxmldsiginsoapandwssecuritycanleadtovulnerabilitiessuchasxmlsignaturewrappingapplicationssomeexamplesofapplicationsofxmlsignaturesdigitalsigningofxbrlannualreportannualreportsbyauditorauditorsinthenetherlandsapkioverheidxcertificateapprovedbytheroyalnationalinstituteofcharteredaccountantsisrequiredtheelectronicsignatureislegallybindingthesbrassurancestandardrefnamesbrasbrnlnlenglishwhatissbrassurancesbrassurancedutchgovernmentrefispartofthedutchstandardbusinessreportingprogramseealsocanonicalxmlxmlencryptionxadesextensionstoxmldsigforusewithadvancedelectronicsignaturecryptographicmessagesyntaxexternallinksworgtrxmldsigcorexmlsignaturesyntaxandprocessingworgtrrecxmlcncanonicalxmlietforgrfcrfctxtadditionalxmlsecurityuniformresourceidentifiersurisworgtrxmlexccnexclusivexmlcanonicalizationxmlbeansgooglepagescomxmlsignaturesjavabindingforxmlbeansandjaxbdimgtcomauxmldsightmlstepbystepexampleofhowasignatureiscreatedreferencesxyzzyawardsredirectcategoryshellxyzzyawardsthexyzzyawardsareaneventtorecognizeextraordinaryinteractivefictionservingasimilarroletotheacademyawardsorgrammyawardsbutforafarsmallercommunitythexyzzyawardshavebeenpresentedyearlyintheearlyspringsincebyeileenmullintheeditorofxyzzynewsanygamereleasedduringtheyearpriortotheawardceremonyiseligiblefornominationtoreceiveanawardthedecisionprocesstakesplaceintwostagesmembersoftheinteractivefictioncommunitynominateworkswithinspecificcategoriesinthewinterandsufficientlysupportednominationsbecomefinalistswithinthosecategoriestypicallytherearefourorfivefinalistsineachcategorycommunitymembersthenvoteamongthefinalistsandthegamereceivingapluralityofvotesisgiventheawardinanonlineceremonyatifmudsincethexyzzyawardshavebecomeoneofthemostimportanteventswithintheinteractivefictioncommunitytheyhaverecognizedawidevarietyofgamesandareseenbymanyasacontrasttotheinteractivefictioncompetitionwhichfavorsshortworksandusesadifferentstructureforjudgingandvotingtogetherwithawardsliketheinteractivefictioncompetitionthexyzzyawardsprovideopportunitiesforthecommunitytoencourageandrewardthecreationanddevelopmentofnewworkswithinagenrethatisnolongercommerciallylucrativethenameoftheawardscomesfromthemagicwordxyzzymagicwordxyzzycausingteleportationfromthepopularearlytextadventuregamecolossalcaveadventureadventurecategoriesxyzzyawardsaregiveninmultiplecategoriesxyzzyawardforbestgamebestgamesincexyzzyawardforbestimplementationbestimplementationsincexyzzyawardforbestindividualnpcbestindividualnpcsincexyzzyawardforbestindividualpcbestindividualpcsincexyzzyawardforbestindividualpuzzlebestindividualpuzzlesincexyzzyawardforbestnpcsbestnpcssincexyzzyawardforbestpuzzlesbestpuzzlessincexyzzyawardforbestsettingbestsettingsincexyzzyawardforbeststorybeststorysincexyzzyawardforbestsupplementalmaterialsbestsupplementalmaterialssincexyzzyawardforbesttechnologicaldevelopmentbesttechnologicaldevelopmentsincexyz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efebdfaedabfanowikinowikicsmonitorcomhtmlnowikinowikibabylandgeneralcomaboutourhistorynowikialprazolamxghadyfhasdfghasfghsfrghsrafghjswrthnnumberinfoboxsoftwarenamexvideoextensionlogoscreenshotcaptioncollapsibleauthorxorgfoundationdeveloperreleasedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatefrequentlyupdatedprogramminglanguageoperatingsystemplatformsizelanguagestatusgenrelicensewebsitethexvideoextensionoftenabbreviatedasxvideoorxvisavideooutputmechanismforthexwindowsystemtheprotocolwasdesignedbydavidcarverthespecificationforversionoftheprotocolwaswritteninjulyitismainlyusedtodaytoresizevideocontentinthevideocontrollerhardwareinordertoenlargeagivenvideoortowatchitinfullscreenmodewithoutxvideoxwouldhavetodothisscalingonthemaincputhatrequiresaconsiderableamountofprocessingpowerwhichcouldslowdownordegradethevideostreamvideocontrollersarespecificallydesignedforthiskindofcomputationsocandoitmuchmorecheaplysimilarlythexvideoextensioncanhavethevideocontrollerperformcolorspaceconversionsandchangethecontrastbrightnessandhueofadisplayedvideostreaminorderforthistoworkthreethingshavetocometogetherthevideocontrollerhastoprovidetherequiredfunctionsthedevicedriversoftwareforthevideocontrollerandthexdisplayserverprogramhavetoimplementthexvideointerfacethevideoplaybacksoftwarehastomakeuseofthisinterfacemostmodernvideocontrollersprovidethefunctionsrequiredforxvideothisfeatureisknownashardwarescalingandyuvaccelerationorsometimesasdhardwareaccelerationthexfreexdisplayserverhasimplementedxvideosinceversiontocheckwhetheragivenxdisplayserversupportsxvideoonecanusetheutilityttxdpyinfotttocheckwhetherthevideocontrollerprovidestherequiredfunctionsandwhetherthexdevicedriverimplementsxvideoforanyofthemonecanusethettxvinfottprogramvideoplaybackprogramsthatrununderthexwindowsystemsuchasmplayermythtvorxinetypicallyhaveanoptiontoenablexvideooutputitisveryadvisabletoswitchonthisoptionifthesystemgraphicsprocessingunitgpuvideohardwareanddevicedriverssupportsxvideoandmoremodernrenderingsystemssuchasopenglandvdpauareunavailablethespeedupisverynoticeableevenonafastcentralprocessingunitcpuwhiletheprotocolitselfhasfeaturesforreadingandwritingofvideostreamsfromandtovideoadaptersinpracticetodayonlythefunctionsttxvputimagettandttxvshmputimagettareusedtheclientprogramrepeatedlypreparesimagesandpassesthemontothegraphicshardwaretobescaledconvertedanddisplayeddisplayaftervideohasbeenscaledandpreparedfordisplayonthevideocarditmustbedisplayedthereareafewpossiblewaystodisplayacceleratedvideoatthisstagesincefullaccelerationmeansthatthevideocontrollerisresponsibleforscalingconvertinganddrawingthevideothetechniqueuseddependsentirelyonwhatthevideoisbeingdrawnontotheroleofwindowmanagersupportandcompositingunderxhowvideoisfinallydrawndependslargelyonthexwindowmanagerinusewithproperlyinstalleddriversandgraphicsprocessingunitgpuhardwaresuchassupportedintelatibrandatiandnvidiachipsetssomewindowmanagerscalledcompositingwindowmanagersallowwindowstobeseparatelyprocessedandthenrenderedorcompositedthisinvolvesallwindowsbeingrenderedtoseparateoutputbuffersinmemoryfirstandlatercombinedtoformacompletegraphicalinterfacewhileinvideomemoryindividualwindowscanbetransformedseparatelyandacceleratedvideomaybeaddedatthisstageusingatexturefilterbeforethewindowiscompositedanddrawnxvideocanalsobeusedtoacceleratevideoplaybackduringthedrawingofwindowsusinganopenglframebufferobjectorpbuffermetacityanxwindowmanagerusescompositinginthiswaythecompositingcanalsomakeuseofdpipelinesaccelerationssuchasglxexttexturefrompixmapamongotherthingsthisprocessallowsmanyvideooutputstosharethesamescreenwithoutinterferingwitheachotherothercompositingwindowmanagerssuchascompizalsousecompositinghoweveronasystemwithlimitedopenglaccelerationfunctionspecificallythelackofanopenglframebufferobjectorpbuffertheuseofanopenglenvironmentlikexglmakesxvhardwareaccelerationsimpossiblethedisadvantagesofchromakeyingintheeventthatthewindowmanagerdoesntdirectlysupportcompositingitismoredifficulttoisolatewherethevideostreamshouldberenderedbecausebythetimeitcanbeacceleratedtheoutputhasalreadybeenturnedintoasingleimagetheonlywaytodothisisusuallytoemployapostprocessedhardwareoverlayusingchromakeyingafterallofthewindowshavealreadybeendrawntheonlypiecesofinformationwehaveavailablearethesizeandpositionofthevideowindowscanvasathirdpieceofinformationisrequiredtoindicatewhichpartsofthevideowindowscanvasareobscuredbyotherwindowsandwhicharenotthereforethevideoplayerdrawsitscanvasusingasolidcolorwellsaygreenandthiscolorbecomesamakeshiftthirddimensionwhenallwindowshavebeendrawnwindowscoveringthevideoplayerwillblockoutthegreencolorwhenthevideostreamisaddedtotheoutputthegraphicscardcansimplyscanthecoordinatesofthecanvaswhenitencountersgreenitknowsithasfoundavisibleportionofthevideowindowandonlydrawsthoseportionsofthevideothissameprocesswasalsotheonlyavailableoptiontorenderhardwareacceleratedvideoundermicrosoftwindowsxpandearliersinceitswindowmanagementfeaturesweresodeeplyembeddedintotheoperatingsystemthatacceleratingthemwouldhavebeenimpossibleifthewindowmanagerdoesntsupportcompositingpostprocessedhardwareoverlaysusingchromakeyingasdescribedinthepreviousparagraphcanmakeitimpossibletoproduceaproperscreenshotsofxvideoapplicationsitcanalsomakeitimpossibletoviewthiskindofplaybackonasecondarydisplaywhenonlyoneoverlayisallowedatthehardwarelevelseealsoxvideomotioncompensationreferencesexternallinksxorgreleasescurrentdocvideoprotoxvprotocolvtxtofficialxvideoextensionspecificationversionxorgdocsxvvideoadditionsinxvideoversionxfreeorgxvhtmlxvmanpagesexampleprogramsbelletinfoxvideotestxvctestxvconmostinstallationsitiscompiledbycodegccotestxvtestxvclusrxrliblxlxextlxvcodewebarchiveorgwebwedesoftdemoncoukdownloadstestxvcctestxvccanotherexampleinclistofxyzzyawardsbycategorybestindividualpuzzleinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxxvimountaincorpsnativenamegeneralkommandoxxxvigebirgsarmeekorpsrmgebakimagealtcaptiondatesoctobermaycountrycountriesallegiancebranchtyperolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottocolorsorcolourscolorslabelorcolourslabelmarchmascotanniversariesequipmentequipmentlabelbattlesdisbandedcommanderscommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelnotablecommandersinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelnotocthexxxvicorpswasanazigermanygermanmilitaryformationinworldwariiitwasformedinoctoberandtookpartinthebattleoffranceinvasionoffranceinaugustthecorpswasmovedtosouthernnorwayandfromtheretonorthernfinlandittookpartinoperationbarbarossainmiditwaspartofthegermanarmynorwaywehrmachtaoknorwegenarmynorwayandwasmovedtonorthernfinlandduringjunethexxxvicorpstookpartinoperationpolarfuchsaimingtoadvancethroughsallatokandalakshaandfromtheretomurmanskinnovemberthecorpswasrenamedthexxxvigebirgskorpsmountaincorpsinlatethecorpshadtofightitsformeralliesduringtheirlaplandwarwithdrawalfromfinlandthecorpswasforcedtoretreatfromfinlandbacktonorwaythecorpsstayedtherestofthewarinnorwayandsurrenderedthereinmaycommandersgeneralgeneralofthecavalryhansfeigemainovembergeneraloftheinfantrykarlweisenbergerdecemberaugustgeneralofmountaintroopsemilvogelaugustmayareaofoperationsbordercellpaddingcellspacingalignleftdateareasubordinatetooperationsoctoberpolandobostfallweissfallweissjunefrancetharmywehrmachtaokfallgelbjulyoctoberfrancestarmywehrmachtaokoctoberdecembernorwayarmynorwaywehrmachtgruppexxioperationweserbungdecemberjunefinlandarmynorwaywehrmachtaoknorwegenoperationpolarfuchsjuneaprilfinlandnorwaythmountainarmywehrmachtgebaokoperationbirkeorganisationformationsstinfantrydivisionwehrmachtstinfantrydivisiontoaugustthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisiontoaugustssdivisionnordfromjunetojulytransferredtofinnishiiicorpscontinuationwarfinnishiiicorpsthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionrdinfantrydivisionwehrmachtrdinfantrydivisionfromfinnishthdivisioncontinuationwarfinnishthdivisionfromjunetounitspanzerabteilungpanzerabteilungrajajkfinnishborderguardcompanyrajajkfinnishborderguardcompanyrajajkfinnishborderguardcompanyreferencescitebookfirstgeorglasttessintitledielandstreifkrftetranstitlegroundforcestoworkverbndeundtruppenderdeutschenwehrmachtundwaffenssvolumelocationosnabrckpublisherbiblioyearlanguagegermansubjectbarportalmilitaryofgermanyportalworldwariixvideoextensioninfoboxsoftwarenamexvlogocaptionxvrunningonlinuxscreenshotdeletedimageremovedimagexvonlinuxpngpxxvrunningonlinuxdeveloperjohnbradleylatestreleaseversionalatestreleasedateoperatingsystemunixlikeopenvmsvmsgenreimageviewerlicensesharewarewebsitetriloncomxvwwwtriloncomxvstatusunmaintainedxvisasharewareprogramwrittenbyjohnbradleytodisplayandmodifydigitalimagesunderthexwindowsystemwhilepopularintheearlysxviswidelyconsideredtobethepreeminentimageviewerforthexwindowsystemnoofficialreleaseshavebeenmadesincedecemberbradleywasunabletonegotiatethelzwpatentlicencenecessaryforencodingthethenpopulargraphicsinterchangeformatgifformatthepatenthasnowexpiredsothislegalconstraintisnolongerrelevantuntilatleastbradleycollectedthirdpartyupdatestoxvforexamplesupportfortheportablenetworkgraphicspngimageformatthesewerepublishedassourcecodepatchunixpatchesonlyadditionalpatchesarestillcreatedandmaintainedbyvolunteersxvcanberunfromeitherthecommandlineorthroughagraphicalinterfaceitdistinguishesitselffrommanyotherbitmapviewingandeditingprogramswithaveryefficientinterfaceinwhichtheusereditsjusttheparametersofafixedpipelineofprocessingstepsratherthanmodifyingthebitmapdirectlyineachoperationasaresulttheusercaneasilyundooperationssuchascroppingcolormodificationsfilteringoutoforderratherthanonlybeingabletoundotherespectivelastoperationwhilethisconceptlimitswhatxvcandocomparedtosomealternativesthefunctionalityitprovidescanbeappliedveryconvenientlyandefficientlyseealsocomparisonofimageviewersnotesexternallinkstriloncomxvofficialwebsitesonicnetroelofsgregxvhtmlgregsjumbopatchesforjohnbradleysxvsoftwareschmorpdepkgcvhtmlafastimageviewerlooselymodeledafterxvandoptimisedforbigdirectoriesethgenchlinuxdebianhtmlenadebianrepositorycontainingxvwithgregsjumbopatchestsuiharkxukendashwasachineseauthorhewroteanunofficialhistoryoftheqingdynastyqingbaileichaopublishedinvolumesinauthoranduniversityofcaliforniairvineucirvineprofessoryongchensaidthebookprovidesanencyclopediccoverageoflifeduringtheqingdynastyreferencesmichaelhuiredirectcategoryshellredirectmichaelhuiimageflboardcloseupjpgthumbagameofflinprogressdepictingthegameboardwithtracktilesandstationtokensxxisthegenerictermforaseriesofboardgamesthatwithafewexceptionsrecreatethebuildingofrailtransportrailroadcorporationsduringthethcenturyindividualgameswithintheseriesuseparticularyearsinthethcenturyastheirtitleusuallythedateofthestartofrailwaydevelopmentintheareaoftheworldtheycoverorplusatwolettergeographicaldesignatorsuchaseuforagamesetintheeuropeanunionthegamessetinthefutureandposeidonandurbcbothsetinancienthistoryarealsoregardedasxxtitlesastheirgamemechanicsandtitlingnomenclaturearesimilardespitevariancefromthecommonrailroadstockmarketthemethexxserieshasitsoriginsinthegameboardgamefirstproducedbyfrancistreshamgamedesignerfrancistreshaminthemidswaschosenasitwastheyearoftherainhilltrialsthegameofrailroadsandrobberbaronswasproducedbyavalonhillinandwasthefirstgameoftheserieswidelyavailableintheunitedstatesitisseenasthebasicxxgamebytheusaudiencerefcitationlastsigginsfirstmikeissueperiodicalsumoauthorlinkcoauthorstitlethexxseriesacaseforredesignyearurlgamecabinetcomsumoissueredesignxxhtmlaccessdateoctoberarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebgamecabinetcomsumoissueredesignxxhtmlarchivedatenovemberdeadurlnodfrefrefcitationlastbanklerfirstbrianissueperiodicalthegamereportauthorlinkcoauthorstitleasurveyofxxrailgamesyearurlgamereportcomtgrxxsurveyhtmlaccessdateoctoberdashbotrefinadditiontotraditionallypublishedgamesthexxserieshasspawnedselfpublishedvariantsandgamespublishedbylowvolumegamecompaniesrefcitationlasthowfirstalantitletheindependentpublisherinterviewswithgarydickenandjohntamplinjournalcountermagazineissuepagesdateseptemberpostscriptrefrefcitationtitleofdiceandmenxxjournalcountermagazineissuepagesdatejunepostscriptrefwithfewexceptionssuchasxxtitlesarelistofboardgamesmultiplayergameswithouteliminationmultiplayerboardgameswithoutrandomvariablesintheirgamemechanicsgameplaycommonfeaturesxxgamesvarybutmostfollowthisgeneralpatternrefnamedifferencelistciteweblastthomassonfirstkeithauthorlinkcoauthorstitlexxrulesdifferencelistworkpublisherdateurlfwtwrcomxxrulesdifferencelistindexhtmdoiaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebfwtwrcomxxrulesdifferencelistindexhtmarchivedateseptemberdashbotdeadurlnoreftheobjectiveistoenhancepersonalwealthnottheassetsofanycompaniesaplayermaybeoperatingpersonalwealthconsistsofcashcompanystockwhichincreaseswealthbothbyreceivingdividendsandbycapitalappreciationandotherinvestmentssuchasprivatecompaniesplayersdontdirectlyinteractwiththegameboardbutdosoindirectlythroughcompaniestheycontrolgenerallytheplayerwhoownsthemoststockofacompanyisthepresidentofthatcompanyandmakesalldecisionsonbehalfofthatcompanyusuallythepresidentisalsorequiredtohelpfundthecompanywhenitlackssufficientfundstopayarequiredexpendituresuchasatraingameplayalternatesbetweenstockroundsandoneormoreoperatingroundsinastockroundplayersbuyandsellstocksomegameshavecompanyactionsduringastockroundaswellwhileinanoperatingroundplayerstakeactionsonbehalfofcompaniestheycontrolincludinglayingtrackplacingstationtokensoperatingtrainswithholdingincomeorpayingdividendsandbuyingtrainscertificatelimitthereisusuallyalimittohowmanycorporatesharesandprivatecompaniesaplayermayowntokeepthegamecompetitivebypreventingsnowballeffectsresultingfromearlyleadsbysomeplayersthepresidentscertificateordirectorscertificaterepresentscontrolofarailroadcorporationusuallyrepresentsagreaterpercentageofcorporatestockthanothercertificatesegasopposedtoandisusuallythefirstonepurchasedforacompanywithitspurchasersettingthepriceorparvalueforregularsharesofstockinmanytitlesintheseriesifanotherplayeraccumulatesmoresharesinacompanythatthecurrentpresidenttheyacquirethepresidentscertificatewithattendantsideeffectsforbothplayersregardingcertificatelimitsinexchangefortheirownlessersharesandbecomesthenewcontrollerofthecorporationcertaingamesmayimposerestrictionsontheorderinwhichcompaniesmaybestartedgenerallytoimposeahistoricalcontextuponthegameandtheyvaryinhowmanysharesmustbepurchasedbeforethecompanymayoperatefloatsthemapisusuallyahexgridthatdepictscitiesandterrainfeatureshexagonaltracktilesrepresentingavailablelandrightsarelaidontopofthismaptorepresentthegrowthofrailroadnetworksandtokensareplacedontheboardtorepresentstationsaswellasspecialabilitiesfromprivatecompaniescitieshavevalueswhichcanvarybasedonwhichtileshavebeenlaidonthecitythephaseofthegameorevenwhichtypeoftrainisusedtoreachthemdifferentcolortilesareavailableinsuccessionandinphasesthesephasesaretypicallydeterminedbythefirstpurchaseofamoreadvancedtypeoftrainacompanysstockpriceisadjustedbasedontherevenuesearnedandwhetherthepresidentchosetopaydividendsortowithholdtheearningsinthecompanytreasurystockpricesareusuallyalsoaffectedbyactionsinthestockroundandsomegameshaveothermechanismsthataffectthestockpricescarcityforcingfutureturnplanningbyplayersofavailablecorporationssharesthereoftraintypesandtracktilestrainsbecomeobsolescenceobsoleteandmustbereplacedbyevermoreexpensivetrainsthatalsohavegreatercapacityforearningrevenuepurchaseofanewtypeoftrainusuallytriggersothereventsinthegamesuchaswhenoldertrainsbecomeobsoletetheavailabilityofdifferentsetsoftilesclosureofprivatecompaniesetcgameendisusuallydeterminedwhenthebankrunsoutofmoneyandalsobyplayerbankruptcywhenaplayercannotpaythedebtofacompanytheycontrolsomegamesdonotendwhenaplayergoesbankruptwhileothersaddotherconditionsforendingthegamesuchaswhenastockreachesacertainvalueonthestockmarketorthemostadvancedtypeoftrainhasbeenpurchasedothergamesdonotfeaturebankruptcyatallandenableaplayertoplaceamoribundcompanyinreceivershiporbeincorporatedintoagovernmentrailwayandwalkawayfromdebtsdifferenceswhileadheringtocommonsimilaritiesseeprecedingsectioneachxxgamediffersfromtheothersinsubtleorsignificantwaysinrulesetaswellasgamemapaswithgamesingeneraleachindividualmechanichasprobablybeenusedbeforebutanewgamecanputtogetherasetofmechanicswhichprovideanewandinterestingchallengesometypicalareasofdifferenceareinitialauctiontherearemanydifferentwaystodistributetheinitialprivatesandcorporationsprivatecompaniesmostxxgameshaveprivatecompanyprivatecompanieswhichareentirelyownedbyoneplayerandrepresenttheearliestcompaniesinthegameorprovidespecialabilitiesprivatesastheyarecalledgenerallydolittleotherthanproviderevenuebutinsomegamestheycontrolaccesstoorenhancetherevenueofcertainhexesonthemapsomegameshaveverysimilarprivatecompaniessomehaveverydifferentprivatecompaniesandsomedispensewithhavingprivatecompaniesatallsometitlesegandalsohaveminorcompanieswhichareagainownedentirelybyoneplayerbutplayamoredynamicrolethanprivatescorporationfundingsomegameshavefullfundingforacorporationassoonasitfloatswhileothershavethecompanyreceivingmoneyonlyaseachshareissoldsomegamesrequirethecorporationtoreachahistoricallyrelevantdestinationinordertoreceivesomeofitscapitalorearnthebestlevelofincomecompanytypessomegameshavemultiplecompanytypesthesetypesmayvarybasedonhowmanysharesareavailableforpurchasethefundingmodelforthecompanythenumberofstationtokensavailableorwhichtypesoftrainsmaybepurchasedbythecompanycorporatemergersanddemergerssomegamesfeatureoptionalorforcedmergersorsplitsofoneormorecompaniescorporatestockownershipsomegamesenablecompaniestoholdtheirownstockpurchaseprivatecorporationsandorownthestockofothercompanieseventothepointofowningoraspreludetomergertraintypessomegamesmayoffermultipletypesoftrainswithdistinctcapabilitiesorlifetimessometrainsmaydegradeintoothertraintypesuponcertaineventsforexampledelayedobsolescenceoftrainsinmexornormaltrainsbecominghtrainsinboardgametrainsmaybecomeavailableinunusualsequencesforexampleinboardgamedieselenginesareavailableassoonasthefirsttrainispurchasedmdashallthetrainsarenotrequiredtobepurchasedfirstinboardgamegtrainavailabilityiscontrolledbywhennormaltrainsarepurchasedcertaintrainsmayberestrictedintermsofwhichlocationstheymayruntoormaycountrevenuefromortheymayprovidebonusesforrunningtocertainlocationsforexampleinhtrainsareprohibitedfromrunningtooffboardlocationsinboardgameonlyorientexpresstrainsmayruntocertainoffboardareasinboardgamedieselsgetspecialbonusesforoffboardlocationsinboardgameetrainsandtgvsignoredottownstgvsinanddtrainsinmexdoublethevalueofcitiestheycountinonlygtrainsmayruntominesandthecorporationalwaysgetsthevalueofthemineratherthanitbeingpotentiallypaidtostockholdersthemeafewtitleseschewthecommonrailroadstockmarketthemeforexampleinvolvesspaceexplorationoftheasteroidbeltwhileurbcinvolvesbuildingdamsandcanalsinancientmesopotamiainthelattergamecorporationspresidentsandstocksharesarerepresentedbykingdomsrulersandparcelsoflandconventionsandtournamentsanumberofconventionshaveatleastsomeemphasisonxxgamesincludingthechattanoogarailgamingchallengeheldinjanuaryorfebruaryinchattanoogatennesseeandrunbymarkderrickrefcitationlastgallettafirstjantitletracksleadtorailgamerstournamentnewspaperchattanoogatimesfreepresspagesdateurlrefrefcitationtitlerailgamerscompetenewspaperchattanoogatimesfreepressdateurlrefxxgamesalsofigureprominentlyinvariousrailconandtraingametournamentspuffingbillytournamentsatmanyconventionslistofxxtitlesnotemanytitlesareoutofprintanddifficulttofindfromcanaltorailwebpublishedinbydesigneriandwilsoncoloradopublishedbydavidmethanyinrailgamerdesignedbyantoniolealdesignedbyiandwilsonandpublishedbydeepthoughtindesignedbycraigbartellandtimflowersandpublishedbyallaboardgamesanddeepthoughtgamesintherailwaysofgreatbritaindesignedbysimoncutforthandpublishedbyallaboardgameswinnerofgoldenelephantawardforbestheavygameofbyheavycardboardwaspublishedbydoubleogamesinthegamewasdesignedbylonnyorglerandhelmutohleyandissetinaustriahungaryitisasmallerandsimplerversionoflonnysboardgameandaddssomeideasfromhislaterboardgameandhelmutsboardgamegreatbritainreleasedunitbyhartlandtrefoilunitandunitbytreshamgamesdesignedbyfrancistreshamthegamehassubsequentlyhadmanyrevisionsreprintsaddonkitsandvariantswaspublishedbychrislawsongamedesignerchrislawsoninanddeepthoughtgamesinrefnamedtgrefandsetinfranceandbelgiumasdavidhechtsfirstdesignitisthemostconventionalandonlyonetousetraditionalgreenandbrownplaintrackupgradetilesstartedoutasboardgameonadifferentmapbutrapidlyevolvedintoagameofcapitalandtechnologymanagementthegameskeydecisionsrevolvearoundwhentogrowacompanyandwhichtrainstobuytooptimizeacompanysfinalpositionmainlineenglandreleasedbytreshamgamesdesignedbyfrancistreshamsouthandnorthsouthwasthefirstgameinthexxseriespublishedbyhartlandtrefoilltdukinfromanoriginaldesignbyfrancistreshamasecondversionnorthwaspublishedinthegamehassubsequentlyhadmanyrevisionsreprintsaddonkitsandvariantswaspublishedbyavalonhilliningamesanditspopularityledtothecreationofmanyotherxxgamesthegamehassubsequentlyhadmanyrevisionsreprintsaddonkitsandvariantswaspublishedbydeepthoughtgamesinthegamewasdesignedbybilldixonandissetinthesoutheasternunitedstatesitretainsthenewrulesbillintroducedinboardgameandforsharepriceprotectionstockredeemingandreissuingwhileaddingnewrulestomodelthemergersthatshapedthesouthsrailroadswasdesignedandpublishedbyhansimglckinanddistributedintheunitedstatesbymayfairgamesrefrefthegameboardcoversmostofgermanyitwasthefirstxxgameusetheconceptofminorcompanieswhichoperatedlikethenormalstockcompanieswithsomelimitationsbutareownedbyasinglepersonlikeaprivatecompanyaustriahungaryreleasedanddesignedbylonnyorglersxsaxonyselfpublishedinbywolframjanichrheinlandselfpublishedinbywolframjanichnetherlandsselfpublishedinbypaulstouthardandrobvanwijngaardenwaspublishedbychrislawsoninthegamewasdesignedbyfedericovellaniwithassistancefrommanliomanzinigamedesignermanliomanziniandissetinitalywithitscomplicatedfinancialrulesandverysteeptraingradientiethetrainsgetveryexpensiveveryquicklyitemphasizesstockmanipulationandfundingtrainpurchasesoverroutebuildinghamburgschleswigholsteinselfpublishedinbywolframjanichwasdesignedandpublishedbyhelmutohleyinpetermindergamedesignerpetermindercollectedextensivebackgroundmaterialanddrewthemapamayfairandlookoutgamesrepublishingofandwithvariouschangeswaspublishedbydeepthoughtgamesinwithasecondeditionbygmtgamesinthegamewasdesignedbythomaslehmanngamedesignertomlehmannandissetinthemidwesternunitedstatesitfeaturesalinearstockmarketlikeboardgamenmtrainswhichcountncitiesbutmayrunthroughmtotalcitiesandasimplifiedprivatecompanydistributionanotherunusualfeatureisthatthenumberofcorporationsprivatecompaniesandthebanksizeallscalewiththenumberofplayersandtheresultinggameisshorterthanmostxxgamesgermanypalatinateregionpfalzselfpublishedinbywolframjanichaustraliaselfpublishedinbydoubleogamesdesignedbyhelmutohleyandleonhardlonnyorglersicilyreleasedbychrislawsondesignedbyfedericovellaniwaspublishedbydeepthoughtgamesinthegamewasdesignedbybilldixongamedesignerbilldixonandissetintheuppermidwestunitedstatesitretainstherulesbillintroducedinforsharepriceprotectionandstockredeemingreissuingtennesseereleasedbychrislawsondesignedbymarkderrickandchrislawsonindiareleasedbyhartlandtrefoildesignedbyfrancistreshamwaspublishedbybothlonnyorglerinanddeepthoughtgamesinthegamewasdesignedbylonnyorglerandissetinaustriaitfeaturesahexagonalstockmarketlocalrailwayswhichoperateonasmallermapwhichtakesplaceontwohexesofthelargemapmailcontractscapitalizationandplayershareoptionstherearealsotunnelswhichallowyoutobuildunderothertrackandterrainfeaturessuchasavoidingsmallcitiesthelocalrailwayseventuallygrowuptoberegionalrailroadsoperatingonthemainmapandthetradeoffbetweengettinggoodrevenuesonthelocalmapversusgettinglockedoutofimportantlocationsonthemainmapisanimportantdecisiontomakethegamewasrepublishedwithrevisionaswaspublishedbymayfairgamesrefrefthegameissetinuppercanadaincludingtheupperreachesofthestlawrenceriverandthetorontotodetroitareaforsouthernontarioisleofwightreleasedbyjklmgamesdesignedbymikehuttonrussiareleasedbyjklmgamesandlookoutgamesdesignedbyiandwilsonwasdesignedandpublishedbyhelmutohleygamedesignerhelmutohleyinthegamecoverstheentirewidthoftheunitedstatesandpartsofcanadarailwaymaniaintheeasterncountieseastangliaenglandindevelopmentbymikehuttonmississippivalleyandcentralunitedstatesreleaseddesignedbybilldixonandpublishedbymayfairgamesrefrefchinareleaseddesignedbyhelmutohleyandleonhardorglerselfpublishedbydoubleogameswaspublishedbybothwildheavenproductionsinanddeepthoughtgamesinthegamewasdesignedbyyasutakaikedagamedesigneryasutakaikedaandissetinshikokujapantherulesforareessentiallythesameasexceptonamuchsmallerandterrainheavymapanddifferentprivatesthegoalistomakeaquickandrelativelysimplegamewhichexploresthehistoryofrailroadsonshikokuosakajapanreleasedbynobuhiroizumidesignedbyshinichitakasakinamibiareleaseddesignedbyhelmutohleyandadamromothfranceselfpublishedinbymichaelbrnkerchinaandkoreareleasedbychrislawsongamedesignerchrislawsondesignedbydirkclemensandingomeyeravariantofplayedonasomewhatlargerfictionalizedmapwithadditionalprivatesandotherrulesvariationsdesignedbyallensliwinskiandselfpublishedbyscottpetersonalalwasselfpublishedbymarkderrickinandlaterbyjohndavidgaltitissetinalabamaunitedstatesandaimstoprovideaquickerandsimplerintroductiontothexxseriesitisverysimilartogaccccakacoasttocoastwaspublishedbydesignsincreativeentertainmentinthegamewasdesignedbymarkfraziergamedesignermarkfrazierandcoverstheentireunitedstatesandsoutherncanadathisisanextremelylargegamethatattemptstomodeltheentirehistoryofrailroadingintheunitedstatesandaccordinglytakesalongtimetoplayitconsistsofaxmappubliccompaniesprivatecompaniesandtrainsdixiepublishedbydeepthoughtanddesignedbyjohnmerrickthisissetinthedeepsouthusduringthepostcivilwarreconstructioneraalsoincludestwoupgradedsmallergamesgaandmseueuwaspublishedbydeepthoughtgamesinthegamewasdesignedbydavidgdhechtandissetintheheartofeuropereachingfromparisandlondontoromebudapestandwarsaweuisacompactgameplayedonfourmappanelsunlikemostxxgamestherearenoprivatecompaniesandbeforethesaleofthefirsttrainsharecompaniesmayonlybestartedindirectlywhenthegamestartsfifteenminorcompaniessimilartotheforerunnercompaniesinboardgameandboardgameareauctionedoffthesecompaniesrepresentregionalorprivatesectorrailcompaniesthereareeightpossiblesharecompaniesandbeforethefirsttrainatleastoneminorcompanymustbemergedintoasharecompanytoformitrefcitejournallastwaltersfirstneiltitlereviewseujournalcountermagazineissuedatedecemberrefflflwaspublishedbydeepthoughtgamesinthegamewasdesignedbydavidgdhechtandissetinfloridaunitedstatesitisverysimilartomarkderricksalandgainthatitisasimplegameintendedasanintroductiontothexxgamesystemfornewplayersunlikealorgatheultimatetrainisaoraetrainthismeansthattrainsneverbecomeobsoleteandthegreatestdifficultyinasmallgameandthegreatestdeterrentfornewplayersamassivetrainrushwhenpermanenttrainsarefirstavailableissubstantiallymitigatedgagawasselfpublishedbymarkderrickinandlaterbyjohndavidgaltitissetingeorgiausstategeorgiaunitedstatesandaimstoprovideaquickerandsimplerintroductiontothexxseriesitisverysimilartoalrepublishedwithdixieinglglwaspublishedbydeepthoughtgamesinthegamewasdesignedbygarymroczkagamedesignergarymroczkaandissetinthegreatlakesareaunitedstatesitusesbasicallythesamerulesasdavidgdhechtsboardgamespecificallyhtrainsloanstrainlesscompaniesgetmergedintoagovernmentrailroadexceptthattherearenodestinationsthereisonlyonemergerandinsteadoftgvtrainstherearedieseltrainsthemapisquitedifferentandtheprivatecompanieshavetheeffectofalteringhowthemapdevelopsdependingonthecombinationsofprivatecompaniesandcorporationsparticularplayersgetgmthexxgamemasterselfpublishedinbydesignerscolinbarnhorstandkristophermarquardthexxvariablegeometryboardselfpublishedinbymikeschneiderirelandwebpublishedinbyianscrivinskaasnetherlandsselfpublishedinbyernoeekelschotmexmexwaspublishedbydeepthoughtgamesinthegamewasdesignedbymarkderrickandissetinmexicoitfeaturesagovernmentrailroadthatoptionallyabsorbsonlyonecompanywithadditionallimitsonwhichcompaniesmaymergeintoitsoitcanbedangeroustoplanonbeingabletogetridofatrainlesscompanythroughmergerlikemostofmarksgamesdottownsdontcountagainsttrainssopartofthestrategyisarrangingtopickupasmanyofthemaspossiblewhilestillgettingthroughimportantcitiesinadditiontherearethreeminorcompanieswhichoperateunderrestrictedrulesintheearlygamemexhasoneofthefiercesttrainrushesofallthexxgamessecondonlytotheactionstartwhenthefirsttrainisboughtthishasseveraleffectstothegameoneofitisthatiteffectivelyrustsallthetrainsanotheristheonetrainperturnlimitisliftedsocorporationsmaybuyasmanytrainsastheirfundsandcorporatecharterspermitoneachsubsequentoperatingroundhowevertherealactionstartswhenthesecondofthetwotrainsisboughtthenextsettrainsisapairoftrainsthefirsttrainrustsallthetrainsinplaywhilethesecondtrainwillobsoleteallthetrainsinplaythepriceofthenextsetoftrainsdtrainsissetatpesosthisfiercetrainrushcoupledwiththeextremelyhightrackbuildingcostoftheboardiscoveredindifficultterrainandsometrackupgradesrequiresmoneyaswellwillseealmosthalfofthecorporationsinplayunabletobuythenexttrainwhentheirtrainsbecomerustedatanalarmingratealsothereareonlypermanenttrainsavailablebuttherearecorporationsallcorporationshaveatrainlimitofexceptforndmwhichhasatrainlimitofthismeansthatsomecorporationswillmostlikelyendupwithoutanytrainstooperatemsseedixienebnebwaspublishedbydeepthoughtgamesindesignedbymatthewcampbellitsupportsplayersandplaysinhoursnlnetherlandsselfpublishedinbywolframjanichnydesignedbypierreleboeufpublishedbydeepthoughtgamesoeontherailsoftheorientexpressdesignedbyedwardsindelarandpublishedbydicedesignsincreativeentertainmentinozarkssetintheozarksregionofmissouriandarkansasincludesaresourcedeliverymechanicdesignedbythomasmanganunpublishedinplaytestingrdvariablegeometryboardselfpublishedbyjimgallupinsasasetinsouthamericadesignedbypetermetteandpublishedbymarflowgamesinisafeaturerichandmoderatelycomplexentryinthexxseriesscanscanwaspublishedbydeepthoughtgamesinthegameisoneofthesmallerxxtitlesandwasdesignedbydavidgdhechtinordertointroducegamerstosomeofthemoreexoticsystemsusedinotherdesignsscanincludesstyleminorcompaniesanstylemergercorporationstyledestinationrulesfortheminorcompaniesstylecompanyflotationrulesandmarketpricedincrementalcapitalizationrulesasinandtntnwaspublishedbydeepthoughtgamesinthegamewasdesignedbymarkderrickoriginallyinandupondiscussionswithchrislawsonitwasmodifiedandpublishedbychrisasinthetwogamesweresufficientlydifferentthatthepublicationoftheoriginalwaswarrantedususwaspublishedinbydeepthoughtgamesthegamedesignedbydavidgdhechtasanadvancedxxgameissetinthecontinentalunitedstatesunlikeccorothersimilarproductsitisaverycompactgametheentireloweronlytakesuptwomappanelsvavawaspublishedbydeepthoughtgamesinthegamedesignedbydavidgdhechtisasmallerxxgameoriginallyintendedtobesimilarinscopetomarkderricksonestategamesalalandgagasetinvirginiaandmarylanditisslightlymorecomplexthaneitheroftheabovewestwestwaspublishedinbydeepthoughtgamesthegamedesignedbydavidgdhechtissetinthewesternunitedstatesmanyofthemechanicsarequitedifferentfromotherxxgamesbythomaslehmanntomlehmannhasthegamemechanicsofanxxrailroadgamebutwithanasteroidminingthemeitsfinancialaspectsarefairlysimilartothoseofincludingasetofminorcompaniesandalargermergercompanyitsboardfeaturesincludeasteroidminesthatcanbeimprovedtheequivalentofcitiesasmallexplorationrewardforcompanieswhichexploreasteroidstheequivalentoflayingatilebutrequiringaspaceshiptrainandtwodifferenttypesofcorporationsthosethatstartwithfullmonetaryassetsandgrowthcompanieswhichstartwithfewerassetsandalowerstockpricebutretainearningsfromtheirunsoldstockposeidonaegeanseadesignedbyhelmutohleyandleonhardlonnyorgleranddrawnbyklemensfranzandpublishedthroughlookoutgamesandzmangamesisashortertwohoursvariantxxgamesetinancientgreecewithshippinglinesinsteadofrailroadssteamoverhollandnetherlandsdesignedbybartvandijkpublishervendettabasedonirurbcurbcislooselyadaptedfromthexxseriesandfeaturesirrigationandkingdommanagementinancientmesopotamiaitwasdesignedbyjeroendoumenandjoriswiersingaandpublishedbysplotterspellenaswithallgamesinthexxseriesplaycentersaroundownershipofvaluablenetworksurbcreplacestherailnetworksfoundinmostxxgameswithnetworksofirrigationcanalsshareswithparcelsoflandcompanieswithkingdomstrainswithirrigationtechnologiessuchasreservoirsandpumpsandcompanypresidentswithkingswhiletypicalxxgamesrailnetworksgenerateincomethroughtheoperationoftrainsinurbcnetworksofcanalsandwaterworksgenerateincomebyirrigatinglandswithinkingdomsreferencesexternallinksboardgamegeekcomarticleboardgamegeekrulessynopsisforextrapolatabletootherxxtitlesboardgameswithscottcompboardgameswithscottavideointroductiontothexxfamilyofgamesinfoboxbuildingnamexichangsatellitelaunchcenternativenamebigbignativenamelangchineseformernamesalternatenamesbaseimagexichanglaunchcenterjpgimagealtxichangsatellitelaunchcenterimagesizecaptionxichangsatellitelaunchcentermaptypechinasichuanmapaltmapcaptionlocationwithinsichuanlocationxichangliangshanyiautonomousprefectureliangshansichuancoordinatesopeneddateinfoboxchinesetitlexichangsatellitelaunchcenterstpxchngwixngfshzhngxnpicxichanglaunchcentergiforderstthexichangsatellitelaunchcenterxslcalsoknownasthexichangspacecenterisapeoplesrepublicofchinaspacevehiclelaunchfacilityspaceportapproximatelynorthwestofxichangliangshanyiautonomousprefectureinsichuanthefacilitybecameoperationalinandisprimarilyusedtolaunchpowerfulthrustrocketsandgeostationarycommunicationsandweathersatellitesitisnotableasthesiteofsinoeuropeanspacecooperationwiththelaunchofthefirstoftwodoublestarmissiondoublestarscientificsatellitesindecemberchineseofficialshaveindicatedinterestinconductingadditionalinternationalsatellitelaunchesfromxslcinafatalaccidentoccurredwhentherocketcarryingtheintelsatsatellitefailedonlaunchfromthexichangsatellitelaunchcenteralsoachineseantisatellitemissiletesttestofanantisatellitemissileoccurredfromthecenterhistorychinasfirstmannedspaceprograminordertosupportthechineseprojectmannedspaceprograminthestheconstructionofanewspacecenteratxichanginthesichuanprovincewasdecidedlocatedfartherfromthesovietunionsovietborderthussafertheshuguangspacecraftshuguangonespacecraftwasexpectedtobelaunchedfromthelaunchpadnumberoneafterthecancellationoftheprogramthelaunchpadwasnevercompletedtodayaviewingplatformforofficialshasbeenbuiltatthesitefirstlongmarchecarrierrocketchinalauncheditsfirstlongmarchelongmarchecarrierrocketonjulysendingintoorbitpakistansfirstindigenouslydevelopedbadrsatelliteandhslaunchaccidentonfebruaryafatalaccidentoccurredwhenthefirstnewlongmarchbheavycarrierrocketcarryingintelsatveeredoffcoursesecondsafterlaunchcrashingmetersawayfromthelaunchpadinanearbymountainvillagedestroyinghomesaccordingtotheofficialreportsixpeoplediedandwereinjuredthenumberofciviliandeathshasbeendisputedchinasfirstsuccessfulasattestc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otheroldteammatearchangelcomicsarchangelrefusestoallowthemtomanipulatethemediathatwayissuesarcdealwithaveryyoungmutantkillerseekingasylumatxaviersinstituteemmafrostpromptlykicksoutmemberssageandbishopwhentheyvisitbecauseshebelievesthatmutantsshouldpolicethemselvestheteambreaksintothemansiontobringtheboytotheproperauthoritieshoweverapossessedemmainterceptsthemsheispossessedbyeliasbogananoldacquaintancefromthehellfireclubthatsheandsagehavemetbeforeafteranargumentwithprofessorxelsewhereororoarrivestohelpherteammateshoweveroldemotionsrisetothesurfaceasororofightsemmafrostemmashakesthepossessionoutsidethemanisonduringthefightbuttheycontinuetobattleuntilstormshowsthatsheswillingtokillemmaandhastheabilitytodosoeliasboganprovestobethethreatbehindthemurdersstormandemmapullittogetherlongenoughtofacilitatetherestoftheteamsescapewhothenstopboganthoughcertainlynotforgoodthephilosophicalriftbetweenthetwogroupsofxmenreachesitspeakherewhenthextremexmenpromisenottoreturntothemansionagainuntilthedreamofpeacefulcoexistenceisonceagainthegoalthexmeninsteadofwhatthextremexmenbelievetobeisolationismandpossiblemutantsupremacykittyprydesmekanixminiseriesarcdealswithhercollegeliferightaftersheleavesthexmenandhastofacepurityaswellasthesentinelsthereturnofcannonballcomicscannonballtakesplaceinissueandissuesarcsandcontainastorylinedealingwithreverendwilliamstrykerafollowuptoclaremontsxmengodlovesmankillsgraphicnovelissuesarcseethereturnofrogueandgambitstormoffersherteamsservicestotheunitednationsasaglobalmutantpoliceforcethextremesanctionsexecutivexsewhereinmutantswillcontinuetobeboundbythehumanlawsbutbepolicedbyothermutantsrefnamemnycreftheysucceedasthegovernmentissearchingforawaytocontainthemutantthreatalsotheteamfightsagainstpowerfulmutantswhohavetakenoveratownincaliforniaandarepushingoutthehumaninhabitantsbyforcethisbeginsbackandforthattacksbetweenmutantsandhumanswhiletheteamtriestoestablishpeaceandbringtheaggressorstojusticethoughtheteamdoesntdiscoverititsrevealedthateliasboganislurkingaroundtheedgesinfluencingeventstoadegreeissueswhatcouldbeconsideredarcdealwithoneofororosmissionsaspartofxseieexposingmutantslavetradingnetworkandgladiatorialbattlearenainjapanissuesagaindealwiththethreatposedbyeliasbogantryingtogethisfinalrevengeonthegroupissuethefinalissueshowskittyprydereturningtothexmenfoldandthextremeteamdecidingwhattodonextreturntothexavierinstituteorfindadifferentpathseriesrunxtremexmenvolxtremexmenannualxtremexmensavagelandxtremexmenxposextremexmenmekanixstarringshadowcatvolumextremexmenwasrelaunchedasanewseriesinwithnoconnectiontothepreviousvolumeandaconceptsimilartoexilesmarvelcomicsexilesfeaturingdazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlersagecomicssageandalternatedimensionalversionsoffamiliarxmencharacterssuchasalternativeversionsofwolverinegeneraljameshowletthowlettanalternatewolverinealternativeversionsofnightcrawlerkurtwaggonerkurtwaggonerayoungerversionofnightcrawlerandalternativeversionsofcyclopscorporalscottsummerscorporalscottsummersaamericancivilwarcivilwareraafricanamericanversionofcyclopstheseriesiswrittenbygregpakandisaspinoffofhisexaltedstorylinefromastonishingxmentheseriesparalleluniversehoppingconceptissimilartothepreviousmarvelseriesexilesmarvelcomicsexilesthexterminationeventendedtheserieswithissuethestorylinecrossesoverwithastonishingxmenandtheageofapocalypseageofapocalypseongoingseriesageofapocalypseseriesstorytheteamsmissionistoexplorethemultiverseandhuntdowntenevilprofessorxxaviersafteraninteruniverseteleportationawakensthemsofartheteamhavedefeatedthreeoneonaworldwheremutantsaregodsanotherinawildwestscenarioandaacantigiantspacewhalebeingcontrolledbyabroodcomicsbroodqueenafterthosetwomissionskurtwaggonertakesadetourtohishomerealitywithdazzlerandhowlettgivingchasetheyrescuedhimwithsomeunexpectedassistancefromsagewhohasbeenambassadorofswordcomicsswordsinceshewaslastseenwiththeexilesafterwardtheywerereunitedwithxavierwhosincerecruitedanalternatecyclopsdazzlerandherculestohelptheteamsmergedandthealternatedazzlerdiedfacingawitchkingxavierinthenextrealitypromptingdazzlertotakehercostumeinthenextrealitynamorfoughtanazixavieranddazzlerwasabletokillnazixavierhoweverwitchkingxavierfakedhisdeathandcontrolledtheteamsxavierwhileresurrectingnazixavierthethreexaviersfledintoanotherrealitysacrificingthenativestogainmorepowerthextremexmenfollowedandfreedtheirxavierunfortunatelythepowersourcetheotherxaviersusedgrewandkilledthemopeningariftinthemultiversethatswallowedthenativestheteamgotawayintimeandfollowedtheriftleadingintothexterminationcrossoverwithastonishingxmenandageofapocalypseduringthecrossoveraoanightcrawlerstriphomeresultedinthereleaseofthreeevilbeingsthatdestroyanyonetheytouchseveralcasualtiesresultedincludingtheaoassabretoothhorrorshowandfiendaswellasthextremexmenskurtwaggonerxavierandherculesthecrossoverendedwiththeapparentdestructionoftheaoauniversethesurvivingxtremexmenteammembersdazzlersagehowlettandcorporalsummersallremainedonearthrosterclasswikitableissuescharactersdazzlermarvelcomicsdazzleralternativeversionsofnightcr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ofrebuildinggenoshaalongsidemagnetocomicsmagnetotheappearanceoftherealxorntheintroductionofswordcomicsswordandxofficiallyjoinsthexmentitlesinvolvedastonishingxmenvolumebrcabledeadpoolvolumebrdistrictxdistrictxtheseriesdistrictxvolumebrexcaliburcomicsexcaliburvolumebrgambitcomicsgambitvolumebrjamiemadroxmadroxvolumebrjubileecomicsjubileevolumebrnewxmenvolumebrnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlervolumebrroguecomicsroguevolumebruncannyxmenvolumebrwolverinecharacterwolverinevolumebrxforcevolumebrxmenlegacyxmenvolumereferencesxredirectcategoryshellxaosredirectcategoryshellinfoboxvideogametitlexeviousimagecaptionarcadeflyerforxeviousdevelopernamcopublisherdesignermasanobuendcomposeryurikokeinoreleasegenreshootemupscrollingshootersverticallyscrollingshootermodesuptoplayersalternatingturnscabinetuprightarcadesystemnamcogalagacpudisplayverticalorientationrastergraphicsrasterxsoundxnamcowsgmhzxnamcoxxmhzplatformsarcadegamearcadexeviousportsotherisaverticallyscrollingshooterthatwasreleasedbynamcoinarcadesindecemberitrunsonnamcogalagahardwareandwasdesignedbymasanobuendwholatercreatedthetowerofdruagainnorthamericathegamewasmanufacturedanddistributedbyatariincgameplaytheplayermustuseanwayjoysticktopilotacombataircraftcalledasolvalouwhichisarmedwithaforwardfiringzapperforaerialtargetsandablasterwhichfiresanunlimitedsupplyofairtosurfacebombsforgroundtargetsthegamepresumablysetinperuwasnotableforthevariedterrainbelowwhichincludedforestsairstripsenemybasesandmysteriouspetroglyphssimilartothenazcalinestherearevariousaerialenemyaircraftwhichfirerelativelyslowmovingbulletsattheplayeraswellaspresumablyunpilotedfastmovingprojectilesandexplodingblackspheresgroundenemiesareacombinationofstationarybasesandmovingvehiclesmostofwhichalsofireslowmovingbulletsattheplayergiantfloatingandorgenesismothershipsappearincertainareasthesemustbedefeatedbyknockingouttheircoresandareconsideredoneofthefirstbossvideogaminglevelbossestobeincorporatedintoavideogamerefnamehardcorerefthegamescrollsthroughareasloopingbacktoareaafterareathesolvaloucontinuallyadvancesovervaryingterrainandtheboundariesbetweenareasaremarkedonlybydenseforestsbeingflownoveriftheplayerdiesplaywillnormallyresumefromthestartoftheareabutiftheplayerhascompletedatleastofthecurrentareabeforedyingplaywillresumefromthestartofthenextareainsteadasthesolvaloucontinuouslyfliesforwarditispossibletoadvancewithoutdefeatinganyenemiesxevioushashiddenbonuseswhicharenotmentionedintheinstructionsbutcanberevealedbyperformingasecretmaneuveramongtheseisthespecialflagwhichfirstappearedinrallyxinxevioustheflaggivestheplayeranextralifewhencollectedsomethingcarriedovertosubsequentnamcogamesstoryxevioustellsthestoryofthefightbetweenhumankindandthebiocomputergampwhichcontrolsthealienforcesofplanetxeviousitturnsoutthatthexeviousinhabitantsareoriginallyfromearthandgampgeneralartificialmatrixproduceristheproductofanancientcivilizationthatprosperedonearthahundredthousandyearsagoduringthisgoldenagethegampswerehumanclonesusedinheavylaboruntiltheyrebelledagainsttheirowncreatorsinordertosurvivetheupcomingiceagetheyplannedtoleaveearthandmigrateinsearchofanewhomelandtheyfinallyselectedsevenplanetsthatwerelikelysuitabletohumanliferightbeforethedepartureagroupofhumansrebelledanddecidedtostayontheearthanywayitisfromherethatathousandyearsaftertheleavingofthegampsthebravepilotmuandhisandroidcompanionevedecidedtotraveltoxeviousliterallythefourthplanettoavoidglaciationtheywouldnotreceiveawarmwelcomefromtheirancestorsthoughcapturedandimprisonedtheydiscoveredthatthexevianswereactuallyplanningamassivecomebackontheearthfastforwardtoourdaysallabovetheearthssurfaceandneartheancientcivilizationremainsgiantartifactssuddenlyemergefromthesoilandactivatetheyaresoltowersburiedundergroundandinactiveforeonsnowrespondingtogampsorderstheinvasionhasbegunitisnowthatwithperfecttimingmueveandmioveethaaxevianwhoopposesthegampsregimeandfreedourduofromimprisonmentarebackontheearthontheirsolvaloushipandreadytofightgampsarmymeanwhilearchaeologistssusanmeyerandakirasayakadiscoveredthatthenazcalinescouldbehidinganancientweaponthatmaybeusedtocounterattackgampsarmyhistoryxeviouswasanearlybutnotthefirstverticallyscrollingvideogameverticallyscrollingshooterandgreatlyinfluencedgamesinthisgenreitwasthefirstvideogametouseprerenderingprerenderedgraphicsandalsomadeinnovativeuseofpaletteshiftinginxeviouswasthefirstarcadegametohaveatelevisioncommercialairedforitforthenorthamericanmarketataripromotedthegamewiththesloganareyoudeviousenoughtobeatxeviousandclosedthecommercialwithataglinebrandingitthearcadegameyoucantplayathomepopularmusiciansharuomihosonoyellowmagicorchestraandkeisukekuwatasouthernallstarswereknowntobefansofthegameandtheformerproducedanalbumofmusicfromnamcovideogameswithxeviousasitscenterpieceafollowupsinglefeaturedinitslinernotesanentiresciencefictionshortstorybyendsetintheworldofxeviouswithevenarudimentaryfictionallanguagethethememusicfromxeviouswaslaterusedduringhotlinesegmentsofthevideoarcadegamebasedtelevisiongameshowstarcaderefnamemuseumrefaccordingtonamcomuseumdsathreepartnovelwaswrittenaboutxeviousentitledfardrauthowevernotmuchisknownaboutthebookimplyingthatitwasneverevenreleasedaccordingtothegamesomebackgroundscharacterseventsandevensoundswereinspiredbythebookreceptioninnextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationlistedthearcadeversionatnumberintheirtopgamesofalltimecitingtheintenseactionvarietyofenemiesartdirectionleveldesignandthemanypossibleskillshotsrefnamengenrefportsxevioushasbeenportingportedtotheatarinecpcengineandnintendoentertainmentsystemasxevioustheavengergameconsolesaswellasthemsxzxspectrumcommodoreamstradcpcappleiisharpxandataristhomecomputersaversionnamedxeviousmillenniumwasreleasedforthenintendogameboyhandheldconsolerefshownorecordofaxeviousmillenniumeverexistingtheonlyevidenceofsuchatitleappearstobewhatlookslikeaprototypeofsortsonyoutubedateaugustthegamehasalsobeenincludedinanumberofclassicarcadegamecompilationsforconsolesandpcincludingnamcomuseumnamcomuseumvolumefortheoriginalplaystationinmicrosoftrevengeofarcadeforthepersonalcomputerpcinnamcomuseumnamcomuseumthanniversaryforthexboxconsolexboxplaystationnintendogamecubeandpcinbutwasnotincludedinthescaleddowngameboyadvanceversionofnamcomuseumthanniversarynamcomuseumbattlecollectionfortheplaystationportableinnamcomuseumdsforthenintendodsinnamcomuseumremixforthewiiinandnamcomuseumnamcomuseumessentialsfortheplaystationininthegamewasalsoportedtotheplugnplayformataspartofthenamcoplugnplaygamemspacmantvgamearcadecompilationreleasedbyjakkspacificanddevelopedbyhotgenstudiosthenesversionofthegamewasrepackagedforgameboyadvanceinaspartoftheclassicnesserieswasincludedasanunlockablebonusgameinstarfoxassaultinandwasreleasedforthevirtualconsoleonjanuaryforthewiiandmayforthewiiuinnamcoreleasedthegameonthemobileplatformforcellphonesitwasreleasedonxboxlivearcadeonmayinxeviouswasreleasedintheletstvplayclassicseriesalongwithasequelcalledxeviousscramblemissionthatutilisedthesamegameplayandenginepairedreleaseswithsuperxeviousincludenamcoclassiccollectionvolnamcomuseumdsandxeviousdgxeviousdgfortheoriginalplaystationatariandatariportswerebeingdevelopedbyatariincinbutwereneverreleasedthisgamehasalsobeenreleasedaspartofthepacmansarcadepartyarcademachineindclassicsxeviousisanintendodsportofthisgamewithdeffectsaddedtoseparatealloftheobjectsintheairandeverythingongroundandtheporttakesadvantageofthedsswholetopscreeninsteadofitbeinglimitedtothegamesoriginalresolutionwithmovingcloudsaddedontothesidesitsavailablefordownloadonthenintendoeshopforitwasreleasedinjapaninjuneandinnorthamericaeuropeandaustraliainjulyseriesxeviousspawnedseveralarcadesequelsupdatesandevenaspinoffsuperxeviouswaspracticallythesamegamemadesignificantlyharderandwithafewrarelyseennewenemiesincludingasilvergalaxianflagshipahelicopterandadarkyellowtanksomeenemieswouldalsoresettheplayersscoreifdestroyedgrobdawasaspinoffgamestarringanenemycharacterthescrewpropelledvehiclescrewpropelledtankwhichistheeponymousgrobdasuperxeviousgampnonazowasreleasedforthefamilycomputerandthenintendovssystemtheplayermustsolveriddlesineachstageinordertoprogressunlesscertaincriteriaaremetthestageloopsindefinitelygettingharderandharderintheprocessxeviousfardrautsagawasreleasedforthemsxcomputersanddevelopedbycompilepublishercompiletheplayercanselectbetweentwomodesatthetitlescreenreconportoftheoriginalarcadexeviousandscramblewhichisanewareagamewithnewenemiesanddifferentshipstoplaywithsolvalousolgradozeodalleyandgampmissioninasimilargamewasreleasedontheturbografxasxeviousfardrautdensetsusolvaloupresentedthegamewithafirstpersonviewanduseddflatshadedpolygongraphicsxeviousdgwasanupdateoftheoriginalwhichuseddtexturemappedpolygongraphicsandasimultaneoustwoplayerfeaturethesecondplayergottocontrolaredlinedversionofthesolvalouportedtothesonyplaystationasxeviousdgxeviousarrangementwasreleasedaspartofthenamcoclassiccollectionvolcompilationarcadetitlealongwiththeoriginalxeviousandsuperxeviousthearrangedversionofthegamehadimprovedmusicandgraphicsanddifferentlevelsxeviousscramblemissionwasdevelopedbynamcoandreleasedbybandaiaspartoftheletstvplayclassicnowikicompilationtitlealongwithmappytheoriginalxeviousandanotherexclusivegamecalledmappyrevengeofnyamcothegamereusesthegraphicsandengineoftheoriginalxeviousinanewmissionwherethesolvaloumustnavigateafortresswhilebeingtimedanddestroyanewversionofgampxeviousresurrectionwasreleasedaspartoftheplaystationdownloadabletitlenamcomuseumessentialsnamcomuseumcomminjapananrtsgametitlednewspaceorderwasinproductionbynamcobandaigamesforthesystemnarcadesystemboardbuthasbeencancelleditwouldcontainelementsfromthexeviousvideogameseriesinthegametherewasgoingtobeaninterplanetarynationcalledthemilitaryempireinwhichthepopulationspeaksthexevilanguagethesamelanguagespokenbythedwellersofplanetxevioustheirthemesongsunginxevicanbedownloadedfromthegameshomepageothermediaxeviouswasoneofthevideogamesbasedformangatitledfamicomrockypublishedbycomiccorocorofromtoananimeadaptionofthegamecallednewspaceorderlinkoflifewasreleasedinfebruaryxeviousgameappearedinkamenriderexaidspinofftrickskamenridergenmwhichservesasagashatcreatedbytheseconddrpacmantobeusedbykamenridersnipetotransformintoxeviousshootinggamerlevelagainstgenmscopyofkamenriderfourzethespaceshipsandorgenesisarealsousedbythemainantagonistofkamenridersupersentaiultrasuperherotaisendifferencesbetweenjapaneseandnorthamericanversionsthenamesappearingbydefaultinthejapaneseversionshighscorelistarepseudonymsofthegameandsounddesignersthenorthamericanversiononlyallowedthreecharactersforhighscorenamesthezapperandblasterbuttonswerereversedbetweenthejapaneseandnorthamericanarcadeversionsreferencesexternallinksarcadehistorycompagedetailidxeviousatthearcadehistorydatabaseinfoboxplanetminorplanetyesbackgrounddddnamexanthippediscovererjohannpalisadiscoverednovemberdiscoveryrefmpcnamexanthippealtnamesfgrpbnasaavapronouncedmpcategorymainbeltorbitrefrefnamelowellrefepochjulyjuliandayjdsemimajorperihelionaphelioneccentricityperiodjulianyearastronomyyrjulianyearastronomydinclinationascnodeargperihelionmeananomalydegreeangleavgspeednbspkmsdimensionsbrkmmassdensitygcmsupsupsurfacegravmsescapevelocitykmssiderealdayhoursaxialtiltpoleeclipticlatpoleeclipticlonspectraltypectypeasteroidctholenclassificationtholenabsmagnitudealbedobrsingletemperaturekelvinkargperimeanmotiondayobservationarcyrduncertaintyrotationmoidjupitermoidtisserandxanthippeisalargedarkasteroidbeltmainbeltasteroidthatwasdiscoveredbyaustrianastronomerjohannpalisajpalisaonnovemberitisnamedafterxanthippethewifeofthegreekphilosophersocratesphotometryastronomyphotometricobservationsofthisasteroidattheeuropeansouthernobservatoryinlasillachileduringgavealightcurvewithaperiodofhoursbaseduponitsspectrumthisisclassifiedasactypeasteroidindicatingthatitlikelyhasacarbonatecarbonaceouscompositiontheestimatedsizeofthisobjectisnbspkmreferencesreflistrefsrefnamejplcitationfirstdonaldklastyeomanstitlexanthippeworkjplsmallbodydatabasebrowserpublishernasajetpropulsionlaboratoryurlssdjplnasagovsbdbcgisstraccessdatemaypostscriptrefrefnamecarrycitationfirstblastcarrytitledensityofasteroidsworkplanetaryandspacesciencevolumepagesdatedecemberdoijpssbibcodepsscpostscriptarxivseetablerefrefnamepraveccitationlastpravecfirstplastharrisfirstawlastkusnirakfirstplastgaladfirstalasthornochfirstkdisplayauthorstitleabsolutemagnitudesofasteroidsandarevisionofasteroidalbedoestimatesfromwisethermalobservationsworkasteroidscometsmeteorsproceedingsoftheconferenceheldmayinniigatajapanissuedatemaybibcodelpicoppostscriptseetablerefrefnamedebehognecitationlastdebehognefirsthlastdesanctisfirstglastzappalafirstvdisplayauthorstitlephotoelectricphotometryofthreedarkasteroidsworkastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesdateaprilbibcodeaadpostscriptrefendofreflistexternallinksxnuredirectcategoryshellredirectboilingpointbookbindingmayrefertoorquartoabookorpamphletproducedfromfullblanksheetseachofwhichisprintedwitheightpagesoftextfourtoasideareferencetoadegreescelsiusincreaseintheglobalaveragetemperatureduetoclimatechangedegreesandbeyondinternationalclimateconferencethethirdsinglebytheprogressiverockbandtoolbandtoolfromtheiralbumundertowtoolalbumundertowdegreesthefirstsinglebyexperimentalpopsingeranohnifromheralbumhopelessnessalbumhopelessnessseealsoodisambiguationbookbindingfrankhsiehredirectcategoryshellredirectfrankhsiehxserveraidisamassstoragedevicethatwasofferedbyappleincxserveraidhelduptohotswappableadvancedtechnologyattachmentultraataharddrivesandhadacapacityofnbspterabytetbwhenfilledwithnbspgigabytegbmodulesxserveraidsupportedredundantarrayofindependentdisksraidlevelsofandinhardwarehybridraidlevelssuchasandcouldbecreatedinsoftwareitwasinchrackrackmountableandwasrackunituhighalthoughthexserveraidcontaineddrivestheyweresplitintotwoindependentgroupsofdriveseachmanagedbyanidenticalraidcontrollerimportantlythecontrollerswereindependentbutnotredundanteachmanagedsevenofthestoragearraysfourteendrivesgivenafailureofoneofthecontrollersthosedriveswerenotaccessibletheothercouldnottakeoveritsdutiesxserveraiddidhoweverhaveredundantcoolingunitsandpowersuppliesxserveraidsportsweretwofiberchannelportsforregulardatatransferabasetbasetethernetportforremotemanagementandaserialportforuninterruptiblepowersupplyupscommunicationviathesimplesignalingprotocolapplemarketedxserveraidmainlyasacompaniontoxserveinfileserverandhighperformancetechnicalcomputingapplicationsthestoragearrayisalsousefulinsomeprofessionalenvironmentssuchasnonlineareditingsystemnonlinearvideoeditingalsoapplecertifiedxserveraidforusewithsomeothervendorsserverssuchasthoserunningwindowsserverorredhatenterpriselinuxduetothecrossplatformsupportavailableusersdonotneedamactoadministerthexserveraidappleshippedacdromwiththedevicecontainingthexserveraidadmintoolsajavaplatformjavasoftwareapplicationthatrunsonmostoperatingsystemsincludingosxwindowsoperatingsystemwindowslinuxandsolarisoperatingsystemsolarisxserveraidwasavailableinmodelscostingbetweenunitedstatesdollarusandusplusconfigurationandsupportoptionsthexserveraidwasdiscontinuedonfebruaryithasbeenreplacedwithpromisetechnologypromisevtrakeclassraidsubsystemhistoryxserveraidbuildfebjanpartnumbersmmmdualindependentraidcontrollerseachwithonehssdcfiberchannelportonedbserialportforupssystemsonebasetethernetinterfacesforremotemanagementindependentataappledrivemodulechannelsbaysnbspgbpatasupportedxserveraidsfpbuildjanoctpartnumbersmmadualindependentraidcontrollerseachwithoneapplecomprlibraryjanraidhtmlgbfiberchannelsfpportwithmbsthroughputonedbserialportforupssystemsonebasetethernetinterfacesforremotemanagementindependentataappledrivemodulechannelsbaysnbspgbnbspgbpatasupportaddedonfirmwarexserveraidsfplatebuildoctfebpartnumbersadualindependentraidcontrollerseachwithonegbfiberchannelsfpportwithmbsthroughputonedbserialportforupssystemsonebasetethernetinterfacesforremotemanagementindependentmbsataappledrivemodulechannelsbaysnbspgbnbspgbnbspgbandnbspgbsupportaddedonfirmwarenbspgbpatasupportaddedonfirmwarelinediscontinuedfebruaryreferencesexternallinksapplecomsupportxserveraidxserveraidofficialsupportpagemultipleissuesinfoboxuniversitynamexiamenuniversitylatinnameuniversitasamoiensisformernameamoyuniversitymottorefnamehallmarksrefmottoengpursueexcellencestriveforperfectionimagenamexiamenuniversitylogopngimagesizepxcaptionestablishedtypenationaluniversitypresidentzhangrongcityxiamenprovincefujiancountrychinastudentsundergradpostgradbrphdmasteraffiliationsguglobalugufacultylibrarycollectionprintitemscampusurbanhectarehacoloursnicknamexiadawebsitexmueducnwwwxmueducnxiamenuniversitycolloquiallyknownasxiadaisacomprehensiveuniversityinxiamenfujianprovincewithstrengthsineconomicsandmanagementfineartlawchemistryjournalismcommunicationandmathematicsitwasthefirstuniversityinchinafoundedbyoverseaschineseandisnowatoprankedcomprehensiveuniversitydirectlyadministeredbytheministryofeducationofthepeoplesrepublicofchinachineseministryofeducationtheschoolofmanagementisaccreditedbyequisandtheassociationofmbasasofseptembertheuniversitysenteringclassisoverfirstyearstudentshistoryintankahkeealsoknownaschenjiagenganotableoverseaschinesebusinessmancommunityleaderandphilanthropistdonatedmillionsofdollarstoestablishandendowamoyuniversityinthecityofxiamentheuniversitywasthenfoundedintantransferredadministrationofamoyuniversitytothenationalistgovernmentinandtheinstitutionbecameanationaluniversityatthesesquicentennialexpositionsesquicentennialinternationalexpositioninphiladelphiaunitedstatesxiamenuniversitywasoneoffivechineseuniversitiesselectedtoparticipateinanexhibitoneducationinchinarepresentingthecountryshighereducationsystemimagechenjiagengjpgthumbrightstatueofmrtankahkeeinfrontofhismemorialhalllocatedwithinxiamenuniversityimagechinaxiamenuniversityjpgthumbrightfuronglakeimageastatueofchenjingrunjpgthumbrightstatueoftankinglunxiamenuniversityinattheoutbreakofthesecondsinojapanesewartheuniversitytemporarilyrelocatedtochangtingcountychangtinginwesternfujianattheendofworldwariiinamoyuniversitymovedbacktoxiamenandresumednormaloperationsinitbecameacomprehensiveuniversityembracingbothartsandscienceinitwasdesignatedasastatekeyuniversityinthestheinstitutionsenglishnamewaschangedtoxiamenuniversityreferringtoxiamenthenewenglishnameforamoyinxiamenuniversitywasselectedfortheprojectanationalgovernmentinitiativetoprovideincreasedfinancialresourcesforchinasmostpromisinguniversitiesintheuniversitywasselectedfortheprojectanationalandlocalgovernmentinitiativetoprovidefundingforfacilitiesconstructionandfacultyhiringforchinastopuniversitiesinseptemberxiamenwasselectedasoneoftheuniversitiesthatwillbepartofthedoublefirstclassuniversityplandoublefirstclassuniversityplananationalgovernmentinitiativetodevelopworldclassuniversitiesanddisciplinesbythroughprovidingresourcesforfacilitiesconstructionandfacultyhiringrefnamepeoplecnrefinternationalcooperationxiamenuniversityhasmaintainedaglobalpresencesinceitscreationinattractingstudentsfromoverseaschinesecommunitiesinsoutheastasiaparticularlymalaysiatheinstitutionestablishedanoverseascorrespondencecoursesprograminandaccepteditsfirstforeignstudentsinasofmarchxiamenuniversityhasglobalexchangeandcooperationrelationshipswithoveruniversitiesinchinesepremierwenjiabaoandmalaysianprimeministernajibrazakbeganhighleveldiscussionsaboutcreatingamalaysianbranchofxiamenuniversityonmayxiamenuniversitysentadelegationtothetokyoinstituteoftechnologyintokyojapantomeetwithleadershipandprofessorsthedelegationsobjectivewastodiscusstheinstitutionsstrategiesforcommercializingresearchfindingsfosteringuniversityindustrycollaborationandencouraginginternationalstudentstolearnaboutlocallanguageandcultureonnovemberxiamenuniversityandcardiffuniversityinwalesunitedkingdominitiatedastrategicpartnershipincludingaprogramforcosupervisionofdoctoralstudentsandmillioninseedfundingforcollaborativeresearchprojectstobenefittheeconomyofwalessubsequentlyadelegationfromcardiffuniversityvisitedthexiamenuniversityschoolofinternationalrelationstoexplorepossibleareasofresearchcollaborationandstudentexchangemaincampusandbranchcampusesthemaincampusofxiamenuniversityislocatedinthesimingdistrictinsouthwesternxiamenitissituatedatthefoothillsofmountainsfacingtheoceanandsurroundedbyxiamensbaythecampusispicturesquewithbeautifulsceneryandparksthemaincampusisamajortouristattractioninxiamenitselfapopulartouristdestinationthemaincampusofxiamenuniversityhasabuiltareaofmillionsquaremetersanditsxiamenuniversitylibrarieslibrariesholdmillionvolumesthescopeandlevelofitscampushighspeedinformationnetworkisratedfirstamongalluniversitiesinchinaandhasbecomeoneofthemainnodesofchinanextgenerationinternetcernettheuniversityalsohascampusesinxiangandistrictxiangandistrictofxiamenrefnamewoxrefrefnamewoxrefandinzhangzhoufujianinseptemberxiamenuniversitybeganoperationsatitsxiangancampuslocatedkilometersfromthemaincampusinsimingdistrictthethreestatedgoalsofthenewcampusaretoprovidefacilitiesfornewlydevelopingdisciplinesandappliedsubjectssuchasbioscienceandenergytoestablishinnovationplatformsforappliedsciencesandtohousethesouthernheadquartersoftheconfuciusinstitutecurrentlythexiangancampushostsoverstudentsandfacultyfromtenschoolstheoverseaseducationcollegewhichservesinternationalstudentsthemedicalcollegetheschoolofpharmaceuticalsciencestheschooloflifesciencestheschoolofpublichealththenursingdepartmentthecollegeofearthsciencesthecollegeofenvironmentecologytheschoolofenergyresearchandtheschoolofaerospaceengineeringthexiamenuniversitymalaysiacampusorxmumalaysiaisabranchofxiamenuniversitymaintainingclosetieswiththemaincampusalthoughitfunctionsasitsownuniversityandhasitsownadmissionsofficefacultiesandresearchinstitutesasofseptemberxiamenuniversityconsistedofschoolswithdepartmentsalongwithmanykeyresearchinstitutesschoolofhumanitiesschoolofforeignlanguagesculturesschoolofjournalismcommunicationschooloflawtankahkeecollegexiamenacademyofinternationallawschoolofpublicpolicypublicaffairsschoolofeconomicswangyananinstituteforstudiesineconomicsschoolofmanagementcollegeofartcollegeofchemistrychemicalengineeringschoolofphysicsandmechanicalelectricalengineeringcollegeofoceanographyenvironmentschooloflifescienceschoolofinformationsciencetechnologyschoolofelectronicsciencetechnologyschoolofmathematicssoftwareschoolmedicalcollegeschoolofarchitectureandcivilengineeringoverseaseducationcollegeadulteducationcollegeprofessionaltechnicalcollegeinterneteducationcollegeschoolofpharmaceuticalsciencesnotablealumnigregorychoweconomistchenjingrunmathematicianlinyutangchinesewriterandinventoryuguangzhongtaiwanesewriterpoeteducatorandcriticxiexidepresidentoffudanuniversityfromtoluxunwriterraymondlamhongkongartisteandsingerenrolledforoneyearfayewongsingerzhanggaolicpctianjincommitteesecretaryandmemberofpolitburoofthecommunistpartyofchinaliwoshimagistrateofkinmencountyseealsolistofuniversitiesinchinaguglobalconsortiumofuniversitiesreferencesreflistrefsrefnametimesrefexternallinksxmldatabindingreferstoameansofrepresentinginformationinanxmldocumentasabusinessobjectincomputermemorythisallowsapplicationsoftwareapplicationstoaccessthedatainthexmlfromtheobjectratherthanusingthedocumentobjectmodeldomorsimpleapiforxmlsaxtoretrievethedatafromadirectrepresentationofthexmlitselfdescriptionanxmldatabinderaccomplishesthisbyautomaticallycreatingamappingbetweenelementsofthexmlschemaofthedocumentwewishtobindandinstancevariablemembersofaclasscomputerscienceclasstoberepresentedinmemorywhenthisprocessisappliedtoconvertanxmldocumenttoanobjectitiscalledserializationunmarshallingthereverseprocesstoserializeanobjectasxmliscalledmarshallingcomputersciencemarshallingsincexmlisinherentlysequentialandobjectsareusuallynotxmldatabindingmappingsoftenhavedifficultypreservingalltheinformationinanxmldocumentspecificallyinformationlikecommentcomputerprogrammingcommentsxmlentityreferencesandsiblingordermayfailtobepreservedintheobjectrepresentationcreatedbythebindingapplicationthisisnotalwaysthecasesufficientlycomplexdatabindersarecapableofpreservingoftheinformationinanxmldocumentsimilarlysinceobjectsincomputermemoryarenotinherentlysequentialandmayincludelinkstootherobjectsincludingselfreferentiallinksxmldatabindingmappingsoftenhavedifficultypreservingalltheinformationaboutanobjectwhenitismarshalledtoxmlanalternativeapproachtoautomaticdatabindingreliesinsteadonhandcraftedxpathexpressionsthatextractthedatafromxmlthisapproachhasanumberofbenefitsfirstthedatabindingcodeonlyneedsproximateknowledgeegtopologytagnamesetcofthexmltreestructurewhichdeveloperscandeterminebylookingatthexmldataxmlschemasarenolongermandatoryfurthermorexpathallowstheapplicationtobindtherelevantdataitemsandfilterouteverythingelseavoidingtheunnecessaryprocessingthatwouldberequiredtocompletelyunmarshalltheentirexmldocumentthedrawbackofthisapproachisthelackofautomationinimplementingtheobjectmodelandxpathexpressionsinsteadtheapplicationdevelopershavetocreatetheseartifactsmanuallydatabindingingeneraloneofxmldatabindingsstrengthsistheabilitytoserializationunserializeobjectsacrossprogramslanguagesandplatformsyoucandumpatimeseriesofstructuredobjectsfromadataloggerwrittenincprogramminglanguageonanembeddedprocessorbringitacrossthenetworktoprocessinperlandfin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heabilitytorunanxslttransformorseriesoftransformsoveradocumentsomeofthelargerxmlpackagesevenofferxsltdebuggingfeaturesandxslfoprocessorsforgenerationofpdffilesfromdocumentstextualeditorstextxmleditorsgenerallyprovidefeaturesdealingwithworkingwithelementtagssyntaxhighlightingisabasicstandardofanyxmleditorthatistheycolorelementtextdifferentlyfromregulartextelementandattributecompletionbasedonadtdorschemaisalsoavailablefrommanytextxmleditorsdisplayinglinenumbersisalsoacommonandusefulfeatureasisprovidingtheabilitytoreformatadocumenttoconformtoaparticularstyleofindentstyleindenturehereisanexampleofeditioninatexteditorwithsyntaxcoloringimagexmltexteditorpnganexampleofsyntaxcoloringtheadvantageoftexteditorsisthattheypresentexactlytheinformationthatisstoredinthexmlfiletheyprovideamoregranularwaytocontroltheformattingofthefilesuchasindentationstodolowleveloperationssuchasafindreplaceonelementnamesandtoeditxmlfileswithoutanyschemaorconfigurationfilegraphicaleditorsgraphicaleditorsbasedonguismaybeeasierforsomepeopletousethantexteditorsandmaynotrequireknowledgeofxmlsyntaxtheseareoftencalledwysiwygwhatyouseeiswhatyougeteditorsbutnotallofthemarewysiwyggraphicalxmleditorscanbewysiwygwhentheytrytodisplaythefinalrenderingorwysiwymwhatyouseeiswhatyoumeanwhentheytrytodisplaytheactualmeaningofxmlelementswhentheyarenotwysiwygtheydonotdisplaytheoroneofthegraphicalendresultofadocumentbutinsteadfocusonconveyingthemeaningofthetexttheyusedtdsorxmlschemasandorconfigurationfilestomapxmlelementstographicalcomponentsthesekindsofeditorsaregenerallymoreusefulforxmllanguagesfordataratherthanforstoringdocumentsdocumentstendtobefairlyfreeforminstructurewhichtendstodefythegenerallyrigidnatureofmanygraphicaleditorsimagexmlgraphicaleditorpngeditinganxmlfileinagraphicaleditorintheaboveexampletheeditorisusingaconfigurationfiletoknowthatthetableelementrepresentsatablethetrelementrepresentsarowofthetableandthetdelementrepresentsacellofthetableitisusingthisinformationtodisplaythetablebasedonthisstructuringinformationinordertomakeeditingeasierschemaandconfigurationfilesinformationcanalsobeusedtoensurethatusersdonotcreateinvaliddocumentsforinstanceinatexteditoritispossibletocreatearowwithtoomanycellsinthetablewhilethiswouldnotbepossiblewiththeabovegraphicaluserinterfacewysiwygeditorswysiwygeditorsletpeopleeditfilesdirectlywiththetagsrepresentedbysomeformofgraphicalviewingratherthanbarexmlcodeoftenwysiwygeditorsattempttoemulatetheendresultofsometransformorcssstylesheetapplicationthisemulationmayormaynotbepossibledependingonthetransformationfromxmlintotheendresultnaiveuseofawysiwygeditorcanleadtothecreationofdocumentsthatdonothavetheintrinsicsemanticsoftheparticularxmllanguagethiscomesaboutiftheuserisfocusedontryingtoachieveacertainvisualpresentationwiththeeditorratherthanusingthewysiwygtomakeeditingthedocumenteasierforinstancesomeonecreatingawebpagecoulduseanhelementmeaningsecondleveltitleinsteadofhmeaningfirstleveltitlebecauseitlookssmallerontheircurrentwysiwygeditorsuchanauthorismakingachoicebasedontheapparentvisualrepresentationbutavisitortotheauthorswebpagecanofferaverydifferentrenderingintheirwebbrowserbrowserhoweveraslongastheunderlyingmeaningofthedocumentisunderstoodbytheauthorandtheauthordoesnotmakedecisionsbasedontheexactlookinthewysiwygeditorsuchaneditorcanbeofvaluetothewriteritisgenerallymucheasiertoreadadocumentthatisbeingrenderedinsomefashionthanitistoreadtherawxmlcodealsoeditingcanbemuchmoreintuitiveasthewysiwygeditorcanusetoolssimilartomanywordprocessingapplicationssomewysiwygeditorsevenallowtheusertouseadtdorschemaanddefinetheirownuserinterfaceforeditingusuallywysiwygeditorssupportcssbutnotxsltbecausexslttransformationscanbeverycomplexandguessingwhattheusermeantwhenchangingtheendresultcanbeimpossiblethewysiwygeditorsthatdosupportxsltsuchassyntextsernawillthereforeapplychangesdirectlytotheoriginalxmlwhileupdatingtheviewbyrunningthexsltforeverychangeintheaboveexampleastylesheetisusedtocolortablecellsinaparticularwayforinstanceevenrowsdonothavethesamebackgroundcolorasoddrowsinordertomakereadingeasierapplicationdomainscomputerprogrammingtechnicaleditingseealsocomparisonofxmleditorsauthoringsystemeditingsourcecodeeditormachinereadabledocumentseditedformatsxmldarwininformationtypingarchitectureditadocbookstrategymarkuplanguageexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxmlcompubptlistofeditorsfromxmlcomalprazolamredirectcategoryshellmostoftenreferstonumberthenumberthreethousandyearthelastyearofthethcenturydinghyaracingsailingdinghyhitclubmajorleaguebaseballbatterswithhitsmetresatrackrunningeventandramericansingerandactorseealsoyearasongperformedbybritishpoppunkbandbustedseriesdisambiguationinfoboxmedicalinterventionnamexenotransplantationimagecaptionicdicdicdmultmeshiddopsothercodesxenotransplantationxenosfromthegreeklanguagegreekmeaningforeignistheorgantransplanttransplantationoflivingcellbiologycellsbiologicaltissuetissuesororgananatomyorgansfromonespeciestoanothersuchcellstissuesororgansarecalledxenograftsorxenotransplantsitiscontrastedwithallotransplantationfromotherindividualofsamespeciessyngenicsyngeneictransplantationorisotransplantationgraftstransplantedbetweentwogeneticallyidenticalindividualsofthesamespeciesandautotransplantationfromonepartofthebodytoanotherinthesamepersonxenotransplantationofhumantumorcellsintoimmunocompromisedmiceisaresearchtechniquefrequentlyusedinpreclinicaloncologyresearchhumanxenotransplantationoffersapotentialtreatmentforendstageorganfailureasignificanthealthprobleminpartsoftheindustrializedworlditalsoraisesmanynovelmedicallegalandethicalissuesacontinuingconcernisthatmanyanimalssuchaspigshaveashorterlifespanthanhumansmeaningthattheirtissuesageataquickerratediseasetransmissionxenozoonosisandpermanentalterationtothegeneticcodeofanimalsarealsocausesforconcernafewsuccessfulcasesofxenotransplantationarepublisheditisnotuncommonforpatientsandphysicianstousethetermallograftimpreciselytorefertoeitherallografthumantohumanorxenograftanimaltohumanbutitishelpfulscientificallyforthosesearchingorreadingthescientificliteraturetomaintainthemoreprecisedistinctioninusagehistorythefirstseriousattemptsatxenotransplantationthencalledheterotransplantationappearedinthescientificliteratureinwhenslicesofrabbitkidneyweretransplantedintoachildwithrenalinsufficiencyscientificinterestinxenotransplantationdeclinedwhentheimmunologicalbasisoftheorganrejectionprocesswasdescribedthenextwavesofstudiesonthetopiccamewiththediscoveryofimmunosuppressivedrugsevenmorestudiesfolloweddrjosephmurraysfirstsuccessfulkidneytransplantationinandscientistsfacingtheethicalquestionsoforgandonationforthefirsttimeacceleratedtheireffortinlookingforalternativestohumanorgansindoctorsattulaneuniversityattemptedchimpanzeetohumankidneytransplantationsinsixpeoplewhowereneardeathafterthisandseveralsubsequentunsuccessfulattemptstouseprimatesasorgandonorsandthedevelopmentofaworkingcadaverorganprocuringprograminterestinxenotransplantationforkidneyfailuredissipatedanamericaninfantgirlknownasbabyfaewithhypoplasticleftheartsyndromewasthefirstinfantrecipientofaxenotransplantationwhenshereceivedababoonheartintheprocedurewasperformedbyleonardlbaileyatlomalindauniversitymedicalcenterinlomalindacaliforniafaedieddayslaterduetoahumoralbasedgraftrejectionthoughttobecausedmainlybyanabobloodtypemismatchconsideredunavoidableduetotherarityoftypeobaboonsthegraftwasmeanttobetemporarybutunfortunatelyasuitableallograftreplacementcouldnotbefoundintimexenotransplantationofhumantumorcellsintoimmunocompromisedmiceisaresearchtechniquefrequentlyusedinoncologyresearchitisusedtopredictthesensitivityofthetransplantedtumortovariouscancertreatmentsseveralcompaniesofferthisserviceincludingthejacksonlaboratoryandaltogenlabscroaltogenlabshumanorganshavebeentransplantedintoanimalsasapowerfulresearchtechniqueforstudyinghumanbiologywithoutharminghumanpatientsthistechniquehasalsobeenproposedasanalternativesourceofhumanorgansforfuturetransplantationintohumanpatientsforexampleresearchersfromtheganogenresearchinstitutetransplantedhumanfetalkidneysintoratswhichdemonstratedlifesupportingfunctionandgrowthpotentialusesaworldwideshortageoforgansforclinicalimplantationcausesaboutofpatientswhoneedreplacementorganstodieonthewaitinglistcertainproceduressomeofwhicharebeinginvestigatedinearlyclinicaltrialsaimtousecellsortissuesfromotherspeciestotreatlifethreateninganddebilitatingillnessessuchascancerdiabetesliverfailureandparkinsonsdiseaseifcryopreservationvitrificationvitrificationcanbeperfecteditcouldallowforlongtermstorageofxenogeniccellstissuesandorganssothattheywouldbemorereadilyavailablefortransplantxenotransplantscouldsavethousandsofpatientswaitingfordonatedorganstheanimalorganprobablyfromapigorbabooncouldbegeneticallyalteredwithhumangenestotrickapatientsimmunesystemintoacceptingitasapartofitsownbodytheyhavereemergedbecauseofthelackoforgansavailableandtheconstantbattletokeepimmunesystemsfromtransplantrejectionrejectingallotransplantsxenotransplantsarethuspotentiallyamoreeffectivealternativexenotransplantationalsoisandhasbeenavaluabletoolusedinresearchlaboratoriestostudydevelopmentalbiologyitseekstobeamutablearchitecturethatlikeopensourcesoftwareremainsavailableforperpetualmodificationandenhancementfollowingthenavigationalimpulseofmilitantethicalreasoningpatientderivedtumorxenograftsinanimalscanbeusedtotesttreatmentsrefnametentlerrefpotentialanimalorgandonorssincetheyaretheclosestrelativestohumansnonhumanprimateswerefirstconsideredasapotentialorgansourceforxenotransplantationtohumanschimpanzeeswereoriginallyconsideredthebestoptionsincetheirorgansareofsimilarsizeandtheyhavegoodbloodtypecompatibilitywithhumanswhichmakesthempotentialcandidatesforxenotransfusionshoweversincechimpanzeesarelistedasanendangeredspeciesotherpotentialdonorsweresoughtbaboonsaremorereadilyavailablebutimpracticalaspotentialdonorsproblemsincludetheirsmallerbodysizetheinfrequencyofbloodgroupotheuniversaldonortheirlonggestationperiodandtheirtypicallysmallnumberofoffspringinadditionamajorproblemwiththeuseofnonhumanprimatesistheincreasedriskofdiseasetransmissionsincetheyaresocloselyrelatedtohumansrefnamemichlerrefpigsarecurrentlythoughttobethebestcandidatesfororgandonationtheriskofcrossspeciesdiseasetransmissionisdecreasedbecauseoftheirincreasedphylogeneticdistancefromhumansrefnamedooldeniyareftheyarereadilyavailabletheirorgansareanatomicallycomparableinsizeandnewinfectiousagentsarelesslikelysincetheyhavebeeninclosecontactwithhumansthroughdomesticationformanygenerationsrefnametaylortaylorlemedicinecommedtopichtmxenotransplantationemedicinecomrefcurrentexperimentsinxenotransplantationmostoftenusepigsasthedonorandbaboonsashumanmodelsinthefieldofregenerativemedicinepancreatogenesisornephrogenesisdisabledpigembryosunabletoformaspecificorganallowexperimentationtowardtheinvivogenerationoffunctionalorgansfromxenogenicpluripotentstemcellsinlargeanimalsviacompensationforanemptydevelopmentalnicheblastocystcomplementationsuchexperimentsprovidethebasisforpotentialfutureapplicationofblastocystcomplementationtogeneratetransplantablehumanorgansfromthepatientsowncellsusinglivestockanimalstoincreasequalityoflifeforthosewithendstageorganfailurebarriersandissuesimmunologicbarrierstodatenoxenotransplantationtrialshavebeenentirelysuccessfulduetothemanyobstaclesarisingfromtheresponseoftherecipientsimmunesystemthisresponsewhichisgenerallymoreextremethaninallotransplantationsultimatelyresultsinrejectionofthexenograftandcaninsomecasesresultintheimmediatedeathoftherecipientthereareseveraltypesofrejectionorganxenograftsarefacedwiththeseincludehyperacuterejectionacutevascularrejectioncellularrejectionchronicrejectionarapidviolentandhyperacuteresponsecomesasaresultofantibodiespresentinthehostorganismtheseantibodiesareknownasxenoreactivenaturalantibodiesxnashyperacuterejectionthisrapidandviolenttypeofrejectionoccurswithinminutestohoursfromthetimeofthetransplantitismediatedbythebindingofxnasxenoreactivenaturalantibodiestothedonorendotheliumcausingactivationofthehumancomplementsystemwhichresultsinendothelialdamageinflammationthrombosisandnecrosisofthetransplantxnasarefirstproducedandbegincirculatinginthebloodinneonatesaftercolonizationofthebowelbybacteriawithgalactosemoietiesontheircellwallsmostoftheseantibodiesaretheigmclassbutalsoincludeiggandigatheepitopexnastargetisanlinkedgalactosemoietygalgalalsocalledthegalepitopeproducedbytheenzymegalactosyltransferasethebindingofxnasinitiatecomplementactivationthroughtheclassicalcomplementpathwaycomplementactivationcausesacascadeofeventsleadingtodestructionofendothelialcellsplateletdegranulationinflammationcoagulationfibrindepositionandhemorrhagetheendresultisthrombosisandnecrosisofthexenograftovercominghyperacuterejectionsincehyperacuterejectionpresentssuchabarriertothesuccessofxenograftsseveralstrategiestoovercomeitareunderinvestigationinterruptionofthecomplementcascadetherecipientscomplementcascadecanbeinhibitedthroughtheuseofcobravenomfactorwhichdepletescsolublecomplementreceptortypeanticantibodiesorcinhibitorcinhdisadvantagesofthisapproachincludethetoxicityofcobravenomfactorandmostimportantlythesetreatmentswoulddeprivetheindividualofafunctionalcomplementsystemtransgenicorgansgeneticallyengineeredpigsgalactosyltransferasegeneknockoutsthesepigsdontcontainthegenethatcodesfortheenzymeresponsibleforexpressionoftheimmunogeneicgalgalmoietythegalepitoperefnamelatemplerefincreasedexpressionofhtransferasefucosyltransferaseanenzymethatcompeteswithgalactosyltransferaseexperimentshaveshownthisreducesgalexpressionbyrefnamesharmarefexpressionofhumancomplementregulatorscdcdandcdtoinhibitthecomplementcascaderefnamehuangrefplasmaphoresisonhumanstoremovegalactosyltransferasereducestheriskofactivationofeffectorcellssuchasctlcdtcellscomplementpathwayactivationanddelayedtypehypersensitivitydthacutevascularrejectionalsoknownasdelayedxenoactiverejectionthistypeofrejectionoccursindiscordantxenograftswithintodaysifhyperacuterejectionispreventedtheprocessismuchmorecomplexthanhyperacuterejectionandiscurrentlynotcompletelyunderstoodacutevascularrejectionrequiresdenovoproteinsynthesisandisdrivenbyinteractionsbetweenthegraftendothelialcellsandhostantibodiesmacrophagesandplateletstheresponseischaracterizedbyaninflammatoryinfiltrateofmostlymacrophagesandnaturalkillercellswithsmallnumbersoftcellsintravascularthrombosisandfibrinoidnecrosisofvesselwallsbindingofthepreviouslymentionedxnastothedonorendotheliumleadstotheactivationofhostmacrophagesaswellastheendotheliumitselftheendotheliumactivationisconsideredtypeiisincegeneinductionandproteinsynthesisareinvolvedthebindingofxnasultimatelyleadstothedevelopmentofaprocoagulantstatethesecretionofinflammatorycytokinesandchemokinesaswellasexpressionofleukocyteadhesionmoleculessuchaseselectinintercellularadhesionmoleculeicamandvascularcelladhesionmoleculevcamthisresponseisfurtherperpetuatedasnormallybindingbetweenregulatoryproteinsandtheirligandsaidinthecontrolofcoagulationandinflammatoryresponseshoweverduetomolecularincompatibilitiesbetweenthemoleculesofthedonorspeciesandrecipientsuchasporcinemajorhistocompatibilitycomplexmoleculesandhumannaturalkillercellsthismaynotoccurovercomingacutevascularrejectionduetoitscomplexitytheuseofimmunosuppressivedrugsalongwithawidearrayofapproachesarenecessarytopreventacutevascularrejectionandincludeadministeringasyntheticthrombininhibitortomodulatethrombogenesisdepletionofantigalactoseantibodiesxnasbytechniquessuchasimmunoadsorptiontopreventendothelialcellactivationinhibitingactivationofmacrophagesstimulatedbycdsupsuptcellsandnkcellsstimulatedbythereleaseofilthustheroleofmhcmoleculesandtcellresponsesinactivationwouldhavetobereassessedforeachspeciescomboaccommodationifhyperacuteandacutevascularrejectionareavoidedaccommodationispossiblewhichisthesurvivalofthexenograftdespitethepresenceofcirculatingxnasthegraftisgivenabreakfromhumoralrejectioncellularrejectionrejectionofthexenograftinhyperactuteandacutevascularrejectionisduetotheresponseofthehumoralimmunesystemsincetheresponseiselicitedbythexnascellularrejectionisbasedoncellularimmunityandismediatedbynaturalkillercellswhichaccumulateinanddamagethexenograftandtlymphocyteswhichareactivatedbymhcmoleculesthroughbothdirectandindirectxenorecognitionindirectxenorecognitionantigenpresentingcellsfromthexenograftpresentpeptidestorecipientcdsupsuptcellsviaxenogeneicmhcclassiimoleculesresultingintheproductionofinterleukinilindirectxenorecognitioninvolvesthepresentationofantigensfromthexenograftbyrecipientantigenpresentingcellstocdsupsuptcellsantigensofphagocytosedgraftcellscanalsobepresentedbythehostsclassimhcmoleculestocdsupsuptcellsrefnameabbasabbasalichtmanacellularandmolecularimmunologythedppelseviersaunderspennsylvaniarefthestrengthofcellularrejectioninxenograftsremainsuncertainhoweveritisexpectedtobestrongerthaninallograftsduetodifferencesinpeptidesamongdifferentanimalsthisleadstomoreantigenspotentiallyrecognizedasforeignthuselicitingagreaterindirectxenogenicresponseovercomingcellularrejectionaproposedstrategytoavoidcellularrejectionistoinducedonornonresponsivenessusinghematopoieticchimerismdonorstemcellsareintroducedintothebonemarrowoftherecipientwheretheycoexistwiththerecipientsstemcellsthebonemarrowstemcellsgiverisetocellsofallhematopoieticlineagesthroughtheprocessofhematopoiesislymphoidprogenitorcellsarecreatedbythisprocessandmovetothethymuswherenegativeselectioneliminatestcellsfoundtobereactivetoselftheexistenceofdonorstemcellsintherecipientsbonemarrowcausesdonorreactivetcellstobeconsideredselfandundergoapoptosischronicrejectionchronicrejectionisslowandprogressiveandusuallyoccursintransplantsthatsurvivetheinitialrejectionphasesscientistsarestillunclearhowchronicrejectionexactlyworksresearchinthisareaisdifficultsincexenograftsrarelysurvivepasttheinitialacuterejectionphasesnonethelessitisknownthatxnasandthecomplementsystemarenotprimarilyinvolvedfibrosisinthexenograftoccursasaresultofimmunereactionscytokineswhichstimulatefibroblastsorhealingfollowingcellularnecrosisinacuterejectionperhapsthemajorcauseofchronicrejectionisarteriosclerosislymphocyteswhichwerepreviouslyactivatedbyantigensinthevesselwallofthegraftactivatemacrophagestosecretesmoothmusclegrowthfactorsthisresultsinabuildupofsmoothmusclecellsonthevesselwallscausingthehardeningandnarrowingofvesselswithinthegraftchronicrejectionleadstopathologicchangesoftheorganandiswhytransplantsmustbereplacedaftersomanyyearsitisalsoanticipatedthatchronicrejectionwillbemoreaggressiveinxenotransplantsasopposedtoallotransplantsrefnamevanderpoolrefdysregulatedcoagulationsuccessfuleffortshavebeenmadetocreateknockoutmicewithoutgttheresultingreductioninthehighlyimmunogenicgalepitopehasresultedinthereductionoftheoccurrenceofhyperacuterejectionbuthasnoteliminatedotherbarrierstoxenotransplantationsuchasdysregulatedcoagulationalsoknownascoagulopathyrefnamecowanrefdifferentorganxenotransplantsresultindifferentresponsesinclottingforexamplekidneytransplantsresultinahigherdegreeofcoagulopathyorimpairedclottingthancardiactransplantswhereasliverxenograftsresultinseverethrombocytopeniacausingrecipientdeathwithinafewdaysduetobleedinganalternateclottingdisorderthrombosismaybeinitiatedbypreexistingantibodiesthataffecttheproteincanticoagulantsystemduetothiseffectporcinedonorsmustbeextensivelyscreenedbeforetransplantationstudieshavealsoshownthatsomeporcinetransplantcellsareabletoinducehumantissuefactorexpressionthusstimulatingplateletandmonocyteaggregationaroundthexenotransplantedorgancausingsevereclottingjustasthegepitopeisamajorprobleminxenotransplantationsotooisdysregulatedcoagulationacauseofconcerntransgenicpigsthatcancontrolforvariablecoagulantactivitybasedonthespecificorgantransplantedwouldmakexenotransplantationamorereadilyavailablesolutionforthepatientsperyearwhodonotreceiveahumandonationoftheorganortissuetheyneedphysiologyextensiveresearchisrequiredtodeterminewhetheranimalorganscanreplacethephysiologicalfunctionsofhumanorgansmanyissuesincludesizedifferencesinorgansizelimittherangeofpotentialrecipientsofxenotransplantslongevitythelifespanofmostpigsisroughlyyearscurrentlyitisunknownwhetherornotaxenograftmaybeabletolastlongerthanthathormoneandproteindifferencessomeproteinswillbemolecularlyincompatiblewhichcouldcausemalfunctionofimportantregulatoryprocessesthesedifferencesalsomaketheprospectofhepaticxenotransplantationlesspromisingsincetheliverplaysanimportantroleintheproductionofsomanyproteinsenvironmentforexamplepigheartsworkinadifferentanatomicalsiteandunderdifferenthydrostaticpressurethaninhumanstemperaturethebodytemperatureofpigsisnbspcnbspcabovetheaveragehumanbodytemperatureimplicationsofthisdifferenceifanyontheactivityofimportantenzymesarecurrentlyunknownxenozoonosisxenozoonosisalsoknownaszoonosisorxenosisisthetransmissionofinfectiousagentsbetweenspeciesviaxenograftanimaltohumaninfectionisnormallyrarebuthasoccurredinthepastanexampleofsuchistheavianinfluenzawhenaninfluenzaaviruswaspassedfrombirdstohumansrefnamewhorefxenotransplantationmayincreasethechanceofdiseasetransmissionforreasonsimplantationbreachesthephysicalbarrierthatnormallyhelpstopreventdiseasetransmissiontherecipientofthetransplantwillbeseverelyimmunosuppressedandhumancomplementregulatorscdcdandcdexpressedintransgenicpigshavebeenshowntoserveasvirusreceptorsandmayalsohelptoprotectvirusesfromattackbythecomplementsystemrefnametakeuchirefexamplesofvirusescarriedbypigsincludeporcineherpesvirusrotavirusparvovirusandcircovirusporcineherpesvirusesandrotavirusescanbeeliminatedfromthedonorpoolbyscreeninghoweverotherssuchasparvovirusandcircovirusmaycontaminatefoodandfootwearthenreinfecttheherdthuspigstobeusedasorgandonorsmustbehousedunderstrictregulationsandscreenedregularlyformicrobesandpathogensunknownvirusesaswellasthosenotharmfulintheanimalmayalsoposerisksofparticularconcernarepervsporcineendogenousretrovirusesverticallytransmittedmicrobesthatembedinswinegenomestheriskswithxenosisaretwofoldasnotonlycouldtheindividualbecomeinfectedbutanovelinfectioncouldinitiateanepidemicinthehumanpopulationbecauseofthisriskthefdahassuggestedanyrecipientsofxenotransplantsshallbecloselymonitoredfortheremainderoftheirlifeandquarantinediftheyshowsignsofxenosisrefnamefdafdafdagovcberxapxaphtmxenotransplantationactionplanfdaapproachtotheregulationofxenotransplantationcenterforbiologicsevaluationandresearchrefbaboonsandpigscarrymyriadtransmittableagentsthatareharmlessintheirnaturalhostbutextremelytoxicanddeadlyinhumanshivisanexampleofadiseasebelievedtohavejumpedfrommonkeystohumansresearchersalsodonotknowifanoutbreakofinfectiousdiseasescouldoccurandiftheycouldcontaintheoutbreakeventhoughtheyhavemeasuresforcontrolanotherobstaclefacingxenotransplantsisthatofthebodysrejectionofforeignobjectsbyitsimmunesystemtheseantigensforeignobjectsareoftentreatedwithpowerfulimmunosuppressivedrugsthatcouldinturnmakethepatientvulnerabletootherinfectionsandactuallyaidthediseasethisisthereasontheorganswouldhavetobealteredtofitthepatientsdnahistocompatibilityintheaustraliannationalhealthandmedicalresearchcouncilnhmrcdeclaredaneighteenyearmoratoriumonallanimaltohumantransplantationconcludingthattherisksoftransmissionofanimalvirusestopatientsandthewidercommunityhadnotbeenresolvedthiswasrepealedinafterannhmrcreviewstatedtherisksifappropriatelyregulatedareminimalandacceptablegiventhepotentialbenefitscitinginternationaldevelopmentsonthemanagementandregulationofxenotransplantationbytheworldhealthorganisationandtheeuropeanmedicinesagencyporcineendogenousretrovirusesendogenousretrovirusesareremnantsofancientviralinfectionsfoundinthegenomesofmostifnotallmammalianspeciesintegratedintothechromosomaldnatheyareverticallytransferredthroughinheritanceduetothemanydeletionsandmutationstheyaccumulateovertimetheyusuallyarenotinfectiousinthehostspecieshoweverthevirusmaybecomeinfectiousinanotherspeciespervswereoriginallydiscoveredasretrovirusparticlesreleasedfromculturedporcinekidneycellspigcellshavebeenengineeredtoinactivateallpervsinthegenomeusingcrispreditingcrisprcasgenomeeditingtechnologyandeliminatedinfectionfromthepigtohumancellsincultureethicsxenograftshavebeenacontroversialproceduresincetheywerefirstattemptedmanyincludinganimalrightsgroupsstronglyopposekillinganimalstoharvesttheirorgansforhumanusenoneofthemajorreligionsobjecttotheuseofgeneticallymodifiedpigorgansforlifesavingtransplantationingeneraltheuseofpigandcowtissueinhumanshasbeenmetwithlittleresistancesavesomereligiousbeliefsandafewphilosophicalobjectionsexperimentationwithoutconsentdoctrinesarenowfollowedwhichwasnotthecaseinthepastwhichmayleadtonewreligiousguidelinestofurthermedicalresearchonpronouncedecumenicalguidelinesthecommonruleistheunitedstatesbioethicsmandateinformedconsentofpatientautonomyandinformedconsentareimportantwhenconsideringthefutureusesofxenotransplantationapatientundergoingxenotransplantationshouldbefullyawareoftheprocedureandshouldhavenooutsideforceinfluencingtheirchoicethepatientshouldunderstandtherisksandbenefitsofsuchatransplantationhoweverithasbeensuggestedthatfriendsandfamilymembersshouldalsogiveconsentbecausetherepercussionsoftransplantationarehighwiththepotentialofdiseasesandvirusescrossingovertohumansfromthetransplantationclosecontactsareatriskforsuchinfectionsmonitoringofcloserelationsmayalsoberequiredtoensurethatxenozoonosisisnotoccurringthequestionthenbecomesdoestheautonomyofthepatientbecomelimitedbasedonthewillingnessorunwillingnessoffriendsandfamilytogiveconsentandaretheconfidentialityprinciplesofconfidentialitybrokenthesafetyofpublichealthisafactortobeconsideredifthereisanyrisktothepublicatallforanoutbreakfromtransplantationtheremustbeproceduresinplacetoprotectthepublicnotonlydoestherecipientofthetransplantationhavetounderstandtherisksandbenefitsbutsocietymustalsounderstandandconsenttosuchanagreementtheethicscommitteeoftheinternationalxenotransplantationassociationpointsoutonemajorethicalissueisthesocietalresponsetosuchaproceduretheassumptionisthattherecipientofthetransplantationwillbeaskedtoundergolifelongmonitoringwhichwoulddenytherecipienttheabilitytoterminatethemonitoringatanytimewhichisindirectoppositionofthedeclarationofhelsinkiandthecodeoffederalregulationsuscodeoffederalregulationsxenotransplantionguidelinesintheusathefoodanddrugadministrationfdahasalsostatedthatifatransplantationtakesplacetherecipientmustundergomonitoringfortherestofthatrecipientslifetimeandwaivetheirrighttowithdrawthereasonforrequiringlifelongmonitoringisduetotheriskofacuteinfectionsthatmayoccurthefdasuggeststhatapassivescreeningprogramshouldbeimplementedandshouldextendforthelifeoftherecipientseealsoallograftisograftmedicalgraftingxenopregnancyreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebwileycombwjournalasprefxxenotransplantationtheofficialjournaloftheinternationalxenotransplantationassociationpbsorgwgbhpagesfrontlineshowsorganfarmpbsspecialonpigtohumantransplantswebarchiveorgwebuncagedcoukxenohtmuncagedcampaignsxenodiariesorgsummaryhtmdiariesofdespairwebarchiveorgwebcrtonlineorgcampaignforresponsibletransplantationwebarchiveorgwebnhmrcgovauaboutcommitteesexpertgtrapfilesxenotranspdftheaustraliannationalhealthandmedicalresearchcouncilsstatementonxenotransplantationwebarchiveorgwebscienceeducationnihgovnewsnapshotstocxenoxenotransplantsprintthisissxenoprintthispdfscienceeducationnihgovsnapshotsofscienceandmedicinexenotransplantationsingularityhubcomcanharvestinghumanorgansfromanimalssolveorganshortagecangrowinghumanorgansinpigssolvetheorganshortagebrpredictedandscheduledeventsinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferenceswindowsxpeditionsbiteditionsredirectcategoryshellxylokastroxblxmlbindinglanguageisanxmlbasedmarkuplanguageusedtodeclarationcomputersciencedeclarethebehaviorandlookofxulwidgetcomputingwidgetsandxmlelementsdevelopmentofthexblspecificationwasabandonedbythewcinxblwasdevelopedbythemozillaprojectforuseinthemozillaapplicationsuitethelanguageisnotcurrentlydescribedbyanyformalstandardandisthusproprietarytomozillawiththeonlyimplementationbeingthegeckolayoutenginegeckolayoutenginexblisthelatestversionofxblxblwasfirstdevelopedatnetscapeinandannouncedininaugustmozillaannouncedthattheuseofxblforcreatingfirefoxaddonswouldbedeprecatedinthefutureinfavourofwebextensionspalemoonwebbrowserpalemoonaforksoftwaredevelopmentforkoffirefoxwillcontinuetosupportxblindefinitelyxblbasicsinxulonedefinestheuserinterfacelayoutofanapplicationandthenbyapplyingstylesonecancustomizethelookofvariouselementsthedrawbackisthatxulprovidesnomeanstochangeanelementsfunctionforexampleonemightwanttochangehowthepiecesofascrollbarworkthisiswherexblcomesinanxblfilecontainsdatabindingbindingseachofwhichdescribesthebehaviorofaxulwidgetorxmlelementforexampleabindingmightbeattachedtoascrollbarthebehaviordescribesthepropertiesandmethodcomputersciencemethodsofthescrollbarandalsodescribesthexulelementsdefiningthescrollbartherootelementofanxblfileisthecodenowikibindingsnowikicodeelementwhichcontainsoneormorecodenowikibindingnowikicodeelementseachcodenowikibindingnowikicodeelementdeclaresonebindingwhichcanbeattachedtoanyxulelementitmayalsopossessancodenowikiidnowikicodeattributeabindingisassignedtoanelementbysettingthecascadingstylesheetscsspropertycodenowikimozbindingnowikicodetotheuniformresourcelocatorurlofthebindingsfileforexamplesourcelangcssscrollbarmozbindingurlsomefilexmlbindingsourcewhereincodebindingcodeisthecodeidcodeofthebindinghistoryandfuturexblwasinitiallydevelopedandimplementedaspartofthemozillaapplicationframeworkmozillaplatformalongsidethexullanguagesoxblisavailableinmostmozillabasedproductsmozillafirefoxfirefoxmozillathunderbirdthunderbirdseamonkeyetcthereusedtobeanxblspecificationdocumentonmozillaorgwhichwassubmittedtowcasatechnicalnotebuttheactualimplementationnevermatchedthespecificationthenewestversionofthespecificationcalledxblwasdevelopedtoaddresstheproblemsofxblandtoallowforimplementationwithabroaderrangeofwebbrowsersthewcrecommendationcandidaterecommendationcrcandidaterecommendationofthespecificationwasreleasedbywcinmarchthespecificationwasnotimplementedbyotherbrowservendorsworkonthexblspecificationwasabandonedbythewcworkinggroupininlatemozilladeprecatedxblandisnowintheprocessofremovingitrefcitewebtitledesignreviewpacketxblremovalurlmozillagithubiofirefoxbrowserarchitecturetextxbldesignreviewpackethtmldateaccessd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drinksenjoysthemanhattannightlifeandarrivesattheballparkhungovermorethanoncepitcherwhiteyfordhastobailhimoutorsoberhimuptokeepmantleoutoftroublemarisandteammateroommatebobcervinvitehimtomoveinwiththeminamodesthomeinqueenswithoneconditionnowomennewyorksfansandmediapullforthepopularandpersonablemantlealongtimeyankeethequietermarisisviewedasanoutsideraloofandunworthyasthetwomencloseinontherecordcommissionerofbaseballmlbmlbcommissionerfordfrickwhowasbaberuthsghostwritermakesadecisionunlesstherecordisbrokeningamesthesamenumberruthplayedinthenewrecordwouldbelistedseparatelyfromruthsrecordbecausemlbhasjustbegunusinganewgameseasonitappearsmantleisnotgoingtomakeithishealthdeterioratesandheplaysinconstantpainmarismeanwhileisunaccustomedtosuchahighlevelofpublicscrutinyandisuncomfortableinteractingwiththemediawhodissectanddistorteverythinghesaysordoesthefanshecklemarisandeventhrowobjectsathimonthefieldsoonhebeginsreceivinghatemailanddeaththreatshiswifelivesfarfromnewyorkusuallyavailableonlybyphonethestressbecomessointensethatmarishairbeginstofalloutinclumpstheyankeesowneralsotriestofavormantlebyaskinghouktoswitchmantleandmarisinthebattingorderbuthoukrefusesbecausetheredesignedlineuphasbeenwinningahigherpercentageofgameschronicinjuryandalcoholabusecatchupwithmantleandanilladvisedinjectionbyadoctorinfectshishipandlandshiminahospitalbedwithmantlegonefromthelineupthestagebecomessetformarishefailstobreaktherecordinthethgameoftheseasonbuthedoesfinallyhittherecordbreakingsthomerunduringthefinalgameoftheseasoncastbarrypepperasrogermaristhomasjaneasmickeymantleanthonymichaelhallaswhiteyfordrichardmasurasmiltkahnbrucemcgillasralphhoukchrisbauerasbobcervjennifercrystalfoleyaspatmarispatriciacrowleyaspatmarischristophermcdonaldasmelallenbobguntonasdantoppingdonaldmoffatasfordfrickpaulborgheseasyogiberrapeterjacobsonasartiegreenseymourcasselassamsimonrobertjoyasbobfishelmichaelnouriasjoedimaggiotomcandiottiashoytwilhelmeebellasfanimpersonatingbaberuthfilminglocationsmostofthebaseballactionscenesincludingthosesetatyankeestadiumyankeestadiumwereactuallyfilmedattigerstadiumdetroittigerstadiumindetroitmichiganacombinationofstrategicphotographingandpostproductioneffectswereusedtoenhancetheillusionoftheclassiclayoutofyankeestadiumtigerstadiumwascreditedasplayingyankeestadiumintheclosingcreditstigerstadiumalsoplayeditselfasthehomeofthetigerswhentheyankeesplayedthemindetroittheshotsdepictingfenwayparkandmemorialstadiumbaltimorebaltimoresmemorialstadiumwereshotatthelosangelesmemorialcoliseumcriticalreceptionthefilmreceivedpositivereviewsfromcriticsreviewaggregatorrottentomatoesreportsthatoutofprofessionalcriticsgavethefilmapositivereviewwithanaverageratingoffilmcriticrichardroepernamedoneofhistopfivealltimefavoritebaseballmoviesinactorbarrypepperwasagoldenglobenomineeforbestperformancebyanactorinaminiseriesoramotionpicturemadefortelevisionerrorsinthebeginningofthemoviebobcervwasseenwiththeyankeesonopeningdayinrealitycervwasamemberofthelosangelesangelsuntilmayandthenwastradedtotheyankeesalsoonopeningdaythebroadcastannouncerreferstotheopposingminnesotatwinspitcherascamilopascualinfactthetwinspitcherthatdaywaspedroramoswhowouldlaterdistinguishhimselfasarelieverfortheyankeesasthetwinsarewarminguptwoplayerswearingnumberszoiloversallesandlennygreenareseeninthefilmnumberforthetwinsthrowsrighthandedandappearstobecaucasianinfactgreenwhostartedincenterfieldopeningdayforthetwinsisanafricanamericanwhobattedandthrewlefthandedinhismemoirstillfoolinembillycrystaltellshowbeforeitairedonhbothefilmwasshownatthewhitehouseforasmallaudiencethatincludedpresidentgeorgewbushwhoonceownedbaseballstexasrangersbaseballtexasrangersahomeruninthefilmdepictedasbeinghitoffpitcherfranklarywasactuallyhitofflefthanderhankaguirrethepresidentpointedouttocrystallarygaveupmarisndandthhomersofthatseasonbuttheoneinquestionhisrddidindeedcomeagainstaguirrereferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebbaseballmoviecombaseballaspatthebaseballmovieguidethexvinternationalaidsconferencewasheldinbangkokthecapitalcityofthailandfromjulytojulythemainvenuefortheconferencewastheimpactmuangthongthaniconventioncentreatnonthaburinortheastofdowntownbangkokitwasthefirstinternationalaidsconferencetobeheldinsoutheastasiainternationalaidsconferenceshavebeenheldregularlysincethefirstoneinatlantainattheopeningceremonyontheeveningofjulythemainspeakerswerethethaiprimeministerthaksinshinawatraandthesecretarygeneraloftheunitednationskofiannantheopeningwasscreenedliveonthainationaltelevisionthaksinwhosegovernmenthadbeencriticisedbyforeignobserversforitsharshattitudetoinjectingdruguserssurprisedtheconferencebypledgingtoadoptaharmminimizationapproachtoaidspreventionamongdrugusersandtoworkcooperativelywithnongovernmentorganizationsincludingthethaidrugusersnetworkaidsactivistssuggestedthatthaksinhadbeenpromisedgreatlyincreasedfundingfromtheglobalfundtofightaidstuberculosisandmalariaifheadoptedamoreflexibleattitudeannaninaforcefulspeechpraisedthaksinandalsothepresidentofugandayowerimuseveniwhowasseatedinthefrontrowfortheirleadershipindevelopingstrategiesforfightingaidsindevelopingcountriesbuthesaidthatmuchmorewasneededincludingaradicalchangeinattitudestowomeninmanycountriessincehivinfectionisnowincreasingmorerapidlyamongyoungwomenindevelopingcountriesthatinanyotherpopulationgroupannansaidtheempowermentofwomenparticularlyinafricanandasiancountrieswasthekeytopreventingthefurtherspreadofhivinfectiontheconferencewasattendedbymorethandelegatesandalargecontingentoflocalandinternationalmediamanypeoplewithhivaidsanddelegatesfromdevelopingcountriesweresubsidizedtoattendtheconferencebygovernmentstheunitednationsotherinternationalorganizationsanddrugcompaniestheunitedstateshoweversignificantlyreduceditsofficialpresenceattheconferenceascomparedtopreviousconferencesthedepartmentofhealthandhumanserviceswhichspentusmilliontosendpeopletothexivinternationalaidsconferencexivinternationalaidsconferenceinbarcelonainspentusandsentonlythemovewasseenasaresponsetoeventsinbarcelonawhenhealthandhumanservicessecretarytommythompsonwasshouteddownbyprotestorsthecochairsoftheconferenceweredrvallopthaineuaofthailandandjoeplangeofthenetherlandspresidentoftheinternationalaidssocietywhichwastheformalhostorganizationthecontentoftheconferencewasrunbythreeprogramcommitteesthecommunityprogramcommitteechairedbysenatormechaiviravaidyaanddonalddegagnethescientificprogramcommitteechairedbyprofessorprasertthongcharoenandprofessordavidacooperdavidcooperandtheleadershipprogramcommitteechairedbypakdeepothisirianddebreworkzewdietheleadershipprogramsectionoftheconferencewashoweverthrownintodoubtbysecurityconcernsonjulythethaigovernmentcancelledameetingonhivaidsfornationalleadersplannedaspartoftheconferencetheleadersofcountriesandunitednationssecretarygeneralkofiannanwereinvitedtothesummitwhichwastobehostedbythaiprimeministerthaksinshinawatrabutonlyonenationalleaderandannanacceptedasatpreviousinternationalaidsconferencesbothlocalandinternationalorganizationsstagedprotestsaboutvariousaspectsofhivaidspolicyatthebangkokconferenceactivistsprotestedduringtheopeningoftheconferencetocallattentiontowhattheysaidwerefailuresbygovernmentsworldwideinfightingaidstightsecuritypreventedanydisruptiontotheceremonyalthoughprimeministerthaksinwasheckledduringhisspeechbysomesectionsoftheaudiencetheprotestswerecoordinatedbythailandsaidsaccessfoundationtheycalledforincreasedworldwideaccesstoantiretroviraltreatmentsandgreaterfinancialsupportfortreatmentandpreventionactivistssaidthattheunitedstatesandotherwesternnationswerebacktrackingonfundingpledgesmadeatthebarcelonaconferenceconferenceorganisationoverviewthexvinternationalaidsconferenceisorganisedbytheinternationalaidssocietyiasandthethaiministryofpublichealthasthelocalhostthecoorganisersoftheconferenceareunaidsthreeinternationalcommunitynetworksicwicasognpandtncaaconglomerateofthaiaidsngosstartingwithbangkoktheiashasestablishedacentralconferencesecretariattoorganisetheinternationalaidsconferencesaswellasthehivpathogenesisandtreatmentconferencesthelocalhostsecretariatislocatedinbangkoktocoordinatetheworkoflocalsubcommitteesthecommunityprogramsecretariatislocatedinbangkoktohandlecapacitybuildingoutreachandthecommunityaspectsoftheprogramrepresentativesfromtheorganisersandcoorganisersformthebasisoftheconferenceorganisingcommitteecocthechairsoftheconferencerepresenttheiasandthelocalhostthecocinturnappointstwochairseachforthescientificprogramcommitteespccommunityprogramcommitteecpcandleadershipprogramcommitteethecommitteechairsserveonthecocthespccpcandlpcarethencomposedofleadingrepresentativesfromavarietyoffieldswhobringadiverseexpertisetotheconferenceplanningprocessjonathanmannmemoriallectureonthethirddayoftheconferenceprofessordennisaltmanofmelbournealeadingfigureinthearenaofinternationalhivaidspoliticssincethesdeliveredthejonathanmannmemoriallecturehisthemewasstructuralinterventionsandvulnerablecommunitiesparticularlymenwhohavesexwithmeninjectingdrugusersandsexworkersbuthewasnotconfinedbythistopichesaidofthelateprofessorjonathanmannwhoofficialjonathanmanninwhosehonourthelectureisnamedoneofthethingsilikedaboutjonathanwashiswillingnesstooffendwhendoingsowouldconfrontpeoplewiththeconsequencesoftheiractionsaltmanpointedoutthatthetendencytoblamerichcountriesandpharmaceuticalcompaniesforthefailuretostemtherisingtideofaidsignoredthatthefactthatevenpoorcountriescanaffordtosupportgoodpreventioneffortsasugandaandcambodiaremindusmoretoblamehesaidwasthefailureofgovernmentsandreligiousleadershipstofaceuptothepracticesthatfacilitatedthespreadofhivthegreatesttragedyofhivaidsisthatweknowhowtostopitsspreadandyetinmostpartsoftheworldwearefailingtodosoaltmansaidhecitedwhathecalledthedeliberateneglectbygovernmentstheunwillingnesstospeakopenlyofhivanditsrisksandthehypocrisywithwhichsimplemeasuresofpreventionareforestalledinthenameofculturereligionandtraditionasthemajorreasonsforthecontinuedspreadoftheepidemicaltmanwasparticularlycriticalofthefailuretorememberthelessonslearnedbythegaymalecommunityduringthefirstdecadeoftheaidsepidemicparticularlytheneedforaffectedcommunitiestobeatthecentreoftheresponsetoaidshecalledforanendtorestrictionsonthediscussionandpromotionofcondomsandanendtosilenceabouthomosexualityprostitutionsexworkanddruguseinmanycountriesastheepidemicgrowswehavemanyreasonstobeangryparticularlyatthehypocrisiesofmostgovernmentsandmostreligiousleadersaltmanconcludedweignorethewaysinwhichfundamentalistsofallfaithsperpetuatethegenderandsexualinequalitiesthatfueltheepidemicbutangerthatisnotsupportedbyanalysisandthatdoesnotleadtoactioniswastedandselfindulgentexternallinksiasocietyorginternationalaidssocietymdashconferenceorganizeraidsorgxvinternationalaidsconferencebangkokthailandtheglobalfundorgenglobalfundtofightaidstuberculosisandmalariawebarchiveorgwebkaisernetworkorgaidskffsyndicationaspshowportalhtmlkaisernetworkorgwebcastsinterviewsandnewsfromconferencexerxesiiofpersiainfoboxtvchannelnamextremesportslogofilextremesportslogosvglogocaptionxtremesportslogologosizelaunchseptembercloseddateoctoberpictureformatshareshareasofsharesourcenetworkownercanwestmediainccanwestslogantvwithattitudecountrycanadabroadcastareanationalheadquartersformernamesreplacednamessisternamesxtremesportswasacanadacanadianenglishlanguagecategoryspecialtychannelcategoryspecialtychanneltelevisionchannelownedbycanwestmediaincadivisionofcanwestcanwestglobalcommunicationsxtremesportsairedavarietyofprogrammingprimarilyrelatedtoextremesportshistoryonnovemberglobaltelevisionnetworkincasubsidiaryofcanwestwasgrantedapprovalbythecanadianradiotelevisionandtelecommunicationscommissioncrtctolaunchanationalenglishlanguagecategoryspecialtytelevisionservicecalledextremesportsdescribedasfeaturingthebestofoffbeatsportsprogrammingthatwillgivecanadianstheopportunitytolivevicariouslythroughtheultimatehighassociatedwithsuchextremepastimesashighaltitudeskydivingcliffdivingwhitewaterraftingandmountainclimbingthechannellaunchedonseptemberasxtremesportsinseptemberamidthefinancialcrisisofmidsfinancialcrisisandamountingdebtloadcanwestannounceditwouldbeshutteringxtremesportswithanexpectedclosingdateofoctoberthroughitsofficialstatementcanwestcitedlowgrowthpotentialasthereasonforitsclosingoftheservicenotingfundswouldbebetterdirectedtootherchannelswithgreatergrowthpotentialthechannellaterclosedonoctoberasexpectedprogrammingprogrammingonxtremesportsprimarilyfocusedonextremesportsseriesincludingmensandwomenscompetitionslifestyleandrealityprogramsseriesprimarilyfocusedonthesportswithinthefirmdefinitionofextremesportssuchasmotocrossmountainbikingsurfingskateboardingandsnowboardinghoweverotherformsofextremeadventureandthrillseekingsportsactivitiesincludedmmaprofessionalwrestlingandslamballthefollowinglistisasamplingofseriesairedduringitslastyearofoperationsurfingcrashbangwallopcrashstuntidiotsextremechampionshipwrestlingfearfactorfusiontvinternationalfightleaguetelevisioniflbattlegroundiflfightnightmmxtremeouchthathadtohurtrideguidebikeworldofwakeboardingxsportreferencesstbattalionstmarinesmayrefertoonehalfjanuarymonthdaydatenotationfebruarydaymonthdatenotationstbattalionndmarinesshillingandpenceinbritishpoundsterlingpredecimalpredecimalcurrencythislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellmayrefertodatesjanuarymonthdaydatenotationmarchdaymonthdatenotationjanuaryoftheyearadmarchoftheyearadotherusesafractionmathematicsofonethirdwrittenorpredecimalbritishsterlingcurrencyofshillingandpencestbattalionrdmarinesseealsodisambiguationiiidisambiguationnumberthreedisambiguationthethirddisambiguationthirddisambiguationthirdpartydisambiguationthirdpersondisambiguationfifthxraypulsarsoraccretionpoweredpulsarsareaclassofastronomyastronomicalobjectsthatarexraysourcesdisplayingstrictperiodicvariationsinxrayintensitythexrayperiodsrangefromaslittleasafractionofasecondtoasmuchasseveralminutescharacteristicsanxraypulsarconsistsofamagnetizedneutronstarinorbitwithanormalstellarcompanionandisatypeofbinarystarsystemthemagneticfieldmagneticfieldstrengthatthesurfaceoftheneutronstaristypicallyaboutsupsupteslaunitteslaoveratrilliontimesstrongerthanthestrengthofthemagneticfieldmeasuredattheearthsmagneticfieldsurfaceoftheearthteslaunittgasisaccretedfromthestellarcompanionandischanneledbytheneutronstarsmagneticfieldontothemagneticpolesproducingtwoormorelocalizedxrayhotspotssimilartothetwoauroraastronomyauroralzonesonearthbutfarhotteratthesehotspotstheinfallinggascanreachhalfthespeedoflightbeforeitimpactstheneutronstarsurfacesomuchgravitationalpotentialenergyisreleasedbytheinfallinggasthatthehotspotswhichareestimatedtoaboutonesquarekilometerinareacanbetenthousandtimesormoreasluminousthanthesunrefnameexpxrayunivexploringthexrayuniversephilipacharlesfrederickdsewardcambridgeuniversitypresschapreftemperaturesofmillionsofdegreesareproducedsothehotspotsemitmostlyxraysastheneutronstarrotatespulsesofxraysareobservedasthehotspotsmoveinandoutofviewifthemagneticaxisistiltedwithrespecttothespinaxisgassupplythegasthatsuppliesthexraypulsarcanreachtheneutronstarbyavarietyofwaysthatdependonthesizeandshapeoftheneutronstarsorbitalpathandthenatureofthecompanionstarsomecompanionstarsofxraypulsarsareverymassiveyoungstarsusuallyobsupergiantsseestellarclassificationthatemitaradiationdrivenstellarwindfromtheirsurfacetheneutronstarisimmersedinthewindandcontinuouslycapturesgasthatflowsnearbyvelaxisanexampleofthiskindofsysteminothersystemstheneutronstarorbitssocloselytoitscompanionthatitsstronggravitationalforcecanpullmaterialfromthecompanionsatmosphereintoanorbitarounditselfamasstransferprocessknownasrochelobeoverflowthecapturedmaterialformsagaseousaccretiondiscandspiralsinwardstoultimatelyfallontotheneutronstarasinthebinarysystemcenxforstillothertypesofxraypulsarsthecompanionstarisabestarthatrotatesveryrapidlyandapparentlyshedsadiskofgasarounditsequatortheorbitsoftheneutronstarwiththesecompanionsareusuallylargeandveryellipticalinshapewhentheneutronstarpassesnearbyorthroughthebecircumstellardiskitwillcapturematerialandtemporarilybecomeanxraypulsarthecircumstellardiskaroundthebestarexpandsandcontractsforunknownreasonssothesearetransientxraypulsarsthatareobservedonlyintermittentlyoftenwithmonthstoyearsbetweenepisodesofobservablexraypulsationrefnamebildstencitejournallastbildstenfirstllastchakrabartyfirstdlastchufirstjlastfingerfirstmhlastkohfirstdtlastnelsonfirstrwlastprincefirsttalastrubinfirstbclastscottfirstdmlastvaughanfirstblastwilsonfirstcalastwilsonfirstrbdatetitleobservationsofaccretingpulsarsjournaltheastrophysicaljournalsupplementseriesvolumepagesarxivastrophbibcodeapjsbdoirefspinbehaviorsradiopulsarsrotationpoweredpulsarsandxraypulsarsexhibitverydifferentspinbehaviorsandhavedifferentmechanismsproducingtheircharacteristicpulsesalthoughitisacceptedthatbothkindsofpulsararemanifestationsofarotatingmagnetismmagnetizedneutronstartherotationcycleoftheneutronstarinbothcasesisidentifiedwiththepulseperiodthemajordifferencesarethatradiopulsarshaveperiodsontheorderofmillisecondstosecondsandallradiopulsarsarelosingangularmomentumandslowingdownincontrastthexraypulsarsexhibitavarietyofspinbehaviorssomexraypulsarsareobservedtobecontinuouslyspinningfasterandfasterorslowerandslowerwithoccasionalreversalsinthesetrendswhileothersshoweitherlittlechangeinpulseperiodordisplayerraticspindownandspinupbehaviortheexplanationofthisdifferencecanbefoundinthephysicalnatureofthetwopulsarclassesoverofradiopulsarsaresingleobjectsthatradiateawaytheirrotationalenergyintheformofrelativisticparticlesandmagneticdipoleradiationlightingupanynearbynebulaethatsurroundthemincontrastxraypulsarsaremembersofbinarystarsystemsandaccretematterfromeitherstellarwindsoraccretiondiskstheaccretedmattertransfersangularmomentumtoorfromtheneutronstarcausingthespinratetoincreaseordecreaseatratesthatareoftenhundredsoftimesfasterthanthetypicalspindownrateinradiopulsarsexactlywhythexraypulsarsshowsuchvariedspinbehaviorisstillnotclearlyunderstoodobservationsxraypulsarsareobservedusingthataresatellitesinlowearthorbitalthoughsomeobservationshavebeenmademostlyintheearlyyearsofxrayastronomyusingdetectorscarriedbyballoonsorsoundingrocketsthefirstxraypulsartobediscoveredwascentaurusxinwiththeuhurusatelliteuhuruxraysatelliteseealsoneutronstarpulsarradiopulsaranomalousxraypulsarmagnetarmillisecondpulsarpulsarplanetslistofxraypulsarsreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebbatsemsfcnasagovbatsepulsarbatsepulsarstudiesastronomycastcomastronomystarscompactobjectseppulsarscaingayastronomycastpulsarsnovmultipleissuesinfoboxcompanynamexilinxinclogoimagexilinxlogosvgpxxilinxlogoimageimagecaptionxilinxheadquartersintheunitedstatestypepubliccompanypublictradedasbrnasdaqnasdaqcomponentbrspspcomponentfoundationlocationsanjosecaliforniasanjosecaliforniausfounderjimbarnettbrrossfreemanbrbernievonderschmittareaservedworldwidekeypeopledennissegerssmallchairmanoftheboardofdirectorsboardsmallbrvictorpengsmallpresidentchiefexecutiveofficerceosmallbrlorenzoafloressmallseniorvicepresidentchieffinancialofficercfosmallbrivobolsenssmallseniorvicepresidentchieftechnologyofficercfosmallbrkevincooneysmallseniorvicepresidentchiefinformationofficercfosmallbrstevenlglasersmallseniorvicepresidentcorporatestrategyandmarketingsmallbrcatiahagopiansmallseniorvicepresidentgeneralcounselsmallbrvincentltongsmallexecutivevicepresidentglobaloperationsandqualitysmallindustryintegratedcircuitsproductsfpgascpldsrevenueusnbspbillionoperatingincomeusnbspmillionusnbspmillionnetincomeusnbspmillionusnbspmillionassetsusnbspbillionusnbspbillionequityusnbspbillionusnbspbillionnumemployeessmallaprilsmallwebsitexilinxcomwwwxilinxcomxilinxincisanamericantechnologycompanyprimarilyasupplierofprogrammablelogicdevicesitisknownforinventingthefieldprogrammablegatearrayfpgaandasthefirstsemiconductorcompanywithafablessmanufacturingmodelrefnametworefrefnamesixjonathancassellisuppliisupplicommarketwatchdetailaspxidaforgettableyearformemorychipmakersisupplireleasespreliminarysemiconductorrankingsdecemberretrievedjanuaryrefrefnameelevenjohnedw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troductionofitsnbspnmseriesfpgasxilinxrevealedthatseveralofthehighestdensitypartsinthosefpgaproductlineswillbeconstructedusingmultiplediesinonepackageemployingtechnologydevelopedfordconstructionandstackeddieassembliesinoctoberxilinxshippedthefirstfpgatousethenewtechnologythevirtextfpgawhichincludesbilliontransistorsandmillionasicgatesrefnamedondonclarkthewallstreetjournalblogswsjcomdigitsxilinxsaysfourchipsactlikeonegiantkeywordsxilinxxilinxsaysfourchipsactlikeonegiantoctoberretrievednovemberrefrefnamecliveclivemaxfieldeetimeseetimescomelectronicsnewsxilinxannouncesworldshighestcapacityfpgaxilinxtipsworldshighestcapacityfpgaoctoberretrievednovemberrefrefnamedaviddavidmannerselectronicsweeklyelectronicsweeklycomarticlesxilinxlaunchesmasicgatestackedsiliconfpgahtmxilinxlaunchesmasicgatestackedsiliconfpgaoctoberretrievednovemberrefrefnamesciengtimpietruckscienginesgmbhscienginescomcompanynewsaeventshtmldecemberrivyeravtfpgacomputerwiththenewestandlargestxilinxvirtexrefthefollowingspringxilinxusedthedtechnologytoshipthevirtexhttheindustrysfirstheterogeneousfpgaswhichcombinehighbandwidthfpgaswithuptosixteengbitsandseventytwogbitstransceiverstoreducepowerandsizerequirementsforkeynxgandglinecardapplicationsandfunctionsinjanuaryxilinxacquireddesigntoolfirmautoesldesigntechnologiesandaddedsystemchighleveldesignforitsandseriesfpgafamiliesrefnameeetimesjandylanmcgratheetimeseetimescomelectronicsnewsxilinxbuyshighlevelsynthesisedavendorxilinxbuyshighlevelsynthesisedavendorjanuaryretrievedfebruaryreftheadditionofautoesltoolsextendsthedesigncommunityforfpgastodesignersmoreaccustomedtodesigningatahigherlevelofabstractionusingccandsystemcrefnameelectronicsweelyjanrichardwilsonelectronicsweeklycomelectronicsweeklycomarticlesxilinxacquireseslfirmtomakefpgaseasiertousehtmxilinxacquireseslfirmtomakefpgaseasiertousejanuaryretrievedfebruaryrefinaprilxilinxintroducedaredesignofitstoolsetforprogrammablesystemscalledxilinxvivadovivadodesignsuitethisipandsystemcentricdesignsoftwaresupportsnewerhighcapacitydevicesandspeedsthedesignofprogrammablelogicandiovivadoprovidesfasterintegrationandimplementationforprogrammablesystemsintodeviceswithdstackedsiliconinterconnecttechnologyarmprocessingsystemsanalogmixedsignalamsandmanysemiconductorintellectualpropertyipcoresrefnameednjunednedncomelectronicsproductsotherthevivadodesignsuiteacceleratesprogrammablesystemsintegrationbyuptoxthevivadodesignsuiteacceleratesprogrammablesystemsintegrationandimplementationbyuptoxjunretrievedjanrefcurrentfamilylinespriortoxilinxofferedtwomainfpgafamiliesthehighperformancevirtexfpgavirtexseriesandthehighvolumespartanserieswithacheapereasypathoptionforrampingtovolumeproductionthecompanyalsoprovidestwocomplexprogrammablelogicdevicecpldlinesthecoolrunnerandtheserieseachmodelserieshasbeenreleasedinmultiplegenerationssinceitslaunchinnewerfpgaproductsxilinxminimizestotalpowerconsumptionbytheadoptionofahighkmetalgatehkmgprocesswhichallowsforlowstaticpowerconsumptionatthenbspnmnodestaticpowerisasignificantportionofthetotalpowerdissipationofadeviceandinsomecasesisthedominantfactorthroughtheuseofahkmgprocessxilinxhasreducedpowerusewhileincreasinglogiccapacityrefnameeetimespeterclarkeeetimeseetimescomnewslatestshowarticlejhtmlarticleidxilinxlaunchesspartanvirtexfpgasfebruaryretrievedfebruaryrefrefnameednronwilsonednedncomarticlecahtmlxilinxfpgaintroductionshintatnewrealitiesfebruaryretrievedonfebruaryrefinjunexilinxintroducedthexilinxseriesthevirtexkintexandartixfamiliespromisingimprovementsinsystempowerperformancecapacityandpricethesenewfpgafamiliesaremanufacturedusingtsmcsnbspnmhkmgprocesslessthanoneyearafterannouncingtheseriesnbspnmfpgasxilinxshippedtheworldsfirstnbspnmfpgadevicethekintexmakingthistheprogrammableindustrysfastestproductrolloutinmarchxilinxintroducedthezynqfamilywhichintegratesacompletearmcortexampcoreprocessorbasedsystemonanbspnmfpgaforsystemarchitectsandembeddedsoftwaredevelopersinmayxilinxexpandedtheserieswiththeproductionofthespartanfamilyrefnamespartanannouncecompanyreleasexilinxcomnewspressxilinxannouncesthespartanfpgafamilyhtmlxilinxannouncesthespartanfpgafamilynovemberrefrefnamespartanprodcompanyreleasexilinxcomnewspressxilinxspartanfpgasnowinproductionhtmlxilinxspartanfpgasnowinproductionmayrefindecxilinxintroducedtheultrascaleseriesvirtexultrascaleandkintexultrascalefamiliesthesenewfpgafamiliesaremanufacturedbytsmcinitsnbspnmplanarprocessrefnametsmcrefatthesametimeitannouncedanultrascalesocarchitecturecalledzynqultrascalempsocintsmcnbspnmfinfetprocessrefnametsmcrefvirtexfamilythevirtexfpgavirtexseriesoffpgashaveintegratedfeaturesthatincludefifoandecclogicdspblockspciexpresscontrollersethernetmacblocksandhighspeedtransceiversinadditiontofpgalogicthevirtexseriesincludesembeddedfixedfunctionhardwareforcommonlyusedfunctionssuchasmultipliersmemoriesserialtransceiversandmicroprocessorcoresrefnamevirtexronwilsonednedncomarticlexilinxfpgaintroductionshintatnewrealitiesphpxilinxfpgaintroductionshintatnewrealitiesfebruaryretrievedjunerefthesecapabilitie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riedtoeducatehiminmilitarystrategyandtheartofwarinsteadbutxiangyustoppedlearningafterhehadgraspedthemainideasxiangliangwasdisappointedwithhisnephewwhoshowednosignofmotivationorapparenttalentapartfromhisgreatstrengthsohegaveupandletxiangyudecidehisownfuturerefnamechinaculturerefwhenxiangyugrewolderxiangliangkilledsomeonesotheyfledtowupresentdaysouthernjiangsutoevadetheauthoritiesatthetimeqinshihuangwasonaninspectiontourinthatareaandxiangyuandhisunclewatchedtheemperorsprocessionpassbyxiangyusaidicanreplacehimxiangliangwasshockedandimmediatelycoveredhisnephewsmouthwithhishandafterwardsxiangliangbegantoseehisnephewinadifferentlightrevolutionagainsttheqindynastyinbcduringthereignofqinershipeasantrebellionseruptedthroughoutchinatooverthrowtheqindynastyplungingchinaintoastateofanarchytheadministratorofkuaijicommanderykuaijithencenteredonpresentdaysuzhouwantedtostartarebellionaswellsoheinvitedxiangliangtomeethimanddiscusstheirplanshoweverthexiangsluredyintongintoatrapandkilledhiminsteadwithxiangyupersonallystrikingdownhundredsofyinsmenxianglianginitiatedtherebellionhimselfandralliedaboutmentosupporthimxiangliangproclaimedhimselfadministratorofkuaijicommanderykuaijiwhileappointingxiangyuasageneralxiangliangsrevolutionforcegrewinsizeuntilitwasbetweenandinbcxianglianginstalledemperoryiofchumixinaskinghuaiiiofchustatechutorallysupportfromthoseeagertohelphimoverthrowtheqindynastyandrestoretheformerchustatexiangyudistinguishedhimselfasacompetentmarshalandmightywarrioronthebattlefieldwhileparticipatinginthebattlesagainstqinforceslaterthatyearxiangliangwaskilledatthebattleofdingtaoagainsttheqinarmyledbyzhanghanqindynastyzhanghanandthemilitarypowerofchufellintothehandsofthekingandsomeothergeneralsinthewinterofbcanotherrebelforceclaimingtorestorethezhaostatezhaostateledbyzhaoxiewasbesiegedinhandanbyzhanghanzhaoxierequestedforreinforcementsfromchukinghuaiiigrantedxiangyuthetitleofdukeofluandappointedhimasasecondincommandtosongyiqindynastysongyiwhowasorderedtoleadanarmytoreinforcezhaoxieatthesametimethekingplacedemperorgaozuofhanliubangincommandofanotherarmytoattackguanzhongtheheartlandcapitalterritoryofqinthekingpromisedthatwhoevermanagedtoenterguanzhongfirstwillbegrantedthetitlekingofguanzhongbattleofjuluthechuarmyledbysongyiqindynastysongyiandxiangyureachedanyangsomedistanceawayfromjuluinpresentdayxingtaihebeiwherezhaoxiesforceshadretreatedtosongyiorderedthetroopstolaycamptherefordaysandherefusedtoacceptxiangyussuggestiontoproceedfurtherxiangyutooksongyibysurpriseinameetingandkilledhimonachargeoftreasonsongyisothersubordinateswereafraidofxiangyusotheylethimbecometheactingcommanderinchiefxiangyusentamessengertoinformkinghuaiiiandthekingapprovedxiangscommandinbcxiangyusarmyadvancedtowardsjuluandhesentyingbuandzhonglimotoleadthestrongvanguardarmytocrosstheriverandattacktheqinforcesledbyzhanghanqindynastyzhanghanwhilehefollowedbehindwiththeremainingmajorityofthetroopsaftercrossingtheriverxiangyuorderedhismentosinktheirboatsanddestroyallbutthreedaysworthofrationsinordertoforcehismentochoosebetweenprevailingagainstoverwhelmingoddswithinthreedaysordietrappedbeforethewallsofthecitywithnosuppliesoranyhopeofescapedespitebeingheavilyoutnumberedchuforcesscoredagreatvictoryafternineengagementsdefeatingthestrongqinarmyafterthebattleotherrebelforcesincludingthosenotfromchucametojoinxiangyuoutofadmirationforhismartialvalourwhenxiangyureceivedthematthegatetherebelchiefsweresofearfulofhimthattheysanktotheirkneesanddidnotevendaretolookupathimzhanghansenthisdeputysimaxintoxianyangtorequestforreinforcementsandsuppliesfromtheqinimperialcourthowevertheeunuchzhaogaodeceivedtheemperorandtheemperordismissedzhanghansrequestzhaogaoevensentassassinstokillsimaxinwhenthelatterwasreturningtozhanghanscampbutsimamanagedtoescapealiveindirestraitszhanghanandhistroopseventuallysurrenderedtoxiangyuinthesummerofbcxiangyuperceivedthesurrenderedqintroopsasdisloyalandaliabilityandhadthemexecutedbyburyingthemaliveatxinaninpresentdayyimahenanyimahenanzhanghanalongwithsimaxinanddongyiqindynastydongyiweresparedfromdeathxiangyuappointedzhanghanaskingofyongwhilesimaxinanddongyiwererespectivelyconferredthetitlesofkingofsaiandkingofdifeastathonggateafterhisvictoryatthebattleofjuluxiangyupreparedforaninvasiononguanzhongtheheartlandoftheqindynastyinthewinterofbcthelastqinrulerziyingsurrenderedtoemperorgaozuofhanliubanginxianyangqinscapitalbringinganendtotheqindynastywhenxiangyuarrivedathangupasstheeasterngatewaytoguanzhonghesawthatthepasswasoccupiedbyliubangstroopsasignthatguanzhongwasalreadyunderliuscontrolcaowushangasubordinateofliubangsentamessengertoseexiangyusayingthatliuwouldbecomekingofguanzhonginaccordancewithemperoryiofchukinghuaiiisearlierpromisewhileziyingwouldbeappointedasliuschancellorxiangyuwasfuriousafterhearingthatatthattimehehadabouttroopsunderhiscommandwhileliubangonlyhadaquarterofthatnumberasstronglyencouragedbyhisadvisorfanzengxiangyuinvitedliubangtoattendafeastathonggateandplottedtokillliuduringthebanquethoweverxiangyulaterlistenedtohisunclexiangboanddecidedtospareliubangliubangescapedduringthebanquetunderthepretextofgoingtothelatrinexiangyupaidnoattentiontoliubangspresumptivetitleandledhistroopsintoxianyanginbcheorderedtheexecutionofziyingandhisfamilyaswellasthedestructionoftheepangpalacebyfireitwassaidthatxiangyuwouldleavebehindatrailofdestructionintheplaceshepassedbyandthepeopleofguanzhongweregreatlydisappointedwithhimrefnameshijigaozubenjisimaqianrecordsofthegrandhistorianvolumebiographyofemperorgaozurefdespiteadvicefromhissubjectstoremaininguanzhongandcontinuewithhisconquestsxiangyuwasinsistentonreturningtohishomelandinchuhesaidtonotreturnhomewhenonehasmadehisfortuneisequivalenttowalkingonthestreetsatnightinglamourousoutfitswhowouldnoticethatoneofhisfollowerssaiditisindeedtruewhenpeoplesaythatthemenofchuareapesdressedinhumanclothingxiangyuhadthatmanboiledalivewhenheheardthatinsultdivisionoftheempireafterthedownfalloftheqindynastyxiangyuofferedemperoryiofchukinghuaiiithemorehonourabletitleofemperoryiofchuandannouncedhisdecisiontodividetheformerqinempirexiangyudeclaredhimselfhegemonkingofwesternchuandruledninecommanderychinacommanderiesintheformerliangstateliangandchustatechuterritorieswithhiscapitalatpengchengpresentdayxuzhoujiangsuinthespringofbcxiangyudividedtheformerqinempireintotheeighteenkingdomstobegrantedtohissubordinatesandsomeleadersoftheformerrebelforceshemovedsomeoftherulersofotherstatestomoreremoteareasandgrantedthelandofguanzhongtothethreesurrenderedqingeneralsignoringemperoryisearlierpromisetoappointliubangaskingofthatregionliubangwasrelocatedtotheremotehanzhongareaandgiventhetitleofkingofhanxiangyuappointedseveralgeneralsfromtherebelcoalitionasvassalkingseventhoughthesegeneralsweresubordinatesofotherlordswhoshouldrightfullybethekingsinplaceoftheirfollowersxiangyualsoleftoutsomeotherimportantrebelleaderswhodidnotsupporthimearlierbutdidcontributetotheoverthrowofqininwinterxiangyumovedemperoryitotheremoteareaofchencountypresentdaychenzhouhunaneffectivelysendingthepuppetemperorintoexileatthesametimeheissuedasecretordertothevassalkingsinthatareaandhadtheemperorassassinatedduringhisjourneyinbctheemperorsdeathwaslaterusedbyliubangaspoliticalpropagandatojustifyhiswaragainstxiangyushortlyafterthedeathofemperoryixiangyuhadhanchengkingofhanstatehnputtodeathandseizedhanslandsforhimselfseveralmonthslatertianrongchancellorofqistateqitookcontroloverthethreeqisjiaodongqiandjibeifromtheirrespectivekingsandreinstatedtianfuasthekingofqibuthetookoverthethronehimselfafterwardssimilarlychenyuzhaostatechenyuaformervicechancellorofzhaostatezhaoledanuprisingagainstthekingofchangshanzhangerandseizedzhangsdomainandreinstalledzhaoxieasthekingofzhaochuhancontentionbattleofpengchenginbcemperorgaozuofhanliubangledhisforcestoattackguanzhongatthattimexiangyuwasatwarwithqistateqianddidnotfocusonresistingthehanforcesthefollowingyearliubangformedanalliancewithanotherfivekingdomsandattackedwesternchuwithastrongarmycapturingxiangyuscapitalofpengchenguponhearingthatxiangyuledmentoattackliubanganddefeatedthelatteratthebattleofpengchengwiththehanarmysufferingheavycasualtiesbattleofxingyangliubangmanagedtoescapeafterhisdefeatwithxiangyustroopsonpursuithantroopsretreatedtoxingyanganddefendedthecityfirmlypreventingchuforcesfromadvancingwestanyfurtherbutonlymanagedtoholdonuntilbcliubangssubordinatejixindisguisedhimselfashislordandsurrenderedtoxiangyubuyingtimeforliubangtoescapewhenxiangyulearnedthathehadbeenfooledhebecamefuriousandhadjixinburnedtodeathafterthefallofxingyangchuandhanforcesweredividedontwofrontsalongpresentdayhenanhoweverxiangyusforceswerenotfaringwellonthebattlefrontnorthoftheyellowriverasthehanarmyledbyhanxindefeatedhistroopsineverysinglebattleatthesametimeliubangsallypengyueledhismentoharassxiangyusreartreatyofhongcanalbybcthetidehadturnedinfavourofhanxiangyumanagedtocaptureliubangsfatherafterayearlongsiegeandhethreatenedtoboilliusfatheraliveifliurefusedtosurrenderliubangremarkedthatheandxiangyuwereoathbrotherssoifxiangkilledliusfatherhewouldbeguiltyofpatricidexiangyurequestedforanarmisticeknownasthetreatyofhongcanalandreturnedthehostageshecapturedbacktoliubangaspartoftheiragreementthetreatydividedchinaintoeastandwestunderthechuandhandomainsrespectivelybattleofgulingshortlyafterasxiangyuwasretreatingeastwardsliubangrenouncedthetreatyandledhisforcestoattackwesternchuliubangsentmessengerstohanxinandpengyuerequestingfortheirassistanceinformingathreeprongedattackonxiangyubuthanxinandpengyuedidnotmobilisetheirtroopsandliubangwasdefeatedbyxiangyuatthebattleofgulingliubangretreatedandreinforcedhisdefenceswhilesendingemissariestohanxinandpengyuepromisingtograntthemfiefsandtitlesofvassalkingsiftheywouldjoinhiminattackingwesternchudefeatanddownfallinbchanarmiesledbyliubanghanxinandpengyueattackedwesternchufromthreesidesandtrappedxiangyusarmywhichwaslowonsuppliesatgaixiainpresentdaylingbicountyanhuiliubangorderedhistroopstosingfolksongsfromthechustatechuregiontocreateafalseimpressionthatxiangyusnativelandhadbeenconqueredbyhanforcesthemoraleofthechuarmyplummetedandmanyofxiangyustroopsdesertedindespairxiangyusankintoastateofdepressionandhecomposedthesongofgaixiahisconcubineconsortyucommittedsuicidethenextmorningxiangyuledaboutofhisremainingelitecavalryonadesperateattempttobreakoutoftheencirclementwithenemytroopspursuingthemaftercrossingthehuairiverxiangyuwasonlyleftwithafewhundredsoldierstheywerelostinyinlingandxiangyuaskedfordirectionsfromafarmerwhodirectedhimwronglytoaswampwhenxiangyureacheddongchengonlymenwereleftwiththehantroopsstillfollowinghimxiangyumadeaspeechtohismensayingthathisdownfallwasduetoheavenswillandnothispersonalfailureafterthatheledachargeoutoftheencirclementkillingonehangeneralinthebattlexiangyuthensplithismenintothreegroupstoconfusetheenemyandinducethemtosplitupaswelltoattackthethreegroupsxiangyutookthehantroopsbysurpriseagainandslewanotherenemycommanderinflictingaboutcasualtiesontheenemywhileheonlylosttwomendeathxiangyuretreatedtothebankofthewuriveryangtzerivertributarywurivernearpresentdayhecountychaohucityanhuiandtheferrymanatthefordpreparedaboatforhimtocrosstheriverstronglyencouraginghimtodosobecausexiangyustillhadthesupportofthepeoplefromhishomelandinthesouthxiangyusaidthathewastooashamedtoreturnhomeandfacehispeoplebecausenoneofthefirstmenfromjiangdongwhofollowedhimonhisconquestssurvivedherefusedtocrossandorderedhisremainingmentodismountaskingtheferrymantotakehiswarhorsezhuibackhomexiangyuandhismenmadealaststandagainstwaveafterwaveofhanforcesuntilonlyxianghimselfwasleftalivexiangyucontinuedtofightonandslewoverenemysoldiersbuthehadalsosustainedseveralwoundsalloverhisbodyjustthenxiangyusawanoldfriendlmatongamongthehansoldiersandhesaidtoliheardthatthekingofhanliubanghasplacedapriceofgoldandthetitleofwanhumarquislitmarquisofhouseholdsonmyheadtakeitthenonaccountofourfriendshipxiangyuthencommittedsuicidebyslittinghisthroatwithhisswordandabrawlbrokeoutamongthehansoldiersatthesceneduetotherewardofferedbyliubangandxiangyusbodywassaidtobedismemberedandmutilatedinthefighttherewardwaseventuallyclaimedbylmatongandfiveothersafterxiangyusdeathwesternchusurrenderedandchinawasunitedunderliubangsrulemarkingthevictoryofthehandynastyliubangheldagrandstatefuneralforxiangyuinguchengpresentdaydongpingcountytaiantaianshandongwiththeceremonybefittingxiangstitledukeofluxiangyusrelativesweresparedfromdeathincludingxiangbowhosavedliubangslifeatthefeastathonggateandtheyweregrantedmarquistitlesdepictionofcharacterxiangyuisdepictedasaruthlessleaderinsharpcontrasttohisrivalliubanghewasamassmurdererorderingthemassacresofentirecitieswhentheyrefusedtosurrenderandputupstrongresistancethemostnotoriousexampleofhiscrueltywaswhenheorderedthesurrenderedqintroopstobeburiedaliveafterthebattleofjuluandthegruesomemethodsofexecutionheemployedagainsthisenemiesandcriticsconverselyliubangisportrayedasashrewdandcunningrulerwhocanbebrutalattimeshoweverliubangforbadehistroopsfromlootingthecitiestheycapturedandhesparedthelivesofthecitizensearningtheirsupportandtrustinreturnxiangyusstorybecameanexampleforconfucianismconfucianiststoadvocatetheideathatleadersshouldrulewithbenevolenceandnotgovernbyinstillingfearinthepeoplehoweverhisambitionsendedwiththecollapseofwesternchuhisdefeatbyemperorgaozuofhanliubangandhisdeathattheearlyageofaroundsongofgaixiadivalignleftthesongofgaixiatranslatedasthehegemonslamentbyburtonwatsonwasasongcomposedbyxiangyuwhilehewastrappedbyliubangsforcesatgaixiainpresentdaylingbicountyanhuithelyricsinenglishasfollowsarebasedonwatsonstranslationbordercellpaddingcellmarginstylefontsizethehegemonslamentstylefontsizemystrengthpluckedupthehillsbrmymightshadowedtheworldstylefontsizebutthetimeswereagainstmebranddapplerunsnomorestylefontsizewhendapplerunsnomorebrwhatthencanidostylefontsizeahyumyyubrwhatwillyourfatebedivsmalldappleiswatsonstranslationofthenameofxiangyuswarhorsezhuithisyureferstoxiangyusconcubineconsortyuevaluationthehistoriansimaqianwhowrotexiangyusbiographyintherecordsofthegrandhistoriandescribedxiangassomeonewhoboastedabouthisachievementsandthoughthighlyofhimselfxiangyupreferredtodependonhispersonalabilitiesasopposedtolearningwithhumilityfromothersbeforehimsimaqianthoughtthatxiangyuhadfailedtoseehisownshortcomingsandtomakeattemptstocorrecthismistakesevenuntilhisdeathsimaqianthoughtthatitwasridiculouswhenxiangyuclaimedthathisdownfallwasduetoheavenswillandnothispersonalfailureliubangsgeneralhanxinwhowasoneofxiangyusopponentsonthebattlefieldmadeastatementcriticisingxiangamanwhoturnsintoafiercewarriorwhenheencountersarivalstrongerthanheisbutalsoonewhoissympatheticandsoftheartedwhenheseessomeoneweakerthanheisneitherwasheabletomakegooduseofcapablegeneralsnorwasheabletosupportemperoryiofchuashekilledtheemperoreventhoughhehadthenameofaconquerorhehadalreadylostthefavourofthepeoplethetangdynastypoetdumumentionedxiangyuinoneofhispoemstiwujiangtingvictoryordefeatiscommoninbattleonewhocanendurehumiliationisatruemanthereareseveraltalentsinjiangdongwhoknowsifhexiangyucanmakeacomebackhoweverthesongdynastypoetwanganshihadadifferentopinionashewrotethewarriorisalreadytiredaftersomanybattleshisdefeatinthecentralplainsishardtoreversealthoughtherearetalentsinjiangdongaretheywillingtohelphimthesongdynastyfemalepoetliqingzhaowroteaheroinlifeakingofghostsafterdeathuntilnowwestillrememberxiangyuwhorefusedtoreturntojiangdongmaozedongalsooncementionedxiangyuweshoulduseourremainingstrengthtodefeattheenemyinsteadofthinkingaboutachievingfameliketheconquerorinmaoalsopointedoutthreereasonsforxiangyusdownfallnotfollowingfanzengsadvicetokillliubangatthefeastathonggateandlettingliuleaveadheringfirmlytothetermsofthepeacetreatywithoutconsideringthatliubangmightbetrayhistrustbuildinghiscapitalatpengchengpresentdayxuzhoujiangsuxiangyuispopularlyviewedasaleaderwhopossessedgreatcouragebutlackedwisdomandhischaracterisaptlysummarisedusingthechineseidiomyouyongwumoumeaninghascouragebutlackstacticsfoolhardyxiangyusbattletacticswerestudiedbylatermilitaryleaderswhilehispoliticalblundersservedascautionarytalesforlaterrulersanotherchineseidiomsimianchugewasalsoderivedfromthebattleofgaixiaandusedtodescribesomeoneinadesperatesituationwithouthelpanothersayingbyliubanghavingafanzengbutunabletousehimwasalsousedtodescribexiangyusrelianceonhisadvisorfanzengandfailuretoactuallylistentofansadviceculturalreferencesimagexiangyuoperamaskpngthumbrightpxtraditionalbeijingoperamaskforxiangyuxiangyusmightandprowessinbattlehasbeenglorifiedinchinesefolktaleschinesepoetrypoetryandnovelsandhehasbeenthesubjectoffilmstelevisionplayschineseoperasvideogamesandcomicshisclassicimageisthatofaheroicandbravebutarrogantandbloodthirstywarriorkinghisromancewithhisconcubineconsortyuandhissuicidehavealsoaddedatouchofatragicherotohischaracterpoetryfolktalesnovelsxiangyusmightandprowessinbattleappearsinchinesefolktalesandchinesepoetrypoetryeginhisbattleofgaixiafinalbattlethemengchiuanthcenturychineseprimercontainsthefourcharacterrhymingcoupletjixinimpersonatestheemperoritreferredtotheepisodeinthebattleofxingyangbcbattleofxingyangwhenjixinandwomendisguisedthemselvesasliubangandhisarmytodistractxiangyuinordertobuytimeforliubangtoescapefromthecityofxingyanginromanceofthethreekingdomsoneofthefourgreatclassicalnovelsofchineseliteraturesunceisnicknamedlittleconquerorandisoftencomparedfavourablytoxiangyubyhiscontemporariessunceisbestknownforhissuncesconquestsinjiangdongconquestsinthejiangnanjiangdongregionthatlaidthefoundationofthestateofeasternwuinthethreekingdomserainwatermarginanotherofthefourgreatclassicalnovelszhoutongwatermarginzhoutongoneoftheoutlawsisnicknamedlittleconquerorforhisresemblancetoxiangyuinappearanceinjinpingmeicihuaeditionxiangyuismentionedasanexampleofatragiccharacterinthesongattheopeningofthefirstchapterthecharactermatazynduinkenliusepicfantasynovelthegraceofkingsisbasedonxiangyuoperasafamousbeijingoperabawangbiejidepictstheeventsofxiangyusdefeatatthebattleofgaixiathetitleoftheplaywasborrowedasthechinesetitleforchenkaigesawardwinningmotionpicturefarewellmyconcubinefilmfarewellmyconcubinetelevisiontheworksofxiangyuareacentralthemeinthefireflytvseriesfireflyepisodewarstoriesfireflywarstorieswhichdealswithsadismandtortureinthelastepisodeofthehongkongtelevisionseriesastepintothepastthesonofxiangshaolongorhungsiulungthetimetravellingprotagonistsayshewantstochangehisnametoyuliterallymeansfeatherbecauseheadmirestheflyingbirdshisfatherisshockedtorealisethathissonisactuallythefuturehegemonkingofwesternchuvideogamesxiangyuisoneofthehistoricalfigureswhoappearasspecialcharactersinthevideogameromanceofthethreekingdomsxibykoeiheisalsofeaturedasanonplayablecharacternpcintheactionrpgprinceofqinvideogameprinceofqinxiangyuisoneofthemaincharactersinassupernintendotitleriseofthephoenixhistoricalsimulationgamebythekoeicorporationtheotherbeingliubangreferencesfurtherreadingsimaqianrecordsofthegrandhistorianvolumebanguetalbookofhanvolumesimaguangzizhitongjianvolumesstultitlechustatehegemonkingofwesternchuyearsbcreasonchuhancontentionstultitleemperorofchinayearsbcreasonchuhancontentioninfoboxpersonnamexaviersigalonimagesigalonxavierjpgaltcaptionsigaloninlemagasinpittoresqueparisbirthnamebirthdateorbirthplaceuzsgardfrancedeathdateaugustordeathdatethenbirthdatedeathplaceromeitalynationalityfrenchothernamesoccupationpainterknownforcopyofthelastjudgmentmichelangelothelastjudgementxaviersigalonaugustwasafrancefrenchpaintingpainterhewasoneofthefewleadersoftheromanticmovementwhocaredmorefortreatmentofformthanofcolourbiographyxaviersigalonwasborninbornatuzsgardtowardstheendofsonofapoorruralschoolmasterwithgreatdifficultyhecametoparisandobtainedadmissiontothestudioofpierrenarcissegurinhedidnotagreewiththeinstructionhewasgivenandtriedtotrainhimselfbystudyingtheitalianmastersinthegalleryofthelouvreinheexhibitedtheyoungcourtesanwhichatonceattractedattentionandwasboughtfortheluxembourgsigaloncontinuedtochallengehimselfproducinglocustainandathaliahsmassacreinboththeseworksshowedincontestablepowerbutthevisionofstjermewhichappearedatthesalonparissalonofandthecrucifixionweremuchthemostindividualofallhisachievementsinhereceivedthecrossofthelegionofhonourhispaintingsatthistimealthoughpowerf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llowcommonpartsofcomponentmodelstobedefinedinoneplaceandreusedxsdaddstheabilitytodefinearbitraryassertionsusingxpathexpressionsasconstraintsonelementcontentxsdschemasareconventionallywrittenasxmldocumentssofamiliareditingandtransformationtoolscanbeusedaswellasvalidationxsdallowsxmlinstancestobeannotatedwithtypeinformationthepsvipostschemavalidationinfosetpsviwhichisdesignedtomakemanipulationofthexmlinstanceeasierinapplicationprogramsthismaybebymappingthexsddefinedtypestotypesinaprogramminglanguagesuchasjavadatabindingorbyenrichingthetypesystemofxmlprocessinglanguagessuchasxsltandxqueryknownasschemaawarenesscommonalitywithrelaxngrelaxngandwcxmlschemaallowforsimilarmechanismsofspecificitybothallowforadegreeofmodularityintheirlanguagesincludingforexamplesplittingtheschemaintomultiplefilesandbothofthemareorcanbedefinedinanxmllanguageadvantagesoverrelaxngrelaxngdoesnothaveanyanalogtopsviunlikewcxmlschemarelaxngwasdesignedsothatvalidationandaugmentationaddingtypeinformationanddefaultvaluesareseparatewcxmlschemahasaformalmechanismforattachingaschematoanxmldocumentwhilerelaxngintentionallyavoidssuchmechanismsforsecurityandinteroperabilityreasonsrelaxnghasnoabilitytoapplydefaultattributedatatoanelementslistofattributesiechangingthexmlinfosetwhilewcxmlschemadoesagainthisdesignisintentionalandistoseparatevalidationandaugmentationwcxmlschemahasarichsimpletypesystembuiltinxsnumberxsdateetcplusderivationofcustomtypeswhilerelaxnghasanextremelysimplisticonebecauseitsmeanttousetypelibrariesdevelopedindependentlyofrelaxngratherthangrowitsownthisisseenbysomeasadisadvantageinpracticeitscommonforarelaxngschematousethepredefinedsimpletypesandrestrictionspatternmaxlengthetcofwcxmlschemainwcxmlschemaaspecificnumberorrangeofrepetitionsofpatternscanbeexpressedwhereasitspracticallynotpossibletospecifyatallinrelaxngoneormoreorzeroormoredisadvantageswcxmlschemaiscomplexandhardtolearnalthoughthatspartiallybecauseittriestodomorethanmerevalidationseepsvialthoughbeingwritteninxmlisanadvantageitisalsoadisadvantageinsomewaysthewcxmlschemalanguageinparticularcanbequiteverbosewhileadtdcanbeterseandrelativelyeasilyeditablelikewisewxssformalmechanismforassociatingadocumentwithaschemacanposeapotentialsecurityproblemforwxsvalidatorsthatwillfollowauritoanarbitraryonlinelocationthereisthepotentialforreadingsomethingmaliciousfromtheothersideofthestreamrefnameclarkjamesclarkcocreatorofrelaxngimcorgietfxmlusemailarchivemsghtmlrelaxngandwcxmlschemarefwcxmlschemadoesnotimplementmostofthedtdabilitytoprovidedataelementstoadocumentalthoughwcxmlschemasabilitytoadddefaultattributestoelementsisanadvantageitisadisadvantageinsomewaysaswellitmeansthatanxmlfilemaynotbeusableintheabsenceofitsschemaevenifthedocumentwouldvalidateagainstthatschemaineffectallusersofsuchanxmldocumentmustalsoimplementthewcxmlschemaspecificationthusrulingoutminimalistorolderxmlparsersitcanalsoslowdownprocessingofthedocumentastheprocessormustpotentiallydownloadandprocessasecondxmlfiletheschemahoweveraschemawouldnormallythenbecachedsothecostcomesonlyonthefirstusetoolsupportwxssupportexistsinanumberoflargexmlparsingpackagesxercesandthenetframeworksbaseclasslibrarybothprovidesupportforwxsvalidationrelaxngrelaxngprovidesformostoftheadvantagesthatwcxmlschemadoesoverdtdsadvantagesoverwcxmlschemawhilethelanguageofrelaxngcanbewritteninxmlitalsohasanequivalentformthatismuchmorelikeadtdbutwithgreaterspecifyingpowerthisformisknownasthecompactsyntaxtoolscaneasilyconvertbetweentheseformswithnolossoffeaturesorevencommentingevenarbitraryelementsspecifiedbetweenrelaxngxmlelementscanbeconvertedintothecompactformrelaxngprovidesverystrongsupportforunorderedcontentthatisitallowstheschematostatethatasequenceofpatternsmayappearinanyorderrelaxngalsoallowsfornondeterministiccontentmodelswhatthismeansisthatrelaxngallowsthespecificationofasequencelikethefollowingsourcelangxmlzeroormorezeroormoreoptionaloptionalsourcewhenthevalidatorencounterssomethingthatmatchestheoddpatternitisunknownwhetherthisistheoptionallastoddreferenceorsimplyoneinthezeroormoresequencewithoutlookingaheadatthedatarelaxngallowsthiskindofspecificationwcxmlschemarequiresallofitssequencestobefullydeterministicsomechanismsliketheabovemustbeeitherspecifiedinadifferentwayoromittedaltogetherrelaxngallowsattributestobetreatedaselementsincontentmodelsinparticularthismeansthatonecanprovidethefollowingsourcelangxmlelementnamesomeelementchoiceattributenamehasnamevaluefalsevalueattributegroupattributenamehasnamevaluetruevalueattributeelementnamenametextelementgroupchoiceelementsourcethisblockstatesthattheelementsomeelementmusthaveanattributenamedhasnamethisattributecanonlytaketrueorfalseasvaluesandifitistruethefirstchildelementoftheelementmustbenamewhichstorestextifnamedidnotneedtobethefirstelementthenthechoicecouldbewrappedinaninterleaveelementalongwithotherelementstheorderofthespecificationofattributesinrelaxnghasnomeaningsothisblockneednotbethefirstblockintheelementdefinitionwcxmlschemacannotspecifysuchadependencybetweenthecontentofanattributeandchildelementsrelaxngsspecificationonlyliststwobuiltintypesstringandtokenbutitallowsforthedefinitionofmanymoreintheorythelackofaspecificlistallowsaprocessortosupportdatatypesthatareveryproblemdomainspecificmostrelaxngschemascanbealgorithmicallyconvertedintowcxmlschemasandevendtdsexceptwhenusingrelaxngfeaturesnotsupportedbythoselanguagesasabovethereverseisnottrueassuchrelaxngcanbeusedasanormativeversionoftheschemaandtheusercanconvertittootherformsfortoolsthatdonotsupportrelaxngdisadvantagesmostofrelaxngsdisadvantagesarecoveredunderthesectiononwcxmlschemasadvantagesoverrelaxngthoughrelaxngsabilitytosupportuserdefineddatatypesisusefulitcomesatthedisadvantageofonlyhavingtwodatatypesthattheusercanrelyuponwhichintheorymeansthatusingarelaxngschemaacrossmultiplevalidatorsrequireseitherprovidingthoseuserdefineddatatypestothatvalidatororusingonlythetwobasictypesinpracticehowevermostrelaxngprocessorssupportthewcxmlschemasetofdatatypestoolsupportschematronschematronisafairlyunusualschemalanguageunlikethemainthreeitdefinesanxmlfilessyntaxasalistofxpathbasedrulesifthedocumentpassestheserulesthenitisvalidadvantagesbecauseofitsrulebasednatureschematronsspecificityisverystrongitcanrequirethatthecontentofanelementbecontrolledbyoneofitssiblingsitcanalsorequestorrequirethattherootelementregardlessofwhatelementthathappenstobehavespecificattributesitcanevenspecifyrequiredrelationshipsbetweenmultiplexmlfilesdisadvantageswhileschematronisgoodatrelationalconstructsitsabilitytospecifythebasicstructureofadocumentthatiswhichelementscangowhereresultsinaveryverboseschemathetypicalwaytosolvethisistocombineschematronwithrelaxngorwcxmlschemathereareseveralschemaprocessorsavailableforbothlanguagesthatsupportthiscombinedformthisallowsschematronrulestospecifyadditionalconstraintstothestructuredefinedbywcxmlschemaorrelaxngtoolsupportschematronsreferenceimplementationisactuallyanxslttransformationthattransformstheschematrondocumentintoanxsltthatvalidatesthexmlfileassuchschematronspotentialtoolsetisanyxsltprocessorthoughlibxmlprovidesanimplementationthatdoesnotrequirexsltsunmicrosystemssmultipleschemavalidatorforjavaprogramminglanguagejavahasanaddonthatallowsittovalidaterelaxngschemasthathaveembeddedschematronrulesnamespaceroutinglanguagenrlthisisnottechnicallyaschemalanguageitssolepurposeistodirectpartsofdocumentstoindividualschemasbasedonthenamespaceoftheencounteredelementsannrlismerelyalistofxmlnamespacexmlnamespacesandapathtoaschemathateachcorrespondstothisallowseachschematobeconcernedwithonlyitsownlanguagedefinitionandthenrlfileroutestheschemavalidatortothecorrectschemafilebasedonthenamespaceofthatelementthisxmlformatisschemalanguageagnosticandworksforjustaboutanyschemalanguageterminologycapitalizationintheschemawordthereissomeconfusionastowhentousethecapitalizedspellingschemaandwhentousethelowercasespellingthelowercaseformisagenerictermandmayrefertoanytypeofschemaincludingdtdxmlschemaakaxsdrelaxngorothersandshouldalwaysbewrittenusinglowercaseexceptwhenappearingatthestartofasentencetheformschemacapitalizedincommonuseinthexmlcommunityalwaysreferstoxmlschemawcwcxmlschemaschemaauthoringchoicesthefocusoftheschemadefinitionisstructureandsomesemanticsofdocumentshoweverschemadesignjustlikedesignofdatabasescomputerprogramandotherformalconstructsalsoinvolvemanyconsiderationsofstyleconventionandreadabilityextensivediscussionsofschemadesignissuescanbefoundinforexamplemalerrefnamemcitebookauthorevemalerandjeanneelandaloussiyeartitledevelopingsgmldtdsfromtexttomodeltomarkuppublisherprenticehallptrisbnrefandderoserefnamedcitebookauthorderosesteventitlethesgmlfaqbookunderstandingthefoundationofhtmlandxmlyearpublisherkluweracademicpublishersisbnrefconsistencyoneobviousconsiderationisthattagsandattributenamesshoulduseconsistentconventionsforexampleitwouldbeunusualtocreateaschemawheresomeelementnamesarecamelcasebutothersuseunderscorestoseparatepartsofnamesorotherconventionsclearandmnemonicnamesasinotherformallanguagesgoodchoicesofnamescanhelpunderstandingeventhoughthenamespersehavenoformalsignificancenamingtheappropriatetagchapterratherthantagisahelptothereaderatthesametimethisbringsinissuesofthechoiceofnaturallanguageaschematobeusedforirishgaelicdocumentswillprobablyusethesamelanguageforelementandattributenamessincethatwillbethelanguagecommontoeditorsandreaderstagvsattributechoicesomeinformationcanfitreadilyineitheranelementoranattributebecauseattributescannotcontainelementsinxmlthisquestiononlyarisesforcomponentsthathavenofurthersubstructurethatxmlneedstobeawareofattributesdosupportmultipletokenssuchasmultipleidrefvalueswhichcanbeconsideredaslightexceptionattributestypicallyrepresentinformationassociatedwiththeentiretyoftheelementonwhichtheyoccurwhilesubelementsintroduceanewscopeoftheirowntextcontentsomexmlschemasparticularlyonesthatrepresentvariouskindsofdocumentsensurethatalltextcontentroughlyanypartthatonewouldspeakifreadingthedocumentaloudoccursastextandneverinattributeshowevertherearemanyedgecaseswherethisdoesnotholdfirsttherearexmldocumentswhichdonotinvolvenaturallanguageatalloronlyminimallysuchasfortelemetrycreationofvectorgraphicsormathematicalformulaeandsoonsecondinformationlikestagedirectionsinplaysversenumbersinclassicalandscripturalworksandcorrectionornormalizationofspellingintranscribedworksallposeissuesofinterpretationthatschemadesignersforsuchgenresmustconsiderschemareuseanewxmlschemacanbedevelopedfromscratchorcanreusesomefragmentsofotherxmlschemasallschemalanguagesoffersometoolsforexamplettincludettandmodularizationcontrolovernamespacesandrecommendreusewherepracticalvariouspartsoftheextensiveandsophisticatedtextencodinginitiativeschemasarealsoreusedinanextraordinaryvarietyofotherschemassemanticvssyntaticexceptforardfrelatedonenoschemalanguageexpressformallysemanticonlystructureanddatatypesdespitebeingtheidealtheinclusionofrdfassumptionsisverypoorandisnotarecommendationintheschemadevelopmentframeworksseealsodatastructurelistofxmlschemasschemadisambiguationforotherusesoftheterminformationarchitecturestructuringinformationxmlinformationsetxmlloglanguagesclixmarkupclixdocumentstructuredescriptiondocumenttypedefinitionnamespaceroutinglanguagenamespacebasedvalidationdispatchinglanguageoasiscamrelaxngschematronwcxmlschemareferencespikepsuedupublicationssigmodrecordpdfcomparativeanalysisofsixxmlschemalanguagesbydongwonleewesleywchuinacmsigmodrecordvolnopageseptemberpikepsuedupublicationstoitpdftaxonomyofxmlschemalanguagesusingformallanguagetheorybymakotomuratadongwonleemuralimanikohsukekawaguchiinacmtransoninternettechnologytoitvolnopagenovemberexternallinksxmlcompubaschemacomparehtmlcomparingxmlschemalanguagesbyericvandervlistworgschemaguthulahtmlapplicationofxmlschemainwebservicessecuritybysridharguthulawcschemaexperiencereportmaydevxcomxmlarticlemarchdevxarticletakingxmlvalidationtothenextlevelintroducingcambymichaelsorensinterwikiescategoriesordersofmagnitudenumberschemboxverifiedfieldschangedwatchedfieldschangedverifiedrevidnamesmalldsmallxyloseimagefilelxylosesvgimagenameldxylopyranoseimagefilerxylofuranosepngimagesizerpximagenamerxylofuranoseimagefiledxylosesvgimagesizepximagenamexylosechairimagefilexyloselinearpngimagesizepximagenamexyloselineariupacnamesmalldsmallxyloseothernamesxylosebrwoodsugarsectionchemboxidentifierscasnocasnorefcasnocasnocommentsmalllsmallisomercasnorefcasnocasnocommentracematecasnorefecnumberforlisomerforracemateuniirefuniiataakochemblrefchemblpubchemchemspideridrefchemspideridsmilescchchchcoooooinchichochhhtmsinchikeysrbfzhdqgsbboriovatxlublstdinchirefstdinchischochhhtmsstdinchikeyrefstdinchikeysrbfzhdqgsbboriovatxlusansectionchemboxpropertiespropertiesrefappearancemonoclinicneedlesorprismscolourlessformulacsubsubhsubsubosubsubdensitygcmsupsupnbspcmolarmassgmolmeltingptctomeltingptnotesspecrotationchclsubsubmagsussupsupcmsupsupmolsectionchemboxhazardsnfpahnfpafnfparflashptsectionchemboxrelatedotherfunctionarabinosebrribosebrlyxoseotherfunctionlabelpentosealdopentosesothercompoundsxylulosexylosecfxylonwoodisasugarfirstisolatedfromwoodandnamedforitxyloseisclassifiedasamonosaccharideofthealdopentosetypewhichmeansthatitcontainsfivecarbonatomsandincludesanaldehydefunctionalgroupitisderivedfromhemicelluloseoneofthemainconstituentsofbiomasslikemostsugarsitcanadoptseveralstructuresdependingonconditionswithitsfreealdehydegroupitisareducingsugarstructuretheopenchaincompoundacyclicformofxylosehaschemicalformulahochsubsubcarbonchohsubsubchothecyclichemiacetalisomersaremoreprevalentinsolutionandareoftwotypesthepyranoseswhichfeaturesixmemberedcsubsuboringsandthefuranoseswhichfeaturefivememberedcsubsuboringswithapendantchsubsubohgroupeachoftheseringssubjecttofurtherisomerismdependingontherelativeorientationoftheanomerichydroxygroupthedextrorotationandlevorotationdextrorotaryformsmalldsmallxyloseistheonethatusuallyoccursendogenybiologyendogenouslyinlifelivingthingsalevorotaryformsmalllsmallxylosecanbeorganicsynthesissynthesizedoccurrencexyloseisthemainbuildingblockforthehemicellulosexylanwhichcomprisesaboutofsomeplantsbirchforexamplefarlessinothersspruceandpinehaveaboutxylanxyloseisotherwisepervasivebeingfoundintheembryosofmostedibleplantsitwasfirstisolatedfromwoodbyfinnishscientistkochinbutfirstbecamecommerciallyviablewithapriceclosetosucroseinxyloseisalsothefirstsaccharideaddedtotheserineorthreonineintheproteoglycantypeoglycosylationandsoitisthefirstsaccharideinbiosyntheticpathwaysofmostanionicpolysaccharidessuchasheparansulfateandchondroitinsulfateapplicationschemicalstheacidcatalyseddegradationofhemicellulosegivesfurfuralaspecialtysolventinindustryandaprecursortosyntheticpolymershumanconsumptionxyloseismetabolisedbyhumansalthoughitisnotamajorhumannutrientandislargelyexcretedbythekidneyshumanscanonlyobtainxylosefromtheirdietanoxidoreductasepathwayispresentineukaryoticmicroorganismshumanshaveenzymescalledproteinxylosyltransferasesxyltxyltwhichtransfersxylosefromudptoaserineinthecoreproteinofproteoglycansxylosecontainscaloriespergramanimalmedicineinanimalmedicinedxyloseabsorptiontestxyloseisusedtotestformalabsorptionbyadministrationinwaterto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fnameaicnrefcomicbooktherapynamedxomanowaroneofthebestcomicsofcomicimpactnamedxomanowarmostimprovedbookandserieswriterrobertvendittibestnewwriterrefnamecomicimpactrefxomanowarwasnamedamongthetoptwelvetitlesofbymindofscottrefnamemindofscottreftruthfulcomicsnamedxomanowartotheirlistofthetopcomicsofaricsbattleagainstmembersofthevinemembersinxomanowarwasnamedamongthebestnewcomicbookbattlesthisyearbycomicvinewithanhonorablementiongiventobloodshotandchainsawsbattlexomanowarwasnamedbestcomebackinbygeekadelphiaxomanowarwasnamedbestnewseriesinbywhysobluxomanowarwasnamedinthenerdagetoptencomicbookseriesofnominationsxomanowarwasgiventhediamondgemawardforbestbookoftheyearoverrefnamebleedingcoolgemawardsreffictionalcharacterbiographyvaliantentertainmentversionbornintobattlearicofdaciaheirtothethroneofthevisigothpeopleneverknewpeaceraisedundertheoppressivethumboftheromanempireinfifthcenturyeuropehisentirelifewasaneverendingseriesofcampaignsagainstromeuntilafarmoreterrifyingenemycameintoplaythebrutalraceandaliencolonizersknownasthevineabductedduringamidnightscoutingraidandtakentothefarreachesofspacearicandhisfellowvisigothcaptiveslivedtheirlivesasslavestothevinewithnohopeofescapeafterseveralyearsofcaptivityaboardavinecolonyshiparicledarevoltagainsthisaliencaptorsstormingthehallowedtempleofthevineandstealingtheirmostpowerfulrelicshanharathesentientxomanowararmoraricbondedwiththearmorthefirstbeinginlivingmemorytosurvivetheprocessandturnedthevinesmostpowerfulweaponagainstthembutacrushingcounterattackbythevineleftmanyofaricsalliesdeadordyinginexperiencedwiththearmorhimselfaricbarelyescapedthevinefleetbeforerocketingbacktoearthuponhisreturnariclearnedthatduetotheeffectsoftimedilationyearshaspassedsincehisabductionandhewasnowstrandedinthestcenturydistraughtbythelossofhisfamilyandpeoplearicsecludedhimselfintheperuvianjunglebutthevinewereunwillingtoleavetheirmostsacredrelicinhumanhandsvinelegendtoldthattheirgreatestchampionwouldonedaywearthearmornewsofahumancontrollingthesuitcouldspellmassivecivilunrestfortheirempiretorecoveritcovertvineagentscalledplantingsleftonearthhundredsofyearsagoandmodifiedtoappearhumanrecruitedthesuperspyninjaktokillaricandreturnthearmorbutwiththehelpofalexanderdorianaricturnedninjakagainsthisalienmastersandledanattackonthevinessecretheadquartersinsidebritainsmivirtuallyeliminatingtheplantingsoperationsinenglandthevinehoweverrespondedwithafullforceinvasiononethatprovedtobenomatchforthexomanowararmorhoweveraricrealizedthattherewouldbenopeacewiththevineuntiltheyweredestroyedcommandeeringavineshiparicmountedaonemaninvasionofthealienraceshomeworldloamtopplingtheempireandfreeingthousandsintheprocessincludingapopulationsofenslavedvisigothsdescendedfromaricsownpeoplereturningtoearthwithhisnewkinsmenintowaricdecidedtoreestablishanancestralvisigothhomelandinitspresentdaylocationwithinromaniaadecisionwhichquicklydrewtheireoftheneighboringrussiangovernmentafterwardingoffaseriesofcoordinatedmilitarystrikesaricwasfacedwithhisgreatestthreatyetthesuperteamknownasunityaricsdefenseofdaciadidnotgotoplanhewasbeatenbytoyoharadastrippedofhisarmorandtakenintocustodybytheunitedstatesmilitaryreconnaissanceoutpostmeroacovertgovernmentagencythatmonitorsandengagesalienthreatsinexchangeforasylumforhimandhispeoplearicnowreunitedwiththexomanowararmorworksasanagentofmeroprotectingamericaninterestsonandabovetheearthcharactersshanharaxomanowararmoraccordingtolegendthesentientxomanowararmorknownasshanharagrewfromasecretplanteonsagoonthealienempireshomeworldofloaduringthevinespersecutionatthehandsofamysteriousraceknownasthetormentitbondedwithitsfirstvinehostwhowentontouseitsmighttosinglehandedlyrepeltheinvasionforceandwinfreedomforhispeoplethearmorislivingcomposedoforganicsandexoticmetalsamutualisticsymbioticbondedtoitshostforcenturiesthevinehighpriestssearchedforawearerthatcouldbearthepowerofshanharabutallsuchcandidateswerekilledintheprocesswhenaricofdaciaattemptedtoescapethevinecaptivityhebondedwithshanharaasalastresortandwasdeemedworthyaricandshanharashareauniquerelationshiponethatcontinuesevenwhentheyareseparatedshanharacantranslateforeignandalienlanguagestapintoaworldshistoricalandgeographicalrecordsinterfacewithcomplexformsoftechnologyandevenheallifethreateninginjuriesandillnesseseventhoughthebondbetweenaricandthearmorisstrongitcanbeseveredrecentlytheharbingerfoundationteletechnopathlivewirewasabletooverridethearmorsconnectiontoaricandwearshanharaforalimitedperioddespiteitsimpactonearthlyaffairsthearmorstrueoriginandpurposeremainamysteryonethatthebeingsknownasthearmorhunterswillsoonexposeoriginalversionaricofdaciawasavisigothborninthethcenturyadunderancientromeromanruleasayoungboyaricwitnessedtheslaughterofhisparentsatthehandsofromansoldiershenceforthhededicatedhimselftodestroyingtheromanoppressorswiththehelpofhisunclealaricisomeyearslaterarictookacelticslaveryslavedeidretobehisconsorthegrewtoloveherandworshippedhergodlughoneeveninghesawspideraliensdemonsattackingmembersofhistribearicattackedthembutwasquicklysubduedandtakenaboardtheirextraterrestriallifealienspacecraftforthenextsevenyearsaricwasheldprisonerintheslavepensofthespacecraftatarefuellingstationseverallightyearsfromearthhebefriendedamanknownasthemapgiverwholookedsimilartoelvispresleythemapgiverusedadiscardedboneshardtocarveamapintoaricspalmthatwouldleadhimtothealiensarmoryaricfoughthiswaytothexomanowarclassarmoranddonnedthecontrolringitlaterbecameclearthatthemanufacturingprocessofthexomanowararmorwhichnotonlyselfrepairedbutalsoreproducedinvolvedtheabsorptionofasentientintelligencethatthenbecamethearmorsownsentiencewiththislivingarmorhewasabletoescapefromthealienshipandreturntoearthsigningcopiesofvaliantentertainmentsdebutissueoftheseriesatamaysigningatmidtowncomicsinmanhattanduetotimedilationasarichadbeentravelingatthespeedoflightalthoughonlyafewyearshadpassedonboardsixteencenturieshadpassedoneartharicthusfoundhimselfintheunfamiliarworldofthethcenturyatfirstaricstruggledtoadjusttolatethcenturyearthheencounteredanumberofvaliantuniverseheroesbefriendingsomeandalienatingothersheeventuallygainedcontroloforbindustriesamultinationalcorporationformerlycontrolledbythespideraliensxomanowarplayedamajorroleinvaliantssuccessfulunitycrossovereventinthisstorylinearicchosenottohelptheothervaliantheroesdefeatmothergodericapierceandinsteadbuiltasmallempireinthelostlandeventuallyhewastrickedbymothergodandhispeoplewereslaughteredaricwasevisceratedbyacyborgtyrannosaurusandbecametrappedwithinthexomanowararmorfortenyearstohealaricandthexomanowararmorweresentbacktoaricsowntimebysolarcomicssolarattheendofunityarictriedtoconvincehisunclealarictohelphimdestroytheromanshoweveralaricwasconcernedaboutthepowerthatarichadgainedthroughthearmoralaricandtheromansjoinedforcestofightaricbutfailedtodefeathiminissuethexomanowararmorknownasshanharawasdestroyedsolarwenttosaturntorecoverthearmorleftthereafterdefeatingthealienhebattledinsolarthisarmorchosetoremainwithitsdeceasedwearerbuthadsproutedaseedwhichsolartooktheseseedscouldbeusedtocreateanewmanowararmorbutonlythroughthesacrificeofasentientbeingaricsfriendpaulbouvierwhowasdyingfromspideralienpoisonconsentedtobesacrificedsothatariccouldcontinuehisbattleswiththespideraliensinthexomanowaryearbookitwasexplainedhowgiladannipaddatheeternalwarriorearnedtheeternalenmityofaricgiladwasrescuedfrombanditsbyaricbuthebetrayedthelocationofaricsvisigothcamptoromansoldierswhoseattackleddeidretomiscarryaricschildhowevergiladhadbetrayedthevisigothsaspartofaconspiracythatledtothedownfalloftheromanempireandtheriseofalaricacclaimcomicsversionwhenacclaimentertainmentacquiredthecomicseriesxomanowarwassignificantlyalteredthecharacterwasnowamoderndayscientistnameddonovanwyliewhowieldedxoarmoranancientartifactownedbytheunitedstatesgovernmenthavingbeencapturedfromnazigermanyinworldwariiinthisseriesthexomanowararmorisanartifactofunknownoriginthathasbeenwornbyamyriadofwarriorsthroughouthistoryitessentiallygivesitswearerindefinitepowerhoweverthearmorslowlysiphonsthelifeessenceofitswearerdamagingtheirmindandbodythearmorattachesitselftothewearersnervoussystemandcannotberemovedwithoutkillingthepersonwearingititcanhoweverbechangedtoitsmetalformatthewearerswillbutthemetalispermanentlygraftedontothewearerschestitisunknownifthearmorwillactivateifgraftedontoanotherpartofthebodyinothermediafilmwhilecelebratingtheissuevaliantentertainmentceodineshshamdasanitoldvariantthattheyrehintingaxomanowarmovieandparticularlyfocusingonthedirectorsvideogamexomanowarwasfeaturedalongwithmarvelcomicsarmoredsuperheroironmanintheacclaimentertainmentdevelopedvideogameironmanandxomanowarinheavymetalproducedforpersonalcomputerpcplaystationsegasaturnsegagamegearandgameboyinthegamexomanowarandironmanfighttogetheragainstvillainsfrombothheroesstoriesinordertostopthemfromobtainingallfragmentsofthecosmiccubewebseriesxomanowarwillbeappearingintheupcomingwebseriesninjakvsthevaliantuniverseportrayedbyderekthelerkindleworldfanfictionstoriesthexomanowarserieshasbeenaugmentedwithfanorcommunitycontentfanfictionpublisherkindleworldshasbeenpublishingstoriesthatstararicorexistwithinthexomanowarworldnoughtsandcrossesbystuartmoorejunearictheyoungerbylvillarrealaugustcenturionbybrianletendreaugustthegoldencirclebyshaneberryhillaugustextinctionpartonebychristopherbucknerjanuaryjourneythroughspacebyjonmickusfebruaryamomentspeacebyrichardmarkperryiiiaprilsuperpositionbywillcarteriiijunecollectededitionstheoriginalserieshasbeencollectedinpartinvolumesandanomnibusvolumexomanowarretributiontpbcollectsissuesvaliantcomicsjanuaryxomanowarbirthhccollectsissuesandtheriseoflydiaoneshotvaliantentertainmentaprilxomanowarclassicomnibusvolumehccollectsissuesarmorinesandxodatabaseaswellasmaterialfromsecretsofthevaliantuniversevaliantentertainmentjanuaryinadditionthethirdserieshasbeencollectedintoseveralpaperbackvolumesaswellxomanowarvolbytheswordcollectsxomanowarxomanowarvolenterninjakcollectsxomanowarxomanowarvolplanetdeathcollectsxomanowarxomanowarvolhomecomingcollectsxomanowarxomanowarvolatwarwithunitycollectsxomanowarxomanowarvolpreludetoarmorhuntersco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imumsecurityprisonthethirdvolumefindsxiiiinafacilityforthecriminallyinsaneamosstillpursuinghisinvestigationrealizesthatxiiiwasabodydoublefortherealsteverowlandamosrequestscarringtonshelptoidentifypeoplewhohavebeentrainedastoplevelspecialoperatorsandmatchxiiisphysiqueamossaimistodiscoverxiiistrueidentitycarringtonprovidesthepapersofabouttwentypeopleonenamedrosstannerhasbeenmissingfortwoyearsamosdecidestoleavexiiiinprisontohavehisamnesiatreatedthetreatmentfailsandthemongoosetriestohavexiiikilledintheprisonbuthefailsandcarringtonhelpsxiiibreakoutvolumefourbeginswithamosfindingthatcarringtonhadinventedthetanneridentityandsuspectinghimofbeingpartoftheconspiracytokillthepresidentxiiiunderthenameofrosstannerhasbeenhiddenbycarringtoninaspadstrainingfacilityinthefictitiouscountryofsanmiguelamoscontinuestodelveintothefilesandlearnsthatsteverowlandwasmurderedshortlyaftertheassassinationamosnowassumesthatrowlandwastherealassassinandisconfusedaboutxiiisrealrolebutheexposesjudgeallenbytheheadoftheinvestigationasoneoftheconspiratorsamosinterrogatesallenbywhoiskilledbymongoosesassassinamoshimselfisrescuedbykimrowlandmeanwhileafemalespadssergeantnamedbettybarnowskyrevealstoxiiithatshesawsteverowlandineastownafterhisallegeddeathincompanywithspadscolonelseymourmccallxiiibarnowskyandjonesescapeanassassinationattemptbymccallbutenduplostinthesanmigueljunglekimrowlandtakesamostointelligencechiefcarlheidegerandgeneralcarringtonwhorevealthatafterfakinghisdeathinthehelicoptercrashsteverowlandcontactedhiswifekimandforcedhertobeamemberoftheconspiracykimnotsharingtheconspiracysideologyandherselfaformersecretagentsecretlyalertedherformerbossheidegerdespitehavingthisinformationhoweverheidegerwasunabletopreventtheassassinationofpresidentsheridansteverowlandwasshotbythemongoosebutheescapedbadlywoundedanddiedshortlyaftertellingkimwhathadhappenedheidegerandcarringtonthencameupwithaplantomakethexxorganizationbelievethatsteverowlandhadsurvivedhopingtoattractthemongooseskillersarrestthemandfollowtheirtrailtotheconspiratorstheysourcedamannamedjasonflywhowastransformedintoasteverowlanddoublebutsoonafterflydisappearedwhenhewasshotandlosthismemoryjustbeforethestorybegankimrowlandisalsorevealedtobecarringtonsdaughteratthestartofvolumefivexiiijonesandbarnowskykidnapthemarquisdeprseauarichfrenchlandownerinsanmigueltostealhisjettoflybacktotheusmeanwhilecarringtonandheidegerhavebeenarrestedbytheconspiratorsastheypreparetotakeoverthecountryduringalargescalemilitaryexercisexiiiandthewomenmeetwithcolonelamoswhobringsthemintocontactwithwaltersheridanbrotheroftheassassinatedpresidentwilliamsheridanandhimselfacandidateforpresidencysheridanhelpsxiiiinfiltratethemilitarycenterofoperationsandtogetherwithpresidentgalbraintheymanagetostoptheconspiracyatthelastmomenttheentireconspiracygroupwiththeexceptionoftheillustriousnumberihasbeeneitherkilledorcapturedwaltersheridaniselectedpresidentandkimrowlandremainsmissingforreasonsunknownattheendofthestoryxiiibelieveshehasfoundhisoldidentityasjasonflyandispreparedtocontinuehislifenormallyevenifhismemorieshavenotyetreturnedvolumesinthefollowingvolumesxiiitakesuptheinvestigationabouthispastvolumessixandsevenbringxiiitogreenfallsasnowytownintherockymountainswherethestoryrevolvesaroundthefateofhisfatherinthemccarthyismmccarthiansxiiilearnsthathisfatherjonathanflywasmurderedbythelocalkukluxklanchapteraftertheyfoundoutflysrealidentitywasjonathanmaclanearedjournalistwhohadtofleeaftersufferingundermccarthyswitchhuntthemongoosestilltracksxiiiwiththeblessingofjonathanmaclanesassassinsbutxiiievadesthemanhuntgetsjusticeforthemurderofhisfatherandmanagestoarrestthemongoosewhorevealsthathewasonnumberisboatwhenheshotthebulletthatmadexiiiamnesicbutdivulgesnofurtherinformationaboutnumberithestoryendswithxiiifinallyfindinghistrueidentityasjasonmaclaneinvolumeeightxiiiisapproachedbypresidentsheridantobecomeaspecialagentandheischargedwithfindingnumberithemongooseescapesfromcustodyxiiitracksdownkimrowlandguessingthatshestayedinhidingbecausesheknowsnumberisidentityhediscoversthatoneoftheboatsclosetothespotwherehewasfoundamnesiciswaltersheridansyachtmeanwhilejonesinvestigatesfurtheranddiscoversthatkimrowlandhadaloveaffairwithsheridanandhadachildwithhimafterpassingonthisinformationtoxiiitheybecomeconvincedthatwallysheridanwasinfactnumberiandthatheusedtheconspiracyofthexxtohavehisbrotherkilledandlaterhadtheconspiracyexposedsohehimselfcouldbecomepresidentwaltersheridanhadthechildkidnappedtoforcekimtomarrysteverowlandtobetrayjasonflymaclanewhenheidegersplanthreatenedtoexposehimasnumberiandhavehimluredontohisyachtwherexiiiwasshotbythemongooseaftertryingtoreleasekimrowlandfromanislandwheretheybelievesheissequesteredxiiiandjonesalongwithkimarecaughtbythemongoosewhosinkssheridansyachtwithanexplosivexiiionlymanagestorescuejonesandkimrowlandispresumeddeadxiiifinallyfaceswaltersheridanwhohasbeenexposedasnumberixiiihasnoevidenceorwitnessagainsthimhoweversheridandoesnotassassinatexiiitoavoidanewinvestigationthatmightexposehimandxiiiandjonesleavethecountryvolumesinthefollowingvolumestheactiontakesplaceinandaroundcostaverdeasmallfictionalnationincentralamericawherexiiiisledtobelieveheonceledarevolutionundertheidentityofelcascadoralthoughelcascadorissupposedlydeadxiiigetsinvolvedwithrevolutionarymariadelossantoswhoclaimstohavebeenhiswifeinthethvolumeafterfreeingherfromaprisonfromwhichshewasawaitingexecutionsheconfirmsthatheisherhusbandduringtherevolutionxiiimeetsanirishpeopleirishamericanexpatseanmullwaywhoclaimstobexiiisrealfatherandconfirmsthatxiiiisjasonmaclanethehistoryofxiiisirishdescentisrevealedandxiiilearnsthathismotherwasthesisterofnsadirectorgiordinowhoaccidentallymurderedherthegiordinosarerevealedtobeaamericanmafiamafiafamilyattheendofthevolumexiiiisofferedamnestybytheamericanambassadorwhoexplainsthatxiiishelpisneededcarringtonhasapparentlygoneinsaneinvolumetwelvethecorruptamericanpresidentsheridaniskidnappedbygeneralcarringtonwholearnsthatsheridanorderedhisdaughterkimsdeathcarringtonandamoshavexiiiandjonescapturethemongoosetogetfurtherevidenceagainstsheridaninatelevisedtrialsheridanisrevealedtotheamericanpublicastheconspiratorwithxiiiandthemongoosetestifyingintheaftermathoftheeventsheridankillsthemongooseandthensadirectorgiordinoaccidentallykillssheridanvolumethirteenthexiiimysterytheinvestigationisaspecialissuewheretwojournalistsretracethefirsttwelveissuesclarifyingandexpandingthestorylinevolumeswhileinexileincostaverdexiiiandhisfathermullwayattempttofindatreasurehiddenbytheirancestorssomewhereinmexicogiordinomeanwhilefabricatesevidenceclaimingthatxiiiisseamusoneillaniraoperativewhotrainedunderfidelcastroasoneillxiiiiswantedbytheusabutheagainmanagestoescapehealsosurvivesanassassinationattemptbyirinasvetlanovawhohastakenoverthemongoosesoperationaftermanysetbacksthetreasureisfoundandthenlostagainmeanwhilegiordinoisremovedfromdutybythenewpresidentwhohasreceivedevidencefromxiiiandmullwayrevealingthatgiordinoisnotonlyconnectedtothemafiabutalsothathekilledwaltersheridanvolumeseighteenandnineteenarethelastwrittenbyvanhammevolumeeighteentheirishversionwasdrawnbyjeangiraudotherwiseknownasmbiusrefnamelexpressrefitfeaturesasastorywithinthestoryanditisreferredtoaspartoftheplotalongwiththexiiimysteryinvolumenineteenthelastroundthisistheprequeltotheinitialstoryarcanditresolvesallmysteriessurroundingxiiisidentityxiiihaslearnedhisidentitybuthismemoriesstillhavenotreturnedheseeksmedicaltreatmenttouncovertheminvolumetwentybutmayflowerdayasecretorganizationschemestokeepxiiifromunblockinghismemorybecauseofyetanothersecretinhispastpopularityxiiiwasreleasedinasaserialinthepopularspiroumagazinespiroumagazineanditwaspopularamongspiroureadersthefirstthreeepisodeswerereleasedasasinglehardcovervolumebydargaudthesameyearthiscontinuedforlaterissuesandbythetimeoftheeighthissuethirteentoonesalesofthehardcoverhadreachedcopiespromotionfortheseriesincludedaspecialdrawbythefrenchnationallotteryinwithticketsandagrandprizetranslationsxiiiwasoriginallywritteninfrenchlanguagefrenchanditwastranslatedintoseverallanguagesincludingenglishlanguageenglishdutchlanguagedutchgermanlanguagegermanpolishlanguagepolishtamillanguagetamilserbocroatianlanguageserbocroatiananditalianlanguageitalianvolumesinenglishinxiiiwasfirstreleasedinenglishascodexiiibutafterthefirstthreevolumespublicationendedinwhenthepublishercatalancommunicationscatalancomcatwentoutofbusinessinaliasenterprisesaliascomicsstartedpublishingthetitleasaseriesofpagemonthlycomicseditedforusaudiencesfiveissueswerereleasedbutwascancelledbypublisherinfebruaryrefnamesixcancelledwebarchiveorgwebpreviewsdiamondcomicscomsupportpreviewsdocsorderformsarchivefebcanceltxtdiamondscancellistforfebruaryrefeachissuecoveredhalfanalbumintheserieswenttodabelbrothersproductionstheyreleasedtheonlineforfreeandthefirstpagevolumewasreleasedonfebruarywithmarvelcomicsreprintingthefirstalbumscinebookpublishedthebooksattherateofoneeverytwomonthsintheuknoteonothercontinentsthevolumesarereleasedthreemonthslatercinebookisalsopublishingthenewseriescreatedbyyvessenteyourijigounovthefirsttwobooksvolumesandwerepublishedinnovemberandfebruaryrespectivelyoriginalseriesthedayoftheblacksunmaysmallsmallwheretheindianwalksjulysmallsmallallthetearsofhellseptembersmallsmallspadsnovembersmallsmallfullredjanuarysmallsmallthejasonflycasemarchsmallsmallthenightofaugustthirdmaysmallsmallthirteentoonejulysmallsmallformariaseptsmallsmallelcascadornovsmallsmallthreesilverwatchesjansmallsmallthetrialmarchsmallsmalltopsecretmaysmallsmallreleasethehoundsjulysmallsmalloperationmontecristoseptsmallsmallmaximiliansgoldnovembersmallsmalltheirishversionjanuarysmallsmallthelastroundmarchsmallsmallnewseriesthedayofthemayflowernovembersmallsmallthebaitfebruarysmallsmallreturntogreenfallsmaysmallsmallthemartyrsmessagemaysmallsmallxiiimysterythemongooseaugustsmallsmallotherlanguagescroatianinsvolumebybookglobeinintegralepisodesbybookglobeinintegralepisodesbybookglobeinintegralepisodesbybookglobeinintegralepisodesbybookglobehungarianthroughoutandnowdefunctpublisherkrakkiadreleasedthefirstvolumespolishxi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athammerbecauseinevergotonwithanthonyhindsrefnamebrianbrianmcfarlaneanautobiographyofbritishcinemametheunprefhalfthefilmsbudgetwasprovidedbysollesseraproducerforrkopicturesthisamountwenttowardsthesalaryfordeanjaggercriticalreceptionvarietymagazinevarietywrotethatthefilmwasahighlyimaginativeandfancifulmelodramathereslittleletupintheactionandsuspenseanglesarekeptconstantlytotheforefrontintheukthedailytelegraphsaiditwasgoodgrislyfunandawelcomedchangefrominterplanetaryyarnswastheverdictoffilmsandfilmingseealsotheblobreferencesexternallinksredirectmartinbredirectcategoryshellredirectmartinbredirectcategoryshellxfcexfwmredirectcategoryshellintelinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamesantafeimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelfivelargedrivingwheelsjoinedtogetherwithacouplingrodandonesmalltrailingwheelcaptionimagetandemcompoundlocomotivesantafehowdenboysbookoflocomotivesjpgaltcaptionatsftandemcompoundequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyeefrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrygermanylocomotiveprussiantrailwaydeutschereichsbahndesignerprussianstaterailwaysbuilderborsighanomagevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotiveatsfclassrailwayatchisontopekaandsantaferailwayatchisontopekaandsantafedesignerbuilderatchisontopekaandsantafeevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotiveatsfclassrailwayatchisontopekaandsantafedesignerbuilderatchisontopekaandsantafeevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitlargeranddeeperfireboxmaindrawbacknosingactionatspeedunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoftwoleadingwheelstenpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsandtwotrailingwheelsintheunitedstatesofamericaandelsewheretheisknownasthesantafetypeaftertheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwaythatfirstusedthetypeinoverviewthewheelarrangementevolvedintheunitedstatesfromthedecapodoftheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwayatsftheirexistinglocomotivesusedaspushersupratonpassencounteredproblemsreversingbackdownthegradefortheirnextassignmentssincetheywereunabletotrackaroundcurvesatspeedinreverseandhadtorunveryslowlytoavoidderailingconsequentlytheatsfaddedatrailingtrucktothelocomotiveswhichallowedthemtooperatesuccessfullyinbothdirectionsthesefirstlocomotivesbecametheforerunnerstotheentirefamilythetrailingtruckallowsalargerdeeperfireboxsteamenginefireboxthanthatofalikealltencoupleddesignsthelongrigidwheelbaseofthecoupledwheelspresentedaproblemoncurvesrequiringflangelessdriverslateralmotiondevicesandmuchsideplayontheouteraxlestolimitthisproblemthecoupledwheelsweregenerallysmalluptoindiameterwhichinturngeneratedtheproblemofinsufficientcounterweightstobalancetheweightofthedrivingrodsrefnameswengelpprefthesinherentproblemwasthelowspeedrestrictiononthetypewhichwasaboutfurtherthehadotherinherentrestrictionsthemassivecylindersthatwererequiredonlocomotivesintheunitedstatesforhightractiveefforthadtheresultthatnoreasonablysizedvalvescouldadmitandexhauststeamatasufficientratetopermitfastrunninginadditionthelikethehaditsmainrodconnectedtothemiddlecoupledaxleveryneartothecentreofgravitywhichcreatedaviolentnosingactionwhenoperatingatspeedthepeakofthedesignlimitationswasreachedintheunitedstatesinandwasovercomewiththeadventofthesuperiordesignusagelocomotiveswithawheelarrangementwereusedinanumberofcountriesaroundtheworldincludingthoseinnorthamericawesterneuropechinathesovietunionandafricacontinentaleuropesawafairnumberofalthoughthetypewasalwayslesspopularthanmikadosanddecapodsalargenumberofeuropeanweretanklocomotivestakingadvantageofthesymmetricalnatureofthewheelarrangementargentinathemetregaugerailwaymetregaugegeneralmanuelbelgranorailwayinargentinaoperatedtheeseriesoflocomotivesinmitsubishiheavyindustriesofjapanconstructedabatchoftensbasedonthisdesignfortheisolatedesramalferroindustrialevapernramalferroindustrialroturbiorfirpmmgaugerailwaysmmgaugerailwayinthesouthernpatagoniandeserttohaulcoalfromroturbioforshippingfromrogallegossantacruztheserequiredmodificationbyliviodanteportatoachievetheirfullpotentialtenmorepowerfulexampleswereintroducedintoserviceinbelgiancongotwoclassesoflocomotiveswereusedinthebelgiancongotwolocomotiveswerebuiltbyduhainesaintpierreforthecfducongosuperieurauxgrandslacsafricainsinnumberedandtheyhadcylindersanddiametercoupledwheelswithaworkingordermassofonelocomotivewasbuiltforthecfdubascongoaukatangabyjohncockerillcompanysocitanonymejohncockerillinnumberedandlaterrenumberedithadcylindersanddiametercoupledwheelswithaworkingordermassofagrateareaofandatractiveeffortatboilerpressureofcanadaincanadiannationalrailwayscnrtookdeliveryoftenclasstasfromanordermadebytheshortlivedcanadiangovernmentrailwaysandbuiltbyalcotenmoreweredeliveredfromthemontreallocomotiveworksinandanotherslightlymodifiedtcsinthatwerepoundslightercanadianlocomotivecompanyproducedfivetasintenalcosnamedtaswereacquiredfromthebostonandalbanyrailroadincanadianlocomotivecompanyproducedthelastseriesofsforcnrabatchoftasinandtbsinthesbegantobescrappedinthemidswiththelastmodelsbeinguseduntiltherearetwosurvivingcnrlocomotivesoneisnoondisplayatthecnrstationinrainyriveronandtheotherisnoondisplayatthecanadianrailwaymuseumindelsonqcchinathemainstayofchinesesteamwastheirlocomotivesthiswasthewheelarrangementofthechineseqjclasslocomotivesthatwerebasedonthesovietlvclassandbuiltbydatonglocomotiveworksfromtheywereproduceduntilandwerestillinwidespreadserviceuntilthefinalsteamrunsinafterretirementsomeoftheseqjclasslocomotivesfoundtheirwaytotheunitedstateswheretheyareusedinrevenuefreightandexcursionserviceintrainfestivalmultipowerinternationalrestoredtwochineseiaislocomotivestofederalrailroadadministrationfrapartspecificationsanddeliveredthemtotherailroaddevelopmentcorporationgermanyclassbrexamplesonthegermanrailwaysystemsincludedclassesdrgclassbranddrgclassbrbothstandardtanklocomotivedesignsbuiltinandrespectivelyandclassbratanklocomotivebuiltinbytheprussianstaterailwaysastheprussiantfromthegermanrailwaysbuiltthreecylindertenderfreightlocomotivesofclassdrgclassbrwhichwerethelargeststeamlocomotivesonthesystemmozambiquewhilethewheelarrangementwasnotverycommoninafricathelourencomarquessysteminmozambiquecaminhosdeferrodemoambiqueorcfmhadaltogetherlocomotivesofthistypeinthreeclassesninelocomotivesoftheseriesnumberedtowerebuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksbetweenandrefnamecfmdiagramrollingstockdiagramscaminhosdeferrodemoambiquedivisodelmarquesrefsixmoresantafetypelocomotivesoftheseriesnumberedtowerebuiltbyhenschelsonhenschelandsonintwentytwolocomotivesoftheseriesnumberedtowerebuiltbyhenschelinromaniaromaniadesigneditsclassasfreightlocomotivestoserveonthecileferateromnecfrtheselocomotivesusedastraightforwardtwocylinderenginewithdiametercoupledwheelsandatotalweightinworkingorderoftheheatingsurfaceoftheboilerwasofwhichweresuperheatedwhilethegrateareawasatatractiveforcetractiveeffortoftheywerethemostpowerfulsteamlocomotivesbuiltinromaniatwooftheselocomotiveswerebuiltbythefaurmalaxaworksinandnumberedandnumberwaspreservedsouthafricaonthiswheelarrangementwasfirstusedbytherailtransportinsouthafricasouthafricanrailwayssarintwosouthafricanclassclasssteamlocomotivesthemostpowerfulnonarticulatedlocomotivestoseeserviceonthesarwereintroducedonthelinebetweenwitbankandgermistoninanattempttoeaseproblemsthatwerebeingexperiencedwithincreasinglyheavycoaltrainsitwasdesignedbycolonelfrcollinsdistinguishedserviceorderdsochiefmechanicalengineerofthesarfromtoandbuiltbyhenschelsonhenschelandsoningermanytheywerethreecylinderlocomotiveswiththetwooutercylindersusingwalschaertsvalvegearandtheinnercylinderusinggresleyconjugatedvalvegearactuatedbythemotionsoftheoutercylindersrefnamehenschelhenschellieferlistehenschelsonworkslistcompiledbydietmarstresowrefrefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnamedurrantrefasexperimentalcondensinglocomotiveonemorelocomotivethesouthafricanclassclasswasdesignedforbranchlineworkonlightrailbyagwatsonchiefmechanicalengineerfromtoonlyonelocomotivewasbuiltbythesaratitspretoriamechanicalshopsatsalvokopininthissoleclasslocomotivewasmodifiedtoanexperimentalcondensinglocomotiveequippedwithacondensingtenderthatwasorderedfromhenschelingermanyinbeginningintestswiththecondensingclasswereconductedintheeasterntransvaalandthekaroothepositiveresultsofthecondensingtrialsprovedtheviabilityofcondensinglocomotivesinsouthafricaandledtotheintroductionofthesouthafricanclassclasscondensinglocomotivefleetinsovietunioninthesovietunionlocomotiveswereusedtohaulheavyfreighttrainstwoserieswererelativelycommonthesteamlocomotivefdfdforfelixdzerzhinskywithmorethanthreethousandbuiltthroughthesandthelvlebedyanskiimodifiedbythevoroshilovgradfactoryinbrestbelarusbrestmuseumthefdclasswasdevelopedfromalcoandbaldwinheavyfreightlocomotivesthatwereimportedtosovietrussiawheretheyweredesignatedasthetaandtbclassesrespectivelythefirstfdclasslocomotivewasbuiltatthelugansklocomotivefactoryininthevoroshilovgradskomplantbeganwiththemassproductionoflocomotivesintheprocessofproductiontheirconstructionwasimprovedconstantlyproductionwasinterruptedattheoutbreakofthegreatpatrioticwarinandwasonlyresumedinwhenfourlocomotiveswerebuiltinulanudethetotalproductionwaslocomotivesofandlocomotivesofthetwosubclassesonlydifferedinrespectoftheirtypesofsuperheaterrailwaymuseuminfdclasslocomotivesweresoldtochinawheretheyworkeduntilthesamuchlessernumberweresoldtonorthkoreaataroundthesametimetherussianlocomotiveclasslvwasdevelopedfromthepreviouslclasslocomotivebythevoroshilovgradfactoryitusedafeedwaterheatertoincreasethermalefficiencyandwasthemostefficientfreightsteamlocomotiveinthesovietunionwiththermalefficiencyofthefirstprototypewasnamedoroctoberrevolutionfactorytonneaxleloadatotaloflvclasslocomotiveswerebuiltseveralwerepreservedincludingthefirstorandthelastlvspaininspainthewheelarrangementwasrepresentedbyoneseriesoflocomotivestheywereinitiallyorderedforthecompaadelnortebutrenfekepttheentireseriesinreservebuiltbetweenandinthelamaquinistaterrestreymaritimasafactoryinbarcelonaforhaulingheavycoaltrainstheywereamongstthemostpowerfulsteamlocomotivesineuropetheyhadthreecylindersbutusedsimpleexpansionandwereknownassantafelocomotivesunitedstatesofamericanointheunitedstatesthetypewasproducedbetweenandthefirstweretheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwayatsfenginesoftheandserieswhichwereanearlytypewithfewadvantagesoverthedecapodsavetheirabilitytooperateinreversewithoutderailingbytheatsfwasbuildingthedefinitivetypewiththetrailingtrucksupportingalargefireboxthesewereoftheatsfclassoneofthematsfenginenowasequippedwithanexperimentaltwoaxletrailingtrucktobecomethefirsttexastypelightsantafeaboutsantafetypeswerebuiltincludingaboutofthetwounitedstatesrailroadadministrationusrafirstworldwarstandarddesignsthereweretwousrastandardtheheavyversionwithanengineweightofandthelightversionwithanengineweightofthesantafehadthemostwithenginesnotheheaviestsweretenlocomotivesbuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksforthereadingcompanyreadingrailwaycweighingengineonlyattheillinoiscentralrailroadsclassrebuildsprobablyhadthehighestcalculatedtractiveeffortofanytwocylindersteamlocomotivealthoughtheadhesiveweightwasonlyrefnamestauferstauferalvinfedbopowersteamdieselandelectricpowerofthebaltimoreandohiorailroadstaufermedinandpprefnothebaltimoreandohiorailroadordereditsfirstfrombaldwininfromtotheirborenumberscommencingwithhencethenicknamebigsixesdesignatedthesclasstherewereseveralsubclassesthefirstofthebigsixeswasretiredinandwereallscrappedbyreferencesinfoboxorganizationnamexercessocietyimagexercessocietylogosvgformationnamedafterxercesbluefounderrobertmichaelpylerefcitewebtitledistinguishedwashingtonenvironmentalwritertospeakatcwupublishercentralwashingtonuniversityurlcwuedudistinguishedwashingtonenvironmentalwriterspeakcwuaccessdatereftypetaxidstatusfoundationpurposeinvertebrateconservationheadquartersportlandoregonmembershipcoordsregionservedunitedstateslanguageenglishleadertitleleadernamewebsitethumbthexercessocietyisanonprofitenvironmentalorganizationthatfocusesontheconservationofinvertebratesconsideredtobeessentialtobiologicaldiversityandecosystemhealththenameisinhonoroftheextinctcaliforniabutterflythexercesblueglaucopsychexercesthesocietycollaborateswithfederalandstateagenciesincludingtheusdepartmentofagricultureaswellasscientistslandmanagerseducatorsandcitizenstopromoteinvertebrateconservationappliedresearchadvocacypublicoutreachandeducationrefcitewebtitledonateurlxercesorgdonatepublisherthexercessocietyforinvertebrateconservationaccessdaterefexamplesofxercessocietyactivitiesincludeadvocatingforinvertebratesandtheirhabitatspetitioningforthedesignationofendangeredstatusforapplicablespeciessuchasthemonarchbutterflyrefcitewebtitlemonarchpetitionpublisherxercessocietyforinvertebrateconservationurlxercesorgwpcontentuploadsmonarchesapetitionpdfaccessdatedeadurlyesrefandpubliceducationprojectsongoingprojectsincludetherehabilitationofhabitatforendangeredspeciespubliceducationabouttheimportanceofnativepollinatorsandtherestorationandprotectionofdrainagebasinwatershedsrefcitewebtitlexercessocietywilsonvillebeesdiedfrompesticidepoisoningworkearthfixpublisheroregonpublicbroadcastingurlearthfixopborgfloraandfaunaarticlexercessocietywilsonvillebeesdiedfrompesticidauthorcassandraprofitadatejuneaccessdateseptemberreffurtherreadingreferencesmultipleissuesinfoboxsoftwarenamexoopslogoxoopsjpegscreenshotscreenshotxoopswikipediajpgdeveloperthexoopsprojectprogramminglanguagephpgenrecontentmanagementsystemlicensegnugeneralpubliclicensegplxoopsisafreesoftwarefreeopensourcecontentmanagementsystemscmswritteninphpitusesamodularprogrammingmodulararchitectureallowinguserstocustomizeupdateandthemetheirwebsitesxoopsisreleasedunderthetermsofthegnugeneralpubliclicensegplandisfreetousemodifyandredistributeoverviewxoopsisanacronymofextensibleobjectorientedportalsystemthoughstartedasaportalsystemitlaterdevelopedintoawebapplicationframeworkitaimstoserveasawebframeworkforusebysmallmediumandlargesitesthroughtheinstallationofmodulesforexampleasmallxoopsinstallationcanbeusedasapersonalweblogorjournalbutthiscanbeexpandeduponandcustomizedieusersmightaddtheappropriatemodulesfreewareandcommercialtostorecontentinnewsforumsdownloadsandothersrefnamecmswireciteweblastspickfirstgoefftitlelatestxoopswebcmsreleasebolstersadminusabilitypublishercmswiredateoctoberurlcmswirecomcmswebcmslatestxoopswebcmsreleasebolstersadminusabilityphprefbookshavebeenwrittenaboutxoopsinfivelanguagesrefnamexoopsbookscitewebtitlexoopsbookspublisherxoopsdatenovemberurlxoopsorgmodulesnewsarticlephpstoryidrefawardsandrecognitioncommunitychoiceawardsfirstrunnerupstatusinthesourceforgenetsinthedevelopmentcategoryareviewfromgermanyschipmagazinechipmagazinegaveitstarsareviewinadobeedgemagazineplaceditinthetopcontentmanagementsystemschinajapankoreaopensourcesoftwarecontestawardtopinpacktpublishingsbestphpopensourcecmsrefnamecmscriticciteweblastjohnstonfirstmiketitleopensourcecmsawardfinalistsannouncedpublishercmscriticdatejanuaryurlcmscriticcomarchivesopensourcecmsawardfinalistsannouncedhtmlrefandwastopfinalistinbestoverallcmsawardcategoryrefnamecmsreportciteweblastrubyfirstbryantitlefinalistsinpacktsopensourcecmsawardannouncedpublishercmsreportdateseptemberurlcmsreportcomblogfinalistspacktsopensourcecmsawardannouncedrefonokazuafounderofxoopsandtaiwenjiangdevelopmentleadwonthetitleofopensourcecmsmostvaluedpeopleatthepacktawardsinandrespectivelygrandprizeinosschallengeinkoreakeyfeaturescommunitybecausexoopsisreleasedunderthetermsofthegnugeneralpubliclicensegplthegrowthanddevelopmentofxoopsisdependentonthecontributionsofaworldwidecommunityeffortdatabasexoopsusesarelationaldatabasecurrentlymysqltostoredatarequiredforrunningawebbasedcontentmanagementsystemadvancedaccesscontrollayeradministratorshavetheabilitytograntspecificgroupsofusersspecificaccessrightstocontentandfeaturessuchaseditdeleteuploadaddattachmentspublishcontentandsoonmodularizedmoduleprogrammingmodulescanbeinstalleduninstalledactivatedanddeactivatedusingthemoduleadministrationsystemcorefeaturesusablebymodulesxoopspossessanumberofcorefeaturesthatcanbeusedbymoduleslikepermissionscommentsnotificationsandblocksfeaturespersonalizationadministratorshavetheabilitytosetspecificpermissionsforuseraccessandcontrolofindividualelementsoftheirwebsitesusermanagementtheabilitytosearchforusersbyvariouscriteriasendemailandprivatemessagestousersthroughatemplatebasedmessagingsysteminternationallanguagesupportthexoopscommunityhasofficialsupportsitesfornonenglishspeakingusersadditionallyxoopsitselfsupportsmultibytecharactersetsforlanguagesthatusecharactersnotinthelatinalphabetforexamplejapanesesimplifiedandtraditionalchinesekoreanetcthemultilanguagesupportisalsoavailableonthepdfgenerationfeatureprovidedbythetcpdflibrarythemebasedskinnableinterfacexoopsusesthemesforpagepresentationbothadministratorsanduserscanchangethelookoftheentirewebsitebyselectingfromavailablethemestemplatesxoopsusesthesmartytemplateenginesmartytemplatingenginewhichallowsmanybenefitssuchaseasierseparationbetweenbusinesslogicandpresentationlogicaswellascontentcachingbuiltinldapauthenticationsomeseoaddonsanumberofxoopsmodulescontainfeaturestofacilitatetheindexingofawebsiteinsearchengineslikemetatagstitletagsandoccasionallysomeurlrewritinghoweverxoopsdoesnotgiveitsusersfullcontrolovertheirurlswhereurlrewritingispossiblexoopsoftenusesredirectsthatmayconfusesearchenginesinadditionsomexoopsmodulescreateduplicatecontentbymakingthesameinformationavailableonmorethanoneurlwhileinothercasesespeciallyincaseofmultilingualsitesseveralsetsofcontentmaybemadeavailablethroughthesameurlscreenshotsseealsocontentmanagementsystemfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarereferencesexternallinksxpathredirectcategoryshellinfoboxvideogameonlineservicetitlexboxlivelogodevelopermicrosofttypeonlineservicestatusonlinereleasedplatformxboxconsolexboxsmalldiscontinuedasofaprilsmallbrxboxbrxboxonebrwindowsxpwindowssmallasgamesforwindowslivesmallbrwindowswindowswindowssmallaswindowsstorexboxsoftwarexboxappsmallbrwindowsphonebriosandroidoperatingsystemandroidmembersmillionwebsitexboxliveisaninternetonlinemultiplayervideogamemultiplayergaminganddigitalmediadeliveryservicecreatedandoperatedbymicrosoftitwasfirstmadeavailabletothexboxconsolexboxsysteminnovemberanupdatedversionoftheservicebecameavailableforthexboxconsoleatthesystemslaunchinnovemberandafurtherenhancedversionwasreleasedinwiththexboxonetheservicewasextendedinonthemicrosoftwindowswindowsplatformnamedgamesforwindowslivewhichmakesmostaspectsofthesystemavailableonwindowscomputersmicrosofthasannouncedplanstoextendlivetootherplatformssuchasmobiledevicehandheldsandmobilephonesaspartoftheliveanywhereinitiativewithmicrosoftsmobileoperatingsystemwindowsphonefullxboxlivefunctionalityisintegratedintonewwindowsphonesthatlaunchedsincelatetheserviceshutdownfortheoriginalxboxonaprilandoriginalxboxgamesarenowonlyplayableonlinethroughlocalareanetworklantunnelingprotocoltunnelingapplicationssuchasxlinkkairefnamexboxlivediscontinuedrefthexboxliveserviceisavailableasbothafreeserviceknownasxboxlivesilverandasubscriptionbasedserviceknownasxboxlivegoldrespectivelywithmostfeaturessuchasonlinegamingrestrictedtothegoldservicehistorydeletedimageremovedasmicrosoftdevelopedtheoriginalxboxconsolexboxconsoleonlinegamingwasdesignatedasoneofthekeypillarsforthegreaterxboxstrategysegahadmadeanattempttocapitalizeontheevergrowingonlinegamingscenewhenitlaunchedthedreamcastvideogameconsoleinincludingonlinesupportasstandardcalledseganetanddreamarenaneverthelessduetolackofwidespreadbroadbandadoptionatthetimethedreamcastshippedwithonlyadialupmodemwhilealaterreleasedbroadbandadapterwasneitherwidelysupportednorwidelyavailabledownloadablecontentwasavailablethoughlimitedinsizeduetothenarrowbandconnectionandthesizelimitationsofamemorycardtheonlinefeatureswhilepraisedasinnovativewerelargelyconsideredafailureandthedreamcastsimmediatecompetitortheplaystationdidnotinitiallyshipwithbuiltinnetworkingcapabilitiesmicrosofthoweverhopedthatthexboxwouldsucceedwherethedreamcasthadfailedthecompanydeterminedthatintenseonlinegamingrequiredthethroughputofabroadbandinternetaccessbroadbandconnectionandthestoragespaceofaharddriveharddiskdriveandthusthesefeatureswouldbevitaltothenewplatformthiswouldallownotonlyforsignificantdownloadablecontentsuchasnewlevelsmapsweaponschallengesandcharacterstobedownloadedquicklyandstoredbutalsowouldmakeitpossibletostandardizebandwidthintensivefeaturessuchasvoicecommunicationsteveballmerandbillgatesbothhadavisionofmakingpremiumdownloadcontentandvideogameaccessoryaddonsthatwouldattractmanynewcustomersbasedonthisreasoningtheconsoleincludedastandardethernetportinordertoprovideconnectivitytocommonbroadbandnetworksbutdidnotincludeamodemoranydialupsupportanditsonlineservicewasdesignedtosupportbroadbandusersonlycriticsscoffedatitcitingpoorbroadbandadoptionattheturnofthecenturywhenthexboxlaunchedonnovembertheasyetunnamedonlineservicewasdestinedforasummerdeploymentxboxlivewasfinallygivenanameateelectronicentertainmentexpoewhentheservicewasunveiledinitsentiretysounddampenedboothsandbroadbandconnectedxboxconsolesfeaturinganearlyversionofunrealchampionshipdemonstratedtheserviceontheshowfloortheepicgamesepictitlewasoneoftheflagshiptitlesfortheservicewhichwasslatedforadebutonnovembermarkingtheanniversaryofthexboxlaunchmicrosoftannouncedthatxboxlivetitleswouldbeavailablebytheendofutilizingtherequiredbroadbandbandwidthxboxlivefeaturedaunifiedgamingfriendslistaswellasasingleidentityacrossalltitlesregardlessofthepublisherandstandardizedvoicechatwithaheadsetandcommunicationafeaturethatwasstillinitsinfancyleadinguptothelaunchmicrosoftenlistedseveralwavesofdevelopmentcyclebetatesterstoimprovetheserviceandreceivefeaturefeedbackthefirstwaveofbetatestersweregivenrevoltwhichneverwasreleasedofficiallyandnflfevertobetatestoncebetatestingconcludedmicrosoftsentthesebetatestersatranslucentorangememorycardaheadsetcarryingcaseandabetatestertshirtwiththesloganihavegreathandswhentheservicedebuteditlackedmuchofthefunctionalitythatlatertitlesincludedbutxboxlivegrewandevolvedonthexboxandmanyaspectsoftheservicewereincludedwiththexboxconsoleoutoftheboxratherthanthroughalaterupdatemicrosoftsthpatentwasliverelatedandgavexboxusersaccesstowatchothergamerscompeteagainsteachotheroverxboxlivethepackagingforplayablexboxlivetitlesontheoriginalxboxconsolefeaturedthetrademarkgoldbarunderneaththexboxheadertomclancyssplintercellvideogametomclancyssplintercellandbruteforcevideogamebruteforcesportedalivebubbledesignastheyonlyfeatureddownloadablecontentitwaschangedlaterwhereinallxboxlivetitlesincludedtheuniversalgoldlivebarbythetimeofthexboxalltitleswererequiredtoprovideatleastalimitedformofxboxliveawarenessinjulyxboxlivehadreachedmilliononlineusersinjulyxboxlivehadreachedmilliononlineusersonnovembermicrosoftcelebratedxboxlivesthanniversarybyofferingitsthenovernbspmillionsubscribersthetitlecarcassonnevideogamecarcassonnefreeofchargeandawardinggamerswhohadsubscribedtolivesinceitsinceptionfreemicrosoftpointsduetointermittentserviceinterruptionsduringlatedecemberandearlyjanuarymicrosoftpromisedtoofferafreexboxlivearcadegametoallxboxliveusersascompensationinanopenlettertoallxboxlivemembersfrommarkwhittenxboxlivegeneralmanagerdeadlinkxboxcomsupportliveserviceissuehtmincreaseddemandfromxboxpurchasersthelargestnumberofnewusersignupsinthehistoryofxboxlivewasgivenasthereasonforthedowntimeonjanuarymicrosoftannouncedundertowvideogameundertowwouldbeofferedfreetobothgoldandfreemembersfortheweekstartingjanuarythroughjanuaryascompensationonnovemberdennisdurkincooofmicrosoftsinteractiveentertainmentbusinessannouncedthatnovemberthereleaseofcallofdutymodernwarfaremarkedthebusiestdayeveronxboxlivewithovertwomillionactiveuserssimultaneouslyrefciteweburlgtvcomthefeedblogposttuesdaywasxboxlivesbusiestdayeverhtmltitletuesdaywasxboxlivesbusiestdayeverdateaprilpublishergtvrefonfebruarymarcwhittenannouncedthatxboxlivehadreachednbspmillionmembersrefciteweburlxboxcompresswhittenletterhtmtitleanopenletterfromxboxlivegeneralmanagermarcwhittendatefebruaryfirstmarclastwhittenpublishermicrosoftrefonthesamedaylarryhyrbxboxlivesmajornelsonannouncedonhisblogthatxboxlivesupportfortheoriginalxboxwouldbediscontinuedonaprilincludingonlineplaythroughbackwardscompatibilityonthexboxandalldownloadablecontentfororiginalxboxgamesinaugustmicrosoftannouncedanincreasetothecostofxboxlivegoldinseveralcountriesbyforthefirsttimesinceitsinceptionthebasicservicewasalsorenamedpriortooctoberthefreeservicewasknownasxboxlivesilverrefnamesilverrebrandingrefitwasannouncedonjunethattheserviceisgoingtobefullyintegratedintomicrosoftswindowsinoctobermicrosoftannouncedlivestreamingcabletelevisionwithvariousprovidersinfebruaryyusufmehdicorporatevicepresidentofmicrosoftsinteractiveentertainmentbusinesssharedthatxboxlivemembersnownumbermillionuppercentfromayearagoduringthediveintomediaconferenceinsoutherncaliforniarefnamegeekwirerefinjunemicrosoftretractedthexboxlivegoldrequirementstodownloadstreamingmediaappsincludingnetflixhuluyoutubeinternetexplorerskypeandothersthoughvariousrentalorsubscriptionfeesmaystillapplyrefnameextremetechnffreerefrefnameeurogamerxblgoldpaywallrefondecemberbothplaystationnetworkandxboxlivesufferednetworkdisruptionafteradenialofserviceattackrefnamethenextwebcomreffunctionalitywasrestoredondecemberwithsomeusersexperiencingdifficultiesinthedaysthatfollowedrefnameplaystationnetworkupdaterefrefnamebusinesscommunitycomrefagroupcalledthephantomsquadhasthreatenedtodisruptthexboxlivenetworkthroughadenialofserviceattackondecembernetworkchartxboxliveisavailableasbothafreeandsubscriptionbasedserviceknownasxboxlivegoldacomparisonoffreeandpremiumservicesclasswikitablefeaturelivefreelivegoldadditionalrequirementsxboxxboxoneavatarsyesyesyesyescloudgamesavesyesyesyesfreetoplaygamesrefnamefpmeganfarokhmaneshpolygoncommmosfreetoplaygamesxboxlivegoldpaywallmmosfreetoplaygameswillremainbehindxboxlivegoldpaywallpolygonmayrefnoyesyesyesgamedvrrefnamelivexboxcomlivegetmorewithxboxlivegoldxboxcomrefbrminutesnoyesaligncenteruploadstudionoyesgameswithgoldnoyesyesyeslivebroadcastingrefnamebroadcastingtwittercomxboxsupportstatusxboxsupportofficialoverflowaccountseptemberrefbrmixertwitchnoyesnoyesmediasharingrefnamesharingtravispopegottabemobilecomhowtotakeascreenshotonthexboxonehowtotakeascreenshotonthexboxonegottabemobilecomfebruaryrefbronedriveyoutubenoyesnoyesonlinemultiplayernoyesyesyessocialhubbrclubslookingforgrouprefnamearenarefyesyesnoyesvideokinectnoyesrowspanaligncenterheadsetwiredorwirelessorkinectyesnovoicepartychatrefnamelivechatsupportxboxcomengbxboxxboxlivechatxboxlivechatonxboxsupportxboxcomrefnoyesyesyesvoicemessagingnoyesyesyeswebbrowserbrinternetexplorerxboxmicrosoftedgexboxoneyesyesyesyesxboxlivearcadepointresultsyesyesyesnocolspanfirstpartyappsandentertainmentservicesavatarkinectnoyesaligncenterkinectyesnobingsearchenginebingyesyesyesyesgroovemusicyesyesaligncenterxboxmusicpassyesyeskinectfunlabsyesyesaligncenterkinectyesnomicrosoftmoviestvyesyesyesyesuploadstudiorefnameuploadxboxcomenusentertainmentxboxoneliveappsuploadstudioshowoffyourgreatestgamingmomentsyourwaywithuploadxboxcomrefnoyesnoyesskypeyesyesaligncenterskypeaccountandkinectnoyessportspicksnoyesyesnocolspanaselectionofthirdpartyappsandentertainmentservicesodyesyesyesyesabciviewyesyesyesyesamazoncominstantvideoyesyesaligncenteramazonaccountsyesyesbbciplayeryesyesyesyescracklecompanycrackleyesyesyesyescanalyesyesaligncentercanalsubscriptionyesyescrunchyrollyesyesaligncentercrunchyrollpremiummembershipyesyesdemandyesyesyesyesespnyesyesaligncenterwatchespnaffiliatedispnoyesfoxtelplayyesyesaligncenterfoxtelonxboxonesubscriptionnoyeshalowaypointnoyesyesyeshuluplusyesyesaligncenterhuluplussubscriptionyesyesiheartradioyesyesyesyesliveeventsyesyesaligncenterrequirementsvarybyeventyesyeslivetvyesyesaligncentercableprovidersubscriptionandsettopboxxboxoneyesyesmissteenusayesyesyesyesmlbtvyesyesaligncentermlbtvsubscriptionyesyesmovistartvyesyesaligncentermovistartvsubscriptionyesyesnationalfootballleaguenflonxboxnoyesaligncenternflaccountandcableprovidersubscriptionxboxoneyesyesnetflixyesyesaligncenternetflixsubscriptionyesyesonedriveyesyesyesyessbsondemandyesyesyesyesskygoyesyesaligncenterskytvandorpayperviewsubscriptionyesyestelusoptiktvnoyesaligncenteroptiktvsubscriptionkityesnonetworktentenplayyesyesyesyestwitchtvyesyesaligncentertwitchtvaccountyesyesattuversetvyesyesaligncenterattuversesubscriptionkityesnovodafoneportugalvodafonecasatvyesyesaligncentervodafonecasatvsubscriptionyesnocomcastxfinityyesyesaligncenterxfinitydigitalpreferredandxfinityinternetaccountsyesnoultimatefightingchampionshipyesyesaligncentercreditcardtopurchasefightsyesyesvevoyesyesyesyesyoutubeyesyesaligncenteryoutubeaccountyesyeswwenetworkyesyesaligncenterwwenetworksubscriptionyesyeszdfyesyesyesyescolspanstyletextaligncentersmallasomecontentavailableoneweekaftergoldsubscriberssmallbrsmallbavailableinusandcanadaonlysmallbrsmallcavailableinukandirelandonlysmallbrsmalldoversonlyparentalpermissionrequiredsmallbrsmallevariousrentalsubscriptionfeesapplysmallbrsmallfavailableinportugalonlysmallbrsmallgavailableinaustraliaonlysmallbrsmallhavailableinfranceonlysmallbrsmalliavailableinspainonlysmallbrsmalljavailableingermanyonlysmallbrsmallkavailableinusonlysmallbrsmalllavailableincanadaonlysmallbrsmallmdiscontinuedfromxboxlivemarketplacesmallbrsmallnavailableinselectedmarketssmallbrsmallogoldmembershiprequiredonsmallxboxfeaturesvirtualavatarsrepresentingtheuserslikenessachievementsearnedduringgameplaygamerscoresamountingtothetotalofausersachievementpointsrepvotedbyotheruserspreferringoravoidingtheuserrepdefaultstofivestarsovertimeaftertheuserhasbeenpreferredbyatleastoneotherusercontactlistfriendslistdisplayingtheuserschosenfriendsofuptorecentplayerslistdisplayingthelastplayerstheuserhasmetcomplaintsystemallowinguserstofilereportsofotherusersthathavebrokenxboxlivetermsofusexboxlivemarketplaceofferingdownloadablecontentforgamesmusicandmoviesvoicechatvoiceandvideoconferencingvideochatmultiplayergameplayforuptofourplayersviasystemlinkorxboxlivecrossplatformmultiplayerwithwindowsgamersonselectgamesviagamesforwindowslivematchmakingvideogamesmatchmakingdependingontheuserscumulativegamerscorereplocationlanguageandgamerzonepartysystemforuptoeightusersforplayinggamesandwatchingmoviesparentalcontrolsfamilysettingscontrollingyoungerusersexposuretootherusersinsidexboxvideonewsletterdetailingxboxnewseventsproductsinterviewsandgamescontentisstreamingmediastreameddirectlyfromthexboxdashboardnetflixvideoserviceofferingunlimitedstreamingforthousandsoftelevisionshowsandmoviesrequiresnetflixunlimitedaccountxboxvideomarketplaceofferingstreamingofvideocontentinstantlyinphighdefinitionvideohdwithsurroundsoundrequiresgoldmembershiphalowaypointmultimediahubforallhaloserieshalorelatedcontentgameroomvirtualarcadespaceofferingalibraryofclassicretrogamesmsnentertainmentportalprovidingthelatestnewsandgossipintheworldofcelebritiesmusicandmoviesattuverseandtelustvtelusoptiktvsettopboxfunctionalitywindowsphonecompatibilityallowinguserstomanagetheirxboxliveprofilessendandreceivemessagesplayvideogamesaswellasearnachievementsexclusivetowindowsphonetitlesxboxmusicmarketplaceofferingunlimitedstreamingofmusicandmusicvideosrequiresgoldmembershipavatarkinectsocialmediaserviceallowinguserstointeractwithoneanotherandcreatemediausingtheiravatarshuluhuluplusvideostreamingserviceofferingcommerciallysupportedtelevisionandmoviecontentfromnetworkssuchasnbcfoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxandamericanbroadcastingcompanyabcusrequireshuluplusaccountkinectfunlabsdevelopmenthuballowinguserstoplaycreateandsharetheirownkinectexperiencesbingsearchenginebingsearchengineallowinguserstosearchforanypieceofcontentontheirconsoleinternetexplorerallowsuserstobrowsetheinternetusingtheirconsoleonxboxmicrosoftedgeonxboxonecloudstorageallowinguserstoaccesstheirprofilesandsavedatafromanyconsoleiheartradiostreamingservicewhichstreamsoverusbasedradiostationsrequiresgoldmembershipandiheartradioaccountyoutubeapplicationallowingforunlimitedaccesstosharedvideocontentrequiresyoutubeaccountiptvserviceofferingregionspecifictelevisioncontentrequiresgoldmembershipepixtvchannelepixofferingmoviesontelevisioncontentrequiresgoldmembershipdailymotionallowinguserstoaccesstelevisionandmoviecontentrequiresgoldmembershipanddailymotionaccountultimatefightingchampionshipxboxliveufconxboxliveallowsuserstoviewpaypervieweventsinphdaccessalibraryofliveandondemandvideocontentconnectwithfriendstopredictfightresultsandhavetheabilitytocomparefighterstatisticsandrecordsmlbtvofferingoutofmarketmajorleaguebaseballgamesrequiresgoldmembershipandmlbtvsubscriptionliveeventstreamingincludingvideogameannouncementsawardshowsconcertssportsbeautypageantsandnewseventsmosteventsrequiregoldmembershipandfeessportspicksallowinguserstopredicttheoutcomeofsportingeventsincludingufcnbaandnhlgameswithfuturesupportformlbgamesandmissuniverseorganizationpageantsrequiresgoldmembershipvarioustvondemandserviceswhichareavailabletoallusersnogoldsubscriptionrequiredalbeitrestrictedbyregionsuchservicesincludeaustraliaabciviewgermanyzdfmediathekukbbciplayervarioustvondemandserviceswhichrequireagoldsubscriptionaccesstotheseservicesvariesbyregionandsomerequireaseparatesubscriptiontotheprovidersuchservicesincludeaustraliasbsondemandfrancecanalukdemandodandskydriveuscomcastxfinityondemandcanadatoutvexclusivexboxonefeaturesabilitytorecordgameplayusingtheuploadappandgamedvrrequiresgoldmembershipaccesstooneguideacustomizableelectronicprogramguidethatintegratestvcontentandinternetcontentsuchashuluplusintoonescreenskypesupportallowsuserstovideochatandvoicechatwitheachotherwhileplayinggamesandusingappsrequiresskypeaccountandkinectabilitytoeditsavedgameplayclipsintheuploadstudioanduploadtoonedriverequiresgoldmembershipuserinformationgamertagthissectionislinkedfromgamertagsagamertagistheuniversalnameforausercomputingplayersusernameonxboxliveagamertagusedonlinemustbeuniqueandcanbeuptofifteencharactersinlengthincludingnumberslettersandspacesgamertagscanbechangedusinganxboxoneorxboxconsolefirsttimeisfreethenforapriceofthexboxsupportseightxboxliveenabledprofilespermemoryunitandthirtytwoprofilesontheharddriveaplayersgamertagaccountstatuscanbecheckedusingavarietyofonlinetoolswhichisusefulespeciallywhenlookingforanewgamertagorconfirmingthatagamertagexistsusingavalidgamertaganyplayercanbelocatedandmessagedfromwithinlivetherearealsoseveralwebsiteswhichallowusersofgamertagstouploadphotosandinformationaboutthemselvesgamertagscanbeusedinavarietyofplacesincludinggamesforwindowslivezunemicrosoftxnaxnacreatorsclubandofcourseonxboxoneandxboxgamertagsalsocontainavatarimagesorgamerpicturessometimesassociatedwithcertaingamesorgamecharactersonxboxindividualgamerpicscostbetweenandbuttheyareusuallybundledintopackspacksoffourorfivegamerpicsusuallycostwhilepacksoftentypicallycostitisalsopossibletotakepublicpictureswhichareshowntoallthatviewaprofileunlesstheuserhasadifferentpersonalpicturesetwhichcanbetakenofavatarswhileusingtheavatareditoruserswereformerlyforbiddentousestringssuchasgayorrefertohomosexualityinanywayintheirgamertagorprofileduetoitbeingconsideredcontentofasexualnatureevenifthestringoccursinalegitimatesurnameincidentswhereawomanwassuspendedfromtheserviceforidentifyingherselfasalesbianandanincidentwhereamaleuserwassuspendedforusinghissurnamegaywoodinhisusernameattractedcontroversyrefnamegayerrefrefnamegaywoodrefinfebruaryxboxliveleadprogrammanagerforenforcementstephentoulouseclarifiedtheservicespolicyonsexualidentificationstatingthatexpressionofanysexualorientationisnotallowedingamertagsbutthatthecompanyisexamininghowwecanprovideitinawaythatwontgetmisusedrefnamesexboxrefchangesannouncedinmarchpermitxboxlivememberstoexpresssexualorientationintheirgamertagsandprofilesrefnamequeertyrefgamerscorethegamerscoregisanachievementvideogamingachievementspointaccumulationsystemthatreflectsthenumberofachievementsaccumulatedbyauseronxboxlivethroughthedisplayingofthenumberofpointsaccumulatedtheseachievementpointsareawardedforthecompletionofgamespecificchallengessuchasbeatingalevelcomputerandvideogamesleveloramassingaspecifiednumberofwinsagainstotherplayersinonlinematchesandothervariousingamechallengesinitiallyretailxboxgamesoffereduptogspreadoveravariablenumberofachievementswhileeachxboxlivearcadetitlecontainedachievementstotalinggonfebruarymicrosoftannouncedontheirgamerscoreblogsomenewpoliciesthatdevelopersmustfollowrelatedtogamerscoreandachievementsinfuturereleasesallregulardiscbasedgamesmusthavegamerscorepointsinthebasegamethetitlecanshipwithfewerthanpointsbutanythingaddedlatermustbefreevideogamedevelopergamedevelopersalsonowhavetheoptionofaddinguptopointsviadownloadablecontenteveryquarterafterthefirstyearofreleaseforatotalofpointsxboxlivearcadetitlesalsoallowplayerstoobtaingamerscoreinitiallyuptogamerscorewithadditionalpointsuptogamerscoreviadownloadablecontentforatotalofpointsbutsomexblagamesnowcontainuptogamerscorewithoutdlconmayhalowasthefirstgamesforwindowstitletofeatureachievementswhichcountedtowardsaplayersgamerscoreonmarchmicrosoftcrackeddownongamerscorecheatersthosewhousedexternaltoolstoartificiallyinflatetheirgamerscoreandreducedtheirgamerscorestozerowithouttheoptiontorecoverthescoresthathadbeenearnedandbrandedtheplayerbydenotingontheirgamertagthattheywereacheaterthedevelopmentofthegamerscoresystemhascreatedanewnicheintheinterneteconomymanywebsiteshavebeencreatedtoprovidegamerswithtipsandtricksforgettingachievementpointssomesitesaresolelydevotedtotheseachievementguidesandsomeblogsprovidegamingguidesinadditiontotheirothercontentonmarchraycoxivorstallionbecamethefirstplayerinhistorytoreachmilliongamerscoregamercardthissectionislinkedfromgamercardunsourcedimageremovedthegamercardisaninformationpanelusedtosummarizeonesuserprofileonmicrosoftsxboxlivethepiecesofinformationonagamercardincludegamertaginfrontasilverorgoldbaractivegoldmemberswhohavehadxboxliveforlessthanayearfeaturesmallbubblesanythingayearoroverwillfeaturethenumberofyearsgamerpicturexboxliveavataravatarreputationgamerscoregamerzonerecentgamesplayedaplayersgamercardcanbeviewedviathexboxdashboardoronlinethroughxboxcomthetopbarthatdisplaysthegamertagisshowninfrontofeitherasilverorgoldbarwhichdesignatesifthegamerhasanxboxlivefreeorgoldsubscriptionrespectivelyifthegamerispartofthexboxlaunchxboxlaunchteamthetopbarwillalsohaveadditionaltextstatinglaunchteaminthebackgroundthirdpartysitesallowuserstopostarenderedversionoftheirgamercardasasmalladobeflashflashappletorjpegimageonanywebsiteorinternetforumsimilarlymacosxuserscandownloadwidgetsthatdisplaytheirxboxlivegamercardwithinmacosxsdashboardmacosdashboardthesecanbedownloadedontoanymacwithmacosxosxorhigherviaappleincapplesapplecomdownloadsdashboardwidgetdownloadpagetherearefourgamerzonesrecreationisforcasualgamersfamilyisforfamilyfriendlinessfamilyfriendlygamerswithoutprofanityetcproisforcompetitivegamerswhoenjoyachallengeandundergroundisfornoholdsbarredgamingwhereanythinggoesaslongasitdoesnotviolatethexboxlivetermsofusehoweverinpracticethesegamerzonesaredisplayedonlyonthegamercardoftheplayeranddonottendtoaffectthegameplayexperienceorthematchingofplayersinonlinegamestrueskillthissectionislinkedfromtrueskilltrueskillisarankingandmatchmakingvideogamesmatchmakingsystemwhichwasfirstimplementedaspartofthexboxsliveservicesdevelopedatmicrosoftresearchcambridgeunitedkingdomthetrueskilleloratingsystemotherchessratingsystemsrankingsystemisnowusedinovertitlesforthexboxandinthegamesforwindowslivegamewarhammerdawnofwariiitusesamathematicalmodelofuncertaintytoaddressweaknessesinexistingrankingsystemssuchaseloratingsystemeloforexampleanewplayerjoiningmillionplayerleaguescanberankedcorrectlyinfewerthangamesitcanpredicttheprobabilityofeachgameoutcomewhichenhancescompetitivematchmakingmakingitpossibletoassembleskillbalancedteamsfromagroupofplayerswithdifferentabilitieswhenmatchmakingthesystemattemptstomatchindividualsbasedontheirestimatedskillleveliftwoindividualsarecompetingheadtoheadandhavethesameestimatedskilllevelwithlowestimateuncertaintytheyshouldeachhaveroughlyachanceofwinningamatchinthiswaythesystemattemptstomakeeverymatchascompetitiveaspossibleinordertopreventabuseofthesystemthemajorityofrankedgameshaverelativelylimitedoptionsformatchmakingbydesignplayerscannoteasilyplaywiththeirfriendsinrankedgameshoweverthesecountermeasureshavefailedduetotechniquessuchasalternateaccountsandsystemflawswhereeachsystemhasitsownindividualtrueskillratingtoprovidelesscompetitivegamesthesystemsupportsunrankedplayermatcheswhichallowindividualsofanyskillleveltobepairedoftenincludingguestsonanaccountsuchmatchesdonotcontributetothetrueskillratingxboxgamesstoredeletedimageremovedxboxgamesstoreformerlyxboxlivemarketplaceisaunifiedstorefrontwhichoffersbothfreeandpremiumcontentfordownloadincludingxboxlivearcadetitlesxboxindiegameslistofxboxoriginalsoriginalxboxgamesxboxgamedemosgameexpansionmaterialegextramapsvehiclessongstrailersgamerpicturesandthemestelevisionshowsmusicvideosmovierentalsappsandgamesandmorerefnamemarketplacerefonnovembermicrosoftreleasedadownloadablezuneapplicationforthexboxthisapplicationturnsthexboxintoazunedeviceonceonedownloadsthezuneapplicationittakesoverthemarketplacemenusandsectionsoftheconsolewiththeadditionofthezunemarketplacetoaxboxconsoleoneisabletopurchasemoviesinsteadofonlybeingabletorentthemthezunemarketplacehasamuchmoreextensivecontentofferingcomparedtotheclassicxboxlivemarketplacexboxplayanywherexboxplayanywhereisacrossbuyprogrambetweenxboxoneandwindowsannouncedateanddeployedinseptemberthesupportedgamescanbeboughteitheronthewindowsstoreoronthexboxgamesstoreonthewebordirectlyonthexboxonewithauniquexboxmicrosoftaccountandwillbeavailablegloballyfortheaccountsupposedlythatthetargetedwindowscomputercantechnicallysupportthegameacomprehensivelistofsupportedgamecanbefoundonthexboxplayanywherewebsitexboxlivegoldinfoboxvgonlineservicetitlexboxlivegoldlogodevelopermicrosofttypepremiumonlineservicereleasedupdatedplatformxboxbrxboxonememberswebsitexboxcomenusliveuswebsitexboxlivegoldisapaidsubscriptionserviceforthexboxcommunitysigninguptoxboxliveisfreebutwiththeexceptionofthewindowsversioninordertoplayonlineandaccesssomecoreservicesaperiodicfeeisrequiredfeaturesthatrequireagoldsubscriptionincludeonlinegamingmatchmakingsmartmatchprivatechatpartychatandingamevoicecommunicationotherfeaturessuchasgamerecordingandmediasharingalsonecessitategoldmembershipsimilarlyordinaryxboxlivememberscandownloadandaccessthetwitchlivestreamingapplicationbutinordertobroadcastgameplayofonesownagoldsubscriptionisnecessaryfreetoplaytitlesalsoremainbehindapaywallsubscribersarebenefitedwithspaceinthecloudforstoringfilesandgrantedearlyorexclusiveaccesstobetasspecialoffersgameswithgoldandvideokinectgameswithgoldgameswithgoldisaprograminwhichdigitaldownloadsofgamesareofferedatnochargetoxboxlivegoldsubscribersgameswithgoldlaunchedforxboxinjulywhilexboxonegameswereaddedinjunexboxonegameswithgoldtitlesrequireactivexboxlivegoldsubscriptioninordertouseandbecomelockedandunplayableifthesubscriptionlapsesasofnovemberallgameswithgoldtitlesforxboxarebackwardscompatibleonxboxonerefnamegamesradarxbxbrefrefnamepolygongwgxbrefnewxboxexperienceatemicrosoftannouncedthatallxboxownerswouldreceiveanewdashboardupdatetitlednewxboxexperiencenxeonnovemberrefnameignavatarsrequiredrefthataddedseveralnewfeaturesthoughthenewinterfaceisgenerallydownloadedwhenanewxboxisconnectedtoxboxlivesomegamesincludingfightnightroundportalanddragonballragingblastwillalsoupdateitdeletedimageremovedonefeatureistheabilitytowatchstandardqualityandpstreamingmoviesandtvshowsfromnetflixthroughthexboxthisfeatureisonlyavailableintheusandcanadaandrequiresanxboxlivegoldsubscriptionandnetflixunlimitedusersarealsoabletowatchnetflixtitleswiththeirfriendsinapartyofuptoplayersxboxlivemembershavetheabilitytoviewovermoviesandepisodesuserscanbrowsefortitlesbasedontheirinterestsandnetflixratingswiththexboxinterfaceusersnolongerneedtovisitthewebsitetochoosethecontenttowatchwhenaplayerpartiesupwithagrouptheyalsohavetheabilitytojoingamestogetherchattogetherorviewaslideshowofphotosanotherfeaturegivesplayerstheabilitytocreateavatarsxboxavatarsplayersareabletocustomizeavatarsbychangingbodyshapefacialfeatureshairandclothesaswellasnewclothingbeingreleasedfromtimetotimexboxliverequiresthatusersselectanavataranotherfeatureistheabilitytoinstallanentiregamediscontothexboxsharddrivewhichdecreasesloadingtimesandsignificantlyreducesnoiseduetothegamebeingreadfromtheharddriveandnotthelouderdiscdrivesimilartothepshdloaderfeatureformostgamesthisfeaturealsoreducestheamountoftimespentreadingthedisctherebyhelpingtoextendthelifeexpectancylifespanoftheopticalstorageopticaldrivemechanismrefnameinstallgamesrefduringthepressconferenceatemicrosoftannouncedxboxliveprimetimeaseriesofscheduledprogramswherexboxlivememberscanplayagainsteachotherthefirstannouncedgameisanadaptationoftheendemolgameshowvsxboxvideogamevsinwhichonexboxlivememberwillplayagainstothermemberswithalivehostandprizesawardedrefnamepassionrefonjulymicrosoftconfirmedthatvswouldbecancelledthexboxguidehasalsobeenredesignedplayersarenotonlyabletoviewtheirfriendsandmessagesbutareabletoaccesstheirgamelibraryifauserhasinstalledanygameontotheirxboxharddrivetheyareabletoimmediatelystartthegamefromtheguidewhethertheyareinagameorinthedashboardmicrosoftalsoconfirmedthateverynewcomeswithfreexboxlivegoldtrialaccountsuponcreatinganewaccounttheplayerisallowedtoclaimatrialperioduponrefusingtopayforgoldsubscriptionthereforeallowingtheusertotryonlinegameplayforthatonemonthtrialperiodafterwhichtheplayerisrequiredtopaysubscriptionfeestocontinuematchmakingonlinemajornelsonalsoannouncedthattheupdatesupportsonvgaorhdmiexpandingthechoiceofresolutionswhileprevioussystemupdateshavebeenstoredonprimarystorageinternalmemorythisisthefirstupdatetorequireaxboxaccessoriesstoragestoragedevicetheupdaterequiresatleastnbspmbfreespaceoneitheramemorycardoraharddrivemicrosofthasstatedthatmanycoreorarcadeuserswillnothavesufficientspaceontheirlimitedmemorycardsforthenewupdateandthusprovidedthemwithafreenbspmbmemorycardoradiscountednbspgbharddriveforalimitedtimethispromotionhassinceendedandallnewarcadeunitsnowcomewithnbspmbofinternalmemorythenxewasleakedontotorrentsitesandcouldbeinstalledviaausbflashdriveusbdrivemicrosoftsmajornelsonstatedthatunauthorizedinstallationofnxewouldresultintheusersconsolebeingbannedfromxboxliveuntilitsofficialreleasewhichwasonnovemberupdateonseptembermajornelsonannouncedthatthexboxlivedashboardwouldberedesignedonceagainthenewdesignwouldincorporatethemetrodesignlanguagemetrointerfaceusedinothermicrosoftproductssuchaszunehdandwindowsphoneaswellasanewcolorschemeandotherminortweakstotheoveralllayouttheupdatewouldalsoincludeakinecthubdesignedspecificallyforthekinectsensorforeasierdashboardnavigationxboxlivememberswereabletosignupforapreviewprogramwhichopenedonseptemberthenewdashboardofficiallywentliveondecemberonjuneatelectronicentertainmentexpoeitwasannouncedthatthedashboardwouldbeupdatedagaintoincludethebingsearchenginebingsearchengineallowinguserstosearchforgamestrailersmoviesetckinectwouldalsobeupdatedallowinguserstonavigatethedashboardandbingusingtheirvoiceotherupdateswouldincludecloudstorageyoutubeaccessandlivetelevisionstreamingthedashboardupdatewasdelayedtilldecemberonmaymicrosoftannouncedchangestothexboxlivegoldmembershipthatwouldallowsubscriberstoaccessavailableappssuchasnetflixtwitchmlbtvetcwithoutagoldmembershiponbothxboxoneandxboxconsolesthoughvariousrentalorsubscriptionfeesstillapplymicrosoftwouldbeofferingproratedrefundsfortheserviceforrequestsupuntilaugustthecompanyalsoannouncedgameswithgoldthatwouldgivesubscribersfreegamesonbothxboxandxboxonewithonesinglemembershipanddealswithgoldforexclusivediscountsforxboxonegamesatthexboxstorexboxvideoonnovembermicrosoftannouncedthexboxvideoformerlyxboxvideomarketplaceanexclusivevideostoreaccessiblethroughtheconsolelaunchedintheunitedstatesonnovemberthefirstanniversaryofthexboxslaunchtheserviceallowsusersintheunitedstatestodownloadhighdefinitiontelevisionhighdefinitionandstandarddefinitiontelevisionshowsforpurchaseandmoviesforrentalontoanxboxconsoleforviewingwiththeexceptionofshortclipscontentisnotcurrentlyavailableforstreamingandmustbedownloadedmoviesareavailableforrentalfromthevideomarketplacetheyexpireindaysafterdownloadorattheendofthefirsthoursafterthemoviehasbegunplayingwhichevercomesfirsttelevisionepisodescanbepurchasedtoownandaretransferabletoanunlimitednumberofconsolesdownloadedfilesusesurroundsoundsurroundaudioandareencodedusingvcforvideoatpwithabitrateofnbspmbitsrefnamexboxlivevideoreftelevisioncontentisofferedfrommtvvhcomedycentralturnerbroadcastingandcbsandmoviecontentiswarnerbrosparamountpicturesparamountanddisneyalongwithotherpublishersrefnamelivevideoannouncementrefprogramsthegamewithfameinitiativehasbeenmicrosoftswaytoconnectxboxlivememberswithcelebritiesandgamedevelopersnotableparticipantsofgamewithfameincludeshialabeoufjackblackrihannavelvetrevolvervictoriajusticeshaunwrightphillipsscissorsistersparamorekornokgoredjumpsuitapparatusdreamtheaterlinkinparkgreendayandinsaneclownpossexboxambassadorsarexboxlivemembersselectedbymicrosoftwhohaveproventhemselvestobehelpfultowardsothersandarewillingtoassistnewxboxliveusersandanswertheirquestionsasofmarchthereareambassadorsrepresentingcountriesinmorethanlanguagesxboxrewardswasapromotiondesignedtoprovidegamersincentivestoplayonxboxlivebysubsidizingachievementpointsearnedwithactualrewardsgamerswererequiredtoregisterforspecificchallengeswhichifsuccessfullycompletedwouldyieldachallengespecificrewardxboxliverewardsisacurrentpromotionprovidingxboxlivememberswithrewardpointsnottobeconfusedwiththedefunctmicrosoftpointswhentheyrenewtheirgoldmembershipbuysomethingonthemarketplaceetcxboxlivelabswasaprogramfoundinthecommunitysectionandwasavailablefrommarchtoformembersintheunitedstatesifaplayerchosetoparticipatetheywererewardedwithavataritemsandzeropointachievementssentuamessagewasashowwhichaimedtoanswerquestionssentinbyviewersonanythingrelatedtotheworldofxboxtheshowranforfourseriesandwasreleasedeveryothersaturdaytheshowwasdrivenentirelybyusergeneratedquestionstoensurethevolumeofquestionsremainedhighfanscouldcontacttheshowinavarietyofwaysincludingsendingquestionstothesentuamessagegamertagoverxboxlivewritinganemailorusingsocialnetworkwebsitessecuritymicrosoftimplementsanumberofdifferentsecuritymeasuresonitsxboxliveserviceoneofthesetakestheformofaproactivesecuritycheckthatassuresthatonlyunmodifiedmachinesmayaccesstheirserviceonmaymicrosoftbannedconsoleswithmodifiedfirmwarefromxboxliveaccordingtomicrosoftconsoleswithfirmwareofunknownoriginqualityorintentwerebannedpermanentlyfromxboxliveamicrosoftrepresentativeindicatedthattheactionwastakentoassuretheintegrityoftheserviceandprotectourpartnersandusersithasbeendiscoveredthatpretextinghasbeenusedtoimpersonateanxboxliveuserforsabotagemicrosofthasimplementedgreatersecuritytodecreasetheservicessusceptibilitytosocialengineeringsecuritysocialengineeringinearlynovembermicrosoftbannedapproximatelynbspmillionconsoleswithmodifiedfirmwarefromxboxliveinoctoberusersofxboxlivereportedhavingunauthorizedaccesstotheirxboxliveaccountswithmicrosoftpointssubsequentlybeingusedandorboughttopurchasevariousingameitemsforfifamicrosoftisrespondingtosuchincidentsbyrestrictingaccesstotheaccountfordayswhilstthefraudteaminvestigatesbotheaandmicrosofthavedeniedthatthereisaproblemwithsecurityondecemberbothplaystationnetworkandxboxlivesufferednetworkdisruptionafteradenialofserviceattackfunctionalitywasrestoredondecemberwithsomeusersexperiencingdifficultiesinthedaysthatfollowedavailabilityasofdecemberxboxliveiscurrentlyavailableincountriesterritoriesrefnamecountriesrefdonotaddanyadditionalcountriesterritorieswithoutpropercitationsusersfromothercountriesarenotofficiallysupportedalthoughitispossibleforthemtoaccessxboxliveiftheyprovideanaddresslocatedinacountrywherexboxliveisofficiallyavailablethecountryselectedduringaccountcreationaffectsthepaymentoptionscontentandservicesavailabletotheuserpreviouslyuserswereunabletochangetheiraccountregionbutinoctobermicrosoftintroducedanaccountmigrationtoolasapilotprojectwhichallowstheusertochangetheirregionandmaintaintheirxboxliveprofilesubscriptionssuchasthatforxboxmusiccannotbetransferredwiththismethodonmaymicrosoftannouncedthatitplannedtolaunchxboxliveinthemiddleeastwithinthenexttwelvemonthsbutitneveroccurredduringthattimeperiodhoweveronoctobermicrosoftofficiallyannouncedtheservicewillbelaunchingintheunitedarabemiratesandsaudiarabiainthreedaystimerefnamexboxlivemerefonnovembermicrosoftannouncedthattheservicewouldbelaunchedonnovemberinargentinaandisraeltheservicealsoappearedinthefollowingmonthinslovakiaandturkeytheservicewaslaunchedinchinainlatefirstgenerationxboxliveshutdownxboxlivefortheoriginalxboxwasdiscontinuedbymicrosoftonaprilencouraginggamerstoupgradetothexboxthoughofficialxboxliveservicehasbeendiscontinuedfortheoriginalxboxtunnelingsoftwaresuchasxlinkkaiexistsallowingoriginalxboxuserstoplaysystemlinkgamessuchashalovideogamehalowithotherpeoplefromaroundtheworldmuchlikexboxlivehowevernothirdpartysoftwaredevelopedthusfarhasbeenfullycompatiblewithalloriginalxboxtitlesliveanywhereliveanywhereisaninitiativebymicrosofttobringtheliveonlinegamingandentertainmentnetworktoawidevarietyofplatformsanddevicesincludingxboxconsolexboxxboxmicrosoftwindowswindowsxpspxpspspwindowsvistavistaandwindowswindowsphonejavaplatformmicroeditionjavabasedphonesandzunerefnameliveanywherereftheconceptserviceformobiledeviceshasbeendemonstratedateelectronicentertainmentexpoeandconsumerelectronicsshowcesonamotorolaqmobilephonemicrosoftschrisearlyclarifiedthatliveanywhereisalongtermprojectexpectedtoberolledoutoverseveralyearsrefnamexblanywhererefonfebruarymicrosoftannounceditsnewmobileoperatingsystemwindowsphonewithwindowsphonemicrosofthasintegratedfullxboxlivefunctionalityintowindowsphonerevenuebloomberglpbloombergestimatesthatxboxlivelikelygeneratedoverunitedstatesdollarnbspbillioninrevenueinthefiscalyearwhichendedonjuneseealsonintendonetworkplaystationnetworkwindowslivereferencesexternallinkspleasebecautiousinaddingmorelinkstothisarticlewikipediaisnotacollectionoflinksnorshoulditbeusedforadvertisingexcessiveorinappropriatelinkswillbedeletedseewikipediaexternallinkswikipediaspamfordetailsiftherearealreadyplentifullinkspleaseproposeadditionsorreplacementsonthisarticlesdiscussionpageorsubmityourlinktotherelevantcategoryattheopendirectoryprojectdmozorgandlinkbacktothatcategoryusingthetemplatemajornelsoncommajornelsonsblogbylarryhrybxboxlivedirectorofprogrammingfightingfantasyxiphorgfoundationimagexineramawayjpgthumbrightpxfourheadxineramaimagexineramamodernmonitorsetupjpgthumbrightpxmodernxineramaexamplexineramaisanextensiontothexwindowsystemthatenablesxapplicationsandwindowmanagerstousetwoormorephysicaldisplaysasonelargevirtualdisplaydevelopedunderthenamepanoramixbymadelinetasmusofthedigitalequipmentcorporationsunixxserverengineeringgroupthesoftwarewascontributedtotheopengroupforxreleasexrandrenamedxineramaitwasthenincorporatedintothexfreereleaseinandthesolarisreleaseaccordingtoxserverprojectleadroblembreethenamewasinspiredbythecineramawidescreentheatreprocesswewerefrustratedbyhavingbigalphamachineswithmultipledisplaysandbeingunabletomoveapplicationsfromonetoanotheritwasdevelopedasmuchoutoffrustrationasoutofcompetitiveadvantagexineramaadvantagesincludetheabilitytoonlymaximizewindowstothedimensionsoftheactivephysicaldisplayandtoallownewpopupwindowsontheactivephysicaldisplaygeneraltheoryofoperationwhenxineramaisenabledinthexservermultiplexscreenscanbeunifiedintoasingleworkspacethisunifiedworkareaallowswindowstobetransferredacrossxscreensxineramaextensionthexineramaextensionprovidesclientswithinformationaboutthelayoutofviewportswithintheunifiedworkspaceitsinformationregardingoffsetandsizeinformationallowsclientstomakeintelligentdecisionsaboutwindowplacementwindowmaximizationandotheruserinteractioneventsuseinnonxineramaenvironmentsthexserversclientserverarchitectureallowstheservertoexposexineramainformationtotheclientregardlessofwhetherthexineramainfrastructureisactiverandrandnvidiastwinviewutilizethisfeaturetoprovidewindowmanagersandclientswithinformationabouttheoutputlayoutrelativetotheframebufferknownproblemscommoncolordepthxineramarequiresthatallofthephysicalscreenshavethesamebitdepthforexampleanbitscreencannotbecombinedwithabitscreenhardwarerenderinginsomeimplementationsopengldirectrenderingonlyworksononescreenwindowsthatshouldshowdgraphicsonotherscreenstendtoappearblackaproblemmostcommonlyseenwithdscreensaversthesolarissparcopenglimplementationandatiandnvidiaproprietarylinuxdriverssupporthardwareacceleratedrenderingofallscreensinxineramamodestaticconfigurationphysicalscreenscannotbeaddedorremoveddynamicallyandthereisnowaytochangetheresolutionofascreenthisisparticularlydifficultformobilecomputeruserswhomayuseanexternalphysicaldisplayinadditiontothecomputersbuiltinscreenbutonlyatcertainlocationsitisrecommendedthatrandroratisornvidiassinglegpumethodbeusedinthesecasesxineramaslackofsupportforaddingorremovingscreenscausesseveralproblemswindowsmaybedrawntoascreenthatisnotconnectedtothecomputertheuserisrequiredtodragthesewindowstothemainscreenbutisunabletoseethemvideosignalssenttodisconnecteddisplaysuseunnecessarypowerandmayreducebatterylifeitbecomesdifficulttouseadeviceinmultiplelocationswhereavailableexternalscreensarelikelytobeconfigureddifferentlytheseproblemsarerelatedtoxineramasimplementationratherthanitsdesignandcanbecorrectedwithfurtherdevelopmentwindowmanagersupportimagexmonadscreentripleheaddonspngthumbxmonadsxineramasupporttilingonthreescreenssimultaneouslysomewindowmanagersanddesktopenvironmentshavelimitedawarenessoftheseparatephysicalscreensinxineramasothatthedesktopissimplystretchedoverthephysicalscreensinsteadofarrangedasasinglelargedesktopthewindowmanagermayplaceanewwindowonanunexpectedscreenwhichcanbeconfusingandannoyingxineramaneverthelessofferstheadvantagethatwindowscanbemovedbetweenscreensunlikeinxdeadspacethephysicaldisplaysdonotneedtobethesameresolutionandthevirtualdisplayareaisnotnecessarilyrectangularifthecomponentphysicaldisplaysarenotthesamesizesomewindowmanagersassumearectangulardisplayareaandenforcethisbycreatingexcessdeadspaceattheedgesofadisplaythewindowmanagerneedsawarenessofxineramatoavoidplacingnewwindowsinthisdeadspaceseealsomultimonitorresourceasmusmadelinetdecemberthepanoramixextensionthexresourceapracticaljournalofthexwindowsystemppnbspnotesreferenceswikixorgxrdocrelnoteshtmloverviewofxrxorgexternallinkstldporghowtoxineramahowtoindexhtmlusingxineramatomultiheadxfreevhowtofromthelinuxdocumentationprojectwikilinuxquestionsorgwikiusingmultiplemonitorswithxfreeusingmultiplemonitorswithxfreesimpleconfigurationexamplesxianincidentredirectcategoryshelljaguarxkengineoldsmobilemmxpatentredirectcategoryshellxflxchatredirectcategoryshellxmenchildrenoftheatommayrefertoxmenchildrenoftheatomvideogamexmenchildrenoftheatomvideogameafightinggamexmenchildrenoftheatomcomicsxmenchildrenoftheatomcomicsacomicbookchildrenoftheatomamutantrelatedsourcebookforthemarvelsuperheroesroleplayinggamemarvelsuperheroesroleplayinggameseealsochildrenoftheatomnovelbywilmarshirasxenoarchaeologybranchofxenologydealingwithextraterrestriallifeextraterrestrialculturesisaprotosciencehypotheticalformofarchaeologythatexistsmainlyinworksofsciencefictionthefieldisconcernedwiththestudyofmaterialremainstoreconstructandinterpretpastlifewaysofaliencivilizationsxenoarchaeologyisnotcurrentlypracticedbymainstreamarchaeologistsduetothecurrentlackofanymaterialforthedisciplinetostudyetymologythenamederivesfromgreeklanguagegreekxenoswhichmeansstrangeralienandarchaeologystudyofancientsxenoarchaeologyissometimescalledastroarchaeologyorexoarchaeologyalthoughsomewouldarguethattheprefixexowouldbemorecorrectlyappliedtothestudyofhumanactivitiesinaspaceenvironmentothernamesforxenoarchaeologyorspecialisedfieldsofinterestincludeprobesetisearchforextraterrestrialintelligenceextraterrestrialarchaeologyspacearchaeologysetasearchforextraterrestrialartifactsdysoniansetiplanetarysetisettsearchforextraterrestrialtechnologysetvsearchforextraterrestrialvisitationextraterrestrialanthropologyareoarchaeologyandselenoarchaeologyrefnamematthewsmatthewskeitharchaeologyandtheextraterrestrialinmilesrusselleddiggingholesinpopularculturebournemouthuniversityschoolofconservationsciencesoccasionalpaperoxbowbooksoxfordpprefjustificationitisarguablythecasethatduetotheimmensedistancesbetweenstarsanyevidencewediscoverofextraterrestrialintelligencewhetheritbeanartifactoranelectromagneticsignalmaycomefromalongvanishedcivilizationthustheentiresetiprojectcanbeseenasaformofarchaeologyadditionallyduetotheextremeageoftheuniversetheremaybeareasonableexpectationforastrobiologyresearchtoproduceevidenceofextinctextraterrestriallifealienlifepriortothediscoveryofalienlifeitselfrefnamemcgeeretrievedjanuaryrefthestudyofalienculturesmightofferusglimpsesintoourownspeciespastorfuturedevelopmentvickywalsharguedfortheexistenceofexoartifactsusingthemediocrityprincipleprincipleofmediocrityandthedrakeequationsheproposedthatatheoreticalandspeculativefieldofarchaeologybeestablishedinordertotestoutlandishclaimsandtoprepareforatimewhenundeniablyextraterrestrialartifactsneededtobeanalysedifitispossibletoconstructanabstractarchaeologythatcanbetestedandrefinedonearthandthenappliedtoareasbeyondourplanetthentheclaimsforetiremainsonthemoonandmarsmayreallybeevaluatedinlightofestablishedarchaeologicaltheoryandanalysisbenmcgeesimilarlyproposedthecreationofasetofinterdisciplinaryproactivexenoarchaeologicalguidelinesarguingthatidentifyingsuspectedartifactsofastrobiologyisallthatisrequiredtojustifyestablishingamethodologyforxenoarchaeologyheemphasizedthenecessityofproactivexenoarchaeologicalworkinordertoavoidfuturebiasmischaracterizationandinformationmismanagementandhecitesthreescenariosunderwhichsuchamethodologyorsetofguidelineswouldbeusefulthosebeingremotesensingofapotentialxenoarchaeologialartifactencounteringanartifactduringhumanexplorationandterrestrialinterceptionofanartifactgregfewerhasarguedthatarchaeologicaltechniquesshouldbeusedtoevaluateallegedufolandingorcrashsitessuchasroswellufoincidentroswellhistorytheoriginsofthefieldhavebeentracedtotheoriesaboutahypotheticalmartiancivilizationbasedonobservationsofwhatwereperceivedasmartiancanalscanalsonmarsthesetheoriesofwhichpercivallowellwasthemostfamousexponentwereapparentlyinspiredbyamistranslationofaquotebygiovannischiaparellithetheoreticalarchaeologygroupconferencefeaturedasessiononarchaeologyandsciencefictiontheannualmeetingoftheamericananthropologicalassociationfeaturedasessionanthropologyarchaeologyandinterstellarcommunicationplanetarysetiplanetarysetiisconcernedwiththesearchforextraterrestrialstructuresonthesurfaceofbodiesinthesolarsystemclaimsforevidenceofextraterrestrialartifactscanbedividedintothreegroupsthemoonmarsandtheotherplanetsandtheirsatellitesexamplesofsitesofinterestincludethebridgesightedinthemarecrisiuminandtheblaircuspidsanunusualarrangementofsevenspirelikeobjectsofvaryingheightsatthewesternedgeofthemaretranquillitatisphotographedbyinlunarorbiteronnovembernovemberiniancrawfordproposedthatasearchforalienartifactsbeconductedonthemoonpercivallowellsmistakenidentificationofmartiancanalswasanearlyattempttodetectandstudyanalienculturefromitssupposedphysicalremainsmorerecentlytherewasinterestinthesupposedfaceonmarsthesocietyforplanetarysetiresearchisalooseorganizationofresearchersinterestedinthisfieldtheorganizationdoesnotendorseanyparticularconclusionsdrawnbyitsmembersonparticularsitesprobesetiorsetaagreatdealofresearchandwritinghasbeendoneandsomesearchesconductedforextraterrestrialprobesinthesolarsystemthisfollowedtheworkofronaldnbracewellrobertfreitaschristopherroseprofessorchristopherroseandgregorywrightastrophysicistgregorywrighthavearguedthatinterstellarprobescanbeamoreenergyefficientmeansofcommunicationthanelectromagneticbroadcastsifsoasolarcentricsearchforextraterrestrialartifactssetawouldseemtobefavoredoverthemoretraditionalradiooropticalsearchesrobertafreitascoinedthetermsetainthesonthebasisthattheearthmoonorsunearthlibrationorbitsmightconstituteconvenientparkingplacesforautomatedextraterrestrialprobesunsuccessfulsearcheswereconductedbyfreitasandvaldesrefvaldesffreitasrrfreitascomastrosearchicarushtmasearchforobjectsneartheearthmoonlagrangianpointsretrievedoctobericarusreceivedseptemberrevisednovemberrefdysoniansetiinapaperfreemandysonproposedtheideaofadysonsphereatypeofextraterrestrialartifactabletobesearchedforandstudiedatinterstellardistancesfollowingthatpaperseveralsearcheshavebeenconductedinapaperlucarnoldproposedameansofdetectingsmallerthoughstillmegascaleartifactsfromtheirdistinctivetransitlightcurvesignatureseeastroengineeringfringetheoriesasubcultureofenthusiastsstudiespurportedstructuresonthemoonormarsthesecontroversialstructuressuchasthefaceonmarsarenotacceptedasmorethannaturalfeaturesbymostscientistsexamplesofthepareidoliaphenomenonpalaeocontactorancientastronautsancientastronauttheoriesespousedbyerichvondnikenandothersarefurtherexamplesoffringetheoriestheseclaimthattheearthwasvisitedinprehistorictimesbyextraterrestrialbeingssciencefictionxenoarchaeologicalthemesarecommoninsciencefictionworksabouttheexplorationofenigmaticextraterrestrialartifactshavebeensatiricallycategorizedasbigdumbobjectstoriessomeofthemoreprominentexamplesofxenoarchaeologicalfictionincludearthurcclarkesnovelrendezvouswithramahbeampipersshortstoryomnilingualandcharlessheffieldsheritageuniverseseriesjackmcdevittssciencefictionnovelsoftenrevolvearoundhumanoralienhistoricalandarchaeologicalmysteriesmasseffectsplotrevolvesaroundtechnologiesintheformofstructurestransportationbuildingsandmachinesleftbehindbyanextinctalienracetheprimarysettingofhalocombatevolvedtakesplaceonamassivestructurecreatedbyanancientextinctaliensuperracethesestructuresfeatureprominentlyinthesequelshalohaloandhalointhevideogameborderlandsvideogameborderlandsanditssequelborderlandstheatlascorporationstartedminingtheplanetpandoraafterfindingevidenceofanancientmaterialcallederidiumthismaterialwassupposedlycreatedbyextraterrestrialcreaturesorisanaturalproductoflongtermplanetaryproductionnovelsgatewaynovelgatewaybyfredpohlnoonuniversebystrugatskybrothersaspaceodysseynovelaspaceodysseybyarthurcclarkerendezvouswithramabyarthurcclarkewastelandofflintbythomasharlanfantasywriterthomasharlanhouseofreedsbythomasharlanfantasywriterthomasharlantheseasonofpassagebychristopherpikeauthorchristopherpikebrokenangelsnovelbrokenangelsbyrichardmorganauthorrichardmorganstratanovelstratabyterrypratchettrevelationspacebyalastairreynoldsgrassbysheristepperthevoyageofthespacebeaglebyaevanvogttheenginesofgodbyjackmcdevitttheherculestextbyjackmcdevittthenovelsintheheritageuniversebycharlessheffieldthepastofforeverchildrenofthestarsbookbyjuanitacoulsonsagaofsevensunsmostnotablybookhiddenempirebykevinjandersonheritagetrilogybywilliamhkeithjriandouglasringworldanditssequelsbylarryniventhegaeatrilogybyjohnvarleyauthorjohnvarleythegiantsseriesbyjamesphoganwriterjamesphoganshortstoriesomnilingualbyhbeampiperthesentinelshortstorythesentinelbyarthurcclarkeatthemountainsofmadnessbyhplovecraftthevaultsofyohvombisbyclarkashtonsmithcomputerandvideogamessidmeiersalphacentaurialienlegacystartrekafinalunityramavideogameramabasedonclarkesnovelfreelancercomputergamefreelancerfreespacewingcommanderprivateerthedigdoomhaloserieshaloseriesmasseffectmysteriesrelatedtoanextinctraceknownastheprotheansfigureprominentlyintheplotandoneofthecharactersyougetinyourpartyisaxenoarchaeologistalsoitsaprofitablebusinessgivingrisetovariouspaleotechnologicalcompaniesrecoveringfunctioningdeviceswhichareoftensuperiortoindigenoustechnologyofthendcenturycivilizationcalltopowerstarwarsknightsoftheoldrepublicalthoughthestarwarssagadoesnttakeplaceinourgalaxyorthehumantimeframethegamesmainconceptisdiscoveringtracesofanancientstellarempireofunknownaliensthatexistedbeforethegalacticrepublicresistancevideogameseriesresistancestarcraftaliensvspredatorvideogamealiensvspredatoraliensversuspredatorvideogamealiensversuspredatordeadspacevideogamedeadspaceborderlandsvideogameborderlandsmetalfatiguevideogamemetalfatiguemarathondurandalthelacunaexpansetherearemanybuildingsthatwereleftbehindonhundredsofthousandsofplanetsbyamysteriousspeciesknownonlyasthegreatracestellarisvideogamestellarisseveralmissionsandeventsinthegamehavetheplayerscivilizationinvestigatetracesofancientprecursorcivilizationsaswellasothercivilizationsthatexistedinthepastmoviesalienfilmalienstargatedoomfilmdoomtotalrecallfilmtotalrecallindianajonesandthekingdomofthecrystalskullalienvspredatorfilmalienvspredatorprometheusfilmprometheusdestinationouterspacefeaturesarobotthatvisitedearthovertwothousandyearsagoforbiddenplanettelevisionbabylonstartrekstargatedoctorwhostargatesganditsspinoffstargateatlantismartianchroniclesraybradburyseealsoastrobiologypseudoarchaeologysetispacearchaeologyxenolinguisticsreferencesexternallinksspacearchaeologyorgspacearchaeologywebarchiveorgwebmetaresearchorgsolarsystemcydoniaasomartifacthtmldefaulthtmmartianartificialstructuresinfoboxfilmnamexthemanwiththexrayeyesimagexrayeyesrepjpgcaptiontheatricalreleaseposterbyreynoldbrowndirectorrogercormanproducerrogercormanwriterplainlistrobertdillonrayrussellstarringplainlistraymillanddianavandervlisharoldjstonejohnhoytdonricklesmusiclesbaxtercinematographyfloydcrosbyeditinganthonycarrasdistributoramericaninternationalpicturesreleasedbrfranceruntimeminutescountryunitedstateslanguageenglishbudgetrefnamejeromerogercormanjimjeromehowimadeahundredmoviesinhollywoodandneverlostadimemullerprefgrossadmissionsfrancexthemanwiththexrayeyesisasciencefictionfilmsciencefictionhorrorfilmwrittenbyrayrussellandrobertdillonanddirectedbyrogercormanthefilmstarsraymillandasdrjamesxavieraworldrenownedscientistwhoseexperimentswithxrayvisiongoawrywhilemostofthecastarerelativelyunknowndonricklesisnotableinanuncharacteristicallydramaticroleveterancharacteractormorrisankrummakesanuncreditedappearancehislastinthemovieindustryamericaninternationalpicturesreleasedthefilmasadoublefeaturewithdementiacormandescribedthesuccessofthefilmwhichwasshotinamerethreeweeksonabudgetofunderasamiraclethemoviewasnotableforitsuseofvisualeffectstoportraydrxavierspointofviewwhilecrudebylaterstandardsthevisualsarestilleffectiveinimpressingupontheaudienceth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compilesfromxplsourcecodebutsincexcomitselfiswritteninxplitcancompileitselfndashitisaselfcompilingcompilernotreliantonothercompilersseveralfamouslanguageshaveselfcompilingcompilersincludingburroughsbalgolplicprogramminglanguageclispandjavaprogramminglanguagejavacreatingsuchcompilersisachickenandeggconundrumthelanguageisfirstimplementedbyatemporarycompilerwritteninsomeotherlanguageorevenbyaninterpreteroftenaninterpreterforanintermediatecodeasbcplcandowithintcodeorocodexcombeganasanalgolprogramrunningonburroughsmachinestranslatingxplsourcecodeintosystemmachinecodethexplteammanuallyturneditsalgolsourcecodeintoxplsourcecodethatxplversionofxcomwasthencompiledonburroughscreatingaselfcompilingxcomforsystemmachinesthealgolversionwasthenthrownawayandallfurtherimprovementshappenedinthexplversiononlythisiscalledbootstrappingcompilersbootstrappingthecompilertheauthorsofxplinventedthetombstonediagramortdiagramtodocumentthebootstrappingprocessretargetingthecompilerforanewmachinearchitectureisasimilarexerciseexceptonlythecodegenerationmodulesneedtobechangedxcomisaonepasscompilerbutwithanemittedcodefixupprocessforforwardbranchesloopsandotherdefinedsituationsitemitsmachinecodeforeachstatementaseachgrammarrulewithinastatementisrecognizedratherthanwaitinguntilithasparsedtheentireprocedureorentireprogramtherearenoparsetreesorotherrequiredintermediateprogramformsandnoloopwideorprocedurewideoptimizationsxcomdoeshoweverperformpeepholeoptimizationthecodegenerationresponsetoeachgrammarruleisattachedtothatrulethisimmediateapproachcanresultininefficientcodeandinefficientuseofmachineregisterssuchareoffsetbytheefficiencyofimplementationnamelytheuseofdynamicstringsmentionedearlierinprocessingtextduringcompilationsubstringoperationsarefrequentlyperformedtheseareasfastasanassignmenttoanintegertheactualsubstringisnotmovedinshortitisquickeasytoteachinashortcoursefitsintomodestsizedmemoriesandiseasytochangefordifferentlanguagesordifferenttargetmachinesanalyzerthexcomcompilerhasahandwrittenlexicalanalysislexicalscannerandamechanicallygeneratedparserthesyntaxofthecompilersinputlanguageinthiscasexplisdescribedbyasimplifiedbnfgrammarxplsgrammaranalyzertoolanalyzerorxaturnsthisintoasetoflargedatatablesdescribingalllegalcombinationsofthesyntaxrulesandhowtodiscernthemthistablegenerationstepisredoneonlywhenthelanguageischangedwhenthecompilerrunsthosedatatablesareusedbyasmalllanguageindependentparsingalgorithmtoparseandrespondtotheinputlanguagethisstyleoftabledrivenparserisgenerallyeasiertowritethananentirelyhandwrittenrecursivedescentparserxcomusesabottomupparsingmethodinwhichthecompilercandelayitsdecisionaboutwhichsyntaxruleithasencountereduntilithasseentherightmostendofthatphrasethishandlesawiderrangeofprogramminglanguagesthantopdownparsingtopdownmethodsinwhichthecompilermustguessorcommittoaspecificsyntaxruleearlywhenithasonlyseentheleftendofaphraseruntimexplincludesaminimalruntimesupportlibraryforallocatingandgarbagecollectingxplstringvaluesthesourcecodeforthislibrarymustbeincludedintomosteveryprogramwritteninxplskeletonthelastpieceofthexplcompilerwritingsystemisanexamplecompilernamedskeletonthisisjustxcomwithparsetablesforanexampletoygrammarinsteadofxplsfullgrammaritisastartingpointforbuildingacompilerforsomenewlanguageifthatlanguagediffersmuchfromxplxmonxplisrununderthecontrolofamonitorxmonwhichistheonlyoperatingsystemspecificpartofthissystemandwhichactsasaloaderforxcomitselforanyprogramswhichweredevelopedusingxcomandalsoprovidesthreeauxiliarystoragedevicesforxcomsuseandwhicharedirectlyaccessedbyblocknumbertheoriginallypublishedxmonwasoptimizedforhistoryofibmmagneticdiskdrivesibmibmdiskdrivescaandwasmostefficientonthosedrivesxmonisaboutpercentefficientonibmdiskdrivescaandissignificantlylessefficientonsubsequentlyintroduceddiskdrivessuchastheibmcacaandcaandisdramaticallylessefficientondeviceswithmuchlargertrackcapacitiessuchastheibmcaconvertingxmonfromitsprimitiveuseofnotepointandreadwritediskoperationswithpreciselyoneblockpertrackwiththeentireremainderofthetrackbeingerasedhencewastedspacetoexcpandexecutedirectaccessprogramxdapwithnblockspertrackwhereniscomputedfromthetargetdevicesphysicalcharacteristicsandcanbesignificantlygreaterthanandwithnowastedspaceyieldsadramaticincreaseindiskutilizationefficiencyandacorrespondingreductioninoperatingsystemoverheadalthoughoriginallydevelopedforosxmoneithertheoriginalnotepointandreadwriteimplementationortheexcpandxdapenhancementwillrunonsubsequentlyreleasedibmosesincludingosxaosandzosgenerallywithoutanychangesparsingxcomoriginallyusedanowobsoletebottomupparsetablemethodcalledshiftreduceparsermspmixedstrategyprecedenceinventedbythexplteamalthoughtheofficiallyreleasedversionretainsthemspparseranddoesnotincludelaterreleasedpeepholeoptimizationsandadditionaldatatypeswhichweredevelopedoutsideoftheoriginalimplementationteammspisageneralizationofthesimpleprecedenceparsermethodinventedbyniklauswirthforplsimpleprecedenceisitselfageneralizationofthetriviallysimpleoperatorprecedencemethodsthatworknicelyforexpressionslikeabcdemsptablesincludealistofexpectedtripletsoflanguagesymbolsthislistgrowslargerasthecubeofthegrammarsizeandbecomesquitelargefortypicalfullprogramminglanguagesxplderivedcompilersweredifficulttofitontominicomputersoftheswithlimitedmemoriesrefgroupnbindeedusingahandwrittenlalrlikeanalyzerandaparticularlyefficientdecompositionprocedurefortheproducedparsingtablesitwaspossibletogenerateaparserfortheentirexpllanguageonamhzzmicrocomuterwhichhadonlykilobytesofinternalmemorydramandonlykilobytesofexternalmemoryfloppydiskrunningundercpmthisversionwascompletedinportingtomacoslaterxwassubsequentlycompletedrefmspisalsonotpowerfulenoughtohandlealllikelygrammarsitisapplicableonlywhenthelanguagedesignercantweakthelanguagedefinitiontofitmspsrestrictionsbeforethelanguageiswidelyusedtheuniversityoftorontosubsequentlychangedxcomandxatoinsteaduseavariantofdonaldknuthslrparserbottomupmethodrefgroupnbthisversionwasnotreleasedtothegeneralcommunityhenceitremainsproprietarytoitsauthorsortotheirinstitutionsrepeatedrequestsforanslroranlalrdistributionofxplhavebeenignoredbyitsauthorsrefxcomsvariantiscalledslrparsersimplelrorslrithandlesmoregrammarsthanmspbutnotquiteasmanygrammarsaslalrorfulllrthedifferencesfromlraremostlyinthetablegeneratorsalgorithmsnotinthecompiletimeparsermethodxcomandxapredatethewidespreadavailabilityofunixanditsyaccparsergeneratortoolxaandyacchavesimilarpurposesxplisopensourcethesystemversionofxplwasdistributedthroughtheibmsharecomputingshareusersorganizationothergroupsportedxplontomanyofthelargermachinesofthesvariousgroupsextendedxplorusedxpltoimplementothermoderatesizedlanguagesapplicationsxplhasbeenusedtodevelopanumberofcompilersforvariouslanguagesandsystemsstonybrookpascalhalsthelanguageusedforthespaceshuttleprogrammalusasystemprogramminglanguageusedbygeneralmotorstodeveloptheirmultipleconsoletimesharingsystemnewenglanddigitalusedavariantofxplcalledscientificxplfortheirableseriescomputersusedforlaboratoryautomationcomputernetworkingandcontrolofmusicsynthesishardwarestartinginthemidscurrentstatusxplcontinuestobeportedtocurrentcomputersanxfreebsdportwasdoneinanxlinuxportinandanxpltoctranslatorinbibliographyalexanderwgandwortmandbstaticanddynamiccharactersisticsofxplprogramsieeecomputernovemberanconamassimododerogabriellaandduranteercoleluigicrosssoftwaredevelopmentformicroprocessorsusingatranslatorwritingsystemproceedingsofthethinternationalconferenceonsoftwareengineeringkamnitzershbootstrappingxplfromibmtounivacacmsigplannoticesmaykargerpaulaanimplementationofxplformulticssbthesismassachusettsinstituteoftechnologyklumppallanrspacestationflightsoftwarehalsoradacomputermarchleachgeoffreyandgoldehelmutbootstrappingxpltoanxdssigmacomputersoftwarepracticeandexperiencemckeemanwilliammhorningjamesjandwortmandavidbacompilergeneratorenglewoodcliffsnjprenticehallmckeemanwmhorningjamesjnelsonecandwortmandbthexplcompilergeneratorsystemafipsconferenceproceedingsfalljointcomputerconferencewashingtondcthethompsonbookcompanysittongaryakendrickthomasaandcarrickjragiltheplexuslanguageandvirtualmachineproceedingsoftheacmieeesymposiumonhighlevellanguagecomputerarchitecturenovslimickjohncurrentsystemsimplementationlanguagesoneusersviewproceedingsofthesigplansymposiumonlanguagesforsystemimplementationoctstormmarkwandpolkjimausageofanxplbasedcompilergeneratorsystemproceedingsofthethannualacmsoutheastregionalconferenceaprilwortmandbwebarchiveorgwebhomeroadrunnercompflassxplrosterhtmlarosterofxplimplementationsacmsigplannoticesjanuaryseealsoplmnotesreferencesmckeemanwilliammarshallhorningjamesjandwortmandavidbacompilergeneratorthedefinitivereferenceincludingsourcecodeofallcomponentsofthexplsystemexternallinksteamplinetxplthexplprogramminglanguageamazoncomcompilergeneratorautomaticcomputationmckeemandprefsrsbooksieutfqidsrkeywordscompilergeneratoracompilergeneratorpageatamazoncombooksgooglecombooksidnuqftwaacaajscientificxplfornewenglanddigitalcorporationsableseriescomputersinfoboxprowrestlingchampionshipchampionshipnamexpweuropeanchampionshipimagejonnystormjpgimagesizecaptionjonnystormfirstandonlyeuropeanchampionfinalchampjonnystormpromotionxtremeprowrestlingbrfrontierwrestlingalliancebrandcreatedmarchfirstchampjonathanwhitcombejonnystormlongestreignshortestreignoldestyoungestheaviestlightestpastnamestitleretiredjanuarypastlookimagesthextremeprowrestlingeuropeanheavyweightchampionshipisaformerprofessionalwrestlingchampionshipprofessionalwrestlingtitledefendedinthefrontierwrestlingalliancethechampionshipwascreatedinthroughaworkingrelationshipbetweenxpwandthefwathiswastobetheflagshipoftheworkingrelationshipasthetitlewouldbedefendedthroughouteuropeandwouldappearonbothpromotionsrespectivetelevisionprogrammeshoweverthetitlesprimaryhomewastobethefwathoughitwasdefendedinthefwathebeltitselfwasneveractuallyseenduetoxpwfoldingshortlyafterthetournamentfinalthatdeterminedthefirstchampionrefnamefsmrefjonnystormthewinnerofthetournamentcontinuedtodefendthebeltwhichwassupposedlyinthebriefcasehecarriedwithhimaroundtheworlduntiljanuarywhenstormofficia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completewithcowboyhatandsixshooteritendswithanotherscriptedfightscenewiththepurplebosswhichparodiesanotherscenefromthematrixxiaoxiaobilledasabattletothedeathandbeyondreturnstothetwodimensionalfightinggamereminiscentsideviewstyleofthistimexiaoxiaoandthebossduelusingvariousconventionsfromanimeandmangaexhibitingsupernaturalpowerssuchastheuseofmagicparanormalmagicspellstheabilitytopullweaponsoutofhammerspaceandtocontinuetheirbattlethroughastralprojectionastraltravelafterdeathitisnotableforitscomedicendingwhereanambulanceshowsupinthemiddleofthefighttakingthetwocharactersdeadbodiesawaythetwolookatoneanotherthenbothrunaftertheambulancexiaoxiaoreturnstoxiaoxiaosstylebutthistimewithabitmoreofaplotforcingtheplayertobuttonmashxiaoxiaothroughabarroombrawlxiaoxiaoandarethemostelaborateoftheanimationsforsakingthesideviewofpreviousxiaoxiaosforafullythreedimensionalcinematiccameraviewthroughoutonceagainriffingonfilmslikethematrixtheydepictxiaoxiaosinfiltrationofthebosssmansionandhispursuitafterthebossescapesendswithatobecontinuedmessageandhasyettohaveasequelthoughgiventhattheendingisabitofananticlimaxnarrativeanticlimaxandthattwomoreflashesunrelatedtothisonecameoutafteritthemessagemayhavebeenironicxiaoxiaoadeparturefromtherestoftheseriesisafullyinteractivefightinggamebeatemupgameinthestyleoffinalfightandstreetsofragewherexiaoxiaousesguyfinalfightguysmovesratherthanaplainpenandinkbackgroundthebackgroundisthistimeafullcolorrealisticrecreationofadeskostensiblyintendedtobezhusthecomputermonitorhasascreenshotofxiaoxiaoaswithotherxiaoxiaosandtheoriginalbeatemupsthathelpedinspirethemxiaoxiaomustfightthroughaseriesofstickthugsbeforeconfrontingthebossxiaoxiaocityplazaorxiaoxiaomallbrawlappearstohavebeencreatedbyzhuasanadvertisementforthecityplazacityplazashoppingmallmallinhongkongitisanalteredversionofxiaoxiaowhereinthemaincharacterheroisaredstickmantomatchthecityplazalogoandthebackgroundhasbeenembellishedtomakeitresembletheinsideofashoppingmalltheoriginalblackxiaoxiaomakingacameoappearanceforashortwhileheisinthebackgroundanddoesntfightbutsimplyridespastonapairoficeskatesalsoascenefromxiaoxiaoisalsoplayingonthetvduringthefightcontrarytobeliefxiaoxiaowasnotinitiallyairedonmtvbutoriginallywasviewedontheflashanimationsupercommunityknownasnewgroundsxiaoxiaobeeradappearstohavebeencreatedbyzhuasachineseadvertisementforheinekenbeerthisoneisoneofthemorerecentmoviesandalsoisthefirsttofeatureeyesandfacialexpressionsonthestickfiguresthemoviestartswithoddcodinglinesmovingdownthescreeninastylesimilartothematrixandthenitzoomsinonaheinekenbeerbottlethescenethenchangestotheoriginalblackxiaoxiaoholdingaheinekenbeerbottleandabostaffsuddenlysomeenemystickfiguresappearandtrytostealhisbeerxiaoxiaofightsthemoffwithhisstaffinanactionpackedfightscenewhilekeepingthebottlesafeafterthesecondtolastgruntfallsonelastoneappearsandattemptstoshoothimwithapistolxiaoxiaoproceedstoskillfullydodgethebulletsandthenstrikethegroundwithhisstaffcausingamassivecrevicetocrackopenintheearthandthefoefallsrightinthemovieendswithxiaoxiaoholdingupthebottleandsmilingthenitshiftstoaheinekenadvertisementsayinggetconnectedheinekenxiaoxiaobeeradisthesequeltoxiaoxiaobeeradandusesthesamestyleaswellaspicksupimmediatelywherethelastoneleftoffitalsoappearstobeachineseheinekenbeeradvertisementaswellaftertheoneenemystickfigurefallsintothecrevicehethenjumpsouthintingthathemustbethebossthisonethenproceedstocreatephysicaldoublesofhimselfinamannersimilartonarutouzumakinarutosjutsunarutoshadowclonetechniqueshadowclonethestickfigureandhisdoublesthenchargetowardxiaoxiaohethenfightsofftheenemystickfigureswithhisstaffandslayseverylastoneofthemafterthelastoneisdefeatedacardrivesbyhimxiaoxiaoscratchesthesideofthecarwithhisstaffastickfigurethenemergesfromthebackdoorandheslamshimdownimmediatelyafterthatxiaoxiaoproceedstodropthestaffandflyintotheairsupermanstyleandthenlandsontopofagiantheinekenbeerbottleattheendthesceneonceagainshiftstoaheinekenadvertisementsayinggetconnectedheinekenbutwithxiaoxiaostandingheroicallyontopthebottlecharactersxiaoxiaoxiaoxiaoistheprotagonistoftheseriesheisamartialartsexpertaswellasaneliteassassinhisskillsareunmatchedandtheonlypersonwhocomescloseisthebossbadbossbadbossisanothermartialartistandappearstobesomesortofagangleaderandthemainantagonistoftheseriesheistheonlyonewhocangivexiaoxiaoadecentfightandhasbeenbeatenbyxiaoxiaoonmultipleoccasionshisnameisareferencetomostvideogamesinwhichaverydifficultcharacterneartheendiscalledabossthebossusuallyappearsinmagentathegangsvariouscoloredstickfigureswhoarebeatdownbyxiaoinamatterofsecondslegaldisputeinjunezhufiledalawsuitagainstnikeincnikeforplagiarizinghiscartoonstickmenintheircommercialsnikerepresentativesdeniedtheaccusationsclaimingthatthestickmanfigurelacksoriginalityandispublicdomainzhueventuallywonthelawsuitclaiminghiscopyrightonhisstyleandnotthestickmanandnikewasorderedtopaytothecartoonistrefnamenikelawditcoukreadingroomroomviewarticleaspnamearticlesnikelosseshtmnikelosesstickmancasebutdecidestoappeallawditsolicitorsrefreferencesexternallinksnewgroundscomcollectionsxiaohtmlxiaoxiaocollectiononnewgroundszhunewgroundscomzhuatnewgroundsstickpagecomxiaoxiaoseriesshtmlxiaoxiaocollectiononstickpagexsampaplantanxraymicroscopeuseselectromagneticradiationinthesoftxraybandtoproducemagnifiedimagesofobjectssincexrayspenetratemostobjectsthereisnoneedtospeciallypreparethemforxraymicroscopyobservationsunlikevisiblelightxraysdonotreflectorrefracteasilyandtheyareinvisibletothehumaneyethereforeanxraymicroscopeexposesfilmorusesachargecoupleddeviceccddetectortodetectxraysthatpassthroughthespecimenitisacontrastimagingtechnologyusingthedifferenceinabsorptionofsoftxraysinthewaterwindowregionwavelengthsnbspnmenergiesnbspevbythecarbonatommainelementcomposingthelivingcellandtheoxygenatommainelementforwatermicrofocusxrayalsoachieveshighmagnificationbyprojectionamicrofocusxraytubeproducesxraysfromanextremelysmallfocalspotmdowntomthexraysareinthemoreconventionalxrayrangetokvandtheyarenotrefocusedinventionearlyxraymicroscopesbypaulkirkpatrickandalbertbaezusedangleofincidenceopticsgrazingincidencereflectivexrayopticstofocusthexrayswhichgrazedxraysoffparabolicreflectorparaboliccurvedmirrorsataveryhighangleofincidenceopticsangleofincidenceanalternativemethodoffocusingxraysistouseatinyfresnelzoneplateofconcentricgoldornickelringsonasilicondioxidesubstratesirlawrencebraggproducedsomeofthefirstusablexrayimageswithhisapparatusinthelatesusesahohlraumwhichisirradiatedwithlaserbeamconesfromeithersideonitsinnersurfacetobatheafusionmicrocapsuleinsidewithsmoothhighintensityxraysthehighestenergyxrayswhichpenetratethehohlraumcanbevisualizedusinganxraymicroscopesuchasherewherexradiationisrepresentedinorangeredinthessterlingnewberryproducedashadowxraymicroscopewhichplacedthespecimenbetweenthesourceandatargetplatethisbecamethebasisforthefirstcommercialxraymicroscopesfromthegeneralelectriccompanyadvancedlightsourcetheadvancedlightsourcealsinberkeleycaliforniaishometoxmafullfieldsoftxraymicroscopeoperatedbythecenterforxrayopticsanddedicatedtovariousapplicationsinmodernnanosciencesuchasnanomagneticmaterialsenvironmentalandmaterialssciencesandbiologyxmusesanxraylenstofocusxraysonaccdinamannersimilartoanopticalmicroscopexmheldtheworldrecordinspatialresolutionwithfresnelzoneplatesdowntonbspnmandisabletocombinehighspatialresolutionwithasubpstimeresolutiontostudyegultrafastspindynamicsinjulyagroupatdesyclaimedarecordspatialresolutionofnbspnmbyusingthehardxrayscanningmicroscopeatpetraiiithealsisalsohometotheworldsfirstsoftxraymicroscopedesignedforbiologicalandbiomedicalresearchthisnewinstrumentxmwasdesignedandbuiltbyscientistsfromthenationalcenterforxraytomographyxmiscapableofproducingdimensionalxraymicrotomographytomogramsofcellsscanningtransmissionsourcesofsoftxrayssuitableformicroscopysuchassynchrotronradiationsourceshavefairlylowbrightnessoftherequiredwavelengthssoanalternativemethodofimageformationisscanningtransmissionsoftxraymicroscopyherethexraysarefocusedtoapointandthesampleismechanicallyscannedthroughtheproducedfocalspotateachpointthetransmittedxraysarerecordedwithadetectorsuchasaproportionalcounteroranavalanchephotodiodethistypeofscanningtransmissionxraymicroscopestxmwasfirstdevelopedbyresearchersatstonybrookuniversityandwasemployedatthenationalsynchrotronlightsourceatbrookhavennationallaboratoryresolutiontheresolutionofxraymicroscopyliesbetweenthatoftheopticalmicroscopeandtheelectronmicroscopeithasanadvantageoverconventionalelectronmicroscopyinthatitcanviewbiologicalsamplesintheirnaturalstateelectronmicroscopyiswidelyusedtoobtainimageswithnanometertosubangstromlevelresolutionbuttherelativelythicklivingcellcannotbeobservedasthesamplehastobechemicallyfixeddehydratedembeddedinresinthenslicedultrathinhoweveritshouldbementionedthatcryoelectronmicroscopyallowstheobservationofbiologicalspecimensintheirhydratednaturalstatealbeitembeddedinwatericeuntilnowresolutionsofnanometerarepossibleusingthefresnelzoneplatelenswhichformstheimageusingthesoftxraysemittedfromasynchrotronrecentlytheuseofsoftxraysemittedfromlaserproducedplasmasratherthansynchrotronradiationisbecomingmorepopularanalysisadditionallyxrayscausefluorescenceinmostmaterialsandtheseemissionscanbeanalyzedtodeterminethechemicalelementsofanimagedobjectanotheruseistogeneratediffractionpatternsaprocessusedinxraycrystallographybyanalyzingtheinternalreflectionsofadiffractionpatternusuallywithacomputerprogramthethreedimensionalstructureofacrystalcanbedetermineddowntotheplacementofindividualatomswithinitsmoleculesxraymicroscopesaresometimesusedfortheseanalysesbecausethesamplesaretoosmalltobeanalyzedinanyotherwayfoilmountedinasteelcasetobeusedasawindowbetweenavacuumchamberandanxraymicroscopeberylliumduetoitslowznumberishighlytransparenttoxraysseealsoxraycomputedtomographyelectronmicroscopeneutronmicroscopereferencesexternallinkscxrolblgovblindexphpcontentresearchhtmlscientificapplicationsofsoftxraymicroscopyxraymicroscoperedirectcategoryshellxevxevorttxevttcanrefertozevlaterxevbellringerttxevunixxevttaunixcommandwhichcreatesawindowandthenasksthedisplayservertosendinformationofeventseverytimesomethinghappenstothewindowlikeifitsresizedifanykeysarepushedifitsclickeditetcstockholmcentralstationlistofiataindexedrailwaystationsiataairportcodexevxhvfmxevamaradiostationinchihuahuachihuahuathatisnowonfmasxhvfminfoboxethnicgroupimageimagexavantejpgpxgroupxavantepopulationrefnamesocioambientalorgrefpopplacebrazillanguagesxavantelanguagereligionsrelatedthexavantealsoshavantechavanteakuenauweakweawenorakwenareanindigenouspeoplesindigenouspeoplecomprisingindividualswithintheterritoryofeasternmatogrossostateinbraziltheyspeakthexavantelanguagepartofthejlanguagefamilyhistorytheywereslaveryenslavedinthethcenturyafterwhichtheyhavetriedtoavoidcontactatemporarycoexistencewithwesternizedsocietyinthethcenturyinthestateofgoiswasfollowedbywithdrawaltomatogrossobetweentheywererediscoveredduringthesfromtotheywerebroughtundergetliovargasnationalintegrationprogrambutstillexperiencedmassacresanddiseaseduetothishistorytheyhaveadistrustofwhiteswhiteorportuguesementodaytheyarestillwaryofanyapproachofnonxavantecalledwaradzuthexavanteleadermriojurunawasthefirstindigenousbraziliantobecomeafederalrepresentativethexavantelikeotherindigenoustribesweretreatedbadlybythewhitemenbeginninginthesthexavanteweremovedfromtheirhomelandinmatogrossotoasouthernmalnourishedareaofbraziltherethousandsofnativesdiedduetodiseasefamineandwarfarewithinthelastdecadethexavantehavebeenrelocatedbacktotheiroriginallandsunfortunatelyduetolandgrabbingandsquattersthelandwasdestroyedlushforestwasburnedtocreatesparsewastelandandpasturerecentlyjohncarterhasaidedthexavantebydonatingheadofcattletothetribehecontinuallystandsupforthepeopleandiscurrentlyonfriendlytermswiththechiefandthememberswhiletheirconditionisstilldiresurvivingoffofonlyriceandwhatlittlevegetablestheycangrowontheirlandthebraziliangovernmentisfinallysteppingintohelpoutthexavantepeoplegeneticoriginsageneticstudyreachedasurprisingconclusionabouttheoriginsofthekaritianapeopleunlikeothernativeamericanpeoplesthepaiterpaitersuruikaritianaandxavantehaveanancestrypartiallyrelatedtoindigenousaustralasianpopulationsoftheandamanislandsnewguineaandaustraliascientistsspeculatethattherelationshipderivesfromanearlierpeoplecalledpopulationyineastasiafromwhencebothgroupsdivergedtoyearsagothefutureaustralasiansmigratingsouthandtheremoteancestorsofthexavantenorthwardfindingtheirwaytothenewworldandtotheinterioramazonbasinrefnameskoglundrefrefnameskoglundrefculturethepeoplearerenownedasbeautifulandpridefultheymaybemostfamousfortheirdualisticsocietalstructuretwoclansthewawandporezanocomposethecultureandmarriageisnotallowedbetweenmembersofthesameclananexampleofinterclanrelationshipsarethetraditionallograceswherethetwoclanscompeteinaracetocarrypalmtreetrunksweighingasmuchasnbspkgtoadefinedpointthexavantearealsoknownfortheircomplexinitiationritualsforyoungmalessuchaswhensmallwoodensticksareinsertedintheearlobesattheageoffourteenastimepassesthesizeoftheseadornmentsisincreasedfortherestoftheirlivesinthebrazilianheavymetalmusicheavymetalbandsepulturastayedandrecordedwiththexavantepeoplewhofeaturedontheiralbumrootssepulturaalbumrootsasmallnumberofxavanteeventravelledtosopaulotopartakeinsepulturasbarulhocontrafomenoiseagainsthungerconcertinthatmarkedthestartoftheirtourfortheirfollowupalbumagainstalbumagainstwheretheirpresencewasfeaturedinthemusicvideoforthesongchokesongchokefurtherreadingsethgarfieldindigenousstruggleattheheartofbrazilstatepolicyfrontierexpansionandthexavanteindiansdukeuniversitypressdgfabrbeyondtheriverofthedeadroberthalelimitedlondonreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebsocioambientalorgpibepienglishxavantexavanteshtminstitutosocioambientalencyclopediaofindigenouspeoplesofbrazilwebarchiveorgwebsilorgamericasbrasillangpageenglxvpghtmxavanteentryatsilinternationalphfawcettsweborggreatwebofpercyharrisonfawcettculturalsurvivalwebarchiveorgwebpublicationscsqcsqarticlecfmiddavidmayburylewisxavantearchivedocumentsvitalculturewebarchiveorgwebpublicationscsvcsvarticlecfmidlauragrahameffectsofmodernizationonthexavantearchiveorgdetailswaiapartjarchiveorgdetailswaiapartjritesofthexavantedouglasbboloredirectcategoryshellxioisapacketbasedhighperformancecomputerbusemployedbythesilicongraphicssgisgioriginoriginsgioctaneoctanesgialtixaltixsgifuelfuelandsgitezrotezromachinesthexioformsabusbetweenhighperformancesystemdevicesandthememorycontrollerxioisusuallyusedinastartopologyusingaroutercomputingrouterapplicationspecificintegratedcircuitasiccalledcrossbowxbowtoconnectuptoeightfullysymmetricaldevicesinasystemoneofthemisusuallythememorycontrollercentralprocessingunitcpubridgecalledheartinoctaneorhubinoriginotherdevicesknowntohavexiointerfacesarebridgexiotopcibridgeoctaneoriginxbridgexiotopcixbridgealtixhqcommandprocessorofimpactsrcardsoctanektownfrontendforinfiniterealitycardsonyxoriginvariationxccrosstownconverterbuzzopenglonachipasicusedinsgivproodysseyvprographicsvvvvthexioemploystwosourcesynchronouschannelsoneineachdirectioneachorbitswidetheyareclockedatnbspmhztoachievepeakratesofnbspmbsieinmegabyteseachofthedevicescanutilizethefullbandwidthasthexbowrouterpreventscollisionsbybeingabletoroutebetweenanytwopointstransferisorganizedintomicropacketsthesecontainatotalofbitsofdataandbitsofcontrolthecontrolinformationencapsulatesanbitsidebandusedbyhigherlayersforframingsequencenumbersforgobacknlinklayerretransmissionsandcheckbitscyclicredundancycheckcrcitisprobablethatxiousesstlwhichsgilikestocallsgitransistorlogiclowvoltagesingleendediostandardcrosstownisaversionofxioutilizingpositivereferencedemittercoupledlogicpeclfordifferentialiostandardlikenumalinkforlongerconnectionshigherlevelencapsulationdiffersfromnumalinklikeusedtoconnecthubchipsinoriginseriesmachinesitiswellsuitedforshortmemorytransactionsxiousesverydelicatecompressionconnectorswhichshouldbehandledwithextremecarexredirectcategoryshellanxraytubeisavacuumtubethatconvertselectricalinputpowerintoxraysxraytubesevolvedfromexperimentalcrookestubeswithwhichxrayswerefirstdiscoveredonnovemberbythegermanphysicistwilhelmconradrntgentheavailabilityofthiscontrollablesourceofxrayscreatedthefieldofradiographytheimagingofpartlyopaqueobjectswithpenetratingradiationincontrasttoothersourcesofionizingradiationxraysareonlyproducedaslongasthexraytubeisenergizedxraytubesarealsousedinctscannersairportluggagescannersxraycrystallographymaterialandstructureanalysisandforindustrialinspectionimagecoolidgexraytubejpgthumbpxcoolidgexraytubefromaroundtheheatedcathodeisontheleftandtheanodeisrightthexraysareemitteddownwardstypesrotatinganodetubeimagexraytubeinhousingcommonspngthumbpxsimplifiedrotatinganodetubeschematictheanodeissupportedonbearingmechanicalvacuumbearingsandcanberotatedbyelectromagneticinductionfromaseriesofstatorwindingsoutsidetheevacuatedtubetypicallyeddycurrenteddycurrentsareinducedinarotatablemetalcylindertherotorthesuperimpositionofexternalmagneticinductionandinductionfromtheeddycurrentswhichchangesdirectionwithtimecreatesadrivingmechanicalmomentumintherotorbecausetheentireanodeassemblyhastobecontainedwithintheevacuatedtubeheatremovalisaseriousproblemfurtherexacerbatedbythehigherpowerratingavailableduetothehighheatgenerationamatchedthermalexpansionofglassandtheanodematerialisnecessaryforthishighborateborosilicateglasspioneeredbyottoschottisoftenuseddirectcoolingbyheatconductionconductionorconvectionasinthecoolidgetubeisdifficultinmosttubestheanodeissuspendedonballbearingswithsilverpowderlubricationwhichprovidesalmostnegligiblecoolingbyconductionarecentdevelopmenthasbeenliquidgalliumlubricatedfluidbearingfluiddynamicbearingswhichcanwithstandveryhightemperatureswithoutcontaminatingthetubevacuumthelargebearingcontactsurfaceandmetallubricantprovideaneffectivemethodforconductionofheatfromtheanodetheanodemustbeconstructedofhightemperaturematerialsthefocalspottemperaturecanreachduringanexposureandtheanodeassemblycanreachfollowingaseriesoflargeexposurestypicalmaterialsareatungstenrheniumtargetonamolybdenumcorebackedwithgraphitetherheniummakesthetungstenmoreductileandresistanttowearfromtheimpactoftheelectronbeamsthemolybdenumconductsheatfromthetargetthegraphiteprovidesthermalstoragefortheanodeandminimizestherotatingmassoftheanodeincreasingdemandforhighperformancecomputedtomographyctscanningandangiographysystemshasdrivendevelopmentofveryhighperformancemedicalxraytubescontemporarycttubeshavepowerratingsofuptonbspkwandanodeheatcapacityofmjyetretainaneffectivefocalspotareaoflessthannbspmmsupsupmicrofocusxraytubesomexrayexaminationssuchasegnondestructivetestingnondestructivetestingandmicrotomographydmicrotomographyneedveryhighresolutionimagesandthereforerequirexraytubesthatcangenerateverysmallfocalspotsizestypicallybelownbspmindiameterthesetubesarecalledmicrofocusxraytubestherearetwobasictypesofmicrofocusxraytubessolidanodetubesandmetaljetanodetubessolidanodemicrofocusxraytubesareinprincipleverysimilartothecoolidgetubebutwiththeimportantdistinctionthatcarehasbeentakentobeabletofocustheelectronbeamintoaverysmallspotontheanodemanymicrofocusxraysourcesoperatewithfocusspotsintherangenbspmbutintheextremecasesspotssmallerthannbspmmaybeproducedthemajordrawbackofsolidanodemicrofocusxraytubesistheverylowpowertheyoperateatinordertoavoidmeltingoftheanodetheelectronbeampowerdensitymustbebelowamaximumvaluethisvalueissomewhereintherangewmdependingontheanodematerialthismeansthatasolidanodemicrofocussourcewithanbspmelectronbeamfocuscanoperateatapowerintherangewinmetaljetanodemicrofocusxraytubesthesolidmetalanodeisreplacedwithajetofliquidmetalwhichactsastheelectronbeamtargettheadvantageofthemetaljetanodeisthatthemaximumelectronbeampowerdensityissignificantlyincreasedvaluesintherangewmhavebeenreportedfordifferentanodematerialsgalliumandtininthecasewithanbspmelectronbeamfocusametaljetanodemicrofocusxraysourcemayoperateatwthemajorbenefitoftheincreasedpowerdensitylevelforthemetaljetxraytubeisthepossibilitytooperatewithasmallerfocalspotsaynbspmtoincreaseimageresolutionandatthesametimeacquiretheimagefastersincethepowerishigherwthanforsolidanodetubeswithnbspmfocalspotsphysicsimagetubespectrumjpgthumbpxrightspectrumofthexraysemittedbyanxraytubewitharhodiumtargetoperatedatkilovoltkvthesmoothcontinuouscurveisduetobremsstrahlungandthespikesareenergydispersivexrayspectroscopycharacteristicklinesforrhodiumatomsaswithanyvacuumtubethereisacathodewhichemitselectronsintothevacuumandananodetocollecttheelectronsthusestablishingaflowofelectricalcurrentknownasthechargedparticlebeambeamthroughthetubeahighvoltagepowersourceforexampletokilovoltskvcalledthetubevoltageisconnectedacrosscathodeandanodetoacceleratetheelectronsthexrayspectrumdependsontheanodematerialandtheacceleratingvoltageinmanyapplicationsthecurrentflowtypicallyintherangenbspmilliampmatonbspampereaisabletobepulsedonforbetweenaboutnbspmillisecondmstonbspsthisenablesconsistentdosesofxraysandtakingsnapshotsofmotionuntilthelatesxraygeneratorsweremerelyhighvoltageactodcvariablepowersuppliesinthelatesadifferentmethodofcontrolwasemergingcalledhighspeedswitchingthisfollowedtheelectronicstechnologyofswitchingpowersuppliesakaswitchmodepowersupplyandallowedformoreaccuratecontrolofthexrayunithigherqualityresultsandreducedxrayexposureselectronsfromthecathodecollidewiththeanodematerialusuallytungstenmolybdenumorcopperandaccelerateotherelectronsionsandnucleiwithintheanodematerialaboutoftheenergygeneratedisemittedradiatedusuallyperpendiculartothepathoftheelectronbeamasxraystherestoftheenergyisreleasedasheatovertimetungstenwillbedepositedfromthetargetontotheinteriorsurfaceofthetubeincludingtheglasssurfacethiswillslowlydarkenthetubeandwasthoughttodegradethequalityofthexraybeamvaporizedtungstencondensesontheinsideoftheenvelopeoverthewindowandthusactsasanadditionalfilteranddecreasesthetubesabilitytoradiateheateventuallythetungstendepositmaybecomesufficientlyconductivethatathighenoughvoltagesarcingoccursthearcwilljumpfromthecathodetothetungstendepositandthentotheanodethisarcingcausesaneffectcalledcrazingontheinteriorglassofthexraywindowastimegoesonthetubebecomesunstableevenatlowervoltagesandmustbereplacedatthispointthetubeassemblyalsocalledthetubeheadisremovedfromthexraysystemandreplacedwithanewtubeassemblytheoldtubeassemblyisshippedtoacompanythatreloadsitwithanewxraytubethexrayphotongeneratingeffectisgenerallycalledthebremsstrahlungeffectacontractionofthegermanbremsenforbrakingandstrahlungforradiationtherangeofphotonicenergiesemittedbythesystemcanbeadjustedbychangingtheappliedvoltageandinstallingaluminumfiltersofvaryingthicknessesaluminumfiltersareinstalledinthepathofthexraybeamtoremovesoftnonpenetratingradiationthenumberofemittedxrayphotonsordoseareadjustedbycontrollingthecurrentflowandexposuretimethetubecurrentandexposuretimeaffectthedoseandthereforethecontrastoftheimageheatunitsincetheintroductionofscatteredelectrontrapsdirectlycooledliquidmetalanodebearingsrotatingframetubesandothermoderntechnologythetermhasbecomemisleadingwhenusedfortheobjectivecomparisonoftheperformanceofmedicalrotatinganodexraytubesaccordinglytheiecstandardhasbeenrevisedinanodeheatstoragecapacityandimplicitlyheatunitswereabandonedandreplacedbytermsofpracticalrelevanceegnominalctanodeinputpowerhistoricallyheatunitswerereferringtotheamountofheatstoredinasolelyradiationcooledanodeinsideanelectronreflectingglassenvelopeinradiographyinparticularinradiologyaheatunitwasausualunitderivedfromthejouleandmeasuringthequantityofheatinadeviceinparticularthethermalenergythatanxraytubemustbeabletosupportanddissipateduringandafteranexamhistoricallythisunitcomesfromtheneedtoexpressaquantityofenergywhateverthewaveformoftheelectricalsourcepowerdirectcurrentdirectorpulsatingtheheatproducedinthesedevicesisinjoulemathemathrmheatvmathrmeffimathrmefftmathinradiographyvoltageisusuallyexpressedinmathmathrmkvpmaththousandsofvoltspeaktopeakpeaktopeakamplitudepeaktheeffectivecurrentinmaandthetimeinsecondsmathemathrmheatwtimesmathrmkvptimesmathrmmatimestmathwbeingthewaveformratiowithafullwaverectificationofasinewaveitequalsmathfracsqrtapproxmaththusthepracticalunithujorhujhistorycrookestubeimagecossercrookesxraytubejpgthumbpxcrookesxraytubefromearlysthecathodeisontherighttheanodeisinthecenterwithattachedheatsinkatlefttheelectrodeattheoclockpositionistheanticathodethedeviceattopisasoftenerusedtoregulatethegaspressurehistoricallyxrayswerediscoveredradiatingfromexperimentaldischargetubescalledcrookestubesinventedbybritishphysicistwilliamcrookesandothersasthemedicalandotherusesofxraysbecameapparentworkshopsbegantomanufacturespecializedcrookestubestoproducexraysthesewerethefirstxraytubesthesefirstgenerationcoldcathodeorcrookesxraytubeswereuseduntilthescrookestubesgeneratedtheelectronsneededtocreatexraysbyionizationoftheresidualairinthetubeinsteadofaheatedhotcathodefilamentsotheywerepartiallybutnotcompletelyvacuumevacuatedtheyconsistedofaglassbulbwitharoundsupsuptosupsupatmosphericpressureofairtopascalunitpaanaluminumcathodeplateatoneendofthetubecreatedabeamofelectronswhichstruckaplatinumanodeforeconomymadefromnickelorcopperwithathinplatinumfacetargetatthecentergeneratingxraystheanodesurfacewasangledsothatthexrayswouldradiatethroughthesideofthetubethecathodewasconcavesothattheelectronswerefocusedonasmallnbspmmspotontheanodeapproximatingapointsourceofxrayswhichresultedinsharperimagesthetubehadathirdelectrodeananticathodeconnectedtotheanodeitimprovedthexrayoutputbutthemethodbywhichitachievedthisisnotunderstoodamorecommonarrangementusedacopperplateanticathodesimilarinconstructiontothecathodeinlinewiththeanodesuchthattheanodewasbetweenthecathodeandtheanticathodetooperateadirectcurrentdcvoltageofafewkilovoltstoasmuchaskvwasappliedbetweentheanodesandthecathodeusuallygeneratedbyaninductioncoilorforlargertubesanelectrostaticmachinethiscreatedandthenacceleratedasmallnumberofionsfromthelowpressuregasinthetubethesestruckfurthergasatomsknockingelectronsoffthemcreatingmorepositiveionsinachainreactionallthepositiveionswereattractedtothecathodewhentheystruckittheyknockedelectronsoutofthemetalwhichwereacceleratedalongwiththeelectronsknockedfromthegasatomstowardtheanodetargetwhenthesehighspeedelectronsstrucktheatomsoftheanodetheycreatedxraysbyoneoftwoprocesseseitherbremsstrahlungorxrayfluorescencecrookestubeswereunreliableastimepassedtheresidualairwouldbeabsorbedbythewallsofthetubereducingthepressurethisincreasedthevoltageacrossthetubegeneratingharderxraysuntileventuallythetubestoppedworkingtopreventthissoftenerdeviceswereusedseepictureasmalltubeattachedtothesideofthemaintubecontainedamicasleeveorchemicalthatreleasedasmallamountofgaswhenheatedrestoringthecorrectpressuretheglassenvelopeofthetubewouldblackeninuseduetothexraysaffectingitsstructurecoolidgetubeimagewatercooledxraytubesvgthumbpxcoolidgesidewindowtubeschemethecrookestubewasimprovedbywilliamdavidcoolidgewilliamcoolidgeinthecoolidgetubealsocalledhotcathodetubeisthemostwidelyuseditworkswithaverygoodqualityvacuumaboutsupsuppaorsupsuptorrinthecoolidgetubetheelectronsareproducedbythermionicemissionthermioniceffectfromatungstenelectricalfilamentfilamentheatedbyanelectriccurrentthefilamentisthecathodeofthetubethehighvoltagepotentialisbetweenthecathodeandtheanodetheelectronsarethusaccelerationacceleratedandthenhittheanodetherearetwodesignsendwindowtubesandsidewindowtubesendwindowtubesusuallyhavetransmissiontargetwhichisthinenoughtoallowxraystopassthroughthetargetxraysareemittedinthesamedirectionastheelectronsaremovinginonecommontypeofendwindowtubethefilamentisaroundtheanodeannularorringshapedtheelectronshaveacurvedpathhalfofatoroidwhatisspecialaboutsidewindowtubesisanelectrostaticlensisusedtofocusthebeamontoaverysmallspotontheanodetheanodeisspeciallydesignedtodissipatetheheatandwearresultingfromthisintensefocusedbarrageofelectronssomeanodesaremechanicallyspuntoincreasetheareaheatedbythebeamegedicalrotatinganodeorcooledbycirculatingcoolantindirectlyonmostrotatinganodestheanodeispreciselyangledatdegreesoffperpendiculartotheelectroncurrentsoastoallowtheescapeofsomeofthexrayphotonswhichareemittedperpendiculartothedirectionoftheelectroncurrenttheanodeisusuallymadeoutoftungstenormolybdenumthetubehasawindowdesignedforescapeofthegeneratedxrayphotonsthepowerofacoolidgetubeusuallyrangesfromtokilowattkwhazardsofxrayproductionfromvacuumtubesimagehvtubesjpgthumbpxtwohighvoltagerectifiertubescapableofproducingxraysanyvacuumtubeoperatingatseveralthousandvoltsormorecanproducexraysasanunwantedbyproductraisingsafetyissuesthehigherthevoltagethemorepenetratingtheresultingradiationandthemorethehazardcathoderaytubecrtdisplaysoncecommonincolortelevisionsandcomputerdisplaysoperateatmakingthemthemainconcernamonghouseholdapplianceshistoricallyconcernhasfocusedlessonthecathoderaytubesinceitsthickglassenvelopeisimpregnatedwithseveralpoundsofleadforshieldingthanonhighvoltagehvrectifierandvoltageregulatortubesinsideinthelatesitwasfoundthatafailureinthehvsupplycircuitofsomegeneralelectrictvscouldleaveexcessivevoltagesontheregulatortubecausingittoemitxraysthemodelswererecalledandtheensuingscandalcausedtheusagencyresponsibleforregulatingthishazardthecenterfordevicesandradiologicalhealthofthefoodanddrugadministrationfdatorequirethatalltvsincludecircuitstopreventexcessivevoltagesintheeventoffailurethehazardassociatedwithexcessivevoltageswaseliminatedwiththeadventofallsolidstateelectronicssolidstatetvswhichhavenotubesbesidethecrtsincethefdahaslimitedtvxrayemissiontomrmilliroentgenperhourthelargescreentelevisiontechnologyflatscreensusedtodaydonothaveanyvacuumtubescapableofemittingxraysseealsoelectronbeamtomographycoronaryangiographysynchrotronradiationxrayfluorescencexraygeneratorglasstometalsealglasstometalsealpatentswilliamdavidcoolidgecoolidgexraytubeirvinglangmuirlangmuirmethodofandapparatusforcontrollingxraytubescoolidgexraytubecoolidgexraytubereferencesexternallinksrtstudentscomxraysxraytubehtmxraytubearadiographofanxraytubecrtsitecompagehtmlthecathoderaytubesitenyssrsorgnystatesocietyofradiologicscienceswebarchiveorgwebxraylampwebdplslangencollectionofxraytubesbygrzegorzjezierskiofpolandexcillumcomexcillumabamanufacturerofmetaljetanodemicrofocusxraytubeshyperphysicsphyastrgsueduhbasequantumxtubehtmlexampl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madeallstrategicdecisionsinthebasquenationalistpartyfromonwardsearlyyearsarzalluzwasborninazkoitiagipuzkoarefnamebiociteweburlbiografiasyvidascombiografiaaarzallushtmtitlexabierarzalluzworkbiografasyvidasaccessdatefebruarylanguagespanishreffromacarlismcarlistfamilyhestudiedinajesuitschoolindurangospaindurangoduringtheshereceiveddegreesinlawandphilosophyattheuniversityofzaragozahespentsometimeinfrankfurtfrankfurtammainpreparingathesisongermanchristiandemocracyandstudyingtheologybackinthebasquecountryhebecameajesuitpriestafteranotherperiodinfrankfurtandmadridheworkedatthejesuituniversityofdeustoinhejoinedtheclandestinebasquenationalistpartymentoredbytheprewarleaderjuandeajuriaguerrainhewasadmittedtotheleadershipofthebiscayanbranchhewaslaicizationlaicizedandgotmarriedspanishtransitiontodemocracyinandhewaselectedasamemberofthespanishcongressofdeputiesforthepnvinguipzcoaspanishcongresselectoraldistrictgipuzkoahistalkswithadolfosuarezpavedthewaytothestatuteofautonomyofthebasquecountrycontributingtoitswordinghedesignedaccordinglyastrategyforthepartyalongthelinesofthatstatutecalledthespiritofarriagainheresignedhisseatandsucceededcarlosgaraikoetxeaaspnvleaderapositionthathewouldholduntilduringhisrulethepnvmaintaineditsdominantpositioninthepoliticallifeofthebasquecountryautonomouscommunityautonomouscommunityofthebasquecountrylatercareerlaterinthesgaraikoetxeatherulinglehendakaristruggledforautonomyfromthepartyarzalluzhoweverassertedtheauthorityoftheorganizationoverindividualmembersthisissueamongothersledintoaschismwithinthepnvandtothecreationofanewpartyeuskoalkartasunaledbygaraikoetxeaarzalluzwasthemainspokesmanforthebasquenationalistpartypublishinghisopinionseverysundayinthebasquenewspaperdeianewspaperdeiaandinmanypublicspeechesduringpnvralliessomeofwhichtookplaceonalderdiegunapartydayandontheaberriegunadayofthebasquehomelandwhilelikedbypnvvotershewastheleastpopularpartyleaderamongthegeneralspanishpublicinhehadareciprocaladmirationforthedemocraziacristianaitalianchristiandemocratleadersfrancescocossigaandgiulioandreottiinspiteofhiscontactswitheuropeanchristiandemocratsthepnvhadtoleavethechristiandemocratinternationalinthesbecauseofpressurefromthespanishconservativepeoplespartyspainpeoplespartybesideshispoliticalrolehehadalsobeenaprofessorofconstitutionallawinthebasquelanguageattheuniversityofdeustoinbilbaountilreferencesexternallinkscaliberintelxuehaifengbornjanuaryinilikazakhautonomousprefectureilixinjiangpeoplesrepublicofchinaisanarcheryarcherfromthepeoplesrepublicofchinasummerolympicsxuecompetedforchinaatthesummerolympicsinmensindividualarcheryhewonhisfirstmatchadvancingtotheroundofinthesecondroundofeliminationhewasagainvictoriousandadvancedtotheroundofthethirdmatchwasxuesdownfallashelosttovicwunderleoftheunitedstatesxueplacedthoverallsummerolympicsatthesummerolympicsinbeijingxuefinishedhisrankingroundwithatotalofpointsthisgavehimthethseedforthefinalcompetitionbracketinwhichhefacedjaylyoninthefirstroundlyonwasonlythethseedbutmanagedtoscorepointswhilexueonlyscoredlyonwouldeventuallyadvancetothethirdroundwherehewasbeatenbybairbadnovrefnamebeijingwebarchiveorgwebresultsbeijingcnwrmengbioathleteshtmlathletebiographyxuehaifengbeijingcnretaugreftogetherwithliwenquanandjianglinhealsotookpartintheteameventwithhisscorefromtherankingroundcombinedwiththeofliandtheofjiangthechinesewereinthandlastpositionaftertherankingroundhoweverinthefirstroundtheyweretoostrongforthegreatbritainbritishteamtheyadvancedtothesemifinalbyeliminatingrussiabutlostagainstsouthkoreainthebronzemedalmatchchinawastoostrongfortheteamfromukrainebeatingthemtoclaimthebronzeexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebresultsbeijingcnwrmengbioathleteshtmlprofilesummerolympicsreferencesinfoboxgermanlocationtypestadtimagephotoxantenblickvonheesjpgimagecoadeuxantencoasvgcoordinatesimageplanxanteninwessvgstatenordrheinwestfalenregiondsseldorfdistrictweselelevationareapopulationstandpostalcodeplzaltareacodeundmarienbaumlicencewesgemeindeschlssellocodedextenutsdeafdivisionsstadtbezirkeadressekarthausbrxantenwebsiterathausxantendewwwrathausxantendemayorthomasgrtzcdupartycduxantenlowerfranconianlanguagelowerfranconiansantenisatowninthestateofnorthrhinewestphaliagermanyitislocatedinthedistrictofweseldistrictweselxantenisknownforthearchaeologicalparkoneofthelargestarchaeologicalopenairmuseumsintheworldbuiltatthesiteoftheromansettlementscoloniaulpiatraianaotherattractionsincludethemedievaltowncentrewithxantencathedralmanymuseumsandlargemanmadelakesforvariouswatersportactivitiesxantenisvisitedbyapproximatelyonemilliontouristsayeargeographyxantentheonlygermantownwhosenamebeginswithxismadeupofthreeboroughsortsteilehochbruchniederbruchandthetowncentreotherlocalitiesbezirkebelongingtothetownofxantenincludebirtenlttingenmarienbaumvynenobermrmterwardtmrmterwillichbeekandurselpartsofanaturereservecalledbislicherinselarelocatedinthemunicipalityaswellthetownbordersthelowerrhineandthetownofreesgermanyreestothenorththetownofweseltotheeastthemunicipalitiesofalpengermanyalpenandsonsbecktothesouthandthetownsofuedemandkalkartothewesttheclosestinternationalairportisairportweezealsocalledniederrheinairportryanairhubisinweezenbspkmtheclosestintercontinentalairportisdsseldorfairportnbspkmhistoryimagesilveredbronzehorsetrappingsfromxantenbmjpgthumbleftxantenhorsephaleraesetofromansilveredbronzehorsetrappingsfromxantennowinthebritishmuseumblockquoteantiquityimagearchologischerparkxantendepngthumbrightcoloniaulpiatraianatricensimaearchologischerparkxantenimageamphitheaterxantenjpgthumbrightreconstructedromanamphitheatreinarchologischerparkxantenfirstsettlementsbyisolatedtribescanbedatedaroundtheyearbcaroundbctheromanempireromancastracastrumorcampdeveteraveterawascreatedonthefrstenbergnearmoderndaybirtenitwasintendedasabaseforcampaignsintogermaniaanduntilitsdestructionduringtherevoltofthebataviinaditwasoccupiedbytolegionariesandwasthemainbaseoftheromannavyclassisgermanicaclassisgermanicaafterthedestructionofveteraasecondcampbecameestablishedatthebislicherinselnamedcastraveteraiiwhichbecamethebasecampoflegiovivictrixanearbycreatedsettlementwhichwasinhabitedbytoformerlegionariesandotherswasgiventherightsofacoloniaromancoloniainadbytheromanemperormarcusulpiustraianuswhorenamedthetowncoloniaulpiatraianathecoloniawasacompletelynewtownwithatownwallandotherbuildingslikeanamphitheaterforthistowntheoldsettlementwascompletelydestroyedthecoloniabecamethesecondmostimportantcommercialpostintheprovinceofgermaniainferiorsurpassedonlybycoloniaagrippinensistodayscologneinveteraiibecamethecampoflegioxxxulpiavictrixreplacingvivictrixwhichhadmovedtoromanbritainbritanniainthecoloniawasalmostdestroyedbygermanictribessubsequentlyinintheareaofthecoloniaanewtownwasestablishednamedtricensimaeofthethirtiethwhichwasbuiltontheninecentralinsulabuildinginsulaoftheformercoloniabutfortifiedandmoreeasilydefendedatthebeginningofthethcenturyassaultsbygermanictribesrapidlyincreasedwiththeresultthattricensimaewasfinallygivenupinduringthereignofjulianemperorjulianthechristianviktorofxantenissupposedtohavebeenexecutedtogetherwithothermembersofthethebanlegionnearthemoderntownofbirtenforrefusingtosacrificetotheromangodsconsideredamartyrandasaintbytheromancatholicchurchaswellastheeasternorthodoxchurchviktorofxanteniscommemoratedinxantencathedralwherehisrelicsarekeptinashrineembeddedinthehighaltarmiddleagesimagexantenklevertorjpgthumbklevertorinxanteninthethcenturythefranksbegantosettleintheareaoftodaysxantenbutnourbansettlementshavebeenfoundfromthistimeasthefranksdidnotbuildinstoneunliketheromansonlygravesfromthistimehavebeendiscoveredaccordingtothelegendofthenibelungsthemythicalsigurdsiegfriedofxantenwasbornzesantenandemrhneinthesecondhalfofthethcenturyachurchwasbuiltonthegroundsofanoldcemeteryoftheancientromancolonyandcalledsanctossuperrhenumalsomentionedasadsanctumthenameofplaceofsaintswasderivedfromtheassumedgraveofthemartyrviktorofxantenandisthesourceoftodaysmunicipalnameofxantenaftertheestablishmentofaconventtothesouthwhatbecametodaystowncentregrewintoexistenceintroopsunderottoiholyromanemperorottoikingdomofgermanykingofgermanydefeatedrebelliousfranconiansaxonandlotharingiantroopsundereberhardoffranconiainthebattleofbirtennearxantenfollowingthebattleofandernachthesameyeartherhinelandwasreaffirmedtothekingdomofottoiwhilexantenwithitsrichviktorconventwasstillbeingbesiegedbynorsemeninintheplacealreadyappearsaspartofatradingnetworkatthelowerrhineonjulyxantenwasgiventownrightsbythearchbishopricofcolognearchbishopofcologneheinrichofmolenarkxantenhadajewishcommunityinearlymedievaltimestwomassacresofjewsoccurredduringthefirstcrusadeonandjuneonthelatteroccasionsomejewscommittedsuicideinordertoescapethefuryofthecrusadersinthefoundationstoneforthegothicxantencathedralstvictorcathedralwaslaidafteryearsofconstructionitwasfinallycompletedinbytheendofthethcenturyxantenwassurroundedbyatownwallinthenorthernpartofthetowncameintothepossessionoftheduchyofclevesdukesofcleveswhilethesouthernpartremainedwiththearchbishopricofcolognethedivisionofxantenwasacauseofaconflictbetweenclevesandcolognewhichendedwhenthewholeofxantenwasawardedtotheduchyofclevesinearlymodernperiodafterbeingtakenbythedukesofclevesinthewakeofwarandcropfailurethenumberofinhabitantsslumpedfromatthebeginningofthethcenturytoapproximatelybytheendofthethcenturytherhinehadbeenabasisofxantensstatusasatradingtownuntiltheriverbedshiftedawayfromthetowncausingitseconomicsituationtodeterioratetheriverevenfloodedanddestroyedthelocalityofbirtenseveraltimestheboroughmarienbaumhoweverbecamethemainplaceofpilgrimageonthelowerrhinebetweenandinamonasteryofthebridgettineswasestablishedwithanabbeychurchcalledstmarihimmelfahrtassumptionofmarywhichnowadaysservesasaparishchurchinthethcenturyxantenwasalongwithclevesinheritedbythemargraviateofbrandenburgprotestantismwasplacedonanequalfootingwiththeromancatholicchurchasconfirmedbythetreatyofxantenonnovemberthereuponachurchwasbuiltatthegroermarktgreatmarketplacewhichwasexpandedwithaspireinneverthelessatthebeginningofthethcenturyonlyofthepopulationwereofprotestantdenominationbythebeginningofthestcenturytheprotestantshareofthepopulationhadincreasedtosomethandearlythcenturyintheviktorconventwassecularizedbynapoleonioffrancenapolonbonaparteandthelibrariesofclosedmonasteriesandtheconventlibraryweremergedafterthattheeconomicsituationdeterioratedmorerapidlyatowngatecalledthemarstorwastorndowninandthescharntorandpartsofthetownwallswereremovedintheremovaloftheklevertorandamillcalledkriemhildmhlewaspreventedbyatowncouncillorinatthesametimetheruinsofthecoloniaulpiatraianawhichhadbeenusedasaquarrysincetheromansettlementwasgivenuparousedtheinterestofarchaeologistsxantenwasadministeredwithintheprussianrhineprovincefromtobetweenandexcavationswerecarriedoutattheromanruinsinseptemberthecatholicchurchmunicipalitycelebrateditsthnbspanniversaryinpopepiusxigrantedtherightforthecathedralofstviktortobecalledabasilicaminorinthelaterpartofthethcenturytherewasahighprofilecaseofallegedritualmurderalsoknownasbloodlibelonjunejohannhegemannthefiveyearoldsonofalocalcabinetmakerwasfounddeadinaneighboursbarnwithhisthroatcutfromeartoearantisemiticagitationconnectedthejewishbutcherandformershechitashoeadolfbuschoffwiththiscrimeandthelocalpriestfatherbresserlentsupporttothisrumourbypublishingarticlesonritualmurderinthepaperbotefrstadtundlandwhichheeditedtheagitationintheantisemiticpressaswellasatantisemiticmeetingswhereitwasinsinuatedthatthejewshadbribedorintimidatedtheauthoritiesinordertopreventthediscoveryofthetruthcompelledthegovernmenttoarrestbuschoffandhisfamilyoctobertheevidenceagainstthemanwhohadalwaysborneagoodreputationwassoflimsyhoweverthathewasdischargeddecemberthisactionarousedtheantisemitestostillstrongeragitationwhichculminatedinaheateddebateintheprussiandietinthecourseofthisargumentstoeckertheexcourtchaplainrepeatedtheaccusationofritualmurderandhintedatjewishinfluenceasthecauseofthefailuretofindthemurdererfebruaryunderpressurefromthisagitationbuschoffwasrearrestedfebruaryandtriedbeforeajuryatclevesjulyduringthistrialitwasfoundthattheaccusationswerebasedonmerehearsayandcontainedimpossibleassertionstheprosecutingattorneyhimselfmovedforthedismissalofthechargeandthejuryrendereditsverdictaccordinglytherealmurdererwasneverdiscoveredandthepossibilitythatthedeathofthechildwasduetoanaccidentwasnotentirelydisprovedtheagitationhadtheeffectofreducingthejewishpopulationofthetownandbuschoffhimselfhadtoleaveinxantenhadaboutthirtyjewsoutofatotalpopulationofnazigermanyinmayorheinrichwagnerwaslockedupinatowercalledthemeerturmaccusedofallegednepotismintheloanbusinesshissuccessorwasfriedrichkarlschnebornwhilethepostofdeputymayorwasgiventoheinrichprangjuniorpranghadalreadycreatedalocalgroupofthensdapinasthelocalcouncilofthedeutschezentrumsparteiwasdissolvedthreeofformerlyeighttowncouncilmembersweregroupmembersofthensdaptheremainingoppositionconsistedofcommunistsandliberalpoliticianslackingaclearpoliticalmandatethefollowingyearssawharassmentofthejewishpopulationofxantenthisincludedthedestructionofthelocalprayerroomandthedevastationofseveraldwellingsofjewishinhabitantsonreichskristallnachtofnovemberaftertheseeventstheentirejewishpopulationfledxantenduringthesecondworldwaranammunitionfactoryoftheluftwaffewasestablishedinasmallforestclosetothetowncalleddieheeswhilecitizensofxantenworkedthereatthebeginningofthewarwomenandchildrenandespeciallyforeignerswereforcedtoperformhardlabourattheplantasthewarprogressedincidentsintheareaofthefactoryoccurredinnovemberandoctobercausingtheexplosionofaportionofthestoredammunitionwhichcostseveralworkerslivesinmaythegermanthinfantrydivisionwastransferredtoxantentotakepartintheforthcomingbattleofthenetherlandsinvasionofthenetherlandswhenalliedtroopsreachedxanteninfebruarymayorschnebornleftthetownwithhimfledalmosttheentiretownadministrationtoareastotheeastinthesamemonththebombardmentofthetownhadbegunkillingciviliansanddestroyingpartsofxanteninadditionthecathedralwashitbystrategicbombingduringworldwariialliedbombsanddamagedheavilyonmarchxantenwasfinallytakenbycanadiantroopsthecanadianmilitarylostaccordingtotheirowndatasoldiersinthefightagainstthedefendingfallschirmjgernazigermanyfallschirmjgerparatroopsunderthecommandofeugenmeindlthereuponthetownofwhichhadalreadybeendestroyedwasoccupiedbybritishtroopswhilethepopulationwasevacuatedtobedburghauinpreparationforthecrossingoftherhinenearthetownofweselartilleryprojectilesfiredbygermansoldiersfromtherightbankoftherhinefurtherdevastatedxantenatthistimewhenthecrossingoftherhinefinallysucceededonmarchthesecondworldwarwasoverforxantenpostworldwariithereconstructionofthetownandthecathedralwasinfluencedparticularlybythearchaeologistandmonumentconservationistwalterbaderandlasteduntilflightandexpulsionofgermansexpelleesfromeastprussiawereresettledinxantenandcausedthepopulationtorisebyalmostinthecourseofthelocalreorganizationinthelocalitiesbirtenlttingenmarienbaumobermrmtervynenandwardtwereintegratedintoxantensothataroundinhabitantslivedwithinthetownboundariestheareaofthetownincreasedfromnbspkmtonbspkmimagexantenjpgthumbleftreconstructedcornerofthehafentempelharbortempleinarchologischerparkxanteninthearchologischerparkxantenxantenarchaeologicalparkapartialreconstructionoftheromancoloniaulpiatraianawasestablishedandopenedfortourismonnovemberxantenwasgrantedthetitleofastaatlichanerkanntererholungsortstaterecognizedleisuretownasthefirstsuchtowninthedsseldorfregionregionofdsseldorfbetweenandthenumberofinhabitantsrosefromtoaboutattractionsthearchologischerparkxantenisbuiltonthesiteoftheromantowntodayitisoneofthemostfrequentlyvisitedparksingermanyinthearchaeologicalparkwasexpandedtonearlythewholeareaoftheromancoloniaafterthebundesstraewasmovedawayfromtheareahistoricalbuildingsinthetowncentrehavebeenrestoredatthexantenersdseeandxantenernordseetwolakesconnectedbyachannelclosetothelocalitieswardtandvynenthefreizeitzentrumxantenxantenleisurecenterwasestablishedintodayitisapopulardestinationforsailorsculturebigeventsincludethexantenersommerfestspieleaprestigiousclassicalmusicfestivallastingtwoweekseverysummertheannualxantenermontmartrewhereartistsfromallovertheworldshowtheirlatestworksaswellastheannualgermansandcastlebuildingchampionshipeducationamongotherschoolsthereisonegymnasiumschoolgymnasiumgrammarschoolthestiftsgymnasiumxantenandaprivateschoolforgirlsthemarienschuleinxantengovernancecouncilclasswikitablecolspanseatdistributioninthetowncouncilaftertheelectionspartynumberofseatschristiandemocraticuniongermanycdusozialdemokratischeparteideutschlandsspdlocalinitiativealliancethegreensfreedemocraticpartygermanyfdpleftwingpoliticstheleftbbxtowntwinningxantenistwinnedwithgeelinbelgiumsaintescharentemaritimesaintesinfranceandsalisburyintheunitedkingdomnotablepeoplethefollowingpersonswereborninxantenorinthelocalboroughsofxantengottfriedhagendiedcolognecitywriterdiederichfranzleonhardvonschlechtendaldiedbotanistgeorgbleibtreudiedbattlepainterjohannesjanssendiedhistorianreinhartmaurerphilosopherbibliographyaroniusregestenpnbspnopnbspnointhemartyrsofneusswerebroughttoxantentobeburiedbythesideofthosemartyredinibpnbspnomittheilungenausdemvereinzurabwehrdesantisemitismusindexsvxantenandbuschoffallgzeitdesjudnosderprozessbuschoffleipsignathanderprozessbuschoffberlinderprozessxantencleveibderxantenerknabenmordvordemschwurgerichtzuclevejuliberlinacompletestenographicrecordholgerschmenkxantenimjahrhunderteinerheinischekleinstadtzwischentraditionundmoderneklnweimarwienbhlaureferencesexternallinksxantendeenxantenmunicipalwebsiterathausxantendevirtualtownhallgermanalbersfotografiedexantenvirtualtourofxantentowncentregermanapxlvrdeenwillkommenwillkommenhtmlarchaeologicalparkenglishfzxdeleisurecenterxantenliviusorgxxantencuthtmlliviusorgcoloniaulpiatraianaxanteninfoboxsettlementseethetableatinfoboxsettlementforallfieldsanddescriptionsofusagebasicinfonameofficialnamenativenameothernamesettlementtypeprefecturelevelcityimageskylinejpgimagesizeimagecaptiontheskylineofxuzhouandyunlonglakeimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizenicknamemottoimagemapchinajiangsuxuzhoupngmapsizemapcaptionlocationofxuzhoucityjurisdictioninjiangsuimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionrightpushpinmapsizelocationpushpinmapcaptionlocationinchinacoordinatesareapostalcodesotherssubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamechinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountyleveldivisionssubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipleveltownshipleveldivisionssubdivisionnamejiangsusubdivisionnamesubdivisionnameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateestablishedtitleestablisheddatefoundernamedforareaseattypeseatpartstypepartsstylelistforlistcollforcollapsedlistparaforparagraphformatdefaultislistifuptoitemscollifmorethanpartspartstextorheaderforpartslistpgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitlemayorleadernamezhoutiegenleadertitlecpccommitteesecretaryleadernamezhangguohuatotaltypetosetanonstandardlabelfortotalareaandpopulationrowsunitprefenterimperialtodisplayimperialbeforemetricareafootnotesareamagnitudeuseonlytosetaspecialwikilinkareatotalkmallfieldswithmeasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmareawaterkmareawaterpercentareaurbankmareametrokmareablanktitleareablankkmelevationelevationfootnoteselevationmelevationftelevationminmpopulationpopulationtotalpopulationasofcensuspopulationfootnotespopulationdensitykmautopopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmautopopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmautopopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationdensityblankkmgeneralinformationpopulationnotepostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeurbancenterotherareasareacodewebsitefootnotesimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypetcuptopforseparatepartstobelistedpoliticsleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameelevationmaxmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetblanknamegdpblankinforenminbibillionblanknamegdppercapitablankinfounitedstatesdollarusblanknamemajornationalitiesofchinanationalitiesblankinfohanchinesehanblanknamelicenceplatesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalicenceplateprefixesblankinfocblanknameblankinfochinesepicxznamesvgpiccapxuzhouinchinesecharacterspicuprightpspsuchowcwhssupsupchousupsuppxzhumialtnamepengchengcppngchngxuzhouknownaspengchenginancienttimesisamajorcityinjiangsuprovincechinathecitywithanrecordedpopulationofatthecensusofwhichlivedinthebuiltupareaisanationalcomplextransporthubandthecentriccityofhuaihaieconomiczonethecityisdesignatedaslistofnationalfamoushistoricalandculturalcitiesinchinanationalfamoushistoricalandculturalcitysinceforitsrelicsespeciallytheterracottaarmiesthemausoleumsoftheprincesandtheartofreliefofhandynastyromanizationbeforetheadoptionofhanyupinyinthecitysnamewastypicallyromanizationofchineseromanizedassuchoworschowthoughitalsoappearedassiutcheoufouhsuchouhsuchowandhschowrefnamecanadianmissionariesrefhistoryearlyhistorytheearlyprehistoricrelicsaroundxuzhouareclassifiedasdawenkouculturesystemliulinsitetogetherwithdadunzisitehuatingsiteandliangwangchengsitecorrespondtotheinitialmiddleandlatestagesofthisculturerespectivelywhiletheremainsofsacrificialritualsperformedtotudideityfoundatqiuwansiteandgaohuangmiaositebothofthemareintheoutskirtsofthecityindicatethatshangdynastyaffectedtheareahistoryrelatesthatpengorgreatpengthetransitionsfromatribetoachiefdomcontainedwithintheboundaryofthecitypengzuisbelievedtobethefirstchiefwhilethestatewaseventuallyconqueredbywudingkingwudingofshanginaroundbcduringthewesternzhouachiefdomcalledxuyiorxuroseandcontrolledtheloweryellowrivervalleyalliedwithhuaiyixuyifoughtagainstzhouanditsvassalsatirregularintervalssinceitsdecliningxuyioncemovedthecapitaltotheareaofxuzhouandpopulateditwithpeoplewhoweremigratedsouthwardsaftersongstatesongannexedtheareathefirstactualcityinxuzhouaccordingtochronicleswasbuiltthenamepengchengwasgiventoitinbcchustatechuandzhengstatezhenginvadedsongandcapturedpengchengsoonafterwardsthecitywasrecapturedshareditsterritoryamongthemsongeventuallyexterminatedbyqistateqichuandweistateweiinbcchugotthepartwhichinthenorthofthehuairiverbeforethatchusawtheareaastheirnaturalsphereofinfluenceduetothegrowinginfluencexuzhouanditswestneighbouringregionwerereferredtoaswestchusinceitsrealmshrunkchumoveditscapitaltothisareainbcaftertheqinarmycaptureditsoldoneyinginmodernjingzhouhubeimoreoverthereweretwominorstatescalledpistatepiandzhongwuintheneastofxuzhouduringthespringandautumnperiodimperialchinaafterdazexianguprisingpengchengoncebecamethecentrewheretherebelforecesweremassingthecapitalcityofchuandtheemperoryiofchuwastransferredtopengchengfromxuyicountyxuyixiangyuproclaimedhimselfthehegemonkingofwesternchuandkeptpengchengasacapitaluntildefeatedbyliubanginbcliujiaoprinceliujiaotheyoungerhalfbrotherofliubangbecametheprinceofchuwhoseseatwaspengchenghisgrandsonwusucceededthetitlewuparticipatedtherebellionofthesevenprinceshewasdefeatedafterwardsandhispowerwasdiminishbyreducingthefiefbytheendofthendcenturyaprosperousbuddhistcommunityhadbeensettledatpengchenggallerywidthsaterracottaarmyburiedwiththeprinceofchuliuzhufilelacqueredwoodcoffininlaidwithjadeshizishanjpgliuwuslacqueredwoodcoffininlaidwithjadefilejpgliuwusjadeshroudsewnwithgoldthreadsfilejpgareliefdepictingtwomengamblinggalleryattheturnofthendcenturypengchengchangedhandsseveraltimesamongcaocaoandhisrivalsbeforebeingannexedtocaoweiinaboutintheinterveningyearstheseatofxuzhouxuprovincewastransferredfromtanchengcountytanchengtoxiapiwhichlocatedinthenorthwestofsuiningwhilepengchengbecametheseatlaterthanwiththeinvasionsofthefivebarbariansconsiderablelocalhouseholdsmigratedtothesouthaliuclanfrompengchengascendedtothegentryitsmostwellknowndescendantisliuyutheemperorwuofliusongpengchengwastakenbythenortherndynastieslaterliuyurecapturedthelostterritoryinthenorthofthehuairiverinaboutxuzhouwasdividedintotwopartsbeixuzhounorthxuzhouandxuzhouwithzhenjiangjingkouasitsseatinnorthxuzhouwhoseseatwaspengchengboundedonthesouthbythehuairiverbeixuzhouwasrestoredasxuzhouadecadelaterwhileitssouthcounterpartwasrenamednanxuzhousouthxuzhousincethenpengchengremainedbeingtheseatofxuzhouuntilitwaseliminatedintheearlymingtheragingwarsinflicteduponxuzhouuntiltheemperortaizongoftangsenthronementinkeepingthenorthernrebellionsandwarfareadistancegavexuzhouscopefordevelopingduringthemostperiodofthetangdynastyaccordingtotheoldbookoftangandthenewbookoftangnewbookoftanginthetotalpopulationofpengchengcountyfeicountyandpeicountywasonlyversusinthroughoutsuiandtangdynastiesxuzhouwasheavilygarrisonedfordefendingthebiancanalacrucialcoursetosupplychanganraninasoutheasterlydirectionthroughtheregioningenerallinatangdynastylinarevoltedagainstthecourthiscousinliweithethenprefectofxuzhourefusedtocooperatewithhimsonasarmylaysiegetothecityofxuzhouafterwardsalthoughtherevoltedwasquellthehaltofthetransportbythebiancanalmadethecourtfeelnecessarytoreinforcethedefenceinxuzhouthethenprefectofxuzhouzhangjianfengzhangjiafengwasdesignatedasthefirstmilitarygovernorofxuzhousizhouhaozhouinitsseatwasinxuzhouthetitlewasinvaildsincebutwasreinstatedandrenamedwuningfiveryearslatermutinieshadbrokenoutamongthegarrisonperiodicallysincetheearlyyearsoftheninthcenturythecourtmanagedtorestoreorderandcontinuedtoappointitsmilitarygovernorswangzhixingrecruitedsomeinsubordinateandunscrupuloussoldiersthatmadethearmynotoriousinlitingtookitoverandgotadeaththreatfromthegarrsionsoonafterwardsheobligedtoresignevenbeforehewasinofficelaterwuningsufferedrenewedgarrisonrevoltsinandagainintwogovernorsontheirtermwereexpelledbythesoldiersthusthegovernmentdecidedtodemilitarizetheregionwangshitangdynastywangshiwassenttoputdownthemutinyinheexecutedlargenumbersofthegarrisontroopsanddisbandedtherestbuttheconsequencewasprovedworsethefleeinganddisbandedsoldiersbecamebanditsplunderingthesurroundingareainthecourtdeclaredanamnestyintheareaandpromisedthatallformersoldierswhowillinglyreenrolledwouldbesentforatourofdutyinthesouthernandthenpresumablyreturnedtoregulararmyserviceinthenorththreethousandmensurrenderedandweresenttothesouthtojointhetwothousandwuningsoldierssenttheretwoyearsbeforehoweverthepledgetosendthembackwasbrokenledbypangxuneighthundredofthemmutiniedandmarchedbacknorththetwomonthsmarchwasunimpededtheymovedintotheregionbythewinterofthecivilgovernorrefusedpangsdemandtohavetheofficersthehatedremovedandamilitaryconfrontationensuedthousandsoflocalpeasantsjoinedtherebelstheytooktheprefecturalcityofxuzhoucapturedthecivilgovernorandkilledthoseofficerspangacquiredaconsiderablefollowingstilltherebellionwascrushedayearlatereventuallywuningwasrenamedganhualiteralmeaningreclaimingfrominsubordinationwithadmonishmentlestthegarrisontorevoltagainaftertheyellowriverbegantochangecourseduringthesongdynastysongdynastyheavysiltingattheyellowriverestuaryforcedtherivertochannelitsflowintothelowerhuairivertributarytheareabecamebarrenthereafterduetopersistentfloodingnutrientdepletionandsalinationoftheoncefertilesoilinthefirstmonthofnijuhuntookthecityafterasiegeofdaysandthethengovernorwangfuwasexecutedforrefusingtosubmitwangsinferiorzhaoliralliedtheremainsandconstructedalocalmilitiatheyrecapturedthecitytwomonthslaterbutwithdrewfromtherestrategicallysoonhenceforthxuzhouwasruledbyjurchenoveracenturyrefhistoryofsongstudyofnorthernalliancesduringthethreereignsrefinthegeneralwangyoufengxianrevoltedtheyexpelledthejurchensgovernortuktanthenthemongolianarmyledbyanyongahanchinesegeneralcapturedxuzhousoonboththegeneralofsuzhouliuanguoandthegeneralofpizhouduzhengyieldedtheirownedcitytoanyongregardinganyongsbehaveasgrabbingreputationthemongoliangeneralasuruinchineseirritatedandpersistedtokillhimfeltpanicanyongsoughtrefugefromjurchenthemongoliangovernorofxuzhouandpizhoucalledligaogesurrenderedtothesonginthenhefailedandwaskilledafterseveraldaysarebellionagainstyuanrosebylierwhowasnicknamedsesameliintheareaaroundxuzhouintheeighthmonthoftheytookthecitytoghontemrgaveanedictthatthetwouldbeamnestiediftheyhavesurrenderedtotheauthorityinthespringofthenextyeartherebelsignoredthatsoheagreedthattoqtoayuandynastytoqtotosuppresstheunrestthecityfellintheautumnandthemultitudeswerekilledbytoqtosarmyafterwardsitmaybethesymbolicallymostimportantvictoryfortoqtothusxuzhouwasrenamedwuanliteralmeaningrestoringpeacebyforceasanfavourforhimandastoneslabcelebratinghisdeedwaserectedbythecourtinthecityzhangshichengoccupiedxuzhouasthenorthernmostcityofhisdomaininthemingforcesunderxudacapturedxuzhouinsoonkketemrsentaarmyundergeneralliertoattackxuzhoufuyoudeandlujuwhoheldthecityraidedthemoutsidemostoftheenemyweredrownedwhiletheremainedaboutsoldiersandhorseswerecapturedxuzhouhadalongperiodofprosperityduringthemingdynastytheflourishnesslargelyattributedtothecarriageespeciallybythegrandcanaloneofsevencustomsbarriersorcustomshousesundertheministryofrevenuewaslocatedinxuzhouitwasretaineduntilthelateqingkoreanchoebuaffirmedthatthecitywherehetravelledbywayofhardlypalebycomparisontothejiangnanjiangnanregionasahubforboththenationalcouriersystemandthegraintributesystemforseveralcenturiesxuzhouwasofvitalimportancethusthegovernmentofmingestablishedthreegarrisonareasnamelyguardsinthepresentdayareaxuzhouguardxuzhouleftguardandpizhouguardforitssecurityyetthelocalnavigationwasconsiderablyconstrainedbytworapidsthexuzhourapidsakilometersoutheastofthecityandthelliangrapidsanotherkilometersfurthersouththeremedyprovidedbytheministryofworksisconstructingthejicanalriverjiacanalwhichparalleledthetreacherousstretchofxuzhouhoweverthecanalcompletedinthesravagedthecitynotonlyitdisruptedtheformerdrainagesystembutalsodepressedthelocaleconomypriortotherecessionfloodingandthefaminesfollowedstruckxuzhoufrequentlytheworstfloodingoccurredinitwasimmerseduptozhangandchiaboutmwithinthecityafterthezhuyousonghongguangemperorenthronedinnanjingthecourtdesignatedfourdefenseareasalongthesouthernbankoftheyellowrivertorepulsetheqingarmieswhiletheformerbanditgeneralgaojiewasdesignatedtotakethecrucialforwardpositionatxuzhoubyshikefabuttheassassinationofgaoseriouslyreducedthecourtscapacitytodealwithchallengesfromqinggaossuccessorwaslichengdongbeingawareofforthcomingattacklidesertedxuzhouintheearlysummerofthendodoprincedodosarmycapturedthecityisalsoshownthelistofearthquakesinchinatanchengearthquakeininvolvedxuzhouitsdisastrousconsequencewasrecordedbythelocalchorographythenmanypeoplewerelivingoutsideorinshacksandthecircumstanceswererestoredafterseveralmonthsthetragicprocesswherebytheyellowrivershifteditscoursefromthesoutherntothenorthernsidebeganinwithaseriesofdamagingfloodsthatinundatedbroadreachesofxuzhouanditsenvironsthoughitwasnotuntilaugustthatthereoccurredthemassivebreakinthedikesthatreleasedtherivernortheastwardtheyearsfrombroughtruinandfaminetheseyearsofeconomicdesperationexacerbatedtheendemicmalaiseofintercommunityfeudingacircumstanceofsomesignificanceforintensifyingnianrebellionnianmovementfeltobligedzengguofanrushedtoxuzhouandcommandedthetroopsthearmyofnianattemptedtoattackthecityinthefollowingdecadeforseveraltimesbutallinvainmodernchinazhangxunandhisremainingarmyfledtoxuzhouafterthexinhairevolutionrevolutionoftheyenteredthecityondecemberthenankinggovernmentsentthreearmiestoattackxuzhouinthemiddleoffebruaryzhangevacuatedthecityandmovednorthafterhewasdefeatedsincethesecondrevolutionbeganxuzhoubecameafrontlinecitytherevolutionaryarmyfaredbadlyasitadvancedfromtheretowardsthenorthandaroutensuedthenthebeiyangarmycapturedthecityonjulythereafterzhangxunmadexuzhouhisbaseheconvenedfourmeetingsofthebeiyangleadershipinvolvedthestalemateamongliyuanhongandduanqiruiinhemarchedonbeijingwithatroopinjunehisfailurespreadandcausedaterriblewaveoftheftandarsoncommittedbyhisgarrisonslaterinxuzhouinjulythezhilicliquedominatedxuzhoubyintheautumnofthisyearthesecondzhilifengtianwarbrokeoutzhangzongchangwhosupportedthefengtiancliqueseizedthecitywithhisthirtythousandsoldierssunchuanfangledacoalitionofforcestosortiethefengtianarmyinoctobertheyoccupiedthecityonnovemberastheleaderofthenorthernexpeditionchiangkaishekarrivedinxuzhouonjuneheconferredwithfengyuxiangandotherkuomintangofficersonjunefengwascourtedbynanjingthensunchuanfangandzhangzongchangbegantofightinunisonagainstthenationalistgovernmenttheycapturedthecityonjunethefallofxuzhouarousepublicoutragechiangsfirstresignationensuedondecembernanjingforcetooktheareaagaintheareawasthemainsitebothofthebattleofxuzhouinagainstthejapanesearmyinthesecondsinojapanesewarandofthebattleinthechinesecivilwarthehuaihaicampaigninonmaychianggaveordertoabandonedxuzhouthenjapanesemilitarycontrolledthecitytheadministrativecommissionofthesuhuaispecialregionwasestablishedinjanuarywithitsseatatxuzhouitwasreplacedbyanewpuppetprovincehuaihaihaopengjuwasappointedasthegovernorafterthesecondsinojapanesewarthetroopunderhezhuguoenteredxuzhouonseptemberthexuzhoupacificationcommissionwasfoundedintheendofyearandguzhutongwasappointedasthechiefitwasdisbandedwhenthearmycommandheadquartersoftransferredtoxuzhouonmarchmeantimeamilitarytribunalattachedtothecommissionwasorganizedtosentencejapanesesoldiersguoyingqiuastherepresentativeofthecpcwenttoxuzhoutonegotiatedaregionaltrucesincefebruaryonmarchthecommitteeofthreecomprisinggeorgemarshallzhangzhizhongandzhouenlaiarrivedfortheceasefireinthecentralchinastillthekmtandthecpccameintoconflictsoonthecpcrevealedthatyasujiokamuraassistedthekmtinthelocalwarfareagainsttheplathehuaihaicampaignhuaihaiwastheacriticalofthetrinityofthemajorcampaignsduringthechinesecivilwarfightingcentredaroundthecityofxuzhouseatofthebanditsuppressionheadquartersestablishedonjuneitturnedintoafiascowhichledtothefallofthenationalistchinesecapitalnanjingrefnamelifebooksgooglecombooksidioeaaaambajpgpabattleofsuchowlifemagazinedecemberrefthecpccontrolledthecityondecembergallerywidthsfiletropaschinasenhsuchowfujpgzhangxunstroopsinxuzhouthesfilejpgchiangkaishekconferredwithfengyuxianginxuzhoufilexuzhouthreepeoplejpgthecommitteeofthreemetinxuzhoufilemaozedongatxuzhoustationjpgmaozedongattheplatformofxuzhourailwaystationingallerythenxuzhoutheoldurbanareawasmadeapartofshandongprovincetemporarilytogetherwiththerestareaofthenorthernjiangsualongthelonghairailwaythecitywasreturnedtojiangsuastheprovincewasrestoredintherailwaysinxuzhouborethebruntofthetransportingmuddleinthesbeijingwasconcernedwiththeissueinthusthethenministerofrailwayswanliwenttoxuzhoutoinspectandrectifyinmarchitwasdeemedasabreakthroughonrestoringorderlateronaprilxuzhouwasratifiedasalargermunicipalitywithlegislativepowerbythestatecounciladministrationtheevolutionaryhistoryclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstylemarginleftautomarginrightautobordernonecolspanstylebackgroundfffthetableoflocaladministrativechangesbgcolorccccccstyletextaligncenterperiodcolspanstyletextaligncenterprovinciallevelstyletextaligncenterprefecturallevelstyletextaligncentercountylevelrowspanspringandbrautumncolspansongstatebrpengchengbrliuyibrlyicolspanzhongwustaterowspanwarringbrstatescolspanchustatepeiyicolspanqistatechangyicolspanpistaterowspanqindynastycolspansishuicommanderybrpeicountybrpengchengcountybrliucountybrxiaocountyc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hreekingdomserathecityastridetheoldcourseofthegrandcanalhadbeenthroughseveraltransitoryperiodsofprosperitybeforethegraintributesystemwasabolishedinitremainedbeingeconomicallybackwardinthesforwarsandafewpeopleengagedinindustrialsectorslaterthecpcpositionedthecityasaregionofcoalminingandheavyindustryitsdominantsectorsaremachineryenergyandfoodproductionnowadaystheconstructionmachinerymanufacturerxcmgisthelargestcompanybasedinxuzhouitwastheworldstenthlargestconstructionequipmentmakermeasuredbyrevenuesandthethirdlargestbasedinchinaaftersanyandzoomlionrefnamereutrefeducationxuzhouwasnotaregionalcentreforeducationbuttwodefunctinstitutionsoncechosetheirsiteswithinthecityprovincialcollegeofkiangsuandnorthchinatheologicalseminaryinthesthethenjiangsunormalacademyrelocatedtothecityinandthethennanjingmedicalcollegexuzhouwasfoundedlaterbothsurvivedthegreatleapforwardinthethenchinainstituteofminingandtechnologyrelocatedtoxuzhouschoolsjsxzyzcnxuzhounomiddleschooljsxzyzcnxuzhounomiddleschoolxzzcomxuzhounomiddleschooljsxzgjzxcomxuzhouseniorhighschoolxuzhounomiddleschoolgdzxnetxuzhounomiddleschoolxzzxxzecnxuzhounomiddleschooluniversitiesandcollegeschinauniversityofminingandtechnologyjiangsunormaluniversityxuzhoumedicaluniversityxuzhouinstituteoftechnologypeoplesliberationarmyairforcelogisticalcollegereligionaccordingtothelocaladministratorssurveyinaroundofthepopulationofxuzhounamelymillionpeoplebelongstoorganisedreligionsthelargestgroupsbeingprotestantswithpeoplefollowedbybuddhistswithpeoplexuzhouisdeemedoneofearlierbuddhistcentresinchinasupposedlybecausetheemperormingofhanmentionedthatthethenprinceofchuliuyingbuiltatempleforbuddhathelocalcatholicactivitiesweredominatedbythefrenchcanadiansofthesocietyofjesussincethesandtherewereadherentsandseventeenchurchesincathedralofthesacredheartofjesuscompletedinisstillaprincipalchurchnowadayswhiletheinitialprotestantmissioninxuzhouwasledbyalfredgjonesofbmsthenamericansouthernpresbyterianmissiontookoveritinthescultureartsaccordingtoxuweisnancixulutreatisesandcatalogueofnanquyuyaotoneoneofthenmajorsouthernoperaswasprevalentinxuzhouduringthemidmingperiodshanximerchantspopularizedbangziinxuzhouafterwardssinceitwasintroducedinthelatemingalongthegreatcannelfusedthelocalballadsindialectthislocalizedversionevolvedintoanewoperaoverthefollowingcenturiestheoperawasdesignatedasjiangsubangziinthenewmunicipalconcerthallwasopenedinshapedlikeamyrtleflowerhoweverthevariousregularperformancesareunattainablewhilethefirstlocalphilharmonicorchestraisestablishedinmediathefirstlocalnewspaperentitledhsinghsdailywasstartedinnowadaysxuzhousmajornewspaperisxuzhoudailywhichwasfoundedintheendofitisownedandoperatedbythexuzhoucommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinaclasswikitablefloatleftstyletextalignleftlocalradiostationsstationchinesenamefrequencynewsradiofmprivatemotorradiofmtrafficradiofmjoyradiofmclasswikitablefloatrightstyletextalignleftlocaltelevisionchannelschannelchinesenamedescriptionxznewsgeneralxzeconomylifexzartsentertainmentxzpublictheearliestlocalradiowasbroadcastinginforpubliceducationthenjapanesemilitaryfoundedhsuchowbroadcastingstationjoshihskyokuinafterthecitywascapturedthenationalarmytookoveritaftertheworldwariibroadcastingwasresumedinoperatedbythecpcinxuzhoutvstationwasestablishedadecadelaterxuzhoutvtowerwascompletedmuseumsdialectasasubdialectofcentralplainsmandarinxuzhoudialectisspokeninthewholeareaespeciallyinthesuburbandcountrysidecuisinexuzhoucuisineiscloselyrelatedtoshandongcuisinesjinanstylexuzhousmostwellknownfoodsincludebziruporkbellyandotheritemsstewedinathickbrothshatangspanstylepositionrelativetoppxspanandvariousdogmeatdishesanotheroneofxuzhousfamousdishesisdiguostylecookingwhichplacesingredientswithaspicysauceinadeepblackskilletandcookslittlepiecesofflatbreadonthesideortopcommonstaplesofdiguostylecookingincludechickenfishlambporkribandeggplantfuyangfestivalisatraditionalfestivalcelebratedinthecityitstartsonchufuwhichisaroundmidjulyandlastsforaboutonemonthduringthefestivalpeopleeatlambmeatanddrinklambsoupthisfestivalisverypopularamongallthecitizenstransportroadsexpresswaysgbeijingshanghaiexpresswayghuaianxuzhouexpresswaygbeijingtaipeiexpresswayglianyungangkhorgasexpresswaysxinyiyangzhouexpresswaysxuzhoumingguangexpresswaysjinanxuzhouexpresswaynationalhighwaychinanationalhighwaychinanationalhighwaychinanationalhighwaychinanationalhighwayrailxuzhouisanimportantrailwayhubwheretwomajorpassengerstationsxuzhourailwaystationxuzhouandxuzhoueastrailwaystationxuzhoueastaresituatedinxuzhourailwaystationisattheintersectionofjinghurailwayandlonghairailwaywhilexuzhoueastrailwaystationontheeasternoutskirtsisthejunctionofbeijingshanghaihighspeedrailwayandxuzhoulanzhouhighspeedrailwayaviationxuzhouguanyinairportservestheareawithscheduledpassengerflightstomajorairportsinchinaincludingbeijingshanghainanjinghongkongandmanyothercitiespublictransportationxuzhouisthefirstcityinnorthjiangsutobuildasubwaysystemtheprojectwasapprovedbystatecouncilinsubwaylinesarebeingbuiltandexpectedtobecompletedbyoneafteranotherwithtotallengthofnbspkmtheothersthegrandcanalflowsthroughxuzhouandthenavigationrouteextendsfromjiningtohangzhouluningoilpipelinewhichoriginatesfromlinyicountydezhoulinyicountyofshandongtonanjingpassesthroughxuzhoumilitaryxuzhouisheadquartersofthetharmypeoplesrepublicofchinathgrouparmyofthepeoplesliberationarmyoneofthethreegrouparmiesthatcomposethenanjingmilitaryregionresponsibleforthedefenseofchinaseasterncoastandpossiblemilitaryengagementwithtaiwanthepeoplesliberationarmynavyalsohasatypeafrigatethatsharesthenameoftheregionseealsolistoftwintownsandsistercitiesinchinabattleofxuzhoulistofcitiesinthepeoplesrepublicofchinabypopulationxuzhoudialectnotesreferencesexternallinksxzgovcngovernmentwebsiteofxuzhouinsimplifiedchinesexuzhoujiangsunetxuzhoucityguidewithopendirectoryjiangsunetxomorxommayrefertoexxonmobilnysexomkomolanguageanilosaharanspokeninethiopiasudanandsouthernsudansovereignmilitaryorderofmaltaxmlobjectmodelxomafictionaldeityinthegamelinleysdungeoncrawlxomacacodemoninenochianmagicatiradeonrseriesdevelopmentxbiaredirectcategoryshellxgitechnologyxboxredirectcategoryshellparccompanyparccompanyredirectgraymatterinteractivexuzhumayrefertoxuchuawarriorservingunderthewarlordcaocaoduringthelatehandynastylistofdemigodsandsemidevilscharactersxuzhuoneofthethreeprotagonistsofthewuxianoveldemigodsandsemidevilsbyjinyongincryptographythesimplexorcipherisatypeofadditivecipheranencryptionalgorithmthatoperatesaccordingtotheprinciplesamathoplusmathaamathoplusmathaamathoplusmathbmathoplusmathcamathoplusmathbmathoplusmathcbmathoplusmathamathoplusmathabmathoplusmathbwheremathoplusmathdenotestheexclusivedisjunctionxoroperationthisoperationissometimescalledmodulusadditionorsubtractionwhichisidenticalwiththislogicastringoftextcanbeencryptedbyapplyingthebitwisexoroperatortoeverycharacterusingagivenkeytodecrypttheoutputmerelyreapplyingthexorfunctionwiththekeywillremovethecipherexampleforexamplethestringwikittttinbitasciicanbeencryptedwiththerepeatingkeyttttasfollowsttttmathoplusmathttttstylebordertoppxsolidblackttttandconverselyfordecryptionttttmathoplusmathttttstylebordertoppxsolidblackttttuseandsecuritythexoroperatorisextremelycommonasacomponentinmorecomplexciphersbyitselfusingaconstantrepeatingkeyasimplexorciphercantriviallybebrokenusingfrequencyanalysisifthecontentofanymessagecanbeguessedorotherwiseknownthenthekeycanberevealeditsprimarymeritisthatitissimpletoimplementandthatthexoroperationiscomputationallyinexpensiveasimplerepeatingxorieusingthesamekeyforxoroperationonthewholedatacipheristhereforesometimesusedforhidinginformationincaseswherenoparticularsecurityisrequiredifthekeyisrandomandisatleastaslongasthemessagethexorcipherismuchmoresecurethanwhenthereiskeyrepetitionwithinamessagewhenthekeystreamisgeneratedbyapseudorandomnumbergeneratortheresultisastreamcipherwithakeythatishardwarerandomnumbergeneratortrulyrandomtheresultisaonetimepadwhichisunbreakableevenintheoryinanyoftheseciphersthexoroperatorisvulnerabletoaknownplaintextattacksinceplaintextmathoplusmathciphertextkeyitisalsotrivialtofliparbitrarybitsinthedecryptedplaintextbymanipulatingtheciphertextthisiscalledmalleabilitycryptographymalleabilityexampleimplementationexampleusingthepythonprogramminglanguagepythonprogramminglanguagesourcelangpythonfromfutureimportprintfunctionunicodeliteralsfromosimporturandomdefgenkeylengthgeneratekeyreturnurandomlengthdefxorstringsstxortwostringstogetherifisinstancesstrtextstringscontainsinglecharactersreturnjoinchrordaordbforabinzipstelsepythonbytesobjectscontainintegervaluesintherangereturnbytesabforabinzipstmessagethisisasecretmessageprintmessagemessagekeygenkeylenmessageprintkeykeyciphertextxorstringsmessageencodeutfkeyprintciphertextciphertextprintdecryptedxorstringsciphertextkeydecodeutfverifyifxorstringsciphertextkeydecodeutfmessageprintunittestpassedelseprintunittestfailedsourceseealsovernamciphervigenrecipherreferencesbibliographytranscriptofalecturegivenbyproftutteattheuniversityofwaterlooexternallinkssourceforgenetprojectsxorencryptxorencryptionfortextfilesonwindowswithsourcecodewebarchiveorgwebchrisdodnetxorxorphpsolvingthebasicxorcipherholdingaxiphosthexiphosisadoubleedgedonehandedironageswordironagestraightshortswordusedbytheancientgreeksitwasasecondarybattlefieldweaponforthegreekarmiesafterthedoryspeardoryorjavelintheclassicbladewasgenerallyaboutnbspcmlongalthoughthespartanssupposedlystartedtousebladesasshortasnbspcmaroundtheeraofthegrecopersianwarsthexiphossometimeshasamidribandisdiamondorlenticularincrosssectionitwasgenerallyhungfromabaldricundertheleftarmrefnamemyarmourycommyarmourycomtalkviewtopicphptrefthexiphoswasgenerallyusedonlywhenthespearwasdiscardedforclosecombatveryfewxiphoiseemtohavesurvivedgeorgecameronstonestonesglossaryhasthexiphosbeinganameusedbyhomerforaswordtheentryinthebooksaysthattheswordhadadoubleedgedbladewidestatabouttwothirdsofitslengthfromthepointandendinginaverylongpointthenamexiphosapparentlymeanssomethinginthewayofpenetratinglightaccordingtoresearcherandswordsmithpeterjohnssonthexiphosleafshapeddesignlentitselftobothcuttingandthrustingthedesignhasmostlikelybeeninexistencesincetheappearanceofthefirstswordsbladesinbronzeandironaresuitableforaleafshapeduetothesoftnessofthemetalsincomparisontosteelbronzeswordsarecastandarethusmoreeasilyformedintoaleafshapethanironswordswhichneedtobeforgedtheearlyxiphoswasabronzeswordandintheclassicalperiodwouldhavebeenmadeofirontheearlycelticlatneshortswordcontemporarywiththexiphoshadavirtuallyidenticalbladedesignasthexiphostheleafshapedshortswordswerenotlimitedtogreeceasmentionedbutcanbefoundthroughouteuropeinthelatebronzeageundervariousnamesbronzeleafshapedswordsfromasearlyasthelatesecondmillenniumstillsurvivetheurnfieldcultureisassociatedwiththeuseoftheleafshapedbronzeshortsworditisgenerallythoughtthatironswordshadreplacedbronzeswordsbytheearlylatnecultureaboutbcduringthehalstattcultureamixtureofbronzeandironswordsseemtohaveexistedsidebysideirontendstobecomeseverelyoxidizedrustedovertheyearsandfewironswordshavesurvivedincontrasttobronzeswordsthatageverywellthusmuchisknownregardingtheswordduringthebronzeagebutlesssointheearlyironagebronzethrustingswordsfromthesecondmillenniumstillexistinexcellentconditionthewordisattestedinmycenaeangreeklinearbformasrefrefrefmycenaeanpakanacouldbeanattestedformofphasganonthefamoushomericwordforswordrefrefaswordisusuallyrepresentediconographicallyinlinearbbytheideogramarelationtoarabicsaifunandegyptiansfethasbeensuggestedalthoughthisdoesnotexplainthepresenceofalabializedvelarconsonantlabiovelarinmycenaeanonesuggestionconnectsosseticxsirfsicklewhichwouldpointtoavirtualindoeuropeanksupwsupsibhroseealsogladiusironageswordkopismakhairanotesandreferencesnotesreferencesxscreensaverredirectcategoryshellxxxholicredirectcategoryshellxolotlredirectcategoryshellunitprefixunofficialprefixesunitprefixunofficialprefixesxerxesdeoliveiraisadrumandbassproducerfrombrazilheusesseveralpseudonymsincludingxrsxrslandfriendtornikandkapitelheiswellknowninthebraziliandrumandbasssceneduetothelargenumberoflivepashehasperformedthroughoutbrazilmostofhisworkhasbeenreleasedonsambalocoalthoughhehasalsoreleasedmaterialontheuksvrecordingsimprintoftenincollaborationwithdjmarkyexternallinksxrslandcomofficialwebsiteredbullmusicacademycomtutorshtmlactsessionxrsmarkyrbmavideolecturesessionxerxesdeoliveiraxiphoidprocessredirectcategoryshellxiphoidprocessxpatentxpatentxinjiangluoxuejuanbellxvradiostationimagenamexfmscotlandairdatenovasbeatbrjanasxfmscotlandfrequencyhertzmhzandhertzmhzareacentralscotlandformatalternativemusicalternativeownergcapmediaplcglobalradioltdwebsitexfmscotlandcoukwwwxfmscotlandcoukxfmscotlandwasaregionalradioradiostationstationbroadcastingtoscotlandscentralbeltanareasurroundingthetwocitiesofglasgowandedinburghthestationchangedformattojointhegalaxynetworkonnovemberasgalaxyscotlandhistoryitbeganonnovemberasbeatadancemusicstationthefirstpresenteronairatnbsppmonlaunchdaywasmattfinlaywhostayedatthestationuntillateafterlaunchbeatquicklywideneditsformattoincluderockmusicrockandrhythmandbluesrbmusicbeatclosedonjanuaryplayingacountdownofthetoptracksvotedforbyvisitorstoitswebsiteentitledthexlistbeatwasoriginallyestablishedbythebigbeatgroupheadedupbyagroupofnightclubpromotersfromglasgowhoweverjustafewmonthsintoitsexistenceinjulyitwasboughtbythecapitalradiogroupincapitalradiomergedwiththegwrgrouptoformgcapmediacreatingtheukslargestcommercialradiogrouptherebrandingofbeattoxfmwasoneofanumberofmeasuresannouncedbygcaptoimprovetheircorporateperformancefollowingthemergertheoriginalxfmstationwasxfmlondonandtherebrandinginscotlandoccurredfourmonthsbeforetheexpectedlaunchofxfmmanchesternormalxfmscotlandprogrammeswerelaunchedbybreakfastpresenterdominikdiamondonjanuarythefirstrecordtobeplayedonxfmscotlandwasloadedbyprimalscreamthefirstrecordtobeplayedonbeatwasrevolutionbythebeatlesonfebruarygcapmediaannouncedthattheywouldbesellingtheanaloguelicenceforthestationonaugustjimgellatlyannouncedthathislastshowwouldbebroadcastthatdayandhewouldbeleavingthestationtogetherwithanumberofcolleaguesrebrandingtogalaxynowknownascapitalfmonaugustnewownersglobalradioannounceditwouldrebrandxfmscotlandasgalaxyscotlandtherebrandwaspartofglobalradiosmajorstrategytoexpandthebrandacrosstheukonnovembergalaxyscotlandjoinedthegalaxyradiogalaxynetworknowknownasthecapitalfmnetworkxfmscotlandslastdaysonairwerebroadcastduringtheweekendofoctoberwiththewebsitewarningvisitorsandlistenersthatxfmwouldshortlybenolongeravailableintheareaonfmitadvisedxfmfanstoswitchtodabtheinternetstreamorsatelliteinordertocontinuelisteningandtovisitxfmcoukxfmlondonandxfmmanchesterssharedwebsiteandnotxfmscotlandcoukfrommondayoctoberrelaunchofxfmscotlandonaprilglobalradiorelaunchedxfmscotlandonfmfromthepaisleyareaxfmscotlandreplacedrealradioxswhichusedtobroadcastonthesamefrequencythislasteduntilseptemberwhenglobalannouncedthatxfmukwouldberebrandingasradioxunitedkingdomduetothedevolvednationsruleradioxcouldntbefullynetworkedonfmglobaldecidedtohandthescottishfmlicencebackpriortoradioxslaunchformerpresentersweekdayjulyansinclairthe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domconnectionsetdomconnectiondatadomdatadescriptiondomlayoutdomspecialobjectmodelsexclusiongroupelementscapabilityexpandedhiderevealcontainersdependingonrelevancegrowablecontainersparagraphformattingbarcodeformattingimageaspectnoninteractivefieldssupportforwebservicesdocliteralsoapoperationsoverhttpthewebserviceswsdldefinessoapbindingoperationssubmissionofformpartstoatargeturisubformsmayincludecalculationscalculationsmayspecifyoverrideconditionsscriptsspecifywhethertheyshouldbeexecutedontheclientserverorbothdocumentvariablesvalidationchecksagainstvalidationspecificpictureclauseseventsourceincludedasaneventattributeuseofdatadescriptionwhenwritingoutxmldynamicformsrepeatingsubformsexplicitdatareferencessubformsetsrecordprocessingglobalfieldsdatadescriptionelementdefaultdatabindingtoincludeattributedatasubformscopeoptionautomaticallybreakinglayoutdynamiclayoutflowinglayoutstrategyflowinglayoutsupportfortablesandtablerowsrichtextembeddedobjectssubscriptandsuperscriptsupportnewwidgettypessupportforasianlanguagerepresentationsscriptingobjectmodelreferencingobjectsbytheirclassnamesformcalcnewfunctionstoaccesslocaleconnectionsetdomconnectiondatadomeventforpopulatingdropdownchoicelistwidgetswcxmldigitalsignaturesuniquelyidentifyingtemplatesdocumentvariablesusedasnamedscriptobjectsandisoformfragmentsbarcodeencryptionbarcodecharacterencodingurlencodedoptionforsubmitchoicelistenterandexiteventspairupmanifestsasscriptingvariablescomplexbindingconditionalbindingsupportforrighttolefttextflowconditionalbreakingnestingtablescaptionscandifferbetweenviewsadobeextensionlevelsecuresubmitindexchangeeventxfaforegroundxfafchangetoinitialpageselectionexplicitcontrolofprinterpaginationwidgetfunctionalitycontroloverscrollingcheckmarkshapesbuttonhighlightexplicitcontrolovernumberofcellsincombssecurityandcontrolmdpdocumentsignaturesadobeextensionleveladobeextensiblemetadataplatformxmpdocumentedadobeconfigurationsyntaxdocumentedtemplateversioncontroladobelegacyflagsdocumentedforbackwardcompatibilityimagestorageinpdfimagesstoredasresourcesinthepdfcontainernewbarcodetypesupsmaxicodeaztecdatamatrixandtherssfamilyesadobeextensionlevellocalesettypefacesnewsetofrulesforpickingalternatefontsesadobeextensionlevelnewvariablesdatasetformfragmentsdeclaringtraversalsaccesspropertyextendedtosubformsimprovedorphanandwidowcontrolkeeppropertyextendedtofieldsanddrawsauthenticationpolicyforwebservicessubmitviawsdlsoappreandpostsubmiteventsstandardizedpresignandpostsigneventsaddedpreeventsmaycanceltheassociatedactionchangeinkeepbehaviorpairkerningsupporthyphenationsupportrichtextoutboundhyperlinksesadobeextensionlevelcompatibilityflagoverrideinlivecycleinactivepresenceeventpropagationupwardtotheirancestralobjectsvalidationeventsaddedglobalvalidationhandlingcontroladobeextensionlevelsupportforrelationaldatadatainjectionintodatadescriptionbarcodeexamplesexpandedandillustratedautomationexamplesexpandedandcorrectedcontroloverdupleximpositionrenderingsupportforlongorshortedgeduplexingsupportformorelabelprintersxesadobeextensionlevelbulletedlistnumberedlistandnestedlistsupportsupportforrighttoleftflowedcontentsubformsandtablesdeprecatinglegacyrenderingxmlencryptionanddecryptionsupportautosaveelementaddedadbejsconsoleandadbejsdebuggerelementsaddedadobeflashflashswfintegrationinxfaxesseealsoportabledocumentformatxmldatapackagereferencesexternallinkspartnersadobecompublicdeveloperxmlindexarchhtmladobexmlformsarchitecturexfadeveloperresourcesliuxiangxauiisastandardforextendingthexgmiigigabitmediaindependentinterfacebetweenthemediaaccesscontrolmacandphylayerofgigabitethernetgbexauiispronouncedzowieaconcatenationoftheromannumeralxmeaningtenandtheinitialsofattachmentunitinterfacethepurposeofthexgmiiextenderwhichiscomposedofanxgxsxgmiiextendersublayeratthemacendanxgxsatthephyendandaxauibetweenthemistoextendtheoperationaldistanceofthexgmiiandtoreducethenumberofinterfacesignalsapplicationsincludeextendingthephysicalseparationpossiblebetweenmacandphycomponentsinagigabitethernetsystemdistributedacrossacircuitboardoperationxgmiiextenderhasthefollowingcharacteristicssimplesignalmappingtothexgmiiindependenttransmitandreceivedatapathsfourlanesconveyingthexgmiibitdataandcontroldifferentialsignalingwithlowvoltageswingmvsubppsubselftimedinterfaceallowsjittercontroltothepcssharedtechnologywithothergbitsinterfacessharedfunctionalitywithothergbitsethernetblocksutilizationofbbencodingthefollowingisalistofthemajorconceptsofxgxsandxauitheoptionalxgmiiextendercanbeinsertedbetweenthereconciliationsublayerandthephyphysicallayertotransparentlyextendthephysicalreachofthexgmiiandreducetheinterfacepincountfromtothexgmiiisorganizedintofourlaneswitheachlaneconveyingadataoctetorcontrolcharacteroneachedgeoftheassociatedclockthesourcexgxsconvertsbytesonanxgmiilaneintoaselfclockedserialbbencodeddatastreameachofthefourxgmiilanesistransmittedacrossoneofthefourxauilanesthesourcexgxsconvertsxgmiiidlecontrolcharactersinterframeintoanbbcodesequencethedestinationxgxsrecoversclockanddatafromeachxauilaneanddeskewsthefourxauilanesintothesingleclockxgmiithedestinationxgxsaddstoordeletesfromtheinterframeasneededforclockratedisparitycompensationpriortoconvertingtheinterframecodesequencebackintoxgmiiidlecontrolcharactersthexgxsusesthesamecodeandcodingrulesasthegbasexpcsandpmaspecifiedinclauseoftheieeespecificationeachofthereceiveandtransmitlanesoperatesatarateofgbitscapabilitieshavebeenbuiltintoxauitoovercometheinterlaneparallelcommunicationsignalskewingproblemsusingatypeofautomaticdeskewingsignalscanbelaunchedatthetransmitterendofaxauilinewithoutpreciselymatchingtheroutingofthefourlanesandthesignalswillbeautomaticallydeskewedatthereceiverrefnamestdrefapplicationsintendedusetheimplementationofxauiasanoptionalxgmiiextenderisprimarilyintendedasachiptochipintegratedcircuittointegratedcircuitinterfaceimplementedwithtracesonaprintedcircuitboardwherethexgmiiiselectricallylimitedtodistancesofapproximatelycmthexgmiiextenderallowsdistancesuptoapproximatelycmrateofoperationthexgmiiextendersupportsthegbitsbitratedatarateofthexgmiithegbitsmacdatastreamisconvertedintofourlanesatthexgmiibythereconciliationsublayerfortransmitorthephyforreceivethebytestreamofeachlaneisbbencodedbythexgxsfortransmissionacrossthexauiatanominalrateofbaudgigabaudthexgxsatthephyendofthexgmiiextenderphyxgxsandthexgxsatthersenddtexgxsmayoperateonindependentclocksallocationoffunctionsthexgmiiextenderistransparenttothereconciliationsublayerandphydeviceandoperatessymmetricallywithsimilarfunctionsonthedataterminalequipmentdtetransmitandreceivedatapathsthexgmiiextenderislogicallycomposedoftwoxgxssinterconnectedwithaxauidatapathineachdirectiononexgxsactsasthesourcetothexauidatapathinthedtetransmitpathandasthedestinationinthereceivepaththeotherxgxsisthedestinationinthetransmitpathandsourceinthereceivepatheachxauidatapathiscomposedoffourseriallanesallspecificationsforthexgmiiextenderarewrittenassumingconversionfromxgmiitoxauiandbacktoxgmiibutothertechniquesmaybeemployedprovidedthattheresultisthatthexgmiiextenderoperatesasifallspecifiedconversionshadbeenmadeoneexampleofthisistheuseoftheoptionalxauiwiththegbaselxbbphywherethexgxsinterfacingtothereconciliationsublayerprovidesthepcsandpmafunctionalityrequiredbythephyanxgxslayerisnotrequiredatthephyendofthexauiinthiscasehowevermeansmaystillberequiredtoremovejitterintroducedonthexauiinordertomeetphyjitterrequirementsseealsomediumattachmentunitsmallformfactorpluggabletransceivergigabitinterfaceconverterlistofdevicebandwidthsreferencesexternallinksstandardsieeeorgieeestandardsassociationieeeorgaepublicadhocserialpmdxauidocumentsieeestandardsofficialxauidocumentationstandardsieeeorggetieeehtmlfulltextofthestandardalteracomproductsintellectualpropertyipinterfaceprotocolsmaltgbasexxauipcshtmlalterasgbethernetxauisolutionxilinxcomsupportdocumentationipdocumentationxauivpgxauipdfxilinxsgbethernetxauisolutionsnowbushcomproductsphysmultistandardphpsnowbushipxauiphyswebarchiveorgweblineprovidercomwhitepapersxauiinterfacexauiinterfacegeawhitepaperarchivedtilderedirectshellindeterminateformlegendsandmythsregardingrmstitanicthetitaniccurseredirectcategoryshellxinchangcountyisacountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountyincentralzhejiangadministrativelyunderthemunicipalgovernmentofshaoxingpeopleliveinxinchangtoxiccapsuletownthetownofruaobecamesynonymouswithpoisonthefactoriesusingindustrialgelatintomakepillswereclosedsoonaftercctvreportedthescandalonaprilathirdofruaospopulationisemployedinthecapsuleindustrytourismxinchangishometothedafotemplexinchangdafotemplereferencesieeeredirectmitlicensesegagenesisvariationsyouxiainfoboxartistbgcolournamexubeihongbrimagexubeihongjpgimagesizecaptionbirthnamebirthdatebirthplaceyixingjiangsuqingdynastyqingchinadeathdatedeathplacebeijingnationalitychinesefieldoilpaintinginkandwashpaintingchineseinkpaintingtrainingmovementworkspatronsinfluencedbyinfluencedawardsxubeihongjulyseptemberwasachinesepainterborninyixingjiangsuprovincehewasprimarilyknownforhisinkwashpaintingchineseinkpaintingsofhorsesandbirdsandwasoneofthefirstchineseartiststoarticulatetheneedforartisticexpressionsthatreflectedamodernchinaatthebeginningofthethcenturyhewasalsoregardedasoneofthefirsttocreatemonumentaloilpaintingswithepicchinesethemesashowofhishighproficiencyinanessentialwesternarttechniquerefnamesamrefhewasoneofthefourpioneersofchinesemodernartwhoearnedthetitleofthefourgreatacademypresidentsbiographyxubeganstudyingclassicchineseworksandcalligraphywithhisfatherxudazhangwhenhewassixandchinesepaintingwhenhewasnineinhemovedtoshanghaiwherehemadealivingoffcommercialandprivateworkhetravelledtotokyointostudyartswhenhereturnedtochinahebegantoteachatpekinguniversitysartsschoolattheinvitationofcaiyuanpeibeginninginxustudiedoverseasinparisatthecolenationalesuprieuredesbeauxartswherehestudiedoilpaintinganddrawinghistravelsaroundwesterneuropeallowedhimtoobserveandlearnwesternarttechniquesxubeihongstillwroteregularlyforthedailyuniversityofpekinguniversitythatdealtwithwiderissuesthenjustcampuspoliticsxuaddressedissuesofartandarthistoryandinauniversityartjournalcalledpaintingmiscellanywaspublishedrefnamebrownrefheandhispartnerjiangbiweicamebacktochinainandfromtohegainedanumberofpostsatinstitutionsinchinaincludingteachingatnationalcentraluniversitynownanjinguniversityintheformercapitalcitynanjinginxuorganizedanexhibitionofmodernchinesepaintingthattraveledtofrancegermanybelgiumitalyandthesovietunionduringworldwariixutraveledtosoutheastasiaholdingexhibitionsinsingaporeandindiaalltheproceedsfromtheseexhibitionswenttochinesepeoplewhoweresufferingasaresultofthewarafterthefoundingofthepeoplesrepublicofchinainxubecamepresidentofthecentralacademyoffineartsandchairmanofthechinaartistsassociationxubeihongwasamasterofbothoilsandchineseinkmostofhisworkshoweverwereinthechinesetraditionalstyleinhiseffortstocreateanewformofnationalarthecombinedchinesebrushandinktechniqueswithwesternperspectiveandmethodsofcompositionheintegratedfirmandboldbrushstrokeswiththeprecisedelineationofformasanartteacherheadvocatedthesubordinationoftechniquetoartisticconceptionandemphasizestheimportanceoftheartistsexperiencesinlifeofallofthepaintersofthemoderneraitcanbesafelysaidthatxuistheonepaintermostresponsibleforthedirectiontakeninthemodernchineseartworldthepoliciesenactedbyxuatthebeginningofthecommunisteracontinuetocontrolnotonlyofficialgovernmentpolicytowardstheartsbuttheycontinuetodirecttheoveralldirectiontakeninthevariousartcollegesanduniversitiesthroughoutchinaxuenjoyedmassivesupportfromartcollectorsacrossasiabetweenandheheldsoloexhibitionsinsingaporeindiaandmalayapenangkualalumpurandipohtohelpraisefundsforthewarreliefeffortinchinainonewarbenefitexhibitioninmarchxuheldagroupexhibitionwithinkandwashpaintingchineseinkpaintingmastersrenbonianandqibaishiandshowcasedworksofartatthevictoriamemorialhallhealsometluminariessuchasrabindranathtagoreandmahatmagandhiduringhisstayinindiaandgothissourcesofinspirationwhichledtothecreationoficonicworkssuchasthemwidethefoolisholdmanwhoremovedthemountainspaintingonshowatthesingaporeartmuseumsamartworkslikeafterapoemofthesixdynastiesportraitofmsjennyandputdownyourwhipwerealsocreatedduringhissojournsinsoutheastasiasamdirectorkwokkianchowmentionedthatxusnametopsthelistinasianmodernrealismartandhisconnectionswithvariouspartsofasiaandeuropeopenedanewchapterofhistoricalnarrativesexchangesandinfluencesofaestheticsandideasinartxuconstantlypushedtheboundariesofvisualartwithnewtechniquesandinternationalaestheticsinbidtoreinventchineseartinfactxusinfluenceextendsbeyondchinaintheearlythcenturymanypioneersingaporeartistssuchaschenwenhsileemanfongandchenchongsweelookeduptohimasamentorandaworthypeersharingxusadvocatetocloselyobservenatureandinjectrealismintochinesepaintingrefnamepostrefxudiedofastrokeinafterhisdeathaxubeihongmemorialmuseumwasestablishedathishomeinbeijingbyhiswifeliaojingwencontroversiesintwoceramicvasesbyxucameintothecentreofalegaltusslebetweenthesponsoroftheartexhibitiontitledxubeihonginnanyangatthesingaporeartmuseumandthefamilyfriendsofxutheartcollectorshuangmanshiandhuangmengguihadpassedthevasesandsomeofxuspaintingstomrjackbonnahongkongartdealerintobeauctionedoffatchristiesauctionhousethenbspcmhighvasesweremadeinthesandtitledmalaydancersandorchidtheseitemsweretobereturnediftheauctionsfailedinsteadthevaseswentonshowatthemuseumwithouttheapprovalfromtheownersthemuseummaintainedtheywereunawareofanylegalimplicationssurroundingtheartifactsitwasonlyaftertheendoftheexhibitioninjulythatthemuseumreceivednoticetoreclaimthevasesfromjackbonninthevaseswerereturnedtothedescendantsofthehuangbrothersxussonxuboyangsignedanaffidavitthatanudeportraitthathadbeenfoundwasofhismotherjiangbiweithepaintingwasthensoldforapproximatelyminatbeijingjiugeauctionsafterthesaleitwasclaimedthatthepaintingwasnotbyxubeihongbutitwasapiececreatedinbyastudentatthecentralacademyoffineartsrefnamestudentrefgallerygalleryfilexubeihongmalayorchidsjpgorchidscbrsizenbspcmbrmediumoilonceramicartceramicsbrcollectionprivatecollectionfilexubeihongjennyjpgportraitofmsjennybrsizeunknownbrmediumoiloncanvasbracantonesedancehostessfromsingaporecommissionedbythethenviceconsulofbelgiumtosingaporefilexubeihongchristinajpgportraitofyoungladybrsizexnbspcmbrmediumoiloncanvasbrthisportraitcompletedinjiangxiatanginsingaporewasofchristinalihuiwangwhobecamethefirstwifeofasianmogullokewanthofilexubeihongmdmchengjpgportraitofmadamchengbrsizexnbspcmbrmediumoilonboardbrpaintedbyxuinipohwhenchengwaswhowasthemotherofcheongcheeawealthychinesetinminerandphilanthropistinmalayafileliaojingwenjpgliaojingwenbrsizeunknownbrmediuminkonpaperbrpaintingofliaojingwenfinishedinwhenliaohadjustbegunworkingforxuatthechinaacademyofartgallerypersonallifexubeihongwenttojapantostudyartsinjiangbiweiwhowasalreadyengagedtoanothermanwentwithhimtojapanwithouttheconsentofherfamilyherfamilysaidthatshehaddiedtocovertheirembarrassmentthisaccountisquestionedinabiographywrittenbyxubeihongslaterwifeliaojingwenstatesthattherewasnoimproperrelationshipbetweenxubeihongandthestudentitgoesontodescribehowjiangbiweiwashavinganaffairherselfwiththemarriedofficialz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oundasmuchrefnamelemoslemosespinaljasmithgrballingerreecologyofxenosaurusgrandisagrenonaknobscaledlizardfromoaxacamxicojournalofherpetologyrefwhilebodytemperatureisinfluencedbythelizardsamountofcoveranditsbodypositioninitscreviceitdoesnotseemtobeinfluencedbysexmonthvegetationtypeoranycrevicecharacteristicsdietlizardsinthexenosaurusgenusareexclusivelyfoundincrevicessuchalifestylesuggeststhatthedietsoftheselizardsmightbeopportunisticandtheyeatwhatevercrawlsorfliespastorintotheircrevicetheirmostfrequentpreyincludesbeetlescoleopteransbeetlesdipteransfliesorthopteransinsectssuchasgrasshopperscricketswetaandlocustsandmyriapodsterrestrialarthropodssuchasmillipedesandcentipedesonthebasisofnumbertheyconsumethemostdipteransbutonthebasisofvolumetheyconsumethemostorthopteransbehaviortheknobscaledlizardisdiurnalmeaningitisactiveduringthedayduetoitsdietoforthopteraandlepitdopteralarvaexenosaurusgrandisisanambushpredatoritwaitsinitsrockycrevicehomeandstrikeswiththeelementofsurpriseitisaverysolitaryandaggressivespeciesandwilloftenfightwithmembersofitsownspeciesoverterritoryreproductionxenosaurusgrandisandtherestofthexenosauridsareviviparouswhichmeansoffspringarebirthedliveratherthanineggsyoungarebirthedafteramonthgestationperiodthemajorityoflitterscontainonlythreeoffspringbutlittersrangingfromtwotosevenoffspringhavealsobeenobservedmaleknobscaledlizardsreachmaturityatmonthswhilefemalesreachmaturityalittlelateratmonthsrefnamezunigazigavegajjrojasgonzlezrilemosespinaljapreztrejomegrowthecologyofthelizardxenosaurusgrandisinveracruzmxicojournalofherpetologyrefitisalsoplausibletosaythatxgrandisdonotproduceyoungeveryyearrefnamegoldberggoldbergstephenrfreepatentsonlinecomarticletexasjournalsciencehtmlnotesonthereproductionoftheknobscaledlizardxenosaurusgrandissquamataxenosauridaefromveracruzmexicothetexasjournalofsciencerefgeographicrangetherearefivemajorpopulationareasforthexenosaurusgrandisinsouthernmexicoandguatemalacentralveracruzsouthernoaxacanorthcentraloaxacathehighlandsofcentralchiapasandcentralguatemalatheseparatepopulationareashavegivenrisetofivesubspeciesofxgrandisthefivesubspeciesarexggrandisxgagrenonxgarboreusxgrackhamiandxgsanmartinesisrefnamexenosaurusxenosaurusgrandisgrayretrievedfromreptiledatabasereptariumczspeciesgenusxenosaurusspeciesgrandissearchparamsearchdxenosaurusgrandisrefhabitatallthesubspeciesofxenosaurusgrandisliveexclusivelyinrockcreviceswhichallowsthemtoliveinmanyhabitatsincludingxerophyticvegetationtropicalrainforestscloudforestsoakforestsandtropicaldeciduousrainforeststhelizardshavestrongattachmentstowheretheyliveonlylivinginrockcrevicesforoftheirentirelivesconservationstatuscurrentlyxenosaurusgrandisiscategorizedasavulnerablespeciesaccordingtotheiucnthespecieswasgiventhisstatusbecauseoffragmentedpopulationsdecreasingpopulationsizeanddecreasinghabitatqualityandareacoveringonlysquarekmthegreatestthreatstothesurvivalofthespeciesinthewildarehabitatdestructionandtrappingforwildlifetradeinternationalpettradeeaglesarethegreatestnaturalpredatorofxgrandisbuttheyarenotconsideredathreattothesurvivalofthespeciesasawholealsowarmertemperaturesintheirhabitathavebeenshowntocausegreatermortalityratesamongthelizardsposinganotherpotentialthreattothespeciestemperaturehighertemperatureshavebeenassociatedwithhighermortalityratesforxgrandisinthewetseasonofsouthernmexicoandguatemalathehabitatregionsofthespeciestheaveragetemperaturewascthattemperaturewasinthetopofhighestrecordedtemperaturesinthepastyearsofrecordkeepingthemortalityrateforyearlingstheyoungestagegroupincreasedfromtoandforadultiitheoldestagegroupincreasedfromtofortheandwetseasonsrespectivelyiftemperaturescontinuetoincreasethesurvivalofthespecieswillbefurtherthreatenedandcurrentlyofwetseasonsarewarmenoughtobeconsideredtobeunfavorableforthespeciespopulationandgrowthratesasofxgrandishadasurvivalrateofandagrowthrateofeventhoughtheratesmayappeartobelowincomparisontootherlizardgeneraandfamiliesxgrandisisdoingwellcurrentlythespeciesisdecreasinginpopulationwhichisthoughttobeprimarilycausedbyhumandevelopmentdestroyingtheirhabitatifhabitatdestructionstopsthepopulationshouldatleastbestableifnotprosperousreferencesfurtherreadinggeorgealbertboulengerboulengergacatalogueofthelizardsinthebritishmuseumnaturalhistorysecondeditionvolumeiixenosauridlondontrusteesofthebritishmuseumnaturalhistorytaylorandfrancisprintersxiiippplatesixxivxenosaurusgrandisppnbspjohnedwardgraygrayjenoticeofanewspeciesofnocturnallizardfrommexicoannmagnathistsecondseriescubinagrandisnewspeciesxmenthelaststandmayrefertobeverlyhillscaliforniathemaincityofzipcodebeverlyhillspostofficeanadjacentsectionoflosangelesthatalsouseszipcodepeltolaoulufinlandpostalcodebeverlyhillsfranchiseaseriesoftelevisionprogramsthatsharecommonsettingsbeverlyhillsthefirsttelevisionseriesintheseriesthatranbetweenandtvseriestvseriesthefourthseriesinthebeverlyhillsfranchisethatranfromtosoundtracksoundtracktoustelevisionshowreleasedinoctoberdrarealitytelevisionseriesthatstartedinhighmaintenancearealitytelevisionseriesthatpremieredinjanuarytransylvaniasongsofdeathdyingandthedeadanalbumbywednesdaymarvelcomicsearthalternaterealityinwhichtheoldmanloganstorytakesplacethesongbyblackbearmusicianblackbearxrayxraytuberedirectcategoryshellxraycrystallographyinfoboxshipimageshipimageshipcaptionxeinsydneyharbourinfoboxshipclassoverviewbuildersoperatorsroyalnavyclassbeforexclasssubmarinexclassclassaftersubclassesbuiltrangeincommissionrangetotalshipsbuildingtotalshipsplannedtotalshipscompletedtotalshipscancelledtotalshipsactivetotalshipslaiduptotalshipslosttotalshipsretiredtotalshipspreservedinfoboxshipcharacteristicshideheaderheadercaptionshiptypeshipdisplacementlongtontonssurfacedtonssubmergedshiplengthftmshipbeamnbspftmshipdraughtnbspftmshippropulsionsingleshaftonelgardnerandsonsgardnercyldieselenginenbsphpnbspkwrevolutionsperminuterpmonekeithblackmanelectricmotornbsphpnbspkwrevolutionsperminuterpmshipspeedknotunitknotskmhsurfacedknotskmhsubmergedshiprangenauticalmilenmkmsurfacednmkmktssubmergedshipenduranceshiptestdepthftmshipcomplementshipsensorsshipewshiparmamenttwolbdetachableexplosivechargesshipnotessixxeclassmidgetsubmarineshmsxetoxewerebuiltfortheroyalnavyduringtheywereanimprovedversionofthexclasssubmarinexclassmidgetsusedintheattackonthekriegsmarinegermanbattleshipgermanbattleshiptirpitztirpitztheycarriedacrewoffourtypicallyalieutenantincommandwithalieutenantsublieutenantasdeputyanengineroomartificerengineroomartificerinchargeofthemechanicalsideandaseamanorleadingseamanatleastoneofthemwasqualifiedasamilitarydivingdiverinadditiontothetwonavalminesidechargeseachofwhichcontainedtwotonsofamatolexplosivetheycarriedaroundsixpoundlimpetmineswhichwereattachedtothetargetbythedivertheyandtheirdepotshiphmsbonaventurefhmsbonaventurearrivedatlabuaninjulyfourofthemmanagedtoseeactionbeforethewarendedoperationssabreandfoiltheseoperationscarriedoutinjulywereintendedtocuttheunderseatelephonecablesconnectingsingaporesaigonhongkongandtokyotheintentionwastoobligethejapanesetouseradioandrenderthemselvesopentomessageinterceptionoperationsabreoperationsabrewasdirectedatthehongkongtosaigontelephonecableandcarriedoutbyxewhichwastowedtowithinofthemekongdeltabythesubmarinehmsspearheadhmsspearheadwhereshelookedforthetwotelephonecablesbyusingatowedgrapnelsheeventuallysnaggedthefirstcableandmanagedtohaulitaboutofftheseabedxesdiversublieutenantkmbriggsusedthenetcablecuttertoseveritthesecondcablewassoonfoundaswellandwasseveredbytheseconddiversublieutenantabergiustwodiverswerecarriedduetotheoperatingrulethatadivershouldnotspendmorethanminutesindepthsoverandnomorethanminutesoverxeandspearheadreturnedtolabuanonaugustoperationfoilwasdirectedatthehongkongtosingaporetelephonecableandcarriedoutbyxeagainstthehongkongendofthecableafterbeingtowedintopositionbythesubmarinehmsselenehmsseleneoperatingcloseinshoreneartolammaislandworkingconditionswerepoorxesdivershavingtoworkinthickmudundertheconstantthreatofoxygenpoisoningdespiterepeatedattemptsitwasnotcompletelycertainthatthecablehadinfactbeenseveredanditwasnotuntilafterthejapanesesurrenderthatitwasconfirmedthatxehadsucceededindoingsoxeandselenereturnedtosubicbayonaugustoperationstruggleinaugusthmsxeandxeexecutedajointattackonjapanesewarshipswithinsingaporeharbourxewastaskedwithminingtheheavycruiserjapanesecruisertakaotakaowhilexewastoattacktheheavycruiserjapanesecruisermykmyktheapproachofxealongthestraitsofjohorandthroughthevariousharbourdefencestookhoursplusafurtherhourstolocatethecamouflagedtargetdespiteseveralopportunitiesforjapanesedefenderstospotthevesselxesuccessfullyreachedthetakaofixedlimpetminesanddroppeditstwotonsidechargesthewithdrawalwassuccessfullymadeandxesafelycontactedtheescortsubmarinemeanwhilethecrewofxehadfailedtofindtheirtargetinsteadandknowingthattheexplosivesalreadylaidcouldexplodexesownchargeswerealsolaidunderthetakaoxeescapedsuccessfullythetakaoalreadydamagedandnotseaworthywasseverelydamagedandneversailedagainlieutenantianedwardfraserroyalnavalreservernrandleadingseamanjamesjosephmagenniswereawardedthevictoriacrossvcfortheirpartintheattackwhilstsublieutenantwilliamjameslanyonsmithrnznvrwhowasatthecontrolsofxeduringtheattackreceivedthedistinguishedserviceorderdsoengineroomartificerthirdclasscharlesalfredreedwhowasatthewheelreceivedtheconspicuousgallantrymedalcgmxescolieutenantjohnelliottsmartroyalnavalvolunteerreservernvrreceivedthedsoandsublieutenantharoldedwinharperrnvrreceivedthedistinguishedservicecrossunitedkingdomdistinguishedservicecrossdscanderafourthclasshenryjamesfishleighandleadingseamanwalterhenryarthurpomeroyreceivedthedistinguishedservicemedalunitedkingdomdistinguishedservicemedalerafourthclassalbertnairnactingleadingstokerjackgordanrobinsonandableseamanernestraymonddeewerementionedindespatchesfortheirpartinbringingthetwomidgetsubmarinesfromharbourtothepointwherethecrewsthattookpartintheattacktookoverrefnamegazettereflistofxecraftfirstgroupxebuiltbythomasbroadbentandsonsusedinoperationstrugglescrappedxebuiltbythomasbroadbentandsonsscrappedxebuiltbythomasbroadbentandsonsusedinoperationstrugglesc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ppxistheonlyremainingintactexampleofanxcraftitcanbefoundintheroyalnavysubmarinemuseumoperationscontinuedinthefareastwiththerevisedxeclasssubmarinesxcraftandcrewsxmdashunofficiallynamedpikerwaslostonnovemberinlochstrivenduetoaleakingenginevalveallcrewescapedbyutilizingtheirdavissubmergedescapeapparatusrefnameussubcasualtiesrefxmdashunofficiallynamedplatypuscommandedbylthentycreerroyalnavyvolunteerreservernvralsotheoperationscommanderxmdashnamedpikeriicommandedbyltdonaldcameronvcdonaldcameroncrewltjtlorimersltrkendallanderagoddardpassagecrewltwilsoncommandingleadingseamanmcgregorstokeroxleycameronearnedavictoriacrossvclorimerandkendalldistinguishedserviceorderdsosgoddardaconspicuousgallantrymedalxmdashunofficiallynamedpdinichthyscommandedbyltbasilcharlesgodfreyplacebasilcgplacecrewsltraitkenltwhittamanderawhitleypassagecrewltphilipcommandingleadingseamanjamesjosephmagennisjmagennisstokerluckvesselwasscuttledimmediatelyfollowingthetirpitzattackbutonlyplaceescapedbeforeshesankaitkenescapedfromthebottomofthefjordbutwhittamandwhitleywereunabletoescapebeforetheirairgaveoutplacealsoearnedavcaitkenadsowhilephilipearnedanorderofthebritishempirembexmdashunofficiallynamedexpectantcommandedbyltmcfarlaneroyalaustraliannavyranltjohnelliottsmartsmartwaspassagecrewcommanderxmdashunofficiallynamedplutocommandedbylteakearonroyalnavalvolunteerreservernvrahharteableseamanandghholletstokerfounderedonseptemberwhileundertowfromthehmssyrtispsyrtisxmdashunofficiallynamedexcaliburcommandedbylthudspethroyalaustraliannavalvolunteerreserveranvrbuildersinthebowistotheleftthesterntotherightfromlefttorightcanbeseenthewetanddrychamberhatchtheconningtowertheperiscopespenetratedthehullthroughtheeyeshapeandthesecondaryhatchthenumberingsequenceofthexclassbeganwithxbecausethedesignationsxandxhadalreadybeenusedpreviouslyhmsubmarinexxhadbeenaoneoffsubmarinecruiserdesignfromtheswhilehmsubmarinexxhadbeenassignedtoacaptureditalyitaliansubmarineprototypesxmdashbuiltbyvarleymarinehamblelericehamblescrappedhmsxxmdashbuiltbyhmnbportsmouthportsmouthdockyardscrappedxtypexmdashbuiltbyvickersarmstrongbarrowinfurnessusedinoperationsourcesunkaltenfjordseptemberxmdashbuiltbyvickersusedinoperationsourcescuttledaltenfjordseptemberxmdashbuiltbyvickersusedinoperationsourcescuttledaltenfjordseptembersalvedformuseumrestorationxmdashbuiltbyvickersusedinoperationsourcescuttledinnorthseaseptemberxmdashbuiltbyvickersusedinoperationsourcefounderedundertowinnorthseaseptemberwithallhandsxmdashbuiltbyvickersusedinoperationsourcescuttledinnorthseaoctoberxtypexmdashbuiltbybroadbenthuddersfieldusedinoperationgambithmsxxmdashbuiltbybroadbentxmdashbuiltbymarkhamcochesterfieldcollidedwithhmssyrtishmssyrtisandlostwithallhandswhiletrainingfebruaryxmdashbuiltbymarkhamusedinoperationgambitsoldxmdashbuiltbymarshallsonscomarshallgainsboroughlincolnshiregainsboroughattackedlaksevgfloatingdrydockatbergennorwaybergenhulkedhmsxxmdashbuiltbymarshallsoldtrainingcrafthmsxtxtmdashbuiltbyvickersscrappedhmsxtxtmdashbuiltbyvickersscrappedhmsxtxtmdashbuiltbyvickersscrappedhmsxtxtmdashbuiltbyvickersscrappedhmsxtxtmdashbuiltbyvickersscrappedhmsxtxtmdashbuiltbyvickersscrappedsurvivingexamplesxtheonlyonetohaveseenserviceandsurviveisattheroyalnavysubmarinemuseumgosporttheremainsoftwoxtclasscraftarepresentonthebeachataberladybayineastlothianscotlandtheyweretowedthereinandmooredtoalargeconcreteblockatthelowtidelevelandwereusedastargetsforaircraftmuchofthestructureremainssemisubmergedinthesandandcanbereachedatlowspringtidesinmediathistypeofmidgetsubmarinewasportrayedinthewarfilmaboveusthewavesfilmaboveusthewavesfeaturingjohnmillswhichwasbasedonbothoperationsourceandtheearlierchariotattacksonthetirpitzthisclassofsubmarinewaslaterfeaturedinthemoviesubmarinexstarringjamescaanactorjamescaanasacanadianroyalnavalvolunteerreserveofficerwhoafterlosinghissubmarineandfiftycrewmembersinabattlewithagermanshipduringworldwariigetsasecondchancetrainingcrewstotakepartinaraidusingmidgetsubsseealsohmsubmarinexworldwarsubmarinehmsubmarinexnamegiventotheitaliansubmarineitaliansubmarinegalileogalileigalileogalileiaftershewascapturedandtakenintoservicebytheroyalnavyxeclasssubmarineimprovedxclasssubmarinesticklebackclasssubmarineimprovedxeclasssubmarineinserviceinthesreferencesaboveusthewavesbycetwarrenandjamesbensongeorgegharrapcoltdsubmarinesincolourbybillgunstonblandfordcolourseriesblandfordsubmarinesthehistoryandevolutionofunderwaterfightingvesselsbyanthonyprestonoctopusbooksexternallinksgiemmesestoorgsettorinavixcrafthtmlmodelxcraftsiteinitaliansubmarineheritagecomgalleryxthtmxtclasspaintingwithspecificationbuteatwarorgbuteatwardetailingtheisleofbutesuniqueroleduringworldwariiincludingthexcraftattackonthetirpitzhebrideanconnectionscomdetailsaspxsubjectidtrainingofsubmarinecrewsattavayislandkeosewwaustraliagovaufarflungcuttingcableshtmlcuttingcableshascrosssectiondiagramofxclasssubmarineandimagesofconstructionandlaunchhnsaorghnsashipshmsxhnsashippagehmsxtelegraphcouknewsobituariesmilitaryobituariesnavalobituarieslieutenantco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ixesblankinfokblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitexuchanggovcnfootnotesinfoboxchinesetspxchngwhssupsupchangsupsupmigrsheuchangjheoisupsupcoengsupsupyhuichungtlkhotshiongxuchangpostalromanizationpostalhsuchangisaprefecturelevelcityincentralhenanprovinceofchinaprovinceincentralchinaitborderstheprovincialcapitalofzhengzhoutothenorthwestkaifengtothenortheastzhoukoutotheeastluohetothesoutheastandpingdingshantothesouthwestitspopulationwasinhabitantsatthefinalcensusofwhomlivedinthebuiltupormetroareamadeupofweidudistrictxuchangcountyandchanggecitylargelybeingurbanizedinthecitywasnamedasoneofchinastoptenlivablecitiesbychinesecitiesbrandvaluereportwhichwasreleasedatbeijingsummitofchinacitiesforumrefciteweblastfirstlastfirsttitlechinastopmostlivablecitiesurlenghnloudigovcnengldcaboutloudiloudicityloudihonordefaultshtmlwebsitehnloudigovcnpublisherhunanloudiofficialgovernmentdateaccessdaterefadministrationtheprefecturelevelcityofxuchangadministersdistrictofchinadistrictcountylevelcitycountylevelcitiesandcountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountiesweidudistrictjianandistrictyuzhoucitychanggecityyanlingcountyhenanyanlingcountyxiangchengcountyhenanxiangchengcountyclasswikitablemapdivstylepositionrelativeclasscenterspanspanhistoryaccordingtotraditionthecitywasnamedafterxuanancientstateledbytriballeaderxuyouduringthespringandautumnperiodofthezhoudynastyinancienttimesthecityoccupiedastrategiclocationincentralchinaxuchangservedasthewarlordcaocaosdefactocapitalduringthelateeasternhandynastyafterfindingtheoldcapitalluoyangravagedbywarcaomovedtheimperialcourtandemperorxianofhanemperorxiantowhatisnowxuchanginincaocaossonandsuccessorcaopiofficiallydeclaredthecityasthecapitalofthenewlyestablishedstateofcaoweithecitywasrenamedxuchangtakentomeanxurisingtheweiemperorsheldcourtatxuchanguntilthecapitalwasmovedtoluoyanginthesgeographyandclimatexuchangrangesinlatitudefromtonandinlongitudefromtoexuchanghasamonsooninfluencedhumidsubtropicalclimatekppenclimateclassificationkppencwawithfourdistinctseasonswintersarecoolanddrysummershotandhumidspringbeginsearlyandiswarmandautumnismildandprovidesareasonabletransitionrainmainlyfallsfrommaytoseptemberasmorethanoftheannualprecipitationoccursthenthecityhasanannualmeantemperatureofatanditshighestaveragemonthlytemperatureisinjulyandthelowestisinjanuaryjustoverofprecipitationfallseachyearandthereisonaveragefrostfreedaysandhoursofsunshineperyearweatherboxmetricfirstysinglelineylocationxuchangjanhighcfebhighcmarhighcaprhighcmayhighcjunhighcjulhighcaughighcsephighcocthighcnovhighcdechighcyearhighcjanmeancfebmeancmarmeancaprmeancmaymeancjunmeancjulmeancaugmeancsepmeancoctmeancnovmeancdecmeancyearmeancjanlowcfeblowcmarlowcaprlowcmaylowcjunlowcjullowcauglowcseplowcoctlowcnovlowcdeclowcyearlowcfroundsdownjanrecordhighcfebrecordhighcmarrecordhighcaprrecordhighcmayrecordhighcjunrecordhighcjulrecordhighcaugrecordhighcseprecordhighcoctrecordhighcnovrecordhighcdecrecordhighcjanrecordlowcfebrecordlowcmarrecordlowcaprrecordlowcmayrecordlowcjunrecordlowcjulrecordlowcaugrecordlowcseprecordlowcoctrecordlowcnovrecordlowcdecrecordlowcprecipitationcolourgreenjanprecipitationmmfebprecipitationmmmarprecipitationmmaprprecipitationmmmayprecipitationmmjunprecipitationmmjulprecipitationmmaugprecipitationmmsepprecipitationmmoctprecipitationmmnovprecipitationmmdecprecipitationmmunitprecipitationdaysmmjanprecipitationdaysfebprecipitationdaysmarprecipitationdaysaprprecipitationdaysmayprecipitationdaysjunprecipitationdaysjulprecipitationdaysaugprecipitationdayssepprecipitationdaysoctprecipitationdaysnovprecipitationdaysdecprecipitationdayssourceweatherchinarefnamecityintrociteweburlweathercomcncityintroshtmlscripttitlezhpublisherweatherchinalanguagechineseaccessdaterefagricultureandindustryxuchangisanimportantcenterofthechinesetobaccoindustryhoweverduetoeconomicreasonsmanyfarmershavechosennottoplanttobaccoanymorethecityisalsofamousforitsmanmadehumanhairexportseducationxuchanguniversityisinthecitytourismfamoustouristattractionsincludebalingbridgeandchunqiutowersistercityondecembertheoromiaregiongovernmentinethiopiasignedanagreementwithhenanprovincetoestablishatowntwinningsistercityprogramwithamboethiopiaambobolingbrookillinoisisalsoasistercityofxuchangnotesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxuchanggovcngovernmentwebsiteofxuchanginsimplifiedchinesetwoqiaosflashsynchronizationxredirectcategoryshellincomputingxvirtualizationreferstohardwarevirtualizationforthexarchitectureitallowsmultipleoperatingsystemstosimultaneouslysharexprocessorresourcesinasafeandefficientmannerinthelatesxvirtualizationwasachievedbycomplexsoftwaretechniquesnecessarytocompensatefortheprocessorslackofvirtualizationsupportwhileattainingreasonableperformanceinbothintelintelvirtualizationvtxvtxandamdamdvirtualizationamdvamdvintroducedlimitedhardwarevirtualizationsupportthatallowedsimplervirtualizationsoftwarebutofferedveryfewspeedbenefitsgreaterhardwaresupportwhichallowedsubstantialspeedimprovementscamewithlaterprocessormodelssoftwarebasedvirtualizationthefollowingdiscussionfocusesonlyonvirtualizationofthexarchitectureprotectedmodeinprotectedmodetheoperatingsystemkernelrunsatahigherprivilegesuchasringcomputersecurityringandapplicationsatalowerprivilegesuchasringinsoftwarebasedvirtualizationahostoshasdirectaccesstohardwarewhiletheguestosshavelimitedaccesstohardwarejustlikeanyotherapplicationofthehostosoneapproachusedinxsoftwarebasedvirtualizationtoovercomethislimitationiscalledringdeprivilegingwhichinvolvesrunningtheguestosataringhigherlesserprivilegedthanthreetechniquesmadevirtualizationofprotectedmodepossiblebinarytranslationisusedtorewriteintermsofringinstructionscertainringinstructionssuchasinterruptflagsettingandclearingpopfthatwouldotherwisefailsilentlyorbehavedifferentlywhenexecutedaboveringmakingtheclassichardwareassistedvirtualizationtrapandemulatevirtualizationimpossiblerefnameasplosrefrefnamepatreftoimproveperformancethetranslatedbasicblocksneedtobecachedinacoherentwaythatdetectscodepatchingusedinvxdsforinstancethereuseofpagesbytheguestosorevenselfmodifyingcodeanumberofkeydatastructuresusedbyaprocessorneedtobeshadowmemoryshadowedbecausemostoperatingsystemsusepagedvirtualmemoryandgrantingtheguestosdirectaccesstothememorymanagementunitmmuwouldmeanlossofcontrolbythehypervisorvirtualizationmanagersomeoftheworkofthexmmuneedstobeduplicatedinsoftwarefortheguestosusingatechniqueknownasshadowpagetablesthisinvolvesdenyingtheguestosanyaccesstotheactualpagetableentriesbytrappingaccessattemptsandemulatingtheminsteadinsoftwarethexarchitectureuseshiddenstatetostoresegmentdescriptorsintheprocessorsooncethesegmentdescriptorshavebeenloadedintotheprocessorthememoryfromwhichtheyhavebeenloadedmaybeoverwrittenandthereisnowaytogetthedescriptorsbackfromtheprocessorshadowdescriptortablesmustthereforebeusedtotrackchangesmadetothedescriptortablesbytheguestosiodeviceemulationunsupporteddevicesontheguestosmustbeemulatedbyaemulatordeviceemulatorthatrunsinthehostosthesetechniquesincursomeperformanceoverheadduetolackofmmuvirtualizationsupportascomparedtoavmrunningonanativelyvirtualizablearchitecturesuchastheibmsystemrefnametacrefontraditionalmainframestheclassichypervisorclassificationtypehypervisorwasselfstandinganddidnotdependonanyoperatingsystemorrunanyuserapplicationsitselfincontrastthefirstxvirtualizationproductswereaimedatworkstationcomputersandranaguestosinsideahostosbyembeddingthehypervisorinakernelmodulethatranunderthehostostypehypervisorrefnamepatreftherehasbeensomecontroversywhetherthexarchitecturewithnohardwareassistanceisvirtualizableasdescribedbypopekandgoldbergvirtualizationrequirementspopekandgoldbergvmwareresearcherspointedoutinaasplospaperthattheabovetechniquesmadethexplatformvirtualizableinthesenseofmeetingthethreecriteriaofpopekandgoldbergalbeitnotbytheclassictrapandemulatetechniqueadifferentroutewastakenbyothersystemslikedenalioperatingsystemdenalilmicrokernelfamilylandxenvirtualmachinemonitorxenknownasparavirtualizationwhichinvolvesportedportingoperatingsystemstorunontheresultingvirtualmachinewhichdoesnotimplementthepartsoftheactualxinstructionsetthatarehardtovirtualizetheparavirtualizediohassignificantperformancebenefitsasdemonstratedintheoriginalsospxenpapertheinitialversionofxamddidnotallowforasoftwareonlyfullvirtualizationduetothelackofsegmentationsupportinlongmodewhichmadetheprotectionofthehypervisorsmemoryimpossibleinparticulartheprotectionofthetraphandlerthatrunsintheguestkerneladdressspacerevisiondandlaterbitamdprocessorsasaruleofthumbthosemanufacturedinnbspnmorlessaddedbasicsupportforsegmentationinlongmodemakingitpossibletorunbitguestsinbithostsviabinarytranslationinteldidnotaddsegmentationsupporttoitsximplementationintelmakingbitsoftwareonlyvirtualizationimpossibleonintelcpusbutintelvtxsupportmakesbithardwareassistedvirtualizationpossibleontheintelplatformonsomeplatformsitispossibletorunabitguestonabithostosiftheunderlyingprocessorisbitandsupportsthenecessaryvirtualizationextensionshardwareassistedvirtualizationinandintelandamdworkingindependentlycreatednewxextensionsprocessorextensionstothexarchitecturethefirstgenerationofxhardwarevirtualizationaddressedtheissueofprivilegedinstructionstheissueoflowperformanceofvirtualizedsystemmemorywasaddressedwithmemorymanagementunitmmuvirtualizationthatwasaddedtothechipsetlatercentralprocessingunitvirtualmodebasedonossupportpainfulexperienceswiththeprotectedmodewhichbyitselfwasnotsuitableenoughtorunconcurrentmsdosapplicationswellintelintroducedthevirtualmodeintheirchipwhichofferedvirtualizedprocessorsontheandlaterchipshardwaresupportforvirtualizingtheprotectedmodeitselfhoweverbecameavailableyearslateramdvirtualizationamdvcpuamddevelopeditsfirstgenerationvirtualizationextensionsunderthecodenamepacificaandinitiallypublishedthemasamdsecurevirtualmachinesvmbutlatermarketedthemunderthetrademarkamdvirtualizationabbreviatedamdvonmayamdreleasedtheathlonlistofamdathlonmicroprocessorsorleansffnmorleanstheathlonxlistofamdathlonmicroprocessorswindsorffnmwindsorandtheathlonfxlistofamdathlonmicroprocessorswindsorfnmwindsorasthefirstamdprocessorstosupportthistechnologythiswasfalseallamdprocessorsthatsupportamdvalwayshaditenabledunlikeintelprocessorsthiseliminatesincompatiblemotherboardsorsegmentingofthemarketviadifferentdrmdbiossbutsamechipamdvcapabilityalsofeaturesontheathlonandathlonxfamilyofprocessorswithrevisionsforgonsocketamturionxandopteronndgenerationandthirdgenerationphenomprocessorphenomandphenomiiprocessorstheacceleratedprocessingunitapuamdfusionfusionprocessorssupportamdvamdvisnotsupportedbyanysocketprocessorstheonlysempronsempronprocessorswhichsupportitarelistofamdsempronmicroprocessorshuronnmlowpowerhuronandlistofamdsempronmicroprocessorssargassocketamsinglecoreccnmsargasamdopteroncpusbeginningwiththefamilyxbarcelonalineandphenomiicpussupportasecondgenerationhardwarevirtualizationtechnologycalledrapidvirtualizationindexingformerlyknownasnestedpagetablesduringitsdevelopmentlateradoptedbyintelasextendedpagetableseptthecpuflagxcpuflagforamdvissvmthismaybecheckedincomparisonofbsdoperatingsystemsbsdderivativesviadmesgorsysctlandinlinuxviacodeproccpuinfocodeintelvirtualizationvtxiommustuffvtdbelongsiniommupageorsectionbloomfieldcpupreviouslycodenamedvanderpoolvtxrepresentsintelstechnologyforvirtualizationonthexplatformonnovemberintelreleasedtwomodelsofpentiummodelandasthefirstintelprocessorstosupportvtxthecpuflagforvtxcapabilityisvmxinlinuxthiscanbecheckedviacodeproccpuinfocodeorinmacosviacodesysctlmachdepcpufeaturescoderefnamecpuflagsoftwareintelcomenusblogshowtostartintelhardwareassistedvirtualizationhypervisoronlinuxtospeedupintelandroidxgingerbreademulatortoseeifyourprocessorsupportshardwarevirtualizationintelrefvmxstandsforvirtualmachineextensionswhichaddstennewinstructionsvmptrldvmptrstvmclearvmreadvmwritevmcallvmlaunchvmresumevmxoffandvmxonrefciteweburlhardwaresecretscomeverythingyouneedtoknowabouttheintelvirtualizationtechnologytitleeverythingyouneedtoknowabouttheintelvirtualizationtechnologylasttorresfirstgabrieldatejulywebsitehardwaresecretscompublisherhardwaresecretsaccessdatedecemberreftheseinstructionspermitenteringandexitingavirtualexecutionmodewheretheguestosperceivesitselfasrunningwithfullprivilegeringbutthehostosremainsprotectedalmostallnewerserverdesktopandmobileintelprocessorssupportvtxwithsomeoftheintelatomprocessorsastheprimaryexceptionwithsomemotherboardsusersmustenableintelsvtxfeatureinthebiossetupbeforeapplicationscanmakeuseofitintelstartedtoincludeextendedpagetableseptatechnologyforpagetablevirtualizationsincethenehalemmicroarchitecturenehalemarchitecturereleasedininwestmeremicroarchitecturewestmereaddedsupportforlaunchingthelogicalprocessordirectlyinrealmodeafeaturecalledunrestrictedguestwhichrequiresepttoworksincethehaswellmicroarchitecturehaswellmicroarchitectureannouncedinintelstartedtoincludevmcsshadowingasatechnologythatacceleratesnestedvirtualizationofvmmsrefciteweburlsslintelcomcontentdamwwwpublicusendocumentswhitepapersintelvmcsshadowingpaperpdftitlethgenintelcorevproprocessorswithintelvmcsshadowingyearaccessdatepublisherintelformatpdfrefthevirtualmachinecontrolstructurevmcsisadatastructureinmemorythatexistsexactlyoncepervmwhileitismanagedbythevmmwitheverychangeoftheexecutioncontextbetweendifferentvmsthevmcsisrestoredforthecurrentvmdefiningthestateofthevmsvirtualprocessorassoonasmorethanonevmmornestedvmmsareusedaproblemappearsinawaysimilartowhatrequiredshadowpagetablemanagementtobeinventedasdescribedswbasedaboveinsuchcasesvmcsneedstobeshadowedmultipletimesincaseofnestingandpartiallyimplementedinsoftwareincasethereisnohardwaresupportbytheprocessortomakeshadowvmcshandlingmoreefficientintelimplementedhardwaresupportforvmcsshadowingviavirtualizationviavtviananoseriesprocessorsandhighersupportviavtvirtualizationtechnologycompatiblewithintelvtinterruptvirtualizationamdavicandintelapicvinamdannouncedtheiradvancedvirtualinterruptcontrolleravictargetinginterruptoverheadreductioninvirtualizationenvironmentsthistechnologyasannounceddoesnotsupportxapicrefciteweburllinuxplumbersconforgwpcontentuploadslpcvirtinterruptvirtkvmroedelpdftitlenextgenerationinterruptvirtualizationforkvmdateaugustaccessdateauthorjrgrdelpublisheramdrefinavicisavailableontheamdfamilyhmodelsxhcarrizoprocessorsandneweralsoinintelannouncedasimilartechnologyforinterruptandadvancedprogrammableinterruptcontrollerapicvirtualizationwhichdidnothaveabrandnameatitsannouncementtimerefciteweburllinuxplumbersconforgwpcontentuploadslpcvirtintelvtfeatnakajimapdftitlereviewingunusedandnewfeaturesforinterruptapicvirtualizationdateaccessdateauthorjunnakajimaapublisherintelreflateritwasbrandedasapicvirtualizationapicvrefciteweburlsoftwareintelcomenusblogsapicvirtualizationperformancetestingandiozonetitleapicvirtualizationperformancetestingandiozonedateaccessdateauthorkhangnguyenwebsitesoftwareintelcomrefanditbecamecommerciallyavailableintheivybridgemicroarchitectureivybridgeepseriesofintelcpuswhichissoldasxeonexxvlaunchedinlateandasxeonexxvlaunchedinearlyrefciteweburlintelcomcontentdamwwwpublicusendocumentsproductbriefsxeonevbriefpdftitleproductbriefintelxeonprocessorevproductfamilydateaccessdatepublisherintelrefgraphicsprocessingunitgraphicsvirtualizationtechnologyintelgvtdgvtgandgvtsgraphicsvirtualizationtechnologywasintroducedwithintelhdandirisgraphicsintelirisprointelsintegratedgpucanbeeitherdedicatedlyassignedtoavirtualmachinegvtdsharedbetweenmultiplevirtualmachinesonatimesharingbasiswhileusingnativegraphicsdrivergvtgorsharedbetweenmultiplevirtualmachinesbyusingavirtualgraphicsdrivergvtschipsetmemoryandiovirtualizationisperformedbythechipsettypicallythesefeaturesmustbeenabledbythebioswhichmustbeabletosupportthemandalsobesettousethemiommuvirtualizationamdviandintelvtdaninputoutputmemorymanagementunitiommuallowsguestvirtualmachinestodirectlyuseperipheraldevicessuchasethernetacceleratedgraphicscardsandharddrivecontrollersthroughdirectmemoryaccessdmaandinterruptremappingthisissometimescalledpcipassthroughaniommualsoallowsoperatingsystemstoeliminatebouncebuffersneededtoallowthemselvestocommunicatewithperipheraldeviceswhosememoryaddressspacesaresmallerthantheoperatingsystemsmemoryaddressspacebyusingmemoryaddresstranslationatthesametimeaniommualsoallowsoperatingsystemsandhypervisorstopreventbuggyormalicioushardwarefromdmaattackcompromisingmemorysecuritybothamdandintelhavereleasedtheiriommuspecificationsamdsiovirtualizationtechnologyamdvioriginallycallediommuintelsvirtualizationtechnologyfordirectediovtdincludedinmosthighendbutnotallnehalemmicroarchitecturenehalemandnewerintelprocessorsinadditiontothecpusupportbothmotherboardchipsetandsystemfirmwarebiosoruefineedtofullysupporttheiommuiovirtualizationfunctionalityforittobeusableonlytheconventionalpcipciorpciexpressdevicessupportingfunctionlevelresetflrcanbevirtualizedthiswayasitisrequiredforreassigningvariouspcidevicefunctiondevicefunctionsbetweenvirtualmachinesrefciteweburlpcisigcomspecificationspciexpressspecificationsecnfunctionlevelresetjunpdftitlepcisigengineeringchangenoticefunctionlevelresetflrdateaccessdatewebsitepcisigcomrefrefciteweburlwikixenorgwikivtdhowtotitlexenvtddateaccessdatewebsitexenorgrefifadevicetobeassigneddoesnotsupportmessagesignaledinterruptsmsiitmustnotshareinterruptlineswithotherdevicesfortheassignmenttobepossiblerefciteweburllinuxkvmorgpagehowtoassigndeviceswithvtdinkvmtitlehowtoassigndeviceswithvtdinkvmdateaccessdatewebsitelinuxkvmorgrefallconventionalpcidevicesroutedbehindapcipcixtopciexpressbridgecanbeassignedtoaguestvirtualmachineonlyallatoncepciexpressdeviceshavenosuchrestrictionnetworkvirtualizationvtcintelsvirtualizationtechnologyforconnectivityvtcpcisigsinglerootiovirtualizationsriovpcisigsinglerootiovirtualizationsriovprovidesasetofgeneralnonxspecificiovirtualizationmethodsbasedonpciexpresspcienativehardwareasstandardizedbypcisigaddresstranslationservicesatssupportsnativeiovacrosspciexpressviaaddresstranslationitrequiressupportfornewtransactionstoconfiguresuchtranslationssinglerootiovsriovorsriovsupportsnativeiovinexistingsinglerootcomplexpciexpresstopologiesitrequiressupportfornewdevicecapabilitiestoconfiguremultiplevirtualizedconfigurationspacesrefnameintelgrantleyciteweburlintelcomcontentdamtechnologyprovidersecureusendocumentsproductmarketinginformationtstgrantleylaunchpresentationpdfpagetitleintellookinsideintelethernetdatenovemberaccessdatemarchpublisherintelformatpdfpagerefmultirootiovmriovsupportsnativeiovinnewtopologiesforexamplebladeserversbybuildingonsriovtoprovidemultiplerootcomplexeswhichshareacommonpciexpresshierarchyinsriovthemostcommonoftheseahostvmmconfiguressupporteddevicestocreateandallocatevirtualshadowsoftheirconfigurationspacessothatvirtualmachineguestscandirectlyconfigureandaccesssuchshadowdeviceresourcesrefciteweburlusenixorgconferencewiovsriovnetworkingxenarchitecturedesignandimplementationtitlesriovnetworkinginxenarchitecturedesignandimplementationdateaccessdateauthorsyaozudongzhaoyugregrosepublisherusenixworkusenixorgrefwithsriovenabledvirtualizednetworkinterfacesaredirectlyaccessibletotheguestsrefciteweburlintelcomcontentdamwwwpublicusendocumentssolutionbriefsgbeethernetflexibleportpartitioningbriefpdftitleanintroductiontointelflexibleportpartitioningusingsriovtechnologydateseptemberaccessdateseptemberauthorpatrickkutchauthorbrianjohnsonauthorgregrosepublisherintelformatpdfrefavoidinginvolvementofthevmmandresultinginhighoverallperformanceforexamplesriovachievesoverofthebaremetalnetworkbandwidthinnasasvirtualizeddatacenterandintheamazonwebservicesamazonpubliccloudseealsocomparisonofapplicationvirtualmachinescomparisonofplatformvirtualizationsoftwarehardwareassistedvirtualizationhypervisoriovirtualizationnetworkvirtualizationoperatingsystemlevelvirtualizationtimelineofvirtualizationdevelopmentvirtualmachinelistofiommusupportinghardwaresecondleveladdresstranslationslatmessagesignaledinterruptsmsireferencesexternallinkshardwaresecretscomeverythingyouneedtoknowabouttheintelvirtualizationtechnologyeverythingyouneedtoknowabouttheintelvirtualizationtechnologycsusfcaeducrusecssaspecialcourseattheuniversityofsanfranciscoonintelemtandvtextensionsopensecuritytraininginf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aryenforcementbodyxusascendancyinthemilitaryalsoresultedinhisriseinthecommunistpartyspoliticalhierarchyinnovemberheassumedfullleadershipoverthegpdatthepartysthnationalcongressofthecommunistpartyofchinathnationalcongressxubecameamemberofthesecretariatofthecommunistpartyofchinaabodyinchargeoftheimplementationofpartypolicyxusrapidpromotionsataroundtheturnofthecenturywereattributedtothesupportgiventohimbythencentralmilitarycommissionchairmanjiangzeminrefnamehkinsightrefobserversbelievethatthroughxujiangcontinuedtoinfluenceaffairsinthemilitarydespitehisofficialretirementinsomeretiredofficerssimplydescribedxuandhispartnerofequalrankguoboxiongasjiangsproxyinthemilitaryrefnameweakgriprefduringhistermascentralmilitarycommissionchinacentralmilitarycommissionvicechairmanbeginninginxuwieldedsignificantauthorityoverpersonneldecisionsintheupperechelonsofthemilitaryinhewasnamedtothememberpolitburoofthecommunistpartyofchinapolitburobeingelectedatthestplenarysessionofthethcentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinathcentralcommitteexuretiredfromthecentralmilitarycommissionincorruptionallegationsaccordingtonumerousreportsinchineseandinternationalmediathepracticeofexchangingcashforrankswaswidespreadduringxustermasvicechairmanthepracticewasostensiblycommonfromthehighestrankingofficerstotherankandfilepettyofficersaccordingtosourcesinthearmyxuspowerduringhiscmcvicechairmanshipwaslargelyuncheckedtheycitedanexamplewhereoneofficerattemptedtobribexuwithtenmillionyuantosecureahigherrankanotherofficeroutbidthefirstonewithtwentymillionyuanmillionsoxuannulledthearrangementwiththefirstofficeritwasreportedinmarchthatxuthenagedhadbeendiagnosedwithbladdercancerandwasundergoingextensivetreatmentatthemilitaryhospitalinbeijinggujunshanoneofxusallegedlyfavoriteofficerswhowaspromotedduringxusyearsinofficehadalreadybeenunderinvestigationforawidereachingcorruptionscandalinvolvingthemilitarysrealestateassetsxussupporterspleadingforclemencysaidthathavingterminalcancerwasakintohavingalreadyreceivedthedeathpenaltycitingtheprecedentofformervicepremierhuangjuasacasewherecorruptionchargesshouldnotbepressedagainstanofficialinillhealththedecisiontoinvestigatexuwasreportedlymadeonmarchwhenxuwastakenfromhishospitalbedbyarmedpolicemenhiswifedaughterandformersecretarywerealsoreportedlytakenintocustodyatachinesenewyeargalaforretiredmilitaryofficialsinxureportedlytriedtospeaktoxijinpingwhoisthechairmanofthecentralmilitarycommissionseveraltimeswithoutsuccessexpulsionfromthepartyxuwasexpelledfromthecommunistpartyofchinaonjunerefnamescmprefstatemediadescribedxuscrimesasabuseofpoweracceptingbribesdirectlyorviafamilymembersinexchangeforpromotionsandadvancingtheinterestsofthoseclosetohimthroughthepowersvestedinhisofficexusdownfallwasunexpectedbecausecorruptioninvestigationsinvolvingmidtiermilitaryofficersarerarelypubliclyannouncedinthepeoplesrepublicofchinaastonotcompromisenationalsecuritysuchanannouncementinvolvingahighrankinggeneralwasentirelyunprecedentedrefnamedwrefxubecamethehighestrankedofficerinthehistoryofthepeoplesliberationarmytobeinvestigatedincorruptionduringtheinvestigationintoxuinvestigatorsfoundoveronetonneofcashinhisbeijinghomealongwithpreciousgemsancientartifactsandartworkitwassaidthatmuchofthecashwasstillstowedawayneatlyinboxesmarkedwiththenamesofindividualofficersandthatittooktruckstotransportallthematerialsconfiscatedfromhishomerefnameftimesrefsomeanalystsbelievethatxusdownfallsignaledaconsolidationofmilitarypowerdirectlyunderthehandsofxijinpingandisofgreaterpoliticalsignificancethanthecorruptioninvestigationsurroundingzhouyongkangaformermemberofthepolitburostandingcommitteehisdownfallhadbeenpresentedbythecommunistpartyaspartofawidercampaignbyxijinpingtoeradicatecorruptionandreformthemilitaryinoctoberxuwasreportedtohaveconfessedtotakingbribesbecomingthehighestprofilefigureinchinasmilitarytobecaughtupinxijinpingsanticorruptioncampaignunderxijinpinganticorruptioncampaignrefnameconfesseditioncnncomworldasiachinacorruptiongeneralxucaihouindexhtmlirefobnetworkchinasbiggestmilitarytigerxucaihouconfessestotakingbribesbypaularmstrongandstevenjiangcnnoctoberrefdeathxudiedinmarchfrombladdercancerandmultipleorganfailureatthemilitaryhospitalinbeijingattheageoflikelyduringtheannualtwosessionslianghuimeetingofchinaslegislatureandlegislativeadvisorybodythereissomespeculationthathisdeathwasnotannounceduntiltheconclusionoflianghuionmarchtoavoiddistractingfromtheproceedingsofthenationspreeminentannualpoliticalgatheringasaresultofhisdeathmilitaryprosecutorsannouncedthatinaccordancewithlegalprocedurestheywillnotcontinuetopursuechargesagainsthimdespitehavingalreadyfiledsuitinmilitarycourtbutwillcontinueworkininvestigatinghisillgottengainsrefnamecancerrefreferencesxprintisadeprecatedprintingextensionforthexwindowsystemitallowsanapplicationtorenderoutputtoaprinterjustasitwouldtoanyotherdisplaydevicetheserverportionxprtusesanextensionxpextensiontohandlepagedoutputdevicesxprintoutputsaspostscriptprintercontrollanguagepclpclorasarastergraphicsrasterbitmapatprinterresolutionxprintisbasedonisoandotherspecificationssomeapplicationsandframeworkssupportingxprintincludemozillaandmozillafirefoxandtheqttoolkitqtprojectathenaathenamotifsoftwaremotifandlesstiftoolkitsxprintwasfirstintroducedinxrrewrittenforinclusionwithxrandremovedfromxorgserverinmayxprintisnowavailablefromawebarchiveorgwebgitwebfreedesktoporgpxorgfxprintgitbadsummaryseparaterepositoryreferencesexternallinksxprintmozdevorgprojecthomepagewebarchiveorgwebxprintmozdevorgdocsxprintfaqhtmlfaqncitsorgyrisoisoiecpdfisoiecwebarchiveorgwebncitsorgyrisoisoiecpdfisoiecieeeemergencytelephonenumberemergencytelephonenumberxpathisaversionofthexpathlanguagedefinedbytheworldwidewebconsortiumwcitbecamearecommendationonjanuaryrefciteweburldblabntuagrbikakisxmlandsemanticwebwcstandardstimelinehistorypdftitlexmlandsemanticwebwcstandardstimelinedaterefasawcrecommendationitwassupersededbyxpathonaprilxpathisusedprimarilyforselectingpartsofanxmldocumentforthispurposethexmldocumentismodelledasatreeofnodesxpathallowsnodestobeselectedbymeansofahierarchicnavigationpaththroughthedocumenttreethelanguageissignificantlylargerthanitspredecessorxpathandsomeofthebasicconceptssuchasthedatamodelandtypesystemhavechangedthetwolanguageversionsarethereforedescribedinseparatearticlesxpathisusedasasublanguageofxsltanditisalsoasubsetofxqueryallthreelanguagessharethesamedatamodelthexqueryandxpathdatamodelxdmtypesystemandfunctionlibraryandweredevelopedtogetherandpublishedonthesamedaydatamodeleveryvalueinxpathisasequenceofitemstheitemsmaybenodesoratomicvaluesanindividualnodeoratomicvalueisconsideredtobeasequenceoflengthonesequencesmaynotbenestednodesareofsevenkindscorrespondingtodifferentconstructsinthesyntaxofxmlelementsattributestextnodescommentsprocessinginstructionsnamespacenodesanddocumentnodesthedocumentnodereplacestherootnodeofxpathbecausethexpathmodelallowstreestoberootedatotherkindsofnodenotablyelementsnodesmaybetypedoruntypedanodeacquiresatypeasaresultofvalidationagainstanxmlschemawcxmlschemaifanelementorattributeissuccessfullyvalidatedagainstaparticularcomplextypeorsimpletypedefinedinaschemathenameofthattypeisattachedasanannotationtothenodeanddeterminestheoutcomeofoperationsappliedtothatnodeforexamplewhensortingnodesthatareannotatedasintegerswillbesortedasintegersatomicvaluesmaybelongtoanyoftheprimitivetypesdefinedinthexmlschemawcxmlschemaspecificationforexamplestringbooleandoublefloatdecimaldatetimeqnameandsoontheymayalsobelongtoatypederivedfromoneoftheseprimitivetypeseitherabuiltinderivedtypesuchasintegerornameorauserdefinedderivedtypedefinedinauserwrittenschematypesystemtypehierarchythetypesystemofxpathisnoteworthyforthefactthatitmixesstrongtypingandweaktypingwithinasinglelanguageoperationssuchasarithmeticandbooleancomparisonrequireatomicvaluesastheiroperandsifanoperandreturnsanodeforexamplecodepricecodethenthenodeisautomaticallyatomizedtoextracttheatomicvalueiftheinputdocumenthasbeenvalidatedagainstaschemathenthenodewilltypicallyhaveatypeannotationandthisdeterminesthetypeoftheresultingatomicvalueinthisexamplethecodepricecodeattributemighthavethetypecodedecimalcodeifnoschemaisinusethenodewillbeuntypedandthetypeoftheresultingatomicvaluewillbecodeuntypedatomiccodetypedatomicvaluesarecheckedtoensurethattheyhaveanappropriatetypeforthecontextwheretheyareusedforexampleitisnotpossibletomultiplyadatebyanumberuntypedatomicvaluesbycontrastfollowaweaktypingdisciplinetheyareautomaticallyconvertedtoatypeappropriatetotheoperationwheretheyareusedforexamplewithanarithmeticoperationanuntypedatomicvalueisconvertedtothetypecodedoublecodepathexpressionsthelocationpathsofxpatharereferredtoinxpathaspathexpressionsinformallyapathexpressionisasequenceofstepsseparatedbythecodecodeoperatorforexamplecodeabccodewhichisshortforcodechildachildbchildccodemoreformallyhowevercodecodeissimplyabinaryoperatorthatappliestheexpressiononitsrighthandsidetoeachiteminturnselectedbytheexpressiononthelefthandsidesointhisexampletheexpressioncodeacodeselectsalltheelementchildrenofthecontextnodethatarenamedcodeltagtcodetheexpressioncodechildbcodeisthenappliedtoeachofthesenodesselectingallthecodeltbgtcodechildrenofthecodeltagtcodeelementsandtheexpressioncodechildccodeisthenappliedtoeachnodeinthissequencewhichselectsallthecodeltcgtcodechildrenofthesecodeltbgtcodeelementsthecodecodeoperatorisgeneralizedinxpathtoallowanykindofexpressiontobeusedasanoperandinxpaththerighthandsidewasalwaysanaxisstepforexampleafunctioncallcanbeusedontherighthandsidethetypingrulesfortheoperatorrequirethattheresultofthefirstoperandisasequenceofnodestherighthandoperandcanreturneithernodesoratomicvaluesbutnotamixtureiftheresultconsistsofnodesthenduplicatesareeliminatedandthenodesarereturnedindocumentorderanorderingdefinedintermsoftherelativepositionsofthenodesintheoriginalxmltreeinmanycasestheoperandsofcodecodewillbeaxisstepsthesearelargelyunchangedfromxpathandaredescribedinthearticleonxpathotheroperatorsotheroperatorsavailableinxpathincludethefollowingclasswikitableoperatorseffectdivmodidivarithmeticonnumbersdatesanddurationsltgtltgtgeneralcomparisoncomparearbitrarysequencestheresultistrueifanypairofitemsonefromeachsequencesatisfiesthecomparisoneqneltgtlegevaluecomparisoncomparesingleitemsiscomparenodeidentitytrueifbothoperandsarethesamenodeltltgtgtcomparenodepositionbasedondocumentorderunionintersectexceptcomparesequencesofnodestreatingthemassetsreturningthesetunionintersectionordifferenceandorbooleanconjunctionanddisjunctionnegationisachievedusingthecodenotcodefunctiontodefinesanintegerrangeforexamplecodetocodeinstanceofdetermineswhetheravalueisaninstanceofagiventypecastasconvertsavaluetoagiventypecastableastestswhetheravalueisconvertibletoagiventypeconditionalexpressionsmaybewrittenusingthesyntaxcodeifathenbelseccodexpathalsooffersacodeforcodeexpressionwhichisasmallsubsetoftheflworexpressionfromxquerytheexpressioncodeforxinxreturnycodeevaluatestheexpressioncodeycodeforeachvalueintheresultofexpressioncodexcodeinturnreferringtothatvalueusingthevariablereferencecodexcodefunctionlibrarythefunctionlibraryinxpathisgreatlyextendedfromthefunctionlibraryinxpathbolditemsareavailableinxpaththefunctionsavailableincludethefollowingclasswikitablepurposeexamplefunctionsgeneralstringhandlinglowercaseuppercasesubstringsubstringbeforesubstringaftertranslatestartswithendswithcontainsstringlengthconcatnormalizespacenormalizeunicoderegularexpressionsmatchesreplacetokenizearithmeticcountsumavgminmaxroundfloorceilingabsdatesandtimesadjustdatetimetotimezonecurrentdatetimedayfromdatetimemonthfromdatetimedaysfromdurationmonthsfromdurationetcpropertiesofnodesnamenodenamelocalnamenamespaceuribaseurinilleddocumenthandlingdocdocavailabledocumenturicollectionididrefurisencodeforuriescapehtmluriiritouriresolveuriqnamesqnamenamespaceurifromqnameprefixfromqnameresolveqnamesequencesinsertbeforeremovesubsequenceindexofdistinctvaluesreverseunorderedemptyexiststypecheckingoneormoreexactlyonezerooronebackwardscompatibilitybecauseofthechangesinthedatamodelandtypesystemnotallexpressionshaveexactlythesameeffectinxpathasinthemaindifferenceisthatxpathwasmorerelaxedabouttypeconversionforexamplecomparingtwostringscodegtcodewasquitepossiblebutwoulddoanumericcomparisoninxpaththisisdefinedtocomparethetwovaluesasstringsusingacontextdefinedcollatingsequencetoeasetransitionxpathdefinesamodeofexecutioninwhichthesemanticsaremodifiedtobeascloseaspossibletoxpathbehaviorwhenusingxsltthismodeisactivatedbysettingcodeversioncodeasanattributeonthecodexslstylesheetcodeelementthisstilldoesntoffercompatibilitybutanyremainingdifferencesareonlylikelytobeencounteredinunusualcasessupportsupportforxpathisstilllimitedforbrowsersupportseecomparisonoflayoutenginesxmlquerytechnologiescomparisonoflayoutenginesxmlreferencesexternallinksworgtrxpathxpathspecificationxmlcompubaxpathhtmlwhatsnewinxpatheyesxindistartrekxberencodinginfoboxfootballbiographynamexabialonsoimagexabialonsotrainingfcbayernmuenchencroppedjpgimagesizecaptionalonsotrainingwithbayernmunichinfullnamexabieralonsoolanobirthdatebirthplacetolosaspaintolosaspainheightpositionmidfieldercurrentclubclubnumberyouthyearsyouthclubsantiguokoyouthyearsyouthclubsrealsociedadcanterarealsociedadyearsclubsrealsociedadbcapsgoalsyearsclubsrealsociedadcapsgoalsyearsclubssdeibareibarloancapsgoalsyearsclubsliverpoolfcliverpoolcapsgoalsyearsclubsrealmadridcfrealmadridcapsgoalsyearsclubsfcbayernmunichbayernmunichcapsgoalstotalcapstotalgoalsnationalyearsnationalteamspainnationalunderfootballteamspainunationalcapsnationalgoalsnationalyearsnationalteamspainnationalunderfootballteamspainunationalcapsnationalgoalsnationalyearsnationalteamspainnationalfootballteamspainnationalcapsnationalgoalsnationalyearsnationalteambasquecountrynationalfootballteambasquecountrynationalcapsnationalgoalsntupdatejunexabierxabialonsoolanobornnovemberisaspanishformerassociationfootballfootballerwhoplayedasamidfieldercentralmidfieldercentralmidfielderalonsobeganhiscareeratrealsociedadthemainteamofhishomeprovincegipuzkoaafterabriefloanperiodatsdeibareibarhewasappointedascaptainassociationfootballteamcaptainofrealsociededbythenmanagerjohntoshackhesucceededintheroletakingtheclubtosecondplaceinthelaligaseasonhemovedtoliverpoolfcliverpoolinaugustforpoundsterlingnbspmillionandwontheuefachampionsleagueinhisfirstseasonundermanagerrafaelbentezscoringtheequalisinggoalintheuefachampionsleaguefinalfinalagainstacmilanmilanthefollowingseasonhewonthefacupandthefacommunityshieldhemovedtorealmadridcfrealmadridforthestartofthelaligaseasoninadealwortharoundnbspmillionafterwinninghonoursincludingaleaguetitleinlaligaandthechampionsleagueinuefachampionsleagueduringfiveseasonsinmadridhewassignedbygermanclubfcbayernmunichbayernmunichonatwoyearcontractthiswasextendedbyafurtheryearandheeventuallyretiredfromplayinginsummeragedhavingwonthebundesligaineachofhisthreeseasonswithbayernhemadehisinternationaldebutforspainnationalfootballteamspaininaprilinavictoryagainstecuadornationalfootballteamecuadorwhileplayingforspainalonsowonuefaeuroeurouefaeuroeuroandthefifaworldcupworldcupandhealsorepresentedhiscountryatuefaeuroeuroandthefifaworldcupworldcuponjunealonsowonhisthcapforspaininthequarterfinalofeuroagainstfrancenationalfootballteamfrancehecelebratedtheoccasionbyscoringbothofspainsgoalstosendthemintothesemifinalsfollowingspainsfailuretoprogressoutofthegroupstagesatthefifaworldcupworldcupalonsoretiredfrominternationalfootballonaugusthiscapsmakehimtheseventhmostcappedplayerinthenationshistoryearlyyearsalonsowasborninthesmalltownoftolosaspaintolosagipuzkoabasquecountryautonomouscommunitybasquecountryintoafamilyknownforitsfootballingprowesshisfathermiguelngelalonsoperikoalonsowonlaligatwiceinsuccessiveseasonswithrealsociedadandathirdtimeafterhejoinedfcbarcelonabarcelonahealsofeaturedinthenationalteamwinningcapsoverthecourseofhiscareerxabialonsolivedinthecityofbarcelonaforthefirstsixyearsofhislifeandmovedtosansebastinsansebastindonostiathereafteritwasherethathispassionforfootballbeganashewhiledawayhischildhoodplayingatplayadelaconchashellbeachatagealonsowenttotheirishtownofkellscountymeathonaschoolexchangeprogrammetolearnenglishrefnamegaaboardrefalonsoandartetawereambitiousanddreamedofplayingalongsideeachotherforrealsociedadwhentheywereolderthoughtheyattendeddifferentschoolsthetwoyoungplayersjoinedforcesatthelocalyouthsideantiguokoplayinggamesattheweekendtheirperformancesattractedtheattentionofscoutsfromtopspanishsidesandtheyoungdonostiarrasseparatedwaysendingnineyearsoffriendlyrivalryasalonsowenttorealsociedadandartetamovedtocataloniacatalangiantsbarcelonaclubcareerrealsociedadalonsoquicklyprogressedthroughtherealsociedadcanterayouthranksandthereserveteamatrealsociedadwinningtheregionalisedterceradivisinfourthtierinhisterceradivisingrupoivsingleseasonwiththelatterandimpressedenoughtoearnafirstteamdebutattheageofhemadehisfirstseniorappearanceagainstcdlogroslogrosindecemberinacopadelreymatchaquickturnoverofmanagershoweverincludingatwomonthperiodwithperikoalonsoinchargeleftrealsociedadinadiresituationbyjanuaryrealsociedadwerebottomoftheleagueanditsnewmanagerjohntoshackturnedtotheprodigiousalonsointhehopeofreversingtheteamsfortunesinasurprisemovethewelshmanagermadetheyearoldtheteamcaptainassociationfootballcaptainapositiontraditionallyheldbymoreseniorplayersbytheendoftheseasonsociedadhadclimbedoutoftherelegationstructurerelegationzoneandfinishedinthplacetoshacklaudedalonsonotingthattheimpressionhehadontheteamwasexceptionalespeciallyforaplayerfromtheyouthteamunderthetutelageofjohntoshackalonsoscaptaincymarkedaresurgenceofformforrealsociedadtoshackrecognisedalonsospotentialandinvestedmuchtimeinhisyoungcaptaincreatingatrainingmethoddesignedtoimprovehistouchandcontrolspecificallyforhimtheteamcementeditsmidtablepositioninthelaligafinishinginthplacealonsoappearedconsistentlyinlaligawithappearancesoverthecourseoftheseasonandalsoscoredhisfirstleaguegoalfinishingwithaseasontotalofthreerealsociedadsmanagementchangedagaininthesummerofwiththearrivalofraynalddenoueixbutalonsokepthisplaceinthefirstteamonthestrengthofhispastperformancesthelaligaseasonwastheclubsbestleagueperformancesincethelaligaseasoninwhichtheywontheleaguethebasqueteamfinishedsecondtwopointsbehindrealmadridcfrealmadridsettingaclubrecordfortheirhighesteverpointstotalandqualifyingfortheuefachampionsleagueforthefirsttimealonsoreceivedmuchpraiseforhisroleintheteamssuccessandwasgiventhebestspanishplayerawardbyspanishsportsmagazinedonbalninadditionalonsosignificantlycontributedtotheteamsgoaltallyscoringgoalsinallcompetitionsthelaligaseasoncomprisedmixedresultsforalonsoandhissansebastinclubalonsorevelledintheopportunitytoperformineuropeappearinginalltheteamsgamesandrealsociedadqualifiedforthesingleeliminationtournamentknockoutphaseofthechampionsleaguetheteamstruggledunderthepressureoftheextramatcheshoweverandwerepromptlyknockedoutofthetournamentbyolympiquelyonnaislyonandfinishedthinlaligathecombinationofalonsosoutstandingperformancesandtheteamspoorleaguefinishmadeamoveawayfromanoetastadiuminevitabledespiteinterestfromlaligachampionsrealmadridalonsoremainedcommittedtorealsociedadmadridfailedtomeetthepoundsterlingnbspmillionpricetagthatjosluisastiazarntherealsociedadpresidenthadplacedonalonsoandthedealreachedastalematealonsohadotherconcernsandfocusedoninternationaldutywithspainatuefaeurodespitethefactthatalonsosappearanceatthetournamentwasbriefhecaughttheattentionofretiredfootballerjanmlbywhowasimpressedwithhisprecisepassingabilitiesthesummertransferwindowatrealsociedadsawthearrivalofalonsoschildhoodfriendmikelartetaalonsowasnotpickedforrealsociedadspreseasonfriendliessignallingthatanofferbyliverpoolfcliverpoolwasbeingtreatedseriouslythebasquesideannouncedonaugustthattheyhadmadeadealworthnbspmillionwithliverpoolandalonsohadagreedtermswiththemerseysideteamliverpoolchampionsleaguevictoryalonsoarrivedatliverpoolalongwithluisgarcafootballerbornluisgarcafrombarcelonamarkingthebeginningofaneweraatanfieldnewliverpoolmanagerrafaelbentezsoughttorevolutionisetheclubandcompletelyoverhauledthesquadimpressinghisownmanagementstyleandtacticsupontheteamthetechnicalspaniardswerebentezsfirstsigningsandheremarkedthattheiremphasisofskilloverstrengthofferedtheteamsomethingdifferentalonsomadehispremierleaguedebutforthemerseysidersagainstboltonwanderersfcboltonwanderersatthereebokstadiumonaugustliverpoollostthefixturebutalonsowasalreadyreceivingpraiseforhispassingskillsfromthepressapremierleaguepremierleaguetieawayagainstfulhamfcfulhamdisplayedmoreofalonsostalentsliverpoolwerelosingathalftimeandbentezbroughtonalonsoasasubstitutefootballsubstituteafterthebreakherevivedadeflatedliverpoolandthegamefinishedtothemerseysideteamfurthermorealonsoscoredhisfirstgoalsportgoalfortheteamfromadirectfreekickfreekicktobringliverpoolaheadoftheoppositioninthechampionsleagueinjulyalonsocontinuedtoprovideimportantgoalsfortheclubscoringhisfirstgoalatanfieldagainstarsenalfcarsenalinavictoryalonsowaselatedattheachievementandfelthewassettlinginwellinenglandthearsenalgamemarkedthereturnofstevengerrardfrominjurybutalonsosmidfieldpartnershipwiththecaptainassociationfootballteamcaptaincametoahaltwhenalonsosufferedhisfirstsetbackatliverpoolalonsosanklewasbrokenfollowingatacklefromfranklampardinliverpoolshomedefeatagainstchelseafcchelseaonnewyearsdayandthespaniardwasruledoutofactionforthreemonthsalonsomadehisreturntothefirstteaminthesecondlegoftheuefachampionsleaguechampionsleaguequarterfinalagainstjuventusfcjuventusalonsowasnotatfullfitnessbutasstevengerrardwasinjuredheplayedforthefullminutesandliverpoolheldthescoreatinitalydefeatingtheeventualitalianchampionsonaggregatekevinmccarraoftheguardianpaidtestamenttoalonsosskillanddedicationtothegamesayingthismarvellouslyaccomplishedfootballertestifiedinthestadiodellealpithattechniquecanovercomeaseriousphysicaldisadvantageinthenextroundagainstchelseaalonsoreceivedapenaltycardyellowcardyellowcardinatenseandscrappydrawatstamfordbridgestadiumstamfordbridgemakinghimsuspendedforthefollowingfixturealonsowasdistraughtthathewouldmissthegameandvehementlycontestedtherefereesdecisiontonoavailrefnamesublimerefgerrardreturnedfrominjuryforthesecondleghoweverandthecaptainsteeredhisteamtoawinwiththehelpofaluisgarcagoalqualifyingforthefinalagainstacmilanmilanliverpoolsfifthplacefinishinthepremiershipleftmuchtobedesiredbutdebutseasonglorystillawaitedalonsointheformoftheuefachampionsleaguefinalchampionsleaguefinaltheteamfellthreegoalsbehindmilanbutcompletedadramaticsecondhalfcomebackliverpooltrailingwereawardedapenaltyanditwasdecidedthatalonsowouldtakethespotkickwhiledidafootballerborndidamilansacclaimedbraziliangoalkeepermanagedtosavethepenaltyalonsofiredthereboundintotheroofofthenetbringingthescoretoextratimepassedwithoutagoalfromeitherteamandliverpoolwoninthepenaltyshootoutalonsowaspraisedforhispivotalinfluenceontheteamscomebackandmanagerbentezreinforcedhisimportancetotheteamalonsowasecstaticwiththewincommentingthisisthebestmomentinmyprofessionalcareertheepicnightwasalsorecalledtobethemiracleofistanbulfacupwinneralonsowaseverpresentinthefirstteamintheliverpoolfcseasonseasonlargelyavoidinginjuriesthathadmarredhisfirstseasonattheclubthesummertransferwindowbroughtpetercrouchtoliverpoolandthestrikersheightsparkedaccusationsthattheteamwouldchangetolongballtacticscrouchdeniedthishighlightingthatalonsospassingabilityalongsidegerrardwoulddefineliverpoolsstyleofplayalonsofacedmorecompetitionforhisplaceintheformofnewarrivalmohamedsissokohoweverstevengerrardsinjuriesandrafaelbentezsfavouringofaformationassociationfootballformationensuredalonsosplaceintheteamalonsoappearedinallofliverpoolsgamesintheuefachampionsleaguechampionsleaguebutthedominanceshowninthepreviousseasonhadgoneastheteamlosttoslbenficabenficaintheuefachampionsleagueknockoutstageknockoutstageonjanuaryinanfacupthirdroundtieagainstlutontownfclutontownalonsoassistedliverpooltoacomebackvictoryafterbeingdownearlyinthesecondhalfalonsoscoredtwoimpressivegoalsfromdistanceonefromyardsandtheotheryardsfromgoalbehindtheassociationfootballpitchhalfwaylineconsequentlyalonsosgoalsmarkedastrokeofluckforaliverpoolfanwhowonfromabetonalonsoscoringfromwithinhisownhalfalonsosufferedanankleinjuryinaawayvictoryoverportsmouthfcportsmouthputtinghisparticipationinthefacupfinalfacupfinalindoubthoweverherecoveredsufficientlytostartthegameagainstwesthamunitedfcwesthamunitedandgerrardscoredliverpoolsthirdgoalfromalonsosfreekickpullingtheteamaheadoftheoppositionalonsostillaffectedbytheinjurycouldnotmanagetheentireminutesandwassubstitutedinthesecondhalfliverpoolwononpenaltieswithouthishelpbutalonsostillearnedhisfirstfacupwinnersmedalplayingforliverpoolinaprilonseptemberalonsoscoredwhatthebbcdescribedasanoutrageousstrikefromhisownhalfinapremiershipwinagainstnewcastleunitedfcnewcastleunitedonjunealonsosignedafiveyearcontractstatingiknewtherewasinterestfromotherclubsbutitwasalwaysmyideatostayhereihavebeenhereforthreeseasonsnowandhavesuchspecialfeelingsfortheclubandthesupportersiunderstandwhatliverpoolmeanstosomanypeopleitissuchaspecialclubandijustdidntwanttoleavetheseasonstartedwellforthespaniardgerrardsabsenceledtoalonsoplayinginamoreadvancedpositionandhescoredtwiceinaroutagainstpremierleaguenewcomersderbycountyfcderbycountythebrightbeginningwasshortlivedhoweverasaminorinjurysustainedinagameagainstportsmouthbecameaggravatedintrainingthemetatarsalinjuryforcedhimoutoftrainingforsixweeksbuthisreturntothefirstteamwasrushedandhisinjuryrecurredinhisfirstgamebackalonsosdeterminationandpassionprovedtobehisdownfallandhelaterreflectedihadbeenfeelingabittiredaroundthattimebecauseitwasonlymyfirstgamebackandthematchwasveryfastbutasaplayeryoudontwanttocomeoffparticularlywhentheteamiswinningandistayedonalonsoreturnedfrominjuryatdecemberbutoverthefollowingmonthsheincreasinglyfacedcompetitionforaplaceinmidfieldfromjaviermascheranoandlucasleivalucashisroleinliverpoolsfivemanmidfieldrolewasassuredhoweverasrafaelbentezregardedhimasatopclassplayerstatingthatalonsohadtheabilitytochangegamesandbreakdowntheoppositionsdefencealonsomadehisthleagueappearanceforliverpoolonjanuaryagainstmiddlesbroughfcmiddlesbroughthesummertransferwindowsuggestedamoveawayfrommerseysideasliverpoolpursuedenglandinternationalgarethbarrytoreplacealonsobythestartoftheseasonneitheralonsoorbarryhadmovedclubbutthedrawnouttransfersagahadleftthespaniardfeelingunsettledatliverpoolandunsureofhispositionintheteamhowevertheclubsfansdidmuchtorestorehisspiritssupportinghimonandoffthepitchandalonsorespondedtothissayingthefanscouldnthavedonemoretoshowmehowtheyfeltifiwentoutforlunchoracoffeetherewasalwayssomeonewhowouldcomeoverandsaywedloveyoutostayimjustgladthatintheendnothingcameofitthetransferbecauseitwasntsomethingieveraskedforrefnameadoptedsonrefdespitetheeventsofthesummeralonsomadeaconfidentstarttotheseasonandbothhispeersandthepresspraisedhisstrengthofcharactercitinghisinfluenceasafactorintheteamsstrongopeningtotheseasonalonsosimportancetotheteamwasfurtherunderlinedwhenhescoredtheonlygoalthroughadeflectioninavictoryagainstchelseamakingliverpoolthefirstawayteamtowinatstamfordbridgeinoverfouryearsstatisticalanalysisreflectedalonsosgoodformondecemberfiguresfromoptasportsrevealedthathewasthefirstpremierleagueplayertocompletesuccessfulpassesintheseasonhislastgoalforliverpoolcameintheirawaywinathullcityafchullcityonaprilstrikingafterhisfreekickdeflectedoffthehullwallrealmadridseasonalonsocompletedhisnbspmillionmovetorealmadridcfrealmadridonaugustithasbeensuggestedthatheneverwantedtoleavetheanfieldsidewithhiscontractexistinguntilatleastandthathisdeparturewasduetodifferenceswithbentezformerteammatestevengerrardsaidhewasdevastatedbyalonsosdecisionandcitedhisdepartureasoneofthereasonsbehindliverpoolspoorrunofformatthestartofthefollowingseasonalonsowasgiventhenumberjerseyinmadridandplayedinaholdingmidfieldpositionhescoredhisfirstgoalforhisnewteamonfebruaryapenaltyagainstvillarrealcfvillarrealinawinunlesshewasinjuredorsuspendedmanuelpellegrinistartedalonsoineverymatchofthechampionsleagueandinlaligainhisfirstseasonatrealmadridinlaligahehelpedtheclubfinishwithaclubrecordpointsthreepointsbehindwinnersbarcelonaitwasthethirdtimeinalonsoscareerthathehelpedhisteamsetanewclubrecordintermsofpointsgatheredwhilefinishinginsecondpositionheachievedthesamefeatwithrealsociedadinandwithliverpoolinduringhisfirstseasonatrealmadridalonsoscoredthreegoalsandwasconsideredoneoftheclubsmostconsistentplayersreadersofmarcanewspapermarcamadehimpartofitslaligateamoftheseasonastheirchoicedefensivemidfieldertheonlyotherrealmadridplayerfeaturedwascristianoronaldoalonsoreceivedthesameaccoladefromespnfcespnsoccernethewasalsoanomineeinthelfpawardsawardsgivenoutbytheligadeftbolprofesionalthespanishfootballleaguealonsowasnominatedinthebestmidfieldercategoryalongsidexaviandjavimartnezseveralmembersofthespanishpressaswellasanumberofrealmadridsupportersgavealonsoanewnicknameduringtheseasonlabarbarojatheredbeardseasonalonsossecondseasonatrealmadridstartedwiththearrivalofanewmanagerjosmourinhohewasgiventhenumberjerseyafterthedepartureofvicecaptaingutifootballergutihedidnotscoreanygoalsthatwholeseasonbutwasvitalwhilehebelievedthatrealmadridwouldwintheleaguetheclubonlymanagedtowinthecopadelreyseasonalonsobeganhisthirdseasonatmadridbyscoringthesecondgoalinadrawagainstbarcelonainthesupercopadeespaaatthesantiagobernabustadiumonseptemberheplayedhisthofficialgameforrealmadridinthedrawagainstracingdesantanderalonsocontinuedtobeanundisputedforceinthestartingxiandultimatelyclaimedthefirstleaguetitleofhiscareerladecimaonjanuaryalonsosignedacontractextensionwithrealmadridwhichwouldhavekepthimattheclubuntilonaprilrealmadriddefeatedfcbayernmunichbayernmunichinthesecondlegoftheirchampionsleaguesemifinaltoqualifyfortheuefachampionsleaguefinalfinalonaaggregatewinalonsoreceivedayellowcardafteraslidingtackleonbastianschweinsteigerinthefirsthalfashealreadyhadtwobeforethematchthisruledhimoutofthefinalheclaimedhissecondchampionsleaguewinnersmedalasrealdefeatedatlticomadridinextratimebayernmunichinonaugustalonsomovedtofcbayernmunichbayernmunichonatwoyeardealforanundisclosedfeehemadehisdebutthefollowingdaystartinginadrawatfcschalkeschalkeonseptemberinthematchagainstfcklnalonsobroketherecordformostpassescompletedinabundesligagamewithhescoredhisfirstgoalfortheclubonoctoberafreekickinawinoversvwerderbremenwerderbremenonfebruaryinhisthchampionsleagueappearancealonsowassentoffforasecondbookableoffenseinadrawagainstfcshakhtardonetskshakhtardonetskalonsowassuspendedforthereturnlegofthefixturewhichbayernwonalonsowouldgoontorecordhisfourthgoalanotherfreekickagainstfcportoportointhechampionsleaguequarterfinalbayernwouldgoontowinadvancingtothesemifinalsforafourthstraightseasononaggregateonaprilalonsowasoneoffourbayernplayersallfifaworldcupwinnerstomissinapenaltyshootoutdefeattoborussiadortmundinthedfbpokaldfbpokalsemifinalhewasalsotheonlyplayertomissastheclublosttheshootoutattheendofthedflsupercupawaytovflwolfsburghisattemptbeingsavedbygoalkeeperkoencasteelsondecemberalonsosignedanewcontractwithbayernkeepinghimattheclubuntilonmarchalonsoconfirmedviatwitterhisretirementfromthegameattheendoftheseasononmayalonsoandteammatebayerncaptainphilipplahmplayedtheirfinalprofessionalgameinavictoryathometofreiburginwhichheassistedtheopeninggoalforarjenrobbenhewassubstitutedoffinthendminuteforfranckribryitwashisthmatchinthegermantopflightinternationalcareeratuefaeuroeuroeuroalonsowasasubstituteinspainnationalfootballteamspainsvictoryagainstrussianationalfootballteamrussiaandplayedafullminutesagainstportugalnationalfootballteamportugalspainwereeliminatedinthegroupstageworldcupalonsowasnamedinthespanishsquadforthefifaworldcupandhescoredspainsfirstgoalofthetournamenthisfirstinternationalgoalagainstukrainenationalfootballteamukraineonjunedespiteasuccessfulfifaworldcupgrouphgroupphasewherespainwonalltheirgamesalonsodidnotachieveinternationalgloryastheteamwerebeatenbytheeventualfinalistsfrancenationalfootballteamfranceinthefirstfifaworldcupknockoutstageknockoutstageofthetournamenteuroliverpoolfcseasonliverpoolsseasonfinishedtrophylessbuttheopportunitytowinhonoursawaitedalonsointheformoftheuefaeuroeurotournamentalonsofeaturedmainlyasasubstitutebutwithkeyplayersrestinghecaptainedspaininthefinalgroupgameagainstgreecenationalfootballteamgreeceearningthemanofthematchawarddespiteastrongperformancehecouldnotattainastartingpositionintheteamhighlightingspainsstrengthindepthspainwentontowinthetournamentandhefeaturedinfourofspainssixmatchesrefnamespainstatsrefspeakingtospanishjournalistguillembalaguhesaidthatspainsvictorywasdeservedandtheplayersteamworkhadbeencrucialtotheteamsundefeatedruninthetournamentthebasquewasecstaticattheachievementdeclaringrightnowwerealljustlivingthemomentitsincredibleandwereallwalkingaroundinadreamitsfantasticalonsosinternationalsuccesscontinuedashescoredtwiceinawininafriendlyagainstdenmarknationalfootballteamdenmarkinaugustconfederationscupafterspainweresurprisinglyeliminatedfromthefifaconfederationscupbyadefeattotheunitedstatesmensnationalsoccerteamunitedstatesalonsoandspainfacedsouthafricanationalfootballteamsouthafricainthethirdplacematchafterminutesthegamewasdeadlockedatsoextratimewasaddedwherealonsoscoredafreekickintothebottomcornerofthegoaltohelpspainwinthirdworldcupalonsostartedeverygameforspainduringthefifaworldcuptournamentplayingalongsidesergiobusquetsandxaviinmidfieldandhelpinghissidetolifttheirfirsteverfifaworldcupworldcuptrophyinthethminuteofthefinalagainstthenetherlandsnationalfootballteamnetherlandshereceivedakungfustylekicktothechestfromdutchmidfieldernigeldejongthefoulwascontroversialsinceitappearedtobeafoulworthyofastraightredbutwasonlyruledouttobeayellowcardgivenbyrefereehowardwebbthisleftalonsoinpainandinfearofabrokenribdespitethispainhecontinuedplayingonforanotherhoureuroatuefaeuroonjunealonsoplayedhisthmatchforspaininthequarterfinalsagainstfranceinwhichhescoredbothgoalsinavictorythefirstgoalcameafterheheadedacrossfromtheleftflankdeliveredbyjordialbawhilethesecondonecamefromapenaltykickgivenafterpedrofootballerbornjulypedrowasfouledbyanthonyrveillreinthedyingsecondsofthematchalonsospenaltyinthesemifinalshootoutagainstportugalwassavedbyruipatrcioinwhichspainwentontowinafteradrawinthegameitselfspainwentontobeatgianluigibuffonanditalynationalfootballteamitalyinthefinalsthiswasalonsosthirdmajortitlewinwithspainworldcupspainwereagainamongstthefavouritesforcupvictoryinthefifaworldcupworldcupbuthadaverydisappointingcampaignthatendedinthefirstroundalonsoscoredapenaltyinthethminuteoftheirfirstmatchagainstthenetherlandsthoughhewassubstitutedinthendminutewithspaindownthematchultimatelyendedwitharesoundingwinforthenetherlandsspainthensufferedanotherdefeatthistimefallingtochilenationalfootballteamchileinthatmatchalonsoreceivedayellowcardinthefirsthalfandwassubstitutedathalftimewiththescorealreadyatspainweretheneliminatedfromthetournamentbutdidwintheirfinalmatchagainstaustralianationalsoccerteamaustraliaandfinishedthirdinthegroupalonsoplayedminutesinthematchalonsoretiredfrominternationalfootballonaugustbasquecountryalonsomadehisdebutforthebasquecountrynationalfootballteambasquecountrynationalteaminaexhibitiongamefriendlyagainstghananationalfootballteamghanaondecemberandreceivedregularcallupssincewhilenbspduetohisbusyclubschedulenbspnotalwaysbeingabletoappearmostrecentlyalonsoappearedforbasqueondecemberinavictoryoverbolivianationalfootballteamboliviastyleofplayacompleteconsistenthardworkingandversatilemidfielderalonsoiswidelyregardedasoneofthebestmidfieldersofhisgenerationandiseffectivebothcreativelyanddefensivelyduetohisheightpositioningandphysicalcharacteristicsxabialonsoisalsoeffectiveintheairoftencontributingwithheadedgoalsfromsetpieceswhenadvancingintomoreoffensivepositionsinadditiontohiscreativeattributesheisalsocapableofexcellingasamidfielderdefensivemidfielderdefensivemidfielderduetohisstrengthandpowerfulphysiquecombinedwithhistenacitytacticalintelligenceaggressivetacklingandhisabilitytoreadthegamehehasattimesbeencriticisedhoweverforoccasionallycommittingrashchallengesandforhistendencytolosehiscomposureandpickupunnecessarycardsforparticularlyhardfoulspersonallifealonsowasregardedasaquietandfriendlypersonbyhisformerteammatesatliverpoolheismarriedtonagorearanburuandthecouplehavethreechildrenjontxuaneandemmaalonsostayedinmerseysidetobeathersidewhileshegavebirthlatersayingitwasalittlefrustratingtomissthematchagainstintermilaninterbutihavetobewithmyfamilyattimeslikethesehisdecisiontoplacehisfamilyaheadofachampionsleaguetiecausedmuchfrictionwithformermanagerrafaelbentezonmarchtheyhadtheirsecondchildagirlnamedanealonsoaranburutheirthirdchildandseconddaughteremmaalonsoaranburuwasbornondecemberalonsoandformerarsenalplayermikelartetawereneighboursonthesamestreetwhilegrowingupinsansebastinandalsolivedneareachotherinliverpoolalonsoconvincedartetatotransfertoevertonafterhetoldhimhowhappyhewaslivinginliverpoolalonsoalsohelpedpersuadeformerrealsociedadteammatejuanugartetomakeamovetowalesbyjoiningwrexhamafcwrexhaminrefnamebigrefalonsosbrothermikelalonsomikelplaysforspanishclubrealuninhepreviouslyspentaseasononloanatboltonwanderersfcboltonwanderersinthepremierleagueseasonwithanoptionforapermanentdealhowevertheteamoptednottoextendtheloandealandhereturnedtospaintotrainwithxabialonsosformerclubrealsociedadalonsoalsohasanotherbrotherinvolvedinfootballjonwhoworksasarefereeassociationfootballrefereealonsoisameathgaameathgaelicfootballsupporterhisinterestintheirishsportstemsfromtheageofwhenhewenttotheirishtownofkellscountymeathandstayedwithafamilytolearnenglishlanguageenglishwhereheplayeditinhissparetimeevenwhileplayingatrealmadridalonsohasdeclaredhimselfaliverpoolsupporterandreturnstowatchgamesatanfieldwhenhisscheduleallowshewasquotedinthetimesthetimesonlineinassayingiamstillaliverpoolfanandwillbeforeverabsolutelyandthathewillraisehisliverpoolbornsonasaredsupporterpoliticsinxabialonsocriticisedthenprimeministeroftheunitedkingdomgordonbrownschancellorshipofgordonbrowneconomicpolicyinparticularthedevaluedpoundsterlingandthetaxratewarningthatithasweakenedenglishfootballandcoulddrivetopplayersawayfromtheukrefnametaxrefcareerstatisticsclubclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterrowspanclubrowspanseasoncolspanleaguecolspancupcolspanleaguecupcolspanuefaclubeuropecolspanothersupsupcolspantotalappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalsrowspanrealsociedadlaligacolspancolspanlaligacolspancolspanlaligacolspancolspanlaligacolspancolspanlaligacolspancolspantotalcolspancolspanrowspansdeibareibarloanrefnamenftstatsrefsegundadivisincolspancolspantotalcolspancolspanrowspanliverpoolfcliverpoolfapremierleaguecolspanfapremierleaguefapremierleaguepremierleaguecolspanpremierleaguecolspantotalrowspanrealmadridcfrealmadridlaligacolspancolspanlaligacolspancolspanlaligacolspanlaligacolspanlaligacolspanlaligacolspantotalcolspanrowspanfcbayernmunichbayernmunichbundesligacolspanbundesligacolspanbundesligacolspantotalcolspancolspancareertotalsupsupsmallincludesfifaclubworldcupfacommunityshieldsupercopadeespaaanddflsupercupsmallinternationalrefnamersssfrefnotewhenupdatingstatsupdatethetotalcolumnsandinfoboxtooclasswikitablestyletextaligncenternationalteamseasonappsgoalsrowspanspainnationalfootballteamspaincolspancareertotalsmallthematchagainstawayagainstequatorialguineanationalfootballteamequatorialguineainnovemberalthoughincludedinalonsoscapsisnotconsideredafullinternationalbyfifatoomanysubstitutionsbutitisofficialfortheroyalspanishfootballfederationrfefsmallinternationalgoalsscoresandresultslistspainsgoaltallyfirstclasswikitabledatevenueopponentscoreresultcompetitionjuneredbullarenaleipzigzentralstadionleipziggermanyaligncenteraligncenterfifaworldcupgrouphfifaworldcuprowspanaugustrowspanparkenstadiumcopenhagendenmarkrowspanaligncenterrowspanstyletextaligncenterrowspanexhibitiongamefriendlyaligncenteraprilalisamiyenstadiumistanbulturkeyaligncenteraligncenterfifaworldcupqualificationuefagroupfifaworldcupqualificationjuneroyalbafokengstadiumrustenburgsouthafricaaligncenteraligncenterfifaconfederationscuprowspannovemberrowspanvicentecaldernstadiummadridspainrowspanaligncenterrowspanstyletextaligncenterrowspanexhibitiongamefriendlyaligncentermaytivolineuinnsbruckaustriaaligncenteraligncenterexhibitiongamefriendlyjuneestadionuevacondominamurciaspainaligncenteraligncenterexhibitiongamefriendlyjuneestadiojosantonioanzoteguipuertolacruzvenezuelaaligncenteraligncenterexhibitiongamefriendlyauguststadiosannicolabariitalyaligncenteraligncenterexhibitiongamefriendlyoctobergeneraliarenapragueczechrepublicaligncenteraligncenteruefaeuroqualifyinggroupiuefaeuroqualificationmaystadedesuissebernswitzerlandaligncenteraligncenterexhibitiongamefriendlyrowspanjunerowspandonbassarenadonetskukrainerowspanaligncenterrowspanstyletextaligncenterrowspanuefaeuroaligncenterjuneitaipavaarenafontenovaarenafontenovasalvadorbahiasalvadorbrazilaligncenteraligncenterfifaworldcupgroupbfifaworldcuphonoursclubliverpoolrefnamesoccerwayreffacupfacupfacommunityshieldfacommunityshielduefachampionsleagueuefachampionsleagueuefasupercupuefasupercuprealmadridlaligalaligacopadelreycopadelreycopadelreysupercopadeespaasupercopadeespaauefachampionsleagueuefachampionsleaguebayernmunichbundesligabundesligabundesligabundesligadfbpokaldfbpokaldflsupercupdflsupercupinternationalspainfifaworldcupfifaworldcupuefaeuropeanchampionshipuefaeurouefaeuroindividualdonbalnawardspanishplayeroftheyearbbcgoalofthemonthnovemberfifprofifafifproworldxififafifproworldxififaballondorfifafifproworldxififaballondorfifafifproworldxififprofifafifproworldxififafifproworldxindteamfifprofifafifproworldxififafifproworldxirdteamfifprofifafifproworldxififafifproworldxithteamfifprofifafifproworldxififafifproworldxithteamlfpawardslaligabestmidfielderuefaeuropeanfootballchampionshipteamsofthetournamentuefaeuropeanchampionshipteamofthetournamentuefaeuroawardsuefachampionsleaguesquadoftheseasonuefachampionsleaguesquadoftheseasonbundesligateamoftheseasondecorationsroyalorderofsportsmeritgoldmedaloftheroyalorderofsportingmeritreferencesexternallinksrealmadridcomenfootballsquadxabieralonsoolanoprofileonrealmadridrealmadridcombdfutbolcomenpjhtmlcatselnationalteamdataatbdfutbolnewsbbccouksportsharedbsphifootballstatisticsplayersaalonsostmprofileatbbcsportnavboxescolourtitlespainsquadsbgdbdfgfbeaebordercolorblacklistnavboxescolourtitleawardsbggoldfgblackbordercolorblacklistredirectsouthossetiammparabellumstcenturyredirectcategoryshellndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyredirectndcenturyinfoboxcomicscharacterwikipediawikiprojectcomicsimagexcharacterjpgcaptionvariantcoverofxseptemberbrbygabrieledellottocharacternamexrealnamelaurakinneyspeciesmutantmarvelcomicshumanmutantclonegeneticsclonepublishermarvelcomicsfirstseriesxmenevolutionfirstepisodexfirstcomicnyxcomicsnyxfebruarycreatorscraigkylevoicedbyalliancesweaponxbrxmenbrnewxmenbravengersacademybrxforcebrthunderboltscomicsthunderboltsaliaseslauraxtaloncaptainuniversexwolverinepowerslistofsuperhumanfeaturesandabilitiesinfictionsuperhumansensessuperhumansenseslistofsuperhumanfeaturesandabilitiesinfictionsuperhumanreflexesreflexessuperhumanagilityagilityandanimallikeattributesacceleratedhealingandregenerativecapabilitiesextendedlistofsuperhumanfeaturesandabilitiesinfictionsuperhumanlongevitylongevityviaregenerativehealingfactoradamantiumplatedretractableclawsinhandsandfeetexpertarmedandunarmedcombatantlaurakinneyoriginallyknownasxandlaterthesecondknownwolverinecharacterwolverineisafictionalsuperheroappearinginamericancomicbookspublishedbymarvelcomicsmostcommonlyinassociationwiththexmenthecharacterwasoriginallycreatedbywritercraigkyleforthexmenevolutiontelevisionseriesinbeforedebutinginthenyxcomicsnyxcomicseriesinsincethenshehasheadlinedtwosixissueminiserieswrittenbykyleandchristopheryostaoneshotandselftitledserieswrittenbymarjorieliuandallnewwolverinebytomtaylorwritertomtaylorxisthecloningcloneddaughterofwolverinecharacterwolverinecreatedtobetheperfectkillingmachineforyearssheprovedherselfacapableassassinworkingforanorganizationcalledthefacilityaseriesoftragedieseventuallyledhertowolverineandthexmensheattendedschoolatthexmansionandeventuallybecameamemberofxforcelikewolverinexhasaregenerativehealingfactorandenhancedsensesspeedandreflexesshealsohasretractableadamantiumcoatedboneclawsinherhandsandfeetinthecharactersucceededherfatherinadoptingthenameandcostumeofwolverineintheseriesallnewwolverinethecharacterhasappearedinadaptationsincludinganimatedfilmandtvseriesandvideogamesshewasportrayedbydafnekeeninthefilmloganfilmloganhistorytheoriginaldesignoflaurakinneyxxfirstappearedinseasonepisodeofthexmenevolutionanimatedtelevisionseriestitledxvoicedbyandrealibmanshewaslatervoicedbybrittirvinintargetxxwascreatedbycraigkyleherevealedthatxwashisattempttomakeawolverinecharacterwolverinetoconnectmoretotheyoungerkidsaswhilexmenevolutionwasareinventionofthexmenmakingthecharactersteenagerswolverinewasoneoftheoldgrizzledguysthecharacterizationwentfortheoppositeofwolverinewhereinsteadofamanolderthanweknowwithnomemoryofhispastandthelifethathelostxwasayounggirlshackledtothemurdersshescommittedwhoseentireliferevolvedaroundtheprojectthatmadeherakillerkyleaddedthatthecharacterispinocchioformarvelcomicsshesasamuraiswordtryingtobecomeareallittlegirlheandchristopheryostwerethewritersofthetwoepisodesofxmenevolutioninwhichxappearsxandtargetxwithyoststatingthatkylehadallthebeatsofherorigininhisheadwhenicameonboardtransitiontocomicbooksandpublicationhistoryxscomicdebutwasinincomicsintheseriesnyxcomicsnyxwhereherhistoryandpastwereneverdivulgedbutherabilitieswereshowcasedinxherfirstminiseriesheroriginwasfullyexplainedshebecamepartofthexmensupportingcastinuncannyxmencraigkyleandchristopheryostalsoscriptedxinnocencelostasixissueminiseriesthatdetailsthecharactersoriginaswellasxtargetxasixissueminiseriesthatcoversthecharactersexperiencesbetweenheroriginstoryandherappearanceinnyxtheycontinuedtowritexintotheirrunsonnewxmenandxforceasamemberoftheteamsxstarredinanmonthlycomicbookseriesinwrittenbymarjorieliuonnovembermarvelannouncedthatthexcomicserieswouldendatissuexappearedasaregularcharacterinavengersacademyfromissuefebthroughitsfinalissuejanandalsoappearsinavengersarenaaseriesbydennishopelessandkevwalkerrefnameavengersarenareflaurajoinstheallnewxmenaftertheteamfindsherinfloridabeingchasedbypurifiersmarvelcomicsantimutantreligiouszealotsafterthesecretwarscomicbooksecretwarsstorylinelauraisrevealedtobeoneofthetwonewwolverinesintheallnewalldifferentmarvelcontinuityalongwitholdmanloganfictionalcharacterbiographyinnocencelostatopsecretprogramistaskedtoreplicatetheoriginalweaponxexperimentthatbondedadamantiumtotheskeletonofwolverinecharacterwolverinetheprojectistakeninanewdirectiondrmartinsutterrecruitsrenownedmutantgeneticistdrsarahkinneytodevelopacloneofwolverinealsoontheteamissuttersprotegezanderricedrzanderricewhowasraisedbysutterafterhisfatherwaskilledbytheoriginalweaponxsincetheonlygeneticsamplefromweaponxisdamagedkinneyisunabletosalvagetheychromosomeychromosomekinneyproposesthecreationofafemalegenetictwinherrequestisdeniedriceisopposedtotheideaafterfailedattemptsatreconstitutingthednausingaduplicatexchromosometherdsampleyieldsaviablesampletocombinewithanembryoalthoughkinneyisallowedtoproceedriceexactsrevengeforherinsubordinationbyforcinghertoactasthesurrogatemotherofthespecimenforninemonthskinneyseverymoveismonitoredfinallyshegivesbirthtoxrefnameinnocencelostxinnocencelosttradepaperbackcomicstradepaperbackmarvelcomicsreprintsxminiseriesmarchjulyrefaftersevenyearsricesubjectsxtoradiationpoisoninginordertoactivatehermutantgeneheextractsherclawscoatsthemwithadamantiumandreinsertsthembackintoherhandsandfeetaprocedureperformedwithoutaffordingthechildanyanestheticricecreatesatriggerscentthatdrivesxintoamurderousragewhenshedetectsitxisthentrainedtobeahiredassassinorderedtokillanyonenbspeveryonenbspforapricekinneysniecemeganisabductedbyaserialkillershesmugglesxoutofthefacilitytorescueherxtrackstheabductortohisapartmentkillshimandfreesmegankinneyisfiredwhenshereturnsandisescortedoffthebaseshortlythereafterriceassignsxtoeliminatesutterandhisfamilyheordershertokeepitsecretxrevealstosarahthatriceisresponsibleforthemurdersbeforekinneyleavesricerevealsachambercontainingtheincubationpodsforsubjectsxthroughxkinneydraftsalettertoherdaughterassigningherafinalmissiondestroythepodsandkillricexsucceedsandmeetshermotherandtheypreparetofleehoweverpriortohisdeathriceexposedkinneytothetriggerscentxgoesintoamurderousfrenzyandkillshermotherassheliesdyingkinneytellsxthathernameislauraandthatshelovesherandhandshertheletterandpicturesofprofessorxcharlesxavierwolverineandthexmansionxavierinstitutetargetxafterbeingarrestedbyshieldagentsxawakensboundandgaggedinthecompanyofcaptainamericaanddaredevilmarvelcomicscharactermattmurdockwhoproceedtointerrogateheraboutherpastxdescribeshowshetraveledtosanfranciscoandtrackeddownmegananddebbiehermotherssisterintroducingherselfassarahsdaughtershemovesinwiththemalthoughmeganexperiencesvividnightmaresofherabductionherfamilybelievesthesetobeutterfantasiesxinformsmeganthatthemaninhernightmareswasindeedrealandthatshekilledhimdebbiesboyfriendturnsouttobeanagentforthefacilitywhohasbeeninstructedtomanipulatexintokillingmegananddebbieusingthetriggerscenttheagentfumblestheassignmentbyspillingthetriggerscentonhimselfandiskilledbyxfacilityagentsstormthehouseledbythewomanwhoservedasxshandlerkimuracomicskimurakimurahadtreatedxharshlyinthefacilitypunishingherevenifthemissionswentaccordingtoplanxmanagestogetmegananddebbietosafetybyhandcuffingkimuratoaradiatorandthentriggeringanexplosioninthehousebuyingsometimeafterxandmeganpartxdecidestoconfrontthemanwhomadehercreationpossiblewolverinextrackswolverinetoxaviersmansionandengageshiminabattledefeatinghimusingtacticsandmaneuverabilityshedoesnotkillwolverineinsteadtellinghimwhyshecamewolverinerevealsthatheisawareofxsordealhavingreceivedadetailedletterfromhermotherthetalkisinterruptedwhencaptainamericacomestoarrestlauradespitethemayheminherpastmattmurdockacceptsxsinnocencecaptainamericawantsxtoatoneforthemurdersshehascommittedheultimatelyfreesxinordertoavoidshieldexploitingherastheirownweaponnyxxsurfacesinnewyorkcityandistakeninbyapimpnamedzebradaddysheworksasaprostitutewhocaterstosadomasochismsadomasochisticpatronsxcontinuestoselfinjurycutherselfwithherownclawsismostlymuteandprovesunabletofreeherselffromthegripofzebradaddyuponmeetingkidennixonayoungmutantwiththeabilitytofreezetimewhenindangerandtatianacabanamutantwhocantakeonthephysicalattributesofwhoeverandwhatevershecomesintocontactwithviatheirbloodxstartstocometohersensesalthoughsherunsawayfromzebradaddyhetracksherdownwiththeaidofhernewfoundfriendsandthemutantnamedbobbysoulzebradaddyandhisthugsaredefeatedxkillshimtosavethelivesofherfriendsxabandonshernewfriendsbuteventuallybumpsintothemonelasttimewhenonaninvestigationwithwolverinexmenxtakesajobasawaitressatthemutantthemedwannabeesnightclubinthedistrictxmutanttowndistrictofnewyorkshedefendsjadeparisidaughterofmobbossdonparisiagainstsomethugswhoberateherforhavingamutantboyfriendxkillssomeofthethugsandhelpsjadeescapeandgointohidingthedeathsinadvertentlyimplicatewolverinepromptinghisteammatestoinvestigatexattackswolverineonsightbutheeventuallycalmsherdownsheleadsthexmentoparisisdaughterafteraidingthexmenagainstparisismutantenforcergeechxfleesthescenethisencounterislaterrevealedtobepartiallyarrangedbetweenxandwolverineinorderforhertoencounterandallywiththexmenwithoutrevealingherpastshelaterreturnstohelpthexmensavevictimsofacaraccidentafterwhichsheisenrolledatthexmansionxavierinstituteandassignedaroomwithrachelsummersandkittyprydexbehavesprotectivelytowardswolverineobservinghimonthemansionssecuritymonitorsandevenattackinghisteammatebishopcomicsbishopafterhefloorswolverineduringatrainingsessionduringoneofhersessionsatthemansionsmonitorsananomalousenergyspikepromptsxtoinvestigatesheencountersspidermanatthesourceofthesignalmistakinghimforanenemysheattackshimthepairultimatelyteamuptosavetheyoungmutantgoldenchildcomicspaulpattersonfromanalternaterealityversionofironmanknownasironmaniacthearrivalofcaptainamericaandthesuperspyblackwidownatasharomanovablackwidowhelpturnthetidewithspidermanandxdestroyingironmaniacsequipmentusingtheirownversionoftheclassicfastballspecialxsecretlyfollowswolverineonhisinvestigationofstrangeactivityinthecanadianrockiesambushedbythehaukkaevolvedsauriansfromthesavagelandxmanagestoescapeandalertthexmentravelingtothesavagelandxandthexmenteamupwiththesavagelandslordkazarcomicskazarandhisalliesthesavagelandmutatestopreventthehaukkafromdestroyinghumancivilizationbyexertingcontrolovertheweathermanipulatingxmanstormmarvelcomicsstormcaptainuniversexisempoweredbythecosmicunipowertobecomecaptainuniverseshequicklylearnsthatadvancedideamechanicsaimisseekingtheunipowerinhopesofusingitagainsttheirenemiessheagreestohelptheunipowerandtravelswithashieldagentcalledthescorpioncarmillablackscorpiontoasecretaimhideouttheretheydiscoverinformationontheunipowerthatisbeingtransferredtoanotherfacilitythescorpionattemptstocopytheinformationbutisstoppedbyxthescorpionisthenorderedtotakeherintocustodybutcoversforherinsteadandallowsxtoescapeatthecloseoftheissuetheunipowerbidsfarewelltoxandpartswayswithherdecimationaftertheeventsofhouseofmanddecimationcomicsdecimationxwasoneofthefewmutantstoretainherpowersxhavingpreviouslylefttheinstituteoffpanelreturnstothexmansionatwolverinesinsistencelauradevelopsanattractiontowardsjuliankellerakahellionmarvelcomicshellionfollowingabombingattheschoolbyantimutantreligiouszealotwilliamstrykerreverendwilliamstrykerxconfrontsstrykerathiscompoundandkillsthreeofhispurifiersrescuinghercomradeswhensurgereceivesadistresscallfromforgecomicsforgexaccompaniesthenewxmenalthoughtheteamdisablesthenimrodunitxisgrievouslywoundedandisunabletohealherselfinordertosavexhellionconvincesemmafrosttounlockhistelekineticpotentialincreasinghispowersandthushisspeedtoalevelthoughtimpossiblebyanonesentinelguardthisallowsthemtoflybacktothemansionintimeforlauratobehealedbyelixircomicselixirmercuryfallingwhilelauraisbondingovercoffeewithmercurymarvelcomicscessilythecafeisattackedbykimuracomicskimuraandherminionswhointurncapturecessilyafterlaurareturnstotheschoolsheandhelliongoofftolocatethefacilityswhereaboutsxinterrogatesamanatgunpointanduponsecuringtheinformationshootshimintheheadhellioninformsherthatkillingwillnolongerbeapartoftheirinterrogationtechniquexandhellionmarvelcomicshellioninfiltratethefacilityandafteranencounterwithkimurathetwosoonfindcessilyinliquidformbarelyabletocomposeherselftheyareattackedbypredatorxmarvelcomicspredatorxwhohasabsorbedcessilysliquidmercuryskinxandhelliondecidetofallbackbutarepursuedbythepredatorsthegroupisonceagainambushedonlytoberescuedbytheastonishingxmenandnewxmenthetwoteamsturnthetablesontheattackersanddefeattheremainingfacilitytroopsduringtheshuffletheremainingpredatorescapessometimelateremmafrostfindskimuratryingtoassassinatexandconfrontshererasingtheonehappymomentinkimuraslifefromhermemoryandpsychicallysuggestingthatkimurasassignmentnowistohuntdowntheremainingmembersofthefacilityandkillthemmessiahcomplexduringthexmenmessiahcomplexmessiahcomplexstorylinecyclopsassemblesanewincarnationxforceteamthatincludeslaurawolverinewolfsbanecomicswolfsbanecalibancomicscalibanwarpathcomicswarpathandhepzibahcomicshepzibahduringtheteamsconfrontationwithladydeathstrikexnearlykillsdeathstrikeinrevengefordeathstrikesattackuponhellionxalsosaveswolverineslifebykillingscramblercomicsscramblerjustbeforehescrambledwolverineshealingfactorfollowingmessiahcomplexcyclopsformsablackopsincarnationofxforcetodealwiththreatspreemptivelyhedraftsxforthisteamthoughthisputshimintoconflictwithwolverinewhomhedidnotconsultonthisdecisionpriorwolverineasksxtoreconsiderthiswarningherofthelifesheisgivingupshouldshecontinueonthispathbutxultimatelydecidestotakeherplaceonthisteamherconflictwithwolverinerecursoverhisobservationthatsheisrecklesswiththelivesofothersmessiahwarinthestorylinemessiahwarthexmenmovedtosanfranciscowheretheyareacceptedasheroesbythemayorhavingrejectedthefiftystateinitiativexisfinallyreunitedwithkidennixonwhoherselfmakesherfirstappearanceoutsidethenyxcomicsnyxseriesthisfutureversionofkidenisrevealedtobeadisruptoroftimetraveltechnologywhichthreatenstotrapxforcecableandhopesummerscomicshopeinthiserawhilexagonizesoverwhethertokillkidendominofatallyshootskidenherselfinasubsequentstorylinexgoesbackintimetosavetabithasmithboomboomwhendominoandproudstarareneutralizedduringthecourseofthismissionxsleftarmisseveredfromherbodysheisrescuedbythexforceleadingintothenecroshastorylinewhichseesxreunitedwithherfriendsfromthenyxseriessecondcomingxisshowntobepartofcyclopsalpharosterinthecourseofthexmensecondcomingsecondcomingstoryarclauraalongwiththemostofxforceaccompanycableandcyphertothefutureinanattempttoshutdownthenimrodinvasionfollowingcyphersuccessfullyoverridingtheprogramminglauraattemptstoreturnthroughthetemporalportalonlytosustainhorrificinjuriestheportalpreventsanyorganicmattertravelingthroughitthisleadscabletosacrificehimselfallowinghistechnoorganicvirustooverwhelmhimforcingtheportalopenandmakingitpossiblefortheteamtoreturntoutopiainthefalloutofsecondcomingwolverinecutsxfromtheteamexplainingtoherthatafteralifetimeoffollowingordersfromotherssheneedstolearntomakeherownchoicesandfollowherownpathxsubsequentlytracksformerweaponxscientistdetlefmetzgerintendingtocapturehimbeforehecanperformexperimentsusingavialofwolverinesbloodinsteadmetzgeriskidnappedbyagroupofussoldierswhilexnoticesthatdakenhasbeenwatchinghersoloadventuresxvolthekillingdreamxbeginshavingapocalypticnightmaresinvolvingademonicwolverineaskinghertobehisrighthandinhellduetothisshesleepsoutsideasnottocauseanyalarmamongherroommatesarifthasarisenbetweenherandherformerteammateswhoarenowwaryofherduetoherhavingbeenapartofxforcetheonlyoneswhosidewithheraredustandhellionshepleasantlysurpriseshellionwhenshetellshimshehasmissedhimandthetwoshareabriefmomenthoweversurgesantagonizingoflauraforcescyclopstointervenehethentellshertovisitahalfwayhouseinsanfranciscoforformermutantswhoaretryingtolivenormallivesasshestepsintothebuildingshesuddenlyexperiencesavisionsimilartoherdreamswiththebuildingonfireandhersurroundedbydismemberedcorpsesaflashbackopeningthesecondchapterofthekillingdreamshowswolverineandxatathemeparkwhiletheyarepreparingfortherollercoastertolaunchwolverinestatesheisadoptingherashisdaughterwhenbroughtbacktothepresentthefirewasimpliedtobestartedbythedevilpossessingwolverinehemeetsxinthehospitalandseeminglykillshellionbeforedivingintohermindhetriestoconvincehertojoinhimashisqueeninhellxfindsherinnerlightandbanisheshimfromhermindsheawakestofindthatthereisbloodeverywherebutsheandhellionarefineshealsonoticesasymbolonherhandmarjorieliupromisesthatthesymbolwillbealongmysterysongsoftheorphanchildxbeginsherjourneytowardsselfdiscoveryxflankedbygambitencounteredayounggirlnamedaliceandwitnessherbeingmurderedhowevertheyencounteralicethenextdayverymuchaliveandwellencouragingthemtofollowhertoapeculiardesertlaboratoryaliceintroducesthemtoheremployerowneradoptivemotherclaudinemisssinisterrevealingherselfopenlytoxclaudineexplainsthataliceisalsoaclonefourthofaseriesoffivecreatedbyessexasanotherexperimentalongsideseveralotherchildrenthatliveinthecomplexshethenexpandsuponherownoriginsstatingthattheprocessofbecomingwhatsheisleftherwithvaguebutinvasivememoriesofessexslifeandthatasamalignantpresencewithinhermindheisslowlykillingherasameansofselfresurrectionheevenmanagestomanifestbrieflybeforebeingreabsorbedbackintoherclaudinethenincapacitatesgambitandstrapsxtoapeculiarchairstatingheraimtoswitchtheirbodiesthusinheritinglaurashealingfactorshehaswantedthehealingfactorsinceherstabbingandhopesitwillfreeherofessextheplanbackfireswhenessexinfactcontrolslaurasbodyanduseshertomortallywoundclaudineagainlauramanagestoovercomeessexspresenceinhermindexpellingitthroughforceofwilllauraaliceandgambitmanagetoescapethelaboratoryasitcollapsesandarrangeforthechildrentobegivennewhomesbeforesettingoffontheirjourneyagaininthewreckageleftbehindclaudineisstillbarelyaliveandisbeingwatchedoverbythefifthaliceclonethenewhostofessexcollisionduringthecollisionstorylinexandgambittraveltomadripoorinpursuitofmalcolmcolcordamanthatwantstorevivetheweaponxprogramthatcreatedwolverinetheypursuedakeninthebeliefthathecanleadthemtocolcordandlaterenlistthehelpofthecrimebosstygertigertoconcoctaplantoridmadripoorofbothcolcordanddakenbutafterafightbetweenxanddakenreachesastalematesheresolvesthatshedoesnotneeddakenshelpandislateristakencaptiverefnamexvrefdakenhelpstofreeherbecausehesaysheknewcolcordwouldwantxonceheknewcolcordwasrebuildingtheweaponxprogrambutallowedcolcordtocapturehertoseewhathecouldlearnthetwoarebadlyburnedbyabombdetonatedbycolcordbeforexandgambitdepartforparisinparisxandgambitpursuethepersoninpossessionofthetriggerscentthatsendsxintoaberserkrageandthednaofheranddakenwhengambitdiscoversthatxstillcausesbodilyharmtoherselfhecontactswolverinewhocounselsxaboutfillingherheartwithbettermemoriesgambitquestionswolverineaboutwhyhenevertreatedxwiththesamecompassionasjubileewolverineadmitsthathedidnotmaketherightdecisionswithxaproblemheintendstorectifyitforbothyoungwomenxandjubileesubsequentlybondovertheircommonexperiencesfollowinghertransformationintoavampirejublieehascometofeelthatthepeoplesheonceconsideredfriendsarenowafraidofherapainwithwhichxsympathizesbecauseshewasbornandraisedtobeakillerandfoundtransitioningtocivilitydifficultduringthestorylinejubileeassistswolverineandgambitintheirattemptstocalmxduringherbeserkerrageschaostheorywhilehavingadreamofamysterioussymbollaurawakesupinacabwithgambitinnewyorkthetwolatermeetwithceciliareyesasgambitwasbleedingfromhisgroinandxlefthiminceciliascarewhileshewenttosearchalexciminiforinformationafterfindinghiminalabintheuniversityphysicsdepartmentsheleavesunknowntoherabrightlightappearesinthelabalexwasinwhilewalkingonthestreetlauraseesthesamesymbolfromherdreamintheskyandonamananearthquakefollowsandthebuildingnearhercollapsesaslaurawashelpinganelderlywomancomedownfromabuildingspidermanappearsandhelpsbringthemdownlauraandspidermanlaterseethesymbolappearingintheskyatthesametimeandtheybothrealizethattheyhavebeendreamingofthesamesymbolafterthetwohelpsaveciviliansfromthecollapsedbuildinglauraandspidermanareapproachedbyreedrichardssusanstormandbengrimmthefuturefoundationthenbringlaurabacktothebaxterbuildingtorunsometestsanddiscoverthatsheisemittingthesameenergysignaturesthatwereresponsiblefortheearthquakelateradeviceshowsreedandvaleriathatlauraspidermanandsuewereallemittingthesameenergysignaturespidermanrealisesthattheenergyemittingfromthemisinvolvedwiththeunipowerthatchangesbeingsintocaptainuniversewhilediscussingthisvaleriaactivatesthedeviceandlauraspidermanandsuearetransportedtoanalienworldtheretheyareconfrontedbymonstrouswarriorsthecreaturesarerevealedtobethewhirldemonscreaturesimprisonedbyprincewayfinderwhoeventuallybecamethecaptainuniverseenigmaforceduringherconfrontationwiththewhirldemonkinglauralearnsthattheemblemonherhandisamarkassociatedwiththeenigmaforcemakingheritsultimateheirtoitspowershebondswiththeentityasecondtimetorepairthesealpreventingthedemonsfromescapingintotheworldagainrefnamexxmarvelcomicsrefmisadventuresinbabysittingxbabysitsreedandsusanschildrenfranklinandvaleriasheistryingtodecidewhatdirectiontotakeinherlifevaleriaandfranklinrichardsplaywithatemporalwindowthatunleashesadragonhellionappearsasallofthemaretransportedtoaspacejunkyardhellionfinallykissesxonlytoberejectedbyhersayingthatshenolongerhasfeelingsforhimjubileeappearstotellhertocomebacktoutopiasothatshecanmakeadecisionastowhatsideofthexmenschismschismshewantstobeonxgirlsnightoutxisaskedbywolverinetojoinhimsherepliesbyaskingifthereisanyotherchoicewhileshethinksaboutwhatchoiceshewillmakexgoesforawalkwithjubileeandasksherwhyshechosecyclopssidejubileetellshershechosetostaywithcyclopsbecauseasavampireshecanheartheheartbeatofeveryonearoundheranditmakesherhungryandwantstoeatthemxtellsherthatshewillnothurtthembutjubileetellsherthattheurgeisthereandthatsheneedstofightasmuchsheneedsbloodshecannotbewithwolverinebecausesheisafraidtoviolatehisnewphilosophyifyouareakidyoudonotfightandheseesherasakidjubileetellsxthatloganseesherthesamewaytheybothagreethatitsucksxsphoneringsastheothersneedananswerbuttheyignoreitandjubileetellsxtogoandhavesomefunanddancexexplainsthatshecannotdancebutjubileetellsheritdoesnotmatterbecausesheishotxtellshersheisnothothoweverastheygosomeonefollowsthemwhilejubileewasdancingxbecomesdistractedbylookingatsomeoneandrecognizedhimasthepersonwhotookoverzebradaddysoperationsheandjubileeattackhimandhismenandtakethegirlwhowaswithhimsincesheknewwheretheothergirlswereandhowtofreethemastheythinkaboutwhattodowiththegirlsbecausetheycannotjustcallthepolicetheblackwidownatasharomanovablackwidowandsomeshieldagentsappearandtakethegirlstohelpthemnatashaoffersxtocometotheavengersacademyandsheacceptsthenextdayshetellsloganwhathappenedandwolverinetellsherheisgoingtomissherandheissorryhecouldnotdobetterbyhershetellshimsheisgoingtomisshimtoothenshetakesamotorcycleanddrivestotheacademyavengersacademyfollowingthefearitselfcomicsfearitselfstorylinexappearsasoneofthestudentsatthenewavengersacademytheacademyseesshedoesnotneedanycombattrainingaftershefoughttigraaftersheintroducedherselftotheotherstudentssheexplainedtomettlethedifferencebetweenkillinganinnocentandkillingtoprotectaninnocenttellinghimthatheisnotapsychokillerandthattheycantalkmoreaboutitanothertimethismakeshazmatfeeljealousfinessebecamefriendswithxduetotheirlackofemotionfinessealsostoodbyxwhensheopposedthexmenlockingtheirstudentsontheacademygroundsduringavengersvsxmenhowevertheirfriendshiptookaturnfortheworsewhenjeremybriggstriedtoreleaseasuperhumancureafterbriggstookoutxandtriedtoacidburnherfinessegrabsxsarmsandfatallystabsbriggsintheradialandfemoralarteriesmakinghimbleedtodeathxfirstthoughtshekilledhimbutwhenshefindsoutitwasfinesseshewasfuriousxagreestokeepfinessessecretbutdeclarestheyarenolongerfriendsupsettingfinesseavengersarenaafteravengersvsxmenandtheconclusionofavengersacademyxwaspartofthestudentsabductedbyarcademarvelcomicsarcadeinavengersarenaarcadeturnsthemloosefornbspdaysinmurderworldtofightforsurvivalinaflashforwarditisshownthatonthepenultimatedaysheattackshazmatcomicshazmatandisbadlyburnedbuttheresultsareunknownastheflashforwardthenendstheacademystudentssetupcampandfaceoffagainsttherunawayswhenchasesteinchaseisframedbutxissoonseparatedfromreptilandhazmatwhenarcadecoversthegroupintriggerscentandreptilevacuateshazmatxthenfindsjustinandhelpshimstripdownhissentinelwhenapexkillsjustinandtakeshissentinelxgoestotrackthemandgetthembackafternearlybeingkilledbyapexcomicsapexarcadeunleashestriggerscentonallofmurderworldtosendxinaberserkerrageatwhichpointsheinjureshazmatasseenintheflashforwardcullenturnsintoagiantmonsterandfightsxdefeatingherandpoweringherdownfromherrageafterthatxcontinuestoinjurehazmatuntilanachronismcomicsanachronismstepsinangryovernarasdeathandholdingxresponsibleattackingxandinadvertentlysavinghazmatbythispointmostofxsbodyisbadlyburnedwithradiationandsheisstillinthisstatewhenthecompetitionendsandnicominorunicochasesteinchasecammicomicscammideathlocketandanachronismcallhankpymabigailbrandmariahillcaptainbritainandwolverinetopickupthekidsxisloadedontoashieldhelicopterandistakenawaytopartsunknownendingheraffiliationwiththeavengersacademyallnewxmenunliketheotherarenasurvivorsxdidnotjointhegroupinavengersundercoverinfiltratingthemastersofevilaftertheeventsofavengersarenaxisfoundbykittyprydeandthetimedisplacedoriginalxmensheisamnesiacandbeinghuntedbythepurifierscomicspurifiersafterbeingfoundbykittylaurawastakentotheirbasetorecoverwhenlaurawakesupwithhermemoriesnowreturningattheformerweaponxfacilitysheimmediatelytriestoescapeteencyclopsgoestotalktoherwhilehesgoneteenjeanmentionstotheteamthatteencyclopsfancieslauraaslauramakesitoutsideshesmetbyteencyclopswhowaswaitingforherteencyclopstriestocalmherdownbutlauraonlyceaseshostilityaftergettingteencyclopsscentandfiguringoutthatteencyclopsiswhohesaysheisthetwotalkwithxtellinghimthatshedoesntwanttotalkaboutherpastorwhathappenedtohersuddenlyteencyclopsawkwardlyhugsherwhenshewasdistractedandlookingsadbecausehethoughtsheneededahuglauratellshimthatshedoesntdohugsespeciallynotwithanaudienceaskittyteenjeanandteenbeastwerewatchingthemteenjeanexpressedaveryconflictedlookuponherfaceduetothehugandhavingreadpartoflaurasmindthussheknowswhathappenedinavengersarenalaurathanksthemforhelpingherandsuggeststheytakethefighttothepurifiersbutinorderforhertotrackthemdowntheyllhavetoreturnhertowheretheyfoundheruponfindingthepurifierbasetheyimmediatelysetouttoattackthemhoweverthefightdoesntgowellandtheentireteamisknockedunconsciousbystrykerjrwhenteenjeanlearnstoolatethatstrykerjrhaspowersofhisownxisalsowiththeallnewxmenwhenteenjeanisabductedbytheshiarandthexmenteamupwiththeguardiansofthegalaxyteamguardiansofthegalaxytosaveherlatersheisattackedbyrazewhodisguiseshimselfashertoinfiltratecyclopssbaseshesubsequentlybeginstodatetheyoungerangelandmeetsjimmyhudsonthesonofthewolverineoftheultimatemarveluniversewhentheteamaretransferredintotheultimateuniversebyaccidentsheandtheallnewxmenteamupagainwiththeguardiansofthegalaxyteamguardiansofthegalaxyinsearchoftheblackvortexduringwhichangelsubmitshimselftothevortexandalmostdiesbutinsteadisgrantedgoldenlightwingssheaskshimwhyheendangeredhimselfandhetellsherthathewantedtochangehimselfsohewontturnintoarchangelandthathecanstayhimselfforeversinceheisinlovewithherallnewwolverineinjuneitwasannouncedthatfollowingthatyearssecretwarscomicbooksecretwarsstorylinexwouldtakeonthewolverinemantleasthemaincharacterintheseriesallnewwolverinebywritertomtaylorwritertomtaylorandartistdavidlpezartistdavidlpezandwearingacostumeresemblingwolverinestheseriesopensapproximatelyeightmonthsaftersecretwarsandrevealsthatherhealingfactorisworkingnormallyagainafterhavingbeendrainedbysiphoninthenexusofallrealitiesxvolinjulylauraisscheduledtoreturnhertooriginalmonikerinafourthvolumeofxbywritermarikotamakiandartistjuanncabaltamakisaidthisisastoryaboutbeingintheveryweirdkindoffamilythatsomeonelikelauraxfindsherselfinitsaboutwhatitmeanstowrestlewithlegacyandidentitywhenyouwerecreatedtobeaweaponandnotsomeonewithabirthdayandasisterpowersandabilitiesxisafemaleclonecreatedfromwolverinesgeneticmaterialconsequentlyhermutantpowersaresimilartohislikewolverinexsprimarymutantabilityisanacceleratedhealingfactorthatallowshertoregeneratedamagedordestroyedtissueswithfargreaterspeedefficiencyandfinalitythanwolverineinjuriessuchasgunshotwoundsslashesandpuncturewoundscompletelyhealwithinamatterofsecondsshehasalsobeenshowntobeabletoreattachlimbsforexampleshereattachedherhandinsecondsaftersheseveredittoescapetherestraintsplacedonherbykimuracomicskimurarefnamextargetxxtargetxmarvelcomicsreftheeffectsofheracceleratedhealingpowersextendtoherbodysimmunesystemrenderingherimmunetodiseaseandinfectionsheisalsoimmunetomostdrugsandtoxinsalthoughshecanbeaffectedbycertaindrugsifgivensufficientdosagebiologicalimmortalitygiventheregenerativenatureofhercellssheispotentiallyimmortaljustlikeherfatherxsmutanthealingfactorheightenedherphysicalsensesspeedagilityreflexesreactionscoordinationbalanceandendurancetosuperhumanlevelslikewolverinexpossessesretractableclawssheathedwithinherforearmsshereleasestheclawsthroughthetissueofherknucklesleavingsmallwoundswhicharehealedbyherhealingfactorunlikewolverinehoweverxhasonlytwoclawsperhandwhichareherprimaryweaponsofoffenceshealsopossessesasingleretractableclawhousedwithineachfootwhichshetendstousefordefensetheseclawsareactuallymadeofboneandwereforcefullyextractedbyzanderricesharpenedcoatedwithadamantiumandreinsertedintoherbodyalsounlikewolverinexescapedbeforetheproceduretofuseherentireskeletonwithadamantiumcouldbeperformedsincetheclawsarelacedwithadamantiumtheyarevirtuallyunbreakableandarecapableofcuttingalmostanysubstancetheknownexceptionsareadamantiumitselfkimurasskinandvibraniuminadditiontoherowninnatepowersandskillsxhastwicebeenthehostoftheenigmaforceprovidingherwithmanyspecialabilitiesparticulartotheentitysheisthefirstmutanttobechosenbytheentityasitshostaswellasbeingoneofahandfulofindividualstodosomorethanonceattheendoftheirsecondencountertheenigmaforcenamedxastheheirtoitspowerthispermanentassociationwasfirstindicatedbyamarkappearingonthepalmofherrighthandattheconclusionofthekillingdreamarcofhersoloseriesspecialskillsbornandraisedincaptivityxhasbeentrainedtobecomealivingweaponsheishighlytrainedintheuseoflongrangeweaponsandexplosivesandisaformidablehandtohandcombatantwithintensivetraininginnumerousarmedandunarmedmartialartstechniquesshehasalsobeensubjectedtoconditioninginwhichaspecifictriggerscenthasbeenusedtosendherintoaberserkerragekillinganythinginsightemmafrostisunsureifthiswilleverbefullysuppressedsheisalsohighlyeducatedandsofarhasdisplayedfluencyinfrenchlanguagefrenchandjapaneselanguagejapanesewhilezanderriceoncedescribedherintellectasbeingoffthechartspersonalityxisverytaciturnandintrospectiondisambiguationintrospectiverarelyutteringmorethanonesentenceortwoatatimebecauseshegrewupinacontrolledenvironmentshespeaksusingperfectgrammarrarelyusingslangshealsoengagesinselfinjurycuttingherselfwithherownclawsthisissomethingshehasdonesinceaveryyoungagexisahighlytrainedandskilledcombatantsheisabletokilldozensofheavilyarmedopponentsduringasingleencounterxsmotherdrsarahkinneydidherbesttoensurethechildretainedsomesemblanceofhumanityxrarelyspokeorexpressedmuchinterestinhermotherwhowasforcedtorejectanyemotionaladvancethegirlmightmakesuchaslayingherheadinhermotherslapbecauseofthefacilitydespitetheupbringingxreceivedshehasalwaysshownsignsofhumanityinoneparticularmissionwhenxwasassignedtoassassinatemartinsutterandhisfamilyshekilledsutterandhiswifewithouthesitationbutshesparedtheiryoungsonhenryxseemedtohavetakenupabetterdispositionsincejoiningthenewxmenshebecameastudentatthexavierinstitutefoundfriendsindustandmercuryanddevelopedapparentromanticfeelingstowardshellionbeingacentralpartofateamhelpedheradjusttotheworldhowevershestillretainsthecoldnononsenseattitudeevidentinthemercuryfallingstorylinewhichalongwiththechildrenofxmenstorylinedepictlauraashavingtroublecomprehendingandexpressingthemanynewemotionsshehasbeenexperiencingfortheveryfirsttimewhenblackheartforceshertofaceherfearsembodiedinasingleperfectadversaryherfearstaketheformofxastereotypicalcheerleaderwithmurderousintentionsxthenexplainedhowshewasmeanttobethethinglackingtolauratobetrulyhumanwhileeveryhumanisnuancedpossessingadarksideandaninnerselfrarelyshowntootherslaurasupbringingleftherutterlybidimensionaldrivenandapparentlylackinganyotherpersonalitytraitbeyondtheonesshesalreadyshowingunabletogrowfurtheraspersonrelationshipswolverinebeingclonedfromwolverinecharacterwolverinesdnaloganistheclosestthinglaurahastoafatherthepairtalkandinteractwitheachotherinwaysthatareconsistentwithafatherdaughterrelationshipeventhoughinnewxmenloganintroducedhertothestudentsashissisterloganactsprotectivetowardslauraandseemstohaveherwellbeingatheartsuchaswhenheopenlyvoicedhisdisapprovalofcyclopsputtingheronxforcehehoweverdidnotforcehertoleavethoughhetoldgambitthathethinksheshouldhavewhenthepairfirstmeetloganofferstohelpherstartoveratthexavierinstituteandsaysthatheknowsbetterthananyonewhatsheisgoingthroughinthexsoloseriesloganmakesplanstoadoptlauraashisdaughterdespitesomebumpshereandtherethetwohaveastrongfamilialrelationshipwithoneanotherafterlogansdeathlauraofficiallyadoptshiscodenameofwolverinetohonorhismemorysarahkinneysarahwasthefirstonetoshowxanysortofaffectioninspiteofherordersfromthefacilitytonottreatherlikeachildsarahwouldfrequentlyreadherpinocchioasachildandshowedconcernwhenshenoticedthecutslaurainflictedonherselfittooklaurasparingthelifeofhenrysutterforsarahtorealizethatshewasjustasguiltyofusinglauraastherestofthefacilitywasdecidingtomakethingsrightsarahhatchedaplantoescapewithlauradestroythefacilitysworkandstartoverwithherhoweverthankstozanderricelacingthetriggerscentonhersarahwaskilledbylaurawithherdyingbreathssarahtellsxhernameislaurasarahsfinalthoughtswereleftinalettertolauradetailingherguiltthatshewaslaurasmotherandtherealizationthatshehadcometolovehersarahsdeathremainstothisdaythelifethatlauraregretstakingthemostmegankinneylaurascousinonhermotherssideafterescapingfromthefacilitylauramovedinwithsarahssisterdebbieandherdaughtermeganforatimethetwoconnectedandmeganevenadmittedtolaurabeingherbestfriendhoweverwhenfacilityagentscametotakelaurabacklaurahelpedthemescapeandmakenewidentitiessothattheycouldhidelauraandmeganthenwenttheirseparatewaysandhavenotheardfromeachothersincethoughmeganremainsoneofthepeopleclosesttolaurasheartinthethissueofallnewwolverineafterkillingkimurabydrowningherlaurafindsmeganshideoutandsaystheymegananddebbiedonthavetohideanymorekidennixonahomelessmutantfromnewyorkcitylauraandkidenmeteachotherwhenlaurawasaprostituteunderthepimpzebradaddykidenhelpedlauratoescapefromherlifeasaprostituteandquicklybefriendedherthoughatthispointlaurahaddifficultyspeakinglaurarecountsinthexoneshotthatkidenandherfriendsdidnotknoworcarethatshewasaweapontothemlaurawastheirfriendandpartoftheirganglaurapartswayswiththemattheendoftheoneshotreturningwithwolverinetheyleaveongoodtermsandkidensaysthatlaurawillalwayshaveaplacewiththemhellionthefirstboythatlauraformedacrushonatfirsthellionmarvelcomicshellionwashostiletowardsherbutduringthemercuryrisingarcthetwogrewclosermercurymarvelcomicsmercurymanagedtopickuponlaurasfeelingstowardshimthoughshedidnotgetlauratoadmittoitovertimehellionjulianbegantofeelthesamewaythoughtheirrelationshipnevermanagedtogetmuchfurtherwhenjulianlosthishandsduringsecondcominglaurastayedbyhimwatchinghimrecoverafterthemisadventuresinbabysittingarclauraendedthingsbetweenherandjuliansayingthatshenolongerfeltthesamewaytowardshimlauraandhellionsrelationshipcanbeseenasreminiscentoftherelationshipbetweenwolverineandjeangreygambitgambitcomicsgambittraveledwithlauraduringthexsoloseriesthetwobecamefriendsandlookedoutforoneanotherasgambithelpedhertocopewiththechangesinherlifeaswellasgivingherhelpfullifeadviceheaffectionatelyreferredtoheraspetiteandevenmanagedtogethertocalmdownfromatriggerscentinducedragegambitscoldedloganfornotprotectinglaurathewayheprotectedjubileecomicsjubileetowhichloganadmittedtohisfailingsaslaurasfathergambitalsowentontoremarkthatlaurawhiledamagedwasfarfrombeingbrokencontrarytoeveryonesperceptionsofheriflaurawastrulybrokenshewouldnotbetryingtochangeloganlateronthankedgambitforsucceedingwithlaurawherehefailedwhenlauralefttojointotheavengersacademysheandgambitsharedagoodbyehugandhetoldherwherevershewentshewasnotalonejubileeduringthetouchingdarknessarcofthexseriesgambithadwolverinecomebytohelplauraloganhadbroughtjubileecomicsjubileewithhimandlauraattackedheronsightduetoherbeingavampirethoughaftergettingsomespacebetweenthetwogirlsthingsmanagedtocalmdownlaurahadsomejealousytowardsjubileefromthexoneshotaslogantreatedhermorelikeadaughterthanhedidherlauratriedtobaitjubileeintokillingherbyslicingherneckopenandcountingonherbloodlustthoughjubileemanagedtostopherselfafterwitnessingoneoflaurasmemoriesaftertalkingthingsoutthetworealizedhowmuchaliketheywereandbecamefriendsdakenloganwolverinessonandtheclosestthinglaurahastoabrotherdakenistoxwhatsabretoothcomicssabretoothistowolverineheroppositeeventhoughlauraadmitsthatsheanddakenarerelatedbybloodthetwoarenotfamilylaurahadfoughtwithdakenwhenthedarkavengersundernormanosborninvadedutopiatheydidnottrulymeetuntillauraandgambitcametomadripoorlookingtotrackdownmalcolmcolcordatfirstdakendoesnotbelievethatsheisacloneofhisfatheruntillaurarevealsherclawsdakenberatesherforcomingtomadripoorandremarksthattheyarenothingalikethetwosquareoffuntildakendecidestoofferhisassistancewhichlaurarejectswhendakenconfrontscolcordabouthisplanstorestartweaponxherevealshissubterfugeatleadingxandgambittocolcordthoughthisturnsoutbearuseaswellasheincapacitatesgambitandhelpscolcordcapturelauradakenlearnsaboutlauraspastfromcolcordandassistsinherescapefromhercellheremarksthatlauraisaconstructtowhichlauraretortsthatheisjustlikeherjustlikethefacilitymadelauraintoaweaponsodidromulusdotodakentowhichherespondsthatheownshisownfatethetwothenenterabriefmutualalliancetodestroycolcordsnewprojectbeforetheypartwaysdakenaskslaurawhyshedoesnotseekpowerwhenshecouldeasilyhaveitlauraremarksthatwhatshehastoprovehasnothingtodowithpowerandthenasksdakenwhyheseeksmorepowerwhenhealreadyhasitdakenremarksthatpowerisallhehaslaurasencounterwithdakenmakesherrealizethatsheownsherfateandcandowithitwhatshewantsdakendoesnotseemtohavethesamehatetowardslaurathathedoeswithloganandbythetimeoflaterseriessuchaswolverinesheevenbeginstodemonstrateaffectiontowardsherangelpriortothesecretwarscomicbooksecretwarsstorylinelaurabeganarelationshipwiththetimedisplacedteenagedwarrenworthingtoniiiwhichpersistedaftershetookonthewolverinecodenamehoweverwarrenclashedwithherseveraltimesaboutherincreasingrecklessnessfollowingabrutalbeatingshereceivedfromblobcomicsblobhedecidedtoendtherelationshiptomakeapointabouttheunnecessaryrisksshewastakingthetwohoweverreconciledafterhavingcometounderstandeachothersfeelingspsylockelauraandpsylockebecamequitefriendlywitheachotherontheirfirstmeetinginuncannyxmenshortlyafterpsylockecamebacktolifebothgirlsseemedtoshareanenjoymentinfightinginoneinstancelaurawasknockedoutwhilepsylockecontinueduponawakeninglaurasawalltheenemieshaddisappearedandwhensheaskedpsylockewhathappenedbetsyjokedthatsheatethemtowhichlaurareplieditwascoolanothersharedmomentwaswhenbetsyandlauradiscussedhercomingbacktolifewhichlauradidntseeasuniquesincesheherselfhaddiedrepeatedlywhenshewasexperimentedontotestherhealingfactorbutshealwaysgotbetterwhenpsylockeaskedhowthatmadeherfeellaurasmiledandsaidshekilledthemandtheydidntgetbetterbetsythensmiledandwrappedherarmaroundlaurasshouldersayingshehadsomeverydefinitepossibilitiestherehavealsobeenimagesoflauraimitatingbetsyincludingbraidingherhairandmimickingherposesgabbykinneyinthefirstarcofallnewwolverinelaurabecameawareofagroupofclonesofherallbutoneofthecloneswaskilledastheytriedtoescapetheircreatorsthesurvivorgabbywastakeninbylauraandonoccasionsharesinheradventuresgabbypossessesregenerativepowerswhichdonothealherfacialscarringandcanextendasingleclawsheeventuallyadoptedthesuperherocodenamehoneybadgerotherversionsxmentheendinthefuturepresentedinthexmentheendseriesofbooksxisanadultandaprominentmemberofthexmenandthextremesanctionsexecutivexsexmcomicsmandicemancomicsicemanaresenttohongkongtolocateandcapturetherenegadexsemembersagecomicssagehoweversageusesherconsiderableespionageskillstoambushxattachingamysteriouscollartoherneckthattemporarilyoverwhelmsxsageremovesthecollarandattemptstofleejustasicemanarrivesandfreezesheriniceallowingthegrouptosafelytakeherintocustodyxrachelsummersmarvelgirlmandwolverinearesentbycyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopstolocatethewhereaboutsofmistersinistergambitcomicsgambitandthemissingsummersandlebeauchildrenthegroupfindssinistershiddenbasebutareimmediatelyimmobilizedbyanattackfromtheladiesmastermindtheteammembersliveoutfantasyexistencesuntilwolverinebreaksthemfreeofthemindcontrolchargingdeeperintothebasethegroupfightsagainstsinistersmarauderscomicsmarauderstosavethechildrenlaterxandthexmentraveltoshiarspaceandamassivebattleensuessheisoneoftheveryfewxmenwhosurviveandisseenattendingtokittyprydesspeechattheendofthestoryseexmentheendstrangelyshenotonlyappearstohaveanadamantiumskeletonbuthermuscletissueappearroboticortechnoorganicinthisrealityitisshownthatsheisinlovewithfantomexanditisrevealedduringanillusioncausedbytheladiesmastermindthatherdreamisforthemtobemarriedasanormalsuburbancouplewithadaughterageofapocalypseaversionofxisrevealedtoexistinthealternatetimelineofminiseriesageofapocalypselimitedseriesxmenageofapocalypsewhogoesbythenamekirikashewasfoundinoneofmistersinisterslabsafteritwasliberatedbymagnetocomicsmagnetoattheendoftheminiseriesitwasrevealedthatshewasthedaughterofalternativeversionsofwolverineageofapocalypseweaponxwolverineandmarikoyashidaunlikeherearthcounterpartshehasthreeclawsonherhandshavingbeengraftedonbymagnetoatherrequestsheiskilledduringtheeventsofthedarkangelsagabythenowcrazedaoaversionofwolverineasherteamandxforcefromearthtrytofreegatewaycomicsgatewaymarvelteamupleagueoflosersxfeaturesinanarcofrobertkirkmansmarvelteamupvolfeaturingagroupofclistheroesdubbedtheleagueoflosersagroupofheroesincludingxdarkhawkcloakanddaggercomicsdaggeranyacorazonaraagravitycomicsgravitysleepwalkercomicssleepwalkerrobbiebaldwinspeedballandterrorincterroralthougharaadiesalongthewaygotothefuturetopreventthevillainchronokfromstealingmisterfantasticreedrichardstimemachinechronokcametothepresentafteralreadyhavingkilledallofmarvelsmajorheroesitisrevealedchronokisfromthesametimeperiodaskirkmansmutantthegroupstayswithhimandhismentorreedrichardstowaitforchronokandduringthistimexsparksarelationshipwithgravitytheydefeatchronokbutattheendofthestoryrichardsrevealstheycannotgobacktotheirpresentduetotimetravelandalternatetimelinesthegroupdecidestostayinthefuturesatisfiedwiththeimpacttheymadehoweverunnoticedmutantsuggestsreformingtheavengerscomicsavengersorthefantasticnineduetothemarveluniversesgrandfatherparadoxparalleluniversesresolutionmethodforresolvingtimetravelparadoxesthisstoryoccurredinanalternateuniverseinothermediatelevisionxfirstappearedinseasonepisodeofthexmenevolutionanimatedtelevisionseriestitledxvoicedbyandrealibmanshewaslatervoicedbybrittirvinintargetxxappearsinwolverineandthexmentvserieswolverineandthexmenvoicedbytarastrongintheepisodestolenlivesxisdepictedasmuteandharboringadesiretofightwolverineinepisodesduringthescenesinthefuturefourclonesofxwhoassistwolverineandprofessorxagainstthesentinelswolverineapparentlyfoundthemfrozeninaweaponxfacilityxisbrieflymentionedinthesuperherosquadshowepisodedoublenegationattheworldsendshelatermadeanonspeakingappearanceintheepisodetoomanywolverinesasafemalewolverineclonecreatedbyeggheadfilminthedirecttovideoanimatedfilmhulkvshulkvswolverinexappearsasaninfantinacameoappearanceamonghundredsofclonesintheweaponxresearchfacilitylauraxisportrayedbydafnekeeninthetenthentryofthexmenfilmseriesxmenfilmfranchiseloganfilmlogandirectedbyjamesmangoldinfebruaryproducersimonkinbergstatedthatthepostcreditssceneofxmenapocalypseinwhichmistersinisteressexcorporationacquireswolverinecharacterjamesloganhowlettwolverinesbloodcorrelateswithhowtransigeneventuallyacquireshisdnaandbeginscreatingclonesforuseasweaponslauraisdepictedasanyearoldgirlwhowascreatedfromlogansdnathusmakingherlogansbiologicaldaughterasaresultsheinheritedlogansboneclawsandadvancedhealingabilityshewasoneofseveralmutantmarvelcomicsmutantchildrenwhohadbeenslatedforterminationwhentransigencreatedxanadultdoubleofwolverinethathasbeenprogrammedtobeloyaltotransigenhoweveratransigennursegabrielahelpedherescapeevenathertenderagesheisalreadyaveryformidablefighteronseveraloccasionsshesinglehandedlyfacedoffawholedetachmentofreaverswithloganshelpsheeventuallymadeherwaytoaremotelocationontheborderbetweentheunitedstatesvianorthdakotaandcanadaescapingacrosstheborderalthoughloganiskilledinbattlewithxwhenhedeliberatelyoverdosesonadrugdesignedtostimulatehisweakeninghealingfactorsothathecanfightonelasttimejamesmangoldhasstatedthathewouldliketoseexappearinfuturexmenfilmsandthathewouldliketobeinvolvedinonewayoranothershouldthathappenkinberghasalsostatedthatthestudiosplansforfuturemoviesdoinfactincludexonoctobermangoldconfirmedinaninterviewwiththehollywoodreporterthatascriptforanxspinoffmovieisintheworksstatingwerejustworkingonascripthehadalsocitedthesuccessofwarnerbrosanddccomicsdcfilmswonderwomanfilmwonderwomanasthcenturyfoxsinspirationitwasthenannouncedthatxcreatorcraigkylewouldbeinvolvedinthesolospinoffalongsidemangoldvideogamesxappearsinthegameboyadvanceversionofxmentheofficialgameasabosssheappearsinthealkalilakefacilityandrunsintothexmeninthesameroominwhichwolverineandladydeathstrikedueledinthefeaturefilmxfilmxthisversionofxhasnomemoryofherpastandistheretryingtorememberwhosheisshemistakesthexmensintentionsoftryingtohelpastryingtokidnapheraftersheisdefeatedwolverinedeclaresthatxwillbefineonherownandtheypartwaysfriendlyitisunknownifthisversionofxhasjustherclawsimbuedwithadamantiumorchangedtohaveherentireskeletonlacedsimilartoladydeathstrikexappearsinmarvelvscapcomfateoftwoworldsandultimatemarvelvscapcomasaplayablecharactertarastrongreprisesherroleasthevoiceoverforhercharacterinthesegamesheralternatedlccostumeisheroriginaloutfitfromxmenevolutionxappearsasanunlockablecharacterinmarvelavengersallianceseveralxcardsarefeaturedinmarvelwarofheroesatradingcardroleplayingvideogamerpgformobiledevicesthexandclonedeliminatorxcardsincorrectlyplaceherinthevillainfactionbutthenewerweaponxcorrectlyclassifiesherasasuperheroxmakesaminorappearanceintheartworkofwolverinestableinmarvelpinballxappearsinmarvelheroesvideogamemarvelheroesvoicedbytarastrongxisaplayablecharacterinmarvelcontestofchampionsinherallnewwolverinecostumexisaplayablecharacterinmarvelfuturefightasofupdatejanuarycollectededitionsclasswikitablewidthwidthtitlewidthmaterialcollectedwidthpageswidthpublicationdatewidthisbnnyxwannabenyxjulypaperbacknyxthecompletecollectionnyxnyxnowayhomejulypaperbacknyxxinnocencelostnyxandxvolnovemberpaperbackmightymarvelwomenofmarvelxandtheunrelatedfirestarladydeadpoolnamoravalkyrierescuesifspitfiregalactawomenofmarvelfebruarypaperbackxinnocencelostxvolaprilpaperbackxtargetxxtargetxaugustpaperbackxvolthekillingdreamxvolandmaterialfromallnewwolverinesaganovemberpaperbackdakenxcollisiondakendarkwolverinexvolandmaterialfromwolverineroadtohellfebruarypaperbackxvolchaostheoryxvoljulypaperbackxvoldontlookbackxvoldecemberpaperbackallnewalldifferentclasswikitablewidthwidthtitlewidthmaterialcollectedwidthpageswidthpublicationdatewidthisbnallnewwolverinevolthefoursistersallnewwolverinevolmaypaperbackallnewwolverinevolcivilwariiallnewwolverinevolnovemberpaperbackallnewwolverinevolenemyofthestateiiallnewwolverinevolmaypaperbackallnewwolverinevolimmuneallnewwolverinevolnovemberpaperbackcompletecollectionsclasswikitablewidthwidthtitlewidthmaterialcollectedwidthpageswidthpublicationdatewidthisbnxthecompletecollectionvolxvolxtargetxcaptainuniversexxoneshotxvolandmaterialfromxmentoserveandprotectaugustpaperbackxthecompletecollectionvolxvoldakendarkwolverinematerialfromwolverinetheroadtohellallnewwolverinesagadecemberpaperbackreferencesexternallinksmarvelcomuniversexxatmarvelcomuncannyxmennetcharactersxuncannyxmennetspotlightonxfacebookcompagesxreftntnmnxforfansxxrayredirectcategoryshellredirectxdmdrugboxverifiedfieldschangedwatchedfieldschangedverifiedrevi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ireyorkshiretelevisiondistributoritvstudiosnetworkitvtvnetworkitvpictureformatfirstairedlastairedwasabritishgameshowthatwasmadebyitvyorkshireyorkshiretelevisionforitvtvnetworkitvitranfortenyearsbetweenjulyanddecemberwithtedrogerscomediantedrogersasthehostitwasbasedonaspanishgameshowcalledundostresrespondaotravezandwasatrioofthreeshowsinoneaquizvarietyandagameshowtheshowwasahugesuccessconsistentlypullinginlargeratingsthefirstseriesthoughintendedasasummerfillerattracteduptomillionviewersandsubsequentyearsneverfailedtopeakbelowmilliontheshowoccupiedasaturdayearlyeveningslotformostofitsrunthefinalchristmasspecialbroadcastondecemberattractedmillionviewersbutaneleventhserieswasnotcommissionedtedrogersclaimedinanaprilinterviewthattheoxbridgelotgotcontroloftvandtheydidntreallywantititwastoodownmarketforthemwewerestillgettingmillionviewerswhentheytookitoffaftertenyearsthesedaysifashowgetsninemillioneveryonedoesalapofhonourtheformattheoverallobjectiveofthegamewastosurviveeliminationthroughtopartthreeoftheshowandtrytounravelaseriesofcrypticcluesinordertowinthestarprizeoneoftheclueshoweverreferredtodustybinwhowastheshowsboobyprizeifthecontestantsendedupwithdustyattheendoftheshowalltheygotwasabrandnewdustbineachshowhadathemesuchasseacruiseortheswingingsixtiesallofthevarietyactsquizquestionsstagesetsandcluessubsequentlyfollowedthisthemeinlaterseriesdustywouldappearatthestartoftheshowdressedinacostumerelatingtothatweeksthemethechangingthemesweredroppedforthefinalserieswhereamoregenericstagesetwasreusedeachweekpartthetoquizinpartoneoftheshowthreecoupleshavethechancetowinuptopoundsterlinginthetoquizthefirstroundconsistedofamaximumofquestionsinsecondseachcorrectanswerbeingworthorinthefirstseriesbutwiththreeroundsavailablepasseswerepermittedbuttherewasnoopportunitytoreturntothequestioneachmemberofthecoupleansweredinturnwiththeladyansweringfirstandthefirstanswerwasgiventohertoavoidthepossibilityofazeroscoreanincorrectanswerorthetimelimitwouldimmediatelyendtheroundeachcorrectanswerinthesecondroundwasworththetotalamountscoredinthefirsthencetheneedtoavoidazeroscorewhichwouldhavemeantacouplewereplayingfornothingthequestionswereusuallyofthesamewordassociationformattedrogerswouldsayforexampleanislandandthecontestantswouldhavetonamethecountrytowhichitbelongedegtedgozocontestantmaltaanotherexamplewouldbepeopleandtheirtitlesegtedelizabethiicontestantqueeninthefirstseriesthewinnersofthequizwouldreturnthefollowingweektocompeteagainwhiletheothertwocoupleswouldprogresstoparttwobutfromthesecondseriesthischangedtotheworstperformingcouplebeingeliminatedtakinghomethemoneytheywoninthequizandaceramicmodelofdustybindustybinwasconceivedastheboobyprizebytheshowsproducerderekburrelldavisandcreatedasacartooncharacterbythedesignerandanimatorjohnsunderlandwhoalsodesignedtheopeningandendtitlesandthethemedcostumesforthebinsunderlandwentontodesignsomeofthemostsuccessfulnewwavepopulistmuseumsinbritainstartingnotablywiththejorvikvikingcentreinyorkwhichlikehisdustbinbecameanovernighthitwiththebritishpublicinthefinalseriesthetoquizwasreplacedbyageneralknowledgefingersonbuzzersquizasbeforethreecouplesparticipatedbutinjusttworoundsofquestionseachcouplebeganwithandcouldearnanotherforeachcorrectanswerinthefirstroundthefirstroundrequiredtencorrectanswersinotherwordstheroundwouldnotendiftenquestionshadbeenreadoutandnotallansweredcorrectlyassoonastedstartedtoaskthequestionthecouplewhohitthebuzzerfirstaftertedhadsaidtheirnamehadthreesecondstoanswerthequestionandiftheyfailedtoanswerthequestioninthreesecondsoransweredthequestionwrongtedwouldsayonofferandtheothertwocoupleswouldhaveachancetoanswerthequestionagainthecouplewhohitthebuzzerfirstaftertedhadsaidtheirnamehadthreesecondstoanswerandiftheyfailedtoanswerthequestioninthreesecondsoranswerthequestionwrongthatquestionwouldgointothebinfollowingthefirstroundtedwouldgivethecouplesabreakwhileheintroducedanewcomertoanotheradditiontothefinalseriesthiswasachanceforanacttoperformmuchlikethelaterroundsasnormalthoughthenewcomerhadneverappearedonbeforefollowingthenewcomeractroundtwoofthequizwouldbeplayedwithonlyfifteenquestionsbeenaskedaswithpreviousserieswhatevermoneythecoupleshadafterthefirstroundwouldbethevalueofthequestiontothemanditwasthesameformatforansweringthequestionsthemaximumacouplecouldwininthisroundwasasinthestartingtenfirstroundquestionsansweredcorrectlyplusallfifteeninthesecondroundthishoweverwasneverachievedattheendofthetworoundsofquestionsthecouplewiththeleastmoneywouldleavewiththemoneytheydwonandtheirceramicdustybinthentheywouldgotothecommercialbreakparttheeliminationtheeliminationmechanismforreducingtheremainingcouplesdowntoonechangedoverthecourseoftheshowinthefirstseriesitwasaphysicalgametofitinwiththeshowsthemethischangedintothecontestantscompetingheadtoheadinacomputergamesuchasbreakoutarcadegamebreakoutandwasfinallyamendedintoaneliminationquestionwhichthelasttwocoupleswouldanswerafterseeingthefirstthreevarietyactsinparttwooftheshowthecommercialbreakfollowedthequestionandinandaviewersquestionwasposedtowinacolourtelevisionwiththreerunnersupgettingaceramicdustybintheentryformforthatwasinthatweekseditionoftvtimesparttheactsandprizecluesintheearlyyearsthethirdroundwasreferredtoastakeitorleaveitthefinalversionoftheshowsformatwasamendedinsothatfromthebeginningofparttwooftheshowthetworemainingcouplesfromthequizwatchedthefirstthreevarietyactstogetherattheendofeachactoneoftheperformerswouldcomeovertothetableandgivetedaclueobjectormacguffinastedsometimescalledthemandreadacorrespondingrhymetoprovidecluesforthatparticularprizeafterthreeactsthecoupleswoulddecideonwhichobjecttheywouldliketorejectinthehopethatitwasdustybinandthentakepartinthefinaleliminationquestiontheloserswouldleavewiththemoneytheyhadwoninpartonetheirceramicdustybinandaconsolationprizesuchasatwelvepiecedinnerserviceandthewinnerswouldgothroughtopartthreeoftheshowatthebeginningofpartthreetedwoulddecodetheclueandrevealtheprizewhichthefinalcouplerejectedbeforetheendofparttwoanotheractwouldthenperformandleaveanotherclueleavingthreeonthetabletedwouldthenrereadoneoftheearliertwocluesbeforethecouplechosetheirseconditemtorejectbeforethatprizewasthenrevealedtothemthefinalvarietyactwouldperformandleavealastcluetedwouldthenrereadoneofthepreviouscluesandthecouplewouldrejecttheirthirditemandanotherprizewasthenrevealedtedwouldthenrereadtheremainingtwocluesandthecouplewouldbefacedwiththeirfinaldecisionleavingthemwiththeprizetheyhavechosenandultimatelywonafterseeingwhattheotherprizetheyhadrejectedwasandalsowiththeprizetheyhadwontheyhadthemoneytheywoninpartoneoftheshowunliketheeliminatedcouplesthewinningcoupledidnotreceiveaceramicdustybinunlesstheyhaddustyattheendoftheshowalltheygotwasabrandnewdustbinthemoneytheywoninpartoneandaceramicdustybinaswellasdustybinwhichwasalwaysoneofthefiveprizestheotherfourprizesnormallyincludedacarandoraholidaylaterseriessometimesfeaturedtwocarsasprizesthecluesbecamenotoriousforbeingalmostimpossiblydifficultandobscurehavingonlyaremoteconnectiontotheprizeswhichcontestantssometimesdidnotappeartograspevenaftertedhadrevealedittothemithasoftenbeensuggestedthattheclueshadmorethanonepossibleexplanationallowingtheproducerstocontrolwhichprizethecontestantsreceivedindeedinoneepisodetedjokinglysaidtoconfusedcontestantsattemptingtomakeadecisionwelltherhymescouldmeananythingasyouknowforexampleawishbonebroughtonbysonnyhayescamewiththecluetakeonethatneverchangesaddapubandapreciousstonebringthemalluptodateandnowyoureonyourownwhichthecontestantsrejectedhopingitreferredtodustybinrogersexplanationofthecluewastakeonethatneverchangeswellthatcouldbedustybinwhichofcourseiswhereyoumightthrowawishboneaddapubandapreciousstonewellthatdoesntpointtodustybringthemalluptodateandnowyoureonyourownwellwhataboutthewishbonesonnysaidalargewishbonesowhatmightalargewishbonecomefromsomethinglargerthanachickenturkeymaybenowonethatneverchangesisaconstantapubcanalsobeaninntheresalotofpreciousstonesbuthowmanygowithconstantinnhowaboutopalyesconstantinopleuptodatetheprideofturkeyyouverejectedaholidayactswhoappearedontheshowtheearlyseriesoftheprogrammefeaturedaregularcastofcomedyperformersincludingchrisemmettmikenewmanfelixbownessdebbiearnoldandduggiebrownthisformatwaschangedforlaterserieswheneachshowfeaturedanumberofvarietyactsofthedayaswellasahousedancetroupesuchasthebrianrogersconnectionwhowouldperformsolosforthefirstacttheywouldlateroftendancebehindtheactswhowouldinvariablytopthebillpreviousdancehostesstroupeswhoappearedincludelipstickandthegentlesecsotherhostesseswhoappearedontheshowincludemireilleallonvillejennylaylandpatsyannscottanniestjohnkarenpalmergailplayfaircarolinecosseytulaalisontemplesavagelibbyrobertsfionacurzonkarandaviddougiesquiresweiweiwongcarolinemunroandlyndaleelewisactswhoappearedincludedgloriagaynorgeorgeroperkendoddcharliewilliamscomediancharliewilliamsbonnielangfordduncannorvelleblacklacebandblacklaceberniewintersstutzbearcatskitandthewidowkitandthewidowwallstreetcrashgroupwallstreetcrashkikideemichaelballsingermichaelballnigellythgoenastynigellythgoemartinthebeastfrancistompepperfayprestopetepricethemanhattantransfermanhattantransfershanerichietheflaminghamstersstanboardmanfascinatingaidashowaddywaddykajagoogoofrankiehowerdcolmwilkinsonwilfridbrambellfromsteptoeandsonsinittafivestarindigoladycherylbakerphilcornwelljakigrahamnanamouskourithechucklebrothersbrianconleyroywalkertvpersonalityroywalkerthedriftersjohnsparkeswaynesleepandrewoconnoractorandrewoconnorgarethhuntpeterbeckettsydlawrencewithhisorchestrafrankievaughanjessicamartinthefoxesmudbandmudkeithharrisventriloquistkeithharrisandorvillemickmillercomedianmickmillerdianesolomontonychristiecovergirlslynpaulthesearchersbandthesearcherstherockinberriesstephanielawrencedonlusherwithhisbandmadelinebellgeorgiefamewaynedobsontherealthingsoulgrouptherealthingrebeccastormricharddiganceannadawsonmarionmontgomerybillmaynardthekrankiesterryscottcarmelmcsharrybobcarolgeesdianadorslionelblairalvinstardustphilcoolvinceeagermikereidactormikereidnicholasparsonssheilasteafeldannylaruelesdennisthewurzelsjoanbenhamkencolyerwithhisjazzmenfrazerhinescharliewilliamscomediancharliewilliamspanspeopleasdeedeewildespanspeopleritawebbthegreatsoprendobernardbresslawcharliedrakeaimimacdonaldmarkheapthetwomarksandvincehillaswasthestyleofthedaytheshowoftenfeaturedspecialityactssuchasafemalesingerwhosangunconvincingrenditionsofpopularsongswhilsthermalepartnersketchedcaricaturesoffamouspeopleconnectedwiththesongonaflipchartegasketchofmarilynmonroewasdrawnwhilsttheeltonjohnsongcandleinthewindwasperformedwhowerepaultrevilliontrevillionandsadieninetheothersongsperformedweresmilethoughyourheartisbreakingeyeofthetigeraccompaniedbysketchesofcharliechaplinandaboxertheprizeannouncerswereanthonyschaefferandlaterjohnbensonannouncerjohnbensonwhohadprovidedthefamousvoiceoverforsaleofthecenturyukgameshowsaleofthecenturythechristmaseditionsoftheshowfeaturedcelebritiesinplaceofregularcontestantsthefirstchristmasshowforbutbroadcastinjanuaryduetoindustrialactionatitvfeaturedthreecelebritypartnerspairedaccordingtotheirnationalitythewinnerswereirelandsterrywoganandclodaghrodgersthepaireliminatedthefiveprizesavailableforcharitybecomingtheseriesfirstcontestantstoendupwiththedustbinprizeandthusearnnothingatallfortheircharitymuchtotheirembarrassmentthefollowingyearjohninmanandbarbarawindsorwerethewinnersandtheytoowonthedustbinbutonthisoccasiontheprizeswereallrevealedtobejunkandthedustbinwasinfactthestarprizeinmanwindsorwereinonthesetupanddeliberatelycontrivedtowinthedustbinthedjjanicelongappearedasacontestantontheveryfirstepisodewithherthenhusbandtrevorinjulyhandgesturetedrogerswouldregularlymakealightningfasthandgesturethisbecameanimportantgimmickoftheshowandaschoolplaygroundfavouritemainlybecauseitwasquitedifficulttodoandresultedinavsignasaninsultrudehandgestureifperformedincorrectlythecorrectwayofdoingthegestureistoholdupthreefingersindexmiddleandringontherighthandfacinginwardtwoindexandmiddlefacingoutwardandthenoneindexfacinginwardturningthewristwhilechangingthefingersdustybindustybinwasboththeshowsmascotanditsboobyprizedustywouldappearattheveryopeningoftheshowstitlescomingtolifebythepretitlesyorkshiretelevisionchevronlogoflyingintohimoutsideofthetheleedsstudiosstudiosinleedsdustywouldalsoappearatthestartofeachshowdressedinthestyleofthatweeksthemethoughthisdidnotoccurintheseriesastheseprogrammesdidnothaveathemeasperpreviousseriesthecartooncharacterofdustybinwascreatedbyfreelancedesignerjohnsunderlandwhodevelopedthecharacterbasedontheshowproducersbriefforaboobyprizewhichwouldworkontheenglishversionoftheshowtheoriginalspanishversionhadapumpkinasaboobyprizesunderlandsconceptfortheshowsoriginaltitleswhichwereshownontheoriginalseriesincludedthebirthofthebinthecharactercametolifeasytvschevronlogofallstoearthaftershootingupintotheskylikearocketabovethestudiosexplodinginadustbinstandingbythestudiosstagedoorthebincontainedaclownscostumepartsofwhichbecomeonewiththebinbringingittolifeasthecharacterdustybinpartdustbinpartclownpartenduringiconiccharactertheoriginalroboticdustybinandhisyorkshireterrierdoggarbagewasputtogetherbyianrowleyinhisconvertedchapelworkshopinrodleywestyorkshirerodleyleedsheusedovermicroprocessorswhichwascuttingedgesremotecontrolrobotictechnologyinthatdayatacostaroundtomanufacturewhichwasasmallfortuneinthosedaystocontroldustyandgarbageandinshowssomeofdustysgarbagesanticsincludeddressingupasacavemananddinosaurbullfightingasamatadorandbulldressingupasababydrivingintothestudioinafordmodeltjugglingballslikeaclownplayingthepianolikeeltonjohnflyingroundthestudiowithajamesbondjetpackescapingfromchainslikeharryhoudiniridingabikesprayingtedrogerswithpaintandevendrivingatankintothestudiotobombtheaudiencewithconfettiinpopularcultureinaspartoftheirchristmasspecialentitledthephantommillenniumfrenchandsaundersincludeddustybininaparodyofstarwarsepisodeithephantommenacewheredustybinplayeddroiddbdawnfrenchmakesthehandsignalwhilstshecommandsthedroidintheguiseofqueenamananaaparodyofqueenamidalaalsoaspartofcomicreliefcharitycomicreliefthebbcshowedashortsketchbasedaroundtheproclaimershitsongimgonnabemilesimgonnabemilesdirectedbyandstarringpeterkayitfeatureddustybindancingwithagaggleofforgottencelebritiesfromthessandsthesongwasreleasedasacdsingleanddvddustyalsoappearedbrieflyinarobotthemedchapterofthewebcomicscarygoroundthebritishrailclassclasstrainswerenicknameddustybinsduetothenumberbearingthesamenameasthegameshowbritishrailclassnumberwasalsoaffectionatelynameddustybinbytraincrewsduetoitsnumbertheairbusaisalsonicknameddustybinduetothetypebearingthesamenameastheshowaepisodeofchucklevisionentitledletsgetquizzicalfeaturestedrogersasadownmarketgameshowhostinonescenewherethechucklebrothersarehidingfromrogersintwodustbincansrogersshoutscomebackherewithmydustbinpossiblyinreferencetorogersassociationwithanddustybinalsoinanotherscenewhererogershoststhegameshowtrophyscabinethebeginswithasmallhandgesturewhichislikelyaparodyofhisfamoushandgesturetheburkisswayaradiocomedyshowparodiedtheshowwithsketchinvolvingafinalclueofitsadustbinandnotacarwhichwasrevealedtobeananagramofitsacarandnotadustbinandthusbyrejectingitthecontestantshadturneddownwinninganewcaranotherparodywasperformedonrussabbotsmadhouseinwhichtheshowwasnamedthehostplayedbylesdennispresentsasthefinalclueasuitcaseandtherhymeipackmybagstogoononeandstayinanicehotelandseethesunshinethroughthepalmtreesthisatravelagentmightselltheeagercontestantsrussabbotandbellaembergpickthisprizecertainitwillbetheholidayitturnsouttobethebininthearcticadventuregameadventureaplanetofdeaththatwasmadeforallmajorbitcomputersintheearlyswasamajorcluetowardstheendofthegamewhenthecharactergotpasttheforcefieldtheyenteredaroomthatcontainedtheirshipandtheliftthatwouldtakethemofftheplanethowevertheliftisunpoweredsoonsomefurtherexplorationthecharactercomesacrossanotherroominwhichthereareswitchesandthecluereadsnodustybinrulesdvdgameaninteractivedvdversionofwasreleasedbyuniversalstudiosuniversalinhostedbydustybinthoughrogersappearsinseriesclipsusedforthegameitoffersbothquestionsfromoriginalbroadcastsandcurrentonestheprizesbecomenotoriousfortheunconventionalprizesitawardedtowinnersforinstancecouplessometimeswonabrandnewmetaldustbinifthefinalcluerevealedwasdustybinapetdogwasalsoawardedepisodefeaturedastbernarddogstbernardandayearssupplyofbrandyotherlessextravagantprizeshaveincludedacouchsofathatturnsintoapooltablegoldnuggetsashareinaracehorseafamilysetoffoldingbicyclesandmatchinghisandherssheepskincoatclothingcoatstransmissionsseriesclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterseriesstartdateenddateepisodesjulyoctoberoctoberaprildecemberapriljanuarymayjanuarymaydecembermarchseptemberdecemberaugustdecemberaugustnovemberseptembernovemberspecialsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterdateentitledecemberchristmasspecialdecemberchristmasspecialjanuarynewyearspecialdecemberchristmasspecialdecemberchristmasspecialdecemberchristmasspecialdecemberchristmasspecialseptemberolympicspecialdecemberchristmasspecialreferencesexternallinksftvdbbfiorguksiftseriesatbfixboxredirectcategoryshellgigabitethernetmmparabelluminfoboxvideogametitlexmenchildrenoftheatomimagexmencotaarcadeflyerjpgcaptionarcadeflyerdevelopercapcompublishercapcombracclaimentertainmenthomeconsoleversionsserieslistofxmenvideogamesxmencomposertakayukiiwaibrsyunnishigakibrhidekiokugawaartistakimanbrkinunishimurabrcrmkreleasedarcadebrrefeujanuarysegasaturnbrrefnaaprileupcbrplaystationbrgenrefightinggamefightingmodesuptoplayerssimultaneouslyplatformsarcadegamearcadesegasaturnmsdosplaystationconsoleplaystationcabinetuprightarcadesystemcpsystemiicpsdisplayrastergraphicsrasterxpixelshorizontalcolorsisanarcadegamethatwasproducedbycapcomandreleasedonthecpsystemiiarcadehardwareininjapanandininnorthamericaandeuropebasedonthexmencomicbookitisthefirstfightinggameproducedbycapcomusingcharactersunderlicensefrommarvelcomicsreleasedaroundthetimeofthemidsxmentvseriesxmenanimatedseriesthegamefeaturesvoiceactorsfromtheseriesreprisingtheirrolesthegamesplotisbasedonthefatalattractionscomicsfatalattractionsstoryfromthecomicsplayerscontroloneofthexmenortheirenemiesintheirfightagainstthevillainmagnetocomicsmagnetotheyfaceeachoftheothercharactersinthegameinbestofthreeoneononefightingmatchesbeforebattlingjuggernautcomicsjuggernautandthenmagnetohimselfthegameplayhasmuchincommonwithcapcomspreviousfightinggamessuperstreetfighteriiturboanddarkstalkerschildrenoftheatomaddsacombovideogamingcombosystemthatfeatureslongcombosthatcanevenbeperformedinmidairalsofeaturedinthegamearevarioustacticalmaneuversincludingtheabilityforcharacterstorollchildrenoftheatomalsointroducedmultitieredfightingenvironmentsinwhichthegroundwouldcrumbleandcharacterswouldfallintolowerpartsoftheleveltheseconceptsandthefastpaceofthegamewouldprovidethebasisforcapcomsmarvelvscapcomseriesmarvelvscapcomserieswhichstartedwiththegamessuccessorxmenvsstreetfighterportingportsofthegamewerereleasedforthesegasaturnplaystationconsoleplaystationandpersonalcomputersofthesetheplaystationversionwasnotaswellreceivedastheotherversionssufferingfromslowdownandmissingframesofanimationgameplayandicemancomicsicemanxmenfollowsthesamefightinggamecontrolsandconventionscapcompreviouslyestablishedwiththestreetfighteriigamesandtheoriginaldarkstalkerstheplayercanchoosebetweenoneofsixxmenmembersorfouroftheirenemiesforatotaloftenselectablecharactersandproceedtocompeteinaseriesofbesttwooutofthreeoneononematchestheplayerhasanxpowergaugesimilartothesupercombogaugeinsuperstreetfighteriiturboandthespecialgaugeindarkstalkersthatbuildsastheplayerperformsregularorspecialmovesxpowergaugestartsatlvandreacheslvwhenitbecomeshalffullandanaurawillbegintosurroundtheplayerscharacteruntilitbecomesfullandreachesmaxlevelplayerscanthenperformanxabilitywhichconsumesasmallportionofthexpowergaugeorahyperxwhichconsumesagreaterportionofthesamegaugebreakingonesfallfromathroworperformingacounterthrowwillalsoconsumeaportionofthexpowergaugewhenperformedotherfeaturesintroducedinchildrenoftheatomincludesuperjumpstheabilitytorollawayortowardsanopponentafterfallingtheabilitytodeterminetheaimofaprojectilemovesuchascyclopsopticblastsandtheabilitytopursueanopponentafterperformingathrowingattackforadditionalattacksafterselectingacharactertheplayercanchoosebetweenmanualorautomaticblockingbyselectingtoautomaticallyblockattackssomefeatureswillnotbeavailableduringgameplaythesingleplayermodeconsistsofsixcpucontrolledopponentsandtwononplayablebosscharactersunlikesomegamestheplayercannotplayagainstacloneoftheirowncharacterakumastreetfighterakumafromsuperstreetfighteriiturboappearsinthesingleplayermodeasasecretopponentatthesixthmatchiftherequirementsaremetplotthegameislooselybasedonthefatalattractionscomicsfatalattractionsstorylinethemainantagonistismagnetocomicsmagnetowhoplanstounleashanelectromagneticpulseontheearththatwilldisruptthemagneticfieldsandcreatehavocontheworldselectricalsystemsusheringinadarkageforearthsnonmutantpopulationwiththepromiseofamutantrunplanetthexmensmostformidablefoesjoinforceswithmagnetocharactersclasswikitablealigncenterxmenaligncenternotescolossuscomicscolossuscolossusisthestrongestxmenmemberhisstageisacityundersiegebysentinelscyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopscyclopsreliesmainlyonhisopticblastshisstageisthedangerroomicemancomicsicemanicemanprimarilyreliesonicebasedattackshisstageisanicefloefloatingacrossatropicalbeachpsylockepsylockeattackswithbothninjutsutechniquesandpsychicenergyherstageisanelevatormovingaroundaskyscraperduringthenightofafullmoonstormmarvelcomicsstormstormistheonlyxmenmemberwhocanflyandmainlyattackswithwindiceandlightningbasedattacksherstageisontopoftheblackbirdcomicsblackbirdwolverinecharacterwolverinewolverinecanhealpartofhisdamagehisstageisthesavagelandclasswikitablealigncentervillainsaligncenternotesomegaredomegaredcanusehiscarbonadiumtentaclestoincreasehisattackrangehisstageisinsideanelevatorthatgoesunderwatersentinelcomicssentinelsentinelisthelargestregularcharacterhisstageisasentinelfactoryingenoshamastermoldwhoisinthebackgroundwilleitherflyofforbedestroyeddependingonwhetherornotsentinelwinssilversamuraisilversamuraiistheonlyregularcharacterinthegamewhocannotkickinsteadheusesmoreslashesinplaceofhiskickshencemakinghisbasicattacksconsistofonlyswordslasheshisstageisakodokanspiralcomicsspiralspiralhassixarmsthatmayattackatthesametimeinadditiontolevitatingswordsandshapechangingabilitiesherstageisthemojocomicsmojoworldwhichisuniquebecausethefloorwillbreakuptothreetimesjuggernautcomicsjuggernautjuggernautisthepenultimatebosscharacterhisstageisaspaceshiplaunchingbaymagnetocomicsmagnetomagnetoisthefinalbosshisstageisprovidencemarvelcomicsavalonhisspacestationthesecretcharacterakumastreetfighterakumagoukiinjapanisverysimilartohissuperstreetfighteriiturboincarnationincludinghischaracterspriteandistheonlystreetfightercharactertobeinthegamehisstageisthedangerroomheisselectableviaacodeatthecharacterselectscreendevelopmentcapcomscontractwithmarvelstipulatedthatcapcomincludeacharacterfromthestreetfighterfranchiseinthegamesothedevelopersincludedakumastreetfighterakumaasasecretcharacterthehomeversionofthegamewasoriginallyasegasaturnexclusivethesaturnversionpremieredatcapcomsaugustsummerfestivalthiswasacompleteversionwithonlycyclopswolverinepsylockeandicemanplayableaccordingtotatsuyaminamicapcomsseniormanageroftheproductplanninganddesignsectionthebiggestdifficultywithconvertingthegametothesaturnwasthememoryrestrictionsallthreeoftheleadinggameconsolesofthetimesaturnplaystationconsoleplaystationanddointeractivemultiplayerdohadonlymegabytesoframwhilethearcadeversionofxmenchildrenoftheatomusedmegabytesforcharacterdataalonebecauseofthisathirdoftheanimationframeshadtobecutforthesaturnversionreleasethearcadeversionofxmenchildrenoftheatomwasreleasedindecemberthesoundtrackcdxmenarcadegametracksrclwasreleasedbysonyrecordsonmarchrefnameagrefthesegasaturnporttgwasreleasedbycapcominjapanonnovemberwhichwasreleasedinnorthamericaandeuropebyacclaimentertainmentacclaimafewmonthslaterdevelopedbyrutubogamesagamestmookseriesguidebookwaspublishedbyshinseishaonjanuarythehomeversionofthegamewasoriginallyasaturnexclusivebutversionsfortheplaystationconsoleplaystationandmsdoswerereleasedinnorthamericaandeuropeinbothportsweredevelopedbyprobeentertainmentandpublishedbyacclaimthejapanesereleaseofthesaturnversionallowsplayerstoplayasthejuggernautinthetwoplayerversusmodeviaacheatcodecapcomsaidthatthiswasleftinbymistakehencewhytheabilitytoplayasjuggernautwasnotincludedinthenorthamericanoreuropeanreleasesorinthelaterplaystationversionthepcversionallowsplayerstoplayaseitherthejuggernautormagnetoreceptionvideogamereviewsegmsmallplaystationsmallgismallsaturnsmallbrsmallplaystationsmallgamerevbsmallsaturnsmallgspotsmallpcsmallrefnamegsrevrefignsmallplaystationsmallallgamesmallarcadesmallrevcomputergamesmagazinerevscoresmallpcsmallrevmaximumrevscoresmallsaturnsmallrefnamemaxrefrevnextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationrevscoresmallarcadesaturnsmallxmenchildrenoftheatomwasverywellreceivedinthearcadesandonthesegasaturnhoweverthepcversionsreceptionwasmixedandthereviewsoftheplaystationversionwereespeciallypoorcoveringthearcadeversionareviewerfornextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationhighlypraisedtheselectionofcharacterstheinterfacethenewspecialmovemechanicstheanimationsandthevoiceovershenonethelessconcludedthatextrasasidethoughthisisstilljustameatandpotatoesfightinggamenobetterorworsethanseveralotherscurrentlyinthearcadesrefnamengenrefscarylarryofgameprosaidthegamewasconvertedperfectlytothesaturnandapplaudedtheaccessiblecontrolsfastgameplaycolorfulgraphicsandlackofslowdownsegasaturnmagazinegavethesaturnversionadeclaringitarcadeperfectasidefromafewbarelynoticeablemissinganimationframesandcallingthegameitselfthefirsttimecomicbooksuperheroeshavebeensuccessfullytranslatedtogameformattheyespeciallypraisedthewellbalancedanddistinctivecharactersandthecombosystemareviewerfornextgenerationbemoanedthedfightinggamegenreasdonetodeathbutadmittedthatxmenchildrenoftheatommanagestobehighlyappealinginspiteofthishecomplimentedthesmoothanimationbrightlycoloredgraphicsandbalanceofcharacterstrengthsandweaknessesandacknowledgedthatcharacterrecognitionofthexmenaddstotheexperienceandgaveittheirmaximumgameofthemonthawardgamespotsreviewofthepcversionopenedbycallingitanadmirableandnearexactconversionofcapcomsarcadehitwhichprovesthatthepcisindeedaviableplatformforfightinggamesbutwentontocriticizethatitdoesnotrunasfastoratashigharesolutionasthearcadeversionandlackstheabilitytochaincombosaccordingtoaretrospectivereviewbygamefanthegamedisplayedsomeofthemostchaoticandoverthetopactionfoundinafighteratthetimeachievingmuchsuccessandpraiseacrossarcaderoomsthesaturnhomeversionachievedanexperiencethatwasnearlyincomparisontothecpsbehemoththeplaystationportsufferedfrommissingframesslowdownandlengthyloadtimesduetotheplatformslimitedramanditsarchitecturerestrictionsinregardstodgamesbutwascalledanadmirableattemptneverthelessrefnamegfmichaelcrismangamefanmagcomgfretroxmenretrospectivedayonexmenretrospectivedayonegamefanrefingameproretrospectivelylistedterrificvoiceactingusingsomeofthesamevoicesfromtheseriesandarealdedicationtothecharactersfromtheloreamongitsstrongfeaturesnotingthatmanyofthespritesandmovesetswouldbeutilizedinthemanymanycapcomfightinggamesthatwouldfeaturethexmenandaddingthatsomecharacterimbalancesandasmallcharacterrosterareabouttheonlythingyoucanknockitforeventodayingamesradarincludeditamongthelittleknownclassicfightinggamesthatdeservehdremakesaddingthatcapcomsettheprecedentwiththislavishlookingfightercramminginthefanservicecaptivatinggraphicsandfranticgameplaythattheversusseriesisnowknownforbutintheoneononevarietyinnerdistincludeditamongthetoptenmosticonicmarvelvideogamescallingitastrikeofgoldgivenhowitspavedthewayforthefightinggamesfollowingitchildrenoftheatomintroducedfeaturessuchasthedynamiccombosystemaircombosanddestructiblemultileveledfightingenvironmentsitalsohelpedthatthisgamehadthebestsoundtrackoutofanymarvellicensedgameeverconceivedchildrenoftheatomplacedthonthelistofbestmarvelvideogamesbygeekmagazinereferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementnamenativenameothernameofficialnamesettlementtypedistrictchinadistrictimageskylinexujiahuijpgimagesizepximagecaptionxujiahuibusinessdistrictimagemapshanghaiadministrativexuhuisvgmapcaptionxuhuiinshanghaimapsizepxsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypemunicipalitysubdivisionnameshanghaiareacodeareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationtotalpostalcodepostalcodetypepostalcodelatnslatdlatmlatslongewlongdlongmlongselevationftelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetwebsitechinesestpxhuqlmzzisupsupwesupsupchiusupsuppspsiccaweorderstxuhuidistrictisadistrictofshanghaiithasalandareaofnbspkmandapopulationofasofthexuhuidistrictiscentredonxujiahuiafterwhichitisnamedxujiahuiwashistoricallylandownedbymingdynastybureaucratandscientistxuguangqiandlaterdonatedtotheromancatholicchurchbeingthecoreofcatholicshanghaithexuhuidistrictformedtogetherwithneighbouringluwandistricttheformerfrenchconcessionofshanghaivestigesofthefrenchinfluencecanstillbeseeninthestignatiuscathedralofshanghaixuhuicollegethexujiahuiobservatoryandsomeremainingboulevardsandfrenchstyledistrictspartsoftodaysxuhuidistrictwereoncethepremierresidentialdistrictsofshanghaiaftertherevolutionhoweverthelargeestatesnearxujiahuiwereturnedintofactoriesinthestheshanghaimunicipalgovernmentdevelopedthedistrictasacommercialzoneaonceprominentcommercialareainthedistrictwasthexiangyangcraftsandgiftsmarketahavenforsouvenirsandintellectualpropertyinfringingproductsitwasclosedonjunebymunicipalauthoritiesxujiahuiitselfhasbeenredevelopedasacommercialcentrewithaproliferationoflargescaleshoppingcentresanddepartmentstoresnowitisamajorshoppingdestinationinthecitywithshoppingmallssuchasgrandgatewayshanghaiandpacificsogotheeducationaltraditionbegunbyjesuitsinxuhuicontinueswithshanghaijiaotonguniversitythepremieruniversityinchinathedistrictalsohassomeofthebestsecondaryschoolsinthemunicipalitysuchassouthwestweiyumiddleschoolshanghaihighschoolandnanyangmodelhighschoolanumberofformerresidencesofprominentpersonalitiesremainincludingsoongchinglingandsunyatsensformerresidenceyaomingofhoustonrocketswasaresidentofthedistrictluoferrarifeichicurrentlylivesinxuhuixuhuidistricthassubdistrictsandtwotownshipseconomyhomeinnhasitsheadquartersinxuhuirefnameinvhomephxcorporateirnetphoenixzhtmlcpirolirhomeinvestorrelationshomehomeinnretrievedonfebruaryheadquartershomeinnshotelsmanagementincnocaobaoroadxuhuidistrictshanghaiprchomeinnscomcmscontausindexhtmlchineseaddressreftoeianimationtoeianimationshanghaihasitsheadofficeinunitoffeidiaointernationalplazainthedistricttownshiplevelsubdivisionsxuhuidistricthastwelvesubdistrictsonetownandonespecialtownshipleveldivisionclasswikitablenamechineselanguagechinesesimplifiedchinesecharactershanyupinyinshanghaineseromanizationpopulationareakmsupsupcaohejingsudistrictcohjngjidodzowucingadochangqiaosubdistrictshanghaichangqiaosubdistrictchngqiojidotzandjiogadofenglinroadsubdistrictfnglnljidofonlinlugadohongmeiroadsubdistricthngmiljidoronmelugadohunanroadsubdistricthnnljidowuneulugadokangjianxincunsubdistrictkngjinxncnjidokhaondjisintsengadolingyunroadsubdistrictlngynljidolinyunlugadolonghuasubdistrictshanghailonghuasubdistrictlnghujidolonraugadotianlinsubdistricttinlnjidodilingadotianpingroadsubdistricttinpngljidothibinlugadoxieturoadsubdistrictxitljidoziathulugadoxujiahuisubdistrictxjihujidoxigawegadohuajingtownhujngzhnraucintzencaohejinghitechparkcohjngxnxngjshkifqdzowucinsinxindjijdzeqkhefaqchiutransportationmetroxuhuiiscurrentlyservedbysevenmetrolinesoperatedbyshanghaimetroandonesuburbanlineoperatedbychinarailwaysjinjiangparkstationjinjiangparkshanghaisouthrailwaystationmetroshanghaisouthrailwaystationcaobaoroadstationcaobaoroadshanghaiindoorstadiumstationshanghaiindoorstadiumxujiahuistationxujiahuihengshanroadstationhengshanroadchangshuroadstationchangshuroadshanghaisouthrailwaystationmetroshanghaisouthrailwaystationshilongroadstationshilongroadlongcaoroadstationlongcaoroadcaoxiroadstationcaoxiroadyishanroadstationyishanroadyishanroadstationyishanroadshanghaistadiumstationshanghaistadiumchangshuroadstationchangshuroadzhaojiabangroadstationzhaojiabangroaddonganroadstationdonganroadmiddlelonghuaroadstationmiddlelonghuaroadcaohejinghitechparkstationcaohejinghitechparkguilinroadstationguilinroadyishanroadstationyishanroadxujiahuistationxujiahuizhaojiabangroadstationzhaojiabangroadjiashanroadstationjiashanroadhongqiaoroadstationhongqiaoroadjiaotonguniversitystationjiaotonguniversityshanghailibrarystationshanghailibrarylongyaoroadstationlongyaoroadyunjinroadstationyunjinroadlonghuastationshanghaimetrolonghuashanghaiswimmingcenterstationshanghaiswimmingcenterxujiahuistationxujiahuishanghaisouthrailwaystationshanghainanstationeducationschoolsinxuhuidistrictincludeuniversityshanghaijiaotonguniversityeastchinauniversityofscienceandtechnologyshanghainormaluniversityshanghaiuniversityoftraditionalchinesemedicineshanghaiconservatoryofmusichighschoolnanyangmodelhighschoolshanghaixuhuihighschoolshanghaiweiyuhighschoolshanghaihighschoolshanghaififtyforthhighschoolreferencesfurtherreadingexternallinksapeidxhshcnjwtinfocatindexphppcatidxuhuidistricteducationbureauwebarchiveorgwebloganqldgovaulcclogansistercitiesxuhuihtmexchangeswithlogancityaustraliaseealsoxuguangqixujiahuiinfoboxorganizationnamexprizelogologoxprizepngtypefoundeddatelocationculvercitycaliforniaoriginskeypeoplepeterdiamandisfounderandexecutivechairmanbrmarcusshinglesceobrrobertkweissvicechairmanareaservedenergyandenvironmentexplorationglobaldevelopmentlearninglifesciencesfocuspubliccompetitionsmethodrevolutionthroughcompetitionrevenueendowmentnumemployeesownernonprofitsloganmakingtheimpossiblepossibleformernamexprizefoundationhomepagexprizeisanonprofitorganizationthatdesignsandmanagespubliccompetitionsintendedtoencouragetechnologicaldevelopmentthatcouldbenefithumanhumanitytheirboardoftrusteesincludejamescameronlarrypageariannahuffingtonratantataamongothersthexprizemissionistobringaboutradicalbreakthroughsforthebenefitofhumanitythroughincentivizedcompetitionitfostershighprofilecompetitionstomotivateindividualscompaniesandorganizationsacrossalldisciplinestodevelopinnovativeideasandtechnologiesthathelpsolvethegrandchallengesthatrestricthumanitysprogressthehighestprofilexprizetodatewastheansarixprizerelatingtospacecraftdevelopmentawardedinthisprizewasintendedtoinspireresearchanddevelopmentintotechnologyforspaceexplorationbackgroundimageansarixprizecheckjpgthumbrightpxthefirsttitledtheansarixprizewaspresentedonnovemberthefirstxprizetheansarixprizewasinspiredbytheorteigprizeaprizeofferedinbyfrenchhotelierraymondorteigforthefirstnonstopflightbetweennewyorkcityandparisinunderdogcharleslindberghwontheprizeinamodifiedsingleengineryanaircraftcalledthespiritofstlouisintotalnineteamsspentinpursuitoftheorteigprizeinentrepreneurpeterdiamandisofferedamillionprizetothefirstprivatelyfinancedteamthatcouldbuildandflyathreepassengervehiclekilometersintospacetwicewithintwoweeksthecontestlatertitledtheansarixprizeforsuborbitalspaceflightmotivatedteamsfromsevennationstoinvestmorethanmillioninpursuitofthemillionpurseonoctobertheansarixprizewaswonbymojaveaerospaceventureswhosuccessfullycompletedthecontestintheirspacecraftspaceshiponetheprizewasawardedinaceremonyatthesaintlouissciencecenterinstlouismissouriasofthesciencecentermaintainsnumerousexhibitsaboutthexprizethefoundationhasalsocreatedthexprizecupxprizecuprocketchallengecompetitionxprizeunifyingprinciplesxprizesaremonetaryrewardstoincentivizethreeprimarygoalsattractinvestmentfromoutsidethesectorthattakesnewapproachestodifficultproblemscreatesignificantresultsthatarerealandmeaningfulcompetitionshavemeasurablegoalsandarecreatedtopromoteadoptionoftheinnovationcrossnationalanddisciplinaryboundariestoencourageteamsaroundtheworldtoinvesttheintellectualandfinancialcapitalrequiredtosolvedifficultchallengesotherorganizationssuchasthenobelprizecommitteeawardprizesandfinancialrewardstoindividualsororganizationsthatproducenoveladvancesinsciencemedicineandtechnologyonedifferencebetweenthexprizesandothersimilarorganizationsisawardingprizesbasedonthefirsttoachieveobjectivefinishlinerequirementsratherthanaselectioncommitteediscussingtherelativemeritsofdifferentendeavorsforinstancethearchongenomicsxprizetargetistosequencehumangenomesindaysorlesswithlessthanoneerrorperdnabasepairscoveringofthegenomeandcostinglessthanpergenomethisprizewascancelledbecauseitwasoutpacedbyinnovationtheprizecanincreaseattentiontoendeavorsthatotherwisemightnotreceivemuchpublicityforexampleattemptsintherecentlunarlandercompetitionhavebeenwellpublicizedinthemediaincreasingvisibilityofboththefoundationandtheparticipantswiththeansarixprizexprizeestablishedamodelinwhichofferingaprizeforachievingaspecificgoalcanstimulateentrepreneurialinvestmentsincethennewchallengeshaveexpandedintoarangeofotherfieldsxprizeisdevelopingnewprizesinexplorationspaceandoceanslifesciencesenergyenvironmenteducationandglobaldevelopmentsomehopetheprizeswillhelpimprovelivescreateequityofopportunityandstimulatenewimportantdiscoveriesprizesandeventsoverseenasofjanuarytherearesevencompletedcontestseightactivecontestsandonecontestthathasbeencanceledpastcontestsansarixprizeforsuborbitalspaceflightafterhisawardwinningseptemberspaceflighttheansarixprizeansarixprizeforsuborbitalspaceflightwasthefirstprizefromthefoundationitsuccessfullychallengedteamstobuildprivatespaceshipscapableofcarryingthreepeopleandflytwotimeswithintwoweekstoopenthespacefrontierthefirstpartoftheansarixprizerequirementsspaceshiponeflightpwasfulfilledbymikemelvillonseptemberonspaceshiponeaspacecraftdesignedbyburtrutanandfinancedbypaulallencofounderandformerceoofmicrosoftonthatshipmelvillbrokethekilometernbspmimarkinternationallyrecognizedastheboundaryofouterspacewinningtheprizebrianbinniespaceshiponeflightpcompletedthesecondpartoftherequirementsonoctoberasaresultusmillionwasawardedtothewinnerbutmorethanmillionwasinvestedinnewtechnologiesinpursuitoftheprizetodaysirrichardbransonjeffbezosandothersarecreatingapersonalspaceflightindustryawardingthisfirstprizegavexprizeasmuchpublicityasthewinnersthemselvesafterthesuccesstherewasamplemediacoveragetoaffordbothscaledcompositesandxprizeadditionalsupportforthemtoexpandandcontinuetopursuetheiraimsfollowingthisearlysuccessseveralotherxprizeswereannouncedthathaveyettobeawardeddespitevariousattemptstomeettherequirementstheansarixprizewonthespacefoundationsdouglassmorrowpublicoutreachawardintheawardisgivenannuallytoanindividualororganizationthathasmadesignificantcontributionstopublicawarenessofspaceprogramsprogressiveinsuranceautomotivexprizethegoaloftheautomotivexprizeprogressiveinsuranceautomotivexprizewastodesignbuildandracesuperefficientvehiclesthatachievemilespergallonofgasolineequivalentmpgenbspliternbspkilometerefficiencyproducelessthannbspgramsmilewelltowheelcosubsubequivalentexhaustgasemissionsandcouldbemanufacturedforthemassmarketthewinnersofthecompetitionwereannouncedonseptemberrefnamexprizeawardsrefteamedisonwonthemillionmainstreamcompetitionwithitsfourpassengerverylightcarobtainingmpgerunningonefuelteamliionmotorswonthemillionalternativesidebysidecompetitionwiththeiraerodynamicwaveiielectricvehicleachievingmpgeteamxtracerswitzerlandwonthemillionalternativetandemcompetitionwiththeirmpgefairedelectricmotorcyclewendyschmidtoilcleanupxchallengethewendyschmidtoilcleanupxchallengewasintroducedonjulythemillionprizehadagoaltoinspireanewgenerationofinnovativesolutionsthatwillspeedthepaceofcleaningupseawatersurfaceoilresultingfromspillagefromoceanplatformstankersandothersourcestheteamofelastecamericanmarinewonthechallengebydevelopingadevicethatskimsoiloffwaterthreetimesfasterthanpreviouslyexistingtechnologynorthropgrummanlunarlanderxchallengethenorthropgrummanlunarlanderxchallengengllxpcwasacompetitioncohostedbynasatobuildpreciseefficientsmallrocketsystemsitwasintroducedinandawardedonnovemberinwashingtondctomastenspacesystemsledbydavidmastenthetopmillionprizewhilearmadilloaerospaceledbyidsoftwarefounderjohncarmacktookhomethesecondplaceprizeofplusanadditionalinthenokiasensingxchallengethenokiasensingxchallengegoalisacceleratingtheuseofsensorsandsensingtechnologytotacklehealthcareproblemsandfindwaysforpeopletomonitorandmaintaintheirpersonalwellbeingitwascomposedoftwodistinctchallengesheldinanditwasannouncedinandfinalistsannouncedinonnovemberthewinnerhasbeennamedandprizepursestotalingmillionwereawardedthewendyschmidtoceanhealthxprizethewendyschmidtoceanhealthxprizeisamillioncompetitiontoimproveourunderstandingofoceanacidificationonjulythewinnersofthechallengehavebeenannouncedtricorderxprizethequalcommtricorderxprizewasannouncedonmayandissponsoredbyqualcommfoundationitwasofficiallylaunchedonjanuarythemillionprizeisawardedforcreatingamobiledevicethatcandiagnosepatientsbetterthanorequaltoapanelofboardcertifiedphysiciansthenameistakenfromthetricorderdeviceinstartrekwhichcanbeusedtoinstantlydiagnoseailmentsrefnamesponrefgooglelunarxprizethegooglelunarxprizegooglelunarxprizewasintroducedonseptemberthegoaloftheprizewassimilartothatoftheansarixprizetoinspireanewgenerationofprivateinvestmentinspaceexplorationandtechnologythechallengecalledforteamstocompeteinsuccessfullylaunchinglandingandoperatingaroveronthelunarsurfacetheprizewasgoingtoawardmilliontothefirstteamtolandaroveronthemoonthatsuccessfullyrovedmorethanmetersandtransmittedbackhighdefinitionimagesandvideotherewasamillionsecondprizeaswellasmillioninpotentialbonusprizesforextrafeaturessuchasrovinglongdistancesgreaterthanmeterscapturingimagesofmanmadeobjectsonthemoonorsurvivingalunarnightonjanuarytheprizeendedwhennoteamwasabletoscheduleconfirmandpayforalaunchattemptthexprizefoundationannouncedthatnoteamwouldbeabletomakealaunchattempttoreachthemoonbythemarchdeadlineandtheusmilliongooglelunarxprizewillgounclaimedrefnamesnrefcanceledcontestsarchongenomicsxprizethearchongenomicsxprizethesecondxprizetobeofferedbythefoundationwasannouncedoctoberthegoalofthearchongenomicsxprizewastogreatlyreducethecostandincreasethespeedofhumangenomesequencingtocreateaneweraofpersonalizedpredictiveandpreventivemedicineeventuallytransformingmedicalcarefromreactivetoproactivethemillionprizepursewaspromisedtothefirstteamthatcanbuildadeviceanduseittosequencehumangenomeswithindaysorlesswithanaccuracyofnomorethanoneerrorineverybasessequencedwithsequencesaccuratelycoveringatleastofthegenomeandatarecurringcostofnomorethanpergenomeifmorethanoneteamattemptedthecompetitionatthesametimeandmorethanoneteamfulfilledallthecriteriathenteamswouldhavebeenrankedaccordingtothetimeofcompletionnomorethanthreeteamswouldhavebeenrankedandwouldhavesharedthepurseinthefollowingmannermilliontothewinnerandmilliontothesecondplaceteamiftwoteamsweresuccessfulormillionmillionandmillionifthreeteamsaresuccessfulactualcompetitioneventswereoriginallyscheduledtotakeplacetwiceayearwithalleligibleteamsgiventheopportunitytomakeanattemptstartingatpreciselythesametimeastheotherteamsthiswaschangedtoasinglecompetitionscheduledforseptembertooctoberwhichwascanceledonaugusttherationaleforthechangewasarticulatedbytheceotodaycompaniescandothisforlessthanpergenomeinafewdaysorlessandaremovingquicklytowardsthegoalswesetfortheprizeforthisreasonwehavedecidedtocancelanxprizeforthefirsttimeeveractiveconteststhegloballearningxprizethegloballearningxprizelaunchedinseptemberisamillionprizetocreatemobileappstoimprovereadingwritingandarithmeticindevelopingnationseachapplicationwillbedevelopedduringanmonthperiodandthetopfiveteamswillreceivemillioneachwitheachofthewinningappsbeingmadeavailableunderanopensourcelicensethefinalistthatdevelopsanappwiththatproducesthehighestperformancegainswillwinamillionprizeibmwatsonaixprizetheaixprizewasannouncedashavinganaimtouseanartificialintelligencesystemtodeliveracompellingtedconferencetedtalkdiamandishopestocontrastthebenevolentvalueofaiagainstthedystopianpointofviewthatsometimesenteraiconversationsthewinningteamofthecontestwhichisscheduledforwillbedeterminedbytheaudienceshelloceandiscoveryxprizeondecemberpeterdiamandischairmanandceoofxprizeannouncedthelaunchofanewmillionprizethatwillbeathreeyearglobalcompetitionthatchallengesresearcherstobuildbettertechnologiesformappingearthsseafloornrgcosiacarbonxprizeonseptemberpeterdiamandischairmanandceoofxprizeannouncedthelaunchofamillionprizeforayearcompetitionontestingtechnologieswhichconvertscosubsubintoproductswiththehighestnetvaluetoreducecarbondioxideemissionsofeitheracoaloranaturalgaspowerplantroundthreebeganinaprilasthesemifinalistswerecutdowntotenfinalistseachreceivinganequalshareofmillionmilestoneprizemoneyfiveteamswillcompeteatincoalfiredpowerplantingillettewyandtheremainingfiveteamswillcompeteatanaturalgasfiredpowerplantinalbertacanadainfebruarythisoperationalroundwillconcludeandwinnerswillbeannouncedthefollowingmonthadultliteracyxprizefindsolutionshowtoimproveliteracyproficiencyofadultsinreadingwithinamonthperiodthechallengehasbeenannouncedonjuneandisawardedwithmillionbybarbarabushfoundationforfamilyliteracyandthedollargeneralliteracyfoundationthewinnerswillbeannouncedinjanuaryanunaveenjainwomenssafetyxprizecnbccomroboticfuturemillionanaavatarxprizeannouncedatsxswhtmltheanunaveenjainwomenssafetyxprizewaslaunchedonoctoberandhasamillionpursethegoalforcompetingteamsistodevelopasafetydeviceforwomenthatcanautonomouslyandinconspicuouslytriggeranemergencyalertwhiletransmittinginformationtoanetworkofcommunityresponderswaterabundancexprizethewaterabundancexprizewaslaunchedonoctoberandhasamillionpurseprovidedbythetatagroupandaustralianaidcompetingteamsmustdevelopanatmosphericwatergeneratorthatextractsaminimumoflitersofwaterperdayusingrenewableenergyatacostofnomorethancentsperliteranaavatarxprizethemillionanaavatarxprizeisafouryearcompetitionfocusedonacceleratingtheintegrationofemergingandexponentialtechnologiesintoamultipurposeavatarsystemthatwillseamlesslytransporthumanskillsandexperiencetotheexactlocationwhereandwhentheyareneededxprizefoundationindiaconsideringthepotentialofindiantalentxprizefoundationsetupatrustngoinnovemberinmumbaiindiaboardofdirectorsthexprizefoundationisgovernedbyaboardofdirectorsthatdeterminetheannualroadmapsandactasstewardsforthefoundationasofjanuarytheboardofdirectorsareanoushehansaridirectoramiransaridirectorjackbaderdirectorpeterdiamandisfounderandexecutivechairmangilelbazdirectorericesrailiandirectorjohnbfrankdirectorsalimismaildirectorjamesmanyikadirectorgreggemaryniaksecretarylaurenseligdirectorjeffreylshamesdirectormarcusshingleschiefexecutiveofficerjbarrythompsontreasurerrobertkweissvicechairmanboardoftrusteesthexprizefoundationalsohasaboardoftrusteesthatprovidesinsightsonnewtechnologiesgrandchallengesrequiringsignificantinnovationandotherareasthatlendthemselvestoprizephilanthropyasampleofthetrusteesincludesjamescamerontrusteejimgianopulostrusteeariannahuffingtontrusteedeankamentrusteeraykurzweiltrusteeeriklindberghtrusteelarrypagetrusteeratantatatrusteeseealsodarpagrandchallengeelevatorglobalsecuritychallengehprizeinducementprizecontestlprizemethuselahprizeorteigprizereferencesexternallinksthmillenniumxmayrefertospaceshiponeflightpthefirstprivatelyfundedhumanspaceflightxanotationforthedivisionbyzeroturnersyndromeadisorderinwhichallorpartofanxchromosomeisabsentxsexdeterminationsystemasfoundininsectsxasmallerriggedversionofanxdinghyseealsoxodisambiguationxapopulardosbasedfossildriverwhichwascommonlyusedinthemidstothelatesxorxmayrefertovehiclesbellxthefirstaircrafttoexceedthespeedofsoundincontrolledlevelflightbmwxabmwcompactsportsactivityvehiclehmsubmarinexaroyalnavysubmarinemclarenxabespokesupercarcreatedforananonymousclientandbasedonthemclarenmpcredbullxtheformernameoftheredbullxafictionalcarcreatedforthegamegranturismoslxaformerswedishcommutertrainsinclairxanelectricallyassistedfairedrecumbentbicyclewrightspeedxanelectricsportscarbasedonthearielatomchassisxsubmarinetheunitedstatesnavysonlymidgetsubmarinexdinghyafastlightweightsailingdinghydesignedforinlandracingxsspacecraftaspaceplaneindevelopmentyamahaxandxrrelatedyamahaunderbonemotorcyclescomputingxcomputerajapanesehomecomputermanufacturedbythesharpcorporationxboxoneavideogameconsoleaonelanepciexpressslotcrayxasupercomputersoldsinceelectrologicaxanearlydutchcomputerthinkpadxcarbonahighendnotebookcomputerreleasedbylenovoinxsoftwarecompanyformerlyknownasxtechnologiesinctegraxasystemonachipreleasedbynvidiainotherxnewyorkcitybusxalistofmetrobusrouteswashingtondcmetrobusroutexminusoneanoldtimeradioshowxsupminussupthemultiplicativeinverseofxanotherwaytodenotexonedividedbyxcygnusxandscorpiusxtwoastronomicalxraysourcesmxacandidateintermediatemassblackholedetectedinjanuarysonyericssonxperiaxamobilephoneexcelbusnetworkexcelxabusroutefromlowestofttopeterboroughineasternenglandxsteellinkabusrapidtransitservicebetweensheffieldrotherhamandmaltbysouthyorkshiremaltbyinnorthernenglandunitedstatespatentxbysamuelhopkinsinventorxmenfilmxmenthefirstfilminthexmenfilmseriesxmenfranchisexlettertbreadbunfeminineegyptianthieroglyphxegyptianhieroglyphtanextremelycommonalphabeticletterintheancientegyptianalphabetseealsoxdisambiguationspaceshiponeflightpredirectspaceshiponeflightpredirectspaceshiponeflightpxhorxhmayrefertoxhdigraphchiheorotafraternityatdartmouthcollegemexicointernationaltelecommunicationsunioncallsignprefixxhxhosalanguageisoalphacodexhrepublicxfthunderceptorredirectcategoryshellinfoboxvideogametitlexmenimagexmengameflyerpngcaptionjapanesesalesflyerforthearcadegamedeveloperkonamipublisherkonamicomposerseiichifukamibryujitakenouchibrjunyanakanobrayakohashimotoreleasedarcadebrbrpsnbrxblabrgenrebeatemupmodesuptosimultaneouslyandplayerversionswerealsomadeplatformsarcadegamearcadeplaystationnetworkxboxlivearcadeiosandroidoperatingsystemandroidcabinetstandardsixplayerarcadesystemcustomhardwarecpumotorolanbspmhzbrzilogzznbspmhzsoundyamahaymymnbspmhzknbspkhzdisplayrastergraphicsrasterxpixelshorizontalcolorsxmenisanarcadegameproducedbykonamiinitisasidescrollingbeatemupbasedonthemarvelcomicsxmencharactersofthesamenamethecharacterdesignsofthexmenandthesupervillainsinthegamearebasedontheintelevisionxmentelevisionpilotpilotepisodexmenprydeofthexmeninthegameplayerscontroloneofthesixplayablexmentodefeattheirenemymagnetokonamimadeasixplayerversionofthegameutilizingtwo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riginalhallhadbeenconvertedtoclassroomsanewclassroomblockwasbuiltinamultipurposehallwasconstructedinoverlookingthemainovalthatwasregradedininacoeducationalearlyyearscentrewasopenedontheburkehallcampusforstudentsuptogradeinanewclassroomblockthestmarymackillopbuildingwasaddedandnamedafterthefirstaustralianbornsaintkostkahallfollowingtherequestbydanielmannixarchbishopofmelbournethattheschoolshouldhaveacampusinthesouthernsuburbsofthecityfrwilliamhackettsjrectorofxavieropenedthekostkahalljuniorcampusinwiththeadditionofasecondbuildingmarchwoodalsoknownasstjohnsthiswasdemolishedintomakewayforamajorbuildingprojectincludingclassroomstuckshopandadministrativebuildingsandachapelwasbuiltinscienceroomswereaddedinandinthesthejesuitsboughtvariousadjoiningpropertiestoexpandthecampusinamultipurposehallwascompletedwithanewartscentreopenedininanearlyyearscentrebasedontheoneatburkehallwasopenedbuxtoncampusinadditiontothethreemaincampusestheschoolhasanoutdooreducationfacilityinbuxtonvictoriabuxtonnearmarysvillevictoriamarysvilleandarowingshedonthebanksoftheyarrariveritpreviouslyleasedthehistoricalmansionbillillainhalifaxstreetbrightonfromthebaysidecitycouncilrefnamebillillarefinthebuxtonoutdooreducationcentrewastemporarilyclosedduetoextensivedamagefromtheblacksaturdaybushfiresinvictoriaandwaslatersoldinrefnamebuxtonrefhousesseniorcampusafterexistinginsomeformforseveraldecadesinthesystemofinterhousesportandactivitieswasrestructuredeachhousewasassignedahousemasterandseventutorsboysaresplitupintotheseseventutorgroupswithineachhouseandthetutorgroupmeetseachdaywiththetutoractingasmentorduringtheirfouryearattendancehousemeetingstakeplacearoundonceaweeklockersareorganisedaccordingtohouseandseveralinterhousesportingeventsareheldeachyearandinthenewhousesofmackillopandregiswereaddedclasswikitablehousenamedaftermottopremiershipssupsupbellarminerobertbellarminestrobertbellarmineintegrityinallcheshireleonardcheshiregrpcptleonardcheshirevcnocallignoredclaverpeterclaverstpeterclavertoservenotbeservedsupsupgonzagaaloysiusgonzagastaloysiusgonzaganogreaterlovesupsupignatiusignatiusofloyolastignatiusloyolatogodalonetheglorymackillopmarymackillopstmarymackillopvirtueconquersallmannixdanielmannixarchbishopdanielmannixloveoneanotherregisjohnfrancisregisstjohnfrancisregiscourageburnswithinriccimatteoriccistmatteoriccitounderstandtheunknownspinolacharlesspinolablcharlesspinolaalwaysandeverfaithfulsupnowikinowikisupunawardedsupnowikinowikisupgonzagaandclaversharedtheoldxaverianstrophyforthechampionhousehavingaccumulatedthesamenumberofpointsthroughouttheyearburkehallthesixhousesofburkehallhadexistedformanyyearsashodgsonignatiusstudleysurbitontrawallaandwaverleyrefnamehouseswallbridgefrphilipsjedthexaverianppretrievedrefintwonewhouseswereaddedandwiththeexceptionofignatiusthehouseswererenamedclasswikitablehousenamedaftermottopremiershipsaloysiusaloysiusgonzagastaloysiusgonzaganogreaterlovecampionedmundcampionstedmundcampiontheexpenseisreckonedsupsupsupsupclaverpeterclaverstpeterclavertoservenotbeservedignatiusignatiusofloyolastignatiusloyolatogodalonethegloryloyolaignatiusofloyolastignatiusloyolaandnottocountthecostowennicholasowenmartyrstnicholasowenunlessthelordbuildssupsupregisjohnfrancisregisstjohnfrancisregisyourwordmylightsouthwellrobertsouthwelljesuitstrobertsouthwellwholeasthathsomesupsupsupnowikinowikisuptiedpremiershipsearlyyearscentreuponitsfoundationinseparatehouseswerecreatedfortheearlyyearscentrestudentsatburkehallclasswikitablehousenamedafterchisholmcarolinechisholmfavrepeterfavreblpeterfavreberchmansjohnberchmansstjohnberchmansmackillopmarymackillopstmarymackillopkostkahallawardscommencedinclasswikitablehousenamedaftermottopremiershipscampionformerlytullyhouseedmundcampionstedmundcampiontheexpenseisreckonedclaverformerlyhacketthousepeterclaverstpeterclavertoservenotbeservedowenformerlymaritimahousenicholasowenmartyrstnicholasowenunlessthelordbuildsregisformerlycraighousejohnfrancisregisstjohnfrancisregisyourwordmylightcurriculumthirtythreevcesubjectsandfiveexternalvetstudiesareofferedxavierisoneofonlyfifteenschoolsinvictoriatoofferlatinandoneofonlytwowhichoffersancientgreekwhichithasdonecontinuouslysincexavierandsisterschoolgenazzanofcjcollegehavecollaboratedtodevelopacrosscurriculumappreciationoftheclassicsasseeninbothschoolslatinasaloteoptionxavierdoesnotoffertheinternationalbaccalaureatexavierhasastrongacademichistoryforeachofthepastsixteenyearsexcludingtheduxoftheschoolreceivedanatarscoreofthehighestpossibleinandthreestudentsachievedthismarkatxavieroutofinthestaterefnameatarrefinfivestudentsachievedthemaximumatarofcocurriculumthemainactivitiesincludesportmusicdramadebatingandcommunityservicestudentsmayalsojoinspecificinterestgroupssuchasthechesscluboutdooreducationiscompulsoryinyearstoandstudentsspenduptooneweekatarangeofvenueswheretheyaregiveninstructioninavarietyofactivitiescommunityservicestudentsareencouragedtoparticipateincommunityserviceandaminimumamountofcompletedservicehoursismandatedeachfridayeveningxavierstudentsvolunteertheirtimeatatutoringschoolinhousingcommissionofvictoriahousingcommissionapartmentsinrichmondvictoriarichmondwheremanyresidentsarerecentimmigrationmigrantsorrefugeesthisactivityiscompletedwithstudentsfromthesisterschoolgenazzanofcjcollegerefnamefridaynightschoolrefyearstudentsarerequiredtoparticipateinanadditionalhourswhileonaweeklongcommunityserviceplacementincollaborationwithgenazzanofcjcollegexaviercollegeparticipatesinacommunityoutreachprograminconjunctionwiththecombinedparishesofourladyofgoodcounseldeepdenesacredheartkewandimmaculateconceptionhawthornforthedurationofoneweekstudentsfromthepartneredschoolsparticipateinacommunitybuildingprograminbourkeanoutbacktownofnewsouthwalesdebatingfromyearandabovestudentshavetheopportunitytoparticipateinthetoorakdivisionofthedebatersassociationofvictoriacompetitionthecollegealsotakespartintheannualjesuitschoolsdebatingcarnivalcompetingwithstaloysiuscollegesydneyaloysiussaintignatiuscollegeriverviewignatiusriverviewsaintignatiuscollegeadelaideignatiusadelaideandloyolaseniorhighschoolmountdruittloyolamtdruittthekostkahallstudentsfromyearalsoparticipateininterschooldebatingandalltheteamshaveawinningrecordalsowinningmultiplebestspeakerssportbeingplayedontherocheovalxaviercollegesportiscompulsoryforallstudentsatxavierrefnamecompulsoryrefandinadditiontocricketandaustralianrulesfootballarangeofsportingactivitiesareofferedincludingathleticstrackandfieldathleticsbadmintonbasketballcrosscountryrunningcrosscountryhockeylawnbowlsmartialartsrowingsportrowingrugbyunionsailingsoccerswimmingsportswimmingtabletennistennistriathlonwaterpoloandvolleyballrefnamexaviersportrefcricketisthemainsummersportandtheschoolhaswonpremiershipsinandandcaptainedxaviertobacktobackpremiershipsinduetheperformancesofdavidsealintheschoolwonthepremiershiponceagainafterfiftyyearsrefnamesealwallbridgefrphilipsjedthexaverianppretrievedrefcricketalongsiderowingcolloquiallyknownasxcbcarethetwobiggestsummersportsatthecollegetheschoolsaustralianrulesfootballeamhasproducedlistofoldxaveriansaflnumerousvflaflplayersandhaswontwentyninefootballpremiershipsthirdoftheassociatedpublicschoolsofvictoriaapsschoolsbehindscotchandmelbournegrammartheoldxaveriansfootballclubhasalsobeensuccessfulinthevictorianamateurfootballassociationvafawinningeightpremiershipsinthelastdecaderefnamevafarefperformingartsperformingartshavebeenpartoftheschoolsactivitiessincewithmusicaltheatreoperettaanddramaticplayshavingasharedfocusinthecollegescocurricularprogramtheschoolconductsanannualseniormusicalproductionwithgenazzanofcjcollegerefnamexavierproductionsrefaswellastheannualwinterplayandspringplaywhichhasbeenperformedincollaborationwithloretomandevillehallsincethetwojuniorcampusesalsohaveperformingartsanddramaticprogramseachstagingamajorproductioneveryyearwiththedevelopmentofboththecryptdramastudiobelowthememorialchapelinandtheeldonhoganperformingartscentreperformingartsatthecollegehasbecomeanintegralpartintheschoolscocurricularprogramtheyearlyseniorcalendarincludesbrannualmusicalproductioninlatefebruaryearlymarchproducedinassociationwithgenazzanofcjcollegeyearthecomedyrevuerunentirelybyandforstudentsinlatemarchyearvcetheatrestudiesplayproducedbythevcetheatrestudiesclassinmayyearannualwinterplayproducedinlatejulyinassociationwithloretomandevallehalltoorakyearvcetheatrestudiesanddramasoloandmonologueperformancenightinlateseptemberyearspringplaycoordinatedandheldatloretomandevallehalltoorakinassociationwithxaviercollegedramayearmaytimefairthemaytimefairhasbeenheldannuallyinmaysinceandishostedbyxaviercollegeitraisesfundsfortheworkofthejesuitmissionwithsupportfromfriendsandbenefactorsconnectedwithschoolsparishesandothercommunitiesinvictoriaandbeyondtheannualfairshavebeenassistedbytraditionalsisterschoolgenazzanofcjcollegeandtogetherthetwoschoolshaveprovidedanumberofstudentrunstallssuchasgonutsfordonutsafairytentandfacepaintingamongstotherseachstallandattractionatthemaytimefairdonatesitsprofittotheworkofjesuitmissionthemaytimefairconsistentlycontributesovereachyearforworkinthedevelopingworldincludingindiacambodiaeasttimorandmyanmarrefnamejesuitmissionfairrefinoverwasraisedwhichwasgiventoassistinthereliefeffortbyjesuitmissionariesinresponsetothesichuanearthquakeinoverwasraisedandinwasraisedrefnameprovinceexpressrefnotablealumnialumniofxaviercollegeareknownasoldxaveriansandallformerstudentsbecomememberstheoldxaveriansassociationoxarefnameoxarefinpoliticsacademiaandthelawxaviersalumniincluderichardalstonpoliticianrichardalstonaformerfederalministeranddiplomatwilliamcoxgovernorwilliamcoxaformergovernoroftasmaniatimfischeraformerdeputyprimeministersirjamesgobboaformergovernorofvictoriarobhullsaformerdeputypremierofvictoriaphilliplynchaformerfederaldeputyleaderofoppositionjulianmcgauranaformersenatorforvictoriapetermcgauranaformerfederalministerpatmcnamaraaustralianpoliticianpatmcnamaraaformerdeputypremierofvictoriatjryanaformerpremierofqueenslandbillshortenthecurrentfederalleaderoftheoppositiondantehanacurrentfederalministerinotherareasnotableoldxaveriansincludetimothyconigraveactorwriterandactivistrobertdecastellaworldchampionmarathonrunneralanjonesformulaalanjonesformulaoneworldchampionshipwinningdriverpaulfitzgeraldpainterpaulfitzgeraldnotedaustralianportraitartistjamespgormanceoofmorganstanleythemostreverenddenishartthethandcurrentcatholicarchbishopofmelbournelloydjwilliamspropertydeveloperandbusinessmanjobewatsonformeressendonaflcaptaininpopularcultureholdingthemanamemoiraplayandaholdingthemanfilmfeaturefilmbeginsatkostkahallandthentheseniorcampusrememberingthemancomaurememberingthemanafeaturelengthdocumentaryaboutthememoirholdingthemanincludesfootageandphotosofthexaviercollegeseniorcampusinthelatesandinterviewswithformerstudentssirlespattersonafictionalcharacterportrayedbybarryhumphriesattendedxaviercollegehistoricalsexualabuseallegationsinmarchasubmissionwasmadetovictoriasparliamentaryinquiryintochildsexualabuseinvolvingcriticismofthecollegesallegedhistoryofinstitutionalisedbrutalisationandsexualabuseofchildreninitscareinthesandstheinquiryisexpectedtohandovertestimonytoaconcurrentroyalcommissiontheinquiryheardthatonevictimwhoreportedanincidentofcorporalpunishmenttotheheadmasterwasthreatenedwithastraptothefacealthoughitshouldbenotedthatthisallegationrelatedtocorporalpunishmentandnotsexualabusealltheinstancesofabuseareallegedtohaveoccurredinthesandsseealsolistofschoolsinvictorialistofhighschoolsinvictoriavictoriancertificateofeducationreferencesfurtherreadingexternallinksxavierviceduauxaviercollegewebsitespringfieldspaceshiponeflightpspaceshiponeflightpredirectdouglasadskysharkconvairxfconvairxfredirectcategoryshellfnmmfnmmconsolidatedvulteexpredirectcategoryshellinfoboxpersonnamexeniaseebergimageimagesizecaptionbirthnameankewesenbergbirthdatebirthplacegeldernwestgermanydeathdatedeathplaceothernameyearsactivepresentspousepartnerparentsresidencewebsitenotablerolexeniaseebergbirthnameankewesenbergbornaprilingeldernwestgermanyisafilmandtelevisionactresssheisperhapsbestknownforherroleaszevlaterxevbellringerxevbellringerinthesciencefictiontelevisionserieslexxshealsodebutedasasingerinontheemielectrolalabelwithhermaxisingleheartbeatseveralofhersongsincludingheartbeathaveappearedoncompilationssuchasdancefeverdancemaniaandabsolutemusicrefnamediscogsdiscogscomartistxeniaxeniareffromtoshewasmarriedtoactorsvenmartinektheyhaveonesonphilipeliasbornsheistheleadsingerofthebandvertikalsinaprilseebergappearedonthecoverofthegermaneditionofplayboyshewasrankednonbsponthemaximmagazinemaximhotwomenofrefnamefreejoserefseebergstandstallspeaksgermanenglishandfrenchandhasdegreesinlatinandphilosophyshestudiedtheaterattheleestrasbergtheatreandfilminstituteleestrasbergschoolrefnamealexanderpatdealexanderpatdexseebergenglpdfresumealexanderpatderetrievedmayreffilmographyannihilationearthminutessoyouvedownloadedademonderclownlordoftheundeadbeyondthelimitsfilmbeyondthelimitshellchildtheworldofnicklyontotalrecalltvseriesepisodeassessmentlexxtvseriesgeliebteschwesterntvseriesknockinonheavensdoorfilmknockinonheavensdoorhildahumphreymafiapizzarazziaexternallinkslexxversecomlexxfansitevertikalscomxeniaandthevertikalsreferencesxmsatelliteradiommparabellumxrayscatteringtechniquesmmnatoredirectcategoryshellmmodularaccessoryshotgunsystembritishtektronixcircumflexredirectshellhugsandkissesinfoboxnumbernumberonemillionoronenumberthousandthousandisthenaturalnumberfollowingandprecedingthewordisderivedfromtheearlyitalianlanguageitalianmillionemilioneinmodernitalianfrommillenumberthousandplustheaugmentativesuffixoneitiscommonlyabbreviatedasmrefnameeustyleguiderefnottobeconfusedwiththemetricprefixforormfurthermmthousandthousandsfromlatinmillenottobeconfusedwiththeromannumeralmmmmormninfinancialcontextsrefnamemmmrefinscientificnotationitiswrittenasorsupsupphysicalquantityphysicalquantitiescanalsobeexpressedusingthesiprefixmegamegamwhendealingwithsiunitsforexamplemegawattnbspmwequalswattsthemeaningofthewordmillioniscommontothelongandshortscalesshortscaleandlongandshortscaleslongscalenumberingsystemsunlikethelargernumberswhichhavedifferentnamesinthetwosystemsthemillionissometimesusedintheenglishlanguageasametaphorforaverylargenumberasinnotinamillionyearsandyoureoneinamillionorahyperboleasinivewalkedamillionmilesandyouveaskedthemilliondollarquestionimagevisualisationmillionsvgthumbpxvisualisationofpowersoftenfromtomillionvisualizingonemillioneventhoughitisoftenstressedthatcountingtopreciselyamillionwouldbeanexceedinglytedioustaskduetothetimeandconcentrationrequiredtherearemanywaystobringthenumberdowntosizeinapproximatequantitiesignoringirregularitiesorpackingeffectsinformationnotcountingspacesthetextprintedonpagesofanencyclopdiabritannicaorpagesofpulpmagazinepulppaperbackfictioncontainsapproximatelyonemillioncharacterslengththereareonemillionmillimetersinakilometerandroughlyamillionsixteenthsofaninchinamileatypicalcartiremightrotateamilliontimesinatripwhiletheenginewoulddoseveraltimesthatnumberofrevolutionsperminuterevolutionsfingersifthefingerunitwidthofahumanfingeristhenamillionfingerslinedupwouldcoveradi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nappearedandtookxiaolongnawaytothenearbyancienttombxiaolongnwasraisedasanapprenticebyawomanwhosenameisnotmentionedinthenovelwhoistheapprenticeoflinchaoyingthefounderoftheancienttombsectasachildshewastaughtallthesectsmartialartsandmasteredallofthemaftermanyyearsshestartslearningthesectshighestorderskillfromthejademaidenheartsutrabutsincehermastersunderstandingoftheskillwasincompleteherownunderstandingisevenmorelimitedxiaolongnsseniorlimochouwasexpelledfromthesectforpoorconductxiaolongninheritedthesectsleadershippositionwhenshewasafterhermasterdiedsheisaccompaniedbygrannysunonlymeanwhilelimochouspreadrumoursinthejianghuthatwhenxiaolongnturnedshewillofferherhandinmarriagetoanymanwhocandefeatherinadditiontheluckymanwillclaimpossessionofthetombwhichissaidtohousegreattreasuresandmartialartsmanualsthemongolprincehuodubelievesthetaleandtravelstotheancienttombhopingtomeetxiaolongnhebringshishenchmenwithhimandtheyraidchongyangpalacealongthewaycoincidentallyguojingarrivesatchongyangpalacetogetherwithyangguoanddrivesawayhuoduandhismenasyangguosteacherandloverxiaolongnmeetsyangguoforthefirsttimewhenheventuresintotheancienttombwhileescapingfromthebulliesatquanzhenschoolquanzhensectshedoesnotallowhimtostayandasksgrannysuntosendhimbacktoquanzhenandtellthepriestsnottomistreathimanymorehoweverthequanzhenpriestsbegininsultingyangwhentheyseehimreturnthefuriousgrannysunfightswiththemandismortallywoundedbyhaodatongxiaolongnappearsatthecriticalmomentdefeatshaodatongandsavesyangguobeforeherdeathgrannysunmakesxiaolongnpromisetotakecareofyangguoshewantsbothofthemorphanstohaveeachotherascompanionsafterherdeaththequanzhenpriestsobligeandallowyangguotoleavewithxiaolongnxiaolongnacceptsyangguoasherapprenticeandtheylivetogetherintheancienttombforseveralyearsduringtheseyearsxiaolongnimpartsmostofhermartialartsandskillstoyangguoyangguodoesnotliketoaddressherasmastersifuandpreferstocallherauntinsteadbothofthemfallinlovewitheachotherbuttheirromanceisviewedastabooandequivalenttoincestaccordingtotheprevailingnormsofthejianghuwulinmartialartistscommunitytheyencounterseveraltribulationsafterleavingthetombandnumeroustestsoftheirlovealthoughtheyareeventuallymarriedinchongyangpalacetheyareagainseparatedthistimeforyearsuntiltheirfinalreunionattheendofthenovelmartialartsandskillsjademaidenheartsutrajademaidenswordplayfistofbeautiespalmofinfinitywebqinggongoftheancienttombsecttechniqueofambidexteritynineyinmanualskillsinventorywhitesilverglovesxiaolongnwearsapairofglovesmadefromwhitesilverthatareimpenetrablebysharpweaponsshecangrabholdofenemiesweaponsandbreakthemwhilewearingthesegloveslongsashofgoldbellsxiaolongnsweaponsheusesherskillstomanipulatethislongandflexibleweaponforbothlongandshortdistanceattackstwogoldbellsaretiedateachendofthesashandhiddeninthesleevesthebellsareonlyunsheathedbyflappingthesleevestherhythmicandrandomringingsoundofthebellsserveasdistractionwhilethebellsareusedtoattacktheenemysexposedacupuncturepointsandstunthemgoldneedlesofjadebeethisdartthrowingtechniqueisoneofthefundamentalskillsoftheancienttombsectthepoisonofararebreedofbeeknownasthejadebeeiscarefullycoatedontoneedlesmadefromheavygoldandsteeltheneedlesarethrownatenemieslikedartsthedegreeofpoisonishigherthanlimochoussoulfreezingneedlesasthevenomcausesexcruciatingpainandeventualdeathafteralongtimetheonlycuretothepoisonisthejadebeeshoneywhichhashealthbenefitstoojadebeesthejadebeesarexiaolongnsonlylivingweaponthisspecialbreedofbeescanmakeformationsandattackenemieswheninstructedbyplayingamusicalinstrumentrhythmicwhistlesandhoneyxiaolongnplaystheguqintoinstructthebeesandshealsocarriesabottleofhoneywithherfamilytreenotesreferencestanxianmaoeyweducomjinyongmydochtmxiaolongnthefairylikeandprofoundimageofbeingnobleandunsulliedinrankingsofjinyongscharacterschineseagriculturalpressjennyredirectcategoryshelldesertsandxericshrublandsxinyiisanatonalpinyinromanizationofvariouschinesewordsitmayrefertoclothingxinyiclothingaformofundershirtwornduringthehaneraplacesxinyijiangsuacountylevelcityinxuzhoujiangsuinthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxinyiguangdongacountylevelcityinmaomingguangdonginthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxinyidistricttaipeicityintherepublicofchinataiwanxinyisubdistrictharbinheilongjianginthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxinyisubdistricthegangheilongjianginthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxinyisubdistrictxiaoyishanxiinthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxinyiyanzhoushandonginthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxinyilishidistrictinlliangshanxiinthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxinyitownshipinnantoucountyintherepublicofchinacompaniesxinyiglassaglassmanufacturerinfoboxofficeholdernamexiaohenativenameimagexiaohejpgimagesizepxcaptionaportraitofxiaoheinthesancaituhuialtofficechancellorchinachancellorofstatetermstarttermendmonarchemperorgaozuofhanbremperorhuiofhansuccessorcaoshenofficechancellorchinaimperialchancellortermstarttermendmonarchemperorgaozuofhanbirthdateunknownbirthplacefengcountyjiangsufengcountyjiangsudeathdatebcchildrenoccupationofficialblankposthumousnamedatamarquiswenzhongbrblankpeeragedatamarquisofzanxiaohediedbcwasachinesestatesmanoftheearlywesternhandynastyheservedemperorgaozuofhanliubangemperorgaothefounderofthehandynastyduringtheinsurrectionagainsttheqindynastyandfoughtonliussideinthechuhancontentionagainstliusrivalxiangyuafterthefoundingofthehandynastyxiaohebecamethechancellorchinachancellorandheldofficeuntilhisdeathforhiscontributionsheisalsoknownasoneofthethreeheroesoftheearlyhandynastyalongwithhanxinandzhangliangwesternhanzhangliangearlylifexiaohewasborninfengyicountysishuicommanderychinacommanderypresentdayfengcountyjiangsufengcountyjiangsuinhisearlydaysheservedasagongcaomagistratessecretaryintheadministrativeofficeofpeicountyhewasstudioustactfulandamiablehewaswellversedinlawandhadawidenetworkoffriendsandacquaintancesamongwhomincludeliubangcaoshenfankuaixiahouyingandzhouboinsurrectionagainsttheqindynastyonceliubangreleasedsomeprisonershewasescortingtomountlitobelabourersandbecameafugitivehehidinanoutlawstrongholdonmountmangdanginpresentdayyongchenghenanandmaintainedsecretcontactwithxiaoheandcaosheninbcchenshengandwuguangstartedthedazexianguprisingtooverthrowtheqindynastyandwasfollowedbynumerousotherrebellionsthroughoutchinathemagistrateofpeicountyconsideredrebellingaswellsoheheededxiaoheandcaoshensadvicetoinviteliubangbacktosupporthimhoweverhechangedhismindlateranddeniedliubangspartyentryintothecityashewasafraidthatxiaoheandcaoshenmightopenthegatesforliubangheintendedtohavethemexecutedbutxiaoandcaoescapedandjoinedliuassuggestedbyxiaoheliubanghadletterssenttothetownsfolkfiredintothecityonarrowsurgingthemtojoinhimthepeoplerespondedtoliubangscallandkilledthemagistrateandwelcomedhimbackintothecityafterreturningtopeicountythetownsfolkwantedliubangtoleadthemtooverthrowtheqindynastyhoweverliubangexpressedreluctanceintakinguptheleadershippositionandthepeopleagreedtodecidetheirleaderbyluckxiaohewasinchargeoftheprocessandhehadthenamesoftenrespectablemenintownincludingliubangwrittenonseparatepiecesofpaperandshuffledxiaohethenaskedliubangtopickanypiecefromthepilewithoutseeingthenameonitandliupickedhisownnamebychanceliubanglookedatxiaoheandwantedtodeclineagainxiaoheimmediatelygrabbedtheremainingpiecesofpaperputthemintohismouthandchewedthemtoshredsafterwhichheproclaimedliubangastheirleaderliubangbecameknownasthedukeofpeiandbuilthisrebelarmyinpeicountywithxiaoheandhisfriendssupportinghimliubanglearntfromxiaohelaterthatactuallyallthetenpiecesofpapercontainedhisnameandxiaohaddeliberatelytamperedwiththesystemtohelphiminbctheqindynastycollapsedafterthelastqinrulerziyingsurrenderedtoliubangliubangsarmyoccupiedtheqincapitalxianyanguponenteringtheepangpalaceliubangandmostofhismenseizedtreasuresandwomenforthemselveswhilexiaoherushedtothechancellorsofficeandorderedittobeheavilyguardedxiaohethenbroughtafewmenwithhimtocollectallofficialdocumentsintheofficeandbringthemoutsafelyxiaohelaterexplainedthatthedocumentsweremorevaluablethanrichesandwomenbecausetheycontainedcrucialinformationabouttheqinempireandwouldbeusefulinintelligencechuhancontentionrecommendinghanxinliubangwasforcedtoretreatfromxianyanglaterasxiangyusarmyarrivedandoccupiedthecityafterplunderingxianyanganddestroyingthepalacexiangyudividedtheformerqinempireintotheeighteenkingdomsliubangreceivedthetitleofkingofhandynastyhanandwasrelocatedtotheremotebashuregioninpresentdaysichuanwithxiaoheandhisfollowersaccompanyinghimliubangwasunhappyandwantedtoattackxiangyubecausethelandofguanzhongrightfullybelongedtohimaccordingtoanearlierpromisebyemperoryiofchubutwasgrantedbyxiangtothreeqinsthreesurrenderedqingeneralsinsteadhoweverxiaoheandothersmanagedtopersuadeliubangtotemporarilyremaininbashuandbuilduphisforcesinpreparationforabattleforsupremacywithxiangyulaterxiaohewasappointedbyliubangasthechancellorchinachancellorofthehankingdomduringthattimexiaohemethanxinwhohadrecentlyjoinedliubangsarmyandwasservingasalowrankingsoldierandrecognisedhanxinsbrillianceinmilitarystrategynotlonglatermanyofliubangsmendesertedastheywereunabletocopewithlivinginremotebashuandhanxinalsoleftashewasdisappointedbecausehefelthistalentwouldgotowasteinliubangscampwhenxiaohelearntthathanxinhadleftheimmediatelyrushedtofindhanandbringhimbackwithoutmanagingtoinformliubangintimexiaohecaughtupwithhanxinaftertrailinghimforafewdaysevenatnightandsucceededinpersuadinghantoreturnmeanwhileliubangthoughtthatxiaohehadalsodesertedhimandwasshockedbutwasrelievedwhenhesawxiaoreturningwithhanxindayslaterliubangaskedxiaoheofallthosewhodesertedwhydidyouchoosetobringbackhanxinonlyxiaohethenstronglyrecommendedhanxintoliubangsayingthathanstalentwasunmatchedliubangheededxiaohessuggestionandappointedhanxinasageneralconquestofthethreeqininbcliubangconqueredthethreeqinsandleftxiaoheinchargeofguanzhongandbashuwhileheledhisarmyeastwardtoattackxiangyuschustatewesternchukingdomxiaohegovernedthoseterritorieseffectivelyandprovidedsupporttoliubangsarmyatthewarfrontintheformofsuppliesprovisionsandreinforcementswhileinguanzhongxiaoherestoredpeaceandorderbyimplementinganewsystemofgovernanceandreconstructingdestroyedbuildingsunderthenewsystemtaxeswerereadjustedtoreducetheburdenonthepoorlandthatusedtobelongtotheqinaristocracywasredistributedtopeasantsinordertoincreaseagriculturaloutputcapableandrespectablemenwereselectedfromamongcommonerstoassistgovernmentofficialsinadministrationbattleofgaixialiubangeventuallydefeatedxiangyuatthebattleofgaixiainbcandunifiedchinaunderhisrulehewasproclaimedemperorandbecamehistoricallyknownasemperorgaozuofhanthefollowingyearwhengaozurewardedhissubjectsaccordingtotheircontributionsxiaohereceivedthetitleofmarquisofzaninadditiontohisappointmentaschancellorbesidesgaozualsograntedxiaoheararespecialprivilegexiaowasallowedtoentertheimperialcourtcarryingaswordandwithhisshoesonandnotrequiredtowalkinbrisklywhileothershadtoinserviceduringthewesternhandynastyinbcemperorgaozuwantedtobuildhiscapitalinluoyangbutzhangliangwesternhanzhangliangsuggestedxianyanginsteadbecauseitwassurroundedbynaturaldefencessuchasmountainpassesandhadfertilelandforagriculturegaozuputxiaoheinchargeoftheconstructionsinxianyangtwoyearslatertheprojectwascompletedandxiaohetookgaozuonatourofxianyangthenewpalacewascalledweiyangpalaceandservedasthecentralimperialpalacethroughoutthewesternhandynastyandxindynastygaozualsorenamedxianyangtochanganwhichmeantlonglastingpeaceroleinhanxinsdownfallinbcwhilegaozuwasawayonamilitarycampaigntosuppressarebellionbychenxirebelchenxioneofhanxinsservantsreportedtoempresslzhithathismasterwasinvolvedinaconspiracywithchenxiandwasplanningacoupinchanganempresslapproachedxiaoheforhelpandtheyformulatedaplantolurehanxinintoatrapxiaohehadanimperialedictsenttohanxinannouncingnewsofgaozusvictoryoverchenxiaskinghantomeettheemperorandofferhiscongratulationsassoonashanxinarrivedinchanglepalacehewasarrestedandexecutedinatorturousmannerforallegedtreasonlaterlifeanddeathinbcxiaohesawthatchanganwasbecomingmorecongestedandtheimperialgardenwasfullofuncultivatedlandhencehesuggestedtogaozutocarveoutpartsofthegardenandgrantthemtopeasantsasfarmlandgaozuwasunhappyandaccusedxiaoheofacceptingbribesanddishonouringimperialauthorityxiaohewasarrestedandimprisonedbutwasreleasedlateraftergaozuwasconvincedthatxiaohehadthepeoplesinterestsatheartgaozusummonedxiaohetoseehimandherespondedwithjestandembarrassmentthechancellorwasaskingforthefieldsintheimperialgardenoutofinterestforthepeoplebutididnotapprovethisshowedthatimonlylikejieofxiajieandkingzhouofshangzhouandthatyourethemostunderstandingchancellorthereforeiintentionallyimprisonedyoutoshowthepeoplethatimatyrantafterthedeathofgaozuxiaohecontinuedservinggaozussuccessoremperorhuiofhanemperorhuiaschancelloruntilhediedinbcbeforehisdeathxiaoherecommendedcaoshentosucceedhimcaosheninheritedthesystemofgovernanceleftbehindbyxiaoheandmaintaineditwellbutdidnotimplementanynewchangesdescendantsxiaohesgreatgrandsonxiaobiaomovedtolanlingnearpresentdayzaozhuangshandongandledareclusivelifethereoneofhisdescendantsemperorgaoofsouthernqixiaodaochenglaterbecamethefounderofsouthernqiduringthesouthernandnortherndynastiesperiodlegacysomechengyuchineseidiomsandsayingsoriginatedfromtheeventsinxiaoheslifeandarelistedasfollowsxiaohechaseshanxinunderthemoonlightoriginatedfromtheeventwherexiaotrailedhanxinforafewdaysevenatnightinordertocatchupwiththelatterandbringhimbacktoliubangitisusedtodescribeanurgentsituationinwhichactionhastobetakenimmediatelywithoutnotificationsuccessisduetoxiaohedownfallisalsoduetoxiaohehangulxiaohehelpedhanxinbecomeageneralwhichenabledhantoputhistalenttogoodusehoweverxiaoalsoplayedanimportantroleinhansdeathitisusedtodescribeasituationwhereonessuccessandfailurearebothduetothesamefactorcaofollowingxiaosrulescaoshenxiaohessuccessoraschancellorchinachancellorinheritedthesystemofgovernanceleftbehindbyxiaoandmaintaineditwellbutdidnotimplementanynewchangesitisusedtodescribethecontinuationoftheworkofonespredecessormodernreferencesxiaoheisoneofthehistoricalfigureswhoappearasspecialcharactersinthevideogameromanceofthethreekingdomsxibykoeihealsoappearsasanonplayablecharacterintheactionrpgprinceofqinvideogameprinceofqinreferencessimaqianrecordsofthegrandhistorianvolumebanguetalbookofhanvolumeinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameamericanimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelsandtwolargecoupledwheelscaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagecampbellsteamlocomotivepatentpngaltcaptionpatentdrawingofthefirstlocomotiveequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalybbfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountryunitedkingdomlocomotivegwrbogieclassrailwaysouthdevonrailwaycompanysouthdevonrailwaydesignerbuildergreatwesternrailwayevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesunitedstatesofamericalocomotiverailwayphiladelphiagermantownandnorristownrailwaydesignerhenryroecampbellbuilderphiladelphiagermantownandnorristownrailwayevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitbettertractiveeffortthanthemaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementrepresentsthearrangementoffourleadingwheelsontwoaxlesusuallyinaleadingbogiefourpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsontwoaxlesandnotrailingwheelsalmosteverymajorrailroadthatoperatedinnorthamericainthefirsthalfofthethcenturyownedandoperatedlocomotivesofthistypeduetothelargenumberofthetypethatwereproducedandusedintheunitedstatestheismostcommonlyknownastheamericantypebutthetypesubsequentlyalsobecamepopularintheunitedkingdomwherelargenumberswereproducedrefnamewhitewhitejohnhjrahistoryoftheamericanlocomotiveitsdevelopmentnewyorkdoverpublicationspprefoverviewthefirstuseofthenameamericantodescribelocomotivesofthiswheelarrangementwasmadebyrailroadgazetteinaprilpriortothatthiswheelarrangementwasknownasastandardoreightwheelerthislocomotivetypewassosuccessfulonrailroadsintheunitedstatesofamericathatmanyearlierandlocomotiveswererebuiltassbythemiddleofthethcenturyrefnamekinertkinertreedearlyamericansteamlocomotivesstsevendecadesseattlewasuperiorpublishingcompanyrefseveraltanklocomotiveswerebuiltbutthevastmajorityoflocomotivesofthiswheelarrangementweretenderenginesamericandevelopmentfiveyearsafternewlocomotiveconstructionhadbegunatthewestpointfoundryintheunitedstateswiththebestfriendofcharlestoninthefirstlocomotivewasdesignedbyhenryroecampbellhenryrcampbellatthetimethechiefengineerforthephiladelphiagermantownandnorristownrailwaycampbellreceivedapatentforthedesigninfebruaryandsoonsettoworkbuildingthefirstatthetimecampbellswasagiantamonglocomotivesitscylinderenginecylindershadaborewithapistonstrokeitboasteddiameterdrivingwheelscouldmaintainofsteampressureandweighedcampbellslocomotivewasestimatedtobeabletopullatrainofatonleveltrackoutperformingthestrongestofbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinssintractiveeffortbyabouthowevertheframeanddrivinggearofhislocomotiveprovedtobetoorigidfortherailroadsofthetimewhichcausedcampbellsprototypetobederailmentpronethemostobviouscausewasthelackofaweightequalizingsystemforthedriversataboutthesametimeascampbellwasbuildinghisthecompanyofeastwickandharrisonwasbuildingitsownversionofthethislocomotivenamedherculeswascompletedinforthelehighvalleyrailroadbeavermeadowrailroaditwasbuiltwithaleadingbogiethatwasseparatefromthelocomotiveframemakingitmuchmoresuitableforthetightcurvesandquickgradechangesofearlyrailroadstheherculesinitiallysufferedfrompoortrackingwhichwascorrectedbygivingitaneffectivespringingsystemwhenreturnedtoitsbuilderforremodelingeventhoughtheherculesanditssuccessorsfromeastwickandharrisonprovedtheviabilityofthenewwheelarrangementthecompanyremainedthesolebuildersofthistypeoflocomotiveforanothertwoyearsnorrislocomotiveworksbuiltthatcompanysfirstinfollowedbyrogerslocomotiveandmachineworksthelocksandcanalsmachineshopandthenewcastlemanufacturingcompanyinafterhenrycampbellsuedothermanufacturersandrailroadsforinfringingonhispatentbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinsettledwithhiminbypurchasingalicensetobuildcoosclongueuilquebecasthesprogressedthedesignofthechangedlittlebutthedimensionsofatypicalexampleofthistypeincreasedtheboilerwaslengtheneddriversgrewindiameterandthefiregratewasincreasedinareaearlywereshortenoughthatitwasmostpracticaltoconnectthepistonstothereardriversbutastheboilerwaslengthenedtheconnectingrodsweremorefrequentlyconnectedtothefrontdriversintheslocomotivemanufacturersbeganextendingthewheelbaseoftheleadingbogieandthedriversaswellasthetenderbogiesbyplacingtheaxlesfartherapartmanufacturerswereabletomountawiderboilercompletelyabovethewheelsthatextendedbeyondthesidesofthewheelsthisgavenewerlocomotivesincreasedheatingandsteamingcapacitywhichtranslatedtohighertractiveeffortitwasinthisdecadethatlocomotiveshadassumedtheappearanceforwhichtheywouldbemostrecognizedbyrailwaysandpeoplearoundtheworldthedesignandsubsequentimprovementsoftheconfigurationprovedsosuccessfulthatbyofbaldwinslocomotiveconstructionwasofthistypeanditisestimatedthatofalllocomotivesinoperationintheunitedstateswereshoweverthewassoonsupplantedbybiggerdesignsliketheandeventhoughthewheelarrangementwasstillfavoredforexpressservicesthewidespreadadoptionoftheandlargerlocomotiveseventuallyhelpedsealitsfateasaproductofthepastalthoughlargelysupersededinnorthamericanservicebytheearlythcenturybaldwinlocomotiveworksproducedtwoexamplesforthenarrowgaugeferrocarrilesunidosdeyucatninearlyprobablythelastenginesofthiswheelarrangementintendedforgeneraluseanumberofindividualengineshavebeencustombuiltforthemeparksinrecentyearsresemblingearlydesignsinappearancebritishdevelopmentthefirstbritishlocomotivestousethiswheelarrangementwerethebroadgaugetankenginedesignswhichappearedfromthefirstbritishtenderrailtenderlocomotiveclassalthoughoflimitedsuccesswasthebroadgaugegwrwaverleyclasswaverleyclassofthegreatwesternrailwaydesignedbydanielgoochandbuiltbyrobertstephensoncointhefirstamericanstylebritishtenderlocomotiveondesignedbywilliambouchforthestocktondarlingtonrailwayinfollowedamericanpracticewithtwocylinderlocomotiveoutsidecylindersoutsidecylindersbritainsmajorcontributiontothedevelopmentofthewheelarrangementwasthecylinderlocomotiveinsidecylindersinsidecylinderversionwhichresultedinasteadierlocomotivelesspronetooscillationatspeedthistypewasintroducedinscotlandinbythomaswheatleylocomotiveengineerthomaswheatleyofthenorthbritishrailwayrefnamepoultneyrefusageaustraliathefirstappearedinsouthaustraliainfromthatinitialorderfortwolocomotivesthenumbersofthiswheelarrangementmultipliedandeventuallyappearedinmostoftheaustraliancoloniestendertankandsaddletankversionsvaryinginsizefromsmallenginestoexpresspassengerracerswithdrivingwheelsworkedinvictoriaaustraliavictorianewsouthwaleswesternaustraliaandtasmaniaongaugeandgaugerefnameobergobergleonlocomotivesofaustraliasydneylondonreedrefthelocomotivescamefrombritishbuilderssuchasdbsandcompanydbsandbeyerpeacockandcompanybeyerpeacockfromtheamericanrogerslocomotiveworksinnewjerseyandfromlocalfirmssuchasjamesmartincoingawlersouthaustraliaandthephoenixfoundryinballaratvictoriainnewsouthwalesandvictoriatheruledtherailsformainlinepassengerservicesuntiltheearlysinwesternaustraliasomewerelaterconvertedtofinlandinfinlandthewasrepresentedbytheclassesaaaaaaandatheclassawasaclassofninelocomotivesbuiltinandbythebaldwinlocomotiveworksforuseonthehankohyvinkrailwaythefinnishsteamlocomotiveclassawasaclassofonlytwolocomotivesbuiltinandbythefinlandfinnishstaterailroadsworkshopsinhelsinkioneofthemispreservedatthefinnishrailwaymuseummozambiquebetweenandpaulingandcompanyplacedsouthafricanclassngfalconfandftenderlocomotivesinserviceonthenarrowgaugerailwaywhichwasbeingconstructedforthebeirarailwayinmozambiquetheyweresuppliedinsixbatchesbybrushtractionfalconengineandcarworkslimitedinenglandandthedugalddrummondglasgowrailwayengineeringcompanyinscotlandrefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnameenigmabaxterantonythetwofootgaugeenigmastedplatewaypressppappendixvrefrefnamepattisonpattisonrgthunderingsmokestedsablepublishinghouserefinservicetheselocomotiveswerenicknamedlawleysafterthebeirarailwayconstructionsubcontractortheconstructionofthelastbatchoftenflocomotiveswassubcontractedbyfalcontotheglasgowrailwayengineeringcompanyinscotlandandthesewereconsequentlyoftenreferredtoasthedrummondfrefnamemardellrailwaymodellingscenesouthafricamayjunearticlewrittenbyneillmardellrefthefalconfwaslargerandheavierthantheearlierfwithatractiveeffortthatwasincreasedfromtheoftheftoatboilerpressureitcouldhauluptherulinggradientscomparedtothethatthefcouldmanagenewzealandthenzrlaclassnzrlsupasupclasstanklocomotivesofwerebuiltinbritainbynasmythwilsonandcompanyinforthenewzealandmidlandrailwaycompanytheyweretakenoverbythenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentinwhenthegovernmentacquiredtheincompletemidlandlinenewzealandmidlandlinerhodesiawhenthebeirarailwayinmozambiquewasregaugedtobyandthewholesouthafricanclassnglawleylocomotivefleetwasstagedsixofthemozambicanflocomotiveswereacquiredbytheayrshirerailwaywhichwasthenunderconstructioninsouthernrhodesiatheyremainedinservicethereuntilwhenthislinewasalsoconvertedtocapegaugeandbecamethechinhoyisinoiabranchofthebeiramashonalandandrhodesiarailwaysouthafricanarrowgaugeinandthetongaatsugarestatesinkwazulunatalnatalacquiredtwotanklocomotivesfromwgbagnallfortheirgaugelinetheselocomotiveshadcylindersafurtherelevensimilarlocomotivesbutwithcylindersweredeliveredfromthesamemanufacturerbetweenandnointhirteenofthebeirarailwaysretirednarrowgaugefalconfandflocomotiveswereacquiredfrommozambiquebytheuniondefenceforcesforuseinsouthafricawheretheyreplacedlocomotivesthathadbeencommandeeredforthewareffortingermansouthwestafricaduringthefirstworldwarattheendofthewartheselocomotiveswerestageduntiltheywereplacedbackinservicebythesouthafricanrailwayssarinwhenasystemofgroupingnarrowgaugelocomotivesintoclasseswaseventuallyintroducedbythesarbetweenandtheywereclassifiedassouthafricanclassngclassnginbagnallbuiltasingletanklocomotivenamedburnsideandwithcylindersforthegaugelineofthenatalestatessugarplantationatmountedgecombeinnatalstandardgaugethethirdlocomotiveofthenatalrailwaycompanywasdeliveredinjanuarysixteenyearsaftertheopeningoftherailwayitwasasidetankenginebuiltbykitsonandcompanyandnamednatalrailwaytperseveranceperseverancethiswasthelaststandardgaugelocomotivetobeobtainedbythenatalrailwaycompanybeforetheestablishmentofthenatalgovernmentrailwaysinandtheconversionfromstandardgaugetorefnamehollandrefrefnamemercurythenatalmercuryofjanuaryrefcapegaugewithoptionaltendersevensidetanklocomotiveswerebuiltforthecapegovernmentrailwayscgrbyrobertstephensonandcompanyinsincetheywerefoundtobefastandreliableenginesfourmoreweredeliveredinbuiltbyneilsonandcompanyandpracticallyidenticaltotheprevioussevenbutequippedwithsmalloptionalfourwheeledwatertenderstheywerealldesignatedcgrstclasststclasswhenalocomotiveclassificationsystemwasintroducedbythecgrrefnamelittleycgrnumberingrevisedarticlebydavelittleysarailmayjunepprefinthecapegovernmentrailwaysplacedfourcgrstclassstclasstenderlocomotivesinservicebuiltbytheavonsideenginecompanytheywereintendedforfastpassengerserviceonthecapewesternandeasternsystemsandwerefollowedbyelevenmorefromneilsonandcompanyininthecgrplacedsixmorecgrstclassttstclasstankandtenderlocomotivesinserviceonitscapemidlandsystemthesewerebuiltbyneilsonandcompanyastenderlocomotiveswithoutonboardcoalbunkersandwithpermanentlyattachedcoalandwatertenderstwoofthembecamesarclassinbetweenandeleventanklocomotivesforthewynbergsuburbanlineincapetownweredeliveredtothecgrfromneilsonanddbsandcompanydesignatedcgrndclasstndclassandknownaswynbergtankstenofthembecamesarclassinintwotanklocomotiveskowierailwaytnamedgrahamstownandbathurstenteredpassengerserviceontheprivatekowierailwaybetweengrahamstownandportalfredwhichwasstillunderconstructionatthetimesirherculeseighteentenderpassengerlocomotivesweredeliveredtothecgrfromneilsonandcompanyindesignatedcgrrdclassrdclasstheywereorderedforpassengerserviceoutofcapetowneastlondoneasterncapeeastlondonandportelizabethrespectivelyandwereequippedwithsixwheeledtendersinthecgrplacedtwoexperimentalcgrrdclassrdclasstenderlocomotivesinservicedesignedbythecapeeasternsystemtobeabletousethelowgradelocalcoalwithitshighincombustiblemattercontentinthecgrplacedcgrrdclassrdclasstenderlocomotivesinservicetheywerethefirststocklocomotivestobebuiltinquantitytodetaileddesignspreparedinthecapecolonycapeofgoodhopeinthecgrplacedsixcgrrdclassrdclasswynbergtenderlocomotivesinpassengerserviceonthesuburbanlinesincapetowninthecgrplacedanothersixcgrrdclassrdclasswynbergtenderlocomotivesinsuburbanserviceincapetowntheywereaheavierandmorepowerfulversionofthelocomotivesofandwerebuiltforspeedwiththelargestcoupledwheelsofanylocomotiveonthecgrtodateatdiameterinthecgrplacedthelasteightcgrrdclassrdclasswynbergtendersinsuburbanserviceincapetownwhiletheyappearedtobevirtuallyidenticaltothelocomotivesofatfirstglancetheywereheavierandmorepowerfulunitedkingdomtanklocomotivessthoraceoftclassesbegantoappearonbroadgaugelinesintheunitedkingdomfromthegreatwesternrailwaybuiltitsgwrbogieclassbogieclasssaddletanksforthesouthdevonrailwaycompanysouthdevonrailwayinandothersforitsownuseduringandbetweenandthesouthdevonrailwayacquiredafurthersixsouthdevonrailwaylocomotivessaddletankclassesandthevaleofneathrailwayavaleofneathrailwaystlocomotivesfurtherninethebristolandexeterrailwayintroducedseveralbristolandexeterrailwaytlocomotivesclassesafterwilliamadamslocomotiveengineerwilliamadamsbuiltaseriesofstandardgaugelocomotivesofthelondonandnorthwesternrailwaylocomotivesofthenorthlondonrailwayclassesforthenorthlondonrailwaybetweenandhewentontobuildthelswrclassforthelondonandsouthwesternrailwayinotherbritishtypesincludedthemetropolitanrailwayaclassaclassofthemetropolitanrailwaybuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanyfromandthehighlandrailwayoclassofandhighlandrailwayyankeetankspclassofalsoinjohnlambieengineerjohnlambieofthecaledonianrailwaybuilttwelveclasslocomotivesinsidecylindertenderlocomotivesctypicalofthebritishinsideframeinsidecylinderlayoutbetweenandsamuelwjohnsonofthemidlandrailwaybuiltinsidecylindertenderlocomotivestovariousdesignsnotablythemidlandrailwaysmidlandrailwayclassclassthetypewasparticularlyrefinedbyjohnfmcintoshofthecaledonianrailwaywithhiscaledonianrailwayclassdunalastairandbreadalbaneclassesoftoinadditionwilsonworsdellofthenortheasternrailwayuknortheasternrailwaydesignedsixclassesbetweenandothernotableclassesincludedthelondonandsouthwesternrailwayslswrtclasstclassofandthelondonandnorthwesternrailwayslnwrwhaleprecursorclassprecursorclassoffromthemidsuntilafterthefirstworldwartheinsidecylinderwasthestandardtypeforbritishexpresstrainexpresspassengertrainsalthoughseveralclasseswerealsousedinmixedtrafficserviceinlateryearsthegreatwesternrailwaygwrpreferredtoretainlocomotiveframeoutsideframesontheirinsidecylinderonememberofitscityclassthegwrclasscityoftrurocityoftrurodesignedbygeorgejacksonchurchwardandbuiltatthegwrsswindonworksinwasreputedlythefirststeamlocomotiveineuropetotravelinexcessofreachingaspeedofonmaywhilehaulingtheoceanmailsspecialfromplymouthtolondonspaddingtonstationalthoughtheinsidecylinderhadlargelybeensupersededbylargerlocomotivesformainlineexpresstrainsbythetyperemainedinuseinscotlandandeastangliawherelinesthatcouldnotsupportheavierorlargerlocomotiveswerecommonthusboththegreateasternrailwaysgerclassessdandhclaudhamiltonclassesoftoandthegreatcentralrailwaysgcrclassfdirectorclassesofwereperpetuatedbythelondonandnortheasternrailwayinuntilthelondonmidlandandscottishrailwayalsocontinuedtobuilditslmsclasspclasspoftraditionalinsidecylinderforsecondarypassengerworkingthreecylindertenderlocomotivesexperimentswereconductedwiththreecylindercompoundlocomotivesbywilsonworsdellofthenortheasternrailwayinsamuelwjohnsonofthemidlandrailwayinandfranciswebbengineerfranciswebbofthelondonandnorthwesternrailwayofthesethedevelopmentofjohnsonsdesignbyricharddeeleyofthemidlandrailwayintothemidlandrailwayclassclasswasthemostsuccessfulthisclasscontinuedtobebuiltbythelondonmidlandandscottishrailwaylmsafteruntilwiththealmostidenticallmscompoundbritishthreecylindersimpleexpansionsimplexlocomotivesincludednigelgresleyslnerclassdhuntandshiresofhoweverthemostpowerfulandoneofthemostsuccessfuldesignseverconstructedwasthesrclassvschoolsclassofthesouthernrailwaygreatbritainsouthernrailwaydesignedbyrichardmaunsellandbuiltbetweenandthesewereusedonsecondaryexpresstrainsbetweenlondonandsouthcoasttownsuntiltheirwithdrawalinrefnamemaunsellmaunsellorgukvirtualshedprofilehtmmaunsellrailwaysocietylocomotivestowerefunitedstatesofamericanodeliveredonflatcarsduetobreaksofgaugesincethefirstlocomotivesintheunitedstateswereimportedfromtheunitedkingdomthebritishwasalsoadoptedbythefirstunitedstatesrailroadswhennewlocomotiveconstructionbeganintheunitedstatesinsomenewrailroadsoptedforadifferentgaugeresultinginbreakofgaugebreaksofgaugeasrailroadsbegantobejoinedtogetherapartfromfreightreloadingissuesanotherresultwasthatnewlocomotivesforsomeoftheserailroadshadtobedeliveredonflatcarstheplayedamajorroleinthedevelopmentofrailtransportintheunitedstatessomeofthenotablelocomotivesthatsawserviceonunitedstatesrailroadsarethegenerallocomotivethegeneralbuiltinbyrogerslocomotiveandmachineworksrogersketchumgrosvenorinpatersonnewjerseywasthefleeinglocomotiveduringthegreatlocomotivechaseoftheamericancivilwarrefnamestealingthegeneralrefonapassengertrainacrosskansascwaltdisneyworldrailroadnoroyodisneywasbuiltinfebruarybythebaldwinlocomotiveworksoriginallyasnofortheferrocarrilesunidosdeyucatninmexicoitnowoperatesontherailroadcirclingthemagickingdominorlandofloridarefnamebroggierefthetexaslocomotivethetexasbuiltinbycookelocomotiveandmachineworksdanforthcookeandcompanyinpatersonnewjerseywasthepursuinglocomotiveduringmuchofthegreatlocomotivechasethejupiterlocomotivejupitercentralpacificrailroadsnobuiltbyschenectadylocomotiveworksofnewyorkinseptemberwasoneofthetwolocomotivestomeetatpromontorysummitduringthegoldenspikeceremonyuponthecompletionofthefirsttranscontinentalrailroadfirstamericantranscontinentalrailroadonmayunionpacificnobuiltbyrogerslocomotiveandmachineworksofpatersonnewjerseyinwastheotherlocomotiveatpromontorysummitonmaythevirginiaandtruckeerailroadsvirginiaandtruckeedaytondaytonbuiltinbythecentralpacificrailroadhadthehonorofopeningthebranchlinebetweencarsoncitynevadacarsoncityandmindennevadamindeninnevadainrefnamekoenigrefthenewyorkcentralandhudsonriverrailroadnonewyorkcentralandhudsonriverrailroadnobuiltintohaultherailroadsempirestateexpressisbelievedtohavebeenthefirstintheunitedstatestotravelataspeedofmorethanclassprrddnobuiltinbythewasconsideredobsoletebeingreplacedbymikadospacificsandotherlargerenginesalthoughtheycontinuedtoservetoanextentintothesthelasttobebuiltwasadiminutivebaldwinproductfortheferrocarrilesunidosdeyucatanunitedrailwaysofyucataninfewerthanfortysurviveinpreservationintheunitedstatesreproductionsexcludedinatlantageorgiabetweenandthecrownmetalproductscompanyofwyanopennsylvaniabuiltlivesteamreproductionsofclassicdesignsforusebyamusementparksthelargestoftheseofwhichwereproducedranonnarrowgaugerailwaysnarrowgaugerailtrackstrackmostarepatternedafterthcenturyamericandesignsbutthoseproducedforbuschgardenshaveeuropeanstylingmanyofthesesawdailyoperationatparkssuchaskingsislandmichaeljacksonsneverlandranchoutofservicebyandtheomahazoorailroadatomahashenrydoorlyzooandaquariumoperationalhistoriclocomotivesnorthamericathereareahandfuloffullsizesteamlocomotivesbuiltpriortothatarestilloperatingintheusandcanadathefollowingisalistoflocationswithatleastoneworkingexampleandtracksonwhichtorunitclasswikitablelocationaddressroadnumbersnamestrackgaugenumberofsyearsbuiltnotesdanmarkoffprivateresidencelasvegaslasvegasnevadauseurekalocomotiveeurekastyletextaligncenterstillhasoriginalboilernevadastaterailroadmuseumcarsoncitynevadausvirginiaandtruckeeinyoinyostyletextaligncenterappearedinovertwentyhollywoodwesterngenrewesternsprairiedogcentralrailwaywinnipegmanitobacanadastyletextaligncentersouthsimcoerailwaytottenhamontariotottenhamontariocanadastyletextaligncenterwaltdisneyworldrailroadwaltdisneyworldrailroadmagickingdombaylakefloridausroyodisneystyletextaligncentersignificantlyalteredfromitsoriginalappearancetoresemblesteamlocomotivesfromthesrefnameleaphartrefthehenryfordweiserrailroadweiserrailroadgreenfieldvillagedearbornmichiganusedisonstyletextaligncenterthesteamlocomotivebuiltinwasoriginallyanrebuiltasainbythefordmotorcompanywilmingtonandwesternrailroadwilmingtonwesternrailroadmarshalltondelawareusstyletextaligncenterreferencesexternallinkssparetimelabscomanimatoanimatoindexhtmlbuildingascalelivesteamlocomotivethissiteincludesafullshopdrawingofabaldwinillustratedaccountofthedevelopmentoftheinbritainxuandeemperorxushouhuiredirectcategoryshellthexeroxdevelopmentenvironmentwasoneofthefirstintegrateddevelopmentenvironmentsidesitwasfirstimplementedonthexeroxaltoinseealsobcplmesaprogramminglanguageexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebapearsonfscomxdehtmlthexeroxdevelopmentenvironmentxdedigibarncomcollectionspapersdicksweetxdepaperpdfpaperonxdecanrefertotheyearinthethmillenniumibmwelfareandinstitutionswiccodeorinvoluntarypsychiatricholdthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutrem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cednumerousdiamondruledglassdiffractiongratingsfortheirspectrometersthelawofdiffractionofacrystaliscalledbraggslawintheirhonorintenseandwavelengthtunablexraysarenowtypicallygeneratedwithsynchrotronsinamaterialthexraysmaysufferanenergylosscomparedtotheincomingbeamthisenergylossofthereemergingbeamreflectsaninternalexcitationoftheatomicsystemanxrayanaloguetothewellknownramanspectroscopythatiswidelyusedintheopticalregioninthexrayregionthereissufficientenergytoprobechangesintheelectronicstatetransitionsbetweenelectronconfigurationorbitalsthisisincontrastwiththeopticalregionwheretheenergylossisoftenduetochangesinthestateoftherotationalorvibrationaldegreesoffreedomforinstanceintheultrasoftxrayregionbelowaboutkelectronvoltevcrystalfieldexcitationsgiverisetotheenergylossthephotoninphotonoutprocessmaybethoughtofasascatteringeventwhenthexrayenergycorrespondstothebindingenergyofacorelevelelectronthisscatteringprocessisresonantlyenhancedbymanyordersofmagnitudethistypeofxrayemissionspectroscopyisoftenreferredtoasresonantinelasticxrayscatteringrixsduetothewideseparationoforbitalenergiesofthecorelevelsitispossibletoselectacertainatomofinterestthesmallspatialextentofcorelevelorbitalsforcestherixsprocesstoreflecttheelectronicstructureinclosevicinityofthechosenatomthusrixsexperimentsgivevaluableinformationaboutthelocalelectronicstructureofcomplexsystemsandtheoreticalcalculationsarerelativelysimpletoperforminstrumentationthereexistseveralefficientdesignsforanalyzinganxrayemissionspectrumintheultrasoftxrayregionthefigureofmeritforsuchinstrumentsisthespectralthroughputietheproductofdetectedintensityandspectralresolvingpowerusuallyitispossibletochangetheseparameterswithinacertainrangewhilekeepingtheirproductconstantgratingspectrometersusuallyxraydiffractioninspectrometersisachievedoncrystalsbutingratingspectrometersthexraysemergingfromasamplemustpassasourcedefiningslitthenopticalelementsmirrorsandorgratingsdispersethembydiffractionaccordingtotheirwavelengthandfinallyadetectorisplacedattheirfocalpointssphericalgratingmountshenryaugustusrowlanddevisedaninstrumentthatallowedtheuseofasingleopticalelementthatcombinesdiffractionandfocusingasphericalgratingreflectivityofxraysislowregardlessoftheusedmaterialandthereforegrazingincidenceuponthegratingisnecessaryxraybeamsimpingingonasmoothsurfaceatafewdegreesangleofincidenceopticsglancingangleofincidenceundergoexternaltotalreflectionwhichistakenadvantageoftoenhancetheinstrumentalefficiencysubstantiallydenotedbyrtheradiusofasphericalgratingimagineacirclewithhalftheradiusrtangenttothecenterofthegratingsurfacethissmallcircleiscalledtherowlandcircleiftheentranceslitisanywhereonthiscirclethenabeampassingtheslitandstrikingthegratingwillbesplitintoaspecularlyreflectedbeamandbeamsofalldiffractionordersthatcomeintofocusatcertainpointsonthesamecircleplanegratingmountssimilartoopticalspectrometersaplanegratingspectrometerfirstneedsopticsthatturnsthedivergentraysemittedbythexraysourceintoaparallelbeamthismaybeachievedbyusingaparabolicmirrortheparallelraysemergingfromthismirrorstrikeaplanegratingwithconstantgroovedistanceatthesameangleandarediffractedaccordingtotheirwavelengthasecondparabolicmirrorthencollectsthediffractedraysatacertainangleandcreatesanimageonadetectoraspectrumwithinacertainwavelengthrangecanberecordedsimultaneouslybyusingatwodimensionalpositionsensitivedetectorsuchasamicrochannelphotomultiplierplateoranxraysensitiveccdchipfilmplatesarealsopossibletouseinterferometersinsteadofusingtheconceptofmultiplebeaminterferencethatgratingsproducethetworaysmaysimplyinterferebyrecordingtheintensityoftwosuchcolinearlyatsomefixedpointandchangingtheirrelativephaseoneobtainsanintensityspectrumasafunctionofpathlengthdifferenceonecanshowthatthisisequivalenttoafouriertransformedspectrumasafunctionoffrequencythehighestrecordablefrequencyofsuchaspectrumisdependentontheminimumstepsizechoseninthescanandthefrequencyresolutioniehowwellacertainwavecanbedefinedintermsofitsfrequencydependsonthemaximumpathlengthdifferenceachievedthelatterfeatureallowsamuchmorecompactdesignforachievinghighresolutionthanforagratingspectrometerbecausexraywavelengthsaresmallcomparedtoattainablepathlengthdifferencesearlyhistoryofxrayspectroscopyintheusphilipsgloeilampenfabriekenheadquarteredineindhoveninthenetherlandsgotitsstartasamanufactureroflightbulbsbutquicklyevolveduntilitisnowoneoftheleadingmanufacturersofelectricalapparatuselectronicsandrelatedproductsincludingxrayequipmentitalsohashadoneoftheworldslargestrdlabsinthenetherlandswasoverrunbyhitlersgermanythecompanywasabletotransferasubstantialsumofmoneytoacompanythatitsetupasanrdlaboratoryinanestateinirvingtononthehudsoninnyasanextensiontotheirworkonlightbulbsthedutchcompanyhaddevelopedalineofxraytubesformedicalapplicationsthatwerepoweredbytransformersthesexraytubescouldalsobeusedinscientificxrayinstrumentationsbuttherewasverylittlecommercialdemandforthelatterasaresultmanagementdecidedtotrytodevelopthismarketandtheysetupdevelopmentgroupsintheirresearchlabsinbothhollandandtheustheyhireddriraduffendackaprofessoratuniversityofmichiganandaworldexpertoninfraredresearchtoheadthelabandtohireastaffinhehireddrdavidmillerasassistantdirectorofresearchdrmillerhaddoneresearchonxrayinstrumentationatwashingtonuniversityinstlouisdrduffendackalsohireddrbillparishawellknownresearcherinxraydiffractiontoheadupthesectionofthelabonxrayinstrumentaldevelopmentxraydiffractionunitswerewidelyusedinacademicresearchdepartmentstodocrystalanalysisanessentialcomponentofadiffractionunitwasaveryaccurateanglemeasuringdeviceknownasagoniometersuchunitswerenotcommerciallyavailablesoeachinvestigatorhaddotrytomaketheirowndrparrishdecidedthiswouldbeagooddevicetousetogenerateaninstrumentalmarketsohisgroupdesignedandlearnedhowtomanufactureagoniometerthismarketdevelopedquicklyandwiththereadilyavailabletubesandpowersuppliesacompletediffractionunitwasmadeavailableandwassuccessfullymarketedtheusmanagementdidnotwantthelaboratorytobeconvertedtoamanufacturingunitsoitdecidedtosetupacommercialunittofurtherdevelopthexrayinstrumentationmarketinnorelcoelectronicswasestablishedinmountvernonnydedicatedtothesaleandsupportofxrayinstrumentationitincludedasalesstaffamanufacturinggroupanengineeringdepartmentandanapplicationslabdrmillerwastransferredfromthelabtoheaduptheengineeringdepartmentthesalesstaffsponsoredthreeschoolsayearoneinmountvernononeindenverandoneinsanfranciscotheweeklongschoolcurriculareviewedthebasicsofxrayinstrumentationandthespecificapplicationofnorelcoproductsthefacultyweremembersoftheengineeringdepartmentandacademicconsultantstheschoolswerewellattendedbyacademicandindustrialrdscientiststheengineeringdepartmentwasalsoanewproductdevelopmentgroupitaddedanxrayspectrographtotheproductlineveryquicklyandcontributedotherrelatedproductsforthenextyearstheapplicationslabwasanessentialsalestoolwhenthespectrographwasintroducedasaquickandaccurateanalyticalchemistrydeviceitmetwithwidespreadskepticismallresearchfacilitieshadachemistrydepartmentandanalyticalanalysiswasdonebywetchemistrymethodstheideaofdoingthisanalysisbyphysicsinstrumentationwasconsideredsuspecttoovercomethisbiasthesalesmanwouldaskaprospectivecustomerforataskthecustomerwasdoingbywetmethodsthetaskwouldbegiventotheapplicationslabandtheywoulddemonstratehowaccuratelyandquicklyitcouldbedoneusingthexrayunitsthisprovedtobeaverystrongsalestoolparticularlywhentheresultswerepublishedinthenorelcoreporteratechnicaljournalissuedmonthlybythecompanywithwidedistributiontocommercialandacademicinstitutionsanxrayspectrographconsistsofahighvoltagepowersupplynbspkvornbspkvabroadbandxraytubeusuallywithatungstenanodeandaberylliumwindowaspecimenholderananalyzingcrystalagoniometerandanxraydetectordevicethesearearrangedasshowninfiggallerywidthspxheightspxfilexrayspectroscopygoniometerjpgfiggallerythecontinuousxspectrumemittedfromthetubeirradiatesthespecimenandexcitesthecharacteristicspectralxraylinesinthespecimeneachoftheelementsemitsacharacteristicspectrumunliketheopticalspectrumthexrayspectrumisquitesimplethestrongestlineusuallythekalphalinebutsometimesthelalphalinesufficestoidentifytheelementtheexistenceofaparticularlinebetraystheexistenceofanelementandtheintensityisproportionaltotheamountoftheparticularelementinthespecimenthecharacteristiclinesarereflectedfromacrystaltheanalyzerunderananglethatisgivenbythebraggconditionthecrystalsamplesallthediffractionanglesthetabyrotationwhilethedetectorrotatesoverthecorrespondinganglethetawithasensitivedetectorthexrayphotonsarecountedindividuallybysteppingthedetectorsalongtheangleandleavingitinpositionforaknowntimethenumberofcountsateachangularpositiongivesthelineintensitythesecountsmaybeplottedonacurvebyanappropriatedisplayunitthecharacteristicxrayscomeoutatspecificanglesandsincetheangularpositionforeveryxrayspectrallineisknownandrecordeditiseasytofindthesamplescompositionachartforascanofamolybdenumspecimenisshowninfigthetallpeakontheleftsideisthecharacteristicalphalineatatwothetaofdegreessecondandthirdorderlinesalsoappeargallerywidthspxheightspxfilemolybdenumspecimenchartjpgfiggallerysincethealphalineisoftentheonlylineofinterestinmanyindustrialapplicationsthefinaldeviceinthenorelcoxrayspectrographicinstrumentlinewastheautrometerthisdevicecouldbeprogrammedtoautomaticallyreadatanydesiredtwothetaangleforanydesiredtimeintervalsoonaftertheautrometerwasintroducedphilipsdecidedtostopmarketingxrayinstrumentsdevelopedinboththeusandeuropeandsettledonofferingonlytheeindhovenlineofinstrumentsinduringthedevelopmentoftheautrometernorelcowasgivenasubcontractfromthejetpropulsionlabthelabwasworkingontheinstrumentpackageforthesurveyorspaceshipthecompositionofthemoonssurfacewasofmajorinterestandtheuseofanxraydetectioninstrumentwasviewedasapossiblesolutionworkingwithapowerlimitofwattswasverychallengingbutadevicewasdeliveredbutitwasntusedlaternasadevelopmentsdidleadtoanxrayspectrographicunitthatdidmakethedesiredmoonsoilanalysisthenorelcoeffortsfadedbuttheuseofxrayspectroscopyinunitsknownasxrfinstrumentscontinuedtogrowwithaboostfromnasaunitswerefinallyreducedtohandheldsizeandareseeingwidespreaduseunitsareavailablefrombrukerthermoscientificelvatechltdandspectrainrecentyearsmajoradvancestookplaceattheuniversityofwashingtonatthehandsofdroliverrhoidnwhocameupwithadisposablexraycamerabasedonmassproducedcomplementarymetaloxidesemiconductorsensorsandsingleboardcomputerstheoutcomeofthisinnovationwaspublishedininthereviewofscientificinstrumentsothertypesofxrayspectroscopyxrayabsorptionspectroscopyxraymagneticcirculardichroismseealsoxrayspectrometryjournalxrayspectrometryjournalreferencesxeditisavisualeditorforvmoperatingsystemvmcmsusingblockorientedterminalblockmodeibmcomputerterminalterminalsnbsplinemodeterminalsarealsosupportedxeditismuchmorelineorientedthanmodernpersonalcomputerpcandunixeditorsforexamplexeditsupportsautomaticlinenumbersandmanyofthecommandsoperateonblocksoflinesapairoffeaturesallowsselectivelineandcolumneditingtheallcommandforexamplehidesalllinenotmatchingthedescribedpatternandthecolcolumncommandallowshidingthosecolumnsnotspecifiedhencechangingforexamplethewordnoasitappearsonlyincolumnsthrutoyesandonlyonlineswiththewordflexibleisdoableanotherfeatureisacommandlinewhichallowstheusertotypearbitraryeditorcommandsbecauseibmterminalsdonottransmitdatatothecomputeruntilcertainspecialkeysarepressedsuchasaprogramfunctionkeypfkoraprogramaccesskeypakxeditislessinteractivethanmanypcandunixeditorsforexamplecontinuousspellcheckingastheusertypesisproblematictypicalscreenlayoutpremohicansscriptavtruncsizelinecolaltxeditlastofthemohicansspitwasafeaturepeculiartothecolonialwarsofnorthamericathatthetoilsanddangersofthewildernessweretobeencounteredbeforetheadversehostscouldmeetawideandapparentlyanimperviousboundaryofforestsseveredthepossessionsofthehostileprovincesoffranceandenglandthehardycolonistandthetrainedeuropeanwhofoughtathissidefrequentlyexpendedmonthsinstrugglingagainsttherapidsofthestreamsorineffectingtheruggedpassesofthemountainsendoffilexeditfileprenotablefeaturesofthescreenlayoutthetoplineprovidesdetailsaboutlineformatwheremohicansnbspisthefilenamescriptnbspisthefiletypeanbspisthefilemodedefaultindicatingwhichdiskthefileisonvnbspistherecordformatrecfmwhichcanbefixedorvariablenbspisthelengthoftherecordsforvmaximumlengthistruncnbspindicateschangesbeyondcolumnswillbeignoredsizenbspdenotestotalnumberoflinesinfilelinenbspdenotesthecurrentlinecolnbspdenotesthecurrentcolumnaltnbspindicatesthattenchangeshavebeenmadewhilexeditingtheequalsignsatthebeginningofthelinesprovidespaceforlinenumbersifdesiredandaplacetoenterxeditprefixcommandsthatmayoperateonblocksoflinesthenexttobottomlineisacommandlineforenteringxeditorsystemcpcmscommandsormacrosthereisnomousepointerbecausemostibmterminalsdidnothavemicemostibmterminalshadorfunctionkeyprogramfunctionkeyspfksandalsotwoorthreeprogramassistkeystowhichxeditcommandsormacroscouldbeassignedxeditcommandscanbeusedtochangethescreenappearancesomeexamplesincludemovingthepositionoforeliminatingthecommandlinemovingthepositionoforeliminatingthetabsmarkerlinemovingthepositionoforeliminatingtheprefixlineschangingtheprefixlinefromequalsignstolinenumbersnnnnndefiningwhetherornottabcharactersaretobeexpandeddefiningwhichlinesaretobedisplayedbyscopeselectshowingthedataonadisplayscreenorintypewritermodespecifyingtextlinestobedisplayedonthescreenreservedeliminatingthetofeoflinestopoffileandendoffiledisplayingoreliminatingshadowlinesindicationsthatlinesarenotbeingdisplayeddisplayingoreliminatingthescalelineascaleorrulertoassisteditingchangingthebackgroundandforegroundcolorsusedforthedifferentportionsofthescreendefiningwhatlinesaretobedisplayedrangedefiningwhatcolumnsaretobedisplayedandalsoifinhexadecimaltextorbothdefiningmultiplexeditscreenssizeslocationoverundersidebysidecombinationsmacrolanguagexeditmacrosscriptscanbewritteninrexxexecorcmsexecexecxeditexposesthemajorityofitsinternalstatetothemacroenvironmentallowingmacrostoeasilyreadandsetinternalvariablesthatcontrolitsoperationkexxkeditfordosandossupportsanexternalrexxinterpreternativeosrexxorquercusrexxfordosonlyquercusrexxreplacingtheoldermansfieldrexxanditsownratherlimitedkexxsubsetkeditwforwindowssupportsonlyitsowninternalkexxversionoftherexxlanguagerefnamekeditwciteweburlkeditcomfeaturesiahtmltitlekeditforwindowspublishermansfieldsoftwaregroupaccessdateyearrefmacroscanbearrangedinthecodeabbrtitlekeditmacrolibrarykmlabbrcodefileformathistoryxeditwaswrittenbyibmemployeexavierdelamberterieandwasfirstreleasedinitspredecessorwaseditspspisaninitialismforsystemproductusedbyibmotherkeyinfluenceswereedittheoldereditorforcmsandedgaranibmprogramproducteditorforcmsxeditsupportedmanyoftheedgarcommandssosscreenoutputsimulationbeingamajoronexeditalsosupportedexecthepredecessorofrexxindecembermansfieldsoftwarereleasedtoprovidecompatibilitywithwindowsandextendedsupporttoatleastjunethesebitversionsworkalsointhebitversionsofwindowsandvistabutdonotdirectlysupportunicoderefnamekedciteweburlkeditcomwhatsnewhtmltitlekeditwhatsnewpublishermansfieldsoftwaregroupdatenovemberaccessdaterefpcandunixadaptationswhenpcsandunixcomputersbegantosu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arquharsonofernstyoungonmaythereceiversannouncedthatstoreswillclosethroughoutirelandwithalossofuptojobsthesestoreswereclosedduetotradinglossesbecauseoffallinrevenuextravisionwassoldtohilcocapitalirelandinjuneforanundisclosedsumonaugusthilcoannouncedthatxtravisionstoreswouldbedualbrandedwithhmvinjanuarythehighcourtappointedaprovisionalliquidatortoxtravisionafterthecompanybecameinsolventandunabletopaytheirdebtsmostofthejobsexpectedtobelostthecompanynowoperatesasanonlinebusinesssellingmoviesvideogamesandelectronicsxtravisionalsooperatesmanyvendingmachinevendingmachinesacrosssupervaluirelandsupervalupetrolstationsandshoppingcentresxboxonereleasecontroversywhenthexboxonewasreleasedxtravisiongainednegativemediaattentionduetotheirpolicyofforcingcustomerswhohadpreorderedtheconsoletopurchaseanadditionalgameinordertogettheirconsoleaftermediaattentionandbacklashonsocialmediawebsitesirelandsnationalconsumeragencylaunchedaninvestigationintoxtravisionspracticesxtravisionreversedthispolicyandannouncedthatrefundswereavailableforthosewhohadpurchasedanadditionalgamewiththeirpreorderedconsolextravisionxpressxtravisionoperatesmanyvendingmachinesacrosstherepublicofirelandinsupervalustorespetrolstationandshoppingcentresnewmoviesareaddedeveryfridaybluraysdvdsandvideogamesareavailableatvendingmachinesfirstrentalisfreewithcodefreeuptodiscsfornightspricingdiscnightdiscsnightsdiscsnightsxtraclubunlimitedrentalsnolatefeesuptotwodiscsatatimepermonthhowitworksthecustomerselectsthemoviesandgamesthattheywishtorentnosubscriptionisrequiredhoweverifthecustomerwishesareceiptanemailmustbeprovidedpaymentistakenfromdebitcreditcardthemoviehastobereturnedbypmonthereturndatebetweennightsdependingonamountofdiscsrentedasstatedaboveifnotreturnedthefeeisdailyuptoamaximumofdaysafterdaysthedisciscustomerstokeepreferencesbbccouknewsuknorthernirelandexternallinksxtravisioniextravisionxvxpressiextravisionxpressinfoboxmusicalartistseewikipediawikiprojectmusiciansnamexenomaniaimagecaptionimagesizeonlyforimagesnarrowerthanpixelsbackgroundnonperformingpersonneloriginkentenglandgenreflatlistpopdancepopelectronicmusicelectronicyearsactivepresentlabelsonymusicentertainmentsonyassociatedactsflatlistalexgardnersingeralexgardneramelialilyflorriejessiemalakoutiminivivagabriellacilmivagabondukbandvagabondwebsitexenomaniaisanenglishsongwritingandproductionteamfoundedbybrianhigginsproducerbrianhigginsandbasedinkentenglandformedafterhigginsmetmirandacooperxenomaniahaswrittenandproducedforrenownedartistssuchascherkylieminoguedanniiminoguesophieellisbextorpetshopboysthesaturdaysandthesugababesinparticularallbutoneofgirlsaloudsstudioalbumshavebeenentirelywrittenandproducedbyxenomaniapleaseonlylistwellestablishedartistssugababesroundroundandgirlsaloudssoundoftheundergroundsongsoundoftheundergroundhavebeencreditedwithreshapingbritishpopmusicforthesrefnamexenomanianewsblogspotcomrefgabriellacilmissweetaboutmeandgirlsaloudsthepromisegirlsaloudsongthepromisewerenamedbestsingleattheariamusicawardsofandthebritawardsrespectivelyrefnamebritsreftheteamhasbeenreferredtoasaphilspectorandamotownofthestcenturythenamexenomaniameansaccordingtohigginstheexactoppositeofxenophobiaaloveofeverythingofallculturescurrentmembersofthexenomaniawritingandproductionteamarehigginsandcooperlongtermmemberstimpowellproducersongwritertimpowellandnickcolerleftinxenomaniaalsoincludesahousebandwhoworkonpotentialsongsmembersincludeflorriearnolddrumskieranjonesguitarbassandjasonreschguitarkeyboardsfrenchremixerfredfalkealsofrequentlyworkswithxenomaniaxenomaniastartedarecordlabelofthesamenameindevelopingartistsandworkingonmaterialbeforelookingformajorlabeldealsartistsincludealexgardnersingeralexgardnerjessiemalakoutibrookexminivivaandvagabondukbandvagabondhistorybrianhigginsfoundearlysuccessafterproducingaustraliansingerdanniiminoguesthirdalbumgirldanniiminoguealbumgirlwhichgainedfavourablereviewsatthetimebutfailedtoentertheukalbumschartbritishtophoweverthesuccessoftheleadsinglealliwannadodanniiminoguesongalliwannadoledtoacollaborationwithamericansingercherandhigginscowritingherinternationalnumberonehitsinglebelievechersongbelievealthoughthesongoutperformedallexpectationsandwonhimthreeivornovelloawardshigginsfoundhimselfwithoutalabelwhenlondonrecordswassoldinaftereighteenmonthshedecidedtofoundxenomaniaasanindependentproductioncompanybasedinwesterhaminkentoutsidelondonbecauseitissomewherewhereconcentrationwouldbeeasyandnoonepopsinhigginsmetmirandacooperattheeurovisionsongcontestwhenshewasabackingdancerforginaghigginsattemptedtolaunchcooperasasoloartistunderthestagenamemoonbabybutfailedtofindsuccessthatswhenwestartedwritingforotherpeopleaccordingtocooperidhadwritersblockformyselfbutassoonasitwasforsomebodyelseallthesesongspoppedoutmoonbabysherewegomoonbabysongherewegowouldlaterberecordedbybothlenenystrmrastedandgirlsaloudcommercialbreakthroughquoteboxquotewefirstmetthemthesugababesinoctoberandwedspenttheprevioustwelvemonthsworkingonourownmusicaldirectionweweregettingquitedesperateaswewerestrugglingtoconnectwiththep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stedatnumberonpitchforkmediasthetoptracksoftheslistchemistrywaspraisedbycriticsuponitsreleasebbcmusicdecidedthatthealbumwasquirkymodernanddrippingwithattitudeandholdsnodisappointmentsvirginmediagavethealbumfivestarssayingitwasburstingwithinventionquirkylyricstongueincheeksaucinessandappealstogrownuppopfansandmusiccriticsaswellastotheteenyboppersinslantmagazinesaidthatchemistryisprobablystilltheircrowninggloryxenomaniaworkedwithotherbritishartistssuchasbananaramatexasbandtexasandrachelstevenstheycontributedtrackstostevensalbumcomeandgetitrachelstevensalbumcomeandgetitacommercialfailurethattheguardianlistedamongitsalbumstohearbeforeyoudieandhailedasariotthankstoastellarteamofpopproducerswhoseemtohavetakentheprecariousstateofstevenscareerasanexcusetolettheirimaginationsrunamokxenomaniacontinuedtheirworkwithbothsaintetienneandsugababesproducingthelattersuktopfivesinglereddresssongreddressfromthealbumtallerinmorewaysdescribedbytheobserverasathumpingtourdeforcefromxenomanianotunexpectedlyitflirtsvivaciouslywithpopsongwritingconventionboastingnotonebuttwokillerchorusesxenomaniaalsoproducedtotallyfrankstarsfrankbandfranksdebutalbumthegroupwasdroppedaftertheiralbumfailedtoperformwellingirlsaloudreleasedtheirfirstgreatesthitscollectionthesoundofgirlsaloudwhichfeaturedtheirsinglestodateallproducedbyxenomaniaincludingthenewtracksomethingkindaoooohthesongwasreferredtoasanotherheadspinninglyinnovativenumberfromthexenomaniateamthesoundofgirlsaloudhasbeenrecognisedbytheifpiasamillionsellertheirfourthstudioalbumstangledupgirlsaloudalbumtangledupwaslabelledyetanotherunrelentingpopmasterpiecethetimesincludeditatnumberonalistofthedecadesbestpopalbumsthesinglecalltheshotswascriticallyacclaimedwithpopmusicjournalistpeterrobinsonjournalistpeterrobinsoncallingitthegreatestpopsongofthestcenturyrefnameboxsetrefxenomaniaalsoworkedwithaleshadixononthesingleknockdownsongknockdownsophieellisbextorandproducedtwosongsforsugababesfifthstudioalbumchangesugababesalbumchangepresentscoredherfirstuktopfivesingleasasoloartistwiththeboydoesnothinginxenomaniassuccesscontinuedaustraliansingersongwritergabriellacilmireleasedherxenomaniaproduceddebutalbumlessonstobelearnedthesinglesweetaboutmeinspiredbyobscureparisianpsychedelicrecordsthathigginsandcooperhadintroducedtocilmiwasaninternationalsuccesstheindependentcalledthesongoneofthemostinfectiousradiofriendlypoptunesofthepastfiveyearsrightuptherewithvideogamessongvideogamesandamericanboyestellesongamericanboyattheariamusicawardsofcilmiwonsixawardsincludingsingleoftheyearforsweetaboutmeintheunitedkingdomaleshadixonstheboydoesnothingwasherfirstsolotopfivesinglehigginslikenedthesongtobottledhappinessxenomaniaproducedsevenmoretracksforthealbumthealeshashowandanadditionaltwoforitsreissuewhileatworkongirlsaloudsfifthstudioalbumoutofcontrolgirlsaloudalbumoutofcontroltwomembersofthexenomaniahousebandjasonreschandkieranjonescomposedthebackingtrackforthepromisegirlsaloudsongthepromisewhichtheyplayedforhigginsheandcooperafraidtheydruinthemomentwaitedweekstowritethesongslyricstheywrotethesonginsevenminutesthepromisebecamegirlsaloudsfirstnoncoverversionnumberonesinglesincesoundoftheundergroundthesinglebecamethefastestsellingsingleofatthetimethepromisewonbestbritishsingleatthebritawardsgirlsaloudandxenomaniasfirstwinattheceremonythealbumoutofcontrolbecamegirlsaloudsfirstnumberonestudioalbumpetshopboystenthstudioalbumyespetshopboysalbumyeswasproducedbybrianhigginsandxenomaniayesreachednumberfourontheukalbumschartinpetshopboyshighestplacingsincetheiralbumbilingualalbumbilingualthealbumwasnominatedinthebestelectronicdancealbumcategoryatthendgrammyawardsrefnamegrammysrefdontstopanniealbumdontstopthesecondalbumbynorwegiansingerannienorwegiansingeranniewasreleasedinandincludesseveraltracksproducedandcowrittenbyxenomaniaincludingthesinglemyloveisbetternmemagazinecalleddontstopxenomaniaabettedlipstickpopgeniuspopduominivivasthreesinglesleftmyheartintokyoiwishminivivasongiwishbothandonetouchsongonetouchwereproducedbyxenomanialeftmyheartintokyowhichchartedwithinthetoptenwascowrittenbyannieandfredfalkethesongwascriticallyacclaimedandallthreesingleswereshortlistedfortheannualpopjusticemusicprizexenomaniaworkedwithanumberofothernewartistssuchasalexgardnersingeralexgardnerjessiemalakoutiandvagabondukbandvagabondtovaryingdegreesofsuccessseeartistdevelopmentartistdevelopmentinxenomaniaproducedtwotracksforthesaturdaysalbumonyourradarincludingtheirtopfivehitallfiredupthesaturdayssongallfiredupwhichwascoproducedwithspacecowboymusicianspacecowboyandmnekthesameyeartheyproducedsongsforthexfactorrunneruprebeccafergusonsingerrebeccafergusonbritishboybandthewantedandgirlgroupsoundgirlrefnametherefxenomaniaworkedwithanotherxfactoralumnusandxenomaniarecordssigneeamelialilyproducingandwritinganalbumthatwassubsequentlyshelvedlilysdebutsingleyoubringmejoyamelialilysongyoubringmejoyreachednumbertwoandwasdescribedbypopmusicblogmuumuseasincrediblehigginsassumedproductiondutiesforindierockgossipbandgossipsalbumajoyfulnoisegossipalbumajoyfulnoiseacollaborationmetwithscepticismbyvicemagazinevicemagazinethisisnotthefirsttimeindieartistshavefallenforhishigginscredpopcharmsnooneinvolvedmanagedtoworkoutthatgossipisntapopbandalsoinxenomaniarecordedwithmutyakeishasiobhanagroupconsistingofthefirstlineupofthesugababesandlittlemixmultipleimagefootergirlsaloudssomethingnewgirlsaloudsongsomethingnewandthesaturdayswhatareyouwaitingforthesaturdayssongwhatareyouwaitingforwerecowrittenbyflorrieleftandtovelorighttotalwidthimageflorrieliveatlamaroquinerieparisjpgwidthheightaltimagetovelobydanielhskarlssonjpegwidthheightaltxenomaniacontributedtwonewtracksincludingthesinglesomethingnewgirlsaloudsongsomethingnewtogirlsaloudssecondcompilationalbumtengirlsaloudalbumtenthegroupsfirstalbumsinceannouncingahiatusafteroutofcontrolbbcmusichailedtenasincredibleproofofhowperfectpopcanbeintherighthandsandwrotethatalongsidethexenomaniahitmachineattheirbestgirlsaloudcreateauniverseentirelyoftheirownstandingasoneofthegreatestpopactsofthiscenturycooperlatersaidofxenomaniasrelationshipwiththegroupwhosplitupinwekindofthoughtofourselvesasabitofthebandsotheessenceofxenowasgirlsaloudtheywereourcreativemusesandthereforealotofthestuffwaswrittenbyourselvestheygotmoreinvolvedinthewritingastimewentonbutwewereprobablyallalittlebitguiltyofhavinganinnerpopstardesperatetogetoutofxenoinxenomaniaproducedwhatareyouwaitingforthesaturdayssongwhatareyouwaitingforforthesaturdaystheleadsinglefromthegroupsgreatesthitsalbumfinestselectionthegreatesthitsfinestselectionfailedcollaborationsxenomaniaworkedwithamericanpopsingerbritneyspearsinduringsessionsforherfourthalbuminthezonethesongsubmittedgraffitimysoulwasnotchosenforthealbumwhiletherecordcompanylovedthesongspearsfeltthatitneededmoreofachorushigginssaidthattheywantedessentiallysoundoftheundergrounditlaterappearedongirlsaloudswhatwilltheneighbourssaytheproductionteamwereduetoworkwithrockbandsneworderbandneworderandfranzferdinandbandfranzferdinandbutbothsessionsprovedfruitlessxenomaniawasduetoproduceforneworderswaitingforthesirenscallbutpeterhooksaidtheyscrappedthebrianhigginsstuffbecausewedidntlikeitithoughthedidquiteagoodjobongirlsaloudbuthedidntdoagoodjobonusfranzferdinandbandfranzferdinandsdrummerpaulthomsonsaidwewrotewithhigginsforawhileandinitiallywethoughtwedworkmorewithhimbutitdidntreallyworkoutwejustrealizedthatwerenotreallyapopgrouprefnamefranzrefxenomaniawerereportedtohavewrittenfivesongsforleonalewisssecondalbumecholeonalewisalbumechodescribedbycooperastragicsongswithatwistthesongsdidnotmakethealbuminxenomaniawerereportedtobeworkingwithchristinaaguilerahigginsspokeofbadexperienceswithbiggerartiststoliterallymagazineinartistdevelopmentafinalistonthexfactoruktvseriesthexfactorsignedtoxenomaniarecordsinxenomaniaspenttwoyearslookingfortalentworldwideestablishingxenomaniarecordshigginssaiditsverydifficulttogetineveryoneshandpickedtheywriteproduceandrehearsemusicbeforetheysellrecordcompaniestheartiststheyvediscoveredanddevelopedhealsonotedwedlovetobeamoderndayversionofrakwheretheartistsaresignedanddevelopedherethegoalistoestablishanentertainmentcompanywithhigginspresidingoverapooloftalentretainingkeyrightstotheartiststheydevelophigginsalsosaysiobjecttothewordmanufacturedcauseithinkitsinvariablysaidwithavaguesneertherealphraseisproducerdriventheguardiandescribedthexenomaniaauditionprocessasfindkeendreamysingerstheylikeandnurturethemintofreshdistinctiveshapeovermanymonthspatientlycreatingasoundtrackspecificallytailoredtotheenergybackgroundandcharacteroftheperformersinxenomaniaheldaminifestivalentitledxenofestinwhichtheyshowcasedtheirartiststojournalistsrecordlabelrepresentativesandpublicrelationsprsvagabondsvocalistalexvargassaiditsoundscheesybutwereallyareonebigfamilyminivivawhowereformedinspenttwoyearsworkingwithxenomaniabeforetheirlaunchotherartistsdiscoveredanddevelopedthroughxenomaniarecordsincludealexgardnersingeralexgardnerbrookexandjessiemalakouticommentingontheunderperformancesofgardnerandminivivassinglespopbitchwrotethatthepublicitysurroundingthelatteractmayhaveplacedtoomuchemphasisonaandsomethingproductionduothatshouldntbetryingtobethenexttimbalandorredoneredoneinxenomaniarecordsbecameanimprintofsonymusicentertainmentandsignedamelialilyafinalistfromthexfactoruktvseriesthexfactorxenomaniasinhousedrummerflorriearnoldsignedtosonyafterfindinginternetsuccessxenomaniaheldanopenauditionforrecordingartistsinlondonsshoreditchareainworkethichigginstoldthedailytelegraphthetelegraphinaugustpopiswherethecuttingedgeofmusicisbutitneedstobedonewithtotalsincerityandanincredibleamountofskillotherwiseitdoesntwarrantitsownexistencethereisasciencetoitbuttheresmagictooyouhavetofindthespacewhereartandcommercetrulymeetinthemiddlewithgenuinefeelingandsentimenthehasalsosaidpopmusicismathsquoteboxquotealotofthesongshavecomeoutofatinyplaceaseedofanidearoundroundwasabeatbiologythatwasjustthelittlepianohookatthebeginningbutirememberitprobablytooktwoyearstoworkouthowtocomeoutofthatintrowhatitwouldgointothepromisethattrackwasreadytogobrianwassosureitwasgoingtobeahugehitthatweliterallyplannedthedaythatwewouldbewritingthisnumberoneithinkthatwasobviouslywhenwedhadalotofsuccessandwewereveryconfidentwithsomethingkindaoohhewasthinkingofdoingabitlikeatoofunkygeorgemichaelvibewhichwasactuallyhowitstartedoffbutthenitendedupsomethingverydifferenthealwayshasavisionheknowsexactlywhathesdoingbeforewedosourcemirandacoopersongwritingmagazineaprilwidthxenomaniaarenotablefortheirabnormalwritingprocessaccordingtoanarticleinqmagazineqmagazinesoctoberissuetheyeachworkonbackingtrackschordsorbeatshigginschoosingthebestbitsandbuildingupsongslikejigsawsthevariouspiecesofmusicarediscussedatdailymeetingsandthebestbecomethebasisofsongshigginsseparatesmusicmelodylyricandstrivestopreservehighleveloforiginalityexcitementanddynamisminthewritinghigginshasthefinalsayoneverythingandestablishesthecreativedirectionprojectswilltakeifapieceofmusicsoundsenticingbeforeavocalhasgoneanywherenearithigginsandcooperwillsketchoutthemelodyandlyricshigginsalsoinsiststhatartistsareinvolvedtoanextentreferringtogirlsaloudinainterviewwiththeobserverhigginssaidwedontletthemoutoftheroomtilltheyvegiveneveryounceofmelodicinstinctthattheyvegotinthemattheendyoufindtheyvecontributedreallywellneiltennantnotedthathigginsworksyouveryhardhesveryheadmasterlytennantspartnerchrislowesaidhigginsputsstarsbyyourworkandcommentsitsruthlessitsfantasticnorwegiansingerannienorwegiansingeranniesaidofhigginshesmakingmusicallthetimeandhesreallycreativeandhasalotofgoodideasseriousandambitiousitgavemeanextrapunchtoworkreallyhardandthatwasexactlywhatineededaustraliansingergabriellacilmihasremarkedthatworkingwithhigginsbringsoutthebestinmeheknowshowtomakemysillinessgoodaccordingtocoopertheartistsvocalperformanceonatrackisthefinalpieceofthepuzzleandsongswithamazingchoruseshavebeenshelvedasaresultoftheartistnotsoundingadequateonthemonxenomaniasrelativelylowoutputcomparedtoagrouplikestockaitkenwatermanhigginssaysifyoureaproductionhouseyouresupposedtoworkwithanyoneandeveryonethatstherulebutifwedontfeelexcitedbytheprospectoftheartistthentherecordsgoingtobeshithigginsrefusestoworkpurelyforthefeeforthesamereasonshesayspeoplearecomingtomealreadywithaqualityideainmindbecausetheyvehearditbutpeopleneedtounderstandthatwhentheyhearsomethingthatwevedoneontheradioaprocesshasbeenfollowedtoachievethatxenomaniahavereportedlyturnedawayatomickittenandgarethgateskentpicturedpeterrobinsonjournalistpeterrobinsonwritingfortheguardiancreditedtheeffectivenessofxenomaniasoutputwiththenumberofpeopleworkingwithhigginsitsnotreallyjustfivegirlsgirlsaloudandbrianhigginsawholeteamwereatworkwithanacuteunderstandingofhowtomanufactureanexcellentpopphenomenoncoopersaysthathighlevelsofqualitycontrolresultfromagroupofallsortsofartistsallsongwriterswritinghooksonthesametrackbrianhadnoworrieschoosingmelodiesfromwherevertheycamefromhedidntmindifitwasthepersonmakingteaintheofficeiftheycameupwithsomethingwhichtheyoftendidthatwouldbeusedneiltennantofpetshopboyssaidthatxenomaniaremindedmeofworkingatsmashhitscosyouvegotthishousefullofpeopleandtheyrealltotallyintomusictheyallhavecommentstomakeatrulygreatatmospherexenomaniaworkfromalargeenglishcountryhouselocatedinkentwherehigginsalsolivesandaapartmentflatinshoreditchtheyhavealsobeenknowntowriteathotelsthecountryhomeformerlybelongedtoaliceliddelltheinspirationbehindlewiscarrollsnovelalicesadventuresinwonderlanditwasputupforsaleininfluencesoftheproductiongroupsphilosophyandoutlookhigginssayswhatwestandforiseverythingabouttheinterestingsideofmusicbutwithtunesthepostmanwillwhistlethereareanumberofinfluencespresentinxenomaniasproductionsincludingelectronicmusicelectronicglamrockmotownsoulmusicsoulpunkrockpunkandmoretraditionalpopmusictheobserverwrotethatxenomaniaaresonicallypioneeringsongsthathavecombineddancerockandraveandresultedinthegroupbeingchampionedbynmeasoftenasmtvrefnameobserverlistrefpetshopboysmemberneiltennantnotedthatxenomanianeversticktoonesoundsotheyreneverboringtheyhaveabigrangethevariedsoundoftheproductionhouseisinfluencedbyhigginsownwidetastesgrowinguphigginssaysidiscoveredpunkmusicthennewromanticmusicthendancemusicwhichgotmeintothemusicbusinessprofessionallyhigginswasafanofpunkrockgroupssuchasthebuzzcocksandthesexpistolsaswellasmoreelectronicmusicelectronicgroupssuchasneworderbandneworderadditionallyhigginswasobsessedwithsynthesisersduranduranandthewaytheyutilisedsynthswhichithoughtwasamazinglycleverandjapanbandjapananddepechemodetostayrelevanthigginssaidtheteamavoidslisteningtotheradioorfollowingcontemporaryfashionsnotingthatgirlsaloudscalltheshotsstartedasapieceofmusicinwaswrittenasasonginandcameoutinnovemberhoweverpaulthomsonoffranzferdinandbandfranzferdinandsaidhehasateaminthekitchenlisteningtoradioalldaymonitoringwhatsbeingplayedandhehassomebodywatchingfashiontvalldaymakingnotesonwhatkindofbeatstheyreusingcooperhasmentionedthatoneofxenomaniaspoliciesistorecruityoungpeopleasbrianandiarentoutintheclubsravingitupanymorecriticalresponseandrecognitionsincetheirinceptionxenomaniahasgarneredpraisefromallareasoftheinternationalmediapitchforkmediawhichgenerallyfocusesonindependentmusicpraisedxenomaniafortheirdeathlesshooksandmultigenrepyrotechnicssongsstuffedtothegillswithonetwothreesometimesfourdifferentchorusessoundinglikepatchworkassemblagesofthebestbitsofahundredfantasypopsongsinbritishpopwebsitepopjusticestatedthiscartelofsongwritersandproducersarethemosttalentedpoppowerhousesincetheglorydaysofcheironstudioscheironandcouldeasilybecomethemostexcitingbritishhitmachineofalltimebygabriellacilmipicturedwonanariaawardforbestsinglexenomaniahasbeengivenvariousaccoladesandrecognitionbritishmusicindustrytrademagazinemusicweeksaidinanoctoberpieceasoneofsongwritingandproductionteamxenomaniathepublicityshybrianhigginshasbeenresponsibleforsomeofthemostlifeaffirmingandinnovativepopsongsofthelastdecadetheywerenamedmusicweeksproduceroftheyearawardforhigginswontheivornovelloawardforbestsongmusicallyandlyricallyforhisworkonchersbelievechersongbelieveitwasalsoawardedthesalesbasedinternationalhitoftheyearandbestsellinguksingleitalsowonthegrammyawardforgrammyawardforbestdancerecordingbestdancerecordingxenomaniawonbestbritishsingleforgirlsaloudsthepromisegirlsaloudsongthepromiseatthebritawardswhilegabriellacilmissweetaboutmewonbestsingleattheariamusicawardsofpetshopboysyespetshopboysalbumyeswasnominatedinthebestelectronicdancealbumcategoryatthendgrammyawardstheobserverplacedhigginsatnumberthirteeninalistofthetwentymostpowerfulcelebritymakersthearticlelabelledxenomanianotonlyukpopsmostsuccessfulsongwritingandproductionteamtheyrealsoitsmostcuttingedgemirandacooperwasinharpersbazaarpowerlistasoneofthethirtywomenwhoshapeourlivestodaytheywroteofcooperifitsahityouwantyoudbettertalktocooperfortherestofuscooperhasthepowertogetatuneinsideourheadslistofartistswithsongsproducedbybrianhigginsxenomaniadonotincludeartistswithnowikipediapageabzloveabsaleshadixonalexgardnersingeralexgardneralexisstrumannienorwegiansingeranniebananaramabrookexcherchicanerecordingartistchicanedanniiminoguefrankbandfrankflorriegabriellacilmigirlsaloudgossipbandthegossipjemsingerjemjessiemalakoutikaiserchiefskevinmchaleactorkevinmchalekylieminoguelenenystrmrastedlittlemixmaniabandmaniamelanieblattminivivamolliekingmoonbabynadinecoylenatachaatlaspetshopboysrachelstevensrebeccafergusonsingerrebeccafergusonsaintetiennebandsaintetiennethesaturdayssophieellisbextorsugababestexasbandtexasvbandvvagabondukbandvagabondthewantedartistssignedtoxenomaniaamelialilysmallsmallbrianhigginsxenomaniaproductioncreditsreferencesexternallinksxenomanianewsblogspotcomxenomanianewsautomatictaxoboxnamexenopeltidaeimagexenopeltisunicolorrooijjpgimagecaptionsunbeamsnakexenopeltisunicolorxunicolorparentauthoritycharleslucienjuleslaurentbonapartebonapartetaxonxenopeltisauthoritycaspargeorgcarlreinwardtreinwardtsynonymsfamilyscaptophesxenopeltinatortricidaexenopeltidaexenopeltinaerefnamemcdfrroywallacemcdiarmidmcdiarmidrwjonathanacampbellcampbelljatourtsnakespeciesoftheworldataxonomicandgeographicreferencevolumewashingtondistrictofcolumbiaherpetologistsleagueppseriesvolumerefgenusxenopeltisxenopeltiscommonnamessunbeamsnakesrefnameitisfrefxenopeltisisthegenusofsunbeamsnakesofthemonotypictaxonmonotypicfamilyxenopeltidaethespeciesofwhicharefoundinsoutheastasiasunbeamsnakesareknownfortheirhighlyiridescentscalescurrentlytwospeciesarerecognizedrefnameitisrefstudiesofdnasuggestthatthexenopeltidsaremostcloselyrelatedtothemexicanburrowingpythonloxocemusbicolorandtothetruepythonsofpythonidaedescriptionadultscangrowuptoinlengthrefnamebdburniedwilsondeanimallondondorlingkindersleyppreftheheadscalesaremadeupoflargeplatesmuchlikethoseofthecolubridaewhiletheventralscalesareonlyslightlyreducedpelvicvestigesarenotpresentrefnamenrdbrefthedorsalcolorpatternisareddishbrownbrownorblackishcolorthebellyisanunpatternedwhitishgraygeographicrangetheyarefoundinsoutheastasiafromtheandamanislandsandamanandnicobarislandseastthroughmyanmartosouthernchinathailandlaoscambodiavietnamthemalaypeninsulaandtheeastindiestosulawesiaswellasthephilippinesbehavioranddietthesesnakesarefossorialspendingmuchoftheirtimehiddentheyemergeatdusktoactivelyforageforfrogsothersnakesandsmallmammalstheyarenotvenomousandkilltheirpreywithconstrictionspeciescellspacingcellpaddingborderstylebordercollapsecollapsebgcolorfffspeciesbgcolorffftaxonauthorbgcolorfffcommonnamebgcolorfffgeographicrangexenopeltishainanensisxhainanensisfrshuqinhuhufrermizhaozhaostylewidthchinafromzhejiangwesttoguangxiandsouthtohainanislandxenopeltisunicolorxunicolorspanstylefontsizesuptsupspancaspargeorgcarlreinwardtreinwardtsunbeamsnakerefnameemblrefmyanmartanintharyiregiontenasserimtheandamanislandsandamanandnicobarislandssouthernchinaguangdongandyunnanthailandlaoscambodiavietnamwestmalaysiapenangislandsingaporeislandandeastmalaysiasarawakinindonesiaitisfoundontheislandsoftheriauarchipelagobangkaislandbangkabelitungsumatrawesimalurniasthementawaiislandssiberutborneojavaandsulawesiinthephilippinesitisfoundontheislandsofbalabacbongaojoloandpalawannotincludingthenominatesubspeciesbrspanstylefontsizesuptsupspantypespeciescaptivitythesesnakesarenotverycommonlykeptaspetsbecauseoftheirhighmortalityrateincaptivityshippingandthefirstsixmonthsincaptivityareverystressfulandoftenkillcaptivesnakestheyalsohaveverylittletoleranceofhandlingwiththeresultingstressleadingtoprematuredeathcaptivespecimensshouldbeprovidedwithatemperaturegradientandaneasytoburrowsubstratethecageshouldbekeptwarmbutnothotandtheyshouldbeleftaloneseealsolistofsnakesoverviewofallsnakegenerareferencesimagexiaoyuetunnelnovjpgthumbpxthesouthernentrancetothexiaoyueexpresswaytunnelthexiaoyuetunnelisanexpresswaysofchinaexpresswaytunnelinbeijingchinaandformspartofthethringroadbeijingwesternthringroadndcenturyredirectdouglasxbredirectcategoryshellredirectlockheedxbredirectcategoryshellfnfivesevenxuanzonghsuantsunginwadegilesmayrefertothefollowingchineseemperorsemperorxuanzongoftangreignedemperorxuanzongoftangthcenturyreignedemperorxuanzongofjinreignedemperorxuanzongofmingorxuandeemperorreignedemperorxuanzongofqingordaoguangemperorreignedxmlrpcxuanzongxuanzonginfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamejervisimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelsandasinglelargedrivingwheelcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagerailwayandlocomotiveengineeringapracticaljournalofrailwaymotivepowerandrollingstockjpgaltcaptionhackensackandnewyorkrailroadequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyaafrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotiveexperimentrenamedbrotherjonathanrailwayalbanyandschenectadyrailroadmohawkandhudsonrailroaddesignerjohnbjervisbuilderwestpointfoundryevolvedfromusaukevolvedtomainbenefitimprovedstabilitymaindrawbackreducedadhesiveweightfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoffourleadingwheelsontwoaxlestwopowereddrivingwheelsononeaxleandnotrailingwheelsthistypeoflocomotiveisoftencalledajervistypethenameoftheoriginaldesigneroverviewthewheelarrangementtypewascommononunitedstatesrailroadsfromthesthroughthesthefirsttobebuiltwastheexperimentlaternamedbrotherjonathanforthemohawkandhudsonrailroadinitwasbuiltbythewestpointfoundrybasedonadesignbyjohnbjervishavinglittleelsetoreferencethemanufacturerspatternedtheboilerandvalvegearafterlocomotivesbuiltbyrobertstephensonofenglandafewexamplesofstephensonlocomotiveswerealreadyinoperationinamericasoengineersdidnothavetotraveltoofartogettheirinitialideasinenglandthewasdevelopedaroundfromthedesignofstephensonsfirstlongboilerlocomotivewhichhehadalteredtoplacetwopairsofwheelsatthefronttoimprovestabilitywiththeoutsidecylindersbetweenthemintheunitedstatesthedesignwasamodificationofthedesignthenincommonusetheprovedtobetoorigidfortherailroadsofthedayoftenderailingonthetightcurvesandrapidelevationchangesofearlyamericanrailroadsforthejervisintroducedafourwheelleadingtruckunderthelocomotivessmokeboxitswiveledindependentlyfromthemainframeofthelocomotiveincontrasttotheenglishengineswhichhadrigidframesthepistonspoweredasingledrivingaxleattherearofthelocomotivejustbehindthefireboxsteamenginefireboxthisdesignresultedinamuchmorestablelocomotivewhichwasabletoguideitselfintocurvesmoreeasilythantherefnamewhiterefrefnamekinertrefthisdesignprovedsoeffectiveonamericanrailroadsthatmanyoftheearlywererebuiltastheexcelledinitsabilitytostayonthetrackespeciallythosewiththesingledrivingaxlesbehindthefireboxwhosemainvirtuewasstabilityhoweverwithonlyonedrivingaxlebehindthefireboxthelocomotivesweightwasspreadoverasmallproportionofpoweredwheelswhichsubstantiallyreduceditsadhesiveweightonlocomotiveswhichhadthedrivingaxleinfrontofthefireboxadhesiveweightwasincreasedwhilethisplanplacedmoreofthelocomotivesweightonthedrivingaxleitreducedtheweightontheleadingtruckwhichmadeitmorepronetoderailmentsonepossiblesolutionwaspatentedinbyelmillerandusedextensivelybymatthiaswbaldwinitworkedbyraisingapairofleverstoattachthetenderframetoanextensionoftheengineframewhichtransferredsomeweightfromthetendertothelocomotiveframeandincreasedtheadhesiveweightanautomaticversionwaspatentedinbygeorgeesellersandwasusedextensivelybywilliamnorrislocomotivebuilderlocomotivebuilderwilliamnorrisafterheobtainedrightstoitthissystemusedabeamwhosefulcrumwasthedrivingaxleonflatandlevelsurfacesthebeamwouldbeslightlyraisedbutuponstartingorongradestheresistancemadethebeamassumeahorizontalpositionwhichcausedthelocomotivetotipupwardamorepracticalsolutionfirstputintoproductionbynorrisrelocatedthedrivingaxletoalocationontheframeinfrontofthelocomotivesfireboxthiswasdonebecausebaldwinrefusedtograntrightstonorristousehispatentedhalfcrankarrangementcantileveringtheweightofthefireboxandthelocomotivecrewbehindthedrivingaxleplacedmoreweightonthedrivingaxlewithoutsubstantiallyreducingtheweightontheleadingtruckhowevernorrissdesignledtoashorterwheelbasewhichtendedtooffsetanygainsintractiveefforttractiveforceonthedrivingaxlebyreducingthelocomotivesoverallstabilityanumberofnorrislocomotiveswereimportedintoenglandforuseonthebirminghamandbristolrailwaysincebecauseofthechallengespresentedbythelickeyinclinebritishmanufacturersdeclinedtosupplyoncesteelbecameavailablegreaterrotationalspeedsbecamepossiblewithmultiplesmallercoupledwheelsfiveyearsafternewlocomotiveconstructionhadbegunatthewestpointfoundryintheunitedstateswiththebestfriendofcharlestoninthefirstlocomotivewasdesignedbyhenryroecampbelllocomotivedesignerandbuilderhenryrcampbellatthetimethechiefengineerforthephiladelphiagermantownandnorristownrailwaycampbellreceivedapatentforthedesigninfebruaryandsoonsettoworkbuildingthefirstforthetimecampbellswasagiantamonglocomotivesitscylinderenginecylindershadaborewithapistonstrokeitboasteddiameterdrivingwheelscouldmaintainofsteampressureandweighedcampbellslocomotivewasestimatedtobeabletopullatrainofatonleveltrackoutperformingthestrongestofbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinssintractiveeffortbyabouthowevertheframeanddrivinggearofhislocomotiveprovedtobetoorigidfortherailroadsofthetimewhichcausedcampbellsprototypetobederailmentproneasthesapproachedandmoreamericanrailroadsbegantoexperimentwiththenewlocomotivetypethefelloutoffavorsinceitwasnotasableasthetopullapayingloadcontinuedtobebuiltintothesbuttheirusewasrestrictedtolightdutytrainssincebythistimemostrailroadshadfoundthemunsuitableforregularworkinenglandforfreightworkfourcoupledandsixcoupledengineswereperformingwellhoweverforpassengerworktheaimwasgreaterspeedbecauseofthefragilityofcastironconnectingrodssinglescontinuedtobeusedwiththelargestdrivingwheelspossibleforsomereasonbritishmanufacturersdidnottakeuptheideaofmountingtheforwardwheelsonabogieforsomeyearstherewerepossiblyfearsabouttheirstabilityandwithalongrigidframegreaterspeedwasachievedalbeitatthecostofaveryroughrideanddamagetothetracktheculminationofthisapproachwasseeninthecramptonlocomotivewheretomakethedrivingwheelsaslargeaspossibletheyweremountedbehindthefireboxrefnamecomstockrefusagesouthafricaamodifiedyorkshiresteamtractorcinthesouthafricanrailwaysconductedtrialswithaprototypepetrolparaffinpoweredroadrailtractorandinplacedatleasttwosouthafricanduttonroadrailtractorsduttonsteamroadrailtractorsinserviceonthenewnarrowgaugelinebetweennaboomspruitandsinglewoodintransvaalthepetrolparaffinprototypeandoneofthelatterhadawheelarrangementrefnamesarhoctespitaliertjdaywajthelocomotiveinsouthafricaabriefhistoryofrailwaydevelopmentchapterviisouthafricanrailwayscontinuedsouthafricanrailwaysandharboursmagazineoctoberpprefrefnamepaxtonbournereftheprototypewasamodifieddennisspecialistvehiclesdennistractorwhichwasfittedwitharemovablebogiebetweenthefrontwheelstoliftthemhighenoughtopreventgroundcontactaballpinonthebogiefitintoasocketinthefrontaxleandthebogiecouldeasilyberemovedorreplacedbyrunningthetractorupapairoframpsplacedonbothsidesofthetrackrefnamedavemillsdavemillsyolasitecomstronachduttonroadrailphpstronachduttonroadrailtheroadrailsystemoftractionrefrefnamecommotortransportproblemsinsouthafricatheduttonlocotractoradvocatedasasolutionarticleinthecommercialmotoraugustprefrefnamecommotorarchivecommercialmotorcomarticlethseptemberimportantdevelopmeroadrailtransportimportantdevelopmentroadrailtransportarticleincommercialmotorseptemberppreftheproductionmodelwasamodifiedyorkshiresteamtractorfittedwithjacksatthefronttoallowaseparatebogietobemanoeuvredintopositionunderneaththefrontaxletoguideitontherailswithoutthebogiethevehiclecouldstillbedrivenonordinaryroadsandhadtheadvantageofbeingabletobedetachedandrunaroundthetrainwithoutrequiringspecialloopsforthatpurposeforreversingonthetrackaswhenshuntingtherearwheelsweremodifiedtobesteerablerefnameduttonpatentgooglecompatentsuspatentduttonlightrailwaysystemandlocomotivethereforusajunrefunitedstatesofamericafirstlocomotivepioneerlocomotivepioneerthefirstrailroadlocomotivetooperateinchicagoillinoiswasathepioneerlocomotivepioneerwhichwasbuiltinbybaldwinlocomotiveworksfortheuticaandschenectadyrailroadinnewyorkstatenewyorkitwaslaterpurchasedusedbywilliambogdenforthegalenaandchicagounionrailroadtheoldestpredecessorofthechicagoandnorthwesternrailwaythelocomotivearrivedinchicagobyschooneronoctoberanditpulledthefirstwestboundtrainoutofthecityfifteendayslateronoctoberrefnamechicagosteamlocomotivecomunionsteamlocomotivecomchicagoareasteamtheillinoisrailwaymuseumaccessedonaugustrefreferencesthcenturyinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnametenwheelerimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelsandthreelargedrivingwheelsjoinedtogetherwithacouplingrodcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagepkranichsteinjpgaltcaptionprussianpthemostnumerousintheworldequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalycfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrycolonyofnatallocomotivesouthafricanclassctngrclassgrailwaynatalgovernmentrailwaysdesignerkitsonandcompanybuilderkitsonandcompanyevolvedfromtevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotivechesapeakerailwayreadingcompanyphiladelphiaandreadingrailroaddesignerseptimusnorrisbuildernorrislocomotiveworksevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbacksmallfireboxfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementrepresentstheconfigurationoffourleadingwheelsontwoaxlesinaleadingbogiesixpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonthreeaxlesandnotrailingwheelsinthemidthcenturythiswheelarrangementbecamethesecondmostpopularconfigurationfornewsteamlocomotivesintheunitedstatesofamericawherethistypeiscommonlyreferredtoasatenwheelerrefnamewhitewhitejohnhjrahistoryoftheamericanlocomotiveitsdevelopmentnewyorknydoverpublicationsprefasalocomotivepullingtrainsoflightweightallwoodpassengercarsinthesitwasexceptionallystableatnearmphspeedsonthenewyorkcentralsnewyorktochicagowaterlevelrouteandonthereadingrailroadscamdentoatlanticcitynjlineaspassengerequipmentgrewheavierwithallsteelconstructionheavierlocomotivesreplacedthetenwheeleroverviewtenderlocomotivesduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthandfirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturiesthewasconstructedinlargenumbersforpassengerandmixedtrafficlocomotivemixedtrafficserviceanaturalextensionoftheamericanwheelarrangementthefourwheelleadingtruckleadingbogiegavegoodstabilityatspeedandallowedalongerboilertobesupportedwhilethelackoftrailingwheelsgaveahighadhesiveweightrefnamekinertkinertreedearlyamericansteamlocomotivesstsevendecadesseattlewasuperiorpublishingcompanyreftheprimarylimitationofthetypewasthesmallsizeofthefireboxwhichlimitedpoweroutputinpassengerserviceitwaseventuallysupersededbythepacifictypewhosetrailingtruckallowedittocarryagreatlyenlargedfireboxforfreightservicetheadditionofafourthdrivingaxlecreatedthemastodontypewhichwasrareinnorthamericabutbecameverypopularoncapegaugeinsouthernafricarefnamehollandreftanklocomotivesthelocomotiveversionwasafarlesscommontypeitwasusedforpassengerdutiesduringthefirstdecadeofthetwentiethcenturybutwassoonsupersededbythetpacifictbalticandtadriatictypesonwhichlargerfiregrateswerepossibleduringthefirstworldwarthetypewasalsousedonnarrowgaugemilitaryrailwaysusageangolacapegaugeinfivethclasslocomotivesofthecapegovernmentrailwaysweresoldtothebenguelarailwaybenguelarailwaycfbtheseincludedoneofthedbsandcompanydbsbuiltsouthafricanclassalocomotivesofandtwoeachoftheneilsonandcompanyandneilsonandcompanyturnofthethcenturyneilsonreidandcompanybuiltsouthafricanclassblocomotivesofandalsoseeensouthafricasouthafricacapegaugeinthemidsinordertoeasemaintenancemodificationsweremadetotherunningboardsandbrakegearofthecfblocomotivestheformerinvolvedmountingtherunningboardshighertherebygettingridofthedrivingwheelfairingsthisgavethelocomotivesamuchmoreamericanratherthanbritishappearancerefnametalktalksouthafricanclassbcontentofemailreceivedfrompeterbagshaweonjulclassbinformationsuppliedbypeterbagshawerefnarrowgaugeinaprilthreesouthafricanclassngclassnglocomotiveswerepurchasedfromthesouthafricanrailwaysforthemomedesrailwaycaminhosdeferrodemomedescfmtheywereplacedinserviceontheramaldachibaagaugebranchlineacrossfromlubangosdabandeiratochiangethelocomotiveswereobserveddumpedatthesdabandeirashopsbyandthebranchlineitselfwasclosedinrefnamebagshawetalksouthafricanclassngcontentofemailreceivedfrompeterbagshaweonaugustclassnginformationsuppliedbypeterbagshawerefalsoseeensouthafricasouthafricanarrowgaugebechuanalandinthreesouthafricanclassbclasslocomotiveswereorderedbythecapegovernmentrailwayscgrfromneilsonandcompanyforuseonthenewvryburgtobulawayolineofthefledglingbechuanalandrailwaycompanybrthelinethroughbechuanalandprotectoratewasstillunderconstructionandwasoperatedbythecgronbehalfofthebratthetimethelocomotiveswereeventuallyreturnedtothecgrrefnamepattisonreffinlandthevrgroupfinnishstaterailwayssuomenvaltionrautatietorsvrlaterthevaltionrautatietorvroperatedtheclasseshkhkhkhkvrclasshvhvhvhvhvhrandhrlocomotiveswithawheelarrangementtheclasshknumberstowasbuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksinthetenbaldwinlocomotiveswereoriginallydesignatedhclassnumberstoandtowerebuiltbytherichmondlocomotiveworksinandtherichmondlocomotiveswereoriginallydesignatedhclassandwerenicknamedbigwheelkaanarioneofthemnothelocomotivethatbroughtleninfromexileinaugustseptemberpriortotherussianrevolutionwaspresentedbyfinlandtothesovietuniononjuneandispreservedatthefinlandstationinstpetersburgrussiaanotheroftheselocomotivesweremanufacturedinfinlandfromtonumberedintherangefromtoandinitiallydesignatedhtohclassestheclasshkwasnumberedfromtoonenoispreservedathaapamkibuiltbytampellainthevrclasshvclasshvwasbuiltfrombytampellaandlokomotheywerenicknamedheikkiandwerenumberedtoandtotheclassremainedinserviceuntilonenonamedprincessispreservedatthefinnishrailwaymuseumtheclasshvwasbuiltbyberlinermaschinenbauandlokomointheyearsbetweenandtheywerenumberedtotoandtoonenoispreservedathaapamkitheclasshvwasbuiltbyberlinertampellaandlokomointheyearsfromtotheywerenumberedtotoandtothreeclasshvlocomotiveswerepreservednoatkeravanoatsuolahtiandnoathaapamkitheclasshvwasbuiltbytampellaandlokomointheyearsfromtoandwerenumberedtotoandtotwonumbersandarepreservedathaapamkitheswedishstaterailwaysstatensjrnvgarorsjsolditsclasstaandtblocomotivestofinlandinatthetimetheywerenotintrafficinswedenandsincetheywerepurchasedbyfinlandtheywerenotconsideredaswarassistancetheclasstawasdesignatedclasshrinfinlandwhiletheclasstbwasdesignatedclasshrtheclasshrwasnumberedfromtoandhadbeenbuiltbyswedenswedishbuildersnohabnydqvistholmabandmotalaverkstadintheyearsfromtotheywerewithdrawnfromserviceinfinlandbetweenandtheclasshrwasnumberedfromtoandhadbeenbuiltinswedenbynohabmotalathevagnmaskinfabriksabinfalunandnyaabatlasinstockholmintheyearsfromtotheclasshrwaswithdrawnfromserviceinfinlandbetweenandfrancetwotanklocomotivetypessawserviceinfrancetherseaubretontanklocomotivesrseaubretontanklocomotiveswereaclassoflocomotivesofwhichfivewerebuiltinfortherseaubretonrailwaybysocitfrancobelgeatitsraismesfactoryrefnamecmrefafurthersevenlocomotiveswerebuiltbysocitalsaciennedeconstructionsmcaniquessacmatitsbelfortplantinfranceinthebaldwinclassdgaugepanniertanklocomotiveswerebuiltintheunitedstatesofamericabybaldwinlocomotiveworksforthebritishwardepartmentlightrailwaysforserviceinfranceinandduringthefirstworldwarafurtherbatchwasbuiltbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyafterthewarmanyoftheselocomotivesweresoldtoworkinfrancebritainandindiagermanyiandclassofthewheelarrangementwasverypopularontherailroadsofgermanstatesfromtheturnofthethandthcenturieswhentheygraduallyreplacedamericantypelocomotivesinitiallyespeciallyonhillyterraininafterthecreationofthedeutschereichsbahndrgexpresspassengerlocomotiveswereclassifiedundergroupwhileregularpassengerlocomotiveswereclassifiedundergroupbadeninbadenadopteditsbadeniveiveclasspassengerlocomotivesofalfreddeglehndesignthefirstfourcylindercompoundlocomotiveeveraltogetherwerebuiltandlaterbecamethedrgclasssupsupbavariabavariaacquiredthreeexpressfreightlocomotiveclassesallweremaffeicompanymaffeibuiltfourcylindercompoundlocomotivesthebavariancvcvclassofwhichwerebuiltfromlaterthedrgclasssupsupthebavarianssnclassofwhichwerebuiltfromlaterthedrgclasssupsupthesuperheatedsteambavariansshclassofwhichthirtywerebuiltfromlaterthedgrclasssupsupbavariaonlybeganusingpassengerlocomotivesinthefirstwasthebavarianpnpnclassofwhichwerebuiltlaterthedrgclasssupsupafteralongbreakbavariaorderedasuperheatedsteambavarianphphclassineightyofthesewerebuiltandlaterbecamethedrgclasssupsuprefnamedampfhorstobermayermanfredweisbroddampflokreportlokomotivarchivbandnobaureihenmerkerverlagpprefprussiainprussiaorderedashortseriesofeighteendeglehnpassengerlocomotivesthatweredesignatedsclassthemostnumerousseriesintheworldwastheprussianppassengerlocomotivelaterthedrgclasssupsupofwhichwerebuiltfortheprussianstaterailwaysandgermanrailwaysbetweenandoftheselocomotivesweregiventoothercountriesafterthefirstworldwarwhenexportsandlicensedproductioninromaniaareincludedtheirnumberreachedalmostfourthousandalsoseeenpolandpolandprussiaonlystartedtooperateexpressfreightlocomotivesofitsprussianssfamilyfromwhiletheywereexternallysimilartheydifferedinenginearrangementrefnamedampfhorstobermayermanfredweisbroddampflokreportlokomotivarchivbandnobaureihenmerkerverlagpprefthesofwhichwerebuiltfromlaterthedrgclasssupsupthessupsupofwhichwerebuiltintwobatchesfromlaterthedrgclasssupsupthessupsupofwhichwerebuiltfromlaterthedrgclasssupsupsaxonyfromsaxonyusedexpressfreightlocomotiveclassesxiihxiihvandxiihofwhichandwerebuiltrespectivelytheylaterbecamethedrgclassessupsupsupsupandsupsuprespectivelyallweresuperheatedsteamlocomotivesdifferingmostlyinenginearrangementsmorenumerouswerethesaxonxiihclasspassengerlocomotivesofwhichwerebuiltfromtheylaterbecamethedrgclasssupsupwrttembergfromtheroyalwrttembergstaterailwaysuseddclasspassengerlocomotivesitwasalsoafourcylindercompoundlocomotiveofwhichfourteenwerebuiltirelandtheonlyirishrailwaystousethetypewerethegreatsouthernwesternrailwaygswranditslargersuccessorgreatsouthernrailwaysgsrthegswrhadsforbothfastfreightandexpresspassengerservicetheculminationofirishdesignwasthegsrclassorbaclassintroducedinthreeoftheselocomotiveswerebuiltfortopexpresspassengerworkonthedublincorkmainlinecoincidentallyresemblingtheunitedkingdomslmsroyalscotclassroyalscotclassasrebuilttheywerethelastnewsteamlocomotivestobebuiltforthegsrnewzealandthenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentbuiltitsfirsthomebuilttenderlocomotivesinusingthewheelarrangementdesignateduclasstheyweresupplementedbyunitsbuiltintheunitedkingdomwhichweresubclasseduamorewerebuiltintwobatchesintheunitedstatesofamericabybaldwinandalcoarrivinginandtheamericanlocomotivesweresubclassedubwiththeexceptionofaonceoffalcorichmondtypetheamericanbatcheswereconsideredhighlysuccessfulathirdbatchofuclasslocomotiveswereimportedfromtheunitedkingdomintendedforprovincialroutesandsubclasseductheselocomotiveswerecostlytooperatebutcouldbeworkedhardandfounduseonthesouthislandswestcoastwherebluebituminouscoalwasplentifulnorwayinthenorwegianstaterailwaysthesmaalensbanenandmerakerbanenreceivedfourtenwheelerswiththreeaxledtendersfrombaldwinlocomotiveworkswhichweresupposedlythefirsttenwheelertenderlocomotivesineuropepolandthepolishstaterailwayspkpusedseveralclassesofprussianandothergermanlocomotivesthemostsignificantofthesewastheprussianpclassifiedinpolandasthepkpclassokafterthefirstworldwarpolandreceivedasreparationsandalsoboughtaltogetheroftheselocomotivesafterthesecondworldwartheirnumberrosetolocomotiveswhichmadeitthemostnumerouspassengerlocomotiveinpolandafewwerepreservedandkeptinworkingconditionincludingclassoknorefnameatlaspaweterczyskiatlasparowozwsteamlocomotivesatlaspoznaprefalsoseeenprussiagermanyprussiaasignificantnumberoftheprussiansfamilyofexpressfreightlocomotiveswerealsousedinpolandtherewereintotalclassifiedaspkpkandpkduringtheinterwarperiodapkpclassoklocomotivewasdesignedincooperationwithgermanbuildershanomagitwasbasicallyanimprovedclassokwithamoreefficientboileraltogetherofthemwereproducedforthepkpofwhichallbutfiveweremanufacturedinpolandrussiapassengerlocomotivesbecamequitepopularinrussiaattheturnofthethcenturywhilethelocomotivesoriginallyhadseparateclassdesignationsoneachrussianrailroadcommonrussianclassdesignationswereintroducedintherussianweretheaasupdsupsubksubasupdsupasupvsupvzhzgukbandksupusupclassesthefirstandmostnumerousclasswasthevladicaucasianrailwaysaclassintheasupdsupsubksubasupdsupandthemostnumerousasupvsupseriesitwasakolomnalocomotiveworkskolomnafactorydesignofwhichwerebuiltforseveralrailroadsinseveralrussianandgermanfactoriesfromuntilallweretwocylindercompoundlocomotiveswithdiametercoupledwheelsrefnamerakovrakovvalokomotivyotechestvennyhzheleznyhdoroglocomotivesofdomesticrailwaysmoscowpinrussianrefinbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinbuiltfourcylindervauclaincompoundlocomotiveswereintroduceddesignatedvclassvforvauclaininrussianalsofromhenschelsonhenscheldesignedlocomotiveswereintroducedaltogetherwerebuiltfromtofourteenbyhenschelandtherestinrussiatheyweretwocylindercompoundlocomotiveswithdiametercoupledwheelsandwereregardedasamoresuccessfuldesignthantheaclasstheselocomotiveswerelaterdesignatedasthezhclassinrussianadevelopmentofthezhclasswasthesuperheatedzclassinrussianofwhichwerebuiltfromfromtostrongerpassengerlocomotiveswerebuiltthegclassinrussiantheselocomotiveswereofvladicaucasianrailwayandbryanskfactorydesignofthesewerebuiltforthevladicaucasianrailwayandanotherforeasternchineserailroadstheyweretwocylindercompoundlocomotiveswithdiametercoupledwheelssomeoftheselocomotiveswerelaterretrofittedwithsuperheaterslocomotiveuuleninslocomotiveatthemuseumofthemoscowrailwaytherussianlocomotiveclassuclassuinrussianwasafourcylinderoilburningcompoundlocomotivedeglehndeglehncompoundlocomotivewhichfirstappearedininitiallyontheryazanuralrailroadofthesewerebuiltatthekirovplantbetweenandbythebeginningoftheinventorystilllisteduclasslocomotivesandthelastofthemwerewithdrawninleninslocomotiveuclassnouthatwasusedduringhisfuneralispreservedatthemuseumofthemoscowrailwayaltogetherheaviersuperheatedkclassinrussianpassengerlocomotiveswerebuiltbetweenandtheywereofkolomnalocomotiveworkskolomnafactorydesignandweretwocylindersimpleexpansionsimplexlocomotiveswithdiametercoupledwheelsatthesametimethebrianskfactorydesignedanimprovedsuperheateddevelopmentofthegclassthatwasproducedbetweenandasthebclassinrussianaltogetherwerebuiltinbrianskandlugansktheyweretwocylindersimplexlocomotiveswithdiametercoupledwheelsthatwerequitesuccessfulinexpressworkbetweenandkolomnabuiltstrongerksupusupclasslocomotivessupsupinrussianwithdiametercoupledwheelsforfastertrainssouthafricaeighteenclassesoflocomotivessawserviceinsouthafricasixteenonandtwoonnarrowgaugeoftheseonlytwowereconventionaltanklocomotiveswhiletwoothersweredeliveredastankandtenderlocomotiveswithoptionaltendersrefnamepaxtonbournerefcapegaugebetweenandthenatalgovernmentrailwaysngrplacedtanklocomotivesinserviceofthesewerebuiltbykitsonandcompanyandbystephensononthengrtheyweredesignatedclassgwhenthesarwasestablishedintheunmodifiedsurvivorsweredesignatedsouthafricanclassctclasscthelastonewaswithdrawnfromserviceinthemidsaftermorethanyearsinserviceinandthecapegovernmentrailwayscgrplacedcgrthclassttthclasstankandtenderlocomotivesinmainlineserviceonitsmidlandsystemworkingoutofportelizabethandeasternsystemworkingoutofeastlondonfouroftheselocomotiveswerestillinservicewhenthesouthafricanrailwayswasestablishedinrefnamelittleycgrnumberingrevisedarticlebydavelittleysarailmayjunepprefinandthecgrplacedtankandtenderlocomotivesinmainlineserviceonallthreesystemsitwasanimprovedversionofthethclasslocomotivesofwithlargercoupledwheelsbuiltbytwomanufacturersrobertstephensonandcompanybuiltcgrthclassttwithstephensonvalvegearwhileneilsonandcompanybuiltcgrthclassttjoywithjoyvalvegearoftheselocomotiveswerestillinservicewhenthesouthafricanrailwayswasestablishedinfourtankandtenderlocomotivesofthecgrscgrthclassttexperimentalthclassweresuppliedbyneilsoninbuilttothedesignofjdtilneylocomotivesuperintendentofthecapeeasternsystematthetimetobeabletouselowgradelocalcoaltheyhadjoyvalvegearandunusualsixwheeledtenderswiththeleadingaxlemountedinarigidframeandtheothertwoaxlesmountedinabogieoneofthelocomotivessurviveduntilandwasdesignatedsarclassasanobsoletelocomotivethefirsttwentyofthecgrcgrthclassthclasstenderlocomotivesweredeliveredfromdbsandcompanyininthecgrplacedasecondbatchofthirtycgrthclasstenderlocomotivesinmainlineserviceonallthreecapesystemstheyweresimilartothepreviousbatchofbutdifferedinrespectofthediameteroftheircoupledwheelsthelengthoftheirsmokeboxesandtheirtractiveeffortinwhenthesouthafricanrailwayssarwasestablishedthesurvivorswereconsideredobsoleteanddesignatedclassneverthelesssomeoftheclasslocomotivessurvivedasshuntingenginesinsarserviceforanotherfourdecadestheywerethelastobsoletelocomotivestobestillinservicewhentheywereeventuallywithdrawninrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuaryppreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefthecapethclasspassengerlocomotivewasdesignedatthesaltriverworksofthecgraccordingtothespecificationsofmichaelstephensthenchieflocomotivesuperintendentofthecgrandunderthesupervisionofhmbeattythenlocomotivesuperintendentofthecapeswesternsystemitwastobecomeoneofthemostusefulclassestoseeserviceinsouthafricainwhentheycameintosarstockthethclassfamilywasreclassifiedintotwelveseparateclassesrefnamediagrambooksouthafricanrailwaysandharbourslocomotivediagrambookgaugesteamlocomotivesaugustasamendedrefinandthecgrplacedfortythclasslocomotivesinservicebuiltbydbstenofthemsoldtotheoranjevrijstaatgouwermentspoorwegenovgsineventuallybecametheclasslonthecsarinallfortywereassimilatedintothesarandretainedtheirsouthafricanclassclassdesignationalsoseeensudansudaninandthecgracquiredasecondbatchoffiftybuiltbydbsandsharpstewartandcompanytheselocomotivesdifferedfromthepreviousorderinhavingslightlylargerboilerswithanincreasedheatingsurfaceandhighercoalcapacitytendersinonewassoldtothebenguelarailwayinangolatheremaininglocomotivesweredesignatedsouthafricanclassaclassaonthesarinalsoseeenangolaangolacapegaugeandensudansudanbetweenandtheovgsplacednewcapeclasslocomotivesinservicebuiltbydbsneilsonandsharpstewartduringthesecondboerwartheselocomotivesweretakenoverbytheimperialmilitaryrailwaysimrandafterthewartheybecamethecsarclasslallbutonewereassimilatedintothesarinandweredesignatedsouthafricanclasscclasscrefnamehollandrefalsoseeensudansudaninandthecgrplacedathirdbatchofinservicebuiltbydbsneilsonandcompanyandneilsonandcompanyturnofthecenturyneilsonreidandcompanytheywerevirtuallyidenticaltothepreviousfiftyexceptthattheyhadbogiewheeledtendersinfourweresoldtothebenguelarailwayinangolatheremaininglocomotivesweredesignatedsouthafricanclassbclassbinalsoseeenangolaangolacapegaugeandensudansudaninafourthbatchofwereplacedinservicebythecgrbuiltbyneilsonreidtheserepresentedafurtheradvanceonearlierthclasslocomotiveswithagreaterheatingsurfaceandalargergrateareaintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassdclassdonthesaralsoseeensudansudanalsointheovgsordereditsfinalsixnewcapethclasslocomotivesfromsharpstewarttheseweredeliveredwithlargercabsthantheirpredecessorsandwithbogiewheeledtenderstheywerealsotakenoverbytheimrandafterthewarcameintothecsarasclasslintheybecamesouthafricanclasseclasseonthesarintworedesignedthclasslocomotivesenteredserviceonthecgrbuiltbysharpstewarttheyhadbarframeslargercabsandbogiewheeledtendersandtheirlargerheatingsurfacesandgrateareasallowedahigherboilerpressureratingofinvisualappearancetheydifferedfromallpreviousthclasslocomotivesbyhavinghigherrunningboardswithoutdrivingwheelfairingsintheywereclassifiedassouthafricanclassfclassfonthesarineightthclasslocomotivesenteredserviceredesignedandbuiltbytheschenectadylocomotiveworkstothespecificationsofthecgralsobuiltonbarframesliketheprevioustwoandsimilarinappearancetheywerelargerwithlargerboilersanddiametercylinderscomparedtotheofallearlierthclasslocomotivesintheybecamesouthafricanclassgclassgonthesaralsoinabatchofenteredserviceonthecgrbuiltbyneilsonreidtotheolderplateframedesignbutwithalargercabthesealsorevertedtothediametercylindersofthepreviousbritishbuiltlocomotiveswiththelowerrunningboardswithdrivingwheelfairingsoneofthemwasexperimentalbeingequippedwithdugalddrummonddrummondcrosswatertubesinthefireboxhoweversincethetubeswereinclinedtoleakandweredifficulttomaintaintheyweresoonremovedintheselocomotivesbecamethesouthafricanclasshclasshonthesartenbarframedlocomotiveswereplacedinservicealsoindesignedandbuiltbythebaldwinlocomotiveworkstothespecificationsofthecgrtheywerelargerthananyofthepreviousthclasslocomotiveswithlargerboilerslargecabscylindersofborebarframesstovepipechimneyslargedomesandhighrunningboardswithoutdrivingwheelfairingsintheybecamesouthafricanclasskclasskonthesarinfourteenbarframedthclasslocomotivesenteredserviceonthecgrbuiltbyneilsonreidtheywerepracticallyidenticaltothetwobarframedlocomotivesbuiltbysharpstewartinwithhighrunningboardswithoutdrivingwheelfairingsintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassjclassjonthesarinthecgrplaceditslasttwothclassbarframedlocomotivesinservicebuiltbythenorthbritishlocomotivecompanynbltheywereexperimentalandwerethefirstsouthafricanlocomotivestohavepistonvalvesandsuperheatersthepistonswithadiameterofwerethelargestyetusedonthethclassthewilhelmschmidtengineerschmidtsuperheaterwasofthesmokeboxtypebutthearrangementwasextremelycomplicatedandnotverysuccessfulintheybecamethesouthafricanclasslclasslonthesarandinwhentheywerereboileredthesuperheaterswereremovedtoconvertthemtosaturatedsteamlocomotivesatthesametimethepistonvalvecylinderswerereplacedwithsmallerslidevalvecylindersofboreinthepretoriapietersburgrailwayinthezuidafrikaanscherepubliektransvaalrepublicpurchasedatanklocomotivewithawheelarrangementfromthelourencomarquesdelagoabayandeastafricarailwayinmozambiquethelocomotivewasnotclassifiedbutnamedpprtonnertportugueseportugueseandreferredtobynamenarrowgaugeinthecgrplacedsixtypeblocomotiveswitheightwheeledbogietendersinserviceontheavontuurrailwayavontuurnarrowgaugelineinthelangklooftheywerebuiltbywgbagnallandhadbarframescopperfireboxesandstephensonvalvegearintheycameintosarstockandinafurtherthreelocomotiveswithslightlylongerboilerswereacquiredbythesaroneofthesewasalsobuiltbybagnallwhiletheothertwowerebuiltbykerrstuartandcompanythesethreewerecommonlyreferredtoastheimprovedbwhenasystemofgroupingnarrowgaugelocomotivesintoclasseswaseventuallyintroducedsomewherebetweenandtheyweretobeclassifiedassouthafricanclassngclassngbuthadalreadybeenwithdrawnfromserviceduringandthesarplacedsixlocomotivesinserviceinthelangkloofbuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworkstheywereverysimilartothebagnallbuilttypebexceptthattheywereequippedwithwalschaertsvalvegeartheywerelaterdesignatedsouthafricanclassngclassngthreeofthemsurvivedinsarserviceuntilaprilwhentheyweresoldtothemomedesrailwaycaminhosdeferrodemomedescfmofangolaalsoseeenangolaangolanarrowgaugesudanduringthesecondworldwarsixteenofthesouthafricanrailwayssarclassestodweretransferredtothemiddleeasttoassistwiththewareffortduringthenorthafricancampaignthegroupconsistedofsevensouthafricanclassclassfoursouthafricanclassaclassatwosouthafricanclassbclassbonesouthafricanclasscclasscandtwosouthafricanclassdclassdlocomotivestheyweresoldtothesudanrailwayssudanrailwayscorporationinrefnamesudanclasstodsoldtosudanrailwaysduringthewwiinorthafricancampaignlistcompiledbyaustrianlocomotivehistorianreimarholzingerrefalsoseeensouthafricasouthafricacapegaugeunitedkingdomthefirstlocomotivetobeintroducedintheunitedkingdomwasthehighlandrailwayjonesgoodsclasshighlandrailwaysjonesgoodsclassofwithinfiveyearshoweverthewheelarrangementwasbeingusedprimarilyonpassengerservicesincebritishheavyfreighttrainsweregenerallytooslowtorequirealocomotivewithafourwheelleadingbogiebetweenandthebecamethemostcommonexpresspassengerlocomotivetypeineverydayuseintheunitedkingdomasalogicaldevelopmentfromthetypethatwaspreviouslyusedthetypecontinuedtobeusedasmixedtrafficlocomotivemixedtrafficlocomotiveuntiltheendofsteamintheunitedkingdominpregroupingeraduringtherailwaysactpregroupingerafromtowilsonworsdellofthenortheasternrailwayuknortheasternrailwaynerusedthetypeforhisexpresspassengerlocomotivesthenerclassssandsclassesofandthatbecamethebandbclassesofthelondonandnortheasternrailwaylnerinsoonafterwardsthesewerefollowedbytheappearanceofotherdesignsjohngrobinsonofthegreatcentralrailwaygcrdesignedthegcrclassclassfishenginesofinandgeorgejacksonchurchwardproducedthegwrclasssaintclasswhichwasthefirstinalonglineofclassesoperatedbythegreatwesternrailwaygwrinfranciswebbengineerfranciswebbofthelondonandnorthwesternrailwaylnwrfollowedwithhisunsuccessfulfourcylindercompoundlocomotivesofthebillbaileyclassbetweenandaltogetherlocomotivesofgeorgewhaleslnwrwhaleexperimentclassexperimentclasswerebuiltforthelnwrtwonotableexpresspassengerdesignsappearedinonewasthecaledonianrailwayscaledonianrailwayandclassescardeanclasswhichwasatthetimethemostpowerfullocomotiveinbritaintheotherwaschurchwardsfourcylindergwrclassgwrstarclasswhichwasdevelopedandenlargedbycharlescollettasthegwrclassgwrcastleclassinandlateralsoasthegwrclassgwrkingclassinothersignificantearlyexpressdesignsincludedthelnwrslnwrprinceofwalesclassprinceofwalesclasswithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandthelnwrclaughtonclasslnwrsclaughtonclasswithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandthegerclasssclasssofthegreateasternrailwaygerwithlocomotivesproducedbetweenandroberturieofthelondonandsouthwesternrailwaylswrintroducedthreesuccessfulclassesthehclassmixedtrafficlocomotivesintroducedinandbuiltuntilthelswrnclassnkingarthurclasswithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandandthelswrsclasssclasswithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandinwilsonworsdellofthenerbuilttenwclassttanklocomotivesthesewereallrebuilttonerclasswtpacificbetweenandpostgroupingeraduringtherailwaysactpostgroupingerafromtothewheelarrangementwasusedextensivelybyallofthebigfourbritishrailwaycompaniesespeciallybythegreatwesternrailwaygwrandthelondonmidlandandscottishrailwaylmswhocontinuedtodevelopnewdesignshoweverfromtheearlysdemandsformorepowerandimprovedperformancefromexpresspassengerlocomotivesledtothewidespreadintroductionofpacificlocomotiveswherethetrailingaxlecouldsupportalargerfireboxsteamenginefireboxsincethereducedtractionofthedrivingwheelswasnotabigdisadvantagewithrelativelylightpassengertrainsthewasdisplacedfromtoprankexpressservicesonmostoftherailwayswheretheyhadbeenusedwiththeexceptionofthegwrwhocontinuedtobuildbothmixedtrafficandexpresspassengersuntilnationalisationinthegwrclassgwrscastleclasseventuallyconsistedofexpresspassengerlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandthedesignwasenlargedasthegwrclassgwrskingclasswiththirtylocomotivesbuiltbetweenandseveralnewmixedtrafficwerealsointroducedthesouthernrailwayuksouthernrailwayimprovedthelswrskingarthurclassandintroducedthesrlordnelsonclasslordnelsonclasswhichwasbrieflythemostpowerfulclassinbritainsixteenlocomotiveswerebuiltbetweenandthelmsintroducedthelmsroyalscotclassproyalscotclasswithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandandthelmspatriotclassppatriotclasswithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandalloftheroyalscotsandofthepatriotsweresubsequentlyrebuiltinlinewithstanierspracticeandwereverysuccessfulinthisformthelargestandmostsuccessfulbritishclasswasthelmsstanierclasslmsclassblackfivedesignedbywilliamstanierandconsistingoflocomotivesbuiltbetweenandstanieralsodesignedthelmsjubileeclasslmspjubileeclasswithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandcharlescollettofthegwrdevelopedgeorgejacksonchurchwardchurchwardssaintclassdesignintothreefurtherclassesthegwrclassgwrhallclasswithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandthegwrclassgwrgrangeclasswitheightylocomotivesbuiltbetweenandthegwrclassgwrmanorclasswiththirtylocomotivesbuiltbetweenandfrederickhawksworthlaterdevelopedthesaintclassdesignfurtherfirstwithhisgwrclassgwrmodifiedhallclasswithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandandthenwithhisgwrclassgwrcountyclasswiththirtylocomotivesbuiltbetweenandthelnerinheritedlargenumbersoflocomotivesfromitsconstituentcompaniesmanyofwhichweresubsequentlyrebuiltsothatthecompanyultimatelyhadsixtydifferentclassesandsubclasseswiththiswheelarrangementinadditionthecompanyalsointroducedtwonewclassesthelnerclassbbclassdesignedbynigelgresleyofwhichwerebuiltbetweenandthelnerthompsonclassbbclassdesignedbyedwardthompsonengineeredwardthompsonofwhichlocomotiveswerebuiltbetweenandbritishrailwayserafollowingtheformationofbritishrailwaysintwofurtherclasseswereintroducedbothinthebrstandardclasswasbasedonstanierssuccessfullmsblackfiveofaltogetherlocomotiveswerebuiltbyalighterandlesspowerfuldesignwasthebrstandardclassbrstandardclasseightyofthesewerebuiltbyunitedstatesofamericathefirstlocomotivebuiltintheunitedstatesofamericawasthechesapeakebuiltbynorrislocomotiveworksforthereadingcompanyphiladelphiaandreadingrailroadinmarchtherearestillconflictingopinionsastowhotheoriginaldesignerofthistypewasmanyauthoritiesattributethedesigntoseptimusnorrisofnorrislocomotiveworksbutinanpapergeorgeesellersattributesthedesigntojohnbrandtwhoworkedfortheerierailroadbetweenandaccordingtosellerstheeriesownmanagementdidntfeelitintheirbestintereststopursueconstructionsobrandtapproachedbaldwinlocomotiveworksandnorriswiththedesignbaldwinwassimilarlyuninterestedbutnorrislikedtheideajamesmillhollandofthereadingalsosawthedesignandorderedonefromnorrisforthereadinghoweversellersmayhavemisinterpretedsomeoftheinformationsincemillhollanddidnotworkforthereadinguntilayearafterthelocomotivewasbuiltfurthermoresellersreferstothefirsttobeconstructedasthesusquehannawhichwastheerierailroadsfirstnotthereadingstheattributiontoseptimusnorrisstemsfromapatentallegedlyfiledinthatmanysourcesciteforthislocomotivetypehoweversuchapatenthasnotyetbeenfoundinsearchesattheunitedstatespatentandtrademarkofficeusptoseptimusnorrisdidfileapatentinforrunninggearsandthepatentapplicationshowedawheelarrangementinthedrawingnorriswordinginthepatentwasvaguewithregardtothewheelarrangementandthefilingdidnotspecificallyclaiminventionoftheconfigurationafewdaysafterwilliamnorriscompletedthechesapeakehinkleylocomotiveworkscompletedtheirfirstlocomotivethenewhampshireforthebostonandmainecorporationbostonandmainerailroadthefirstfromrogerslocomotiveandmachineworkswasthealreadymentionedsusquehannafortheerierailroadbaldwinsfirstlocomotivedidnotappearuntilnoofondisplayinnorthfreedomwisconsinthroughthesandintothesdemandforlocomotivesofthewheelarrangementgrewasmorerailroadexecutivesswitchedfrompurchasingasinglegeneralpurposetypeoflocomotivesuchastheamericanatthattimetopurchasinglocomotivesdesignedforaspecificpurposeboththepennsylvaniarailroadprrandthebaltimoreandohiorailroadbowereearlyadoptersoftheusingthemforfastfreightaswellasheavypassengertrainstherewerealsotwonbspftnarrowgaugesteamlocomotivesnumbersandbuiltbythebaldwinlocomotiveworksinmayfortheferrocarrilesunidosdeyucatnunitedrailwaysofyucatninmexicowheretheywerewithdrawninthesbothlocomotiveswererescuedandpurchasedbydisneyimagineersrogerebroggieandearlvilmerforeachtooperatethewaltdisneyworldrailroadcirclingaroundthemagickingdomatwaltdisneyworldinbaylakefloridanobecamenowalteredisneyandnobecamenorogerebroggierefnamebroggierefprobablythemostfamousamericantenwheeleristheillinoiscentralrailroadsnothelocomotivedrivenbycaseyjonesinthewreckwithafreighttrainthatwasimmortalizedinwallacesaunderssongalocomotiveofthetypeisondisplayatthecaseyjonesmuseuminjacksontennesseeasfarasisknowntheheaviesteverbuiltwassouthernpacificnoaccordingtorlhsbulletinnoitsengineweightwasoneofthebossbuiltinispreservedattheborailroadmuseuminbaltimoreanotherisatthemuseumoftransportationinstlouisathirdthegreatnorthernrailwayusgreatnorthernrailwaysgnbuiltinasabutrebuilttoapacificinisinsiouxcityiowaandthejacksontncaseyjonesdisplaytheonlysurvivinglocomotiveofthenarrowgaugerailwaynarrowgaugeeasttennesseeandwesternnorthcarolinarailroadeasttennesseeandwesternnorthcarolinarailroadetwncisnoacoalfiredbuiltinbythebaldwinlocomotiveworksitwasoriginallyusedtohaulpassengersandfreightovertheetwncslinerunningfromjohnsoncitytennesseejohnsoncityovertheappalachianmountainstoboonenorthcarolinasinceithasbeeninoperationatthetweetsierailroadthemeparkinblowingrocknorthcarolinareferencespopesixtusiiixrayabsorptionfinestructurexafsisaspecificstructureobservedinxrayabsorptionspectroscopyxasbyanalyzingthexafsinformationcanbeacquiredonthelocalstructureandontheunoccupiedlocalelectronicstatesatomicspectratheatomicxrayabsorptionspectrumxasofacorelevelinanabsorbingatomisseparatedintostatesinthediscretepartofthespectrumcalledboundsfinalstatesorrydbergstaterydbergstatesbelowtheionizationpotentialipandstatesinthecontinuumpartofthespectrumabovetheionizationpotentialduetoexcitationsofthephotoelectroninthevacuumabovetheiptheabsorptioncrosssectionattenuatesgraduallywiththexrayenergyfollowingearlyexperimentalandtheoreticalworksinthethirtiesrefnamefanoufanodxdoiorgbfsullospettrodiassorbimentodeigasnobilipressoillimitedellospettrodarcoilnuovocimentorefinthesixtiesusingsynchrotronradiationatthenationalbureauofstandardsitwasestablishedthatthebroadasymmetricabsorptionpeaksareduetofanoresonancesabovetheatomicionizationpotentialwherethefinalstatesaremanybodyquasiboundstatesieadoublyexcitedatomdegeneratewiththecontinuumrefnamefanoufanoandjcooperdxdoiorgrevmodphysspectraldistributionofatomicoscillatorstrengthsreviewsofmodernphysicsrefspectraofmoleculesandcondensedmatterthexasspectraofcondensedmatterareusuallydividedinthreeenergyregionsedgeregiontheedgeregionusuallyextendsinarangeoffewevaroundtheabsorptionedgethespectralfeaturesintheedgeregioniingoodmetalsareexcitationstofinaldelocalizedstatesabovethefermileveliiininsulatorsarecoreexcitonsbelowtheionizationpotentialiiiinmoleculesareelectronictransitionstothefirstunoccupiedmolecularlevelsabovethechemicalpotentialintheinitialstateswhichareshiftedintothediscretepartofthecoreabsorptionspectrumbythecoulombinteractionwiththecoreholemultielectronexcitationsandconfigurationinteractionbetweenmanybodyfinalstatesdominatetheedgeregioninstronglycorrelatedmetalsandinsulatorsformanyyearstheedgeregionwasreferredtoasthekosselstructurebutnowitisknownasabsorptionedgeregionsincethekosselstructurerefersonlytounoccupiedmolecularfinalstateswhichisacorrectdescriptiononlyforfewparticularcasesmoleculesandstronglydisorderedsystemsxrayabsorptionnearedgestructurethexanesenergyregionrefnamexanesdckoningsbergerrprinsedsabianconixrayabsorptionprinciplesapplicationstechniquesofexafssexafsandxaneschemicalanalysiswileynewyorkppttttrefextendsbetweentheedgeregionandtheexafsregionoveraevenergyrangearoundthecorelevelxrayabsorptionthresholdbeforethexanesregionwaswronglyassignedtodifferentfinalstatesaunoccupiedtotaldensityofstatesorbunoccupiedmolecularorbitalskosselstructureorcunoccupiedatomicorbitalsordlowenergyexafsoscillationsintheseventiesusingsynchrotronradiationinfrascatiandstanfordsynchrotronsourcesitwasexperimentallyshownthatthefeaturesinthisenergyregionareduetomultiplescatteringresonancesofthephotoelectroninananoclusterofvariablesizeantoniobianconiininventedtheacronymxanestoindicatethespectralregiondominatedbymultiplescatteringresonancesofthephotoelectroninthesoftxrayrangerefnamexanesabianconidxdoiorgsurfacexrayabsorptionspectroscopysurfaceexafsandsurfacexanesapplicationsofsurfacesciencepprefandinthehardxrayrangerefnamexanesmbelliascafatiabianconismobiliolpalladinoarealeandeburattinidxdoiorgxrayabsorptionnearedgestructuresxanesinsimpleandcomplexmncompoundssolidstatecommunicationspprefinthexanesenergyrangethekineticenergyofthephotoelectroninthefinalstateisbetweenfewevandevinthisregimethephotoelectronhasastrongscatteringamplitudebyneighboringatomsinmoleculesandcondensedmatteritswavelengthislargerthaninteratomicdistancesitsmeanfreepathcouldbesmallerthanonenanometerandfinallythelifetimeoftheexcitedstateisintheorderoffemtosecondsthexanesspectralfeaturesaredescribedbyfullmultiplescatteringtheoryproposedintheearlyseventiesrefnamemsrjdehmerandddilldxdoiorgphysrevlettshaperesonancesinkshellphotoionizationofdiatomicmoleculesphysicalreviewlettersrefthereforethekeystepforxanesinterpretationisthedeterminationofthesizeoftheatomicclusterofneighboratomswherethefinalstatesareconfinedwhichcouldrangefromnbspnmtonbspnmindifferentsystemsthisenergyregionhasbeencalledlaterinalsonearedgexrayabsorptionfinestructurenexafswhichissynonymouswithxanesduringmorethanyearsthexanesinterpretationhasbeenobjectofdiscussionbutrecentlythereisagreementthatthefinalstatesaremultiplescatteringresonancesandmanybodyfinalstatesplayanimportantrolerefnamemsrjjrehrandalankudinovdxdoiorgjccrprogressinthetheoryandinterpretationofxanescoordinationchemistryreviewsrefintermediateregionthereisanintermediateregionbetweenthexanesandexafsregionswherelownbodydistributionfunctionsplayakeyrolerefnameintermediatembenfattocrnatoliabianconijgarciaamarcellimfanfoniandidavoliviewncbinlmnihgovpubmedmultiplescatteringregimeandhigherordercorrelationsinxrayabsorptionspectraofliquidsolutionsphysicalreviewbpprefrefnameintermediateafilipponiadiciccocrnatolidxdoiorgphysrevbxrayabsorptionspectroscopyandnbodydistributionfunctionsincondensedmatterphysicalreviewbpprefextendedxrayabsorptionfinestructuretheoscillatorystructureextendingforhundredsofelectronvoltspasttheedgeswascalledthekronigstructureafterthescientistralphkronigwhoassignedthisstructureinthehighenergyrangeieforakineticenergyrangelargerthanevofthephoelectronintheweakscatteringregimetothesinglescatteringoftheexcitedphotoelectronbyneighbouringatomsinmoleculesandcondensedmatterrefnameexafsjjrehrrcalbersdxdoiorgrevmodphystheoreticalapproachestoxrayabsorptionfinestructurereviewsofmodernphysicspprefrefnameexafsfdegrootdxdoiorgfcrhighresolutionxrayemissionandxrayabsorptionspectroscopychemicalreviewspprefrefnameexafsxrayabsorptionprinciplesapplicationsandtechniquesofexafssexafsandxaneseditedbydckoeningsbergerrprinsjohnwileysonsrefrefnameexafsprinciplesandapplicationsofexafschapterinhandbookofsynchrotronradiationppeasternandsmhealdeekochednorthhollandrefrefnameexafsbkteoexafsbasicprinciplesanddataanalysisspringerrefthisregimewascalledexafsinbysayerssternandlittlerefnameexafsdesayerseasternfwlytledxdoiorgphysrevlettnewtechniqueforinvestigatingnoncrystallinestructuresfourieranalysisoftheextendedxrayabsorptionfinestructurephysicalreviewletterspprefrefnameexafsfwlytledxdoiorgstheexafsfamilytreeapersonalhistoryofthedevelopmentofextendedxrayabsorptionfinestructurejournalofsynchrotronradiationpprefanditdevelopedonlyaftertheuseofintensesynctrotronradiationsourcesapplicationsofxrayabsorptionspectroscopyxrayabsorptionedgespectroscopycorrespondstothetransitionfromacoreleveltoanunoccupiedatomicorbitalorbitalorbandandmainlyreflectstheelectronicunoccupiedstatesexafsresultingfromtheinterferenceinthesinglescatteringprocessofthephotoelectronscatteredbysurroundingatomsprovidesinformationonthelocalstructureinformationonthegeometryofthelocalstructureisprovidedbytheanalysisofthemultiplescatteringpeaksinthexanesspectrathexafsacronymhasbeenlaterintroducedtoindicatethesumofthexanesandexafsspectraseealsosexafsexafsxanesreferencesexternallinksmnewvillexafsorgtutorialsactionattachfiledogettargetnewvillexasfundamentalspdffundamentalsofxafssbarewaybackarchiveitorgallcarsuchicagoeduxafsapsbarexannespdfxanesmeasurementsandinterpretationbravelwebarchiveorgwebcarsuchicagoeduraveltalkspimstpdfapracticalintroductiontomultiplescatteringfrspectromtriedabsorptionitexafsxrayabsorptionfinestructurexrayabsorptionfinestructureinfoboxtvchannelnamelogofileccmalogosvglogosizepxlogoaltlaunchseptemberpictureformatisdtvcloseddateshareshareasofseptembersharesourceownertelevisidecatalunyaslogantotelquevolssaberquanhovolssaberbreverythingyouwanttoknowwhenyouwanttoknowcountryspainlanguagecatalanlanguagecatalanaranesedialectaraneseinvalldaranbroadcastareacataloniaandorranortherncataloniabalearicislandsformernamesreplacednamessisternamestvcataloniatvcanalcanalsupersuperesporttvcattvhdheadquarterssantjoandesptimeshiftnameswebcatterrservdigitalterrestrialtelevisiondigitalterrchanprovinceofbarcelonabarcelonamuxbrprovinceofgironagironamuxbrprovinceoflleidalleidamuxbrprovinceoftarragonatarragonamuxbrnortherncataloniamuxbrbalearicislandsmuxbrandorramuxbrbaixcincamuxbrprovinceofcastellcastellmuxbrprovinceofvalnciavalnciamuxbrriberabaixariberaandsaformuxsatservsatchancableservonospainonocablechancataloniachannelbrvalenciancountrychannelsatradioservsatradiochanadslservadslchanadslservadslchanisthefirstandonlyhourrollingnewsandinformationserviceincataloniaoperatedbytelevisidecatalunyatvcitispartofthefivechanneldvbtmultiplexingmultiplexoftvccurrentlyitbroadcastsindigitalterrestrialdvbtandcabledvbctelevisionanaloguebroadcastingpalwasshutdownonaprilalthoughsatellitedvbsbroadcastingwasinitiallyconsidereditwasdiscardedduetothehighcostofuploadingthechannelstreamintosatelliteshistoryimagecanaljpgthumbrightlogousedfromuntilwasbornonseptemberasaninitiativeofthecatalanpublictelevisiontodevelopdigitalterrestrialtelevisionincataloniahoweveragenerallackofdvbtsettopboxescombinedwithslightpublicinteresttowardsdigitalterrestrialtelevisionpromptedtvctosimulcastinanaloguefromitslaunchonseptemberuntiljunewasonairdailyfrompmtillamthechannelnowoperatesasaregularfulltimechannelcontentsdevotesexclusivelytolivenewsandinformationincludingnewstrafficmorningsportsandstockmarketsfrombolsadevaloresdebarcelonabolsadebarcelonaoriginallyw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teamshopandadministrativeofficesformostterrapinsathleticprogramsinsidethelobbyontheeastsideofthefacilityistheterrapinwalkoffameandhistoryfeaturingmanyimagesofthepastofmarylandathleticsaswellasthemensnationalchampionshiptrophyandthewomensnationalchampionshiptrophyintheuniversityreplacedthebuildingsoriginalscoreboardwithanewstartoftheartcenterhungdaktronicsvideoboardthatfeaturestwosidedisplaysmeasuringapproximatelyfeethighbyfeetwideandtwoenddisplaysmeasuringapproximatelyfeethighbyfeetwidemakingitoneofthelargestjumbotronsincollegebasketballthevideoboardcandisplayonesingleimagetoshowlivevideoandreplaysbutcanalsobedividedintoseparatewindowstodisplaygraphicsanimationsgamestatisticsscoringinformationandadvertisementsthexfinitycenteralsofeaturesfourmessagedisplaysineachcornerofthefacilitythatareusedtodisplayclosedcaptioningstudentsectioncommentedoutbecauseimagewasdeletedthestudentsectioncontainsseatsarrangedinthefirsttenrowsonallsidesofthearenathemostnotablefeatureofthearenaisthesteeplypitchedspionkopstadiumskopstyleseatingareaatthewestendofthearenabehindthevisitingteamssecondhalfbasketinformallyknownasthewalloriginallydesignedtoreduceexcavationcostsduetoahilltheareafeaturesstudentseatsmeanttointimidateopposingplayerswhoshootfreethrowsinthesecondhalfmarylandhaslonghadareputationforhavingoneofthemostraucousstudentsectionsinthenationforseveralyearsbeforexfinitycenteropenedinbecauseoftheathleticdepartmentsonlinelotterysystemwhichdistributesticketstostudentsmostgamesarestudentselloutsstudentattendanceistypicallyhighestforconferencegamesnonconferencegamesagainsttopteamssuchastheannualaccbigtenchallengebigtenaccchallengeandtheannualmarylandmadnesseventformerlythoughstillcolloquiallyknownasmidnightmadnessheldinoctobertosignifytheofficialstartofthecollegebasketballseasonattendancebystudentsisgenerallylowestforearlyseasonexhibitionandnonconferencegamesaswellasgamesplayedwhilethestudentsareonthanksgivingandwinterbreaktheonlineticketsystemwasimplementedforbothfootballandmensbasketballbeginningwiththeseasonasanalternativetothetraditionalmethodwhichrequiredstudentstocampoutforticketstobiggamesthoughitissomewhatmorefairinthatitgivesallstudentsanopportunitytoattendgameswithoutforcingthemtogiveuptimewaitinginlinesithascomeunderfirebystudentsforseveralreasonsbecausetherearemorethantwiceasmanyticketsavailableforfootballgamestheseproblemsaregenerallynotsignificantlyassociatedwithfootballloyaltypointsimagecomcastcenterinsidejpgthumbinteriorsummerpxticketsaregivenviaaweightedlotterystudentsaccumulateloyaltypointsforclaimingandattendinggamesandmarylandmadnesseachpointgivesthestudentonemoreentryinthelotteryforsubsequentgamesforexampleastudentwithloyaltypointswillhavehisorhernameenteredtimesforthegameheorshewishestoattendoncebydefaultandoncemoreforeachpointbycontrastastudentwithzeroloyaltypointswillhavehisorhernameenteredonlyoncethoughthesystemdoesgiveadecidedadvantagetostudentswithmorepointsasitwasdesignedtodoitisstillpossibleandsomewhatcommonforstudentswithnoorfewpointstoreceiveticketstolateseasongamesthisaspectwasmostcommonlydebatedleadinguptothethenannualhomegameagainstformeraccfoedukewhenalargenumberofstudentsrequestticketsitwasnotuncommonforstudentswhohaveattendedeveryhomegametolosethelotterytostudentswhohaveattendednogamesasaresultoftheadvantagesstudentsgainbyattendinggamesearlyintheseasonagainsttypicallyunderwhelmingnonconferenceopponentsaphenomenondevelopedknownamongstudentsasscanningandleavinginordertoreceivealoyaltypointastudentmustdothreethingsrequestaticketonlineclaimitifselectedinthelotteryandfinallypresenttheirticketandstudentidattheentrancetoxfinitycentertobescannedandauthenticatedoncethestudentsticketisscannedandisallowedintothegametheticketingsystemawardsthestudentoneloyaltypointthestudentisthenfreetoleavethegamewheneverheorshepleasesasaresultmanydiehardfanscomplainthatasignificantnumberofstudentsscanandleavegamesevenwellattendedconferencegamesasameansofbuildinguployaltypointsforgameslaterintheseasonwithagreaterdegreeofperceivedsignificanceandorahigherchanceofdemandexceedingsupplynotablegamesatxfinitycenterdecembernbspinmarylandsdebutgameagainstarankedopponentatthenewarenatheyfelltotheuniversityoffloridagatorsdespiteavalianteffortmarylandsinabilitytocontainanthonyrobersonfrombehindthearcandshootingjustfromthefreethrowlineledtoalessthanauspiciouschristeningofthefacilityagainstarankedopponentjanuarynbsptheterrapinsdefeatedthenundefeateddukeuniversitydukendashfebruarynbspduetoamajorsnowstormintheareathegameagainstwakeforestuniversitywakeforestwaspostponedfromthepreviousnightsincemostticketholderswereunabletotraveltocollegeparktheathleticdepartmentinstitutedanopenattendancepolicyanyonewithavalidstudentidwasgivenfreeadmissionandthegeneralpublicwaschargedthenearcapacitycrowdwascomposedmostlyofstudentsenjoyingtheirsnowdayandtheterrapinsdefeatedthedemondeaconsfebruarynbspthethirdlargestcrowdtowatchanatlanticcoastconferencewomensregularseasonbasketballgameandthesecondlargestcrowdtowatchawomensgameatthearenawenthomedisappointedasnorankeddukedefeatedtheterrapinsndashfebruarynbsptheterrapinswontheirthirdconsecutivegameagainstdukeandbecamefirstteamtosweeptheregularseasonseriesfromthebluedevilssincewakeforestdiditduringseasontheovertimethrillercoincidedwithavisitfromespnscollegegamedaybasketballcollegegamedayfebruarynbspthenorankedwomensteamlosttonorankeddukeinfrontofthelargestcrowdtowatchanatlanticcoastconferencewomensregularseasonbasketballgamemarchnbspcomcastcenterasitwasthenknownhostedfirstandsecondroundgamesforthencaawomensdivisionibasketballchampionshipncaawomensbasketballtournamentthenoseededterpsusedtheirhomecourtadvantagetodefeatseeduniversityofwisconsingreenbaywisconsingreenbaybutlosttonoseededohiostateuniversityohiostateintheothergameslibertyuniversitylibertybecameonlythesecondseedtoadvancetothesweetbyupsettingfourthseededpennsylvaniastateuniversitypennstateandfifthseededdepauluniversitydepaulfebruarynbspmarylandcamefrombehindtobeatuniversityofvirginiavirginiatogivegarywilliamswinsatmarylandsurpassingtherecordpreviouslysetbycharlesdriesellcharlesleftydrieselljanuarynbspthelargestcrowdinaccwomenshistorywatchedndrankednorthcarolinadefeatrdrankedmarylandndashsurpassingtherecordsetthepreviousseasonfebruarynbspundefeatedandnodukewomensteambeatmarylandonseniordayononlythesecondeversoldoutgameforwomensbasketballatthecomcastcenterjanuarynbspthemarylandwomensteambeatdukeathomeforthefirsttimeintenyearsthecrowdofisthefifthlargestinaccwomensbasketballhistoryfebruarynbsptrailingbyasmanyaspointsandstilldownbywithlessthantwominutestogounrankedmarylandcamebacktobeatnorthcarolinainovertimemarylandfansrushedthecourtaftertheupsetvictorymarchnbspledbyfirstteamallamericanpointguardgreivisvasquezthemarylandmensbasketballteamdefeateddukeasaresultofthevictorytheterpswouldgoontosharetheaccregularseasonchampionshipwithdukejanuarynbspthebasketballcourtwasnamedinhonorofgarywilliamsthemensbasketballcoachwhoretiredafterthepreviousseasonthatnightthemensbasketballteamfelltodukefebruarynbspmarylandmensbasketballupsetsdukeinathrillingvictorythiswasthefirstvictoryfortheterpsagainstthebluedevilssinceandthefirstwinagainstatoprankedteamsincethisalsowasthefirstvictoryagainstdukeformarkturgeonastheheadcoachformarylandbasketballmarchnbspmarylandmensbasketballteamtookdownlongtimerivalvirginiainovertimethiswasthelasthomegamefortheterrapinsasamemberoftheaccalsoitwasthelasthomegamewiththeterpsvenuebeingnamedthecomcastcenterfebruarynbspmarylandmensbasketballteamupsetswisconsinnovembernbspmarylandmensbasketballteamdefeatsthegeorgetownhoyasbehindapointperformancefromguardmelotrimblethisgamewasconsideredarenewaloftheoldschoolrivalrybetweentheseteamsitwasthefirsttimetheyhadplayedsincejanuarynbspfirstmatchupfeaturingtwotoptenrankedmensbasketballteamsinthehistoryofthexfinitycenterthemarylandterrapinsdefeatedtheiowahawkeyesinfrontofacrowdofpeopleseealsolistofncaadivisionibasketballarenasreferencesexternallinksgrummanxredirectcategoryshellnewyouthxinhuadailywasthefirstpublicnewspaperpublishedinthepeoplesrepublicofchinabythecommunistpartyofchinaitisownedbythejiangsucommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinahistoryonnovemberitwasestablishedinwuhanbyrevolutionariessuchaszhouenlaionfebruarythepublicationofthexinhuadailywasforbiddenbykuomintanglateronaprilxinhuadailybeganpublicationwithofficialsupportthenewspaperreportseconomicsocialandpoliticaleventsinjiangsuprovincecurrentlythetotalcirculationisexternallinksxhxhbynetofficialwebsiteinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamemogulimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofasinglesmallleadingwheelandthreedrivingwheelsjoinedbycouplingrodscaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagesrcpastrasburgjpgaltcaptioncanadiannationaleaclassnoequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalycfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondateccountryunitedkingdomlocomotiverailwaygarstangandknotendrailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotivepawneerailwayreadingcompanyphiladelphiaandreadingrailroaddesignerbuilderbaldwinlocomotiveworksbrnorrislocomotiveworksevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotiverailwaylouisvilleandnashvillerailroaddesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoftwoleadingwheelsononeaxleusuallyinaleadingtrucksixpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonthreeaxlesandnotrailingwheelsthisarrangementiscommonlycalledamoguloverviewintheunitedstatesofamericausaandeuropethewheelarrangementwasprincipallyusedontenderrailtenderlocomotivesthistypeoflocomotivewaswidelybuiltintheusafromtheearlystothesalthoughexampleswerebuiltasearlyasbytwophiladelphiamanufacturersbaldwinlocomotiveworksandnorrislocomotiveworksthesefirstexampleshadtheirleadingaxlesmounteddirectlyandrigidlyontheframeofthelocomotiveratherthanonaseparatetruckorbogieontheseearlylocomotivestheleadingaxlewasmerelyusedtodistributetheweightofthelocomotiveoveralargernumberofwheelsitwasthereforeessentiallyanwithanunpoweredleadingaxleandtheleadingwheelsdidnotservethesamepurposeasforexampletheleadingtrucksoftheamericanortenwheelertypeswhichatthetimehadbeeninuseforatleastadecadethefirstamericanwitharigidlymountedleadingaxlewasthepawneebuiltforheavyfreightserviceonthereadingrailroadphiladelphiaandreadingrailroadintotalaboutthirtylocomotivesofthistypewerebuiltforvariousamericanrailroadswhiletheyweregenerallysuccessfulinslowheavyfreightservicetherailroadsthatusedthesefirstlocomotivesdidntseeanygreatadvantagesinthemovertheordesignsofthetimetherailroadsnotedtheirincreasedpullingpowerbutalsofoundthattheirratherrigidsuspensionmadethemmorepronetoderailmentsthanthelocomotivesofthedaymanyrailroadmechanicsattributedthesederailmentstohavingtoolittleweightontheleadingtruckthefirsttrueswerebuiltintheearlysthefirstfewbeingbuiltinforthelouisvilleandnashvillerailroadthenewdesignrequiredtheutilisationofasingleaxleswivellingtrucksuchatruckwasfirstpatentedintheunitedkingdombylevibissellinmayinwilliamshudsonthenthesuperintendentofrogerslocomotiveandmachineworkspatentedanequalizedleadingtruckthatwasabletomoveindependentlyofthedrivingaxlesthisequalizedsuspensionworkedmuchbetterovertheuneventracksofthedaythefirstlocomotivebuiltwithsuchaleadingtruckwaslikelycompletedinfortheunitednewjerseyrailroadandcanalcompanynewjerseyrailroadandtransportationcompanyastheirnumberitislikelythatthelocomotiveclassnamederivesfromalocomotivenamedmogulbuiltbytauntonlocomotivemanufacturingcompanyinforthecentralrailroadofnewjerseyhoweverithasalsobeensuggestedthatinenglanditderivedfromtheengineofthatnamebuiltbyneilsonandcompanyforthegreateasternrailwayinusageaustraliabeyerpeacockandcompanyprovidedlargenumbersofstandarddesignnarrowgaugemogullocomotivestoseveralaustralianrailwaysusersofthemogultypeincludethesouthaustralianrailwayswithitssouthaustralianrailwaysyclassyclassthetasmaniangovernmentrailwayswithitstasmaniangovernmentrailwayslocomotivescclassthewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwayswithitswagrgclassgclassinaconfigurationaswellandnumerousprivateusersbelgiancongotwentylocomotiveswerebuiltbytubizelesateliersdetubizelocomotiveworksinbelgiumforthecfducongosuperieurauxgrandslacsafricainscflbetweenandthefirsteightnumberedtowerebuiltinfollowedbysixmoreinnumberedtosixmoreofaslightlylargerversionfollowedinnumberedtotheyhadcylindersanddiameterdrivingwheelswiththesmallerversionshavingaworkingordermassofandthelargerversionsmostofthecflwasregaugedtogaugeinaswerealloftheservingmogulsmostofthemstillsurvivedincanadaalargenumberoflocomotiveswereusedincanadawheretheywereconsideredmoreusableinrestrictedspacesbeingshorterthanthemorecommontenwheelersthecanadiannationalrailwaycnhadseveraloneofthemthecnnoaneaclasslocomotivebuiltbycanadianlocomotivecompanyinhasbeenownedandoperatedsincebythestrasburgrailroadinpennsylvaniaintheusainconjunctionwiththerailroadmuseumofpennsylvaniaagoodpreservedversionthewhitepassandyukonrailroadnocanbefoundatthemacbridemuseumofyukonhistoryinwhitehorseyukonfinlandimagefinlandsocietesuissejpgthumbfinnishclasssknobuiltbyswisslocomotiveandmachineworksslmatthefinnishrailwaymuseumfinlandslocomotivesweretheclassesskskskskskandskfinnishsteamlocomotiveclassskswerebuiltfrombyswisslocomotiveandmachineworkstheycarriednumberstototoandtotheselocomotiveswerenicknamedlittlebrownclasssklocomotiveswerenumberedtotoandtotheywerebuiltbytampellanoispreservedattampereintampellafinnishsteamlocomotiveclassskswerebuiltfrombytammerforslinnejernmanufaktabtheywerenumberedtototototoandtotheselocomotiveswerenicknamedgrandmothersindonesiathestaatsspoorwegenssinindonesiaoperatedtanklocomotivesofthecseriesbuiltbyschsischemaschinenfabrikofchemnitzgermanyintheywerewoodburninglocomotiveswhichconsumedtwocubicmetersofwoodandofwaterforhoursofsteamproductionoftheselocomotivessurvivedtheinvasionbyjapanduringthesecondworldwarandwerestillbeingoperatedfollowingindependencefromthenetherlandstheywerebasedincepuinindonesiaandwereusedonthecepuforestrailwaycepublorapurwodadigroboganpurwodadisemarangbojonegorojatirogoroutenowclosedbytheearlysthesurvivorsoftheclasswereinpoorconditiononeexamplecnowasrevivedinaftertwentyfiveyearsindipoinambarawabymiditwasoperationalandsinceitwasmovedtosoloincentraljavatohaulacharteredsteamtrainacrossthemainstreetofthetownitalytheferroviedellostatoitalianecametooperatemorethanlocomotivesofthefsclassclassformixedtrafficandthefsclassiiclassforlightpassengertrainstheselocomotivesnicknamedlittleladiessignorinewereverysuccessfulandseveralwerepreservedaftertheendofregularsteamserviceswithsomestilloperationalforheritagetrainsnewzealandtheclassjofthenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnzrwasitspioneeringtenderfreightlocomotiveintroducedinforuseintheregaugedcanterburyregionofthesouthislandbuiltbytheavonsideenginecompanyandotherlocomotiveworksintheunitedkingdomtheywereshippedtonewzealandinkitformtheyeventuallyservedallovernewzealandsfledglingrailnetworkonbothislandsintimetheywerereplacedonmainlinerunningaslargerpowerarrivedmanysurvivedintothesasyardshuntersandsomewereconvertedtotanklocomotivessouthafricacapegaugeinandthecapegovernmentrailwayscgrplacedeighteenmogullocomotivesinfreightserviceonthecapewesternsystembuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanybeyerpeacockandtheavonsideenginecompanytheyweredesignatedcgrstclassbpstclasswhenaclassificationsystemwasadoptedbythreeofthemsurvivedtobeconsideredobsoletebythesouthafricanrailwayssardesignatedclassandrenumberedbyhavingthenumeralprefixedtotheirexistingnumbersallwerewithdrawnfromservicebyrefnamehollandrefrefnamedulezrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnamelittleycgrnumberingrevisedarticlebydavelittleysarailmayjuneppreftrebuilttostalsointhecgrplacedapairofcgrstclassststephensonspatentbacktobackmogultypesidetanklocomotivesinserviceonthecapemidlandsystembuiltbykitsontheywerelaterseparatedandrebuilttosaddletanklocomotivesforuseasshuntingengineswhenaclassificationsystemwasintroducedtheyweredesignatedstclassrefnamehollandrefinandthecgrplacedeightcgrstclasskitsonmogultenderlocomotivesinserviceonthecapemidlandsystemalsobuiltbykitsonandcompanytheywerealleventuallyrebuilttosaddletanklocomotivesforuseasshuntingengineswhenaclassificationsystemwasadoptedtheywerealsodesignatedcgrstclassststclasscinwhythesjacksonlimitedcontractedbythenatalgovernmentfortheconstructionofthelinefromdurbantopietermaritzburgtookdeliveryoftwotanklocomotivesfromkitsonandcompanyforuseduringconstructionthelocomotiveswerenotnumberedbutwereappropriatelynamedngrtdurbanpietermaritzburgdurbanandpietermaritzburgafterthetwotownswhichweretobeconnectedbythenewrailwayuponcompletionoftheconstructioncontractattheendofthelocomotivesweretakenoverbythenatalgovernmentrailwaysngrandintheyweresoldtotheselatirailwaycinandsevenmogultanklocomotiveswerealsodeliveredtothengrbybpbuilttothesamedesignasthetwocontractorslocomotiveslaterclassifiedasngrclassktngrclassktheywerethefirstlocomotivestobeorderedforuseonthethennewlylaidcapegaugenatalmainlineintotheinterioronewassoldtotheeastrandproprietaryminesandtwocameintosarstockinbutremainedunclassifiedasngrtbeyerpeacocksidetankalthoughtheywereconsideredobsoletetheyremainedinserviceaslateasrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuaryppreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefinandthecgrplacedtenmogulsbuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanyinfreightserviceonthecapewesternsystemwhilesimilartothelocomotivesoftheircylindersweremountedatadownwardinclinationtowardsthedrivingwheelsettheywerealsodesignatedcgrstclassstclasswhenaclassificationsystemwasadoptedonthecgrinthengrplacedsevenlocomotivesinservicetheyweresubsequentlymodifiedtoawheelarrangementandweredesignatedngrclassginwhenfifteenofthemwereassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwaystheywererenumberedandreclassifiedtosouthafricanclassctclasscrefnamengrclassgnumberingtalksouthafricanclassctngrclassgnumberingngrclassgnumberingrefinthecgrplacedtwobaldwinbuiltmogullocomotivesinfreightservicethefirstamericanlocomotivestoenterserviceinsouthafricatheywereoriginallydesignatedthclassbuttheclassificationwaslaterchangedtocgrstclassstclassoneofthemstillsurvivedinandwasalsodesignatedclassbythesaritwaswithdrawnfromserviceinjssmitinwhilethesecondboerwarwasstillinprogressfourtlocomotivesarrivedinthecapecolonybuiltbythedicksonmanufacturingcompanyinsincetheyborecabsideplatesinscribedsszarandwerenamedjssmitjjspierlsmeyerandcbirkenstocktheywereintendedforthenetherlandssouthafricanrailwaycompanynzasminthezuidafrikaanscherepubliekzartheyweredivertedtoindwecollieriesinthecapecolonyandwhenthecgrlatertookcontrolofthecollierylinetheselocomotiveswereclassifiedaspartofthecgrcgrrdclasstrdclassallfoursurvivedtocomeintosarstockinwhentheywereclassifiedasclassotheywerewithdrawnbyalsointwomogulsaddletanklocomotivesenteredshuntingserviceattheportelizabethharbourcgrstfollowedbyonemoreininthezululandrailwaycompanycontractorsfortheconstructionofthenorthcoastlinefromverulamkwazulunatalverulamtothetugelariveracquiredtwotenderlocomotivesasconstructionenginesuponcompletionofthelineinthelocomotivesweretakenontotherosterofthenatalgovernmentrailwaysanddesignatedngrclassiclassibetweenandcgrstelevenmogulsaddletanklocomotivesbuiltbyhunsletenginecompanyweredeliveredtothetablebayharbourboardallweretakenontothecapegovernmentrailwaysrosterinandcameintosarstockinbutwereconsideredobsoleteandremainedunclassifiednarrowgaugeinthecgrplacedthreelocomotiveswithamogulwheelarrangementinserviceonthehopefieldwesterncapehopefieldnarrowgaugetwofootgaugerailwaysnarrowgaugebranchlinethatwasbeingconstructedfromkalbaskraaltheywerebuiltbybaldwinandwereofastandardtypethatwasbeingusedonthemainenarrowgaugerailroadmuseumnarrowgaugerailroadsofmaineintheusaafourthlocomotiveidenticaltothefirstthreewasorderedfromthesamemanufacturerininwhentheselocomotiveswereassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwaystheywererenumberedwithanngprefixtotheirrunningnumberswhenasystemofgroupingnarrowgaugelocomotivesintoclasseswaseventuallyintroducedsomewherebetweenandtheyweretobeclassifiedassouthafricanclassngclassngbuthadalreadybeenwithdrawnfromserviceunitedkingdomintheunitedkingdomwherelocomotivesaregenerallysmallerthanintheusathewasfoundtobeagoodwheelarrangementformixedtrafficlocomotivescircaonetenginewasbuiltforthegarstangandknotendrailwaythefirstunsuccessfulgerclassexampleswerefifteenlocomotivesbuilttoadesignofwilliamadamslocomotiveengineerwilliamadamsforthegreateasternrailwayinrefnamecasserleyrefbuiltmidlandrailwaymrnothemidlandandsouthwesternjunctionrailwayacquiredtwoexamplesbuilttoanaustraliandesignbybeyerpeacockandcompanyinandalongstrikebyworkersthroughoutthebritishengineeringindustryinledtoabacklogoflocomotiveordersthisledleadingbritishcompaniestoplaceorderswithamericanbuildersforstandardlightgeneralpurposelocomotivesadaptedtobritishrequirementsinthemidlandrailwaymrthegreatnorthernrailwaygreatbritaingreatnorthernrailwaygnrandthegreatcentralrailwayallpurchasedexamplesfromthebaldwinlocomotiveworksintheusathemralsoboughttenfromschenectadylocomotiveworksatthesametimerefnamehuntrefintheunitedstatesthewasalreadythecommondesignforthissortofengineandtheseimportsweretobeveryinfluentialinintroducingthewheelarrangementtotheunitedkingdomatthetimeoftherailwaysactrailwaysactgroupinginlocomotiveswereoperatedbythecaledonianrailwayclasstheglasgowandsouthwesternrailwaygswrclassclassthegnrgnrclasshhhandgnrclasshhclassesthegreatwesternrailwaygwrclassandgwrclassclassesofandrespectivelythelondonbrightonandsouthcoastrailwaylbscrkclasskclassandthesoutheasternandchathamrailwaysecrnclassnclassseveralofthesedesignscontinuedtobebuiltbythebigfourbritishrailwaycompaniesafterandseveralnewandsuccessfuldesignswereintroducedsothatthebecametheprincipaltypeformediumloadedmixedtrafficdutiesnotablenewdesignsincludedthesouthernrailwaygreatbritainsouthernrailwayssruclassuclassthelondonmidlandandscottishrailwayslmshughescrabthelmsstaniermogulthelmsivattclassthelmsivattclassthelondonandnortheasternrailwayslnerclasskandthelnerthompsonpeppercornclasskclasswhichwerebuiltinafterthenationalisationofbritishrailwaysbritishrailwayscontinuedtobuildtheivattandthompsonpeppercorndesignsandthenintroducedthreestandarddesignsbasedontheivattclassesthesewerethebrstandardclassinthebrstandardclassinandthebrstandardclassinlocomotivescontinuedtobebuiltuntilandthelastoneswerewithdrawnfromserviceinunitedstatesofamericathefirsttruewithsingleaxleswivellingleadingtruckswerebuiltintheunitedstatesinforthelouisvilleandnashvillerailroadthenewjerseylocomotiveandmachinecompanybuilttheirfirstinasthepassaicforthecentralrailroadofnewjerseytheerierailroadfollowedinwiththefirstlargeorderofthislocomotivetypeinrogerslocomotiveandmachineworksbuiltmoreforthenewjerseyrailroadandtransportationcompanythebaltimoreandohiorailroadbonoamogulbuiltatthebosmountclareshopsinwonfirstprizethefollowingyearatthecentennialexpositioninphiladelphiaitispreservedattheborailroadmuseumhousedintheformermountclareshopsinbaltimorewellovermogulswereconstructedintheunitedstatesbythetimeproductionhadendedinrefnameamericanrailsamericanrailscommogulshtmlamericanrailscommogulstheaccessedonnovemberrefveryfewoftheseclassicsteamlocomotivesstillexistmostofthemhavingbeenscrappedasnewerfasterandmorepowerfulsteamenginesweredevelopedinthetwentiethcenturytheusrastandardusrastandarddesignsofdidnotincludeafivenotablelocomotivesarestillinoperationintheunitedstatesexsouthernpacifictransportationcompanysouthernpacificlinesnostilloperatedonthehebervalleyhistoricrailroadinexnewberlinwinfieldrailroadnobuiltbythebaldwinlocomotiveworksinwasrebuiltandismaintainedbythemidwestcentralrailroadwaltdisneyworldrailroadwdwrrnolillybellebuiltinseptemberbythebaldwinlocomotiveworksasnofortheferrocarrilesunidosdeyucatninmexicooperatesontherailroadcirclingthemagickingdominorlandofloridasinceoctoberexcanadiannationalnooperatesinexcursionserviceonthestrasburgrailroadeverettrailroadnooperatestouristtrainsonthehollidaysburgpennsylvaniahollidaysburgpabasedshortlinepreservednonoperatingexamplesincludethesouthernpacifictransportationcompanysouthernpacificrailroadnolocatedinwoodburnoregonthevirginiaandtruckeerailroadnoempireatthecaliforniastaterailroadmuseuminsacramentocaliforniasacramentocaliforniatheduluthandironrangerailroadnointwoharborsminnesotathebostonandmainerailroadnoatthedanburyrailwaymuseumindanburyconnecticutthiswasthelaststeamlocomotivetoregularlyoperateonthebostonandmainerailroadinthemagmaarizonarailroadnoatthemccormickstillmanrailroadparkinscottsdalearizonawasbuiltinoctoberandoperateduntilreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameconsolidationimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelandfourlargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagelehighvalleyconsolidationlocomotivejpgaltcaptionlehighandmahanoyrailroadsconsolidationofthefirstbuiltequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyddfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrygermansouthwestafricalocomotivesouthwestafricantrailwaylderitzbuchteisenbahndesignerorensteinkoppelbuilderorensteinkoppelevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondateccountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotiverailwaypennsylvaniarailroaddesignerjohnplairdbuilderjohnplairdevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotiveconsolidationrailwaylehighandmahanoyrailroaddesigneralexandermitchellbuilderbaldwinlocomotiveworksevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoftwoleadingwheelsononeaxleusuallyinaleadingtruckeightpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonfouraxlesandnotrailingwheelsintheunitedstatesandelsewherethiswheelarrangementiscommonlyknownasaconsolidationafterthelehighandmahanoyrailroadsconsolidationthenameofthefirstlocomotivetousethewheelarrangementrefnamewhitewhitejohnhjrahistoryoftheamericanlocomotiveitsdevelopmentnewyorkdoverpublicationsprefoverviewofallthelocomotivetypesthatwerecreatedandexperimentedwithinthethcenturythewasarelativelatecomerrefnameswengelswengelfmtheamericansteamlocomotivevoltheevolutionofthesteamlocomotivedavenportmidwestrailpublishingpprefthefirstlocomotiveofthiswheelarrangementwaspossiblybuiltbythepennsylvaniarailroadprrlikethefirststhisfirsthadaleadingaxlethatwasrigidlyattachedtothelocomotivesframeratherthanonaseparatetruckorbogietocreatethisprrmastermechanicjohnplairdmodifiedanexistingthebedfordbetweenandthemogultypefirstcreatedintheearlysisoftenconsideredasthelogicalforerunnertothehoweveraclaimismadethatthefirsttrueengineevolvedfromtheandwasorderedbytheunitedstateslehighandmahanoyrailroadwhichnamedallitsenginesthenamegiventothenewlocomotivewasconsolidationthenamethatwaslateralmostgloballyadoptedforthetypeaccordingtothisviewpointthefirstorderbylehighdatestoandantedatestheadoptionofthetypebyotherrailwaysandcoalandmountainfreighthaulersfromitsintroductioninandwellintotheearlythcenturythedesignwasconsideredtobetheultimateheavyfreightlocomotivethesfortewasstartingandmovingimpressiveloadsatunimpressivespeedsanditsversatilitygavethetypeitslongevitythepracticallimitofthedesignwasreachedinwhenitwasrealisedthatnofurtherdevelopmentwaspossiblewithalocomotiveofthiswheelarrangementusageasintheunitedstatesthewasalsoapopulartypeineuropeagainlargelyasafreighthaulerthetypewasalsousedinaustralianewzealandandsouthernafricaaustraliathelocomotivewasusedextensivelythroughoutaustraliaitservedonthebroadgaugeandnarrowgaugeandwasemployedmostlyasafreightlocomotivealthoughitwasoftenalsoemployedinpassengerserviceinvictoriaaustraliavictoriathefirstaustralianlocomotiveclasswiththiswheelarrangementconsistedofstandardgaugenewsouthwalesgovernmentrailwaysnswgrjclassengineswhicharrivedfrombaldwinlocomotiveworksinthejsremainedinserviceinnewsouthwalesuntilwhentheywerewithdrawnwartimeshortagesbetweenandhadsixenginesreenteringserviceafterbeingshoppedandfittedwithsuperheatersthelastengineofthisclasswasfinallywithdrawninandallwerescrappedbythesecondbatchoflocomotivestoappearinaustraliabetweenandwasthenswgrtclassenginestheclasswasdeliveredfromonelocalandseveraloverseasbuilderslocomotivesfrombeyerpeacockandcompanyfromnorthbritishlocomotivecompanyfromneilsonandcompanyfromclydeengineeringinaustraliaandfivefromdbsandcompanyduringworldwariioftheselocomotiveswereequippedwithsuperheaterswhichraisedtheirtractiveeffortfromtofromthevictorianrailwaysvralsousedarangeofvictorianbroadgaugebroadgaugelocomotivesthefirstoftheselocomotiveswerethebaldwinbuiltvictorianrailwaysvclasstheseengineswerebuiltatphoenixfoundryinballaratvictoriabytheyhaddisappearedfromthevrthevrsnexttypewasthevictorianrailwayscclasscclassengineswhichsawfreightandpassengerserviceinasmallerandlighterthevictorianrailwayskclasskclasswasintroducedforbranchlinefreightandlateralsopassengerservicesfinallythevrintroducedsixtylightvictorianrailwaysjclassjclassenginesinthesealsoworkedbothfreightandpassengerservicesthefirstenginesinprivateserviceonthemidlandrailwayofwesternaustraliamrwaarrivedintheseweregaugelocomotivesthefiveintheclassoperateduntilallweregonebyrefnameobergobergleonlocomotivesofaustraliasydneyreedrefinsomeofthenswgrtclasstypeswerealsopurchasedbytheprivateeastgretarailwaylatertobecomethesouthmaitlandrailwaybutthesewereconvertedtotanklocomotivestheclassprovedtobesuccessfulthroughoutitslongservicelifeuntilbeingretiredfromgovernmentrevenueserviceinduringseveralofthesesametclassengineswerealsopurchasedfromnblbythecommonwealthrailwaysforthetransaustralianrailwayinaprivatecoalcompanyjabrowninnswobtainedthreeexbritishmilitaryrailwayoperatingdivisionrodlocomotivesbrownlaterorderedanotheroftheselocomotivesbutonlynineofthatorderarrivedinaustraliathelastwaswithdrawninbelgiumtocompensateforwartimelossesnationalrailwaycompanyofbelgiumbelgianrailwaysacquiredlocomotivesintheywerebuiltinnorthamericabymontreallocomotiveworksincanadabythecanadianlocomotivecompanyandbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyintheunitedstatesthesemachinesprovedtobeveryreliableandwereusedformixedtrafficuntiltheendofthesteamerawhennumberhauledthelastscheduledsteampassengertrainfromathtodenderleeuwondecemberthislocomotivesurvivedinpreservationandisusedonspecialexcursionsondecembernumberreenactedthelastrunonthesameroutecanadathecanadianpacificnabandccanadianpacificrailwaycpnabandcclasslocomotiveswereaclassofaltogetherconsolidationtypelocomotivesbuiltbymontreallocomotiveworksbetweenandtheywerenumberedintherangefromtoandwereusedalmosteverywherearoundthesystemtheorderfortheseenginescameaboutwhencpneededbiggerlocomotivesfortheirmainlinesincetheircurrentengineswerewearingoutandweretoosmallfortheloadsthatwerebeinghauledmostoftheclasswereconvertedtooilfiringinlateryearsoneofthelocomotivesnoisrunandmaintainedinsummerlandbritishcolumbiabcaspartofthekettlevalleysteamrailwayfinlandfinlandhadfivetenderlocomotiveclasseswithawheelarrangementtheclassestktktktvandtvtheclasstkswerenumberedfromtoandwerenicknamedamerikansatikkatokotkatheclasstkswerenumberedtoandtotheywerenicknamedsatikkathreewerepreservednoatnrpesnoatjunctioncityoregonintheunitedstatesandnoathaapamkithevrclasstkclasstkswerenumberedtotoandtotheywerebuiltbytampellalokomoandfrichstheclasstvswerenumberedtototoandtotheywerebuiltbytampellaandwerenicknamedjumbofourwerepreservednoathaapamkinoattheveturimuseumattoijalanoatlapinlahtiandnoatylivieskatheclasstvswerenumberedfromtotheywerenicknamedwilsononlynowaspreservedalsoathaapamkifinlandhadonlyonetanklocomotiveclasswithawheelarrangementtheclassmconsistingofonesolitarylocomotivenumbereditwasnotpreservedgermanythewheelarrangementenjoyedabriefperiodofpopularityingermanyduringtheeraofthelnderbahnenorstaterailwaysfromabouttopriortotheestablishmentafterthefirstworldwarofthedeutschereichsbahnthegermannationalrailwaysunderthedeutschereichsbahndeutschereichsbahngesellschaftdrgdeutschereichsbahngesellschaftdrgclassificationsystemalllocomotiveswereassignedtoclassbaureiheorbrwithdifferenttypesreceivingsubclassificationstheearliesttypewastheprussiangsupsupofitalyinitalythestatecontrolledrailwayscompanyferroviedellostatoitalianeferroviedellostatofsaftercomparingtwomodelsofengineinoneofwhichwasasimpleexpansionsimplexlocomotivepurchasedfrombaldwinandanotherwhichwasassembledbygermananditalianbuilderswithtwocylinderscompoundoptedforasimplexsteamlocomotiveasbasicpowerforitsfreightandmixedtrainsproductionofsuchlocomotivesclassifiedgrinitalybeganinandstoppedfouryearslaterduringitalywasinvolvedinthefirstworldwaranditsnationalindustrywasalmostentirelytakenupbywarproductionitalianplantswerethereforeunabletosupplysuitablerollingstockandmotivepowerforrailroadingneedsandnorthamericanfirmsmetitaliandemandformotivepowerfromtoamericanlocomotivecompanyandmontreallocomotiveworksbuiltalmostlocomotivesforitalythefsclassifiedtheseenginesasgrandusedthemforfreightandpassengerservicesafterthewarthesupplyofitalianbuiltgrresumedbothgrandgrverysimilarinperformanceremainedinserviceuntiltheendofthesnewzealandseverallocomotivesweresuppliedtonewzealandbythebaldwinlocomotiveworksofphiladelphiaintheunitedstatessixnzroclassoclasslocomotiveswerebuiltforthenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnewzealandrailwaysinthewellingtonandmanawaturailwaycompanywhichoperatedthewellingtonmanawatulinewellingtonmanawatulinehadfoursimilarlocomotivesbuiltbybaldwintwoinoneinandoneinthewmrlocomotivesofandnoandnowerevauclaincompoundlocomotivesthefirstinnewzealandandthefirstnarrowgaugecompoundsintheworldwhilestandardgaugecompoundsusuallyhadthelowpressurecylindermountedbelowthehighpressurecylinderoneachsidethiswasoftenreversedonnarrowgaugelocomotiveswhichhadthelargerlowpressurecylindersmountedabovethehighpressurecylinderstoprovidegreaterclearanceatplatformsinwhenthewmrwasnationalizedtheselocomotiveswereclassifiedintothreenzrsubclassesbecauseofdetaildifferencesthetwolocomotivesasnzrobclassosupbsupclassthelocomotiveasnzroaclassosupasupclassandthelocomotiveasnzrocclassosupcsupclassnorthkoreathekoreanstaterailwayhavelocallybuiltseriesusedbyrubberrecyclingplantandseriesjapanesebuiltnarrowgaugemmlocomotivestheserieswaslikelyretiredinandseriesmaystillbeoperatingrussiainrussiathewheelarrangementwasrepresentedbytheprerevolutionaryschshukapikefishpikeclassthesetwocylindercompoundlocomotiveswithoutsuperheatersweredeclaredthestandardrussianfreightlocomotiveinbutsincetheywererelativelylowpoweredtheywereonlyusefuloneasierlineswithoutsteepgradientssuchasthesaintpetersburgmoscowroutesouthafricafivelocomotiveclassessawserviceinsouthafricaalloftheminitiallyacquiredbythecapegovernmentrailwayscgrwhichclassifiedallbuttwoasthclassallofthemwerevariationsonthesamedesignusedsaturatedsteamandhadcylinderswithoverheadslidevalvesactuatedbyinsidestephensonvalvegearcircainandthecgrplacedconsolidationsinservicedesignedbyhmbeattychieflocomotivesuperintendentofthecgrfromtotheywereorderedfromtheschenectadylocomotiveworksintheunitedstatesandpartlydeliveredbyschenectadyinwiththeremainderdeliveredfromthenewlyestablishedamericanlocomotivecompanyinconceivedasmixedtrafficlocomotivestheyhadbarframesandnarrowfireboxesinwhentheselocomotiveswereassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwayssartheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassxclassxrefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuaryppreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefrefnamediagrambooksouthafricanrailwaysandharbourslocomotivediagrambookgaugesteamlocomotivespaugustasamendedrefinthecgralsoplacedasingleexperimentalcompoundlocomotivetandemtandemcompoundconsolidationinservicebasedonitsschenectadyalcobuiltthclassdeliveredbyalcointhelocomotivewasnotclassifiedandwassimplyreferredtoasthetandemcompoundinitwasdesignatedsouthafricanclassexperimentalclassexperimentalonthesarinthecgrreceivedasecondexperimentaltandemcompoundconsolidationfromalcoitwassimilartotheearlieronebutwithalargerfiregrateandanincreasedheatingsurfacewhichenhanceditssteamingabilityitalsoremainedunclassifiedandwasalsosimplyreferredtoasatandemcompoundinitwasdesignatedsouthafricanclassexperimentalclassexperimentalonthesaralsointhecgrreceivedfourmoreconsolidationsfromkitsonandcompanyofhunsletinleedstheywereverysimilartotheearlierschenectadyandalcobuiltconsolidationsbutwiththeboilerpitchraisedbycoupledwithashallowfireboxthisenabledthegratetobeextendedoutsidewaysoverthefourthsetofdriversresultinginagrateareaofcomparedtotheofthepreviousmodelintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassyclassyonthesarinthecgrplaceditslasteightconsolidationsinservicethesewereorderedfromthenorthbritishlocomotivecompanyofglasgowinscotlandandwereverysimilartothepreviousfourkitsonbuiltlocomotivesbutslightlylargerinboilerandfiregrateareadimensionsintheseeightweredesignatedsouthafricanclasszclasszonthesarrefnamenblnorthbritishlocomotivecompanyworkslistcompiledbyaustrianlocomotivehistorianbernhardschmeiserrefwhilesubjectingtheconsolidationstoexhaustivetestingonalltypesoftrafficandundervaryingconditionssometroublewasexperiencedwiththeleadingponytruckanditwasdroppedinfavourofafourwheeledbogieinlaterordersformorethclasslocomotivesallsubsequentcapethclasslocomotiveswerethereforebuiltwithamastodonwheelarrangementsouthwestafricainandthestaatsbahnkeetmanshoopkeetmanshoopstaterailwayingermansouthwestafricaplacedtanklocomotivesinserviceafterthefirstworldwarwhenallrailwaysintheterritorycameundertheadministrationofthesouthafricanrailwaysinfivelocomotivesofthebatchofsurvivedtheywerenotclassifiedorrenumberedbutwerereferredtoasthesouthwestafricanteightcoupledtanksrefnamedulezrefinninetenderlocomotiveswereplacedinservicebythestaatsbahnlderitzbuchtkeetmanshooplderitzbuchtkeetmanshoopstaterailwayafterthefirstworldwarallninelocomotivescameontotherosterofthesarwheretheywerereferredtoasthesouthwestafricaneightcoupledtendersturkeyturkeywasaneutralcountryduringthesecondworldwarandtoretainturkishgoodwillgreatbritainsuppliedseverallocomotivestotheturkishrailwayswheretheywereclassifiedftwoofthesefclasslocomotiveswerebroughtbackfromturkeyearlyinandoneofthemisondisplayatthenationalrailwaymuseuminshildonenglandunitedkingdomthegraduallybecamethestandardheavyfreightsteamlocomotivetypeintheunitedkingdomduringthefirsthalfofthethcenturythefirsttobebuiltinbritainwasthegreatwesternrailwaysgwrclassclasswithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandfollowedbyafurtheroftheverysimilargwrclassbetweenandingeorgewhaleofthelondonandnorthwesternrailwaylnwrbegantorebuildsomeofhispredecessorscompoundlocomotivestosimpleexpansioninjohngrobinsonofthegreatcentralrailwaygcrintroducedhisverysuccessfulgcrclasskforheavyfreightofthesewereoriginallybuiltbythegcrduringthefirstworldwarthedesignwasadoptedbytheministryofmunitionsanditbecamethestandardlocomotiveoftherailwayoperatingdivisionoftheroyalengineersastherodaltogetheroftheserodlocomotiveswerebuiltduringthewarafterthewarlargenumbersofthesewerepurchasedbythelnwrandgwrwhilesomewerealsosoldtoaprivateaustraliancoalcompanyjabrowninnewsouthwalesaltogetherwerepurchasedbythelnwrduringtheearlysothersuccessfuldesignswerebuiltintheuktheclassesoandgnrclassoowereintroducedbynigelgresleyofthegreatnorthernrailwaygreatbritaingreatnorthernrailwayinandrespectivelyandthesdjrfclassfbyhenryfowlerofthesomersetanddorsetjointrailwayinthemostsuccessfulbritishclasswasthelmsstanierclassfclassfdesignedinbywilliamstanierforthelondonmidlandandscottishrailwaybyhadbeenbuiltduringthesecondworldwarthewardepartmentunitedkingdomwardepartmentoriginallychosetheclassfasitsstandardfreightlocomotiveandlargenumbersofthemsawserviceoverseasnotablyinthemiddleeasttheclassfwassupersededafterbythecheaperwdausterityforwarserviceatotalofofthesewerebuiltandagainmanysawserviceoverseasunitedstatesofamericaintheunitedstatesonlyafewrailroadspurchasedconsolidationtypeswhenbaldwinlocomotiveworksfirstintroduceditsversioneventhebaltimoreohiorailroadwhicheventuallyhadnearlylocomotivesinregularservicebydidnotpurchaseanyofthistypeuntilthebuffalorochesterandpittsburghrailwaywhicheventuallybecamepartofbopurchasedofthistypefrombrookslocomotiveworksinrefnamekinertkinertreedearlyamericansteamlocomotivesstsevendecadesseattlewasuperiorpublishingcompanyrefthedesignwasgivenamajorboostinwhenthepennsylvaniarailroadmadeittheirstandardfreightlocomotiveandwasalsowhentheerierailroadbeganreplacingitssinfreightservicewithstherailroadshadfoundthatthecouldmovetrainstwiceasheavyathalfthecostofitspredecessorsfromafinancialstandpointatthetimethechoiceoftheasnewfreightlocomotivewasthereforecleartheusatcsclasssclassoftheunitedstatesarmytransportationcorpswasbuiltbyamericanmanufacturersandwasdesignedforuseineuropeforheavyfreightworkduringthesecondworldwaratotalofofthisclasswasbuiltandtheyworkedonrailroadsacrosstheworldproductionofthetypeintheunitedstatestotalledmorethanlocomotivesofwhichwereexportversionsrefnameamericanrailsamericanrailscomconsolidationhtmlamericanrailscomtheconsolidationtypeaccessedonnovemberrefpreservationsouthernpacificnoaconsolidationlocomotivebuiltbyalcoinisonstaticdisplayatroselandparkinbaytowntexasspnowasretiredafteryearsofserviceanddonatedbysouthernpacificrailroadtotheroberteleehighschoolkeyclubthentowedontemporarytrackstoitscurrentlocationatroselandparkinapriloneofbosconsolidationsbuiltinispreservedattheborailroadmuseuminbaltimoremarylandthesouthernpacificrailroadslocomotivenospwasbuiltbythebaldwinlocomotiveworksinserialnoitisonexhibitinthearizonarailwaymuseuminchandlerarizonathelocomotiveanditstenderarelistedinthenationalregisterofhistoricplacesreferencenotheatchisontopekaandsantaferailroadsclasslocomotivenowasbuiltaroundwhenactiveitwasusedontherailroadssoutherntransconmainlinebetweenchicagoandthewestnoisplinthednexttothehistoricwickenburgarizonatraindepotthatisnowthetownsvisitorcenterthecoloradosoutherncsnarrowgaugenoisondisplayinidahospringscoloradowhilecsnoisincentralcitycoloradoaksclassnoisrunandmaintainedinchattanoogatennesseebythetennesseevalleyrailroadmuseuminthislocomotiveparticipatedinthenorfolksouthernstcenturysteamprograminthewesternmarylandscenicrailroadacquiredabaldwinlakesuperiorandisphemingrailroadwhichwasnumberedthelocomotivewasrestoredtooperatingconditionandchangedcosmeticallytolooklikeanoriginalwesternmarylandrailwaythelocomotivewasrenumberedtoinhonorsotospeakofthehclassofthatthewesternmarylandharboredandofwhichnonewaspreserveduprrisonstaticdisplayalongushighwayincolumbusnegreatwesternnobuiltinaugustbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyinschenectadynewyorkiscurrentlyoperatedontheblackriverandwesternrailroadinringoesnewjerseynooriginallyoperatedonthegreatwesternrailwayofcoloradobaldwinsteamlocomotivenobuiltinfortheunitedstatesarmywaspurchasedbythegreatsmokymountainsrailroadgsmrofbrysoncitynorthcarolinainthemidsforuseonitsscenicrailwayexcursionsafteradecadeofservicenowasretiredininoctoberapartnershipformedbetweengsmrandswaincountytoprovidefundingtorestorethelocomotiveinacompleterestorationwaslaunchedandthelocomotivereturnedtoserviceduringsummerreferencesimageplanetreplicajpgthumbpxreplicaoftheplanetatthemanchestersciencemuseuminfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameporterimagelmrplanetclassboysbookoflocomotivesjpgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelandtwolargedrivingwheelsjoinedtogetherwithacouplingrodcaptionburyforthelondonandbirminghamrailwayimagecaptionequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalybfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackworseadhesionwithoutcoupledwheelsunderwhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoftwoleadingwheelsononeaxletwopowereddrivingwheelsononeaxleandnotrailingwheelsthisconfigurationwhichbecameverypopularduringtheswascommonlycalledtheplanettypeafterthefirstlocomotiverobertstephensonsplanetlocomotiveplanetofequivalentclassificationsotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationaalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationhistorygreatbritainafterearlyexperiencewiththeconfigurationontheliverpoolandmanchesterrailwayrobertstephensondecidedtobuildalocomotivewithcylindersinsidethelocomotiveframeframesforwhichawaspreferablethefirstsuchlocomotivewasplanetbuiltinandthecompanywentontobuildafurthereighteenexamplesfortherailwayinfiveexamplesweresuppliedtothelondonandgreenwichrailwayafteredwardburybuiltsixtynineburybarframelocomotivebarframelocomotivesforthelondonandbirminghamrailwaythesteamrollerandtractionenginecompanyavelingandporterbuiltanumberoflocomotivessomeofwhichwereconvertibletractionenginesnorthamericatomthumblocomotivetomthumbthefirstamericanbuiltsteamlocomotiveusedonacommoncarrierrailroadbuiltbypetercooperinwasabeltdrivenbutthetypewasnotperpetuatedirelandthedublinandkingstownrailwayusedinincludinghibernialocomotivehiberniadesignedbyrichardrobertsengineerrichardrobertsandbuiltbysharprobertsandcompanyandvauxhallbuiltgeorgeforresterandcompanyrussiathefirstrussianbuiltsteamlocomotivewasabuiltbythecherepanovsfatherandsonindeclineofthebythetendertypehadlargelybeensupersededbytheconfigurationhoweverthereareafewexamplesoflatertankenginesthuswilliambridgesadamsofthefairfieldlocomotiveworksinbowlondonbowsuppliedatanklocomotivewelltanktothesocietperlestradeferrateromaneromanrailwayinalsodugalddrummondofthelondonandsouthwesternrailwayintroducedhislswrcclasscclasstinforpushpulltrainautotrainsbutthisdesignwasnotsuccessfulandseveralofthelocomotiveswererebuilttoreferencesxmayrefertonorthamericanxanunmannedtechnologydemonstratorforadvancedmissiletechnologiesslxaswedishsuburbantrainxindustrystandardxindustrystandardcommunicationoverwiredpowerlineorwirelessusedforhomeautomationxwirelesstechnologyavendorofhomeautomationproductsxacodenameforthemetallurgicallaboratorymetallurgicalprojectxgraphitereactoroneoftheworldsfirstnuclearreactorssonyericssonxperiaxasmartphoneusingtheandroidoperatingsystemxvideogameavideogamebywarthoggameswarthoggameslimitedxtenagenesequencingmachineinthehiseqseriesproducedbythesandiegobasedbiotechfirmilluminacompanyilluminacomputerrelatedxprogramminglanguagexprogramminglanguagemicrosoftxeventamicrosoftconferencedemonstratingxboxgamestechnologiesforonfebruaryxwindowsystemthprotocolversionfromtoautomatictaxoboxtaxonxiphosurafossilrangeimagelimulesjpgimagecaptionatlantichorseshoecrablimuluspolyphemusauthoritypierreandrlatreillelatreillesubdivisionrankssubgroupssubdivisionsynziphosurinasmallpackardsmallxiphosuridasmalllatreillesmallxiphosuranssometimescalledhorseshoecrabsarearthropodsrelatedtoarachnidsthatfirstappearedinthehirnantianlateordovicianuntiltodaycurrentlythereareonlylivingspeciestheyaremembersofthexiphosuraorderwhichcontainstwosubordersxiphosuridaandsynziphosurinathegrouphashardlychangedinmillionsofyearsthemodernhorseshoecrabslookalmostidenticaltoprehistoricgenerasuchasthejurassicmesolimulusandareconsideredtobelivingfossilsthemostnotabledifferencebetweenancientandmodernformsisthattheabdominalsegmentsinpresentspeciesarefusedintoasingleunitinadultsxiphosuraweretraditionallyplacedintheclassmerostomataalthoughthistermwasintendedtoencompassalsotheeurypteridaeurypteridswhenceitdenotedwhatisnowknowntobeanunnaturalparaphylyparaphyleticgroupalthoughthisisagroupingrecoveredinsomerecentcladisticanalysesrefnamegarwrefalthoughthenamemerostomataisstillseenintextbookswithoutreferencetotheeurypteridasomehaveurgedthatthisusageshouldbediscouragedthemerostomatalabeloriginallydidnotincludeeurypteridaalthoughtheywereaddedinasabetterunderstandingoftheextinctgroupevolvedseemerostomataforadditionaldetailsdescriptionmodernxiphosuransreachuptoinadultlengthbutthepaleozoicspecieswereoftenfarsmallersomeassmallaslongtheirbodiesarecoveredwithatoughcuticlebutdonotcontainanycrystallinebiomineralsandaredividedintoananteriorprosomaandaposterioropisthosomaorabdomentheuppersurfaceoftheprosomaiscoveredbyasemicircularcarapacewhiletheundersidebearsfivepairsofwalkinglegsandapairofpincerlikecheliceraethemouthislocatedonundersideofthecenteroftheprosomabetweenthebasesofthewalkinglegsandliesbehindaliplikestructurecalledthelabrumarthropodmouthpartlabrumrefbottonmidietandfoodpreferencesoftheadulthorseshoecrablimuluspolyphemusindelawarebaynewjerseyusamarinebiologypprefrefnameizrefxiphosuranshaveuptofoureyeslocatedinthecarapaceapairofcompoundeyesisonthesideoftheprosomawithoneortwomedianocellitowardsthefrontthecompoundeyesaresimplerinstructurethanthoseofotherarthropodswiththeindividualommatidianotbeingarrangedinacompactpatterntheycanprobablydetectmovementbutareunlikelytobeabletoformatrueimageinfrontoftheocelliisanadditionalorganthatprobablyfunctionsasachemoreceptorthefirstfourpairsoflegsendinpincersandhaveaseriesofspinescalledthegnathobaseontheinnersurfacethespinesareusedtomasticationmasticatethefoodtearingitupbeforepassingittothemouththefifthandfinalpairoflegshoweverhasnopincersorspinesinsteadhavingstructuresforcleaningthegillsandpushingmudoutofthewaywhileburrowingbehindthewalkinglegsisasixthsetofappendagesthechilariawhicharegreatlyreducedinsizeandcoveredinhairsandspinesthesearethoughttobevestigesofthelimbsofanabsorbedfirstopisthosomalsegmenttheopisthosomaisdividedintoaforwardmesosomawithflattenedappendagesandametasomaattherearwhichhasnoappendagesinmodernformsthewholeoftheopisthosomaisfusedintoasingleunsegmentedstructuretheundersideoftheopisthosomacarriesthegenitalopeningsandfivepairsofflaplikegillstheopisthosomaterminatesinalongcaudalspinecommonlyreferredtoasatelsonthoughthissametermisalsousedforadifferentstructureincrustaceansthespineishighlymobileandisusedtopushtheanimaluprightifitisaccidentallyturnedoverinternalanatomythemouthopensintoasclerotisedoesophaguswhichleadstoacropanatomycropandgizzardaftergrindingupitsfoodinthegizzardtheanimalregurgitatesanyinedibleportionsandpassestheremaindertothetruestomachthestomachsecretesdigestiveenzymesandisattachedtoanintestineandtwolargecaecumcaecathatextendthroughmuchofthebodyandabsorbthenutrientsfromthefoodtheintestineterminatesinasclerotisedrectumwhichopensjustinfrontofthebaseofthecaudalspinexiphosuranshavewelldevelopedcirculatorysystemswithnumerousarteryarteriesthatsendbloodfromthelongtubularhearttothebodytissuesandthentotwolongitudinalsinusesnexttothegillsaf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ntheunitedstatesofamericaasthemcadoomikadoandduringthesecondworldwarthemacarthurrefnametrainsmagrefthenotationtwhichredirectshereindicatesatanklocomotiveofthiswheelarrangementthetsuffixindicatingalocomotiveonwhichthewateriscarriedinsidetanksmountedontheengineratherthaninanattachedtenderrailtenderoverviewthewheelarrangementallowedthelocomotivesfireboxsteamenginefireboxtobeplacedbehindinsteadofabovethedrivingwheelstherebyallowingalargerfireboxthatcouldbebothwideanddeepthissupportedagreaterrateofcombustionandthusagreatercapacityforsteamgenerationallowingformorepowerathigherspeedsalliedwiththelargerdrivingwheeldiameterwhichwaspossiblewhentheydidnotimpingeonthefireboxitmeantthatthewascapableofhigherspeedsthanawithaheavytraintheselocomotivesdidnotsufferfromtheimbalanceofreciprocatingpartsasmuchasdidtheorthebecausethecenterofgravitywasbetweenthesecondandthirddriversinsteadofabovethecentredriverthefirstlocomotivewasbuiltinitwasoriginallynamedcalumetbyangussinclairinreferencetotheenginesbuiltforthebaltimoreandohiochicagoterminalrailroadhistorychicagocalumetterminalrailwayccthoweverthisnamedidnottakeholdrefnamelemassenalemassenarobertamericasworkhorselocomotivethequadrantpressincprefthewheelarrangementnamemikadooriginatedfromagroupofjajapanesetypelocomotivesthatwerebuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksforthegaugenipponrailwayofjapanininthethcenturytheemperorofjapanwasemperorofjapanaddressingandnamingoftenreferredtoasthemikadoinenglishalsothegilbertandsullivanoperathemikadohadpremieredinandachievedgreatpopularityinbothbritainandamericathewasoneofthemorecommonconfigurationsinthefirsthalfofthethcenturybeforedieselisationbetweenandnearlyofthistypewereconstructedbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyalcolimalocomotiveworksandbaldwinbasedondesignsbytheunitedstatesrailroadadministrationusraitwasalsoknownasthemcadoomikadointheunitedstatesafterwilliamgibbsmcadoowhowasappointedasdirectorgeneralofrailroadswhentheunitedstatescommencedhostilitiesduringthelatterpartofthefirstworldwarandtheusrawasestablishedofalloftheusradesignsthemikadoprovedtobethemostpopularthetotalamericanproductionwasaboutofwhichwereforlocalcustomersandtherestexportedrefnamebrucebrucealfredthesteamlocomotiveinamericaitsdevelopmentinthetwentiethcenturywwnortonpprefmikadoremainedthetypenameuntiltheattackonpearlharborinseekingamoreamericannamemacarthurcameintousetodescribethelocomotivetypeintheunitedstatesaftergeneraldouglasmacarthurafterthewarthetypenamemikadoagainbecamethemostcommonforthislocomotivetyperefnamesteamlocomotivecomsteamlocomotivecommikadosteamlocomotivedotcommikadotypelocomotivesretrievedoctoberwebcitationorghxyishurlsteamlocomotivecommikadoarchivedrefusagelocomotivesofthiswheelarrangementsawserviceonallsixpopulatedcontinentsthetypewasparticularlypopularinnorthamericabutwasalsousedextensivelyincontinentaleuropeandelsewhereargentinainvulcanfoundrysuppliedthecentralargentinerailwaywithtwentysworksnumberstotheywerecompoundlocomotivecrosscompoundlocomotiveswithonehighpressurecylinderwithaboreengineboreofandonelowpressurecylinderwithaboreofwithastrokeenginestrokeofthesegaugelocomotiveshadcoupledwheelswithadiameterofaustraliatherequirementforlocomotivesthatcouldbeconvertedfromtowithoutmajorreengineeringledtotheintroductionofmikadolocomotivesbythevictorianrailwaysvrintheswhereaspreviousconsolidationtypelocomotivesfeaturedlongnarrowfireboxesbetweentheframesthatmadegaugeconversionimpracticalthevictorianrailwaysnclassnclasslightlinesandvictorianrailwaysxclassxclassheavygoodslocomotivesbothfeaturedwidefireboxespositionedbehindthecoupledwheelsandabovetheframesrefnamepiercepearceetalnorthwilliamstownrailwaymuseummelbournearhsprefthesouthaustralianrailwayssaremployedfourdistinctclassesoflocomotivethelocallydesignedandclasstheclassthatwasoriginallybuiltforchinabyclydeengineeringandpurchasedbythesaraftertheorderwascancelledinthewakeofthechineserevolutionchinesecommunistrevolutionandtheclassagroupoftensurplusvrnclasslocomotivestoassistwiththepostwarrebuildingofaustralianrailwaysamericandesignedmikadolocomotiveswerealsointroducedafterthesecondworldwarsuchasthebaldwinbuiltnewsouthwalesgovernmentrailwaysnswgrnewsouthwalesdclasslocomotivedclassandthequeenslandrailqrusatcsclassacclassamikadowasalsothelastnewclassofmainlinesteamlocomotivetobeintroducedinaustraliathewagrvclassvclassheavyfreightlocomotiveofthewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwayswagrofaustriathecylindercompoundclassdevelopedinbykarlglsdorfwasbuiltforexpresstrainsonmountainlinesfromsomeoftheselocomotiveswererebuilttotwocylindersuperheatedsteamlocomotivesanddesignatedclasstheywerereclassifiedtoclassfromandremainedinserviceuntilbelgiancongonocinmikadotypesteamlocomotiveswerebuiltforthecheminsdeferdubascongokatangabckanewlinefromthenorthernrhodesianbordertoportfrancquiinthebelgiancongosincethelinewasjustbeingcompletedatthetimethefullcomplementoflocomotiveswerenotrequiredimmediatelyandfourpossiblysixofthemweretemporarilyleasedtothesouthafricanrailwaystoalleviateawartimeshortageoflocomotivesinsouthafricatheywereknownasthesouthafricankatangamikadokatangamikadosixmoreoftheseengineswereleasedtothebeiraandmashonalandandrhodesiarailwaysbmrwhichoperatedbetweenumtaliinsouthernrhodesiaandbeiramozambiquebeirainmozambiquethelocomotiveswereallforwardedtothebelgiancongoafterthewarwheretheywerenumberedinthebckrangefromtorefnamesteamlocomotivecomsteamlocomotivecomlocobasephpcountrycongowheelpagecdbcakcfdubascongoakatangalocomotivesofcongoclassdetailsbystevellansoofsweathousemediaclasslocobaseaccessedonaprilrefrefnamehollandrefrefnamesarhsepespitaliertjdaywajthelocomotiveinsouthafricaabriefhistoryofrailwaydevelopmentchapterviisouthafricanrailwayscontinuedsouthafricanrailwaysandharboursmagazineseptemberprefcanadathecanadiannationalrailwaycnoperatedafewmikadolocomotivesonelocomotiveintherclassnumberthirtylocomotivesintherclassnumberedtoseverallocomotivesinthesandsclassesnumberedintherangebetweenandthecanadianpacificcpusedmikadolocomotivesforpassengerandfreighttrainsthroughoutcanadamostworkedintherockymountainswherethestandardpacificsandhudsonscouldnotprovideenoughtractiontohandlethesteepmountaingradesapreservedmikadoisthecpsnoondisplayinrevelstokebritishcolumbiarevelstokebritishcolumbiachinasomelocalindustriesstillactivelyusemikadosonfreightservicethelastregularmikadopassengerservicewasendedonnovemberinbaiyinafewchinesemadelocomotiveshavefoundtheirwayintotheunitedstatesincludingclasssynobuiltinwhichoperatesasnewhavennoinhonorofclassjnoonthevalleyrailroadinconnecticutitandtwootherchinesesarecurrentlyintheunitedstatesfinlandfinlandssixteengaugevrclassprclassprweretpassengerlocomotivesforuseonlocaltrainstheywerenicknamedpaikkuwhichmeanslocaltheclassprwasoperationalfromtonumberedtotheywerebuiltbyhannoverschemaschinenbauaghanomagingermanyandalsobyfinnishlocomotivebuilderstampellaandlokomothelastonenoispreservedatthefinnishrailwaymuseumthefinnishvrclasstrclasstrorrtenderlocomotivewasbuiltbytampellalokomoandgermanlocomotivebuildersarnoldjunglokomotivfabrikarnoldjungfromandremainedinserviceuntiltheywerenumberedfromtoandwerenicknamedristoafterfinnishpresidentristorytinoispreservedatthefinnishrailwaymuseumandnowasplinthedintoijalainfinlandfrancefranceusedafairlylargenumberofsinbothtenderandtankconfigurationsdesignatedclassfromthefrenchclassificationsystemofwheelarrangementstenderlocomotivesoftheprenationalisationrailwaycompaniesthatexistedbeforetheformationofthesocitnationaledescheminsdeferfranaissncfthecheminsdeferdeparislyonetlamditerraneplmhadthemostmikadostheirfirsttwelvewereinitiallynumberedfromtoandlaterrenumberedtoatoatheplmssecondseriesnumberedfromtoandlaterrenumberedbtobwerebuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksintheunitedstatestheirthirdandlargestclasswasnumberedfromctocoftheselatterlocomotivesthosefittedwithfeedwaterheatersboretheclassletterdtheplmalsorebuiltfortyfourcanddclasslocomotivestoeclassthesncfmodifiedtheplmnumbersbyaddingtheregionalprefixdigittheplmsaclassmikadoswerecopiedbythecheminsdeferdunordwhohadfiftynumberedfromtowhichbecameatoaonthesncfthecheminsdeferdeltatalsohadaclassofmikadosnumberedfromtattototheselaterbecamethebclassonthesncfandwererenumberedbtobaftermodificationsthebclasslocomotivesbecamethecclassaswellasonedclassnodandoneeclassnoenohasbeenpreservedanddesignatedamonumenthistoriquethemostpowerfulfrenchmikadowasthesncfpclassatabouttheseengineswereamongthemostefficientsteamlocomotivesintheworldthankstotheircompoundlocomotivecompounddesigntheycouldburnlessfuelanduselesswaterthantheirrclasscounterpartsbutcouldnotcompetewhenitcametoreliabilityeverylocomotiveofthisstrongclasshasbeenscrappedthemostnumeroussteamlocomotiveclassfrancehadwastheamericanandcanadianbuiltsncfclassrrclassofthelocomotivesorderedhoweveronlyenteredservicesincesixteenengineswerelostatseaduringastormoffthecoastofnewfoundlandwhilebeingshippedtofrancewhileonemorewaslostinmarseilleharbourtheywerepraisedforbeingeasytomaintainandprovedtobeveryreliablewhichmayaccountforthefactthattheyremainedinserviceuntiltheveryendofthesteameraintwelveoftheselocomotiveshavebeenpreservedtanklocomotivestheimperialrailwaysinalsacelorrainecheminsdeferdalsaceetdelorrainehadaclassoffortytlocomotivesthetclasslaternumberedsncftotheywereidenticaltogermanysprussiantprussiantclasslocomotiveandwerebuiltbetweenandalsoseeengermanygermanythecheminsdeferdelesthadtwomikadoclassesthefirstwasnumberedfromtolaterrenumberedtoandfinallysncftbtotbtheotherwasnumberedfromtoandlatersncftctotcthechemindeferdunordalsohadtwotclassesthefirstconsistingofonlytwolocomotiveswasnumberedandlaterrenumberedandandfinallysncftbandtbthesecondwithlocomotiveswasnumberedfromnordtotoandlatersncftctotcthecheminsdeferdeltatalsohadtwomikadoclassesthefirstnumberedfromtattotolaterbecamethesncftcclassandwererenumberedtctotcthesecondnumberedfromtolaterbecamethesncftdclassandwererenumberedtotheywerecopiesoftheseriesofthecheminsdeferdelestthechemindeferdeparisorlanspoalsohadtwoclassesthefirstwasnumberedfromtoandlatersncftothesecondwasnumberedfromtoandlatersncftogermanygermantenderlocomotiveswerebuiltinbothpassengerandfreightversionsthepassengerlocomotivewastheprussianpdrgclassinitiallytheclasspoftheprussianstaterailwayswhichwasbuiltforhaulingheavyexpresstrainsinthehillyandmountainousterrainofthemittelgebirgewhentheywereassimilatedintothedeutschereichsbahngesellschaftdrgtheyweredesignatedasdrgclassalthoughlatereclipsedbythesuccessofgermandesignsthedrbclasswasasuccessfulfreightlocomotivetheywereoperatedbythedeutschereichsbahndrbandwerebuiltfromtobothstandardgaugeandnarrowgaugetanklocomotiveclasseswereusedingermanytheprussiantdrgclasswasagermantgoodstraintanklocomotivethatwasusedbytheprussianstaterailwaysaswellasthefrenchimperialrailwaysinalsacelorrainecheminsdeferdalsaceetdelorrainedesignatedasclasstbybothrailwaystheprussianlocomotiveswerelaterincorporatedbythedeutschereichsbahnanddesignatedclassunderthedrgrenumberingplanforsteamlocomotivesdrgrenumberingplanaltogetherlocomotivesofthisclasswerebuiltfortheprussianstaterailwaysbetweenandalsoseeenfrancefrancetanklocomotivesthedrgclasswasastandardgoodstraintanklocomotiveofthedrgitwasintendedfordutiesonbranchlinesandwasmanufacturedbyalmostallthelocomotivebuildingfirmsproducingforthedrgfromasimplifiedwartimeversionwasbuiltonwhichthemostobviouschangesweretheomissionofthesecondsidewindowsinthecabandthesoliddisccarryingwheelsthemollirailwaymollibahnanarrowgaugesteampoweredrailwayinmecklenburgrunningongaugetrackoperatesthreetlocomotivesbuiltbyorensteinkoppelinrefnamepgemanyrefindiabroadgaugeonthegaugetheclassxdwasthefirstinindiatobebuiltinquantityintroducedinwerebuiltbeforethesecondworldwarbyvulcanfoundrynorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblarmstrongwhitworthandkodaworksproductionresumedafterthewarandwerebuiltbynblinandwhilevulcanfoundrybuiltthelastsixinbuiltclassxdominionclasscwdtherewasalsoaclassxethatwasbuiltbywilliambeardmoreandcompanyandvulcanfoundrywartimedesignsincludedtheclassawdandclassawebuiltbyamericancompanybaldwinlocomotiveworksandtheclassxdominionlaterclasscwdbuiltaspartofcanadasbilliondollargiftandmutualaidmutualaidprogrambytwocanadiancompaniesthecanadianlocomotivecompanyandmontreallocomotiveworksrefnamehugheshugheshughindianlocomotivespartharrowmiddlesexcontinentalrailwaycirclepprefafterthewaranewdesignwasproducedandplacedinproductionintheindianlocomotiveclasswgclasswgwasthemainpostwarbroadgaugefreightlocomotivetypeoftheindianrailwaysirthefirstorderofwassplitevenlybetweennblandchittaranjanlocomotiveworksclwapartfromindianmanufactureexampleswerealsobuiltinenglandscotlandgermanyaustriatheunitedstatesjapananditalybythetimeproductionceasedinclasswglocomotiveshadbeenbuiltmetregaugeafterthefirstworldwaranindianrailwaystandardsirsclassbecamethemainheavyfreightlocomotiveonthewhiletwoversionsweredesignedtheclassydwithatonaxleloadandtheclassyewithatonaxleloadnonewasbuiltofthelatterclassrefnamehugheshugheshughindianlocomotivespartmetregaugeharrowmiddlesexcontinentalrailwaycircleprefduringthesecondworldwarmanyofthewartimeunitedstatesarmytransportationcorpsusatcusatcsclasssclasslocomotivesweresenttoindiaandmorewereorderedafterthewarthepostsecondworldwarmikadodesignwastheclassygofwhichwerebuiltbetweenandwithnearlyhalfofthembeingmanufacturedinindianarrowgaugestwonarrowtrackgaugeswereinuseinindiathegaugewasthemorewidelyusedwhilethegaugewasusedbythedarjeelinghimalayanrailwayandthescindiastaterailwaymikadotypelocomotiveswereusedbythefollowingthebengalnagpurrailwayusedasaturatedsteambclassasuperheatedbsclassandabcclasscomprisingbclasslocomotivesthathadbeenconvertedfromsaturatedtosuperheatedthebarsilightrailwayusedanfclassofthirteenlocomotivestenbuiltbynasmythwilsonandcompanybetweenandandthreebuiltbyhunsletenginecompanyinthegreatindianpeninsularailwayusedabclassofsevenlocomotivesfourbuiltbynblinonemorebynblinandtwobynasmythgaskellandcompanyexpansionnasmythwilsonandcompanyinthescindiastaterailwayusedsixteenlocomotivesoffiveclassestheclassesnhthroughnhbuiltbetweenandrefnamehugheshugheshughjuxfranksteamlocomotivesinindiapartnarrowgaugeharrowmiddlesexcontinentalrailwaycircleprefthestandardnarrowgaugelocomotivewasthezeclasswithenginesbuiltbyfivecompaniesbetweenandnasmythwilsonbuiltteninhanomagbuiltsixteenincorpetlouvetcorpetlouvetcompagniecorpetlouvetbuilttwelveinkraussmaffeibuiltfifteeninandanotherteninandkawasakiheavyindustriesbuilttenininandsixzdclasslocomotiveswerealsobuiltbynipponsharyoinjapanindonesiabeforethedutcheastindiesrailwayadministrationstaatspoorwegenssintroducedtwotypesoflocomotiveswithawheelarrangementtheclasstenderengineoflaterrenumberedasclassdandtheclasstankengineoflaterrenumberedasclassdtheclasswasoriginallyusedonthehedjazrailwaybutwaslaterdivertedtojavapriortothefirstworldwaraftertheindependenceofindonesiainthegovernmentofindonesianationalisedallofthedutchownedrailwaycompaniesincludingthesswhosenamewaslaterchangedtodjawatankeretaapidkathedepartmentalagencyofrailwayshortlyafterthedkaboughtnewsteamlocomotiveswithamikadowheelarrangementfromkruppingermanytheselocomotivesdesignatedthedtypewerethemostmodernsteamlocomotiveinindonesiaatthattimewithalargephysicalappearanceandequippedwithelectriclightingitwassimilartothedrbclassclasslocomotiveofthedeutschereichsbahninjavathedlocomotiveswereplacedinpassengerservicebutwasoccasionallyalsousedasfreightlocomotivessomepeopleevenidolizedthedbecauseofitsloyaltyintakingpassengersanywhereashappenedontherapihdhohotrainfrommadiuntokertosonothedwasamainstayforthistrainuntiltheendofsteamoperationinindonesiaincontrasttothejavabasedunitssumatrabaseddlocomotiveswereusedforhaulingfreighttrainsmainlycoaltrainsfromthetanjungenimcoalminenowownedbytheptbukitasamminingcompanytothecoaldumpingsitesatkertapatiandtarahanthedlocomotiveswereinitiallycoalfiredbutfrommidlocomotivesnumbersdtodwereconvertedtooilburnerstheworkwasdoneinstagesoverfiveyearsbythelocomotiverepairshopatmadiunonelocomotivefromthisclasswaswrittenofffromservicenearlinggapurastationafteraboilerexplosionthatkilleditsdriverasaresultofsteampipefailuretheonlyoneoftheoriginallocomotivesthatsurvivedintothestcenturyisdnumberdwhichisondisplayatthetransportmuseumintamanminiindonesiaindahitalyitalianrailwaysreliedprimarilyonsforfastpassengerserviceswhileheavypassengerservicewasassignedtosoftheclassesandalthoughmikadotypeshadlittleopportunityfordevelopmentinitalyferroviedellostatofscommissionedtheclassforheavypassengerserviceontheadriaticroutetoservelocalbranchesandmountainlineswheretanklocomotivesweremoresuitablefsderivedthenewclassfromtheclasswiththesamedimensionsbutaddingarearbisseltrucktosupportthecoalbunkerbehindthecabtomakeitajapanthejapanesegovernmentrailwaysjgrbuiltthejnrclassdclassdmikadotenderlocomotiveforuseonthegaugelinesonthejapanesemainlandandinitsformercoloniesalsoseeensovietunionsovietuniononeisplinthedatkisofukushimastationonthenagoyanaganolinenewzealandonlyonelocomotiveeveroperatedonnewzealandsrailtransportinnewzealandnationalrailnetworkanditwasnotevenorderedbythenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentwhoranalmosttheentirenetworkthelocomotivewasorderedinfrombaldwinlocomotiveworksbythewellingtonandmanawaturailwaycompanywmrforuseontheirmainlinessteepsectionbetweenwellingtonandpaekakarikiitenteredserviceonjuneasthewmrsnoatthetimeitwasthemostpowerfullocomotiveinnewzealandandsuccessfullyperformeditsintendedtaskswhenthewmrwasincorporatedintothenationalnetworkintherailwaysdepartmentreclassifiednoasthesolitarymemberofthenzrbcclassbsupcsupclassnobsupcsupandthelocomotivecontinuedtooperateonthewellingtonpaekakarikilineuntilitwaswithdrawnonmarchsouthafricaonlysixmikadolocomotiveclassessawserviceinsouthafricafiveoncapegaugeandoneonnarrowgaugethetypewasrarewithonlytwooftheseclassesbuiltinquantityrefnamedurrantrefcapegaugecduringdesignsforamikadotypetankandtenderlocomotivewerepreparedbythenatalgovernmentrailwaysthesinglelocomotivewasbuiltinthedurbanworkshopsandenteredserviceinnamedngrtthavelockhavelockbutwassoonrebuilttoapacificconfigurationtheenginehavelockwasthefirstlocomotivetobedesignedandbuiltinsouthafricaandalsothefirsttohaveeightcoupledwheelsrefnamehollandrefinthecapegovernmentrailwayscgrplacedtwocapeclasslocomotivesinservicedesignedbyhmbeattylocomotivesuperintendentofthecgrfromtoandbuiltbykitsonandcompanytheyhadbarframesstephensonvalvegearstephensonslinkmotionvalvegearandusedsaturatedsteamincomparisonwiththecapesouthafricanclassxclasslocomotiveofhoweveritwasfoundthattheirmaintenancecostsweremuchhigherwithoutanyadvantageintermsofefficiencyasaresultnomoreofthetypewereorderedinwhentheselocomotiveswereassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwayssartheywereclassifiedassouthafricanclassexperimentalclassexperimentalrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuaryppreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefnointhecentralsouthafricanrailwayscsarplacedsouthafricanclassclassmikadosinservicebuiltbythenorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblitwasdesignedbypahydechieflocomotivesuperintendentofthecsarfromtoforgoodstrainserviceonthewitwatersranditwassuperheatedwithabelpairefireboxwalschaertsvalvegearandplateframetheclassdesignationwasretainedwhenthecsarwasamalgamatedintothesarininthecgrplacedasingleexperimentalinservicedesignedbyhmbeattyandbuiltbykitsonitwasalargerversionofthecapeclassinallrespectsalsowithabarframestephensonslinkmotionvalvegearandusingsaturatedsteamthelocomotivewasnotclassifiedandwassimplyreferredtoasthemikadoonthecgritwasexceededinsizeonlybythesouthafricanclasskmkitsonmeyerofatthetimeitwasconsideredasabigadvanceinmotivepowerbutthedesignwasneverrepeatedandthecapemikadoremaineduniqueinitwasclassifiedassouthafricanclassexperimentalclassexperimentalonthesarinthesouthafricanrailwaysplacedatleastfourpossiblysixmikadotypesteamlocomotivesinservicetheyhadbeenbuiltforthecheminsdeferdubascongokatangainthebelgiancongoandwereobtainedontemporaryleasetoalleviatethecriticalshortageoflocomotivesasaresultofthefirstworldwarsdisruptionoflocomotiveproductionineuropeandtheunitedkingdomthesouthafricankatangamikadokatangamikadosasthelocomotiveswereknownonthesarwereallforwardedtothebelgiancongoafterthewaralsoseeenbelgiancongobelgiancongonarrowgaugecrossingthevanstadensriverbridgebetweenandnarrowgaugesouthafricanclassngclassngmikadosdevelopedfromthesouthwestafricanclasshdclasshdandsouthafricanclassngclassngofsouthwestafricaswawereacquiredfortheotaviminingandrailwaycompanyotavirailwayinswadesignedbythesaritwasbuiltbyhenschelsonandsocitfrancobelgeamajorimprovementontheearlierlocomotiveswastheuseofakrausshelmholtzbogiewiththeleadingpairofdrivingwheelslinkedtotheleadingponytrucktheleadingdrivingwheelshadalimitedamountofsideplaywhiletheaxlestillremainedparalleltotheotherthreedrivingaxlesatalltimesthusallowingthelocomotivetonegotiatesharpercurvesthanitstwopredecessorswhentheswanarrowgaugelinewasregaugedtocapegaugeinalltheselocomotivesweretransferredtotheeasterncapeforfurtherserviceonthelangkloofnarrowgaugelinefromportelizabethtoavontuurheretheywerenicknamedthekalaharisouthwestafricanamibiatwoverysimilarmikadoclassessawserviceonthenarrowgaugeotavirailwayinsouthwestafricaswacinthegermanadministrationindeutschsdwestafrikaacquiredthreelocomotivesforuseonthelinefromswakopmundtokaribibtheywerebuiltbyhenschelsonandweredesignatedsouthwestafricanclasshdclasshdthelocomotivesweresuperheatedwithwalschaertsvalvegearhistoryheusingervalvegearpistonvalvesandoutsideplateframessincetheydidnothaveseparatebogietruckstheleadingandtrailingcarryingwheelswerearrangedasradialaxlestoallowforsidewaysmotionofthewheelswithrespecttothelocomotiveframeafterthefirstworldwartheyweretakenontotherosterofthesouthafricanrailwayssarandlaterreclassifiedasclassngalongwiththesimilarlocomotivesofrefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnamediagramsouthafricanrailwaysandharboursnarrowgaugelocomotivediagrambookgaugesarmechanicaldeptdrawingofficepretorianovemberrefinthesarplacedsixsouthafricanclassngclassnglocomotivesinserviceontheotavibranchinswaalsobuiltbyhenscheltheywerebuilttothesamedesignastheclasshdbuthadadifferentcoupledwheelsuspensionarrangementdifferentboilersandslidevalvesinservicetheywereoperatedinacommonpoolwiththeclasshdlocomotivesuntiltheywereallwithdrawnfromservicewhentheswasystemwasregaugedtocapegaugeinsovietunionattheendofthesecondworldwarseveralgaugejapaneseclassdlocomotiveswereleftbehindonrussiassakhalinislandformerlykarafutobyretreatingjapaneseforcesinadditiontwoclassdwreckswereabandonedtothenorthofthecityuntiltheserviceablejapaneselocomotiveswereusedontheislandbythesovietrailwaysonewasthenplinthedoutsidetheyuzhnosakhalinskrailwaystationandanotherisstillinrunningconditionandiskeptattheyuzhnosakhalinskrailwaystationrefnameintsteampagesrefthesakhalinrailwayhasaconnectionwiththemainlandviaaferryoperatingbetweenkholmskontheislandandvaninokhabarovskkraivaninoonthemainlandthejapanesegaugestillremainsinuseontheislandalthoughinconversionbegantotherussiangaugealsoseeenjapanjapanspainthenetworkofspainusedonemikadotanklocomotiveandtwoversionsoftenderlocomotivesthespanishmanufacturermtmdeliveredsixtlocomotivestothemadridcaceresportugallineinaprojectatmtmintobuildabigneverrealisedthefirsttenderversionwasbuiltbytwoamericancompaniesinfifteenbybrookslocomotiveworksandfortybyschenectadylocomotiveworkstheywerenumberedfromtoandwereaslightlysmallerversionoftheusralightmikadothelocomotivesservedwellinthenortesystemwheretheywerenicknamedchalecosinrenfeacronymofrednacionaldelosferrocarrilesespaolesthenationalisedrailwaycompanyacquiredtwentyfivelocomotivesofthesecondtenderversionfromnorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblofglasgowspanishbuildersmtmmacosaandeuskaldunaandtheamericanbabcockwilcoxbuiltmorebetweenandwithonlyminordetaildifferencessuchasdoublechimneyslluberasandersacfifeedwaterheatersandoilburningtheiremptyweightwasandtheyhaddiametercoupledwheelstheyperformedwellinbothfreightandpassengerserviceandlasteduntiltheofficialendofsteamincommonserviceinonenorteandeighteenrenfelocomotivesarepreservedthreeofthemingoodworkingconditionthailandsiamthefirstmikadolocomotivesoftheroyalstaterailwaysofsiamrsrthepredecessorofthestaterailwayofthailandsrtwereacquiredfromasstandardlocomotivesforexpressandmixedtrainstosupersedetheeclasslocomotiveswhichhadbeencommissionedbetweenandthefirstsiamesemikadoclasswasbuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksinnasmythwilsonandcompanyinandbatignolleschtillonfranceinhoweveritwasnotuntilthefirstbatchofeightofthailandssecondclassoflocomotivesnumberstowasimportedfromjapaninthatmikadolocomotivesreallybecamesuccessfulinthailandthersrimportedmoremikadostandardlocomotivestomeetrailwaysaswellasmilitarydemandsbetweenandafterthesecondworldwarinthersrimportedfiftyusedunitedstatesarmytransportationcorpsusatcsclasssclasslocomotivesthesocalledmacarthurlocomotivesanothereighteennewenginesofthesameclasswerepurchasedaroundtomeetthepostwardemandthelasttypeofmikadosteamlocomotivesforthailandwereseventyenginesimportedbysrtfromjapanbetweenandnumberedtooftheseonlymikadonoisstillserviceableeventhoughitisnolongeractivelyinuseunitedkingdomthewheelarrangementwasrarelybutsuccessfullyusedonbritishrailssirnigelgresleyofthelondonandnortheasternrailwaylnerdesignedtwomikadotypesofnotethelnerclasspclasspwasafreightderivativeofhisfamedlnerclassaclassainspiredbythepennsylvaniarailroadstwinprrksksandprrlslslocomotivestwowerebuiltbuttherewasneverreallymuchcallfortheirabilityandtheyremainedunderutilisedthroughouttheirshortexistencegresleysotherclassofmikadoswashislnerclasspclasspthesewereexpresspassengerlocomotivesrathermoreinspiredbyeuropeaninfluencesthanamericantheywerebuilttohaulheavyexpresstrainsinhillyterrainnorthofedinburghwheregresleythoughttheadditionaladhesionpossiblewithamightservewellunfortunatelypoorselfcenteringontheleadingtruckmeantthattheleadingdrivingwheelsworeagainsttherailsontightercurvesbeinghardonbothtrackandwheelsgresleyssuccessoredwardthompsonengineeredwardthompsonconvertedtheclasspsintopacificsthatwereratherunattractiveinmostopinionsinjuneanewclasspmikadolocomotivenotheprinceofwalesintendedtoworkbothonmainlineandpreservedrailwayswasunderconstructionbythepsteamlocomotivecompanythegreatwesternrailwaygwroperatedaclassoftenginesthathadbeenrebuiltfromtlocomotivesbycharlescollettchiefmechanicalengineerofthegwrasearlyasthechiefmechanicalengineeratthetimegeorgejacksonchurchwardgjchurchwardplannedaclassofmikadotankenginestohandleheavycoaltrainsinsouthwalestheplanwasabandonedhoweverasitwasfearedtheywouldbeunabletohandlethesharpcurvespresentonwelshmineralbranchesinsteadchurchwarddesignedthegwrclassclassoftankenginesofwhichnearlywerebuiltinthescoaltrafficdeclinedwiththeresultthatmanyoftheseenginesstoodidlesincetheirlimitedoperatingrangepreventedthemfrombeingallocatedtoothermainlinedutiescollettaschurchwardssuccessordecidedtorebuildsomeoftheclassenginesaststheadditionofatrailingaxleincreasedtheenginesoperatingrangebyallowinganincreasedcoalandwaterstoragecapacityaltogetherlocomotivesweremodifiedinthismannerthegwrclassclasstankenginesastheywereknownremainedinserviceuntiltheendofsteaminbritainintheearlysunitedstatesofamericathesawgreatsuccessintheunitedstatesmostlyasafreightlocomotiveinthesitlargelyreplacedtheconsolidationasthemainheavyfreightlocomotivetypeitstractiveeffortwassimilartothatofthebestsbutadevelopingrequirementforhigherspeedfreighttrainsdrovetheshifttothewheelarrangementlsnoatthepennsylvaniarailroadmuseumstrasburgpennsylvaniathemikadotypewasinturnoustedfromthetopflighttrainsbylargerfreightlocomotivewheelarrangementssuchastheandarticulatedlocomotivesbutnosuccessortypebecameubiquitousandthemikeremainedthemostcommonroadfreightlocomotivewithmostrailroadsuntiltheendofsteammorethanwerebuiltintheunitedstatesaboutofthesefornorthamericanserviceconstitutingaboutonefifthofalllocomotivesinservicethereatthetimetheheaviestmikadoswerethegreatnorthernrailwayusgreatnorthernsclassowithanaxleloadofalmostallnorthamericanrailroadsrosteredthetypenotableexceptionsbeingthebostonandmainerailroadbostonandmainethedelawareandhudsonrailwaydelawareandhudsonthestlouissouthwesternrailwaycottonbeltandthenorfolkandwesternrailwaynorfolkandwesternthelargestusersincludedthenewyorkcentralrailroadnewyorkcentralwithlocomotivesthebaltimoreandohiorailroadbaltimoreandohiowiththepennsylvaniarailroadwiththeillinoiscentralrailroadillinoiscentralwiththemilwaukeeroadwithandthesouthernrailwayussouthernwithyugoslaviaborsigbuiltsweredeliveredtotherailwayofthekingdomofyugoslaviainthesebecamethejdzclassofwhichafewremainintheformeryugoslavnationsreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameberkshireimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelfourlargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodandtwosmalltrailingwheelscaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagekclasspipetraincajpgaltcaptionwagrkclasstcequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalydfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountryaustralialocomotivewagrkclassrailwaywesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysdesignerneilsonandcompanybuilderneilsonandcompanyevolvedfromtevolvedtomainbenefitlargerfireboxesandcoalbunkersmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotivebaclassarailwaybostonandalbanyrailroaddesignerlimalocomotiveworksbuilderlimalocomotiveworksevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitlargerfireboxthanmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationaisasteamlocomotivethathasoneunpoweredleadingwheelleadingaxleusuallyinaleadingtruckfollowedbyfourpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheeldrivingaxlesandtwounpoweredtrailingwheeltrailingaxlesusuallymountedinabogiethislocomotivetypeismostoftenreferredtoasaberkshirethoughthechesapeakeandohiorailwayusedthenamekanawhafortheirsineuropethiswheelarrangementwasmostlyseeninmainlinepassengerexpresslocomotivesandincertaincountriesintanklocomotivesoverviewintheunitedstatesofamericathewheelarrangementwasafurtherdevelopmentoftheenormouslysuccessfulunitedstatesrailroadadministrationusramikadoitresultedfromtherequirementforalocomotivewithevengreatersteamheatingcapacitytoproducemoresteamasolutionwastoincreasethesizeofthelocomotivesfireboxsteamenginefireboxbutthewheelarrangementwithitssingleaxletrailingtrucklimitedthepermissibleincreasedaxleloadingfromalargerfireboxthemostpracticalsolutionwastoaddasecondtrailingaxletospreadtheincreasedweightofalargerfireboxthefirstamericanswerebuiltforthebostonandalbanyrailroadinbylimalocomotiveworkstherailroadsrouteacrosstheberkshirestheberkshiremountainswasasubstantialtestforthenewlocomotivesandasaresultthenameberkshirewasadoptedforthelocomotivetypeineuropetenderlocomotivesweredesignedmainlyforpassengerexpresstrainsbuttheyalsohauledlongdistanceexpressfreightstoincreaseutilisationeuropeantanklocomotiveswerealogicaltransitionfromthetlocomotivetypesallowinglargerfireboxesandlargercoalbunkerstheyweremainlyusedforbusysuburbanservicesinheavilypopulatedsuburbanareasofbigcitiesbutinfrequentlyalsoforsparselypopulatedruralareasorlongdistancelinesusageaustraliathewesternaustralianwagrkclasskclasswasaclassoftsteamlocomotivesofthewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwayswagrbetweenandthewagrtookdeliveryofoftheselocomotivesfromneilsonandcompanytheyenteredserviceontheeasternrailwaywesternaustraliaeasternrailwaybetweenmidlandjunctionrailwaystationmidlandjunctionandnorthamrailwaystationwesternaustralianorthaminduringthesecondboerwartheimperialmilitaryrailwaysexperiencedashortageoflocomotivesandsixmorenewkclasslocomotivesdestinedforthewagrweredivertedtosouthafricawheretheywereknownasthecsarclassctwesternaustraliansrefnameobergrefrefnamehollandrefthesouthaustralianrailwaysalsooperatedsfleetconstructioncommencedinandbytheendofseventeenlocomotiveswereinserviceonthegaugesystemthedesignoftheselocomotiveswasbasedonamericanpracticesaftertheywerewithdrawnfromservicebytheywereallscrappedaustriatheheavybbclassclassdtwocylindersimpleexpansionexpresspassengerlocomotivewasdevelopedinaustriainitwasdesignedbyengineersofthelokomotivfabrikfloridsdorffloridsdorfwerkeandwasthelargestaustriansteamlocomotiveandthemostpowerfulberkshiretypetorunineuropedesignedforthewestrailwayaustriawestrailwayexpresstrainservicetheyweretobeusedtohaultonsexpresstrainsfromwienwestbahnhofinviennaovertosalzburgthismainlinehasthreeapproximatelybankswithgradientsbetweeninandintwoprototypeswerebuiltintwocylinderandthreecylinderversionswhentestedthetwocylinderversionprovedtobesuperiortothethreecylinderbbclassversionandeventuallytwelvemoretwocylinderclasslocomotiveswerebuiltinnoreachedaspeedofthehighestspeedeverattainedbyanaustriansteamlocomotivetheregularspeedlimitwasattheeisenbahnmuseumstrasshoffromthedeutschereichsbahndrbdesignatedthelocomotivesclassinthesummeroftheyhauledtonsexpresstrainsoutofviennaoverviennawoodswienerwaldataspeedofreachingoverlevelstretchesinsevenoftheselocomotivesweretakenoverbythesovietmilitaryadministrationingermanysovietmilitaryadministrationwhentheyoccupiedthealliedoccupiedaustriarussianzoneinaustriatheselocomotiveshadttrofyapaintedbeforetheirrunningnumbersandweremarkedcccptherussiansdidnottransfertheselocomotivesoutofaustriaandwhentheywithdrewtheiroccupyingforcesinseptemberthelocomotiveswerereturnedtotheaustrianfederalrailwaysbbwhenthemainlinewestofviennawaselectrifiedallthebbdlocomotivesweretakenoutofserviceandwrittenoffonfebruarylocomotivenobuiltbyfloridsdorfinwaspreservedasmuseumlocomotiveattheeisenbahnmuseumstrasshofbrazilthefrenchstateownedsalesconsortiumgroupementdexportationdelocomotivesensudamriquegelsadeliveredultramoderntwocylindersimpleexpansionlocomotivesforthebrazilianrailwaysinandtheywerebuiltbysocitfrancaisedeconstructionmcaniquescailsocitdesforgesetateliersdecreusotschneiderelectricschneideroflecreusotandcompagniedefiveslilleallweredeliveredtobrazilbytheendofdesignedunderthedirectionofengineerandrchapelonthisclassdemonstratedthatlargeandpowerfulsteamlocomotivescouldruningeneraluseonlightrailsofwithlowspeedlimitstheirmaximumaxleloadhadbeenreducedtotonsallwerefittedwithdoublekylchapexhaustsystemsandtheirleadingandtrailingtruckshadathermosaxleboxesthreetendertypescouldbecoupledtothemoneheavyandtwolightforworkindifferentareastheheavytenderhadsixwheelbogiesacoalcapacityoftonsandawatercapacityofthelightcoaltenderhadfourwheelbogiesacoalcapacityoftonsandawatercapacityofthelightwoodtenderhadfourwheelbogiesafirewoodcapacityofandawatercapacityofthesemodernlocomotiveswereregardedwithsuspicionbysomeenginemenwhowereusedtoobsoletebritishlocomotiveswhichwereoftenoverfortyyearsoldinadditiondiesellocomotivesalesmenclaimedthatsteamtractionwasobsoletethisattitudespreadtomiddlemanagementstaffwiththeresultthatthesemodernfrenchsteamlocomotiveswerereplacedintheswhentheywerehardlyruninsomeofthoselocomotiveswhichworkedinsouthernregionbrazilsouthernbrazilwereleasedtothebolivianrailwaysinthesbysomestillexistedaswrecksinalocomotivedumpnearsantacruzdelasierrasantacruzinboliviabulgariaaspartoftheirmodernisingandstandardisationprogramthebulgarianstaterailwaysbdzorderedtwentysuperheatedthreecylinderdhlocomotivesfromkruppintheindustrialdisruptionofthesecondworldwarhoweveroverloadedthegermanlocomotivebuilderswithdomesticproductiondemandsandkruppwasonlyabletoproducetenofthesenewbdzclasstanklocomotivesinworksnumberstothenewtonclasslocomotiveswereintendedtoreplacetheolderdhlocomotivesonlocalpassengertrainservicestheaxleloadingwaskeptbelowtonsandtheirlargecoalandwatercapacitiesmadethenewclasssuitableforawiderrangeofdutiesifrequiredsmallsmokedeflectorswerefittedtothetopofthesmokeboxwhenthenewlocomotivesarrivedinbulgariaintheywereallocatedtosofiadepotbetweenandfivelocomotiveswererelocatedtoplovdivdepottoservetheplovdivsvilengradlineinadditiontothelocalpassengertrainservicedutiestherealsoincludedinternationalexpresstrainstoandfromturkeyintheremainingfivelocomotiveswererelocatedfromsofiatovarnadepottheyremainedontheselocalpassengertraindutieswellintotheswhentheywereoustedbydiesellocomotivesanddieseltrainsetssomewerepreservedcanadathetorontohamiltonandbuffalorailwaythbwastheonlycanadianrailwaytooperateberkshiresonlytwolocomotiveswereorderedfromthemontreallocomotiveworksmlwinworksnumbersandtheywerethelastnewsteamlocomotivestobeorderedbythethbandwereallocatedroadnumbersandtheywerefittedwithcoffinfeedwaterheatersandduplexstokersandhadaworkingorderweightoftonsafterbeingequippedwithautomatictraincontrolatcintheyweretheonlythbfreightlocomotiveswhichwereallowedtorunonnewyorkcentralrailroadnewyorkcentralstracksonthewellandbuffalonewyorkbuffalolineduetodieselisationbothwerewithdrawnfromserviceinjuneczechoslovakiatanklocomotivestheczechoslovakstaterailwayscsdwasoneofthelargesttanklocomotiveusersineuropethedenserailwaynetworkinbohemiaandmoraviaprovidedtheidealenvironmentforlocalshortdistancepassengertrainworkingspoweredbynumerousclassesoftanklocomotivesondecemberthecsdhadnolessthantanklocomotivesonitsrosterofwhichwereeightcoupledtanklocomotivesthefirstczechoslovakiandthtanklocomotivewasderivedfromthecsdclassdhtenderlocomotivewithwatertanksacoalbunkerandatrailingbogieaddedapartfromchangingthedrivefromthesecondtothethirdcoupledaxleandincreasingthesuperheatingsurfaceoftheboilerthesehandsometanklocomotivesweremechanicallyidenticaltothetenderlocomotivestheywereoriginallyintendedtobeusedonthepraguetoeskbudjovicebhmischbudweislineandonbranchlinesdivertingfromthemainlineforlocaltrainserviceatthetimehoweverthetonaxleloadprovedtobetoohighformostofthelineswheretheywereintendedtorunandforthisreasononlylocomotiveswerebuiltbetweenandthefirstthirteenwereinitiallydesignatedclassbutanincreaseintheirpermittedmaximumspeedtoledtothelocomotivesreclassificationtoclassnumberedtothesewerepowerfultanklocomotivesnicknamedkrasinaftertheexplorergeneralnobilehwhoreachedthenorthpoleinwhentestedwhilehaulingatontrainonereachedamaximumspeedofatlevelandanaveragespeedofwhileclimbingaingradientbetweenandallofthemremainedonthebhmischmhrischbahnbmbandprotektortnidrahycechamoravycmdlinesinbohemiaandmoraviaandallsurvivedthesecondworldwarbytheearlystheclasslocomotiveswerespreadthinlyovermostofthecountryhavingbeenallocatedtolocationsfromplzeinwesternbohemiatobanskbystricainslovakiaallwerewithdrawnfromservicebetweenandonenowentintoindustrialserviceandthreeothersnumbersandwerelaterusedasmobileboilerstheremainderwerescrappedtenderlocomotivesthecsdorderedthreeclassdhlocomotivesbasedonthethreecylinderclasslocomotiveoftheaustrianfederalrailwaysbbthishandfiredlocomotivehadakrausshelmholtzbogiekrausshelmholtzleadingtruckandthediameterofitscoupledwheelswasitstotalweightinworkingorderwastonsofwhichtonswereadhesiveweightallthreecylinderswereofborewithastroketheheatingsurfaceoftheboilerwasofwhichweresuperheatingareathegrateareawasandthelocomotivewasdesignedforpossiblecoaldustfiringtheyhadclasstenderswhichwererebuiltfromclasstenderstheywerenotassuccessfulasexpectedoneoftheclasswastestedagainstaclassdhlocomotiveonthehillymainlinebetweenilinaandkoiceontheformerkoicebohumndrahykbdlineitprovedtobeinferiortoitsopponentinbothspeedandpowerallthreelocomotiveswereallocatedtothebrnoshedformostoftheiractiveservicelivesduringtheyearsfromtotheywererosteredasbmbcmdlocomotivestocktheywerewithdrawnfromserviceinandandwerelaterusedasmobileboilersgermanydeutschebundesbahnafterthesecondworldwartherecoveringwestgermanyneededeconomicalassistancethiscameinpartintheformofnewlocomotiveordersplacedwiththewestgermanlocomotiveindustrywhichkeptitgoinginthetoughandcompetitiveworldmarketsanewtanklocomotivetypewasdesignedbykraussmaffeiandinthefirmbuiltthirteenlocomotivesofanewdeutschebundesbahndbclassdthtlocomotivefivemorefollowedinintesttheselocomotiveshauledtonsonleveltrackwhiletheymanagedtoreachhaulingtonsupaingradientallthelocomotiveshadsmallwittetypesmokedeflectorstheirmaximumspeedwasevenrunningbunkerfirsttheselocomotivessawserviceinlocalpassengertrainservicearoundbigcitiesandonbranchlineswhichcouldbearthetonaxleloadtheywerefoundtobeeconomicalinserviceandservedwellduringtheshortperiodtheyspentinserviceinthelatesandearlystheywereoustedbyexpandingelectrificationandbydiesellocomotivesanddieselmotortrainsetsdeutschereichsbahntheeastgermanyeastgermandeutschereichsbahnsdthtlocomotiveswerederivedfromthewestgermanclassandbecametheclasstheywerecapableofdevelopingandcouldrunatonleveltrackhaulingtonspassengertrainsatotalofclasslocomotiveswerebuiltbetweenandtheselocomotiveshadthedrsversionofsmallwittetypesmokedeflectorsthesewerethelastnewbuiltdthtlocomotivesintheworldtheirmaximumtonaxleloadrestrictedthemtomainlineservicetheywereintendedtohaulheavysuburbantrainsaroundberlinleipzighallesaxonyanhalthalleandmagdeburgwheretheyreplacedtheolderprussiantandprussiantclassesmanywerestillinserviceinthesandsomestillsurvivedintheearlysforbranchlineservicethedrdesignedasmallerwheeledversionoftheclassthislocomotivehadonlyatonaxleloadandbecamethedrclassitsmaximumspeedinbothdirectionswastheselocomotiveswerealsofittedwiththedrsversionofwittesmokedeflectorstheonlytanklocomotivedesignedforfreightservicethathadtheminoftheselocomotiveswerebuiltandusedforworkingfreightandmixedtrainsonshortbranchlinestheyalsoworkedonmountainouslineswithsharpcurvesandsteepgradientsofmorethaninandwherewasthemaximumspeedlimitjapanpreservedinashiyatownfukuokajapanthejapanesenationalrailwaysjnrcloselyfollowedamericanpracticeafterthesecondworldwarwithberkshirelocomotivesusedmainlyonheavyfreightservicesuchasheavycoaltrainstheyweretheheavieststeamlocomotivesusedonthejnrsgaugelinesthejnrrebuiltatotaloflocomotivestothewheelarrangementfromitsoldermikadoclassesthejnrclassdclassdjnrclassdclassdandjnrclassdclassdinandtwentyjnrclassdclassdlocomotiveswererebuiltfromclassdatthejnrshamamatsuworksbetweenandjnrclassdclassdlocomotiveswererebuiltfromclassdatthejnrshamamatsunaganonaganonaganoandtsuchizakiworksinandsixjnrclassdclassdlocomotiveswererebuiltfromclassdatthejnrshamamatsuandkriyamafukushimakriyamaworkssomeoftheselocomotivessurvivedinserviceuptotheendofsteamtractiononthejnrinmexicoinmexicosferrocarrilesnacionalesdemxicondemboughtfivelocomotivesbuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksinfromnorfolksouthernrailwaynorfolksouthernrailwayintheunitedstatesofamericausawheretheyhadbecomeredundantduetodieselisationbeforetheirarrivalinmexicoallfivewentthroughacompletemajoroverhaulintheusatheyarrivedinmexicolateinandwereallocatedndemnumberstoremaininginserviceuntilthelatestheybecamethelastusabuiltberkshiresintheworldtoremaininrevenueearningcommoncarrierservicenewzealandinthewellingtonandmanawaturailwaycompanywmrorderedatanklocomotivefrombaldwinlocomotiveworksforbankingdutiesontheingradientsfromwellingtontojohnsonvillenewzealandjohnsonvillethelocomotivenowasnicknamedjumbowhenthenewzealandgovernmentpurchasedthewmrnowasrenumberedtonzrwjclassnobythenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnewzealandgovernmentrailwaysitwastheonlylocomotiveintheclassthelocomotivehadatendencyforcrackingitslocomotiveframebarframesbarframeonthisheavydutybyitwaswaitingtogotothepetoneworkswithyetanothercrackintheframeanditdidnotseemuchserviceafterthatthesolitarytlocomotiveinnewzealandwaswrittenoffthebooksinanditsboilerwassenttothetaumarunuilocomotivedepotforuseasawashoutboilernorwayinthemidsthenorwegianstaterailwaysnorwegianstaterailwaysnorgesstatsbanerornsborderedaltogethereighteenpowerfulsuperheatedfourcylindercompounddhvpassengerlocomotivesforexpressandpassengertrainserviceonitssinglemainlinebetweenosloandtrondheimonthenorthernsectionbetweenottanorwayottaandtrondheimthesectionofthemainlinebetweentrondheimanddombsreachesanaltitudeofoverthedovrefjellwithgradientsofintoinandcurvesofradiusatthetimethemaximumaxleloadwaslimitedtotonsgreatskillwasdisplayedinthedesignoftheselocomotiveswhichwerebuiltspecificallytooperatetontrainsundertheseconditionsweightreductionwasamajorproblemandasaconsequencetheframewasconstructedofonlyplatebutstronglybracedwhiletheplatformwasofaluminiumtheplannedeighteennsbclasslocomotivesnevermaterialisedhoweversincethoseunderconstructionatthekruppworksinessengermanyweredamagedsoseverelybyalliedbombingofgermanyalliedbombinginoctoberthattheywerenevercompletedinadditionthunesworksatskyeninnorwaycouldnotcarryonwiththeconstructionofitsshareoftheorderbecauseofawartimelackofhighqualitysteelandothermaterialsonlysevenclasslocomotiveswereeventuallyplacedinserviceofthesethreewerebuiltbyhamarandthuneinandtwobykruppinandtwobythuneintheselocomotivesnicknameddovregubbendovregiantsweretheonlytruecompoundsownedbythensbontestoneofthemhauledtonsatupagradientofindevelopingdespitetherelativelysmalldiametercoupledwheelsaspeedofwasreachedwiththesameloadonleveltrackinnormalservicetheirmaximumspeedwasrestrictedtoonaccountofthelighttrackinuseatthetimeandtheywerecapableofhaulingtonsatuplongingradientswhencomparedtoothernsbsteamlocomotivestheseengineshadashortlifespanandallwerewrittenoffinafterthearrivalofnsbdiclassdidiesellocomotivesonthedovrelinedovrelineromaniamuseumwhentheromanianslookedforapowerfulpassengerlocomotivetoserveonthecileferateromnecfrmainlinesacrossthecarpathianmountainstheydecidedupontheaustrianfederalrailwaysbbclasstheypurchasedthedrawingsfromaustriaandlocomotivesofthesametypewerebuiltunderlicenceintheirmodernnewfaurmalaxaandreiaworksinromaniatheselocomotivesenteredserviceascfrclassinabatchwasbuiltwithcaprottivalvegearcaprottiinsteadofhugolentzlentzpoppetvalvesbutsincesomeofthesewerelaterobservedwithlentzvalvegeartheitaliangearhadpresumablybeenremovedtheselocomotivesprovedtobesuitableforromanianconditionsbeingofampledimensionsmoderateaxleloadstraightforwardtwocylinderenginesofborewithastrokeanddiametercoupledwheelsthetotalweightinworkingorderwastonsofwhichtonswasadhesiveweightnearlyallofthemwerestillinserviceinthelatestheclasslocomotiveshauledtheprincipalcfrexpresstrainsonmainlinesandliketheiraustriancousinswereabletorendergoodperformanceatleastthreehavebeenpreservedformuseumslocomotivesnoandsouthafricainduringthesecondboerwartheimperialmilitaryrailwaysexperiencedashortageoflocomotivesandsixwagrkclassberkshiretanklocomotivesdestinedforthewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysweredivertedtosouthafricawheretheywereknownasthewesternaustraliansintheycameontotherosterofthecentralsouthafricanrailwaysandweredesignatedcsarclassctcsarclasscbywhentherenumberingontothesouthafricanrailwayssarrosterwasimplementedtheselocomotiveswereconsideredobsoleteandwerenotincludedinthesarclassificationandrenumberinglistbutrecommendedforscrappingeventhoughtheywerestilllessthantwelveyearsoldinandthesarplacedsouthafricanclassclassberkshiresinbranchlineservicewhichincludedthewholeofsouthwestafricanamibiatheywereacquiredtoreplacetheageingfleetofsouthafricanclassclassandsouthafricanclassclasslocomotivesonlightrailrefnamediagrambooksouthafricanrailwaysandharbourslocomotivediagrambookgaugesteamlocomotivesaugustasamendedrefthelocomotivewasdesignedbydrmmloubserchiefmechanicalengineerofthesarfromtoithadaonepiecesteelmainframethatwascastintegrallywiththecylindersincludingthecylinderhindcoverssmokeboxsupportframestaysandvariousbracketsallofwhichwouldnormallybeseparateitemsrivetedorboltedontotheframeadvantagesofthisarrangementwerereducedmaintenanceandlesstimespentinshopsitwasthefirstsouthafricansteamlocomotivetobebuiltusingthistechniquetheywerebuiltwithsouthafricanlocomotivenumberingandclassificationwatsonstandardboilerswatsonstandardnoboilersandtheyusedsouthafricantypemytendertypemytorpedotendersthatranonthreeaxlebuckeyebogiesrefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefitwastheonlyberkshiretypetoseeserviceonthesarmostofthemwenttosouthwestafricawhereofthemwouldremaininoperationuntilstrengtheningofthetrackandtheintroductionofdieseltractionmadethemavailabletobeemployedelsewheretheywerewithdrawninthemidsseveralhavebeenpreservedinrunningorderforserviceonexcursiontrainsoperatedbyprivatesteamenthusiastgroupsincapetownandingautengrefnamefotrrefsovietunionfromthemidsuntiltheirreplacementbydiesellocomotivesthedhwheelarrangementwasrelativelycommonintheformersovietunionwhenbuilttheselocomotivesweredesignatedrussianlocomotiveclassisclassisforiosifstalintheclassislocomotivewasapassengerderivativeoftheclassfdehfreightlocomotiveandhadmanypartsincommonwiththeclassfdthesovietwasthemostnumeroussingleberkshireclassbuiltintheworldkolomnalocomotiveworksbuiltthefirstfourlocomotivesinproductionwastransferredtotheenlargedandmodernisedformerruluhanskworksluhanskworkswhichwasrenamedvoroshilovgradlocomotiveworksalotaloflocomotivesofthetwovariantsclassisandclassislaterrussianlocomotiveclassfdclassfdpwerebuiltbetweenandaftergermanyattackedthesovietuniononjunetherussiansevacuatedallsemicompletedclassislocomotivesfromvoroshilovgradtheruulanudelocomotiveworksulanudelocomotiveworkscompletedthelasteleveninanddespitetheirmoderatesizecomparedtoamericanandcanadianbuiltsthesovietunionsovietwasagoodexampleofaberkshiretypedesignedforheavyexpressandpassengertrainserviceithadagrateboilerpressureboilerheatingsurfaceofwhichwassuperheatedandonlytotonsmaximumaxleloadtheirdiametercoupledwheelsandcylindersofboreengineboreandstrokeenginestrokewithatotalweightoftonnesofwhichtonneswereadhesiveweightenabledthelocomotivestoeasilyreachthemaximumpermittedspeedofwithtotonsbehindthetendertheusualmaximumspeedwasaboutwithanoccasionalneedofwithstreamlinecasingatthevoroshilovgradfactorytheywereusedasexpresspassengerlocomotivesonmainlineswhichhadtypeiarailsoftheywerelaterreclassifiedasclassfdpfdpassengeronelocomotivenoiswasstreamlinedandachievedaspeedofduringtestrunsinanothernoiswasdisplayedattheexpositioninternationaledesartsettechniquesdanslaviemoderneparisworldexhibitioninwhereitdemonstratedthesovietunionslocomotiveproductionthefirstfourwereinitiallyallocatedtotheoktyabrskayarailwayoctoberrailwayandranbetweenmoscowandsaintpetersburgleningradhaulingheavynightpassengertrainslaterwhenthelinewasupgradedwithheavierrailstheyweretransferredtothemoscowkurskkharkivkharkovsinelnikovolinewhenmoreclassislocomotivesbegantorolloutfromthevoroshilovgradproductionlinestheywereusedontheupgradedmoscowsmolenskminskmoscowtovaluikiandmitchurinsktorostovondonmainlinesonlyonesuchlocomotivewaspreservednoisplinthedoutsidethemainrailwaystationinkievinukraineunitedstatesofamericalocomotivesofawheelarrangementwereusedmainlyforhaulingfastexpressfreighttrainsonheavyfreightservicetheyoftenreplacedoldermikadoswheremorepowerwasrequiredinturntheywereoftenreplacedbyevenmorepowerfultexastypelocomotivessixyearsaftertheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwayexperimentedwiththefirstthefirstswerebuiltforthebostonandalbanyrailroadbostonalbanybabylimalocomotiveworksintherailroadsrouteovertheberkshireswasasubstantialtestforthenewlocomotivesbutthetypeproveditsworthoutpacingthemikadosalreadyinusetherethismountainrangelentitsnametothelocomotivetypethoughthechesapeakeandohiorailwaypreferredthenamekanawhafortheirsbuoyedbythesuccessofthedemonstrationsonthebalimaandamericanlocomotivecompanyalcobothsoldafewhundredofthenewlocomotivetypetheberkshiretypesbigboostcameinwhenthenewyorkchicagoandstlouisrailroadnickelplateroadornkpreceiveditsfirstsbuilttoanewdesignfromtheadvisorymechanicalcommitteeamcofthevansweringenbrothersvansweringenempireunderthevansweringenumbrellawerethenickelplateroaderierailroadchesapeakeandohiorailwayandperemarquetterailwaytheamcsdesigngeneratedoftractiveforcetractiveeffortandbecamethestandarddesignforsubsequentberkshirestheerierailroadpurchasedthelargestnumberofsrosteringrefnamefarrelfarrelljackwnorthamericansteamlocomotivestheberkshireandtexastypesedmondswapacificfastmailreflimaslaststeamlocomotivewasalsothelastamericanthenkpsnickelplatenoofsomeswerebuiltforamericanserviceconstitutingofthesteamfleetpriortodieselizationanddeliveringofthenationsfreighttonmilesrefnameswengelswengelfmtheamericansteamlocomotivevoltheevolutionofthesteamlocomotiveiowamidwestrailpublicationprefasthefirstlargescaleuserthenkpbecamesynonymouswiththeberkshirelocomotivetypeoneofthisclassnickelplatenickelplatenoispreservedinoperatingconditionandisoperatedoccasionallyfromitsnewhavenindianahomenickelplatenoispreservedasastaticdisplayinlincolnparkinlimaohiomanylargeramericanrailroadsrosteredberkshiresthetablelistsdataontheamericanlocomotivesastheywerebuiltclasswikitableamericanconstructionrosterstylebackgroundsilverrailroadquantitystylebackgroundsilverclassstylebackgroundsilverroadnumbersstylebackgroundsilverbuilderstylebackgroundsilverbuildyearstylebackgroundsilvernoteslimalocomotiveworksstyletextaligncenterastyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncentertoicremainderscrappedrowspanbostonandalbanyrailroadstyletextaligncenteraastyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedstyletextaligncenterabstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedstyletextaligncenteracstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedillinoiscentralrailroadstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterillinoiscentralnorebuilttoremainderscrappedrowspanerierailroadstyletextaligncentersstyletextaligncenteramericanlocomotivecompanyalcostyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedstyletextaligncentersstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedstyletextaligncentersstyletextaligncenterbaldwinstyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedstyletextaligncentersstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedatchisontopekaandsantaferailwaystyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinstyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedchicagoandnorthwesterntransportationcompanychicagoandnorthwesternrailwaystyletextaligncenterjstyletextaligncenteralcodunkirkstyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedtorontohamiltonandbuffalorailwaystyletextaligncenterasstyletextaligncentermontreallocomotiveworksmontrealstyletextaligncenteronlysbuiltforacanadianrailwayremainderscrappedrowspanbostonandmainecorporationbostonandmainerailroadrowspanstyletextaligncentertstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterrowspantoatsftospinremainderscrappedstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterinternationalgreatnorthernrailroadstyletextaligncenterbkstyletextaligncenteralcostyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedmissouripacificrailroadstyletextaligncenterbkstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterrebuilttosremainderscrappedrowspannewyorkchicagoandstlouisrailroadnickelplateroadstyletextaligncentersstyletextaligncenteralcostyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedstyletextaligncentersstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedstyletextaligncentersstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedstyletextaligncentersstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterfivepreserveddisplayedatconneautrailroadmuseuminconneautohiodisplayedatrailroadmuseumofpennsylvaniainstrasburgpennsylvaniathesecondwellknownnkpberkshiredisplayedatsteamtownnationalhistoricsiteinscrantonpennsylvaniadisplayedatageofsteamroundhouseinsugarcreekohiothemostfamouswellknownnkpberkshireandoneoftwooperatingsintheunitedstatesinoperationalconditionbythefortwaynerailroadhistoricalsocietyinfortwayneindianaremainderscrappedstyletextaligncentersstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenteronepreserveddisplayedatlincolnparkinlimaohioisthelastberkshiresteamlocomotiveintheworldthelaststeamlocomotivepurchasedforthenickelplateroadnewyorkchicagostlouisrailroadandthelaststeamlocomotivebuiltbythelimalocomotiveworksinlimaohioremainderscrappedstyletextaligncentersstyletextaligncenteralcostyletextaligncenterexwheelingandlakeerierailwaywlekremainderscrappedrowspandetroittoledoandirontonrailroadrowspanstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedstyletextaligncenterlimastyletextaligncenterremainderscrappedrowspanperemarquetterailwaystyletextaligncenternstyletextal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loweduserstotransmitfilesbetweentheircomputerswhenbothsidesusedmodemkeithpetersenmadeaminorupdatetoalwaysturnonquietmodeandcalledtheresultxmodemxmodembecameextremelypopularintheearlybulletinboardsystembbsmarketlargelybecauseitwassimpletoimplementitwasalsofairlyinefficientandasmodemspeedsincreasedthisproblemledtothedevelopmentofanumberofmodifiedversionsofxmodemtoimproveperformanceoraddressotherproblemswiththeprotocolchristensenbelievedhisoriginalxmodemtobethesinglemostmodifiedprogramincomputinghistorychuckforsbergcollectedanumberofmodificationsintohisymodemprotocolbutpoorimplementationledtoafurtherfracturingbeforetheywerereunifiedbyhislaterzmodemprotocolxmodemlikemostfiletransferprotocolsbreaksuptheoriginaldataintoaseriesofpacketinformationtechnologypacketsthataresenttothereceiveralongwithadditionalinformationallowingthereceivertodeterminewhetherthatpacketwascorrectlyreceivedpacketstructuretheoriginalxmodemusedabytedatapacketthebasicblocksizeusedoncpmfloppydisksthepacketwasprefixedbyasimplebyteheadercontainingattcandccontrolcodessohttcharacterablocknumberfromandtheinverseblocknumberminustheblocknumberblocknumberingstartswithforthefirstblocksentnottheheaderwasfollowedbythebytesofdataandthenasinglebytechecksumthecompletepacketwasthusbyteslongcontainingbytesofpayloadcomputingpayloaddataforatotalchannelefficiencyofaboutthechecksumwasthesumofallbytesinthepacketmodulooperationmodulothemodulooperationwaseasilycomputedbydiscardingallbuttheeightleastsignificantbitsoftheresultoralternativelyonaneightbitmachineignoringarithmeticoverflowwhichwouldproducethesameeffectautomaticallyinthiswaythechecksumwasrestrictedtoaneightbitquantityforexampleifthischecksummethodwasusedonatinydatapacketcontainingonlytwobytescarryingthevaluesandthetotalofthesecodesisandtheresultingchecksumisthefilewasmarkedcompletewithattendoftransmissioncharactereotttcharactersentafterthelastblockthischaracterwasnotinapacketbutsentaloneasasinglebytesincethefilelengthwasnotsentaspartoftheprotocolthelastpacketwaspaddedoutwithaknowncharacterthatcouldbedroppedintheoriginalspecificationthisdefaultedtottnowikisubnowikittordecimalwhichcpmusedastheendoffilemarkerinsideitsowndiskformatthestandardsuggestedanycharactercouldbeusedforpaddingbuttherewasnowayforittobechangedwithintheprotocolitselfifanimplementationchangedthepaddingcharacteronlyclientsusingthesameimplementationwouldcorrectlyinterpretthenewpaddingcharactertransferdetailsfilesweretransferredonepacketatatimewhenreceivedthepacketschecksumwascalculatedbythereceiverandcomparedtotheonereceivedfromthesenderattheendofthepacketifthetwomatchedthereceiversentanttacknowledgecharacterackttmessagebacktothesenderwhichthensentthenextpacketinsequenceiftherewasaproblemwiththechecksumthereceiverinsteadsentattnegativeacknowledgecharacternakttifattnakttwasreceivedthesenderwouldresendthepacketandcontinuedtotryseveraltimesnormallytenbeforeabortingthetransferattnakttwasalsosentifthereceiverdidnotreceiveavalidpacketwithintensecondswhilestillexpectingdataduetothelackofatteotttcharacterasevensecondtimeoutwasalsousedwithinapacketguardingagainstdroppedconnectionsinmidpackettheblocknumberswerealsoexaminedinasimplewaytocheckforerrorsafterreceivingapacketsuccessfullythenextpacketshouldhaveaonehighernumberifitinsteadreceivedthesameblocknumberthiswasnotconsideredseriousitwasimpliedthatthettacktthadnotbeenreceivedbythesenderwhichhadthenresentthepackettransferswerereceiverdriventhetransmitterwouldnotsendanydatauntilaninitialttnakttwassentbythereceiverthiswasalogicaloutcomeofthewaytheuserinteractedwiththesendingmachinewhichwouldberemotelylocatedtheuserwouldnavigatetotherequestedfileonthesendingmachineandthenaskthatmachinetotransferitoncethiscommandwasissuedtheuserwouldthenexecuteacommandintheirlocalsoftwaretostartreceivingsincethedelaybetweenaskingtheremotesystemforthefileandissuingalocalcommandtoreceivewasunknownxmodemalloweduptosecondsforthereceivertobeginissuingrequestsfordatapacketsproblemsalthoughxmodemwasrobustenoughforajournalistintotransmitstoriesfrompakistantotheunitedstateswithanosborneandacousticcoupleroverpoorqualitytelephonelinesrefnameklinereftheprotocolhadseveralflawsminorproblemsxmodemwaswrittenforcpmmachinesandbearsseveralmarksofthatoperatingsystemnotablyfilesoncpmwerealwaysmultiplesofbytesandtheirendwasmarkedwithinablockwiththetteotttcharacterthesecharacteristicsweretransplanteddirectlyintoxmodemhoweverotheroperatingsystemsdidnotfeatureeitherofthesepeculiaritiesandthewidespreadintroductionofmsdosintheearlysledtoxmodemhavingtobeupdatedtonoticeeitheratteotttortteofttastheendoffilemarkerforsometimeitwassuggestedthatsendingattcanttcharacterinsteadofanttackttorttnakttshouldbesupportedinordertoeasilyabortthetransferfromthereceivingendlikewiseattcanttreceivedinplaceofthettsohttindicatedthesenderwishedtocancelthetransferhoweverthischaractercouldbeeasilycreatedviasimplenoiserelatederrorsofwhatwasmeanttobeanttackttorttnakttadoublettcanttwasproposedtoavoidthisproblembutitisnotclearifthiswaswidelyimplementedmajorproblemsxmodemwasdesignedforsimplicitywithoutmuchknowledgeofotherfiletransferprotocolswhichwerefairlyrareanywayduetoitssimplicitytherewereanumberofverybasicerrorsthatcouldcauseatransfertofailorworseresultinanincorrectfilewhichwentunnoticedbytheprotocolmostofthiswasduetotheuseofasimplechecksumforerrorcorrectionwhichissusceptibletomissingerrorsinthedataiftwobitsarereversedwhichcanhappenwithasuitablyshortburstofnoiseadditionallysimilardamagetotheheaderorchecksumcouldleadtoafailedtransferincaseswherethedataitselfwasundamagedmanyauthorsintroducedextensionstoxmodemtoaddresstheseandotherproblemsmanyaskedfortheseextensionstobeincludedaspartofanewxmodemstandardhoweverwardchristensenrefusedtodothisasitwaspreciselythelackofthesefeaturesandtheassociatedcodingneededtosupportthemthatledtoxmodemswidespreaduseasheexplaineditwasaquickhackithrewtogetherveryunplannedlikeeverythingidotosatisfyapersonalneedtocommunicatewithsomeotherpeopleonlythefactthatitwasdoneinandthatiputitinthepublicdomainimmediatelymadeitbecomethestandardthatitispeoplewhosuggestimakesignificantchangestotheprotocolsuchasfullduplexmultipleoutstandingblocksmultipledestinationsetcetcdontunderstandthattheincrediblesimplicityoftheprotocolisoneofthereasonsitsurvivedbatchtransfersanotherproblemwithxmodemwasthatitrequiredthetransfertobeuserdrivenratherthanautomatedtypicallythismeanttheuserwouldnavigateonthesenderssystemtoselectthefiletheywantedandtheninvokethetransferfromtheirendusingacommandintheirterminalemulatoriftheuserwantedtotransferanotherfiletheywouldhavetorepeatthisprocessagainforautomatedtransfersbetweentwositesanumberofaddonstothexmodemprotocolwereimplementedovertimethesegenerallyassumedthesenderwouldcontinuesendingfileafterfilewiththereceiverattemptingtotriggerthenextfilebysendingattnakttasnormalatthestartofatransferwhenthettnakttstimedoutitcouldbeassumedthateithertherewerenomorefilesorthelinkwasbrokenanywaymodemmodemalsoknownasmodembatchorbatchxmodemwasthefirstknownextensionofthexmodemprotocolanormalxmodemfiletransferstartswiththereceiversendingasinglettnakttcharactertothesenderwhichthenstartssendingasinglettsohtttoindicatethestartofthedataandthenpacketsofdatamodemchangedthisbehaviouronlyslightlybysendingthefilenameinfilenameformatbeforethettsohtteachcharacterwassentindividuallyandhadtobeechoedbythereceiverasaformoferrorcorrectionforanonawarexmodemimplementationthisdatawouldsimplybeignoredwhileitwaitedforthettsohtttoarrivesothecharacterswouldnotbeechoedandtheimplementationcouldfallbacktoconventionalxmodemwithawaresoftwarethefilenamecouldbeusedtosavethefilelocallytransferscouldcontinuewithanotherttnaktteachfilebeingsavedunderthenamebeingsenttothereceiverjerrypournelleindescribedmodemasprobablythemostpopularmicrocomputercommunicationsprograminexistencerefnamepournellereftelinkmodemsentthefilenameasnormaltextwhichmeantitcouldbecorruptedbythesameproblemsthatxmodemwasattemptingtoavoidthisledtotheintroductionoftelinkbytomjenningsauthoroftheoriginalfidonetmailerstelinkavoidedmodemsproblemsbystandardizinganewzeropacketcontaininginformationabouttheoriginalfilethisincludedthefilesnamesizeandtimestampwhichwereplacedinaregularbytexmodemblockwhereasanormalxmodemtransferwouldstartwiththesendersendingblockthetelinkheaderpacketwaslabeledblockagainanormalxmodemimplementationwouldsimplydiscardthepackettheassumptionbeingthatthepacketnumberhadbeencorruptedbutthisledtoapotentialtimedelayifthepacketwerediscardedasthesendercouldnottellwhetheritthereceiverhadrespondedwithattnakttbecauseitdidnotunderstandtheblockorbecausetherewasatransmissionerrorhowevertelinkwasgenerallylimitedtofidonetsoftwarewhichdemandeditaspartofthefidonetstandardsduringearlystagesoffidonetsdevelopmentthemailerprogramscalledeachotheratknowntimesearlyinthemorningwhenitwassafetoassumethereceiverwasanothermailerthatalsoimplementedtelinkthebasicblocksystembecameastandardinthefidonetcommunityandwasreusedbyanumberoffutureprotocolslikesealinkandymodemxmodemcrcthechecksumusedintheoriginalprotocolwasextremelysimpleanderrorswithinthepacketcouldgounnoticedthisledtotheintroductionofxmodemcrcbyjohnbyrnsrefciteweburltechheappacketizercomcommunicationmodemsxmodemhtmltitlexmodemprotocoloverviewfirstwardlastchristensenauthorlinkwardchristensendatejanuaryrefrefciteweburltechheappacketizercomcommunicationmodemsxmodemymodemreferencehtmltitlexmodemymodemprotocolreferencefirstchucklastforsbergauthorlinkchuckforsbergdateseptemberrefwhichusedabitcyclicredundancycheckcrcinplaceofthebitchecksumcrcsencodenotonlythedatainthepacketbutitslocationaswellallowingittonoticethebitreplacementerrorsthatachecksumwouldmissstatisticallythismadethechanceofdetectinganerrorlessthanbitslongandevenhigherforlongererrorbitstringsxmodemcrcwasdesignedtobebackwardlycompatiblewithxmodemtodothisthereceiversimplysentattcttcapitalccharacterinsteadofattnaktttostartthetransferifthesenderrespondedbysendingapacketitwasassumedthesenderknewxmodemcrcandthereceivercontinuedsendingttcttsifnopacketwasforthcomingthereceiverassumedthesenderdidnotknowtheprotocolandsentanttnaktttostartatraditionalxmodemtransferunfortunatelythisattemptatbackwardcompatibilityhadadownsidesinceitwaspossiblethattheinitialttcttcharacterwouldbelostorcorrupteditcouldnotbeassumedthatthereceiverdidnotsupportxmodemcrcifthefirstattempttotriggerthetransferfailedthereceiverthustriedtostartthetransferthreetimeswithttcttwaitingthreesecondsbetweeneachattemptthismeantthatiftheuserselectedxmodemcrcwhileattemptingtotalktoanyxmodemasitwasintendedtherewasapotentialseconddelaybeforethetransferstartedtoavoidthedelaythesenderandreceiverwouldgenerallylistxmodemcrcseparatelyfromxmodemallowingtheusertoselectbasicxmodemifthesenderdidntexplicitlylistitironicallyanysoftwarethatdidsupportcrcintheirbasicxmodemtransferasitwasintendedsurreptitiouslysuggestedtheusershouldnotattempttousecrctotheaverageuserxmodemcrcwasessentiallyasecondprotocolandtreatedassuchhigherthroughputsincethexmodemprotocolrequiredthesendertostopandwaitforanttackttorttnakttmessagefromthereceiverittendedtobequiteslowintheeraofbitsmodemstheentirebytepacketrequiredjustoversecondstosendbytesbitsperbytebitspersecondifitthentooksecondsforthereceiversttacktttomakeitbacktothesenderandthenextpackettostarthittingthereceiversecondsinbothdirectionstheoveralltimeforonepacketwouldbenbspsecondsjustoverthroughputasmodemspeedsincreasedthefixeddelayneededtosendthettackttttnakttgrewinproportiontotimeneededtosendthepacketforinstanceatnbspbitsthepacketstookonlynbspsecondstosendsoifthettackttttnakttstilltooknbspsecondstomakeitbackthisislatencyinthenetworknotthroughputthethroughputhasfallentounderatnbspbitsitisundermoretimeisspentwaitingforthereplythanisneededtosendthepacketanumberofnewversionsofxmodemwereintroducedinordertoaddresstheseproblemslikeearlierextensionstheseversionstendedtobebackwardcompatiblewiththeoriginalxmodemandlikethoseextensionsthisledtoafurtherfracturingofthexmodemlandscapeintheusersterminalemulatorintheenddozensofversionsofxmodemwouldemergesealinkoneofthefirstthirdpartymailersforthefidonetsystemwasseadogwrittenbythesameauthorasthethenpopulararcdatacompressionformatseadogincludedawidevarietyofimprovementsincludingsealinkanimprovedtransferprotocolsealinkusedamethodknownasslidingwindowstoavoidtheinterpacketdelaytodothistheprotocoldidnotwaitforthettackttttnaktttoarriveandimmediatelymovedontothenextpacketitwasonlyafteradefinednumberofpacketshadbeensentthewindowthattheprotocolwouldstopandwaitifthettackttarrivedbeforethewindowendedtheprotocolwouldremovethatpacketfromthewindowandaddanotherinthisfashionthesystemunderidealconditionsneverreachedtheendofthewindowandcontinuedsendingpacketscontinuallyinorderforthistoworksealinkneededtoknowwhichpacketthereceiverwasttackttttnakttingwhichitdidbyappendingthepacketnumbertothettackttorttnakttcharactersealinklateraddedanumberofotherimprovementsandwasausefulgeneralpurposeprotocolhoweveritremainedrareoutsidethefidonetworldandwasrarelyseeninuserfacingsoftwarexmodemkanotherwaytosolvethethroughputproblemistoincreasethepacketsizealthoughthefundamentalproblemoflatencyremainsthespeedatwhichitbecomesaproblemishigherxmodemkwithbytepacketswasthemostpopularsuchsolutioninthiscasethethroughputatbitsisgiventhesameassumptionsasabovexmodemkwasanexpandedversionofxmodemcrcwhichindicatedthelongerblocksizeinthesenderbystartingapacketwiththettstxttcharacterinsteadofttsohttlikeotherbackwardcompatiblexmodemextensionsitwasintendedthataktransfercouldbestartedwithanyimplementationofxmodemontheotherendbackingofffeaturesasrequiredxmodemkwasoriginallyoneofthemanyimprovementstoxmodemintroducedbychuckforsberginhisymodemprotocolforsbergsuggestedthatthevariousimprovementswereoptionalexpectingsoftwareauthorstoimplementasmanyofthemaspossibleinsteadtheygenerallyimplementedthebareminimumleadingtoaprofusionofsemicompatibleimplementationsandeventuallythesplittingoutofthenameymodemintoxmodemkandavarietyofymodemsthusxmodemkactuallypostdatesymodembutremainedfairlycommonanywayabackwardscompatibleextensionsofxmodemwithkandkblocklengthswascreatedbyadontecforbetterperformanceonhighspeederrorfreeconnectionslikeisdnortcpipnetworkspreacknowledgeoverreliableerrorfreeconnectionsthereceivercouldeliminatethelatencyissuebypreacknowledgingthepacketsthereceiverwouldalreadysendttackttwhilethepacketwasstillbeingtransmittedthiseffectivelybreakserrorcorrectionsinceapacketisalwaysacknowledgedregardlessofitsintegritywhichcanonlybecheckedafterithasbeencompletelyreceivedsincethisfeatureisonlyanalterationofthereceiversidebehaviouritdoesnotrequireanychangesintheprotocoloronthesenderssidepreacknowledgewasalsopossibleforymodemitwasmadeobsoletebyvariantssuchasymodemgorzmodemwxmodemwxmodemshortforwindowedxmodemisavariantofthexmodemfiletransferprotocoldevelopedbypeterboswelloptimizedforhighlaglatencydatalinksitsupportsblocksizesofuptobytesxmodemusesastopandwaitarqprotocolwhereaswxmodemusesaslidingwindowprotocolseealsoblastprotocolkermitprotocolreferencesexternallinksvintagecomputernetfjkraancompmirrorzcpueuarchiverleelloosecpmmodemasmmodemasmoriginalsourcecodewardchristensenoctobertextfilescomprogrammingymodemtxtxmodemymodemprotocolreferencebychuckforsbergoctoberpauillacinriafrdoligezzmodemymodemtxtxmodemymodemprotocolreferencebychuckforsbergjunedocumentreformattedoctoberwebarchiveorgwebtechfestcomhardwaremodemxymodemhtmhtmlversionwithtextissueswikisynchronetrefxmodemxmodemxmodemcrcwxmodemfiletransferprotocolssynchronetadonteccomxmodemehtmadontecxmodemkandxmodemkextensionsadonteccomxmodemxpresstransportprotocolxtpisatransportlayerprotocolforhighspeednetworkspromotedbythextpforumdevelopedtoreplacetransmissioncontrolprotocoltcpxtpprovidesprotocoloptionsforerrorcontrolflowcontrolandratecontrolinsteadofseparateprotocolsforeachtypeofcommunicationxtpcontrolspacketexchangepatternstoproducedifferentmodelsegreliabledatagramstransactionsunreliablestreamsandreliablemulticastconnectionslonglatencyisoneofthemajorproblemsinsatellitecommunicationscouplethiswithpossibleenvironmentalvariablesandsometimesasymmetricalbandwidthconditionsthequalityofserviceinsatellitecommunicationsissometimeslackingxtpaddressestheseissuesinavarietyofwayssuchasaselectiveretransmissionalgorithmthatdealswithlossrecoverythisworksbythereceiverdetectingmissingdatapacketsandtransmittingalistofthosemissingpacketstothesenderwhothenisabletoquicklyresendmissingpacketsasneededasstatedxtpalsoprovidesratecontrolinwhichthemaximumbandwidthcanbespecifiedaswellaswhatsizeburstdatacanbeacceptedxtpalsooffersareliablemulticastprotocolandtheflexibilitytomatchanyspecificapplicationneedsxtpdoesnotemploycongestionavoidancealgorithmsxtpisarealtimeoptionatlayerfortheusnavysafenetlanprofileseealsottcpsctpnotescainicfirrincielirmarchesemdecolatlugliomroseticetaltransportlayerprotocolsandarchitecturesforsatellitenetworksinternationaljournalofsatellitecommunicationsandnetworkingretrievedmarchfromciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownloaddoirepreptypepdfwtimothystrayerbertjdempseyalfredcweaverxtpthexpresstransferprotocoladdisonwesleyreadingmasssourcesimagecramptoncamdenandamboyrrjpgthumbpxadrawingofacamdenandamboyrailroadcacircainthewhytenotationaisarailroadsteamlocomotivethathasanunpoweredthreeaxleleadingtruckfollowedbyasinglepowereddrivingaxlethiswheelarrangementisassociatedwiththecramptonlocomotivetypeandintheusathesingleclassweresometimesreferredtoascramptonsotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationaalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationhistorythewasamostunusualwheelarrangementwherethebulkofthelocomotivesweightwasontheunpoweredleadingwheelsratherthanthepowereddrivingwheelsthereforegivingpooradhesionthetypewasonlypracticableonthecramptonlocomotivewithalowboilerandlargedrivingwheelsplacedbehindthefireboxsteamenginefireboxunitedkingdomtheonlybritishwasthelocomotiveliverpoolcramptonlocomotiveliverpoolbuiltinbyburycurtisandkennedyforthelondonandnorthwesternrailwayitwasexhibitedatthegreatexhibitioninbutwasonlymoderatelysuccessfulandnomorewerebuiltusaonatriptoenglandrobertlstevenspresidentofthecamdenandamboycarailroadsawdemonstrationsofsontherailwaystherewhenhereturnedinstevensaskedhismastermechanicisaacdrippstobuildhimaforuseonthecathespecificationsforthefirstincludedadiameterboilerthatwouldburnanthracitecoalanddiameterdrivingwheelsdesigningthelocomotivetypetoburncoalwhichwasstillfairlyexpensiveanddifficulttocomebywasunusualforthetimethegreatmajorityoflocomotivesofthesandswerebuilttoburnwoodwhichwasveryplentifulcheapandexceptionallyeasytoobtainalongtherailroadrightsofwaybesidesbeingmoreexpensivecoalrequiredalargerfireboxsteamenginefireboxinwhichtoburndrippsrosetothechallengeandcreatedanoperabledesignthefirstofthreelocomotivesbasedonthesespecificationsnamedjohnstevenslocomotivejohnstevenswascompletedindrippswasnttoosurethatthelocomotivewouldproveeffectiveonamericanrailroadsandhisreservationsturnedouttobecorrectthelocomotivestractiveeffortwasnotsufficientforlongtermorheavyworkwithonlyonedrivingaxleandthreeunpoweredleadingaxlestoomuchofthelocomotivesweightwasdistributedovertheunpoweredleadthreeaxlesalmostacenturypassedbeforeasixwheelleadingtruckwasusedagainontheprrsandprrssthecasmanagementontheotherhandthoughtitperformedadmirablyenoughtoordertwomoreofthemandplacetheminpassengerserviceitwasclaimedthattheycouldreachmphatatimewhenfasttrainsreachedonlymphtheswerelaterrebuilttosandwereinuseaslateasreferencesrailroadtreasurescomprintshtmjohnstevenshistorybrinfoboxmusicalartistnamexpqimageimagesizelandscapeyesifwideimageotherwiseleaveblankaltcaptionbackgroundgrouporbandaliasorigingermanygenreelectronicmusicelectronicindustrialmusicindustrialalternativerockalternativedubstepdrumandbassbreakbeatbreaksyearsactivepresentlabelassociatedactswebsitecurrentmembersjeynnebrmoritzzielkepastmembersnicquebrcatrapesdoganneliebertilssonbrhitchbrsaschakepperbrkillerbrmartinhillebrandbralexgsellxpqareagermanelectronicbodymusicbandledbyjeynnetheyarebestknownfortheirsinglewhiteandaliveahitonthedeutschealternativechartsinrefnamedacrefandrockinsilvernightanddeadbodydachitsinrefnamedacrefhistoryjeynnestartedinthegermandancemusicsceneasahipho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onswithnormalsalivaryflowrateacidwillbeneutralizedinaboutminutespeoplewithdrymouthoftenwilltaketwiceaslongtoneutralizemouthacidleavingthemathigherriskoftoothdecayandaciderosiontruehyposalivationmaygivethefollowingsignsandsymptomsdentalcariesxerostomiarelatedcarieswithouttheanticariogenicactionsofsalivatoothdecayisacommonfeatureandmayprogressmuchmoreaggressivelythanitwouldotherwiserampantcariesitmayaffecttoothsurfacesthatarenormallysparedegcervicalcariesandrootsurfacecariesthisisoftenseeninpatientswhohavehadradiotherapyinvolvingthemajorsalivaryglandstermedradiationinducedcariesthereforeitsimportantthatanyproductsusedinmanagingdrymouthsymptomsaresugarfreeasthepresenceofsugarsinthemouthsupportthegrowthoforalbacteriaresultinginacidproductionanddevelopmentofdentalcariesaciderosionsalivaactsasabufferandhelpstopreventdemineralizationofteethoralcandidiasisalossoftheantimicrobialactionsofsalivamayalsoleadtoopportunisticinfectionwithcandidafunguscandidaspeciesascendingsuppurativesialadenitisaninfectionofthemajorsalivaryglandsusuallytheparotidglandthatmayberecurrentitisassociatedwithhyposalivationasbacteriaareabletoentertheductalsystemagainstthediminishedflowofsalivatheremaybeswollensalivaryglandsevenwithoutacuteinfectionpossiblycausedbyautoimmunityautoimmuneinvolvementdysgeusiaalteredtastesensationegametallictasteanddysosmiaalteredsenseofsmellintraoralhalitosispossiblyduetoincreasedactivityofhalitogenicbiofilmontheposteriordorsaltonguealthoughdysgeusiamaycauseacomplaintofnongenuinehalitosisintheabsenceofhyposalivationoraldysesthesiaaburningortinglingsensationinthemouthsalivathatappearsthickorropeymucosathatappearsdryalackofsalivapoolinginthefloorofthemouthduringexaminationdysphagiadifficultyswallowingandchewingespeciallywheneatingdryfoodsfoodmaysticktothetissuesduringeatingthetonguemaysticktothepalatecausingaclickingnoiseduringspeechorthelipsmaysticktogetherglovesoradentalmirrormaysticktothetissuesfissuredtonguewithatrophyofthefiliformpapillaeandalobulatederythematousappearanceofthetonguerefnameomfpathtextbookrefsalivacannotbemilkedexpressedfromtheparotidductdifficultywearingdenturesegwhenswallowingorspeakingtheremaybegeneralizedmucosalsorenessandulcerationoftheareascoveredbythedenturemouthsorenessandoralmucositislipstickorfoodmaysticktotheteethaneedtosipdrinksfrequentlywhiletalkingoreatingdrysoreandcrackedlipsandanglesofmouththirsthoweversometimestheclinicalfindingsdonotcorrelatewiththesymptomsexperiencedegapersonwithsignsofhyposalivationmaynotcomplainofxerostomiaconverselyapersonwhoreportsexperiencingxerostomiamaynotshowsignsofreducedsalivarysecretionssubjectivexerostomiainthelatterscenariothereareoftenotheroralsymptomssuggestiveoforaldysesthesiaburningmouthsyndromesomesymptomsoutsidethemouthmayoccurtogetherwithxerostomiatheseincludexerophthalmiadryeyesinabilitytocryblurredvisionphotophobialightintolerancedrynessofothermucosaeegnasallaryngealandorgenitalburningsensationitchingorgrittinessdysphoniavoicechangestheremayalsobeothersystemicsignsandsymptomsifthereisanunderlyingcausesuchassjgrenssyndromeforexamplejointpainduetoassociatedrheumatoidarthritisdifferentialdiagnosisthedifferentialofhyposalivationsignificantlyoverlapswiththatofxerostomiaareductioninsalivaproductiontoaboutofthenormalunstimulatedlevelwillusuallyresultinthesensationofdrymouthalteredsalivacompositionmayalsoberesponsibleforxerostomiaphysiologicsalivaryflowrateisdecreasedduringsleepwhichmayleadtoatransientsensationofdrymouthuponwakingthisdisappearswitheatingordrinkingorwithoralhygienewhenassociatedwithhalitosisthisissometimestermedmorningbreathdrymouthisalsoacommonsensationduringperiodsofanxietyprobablyowingtoenhancedsympatheticnervoussystemsympatheticdrivetheresultofthebodytryingtoconservefluidphysiologicagerelatedchangesinsalivaryglandtissuesmayleadtoamodestreductioninsalivaryoutputandpartiallyexplaintheincreasedprevalenceofxerostomiainolderpeoplehoweverpolypharmacyisthoughttobethemajorcauseinthisgroupwithnosignificantdecreasesinsalivaryflowratebeinglikelytooccurthroughagingalonerefnameturnerrefdruginducedstylefloatrightwidthpxborderpxsolidbbbfontsizemarginememtablemedicationsassociatedwithxerostomiaantidepressantantidepressantsantihypertensivedrugantihypertensivesopiatesbronchodilatorbronchodilatorsprotonpumpinhibitorprotonpumpinhibitorsantipsychoticantipsychoticsantihistamineantihistaminesdiureticdiureticsantineoplasticsasidefromphysiologiccausesofxerostomiaiatrogeniceffectsofmedicationsarethemostcommoncauseamedicationwhichisknowntocausexerostomiamaybetermedxerogenicovermedicationsareassociatedwithxerostomiasomeofthesearelistedintablealthoughdruginducedxerostomiaiscommonlyreversibletheconditionsforwhichthesemedicationsareprescribedarefrequentlychronicthelikelihoodofxerostomiaincreasesinrelationtothetotalnumberofmedicationstakenwhethertheindividualmedicationsarexerogenicornotthesensationofdrynessusuallystartsshortlyafterstartingtheoffendingmedicationorafterincreasingthedoseanticholinergicsympathomimeticordiureticdrugsareusuallyresponsiblesjgrenssyndromexerostomiamaybecausedbyautoimmuneconditionswhichdamagesalivaproducingcellssjgrenssyndromeisonesuchdiseaseanditsassociatedwithsymptomsincludingfatiguemyalgiaandarthralgiathediseaseischaracterisedbyinflammatorychangesinthemoistureproducingglandsthroughoutthebodyleadingtoreducedsecretionsfromglandsthatproducesalivatearsandothersecretionsthroughoutthebodyprimarysjgrenssyndromeisthecombinationofdryeyesandxerostomiasecondarysjgrenssyndromeisidenticaltoprimaryformbutwiththeadditionofacombinationofotherconnectivetissuedisorderssuchassystemiclupuserythematosusorrheumatoidarthritisbigradiationtherapybigradiationtherapyforcancersoftheheadandneckincludingbrachytherapyforthyroidcancerswherethesalivaryglandsareclosetoorwithinthefieldirradiatedisanothermajorcauseofxerostomiaaradiationdoseofgyissufficienttocauseseveresalivarydysfunctionradiotherapyfororalcancersusuallyinvolvesuptogyofradiationoftengivenalongsidewithchemotherapywhichmayalsohaveadamagingeffectonsalivaproductionsiccasyndromesiccasimplymeansdrynesssiccasyndromeisnotaspecificconditionandtherearevaryingdefinitionsbutthetermcandescribeoralandeyedrynessthatisnotcausedbyautoimmunediseasesegsjogrensyndromeothercausesoraldrynessmayalsobecausedbymouthbreathingusuallycausedbypartialobstructionoftheupperrespiratorytractexamplesincludehemorrhagevomitingdiarrheaandfeveralcoholmaybeinvolvedinthecauseofsalivaryglanddiseaseliverdiseaseordehydrationsmokingisanotherpossiblecauseotherrecreationaldrugssuchasmethamphetaminerefnamesainirefcannabisdrugcannabisrefnameversteegrefhallucinogensrefnamefazzireforheroinmaybeimplicatedhormonaldisorderssuchaspoorlycontrolleddiabeteschronicgraftversushostdiseaseorlowfluidintakeinpeopleundergoinghemodialysishaemodialysisforrenalimpairmentmayalsoresultinxerostomiaduetodehydrationxerostomiamaybeaconsequenceofinfectionwithhepatitiscvirushcvandararecauseofsalivaryglanddysfunctionmaybesarcoidosisinfectionwithhumanimmunodeficiencyvirusacquiredimmunodeficiencysyndromeaidscancausearelatedsalivaryglanddiseaseknownasdiffuseinfiltrativelymphocytosissyndromedilsdiagnosticapproachadiagnosisofhyposalivationisbasedpredominantlyontheclinicalsignsandsymptomsthereislittlecorrelationbetweensymptomsandobjectivetestsofsalivaryflowsialographyinvolvesintroductionofradioopaquedyesuchasiodineintotheductofasalivaryglanditmayshowblockageofaductduetoacalculussalivaryscintiscanningusingtechnetiumisrarelyusedothermedicalimagingthatmaybeinvolvedintheinvestigationincludechestxraytoexcludesarcoidosisultrasonographyandmagneticresonanceimagingtoexcludesjgrenssyndromeorneoplasiaaminorsalivaryglandbiopsyusuallytakenfromthelipbloodtestsandurinalysismaybeinvolvedtoexcludeanumberofpossiblecausestoinvestigatexerophthalmiatheschirmertestoflacrimalflowmaybeindicatedslitlampexaminationmayalsobecarriedouttreatmentonlyreliablesecondarysourcestobeincludedasperwpmedrsprimarysourceswillberemovedthesuccessfultreatmentofxerostomiaisdifficulttoachieveandoftenunsatisfactorythisinvolvesfindinganycorrectablecauseandremovingitifpossiblebutinmanycasesitisnotpossibletocorrectthexerostomiaitselfandtreatmentissymptomatictreatmentsymptomaticandalsofocusesonpreventingtoothdecaythroughimprovingoralhygienewherethesymptomiscausedbyhyposalivationsecondarytounderlyingchronicdiseasexerostomiacanbeconsideredpermanentorevenprogressivethemanagementofsalivaryglanddysfunctionmayinvolvetheuseofsalivasubstitutesandorsalivastimulantssalivasubstitutestheseareviscousproductswhichareappliedtotheoralmucosawhichcanbefoundintheformofspraysgelsoilsmouthwashesmouthrinsespastillesorviscousliquidsthisincludesforwardsciencecomsalivamaxsalivamaxwaterartificialsalivasmucinbasedcarboxymethylcellulosebasedandothersubstancesmilkvegetableoilmucinspraytrialshavebeencompletedontheeffectsofmucinsprayonxerostomiaoverallthereisnostrongevidenceshowingthatmucinsprayismoreeffectivethanaplaceboinreducingthesymptomsofdrymouthmucinlozengeonlytrialgravenmadehasbeencompletedregardingtheeffectivenessofmucinlozengeswhilstitwasassessedasbeingathighriskofbiasitshowedthatmucinlozengeswereineffectivewhencomparedtoaplacebomucoadhesivediskthesedisksarestucktothepalateandtheycontainlubricatingagentsflavouringagentsandsomeantimicrobialagentsonetrialkerrassessedtheireffectivenessagainstaplacebodiskstrangelypatientsfrombothgroupsplaceboandtherealdiskreportedanincreaseinsubjectiveoralmoistnessnoadverseeffectswerereportedmoreresearchisneededinthisareabeforeconclusionsaredrawnbioteneoralbalancegeltoothpasteonetrialhasbeencompletedepsteinregardingtheeffectivenessofbioteneoralbalancegeltoothpastetheresultsshowedthatbioteneproductsweremoreeffectivethancontrolandreduceddrymouthonwakingsalivastimulantsorganicacidsascorbicacidmalicacidchewinggumparasympathomimeticdrugscholineestersegpilocarpinehydrochloridecholinesteraseinhibitorsandothersubstancessugarfreemintsnicotinamidemedicationswhichstimulatesalivaproductiontraditionallyhavebeenadministeredthroughoraltabletswhichthepatientgoesontoswallowalthoughsomesalivastimulantscanalsobefoundintheformoftoothpasteslozengeswhichareretainedinthemouthandthenswallowedarebecomingmoreandmorepopularlozengesaresoftandgentleonthemouthandthereisabeliefthatprolongedcontactwiththeoralmucosamechanicallystimulatessalivaproductionpilocarpineastudybytaweechaisupaponginshowednostatisticalsignificantimprovementinoraldrynessandsalivaproductioncomparedtoplacebowhenadministeringpilocarpinelozengesphysostigminegelastudybyknosraviniinshowedareductionintheoraldrynessandatimesincreaseinsalivafollowingphysostigminetreatmentchewinggumincreasessalivaproductionbutthereisnostrongevidencethatitimprovesdrymouthsymptomsthecochraneoralhealthgroupconcludedthereisinsufficientevidencetodeterminewhetherpilocarpineorphysostigmineareeffectivetreatmentsforxerostomiamoreresearchisneededdentirolchewinggumxylitolastudybyrisheiminshowedthatwhensubjectshadsticksofgumuptoxdailythegumgavesubjectivedrymouthsymptomreliefinapproximatelyofparticipantsbutnochangeinswsstimulatedwholesalivaprofylinlozengexylitolsorbitolastudybyrisheiminshowedthatwhensubjectshadlozengetoxdailyprofylinlozengesgavesubjectivedrymouthsymptomreliefinapproximatelyofparticipantsbutnochangeinswsstimulatedwholesalivasalivasubstitutescanimprovexerostomiabuttendnottoimprovetheotherproblemsassociatedwithsalivaryglanddysfunctionparasympathomimiticdrugssalivastimulantssuchaspilocarpinemayimprovexerostomiasymptomsandotherproblemsassociatedwithsalivaryglanddysfunctionbuttheevidencefortreatmentofradiationinducedxerostomiaislimitedbothstimulantsandsubstitutesrelievesymptomstosomeextentsalivarystimulantsareprobablyonlyusefulinpeoplewithsomeremainingdetectablesalivaryfunctionasystematicreviewcompromisingofrandomizedcontrolledtrialrandomisedcontrolledtrialsforthetreatmentofdrymouthfoundthattherewasnostrongevidencetosuggestthataspecifictopicalmedicationtopicaltherapyiseffectivethisreviewalsostatesthattopicaltherapiescanbeexpectedtoprovideonlyshorttermeffectswhicharereversiblethereviewreportedlimitedevidencethatoxygenatedglyceroltriesterspraywasmoreeffectivethanelectrolytesprayssugarfreechewinggumincreasessalivaproductionbutthereisnostrongevidencethatitimprovessymptomsplusthereisnoclearevidencetosuggestwhetherchewinggumismoreorlesseffectiveasatreatmentthereisasuggestionthatintraoraldevicesandintegratedmouthcaresystemsmaybeeffectiveinreducingsymptomsbuttherewasalackofstrongevidenceasystematicreviewofthemanagementofradiotherapyinducedxerostomiawithparasympathomimeticdrugsfoundthattherewaslimitedevidencetosupporttheuseofpilocarpineinthetreatmentofradiationinducedsalivaryglanddysfunctionitwassuggestedthatbarringanycontraindicationsatrialofthedrugbeofferedintheabovegroupatadoseoffivemgthreetimesperdaytominimizesideeffectsimprovementscantakeuptotwelveweekshoweverpilocarpineisnotalwayssuccessfulinimprovingxerostomiasymptomsthereviewalsoconcludedthattherewaslittleevidencetosupporttheuseofotherparasympathomimeticsinthisgroupanothersystematicreviewshowedthatthereissomelowqualityevidencetosuggestthatamifostinepreventsthefeelingofdrymouthorreducetheriskofmoderatetoseverexerostomiainpeoplereceivingradiotherapytotheheadandneckwithorwithoutchemotherapyintheshortendofradiotherapytomediumtermthreemonthspostradiotherapybutitislessclearwhetherornotthiseffectissustainedtomonthspostradiotherapyareviewlookingatnonpharmacologicalinterventionsreportedalackofevidencetosupporttheeffectsofelectrostimulationdevicesoracupunctureonsymptomsofdrymouthonlyreliablesecondarysourcestobeincludedasperwpmedrsprimarysourceswillberemovedepidemiologyxerostomiaisaverycommonsymptomaconservativeestimateofprevalenceisaboutinthegeneralpopulationwithincreasedprevalencesinfemalesuptoandtheelderlyuptonoteupdateofcochranervtobepublishedonsummariescochraneorgcdinterventionsforthemanagementofdrymouthnonpharmacologicalinterventionsyayhistoryxerostomiahasbeenusedasatesttodetectlieswhichreliedonemotionalinhibitionofsalivarysecretionstoindicatepossibleincriminationrefnameiorgulescurefseealsoxerosisdryskinreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebuiceduclassesperiperixerostxerosthtmuniversityofillinoisatchicagonidcrnihgovoralhealthtopicsdrymouthdrymouthhtmnihnlmnihgovmedlineplusencypatientinstructionshtmmedlineplusencyclopediawebarchiveorgwebdrymouthinfodrymouthdrymouthdrugdatabasexmaschristianityredirectcategoryshellchristinaaguilerapentiumpropmicroarchitecturexxchronologyiaredirectcategoryshellredirectintelredirectintelredirectbitxmotorolaseriesmayrefertomotorolabrgeographicaltelephonecallingprefixesgreateraccraareacodeghanautrechtnetherlandsberlingermanybarmunicipalityandulcinjmunicipalityofmontenegroprovinceofbresciaitalymagazinefromberlinmotorolamayrefertomotorolamicroprocessorwheelarrangementforrailwaylocomotivesemergencytelephonenumberinmexicobermudacountrycodeisonumerictheareacodeforchimayinthebelgiantelephonenumberingplanredirectmotorolaredirectfreescalexxmpegmetroidfusionplottaxoboxnamexanthocyparisvietnamensisstatusenstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefimagexanthocyparisvietnamensisjpgregnumplantaedivisiopinophytaclassispinophytapinopsidaordopinalesfamiliacupress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hoolsearchschooldetailaspsearchidschooldataforxavierhighschoolnationalcenterforeducationstatisticsaccessedoctoberrefxavierisjoinedbyregishighschoolnewyorkcityregishighschoolfordhampreparatoryschoolloyolaschoolnewyorkcityloyolaschoolandstpeterspreparatoryschoolasthefivejesuithighschoolsinthenewyorkcitymetropolitanareaasixthbrooklynpreparatoryschoolclosedinrefnamehistoryofbrooklynpreprefxavierhasmaintaineditsjesuitandacademictraditionsdespitesignificantchangesduringitshistoryxavierchallengesstudentstothinkcriticallyandtobecomemenforothersthoughtuitionhasriseninrecentyearsasubstantialpercentageofthecostforeachstudentseducationiscoveredbydonationsfromalumnihistorytheschoolwasfoundedinbyfatherjohnlarkinsjaprofessoratstjohnscollegeinrosehillmanortheninwestchestercountynowapartoftheboroughofthebronxandwhichlaterbecamefordhamuniversityittaughtboysfromtheageofeighttotwentyonetheregentsoftheuniversityofthestateofnewyorkcharteredxavierinrefnamexhsrefamilitarytrainingunitbeganattheschoolinunderthedirectionofthenationalguardoftheunitedstatesnationalguardandmembershipbecamemandatoryinfiveyearslatercollegiateandsecondarystudieswereseparatedintodifferentdepartmentsandthecollegeleveldepartmentwasclosedintheregimentbecameajuniorrotcunitinandtheschoolwasdeclaredamilitaryjuniorcollegemilitaryinstituteinofferingfouryearsofmilitaryscienceandtrainingwhichwouldberecognizeduponenrollmentinanybranchesoftheunitedstatesmilitaryparticipationinmilitarystudieswasdeclaredoptionalintheschoolhasbeenaccreditedbythemiddlestatesassociationofcollegesandschoolssinceinxavierannouncedtheappointmentofdrjosephgericsasthefirstlayheadmasterintheschoolshistoryfollowingformerheadmasterfrdavidscianciminosappointmentassociuscouncilortotheprovincialsuperiorforthejesuitecclesiasticalprovinceprovinceofnewyorkinmichaellivignireplacedgericsastheschoolssecondlayheadmastertheignatianspiritualityignatianidentityoftheschoolhasbeenaffectedbythedecliningnumberofjesuitsattheschoolxavierslayfacultyhaveconsistentlyrenewedthemselvestothemissionofignatianspiritualitycontributingtoanincreaseinthenumberofstudentsabletointelligentlyarticulatetheschoolsmissiononjunefatherdanieljgattisjannouncedtheendofhisunprecedentedyeartermasxaviersndpresidentonfridayjanuarytheboardoftrusteesannouncedthatfrancisjmorisonwaselectedasinterimpresidenthewastoassumeofficeonaugustbutduetohealthconcernswasunabletoassumethepresidencymorisondiedinfebruarywiththepermissionofhissuperiorsgattiwasallowedtoremainintheofficeofpresidentonjunetheboardoftrusteesannouncedthatjohnrraslowskyiiwouldsucceedgattiraslowskyassumedofficeonjulyofthatyearacademicstheschoolhasreinforceditscommitmenttosocialjusticebyrefocusingitsfourthyearreligioncurriculumtoincludeahalfyearrequiredcourseonsocialjusticeandbyinstitutingafreshmanserviceprogramtofirstfruitsfarmfirstfruitsfarmorgxavieroffersnumeroushonorsclassesandthirteenadvancedplacementprogramadvancedplacementclassessomeofwhichareavailableasearlyassophomoreyearincludingapbiologybiologyapcalculuscalculusabapenglishlanguageandcompositionenglishlanguageandcompositionapenglishliteratureandcompositionenglishliteratureapeuropeanhistoryeuropeanhistoryapitalianlanguageandcultureitalianapspanishlanguagespanishapfrenchlanguagefrencharabiclanguagearabiclatinlanguagelatinapphysicsbphysicsadvancedplacementcomparativegovernmentandpoliticscomparativegovernmentandpoliticsapunitedstateshistoryushistoryandapworldhistoryworldhistoryinsenioryeartheschoolalsooffersacoursedevotedtothestudyoffilmhistorycalledelementsofcinemaadmissionsadmissiontoxavierisbasedontheadmissionexamresultstachschseecoopexamcoopiseethexavierapplicationateacherrecommendationandtheacademicrecordsofthestudentfromgradesandxavieroffersaspendadayprogramforprospectiveeighthgraderscalledknightforadayadmissionfortransferstudentsishandledonacasetocasebasisfinancialaidovermilliondollarsinfinancialaidisadministeredtoapproximatelyofthestudentbodyatxavierhighschoolinadditionxavieroffersmeritscholarshipstostudentswhodemonstrateastrongacademicbackgroundcampusministryxavieranactivecampusministrydepartmentwhichorganizesliturgiesretreatsandcommunityserviceprogramscampusministryhasrecentlyreviseditsretreatprogramrenewingthefreshmanretreatinstitutingasophomoreovernightretreatandmovingthekairosretreattothejunioryearthemagisretreatavailabletoseniorsoffersseniorstheopportunitytoexperienceanadultretreatintheignatiantraditionthecompanionsofstfrancisxavierorcfxanothercampusministryprogramorganizesservicetripsthatsendgroupsofstudentvolunteersforafewweeksduringthesummertohelpbuildhomesforpeopleinneedinmarylandtennesseealabamaandmexicotheprogramalsoraisesmoneyeachyeartoassistthesponsororganizationsattheplacesofservicethegroupinmarylandworkswithfirstfruitsfarmfirstfruitsfarmorgtennesseeworkswithhabitatforhumanitywhilethegroupintijuanamexicoworkswithesperanzainternationaltherearealsocommunityserviceopportunitiesforallsophomoresjuniorsandseniorsathleticsxavieracatholichighschoolathleticassociationchsaamemberprovidesitsstudentstheopportunitytopursueawidevarietyofsportsbaseballbasketballbowlingcrosscountryrunningcrosscountryamericanfootballfootballgolfhockeyindooroutdoortrackandfieldrugbyunionrugbyfootballsoccersoccerlacrosseswimmingsportswimmingtennisandscholasticwrestlingwrestlingotherextracurricularactivitiesincludeboxingclubchoirspeechanddebatechessteamanimefilmsciencefictionandskiingsnowboardingsnowboardclubsschoolnewspaperthereviewdramaproductionsandthebluenightjazzbandthebluenightbandwonbesttrombonesectionatthevillanovauniversitybigbandfestivalxavierscurrentmascotisaknightandallofitsathleticteamsarereferredtoastheknightshoweverformanyyearstheteamswerecalledthecadetsareflectionofxaviersmilitaryprogramwhileaterrierwasusedasamascotafteravarietyofreplacementsincludingthesbruinsthenicknameoftheknightswasdecideduponintheearlysandhasbeenofficialsincefootballthexavierfootballprogrambeganinthelatethcenturyithasacontinuedrivalrywiththebronxsfordhampreparatoryschoolthetwoschoolscompeteinanannualturkeybowltheoldesthighschoolfootballrivalryinnewyorkcitytheirveryfirstgameagainstoneanothertookplaceinthelatethcenturywhenthegamewascalledduetodarknessendinginatiemanyofthesefootballmatcheswereplayedatmanhattansfamedpologroundsuntilitsdemolitionrugbyrugbyisapopularsportatxavierrugbyhasvarsitystatusandfieldsfourteamswithoverplayersxavierhasfieldedoneofthetoprugbyteamsintheunitedstatessincetheclubsfoundingintheteamachievedanundefeatedseasoninwinningthetierbnationalchampionshiptournamentthexavierrugbyteamalsowonnationalchampionshiptournamentsinandandhaswontheeastcoastnortheastuschampionshiptournamenteveryyearfromtotheteamwontheirthnationalchampionshiponmaytheydefeatedgonzagatowintheboysnationalhighschoolchampionshiptrackthefreshmantrackandfieldteamwontheindoorandoutdoorchsaaintersectionalchampionshipsthefirsttimeinteamhistoryintheteamdefendedtheiroutdoorvictoryassophomoresthetrackandfieldteamcompetedinthenationalstrackmeetingreensboronorthcarolinaandfinishedfifthinboththebyandbymeterrelayearningemergingelitemetalsinjuneedwardwagneraxaviertrackandfieldathletebecametheschoolsfirsttoearnallamericahonorsduringtheoutdoorseasonwithathplaceoverallfinishinthemeterhurdlesatthenationalchampionshiptheteamhashadlotsofrecentsuccessinbothcrosscountryandonthetrackthecrosscountryteamhasfinishedthatchsaaintersectionalchampionshipsinthinrdinndinndinandstintheteamsfirstcrosscountrytitleinalmostacenturytheteamalsofinishedndatthenewyorkfederationcrosscountrymeetbypointsintheteamhascarriedthesuccesswithachsaaintersectionalchampionshipvictoryinandmostrecentlyinthexmeterrelayplacedrdatthenationaltrackmeetcapturingallamericanwithaswimmingtheswimteamfirstmoveduptothechsaaaadivisionintheearlysitwontheschoolsfirstcitychampionshipinandfollowedthatupbywinningtheadivisiontitleinalsoinxavierwonthefirstallcityswimmingchampionshipbybeatingnewyorkcitydepartmentofeducationnewyorkcitypublicschoolswimmingchampionstuyvesanthighschoollikemanyschoolsinmanhattanxavierdoesnothavemanyathleticresourcesonsiteasaresultthexavierswimteamhasusedvariouspoolsaroundthecitysuchasstfranciscollegeinbrooklynthelowereastsideboysgirlsclubsofamericaboysandgirlsclubandhumanitiespreparatoryacademyhumanitieshighschoolformanyyearsxavierhadresidenceatboroughofmanhattancommunitycollegeusingtheirfacilitiesforbothpracticesanddualmeetsothersportsinthecollegeofstfrancisxavierandstjohnscollegenowfordhamuniversityplayedthefirstcollegiatelevelbaseballgamefeaturingthenewninemanteamstyleofplayfordhamwonthegamexavierhighschoolsjvsoccerteamwonthechsaaintersectionalchampionshipinbothandbuildingsmultipleimagealignrightdirectionhorizontalheaderbuildingsofxavierhighschoolheaderaligncenterimagexavierhighschoolwestthstreetjpgwidthimagexavierhighschooleastthstreetjpgwidthintheschoolacquiredspaceinsideastorybuildingwestthstreettohousefernandezduminucohalloccupyingofspaceinthebasementandsixfloorstheotherfloorshousecondominiumsandboththeschoolcampusandthecondominiumshaveseparateentrancesjrotcxavierhighschooloffersanjuniorreserveofficertrainingcorpsarmyjuniorreserveofficertrainingcorpsunitknownastheregimentwhichisavailabletostudentsinallgradelevelsbeforetheregimentwasamandatorypieceofxaviereducationandthushelpedtolabelxavierasmanhattansunofficialmilitaryschoolmanynotablealumnihavebeenformercadetsintheregimentincludingussupremecourtantoninscaliajusticeantoninscaliawhospoketotheregimentatarecentawardceremonyrecountingtheimportantrolethattheregimentplayedinkindlinghisgrowthasastudentandcementingtheidealsthatxavierinstilledinhimrefnamexavierjulyalumnewsmagazinerefcolonelandersonoftheeasternregioncommandcalledthexavierregimentoneofthetopfiveinthenortheastundertheleadershipofltcroyecampbellusarmyretuntilitachievedaschoolrecordoverallscoreofintheinspectionduringitsarmyformalinspectiononaprilxavierachievedascoreofrefnamexavieralumnnewsreftheregimentmarchesannuallyinthestpatricksandcolumbusdayparadesxaviersregimenthasfiveextracurricularteamstherifleteamtheraiderunitthecolorguardthedrillteamwhichconsistsofthexsquadandthesaberguardthexsquadandsaberguardareapartofxavie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kdoorsandgrapnelstoclimbonwallsthroughthesixthsensexiiicanhearenemiesbehindwallswiththeaidoftaptaptapsignalsstealthoperationsincludestranglingenemiesorhidingdeadbodiescaptionspopupatthetopwhenaheadshotisperformedorserveascluesortipsfortheplayerrefnameinterviewrefmultiplayerthemultiplayerhostsamaximumofplayersthegamefeaturesthreestandardgamemodesalongwithmodesexclusivetoeachsystemteamdeathmatchdeathmatchcapturetheflagsabotageexclusivetoxboxandpcthehuntexclusivetopcpsandgamecubeandpowerupexclusivetopcandpsdependingontheplatformplayersinonlineandofflinemodesagainstcomputergamebotbotsrangefromtothegamecubeversiondoesnothaveanyonlinemodeswhilethepcversionexcludesthemultiscreenmodesbutincludesamapeditortherearemapsondeathmatchplusoneadditionalonteamdeathmatchwhileoncapturetheflagandonsabotagetheplayercanchoosefromamongdifferentcharacterappearancesbutmoreareavailableinunofficialavatarcomputingskinpacksforpcplayersthemostrecentbeingfouradditionalanimalskinssharkduckbatdogseagullmaybedownloadedastheirbodiesarenotrealisticallyproportionedneworinexperiencedplayersmayfacedifficultyindistinguishingtheskinsexactbodycheatinginbothmultiplayerandsingleplayerispossibleasthesoftwaredoesnotincludeanyanticheatprotectionrefnamecomputerandvideogamesrefrefnameautogeneratedrefrefnameteamxboxrefindeathmatchallplayerscompeteagainsteachotherandthestrongestplayerwinsteamdeathmatchissimilarbutplayersformtwoteamsincapturetheflagaplayermustretrievetheflagfromhisenemysbaseandbringittohisownteamsbaseinsabotageoneteammustplaceabombinthreedifferentlocationswhiletheoppositeteammustprotecttheseareastheprotectorswinifthetimelimitisexceededexceptifthetimeissettoinfinitethebombisalwaysfoundatthebeginningoftheteambaseandtheplayerwhoholdsthebombmustwaitsecondsuntilhemaydropitandtakeshelterfromtheensuingdetonationinthehuntplayersmustshootghostswhichbecomegraduallysmallerafterreceivinghitstheplayeronlyhasoneweaponthehuntinggunwithwhichhecanalsoshoothumanopponentspowerupisadeathmatchgameinwhichboxescontainingspecialtemporaryabilitiessuchasinvisibilityandhigherspeedarefoundthroughoutthemapplotthestorybeginswithanintroductorysequencedepictingtheassassinationofthepresidentoftheunitedstateswilliamsheridantheprotagonistjasonflyvoicedbydavidduchovnyawakesonbrightonbeachinbrooklynnewyorkcitybadlywoundedheisrescuedbyalifeguardandisbroughtintoabeachhousehehaslostallhismemoriesandallthathepossessesisalockerboxkeyhealsohasatattoowiththeromannumeralxiiionhisrightshoulderheisthenattackedbyunknownassailantsledbyahitmanknownasthemongoosewithwhomflydoesbattleseveraltimesthroughoutthegamehoweverheislaterinsteadarrestedbythefederalbureauofinvestigationfbiasachiefsuspectinthemurderaphotoprovesthatheresemblesthemurdererxiiisucceedsinescapingtheheadquarterswiththeaidofafemalesoldierjonesoneofflysfewotheralliesisbencarringtonanoldwarveteranandsuperiortojonescarringtonknowsvaluableinformationaboutthepresidentsdeathandiswillingtohelpxiiihoweverheisarrestedandbroughttoamilitarystationintheappalachianmountainstobesilencedbytheconspiracyxiiimustinfiltratethebaseandfreecarringtonifheistolearnabouthispastinthefollowingstorytheplayerlearnsthattheprotagonistadoptedtheidentityofthemurdererthemurderispartofaconspiracythataimstooverthrowtheamericangovernmentthetwentyconspiratorshavenumberstomasktheiridentitiesandcollectivelynamethemselvesthexxxiiiwasoneofthembutwaslaterbetrayedandmurderedbythexxwiththeobjectiveofpreventingacouponeofthememberstookontheappearanceofxiiitoconfusetheoppositesideandforceittomakeerrorstheprotagonistintheguiseoftheearlyxiiiissuccessfulinuncoveringmostoftheconspiratorskillingthemandhinderingtheconspiracythegameendswithacliffhangerwhenflyconfrontswaltersheridanbrotheroftheassassinatedpresidentandapparentthoughunconfirmedinthegameleaderoftheconspiracyonashipfollowedbyapromiseofasequeldevelopmentandpromotionvoicedtheprotagonistubisoftannouncedonmarchthatitwouldbeworkingonagamecalledxiiibasedonthecomicbookxiiicomicsofthesamenamebybelgiumbelgianjeanvanhammeitwouldcreateaworldsouniqueandenthrallingthatgamerswillbecomeinstantlyengagedaccordingtopresidentofubisoftentertainmentlaurentdetocthegamedebutedataneventinmontrealrefnamedevelopmentrefandwaslatersubmittedatthehistoryofeelectronicentertainmentexpoinmaywithsuchgamesasdoomiiimaxpayneandwarcraftiiireignofchaosrefnameerefonnovemberubisoftannouncedadelayofthegamealthoughthecompanydidnotstateareasonjustincalvertofgamespotguessedthatthetimewouldbeusedtothoroughlycheckthegameandimplementadditionalfeaturesonotherplatformsrefnamedelayrefonmayubisoftannouncedthatsingeractressandmodeleverapperevewouldbethevoiceformajorcharacterjonesubisoftsvicepresidentofmarketingtonykeestatedthatshewastheperfectchoicefortheroleadmittingthatshehasacombinationofstylesexinessandattitudeperfectattributesthatdescribethejonescharacterrefnameevereftwomonthslatertwoothermajorvoiceactsweredeclareddavidduchovnywouldplayjasonflyxiiiwhileadamwestgeneralcarringtonrefnameduchovnywestreftheofficialsitewaslaunchedonaugustfeaturingmoviesandinformationaboutthegameplayrefnamesiterefubisoftimplementedapreorderinseptemberpromisingafreedemonstrationversionwithmultiplayerandsoundtrackkeepromiseditwillgivegamersjustenoughxiiitowhettheirappetiteuntilthegamelaunchesinoctoberandwillbearecordbreakingpreordercampaignforubisoftrefnamepreorderrefthegamewaspromotedatthefallcollegetourfromseptembertooctoberbeginningatcornelluniversityandfinishingattheuniversityofsoutherncaliforniathetourfeatureddemonstrationsofgamesplayableviathescreengameportsystemrefnamecollegerefanotherdemonowmultiplayeronlywasissuedonoctoberbutthediscoveryofasoftwarebugbugleadtoitsremovaladifferentfixeddemowasreleasedadaylaterrefnamedemorefxboxconsolexboxplayershadtheopportunityfromdecemberontowinoneofcopiesofthegamethecampaignwasdubbeddaystoxmasthosewhospentnotlessthanhoursplayinguntilchristmaswerequalifiedforthecontestthewinnerwasrandomlyselectedonjanuaryrefnamechristmasrefsoundtrackinfoboxalbumnamethethirteensoundtracktypesoundtrackartistnumerousartistsreleasedlabelfutureprimitivesoundgenrevideogamemusicvideogamesoundtracklengththethirteensoundtrackwascomposedbyseveralartistsfromthesanfranciscobasedmusiclabelfutureprimitivesoundtrackswereproducedallofwhichwereinitiallyunnamedaccordingtothebookletthediscjockeydjsareconnectedwiththecharacterssuchasdjfaustandshorteewithxiiidjzephwithcarringtonorjboogiesdubtronicsciencewithmongoosethealbumopenswithanintroductionandthenincludessongsinthelikesoftypicalsinmusicseramusicsuchassoulmusicsoulfunkmusicfunkjazzmusicjazzbutalsohiphopaccordingtofounderandcreativedirectorofthecollectivemarkherlihythesoundtrackprojectbeganwithherlihysfriendpetejacobswhomhemetatagigfiveorsixyearspreviouslyafterstudyingthecharactersandthestorythegroupdecidedonafilmnoirnoirandfuturisticstylethatwouldreflecttheespionagethemeitsrhythmrangesfromtotempobpmrefnamesoundtrackrefherlihylaterstatedthattheywantedtocapturetheessenceofxiiiinthissoundtrackbyshowcasingitsnostalgicstylewhilegivingthebeatsamoderntwistandtheirintentionwastotellitsstorythroughthemusicandcreateaseamlessheadnoddingmixthatwouldcomplementtheenergyofxiiiandgetgamershypedrefnamesoundtrackrefonereviewerofigngavethealbumoutofstarsstatingitsanalbumthatworksexpertlyasachilloutsliceofbackgroundgrooveyetitalsodoublesasadancefloorjoltofexuberanceperfectforspinningatasmallpartybutalsostatedthattheplayerunderstandablyquicklyforgetsthemusicwhileplayingheconcludedthatthealbumisjazzaphonicelectronictrippedoutfunkuphoriarefnamesoundtrackreftracklistingcollapsedyesheadlinethethirteensoundtracktracklistingextracolumnfeaturingtitleintrolengthtitlejboogiesdubtronicscienceextrajboogielengthtitlecrusadeextradjzephlengthtitleneedledropextradjzephlengthtitlethemissionextrafaustshorteelengthtitlethirteenthievesextraromanowskilengthtitleslingshotextraromanowskilengthtitletheblackholeremixextradjztriplengthtitlethedrumbattleextrafaustshorteelengthtitlecovertopsswatvsmeatbeatmanifestoextrameatbeatmanifestolengthtitletinosbeatfaustshorteeremixextratinolengthtitleuntitledextrabingjilinglengthtitlelordofthepantsextraromanowskilengthreceptionvideogamereviewsmcxboxrefnamemcxboxrefbrpsrefnamemcpsrefbrgcrefnamemcgcrefbrpcrefnamemcpcrefegmrefnameegmrefeurogrefnameeurogrefgspyrefnamegspyrefgamezonerefnamegamezonerefgamerevcrefnamegamerevrefignrefnameignrefxiiireceivedmixedtoaveragereviewsaccordingtovideogamereviewaggregatormetacriticreviewersoftenpraisedthegamesgraphicalstyleandpresentationwhilecriticisingthegameplaygameprocalleditarejuvenatingjawdroppingexperienceignsaidxiiihasagreatstorydrivensheenbutatitscoreitsweigheddownbysomeoccasionalbewilderingflawsinadditiontothelacklusterweaponsandsimplecombatgamezonealsocriticisedthecombatstatingifnotforthegraphicstocarrythegamethroughxiiiwouldhavebeenaboringgamegunfightsarethebestpartofthegameplayitalsohappenstobethemostunbalancedpartedgemagazineedgesaidxiiihadtrueartisticmerititnevergetsstaleeveryepisodehasbeendrawnwithminutecareandattentionitwouldhavebeenanincredibleachievementifthegameplayhadmatchedtheoutstandingartdirectiongamespycriticisedthegraphicsandthemultiplayermodeandconcludedwhenitcomesrightdowntoitxiiiisafinegamejustdontexpectthefpsoftheyearbecausesadlythisisntitgamestmsaiditsoneofthosemixedbagsituationsflashesofgeniusandgenuinelyenjoyablemomentsofsuccessoccasionallymiredbyunbalancedweapondamageclumsyaiandtheoddbitofunfairleveldesignthatrequiresastoundingfeatsofmemoryeurogamercalledxiiiaflawedmasterpieceagamebrimmingwithvarietyandafreshnesslackingfrommostofthefactoryfarmedfranchiseexercisesthatpassthroughourofficeswithcrushingregularitygamerevolutioncomplimentedthegamesstorygraphicalstylevoiceactingandsoundtrackwhilecriticisingthegameplayasaboutasstraightforwardandinsomecasesboringasitgetsforanfpselectronicgamingmonthlyscoredthegamejoefielderthefirstreviewersaidyoudbehardpressedtofindamorevisuallystunninggamethanxiiibutcomplainedthatnumerousfrustrationspileuptomakexiiimorechorethanthrillthemagazinesgregfordwhoprovidedthethirdreviewsaidthatitsstylecutscenesandstoryareallgreatbuttheactualgameplayisprettymu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belsfordifferentlanguagestheremayalsobedifferentlabelsfordifferentpurposesalllabelsarestoredandlinkedtotheelementsinalabellinkbaseelementsdefinedinaschemaarebuilttoconveyaccountingmeaningtocomputersinordertomakeiteasierforcomputerstoprocesstheirnamestheyhavetoobeysomerulesforexampletheuseofspacesisnotallowedsocashandcashequivalentswouldbenamedcashandcashequivalentsadditionallybigtaxonomiessuchasifrsobeyspecificrulesofnamingandlabellingtoensureconsistencywithintheschemaforexampletherecouldbealistofwordsthatareexcludedfromthenamesegandofnbsporwordsthatappearonlyinaparticularorderienetortotalattheendofthelabelafteracommainthelabellinkbaseelementsareconnectedtohumanreadablelabelsusingconceptlabelarcroleasmentionedaboveelementscanbeassignedtolabelsindifferentlanguagesanexamplethatdescribesdefinitionsoflabelsoftheifrselementassetstotalinenglishgermanandpolishisprovidedbelowsourcelangxmllabelxlinktyperesourcexlinkrolexbrlorgrolelabelxlinklabelifrsassetstotallblxmllangenassetstotallabellabelxlinktyperesourcexlinkrolexbrlorgrolelabelxlinklabelifrsassetstotallblxmllangdevermgenswertegesamtlabellabelxlinktyperesourcexlinkrolexbrlorgrolelabelxlinklabelifrsassetstotallblxmllangplaktywarazemlabelsourcetodistinguishbetweenlanguagesxbrlusesthexmlattributelangtaxonomycreatorsmayalsodefinedifferentlabelsforoneelementoneoftheideasofxbrlisthattheinformationabouttheperiodandcurrencyforwhichtheelementisreportedisnotcontainedwithinanelementdefinitionbutisdescribedbyacontextininstancedocumentsinfinancialreportingontheotherhandmanytermsexpressthedateforwhichtheyarebeingreportedforinstancepropertyplantandequipmentatthebeginningofyearandpropertyplantandequipmentattheendofyearxbrlallowsthecreationofdifferentlabelsdependingonthecontextinwhichanelementwillbeusedsourcelangxmllabelxlinktyperesourcexlinkrolexbrlorgrolelabelxlinklabelifrsassetstotallblxmllangenpropertyplantandequipmentnetlabellabelxlinktyperesourcexlinkrolexbrlorgroleperiodstartlabelxlinklabelifrsassetstotallblxmllangenpropertyplantandequipmentnetbeginningbalancelabellabelxlinktyperesourcexlinkrolexbrlorgroleperiodendlabelxlinklabelifrsassetstotallblxmllangenpropertyplantandequipmentnetendingbalancelabelsourcetheexampleaboveshowshowthreedifferentlabelsareassignedtooneelementbyapplyingdifferentroleattributesonlabelsreferencelinkbasethislinkbaseassociatesconceptswithcitationsofsomebodyofauthoritativeliteraturefinancialconceptsappearingonbusinessreportsmoreoftenthannotstemfromregulatorydocumentsissuedbyauthoritiesforexampletheifrstaxonomydescribesfinancialreportspreparedbasedonifrssboundvolumeelementsdefinedbythistaxonomyrefertothespecifictermsandconceptsexplainedinthestandardsforthisreasonataxonomyisoftenprovidedwithareferencelinkbasethatpresentsrelationshipsbetweenelementsandexternalregulationsorstandardstheothersolutionistoenclosedocumentationinlabellinkbasethishelpsinstancecreatorsandusersunderstandtheintendedmeaningofeachelementandprovidessupportforitsinclusioninthetaxonomythereferencelayerdoesnotcontainthefulltextoftheregulationsinsteaditpointstosourcedocumentsbyidentifyingtheirnameandindicatingtherelevantparagraphsandclausesthisconnectioniscreatedusingconceptreferencearcrolethereareseveraltypesofreferencesthatcouldbeprovidedforeachelementsourcelangxmlreferencexlinktyperesourcexlinkrolexbrlorgrolepresentationrefxlinklabelcashflowsfromusedinoperationstotalrefrefnameiasrefnamerefnumberrefnumberrefparagraphrefparagraphreferencereferencexlinktyperesourcexlinkrolexbrlorgrolemeasurementrefxlinklabelcashflowsfromusedinoperationstotalrefrefnameiasrefnamerefnumberrefnumberrefparagraphrefparagraphrefsubparagrapharefsubparagraphreferencesourcetheexampleaboveindicatesreferencesforcashflowfromusedinoperationsfirstitprovidesareferencetoadocumentwhichexplainshowandwheretheelementshouldbepresentedintermsofitsplacementandlabelinginiasparagraphwereadthattheconceptcashflowsfromoperatingactivitiesexistsandwhatitisderivedfromsecondthemeasurementreferenceprovidesexplanationsaboutwhatdeterminesthevalueoftheelementandhowitshouldbecalculatedthisdescriptioncanbefoundiniasparagraphaxbrlalsoallowsanelementtobeassignedothertypesofreferencescontainingexamplescommentariesetccalculationlinkbasethislinkbaseassociatesconceptswithotherconceptssothatvaluesappearinginaninstancedocumentmaybecheckedforconsistencytheideaofthecalculationlinkbaseistoimprovethequalityofanxbrlreportitcontainsdefinitionsofbasicvalidationruleswhichapplytoallinstancedocumentsreferringtoaparticulartaxonomyahierarchicalcalculationlinkbasesortsallmonetaryelementsinthiswaysothatlowerlevelelementssumuptooraresubtractedfromoneanothersothattheupperlevelconceptistheresultoftheseoperationsthesignoftherelationshipdependsontheweightattributethatisassignedtothearcconnectingtwoelementsanexampleisprovidedbelowsourcelangxmlcalculationarcxlinktypearcxlinkarcrolexbrlorgarcrolesummationitemxlinkfromgrossprofitxlinktorevenuetotalorderweightuseoptionalcalculationarcxlinktypearcxlinkarcrolexbrlorgarcrolesummationitemxlinkfromgrossprofitxlinktocostofsalesorderweightuseoptionalsourcetheexampleshowsthattherearedefinedtwocalculationarcsprovidingdetailsconcerningrelationsbetweengrossprofitrevenueandcostofsalesinincomestatementsgrossprofitisthedifferencebetweentheothertwothereforeweassignweightattributevaluetoonthearcconnectinggrossprofitandrevenueandbetweengrossprofitandcostofsalesthereasonwhythereisadifferencebetweencalculationandpresentationlinkbasesisthatthetotalelementthatstandsforthesummationofallothersusuallyappearsatthebottominthefinancialstatementswhereasinthecalculationlinkbaseitmustbeplacedasthetopconceptprepresentationcalculationassetspresentationassetstotalassetsnoncurrentassetsnoncurrentassetscurrentassetscurrentassetstotalpretherearetwomajorrulesconcerningcalculationrelationsinxbrlfirstlywecannotcarryoutoperationsonelementsthathavedifferentvaluesoftheperiodtypeattributethisisoftencalledthecrosscontextruleandrelatestodefiningsomeelementsasforperioddurationandothersasasofdateinstantforexampleconceptsthatappearonthebalancesheetareinstantwhichmeansthattheirvalueispresentedforaspecifieddaywhileelementsintheincomestatementorstatementofcashflowsaredurationbecausetheyrepresentactionsthattookplaceoveraperiodoftimetheproblememergesforexampleinthestatementofchangesinequityormovementsinpropertyplantandequipmentwhereinstantelementsmixwithdurationthesolutiontothisproblemisaformulalinkbasethatwillprovidetaxonomycreatorswithmanymorefunctionsthanjustsimpleadditionorsubtractionsecondlythedoubleentryaccountingrulerequiresxbrltaxonomycreatorstodefinethecreditdebitnatureofmonetaryelementsappearinginthebalancesheetsandincomestatementsthisruledoesnotonlydisallowtheadditionofelementswithoppositebalanceattributestheymustbesubtracteditalsodefineswhetherthenumericalvaluecontainedwithinanelementshouldbepositiveornegativedefinitionlinkbasethislinkbaseassociatesconceptswithotherconceptsusingavarietyofarcrolestoexpressrelationssuchasisawholepartetcarcrolescanbecreatedbythosewhocreatexbrltaxonomiesorcommonlyusedarcrolescanbeaddedtothexbrllinkroleregistrylrrthedefinitionlinkbaseprovidestaxonomycreatorswiththeopportunitytodefinedifferentkindsofrelationsbetweenelementstherearefourstandardtypesofrelationshipssupportedbythedefinitionlinkbasethefirstoneisreferredtoasgeneralspecialitdistinguishesbetweenconceptsthathavemoregenericormorespecificmeaningforexamplezipcodeistheusrepresentationofpostalcodewhichisusedworldwidethereforetoindicatethatconnectiontaxonomycreatorsdefinepostalcodeasageneraltermtowhichthereismorespecialisedconceptzipcodesecondavailablerelationtypeisessencealiasbyusingittaxonomycreatorsareabletoindicatethattwoconceptshavesimilarmeaningforexamplesomeairlinesmaywanttousethetermplanestodescribetheirmaincomponentoftheirppewhileotherwouldpreferaircrafttostatethatmeaningofthesetwoisthesameandthattheycanbeusedinterchangeablytaxonomycreatorsmayconnectthemusingessencealiasarcrolethethirdstandardtypeofrelationiscalledrequireselementasitsnameindicatestaxonomybuildersuseittoforceinstancecreatorstoenterthevalueofoneelementiftheyprovidethecontentofanotherforinstancearegulatormaywanttorequiredisclosuresonaparticularcomponentofassetsifitappearsonthebalancesheetinordertoachievethatthedefinitionlinkbasedefinesrequireselementrelationshipbetweenthemforexamplepropertyplantandequipmentnetandpropertyplantandequipmentdisclosuresthefourthrelationissimilartuplesitresemblesessencealiasrelationbutisappliedfortuplesitconnectstwotuplesthatareequivalentsintermsofdefinitiondocumentationfromlabellinkbaseorreferenceinreferencelinkbasebutarediversefromxmlperspectiveiedonothaveidenticalcontentmodelsforexamplecontaindifferentelementsoneofthereasonsthatthistypeofrelationwasintroducedistheprohibitionofschemaredefinitionwhichpreventschangesinatuplescontentmodelpresentationlinkbasethislinkbaseassociatesconceptswithotherconceptssothattheresultingrelationscanguidethecreationofauserinterfacerenderingorvisualisationbusinessreportsareingeneralpreparedintheformoftablesorstatementsorotherstructuresthepresentationlinkbasestoresinformationaboutrelationshipsbetweenelementsinordertoproperlyorganizethetaxonomycontentthisallowstheelementstobearrangedinastructurethatisappropriatetorepresentthehierarchicalrelationshipsinparticularbusinessdatathesegroupingscanbeperformedinmanywaysforexampleatypicalbalancesheetcontainsassetsequityandliabilitiesassetsconsistofcurrentassetsandnoncurrentassetscurrentassetsaresplitininventoriesreceivablesandsoonthepresentationlinkbaseusingparentchildrelationsorganizeselementsinthiswayandhelpsusersfindconceptstheyareinterestedinthemaindrawbackofatreelikehierarchicalstructureinapresentationlinkbaseisthatitonlyallowsthepresentationofflatlistsofelementswhilefinancialstatementsalsocontainmoresophisticatedreportssuchaschangesinequityormovementsinpropertyplantandequipmentthexbrlconsortiumiscurrentlyworkingonrenderingsolutionsthatwouldprovidefortheautomaticcreationofsuchreportsthisisthetaxonomyschemaoftheaboveshowninstancefilesmallsourcelangxmlxmlversionencodingutfschemaxmlnsworgxmlschemaxmlnsxbrlixbrlor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nautosomalrecessivepatternofinheritancexerodermapigmentosumxpisarareautosomeautosomalrecessivegeneticdisorderofdnarepairinwhichtheabilitytorepairdamagecausedbyultravioletuvlightisdeficientthaninothergroupsnormallydamagetodnainepidermisskinepidermalcellsoccursduringexposuretouvlighttheabsorptionofthehighenergylightleadstotheformationofpyrimidinedimersnamelypyrimidinedimerscyclobutanephotodimerscyclobutanepyrimidinedimersandpyrimidinepyrimidonephotoproductsinahealthynormalhumanbeingthedamageisfirstexcisedbyendonucleasesdnapolymerasethenrepairsthemissingsequenceanddnaligaseligasesealsthetransactionthisprocessisknownasnucleotideexcisionrepairsymptomssymptomsincludeseveresunburnwhenexposedtoonlysmallamountsofsunlighttheseoftenoccurduringachildsfirstexposuretosunlightdevelopmentofmanyfrecklesatanearlyageroughsurfacedgrowthsactinickeratosissolarkeratosesandskincancerseyesthatarepainfullysensitivetothesunandmayeasilybecomeirritatedredeyemedicinebloodshotandcloudedblisteringorfrecklingonminimumsunexposuretelangiectasiaalsoknownasspiderveinslimitedgrowthofhaironchestandlegsscalyskinxerodermaalsoknownasdryskinirregulardarkspotsontheskincornealulcercornealulcerationsgeneticsoneofthemostfrequentdefectsinxerodermapigmentosumisanautosomalrecessivegeneticdefectinwhichnucleotideexcisionrepairnerenzymesaremutatedleadingtoareductioninoreliminationofnerifleftuncheckeddamagecausedbyultravioletlightcancausemutationsinindividualcellsdnathecausesoftheneurologicalabnormalitiesarepoorlyunderstoodandarenotconnectedwithexposuretoultravioletlightthemostcurrenttheoriessuggestthatoxidativednadamageisgeneratedduringnormalmetabolisminthecentralnervoussystemandthatsometypesofthisdamagemustberepairedbynerrefnamereferencecbrookspjdnarepairamstmarchrefsincednarepairisundergeneticcontrolitcaneasilyundergomutationsmanygeneticdisorderssuchasxerodermapigmentosumxpmimarecausedbymutationsingenesthatrepairdnaifthegenewasnotrepairedcorrectlyitcouldcausexerodermapigmentosuminindividualstheautosomalrecessivedisorderxerodermapigmentosumorxphasafrequencyofineveryindividualsofallracesandethnicgroupsrefnamereferencebdayagrosjeanlsarasinamutatresmarchrefthoseaffectedwiththeautosomalrecessivedisorderxpareextremelysensitivetouvlightproducedbythesunandevenwithashortexposuretoitcausesdryflakingskinandpigmentedspotsthatcandevelopintoskincancerindividualswithxpareabouttimesmorelikelytodevelopskincancerthanindividualswithoutthedisorderthemoleculardefectsinxpcellsresultinagreatlyelevatedinductionofmutationsinsunexposedskinofaffectedindividualsthisincreasedmutationfrequencyprobablyaccountsforthepigmentationchangesandtheskincancersexaminationofmutationsinthepgeneintumorsfromxppatientsrevealpmutationscharacteristicofuvexposureinthemajorityoftumorsaswithallgeneticdisordersgeneticcounselingandpsychologicalsupportisappropriateforthefamiliestodiscussprobabilityofoccurrenceinfuturepregnanciesfeelingsofisolationandconcernaboutcareerprospectsalthoughthereisnocureforxerodermapigmentosumtheeffectscanbeminimizedbygettingprotectionfromthesunlightandifpossibleearlyremovalofprecancerouslesionsthemostcommonfateforindividualswithxpisearlydeathfromcancerbecausetheyneedtotakeoutstandingmeasurestoprotectthemselvesfromthedangersoftheuvlightbutifthereisanabsenceofneurologicalproblemsandtheindividualisalwaysprotectedorawayfromsunlighttheprognosisisgoodfunctionsofxprepairproteinsthexpaproteinactsduringnerasascaffoldforassemblyofotherdnarepairproteinsatsitesofdnadamagenaturallyoccurringdnadamagetoensureappropriateexcisionofthedamagerefnamepmidrefthexpberccproteinisemployedinunwindingthednadoublehelixafterdnadamageisinitiallyrecognizedmutationsinthexpberccgenecanleadtoxporxpcombinedwithcockaynesyndromerefnamepmidrefthexpcgenexpcproteinformsacomplexwithradbproteintoformtheinitialdamagerecognitionfactoringlobalgenomicnucleotideexcisionrepairggnerrefnamepmidrefthiscomplexrecognizesawidevarietyofdamagesthatthermodynamicallydestabilizednaduplexesthexpderccproteinincombinationwiththexpbhelicasecontainingtranscriptionrepaircomplextranscriptionfactoriihtfiihisemployedinunwindingthednaduplexafterdamageisinitiallyrecognizedmutationsinthexpderccgenecauseavarietyofsyndromesxptrichothiodystrophyttdoracombinationofxpandcockaynesyndromexpcsrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefbothtrichothiodystrophyandcockaynesyndromedisplayfeaturesofprematureagingsuggestinganassociationbetweendeficientdnarepairandprematureagingseednadamagetheoryofagingxpeisaheterodimericproteincomposedoftwosubunitsthelargersubunitddbprimarilyfunctionsasacorecomponentofculaandculbbasedeubiquitinligasecomplexessubstratesthatareubiquitinnatedbythesecomplexesincludeproteinsemployedindnarepairrefnamepmidrefthexpferccproteintogetherwiththeerccproteinformsacomplexusuallydesignatederccxpfthiscomplexseparatesthednahelixforashortdistanceoneithersideofthesiteofdamageitthenactsasaendonucleasetoincisethedamageddnastrandonthesideofthedamagedsiterefnamepmidrefmutantcellswithdeficienterccxpfarenotonlydefectiveinnerbutalsointherepairofdoublestrandbreaksandinterstrandcrosslinksthexpgproteinisanendonucleasethatincisesdnaduringneratthesideofthedamagednucleotidemutationsinthexpgerccgenecanleadtoxpaloneorincombinationwithcockaynesyndromecsorincombinationwithinfantilelethalcerebrooculofacioskeletalsyndromerefnamepmidrefdiagnosistypestherearesevencomplementationgroupsplusonevariantformclasswikitabletypediseasesdatabaseomimgenelocusgeneticslocusalsoknownasdescriptiontypeaixpaxpaqxerodermapigmentosumgroupatheclassicalformofxptypebiixpbxpbqxerodermapigmentosumgroupbtypeciiixpcxpcgenexpcpxerodermapigmentosumgroupctypedivxpderccxpderccqqqxerodermapigmentosumgroupdordesanctiscacchionesyndromecanbeconsideredasubtypeofxpdtypeevxpeddbppxerodermapigmentosumgroupetypefvixpferccppxerodermapigmentosumgroupftypegviixpgraderccqxerodermapigmentosumgroupgandcofssyndrometypetypevxpvpolhppxerodermapigmentosumvariantthesepatientshavemutationinagenethatcodesforaspecializeddnapolymerasecalleddnapolymeraseetapolymeraseetapolymerasecanreplicateoverthedamageandisneededwhencellsentersphaseinthepresenceofadnareplicationtreatmentthemostobviousandoftenimportantpartoftreatmentisavoidingexposuretosunlightthisincludeswearingprotectiveclothingandusingsunscreenphysicalandchemicalkeratosiscanalsobetreatedusingcryotherapyorfluorouracilprognosisfewerthanofindividualswiththediseasesurvivebeyondtheageofsomexpvictimswithlessseverecasesdomanagetolivewellintotheirsinpopularcultureinthedirecttovideofilmthedarksideofthesunfilmthedarksideofthesunbradpittplaysthemaincharacterwhohasxpacbstelevisionmovieairedinchildrenofthedarkwasbasedonthestoryofthereallifecouplejimandkimharrisonwhosetwodaughtershavexpinthechannelseriesultraviolettvserialultravioletoneofthehumansismistakenforavampirebecauseheavoidssunlightwheninfacthehasxpintheseriesbaywatchofintheseasonepisodecastlesinthesandayoungboywithxpcomestothebeachonlyatnightmakingamazingsandcastleschristophersnowindeankoontzsmoonlightbaytrilogyhasxpthejapanesereleaseofthevideogameacecombatelectrospherepresentedacharacternamedrenahirosewhohadsilverstonediseasethegamesfictionalnameforxplukeinthenovelgoingoutbyscarlettthomashasxpinthefilmtheothersfilmtheothersthetwochildrenanneandnicholashavexpinthenovelsecondglancebyjodipicoultethanwakemantheyearoldnephewofrosswakemanthemainprotagonisthasxptheangelajohnsonwriterangelajohnsonnovelacoolmoonlightcentersonagirlwhohasxpandcanneverbeinthesunthefamilyhasgonetodrasticmeasurestohelpmakeherlifeeasierandtomakeherfeellikeanormalyearoldthejapanesedramamidnightsunfilmtaiyounoutaasongtothesuncentersaroundagirlwithxpwhodreamsofbeingasingerthegermanfilmdemondscheinkinderfilmmondscheinkinderchildrenofthemoonlightfeaturesyearoldlisawhocreatesafantasyworldforheryearoldbrotherpaulwhohasxpandcannotleavethehousetheirspecialrelationshipisthreatenedwhenlisagetsherfirstboyfriendfacingherwithhardchoicesthespanishfilmeskalofroorshiverreleasedinfeaturedamaincharacternamedsantiwhoisostracizedashasxpthebookthelucifercodethesecondbookinthethomaslourdsseriesfeaturesacharacternamedbradleysoameswhohasxpsoameswearsaprotectivesuitcompletewithmaskhoodandheavilytintedlensesinordertoventureoutdoorsthefilmlapermissiondeminuitbyfrenchdirectordelphinegleizecentersonateenageboywithxpthedocumentarypbsorgpovsunkissedsunkissedexploresthexpproblemonthenavajoindianreservationtheyoungadultnovelwhatwesawatnightbyjacquelynmitchardtellsthestoryofthreeteenagerswhohavexpgooutonlywhendarkandwitnesssomethingstrangeonenightthemiddlegradenoveldoomgloombymjshaughnessytellsthestoryofatwelveyearoldboywhohaswearsaprotectivesolarsuitandbecomesasuperherobecauseofhisxptheadultfictionbookthedeepestsecretbycarlabuckleytellsthestoryofamotherwithasonwhohasxpandthelengthsshewillgotoinordertoprotecthimfromacrisisthatthreatenstotearthecommunityapartthebooknightvisionbyellawesttellsthestoryofagirlwhohasxpwhoseessomethingatnightonherparentsfarmthatgetsherintoalotoftroubleinthehorrorfilmlightsoutfilmlightsoutthevillaindianalightsoutdianahadthisconditionshewaskilledwhenthedoctorsatthementalinstitutionsheandsophiestayedattriedtreatingtheconditionbutitwentawryinthemarvelblockbusterloganfilmlogantheconclusiontohughjackmansperformanceaswolverinexmenwolverinethecharactercalibancomicscalibanexhibitssymptomsofxpupontorturebythereaversthusexplainingtheusageinthemovieofthesayingbewareofthelightinthecriminalmindsepisodehellskitchentheantagonisthasxpandbelievesbloodtransfusionsfromhisvictimswillcurehiminthefilmmidnightsunfilmmidnightsunbellathorneplaysagirlthathasbyxpthecharacterexperiencesneurologicaldeclineafterminimalexposuretosunlightneurologicaldeclinedoesoccurinaboutofxppatientshoweverthisisnotthoughttobeduetosunexposureanddoesnothappenasrapidlyasdepictedinthefilmseealsogerontologybiogerontologybiogerontologycockaynesyndromelistofcutaneousconditionslistofcutaneousconditionsassociatedwithincreasedriskofnonmelanomaskincancerphotophobiasenescencereferencesexternallinksncbinlmnihgovbookshelfbrfcgibookgenepartxpgenereviewsncbinihuwentryonxerodermapigmentosummedicalresourcesdiseasesdbicdicdomimmedlineplusemedicinesu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teryhousingeachholdingtwoaaabatteriesoneachsidetheevolutionchassishadonebatteryhousingholdingfouraaabatteriesatthebottomthisserieswasdiscontinuedintheusbyradioshackinmiditwaspossibletoswapbodiesandmostpartsbetweentheevolutionandgenerationcarssomemodelssoldoutsidetheusbyhpifeaturedrepaintedgenerationbodieslikethepreviousgenerationmodelseachxmodsevolutioncarcamewithasuperstreetjapanesemodelsorhotrodamericanmodelsminimagazinetruckmodelshadatruckinminimagazinepontiacfirebirdfirstgenerationepontiacfirebirdpurplehummerhblackmitsubishilancerevolutionevolutionviiimitsubishilancerevolutionviiigraphitegrayfifthgenerationfordmustangfordmustangdarkbluenissanskylinevnissanskylinevinfinitigthirdgenerationvinfinitigredfordfeleventhgenerationefordforangefifthgenerationfordmustangfordmustangdarkbluesciontcsilvernissantitanredinadditiontobodykitsforthemodelsaboveabluefordfbodyshellwasavailableseparatelyforthetruckseriesitcamewithbodykitscontrollersteeringwheelandcompatibledriveshaftsandchassisextensionpartsalsoyellowandredhummerhbodieswereavailablethroughcarsoningermanythesehadbodycolorbumpersxmodsevolutiontransformersimagexmodsbarricadejpgthumbpxstockxmodsbasedontransformersbarricadetransformersbarricadeinjuneradioshackreleasedtwoxmodsevolutionmodelstocoincidewiththereleaseofthefilmtransformersfilmtransformersunlikeotherxmodswhichcomeinreusableplasticcasesthesemodelscameinstandardboxesspecialbodyandlightkitswereavailableforthesemodelsradioshackstoresweretoldnottosellthemduringaperiodinjanuaryduetoadefectinthechassisunderpressurethechassiswillcrackandeventuallybreakbumblebeetransformersbumblebeefifthgenerationchevroletcamarocamaroconceptchevroletcamaroconceptwebarchiveorgwebradioshackcomproductindexjspproductidcppgsrorigkwxmodskwxmodsparentpagesearchgoldenyellowwithblackstripesaccessorykitcomeswithlightkithoodmountedcannonanddoormountedmissilelaunchersbarricadetransformersbarricadesaleenspolicecarwebarchiveorgwebradioshackcomproductindexjspproductidcppgsrorigkwxmodskwxmodsparentpagesearchblackwithwhitedoorsaccessorykitcomeswithlightkitheadlightclawsandhoodmountedmissilelauncherxmodsevolutionstreetthestreetxmodswereconfirmedonjulyviaradioshackemployeememosandwerereleasedonoctoberofthatyearasofjanuarythestreetserieshasbeendiscontinuedthereleasedmodelsincludenissangtrsilverfirstgenerationfordmustangfordmustangblackchevroletcorvetteczchevroletcorvetteczatomicorangeaudirroadcaraudirxmodsourcecomforumshowpostphpppostcountgunmetalfifthgenerationfordmustangpresentfordmustangxmodsourcecomforumshowthreadphptburgundynissanzxmodsourcecomforumshowpostphpppostcountreddodgechallengerthirdgenerationpresentdodgechallengersrtxmodsourcecomforumshowthreadphptorangethexmodsstreetseriescarsrunonthexmodsevolutionchassisandincludethesameupgradesasthestandndreleasexmodsevolutionseriessuchasthestagemotorupgradesandcommandlogiclightkitbutalsooffernewupgradessuchasthegroundeffectslightingkitprecisionmetalbearingssuspensionandsteeringkitsaswellascustomwheelandtiresetscurrentsdifferencesofthexmodschassisarecrystalshavebeenremovedandsolderedontotheelectronicsboardandinsidethecontrollereachcarhasoneoftwodedicatedchannelsoutofatotalofdifferentchannelsfoaminsertsinxmodsplasticboxhavebeenreplacedwithplasticsimilartoholdingbodykitpiecesdecalsincludeflamesandxmodsstickersnomagazineisincludedrubberisusedtoprotectpartsofthemotorlesswheelwobbleaconcernwitholderxmodsevolutionmodelsrearaarmsandmotorcradlehavebeenreinforcedthenissangtrhasrubbersidemirrorssimilartotheonesonthebumblebeecamaroxmodstherearenobodykitoptionsforanyofthecarsthebumpersandspoileraremoldedontothebodyofallofthecarsxmodsgenerationinfallradioshackreleasedanewxmodwithtwobrandnewchassisdesignstouringandbuggythenewmodelsareinscaleasopposedtothepreviousgenerationsandfeaturegenericbodiesnewfeaturesincludeaghzradioalithiumionupgradeandstaggeredtirestwootherbodiesarealsoavailableseparatelyoneinasetwithlightsandtheotherinasetwithanitrousboostultracapacitorthatallowsasecondspeedboostwhenabuttononthecontrollerispressedtheothermodificationsavailableareextratiresahighspeedrearendandrearendwithafastermotorandanallwheeldriveupgradethisnewgenerationofxmodsdidnothavelicensingfromanyautomotivemakerandthereforefeaturedgenericbodiesasofxmodshaveonceagainbeendiscontinuedandradioshackdoesnothaveanyplanstoreintroducethexmodslinexmodsmicrorcimagexmodsmicrocamarojpgthumbpxfirstgenerationchevroletcamarochevroletcamarossimagexmosdmicrocorvettejpgthumbpxchevroletcorvettecchevroletcorvetteradioshackrelaunchedthezipzapsmicrorclineunderthexmodsbanneronoctoberasidefromthenewlabelsthatbearthexmodsmicrorclogothepackagingissimilartothezipzapslineallpartsmotorswheelcoversbodiesetcarebackwardsandforwardscompatiblebetweenzipzapsandxmodsmicrowiththeexceptionofthemodelswhichhaveonepiecewheelsthatdonotallowtheswappingofwheelcovershoweverallotherzipzapandxmodsmicropartswillfitonthechassisthecarsusethetraditionalboxtypecontrollerasopposedtotheguntypecontrollerofthezipzapsselinecurrentmodelsincludethefollowingchevroletcorvettecchevroletcorvetteredfirstgenerationchevroletcamarochevroletcamarossbluenissangtrsilvermitsubishilancerevolutionxredmodificationsimagexmodsnissantitanservomodjpgthumbpxnissantitanxmodswithaservomechanismservomodificationxmodscanbeextensivelymodifiedusingpartssuppliedbyradioshackandotheraftermarketvendorsthestarterkitsadvertisetheabilitytochangethemotorwheelstirestrimkitspringsshocksandbearingsfromnylonbushingstosteelbearingsaddlightingkitsandswapthecrystaloscillatorcrystaltoallowthecarstooperateonmultiplefrequenciesnotethecrystalhasbeendiscontinuedtutorialsformodificationsarealsoavailableonvariousxmodsforumsitesinjapanhpidistributesxmodsineuropedistributedbycarsonmodellsportwiththecarshavingthesamecolorsasthoseofferedintheunitedstatesusbyradioshackbutalsosomeexclusivebodycolorsandbodytopsnotavailabletotheusmarketeventhougheachmodelhasadifferentbodyallmodelsinaparticularlinesharethesameorsimilarchassisthemostnotabledifferenceinthechassisisitslengthrelativetoitsbodytopyoucanalsoaddmotorupgradesontothemforfasterspeedswhileusingnonradioshackupgradesitispossibletoachieveuptoandovermphwebarchiveorgwebatomicmodscomcategoriesqandaxmodsgenerationaspxsomepeoplehaveusedservomechanismservomotorsintheirxmodstruckstoachievehighertorqueresultingineasiercrawlingbutwithaverylimitedtopspeedpeoplehavemodifiedtheelectronicsbyusinghobbygradeelectronicsimprovingthespeedrangeandsmoothnessoftheservoinxmodsreferenceswebarchiveorgwebhpiracingcojpxmodsindexhtmlhpiracingxmodscarsonmodelsportdedeproduktexmodshtmgermandistributorcarsonmodellsportxmodsgencarsonmodelsportdedeproduktexmodsevolutionhtmgermandistributorcarsonmodellsportxmodsevolutioncarsonmodelsportdedeproduktexmodsevolutiontruckinfahrzeugehtmgermandistributorcarsonmodellsportxmodsevolutiontruckinwebarchiveorgwebatomicmodscomcategoriesqandaxmodsgenerationaspxexternallinkslinksshouldconformtowpelthatmeanslinkstoforumandcommunitysitesarenotappropriatexmodsrccomxmodsrccomofficialradioshackwebsitethiswebsitecurrentlyisnotworkingcrosscountryskiingthcenturyunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivewheelarrangementsaisalocomotivewithtwoleadingwheelstwosetsoftendrivingwheelsandapairoftrailingwheelsotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationeealsoknownasgermanclassificationandswissclassificationbritalianandfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationtheequivalentuicclassificationisrefinedtoeeformalletlocomotivesalllocomotiveshavebeenarticulatedlocomotivesmalletlocomotivesinparticularthiswheelarrangementwasrareonlytwoclassesoflocomotiveshavebeenbuilttheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwaysclassandthevirginianrailwaysclassaeatsfclassimageatsfjpgthumbpxatsfclasstheforwardsectionoftheboilerisactuallyaprimitivesuperheaterandfeedwaterheaterthisclassoftenlocomotiveswereactuallyrebuiltfrommoreconventionalbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinbuiltlocomotivesbytheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwayintoalthoughtheyappearedtohaveexceedinglylongboilersthebarrelinfrontoftherearsetofcylindersactuallycontainedfirstaprimitivefiretubesuperheaterforfurtherheatingthesteambeforeusethesteamwascarriedforwardfromtheboilerproperbyoutsidesteampipesasshowninthephotographalsointhisspacewasareheaterforthehighpressureexhaustbeforeitwasfedtotheforwardlowpressurecylindersinfrontofthattherewasafeedwaterheateraspacewherecoldwaterfromthetendercouldbewarmedbeforebeinginjectedintothewaterproperthisworkedsimilarlytotheboileritselfthefiretubespassedthroughthefeedwatertanktheatsfsclasslocomotiveswerethelargestlocomotivesintheworldfromtillpossiblyearlytheexperimentwasunsuccessfulandthelocomotiveswererebuilttosduringspecificationsroadnumbersdriverdiameterweighttenderweighttotallengthoverallwheelbasetractiveeffortboilerpressurecylinderdiameterhighpressurelowpressurecylinderstrokevirginianrailwayclassaeinfoboxlocomotivenamevirginianclassaepowertypesteamimagevirginianrailwayaejpgcaptionvirginianclassaehatnotereferencebuilderamericanlocomotivecompanybuilddatetotalproductionwhytetypegaugedriverdiameterwheelbaseweightondriverslocoweighttenderweightlocotenderweightfueltypecoalwatercaptendercapboilerboilerpressurefireareatotalsurfacesuperheaterareacylindercountfrontcylindersizerearcylindersizetractiveeffortcompoundbrsimplefactorofadhesionlocobrakesrailwayairbrakeairtrainbrakesairnuminclassfleetnumbersoperatorvirginiandispositionallscrappedwidthheightthesetenlocomotiveswerebuiltinbyamericanlocomotivecompanyalcoforthevirginianrailwayoverallwidthwassotheyweredeliveredwithouttheircabsandthefrontlowpressurecylindersandwereassembledafterarrivalthelowpressurecylindersoncenterswerethelargestonanyuslocomotivethecylindershadtobeinclinedafewdegreestoprovideclearancetheboilerwasalsothelargestdiameterofanylocomotiverailwaymechengnrsaystheoutsidediameterofthelargestcourseisbutthedrawingshowsdiameteratthereartubesheetasseeninthephotographthetenderrailtendersweresmallsotheycouldusethevirginiansexistingturntablerailroadturntablesthisclasswerecompoundmalletlocomotivesaswellasbeingarticulatedbetweentheforwardswingingengineunitandtherearfixedonetheywerecompoundlocomotivestherearhighpressurecylindersexhaustedtheirsteamintothehugefrontcylinderslikemanycompoundlocomotivestheycouldbeoperatedinsimplemodeforstartingreducedpressuresteamcouldbesentstraightfromtheboilertothefrontcylindersatlowspeedformaximumtractiveeffortcalculatedintheusualwayassumingequaltractiveeffortfromthetwoenginesandmeaneffectivepressureaddinguptotimesboilerpressurethetractiveeffortwasincompoundintheuscompoundmalletswerecreditedwithmoretractiveeffortinsimplemodeorforthevirginianlocomotivesunlikesomeothergiantlocomotivesoftheperiodtheimmenseboilerscouldgenerateenoughsteamtomakethemasuccessontheslowcoaltrainsforwhichtheywerebuilttheyremainedinserviceuntilthesandcouldbecalledtheultimatedrageralocomotivenolocomotiveexampleofthistypesurvivedintopreservationreferencesreflistrefsrefnamebrucerefimageerieljpgthumbrightpxtheerielswerecamelbacklocomotivecamelbacksimagenycjpgthumbpxnoofthenewyorkcentralrailroadatdetroitdetroitmichiganinthisisatransferlocomotiveinthewhytenotationforclassifyingthewheelarrangementofsteamlocomotivesanisalocomotivewithtwosetsofeightdrivingwheelsandneitherleadingwheelsnortrailingwheelstwosetsofdrivingwheelswouldgivefartoolongawheelbasetobemountedinafixedlocomotiveframesoallshavebeenarticulatedlocomotivesofthemalletlocomotivemallettypewhethersimpleorcompoundlocomotivecompoundintheuicclassificationthisarrangementwouldberefinedtomalletlocomotivesddthetypewassometimescalledangusinnorthamericaotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationddalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationthelackofleadingandtrailingwheelstoassistthetrackingandstabilityofthelocomotivemeansthatthetypeisnotsuitedtohighspeedsthevastmajorityhaveseenuseasveryheavyswitchersgenerallyforhumpyardworktransferlocomotivesforhaulingcutsofcarsbetweenrailyardsorpushersforassistanceongradesmostlocomotivesofthisarrangementwerebuiltandservedinnorthamericabuttherewereexceptionsthebavarianstaterailwayskbaystbbuiltsomettanklocomotivesofclassgtxclassifiedafterunificationofgermanysrailwaysystemsasclassbrtheseworkedtrainsoverheavilygradedstretchesoflineandwerethelargestlocomotivesineuropewhenintroducedfailuresinthenewyorkcentralpurchasedannumberedbutprovedtobeveryunreliableandalsoverycostlytomaintainasitjumpedtherailsquiteofteneventuallyinthesitwassplitintotwolocomotivesausefulfreightengineandaswitcherenginetheswitcherenginewassoldforscrapbythefreightenginemaintainedintoserviceuntilnycdieselizationduringthemidstheandlocomotivesthatwerefromthechassislocomotivedonotexistanymorepopularcultureusedinlionelogaugeonlyinerieandpennsylvaniaroadnamesseealsoerieltheonlyarticulatedcamelbacklocomotivereferencesexternallinkstoytrainscomangushtmwebsiteoftoytrainsangussteamlocomotivesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamedecapodimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoffivelargedrivingwheelsjoinedtogetherbyacouplingrodcaptionimagereubenwellsjpgaltcaptionthelocomotivereubenwellslocomotivereubenwellsofequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyefrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotivereubenwellslocomotivereubenwellsrailwayjeffersonvillemadisonandindianapolisrailroaddesignerreubenwellsbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackinstabilityatspeedfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountryaustrialocomotiveclassrailwayimperialroyalaustrianstaterailwaysdesignerkarlglsdorfbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackinstabilityatspeedfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementofnoleadingwheelstenpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonfiveaxlesandnotrailingwheelsintheunitedkingdomthistypeisknownasadecapodanamewhichisappliedtotypesintheunitedstatesoverviewthelackofleadingandtrailingwheelsmakesthiswheelarrangementunstableatspeedanditisatypeusuallyconfinedtofairlylowspeedworksuchasswitcherswitchingshuntingtransferrunsslowspeeddragfreightorrunningovermountainousterrainrefnamewhiterefrefnamecmireftherussianeclasswasthemostnumeroussingleclassoflocomotiveintheworldwitharoundmanufacturedusageaustriainkarlglsdorfintroducedhisfamousclassfortheaustrianstaterailwayanformountainregionswhichhadaremarkablylowaxleloaditemployedtheglsdorfaxlesystemandhadthedriveunusuallyonthefourthaxletheclassexistedbothassimpleexpansionandastwocylindercompoundenginesandtheylaterworkedinyugoslaviaczechoslovakiaromaniaandfrancecanadathreelocomotiveswereownedbythecanadianpacificrailwaychinasixteennarrowgaugelocomotivesbuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksfromtoremainedoperationalontheyunnankopeirailwayuntilfinlandnostoredathaapamkiinfinlandthevrclassvrtwasnumberedintherangefromtoandnicknamedroosterthefirstlocomotivewasorderedinfromhanomagingermanynoisstoredatthefinnishrailwaymuseumrefnamesrhsrefgermanythetypeprovedpopularingermanyseveraltypesoffreighttenderlocomotivesofthisarrangementwerebuiltbetweenapproximatelyandafterwhichthewheelarrangementwasabandonedinfavorofthesubsequentgermanlocomotivesofthistypeweretanklocomotivesincludingclassesbrbrbrsupsupbrsupsupbrsupsupbrsupsupbrsupsupandbrsupsupindonesiathestaatspoorwegentersumataraswestkustsssbuiltarailwaylineonthewestcoastofsumatrafromuntilthisrailwayusedtohaulproductsfromombilincoalminestotheportoftelukbayurinpadangindonesiapadangsevereterrainwithgradesrequiredalocomotivewithgreatpowertheewasaracktanksteamlocomotiveemployedinwestsumatraofwhichwerebuiltfromtobyesslingeningermanyandslmschweizerischelokomotivundmaschinenfabrikinswitzerlandtheehasfourcylinderswithtwocylindersdedicatedtodrivetherackgearstheclasseeventuallyconsistedoflocomotivesofwhichthelastsevenengineswerebuiltinbynipponsharyothelaststeamlocomotivestobebuiltbythatfirmtheclasswasusedinregularserviceuntilthemidsjapanfourclasstlocomotivesnumberedfromtoandbuiltbykraussmaffeiingermanywereimportedtojapaninbasedonthisdesignatotalofclasstlocomotivesnumberedfromtowerebuiltinjapaninandrefnameinouerefthelastmembersoftheclasswerewithdrawnfromserviceonjnrinbutsomeweresoldtoprivatefreightrailwaysandremainedinserviceaslateasfourofthelocomotivesweresenttothekoreanpeninsulainbuttheirsubsequentfateisunknownrussiajulythetypewastheprincipalstandardfreightlocomotiveinrussiaandwasmanufacturedinverylargenumberstheeclasscyrillicnottobeconfusedwithrussianlocomotiveclassyeclassfreightlocomotivewasmadeupofseveralsubclassesalldevelopedfromthesameoriginalbasicmachinethesubclassesincludedeemesheuanderstpetersburganumberofboththeemandclassreceivedcondensingtendersforworkinginareaswherewatersupplieswerescarcetheseweredesignatedemkandegkclassrespectivelyhowevertheselocomotiveswereexperimentalandthecondensingtenderwasmainlyusedonthesoserieslocomotivetheeclasswasthemostnumeroussingleclassoflocomotiveintheworldwitharoundmanufacturedinrussiaandothercountriessuchasczechoslovakiagermanyswedenhungaryandpolandthisclassevenfaroutnumberedthegermandrbclasskriegsloktheclasswaseventuallysupersededbythesoclasswhichcanbeconsideredafurtherdevelopmentoftheeclassthelclassandthefdclassdespitebeingsupersededitwasnotreplacedandtheclasswaswidelyuseduntiltheendofsteaminrussiasouthwestafricanocinthelderitzbuchteisenbahnlderitzbuchtrailwayindeutschsdwestafrikagermansouthwestafricaplacedsixsouthwestafricandecapodlocomotivesinservicebuiltinbyhenschelsonforafrenchcolonyinafricatheengineswererejectedbyfrenchinspectorshoweverandtheywerepurchasedbythegermangovernmentforeachinonbehalfofthelderitzbuchtgesellschaftcompanywholeasedthelderitzbuchteisenbahnandsharedtheprofitswiththegovernmentrefnamesarhjanespitaliertjdaywajthelocomotiveinsouthafricaabriefhistoryofrailwaydevelopmentchapterviisouthafricanrailwayscontinuedsouthafricanrailwaysandharboursmagazinejanuarypprefrefnamedulezrefrefnamehenschelhenschellieferlistehenschelsonworkslistcompiledbydietmarstresowreftoprotectthemotionfromwindblownsandinthenamibdesertithadplateshieldsarrangedalongthefulllengthoftheenginehingedontherunningboardtoallowaccesstothemotionthelocomotiveswereplacedinserviceonthesdbahnlinefromlderitzbuchtviaseeheimtokarasburgkalkfonteinwheretheyformedthemainstayofmotivepowernoneoftheseenginessurvivedthefirstworldwartaiwanasteamlocomotiveofthisformservedthesolepurposeofpushingpassengersuptothehighestaltitudestationintaiwanthailandtwohanomagsteamlocomotivesnumbersandwereimportedfromgermanyinforserviceinsiamandwereusedonstandardgaugeintheywereregaugedtometregaugeunitedkingdomonlytwolocomotivessawserviceonbritishrailwaysonewasasuburbantanklocomotiveprototypebuiltbyjamesholdenengineerjamesholdenforthegreateasternrailwayinandcalledgerdecapodthedecapodtheotherwasatenderlocomotivemrlickeybankernobuiltbythemidlandrailwayinspecificallyforuseasabankenginebankerforthelickeyinclineunitedstatesofamericathewasnotverypopularintheunitedstatesandnorthamericaingeneralandprobablyfewerthanseventyofthistypewereconstructedforswitchingworklargelocomotiveswerepreferredandwhenmorethanfourdrivenaxleswererequiredthepreferencewasforarticulatedlocomotivessuchasandmalletenginesonmainlinesawiththeaddedstabilityofitsleadingtruckoraorwithroomforlargerfireboxeswerepreferredthefirstintheunitedstateswasbuilttoprovideserviceonmadisonhillwhichathasthesteepeststandardgaugegradeinthecountryitwasatanklocomotivedesignedinbyreubenwellsforthejeffersonvillemadisonandindianapolisrailroadandnamedforitsdesignerthereubenwellslocomotivereubenwellsisondisplayatthechildrensmuseumofindianapolisitislongandweighstonsoflaterversionsweredeliveredintothestclairtunnelstclairtunnelcompanytohaultrainsbetweensarniaontarioandporthuronmichiganthenextwereaseriesoflocomotivesfornewyorkcentralrailroadanditssubsidiariesforhumpyardworkothersincludedsevenownedbyillinoiscentralrailroadfifteenbychesapeakeandohiorailwaytwobybaltimoreandohiorailroadandfourtheheaviestbuiltforduluthmissabeandironrangerailwayreferencesimagenwclassajpgthumbpxnorfolkwesternclassanodisplayedatthenewyorkworldsfairininthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivewheelarrangementaisalocomotivewithatwowheelleadingtrucktwosetsofsixdrivingwheelsandafourwheeltrailingtruckallsarearticulatedlocomotivesofthemalletlocomotivemalletorrelatedsimplearticulatedtypeotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationccalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationtheuicclassificationisrefinedtoccformalletlocomotivesthewasafairlylatedevelopmentaproductofthesuperpowersteamconceptintroducedbythelimalocomotiveworkswhichencouragedtheuseoflargefireboxsteamenginefireboxessupportedbyfourwheeltrailingtruckssuchafireboxcouldsustainarateofsteamgenerationtomeetanydemandsofthelocomotivescylindersevenathighspeedhighspeedswerecertainlyamongthedesigngoalsforthemostofthetypewereintendedforuseonfastfreighttrainsthefirstsbuiltintheunitedstateswereforthepittsburghwestvirginiarailroadandthesewerenothighspeedlocomotivesbutrathermountainluggerstheyreceivedthreeinandfourmoreinandoperatedthesuntilthenextofthetypewereaclassoftenorderedbytheseaboardairlineinandthesewerehighspeedfreightenginesandweresuccessfulupondieselisationtheroadsoldthelocomotivestothebaltimoreohiorailroadinwhooperatedthemuntilthefinalclassofswasthenorfolkwesternrailwaysclassabuiltstartinginwerebuiltuntilbutwereoperateduntiltopreparetheendingofsteampowerthepowerfulswerecapableofmorethandrawbarhorsepoweratnbspmphnbspkmhandcouldreachnbspmphnbspkmhandcouldlugheavycoaltrainstheywereuseduntildieselisationinonelocomotivenorfolkwesternwaspreservedandinwasrestoredtorunningorderrunningonexcursionsuntiltodayitisondisplayatthevirginiamuseumoftransportationinallsixtyswereconstructedinnorthamericareferencestrainscomcontentdynamicarticlesygeosasptrainscomarticleonthetypejeffrieslewisinwgiantofsteamrevedwrinnjimsteamscamelotsouthernandnorfolksouthernexcursionsincolorexternallinksrailpicturesnetviewphotophpidpictureofnwpullinganexcursiontraininrailpicturesnetviewphotophpidsideviewofnwundersteaminspeclibvteduimagebasevahistvtscreennsjpgbuildersphotoofnwengineerssidevirginiatechcollectionspeclibvteduimagebasevahistvtscreennsjpgbuildersphotoofnwfiremanssidevirginiatechcollectionxwingfighterredirectcategoryshellxwingfighterredirectcategoryshellxmenxfceredirectcategoryshellredirectphilipsunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementofnoleadingwheelstenpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonfiveaxlesandtwotrailingwheelsononeaxleusuallyinatrailingtruckotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationealsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationunitedstatesintheusthistypeisknownastheunionaftertheonlyusrailroadtohavenewlocomotivesbuiltinthisarrangementtheseweretenunionrailroadsbuiltfortheunionrailroadpittsburghpennsylvaniaunionrailroadinthepittsburghpennsylvaniaareatheywereusedasheavydutytransferlocomotivesratherthanswitchersingreenvillepennsylvaniaoneisonstaticdisplayletteredfortheduluthmissabeandironrangerailwayupondieselizationtheunionrrsoldalloftheirstothedmirthechicagonorthwesternrailwayconvertedtwolocomotivesformerlyownedbysubsidiarychicagostpaulminneapolisomahaintolocomotivesinrefcitewebtitlechicagonorthwesternclassjsurldonsdepotdonrossgroupnetdrhtmworkdonsrailphotospublishertrinitytechnologycofirstdonlastrossaccessdatearchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebdonsdepotdonrossgroupnetdrhtmarchivedateseptemberaddedbydashbotreftheywereclassifiedjbothbeforeandafterconversiononewasscrappedinandtheotherineuropeingermanyanumberofnarrowgaugerailwaynarrowgaugetanklocomotiveswerebuiltwithanconfigurationallusedsomeformofarticulateddrivethatallowedtheouterdrivingaxlestomovesidewaysorradiallytonegotiatecurvesanexamplewasagroupoflocomotivesbuiltforthenarrowgaugelinesofbosniaregionbosniathatutilisedtheadolfkloseklosesystemforanarticulateddriveexternallinksaqpldslpipexcommuseumlocolocokloseklosetothehtmklosesystemlocomotivesincludingantrainscomctrdefaultaspxcaidtrainscomarticlementioningtheunionrailroadssteamlocomotiveinfovlocomotivecfmdisplayinfosheetonthesurvivingunionrailroadreferencescartesiancoordinatesysteminfoboxreligiousbiographynamexuyunnativenameimagefilexuyunjpgcaptionreligionchanbuddhismschoolweiyangschoolbrlinjischoolbrcaodongschoolbryunmenschoolbrfayanschoollineagethgenerationofweiyangschoolbrthgenerationoflinjischoolbrthgenerationoffayanschoolbrthgenerationofcaodongschoolbrthgenerationofyunmenschooltemplezhenrutemplejiangxialmamaterdharmanamexuyunnationalitychinesebirthdatebirthplacefujianqingdynastyqingchinadeathdatedeathplacezhenrutemplejiangxichinaspousetitlehonorarypresidentofthebuddhistassociationofchinapredecessorsuccessorteacherchangkaibryungchingbrmiaolianreincarnationofstudentsfoyuanjydingjinghuicharleslukhsuanhuabenhuanyichengmonkchuanyinwebsiteworksbackgroundffdchinesetspxynwhsynmyrsyynjheoisupsupwansupsupyheuwhntlhusupsuphunsupsuppojhunaltnamebirthnametspxiogynwhsiokynmyrsyugynjsiusupsupgusupsupngaamsupsupysugngahmpojsiaukgmxuyunorhsuyunaugustoctoberwasarenownedchinesechanbuddhismchanbuddhistmasterandoneofthemostinfluentialbuddhistteachersofthethandthcenturiesearlylifexuyunwasbornonaugustinfujianqingdynastyqingchinahisoriginalnamewasxiaoguyanhismotherdiedduringchildbirthinthethyearofthereignofthedaoguangemperorwhenhewaselevenyearsoldhisfatherreturnedtoquanzhoutheaginggrandmotherofthechouclanwasdeterminedthathergrandsonwouldhaveawifeinordertocontinuebothhisandhisuncleslineagexuyunwastomarryonewomanfromthetianfamilyandonefromthetanfamilyhisfirstexposuretobuddhismwasduringthefuneralofhisgrandmothersoonafterwardhebeganreadingbuddhistsutrasandlatermadeapilgrimagetomounthenghunanmounthengoneofthemostimportantbuddhistsitesinchinawhenhewasfourteenyearsoldheannouncedthathewishedtorenouncethematerialworldinfavourofmonasticlifehisfatherdidnotapproveofbuddhismandhadhiminstructedintaoisminsteadfromthestartxuyunwasdissatisfiedwithtaoismwhichhefeltcouldnotreachthedeepertruthsofexistencethestoreroomsofhishousewerefullofveryoldbooksgoingthroughthemhefoundavolumecalledthestoryofincensemountainwhichdescribedthelifeofguanyinafterreadingthebookhewasdeeplyinfluencedandwasaspiredtogoforthfromthehometomonkhoodtopracticebuddhismwhenxuyunwasseventeenhehadalreadyundergonethehardshipofpracticingtaoismforthreeyearsandwasindeeddisappointedheconstantlythoughtaboutleavingthehomelifeandjoiningthesanghabuddhismsanghaonedayinhisunclesabsenceheattemptedtofleetomounthengtoshavehisheadandofficiallyleavethehomelifelittledidheknowthatonawindingmountainpathhewouldencounterenvoyssentbyhisuncletointerceptandescorthimbackhisaspirationwasnotrealizedandhewasreprovedandbroughtbackhomewhenhearrivedhomethefamilyfearedthathewouldescapeagainsohewassentwithhisfirstcousinfukuotoquanzhouhisfatherformallyreceivedthebridesfromthetianandtanfamiliesforxuyunandhismarriagewascompletedxuyunhoweverhadalreadyrealizedtheemptinessofformheheldnoviewofaselforofothersandhadnottheslightestthoughtofdesirehewasclearofmindandpureinbodythereforealthoughtheydwelttogetherheremainedundefiledmoreoverheextensivelyexplainedthedharmatothewomensothattheytoowouldpracticebuddhismtherewasadeepbondofbrotherlyfriendshipandrespectbetweenxuyunandfukuofukuoalsohadpreviouslyexploredbuddhismandhadthesameaspirationasxuyunsotheyamicablytraveledthepathtogetherinhisnineteenthyearaccompaniedbyfukuohestartedthejourneytogushandrummountaininfuzhoutoleavehomebeforeleavinghewrotethesongoftheskinbagwhichheleftbehindforhistwowivesitwasatgushanviharamonasterythathisheadwasshavedandhereceivedordinationasamonkwhenhisfathersentagentstofindhimxuyunconcealedhimselfinagrottobehindthemonasterywherehelivedinausteresolitudeforthreeyearsattheageoftwentyfivexuyunlearnedthathisfatherhaddiedandhisstepmotherandtwowiveshadenteredthemonasticlifeduringhisyearsasahermitxuyunmadesomeofhismostprofounddiscoverieshevisitedtheoldmasteryungchingwhoencouragedhimtoabandonhisextremeasceticisminfavoroftemperanceheinstructedtheyoungmonkinthesutrasandtoldhimtobemindfulofthehuatouwhoisdraggingthiscorpseofmineinhisthirtysixthyearwiththeencouragementofyungchingxuyunwentonasevenyearpilgrimagetomountputuooffthecoastofningboaplaceregardedbybuddhistsasthebodhimaalaofavalokitevarahewentontovisitthemonasteryofashokaandvariouschanholyplacesmiddleageandenlightenmentatagefortythreexuyunhadbynowleftthehomelifeformorethantwentyyearsbuthehadnotyetcompletedhispracticeinthepathhehadnotrepaidhisparentskindnessandsohevowedtoagainmakeapilgrimagetonanhaifromfahuatempleallthewaytochingliangpeakatmountwutaiofthenorthwestthebodhimandalaofmanjushrihemadeonefullprostrationeverythreestepsheprayedforthereincarnationrebirthofhisparentsinthepurelandalongthewayxuyunissaidtohavemetabeggarcalledwenchiwhotwicesavedhislifeaftertalkingwiththemonksatthefivepeakedmountainxuyuncametobelievethatthebeggarhadbeenanincarnationofmanjushrihavingachievedsinglenessofmindxuyuntraveledwestandsouthmakinghiswaythroughtibethevisitedmanymonasteriesandholyplacesincludingthepotalatheseatofthedalailamaandtashilhunpomonasterytheseatofthepanchenlamahetraveledthroughindiaandceylonandthenacrosstheseatoburmaduringthistimeofwanderinghefelthismindclearingandhishealthgrowingstrongerxuyuncomposedalargenumberofpoemsduringthisperiodafterreturningtochinaduringxuyunsfiftythirdyearhejoinedwithothervenerablemasterspuzhaoyuexiaandyinlianlotussealtocultivatetogethertheyclimbedjiuhuamountainandrepairedthehutsoncuifengsummitwheredharmamasterpuzhaoexpoundedthemahavaipulyabuddhaavatamsakafloweradornmentsutrawhenxuyunwasfiftysixtheabbotyuelangofgaomintempleinyangzhouwasgoingtoconveneacontinuoustwelveweeksessionofdhyanameditationpreparingtoleavethegroupaskedxuyuntogofirstafterreachingdiganghehadtocrossthewaterbuthadnomoneytheferryleftwithouthimashewalkedalongtheriversedgehesuddenlylosthisfootingandfellintotherushingwaterwherehebobbedhelplesslyforadayandnightandwascaughtinafishermansnethewascarriedtoanearbytemplewherehewasrevivedandtreatedforhisinjuriesfeelingillheneverthelessreturnedtoyangzhouwhenaskedbygaomingwhetherhewouldparticipateintheupcomingweeksofmeditationhepolitelydeclinedwithoutrevealinghisillnessthetemplehadrulesthatthosewhowereinvitedhadtoattendorelsefacepunishmentintheendgaominghadxuyunbeatenwithawoodenrulerhewillinglyacceptedthispunishmentalthoughitworsenedhisconditionforthenextseveraldaysxuyunsatincontinuousmeditationinhisautobiographyhewroteinthepurityofmysinglenessofmindiforgotallaboutmybodytwentydayslatermyillnessvanishedcompletelyfromthatmomentwithallmythoughtsentirelywipedoutmypracticetookeffectthroughoutthedayandnightmystepswereasswiftasifiwasflyingintheaironeeveningaftermeditationiopenedmyeyesandsuddenlysawiwasinbrightnesssimilartobroaddaylightinwhichicouldseeeverythinginsideandoutsidethemonasterybutheknewthatthisoccurrencewasonlyamentalstateandthatitwasnotatallrarehedidnotbecomeattachedtothisachievementbutcontinuedhissinglemindedinvestigationofthetopicwhoismindfulofthebuddhaoverandoveragainhedelvedintothistopicwithoutinterruptionxuyuncomposedacommemorativeversefortheoftcitedmomentofprofoundinsightwhichwasgalvanizedbythesoundofabreakingteacupinthechanhallpoemquoteacupfelltothegroundwithasoundclearlyheardasspacewaspulverisedthemadmindcametoastoplaterlifexuyuntirelesslyworkedasabodhisattvateachingpreceptsexplainingsutrasandrestoringoldtemplesheworkedthroughoutasiacreatingafollowingacrossburmathailandbritishmalayamalayaandvietnamaswellastibetandchinaheremainedinchinaduringworldwariiandaftertheriseofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatosupportthebuddhistcommunitiesratherthanretreattothesafetyofhongkongortaiwanafterthecommuniststookovermainlandchinaheandhisdisciplesweremistreatedandtorturedinalongwithdharmamasteryuanyingandothersxuyunformedthechinesebuddhistassociationatkuangchiextensiveaidmonasterywherehewashonorarypresidentthefollowingresolutionswereproposedtothegovernmentinallplacesfurtherdestructionofmonasteriesandtemplesthedesecrationofimagesandtheburningofsutrasshallimmediatelyceasetheintimidationofbhikshusandbhikshunistoforcetheirreturntolaylifewillnotbetoleratedandallmonasterypropertyshallbereturnedforthwithandthereshouldbereturnedtothesanghaenougharableacreagetomakethemonasteriesselfsupportingthepetitionwasapprovedhethenrepresentedtheassociationinreceivingthreegiftsfromabuddhistdelegationfromsrilankahsuyunalsorespondedtotheinvitationofdharmamasternantungpenetrationtothesouthtoheadanotherdharmaassemblyatlangshanwolfmountainmonasterywhereseveralthousandpeoplefromallovertookrefugehereturnedtoshanghaiinthethirdlunarmonthandthenextmonthreceivedatelegramfrompekingrequestinghispresenceinthecapitalhsuyunarrivedandstayedatkuangchiextensiveaidmonasteryrepresentativesofvariousbuddhistgroupsalsowerepresentandthechinesebuddhistassociationwasofficiallyinauguratedafteraplenarymeetinginwhichimportantpoliciesweredecidedsomedefiledmonkssuggestedtochangesomepreceptsandruleshescoldedthemandwroteanessayaboutthemanifestationofthedharmaendingagexuyunbecameillinthesummerofanddiedinoctobersignificanceinthebuddhistassociationofchinachinesebuddhistassociationwasestablishedatameetingwithdelegatesinbeijingthemeetingalsoelectedachairmanhonorarychairmenvicechairmenasecretarygeneraldeputysecretariesgeneralmembersofastandingcommitteeanddirectorstheelectedhonorarychairmenwerethedalailamathepanchenlamathegrandlamaofinnermongoliaandxuyunhimselfnotesreferencesgaucidamianjohnwebarchiveorgwebenlightlibntuedutwfulltextjrbjbjpdfchanpurelandaninterpretationofxuyunsoralinstructionschunghwabuddhistjournalhuiminbiksuwebarchiveorgwebchibsedutwchhtmlchbjhuiminpdfaninquiryintomasterxuyunsexperiencesoflongdwellinginsamadhichunghwabuddhistjournalhunnrichardedtranslatedbycharleslukemptycloudtheautobiographyofthechinesezenmasterhsuyunrochesteremptycloudpressshaftesburyelementbooksrevisedupasakalukuanyucharleslukmasterhsuyunbriefbiographythemountainpathvoloctobernokuanylucharleslukchanandzenteachinglondonriderkuanyluxuyunarchiveorgdetailsmasterhsuyunsdiscoursesanddharmawordsmasterhsuyunsdiscoursesanddharmawordshongkonghkbuddhistbookdistributorvenerablemasterhsuanhuaapictorialbiographyofthevenerablemasterhsuyunvolandvolndeditionsanfranciscobuddhisttexttranslationsocietysakyajydinwebarchiveorgwebenlightlibntuedutwfulltextjrananpdfemptycloudtheteachingsofxuyunaremembranceofthegreatchinesezenmasterhongkonghkbuddhistbookdistributorexternallinkstherearetwoinstitutionsunderthenamezenbuddhistorderofhsuyunhsuyunorgoneathsuyunorgzatmaorgandanotheratzatmaorghsuyunbudismonetlistofbooksonthelifeandteachingsofmasterhsuyuntestimoniesawakeningfreefrindexhtmtestimoniesofawakeningbfnnorgbookbookshtmaxfisagradeeducationtheafsystemlettergradeusedatsomeunitedstatesuscollegestodenoteeitherstudentswhowithdrawfromacourseaftertherefundperiodhaslapsedorwhoarecaughtperformingactsofacademicdishonestythiswasintendedtomakeitevidentfromthetranscriptwhythefailinggradewasassignedthoughcriticshavepointedtoinconsistentgradingschemaamonguniversitiesissuingxfgradesthexfvariationisalsousedbyatleastoneinstitutiontoindicateastudentwhohasfailedacourseduetononattendancetheearliestinstanceofthexfgradeoccurredattheuniversityofmarylandcollegeparkandxfshavebeenassignedforplagiaristsatkansasstateuniversitysincepennsylvaniastateuniversityandeastcarolinauniversityhavealsorecentlyadoptedthepracticeatkansasstudentswithxfgradesmayhavethegradechangedtoaregularfbyenrollinginanacademicintegritycoursestudentsatwichitastateuniversitywhodidnotwishforfsontheirtranscripttobemistakenforacademicdishonestyrequestedadoptionofthexfbytheiruniversitystudentsatthomasedisonstateuniversityrequestedthatxfgradesgainedfrommissingthewithdrawaldeadlinebeomittedfromofficialtranscriptsleadingtoapolicychangewithintheuniversitythisisnotableinthatthediscussionwassparkedinpartbyinconsistentgradingpoliciesamonguniversitiesissuingxfgradesreferencesseealsoacademicdishonestygradeeducationthexmachinexmisatheoreticalmodelofcomputationintroducedbysamueleilenberginrefnameeilseilenbergautomatalanguagesandmachinesvolaacademicpresslondonrefthexinxmachinerepresentsthefundamentaldatatypeonwhichthemachineoperatesforexampleamachinethatoperatesondatabasesobjectsoftypedatabasewouldbeadatabasemachinethexmachinemodelisstructurallythesameasthefinitestatemachineexceptthatthesymbolsusedtolabelthemachinestransitionsdenoterelationmathematicsrelationsoftypexxcrossingatransitionisequivalenttoapplyingtherelationthatlabelsitcomputingasetofchangestothedatatypexandtraversingapathinthemachinecorrespondstoapplyingalltheassociatedrelationsoneaftertheotheroriginaltheoryeilenbergsoriginalxmachinewasacompletelygeneraltheoreticalmodelofcomputationsubsumingtheturingmachineforexamplewhichadmitteddeterministicnondeterministicandnonterminatingcomputationshisseminalworkpublishedmanyvariantsofthebasicxmachinemodeleachofwhichgeneralizedthefinitestatemachineinaslightlydifferentwayinthemostgeneralmodelanxmachineisessentiallyamachineformanipulatingobjectsoftypexsupposethatxissomedatatypecalledthefundamentaldatatypeandthatisasetofpartialrelationsxxanxmachineisafinitestatemachinewhosearrowsarelabelledbyrelationsininanygivenstateoneormoretransitionsmaybeenabledifthedomainmathematicsdomainoftheassociatedrelationsubisubacceptsasubsetofthecurrentvaluesstoredinxineachcycleallenabledtransitionsareassumedtobetakeneachrecognisedpaththroughthemachinegeneratesalistsubsubsubnsubofrelationswecallthecompositionsubsubsmallosmallsmallosmallsubnsuboftheserelationsthepathrelationcorrespondingtothatpaththebehaviourofthexmachineisdefinedtobetheunionofallthebehaviourscomputedbyitspathrelationsingeneralthisisnondeterministicsinceapplyinganyrelationcomputesasetofoutcomesonxintheformalmodelallpossibleoutcomesareconsideredtogetherinparallelforpracticalpurposesanxmachineshoulddescribesomefinitecomputationanencodingfunctionyxconvertsfromsomeinputdatatypeyintotheinitialstateofxandadecodingfunctionxzconvertsbackfromthefinalstatesofxintosomeoutputdatatypezoncetheinitialstateofxispopulatedthexmachinerunstocompletionandtheoutputsarethenobservedingeneralamachinemaydeadlockbeblockedorlivelockneverhaltorperformoneormorecompletecomputationsforthisreasonmorerecentresearchhasfocusedondeterministicxmachineswhosebehaviourcanbecontrolledandobservedmorepreciselyexampleacompilerwithapeepholeoptimizercanbethoughtofasamachineforoptimizingprogramstructureinthisoptimizermachinetheencodingfunctiontakessourcecodefromtheinputtypeytheprogramsourceandloadsitintothememorytypexaparsetreesupposethatthemachinehasseveralstatescalledfindincrementsfindsubexprsandcompletedthemachinestartsintheinitialstatefindincrementswhichislinkedtootherstatesviathetransitionsfindincrementssupdoincrementsupfindincrementsfindincrementssupskipincrementsupfindsubexprsfindsubexprssupdosubexprsupfindsubexprsfindsubexprssupskipsubexprsupcompletedtherelationdoincrementmapsaparsedsubtreecorrespondingtoxxintotheoptimizedsubtreextherelationdosubexprmapsaparsetreecontainingmultipleoccurrencesofthesameexpressionxyxyintoanoptimizedversionwithalocalvariabletostoretherepeatedcomputationzxyzztheserelationsareonlyenabledifxcontainsthedomainvaluessubtreesonwhichtheyoperatetheremainingrelationsskipincrementandskipsubexprarenullopsidentityrelationsenabledinthecomplementarycasessotheoptimizermachinewillruntocompletionfirstconvertingtrivialadditionsintoinplaceincrementswhileinthefindincrementsstatethenitwillmoveontothefindsubexprsstateandperformaseriesofcommonsubexpressionremovalsafterwhichitwillmovetothefinalstatecompletedthedecodingfunctionwillthenmapfromthememorytypextheoptimizedparsetreeintotheoutputtypezoptimizedmachinecodeconventionwhenreferringtoeilenbergsoriginalmodelxmachineistypicallywrittenwithalowercasembecausethesenseisanymachineforprocessingxwhenreferringtolaterspecificmodelstheconventionistouseacapitalmaspartofthepropernameofthatvariantsinterestinthexmachinewasrevivedinthelatesbymikeholcomberefnameholamholcombexmachinesasabasisfordynamicsystemspecificationsoftwareengineeringjournalpprefwhonoticedthatthemodelwasidealforsoftwareformalspecificationpurposesbecauseitcleanlyseparatescontrolflowfromprocessingprovidedoneworksatasufficientlyabstractlevelthecontrolflowsinacomputationcanusuallyberepresentedasafinitestatemachinesotocompletethexmachinespecificationallthatremainsistospecifytheprocessingassociatedwitheachofthemachinestransitionsthestructuralsimplicityofthemodelmakesitextremelyflexibleotherearlyillustrationsoftheideaincludedholcombesspecificationofhumancomputerinterfacesrefnameholbmholcombeformalmethodsinthespecificationofthehumanmachineinterfaceinternationaljcommandandcontrolcommunicationsandinfosystemspprefhismodellingofprocessesincellbiochemistryrefnameholmholcombemathematicalmodelsofcellbiochemistrytechnicalreportcsdeptofcomputersciencesheffielduniversityrefandstannettsmodellingofdecisionmakinginmilitarycommandsystemsrefnamestamstannettanorganisationalapproachtodecisionmakingincommandsystemsinternationaljcommandandcontrolcommunicationsandinfosystemspprefsxmachineshavereceivedrenewedattentionsincethemidswhengilbertlaycocksdeterministicstreamxmachinerefnamelaygilbertlaycockthetheoryandpracticeofspecificationbasedsoftwaretestingphdthesisuniversityofsheffieldmcsleacukpeoplegtlphdabstracthtmlabstractrefwasfoundtoserveasthebasisforspecifyinglargesoftwaresystemsthatarecompletelytestablerefnamehimholcombeandfipatecorrectsystemsbuildingabusinessprocesssolutionspringerappliedcomputingseriesrefanothervariantthecommunicatingxmachinecommunicatingstreamxmachineoffersausefultestablemodelforbiologicalprocessesrefnamebehabellandmholcombecomputationalmodelsofcellularprocessingincomputationincellularandmolecularbiologicalsystemsedsmholcomberpatonandrcuthbertsonsingaporeworldscientificpressrefandfutureswarmbasedsatellitesystemsrefnamehrrtmghincheycarouffjlrashandwftruszkowskirequirementsofanintegratedformalmethodforintelligentswarmsinproceedingsoffmicsseptemberlisbonportugalassociationforcomputingmachinerypprefsxmachineshavebeenappliedtolexicalsemanticsbyandraskornaiwhomodelswordmeaningbypointedmachinesthathaveonememberofthebasesetxdistinguishedrefnamekornaiakornaithealgebraoflexicalsemanticspaperpresentedatthemeetingofthemolweborgassiciationformathematicsoflanguageinincebertgjgerjmichaelisedsprocthmathematicsoflanguageworkshopmolspringerlncskornaicompapersmolpdfrefapplicationtootherbranchesoflinguisticsinparticulartoacontemporaryreformulationofpiniwerepioneeredbygerardhuetandhiscoworkersrefnamehuetghuetandbrazetcomputingwithrelationalmachinestutorialpresentedaticondecpoonaciteweburlyqueminriafrhuetpubliclandinpdftitlearchivedcopyaccessdateaugustdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebyqueminriafrhuetpubliclandinpdfarchivedatefebruaryrefrefnamegoyalpgoyalghuetakulkarnipscharfrbunkeradistributedplatformforsanskritprocessinginproccolingppaclweborganthologycccpdfrefmajorvariantsthexmachineisrarelyencounteredinitsoriginalformbutunderpinsseveralsubsequentmodelsofcomputationthemostinfluentialmodelontheoriesofsoftwaretestinghasbeenthestreamxmachinenasahasrecentlydiscussedusingacombinationofcommunicatingxmachinecommunicatingstreamxmachinesandtheprocesscalculuswscssinthedesignandtestingofswarmsatellitesystemsanalogxmachineaxmtheearliestvariantthecontinuoustimeanalogxmachineaxmwasintroducedbymikestannettinasapotentiallysuperturingmodelofcomputationrefnamestamstannettxmachinesandthehaltingproblembuildingasuperturingmachineformalaspectsofcomputingpprefitisconsequentlyrelatedtoworkinhypercomputationtheoryrefnamecopbjcopelandhypercomputationmindsandmachinespprefstreamxmachinesxmthemostcommonlyencounteredxmachinevariantisgilbertlaycocksstreamxmachinesxmcomputationalmodelsxmmodelwhichformsthebasisformikeholcombeandflorentinipatestheoryofcompletesoftwaretestingwhichguaranteesknowncorrectnesspropertiesoncetestingisoverrefnameihfipateandmholcombeamethodforrefiningandtestinggeneralisedmachinespecificationsintjcompmathpprefthestreamxmachinediffersfromeilenbergsoriginalmodelinthatthefundamentaldatatypexisoftheformoutmeminwhereinisaninputsequenceoutisanoutputsequenceandmemistherestofthememorytheadvantageofthismodelisthatitallowsasystemtobedrivenonestepatatimethroughitsstatesandtransitionswhileobservingtheoutputsateachstepthesearewitnessvaluesthatguaranteethatparticularfunctionswereexecutedoneachstepasaresultcomplexsoftwaresystemsmaybedecomposedintoahierarchyofstreamxmachinesdesignedinatopdownwayandtestedinabottomupwaythisdivideandconquerapproachtodesignandtestingisbackedbyflorentinipatesproofofcorrectintegrationrefnameipaholfipateandmholcombeanintegrationtestingmethodthatisprovedtofindallfaultsinternationaljournalofcomputermathematicspprefwhichproveshowtestingthelayeredmachinesindependentlyisequivalenttotestingthecomposedsystemcommunicatingxmachinecxmtheearliestproposalforconnectingseveralxmachinesinparallelisjudithbarnardscommunicatingxmachinecxmorcomxmodelrefnamebtwmjbarnardctheakerjwhitworthandmwoodwardrealtimecommunicatingxmachinesfortheformaldesignofrealtimesystemsinproceedingsofdartsuniversitelibrebrusselsbelgiumnovemberrefrefnamebarjbarnardcomxamethodologyfortheformaldesignofcomputersystemsusingcommunicatingxmachinesphdthesisstaffordshireuniversityrefinwhichmachinesareconnectedvianamedcommunicationchannelsknownasportsthismodelexistsinbothdiscreteandrealtimedvariantsrefnamealdbarnaaldersonandjbarnardonmakingacrossingsafetechnicalreportsoctrschoolofcomputingstaffordshireuniversityciteseeristpsuedualdersonmakinghtmlciteseerrefearlierversionsofthisworkwerenotfullyformalanddidnotshowfullinputoutputrelationsasimilarcommunicatingxmachineapproachusingbufferedchannelswasdevelopedbypetroskefalasrefnamekekaekehrisgeleftherakisandpkefalasusingxmachinestomodelandtestdiscreteeventsimulationprogramsprocthworldmulticonferenceoncircuitssystemscommunicationsandcomputersathensrefrefnamekekbpkefalasgeleftherakisandekehriscommunicatingxmachinesapracticalapproachformodularspecificationoflargesystemstechnicalreportcsdepartmentofcomputersciencecitycollegethessalonikirefthefocusofthisworkwasonexpressivenessinthecompositionofcomponentstheabilitytoreassignchannelsmeantthatsomeofthetestingtheoremsfromstreamxmachinesdidnotcarryoverthesevariantsarediscussedcommunicatingxmachineinmoredetailonaseparatepagecommunicatingstreamxmachinecsxmthefirstfullyformalmodelofconcurrentxmachinecompositionwasproposedinbycristinavertanandhoriageorgescurefnamegeoverhgeorgescuandcvertananewapproachtocommunicatingstreamxmachinesjournalofuniversalcomputersciencepprefbasedonearlierworkoncommunicatingautomatatabyphilipbirdandanthonycowlingrefnamebcprbirdandajcowlingmodellinglogicprogrammingusinganetworkofcommunicatingmachinesinprocndeuromicroworkshoponparallelanddistributedprocessingmalagajanuaryppdcsshefacukajccsxmspaperseuromichtmlabstractrefinvertansmodelthemachinescommunicateindirectlyviaasharedcommunicationmatrixessentiallyanarrayofpigeonholesratherthandirectlyviasharedchannelsblnescucowlinggeorgescuvertanandothershavestudiedtheformalpropertiesofthiscsxmmodelinsomedetailfullinputoutputrelationscanbeshownthecommunicationmatrixestablishesaprotocolforsynchronouscommunicationtheadvantageofthisisthatitdecoupleseachmachinesprocessingfromtheircommunicationallowingtheseparatetestingofeachbehaviourthiscompositionalmodelwasprovenequivalenttoastandardstreamxmachinerefnamebchggvtbalanescuajcowlinghgeorgescumgheorghemholcombeandcvertancommunicatingxmachinessystemsarenomorethanxmachinesjournalofuniversalcomputersciencepprefsoleveragingtheearliertestingtheorydevelopedbyholcombeandipatethisxmachinevariantisdiscussedcommunicatingxmachineinmoredetailonaseparatepageobjectxmachineoxmkirillbogdanovandanthonysimonsdevelopedseveralvariantsofthexmachinetomodelthebehaviourofobjectsinobjectorientedsystemsrefnamesbhajhsimonskebogdanovandwmlholcombecompletefunctionaltestingusingobjectmachinestechnicalreportcsdepartmentofcomputerscienceuniversityofsheffieldrefthismodeldiffersfromthestreamxmachineapproachinthatthemonolithicdatatypexisdistributedoverandencapsulatedbyseveralobjectswhichareseriallycomposedandsystemsaredrivenbymethodinvocationsandreturnsratherthanbyinputsandoutputsfurtherworkinthisareaconcernedadaptingtheformaltestingtheoryinthecontextofinheritancewhichpartitionsthestatespaceofthesuperclassinextendedsubclassobjectsrefnamesimoajhsimonsatheoryofregressiontestingforbehaviourallycompatibleobjecttypessoftwaretestingverificationandreliabilityjohnwileypprefaccsaugmentedxmachineccsxmmodelwaslaterdevelopedbysimonsandstannettintosupportcompletebehaviouraltestingofobjectorientedsystemsinthepresenceofasynchronouscommunicationrefnamessmstannettandajhsimonsccsaugmentedxmachinestechnicalreportcsdepartmentofcomputersciencesheffielduniversityukrefthisisexpectedtobearsomesimilaritywithnasasrecentproposalbutnodefinitivecomparisonofthetwomodelshasasyetbeenconductedseealsostreamxmachinexmachinetestingcommunicatingxmachinedownloadabletechnicalreportsnbspmstannettandajhsimonscompletebehaviouraltestingofobjectorientedsystemsusingccsaugmentedxmachinestechreportcsdeptofcomputerscienceuniversityofsheffielddcsshefacukintranetresearchresmescspdfdownloadjaguadoandajcowlingfoundationsofthexmachinetheoryfortestingtechreportcsdeptofcomputerscienceuniversityofsheffielddcsshefacukintranetresearchresmescspdfdownloadjaguadoandajcowlingsystemsofcommunicatingxmachinesforspecifyingdistributedsystemstechreportcsdeptofcomputerscienceuniversityofsheffielddcsshefacukintranetresearchresmescspdfdownloadmstannettthetheoryofxmachinesparttechreportcsdeptofcomputerscienceuniversityofsheffielddcsshefacukintranetresearchresmescspdfdownloadexternallinksdcsshefacukajccsxmsindexhtmltonycowlingscommunicatingsxmsystemspagesxmachinescommikestannettstheoryofxmachinessitereferencescorelventuraxiphorgfoundationstarwarsshadowsoftheempireredirectcategoryshellgreenswordtailzhonghexinlulineredirectcategoryshelltamsuixinyilineredirectcategoryshellvoughtxfuxchatmonterreyplatyfishxfredirectcategoryshellndcenturyinfoboxsoftwarenamexorplogoscreenshotcaptionauthormarkhandleydeveloperxorpdevelopersxorporgpeoplehtmlreleasedjulylatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatejanuarylatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdateprogramminglanguagecoperatingsystemlinuxbsdwindowsplatformlanguagestatusgenreroutinglicensegnugeneralpubliclicenseversiongnugplvgnulessergeneralpubliclicensegnulgplvrefnamexorplicenserefwebsitexorporgwwwxorporgxorpisanopensourceinternetprotocolroutingsoftwaresuiteoriginallydesignedattheinternationalcomputerscienceinstituteinberkeleycaliforniathenameisderivedfromextensibleopenrouterplatformitsupportsospfbgprippimigmpolsrtheproductisdesignedfromprinciplesofsoftwaremodularityandextensibilityandaimsatexhibitingstabilityandprovidingfeaturerequirementsforproductionusewhilealsosupportingnetworkingresearchrefciteweburlxorporgpapersosrpdftitleproposaltodevelopanextensibleopenrouterplatformauthormarkhandleydaterefthedevelopmentprojectwasfoundedbymarkhandleycomputerscientistmarkhandleyinreceivingfundingfromintelmicrosoftandthenationalsciencefoundationitreleaseditsfirstproductionsoftwareinjulyrefciteweburlbusinessweekcomtechnologycontentnovtctchtmtitledoesxorphaveciscosnumberdateauthoralexsalkeverpublisherbusinessweekreftheprojectwasthenrunbyatanughoshcomputerscientistatanughoshoftheinternationalcomputerscienceinstituteinberkeleycaliforniainjulytheinternationalcomputerscienceinstitutetransferredthexorptechnologytoanewentityxorpincacommercialstartupfoundedbytheleadersoftheopensourceprojectteamandbackedbyonsetventuresandhighlandcapitalpartnersrefciteweburlnewswisecomarticlesviewtitleicsispinsoutventurebackedxorpincdatepublisherinternationalcomputerscienceinstituterefinfebruaryxorpincwaswoundupavictimoftherecessionhowevertheopensourceprojectcontinuedwiththeserversbasedatuniversitycollegelondoninmarchbengreearbecametheprojectmaintainerandthewwwxorporgserverisnowhostedbycandelatechnologiesthexorpcodebaseconsistsofaroundlinesofcandisdevelopedprimarilyonlinuxbutsupportedonfreebsdopenbsddragonflybsdnetbsdsupportforxorponmicrosoftwindowswasrecentlyreaddedtothedevelopmenttreexorpisavailablefordownloadasalivecdorassourcecodeviatheprojectshomepagethesoftwaresuitewasselectedcommerciallyastheroutingplatformforthevyattalineofproductsinitsearlyreleasesbutlaterhasbeenreplacedwithquaggasoftwarequaggarefciteweburlmoneycnncommagazinesbusinesstelecomopensourcetitlewilltelecomgoopensourcepublishercnnmoneycomdaterefroutingfeaturesasoftheprojectsupportsthefollowingroutingprotocolsstaticroutingroutinginformationprotocolripandripngrfcripversionrfcripmdauthenticationrfcripngforipvbordergatewayprotocolrfcabordergatewayprotocolbgprfccapabilitiesadvertisementwithbgprfcmultiprotocolextensionsforbgprfcuseofbgpmultiprotocolextensionsforipvinterdomainroutingrfcbgpcommunitiesattributerfcbgproutereflectionanalternativetofullmeshibgprfcautonomoussystemconfederationsforbgprfcbgprouteflapdampingrfcbgpsupportforfouroctetasnumberspacerfcdefinitionsofmanagedobjectsforthefourthversionofthebordergatewayprotocolbgpusingsmivopenshortestpathfirstversionospfvandversionospfvrfcospfversionrfctheospfnotsostubbyareanssaoptionrfcospfforipvpimsparsemodepimsmrfcrfcigmpvvandvrfcinternetgroupmanagementprotocolversionrfcinternetgroupmanagementprotocolversionmulticastlistenerdiscoverymldvandvrfcmulticastlistenerdiscoverymldforipvrfcmulticastlistenerdiscoveryversionmldvforipvvirtualrouterredundancyprotocolvrrpvrfcuserinterfacexorpprovidesacommandlineinterfaceforinteractiveconfigurationandoperationmonitoringtheinterfaceisimplementedasadistinctapplicationcalledxorpshthatmaybeinvokedbymultipleuserssimultaneouslyitinteractsviainterprocesscommunicationwiththeroutercoremodulesthecommandlinelanguageismodelledafterthatofjunipernetworkssjunosplatformseealsolistofopensourceroutingplatformsreferencesexternallinksxorporgofficialwebsitexorpsourceforgenetsourceforgewebsitexorporgreleasescurrentdocsreleasenotesreleasenoteshardwareslashdotorgarticleplsidslashdotdiscussionimagexlinkedrecessivesvgthumbrightxlinkedrecessiveinheritancexlinkedrecessiveinheritanceisamodeofmendelianinheritanceinheritanceinwhichamutationinageneonthexchromosomecausesthephenotypetobeexpressedinmaleswhoarenecessarilyhemizygousforthegenemutationbecausetheyhaveonexandoneychromosomeandinfemaleswhoarehomozygousforthegenemutationseezygosityxlinkedinheritancemeansthatthegenecausingthetraitorthedisorderislocatedonthexchromosomefemaleshavetwoxchromosomeswhilemaleshaveonexandoneychromosomecarrierfemaleswhohaveonlyonecopyofthemutationdonotusuallyexpressthephenotypealthoughdifferencesinxchromosomeinactivationcanleadtovaryingdegreesofclinicalexpressionincarrierfemalessincesomecellswillexpressonexalleleandsomewillexpresstheotherthecurrentestimateofsequencedxlinkedgenesisandthetotalincludingvaguelydefinedtraitsissomescholarshavesuggesteddiscontinuingthetermsdominantandrecessivewhenreferringtoxlinkedinheritanceduetothemultiplemechanismsthatcanresultintheexpressionofxlinkedtraitsinfemaleswhichincludecellautonomousexpressionskewedxinactivationclonalexpansionandsomaticmosaicismsexdifferencesinphenotypegenotypesandfrequencyinhumansgenerallymenareaffectedandwomenarecarriersfortworeasonsthefirstisthesimplestatisticalfactthatifthexchromosomesinapopulationthatcarryaparticularxlinkedmutationatafrequencyoffforexamplethenthatwillbethefrequencythatmenarelikelytoexpressthemutationsincetheyhaveonlyonexwhilewomenwillexpressitatafrequencyoffsupsupforexamplesincetheyhavetwoxsandhencetwochancestogetthenormalallelethusxlinkedmutationstendtoberareinwomenthesecondreasonforfemalerarityisthatwomenwhoexpressthemutationmusthavetwoxchromosomesthatcarrythetraitandtheynecessarilygotonefromtheirfatherwhowouldhavealsoexpressedthetraitbecauseheonlyhadonexchromosomeinthefirstplaceifthetraitlowerstheprobabilityoffatheringachildorcausesthefathertochoosetoonlyhavechildrenwithwomenwhoarentcarrierssoasnottocreatedaughterswhoarecarriersratherthanexpressersandthenonlyifnogeneticscreeningisusedthenwomenbecomeevenlesslikelytoexpressthetraitexamplesmostcommonthemostcommonxlinkedrecessivedisordersarerefnamegpnotebookgpnotebookcouksimplepagecfmidgpnotebookxlinkedrecessivedisordersretrievedonmarsrefredgreencolorblindnessaverycommontraitinhumansandfrequentlyusedtoexplainxlinkeddisordersbetweensevenandtenpercentofmenandtoofwomenareaffecteditscommonnessmaybeexplainedbyitsrelativelybenignnatureitisalsoknownasdaltonismhemophiliaaacoagulationbloodclottingdisordercausedbyamutationofthefactorviiigeneandleadingtoadeficiencyoffactorviiiitwasoncethoughttobetheroyaldiseasefoundinthedescendantsofqueenvictoriathisisnowknowntohavebeenhemophiliabseebelowhemophiliabalsoknownaschristmasdiseaseacoagulationbloodclottingdisordercausedbyamutationofthefactorixgeneandleadingtoadeficiencyoffactorixitisrarerthanhemophiliaaasnotedaboveitwashaemophiliaineuropeanroyaltycommonamongthedescendantsofqueenvictoriaduchennemusculardystrophywhichisassociatedwithmutationsinthedystrophingeneitischaracterizedbyrapidprogressionofmuscledegenerationeventuallyleadingtolossofskeletalmusclecontrolrespiratoryfailureanddeathbeckersmusculardystrophyamilderformofduchennewhichcausesslowlyprogressivemuscleweaknessofthelegsandpelvisxlinkedichthyosisaformofichthyosiscausedbyageneticdisorderhereditarydeficiencyofthesteroidsulfatasestsenzymeitisfairlyrareaffectingoneintooneinmalesrefnamepeddermrefxlinkedagammaglobulinemiaxlawhichaffectsthebodysabilitytofightinfectionxlapatientsdonotgeneratematurebcellsrefnametitlexlinkedagammaglobulinemiaimmunodeficiencydisordersmerckmanualprofessionalrefbcellsarepartoftheimmunesystemandnormallymanufactureantibodiesalsocalledimmunoglobulinswhichdefendsthebodyfrominfectionsthehumoralresponsepatientswithuntreatedxlaarepronetodevelopseriousandevenfatalinfectionsrefnameconleyxlastjudeorgdiseasesummarieshtmlxlainformationbystjudechildrenshospitalrefglucosephosphatedehydrogenasedeficiencywhichcausesnonimmunehemolyticanemiainresponsetoanumberofcausesmostcommonlyinfectionorexposuretocertainmedicationschemicalsorfoodscommonlyknownasfavismasitcanbetriggeredbychemicalsexistingnaturallyinbroadorfavabeanslesscommondisorderstheoreticallyamutationinanyofthemaycausediseasebutbelowaresomenotableoneswithshortdescriptionofsymptomsadrenoleukodystrophyleadstoprogressivebraindamagefailureoftheadrenalglandsandeventuallydeathalportsyndromeglomerulonephritisendstagekidneydiseaseandhearinglossandrogeninsensitivitysyndromevariabledegreesofundervirilizationandorinfertilityinxypersonsofeithergenderbarthsyndromemetabolismdistortiondelayedmotorskillsstaminadeficiencyhypotoniachronicfatiguedelayedgrowthcardiomyopathyandcompromisedimmunesystemblueconemonochromacylowvisionacuitycolorblindnessphotophobiainfantilenystagmuscentronuclearmyopathyincludingmyotubularmyopathycentronuclearmyopathywherecellnucleiareabnormallylocatedinskeletalmusclecellsincnmthenucleiarelocatedatapositioninthecenterofthecellinsteadoftheirnormallocationattheperipherycharcotmarietoothdiseasecharcotmarietoothdiseasecmtxdisorderofnervesneuropathythatischaracterizedbylossofmuscletissueandtouchsensationpredominantlyinthefeetandlegsbutalsointhehandsandarmsintheadvancedstagesofdiseasecoffinlowrysyndromeseverementalretardationsometimesassociatedwithabnormalitiesofgrowthcardiacabnormalitieskyphoscoliosisaswellasauditoryandvisualabnormalitiesfabrydiseasealysosomalstoragediseasecausinganhidrosisfatigueangiokeratomasburningextremitypainandocularinvolvementhunterssyndromepotentiallycausinghearinglossthickeningoftheheartvalvesleadingtoadeclineincardiacfunctionobstructiveairwaydiseasesleepapneaandenlargementoftheliverandspleenhypohidroticectodermaldysplasiapresentingwithhypohidrosishypotrichosishypodontiakabukisyndromemultiplecongenitalanomaliesandmentalretardationspinalandbulbarmuscularatrophymusclecrampsandprogressiveweaknessleschnyhansyndromeneurologicdysfunctioncognitiveandbehavioraldisturbancesincludingselfmutilationanduricacidoverproductionhyperuricemialowesyndromehydrophthalmiacataractsintellectualdisabilitiesaminoaciduriareducedrenalammoniaproductionandvitamindresistantricketsmenkesdiseasesparseandcoarsehairgrowthfailureanddeteriorationofthenervoussystemnasodigitoacousticsyndromemishapednosebrachydactylyofthedistalphalangessensorineuraldeafnessnonsyndromicdeafnesshearinglossnorriediseasecataractsleukocoriaalongwithotherdevelopmentalissuesintheeyeoccipitalhornsyndromedeformationsintheskeletonocularalbinismlackofpigmentationintheeyeornithinetranscarbamylasedeficiencydevelopmentaldela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ablesremotemonitoringcontrolandtroubleshootingofthespecialpurposesystemsometimesthissavessendingatechniciantoaremotesiteorallowsuserstocontrolequipmentfromtheirworkstationorlaptopxvncisknowntohavebeenrunonthefollowingtypesofsystemselectronmicroscopemriandradiologyimageanalysissystempowerplantandoilplatformmanagementconsolesmaterialsdistributioncontrolshipselfdefensesystemtestingnmrsystemssiliconwaferanalysismicroscopeandtheaterandconcertlightingcontrolxvncisusedtoexportthexdisplaysinembeddedsystemssuchaslinuxbasedpdasandhometheaterpcsifxvnccannotberunonthespecialpurposesystemsometimesitcanberunonanearbycomputerandpollthexserverframebufferoverthenetworkthisishowproprietaryxterminaldevicescanbeaccessedviaxvncxvncemulationalthoughxvncsprimaryuseisforxserversassociatedwithphysicalgraphicshardwareitcanalsoattachtovirtualxserverswhoseframebuffersexistinramonlysuchasxvfborasunraysessionxvnchasoptionsttcreatettandttsvctttostartxvfbautomaticallypossiblyastheunixuserthatloggedintheinteractiveresponseofxvncandxvfbmaynotbeasfastasvirtualnetworkcomputingxvnchoweverthismodeenablesfeaturesthatxvncdoesnothavesuchassslencryptionandunixusernamesandpasswordsclientsidecachingtherfbprotocolrfbvncprotocolisoddwhencomparedtoothernetworkgraphicsprotocolssuchasxandremotedesktopprotocolrdpinthatthereisnoprovisionforviewersidecachingofpixeldatawhilethismakestheclienteasiertoimplementthereisapricetopayintermsofinteractiveresponseforexampleeveryreexposureofawindoworbackgroundregionneedstohaveitscompressedpixeldataresentoverthenetworkthiseffectisparticularlynoticeableforwindowswithcomplexorphotoregionssuchasawebbrowserwindowthatgetsiconifiedanddeiconifiedorreexposedoftenxvnchasanexperimentalandsomewhatbruteforceimplementationofclientsidecachingitisenabledviathettncachettoptionwhencreatingtherfbframebufferinthismodexvncallocatesaverylargescratchregionbelowthetopportionusedfortheactualonscreenpixeldataxvnccanthenusetherfbcopyrectcommandtoinstructtheviewertomoverectanglesofpixeldataintoandoutofthescratchregionthesemovesaredonelocallyontheviewersideinthiswayxvnccanmanagethescratchregiontostoreandretrievepixeldatawithouthavingtoresenditoverthenetworkxvncsclientsidecachingmodecangivenoticeableinteractiveresponseimprovementsformanyactivitieslinuxxsessionsinceitusestheexistingrfbcopyrectcommandtheschemewillworkwithanyieunmodifiedvncviewertherearesomedisadvantageshoweverthefirstisthatitconsumesalargeamountofmemoryforgoodperformanceascratchregiontotimeslargerthantheactualscreenshouldbeusedsoinsteadusingmbforaxtruecolorframebufferclosertombwillbeusedonboththevncclientandserversidesthisisnotsomuchofanissueonmoderncomputersbutwouldnotbepossibleonalowmemorydevicesecondthevncviewermaytreatthescratchregioninwaysthatconfusetheuserforexampledisplayingittotheuserorautomaticallypanningdownintoitifthemousereachesthebottomoftherealscreentheunixvncviewerinkarlrungecomxvncssvnchtmlssvncautomaticallyhidesthescratchregionfinallyxvncsheuristicsforcachingandreusingwindowpixeldataarenotperfectandcanleadtounexpectedflashingofawindowscontentsandotherundesiredeffectsseealsoxvnckrdcxreferencesexternallinkskarlrungecomxvncxvncavncserverforrealxdisplaysprojecthomepagelibvncserversourceforgenetlibvncserverlibvncclientprojecthomepageordescribedinenglishlanguageenglishaslwithstrokeisaletterofthewestslaviclanguageswestslavicpolishalphabetpolishkashubianalphabetkashubianandsorbianalphabetsorbianacinkaalphabetacinkalatinbelarusianlanguagebelarusianukrainianlatinalphabetatynkalatinukrainianlanguageukrainianwymysoryslanguagewymysorysnavajolanguagenavajodenesulinelanguagedenesulineinupiaqlanguageinupiaqzunilanguagezunihupalanguagehupaanddogriblanguagedogribalphabetsseveralproposedalphabetsforthevenetianlanguageandtheisoromanizationofthethaialphabetinslaviclanguagesitrepresentsthecontinuationofprotoslavicnonpalatalconsonantpalatallseedarklexceptpolishlanguagepolishwhereitevolvedintowinmostnoneuropeanlanguagesitrepresentsavoicelessalveolarlateralfricativeorsimilarsoundglyphshapeinnormaltypefacestheletterhasastrokeapproximatelyinthemiddleoftheverticalstempassingitatananglebetweenandneverperpendicularlyincursivehandwritingandtypefacesthatimitateitthecapitalletterhasahorizontalstrokethroughthemiddleandlooksalmostexactlythesameasthepoundsigninthecursivelowercaseletterthestrokeisalsohorizontalandplacedontopoftheletterinsteadofgoingthroughthemiddleofthestemwhichwouldnotbedistinguishablefromthelettertthestrokeiseitherstraightorslightlywavydependingonthestyleunlikeltheletterisusuallywrittenwithoutanoticeableloopatthetopmostpubliclyavailablemultilingualcursivetypefacesincludingcommercialonesfeatureanincorrectglyphforrefnameadamtwardochrefararevariantoftheglyphisacursivedoubleligatureusedinwordssuchasorarchaicallahwherethestrokesatthetopofthelettersarejoinedintoasinglestrokepolishinpolishisusedtodistinguishhistoricaldarkvelarizationvelarizedlfromclearlthepolishsoundssimilartotheenglishwinjakubparkoszowicproposedaletterresemblingmathellmathtorepresentclearlfordarklhesuggestedlwithastrokerunningintheoppositedirectionasthemodernversionthelatterwasintroducedinbystanisawzaborowskiinhisorthographiaseumodusrectescribendietlegendipolonicumidiomaquamutilissimuslwithstrokeoriginallyrepresentedavelarizedalveolarlateralapproximantrefjosephandrewteslarjadwigateslaranewpolishgrammartheditionrevisededinburgholiverboydltdenglishlharddentalitistrueofcoursethatthemajorityofpolesnowadayspronouncethissoundwiththelipsexactlyliketheenglishwbutthisisacarelesspronunciationleadingeventuallytothedisappearanceofasoundtypicallypolishandrussianalsoithasalreadydisappearedfromtheotherslavoniclanguagesczechandserbianinarticulatinglyourtongueprojectsconsiderablybeyondthehorizontallineseparatingthegumsfromtheteethandtouchesthegumsorthepalatetopronouncethetongueshouldbeheldflatandrigidinthebottomofthemouthwiththetipjustbentupwardssufficientlytotouchtheedgeofthefrontupperteethonnoaccountshouldthetongueextendbeyondthelineseparatingtheteethfromthegumsholdingthetonguerigidlyinthispositionaspeakershouldthenpronounceoneofthevowelsaooruconsciouslydroppingthetongueoneachoccasiontoobtainthehardquitedistinctfromthesoftlrefapronunciationthatispreservedintheeasternpartofpolandandamongthepolishminorityinlithuaniabelarusandukrainethispronunciationissimilartorussianlanguagerussianunpalatalisedelcyrillicinnativewordsandgrammarformsinmodernpolishisnormallypronouncedexactlyaswinenglishasaconsonantasinwerewillwallthispronunciationfirstappearedamongpolishworkingclasslowerclassesinthethcenturyitwasconsideredanunculturedaccentbytheupperclasseswhopronouncedalmostexactlyasineastslaviclanguagesorlinenglishpulluntilthemidthcenturywhenthisdistinctiongraduallybegantofadetheshiftfromtoinpolishhasaffectedallinstancesofdarklevenwordinitiallyorintervocalicallyegadnyprettyniceispronouncedsowowordisandciaobodyisoftenalternateswithclearlsuchasthegrammaticalnumberpluralformsofadjectivesandwikibookspolishverbsverbsinthepasttensethatareassociatedwithgrammaticalgenderothertypesofgenderclassificationsmasculinepersonalnounsegmaymalialternationisalsocommonindeclensionofnounsegfromnominativecasenominativetolocativecaselocativetonatlepolishfinalalsooftencorrespondstoukrainianlanguageukrainianwordfinalvecyrilliccyrillicandbelarusianlanguagebelarusiancyrillicthushegaveisdainpolishinukrainianinbelarusianallpronouncedbutinrussiantheoldpronunciationofisstillfullyunderstandablebutisconsideredtheatricalinmostregionsexampleshistoricfiguresjanukasiewiczjanukasiewicztheinventorofpolishnotationlechwasalechwasapolishlaborleaderandpresidentofpolandformerpresidentsomeexamplesofwordswithvistulawisavistuladdukaszukaszlucaslukemichamichamichaelzotyzotyzlotygoldenincountrieswhereisnotavailablebasiclisusedinsteadthusthesurnamemaeckiwouldbespelledmaleckiinaforeigncountrysimilarlythestrokeissometimesomittedontheinternetasmayhappenwithalldiacriticenhancedlettersleavingoutthediacriticdoesnotimpedecommunicationfornativespeakersbutitmaybeconfusingforthoselearningpolishotherlanguagesinbelarusianacinkacorrespondstocyrillicscriptcyrillicelcyrillicandisnormallypronouncedalmostexactlyaslinenglishpullbothintheandversionstheletterisalsousedfornonslaviclanguagesinnavajolanguagenavajoisusedforavoicelessalveolarlateralfricativelikethewelshllinvenetianlanguagesoundsystemvenetianisusedinsubstitutionforlinmanywordsinwhichthepronunciationoflhasbecomedifferentforseveralvarietiesofthelanguagesuchasbecomingmuteorbecomingthesoundoftheshortervowelcorrespondingtooripaforexamplelagondoacanbepronouncedasinvenetiandialectslagndolaorlagndoaorlagndoeawithsuchshorterwhenwritingipaforsomenorthgermaniclanguagesscandinaviandialectswherethepronunciationofaretroflexflapexistsforexampleinnorwegianphonologyeasternnorwegiandialectsauthorsmayemployisusedinorthographictranscriptionofahtnalanguageahtnaanathabaskanlanguagesathabaskanlanguagespokeninalaskaitrepresentsabreathyvoicebreathylateralfricativeitisalsousedintanacrosslanguagetanacrossarelatedathabaskanlanguagecomputerusagetheunicodecodepointsfortheletterareuforthelowercaseanduforthecapitalinthelatextypesettingsystemandmaybetypesetwiththecommandslandlrespectivelythehtmlcodesareampandampforandrespectivelyclasswikitablestyletextalignrightaligncenteralignrightcharactercolspancolspanaligncenteralignrightunicodenamecolspansmalllatincapitalletterbrlwithstrokesmallcolspansmalllatinsmallletterbrlwithstrokesmallalignleftcharacterencodingdecimalhexdecimalhexalignleftunicodealignleftutfxcxxcxalignleftnumericcharacterreferenceampampxampampxalignleftcpdalignleftcpadalignleftmazoviaencodingmazoviacalignleftwindowsisoabalignleftwindowsisodfalignleftmacintoshcentraleuropeanencodingmaccentraleuropeanfcblitecointhesymbolisoftenassociatedwiththelitecoincryptocurrencyitrepresentsthelargestandmostcommondenominationoflitecoinseealsoshortushortubelarusiancyrillicelcyrillicelcyrillicpoundsignpoundsignreferencesexternallinkstwardochcomdownloadpolishhowtostrokehtmlkreskaukonainpolishdiacriticshowtobyadamtwardochpolandpolishcountrydelegateatatypiballardpowersystemshkmmhkmmimageusrajpgthumbpxaunitedstatesrailroadadministrationusrausrastandardstandardainthewhytenotationfordescribingsteamlocomotivewheelarrangementsisanarticulatedlocomotivewithatwowheelleadingtrucktwosetsofeightdrivingwheelsandatwowheeltrailingtrucktheequivalentuicclassificationisrefinedtomalletlocomotivesddtheselocomotivesusuallyemploythemalletlocomotivemalletprinciplesofarticulationwiththerearenginerigidlyattachedtotheboilerandthefrontenginefreetorotateandcompoundlocomotivecompoundingthewasadesignlargelylimitedtoamericanlocomotivebuildersthelastwasretiredinfromthenwsrosteryearspasttheendingofsteamthoughsteamwasstillusedonsteelmilllinesandotherrailroadsuntilotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationddalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationthefirstwasbuiltinbybaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinwhosoldtwotothesouthernpacificrailroadclassifiedsouthernpacificclassmcmcandthenthreeeachtotheunionpacificrailroadandupownedoregonrailroadandnavigationcompanybaldwinconceivedthetypeasanexpansionofthepermittingagreatertractiveeffortthenextorderforthetypewasfromthesouthernpacificthesedifferedinbeingcabforwardlocomotivessothatthecrewcouldhavebettervisibilityandbreathinginthespslongtunnelsandsnowshedstheywereverysuccessfulandspcontinuedtoordercabforwardlocomotivesbuildinganeventualfleetofofnumerousclasseslatercabforwardswerestheproveditselftobeacapablehauleronmountaingradesenablingthereplacementofseveralsmallerlocomotivesandhaulinglongertrainsthanbeforemostofthemwerenotfasttheyhauledatdragfreightspeedsuptohoweverthenorfolkandwesternrailwaynorfolkwesternyclassweredesignedtorunuptothelocomotiveswereadoptedbyabroadspectrumofmountainrailroadsincludingthenorfolkwesternsouthernrailwayussouthernvirginianrailwayvirginiangreatnorthernrailwayusgreatnorthernclinchfieldrailroadclinchfielddenverandriograndewesternrailroaddenverriograndereadingrailroadreadingwesternmarylandrailwaywesternmarylandmissouripacificrailroadmissouripacificstlouissanfranciscorailwayfriscoandtheduluthmissabeandironrangerailwayonmanyrailroadsthelocomotivesofthetypewerethemostpowerfulontherosterwhenbuiltthesofthewesternpacificrailroadwereamongthemostpowerfulsteamlocomotivesintheworldandformedthebasisforthelateryellowstonetypeenginesusedbytheduluthmissabeandironrangetheverylastcompoundmalletlocomotivestooperateonmajorrailroadsintheunitedstatesweretheybclassofthenorfolkandwesternrailwayaftertheirfinalmodificationsinthestheyweresaidtobecapableofnbsplbstractiveeffortinsimpleexpansionmodealthoughsomehavequestionedthisclaimtheoriginaldesigntractiveeffortwaslbssimpleandlbscompoundthelastwereretiredinmayasoftherearetwosurvivinglocomotivesbothformernorfolkwesternnwisfromtherailroadsyaclassamericanlocomotivecompanyalcosrichmondworksbuiltitinanditresidesattheillinoisrailwaymuseuminunionillinoisusanorfolkwesternnwisfromtherailroadsyaclassnwsownroanokeshopsbuiltitinanditresidesatthevirginiamuseumoftransportationinroanokevirginiausawhereitwillbeuntilseealsousrareferencesexternallinksspeclibvteduimagebasenorfolksouthernfullnsjpegbuildersphotoofnwvirginiatechcollectionwebarchiveorgwebrailpicturesnetviewphotophpidpictureofnwinwebarchiveorgwebrrpicturearchivesnetshowpictureaspxidpictureofnwintoytrainscomarticulatedhtmwebsiteoftoytrainsarticulatedsteamlocomotivesxcblredirectcategoryshellmmrmmrinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelandfourlargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimageimagebaltimoreandohioduplexjpgaltcaptionthebaltimoreohiorailroadsbaltimoreandohioclassngeorgehemersonequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalybbfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatemaycountryunitedstateslocomotivebaltimoreandohioclassnboclassnrailwaybaltimoreandohiorailroaddesignerbaltimoreandohiorailroadbuildermountclareshopsevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitdecreasedwheelbasemaindrawbackprematurecylinderwearcylindercloggingandrestrictedfireboxsizefirstknowntruetypeversiondateaprilcountryunitedstateslocomotivepennsylvaniarailroadclasstprrclasstrailwaypennsylvaniarailroaddesignerralphpjohnsonbrraymondloewybuilderbaldwinlocomotiveworksbraltoonaworksevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitbetterhighspeedperformancemaindrawbackwheelslipasteamlocomotiveinthewhytenotationfordescribinglocomotivewheelarrangementshasafourwheelleadingtrucktwosetsoffourdrivingwheelsandafourwheeltrailingtruckwhileitwouldbepossibletomakeanarticulatedlocomotiveofthisarrangementtheonlyseverbuiltwereduplexlocomotivesmdashwithtwosetsofcylindersdrivingtwosetsofdrivenwheelsinonerigidframeessentiallyawithdivideddriveusageimagebaltimoreandohioduplexdetailjpgthumbleftdetailshowingtherearwardcylindersandgearofthesolenthefirstlocomotivebuiltwiththisarrangementwasthebaltimoreandohiorailroadssolebaltimoreandohioclassnclassngeorgehemersonconstructedatthebosownmountclareshopsinmaytoreducethefixedwheelbasethislocomotivehadthetwosetsofcylindersatoppositeendssothattherearpairwerebesidethefireboxthisprovedtobeapoordesignasitrestrictedthefireboxsizeandexposedthecylinderstodustanddirtcausingprematurewearthelocomotivewasnotconsideredsuccessfulenoughtoduplicatethesolenwasretiredinandscrappedinimagepennsylvaniarailroadtrjpgthumbleftthepennsylvaniarailroadscontroversialpennsylvaniarailroadclasstclasstduplexlocomotivethenextlocomotivestousethearrangementwerethepennsylvaniarailroadspennsylvaniarailroadclasstclasstlocomotivesthesehadthecylindersinfrontofthewheelstheydrovesothattherearpairwerebetweenthetwosetsofdriverstheselocomotiveswereimpressiveperformersbutsufferedfromwheelslipandseverereliabilityproblemsanddidnotlastlonginservicethetwoprototypesandwereconstructedatthebaldwinlocomotiveworksinaprilthemechanicaldesignworkhadbeenundertakenbybaldwinschiefengineerralphpjohnsonwhilethestreamliningwasthehandiworkofindustrialdesignerraymondloewybothlocomotivesshowedfantasticperformanceintesttrialsleadingtotheconstructionoffurtherexamplesnumbersthroughwouldbeconstructedattheprrsaltoonaworkswhilethroughwouldbeconstructedatbaldwinasoperationcontinuedproblemsarosethetclasswasknownforviolentuncontrollablewheelslipaswellasperformanceandmaintenanceissuescausedbythefranklinrailwaysupplyfranklinoscillatingcampoppetvalvestheprrdidshowinterestintryingtosolvetheseproblemssuchasreplacingtheoriginalpoppetsonwitheasiertomaintainfranklinrotarycampoppetvalvesandrefittingwithwalschaertsvalvegearsreclassifyingthelatterengineasataintheendtheprrdecidedtostopdevelopmentofthetclassreplacingallexamplesbythemidswithdieselunitsallmembersoftheclasswerescrappeditisverylikelythetmayhavehadmanyofitsshortcomingssolvedhadtheprrnotretiredtheshortlivedclasssosoonduringitsshortservicelifethetwasrumoredtohaveoperatedathigherspeedsthanthesteamspeedrecordsetbythelondonandnortheasternrailwayslnerclassamallardmallardbuttheclaimscouldnotbeofficiallyverifiedseveralbushtramwayenginetypeswerebuiltwiththiswheelarrangementthesewereknownaswheelerstwonotablebuilderswerejjohnsonandsonsltdinvercargillandagpricethamesnewzealandcurrentlyonlyonelocomotiveofthearrangementisbeingconstructedwhenfinishedpennsylvaniarailroadprrwillbetherdandonlysurvivingexampleoftheprrtclassratherthanareplicafurthermorethenewbuildtisexpectedtoimplementsomedesignimprovementstohelpaidinsolvingproblemsencounteredbytheoriginaltheestimateddateofprojectcompletioniscurrentlysetaroundtheyearrefnamettrustrefasofaugusttheprojectispercentcompletewithanestimatedtotalcostofusrefnamettrustrefreferencesfurtherreadingimageprrsjpgthumbpxthepennsylvaniarailroadsloneswastheonlyeverconstructedasteamlocomotiveinthewhytenotationfordescribinglocomotivewheelarrangementsisonewithsixleadingwheelstwosetsoffourdrivingwheelsandsixtrailingwheelsotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationbbalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationuptotheearlyslateronlyonewasproducedthepennsylvaniarailroadssoleclassprrssofitwasaduplexlocomotivethelongestandheaviestrigidframereciprocatingsteamlocomotiveeverbuiltandisreferredtoasthepennsylvaniatypethisexperimentallocomotivewasexhibitedatthenewyorkworldsfairandwasafterwardplacedinlimitedservicebetweenchicagoillinoisandcrestlineohiothelocomotivewastoolargetoworkelsewhereinthesystempennsylvaniarailroadexecutiveshopedthatthelocomotivecouldhaultonsatmilesperhourbutthisgoalwasnotreacheditwascapableofveryhighspeedshoweveralthoughnodocumentaryevidencehassofarsurfacedtoaddcredencetostoriesofrecordbreakingperformancecslokomotivasredirectbtrieveredirectxquerywindowsxpeditionswindowsxpembeddedredirectcategoryshellparagraphxyysyndromelidocaineredirectcategoryshellfnmultipleissuesinfoboxvideogametitlexchangeimagexchangecoverartpngdevelopercrowdcompanycrowdpublisherdesignerseriesxchangeseriesxchangeseriesenginereleasedgenreerogevisualnovelmodessingleplayerplatformsmicrosoftwindowsxchangeisajapaneseerogeproducedbycrowdcompanycrowdandlaterdistributedinenglishlanguageenglishbypeachprincessplotthemaincharacteristakuyaaiharaajuniorcollegestudentonedaywhilecleaningsomeshelvesinthechemistryroomhespillsachemicalonhimselfandistransformedintoagirlthegamehassevendifferentendingsinsometakuyaremainsawomaninothershereturnstobeingamanimagexchangescreenyjpgleftthumbpxscreenshotoftheenglishversionshowingaverageconversationheretakuyarightisexplainingtoasukaabouthavingbecomeawomangameplaylikemostvisualnovelsthemajorityofthegameisspentreadingthetextonscreenwhichrepresentsnarrationanddialogueasthegameunfoldstheplayermakesvariousdecisionsatcertainpointsinthegamethesechoicesleadtodifferentinteractionswiththemultiplecharactersthroughoutthegamecharactersthemaincharacterheturnsintoafemalebyspillingamysteriouschemicalonhimselfaclosefriendoftakuyatakuyahassecretlybeeninlovewithhersincechildhoodthepresidentofthescienceclubofwhichsheandtakuyaaretheonlymembersthoughverysmartsheisalsosomewhatunscrupulousinexperimentingontakuyaprofessormiyagith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geneticcodeengineeringwhyandhowjournalbiotechnologiejournalvolumepagesdoibiotrefthelongtermgoalistoconstructacellthatwouldstoreitsgeneticinformationnotindnabutinanalternativeinformationalpolymerconsistingofxenonucleicacidsxnadifferentbasepairsusingnoncanonicalaminoacidsandanalteredgeneticcodesofarcellshavebeenconstructedthatincorporateonlyoneortwoofthesefeaturesxenonucleicacidsxnaoriginallythisresearchonalternativeformsofdnawasdrivenbythequestionofhowlifeevolvedonearthandwhyrnaanddnawereselectedbychemicalevolutionoverotherpossiblenucleicacidstructurestwohypothesesfortheselectionofrnaanddnaaslifesbackboneareeithertheyarefavoredunderlifeonearthsconditionsortheywerecoincidentallypresentinprelifechemistryandcontinuetobeusednoweghexosenucleicacidhnathreosenucleicacidtnaglycolnucleicacidgnacyclohexenylnucleicacidcenatheincorporationofxnainaplasmidinvolvinghnacodonshasbeenaccomplishedalreadyinthisxnaisusedinvivoecoliastemplatefordnasynthesisthisstudyusingabinarygtgeneticcassetteandtwonondnabaseshxuwasextendedtocenawhilegnaseemstobetooalienatthismomentforthenaturalbiologicalsystemtobeusedastemplatefordnasynthesisextendedbasesusinganaturaldnabackbonecouldlikewisebetransliteratedintonaturaldnaalthoughtoamorelimitedextentasidebeingusedasextensionstotemplatednastrandsxnaactivityhasbeentestedforuseasgeneticcatalysiscatalystsalthoughproteinsarethemostcommoncomponentsofcellularenzymeenzymaticactivitynucleicacidsarealsousedinthecelltocatalyzereactionsastudyfoundseveraldifferentkindsofxnamostnotablyfanafluoroarabinonucleicacidsaswellashnacenaandanaarabinonucleicacidscouldbeusedtocleavernaduringposttranscriptionalmodificationposttranscriptionalrnaprocessingactingasxnaenzymeshencethenamexnazymesfanaxnazymesalsoshowedtheabilitytoligatednarnaandxnasubstratesalthoughxnazymestudiesarestillpreliminarythisstudywasastepinthedirectionofsearchingforsyntheticbiologicalcircuitsyntheticcircuitcomponentsthataremoreefficientthanthosecontainingdnaandrnacounterpartsthatcanregulatednarnaandtheirownxnasubstratesexpandingthegeneticalphabetwhilexnashavemodifiedbackbonesotherexperimentstargetthereplacementorenlargementofthegeneticalphabetofdnawithunnaturalbasepairsforexamplednahasbeendesignedthathasinsteadofthefourstandardbasesatgandcsixbasesatgcandthetwonewonespandzwherezstandsforaminonitrolpddeoxyribofuranosylhpyridoneandpstandsforaminobetaddeoxyribofuranosylimidazoatriazinhinasystematicstudyleconteetaltestedtheviabilityofcandidatebasesyieldingpotentiallybasepairsforpossibleincorporationinthednainhiraoetaldevelopedanunnaturalbasepairbetweenaminothienylpurinesandpyridineoneythatfunctionsinvitrointranscriptionandtranslationtowardageneticcodeforproteinsynthesiscontaininganonstandardaminoacidintheycreatedthienylimidazobpyridinedsandpyrrolecarbaldehydepaasathirdbasepairforreplicationandtranscriptionandafterwarddsandaminohexanamidopropynylnitropyrrolepxwasdiscoveredasahighfidelitypairinpcramplificationintheyappliedthedspxpairtodnaaptamergenerationbyinvitroselectionselexanddemonstratedthegeneticalphabetexpansionsignificantlyaugmentdnaaptameraffinitiestotargetproteinsinmayresearchersannouncedthattheyhadsuccessfullyintroducedtwonewartificialnucleotidesintobacterialdnaalongsidethefournaturallyoccurringnucleotidesandbyincludingindividualartificialnucleotidesintheculturemediawereabletopassagethebacteriatimestheydidnotcreatemrnaorproteinsabletousetheartificialnucleotidesrefnamenytrefrefnamenaturerefrefnamenatjrefnovelpolymerasesneitherthexnanortheunnaturalbasesarerecognizedbynaturalpolymerasesoneofthemajorchallengesistofindorcreatenoveltypesofpolymerasesthatwillbeabletoreplicatethesenewtonatureconstructsinonecaseamodifiedvariantofthehivreversetranscriptasewasfoundtobeabletopcramplifyanoligonucleotidecontainingathirdtypebasepairpinheiroetaldemonstratedthatthemethodofpolymeraseevolutionanddesignsuccessfullyledtothestorageandrecoveryofgeneticinformationoflessthanbplengthfromsixalternativegeneticpolymersbasedonsimplenucleicacidarchitecturesnotfoundinnaturexenonucleicacidsgeneticcodeengineeringoneofthegoalsofxenobiologyistorewritethegeneticcodethemostpromisingapproachtochangethecodeisthereassignmentofseldomlyusedorevenunusedcodonsinanidealscenariothegeneticcodeisexpandedbyonecodonthushavingbeenliberatedfromitsoldfunctionandfullyreassignedtoanoncanonicalaminoacidncaacodeexpansionasthesemethodsarelaborioustoimplementandsomeshortcutscanbeappliedcodeengineeringforexampleinbacteriathatareauxotrophicforspecificaminoacidsandatsomepointintheexperimentarefedisostructuralanaloguesinsteadofthecanonicalaminoacidsforwhichtheyareauxotrophicinthatsituationthecanonicalaminoacidresiduesinnativeproteinsaresubstitutedwiththencaaseventheinsertionofmultipledifferentncaasintothesameproteinispossiblefinallytherepertoireofcanonicalaminoacidscannotonlybeexpandedbutalsoreducedtobyreassigningtransferrnatrnaaminoacyltrnasynthetasepairsthecodonspecificitycanbechangedcellsendowedwithsuchaminoacyltrnasynthetasesarethusabletoreadmrnasequencesthatmakenosensetotheexistinggeneexpressionmachineryalteringthecodontrnasynthetasespairsmayleadtotheinvivoincorporationofthenoncanonicalaminoacidsintoproteinsinthepastreassigningcodonswasmainlydoneonalimitedscaleinhoweverfarrenisaacsandgeorgechurchatharvarduniversityreportedthereplacementofalltagstopcodonspresentinthegenomeofescherichiacoliecoliwithsynonymoustaacodonstherebydemonstratingthatmassivesubstitutionscanbecombinedintohigherorderstrainswithoutlethaleffectsfollowingthesuccessofthisgenomewidecodonreplacementtheauthorscontinuedandachievedthereprogrammingofcodonsthroughoutthegenomedirectlyaffectingessentialgenesanevenmoreradicalchangeinthegeneticcodeisthechangeofatripletcodontoaquadrupletandevenpentapletcodonpioneeredbysisidoincellfreesystemsandbyschultzinbacteriafinallynonnaturalbasepairscanbeusedtointroducenovelaminoacidinproteinsdirectedevolutionthegoalofsubstitutingdnabyxnamayalsobereachedbyanotherroutenamelybyengineeringtheenvironmentinsteadofthegeneticmodulesthisapproachhasbeensuccessfullydemonstratedbymarlireandmutzelwiththeproductionofanecolistrainwhosednaiscomposedofstandardacandgnucleotidesbuthasthesyntheticthymineanaloguechlorouracilinsteadofthyminetinthecorrespondingpositionsofthesequencethesecellsarethendependentonexternallysuppliedchlorouracilforgrowthbutotherwisetheylookandbehaveasnormalecolithesecellshoweverarecurrentlynotyetfullyauxotrophicforthexenobasesincetheyarestillgrowingonthyminewhenthisissuppliedtothemediumbiosafetyxenobiologicalsystemsaredesignedtoconveyorthogonalitytonaturalbiologicalsystemsastillhypotheticalorganismthatusesxnadifferentbasepairsandpolymerasesandhasanalteredgeneticcodewillhardlybeabletointeractwithnaturalformsoflifeonthegeneticlevelthusthesexenobiologicalorganismsrepresentageneticenclavethatcannotexchangeinformationwithnaturalcellsalteringthegeneticmachineryofthecellleadstosemanticcontainmentinanalogytoinformationprocessinginitthissafetyconceptistermedageneticfirewalltheconceptofthegeneticfirewallseemstoovercomeanumberoflimitationsofprevioussafetysystemsafirstexperimentalevidenceofthetheoreticalconceptofthegeneticfirewallwasachievedinwiththeconstructionofagenomicallyrecodedorganismgrointhisgroallknownuagstopcodonsinecoliwerereplacedbyuaacodonswhichallowedforthedeletionofreleasefactorandreassignmentofuagtranslationfunctionthegroexhibitedincreasedresistancetotbacteriophagethusshowingthatalternativegeneticcodesdoreducegeneticcompatibilitythisgrohoweverisstillverysimilartoitsnaturalparentandcannotberegardedasageneticfirewallthepossibilityofreassigningthefunctionoflargenumberoftripletsopenstheperspectivetohavestrainsthatcombinexnanovelbasepairsnewgeneticcodesetcthatcannotexchangeanyinformationwiththenaturalbiologicalworldregardlessofchangesleadingtoasemanticcontainmentmechanisminneworganismsanynovelbiochemicalsystemsstillhastoundergoatoxicologicalscreeningxnanovelproteinsetcmightrepresentnoveltoxinsorhaveanallergicpotentialthatneedstobeassessedgovernanceandregulatoryissuesxenobiologymightchallengetheregulatoryframeworkascurrentlylawsanddirectivesdealwithgeneticallymodifiedorganismsanddonotdirectlymentionchemicallyorgenomicallymodifiedorganismstakingintoaccountthatrealxenobiologyorganismsarenotexpectedinthenextfewyearspolicymakersdohavesometimeathandtopreparethemselvesforanupcominggovernancechallengesincethefollowinggroupshavepickedupthetopicasadevelopinggovernanceissuepolicyadvisersintheusfournationalbiosafetyboardsineuropetheeuropeanmolecularbiologyorganisationandtheeuropeancommissionsscientificcommitteeonemergingandnewlyidentifiedhealthrisksscenihrinthreeopinionsdefinitionriskassessmentmethodologiesandsafetyaspectsandriskstotheenvironmentandbiodiversityrelatedtosyntheticbiologyandresearchprioritiesinthefieldofsyntheticbiologyseealsoauxotrophydirectedevolutionexpandedgeneticcodeglycolnucleicacidnucleicacidanaloguethreosenucleicacidxenonucleicacidreferencesexternallinksxbgenoacomxbthefirstconferenceonxenobiologymaygenoaitalyxbberlincomxbthesecondconferenceonxenobiologymayberlingermanyynixbibfazlcanulpronouncedinuyghurwasapoliticianpedagogueandjournalistinthexinjiangprovinceofwesternchinahewasanethnictatarandamuslimafterreturningtochinafromturkeywherehestudiedheorganizedthefirstuyghurlanguagegazetteintheilikazakhautonomousprefectureilidistrictofxinjiangandwasitseditorfromtohewasalsothefirstpersontoorganizeapubliclibraryinthecityofghuljakuljiaintheshetaughtatthetatarschoolinghuljayniwasoneofthefewleadersofamovementforxinjiangsindependencehewasalsooneofthecomposersofthedeclarationofthesecondeastturkistanrepublicpeoplesrepublicofeastturkistanthefirstethnicuighurstatealbeitoneoftheearliestsatellitestatesoftheussryniwasalsoaneducationministeroftheunrecognizedstatewhileworkingasaneditorofthefreeeastturkistangazettehediedduringatyphusepidemicthesovietunionlaterdroppeditssupportforthesecessioniststatewhichcollapsedandwasreabsorbedintochinareferencesxegwilanguageinfoboxcivilianattacktitlexeroxmurdersimagepolicemanatxeroxbuildingxeroxmurdersjpgcaptionthexeroxbuildingintheaftermathoftheshootingslocationnnimitzhighwaybrhonoluluhawaiibrunitedstatescoordinatesdatenovembertimeamtimezonehawaiialeutiantimezonehsttypemassmurdershootingfatalitiesinjuriesvictimsjasonbalaticobrfordkanehirabrronaldkataokabrronaldkawamaebrmelvinleebrpetermarkbrjohnsakamotoperpbyranuyesugiweaponsglockhandgunmotiverevengeverdictguiltyonallcountsconvictionsjunechargesmurderstdegreecountbrattemptedmurdernddegreecountthexeroxmurderswasanincidentofmassmurderthatoccurredonnovemberinaxeroxcorporationbuildinginhonoluluhawaiiunitedstatesservicetechnicianbyrankojiuyesugishotateightpeoplewoundingsevenfatallysixcoworkersandhissupervisorthiswastheworstmassmurderinthehistoryofhawaiitheshootingatinthemorningbyrankojiuyesugiaservicetechnicianworkingatxeroxopenedfireinsidethebuildingwithasemiautomaticpistolkillinghissupervisorandsixcoworkersandfiredinthedirectionofanothercoworkerwhofledthebuildingtheeighthpersonescapedinjuryaftertheshootinguyesugifledinacompanyvanandbymidmorninghewasfoundsittinginthevannearthehawaiinaturecenterinmakikiabovedowntownhonoluluheheldastandoffwithpolicethatlastedforfivehoursduringwhichhebrandishedapistolreadmagazinesandsmokedcigarettesaddingtothetensionofthestandoffthehawaiinaturecenterwashostingthirtyfivelocalschoolchildrenwhoweretrappedinsidewithoutfoodorwateruyesugisurrenderedtopoliceatapproximatelynbsppmhawaiialeutiantimezonehstvictimsjasonbalaticofordkanehiraronaldkataokaronaldkawamaemelvinleepetermarkjohnsakamotorefnamestarbulletintoprefrefnamestarbulletinnovrefuyesugiborninhonoluluinbyrankojiuyesugigrewupinthenuuanuneighborhoodwhileattendingpresidenttheodoreroosevelthighschoolroosevelthighschooluyesugiwasamemberoftheschoolsarmyjrotcchapterandtheschoolsrifleteamclassmatesrememberedhimasaquietstudentwhonevergotintotroubleaccordingtohisbrotherdennisuyesugicrashedtheirfatherscarandhithisheadonthewindshieldshortlyaftergraduatinghighschoolinhewasneverthesamerefnamestarbulletinjumprefuyesugihadbeenemployedbyxeroxasatechniciansinceamonghishobbieswasraisingandbreedinggoldfishandkoiwhichhewouldselltolocalpetstoreshehadanextensivecollectionoffirearmsatthetimeofthemurdershehadasmanyasgunsregisteredinhisnamedatingtopolicealsotookelevenhandgunsfiveriflesandtwoshotgunsfromuyesugisfatherrefnamecrimelabrefaccordingtotestimonyfromuyesugisfatherhiroyukiuyesugiwasnormaluntilhestartedworkingforxeroxininbyranstartedtocomplainthathehadapokingsensationinhisheadafterbeingtransferredtoanotherworkgroupuyesugibeganmakingunfoundedaccusationsofharassmentandproducttamperingagainstfellowrepairmentheyhaddifficultydealingwithhimformercoworkerswhoknewhimreportedtheothermembersofhisteamallegedlyostracizedhimmakinghimfeelisolatedandwithdrawnuyesugireportedlymadethreatsagainstothercoworkerslivesinhewasorderedtoundergopsychiatricevaluationandangermanagementcoursesafterhekickedinanddamagedanelevatordooruyesugiwasarrestedforthirddegreecriminalpropertydamagecoworkerstolddrmichaelwelnerchairmanoftheforensicpanelandtheforensicpsychiatryforensicpsychiatristwhointervieweduyesugipriortotrialthatasearlyasuyesugiwasopenlytalkingofcarryingoutamassshootingattheworkplacewerehetobefiredhecomplainedthathiscoworkerswereengagedinpatternsofharassmentbackstabbingbehaviorandspreadingofrumorsrefnamecourtroomsummaryrefintheperiodleadinguptotheshootingsxeroxmanagementhadbecomeincreasinglycommittedtophasingoutthetypeofphotocopierthatuyesugiservicedheresistedlearningthereplacementmachinefearingthathecouldnotkeepupwithitstechnicaldemandsafterworkingaroundhisrefusaltotrainonthenewmachineuyesugismanagerinsistedonnovemberthathewouldbegintrainingthenextdayinhisinterviewwithdrmichaelwelnerwhoexamineduyesugiwhenthedefendantbroughtaninsanitydefenseuyesugisaidhehadbelievedthatifherefusedtotakethetrainingmanagementwouldfirehimhetolddrwelneridecidedtogivethemareasontofiremetrialandincarcerationfortyyearoldbyranuyesugismonthlongtrialbeganonmayhewaschargedwithonecountofmurderinthefirstdegreecountsevencountsofmurderintheseconddegreecountsandonecountofattemptedmurderintheseconddegreecountpriortothecloseofthetrialcountsweremergedintocounttheprosecutingattorneyofhonolulupetercarlisleanddeputyprosecutingattorneyschristophervanmarterandkevintakatarepresentedthestateofhawaiicriminaldefenseattorneysjerelfonsecaandrodneychingofthelawfirmfonsecachingrepresenteduyesugiuyesugipleadednotguiltybyreasonofinsanityandclaimedthathefeltlikeanoutcastatworkandthathefearedhiscolleagueswereconspiringtohavehimfireddrparkdietzanddrdarylmatthewstestifiedforthedefensethathewasinsanecitingthedelusionsabouthowothersweretamperingwithhisfishleadprosecutionexpertwitnessdrharoldhalltestifiedthatthedefendantfulfilledthecriteriaforadiagnosisofschizophreniabuthedidnotmeetthecriteriaforeitherinsanityorextremeemotionormentaldisturbanceemeddrmichaelwelnertestifiedfortheprosecutionthatalthoughmruyesugiwasinhisopinionaschizophrenichecarriedouttheshootingbecausehewasangrythathewouldbefiredforinsubordinationandthathisownaccountofconcealmentbeforethecrimedemonstratedthatheknewwhathehaddonewaswrongrefnamestarbulletinrefonjunethejuryrejectedtheinsanitydefensefindinguyesugiguiltyoncountforthesevenmurdersandcountfortheattemptedmurderonaugustjudgemarienmilkssentenceduyesugitolifewithoutthepossibilityofparoleforcountandlifewiththepossibilityofparoleoncountwiththesentencestorunconsecutivelythecourtalsoordereduyesugitopayinrestitutionandtothecrimevictimcompensationfundtheparoleboardlaterordereduyesugitoserveaminimumtermofyearsinprisonthelongesteverorderedforahawaiiinmaterefnameparolerefuyesugiappealedhisconvictionsinthestateofhawaiisupremecourtuphelduyesugisconvictionrefnamehonoluluadvertisercitewebtitlemurderconvictionsupheldurlthehonoluluadvertisercomarticledeclnlnahtmlworkhonoluluadvertiserauthordavidwaitedateaccessdaterefrefnamesupremecourtrefinuyesugiwasconsideringfightinghisconvictionbasedonruleinadequaterepresentationbyhislawyersinhisfirsttrialrefnamehonoluluadvertisercitewebtitlexeroxkilleruyesugimayfightconvictionurlthehonoluluadvertisercomarticleauglnlnahtmlworkhonoluluadvertiserauthorkenkobayashidateaccessdaterefinxeroxandthehospitalthatexamineduyesugisettledacivillawsuitbroughtbythefamiliesoftheshootingvictimstheybelievedthatbothpartieshadfailedtotakepreventiveactionbasedonwhattheysaidwereclearsignsofuyesugismentalinstabilityrefnamecivilsettlementrefasofoctoberuyesugiwasincarceratedatthesaguarocorrectionalcenterineloyarizonaaftermathxeroxvacatedthepremisesatnnimitzhighwayaftertheshootingthisfacilitywasvacantuntilwhentheproducersofthetvshowlosttvserieslostbuiltasoundstagetheretofilmindoorscenesthestatelegislaturepassedalawthatrequiresdoctorstorevealinformationaboutthementalstateofpersonsapplyingtobuygunsrefnameoiprefseealsohonoluluhostagecrisisreferencesexternallinkszilbermanronenmaystarbulletincomnewsstoryhtmlxeroxshootingshonolulustarbulletinkobayashikennovemberthehonoluluadvertisercomarticlenovlnlnphtmlnoclosureyetforfamiliessuinguyesugihonoluluadvertisermooncjlevinsonnakayamajjacobajramiljdecemberwebarchiveorgwebstatehiusjudhtmstateofhawaiivsbyranuyesuginosupremecourtofhawaiixubeihongmayrefertothestandardxnorgatecmosintegratedcircuitthearmyhospitalinthemashbooksfilmandtvseriesthepostcodeforinalaqueenslandinalaqueenslandaustraliathepostcodefortolagabaygisborneregionnewzealandtheyearinthethmillenniuminfoboxsettlementnameofficialnameofficialnameinenglishifdifferentfromnamenativenamepushpinmapchinapushpinmapcaptionlocationinchinapushpinmapsizesettlementtypecountylevelcityimageskylinexinzhengpagodajpgimagecaptionpagodainxinzhengwithsovietarchitectureinthebackgroundimagemapmapcaptionlocationofthecountysubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamehenansubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnamezhengzhouareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationtotalcoordinateselevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetwebsitexinzhengisasmallcountylevelcityofzhengzhouinthesouthofhenanprovinceofcentralchinathecityhasapopulationofpeopleandcoversanareaofrefnameccpitrefhistoryxinzhengisconsideredasoneofthebirthplacesofchinesenationmorethanyearsagoneolithicpeopleofpeiligangculturelivedinthevicinitythelegendaryyellowemperorwassaidtohavebeenborninxinzhengyearsagoduringthezhoudynastyitwasthecapitalofthestateofzhengstatezhengandlaterthestateofhanstatehanaftertheconquestoftheformerbythelatteritwastheseatofgovernmentfortheqindynastyfromaboutbcewhichisconsideredthebeginningofaunifiedchinathewordqinwhichispronouncedsimilartochinisthoughttobethebasisforthewordchinahistoricallythisprefecturewasanintegratedpartofzhengzhouhoweverinthehenanprovincialcouncilauthorizedtheincorporationofxinzhengintoaseparatemunicipalityeducationxinzhenghasoneofthelargestconcentrationsofforeignteachersincentralchinaduetothepresenceofsiasinternationaluniversitytheschoolhasoverstudentsandoverforeignteachersandtheirdependentfamilymembersalongwithsiasuniversitythecityisalsohometoanotheruniversityshengdarefnameshengdaforeignaffairsofficeshengdaeducnemploymentcollegehtmshengdaforeignaffairsofficerefrefnamesiaswebsiteensiaseducnchannelshtmlsiaswebsiterefeconomyxinzhenghasadiversifiedeconomythoughagricultureandheavyindustrydominatetheeconomiclandscapeagriculturexinzhengsagricultureinvolvesthecultivationofmaizecottontobaccoandotherindustrialcropsthecityiswellknownthroughoutchinaforthejujubeorchinesedateatharvesttimelargequantitiesofthesefruitsaresoldinmarketsaswellasonthesideoftheroadsintothetownindustryxinzhengishometoseveralindustrialfactoriesnamelycigarettefactorieswhicharelocatednearthecenteroftowninmorethanbillionusdwasinvestedinanearbyindustrialprojectalthoughthestatusofthisinvestmentiscurrentlyunknownminingcoallocallyhasalsobeenanimportantsourceofincomeimpactofeducationalinstitutionstwolargeprivateuniversitiesshengdauniversityandsiasinternationaluniversityplayamajorroleinthelocaleconomyaswellshengdahasstudentsandsiasuniversityhasoverstudentsserviceindustriesrestaurantshotelsbanksretailshopsetctoaccommodatethestudentshavesprungoutaroundtheuniversitiesinabundanceatsiastheadministrationtacitlyallowsstuden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cktonarrowgaugeinduringthesecondworldwarthecommonwealthrailwaysobtainedfourofthesesouthaustraliannarrowgaugelocomotivesonloanseveraloftheselocomotivesarepreservedthequeenslandrailqueenslandgovernmentrailwaysqgrintroduceditsqueenslandcclasslocomotivecclassoflocomotivesinbuiltatitslistofqueenslandsteamlocomotivesipswichworkshopsipswichworkshopsaltogetheroftheselocomotiveswereinservicebybeginninginanumberoftheqgrcclasslocomotiveswereequippedwithsuperheatersonanexperimentalbasisbutsincetheirslidevalveswerenotsuitedtosuperheatedsteamandbecamepronetosteamleaksduetoexcessiveweartheyweresoonconvertedbacktousesaturatedsteamduringthesecondworldwarthecommonwealthgovernmentalsoacquiredelevencclasslocomotivesonloanonlyoneexampleofthisclasswaspreservedtheqgrssuperheatedqueenslandcclasslocomotivecclassenteredservicefromthecommonwealthrailwaysalsoorderedlocomotivesofthesamedesignfortheirnarrowgaugerailsystemdesignatedthecommonwealthrailwaysnmclassnmclassintotalthecclasseventuallynumberedlocomotivesofwhichtwentyarepreservedintheqgrorderednewlocomotivesanddesignatedthemthequeenslandcclasslocomotivecclasstheywerethelargestconventionaltypelocomotivestooperateontheqgraustriainaustriathewheelarrangementwasusedforexpresslocomotivestheclasslocomotivewasintroducedinandthebbclassclasslocomotiveoftheaustrianfederalrailwayswasintroducedinfrombothclasseswereredesignatedasclassonthedeutschereichsbahnbechuanalandinfourcapethclasslocomotiveswereorderedbythecapegovernmentrailwayscgrfromneilsonandcompanyforuseonthenewvryburgtobulawayolineofthefledglingbechuanalandrailwaycompanybrthelinethroughbechuanalandprotectoratewasstillunderconstructionandwasoperatedbythecgronbehalfofthebratthetimethelocomotiveswereeventuallyreturnedtothecgrandweredesignatedsouthafricanclassaclassaonthesouthafricanrailwaysinrefnamehollandrefrefnamepattisonreffranceinfrancethewheelarrangementwasusedontwolocomotiveclassesthefirstwasinbythecheminsdeferdeparislyonetlamditerraneplmtheselocomotiveswereintendedforgoodstrainsaswellaspassengertrainsonthemoredifficultroutestheywerebaudrytypecompoundlocomotivessimilartothealfreddeglehndeglehntypebutwiththeirlowpressurecylinderssetatcutoffallofthemoriginallyusedsaturatedsteambutsomewerelaterequippedwithsuperheaterswhilealltheotherswereprovidedwithfeedwaterheaterstheselocomotiveshadamaximumspeedlimitofandweredesignedtobeabletohaullongtonsatatotalofwerebuilttheplmhadprepareddesignsforanothermuchlargerlocomotivebybutitdidnotmaterialiseasaresultoftheoutbreakofthefirstworldwarthesecondlocomotivetoappearinfrancewasthefamoussncfppclassofthesocitnationaledescheminsdeferfranaissncfwithinthisinstancereferringtothefrenchlocomotiveclassificationfrenchclassificationofwheelarrangementaccordingtothenumberandarrangementofaxlesratherthanwheelstechnicallytheselocomotivesweredevelopmentsofsomeoftheearliestpacificlocomotivesineuropethatwerebuiltforthecompagnieduchemindeferdeparisorlanschemindeferdeparisorlanspothepclasswasconsideredtobeoneofandrchapelonsfinestdesignsandbenefitedfromhisthoroughunderstandingofthermodynamicsandhisappreciationoftheneedtoconsidertheentiretyofthesteamcircuitthelocomotivewasafourcylindercompoundfittedwithlentzdabegpoppetvalvescoupledwithanelegantfrenchstyletenderthesecondbatchofthepclasswasaestheticallymuchmorepleasingwithapoweroutputofthepclasswasreputedtohavethehighestpowertoweightratioofanysteamlocomotivediscussioncontinuesastohowrobusttheyweremechanicallyforexamplewhetherthesizeofthebearingswastooneartheboneorwhethertheyweresimplyworkedtodeathduringthedifficultwaryearsnonehavesurvivedinpreservationhungaryinthesthemagyarllamvasutakhungarianstaterailwaysormvadoptedthetypeastheirstandardmixedtrafficlocomotiveintheshapeofthemvclassclasswhichwasbuiltbetweenandofthesewerebuiltforhungaryandforforeignsystemsincludingtheyugoslavrailwaysthesovietunionandnorthkoreainyugoslaviatheyweredesignatedthejugoslovenskeeleznicejclassthelastofthehungarianlocomotiveswerewithdrawnfromserviceinirelandforashortperiodthegreatsouthernandwesternrailwayinirelandanditssuccessorthegreatsouthernrailwaysoperatedtwoinsidecylindershuntinglocomotivesintendedforshuntingrailshuntingatdublinkingsbridgenowdublinheustonrailwaystationheustonandforbankenginebankingonthesteepgradientoutofcorkglanmireroadnowcorkkentrailwaystationkentthefirstlocomotiveemergedfromthecompanysinchicoreworkshopsinandthesecondintheyprovedunsuccessfulbeingexpensivetooperateandunsuitableforsharpcurvesandwerewithdrawninandrespectivelyrefnamemurrayrefontheirishthreefootgaugerailwaysthreefootgaugethelondonderryandloughswillyrailwayoperatedtwotenderlocomotivesbuiltbyhudswellclarketheywereintroducedinandwithdrawninthesandsthetwoweretheonlytenderlocomotivesevertooperateonthatgaugeinirelandandwithtwosubsequenttankenginesfromthesamemanufacturerwereconsideredtobethemostpowerfulwhicheverworkedonanyirishnarrowgaugerailwaymexicolocomotivesinmexicowerealmostentirelybuiltintheunitedstatesthefirstlocomotiveswereprovidedbythesouthernpacificrailroadtoindependentandsubsidiaryrailroadssuchasthecananaerioyaquipacificoandsudpacificodemejicothesudpacificodemejicousedintotalofthesouthernpacificssincludingafewfromcrypallconstructedatschenectadybetweenandthenationalrailwaysofmexicohadfourclassesofthefirsttwoorderswererelativelysmalllocomotivesfrombrooksininamuchlargerlocomotivewasorderedtheprnumbersatoandweighingtonsunusuallyamongamericanbuiltsthesewereintendedforexpresspassengerserviceandthereforehadmuchlargerdriversthansoperatingintheunitedstatesatinchesdiameterthecylindershadanunusuallysquareboreandstrokeofxinchesbecausethefireboxwaswideandabovetheframesthetopsofthelastsetofdriversprojectedintothefireboxsomethingwhichwasonlypossibleduetothembeingoilfiredinafurtherfivelocomotiveswerebuiltwithlargerboilerswhichincreasedtheevaporativeheatingsurfacebysquarefeetandthesuperheatersurfacebysquarefeettheseweredesignatedprnumberstoattonstheprwastheheaviestconventionaleverbuiltthenorfolkwesternsmwhichisoftencreditedasbeingtheheaviestconventionalweighedlessthantheprnewzealandnewzealandsfirstlocomotivewasbuiltintheaddingtonrailwayworkshopsofthenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnzrinanddesignatednzrbclassbclassfourmorewerecompletedthatsameyearandonemoreinwhilesharpstewartandcompanybuiltfourmoreoverthenexttwoyearstennzrbaclassbsupasupclasslocomotiveswerebuiltbythenzratitsaddingtonshopsbetweenandandthirtynzrbbclassbsupbsupclasslocomotiveswerebuiltbyagpriceinnewzealandbetweenandoneeachofthebsupasupclassandbsupbsupclasshavebeenpreservedbsupasupnoandbsupbsupnobothareinaucklandattheparnelldepotofmainlinesteamanorganisationdevotedtotherestorationandoperationofhistoricnewzealandrailwaysmainlinesteamlocomotivesrhodesiabetweenandcapethclasslocomotiveswerebuiltforthebeiraandmashonalandandrhodesiarailwaysbmrthatlaterbecameaconstituentpartoftherhodesiarailwaysrrtheselocomotiveswereacquiredbysouthernrhodesiaatthetimewhenrailwayswerestillexpandingfromthecapecolonyviabechuanalandprotectorateintosouthernrhodesiainthesouthwestfrombeiramozambiquebeirainmozambiquetoumtaliintheeastandwhilethesecondboerwarwasstillinprogressatthetimethesystemwascomposedoffoursmallerrailwaysallofthemstilllargelyunderconstructionthatwereeventuallyalllinkedupinthesewerethefledglingbechuanalandrailwaysbrthemashonalandrailwaysmrtherhodesiarailwaysnorthernextensionsrrmandthebmrthelocomotiveswereorderedinfivebatchesfromthreebritishmanufacturersfromneilsonandcompanyturnofthecenturyneilsonreidandcompanyinandeightfromkitsonandcompanybetweenandandtwentyfromnorthbritishlocomotivecompanyininfiveoftheneilsonreidlocomotivesweresoldtothesouthafricanrailwayswheretheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassdclassdsouthafricaallmastodonlocomotivesthatsawserviceinsouthafricawerebuiltforfollowingadecisionbythecapegovernmentrailwayscgrtoacquireeightcoupledgoodslocomotivesacompletedesignforsuchalocomotivewaspreparedatthesaltriverworksincapetownunderthesupervisionoflocomotivesuperintendenthmbeattythisbecamethecapethclassthelegendarylocomotivethatplayedapartintheconstructionofalargepartoftherailwaysintotheinteriorofafricasouthoftheequatorinandofthesethclasslocomotivesweredeliveredfromdbsandcompanyandneilsonandcompanyintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassclasswhentheywereassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwayssarbetweenandasecondbatchofthclasslocomotivesenteredserviceonthecgrthesehadincreasedheatingcapacitybuiltbysharpstewartandcompanydbsandneilsontheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassaclassaonthesarinbetweenandthebeiraandmashonalandandrhodesiarailwaysbmrinsouthernrhodesiaplacedcapethclasslocomotivesinserviceinmayfiveoftheselocomotivesallbuiltbyneilsonandcompanyturnofthecenturyneilsonreidandcompanyweresoldtothesarwhodesignatedthemsouthafricanclassdclassdrefnamehollandrefbetweenandthenewcapecentralrailwaynccrplacedsevencapethclasslocomotivesinserviceonitslinefromworcesterwesterncapeworcestertomosselbaymosselbaaiinthecapecolonybuiltbyneilsonreidandnorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblinwhenthenccrwasamalgamatedintothesarthesesevenlocomotivesweredesignatedsouthafricanclasseclasseintheimperialmilitaryrailwaysimrplacedcapethclasslocomotivesinserviceaswellasthreemorethathadbeenorderedbythepretoriapietersburgrailwayallbuiltbyneilsonreidtheyallcameontothecentralsouthafricanrailwayscsarrosterattheendofthesecondboerwarinintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassbclassbonthesarinthecgrplaceditslasttenthclasslocomotivesinservicetheywerebuiltbyneilsonreidandhadlargerdiameterboilerswithahigherboilerpressureratingandlargercylindersintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclasscclassconthesarinthenccrplacedthreeclasslocomotivesinservicebuiltbynbltheyweremorepowerfulthanearliermodelsandalsodifferentinappearancewithoutthedistinctivecoveredsmokeboxsaddleandwithrunningboardsthatdippeddownaheadofthesmokeboxandbeneaththecabinthesethreelocomotivesweredesignatedsouthafricanclassfclassfonthesarinandthecgrandcsarplacedanumberofcapethclasslocomotivesinserviceinitiallydesignedinasaconsolidationbyhmbeattysometroublehadbeenexperiencedwiththeleadingponytrucksofthefirstlocomotivesanditwasdroppedinfavourofafourwheeledbogieinlaterordersformorelocomotivesrefnamepaxtonbournerefaltogetherthclasslocomotivesenteredserviceonthecgrinandbuiltbyneilsonreidtheyhadlargercoupledwheelsthanthethclassbarframesusedsaturatedsteamandhadstephensonvalvegearinserviceitwasfoundthatthefourwheeledbogiesandtheslightlyshorterfixedwheelbasemadethemsteadierandeasierridingthantheirpredecessorsintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassclassonthesarinfortycapethclasslocomotivesthathadbeenorderedbytheimrayearearlierweredeliveredtothecsarfromneilsonreidandsharpstewarttheyweredesignatedclasslonthecsarandintheybecamesouthafricanclassaclassaonthesarinwhenthefirstbatchofthclasslocomotiveshadbeentriedandprovensuccessfulthecgrplacedmoreinservicedeliveredinfourbatchesfromneilsonreidandnblintheybecamesouthafricanclassdclassdonthesaratthesametimethecgrorderedfouradditionallocomotivesofthethclassitwasanexperimentaldesignbuilttomodifiedspecificationsinordertoaccommodateagrateareathatwasincreasedfromtheywerealsobuiltbyneilsonreidinandintheywerereclassifiedtosouthafricanclasseclassebythesarinthecsaralsoplacedthirtyclassllocomotivesinservicebuiltbyneilsonreidandnbltothespecificationsofthecapethclassbutequippedwithdrummondfireboxtubesintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassbclassbonthesaralsointhecsaracquiredasecondbatchofthirtyclassllocomotivesbuiltbynbltheydifferedfromthepreviousthirtyonlybynotbeingequippedwithdugalddrummonddrummondwatertubesandwerethelastlocomotivestobeorderedbythecsarthatwerebuilttothedesignofanotherrailwayintheywerereclassifiedtosouthafricanclasscclassconthesarinthecgrreceiveditsfinalbatchoftenthclasslocomotivesfromnblintheybecamesouthafricanclassfclassfonthesarinsarclassxnoaconsolidationthathadbeenbuiltbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyalcoforthecgrinwasreboileredbythesarwithapurposebuiltboileratthesametimeitwassuperheatedconvertedtoamastodonwheelarrangementbyreplacingtheleadingponytruckwithabogieandreclassifiedtothesolesouthafricanclassxclassrbecauseofthelimitedcoalandwaterrangeoftheexistingfleetofnatalgovernmentrailwaysngrtanklocomotiveslocomotivesuperintendentdahendriewastaskedtoproducealocomotiveofgreaterpowerandcapableoflongerdistanceswithoutrefuellingorrewateringtoworkthemainlinessteepingradientstheresultwasthengrsouthafricanclassclassbthefirstngrtenderlocomotivetobebuiltinquantityrefnamedurrantreffiftyclassblocomotivesweredeliveredfromnblinthefirsttenderlocomotivefleettobeplacedinservicebythengrtheyhadplateframeswalschaertvalvegearwithslidevalvemurdochsdslidevalvemurdochsdslidevalvesbelpairefireboxesandusedsaturatedsteamsixofthemweremodifiedtoamountainwheelarrangementinandintheremainingweredesignatedsouthafricanclassclassonthesarinthengrplacedimprovedclassblocomotivesinservicetheywerebuiltbynblandincorporatedvariousimprovementstotheoriginaldesignoftheclassbtheirboilershadbeenraisedbytogiveabetterrakeonthesidesoftheashpanandtheywerebuiltwithhendriessteamreversersintheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassaclassaonthesarattheendofthesecondboerwarthecsarinheritedreidtenwheelertanklocomotivesfromtheimranddesignatedthemclassethecsarfoundthemtohaveaninadequatecoalandwatersupplyfortripsofanylengthandbeginninginofthemwereconvertedtotankandtenderlocomotivesbyremovingthetrailingbisselbogiethefifthpairofdrivingwheelsandthecoalbunkershorteningthemainframeandaddingtendersreclaimedfromvariousscrappedlocomotivesintheselocomotiveswerereclassifiedassouthafricanclassttclassonthesarinthecgrplacedasingleexperimentalthclasslocomotiveinserviceonthecapeeasternsystemdesignedbyhmbeattyandbuiltbykitsonandcompanyitwasinmostrespectsalargerandmorepowerfulversionofbeattyslastcapethclassofthesouthafricanclassfclassfonthesardespiteitsgoodperformancethedesignwasneverrepeatedsincesometroublewasexperiencedwiththefireboxinitwasdesignatedsouthafricanclassexperimentalclassexperimentalonthesarbetweenandwhenashortageofsuitableshuntinglocomotivesdevelopedasaresultofincreasingtrafficthroughoutthecountryandparticularlyonthewitwatersrandthesarrebuiltofitssouthafricanclassatclassatlocomotivestosouthafricanclassttclasstankandtenderlocomotivestheyweremodifiedbyremovingthetrailingbisselbogieandthecoalbunkershorteningthemainframeandaddingatendertoincreasethecoalandwatercapacitytendersfromvariousscrappedlocomotivetypeswereusedandtheywereemployedasshuntingenginesarounddurbanandportelizabethintwoofthemweresoldtothezambezisawmillscompanyforuseontheirlivingstonemulobeziloggingrailwayinnorthernrhodesiatherestwerewithdrawnfromservicebymorethanseventyyearsafterthefirstonewasbuiltforthengrsovietunioninthesovietunionlocomotiveswerethefirstpassengerenginestobebuiltbythenewstateaftertheoctoberrevolutiononehundredoftheselocomotiveswerebuiltbythekirovplantputilovcompanyputilovworksinsaintpetersburgleningradinalthoughintendedforspeedsuptotheyprovedunsteadyatspeedandhadtobekepttoslowertrainssomewerebuiltasoilburnersinitiallybuiltasthreecylinderlocomotivestheywerelaterrebuiltastwocylinderenginessincetherewereapparentlysevereproblemswiththecrankaxlewithuptohalftheenginesbeingoutofserviceatonepointduetosuchtroublesboilerpressureinthetwocylinderrebuildswasraisedfromtoandtheywerereclassifiedmsuprsupsupsupincyrillicthemclasswasnotconsideredtobeagreatsuccessspainrenferednacionaldelosferrocarrilesespaolesthespanishrailsystemthatwasnationalisedininheritedlocomotivesfromthemadridzaragozaandalicanterailwayandcontinuedtoconstructthetypeasitsfclassthelastsurvivorsalloilburnerswereconcentratedatthesalamancashedaroundsudanknownasthedongolaclasscapethclasslocomotiveswerealsobuiltforthesoudanmilitaryrailwayduringherbertkitchenerstearlkitchenerkitchenerscampaigninsudanwhenhearrivedintheterritoryinhebuiltarailwaystrictlyformilitarypurposesitranparalleltothenilenileriverfornearlyfromwadihalfatothethirdcataractatkermaanotherlinewasbuiltfromwadihalfaacrossthroughthenubiandeserttoatbarahandontokhartoumtothesouthformotivepowerthreecapesouthafricanclassathclasslocomotiveswereorderedfromneilsonandcompanyanddeliveredinthesewerefollowedbyfivemoreintwobatchesinthelocomotiveswereinitiallynotnumberedbutnamedafterplacesinsudanunitedkingdomtwoclassesoftanklocomotiveswereusedintheunitedkingdombothbuiltforhumpshuntingtenwerebuiltbythenortheasternrailwayuknortheasternrailwaynerinanddesignatedthenerclassxlaterthelondonandnortheasternrailwaylnerclasstthelneraddedafurtherfiveclasstlocomotivesintheselocomotiveshadthreecylinderlocomotivecylindersfollowingrobinsonsdesignforthegcrclasshclasshofthegreatcentralrailwayinthelondonandsouthwesternrailwaylswrbuiltfourlswrgclassgclasstwocylindertanklocomotivestouriesdesignforuseinthefelthammarshallingyardrefnamelocomotivesofthelswrpartrefthelondonmidlandandscottishrailwayandthesouthernrailwayuksouthernrailwaybothcontemplatedtheconstructionoftenderfreightlocomotivesbutthesenevermaterialisedrefnamelocomotivecoxlocomotivepanoramavolumeholcroftlocomotiveadventurevolumerefunitedstatesofamericaintheunitedstatesthewasessentiallyafreightlocomotivethatwasadevelopmentoftheconsolidationmostamericanlocomotiveswerebuiltinthelatethorearlythcenturythetypeneverachievedgreatpopularityalthoughtherewerefiveoccasionswhenalocomotivewasconsideredastheheaviestandormostpowerfulintheworlduponitsintroductionthoselocomotiveswerethenochampionofthelehighvalleyrailroadinthenomastodonofthecentralpacificrailroadinthegclassofthegreatnorthernrailwayusgreatnorthernrailwayinandthenooftheillinoiscentralrailroadinitisnoteworthythatthegreatnorthernghadpistonvalvesaslargeasthepistonsofmanylocomotivestheninservicefinallytheduluthandironrangerailwayorderedanumberoftrimlinedmastodonsbeginninginwhichwerereportedlytheheaviestfreightenginesconstructedatthetimetheyhadlongbetweenthedriversfireboxesandarelativelyshortstrokeforfreightenginesoftheeratheywerenumberedfromtoandbecametherailroadsclassjaftertheyweregraduallyphasedoutinfavorofthemoreconventionalconsolidationtypeallwerescrappedbyrefnamemastodontypesteamlocomotivecommastodonpagegnmontanacentraleasternrailwayofminnesotagreatnorthernmastodontypelocomotivesclassdetailsbystevellansorefeventhoughatthetimethewidefireboxmikadohadmuchmorepotentialasfarasspeedisconcernedthenorfolkandwesternrailwayoptedforthenwclassmclassmforitsshorterwheelbasethatenabledittohaveoverpercentofthelocomotivesweightonthedrivingwheelsandthefourwheelleadingtruckforgreaterstabilitythenwoperatedfromtheearlystothelatesbuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksfromandnicknamedmolliestheclassmclassmandclassmbecamethemostnumerousamericanclassofclassmtheclassmlocomotivesareoftenmistakenlybelievedtobethelargestconventionalbuiltbutthemexicanprwasoverfourtonsheaviermanyofthemlastedintothesbutwerepoorsteamerssincetheboilersheatingsurfacehadbeensignificantlyincreasedcomparedtotheclassesmandmbutwithnocorrespondingimprovementoffireboxvolumeandgrateareaasinglecontinuestooperateintheunitedstatesinstrasburgpennsylvaniathelocomotiveisthenorfolkandwesternnwnooperatingonthestrasburgrailroadzambiainnovemberthezambezisawmillscompanyzsminnorthernrhodesiazambiasincepurchasedtwosouthafricanclassttclasslocomotivesfromthesouthafricanrailwaysforuseontheirlivingstonemulobeziloggingrailwaythecompanyworkedtheteakforeststhatstretchedtothenorthwestoflivingstonezambialivingstoneanditbuiltoneofthelongestloggingrailwaysintheworldtoserveitssawmillatmulobezithelocomotiveswerescrappedbetweenandintwosouthafricanclassclassfoursouthafricanclassaclassaandtwosouthafricanclassbclassblocomotiveswerealsopurchasedbythezsmfromthesartheseeightlocomotivesjoinedtheexistingfleetofeightexnationalrailwaysofzimbabwerhodesiarailwaysthclasslocomotivesthathadbeenacquiredbythezsmbetweenandafterbeingwithdrawnfromserviceoneoftheclassblocomotiveswasconfiguredasastationaryboileratlivingstoneinnovemberthezsmalsopurchasedonesouthafricanclassaclassalocomotivefromthesarthiswasthelastlocomotivetobepurchasedbytheloggingcompanyanditwasemployedasashuntingengineatmulobeziafterloggingoperationsceaseditwasreturnedtolivingstoneindecemberandwaseventuallypreservedattherailwaymuseumatlivingstonerefnamesitimelasitimelaahistoryofthezambezisawmillsloggingrailwaygeofmcalvertpublishedbythebarotsedevelopmenttrustprefreferencesimagereadingjpgthumbpxreadingnoinitsofficialportraitunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoffourleadingwheelsontwoaxlesfourpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsontwoaxlesandfourtrailingwheelsontwoaxlesintheunitedstatesthisarrangementwasnamedthereadingtypesincethephiladelphiaandreadingrailroadwasthefirsttouseitincanadathistypeisknownasthejubileeotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationbalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationusageasingleexperimentalclassifiedasbavariansswasbuiltfortheroyalbavarianstaterailwaycompanyinbythefirmofjamaffeiitwassuccessfulinanexperimentalsensebutwastoolighttohaulpassengertrainsofusefulcapacityitwasfastattainingontestandwassemistreamlinedwithapointednoseconeandfairingsaroundthecylindersstackanddomeandslantedbackcabwindowsitinspiredthelaterbavarianspacificsitpassedtothedeutschereichseisenbahnenwhenthegermanrailwayswerecentralisedandwasclassifiedasbrnumberitwastakenoutofserviceinandwasrestoredbymaffeitobeexhibitedatthemunichtransportexhibitionofthatyearaftertheexhibitionendeditwasplacedinthenurembergtransportmuseumwhereitremainsunitedstatesthephiladelphiaandreadingrailwaybuiltfourreadingcompanycaclasscaclasslocomotivesintheyprovedtobequiteunstableafterthatyeartheywererebuilttolocomotiveatlanticlocomotivesthebaltimoreandohiorailroadcreatedasingleinrebuildingalocomotiveatlanticintoasolitaryclassjnamedladybaltimorealongwiththesingleclassvlordbaltimoreitwasbuiltfornewlightweightpassengertrainsintheladybaltimorescasetheabrahamlincolntrainabrahamlincolnonthechicagoandaltonrailroadawhollyownedsubsidiaryofthebodespitethealtonsflatterritoryandstraighttrackthelocomotivedidnotdowellitwasreturnedtotheboandwasagainmodifiedattherailroadsmountclareshopsalessstreamlinedcabandfrontendbeingfittedsubsequentlyitwasplacedintolocalserviceontherailroadswheelingdivisionmostlyoperatingbetweenhollowayohiohollowayandclevelandohioitprovednomoresuccessfulinthatserviceandwassenttothebosriversideshopforstorageitwasscrappedincanadathecanadianpacificrailwaybuilttwoclassesofjubileelocomotivesbothweresemistreamlinedinasimilarfashiontotheroyalhudsonandselkirklocomotiveselkirklocomotivesthefawasstyledafterthemilwaukeeroadhiawathaatlanticbutwithafourwheeltrailingtrucktosupportalongerfireboxclassfaconsistedoffivelocomotivesnostheycanbemosteasilydistinguishedfromtheothertypethroughthemainrodsbeingconnectedtotheleadingpairofdriverssometroublewasdiscoveredwiththisarrangementastheyhadatendencytobendthemainrodsinreversehowevertheydidholdthecanadianrecordforspeedatnbspmphduringabrakingtestthepilotlocomotivepilotwassmoothlyroundedandstreamlinedwithtwostainlesssteelbandsnoneofthisgroupsurviveimagecprlocomotivetypefajpgthumbcanadianpacificrailwayclassfajubileenoclassfaconsistedoftwentylocomotivesnosthesehadthemainrodsconnectedtothetrailingsetofdriversandamoreregularpilotwithastraightpilotbeamadropcouplersheetsteelpilotbelowthatandamoreregularfrontdecktwoofthisclassoflocomotivenosandhavesurvivednoisatthecanadianrailwaymuseumindelsonquebecwhilenoisatsteamtownnationalhistoricsiteinscrantonpennsylvaniaunitedkingdominbritainthearrangementwasconfinedtotanklocomotivesandtheretospecificapplicationsrequiringeitherhighspeedstabilityinbothdirectionscreatedbyasymmetricalarrangementwithbogiesfrontandrearorapowerfullocomotivewithasshortafixedwheelbaseaspossibleericgbarkerdesignedthreeexamplesforthewirralrailwayinthemidlandandsouthwesternjunctionrailwaypurchasedtwotankenginesfromsharpstewartandcompanybutthesewerenotasuccessduetotheirpoortractionthenortheasternrailwayuknortheasternrailwaynerclassdclassdwasdesignedbyvincentraveninrefnameahronsscitebooklastahronsfirstelauthorlinkelahronstitlethebritishsteamrailwaylocomotiveyearpublisherlocomotivepublishingcolocationamencornerlondonrefahronsbritishsteamrailwaylocomotivepagesrefbetweenandtheywererebuiltwithatwheellayoutandreclassifiedaslnerclassaarefnamecasserleyasherlocomotivesofbritishrailwayslneracitebooktitlelocomotivesofbritishrailwaysfirsthclastcasserleyauthorlinkhccasserleyfirstlllastasherpublisherspringbooksyearorigyearrefcasserleyasherlocomotivesofbritishrailwayspagesrefthemetropolitanrailwayhclasshclasslocomotivesbuiltforthemetropolitanrailwayinthesareanexampleofboththesefactorsleadingtoarareuseofthearrangementaustraliathewesternaustraliagovernmentrailwaywagrnclassnclasstankengineswereintroducedinreferencesehrenreichthomascatskillarchivecomrrextrarchtmlreadingcompanylocomotiveretrievedonmaybarriswessteamlocomotivecomstreamlinedsurvivingsteamlocomotivecomsurvivingstreamlinedsteamretrievedonmayimagemidlandnorainhilljpgthumbpxthemidlandrailwayclassunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoffourleadingwheelsontwoaxlestwopowereddrivingwheelsononeaxleandtwotrailingwheelsononeaxleotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationaalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationlikeothersteamlocomotivetypeswithsinglepairsofdrivingwheelstheywerealsoknownassingleshistoryimageborsigjpgthumbpxtechnicaldrawingofthefirstborsiglocomotivetheconfigurationoffereddesignerseightwheelstospreadtheweightofalargerlocomotivebutpriortotheintroductionofbogiescreatedalongrigidwheelbasewithlimitedadhesionasaresultthetypewasrelativelyrareuntilthesthefirststeamlocomotivemadebyborsigofberlinintheborsignowasabutthecompanyquicklyrevertedtothemorecommonconfigurationukdevelopmentsthelondonandnorthwesternrailwaynolnwrcornwallcornwallwasbuiltasatcreweinbutwasextensivelyrebuiltandconvertedtoainimagegwrbroadgaugelocomotivesjpgthumbrightirondukeclassengineswaitingtobescrappedtheoneareawherethetypeprovedtobeusefulwasonbroadgaugelocomotiveswheresharpbendswerelessofanissuedanielgoochbuiltexamplesofhisgwrirondukeclassirondukeexpresslocomotiveclassforthegreatwesternrailwaybetweenandtheyhadannbspftdiameterdrivingwheelsizetwentyexamplesofasimilarbristolandexeterrailwaylocomotivesdesignwerebuiltforthebristolandexeterrailwayafterbyavonsideenginecompanystothertandslaughterinbristolbecausebothsetsofleadingwheelsaremountedindependentlyintheframesintheseclassestheyaresometimesdescribedasratherthanthefirsttohaveabogiewasbuiltbyarchibaldsturrockofthegreatnorthernrailwaygreatbritaingreatnorthernrailwaygnrinthishadflangelessdriverflangelessdrivingwheelsandwasonlymoderatelysuccessfulhavingatendencytoderailbythesimproveddesignofbogiesgivingmoreflexibilityenableddesignerstocreatefaststandardgaugeexpresspassengerlocomotivesofthistypeonthegnrpatrickstirlingbuiltgnrstirlingexampleswithcylinderlocomotiveoutsidecylindersatdoncasterrailwayworksbetweenandforuseonthemainlinebetweenlondonandyorktheyranatanaveragespeedofmorethannbspmphduringtheracetothenorthandwerecalledeightfootersbecauseofthedrivingwheelthatwasmorethannbspftindiameterstirlingssuccessorhenryivattbuiltafurthertwelvesinglesbetweenbeforemovingontolargerlocomotivedesignstheattractionofthesingleorotherwisewasthatthankstothegearingeffectofthelargesingledrivingwheelsalocomotivecouldobtainhighspeedswhiletheoperatingspeedoftheenginespistonsandvalvegearremainedrelativelylowthisimportantbecauseoftherelativelyunsophiscatedlubricationsystemsavailableatthetimewithmanyofthepartsoftheenginesmotionrequiringtobeoiledroundwiththelocomotivestationarybeforeandafterarunoronlongertripsbyoneofthecrewtakingtotherunningboardtooiltherequiredpartswhileonthemovelowpistonspeedalsomeantthatthesteamdemandontheboilerwouldberelativelylowallowingasmallerlighterboilerbeforethedevelopmentofthelargeboilerdesignsinthesmanyboilerscouldnotsustainthesteamsupplyrequiredofasmallwheeledlocomotiveoperatingatspeedthusrequiringthelargedrivingwheelsofasingleatnbspmphaneightfootersinglesdrivingwheelswouldberevolvingatrevolutionsperminuteopposedtotherevolutionsofthedrivingwheelsofasixfootereachdrivingaxleofalocomotivealsohadtobesupportedonlargeplainbearingswithrequriedfurtherlubricationintroducedapotentialpointofmechanicalfailurethroughhotboxoverheatingandaconsiderablesourceoffrictionwithonlyonedrivingaxleasinglehadmuchlessrollingresistancethanafourcoupledenginerequiringlesssteamtoachieveagivenspeedandalsobeingmorefreerunningwhencoastingdownhillthestirlingeightfooterswereverysuccessfulbutwerebestsuitedtothepredominantlystraightandflatgnreastcoastmainlinemainlineincambridgeshireandthevaleofyorkotherrailwaysslowlyreplacedtheiroriginalsingleswithlocomotivesthatofferedbettertractionatthecostofultimatespeedhoweverinfrancisholtmanageratthederbyworksofthemidlandrailwayinventedapracticalformofsandboxlocomotivesteamsandingsteamsandinggearwhichallowedlocomotivecrewstoquicklyandeffectivelystopwheelspinthisledtothemidlandrevivingthesingleintheformofthedistinctivecylinderlocomotiveinsidecylinderspinnerseightyfivewerebuilttofivedesignsbysamuelwjohnsonbetweenandonemidlandrailwayclassclassnosurvivesatthenationalrailwaymuseumyorkotherrailwaysadoptedthesteampoweredsanderleadingtoaresurgenceofinterestinthesingleforfastexpresspassengerworkinthesandswilliamdeanengineerwilliamdeanofthegreatwesternbuiltfiftyexamplesofthestandardgaugegwrclassachillesclassfromgwrclassnotablemembersoftheclassnodukeofconnaughtcontributedtotherecordbreakingrunoftheoceanmailexpresstrainfromplymouthtopaddingtoninminutesonmaywhenittookoverthetrainatbristolfromgwrclasscityoftruronocityoftruroandcompletedthejourneytopaddingtoninminutessecondsbyaveragetrainloadshadgrownbeyondthecapabilityofevenasanderfittedsingleanddevelopmentstoppedonthegnrstirlingsfamouseightfootersrequireddoubleheadingwithsbeforetheywerereplacedbythegnrclasscsmallboilerklondykeenginesdesignedbyhenryivattwhileonthemidlandsamueljohnsondevelopedapowerfulcompoundtoreplacehisspinnersothernotableukexamplesaretheuniquecaledonianrailwaycaledonianrailwaysinglesinglenowhichhasbeenpreservedandthegerclasspwhichwasanearlyoilburningenginedevelopedbythepioneerofoilboilersjamesholdenengineerjamesholdenthelastbritishsingletobedesignedwastheclassofthegreatcentralrailwaydesignedbyharrypollittengineerharrypollittinforworkonthecompanysnewgreatcentralmainlinemainlinetolondonivattclassasinglesofthegnrdesignedbeforethegreatcentralenginescontinuedtoenterserviceduringbeingthelastoftheirtypetotaketotherailsinbritainusdevelopmentsimagejudahjpgthumbpxtdjudahalocomotiverebuiltasabycentralpacificrailroadthetdjudahlocomotivewasbuiltasatbythecookelocomotiveworksinitwaspurchasedforuseonthecentralpacificrailroadandinwasrebuiltasabytypicalloadsonexpresstrainshadgrownbeyondthecapabilitiesoflocomotivesandtheconfigurationwassupersededbythelocomotiveasiainthebritishlocomotivemanufacturerkerrstuartandcompanyproducedfourlocomotivesweighingtonsandwithnbspftdrivingwheelsfortheshanghainanjingrailwayrefcitebooktitlerailwaysattheturnofthecenturyauthorosnockurlrlkittermandeviantartcomartshanghainankingimperialmailenginerefthesewerethelastrecordedsinglesbuiltandalmostcertainlythelargestreferencesexternallinksillustrateddescriptionofsomefamoussinglesclassnlocomotivebuiltatthebaldwinlocomotiveworksinaugustinthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementaisalocomotivewithatwowheelleadingtrucktwosetsofeightdrivingwheelsandnotrailingtruckequivalentclassificationsotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationddalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationtheuicclassificationisrefinedtoddformalletlocomotivesexamplesthegreatnorthernrailwayusgreatnorthernrailwayusedthesastheirnswhichwerebuiltbybaldwinintheywererebuiltbygninasanandlaterrerebuiltinasannthelocomotivesaftertheirrdrebuildintoanhadalargerboilerandbiggertenderthensnandnformerlyservedserviceonthegnforyearsandwereinusetillandtheunionpacificrailroadoperatedthistypeitwascalledthebullmoosebyunionpacificcrewstheunionpacificbullmooseswerebuiltinandfromalcobrooksthebullmooselocomotiveswereusedtohaulheavyloadsovershermanhillontheuptheenginesweremostlikelyretiredinthelatestoearlysbecauseofslowspeedsoffreightpullingatmilesanhourtheclassoftheunionpacificcanpullthesameweightatmilesanhournoneoftheunionpacificbullmooselocomotivessurvivedintopreservationanexampleofoneisunionpacificwasbuiltjulybyalcobrooksandretiredinoctoberpossiblyscrappedinouteastthereadingrailroadhadsforcoalswitchingonsteephillsalsoknownasthereadingnandthebaltimoreandohiorailroadbaltimoreandohiooperatedthistypewiththeboowningdozensofexamplesmostnotablytheelclasstheywereretiredbytheearlysinthemidwestthekansascitysouthernwasaprincipaluserofthisconfigurationrefciteweburltoytrainscomarticulatedhtmtitlebullmoosearticulatedsteamlocomotivesdatefebruarywebsitewebsiteoftoytrainsaccessdatejanuaryreftheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwaywasthefirsttousetheconfigurationintheirownworkshoptookapairofstandardandcombinedthemintoamalletlocomotiveconsolidationmalletarticulatedlocomotivefourexampleswerebuiltbutwereneverentirelysatisfactoryandwereconvertedbacktoinrefnameamericanrailscomciteweburlamericanrailscomelhtmltitlethebosclasselslastfirstlastfirstdatewebsitewwwamericanrailscompublisheradamburnsaccessdatejanuaryrefthefirstoperatedbybaltimoreandohiowasnumberedelawhichwasbuiltinatbaldwinlocomotiveworksthewesternendoftheirnetworkhadrulinggradientsgreaterthanandtheofferedexceptionaltractiveeffortenablingasinglelocomotivetomovetheheaviestfreighttrainsaswellasbuildingtheselocomotivesfromscratchthelastintenwereconvertedfromconfigurationinandafurthertenfromintheselocomotivesremainedinoperationuntilafterworldwariithelastbeingwithdrawninnonehavebeenpreservedtenderfromtheofthekansascitysouthernrailroadhaspreservedthelocomotivewasscrappedandthetenderwasonlypreserveditisnowpreservedinunionilattheillinoisrailwaymuseumreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameadriaticimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelthreelargedrivingwheelsjoinedtogetherwithacouplingrodandtwosmalltrailingwheelscaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagefilepprnojpgaltcaptionsouthafricanclassdtpprtonnertsarclassdequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyccfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrysouthafricanrepubliclocomotivesouthafricanclassdtpprtonnerrailwaypretoriapietersburgrailwaydesignerbeyerpeacockandcompanybuilderbeyerpeacockandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountrycapecolonycapeofgoodhopelocomotivesouthafricanclasszcgrthclassrailwaycapegovernmentrailwaysdesignerhmbeattybuilderneilsonandcompanyturnofthethcenturyneilsonreidandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesalocomotivehastwoleadingwheelssixcoupleddrivingwheelsandfourtrailingwheelsthisarrangementiscommonlycalledadriaticoverviewwiththreeknownexceptionstheadriaticwheelarrangementwasusuallyusedontanklocomotivesforwhichvarioussuffixestoindicatethetypeoftankwouldbeaddedtothewheelarrangementforexampleforanenginewithsidetankstenderlocomotivestheearliestknownexamplewasthesouthafricanclasszsouthafricanclasszdesignedbycapegovernmentrailwayscgrchieflocomotivesuperintendenthmbeattyinthefirstenginesoftheclassweremodifiedprairielocomotiveswhichwereequippedwithtwoaxletrailingbogiesinmorewereplacedinservicebutbuiltwiththewheelarrangementthelatterwerethefirstknowntenderlocomotivesintheworldtobebuiltwiththiswheelarrangementtanklocomotivestankengineswiththetwheelarrangementwereproducedformanydifferentrailwaysystemsworldwideandweremainlyusedforfreightandsuburbanpassengerworkingtheyhavebeenlesssuccessfulonexpresspassengertrainstheearliestknownexamplealsooriginatedinsouthafricathesouthafricanclassdtpretoriapietersburgrailwaystonnerofrefnamehollandrefrefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefusageaustriatwoaustrianexpresstenderlocomotivetypeswereofthiswheelarrangementtheclassofandclassofbothdesignedbykarlglsdorfthetypethereforebecameknownastheadriaticarrangementnamedfortheadriaticseawhichborderedaustriahungaryuntilfinlandfinlandhadthreelocomotiveclasseswithatwheelarrangementtheclassesvkvkandvkallthreeclasseswerenicknamediitatheclassvknumberedtoweredeliveredinfrombaldwinlocomotiveworksofphiladelphiapennsylvaniatheclassvkiitawerealsonicknamedamerikanbecausetheywerebuiltintheunitedstatesofamericatheclassvkwerenumberedtothefinnishsteamlocomotiveclassvkwerenumberedandtotheywerebuiltinbytampellaafinnishheavyindustrymanufacturerandwereusedforlocalpassengerdutiesoneofthemvknoispreservedatthefinnishrailwaymuseumgermanyimagedbinbochumdahlhausenjpgthumbpreserveddbclasstwodeutschebundesbahndbtclasslocomotivesdesignedforfastgoodstrainandpassengertrainservicewerebuiltinaspartofthedbsneubaulokconstructionprogrammetheywerebothwithdrawnfromserviceinonedbhasbeenpreservedatthebochumdahlhausenrailwaymuseumnewzealandtheferrymeadrailwayinchristchurchnewzealandhasagaugelocomotivethatwasinregularoperationuntiltakenofflineforboilerrepairsarounditwasbuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwininthewfclassofthenewzealandgovernmentrailwayswasbuiltbetweenandandwasageneralpurposetankdesignitwasusedallovernewzealandandidenticallocomotiveswerealsoinserviceasthedsclassofthetasmaniangovernmentrailwaysthreewfclasslocomotivessurvivedinpreservationwfoneoftheenginesusedonthefirstwellingtontoaucklandtrainispreservedatpaekakarikiwfwassoldtotasmaniaandusedasadsclasslocomotiveitsboilerisondisplayatdonriverrailwaywfispreservedatferrymeadwfispreservedatnelsonsouthafricabetweenandthepretoriapietersburgrailwaypprplacedsixlocomotivesinservicebuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanyduringthesecondboerwartheywerefirsttakenoverbythenetherlandssouthafricanrailwaycompanynederlandschezuidafrikaanschespoorwegmaatschappijnzasmandthenbytheimperialmilitaryrailwaysimrafterthewartheyweretakenontotherosterofthecentralsouthafricanrailwayscsarandintheywereassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwayssarassouthafricanclassdtclassdrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuaryppreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefinthecgrplacedfourthclassprairietendersteamlocomotivesinservicedesignedatthesaltriverworksofthecgrandbuiltbyneilsonandcompanyturnofthecenturyneilsonreidandcompanyduringtrialsitwasfoundthattheywereinclinedtobeunsteadyatspeedandthelocomotivedesignwasthereforemodifiedtoawheelarrangementbyreplacingthetrailingcarrierwheelswithatwoaxlebogieanotherfourlocomotivesincorporatingthismodificationwereorderedlaterinanddeliveredinthefirsttenderlocomotivesintheworldtobebuiltwiththiswheelarrangementthechangeindesignresultedinamarkedimprovementinthelocomotivesstabilityatspeedandthefirstfourlocomotiveswerethereforealsomodifiedaccordinglyinwhentheywereassimilatedintothesartheseeightlocomotiveswerealldesignatedsouthafricanclasszclasszinthecgrplacedtwocgrtypeattypeaadriaticnarrowgaugelocomotiveinconstructionserviceontheavontuurbranchwhichwasbeingbuiltoutofportelizabeththroughthelangklooftheywerebuiltbymanningwardlemanningwardleandcompanyandatawidthoftheywerethewidestlocomotivestoseeserviceonanyofthenarrowgaugelinesinsouthafricaunitedkingdomthefirstbritishexamplesofthetwheelarrangementweretwolocomotivesbuiltforthenarrowgaugeleekandmanifoldvalleylightrailwaylocomotivesandrollingstockleekmanifoldvalleylightrailwayinthefirstexampleswerethegcrclassbclassbofthegreatcentralrailwaybuiltinrichardmaunsellofthesoutheasternandchathamrailwaysecrdesignedthesecrkandsrkclasseskclassinforexpresspassengerdutiesandinintroducedathreecylindervariantsecrkandsrkclasseskclassforthesouthernrailwayuksouthernrailwaytheselocomotivesprovedtobeunsteadyatspeedandfollowingthesevenoaksrailwayaccidentintheywererebuiltastenderlocomotivesmaunselldidhoweverusethetypemoresuccessfullyforhissrclasswwclassfreightlocomotivesofnobetweenandthelondonmidlandandscottishrailwaylmsbuiltnearlyfivehundredtsforsuburbanpassengerworktofoursimilardesignsseelmsbrclasstlocomotiveslmsbrclasslocomotivesthelastofthesethelmsfairburntlmsfairburncontinuedtobebuiltbybritishrailwaysbruntilfairburnslmsdesignalsoformedthebasisoftheverysuccessfulbrstandardclasstbrstandardclasswhichcontinuedtobeproduceduntilimagenccwtclassloconojpgthumbleftpreservednccwtclassnobetweenandgeorgeivattofthelmsalsobuilteighteenexamplesofaverysimilardesignatderbyworksforuseinnorthernirelandtheselaterbecamethenccclasswtnortherncountiescommitteewtclassaprototypeofthelondonandnortheasternrailwaylnerlnerthompsonclassllclassdesignedbyedwardthompsonengineeredwardthompsonwasbuiltintheremainingmembersoftheclasswerebuiltunderbritishrailwaysbradministrationduringtheperiodfromtomodelrailroadingthelionelcorporationusedthewheelarrangementinmanyofitsmodelsteamlocomotivesincludingtheusedintheinfamousgirlstrainreferencesimageadlermayfuerthjpgthumbreplicaofadleratfrthmayunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoftwoleadingwheelsononeaxletwopowereddrivingwheelsononeaxleandtwotrailingwheelsononeaxlethewheelarrangementbothprovidedmorestabilityandenabledalargerfireboxsteamenginefireboxthantheearlierandtypesthisconfigurationwasintroducedinonrobertstephensonspatenteelocomotivebutitwaslaterpopularlynamedjennylindafterthejennylindlocomotivewhichinturnwasnamedafterjennylindthepopularsingertheywerealsosometimesdescribedassinglelocomotivesinglesalthoughthisnamecouldbeusedtodescribeanykindoflocomotivewithasinglepairofdrivingwheelsequivalentclassificationsotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationaalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationhistorytheconfigurationappearstohavebeendevelopedbyrobertstephensonandcompanyinasanenlargementoftheirplanetconfigurationofferingmorestabilityandalargerfireboxsteamenginefireboxthenewtypebecameknownasstephensonspatenteelocomotiveadlerlocomotiveadlerthefirstsuccessfullocomotivetooperateingermanywasapatenteesuppliedbyrobertstephensonandcompanyincomponentformindecemberwasoneoftheearliestexamplesotherexampleswereexportedtothenetherlandsrussiaanditalybythehadbecomethestandardpassengerdesignbyrobertstephensonandcompanyeighteenofthefirstnineteenlocomotivesorderedbyisambardkingdombrunelfortheopeningofthegreatwesternrailwayinwereofthetypetheseincludedsixgwrcharlestayleurlocomotiveslocomotivesbuiltbycharlestayleurathisvulcanfoundryalsointhesuccessfulnorthstarbroadgaugelocomotivenorthstarbroadgaugelocomotivewasdeliveredtothegreatwesternrailwaybystephensonbecomingthefirstofaclassoftwelvelocomotivesbynorthstarbroadgaugelocomotivenorthstaratswindonlaterukdevelopmentssharprobertsandcompanyconstructedmorethanlocomotivesbetweenandtenofthesesuppliedtothegrandjunctionrailwaybecamethebasisofalexanderallanlocomotiveengineeralexanderallanssuccessfuldesignsfortherailwayfromthefirstofwhichformerlynamedcolumbineispreservedjohnrennietheyoungerjgrenniesuppliedlocomotivestothelondonandcroydonrailwayfromandthelondonandbrightonrailwayinarendlocomotivearendeaglewasoneofthetwofirststeamlocomotivesinthenetherlandsbuiltbyrblongridgeandcompanyofbedlingtonnorthumberlandinthegreatwesternrailwaycontinuedtoorderbothbroadgaugeandstandardgaugelocomotivesontherailwayincludingthegwrfireflyclassfireflyandgwrsunclasssunclasseswhichwereenlargedversionsofnorthstarbroadgaugelocomotivenorthstarburycurtisandkennedysuppliedsixlocomotivestothebristolandgloucesterrailwayinandfourteentothegreatsouthernandwesternrailwayinirelandinthelastofthesehasbeenpreservedatcorkkentrailwaystationthejennylindlocomotivedesignedbydavidjoyengineerdavidjoyandbuiltinforthelondonbrightonandsouthcoastrailwaybytheebwilsonandcompanyofleedsbecamethebasisofhundredsofsimilarpassengerlocomotivesbuiltduringthesandsbythisandothermanufacturersforukrailwaysthelondonnorthwesternrailwaylnwrcornwallcornwalllocomotivewasdesignedatcreweworksasabyfrancistrevithickinbutwasrebuiltasainalthoughbythestheconfigurationwasbeginningtobesupersededbythetypewithbetteradhesiontheinventionofsandboxlocomotivesteamsandinggavesinglesanewleaseoflifeandtheycontinuedtobebuiltuntilthesnotablelateexamplesincludewilliamstroudleyslbscrgclasssinglesofwilliamdeanengineerwilliamdeansgwrclassdeanclassofandhisgwrclassclassbothforthegreatwesternrailwayjamesholdenengineerjamesholdenofthegreateasternrailwaycreatedsomegerholdensinglesinbyremovingthesiderodfromabelgiumthefirststeamrailwaylocomotivebuiltinbelgiuminandwasbuiltbyjohncockerillindustrialistjohncockerillunderlicensetoadesignbyrobertstephensoncoitwasbuiltforuseonthefirstmainlineontheeuropeanmainlandthebrusselsmechelenlinerefnamerrefareplicawasbuiltattheworkshopsofboisselleriecognautforthethanniversaryoftheformationofbelgiumitalytwolocomotiveswereimportedfromlongridgeandcoofbedlingtonironworksenglandforthenaplesporticirailwayinnamedbayardandvesuvioareplicaofbayardisatthenaplesrailwaymuseumgermanymostoftheearliestlocomotivestooperateinwhatisnowgermanybeforethemidsweresdeliveredbyukmanufacturershoweverbythetypewasalsobeingbuiltlocallyseelistofbavarianlocomotivesandrailbusestheldepegasuspegasusofwasthefirstlocomotivetobebuiltbytheschsischemaschinenbaucompagnieinchemnitzaugustborsigandcompanymanufacturedbeuthinwhichwashighlysuccessfulitsvalvedesignbecamedefactostandardforlocomotivesfordecadestocomebyhehadmanufacturedmorethanahundredsimilarlocomotivesboththeleipzigdresdenrailwaycompanyleipzigdresdenrailwayandroyalbavarianstaterailwayskniglichbayerischestaatsbahnbuiltseveralclassessimilarlythegrandduchyofmecklenburgfriedrichfranzrailwaygroupedvarioussteamlocomotivesprocuredfromgermanmanufacturersbetweenandintoitsmecklenburgiclassaustriatheimperialaustrianstaterailwayskaiserlichkniglichesterreichischestaatsbahnenorkkstbbuilttwosuccessfulkkstbclasslocomotivesofthiswheelarrangementinsimilarlythefederalrailwayofaustriabbbuilttwoexamplesofanexpresstankbbclasslocomotiveinandlatviaoneoflasttanklocomotiveswereorderedbylatvianrailwaysforlocaltrafficthelocomotivestkclassweredesignedbygermanhohenzollernandweremanufacturedingermanyandlatviaintheywerenextseizedbysovietrailwaysafterworldwariioneservedinpolandasokaclassrefnamealtaltbergstomsthelatviantktankslocomotivesinternationalnoprefpreservedexamplesandreplicasimagepioneerlocomotivesmithsonianjpgthumbrightthelocomotivepioneerinserviceonthecumberlandvalleyrailroadinthesorsareplicaofadlerlocomotiveofareplicaofnorthstarbroadgaugelocomotiveofareplicaofarendareplicaofodinofstillunderconstructionatroskilderoundhouselnwrnoformerlynamedcolumbinebuiltthelnwrcornwallbuiltgswrburynoofondisplayatcorkkentrailwaystationinrepublicofirelandirelandauspioneerofisheldbythesmithsonianbbclasslocomotiveofcpdluizialocomotivebuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanybeyerpeacockinfortheportugueseroyaltraincurrentlyisundermajorrestorationatentroncamentomunicipalityentroncamentoyardtogetherwiththeroyaltrainwagonsokalatviantkinrailwaymuseuminwarsawexternallinksflickrcomphotoswhatsthatpicturelightboxgnrnophotographedaroundillustrateddescriptionofsomefamoussinglesreferencesimagejpgthumbanofthemetregaugecdefdemadagascarbaldwinlocomotiveworksbuiltdecemberinthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivewheelarrangementaisalocomotivewithnoleadingtrucktwosetsoffourdrivingwheelsandnotrailingtruckexamplesofthistypewereconstructedasshaylocomotiveshayheislerlocomotiveheislerclimaxlocomotiveclimaxmalletlocomotivemalletmeyerlocomotivemeyerberlinermaschinenbaubmaganddoublefairlielocomotivesasimilarconfigurationwasusedonsomegarrattsbutitisreferredtoasequivalentclassificationsdieselelectricswitcheratthetexastransportationmuseumotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationbbalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationtheuicclassificationisrefinedtobbforamalletlocomotiveorbbforameyerlocomotivefairlieexamplesthefirstfairliewasbuiltfortheneathandbreconrailwayinbutthedesigncametoprominenceinwithlittlewonderforthefestiniograilwayinnorthwalesfollowedbyfiveothersonelocomotivewassuppliedtothedenverandriogranderailroadinthetypewasalsousedinmexiconewzealandandrussiaontranscaucasianrailwaysurvivorstherearethreeexamplesofsurvivingfairlielocomotivesontheffestiniograilwayrollingstockffestiniograilwaythelastofwhichwasbuiltinjosephineavulcanfoundrybuiltdoublefairliebuiltinforthedunedinandportchalmersrailwaycompanysurvivesasastaticexhibitindunedinnewzealanderitreanrailwayseritreanrailwaysusedmanytsthelastwasbuiltintheirownshopsinmakingitthelastmalletbuiltintheworldexternallinksinternationalsteamcouktrainseritreahtmlmoreinformationoneritreanrailwaystsimagexinzhaistreetjpgthumbrightthehighwayoneoftwostreetsinxinzhainovemberimagexinzhaisignjpgthumbrightthetownsignindaiandchinesescriptsnovemberxinzhaivillageisasmallsettlementinmanladistrictmenglacountyxishuangbannaprefectureyunnanprovincesofchinaprovincechinaonlynbspkmfromtheborderwithlaostradeacrosstheborderisstrictlycontrolledandforeignersarenotallowedtocrossintoeithercountryatthispointthedirthighwayrunningnorthsouththroughxinzhaifeaturesanimportantchinesepolicecheckpointtheonlyroadapartfromthehighwayrunstotheborderreferencesinfoboxcomicsteamandtitlewikipediawikiprojectcomicsgroupsectionnamexstatiximageimagesizedefaultcaptioncoverofxstatixtpbvolumebrartbymikeallredpublishermarvelcomicsdebutheaddebutxforcedebutmojulydebutyrdebutheaddebutdebutmodebutyrcreatorspetermilliganwriterbrmikeallredartistgroupytypeteambusinessorganisationorganizationyteamybaseownersemployeesmembersanarchistcomicsanarchistbrblokecomicsblokebrcoachcomicscoachbrdeadgirlcomicsdeadgirlbrdoopcomicsdoopbrspikefreemanbrelguapocomicselguapobrhenriettahunterbrlistofmarvelcomicscharactersffanboymysteriousfanboybrlacunacomicslacunabrmistersensitiveorphanmrsensitivebrphatcomicsphatbrsaintannacomicssaintannabrspikemarvelcomicsspikebrugogirlbrvenusdeemilobrvivisectormarvelcomicsvivisectorfullrosterdetailedrosterfullrosterseriessectiontitlexstatixcvrimagecvrcaptionschedulemonthlyongoingysuperheroypubseriesstishheadstishyrstishmoseptemberendishyrendishmooctoberissuesmaincharteamwritersartistspencillersinkerslettererscoloristseditorscreativeteammonthcreativeteamyearcreatorsseriestpbxforcefamousmutantmortalisbntpbgoodomensisbntpbgoodguysbadguysisbntpbbackfromthedeadisbntpbxstatixvstheavengersisbntpbxstatixpresentsdeadgirlisbncategorysectioncatteamssubcatmarvelcomicsaltcatheroyvillainsortkeyxstatixaddpubcatxmentitlesxstatixareafictionalteamofmutantmarvelcomicsmutantsuperheroesappearinginamericancomicbookspublishedbymarvelcomicstheteamwasspecificallydesignedtobemassmediamediasuperstarstheteamcreatedbypetermilliganandmikeallredfirstappearsinxforceandoriginallyassumedthemonikerxforcetakingthenameofthemoretraditionalsuperheroteamwhoappearinclaimingtobetherealxforcepublicationhistoryinincomicsthexmenfamilyoftitleswerebeingrevampedbythenewlyappointedmarvelcomicseditorinchiefjoequesadawiththeaimtomakethetitlesmorecriticallyandcommerciallysuccessfulformervertigocomicsvertigoeditoraxelalonsohiredwriterpetermilliganbestknownforhissurrealismsurrealpostmodernismpostmodernistcomicssuchasrogangoshcomicsrogangoshandshadethechangingmanandmadmanimagecomicsmadmanartistmikeallredasthenewcreativeteamforxforcestartingwithissuepriortomillganandallredsfirstissuexforcesoldwellbuthadntbeenthecriticalsuccessquesadawantedmilliganandallredcompletelyrevampedtheseriesdesigningateammoreakintocelebritypopstarsorrealitytelevisionrealitytvcontestantsthanthegrittyviolentparamilitarygrouporiginallyportrayedintheseriesthetitlewaslacedwithmilliganssatiresatiricaltakeonthesuperheroteamaswellasgeneralcynicismcontemporarycynicismtowardtheentiregenremilliganandallredwouldregularlyplaywithkillingoffthetitlecharactersintheirfirstissuetheywipedouttheentireteamwithonlytwoexceptionsdeletedimageremovedimagexstatixjpgtheunusedcovertoxstatixshowingdianaprincessofwalesprincessdianaasoneoftheteammembersthecoverwouldlaterbealteredsohenriettahunterwouldtakeherplaceartbymikeallredthumbleftthisdramaticrevisionoftheserieswasnotuniversallyacceptedmanyreaderswantedtheirxforcebackacomplaintmilliganlaterparodyparodiedinthepagesofthetitlerefnamelamarrefhoweverthetitlewasreceivingmainstreammediacoverageintitleslikerollingstonexforcewascanceledwithissueinincomicsandrenamedxstatixitrestartedwithanewissuexstatixcarriedonthesamethemesasxforcebutwithanincreasinglysatiricaltonemilliganplannedtodeploydianaprincessofwalesprincessdianaasacharacterinastoryarcbeginninginxstatixshewasslatedtoreturnfromthedeadasamutantsuperherohoweverwhennewsofthisleakedouttothemediaaseriesofobjectionsfollowedmostnotablyfromtheunitedkingdombritishtabloidnewspaperformattabloidnewspaperdailymailthedailymailquesadaandmarvelannouncedthattheywouldalterthecharacterreplacingherwithafictionalpopstarnamedhenriettahunteralthoughsalesofthetitleduringthistimeweremoderatetheysoonbegantodeclinedrasticallyafterastoryarcthatpittedxstatixagainsttheavengerscomicsavengerslowsalespromptedthetitlescancellationwithissuepublishedininthelastissuemilliganandallredkilledofftheentireteamservinguponelastparodyofthesuperherogenrewhiletyinguptheremainingplotthreadsmarvelcomicspublisheddeadgirlcomicsxstatixpresentsdeadgirlinintheissueminiseriesdeadgirlteamswithdoctorstrangetocombatagroupofvillainswhohavereturnedfromthedeadtheseriesiswrittenbymilliganwithcoversbyallredthestorylinewhichfeaturesthereturnoftheanarchisttheorphanandugogirlparodiesthemannerinwhichcreatorsintheindustryhandledeathincomicbookswithpopularcharactersoftenbroughtbackfromthedeaddetailedrostertheteamwasagroupofcolorfullydressedandemotionallyimmatureyoungmutantsputtogetherandmarketedtobesuperstarsfirstbythemysteriouscoachcomicscoachandlaterbymediamogulspikefreemansomeofthemembersincludedimagexforcejpgthumbcoverofxforcebymikeallredanarchistcomicsanarchisttheteamsselfproclaimedtokenblackcanadiansblackcanadianwhoseacidlikeperspirationsweatenabledhimtofireacidicenergyboltsblokecomicsblokeamutantwiththeabilitytochangethecolorofhisskinlikeachameleonturningpinkwouldenhancehisstrengthhisappearanceswereladenwithblatantreferencestohishomosexualitydeadgirlcomicsdeadgirlaliteraldeadgirlwhocouldreformherbodyandcontrolitspartswhendismemberedandcouldreadthememoriesofdeadbodiesdoopcomicsdoopagreenfloatingspheroidcreatureofunknownoriginswhospokeinalanguageallhisownrepresentedintextbyaspecialtypefacefontandwhoservedasxforcescinematographercameramanitwashintedmanytimesthathemighthavebeenmanipulatingtheteamorthathewastryingtocontroltheminsomeclandestinewaybutnothingwaseverresolvedorprovenelguapocomicselguapoasexymalemutantwithaflyingskateboardthathadamindofitsownhenriettahunteraninexplicablyreanimatedwomanwithenhancedphysicalabilitiesandempathyoriginallyintendedtobedianaprincessofwalesfanboymysteriousfanboytheselfproclaimedgreatestfanofxstatixhewasputintotheteamsohispowersandunstablepersonalitycouldbeplacatedandcontrolledorphanconscriptedlongtimeallylacunatoinjecthimwithaserumthatwouldstophisweakhearttopreventhimfromadangerouseventualpersonalitymeltdownhehadlimitedrealitywarpingpowersandsomeoftheactsheperformedwereillusioncastinganimatingdeadbodiesrearrangingitemsonamolecularlevelcreatingexplosionsandhealinginjuriesmistersensitiveorphanakamistersensitivetheteamsdefactoleaderasuicidalmutantwithpurpleskinandtwoantennabiologyantennaeprotrudingfromhisforeheadwhopossessedheightenedsensessuperhumanspeedandtheabilitytolevitatephatcomicsphataneventuallyopenlygaymanwhocouldhardensoftenandincreasethesizeofanypartofhisbodybyexpandinghissubcutaneoustissuesubcutaneousfatlayersaintannacomicssaintannaanirishargentinianmutantwiththeabilitytolevitateandcontrolthemotionofobjectsaswellasphysicallyandmentallyhealothersspikemarvelcomicsspikeacontroversialafricanamericancharacterwhomadefunofanarchistforbeingwhiteinsideeventhoughhisskinisblackheiscapableofextendingthinspikesfromhisbodyorlaunchingthemasprojectilesugogirlablueskinnedredheadnarcolepsynarcolepticteleporterwhowasonceromanticallylinkedtozeitgeistandthentoorphanvenusdeemilowhosebodywasmadeentirelyofcracklingredenergythatallowedhertoteleportprojectconcussiveblastsofenergyandhealminorwoundsvivisectormarvelcomicsvivisectorabookishscholarwhocouldtransformhimselfintoagraywolfwolflikecreaturewithenhancedsensesspeedagilityandrazorsharpfangsandclawsandwhobrieflybecamephatslovermentorscoachcomicscoachmanipulativementoroftheteamwhenitwasstillnamedxforcehehasonlyonearmandredeyeshewasoncecalledthearmbutitwasneverfullyexplainedwhyhehadthesecondxforceeradicatedtostartanewonehehadtheteamcaptureayoungmutantnamedpacopereztoselltopharmaceuticalcompaniesbutorphanintervenedandsenttheboyawayhethentriedtohaveorphankilledbutwaseventuallykilledbyagunshotinastrugglewithugogirlspikefreemanisanamoralbillionairewithanaddictiontothrillsheoncevoluntarilyplayedrussianrouletteheassiststheteambyauditioningnewmembersandbydoingtheteamspublicrelationsorphankillshimafterheadvocatesthemurdersofinnocentpeoplealliescommentedoutbecauseimagewasdeletedimagedeadgirljpgthecovertoxstatixpresentsdeadgirlartbymikeallredthumbrightlacunacomicslacunaayounggirlnamedwoodstockwhosetouttoprovethatshewasworthyofmembershipintothethenxforcebyplayingpranksonthememberswiththehelpofherpowerseventhoughshewasmorethancapableorphanrejectedherbutonoccasionwouldcalluponherforhelpwhenorphanfinallycametohertoofferhermembershipshedeclinedpreferringinsteadtotakeupaspotasatalkshowhostwhereshewouldexposethesecretsofthestarsherpowersallowhertowalkbetweenthemomentsoftimewhileeverythingelseremainsstillprofessorxmentorofthexmenwhoassistedxstatixoncertainoccasionsheconstructedspecialsuitstoaccommodateorphanandvenusdeemilosmutationswolverinecharacterwolverineanoldfriendofdoopwhoaidedorphanintakingdowncoachandhisbackupteamwolverinealsoaccompanieddoopinsearchingforthepinkminkxforceinmilliganandallredsfirstissueofxforcenearlytheentireteamwaskilledoffinanincidentcalledtheboyzrusmassacrethisprecursoryteamofwhichonlyugogirldoopandanarchistsurvivedalsoincludedbatteringramcomicsbatteringramwhohadsuperhumanstrengthanddurabilityaswellasathickskullwhichsportedtworamlikehornsandpurpleskingingeniewhocoulddirectseismologyseismicenergyfromherbodybutonlywhenshehadconsumedalcohollanuitcomicslanuitafrenchmanwhocouldgenerateacloakofdarkenergyaroundhimthatwoulddisperselightandcontrolobjectsplazmalivinglighterthanairliquidmanwhocouldcontrolmetabolicfunctionsuponcontactwithanotherorthroughasprayfromhishandsslukwhohasafacecomposedoftentacleszeitgeistcomicszeitgeisttheteamleaderwhocouldvomitacidicoozefromhismouthheconspiredwithcoachtohavehisteammateskilledintheboysrusmassacrebuthewascaughtinthecrossfireandkilledaswellhepreviouslyhadaonenightstandwithugogirlcollectededitionsxstatixsappearanceshavebeencollectedintothefollowingtradepaperbackcomicstradepaperbacksxforcefamousmutantmortalhardcoverpagesjulycollectsvolumenewbeginningscollectsxforcepagesnovembervolumefinalchaptercollectsxforcepagesnovemberxstatixvolumegoodomenscollectsxstatixmarvelvolumegoodguysbadguyscollectsxstatixwolverinedoopandxmenunlimitedmarvelvolumebackfromthedeadcollectsxstatixmarvelvolumexstatixvstheavengerscollectsxstatixmarvelxstatixpresentsdeadgirlcollectsissuelimitedseriesmarveltheentirerunofxstatixiscollectedinahardcovermarvelomnibuswhichcollectsxforcebrotherhoodxstatixdeadgirlwolverinedoopandmaterialfromxmenunlimitedimarvelmymutantheartandnationxmarvelnotesreferencesexternallinkstcjcomejistahtmlthextitlesrevampasdiscussedinthecomicsjournaltharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparismylifeasateenagerobotxjakajenniferjennywakemanthexeseriesisalowpowermicrocontrollerfamilyfromxemicsnowabusinessunitofsemtechadvancedanalogfeaturesarecombinedwithaproprietaryrisccentralprocessingunitcpunamedcoolrisconallxedevicesthecpuhasbitsbuscomputingdatabusandbitsinstructionbusallinstructionsincludingbitmultiplicationareexecutedinclockcycletheanalogfeaturesincludethezoomingadcanewtypeofsigmadeltasdanalogtodigitalconverteradcthatincludescapabilitiestoamplifyandoffsettheinputsignalduringtheacquisitionuarttimersrammtpreadonlymemoryromflashprogrammemorywatchdogtimeranalogtodigitalconverteradcdigitaltoanalogconverterdacrcandxtaloscillatorsinterruptsiodriversforsevensegmentdisplaysandradiofrequencyrfinterfacearepossibleonchipfeaturesxedevicesforsens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esofshuntingsteamlocomotiveswereintroducedbetweenandrefnamedurrantrefinfourteensouthafricanclasssclassslocomotiveswereplacedinservicetheywerebuiltbyhenschelsonhenschelandsoningermanydesignedtosarspecificationsthetopsidesofthetenderscoalbunkerweresetinwardsandthewatertanktopwasroundedtoimprovethecrewsrearwardvisionrefnamehenschelhenschellieferlistehenschelsonworkslistcompiledbydietmarstresowrefrefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefthesecondtypethesouthafricanclasssclassswasdesignedbydrmmloubserchiefmechanicalengineerofthesarfromtotwelveoftheselocomotivesaheavierversionoftheclassswerebuiltatthesaltriverworkshopsincapetownwiththefirstbeingdeliveredinoctoberafurtherclassslocomotiveswereorderedfromthenorthbritishlocomotivecompanyinglasgowinanddeliveredinandtheclassswasnotedforitsefficiencyandeconomyandcouldcopewithblockloadsofuptorefnamenblnorthbritishlocomotivecompanyworkslistcompiledbyaustrianlocomotivehistorianbernhardschmeiserreftomeettheneedforshuntinglocomotiveswithalightaxleloadforharbourworkthesewerefollowedinandbysouthafricanclasssclassslocomotivesbuiltbykruppfriedrichkruppagofesseningermanytoadheretothespecifiedweightlimittheclassswasbuiltwithasmallboilerwiththeresultthatithadtheappearanceofacapegaugelocomotivewithanarrowgaugeboilerparticularlywhenviewedfromthefrontalsotoreducetheaxleloadithadsouthafricantypemytendertypemytorpedotenderswhichrodeonbuckeyethreeaxlebogiesrefnamediagrambooksouthafricanrailwaysandharbourslocomotivediagrambookgaugesteamlocomotivesaugustasamendedrefunitedkingdomtwoexamplesofttanklocomotiveswerebuiltbyarchibaldsturrockoftheunitedkingdomsgreatnorthernrailwaygreatbritaingreatnorthernrailwayinbutthedesignwasnotperpetuatedatenderrailtenderlocomotiveversionwasintroducedonthebarryrailwaycompanyintohaulcoaltrainsfranciswebbengineerfranciswebbofthelondonandnorthwesternrailwaylnwrbuiltexamplesofacompoundlocomotivecompoundlocomotivebetweenandafurtherexamplesofasteamenginesimpleexpansionsimpleexpansionversionwerebuiltbyhissuccessorbetweenandinrelmaunsellofthesouthernrailwaydesignedandbuilteightzclasssidetankenginesinjohngrobinsonofthegreatcentralrailwayintroducedhisgcrclassaclassatenderengineswhichweredesignatedtheqclassunderthelondonandnortheasternrailwayfromtheclasswasreplacedbytherobinsonsandtheirwithdrawalandscrappingbeganbutbetweenandedwardthompsonconvertedthirteenintosidetanksdesignatedlnerthompsonclassqlnerclassqunderthegroupingofthelnwrbecamepartofthelondonmidlandandscottishrailwaylmshenryfowlerdesignedaninsidecylinderengineintoreplacethelnwrexamplesbuttheyprovedtobeunsatisfactoryandendeduphavingshorterlivesthanthelnwrlocomotivesinmanningwardleofleedsbuiltasidetankenginecalledkatharineforthebridgewatercollieriessystemonthekenteastsussexrailwaythehecatewasbuiltforcolonelstephensbyhawthornleslieinbutthebranchlineforwhichitwasbuiltwasnevercompletedandsincetheenginewastoobigforhisotherrailwaysitwasexchangedinforasmallerenginefromthesouthernrailwaytheenginehecateendedupasamotivepowerdepotshunteratnineelmsshedandwasscrappedinsouthernrailwayuksouthernrailwayrichardmaunsellszclasswerefirstbuiltinasaheavyshuntingenginewerebuiltbyunitedstatesofamericathewheelarrangementappearedearlyinlocomotivedevelopmentintheunitedstatesduringthemidstheconfigurationbecamepopularandwasmorecommonlyconstructedasatenderlocomotiveitsawextensiveuseasaheavyswitcherandfreightenginebeginninginrosswinansdevelopedaseriesoftypesforthebaltimoreandohiorailroadstartingwithaverticalboilerdesignwherethecrankshaftwasdirectlyaboveandgearedtothereardrivingwheelwithahorizontalboilerthisbecamethemuddiggerclassofenginesonthebaltimoreandohiorailroadofwhichtwelvewerebuiltinlatethebomovedtoabandongeareddrivesandinbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwindeliveredthefirstofaseriesoffreightenginestheusrawasausrastandardclassdesignedbytheunitedstatesrailroadadministrationduringthefirstworldwarthiswasthestandardheavyswitcheroftheusratypesofwhichexampleswerebuiltbyamericanlocomotivecompanyalcobaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinandlimalocomotiveworkslimaformanydifferentrailroadsintheunitedstatesafterthedissolutionoftheusrainanadditionalexamplesoftheusrawerebuiltinthesthepennsylvaniarailroadwantedthebestmotivepowerpossibletohandletheswitchingchoresattheiryardsandinterchangesbuiltintheirownjuniatashopstheprrcclassatlbwastheheaviesttwocylinderswitchereverproducedthecalculatedtractiveeffortwaslbthelaststeamlocomotivetobebuiltintheusaforarailroadclassesclassiclassirailroadwasnoaclasssswitchengineerectedbythenorfolkandwesternroanokeshopindecemberreferencesexternallinkslnerinfolocosqqshtmllnerlocomotivesinacatalogueoflnerlocomotivetypeswebarchiveorgwebtrainscomcontentdynamicarticlesrflcxaspanarticlebyneilcarlsoninclassictrainsmagazineonthetypeinnorthamericainternationalsteamcouktrainsrussiahtmguidetothemoscowrailwaymuseumwithaphotoofovinternationalsteamcouktrainsrussiahtmguidetosteamlocomotivesinstpeterburgincludingphotofovcprojectorgindexphppagelocohistorythecprojectclasshistoryredirectcategoryshellglossydisplayredirectbarrettxmxanducanrefertoshangdualsoknown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thecontrolroommurderingallthemilitarypersonnelandciviliantechnicianspresentagaingettingsexualarousalsexuallyarousedintheprocessshethenappearsasbondslinktothejanusgroupinameetingarrangedbybondsdealingswithvalentinzukovskyrobbiecoltranearussianarmsdealerandformerkgbagentonatopparrivestomeetbondasheswimslengthsintheturkishbathsofhishotelthestpetersburggrandinitiallysneakingaroundthepoolbonddiscoversherpresenceandhurlsherintothesteamroomonatoppattemptstoseducebondforcefullykissinghimandcoercingtheagenttosetdownhisweaponbeforebitinghislipcausinghimtohurlheratthewallfollowingaperiodofviolentforeplaywhereonatoppcrushesbondbetweenherthighsbondfinallydrawshisweapononheranddemandstobetakentojanusinherfinalencounterwithbondincubasheambusheshimandnatalyasimonovaizabellascorupcobyrappelingfromahelicopterandbeginstorturinghimbetweenherlegshoweverbondisabletoconnecttheropesherappelleddowntohersafetyharnessgrabsherakrifleandshootsdownthehelicopterwithherrifletheresultpullsonatoppoffbondandsendsherflyingscreamingintothecrotchofatreewithhersafetyharnessironicallycrushinghertodeathbondquipsshealwaysdidenjoyagoodsqueezeinvideogamesonatopphasappearedinanumberofjamesbondinvideogamesjamesbondvideogamesasaplayablemultiplayercharacterherfirstappearancewasinthevideogameadaptationofgoldeneyegoldeneyevideogamegoldeneyeforthenintendosheiswithtrevelyanonthetrainstageofthegameiftheplayerquicklyshootsheraftereliminatingourumovshewillyelltotrevelyanthatsheiswoundedandtowaitupforherthisbuystheplayermoretimetoescapefromthetrainshelaterreappearsinthejunglestagesimilartothefilmsheiskilledinthejunglesofcubainafirefightwithbondkillingonatoppistheonlywayfortheplayertodualwieldtwodifferentgunsinthegamewithoutacomplexseriesofbuttonpressessheusesanrcfnppandamilkormglgrenadelauncheratthesametimeinthejamesbondgamenightfireonatoppalsoappearsasamultiplayercharactershecanbeunlockedbyacheatonthecheatcodecheatsmenuasjanustheorganizationsheworksforinthemoviesheappearedinthespinoffbondgamegoldeneyerogueagentwheresheworksforjuliusnodrjuliusnoandisagentgoldeneyesalluringopponentsheiscommanderofdrnosarmywhichhastakenoverthehooverdamsheiskilledafterbeingthrownoffofthehooverdamwhilefightinggoldeneyeinthegameherlikenesswasbasedonfamkejannsenbutwasvoicedbyactressjenyalanosheappearsinthegoldeneyevideogamegoldeneyeremakeasaformerrussiangeneralwhoservedunderouromovduringtherussianinvasionofgeorgiacountrygeorgiaherplotarcissignificantlychangedfortheremakesheappearsinthenightclublevelwherebondfirstmeetsherdisguisedasawaitressandassassinatesvalentinzukovskyafterhegivesvitalinformationaboutjanustobondthemanisframedforthemurderofzukovskyshebetraysandassassinatesgeneralouromovinthetrainlevelinwhichsheappearsduringherfinalconfrontationwithbondsheislowereddowntohimfromahelicopterandproceedstoengageinhandtohandcombatwithhimsheisdefeatedwhenbondlaunchesamissileatherhelicopterwhilesheisstranglinghimthehelicoptercrashingintoanearbygorgeanddraggingherdownwithitsheisvoicedbyandmodeledafterkatemagowanreceptionxeniaonatopphasappearedinlistsofthetoptenbondgirlsincludingbyentertainmentweeklyrefcitewebtitlethebestbondgirlsmagazineentertainmentweeklyurlewcomewarticlehtmlaccessdateaprilrefanddosemagazinedoserefcitewebtitletoptenbondgirlsmagazinedosemagazinedoseurldosecaphotosmoviesbondgirlshtmlgaccessdateaprilrefyahoomovieshadhernameincludedinthelistofthebestbondgirlnamesevenwhilecallingitaslightlytooobviouspuninthedailytelegraphthetelegraphsuggestedthatinthestolidbrosnanyearsformersovietfighterpilotonatoppwasabreathoffreshairrefcitenewstitlefivebondcharacterswhoshouldmakeacomebacknewspaperthedailytelegraphurltelegraphcoukculturefilmjamesbondbestjamesbondcharactershtmldatemayaccessdatejulyrefannakatherineamackeranddonnaashleymooresuggestthatonatoppisadirectthrowbacktotheearlierstyleofbondgirlcompletewithaninnuendoladennameandablatantsexualityrefcitebookchapterthebitchisdeadantifeministrhetoricincasinoroyalelastamackerfirstannakatherinelastmoorefirstdonnaashleytitlejamesbondinworldandpopularculturethefilmsarenotenoughpageurlbooksgooglecombooksidpqwbwaaqbajpgpadateaccessdatejulyrefrobertasaunderssuggeststhatshepersonifiesthehypersexualizedarchetypeofthepostsovietrussianwomanrefcitebookchapterbrandinterruptedtheimpactofalternativenarratorsonnationbrandingintheformersecondworldlastsaundersfirstrobertatitlebrandingpostcommunistnationsmarketizingnationalidentitiesintheneweuropepageurlbooksgooglecombooksidrimpagaaqbajpgpadateaccessdatejulyrefreferencesxmenevolutionredirectcategoryshellthmillenniumprivatenetworkxxenakisisagreeksurnamenotablepeoplewiththesurnameincludeconstantinxenakisborngreekartistfranoisexenakisfrenchnovelistiannisxenakisgreekcomposerandarchitectthomasxenakisgreekgymnastseealsoxenakisensembleadutchensemblededicatedtotheperformanceofcontemporaryclassicalmusicelenixenakiborngreekwaterpoloplayerfourletterwordinfoboxraillineboxwidthemnamexochimilcolightrailcolorlogodfgghjpglogowidthpxlogoaltimageimagewidthimagealtcaptiontypelightrailsystemstatusinservicelocalemexicocitystartmetrotasqueatasqueaendxochimilcostationsrefnametrenligerorefroutesridershipmillionperyearrefnamejaneswebbmaryedjanesurbantransportsystemspcoulsdonsurreyukjanesinformationgrouprefopenreopeningafterupgradingfromtramstreetcarlinecloseownerserviciodetransporteselctricosserviciodetransporteselctricosdeldfoperatorcharacterdepotstockarticulatedtramarticulatedlightrailcarslinelengthtracklengthtracksgaugeoldgaugeminradiusracksystemroutenumberelectrificationvoltvdirectcurrentdcoverheadlinesoverheadcatenaryspeedelevationwebsitemapmapstatecollapsedthexochimilcolightraillocallyknownaseltrenligeroisalightraillinethatservesthesouthernpartofmexicocityitconnectstobutisnotconsideredapartofthemexicocitymetroratheritisoperatedbytheserviciodetransporteselctricosstetheauthoritythatoperatesmexicocityselectrictrolleybusesinmexicocitytrolleybussystemandformerlyoperatedthestreetcarsinmexicocitymunicipalelectrictramsystemhistorymanyofmexicocitysoriginaltramlineswereabandonedinthesandstheoriginalxochimilcotramlinehadbeeninoperationsincebutthexochimilcotramwayssectionbetweenavenidatasqueaandthecitycentrewasreplacedbyanewmexicocitymetrometrolineinrefnamemorrisontramwaysmorrisonallentramzcommxmcmchtmlthetramwaysofmexicocitypartretrievedrefrefnamelramayjackmexicosaysstolrtlightrailsouthoftheborderlightrailannualusersguidepppasadenacauspentrexrefwiththesubsequentmexicocitytramwayclosuresthattookeffectinmaytheonlytramlinesleftinoperationwereroutesandrunningfrommetrotasqueatasqueametrostationtotlalpanandxochimilcorespectivelythesesharedacommonroutingbetweentasqueaandhuipulcowiththetlalpanservicebranchingoffofthemainlineforonlyabouttoitsterminusatavenidasanfernandointhehistoriccentreoftlalpanboroughonthecommonsectionthetrackswerelocatedinthewidemedianofcalzadadetlalpanthetracksbetweenhuipulcoandxochimilcowerealsoinaseparaterightofwaytransportationrightofwaytheseparationfromstreettrafficexceptatcrossingsmaderoutesandmorelikewhatlatercametobecalledlightrailunlikemexicocitysothertramlineswhichwereclosedbybuttheselinesstilllackedotherlightrailattributessuchafullstationsthusthedecisionwasmadeintheearlystoconverttheselinestomodernlightrailtransitbothlinesceasedoperationinseptemberforrebuildingaslightrailchangestoallowfasteroperationincludedreplacingthesimpletramstopswithsemienclosedestacionesstationswhichwerespacedfartherapartfittedwithrailwayplatformheighthighlevelrailwayplatformboardingplatformsandsetupaspaidareassothatallpaymentoffareswouldtakeplacebeforeboardinginbetweenthestationstheworkincludedinstallingnewtrackssetinconcreteputtingfencingalongthelinesrightofwayandclosingsomestreetcrossingsandinstallingoverheadlinesoverheadcatenarydesignedforhigherspeedsrefnamemtlrtdevelopmentsinmexicomasstransitmagazinejuneppcygnusbusinessmediacygnuspublishingissnrefthesectionbetweentasqueaandestadioaztecaaztecstadiumjustshortofhuipulcojunctionforthebranchtotlalpanopenedaslightrailonaugustbutranforonlythreedaysbeforepoorreliabilitywiththeheavilyrebuiltrailcarsledtoadecisiontosuspendserviceserviceresumedinnovemberrightofwayworkthenshiftedtothelinesoutersectionbetweenestadioaztecaandxochimilcowithsimilarupgradingforhigherspeedoperationthissectionopenedonnovembertheoldtramlinehadincludedalongloopthroughthehistoriccentreofxochimilcoalongnarrowcitystreetsbutthiswasnotincludedintheupgradingtolightrailandwaspermanentlyabandonedwhenclosedinthebranchfromhuipulcojunctiontotlalpanwasalsorebuiltbutinadifferentmannerchangedfromprivaterightofwaytransportationrightofwaytostreetrunningwithoutseparationfromothertrafficinthemiddlelanesofcalleferrocarrilnowknownasrenatoleducandalsoshortenedbyaboutatitsouterendnolongerreachingavenidasanfernandothreehighplatformstopswerebuiltonebeingatthenewterminuswhichwasreferredtosimplyastlalpanontherailcarsdestinationsignsservicetotlalpanwasreintroducedonmarchnowrunningonlyasaonecarshuttletoandfromestadioaztecanolongerthroughtotasqueaservicewasreinstatedondecemberasstebegantoplacenewcarsintoserviceonthexochimilcolinebutceasedagainonoctoberandhasneverresumedtheoverheadlinesoverheadlinevoltagewasvoltsdirectcurrentdcuntilaroundtheendofwhenitwasraisedtovrefnamejaneswebbmaryandpattisontonyedsjanesurbantransportsystemspcoulsdonsurreyukjanesinformationgrouprefroutethelinerunsbetweenmetrotasqueaandthetownofxochimilcosouthofmexicocityitservesthecoyoacntlalpanandxochimilcoboroughsgivingresidentsafastlinktotheurbansouthofmexicocityforthenorthernstretchofitsrunittravelsalongthecentralreservationofthecalzadadetlalpanasdoesmetrolinesouthofmetrosanantonioabadndashforthisreasonitissometimesseenasacontinuationofthatlinealbeitonamoremodestscalethelightraillinehasstationstwoterminalsandintermediatestationsthreeofthesestationswerebuiltlaterthantheothershuipulcoperifricoandhuichapanstationsopenedinnovemberthetraveltimefromoneendofthelinetotheotherisapproximatelyminutesuntiltheouterterminuswaslocatedjustbeyondcallefranciscogoitiaatwhatisnownamedfranciscogoitiastationitwasnamedxochimilcostationoriginallyinthatyearthelinewasextendedeastbyabouttoanewterminusatthewesternedgeofdelagacinxochimilcoscentrealongasectionofformertramlineclosedinthisnewsectionwasopenedonseptemberandthenewterminuswasnamedembarcaderohoweverasthenewterminuswasnowlocatedclosertothecentreofxochimilcothanwastheactualstationbearingthatnamesteeventuallyrenamedembarcaderostationasxochimilcoandtheoriginalxochimilcostationnowthelinespenultimatestationbecamefranciscogoitiastationrollingstockimagelightrailestadioaztecajpgpxthumbrightconcarrilbuiltcarnumberapproachingtheplatformatestadioaztecastationthexochimilcolinesrollingstockcurrentlyconsistsoftramarticulatedarticulatedlightrailvehicleslrvsbuiltbyconcarrilorbombardiertransportationbombardiersiemensbetweenandeachcarisaboutlongandcapableofcarryinguptopassengersrefnametrenligeroarticrefthefirstofthesereplacedoldercarsovertheperiodthelinesoriginalfleetconsistedofseminewarticulatedlrvsbuiltbymoyadamotoresyadaptacionesautomotricessaincorporatingthebogiestrucksandsomeotherpartsfromserviciodetransporteselctricossteslargefleetofwithdrawnsvintagepccstreetcarssteoriginallyintendedtorebuildaboutpccsforthelinesaprojectwellunderwayatstestetepilcodepotwhentheworkshopbuildingcollapsedduringthemexicocityearthquakecrushingthecarsthesecarswerefoundtobeunreliableevenaftertherefurbishmentofsixininsteplacedanorderwithconcarrilforallnewlrvswithsimilarcapacitytothesamedesignaslrvsconcarrilhadrecentlysuppliedtoguadalajaralightrailsystemguadalajaraslightrailsystemnumberedtheordersfirstcarsarrivedinjanuaryenteredserviceondecemberreplacingallofthemoyadacarsexceptonthetlalpanshuttleservicewhentlalpanservicewaswithdrawnagaininoctoberthemoyadacarswerenolongerusedhoweverinthreemoyadacarsandwereagainfittedwithallnewbodiesnowtoadesignintendedtoresembletheconcarrilcarsthisworkbeingundertakenbylocalfirmsintrasathethreesintracarsthefleetslasttousepccstreetcarpcctypecontrolsystemswerewithdrawninlateandshortlyafterwardthevoltageofthelinewasraisedfromvoltvdirectcurrentdctovthenewercarshadalreadybeenabletooperateatthehighervoltagefouradditionallrvsofthesametypeastheconcarrilunitswerepurchasedlaterinnumberedthesewerebuiltbybombardiertransportationbombardierwhichhadacquiredconcarrilinbutwerebuiltinthesamefactoryinciudadsahagnandwerenearlyidenticaltostesconcarrilcarsinthemidsfourmorecarswerepurchasedlaterfrombombardiernumberedandtheyenteredserviceonthexochimilcolightraillineinseptemberandoctoberincreasingthefleetsizetocarsnumberedrefnametautmartramwaysurbantransitmagazinemarchplrtapublishingukrefonaugustonitswaytohuichapanstationcarwashitwhilecomingtoastopatfullspeedbycartwentyninepeoplewereinjuredthetwolrvssustainedheavydamageonehalfofeachtwosectionlrvwasscrappedandinstehiredbombardiertosupplytwoallnewhalfcarsectionsandtocombinethemwiththeundamagedhalvesofthetwolrvsrefnametautseptramwaysurbantransitmagazineseptemberplrtapublishingukrefcarsandbothreturnedtoserviceinautumnrefnametautmaytramwaysurbantransitmagazinemayplrtapublishingukrefmeanwhileanotherfournewlrvswerepurchasedfrombombardierinwhichwouldbeassignedstefleetnumberstheyweredeliveredinsummerandenteredserviceonmarchincreasingthesizeofthefleettocarsnumberedstationsnetworkasofxochimilcolightrailisshownindarkblueatthebottomcenterotherlinesaretrolleybusmetrotasqueatasqueandashterminalconnectswithmetrolineandthecityssouthernintercitybusstationwhichservescitieslikeacapulcocuernavacaandtheentirerepublicsouthofthecapitalitslogoisaneclipsingmooncrescentmoonlastorresndashstationitsnamecomesfromavenidalastorresthetowersitslogoisapictureoftwohighvoltagepylonsciudadjardnndashstationitsnameisgivenfromnearbyresidentialestatewithsamenameciudadjardnmeansgardencityitslogoistheshapeofanapartmentblocklavirgenndashstationitsnameisgivenfromnearbycalzadadelavirgenvirginavenueitslogoisastyliseddepictionoftheourladyofguadalupevirginofguadalupexotepingondashstationitslogoisatreenezahualpillindashstationitslogoisnezahualpillisheadnearthestationismexicocitysautomobilemuseumregistrofederalndashstationitsnameisgivenfromnearbyformerofficesofthefederalautomobileregistrationdepartmentitslogoisthefrontofacartextitlnndashstationitslogoisaplantlikeaagaveamericanamagueyoragaveelvergelndashstationitsnameisgivenfromelvergelneighbourhoodnearthestationitslogoisagrapevinevergelmeansgrapevineestadioaztecandashswitchingstationandrepairworkshopsforthelightraillinethestationstandsacrossfromtheaztecstadiumsportsarenaanditslogoisasideviewofthestadiumthiswasalsothestartingpointoftheservicetotlalpanalongcalleferrocarrilrenatoleducwhichopenedaslightrailinhavingclosedastramlineinbutranforonlyoneyearandthenlaterforanothertenmonthsbeforeclosingforgoodinoctobersometracksarestillvisibleothersareburiedunderasphaltandtheplatformsofthestationsstillremainhuipulcondashstationnamedafterthenearbydistrictofhuipulcoitslogoisaprehispanicglyphxomalindashstationitslogoistheshapeofsomethinglikeaflowerperifricondashstationitsnamecomesfromthecitysnearbyouterbeltwayringroadnearbyarethefacilitiesoftheitesmtecnolgicodemonterreyprivateuniversitythestationslogodepictsaroadjunctiontepepanndashstationitsnameisgivenfromahillandatownwiththesamenametherewasonceatramwaydestinyoneofthebestandlastpulquerasofmexicocitynomsnolloresisnearitslogoistheaztecrepresentationforahilllanoriandashstationitsnamecomesfromthezonewherethestationisnoriameanswaterwellitslogoshowsawellhuichapanndashstationitslogoisariverwithtreesatitssidesfranciscogoitiandashstationitsnameisgivenfromastreetandazonenearbyfranciscogoitiawasapainterthestationslogoisanartistspalettefromtheopeningofthetrenligerobetweenestadioaztecaandxochimilcoinuntilseptemberthiswasthelinesterminusandwasnamedxochimilcostationsometouristmapsandmediaarestillbeingpublishedwiththeformernamexochimilcopreviouslyknownasembarcaderoopenedinndashterminalnamedafterthetownofxochimilcofamousforitsboatridesinboatscalledtrajinerasalsoforthewideriverzonewheresomanyrepresentativesofthedifferentfloraandfaunathatonceexistedthroughoutthevalleyofmexicocanbefoundtheterminalslogoistheancientglyphforxochimilcoseealsolightrailinnorthamericalistofrapidtransitsystemstransportationinmexicocityreferencesexternallinksorbitalsciencesxredirectcategoryshellemoticoninfoboxsoftwarenamexmmslogoxmmslogowhitepngscreenshotcaptionauthordeveloperxmmsteamreleasedlatestreleaseversiondrowipreflatestreleasedatebugsxmmsorgchangelogpagephpchangelogreflatestpreviewversiondrplatestpreviewdateoperatingsystemunixlikeplatformlanguagecprogramminglanguagecstatusgenrelistoffreesoftwareforaudioplayersaudioplayerlicensegnugeneralpubliclicensegplvgnulessergeneralpubliclicenselgplvpluginswebsitexmmsorgwwwxmmsorgxmmsxplatformmusicmultiplexingsystemisanewgenerationofthexmmsaudioplayeritisanewdesignwrittenfromscratchseparatefromthexmmscodebasewhilepeteralmoneoftheoriginalauthorsofxmmswasresponsiblefortheinitialdesignandcodingofxmmslatetoearlyhehassincepassedontheresponsibilityoffurtheringtheprojecttotobiasrundstrmandandersgustafssonlxmusicthedefaultmusicplayerapplicationinlxdeisanxmmsclientdesignconceptsxmmsborrowsconceptsfromxmmseramusicplayerssuchasplaybackcontrolaplaylistplugincomputingpluginsuserconfigurableguiandaddsfeaturessuchasamedialibraryandaclientserverdesignlikexmmsxmmshasaplugincomputingpluginarchitectureatypeofmodulararchitecturewherecertainfunctionsaredelegatedtoloadablelibrarycomputinglibrarieswhichprovideparticularfunctionsatruntimeprogramlifecyclephaseruntimexmmsrecognisedfivedifferenttypesofpluginsinputpluginsforreadinganddecodingfilesorstreamsoutputpluginstohandlesoundoutputeffectspluginstoaddeffectstodecodedaudiodatabeforebeingoutputvisualisationpluginstoprovidevisualanimationsthatvaryaccordingtotheaudiobeingplayedgeneralpluginswhichallowformiscellaneousfunctionssuchascontrollingxmmsviaaninfraredremotecontrolorajoystickxmmsalsorecognisesfivetypesofpluginsbuttheyperformratherdifferentfunctionstransportpluginsforreadingfilesorstreamsdecoderpluginsfordecodingdatareadbytransportpluginseffectpluginstoaddeffectstodecodedaudiodatabeforebeingoutputoutputpluginstohandlesoundoutputplaylistpluginstohandletheimportingandexportingofplaylistdataunlikexmmsxmmshadnolibrarywhereitstoredinformationaboutausersmediacollectiontheonlymediaresourcesxmmsknewaboutwereitsplayliststartinginaroundplayerslikewinampandsoundjammpbeganimplementingsimpledatabasefeaturesthatallowtheplayertorememberwhereausersmediaislocatedaswellascachingmetadatastoredinthefilessuchasartisttitledateaddedandplaycountxmmssmedialibraryiswellintegratedwiththeplaylistthisintegrationmeansthateveryfileorstreamaddedtotheplaylisthasitsmetadataautomaticallycachedbythemedialibrarythisonlyhappensonceforeveryuniqueurlsometadataisntreadagainifitalreadyexistsinthelibrarybesidesmetadatathemedialibrarycanalsoquicklyandefficientlystoreandreloadplaylistsmakingausersmusiccollectionallaccessiblefromasingleplaceonefeatureofxmmsthathasbeenrarelyimplementedinmediaplayersisitsclientserverarchitecturexmmsallowstheusertochoosefromanumberofinterfaceimplementationsforsearchingselectingandplayingmediathentoclosetheinterfacewhiletheaudioplaysinthebackgroundtheinterfacecanbereopenedatanytimeforfurtheruseotherplayerswithsimilarfeaturesonnixincludethemusicplayerdaemonandmusiconconsolethedesignwhenfirstconceivedxmmswassimplyasharedlibrarythatisxmmswouldbefrontandbackendsbackendcodetotakecareofthemechanicsofdecodingandplayingaudiostreamsrequiringtobelinkingcomputinglinkedintoacompiledprogramthatprovidedauserinterfacethisconceptwaslaterexpandedintoaclientservermodeltoallowformoreflexiblecouplingbetweenthefrontendandthebackendtheadvantagesofthisapproacharethisallowsanycompatibleclientstoconnecttoandcontrolasingleinstanceofthexmmsdaemoncomputersoftwaredaemonclientscanoffervarioustypesofuserinterfacesnbspgraphicalortextbasedimplementedusingvarioustoolkitsintegratedwithvariousdesktopenvironmentsclientdeveloperscanconcentrateonimprovingtheusabilityoftheirinterfaceandnotworryaboutplaybackcodetheuseoftcpsocketsalsoallowsforuserstoremotelycontrolxmmsdaemonsoveratcpipnetworkwhilethepluginarchitectureofxmmsallowedittobequiteextensibleitwasinefficientincertainwaysxmmsseekstoimproveonthatxmmshasinputpluginsthattakecareofreadingdataanddecodingittoaudioxmmssplitsthisintoatransportstageandadecodestagesothatasingletransportpluginmaysupplydataofanytypetoanydecoderpluginsuchasanhttppluginreadingmpdatafromawebsitegeneralpluginsmayprovetobelessrelevantinxmmsastheirpurposemaybeservedbystandaloneclientsbutthepluginarchitecturewillstillexistxmmscanthandlecontainerformatsinageneralmannerthexmmsarchitecturemakesiteasiertobuildsupportforcontainerformatsxmmsandotherprojectsthenamexmmswaschosenbypeteralmandtobiasrundstrmastheystartedworkontheprojectevidentlyintendingittobecomethesuccessortoxmmshoweverotherdevelopersstartedusingthenameinbeforepeterandtobiaseverreleasedtheircodeanotherprojectnamedxmmswasdescribedasagtkportofthewellknownxmmsthiswasnotrelatedtotheprojectdiscussedintherestofthisarticletheprojecthasnowbeendiscontinuedandremovedfromgnusavannahabetterknowngtkgtkportofxmmsisthebeepmediaplayerwhichissometimesreferredtoerroneouslyasxmmsthebmpbacktraceinfoindexphptitlefaqbmpfaqexplainsthatprojectsrelationshiptoxmmsasubtledifferencebetweenthexmmsandxmmsacronymsisthatwhilexmmsstandsforxoriginallyforxthencrossplatformmultimediasystemxmmsstandsforxcrossplatformmusicmultiplexingsystemthisdecisionwasmadetomakeitclearthatxmmswouldonlyeverbeanaudioplayerandnotageneralmultimediaplayerwithvideosupportreferencesexternallinksxmmsorgxmmshomepagendcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyndcenturyxemacsredirectcategoryshellinfoboxancientsitenamexianrencaveimagewannianxianrendongyizhijpgimagecaptionimagesizemaptypechinamapaltmapcaptionlocationinchinamapsizereliefcoordinateslocationjiangxiregionsouthernchinatypepartoflengthwidthareaheightbuildermateriallimestonekarstbuiltbpabandonedbpepochspaleolithicchinaculturesthexianrencavetogetherwiththenearbydiaotonghuanrockshelterisanarchaeologicalsiteindayuantownshipwanniancountyinthejiangxiprovincechinaandalocationofhistoricallyimportantdiscoveriesofprehistoricpotteryshardsanditbearsevidenceofearlyricecultivationthecavesnamereferstothelegendarychineseenlightenedpeoplethexiandaoistxianimmortalsthecaveishighwideanddeepapublicationinthesciencejournalsciencejournalannouncedthattheearliestpotteryyetknownanywhereintheworldwasfoundatthissitedatingtobetweenandyearsbeforepresentrefnamexianrendongrefreferencespremiumratetelephonenumbernumberinfoboxpersonnamexavierdemaistreimagexavierdemaistrejpgimagesizepxaltcaptionbirthnamebirthdatebirthplacechambrysavoykingdomofsardiniakingdomofpiemontsardinianowsavoiedepartmentofsavoiefrancedeathdatedeathplacesaintpetersburgrussianempirerestingplacemonumentsnationalityothernameseducationalmamateroccupationwriterpaintermilitarymanorganizationknownfornotableworksvoyageautourdemachambrespousepartnerchildrenparentsnottobeconfusedwithxavierdemaistreharpistxavierdemaistreoctoberndashjuneofsavoythenpartofthekingdomofsardiniakingdomofpiedmontsardinialivedlargelyasamilitarymanbutisknownasafrenchliteraturefrenchwritertheyoungerbrotherofnotedphilosopherandcounterrevolutionaryjosephdemaistrexavierwasborntoanaristocraticfamilyatchambryinoctoberheservedwhenyounginthearmyofpiedmontsardiniaandinwrotehisfantasyvoyageautourdemachambrevoyagearoundmyroompublishedwhenhewasunderarrestinturinastheconsequenceofaduelrefnameebreflifexaviersharedthepoliticalsympathiesofhisbrotherjosephandafterafrenchrevolutionaryarmyannexedsavoytofranceinhelefttheserviceandeventuallytookacommissionintherussianarmyheservedunderalexandersuvorovinhisvictoriousaustrorussiancampaignandaccompaniedthemarshaltorussiainbythensuvorovspatroncatherineiiofrussiahaddiedandthenewmonarchpauliofrussiapaulidismissedthevictoriousgeneralpartlyonaccountofthemassacreofpolesafterheconqueredwarsawxavierdemaistresharedthedisgraceofhisgeneralandsupportedhimselfforsometimeinstpetersburgbyminiaturepaintingparticularlylandscapesinjosephdemaistrewasappointedaspiedmontsardiniasambassadortothecourtofalexanderiofrussiaalexanderitsarofrussiaonhisbrothersarrivalinstpetersburgxavierdemaistrewasintroducedtotheministerofthenavyandwasappointedtoseveralpostsincludingdirectorofthelibraryandofthemuseumofadmiraltyhealsojoinedactiveserviceandwaswoundedinthecaucasusattainingtherankofmajorgeneralinhemarriedarussianladyrelatedtothetsarsmrszagriatskyheremainedinrussiaevenaftertheoverthrowofnapoleonandtheconsequentrestorationofthepiedmontesedynastyliteraryworkimagedenkmalvonjosephundxavierdemaistrejpgthumbmemorialofjosephandxavierdemaistreinfrontofthecastleofchambryhisvoyageautourdemachambrerefnameccitebooklastwilliamsfirstnevilleauthorwallerphiliptitlechronologyofthemodernworldpublisherheliconlocationoxfordeditionndyearpagesisbnrefaparodysetinthetraditionofthegrandtravelnarrativeisanautobiographicalaccountofhowayoungofficialimprisonedinhisroomforsixweekslooksatthefurnitureengravingsetcasiftheywerescenesfromavoyageinastrangelandhepraisesthisvoyagebecauseitdoesnotcostanythingforthisreasonitisstronglyrecommendedtothepoortheinfirmandthelazyhisroomisalongsquareandtheperimeteristhirtysixpaceswhenitravelthroughmyroomhewritesirarelyfollowastraightlineigofromthetabletowardsapicturehanginginacornerfromthereisetoutobliquelytowardsthedoorbuteventhoughwhenibeginitreallyismyintentiontogothereifihappentomeetmyarmchairenrouteidontthinktwiceaboutitandsettledowninitwithoutfurtheradolaterproceedingnorthheencountershisbedandinthiswayhelightheartedlycontinueshisvoyagethisworkisremarkableforitsplaywiththereadersimaginationalongthelinesoflaurencesternewhomxavieradmiredxavierdidnotthinkmuchofvoyagebuthisbrotherjosephhaditpublishedmostofhisotherworksareofmodestdimensionstheseincludelelpreuxdelacitdaostetheleperfromaostaatouchinghumanestoryinasimplestyleinvolvingadialoguebetweenaleperwhoreminisceswithasoldierabouthislostyouthandhissequesteredlifeinatowerwithaviewofthealpslesprisonniersducaucasetheprisonersofthecaucasusapowerfulsketchofrussiancharacterlajeunesibriennetheyoungsiberianandexpditionnocturneautourdemachambrenightvoyagearoundmyroomasequeltovoyageautourdemachambreinafterthepublicationofafrencheditionoflajeunesibriennemaistrewentonalongjourneytoparisandsavoyhewassurprisedtofindhimselfwellknowninliterarycirclesalphonsedelamartinededicatedapoemtohimretourpraisinghisgeniusthefuturesonswillsayitisyourheartwhichthroughyourmellifluouswritingsyouhavepassedtoushemetcharlesaugustinsaintebeuvewhohasleftsomepleasantreminiscencesofhimforatimehelivedatnaplesbuteventuallyhereturnedtostpetersburganddiedthereinallusionsinotherworksthetitleofdemaistresbookvoyageautourdemachambreiscitedinaversebycarlosargentinodaneriacharacterinjorgeluisborgessshortstorythealephshortstorythealephvoyageautourdemachambreismentionedinthesecondsentenceoftheshortstoryhonolulucollectedinthetremblingofaleafbywsomersetmaughamthewisetravellertravelsonlyinimaginationanoldfrenchmanhewasreallyasavoyardoncewroteabookcalledvoyageautourdemachambrevoyageautourdemachambreismentionedinbritishauthoralaindebottonsbooktheartoftravelvoyageautourdemachambreismentionedindanishauthortorbenbrostrmsbooklitterrebekendelserthepoemhailulifromlesprisonniersducaucasewassettomusicbylistoffrenchcomposersfrenchcomposerpaulineviardotalphonsedelamartinewritesthepoemleretourwhendemaistrereturnstoparisvoyageautourdemachambreinspiredportuguesepeopleportuguesewriteralmeidagarretttowriteviagensnaminhaterratravelsinmyhomelandxavierdemaistreandhisvoyageautourdemachambrearesaidbythecharacterbrscubastobeoneofhisinfluencesinwritinghismemoirsinthenovelmemriaspstumasdebrscubasbybrazilianwritermachadodeassisvoyageautourdemachambreismentionedindhlawrencessonsandloversshewantedtolearnthinkingthatifshecouldreadaspaulsaidhecouldreadcolombaorthevoyageautourdemachambretheworldwouldhaveadifferentfaceforherandadeepenedrespectpartchaptertheshortstorybywilkiecollinsaterriblystrangebedwhichwasfirstpublishedinhouseholdwordsbycharlesdickensincontainsareferencetovoyageautourdemachambreduringaboutofinsomniathenarratorsaysthathewillinspectthestrangeroomthatheisspendingthenightintheatrethenovelvoyagearoundmyroomwasfirstperformedinzrichinreferencesexternallinksvoyageautourdemachambrewebarchiveorgwebgloubikinfolivresdemaistrevoyageautourdemachambrehtmlfulltextfrenchthissitealsohasmostofhisotherworkinfoboxvideogametitlexmenlegendsimagexmenlegendscoverartpngaltthewordsxmenlegendsarewrittenacrossthetopwithatexturedsteeldesigncoveringxmenalargeheadwithahelmetfillsmostofthebackgroundaroundthefigureisadarksettingwithfogcoveringthelowerportionstandinginthefogarefivepeopleincombatstancesanesrbtlogoappearsinthelowerleftalongwiththemarvelcomicslogowhileanactivisionlogositsinthelowerrightcaptionnorthamericancoverartdeveloperplainlistravensoftwarebarkinglizardstechnologiesbarkinglizardspublisheractivisiondirectorrobertgeebrpatrickjlipodesignertomodellprogrammerdanieledwardsartistbrianpelletierwriterrobertlovecomposerrikschafferrefnamerpgvaultinterviewrefenginevicariousvisionsalchemyplatformsflatlistgamecubengagedevicengageplaystationxboxconsolexboxreleasedgamecubengagebrgenreactionroleplayinggameactionroleplayingmodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayermultiplayervideogamemultiplayerxmenlegendsisanactionroleplayinggameactionroleplayingvideogamedevelopedbyravensoftwareandpublishedbyactivisionitwasreleasedonthegamecubeplaystationandxboxconsolexboxconsolesinthefallofbarkinglizardstechnologiesdevelopedthengagedevicengageportofthegamewhichwasreleasedinearlyplayerscanplayasoneoffifteenxmencharacterswiththeabilitytoswitchbetweenfourcomputerorhumancontrolledcharactersatanytimexmenlegendsfollowsmagmacomicsalisoncrestmereayoungmutantmarvelcomicsmutantwhohastheabilitytosummonandcontrolvolcanicactivityasalisonistaughttocontrolherpowersatthexmansionthexmenaresentonseveralmissionseventuallythexmenlearnofmagnetocomicsmagnetosplantocovertheearthindarknessfromhisbaseonasteroidmxmenlegendsreceivedgenerallypositivereviewsfromcriticsthexboxversionwasthebestreceivedgarneringaggregatescoresofandonthereviewaggregatingwebsitesgamerankingsandmetacriticrespectivelyreviewerspraisedravensvariationoncelshadedanimationcelshadedgraphicsduetothesuccessofthegameasequelwasmadexmenlegendsiiriseofapocalypsegameplayaltineachcornerofthescreenaplayablecharactersheadappearsalongwitharedandbluebarextendinghorizontallybacktowardsthecenterofthescreenatthebottomcenterfivelargecircularxlogosareseenwiththreebeingbrightertotheleftcenteraretwoglowingorbswithnumbersrepresentingtheiravailabilityinthecenterabeamisbeingfiredatanoffscreenenemywhileanothercharacteradvancestowardsalargerobotxmenlegendsisplayedasanactionroleplayinggameplayerschooseateamofuptofourcharactersfromalargergroupofxmenasplayersproceedthroughthegameadditionalxmenareunlockedontheconsoleversionsuptofourplayerscanplayinthecooperativegameplaycooperativecampaignwiththeabilitytoaddorremoveplayersatanytimeascharactersgainexperiencepointsplayerscanupgradetheirfourmainpowersandotherabilitiesuniquetothatcharacteritemsfoundduringgameplaycanalsobeequippedtofurtherenhanceacharactersabilitiescharacterscancombineattackstocreateacombovideogamingcomboinwhichtwoormoreplayersusetheirmutantpowersonasingleenemyatthesametimethecharactersspecialabilitiescanbeusedtocreateasupercombowhencombinedwithanxtremepowerwhichbecomeavailableatlevelthexmansionservesasahubthattheteamreturnstoaftereachmissionwhileatthemansiononeplayercontrolsmagmacomicsalisoncrestmereassheexploresandlearnsaboutherselfandtheotherxmenhereplayerscanalsoviewloadingscreenartcinematicsandcomicbookcoversacquiredduringgameplaybiographybiographiesofthexmenandtheirenemiescanbeaccessedoncomputerslocatedinthemansionplayerscanparticipateinanxmentriviagamewhichrewardsexperiencepointsforcorrectanswersadditionallyplayerscanaccessthedangerroomscomputertoplaychallengemissionsunlockedduringgameplaytheplayershavetwovendorsavailabletothemforgecomicsforgewhosellsequipmentandthemorlockhealercomicshealerwhoprovideshealthandenergypacksaswellastrainingdisksforuseinthedangerroomforgebecomesavailableafteralisoncontactshimaccidentallyfromthexmansionandhealercanbeaccessedfollowingthethirdmissionthengagedevicengageversionofxmenlegendscontainsmostofthefeaturesfoundontheconsoleversionshoweverthegameisplayedfromanisometricprojectionisometricpointofviewcharactersarespritecomputergraphicstwodimensionalspritesbasedontheirthreedimensionalconsolecounterpartsandlevelsareredesignedtomeetthelimitationsoftheisometricpointofviewcutsceneswerereusedfromtheconsoleversionsbutarerenderedatamuchlowerframerateplayerscanlinkwithotherngagesystemsforfourplayercooperativegameplayusinggsmcellulartechnologyrefnamengageinterviewrefplotxmenlegendsisnotsetinanyparticularmarvelcomicsmultiversemarvelcomicsuniverseitisplayedfromtheperspectiveofateenagegirlnamedalisoncrestmereamutantmarvelcomicsmutantwiththeabilitytocontrolvolcanicactivityatthestartofthegamealisonisabductedbythegeneticresearchandsecurityorganizationgrsoasgrsosoldierstakeherawaymystiquecomicsmystiquearriveswithblobcomicsblobandtakesalisonfromthesoldierssheisinturnrescuedfrommystiqueandblobbythexmenwolverinecharacterwolverineandcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopswhotakehertothexavierinstitutetoexploreherpowersasalisontrainsthexmeninvestigateanalaskanresearchfacilitycontrolledbythebrotherhoodofmutantsthenrescuegambitcomicsgambitfromthemorlockscomicsmorlockstheythentrytostopthebrotherhoodfromrescuingmagnetofromcaptivityaboardtheussarbitermystiqueisabletopenetratethedefensesandfreemagnetoandtheensuingdamagecausedbythebrotherhoodleavesthexmentorescueseveralarbitercrewmemberswithalisonstrainingcompleteshetakesthecodenamemagmacomicsmagmaandthexmentraveltorussiatohelpcolossuscomicscolossuspreventthebrotherhoodfromobtainingweaponsgradeplutoniumafteraccomplishingthismissiontheydiscoverthatcolossusssistermagikillyanarasputinillyanaisinacomafromapsychicholdplacedonherbytheshadowkingprofessorxavieremmafrostandjeangreyentertheastralplanetosavehertheysucceedbutintheprocessxavieriscapturedbytheshadowkingafterxavierscapturethexmenlearnthatgeneralwilliamkincaidaleaderintheantimutantmovementisbuildingmutanthuntingsentinelcomicssentinelsmagnetotravelstohisbaseonasteroidmwhereherevealshisplantocovertheearthindarknessmeanwhilethexmenfreexavierwhodefeatstheshadowkinginapsychicbattlethexmentraveltoasteroidmwheretheydiscoverthattheasteroidisonacollisioncoursewithearthafterdefeatingmagnetotheysearchforthegravitronadeviceusedtopilottheasteroidtheyencountergeneralkincaidwhopilotsmastermoldaprototypesentinellargerandmorepowerfulthanothersentinelsafterdefeatinggeneralkincaidthexmenlocatethegravitronandmagmausesherpowerstosteertheasteroidbackintospacethexmensvictoryonasteroidmiswatchedbyapocalypsecomicsapocalypsewhomakeshisupcomingplotfromhisbaseinthegamesepilogueatelevisionnewsanchorreportsthatmagnetoisstillatlargeandgeneralkincaidhasbeenarrestedforcrimesagainsthumanitythegameendswiththepresidentoftheunitedstatesthankingthexmenfortheirservicecharactersclasswikitablestyletextalignleftwidthcolspanplayablecharactersbeastcomicsbeastcolossuscomicscolossuscyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsemmafrostgambitcomicsgambiticemancomicsicemanjeangreyjubileecomicsjubileemagmacomicsmagmanightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerprofessorxpsylockeroguecomicsroguestormmarvelcomicsstormwolverinecharacterwolverinecolspanvillainsavalanchecomicsavalancheblobcomicsblobhavokcomicshavokjuggernautcomicsjuggernautmagnetocomicsmagnetomarrowcomicsmarrowmastermoldmystiquecomicsmystiquepyromarvelcomicspyrosabretoothcomicssabretoothsentinelcomicssentinelsshadowkingtoadcomicstoadcolspanothercharactersbishopcomicsbishopforgecomicsforgelistofmarvelcomicscharactershhealerhealermagikillyanarasputinillyanarasputinmoiramactaggertjamiemadroxmultiplemanonlyplayableduringsectionsoftheastralplanemissionsdevelopmentxmenlegendswasannouncedinapressreleasebyactivisiononaprilthegroupexperimentedwithseveralgameplaymodelsandoptedforonethatallowedplayerstofreelyswitchcharactersthefinalproductmimicsisometricdungeoncrawlingvideogamesravendesignedgameplaywithstrategyinmindeachcharactersabilitiesallowdifferentinteractionswiththeenvironmentandothercharactersforexampleaphysicallystrongcharacterlikecolossuscanbreakwallsbutisunabletoreachcertainareasthatrequiretheabilitytoflyandicemanisabletofreezeenemiessothatothercharacterscaneasilydefeatthemstaffhopedthatthedifferenceswouldforceplayerstoswitchcharactersregularlyduringmissionsextractionpointsspecificlocationsthatplayerscanswitchcharacterswereaddedtoallowplayerstocontinuewithoutagameoverintheeventoneormoreteammemberwasdefeatedravenincludedflashbackmissionsasanhomagetothefranchiseandbasedsomeonspecificcomicbookissuesoriginallyasingleplayergameraveneventuallyincorporatedsimultaneouscoorperativegameplaythedeveloperschosetonotcreateanonlinemultiplayermodestatingthatthegameplaywasdesignedaroundlocalizedencountersprovidedthevoiceactingforprofessorxarolethathealsoportrayedinthexmenfilmseriesxmenfilmsthegamesstorywaspennedbyagroupofformermarvelwritersknownasmanofactionconsistingofduncanrouleaujoecaseyjoekellycomicsjoekellyandsteventseaglemanofactionalsostatedthatthescriptforxmenlegendswasinexcessoffivehundredpagesthewriterscreatedastorythatwouldallowforplayerstochangetheiractiveteamthroughoutthegameandnotaffecttheoverallflowofthestorythegamesvoicecastconsistslargelyoftelevisionandfilmstarsaswellasveteranvoiceactorspatrickstewartreprisedhisroleasprofessorxavierfromthexmenfilmseriesxmenfilmswhiletonyjayvoicedmagnetoedwardasneredasnerlenthisvoiceashealeramorlockscomicsmorlockshamanloudiamondphillipsvoicedforgecomicsforgeanativeamericansintheunitedstatesnativeamericanmutantwhosepowergrantshimintuitionknowledgeintuitivetalentforinventingmechanicaldevicesdanicamckellarvoicedjubileecomicsjubileeayoungmutantwhogeneratesplasmoidsfromherfingertipsveteranvoiceactorsstevenblumgreydelisledeebradleybakerrobinatkindownesanddorianharewoodalsolentvoicesaswolverinemystiquenightcrawlercyclopsandshadowkingrespectivelycharacterswereselectedfromdifferenttimelinesinthexmenuniverseartleadbrianpelletierstatedthattheytookthemostmemorablecharactersfromthelastyearsandgroupedthemtogetherxmenlegendsusescelshadingtogivethecharactersacomiclikeappearancehoweverravencitedthattheyoptedforthenhighresolutiontexturestostayawayfromcartoonylookingcharacterscharactercostumeswereinspiredbymarvelcomicsultimatexmenhoweversomeofthexmenplayableinxmenlegendshadnotappearedinthecomicsatthetimeofitsreleasesowithpermissionfrommarvelravencreateduniquelooksforthosecharactersduringdevelopmentraventriedvisualformatsforthexmenincludingusingtheirxmenlegacynewxmennewxmenuniformswarrenworthingtoniiiangelwasalsotobeincludedinthegamebutwascutfromthefinalbuildreceptionvideogamereviewsngctruepstruexboxtruengtrueeurogxboxgingcrefnamegireviewrefgipsgixboxginggameprongcrefnamegameprorevrefgamepropsgameproxboxgspotngcgspotpsgspotxboxgspotnggspyngcgspypsgspyxboxrefnamegamespyreviewrefgspyngignngcignpsignxboxignngrefnameignreviewngagerefnpngcrevdetroitfreepressrevngcrevthesydneymorningheraldrevngcrefnamesydneyrefrevpsrevxboxgrngcgrpsgrxboxgrngmcngcmcpsmcxboxmcngxmenlegendsreceivedmostlypositivereviewswiththexboxversionreceivingthehighestaggregatescoresofatgamerankingsandatmetacriticrefnamegrxboxrefrefnamemcxboxrefthegamecubeversionwasratednexthighestscoringatgamerankingsandatmetacriticrefnamegrgamecuberefrefnamemcgamecuberefthoughtheplaystationversionreceivedthelowestscoresoftheconsoleversionsitstillfaredwellscoringatgamerankingsandatmetacriticrefnamegrpsrefrefnamemcpsrefthengageversiongarneredscoressimilartoitsconsolecounterpartsreceivingandatgamerankingsandmetacriticrespectivelyrefnamegrngagerefrefnamengagerefingameproretrospectivelylistedthemeleecombatabilitytocustomizeyourstatsandmultiplayeramongthestrongpointsofxmenlegendsaddingthatthegamewassosuccessfulthatitcreatedawellreceivedsequelandpavedthewayforthemarvelultimateallianceseriescriticsgenerallypraisedthegamesuseofcelshadedanimationcelshadingignshilarygoldsteinstatedtocapturethecomicbookfeelravensoftchosetogoforacelshadedlookwithlegendsitsnotthatthecharacterslooktwodimensionalbuttheyhaveverybasictexturesandacutoutlookrefnameupcomreviewxboxrefeurogamerpraisedthexboxversionscontrolsystemforcharacterpowersandmeleeattacksaswellasthefluidcombatrefnameeurogreviewrefreviewersfoundthattheartificialintelligencevideogamesartificialintelligenceaiwaslackingandrecommendedthegamesmultiplayeropinionsweregenerallymixedonthesubjectofvoiceactingxplayreviewerrussfischercalleditpurelyaveragethengageversionwaspraisedfortheabilitytoplaycooperativelyusingthengagesbluetoothtechnologyandthateverythinglooksamazinghecriticizedtheaihoweverforbeingabitstupidatinopportunetimesandforfailingtousethegameshealingabilitiesatimportantmomentslegacyxmenlegendssoldenoughcopiestobeinductedintothebudgetlinesforallthreeconsolesonwhichitwasreleasedplaystationslistofsonygreatesthitsgamesplaystationgreatesthitsgamecubesplayerschoicenintendogamecubeplayerschoiceandxboxsplatinumhitsbyjulytheplaystationversionofxmenlegendshadsoldcopiesandearnedmillionintheunitedstatesnextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationrankeditasthethhighestsellinggamelaunchedfortheplaystationxboxconsolexboxorgamecubebetweenjanuaryandjulyinthatcountrycombinedsalesofthelegendsseriesreachedmillionunitsintheunitedstatesbyjulyrefnamenextgensalesrefasequelxmenlegendsiiriseofapocalypsewasreleasedforallmajorplatformsinthefallofrefnamegfaqsmuagbarefrefnamegfaqsmuapsprefrefnamegfaqsmuawiirefmarvelultimatealliancewasfollowedbymarvelultimatealliancejointlydevelopedbyvicariousvisionsnspaceandsavageentertainmentmarvelultimatealliancewasreleasedonseveralconsolesandhandheldsinthefallofvicariousvisionsdevelopedthepsandxboxversionsrefnamejeantrailerrefwhilenspacedevelopedthenintendodspspandwiiversionssavageentertainmentportedtheversiondevelopedbynspacetothepspreferencesexternallinkssmallarchivedfromthewebarchiveorgwebxmenlegendscomoriginalsmallxchangexenomllerbornaugustinzurichisaswisspeopleswissrowingsportrowerandolympicgamesolympicgoldmedallistbiographyearlycareeranduniversityhisfirstinternationalappearancewasattheworldrowingjuniorchampionshipswinningbronzeinhissinglescullxhefirstcompetedattheseniorlevelinandattheageoffinishedthattheworldrowingchampionshipsinviennainthesinglescullatthesummerolympicsbarcelonaolympicshejustmissedmakingthefinalsfinishingfourthinthesemifinalstoadvancemllerchosenottostartthepetiteconsolationfinalsforplacesthroughbecauseofabackinjuryinandhefinishedndandthrespectivelyattheworldchampionshipsduringthisperiodmllerbeganstudyingatbrownuniversityintheunitedstateshehelpedleadbrowntoanundefeatedseasonandanationalchampionshipinintheeightmanboatfollowingthiscollegiatevictoryandhissubsequentdisappointingfinishattheworldchampionshipsinthedoublesculleventmllerdecidedtoconcentratesolelyonthesinglescullthisdecisioncreatedfrictionbetweenmllerandthethencoachatbrownstevegladstoneinmllerwasthefirsteversinglescullerrowingthemetersinatimewaybelowmllershowedafirstdominatingseasoninhissinglewithwinningtheoverallfisarowingworldcupandworldcupracesinpariswithatimeoflucernewithanewrotseerecordalsobelowandthediamondscullsathenleyroyalregattaonlyattheworldchampionshipshewasdefeatedbythegermanandrwillmsafterspendingtwoyearsinprovidencerhodeislandattendingbrownandrowinghissinglescullmllermovedtonewportbeachcaliforniawhichofferedabetterclimateforyearroundtraininghealsomethisfuturewifeinnewportolympicdebutmllerwongoldinthesinglescullatthesummerolympicsatlantaolympicsmllerwontheracewithastrongfinishhewassecondsdownandinfourthplaceatthemetermarkhalfwayandhemoveduptothirdandjustseconddownwithmeterstogomllerthenlaunchedadevastatingdrivetothelinehewondecisivelybestingderekporterwhohadledthewholeraceandhischildhoodheroandtwotimeolympicchampionthomaslangewhofinishedthirdmllerslastwasthefastestmetersplittimeofthedayhistimeofhasbeenanolympicrecorduntiltimmaeyensofbelgiumfinishedhisheatatthesummerolympicslondonolympicsinatimeofseasononwardsfollowinghisolympicvictorymllertookayearofffromrowinginhewontwoworldcupracebestingfuturerivalrobwaddellbutattheworldrowingchampionshipswaddellhadthebestraceofhislifepushingmllerbacktosecondinthepreseasontotherowingcalendarwaddellsetaworldrecordontheindoorrowingmachineinwaddellwentontosweeptheworldcupracesandtheworldchampionshipsmllergettingsecondeachtimeleadinguptothesummerolympicssydneyolympicsmllerenteredworldcupraceinviennawherehefinallybeatwaddellafterfourconsecutivesecondplacefinishesmllerdidnotenteranyotherpreliminaryracesandwaddellwontheworldcupraceinlucernebetweentheolympicsandtheolympicsmllersrecordagainstwaddellwasoutofbothwaddellandmllerwonalloftheirpreliminaryheatsleadinguptotheolympicfinalsinthefinalsinadditiontohisrivaltwotimereigningworldchampionrobwaddellmllerfacedformerworldchampionandolympicsilvermedalistderekporterandrisingstarmarcelhackeritwastheclosestmenssinglescullfinalevertheybattleddownthecoursewiththeleadchangingseveraltimesmllergainedtheleadinthelastmetersbutwaddellstayedwithhimtheybattleddownthecoursejustafewfeetseparatethemgraduallywaddellworemllerdownpassinghiminthesprintdespitehavingachestcoldmllercontinuedtohangtoughandheldonforthesilvermedalhackerfinishedthirdandadisappointedporterfinishedfourthjustovertwosecondsthelengthofaboatseparatedfirstfromfourthplaceretirementandcareerhavinglivedintheunitedstatessinceandattendingbrownuniversitymlle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totheactualxheightofthefontroundedrelativetothefontscurrentpixelheightthustheexactratioofextoemcanalsovarybyfontsizewithinabrowserifthedeterminedvaluesareroundedtothenearestwholeunitforexampleabrowsercalculatinganxheightofonafontpixelstallmayroundextoeitherpixelsorpixelsorleaveitatpixelsotherimportantdimensionslowercaseletterswhoseheightisgreaterthanthexheighteitherhavedescenderswhichextendbelowthebaselinetypographybaselinesuchasygqandporhaveascendertypographyascenderswhichextendabovethexheightsuchaslkbanddtheratioofthexheighttothebodyheighttypographybodyheightisoneofthemajorcharacteristicsthatdefinestheappearanceofatypefacetheheightofthecapitallettersisreferredtoascapheightxheightismostimportantinregulardesignssuchasmostserifandsansserifdesignsscripttypefacesthatmimicirregularhandwritingandcalligraphymaynothaveaconsistentxheightacrossalllettersseealsoemtypographyentypographysmallcapstypographicunitreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebtypophilecomwikixheightdefinitionofxheightattypophilecomvcarrercominsearchofideallineheighthtmlinthesearchofideallineheightincomputingthexwindowsystemcommonlyxorxisanetworktransparencynetworktransparentwindowingsystemforrastergraphicsbitmapdisplaysthisarticledetailstheprotocolsandtechnicalstructureofxclientservermodelandnetworktransparencyandaterminalemulatorrunontheusersworkstationandaterminalemulatorrunsonaremoteserverbutunderthecontroloftheusersmachinenotethattheremoteapplicationrunsjustasitwouldlocallyxusesaclientservermodelanxserverprogramrunsonacomputerwithagraphicaldisplayandcommunicateswithvariousclientprogramsthexserveractsasagobetweenfortheuserandtheclientprogramsacceptingrequestsontcpportforgraphicaloutputwindowsfromtheclientprogramsanddisplayingthemtotheuserdisplayandreceivinguserinputkeyboardmouseandtransmittingittotheclientprogramsinxtheserverrunsontheuserscomputerwhiletheclientsmayrunonremotemachinesthisterminologyreversesthecommonnotionofclientserversystemswheretheclientnormallyrunsontheuserslocalcomputerandtheserverrunsontheremotecomputerthisreversaloftenconfusesnewxusersthexwindowterminologytakestheperspectivethatthexwindowprogramisatthecentreofallactivityiethexwindowprogramacceptsandrespondstorequestsfromapplicationsandfromtheusersmouseandkeyboardinputthereforeapplicationsonremotecomputersareviewedasclientsofthexwindowserverprogramthecommunicationprotocolbetweenserverandclientrunsnetworktransparencynetworktransparentlytheclientandservermayrunonthesamemachineorondifferentonespossiblywithdifferentcomputerarchitecturearchitecturesandoperatingsystemsaclientandservercancommunicatecomputersecuritysecurelyovertheinternetbytunnelingprotocoltunnelingtheconnectionoveranencryptedconnectionrefnameclientservermodelclientservermodelibmibmppmaguolomaguolomanriquemanriquestevensstevensppquerciaquerciaoreillypprefdesignprinciplesbobscheiflerandjimgettyssetouttheearlyprinciplesofxasfollowsaslistedinscheiflergettysdonotaddnewfunctionalityunlessanimplementorcannotcompletearealapplicationwithoutititisasimportanttodecidewhatasystemisnotastodecidewhatitisdonotservealltheworldsneedsrathermakethesystemextensiblesothatadditionalneedscanbemetinanupwardlycompatiblefashiontheonlythingworsethangeneralizingfromoneexampleisgeneralizingfromnoexamplesatallifaproblemisnotcompletelyunderstooditisprobablybesttoprovidenosolutionatallifyoucangetpercentofthedesiredeffectforpercentoftheworkusethesimplersolutionseealsoworseisbetterisolatecomplexityasmuchaspossibleprovidemechanismratherthanpolicyinparticularplaceuserinterfacepolicyintheclientshandsthefirstprinciplewasmodifiedduringthedesignofxtodonotaddnewfunctionalityunlessyouknowofsomerealapplicationthatwillrequireitxhaslargelykepttotheseprinciplessincethexorgfoundationdevelopsthexorgserverreferenceimplementationwithaviewtoextensionandimprovementoftheimplementationwhilstkeepingitalmostentirelycompatiblewiththeoriginalprotocolcoreprotocolcommunicationbetweenserverandclientsisdonebyexchangingpacketsoveranetworkchannelcommunicationschanneltheclientestablishestheconnectionsendingthefirstpackettheserveranswersbysendingbackapacketstatingtheacceptanceorrefusaloftheconnectionorwitharequestforafurtherauthenticationiftheconnectionisacceptedtheacceptancepacketcontainsdatafortheclienttouseinthesubsequentinteractionwiththeserverafterconnectionisestablishedtheclientandtheserverexchangefourdifferenttypesofpacketsoverthechannelrequesttheclientrequestsinformationfromtheserverorrequestsittoperformanactionreplytheserverrespondstoarequestnotallrequestsgeneratereplieseventtheserversendsaneventtotheclientegkeyboardormouseinputorawindowbeingmovedresizedorexposederrortheserversendsanerrorpacketifarequestisinvalidsincerequestsarequeuederrorpacketsgeneratedbyarequestmaynotbesentimmediatelythexserverprovidesasetofbasicservicestheclientprogramsrealizemorecomplexfunctionalitiesbyinteractingwiththeserverwindowswhatothergraphicaluserinterfacesusuallycallawindowisatoplevelwindowinthexwindowsystemthetermwindowisalsousedforwindowsthatliewithinanotherwindowthatisthesubwindowsofaparentwindowgraphicalelementssuchasbuttonsmenusiconsetcareallrealizedusingwindowsawindowcanonlybecreatedasasubwindowofaparentwindowthiscausesthewindowstobearrangedhierarchyhierarchicallyinatreegraphtheorytreethexserverautomaticallycreatestherootofthetreecalledtherootwindowthetoplevelwindowsareexactlythedirectsubwindowsoftherootwindowvisiblytherootwindowisaslargeasthescreenandliesbehindallotherwindowsidentifiersthexserverstoresalldataaboutwindowsfontsetctheclientknowsidentifiersoftheseobjectsndashintegersitcanuseasnamesforthemwheninteractingwiththeserverforexampleifaclientwishesawindowtobecreateditrequeststheservertocreateoneandincaseofsuccessgetsinreturnanidentifiertheserverassociatedwiththenewlycreatedwindowtheidentifiercanbelaterusedbytheclienttorequestforexampleastringtobedrawninthewindowidentifiersareuniquetotheservernotonlytotheclientforexamplenotwowindowshavethesameidentifierevenifcreatedbytwodifferentclientsaclientcanaccessanyobjectgivenitsidentifierevenifanotherclientcreatedtheobjectattributesandpropertieseverywindowhasapredefinedsetofattributesandasetofpropertiesallstoredinthexserverandaccessibletotheclientsviaappropriaterequestsattributesaredataaboutthewindowsuchasitssizepositionbackgroundcoloretcpropertiesarepiecesofdatathatareattachedtoawindowunlikeattributespropertieshavenomeaningatthelevelofthexwindowcoreprotocolaclientcanstorearbitrarydatainapropertyofawindowapropertyischaracterizedbyanameatypeandavaluepropertiesresemblevariableprogrammingvariablesinimperativeprogramminglanguagesinthattheapplicationcancreateanewpropertywithagivennameandofagiventypeandstoreavalueinitpropertiesareassociatedtowindowstwopropertieswiththesamenamecanexistontwodifferentwindowswhilehavingdifferenttypesandvaluespropertiesaremostlyusedforinterclientcommunicationforexamplethepropertynamedcodewmnamecodestoresthenameforthewindowwindowmanagerstypicallyreadthispropertyanddisplaythenameofthewindowatthetopofitthecodexpropcodeprogramcandisplaythepropertiesofawindowinparticularcodexproprootcodeshowsthepropertiesoftherootwindowwhichincludethexresourcesparametersofprogramseventseventsarepacketssentbytheservertotheclienttocommunicatethatsomethinghashappenedwhichmayinteresttheclientaclientcanrequesttheservertosendaneventtoanotherclientthisisusedforcommunicationbetweenclientsforexamplewhenaclientrequeststhetextthatiscurrentlyselectedaneventissenttotheclientthatiscurrentlyhandlingthewindowthatholdstheselectionthecontentofawindowmaybedestroyedinsomeconditionsforexampleifthewindowiscoveredwheneveranareaofdestroyedcontentismadevisibletheservergeneratesancodeexposecodeeventtonotifytheclientthatapartofthewindowhastobedrawnothereventscanservetonotifyclientsofkeyboardormouseinputofthecreationofnewwindowsetcsomekindsofeventsarealwayssenttoaclientbutmostkindsofeventaresentonlyiftheclientpreviouslystatedaninterestinthembecauseclientsmayonlybeinterestedinsomekindofeventsforexampleaclientmaybeinterestedinkeyboardrelatedeventbutnotinmouserelatedeventscolormodesthewaythexwindowsystemhandlescolorscansometimesconfuseusersandhistoricallyseveraldifferentmodeshavebeensupportedmostmodernapplicationsusetruecolortruecolorbitcolorbitsforeachofredgreenandbluebutoldorspecialistapplicationsmayrequireadifferentcolormodemanycommercialspecialistapplicationsusepseudocolorthexprotocolactuallyusesasinglebitunsignedintegercalledapixelvalueforrepresentingasinglecolorinmostgraphicoperationswhentransferringtheintensityofprimarycolorsabitintegerisusedforeachcolourcomponentthefollowingrepresentationsofcolorsexistnotallofthemmaybesupportedonaspecificdevicedirectcolorapixelvalueisdecomposedintoseparateredgreenandbluesubfieldseachsubfieldindexesaseparatecolormapentriesinallcolormapscanbechangedtruecolorsameasdirectcolorexceptthatthecolormapentriesarepredefinedbythehardwareandcannotbechangedtypicallyeachoftheredgreenandbluecolormapsprovidesanearlinearrampofintensitygrayscaleapixelvalueindexesasinglecolormapthatcontainsmonochromeintensitiescolormapentriescanbechangedstaticgraysameasgrayscaleexceptthatthecolormapentriesarepredefinedbythehardwareandcannotbechangedpseudocolorpackedpixelchunkyapixelvalueindexesasinglecolormapthatcontainscolorintensitiescolormapentriescanbechangedstaticcolorsameaspseudocolorexceptthatthecolormapentriesarepredefinedbythehardwareandcannotbechangedxlibandotherclientlibrariesmostclientprogramscommunicatewiththeserverviathexlibclientlibrarybesidexlibthexcblibraryoperatesmorecloselytoxprotocolinparticularmostclientsuselibrariessuchasxawmotifsoftwaremotifgtkorqttoolkitqtwhichinturnusexlibforinteractingwiththeserverqttoolkitqtswitchedfromxlibtoxcbwiththereleasebutclientprogramswerealmostentirelyunaffectedbythischangeinterclientcommunicationinboundlinkstoanchoricethexwindowcoreprotocolprovidesmechanismsforcommunicationbetweenclientswindowpropertiesandeventsinparticulartheclienttoclientmessageeventshoweveritdoesnotspecifyanyprotocolforsuchinteractionsinsteadaseparatesetofinterclientcommunicationconventionsgovernstheseprotocolstheinterclientcommunicationconventionsmanualspecifiestheprotocolfortheexchangeofdataviaselectionsandtheinteractionofapplicationswiththewindowmanagersomehaveconsideredthisspecificationdifficultandconfusingrefnamethexwindowsdisasterrefrefnamearmedanddangerousrefconsistencyofapplicationlookandfeelandcommunicationistypicallyaddressedbyprogrammingtoagivendesktopenvironmenttheinterclientexchangeprotocolicespecifiesaframeworkforbuildingprotocolsforinteractionbetweenclientssothatprogrammerscanbuildaspecificprotocolontopofitinparticularthexsessionmanagementprotocolxsmpisaprotocolbasedonicethatgovernstheinteractionbetweenapplicationswiththesessionmanagementsessionmanagerwhichistheprogramthattakescareofstoringthestatusofthedesktopattheendofaninteractivesessionandrecoveringitwhenanothersessionwiththesameuserisstartedagainthefreedesktopspecificationsincludenewerconventionsincludingthedraganddropconventionxdndusedfortransferringdatabyselectingitanddragginginanotherwindowandtheembeddedapplicationconventionxembedwhichdetailshowanapplicationcanruninasubwindowofanotherapplicationselectionscutbuffersanddraganddropthemechanismsofselectionscutbuffersanddraganddropinthexwindowsystemallowausertotransferdatafromonewindowtoanotherselectionsandcutbufferareusedtypicallywhenauserselectstextorsomeotherdatainawindowandpastesinadifferentwindowdraganddropisusedwhenauserselectssomethinginawindowthenclicksontheselectionanddragsitintoanotherwindowsincetwodifferentapplicationsmayhandlethetwowindowsdatatransferrequiresdifferentclientsconnectedwiththesamexservertointeractthexwindowcoreprotocolincludessometypesofrequestsandeventsthatarespecifictoselectionexchangebutthetransferismainlydoneusingthegeneralclienttoclienteventsendingandwindowpropertieswhicharenotspecifictoselectiontransferuserscantransferdataofdifferenttypesbetweenclientsitisusuallytextbutcanalsobeapixmapanumberalistofobjectsetcselectionsanddraganddropareactivemechanismsaftertheuserselectsdatainawindowtheclienthandlingthewindowmustactivelysupportaprotocolfortransferringthatdatatotheapplicationrequestingitcutbuffersbycontrastprovideapassivemechanismwhentheuserselectssometextitscontentistransferredtoacutbufferwhereitremainseveniftheapplicationhandlingthewindowterminatesandthewindowisdestroyedwindowmanagerawindowmanagerisaprogramthatcontrolsthegeneralappearanceofwindowsandothergraphicalelementsofthegraphicaluserinterfacedifferencesinthelookofxwindowsystemindifferentinstallationsstemmainlyfromtheuseofdifferentwindowmanagersorfromdifferentconfigurationsofthewindowmanagerthewindowmanagertakescareofdecidingthepositionofwindowsplacingthedecorativeborderaroundthemhandlingiconshandlingmouseclicksoutsidewindowsonthebackgroundhandlingcertainkeystrokesetcfromthepointofviewofthexserverthewindowmanageroperatesasaclientjustlikeanyotherclienttheinitialpositionandthedecorativebordersaroundwindowsarehandledbythewindowmanagerusingthefollowingrequestsanapplicationcanrequesttheservernottosatisfyrequestsofmappingshowingsubwindowsofagivenwindowandtobesentaneventinsteadanapplicationcanrequestchangingtheparentofawindowthewindowmanagerusesthefirstrequesttointerceptanyrequestformappingtoplevelwindowschildrenoftherootwindowwheneveranotherapplicationrequeststhemappingofatoplevelwindowtheserverdoesnotdoitbutsendsaneventtothewindowmanagerinsteadmostwindowmanagersreparentingwindowmanagerreparentthewindowtheycreatealargertoplevelwindowcalledtheframewindowandreparenttheoriginalwindowasachildofitgraphicallythiscorrespondstoplacingtheoriginalwindowinsidetheframewindowthespaceoftheframewindowthatisnottakenbytheoriginalwindowisusedforthedecorativeframearoundthewindowtheborderandthetitlebarthewindowmanagermanagesmouseclicksintheframewindowthisallowsforexampleausertomoveorresizethewindowbyclickinganddraggingontheborderoronthetitlebarthewindowmanageralsohandlesiconsandrelatedvisualelementsofthegraphicaluserinterfaceiconsdonotexistatthelevelofthexwindowcoreprotocoltheyareimplementedbythewindowmanagerforexamplewheneverawindowhastobeiconifiedthefvwmwindowmanagerunmapsthewindowandcreatesawindowfortheiconnameandpossiblyanotherwindowfortheiconimagethemeaningandhandlingoficonsisthereforecompletelydecidedbythewindowmanagersomewindowmanagerssuchaswmdonotimplementiconsatallsessionmanagerroughlythestateofasessionmanagementsessionisthestateofthedesktopatagiventimeasetofwindowswiththeircurrentcontentmorepreciselyitisthesetofapplicationsmanagingthesewindowsandtheinformationthatallowtheseapplicationstorestoretheconditionoftheirmanagedwindowsifrequiredaprogramknownasthexsessionmanagersavesandrestoresthestateofsessionsmostrecognizablyusingasessionmanagerpermitsausertologoutfromaninteractivesessionbuttofindexactlythesamewindowsinthesamestatewhenlogginginagainforthistoworkthesessionmanagerprogramstoresthenamesoftherunningapplicationsatlogoutandstartsthemagainatlogininorderforthestateoftheapplicationstoberestoredaswellwhichisneededtorestorethecontentofwindowstheapplicationsmustbeabletosavetheirstateofexecutionuponrequestfromthesessionmanagerandloaditbackwhentheystartagainthexwindowsystemincludesadefaultsessionmanagercalledcodexsmcodedevelopershavewrittenothersessionmanagersforspecificdesktopsystemsforexamplecodeksmservercodeisthedefaultsessionmanagerofkdexdisplaymanagertheprogramknownasthexdisplaymanagerprogramtypexdisplaymanagershowsthegraphicalloginpromptinthexwindowsystemmoregenerallyadisplaymanagerrunsoneormorexserversonthelocalcomputeroracceptsincomingconnectionsfromxserversrunningonremotecomputersthelocalserversarestartedbythedisplaymanagerwhichthenconnectstothemtopresenttheusertheloginscreentheremoteserversarestartedindependentlyfromthedisplaymanagerandconnecttoitinthissituationthedisplaymanagerworkslikeagraphicaltelnetserveranxservercanconnecttothedisplaymanagerwhichstartsasessiontheapplicationswhichutilizethissessionrunonthesamecomputerofthedisplaymanagerbuthaveinputandoutputonthecomputerwherethexserverrunswhichmaybethecomputerinfrontoftheuseroraremoteonethexwindowsystemshipswithxdmdisplaymanagerxdmasthebasicsupplieddisplaymanagerotherdisplaymanagersincludegnomedisplaymanagergdmgnomekdedisplaymanagerkdmkdewingsdisplaymanagerwdmusingthewingswidgetsetusedinwindowmakerandentrancedisplaymanagerentranceusingthearchitectureusedinenlightenmentsoftwareenlightenmentvuserinterfaceelementsearlywidgettoolkitsforxincludedxathenawidgetsxawtheprojectathenaathenawidgetsetolitopenlookintrinsicstoolkitxviewmotifsoftwaremotifsandtksoftwaretkolitandxviewfunctionasthebasetoolkitsforsunmicrosystemssunslegacyopenwindowsdesktopenvironmentmotifprovidesthebasetoolkitforthecommondesktopenvironmentcdethedesktopenvironmentusedoncommercialunixsystemssuchassolarisoperatingsystemsolarisibmaixaixandhpuxsolarisincludesbothcdeandgnomewiththelatterthepreferreddesktopenvironmenttoolkitsdevelopedmorerecentlyincludeqtsoftwareqtusedbykdegtkusedbygnomewxwidgetsfltkfoxtoolkitfoxandfpguicurrentextensionsscheiflerandgettysdesignedthexservertobesimplebutextensibleassuchmuchfunctionalitynowresidesinextensionstotheprotocolattheprotocolleveleveryextensioncanbeassignednewrequesteventerrorpackettypesextensionfeaturesareaccessedbyclientapplicationsthroughextensionlibrariesaddingextensionstocurrentxserverimplementationsisreportedlydifficultduetoalackofmodularityintheserverdesignrefnamethexwindowsystemrefitisalongtermgoalofthexcbprojecttoautomategeneratingboththeclientandserversidesofextensionsfromxmlprotocoldescriptionsthefollowingtableprovidesapartialcatalogofextensionsthathavebeendevelopedsortedroughlybyrecencyofintroductionclasswikitableextensiondescriptionandnotescompositeoffscreenrenderingofentirewindowhierarchiesallowingapplicationsandcompositionmanagerstodoeffectsanywherealongthewayrequiredforthingslikealphatransparencyforwindowsanddropshadowsdamagetracksmodifiedregionsofwindowsandminimizesbandwidthuserequiredtokeepthedisplayuptodatexfixesseveralprotocolchangesextendedvisualinformationevieallowsclienttodetermineinformationaboutcorexvisualsbeyondwhatthecoreprotocolprovidesdistributedmultiheaddmxcommunicateswithdmxxserverxvideomotioncompensationxvmcoffloadingvideomotioncompensationtoagputhatsupportsitglxsupportforrenderingopenglwithinwindowsxrenderhardwareacceleratedimagecompositingwithalphablendingxrandrresizeandrotaterandrdynamicallychangethesizereflectionrotationandrefreshrateofanxscreenxineramasplittingthedesktopacrossmultiplemonitorsdisplaypowermanagementsignalingvesadisplaypowermanagementsignalingdpmsallowscontrollingmonitorpowersavingmodesxkeyboardextensionenhancedkeyboardlayouthandlingdoublebuffergivesflickerfreeanimationrecordusedinservertestingmitshmuseofsharedmemorytoimproveperformancesyncprovidestimersandsynchronizesclientsegrunningondifferenthostsandoperatingsystemsfromwithinthexservercreatedbecauseoferrorsintroducedbythenetworkxtestforgeneratingfakeinputuseiethettxtettapplicationfromthehoopajoonetprojectsxautomationhtmlxautomationpackagexinputextensionsupportforinputdevicessuchasgraphictabletsimplementableaslibxirefciteweburlcgitfreedesktoporgxorgliblibxitreereadmetitlexorglibxiclientlibraryforxinputaccessdatequotelibxilibraryforthexinputextensionrefbigrequestsenablesrequestsexceedingbytesinlengthxcmiscfixesresourceidrangeoverrunrefciteweburlxfreeorgcurrentxcmiscpdftitlexcmiscextensionaccessdatequotedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebxfreeorgcurrentxcmiscpdfarchivedateseptemberrefxvideoextensionsupportforhardwarevideooverlaysandhardwarebasedvideoscalingonplaybackalsocalledxvnottobeconfusedwiththexvsoftwarexvprogramshapeextensionshapesupportfornonrectangularandpartiallytransparentbinarynoalphaopacitywindowsmitscreensaverlaunchesaprogramwhenthexserverturnsonthebuiltinscreensaversecurityprovidesenhancedserversecurityrefciteweburlxfreeorgcurrentsecuritypdftitlesecurityextensionspecificationaccessdatequotedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebxfreeorgcurrentsecuritypdfarchivedateseptemberrefxresourceallowsqueryingthexserveraboutitsresourceusagexfreebigfontxfreedgaprovidesdirectlinearframebufferaccessdirectgraphicsaccesstobemostlyremovedinxorgxfreevidmodeextensiondynamicallyconfiguresmodelinesandgammaobsoleteextensionsclasswikitableextensiondescriptionandnoteslowbandwidthxlbxreplacedbyvirtualnetworkcomputingvnctunnelingprotocoltunneledoverasecureshellconnectionprovedfasterthanlbxphigspexphigsextensiontoxsupportforphigsdscenegraphapiglxwithopenglisfrequentlyusedinsteadximageextensionmitshmisusedinsteadxeviexeventinterceptionextensiondesignedforuserswhoneedtointerceptallkeyboardandmouseeventsremovedinxorgrefnamereleasexorgwikireleasesreleaseannouncementrefxfreemiscsupersededbyinputpropertiesremovedinxorgdecxtrapremovedinxorgtogcupprovidescolormaputilizationpolicyremovedinxorgmitsundrynonstandardsupportforvariousbackwardscompatibilityfeaturesforclientswhichusedearlyimplementationsofxforcompatibilitywithprexrclientsdisabledsinceremovedinxorgxcappgroupremovedinxorgxprintdeprecatedallowsanapplicationtorenderoutputtoaprinterjustasitwouldtoanyotherdisplaydeviceremovedinmayseealsoxlibxtoolkitintrinsicsintrinsicsxtxwindowsystemcoreprotocolxlogicalfontdescriptionnotesreferencesrefquerciaarchiveorghastheeditionfurtherreadingrobertwscheiflerandjamesgettysxwindowsystemcoreandextensionprotocolsxversionreleasesanddigitalpresswebarchiveorgwebitsstrathacukcoursesxintroductiontoxwindowssicexternallinksxorgxorgfoundationofficialhomepagexorgfreedesktoporgwikixorgfoundationwikixwindowangelfirecomxwindowsysteminternalsrahulnetkentonbibhtmlkentonleespagesonxwindowandmotifwebarchiveorgwebxorgwikixextensiontutorialxextensiontutorialxdisambiguationxinfoboxdiseasenamexerophthalmiapronounceimagecaptiondiseasesdbicdicdicdoomimmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicmeshiddxerophthalmiafromancientgreeklanguagegreekxrsmeaningdryandophthalmosmeaningeyeisamedicalconditioninwhichthehumaneyeeyefailstoproducetearsitmaybecausedbyvitaminadeficiencywhichissometimesusedtodescribethatconditionalthoughtheremaybeothercausesxerophthalmiacausedbyaseverevitaminadeficiencyisdescribedbypathologicxerosisdrynessoftheconjunctivaandcorneatheconjunctivabecomesdrythickandwrinkledifuntreateditcanleadtocornealulcerationandultimatelytoblindnessasaresultofcornealdamagexerophthalmiausuallyimpliesadestructivedrynessoftheconjunctivalepitheliumduetodietaryvitaminadeficiencyarareconditionindevelopedcountriesbutstillcausingmuchdamageindevelopingcountriesotherformsofdryeyeareassociatedwithagingpoorlidclosurescarringfromapreviousinjuryorautoimmunediseasessuchasrheumatoidarthritisandsjgrenssyndromeandthesecanallcausechronicconjunctivitisradioiodinetherapycanalsoinducexerophthalmiaoftentransientlyalthoughinsomepatientslateonsetorpersistentxerophthalmiahasbeenobservedrefnamesolansetalrefthedamagetothecorneainvitaminaassociatedxerophthalmiaisquitedifferentfromdamagetotheretinaatthebackoftheglobeatypeofdamagewhichcanalsobeduetolackofvitaminabutwhichiscausedbylackofotherformsofvitaminawhichworkinthevisualsystemxerophthalmiafromhypovitaminosisaisspecificallyduetolackofthehormonelikevitaminametaboliteretinoicacidsincealongwithcertaingrowthstuntingeffectstheconditioncanbereversedinvitaminadeficientratsbyretinoicacidsupplementationhowevertheretinaldamagecontinuessinceretinoicacidcannotbereducedtoretinalorretinoltheseeffectsonthecorneamustbespecifictoretinoicacidthisisinkeepingwithretinoicacidsknownrequirementforgoodhealthinepithelialcellssuchasthoseinthecorneaepidemiologyandmechanicalcausexerophthalmiausuallyaffectschildrenundernineyearsoldandaccountsfornewcasesofchildhoodblindnesseachyearinthedevelopingcountriesthediseaseislargelyfoundindevelopingcountrieslikemanyofthoseinafricaandsouthernasiatheconditionisnotcongenitalanddevelopsoverthecourseofafewmonthsasthelacrimalglandsfailtoproducetearsotherconditionsinvolvedintheprogressionalreadystatedincludetheappearanceofbitotsspotswhichareclumpsofkeratindebristhatbuildupinsidetheconjunctivaandnightblindnesswhichprecedescornealulcerationandtotalblindnesspreventionprophylaxisconsistsofperiodicadministrationofvitaminasupplementswhorecommendedschedulewhichisuniversallyrecommendedisasfollowsinfantsmonthsoldandanyolderchildrenweighinglessthannbspkgiuorallyeverymonthschildrenoveryearandunderyearsofageiuorallyeverymonthsinfantslessthanmonthsoldwhoarenotbeingbreastfediuorallyshouldbegivenbeforetheyattaintheageofmonthstreatmenttreatmentcanoccurintwowaystreatingsymptomsandtreatingthedeficiencytreatmentofsymptomsusuallyincludestheuseofartificialtearsintheformofeyedropsincreasingthehumidityoftheenvironmentwithhumidifiersandwearingwraparoundglasseswhenoutdoorstreatmentofthedeficiencycanbeaccomplishedwithavitaminaormultivitaminsupplementorbyeatingfoodsrichinvitaminatreatmentwithsupplementsandordietcanbesuccessfuluntilthediseaseprogressesasfarascornealulcerationatwhichpointonlyanextremesurgerycanofferachanceofreturningsightseealsokeratoconjunctivitiskeratoconjunctivitissiccakeratomalaciaalsocausedbyvitaminadeficiencyreferencesfurtherreadingmedicinenetmedtermscomscriptmainartasparticlekeydefinitionofxerophthalmiamayjellifedbtropejoxfordjournalsorgcgipdfextractxerophthalmiaaworldwidedriveforpreventionjournaloftropicalpediatricsiiiiinovemberexternallinkswebmdcomeyehealthtcdryeyesyndrometopicoverviewwebmddoctorsendinfoxerophthalmiacausessymptomsandhtmlxerophthalmiacausesxxmansionxenoclesisthenameoftwogreeksgreektragediansthereweretwoatheniantragicpoetsofthisnameonethegrandfatheroftheothernofragmentsofeitherarecurrentlyknownexceptforafewwordsoftheelderapparentlyparodiedinaristophanesthecloudstheelderxenocleswroteaplayaboutoedipusaristophanescalledtheelderxenoclesanexecrablepoetandwasnevertiredofridiculinghimdescribingalongwithhisfathercarcinusofagrigentumthreebrothersandamemberofthethirdgenerationalsocalledcarcinuswritercarcinusawholepotfuloftragiccrabshealsowrotethatxenocleswhoisuglymakesuglypoetryinhisplaythesmophoriazusaethechorusclaimseventhisaudienceimsurewouldfindthemanacrashingborewhichhighlightshisdoubtfulviewsonxenoclesasawriterhoweverinbcxenoclesgainedthefirstprizewithoneofhistrilogieswhenincompetitionwitheuripidesbutclaudiusaelianusaelianaccountsforthisbysayingthatthejurywereeitherintellectuallyincapableofaproperdecisionorelsetheywerebribednotesreferenceswilliamsmithdictionaryofgreekandromanbiographyandmythologyvppnbsparistophanesthefrogsandotherplayspenguinclassicstranslatedbydavidbarrettxdisplaymanagerprogramtypexdmmultipleissuesinthexwindowsystemanxdisplaymanagerisagraphicalloginmanagerwhichstartsaloginsessionsessiononanxservercomputingserverfromthesameoranothercomputerimagescreenshotofthekdedisplaymanagerjpgthumbpxaloginscreenshownbythekdedisplaymanagerkdmdisplaymanageradisplaymanagerpresentstheuserwithaloginloginscreenasessionstartswhenausersuccessfullyentersavalidcombinationofusernameandpasswordwhenthedisplaymanagerrunsontheuserscomputeritstartsthexserverbeforepresentingtheusertheloginscreenoptionallyrepeatingwhentheuserlogsoutinthisconditionthedmrealizesinthexwindowsystemthefunctionalityofttgettyunixgettyttandttloginttoncomputerterminalcharactermodeterminalswhenthedisplaymanagerrunsonaremotecomputeritactslikeatelnetserverrequestingusernameandpasswordandstartingaremotesessionxreleaseintroduceddisplaymanagersinoctoberwiththeaimofsupportingthestandalonexterminalsjustcomingontothemarketvariousdisplaymanagerscontinueinroutineusetoprovideagraphicalloginpromptonstandalonecomputerworkstationsrunningxxrintroducedthexdisplaymanagercontrolprotocolxdmcpindecembertofixproblemsinthexrimplementationlocalandremotedisplaymanagementadisplaymanagercanrunonthesamecomputerwheretheusersitsstartingoneormorexserversdisplayingtheloginscreenatthebeginningandoptionallyeverytimetheuserlogsoutoronaremoteoneworkingaccordingtothexdmcpprotocolimagexserveranddisplaymanagersvgthumbpxinthexwindowsystemthexserverrunsonthecomputerinfrontoftheuserthexservermayconnecttoadisplaymanagerrunningonanothercomputerstartingasessionwhichmaycompriseavarietyofprogramsrunningonthatothercomputerthexdmcpprotocolmandatesthatthexserverstartsautonomouslyandconnectstothedisplaymanagerinthexwindowsystemparadigmtheserverrunsonthecomputerprovidingthedisplayandinputdevicesaservercanconnectusingthexdmcpprotocoltoadisplaymanagerrunningonanothercomputerrequestingittostartthesessioninthiscasethexserveractsasagraphicaltelnetclientwhilethedisplaymanageractslikeatelnetserverusersstartprogramsfromthecomputerrunningthedisplaymanagerwhiletheirinputandoutputtakeplaceonthecomputerwheretheserverandtheusersitsanadministratorcantypicallyconfigureanxdmcpchooserprogramrunningonthelocalcomputerorxterminaltoconnecttoaspecifichostsxdisplaymanagerortodisplayalistofsuitablehoststhattheusercanchoosefrommostimplementationsenablesuchalisttocontainapredefinedsetofhostsandtheirrespectivenetworkaddressesandorasetofhostsonthelocalinternetprotocolsuitetcpipsubnetworksubnetthatthexdmcpchooserdeterminesbyabroadcastdomainnetworkbroadcasttotheavailabledisplaymanagerswhentheuserselectsahostfromthelistthexdmcpchooserrunningonthelocalmachinewillsendamessagetotheselectedremotecomputersdisplaymanagerandinstructittoconnectthexserveronthelocalcomputerorterminalxdisplaymanagercontrolprotocolthexdisplaymanagercontrolprotocolusesuserdatagramprotocoludptcpandudpportportanxserverrequeststhatadisplaymanagerstartasessionbysendingacodequerycodepacketifthedisplaymanagerallowsaccessforthatxserveritrespondsbysendingacodewillingcodepacketbacktothexserverthexservercanalsosendcodebroadcastquerycodeorcodeindirectquerycodepacketstostartasessionthismechanismforrequestingasessionresemblesusingdhcptorequestanipaddressthedisplaymanagermustauthenticateitselftotheservertodothisthexserversendsacoderequestcodepackettothedisplaymanagerwhichreturnsancodeacceptcodepacketifthecodeacceptcodepacketcontainstheresponsethexserverexpectsthedisplaymanagerisauthenticatedproducingthecorrectresponsemightrequirethedisplaymanagertohaveaccesstoasecretkeyforexampleifauthenticationsucceedsthexserversendsacodemanagecodepackettoinformthedisplaymanagerthenthedisplaymanagerdisplaysitsloginscreenbyconnectingtothexserverasaregularxclientduringthesessiontheservercansendcodekeepalivecodepacketstothedisplaymanageratintervalsifthedisplaymanagerfailstorespondwithancodealivecodepacketwithinacertaintimethexserverpresumesthatthedisplaymanagerhasceasedrunningandcanterminatetheconnectionmissingwhenistheconnectionterminatedmoreonindirectandbroadcastoneproblemwithxdmcpisthatsimilarlytotelnettheauthenticationtakesplaceunencryptedifsnoopingispossiblethisleavesthesystemvulnerabletoattackitismoresecuretouseansecureshellsshtunnelingprotocoltunnelforxtraffichistoryxdisplaymanagerimplementationxdmthexwindowdisplaymanageroriginatedinxrthisfirstversionwrittenbykeithpackardofthemitxconsortiumhadseverallimitationsthemostnotableofwhichwasthatitcouldnotdetectwhenusersswitchedxterminalsoffandoninxrxdmonlyknewaboutanxterminalfromitsentryinthettxserversttfilebutxdmonlyconsultedthisfilewhenitstartedthuseverytimeauserswitchedaterminaloffandonthesystemadministratorhadtosendasighupsignalcomputingsignaltoxdmtoinstructittorescanttxserversttxdmcparrivedwiththeintroductionofxrdecemberwithxdmcpthexservermustactivelyrequestadisplaymanagerconnectionfromthehostanxserverusingxdmcpthereforenolongerrequiresanentryinttxserversttsomeimplementationsthexwindowsystemsuppliesxdisplaymanagerimplementationxdmasitsstandarddisplaymanagerprogrammershavedevelopedotherxdisplaymanagersbothcommercialandfreeofferingadditionalfunctionalityoverthebasicdisplaymanagementactivesddmthesuccessorofthekdmwritteninqmlgithubcomsddmgnomedisplaymanagergdmpartofgnomelightdmalightweightmodularcrossdesktopfullythemeabledesktopdisplaymanagerbycanonicalltdinactivekdedisplaymanagerkdmpartofkdeallowstheusertographicallyselectaxwindowmanagerwindowmanagerordesktopenvironmentintheloginscreenqingysourceforgenetqingyultralightandveryconfigurablegraphicalloginindependentonxwindowusesdirectfbsourceforgenetprojectsxdmoptionsxdmoptionsforxdmeasyfullinstallxhostphonebookxloginxdesktopchoosermenureconfigrepairutilsldmtheremotedisplaymanagerofthelinuxterminalserverprojectgithubcomlinuxmintmdmmdmagraphicaldisplaymanagerdevelopedforlinuxmintdtloginshippedwithcommondesktopenvironmentcdettscologinttprovidedbyscoopenserverscoopendesktopalsochecksforexpiredpasswordsandperformssomeadministrativetaskswingsdisplaymanagerusingthewingswidgetsetusedinwindowmakerentrancedisplaymanagerentrancedentranceemploysthearchitectureusedinenlightenmentwindowmanagerenlightenmentvonhiatussincewikilxdeorgenlxdmlxdmalightweightdisplaymanagerpartoflxdecrossdesktopfullythemeableslimanindependentloginmanagergithubcomghostcdmcdmanultralightconsoledisplaymanagerforunixjonshousecoukxlogincgixloginxwindowloginwithseparatexdmcpserverentersfnetenteralightweightgraphicalloginmanagerwebarchiveorgwebreposexaorgviewcgiorthosorthosanotherlightweightsolutionwithveryconfigurableanimatedthemesthatuseopenglonlywebarchiveorgwebenricoziniorgswnodmnodmautologindisplaymanagerforsystemslikekiosksappliancesandmobilephonesonsomeunixdistributionsthedefaultdisplaymanagerisselectedinfileprefixetcxdefaultdisplaymanagerseealsologinmanagerxwindowsystemprotocolsandarchitecturesourcesxorgreleasesxrdoclibxdmcpxdmcphtmlxdmcpspecificationfromthexorgfoundationxorgreleasedocumentationwebarchiveorgwebxfreeorgcurrentxdmhtmlxdmmanualpagexfreeorglindamuiandericpearcexwindowsystemvolumexwindowsystemadministratorsguideforxreleaseandreleaserdeditionoreillyandassociatesjulysoftcoverreferencesexternallinkstldporghowtoxdmcphowtoindexhtmllinuxxdmcphowtorrucommeopubsntalksxrjxdmhtmltamingthexdisplaymanagerfreebsdorgdocenbookshandbookxxdmhtmlthexdisplaymanagerfromthefreebsdorgdocenbookshandbookfreebsdhandbookittoolboxcomblogslocutuslinuxloginwithawindowsboxandxdmcplinuxloginwithawindowsboxandxdmcpaguidetologgingintolinuxusingwindowsxfigredirectcategoryshellxfigredirectcategoryshellxenotransplantationxenozoonosisinfoboxvideogametitlexximagexxvideogamejpgcaptiondeveloperbatterystaplegamesbrfirehosegamespublisherseriesengineplatformsmicrosoftwindowsreleasedaugustgenreactiongameactionplatformvideogameplatformroguelikemodessingleplayermultiplayercoopmultiplayerdirectorchriskingartistzachurtescomposerbrandonellisaltxxpronouncedtwentyecksteeecksisanindiegameindieroguelikeplatformvideogamedevelopedbybatterystaplegamestheearlyaccessversionwasreleasedformicrosoftwindowsonsteamsoftwaresteamonnovemberandthecompletedgamewasreleasedonaugustgameplayinspiredbymegamanxplayersmustshootorslashenemiesandcompletedifficultplatformingchallengestofinishastagethetwististhatthesestagesaregeneratedrandomlybasedonlevelsegmentsorchunksandalsoallowforbothlocalandonlinecooprefnamepolygonrefratherthangivingyouseverallivesthegamehaspermadeathbutisarogueliteinthatyoucanusesoulchipsearnedduringtheleveltounlocknewtypesofpassiveupgradestobuyandgainupgradesforthenextattemptofthatparticularrunrefnamerefduringlevelsplayerscanuseboltsgainedascurrencytobuypassiveupgradesortogainbackhealthorenergyinvendingmachinestheycanalsofindupgradesintreasurechestsandotherplacesuponbeatingabosstheplayercanchoosetotaketheirpowerasarewardgrantingthemanewspecialabilityortakearewardofboltsorarandompassiveupgradeinsteadplotthegamefollowsninaanarmoredgirlarmedwithapowerblasterandaceanarmoredboywhohasanenergyswordintheaftermathofaroboticuprisingtravelingfromtheirbaseonthearkaspacestationorbitingtheearththeyhavebeenhiredtocleardangerouslocationsthatareinfestedwithrobotsthathaverunamokdevelopmentxxbegantobedevelopedafteracrowdfundingcampaignonkickstarterinthespringofwhenthegamewascalledechoesoferidufollowingasuccessfulkickstarterthegamejoinedthefirehosegamesacceleratorsoftwareacceleratorprogramandappearedintheindiemegaboothatpaxeventpennyarcadeexpothegamewasthedeveloperchriskingsfirstcommercialgameanditsdevelopmentwaspromptedbythebeliefthatitwashislastchancetodosuchariskythingasgamedevelopmentwithoutafamilytosupportashewasinhisyoungadultpsychologylatestheideabehindthegamewasduetohisbeliefthatcapcomhadceasedtomakeenoughmegamantitlesandthatheandotherfansdesiredmoreofthesametypeofgameplaythedevelopersmainfocuswasonthegamefeelgamefeelandgettingittoplayinasimilarmannertomegamanthemostdifficultaspectindevelopingthegamewasdebuggingitsnetcodethatallowedforonlineplaychrisbelievesthatsteamsearlyaccessearlyaccessprogramwasessentialtothedevelopmentofthegameandcouldntimaginereleasingitwithoutitsoundtrackthegamessoundtrackwascomposedbybrandonellisandincludeschiptuneandsynthesizerelementstomakeitresemblethatofasupernintendoentertainmentsystemsupernesgamereceptionxxhasbeenwellreceivedbybothfansandthegamingpressadamsmithofrockpapershotguncommentedthatthegamelooksfantasticseealsomegamanxmightynoreferencesexternallinksxenelasiawasthepracticeinancientdoriansdoriccreteandlaconiaancientregionlacedmoniaofexpellingforeignersdeemedinjurioustothepublicwelfarerefnameharpersreftheisolationistcustomsofspartawhichincludeddiscouragingspartancitizensfromtravelingoutsidethecommonwealthmayalsosometimesbereferredtoasxenelasiarefnamediderotsencyclopedierefthemajorityofancientgreekauthorsattributethecodificationofthispracticetolycurgusofspartalycurgusrefnamelarchersnotesrefapplicationofxenelasialawsinlacedmoniaxenelasiaismostfamouslyassociatedwithspartalacedmonianmagistrateshadtheauthorizationtoexpelanypersonwhoposedathreattopublicorderandmoralsfortheyconsideredtheirfamilyasamodelforthestatestateafamilywritlargewhileforeignerswereallowedinforreligiousfestivalsandmissionsofstatetheyweregenerallynotpermittedtoliveintheenvironsthoughspecialexceptionsmightbegiventofriendsandallieslaconophileslikexenophonxenophonhimselfwroteaboutxenelasiainhisconstitutionofthespartansthucydideswroteaspeechattributedtopericlesinhishistoryofthepeloponnesianwarwhichportraysxenelasiaasacharacteristicofathensenemiesduringthepeloponnesianwartheseopponentsincludedthelacedmoniansconcerningxenelasiainlacedmoniaplutarchwroteprofkarlotfriedmllerwritesthatthedoricidealofacertainloftinessandseverityofcharacterwaspreservedinspartaonlybecauseitsucceededinkeepingherselfinanisolatedsituationhearguestheselawswereintendedtopreservethenativecharacterofthedorictribefromanytaintofforeigninfluencehowevermllerwroteinthecontextofaracialmythographicviewofhistorytheyweretheinvadingandoccupyingforceinlacedmoniaholdingdownapopulationofservilepeasantscalledhelotsbyironmilitaryruleandsothemselvesinthestrictsensexenosgreekxenoiniccolmachiavellibelievedthatspartalastedalongtimebecauseshedidnotpermitstrangerstoestablishthemselvesintherepublicandremarkedthattheromanrepublictooktheoppositecourseofspartaspellingherdoomitistobenotedhoweverthatthepopulationofspartawasinirreversibledeclinefromthetimeofitsvictoryinthepeloponnesianwarsfallingfromspartiatesintoafterthebattleofleucrainduetotherefusalofmiscegenationselectiveinfanticideandthedesertionofpatricianscionstomoreattractiveforeignpartstheromanpolisinadditionistheonesocietyintheancientworldwhichmostmodeleditselfonthespartanmilitaryethosindoriccreteinplatoslawscliniasthecretanremarksonhomerthatwecretansarenotmuchgiventocultivatingverseofalienoriginbecausedoriccorcyreanswereactiveindustriousandenterprisinggoodsailorsandactivemerchantstheyhadentirelylostthestabilityandnoblefeaturesofthedoriccharactersomesaidthattheyexceededtheatheniansindegradationandthateventheirdogsexcelledinimpudenceargoswasalsoadoricstateitalsolostitsnoblefeaturesofthedoriccharacterargosbecamesuchanunsettledstateofpublicaffairssycophancyandviolencebecameprevalenttarantotarentumwasalsoadoricstateacolonyinmagnagraeciaatasubsequentperiodhoweverastherewasnolongermenofthisstampnoblecharactertocarryonthegovernmentandthecorruptionofmannerscausedbythenaturalfruitfulnessofthecountryandrestrainedbynostrictlawswascontinuallyontheincreasethestateoftarentumwassoentirelychangedthateverytraceoftheancientdoriccharacterandparticularlyofthemothercountrydisappearedhencealthoughexternallypowerfulandwealthyitwasfromitsrealinternaldebilityintheendnecessarilyoverthrownparticularlywhentheinsolentviolenceofthepeoplebecameafreshsourceofweaknessthebriefadmirationtheatheniansandtheiralliesmayhavehadforspartandoricdisciplineandvirtuebornofculturalisolationmustbeviewedinthecontextoftheirearlyallianceagainstthepersianslatertobeturnedtohatredandrebellionintheoutcomeofthepelopennesianwarandtheirlossofdemocracyandautonomybutwellbeforeeventsturnedtheothercitystatesagainstthedominantspartaplatodeploysthetermxenelasiaassynonymouswithbarbarityanentirelyuncivilisedconditionhehasthistosayinthelawsxiiabnottowelcomeanyvisitorandnevertogooutofyourhomelandisbesidessomethingquiteimpossibleandwouldatthesametimebeseenintheeyesofothermenasasavageandunsocialformofbehaviouritwouldbringuponyoutheodiousnameofsomeonewhohuntsdownforeignersxenolasiaisandwouldearnyouthereputationofhavingroughandbrutalmannersopcitnotestheanxietyofthedoriansandthespartansinparticulartokeepupthepuredoriccharacterandthecustomsoftheirancestorsisstronglyshownbytheprohibitiontotravelandtheexclusionofforeignersaninstitutioncommonbothtospartansandcretansreferencessourcesharpersdictionaryofclassicalliteratureandantiquitieseditedbyharrythurstonpeckcoopersquarepublishersincseeentryxenelasiaacademiaedudiespartanischenxenelasienthespartanxenelasiaiinrussiangermansummaryzaikovavspartanxenelasiaiinrussiangermansummarypublishedinantichnayadrevnostisrednievekaekaterinburgtheuralstateuniversityppinrussiancharactersofkingdomheartsxehanortredirectcategoryshellinfoboxartistbgcolourednamexawerydunikowskiimagexawerydunikowskipolishsculptorjpgimagesizepxcaptionbirthdatebirthplaceimageflagofaustriahungarysvgpxaustriahungarykrakwdeathdatedeathplaceimageflagofpolandsvgpxpolandwarsawnationalityimageflagofpolandsvgpxpolandpolishfieldtrainingmovementworkspatronsinfluencedbyalfreddaunkonstantylaszczkainfluencedjerzybandurazygmuntgawlikjzefgosawskipolishsculptorjzefgosawskimariajaremajacekpugethenrykwiciskiawardsimagekrakwpomnikjzefadietlajpgthumbrightstatueofmayorjzefdietlinkrakwbyxawerydunikowskixawerydunikowskidecemberndashjanuarywasapolandpolishsculptorandartistnotableforsurvivingauschwitzconcentrationcampandbestknownforhisneoromanticismneoromanticsculpturesandauschwitzinspiredartbiographydunikowskiwasborninkrakwacityhehadanaffinityforandwouldalsouseasthebasisforacollectionofartwhenhewastwelvehisfamilymovedtowarsawandafterfinishinghiseducationinatechnicalschoolhestudiedsculptureunderboleslawsyrewiczandleonwasilkowskiattwentyonedunikowskimovedbacktokrakwtostudysculptureattheschooloffineartsunderkonstantylaszczkaadmirerofaugusterodinandunderalfreddaunhestudiedpaintingwithjanstanisawskipainterjanstanisawskiandafterbeingenrolledforthreeyearshegraduatedwithhonorsindunikowskibeganteachingsculptureattheacademyoffineartsinwarsawaprofessorshiphewouldholduntilwhenhewasappointedtochairforsculptureatthejanmatejkoacademyoffineartsinkrakwonjanuaryheshotandkilledafellowartistandpopularwarsawsocietyfigurewacawpawliszczakduringaquarrelinarestaurantinwarsawthenwasarrestedandreleasedonrublesbailwhilechargedwithmanslaughtercrimeofpassionhoweverhewasneverreallytriedbythetsaristjusticesystemperhapsbusywiththerevolutionofandotherproblemsthereforehebeinganaustriansubjectwenteventuallytokrakwandneverdidanytimenorpaidanyretributiontothedeceasedfamilyforhiscrimeheadingtoparisbeforethebeginningofworldwaridunikowskiremainedinfrancefromheservedyearsinthefrenchforeignlegionuntilhereturnedtokrakwintotakethepositionasheadoffacultyofsculptureattheacademyoffineartswhileworkingattheacademyheeducatedmanypolishsculptorsincludingjerzybandurazygmuntgawlikjzefgosawskipolishsculptorjzefgosawskimariajaremaludwikkonarzewskijuniorjacekpugetandhenrykwiciskirefcitebooklastmelbechowskalutyfirstaleksandratitleposgiiludzieyearpublisherneritonlocationwarsawlanguageplisbnpagesrefandpolishamericanwoodcarveradamdabrowskidunikowskididnotleavekrakwuntilwhenhewasarrestedbythegestapowaryearsdunikowskiwasarrestedonmayanddeportedtotheauschwitzconcentrationcamponjuneinauschwitzhewasassignedthenumberthedetainmentinterruptedhisseriesofsculpturesentitledheadsfromthekrakwpalacebasedonbustsfoundontheceilingsofrenaissancecastlesauschwitzhaddemoralizedtheartisttoapointwherehesaidthathehaddiedthereandrefusedallrequestsmainlybyschutzstaffelssguardsthaturgedhimtomakeamodelofthecampalreadygrowingoldbydunikowskibecamesickandwasselectedtobekilleduntilhisnamewascrossedoffalisttobegassedbyafellowpolenarrowlyescapingdeathheonceagainnearlymethisfateinseptemberwhenhewasaccusedofbelongingtotheresistancemovementwithinauschwitzandwassentencedtobeshothoweverduetofurtherillnesshewassentbacktothehospitalandhadhissentencereducedbystillrecoveringinthehospitalhebegantodrawotherprisonerseachdrawinghadtobesmuggledoutandtheonesthatmadeitweresentbacktokrakwdunikowskihadstillnotcompletelyrecoveredbyjanuarywhenthesovietredarmyliberatedauschwitzbutbyreturnedtohispositioninkrakwhealsoresumedworkingontheheadsfromthekrakwpalaceafterthewarpostwarperiodimagegrbxaweregodunikowskiegopowzkiwojskowejpgthumblefttombofxawerydunikowskiinwarsawbythetimehehadreturnedtohisnormallifeandrecoveredfromhisillnessdunikowskiwasseventyyearsoldandhadstartedtocreatelargerarttocoincidewithmanyofhisauschwitzthemeddrawingsandsculptureshispostwarinterestsstartedtodrifttowardarchitectureandtyingitfurtherintosculptureandpublicmonumentsmostnotablythemonumenttotheliberationoftheregionofwarmiaandmazuryandtherevolutionaryeffortlocatedinolsztynandatgrawitejannyhillgrawitejannydunikowskialsolivedtoseehisworksondisplayinhishometownofkrakwexhibitionsinwarsawandfurtherexhibitionsthatreachedallthewaytomoscowandvenicebytheearlytomidsindunikowskiwasthesubjectofadocumentarythemedaroundhisworkshoptitlediddosocaiamgoingtothesunbuttooklittleinterestinthefilmitselforthedirectorandrzejwajdafeaturedinthedocumentarywasanotherfamoussculptureseriesbydunikowskikobietybrzemiennepregnantwomeninthesameyeardunikowskibecameaprofessoroftheacademyoffineartsinwarsawleavingkrakwpermanentlyandalsoheldaprofessorshipatthestatehigherschoolofvisualartsinwrocawinattheageofeightyeightxawerydunikowskidiedleavingbehindalegacyofartincludingsomeofhismorefamoussculpturesmacierzystwomotherhoodskupienieconcentrationfatumfatedantesculptureseriesincludingthewomenofnieborowandthejesuitscirclealongwithmanyillustrationsportraitsandotherworksconsideredtobethebestthcenturypolishsculptordunikowskiisburiedinthealleyofthemeritoriousinpowzkicemeterywarsawhistombsculpturewascreatedbyaformerpupilbarbarazbroynamuseumtheformerpalaceinkrlikarniahousesamuseumdedicatedtodunikowskiintheparkmanyofhisfamousworkscanbeseenamongwhichthesoulescapingthebodyinsandstonereferencesexternallinkscultureplenartistxawerydunikowskixawerydunikowskiatcultureplheadlamphidheadlampmultipleissuesanxmldatabaseisadatapersistencesoftwaresystemthatallowsdatatobespecifiedandsometimesstoredinxmlformatthisdatacanbexqueryqueriedtransformedexportedandreturnedtoacallingsystemxmldatabasesareaflavorofdocumentorienteddatabaseswhichareinturnacategoryofnosqldatabaserationaleforxmlindatabasesthereareanumberofreasonstodirectlyspecifydatainxmlorotherdocumentformatssuchasjsonforxmlinparticulartheyincluderefnamenicolarefrefnamefeldmanrefanenterprisemayhavealotofxmlinanexistingstandardformatdatamayneedtobeexposedoringestedasxmlsousinganotherformatsuchasrelationalforcesdoublemodelingofthedataxmlisverywellsuitedtosparsedatadeeplynesteddataandmixedcontentsuchastextwithembeddedmarkuptagsxmlishumanreadablewhereasrelationaltablesrequireexpertisetoaccessmetadataisoftenavailableasxmlsemanticwebdataisavailableasrdfxmlsteveoconnellgivesonereasonfortheuseofxmlindatabasestheincreasinglycommonuseofxmlfortransportlayerdatatransportwhichhasmeantthatdataisextractedfromdatabasesandputintoxmldocumentsandviceversarefnameoconnellrefitmayprovemoreefficientintermsofconversioncostsandeasiertostorethedatainxmlformatincontentbasedapplicationstheabilityofthenativexmldatabasealsominimizestheneedforextractionorentryofmetadatatosupportsearchingandnavigationxmlenableddatabasesxmlenableddatabasestypicallyofferoneormoreofthefollowingapproachestostoringxmlwithinthetraditionalrelationalstructurexmlisstoredintoaclobcharacterlargeobjectxmlisshreddedintoaseriesoftablesbasedonaschemarefnameoraclesectiondocsoraclecomcdbappdevbxdbstohtmicreatingxmltypetablesandcolumnsbasedonxmlschemarefxmlisstoredintoanativexmltypeasdefinedbyisostandardrefnameisorefrdbmsthatsupporttheisoxmltypeareibmdbpurexmlrefnamedbpurexmlrefmicrosoftsqlserverrefnamesqlserverreforacledatabaserefnameoraclerefpostgresqlrefnamepostgresqlreftypicallyanxmlenableddatabaseisbestsuitedwherethemajorityofdataarenonxmlfordatasetswherethemajorityofdataarexmlanativexmldatabasesnativexmldatabaseisbettersuitedexampleofxmltypequeryinibmdbsqlsourcelangsqlselectidvolxmlqueryjnamepassingjournalasjasnamefromjournalswherexmlexistsjlicencecreativecommonspassingjournalasjsourcenativexmldatabasesnativexmldatabasesareespeciallytailoredforworkingwithxmldataasmanagingxmlaslargestringswouldbeinefficientandduetothehierarchicalnatureofxmlcustomoptimizeddatastructuresareusedforstorageandqueryingthisusuallyincreasesperformancebothintermsofreadonlyqueriesandupdatesxmlnodesanddocumentsarethefundamentalunitoflogicalstoragejustasarelationaldatabasehasfieldsandrowsthestandardforqueryingxmldataperwcrecommendationisxquerythelatestversionisxqueryxqueryincludesxpathasasublanguageandxmlitselfisavalidsubsyntaxofxqueryincontrasttoxmlenableddatabasesnativedatabasesprovidefullsupportforxqueryinadditiontoxpathsomexmldatabasessupportxsltasamethodoftransformingdocumentsorqueryresultsretrievedfromthedatabaselanguagefeaturesclasswikitablesortablenamelicensenativelanguagexqueryxqueryxqueryxqueryupdatexqueryfulltextexpathextensionsexqueryextensionsxsltxformsxprocbasexjavaexistjavamarklogicservercopentextxdbjavaoracleberkeleydbxmlqizxjavasednadatabasesednaapachelicensesupportedapisclasswikitablesortablenamexqueryapiforjavaxqjxmldbrepresentationalstatetransferrestfulrestxqwebdavbasexexistmarklogicserverqizxsednadatabasesednadatacentricxmldatasetsfordatacentricxmldatasetstheuniqueanddistinctkeywordsearchmethodnamelyxdmaforxmldatabasesisdesignedanddevelopedbasedondualindexingandmutualsummationreferencesexternallinksdbenginescomenrankingnativexmldbmsrankingofnativexmldbmsbypopularityupdatedmonthlyfromdbenginesrankingdbenginescfosternetarticlesxmldbbusinesscasexmldatabasesthebusinesscasecharlesfosterjunetalksaboutthecurrentstateofdatabasesanddatapersistencehowthecurrent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fchinesedynastiesdynastyunderthesongdynastysongalocallordwasgiventhetitleofwangtitlekingoftheqiongduqiongduwangtheareaformedpartofthemedievalkingdomofdaliandwassubduedbythemongolianempiremongoliansfromafterwhichitwasincorporatedintoyunnanprovincesofchinaprovinceoftheyuanempireitwasorganizedasthejianduningyuanduhufuqianhufuorwanhufubutcontinuedtobeoftenknownasjianduinilmilionethebookofhistravelsmarcopolorecordedthatthepeopleofjianduanditshinterlandusednocoinsbutrodsofgoldbullionreckonedinsmallchangewasmadeusinghalfcattyunitcattypiecesofmoldedsalteachreckonedasoneeightiethofaofpuregoldundertheqingdynastyqingitwasofficiallyknownasningyuanfuadministrativesubdivisioncommanderybutalsocontinuedtobereferencedundertheoldnamejianchanginthethcenturyitwasthecenterofsichuansproductionofwhitewaxtransportationxichangrailwaystationisamainstationontherailwaylinekunmingchengduconstructionofafastexpresstrainlinehasbeencompletedandhasconsiderablyshortenenedtravellingtimestopanzhihuachengduandguangyuantherearealsosomeotherstationsinthecityincludingthexichangnorthrailwaystationandxichangsouthrailwaystationthecitypossessesitsownairportxichangqingshanairportwhichisattachedtothespaceportbyarailroadlineandamotorwaydirectlyxichangliesonthekunmingchengdumotorwayspaceportxichangsspaceportislocatedaboutnorthwestofthecityandwentintooperationincommunicationssatellitesarethemostcommonpayloadtobeinsertedintoorbitfromthexichangspaceportanumberoflongmarchrocketshavebeenlaunchedfromthespaceportonjanuaryalongmarcherocketveeredoffcoursetwosecondsaftertakeofffromthespaceportandexplodedkillingatleastsixonthegroundonfebruaryasimilarfailureoccurredduringthelaunchofintelsattherocketveeredseverelyoffcourserightafterclearingthelaunchtowerandlandedinaruralvillagexinhuanewsagencyinitiallyreportedsixdeathsandinjuriesthenumberofciviliandeathshasbeendisputednotesreferencescitationsbibliographycongressionalreportdiscussingintelsatlaunchfailureandpossibletechnologytransferdocumentsonintelsatandexportcontrolsincludingstatedepartmentletterchargingtwocompanieswithexportlawviolationsarticleonthecrashofarocketcarryingacommercialpayloadonfebruaryexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebastronautixcomsitesxichanghtmglobalsecurityorgspaceworldchinaxichanghtmquerynytimescomgstfullpagehtmlresbdedcfacasecsponpagewantedallaworldawayfrombeijingbyrossterrillthenewyorktimesdecembermmnatoimagexplaneteuropeorthojpgthumbxplanetgeneratedrenderingxplanetisarendererforplanetaryandsolarsystemimagescapableofproducingvarioustypesofgraphicsdepictingthesolarsystemitisnormallyusedtocreatecomputerwallpaperswhichmaybeupdatedwiththelatestcloudmapsortheregionsofearthwhichareinsunlightflatmapsxplanetcanbeusedtoproducecartographyprojectedmapsofanyplanetbuttypicallyearthforexamplemollweideprojectionswhichshowthewholeearthatonceormercatorprojectionswitharectangularappearancesuitableforfillingthescreenitispossibletooverlaycloudsortextsuchasthelocationofrecenteventsontothesemapsapopularoptionisshadingareascurrentlyexperiencingnightplanetaryimagesxplanetcanalsobeusedtorendermoregeneralviewsofobjectsinthesolarsystemsuchasaviewoftheearthfromthemooninmorerecentversionsxplanetdepictseclipsesandsomeofitsimagesshowjupitersmoonscastinganeclipseontotheplanettechnicalxplanetrunsonlinuxmacosxandotherunixoperatingsystemsandalsoonmicrosoftwindowsandwasderivedfromanolderunixapplicationcalledxearthitcaneithergeneratewallpapersavetheresultingimageorproducetextualoutputdetailingthelocationsofvariousobjectsconfigurationisdonebymodifyingatextfilethewindowsversioncomeswithasimpleeditorcalledmkoedewinxplanetbgtoassistinupdatingtheconfigurationsandhelpstodownloadthecloudmapsautomaticallyosxplanetcomosxplanetisaninteractivewallpaperderivativeforthemacosxxplanetfxxplanetfxisagtkfrontendforxplanetunderlinuxitprovidesasimpletouseguitoconfigurexplanetandschedulerenderingsitalsoclaimstoproducehigherqualityrenderingsseealsowikipediaproducingmapswithxplanetearthdeskreferencesexternallinksxplanetsourceforgenetprojectpagemkoedecontentviewwinxplanetbgawindowsguiwebarchiveorgwebthomaswehrhomeipnetspaceisspositionphpsampleoutputofxplanetisspositionwebarchiveorgwebthomaswehrhomeipnetspaceearthviewphpsampleoutputofxplanetmercatorviewofearthenhancedwithvariousdatalikesatellitesquakesactivevolcanosmeinneuesblogdexplanetfxxplanetfxalinuxguixxredirectcategoryshellxinhuanewsagencyredirectcategoryshelluyghursuyghursoftaoyuanhunanxmldatabaseredirectcategoryshellinfoboxpoliticiannamexavierlouissurezimagexaviersuarezjpgbirthdatebirthplacelasvillascubalasvillascubaofficemiamidadecountycommissionerbrfromdistricttermstartmaytermendofficemayorofmiamitermstartnovembertermendmarchprecededjoecarollosucceededjoecarollotermstartnovembertermendnovemberprecededmauriceferrsucceededstephenpclarkpartyindependentpoliticianindependentreligionspouseritaoccupationlawyerbrpoliticianalmamatervillanovauniversitysmallbachelorofengineeringbmesmallbrharvarduniversitysmalljurisdoctorjdsmallresidencemiamiwebsitechildrenfrancisxsuarezxavierlouissurezbornmayisanamericanpolitician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ntadvisingtouriststonottravelonrealtongasmaonthegroundsthatthisaircrafthasbeeninvolvedinasignificantnumberofaccidentsinthelastfewyearsandthetypeisnotcertifiedtoflyinnewzealandorothercomparablejurisdictionsrealtongaceasedoperatingthemainearlyafterthetongangovernmentpassedlegislationadoptingnewzealandscivilaviationregulationsaproposaltoreestablishroyaltonganairlinestooperatethemawasreportedlaterintheyearofthemasexportedbyjanuaryatleastwereinstorageaftersafetyconcernsmaintenanceproblemsorperformanceissuessixothersweredamagedbeyondrepairspecificationsmaaircraftspecificationsifyoudonotunderstandhowtousethistemplatepleaseaskatwikipediatalkwikiprojectaircraftpleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsplaneorcopterplanejetorpropproprefjanesalltheworldsaircraftrefnamejawapjacksonprefnowfilloutthespecspleaseincludeunitswhereappropriatemaincomesfirstaltinparenthesesifanitemdoesntapplylikecapacityleaveitblankforadditionallinesendyouraltunitswithliandstartanewfullyformattedlinewithlicrewcapacitypassengerslengthmainmlengthaltftinspanmainmspanaltftinheightmainmheightaltftinareamainmareaaltftemptyweightmainkgemptyweightaltlbmaxtakeoffweightmainkgmaxtakeoffweightaltlbenginepropprattwhitneycanadapwjtypeofpropturbopropnumberofpropspowermainkwpoweraltshpmaxspeedmainkmhmaxspeedaltknotsmphcruisespeedmainkmhcruisespeedaltknotsmphcruisespeedmoreeconcruisespeedrangemainkmrangealtnmimiceilingmainmceilingaltftclimbratemainclimbratealtloadingmainloadingaltpowermassmainpowermassaltporpellerhamiltonsundstrandfseealsoaircontentrelatedxianyantonovanxianmasimilaraircraftantonovanilyushinilatrbombardierdashcnfokkerlistslistofairlinersseealsootherrelevantinformationreferencesjacksonpauljanesalltheworldsaircraftcoulsdonukjanesinformationgroupexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebmacommahomepagewebarchiveorgwebairforceworldcomplaenglishmaairlinerchinaxianturoprophtmlmaaircraftpromotionvideosandintrowebarchiveorgwebencecnindustriesaerosparetshtmlchinaeconomicnetarticleenglishpeoplecomcnenglishengthtmlpeoplesdailydescriptioninfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsthatmaybeavailableseethetableatinfoboxsettlementforallfieldsanddescriptionsofusagebasicinfonamexihuofficialnameothernamenativenamenicknamesettlementtypedistrictchinadistricttotaltypetosetanonstandardlabelfortotalareaandpopulationrowsmottoimagesandmapsimageskylinefilepanoramiojpgimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapthenameofalocationmapasperenwikipediaorgwikitemplatelocationmappushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamezhejiangsubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnamehangzhouseattypeseatpartstypepartsstylelistforlistcollforcollapsedlistparaforparagraphformatdefaultislistifuptoitemscollifmorethanpartspartstextorheaderforpartslistppetcuptopforseparatepartstobelistedpoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateestablishedtitleestablisheddatefoundernamedforareaareamagnitudeuseonlytosetaspecialwikilinkunitprefenterimperialtodisplayimperialbeforemetricareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldswithmeasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonunitconversionareawaterkmareatotaldunamusedinmiddleeastarticlesonlyareatotalsqmiarealandsqmiareawatersqmiareawaterpercentareaurbankmareaurbansqmiareametrokmareametrosqmiareablanktitleareablankkmareablanksqmielevationelevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftelevationmaxmelevationmaxftelevationminmelevationminftpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmautoforautomaticcalculationanydensityfieldmaycontainautopopulationdensitysqmipopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmpopulationdensitymetrosqmipopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmpopulationdensityurbansqmipopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmigeneralinformationtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoortypecanbeusedtospecifywhatthecoordinatesrefertolatdlatmlatslatnslongdlongmlongslongewareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitehzxhgovcnfootnotesxihudistrictchinesecharacterchinesepinyinxhqisadistrictinhangzhouchinanearandnamedafterwestlakeitisamajordistrictinhangzhouithasanareaofsquareki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locomotivesofthelondonandnorthwesternrailwaylondonandnorthwesternrailwayalsodesignedtwoclasseswhicheventuallytotaledlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandotherrailwaycompaniesthatbuiltlargenumbersofthetypeincludedthelancashireandyorkshirerailwaylyrwithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandthenortheasternrailwayuknortheasternrailwaywithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandandthemanchestersheffieldandlincolnshirerailwaywithlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandoneofjohnaspinallengineerjohnaspinallslyrclassclasslocomotivesbuiltforthelyrinispreservedatthenationalrailwaymuseumyorkinfictionthecharactersammyfromsammytheshunterisbasedontheunitedkingdomdesignoftheenginetwocharactersinthefilmthelittleenginethatcouldfilmthelittleenginethatcouldhavethistypeofwheelarrangementminorcharactersintherailwayseriesalbertalbertfromtherailwayserieshasthiswheelarrangementmodelrailroadingthelionelcorporationusedtheconfigurationinnumerousofitsolocomotivesintheunitedstatesofamericathismaybethemostfamoususageofaconfigurationlocomotivereferencesmathematicalfallacydivisionbyzeromathematicalfallacymathematicalfallacydivisionbyzeromathematicalfallacyxalapainfoboxradiostationnamexeraamimagefilexeraradiounologopngareasancristbaldelascasaschiapasbrandingradiounosloganpowerwattsdaybrwattsnightclassbairdatenovemberfrequencykilohertzkhzformatpublicradioownergobiernodelestadodechiapaslicenseecoordinateswebsiteradiotvycinechiapasgobmxradioestacionesxeraamradiounohtmlxeraamxeraisaradiostationinmexicobroadcastingonamamradioaminsancristbaldelascasaschiapasthecallsignwasmostfamousforitsuseonaborderblasteratvillaacuacoahuilaxeraalsobroadcastsonfmatmhzitisnotlicensedforthisfrequencytheonlyfmstationonthefrequencyinchiapasisxhdbfmintonaltheborderblasterfromtoxerawasthecallsignofaborderblasterlicensedtoramndbsquezvitelainseptembertocompaamexicanaradiodifusorafronterizainvillaacuacoahuilathisstationwasthesuccessortoxeramxerwhichhadbeensituatedatthesamelocationbutwhosetransmitterhadbeendismantledafterthestationceasedbroadcastinginfebruarylikexeritwasunderthecontrolofdrjohnrbrinkleyoftheusstateofkansasxeraceasedtransmissionsinafterlosingcontrolofxeramxerwhenitwasshutdownbythemexicangovernmentinbrinkleydismantledtheoriginalxertransmitterbutattemptedtogetanewconcessionforvillaacuamonthslaterinseptemberhewasgrantedanewconcessionviahispartnershipofcamexicanaradiodifusorafronterizaacompanywhichwasrepresentedbybsquezastheownerthiswasofficiallyawardedonnovemberofthatyeartheoriginalstationbroadcastonkhzbrinkleyusedtheoldbuildingsofxerbutinstalledanewkilowatttransmitterwithhelpfromtwotexasradioengineerstheantennaforxerhadbeenomnidirectionalbutthenewdirectionalantennaofxeraallowedbrinkleytoclaimthathisstationhadaneffectiveradiatedpowerofonemegawattoneofhistexasengineerscalledxeratheworldsmostpowerfulbroadcastingstationwhichwasasloganthathewoulduseagaininthesfortwomoreofhisengineeringendeavorstheunitedstatesmilitarytransmitterswhichcommunicatedwiththeunitedstatesussubmarinefleetandagainfortheoffshorepirateradiopiratestationswingingradioenglandfollowingthesigningofvariousinternationaltreatieswiththeunitedstatesthemexicangovernmentforcedxeraofftheairintheclosingdaysofimerearlybywhichtimeithadmovedtokhzthestationsprogrammingfeaturingquackdoctorreligiouscuresandnazipropagandaandthestationsreputationforbreakinglawsandevadingtaxesputthestationinthesightsofbothmexicanandamericanauthoritiesonjunetheofficialjournalofthefederationranadecreeexpropriatingthestationalsonotingthatthefederalgovernmenthasanurgentneedtoobtainaradiostationaspowerfulasxeratodedicateittotheserviceofthefederationandthatitiscurrentlynotpossibletoobtainitfromtheunitedstatesofamericagiventheconditionsthatdominateineuropeagaintheequipmentwasremovedandthelocationwouldnotbecomethesiteofanotherunrelatedborderblasteruntilyearslaterfollowingworldwariiinseethehistoryofxerfamxerffordetailsinsancristbaldelascasasonnovemberanewxeraamtooktotheairinsancristbaldelascasasownedbythegovernmentofthestateofchiapasandthestatesfirstpublicradiostationfromtothisstationwasoperatedbytheinstitutomexicanodelaradiounderacooperationagreementthatsawimerlaunchtworadiostationsinthestatewhenthegovernmentofchiapasoptedtoretakecontrolofxeraimerbuiltareplacementstationxhchzfmxechzamchiapadelcorzoprogrammingonxeraamisbroadcastinvariouslanguagesincludingtzeltalandtzotzillanguagetzotzilexternallinkswolfmanjacksoldstationhowlingonceagaindallastimesheraldjanuaryprimarilyaboutxerfambutitalsoincludesbackgroundinformationontheborderblastersborderradiobyfowlergeneandcrawfordbilltexasmonthlypressaustinmassmediamomentsintheunitedkingdomtheussrandtheusabygilderericlucianblagauniversityofsibiupressromaniareferencesxuliovillarinoisaspainspanishphotographerbornonthestofjulywholivesinobarqueiroportodebaresmanvillarinowasborninfazourofozandbeganteachinghimselfthephotographictechniqueswhenhewasyearsoldhestartedworkingforthespanishnewspaperlavozdegaliciaineventhoughhehascontributedtootherpublicationsincludingelsemanalhehaswonnumerousprizesincludingluisksadofuijeuropressphotoawardsspanishphaseortegaygassetfu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ineisnowdefunctthislistshouldnotbeeditedwithoutgoodreasonaschangeswillbeveryhardtoverifyonaugustxlairwaysannouncedthecancellationofthecaribbeanlonghaulprogrammeuntilfurthernoticefromnovemberduetohighfuelpricesanddecliningpassengernumbersroutescancelledwerestkittsnevistrinidadtobagostluciaantiguagrenadabarbadostheairlinesdestinationspriortoceasingoperationswerealicanteantalyaantiguaarrecifebarbadosfocuscitybelfastinternationalairportbelfastbirminghaminternationalairportunitedkingdombirminghambodrumbristolairportbristolbaseburgascyyccalgarychambrychaniacorfudalamaneastmidlandsairporteastmidlandsbasefaroportugalfarofuerteventurafunchalgenevaglasgowinternationalairportglasgowbasegrenobleheraklionhumbersidehurghadaivalokalamatakaieteurkavalakefalliniakoslarnacalaspalmaslaromanadominicanrepubliclaromanalondongatwickairportlondongatwickbaselondonlutonairportlondonlutonscheduledflightsluxormahnmlagamaltamanchesterairportmanchesterbasemarsaalammonastirtunisiamonastirmurciamykonosmytilenelesbosnewcastleairportnewcastlebaseovdaisraelovdaorlandofloridaorlandoorlandosanfordinternationalairportsanfordpalmademallorcapaphosportosantoprevezarhodessantorinisharmelsheikhskiathostabaegypttabatelavivtenerifethessalonikitobagovancouvervenicevoloszakynthosinoldliverytakesoffinfinalliveryxlairwaysirelandfrommayxlairwaysoperatedflightsfromdublinairportdublincorkairportcorkandirelandwestairportknockknockwhichweremarketedthroughxlholidaysasxlairwaysirelandtheinauguralflightoperatedfromdublintopalmaonmayflightswereofferedtothefollowingdestinationspriortotheairlineceasingoperationfromdublinbourgasfaroportugalfaromykonospalmademallorcareussantoriniskiathoszakynthosfromcorksantorinifromknockbourgaslondongatwickairportlondongatwickfaroportugalfaroincidentsandaccidentsonjulyanexcelairwaysboeingboeinggxlagwithpassengersandsevencrewtookofffrommanchesterairportwhilevehicleswereworkingneartheendoftherunwaydespitethecrewbeingtoldtherunwaywasoperatingatreducedlengththeytookofffromarunwayintersectionwithreducedlengthusingareducedthrustsettingcalculatedfortheassumednormalrunwaylengththeaircraftliftedoffoverthevehiclesmissingthembyaccordingtotheukairaccidentsinvestigationbranchreportsixsafetyrecommendationsweremadeonnovembertheleftwingofanexcelairwaysboeinggsatrstrucktherighthorizontalstabiliserofastationarybmibabyboeingwhilebothaircraftwereawaitingdeparturefrommanchesterairporttheinvestigationconcludedthattheexcelcaptainwhoboreprimaryresponsibilityforcollisionavoidancemisjudgedtheavailableseparationduetoacombinationofphysiologicallimitationsdistractionsandafalseassumptionregardinghisairtrafficcontrolclearanceawardstheairlinewonanumberofawardsincludingbestcharterairlineworldsleadingcharterairlineandbestcharterairlineandandukcharterairlinepunctualityawardsforsummerrunnerupfleetthexlairwaysukfleetincludedthefollowingaircraftasofjuneclasswikitableaircraftnumberinfleetnotesairbusairbusaaligncenteraligncenterleasedfromxlfranceboeingboeingaligncenteraligncenterboeingboeingeraligncenteraligncenterboeingboeingeraligncenteraligncenterboeingboeingeraligncenteraligncenterboeingboeingaligncenteraligncenterretiredfleetclasswikitableaircraftnotesairbusaaligncenterleasedfromairmaltaboeingaligncenterboeingaligncenteracquiredfromairatlantaeuropeboeingaligncenterleasedfromairfinlandsponsorshipfortheinenglishfootballfootballseasonxlairwayswerethesponsorsofwesthamunitedfcwesthamonlyreceivedmillionoutoftheplannedmillionsponsorshipdealwhichtheycancelledonseptemberwhenthexlleisuregroupwentintoadministrationreferencesexternallinksairlinersnetsearchphotosearchairlinesearchsabreairwaysdistinctentrytruesabreairwaysfleetuniformfreakcomsabrehtmlsabreairwaysstewardessuniformsredirectnewterritoriessinglemusicinchformatstepanakertkhojaliinfoboxsettlementnameofficialnamexinwudistrictnativenameothernamesettlementtypedistricttaiwandistrictimageskylinepanoramiojpgimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagimagesealnicknameseatseattypecapitalsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnametaiwansubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnamenortherntaiwanleadertitlemayorleadernamexutongzhiareatotalkmareafootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofjanuarypopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationdensitykmautoblanknamesecblankinfosecwebsitexinwutycggovtwwwwxinwutycggovtwblanknamesecblankinfosecblanknamesecblankinfosecblanknamesecblankinfosecimagemaptaoyuanxinwusvgpushpinmapthenameofalocationmapasperenwikipediaorgwikitemplatelocationmappushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationintherepublicofchinacoordinateschinesetitlexinwucpxnwpspsinwuwhsinwuxinwuorsinwudistrictchineseininfoboxisaruralcoastaldistricttaiwandistrictintaoyuantaiwantaoyuancitytaiwangeographyarearefnamegeographyrefpopulationjanuaryxinwudistrictaccountsforalmostoftaoyuanstotallandareaandisthecitysthlargestdistrictlocalindustriesincludeagriculturefisheriesandlivestockofxinwuresidentsarehakkapeoplehakkamanyriversflowthroughthedistrictincludingtheshezihsinwufoshingfusingandhouhuadministrativedivisionsxinwuxinshengh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suessupportingtheembryoretainthisearlyimprintedinactivationandthusonlythematernalxchromosomeisactiveinthesetissuesintheearlyblastocystthisinitialimprintedxinactivationisreversedinthecellsoftheinnercellmasswhichgiverisetotheembryoandinthesecellsbothxchromosomesbecomeactiveagaineachofthesecellsthenindependentlyandrandomlyinactivatesonecopyofthexchromosomethisinactivationeventisirreversibleduringthelifetimeofthecellsoallthedescendantsofacellwhichinactivatedaparticularxchromosomewillalsoinactivatethatsamechromosomethisphenomenonwhichcanbeobservedinthecolorationoftortoiseshellcatswhenfemalesareheterozygousforthesexlinkagexlinkedgeneshouldnotbeconfusedwithmosaicgeneticsmosaicismwhichisatermthatspecificallyreferstodifferencesinthegenotypeofvariouscellpopulationsinthesameindividualxinactivationwhichisanepigeneticsepigeneticchangethatresultsinadifferentphenotypeisnotachangeatthegenotypegenotypiclevelforanindividualcellorlineagetheinactivationisthereforeskewedxinactivationskewedorskewedxinactivationnonrandomandthiscangiverisetomildsymptomsinfemalecarriersofxlinkedgeneticdisordersxinactivationisreversedinthefemalegermlinesothatalloocytescontainanactivexchromosomeselectionofoneactivexchromosomenormalfemalespossesstwoxchromosomesandinanygivencellonechromosomewillbeactivedesignatedasxaandonewillbeinactivexihoweverstudiesofindividualswithxchromosomeroleindiseasesextracopiesofthexchromosomeshowthatincellswithmorethantwoxchromosomesthereisstillonlyonexaandalltheremainingxchromosomesareinactivatedthisindicatesthatthedefaultstateofthexchromosomeinfemalesisinactivationbutonexchromosomeisalwaysselectedtoremainactiveitisunderstoodthatxchromosomeinactivationisarandomprocessoccurringataboutthetimeofgastrulationintheepiblastcellsthatwillgiverisetotheembryothematernalandpaternalxchromosomeshaveanequalprobabilityofinactivationthiswouldsuggestthatwomenwouldbeexpectedtosufferfromxlinkeddisordersapproximatelyasoftenasmenbecausewomenhavetwoxchromosomeswhilemenhaveonlyonehoweverinactualitytheoccurrenceofthesedisordersinfemalesismuchlowerthanthatoneexplanationforthisdisparityisthatofgenesontheinactivatedxchromosomeremainexpressedthusprovidingwomenwithaddedprotectionagainstdefectivegenescodedbythexchromosomesomesuggestthatthisdisparitymustbeevidenceofpreferentialnonrandominactivationpreferentialinactivationofthepaternalxchromosomeoccursinbothmarsupialsandincelllineagesthatformthemembranessurroundingtheembryowhereasinplacentalmammalseitherthematernallyorthepaternallyderivedxchromosomemaybeinactivatedindifferentcelllinesthetimeperiodforxchromosomeinactivationexplainsthisdisparityinactivationoccursintheepiblastduringgastrulationwhichgivesrisetotheembryoinactivationoccursonacellularlevelresultinginamosaicexpressioninwhichpatchesofcellshaveaninactivematernalxchromosomewhileotherpatcheshaveaninactivepaternalxchromosomeforexampleafemaleheterozygousforhaemophiliaanxlinkeddiseasewouldhaveabouthalfofherlivercellsfunctioningproperlywhichistypicallyenoughtoensurenormalbloodclottingitishypothesizedthatthereisanautosomallyencodedblockingfactorwhichbindstothexchromosomeandpreventsitsinactivationthemodelpostulatesthatthereisalimitingblockingfactorsooncetheavailableblockingfactormoleculebindstoonexchromosometheremainingxchromosomesarenotprotectedfrominactivationthismodelissupportedbytheexistenceofasinglexaincellswithmanyxchromosomesandbytheexistenceoftwoactivexchromosomesincelllineswithtwicethenormalnumberofautosomessequencesatthexinactivationcenterxicpresentonthexchromosomecontrolthesilencingofthexchromosomethehypotheticalblockingfactorispredictedtobindtosequenceswithinthexicexpressionofxlinkeddisordersinheterozygousfemalesitseasytoseetheeffectoffemalexheterozygosityinlocalizedtraitssuchastheuniquecoatpatternofacalicocatitcanbemoredifficulthowevertofullyunderstandtheexpressionofunlocalizedtraitsinthesefemalessuchastheexpressionofdiseasesincemalesonlyhaveonecopyofthexchromosomeallexpressedxchromosomalgenesorallelesinthecaseofmultiplevariantformsforagivengeneinthepopulationarelocatedonthatcopyofthechromosomefemaleshoweverwillprimarilyexpressthegenesoralleleslocatedonthexchromosomalcopythatremainsactiveconsideringthesituationforonegeneormultiplegenescausingindividualdifferencesinaparticularphenotypictraitphenotypeiecausingvariationobservedinthepopulationforthatphenotypeinhomozygousfemalesitdoesntparticularlymatterwhichcopyofthechromosomeisinactivatedastheallelesonbothcopiesarethesamehoweverinfemalesthatareheterozygousatthecausalgenestheinactivationofonecopyofthechromosomeovertheothercanhaveadirectimpactontheirphenotypicvaluebecauseofthisphenomenonthereisanobservedincreaseinphenotypicvariationinfemalesthatareheterozygousattheinvolvedgeneorgenesthaninfemalesthatarehomozygousatthatgeneorthosegenestherearemanydifferentwaysinwhichthephenotypicvariationcanplayoutinmanycasesheterozygousfemalesmaybeasymptomaticoronlypresentminorsymptomsofagivendisordersuchaswithadrenoleukodystrophyxlinkedadrenoleukodystrophythedifferentiationofphenotypeinheterozygousfemalesisfurtheredbythepresenceofxinactivationskewingtypicallyeachxchromosomeissilencedinhalfofthecellsbutthisprocessisskewedwhenpreferentialinactivationofachromosomeoccursitisthoughtthatskewinghappenseitherbychanceorbyaphysicalcharacteristicofachromosomethatmaycauseittobesilencedmoreorlessoftensuchasanunfavorablemutationrefnamerefrefnamerefonaverageeachxchromosomeisinactivatedinhalfofthecellshoweverofapparentlynormalwomendisplayxinactivationskewingincaseswhereskewingispresentabroadrangeofsymptomexpressioncanoccurresultinginexpressionvaryingfromminortoseveredependingontheskewingproportionanextremecaseofthiswasseenwheremonozygoticfemaletwinshadextremevarianceinexpressionofmenkesdiseaseanxlinkeddisorderresultinginthedeathofonetwinwhiletheotherremainedasymptomaticitsthoughtthatxinactivationskewingcouldbecausedbyissuesinthemechanismthatcausesinactivationorbyissuesinthechromosomeitselfhoweverthelinkbetweenphenotypeandskewingisstillbeingquestionedandshouldbeexaminedonacasebycasebasisastudylookingatbothsymptomaticandasymptomaticfemaleswhowereheterozygousforduchennemusculardystrophyduchenneandbeckermusculardystrophiesdmdfoundnoapparentlinkbetweentranscriptexpressionandskewedxinactivationthestudysuggeststhatbothmechanismsareindependentlyregulatedandthereareotherunknownfactorsatplaychromosomalcomponentthexinactivationcenterorsimplyxiconthexchromosomeisnecessaryandsufficienttocausexinactivationchromosomaltranslocationswhichplacethexiconanautosomeleadtoinactivationoftheautosomeandxchromosomeslackingthexicarenotinactivatedthexiccontainsfournontranslationgeneticstranslatedrnagenesxistxisttsixantisensetranscripttsixjpxgenejpxandftxgeneftxwhichareinvolvedinxinactivationthexicalsocontainsbindingsitesforbothknownandunknownregulatoryproteinsxistandtsixrnasthexinactivespecifictranscriptxistgeneencodesalargencrnanoncodingrnathatisresponsibleformediatingthespecificsilencingofthexchromosomefromwhichitistranscribedtheinactivexchromosomeiscoatedbyxistrnawhereasthexaisnotseefiguretotherightxchromosomeswhichlackthexistgenecannotbeinactivatedartificiallyplacingandexpressingthexistgeneonanotherchromosomeleadstosilencingofthatchromosomerefnameherzingrefpriortoinactivationbothxchromosomesweaklyexpressxistrnafromthexistgeneduringtheinactivationprocessthefuturexaceasestoexpressxistwhereasthefuturexidramaticallyincreasesxistrnaproductiononthefuturexithexistrnaprogressivelycoatsthechromosomespreadingoutfromthexicthexistrnadoesnotlocalizetothexathegenesilencingsilencingofgenesalongthexioccurssoonaftercoatingbyxistrnalikexistthetsixgeneencodesalargernawhichisnotbelievedtoencodeaproteinthetsixrnaistranscribedantisensetoxistmeaningthatthetsixgeneoverlapsthexistgeneandistranscriptiongeneticstranscribedontheoppositestrandofdnafromthexistgenetsixisanegativeregulatorofxistxchromosomeslackingtsixexpressionandthushavinghighlevelsofxisttranscriptionareinactivatedmuchmorefrequentlythannormalchromosomeslikexistpriortoinactivationbothxchromosomesweaklyexpresstsixrnafromthetsixgeneupontheonsetofxinactivationthefuturexiceasestoexpresstsixrnaandincreasesxistexpressionwhereasxacontinuestoexpresstsixforseveraldaysrepaisalongnoncodingrnathatworkswithanotherlongnoncodingrnaxistforxinactivationrepainhibitsthefunctionoftsixtheantisenseofxistinconjunctionwitheliminatingexpressionofxiteitpromotesmethylationofthetsixregionbyattractingprcandthusinactivatingoneofthexchromosomessilencingtheinactivexchromosomedoesnotexpressthemajorityofitsgenesunliketheactivexchromosomethisisduetothesilencingofthexibyrepressiveheterochromatinwhichcompactsthexidnaandpreventstheexpressionofmostgenescomparedtothexathexihashighlevelsofdnamethylationlowlevelsofhistoneacetylationlowlevelsofhistonehlysinehistonemethylationmethylationandhighlevelsofhistonehlysinemethylationandhlysinemethylationmarkwhichisplacedbythepolycombrecruitmentinxchromosomeinactivationprccomplexrecruitedbyxistallofwhichareassociatedwithgenesilencingadditionallyahistonevariantcalledmacrohahafyisexclusivelyfoundonnucleosomesalongthexirefnamecostanzirefrefnamecostanzirefbarrbodiesdnapackagedinheterochromatinsuchasthexiismorecondensedthandnapackagedineuchromatinsuchasthexatheinactivexformsadiscretebodywithinthenucleuscalledabarrbodyrefnamebarrrefthebarrbodyisgenerallylocatedontheperipheryofthecellnucleusnucleusislatednareplicationreplicatingwithinthecellcycleandasitcontainsthexicontainsheterochromatinmodificationsandthexistrnaexpressedgenesontheinactivexchromosomeafractionofthegenesalongthexchromosomeescapeinactivationonthexithexistgeneisexpressedathighlevelsonthexiandisnotexpressedonthexastudiesinthemousesuggestthatinanygivencelltypetoofgenesescapeinactivationandthatescapinggeneidentityvariesbetweentissuesmanyofthegeneswhichescapeinactivationarepresentalongregionsofthexchromosomewhichunlikethemajorityofthexchromosomecontaingenesalsopresentontheychromosometheseregionsaretermedpseudoautosomalregionsasindividualsofeithersexwillreceivetwocopiesofeverygeneintheseregionslikeanautosomeunlikethemajorityofgenesalongthesexchromosomessinceindividualsofeithersexwillreceivetwocopiesofeverygeneinapseudoautosomalregionnodosagecompensationisneededforfemalessoitispostulatedthattheseregionsofdnahaveevolvedmechanismstoescapexinactivationthegenesofpseudoautosomalregionsofthexidonothavethetypicalmodificationsofthexiandhavelittlexistrnaboundtheexistenceofgenesalongtheinactivexwhicharenotsilencedexplainsthedefectsinhumanswithabnormalnumbersofthexchromosomesuchasturnersyndromexorklinefeltersyndromexxytheoreticallyxinactivationshouldeliminatethedifferencesingenedosagebetweenaffectedindividualsandindividualswithanormalchromosomecomplementinaffectedindividualshoweverxinactivationisincompleteandthedosageofthesenonsilencedgeneswilldifferastheyescapexinactivationsimilartoanautosomalaneuploidytheprecisemechanismsthatcontrolescapefromxinactivationarenotknownbutsilencedandescaperegionshavebeenshowntohavedistinctchromatinmarksithasbeensuggestedthatescapefromxinactivationmightbemediatedbyexpressionoflongnoncodingrnalncrnawithintheescapingchromosomaldomainsrefnamepmidrefusesinexperimentalbiologystanleymichaelgartlerusedxchromosomeinactivationtodemonstratetheclonaloriginofcancersexaminingnormaltissuesandtumorsfromfemalesheterozygousforisoenzymesofthesexlinkedglucosephosphatedehydrogenasegpdgenedemonstratedthattumorcellsfromsuchindividualsexpressonlyoneformofgpdwhereasnormaltissuesarecomposedofanearlyequalmixtureofcellsexpressingthetwodifferentphenotypesthispatternsuggeststhatasinglecellandnotapopulationgrowsintoacancerhoweverthispatternhasbeenprovenwrongformanycancertypessuggestingthatsomecancersmaybepolyclonalinoriginbesidesmeasuringthemethylationinactivationstatusofthepolymorphichumanandrogenreceptorhumaralocatedonxchromosomeisconsideredthemostaccuratemethodtoassessclonalityinfemalecancerbiopsiesagreatvarietyoftumorswastestedbythismethodsomesuchasrenalcellcarcinomafoundmonoclonalwhileothersegmesotheliomawerereportedpolyclonalresearchershavealsoinvestigatedusingxchromosomeinactivationtosilencetheactivityofautosomalchromosomesforexamplejiangetalinsertedacopyofthexistgeneintoonecopyofchromosomeinipscellstemcellsderivedfromanindividualwithtrisomydownssyndrometheinsertedxistgeneinducesbarrbodyformationtriggersstableheterochromatinmodificationsandsilencesmostofthegenesontheextracopyofchromosomeinthesemodifiedstemcellsthexistmediatedgenesilencingseemstoreversesomeofthedefectsassociatedwithdownssyndromeseealsosexdeterminationsystemdosagecompensationbarrbodyheterochromatinepigeneticsskewedxinactivationdevelopmentaldisordersthoughttoberelatedtoxinactivationepilepticencephalopathyearlyinfantilefrontonasaldysplasiareferencesabcnetausciencekmomentsshtmxinactivationasapossiblecauseforautoimmunityfurtherreadingreviewarticlewindowsxpeditionshomeandprofessionalredirectcategoryshellxredirectcategoryshellxmouseisasystemofmousecomputingmousecontrolusedinsteadofthestandardsystemofselectiononcomputersmostnotablymicrosoftwindowswindowsandxwhereitisanoptionwherenormalmousecontrolusespointandclicksingleclickforselectionanddoubleclicktoopeneditetcthexmousesystemautomaticallyselectsobjectsafterhoveringthemouseovertheobjectforacertainperiodoftimeoftenonesecondthecontextfunctionpreviouslyactivatedbydoubleclickingisactivatedbysingleclickingdoubleclickingismaderedundantbythissystemandisignoredoperationofmenustextselectionandotherfeaturesremainunchangedproponentsofthexmousesystemclaimithasmanyadvantagesovertheregularsystemofselectionmostnotablyitrequiresmuchlesseffortonthepartoftheusertousethecomputerandcanbeconsiderablyfasteronceusershaveadjustedtothenonstandardinterfacethetwomaindisadvantagesaretheselectionspeedandthenonstandardnessofthexmousesystemfirstlyiftheactivatedwindowisalsoconfiguredtobedrawnintoforegroundtheremustbeaminimumtimeforthecursortohoveroverawindowbeforeitisselectedorelsealltouchedwindowswouldbeimmediatelyinforegroundandcoverotherwindowsthislagtimereducesthemaximumspeedthatxmousecanbeusedatandcouldleadtoannoyingpausessecondlyasitisrarelyusedintheworldpeoplewhogetusedtothexmousesystemmightfindithardtoadjusttousingothercomputersandviceversaonmicrosoftwindowsanxmousecontrolpanelappletwasavailableaspartofthewindowspowertoysusedtoconfigurefocusingwindowcomputingwindowsintheuserinterfacebyhoveringonnewerwindowsversionsthebehaviorcanbeconfiguredusingtweakuiordirectlyfromthewindowsregistrythesettingisalsobuiltintowindowsvistaandwindowsintheeaseofaccesscenterasactivateawindowbyhoveringoveritwiththemousehoweverpreventingtheactivatedwindowfrommovingtoforegroundcanbedonebyusingtherelevantcodesystemparametersinfocoderefnamesystemparametersinfowindowsdevcentermicrosoftcomretrievedmarchrefsystemcallsinwindowsuserwindowsusercomponentorbyconfiguringthewindowsregistryregistryseealsocomputermousereferencesexternallinksfychalmersseappronttxmousetruexmousegizmoforwindowssupportmicrosoftcomkbwdxmouseconflictswithcustomizingtoolbarsandmenushighrezcoukdownloadsxmousebuttoncontrolhtmxmousebuttoncontroljoelpurracomprojectsxmousecontrolsxmousecontrolsinfoboxradioshowshownameximagexbigpngimagesizepxcaptionlogotypefor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iansnamexuefeiyangimageyangxuefeiphotojpgcaptionxuefeiyangperformingtheconciertodearanjuezinbarcelonabackgroundnonvocalinstrumentalistbirthdatebirthplacebeijingpeoplesrepublicofchinachinainstrumentguitargenreclassicalmusicclassicaloccupationclassicalguitaristyearsactiveflcapresentlabelgspemiassociatedactswebsitewebarchiveorgwebxuefeiyangcomwwwxuefeiyangcomxuefeiyangbornmarchisapeoplesrepublicofchinachineseclassicalguitaristearlyyearsyangwasborninbeijinginandbeganplayingtheguitarwhenshewasseventhreeyearslatershestartedstudyingunderchenzhithechairmanofthechinaclassicalguitarsocietyshemadeapublicdebutatthefirstchinainternationalguitarfestivalwhereshemetwithanimmediateacclaimatherdebutoneofthemostrespectedluthiersmasarukohnopresentedheraguitarpepebyariaitwasherfirstforeignmadeguitarthenextachievementthatshemadewasasecondprizeatthebeijingseniorguitarcompetitionatthattimeshewasonlyelevenasaschoolgirlyangrapidlyachievedaninternationalreputationplayingextensivelyinchinahongkongmacauspainandaustraliaandgivingconcerttoursintaiwanjapanandportugalattwelvesheplayedintokyoforthefirsttimeandwasgivenaspecialawardbytheguitarallianceofjapanmasarukohnothistimetookyangtohisstudioandaskedhertotakeanyguitarwithhersheplayedthekohnoguitarmadeofcedarandjacarandaregularlyoverthenextfiveyearsduringhermadriddebutatagethecomposerjoaqunrodrigowasamongtheaudienceinafterjohnwilliamsguitaristjohnwilliamslistenedtoherperformanceinbeijinghewassoimpressedthatheloanedtwoofhisowngregsmallmanguitarstoherconservatoryforherandothertopstudentstoplayfurthereducationaftercompletinghersecondaryschoolingyangwentontocompleteherstudiesinbeijingbecomingthefirstguitaristtoenteramusicschoolinchinaandobtainingabachelorofartsfromtheprestigiouscentralconservatoryofmusicshethenbecomethefirstguitaristfromchinatostudyintheunitedkingdomandthefirstguitaristevertoreceiveaninternationalscholarshipfromtheassociatedboardoftheroyalschoolsofmusicforherpostgraduateprogrammeattheroyalacademyofmusicinlondonshemovedtolondoninstudyingundermichaellewinguitaristmichaellewinjohnmillsmusicianjohnmillsandtimothywalkermusiciantimothywalkerandfurtherestablishingherinternationalcareerwithmanysolorecitalsandconcertperformancesintheukandeuropeshegraduatedwithdistinctioninachievingarecitaldiplomaandreceivingtheroyalacademyofmusicprincipalsprizeforexceptionalallroundstudentshipawardsyanghaswonnumerousprizesinmusiccompetitionsincludingthestotsenberginternationalclassicalguitarcompetitionthesanfranciscointernationalguitarcompetitionandtheyoungconcertartistinternationalcompetitionintheunitedstatesandthedarwininternationalguitarcompetitioninaustraliashewasawardedfirstprizeintheivormairantsguitarawardbythecityoflondonsworshipfulcompanyofmusiciansandwonthedorothygrinsteadprizeforarecitalatfairfieldhallcroydonperformancesyanghasalreadygivenrecitalsorconcertsinmanycountriesincludingtheunitedkingdomtheunitedstatesusgermanyfrancespainbelgiumthenetherlandsfinlandaustraliachinajapanandsingaporeconcertappearanceshaveincludedplayingrodrigosfantasiaparaungentilhombrewiththebbcconcertorchestraandconciertodearanjuezwiththeroyalacademyofmusicsymphonyorchestraatdukeshallshehasfeaturedonradioaspartofthebbcpromslondoncomposerportraitseriesandperformedatconcertsforthenightofthepromstourininjanuarysheappearedinirelandforthefirsttimeatthenationalconcerthallindublinrecordingssijifourseasonscontainsanumberofcompositionsbychinesecomposerssomeofwhichimitatethesoundsoftraditionalchinesemusicalinstrumentsromancedeamorcomprisesprimarilyspanishrepertoirereceptionbutthestaroftheeveningwasthechineseguitaristxuefeiyanginxiaoyongchensstaticandrotationsheturnedsweetchimingovertonesintoawildsoundlikeahailstormonawindowandplayingwithsimilarbrillianceinrobertsaxtonsnightdancetimothysaltersbmiccoukcollectionsearchdetailsaspidequipoisepremiereandbenjaminbrittenbrittensnocturnalafterjohndowlandyangseasefulvirtuositywonthedaymatthewconnollythetimesjanuarytheenthusiasticreviewsthathaveappearedinthepressaboutthisfareasternprodigydonotseemintheslightestexaggeratedafterhearingthisconcertxuefeiyangisalreadyamongthebestguitaristsintheworldbadischezeitungjulyshelefttheaudiencecompletelyenrapturedoberbadischesvolksblattjulyitwasgreattohearyouplayiwishyoueverysuccessinfutureandhopeyouwillhavetheopportunityyouverymuchdeservetoplayinmanycountriesjohnwilliamsdiscographyclassicalguitarbyxuefeiyangsijigspromancedeamoremidegreesnorthemiconciertodearanjuezemijsbachconcertostranscriptionsemiheartstringsdeccareferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxuefeiyangcomemiclassicscomartistbiographyphpaidxuefeiyangemiartistpageemiclassicscouksearchnewphpqxuefeiyangxuefeiyangconcertsandrecordingsonemiclassicsukinterviewsguitaraliveorgplaylisthtmlxuefeiyanginterviewfebclassicalguitaralivewebarchiveorgwebkmfaorgarchiveskmfaclassicalguitaralivefebruarympmpwebarchiveorgwebxuefeiyangcominterviewinterviewhtmlinterviewswwwxuefeiyangcomaudioandvideowebarchiveorgwebxuefeiyangcomchineserecordingshtmlaudiovideopagefromxuefeiyangofficialsiteinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexicorpsnativenameimagexicorpsbadgepngimagesizepxaltcaptionxicorpsbadgedatescountrycountriesallegiancebranchtypearmycorpsrolesizecorpscommandstructurearmyofthepotomacgarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottobattlesamericancivilwarnotablecommandersfranzsigelbrcarlschurzbroliverotishowardinsigniaidentificationsymbolimagexicorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelstdivisionidentificationsymbolimagexicorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelnddivisionidentificationsymbolimagexicorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelrddivisionidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelnottobeconfusedwithxicorpsunitedstatesthexicorpseleventharmycorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwarbestrememberedforitsinvolvementinthebattlesofbattleofchancellorsvillechancellorsvilleandbattleofgettysburggettysburginformationandthevalleycampaignthexicorpswasanamalgamationoftwoseparatecommandsthesewerejohnfremontsarmyofthemountaindepartmentandlouisblenkersdivisionofgermanimmigrantsblenkerhadledagermanbrigadeatfirstbullrunalthoughitwasheldinreserveandsawnomajorfightingandafterwardsbecameadivisioncommanderinthenewarmyofthepotomacintendedtogotothevirginiapeninsulainthespringofblenkerstroopswereinsteaddetachedandsentoutwesttojoinfremontthedivisiongotlostalongthewayandranoutofsuppliesresultinginsoldiersdroppingoutoftheranksfromhungerfatigueandsicknessmanyofthegermansoldiersangeredlocalsintheshenandoahvalleybyindiscriminatelylootinghomesandfarmsandtheyalsodidnothaveagoodrelationshipwiththenativebornsoldiersinfremontscommandeventuallybriggenwilliamrosecransfoundthelostdivisionandbroughtthemtofremontsheadquartersatpetersburgwestvirginiaatthebattleofmcdowellonmayrobertschnecksdivisionunsuccessfullyattackedstonewalljacksonsarmyandonjunefremontsentirecommandengagedjacksonagainatthebattleofcrosskeyswhereblenkersgermantroopsintheirfirstbattlewereroutedfromthefieldbytheendofthemonthbriggencarlschurzwrotetopresidentlincolnthatthegermanregimentsweresufferingfromhungerlackoftentsandshoesandwerebarelyabletofightofthemenblenkerhadhadwithhiminmarchlessthanwerestillpresentfordutyinlatejuneonjunepresidentoftheunitedstatespresidentabrahamlincolnorderedthatthetroopsofthemountaindepartmentheretoforeundercommandofgeneraljohncfrmontshallconstitutethefirstarmycorpsunderthecommandofgeneralfrmontthecorpsthusformedwasforthemostpartthesameastheoneafterwardsknownasthexicorpsandwithinashorttimeitwasofficiallydesignatedassuchthisorderofpresidentlincolnwasincludedintheoneconstitutingjohnpopemilitaryofficerjohnpopesarmyofvirginiawhichwasformedfromthethreecommandsoffrmontnathanielpbanksandirvinmcdowellfremontwasoffendedatservingunderpopewhomheoutrankedandresignedhiscommandmajorgeneralfranzsigelthusassumedcommandofthecorpsonjunemanyofthegermansoldierscouldspeaklittleenglishbeyondifightsmitsigelillfightwithsigelwhichwastheirproudsloganpresidentlincolnchosesigellessforhismilitaryskillsthanhisinfluenceonthisimportantpoliticalconstituencyinearlyaugustlouisblenkersteppeddownfromcommandduetothelingeringeffectsofaninjurysustainedduringthespringhediedinoctobersigelwasincommandatthesecondbattleofbullrunwherethecorpswasinthethickofthefightinglosingkilledwoundedandmissingtotalatthistimethethreedivisionswerecommandedbygeneralsrobertcschenckadolphvonsteinwehrandcarlschurztherewasalsoanindependentbrigadeattachedunderthecommandofbriggenroberthmilroyduringthefirstdayofthebattlethecorpsperformedaseriesofunsuccessfulassaultsonstonewalljacksonscenterandleftflankontheseconddayitwasinthemiddleofthedesperatefightingagainstjameslongstreetsconfederatesonchinnridgewheresigelandschneckwerewoundedandcoljohnkoltesoneofthebrigadecommanderswaskilledbygeneralordersnoseptemberthecorpssdesignationwaschangedtothatofthexiarmycorpsanecessarychangeasmcdowellscommandhadresumeditsoriginaltitleoftheicorpsacwicorpsthecorpshadsufferedseverelyatsecondbullrunandcameclosetobeingroutedfromthefieldsoitwasleftbehindinwashingtondcduringthemarylandcampaigntorestandrefitrobertmilroysbrigadewasdetachedandsentofftowestvirginiacolnathanielmcleanwaspromotedtobrigadiergeneralandsucceededrobertschneckascommanderofthestdivisionduringthefallmonthsthexicorpsoccupiedvariousoutpostsalongthepotomacriverandnorthernvirginiaindecemberitmarchedtofredericksburgbutwasnotpresentatthebattleafterwhichitwentintowinterquartersatstaffordvirginiachancellorsvilleandgettysburgwiththeascensionofjosephhookertocommandofthearmyinfebruaryfranzsigelwasthesecondmostseniorofficerintheranksbecauseofthisandbecausethexicorpswasthesmallestinthearmyofthepotomachefeltthatitdeservedtobeenlargedhisrequestdeniedsigelangrilyresignedhiscommandreplacinghimwasmajgenoliverotishowardwhohadlatelybeencomplainingthathedeservedacorpscommandsincegeneraldanielsickleshisjuniorinrankhadgottenonehowardquicklyestablishedapoorrelationshipwiththetroopsduetohisstrongreligiousfervorwhichespeciallyalienatedtheanticlericalgermansandforbringingintwonewunpopulargeneralsfranciscbarlowfrancisbarlowandcharlesdevinsdevinsformerlyabrigadecommanderintheivcorpsunionarmyivandvicorpsunionarmyvicorpswasgivencommandofthestdivisionovernathanielmcleanwhogotdemotedbacktobrigadecommandandtherelationshipbetweenthetwogeneralswastouchybarlowformerlyoftheiicorpsunionarmyiicorpshadahabitofbeinganaggressivemartinetgeneralhowardcommandedthecorpsatbattleofchancellorsvillechancellorsvillemayndashatwhichtimeitnumberedeffectivesandwascomposedofthedivisionsofgeneralscharlesdevensvonsteinwehrandschurzitcontainedregimentsofinfantryofwhichweregermanregimentsthemenofthexicorpsweregoodsoldiersforthemostparttriedandveterantroopsbuttheirleadershipletthemdownonmayroberteleeandhissubordinatestonewalljacksonstonewalljacksoncameupwithariskybutdaringplanofattacktheywouldsplittheirmanforceatchancellorsvillewithjacksontakinghissecondcorpsofmenaroundtoattacktheunionrightflankonmayjacksonflawlesslyexecutedhisstealthyflankingmarchwhosetargethappenedtobetheunluckyxicorpstherightflankoftheunionlinewasnotanchoredtoanygeographicbarriersuchasariverormountaintheflankwasintheairalthoughgeneralhowardhadbeenwarnedofconfederatestatesarmyconfederatemovementacrosshisfronthetooknostepstopreparehiscommandagainstjacksonsattackthereonlyweretwounmannedartillerypiecespointedatthewildernesswhenjacksonscorpsstruckataboutpmthexicorpswascompletelyunpreparedmanyofthemenengagedineatingsuppertheattackwasacompletesuccessandthehighpointofjacksonsmilitarycareerbutitwasanutterdisasterforthexicorpssomeofthebrigadeswereabletochangefronttomeettheattackandmadeagallantresistanceforoveranhourseriouslyretardingtheenemysonsetafterwhichtheyretiredslowlyandingoodorderthelosstothecorpsatchancellorsvillewaskilledwoundedandcapturedormissingtotalatbattleofgettysburggettysburgthecorpswasstillunderthecommandofhowardthedivisionswereundergeneralsfranciscbarlowsteinwehrandschurzandcontainedregimentsofinfantryandbatteriesofartillerythemenofthecorpswentintothisbattlewithhighanticipationandhopesthattheycouldrestorethereputationsulliedatchancellorsvilletheyarrivedfromsouthoftownmiddayonjulyawarethattheicorpswasalreadyheavilyengagedjusttothewestoftowngeneralhowarddeployedonedivisionvonsteinwehrsontheheightsofcemeteryhillasareserveandtheothertwodivisionsnorthoftownhowardbrieflycommandedtheentirebattleuntilthearrivalofwinfieldshancocktheconfederatesecondcorpsunderrichardsewellarrivedfromthenorthwithadevastatingassaultbarlowsdivisionwasdeployedontherightandhefoolishlymovedhisforcetoasmallhillthatisnowknownasbarlowsknollcausingasalientinthelinethatcouldbeattackedfrommultipledirectionsthedivisionofjubalaearlytookadvantageofthisandbarlowsdivisionreeledbackbarlowhimselfwaswoundedandcapturedthecollapseofthecorpsrightflankhadadominoeffectonitsleftandontheicorpsdivisiontoitsleftresultinginageneralretreatofunionforcesthroughthetownofgettysburgtothesafetyofcemeteryhilllosingmanycapturedonthewayontheseconddaythexicorpsparticipatedinthegallantandsuccessfuldefenseofeastcemeteryhillagainstasecondattackbyearlyonthedaybeforethebattleofgettysburgthecorpsreportedofficersandmenfordutyitslossinthatbattlewaskilledwoundedandcapturedormissingtotaloutoflessthanengagedtennesseeaftergettysburggeorgemeadedecidedtobreakupthexicorpsreturningtovirginiaaftergettysburgonaugustthestdivisionalexanderschimmelfennigsandlatergeorgehenrygordonswaspermanentlydetachedhavingbeenorderedtocharlestonsouthcarolinacharlestonharboronseptemberthendandrddivisionssteinwehrsandschurzswereorderedtotennesseetogetherwiththexiicorpsacwxiicorpsunderthecommandofformerarmyofthepotomaccommanderjosephhookerthesetwocorpsnumberingovermenweretransportedwithinaweekovermilesandplacedonthebanksofthetennesseeriveratbridgeportalabamabridgeportwithoutanaccidentordetentionduringthefollowingmonthonoctoberhowardstwodivisionswereorderedtothesupportofthexiicorpsinthemidnightbattleofwauhatchieopeningthesupplylinestothebesiegedcityofchattanoogatennesseechattanoogaarrivingtherecolorlandsmithsbrigadeofvonsteinwehrsdivisionchargedupasteephillinthefaceoftheenemyreceivingbutnotreturningthefireanddrovejameslongstreetsveteransoutoftheirentrenchmentsusingthebayonetalonesomeoftheregimentsinthisaffairsufferedaseverelossbuttheirextraordinarygallantrywonextravagantexpressionsofpraisefromvariousgeneralshighinrankincludinggeneralulyssessgrantapartofthexicorpswasalsoactivelyengagedatbattleofmissionaryridgemissionaryridgewhereitcooperatedwithwilliamtshermansforcesontheleftafterthisbattleitwasorderedtoeasttennesseeforthereliefofknoxvilletennesseeknoxvilleacampaignwhosehardshipsandprivationsexceededanythingwithinthepreviousexperienceofthecommandinaprilthetwodivisionsofthexicorpswerebrokenupandtransferredtothenewlyformedxxcorpsacwxxcorpswhichwasputunderhookerscommandgeneralhowardwastransferredtothecommandoftheivcorpsacwivcorpsandwaspromotedtothecommandofthearmyofthetennesseewhenjamesbmcphersonwaskilledatthebattleofatlantahookerwasenragedbyhowardspromotionbecausehethoughthedeservedithimselfandheneverforgavehowardforwhathappenedatchancellorsvilleandresignedinprotesthookerwasreplacedbyhenryslocumcommandhistoryclasswikitablefranzsigelnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspseptemberndashjanuaryjuliusstaheljanuaryndashjanuarycarlschurzjanuaryndashfebruaryfranzsigelfebruaryndashfebruaryadolphvonsteinwehrfebruaryndashmarchcarlschurzmarchndashapriloliverotishowardaprilndashjulycarlschurzjulyndashjulyoliverohowardjulyndashseptemberoliverohowardseptemberndashjanuarycarlschurzjanuaryndashfebruaryoliverohowardfebruaryndashaprilnbspcorpsassignedtothearmyofthecumberlandotherentriesassignedtothearmyofthepotomacreferenceseicherjohnhandeicherdavidjcivilwarhighcommandsstanforduniversitypressfoxwilliamfcivilwarhomecomfoxsprefhtmregimentallossesintheamericancivilwarreprintedbymorningsidebookshopdaytonohioschurzcarlreminiscencesvolsnewyorkmcclurepublcoinvolumeiichapterviiicarlschurzdetailshisexperienceswiththeeleventhcorpsfurtherreadingpulajamessunderthecrescentmoonwiththexicorpsinthecivilwarvolfromthedefensesofwashingtontochancellorsvilleeldoradohillscasavasbeatieinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexiicorpsimagexiicorpsbadgepngimagesizepxcaptionxiicorpsstdivisionbadgedatesndashcountryunitedstatesbranchunitedstatesarmycommandstructurearmyofthepotomacbattlesfirstbattleofkernstownbrfirstbattleofwinchesterbrbattleofcedarmountainbrbattleofantietambrbattleofchancellorsvillebrbattleofgettysburgbrbattleofwauhatchiebrbattleoflookoutmountaindisbandedcommandersnotablecommandersjosephkmansfieldbralpheusswilliamsbrhenrywslocumthexiicorpstwelftharmycorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwarthecorpswasformedbyuswardepartmentgeneralorderofmarchunderwhichthecorpsorganizationofthearmyofthepotomacwasfirstcreatedbythatorderfivedifferentcorpswereconstitutedoneofwhichcomposedofthedivisionsofalpheusswilliamsandjamesshieldspoliticianbornjamesshieldsandcommandedbymajgennathanielpbankswasdesignatedasthevcorpsacwvcorpsthesedivisionswerethenoperatingintheshenandoahvalleyonjunepresidentoftheunitedstatespresidentabrahamlincolnorderedthatthetroopsoftheshenandoahdepartmentnowundergeneralbanksshallconstitutethesecondarmycorpsofthearmyofvirginiaonseptembergeneralorderitwasorderedthatitsdesignationbechangedtothatofthexiicorpsandthatmajgenjosephkmansfieldbeplacedincommandthexiicorpswassmallmdashonlytwodivisionmilitarydivisionsinsteadofthecustomarythreemdashbutwascomposedofexcellentmaterialamongitsregimentswerethendmassachusettsthohiothconnecticutthnewjerseyvolunteerinfantrythnewjerseythnewyorkthpennsylvaniathpennsylvaniardwisconsinandothersequallyfamousascrackregimentsallofthemwithhouseholdnamesinthecommunitiesfromwhichtheywererecruitedthevalleyandantietamthecorpshaddoneconsiderablehardfightingunderitsformertitleshieldssdivisionwonavictoryoverstonewalljacksonthomasjstonewalljacksonatbattleofkernstownikernstownonmarchandwilliamsdivisionfoughtwellatbattleofwinchesteriwinchestermaywhileonbanksretreatthebattleofcedarmountainwasalsofoughtbythiscorpsaloneandunassistedandalthoughdefeatedbytheoverwhelmingforceoftheenemytherecordshowsthatthetwodivisionsdidsomeofthebestfightingofthewarthereinthatbattlethedivisionswerecommandedbygeneralswilliamsandchristophercaugurlossnbspkillednbspwoundedandnbspmissingtotaloutoflessthannbspengagedthislossfellonfourbrigadessamuelwcrawfordsbrigadelosingnbspmenoutofreportedbycrawfordaspresentinengagementthecorpsspentthesecondbattleofbullrunatbristoestationanddidnotparticipateinthatengagementduringthemarylandcampaignthecorpswasformallyaddedtothearmyofthepotomacandrenamedthexiicorpsnathanielbankswasrelievedofcommandandreplacedbyjosephkmansfieldanoldregulararmyveteranwithyearsofserviceitsdivisionandbrigadeorganizationwerethesameasatcedarmountainbriggengeorgesgreenehadsucceededaugurinthecommandofthenddivisionitsdepletedcolumnshadbeenstrengthenedbytheaccessionoffivenewregimentsofvolunteersfreshfromthenorththreeofwhichwerecomposedofpennsylvaniansenlistedforninemonthsonlythecorpsnownumberednbsppresentfordutyincludingthenoncombatantsitcontainednbspregimentsofinfantryandthreebatteriesoflightartilleryitwasthesmallestcorpsinthearmyitwasnotengagedatbattleofsouthmountainsouthmountainalthoughitmarchedinplainviewofthebattlethatwasragingonthemountainssideaheadofitsdustycolumnsatthebattleofantietamitenteredthefightearlyinthemorningandcarriedapositionnearandinfrontofthedunkerchurchgeneralmansfieldfellmortallywoundedwhiledeployinghiscolumnsandthecommandofthecorpsduringthebattledevolvedongeneralwilliamsthetwodivisionslostinthisbattlenbspkillednbspwoundedandnbspmissingtotaloutofaboutnbsppresentinactionthevacancycausedbythedeathofgeneralmansfieldwasfilledbytheappointmentofmajgenhenrywslocumadivisioncommanderofthevicorpsacwvicorpswhohadalreadyachievedabrilliantreputationbyhisservicesoninthepeninsulacampaignandatthesuccessfulstormingofcramptonsgapthexiicorpsspentthebattleoffredericksburgatharpersferryandwasnotinvolvedinthatbattlethecorpswentintowinterquartersatstaffordcourthousechancellorsvilleandgettysburgthebruntofthebattleofchancellorsvillefellonthexicorpsacwxiandxiicorpsandyetamidalltheroutandconfusionofthatdisastrousbattletheregimentsofthexiicorpsmovedsteadilywithunbrokenfrontsretiringatthecloseofthebattlewithoutthelossofacolorwhilethecorpsartilleryafterhavingbeenengagedintheclosefightingatthechancellorhousewithdrewingoodordertakingeverygunwiththeminthiscampaignslocumstroopswerethefirsttocrosstherapidanriverandthelasttorecrosstherappahannockriverthecorpsatthistimecontainednbspregimentsofinfantrywithfivebatteriesoflightartillerynumberinginallnbsppresentfordutyitslossesatchancellorsvilleamountedtonbspkillednbspnbspwoundedandmissingtotalthehardestfightingandheaviestlossesfellonthebrigadesofbriggenthomashrugerandcolcharlescandythedivisionswerecommandedbygeneralswilliamsandjohnwgearyatthebattleofgettysburgthexiicorpsdistinguisheditselfbyitsgallantdefenseofculpshillonjulyndashgeneralslocumwasincommandoftherightwingatgettysburgwhichleftalpheusswilliamsofthestdivisionincommandofthecorpsthomashrugeroftherdbrigadestdivisiontookwilliamssplaceascommanderofthedivisiongearycommandedthenddivisionontheafternoonofjulythecorpswasorderedbyarmycommandergeorgegmeadetodisengagefromculpshillandreinforcetheunionarmyunionlineonitsextremeleftflanknearlittleroundtopslocumpersuadedmeadetoleaveonebrigadebehindtoholdthecriticalpositiongreenesbrigadeofgearysdivisionwhileoccupyingthispositiononculpshillwithanexcessivelylonglinetodefendandnoothertroopsinsupportgreenewasattackedbyedwardjohnsongeneraledwardalleghenyjohnsonsdivisionbuttheattackwassuccessfullyrepulsedbyhisbrigadegreeneacivilengineerhadinsistedthathismenprepareimpressivedefensiveworksonthehillstillsomeofjohnsonstroopseffectedwithoutoppositionalodgmentinthevacatedbreastworksofthexiicorpsanduponthereturnofthosetroopsadesperatebattleensuedtodrivetheconfederatestatesarmyconfederatesoutafteralonghardfightthecorpssucceededinreoccupyingitsworksonnopartofthefielddidtheconfederatedeadliethickerthaninfrontofthexiicorpspositionjohnsonsdivisioncontainingnbspregimentslostinthisparticularactionnbspkillednbspwoundedandnbspmissingtotaltothismustbeaddedthelossessufferedinthenbspregimentsfromthebrigadesofwilliamsmithjuniusdanielandedwardaonealwhichweresenttojohnsonssupportthexiicorpscontainingnbspregimentslostnbspkillednbspwoundedandnbspmissingtotaltennesseeattheconclusionofthegettysburgcampaignthearmyofthepotomacpursuedroberteleeintovirginiathexiicorpsjoininginthepursuitandpushingforwarduntilitreachedtherappahannockwhileencampedthereonseptemberthexicorpsacwxiandxiicorpsweredetachedfromthearmyandorderedtotennesseeasareinforcementforwilliamrosecransbesiegedinchattanoogatennesseechattanoogathetwocorpswereplacedunderthecommandofmajgenjosephhookerarrivingintennesseegearysdivisionmovedtothefrontwhilewilliamssdivisionwasstationedalongtherailroadfrommurfreesborotennesseemurfreesborotobridgeportalabamabridgeportgearypushedoninordertoeffectajunctionwiththebeleagueredarmyatchattanoogaonthenightofoctoberhisdivisionbivouackedinlookoutvalleyinanadvancedandisolatedpositionwherehewasattackedatmidnightbyapartofjameslongstreetscommandbutgearyhadtakenproperprecautionsagainstsurpriseandlongstreetwasrepulsedgearyreceivinginthisaffairapromptandgallantsupportfrompartofthexicorpsgeneralgeorgehthomascommandingthearmyofthecumberlandstatedinhisofficialreportthattherepulsebygearysdivisionofgreatlysuperiornumberswhoattemptedtosurprisehimwillrankamongthemostdistinguishedfeatsofarmsofthiswarthemidnightbattleofwauhatchiewasfollowedinthenextmonthbythebrilliantvictoryatbattleoflookoutmountainlookoutmountainwherethenddivisionfoughtitsfamousbattleabovethecloudsgearywasassistedinthisengagementbywaltercwhitakersbrigadeoftheivcorpsacwivcorpsoneofwhitakersregimentsthethkentuckywasthefirsttoplantitsflagonthesummitofthemountainredesignationimagexiicorpsbadgepngthumbunionarmystdivisionbadgexiicorpsinaprilthedesignationofthecorpswaschangedtothatofthexxcorpsacwxxcorpsgeneralswilliamsandgearystillretainedcommandoftheirdivisionsandthemenstillworetheirxiicorpsbadgethisbadgeafivepointedstarorpentagramwasadoptedbythereorganizedcorpstheneworganizationwasformedbytheconsolidationofthexiandxiicorpstowhichwasaddedsomeminorcommandsthisactionofthewardepartmentwasbasedonthesmallsizesofthetwocorpsthexihadbeenextremelydamagedatgettysburgandthexiihadalwaysbeenthesmallestinthearmynonethelessthesoldiersofthexiicorpswereveryupsetatthelossoftheiroriginalcorpsidentityuponthediscontinuanceofthexiicorpsgeneralslocumwasassignedtothecommandofthedistrictofvicksburgbutresumedthecorpscommandmdashofthexxcorpsmdashduringtheatlantacampaigngeneralhookerhavingbeenrelievedslocumafterwardscommandedthearmyofgeorgiawhileontheshermansmarchtotheseamarchtotheseaandinthecarolinascampaigncommandhistoryasvcorpsclasswikitablenathanielpbanksnbspnbspnbspnbspmarchndashaprilasdepartmentoftheshenandoahclasswikitablenathanielpbanksnbspnbspnbspnbspaprilndashjuneasiicorpsarmyofvirginiaclasswikitablenathanielpbanksnbspnbspnbspnbspjunendashseptemberasxiicorpsclasswikitablealpheusswilliamsnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspseptemberndashseptemberjosephkmansfieldseptemberndashseptemberalpheusswilliamsseptemberndashoctoberhenrywslocumoctoberndashjulyalpheusswilliamsjulyndashjulyhenrywslocumjulyndashaugustalpheusswilliamsaugustndashseptemberhenrywslocumseptemberndashseptemberhenrywslocumseptemberndashaprilnbspcorpsassignedtothearmyofthecumberlandotherentriesassignedtothearmyofthepotomacafteraprilthedivisionsofthexiicorpsbecamepartofthexxcorpsacwxxcorpsreferenceseicherjohnhandeicherdavidjcivilwarhighcommandsstanforduniversitypressfoxwilliamfcivilwarhomecomfoxsprefhtmregimentallossesintheamericancivilwarreprintedbymorningsidebookshopdaytonohioxheightredirectcategoryshellxseredirectcategoryshellxseredirectcategoryshellinfoboxschoolnamexavierschoolnativenamestandardchinesechineselogoimageimagesizealtcaptionmottoluceatluxlatinbrletyourlightshinestreetaddresscitysanjuanmetromanilasanjuancitystatemetromanilaprovincecountrycoordinatestypeprivateschoolprivatecollegepreparatoryschoolcollegeprepestablishedstatuscloseddistrictcategoryoversightchairmandeanadministratorrectorprincipalaimeeaapolinariobrbrjaneccacachobrcampusdirectorheadmasterheadfraristotledysjbrchaplainfrxavierolinsjbrfacultyteachingstaffgradesktogenderallboysenrollmentcoloursathleticsmmtlbapayafasaapsbestpassarellemascothoofythestallionnicknamegoldenstallionsrivalaccreditationinternationalbaccalaureatepaascunationalrankingtestnametestaveragenewspaperstallionhighschoolhoofprintgradeschoolyearbookaffiliationsjbecedsaortigasconsortiumwebsitefootnotespicturepicturecaptionpicturepicturecaptioncategorylabelgenderlabelaffiliationcatholicchurchromancatholicsocietyofjesusjesuitassstadminpresidentfraristotledysjbrchairmanlabelasstprincipalheadnamesecondmasterheadnameassistantheadmasterheadfoundersfrjeandesautelssjbrfrlouispapillasjbrfrcorneliuspineausjofficerinchargegradeslabellatitudelongitudecampushagreenhillscampuscolorsblueandgoldfreelabelemblemfreetextfreelabelformernamefreekuangchischoolfreelabelalmamatersongfreeluceatluxfreelabelceebcodefreechaplainnamecampusministerxavierschoolxshokkienkngkhhkhuislocatedatxavierstreetgreenhillssanjuanmetromanilaphilippinesitisaprivatecatholiccollegepreparatoryschoolforboysrunbythephilippineprovinceofthesocietyofjesusitskcurriculumincludesamandatorychineselanguageprogramitalsoofferstheibdiplomaprogramingradesandtoselectedstudentsopenedjuneaskuangchischoolbyagroupofjesuitsexpelledfromchinaitwasnamedafterxuguangqipaulhskuangchiministerofritesduringthemingdynastyxavierschoolbearsthenameofstfrancisxavierachristianmissionaryandcofounderofthesocietyofjesustheschoolcelebrateditsgoldenjubileeinformerandcurrentstudentsincludesonsandgrandsonsofindustrialistsandpoliticiansitisoneofthefewbasiceducationinstitutionsinthephilippinestoreceiveayearaccreditationthelongestpossibleperiodandoneofonlythreeinstitutionsalongwithdelasalleuniversityandateneodemanilauniversitytoreceivetheleveliiiaccreditationforboththegradeschoolandhighschoolbythephilippineaccreditingassociationofschoolscollegesanduniversitiesinjanuaryxavierschoolwasgrantedinternationalbaccalaureateibworldschoolstatushistorymanyjesuitchinamissionsjesuitmissionarieswhowereobligedtoleavechinainfoundanewhomeandmissionintheoverseaschinesecommunityofthephilippinestofacilitatetheirevangelizationofthechinesecommunitythejesuitsdecidedtosetupaschoolindowntownmanilabeggingfordonationsbygoingdoortodoorinchinatownfrjeandesautelssjafrenchcanadianjesuitwhowaspartofthechinamissionreceivedfinancialaidfrombasiliokingandambrosechiutwochinesefilipinobusinessmenwhowantedtohelpsetupajesuitschoolforthechineseatnbsppmondecemberfrdesautelsclosedthedealandpurchasedthelandanhourandahalfbeforethenbsppmdeadlinesetbyitssellerthegroupofjesuitsledbythelatefrsjeandesautelslouispapillaandcorneliuspineauwentontofoundxavierschoolkuangchiininaconvertedwarehouseinechaguemanilatheschoolopeneditsdoorstoitsinitialbatchofstudentschildrenofchineseimmigrantsinthephilippinestheschoolwasnamedafterstfrancisxavieroneofthefirstleadersofjesuitmissionsinchinawhichwaspursuedbutunwillinglyleftunfinishedbytheschoolsjesuitfounderstheschoolwasalsonamedafterpaulhskuangchipinyinxgungqsimplifiedchinesetraditionalchineseathcenturychinesenoblemanandhighcourtofficialwhoconvertedtochristianityandsupporteditsspreadinchinabeingajesuitschoolhelpedestablishtheschoolsreputationinxavierschooltransferredtoahectarepropertyingreenhillssanjuanthenonlyanareaofricefieldsandgrasslandswithinadecadetheoutlyingareasbecamehometomanyxavierfamiliesthecampusisacomplexofbuildingshousingoverstudentsfromnurserytohighschoolxavierhasbeeneducatingchinesefilipinosfromtheverybeginningpartofitsmissionisevangelizingthelocalchineseandpromotingtheirintegrationintophilippinesocietyunlikeotherchineseschoolsinthephilippinesxavierwasestablishedasanallboysschoolacatholicschoolwithanenglishcurriculumthatintegratedchinesestudiesthroughitsgrantinaidprogramtheschooloffersfinanciallychallengedbutotherwisequalifiedstudentstheopportunityofaxaviereducationorganizationandadministrationtheschooliscomposedoftwounitsgradeschoolunitkindergartentogradegradeschoolunitgradestojuniorhighschoolgradestoseniorhighschoolgradesandeachoftheunitsinthegradeschoolisledbyanassistantprincipalwhorep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orotherformssupportingcharactersbecanappearedinissueanoraclewhodavidkimxombiandrabbisinnowitzmeetinastrangeanddisgustingbarbludgeonofthebelimahschoolofanguishcatholicgirlateenagecatholicschoolgirlwhoisabletoflycanprojectaforcefieldaroundherselfwhensherecitesthehailmaryabletofireboltsofenergyfromherrosarytheoriginofherpowersisunknownbutsheviewsthemasbeingaheavenlygiftcherylsaltzgueststarringfromhardwarecomicshardwaresheworksforalvatechnologiestodeducewhetherdavidkimxombiisimmortalchetafriendofdavidkimscoleasalesmanwhoarrangedformanualdexteritytomurderlenoreduncancrownetheleaderofthebelimahschoolofanguishdalilarosedavidkimsfiancedumakaanotherxombiintroducedtodavidkimxombiandrabbisinnowitzinissuebytheoraclebecandumakabecameaxombibyafricanfolkmagichecontinuedtolivebymeansofaregeneratingtailheanddavidtalkedoflivingforeverbeingimmortalandthetrulybadthingsthatcomewithitafterthetalkanddavidkimxombiandrabbisinnowitzleavedumakagivesupthewilltoliveandhediesinissueeniacthecomputereniacaninventionofanoldinventorbecameanimatedandcontactedcherylsaltzofalvatechnologieswantingtobeconnectedtotheinformationsuperhighwayitholdscherylsaltzanddavidkimxombihostagedavidtriedanexorcismontheeniacwhichdidnotworkbutcherylmanagedtostopeniacwithalittlesciencehomunculitherustlinghuskswhoservedrsugarmantheywerecreatedfromremnantsofinsectsthatdiedwhiletrappedbetweenwindowswhichaccountsfortheirsadisticcrueltywhencarryingoutordersjulianparkeranallyofdavidkimxombiandrabbisinnowitzjulianparkeristhesonofsomedemonskamekoanancientxombiwhoappearsinissueshehaddreamsaboutdavidkimxombishelivesinthehugepalacewithvariouspeoplewhenkamekoanddavidmeetinissuewhenrabbisinnowitztakesdavidtomeethersherevealsthatshewasexpectinghimbecausesheloveshimdearlytheyhavealongtalkconcerningthefutureaskamekohasseenitthestorykamekotellsisoneweredaviddestroystheworldwithhistechnologyshetellshimofthetimewhentheywillmeetinyearsdavidrefusestoacceptthefuturethatkamekodescribesandleavesmaybetoneverseeheragainkellysanbornedavidkimslabassistantlordoffumesescapedfromthegardenofspiresattheendofissuebeginningofissuemanueldexteritythebrotherofmanuelladexteritymanueldexteritywassentbycoletomurderlenoreduncanmanuelladexteritythesisterofmanueldexterityshewasbitteroverthedeathofherbrotheranddecidestokillthejanusdavidkimxombinunoftheaboveaclairvoyantnunwhoalongwithherassociatecatholicgirlaccompaniedxombionanumberofhisadventuresnunthelessasisterinthesamereligiousorderasnunoftheabovenunthelessdevelopedthesupernaturalabilitytoshrinktosmallsizeaftereatingabadshrimprabbisinnowitzanallyofdavidkimxombiheisanoccultpractitionerwithpenchantforgolemmanufactureandcontrolrabbisinnowitzbecameinvolvedintheshadowworldswhenheandhisyoungwifebattledwiththekinderessenchildeaterstheunbornchildofrabbisinnowitzandhiswifewaskilledandrabbisinnowitztookupaninterestintheoccultratsofundertowntheratcongressgueststarringfrombloodsyndicateassociatesoftheboogiemanamemberofthebloodsyndicateariotstartsastheratsorganizetofightthekinderessenthefighttookplaceinthemiddleoftheutopiaparkriotsheershearsmalevolentabstractsshapedlikehoodedfigureswithbeaklikesheersinplaceofheadstheyareimmunetoanythingthatisderivedfromwrittenknowledgehowevertheycanbedestroyedfromcreativeapplicationoforaltraditionandfolkloreseealsozombiedeadmanwalkingcaptainscarletcharactercaptainscarletretrometabolismreferencesexternallinksinternationalherocoukxxombihtminternationalheroesxombiinternationalherocouknnunhtminternationalheroesnunoftheaboveinternationalherocoukccathgirlhtminternationalheroescatholicgirlinternationalherocoukddrsugmanhtminternationalheroesdoctorsugarmanwebarchiveorgwebdccomicscomdcucomicscmxombisfirstfootstepsinthedcuniversewebarchiveorgwebcomicsfondlenetindexbyseriesxombireviewsoftheentirerunofthefirstseriesatcomicsfondleinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexinjiangproductionandconstructioncorpsimagecaptiondatesndashpresentcountryallegiancecommunistpartyofchinabranchtypestateownedenterpriseparamilitaryforcesofchinaparamilitarysizemillioncommandstructuregarrisonrmqixinjianggarrisonlabelheadquartersandareaservednicknamebingtuanthecorpsmottocolorscolorslabelequipmentequipmentlabeldivisionswebsiteanniversariescommanderscommanderpengjiaruicommanderlabelcommanderinchiefcommanderchenquanguocommanderlabelpoliticalcommissarcommandersunjinlongcommanderlabelpartysecretaryidentificationsymbolnotablecommanderswangzhengeneralwangzhenthexinjiangproductionandconstructioncorpsknownasxpccorbingtuanforshortisauniqueeconomicandparamilitaryforcesofchinaparamilitaryorganizationinthexinjianguyghurautonomousregionofchinathexpcchasadministrativeauthorityoverseveralmediumsizedcitiesaswellassettlementsandfarmsinxinjiangithasitsownadministrativestructurefulfillinggovernmentalfunctionssuchashealthcareandeducationforareasunderitsjurisdictionthegovernmentofxinjianguyghurautonomousregiondirectlyadministersallthesecitiesasopposedtosubordinatingthemtoanyprefecturestheautunomousregiongovernmentinurumuqidoesnotusuallyinterfereinthedaytodayadministrationoftheseareasthexpccwasfoundedbywangzhengeneralwangzheninundertheordersofmaozedongithasanumberofpubliclytradedsubsidiarieshistorythexpccdrawsfromthetraditionalchinesetuntiansystemapolicyofsettlingmilitaryunitsinfrontierareassothattheybecomeselfsufficientinfoodandsimilarpoliciesinthetangdynastytangandqingdynastyqingdynastiesconstructioncorpsweresetupforseveralsparselypopulatedfrontierregionsincludingheilongjianginnermongoliaandxinjiangthenewlyfoundedpeoplesrepublicofchinaalsohadtheproblemofwhattodowithmanyformernoncommunistsoldierswhohadbeenremovedfromeconomicproductionformanyyearsideasaboutsettlingsuchsoldiersonthelandhadbeencommoninchinaformanyyearsthechinesegovernmentformedthexpccfromsoldiersfromthecommunistfirstfieldarmyformerkuomintangsoldiersandsoldiersfromthelocalilinationalarmythexpccitselfwasfoundedinoctobercomprisingmilitarypersonnelbasedinxinjiangledbytaozhiyueasitsfirstcommanderinchiefthexpccwasinitiallyfocusedonsettlingcultivatinganddevelopingsparselypopulatedareassuchasthefringesofthetaklimakandesertandgurbantunggutdesertundertheprincipleofnotcompetingforbenefitswiththelocalpeopleitalsoservedasareserveforceforthemilitaryinxinjiangalthoughtheywerenotcalleduponsincerelationswiththesovietunionweregoodintheearlyyearsofthepeoplesrepublictheranksofthexpccwerealsojoinedbymanyyouthbothmaleandfemalefromotherpartsofchinatobalanceoutitssexratioandincludememberswithbettereducationbackgroundsinafterthesinosovietsplitriotingoccurredinghuljayiningandethnicminoritieslivingacrosstheborderfledtothesovietunionthechinesegovernmentfearedthatthesovietunionwastryingtodestabilizechinaandstartawarthexpccwasorderedtocultivatethefarmsofthosewhofledbythexpcchadapopulationofmillionthexpcctogetherwithmanyothergovernmentalandpartyorganizationswasseverelydamagedbythechaosoftheculturalrevolutioninitwasabolishedcompletelywithallofitspowerstransferredtothegovernmentofxinjiangandregionalauthoritiesafterthesovietunioninvadedneighbouringafghanistaninandtheislamicmujahidmovementgainedforcefearsofsovietencirclementandislamicfundamentalismleadtothereopeningofthexpccinaswellasthecultivationoffrontierlandsandeconomicdevelopmentorganizationthexpccisadministeredbyboththecentralgovernmentofthechinaaswellasthegovernmentofxinjianguyghurautonomousregionithassubprovincialpowersonparwithsubprovincialcitysubprovincialcitiesanditseconomicandsocialdevelopmentareadministeredseparatelyfromthatofxinjiangunsourcedstatementremovedthepartysecretaryofxinjiangservesastheexecutivepoliticalcommissarofthexpccwhilethexpccsownpartychiefusuallyconcurrentlyservesasthepoliticalcommissarofthexpccandactsasitshighestdaytodayauthoritytheareaandpopulationofthexpccaregenerallygivenaspartofxinjiangstotalfiguresbutthegdpofthexpccisgenerallylistedseparatelythexpccissubdividedintodivisionmilitarydivisionsthenregimentsitisheadquarteredaturumqieachxpccdivisioncorrespondstoaprefectureofchinaprefectureleveladministrativedivisionofxinjiangandareinthemselvessubprefecturalinrankthexpccitselfaswellaseachindividualdivisionisheadedbythreeleadersafirstpoliticalcommissarapoliticalcommissarandacommandertheroleoffirstpoliticalcommissarofthexpccisfilledbythecommunistpartyofchinacpcxinjiangcommitteesecretaryandthefirstpoliticalcommissarsofeachxpccdivisionislikewisethecommitteesecretaryineachofthecorrespondingprefectureleveldivisionsinadditiontoregimentsthexpccalsoadministersregimentlevelfarmsandranchesattheendofthethcenturythemilitaryroleofthexpcchasbeendilutedbeinggiveninsteadtothexinjiangmilitarydistrictapartofthelanzhoumilitaryregionthatincludesallofnorthwesternchinaatpresentthemilitarypersonnelofthexpccaremostlyreservistsormilitiaadministrativestructurethexpccconsistsofdivisionswhicharethensubdividedintoregimentlevelentitiesincludingregimentsfarmsandranchesscatteredthroughoutxinjiangmostlyinpreviouslyunpopulatedorsparselypopulatedareasthedivisionsareborderclasswikitablebgcolorfcfcfcnamefoundedlocationapproximateheadquartersxpccfirstdivisionaksuprefecturearalxinjiangaralxpccseconddivisionbayingholinmongolautonomousprefecturetiemenguancitytiemenguanxpccthirddivisionkashgarprefecturetumxukxpccfourthdivisionilikazakhautonomousprefecturebrsoutherndirectlyadministeredportionkokdalaxpccfifthdivisionbortalamongolautonomousprefectureshuanghexpccsixthdivisionchangjihuiautonomousprefecturewujiaquxpccseventhdivisionareawestofkaramaytianbeinewareakuytunxpcceighthdivisionareaeastofkaramayshihezixpccninthdivisiontachengprefectureofilikazakhautonomousprefectureemincountyxpcctenthdivisionaltayprefectureofilikazakhautonomousprefecturebeitunxinjiangbeitunxpccconstructionengineeringdivisionnarmqixpcctwelfthdivisionrmqirmqixpccthirteenthdivisionhamicityhamihamicityhamixpccfourteenthdivisionhotanprefecturekunyuxinjiangkunyuinmaytheplasththandthdivisionsfromthethcorpspeoplesrepublicofchinathcorpswerereorganizedasththandthagricultureconstructiondivisionofthexpccrespectivelysettlementsthexpcchasbuilttenmediumsizedcitiesduringitshistoryandnowcontrolsnineofthemthegovernmentsofthesecitiesarezhcombinedentirelywiththedivisionthatcontrolsthemforexamplethedivisionheadquartersisthesameentityasthecitygovernmentthedivisionpoliticalcommissarthesamepersonasthecitycommitteesecretarythedivisioncommanderthesamepersonasthecitysmayorandsoforthninexpccadministeredcitiesarenominallylistedascountylevelcitysubprefecturallevelcitiesofxinjianguyghuradministrativeregionbutthegovernmentofxinjiangisusuallynotinvolvedintheadministrationofthesecitiesborderclasswikitablebgcolorfcfcfccolspannamedatesofofficialbrdesignationasacitygoverningperiodcolspankuytuntianbeinewareatbdpresentcolspanshihezipresentcolspanaralxinjiangaralpresentcolspanwujiaqupresentcolspantumxukpresentcolspanbeitunxinjiangbeitunpresentcolspantiemenguancitytiemenguanpresentcolspanshuanghepresentcolspankokdalapresentcolspankunyuxinjiangkunyupresentdemographicsethnicgroupsarerepresentedinthexpccthelargestofwhicharethehanpeoplehanuyghurpeopleuyghurkazakhshuipeoplehuiandmongolsinchinamongolmuslimsnumberedatarethelargestreligiousgrouprepresentedwhilethereexistsmallerpopulationsofbuddhistsprotestantsandcatholicswhilethehanhavebeenthelargestgroupofxpccworkerstheirrelativenumbershaveseenadeclinefromtotheoverallmembershipofthexpccremainedconstantwhilehanmembershipdeclinedfromtorefnamerossabirefaboutofthepopulationofthexinjianguyghurautonomousregionareconnectedtothexpccclasswikitablealigncentercolspanethnicgroupsinxpccestimatenationalitiesofchinanationalitypopulationpercentagehanchinesehanuyghurpeopleuyghurhuipeoplehuikazakhskazakhmongolotherstheeighthdivisionisthemostpopulousdivisionwithapopulationofeconomythexpcciscurrentlyfocusedoneconomicdevelopmentasitsstatedprimarygoalwiththecontinuedopeningupoftheeconomyofchinaeconomythexpcchascreatedmanypubliclytradedsubsidiarycompaniesinvolvedintheproductionandsaleofavarietyofproductswheninvolvedinsucheconomicactivitiesthexpccusesthenamechinaxinjiangrouptheprimaryeconomicactivityofthexpccremainsagricultureincludingcottonfruitvegetablesfoodcropsvegetableoilssugarbeetsandsoforthimportantproductsarecottontomatoesketchupkorlapearsturpangrapeswineandsoforththexpcchasamixoffactoryfarmingandsmallerfarmsduringitshistoryxpccestablishedalargeamountofminingandminingrelatedindustriesmostofwhichhavesubsequentlybeenhandedovertothexinjianggovernmentcurrentlythexpccisprimarilyengagedinfoodandagriculturerelatedindustriesthexpccisalsoinvolvedinavarietyoftertiaryindustriesincludingtradedistributionrealestatetourismconstructioneveninsurancecurrentlythexpcchaselevenpubliclytradedsubsidiariestheyarexinjiangbaihuacuncoltdssprimarilyinformationtechnologyxinjiangtianyecoltdssprimarilyplasticssuntimeinternationaleconomictradingcoltdssprimarilyinternationaltradexinjiangtalimuagriculturedevelopmentcoltdssprimarilycottonxinjiangyiliteindustrycoltdssprimarilyalcoholxinjiangchalkiscoltdxinjiangchalkiscoltdszprimarilytomatoesandrelatedindustriesxinjiangtianhongpapermakingcoltdsspapermanufacturingxinjiangtianfuenergycoltdsselectricityxinjiangguannongfruitantlercoltdssfruitsanimalhusbandryxinjiangqingsongcementcoltdsscementxinjiangsayrammodernagriculturecoltdssprimarilycottonculturethexpcchasitsownseparateeducationsystemcoveringprimarysecondaryandtertiaryeducationitcurrentlyhastwouniversitiesshiheziuniversitytarimuniversitythexpcchasitsownofficialdailynewspaperthebingtuandailyaswellastvstationsatboththexpccanddivisionlevelsreferencescitationssourcesoriginallytranslatedfromzhthechinesewikipediaarticlebecquelinnicolasxinjiangintheninetiesthechinajournalnodesaisohumwebarchiveorgwebbharatrakshakcomsrrvolumedesaihtmlstudyoftheinfrastructureofxinjiangsecurityresearchreviewmcmillendonaldhxinjiangandtheproductionandconstructioncorpsahanorganisationinanonhanregiontheaustralianjournalofchineseaffairsnooneillmarkasiasentinelcomindexphpoptioncomcontenttaskviewiditemidtheconquerorofchinaswildwestasiasentinelaprilforadditionalinformationseejamesdseymourxinjiangsproductionandconstructioncorpsandthesinificationofeasternturkestaninnerasiappexternallinksxjbtgovcnofficialsiteinfoboxorganizationnamexratedcriticsorganizationimagexratedcriticsorganizationlogojpgimagebordersizecaptionlogoofxrcomapmsizemcaptionabbreviationxrcomottoformationrefnamexrcoawardwinnersannouncedrefextinctiontypestatuspurposeheadquarterslocationunitedstatesregionservedglobalmembershiplanguageleadertitleleadernamemainorganparentorganizationaffiliationsnumstaffnumvolunteersbudgetwebsiteremarksimagexrcopresentersjpgthumbpxrightpresentersonstageforthethanniversaryxrcoawardshollywoodcaliforniaonaprilthfromlefttorightangelinaarmanialektrablueninahartleyjessicadrakethexratedcriticsorganizationxrcoisagroupofwritersandeditorsfromtheamericanadultentertainmentindustrywhoeachyearpresentawardsinrecognitionofachievementwithintheindustryafterthecontroversyandcriticismofthebesteroticscenevictoryforthemovievirginiainattheadultfilmassociationofamericaawardsthexrcoanditsheartonawardswerefoundedrefnamerimmerrobertrimmerthexratedvideotapeguideprometheusbooksrefhistorytheorganizationwasfoundedinconsistingofwritersfromlosangelesnewyorkcityandphiladelphiajimhollidayavnawardwinn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nlybybaucisandphilemonwhowererewardedwhiletheirneighborswerepunishedxeniameaningguestfriendshipistheancientgreeksancientgreekconceptofhospitalitythegenerosityandcourtesyshowntothosewhoarefarfromhomeandorassociatesofthepersonbestowingguestfriendshiptheritualsofhospitalitycreatedandexpressedareciprocalrelationshipbetweenguestandhostexpressedinbothmaterialbenefitssuchasthegivingofgiftstoeachpartyaswellasnonmaterialonessuchasprotectionshelterfavorsorcertainnormativerightsthegreekgodzeusissometimescalledzeusrolesandepithetszeusxeniosinhisroleasaprotectorofguestshethusembodiedthereligiousobligationtobehospitabletotravelerstheoxenyortheoxeniaisathemeingreekmythologyinwhichhumanbeingsdemonstratetheirvirtueorpietybyextendinghospitalitytoahumblestrangerxenoswhoturnsouttobeadisguiseddeitytheoswiththecapacitytobestowrewardsthesestoriescautionmortalsthatanyguestshouldbetreatedasifpotentiallyadisguiseddivinityandhelpestablishtheideaofxeniaasafundamentalgreekcustomthetermtheoxeniaalsocoveredentertainingamongthegodsthemselvesapopularsubjectinclassicalartwhichwasrevivedattherenaissanceinworksdepictingafeastofthegodsartfeastofthegodsoverviewxeniaconsistsoftwobasicrulestherespectfromhosttoguestthehostmustbehospitabletotheguestandprovidehimherwithfooddrinkbathandgiftswhentheyleaveitisnotpolitetoaskquestionsuntiltheguesthasfinishedthemealprovidedtothemtherespectfromguesttohosttheguestmustbecourteoustothehostandnotbeaburdentheguestshouldalsoprovideagiftiftheyhaveonexeniawasconsideredtobeparticularlyimportantinancienttimeswhenpeoplethoughtgodsmingledamongthemifonehadpoorlyplayedhosttoastrangertherewastheriskofincurringthewrathofagoddisguisedasthestrangeritisthoughtthatthegreekpracticeoftheoxeniamayhavebeentheantecedentoftheromanriteoflectisterniumorthedrapingofcoucheswhilethisparticularoriginofthepracticesofguestfriendshiparecentralizedaroundthedivinehoweveritwouldbecomecommonpracticeamongthegreekstoincorporatexeniaintotheircustomsandmannersforverymuchallofancientgreekhistoryindeedwhileoriginatingfrommythicaltraditionsxeniawouldverymuchbecomeastandardpracticethroughoutmuchifnotallofgreeceascustomarilyproperintheaffairofmeninteractingwithmenaswellasmeninteractingwiththegodsintheiliadthetrojanwardescribedintheiliadofhomerresultedfromaviolationofxeniaparismythologyparisfromthehouseofpriamoftroywasaguestofmenelauskingofmycenaeangreecemycenaeanspartabutseriouslytransgressedtheboundsofxeniabyabductinghishostswifehelenoftroyhelenthereforetheachaeanshomerachaeanswererequiredbydutytozeustoavengethistransgressionwhichasaviolationofxeniawasaninsulttozeusauthoritydiomedesandglaucussoldierglaucusmeetinnomanslandhoweverdiomedesdoesnotwanttofightanothermandescendantfromthegodssoheasksglaucusabouthislineageuponrevealingitdiomedesrealizesthattheirfathershadpracticedxeniawitheachotherandtheyareguestfriendsthereforetheydecidenottofightbuttocontinuetheirhereditaryguestfriendshipbytradingarmoranotherexampleofxeniaintheiliadishectortalkingtoajaxmythologyajaxtheyaretalkingaboutexchangingpresentssothatpeoplewillrememberthemfordroppingtheirhatredandbecomingfriendswhilethisisnotatraditionalexampleofxeniaitdoesdemonstratethepoweroffriendshipinthegreekcultureinbookachillesinvitesodysseusintohishomeandaskspatroclustomakethestrongestwineforthemtodrinkpatroclusalsobringsmeatwiththewinethemeneatandhavelightchatterbeforeodysseusdeliversagamemnonsoffertoachillesinbookhephaestushoststhetisinhishomexeniaisimportantbetweenhumansandalsobetweengodshephaestusisworriedaboutmakingthetisfeelathomeinhishomesohelaysoutentertainmentandputsawayhistoolsinbookthelastbookoftheiliadpriamsupplicatesachillestotryandgethissonhectorbackinsteadofturninghimoutastheenemyachillesabidesbytherulesofxeniaandallowshimtostayintheodysseyxeniaisanimportantthemeinhomerstheodysseyeveryhouseholdintheepicisseenalongsidexeniaodysseushouseisinhabitedbysuitorswithdemandsbeyondtheboundsofxeniamenelausandnestormythologynestorshousesareseenwhentelemachusvisitstherearemanyotherhouseholdsobservedintheepicincludingthoseofcircecalypsomythologycalypsoandthephaeaciansthephaeaciansandinparticularnausicawerefamedfortheirimmaculateapplicationofxeniaastheprincessandhermaidsofferedtobatheodysseusandthenledhimtothepalacetobefedandentertainedaftersharinghisstorywiththephaeacianstheyagreetotakeodysseustohishomelandinanewrulehestatesthatyoushouldnotbeatyourhostinacompetitionbecauseitwouldberudeandcoulddamagetherelationshipbecauseodysseuswasindirectlyresponsibleforposeidonssinkingoneoftheirshipsthephaeaciansresolvedtobelesstrustingofsubsequenttravelershoweverpolyphemusshowedlackofxeniadespiteodysseusremindersandrefusedtohonorthetravelersrequestsinsteadeatingsomeofodysseusmenthesuitorctesippusmocksxeniabyhurlingahoofdisguisedasagiftatodysseuswhenctesippusisspearedbyphiloetiusthecowherdclaimsthisavengeshisdisrespectinbookonetelemachusshowsxeniatothedisguisedathenabygraciouslywelcomingherintohisownhomeandofferingherfoodheevenmovesherchairawayfromthesuitorswhoarerudeeumaeustheswineherdshowsxeniatothedisguisedodysseusclaimingguestscomeundertheprotectionofzeuswhenoneofthesuitorsctesippusmocksthedisguisedodysseusandhurlsanoxshoofathimasagiftmockingxeniathoughodysseusdodgesthistelemachussaysifhehadhittheguesthewouldhaverunctesippusthroughwithhisspeartheothersuitorsareworriedsayingctesippusisdoomedifthestrangerisadisguisedgodaswellasthiswheneverhomerdescribesthedetailsofxeniaheusesthesameformulaeverytimeforexamplethemaidpouringwineintothegoldcupsetcanexampleofbadxeniaoccurswhenhomerdescribesthesuitorstheycontinuetoeatpenelopeandtelemachusoutofhouseandhometheyarerudetonotonlyeachotherbuttotelemachusandtheguestssuchasdisguisedathenaandodysseusintheodysseycalypsoafairgoddesshadwantedtokeepodysseusinhercavernasherhusbandbutherefusedcircehadalsofailedtokeepodysseusinherhallsashermatealthoughbothofthesewomenhadfinehomesandfinethingstoofferhimtheirhospitalitywastoomuchforodysseusheinsteadlefteachwiththegoalofreturningtoithacaandreclaiminghisfamilyandhishomesometimeshospitalitywasunwantedorwasgivenunwillinglyintheargonautikawhiletheargonauticaargonautikatakesplacebeforetheiliadandtheodysseyitwaswrittenbyanalexandrianlibrarianapolloniusofrhodessincethestorytakesplaceduringgreektimesthethemeofxeniaisshownthroughoutthestoryforexampleinbookthekingofbebrykiansamykosmakestheargonautsfighttobeabletoleavepolydeukesvolunteershimselftoparticipateintheboxingmatchthisisaclearviolationofxeniaandtheargonautsbecomeworriedwhentheyreachtheirnextdestinationlateroninbookwhentheargonautsareonanislandafterastormcausedbyzeustheargonautscalloutaskingforthestrangerstobekindtothemandtreatthemfairlytheyrealizethatjasonandthemenontheislandarerelatedbyjasonsfatherssideofthefamilythemenprovideclothingsacrificewiththemandshareamealbeforetheargonautsleavetheislandinthemorninganotherexampleiswhenjasontalksaboutgoingtoaietespalacehesaysthattheywillreceiveawarmwelcomeandsurelyhewillfollowtherulesofxeniathefinalexampleofxeniaintheargonautikaisthefirsttimetheargonautsreachaetesaietespalaceitisalsothefirsttimemedeamedeiaisdepictedinlovewithjasonduetoerosaieteshasafeastpreparedandtheargosareservedaftertheirmealaietesbeginstoaskquestionsabouttheargonautspurposeandvoyagetohiskingdompoliticalallianceshistoriangabrielhermanlaysouttheuseofxeniainpoliticalalliancesintheneareastsolemnpronouncementswereoftenusedtoestablisharitualisedpersonalrelationshipsuchaswhenxerxeshavingbeenofferedlavishhospitalityandmostvaluablegiftsbypythiosthelydiandeclaredinreturnforthisigiveyoutheseprivilegesgeraimakeyoumyxenosthesamesetofwordscouldbeappliedinnonfacetofacesituationswhenarulerwishedtocontractanalliancethroughtheintermediaryofmessengershermanalsoseesanechoofthisinthemedievalceremonyofhomageintheexchangebetweenawouldbevassalandthelordhermangoesontopointoutnolessimportantanelementinforgingthealliancewastheexchangeofhighlyspecializedcategoryofgiftsdesignatedinoursourcesasxniaasdistinctfromxenathetermoftherelationshipitselfordoraitwasasimportanttogivesuchgiftsastoreceiveandrefusaltoreciprocateastantamounttoadeclarationofhostilitymutualacceptanceofthegiftsontheotherhandwasaclearmarkofthebeginningoffriendshiphermanpointstotheaccountofodysseysgivingiphitosaswordandspearafterhavingbeengivenaformidablebowwhilesayingtheywerethefirsttokenoflovingguestfriendshiphermanalsoshowsthatherodotusholdstheconclusionofanallianceandtheexchangeofgiftsappearedastwoinseparableactspolykrateshavingseizedthegovernmentinsamosconcludedapactofxeniawithamasiskingofegyptsendingandreceivingfromhimgiftsdorawithintheritualitwasimportantthatthereturngiftbeofferedimmediatelyafterreceivingagiftwitheachcommensurateratherthanattemptingtosurpasseachotherinvaluetheinitialgiftsinsuchanexchangewouldfallsomewherebetweenbeingsymbolicbutuselessandofhighusevaluebutwithoutanyspecialsymbolicsignificancetheinitialgiftswouldserveasbothobjectandsymbolhermanpointsoutthatthesegoodswerenotviewedastradeorbarterfortheexchangewasnotanendinitselfbutameanstoanotherendwhiletradeendswiththeexchangetheritualexchangewasmeanttosymbolizetheestablishmentofobligationswhichideallywouldlastforeverseealsohospitiumxenosgreekreferencessomeofthismaterialcomesfromlecturesbydrelizabethvandiverrecordedanddistributedbytheteachingcompanyvandiverelizabethphdlecturertheiliadofhomeraudiocdvandiverelizabethphdlecturertheodysseyofhomeraudiocdvandiverelizabethphdlecturergreektragedypartiaudiocdexternallinksgreekmythcomixcomcomicxeniaxeniaacomicstripexplanationoftheformulaofxeniaorhospitalityingreekepicbygreekmythcomixcomgreekmythcomixxsisaperlforeignfunctioninterfacethroughwhichaprogramcancallacprogramminglanguagecorcsubroutinexsorxsubisanabbreviationofexternalsubroutinewhereexternalreferstoprogramminglanguagesexternaltoperlxsalsoreferstoagluelanguageforspecifyingcallinginterfacessupportingsuchinterfacesseebelowbackgroundsubroutinelibrariesinperlarecalledmodulesandmodulesthatcontainxsubsarecalledxsmodulesperlprovidesaframeworkfordevelopingpackagingdistributingandinstallingmodulesitmaybedesirableforaperlprogramtoinvokeacsubroutineinordertohandleverycpuorrammemoryintensivetaskstoin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culturalimplementsnongchitupubasedlargelyonwangzhensbookofadhorticultureshiyivegetablesandfruitsericulturecansangsilkproductionfurthertextilecropscansangguangleicottonhempetcsilviculturechongchiforestrypreservationanimalhusbandrymuyangculinarypreparationszhizaofaminecontrolhuangzhengadministrativemeasuresfamineflorafamilyjohannadamschallvonbellschallandverbiesttoprowxusonlysonwasxujimingdynastyjohnxuseealsoxuguangqimemorialhallromancatholicisminchinajesuitchinamissionsthreepillarsofchinesecatholicismshanghainesepeoplehistoryofagriculturexavierschoolinsanjuanmetromanilathephilippinesnotesreferencescitationssourcescitationlastbluefirstgregorycontributionxuguangqiinthewestearlyjesuitsourcesandtheconstructionofanidentitycontributionurlbooksgooglecombooksiddhlbbovyqycpgpapagesbooksgooglecombooksiddhlbbovyqycpgpaeditorcatherinejamieditorpeterengelfrieteditorgregorybluedisplayeditorstitlestatecraftintellectualrenewalinlatemingchinathecrossculturalsynthesisofxuguangqiurlbooksgooglecombooksiddhlbbovyqycprintsecfrontcoverpublisherbrilllocationleidendateseriessinicaleidensiavolfurtherreadingneedhamjosephscienceandcivilisationinchinavolumemathematicsandthesciencesoftheheavensandtheearthcambridgecambridgeuniversitypressreprintedtaipeicavesbooksworldcatorgwcpaoclcoclczhaojikaiwebarchiveorgwebwebcontentaspidqueryxuguangqiencyclopediaofchinaeconomicseditionstedmeirongzhaowebarchiveorgwebwebcontentaspidqueryxueguangqiencyclopediaofchinamathematicseditionstedexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebriccirtusfcaedubiographyviewaspxbiographyidricciroundtableattheuniversityofsanfranciscowebarchiveorgwebgslisutexasedulandcfulltextlandckingpdfuniversityoftexasarticlementioninghimhuaumfmaineeduchinaastronomytianpagebxuguangqiwhtmlxuguangqiattheuniversityofmainexiangqiredirectxegwilanguagexamlanguagelistofapachemysqlphppackageslistofxmenvideogamesspeakingclockextraterrestrialplacesinthecthulhumythosxothxplayxrenderingextensionredirectcategoryshellinfoboxschoolnamenativenamelogoimagexaveriusborgerhoutpngimagesizealtcaptionmottostreetaddresscityborgerhoutbelgiumstateprovincecountrytypecoeducationalstatusclosedestablishedoversightadministratorprincipaljanverheyenheadmasterteachingstaffgradestogenderenrollmentathleticsmascotnicknameaccreditationnationalrankingyearbookaffiliationswebsitexacobexavieriuspicturepicturecaptionpicturepicturecaptionaffiliationjesuitromancatholicassstadminpresidentasstprincipalcampuscolorsfreelabelfreetextnewpaperxaveriuscollegeinborgerhoutnearantwerpbelgiumisaffiliatedwiththejesuitsinflandersthenorthernandwesternpartofbelgiumwheredutchlanguagedutchisspokenhistoryxaveriuscollegeenrollsaboutstudentsgirlsandboysbetweenandyearsolditisamixofoldandnewbuildingsaroundtherecreationareasandthemonasterygardenagroupofjesuitslivenearbybuttheynolongerteachastheyusedtothelongcorridorsonthemonasterysgroundfloorarelinedwiththemasterpiecesofalfredostawellknownflemishartistduringhislifetimehewasapoormanhewouldvisitandeatwiththejesuitsinthecommunityinsteadofpayingthemwithmoneyhedrewbigscenesonthewhitewallsintheschoolinstalledanuptodateintegratedinternetsysteminxaveriusrespondedtotheneedforaheadstartbeforefirstgradeandboughtseveralbuildingsintheareaalongwithaninteriorspaceforaplaygroundtoaccommodatekindergartenstudentsandfreeupspaceforsomeoftheprimaryclassroomsprogramsclassesaresmallandincludeenglishlanguageenglishfrenchlanguagefrenchgermanlanguagegermanlatindutchlanguagedutchmathematicsphysicschemistrybiologyreligionhistorygeologyplasticartsandsportstheschooldaybeginsatandendsatwednesdayishalfdayhoursxaveriuscollegehasalsobeenattendedbysomeunitedstatesamericansundertheauspicesoftheamericanfieldserviceeveryyeareachclassmakesatripduringtheeastervacationeleventhyearstudentsvisitparisandthyearstudentsvisititalytosensitizestudentstoglobalcitizenshipxaveriushasapartnerschoolandimmersionprogramwithntemocollegekasongolundadrccongotheschoolhaslentitssupporttotheantwerpfairtradeagreementnotablealumninlludoabichtludoabichtphilosopherpublicistpoetnlbartbrinckmanbartbrinckmanjournalistnlludodierickxludodierickxpoliticiannlmariekedillesmariekedillestheaterandfilmactressnltomlenaertstomlenaertstelevisionproducernljohanpetitjohanpetitactorandcabaretperformerhermanportocarerodiplomatandauthornlhugoderidderhugoderidderjournalistessayistpublicisthugoschiltzlawyerandpoliticiannlsiskaschoeterssiskaschoeterstelevisionhostnljohanterrynjohanterrynactorandscenariowriternllucversteylenlucversteylenjesuitpriestfounderofnlagalevagalevgroenpoliticalpartygreenpartynlwalterzinzenwalterzinzenjournalistrecipientnlprizefordemocracyprizefordemocracyreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameprairieimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelthreelargedrivingwheelsjoinedtogetherwithacouplingrodandonesmalltrailingwheelcaptionimagefilecgrndclassnotttofjpgaltcaptioncgrndclassttcgrndclassofthefirstequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyccfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrycapecolonycapeofgoodhopelocomotivecgrndclassttrailwaycapegovernmentrailwaysdesignerrobertstephensonandcompanybuilderrobertstephensonandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotiverailwaychicagoburlingtonandquincyrailroaddesignerbuilderbrookslocomotiveworksevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbacknosingatspeedfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoftwoleadingwheelssixcoupleddrivingwheelsandtwotrailingwheelsthisarrangementiscommonlycalledaprairieoverviewthemajorityofamericansweretenderlocomotivesbutineuropetanklocomotivesdescribedasweremorecommonthefirsttenderlocomotivesforanorthamericancustomerwerebuiltbybrookslocomotiveworksinforthechicagoburlingtonandquincyrailroadforuseonthemidwesternprairiesthetypewasthusnicknamedtheprairieinnorthamericanpracticethisnamewasoftenalsousedforunitedkingdombritishlocomotiveswiththiswheelarrangementaswiththethemajorproblemwiththeisthattheseengineshaveasymmetricalwheellayoutwiththecentreofgravityalmostoverthecentredrivingwheelthereciprocationrodswhenworkingnearthecentreofgravityinduceseveresidetosidenosingwhichresultsinintenseinstabilityifunrestrainedeitherbyalongwheelbaseorbytheleadingandtrailingtrucksthoughsomeengineslikethechicagoandgreatwesternofhadtheconnectingrodalignedontothethirddrivermostexampleswerepoweredviatheseconddriverandwerepronetothenosingproblemrefnameswengelswengelfmtheamericansteamlocomotivevoltheevolutionofthesteamlocomotivemidwestrailpublicationsdavenportpprefusageaustralianarrowgaugelinesofthevictorianrailwayslocomotivesclassnatanklocomotiveonthepuffingbillyrailwayinaustralianotenderversionsoftheoperatedonanysystemhoweverthreeclassesofdidinnewsouthwalesaclassoftwentyenginesthenewsouthwaleszclasslocomotivezclassformerlytheiclassenteredserviceinandoperateduntiltheendofsteamtwoarepreservednoattherailtransportmuseumatthirlmereandnoatthestateminemuseuminlithgowthesilvertontramwayoperatedtwolocomotivesfrombothofwhicharepreservedinsouthaustraliatheprincipaltlocomotiveswhichwerebuiltforthenarrowgaugesystemofthevictoriarailwayvrarethenowfamouspuffingbillyenginestwooftheselittlelocomotivesarrivedfrombaldwinlocomotiveworksinandatotalofseventeensawservicethroughoutthestateonthevariousnarrowgaugetimberandgoldlinesincludingthewangarattaandwalhallavictoriawalhallawhenthevrdeterminedtoclosetheupperferntreegullytogembrooknarrowgaugerouteinthemidsthevictoriancommunityrefusedtoletthetraindietodaythepuffingbillyrailwayhasafleetofsavedandmodifiedtenginesonactivesteamrosterandisoneofvictoriasmaintouristattractionsrefnameobergobergleonrailwaysofaustraliareedsydneyplussubsequenteditionsrefhungarythemostnumeroussteamlocomotivetypeusedinhungarywastheclassbuiltfromonwardswhichwerestillatworkinthelastdaysofsteamthehungarianstaterailwaysmvalsoranthreeimportantclassesoftankenginesthesewerethelargeclassbuiltfromandthesmallerclassandclassnewzealandafleetoffivetankenginesbuiltbymanningwardleofleedsinenglandweresuppliedtonewzealandintheprivatewellingtonandmanawaturailwaywmrusedthemforconstructionmaintenanceandlocalserviceworkthreewerelatertakenoverasthenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnewzealandrailwaysnzrnzrwhclasswsuphsupclassinthesecondbatchofprairielocomotiveswasbuilttoanorderforthenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentwiththeinitialorderfortenbeinglettonasmythwilsonandcompanyofmanchesterenglandthislaterbecamethenzrvclasswhichduetopoliticalinterferenceandtheirbeingoverweightdidnotgointotrafficuntilnewzealandsthirdbatchofprairielocomotiveswasorderedbythewmrintheirdesignwasalmostidenticaltothatofthenzrvclassthoughtheywereslightlyheaviertheycouldburnanylightfuelcoalorwoodasavailableandenteredserviceinsoonafterthewmrstartedoperatinginwiththepurchaseofthecompanybythenzrtheywerealsoawardedthevclassificationinbaldwinlocomotiveworksbuiltnewzealandsfourthbatchofprairielocomotivestheseweretobecomethenzrnclasssixweredeliveredinandwereofanalmostidenticaldesigntothepreviousbutalteredtoutiliseofftheshelfcomponentssuppliedbybaldwininfourmorewerebuiltforthenzrbutthesewerefittedwithpistonvalvesactuatedbywalschaertsvalvegearintwooftheselocomotiveshadalsobeenbuilttothesamedesignforthewmrinwiththepurchaseofthewmrbynzralloftheseengineswereclassifiedasnclassbetweenandfoursimilarengineswerebuiltbybaldwinforthewmrinthesebecamethenzrsnzrnaclassnaclassandnzrncclassncclasswithtwounitseachthenzrsaddingtonworkshopsjoinedthelistofprairiesuppliersinproducingthefirstoftwonzrwclasstankenginesthesewerefollowedbetweenandwithelevensimilarnzrwaclasstankenginesbaldwinfollowedthisupwithtensimilarnzrwbclassprairietankenginesininafternearlythirtyyearsofpacificandbalticlocomotiveproductionnewzealanddustedoffitsprairieplanswiththereleaseintoserviceoftwentyfournzrcclassnzrcclasslocomotivesdesignedprimarilyforshuntingandbranchlineworkpolandatworkinsummerthehcegielskimetalworksinpoznaproducedoklclasslocomotivesforthepolishstaterailwayspkpduringtheperiodbetweenandbetweenandfablokbuiltaseriesofolclasstenderrailtenderlocomotivesforthepkpromaniaromaniadesignedtheclasstoreplacetheolderhungarianmavlocomotivesusedoncileferateromnecfrsecondarylinesatotaloflocomotiveswerebuiltatreiaworksbetweenandnumberedtorussiasovietunioninrussiathewasthestandardpassengerlocomotivetheywererepresentedbytheprerevolutionaryssormovskijseriesandthepostrevolutionarysuserieslocomotivesthelatterofwhichappearedintheprerevolutionarysserieslocomotiveshadthecharacteristicpointednoseabsentonthesulocomotivethesuffixumeansusilennywhichtranslatesasstrengthenedorupratedseveralsuserieslocomotivesarepreservedinworkingorderhoweveronlyoneprerevolutionarysserieslocomotiveisstillaroundnumbersitispreservedatthesaintpetersburgrailwaymuseumrussiathesuwasthestandardpassengerengineonmostmainlineroutesanditwasonlyonthekeytrunklinesthattheisclassorlaterthepwouldbeusedthereforethemajorityofpassengermileswerehauledbyansuvisuallythesuwasthelasttruerussianlookdesignbeforetheamericaninfluenceofhighrunningboardsbarframesandboxpokwheelsbecamethenormthesuretainedsuchfeaturesasaclerestoryskylightinthecabroofandhandrailsontheoutsideoftherunningboardthesehandrailswerearesultoftheharshrussianwinterswhenicewouldbuildupontherunningboardsmakingthemhighlydangerousenginemenhadfallentotheirdeathfrommovingtrainsandthefittingofpromenadedeckstylehandrailswasasafetymeasureorderedbythetsarinprerevolutionarytimesthesefeaturescombinedwiththehighloadinggaugecombinedtogivethelocomotivesauniquelyrussianappearancesouthafricatheworldsfirstprairietypelocomotiveswerealsothefirstlocomotivestoenterserviceonthenewcapegaugemainlineofthecapegovernmentrailwaystheyweresidetankenginesthatweredeliveredbetweenandfourwheeledtenderswerealsoacquiredonasubsequentorderandthelocomotivescouldbeoperatedineitheratankortankandtenderconfigurationascircumstancesdemandedtheselocomotiveswerelaterdesignatedthecgrndclassttcapendclassrefnamehollandrefinthezululandrailwaycompanycontractedfortheconstructionofthenatalnorthcoastlinefromverulamkwazulunatalverulamtothetugelariveracquiredonesidetanklocomotiveasconstructionenginefrombaldwinlocomotiveworksuponcompletionofthelineinthelocomotivewastakenontotherosterofthenatalgovernmentrailwaysandwasdesignatedngrclassitclassithefirstfourprairielocomotivesbuiltforthecapegovernmentrailwayscgrbyneilsonreidandcompanylaterdesignatedsouthafricanclasszclasszonthesouthafricanrailwayssarwereplacedinserviceinbuttheydisplayedtheprairiestendencytobeunsteadyatspeedtheywerethereforesoonmodifiedtoaadriaticwheelarrangementwithanimproveddesignofbisseltrucktwomorecgrlocomotiveswhichwereorderedfromkitsonandcompanyinwereonceagainbuiltwithaprairiewheelarrangementthesetwolocomotivesdidnotdisplaythetendencytoswayatspeedandthereforeretainedtheirwheelarrangementinwhentheywereassimilatedintothesartheywererenumberedanddesignatedsouthafricanclassyclassyrefnamepaxtonbournerefswitzerlandswitzerlandhadfourclassesoftanklocomotivesthefirstwasthebodenseetoggenburgrailwaybodenseetoggenburgbahnbtclassebspeedlimitnbspkmhofwhichninewerebuiltinbymaffeicompanymaffeinumberedtosevenwerescrappednohasbeenplinthedasamonumentindegersheimandnotheonlyonewithredtrimwaspreservedbythedampflokiclubherisauinbaumabytheclubdelsangottardoinmendrisiobegantorestorethemtoworkingorderthesecondwastheswissfederalrailwayssbbclassebspeedlimitnbspkmhofwhichwerebuiltfromtobyswisslocomotiveandmachineworksslmnumberedtoofthesewerescrappednowaspreservedbythevereindampfbahnberninkonolfingennostandsasamonumentinbadenswitzerlandbadenbythedampfgruppezrichinbruggbegantorestorethemtoworkingordernowaspreservedbythesbbhistoricinbruggthethirdwastheclassecspeedlimitnbspkmhofthelakethunrailwaytsbandotherrailwaysofthebernltschbergsimplonrailwaygroupblssixengineswerebuiltbyslmfromtonumberedtoafterelectrificationofthetracksinallsixweresoldtotheaustrianfederalrailwaysandrenumberedasclassthefourthwasthemittelthurgaubahnmthbclassecspeedlimitnbspkmhofwhichfourwerebuiltinbyslmnumberedtothreewerescrappedandnowaspreservedbythevereinhistorischemittelthurgaubahninromanshornitoccasionallypullsthesocalledmostindienexpressinthemthbnowasusedastheprototypeforthelocomotiveintheanimatedthcenturyfoxmotionpictureanastasiafilmanastasiawhereitwasgiventheappearanceofasovietunioncontinentallocomotivenumberedunitedkingdomstandardgaugethefirstunitedkingdomtenderlocomotivewastheunsuccessfulprototypemidlandrailwaypagetlocomotiveofthereafterthewheelarrangementwasrareontenderrailtenderlocomotiveswiththeexceptionoftwoclassesonthelondonandnortheasternrailwaythesewerethelnerclassvclassvandlnerclassvclassvmixedtrafficlocomotiveswhichtotalledlocomotivesbetweenthemincontrasttlocomotiveswereverywidelyusedonsuburbanpassengerservicesparticularlybythegreatwesternrailwaygwrwhobuiltfourmainclassesbetweenandseegwrtsirhenryfowlerofthelondonmidlandandscottishrailwaylmsintroducedasuccessfullmsfowlertclassinwhichbecamethebasisoffurthersimilarclassesbylmsstaniertstanierinandlmsivattclasstivattinsirnigelgresleyofthelondonandnortheasternrailwaylnerintroducedhislnerclassvvvandvclassesinthelastnewtlocomotivesinbritainwerethebrstandardclasstbritishrailwaysstandardclassbuiltbetweenandthedesignderivedfromtheearlierlmsivattclasstnarrowgaugetnoowainglyndrataberystwyththetlayoutwaspopularforlargenarrowgaugeenginesbutthedesignwasmodifiedtoallowtheuseofafireboxsteamenginefireboxmuchwiderthanthetrackgaugeastandardgaugetnormallyhasinsideframesandthefireboxisplacedbetweenthesecondandthirdcoupledaxlesanarrowgaugeoneontheotherhandhasoutsideframesandthefireboxisplacedbehindthethirdcoupledaxleandclearofthewheelstominimisetherearoverhangthefuelisthereforecarriedinsidebunkersalongsidethefireboxinsteadofinarearbunkerpreservedexamplesincludetherusselllocomotivewelshhighlandrailwaysrussellandthevaleofrheidolrailwaylocomotivesunitedstatesofamericanarrowgaugetnosteamingoutofhillcitysouthdakotaontheblackhillscentralrailroadinthegaugesandyriverandrangeleylakesrailroadinfranklincountymainewasamajornarrowgaugeuserstandardgaugeintheunitedstatesthetypeevolvedfromtheconfigurationtheatchisontopekaandsantaferailwayatsfbecameapioneerofthetypeintheunitedstatesinandoneofthelargestfleetusersofthetypeproblemstheroadencounteredwiththetypeincludedsteamleakageinthecompoundcylinderplumbingandinstabilityatspeedtheformerproblemwassolvedbyconvertingthemtosimplextwocylinderlocomotivesthelatterproblemrequirednewpacifictypeswithfourwheeledguidetruckstheprairietypeswererebuiltwithsmallerdriversforslightlyslowerfastfreightservicetheseenginestendedtoenjoyverylongservicelivesandoutlastedmanyanewermoreefficientsteamlocomotiveonthesantafeandelsewherethiswasduetotheirmodestweightgoodspeedandabilitytooperatewellinreversewhichmadethemvaluableforbranchlineoperationsbybaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinintheatsfhadawithahighatthetimeboilerpressureofmountedonalargefiregratemorethanathousandexamplesofthewheelarrangementexistedintheunitedstatesoftheseonehundredwerehighwheeledengineswithlargerthandriversthelakeshoremichigansouthernoperatedlocomotiveswithdriversbutthisdidnotovercometheirinherentinstabilitytheywereneverassuccessfulinpassengerserviceintheusastheywereinothernationsreferencesunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementrepresentsthearrangementofsixunpoweredleadingwheelsarrangedintoathreeaxleleadingtruckeightpowereddrivingwheelsandsixunpoweredtrailingwheelsarrangedintoathreeaxletrailingtruckotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationdalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationtheonlyknownexampleofthewheelarrangementistheexperimentalpennsylvaniarailroadprrsssteamturbinelocomotivenotesreferencesinfoboxbasketballbiographynamexaviermcdanielimagewidthcaptionheightftheightinweightlbbirthdatebirthplacecolumbiasouthcarolinanationalityamericanhighschoolcollegewichitastateshockersmensbasketballwichitastatedraftyeardraftrounddraftpickdraftteamseattlesupersonicscareerstartcareerendcareerpositionsmallforwardpowerforwardbasketballpowerforwardcareernumberyearsteamseattlesupersonicsyearsteamphoenixsunsyearsteamnewyorkknicksyearsteambostoncelticsyearsteamiraklisthessalonikibciraklisthessalonikiyearsteamnewjerseynetshighlightsnbaallstarnbaallrookiefirstteamconsensusfirstteamncaamensbasketballallamericansallamericanncaamensbasketballallamericanslistofncaadivisionimensbasketballseasonscoringleadersncaadivisioniscoringleadermissourivalleyconferencemensbasketballplayeroftheyearmvcplayeroftheyearnowichitastateshockersmensbasketballretirednumbersretiredbywichitastatestatsleaguenbastatlabelpointbasketballpointsstatvalueppgstatlabelreboundbasketballreboundsstatvaluerpgstatlabelassistbasketballassistsstatvalueapgbbrmcdanxacbbaskhofyearxaviermauricemcdanielbornjunenicknamedthexmanisanamericanretiredprofessionalbasketballplayerwhoatnbspftnbspinplayedbothsmallforwardandpowerforwardbasketballpowerforwardcollegewhileatwichitastateuniversitywichitastatemcdanielwasthefirstpersontoleadthenationinbothreboundingandscoringinthesameseasonincollegemcdanielbegantoshavebothhisheadandhiseyebrowstolookmoreintimidatinghecontinuedthisallthroughouthisprocareerforhisfirsttwoseasonsatwichitastatethewichitastateshockersmensbasketballshockerswereonncaaprobationhewasateammatehisfreshmanyearoffuturenbaplayersantoinecarrandclifflevingstonwhenlevingstonleftforthenbamcdanielbecameastarterandaveragedpointsandreboundsaspowerforwardoppositecarrthefollowingseasoncarrleftandmcdanielraisedhisscoringaveragetopointspergameandwasthemissourivalleyconferencemvphethenledthenationinscoringandreboundinghisseniorseasonbecomingthefirstplayertodosonbaseattlesupersonicsmcdanielwasselectedbytheseattlesupersonicsinthefirstroundthoverallofthenbadraftandbecameaninstantstarterheaveragedpointspergameandfinishedsecondinthenbarookieoftheyearballotingtopatrickewinghissecondseasonhewasoneofatrioofppgscorerswiththesupersonicsalongwithdaleellisandtomchambersbasketballtomchambersthesupersonicsmadeitallthewaytothewesternconferencefinalsthatseasonheaveragedoverpointspergameforthenextthreeseasonsasasonicincludingtheseasonwhenhewasusedprimarilyasabenchplayerphoenixsunsmcdanielwastradedfifteengamesintotheseasontothephoenixsunsforeddiejohnsonbasketballborneddiejohnsonandtwodraftpickswhilethetradereunitedhimwithteammatetomchambersbasketballtomchambersitdidntproducetheresultsthesunswerelookingforatseasonsendhewasdealttothenewyorkknicksnewyorkknicksintheknickshewasaperfectfitincoachpatrileysphysicalstylehegainedsomenotorietyforplayingthechicagobullsscottiepippentoughinagruelingsevengameplayoffseriesthatthebullswonontheirwaytotheirsecondnbatitleretirementmcdanielfinishedouthiscareerwiththebostoncelticsandnewjerseynetsbeforeretiringaftertheseasoneuropeanbasketballinmcdanielmovedtoeuropetoplayforiraklisthessalonikibciraklisthessalonikiandhewasgreekbasketballcupgreekcupfinalistinmarchheaveragedpointsandreboundspergamethatseasontelevisionandmovieappearancesxaviermcdanielmadehisfilmmotionpicturedebutinwhenhemadeabriefcameointhefilmsinglesfilmsinglesinthatmoviemcdanielappearsinafantasysequenceinwhichstevedunnecampbellscottbeginsthinkingaboutthebasketballprowhilehavingsexinordertodelaygratificationmcdanielcomicallytellshimattheendofalockerroominterviewstevedontcumyetayearlatermcdanielwasfeaturedonthetvsituationcomedysitcommarriedwithchildrenintheepisodeatisketatasketcanpegmakeabasketmcdanielplayedannbaallstarweekendnbaallstarinthatepisodewhoroughsupleadcharacteralbundyafterhispeggybundywifepesterstheallstarduringabasketballmatchafterretiringmcdanielappearedonspiketvchannelspiketvstelevisedslamballgameswherehecoachedtheriderssquadinafterwardshemadeafewappearancesontherealitytelevisionrealitytvgameshowprosvsjoesinxaviermcdanielplayedontheorangeallstarteamwithfellownbastarclydedrexleronanepisodeofprosvsjoeswhocoincidentallyalsoappearedwithmcdanielonthesamemarriedwithchildrenepisodeyearsearliermcdanielalsoappearedonthemtvgameshowprosvsjoesairingintwojoesbeatmcdanielinabasketballcompetitionpersonallifehisdaughterxylinaaforwardwasoneofgirlsthatwereinvitedinjunetoparticipateintheunitedstatesunderbasketballteamtrialsshenowplaysforthenorthcarolinatarheelswomensbasketballnorthcarolinatarheelshissonxaviermcdanieljrwonastatechampionshipinforhammondschoolsouthcarolinahammondschoolwithcurrentnorthcarolinaguardseventhwoodsxavierisaforwardattheuniversityoftexasriograndevalleynbacareerstatisticsregularseasonstyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftseattlesupersonicsseasonseattlestyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftseattlesupersonicsseasonseattlestyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftseattlesupersonicsseasonseattlestyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftseattlesupersonicsseasonseattlestyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftseattlesupersonicsseasonseattlestyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftseattlesupersonicsseasonseattlephoenixsunsseasonphoenixstyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftnewyorkknicksseasonnewyorkstyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftbostoncelticsseasonbostonstyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftbostoncelticsseasonbostonstyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftbostoncelticsseasonbostonstyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftnewjerseynetsseasonnewjerseystyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftnewjerseynetsseasonnewjerseyclasssortbottomstyletextaligncentercolspancareerclasssortbottomstyletextaligncentercolspanallstarsendplayoffsstyletextalignleftnbaplayoffsstyletextalignleftseattlesupersonicsseasonseattlestyletextalignleftnbaplayoffsstyletextalignleftseattlesupersonicsseasonseattlestyletextalignleftnbaplayoffsstyletextalignleftseattlesupersonicsseasonseattlestyletextalignleftnbaplayoffsstyletextalignleftphoenixsunsseasonphoenixstyletextalignleftnbaplayoffsstyletextalignleftnewyorkknicksseasonnewyorkstyletextalignleftnbaplayoffsstyletextalignleftbostoncelticsseasonbostonstyletextalignleftnbaplayoffsstyletextalignleftbostoncelticsseasonbostonclasssortbottomstyletextaligncentercolspancareersendseealsolistofncaadivisionimensbasketballseasonreboundingleaderslistofncaadivisionimensbasketballplayerswithpointsandreboundsreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebgeocitiescomtzovasnbastarsmcdanielxavierhtmlsonicsqaxaviermcdanielbykevinpeltonsupersonicscomaugustnbacomsonicshistoryxaviermcdanielnooneplayehtmlxaviermcdanielnooneplayedhardernbacomnavboxeslistxhtmayrefertocrossharbourtunnelaroadtunnelinhongkongxhtmlamarkuplanguagehatticlanguagespokenbythehattiansinasiaminorbetweentherdandthendmillenniabczbcommathcenturyinfoboxsoftwarenamexgltitlexgllogoimagenameisenoughlogocaptionlogosizelogoaltscreenshotxgltransparencypngcaptioncompizonxglwithrealtransparencyscreenshotsizescreenshotaltauthordavidrevemandeveloperreleaseddiscontinuedyeslatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatefrequentlyupdateddonotincludethisparameterunlessyouknowwhatitdoesstatusprogramminglanguageoperatingsystemplatformsizelanguagelanguagecountdonotincludethisparameterunlessyouknowwhatitdoeslanguagefootnotegenredisplayserverlicensewebsitexglisanobsoletedisplayserverimplementationsupportingthexwindowsystemprotocoldesignedtotakeadvantageofmoderngraphicscardsviatheiropengldriverslayeredontopofopenglrefnamehopfrefitsupportshardwareaccelerationofallxopenglandxvideoapplicationsandgraphicaleffectsbyacompositingwindowmanagersuchascompizorberylwindowmanagerberyltheprojectwasstartedbydavidrevemanofnovellandfirstreleasedonjanuaryitwasremovedfromthexorgserverinfavorofaiglxonjunehistoryxglwasoriginallydevelopedonpublicmailinglistsbutforalongtimeuntiljanuarymostdevelopmentofxglwasdonebehindcloseddoorsonthatdaythesourcetoxglwasreopenedtothepublicandincludedinfreedesktoporgalongwithmajorrestructuringtoallowawiderrangeofsupporteddisplaydriversxserverbackendsusedbyxglincludexglxandxeglinfebruarytheservergainedwidepublicityafterapublicdisplaywherethenovelldesktopteamdemonstratedadesktopusingxglwithseveralvisualeffectssuchastransparencygraphictranslucentwindowcomputingwindowsandarotatingddesktoptheeffectshadfirstbeenimplementedinacompositemanagercalledglxcompmgrnottobeconfusedwithxcompmgrnowdeprecatedbecauseseveraleffectscouldnotbeadequatelyimplementedwithouttighterinteractionbetweenthewindowmanagerandthecompositemanagerasasolutiondavidrevemandevelopedcompizthefirstproperopenglcompositingwindowmanagerforthexwindowsystemlaterinseptembertheberylwindowmanagerberylcompositingwindowmanagerwasreleasedasaforkoftheoriginalcompizcompizandberylhavemergedbackinaprilwhichresultedinthedevelopmentofcompizfusionbackendsopengldoesnotspecifyhowtoinitializeadisplayandmanipulatedrawingcontextsinsteadtheseoperationsarehandledbyanapispecifictothenativewindowingsystemsofartherearetwodifferentbackendapproachestosolvingthisinitializationproblemmostlikelythemajorityofeachbackendwillcontainthesamecodeandthedifferenceswillprimarilybeintheinitializationportionsoftheserversxglxxglxwasthefirstbackendimplementedforthisarchitectureitrequiresanalreadyexistingxservertorunontopofandusesglxtocreateanopenglwindowwhichxglthenusessimilartoxnestthismodeisonlyintendedtobeusedfordevelopmentinthefutureasitisredundanttorequireanxservertorunxglontopofatxdevconfthexdevelopmentconferencenvidiamadeapresentationarguingthatthisisthewrongdirectiontotakebecausethelayeredserverabstractsfeaturesofthecardsawaythismakesdriverspecificcapabilitieslikesupportfordglassesanddualmonitorsupportmuchmoredifficulthoweverdelegatinginitializationtoanexistingxserverallowsthedeveloperstoimmediatelyfocusonserverfunctionalityratherthandedicatingsubstantialtimetospecificsofinterfacingwithnumerousvideohardwareatthemomentxglxdoesnotofficiallysupportmultiplemonitorsalthoughithasbeenachievedonubuntudapperatinvidiatwinviewxeglxeglwassaidtobethefutureofxglandalongtermgoalofxserverdevelopmentitsharesmuchofthedrawingcodewiththexglxserverbuttheinitializationoftheopengldrawableandcontextmanagementishandledbytheeglapidevelopedbykhronoseglisawindowsystemindependentequivalenttotheglxandwglapiswhichrespectivelyenableopenglsupportinxandmicrosoftwindowsthecurrentimplementationusesmesadmesasolotoprovideopenglrenderingdirectlytothelinuxframebufferordirectrenderinginfrastructuredritothegraphicshardwarexeglcanonlyberunusingradeonrgraphicshardwareanddevelopmentiscurrentlystalleditislikelythatitwillremainsountilthexglxserverhasprovenitselfandtheclosedsourcedriversaddsupportfortheeglapiwhenitshouldbeatransparentreplacementforthenestedxglxserverrationalestructuringallrenderingontopofopenglcouldpotentiallysimplifyvideodriverdevelopmentitremovestheartificialseparationofdcomputergraphicsdanddcomputergraphicsdhardwareaccelerationaccelerationthisisadvantageousasdoperationsarefrequentlyunacceleratedwhichiscounterintuitivesincedisasubsetofditalsoremovesalldriverdependentcodefromthexserveritselfandallowsforacceleratedcompositingcompositeandxrenderrenderoperationsindependentofthegraphicsdrivercompetitorshardwareaccelerationofddrawingoperationshasbeenacommonfeatureofmanywindowsystemsincludingxformanyyearsthenoveltyofxglandsimilarsystemsistheuseofapisspecificallydevelopedfordrenderingforacceleratingddesktopoperationspriortotheadoptionofantialiaseddrawingbyxtheuseofdrenderingapisforddesktoprenderingwasundesirablebecausesuchapisdidnotmakethepixelaccuraterenderingguaranteesthatarepartoftheoriginalxprotocoldefinitionhardwareacceleratedopenglwindowanddesktoprenderinglimitedtousingopenglfortexturecompositionhasbeeninuseinmacosxinatechnologycalledquartzcompositorquartzextremesincemacosxvquartzdquartzdextremeisanenhancementofthisfeatureandmoredirectlycomparabletoxgllikexglquartzdextremebringsopenglaccelerationtoallddrawingoperationsnotjustdesktopcompositingandshipswithmacosxvbutisdisabledbydefaultpendingaformaldeclarationofproductionreadinesscoreanimationistheextensionofthiseffortforleopardmacosxvseveraldesktopinterfacesbasedondapishavebeendevelopedmorerecentlyopencroquetandsunmicrosystemsprojectlookingglasswebarchiveorgwebsuncomsoftwarelookingglassdetailsxmlthesetakeadvantageofdaccelerationforsoftwarebuiltwithintheirownframeworkbutdonotappeartoaccelerateexistingddesktopapplicationsrenderedwithintheirenvironmentoftenviamechanismslikevncmicrosoftdevelopedasimilartechnologybasedondirectxnamedthedesktopwindowmanagerdwmaspartofitswindowsvistaoperatingsystemthistechnologywasfirstshownpubliclyatmicrosoftsoctoberpdcavailabilitythexglxwindowsystemprotocolsandarchitecturexserverandrelatedcomponentsincludingthecompizcompositingmanagerandassociatedgraphicalconfigtoolsshipsasanondefaultinonemajorlinuxdistributionsuselinuxsuseandisincludedinfrugalwarefrugalwarelinuxorsuselinuxenterprisedesktopxglcanbesetupfairlyeasilyforubuntuoperatingsystemubuntultsdapperdrakeandedgyeftandforfreespirewithbinarypackagesfromunofficialsoftwarerepositoryrepositoriesxglisalsoavailableasanoverlaidpackageingentoolinuxandasapkgbuildforarchlinuxmandrivalinuxincludesofficialpackagestoruncompizusingxglandaiglxmandrivaprovidesdrakdatooltoconfigureaddesktopintwoclicksubuntuoperatingsystemubuntuedgyeftandlateruseaiglxnotxglbydefaultxglwasremovedfromxrinduetoitsbeinganunmaintainedservervariantseealsoxwindowsystemaiglxvirtualglopenglcompizberylwindowmanagerberylreferencesexternallinksfreedesktoporgwikixeglxeglkhronosorgegleglspecificationswebarchiveorgwebjonsmirlgooglepagescomgraphicshtmlarticlethestateoflinuxgraphicsoverviewofvariousapproachestoreplacethecurrentxserverwaybackarchiveitorgallfreedesktoporgdavidrxgldemoxvidavithevideodemonstratingcompizonxglxmarksthespotgameshowmicrosoftxnaredirectattorneygeneralvxforaevanvogtsnovelseetheworldofnullaimageawithmacronsvgpxrightlowercaseisagraphemealatinawithamacrondiacriticmacronusedinseveralorthographiesinsomelanguagesisusedtodenotealongaexamplesarethebalticlanguagespolynesianlanguagessomeromanizationsofjapaneselanguagejapanesepersianlanguagepersianpashtolanguagepashtoassyrianneoaramaicwhichrepresentsalongasoundandarabicandsomelatintextsespeciallyforlearnersinromanisedmandarinchineselanguagechinesepinyinitisusedtorepresentaspokenwithalevelhightonetonelinguisticsfirsttoneitisusedinsomeorthographybasedtranscriptionsofenglishtorepresentthediphthongseeandalsoincommercialnamessuchasdrnoandpowerdeintheinternationalalphabetofsanskrittransliterationrepresentstheopenbackunroundedvowelnottobeconfusedwiththesimilardevanagaricharacterforthemidcentralvowelinthelanguagesotherthansanskritissortedwithotherasandisnotconsideredaseparateletterthemacronisonlyconsideredwhensortingwordsthatareotherwiseidenticalforexampleinmoritumeaningyourcomesaftertaumeaningyearbutbeforetaumatahillcomputerencodingcharmapnamelatincapitalletterawithmacronnamelatinsmallletterawithmacronmapisoisoisomapcharcmapcharemapisomapcharcmapcharereferencesinterrobangxboxredirectcategoryshellxboxredirectcategoryshellxbillisalsoacolloquialabbreviationforcrossbillinfoboxsoftwarenamexbilllogoxbillpngscreenshotgnomexbilllevelgnomegamessshotpngcaptiongnomexbilllevelauthorbrianwellingtonandmatiasduartereleasedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedaterepoprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecplatformlinuxmicrosoftwindowsmacosxopenmokoandroidosandroidmaemoiosgenrearcadegamelicensegplemailwarerefnamedebianlegalmetadataftpmasterdebianorgchangelogsmainxxbillxbillcopyrightxbillcopyrightondebianorgrefwebsitexbillorgxbillorgxbillisanarcadestylegameforthexwindowsystemthegamefeaturesabespectacledcharacterknownasbillaspoofofbillgatesthegoalistopreventbillslegionsofclonesfrominstallingwingdowsacomputervirusviruscleverlydesignedtoresembleapopularoperatingsystemaparodyofwindowsonavarietyofcomputersrunningotheroperatingsystemsitwasverypopularamonglinuxgamersattheendofthesbeatingoutquakevideogamequakethoughnotquakeiiaslinuxjournalreadersfavouritelinuxgameingameplaytheoperatingsystemsarerepresentedbylogosshownonthecomputerscreensthecomputerstheplayermustdefendincludepersonalcomputerpcsrunninglinuxandbsdsparcstationswithsolarisoperatingsystemsolarissilicongraphicssgiirixworkstationsapplemacintoshapplemacspalmpilotsandnextcubeswhenbillinstallswingdowsontoacomputeritscurrentoperatingsystemisplacedbesideitusingthecomputermousemousetheplayermustsquashbillanddragdiscardedoperatingsystemsbacktotheircomputersattheendofthelevelpointsareaccruedforeverycomputerthatisstillrunningitsoriginaloperatingsystemonlaterlevelscomputersareconnectedtoeachotherwithlocalareanetworklancablescausingwingdowstospreadfastersomecomputersmayalsocatchfirethiscanbecuredbydraggingbucketsofwaterontothemhistorythegamewaswrittenbybrianwellingtonandmatiasduarteinsummerrefnamexbillxbillorghistoryonxbillorgreforiginallywrittenincthecodebasewaslaterwithversionrefactoringrefactoredtocthegamewaslaterintheendsdeliberatelyironicallyportingportedtomicrosoftwindowsportstomanyotherplatformsasmacosxopenmokoandroidosandroidmaemoandiphonephonesfollowedduetoitsopensourcenaturereimplementationsofthegamealsoexistintheprojectwasresurrectedasxbillngsimilarinconcepttolincityngreceptionandimpactxbillwasverypopularamonglinuxgamersattheendofthesbeatingoutquakevideogamequakethoughnotquakeiiaslinuxjournalreadersfavouritelinuxgameinrefnamereaderschoicelinuxjournalcomarticlepagereaderschoiceawardslinuxjournalrefthegameholdsfouroutoffivestarsonthelinuxgametomeandwasnotedbydesktoplinuxcomdespiteitsstatusitisnotalwayspackagedwithlinuxdistributionsduetoitsdisparagingcontentforinstancefedoraprojectfedoradoesnotintegrateitsomewhatillustratingitsnotorietygraphicsfromthegameareusedonthewebsiteofthefreesoftwarefoundationcampaignfreesoftwarefoundationantiwindowscampaignswindowssinsinseealsonekocomputerprogramxsnowreferencesexternallinksfreecodecomprojectsxbillxbillfreecodeinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxbombercommandcentercenterimagexxbombercommandemblempngimagesizepxcaptionemblemofxxbombercommanddatescountryunitedstatesallegiancebranchunitedstatesarmyairforcestyperolecommandandcontrolsizecommandstructurecurrentcommandergarrisonceremonialchiefcoloneloftheregimentnicknamepatronmottocolorsmarchmascotbattlesworldwariiamericancampaignasiaticpacificcampaignnotablecommandersanniversariesthexxbombercommandisaninactiveunitedstatesairforceunititslastassignmentwaswithtwentiethairforcebasedonokinawaitwasinactivatedonjulyhistorytheideaofbasingthesuperfortressesinchinafirstsurfacedatthecasablancaconferenceinjanuarywhileplannersassessedthisoptiontheangloamericancombinedchiefsofstaffmeetinginquebecinaugustauthorizedacentralpacificdrivethatincludedtheseizureofthemarianasnotonlywerethemarianasclosertotokyobutonceinalliedhandstheycouldbesuppliedanddefendedmoreeasilythanothersitesinseptembercombinedchiefsofstaffplannersconcludedthatbsinchinawouldbeplaguedbylogisticalproblemshoweverpresidentfranklindrooseveltdecidedinfavorofthechinabasesbecausehewasimpatienttobombjapanandwishedtobolsterthechinesewareffortatthecairoconferencesextantconferenceincairoattheendoftheyearhepromisedchiangkaishekthattheveryheavybomberswouldbecomingtohiscountrygeneralarnoldsupportedthatdecisionasatemporaryexpedientbutstillpreferredstrategicmissionsagainstjapanfromthemarianasoncebasestherewereavailablerefnamehittinghomepghaulmanreferencesreferenceschapterpermanentaccessgpogovlpsairforcehistoryusaafwwhittinghomehittinghomepghtmthesuperfortresstakestotheskiesprefadvanceunitedstatesarmyairforcesarmyairforcesechelonsarrivedinindiaindecembertoorganizethebuildingofairfieldsinindiaandchinathousandsofindianslaboredtoconstructfourpermanentbasesineasternindiaaroundkharagpurmeanwhilemilestothenortheastacrossthehimalayanmountainsaboutchineseworkerstoiledtobuildfourstagingbasesinwesternchinanearchengtubyaprileightbairfieldswereavailableinasiatoavoidtheriskthatbsmightbewastedbytheatercommandersonthebattlefieldswhentheywouldbemuchmoreusefulagainstthejapanesehomeislandsthejointchiefsagreedinapriltoestablishthetwentiethairforceasanontheatercommandcontrolleddirectlybythejcsandapprovedoperationmatterhornaplanforbombingjapanesestrategictargetswithbsbasedinchinathebswoulddoubleastransportstocarrytheirownfuelandcargorequirementsoverthehumpfromindiachinacampaignboeingbsattackingrangoonburmamarchimagebgtakeofffromchakuliajpgthumbthbombardmentgroupbtakingofffromchakuliaairfieldindiajuneboeingbbwsuperfortresskingsizeshowninjuneatpiardobaairfieldindiaoneofthefortysevenbsthatcompletedthefirstcombatmissionoverjapanjuneboeingbbwsuperfortressmaryanndbombardmentsquadronattackinghattoformosaonoctoberwithhighexplosivebombsthatsamemonththefirstsuperfortressesarrivedinindiahavingflownacrosstheatlanticoceannorthafricaarabiaandpersiaaccompanyingthemwasmajorgeneralkennethbwolfethenewcommanderofthexxbombercommandwhichhadbeenreassignedfromthesecondairforceastheoperationalcomponentofthetwentiethairforcethethbombardmentwingheadquartersalsoarrivedinindiaduringthespringofthethwastheonlywingtoserveontheasianmainlandunderthexxbombercommandacommitteeofoperationsanalystswhoadvisedthejointchiefsofstaffandthetwentiethairforceontargetsrecommendedsuperfortressattacksoncokeovensandsteelfactoriesinmanchuriaandkyshshuttingdownthesekeyindustrieswouldseverelycrippletheenemyswareffortalsoonthetargetlistwereimportantenemyharborfacilitiesandaircraftfactorieswolfelaunchedthefirstbsuperfortresscombatmissiononjuneagainstjapaneserailroadfacilitiesatbangkokthailandaboutmilesawayoftheninetyeightbombersthattookofffromindiaseventysevenhittheirtargetsdroppingtonsofbombsencouragedbytheresultsxxbombercommandpreparedforthefirstraidsagainstjapantendayslatersixtyeightsuperfortressestookoffatnightfromstagingbasesatchengtutobombtheimperialironandsteelworksatyawataonkyshmorethanmilesawayjunemissionthefirstraidonthejapanesehomeislandssincethedoolittleraidofaprilmarkedthebeginningofthestrategicbombardmentcampaignagainstjapanlikethedoolittleattackitachievedlittlephysicaldestructiononlyfortysevenofthesixtyeightbsairbornehitthetargetareafourabortedwithmechanicalproblemsfourcrashedsixjettisonedtheirbombsbecauseofmechanicaldifficultiesandothersbombedsecondarytargetsortargetsofopportunityonlyonebwaslosttoenemyaircraftthesecondfullscalestrikedidnotoccuruntiljulybythenarnoldimpatientwithwolfesprogresshadreplacedhimtemporarilywithbrigadiergenerallaverngsaundersuntilmajorgeneralcurtislemaycurtiselemaycouldarrivefromeuropetoassumepermanentcommandunfortunatelythethreeweekdelaybetweenthefirstandsecondmissionsreflectedseriousproblemsthatpreventedasustainedstrategicbombingcampaignfromchinaagainstjapaneachbmissionconsumedtremendousquantitiesoffuelandbombswhichhadtobeshuttledfromindiatothechinabasesoverthehimalayastheworldshighestmountainrangeforeverysuperfortresscombatmissionthecommandflewanaverageofsixbroundtripcargomissionsoverthehumpevenaftertheairtransportcommandunitedstatesairforceairtransportcommandtookoverthelogisticalsupplyofthebbasesinchinaattheendofenoughfuelandbombsneverseemedtoreachchengturangepresentedanotherproblemtokyoineasternhonshlaymorethanmilesfromthechinesestagingbasesoutofreachofthebskyshinsouthwesternjapanwastheonlyoneofthemajorhomeislandswithinthemilecombatradiusofthesuperfortresstheveryheavybomberstillsufferedmechanicalproblemsthatgroundedsomeaircraftandforcedotherstoturnbackbeforedroppingtheirbombseventhosebsthatreachedthetargetareaoftenhaddifficultyinhittingtheobjectivepartlybecauseofextensivecloudcoverorhighwindslargerformationscouldhavehelpedcompensateforinaccuratebombingbutsaundersdidnothaveenoughbstodispatchlargeformationsalsothetwentiethairforceperiodicallydivertedthesuperfortressesfromstrategictargetstosupporttheatercommandersinsoutheastasiaandthesouthwesternpacificforthesereasonsthexxbombercommandandthebslargelyfailedtofulfilltheirstrategicpromiseonaugustlemayarrivedtobreathenewenergyintothexxbombercommandtheformereighthairforcegroupandwingcommanderhadachievedremarkablesuccesswithstrategicbombingoperationsineuropetestingnewconceptssuchasstaggerformationsthecombatboxandstraightandlevelbombingrunstheyoungesttwostargeneralinthearmyairforceshadalsorevisedtacticstightenedandexpandedformationsandenhancedtrainingforgreaterbombingprecisionheinauguratedaleadcrewtrainingschoolsothatformationscouldlearntodropasaunitoncuefromtheaircraftdesignatedastheleadshipduringhisfirsttwomonthsatxxbombercommandlemayhadlittlemoresuccessthanwolfeorsaundersthecommandcontinuedtoaverageonlyaboutonesortieamonthperaircraftagainstjapanshomeislandswhendouglasmacarthurinvadedthephilippinesinoctoberlemaydivertedhisbsfrombombingjapanesesteelfacilitiestostrikingenemyaircraftfactoriesandbasesinformosakyshandmanchuriameanwhilelemaygainedthesupportofcommunistleadermaozedongwhocontrolledpartsofnorthernchinawillingtohelpagainstacommonenemymaoagreedtoassistdownedamericanairmenandtolocateinnorthernchinaaweatherstationthatwouldprovidebetterforecastsforthexxbombercommandsraidsonthejapaneseinmanchuriaandkyshhopingtogainamericanrecognitionofhisownregimemaosuggestedthattheamericanssetupbbasesinnorthernchinalikethoseinchiangkaisheksareaofcontrolinsouthernchinalemaydeclinedhoweverbecausehefounditdifficultenoughtosupplytheairfieldsatchengtutheformereuropeantheaterbombercommandercontinuedtoexperimentwithnewtechnologiesandtacticsandsoonimportedtochinatheincendiaryweaponsbeingusedbythebritishagainstgermanyinlatejapaneseoffensivecodenamedoperationichigoinchinaprobedtowardthebandairtransportcommandbasesaroundchengtuandkunmingtoslowtheenemyadvancemajgenclairelchennaultofthefourteenthairforceaskedforraidsonjapanesesuppliesathankowandthejointchiefsdirectedlemaytohitthecitywithfirebombsondecemberlemaylaunchedthefireraidsendingeightyfourbsinatmediumaltitudewithfivehundredtonsofincendiarybombstheattacklefthankowburningforthreedaysprovingtheeffectivenessofincendiaryweaponsagainstthepredominantlywoodenarchitectureofthefareastbylateamericanbomberswereraidingjapanfromtherecentlycapturedmarianasmakingoperationsfromthevulnerableandlogisticallyimpracticalchinabasesunnecessaryinjanuarythexxbombercommandabandoneditsbasesinchinaandconcentratedthbombwingresourcesinindiathetransfersignaledtheendofmatterhornduringthesamemonthlemaymovedtothemarianasleavingcommandofthexxbombercommandinindiatobriggenrogermrameybetweenjanuaryandmarchrameysbsassistedlouismountbattenstearlmountbattenofburmamountbatteninsoutheastasiantheatreofworldwariisoutheastasiantheatresupportingbritishandindiangroundforcesinburmabytargetingrailandportfacilitiesinindochinathailandandburmamoredistanttargetsincludedrefineriesandairfieldsinsingaporemalayaandtheeastindiestheththeonlyoperationalwingofthexxbombercommandremainedinindiauntiltheendofmarchwhenitmovedtothemarianastojointhebombercommandxxibombercommandxxibombercommandxxbombercommandstoppedbeinganoperationalcommandattheendofmarchwhenthethbombwingmovedfromindiatothemarianasandcontrolofthewingpassedtothexxibombercommandcentergalleryfilebgemblemjpgthbombgroupbrhorizontaltailstripesfileghbgemblemjpgthbombgroupbrdiamondontailfilendbgpngdbombgroupbrcolortailfinfileemblemoftheusaafthbombardmentgroupjpgthbombgroupbrtwodiagonaltailstripesgallerycenterlineageconstitutedasthexxbombercommandonnovemberactivatedonnovemberinactivatedonjulydisbandedonoctoberassignmentssecondairforcenovembertwentiethairforcemarchjunefareastairforcesjulystationssmokyhillarmyairfieldkansasnovemberfebruarykharagpurairfieldindiamarchjunehsinchingairfieldchinadesignatedasforwardheadquartersaprilaprilkadenaairfieldokinawajulyunitsassignedcombatunitsthbombardmentwingnovemberjunefebruarymarchcombatfromcbiaprilmarchthbombardmentgroupnovemberoctoberfebruarymarchoperatedfromchakuliaairfieldindiaaprilfebruaryhsinchingairfieldachinadesignatedasforwardstagingbasethbombardmentgroupnovemberoctoberfebruarymarchoperatedfromdudhkundiairfieldindiajulymarchkwanghanairfieldachinadesignatedasforwardstagingbasedbombardmentgroupnovemberoctoberoperatedfrompiardobaairfieldindiaaprilfebruarykuinglailinqiongairfieldachinadesignatedasforwardstagingbasethbombardmentgroupnovemberoctoberfebruarymarchoperatedfromkharagpurairfieldindiaaprilfebruarypengshanairfieldachinadesignatedasforwardstagingbaseusedthefollowingairfieldsinceylonasstagingbasesformissionsintomalaysiasingaporeanddutcheastindiessigiriyaairfieldtrincomaleeairfieldratmalanaairfieldsecondairforceunitsdbombardmentgroupnovemberaprilthbwtrainingunitdbombardmentwingnovemberjunethbombardmentgroupnovemberjunethbombardmentgroupnovemberjunethbombardmentgroupnovemberjunethbombardmentgroupnovemberjunecommandstructuregeneralhenryharnoldhenryhaparnoldnamedhimselfthecommanderofthetwentiethairforcetoavoiddiversionofassetsfromthebeffortagainstjapanparticularlybyadmiralchesternimitznimitzwhowasgivencommandauthorityoveralleffortsinthecentralpacificbrigadiergeneralhaywoodshansellbecametwentiethairforcechiefofstaffthesubordinatecommandersofxxbombercommandweremajorgeneralkennethbwolfebrigadiergenerallaverngsaundersmajorgeneralcurtiselemaybrigadiergeneralrogermrameyreferencesusaafnetwwhittinghomeindexhtmbackupsitepermanentaccessgpogovlpsairforcehistoryusaafwwhittinghomehittinghomepghtmchapterthesuperfortresstakestotheskiespermanentaccessgpogovlpsairforcehistoryusaafwwhittinghomehittinghomepghtmchapteroverthehumptomatterhorninfoboxmusicalartistseewikipediawikiprojectmusiciansnamexmarksthepedwalkimagecaptionimagesizebackgroundgrouporbandaliasorigingermanygenretranceprogressivetranceelectroindustrialtechnoyearsactivendashndashpresentlabelzothommogcleopatrarecordsmetropolisrecordsdyingculturerecordsassociatedactswebsitecurrentmemberssevrenniarbbrraiveyarxpastmembersxmarksthepedwalksometimeswrittenasxmarksthepedwalkisagermanygermanbandmusicbandwhosemusicgenrestylesrangefrompostindustrialmusicpostindustrialdancetoelectronicbodymusicxmarksthepedwalksinfluenceintheindustrialandelectronicmusicsubculturesceneswasconsiderableduringthesastheywereoneofthefirstandmostpopularactsfromthenowdefunctrecordlabelzothommoghistoryxmarksthepedwalkwasfoundedbysevrenniarbbornandrschmechtamayinschmechtahimselfaclassicallytrainedmusicianbecameinterestedinsynthesizersatanearlyageandfoundhimselfpartofseveralbandsafterhewasabletobuyhisfirstkeyboardattheageofatthattimewithinfluencessuchasskinnypuppykraftwerkanddeutschamerikanischefreundschaftdafschmechtastartedabandcalledscarecrowwithhisschoolmatereganeracsbornjrgbhmeshortlyafterreleasingtheirfirstsinglemusicsinglesblackdoorthemembersofscarecrowwereofferedtosigntogermandjtallaxlcsnewrecordlabelzothommogthereaftertheprojectnamewaschangedtoxmarksthepedwalkandbothmembersadoptedpseudonymsforthemselvesschmechtawhodidthesongwriterwritingrecordproducerproductionandengineeringofallxmarksthepedwalktrackswastheonlyconsistentmemberthroughoutxmarksthepedwalkshistoryafterthereleaseofthefirstalbumfreaksxmarksthepedwalkalbumfreaksandthenthecenotaphsinglecenotaphsinglebhmeleftthebandintopursueotherinterestsandschmechtaenlistedthehelpofhisbrotherraiveyarxbornthorstenschmechtajuneatthistimeschmechtadecidedtofocusonmusicasacareerandbuilttgifstudiosanacronymforthankgoditsfridayalthoughanewmemberhadarrivedxmarksthepedwalksmusicalstyledidnotchangedrasticallyuntilaftertheschmechtabrothersfirsttwoeffortstogetherhumandesolationandthekillinghadbegunssinglefacerhoweversawthecombinationoftechnodanceandcrossoverindustrialwithelectronicbodymusicebmelementsthefinaltwoxmarksthepedwalkalbumsmeshworkalbummeshworkanddrawbackalbumdrawbackreceivedfavorablereactionsbymanyfanaficionadofanswithineuropeandthankstothelattersreleasebymetropolisrecordshelpedbuildanextendedfanbaseinnorthamericasomelistenershoweverrejectedthenewsoundofxmarksthepedwalkseemeshworkalbummeshworkandrschmechtaputasidehisworkonxmarksthepedwalkinthelatesalongwithhismultitudeofsideprojectstoconcentrateonhisfamilyandcareerrefnamezeitzeitspringerdezeitspringerderefheismarriedtostefanieeckmannbornmarchwhohascontributedvocalstoxmarksthepedwalkunderthenameestefaniaandhastwochildrenlennardchristianandluismaximilianxmarksthepedwalkreturnedinlateearlywithanewalbumandsinglewithliveshowsinlivethefirstxmarksthepedwalkconcertwasperformedinwiesbadengermanyondecemberwheretheyopenedforindustrialmusicartistsvomitonegrobandvomitonegromostlivematerialatthattimecamefromtheirthenjustreleasedsinglearbitraryexecutionandthepreviouslyreleasedscarecrowsingleblackdoortheirfirsttourthroughoutgermanybeganafterthereleaseoffreaksxmarksthepedwalkalbumfreakswithanadditionalconcertbeingplayedinbudapesthungarythreesubsequentconcerttoursthroughoutgermanyoccurredagainafterthereleaseofcenotaphsinglecenotaphhumandesolationandthekillinghadbegunwithfewexceptionstheseliveshowstookplaceingermanyxmarksthepedwalkwasabandthatconsistedoftwomembersatatimesecondarymembersbhmeandthorstenschmechtaneverappearedtogetheronanalbumwithandrschmechtathereforetheyneverperformedcompletelylivebutratherreliedheavilyontheincorporationofdigitalaudiotapedatplaybackthiswascomplementedwithliveoverdubsdrumeffectsleadmelodiesandatmospheresandandrschmechtaonleadvocalsestefaniadidnotappearonanxmarksthepedwalkreleaseuntilthekillinghadbegunandnevertouredlivewiththemasofxmarksthepedwalkstillreceivesrequeststoplaylivealthoughandrschmechtahassaidthatatthemomentitsimpossibletoplanatourorconcertsrefnamexmtpdenewsxmtpdeupdatenewshtmlxmtpdenewsrefsideprojectsthissectionislinkedfrompaxthroughoutthecourseofxmarksthepedwalkshistoryandrschmechtaespeciallyformedorjoinedseveralsideprojectsasacreativeoutletformusicthathadadifferentsoundthanxmarksthepedwalkthisisalistandshortdescriptionofsomeoftheotherventurestakenuponbymembersofxmarksthepedwalkpaxwasaprojectthatwascreatedastheresultofaworkingrelationshipbetweenandrschmechtaandheikodanielschmechtawhowasproducinganalbumfordanielfeltthattheyhadsomethingfascinatingeasyemotionalandoutstandingfromthistwoalbumsandanepwerebornringtailedsnorterwasasoloprojectbyandrschmechtathefirstsongofwhichwaswrittenasatributetoafriendwhohaddiedringtailedsnorterdiffersfromxmarksthepedwalkinitsuseofcleanstructuresandminimalsoundscapestoleavemorespaceinthemindsoftheaudiencehyperdexsectwasaonetimecollaborationbetweenandrandstefanieschmechtaandjonathansharpoftheprojectnewmindtheirreleasefeaturesremixesbytheartistsmainprojectsxmarksthepedwalkandnewmindrespectivelyaswellasaremixbycevinkeysprojectdownloadbanddownloaduteksawthecomingtogetherofalexisschaaralsoknownasalxsformerproducerforxmarksthepedwalkandandrschmechtatoformaprojectthatcombinedalexissdanceandclubmusicbackgroundwithschmechtasebmbackgroundtheduossecondprojectaheadfocusedlessonthisinteractionandmoreoncreatingalternativeelectromusicdelugawasadarkwaveprojectbythorstenschmechtastefanieschmechtaandfalkauperstheprojectnevergotpastthefirstdemostagesomeotherprojectsbyandrschmechtaincludedtwowithwifestefanievivianeandpolyxenathelatteralsofeaturingheikodanielandlighthousewithfriendberndschlertimelineandrschmechtaisbornstefanieeckmannisbornthorstenschmechtaisbornxmarksthepedwalkisformedunderthenamescarecrowwithitsinitialmembersbeingandrschmechtaandjrgbhmescarecrowreleasedtheirfirstsingleblackdoorscarecrowissignedtozothommogrecordsandchangestheirnametoxmarksthepedwalkarbitraryexecutionsingleisreleasedxmarksthepedwalkplaystheirfirstliveshowdangerdiseasecontrolsingleisreleasedabattoirsingleisreleasedthefirstfulllengthalbumfreaksisreleasedfollowedbythecenotaphstandalonesinglejrgbhmeleavesthebandandisreplacedbythorstenschmechtaandrschmechtabuildstgifstudiosthetrapisreleasedfollowedbythesecondfulllengthalbumhumandesolationparanoidillusionsthesecondsinglefromtheaforementionedalbumisalsoreleasedthethirdfulllengthcdthekillinghadbegunisreleasedfollowedbyabestofcollectiontitledairbacktraxstefanieeckmannmakesherfirstappearancethefacersingleisreleasedineuropealongwiththecleopatrarecordsreleasefourfitanothercollectionthefifthalbummeshworkisalsoreleasedxmarksthepedwalkreleasestheirfinalalbumdrawbackandrschmechtaswitchescareersandsellstgifstudiosmetropolisrecordsreleasesthecollectionretrospectivexmarksthepedwalkmakesabriefreappearanceondyingculturerecordswithacdbestofcollectioncalledexperiencesandcontributestwonewtrackstothereleasebloomandhotheadandrschmechtameetswithformerxmarksthepedwalkproduceralexisschaaralsoofaheadandutekinthelattersstudioinhamburgforasmallrecordingsessiondetailsonthisinteractionhaveyettobeelaboratedsevrenniarbhasannouncedanewalbumwillbereleasedlaterthisyearthecomebackxmarksthepedwalkreleasessingleseventeenandalbuminnerzonejourneyreunionshowatwavegotiktreffeninleipziggermanyimpressionssevrenniarbhasannouncedafirstlivedvdphilosophyandstylexmarksthepedwalkwasinspiredbythelateseuropeanandcanadacanadianelectronicbodymusicscenesyetitsmemberswerelookingtocreateasoundthatwasuniquetothemselvesearlyxmarksthepedwalkwasoftencomparedtofellowindustrialmusiciansskinnypuppyfrontpagemagazinetitledanarticleaboutxmarksthepedwalkdiedeutschenskinnypuppythegermanskinnypuppylaterhoweverastheirstyleprogressedxmarksthepedwalkwouldbegintofindotherbandscomparedtothemaccordingtoandrschmechtatheconceptandthemesforthelyricsaroundxmarksthepedwalkwereinfluencedbytheideatolightenupthedarksideofthehumanpsychemayhavecontributedtoitsplacewithintheharderdancemusicscenesinadditiontoskinnypuppycomparablebandsincludemanyofthezothommoglabelmatesofxmarksthepedwalksomeofthemoreprominentsimilaractsincludeletherstripevilstoyarmageddondildosspahnranchbandspahnranchmentalloandthefixermentallothefixerbirminghambandbirminghamandfunkervogtmemberssevrenniarbbornandrschmechtamayfoundersongwritervocalistproducerandengineerreganeracsbornjrgebhmeearlymemberofxmarksthepedwalkfromtoraiveyarxbornthorstenschmechtajuneconceptsstructuresandelectronicsbecameamemberinestefaniastefanieschmechtaneeckmannbornmarchsecondaryvocalistdebutedonthealbumthekillinghadbegunequipmentinandrschmechtacreatedt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unalsoproducedtheuserinterfacetoolkituitacapitoxviewthexviewsourcecodehasbeenfreelyavailablesincetheearlysmakingitthefirstopensourceprofessionalqualityxwindowsystemtoolkitrefnamedarwinciteweburldarwinsyscomhistorytitleiandarwincomputinghistorymythsandlegendsaccessdateauthoriandarwindaterefxviewwaslaterabandonedbysuninfavorofmotifsoftwaremotifthebasisofcommondesktopenvironmentcdeandmorerecentlygtkthebasisofgnomexviewwasreputedlythefirstsystemtouserightbuttoncontextmenuswhicharenowubiquitousamongcomputeruserinterfacesseealsoolitmoolitopenwindowsreferencesfurtherreadingiandarwinetalxwindowsystemusersguideopenlookeditionoreillyassociatesunpublishedftporacompubopenlookvololpdfvolumeoldanhellerxviewprogrammingmanualoreillyassociatesftporacompubopenlookvolapdfvolumethomasvanraalteedxviewreferencemanualoreillyassociatesftporacompubopenlookvolbpdfvolumebisaseriesofaidsbenefitconcertsplayedinhonourofnelsonmandelabysouthafricanandforeignmusiciansbetweenandoriginthesecondtimethatmandelawasimprisonedonrobbenislandwasinandhewasthethprisonerthatyearhisprisonnumberremaineduntilwhenhewastransferredtopollsmoorprisonandgiventheprisonnumberprisonercontinuestobeusedasareverentialtitleforhimshortlybeforejoestrummersdeathheandusbonocowrotethesongsongformandelaaspartofthecampaignagainstaidsinafricarestoreifanexplanationcanbefoundforhowthisisinfoabouttheconcertsstrummerhadbeenscheduledtoplayatmandelassosfundraisingconcertinbutdiedondecemberofanundiagnosedcongenitalheartdefectconcertscapetownsouthafricaonnovemberaneventcalledtheconcertwasheldatgreenpointstadiumcapetownitwashostedbymandelaanditsgoalwastoraiseawarenessofthespreadofhivaidsinsouthafricathefollowingartistsperformedanastaciabeyoncknowlesrobertplantbobgeldofqueenbandqueenbrianmayandrogertaylorqueendrummerrogertaylordavidastewartdavestewartpauloakenfoldwithshiftyshellshockandtcamampondoamampondodrummersbaabamaalyoussoundouryusufislamtheartistformerlyknownascatstevenspetergabrielthewhoangeliquekidjobonoandtheedgefromuabdelwrightchristhompsonenglishmusicianchristhompsonzoenicholastreanamorrisyvonnechakachakabongomaffinjohnnycleggjimmycliffthecorrsladysmithblackmambazoeurythmicsdannykwatershedsouthafricanbandwatershedzuccheromsdynamiteandrewbonsusowetogospelchoirfollowingtheconcertthreelivecdsandadvdtitledtheeventwerereleasedgeorgesouthafricaonmarchanotherannualconcertwasheldatfancourtcountryclubandgolfingestateingeorgewesterncapegeorgesouthafricawithpeoplelikekatiemeluaprimecircleannielennoxjulukawithjohnnycleggandqueenpaulrodgerswillsmithwasthehostmadridspainthefirsteventtobestagedineuropetookplacefromaprilthroughtomayinmadridspaintheconcertsnamedfestivalmadridfocusedonspanishspeakingartistsasshowninthefollowinglistnochederaicesrootsnightaprilfaletejuanvalderramavalderramadiananavarrojosmercquecolatanadiegoelcigalajosemicarmonapepehabichuelapasinvegaalbertocortezniapastorinochedepoppopnightapriltaxigibraltarbandtaxinoselodigasamambeatrizluengofbulamodestiaapartesybellasonrisadejuliaelsueodemorfeoelcantodellocojarabedepalomikelerentxunnachogarcavegamiguelroslosannimosdanzainvisiblepresuntosimplicadosloquilloytrogloditasiguanatangoperezajaviergurruchaganochedesolistassingersongwritersnightmayelenabujedopedrojavierhermosillacarmenparisjorgedrexlercarlosnezmuozcarlosnezismaelserranomanologarcasergiodalmazuccherotromsnorwayonjunethearcticconcertwasheldintromsnorwaythefollowingartistsperformedannelidreckerandjanekellynoadjagasandlawrasombyrazorlightukkaizersorchestranobongomaffinzathewhouksamsayaindnoearthaffairisnooranoornothomasdybdahlnosaybiadkangeliquekidjodkpetergabrielukrobertplantandstrangesensationbandstrangesensationukmafikizolozamadrugadabandmadrugadanoanebrunnojivangasparyanhousebandwithannielennoxukbrianmayuksharoncorrirlzuccheroitasamijohnnycleggukzajohannesburgsouthafricaondecemberinternationalworldaidsdayathirdconcertwasheldinjohannesburgsouthafricatheconcertwashostedatellisparkstadiumellisparkwithtensofthousandsofpeopleinattendancerefnameiafricarefpetergabrielannielennoxangeliquekidjoludacriscorinnebaileyraegoogoodollsrazorlightthewhoprimecircleandjameliaperformedfornelsonmandelaonstagetheeventwasstreamedliveoniclipsnetalltechnicalservicesweresuppliedbythewwwgearhousecozagearhousegroupsouthafricalondonunitedkingdomaconcertcelebratingnelsonmandelasthbirthdaytookplaceinhydeparklondonlondonshydeparkonjuneartistswhoperformedatthisspecialeventincludedjivangasparyanjoshgrobanzuccheroqueenpaulrodgersannielennoxsimplemindsjerrydammersamywinehouseamaralbandamaralthewhosugababesrazorlightleonalewiseddygrantjoanbaezandjameliawillsmithopenedtheconcertwithhiswifejadapinkettsmithsmithlaterperformedhissongswitchsongswitchquincyjonesalsomadeanappearanceintroducingleonalewisothercelebritieswhomadeanappearanceincludelewishamiltongerihalliwellandpetergabrieljoiningthemweresouthafricanandafricanartistsjohnnycleggsiphomabuseloyisovusimahlaselathesowetogospelchoiraidsorphanchoirthechildrenofagapethesubjectoftheawardwinningfilmfeaturewearetogetherthelegendarypapawembaandsudanesewarchildrapperemmanueljalamongothersasurpriseguestexpectedtobethespicegirlshadbeenpromisedbutthegirlgroupdidnotperformdameshirleybasseyhadbeenconfirmedasaguestbutdidnotappearonadvicefromherdoctorsfollowingrecentstomachsurgerytheconcertwasbroadcastliveonlineaticlipsnetandonvirginradioandhighlightsshownonitvandmhdintheunitedstateshostedbyphillipschofieldandfearnecottonseealsonelsonmandelathbirthdaytributereferencesexternallinksnelsonmandelaorgnelsonmandelacentreofmemorysouthafricainfomandelahtmarticleabouttheinitialconcertxnorgatexxmlhttprequestxhrisanapplicationprogramminginterfaceapiintheformofanobjectorientedprogrammingobjectwhosemethodcomputerprogrammingmethodstransferdatabetweenawebbrowserandawebservertheobjectisprovidedbythebrowsersjavascriptenvironmentparticularlyretrievalofdatafromxhrforthepurposeofcontinuallymodifyingaloadedwebpageistheunderlyingconceptofajaxprogrammingajaxdesigndespitethenamexhrcanbeusedwithprotocolsotherthanhttpanddatacanbeintheformofnotonlyxmlbutalsojsonhtmlorplaintextwhatwgmaintainsanxhrstandardasalivingdocumentongoingworkatthewctocreateastablespecificationisbasedonsnapshotsofthewhatwgstandardhistorytheconceptbehindthexmlhttprequestobjectwasoriginallycreatedbythedevelopersofoutlookwebappoutlookwebaccessbymicrosoftformicrosoftexchangeserverexchangeservermicrosoftexchangeserverrefnamemsdnrefthesecondversionofthemsxmllibrarywasshippedwithinternetexplorerinmarchallowingaccessviaactivextotheixmlhttprequestinterfaceusingthexmlhttpadapterpatternwrapperofthemsxmllibraryrefnameduttarefinternetexplorerversionsanddidnotdefinethexmlhttprequestobjectidentifierintheirscriptinglanguagesasthexmlhttprequestidentifieritselfwasnotstandardatthetimeoftheirreleasesbackwardcompatibilitycanbeachievedthroughobjectdetectionifthexmlhttprequestidentifierdoesnotexistmicrosoftaddedthexmlhttprequestobjectidentifiertoitsscriptinglanguagesininternetexplorerreleasedinoctoberthemozillaprojectdevelopedandimplementedaninterfacecallednsixmlhttprequestintothegeckolayoutenginegeckolayoutenginethisinterfacewasmodeledtoworkascloselytomicrosoftsixmlhttprequestinterfaceaspossiblemozillacreatedawrappertousethisinterfacethroughajavascriptobjectwhichtheycalledxmlhttprequestthexmlhttprequestobjectwasaccessibleasearlyasgeckoversionreleasedondecemberofthexmlhttprequestobjectbecameadefactostandarddefactostandardinothermajorwebclientsimplementedinsafariwebbrowsersafarireleasedinfebruarykonqueroroperawebbrowseroperareleasedinaprilandicabbreleasedinseptemberwiththeadventofcrossbrowserjavascriptlibrariessuchasjquerydeveloperscaninvokexmlhttprequestfunctionalitywithoutcodingdirectlytotheapistandardstheworldwidewebconsortiumpublishedaworkingdraftspecificationforthexmlhttprequestobjectonaprilcopyeditingeditedbyannevankesterenofoperasoftwareanddeanjacksonofwcitsgoalistodocumentaminimumsetofinteroperablefeaturesbasedonexistingimplementationsallowingwebdeveloperstousethesefeatureswithoutplatformspecificcodethewcalsopublishedanotherworkingdraftspecificationforthexmlhttprequestobjectxmlhttprequestlevelonfebruaryoflevelconsistsofextendedfunctionalitytothexmlhttprequestobjectincludingbutnotlimitedtoprogresseventssupportforcrosssiterequestsandthehandlingofbytestreamsattheendofthelevelspecificationwasabandonedandabsorbedintotheoriginalspecificationattheendofthewhatwgtookoverdevelopmentandmaintainsalivingstandardusingwebidlwcscurrentdraftsarebasedonsnapshotsofthewhatwgstandardhttprequestthefollowingsectionsdemonstratehowarequestusingthexmlhttprequestobjectfunctionswithinaconforminguseragentbasedonthewcworkingdraftasthewcstandardforthexmlhttprequestobjectisstilladraftuseragentsmaynotabidebyallthefunctioningsofthewcdefinitionandanyofthefollowingissubjecttochangeextremecareshouldbetakenintoconsiderationwhenscriptingwiththexmlhttprequestobjectacrossmultipleuseragentsthisarticlewilltrytolisttheinconsistenciesbetweenthemajoruseragentstheopenmethodthehypertexttransferprotocolhttpandhttpsecurehttpsrequestsofthexmlhttprequestobjectmustbeinitializedthroughtheopensubroutinemethodthismethodmustbeexecutioncomputersinvokedpriortotheactualsendingofarequesttovalidateandresolvetherequestmethoduniformresourcelocatorurlanduniformresourceidentifieruriuserinformationtobeusedfortherequestthismethoddoesnotassurethattheurlexistsortheuserinformationiscorrectthismethodcanacceptuptofiveparametercomputerscienceparametersbutrequiresonlytwotoinitializearequestopenmethodurlasynchronoususernamepasswordthefirstparameterofthemethodisastringcomputersciencetextstringindicatingthehypertexttransferprotocolrequestmethodshttprequestmethodtousetherequestmethodsthatmustbesupportedbyaconforminguseragentdefinedbythewcdraftforthexmlhttprequestobjectarecurrentlylistedasthefollowinggetsupportedbyinternetexplorerandlatermozillaapplicationsuitemozillapostsupportedbyinternetexplorerieandlatermozillaandlaterheadsupportedbyieandlaterputdeleteoptionssupportedbyieandlaterhoweverrequestmethodsarenotlimitedtotheoneslistedabovethewcdraftstatesthatabrowsermaysupportadditionalrequestmethodsattheirowndiscretionthesecondparameterofthemethodisanotherstringcomputersciencetextstringthisoneindicatingtheurlofthehttprequestthewcrecommendsthatbrowsersshouldraiseanerrorandnotallowtherequestofaurlwitheitheradifferenttcpandudpportportorihostuniformresourceidentifieruricomponentfromthecurrentdocumentthethirdparameterabooleandatatypebooleanvalueindicatingwhetherornottherequestwillbeasynchronousisnotarequiredparameterbythewcdraftthedefaultvalueofthisparametershouldbeassumedtobetruebyawcconforminguseragentifitisnotprovidedanasynchronousrequesttruewillnotwaitonaserverresponsebeforecontinuingonwiththeexecutionofthecurrentscriptitwillinsteadexecutioncomputersinvoketheonreadystatechangeeventlistenerofthexmlhttprequestobjectthroughoutthevariousstagesoftherequestasynchronousrequestfalsehoweverwillblockexecutionofthecurrentscriptuntiltherequesthasbeencompletedthusnotinvokingtheonreadystatechangeeventlistenerthefourthandfifthparametersaretheusercomputingusernameandpasswordrespectivelytheseparametersorjusttheusernamemaybeprovidedforauthenticationandauthorizationifrequiredbytheserverforthisrequestsourcelangjavascriptvarxmlhttpifwindowxmlhttprequestxmlhttpnewxmlhttprequestxmlhttpopengetfilepathfalsexmlhttpsendnullsourcethesetrequestheadermethoduponsuccessfulinitializationofarequestthesetrequestheadermethodofthexmlhttprequestobjectcanbeinvokedtosendlistofhttpheadershttpheaderswiththerequestsetrequestheadernamevaluethefirstparameterofthismethodisthetextstringnameoftheheaderthesecondparameteristhetextstringvaluethismethodmustbeinvokedforeachheaderthatneedstobesentwiththerequestanyheadersattachedherewillberemovedthenexttimetheopenmethodisinvokedinawcconforminguseragentthesendmethodtosendanhttprequestthesendmethodofthexmlhttprequestmustbeinvokedthismethodacceptsasingleparametercontainingthecontenttobesentwiththerequestsenddatathisparametermaybeomittedifnocontentneedstobesentthewcdraftstatesthatthisparametermaybeanytypeavailabletothescriptinglanguageaslongasitcanbeturnedintoatextstringwiththeexceptionofthedomdocumentobjectifauseragentcannotserialisetheparameterthentheparametershouldbeignoredfirefoxxandpreviousversionswillhoweverthrowanexceptionifcodesendcodeiscalledwithoutanargumentiftheparameterisadomdocumentobjectauseragentshouldassurethedocumentisturnedintowellformedxmlusingtheencodingindicatedbytheinputencodingpropertyofthedocumentobjectifthecontenttyperequestheaderwasnotaddedthroughsetrequestheaderyetitshouldautomaticallybeaddedbyaconforminguseragentasapplicationxmlcharsetcharsetwherecharsetistheencodingusedtoencodethedocumentiftheuseragentisconfiguredtouseaproxyserverthenthexmlhttprequestobjectwillmodifytherequestappropriatelysoastoconnecttotheproxyinsteadoftheoriginserverandsendcodeproxyauthorizationcodeheadersasconfiguredtheonreadystatechangeeventlisteneriftheopenmethodofthexmlhttprequestobjectwasinvokedwiththethirdparametersettotrueforanasynchronousrequesttheonreadystatechangeeventlistenerwillbeautomaticallyinvokedforeachofthefollowingactionsthatchangethereadystatepropertyofthexmlhttprequestobjectstatechangesworklikethisaftertheopenmethodhasbeeninvokedsuccessfullythereadystatepropertyofthexmlhttprequestobjectshouldbeassignedavalueofopenedafterthesendmethodhasbeeninvokedandthehttpresponseheadershavebeenreceivedthereadystatepropertyofthexmlhttprequestobjectshouldbeassignedavalueofheadersreceivedoncethehttpresponsecontentbeginstoloadthereadystatepropertyofthexmlhttprequestobjectshouldbeassignedavalueofloadingoncethehttpresponsecontenthasfinishedloadingthereadystatepropertyofthexmlhttprequestobjectshouldbeassignedavalueofdonethelistenerwillonlyrespondtostatechangeswhichoccurafterthelistenerisdefinedtodetectstatesandthelistenermustbedefinedbeforetheopenmethodisinvokedtheopenmethodmustbeinvokedbeforethesendmethodisinvokedsourcelangjavascriptvarrequestnewxmlhttprequestrequestonreadystatechangefunctionvardonethisdoneifthisreadystatedonealertthisreadystaterequestopengetsomepagexmltruerequestsetrequestheaderxrequestedwithxmlhttprequesttellsserverthatthiscallismadeforajaxpurposesmostlibrarieslikejqueryprototypedojodothisrequestsendnullnodataneedstobesentalongwiththerequestsourcetheabortmethodthismethodabortstherequestifthereadystateofthexmlhttprequestobjecthasnotyetbecometheabortmethodensuresthatthecallbackhandlerdoesnotgetinvokedduringanasynchronousrequestabortsomeajaxlibrariesusetheabortmethodtocancelpotentialduplicateoroutoforderrequeststhehttpresponseafterasuccessfulandcompletedcalltothesendmethodofthexmlhttprequestiftheserverresponsewaswellformeddocumentwellformedxmlandthecontenttypeheadersentbytheserverisunderstoodbytheuseragentasaninternetmediatypeforxmltheresponsexmlpropertyofthexmlhttprequestobjectwillcontainadomdocumentobjectanotherpropertyresponsetextwillcontaintheresponseoftheserverinplaintextbyaconforminguseragentregardlessofwhetherornotitwasunderstoodasxmlcrossdomainrequestsintheearlydevelopmentoftheworldwidewebitwasfoundpossibletobreachuserssecuritybytheuseofjavascripttoexchangeinformationfromonewebsitewiththatfromanotherlessreputableoneallmodernbrowsersthereforeimplementasameoriginpolicythatpreventsmanysuchattackssuchascrosssitescriptingxmlhttprequestdataissubjecttothissecuritypolicybutsometimeswebdeveloperswanttointentionallycircumventitsrestrictionsthisissometimesduetothelegitimateuseofsubdomainsasforexamplemakinganxmlhttprequestfromapagecreatedbycodefooexamplecomcodeforinformationfromcodebarexamplecomcodewillnormallyfailvariousalternativesexisttocircumventthissecurityfeatureincludingusingjsonpcrossoriginresourcesharingcorsoralternativeswithpluginssuchasflashorsilverlightcrossoriginxmlhttprequestisspecifiedinwcsxmlhttprequestlevelspecificationinternetexplorerdidnotimplementcorsuntilversionthetwopreviousversionsandofferedsimilarfunctionalitythroughthexdomainrequestxdrapicorsisnowsupportedbyallmodernbrowsersdesktopandmobilethecorsprotocolhasseveralrestrictionswithtwomodelsofsupportthesimplemodeldoesnotallowsettingcustomrequestheadersandomitshttpcookiecookiesfurtheronlytheheadgetandposthypertexttransferprotocolrequestmethodsrequestmethodsaresupportedandpostonlyallowsthefollowingmimetypestextplainapplicationxwwwurlencodedandmultipartformdataformdatamultipartformdataonlytextplainwasinitiallysupportedtheothermodeldetectswhenoneofthenonsimplefeaturesarerequestedandsendsapreflightrequesttotheservertonegotiatethefeatureseealsowebsocketrepresentationalstatetransferrestreferencesexternallinksxhrspecwhatwgorgxmlhttprequestlivingstandardbythewhatwgworgtrxmlhttprequestxmlhttprequestleveldraftbythewcxyysyndromeredirectcategoryshellhohoconinfoboxlanguagenamexiangimagecaptionxianglanguagewritteninchinesecharactersimagexiangyupngimagesizepxaltnamehunanesenativenamestatespeoplesrepublicofchinachinaregioncentralandsouthwesternhunannorthernguangxipartsofguizhouandhubeiprovincesethnicityhunanesepeoplehanchinesespeakersmilliondaterefnefamilycolorsinotibetanfamsiniticlanguagessiniticfamchineselanguagechinesediaoldxiangdianewxiangdiachenxuxiangdiahengzhouxiangdiayongquanxiangmapidiomaxiangpngmapcaptionisohsnglottoxianglottorefnamexiangchineselinguaaaaexiangorhsiangalsoknownashunaneseisagroupoflinguisticallysimilarandhistoricallyrelatedvarietiesofchinesespokenmainlyinhunanprovincebutalsoinnorthernguangxiandpartsofneighboringguizhouandhubeiprovincesscholarsdividedxiangintofivesubgroupschangyiloushaohengzhouchenxuandyongquanamongthoseloushaoalsoknownasoldxiangstillexhibitsthethreewaydistinctionofmiddlechineseobstruentspreservingthevoicephoneticsvoicedstopconsonantstopsfricativeconsonantfricativesandaffricateconsonantaffricatesxianghasalsobeenheavilyinfluencedbymandarinchinesemandarinwhichadjoinsthreeofthefoursidesofthexiangspeakingterritoryandganchineseganinjiangxiprovincefromwherealargepopulationimmigratedtohunanduringthemingdynastyhunanesepeoplexiangspeakersplayedanimportantroleinmodernchinesehistoryespeciallyinthosereformatoryandrevolutionarymovementssuchasselfstrengtheningmovementhundreddaysreformxinhairevolutionandchinesecommunistrevolutionsomeexamplesofxiangspeakersaremaozedongzuozongtanghuangxingandmayingjeouhistoryancientagesduringqinandhandynastymostpartoftodayseasternhunanbelongedtochangshachangshaxianchangshaguoaccordingtoyangxiongauthoryangxiongsfangyanpeopleinthisregionspokesouthernchulanguagechuwhichisconsideredtheancestorofxiangchinesetodaymiddleagesandrecenthistoryduringthetangdynastyalargescaleemigrationtookplacewithpeopleemigratingfromthenorthtothesouthbringingmiddlechineseintohunantodaysxiangstillkeepssomemiddlechinesewordssuchastohavefuntoweedtowalkenteringtonevowelsstartedweakeninginhunanatthistimethelateyuandynastypeasantuprisingcausedagreatmanycasualtiesinhunanduringthemingdynastyalargescaleemigrationfromjiangxitohunantookplaceganchineseganwhichwasbroughtbysettlersfromjiangxiinfluencedxiangthespeechineasthunandifferentiatedintonewxiangduringthatperiodquanzhoucountybecamepartofguangxiprovinceaftertheadjustmentofadministrativedivisionsinthemingdynastysomefeaturesofxiangatthattimewerekeptinthisregionclassificationprovincenewxiangorangeoldxiangyellowchenxuxianglightredxiangnantuhuadarkgreenandmediumgreenbrnoteotherdialectsareshowninlargerareasthaninthenextmaphakkapinksouthwesternmandarinlightbluemediumbluelightgreenandwaxianghuawaxiangdarkbluesincetheclassificationofyuanjiahuaxianghasbeenconsideredoneofsevenmajorgroupsofvarietiesofchinesejerrynormansinologistjerrynormanclassifiedxiangganchineseganandwuchinesewuascentralgroupsintermediatebetweenthemandarinchinesemandaringrouptothenorthandthesoutherngroupsminchineseminhakkachinesehakkaandyuechineseyueinxiangdialectsthevoicedinitialsofmiddlechineseyieldunaspiratedinitialsinalltonecategoriesafewvarietieshaveretainedvoicinginalltonesbutmosthavevoicelessinitialsinsomeoralltonecategoriesclasswikitabledevelopmentofvoicedinitialsindifferenttonesglossmiddlechinesechengbushuangfengshaoyangchangshapeachdawdaosupsupdsupsupdasupsupstylebackgroundfectasupsupsitdzwaxdzosupsupdzusupsupstylebackgroundfectsosupsupstylebackgroundfectsosupsuptogethergjownghgosupsupgasupsupstylebackgroundfeckongsupsupstylebackgrou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ouseswerenotableforbeingbuiltwithpolyurethaneinsulationfoamratherthanconcreteforeasyfastandcosteffectiveconstructiontheywereergonomicsergonomicallydesignedandcontainedsomeoftheearliesthomeautomationsystemsthekissimmeexanadudesignedbyroymasonarchitectroymasonwasthemostpopularandatitspeakwasattractingnbspvisitorseverydaythewisconsindellsandgatlinburghouseswereclosedanddemolishedintheearlysthekissimmeexanaduhousewasclosedinanddemolishedinoctoberhistoryearlydevelopmentbobmasterswasanearlypioneerofhousesbuiltofrigidinsulationbeforeconceivingthexanaduhouseconceptmastersdesignedandcreatedinflatableballoonstobeusedintheconstructionofhousesrefcitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayyearlastmasonpagerefhewasinspiredbyarchitectstannordconnollyskesingerhouseindenvercoloradodenvercoloradooneoftheearliesthomesbuiltfrominsulationmastersbuilthisfirstballoonconstructedhouseexteriorininlessthanthreedaysduringaturbulentsnowstormusingthesamemethodslaterusedtobuildthexanaduhousesrefnamebobearlydevcitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayyearlastmasonpagesrefmasterswasconvincedthatthesedomeshapedhomesbuiltoffoamcouldworkforotherssohedecidedtocreateaseriesofshowhomesintheunitedstatesmasterssbusinesspartnertomgusselchosethenamexanaduforthehomesareferencetoshangduxanaduthesummercapitalofyuandynastyyuanwhichisprominentlyfeaturedinsamueltaylorcoleridgesfamouspoemkublakhanrefnamefirstxanaducitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayyearlastmasonpagesrefthefirstxanaduhouseopenedinwisconsindellswisconsinwisconsindellswisconsinitwasdesignedbyarchitectstewartgordonandconstructedbymastersinitwasinareaandfeaturedageodesicgreenhousepeoplevisitedthenewattractioninitsfirstsummerpopularitythemostpopularxanaduhousewasthesecondhousedesignedbyarchitectroymasonarchitectroymasonmastersmetmasoninatafuturesconferenceintorontomasonhadworkedonasimilarprojectpriortohisinvolvementinthecreationofthekissimmeexanaduhousemdashanexperimentalschoolonahillinvirginiawhichwasalsoafoamstructurebothmasonandmasterswereinfluencedbyotherexperimentalhousesandbuildingconceptswhichemphasizedergonomicsusabilityandenergyefficiencytheseincludedapartmentsdesignedbyarchitectkishokurokawafeaturingdetachablebuildingmodulesandmoresignificantdesignsincludingafloatinghabitatmadeoffiberglassdesignedbyjacquesbeufsforlivingonwatersurfacesconceptsforlivingunderwaterbyarchitectjacquesrougerieandthedonmetzhousebuiltintheswhichtookadvantageoftheearthasinsulationrefcitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayyearlastmasonpagesreffiftyyearsbeforexanaduhouseanotherhousefromthehomesoftomorrowexhibitionatthecenturyofprogressexpositioninchicagointroducedairconditioningforcedairheatingcircuitbreakersandelectriceyedoorsrefcitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayyearlastmasonpagesrefmasonbelievedxanaduhousewouldalterpeoplesviewsofhousesaslittlemorethaninanimatepassivesheltersagainsttheelementsrefnamecommodorecitationlasthalfhillfirsttomrpublicationdatedecembertitlecomputersinthehomeofperiodicalcomputeaccessdateurlcommodorecagallerymagazineshomeautomationcomputedeccomputedechtmrefnoonesreallylookedatthehouseasatotalorganicsystemsaidmasonwhowasalsothearchitectureeditorofthefuturistmagazinethehousecanhaveintelligenceandeachroomcanhaveintelligencetheestimatedcostofconstructionforonehomewasroymasonalsoplannedalowcostversionwhichwouldcosttoshowthathomesusingcomputersdonothavetobeexpensivethelowcostxanaduwasneverbuiltapproximatelyhomeswerebuiltusingthistypeofconstructionthewaltdisneycompanyopenedepcotcenterinfloridaonoctoberoriginallyenvisionedastheexperimentalprototypecommunityoftomorrowconceptexperimentalprototypecommunityoftomorrowrefcitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayyearlastmasonpagerefmastersfellowaspenhighschoolteachererikvwolterandmasondecidedtoopenaxanaduhouseseveralmilesawayinkissimmeeiteventuallyopenedinafterseveralyearsofresearchintotheconceptsxanaduwoulduseitwasoverinsizeconsiderablylargerthantheaveragehousebecauseitwasbuiltasashowcaseatitspeakinthesunderthemanagementofwoltermorethanpeoplevisitedthenewkissimmeeattractioneverydayathirdxanaduhousewasbuiltingatlinburgtennesseeshortlyafterthexanaduhouseswerebuiltandopenedasvisitorattractionstourismcompaniesbegantoadvertisethemasthehomeofthefutureinbrochuresencouragingpeopletovisitrefcitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayyearlastmasonpagesrefdemisebytheearlysthexanaduhousesbegantolosepopularitybecausethetechnologytheyusedwasquicklybecomingobsoleteandasaresultthehousesinwisconsinandtennesseeweredemolishedwhilethexanaduhouseinkissimmeecontinuedtooperateasapublicvisitorattractionuntilitwasclosedinitwasconsequentlyputupforsaleinandwassoldforofficeandstorageusebythekissimmeehousehadsufferedgreatlyfrommoldandmildewthroughouttheinteriorduetoalackofmaintenancesincebeingusedasavisitorattractionitwasputupforsaleagainforanaskingpriceofusmillionbyoctoberthelastofthexanaduhouseshadbeendemolishedfollowingyearsofabandonmentandusebythehomelessthekissimmeehousewasalsofeaturedinthemovieurbanexplorersfilmurbanexplorersintothedarknessitshowedthehouseindisrepairwithdoorswideopenmoldgrowingeverywhereandahomelessmanlivinginsidetheexplorerswalkedthroughthehousefilmingthedecayfirsthandasthehomelessmansleptinachaironthemainfloorattheendofthesegmentthemanwakesupandthreatenstheexplorerstellingthemtoleavehishomedesignconstructionconstructionofthexanaduhouseinkissimmeefloridabeganwiththepouringofaconcreteslabbaseandtheerectionofatensionringindiametertoanchorthedomedroofofwhatwouldbecomethegreatroomofthehouseapreshapedvinylballoonwasformedandattachedtotheringandtheninflatedbyairpressurefromlargefansoncetheformwasfullyinflateditssurfacewassprayedwithquickhardeningpolyurethaneplasticfoamthefoamproducedbythesuddenmixtureoftwochemicalsthatexpandoncontacttotimestheiroriginalvolumehardenedalmostinstantlyrepeatedsprayingproducedafivetosixinchthickstructurallysoundshellwithinafewhoursoncethefoamcuredtheplasticballoonformwasremovedtobeusedagainoncetheseconddomewascompletedandtheballoonformremovedthetworoomswerejoinedtogetherbywiremeshwhichwasalsosprayedwithfoamtoformaconnectinggalleryorhallthisprocesswasrepeateduntilthehousewascompletewindowskylightanddooropeningswerecutandtheframesfoamedintoplacefinallytheinterioroftheentirestructurewassprayedwithanbspinchnbspcmcoatingoffireproofmaterialthatalsoprovidedasmootheasytocleanfinishforwallsandceilingstheexteriorwasgivenacoatofwhiteelastomericpaintasthefinaltouchrefnamecenterpagescitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayyearlastmasonpagesplatealcenterinsertrefinterioranxanaduhousewasergonomicallydesignedwithfutureoccupantsinminditusedcurvedwallspaintedconcretefloorsratherthancarpetsalightcolorschemefeaturingcoolcolorsthroughoutandanopenfloorplanlinkingroomstogetherwithouttheuseofdoorsithadatleasttwoentrancesandlargeportholetypewindowstheinteriorofthehousewascavelikefeaturingcrampedroomsandlowceilingsalthoughitisnotclearwhethertheseaccountsdescribethesamexanaduhousewithathirtyfootdometheinteriorsusedacreamcolorforthewallsandapalegreenforthefloorthexanaduhouseinkissimmeefloridausedanautomationautomatedsystemcontrolledbycommodoreinternationalcommodoremicrocomputersthehousehadfifteenroomsofthesethekitchenpartyroomhealthspaandbedroomsallusedcomputersandotherelectronicequipmentheavilyintheirdesignrefnamedayatxanaducitationlastmasonfirstroylastjenningsfirstllastevansfirstrtitleadayatxanadunewspaperfuturistmagazinepagesdatefebruaryreftheautomationconceptswhichxanaduhouseusedarebasedonoriginalideasconceivedinthesandearlierthexanaduhousesaimedtobringtheoriginalconceptsintoafinishedandworkingimplementationinsidethehousetherewasanelectronictourguideforthebenefitofvisitorsandthefamilyroomfeaturedvideoscreensthatdisplayedcomputergraphicsarttheseartdisplayswereconstantlychangingbeingdisplayedonvideoscreensasopposedtostaticmediumsrefcitationlastharbfirstjosephapublicationdatefebruarytitlenoplacelikehomebeepzzztsmarthometechnologyreviewedperiodicalnationsbusinessaccessdateurlfindarticlescomparticlesmimisvaideadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebfindarticlescomparticlesmimisvaiarchivedatedfrefrefnamecomputersamazingmachinespgcitebooklastoneillfirstcatherinepublicationdatetitlecomputersthoseamazingmachinespublishernationalgeographicsocietyisbnxpagesrefthehomealsofeaturedfireandsecuritysystemsalongwithamasterbaththatincludedadjustableweatherconditionsandasolarheatingsolarheatedsteambathsteambathatthecenterofthehousewasthegreatroomthelargestinthehouseitfeaturedalargefalsetreesupportingtheroofandalsoactedaspartofthebuiltinheatingsystemthegreatroomalsoincludedafountainsmalltelevisionsetandavideoprojectornearbywasthediningroomfeaturingaglasstablewithacurvedseatsurroundingitbehindtheseatswasalargewindowcoveringtheentirewallthefamilyroomfeaturedwallscoveredwithtelevisionmonitorsandotherelectronicselectronicequipmenttheentertainmentcenterinthefamilyroomwasdescribedasanelectronichearthbythehomesbuildersitwasplannedasagatheringplaceforfamilymembersandrelativesalongthesamelinesasatraditionalhearthwithafireplacethekitchenwasautomatedbyautochefanelectronicdietitianwhichplannedwellbalancedmealsrefcitationdatejullastmasonfirsteapagestitlemedicalengineeringmeetingsonresearchprioritiesvolumeissuepmidjournalengineeringinmedicinedoiemedjourrefmealscouldbecookedautomaticallyatasetdateandtimeifnewfoodwasrequireditcouldeitherbeobtainedviateleshoppingthroughthecomputersystemorfromxanadusowngreenhousethekitchenscomputerterminalcouldalsobeusedforthehouseholdcalendarrecordsandhomebookkeepingthexanaduhomesalsosuggestedawaytodobusinessathomewiththeofficeroomandtheuseofcomputersforelectronicmailaccesstostockandcommoditiestradingandnewsservicescomputersinthemasterbedroomallowedforotherpartsofthehousetobecontrolledthiseliminatedchoressuchashavingtogodownstairstoturnoffthecoffeepotafteronehadgonetobedthechildrensbedroomfeaturedthelatestinteachingmicrocomputersandvideotexturewindowswhoserealisticcomputergeneratedlandscapescouldshiftinaflashfromscenesofrealplacesanywhereintheworldtoimaginaryscenesthebedsattherightoftheroomretreatedintothewalltosavespaceandcutdownonclutterthestudynicheswerejusttherightsizeforcurlingupallalonewithapocketcomputergameorabookinthespapeoplecouldrelaxinawhirlpoolsunsaunaandenvironmentallycontrolledhabitatandexercisewiththeassistanceofspamonitorsrefcitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayyearlastmasonpagesrefoneoftheadvantagesofusingcomputersinthehomeincludessecurityinxanaduhouseahalhaltypevoicespokewhensomeoneenteredtomaketheintruderthinksomeonewashomerefcitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayyearlastmasonpagesrefrefcitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayyearlastmasonpagesrefgalleryfilexanadumasterbedroomjpgmasterbedroomfilexanaduwhirlpoolbathtubjpgwhirlpooltubfilexanadudiningroomjpgdiningroomfilexanadulilypadsjpgindoorpondsfilexanadukitchenjpgkitchenfilexanadufuturisticarchitecturejpgoutdoorsviewgalleryconcernsoverenergyconsumptionaninitialconcernwasthatelectricitycostswouldbeexcessivesinceseveralcomputerswouldbeoperatingcontinuouslymasonfiguredthatacentralcomputercouldcontroltheenergyconsumptionofalltheothercomputersinthehouseseealsodymaxionhousehouseofinnovationmonolithicdomesanzhiufohousesnotesreferencescitationtitlexanaduthecomputerizedhomeoftomorrowandhowitcanbeyourstodayfirstroylastmasonfirstlanelastjenningsfirstrobertlastevansauthorlinkroymasonarchitectpagespublisheracropolisbooksisbnpublicationdatenovemberyearfurtherreadingcitationlastcornfirstjosephjpublicationdatemaytitleyesterdaystomorrowspastvisionsoftheamericanfuturepublisherthejohnshopkinsuniversitypresspagesisbnyearcitationlastoneillfirstcatherinepublicationdatejunetitlecomputersthoseamazingmachinespublishernationalgeographicsocietypagesisbnxyearexternallinksroadsideamericacomstorylastofthexanadusatroadsideamericacomlockheedxflockheedxfredirectcategoryshellstonerstonerxrayastronomyredirectindigenousaustralianartxrayastronomytriplexsyndromeinfoboxmusicalartistnamexplastazimageimagesizelandscapeyesifwideimageotherwiseleaveblankaltcaptionbackgroundgrouporbandaliasoriginarushatanzaniagenrehiphopmusichiphopyearsactivepresentlabelouthererecordsouthereassociatedactswebsitecurrentmemberspastmembersxplastazisatanzanianhiphopmusicalgroupbasedinarushaandfoundedintheyareoneofthemostpopularactsinthetanzanianhiphopscenetheirstylemixeselementsfrominternationalhiphopandtraditionalmaasaipeoplemaasaimusicrepresentedbymaasaisingermeregewhilemeregesingsinmaalanguagemaamaasailanguagetheothermembersofthegrouprapinswahililanguageswahiliandhayalanguagehayameregeisalsowellknowntoperformintraditionalmaasaiclothingsxplastazhiphopisslowerpacedthatmostafricanhiphopandstronglycharacterisedbymaasaideepchantingxplastazsongssuchasahaduniadudumizibamizaandmostnotablymsimukwamsimuareamongthemostpopularhitsinthebongoflavagenrehistorythefirstlineupofxplastazconsistedintheruffandgsannbrothersfromarushatogetherwiththeircolleagueandroommateziggyfromthetangaregiontheybegansinginghiphopinwhileearningtheirlivinginahaircuttingsaloonintheywerenoticedbybonnieluvarecordproducerfromdaressalaamwhohadthemrecordsomesingletheirfirsthitwasbamizathatwasoneofthemostplayedsongsbytanzanianradiosforseveralweeksanotherhitsoonfollowedwachagapigachatainxplastazvisitedatraditionalmaasaivillagewestofarushaandmetyamatolemeipukoalsoknownasmeregewhowasthelocalsingingchampioninhisageclasstheythusinvitedmeregetojointhemwhentheywereperforminginthesurroundingsofarushaandmoshikilimanjaromoshitheirnewmaasaihiphopstylewasaninstantsuccessasmeregebecameastablememberofthelineupovertimethegroupalsoacquirednewmembersincludingruffandgsannstwoyoungerbrothersandyoungersisterxplastazmaasaihiphopcaughttheattentionofjayrutledgeeditoroftheroughguidesethnicmusiccdseriesthankstotheinclusionoftheirsongsintheroughguidescompilationsdedicatedtotanzaniaandafricanhiphopxplastazreceivedinternationalacclaimandeventuallybegantouringeuropeaswellaslatinamericarefnameunsignedafricaunsignedcomprojectsxplastazxplastazfromthemaasaivillagetotheembassyofeastafricanhiphopatafricaunsignedrefintheyalsoparticipatedintheworldaidsdayinternationaleventingermanrecordinglabelouthererecordspublishedxplastazfirstfulllengthalbummaasaihiphopwhichincludedthehitsongspreviouslypublishedintheroughguidesinxplastazsufferedthesuddendeathofnellydiedofinjuriesonmarchafterbeingstabbedborninhewastheoldestmemberofthegroupandhissympatheticattitudetowardsthepoorandneedywasoneofxplastaztrademarksthevideoofnellyslastsongninidhambikwamwenyedhikishotontheoldoinyolengaivolcanoisoneofthemostpopularafricamusicvideosonyoutubedespitethisdramaticlossxplastazdidnotdisbandandarestillactivetodayintheypublishedfurahathefirstsingleoftheirupcomingsecondalbuminthesamegsanparticipatedinbetcyphertheannualgatheringofamericastopmcsinbrooklynnewyorkcityintheypresentedanothernewsingleafrikaatthesautizabusarafestivalinstoneto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dwariiinchinawaswindingdownhedefeatednationalistattackontheyanansovietatfutaishanandassistedthecampaignofthenorthchinaplainpocketbreakoutofwangzhengeneralwangzhensbrigadefromthenorthchinaplainschinesecivilwarandpostwartransitionrightandsaifuddinazizileftinwiththeoutbreakoffullscalechinesecivilwarcivilwarbetweencommunistsandnationalistsinearlyxiremainedinnorthwesternchinatocoordinatetheprotectionandthenrecaptureoftheyanansovietareaaspoliticalcommissarxiandcommanderzhangzongxundefeatednationalistswestofyananatthebattleofxihuachiinmarchafteryananfelltohuzongnanonmarchxiworkedonthestaffofpengdehuaiinthebattlestoretakeyananandcapturenorthwestchinaxidirectedthepoliticalworkofthenorthwestpoliticalandmilitaryaffairsbureauwhichwastaskedwithbringingcommunistgovernancetothenewlyliberatedareasofthenorthwestinthiscapacityxiwasknownforhismoderatepoliciesandtheuseofnonmilitarymeanstopacifyrebelliousareasinjulyfollowingthecommunistsdefeatofthemacliquearmiesinqinghairemnantsofthemuslimwarlordsincitedrebellionamongtibetantribesmenastheplasenttroopstoquelltheuprisingxizhongxunurgedforapoliticalsolutionnumerousenvoysincludinggeshesherabgyatsoandthepanchenlamawenttonegotiatethoughxiangqianrebuffeddozensofoffersandtheplamanagedtocapturethechieftainsvillagesxicontinuedtopursueapoliticalsolutionhereleasedcapturedtribesmenofferedgeneroustermstoxiangqianandforgavethosewhotookpartintheuprisinginjulyxiangqianreturnedfromhidinginthemountainspledgedhisallegiancetothepeoplesrepublicandwasinvitedbyxitoattendthegraduationceremonyofthenationalitiescollegeinlanzhouinxiangqiangbecamethechiefofjaincacountymaocomparedxisdefttreatmentofxiangqiantozhugeliangsconciliationofmenghuointheromanceofthethreekingdomsalsoinxizhongxunhaltedthecampaignofwangzhengeneralwangzhenanddengliquntoimplementlandreformandclassstruggletopastoralistregionsofxinjiangthepoliciesinflamedsocialunrestinpastoralistnorthernxinjiangwhereospanbatyruprisinghadjustbeenquelledwiththesupportofmaoxireversedthepolicieshadwangzhenrelievedfromxinjiangandreleasedoverathousandherdersfromprisonwhenthethdalailamavisitedbeijinginforseveralmonthsofpoliticalmeetingsandstudiesinchineseandmarxismxispenttimewiththetibetanleaderwhofondlyrecalledxiasveryfriendlycomparativelyopenmindedveryniceasagiftthedalailamagavexianomegawatchpoliticalcareerinbeijingpurgerehabilitationandretirementinseptemberxizhongxunbecamechiefofthepartyspropagandadepartmentandsupervisedculturalandeducationpoliciesinhebecameavicepremierandworkedunderzhouenlaiindirectingthestatecouncilofthepeoplesrepublicofchinastatecouncilslawmakingandpolicyresearchfunctionsinhewasaccusedofleadinganantipartycliqueforsupportingthebiographyofliuzhidanandpurgedfromallleadershippositionsthebiographywrittenbylijiantongtocommemoratexisformercomradewhodiedapartymartyrinwasallegedtobeacovertefforttosubvertthepartybyrehabilitatinggaoganganotherformercomradewhohadbeenpurgedinxizhongxunwasforcedtoundergoselfcritiqueandinwasdemotedtothepositionofadeputymanagerofatractorfactoryinluoyangheregainedhisfreedominmayandwasassignedtoanotherfactoryinluoyangaftertheculturalrevolutionendedxiwasfullyrehabilitatedatthethirdplenarysessionofthethcpccentralcommitteeindecemberfromtoheheldleadershiprolesinguangdongprovincesuccessivelyasthesecondandthenfirstprovincialsecretarygovernorofguangdonggovernorandpoliticalcommissaroftheguangdongmilitaryregioninguangdonghestabilizedtheprovincialgovernmentandbegantoliberalizetheeconomyinguangdongprovinceincludingshenzhenpicturedherewhichhasgrowntobecomelistofcitiesinthepeoplesrepublicofchinabypopulationoneofthelargestcitiesinchinawhenhefirstarrivedinguangdongtheprovincialgovernmentwasstrugglingtoholdbackthetideofguangdongresidentstryingtofleetohongkongatthetimedailywagesinguangdongaveragedyuanaboutofwagesinhongkongxiunderstoodthedisparityinstandardsoflivingandcalledformarketsocialismeconomicliberalisationinguangdongtodosoheneededtowinoverleadersinbeijingskepticalofthemarketeconomyinmeetingsinaprilheconvinceddengxiaopingtopermitguangdongtomakeitsownforeigntradepolicydecisionsandtoinviteforeigninvestmenttoprojectsinexperimentalareasalongtheprovincialborderwithhongkongandmacauandinshantouwhichhasalargeoverseasdiasporadengaddedthecentralgovernmenthasnofundsbutwecangiveyousomefavorablepoliciesborrowingaphrasefromtheirguerrillawardaysdengtoldxiyouhavetofindawaytofightabloodypathoutxisubmittedaformalproposalonthecreationofspecialzoneslaterrenamedspecialeconomiczonesandinjulythepartycenterandstatecouncilapprovedthecreationofthefirstfourspecialeconomiczonesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaspecialeconomiczonesinxireturnedtobeijingandwaselectedthedeputychairofthestandingcommitteeofthenationalpeoplescongressstandingcommitteeofthenationalpeoplescongressandalsoheldthechairofthelegalaffairscommitteeinthiscapacityheoversawthedraftingofnumerouslawsinseptemberhewaselectedtothepolitburoofthecommunistpartyofchinapolitburoandthepartysecretariatindengxiaopingandchenyunweredissatisfiedwiththeliberalinclinationofhuyaobangandcalledameetingtoforcehutoresignxiwastheonlyonethatdefendedhuheretiredfrompublicserviceinaprilandspentmostofhisretirementyearsinshenzhenpersonallifexizhongxunmarriedqixinhissecondwifeandhadfourchildrenqiqiaoqiaoxiananxijinpingandxiyuanpingxijinpingbecamegeneralsecretaryofthechinesecommunistpartyfromnovemberandpresidentofthepeoplesrepublicofchinasincemarchxizhongxundiedmayreferencescitationssourceschinasnewrulersthesecretfileandrewjnathanandbrucegilleythenewyorkreviewbooktheoriginsoftheculturalrevolutionvolthecomingofthecataclysmcolumbiauniversitypressexternallinkschinavitaecombiographyxizhongxunbiographyofxizhongxunchinavitaechinacomcnchinesezhuantihtmbiographyofxizhongxunxinhuanewsagencythisarticleisapartofwikipediawikiprojectaircraftpleaseseewikipediawikiprojectaircraftpagecontentforrecommendedlayoutinfoboxaircraftbeginnamexianjhbrfbcflyingleopardimagefileplaafxianjhaatchelyabinskshagolairbasejpgcaptionanavalaviationjhaontherunwayatchelyabinskshagolairbaseinfoboxaircrafttypetypefighterbombermanufacturerxianaircraftindustrycorporationdesignerfirstflightdecemberintroducedretiredstatusoperationalinproductionprimaryuserpeoplesliberationarmynavypleaselistonlyonemoreuserspeoplesliberationarmyairforceproducednumberbuiltasofprogramcostshouldbeusedonlyforexperimentalprogramsunitcostdevelopedfromvariantswiththeirownarticlesthexianjhjianjijihongzhajifighterbombernatoreportingnameflounderalsoknownasthefbcfighterbomberchinaflyingleopardisatandemtwoseattwinenginefighterbomberinservicewiththepeoplesliberationarmynavalairforceplanafandthepeoplesliberationarmyairforceplaafthemaincontractorsarexianaircraftindustrialcorporationxacandtherdaircraftdesigninstitutelaternamedthefirstaircraftinstituteofchinaaviationindustrycorporationiavicithefirstjhsweredeliveredtotheplanafinthemidsforevaluationwiththeimprovedjhaenteringserviceinrefnamesinodefencerefdevelopmenthistoryanewfighterbomberintheearlystheplaafrequiredanewfighterbombertoreplacetheharbinhandnanchangqarequestwasdulysubmittedtotheaviationindustrycorporationofchinaministryofaviationindustrylaterrenamedtotheaviationindustrycorporationofchinawhichorganizedadomesticdevelopmentprogramwheneffortstosecureajointventurewithforeignpartnersfailedtheprogramwasauthorizedonaprilbythenparamountleaderdengxiaopingtheprogramwasalsoaimingtomakeuseofnewlyimportedbritishrollsroycespeyturbofanenginesatthetimerefnameairforceworldcomjhfbcfighterbomberandspeyturbofanrefjhtheplanafrequiredasimilaraircraftandtheprogramsetouttodevelopavariantforeachsetofrequirementstheplaafvariantwouldbeatwomanallweatherdeepstrikebomberwithsidebysidecockpitseatingelectroniccountermeasuresecmandterrainfollowingradarterrainfollowingcapabilitiessimilartothegeneraldynamicsftheplanafwouldreceiveatwomanallweathertandemcockpitstrikeandreconnaissanceaircrafttheplaafvariantwasdroppedintheearlyswiththeplanafvariantbecomingthejhsixprototypeswerebuiltbydecemberandtheplanafreceivedtoaircraftintheearlysforevaluationthefirstaircraftusedimportedrollsroycespeymkengineslaterreplacedbyalicensebuiltcopythewstheywereequippedwiththetypehmultifunctionradarwhichcoulddetectshipsatamaximumofandmigsizedaerialtargetsatthejhwasdesignedasanantishippingfighterbomberaswiththelaterjhaitsaerialcombatcapabilitywasinsignificantgiventhelargenumberofspecialistaircraftforthatrolejhaduringtheourtroopstowardstheskyexhibitionwhentheplaexaminedthefutureroleofairforcesitidentifiedaneedforprecisionguidedmunitionprecisionairtosurfacecapabilityanimprovedjhthejhawasdesignedtomeetthisrequirementthejhasgeneralanddeputygeneraldesignersweretangchanghongandwujieqinrespectivelythejhahadalighterandstrongerairframethanthejhallowingtheneweraircrafttocarryamaximumordnanceloadofnbspkgrefnameupiasiarefrefnameaeroflightrefinplanafthisallowedfouryjantishipmissilestobecarriedcomparedtothetwoonthejhthejhaisequippedwithdomesticchinesehelmetmounteddisplayhelmetmountedsighthmsforevaluationandthishmscurrentlybeingtestedisdevelopedbywebarchiveorgwebsicongcomxianoptronicsgroupxiguangjituanamemberofwebarchiveorgwebnortheocomnorthernelectroopticcoltdthewhollyownedsubsidiaryofnorincoandthehmsonjhawasdevelopedfromthehelicopterhmsmanufacturedbythesamecompanythusbothsharemanycommoncomponentshmstestedonjhaiscompatiblewithairtoairsurfacemissilesanditisalsocompatiblewithairbornesensorssuchasradarsandelectroopticssothatthesensorsareslavedtohmsenablingthefasttrackingandaimingoftheweaponrythecockpitofjhastillretainssometraditionalsinglefunctiondialindicatorsbuttherearetwolargecolorliquidcrystaldisplaymultifunctiondisplayswhichcanbemonochromeifpilotschooseotheravionicupgradesofjhincluderefnamejhavionicsrefreplacingtypenoisejammerwithbmkjreplacingtypearadaraltimeterwithtyperadaraltimeterfullydigitizedflybywireflightcontrolsystemandinadditiontypehairborneradarisreplacedbyjlapulsedopplerradarenablingjhatofirelaserguidedbombsandkhpantiradiationmissilestheexistingjhswereupgradedwithjhaelectronicstwoadditionalhardpointsincreasedthetotaltofromtheoriginalandonepiecewindscreenreplacedtheoriginalthreepiecewindscreenthejhawasthefirstchineseaircrafttousepaperlessdesignandthesoftwareusedwascatiavjhbanewandmuchimprovedvariantthejhbiscurrentlyunderdevelopmentitfeaturesawholenewavionicssystemamorepowerfulwsaengineandnewadvancedweaponspackageincludingtheyjthejhbalsoaddedaerialrefuelingcapabilitiesgreatlyincreasingitscombatradiusthejhbwasalsooncebelievedtohavereducedradarcrosssectionrcsforstealthbutrecentpicturesshownochangesintheairframethejhbwasexpectedtoenterproductioninoperationalhistoryonitsmaidenflightondecemberwhileenroutebacktotheairporttolandtheenginesofthejhprototypesuddenlybeguntovibrateviolentlythetestpilothuangbingxindecidedtomakeanemergencylandingbutasheapproachedtheairportthevibrationwassogreatthattwothirdsoftheinstrumentshadbeenshakenofftheinstrumentpanelandalloftheconnectorsoftheremainingthirdstillattachedtothepanelhadalsobeenshakenloosesononeoftheinstrumentsworkedthepilotnonethelessmanagedtoeventuallylandtheprototypesafelyrefnamejhaccidentsrefonjuneajhprototypesuddenlybegantoleakfuelatahighratelujunarussiantrainedchinesetestpilotmanagedtomakeasafeemergencylandingwhenthefuelreservehaddroppedtoslightlymorethanlitersthreeyearslateronaprilajhprototypecrashedduringatestflightkillingluonaugusttheentirerudderofajhsuddenlyfelloffatanaltitudeofmeterswhilecarryingfourlivemissilesagainstorderstojettisonthemissilesandabandontheaircraftthetestpilotdecidedtoattemptanemergencylandingusingmainlydifferentialthrustofthetwoenginesthetestpilothuangbingxinmadeitbacktotheairportandattemptedtomakeanemergencylandingbutatireatthestarboardsideexplodedontouchdowncausingtheaircrafttoveeroffcourseusingbrakesascontrolthetestpilotmadetwoattemptsbeforefinallyreleasingthedrogueparachutetofinallystopsafelythejhaenteredservicewiththeplanafinearlyandwiththeplaafbytheendoftheyearrefnamesinodefencejhhistoryrefinjhswentabroadtoparticipateinpeacemissionexercisesoftheshanghaicooperationorganizationscoinaprilmultiplejhaircraftjoinedarussiachinajointnavalexerciseineasternchinainjhsparticipatedinarussiachinajointexerciseheldinrussianterritoryoperatorspeoplesliberationarmynavalairforcerefnameamrrefpeoplesliberationarmyairforcevariantsjhinitialproductionversionoftheplanafantishippingfighterbomberjhalaterproductionutilisingcompositestructuretoreduceweightimprovedflyingcontrolsystemandimprovedavionicsincludingthejlashanyingjbandpulsedopplerradarweaponloadsincreasedbytheadditionoftwomorewinghardpointsandtwohardpointsundertheintaketrunkingformissionpodssuchastargetingpodsjhbnewvariantwithupgradedavionicsengineswithmorethrustinflightrefuelingupgradedmissioncomputerfadecfullauthoritydigitalflybywiresystemandgreateruseofcompositematerialsfbcflyingleopardexportversionofthejhfbcaflyingleopardiiexportversionofthejhaspecificationsjhaircraftspecificationsifyoudonotunderstandhowtousethistemplatepleaseaskatwikipediatalkwikiprojectaircraftpleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsplaneorcopterplanejetorpropjetrefavicisinodefencecomsinodefencecomnowfilloutthespecspleaseincludeunitswhereappropriatemaincomesfirstaltinparenthesesifanitemdoesntapplylikecapacityleaveitblankforadditionallinesendyouraltunitswitharightparenthesisandstartanewfullyformattedlinebeginningwithanasteriskcrewpilotweaponsoperatorpayloadmainkgpayloadaltlbpayloadmoreofweaponslengthmainmlengthaltftinspanmainmspanaltftinheightmainmheightaltftinareamainmareaaltftemptyweightmainkgemptyweightaltlbloadedweightmainkgloadedweightaltlbmaxtakeoffweightmainkgmaxtakeoffweightaltlbenginejetrollsroycespeyxianwstypeofjetafterburningturbofansnumberofjetsthrustmainknthrustaltlbfafterburningthrustmainknafterburningthrustaltlbfmaxspeedmainmachmaxspeedaltkmhmphcombatradiusmainkmcombatradiusaltnmmiwithoneinflightrefuelingestimatedkmwithoutrefuelingestimatedferryrangemainkmferryrangealtnmmiceilingmainmceilingaltftclimbratemainmsclimbratealtftminloadingmainkgmloadingaltlbftthrustweightmoreperformancegunsmmtwinbarrelgshlautocannonroundshardpointsintotalunderwingwingtipunderfuselagehardpointcapacitykglbexternalfuelandordnancerocketsmmmmunguidedrocketpodsmissilesbrairtoairmissilesplplmissileplplantishipmissilesyingjikyingjikairtosurfacemissilesyjvariantscmakongdiccccantiradiationmissilesyingjiplldldcmbombsbrgravitybombunguidedbombslaserguidedbombsltpgbgbgbpgbgbsatelliteguidedbombslspgblsftpgbftgbpgbgbftpgbftftpgbftftpgbftavionicsjlajlaradarseealsoaircontentincludeasmanylinesareappropriateadditionallinesentrieswithcarriagereturnseealsorelatedrelateddevelopmentssimilaraircraftavigilantefaardvarkmcdonnelldouglasfestrikeeaglepanaviatornadosepecatjaguarsukhoisuiarmitsubishiflistslistofchineseaircraftreferencesexternallinksyoutubecomwatchvgbrtxattdkechinesejhdocumentaryinterviewwithchiefdesignerwebarchiveorgwebairforceworldcomplafbcjhfighterbomberchinahtmjhaphotosandinformationairforceworldcomwebarchiveorgwebsinodefencecomairforcegroundattackjhaspjhatsinodefencecomglobalsecurityorgmilitaryworldchinajhhtmjhatglobalsecurityorgloslagosregionaysnregiondrugboxverifiedfieldschangedwatchedfieldschangedverifiedrevidiupacnamendimethylphenyldihydrohthiazinamineimagexylazinesvgwidthimagexylazineballandstickmodelpngclinicaldatatradenamerompunanasedsedazinechanazinedrugscompregnancyauabbbcdxpregnancyusabcdxpregnancycategorylegalauslegalcascheduleiiiiiiivvviviiviiilegalukgslppomcdclassabclegalusotcrxonlyscheduleiiiiiiivvlegalstatusveterinaryuseroutesofadministrationoralinhalationorinjectionintravenousintramuscularorsubcutaneouspharmacokineticdatabioavailabilityproteinboundmetabolismeliminationhalflifeexcretionidentifierscasnumberrefcasnumberatcvetyesatcprefixnatcsuffixcmpubchemiupharliganddrugbankrefdrugbankchemspideridrefchemspideriduniirefuniikfgtpvkeggrefkeggdchemblrefchemblchemicaldatachnsmolecularweightsmilesncscccnccccccccstdinchirefstdinchischnschhhhhstdinchikeyrefstdinchikeybpicbusomstkrfuhfffaoysanxylazineisananalogueofclonidineandanagonistatthesubsubclassofadrenergicreceptoritisusedforsedationanesthesiamusclerelaxationandanalgesiainanimalssuchashorsescattleandothernonhumanmammalsrefnamexylazinedrugscominternationalxylazinehtmlxylazineatdrugscomrefveterinariansalsousexylazineasanemeticespeciallyincatsrefnamepatriciabypatriciamdowlingjohannhanscoetzeeforthemerckmanuallastfullreviewrevisionmarchmerckmanualscomhtmldrugstocontrolorstimulatevomitingmonogastricrefinveterinaryanesthesiaxylazineisoftenusedincombinationwithketamineitissoldundermanybrandnamesworldwidemostnotablythebayerbrandnamerompunitisalsomarketedasanasedsedazineandchanazinethedruginteractionsvarywithdifferentanimalsrefnamehaskinsrefrefnamemuirrefrefnameaithalrefithasbecomeasubstanceabusedrugofabuseparticularlyinpuertoricowhereitisdrugdiversiondivertedfromstocksusedbyequineveterinariansandusedasacuttingagentforheroinhistoryxylazinewasdiscoveredasanantihypertensiveagentinbyfarbenfabrikenbayerinleverkusengermanyxylazineadministrationisusedforsedationanesthesiamusclerelaxationandanalgesiaitcausesasignificantreductioninbloodpressureandheartrateinhealthyvolunteersrefnamexiaorefduetohazardoussideeffectsincludinghypotensionandbradycardiaxylazinewasnotapprovedbythefoodanddrugadministrationfdaforhumanuserefnamereyesrefasaresultxylazinesmechanismofactioninhumansremainsunknownrefnameruizrefxylazinewasapprovedbythefdaforveterinaryuseandisnowusedasananimaltranquilizerintheunitedstatesxylazinewasonlyapprovedbythefdaforveterinaryuseasasedativeanalgesicandmusclerelaxantindogscatshorseselkfallowdeermuledeersikadeerandwhitetaileddeerthesedativeandanalgesiceffectsofxylazinearerelatedtocentralnervoussystemdepressionxylazinesmusclerelaxanteffectinhibitsthetransmissionofneuralimpulsesinthecentralnervoussystemrefnamedelehantrefinscientificresearchxylazineisacomponentofthemostcommonanestheticketaminexylazinewhichisusedinratsmicehamsterandguineapigssincetheearlysxylazinehasbecomepopularasadrugofabuseintheunitedstatesandpuertoricofurtherresearchisneededtogainmoreinformationonthedistributionofxylazineinthebodyphysicalsymptomspotentialtreatmentsandpredictivefactorsforchronicusagemedicalusesxylazineisoftenusedasasedativemusclerelaxantandanalgesicitisfrequentlyusedinthetreatmentoftetanusxylazineisverysimilartodrugssuchasphenothiazinetricyclicantidepressantsandclonidineasananestheticitistypicallyusedinconjunctionwithketaminexylazineappearstoreducesensitivitytoinsulinandglucoseuptakeinhumansyohimbinehasbeenusedtodecreaseglucoselevelstoahealthylevelinclinicalsettingsyohimbinecanreversetheadverseeffectsofxylazineifadministeredintravenouslyatadosageofmlpoundsshortlyafterxylazineadministrationpharmacodynamicsfilexylazinesynthesispngthumbxylazinesynthesisadaptedfromelliotetalxylazineisapotentadrenergicagonistwhenxylazineandotheradrenergicreceptoragonistsareadministeredtheydistributethroughoutthebodywithintominutesduetoxylazineshighlylipophilicnaturexylazinedirectlystimulatescentralreceptorsaswellasperipheraladrenoceptorsinavarietyoftissuesasanagonistxylazineleadstoadecreaseinneurotransmissionofnorepinephrineanddopamineinthecentralnervoussystemitdoessobymimickingnorepinephrineinbindingtopresynapticsurfaceautoreceptorswhichleadstofeedbackinhibitionofnorepinephrinerefnameparkrefresearchhasfoundthatxylazinesignificantlyincreaseslineweaverburkplotkmanddoesnotaffectlineweaverburkplotvmaxxylazinealsoservesasatransportinhibitorbysuppressingnorepinephrinetransportfunctionthroughcompetitiveinhibitionofsubstratetransportthislikelyoccursbydirectinteractiononanareathatoverlapswiththeantidepressantbindingsiteforexamplexylazineandclonidinesuppressuptakeofmibganorepinephrineanaloginneuroblastomacellsxylazinehasvaryingaffinitiesforcholinergicserotonergicdopaminergicalphaadrenergicreceptoradrenergichistaminehreceptorhhistaminergicandopiatereceptorsitschemicalstructurecloselyresemblesthephenothiazinestricyclicantidepressantsandclonidinepharmacokineticsxylazineisabsorbedmetabolizedandeliminatedrapidlyxylazinecanbeinhaledoradministeredintravenouslyintramuscularlysubcutaneouslyororallyeitherbyitselforinconjunctionwithotheranestheticssuchasketaminebarbiturateschloralhydrateandhalothaneinordertoprovidereliableanesthesiaeffectsthemostcommonrouteofadministrationisinjectionmedicineinjectionthedrugisusedasaveterinaryanestheticandtherecommendeddosevariesbetweenspeciesrefnamesilvatorresrefifitisadministeredintramuscularlytherecommendeddoseisnbspmgperpoundinanimalsifxylazineisadministeredintravenouslytherecommendeddoseisnbspmgperpoundinanimalsasaveterinaryanestheticxylazineistypicallyonlyadministeredonceforintendedeffectbeforeorduringsurgicalprocedureswhenusedasadrugofabuseinhumansthefrequencyofdosageisdependentonsocialoreconomicfactorsaswellaseachuserssubjectiveresponsetoxylazinesaddictivepropertiesxylazinesactioncanbeseenusuallytominutesafteradministrationandthesedativeeffectmaycontinueforhoursandlastuptohoursoncexylazinegainsaccesstothevascularsystemitisdistributedwithinthebloodallowingxylazinetoperfusetargetorgansincludingtheheartlungsliverandkidneyinnonfatalcasesthebloodplasmaconcentrationsrangefromtonbspmglxylazinediffusesextensivelyandpenetratesthebloodbrainbarrierasexpectedduetotheunchargedlipophilicnatureofthecompoundindogssheephorsesandcattlethehalflifeisveryshortatonlytominutescompleteeliminationofthehalflivescantakeuptominutesinsheepanduptominutesinhorsesinyoungratsthehalflifeisanhourxylazinehasalargevolumeofdistributionvdthevdisforhorsecattlesheepanddogthoughthepeakbloodplasmaplasmaconcentrationsarereachedinminutesinallspeciesthebioavailabilityvariesbetweenspeciesthehalflifedependsontheageoftheanimalasageisrelatedtoprolongeddurationofanesthesiaandrecoverytimetoxicityoccurswithrepeatedadministrationgiventhatthemetabolicclearanceofthedrugisusuallycalculatedastotimesthehalflifewhichistodaysfortheclearanceofxylazinexylazineismetabolizedbylivercytochromepenzymeswhenitreachestheliverxylazineismetabolizedandproceedstothekidneystobeexcretedasurinethusurinecanbeusedindetectingxylazineadministrationbecauseitcontainsmanymetaboliteswhicharethemaintargetsandproductsinurinewithinafewhoursxylazinedecreasestoundetectablelevelsotherfactorscanalsosignificantlyimpactthepharmacokineticsofxylazineincludingsexnutritionenvironmentalconditionsandpriordiseasesclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterxylazinemetabolitesxylazinemdimethylanilinexylazinemnthioureadimethylanilinexylazinemsulfonehoisomerxylazinemhodimethylanilineisomerxylazinemhodimethylanilineisomerxylazinemoxoxylazinemhoisomerxylazinemhoisomerglucuronidexylazinemhoisomerxylazinemhoisomerglucuronidexylazinemhooxoisomerxylazinemhooxoisomerglucuronidexylazinemhooxoisomerxylazinemhooxoisomerglucuronidexylazinemsulfonexylazinemsulfonehoisomersideeffectshumansxylazineoverdoseisusuallyfatalinhumansbecauseitisusedasadrugadulterantthesymptomscausedbythedrugsaccompanyingxylazineadministrationvarybetweenindividualsthemostcommonsideeffectsinhumansassociatedwithxylazineadministrationincludebradycardiarespiratorydepressionhypotensiontransienthypertensionsecondarytovagusnervestimulationandotherchangesincardiacoutputxylazinesignificantlydecreasesheartrateinanimalsthatarenotpremedicatedwithmedicationsthathaveanticholinergiceffectsthedecreaseinheartratedirectlyimpactsaorticflowbradycardiacausedbyxylazineadministrationiseffectivelypreventedbyadministrationofatropineorglycopyrrolatearrhythmiasassociatedwithxylazineincludesothersymptomssuchassinoatrialblockatrioventricularblockventricularinversionavdissociationandsinusarrhythmiaxylazineadministrationcanleadtodiabetesmellitusandhyperglycemiaotherpossiblesideeffectsthatcanoccurareareflexiaastheniaataxiablurredvisiondisorientationdizzinessdrowsinessdysarthriadysmetriafaintinghyporeflexiaslurredspeechsomnolencestaggeringcomaapneashallowbreathingsleepinessprematureventricularcontractiontachycardiamiosisanddrymouthrarelyhypotoniadrymouthurinaryincontinenceandnonspecificelectrocardiographicstsegmentchangesoccurithasbeenreportedthatthedurationofsymptomsafterhumanoverdoseistohoursfurtherresearchisnecessarytocategorizethesideeffectsthatoccurwhenxylazineisusedinconjunctionwithheroinandcocainechronicuseisreportedtobeassociatedwithphysicaldeteriorationdependenceabscessesandskinulcerationwhichcanbephysicallydebilitatingandpainfulhypertensionfollowedbyhypotensionbradycardiaandrespiratorydepressionlowertissueoxygenationintheskinthuschronicuseofxylazinecanprogresstheskinoxygenationdeficitleadingtosevereskinulcerationlowerskinoxygenationisassociatedwithimpairedhealingofwoundsandahigherchanceofinfectiontheulcersmayhaveacharacteristicodorandoozepusinseverecasesamputationsmustbeperformedontheaffectedextremitiesanimalssideeffectsinanimalsincludetransienthypertensionhypotensionandrespiratorydepressionfurtherthedecreaseoftissuesensitivitytoinsulinleadstoxylazineinducedhyperglycemiaandareductionoftissueglucoseuptakeandutilizationthedurationofeffectsinanimalslastsuptohoursrecreationalusexylazineusersaremorelikelytobemaleundertheageoflivinginaruralareaandinjectingversusinhalingxylazinexylazinehassimilarbehavioralconsequencesasherointhusitiscommonlyusedasanadulterantxylazineisalsofrequentlyfoundinspeedballdrugspeedballthecombinationofheroinandxylazineproducesastrongerhighthanadministrationofheroinaloneconcomitantuseofxylazinewithspeedballmaypotentiateorprolongtheeffectsofthesedrugswhichcanleadtoadverseconsequencescarruthersetalinreportedthefirstcaseofxylazinetoxicityinayearoldmalewhoselfmedicatedforinsomniawithinjectionofgofxylazineintentionalintoxicationfromingestinginhalingorinjectingxylazinehasbeenreportedtheintravenousrouteisthemostcommonrouteofadministrationforthosewhoabuseheroinorxylazinerecreationallyinpuertoricoxylazinehasincreasedinpopularityitsusewasassociatedwithahighnumberofinmatedeathsattheguerrerocorrectionalinstitutioninaguadillapuertoricofromthroughtreatmentofoverdosetheknowndosesofxylazinethatproducetoxicityandfatalityinhumansvaryfromtonbspmgsmalldosesmayproducetoxicityandlargerdosesmaybesurvivedwithmedicalassistancenonfatalbloodorplasmaconcentrationrangesfromtonbspmglinfatalitiesthebloodconcentrationofxylazinerangesfromtracetonbspmglitisreportedthatthereisnodefinedsafeorfatalconcentrationofxylazinebecauseofthesignificantoverlapbetweenthenonfatalandpostmortembloodconcentrationsofxylazinecurrentlythereisnospecificantidotetotreathumansthatoverdoseonxylazinehemodialysishasbeensuggestedasaformoftreatmentbutisusuallyunfavorableduetothelargevolumeofdistributionofxylazineinadditionduetolackofresearchinhumanstherearenostandardizedscreeningstodetermineifanoverdosehasoccurredthedetectionofxylazineinbiologicalfluidsinhumansinvolvesvariousscreeningmethodssuchasurinescreeningsthinlayerchromatographytlcgcmsgaschromatographymassspectrometrygcmsremedihsbioradlaboratoriesandliquidchromatographymassspectrometrylcmsmultipledrugshavebeenusedassupportivetherapeuticinterventionsuchaslidocainenaloxonethiaminelorazepamvecuroniumetomidatepropofoltolazolineyohimbineatropinenaloxoneorciprenalinemetoclopramideranitidinemetoprololenoxaparinflucloxacillininsulinandirrigationofbotheyeswithsalinewatersalineeffectsofxylazinearealsoreversedbytheanalepticsaminopyridinedoxapramandcaffeinewhicharephysiologicalantagonistpharmacologyantagoniststocentralnervoussystemdepressantsresearchinitiativesmaybenecessaryinordertostandardizetreatmentanddetermineeffectivemeasuresforidentifyingchronicxylazineusageandintoxicationthetreatmentafterxylazineoverdoseshouldprimarilyinvolvemaintainingrespiratoryfunctionandbloodpressureincasesofintoxicationphysiciansrecommendintravenousfluidinfusionatropineandhospitalobservationseverecasesmayrequireendotrachealintubationmechanicalventilationgastriclavageactivatedcharcoalbladdercatheterizationelectrocardiographicecgandhyperglycemiamonitoringphysicianstypicallyrecommendwhichdetoxificationtreatmentshouldbeusedtomanagepossibledysfunctioninvolvinghighlyperfusedorganssuchastheliverandkidneyreferencesfurtherreadingmccurnindmandjmbassertclinicaltextbookforveterinarytechniciansthedsaundersphiladelphiapabayerhealthcarerompunhomepagewebarchiveorgwebrompuncomwrightbobomafragovoncaenglishlivestockhorsesfactshtmlhumanhealthconcernswhenworkingwithmedicationsaroundhorsesagdexontarioministryofagriculturefoodandruralaffairsomafraxrymayrefertojerezairportinjerezdelafronteraspainxrysoftwareaforensicsoftwarewhichexaminesmobiledevicesthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellinfoboxweaponnamexmcounterdefiladetargetengagementsystemimagexmjulyjpgimagesizecaptionxminusebyaunitedstatesarmyusarmysoldierinmidorigingermanytypebullpupgrenadelaunchertypeselectionisrangedhistoryservicefieldevaluationsplannedusedbyunitedstatesarmywarswarinafghanistanwarinafghanistanproductionhistorydesignerhecklerkochbrorbitalatkdesigndatemanufacturerhecklerkochproductiondatenumbervariantsgeneralspecificationsweightemptylengthpartlengthwidthheightdiameterrangedweaponspecificationscartridgemmgrenademmactionratevelocityrangeforpointtargetsbrforareatargetsmaxrangefeedrounddetachableboxmagazinerefnamedefensetechaugdefensetechorgarmytorenamexmairburstweaponarmytorenamexmairburstweapondefensetechorgaugustrefsightsthexmcounterdefiladetargetengagementcdtesystemdesignthexmcdtefiresmmgrenadesthataresettoexplodeinmidairatornearthetargetalaserrangefinderintheweaponisusedtodeterminethedistancetothetargettheusercanmanuallyadjustthedetonatingdistancebyuptoshorterorlongerthexmautomaticallytransmitsthedetonatingdistancetothegrenadeinthefiringchamberthegrenadetracksthedistanceithastraveledbythenumberofspiralrotationsafteritisfiredrefnamenewscientistrefthendetonatesattheproperdistancetoproduceanairburstairbursteffectthesefeaturesmakethexmmoreeffectivethantraditionalgrenadelaunchersatthetaskofhittingtargetsthatarebehindcoverordugintothegroundthesystemhasbeendevelopedbyallianttechsystemsandhecklerkochwhilethetargetacquisitionfirecontrolisdevelopedbyliosbrashearthemgrenadelauncherhasaneffectiverangeforpointtargetsofmetersandamaximumrangeforareatargetsofmetersthexmhasaneffectiverangeforpointtargetsofmetersandamaximumrangeforareatargetsofmetersstudiesindicatethatthexmwithairburstroundsispercentmoreeffectiveatengagingtheenemythanothersquadlevelgrenadelaunchersallianttechsystemshasindicatedthattheriflemaylateruseprojectileswithsmallerexplosivechargeswhichwillstunopponentsratherthankillingthemrefnamedailymailreftheusarmyisworkingonanbspmmautonomousairburstsmallarmsgrenademunitionssagmroundtogivenbspmmgrenadelaunchersairburstcapabilitiesasacomplementarysystemtothexmdrawbacksthexmhashadsomecriticismbyusersonesituationoccurredinmarchwhereelementsofthethrangerregimentrefusedtotaketheweapononaraidbecausetheyfoundittooheavyandcumbersometheyalsofeltitslowbasicammunitionloadandmagazinecapacityofnbspmmgrenadeswerenotenoughtojustifytheremovalofanmcarbinemamacarbinefromthemissionalthoughthexmenablesinfantryunitstoengageenemieshidingbehindcovertheweaponhasbeenmetwithseveralpointsofcriticismspecificallythatitrequiresasoldiertoexchangetheirrifleanduseitastheirprimaryweaponmakingthemunabletoperformrequiredtasksinmanysquadbattledrillsthereisalsoconcernthattheoperatorhasareducedcapacitytoengagetargetsatcloserangeandthatitsbasicloadofroundscanbedepletedtooquicklyindirectfireengagementsrefnamemilitaryseptmilitarycomdailynewsinvestigatorsarmyconsidercancelingtroubledairburstweaponhtmlinvestigatorstoarmyconsidercancelingtroubledairburstweaponmilitarycomseptemberrefasoldierequippedwithanmcarbinewithanmclosecombatopticanpeqlaserinfraredaimingdeviceweaponlightandroundshasaweaponloadgrenadierscarryinganmgrenadelauncherwithabasicloadofnbspmmgrenadeswiththeirmhaveaweaponloadanxmwithnbspmmroundsmeansasoldierhastocarryaweaponloadsoacombinationofitandariflewouldrequireanindividualinfantrymantocarryinweaponsrefnamemilitaryseptmilitarycomdailynewsarmydefendsnewairburstweapontargetedbypentagoncriticshtmlarmydefendsnewairburstweapontargetedbypentagoncriticsmilitarycomseptemberrefspecificationscaliberlowvelocitymmgrenademmgrenadethermobaricweaponthermobaricflechettetraininghighexplosiveairburstairburstingairburstroundroundheabnonlethalarmorpiercingnbspmmarmorpenetrationrefnametypesstrategypagecomhtmwhtweapaspxsmartgrenadesthatworkmostofthetimestrategypagecommarchrefdoorbreachinghighexplosiveairburstingheabfiringmodesairburstinfrontoforoveraimingpointpointdetonationpointdetonationdelaywindowbeyondaimingpointoperationgasoperatedsemiautomaticfirearmsemiautomaticsystemweighttargetacquisitionfirecontrolxmweightthermalsightwithzoomlenszoomdirectviewopticalsightballisticcomputerdigitalcompasslaserrangefinderammunitionfuzesetterenvironmentalsensorsoriginalconcepttheoperationalprinciplesincorporatedinthexmwerefirstrecommendedbyagovernmentcontractorwhoattendedasummerstudyonurbancombatinausmarineofficerwhohadservedinhueindescribedtheintensityofcombatinthatbattleandhowcasualtieshadbeenhigherthantheymighthavebeenbecausetherulesofengagementrequiredthemtominimizeciviliancasualtiesanddestructionofpropertythismeanttheycouldnotuseheavyartilleryorairpowertodislodgeenemypersonnelwhofoughtfrominsidebuildingsthecontractorrecommendedanideaforasmartweaponthathadpinpointaccuracytoputanexplodingmunitionjustwhereitwasneededandhadlimiteddestructiveradiusinorderminimizecollateraldamagesuchaweaponwouldmeasurethedistancetotheobstaclewheretheenemywastakingcoverandthenshootafragmentingprojectilepastthatobstaclewhereitwouldexplodetoneutralizethethreatthisrecommendationwasnotpursuedatthattimehoweverthatsamecontractorlaterreceivedarequestforideastoreplacethemmriflegrenadelaunchercombinationwhenheassignedthistasktoaresearchteamthecontractordescribedtheideafromandsuggestedthatthesmartgrenademightbepartofthefuturesystemthisledtothexmwhichconsistedofariflewiththesmartgrenadelauncherontopofithistorythexmbeganasanoffshootoftheobjectiveindividualcombatweaponprogramthatstartedinthelatesthexmwasintendedtobeanindividualcombatweaponthatcombinedarifleandairburstgrenadelauncheritweighedfarmorethananindividualrifleorgrenadelauncheritsnbspmmairburstinggrenadesweighedhalfasmuchasmmgrenadestheselightergrenadeswerelesseffectiveatsuppressingtheenemyorputtingthemoutofactioninaugustthexmroleswereseparatedintospecificweaponswiththeriflepursuedasthexmandtheoicwincrementstandaloneairburstcomponentasthexmasastandalonelauncheritwasintendedtobeaspecialapplicationsandsupportweaponabletofirelargernbspmmgrenaderoundswhichwouldgeneratepercentmoreandheavierfragmentswithinaradiuscomparedtotheexperimentalnbspmmgrenadesinsixweaponsunderwentlimitedfieldtrialsandcombattestingtwoyearslatertheyweresentoverseasfortestingincombatsituationsthexmwasplannedtobesentintotheaterinbutminorsuggestionsfromusersandtestsrevealeddesignelementsthatneededtoberefineddeploymenttoafghanistaninthesummeroftheunitedstatesarmybeganfieldtestingthexminafghanistanwithaninitialperunitcostoftheearlymodelsrangingfromtorefnamedefensetechreffiveoftheweaponsweredeployedwiththestairbornedivisioninafghanistaninoctoberalongwithhandmadeairburstroundsthesoldiersreportedthattheweaponwasextremelyeffectiveatkillingorneutralizingenemycombatantsfiringonustroopsfromcoveredpositionsustroopsnicknamedtheweaponthepunisherfirstcontactwasondecemberasoffebruarytheweaponhadbeenfiredtimesinnineengagementsbytwounitsindifferentlocationsithaddisruptedtwoinsurgentattacksonobservationpoststakenouttwopkmmachinegunpositionsanddestroyedfourambushsitesinoneengagementanenemymachinegunnerwaswoundedbyorsofrightenedofthexmthathedroppedhisweaponandranawaytheunitswiththexmshadnocasualtiesduringthenineengagementstheweaponwascalledrevolutionaryandagamechangeroneplatoonmilitaryunitplatoonleadercommentedthatengagementsthatwouldnormallytaketominuteswereoverinjustafewminutestheyperformedflawlesslywithnomaintenanceproblemssoldiersweresopleasedthattheycarrieditastheirprimaryweaponwithoutcarryinganmcarbineasasecondarytherewerenocomplaintsaboutitsweightbutimprovementstothebatterylifeandarangeincreasetometersweresoughteachroundwashandbuiltatacostofrefnamebaconbaconlancemarmytimescomnewsarmyxmpunisherbattlefieldtestwpunishergetsitsfirstbattlefieldtestsarmytimescomfebruaryaccessedfebruaryreftheusarmyorderedmoreoftheriflesinjanuaryonseptemberallianttechsystemsreceivedamillionengineeringandmanufacturingdevelopmentcontractmodificationforthexmatkwastosupportanotherarmyxmforwardoperationalassessmentscheduledforwithagunbattalionsetofnewpreproductionprototypesrefnameemdatkmediaroomcomatkawardedmanufacturingdevelopmentcontractforxmindividualsemiautomaticairburstsystematkawardedmanufacturingdevelopmentcontractforxmatkpressreleaseseptemberrefmisfiringonfebruaryanxmexplodedduringalivefiretrainingeventtheprimerandpropellantignitedastheresultofadoublefeedalthoughsafetymechanismspreventedtheroundswarheadfromdetonatingthegunwasinoperableaftertheexplosionandthesoldierreceivedminorinjuriesinresponsethearmyremovedthexmfromserviceinafghanistanatknotedthattherewerenearlyroundsfiredbetweenfailuresrefnamemisfiremilitarytimescomnewsarmyremovesxmfromserviceafterincidentarmyremovesxmfromserviceafterincidentmilitarytimescommarchrefthemisfiringcausedthearmytodelaythedecisiontomovethexmintofullrateproductionpendingchangestothedesignoftheweaponandammunitionoperatingproceduresandtrainingtechniquestestingcontinuedataberdeenprovinggroundwheredevelopersincorporateddesignimprovementsdespitetheincidentpentagonbudgetproposalsincludedmillionforxmsystemsthearmyplannedonatotalofunitstwoperinfantrysquadandoneperspecialforcesteamfundingcutinjunethesenatearmedservicescommitteeeliminatedallfundingforthexmsystemsthearmywantedtopurchasefromthebudgetthemalfunctioninfebruaryraisedconcernsaboutthesafetyandeffectivenessoftheweapontheunreliableperformanceoftheweaponledtofundingbeingcutaswellastherecommendationtoreviewalternativeairburstweaponsystemsrefnamecutrefinaugustthearmyannouncedthatthexmmaymovetolowrateinitialproductionlripbyaugusttheweaponwasintheengineeringandmanufacturingdevelopmentemdphaseandnotyetreadyforfieldingbyaugustitwasexpectedtoreachmilestonecstartinglripforweaponsandneededammunitionlowrateproductionwouldleadtotypeclassificationresultinginremovingthexfromitsdesignationimprovementswerebeingmadeconcerningthefirecontrolsystembatterylifeweightandmagazinesizethexmwasexpectedtobecombatreadybytheendofandbefieldedwithallbrigadecombatteamsaswellasthearmyspecialoperationscommandspecialforcesdetachmentsandrangerregimentsautomatedproductionwillreducethepriceofthesystemtofortheweaponandfirecontrolsystemandperroundrefnamearmyaugarmymilarticlexmcounterdefiladetargetengagementsystemmaylosexbynextaugustxmcounterdefiladetargetengagementsystemmaylosexbynextaugustarmymilaugustrefasofoctobertheweaponwasinthesecondroundofcontractorvalidationtestingwithapreproductionqualificationtestppqttobeconductedinspringwhichcouldleadtoamilestonecdecisionbyaugustsinceitsfirstdeploymentthexmhasbeenupdatedbyreplacingtheboxyxfirecontrolsystemfcswithamorecompactstreamlinedfcsthathasgreaterxmagnificationandimprovedweaponweightaccuracyandreliabilityifrequirementsarefulfilledandbudgetsholdthexmcouldbefieldedinearlyarmyleadersmaintainthattheweaponprovidesrevolutionarycapabilitiestothesoldierandthatsafetyconcernshavebeenaddressedthroughengineeringdesignchangesandimprovementsoveradditionalmonthsoftestingalthoughonexmwasplannedtobedistributedineachdeployedsquadfiscalconstraintsmayalterthatplanlitigationinorbitalatkfiledsuitviatheusdistrictcourtinthedistrictofminnesotaagainsthecklerandkochfordamagesofoverusmillionclaimingfailuretodeliverxmprototypeunitsthefilingalsorequestedtransferofintellectualpropertytoalloworbitalatktocontractanothervendorforproductionofthesystemthecomplaintstatedthathecklerandkochhadwishedlegalclarificationregardingpotentiallawviolationviolationsofthesaintpetersburgdeclarationofwhichbansanyprojectileofaweightbelowgramscontainingexplosivesafterconsultationhecklerandkochhadstipulatedthattheusgovernmentissueaspecialcertificationregardinguseoftheweaponssystemtheusgovernmentdidnotissuesuchandnegotiationsbrokedowninaprilthearmycancelleditscontractwithorbitalatkaftertheyfailedtodeliverweaponsasspecifiedbythetermsputtingtheoperationalfutureofthexminjeopardyrefnamemilitarymaymilitarycomdailynewsarmykillscontractforshoulderfiredairburstweaponhtmlarmykillscontractforshoulderfiredairburstweaponmilitarycommayrefprogramstatusaprilfirstprototypesaredeliveredtotheusarmyforfieldtestingseptembertestfiringbyregulartroopsatgrafenwhrtrainingareanovemberpreliminarydeploymentinafghanistanrefnamefoxrefdecemberfirstcontactseptemberemdcontractfebruarymisfireduringlivefireeventxmremovedfromfieldinafghanistanjunefundingcutforxmaugustpentagoninspectorgeneralreporturgesfinaldecisiononxmfieldingorcancellationaprilarmycancelsxmcontractwithorbitalatkseealsolistofindividualweaponsoftheusarmedforceslistofbullpupfirearmslistofgrenadelaunchersbarrettxmmkstrikerpawstdaewookxmriflexmadvancedcrewservedweaponxmzhreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebatkcomcustomersolutionsmissionsystemsdocumentsswiwxmpdfxmairburstweaponsystematkwebarchiveorgwebpeosoldierarmymilportfolioxmpeosoldierarmymilworldgunsrugrenadeglehtmxmgrenadelaunchermodernfirearmsglobalsecurityorgmilitarysystemsgroundmhtmxmairburstweaponssystemglobalsecuritywebarchiveorgwebspecialforceinfogreenberetswillreceivejudgedreddcomputersmartriflegreenberetswillreceivejudgedreddcomputersmartriflewebarchiveorgwebmilitarycomsoldiertechsoldiertechxmhtmlmilitarycomafirstlookatthexmdoubleacuteaccentredirectcategoryshelldoubleacuteaccentredirectcategoryshellmultipleissuesinfoboxsoftwarenamexfirelogoxfirelogosvgscreenshotnewxfirestylescreenshotpngcaptionscreenshotofxfireclientversionshowingalistofbuddieswiththenewphoenixskinauthorgarrettblythechriskirmseandmikejudgedeveloperxfireincreleasedstatusdiscontinueddiscontinuedyesoperatingsystemmicrosoftwindowsgenreinstantmessagingfilesharingscreenshotscreenshootingscreencastinglicensefreewarewebsitexfirepronouncedxfirewasaproprietaryfreewareinstantmessagingserviceforgamersthatalsoservedasagameserverbrowserwithvariousotherfeaturesoftwaredesignfeaturesitwasavailableformicrosoftwindowsxfirewasoriginallysoftwaredevelopmentdevelopedbyultimatearenabasedinmenloparkcaliforniaasofjanuaryithadovermillionregisteredusersxfireslivestreamformerlyknownasmogulusalloweduserstobroadcastlivevideostreamsoftheircurrentgametoanaudiencethexfirewebsitealsomaintainedatoptengameslistrankinggamesbythenumberofhoursxfireusersspendplayingeachgameeverydayworldofwarcrafthadbeenthemostplayedgameformanyyearsbutwassurpassedbyleagueoflegendsonjunexfirehostedeventseverymonthwhichincludeddebatesgametournamentsmachinimacontestsandchatsessionswithxfireorgamedevelopersxfireswebbasedsocialmediawasdiscontinuedonjuneandthemessagingclientwasshutdownonjunethelastofxfiresserviceswereshutdownonaprilhistoryxfireincwasfoundedinbydennisfongdennisthreshfongmikecassidyentrepreneurmikecassidymaxwoonanddavidlaweethecompanywasformerlyknownasultimatearenabutchangeditsnametoxfirewhenitsdesktopclientxfirebecamemorepopularandsuccessfulthanitsgamingwebsitethefirstversionofthexfiredesktopclientwascodenamedscovillewhichwasfirstdevelopedinbygarrettblythechriskirmsemikejudgeandothersonaprilxfirewasacquiredbyviacominausmilliondealinseptembersonywasmisinterpretedtohaveannouncedthatxfirewouldbeusedfortheplaystationtheconfusioncamewhenoneplaystationgameuntoldlegendsdarkkingdomwastousesomeofxfiresfeatureswithmoregamesupportplannedforthefutureonmayxfireannouncedthattheyhadreachedmillionregisteredusersrefnamemilrefshortlyafteronjunecofounderandformerceomikecassidydepartedthecompanytoworkforventurecapitalfirmbenchmarkcapitalrefnamecassidyleavingrefadamboydenvicepresidentofbusinessdevelopmentmarketingwasassignedtotakehisplaceandmanagethecompanyforatemporaryperiodonaugustxfirewasacquiredbytitangamingatgreenwichmeantimethefollowingmessagewasbroadcasttoxfireusersblockquotexfirewasboughtbynewownerstodaymostoftheteamthathasbuiltxfireoverthelastsixyearsisleavingweenjoyedworkingforyouforthelastreleasesandwishwecouldstaytocreatethenextgoodbyegoodluckandgameonthexfireteamblockquoteafewminuteslaterthexfirewebsitedisplayedamessagestatingitwastemporarilytakenofflinewhenitcamebackonlineseveralminuteslateranewmessagewasshownblockquotexfirehasbeenpurchasedbyanothercompanymostoftheteamthathasbroughtyouxfireforthelastyearsisleavingincludingmeweveenjoyedourtimeandipersonallyamsadthatiwasonlyabletodoreleasesgoodbyeandgameonchrisblockquoteonjunexfireannouncedthatitssocialserviceswouldbeshutdownonfridayjunethehomepageforthesocialpartofxfireatthattimelinkedtoanexportpagewhereuserscandownloadalltheirpreviouslyuploadedscreenshotsandvideosonjuneanannouncementwasmadeknownviathexfireclientwiththefollowingnotificationblockquotesystembroadcastdearxfireusersitiswithsadnessthatwemustannouncethatthexfiresocialserviceswillbeshutdownonfridayjunethpleasevisitsocialxfirecomtodownloadyourvideoscreenshotdataweapologizefortheshortnoticexfirecommunityteamwedjunblockquotealsoonjuneonthexfirewebsiteswebarchiveorgwebsocialxfirecomclassicxfirecomandexportxfirecomthefollowingmessagereplacedallpreviouscontentblockquotexfireinxfirereleasedthexfireclientthefirstproducttobringtheoutsideworldintoyourgamessinceitshumblebeginningsasasimplechatclientithassteadilygrowntoenableuserstotakescreenshotsvideosandlivebroadcastsandsharethemonthexfiresocialwebsiteattractingovermillionusersintoahealthyandvibrantcommunityitsetthestandardforthesocializationofpcgamestwelveyearsbringalotofchangetoanindustrythisisespeciallytrueinthefastpacedworldofgamingandthedynamicsoftheindustryhavechangedsignificantlyinthistimesincexfirewasfirstreleasedweveseenconsolegenerationstheadventofmobilegamingthetransitionfrompackagedgamestodigitaldistributionandtheriseoffreetoplaygameswevealsoseenesportsgrowfromsmalllanpartiesintoamaturingindustryesportshasthepotentialtogrowaslargeasitsrealworldcounterpartandatxfirewewanttobeapartofthatforthisreasonwehavedecidedtosunsetthexfireclientandthesocialsitesowecanfocusoureffortsonthexfiretournamentplatformthishasntbeenaneasydecisionwehavealotofloyalusersandweknowmanyofyouwillbedisappointedbythelossoftheclientandcommunitybutwefeelthatwearewellpositionedtomakeasignificantimpactinbringingtheexhilarationofesportsfromtheprostothemassesandwecantdothateffectivelywhilealsomaintainingtheclientandsocialwebsitewedliketothankourloyalfansanduserswhohavestuckwithusovertheyearsandwehopethatyoulljoinusonthenextchapterofxfireeitherasatournamentorganizerateamowneraparticipantoraspectatorweunderstandthatalotofourusersareattachedtothescreenshotsandvideosthatwereuploadedtoyourprofilesandwewanttomakesureyoudontlosethemifyoudliketorecoverthemyoucandosousingtheformbelowthanksagainforusingxfireandwelookforwardtoseeyouinatournamentinthenearfutureenteryourusernametodownloadyourscreenshotsandvideosblockquoteonjulyxfirehasalsosubsequentlystoppedtheirsupporttodownloadscreenshotsandvideosasstatedinthemessageonthewebsitesbetweenjunetilljulyblockquotexfireinxfirereleasedthexfireclientthefirstproducttobringtheoutsideworldintoyourgamessinceitshumblebeginningsasasimplechatclientithassteadilygrowntoenableuserstotakescreenshotsvideosandlivebroadcastsandsharethemonthexfiresocialwebsiteattractingovermillionusersintoahealthyandvibrantcommunityitsetthestandardforthesocializationofpcgamestwelveyearsbringalotofchangetoanindustrythisisespeciallytrueinthefastpacedworldofgamingandthedynamicsoftheindustryhavechangedsignificantlyinthistimesincexfirewasfirstreleasedweveseenconsolegenerationstheadventofmobilegamingthetransitionfrompackagedgamestodigitaldistributionandtheriseoffreetoplaygameswevealsoseenesportsgrowfromsmalllanpartiesintoamaturingindustryesportshasthepotentialtogrowaslargeasitsrealworldcounterpartandatxfirewewanttobeapartofthatforthisreasonwehavedecidedtosunsetthexfireclientandthesocialsitesowecanfocusoureffortsonthexfiretournamentplatformthishasntbeenaneasydecisionwehavealotofloyalusersandweknowmanyofyouwillbedisappointedbythelossoftheclientandcommunitybutwefeelthatwearewellpositionedtomakeasignificantimpactinbringingtheexhilarationofesportsfromtheprostothemassesandwecantdothateffectivelywhilealsomaintainingtheclientandsocialwebsitewedliketothankourloyalfansanduserswhohavestuckwithusovertheyearsandwehopethatyoulljoinusonthenextchapterofxfireeitherasatournamentorganizerateamowneraparticipantoraspectatorthanksagainforusingxfireandwelookforwardtoseeyouinatournamentinthenearfutureblockquoteonaprilthehomepageofxfiressitexfirecomwasreplacedwiththefollowingtextblockquoteinxfirereleasedthexfireclientthefirstproducttobringtheoutsideworldintoyourgamessinceitshumblebeginningsasasimplechatclientxfirehasexpandedtoenableuserstocreateandplayinhundredsofthousandsoftournamentsacrosstheglobeattractingovermillionusersintoahealthyandvibrantcommunityxfiresetthestandardforthesocializationandconnectioninpcconsolegamesthirteenyearsbringalotofchangetoanindustrythisisespeciallytrueinthefastpacedworldofgamingandthedynamicsoftheindustryhavechangedsignificantlyinthistimesincexfirewasfirstreleasedweveseenconsolegenerationstheadventofmobilegamingthetransitionfrompackagedgamestodigitaldistributionandtheriseoffreetoplaygamesbutallgoodthingsmustcometoanendxfirehashadagreatrunandwecantthankyouenoughforsupportingusoverthelastyearstodaywithaheavyheartweturnoffthelightsatxfireandmoveontonewopportunitiesseeyaspacecowboyyourfriendsatxfireblockquotelawsuitsyahoofiledalawsuitagainstxfireinconjanuaryclaimingthatxfirehaspatentinfringementinfringedyahoosuspatentnoforagameserverforuseinconnectionwithamessengerserverxfireincfiledacountersuitagainstyahooonmarchwhichwaseventuallydisqualifiedbythejudgetherehasbeenasettlementlitigationsettlementbetweenthecompaniesasofjanuarymoredetailswerepostedtoxfiresforumsfeaturesxfirehadmanyfeaturesthemajorityofwhichcouldonlybeusedwhileingamexfirefeaturedtheabilitytodetectthevideogameaparticularuserwasrunningbyanalyzingrunningprocesscomputingprocessesxfirecoulddetectactivegamesandthensendthatinformationtothexfireserversotherusersclientswouldthenbeupdatedwiththisinformationformanygamesitcouldalsodetectwhichservercomputingserveruserswereplayingonthelevelcomputerandvideogameslevelwhichwasrunningandpingnetworkingutilitypingtimesusingthesefeaturesuserswerealsoabletoseewhatgamestheirfriendswereplayingandtojoinanyfriendswhowerecurrentlyingamebyhavingxfirelaunchthegameandjointhefriendsserverautomaticallyxfireloggedwhatgamesuserswereplayinghowmanyhourstheyhadplayedthemandsavedotherinformationsuchasscoresfromgameserversthisinformationcouldbeconvertedintoaportablenetworkgraphicspngcomputergraphicsimagebytheserverviaphpforeveryusertouseasasignatureblocksignaturexfireallowedplayerstotakescreenshotsingameandsavethemtoaspecifiedfolderthoughthisonlyworkedwithgamesthathadxfireingamesupportuserscouldselectandcaptionanyscreenshotstheywishedtouploadandshareontheirxfireprofilepagexfirealsohadtheabilitytoscreencastrecordvideoingamethoughthisoftenhadasignificantimpactongameperformanceandrecordingqualityifonehadalowperformancesystemcausingtheframeratetodropdramaticallyhoweverthisistypicallytrueofallvideorecordingduringgamingandwasnotuniquetoxfiretheclientsmainfunctionwasasaninstantmessengersimilartoothersuchonlineservicesanyuserwhohadbeenaddedasafriendcouldbeimmediatelycontactedthroughtextchattocommunicatewithotherusersingamexfireuserscouldsendandreceiveinstantmessagesfrominsideanygamethatwasrunninginfullscreenmoderegardlessofthegamesthesenderorrecipientwereinthiseliminatedtheneedtominimizethegamewindowcomputingwindowuserswerealsoabletodirectlysendfilestooneanotherviathechatwindowonaugustxfireupdatedtoversionwhichaddedadevelopmentstagebetavoicechatfeatureusingvoiceoverinternetprotocolvoiptechnologytotheapplicationcalledxfireprovoiceuntilearlyifvoicechatwasbeingusedinachatroomusershadtohostthevoicechatcausingqualityproblemsandlagduetosomeusershavebettersystemcapabilitiesthanothersxfirehostedthevoicechatsessionstoresolvequalityproblemsonmayabuiltinalphaaolinstantmessengerandwindowslivemessengerpluginwasreleasedinasofmayitonlysupportedchattingandnoneofaimsotherfeaturesfromdecemberuserscouldaccesstheirtwitteraccountsthroughxfireallowingplayerstoviewupdatespostedbyotherusersaswellasposttheirowngoogletalkwasalsosubsequentlybeenaddedindecemberxfireaddedsupportforfacebookchattingenablinguserstochatwiththeirfacebookfriendsfromwithinthegameondecemberxfireaddedafeaturetoallowitsuserstocaptureingamevideoanduploadittoyoutubethisfeaturewassimilartootherpopularingamevideorecordingsoftwareproductsbutalloweduserstorecordvideosuptominutesinlengthforfreexfireaddedavideostreamingfeatureinversiontoviewabroadcastawebbrowserpluginwasrequiredsupportingonlyinternetexplorerandmozillafirefoxinversionreleasedonaugustthebroadcastsystemwaschangedtoallowapluginlessadobeflashflashbasedviewcompatiblewithanyflashenabledbrowserthisfeatureletanyonewatchalivefeedofausersscreenwhiletheywereplayingagamelivestreamshadaccompanyingchatroomsthatletanyonewhowaswatchingalivefeedcommunicateingameinternetbrowsingcapabilitieswereaddedtoxfireinversionitshomepagewassetasastatisticspageofthegamecurrentlybeingplayedbytheuserincludinglistingotherplayersandanyclansandguildsbasedaroundthegamebeingplayedsupportasofdecemberxfireprovidedsupportformorethangamesofmanydifferentcomputerandvideogamegenresgenressupportforwindowsandwindowsmewasdiscontinuedasofjanuarythirdpartymodificationsandsoftwareforkingthereweremanythirdpartydeveloperthirdpartymodificationsforxfiresclientandservicesincludingskinsinfoviewtemplatespluginsandprotocolimplementationssomeofthesemayormaynotviolatexfirestermsofserviceskinscouldbeusedtoprovideanewlooktothexfireclientandchatwindowswhileinfoviewskinscouldbeusedtoprovideextrafunctionalityinthexfireinfoviewpaneskinsweremadeusingxmlandimagefileswhileinfoviewsweremadeusinghtmljavascriptandimagespluginstherewereavarietyofthirdpartypluginsdevelopedforusewithxfireopenfireanopensourcegnulessergeneralpubliclicenselgpllicensedjavaandsuiteoftoolstoaccessthexfireinstantmessagingnetworkxfirelibanopensourcelibrarywrittenincwhichimplementsthexfireprotocolbasedonitisanextensiblemessagingandpresenceprotocolxmppgatewaytoxfirewhichalsoimplementsgamersowninstantmessengergoimextensionstothexmppprotocolthefollowingpluginsletuserschatonxfirewithotherinstantmessagingclientsgfireapidginsoftwarepidginpluginforlinuxandwindowsthatletsuserschatandseewhatgamesfriendsareplayingithasmostofthemajorxfirefeaturesgroupchatclanchatfiletransferavatarsserverandgamedetectionkopetepluginapluginthatletsuserschatandseethestatusoffriendsmirandaimpluginapluginthatallowsuserstochatwithothersonxfiredetectgamesandmorexblazeanopensourcepluginforadiumthatallowscommunicationoverthexfireprotocolusingthemacfireimplementationitisthefirstxfireclientformacosmacosxclientsseveralxfireclientswereavailablefordifferentplatformsmacfireanopensourceimplementationforofthexfirenetworkprotocolformacosmacosxitwasmadepossibleinpartbypriorworkdoneforxblazexfirelibandopenfireblackfireaclientformacosmacosxmacosxsnowleopardsnowleopardreceptiontheeditorsofcomputergamesmagazinepresentedxfirewiththeirbestutilityawardrefnamecgmthrefreferencesexternallinksnavboxesstatecollapsedlistwilliamsxjetfederatednamingserviceinterstateorlandoareaimagexxgdbscreenshotpngthumbpxrightmultiwindowxxgdbinterfacexxgdbisanopensourcexwindowsystemdebuggerfrontendfrontendforgnudebuggergdbitwasadaptedfromxdbxwhichusesthedbxdebuggerseealsoaffinicdebuggerguidatadisplaydebuggerdddamotifsoftwaremotiffrontendkdbgakdedebuggerfrontendupsdebuggerreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebftpxorgcontributilitiesseexxgdbxytargzxfnmayrefertoxhtmlfriendsnetworkanhtmlmicroformatxopenfederatednamingmostcommonlyimplementedasthefederatednamingservicexinhuafinancialnetworktheblankettermforthecompaniesandservicesunderxinhuaholdingsiatacodeforxiangyangliujiairportxharbourisafreesoftwarefreemultiplatformextendedclipperprogramminglanguageclippercompilerofferingmultiplegraphicterminalsgtsincludingconsoledriversguisandhybridconsoleguisxharbourisbackwardcompatiblewithclipperandsupportsmanylanguagesyntaxextensionsgreatlyextendedruntimelibrariesandextensivethirdpartysupportlikemostdynamiclanguagesxharbourisalsoavailableasascriptinglanguagestandaloneapplicationlinkablelibrarymsactivescriptenginewindowsscripthosthtmlasputilizinganinterpreterwritteninthexharbourlanguagethexharbourusenetnewsgroupttnewscomplangxharbourcomplangxharbourttisanactivecommunityfordiscussingxharbourrelatedquestionsbuiltindatatypesxharbourhasscalartypesnullpointernilstringcomputersciencestringcalendardatedatelogicalnumberpointercomputerprogrammingpointerandcomplextypesarraydatatypearrayobjectcomputerscienceobjectcodeblockandhashtablehashascalarholdsasinglevaluesuchasastringnumberorreferencetoanyothertypearraysareorderedlistsofscalarsorcomplextypesindexedbynumberstartingathashesorassociativearraysareunorderedcollectionsofanytypevaluesindexedbytheirassociatedkeywhichmaybeofanyscalarorcomplextypeliteralstaticrepresentationofscalartypesnilnilstringhellohellohelloorehellondatectodlogicaltfnumberxffcomplextypesmayalsoberepresentasliteralvaluesarraysourcelangvisualfoxproenclosenonestringnestedarraytfunctioncallfunctionpointersourcecodeblocksourcelangvisualfoxproenclosenoneargargnargargnoutervarfunctioncallsourcehashsourcelangvisualfoxproenclosenonenamejohnnumerickeynestedhashsourcehashesmayuseanytypeincludingotherhashesasthekeyforanyelementhashesandarraysmaycontainanytypeasthevalueofanymemberincludingnestingarraysandhashescodeblocksmayhavereferencestovariablesoftheprocedurefunctionmethodinwhichitwasdefinedsuchcodeblocksmaybereturnedasavalueorbymeansofanargumentpassedbyreferenceinsuchcasethecodeblockwilloutlivetheroutineinwhichitwasdefinedandanyvariablesitreferenceswillbeadetachedvariabledetachedvariableswillmaintaintheirvalueforaslongasacodeblockreferencingthemstillexistssuchvalueswillbesharedwithanyothercodeblockwhichmayhaveaccesstothosesamevariablesifthecodeblockdidnotoutliveitscontainingroutineandwillbeevaluatedwithinthelifetimeoftheroutineinwhichitisdefinedchangestoitsdetachedvariablessbymeansofitsevaluationwillbereflectedbackatitsparentroutinecodeblockscanbeevaluatedanynumberoftimesbymeansoftheevalblockexpfunctionvariablesalltypescanbeassignedtonamedvariablesnamedvariableidentifiersaretocharacterslongstartwithazandfurtherconsistofthecharactersazuptoamaximumofcharactersnamedvariablesarenotcasesensitivevariableshaveoneofthefollowingscopeslocalvisibleonlywithintheroutinewhichdeclareditvalueislostuponexitoftheroutinestaticvisibleonlywithintheroutinewhichdeclareditvalueispreservedforsubsequentinvocationsoftheroutineifastaticvariableisdeclaredbeforeanyprocedurefunctionmethodisdefinedithasamodulescopeandisvisiblewithinanyroutinedefinedwithinthatsamesourcefileitwillmaintainitslifeforthedurationoftheapplicationlifetimeglobalvisiblewithinanyroutinedefinedinthesamesourcemodulewheretheglobalvariableisdeclaredaswellasanyroutineofanyothersourcemodulewhichexplicitlydeclaresitbymeansoftheglobalexternaldeclarationbothglobalandglobalexternaldeclarationsmustbedeclaredbeforeanyprocedurefunctionmethodisdefinedprivatevisiblewithintheroutinewhichdeclareditandallroutinescalledbythatroutinepublicvisiblebyallroutinesinthesameapplicationlocalstaticandglobalareresolvedatcompiletimeandthusaremuchfasterthanprivateandpublicvariableswhicharedynamicentitiesaccessedbymeansofaruntimesymboltableforthissamereasonlocalstaticandglobalvariablesarenotexposedtothemacrocompilerandanymacrocodewhichattemptstoreferencethemwillgeneratearuntimeerrorduetothedynamicnatureofprivateandpublicvariablestheycanbecreatedanddestroyedatruntimecanbeaccessedandmodifiedbymeansofruntimemacrosandcanbeaccessedandmodifiedbycodeblockscreatedontheflycontrolstructuresthebasiccontrolstructuresincludeallofthestandarddbaseandclipperprogramminglanguageclippercontrolstructuresaswellasadditionalonesinspiredbythecprogramminglanguagecorjavaprogramminglanguagejavaprogramminglanguagesloopsdowhileconditionexploopexitenddoforvarinitexptoendexpstepstepexploopexitnextforeachvarincollectionexphbenumindexloopexitnexttheisasequenceofoneofmorexharbourstatementsandsquarebracketesttttdenoteoptionalsyntaxthehbenumindexmaybeoptionallyusedtoretrievethecurrentiterationindexbasedtheloopstatementrestartsthecurrentiterationoftheenclosingloopstructureandiftheenclosingloopisafororforeachloopitincreasestheiteratormovingtothenextiterationofthelooptheexitstatementimmediatelyterminatesexecutionoftheenclosingloopstructurethenextstatementclosesthecontrolstructureandmovestothenextiterationofloopstructureintheforstatementtheassignmentexpressionisevaluatedpriortothefirstloopiterationthetoexpressionisevaluatedandcomparedagainstthevalueofthecontrolvariablepriortoeachiterationandtheloopisterminatedifitevaluatestoanumericvaluegreaterthanthenumericvalueofthecontrolvariabletheoptionalstepexpressionisevaluatedaftereachiterationpriortodecidingwhethertoperformthenextiterationinforeachthevarvariablewillhavethevaluescalarorcomplexoftherespectiveelementinthecollectionvaluethecollectionexpressionmaybeanarrayofanytypeorcombinationsoftypesanhashtableoranobjecttypeifstatementsifcondexpelseifcondexpelseendifrepresentsormorestatementstheconditionexpressionshastoevaluatetoalogicalvaluedocasestatementsdocasecasecondexpcasecondexpotherwiseendcaseaboveconstructislogicallyequivalenttoifcondexpelseifcondexpelseifcondexpelseendifswitchstatementsxharboursupportsaswitchconstructinspiredbythecimplementationofswitchswitchswitchexpcaseliteralexpexitcaseliteralexpexitdefaultendtheliteralexpmustbeacompiledtimeresolvablenumericexpressionandmayinvolveoperatorsaslongassuchoperatorsinvolvecompiletimestaticvaluetheexitoptionalstatementistheequivalentofthecstatementbreakandifpresentexecutionoftheswitchstructurewillendwhentheexitstatementisreachedotherwiseitwillcontinuewiththefirststatementbelowthenextcasestatementfallthroughbeginsequencestatementsbeginsequencebreakbreakexprecoverusingvarendsequenceorbeginsequencebreakbreakendsequencethebeginsequencestructureallowsforawellbehavedabortionofanysequenceevenwhencrossingnestedproceduresfunctionsthismeansthatacalledprocedurefunctionmayissueabreakstatementorabreakexpressiontoforceunfoldingofanynestedprocedurefunctionsallthewaybacktothefirstouterbeginsequencestructureeitherafteritsrespectiveendstatementorarecoverclauseifpresentthebreakstatementmayoptionallypassanytypeofexpressionwhichmaybeacceptedbytherecoverstatementtoallowfurtherrecoveryhandingadditionallythexharbourerrorobjectsupportscandefaultcanretryandcansubstitutepropertieswhichallowserrorhandlerstoperformsomepreparationsandthenrequestaretryoperationaresumeorreturnavaluecomputersciencevaluetoreplacetheexpressiontriggeringtheerrorconditiontrycatchfinallystatementstrybreakbreakexpthrowexpcatchvarendtrybreakbreakexpthrowexpcatchvarfinallyendortrybreakbreakexpthrowexpfinallyendthetryconstructisverysimilartothebeginsequenceconstructexceptitautomaticallyintegrateserrorhandlingsothatanyerrorwillbeinterceptedandrecoveredbymeansofthecatchstatementorforwardedtoanoutercatchhandlerotherwisethefinallysectionisguaranteedtobeexecutedbeforethetryorcatchsectionsforwardflowcontrolbymeansofreturnbreakorthrowproceduresfunctionsstaticproceduresomeprocedurenamestaticproceduresomeprocedurenamestaticproceduresomeprocedurenameparamparamsninitproceduresomeprocedurenameexitproceduresomeprocedurenamestaticfunctionsomeprocedurenamestaticfunctionsomeprocedurenamestaticfunctionsomeprocedurenameparamparamsnproceduresfunctionsinxharbourcanbespecifiedwiththekeywordcomputerprogrammingkeywordscodeprocedurecodeorcodefunctioncodenamingrulesaresameasthoseforvariablesuptocharactersnoncasesensitivebothproceduresandfunctionsmaybequalifiedbythescopequalifierstatictorestricttheirusagetothescopeofthemodulewheredefinedtheinitorexitoptionalqualifierswillflagtheproceduretobeautomaticallyinvokedjustbeforecallingtheapplicationstartupprocedureorjustafterquittingtheapplicationrespectivelyparametercomputerscienceparameterspassedtoaprocedurefunctionappearinthesubroutineaslocalvariablesandmayacceptanytypeincludingreferenceschangestoargumentvariablesarenotreflectedinrespectivevariablespassedbythecallingprocedurefunctionmethodunlessexplicitlypassedbyreferenceusingtheprefixprocedurehavenoreturnvalueandifusedinanexpressioncontextwillproduceanilvaluefunctionmayreturnanytypebymeansofthereturnstatementanywhereinthebodyofitsdefinitionanexampleproceduredefinitionandafunctioncallfollowssourcelangclipperxcubefunctioncubenreturnnsourcedatabasesupportxharbourextendstheclipperprogramminglanguageclipperreplaceabledatabasedriversrddapproachitoffersmultiplerddssuchasdbfdbfntxdbfcdxdbfdbtanddbffptinxharbourmultiplerddscanbeusedinasingleapplicationandnewlogicalrddscanbedefinedfromcombinationofotherrddtherddarchitectureallowsforinheritancesothatagivenrddmayextendthefunctionalityofotherexistingrddsrdpartyrddslikerddsqlrddsixrmdbfcdxadvantagedatabaseserverandmediatorexemplifysomeoftherddarchitecturefeaturesxharbouralsooffersodbcsupportbymeansofanoopsyntaxandadosupportbymeansofolemacrooperatorruntimecompileroneofthemostpowerfulfeaturesofthexbaselanguagesisthemacrooperatorxharboursimplementationofthemacrooperatorallowsforruntimecompilationofanyvalidxharbourexpressionsuchcompiledexpressionmaybeusedasavalueietherightsideofanassignmentbutmoreinterestinglysuchcompiledexpressionmaybeusedtoresolvetheleftsideofanassignmentieprivateorpublicvariablesordatabasefieldadditionallythemacrooperatormaycompileandexecutefunctioncallscompleteassignmentsorevenlistofargumentsandtheresultofthemacromaybeusedtoresolveanyoftheabovecontextsinthecompiledapplicationiowanyxharbourapplicationmaybeextendedandormodifiedinruntimetocompileandexecuteadditionalcodeondemandthexharbourimplementationofthisfeatureissocompletethatthexharbourinterpreterxbscriptusesitheavilytocompilexharbourscriptssyntaxthetextvalueoftheexpressionwillbecompiledandthevalueresultingfromtheexecutionofthecompiledcodeistheresultsomeidistheshortformforsomeidsomeidpostfixistheshortformofsomeidpostfixexamplecodehelloworldthetypicalhelloworldprogramwouldbehelloworldorqouthelloworldoralerthelloworldorenclosedinanexplicitproceduresourcelangclipperproceduremainhelloworldreturnsourceoopsourcelangtextincludehbclasschproceduremainlocalopersonpersondaveopersoneyesinvalidopersoneyesbluealertopersondescribereturnsourcesourcelangtextclasspersondatanameinitmethodnewconstructoraccesseyesinlinepvteyesassigneyesxinlineiifvaltypexcandxinbluebrowngreenpvteyesxalertinvalidvaluesampleofinlinemethoddefinitioninlinemethoddescribelocalcdescriptionifemptynamecdescriptionihavenonameyetelsecdescriptionmynameisnameendififemptyeyescdescriptionmyeyescoloriseyesendifendmethodprivatedatapvteyesendclasssampleofnormalmethoddefinitionmethodnewcnameclasspersonnamecnamereturnselfsourcescriptingxharbourisalsoavailableasaninterpretedlanguageinfewflavorsofscriptingenginesstandaloneinterpreterportableselfcontainedinterpreterxbscriptxbasescriptactivescriptmicrosoftactivescriptcompliantoledllwhichsupportsxharbourscriptinginwindowsscripthostwshinternetexplorerhtmlclientsidescriptingiisandanyotheraspcompliantserverseealsoflagshipcompilerbymultisoftforbitwindowslinuxandcommercialunicesexternallinksxharbourorgofficialsiteoohgorgobjectorientedharbourguioohgfivetechsoftcomfivewinxailercomxailerinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamextypealbumartistinxscoverinxsxjpgreleasedseptemberrecordedatrhinocerosstudiosydneyaustraliagenrealternativerockpoprocklengthlabelatlanticrecordsatlanticsupussupbrmercuryrecordsmercurysupeusupbrwarnermusicgroupweasupausupproducerchristhomasrecordproducerchristhomaslastalbumkickinxsalbumkickbrthisalbumxbrnextalbumwelcometowhereveryouarebrmiscsinglesnamextypestudiosinglesuicideblondesingledateseptembersingledisappearinxssongdisappearsingledatedecembersinglebymysideinxssongbymysidesingledatemarchsinglebittertearssongbittertearssingledatejulysinglethestairssongthestairsbrsmallthenetherlandsonlysmallsingledatenovemberxisaustralianrockmusicrockbandinxssseventhstudioalbumreleasedinthefollowuptothemassivesellerkickinxsalbumkickxscoredhitswithsuicideblondeanddisappearinxssongdisappearbothtopintheustwoothersinglesfromxwerebittertearsinxssongbittertearsandbymysideinxssongbymysidebuttheyhadlesschartsuccessafifthsinglethestairssongthestairswasonlyissuedinthenetherlandstocoincidewiththereleaseofthelivebabylivealbumitwasthethirdconsecutiveinxsalbumproducedbychristhomasrecordproducerchristhomasthetitletheromannumeralsromannumeralforrepresentsthebandstenthyearsincetheirdebutalbumwasreleasedinxfeaturesasampleofharmonicatechniquesbluesharpndpositionbluesharpplayercharliemusselwhiteonsuicideblondeandmusselwhitehimselfplayingonwhopaysthepriceandonmywayinaremasteredversionofthealbumwasreleasedwhichincludedfivepreviouslyunreleasedtracksthesinglessuicideblondeanddisappearinxssongdisappearwereusedintheteenmoviemysterydatebackgroundinxsgainedgreatsuccesswiththereleaseoftheirpreviousstudioalbumkickthemultimillionsellingalbumreceivedcriticalacclaimandprovedtobethebandsbiggestsellingalbumbyfarhavinggoneplatinummultipletimesinandinxstouredheavilyinsupportofkickduringthebandtookabreaktoworkonsideprojectsvocalistandprimarysongwritermichaelhutchencecollaboratedwithollieolsenianollieolseninthebandmaxqaustralianbandmaxqthetwohavingpreviouslyworkedtogetheronrichardlowensteinsfilmdogsinspacetheremainingmembersofinxsalsogotinvolvedinothermusicalprojectsincludingsongwriterandmultiinstrumentalistandrewfarrisswhojoinedsingersongwriterjennymorrismusicianjennymorrisinthestudiotoproducehersecondsoloalbumshiverjennymorrisalbumshiverbassguitaristgarrygarybeersgarygarrybeerscollaboratedwithaustralianrecordingindustryassociationariaawardwinningsydneybandabsentfriendsbandabsentfriendsduringdrummerjonfarrisswouldsoonjointherecordingsessionscontributingpercussionononetrackguitaristandsaxophonistkirkpengillyalongwithleadguitaristtimfarrissbothpaireduptohelpproduceanalbumforlocalsydneybandcrashpoliticsuponenteringthesinxswantedtofollowuponkicktheirmultimillionsellinginternationalsuccessinaradiointerviewshortlyafterthereleaseofxhutchencesaidwehadtofollowuponkickotherwiseweddisappearrefnameradioinxspromotesxradiointerviewretrievedfebruarythrefrecordingandproductionthebandworkedagainwithproducerchristhomasattherhinocerosstudioinsydneyaustraliawithrehearsalsbeginninginnovemberstickingtotheformulathatwasbuiltonkickthomasurgedprimarysongwritersandrewfarrissandhutchencetoadvancetheirsongwritingstrengthsonxwhilehutchenceandjonfarrissbothwrotethelyricsfordisappearwhentheywerelivinginhongkongduringthesongs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francerefautocatyessuccessionboxbeforechainreactionbyjohnfarnhamtitleaustralianariachartsariaalbumschartlistofnumberonealbumsinaustraliaduringthesnumberonealbumyearsaugustaugustafterinconcertbythethreetenorsfurtherreadingtitlexreviewlastmcdonaldfirststevenpublisherallmusicrovicorporationaccessdatemayreferencesreflistemrefsrefnameamgsinglestitleinxschartsawardsbillboardsinglespublisherallmusicrovicorporationaccessdatemayrefrefnamebandroadchronologyrefrefnamemcfrefxmppredirectcategoryshellredirectcitizenkaneunixtimenotableeventsinunixtimeredirectxinefficiencyredirectdellaximxosaucexiiicorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwaritwasfirstledbyulyssessgrantandlaterbyjohnamcclernandandedwardocorditservedinthewesterntheaterofcivilwartransmississippitheaterandalongthegulfofmexicocorpshistorycreationthexiiicorpsalongwiththexivcorpsacwxivcorpswerebothputintocommissiononoctoberwiththepassingofgeneralordersnothesetwocorpswerethefirstcorpscreatedinthewesterntheaterwhilethexivcorpsconstitutedallforcesunderthecommandofwilliamsrosecransthexiiicorpslikewiseconstitutedalltheforcesunderulyssessgrantbecauseofthecorpsimmensesizeandthefactthatitwasvirtuallysynonymouswiththearmyofthetennesseegrantchosetosubdividethecorpsintotherightleftandcenterwingsindecemberitwasofficiallydividedintothexiiicorpsxvcorpsxvicorpsandxviicorpsgrantremainedincommandofthearmyofthetennesseeandjohnamcclernandassumedcommandofthexiiicorpsbeforetheofficialorderwaspassedalongtoallthewingcommanderswilliamtshermancommanderoftherightwingembarkedonanexpeditionagainstvicksburgshermanswingofthexiiicorpsfoughtthebattleofchickasawbayouondecemberalthoughtheofficialdatewhichtherightwingwasdesignatedthexvcorpswasdecembermostofthereportsregardingthebattleatchickasawbluffsstillrefertotheunionforcesaspartofthexiiicorpsnomatterthedesignationitwasthefirsttimemanyofthetroopshadbeenunderfirearkansaspostaddingtotheidentitycrisisthexiiicorpsfacedinitsearlyyearswasjohnamcclernandsexpeditionagainstforthindmanatarkansaspostmcclernandwasgivenhisxiiicorpsandshermansxvcorpsnowofficiallyusingthatdesignationmcclernandlabeledtheseforcesthearmyofthemississippiandrenamedthexiiicorpsicorpsandthexvcorpsiicorpsmcclernandcommandedthearmyandplacedgeneralgeorgewmorganincommandoftheicorpsformerxiiicorpsthedivisionsofandrewjsmithandpeterjosterhausparticipatedinthebattleonlystephenburbridgesbrigadeofsmithsdivisionboreanyheavyfightingvicksburgwiththeimpendingcampaignagainstvicksburggranttookpersonalcommandoftheoperationmcclernandreturnedtocorpscommandandthearmyofthemississippiwasmergedbackintothearmyofthetennesseeandthexiiicorpstookonitsofficialtitleasthevicksburgcampaignopenedthexiiicorpswascomposedofthethththththandthdivisionscommandedrespectivelybyosterhausajsmithalvinphoveyleonardfrossandeugeneacarrrossdivisionwasstationedinarkansasduringtheentirecampaignanddidnotparticipateinanyengagementswiththerestofthecorpsinjulythisdivisionnowledbyfredericksalomonfoughtatthebattleofhelenaaspartofthedistrictofeasternarkansasunderbenjaminmprentissthebattleofportgibsonwasfoughtbythexiiicorpswiththeaidofaportionofthexviicorpsmcclernanddidnotbringthefullforceofthecorpstobearatthebattleofchampionhillbuthoveysdivisionledtheattackontheconfederaterightimmediatelyfollowingthevictoryatchampionshillthebattleofbigblackriverbridgewasagainfoughtexclusivelybythexiiicorpscarrsdivisionbearingthebruntofthefightwhengrantinitiatedsiegeoperationsthexiiicorpstookupapositionontheunionleftduringtheassaultsonvicksburgthexiiicorpslostnearlysoldiersmcclernandhadbeenalongtimethorningrantssideandonjunegrantfoundanopportunitytoremovehimfromcommandhisreplacementwasedwardocordafriendofgrantswhohadjustrecoveredfromawoundsustainedinordledthecorpsthroughouttherestofthesiegeaftervicksburgfellwilliamtshermanledanexpeditionbacktojacksonmississippitoclearthecityofconfederateswhichhadgatheredthereshermantookwithhimthexiiicorpsandattachedtoitthedivisionunderjacobglaumanfromthexvicorpsgeneralcarrwhotemporarilyleftthearmyduetosicknesshadbeenreplacedindivisioncommandbywilliampbentontexasandlouisianaafterthefallofjacksonthecorpsreturnedtovicksburgandthentransferredtothedepartmentofthegulfthedistrictofeasternarkansashadbeendetachedfromthecorpsajsmithhadbeenreassignedtocommandapostintennesseeosterhaushadbeenreassignedtocommandadivisioninthexvcorpshoveytookleaveofthearmyduetothedeathofhiswifetwoofthedivisionsinthefieldwereconsolidatedunderthecommandofcadwalladercwashburnandgeneralherronsdivisionwasattachedgeneralbanksusedthexiiicorpstoconducthiscoastalcampaignagainsttexasduringthefallofbattleofbrownsvillecapturingbrownsvillebyfebruarycorpsheadquarterswereintexasandgeneralmcclernandhadreturnedtocommandredriverthestandnddivisionsremainedintexasbutnathanielpbankstookwithhimtherdandthdivisionsduringtheredrivercampaignduringthefirstpartofthecampaignthecorpswascommandedbythomasegransomtherddivisionbygeneralrobertacameronandthethdivisionbycolonelwilliamjlandramthecorpsfoughtatthebattleofmansfieldransomwaswoundedatmansfieldandwassucceededincommandofthecorpsbygeneralcameronafewweekslatermichaelklawlerofthestdivisionintexasbecametheofficialcorpscommandergeneralmcclernandhoweverassumeddirectcommandofthetwodivisionsfightinginlouisianaunderbanksmcclernandwasrelievedofcommandduetoillhealthandlawlerhimselfpersonallycommandedthisdetachmentshortlyafterwilliampbentonwasassignedtothecorpscommandbutlawlerremainedincommandofthedetachmentinlouisianalawlerledthexiiicorpsdetachmentatthebattleofmansuramobilethecorpswasdiscontinuedonjuneonfebruaryitwasreorganizedunderthecommandofgordongrangerwiththreedivisionscommandedrespectivelybyjamescveatchchristophercandrewsandwilliampbentonthisnewformofthexiiicorpsfoughtinthebattleoffortblakelywhichledtothefallofthecityofmobilealabamathecorpswasdiscontinuedforthefinaltimejulythemenofthexiiicorpswereneverdesignatedanofficialcorpsbadgeandthereforeneverworeanyformofacorpsbadgeduringthewarsourcescivilwararchivecomcorpsthcorphtmwwwcivilwararchivecomexternallinkscivilwararchivecomcorpsthcorphtmxiiicorpshistoryinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexcorpsnativenameimagexcorpsbadgepngimagesizepxaltcaptionxcorpsbadgedatescountrycountriesallegiancebranchtypearmycorpsrolesizecorpscommandstructuredepartmentofthesouthbrarmyofthejamesgarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottobattlesamericancivilwarbermudahundredcampaignbattleofproctorscreekdrewrysbluffbattleoffortwagnerbattleofolusteeoverlandcampaignbattleofcoldharborpetersburgcampaignnotablecommandersquincyadamsgillmoreinsigniaidentificationsymbolimagexcorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelstdivisionidentificationsymbolimagexcorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelnddivisionidentificationsymbolimagexcorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelrddivisionidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelxcorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwaritservedduringoperationsinsouthcarolinainthedepartmentofthesouthandlaterinbenjaminbutlerpoliticianbenjaminbutlersarmyofthejamesduringthebermudahundredcampaignbermudahundredandpetersburgcampaignpetersburgcampaignsimagexcorpsbadgepngthumbunionarmystdivisionbadgexcorpshistorythecorpswasofficiallycreatedonseptembertoconsistofthemajorityofuniontroopsoperatinginsouthcarolinaandeasterngeorgiaothertroopsinfloridawereofficiallyunderitscommandbutwerenoteffectivelythecorpswasinitiallycommandedbyormsbymmitchelwhodiedinoctoberhewassucceededbyjohnmiltonbrannandavidhunterquincyadamsgillmoredavidbbirneyandalfredhterrythecorpstookpartinmostoftheoperationsagainstcharlestonsouthcarolinacharlestonfromndashincludingattacksonjamesislandsouthcarolinajamesislandandmorrisislandandthebattleoffortwagnerotherelementsofthecorpsbasedinfloridatookpartinthedisastrousbattleofolusteeinearlythecorpsnowcommandedbygillmorewastransferredtothearmyofthejamesittookpartinthebermudahundredoperationsandplayedaprincipalroleinthedisastrousbattleofproctorscreekdrewrysbluffactionitalsotookpartintheattackonbattleofcoldharborcoldharborinconjunctionwithunitsofthearmyofthepotomacandthecorpsplayedamajorroleintheearlystagesofthepetersburgcampaignindecemberthecorpswasdisbandeditswhitecontingentwenttothenewxxivcorpsacwxxivcorpswhileitsblackunitswenttothexxvcorpsacwxxvcorpsadetachmentofformerxcorpstroopstookpartinthesuccessfulattackonsecondbattleoffortfisherfortfishernorthcarolinainearlythexcorpswasrevivedunderthecommandofalfredterryinmarchitwasattachedtothedepartmentofnorthcarolinaunderschofieldandwaspartofshermansarmyafterbentonvilleafterjohnstonssurrenderitservedprimarilyongarrisondutyinsouthcarolinaandgeorgiauntilitwasdiscontinuedinaugustexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebcivilwararchivecomcorpsthcorphtmxcorpshistoryinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexivcorpsimagexivcorpsbadgepngimagesizepxcaptionunionarmystdivisionbadgexivcorpsdatescountrybranchunitedstatesarmycommandstructurearmyofthecumberlandbrarmyofgeorgiabattlesbattleofstonesriverbrbattleofchickamaugabrbattleofmissionaryridgebrbattleofresacabrbattleofkennesawmountainbrbattleofpeachtreecreekbrbattleofutoycreekbrbattleofjonesborobrshermansmarchtotheseamarchtotheseabrbattleofbentonvilledisbandedcommandersnotablecommanderswilliamsrosecransbrgeorgehthomasbrjohnmpalmerpoliticianjohnmpalmerbrrichardwjohnsonbrjeffersoncdavisinsigniaxivcorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwaritwasoneoftheearliestcorpsformationsinthewesterntheateroftheamericancivilwarcorpshistorycreationonoctoberthewardepartmentissuedgeneralordersnocreatingboththexiiicorpsacwxiiicorpsandthexivcorpsthexivcorpswastobeorganizedfromtroopsofthearmyofthecumberlandandtobecommandedbygeneralwilliamrosecransthearmyoftheohiounderthecommandofdoncarlosbuellwaspreviouslydividedintothreeunofficialcorpsdesignatediiiandiiicorpswhenrosecranstookcommandthearmywasreorganizedintotwelvedivisionstobemadefromregimentsofinfantryregimentofengineersbatteriesofartilleryandregimentsofcavalrystonesriverthearmyofthecumberlandandxivcorpswerevirtuallysynonymousandthereforecommandofthecorpswasdividedintothreewingswiththesamebasicformationasintheformerarmyoftheohiotheoldicorpsbecametherightwingunderalexandermmccooktheiicorpsbecametheleftwingunderthomaslcrittendentheiiicorpsbecamethecenterwingundergeorgehthomasreplacingcharlescgilbertinthisformationthecorpsfoughtatthebattleofstonesriverlosingoverinkilledwoundedormissingbattleofchickamaugaonjanuaryintheimmediateaftermathofstonesriverthexivcorpswingsweregiventheirownofficialcorpsdesignationsmccooksrightwingbecamethexxcorpsacwxxcorpscrittendensleftwingbecamethexxicorpsacwxxicorpsthomascenterwingremainedasthexivcorpsthomasledthecorpstodistinctionforhisdefenseathorseshoeridgeinparticularhisactionsatsnodgrasshillprotectingthefederalarmyfromacompleteroutfollowingthebattleofchickamaugabattleofchattanoogafollowingchickamaugathomaswasgivencommandofthearmyofthecumberlandandjohnmpalmerpoliticianjohnmpalmerledthecorpsatthebattleofmissionaryridgeandduringthemostoftheatlantacampaignmarchtowardsatlantabattleofutoycreekthexivarmycorpswasplacedunderthecommandofthearmyoftheohiomgjohnschofieldschofieldaugustandthetwocorpswereassignedbyshermantobreaktherailroadlinesateastpointtheensuingbattleofutoycreekinitialassaultbyjohnsonsstdivisiononaugustandsupportingattackonaugustcameclosetosuccessduetoadisagreementofthedateofrankbetweenmgpalmerandmgschofieldafterthebattlewhichschofieldunsuccessfullycommandedrichardwjohnsonbrieflycommandedthecorpsafterpalmersresignationduringthesiegeofatlantajeffersoncdavistookcommandofthecorpsandleditduringthebattleofjonesborosavannahcampaignfollowingthefallofatlantathexivcorpswasdetachedfromthearmyofthecumberlandandassignedtowhatbecamethearmyofgeorgiadavisremainedincommandofthecorpsandfoughtatthebattleofbentonvilleinmarchthroughthecarolinascorpsbadgeoriginthiscorpssdistinctivebadgewasintheshapeofthatofanacorntheacornwaschosentoremindthemenoftheirtoughtimesinlatewhentheywereleftinthewildernesswithoutsuppliesandforcedtosurviveonacornsreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebcivilwararchivecomcorpsthcorphtmxivcorpshistoryinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexvcorpsimagexvcorpsbadgepngimagesizepxcaptionxvcorpsbadgedatesndashcountryunitedstatesofamericabranchusarmytypeinfantrysizecorpsbattlesamericancivilwarnotablecommandersulyssessgrantbrwilliamtshermanbrjohnaloganbrpeterosterhausbrwilliambhazeninsigniaidentificationsymbolimagexvcorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelstdivisionidentificationsymbolimagexvcorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelnddivisionidentificationsymbolimagexvcorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelrddivisionidentificationsymbolimagexvcorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelthdivisionthexvarmycorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwaritservedinthearmyofthetennesseeundermajorgeneralunitedstatesmajgensulyssessgrantandwilliamtshermanitwascommandedbyshermaninthesiegeofvicksburgandthenbymajgenjohnaloganinshermansatlantacampaignbrigadiergeneralunitedstatesbriggenpeterjosterhauscommandedthecorpsintheshermansmarchtotheseamarchtotheseabutloganwasbackincommandduringshermanscarolinacampaignwhengeneralhowardbecameheadofthefreedmansbureauloganbecamethecommanderofthearmyofthetennesseeforthefinalmarchtowashingtonwilliamhazenbecamethexvcorpsfinalcommanderthexvcorpsbadgewasashieldwithacartridgeboxinthemiddlewiththecorpsmottoroundsthebadgeandmottooriginatedfromthewesternxvcorpsrivalrywiththeeasternxiicorpsunionarmyxiicorpswhenthewesternandeasternsoldiersfinallymetupnearchattanoogainlatethexiandxiicorpssoldiersbraggedabouttheircrescentandstarshapedcorpsbadgeswhenaskedwhatbadgethexvcorpshadthexvcorpsdidnothaveoneyetatthetimeanirishsoldierofthexvcorpssaidmoonandstarsisitsureitwasthelightofbothyeneededtofindyourwayhomefromchancellorsvillethexicorpshadbeenroutedatthatbattlewhereuponheslappedhiscartridgeboxandsaidcorpsbadgethisisthebadgeofthefifteenthcorpsroundsthissayingeventuallyreachedtheearsofgeneralloganhesoonsentoutthefollowingcirculartohismenanalternateretellingofthetalebehindtheuniquecorpsbadgeasgivenbyshermaninhismemoirsseealsoarmyofthetennesseereferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebcivilwararchivecomcorpsthcorphtmxvcorpshistorythexviarmycorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwarthecorpsrarelyfoughtasoneunifiedunitasitsdivisionswereoftenscatteredacrossthecountryrefnamexvicorpsrefhistorycreationandvicksburgthexvicorpswasorganizedondecemberwithmajgenstephenahurlbutincommandithadfourdivisionmilitarydivisionscommandedrespectivelybywilliamsooysmithstdivisiongrenvilledodgenddivisionnathankimballrddivisionandjacobglaumanthdivisionthesedivisionswereassignedtogarrisondutyinthevicinityofmemphistnmemphislagrangemississippilagrangeandcorinthmscorinthwiththearmyofthetennesseesiegeofvicksburgbesiegingvicksburgmajorgeneralunitedstatesmajgenulyssessgrantgatheredreinforcementsfromthesurroundingareasthedivisionsofsmithkimballandlaumanwereorderedtovicksburgonjunethisdetachmentwasledbymajgencadwalladercwashburnhurlbutanddodgeremainedongarrisondutyintennesseeduringthistimeafterthefallofvicksburgsmithsdivisionwasattachedtotheixcorpsunionarmyixcorpsandlaumansdivisionwasattachedtothexiiicorpsunionarmyxiiicorpsduringmajgenwilliamtshermansjacksonexpeditionexpeditiontojacksonmississippiinthecorpswasdividedintotwowingsoftwodivisionseachleftwingtheleftwingwasledbymajgengrenvilledodgeandparticipatedinmajgenwilliamtshermansatlantacampaigntheleftwingwascomposedofthedivisionsofbriggenthomaswsweenynddivisionandbriggenjamescveatchthdivisionthesedivisionsfoughtnotablyatthebattleofatlantaonjulyholdingoffconfederategeneraljohnbellhoodsflankattackatthisbattleveatchsdivisionwasledbybriggenjohnwfullerrightwingtheremainingdivisionwhichdidnotjoinshermansatlantacampaignwerelefttoguardthemississippirivervalleykimballslaumansandwilliamsooysmithsdivisionswerepermanentlyremovedtoothercorpswhilejamestuttlesdivisionofthexvcorpsandandrewjacksonsmithsdivisionofthexiiicorpswerebothtransferredtothexvicorpsmajgenhurlbutassumeddirectcommandoverthesedivisionsknownastherightwingandparticipatedinthebattleofmeridianmeridianexpeditioninfebruaryduringtheredrivercampaigntherightwingwasattachedtomajgennathanielpbanksarmyofthegulfwithandrewjsmithincommandtuttlesstdivisionwasnowcommandedbyjosephamowerandajsmithsdivisionwasalsoattachedtomowerscommandonedivisionfromthexviicorpsunionarmyxviicorpswasattachedtotherightwingthisdivisionwasdubbedtheredriverdivisionandwascommandedbythomaskilbysmiththeredriverdivisionremainedinlouisianawhileajsmithtooktherestoftherightwingintomississippitoprotectshermanssupplylinesduringtheatlantacampaigndefeatingtheconfederatesatthebattleoftupeloherethetwodivisionswerecommandedbymowerstdivisionandcoloneldavidmoorenddivisionwithadivisionofcavalrytemporarilyattachedunderbriggenbenjamingriersonthisunitwassometimescalledgeneralajsmithsguerrillasdissolutionthecorpsinitsentiretywasdiscontinuedonnovemberandrewjsmithremainedincommandofhistwodivisionsandweresenttomissouritohelpdefeatsterlingpricesterlingpricesspricesmissouriraidmissouriraidduringthistimesmithscommandonceknownastherightwingxvicorpswasnowofficiallytitleddetachmentarmyofthetennesseesmithwasthensenttotennesseetojoinwithmajgengeorgehthomasforthebattleofnashvilleatnashvillesmithhadthreedivisionsbeingcommandedrespectivelybyjohnmcarthurkennergarrardandcoljonathanbmooremcarthursdivisiontookaprominentpartinbothdaysofthebattlereactivationonfebruarysmithsdetachmentarmyofthetennesseebecametheofficialxvicorpsitwascomposedofthreedivisionsfirstjohnmcarthurmcarthursecondkennergarrardgarrardandthirdeugeneacarrcarrthecompositionremainedvirtuallythesameasithadatnashvilleexceptbriggeneugeneacarrreplacedcolmooreincommandoftherddivisionitservedintheoperationsofmajgenedwardcanbyagainstmobilealabamaandfoughtinthebattlesofbattleofspanishfortspanishfortandbattleoffortblakelyfortblakelythelatterendedonaprilthedayroberteleeleebattleofappomattoxcourthousesurrenderedatappomattoxthecorpswasfinallydisbandedonjulyreferencesinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexviicorpsnativenameimagexviicorpsbadgepngimagesizepxaltcaptionxviicorpsbadgedatescountrycountriesallegiancebranchtypearmycorpsrolesizecorpscommandstructurearmyofthetennesseegarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottobattlesamericancivilwarnotablecommandersjamesbmcphersonbrfrancispblairjrinsigniaidentificationsymbolimagexviicorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelstdivisionidentificationsymbolimagexviicorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelnddivisionidentificationsymbolimagexviicorpsbadgepngpxidentificationsymbollabelrddivisionidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelxviicorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwaritwasorganizeddecemberaspartofulyssessgrantsarmyofthetennesseeitwasmostnotablycommandedbymajorgeneralunitedstatesmajgenjamesbmcphersonandmajgenfrancisprestonblairjrfrancispblairiiandservedinthewesterntheateroftheamericancivilwarwesterntheatercreationinoctoberthexiiicorpsunionarmyxiiicorpsandxivcorpsunionarmyxivcorpswerecreatedinthewesterntheateratthetimeitwascreatedthexiiicorpsconstitutedtheentirearmyofthetennesseeunderulyssessgrantinitiallygrantsubdividedthecorpsintotherightleftandcenterwingsmajorgeneraljamesbmcphersonledthecenterofthexiiicorpsondecemberthexiiicorpswasofficiallydividedthecenterofficiallybecamethexviicorpswithmcphersonstillincommandandwasoriginallycomposedofthreedivisionsunderjohnaloganjohnmcarthurandisaacfquinbyvicksburgcampaigngrantsvicksburgcampaignwasthexviicorpsfirstoperationitfoughtthebattleofraymondandcapturedbattleofjacksonmississippijacksonalongsidewilliamtshermansxvcorpsunionarmyxvcorpsonmayitborethebruntofthefightinginthebattleofchampionhillduringthebattleofvicksburgsiegeofvicksburgitformedthecenteroftheunionforceschattanoogaandmeridianwhilemostofthexviicorpswasleftinmississippiwilliamtshermantookthenddivisionledbybriggenjohnesmithtohelpinliftingthesiegeofchattanoogatwoofsmithsbrigadesledbygreenberryraumandkarlleopoldmatthiestookasignificantpartinthebattleofmissionaryridgeinthewinterofshermanreturnedtovicksburgtoleadthemeridiancampaignmcphersonledthecorpsduringthecampaignonlytherdandthdivisionsandtherdbrigadeofthestdivisiontookpartthenddivisionstillbeingatchattanoogaatlantacampaigningeneralmcphersonassumedcommandofthearmyofthetennesseeandforashorttimenoofficerwasappointedtocommandthecorpseventuallymajorgeneralfrancispblairjrtookcommandshermantransferredtherestofthecorpstogeorgiatotakepartintheatlantacampaignonlytherdandthdivisionstookpartinthecampaignandthesedivisionsmissedmuchoftheearlybattlesbutplayedamajorroleinthebattleofkennesawmountainandthebattleofatlantatherddivisionundermortimerdleggetthadaparticularlyhardfightonbaldhillbaldhillwouldberenamedleggettshillinhonorofthedivisioncommanderafterthefallofatlantageneralblairtookaleaveofabsencefromthearmyandgeneralthomasegransomcommandedthexviicorpswhenransomdiedofexposureduringthepursuitofjohnbellhoodsarmyblairreturnedshortlyaftertocommandofthecorpsmarchtotheseaandthecarolinasblairledthecorpsduringthemarchtotheseaandtookpartinthecaptureofsavannahgeorgiathexviicorpsfoughtexclusivelyinthebattleofriversbridgebattleofsalkehatchieriverwheretwoofblairsbrigadedefeatedaconfederateforceattemptingtoblockshermanscrossingoftheriverblairandthecorpswerepresentatthebattleofbentonvillebutdidnottakeanactivepartinthefightingredriverdivisiononedivisionformerlypartofthexviicorpswasdubbedtheredriverdivisionortheprovisionaldivisionandwasattachedtotherightwingxvicorpsunderandrewjsmiththedivisionwasledbythomasksmithandfoughtinmanyoftheimportantbattlesduringredrivercampaigntheredriverdivisionmovedtonashvilleitwasagainattachedtoajsmithscommandonlythistimeitwasstyledtherddivisionofthedetachmentofthearmyofthetennesseethedivisionwasledbycoloneljonathanbmooreandwaslightlyengagedatthebattleofnashvillecommandhistoryclasswikitablejamesbmcphersonnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspdecemberndashmarchnocommandermarchndashmayfrancispblairjrmayndashseptemberthomasegransomseptemberndashoctobernocommanderoctoberndashoctoberfrancispblairjroctoberndashjulywwbelknapjulyndashaugustreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebcivilwararchivecomcorpsthcorphtmxviicorpshistoryimagexviiicorpsbadgepngthumbunionarmystdivisionbadgexviiicorpsxviiicorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwaroriginsandmakeupthexviiicorpswascreatedondecemberitwasinitiallycomposedoffivedivisionsstationedinnorthcarolinamakingitoneofthelargestintheunionarmythoughtwoweredetachedtojointhexcorpsacwxcorpsinearlyandplacedunderthecommandofgeneraljohngfosterbyaugustmostofthecorpsoriginalunitswereeitherdisbandedortransferredelsewherebutbrigadiergeneralunitedstatesbriggengeorgegettysdivisionformerlyofixcorpsacwixcorpsandthebulkoftherecentlydiscontinuedviicorpsacwviicorpsfromvirginiawereredesignatedthexviiicorpsoperationsduringthespringofthecorpsmdashnowcommandedbygeneralwilliamfarrarsmithformerlyofvicorpsacwvicorpsmdashwastransferredtoyorktownvirginiatojoinmajgenbenjaminbutlerpoliticianbenjaminbutlersarmyofthejamesthecorpsplayedamajorpartintheunsuccessfuloperationsinthebermudahundredcampaignbermudahundredandwasalsoheavilyengagedatbattleofcoldharborcoldharboronjunelieutenantgeneralunitedstatesltgenulyssessgrantsentsmithonasurprisemarchtoseizepetersburgvirginiapetersburgfromtheconfederateforcesbeforeroberteleecouldbringupthebulkofthearmyofnorthernvirginiainthesecondbattleofpetersburgjunesmithmadesuccessfulinitialattacksagainsttheoutnumbereddefensesofgenpgtbeauregardbutafterdrivingbeauregardsmenfromtheirouterentrenchmentsonthethsmithfearfulofaconfederatecounterattacklosthisnerveanddidnotpresstheattackwhenitcouldhaveresultedintheeasyseizureofthecitycommanderssmithwasrelievedofcommandinjulyduetoillhealthandhewasreplacedbyedwardordedwardocordandlatergodfreyweitzelcharlesaheckmanbrieflycommandedthecorpsfollowingthewoundingofgeneralordduringthebattleofchaffinsfarmjohngibbonwastemporarycommanderofthecorpsinthemonthofseptemberthecorpsoccupiedthelineofentrenchmentsclosesttothemainconfederatelineandsufferedheavycasualtiesinalmostdailyskirmishingforamonththecorpswasrelievedofitspositionbyxcorpsacwxcorpsonaugustandthecorpswassentfirsttothebermudahundredandlatertothenorthbankofthejamesrivervirginiajamesriveritsfirstdivisiontookpartinthesuccessfulattackonfortharrisononaugustduringthebattleofchaffinsfarmthecorpswasalsoengagedonoctoberinthebattleoffairoaksdarbytownroadsecondbattleoffairoaksfoughtoverthesamegroundasthebattleofsevenpinesfirstbattleinmaythecorpswasultimatelydiscontinuedindecemberaswithxcorpsitswhiteunitswenttojointhenewxxivcorpsacwxxivcorpswhileitsblackunitsjoinedxxvcorpsacwxxvcorpsexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebcivilwararchivecomcorpsthcorphtmxviiicorpshistoryxixcorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwaritspentmostofitsserviceinlouisianaandthegulfofmexicogulfthoughseveralunitsfoughtinvirginiasshenandoahvalleyxixcorpswascreatedondecemberandassignedtomajorgeneralmajgennathanielpbanksthecommanderofthedepartmentofthegulfthecorpscomprisedalluniontroopsthenoccupyinglouisianaandeasttexasitoriginallyconsistedoffourdivisionmilitarydivisionsnumberingmenporthudsoninaprilthecorpswasinvolvedintheactionsatbattleoffortbislandfortbislandandbattleofirishbendirishbenditoperatedthesiegeofporthudsonfromaprilndashjulythefallofwhichalongwiththatofsiegeofvicksburgvicksburgmississippiclosedoffthemississippirivertoconfederateshippingxixcorpsalsogainedmeasureofdistinctionforbeingthefirstfederalunittousealargenumberofunitedstatescoloredtroopscoloredtroopsinactionparticularlyagainstporthudsonwithbanksgivingthemduecreditfortheirvaliantcontributionstothesiegemgnathanielpbankschiefofstaffbggeorgelandrewsbgcharlespstoneclasswikitablewidthdivisionwidthbrigaderegimentsandothersrowspanstdivisionbrnbspnbspnbspnbspmgchristophercaugurstbrigadebrnbspnbspcoledwardpchapinkbrnbspnbspcolcharlesjpainendlouisianaregimentinfantryunionndlouisianacolcharlesjpainestmainevolunteerinfantryregimentstmainecolelijahdjohnsonthmassachusettscolebenfstonethmassachusettsltcburtonddemingkthnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkcptjohnhigginsndbrigadebrnbspnbspbggodfreyweitzelbrnbspnbspcolstephenthomasmedalofhonorstephenthomasthconnecticutinfantryregimentthconnecticutltcfrankhpeckwthnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkcolrobertbmerrittthnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkcolelishabsmithmwthnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkltcjohnbvanpettenthnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkcolscharlescnottambrosestevenscharleslewisthvermontinfantrythvermontcolstephenthomasmedalofhonorstephenthomasrdbrigadebrnbspnbspcolnathandudleythregimentmassachusettsvolunteerinfantrythmassachusettsltcwilliamwbullockthmassachusettscolcarlospmesserstnewyorkvolunteerinfantryregimentstnewyorkcolgabrieltharrowerthnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkmajgeorgekeatingartillerystregimentindianaheavyartillerystbatteryindianaheavyartillerycoljohnakeithstmainebatterystbatterymainelightartilleryltjohnemortonthbatterymassachusettslightartilleryltjohnfphelpssectionthmassachusettslightartilleryltedwinmchamberlinthbatterynewyorklightartillerycptalbertgmackbatteryastuslightartillerycptedmundcbainbridgebatterygthusartilleryltjacobbrawlesrowspannddivisionbrnbspnbspnbspnbspbgthomaswshermanwbrnbspnbspnbspnbspbggeorgelandrewsbrnbspnbspnbspnbspbgfranklinsnickersonfranksnickersonbrnbspnbspnbspnbspbgwilliamdwightstbrigadebrnbspnbspbgnealsdowwcbrnbspnbspcoldavidscowleskbrnbspnbspcolthomassclarkthconnecticutinfantryregimentthconnecticutltcjosephseldenthmichiganvolunteerinfantryregimentthmichigancolthomassclarkthnewhampshirevolunteerinfantrythnewhampshirecoljohnwkingmanthnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkcoldavidscowlesndnewyorkvolunteerinfantryndnewyorkcollewisbenedictndbrigadebrnbspnbspcolalphabfarrbrnbspnbspcollewisbenedictrefnamememorialofbrevetbeneatthetimebenedictassumedcommandthendbrigadeconsistedofthnewyorkthmainethmassachusettsndnewyorkrefthconnecticutinfantryregimentthconnecticutltcrichardfitzgibbonsthregimentmassachusettsvolunteerinfantrythmassachusettsltcjosiahasawtellndregimentmassachusettsvolunteerinfantrydmassachusettsltcjosephstedmanthmassachusettscolluciusbmarshrdbrigadebrnbspnbspbgfranklinsnickersonfranksnickersonthmainevolunteerinfantryregimentthmainecolthomaswporterthmainevolunteerinfantryregimentthmainecolgeorgemarstonatwoodthmainevolunteerinfantryregimentthmainecolephriamwwoodmanthnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkltcabelsmithjrmwthnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkcolmichaelkbryankthnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkcolirawainsworthartillerystbatterynewyorklightartillerycptjamesbarnesstbatteryvermontlightartillerybatteriesvermontlightartillerycptgeorgethebardrowspanrddivisionbrnbspnbspnbspnbspbghalbertepainewbrnbspnbspnbspnbspcolhawkesfearingstbrigadebrnbspnbspcoltimothyingrahambrnbspnbspcolsamuelpferristhconnecticutinfantryregimentthconnecticutcolsamuelpferristhmassachusettscolhenrywalkerthnewhampshirevolunteerinfantrythnewhampshirecoljamespikepoliticianjamespikethnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkcolclintonhsagendbrigadebrnbspnbspcolhawkesfearingthnewhampshirevolunteerinfantrythnewhampshireltcoliverwlullrdnewyorkvolunteerinfantryrdnewyorkcolleonarddhcurrierdnewyorkvolunteerinfantryrdnewyorkmajapowergallwaythwisconsinvolunteerregimentthwisconsincolsidneyabeanrdbrigadebrnbspnbspcololiverpgoodingstregimentmassachusettsvolunteerinfantrystmassachusettsltcwilliamsbhopkinsthtregimentmassachusettsvolunteerinfantrythmassachusettsltcwilliamlrodmankrdregimentmassachusettsvolunteerinfantryrdmassachusettscoljohnwkimballthnewyorkvolunteerinfantrythnewyorkcoljacobsharpeartillerythbatterymassachusettslightartilleryltfrederickwreinhardbatteryfstuslightartillerycptrichardcduryeandbatteryvermontlightartillerycptpythagoraseholcombrowspanthdivisionbrnbspnbspnbspnbspbgcuviergroverstbrigadebrnbspnbspbgwilliamdwightbrnbspnbspcolrichardeholcombkbrnbspnbspcoljosephsmorganstlouisianaregimentinfantrystlouisianausltcwilliamofiskendmainevolunteerinfantryregimentndmainecolsimongjerrardthnewyorkvolunteerinfantryregimentthnewyorkcoljosephsmorganstnewyorkvolunteerinfantryregimentstnewyorkinfantryregimentcoljacobvanzandtstnewyorkvolunteerinfantrystnewyorkcolnicholaswdayndbrigadebrnbspnbspcolwilliamkkimballthconnecticutinfantryregimentthconnecticutcolsamuelmmansfieldthmainevolunteerinfantryregimentthmaineltcedwardilsleystregimentmassachusettsvolunteerinfantrystmassachusettscolthomasechickeringndmassachus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duringstonewalljacksonsfamedflankmarchforhispartinthedefeatofthearmyofthepotomacresignedhewasreplacedfirstbyalpheusswilliamsandthenhenrywslocumbothformerxiicorpsunionarmyxiicorpscommandersitstroopswerethefirsttoenteratlantaafteritssurrenderonseptemberandlaterwentwithshermansarmyofgeorgiaduringhisshermansmarchtotheseamarchtotheseawilliamscommandeditfromthenuntilthecarolinascampaignslocumhavingbeenpromotedtoarmycommandinthemeantimeitplayedamajorpartintheseizureofsavannahindecemberandwasactivelyengagedthroughoutthecarolinascampaignparticularlyatbattleofbentonvillebentonvillewhereitabsorbedthemainblowofjosephejohnstonscounterattackbecausefightingatbentonvillehadnotdestroyedjohnstonsarmyshermanreplacedwilliamswiththemorepetulantjosephamowerittookpartinthegrandreviewandwasdisbandedinjunecommandhistoryjosephhookerapriljulyalpheusswilliamsjulyaugusthenrywslocumaugustnovemberalpheusswilliamsnovemberapriljosephamowerapriljuneexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebcivilwararchivecomcorpsthmcchtmmccooksxxcorpshistorywebarchiveorgwebcivilwararchivecomcorpsthhookhtmhookersxxcorpshistorygeorgiainfogalileousgedutopicshistoricalmarkerscountybaldwinrouteofthetwentiethcorpsrouteofthetwentiethcorpshistoricalmarkerxxicorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwaritservedaspartofwilliamrosecranswilliamsrosecranssarmyofthecumberlandandwasinexistencefromjanuarythtooctoberafterthebattleofstonesrivergeneralrosecransreorganizedthewingsofhisarmyintothreecorpstheleftwingunderthomaslcrittendenbecamethexxicorpstakingpartinthetullahomacampaignthexxicorpswasheavilyengagedatbattleofchickamaugachickamaugaonseptemberndashwhereitwasnearlydestroyeditwasrosecransmistakendecisiontopullthomasjwoodthomaswoodsdivisionofthiscorpstosupportgeorgehenrythomasgeorgethomassxivcorpsunionarmyxivcorpsthatresultedingeneraljameslongstreetsbreakthroughagainsttheunioncenteritshouldbeaddedthoughthatelementsofxxicorpsmostnotablywilliamjpalmersdivisionaidedthomasinhissuccessfulrearguardactiononsnodgrasshillalongwiththeremnantsofxxcorpsunionarmyxxcorpsthecorpsreorganizedintoivcorpsunionarmyivcorpsshortlyafterthebattleimagexxicorpsbadgehqpngthumbunionarmyheadquartersbadgexxicorpsexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebcivilwararchivecomcorpsstcorphtmxxicorpshistoryinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxiicorpsimagexxiicorpsbadgepngimagesizepxcaptionbadgeoftherddivisionofthexxiicorpsrefnamexxiibadgememberstripodcomhowardlanhamlinkgrlinkhtmlthestdivisionbadgeconsistedofanidenticalbadgeinrednddivisioninwhitewithabluebackgroundrefdatesfebruaryjunecountryunitedstatesallegianceunionarmybranchtypeinfantryandcavalrycommandstructuresizepartofdepartmentofwashingtongarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottocolorslabelmarchmascotequipmentequipmentlabelanniversariesdecorationsbattleseasterntheateroftheamericancivilwareasterntheaterbrbullvalleycampaignsofbrbullbattleoffortstevensbrbullskirmisheswithrdbattalionvirginiacavalrymosbysrangerscommandersmajorgeneralsamuelpheintzelmanbrmajorgeneralchristophercaugurcolorswhitebackgroundredbadgestdivisionbrbluebackgroundwhitebadgenddivisionbrwhitebackgroundbluebadgerddivisionbattlehonourscommanderscommandermajorgeneralunitedstatesmajorgeneralsamuelpheintzelmancommanderlabelfirstcommandercommandermajorgeneralchristophercaugurcommanderlabelsecondcommandercommandermajorgeneraljohngparkecommanderlabelthirdcommandernotablecommandersxxiicorpswasalistofcorpsoftheunitedstatescivilwarunionarmycorpscorpsintheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwaritwascreatedonfebruarytoconsistofalltroopsgarrisonedinwashingtondcthiscorpsdidnotincludethemanyregimentsthatstagingareamilitarypassedthroughwashingtondconthewaytothefrontorawayfromitnordoesitincludethemanyregimentsfromthearmyofthepotomacarmyofgeorgiaandarmyofthetennesseethatencampedintheareatoparticipateinthegrandreviewofthearmieshistorycivilwararmiesatthetimetooktheirnamefromthedepartmentthatitwasbornoutofthisisthereasonforthenamingofthearmyofthepotomacbornoutofthedepartmentofthepotomacatthetimeofthewartheunionamericancivilwarunionnamedmostofitsdepartmentsandthusitsarmiesafternaturallyoccurringlandmarksspecificallywatercoursesiethearmyofthepotomacthearmyofthejamesthearmyofthegulfetcinoppositiontheconfederatestatesofamericaconfederacynamedmostoftheirconfederatestatesarmyarmiesandprominentleadersarmiesforgeographicareasandstatesdepartmentoftheeastcomprisingalloftheunitedstateseastofthemississippiriverabouthalfofwhichbecameconfederatestatesofamericaconfederateterritoryformedonjanuarythereweremanydepartmentsformedwithinitsbordersandfinallydestablishedaugustitsprimaryfocuswastoemployachainofcommandtoallunionarmyunitsuntilthesmallerdepartmentscouldbeformedheadquarteredinalbanynewyorkalbanynewyorkstatenewyorkitwascommandedbymajorgeneraljohnewooldepartmentofwashingtondcconstitutedapriltoincludewashingtondctoitsoriginalboundariesofarlingtoncountyvirginiaarlingtonvirginiaandtheusstatestateofmarylandasfarasbladensburgmarylandbladensburgitwasformedtocenteronthedefenseofthenationalcapitalandtodifferentiateitfromthedepartmentoftheeastthedepartmentwascommandedbylieutenantcolonelcharlesfergusonsmithcharlesfsmithfromaprilthroughaprilandcolonelunitedstatescolonellaterbrigadiergeneralunitedstatesbrigadiergeneraljosephkmansfieldfromaprilthroughthedepartmentsdissolutiononjulyrefnameboatnerboatnerprefdepartmentofthepotomacthedepartmentofthepotomacformedjulyanddestablishedaugustprovideforthedefensemilitarydefenseofthewashingtondcintheamericancivilwarcityofwashingtondcthisdepartmentwasentrustedwiththedutyofprotectingtheunitedstatescapitalwiththeconstructionoffortificationsbeforethedissolutionofthedepartmentofthepotomacmostofthefortificationsinthewashingtondcareawereconstructedmainlybytheregimentsthatweregarrisonedtheremostofwhomhadgoneontoformthearmyofthepotomaccommandedbymajorgeneralgeorgebmcclellanrefnameboatnerboatnerprefmilitarydistrictofwashingtonamilitarydistrictduringthecivilwarwasaformationwithinadepartmentforthepurposeofreportingdirectlytothedepartmentcommanderforadministrativeaffairsthemilitarydistrictofwashingtonwasorganizedjunetoincludewashingtondcalexandriavirginiaandfortwashingtonmarylanditwasadistrictunderthedepartmentofthepotomacitwasincorporatedintothedepartmentoftherappahanockfromaprilthroughjunewhenitagainbecameanindependentcommandonfebruaryitmergedintothedepartmentofwashingtoncommandedbybrigadiergeneraljamesswadsworthdepartmentoftherappahannockthedepartmentoftherappahannockwasformedaprilfromtheoriginalicorpsunionarmyicorpsofthearmyofthepotomactocontroltheareaeastoftheblueridgemountainstothepotomacrivertherichmondfredericksburgandpotomacrailroadfredricksburgandrichmondrailroadandthedistrictofcolumbiaexpandedtoincludetheareabetweenthepotomacandpatuxentriversitwasmergedintothearmyofvirginiaasiiicorpsacwiiicorpsonjunewithmajorgeneralirwinmcdowellasitscommanderdefensesofwashingtondcthedefensesofwashingtondcwasashortlivedcommandfromseptemberthroughfebruaryusedfortheconsolidationofallthedefensesoftheareaincludingandsurroundingwashingtondcitsmainfocuswasonthemaintainingofthefortificationsinextendinginaringaroundwashingtondcdepartmentofwashingtononfebruarythedepartmentofwashingtonwasreformedtoencompasstheareafromnorthofthepotomacriverpotomacfrompiscatawaycreektoannapolisjunctionmarylandannapolisjunctionnearpresentdayfortgeorgegmeadefortmeadewesttothemonocacyriversouthtothebullrunmountainsbywayofgoosecreekpotomacrivergoosecreektheneasttooccoquanriverthesizeofitwouldexpandthroughoutthewartoincludetheentiretyofthecountyunitedstatescountiesinthesurroundingusstatestatesoflistofcountiesinmarylandmarylandandlistofcountiesinvirginiavirginiatheunitedstatesarmyquartermastercorpsquartermasterdepartmentofthedepartmentofwashingtonwasthelargestquartermasterdepartmentintheunionarmydutiesasvariedasconstructionbuildingmaintenanceoffortificationssuppliesroadconstructionroadbuildingtransportationandfieldartilleryintheamericancivilwarordnancetestingaswellasmanyotherdutiesweretakenoverbythequartermastersofthewashingtondepartmentwashingtondcalsoservedasatransshipmenttransshippointformaterielsuppliesandmaterieldestinedtoboththearmyofthepotomacandarmyofthejamesxxiicorpsacorpsunitedstatescorpsisagroupingoftwotosixdivisionmilitarydivisionsprovidingalevelofthechainofcommandtypicallycommandedbyamajorgeneralunitedstatesmajorgeneralcorpswerefirstcreatedbyanactofcongressonjulybutmajorgeneralgeorgebmcclellanhadinstitutedtheminthespringofbeforethistimetheformationswereknownaseitherwingsorgranddivisionsmostcorpscameundertheoperationalcommandofanunionarmymajororganizationsarmybutthexxiicorpsdidnotxxiicorpswasformedasacorpsunderthedepartmentofwashingtononfebruaryaswastraditionitscommandersdoubledascommandersofthedepartmentofwashingtonduringitstimemanyoftheregimentsthatwerehorsdecombatfoughtoutarrivedtoreconstituteandwouldthenbetransferredbackoutmostofthemfromortothearmyofthepotomacbattlesmosbysraidsduringthetimeofexistenceoftherdbattalionvirginiacavalrybetterknownasmosbysrangersmosbyscommandormosbysraiderscommandedbycolonelunitedstatescoloneljohnsmosbymademanyforaysintheareaknownasmosbysconfederacywhichextendedfromloudouncountytofairfaxcountyvirginiamanyoftheraidsitperformedcameintotheareaprotectedbyxxiicorpsandmanyskirmisheswithbrigadiergeneralwilliamgamblegeneralwilliamgamblescavalrydivisionrefnamegamblebiogdgorgresearchoobunionjulywgamblehtmlbiographywilliamgamblerefaswellasvariousotherxxiicorpsunitsduringitsreignmosbysraiderscapturedbrigadiergeneraledwinhstoughtonthencommandingthendvermontbrigaderefnamestoughtonbiofindagravecomcgibinfgcgipagegrgslnstoughtongsfnedwingsbyrelallgsdyrelallgsobngridbiographybrigadiergeneralehstoughtonrefactionatmountzionchurchcuttelegraphwiresduringjubalearlyearlysvalleycampaignsofvalleycampaignandnumerousraidsagainstraillinesandsupplystationsbattleoffortstevensthecorpstookpartinthedefenseofwashingtonduringjubalearlyjubalearlysvalleycampaignsofwashingtonraidofplayingamajorroleinthedefenseofbattleoffortstevensfortstevensonjulymartindavishardinhardinsdivisionmilitaryunitedstatesdivisionheldtheskirmishlinesandengagedinsmallengagementssufferingkilledandwoundedthefollowingdayearlyfoundtheworksheldbyveteransoldiersofmajorgeneralunitedstatesmajorgeneralhoratiogwrighthoratiowrightsvicorpsacwvicorpsandbrevetmilitarybrevetbrigadiergeneralunitedstatesbrigadiergeneralwilliamhemorywilliamemorysxixcorpsacwxixcorpsaftermakingasmallfightearlywouldwithdrawalmilitarywithdrawcrossingbackintovirginiathenextdaycommandhistoryclasswikitablemajorgeneralunitedstatesmajorgeneralsamuelpheintzelmanfebruaryoctoberrefnameeichereicherprefmajorgeneralchristophercauguroctoberjunemajorgeneraljohngparkejunejunenotableofficersclasswikitablenameunitdatesservedmajorgeneraljohngbarnardchiefengineerdepartmentofwashingtonjulyjunemajorgeneralsilascaseycommandedcaseysdivisionprovisionalbrigadeandservedasanadministrativeofficerjunemaymajgengeorgebmcclellancommandeddepartmentofthepotomacjulyaugustmajorgeneralmontgomerycmeigsquartermastergeneralunitedstatesquartermastergeneraloftheunionarmyandcommanderofunitedstatesdepartmentofwarwardepartmentclerksduringthebattleoffortstevensmayjunebrigadiergeneraljohnjosephabercrombiecommandedabercrombiesdivisionoctoberjunebrigadiergeneralbartonsalexanderchiefengineerofthewashingtondcintheamericancivilwardefensesofwashingtondcjulyaprilbrigadiergeneralrobertcowdincommandedstandndbrigadeabercrombiesdivisionoctobermarchbrigadiergeneralgustavusadolphusderussycommanderofderussysdivisionstationedsouthofwashingtondcmayaugustbrigadiergeneralmartindavishardincommanderofhaskinsdivisionstationednorthofwashingtondcjulyaugustbrigadiergeneraljosephahaskinjosephabelhaskincommanderofhaskinsdivisionstationednorthofwashingtondclaterchiefofartilleryfebruaryaprilbrigadiergeneralwilliamgamblemilitarywilliamgamblecommandedcavalrydivisiondecemberjulybrigadiergeneralrufuskinggeneralrufuskingcommandedkingsdivisionjulyoctoberbrigadiergeneraljosephkmansfieldcommandedtheoriginaldepartmentofwashingtonaprilmarchbrigadiergeneraledwinhstoughtoncommanderndvermontbrigadedecembermarchcoloneljohnbailliemcintoshcommanderofcavalrydivisionjanuarymaychiefaeronautthaddeussclowecommanderoftheunionarmyballooncorpsoctoberaugustrefnamelowebiothaddeuslowenamebiowbhtmbiographytsclowerefrefnameballooncorpscentennialofflightgovessaylighterthanairearlyballoonflightinusltahtmearlyballoonflightintheunitedstatesrefcomponentsofxxiicorpsmanyregimentsandbrigadesservinginthexxiicorpswereonlytemporarilyassignedtoitsomemainlyservedduringtimeswhentheywerereconstitutingduetobattlecasualtieswhileothersweretrainedinthevicinityofwashingtonbeforegoingintothefieldyetotherswereheavyartilleryregimentsassignedtothefortificationssurroundingthecapitalmanyunitsincludingheavyartilleryregimentsleftwhenmoresoldierswereneededduringoverlandcampaigngrantsoverlandcampaignandcontinuedthroughthesiegeofpetersburgrichmondpetersburgcampaignuntilappomattoxcampaigntheendofthewarsomeunitsbeganservingbeforethexxiicorpswasformedfamedbrigadesinxxiicorpsthecaliforniabrigadewasformedbyoregonunitedstatessenatesenatorandcoloneledwinbakertohaveacaliforniapresenceintheeasterntheateroftheamericancivilwareasterntheaterafterthedeathofcolonelbakeratthebattleofballsbluffthebrigadewasredesignatedthephiladelphiabrigademadeupofthestpennsylvaniainfantrystthpennsylvaniainfantryndndpennsylvaniainfantryrdandthpennsylvaniainfantrythcaliforniainfantryafterredesignationasthephiladelphiabrigadeitconsistedofthethpennsylvaniainfantrythstpennsylvaniainfantrystndpennsylvaniainfantryndandthpennsylvaniainfantryrefnamecalibdemilitarymuseumorgcabdehtmlcaliforniaandthecivilwarcaliforniabrigaderefthefirstnewjerseybrigadewasabrigadeunitedstatesbrigadeformedbythestateofnewjerseyintheamericancivilwarnewjerseywhiledefendingwashingtondcthiswasthefirstbrigadeinthecivilwartobeformedwiththeintentionofencompassingregimentsfromonestateitconsistedofthestnewjerseyvolunteerinfantrystndnewjerseyvolunteerinfantryndrdnewjerseyvolunteerinfantryrdthnewjerseyvolunteerinfantrythandthnewjerseyvolunteerinfantrythnewjerseyinfantrybytheendofthewaratdifferentitwouldhaveuptoeightnewjerseyregimentsthepennsylvaniareservespennsylvaniareservedivisionwasformedoutofanoverflowofvolunteersovertheamountrequestedbytheunitedstatesdepartmentofwardepartmentofwarafterthesecretaryofwardeclinedtoacceptthenewunitsintofederalservicetheywereformedequippedandmaintainedbythestateofpennsylvaniaintheamericancivilwarpennsylvaniaduringitsserviceinwashingtondcitwascomposedoftherdpennsylvaniareserveregimentrdthpennsylvaniareserveregimentthandthpennsylvaniareserveregimentthpennsylvaniareservesvermontgavetwobrigadestothedefensesofwashingtondcthestvermontbrigadecomposedofthendvermontinfantryndrdvermontinfantryrdthvermontinfantrythandthvermontinfantryitwasbrigadedtogetherthroughtheeffortsofcolonelwilliamfarrarsmithwilliamfbaldysmithwhowenttohiswestpointclassmateandfriendmajorgeneralgeorgebmcclellanthendvermontbrigadecomposedofthvermontinfantryththvermontinfantryththvermontinfantryththvermontinfantrythandthvermontinfantryallninemonthregimentswasformedoctobertheironbrigadewastheonlynamedbrigadetocomefromvariedstatesthendwisconsinvolunteerinfantr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rtheunionhabeascorpussuspensionduringthecivilwarandreconstructionnotesreferencesboatnermarkmiiithecivilwardictionaryrevisededitiondavidmckaycompanyincbooksgooglecombooksidfsajlnjlacpgpalpgpadqxxiicorpscivilwarsourcewebotsqbglqypvfrsigqkiodyybfnmmygjmujywyppameicherjohnhandeicherdavidjcivilwarhighcommandsstanforduniversitypressfoxwilliamfcivilwarhomecomfoxsprefhtmregimentallossesintheamericancivilwarreprintedbymorningsidebookshopdaytonohiocdllibrarycornelledumoabrowsemonographswarohtmlthewaroftherebellionofficialrecordsoftheunionandconfederatearmiesatmakingofamericacornelluniversityexternallinkscivilwararchivecomcorpsndcorphtmxxiicorpshistoryxxiiicorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwaritservedinthewesterntheateroftheamericancivilwarwesterntheateraspartofthearmyoftheohiothecorpswasorganizedinaprilbyorderofthedepartmentalcommanderambroseeburnsidealongwithburnsidesoldixcorpsacwixcorpswhichhadbeensentwestwithhimafterbattleoffredericksburgfredericksburgitwastomaintainaprimarilydefensivepositionineasterntennesseeandkentuckyitoriginallyconsistedoftwodivisionsundertheoverallcommandofgeneralgeorgelucashartsuffgeorgelhartsuffthecorpsplayedamajorroleduringtheknoxvillecampaignitsfirstmajoractiondistinguishingitselfatthebattlesofbattleofcampbellsstationcampbellsstationandbattleoffortsandersknoxvilleandalsotookpartinsomeminoractionsinearlyduringthistimeitwascommandedbymajorgeneralmajgenmahlondmansonthearmyoftheohiojoinedwilliamtshermanfortheatlantacampaignthatspringixcorpswasdetachedandsentbacktorejointhearmyofthepotomacsothearmyconsistedentirelyofxxiiicorpsnowcommandedbyjohnmschofielditservedablyifunspectacularlythroughoutthecampaigninthefallofitwassentnorthtocounterjohnbhoodsfranklinnashvillecampaignanditsawheavyactionatthebattleoffranklinthoughitwasheldinreserveatbattleofnashvillenashvilleafterthiscampaignthecorpswassenteasttoserveinthedepartmentofthesouthittookpartinthecaptureofsecondbattleoffortfisherfortfisherandthebattleofwilmingtonseizureofwilmingtonnorthcarolinathelastopenportofthesouthduringthistimeitwascommandedbymajgenjacobdcoxthecorpsultimatelyjoinedshermansarmyinthecarolinascampaignandwasdisbandedinaugustcommandhistorycellpaddinggeorgelucashartsuffgeorgelhartsuffmayseptembermahlondmansonseptemberdecemberjacobdcoxdecemberfebruarygeorgestonemanfebruaryapriljacobdcoxaprilapriljohnschofieldaprilmarchjacobdcoxmarchjunethomashrugernbspnbspjunejunesamuelpcarterjuneaugustnowikinowikicoxcommandedbrieflymayandseptemberoctoberreferencesboatnermarkmiiithecivilwardictionaryrevisededitiondavidmckaycompanyincexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebcivilwararchivecomcorpsrdcorphtmxxiiicorpshistoryxxivcorpswasacorpsoftheunionarmyduringtheamericancivilwartheunionarmyofthejameswasformedinaprilunderthecommandofmajorgeneralunitedstatesmajorgeneralbenjaminbutlerpoliticianbenjaminbutlerforthepurposeoftakingrichmondintheamericancivilwarrichmondvirginiaandpetersburgvirginiawhiletheunionarmyofthepotomacalongwiththeseparateixcorpsunionarmyixcorpsunderthedirectionofuniongeneralinchieflieutenantgeneralunitedstateslieutenantgeneralulyssessgrantandthetacticalcommandofmajorgeneralgeorgemeadeengagedconfederatestatesarmyconfederategeneralcsageneralroberteleeroberteleesarmyofnorthernvirginiaintheoverlandcampaigninaprilthearmyofthejameswascomposedofthexcorpsunionarmyxcorpsthexviiicorpsunionarmyxviiicorpsandacavalrydivisionunderthecommandofbrigadiergeneralunitedstatesbrigadiergeneralaugustvkautzbutlerfailedtoachievehisobjectivesinthebermudahundredcampaignwhenhisforceswerestoppedbyasmallconfederateforceledbygeneralpgtbeauregardindecemberthewhiteandblackunitsofthearmyofthejamesweredividedintotwocorpstheblacktroopsweresenttothexxvcorpsacwxxvcorpsthewhitetroopsbecamethexxivcorpsunderthecommandofedwardoordthebulkofcorpsremainedinthepetersburgtrenchesbutadelbertamesadelbertamessseconddivisiontookpartinbothmajorgeneralbutlersinitialunsuccessfulassaultonfortfisherduringthefirstbattleoffortfisherindecemberandthesuccessfulattackonthefortduringthesecondbattleoffortfisherthefollowingjanuarythisdivisionwasultimatelyabsorbedintotherevivedxcorpsacwxcorpsinmarchtheremainderofthecorpsservedinthepetersburgcampaignwhenordassumedcommandofthearmyofthejamesfrombutleronjanuaryjohngibbontookcommandofthecorpsandleditablythecorpstookpartinthedefeatofleeatbattleofhatchersrunhatchersruninfebruaryandwereinvolvedintheassaultsoffortgreggandfortwhitworthduringthebattleofpetersburgiiifallofpetersburgonaprilthecorpswasengagedduringtheskirmishatbattleofappomattoxcourthouseappomattoxthatoccurredjustpriortoleessurrenderduringtheappomattoxcampaignanindependentdivisionoftroopsthathadservedintheshenandoahvalleywasaddedtothefirstandthirddivisionsthecorpsremainedinvirginiauntilaugustwhenitwasdisbandednotesreferenceseicherjohnhanddavidjeichercivilwarhighcommandsstanfordstanforduniversitypressppnbspheidlerdavidsandjeannetheidlerarmyofthejamesinencyclopediaoftheamericancivilwarapoliticalsocialandmilitaryhistoryeditedbydavidsheidlerandjeannetheidlernewyorkwwnortoncompanyppnbspndashexter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oxeffectunitedstatesbecauseisnotwidelyusedintheunitedstatespillarboxingandstretchingarecommonlyusedintheunitedstatesstretchingisprimarilyusedbyturnersflexviewonlythehdsimulcastchannelsofdiscoverynetworksusedforitspreviousepisodesoftheirproductionsargentinaitisalsousedontheisdbtbhdserviceoftheargentinianpublictelevisiontvpblicainordertoadjusttheiroldprogramsandsdstudiocamerastoformatportugalthepublicbroadcasterrdioetelevisodeportugalrtpusedtheformattoconvertbroadcaststotheformatitstilluseduntilforthemajorityoftheprogramsbroadcasthoweversincejunetheybegantobroadcastmaterialinitsoriginalaspectratiowiththecorrectflagthusendingthebroadcastsfeaturingtheformatandsincejanuarythemajorityofbroadcastsareinsincelatedownscaledfromthenativehdfeedprivatebroadcastertelevisoindependentetvistartedusingtheformatinaugusttobroadcastmaterialinsteadofusingpanscanastheyrefusedtobroadcastinhoweveronoctoberitbegantobroadcastinfullwidescreenmathematicstheaspectratioofisthearithmeticmeanaverageofandmathdivmathmorepracticallyitisapproximatelythegeometricmeantheprecisegeometricmeanismathsqrttimesapproxapproxmathandinthissenseismathematicallyacompromisebetweenthesetwoaspectratiostwoequalareapicturesatandwillintersectinaboxwithaspectratiothegeometricmeanasdemonstratedintheimageattopisjustslightlywiderthantheintersectioninthiswaybalancestheneedsofbothandcroppingordistortingbothaboutequallysimilarconsiderationswereusedinaspectratioimagewhywaschosenbythesmptethechoiceofbythesmptewhichbalancedandseealsoshootandprotectpillarboxreferencesitaspectratioimmagineillistofxyzzyawardsbycategorybestpuzzlesinfoboxcompanynamexeroxdocusharelogoxeroxdocusharelogocmjpglogosizepxtypebusinessdivisionofxeroxcorporationfoundationlocationcitypaloaltocalifornialocationcountryunitedstateskeypeoplewasimkhangeneralmanagerindustryenterprisecontentmanagementbrdocumentmanagementbrdocumentimagingproductsdocusharedocumentmanagementplatformhomepagedocusharexeroxcomwwwdocusharecomdocushareisacontentmanagementsystemdevelopedbyxeroxcorporationdocusharemakesuseofopenstandardsandallowsformanagingcontentintegratingitwithotherbusinesssystemsanddevelopingcustomizedandpackagedsoftwareapplicationshistoryxeroxdocusharewasoriginallydevelopedbyxeroxsresearchcentersasanapplicationforinternalusenamedamberwebrefcmswatchcomecmreporttheecmsuitesreportxeroxdocusharecmswatchreftheproductwasthefirstwebbaseddocumentmanagementtoolofferedtothemarketinsinceitsinitiallaunchdocusharehasaddedcapabilitiesinworkflowbusinessprocessmanagementproductionimagingrecordsandretentionmanagementsocialcollaborationandenterprisescalabilitywithversioninxeroxlauncheddocusharecpxandaflexiblelicensingmodelthatallowscustomerstomixreadonlyguestpublicbasiccontentservicesandmorecmseatsastheyneedasofversiontherearefourseparatedocushareproductsproductinfoboxsoftwarenamexeroxdocushareprogramminglanguagejavaprogramminglanguagejavaoperatingsystemwindowsbrunixbrlinuxcrossplatformlanguagemultiplelanguagescountriesworldwidelicensecommercialproprietarylatestreleaseversiondocusharethedocusharecontentmanagementplatformincludesfourproductsdocushareexpressdeliverscontentmanagementtailoredtosmbsformanagingdigitaldocumentsandconvertingpapercontenttodigitaldocushareprovidesdocumentmanagementcollaborationimagecaptureandwebpublishingcapabilitiestosupportinformationsharinginanenterpriseordepartmentaddonsincluderecordsmanagementlifecyclemanagementteamworkspacesenterpriseworkflowcaptureandeformsdocushareenterprisemeetsenterprisecontentmanagementecmrequirementsforlargedeploymentsdocushareeducationisaspecialconfigurationforschoolsandhighereducationinstitutionsdevelopertoolsdocusharedeveloperenvironmentajeesdkforintegratingdocusharewithotherbusinesssystemsandbuildingcontentcentricapplicationssolutionsdocusharevirtualfilingsystemcombinessoftwarehardwareandconsultingservicestoconvertpaperbasedfilingintoadigitalcontentmanagementsystemhostedsolutionsdocushareisalsoavailableasahostedofferingbyxeroxsoutsourcedservicesbusinessarchitectureandfeaturesdocusharehasbeennotedforthesimplicityofitsuiandadministrationdocushareisamultitierjavasebasedratherthanjavaeeplatformwithanarchitectureanddeveloperenvironmentthatallowsinteroperabilitytheplatformusesaapachetomcattomcatserverandvariousoemenginesincludingautonomycorporationsforindexingeformsandbpmandrecordsmanagementfromibmxeroxhasbuiltoutthetechnologycomponentsusingajavasearchitectureandaddingworkflowandsearchenginesitalsocontainswikiblogandcommentfeaturesforsocialnetworkingforimagingitincludesacontentintakemanageranxmlparserabilitytoemaildirectlytoadocusharecollectionscancoversheetswithdataglyphtechnologyformerlyinthexeroxflowportandpaperworksproductsandanocrengineoptionaladdonprovidedbynuancetheautonomysearchengineisusedtosearchfordocumentsandmetadataformerlyaveritysearchenginewasusedterminologyindocushareacollectionisafolderforthestorageofinformationmultiplecollectionscanbenestedinsideeachothertoformatreeworkflowbpmcontentrulesarepredefinedworkflowsthathavebeenimplementedintotheproductuithecontentrulescan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icatingmattersthemexicanauthoritieshadallocatedtwovhfchannelstoneighboringtijuanachannelsandsincethesewerethelasttwovhfchannelsleftintheareathefccdidnotacceptanynewconstructionpermitsfromsandiegoasacourtesytomexicanauthoritiesoneofthefrequencieschannelhadoriginallybeenassignedtosandiegobeforethefreezeitwasreassignedtomexicoasaresultofthesixthreportandorderrefnamebillboardrefalthoughsandiegowaslargeenoughtosupportthreetelevisionstationsitsoonbecameobviousthattheonlywaytogetathirdvhfstationontheairwouldbetouseoneoftijuanasallocationstheazcrragafamilyownersoftelesistemamexicanotheforerunneroftelevisaquicklysnappeduptheconcessionforchannelandsignedxetvontheaironaprilitisthesandiegoareassecondoldesttelevisionstationafterkfmbtvwhichbeganoperationsonmayatitslaunchxetvwasanindependentstationnorthamericaindependentstationbroadcastingprogramsinbothenglishandmexicanspanishspanishfromitsstudiofacilitiesintijuanaowingtoitsinitialbilingualbinationalaudiencexetvbilleditselfastheinternationalstationduringitsearlyyearsjoiningabcinjanuaryformeramericanbroadcastingcompanyabcprogrammingexecutivealvingeorgeflanaganfiledanapplicationwiththefcctosupplyprogrammingtoxetvviamicrowaverelayfromsandiegoflanagansrequestwasneitherapprovedordeniedandhetookapositionwithlosangelesstationklactvnowkcoptvinearlyasubsequentpetitionbyabctoallowittotransmitnetworkprogrammingacrossthemexicanbordertoxetvviamicrowaverelaywasapprovedinnovemberpendingtheoutcomeofanappealbykfmbtvandkfsdtvabcsignedanaffiliationdealwithxetvwhichallowedchanneltocarrynetworkprogrammingviafilmandkinescopethatbecameeffectiveaprilandreplacedtheparttimecarriageofabcprogrammingbythetwosandiegolicensedstationstheoriginaldecisionwasstayedbytheunitedstatescourtofappealsduetothedecisionhavingbeenmadeintheabsenceofhearingsbythefccafterhearingswereheldthefccupheldthegrantinoctoberkfmbtvagainappealedthegrantandtheappealscourtremandedthedecisiontothefccthecommissionagainupheldthegrantonaprilinnovemberofthatyearkfmbtvagainaskedforrevocationbasedonanadinbroadcastingwhichxetvidentifieditselfasasandiegostationthroughoutxetvstenurewithabcnetworkprogramswerereceivedviamicrowavetransmissionmicrowaveandattcoaxialcablecableatthestationssandiegoofficeswheretheywerereproducedonfilmorkinescopeandlatervideotapeandthenphysicallytransportedtochannelstransmissionfacilitiesintijuanaapracticeknowninthetelevisionindustryasbicyclingwhilethisarrangementlegallycircumventedthestationsinabilitytoreceiveandbroadcastadirectnetworkfeedfromacrosstheinternationalborderitleftxetvunabletocarrylivenetworkprogrammingsuchasbreakingnewseventsandsomeespnonabcsportscoveragethefccheldtheoptionofrenewingtheauthorizationonanannualbasisaswellasreviewingitifandwhenathirdcommercialtelevisionstationsignedonintheamericansideofthemarketxetvclearedmostabcprogramswithoneexceptionanepisodeofmarcuswelbymdwasselfcensoredasitdepictedanabortioninamexicanbordertownatatimewhenabortioninmexicowasstillillegaltransitioninasithadeveryyearsincethefccreneweditspermitallowingabctoprovideprogrammingtoxetvonlythistimewesterntelecasterswhichownedindependentuhfstationkcstchannelnowknsdatthetimecontesteditandbeganalengthybattletotakesandiegosabcaffiliationfromxetvkcstclaimedthatitwasnolongerappropriateforamexicanlicensedstationtobeaffiliatedwithanamericantelevisionnetworkwhentherenowwasaviableamericanstationavailableandalsoassertedthatxetvhadlackedlocalprogrammingthateffectivelyservedthesandiegoaudienceinmaythefccsidingwithkcstrevokedchannelspermissiontocarryabcprogrammingwiththewordingofthecommissionsdecisionforcingabctomoveitsaffiliationtokcstxetvandabcthenwenttotheuscourtofappealswhoupheldthefccrulingthestationlatersoughtreliefatthesupremecourtoftheunitedstatesussupremecourtandwasalsodeniedxetvsurrenderedtheabcaffiliationtokcstintwostagesdaytimeprogrammingmovedtokcstinjunefollowedbyprimetimeprogramsandallothershowsincludingchildrenstelevisionserieschildrensprogrammingandsportsbyjulyinspiteofseeingratingsgainsbothnationallyandlocallyabcwasdissatisfiedwithhavingbeenforcedontoauhfstationandstayedwithkcstforonlyfouryearsbeforemovingtokgtvinxetvonceagainbecameanindependentstationwithastandardprogramschedulecomposedofsyndicatedofferingsoffnetworkprogramsfeaturefilmmoviesandchildrensshowsinadditionbecausemexicanbroadcastregulationsdidnotlimitcommercialtimeasfccregulationsdidatthetimeeverysundaythestationinaforerunnertofuturechangesintheusineffectbecamethefirststationinnorthamericatocarryaninfomercialwhichconsistedofaonehouradvertisementoflistingsoflocalhousesforsaleasfccregulationsatthattimelimitedtelevisionstationstominutesofcommercialsinanhoursuchaprogramcouldnothavebeenrunonustelevisionatthattimeinxetvmoveditsbusinessoperationstoanofficefacilityonronsonroadinthekearnymesasandiegocaliforniakearnymesaneighborhoodofsandiegothestationsbroadcastoperationsmeanwhileremainedintijuanachannelstijuanabasedproductionandtechnicaloperationseventuallymovedfrommexicointoanexpandedwingofthisfacilityintheearlysxetvproducedapopularcomedyprogramdisasterpiecetheatrewhichparodiedcampylowbudgetfilmlowbudgethorrorfilmhorrorandsciencefictionfilmsbymakingfunofthemastheyairedsimilartotheformatofmysterysciencetheateradecadelaterasafoxaffiliateinxetvbecameoneoftheveryfirststationsoutsideoftheoriginalgroupofsixtelevisionstationsformerlyownedbymetromediawhichhadbeenpurchasedbyfoxsparentcompanyaffiliatenewscorporationearlierthatyeartosigndealstojointhenewlylaunchedfoxbroadcastingcompanybecomingacharteraffiliateofthenetworkwhenitlaunchedonoctobersimilartoitsearlierarrangementwithabcchannelreceivedviasatelliteandrecordedfoxprogramsinsandiegoandthenbicycledtherecordingsacrosstheusmexicobordertotijuanawhenfoxacquiredthenflonfoxbroadcastrightstothenationalfootballleaguenflsnationalfootballconferenceinthefccsoongrantedawaiveroftherulesandallowedfoxtotransmitadirecttoairnetworkfeedtoxetvfromtoxetvalsoairedprogrammingfromtheprimetimeentertainmentnetworkmostnotablybabylononweekendafternoonsinsteadoftheweeknightprimetimeslotsthatwererecommendedbytheprogrammingserviceduetothefoxprogramsthatairedduringtheeveninghoursonthestationinnovembermckinnonbroadcastingownerofupnaffiliatekusitvchannelfiledanappealinanunsuccessfulattempttostripxetvofitsfoxaffiliationascitedintheuscourtofappealscasechannelofsandiegoincvsfccandfoxtelevisionstationsfoxtelevisionstationsinccasecitationfdtheappealchallengedthefccsdecisiontograntthewaiverbasedonthecommissionsregulationsthatdisallowedtelevisionstationslicensedoutsideoftheunitedstatesfromairinglivesportingeventsfromausbroadcastnetworkwithoutlicensingapprovalthepermitwasgrantedtofoxonbehalfofxetvandthecasewassettledonmarchthatsameyearthestationbecameagrupotelevisaownedpropertyoutrightaftertheazcrragastransferredtheownershipofxetvtotheirfamilyrunmexicocitybasedmultimediacompanyinthestationsconstructedanewthreestoryfacilityattheronsonroadstudiogroundstohouseanewsroomandproductionstudiosforaplannednewsoperationthatlaunchedindecemberofthatyeartheonestorybuildingthatwaslocatedadjacenttothenewfacilitywherethestationsofficeswerebasedwhichcontinuedtohousesalesandmanagementofficesafterthenewfacilitywascompletedwasnotlargeenoughtohouseafullystaffednewsdepartmenttheofficesforxetvsproductionpromotionsandengineeringdepartmentswerealsorelocatedtothenewbuildinginoctobergrupotelevisaenteredintoalocalmarketingagreementjointsalesandprogrammingagreementwithentravisioncommunicationsunderthisagreemententravisionwhichalreadyoperatedupnaffiliatexhupntvchannelnowmynetworktvaffiliatexhdtvtdtunderalocalmarketingagreementtookoverthemanagementofxetvandconsolidatedxhupnsoperationsintoxetvsfacilitiesrefnameentravisionxetvjspareftheagreementexpiredinrefnamesecxetventravisionrefbytelevisathroughbaycitytelevisionhadretakenfullcontrolofxetvsoperationsrefnamesecxetvnoentravisionrefasacwaffiliatemultipleimagedirectionverticalalignrightwidthimagexetvpngcaptionxetvsformerlogousedfromaugusttodecemberimagexetvlogopngcaptionxetvsformerlogoascwfromjanuarytomayduringaseminarbysamzellonmarchitwasannouncedthattribunebroadcastingwhichzellhadacquiredthepreviousyearaspartofhistakeoverofcorporateparenttribunemediatribunecompanyhadsignedanaffiliationagreementwithfoxforitssandiegothecwcwaffiliatekswbtvchannelfoxcitedconcernswithhavingitsprogrammingairingonamexicanlicensedstationeventhoughxetvhadbeenwiththenetworksincefoxsinceptionandhadbroadcastitsprogrammingalmostentirelyinenglishforoverhalfacenturyrefnamexetvfoxcwutsandiegocomuniontribnewsckarlahtmltradingplacesfoxcwswitchnetworkchannelsutsandiegoaugustrefthiscaughtxetvstationmanagementoffguardasofficialswereunawareaboutthependingaffiliationswitchuntiltheannouncementwasmadepublicthefateofbothxetvandthecwaffiliationforthesandiegomarketremainedunclearwithbaycitytelevisiongrupotelevisaevenreportedlyconsideringfilingalawsuittopreventtheswitchonthegroundsthatitwouldviolatexetvsaffiliationcontractwithfoxwhichwasnotsettoexpireuntilthisuncertaintywasresolvedonjulywhenchannelannouncedthatithadsignedanaffiliationagreementwiththecwthestationbegandroppingonairreferencestofoxjustovertwoweekslateronjulyrebrandingitselfassandiegotheaffiliationswapofficiallytookplacetwoweeksafterwardonaugustendingxetvsyearassociationwithfoxwithchanneljoiningthecwwhilethefoxaffiliationmovedovertokswbxetvuponswitchingnetworksreplacedkswbtvondirectvasadefaultaffiliateinthefewareasofthewesternunitedstateswhereacwaffiliatedstationisnotreceivableterrestrialtelevisionovertheairorthroughcabletelevisionthecwbrandingwasminimizedtoasmallcwlogointhesandiegologofornewsprogramsanddisplayedfullsizeotherwiseadditionallyitwasrenderedabrightbluematchingthestationlogoscolorschemeinsteadofitscustomarygreenonaprilxetvcelebrateditsthanniversaryofbroadcastingthestationsmorningnewscastprovidedspecialcoverageofthefestivitiesincludingseparateproclamationsofxetvchanneldaybythesandiegocitycouncilandsandiegocountyboardofsupervisorsthelattermadeonapriltogeneralmanagerchuckdunningandchieffinancialofficerrodrigosalazaraspecialsegmentofthenewscastthatwasdedicatedtotheanniversarywasbroadcastinblackandwhitethestandardforbroadcasttelevisioninwithnewsanchorsdressedinclothingandhairstylesfromthatperiodreportingonthemajornewsandentertainmentstoriesofandgivingacontemporaryweatherforecastwithpapergraphicspastedonahanddrawnweathermaponjanuaryxetvchangeditsbrandingtofitthecwsstationbrandingstandardizationsidentifyingitselfascwoperationclosureonjanuarykfmbtvannouncedthatitwouldbegintocarrycwprogrammingononeofitsdigitalsubchannelsxetvgeneralmanagerchuckdunningwouldlateradmittothesandiegouniontribunethatthereasonforthecwsdeparturefromhisstationwasafailureofthetwosidestoreachanewaffiliationagreementtoreplacethedealthatwastoexpirethatseptemberthatlackofresolutionpromptedthecwtoexploreotheroptionsinthesandiegomarketrefnamesdutsandiegouniontribunecomentertainmenttvsdettelevisionstoryhtmlcwtoendnewsprogrammingmarchtobecomespanishlanguageoutletascwmigratestokfmbfromsandiegouniontribunereftheannouncementofthecwsmovetokfmbleftxetvsfutureinquestionwithastationspokespersonstatingonthedayoftheannouncementthatthestationwasevaluatingitsoptionsrefnametvspyxetvoptionsrefthestationwouldrevealitsplansonjanuaryonthatdateitannouncedthatnewsprogrammingonxetvwouldbediscontinuedfollowingtheconclusionofthemarcheditionofthenbsppmnewscastthenatmidnightonmayandatthenetworksrequestthecwaffiliationmovedtokfmbtvssubchannelkfmbtvalsopurchasedsubstantiallyallofxetvssyndicatedprograminventorytorunonthenewsubchannelwhichitbrandedasthecwsandiegoxetvthenmovedcanalprogrammingfromitssubchanneltoitsmainsubchannelmakingthestationafulltimespanishlanguageoutletforthefirsttimeinitshistoryxetvhadinitiallyindicateditwouldtransmitthegalatvmexicogalatvnetworkalreadyseeninthetijuanasandiegoareaonxhbjtdtchannelbutlaterretractedthatstatementbaycitytelevisionthetelevisasubsidiarywhichoperatedxetvfromsandiegoconcurrentlyceasedoperationsonmayunusuallythesamerepeatepisodeofthekingofqueensthatendedxetvsrunasanenglishlanguagestationnearmidnightlocaltimelaunchedkfmbdtsrunasacwaffiliatethreeminuteslaterbydunningsestimateaboutfulltimeparttimeandfreelancestafferswerelayofflaidoffbetweentheclosureofthenewsdepartmentonmarchandthecorporateshutdowninadditiontoendingchannelsaffiliationwiththecwthreemonthsearlierthanscheduledtheclosureofbaycitytelevisionconcludedxetvsyearhistoryofservingsandiegowithenglishlanguageprogrammingleavingmynetworktvaffiliatexhdtvtdtasthesolemexicanstationthatservesthesandiegomarketwithenglishlanguageprogrammingspecialbroadcastauthoritybecausexetvtdtislicensedtotijuanabythemexicangovernmentitisnotcoveredunderthefccsmustcarryrulesthismeansthatlocalcableprovidersarenotrequiredtocarryxetvtdtevenifthetelevisionstationrequeststobecarriedunderthisprovisionasanenglishlanguagestationxetvhadbeencarriedbycoxcommunicationstimewarnercablenowspectrumcableservicecharterspectrumandattuverseinsandiegoallonchannelkfmbtvsthecwsandiegohasreplacedxetvontheamericancablesystemsaswellassatellitetelevisionprovidersdirectvanddishnetworkxetviscarriedbyallmexicancablesystemsinitscoverageareaascarriageoflocalbroadcaststationsismandatedbythefederaltelecommunicationsinstituteiftwhilexetvsprimaryprogrammingfeedhadbeenalmostentirelyinenglishfromthesuntilxetvalsocompliedwithmexicanbroadcastinglawswhichincludeclausesthataredifferenttothoseintheunitedstatesitidentifiedeveryminutesstarteditslegalbroadcastdaywiththemexicannationalanthemhimnonacionalmexicanoelhimnonacionalmexicanoatnbspamsixdaysaweekandnbspamonsundaysanditairedpublicserviceannouncementsandpoliticaladvertisingrequiredofallmexicanstationsatsignonitfeaturedatechnicaldisclaimerwhichhadbeenreadinspanishandenglishdatingbacktochannelsdaysasafoxaffiliateanditalsoplayedthenationalanthemoftheunitedstatesthestarspangledbannerpriortothedisclaimeruntilaroundmarchxetvsproductionoperationswerebasedintheunitedstatesfromthemidsuntilbaycitytelevisionsclosurethestationsproductionnewsandsalesoperationswereownedbybaycitytelevisacontrolsthemastercontrolandtransmitterfacilityonmountsanantoniointijuanalocalprogrammingbetweensandiegoandmountsanantoniowasfedbywayofmicrowavetransmissionmicrowavelinkmicrowavelinkandnetworkandsyndicatedshowsweredisseminatedviasatellitebybaycitysclosurexetvhadnolocalprogramswhichoriginatedfromtijuanadigitaltelevisiondigitalchannelsclasswikitabledigitalsubchannelunitedstateschanneldisplayresolutionvideoaspectratioimageaspectprogramandsysteminformationprotocolwhatpsipdoespsipshortnameprogrammingixetvhdmainxetvtdtprogrammingcanaltelevisanetworkcanalconversionhistoryinxetvbegantransmittingadigitalsignalonuhfchannelbecomingthefirstsandiegoareastationtobegindigitaltelevisiontransmissionsitwasalsothefirsttelevisionstationinmexicotooperateadigitalsignalnoothermexicantelevisionstationhadbegundigitaloperationsatthattimeandadigitaltelevisionstandardwasnotformallyselecteduntilitmapsondigitaltunersinbothcountriesasvirtualchannelthroughprogramandsysteminformationprotocolpsiptechnologyinjanuarythesecretariatofcommunicationsandtransportationwhichatthetimestillregulatedbroadcastinginmexicogaveformalauthorizationforxetvsdigitalsignalwiththefullcallsignxetvtdtasuffixstandingfortelevisindigitalterrestreordigitalterrestrialtelevisionterrestrialtelevisionandaneffectiveradiatedpowerofkilowattsastheoriginalamericandigitaltelevisiontransitiondateoffebruaryapproachedxetvhadexpressedintentionstofollowothersandiegoareastationsinceasingtransmissionofitsanalogsignalwhiletheusswitchoverdeadlineoffebruarywaslaterpushedbacktojuneandonlyappliedtoamericanlicensedstationsinanycaseplanswereannouncedtovoluntarilymakethestationsenglishlanguageprogrammingdigitalonlytheanalogsignalwouldberepurposedtoretransmitthemexicangalatvmexicogalavisinnetworknottobeconfusedwiththegalavisinamericancablechannelofthesamenameclaimsonxetvswebsitethatthestationwasindeedgoingtotransmitadigitallyexclusivesignalwererescindedonfebruaryasthestationdecidedtodelaycuttingoffitsanalogsignaluntilafteritsecuredapprovalfromthemexicangovernmentxetvmanagementlaterstatedthatithaddecidedtomaintainitsanalogsignaltobenefitmexicanviewersxetvsanalogsignalwaseventuallyrepurposedonmarchwhenthestationbeganmulticastingonitsdigitalsignalwiththeadditionoftelevisasyouthorientedcanalmexicocanalnetworkonsubchannelandonitsanalogfeedwhiledigitalchannelretainedthenewscastscwnetworkandsyndicatedprogramsinenglishonthesamedatexhbjtdtxhbjtvchanneldroppedcanalforgalavisincanalreplacedxetvsenglishlanguageprogrammingonitsanalogsignalinordertoservespanishspeakingviewersintijuanathatdidnothavetelevisionsetswithbuiltindigitaltunersordigitalconverterboxespriortothetijuanamarketstransitiontodigitaltelevisiontheaffiliationswitchcoincidedwiththecommencementofdigitalmulticastingontelevisastijuanastationscanalmovedtoitsprimarychannelonmayatwhichpointthesubchannelwasdecommissionedcofetelthefederaltelecommunicationscommissionchosetijuanaasthefirstcitytoswitchovertodigitalasapilotprogramfortherestofmexicounlikewiththeusdigitalswitchoverwhichtookplacenationwidemexicoswitchedtodigitaltelevisioninstagesbygeographicareacompletingtheprocessondecembertheoriginaltijuanaswitchoverdateofaprilwasdelayedbycofetelbecausethelocalpopulationhadnotyetattainedtherequiredreadinessforfreeovertheairdigitalservicetotriggerthetransitiononmayxetvandallothertijuanatelevisionstationsceasedtransmittingtheiranalogsignalsonlytothembackonafewdayslateraftercomplaintsfromresidentsandpoliticalleadersthatmoreviewerswereleftwithoutovertheairtelevisionservicethancofetelreportedincludingmanypoorresidentsoutsideoftijuanaproperthatwerenotincludedincofetelsoutreachprogramtoallowresidentstoreceivefreedigitaltoanalogconverterboxesinadditiontherewereconcernsthatviewerswouldbeleftuninformedduringthebajacaliforniagubernatorialelectioncampaignthetemporaryreprievewasextendedtojulywhenallanalogtelevisionsignalswereshutdownpermanentlyxetvretainedvirtualchannelafteramajorreshuffleofmexicanvirtualchannelsinoctoberwhichorderedallexistingmexicannationalnetworkstorealigntheirvirtualchannelsbasedontheflagshipchannelnumbersinmexicocityxetvbecametheonlychannelinmexicobecausethefederaltelecommunicationsinstituteiftreservedchannelforapotentialfourthnationalnetworkvirtualchannelisnotavailabletoxetvbecauseofsignaloverlapbetweenxetvandktlaownedbytribuneandbroadcastingonvirtualchannelprimarilyaroundoceansidecaliforniamosttijuanastationsfacesimilarsignaloverlapissuesinthisareatolosangelesstationsthatprecludethemfromusingthevirtualchannelsthatcorrespondtotheirnetworksrepeatersxetvoperatestworepeatersoncerrolanopaleraintecateandcoloniaplayasdetijuanabothrepeatersbroadcastonchannelinareaswherethemainchannelsignalfrommountsanantonioprovidesinsufficientornoovertheaircoverageandarecolocatedwithidenticaltransmittersforxhuaaandxewtprogrammingpriortothecwdisaffiliationbroadcastsyndicationsyndicatedprogramsbroadcastbyxetvincludedmaurytvseriesmauryseinfeldtheinsidertvseriestheinsiderrulesofengagementtvseriesrulesofengagementthedoctorstvseriesthedoctorsandbrokegirlsasthesandiegoaffiliateofthecwxetvtdtclearedthenetworksentireprogrammingscheduleondigitalchanneluntilmaywhensomeoftheseshowscarriedovertokfmbsthecwsandiegosubchannelpriortothecancellationofitsweekendmorningnewscastsinmarchthestationairedthecwschildrensprogramblockstoonzaithecwkidstoonzaivortexxandfromseptemberonwardonemagnificentmorningintwoblocksonsaturdaymorningstheblocksfirstthreehoursranfromtonbspamtwohoursearlierthanthetimeslotrecommendedfortheprogramsinthatportionoftheblocktoairinalltimezonesandthefinaltwohoursairingafterthenewscastfromnbspamtonbsppmwhichairinpatternwiththerestofthecountryxetvbeganairingonemagnificentmorninginitsnetworkrecommendedtimeperiodnbspamtonbsppmonmarchfollowingthephaseoutofthestationsweekendnewscastsinpreparationforitsdisaffiliationfromthecwthoughthestationmeetsthechildrenstelevisionacteducationalprogrammingguidelinesoftheunitedstateswiththeonemagnificentmorningblocksxetvbeingamexicanlicensedstationisnotrequiredtomeettheunitedstatesbroadcastingregulationsasthetijuanatransmitterofcanalxetvtdtclearstheentirenetworkscheduleonchannelandformerlyondigitalsubchannelchildrensprogrammingincludesspanishdubbingfilmmakingdubbedversionsofnickelodeonsicarlyspongebobsquarepantsthefairlyoddparentsandthepenguinsofmadagascaraswellasoriginaltelevisaprogramssuchasitsanimatedversionofelchavoanimadoanimatedserieselchavoalongwiththecartoonnetworklatinamericacartoonnetworkoriginalserieslacqotherprogrammingincludesaprimetimeprogramblockcalledpmaswellasmostlyspanishdubbedversionsofcurrentandrecentamericanshowssuchasmalcolminthemiddleandlaworderspecialvictimsunitandtheboxingprogramsabadosdeboxmostprogramsfromcanalthataironxetvhaveanaudiosimulcastintheiroriginalenglishlanguageandareaccessibletothosetvswithsapsecondaudioprogramcapabilitynewsoperationmultipleimagedirectionverticalalignrightwidthimagesandiegonewspngcaptionformernewslogoassandiegonewsusedfromaugusttodecemberimagecwnewslogopngcaptionfinalcwnewslogousedfromdecembertomarchxetvhadoriginallycarriedalocalnewscastfromthestationssignoninuntilitsnewsdepartmentwasshutdowninlionelvandeerlinlateracongressmanrepresentingsandiegointheunitedstateshouseofrepresentativesushouseofrepresentativesservedasnewsdirectorduringxetvsearlyyearsinduringitstenureasanindependentstationxetvbeganrunninglocalnewsupdatesthroughoutthedaythesecontinuedtoairuntilseveralmonthspriortothestationsaffiliationwithfoxinoctoberalthoughthengeneralmanagermartincolbyoriginallystatedthatxetvwouldnotofferanewscastinresponsetothenfoxpresidentbarrydillerscommentsduringthetelevisioncriticsassociationconventioninpushingforfoxsaffiliatestoproducelocalnewscaststhatthenetworkwonttolerateanyaffiliatethatisnotinthenewsbusinessxetvbeganreconsideringthepossibilityoflaunchinganewsdepartmentthestationwouldnotresumenewsprogramminguntiltheestablishmentofaninhousenewsdepartmentbasedoutofthesatellitefacilityattheronsonroadstudiosondecemberwhenitdebutedaminutenewscastatnbsppmtheprogramcompetedagainstanestablishedprimetimenewscastonkusitvandanothernewlylaunchednbsppmnewscastonkswbtvthatlaunchedthreemonthsearlierinseptembermuchofthenewsdepartmentsoriginalonairstaffconsistedofyoungeranchorsandreportersmostofwhomwereintheirearlyswithamedianstaffageofanditsstorycontentincorporatedmoresensationalismsensationalisticfeaturereportingdesignedtoappealtofoxsyoungskewingdemographicinseptemberthestationexpandeditsnewsprogrammingwiththedebutofathreehourweekdaymorningnewscastoriginallytitledfoxinthemorninglaterrenamedsandiegonewsinthemorninginaugustwakeupsandiegoinnovemberandfinallycwnewsinthemorninginjanuaryfromtonbspamandahalfhournewscastatnoonafterthestationappointedricharddoutrejonesasitsvicepresidentandgeneralmanagerinthefallofxetvoverhauleditsnewspresentationinjanuaryadoptingamoretraditionalstylemixedwithfasterstorypacingandinvestigativereportsthestationalsohiredolderandmoreexperiencedjournaliststoitsonairstaffincludingmaincoanchorbrianchristieassignmentreporterterryburhansandentertainmentreporterfredsaxonallofwhompreviouslyworkedatrivalkusiinadditiontheflagshipprimetimenewscastwasexpandedtoonehourandfoxinthemorningwasrestructuredfromatraditionalnewscasttoaninfotainmentformatthenoonwasalsocancelledandreplacedwithsyndicatedprogrammingformostofitsexistencethestationsnewsdepartmentusuallyplacedlastamongthesandiegomarketsenglishlanguagetelevisionnewsoperationsasafoxaffiliatethenbsppmnewscasttypicallyrotatedwithkswbsprimetimenewscastasthetopratedlocalnewscastduringthehalfhourthoughbothprogramswereusuallybeatenbythelongerestablishedkusinewsattenforthefullonehourtimeperiodonseptemberxetvsnewsteamgainednationalattentionwheninvestigativereporterjohnmatteswasbadlybeatenbysamsuleimanandrosabarrazaahusbandandwifeteamaccusedofperpetratingarealestatescamwhowerebeinginvestigatedbymattestheincidentwascapturedonvideotapeandairedonmanynewsprogramsthroughoutthenationonjanuaryxetvdebutedatwohoureditionofitsmorningnewscastonsaturdayandsundaystheprogramsoriginallyairedatnbspambutweremovedtonbspamafterthecwaffiliationswitchfromthestationsaugustswitchuntilthemarchclosureoftheirnewsdepartmentxetvwasoneofonlyfivecwaffiliateswithalocalnewscastonweekendmorningsalongwithktlainlosangeleskmaxtvinsacramentocaliforniasacramentowishtvinindianapolisandwpixinnewyorkcityuponswitchingtothecwonaugustxetvdebutedtheminuteelevennewscastonweeknightsbecomingtheonlyeveningnewscastinthetraditionallatenewstimeslotnbsppmpacifictimezonepacifictimeonthecaliforniasideofthemarkettoaironacwaffiliateuntilkmaxtvlauncheditsownnbsppmbroadcastinthenbsppmnewscastwasdiscontinuedonjanuarythefollowingyearonaprilthenbsppmnewscastwasreducedfromonehourtominuteswiththesecondhalfhourbeingreplacedbyrerunsofseinfelditwaslaterreducedtoahalfhourbythelengthofthenbsppmnewscastandthereductionofthenbsppmprogramresultedinanoddnumberedamountofnewsprogramminghoursmakingxetvthelargestnewsproducingminornetworkstationservingtheunitedstateswhoseeveningnewscastdidnotrunfororminutesaswellashavingtheonlyhalfhoursandiegotargetedtelevisionnewscastatnbsppmduetokusiandkswbhavinghourlongnewscastsonmarchxetvshutdownitssportsdepartmentwiththemovethenvicepresidentandgeneralmanagerricharddoutrejoneswholeftthestationinjuneandwasreplacedbyveteransalesmanagerchuckdunningannouncedthefiringsofsportsanchorscskeyswhoreturnedtoxetvasaweatherandtrafficanchorfromoctobertoandandreanakanoandsportsproducermikelamaronaprilxetvbecamethesixthtelevisionstationinthesandiegomarkettobeginbroadcastingitslocalnewscastsinhighdefinitiontelevisionhighdefinitiontwodayslateronjanuaryxetvexpandedtheweeknighteditionsofthenbsppmnewscastbacktoonehouronweeknightstheweekendeditionswouldnotfollowsuituntiljanuaryasaconsequenceoftheclosureofbaycitytelevisionsoperationsfollowingthelossofxetvscwaffiliationthestationannouncedthatitwouldshutdownitsnewsoperationonmarchratherthandiscontinueitsweekdaynewscastsonthedateofthenewsdepartmentscessationanditsweekendnewscastsonthesundaypriorxetvoptedtophaseoutsomeofitsnewsprogramminginadvancethestationdiscontinueditsnbsppmnewscastafterthefebruaryeditionthiswasfollowedbythecancellationoftheweekendeditionsofcwnewsinthemorningandthenbsppmnewscastafterthemarchbroadcastsofbothprogramstheweekdayeditionsofcwnewsinthemorningandthenbsppmnewscastaswellasthehourlongweekdaymorninglifestyleprogramsandiegolivingwhichdebutedonthestationincontinuedtoairintheinterimuntilxetvsnewsoperationofficiallyfoldedfollowingthemarcheditionoftheprimetimenewscastalltimeperiodsformerlyoccupiedbylocalnewscastswerereplacedwithotherprogramsthatwouldairuntiltheclosureofbaycitytelevisiontheweekdaymorningandnbsppmandnightlynbsppmnewscastswerereplacedbysyndicatedprogramswhiletheweekendmorningnewscastwasreplacedbythecwsonemagnificentmorningblockwhichwasrelegatedtwohoursearliertoitsnetworkrecommendedtimeslotfollowingthecancellationofthenewscastonsaturdaysandinfomercialsonsundaysonairstaffnotableformeronairstaffbrianchristieanchorelizabethespinosareporternowatktlainlosangelesronfortnerchannelnewsuptodateanchordeceasedjohnmattesinvestigativereporterradiopriortotheterminationofthestationsanalogbroadcastsxetvsaudiosignalcouldbeheardatnbspmegahertzmhzonthefmbroadcastbandfmbandinsandiegotijuanaandsurroundingareasthoughataslightlylowervolumethanotherfmradiostationsunlikethedigitalatscstandardanalogntsccarrieditssoundonanfmsubcarrierandtvchannelnbspmhzisadjacenttothestandardbroadcastfmbandwhenxetvtvshutdownitsanalogsignalonmayitshutdownthestationsmhzaudiosubcarrierananalogfmbroadcastreceivercannottuneanddecodedigitaltelevisiononanyfrequencyreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebcommunitysandiegocomblogsrichardsblogarchiveaspxmessagefromxetvsgeneralmanageronaffiliationswitchinfoboxradiostationnamexerokamimagefileradiocaonampngcityciudadjurezchihuahuaareabrandingradiocanbrcalibrenewscastssloganfrequencykhzairdateformatregionalmexicanpowerwattserphaatclassafacilityidcoordinatescallsignmeaningxrockformerbrandingformercallsignsxepnabrxelosownergruposietelicenseeemisionesradiofnicassadecvsisterstationswebcastwebsitecalibrecomcalibrecomxerokamisamexicomexicanambroadcastingammediumwaveradiostationlicensedtooperateatapowerofwattsonacarrierfrequencyofnbspkhzfromciudadjurezchihuahuastatechihuahuaxerokisthedominantlistofbroadcaststationclassesclassastationonamanorthamericanclearchannelstationclearchannelfrequencyhistorytheconcessionhistoryforxerokbeginsnotinciudadjurezbutinpiedrasnegrascoahuilaawaywiththeauthorizationforxepnamadetothecompaiaradiodifusoradepiedrasnegrasthecallsignchangedtoxeloinauthorizedfornbspkwdayfrompiedrasnegrasbutonnbspkhzwhenthestationmovedtociudadjurezitmovedtonbspkhzandtripleditspowerthenbspkwplantwascustombuiltinbyateamledbywilliambillbranchanearlywellknownradioengineerbranchbuiltaseriesofamplifierstogetpowerfromlowpoweroscillatorleveltothenbspkwlevelmodulationwasachievedbydohertyamplifierdohertymodulationwhichwhilecomplicatedallowedextremelyhighlevelsofmodulationanddidnotrequirelargeandgenerallypoorperformingaudiotransformeraudiocouplingtransformersoneoftheborderblasterstationsaimedatamericanlistenersthelongtimeformatwasspanishlanguageprogramsbydayandbrokeredtimeprogramsveryofteninenglishtargetedtoaudiencesintheuscarrcollinscrazywatercrystalsamineraltreatmentandpatentmedicinewasawellknownadvertiseraswasbabychicksbymailsomelistenersrememberhearingreligiousprogramswereairedsometimeswithofferstosendmoneyinexchangeforautographedphotosofjchristofbiblicalfameintheyearsfollowingworldwariiandduringandfollowingthekoreanwarustroopsreturningbyseafromtheorientheardtheirfirstusbasedradiobroadcastsfromthisstationwhichfrequentlyairedaradioevangelistwhoofferedsendfivedollarsforyourfreeautographedpictureofjesuschristwitheyesthatglowinthedarkthedaytimelineupmovedintoausstationkamanowkxplinelpasotexasaroundthattimeagroupofamericaninvestorsgradysandersbobhannajohnrymanandbrucemillerearleleasedthestationandturneditintoanenglishlanguagetopradiostationwithxelobeingchangedtoxerokinthesandintothesthestationpromoteditselfasxrockthesuncityrockerduetoitsproximitytothesuncityelpasoinspringxerokwasthehighestratedtopradiostationintheunitedstateswiththepossibleexceptionofnewyorkswabcamwabcaccordingtoarbitronitisnotgenerallyknownthatxerokwasliveinonlybriefperiodsofoperationduetomexicangovernmentrestrictionsonforeignlanguageprogrammingatthebeginningtheprogramswererecordedinrealtimeontapeandthetapeswerecarriedbymessengertothetransmittersitewheretheyplayedafterahourdelayaconceptsimilartovoicetrackingusedbymanystationstodaythisallowedtheannouncerstoannouncerealclocktimesbutnotmaterialthatisrequiredtobeaccurateandtimelysuchasaccurateweatherforecaststheexceptionbywasmorningdriveprogrammingwhichwasonahourdelaythatallowedfortimelynewsandweatherreportslatertherecordingsweremadehoursaheadoftimestilllaterthestationranseveralparallelstudiossothatfourshiftswererecordedatatimeinstudioswereusedatthetowernearsatlitechihuahuaforliveoperationeventuallytheownersweregrantedpermissionfromthefcctoinstallanbspmhzstudiotransmitterlinkstlacrossthebordertofeedthetransmitterfromelpasolivethemexicangovernmentalsoagreedtothisarrangementbutlaterthestationstopdemisehaltedthestlconnectionandallprogrammingcameoutofthelocalmexicanstudiosafterthatxerokcontinuedforafewyearswithimmensepopularityinelpasoandmuchofthesouthwestbutwaseventuallyovertakenbyanfmtopstationkbnafmkintfmaspopmusiclistenersmigratedtothefmbandduringthesecondhalfofthesinthestationbeganafulltimespanishlanguageformatasradiocanthenamethestationstillusestodayoperationthestationusuallyoperatedwithwattsdaysextrapowerwasmoreorlesswastedbydayasthegroundwavecouldnotbepushedfarenoughtoreachmorepopulationbynighttheskywavetransmissionwashelpedbyextrapowersometimestoashighaswattsthebillbranchbuilttransmitterwasuseduntilwhenaccatransmitterwasinstalleditwasalsothecauseofbranchsdeathlatertheygotacontinentalelectronicsnbspkwunitthecontinentalrequiredacoupleofminutestochangefromlowtohighpowersettingsandthemanualoperationofswitchesinthefrontandthebackthestationnowusesanbspkwharrisdxitsbaseofoperationandstudiosinelpasowereattrawoodnowthelocationofgruporadiocentroselpasooperationsnamelyxhtofmthereisopenfeedlineouttothetowerreferencesexternallinksmightykaayblogspotcomxeloandborderblastershtmlairchecksofxeloinfoboxwriterformoreinformationseetemplateinfoboxwriterdocnamexavierherbertimagexavierherbertpngimagesizepxcaptionaprilthedayhereceivednewsofwinningthesesquicentenarylibraryprizepseudonymxavierherbertenordenalfredjacksonherbertastorbirthdatebirthplacegeraldtonwesternaustraliaaustraliadeathdatedeathplacealicespringsnorthernterritoryaustraliaoccupationauthornationalityaustralianperiodgenresubjectmovementinfluencesinfluencedsignaturewebsitexavierherbertmaynovemberwasanaustralianwriterbestknownforhismilesfranklinawardwinningnovelpoorfellowmycountryheisconsideredoneoftheelderstatesmenofaustralianliteratureheisalsoknownforshortstorycollectionsandhisautobiographydisturbingelementrefnamexhaustlitrefrefnamexhadbioreflifeandcareerherbertwasbornalfredjacksoningeraldtonwesternaustraliaintheillegitimatesonofamyvictoriascammellandbenjaminfrancisherbertawelshbornenginedriverhewasregisteredatbirthasalfredjacksonsonofjohnjacksonauctioneerwithwhomhismotherhadalreadyhadtwochildrenbeforewritingheworkedmanyjobsinwesternaustraliaandvictoriaaustraliavictoriahisfirstjobwasinapharmacyattheageoffourteenhestudiedpharmacyatperthtechnicalcollegeandwasregisteredasapharmacistonmayasalfredxavierherberthemovedtomelbourneandinenrolledattheuniversityofmelbournetostudymedicinehestartedhiswritingcareerwritingshortstoriesforthepopularmagazineandnewspapermarketpublishingunderarangeofpseudonymsthemostcommonbeingherbertastorhedidnotpublishhisfirstbookcapricornianovelcapricorniauntilcapricorniawasinpartbasedonherbertsexperiencesasprotectorofaboriginesindarwinnorthernterritorydarwinthoughitwaswritteninlondonbetweenanditwonthealsgoldmedalaustralianliteraturesocietygoldmedalforaustraliasbestnovelofthesandswerearelativelyleantimeforherbertintermsofpublicationhereleasedsevenemusintheshepublishedtwobooksbeforethereleaseofpoorfellowmycountryaswellasashortstorycollectionpoorfellowmycountryisthelistoflongestnovelslongestaustraliannovelrefnamexhabcrefherbertwaswellknownforhisoutspokenviewsonindigenousissueshewasagreatchampionofaboriginalpeoplesawareofhisownmythologyhefrustratedbiographersbytellingunreliablestoriesabouthislifeandpastintheartistraycrookepaintedaportraitofxavierherbertfollowedinbyaportraitofsadieherbertprofessoremerituslauriehergenhandiscussesthestorybehindthecreationoftheseartworksandanotherportraitbycrookeofsirzelmancoweninataleofthreeportraitsrefnameportraitrefxavierherbertdiedinagedpublishedworksnovelscapricornianovelcapricorniasevenemussoldierswomenpoorfellowmycountrymilesfranklinawardwinnershortstorycollectionslargerthanlifesouthofcapricorniaeditedbyrusselmcdougalxavierherberteditedbyfrancesdegroenandpeterpiercenonfictiondisturbingelementautobiographyletterseditedbyfrancesdegroenlauriehergenhanlettersfromxavierherbertunpublbypeggyhayesreferencesxavierherbertbiographiesxavierherbertabiographyfrancesdegroenxavierherbertliterarycriticismxavierherbertnovelscomalongandwindingroadxavierherbertsliteraryjourneyseanmonahanwebarchiveorgwebhomevicnetnetauabrseptwalkerhtmreviewexternallinksxavierherbertnovelscomabookonherbertsnovelsatwwwxavierherbertnovelscomthebookcanbereadons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aterworksaroundwhichthemajorbuildingswerearrangedthebuildingsshowcaseddistinctiveeuropeanstyleelementsinparticularofitalianbaroquethegrandtrianonapparentlyservedasimportantsourceofinspirationhowevernumerousdesignelementsofchineseoriginwerealsoincludedmakingtheresultamixtureofeuropeanandchinesearchitecturethemainstructuresofthexiyanglouarethehuanghuazhenlabyrinththexieqiquharmoniouswonderwaterworkstheyangquelongagatewithaviariesthefangwaiguanbelvederestructurebelvederethehaiyantanghallofnationalpeacetheyuanyingguanimmenseoceanobservatorythedashuifagrandwaterworkstheguanshuifathroneforviewingthewaterworksandthexianfashanhallofperspectiveimagehuanghuazhenjpgrightpxthumbnailwnhuzhnmazewanhuazhenhunghuzhnthewanhuazhensplflowermazeorhuanghuazhenisamazeformedofmeterhighembossedbrickwallscoveringanareaofbymetersthetotallengthofthewallsiskilometersinitscentersitsaeuropeanstylecircularpaviliontheemperorissaidtohavesatinthispaviliontowatchhisconcubinescompetinginaracewithyellowlanternsthroughthelabyrinthontheoccasionofthemidautumnfestivalimagexieqiqujpgthumbleftpxruinsofthexieqiquxieqiquthexieqiqulitharmoniouswonderislocatedinthesouthwestcornerofthexiyanglouthecomplexisnotedforcontainingchinasfirsteuropeanstylewaterfeaturethebasinsofthekeyfountainshadaflorallayoutshapedlikecrabappleorchrysanthemumflowerstheywerefedbybronzewaterspoutsintheshapeofanimalsramsducksfishwaterforthefountainscamefromawatertowerwhichwasfilledbyamuledrawnwaterwheelyangquelongtheyangquelonglitbirdraisingcagewasaeuropeanstylegatewayarchwaywithsidewingshousingaviariesitislocatedtowardsthewesternendofthemaineastwestaxisofthecomplexandwasbuiltinimageyuanmingyuanfangwaiguanjpgthumbleftpxruinsofthefangwaiguanfangwaiguanthefangwaiguanbelvedereisamansionlocatednortheastoftheyangquelongandfacingsouthitwasbuiltinandwasoriginallytwostoriestallthemansionwasdecoratedwitheuropeanstylelandscapepaintingssomeoftheartworkwasdonebythefrenchjesuitpainterjeandenisattiretothersweredesignedbygiuseppecastiglionethemansionissaidtohavebeenfrequentedbyauyghurpeopleuyghurconcubineinfavorwiththeqianlongemperorandhavecontainedtabletsinscribedinarabicwhichwerelostintheearlythcenturywuzhutingthewuzhutingfivebamboopavilionswerelocatedoppositetothesouthernfrontofthefangwaiguantheensembleconsistedoffivepavilionswithdoubleeavedroofsconnectedbybambooverandashoweverthebuildingcomplexhasbeenlostcompletelyimageyuanmingyuanhaiyantangjpgthumbrightpxruinsofthehaiyantanghaiyantangthehaiyantanghaiyantanghallofnationalpeaceisabuildingandgardencomplexerectedeastofthefangwaiguaninitconsistedofatwostoriedmainbuildingwithalargefountaininfrontandanhshapedwatertowerbehinditthefountainwasknownasthewaterclockbecauseitwassurroundedbytwelvebronzewaterspoutsintheshapeofhumanbodieswithanimalheadswhichweresuccessivelyactivatedeverytwohoursyuanyingguandashuifaandguanshuifaimageruinsofdashuifaandyuanyingguanjpgthumbleftpxruinsoftheyuanyingguantheyuanyingguanimmenseoceanobservatorythedashuifawaterworkspandthethroneoftheguanshuifaarelocatedatthecenterofthexiyangloucomplexwheretheformamuchshorternorthsouthaxistheyuanyingguanwasalargebuildingwithacentralarchwaysupportedbytallwhitemarblepillarssomeoftherichlycarvedmasonryworkcanstillbeseenintheruinswhichremaintodaysouthoftheobservatoryinthecenterofthecomplexwasthedashuifaagroupofelaboratefountainstheguanshuifatothesouthofthegrandfountainsservedasathronefortheemperortoobservethewaterdisplaysimagexianfashanjpgthumbpxruinsofthexianfashanxianfashanthexianfashanlitperspectivehillisaroundhilleastofthecenterofthexiyanglouitsnamederivesfromperspectivegraphicalperspectivepaintingwhichwasintroducedtochinabythewesternartistswhoworkedonthebuildingsontopofthehillstoodanoctagonalpavilionofwhichonlyscatteredstoneblockssurvivexianfahuathexianfahuawasadisplayofperspectivepaintingsofeuropeanlandscapesthepaintingswerearrangedonsevenpairsofsymmetricwallstogivetheviewertheimpressionthathewasactuallylookingoutontoaeuropeanlandscapethedisplaymarkstheeasternendofthexiyangloucomplexreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebyuanmingyuanparkcomyuanmingyuanparkcommostlychinesewithsomeusefulinformationinenglishwebarchiveorgwebcityueduhkccsnewsletternewsletterchapterhtmleuropeanbuildingswithchinesecharacteristicsxmlhttprequestredirectcategoryshellinfoboxofficeholdernamexukuangdinativenameimagefilexukuangdihorasisglobalchinabusinessmeetingjpgordermayorofshanghaitermstartfebruarytermenddecemberpredecessorhuangjusuccessorchenliangyubirthdatebirthplacetongxiangzhejiangchinadeathdatedeathplacespousepartycommunistpartyofchinaxukuangdismallorderofthepolarstarkmstknosmallfrengborndecemberisapoliticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinachinesepoliticianandscientistbestknownforhistermasmayorofshanghaifromtohesupervisedthetransformationofshanghaiduringhisadministrationintoacenterforforeigndirectinvestmentinternationalinvestmentandtradethathelpedleadtheintensivedevelopmentofeconomyofchinachinaseconomybetweenandxuservedasvicechairmanofthechinesepeoplespoliticalconsultativeconferencebiographyxuwasbornintongxiangzhej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cordsmicrofilmedvolalexandriavawashingtonsubjectbarportalmilitaryofgermanyportalworldwariirdcenturyxmlxhtmlxhtmlinfoboxfilmnamexxxstateoftheunionimagefilexxxposterjpgcaptiontheatricalreleaseposterdirectorleetamahoriproducerplainlistnealhmoritzarneschmidtscreenplaysimonkinbergbasedonstarringplainlisticecubewillemdafoescottspeedmanpeterstrausssamuelljacksonmusicmarcobeltramicinematographydavidtattersalleditingplainlistmarkgoldblatttoddemillerstevenrosenblumstudioplainlistrevolutionstudiosoriginalfilmdistributorcolumbiapicturesreleasedruntimeminutestheatricalruntimecountryunitedstateslanguageenglishbudgetmilliongrossmillionxxxstateoftheunionreleasedasxxxthenextleveloutsidenorthamericaisaamericanactionfilmdirectedbyleetamahoriandasequeltothefilmxxxfilmxxxitisthesecondinstallmentofthexxxfranchisexxxfranchiseandwasproducedbyrevolutionstudiosforcolumbiapicturesvindieselandrobcohentheleadactoranddirectoroftheoriginalhadsignedontoasequelbeforethefirstfilmhadopenedbutbothdroppedoutasdieseldislikedthescriptrefnamethemovieblogrefwhilecohenwasbusymakingstealthfilmstealthcohenremainedasanexecutiveproducericecubetookovertheleadroleasthenewxxxagentandtamahoriwasbroughtintodirectfollowingthehugecommercialsuccessofthejamesbondfilmdieanotherdaywhichhedirectedtwodifferentscriptswerepreparedforthefilmandtheonewrittenbysimonkinbergwasselectedtheotherscriptfeaturedaradicallydifferentplotstateoftheunionwasaboxofficebombboxofficebombanditwascriticizedbyreviewersmainlyfortheperformancesanillogicalstoryandoveruseofcomputergeneratedimagerycgibasedvisualeffectsformostoftheactionsequencesstateoftheunionisthelastfilminthexxxfranchisetobedistributedbycolumbiapicturesasparamountpicturesbecamethedistributorforitsfuturefilmsstartingwithxxxreturnofxandercagereturnofxandercageinplotinvirginiaarancherdiscoversdeadbodiesonhisfarmandisthenkilledbyassailantstheattackersusespecialexplosivestobreakintoannsabunkerbeneaththehorsefarmagentaugustusgibbonsfendsofftheattackersbeforebarelyescapingshaversgibbonsassistantinformshimthatwiththeattackonthensabunkeralabamabamacobbalsohadxandercagethefinalchapterthedeathofxandercageapparentlykilledinboraboratofindanewsubstitutegibbonsmeetswithlieutenantdariusstoneaformerunitedstatesnavysealsusnavysealofficerwhoiscurrentlyservingofhisyearsentenceinunitedstatesdisciplinarybarracksleavenworthfordisobeyingordersandbreakingthejawofgeneralgeorgedeckertwhoisnowtheunitedstatessecretaryofdefensesecretaryofdefensegibbonshelpsstonebreakoutstonemeetswithzekehisoldpartnerincrimeandlolahisformergirlfriendwhonowrunsanexoticcarshopstoneisinstructedtorecoveraharddrivefromthensabunkerandhemanagestoescapeagentsteeleatthesametimegibbonsisattackedinhishouseandapparentlykilledwithdeckertandsergeantcobbcoveringuptheplotstonemeetsupwithgibbonscontactmayweathertogetinformationstonegoestohersafehousebutisframedforthemurderoffourstarrankstargeneraljackpettibonemayweatherisrevealedtobeinvolvedthepolicearriveandsteeleentersandtalkstostonewhoescapesafterwardsshavershacksintothepentagontoretrievedeckertsplansstoneinfiltratesdeckertstroopsaboardtheussindependencecvussindependenceanddiscoversgibbonsisnotdeadbutbeingheldprisonerstonespresenceisalertedbymayweathergibbonsordersstonetoescapeandleavehimafterretrievingtheplansstonegetsintoatankandfightshiswayoutoftheshiphelearnsthatdeckertisplanningacoupdtatcoupagainstpresidentoftheunitedstatespresidentsanfordstonemakescontactwithsteeleandshowshimtheplanswhensteelenotesthathisplansarenotclearproofstoneleavesinfrustrationtosteelesinitialdisbeliefduringaconversationwithdeckertsteelerealizesstonewasrighthefindsstoneandtellshimthatdeckertwantstokillsanfordandunitedstatespresidentiallineofsuccessionhissuccessorssohecantakesanfordsplaceaspresidentinoppositiontosanfordscurrentplanstodismantlevariousmilitarybranchestofocusonforeignaidunabletotrustlegitimatelawenforcementstonesteeleandshaversenlisttheaidofzekeandhiscrewtogethertheyrobanwheelersecretlyhaulinggunsandequipmenttotheunitedstatesdepartmentofhomelandsecuritydepartmentofhomelandsecurityundertheguiseofacheesetrucktheyenduphijackingatankandstonehelpssteeleinfiltratetheunitedstatescapitolcapitolbuildingashootoutstartsandgibbonskillsmayweatherdeckertandcobbabductsanfordwhileheismakingthestateoftheunionaddresstheyescapeonahighspeedrailbullettrainjacksonarriveswithacarandstoneusesittoinfiltratethetrainheengagesandkillscobbbeforeengagingdeckertwhilesteeleextractssanfordstonejumpsoutaftergibbonsdestroysthetrainkillingdeckertthestoryiscoveredupanddeckertisburiedandbrandedasaherosanfordawardssteeleandtheunknownsoldierstonethemedalofhonorandstonegoesbacktohisformerlifestyleinthenowrebuiltnsaheadquartersgibbonssteeleandshaversdiscusswhatkindofpersonthenextxxxagentshouldbegibbonssaysthathehastheperfectcandidateforthejobcasticecubeasdariusstonexxxwillemdafoeasussecretaryofdefensegeneralgeorgedeckertscottspeedmanasnationalsecurityagencynsaagentkylechristophersteelepeterstraussasuspresidentjamessanfordsamuelljacksonasnsaagentaugustuseugenegibbonsjohngconnollyassgtalabamabamacobbxzibitaszekesunnymabreyascharliemayweathernonagayeaslolajacksonmichaelroofasnsaagenttobyleeshaversramondeocampoasnsaagentmeadowssoundtrackasoundtrackcontaininghiphopandalternativerockwasreleasedonaprilthroughjiverecordsitpeakedatonthebillboardbillboardonthetoprbhiphopalbumschartandonthetopsoundtrackschartreceptionboxofficexxxstateoftheuniongrossedmillionintheunitedstatesandcanadaandmillioninotherterritoriesforaworldwidetotalofmillionagainstaproductionbudgetofmillionrefnamenumbersrefitopenedonaprilandgrossedmillioninitsopeningweekendfinishingthirdattheboxofficecriticalresponserottentomatoesgivesthefilmanapprovalratingofbasedonreviewswithanaverageratingofthesitescriticalconsensusreadsevenmoreabsurdandimplausiblethanthefirstxxxmoviestateoftheunionislessinspiredandtechnicallycompetentthanitspredecessoronmetacriticthefilmhasascoreofoutofbasedoncriticsindicatinggenerallyunfavorablereviewsbooallenofthedentonrecordchroniclecalledicecubesxxxcharacterachubbysurlyincomprehensibleactionherobrianorndorfoffilmjerkcomcomparedwatchingthefilmtorunningheadfirstattopspeedintoabrickwalldavidhiltbrandofthephiladelphiainquirersaidtheplotswingsbetweenpatheticallyimplausibleandaggressivelystupidsomecriticslikedthefilmmackbatesofthemilwaukeejournalsentinelpraisedicecubestrademarkcharismaandstreetsensibilitywhileowengleibermanofentertainmentweeklycalleditthatrarebmoviethatsrootedingutlevelstirringsofpowerandretaliationpaularendtofthebbcsaidviewedonitsowntrashytermsitsucceedsbrilliantlyreferencesexternallinksxxxstateoftheunionxxxstateoftheunionredirecttelephonenumberxxxstateoftheunionxxxstateoftheunionbinaryxmlmotorolamostechnologyimagemontanahighwaypatroljpgthumbrightpxmontanahighwaypatrolpatchwasthesymbolusedbythemontanavigilantesvigilancecommitteeinvirginiacitymontanapeoplewhofoundthenumberspaintedontheirtentorlogcabincabinknewthattheyhadbetterleavetheareaorexpecttobeonthereceivingendofvigilantismthenumbersareusedontheshoulderpatchofthemontanahighwaypatrolwhoclaimtheydonotknowtheoriginalmeaningofthesymbolthoughtheassociationofmontanatrooperswebsitesaysregardlessofitsmeaninghoweverisemblematicofthefirstorganizedlawenforcementinmontanathemontanahighwaypatrolinadoptingthisearlysymbolhonorsthefirstmeninthemontanaterritorywhoorganizedforthesafetyandwelfareofthepeopleforthatsamereasontheassociationofmontanatroopershascarriedonthattraditionbyplacingthelegendaryontheirpatchaswellthesymbolalsoappearsontheflightsuitsofpilotsofthemontanaairnationalguardandtheflightpatchofthemontanaarmynationalguardmedevacunitccothgsabvigilantesfurtheritappearsunderthebottlecapofcertainvarietiesofbigskybrewingcompanybeervarioustheorieshavebeenputforthaboutitsmeaningincludingthenumbersrepresentthedimensionsofagravefeetbyfeetbynbspinchesfrederickalleninhisbookadecentorderlylynchingsaysthenumbermeantthepersonhadtobuyaticketonthenextnbspamstagecoachtotakethemiletripfromhelenamontanahelenatobuttemontanabuttethenumbersetmayhavesomethingtodowiththedatemarchthenumberswerefirstusedinthatdecadeandfirstappearedinprintlaterinthatdecadeofthethcenturythefirstmasonicmeetinginbannackmontanatookplacemarchmanymembersofthislodgewerealsotheoriginalvigilantesreferencesexternallinkstravelmtgovhistorymontanathemagazineofwesternhistorymontanavigilanteshtmmontanavigilantesandtheoriginsofthemayrefertoformationassociationfootballaformationinassociationfootballtaclassificationofsteamlocomotivesunderthewhytenotationxinzhengxmenlegendsinfoboxlunarcraterimagenormalxenophonjpgimagesizepxcaptionlunarreconnaissanceorbiterlroimagecoordinatesdiameterkmdepthunknowncolongeponymxenophonimagezhiritskiycraterjpgthumbrightpxxenophonisattopcentertothenorthofzhiritskiycraterzhiritskiynbspfapolloimagexenophonisasmalllunarcraterslunarimpactcraterthatliesacrossthesouthernrimofthewalledplainfermicraterfermitothewestofthecratertsiolkovskiycratertsiolkovskiysouthofxenophoniszhiritskiyfasatellitecraterofzhiritskiycraterzhiritskiytothesouthsouthwesttherimofthiscrateriserodedandcrossedbyseveralsmallcratersespeciallyalongthewesternedgetheinteriorfloorisrelativelyfeaturelessthiscraterislocatedonthefarsidemoonfarsideofthemoonandcannotbeseendirectlyfromtheearthreferencescitebooklastanderssonfirstlelastwhitakerfirsteaauthorlinkewenwhitakerdatetitlenasacatalogueoflunarnomenclaturepublishernasarprefharvciteweblastbluefirstjenniferdatejulytitlegazetteerofplanetarynomenclaturepublisherunitedstatesgeologicalsurveyusgsurlplanetarynameswrusgsgovaccessdaterefharvcitebooklastbusseyfirstbauthorlinkbenbusseylastspudisfirstpauthorlinkpaulspudisdatetitletheclementineatlasofthemoonpublishercambridgeuniversitypresslocationnewyorkisbnrefharvcitebooklastcocksfirstelijahelastcocksfirstjosiahcdatetitlewhoswhoonthemoonabiographicaldictionaryoflunarnomenclaturepublishertudorpublishersisbnrefharvciteweblastmcdowellfirstjonathandatejulyurlhostplanetorgastrolunartitlelunarnomenclaturepublisherjonathansspacereportaccessdaterefharvcitebookfirstpatricklastmooreauthorlinkpatrickmooredatetitleonthemoonpublishersterlingpublishingcois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osannouncedthattheteamwouldleavethenewyorkrangerslookingtocapitalizeonhartfordasapotentialmarketplaceditsfarmteamtheretobecomethehartfordwolfpackstartinginafterashortstintastheconnecticutwhaleahlconnecticutwhaletheyrevertedtothewolfpackmonikerinrenovationswerecompleteinoctoberwhichissettoservethearenauntilitsfiftiethbirthdayseatingcapacityclasswikitablebasketballstyleyearsstylecapacitystyledivstyletextaligncenterdivstyledivstyletextaligncenterdivstyledivstyletextaligncenterdivstyledivstyletextaligncenterdivstylepresentdivstyletextaligncenterdivclasswikitablehockeystylebackgroundffffffbordertopbpxsolidborderbottomapxsolidyearsstylebackgroundffffffbordertopbpxsolidborderbottomapxsolidcapacitystylebackgroundbcolorffffffdivstyletextaligncenterdivstylebackgroundbcolorffffffstylebackgroundbcolorffffffstylebackgroundbcolorffffffstylebackgroundbcolorffffffrefnameplayoffsrefstylebackgroundbcolorffffffstylebackgroundbcolorffffffstylebackgroundbcolorffffffpresentcurrentarenaandrecentrenovationsinseptemberthearenawasupgradedwithanewcenterhungscoreboardwithfoursonyjumbotronsandastateoftheartsoundsystemtheconnecticutstatelegislaturesetasidemillioninfundingforimprovementstothexlcenterthatbeganinearlyspringandcompletedintimeforthestartoftheseasonsofthewolfpackandconnecticuthuskiesmensicehockeyuconnmenshockeyinoctoberimprovementsincludedupgradestothemechanicalsystemlockerroomsandconcoursereplacingjumbotronswithanewhighdefinitionvideoboardaswellasaestheticimprovementssuchasanewbarareainsidethearenaandluxuryseatinginthelowerbowlaportionofthemillionallocationwenttowardsastudyonthearenaslongtermviabilityeithermoremajorrenovationsorreplacingitwithanewfacilityeventsthexlcenterhasheldmanynotableeventsincludingtheecacmensbasketballtournamentsecacnewenglandregiontournamentanationalcollegiateathleticassociationncaadivisionincaadivisionimenscollegebasketballtournamentorganizedbytheeasterncollegeathleticconferenceecactookplaceatthehartfordciviccenteronmarchandmarchecacmensbasketballtournamentstournamentsthetournamentchampionreceivedanautomaticbidtothencaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentthegratefuldeadsperformanceonmaywasrecordedandreleasedasalivealbumentitledtoterrapinhartfordpopsuperstarmichaeljacksonperformedthreeconsecutivesoldoutshowsathartfordciviccenterduringhisbadtourbadworldtouronmarchandaprilinfrontofpeoplethebigeastconferencebigeastconferencewomensbasketballtournamentwascontractedtothecoliseumthroughandithashostedmultiplencaawomensbasketballsubregionalsandregionalstheworldfigureskatingchampionshipswereheldattheciviccenterthebigeastconferencebigeastconferenceandamericaeastconferencemensbasketballtournamentswerealsohereaswellasoccasionalgamesoftheconnecticuthuskiesuconnhuskiesconnecticuthuskiesmensbasketballmensbasketballteamrefnamexlcenterrefthenhlallstargamewasplayedinthehartfordciviccenterthedaviscuprelegationplayoffbetweenunitedstatesandgermanywhichincludedoneofthelongesttennismatchesofalltimesbetweenborisbeckerandjohnmcenroethenhlentrydraftwasheldintheciviccenterwwfsurvivorseriessurvivorseriesfeaturingthedebutoftheundertakerinwrestlemaniaxiinnowayoutvengeancethebuildingwasthehostofgamesandofthecaldercupplayoffscaldercupfinalswonbythehartfordwolfpackoftheamericanhockeyleagueskateamericaskateamericatheunitedstatesgymnasticsfederationnationalchampionshipsandmedalceremonyforthegymnasticsatthesummerolympicsunitedstateswomensgymnasticsteamthebronzemedalceremonywasaddedasaresultoftheiocstrippingthechineseteamforunderagegymnasticsinaprildianarosswasscheduledtoperformduringherreturntolovetouronjulybuttheshowwascancelledduetolowticketsalesthepbrprofessionalbullridersmadetheirfirstevervisittothexlcenterforabuiltfordtoughserieseventtheweekendofoctoberonnovembertheconnecticuthuskiesmensicehockeyuconnmenshockeyteamdefeatedtherankedbostoncollegeeaglesmensicehockeybostoncollegemenshockeyteamintheteamsfirsteverhockeyeasthomeopenerinfrontofacrowdofonmarchandthexlcenterwillhostthefirstandsecondroundsofthencaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentconnecticuthuskiesuconnhockeyattendancerecordsclasswikitablestyledatestyleopponentstyleresultstyleattendancenovemberbostoncollegeeaglesmensicehockeybostoncollegewnovemberbostonuniversitymensicehockeybostonuniversitylfebruarybostonuniversityterriersmensicehockeybostonuniversitywsupotsupexhibitioncentertheexhibitioncenterconsistsofaexhibithallaassemblyhallthatcandivideintotwomeetingroomsplussevenmeetingroomstotalingandtwolobbiestotalingitisusedfortradeshowsconventionsbanquetsmeetingsandothereventsthesurroundingshoppingmallwastorndowninandwasreplacedbystreetlevelretailshopsandastoryresidentialtowernamedhartfordwhichopenedinandisthetallestresidentialtowerbetweennewyorkcityandbostonpossiblenewarenawiththexlcenterapproachingitsthbirthdayleadersinhartfordhavebeenconsideringwhetheritshouldbereplacedwithanewfacilityindeveloperlawrencegottesdienerbeganlobbyingtobuythepittsburghpenguinsandmovethemtoanewhartfordarenabutthelemieuxgroupwasreluctanttosellthepenguinsbidwasofficiallyoffthetableinmarchwhentheteamannouncedthattheywerebeginningconstructiononanewarenaandthattheysignedayeardealwiththecityofpittsburghtokeeptheteamtherewellintothefuturepenguinsownermariolemieuxclaimedatthearenasgroundbreakingceremonythatrelocatingthefranchisewasneverapossibilitybutwasinsteadanegotiationtactictohelptheteamgetfundingforthearenafrombothstateandlocalofficialsafterthepittsburghbidfellthroughgottesdienermadeanotherbidforthenashvillepredatorsfranchisewiththehopeofbringingthemtohartfordthatbidwaslostinaugustasthepredatorsownershipultimatelydecidedtoselltoalocalholdingcompanythatwouldkeeptheteaminnashvillesincethattimemayoreddieprezpoliticianeddieprezandformerhousespeakerjamesamanncontinuedtoinvestigatethefeasibilityofanewdowntownarenawithmayorperezmakingstatementstoteardownthexlcenterandreplaceitwiththenewarenaasrecentlyasmarchthecurrentleaseforthexlcenterrunsuntilafterthatthefacilitymustbeturnedovertothecityofhartfordbythatpointthecitywantstodecidewhetherthebuildingcanberefurbishedorifithasenoughfinancialsupporttobuildanewarenamayoreddieperezmetwithanewlyformedtaskforceofcitybusinessleaderstodeterminethebenefitsofbuildinganewarenainordertoconsiderthenewarenawehavetofindoutwherethecorporatesupportisforanewarenaandthatsthechargeigavethetaskforceperezsaidmyhopeisthatbylateseptemberofthisyeartheycangivemeanideawherethecorporatesupportwouldbeandhowwecangoaboutorganizingthatsupportthemayorsaidthathefeelsthecityneedsanewarenatoattractmoreeventsandpossiblyaprofessionalsportsfranchiseforaregiontosurviveyouneedadynamicurbancenterandentertainmentispartofadynamicurbancentersaidozgriebelofthemetrohartfordallianceifyouregoingtoofferentertainmentvenueswhethertheybebasketballgameshockeygamesrodeosconcertsyouhavetohaveavenuethatpeoplearegoingtowanttocometoperezsaidhethinksanewarenacouldbringaboutnewjobstothecityearlyinhowardbaldwintheformerownerofthewhalersmovedbacktoconnecticutandformedwhalerssportsandentertainmentinanattempttogrowinterestinhockeyandthenhlinconnecticuttheseeffortsmayleadtothebuildingastateoftheartarenaasareplacementfortheagingxlcenterinnovemberhowardbaldwinannouncedamillionproposaltorenovatethexlcenterasapartofanefforttoimproveattendanceatcurrentminorhockeyandcollegebasketballgamesandimprovehartfordschancesatattractinganewnhlhockeyteaminjuneitwasannouncedthatmsgwasseveringtieswithbaldwinandhiscompanywseaegassumedthebusinessoperationsfortheconnecticutwhaleimmediatelyafterthatuntilglobalspectrumtookoverthewhalesbusinessoperationsandthatofthexlcenterinonfebruarythecrdareleasedacasestudyonthefutureofthearenathereportpresentsthreeoptionsthefirstoptionwouldbetocompletelyteardowntheexistingarenadownandconstructanewonethesecondoptionwouldbetoexpandtheexistingarenaandcompletelyrebuildtheinteriorthethirdandfinaloptionistoneitherexpandnorconstructanewarenaandratheroverhaulthecurrentsiteeachoptionwillcomecompletewithadditionalluxuryboxesandsuitesandotheramenitiesuptoparwithcomparablenhlfacilitiesthestudyestimatesyearsofconstructiontimeandamillionpricetagseealsolistofconventioncentersintheunitedstateslistofncaadivisionibasketballarenasreferencesexternallinksxlcentercomxlcentersuccessionboxtitlehomeofthehartfordwhalersnewenglandhartfordwhalersyearsbrbeforebostongardenbrmassmutualcenterspringfieldciviccenteraftermassmutualcenterspringfieldciviccenterbrgreensborocoliseumsuccessionboxtitlehomeofthenewenglandseawolvesyearsbeforemadisonsquaregardenafteraircanadacentresuccessionboxtitlehostofnhlallstargameyearsbeforescotiabanksaddledomeolympicsaddledomeafterstlouisarenasuccessionboxtitlehomeofthehartfordwolfpackconnecticutwhaleahlconnecticutwhaleyearspresentbeforebroomecountyveteransmemorialarenaaftercurrentarenareactionmotorsxlrrdcenturyreligiouspredictionsinfoboxmusicalartistseewikipediawikiprojectmusiciansnamexraidedimagebackgroundsolosingerbirthnameaneraebrownbirthdategenregangstarapyearsactivepresentlabelpriorityrecordsmadmanrecordsgangwayincblocstarentertainmentassociatedactsbrothalynchhungwebsiteaneraebrownbornjulybetterknownbyhisstagenamexraidedisanunitedstatesamericanrapperandaformerthstreetgardenblocccripgangmemberlifeandcareerbornjulybrownwasraisedbyhismothershirleyjamesjazbrownaclerkatthesacramentocountycourthouserefnamexraidedarticleinlatimesarticleslatimescomnoventertainmentcaboucherxraidedarticleinlatimesrefthefirstxraidedalbumpsychoactivewasrecordedinjunewithsacramentorapperbrothalynchhungandreleasedinbrownclaimsthattherecordingwasmadeduringadeadlyconflictbetweenthethstreetgardenblocccripsandthemeadowviewbloodscontributingtolyricsfullofviolenceinmarchgangmembersraidedthehomeofpatriciaharrisandshewasfatallyshotbrownandfourothergangmemberswerearrestedforthemurderfromtoxraidedrecordedsongsoverthetelephonewhileinjailawaitingtrialtheserecordingswerereleasedonthealbumxorcistalbumxorcistatrackonthealbumbeginswitharecordingofacollectcallfromxraidedwhichidentifieshimasaninmateinsacramentocountyjailthissecondalbumgarneredevenmoreattentionanditwascoveredinvariousmainstreammediaoutletsincludingplayboyseptembermonthsafterthereleaseofxorcistxraidedwasco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blishtheirfirstinternalindustrialdesigngroupamongthosefirstdesignemployeeswerewilliamdaltonandrobertvanvalkinburghspecificationsandfeaturesoneofthemostsuccessfulxeroxproductseverthemodelsocalledbecauseitcouldcopyoriginalsuptonbspinchesbyinchesnbspmmnbspmmcouldmakecopiespermonthsevencopiesperminuteinthesmithsonianreceivedaxeroxnumberofftheassemblylineitweighsapproximatelypoundsrefnameautobrooksprefnbspkgandmeasuresnbspcmhighnbspcmwidenbspcmdeepthemachinewasmechanicallycomplexitrequiredalargetechnicalsupportforceandhadatendencytocatchfirewhenoverheatedralphnaderclaimedthatamodelinhisofficehadcaughtfirethreetimesinafourmonthperiodbecauseoftheproblemthexeroxcompanyprovidedascorcheliminatorwhichwasactuallyasmallfireextinguisheralongwiththecopierbutdespitetheseproblemsthemachinewasregardedwithaffectionbyitsoperatorsduetoitbeingcomplexenoughtobeinterestingtousebutwithoutbeingsocomplexastobebeyondunderstandingthepricingstructureofthemachinewasdesignedtoencouragecustomerstorentratherthanbuyitcouldberentedinforamonthbutwouldcosttobuysalesthewasasignificantcomponentofxeroxsrevenuesinthemidswithoneauthorestimatingthatthemachineaccountedfortwothirdsofthecompanysrevenueinwithincomegeneratedofmthemachinewasproducedbetweenandrefnameautoreflegacythecompanyssubsequentmodelswerethexeroxthexeroxthexeroxandthexeroxonewriterhasassessedthatthepopularityofthemachinehashadanumberoflastingimpactssuchaspromptingtheintroductionofhighlighterpensanduniversityreadinglistsintheformofanthologiesratherthanchaptersfromseparatebooksreferencesfurtherreadingbrooksjohnxeroxxeroxxeroxxeroxthenewyorkermagazineaprandavailableatgatesnotescominfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamemultipliestypeepartistyellowmagicorchestracoverymomultipliesuklpalbumcoverjpgreleasedjunejapanrecordedstudioalfastudioathestudiodoowapgenreelectronicmusicelectronicelectronicdancemusicdanceelectromusicelectrofunkexperimentalmusicexperimentalartrocknewwavemusicnewwavesynthpopworldmusicworldskalengthsmalljapaneseversionsmallbrsmallamericanversionsmallbrsmalleuropeanversionsmalllabelalfarecordsproducerlastalbumpublicpressurebrthisalbummultipliesbrnextalbumbgmalbumbgmbrmiscsinglesnamemultipliestypeepsingleniceagesingledatesingletightenupsingledatewasaminialbumbyyellowmagicorchestrareleasedinitcontainsamixtureofsongsandinstrumentalsbyymoincludingahumorousreworkingofarchiebellthedrellstightenupinterspersedwithcomedysketchesthesesketchesareperformedbysnakemanshowinbothjapaneselanguagejapaneseandenglishlanguageenglishwithymoparticipatinginsomeofthemreceptionalbumratingsrevallmusicrevscorerefnameallmusicrefrevsmashhitsrevscorerevstereoreviewrevscoreterrificuponreleasetheusversionwaswellreceivedbythestereoreviewwhichdescribedtherecordingasterrificandtheperformanceastechnopopfunthemagazinestatedthatthetimeisrightforthebandshighlytechnologicalblendofdancemusicdancerhythmsheavymetalmusicheavymetalandpopmusicpopmelodieswhilenotingthatrydeeninparticularsprintsbyatafastcliptickingoffasprightlytuneagainstacontinuousdrumandbassbassanddrumtexturethoughthemorerockmusicrockstyleeffortswerenotaswellreceivedwiththemagazinestatingthatymoselectronicmusicelectronictricksandtherocksensibilityjustdontseemtomixreleasehistorymultiplieswasreleasedinseveralformatsworldwidetheoriginaljapanesepressingcameonvinyltheunitedstatespressingcompiledtracksfromboththisrecordandfromsolidstatesurvivorwhichhadnotbeenreleasedtherewhiledroppingthecomedysketchestheunitedkingdomreleasedmultiplieswithadditionaltracksculledfromyellowmagicorchestraalbumyellowmagicorchestraallreissuesfromonwardrevertedtotheoriginaljapanesetracklisttheversionwiththeamericantracklisthadbeenreissuedvarioustimesovertheyearsuntilwhenbothjapaneseandamericanissueswereremasteredunderharuomihosonossupervisionandeachreceivedanewsetoflinernotesthejapanesebyfantasticplasticmachinemusicianfantasticplasticmachineandtheamericanbyderrickmaymusicianderrickmaythetracksdifferslightlybetweenthejapaneseandusversionsintheoriginalreleaseniceagehasanabruptendingandothertrackscrossfadebetweenthesnakemanshowsketchesintheusversionthesehavecleanintrosandendingsandjingleymoislistedaspartoftheniceagetrackclasswikitableregiondatelabelformatcatalogjapanjunealfarecordsgramophonerecordlpymounitedstatesjulyamrecordslpspjapanseptemberalfalpasaboveusversionwithobialrtracklistingjapaneseversiontracklistinglyricscreditsyesmusiccreditsyesheadlinesideonetitlejingleymolengthmusicyellowmagicorchestratitleniceagelengthlyricschrismosdellmusicyukihirotakahashiryuichisakamototitlesnakemanshowjakddlengthtitletightenuparchiebellthedrellssongtightenupjapanesegentlemenstanduppleaselengthlyricsbillybutlersingerbillybutlermusicarchiebellsingerarchiebelltitlesnakemanshowmistermasayoshihirahiralengthtitleherewegoagaintightenuplengthlyricsbutlermusicbelltracklistinglyricscreditsyesmusiccreditsyesheadlinesidetwotitlesnakemanshowlengthtitlecitizensofsciencelengthlyricsmosdellmusicsakamototitlesnakemanshowlengthtitlemultiplieslengthmusicelmerbernsteinymotitlesnakemanshowlengthtitletheendofasialen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mentofficialsandfictitiousfirmsagovernmentprobelaterfoundxeroxmodicorphadviolatedcertaincorruptionlawsandinmayitwasreportedthatactionwouldbetakenagainstthecompanyatthistimexeroxmodicorpannounceditsnamechangetoxeroxindiaafteralltheseactivitiesmodixeroxcloseditsfactoryinrampuraccordingtotheeconomictimesxeroxcorporationownedofxeroxindiainmarchandisseekingcontroltheremainingsharesareheldbymodirubberandprivatestakeholdersseealsoxeroxrankxeroxfujixeroxreferencesexternallinksxeroxcomofficialxeroxhomepagewebarchiveorgwebmodigroupcomassociatedhtmmodigroupfinancialexpresscomfefullstoryphpcontentidfinancialexpressnewrealitybitesbkmodixeroxindiaxmfileformatxfcexfwmisoredirectkangxiemperoradobeshockwavextrasimagexenonshortarcjpgthumbrightkwxenonshortarclampusedinimaxprojectorsaxenonarclampisahighlyspecializedtypeofgasdischargelampanelectriclightthatproduceslightbypassingelectricitythroughionizedxenongasathighpressureitproducesabrightwhitelightthatcloselymimicsnaturalsunlightwhichextendsitsapplicationsintothefilmanddaylightsimulationindustriesxenonarclampsareusedinmovieprojectorsinmovietheaterstheatersinsearchlightsandforasmentionedpreviouslyspecializedusesinindustryandresearchtosimulatesunlightoftenforproducttestinghidheadlampxenonheadlampsinautomobilesareactuallymetalhalidelampswhereaxenonarcisonlyusedduringstartuptocorrectthecolortemperaturetypesxenonarclampscanberoughlydividedintothreecategoriescontinuousoutputxenonshortarclampscontinuousoutputxenonlongarclampsandxenonflashlampswhichareusuallyconsideredseparatelyeachconsistsofafusedquartzorotherheatresistantglassarctubewithatungstenmetalelectrodeateachendtheglasstubeisfirstvacuumevacuatedandthenrefilledwithxenongasforxenonflashtubesathirdtriggerelectrodeusuallysurroundstheexteriorofthearctubethelifetimeofaxenonarclampvariesaccordingtoitsdesignandpowerconsumptionwithonemajormanufacturerquotingaveragelifetimesrangingfromhourskwtokwhistoryandmodernusageimagehgxejpgthumbrightanosramwxenonmercuryshortarclampinreflectorxenonshortarclampswereinventedinthesingermanyandintroducedinbyosramfirstproducedinthekilowattkwsizexbotheselampssawwideuseinmovieprojectormovieprojectionwheretheyreplacedtheoldermorelaborintensivetooperatecarbonarclampsthewhitecontinuouslightgeneratedbythexenonarcisspectrallysimilartodaylightbutthelamphasaratherlowluminousefficacyefficacyintermsoflumenunitlumensofvisiblelightoutputperwattofinputpowertodayalmostallmovieprojectorsintheatersemploytheselampswithpowerratingsrangingfromwattsuptonbspkwimaxomnimaximaxdomeprojectionsystemsusesinglexenonlampswithratingsashighasnbspkwasoflaserilluminationfordigitalcinemadigitaltheaterprojectorsisstartingtoestablishamarketpresenceandhasbeenpredictedtosupersedethexenonarclampforthisapplicationlampconstructionimagexenonshortarcjpgthumbrightanendviewofakwimaxlampshowingtheliquidcoolingportsallmodernxenonshortarclampsuseafusedquartzenvelopewiththoriatedtungstenelectrodesfusedquartzistheonlyeconomicallyfeasiblematerialcurrentlyavailablethatcanwithstandthehighpressureatmospheresforanimaxbulbandhightemperaturepresentinanoperatinglampwhilestillbeingopticallyclearthethoriumdopantintheelectrodesgreatlyenhancestheirelectronemissioncharacteristicsbecausetungstenandquartzhavedifferentcoefficientofthermalexpansioncoefficientsofthermalexpansionthetungstenelectrodesareweldedtostripsofpuremolybdenummetalorinvaralloywhicharethenmeltedintothequartztoformtheenvelopesealbecauseoftheveryhighpowerlevelsinvolvedlargelampsarewatercooledinthoseusedinimaxprojectorstheelectrodebodiesaremadefromsolidinvarandtippedwiththoriatedtungstenanoringsealsoffthetubesothatthenakedelectrodesdonotcontactthewaterinlowpowerapplicationstheelectrodesaretoocoldforefficientelectronemissionandarenotcooledinhighpowerapplicationsanadditionalwatercoolingcircuitforeachelectrodeisnecessarytosavecoststhewatercircuitsareoftennotseparatedandthewaterneedstobedeionizationdeionizedtomakeitelectricallynonconductivewhichinturnletsthequartzorsomelasermediadissolveintothewaterimagehlrosramkwajpgthumbrightperspectiveviewofkwlampshowingplasticsafetyshieldusedduringshippinginordertoachievemaximumefficiencythexenongasinsideshortarclampsismaintainedatanextremelyhighpressurenbspuptoatmospherespsikpanbspwhichposessafetyconcernsifalampisdroppedorruptureswhileinservicepiecesofthelampenvelopecanbethrownathighspeedtomitigatethislargexenonshortarclampsarenormallyshippedinprotectiveshieldswhichwillcontaintheenvelopefragmentsshouldbreakageoccurnormallytheshieldisremovedoncethelampisinstalledinthelamphousingwhenthelampreachestheendofitsusefullifetheprotectiveshieldisputbackonthelampandthespentlampisthenremovedfromtheequipmentanddiscardedaslampsagetheriskoffailureincreasessobulbsbeingreplacedareatthegreatestriskofexplosionbecauseofthesafetyconcernslampmanufacturersrecommendtheuseofeyeprotectionwhenhandlingxenonshortarclampsbecauseofthedangersomelampsespeciallythoseusedinimaxprojectorsrequiretheuseoffullbodyprotectiveclothinglightgenerationmechanismxenonshortarclampscomeintwodistinctvarietiespurexen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alecarriersofanstsdeletionormutationstillexpressthestsenzymealthoughwithdecreasedenzymeactivityforthisreasonxlimostcommonlyaffectsmalesalthoughindividualswithnumericabnormalitiesofthesexchromosomesxandxxywhoalsocarrystsdeletionsormutationswouldbeexceptionstothisruleinadditionafemalecouldbeaffectedifsheweretheoffspringofanaffectedmaleandacarrierfemaleandinheritedadeletionormutationofthestsgeneonbothxchromosomesgeneticcounselingissuessincethemajorityofcasesappeartooccurthroughtransmissionofanstsdeletionfromacarriermotherenzymetestingordnatestingshouldbeperformedinthemotherofanynewlydiagnosedsimplexcaseiethefirstcaseinafamilyinthecaseofanextendedfamilywithmanyaffectedindividualscarrierstatuscanoftenbeassignedbasedonpedigreeanalysismaleswithxliwilltransmitthexchromosomeharboringthestsdeletionormutationtoeachofhisfemaleoffspringwhowillthereforebeanxlinkedrecessiveobligatecarrierhoweverallmaleoffspringwillbeunaffectedsincetheyreceivetheirfathersychromosomefemalecarriersofanstsdeletionormutationhaveachancewitheachpregnancyoftransmittingittoanoffspringthuseachmaleoffspringhasachanceofbeingaffectedbyxliwhileeachfemaleoffspringhasachanceofbeingacarrierforthisconditionanyindividualthatinheritsthemothersnormalcopyofthestsgenewillbeunaffectedandwillhaveanextremelylowchanceofhavingachildaffectedwiththisconditionduetorandomsegregationofthechromosomesduringgametogenesiseachpregnancywillbesubjecttothesameprobabilitiesregardlessofthenumberofpreviouslyaffectedorunaffectedoffspringtheaboverecurrencerisksarebasedontheassumptionthatanaffectedmaleorcarrierfemalewillhavechildrenwithanunaffectedornoncarrierindividualtherisksofhavingaffectedoffspringwouldclearlyincreaseinthecaseofaunionbetweenamalewithxliandacarrierfemaleassociatedmedicalconditionsasidefromtheskinscalingxliisnottypicallyassociatedwithothermajormedicalproblemscornealopacitiesmaybepresentbutdonotaffectvisioncryptorchidismisreportedinsomeindividualssomeindividualscanalsobeseentohaveanintellectualdisabilitythisisthoughttobeduetodeletionsencompassingneighboringgenesinadditiontostsrefreffemalecarriersgenerallydonotexperienceanyoftheseproblemsbutrarelycanhavedifficultyduringchildbirthasthestsexpressedintheplacentaplaysaroleinnormallaborforthisreasoncarriersshouldensuretheirobstetricianisawareoftheconditionphysiologybiochemistrythesteroidsulfatasestsenzymeecalsoreferredtoasarylsulfatasecisexpressedthroughoutthebodywithhighestexpressionintheskinliverlymphnodesandplacentaandlowerexpressioninbreasttissueandbrainstscatalyzesthehydrolysisofsulfatedsteroidssuchasestronesulfateanddehydroepiandrosteronesulfatedheastononsulfatedsteroidsestradiolandandrostenediolrespectivelyprenatallytheenzymeisinvolvedinplacentalestrogenproductionrefreftheenzymeisalsoinvolvedinadrenalsteroidproductionaswellasconversionofsulfatedsteroidsinothertissuesthereseemstobeaparticularlyimportantrolefortheenzymeinskindeficiencyoftheenzymeleadstothecharacteristicdryandscalyskinseeninichthyosisrecentresearchindicatesthattheskinabnormalitiesseeninxlimaybeduetoaccumulationofcholesterolsulfateintheouterepidermisleadingtoabnormalbarrierfunctionandcorneocyteretentiondiagnosisxlicanbesuspectedbasedonclinicalfindingsalthoughsymptomscantakevaryingamountsoftimetobecomeevidentfromafewhoursafterbirthuptoayearinmildercasesthediagnosisisusuallymadebyadermatologistwhoalsotypicallyformulatesthetreatmentplanseebelowstsenzymedeficiencyisconfirmedusingaclinicallyavailablebiochemicalassaycarrierdetectioncanbeperformedinmothersofaffectedsonsusingthistestseegeneticsbelowrefnamecuevasrefmoleculartestingfordnadeletionsormutationsisalsoofferedandcanbeparticularlyusefulintheevaluationofindividualswithassociatedmedicalconditionsseebelowprenataldiagnosisispossibleusingeitherbiochemicalormoleculartestshowevertheuseofprenataldiagnosisforgeneticconditionsthatareconsideredtobegenerallybenignraisesseriousethicalconsiderationsandrequiresdetailedgeneticcounselingtreatmentbecausexliiscausedbyagenemutationordeletionthereisnocureoneoftheaimsoftreatmentistoreducescalingbyremovingtheexcessflakyscalesandkeeptheskinhydratedthiscanbeachievedusingavarietyoftopicalcreamskeratolyticagentssuchasammoniumlactatelachydrinareusedtofacilitatethereleaseofretainedcorneocytestopicalisotretinointhetopicalreceptorselectiveretinoidtazaroteneresearchisongoingwithregardtotheuseofgenetherapytotreatxlirefrefhistoryinthesrecessivexlinkedichthyosiswasdistinguishedclinicallyfromotherichthyosesrefnamefitzfreedbergetalfitzpatricksdermatologyingeneralmedicinethedmcgrawhillrefrefnameandrewsjameswilliambergertimothyelstondirkandrewsdiseasesoftheskinclinicaldermatologythedsaundersrefseealsoichthyosiscarvajalsyndromereferencesexternallinksmedicalresourcesdiseasesdbicdicdicdoomimmedlineplusemedicinesubjdermemedicinetopicmeshiddorphanettheichthyosissupportgroupichthyosisorgukredirectthcenturyinmathematicsalsowrittenamongotherwaysdenotestherepeatingdecimalconsistingofinfinityinfinitelymanysafterthedecimalpointandonebeforeitthisrepeatingdecimalrepresentstheinfimumandsupremumsmallestnumbernolessthanalldecimalnumbersetcthisnumbercanbeshowntoequalinotherwordsandrepresentthesamenumbertherearemanywaysofshowingthisequalityfromintuitiveargumentstomathematicalrigormathematicallyrigorousmathematicalproofproofsthetechniqueuseddependsontargetaudiencebackgroundassumptionshistoricalcontextandpreferreddevelopmentoftherealnumbersthesystemwithinwhichiscommonlydefinedinothersystemscanhavethesamemeaningadifferentdefinitionorbeundefinedmoregenerallyeverynonzerorepeatingdecimalterminatingdecimalhastwoequalrepresentationsforexampleandapropertytrueofallradixbaserepresentationstheutilitarianpreferencefortheterminatingdecimalrepresentationcontributestothemisconceptionthatitistheonlyrepresentationforthisandotherreasonsmdashsuchasrigorousproofsrelyingonnonelementarytechniquespropertiesordisciplinesmdashmathematicsstudentscanfindtheequalitysufficientlycounterintuitivethattheyquestionorrejectitthishasbeenthesubjectofseveralstudiesinmathematicseducationelementaryproofanypointxbeforethefinishlineliesbetweentwoofthepointsmathpnmathinclusivethereisanelementaryproofoftheequationwhichusesjustthemathematicaltoolsofcomparisonandadditionoffinitedecimalnumberswithoutanyreferencetomoreadvancedtopicssuchasseriesmathematicsserieslimitmathematicslimitsformalconstructionofrealnumbersetctheproofanexercisefoundinisadirectformalizationoftheintuitivefactthatifonedrawsetconthenumberlinethereisnoroomleftforplacinganumberbetweenthemandthemeaningofthenotationistheleastpointonthenumberlinelyingtotherightofallofthenumbersetcbecausethereisultimatelynoroombetweenandthesenumbersthepointmustbethisleastpointandsomathldotsmathintuitiveexplanationifoneplacesetconthenumberlineoneseesimmediatelythatallthesepointsaretotheleftofandthattheygetcloserandclosertomorepreciselythedistancefromtoismathmaththedistancefromtoismathmathandsoonthedistancetofromthethpointtheonewithsafterthedecimalpointisthereforeifwerenotthesmallestnumbergreaterthanetcthentherewouldbeapointonthenumberlinethatliesbetweenandallthesepointsthispointwouldbeatadistancefromthatislessthanforeveryintegerinthestandardnumbersystemstherationalnumbersandtherealnumbersthereisnonumberthatislessthanforallnthisisoneversionofthearchimedeanpropertywhichcanbeproventoholdinthesystemofrationalnumbersthereforeisthesmallestnumberthatisgreaterthanalletcandsomathldotsmathdiscussiononcompletenesspartofwhatthisargumentshowsisthatthereisaleastupperboundofthesequenceetcasmallestnumberthatisgreaterthanallofthetermsofthesequenceoneoftheaxiomsoftherealnumbersystemisthecompletenessaxiomwhichstatesthateveryboundedsequencehasaleastupperboundthisleastupperboundisonewaytodefineinfinitedecimalexpansionstherealnumberrepresentedbyaninfinitedecimalistheleastupperboundofitsfinitetruncationstheargumentheredoesnotneedtoassumecompletenesstobevalidbecauseitshowsthatthisparticularsequenceofrationalnumbersinfacthasaleastupperboundandthatthisleastupperboundisequaltooneformalproofthepreviousexplanationisnotaproofasonecannotdefineproperlytherelationshipbetweenanumberanditsrepresentationasapointonthenumberlinefortheaccuracyoftheproofthenumberwithninesafterthedecimalpointisdenotedthusandsoonaswithdigitsafterthedecimalpointtheadditionrulefordecimalnumbersimpliesmathnnmathandmathnmathforeverypositiveintegeronehastoshowthatisthesmallestnumberthatisnolessthanallforthisitsufficestoprovethatifanumberisnotlargerthanandnolessthanallthensoletsuchthatmathnlexlemathforeverypositiveintegerwehavemathlexlennmaththisimpliesthatthedifferencebetweenandislessthantheinverseofanypositiveintegerthusthisdifferencemustbezeroandthusthatismathldotsmaththisproofreliesonthefactthatzeroistheonlynonnegativenumberthatislessthanallinversesofintegersorequivalentlythatthereisnonumberthatislargerthaneveryintegerthisisthearchimedeanpropertythatisverifiedforrationalnumbersandrealnumbersrealnumbersmaybeenlargedintonumbersystemssuchashyperrealnumberswithinfinitelysmallnumbersinfinitesimalsandinfinitelylargenumbersinfinitenumberswhenusingsuchsystemsnotationisgenerallynotusedasthereisnosmallestnumberthatisnolessthanallthisisimpliedbythefactthatimpliesalgebraicargumentsthematterofoverlysimplifiedillustrationsoftheequalityisasubjectofpedagogicaldiscussionandcritiquediscussestheargumentthatinelementaryschooloneistaughtthatmathldotsmathsoignoringallessentialsubtletiesmultiplyingthisidentitybymathmathgivesmathldotsmathhefurthersaysthatthisargumentisunconvincingbecauseofanunresolvedambiguityoverthemeaningoftheequalssignastudentmightthinkitsurelydoesnotmeanthatthenumbermathmathisidenticaltothatwhichismeantbythenotationmathldotsmathmostundergraduatemathematicsmajorsencounteredbybyersfeelthatwhilemathldotsmathisveryclosetomathmathonthestrengthofthisargumentwithsomeevensayingthatitisinfinitelyclosetheyarenotreadytosaythatitisequaltonbspmathmathdiscusseshowthisargumentgetsitsforcefromthefactthatmostpeoplehavebeenindoctrinatedtoacceptthefirstequationwithoutthinkingbutalsosuggeststhattheargumentmayleadskepticstoquestionthisassumptionbyersalsopresentsthefollowingargumentletmathbeginalignxldotsxldotstextbymultiplyingbyxldotstextbysplittingoffintegerpartxxtextbydefinitionofxxtextbysubtractingxxtextbydividingbyendalignmathstudentswhodidnotacceptthefirstargumentsometimesacceptthesecondargumentbutinbyersopinionstillhavenotresolvedtheambiguityandthereforedonotunderstandtherepresentationforinfinitedecimalspresentingthesameargumentalsostatethatitdoesnotexplaintheequalityindicatingthatsuchanexplanationwouldlikelyinvolveconceptsofinfinityandcompletenessaxiomcompletenesscitingalsoconcludethatthetreatmentoftheidentitybasedonsuchargumentsasthesewithouttheformalconceptofalimitisprematurethesameargumentalsoappearsinwhonotesthatskepticsmayquestionwhetheriscancellablewhetheritmakessensetosubtractfrombothsidesanalyticproofssincethequestionofdoesnotaffecttheformaldevelopmentofmathematicsitcanbepostponeduntiloneprovesthestandardtheoremsofrealanalysisonerequirementistocharacterizerealnumbersthatcanbewrittenindecimalnotationconsistingofanoptionalsignafinitesequenceofoneormoredigitsforminganintegerpartadecimalseparatorandasequenceofdigitsformingafractionalpartforthepurposeofdiscussingtheintegerpartcanbesummarizedasbsubsubandonecanneglectnegativessoadecimalexpansionhastheformmathbbbbbbdotsmaththefractionpartunliketheintegerpartisnotlimitedtofinitelymanydigitsthisisapositionalnotationsoforexamplethedigitincontributestentimesasmuchastheinandtheincontributesonetenthasmuchastheininfiniteseriesandsequencesperhapsthemostcommondevelopmentofdecimalexpansionsistodefinethemassumsofinfiniteseriesingeneralmathbbbbbldotsbblefttfracrightblefttfracrightblefttfracrightblefttfracrightcdotsmathforonecanapplytheconvergentseriesconvergencetheoremconcerninggeometricseriesifmathrmaththenmatharararcdotsfracarrmathsinceissuchasumwithaandcommonratiorthetheoremmakesshortworkofthequestionmathldotslefttfracrightlefttfracrightlefttfracrightcdotsfraclefttfracrighttfracmaththisproofappearsasearlyasinleonhardeulerselementsofalgebrafractionsequenceconvergingtothesumofageometricseriesisitselfaresultevenolderthaneuleratypicalthcenturyderivationusedatermbytermmanipulationsimilartothedigitmanipulationalgebraicproofgivenaboveandaslateasbonnycastlestextbookanintroductiontoalgebrausessuchanargumentforgeometricseriestojustifythesamemaneuveronathcenturyreactionagainstsuchliberalsummationmethodsresultedinthedefinitionthatstilldominatestodaythesumofaseriesisdefinedtobethelimitofthesequenceofitspartialsumsacorrespondingproofofthetheoremexplicitlycomputesthatsequenceitcanbefoundinanyproofbasedintroductiontocalculusoranalysisasequencexsubsubxsubsubxsubsubhasalimitofasequencelimitxifthedistancexnbspnbspxsubnsubbecomesarbitrarilysmallasnincreasesthestatementthatnbspnbspcanitselfbeinterpretedandprovenasalimitmathldotsoversetundersetmathrmdeflimntoinftyunderbraceldotsnoversetundersetmathrmdeflimntoinftysumknfracklimntoinftyleftfracnrightlimntoinftyfracnmaththefirsttwoequalitiescanbeinterpretedassymbolshorthanddefinitionstheremainingequalitiescanbeproventhelaststepthatasnisoftenjustifiedbythearchimedeanpropertyoftherealnumbersthislimitbasedattitudetowardsisoftenputinmoreevocativebutlessprecisetermsforexamplethetextbooktheuniversityarithmeticexplainscontinuedtoinfinitybecauseeveryannexationofabringsthevalueclosertothearithmeticforschoolssayswhenalargenumberofsistakenthedifferencebetweenandbecomesinconceivablysmallsuchheuristicsareofteninterpretedbystudentsasimplyingthatitselfislessthannestedintervalsandleastupperboundstheseriesdefinitionaboveisasimplewaytodefinetherealnumbernamedbyadecimalexpansionacomplementaryapproachistailoredtotheoppositeprocessforagivenrealnumberdefinethedecimalexpansionstonameitifarealnumberxisknowntolieintheclosedintervalieitisgreaterthanorequaltoandlessthanorequaltoonecanimaginedividingthatintervalintotenpiecesthatoverlaponlyattheirendpointsandsoonuptothenumberxmustbelongtooneoftheseifitbelongstothenonerecordsthedigitandsubdividesthatintervalintocontinuingthisprocessyieldsaninfinitesequenceofnestedintervalslabeledbyaninfinitesequenceofdigitsbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubandonewritesmathxbbbbldotsmathinthisformalismtheidentitiesnbspnbspandnbspnbspreflectrespectivelythefactthatliesinbothandsoonecanchooseeithersubintervalwhenfindingitsdigitstoensurethatthisnotationdoesnotabusethesignoneneedsawaytoreconstructauniquerealnumberforeachdecimalthiscanbedonewithlimitsbutotherconstructionscontinuewiththeorderingthemeonestraightforwardchoiceisthenestedintervalstheoremwhichguaranteesthatgivenasequenceofnestedclosedintervalswhoselengthsbecomearbitrarilysmalltheintervalscontainexactlyonerealnumberintheirintersectionsettheoryintersectionsobsubsubbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubisdefinedtobetheuniquenumbercontainedwithinalltheintervalsbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubandsoonisthentheuniquerealnumberthatliesinalloftheintervalsandforeveryfinitestringofssinceisanelementofeachoftheseintervalsthenestedintervalstheoremisusuallyfoundeduponamorefundamentalcharacteristicoftherealnumberstheexistenceofleastupperboundsorsuprematodirectlyexploittheseobjectsonemaydefinebsubsubbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubtobetheleastupperboundofthesetofapproximantsbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubonecanthenshowthatthisdefinitionorthenestedintervalsdefinitionisconsistentwiththesubdivisionprocedureimplyingagaintomapostolconcludesblockquotethefactthatarealnumbermighthavetwodifferentdecimalrepresentationsismerelyareflectionofthefactthattwodifferentsetsofrealnumberscanhavethesamesupremumblockquoteproofsfromtheconstructionoftherealnumberssomeapproachesexplicitlydefinerealnumberstobecertainconstructionoftherealnumbersstructuresbuiltupontherationalnumbersusingaxiomaticsettheorythenaturalnumbersnbspandsoonnbspbeginwithandcontinueupwardssothateverynumberhasasuccessoronecanextendthenaturalnumberswiththeirnegativestogivealltheintegersandtofurtherextendtoratiosgivingtherationalnumbersthesenumbersystemsareaccompaniedbythearithmeticofadditionsubtractionmultiplicationanddivisionmoresubtlytheyincludeordertheoryorderingsothatonenumbercanbecomparedtoanotherandfoundtobelessthangreaterthanorequaltoanothernumberthestepfromrationalstorealsisamajorextensionthereareatleasttwopopularwaystoachievethisstepbothpublishedindedekindcutsandcauchysequencesproofsthatwhichdirectlyusetheseconstructionsarenotfoundintextbooksonrealanalysiswherethemoderntrendforthelastfewdecadeshasbeentouseanaxiomaticanalysisevenwhenaconstructionisoffereditisusuallyappliedtowardsprovingtheaxiomsoftherealnumberswhichthensupporttheaboveproofshoweverseveralauthorsexpresstheideathatstartingwithaconstructionismorelogicallyappropriateandtheresultingproofsaremoreselfcontaineddedekindcutsinthededekindcutapproacheachrealnumberxisdefinedastheinfinitesetofallrationalnumberslessthanxinparticulartherealnumberisthesetofallrationalnumbersthatarelessthaneverypositivedecimalexpansioneasilydeterminesadedekindcutthesetofrationalnumberswhicharelessthansomestageoftheexpansionsotherealnumberisthesetofrationalnumbersrsuchthatrorrorrorrislessthansomeothernumberoftheformmathfracnmatheveryelementofislessthansoitisanelementoftherealnumberconverselyallelementsofarerationalnumbersthatcanbewrittenasmathfracabmathwithandthisimpliesmathfracabfracbabgefracbfracbmathandthusmathfracabfracbmathandsincemathfracbldotsmathbythedefinitionaboveeveryelementofisalsoanelementofandcombinedwiththeproofabovethateveryelementofisalsoanelementofthesetsandcontainthesamerationalnumbersandarethereforethesamesetthatisthedefinitionofrealnumbersasdedekindcutswasfirstpublishedbyricharddedekindinrefnamemactutorreftheaboveapproachtoassigningarealnumbertoeachdecimalexpansionisduetoanexpositorypapertitledisbyfredrichmaninmathematicsmagazinerefnamemathmagrefwhichistargetedatteachersofcollegiatemathematicsespeciallyatthejuniorseniorlevelandtheirstudentsrichmannotesthattakingdedekindcutsinanydensesubsetoftherationalnumbersyieldsthesameresultsinparticularheusesdecimalfractionsforwhichtheproofismoreimmediatehealsonotesthattypicallythedefinitionsallowxxtobeacutbutnotxxorviceversawhydothatpreciselytoruleouttheexistenceofdistinctnumbersandsoweseethatinthetraditionaldefinitionoftherealnumberstheequationisbuiltinatthebeginningafurthermodificationoftheprocedureleadstoadifferentstructurewherethetwoarenotequalalthoughitisconsistentmanyofthecommonrulesofdecimalarithmeticnolongerholdforexamplethefractionhasnorepresentationseealternativenumbersystemsalternativenumbersystemsbelowcauchysequencesanotherapproachistodefinearealnumberasthelimitofacauchysequenceofrationalnumbersthisconstructionoftherealnumbersusestheorderingofrationalslessdirectlyfirstthedistancebetweenxandyisdefinedastheabsolutevaluexnbspnbspywheretheabsolutevaluezisdefinedasthemaximumofzandzthusnevernegativethentherealsaredefinedtobethesequencesofrationalsthathavethecauchysequencepropertyusingthisdistancethatisinthesequencexsubsubxsubsubxsubsubamappingfromnaturalnumberstorationalsforanypositiverationalthereisannsuchthatxsubmsubnbspnbspxsubnsubnbspnbspforallmnnbspnbspnthedistancebetweentermsbecomessmallerthananypositiverationalifxsubnsubandysubnsubaretwocauchysequencesthentheyaredefinedtobeequalasrealnumbersifthesequencexsubnsubnbspnbspysubnsubhasthelimittruncationsofthedecimalnumberbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubgenerateasequenceofrationalswhichiscauchythisistakentodefinetherealvalueofthenumberthusinthisformalismthetaskistoshowthatthesequenceofrationalnumbersmathleftoveroverdotsrightleftoveroverdotsrightmathhasthelimitconsideringthenthtermofthesequenceforitmustthereforebeshownthatmathlimnrightarrowinftyfracnmaththislimitisplainifoneunderstandsthelimitofasequenceformaldefinitiondefinitionoflimitsoagainnbspnbspthedefinitionofrealnumbersascauchysequenceswasfirstpublishedseparatelybyeduardheineandgeorgcantoralsointheaboveapproachtodecimalexpansionsincludingtheproofthatcloselyfollowsgriffithshiltonsworkacomprehensivetextbookofclassicalmathematicsacontemporaryinterpretationthebookiswrittenspecificallytoofferasecondlookatfamiliarconceptsinacontemporarylightinfinitedecimalrepresentationcommonlyinsecondaryschoolsmathematicseducationtherealnumbersareconstructedbydefininganumberusinganintegerfollowedbyaradixpointandaninfinitesequencewrittenoutasastringtorepresentthefractionalpartofanygivenrealnumberinthisconstructionthesetofanycombinationofanintegeranddigitsafterthedecimalpointorradixpointinnonbasesystemsisthesetofrealnumbersthisconstructioncanberigorouslyshowntosatisfyalloftherealnumberaxiomaticapproachrealaxiomsafterdefininganequivalencerelationoverthesetthatdefinessubeqsubaswellasforanyothernonzerodecimalswithonlyfinitelymanynonzerotermsinthedecimalstringwithitstrailingsversionwiththisconstructionoftherealsallproofsofthestatementcanbeviewedasimplicitlyassumingtheequalitywhenanyoperationsareperformedontherealnumbersgeneralizationstheresultthatgeneralizesreadilyintwowaysfirsteverynonzeronumberwithafinitedecimalnotationequivalentlyendlesstrailingshasacounterpartwithtrailingsforexampleequalsexactlyasinthespecialcaseconsideredthesenumbersareexactlythedecimalfractionsandtheyaredensesetdensesecondacomparabletheoremappliesineachradixorbaseexponentiationbaseforexampleinbasethebinarynumeralsystemequalsandinbasetheternarynumeralsystemequalsingeneralanyterminatingbasebexpressionhasacounterpartwithrepeatedtrailingdigitsequaltobminustextbooksofrealanalysisarelikelytoskiptheexampleofandpresentoneorbothofthesegeneralizationsfromthestartalternativerepresentationsofalsooccurinnonintegerbasesforexampleinthegoldenratiobasethetwostandardrepresentationsareandandthereareinfinitelymanymorerepresentationsthatincludeadjacentsgenerallyforalmostallqbetweenandthereareuncountablymanybaseqexpansionsofontheotherhandtherearestilluncountablymanyqincludingallnaturalnumbersgreaterthanforwhichthereisonlyonebaseqexpansionofotherthanthetrivialthisresultwasfirstobtainedbypaulerdsmikloshorvthandistvnjoaroundinvilmoskomornikandpaolaloretideterminedthesmallestsuchbasethekomornikloreticonstantqinthisbasethedigitsaregivenbythethuemorsesequencewhichdoesnotrepeatamorefarreachinggeneralizationaddressesnonstandardpositionalnumeralsystemsthemostgeneralpositionalnumeralsystemstheytoohavemultiplerepresentationsandinsomesensethedifficultiesareevenworseforexampleinthebalancedternarysysteminthereversefactorialnumbersystemusingbasesforpositionsafterthedecimalpointimpossibilityofuniquerepresentationthatallthesedifferentnumbersystemssufferfrommultiplerepresentationsforsomerealnumberscanbeattributedtoafundamentaldifferencebetweentherealnumbersasanorderedsetandcollectionsofinfinitestringsofsymbolsorderedlexicographicorderinglexicographicallyindeedthefollowingtwopropertiesaccountforthedifficultyifanintervalmathematicsintervaloftherealnumbersispartitionofasetpartitionedintotwononemptypartslrsuchthateveryelementoflisstrictlylessthaneveryelementofrtheneitherlcontainsalargestelementorrcontainsasmallestelementbutnotboththecollectionofinfinitestringcomputersciencestringsofsymbolstakenfromanyfinitealphabetlexicographicallyorderedcanbepartitionedintotwononemptypartslrsuchthateveryelementoflislessthaneveryelementofrwhilelcontainsalargestelementandrcontainsasmallestelementindeeditsufficestotaketwofiniteprefixcomputerscienceprefixesinitialsubstringspsubsubpsubsubofelementsfromthecollectionsuchthattheydifferonlyintheirfinalsymbolforwhichsymboltheyhavesuccessivevaluesandtakeforlthesetofallstringsinthecollectionwhosecorrespondingprefixisatmostpsubsubandforrtheremainderthestringsinthecollectionwhosecorrespondingprefixisatleastpsubsubthenlhasalargestelementstartingwithpsubsubandchoosingthelargestavailablesymbolinallfollowingpositionswhilerhasasmallestelementobtainedbyfollowingpsubsubbythesmallestsymbolinallpositionsthefirstpointfollowsfrombasicpropertiesoftherealnumberslhasasupremumandrhasaninfimumwhichareeasilyseentobeequalbeingarealnumberiteitherliesinrorinlbutnotbothsincelandraresupposedtobedisjointsetsdisjointthesecondpointgeneralizesthepairobtainedforpsubsubnbspnbsppsubsubnbspnbspinfactoneneednotusethesamealphabetforallpositionssothatforinstancemixedradixsystemscanbeincludedorconsiderthefullcollectionofpossiblestringstheonlyimportantpointsarethatateachpositionafinitesetofsymbolswhichmayevendependontheprevioussymbolscanbechosenfromthisisneededtoensuremaximalandminimalchoicesandthatmakingavalidchoiceforanypositionshouldresultinavalidinfinitestringsooneshouldnotallowineachpositionwhileforbiddinganinfinitesuccessionofsundertheseassumptionstheaboveargumentshowsthatanmonotonicorderpreservingmapfromthecollectionofstringstoanintervaloftherealnumberscannotbeabijectioneithersomenumbersdonotcorrespondtoanystringorsomeofthemcorrespondtomorethanonestringmarkopetkovekhasproventhatforanypositionalsystemthatnamesalltherealnumbersthesetofrealswithmultiplerepresentationsisalwaysdensehecallstheproofaninstructiveexerciseinelementarypointsettopologyitinvolvesviewingsetsofpositionalvaluesasstonespacesandnoticingthattheirrealrepresentationsaregivenbycontinuousfunctiontopologycontinuousfunctionsapplicationsoneapplicationofasarepresentationofoccursinelementarynumbertheoryinhgoodwinpublishedanobservationontheappearanceofsintherepeatingdecimalrepresentationsoffractionswhosedenominatorsarecertainprimenumbersexamplesincludeandandandemidyprovedageneralresultaboutsuchfractionsnowcalledmidystheoreminthepublicationwasobscureanditisunclearifhisproofdirectlyinvolvedbutatleastonemodernproofbywgleavittdoesifitcanbeprovedthatifadecimaloftheformbsubsubbsubsubbsubsubisapositiveintegerthenitmustbewhichisthenthesourceofthesinthetheoreminvestigationsinthisdirectioncanmotivatesuchconceptsasgreatestcommondivisorsmodulararithmeticfermatprimesordergrouptheoryorderofgroupmathematicsgroupelementsandquadraticreciprocityreturningtorealanalysisthebaseanalogueplaysakeyroleinacharacterizationofoneofthesimplestfractalsthemiddlethirdscantorsetapointintheunitintervalliesinthecantorsetifandonlyifitcanberepresentedinternaryusingonlythedigitsandthenthdigitoftherepresentationreflectsthepositionofthepointinthenthstageoftheconstructionforexamplethepointisgiventheusualrepresentationoforsinceitliestotherightofthefirstdeletionandtotheleftofeverydeletionthereafterthepointisrepresentednotasbutassinceitliestotheleftofthefirstdeletionandtotherightofeverydeletionthereafterrepeatingninesalsoturnupinyetanotherofgeorgcantorsworkstheymustbetakenintoaccounttoconstructavalidproofapplyingcantorsdiagonalargumenthisdiagonalargumenttodecimalexpansionsoftheuncountabilityoftheunitintervalsuchaproofneedstobeabletodeclarecertainpairsofrealnumberstobedifferentbasedontheirdecimalexpansionssooneneedstoavoidpairslikeandasimplemethodrepresentsallnumberswithnonterminatingexpansionstheoppositemethodrulesoutrepeatingninesavariantthatmaybeclosertocantorsoriginalargumentactuallyusesbaseandbyturningbaseexpansionsintobaseexpansionsonecanprovetheuncountabilityofthecantorsetaswellskepticismineducationstudentsofmathematicsoftenrejecttheequalityofandforreasonsrangingfromtheirdisparateappearancetodeepmisgivingsoverthelimitofasequencelimitconceptanddisagreementsoverthenatureofinfinitesimalstherearemanycommoncontributingfactorstotheconfusionstudentsareoftenmentallycommittedtothenotionthatanumbercanberepresentedinoneandonlyonewaybyadecimalseeingtwomanifestlydifferentdecimalsrepresentingthesamenumberappearstobeaparadoxwhichisamplifiedbytheappearanceoftheseeminglywellunderstoodnumbersomestudentsinterpretorsimilarnotationasalargebutfinitestringofspossiblywithavariableunspecifiedlengthiftheyacceptaninfinitestringofninestheymaystillexpectalastatinfinityintuitionandambiguousteachingleadstudentstothinkofthelimitofasequenceasakindofinfiniteprocessratherthanafixedvaluesinceasequenceneednotreachitslimitwherestudentsacceptthedifferencebetweenasequenceofnumbersanditslimittheymightreadasmeaningthesequenceratherthanitslimittheseideasaremistakeninthecontextofthestandardrealnumbersalthoughsomemaybevalidinothernumbersystemseitherinventedfortheirgeneralmathematicalutilityorasinstructivecounterexamplestobetterunderstandmanyoftheseexplanationswerefoundbydavidtallwhohasstudiedcharacteristicsofteachingandcognitionthatleadtosomeofthemisunderstandingshehasencounteredinhiscollegestudentsinterviewinghisstudentstodeterminewhythevastmajorityinitiallyrejectedtheequalityhefoundthatstudentscontinuedtoconceiveofasasequenceofnumbersgettingcloserandclosertoandnotafixedvaluebecauseyouhaventspecifiedhowmanyplacesthereareoritisthenearestpossibledecimalbelowtheelementaryargumentofmultiplyingbycanconvincereluctantstudentsthatstillwhenconfrontedwiththeconflictbetweentheirbeliefofthefirstequationandtheirdisbeliefofthesecondsomestudentseitherbegintodisbelievethefirstequationorsimplybecomefrustratednoraremoresophisticatedmethodsfoolproofstudentswhoarefullycapableofapplyingrigorousdefinitionsmaystillfallbackonintuitiveimageswhentheyaresurprisedbyaresultinadvancedmathematicsincludingforexampleonerealanalysisstudentwasabletoprovethatusingasupremumdefinitionbuttheninsistedthatbasedonherearlierunderstandingoflongdivisionothersstillareabletoprovethatbutuponbeingconfrontedbythefractionsfractionalproofinsistthatlogicsupersedesthemathematicalcalculationsjosephmazurtellsthetaleofanotherwisebrilliantcalculusstudentofhiswhochallengedalmosteverythingisaidinclassbutneverquestionedhiscalculatorandwhohadcometobelievethatninedigitsarealloneneedstodomathematicsincludingcalculatingthesquarerootofthestudentremaineduncomfortablewithalimitingargumentthatcallingitawildlyimaginedinfinitegrowingprocessaspartofeddubinskysapostheoryofmathematicallearningheandhiscollaboratorsproposethatstudentswhoconceiveofasafiniteindeterminatestringwithaninfinitelysmalldistancefromhavenotyetconstructedacompleteprocessconceptionoftheinfinitedecimalotherstudentswhohaveacompleteprocessconceptionofmaynotyetbeabletoencapsulatethatprocessintoanobjectconceptionliketheobjectconceptiontheyhaveofandsotheyviewtheprocessandtheobjectasincompatibledubinskyetalalsolinkthismentalabilityofencapsulationtoviewingasanumberinitsownrightandtodealingwiththesetofnaturalnumbersasawholeculturalphenomenonwiththeriseoftheinternetdebatesabouthavebecomecommonplaceonnewsgroupsandmessageboardsincludingmanythatnominallyhavelittletodowithmathematicsinthenewsgrouparguingoverisdescribedasapopularsportanditisoneofthequestionsansweredinitsfaqthefaqbrieflycoversmultiplicationbyandlimitsanditalludestocauchysequencesaswellaeditionofthegeneralinterestnewspapercolumnthestraightdopediscussesviaandlimitssayingofmisconceptionsblockquotethelowerprimateinusstillresistssayingdoesntreallyrepresentanumberthenbutaprocesstofindanumberwehavetohalttheprocessatwhichpointthethingfallsapartnonsenseblockquoteaslatemagazineslatearticlereportsthattheconceptofishotlydisputedonwebsitesrangingfromworldofwarcraftmessageboardstoaynrandforumsinthesameveinthequestionofprovedsuchapopulartopicinthefirstsevenyearsofblizzardentertainmentsbattlenetforumsthatthecompanyissuedapressreleaseonaprilfoolsdaythatitisblockquoteweareveryexcitedtoclosethebookonthissubjectonceandforallwevewitnessedtheheartacheandconcernoverwhetherdoesordoesnotequalandwereproudthatthefollowingprooffinallyandconclusivelyaddressestheissueforourcustomersblockquotetwoproofsarethenofferedbasedonlimitsandmultiplicationbyfeaturesalsoinmathematicaljokessuchasblockquoteqhowmanymathematiciansdoesittaketolightbulbjokescrewinalightbulbablockquoteinalternativenumbersystemsalthoughtherealnumbersformanextremelyusefulnumbersystemthedecisiontointerpretthenotationasnamingarealnumberisultimatelyaconventionandtimothygowersarguesinmathematicsaveryshortintroductionthattheresultingidentityisaconventionaswellblockquotehoweveritisbynomeansanarbitraryconventionbecausenotadoptingitforcesoneeithertoinventstrangenewobjectsortoabandonsomeofthefamiliarrulesofarithmeticblockquoteonecandefineothernumbersystemsusingdifferentrulesornewobjectsinsomesuchnumbersystemstheaboveproofswouldneedtobereinterpretedandonemightfindthatinagivennumbersystemandmightnotbeidenticalhowevermanynumbersystemsareextensionsofratherthanindependentalternativestotherealnumbersystemsocontinuestoholdeveninsuchnumbersystemsthoughitisworthwhiletoexaminealternativenumbersystemsnotonlyforhowbehavesifindeedanumberexpressedasisbothmeaningfulandunambiguousbutalsoforthebehaviorofrelatedphenomenaifsuchphenomenadifferfromthoseintherealnumbersystemthenatleastoneoftheassumptionsbuiltintothesystemmustbreakdowninfinitesimalssomeproofsthatnbspnbsprelyonthearchimedeanpropertyoftherealnumbersthattherearenononzeroinfinitesimalsspecificallythedifferencenbspnbspmustbesmallerthananypositiverationalnumbersoitmustbeaninfinitesimalbutsincetherealsdonotcontainnonzeroinfinitesimalsthedifferenceisthereforezeroandthereforethetwovaluesarethesamehowevertherearemathematicallycoherentorderedalgebraicstructuresincludingvariousalternativestotherealnumberswhicharenonarchimedeannonstandardanalysisprovidesanumbersystemwithafullarrayofinfinitesimalsandtheirinversesahlightstonedevelopedadecimalexpansionforhyperrealnumbersinsupsuplightstoneshowshowtoassociatetoeachnumberasequenceofdigitsmathddddotsdotsdinftydinftydinftydotsmathindexedbythehypernaturalnumberswhilehedoesnotdirectlydiscussheshowstherealnumberisrepresentedbywhichisaconsequenceofthetransferprincipleasaconsequencethenumberwiththistypeofdecimalrepresentationnoteveryexpansionrepresentsanumberinparticularanddonotcorrespondtoanynumberthestandarddefinitionofthenumberisthelimitofasequencelimitofthesequenceadifferentdefinitioninvolveswhatterrytaoreferstoasultralimitietheequivalenceclassofthissequenceintheultrapowerconstructionwhichisanumberthatfallsshortofbyaninfinitesimalamountmoregenerallythehyperrealnumberwithlastdigitatinfinitehypernaturalrankhsatisfiesastrictinequalityaccordinglyanalternativeinterpretationforzerofollowedbyinfinitelymanyscouldbemathundersethunderbraceldotsfrachmathallsuchinterpretationsofareinfinitelyclosetoianstewartmathematicianianstewartcharacterizesthisinterpretationasanentirelyreasonablewaytorigorouslyjustifytheintuitionthattheresalittlebitmissingfrominalongwithkatzkatzrobertelyalsoquestionstheassumptionthatstudentsideasaboutareerroneousintuitionsabouttherealnumbersinterpretingthemratherasnonstandardintuitionsthatcouldbevaluableinthelearningofcalculusjosebenardeteinhisbookinfinityanessayinmetaphysicsarguesthatsomenaturalpremathematicalintuitionscannotbeexpressedifoneislimitedtoanoverlyrestrictivenumbersystemtheintelligibilityofthecontinuumhasbeenfoundmanytimesovertorequirethatthedomainofrealnumbersbeenlargedtoincludeinfinitesimalsthisenlargeddomainmaybestyledthedomainofcontinuumnumbersitwillnowbeevidentthatdoesnotequalbutfallsinfinitesimallyshortofitithinkthatshouldindeedbeadmittedasanumberthoughnotasarealnumberhackenbushcombinatorialgametheoryprovidesalternativerealsaswellwithinfiniteblueredhackenbushasoneparticularlyrelevantexampleinelwynberlekampdescribedacorrespondencebetweenhackenbushstringsandbinaryexpansionsofrealnumbersmotivatedbytheideaofdatacompressionforexamplethevalueofthehackenbushstringlrrlrlrlissubsubnbspnbsphoweverthevalueoflrlllcorrespondingtosubsubisinfinitesimallylessthanthedifferencebetweenthetwoisthesurrealnumberwhereisthefirstordinalnumberinfiniteordinaltherelevantgameislrrrrorsubsubthisisinfacttrueofthebinaryexpansionsofmanyrationalnumberswherethevaluesofthenumbersareequalbutthecorrespondingbinarytreepathsaredifferentforexamplesubsubnbspnbspsubsubwhicharebothequaltobutthefirstrepresentationcorrespondstothebinarytreepathlrlrlllwhilethesecondcorrespondstothedifferentpathlrllrrrrevisitingsubtractionanothermannerinwhichtheproofsmightbeunderminedisifnbspnbspsimplydoesnotexistbecausesubtractionisnotalwayspossiblemathematicalstructureswithanadditionoperationbutnotasubtractionoperationincludecommutativesemigroupscommutativemonoidsandsemiringsrichmanconsiderstwosuchsystemsdesignedsothatfirstrichmandefinesanonnegativedecimalnumbertobealiteraldecimalexpansionhedefinesthelexicographicalorderandanadditionoperationnotingthatnbspnbspsimplybecausenbspnbspintheonesplacebutforanynonterminatingxonehasnbspnbspxnbspnbspnbspnbspxsoonepeculiarityofthedecimalnumbersisthatadditioncannotalwaysbecancelledanotheristhatnodecimalnumbercorrespondstoafterdefiningmultiplicationthedecimalnumbersformapositivetotallyorderedcommutativesemiringintheprocessofdefiningmultiplicationrichmanalsodefinesanothersystemhecallscutdwhichisthesetofdedekindcutsofdecimalfractionsordinarilythisdefinitionleadstotherealnumbersbutforadecimalfractiondheallowsboththecutnbspdthinspandtheprincipalcutnbspdthinspnowikinowikitheresultisthattherealnumbersarelivinguneasilytogetherwiththedecimalfractionsagainnbspnbsptherearenopositiveinfinitesimalsincutdbutthereisasortofnegativeinfinitesimalsupsupwhichhasnodecimalexpansionheconcludesthatnbspnbspnbspnbspsupsupwhiletheequationxhasnosolutionpadicnumberswhenaskedaboutnovicesoftenbelievethereshouldbeafinalbelievingnbspnbsptobeapositivenumberwhichtheywriteaswhetherornotthatmakessensetheintuitivegoalisclearaddingatothefinalinwouldcarryallthesintosandleaveaintheonesplaceamongotherreasonsthisideafailsbecausethereisnofinalinhoweverthereisasystemthatcontainsaninfinitestringofsincludingalastthepadicnumberpadicnumbersareanalternativenumbersystemofinterestinnumbertheoryliketherealnumbersthepadicnumberscanbebuiltfromtherationalnumbersviacauchysequencestheconstructionusesadifferentmetricinwhichisclosertopandmuchclosertopsupnsupthanitistothepadicnumbersformafieldalgebrafieldforprimepandaringmathematicsringforotherpincludingsoarithmeticcanbeperformedinthepadicsandtherearenoinfinitesimalsintheadicnumberstheanaloguesofdecimalexpansionsruntothelefttheadicexpansiondoeshavealastanditdoesnothaveafirstonecanaddtotheonesplaceanditleavesbehindonlysaftercarryingthroughnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspandsonbspnbsprefnamefjelstadfjelstadpnbsprefanotherderivationusesageometricseriestheinfiniteseriesimpliedbydoesnotconvergeintherealnumbersbutitconvergesintheadicsandsoonecanreusethefamiliarformulamathldotscdotsfracmathcomparewiththeseriesinfiniteseriesandsequencesaboveathirdderivationwasinventedbyaseventhgraderwhowasdoubtfuloverherteacherslimitingargumentthatnbspnbspbutwasinspiredtotakethemultiplybyproofdigitmanipulationaboveintheoppositedirectionifxnbspnbspthenxnbspnbspsoxnbspnbspxnbspnbsphencexnbspnbspagainasafinalextensionsinceintherealsandintheadicsthenbyblindfaithandunabashedjugglingofsymbolsonemayaddthetwoequationsandarriveatthisequationdoesnotmakesenseeitherasaadicexpansionoranordinarydecimalexpansionbutitturnsouttobemeaningfulandtrueifonedevelopsatheoryofdoubledecimalswitheventuallyrepeatingleftendstorepresentafamiliarsystemtherealnumbersultrafinitismthephilosophyofultrafinitismrejectsasmeaninglessconceptsdealingwithinfinitesetssuchasideathatthenotationmathldotsmathmightstandforadecimalnumberwithaninfinitesequenceofninesaswellasthesummationofinfinitelymanynumbersmathcdotsmathcorrespondingtothepositionalvaluesofthedecimaldigitsinthatinfinitestringinthisapproachtomathematicsonlysomeparticularfixednumberoffinitedecimaldigitsismeaningfulinsteadofequalityonehasapproximateequalitywhichisequalityuptothenumberofdecimaldigitsthatoneispermittedtocomputealthoughkatzandkatzarguethatultrafinitismmaycapturethestudentintuitionthatoughttobelessthantheideasofultrafinitismdonotenjoywidespreadacceptanceinthemathematicalcommunityandthephilosophylacksagenerallyagreeduponformalmathematicalfoundationrelatedquestionsintuitionismshouldbeworkedinsomewhereandexplainednotnecessarilyherezenosparadoxesparticularlytheparadoxoftherunnerarereminiscentoftheapparentparadoxthatandareequaltherunnerparadoxcanbemathematicallymodelledandthenlikeresolvedusingageometricserieshoweveritisnotclearifthismathematicaltreatmentaddressestheunderlyingmetaphysicalissueszenowasexploringdivisionbyzerooccursinsomepopulardiscussionsofanditalsostirsupcontentionwhilemostauthorschoosetodefinealmostallmoderntreatmentsleavedivisionbyzeroundefinedasitcanbegivennomeaninginthestandardrealnumbershoweverdivisionbyzeroisdefinedinsomeothersystemssuchascomplexanalysiswheretheextendedcomplexplaneietheriemannspherehasapointatinfinityhereitmakessensetodefinetobeinfinityandinfacttheresultsareprofoundandapplicabletomanyproblemsinengineeringandphysicssomeprominentmathematiciansarguedforsuchadefinitionlongbeforeeithernumbersystemwasdevelopednegativezeroisanotherredundantfeatureofmanywaysofwritingnumbersinnumbersystemssuchastherealnumberswheredenotestheadditiveidentityandisneitherpositivenornegativetheusualinterpretationofisthatitshoulddenotetheadditiveinverseofwhichforcesnbspnbspnonethelesssomescientificapplicationsuseseparatepositiveandnegativezeroesasdosomecomputingbinarynumbersystemsforexampleintegersstoredinthesignandmagnitudeoronescomplementformatsorfloatingpointnumbersasspecifiedbytheieeefloatingpointstandardseealsolimitmathematicsseriesmathematicsinformalmathematicsnaivemathematicsfinitismnotesreferencesthisintroductorytextbookondynamicalsystemsisaimedatundergraduateandbeginninggraduatestudentspixatransitionfromcalculustoadvancedanalysismathematicalanalysisisintendedtobehonestrigorousuptodateandatthesametimenottoopedanticprefapostolsdevelopmentoftherealnumbersusestheleastupperboundaxiomandintroducesinfinitedecimalstwopageslaterppnbspthistextaimstobeanaccessiblereasonablypacedtextbookthatdealswiththefundamentalconceptsandtechniquesofrealanalysisitsdevelopmentoftherealnumbersreliesonthesupremumaxiomppviiviiithisbookpresentsananalysisofparadoxesandfallaciesasatoolforexploringitscentraltopictherathertenuousrelationshipbetweenmathematicalrealityandphysicalrealityitassumesfirstyearhighschoolalgebrafurthermathematicsisdevelopedinthebookincludinggeometricseriesinchapteralthoughisnotoneoftheparadoxestobefullytreateditisbrieflymentionedduringadevelopmentofcantorsdiagonalmethodppixxithistextassumesastiffcourseinbasiccalculusasaprerequisiteitsstatedprinciplesaretopresentcomplexanalysisasanintroductiontomathematicsandtostatethematerialclearlyandpreciselypviianintroductoryundergraduatetextbookinsettheorythatpresupposesnospecificbackgrounditiswrittentoaccommodateacoursefocusingonaxiomaticsettheoryorontheconstructionofnumbersystemstheaxiomaticmaterialismarkedsuchthatitmaybedeemphasizedppxixiirefharvthisbookgrewoutofacourseforbirminghamareagrammarschoolmathematicsteachersthecoursewasintendedtoconveyauniversitylevelperspectiveonmathematicseducationschoolmathematicsandthebookisaimedatstudentswhohavereachedroughlythelevelofcompletingoneyearofspecialistmathematicalstudyatauniversitytherealnumbersareconstructedinchapterperhapsthemostdifficultchapterintheentirebookalthoughtheauthorsascribemuchofthedifficultytotheiruseofidealtheorywhichisnotreproducedhereppviixivmankiewiczseekstorepresentthehistoryofmathematicsinanaccessiblestylebycombiningvisualandqualitativeaspectsofmathematicsmathematicianswritingsandhistoricalsketchespnbspatopicalratherthanchronologicalreviewofinfinitythisbookisintendedforthegeneralreaderbuttoldfromthepointofviewofamathematicianonthedilemmaofrigorversusreadablelanguagemaorcommentsihopeihavesucceededinproperlyaddressingthisproblemppxxiiiintendedasanintroductionattheseniororfirstyeargraduatelevelwithnoformalprerequisitesidonotevenassumethereaderknowsmuchsettheorypximunkrestreatmentoftherealsisaxiomaticheclaimsofbarehandsconstructionsthiswayofapproachingthesubjecttakesagooddealoftimeandeffortandisofgreaterlogicalthanmathematicalinterestpnbspthisbookaimstopresentatheoreticalfoundationofanalysisthatissuitableforstudentswhohavecompletedastandardcourseincalculuspviiattheendofchaptertheauthorsassumeasanaxiomfortherealnumbersthatboundednondecreasingsequencesconvergelaterprovingthenestedintervalstheoremandtheleastupperboundpropertyppnbspdecimalexpansionsappearinappendixexpansionsofrealnumbersinanybaseppnbspwhileassumingfamiliaritywiththerationalnumberspughintroducesdedekindcutsassoonaspossiblesayingoftheaxiomatictreatmentthisissomethingofafraudconsideringthattheentirestructureofanalysisisbuiltontherealnumbersystempnbspafterprovingtheleastupperboundpropertyandsomealliedfactscutsarenotusedintherestofthebookfreehtmlpreprintnotethejournalarticlecontainsmaterialandwordingnotfoundinthepreprintthisbookgivesacarefulrigorousintroductiontorealanalysisitgivestheaxiomsoftherealnumbersandthenconstructsthemppnbspasinfinitedecimalswithnbspnbspaspartofthedefinitionatextbookforanadvancedundergraduatecourseexperiencehasconvincedmethatitispedagogicallyunsoundthoughlogicallycorrecttostartoffwiththeconstructionoftherealnumbersfromtherationalonesatthebeginningmoststudentssimplyfailtoappreciatetheneedfordoingthisaccordinglytherealnumbersystemisintroducedasanorderedfieldwiththeleastupperboundpropertyandafewinterestingapplicationsofthispropertyarequicklymadehoweverdedekindsconstructionisnotomitteditisnowinanappendixtochapterwhereitmaybestudiedandenjoyedwheneverthetimeisripepixthisbookaimstoassiststudentsindiscoveringcalculusandtofosterconceptualunderstandingpvitomitsproofsofthefoundationsofcalculusfurtherreadingthisarticleisafieldstudyinvolvingastudentwhodevelopedaleibnizianstyletheoryofinfinitesimalstohelpherunderstandcalculusandinparticulartoaccountforfallingshortofbyaninfinitesimalexternallinkscuttheknotorgarithmeticshtmlfromcuttheknotmathforumorgdrmathfaqfaqhtmlwhydoesmathcentralureginacaqqdatabaseqqjoanhtmlproofoftheequalitybasedonarithmeticwarwickacukstaffdavidtallthemeslimitsinfinityhtm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ysdesigneramericanlocomotivecompanybuilderamericanlocomotivecompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementaisalocomotivewithonepairofunpoweredleadingwheelsfollowedbytwosetsofthreepairsofpowereddrivingwheelsandonepairoftrailingwheelsthewheelarrangementwasprincipallyusedonmalletlocomotivemallettypearticulatedlocomotivesalthoughsometanklocomotiveexampleswerealsobuiltagarratttypelocomotivewiththesamewheelarrangementisdesignatedundertheuicclassificationthewheelarrangementisreferredtoasccformalletlocomotivesoverviewthewheelarrangementwasmostoftenusedforarticulatedcompoundsteammalletlocomotivesinacompoundmallettherearsetofcoupledwheelsaredrivenbythesmallerhighpressurecylindersfromwhichspentsteamisthenfedtothelargerlowpressurecylindersthatdrivethefrontsetofcoupledwheelsrefnamesteamensteamenginecompoundingenginescompoundingsteamenginesrefrefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefthistypeoflocomotivewascommonlyusedinnorthamericaonloggingrailroadsthewheelarrangementwasalsousedinsouthafricaandthesovietunionusageserbiatheserbiangovernmentusedamalletarticulatedcompoundlocomotiveforfreightserviceonnarrowgaugeitwasbuiltfortheserbiangovernmentbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyalcosouthafricathesouthafricanrailwayssaroperatedmalletlocomotiveswiththiswheelarrangementspreadoverfiveclassesallofthembuilttoinmarchthecentralsouthafricanrailwayscsarplacedasingleexperimentalmalletarticulatedcompoundlocomotivecompoundsteamlocomotiveinserviceorderedfromalcoitwasthefirstmalletonthecsarandwithitsfullworkingorderweightofitwastheheaviestlocomotiveintheworldworkingongaugeatthetimeithadwalschaertsvalvegearandusedsaturatedsteaminwhenitwasassimilatedintothesaritwasdesignatedsouthafricanclassmdclassmdrefnamehollandrefrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuaryppreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefinthecsarplacedninecompoundmalletsinservicealsobuiltbyalcoandwithwalschaertsvalvegeartheywereverysimilartotheexperimentalclassmdbuttheywereequippedwithwilhelmschmidtengineerschmidtsuperheatersinwhentheywereassimilatedintothesartheywereclassifiedassouthafricanclassmfclassmffivemorethatweredeliveredinnovemberweretakendirectlyontothesarrosterinandsixofthemwereconvertedtosimpleexpansionsimplexlocomotivesasingleexperimentalcompoundlocomotivewasincludedwiththecsarsorderforclassmfmalletsfromalcoitwassimilartotheothersalsowithwalschaertsvalvegearbutitusedsaturatedsteamandhadamechanicalstokerthefirstsouthafricanlocomotivetobesoequippedthecoupledwheelsontheleadingengineunitwereofalargerdiameterthanthoseofthetrailingengineunititwastheonlysouthafricanarticulatedlocomotivetohavedrivingwheelsofdifferentdiametersandintheorythisconfigurationwastoresultinimprovedaccelerationwiththerearengineunitprovidingthetractionitwasalsobelievedthatthedifferenceinfrequencybetweenthefrontandrearcylinderexhaustbeatswouldresultinamoreevenpressureinthereceiverpipeandthereforeimprovedsteamflowinwhenitwasassimilatedintothesaritwasdesignatedsouthafricanclassmgclassmgduringthecsarorderedanexperimentalsimpleexpansionmalletfromthenorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblcomparedtoothersouthafricanmalletsthislocomotivewasuniquebeingarrangedasasimplexlocomotivewithfourhighpressurecylindersinsteadofthemoreusualcompoundexpansionarrangementthelocomotivewasintendedfortestpurposesonbranchlineswithlightrailithadwalschaertsvalvegearaplateframeandwasequippedwithaschmidtsuperheaterbythetimeitwasdeliveredinjanuarythecsarhadalreadybecomepartofthenewlyestablishedsarwhodesignateditthesolesouthafricanclassmeclassmerefnamenblnorthbritishlocomotivecompanyworkslistcompiledbyaustrianlocomotivehistorianbernhardschmeiserrefinthesarplacedfivesouthafricanclassmhclassmhcompoundmalletsinservicedesignedindetailinthelocomotivedrawingofficeinpretoriaunderthedirectionofdahendriechiefmechanicalengineercmeofthesarfromtotheyweresuperheatedandhadwalschaertsvalvegearthelocomotiveswerebuiltbynblanderectedinthesalvokopshopsinpretoriaatthetimeoftheirintroductiontheclassmhwasthelargestandmostpowerfullocomotiveintheworldoncapegaugewithafullworkingorderweightofsovietunionthewheelarrangementalsoappearedinsovietrussiaasalocomotivethepbuiltbyrukolomnalocomotiveworkskolomnalocomotiveworksitwasamodernbutcompactmalletofwhichonlyonewasbuiltreferencesinwhytenotationaisarailroadsteamlocomotivethathasfourleadingwheelsfollowedbysixcoupleddrivingwheelsasecondsetofsixdrivingwheelsandfourtrailingwheelssarecommonlyknownaschallengerschallengersweremostcommonintheunionpacificrailroadandtheclinchfieldrailroadthislocomotivewasimpressiveandwidelyusedbytheunionpacificforpassengerservicebutwasmostlyusedforfreightotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationccalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationtheuicclassificationisrefinedtoccformalletlocomotivesonesuchlocomotiveunionpacificisstilloperableanditiscurrentlythelargestoperablesteamlocomotiveintheworldanotherexampleunionpacificisonstaticdisplayinnorthplattenebraskaanexpansionfortheunionpacificchallengerclasswastheunionpacificbigboyclassbeingainsteadofathoughoriginallyintendedforfreightservicemanyunitscouldbefoundleadingpassengerconsistsaswellrailroadsthatusedthechallengertypelocomotiveincludeclasswikitableconstructionrosterrailroadquantityclassroadnumbersbuilderbuildyearnotesrowspanclinchfieldrailroadnewsecondhandeamericanlocomotivecompanyalcoeamericanlocomotivecompanyalcoeamericanlocomotivecompanyalcoexdenverandriograndewesternrailroaddrgwacquireddelawareandhudsonrailwayjalcorowspandenverandriograndewesternrailroadlbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinlbaldwinlalcotoclinchfieldrailroadingreatnorthernrailwayusgreatnorthernrailwaysecondhandzalcoexspokaneportlandandseattlerailwayspssoldbacktospsmarchandjulyrespectivelyrowspannorthernpacificrailwayzalcozalcozalcorowspanspokaneportlandandseattlerailwayzalcoidenticaltonpzclasssoldtognjanuarypurchasedbackmarchandjulyrespectivelyzalcoidenticaltonpzclassrowspanunionpacificrailroadunionpacificchallengercsaalcotoupunionpacificchallengercsaalcotoupunionpacificchallengeralcounionpacificchallengeralcounionpacificchallengeralcowesternmarylandrailwaymbaldwintheseandtheunitsforthedrgwweretheonlyonesofthistypemadebybaldwinwesternpacificrailroadmalcoexternallinkssteamlocomotivecomchallengerthechallengertypelocomotivenortheastrailfannetchallengerhtmltheunionpacificchallengerrostertoytrainscomchallengerhtmwebsiteoftoytrainschallengersteamlocomotivesinfoboxvideogametitlexargonimagexargoncoverartjpgdeveloperepicmegagamespublisherepicmegagamesplatformsdosreleasedgenreplatformgameplatformmodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayerxargonalsoknownasxargonthemysteryofthebluebuildersisavideogametrilogyproducedbyepicmegagamesfordosthegameisasidescrollinggamesidescrollingplatformgameverysimilartojillofthejunglebutwithimprovedgraphicsthemaincharactermalvineoushavershimmustjourneythroughstrangelandscapesasheseekstodestroytheevilxargonhistoryxargonproducedandreleasedbyepicmegagameswasprogrammedbyallenpilgrimthegraphicswerecreatedbyjoehitchenswhoalsocontributedtoepicpinballandjillofthejunglevolumeonebeyondrealitywasreleasedassharewarebutvolumetwothesecretchamberandvolumethreexargonsfuryhadtobepurchasedcommerciallythegamewasacontemporaryofsuchgamesasidsoftwarescommanderkeenanddrealmsapogeesoftwaresdukenukemiiallenpilgrimdeclaredtheregisteredversionfreewareandreleasedalsothesourcecodeonaugustfollowingthatportswithsimpledirectmedialayersdltonewplatformsandmobiledeviceslikethepandorahandheldpandorawerecreatedplotmalvineoushavershimisanarchaeologiststudyingstrangeruinsinmadagascartheruinswerebuiltbyanunknownancientcultureknownasthebluebuilderswhileattemptingtotranslatetheglyphsonthewallsofonebluebuilderstructureastrangegasisemittedandmalvineouslosesconsciousnessmalvineousthenhasadreamencounterwithatalkingeaglewhogiveshimcrypticwarningsheawakesinastrangelandtheareainwhichthegametakesplacegameplaythebasicgoalofthegameistoadvancethroughthemapbycompletinglevelstofinishaleveltheplayermustfindandreachtheexitwhichisfoundbytraversingthroughoutthelevelinitiallymalvineousisarmedwithalaserbulletallowingonlyoneshotonscreenatatimewhichcanbecontrolledbypressingupordowninwhichthelaserbulletwillslightlyadvanceupwardsordownwardsotherweaponsincludemorelaserboltswhichallowsmalvineoustoshootmoreoftenrapidfirerockswhichcanbethrownmorestrategicallyandpowerfulfireballswhichdestroyeveryenemyintheirpathxargonisuniqueinthesensethatyoucanpurchaseitemsatanypointduringthegamegrantedyouhavetheemeraldstospendemeraldsarerandomlyplacedinmostlevelspurchasableitemsincludehealthunitsinvincibilityandweaponupgradesinmostofthelevelstherearegiftboxesthateitherexplodewhenyoushootthemorcontainfruitorothervaluableitemsornothingatallpointsareearnedbycollectingfruitkillingmonstersandcollectingthefourepicpoolballsmorepointsareearnediftheepicpoolballsarecollectedinordermalvineouscantakehitsandifhediestheplayermuststarttheleveloveragainhishealthcanberestoredbycollectingabeatingheartorcollectingfruitswhichrestoresonehealthunitorpurchasingahealthunitspikepitswateracidandvariousotherdangerskillmalvineousinstantlyifhetouchesthemreceptionxargonwasrankedoutofthetopfivegamesonmayafterjustfourmonthsonthemarketwhereithadremainedforthreeweekscominginatwasdukenukemthegamewasreviewedinindragonmagazinedragonbysandypetersenintheeyeofthemonitorcolumnpetersengavethegameoutofstarsrefnamedragoncitejournaltitleeyeofthemonitorauthorsandypetersenpetersensandyjournaldragonissuedateaprilpagesrefcomputergamingworldinjulysaidthatxargonbeyondrealityisanattractivehighenergygamethatwasbetterthanjillofthejungleandrecommendedittofansofthelatterbiomenaceordukenukemrefnamemillercitemagazinelastbrucefirstjoshauthorlastfirstdatejulytitlexargonandheliumtheelementsofsharewaredepartmentsharewareshowcaseurlcgwmuseumorggalleriesindexphpyearpubidmagazinecomputerg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fimagesseealsopopplersoftwarepoppleragnugeneralpubliclicensegpllicensedforkofthexpdfrenderinglibrarydesignedforeasierreuseinotherprogramslistofpdfsoftwarenotesreferencescitebookfirstsidlaststewardtitlepdfhacksindustrialstrengthtipstoolsurloreillycomcatalogpdfhkspublisheroreillyisbnexternallinksmultipleissuesinfoboxlocomotivenameunionpacificseriespowertypesteamimageupjpgcaptiontheprototypeupaspreservedatthelosangelescountyfairplexinpomonacaliforniabuilderamericanlocomotivecompanybuilddatetotalproductionwhytetypeuicclassfhgaugeleadingdiameterdriverdiametertrailingdiameterlengthweightondriverslocotenderweightfueltypecoalfuelcapwatercapboilerpressurecylindercountthreecylindersizeinsidetractiveeffortfactorofadhesionoperatorunionpacificrailroadoperatorclassupthroughupfleetnumbersdispositiononepreservedremainderscrappedimageupjpgthumbpxinthisfrontviewofthesamelocomotivethethirdcylinderandthemechanismthatcontrolleditcanbeseenbelowthesmokeboxunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoffourleadingwheelstwelvecoupleddrivingwheelsandtwotrailingwheelsthisarrangementwasnamedtheunionpacifictypeaftertheonlyrailroadtouseitotherequivalentclassificationsarebraarwheelarrangementfbruicclassificationfalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationonlyonetypeofwasbuilttheunionpacificrailroadsserieslocomotivesofwhichwerebuiltbyamericanlocomotivecompanyalcobetweenandtheselocomotiveswereusedtoincreasethespeedoffreighttrainsinflatcountryandwerefairlysuccessfulbutweremaintenancenightmareslargelybecauseoftheiruseofaninsidethirdcylinderdrivingthecrankedseconddrivingaxlebetweentheframestherewasnoinsidevalvegeartoworryabouthoweveralcohadobtainedpermissiontousethegresleyconjugatedvalvegearconjugatedvalvegearinventedbynigelgresleysirnigelgresleythissystemusedtwohingedleversconnectedtotheoutercylindersvalvestooperatetheinnercylindersvalvetheclasslocomotiveswerethelargesttousegresleygearbetweenandeightofthefirstfifteenlocoshadtheirgresleygearremovedandwereconvertedtoadoublewalschaertsvalvegearwhichutilizedadoubleeccentricreturncrankandsecondlinkontherightsidesimilartothegearbaldwinusedonitscylinderexperimentalcompoundbaldwinwhichoperatedthevalvefortheinsidecylinderunionpacificreferredtothissystemasthethirdlinkthesconstructedfromutilizedrollerbearingsinthegresleyleverbearingsthusnoneoftheseengineswereconvertedthepreenginesnotconvertedreceivedtherollerbearingleversinandnofurtherconversionsweremadeduringdesignthethirdandfourthdrivingaxleswereplannedtobeblinddriverblindflangelessinordertoimprovecurvehandlingbutalcoslateralmotiondevicesonthefirstandsixthaxleswhichallowedtheaxlestoslideuptotwoinchestothesidemadethisunnecessarytheyhadthelongestrigidwheelbaseinnorthamericaandthelongestintheworlduntilthesovietunionbuilttheirlocomotiveinthetrailingtruckcarriedthesameaxleloadasthedriverswhichwasunusualtherehasbeendebateastowhetherthefirstdrivingaxleofthewascrankedtoprovideclearanceforthesteamlocomotivenomenclaturemainrodconnectedtothesecondaxleunionpacificdrawingsshownosuchcrankonthefirstaxleandtherailwayagearticlesaystheinchdriverspermittheuseofastraightaxleonthefrontdriversthespacingbetweenthefirstandsecondaxleswasincreasedbytoprovideclearancebasedonthepublisheddimensionsthismeansatitsclosestthecenterlineoftheinsiderodwasinchesfromthecenterlineofthefirstaxleupdrawingsreproducedinkratvilleandbushsunionpacifictypebooksshowtheinsiderodincheslongandthefirstandseconddriveraxlesinchesaparttheinsidecylinderaxiswasinclineddegreesandwasinchesabovetheplaneofthedrivingaxlesatapointinchesaheadoftheseconddrivingaxlesothecylinderaxismissedthecenterlineofthesecondaxlebyinchestherodcenterlineisclosesttotheaxlewhenthecrankisdegreesbelowhorizontalclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterunionpacificupclassesyearquantityclassbuilderunionpacificnumbernotesupalcosmallsmallunionpacificpreservedupalcosmallsmallunionpacifictoowrnthenbacktoupupalcosmallsmallunionpacificupalcosmallsmalloregonwashingtonrailroadandnavigationcompanytounionpacificupalcosmallsmallunionpacificupalcosmallsmallunionpacifictooregonshortlinerailroadoregonshortlineupalcosmallsmallunionpacifictotaloneexamplesurvivesunionpacificseenatrightattherailgiantstrainmuseumrailwayandlocomotivehistoricalsocietysmuseumatthelosangelescountyfairplexinpomonacaliforniareferencessteamlocomotivecomcylinderindexshtmlthreecylindersteamlocomotivesmaintainedbywesbarrisexternallinksutahrailsnetupupsoundsphpunionpacificssoundsatutahrailsnetchinesetspxzhnglnwhschunglinxuzhonglindiedwasachinesewriterwholivedinthemingdynastyheisbestknownastheauthorofthenovelfengshenyanyihewasborninnanjingsomesaythatxuwrotethenovelforadowrytrousseauforhisdaughterhisartnamepseudonymmightbezhongshanyisouwhichliterallymeansacarefreeoldmanlivinginzhongshanthenameappearsinchapteroffengshenyanyiseealsochineseliteraturereferencesdeletedimageremovedimagelocojpgthumbrightpxoneofthecoslocomotivestheinwhytenotationisanarticulatedlocomotivetypewithleadingwheelstwosetsofsixdrivingwheelsandsixtrailingwheeltrailingwheelsonlytwoclassesofthetypewerebuiltonewasthealleghenyclassbuiltbythelimalocomotiveworksthenamecomesfromthelocomotivesfirstservicewiththechesapeakeandohiorailwaybeginningintheotherwastheblueridgeclassforthevirginianrailwaythesewereoneofthemostpowerfulreciprocatingsteamlocomotiveseverbuiltathpwhichwasonlyexceededbytheprrqandoneoftheheaviestattonsforthelocomotiveitselfplustonsfortheloadedtenderrailtenderotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationccalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationtheuicclassificationisrefinedtoccformalletlocomotiveshistoryexternalmediawidthpxfloatrightheaderimagevideoyoutubecomwatchvcetrksnvosalleghenymostpowerfulsteamlocomotivewandakaluzaonyoutubetwoclassesoflocomotiveswerebuiltthesixtyhalleghenyclasslocomotivesforthechesapeakeandohiorailwaycobetweenandandtheeightagblueridgeclasslocomotivesforthevirginianrailwayinthelocomotiveswereseriesagonthevirginianwhichwasthoughttobeanabbreviationforalleghenybutthatreferredtotheirbeingarticulatedseriesgallwerebuiltbythelimalocomotiveworksthealleghenynamereferstothecolocomotivesjobofhaulingcoaltrainsoverthealleghenymountainsthoughitwasapparenttoknowledgeablepeopleintherailroadindustrythatreciprocatingpistondrivensteamlocomotivesmightsoonbereplacedbydieselpowerlimaandcosetouttobuildtheultimateinhighpowersteamlocomotivesandtheysucceedednodieselengineeversurpassedtheoutputofthesegiantswhichweretheheavieststeamlocomotiveseverconstructedbyengineonlyweightthethreeaxletrailingtrucksupportingthefireboxwasunusualcarryingovernbsplbsallowingthehugefireboxneededforthehighpowerasitturnedoutsteamlocomotivescontinuedinserviceforalmostanotheryearsgenehuddlestonsbookcopowerreportstestsofthecowithadynamometercarindicatingmomentaryreadingsofwithreadingsbetweenataboutthestateofcalibrationofthedynamometercarisnotknownthecalculatedstartingtractiveeffortwasonlybutnoonehaspublishedahigherdynamometerhorsepowerforanysteamlocomotivethelocomotivewasbuilttopowercoaltrainsontheeastwardclimbfromwhitesulphurspringswvtoalleghenyvawithoneatthefrontandanotheratthebacktoncoaltrainslefthintonwvandwereatfullthrottlefromwhitesulphurspringsaresorttothetopcossalsohandledcoaltrainsfromwestvirginiatocolumbusohiohuddlestonsaysthatlocomotiveswereequippedwithsteampipingforheatingpassengertrainsmultipleunitoperationinthedieseleraremovedtheneedtopackthehighesthorsepowerinasingleunitthehspoundaxleloaddemandedheavyrailandtrackstructureonehthesufferedacrownsheetfailureandsubsequentboilerexplosionathintonwvinjunetheforceoftheexplosionrocketedtheboilerendwiseofftherunninggearkillingallthreecrewwhiletheselocomotiveshadtwosourcesofwaterfortheboilerasteamturbinepumpfedworthingtoncorporationworthingtonhotpumpandoneinjectoritisnotknownwhetheranyweredefectiveatthetimeofdispatchaccordingtothefamilyofthelocomotivesengineerwilburhandersonofhintonpreviouscrewshadcomplainedofafaultywaterlevelgaugeandersonswidowgeorgiaandersonwasgivenincompensationbythecopreservationimagecandolocomotivejpgthumbrightpxcoondisplayatthehenryfordthereareonlytwosurvivingallegheniesuponretirementinwasdonatedtothehenryfordmuseumindearbornmichiganwhereithasbeenondisplayindoorssincewasinitiallysenttocosscraplinesbehindtheirdieselshopsatrussellkentuckyitwasthendonatedtothevirginiamuseumoftransportationinroanokevirginiaroanokecircawhereitwasdisplayednexttonorfolkwesternnwonnovemberthitwaspartiallydamagedbyafloodwhichwashedawaythegroundunderitandnearlyturnedthelocomotiveoverinparentcompanynorfolksouthernrailwaynorfolksoutherndidacosmeticoverhaulonitattheirroanokeshopsbeforeitwassenttobaltimoremarylandbaltimoretobedisplayedasthecenterpieceofthethenmountclarejunctionshoppingcenterwhichwasadjacenttotheborailroadmuseumintheshoppingcenterdonatedittothemuseumwhereitpresentlyresidesnotethehasinspiredthecreationoftheanimatedcharactersamwhowasrecentlyaddedasatraintotheanimatedchildrensshowthomasandfriendsreferencesnotesbibliographyexternallinkssteamlocomotivecomalleghenyunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementofnoleadingwheelseightpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonfouraxlesandtwotrailingwheelsononeaxleusuallyinatrailingtruckotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationdfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationusagethishasbeenarelativelyunusualwheelarrangementonmainlinerailwaysunitedkingdomlocomotiveintheunitedkingdomanumberoftanklocomotivedesignswerebuiltofthetypeincludingthelondonandnortheasternrailwaylnerlnerrrclassdesignedbyhenryaivattandbuiltoriginallyforthegreatnorthernrailwaygreatbritaingreatnorthernrailwayastheirgnrclasslclassltheselocomotiveswereintendedforsuburbanpassengerservicebutdidnotprovesatisfactorysotheyendeduponfreightservicerefcitewebtitletheivattrtanklocomotivesurllnerinfolocosrrshtmlpublisherlnerencyclopediarefrefmarsdenrichardwinwaedcomraillnerlocosrrsh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comicsstorminthepresentdayxpweuropeanchampionshipxavierllobetsallentbornmayinmanresacataloniaisaspainspanishtriathlontriathletellobetcompetedinthesecondolympictriathlonatthesummerolympicshedidnotfinishthecompetitionhisrunsforclubtriatlmanresareferencesexternallinksinwhytenotationreferstoarailroadsteamlocomotivethathastwoleadingwheelsfollowedbyfourcoupleddrivingwheelsasecondsetoffourcoupleddrivingwheelsandtwotrailingwheelsequivalentclassificationsotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationbbalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationtheuicclassificationisrefinedtobbforamalletlocomotiveusexamplesthisarticulatedwheelarrangementwasrareinnorthamericamostwerebuiltaslogginglocomotivespresumablytobetternegotiatetheunevenandoftentemporarytrackworkthatcharacterizedsuchoperationstheaddedmechanicalcomplexitywasfoundtobeofdubiousvalueasreflectedintheirlimitedproductionanduserefnamedtdrefthereisoneknownsurvivingexamplethedeepriverloggingnoskookumformerlittlerivernobuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksinjuneretiredwhichiscurrentlyasofbeingrestoredintheoregoncoastscenicrailroadshopingaribaldioregonnewzealandalconumberbuiltbyalcothislocomotiveisamalletcompoundenginebuiltforthetaupototaratimbercoforuseontheirmileprivatetramwaysystemthemokaitramwaybetweenputaruruandmokaiinthenorthislanditisnowpreservedontheglenbrookvintagerailwaynearaucklandnewzealandandnowcarriesthenumbertheengineiscurrentlyoutofserviceawaitingoverhaulbutcanstillbeseenattherailwayspukeowareworkshopsreferencesinfoboxsoftwarenamexadmasterscreenshotcaptionstructureofxaddeveloperdirkstckerreleasedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedateprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecoperatingsystemamigaosmorphosgenrefilearchiverfileextractordecompressorlicenselgplwebsitethexadsystemisanopensourceopensourceclientbasedunarchivingsystemfortheamigathismeansthereisamasterlibrarycalledxadmasterlibrarywhichprovidesaninterfacecomputerscienceinterfacebetweentheclientandtheuserapplicationandthereareclientshandlingthespecialarchiveformatsthreedifferenttypestohandlefileanddiskarchivesandalsodiskimagefilesfilesystemarepossibletheycanbemadebyanyonethemasterlibraryitselfincludessomeoftheseclientsinternallytomaketheworksomewhateasierforthepackagemaintainerandtheuserinstallingitthexadsubsystemwasofficiallyincludedinamigaosalongwithasimplereactionguibasedtoolforunarchivingsupportedfilearchivesitisalsopartofmorphossinceversionthemacosxfrontendiscalledtheunarchiverreferencesexternallinkskyzermeukpackxaddeveloperwebsiteunarchiverccxunarchivermacimplementationforumshollywoodmalcomviewtopicphpftphollywoodpluginseehollywoodprogramminglanguagexmucaneandxpiacocthexfontserverxfsprovidesastandardmechanismforanxservertocommunicatewithafontfontrenderingrendererfrequentlyonerunningonaremotemachineitusuallyrunsontransmissioncontrolprotocoltcpportcurrentstatustheuseofserversidefontsiscurrentlyconsidereddeprecatedinfavourofclientsidefontsrefnameherrbhopfmatthieuherrbandmatthiashopfopenbsdorgpaperseurobsdherrbhopfpdfnewevolutionsinthexwindowsystemrefsuchfontsarerenderedbytheclientnotbytheserverwiththesupportofthexftxftorcairographicscairolibrariesandthexrenderextensionforthefewcasesinwhichserversidefontsarestillneededthenewservershavetheirownintegratedfontrenderersothatnoexternaloneisneededserversidefontscannowbeconfiguredinthexserverconfigurationfilesforexamplewillsettheserversidefontsforxorgnospecificationonclientsidefontsisgiveninthecoreprotocolfutureasofoctoberthemanpageforxfsondebianstatesthatfuturedirectionssignificantfurtherdevelopmentofxfsisunlikelyoneoftheoriginalmotivationsbehindxfswasthesinglethreadednatureofthexserverausersxsessioncouldseemtofreezeupwhilethexservertookamomenttorasterizeafontthisproblemwiththexserverwhichremainssinglethreadedinallpopularimplementationstothisdayhasbeenmitigatedontwofrontsmachineshavegottenmuchfasterandclientsidefontrenderingparticularlyviathexftlibraryhasbecomethenormincontemporarysoftwareperformanceuserexperienceshowthesameperformanceonbothxserverwithdirectfontservingandxserverwithfontserverpathdeploymentissuessothechoicebetweenlocalfilesystemfontaccessandxfsbasedfontaccessispurelyalocaldeploymentchoiceitdoesnotmakemuchsenseinasinglecomputerscenarioseealsoxwindowsystemcoreprotocolxlogicalfontdescriptionreferencesslashdotimagestephensonsrocketjpgthumbpxstephensonsrocketstephensonsrocketthefirstlocomotivethisistheconditionafterrebuildingwiththecylindersloweredfromtheiroriginalpositionaninthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementisonethathastwocoupleddrivingwheelsfollowedbytwotrailingwheelswithnoleadingwheelstheconfigurationwasbrieflybuiltbyrobertstephensonandcompanyfortheliverpoolandmanchesterrailwayequivalentclassificationsotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationaalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationliverpoolmanchesterrailwayrockettheornorthumbrianwheelarrangementwasfirstusedforstephensonsrocketstephensonsrockettheirentryfortherainhilltrialsofacompetitiontochoosealocomotivedesignforthenewliverpoolmanchesterrailwayrefnamefootnotebaileyecitebooktitlelocomotionchapterthelocomotivecomesofagerocketlastbaileyfirstmichaelryearpublisherthehistorypressisbnrefharvpagesrefstephensonrecognisedthattherulesofthecompetitionfavouredafastlightlocomotiveofonlymoderatehaulingpowerrefnamesnellcitebooklastsnellfirstjbtitlerailwaysmechanicalengineeringpublisherarrowyearorigyearisbnrefpagerefalthoughgeorgestephensonskillingworthlocomotivespreviousdesignshadbeenheavyfourcoupledfreightlocomotivesrocketwasalmostentirelynewstephensonwasanadvocateoftheadhesionrailwayagainstthefashionofthetimeandbelievedthatthelightloadsforrainhillwouldevenallowjustasingledrivingaxlethisallowedthesimplificationofnotrequiringeitherachaindrivebetweentheaxlesorstephensonsinventionoftheexternalcouplingrodsachievingadequatetractionrequiredmoreofrocketsweighttobeoverthedrivingaxlethanthecarryingaxletheheavyboilerwasplacedforwardswiththeaxlebeneathitgivingalayoutratherthanthecylindersteamlocomotivecylindersweresetatasteepangleasusedtheyearbeforeforlancashirewitchratherthanthetypicalverticalcylindersofthisperiodthecylinderswerethusoverthefireboxsteamlocomotivefireboxandbothdriverandfiremansharedafootplateatthesamerearendoftheenginepreviouslytheyhadoftenbeenseparatedtotheirownendsoftheenginenoveltyjohnericssonericssonandjohnbraithwaiteengineerbraithwaitesentryforthetrialstheirnoveltylocomotivenoveltywasantankenginewelltanklocomotiverefcitebookauthorthesciencemuseumauthorlinksciencemuseumlondontitlethebritishrailwaylocomotivepublisherhmsoyearpagesrefboththedrivingwheelsandtrailingwheelswerethesamesizeandtheremayalsohavebeenthefacilitytofitacouplingchaindrivetogivebetteradhesionwhenneedednoveltyhasalsobeendescribedasatwtdesignasthereisnoclearfrontorreartothisdesignnorthumbrianrocketwastheonlylocomotivetocompletethetrialssuccessfullyandstephensonbecamethesupplieroflocomotivestothelmrthearrangementwassubsequentlyusedbyrobertstephensonandcompanyoneightlocomotivessuppliedtotheliverpoolandmanchesterrailwayaftermeteorcometdartarrowphoenixnorthstarnorthumbrianlocomotivenorthumbrianandmajesticliketherebuiltrocketthesehadtheircylinderssetlowinanearhorizontalpositionthenorthumbriantypewassupersededbytheplanettypethesereversedthelayoutplacingthecylindersinsidebetweenthelocomotiveframeframesandbelowthesmokeboxatthefronttheinsidecylinderswereclosertogethergivinglessofarockingcoupleandsowerelesspronetoyawrotationyawingoscillationatspeedplacingthecylindersbelowthesmokeboxalsopermittedshortersteampipesandexhaustpipestotheblastpipegivingbetterefficiencynorthumbrianswerethelastandonlyproductionlocomotiveswiththiswheelarrangementaftertheplanetsmostpassengerlocomotivesbegantouseaarrangementwithanadditionalfrontcarryingaxletogivebetterridingatspeedtankenginesintheearlythcenturyanumberofrailmotorswerebuiltbyvariousrailwaycompaniesintheukwherethelocomotivesectionhadanwheelarrangementbuttheyweredesignedtooperatesemipermanentlycoupledtoacoachunitthelondonandsouthwesternrailwaylswrlswrcclasscclassusedasimilarlayoutbutreversedasattheirlowadhesiveweightgavethemapoorperformanceandhalfofthemwererebuiltasthetlswrcclasssclasssreferencesreflistrefsinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameporterimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelandtwolargedrivingwheelsjoinedtogetherwithacouplingrodcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagelswrbeattiewelltankboysbookoflocomotivesjpgaltcaptionlswrclassorbeattiewelltankequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalybbfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecsscountryunitedkingdomlocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitbetteradhesionwithcoupledwheelsmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoftwoleadingwheelsononeaxlefourpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsontwoaxlesandnotrailingwheelsthenotationtwhichredirectshereindicatesatanklocomotiveofthiswheelarrangementonwhichitswaterandfueliscarriedonboardtheengineitselfratherthaninanattachedtenderrailtenderoverviewtheconfigurationwasdevelopedintheunitedkingdominthelatesorearlysasanenlargementoftheandtypeswiththeadditionalpairofcoupledwheelsgivingbetteradhesionthetypewasinitiallydesignedforfreighthaulageoneoftheearliestexampleswasthebroadgaugegwrleoclassdesignedbydanielgoochandbuiltduringandbyhawthornleslieandcompanyrandwhawthornandcompanyfentonmurrayandjacksonandrothwellandcompanybecauseofitspopularityforaperiodwithenglishrailwaysnotedrailwayauthorchamiltonellisconsideredthedesignationtohavethenicknameunderthewhytenotationofoldenglishduringalexanderallanlocomotiveengineeralexanderallanofthenewlyestablishedlondonandnorthwesternrailwaylnwrcreatedthecrewetypelocomotivecrewetypeoflocomotivewithawheelarrangementforpassengerclassesandforfreightduringthesandsthesedesignswerewidelycopiedbyotherrailwaysbothintheunitedkingdomandoverseaswelltanklocomotiveduringthemidssirjohnhawkshawdevelopedanewstyleofpassengerlocomotivewithcylinderlocomotiveoutsidecylindersinfrontoftheleadingwheelsandthereardrivingwheeldrivingaxlebehindthefireboxsteamenginefireboxthislayoutprovidedsteadyrunningathighspeedsdespitealongoverhangatthefrontjosephhamiltonbeattiejosephbeattieofthelondonandsouthwesternrailwaywasoneofthefirstbritishlocomotiveengineerstousethistypeonexpresslocomotivesfromhebeganexperimentingwithdesignsforpassengerworkculminatinginhissevenfootexpresspassengerlocomotivesbuiltbetweenandbeattiewasalsoresponsibleforthelonglivedlswrclassclassofwelltanksdesignedforsuburbanpassengerworkinsomeexamplesofwhichwerestillworkinginalocomotiveofthistypehauledthefirstorientexpressfromparistomunichanotableachievementforsuchasmallengineafterthehawkshawtypeofwasadoptedbybeyerpeacockandcompanywhobuiltmanyexamplesofthetypeforexportincludingtotheswedishstaterailwaysstatensjrnvgarinandthezealandrailwayindenmarkinusagegermanythebavarianbvandbavarianbvilocomotivesoftheroyalbavarianstaterailwayskniglichbayerischestaatseisenbahnenwerethefirsttypestobeproducedinbavariainlargenumbersinallwerebuiltbetweenandoneexampleispreservedinthenurembergtransportmuseumbetweenandthegrandduchyofmecklenburgfriedrichfranzrailwayboughthawkshawtypemecklenburgiiilocomotivesfromrichardhartmanninchemnitzbetweenandaltogetherpassengerlocomotivesoftheprussianpclassweredeliveredtotheprussianstaterailwaysanditsforebearsnewzealandinnewzealandtwoclassesoftanklocomotivewerebuiltwiththetwheelarrangementtheywerethenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnewzealandrailwaysnzrdclassinandandthenzrlclassinbothclasseshavingbeendesignedformixedtrafficusefivedclasslocomotiveswerebuiltbydbsandcompanyinglasgowscotlandnineteenwerebuiltbyneilsonandcompanyandelevenwerebuiltbyscottbrothersltdofchristchurchthefirstmembersofthedclassenteredserviceinandallhadbeenwithdrawnfromnzrservicebytheendofwhichallowedthedclassificationtobeusedagaininofthedclasslocomotivesbuiltsevenhavebeenpreservedalthoughonlydanddwereinoperationalconditionalltenlclasslocomotiveswerebuiltbytheavonsideenginecompanyinbristolthefirstlclassbuiltenteredserviceinandanotherninelclasslocomotiveswereorderedinthreeofthelclasstlocomotiveswererebuilttoawheelarrangementatnewmarketworkshopswithlargerboilersandenlargedcylindersthisnewdesignwasclassifiedlabuttheirlimitedcoalbunkercapacityremainedadrawbackthesolutionwastoaddatrailingponytrucktoaccommodatealargercoalbunkerconvertingthemtoatwheelarrangementafurtherfourlclasslocomotivesweresimilarlyconvertedthreewerenotrebuiltbutsoldtothepublicworksdepartmentbetweenandthreenewlocomotiveswerebuiltinwhentheconversionprogramwascompletedintheclassificationforalltenremainingnzrlocomotiveswaschangedbacktolofthetenlclasslocomotivesbuiltnumbersandsurvivedlongenoughtobepreservedallthreeoperationalsouthafricaincapetowncastandardgaugerailwaylinebetweensaltrivercapetownsaltriverandwynbergcapetownwynberginthecapecolonycapeofgoodhopeconstructedwithprivatecapitalwasopenedtothepublicondecemberthecapetownrailwayanddockcompanyundertooktorentandoperatethelineandacquiredcapetownrailwaydocktthreetanklocomotivesasmotivepowerforthelineinrefnamehollandrefrefnamesarhjunespitaliertjdaywajthelocomotiveinsouthafricaabriefhistoryofrailwaydevelopmentchapteritheperiodoftheftingaugesouthafricanrailwaysandharboursmagazinejunepprefinthelocomotivescameontotherosterofthecapegovernmentrailwayswhenittookovertheoperationofallrailwaysinthecapeofgoodhopetheyremainedinserviceonthislineuntilafteritsconversiontodualstandardgaugestandardandcapegaugesaroundandwereretiredinwhensufficientcapegaugelocomotiveswereinserviceunitedkingdomaofbeforethetypewasusedontheliverpoolandmanchesterrailwaythebirminghamandgloucesterrailwaythenorthmidlandrailwayandthelondonandsouthwesternrailwaylswrhardwickeatyorkrailwaymuseumbetweenandthewasthestandardtypeforpassengerandmixedtrafficlocomotivesandwasbuiltinlargenumbersbyamongstothersthelnwrthemidlandrailwaythegreatnorthernrailwaygreatbritaingreatnorthernrailwaythenortheasternrailwayuknortheasternrailwayandthegreateasternrailwaymostunitedkingdomrailwaysusedsincludingthosedesignedbyjamesholdenengineerjamesholdenonthegreateasternrailwaymatthewkirtleyonthemidlandrailwayjosepharmstrongengineerjosepharmstrongonthegreatwesternrailwayandfranciswebbengineerfranciswebbonthelondonandnorthwesternrailwayoneofthelatterstypesthelnwrimprovedprecedentclassprecedentorjumboclasshardwickefamouslysetoutstandingrecordsforthelnwrduringtheracetothenorthinunitedstatesofamericamontezumaofthefirstlocomotivebuiltforthedenverandriograndewesternrailroaddenverriograndeinthecollectionofthecaliforniastaterailroadmuseumisthejwbowkerlocomotiveaenginebuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksinforthevirginiatruckeerailroadtodaythejwbowkeristhesoleremainingbaldwininexistenceatthecedarpointamusementparkinsanduskyohiofoursruntouristtrainsaroundatwomileloopoftrackalongsidelakeerieandpassmanyoftheparksattractionstwooftheswerebuiltbyvulcanironworksastsinandandnowrunasthemyronhnoandjudyknorespectivelytheyarethetwomainenginesforthecedarpointlakeerierailroadthethirdenginewasbuiltbyhkporterincasantinandnowrunsasthegeorgernothefourthenginewasbuiltbydavenportlocomotiveworksasatinandnowrunsasthegaboecklingnonowasconvertedfromoilburninginandallenginesnowrunoncoalreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameolomanalocomotiveolomanaimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwolargecoupledwheelsandasinglesmalltrailingwheelcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagestephensonjpgaltcaptionthestephensonequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalybbfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecscountryunitedkingdomlocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountryunitedkingdomlocomotiverailwaystanhopeandtynerailwaydesignerrobertstephensonbuilderrobertstephensonandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitbetteradhesionthanthemaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementwithnoleadingwheelsfourpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsontwoaxlesandtwotrailingwheelsononeaxlewhilethefirstlocomotivesofthiswheelarrangementweretenderenginestheconfigurationwaslateroftenusedfortankengineswhichisnotedbyaddinglettersuffixestotheconfigurationsuchasforaconventionalsidetanklocomotiveforasaddletanklocomotiveforawelltanklocomotiveandforarackrailwayrackequippedtanklocomotivethearrangementissometimesknownasolomanalocomotiveolomanaafterahawaiianlocomotiveofoverviewtheearliestrecordedlocomotiveswerethreegoodsenginesbuiltbyrobertstephensonandcompanyforthestanhopeandtynerailwayinthefirstlocomotivebuiltingermanyinthesaxonialocomotivesaxoniawasalsoaninthesameyearkitsonandcompanytoddkitsonlairdbuilttwoexamplesfortheliverpoolandmanchesterrailwayoneofwhichlmrlionhasbeenpreservedthelionhadatopspeedofandcouldpulluptotonstonnesoverthenextquarterofacenturythetypewasadoptedbymanyearlybritishrailwaysforfreighthaulagesinceitaffordedgreateradhesionthanthecontemporarypassengerconfigurationalthoughintimetheywerealsousedformixedtrafficdutiesusageaustriatheemperorferdinandnorthernrailwaykaiserferdinandsnordbahnacquiredthelocomotiveskfnbminotaurusandajaxminotaurusandajaxfromthebritishmanufacturerjonesturnerandevansintoworkthelinebetweenviennaandstockerauthelocomotiveajaxhasbeenpreservedatthetechnischesmuseumwiensinceandisdescribedastheoldestpreservedsteamlocomotiveontheeuropeancontinentfinlandinfinlandthewheelarrangementwasrepresentedbytheclassesbandbthefinnishsteamlocomotiveclassbisanstlocomotivebuiltfromtobybeyerpeacockandcompanyattheirgortonfoundryworksinmanchesterenglandhawaiialthoughthetypewasnotusedbyanymajorrailroadsinnorthamericahkporterincandthebaldwinlocomotiveworksproducedmanysmalltanklocomotivesofthistypeforindustrialandplantationworkthetolomanalocomotiveolomanabuiltbybaldwininisanexampleofsuchtypestheolomanaarrivedinthekingdomofhawaiiinaugustafteratwomonthjourneyaroundcapehornitwasownedbywaimanalosugarcompanyontheislandofoahuandhauledsugarcanefromthefieldstothesugarrefineryrefnamenmahrefindonesiainthenederlandsindischespoorwegopenedalinebetweenyogyakartaandambarawaviamagelangahillyregionrequiringarackrailwaybecauseofthegradientsthetwoodburningbclasswasmadeforthislineinbymaschinenfabrikesslingengermanytheywerefourcylindercompoundlocomotiveswithtwoofthecylindersworkingthepinionwheelstherearetwoexamplesofbclasslocomotivestillinoperationnamelybandbbothwerebasedinambarawawheretheyhaveservedformorethanahundredyearslocomotivebmayalsostillbefoundattheentrancetotheambarawarailwaymuseumontheislandofsumatratherearesomelargercousinsofthisclassbeingusedforhaulingcoaltrainsnamelythedandeclassesnewzealandthetarrangementwasusedbytwolocomotivesofnewzealandclassesoflocomotivesoperatedbythenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentthefirstwasthenzrcclasscclassoforiginallybuiltasanttheclasswasfoundtobeunstableatspeedshigherthannbspmphsobyallmembersoftheclasshadbeenconvertedtottorectifythisproblemthesecondandmorenotabletclassandtheonlyoneactuallybuiltastwastheuniquenzrhclasshclassdesignedtooperatetherimutakainclineonthewairarapalinetheinclinessteepgradientnecessitatedtheuseofthefellmountainrailwaysystemandthesixmembersofthehclassspenttheirentirelivesoperatingtrainsontheinclineexceptforafewbriefexperimentswithotherclassesthehclasshadexclusiveuseoftheinclinefromtheirintroductioninuntiltheinclinesclosureintheclassleaderhispreservedonstaticdisplayatthefellenginemuseuminfeatherstonnewzealandfeatherstonandistheonlyextantfelllocomotiveintheworldthetarrangementwasalsoemployedforsteamlocomotivesoperatedbysmallprivateindustrialrailwaysandtramwaymineralbushandmineraltramwaysonesuchlocomotivebuiltbypeckettandsonsiniscurrentlyoperationalonthegoldfieldsrailwaythatrunsbetweenwaihiandwaikinoalongastretchoftheformerrouteoftheeastcoastmaintrunkrailwayinthebayofplentysouthafricastandardgaugeplinthedatcapetownstationinseptembermessrsejpickeringcontractorstothecapetownrailwayanddockcompanyfortheconstructionofthecapetownwellingtonrailwayimportedasmallsidetanksteamlocomotivefromenglandforuseduringtheconstructionoftherailwaythiswasthefirstlocomotiveinsouthafricaincthelocomotivewasrebuilttoatconfigurationbeforeitwasshippedtoportalfredwhereitservedasconstructionlocomotiveonthebanksofthekowieriverandwascapetownrailwaydocktnicknamedblackieithasbeendeclaredaheritageobjectssouthafricaheritageobjectandwasplinthedinthemainconcourseofcapetownstationrefnamehollandrefrefnamelittleyblackiearticlebydlittleysarailseptemberoctoberpublishedbyrssaprefinthecapetownrailwayanddockcompanytookdeliveryofcapetownrailwaydockeightstandardgaugetenderlocomotiveswithawheelarrangementforserviceonthecapetownwellingtonwesterncapewellingtonrailwaywhichwasstillunderconstructiontheyremainedinserviceonthislinewhileitwasbeingconvertedtodualstandardandcapegaugesfromaroundandwereonlyretiredinwhensufficientcapegaugelocomotiveswereinservicecapegaugetwotankengineclassesofthiswheelarrangementweresuppliedtothenetherlandssouthafricanrailwaycompanynederlandschezuidafrikaanschespoorwegmaatschappijnzasmbymaschinenfabrikesslingenandbredanederlandbetweenandnotheearlierclassoftwentyfournzasmtonnerttonnerlocomotivesbuiltbymaschinenfabrikesslingenandnlmachinefabriekbredaontstaanfabrieksnaamweredeliveredbetweenandbetweenandwhileincentralsouthafricanrailwayscsarservicetenofthemwereconvertedtorailmotorenginesforuseonsuburbanservicesintheselocomotivesweretakenontothesouthafricanrailwayssarrosterasobsoleteunclassifiedlocomotivesrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuarypreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefthelaterclassoffournzasmtonnerrttonnerracklocomotivesbuiltbyesslingeninandwasequippedwithpinionsforuseontherackrailwaysectionbetweenwatervalonderandwatervalbovenintheeasterntransvaalcolonytransvaaltheysurvivedthroughtheimperialmilitaryrailwaysimrandcsarerasandeventhoughtheracksectionwasremovedintheywerestillinserviceinwhentheyweretakenontothesarrosterasobsoleteunclassifiedlocomotivesnarrowgaugesbetweenandseveralsaddletanksteamlocomotivesbuiltfornarrowgaugebydicksonmanufacturingcompanyofscrantoninpennsylvaniaweredeliveredtovariousgoldminesonthewitwatersrandbyorensteinkoppelarthurkoppelactingasimportingagentsinwhenanurgentneedaroseforadditionallocomotivesindeutschsdwestafrikaduringthefirstworldwartwooftheselocomotiveswerepurchasedsecondhandbythesarforuseonthenarrowgaugelinesinthatterritorythetwolocomotivesremainedinsouthwestafricaafterthewarandwerelaterdesignatedsouthafricanclassngtclassngonthesarrefnamemiddletoninformationsuppliedbyjohnnmiddletonrefrefnamediagrambooksouthafricanrailwaysandharboursnarrowgaugelocomotivediagrambookgaugesarmechanicaldeptdrawingofficepretorianovemberrefderailedoutsideookiepafteraboercommandoattackthenamaquacoppercompanysfirstgaugelocomotiveacquiredinwasadickkerrbuiltstnamaqualandstpioneernamedpioneerwhichwasrebuiltfromtheconfigurationpossiblyduetotheadditionalweightoffueltankswhichwereinstalledunderthecabwhenitwasconvertedtousefueloilthecompanyalsooperatedfourmoretanklocomotivesonetonandthreetonpossiblyalsoacquiredfromdickkerrrefnamebagshawerefinasinglegaugeinvertedsaddletanklocomotivenamaqualandistcaledonianamedcaledoniawasplacedinservicebythecapecoppercompanyasashuntingengineatookiepinthecapecolonyinthecapecoppercompanyalsoplacedasingletanklocomotivenamaqualandtbritannianamedbritanniainserviceasashuntingengineatportnollothinthecapecolonyunitedkingdomfromthemidsonwardsthewheelarrangementtendedonlytobeusedontankenginesintheunitedkingdomexceptionswereinscotlandonthecaledonianrailwaycaledonianandglasgowandsouthwesternrailwayglasgowandsouthwesternrailwaysandinsouthernenglandonthelondonbrightonandsouthcoastrailwaylbscrandthelondonandsouthwesternrailwaythelbscruniquelybuiltexpresspassengertenderclassesuntilfromthegreatwesternrailwaybuiltanumberofstandardgaugetclassesforbranchlinepassengerworktoadesignknownastheclassbygeorgearmstrongengineerengineergeorgearmstrongthisdesignwasdevelopeduntilthegwrclasswasbuiltbetweenanddesignedforpushpulltrainpushpullautotrainsthesewerethelastbritishexamplesofthiswheelarrangementfourofthemhavebeenpreservedwilliamstroudleyofthelbscrbuiltfourverysuccessfulclassesthreetendersandonetankbetweenandthefirstofthesewashispowerfullbscrdclassdtankforsuburbanpassengerworkbyofthesehadbeenbuiltsomeofwhichsurvivedinserviceuntilhoweverthemostfamousclasswerehislbscrbclassgladstoneclassexpresspassengerlocomotivesthefirstofwhichhasbeenpreservedreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamewebbimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofthreelargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodandonesmalltrailingwheelcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagelocomotiveparaderainhillwebbcoaltankgeographorgukjpgaltcaptionwebbcoaltankequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyccfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountryunitedkingdomlocomotiverailwaylancashireandyorkshirerailwaydesignerwilliambartonwrightbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountrycapecolonycapeofgoodhopelocomotivenamaqualandclaraclassclaraclassrailwaynamaqualandrailwaydesignerkitsonandcompanybuilderkitsonandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementofnoleadingwheelssixpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonthreeaxlesandtwotrailingwheelsononeaxlethetypeissometimesknownasawebborabranchlineroverviewwhilesomelocomotiveswiththiswheelarrangementhadtendersthemajorityweretanklocomotiveswhichcarriedtheircoalandwateronboardusagefinlandfinlandfinlandusedtwoclassesoftlocomotivethevrandthevrthevrclasswasnumberedintherangefromtofiveofthemarepreservedinfinlandnoatjoensuunoattuurinoathaapamkinoatjyvskylandnoattheveturimuseoattoijalathevrclasswasnumberedintherangefromtonoispreservedathaapamkisouthafricatenderlocomotivescbetweenandfourtenderlocomotiveswereplacedinservicebythecapecoppercompanyonitsgaugenamaqualandrailwaybetweenportnollothandookiepinthecapecolonyacquiredtomeetthetrafficneedsoftheuppermountainoussectionofthelinetheybecameknownasthemountaintypethefirstthreeoftheselocomotiveswerelaterdescribedasthenamaqualandclaraclassclaraclasswhilethefourthwasincludedinthisclassbysomeandincludedinthesubsequentscotiaclassbyothersrefnamebagshawerefbetweenandsixmoremountaintypetenderlocomotiveswereplacedinservicebythecapecoppercompanylaterdescribedasthenamaqualandscotiaclassscotiaclasstheyweresimilartotheearlierclaraclasslocomotivesbutwithlongerboilerslongerfireboxesandlargerfiregratestanklocomotiveinandthenetherlandssouthafricanrailwaycompanynederlandschezuidafrikaanschespoorwegmaatschappijofthezuidafrikaanscherepubliektransvaalrepublicplacedtwentytlocomotivesinmainlineservicesincetherailwayclassifieditslocomotivesaccordingtotheirweighttheselocomotiveswereknownastherefnamehollandrefsouthwestafricathreeclassesofgaugelocomotivesweresuppliedtogermansouthwestafricabetweenandplinthedintsumebintheotaviminingandrailwaycompanyacquiredfifteentanklocomotivesfromarnoldjunglokomotivfabrikingermanytwoofthemsurvivedtobetakenontothesouthafricanrailwayssarrosterintheywereneverclassifiedandwerereferredtoasthesouthwestafricanjungjunglocomotivesrefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnamedulezreftensouthwestafricanclasshaclasshatanklocomotivesweresuppliedbyhenschelsoninonesurvivedthefirstworldwarintothesarerarefnamehenschelhenschellieferlistehenschelsonworkslistcompiledbydietmarstresowreffifteensouthwestafricanclasshbclasshbtanklocomotivesweresuppliedbyhenschelbetweenandthelastsixlocomotivesweredeliveredastankandtenderenginesequippedwithoptionalcoalandwatertenderssixofthemsurvivedintothesareraunitedkingdomintheunitedkingdomthetypewasonlyeverusedfortankenginesandwasfirstusedbywilliambartonwrightofthelancashireandyorkshirerailwayinthearrangementwassoonafterwardsusedbyfranciswebbengineerfwwebbofthelondonandnorthwesternrailwayonhisfamouslnwrwebbcoaltankcoaltanksofmanylocomotivesofthistypewerealsousedtohaulcoalinthewelshtlocomotivessouthwalesvalleysbythegreatwesternrailwayanditspredecessorsseveralrailwaysaroundlondonlaterusedthetypeforheavysuburbanpassengertrainsnotablythefollowingthelondonbrightonandsouthcoastrailwaylbscrwiththelbscreclasselbscreclasselbscreclasseandlbscreclasseclassesdesignedbyrjbillintonbetweenandthegreateasternrailwaygergerclasslclasslofdesignedbyalfredjohnhillthegreatnorthernrailwaygreatbritaingreatnorthernrailwaygnrgnrclassnnandnclassesdesignedbynigelgresleybetweenandgresleylaterimproveduponthegerclasswithvariousversionsofhislondonandnortheasternrailwaylnerlnernnclassbuiltbetweenandunitedstatesofamericaintheunitedstateslocomotiveswerelargelytypelocomotiveswhichhadbeenrebuiltwithalargerfireboxsteamenginefireboxandthereforerequiredgreaterweightdistributionneartheirbackstheleadingwheelswerethereforerelocatedtotherearastrailingwheelsnearlyalloftheselocomotiveswereassignedtoswitcherswitchlocomotiveworkingsorusedonbranchlinesmanytypeswerefoundinthestateofhawaiionsugarcanerailroadsacrossthestatemostnotablewerethetsofthemcbrydesugarcompanyofkauaiofwhichsurviveandarecurrentlytheonlyoriginalsteamenginesoperatinginhawaiireferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofthreelargedrivingwheelsjoinedtogetherwithacouplingrodandtwosmalltrailingwheelscaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagebeddgelertworksphotojpgaltcaptionbeddgelertofthenorthwalesnarrowgaugerailwaysequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyccfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountryunitedkingdomlocomotivemoeltryfanlocomotivemoeltryfanrailwaynorthwalesnarrowgaugerailwaysdesignerthespoonersofporthmadoggeorgepercivalspoonerbuildervulcanfoundryevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementofnoleadingwheelssixpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonthreeaxlesandfourtrailingwheelsontwoaxlesoverviewthewheelarrangementappearstohaveonlybeenusedontankenginesandfairlielocomotivesinglefairlieormasonbogiesinglefairliestheearliestknownexamplewasthemoeltryfanlocomotivemoeltryfannarrowgaugelocomotivebuiltforuseonthenorthwalesnarrowgaugerailwaysitwasasinglefairlietypebuiltbythevulcanfoundrynearmanchesterinitwasfollowedbythenzrrclassrclassandnzrsclasssclassbuiltbytheavonsideenginecompanyofenglandforthenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentbetweenandusageaustraliathesouthaustralianrailwayskclasslocomotiveswereintroducedindesignedbywilliamthowtheywerenotedtorunmoresmoothlybunkerfirstaftertheelectrificationofthemerseyrailwayinenglandfourofitstlocomotivesweresoldtojabrownofnewsouthwalesaustraliawhereonenumberispreservedatthenewsouthwalesrailtransportmuseumthirlmerenewsouthwalesthreemembersofnewzealandssclasswerealsosoldtothewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysinnewzealandlocomotiveonjervoisquaywellingtonnewzealandsnzrrclassrclassandsclasssinglefairlieswerepopularwithcrewsandcapableofalldutiesfromexpresspassengertrainstoshuntrailwayoperationsshuntingtasksthesclasswerelimitedtothewellingtonregionwhentheywereintroducedbuttherclassweredistributedthroughoutthecountryallwerewithdrawnbybutrclassnoispreservedasastaticexhibitinareeftonnewzealandreeftonparkrefnamemcgavintamcgavinsteamlocomotivesofnewzealandpartonetowellingtonnewzealandrailwayandlocomotivesocietyrefsouthafricanetherlandssouthafricanrailwaycompanythiswheelarrangementprovidedthebulkofthemotivepowerforthenetherlandssouthafricanrailwaycompanynederlandschezuidafrikaanschespoorwegmaatschappijnzasminthezuidafrikaanscherepubliekzarbetweenandsouthafricanclassbttonnersteamlocomotiveswereplacedinservicebuiltbythemaschinenfabrikesslingeningermanyrefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnamehollandrefintwentymorewereorderedfromthewerkspoornederlandsefabriekvanwerktuigenenspoorwegmaterieelwerkspoorinthenetherlandsofwhichonlytwoweredeliveredbythetimetheimperialmilitaryrailwaysimrtookoverallrailwayoperationsinthezarduringthesecondboerwartheothereighteenlocomotivesinthisorderweredelivereddirectlytotheimrwhodivertedtwoofthemtolourenomarquesinmozambiquerefnamesarailsasteamoverseascompiledbyjohnmiddletonsarailjulyaugustprefnojanwintervogelattheendofthewarthesurvivorsoftheselocomotivesweretakenontotherosterofthecentralsouthafricanrailwayscsaranddesignatedclassbwhilethetwoinmozambiqueweretakenontotherosterofthecaminhosdeferrodemocambiquecfmintheremainingcsarlocomotiveswereassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwayssarrefnamemiddletonmiddletonjohnnsouthafricanrailwayslocomotiveallocationsthedaucklandparksouthafricarailwaypreservationgroupprefmozambiquethecfmeventuallyhadatleastthirtytonnerlocomotivesinservicebetweenandsometonnersweresoldbythenzasmtothecfmthetwolocomotiveswhichweredeliveredaftertheoutbreakofthewaranddivertedtolourenomarquesuponarrivalwerealsotakenontothecfmrosterattheendofthewarlaterbetweenandduringthecsarandsarerassixmoreweresoldtothecfmrefnamecfmcfmlocomotivelistcompiledbyreimarholzingerrefunitedkingdomotherthanexamplesforexporttlocomotivesenjoyedabriefvogueintheunitedkingdompriortothefirstworldwarbutwerenotwidelyusedninelocomotivesofthistypeweresuppliedbybeyerpeacockandcompanyfortheopeningofthemerseyrailwayinwilliamdeanengineerwilliamdeanbuiltthreecranetanksinandkitsoncoofleedssuppliedninelocomotivestothelancashirederbyshireandeastcoastrailwayinotherexamplesincludedthemidlandrailwayclassofthehighlandrailwaydrummondtclassofthesecrjclassofandthemetropolitanrailwaygclassofthetypewaseventuallysupersededbythepopulartlocomotiveunitedstatesofamericaintheunitedstatesthelocomotivewaslargelybuiltonlyforuseinrailyardsessentiallyasanadaptationofanswitchenginewithanextendedfireboxsteamenginefireboxorareconstructedwithalargerfireboxwhichnecessitatedtherelocationoftheleadingwheelstothereartosupportthefireboxsomemasonbogielocomotivesusedthiswheelarrangementreferencesunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementofnoleadingwheelstwelvepoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonsixaxlesandnotrailingwheelsequivalentclassificationsotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationfalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationtwoexamplesthefirstexampleofthewasthepennsylvaniadesignedbyjamemilhollandforthephiladelphiaandreadingrailroadandbuiltatitsownshopsinitweighedfiftytonsandwasatthetimetheheavieststeamlocomotiveintheworlditwasintendedtohaulpennsylvaniacoaltrainstheonlyothersofthetypewasaclassoftentlocomotivesbuiltbyhanomaginforthebulgarianstaterailwaysbdtheywereinitiallynumberedbdseriesbutwererenumberedtointheywerebuiltastwocylindercompoundlocomotiveswithaboilerfeedingahighpressurecylinderdischargingtoabothofwhichwereconnectedtothedrivingwheelsthelocomotivesweighedreferencesainthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementisonethathasfourleadingwheelsfollowedbyfourcoupleddrivingwheelsasecondsetofsixcoupleddrivingwheelsandfourtrailingwheelsthepennsylvaniarailroadsprrqqclassweretheonlylocomotivesevertousethisarrangementthesewereduplexlocomotivesinwhichbothsetsofdrivingwheelsweremountedinacommonrigidlocomotiveframethislocomotivedesignwasafurtherdevelopmentofthehighlysuccessfulthedivideddrivelocomotivedivideddriveorduplexlocomotiveduplexarrangementallowedforhigherspeedswithlessdamagetothetrackotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationbcalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationuptotheearlyslaterinwhytenotationaisarailroadsteamlocomotivethathasfourleadingwheelsfollowedbysixcoupleddrivingwheelsasecondsetoffourdrivingwheelsandfourtrailingwheelsotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationcbalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationuptotheearlyslaterthesoleexampleofthisarrangementwastheprrqthislocomotivewasessentiallyaprototypeinthedevelopmentoftheprrqaunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoftwoleadingwheelsononeaxleusuallyinaleadingtrucktwelvepoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonsixaxlesandtwotrailingwheelsononeaxleusuallyinatrailingtruckequivalentclassificationsotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationfalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationuseaustriathedeutschereichsbahnandlatertheaustrianfederalrailwaysoperatedtwoclasslocomotiveclassttanklocomotivesbothbuiltinindonesiahanomagbuiltfclasstsforusebythestaatsspoorwegeninfreightserviceinjavaislandjavaindonesiatheywereassignedtherailroadnumbersffreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamereidtenwheelerimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelsfivelargedrivingwheelsalljoinedbyacouplingrodandonesmalltrailingwheelcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimagengrclassctnosarclasshnojpgaltcaptionsouthafricanclasshtngrclasscreidtenwheelertnoequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyefrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountrycolonyofnatallocomotivesouthafricanclasshtngrclasscrailwaynatalgovernmentrailwaysdesignerbuilderdbsandcompanyevolvedfromtevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotivesouthernpacificspclassrailwaysouthernpacifictransportationcompanysouthernpacificrailroaddesigneramericanlocomotivecompanybuilderamericanlocomotivecompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementrepresentsthearrangementoffourleadingwheelstenpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsandtwotrailingwheelsinsouthafricawherethewheelarrangementwasfirstusedthetypewasknownasareidtenwheelerintheunitedstatesofamericaitwasknownasasouthernpacificonthesouthernpacificrailroadandasanoverlandontheunionpacificrailroadoverviewthiswheelarrangementwasfirstusedonthenatalgovernmentrailwaysngrinthecolonyofnatalinonatanklocomotivethatwasdesignedtomeettherequirementforalocomotivethatcouldhaulatleastoneandahalftimesasmuchasanngrsouthafricanclassatdbsatlocomotiveintheunitedstatesasimpleexpansionsimplexversionofthetypewasusedonlyonthesouthernpacificandunionpacificrailroadsbaldwinlocomotiveworksbuiltanexperimentalcompoundexpansioninbutsincetheweightandlengthofthisenginewastoomuchforallbuttheheaviestandstraightesttrackandcompoundsteamlocomotiveshadalreadylostfavoronunitedstatesrailroadsitsdemonstrationrunsfailedtogenerateinterestandnomorewereproducedrefnameswengelswengelfmtheamericansteamlocomotivevoltheevolutionofthesteamlocomotivedavenportmidwestrailpublicationspprefrefnamelocolocobaldwinrefusagebrazilbrazilhadtenderlocomotivesbuiltbyhenschelinthesewereconvertedtogaugeinsouthafricabetweenandthenatalgovernmentrailwaysngrplacedtanklocomotivesinservicethelocomotivewasdesignedbygwreidthelocomotivesuperintendentofthengrattheendofthenineteenthcenturyandbuiltinscotlandbydbsandcompanyandthenewlyestablishednorthbritishlocomotivecompanyonthengrthelocomotivetypebecameknownasthereidtenwheelerandwasofficiallydesignatedclasscrefnamehollandrefrefnamedurrantrefrefnamengrannualtherailwayreportforyearendingdecnatalgovernmentrailwayspparrefthelocomotiveusedsaturatedsteamandwasequippedwithstephensonvalvegearallanstraightlinkvalvegearallanstraightlinkvalvegearthetrailingbisseltruckwasofthecartazzitypethatallowedtheaxlesomelateralmovementinordertonegotiatesharpcurvesboththefirstandfifthsetsofcoupledwheelswereflangelessdriverflangelessbutsincetheblindtrailingcoupledwheelshadatendencytoderailwhilereversingparticularlyoverpointstheirtyrewidthwaslaterincreasedfromtoinaftertheestablishmentofthesouthafricanrailwaysthesurvivingunmodifiedngrlocomotivesweredesignatedsouthafricanclasshtclasshrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuaryppreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefinandtowardstheendofthesecondboerwartheimperialmilitaryrailwaysalsoacquiredreidtenwheelerlocomotivesfromdbsandcompanyandneilsonandcompanyneilsonreidandcompanyafterthewartheycameontotherosterofthecentralsouthafricanrailwayscsarwhodesignatedthemcsarclassetclasseinthecsarmodifiedsixofthemtosouthafricanclasshtlocomotivesandbeginningintheremaindertosouthafricanclasstttankandtenderlocomotivesrefnamehollandrefafinalorderforonenewreidtenwheelerwasplacedbywitbankcollieriesaslateasthetotaloflocomotivesbuilttothisdesignwasaboutdoublethenumberofallotherlocomotivesinuseelsewhereintheworldallofwhichweretenderlocomotivesthatservedintheunitedstatesandbrazilunitedstatesofamericaintheunitedstatesthetypewasusedonlyonthesouthernpacificrailroadspwhichcalleditthesouthernpacificandtheunionpacificrailroadupwhichcalledittheoverlandaftertheircorporatesobriquettheoverlandrouteonlysixtylocomotivesofthiswheelarrangementwerebuiltfordomesticserviceandallbutonewereconstructedassimplexcylindersteamlocomotivethreecylinderenginesrefnameboyntonboyntonjamesethreebarrelsofsteamglenwoodfeltonpprefinthespplacedanorderforsixteenlocomotiveswiththeamericanlocomotivecompanyalcoandlaterinthesameyeartheuporderedonethefirstsplocomotivesouthernpacificnowascompletedinaprilwhiletheuplocomotivenowascompletedthefollowingmonthwithinafewmonthsthesporderedmoreoftheseenginesandbuiltupafleetoftheupontheotherhandwaitedthirteenmonthsbeforerepeatingordersandestablishingafleetoftenlocomotivesallweresimplexlocomotivesandwerebuiltbyalcoinbaldwinlocomotiveworksconstructedanexperimentaldemonstratorthebaldwinwhichwasathreecylindercompoundlocomotivetheonlysoconstructedthisengineusedhighpressuresteamintheinsidecylinderandthenexhaustedthatsteamintothetwolowpressureoutsidecylindersitalsohadawatertubeboileroneofaveryfewlocomotivessoequippedintheunitedstatesastechnologicallyinnovativeasbaldwinswashoweveritwasoutmodedwhenbuiltsincecompoundsteamlocomotiveshadalreadylostfavorinunitedstatesrailroadingitwasfoundthatthetyperanbetterandrodesmootherthanthetypefromwhichithadevolvedthethirdcylinderinthecenterofthecylindersaddleslopeddownatadegreeangletoacrankontheseconddriversaxlewhilethetwooutsiderodsconnectedtothethirddriversthethreecylinderfeatureontheselocomotivesgavethemadistinctivesoundatworkdescribedasahopskipandjumprhythmwhilethespenginescouldoperateonlyonrelativelystraightandheavilybuiltrailterminologymmainlinestheirlongservicelivesofbetweenandyearsprovedthattheyweregoodlocomotivesthemostseriousmishapwaswheninnovemberoneofthesplocomotivessufferedaboilerexplosionwhichkilledfourtraincrewinadditiontheinsidecylindersrodcreatedseriousmaintenanceproblemsbecausethefloatingbushingscouldfailwhichlengthenmaintenancedowntimesincesuchfailuresrequiredmajorvalveresettingsthatcauseddelaysitwasreportedthatsuchfailurescreatedsuchgreatpoundingontherailsthatrailroadhousewivesalongthelinecomplainedofcrockerycrackingwhenadefectiverumbledpasttheirhomeswhentheupbecametiredofthemajormechanicalproblemsassociatedwiththreecylindersitconverteditslocomotivestotwocylinderlocomotivesinandrenumberedthemtotwolocomotivesofthistypehavebeenpreservedsouthernpacificonstaticdisplayatthefairplexrailwayexhibitlosangelescountyfairgroundsinpomonacaliforniathebaldwindemonstratorasamovingdisplayatthefranklininstitutesciencemuseuminphiladelphiapennsylvaniareferencesimageelgobernadorlocomotivejpgthumbrightpxelgobernadortheonlylocomotivetooperateintheunitedstatesunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoffourleadingwheelstenpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsandnotrailingwheelscentralpacificrailroadselgobernadorbuiltinwastheonlylocomotivewiththiswheelarrangementtooperateintheunitedstatesthenamemastodonhasalsobeenappliedtothistypethoughthisnicknamehasalsobeenusedforthearrangementmastodonwastheunofficialnicknameofthecentralpacificsnothefirsteverbuiltleadingtosomeconfusionlatertheselocomotiveswerenamedsupermastodonsthebulgarianstaterailwaysoperatedagroupofcylinderstheirclassotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationealsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofsixdrivingwheelsintwotrioseachtriojoinedbycouplingrodscaptionimagefilebaltimoreandohiooldmaudemalletlocomotivejpgaltcaptionbaltimoreandohiosoldmaudeofthefirstmalletintheunitedstatesequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyccfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrygermanylocomotivesaxonxvhtvsaxonclassxvhtvrailwayroyalsaxonstaterailwaysdesignerheinrichlindnerbuilderschsischemaschinenfabrikschsischenmaschinenfabrikevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountryunitedstatesofamericalocomotivebaltimoreandohiorailroadlocomotivesclassooldmauderailwaybaltimoreandohiorailroaddesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesawheelarrangementreferstoalocomotivewithtwoengineunitsmountedunderarigidlocomotiveframewiththefrontengineunitpivotingandeachengineunitwithsixcoupleddrivingwheelswithoutanyleadingwheelleadingortrailingwheelsthewheelarrangementwasmostlyusedtodescribemalletlocomotivemalletlocomotivetypesasimilarwheelarrangementexistsforfairlielocomotivedoublefairliemeyerlocomotivemeyerkitsonmeyerandgarrattarticulatedlocomotivesbutonthesetypesitisreferredtoassincebothengineunitsarepivotingrefnamesarhaugespitaliertjdaywajthelocomotiveinsouthafricaabriefhistoryofrailwaydevelopmentchapteriitheadoptionoftheftingaugeonthecapegovernmentrailwayscontinuedsouthafricanrailwaysandharboursmagazineaugustpprefrefnamehollandrefrefnamedulezrefoverviewthewheelarrangementwasusedmostlyonmalletlocomotivemalletlocomotivesonwhichtheengineunitsweremountedeitherintandemorfacingeachotherusagecanadatheonlycompoundmalletstooperateincanadaweretherclassvaughandesignlocomotiveswiththecylinderendsoftheengineunitsfacingeachothertheclasswasownedbythecanadianpacificrailwayandservedonthebighillinbritishcolumbiawhichhadagradefivelocomotiveswerebuiltbetweenandasixthonewasbuiltbutitwasasimpleexpansionmalletwithtwosetsofhighpressurecylindersallthelocomotivesinthisclasswerelaterconvertedtotypesandwereusedasshuntingandtransferenginesinmontrealgermanythesaxonxvhtvsaxonclassxvhtvwasaclassofgoodstraintanksteamlocomotiveoperatedbytheroyalsaxonstaterailwayswhichhadbeenconceivedforhaulingtrainsandactingaspusherlocomotivebankingenginesforroutesintheerzgebirgeoremountainsthetwocchvlocomotiveswerebuiltinattheschsischemaschinenfabrikschsischenmaschinenfabrikformerlyhartmanninthedeutschereichsbahngroupedthemintotheirdrgclassthelocomotivewasofunusualdesignwithtwofixedsixcoupledengineunitswithacentraldoublecylinderlocomotivecylinderoneachsideeachwithahighpressurecylinderfortherearandalowpressurecylinderforthefrontdriveunitedstatesofamericathefirstmalletlocomotiveinnorthamericawasbuiltintheunitedstatesandwasofthistypethebaltimoreandohiorailroadbaltimoreandohiorailroadlocomotivesclassononicknamedoldmaudeafteracartoonmuleithadatractiveeffortandwasagreatsuccessdespiteatopspeedofonlythekansascitysouthernrailwaykansascitysouthernusedthetypeasfreightengineswithpilotsandhadthemostofthemwithtwelvelocomotivesthewheelarrangementwasalsousedtoalimitedextentonloggingrailroadsandinmountainterminalsthewesternmarylandrailwayhadasmallfleetoflocomotiveswhichatonetimeweretheheaviestlocomotivesintheworldweighingtonstheywereallconvertedtolocomotivesforheavyswitchingreferencesunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesahastwoleadingwheelsthreesetsofeightdrivingwheelsandtwotrailingwheelsbecauseofitslengthsuchalocomotivemustbeanarticulatedlocomotiveitisnotlongerthananormalarticulatedthethirdsetofdriversislocatedunderthetenderalloftheexamplesproducedwereatriplexlocomotivetriplexofthemalletlocomotivemallettypeotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationdddaarwheelarrangementaarclassificationdddfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationbaldwinlocomotiveworksbaldwinbuilttheonlythreeexamplesofthetypefortheerierailroadbetweenandrefnameselfciteweblastselffirstdouglastitletriplexlocomotivesurlaqpldslpipexcommuseumlocolocotriplextriplexhtmwebsitewwwaqpldslpipexcomaccessdatemayrefthefirstwasnamedmatthshayafterabelovedemployeeofthatroaditcouldpullfreightcarsrefcitenewstitleatitanoftherailsurlarchiveorgstreamindependenvnewypagenmodeupnewspapertheindependentdatejulyaccessdatejulyrefallthreeaswellastheloneandseveralvirginianrailwayelectricssharedthenicknametriplexbecauseoftheirthreesetsofdriverscompareduplexlocomotiveduplexeswhichhadtwosetsreferencesbibliographycitationlastwestingfirstfrederickyeartitlethelocomotivesthatbaldwinbuiltcontainingacompletefacsimileoftheoriginalhistoryofthebaldwinlocomotiveworkspublishercrownpublishinggroupisbnlccnexternallinkstoytrainscomtriplexhtmwebsiteoftoytrainstriplexsteamlocomotivesannoonbacatcgicontentannoplusaidlokdatumpagesizeunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesahastwoleadingwheelsthreesetsofeightdrivingwheelsandfourtrailingwheelsotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationdddalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationtheequivalentuicclassificationistoberefinedtodddfortheseenginesonlyonewaseverbuiltamalletlocomotivemallettypeforthevirginianrailwayinbuiltbybaldwinlocomotiveworksitbecametheonlyexampleoftheirclassxasonamedduetotheexperimentalnatureofthelocomotivelikethesamerailroadslargearticulatedelectricsandtheerierailroadsitwasnicknamedtriplexanoverviewoftriplexengineeringisgivenattriplexlocomotivethexawasunabletosustainaspeedgreaterthanfivemilesanhoursincethesixcylinderscouldeasilyconsumemoresteamthantheboilercouldproducethetenderhadafourwheeltruckatthereartohelpguidethelocomotiveintocurveswhendriftingbackdownhillafterpushingatrainoverthehillthexawassentbacktobaldwininandwasrebuiltastwolocomotivesaandaunliketheirprogenitorwhichlastedonlyafewyearsinservicethesetwolocomotivesremainedinserviceuntilreferencesexternallinkstoytrainscomtriplexhtmwebsiteoftoytrainstriplexsteamlocomotivessteamlocomotivecomarticulatedvirginianxashtmlvirginianclassxaredirectchromatophoreredirectchromatophoreredirectxiaolongnredirectcategoryshellinfoboxsettlementnamesettlementtypeprefecturelevelcityothernamenativenameofficialnamenicknamemottoimageskylinexiaoganjpgimagesizeimagecaptionviewwesttowardscityssouthcentralareaimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemsizeimagemaplocationofxiaoganprefecturewithinhubeichinapngmapsizepxmapcaptionlocationofxiaogancityinhubeiandtheprcimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmaphubeipushpinmapcaptionlocationofthecitycentreinhubeipushpinlabelpositionleftpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehubeisubdivisiontypesubdivisionnameseattypeseatgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareamagnitudeenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareawaterpercentareaurbankmareametrokmpopulationasofcensuspopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmautopopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmautopopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmautotimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmelevationftpostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetelephonenumbersinchinahubeiwebsitefootnotesxiaoganpxiognisaprefecturelevelcityineastcentralhubeiprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinasomenorthwestoftheprovincialcapitalofwuhanaccordingtothecensusitspopulationtotaledofwhomlivedinthebuiltupormetroareaofxiaonandistrictthecitynamexiaoganmeaningfilialpietymovestheheavenisfromthestoryofdongyongwhosoldhimselfforhisfathersfuneralinthetwentyfourfilialexemplarsthesheshuiriveroriginatesinxiaogansdawucountyhubeidawucountyonthethirddayofthethirdmonthofthelunarcalendarmanyinwuhaneatdicaizhujidianwhichissupposedtopreventillnessinthecomingyearthispracticeisrelatedtoastoryinvolvingshennonginxiaogansubdivisionssincexiaoganhasbeendividedintodistrictcitiesandcountiesxiaonandistrictyingchengcityanlucityhanchuancityxiaochangcountydawucountyhubeidawucountyyunmengcountyclasswikitablemapdivstylepositionrelativeclasscenternotablepeoplefromxiaoganchengshicaisistercitiesbrestbelarusbrestbelarusreferencesexternallinksxiaogangovcnxiaogangovernmentsitexfcelocationsofhalflifexenxboxlivexboxlivexboxlivexylylbromidealsoknownasmethylbenzylbromideortstofftstuffisanymemberoramixtureoforganiccompoundorganicchemicalcompoundswiththechemicalformulamolecularformulacarboncsubsubhydrogenhsubsubchsubsubchsubsubbrominebrthemixturewasformerlyusedasateargasallmembersandthemixturearecolourlessliquidsalthoughcommercialoroldersamplesappearyellowishuseasaweaponxylylbromideisanirritantandlachrymatoryagentlachrymatoryagentithasbeenincorporatedinchemicalweaponssincetheearlymonthsofworldwarisomecommentatorssaythefirstusewasinaugustwhenthefrenchattackedgermansoldierswithteargasgrenadesbuttheagentusedinthatincidentwasmorelikelytobeethylbromoacetatewhichthefrenchhadtestedbeforethewarrefnamebordenchemwarfarerefthefirstextensiveuseofxylylbromidewasthefiringbygermanforcesoftshellsatrussianpositionsinthebattleofbolimwinjanuarytheshellsweremodifiednbspcmnbspinchartilleryshellscontaininganexplosivechargeandcnbspkgnbsplbxylylbromidetheattackwasacompletefailurebecausethewinterweatherwastoocoldtopermitaneffectiveaerosolandtheagentwaseitherblownbacktowardsthegermanlinesfellharmlesslytothegroundorwasinsufficientlyconcentratedtocausedamageasimilarattackatnieuwpoortbelgiumnieuwpoortinmarchwasalsounsuccessfulneverthelessbecauseofitseaseofmanufacturexylylbromidewaswidelyusedinworldwariinparticularasacomponentofthegermanswhitecrosschemicalwarfareweisskreuzwhitecrossmixturestructuralisomersthreeisomerscollectivelyreferredtobycasregistrynumberarecasrnoxylylbromidemethylbenzylbromidesystematicnamebromomethylmethylbenzenewebbooknistgovcgiinchiinchidschbrchhhhnistrecordcasrnmxylylbromidemethylbenzylbromidesystematicnamebromomethylmethylbenzenewebbooknistgovcgiinchiinchidschbrchhhhnistrecordcasrnpxylylbromidemethylbenzylbromidesystematicnamebromomethylmethylbenzenewebbooknistgovcgiinchiinchidschbrchhhhnistrecordintheabsenceofclarificationthenamexylylbromidemayrefertoanyoneoftheseisomersoramixtureofallthreeseealsochemicalweaponsinworldwarireferencesexternallinkstoxnetnlmnihgovcgibinsissearchrdbshsdbtermrnrelhazardoussubstancesdatabankhsdbrecordtaxoboximagexenoturbellajaponicajpgimagecaptionxenoturbellajaponicaregnumanimaliaphylumxenacoelomorphasubphylumxenoturbellidasubphylumauthoritywestbladfamiliaxenoturbellidaefamiliaauthoritywestbladgenusxenoturbellagenusauthoritywestbladrefnamezhangrefrefnametyleretalrefxenoturbellaisagenusofverysimplebilateriansuptoafewcentimeterslongitcontainsasmallnumberofmarinebenthosbenthicwormlikespeciesrefnamerouserefthefirstknownspeciesxenoturbellabockiwasdiscoveredinbysixtenbockbutitwasonlyproperlydescribedinbyeinarwestbladrefnamewestbladrefdescriptionxenoturbellahasaverysimplebodyplanitconsistsoftwociliatedepitheliumepitheliallayersanexternalepidermiszoologyepidermisandaninternalgastrodermisliningthesimplesacklikegastrointestinaltractgutthemouthislocatedventrallyandthereisnoanusrefnameisraelssonrefwasteisdispelledthroughthesameopeningasfoodistakeninthenervoussystemiscomposedbyanetofinterconnectedneuronsbeneaththeepidermiswithoutanyconcentrationofneuronsforminggangliaornervecordsrefnamepereaatienzagavilanrefrefnameraikovarefspeciesofxenoturbellaalsolackarespiratorysystemrespiratoryacirculatorysystemcirculatoryandanexcretorysysteminfacttherearenodefinedorgananatomyorgansexceptforastatocystcontainingflagellatedcellstherearenoorganizedgonadsbutgametesareproducedadultsproducingspermareveryrarelyobservedbuteggsandembryosareknowntooccurinfolliclesrefnameisraelssonbuddrefeggsofxenoturbellaarewidepaleorangeandopaquetheyaresimilartothejuvenilesofacoelomateneochildiafuscaspeciescurrentlythegenusxenoturbellacontainsrecognizedspeciesxenoturbellabockismallwestbladsmallxenoturbellawestbladismallreisingersmallxenoturbellachurrosmallrousewilsoncarvajalvrijenhoeksmallxenoturbellahollandorumsmallrousewilsoncarvajalvrijenhoeksmallxenoturbellamonstrosasmallrousewilsoncarvajalvrijenhoeksmallxenoturbellaprofundasmallrousewilsoncarvajalvrijenhoeksmallthetwosmallerspeciesxbockiandxhollandorumwhichareuptolongarefoundinshallowerwaterslessthandeepandformaseparatecladefromtheotherthreelargerspeciesorgreaterlongwhichliveindeeperwatersinafurtherspeciesxenoturbellajaponicaxjaponicahasbeenproposedrefnamenakanorefphylogenythesystematicpositionofxenoturbellahasbeenconsideredenigmaticsinceitsdiscoveryanearlydnaanalysissuggestedacloserelationshiptomolluscsrefnamenornjondeliusrefbutitwasprobablyaresultfromcontaminationwithdnaofmolluscsthatxenoturbellaconsumesrefnamebourlatnielsenrefasubsequentstudysuggestedaplacementofthegenusinitsownphylumxenoturbellidaasadeuterostomecladeandsistergrouptotheambulacrariarefnamebourlatjuliusdottirrefthedeuterostomeaffiliationswerethenrecoveredbystudiesthatindicateabasalphylogeneticsbasalpositionofthisphylumwithinthedeuterostomesrefnamepersekepersekemhankelntweichbfritzschgstadlerpfisraelssonobernharddschlegelmthemitochondrialdnaofxenoturbellabockigenomicarchitectureandphylogeneticanalysistheorybiosciavailableonlineatbioinfunileipzigdepublicationspreprintspdfrefrefnamerefcitejournallasttelfordfirstmjtitlexenoturbellidathefourthdeuterostomephylumandthedietofwormsdoidvgjournalgenesisvolumeissuepagesyearpmidpmcreforinasistergrouprelationshipwiththeambulacrariarefnamephilipperefhowevermorphologicalcharacterssuchasthestructureofepidermalciliumciliasuggestedacloserelationshipwithacoelomorphaanotherproblematicgroupmolecularstudiesbasedontheconcatenationofhundredsofproteinsrevealedindeedamonophyleticgroupcomposedbyxenoturbellaandacoelomorphathemonophylyofxenacoelomorphasoonbecameestablishedbutitspositionaseitherabasalbilateriancladeoradeuterostomeremainedunresolveduntilveryrecentlywhentwonewstudieswithincreasedgeneandtaxonsamplingagainplacedxenoturbellaasthesistergroupofacoelomorphawithinxenacoelomorphaandplacedxenacoelomorphaassistertonephrozoaprotostomiaplusdeuterostomiaandthereforethebasalmostbilaterianphylumrefnamecannonrefreferencesfurtherreadingghaszprunarrmriegerpschuchertextantproblematicawithinornearthemetazoainsimonettaamconwaymorrissedstheearlyevolutionofmetazoaandthesignificanceofproblematictaxaoxfordunivpresscambridgeppnbspexternallinksbioinfunileipzigdepublicationspreprintspdfapcrsurveyofxenoturbellabockihoxgenesyoutubecomwatchvyjxncoxlxsmovieofadultxenoturbellabockixboxredirectxboxredirectxboxeastandfifthavenueplacecalgaryfifthavenueplacetrackslinkingthedowntownholtrenfrewdepartmentstoretothestreetsouthweststreetsouthwestctrainthstreetsouthwestlrtstationbeforeitsreconstructionandthecanterratowertheplusorskywaynetworkincalgaryalbertacanadaisoneoftheworldsmostextensivepedestrianskywalksystemswithatotallengthofkilometresmilesandbridgesthesystemissonamedbecausetheskywalksareapproximatelyfeetapproximatelynbspmetresabovestreetlevelsomeplusskywalksaremultilevelwithhigherlevelsbeingreferredtoassandshistorythesystemwasconceivedanddesignedbyarchitectharoldhanenwhoworkedforthecalgaryplanningdepartmentfromtothisdevelopmentearnedhimthevincentmasseyawardformeritinurbanplanningbestavailablelinkgiventhattheresnotyetanarticleontheawarditselfopeninginthenetworkhasexpandedtoincludeenclosedbridgesconnectingdozensofdowntowncalgarybuildingsthecentralcoreofthesystemisaseriesofenclosedshoppingcentresandthecitysflagshipdepartmentstoresnewdevelopmentswererequiredtoconnecttothewalkwaysysteminexchangeforthistheywereofferedmorefloorspacethebonusdensitywhennotphysicallyabletoconnecttonearbybuildingsdeveloperscontributetotheplusfundmanagedbythecityusedtofinanceothermissingconnectionscontroversythesystemhasbeensubjecttocriticismithasbeenidentifiedwithadeclineinstreetlifeinthedowntowncalgarydowntowncommercialcorerefnamecitysurveyusersurveyacityofcalgarystudypublishedinrefstreetlifeisinsteadconcentratedonstreetssuchasstephenavenueorinneighbourhoodswheretherearenobridgessuchaseauclairecalgaryeauclaireandthebeltlinecalgarybeltlinefutureinthecitybegantoreevaluatethesystempartofthegoalofthesestudieswasreinvigoratingdecreaseddaytimestreetlifeonsomedowntownstreetsthepossibilityoflimitingexpansiontoencouragemorepedestrianstreettrafficwasraisedthesystemsbridgesareintegraltothebuildingstheyservecityplanningbylawsnowconfertaxcreditstoownerswhoconnectnewbuildingstothesystembusinessesandthegeneralpublicmakeextensiveuseofthesystemsenhancedflowofhumantrafficinpopularculturetheplusisoneofthecentralplotelementsinthefilmwaydowntowndeliberatelylowercasenotatypodirectedbygaryburnsdirectorgaryburnslistofconnectedbuildingspleasedonotaddredlinkstothissectionthavenuethavenuerdstreetthavenuethavenuethavenuethavenuethavenuealbertaenergyutilitiesboardaltiuscentreandrewdavisonbuildingaquitainetoweratriumiatriumiibankofcanadabankerscourtbankershallbankershallparkadebantreltowerbowparkadebowvalleycollegebowvalleysquarebpcentrebrookfieldplacecalgarycalgaryboardofeducationcalgaryhousecalgarymarriotthotelcalgaryplacecalgarytowercanadaplacecanadatrusttowercanadianfinabuildingcanterratowercarterhousecentennialparkadecentennialplacecalgarycentennialplacecentrefourcenturyparkplacechamberofcommercechevronplazacitycentreparkadecityhallckaldtcityomnibuildingconventioncentrenorthconventioncentresouththecoreshoppingcentrecalgarycoreshoppingcentreformerlytdsquarecalgaryeatoncentredaonbuildingdeltabowvalleyinndevoniangardenscalgarydevoniangardensdometowerdominioncentreeauclaireplaceiieighthavenueplaceelvedencentrecalgaryelvedencentreemersoncentreencanaplaceencorplaceepcorecentreernstandyoungtowerfairmontpalliserhotelfifthandfifthfifthavenueplacecalgaryfifthavenueplacefirstalbertaplacefirstcanadiancentrefourthandfourthfracmastertowerglenbowmuseumgulfcanadasquarehanoverplaceharryhayesgovernmentofcanadahawthornhotelandsuiteshollinsworthbuildingholtrenfrewdepartmentstorehomeoiltowerhyattregencyhotelintactplaceinternationalhoteliveaghhousejjbowenbuildingjamiesonplacecalgaryjamiesonplacelancasterbuildinglifeplazalivingstonplacelondonhousemobiltowermonencoplacemunicipalbuildingnexenbuildingcalgarynexenbuildingnorthlandbuildingnorthlandplaceaspenpropertiesltdcompropertiespallisersouthhtmpallisersouthonepallisersquarepallisersquarepanarcticcentrepertogenbuildingpetexbuildingpetroleumbuildingplaceoldpoliceheadquartersbuildingprovincialcourtramadahotelrockymountaincourtrockymountainplazaroslynbuildingroyalbanksandmaninnsanjelbuildingscotiabanktowerscotiacentrecalgaryscotiacentreselkirkhouseshellcentresheratonsuitesstregishotelstandardlifestockexchangetowersuncorenergycentresunlifeplazatelushousecalgaryhudsonsbayretailerthebaydepartmentstorethebowskyscraperthebowtranscanadatowercalgarytranscanadatowertrimachousewatermarktowerwesterncanadianplacewesternunionwestinhotelworkerscompensationboardofficeywcaseealsolistofattractionsandlandmarksincalgaryskywayedmontonpedwayundergroundcitymontrealpathtorontoreferencesexternallinkscalgarycatransportationroadsdocumentsroadmaintenanceplusskywalknetworkmappdfcityofcalgarypdfmapcalgarypluscommapwithiphoneapppluscomninjadirectionsmeetupsdirectoryinfoboxvideogametitlexbeyondthefrontierimagexbeyondthefrontiercoverartpngdeveloperegosoftpublisherthqenginexenginereleasedseriesxgameseriesxgenresimulationmodessingleplayerplatformsmicrosoftwindowswindowsxbeyondthefrontierisavideogamecreatedbyegosoftformicrosoftwindowswindowsthefirstofthexgameseriesxseriesitisaspacetradingandcombatsimulatorgamemostlysetinthefictionalxuniverseuponreleaseitwasfrequentlycomparedtotheolderelitevideogameeliterefnameignreviewrefrefnamegsreviewrefanexpansionxtensionwasreleasedinthreefullsequelshavesincefollowedxthethreatinxreunioninandxterranconflictinxbeyondthefrontierandxtensionwerereleasedintogetherasxgoldinanovelfarnhamslegendisbasedontheplotofxbeyondthefrontierbackgroundsetintheyearinthebeginningofthethcenturytheplayertakestheroleofkylebrennananearthtestpilotforthexshuttlebetterknownasthexperimentalshuttlewhichhastheabilitytojumpfromonepartoftheuniversetoanotherviaawormholewithoutrequiringajumpgateduringthetestjumpsomethinggoesdrasticallywrongandbrennanendsupinanunknownpartofspaceheencountersanalienracetheteladiahighlycapitalistprofitfocusedculturefindingkylehelplesstheyrepairhisshipandloanhimsomemoneytheyalsogivehintsontradinginthexuniverseandmaytellhimifheasksabouttheargonandotheralienracesinthexuniversethexuniverseisanetworkofsectorslinkedbyjumpgateswithhisjumpdrivedestroyedandnoideahowtoreturntoearthbrennanfindshimselfstrandedaloneandindebtedtoanalienracetheplayerisfreetochoosehowtocontinuethegameandiforwhentopursuethemainplotmainplotthroughtradeandexplorationbrennaneventuallyencounterstheargonaracewhoappearhumanhoweveritquicklybecomesclearthattheargonhavenoknowledgeofearthandmostdismissbrennanasacrankwhenheclaimstobefromearthheissubsequentlyledtoagroupofscientistsandscholarsknownasthegonerwhichisanorganisationdedicatedtopreservinginformationaboutearthheworkswiththemtodiscovertheforgottenhistoryoftheargonthattheyaredescendedfromhumanswhowerecutofffromearthcenturiesagoinawarwithroguemachinesknownastheterraformersafterconvincingtheargonthatearthisrealbrennanworkswiththemspecificallywithbandannaheadoftheargonsecretservicetopreventtheterraformersnowknownasthexenonfromdevelopingasuperweapondependingonhisstatuswiththedifferentxuniverseracesbrennanfinallyformsanalliancetoattackthexenonforcesanddestroytheirsuperweaponthuscompletingthegamegameplaytherearefiftyfourstarsystemsinthexuniverseandwithineachonetherearenumerousinstallationsthereisatleastonespacestationineachsystemandtheyrangefromordinaryfactorieslikesolarpowerplantstoshipyardsbytradingwiththemtheplayermakesaprofitwhichallowsonetoupgradethexperimentalshuttlewithnewweaponsbettershieldsandincreasedcargospaceitispossibletotradewithinasinglesystembuttheplayercanearncreditsmuchquickerbyexploringothersystemsviathejumpgateseventuallytheplayerwillbeabletobuyfactoriesandthusearnmuchgreaterincomealthougheachsystemhasatleastoneplanetitisnotpossibletolandonanyofthemfactoriesspacestationsandotherinstallationsarelocatedfarfromtheplanetsandstarsreceptionvideogamereviewstitlexbeyondthefrontiermcrefnamemcrefallgamecwgeuroggigameprogamerevdgspotgspygamezoneignpcgusxbeyondthefrontierreceivedaveragereviewsaccordingtothereviewaggregatorreviewaggregationwebsitemetacriticthegamewaspraisedforitsopenendedgameplayandthelargenumberofsystemstoexploretheeconomyinthexuniverseisdynamicwiththepriceofgoodsvaryingwithsupplyanddemandforexamplesellingalargeamountofoneparticularproducttoasinglestationwillresultinthepriceforfurtherconsignmentsdroppinginproportiontotheirdemandtheatmosphericmusicalscoreofthegamewasalsopraisedthegamewasalsopraisedhighlyforitsspectacularbackgroundgraphicssuchasgorgeouscoloredlightingeffectsandthehighlydetailedrotatingplanetshoweverthegamereceivedcriticismfromsomeforgivingtheplayersolittleequipmenttostartwithforexamplethexperimentallosesitsweaponsintheaccidentthatbringsittothexuniversethesecanbepurchasedoncetheplayeracquiressufficientcreditstodosountilthentheplayerisdefenselesstheshipisalsoquiteslowandtravelingbetweeninstallationsatfirsttakesalongtimeatimeacceleratordevicereducesthetransittimebutitneedstobefoundandpurchasedwhichmeansthegamemovesatafrustratingsnailspaceforthefirstminutesstillafteraslittleasanhourofgameplaywithsomeshrewdtradingyoushouldbeabletooutfityourxshipwithapairoflasersandthetimeacceleratingsingularitytimedistortionenginesaidonereviewthecombatsystemwaslightlycriticizedasbeingmoreofagoaltobeovercomethanachallengetoberelishedespeciallygiventhesuicidalashellkamikazenatureofenemypilotswhoappearconstantlytowishtoramtheplayerafinalcriticismwasthegamesskimpymanualwhichleavestheplayertoworkoutmostthingsforthemselveshoweverothersfeltthedocumentationwasextremelywelldoneandthatthegameactuallyusesyourcompleteignoranceofwhatsgoingonaroundyoutoaddasenseofadventureandmysterytothetalextensioninfoboxvideogametitlextensionimagextensionboxsmalljpgdeveloperegosoftpublisherthqbrsouthpeakgameseuropeeurenginexengineseriesxgameseriesxreleasedgenresimulationmodessingleplayerplatformsmicrosoftwindowswindowsxtensionwasreleasedasanexpansiontobeyondthefrontierhowevermanygamersandreviewersconsideritmoreasequelthananaddontheplayeronceagaintakescontrolofkylebrennanwhonowhastimetokillashisxperimentalshipisreverseengineeredtheplayerisgivenashipsomecreditsandlefttomakehisownwayinthexuniversegameplaythereisnooverarchingplotinxtensionitisanopenendedsandboxgamefilledwithmicroquestsfreetochoosewheretheywanttogowhattotradeinandwhotopickonegosoftsmanagingdirectorberndlehahndescribedxtensionasaspacegamethatallowsyoutolivefreelyinavirtualuniverseanddowhateveryouwanttodoatleastthatsourgoalchangesthegraphicswereimprovedforxtensionaddingneweffectsandsceneryandremovingvisibleseamswhichblightedmanyofthesebackdropsintheoriginalgamethemusicalscorewasalsoextendedandthexuniversewasexpandedtoatotalofninetysystemsxtensionaddressedmanycriticismsoftheoriginalgametheplayerscraftispreequippedwithsomeupgradesweaponsandatimeacceleratorsothatplayerscandefendthemselvesfromthebeginningalthoughtheweaponsyoustartoutwithareuselessagainstmostofenemyshipstheplayercanleavetheshipandspacewalkinaspacesuitpurchasenewshipsfromshipyardsandevencaptureenemyshipsthatcanbeflownbytheplayertheingameinterfacewasexpandedtoincludenewfeaturesincludinganautomaticnavigationsystemthatallowstheplayertoeasilyaccessinformationaboutanysectorsvisitedandincludesafullmapofthegalaxyshowingeverywhereyouhavebeenwhencombinedwithsomeupgradesandequipmentthissystemallowstheplayertomonitorthexuniverseseconomytrafficandpricesremotelyanincrediblyusefulnewfeaturewhichmakestradingfarlesshitandmissthanitwasintheoriginalgametheinterfacealsoallowstheplayerstocontrolmanyoftheirassetsfactoriesandshiptasksremotelytheynolongerneedtolandatafactorytoadjustitnoreventobeinsameregionofspaceonecriticismsharedbybothgameswasthecombatsystemwhileimprovedinxtensionitcouldstillbesummedupasunremarkablenotablyegosoftsmanagingdirectorberndlehahnmentionedappealingtothewingcommanderfranchisewingcommanderaudienceasahighpriorityinthedesignofinvideogamingsequelxsupsupreunionhedefinedthisaspeoplewhoexpectastoryandcoolfightingmissionsbutwhomaybewonovertothefreeformgameplayandtheadvantagesthatarealisticeconomyaddstosuchagamereceptionvideogamereviewstitlextensioneurogpczonetheextensionpackreceivedfavorablereviewsalthoughnoaggregatescoreexistsseealsolistofpcgamesreferencesexternallinksdexspieleseriexbeyondthefrontierxbeyondthefrontierxtensioninfoboxvideogametitlexthethreatimagexthethreatcoverartpngdeveloperegosoftbrfreeversesoftwareosxpublishervirtualprogrammingbrlinuxgamepublishingenginexengineseriesxgameseriesxreleasedwindowsbrosxbrxthereturnbrgenrespacesimulationmodessingleplayerplatformslinuxmacosmacosxmicrosoftwindowswindowsxthethreatstylizedasxthethreatisaspacesimulationvideogamedevelopedbyegosoftformicrosoftwindowswindowslinuxandmacosmacosxitispartofthexgameseriesxcomputergameseriesitwasreleasedinandisasequeltoxbeyondthefrontierfreeversesoftwareportedthegametomacosxinwhilelinuxgamepublishingproducedtheirlinuxportinthesequeltothisgameisxreuniongameplayaswiththeoriginalsxthethreatisaspacetradingandcombatsimulatorsetinthefictionalxgameseriesthexuniversexuniverseanetworkofsectorslinkedbylargespacegatesthegamefeaturesanewgameenginegraphicsengineamuchexpandeduniverseanddifferentflyableshipsalongwithanumberofnewmissionsavailabletotheplayerunliketheexpansionpackxbeyondthefrontierxtensionxtensionwhichwasalmostentirelysandboxgameopenendedxthethreathasaclearbackgroundstoryinvolvinganaggressivealienraceknownasthekhaakhoweverthegameremainsopenendedandtheplayersarefreetopursuetheplotattheirownpaceifatallplottheplayertakestheroleofjuliangardnaapirateandthiefearlyonthekhaakahostilealienraceemergetothreatenthexuniversetheplayerisaskedtoundertakeaseriesofmissionstouncovertheiroriginstheirintentionsandtodeterminetheirconnectiontohismissingfatherultimatelyjulianmustfightoffamassiveattackbykhaakrescuingnumerousothercharactersintheprocesskeynonplayercharactersincludebretserraroguepirateandjuliansclosestfriendbandannatheheadofargonsecretservicesecretservicewhosharesacloserelationshipwithjuliansfatherdatingbacktothepreviousgamexbeyondthefrontierelenakhochiefexecutiveintheinfluentialterracorpcorporationsayakhodaughterofelenakhokylebrennanjuliansfatherfounderofterracorpandprotagonistfromthepreviousgamesduetotheexpenseofcompletingtheplottheplayersareperiodicallypromptedtobreakawayfromtheplotandincreasetheirresourcesthroughtradeandotheropenendedplayopenendedfeaturesxissetwithinthexuniversewhichconsistsofsectorsconnectedbytwowayjumpgatesthemainareaofeachsectortypicallycontainsseveralstationsandatleastonegatethegameisopenendedallowingtheplayertogowheretheylikewhentheylikedoingwhatevertheylikeaplayerislimitedonlybytheiringamestatusandresourcesassuchadrivingforceofthegameistoacquirecreditstheuniversalcurrencyandstatususingcreditsaplayercanbuywaresfromastationthesewaresmaythenbeflowntoanotherstationwheretheycanbesoldideallyforahigherpricehoweverpricesvaryfromminutetominutesecondtoseconddependingondemandthelessofawarethereisthehigheritspriceassuchthexuniversehasatrulydynamicmarketeconomymarketdriveneconomyaplayercancapitalizeonemergenceemergenttrendstomakevastprofitsoraseasilycanwastemoneyandtimeonabadcargochoiceasaplayerbuildsprofitstheycanbuyequipmentweaponsshipsandstationstheplayercanacquireanunlimitednumberofshipsandstationsofvaryingsizeshapeandfunctiontheplayercanbuildfactoriestoproducegoodsincludingweaponsandshieldstosellorconsumeasthefactoriesrequireresourcestheplayercansetupshipstoperformtradingtasksforfactoriessuchasbuyingresourcesfromotherstationsorsellingtheproductthegamecontainsnumerousracesseveralracesfeatureafulleconomyandcanbeinteractedwithbytheplayerthroughtradingreputationandmissionsseveralhostileraceslimittheamountofinteractivitytocombatreputationbetweentheplayerandthesocialracescanbebuiltupthroughmissionsdefendingtheirspaceortradingintheirspacethereputationaffectshowtheseindividualsofthatracesrespondtotheplayerandwhatkindofmissionsareofferedaplayerstatusiscategorizedaccordingtomercantileskillcombatskillandanotorietyrankingforeachraceexpansionpackanexpansionpackcalledxthereturnwasindevelopmentbutwascancelledinfavourofxreceptionvideogamereviewsmcrefnamemetacriticthethreatrefcwgeurogrefnameeurogamerxrefgigspotrefnamegamespotdesslockrefgspygtmgamezoneignrefnameignmcnamararefpcfpcgusxthethreatreceivedaveragereviewsaccordingtothereviewaggregatorreviewaggregationwebsitemetacriticmanyreviewerspraisedthegraphicsandtheamountoffreedomofferedtotheplayercommoncomplaintswerethatthegamelikeitspredecessorswasquiteslowpacedandhadasteeplearningcurveigngavethegameanaveragereviewpraisingthevisualsanddisplaybutexpressingfrustrationwithelementsofgameplaywroteigntherearebetterplacestogofortradingsimulationsandbetterplacestogoforspacecombatxsambitionsintryingtomeldboththemesendedupfallingshortofwhatmostpeoplewouldfindentertainingitscomplexityasatradingsimulatoriswastedwhenthemoneyisreallymadewithonlyonetypeofproductgamespotreferredtothegameasadiamondintheroughforpatientplayersaswellasextremelyambitiousbutnotveryaccessibleeurogamercriticizedthegameforbeingforhardcorefansonlybecauseofitscomplexityalsocallingitasuperblyambitiousgamewhichachievesmuchofwhatitsetsouttodoseealsolistofpcgamesreferencesexternallinksegosoftcomgamesxinfoenphpofficialpagedexspieleseriexdiebedrohungtherearevariouskindsofxinjiangcoinspreislamiccoinsamongtheearliestcoinsmadeinthetarimbasinwerethesocalledhorsecoinsoftheyutiankingdomnearmodernhotanalsoknownasthesinokharosthicoinsofkhotanthesewerestruckaroundthesecondandthirdcenturieswithahorseimageononesideandlegendsinhanzihanchineseandkharosthiscriptscoinswithbothchineseandkaroshthiinscriptionshavebeenfoundinthesoutherntarimbasinrefnamemillwardrefcastcoinsmadeinimitationofchinesecoinswerealsoproducedinthetarimbasinthekingdomofqiuzinearmodernkuchaproducedcoinssimilartothechinesewuzhupiecesinthechuvalleyincentralasiatangdynastyerachinesecoinscontinuedtobecopiedandmintedafterthechineselefttheareaanindelibleimpressionwasleftoneasternxinjiangsadministrationandcultureinturfanbythechinesetangrulewhichconsistedofsettlementsandmilitaryfarmsinadditiontothespreadofchineseinfluencesuchasthesancaithreecolourglazeincentralasiaandwesterneurasiainxinjiangtherewascontinuedcirculationofchinesecoinsrefnamemillwardrefthetitlemalikalmashriqwalnwasbestowedbytheabbsidcaliphuponthetamghajkhanthesamarqandkhaqanysufbasanandafterthatcoinsandliteraturehadthetitletamghajkhanappearonthemandwerecontinuedtobeusedbytheqarakhanidsandthetransoxaniabasedwesternqarakhanidsandsomeeasternqarakhanidmonarchssothereforethekarakhitanwesternliaosusageofchinesethingssuchaschinesecoinsthechinesewritingsystemtabletssealschineseartproductslikeporceleinmirrorsjadeandotherchinesecustomsweredesignedtoappearltothelocalcentralasianmuslimpopulationsincethemuslimsinthearearegardedcentralasiaasformerchineseterritoriesandviewedlinkswithchinaasprestigiousandwesternliaosruleovermuslimcentralasiacausedtheviewthatcentralasiawasachineseterritorytoreinforceuponthemuslimsturkestanandchnchinawereidentifiedwitheachotherbyfakhraldnmubrakshhwithchinabeingidentifiedasthecountrywherethecitiesofbalsghnandkashgharwerelocatedmuslimwriterswrotethattamghjsilvercoinssawmhyiamghjwerepresentinbalkhwhiletafghjwasusedbythewriterabbtheqarakhnidleaderbritiginibrhmtamghjkhnwaspossiblytheonewhomintedthecoinsintheturfandepressionturfanbasinthebuddhistkingdomofqochouyghurkingdomofqochoalsocastcoinsinchinesestylebutwitholduyghurlanguagelegendstheprecedingcitystateofgaochangmadeitsowncoinsinchinesestylewiththelegendgaochangjiliislamiccoinsinthetarimbasininpresentdayxinjiangislamicarabiclanguagecoinswerestruckunderthekarakhanidkhanatechagataikhanatekhojaturkestansayyidiyayarkentkhanateyarkandormoghulkhanateandevenbythebuddhistdzungarkhanatethedzungarsmintedpulcoinplaredcoppercoinredcashqingimperialcastcoinschinasqingmanchudynastybegancastingcoinsinthefarwesternregionofxinjiangchineseforthenewfrontiersometimestransliteratedassinkianginonlyoneyearaftertheqianlongemperorsgeneralsconqueredtheregionscapitolsofkashgarandyarkantcountyyarkandnotonlydidthisprimarilymuslimandturkicspeakingregionrepresentadistinctculturallandscapefortheempirebutalsoaspecialeconomicenvironmentthemanydifferencesbetweenthecoinagesofxinjiangandtherestofchinareflectedthespecialdemandsofgoverningthisareathecoinscastinxinjiangweremadefromcopperratherthanthebrassusedfortherestoftheempirescoinageleadingtothenicknameredcashthesecoppercoinswerevaluedatfiveofthestandardcashandprovidedsomecontinuitywiththemonetarysystemusedundertheregionspreviousrulersthedzungarpeopledzungaroiratmongoldzungarkhanatemostoftheredcashalsodisplayedmintnamesinthelocalturkilanguagethecoinshadwritinginchinesemanchuandturkilyingfarfromtheempirescenterxinjiangwassomewhatlooselygovernedbythecourtandthisisreflectedinthegreatvarietyofcointypesproducedsomeofthemquiteinnovativeinspiteoffrequentrebellionsandinvasionsthecoinageofredcashcontinuedonandoffthroughthenineteenthcenturyandintothebeginningofthetwentieththefinalexamplesofredcashwerecastininthenameofthelastemperorpuyiusingthesamecastingtechnologyemployedbychinesemintsforyearstheredcashofxinjiangarequitepopularamongchinesecollectorsfortheirabundanceofunusualtypesandfortheirconnectiontothesilkroadandwesternregionshistorymythologysomeofthecoinsofqingxinjiangrepresentsurprisingbreaksfromchinesecoinagetraditionsmosttypesaretrilingualanderrorswereabundantamongthenumeroustypesofredcashtherearebothgreatraritiesandcommonpieceswithstronghistoricalsignificancemachinemadecoinsmilledcoinagemachinestruckcoinswereintroducedinthelatethcenturyandatfirstwereproducedalongsidethecastcoinsseealsosilkroadnumismaticsreferencesredirectwestchestertownshipbutlercountyohioinfoboxvideogametitlexevoimagexevolutiondcjpgcaptionnorthamericandreamcastcoverartdeveloperterminalrealitypublishergatheringofdevelopersdesignerenginereleaseddreamcastplaystationgenreracinggameracingmodessingleplayermultiplayerplatformsdreamcastplaystationapplemacintoshmacintoshmicrosoftwindowswindowsxevoalsorereleasedasxevolutionisavideogamedevelopedbyterminalrealityforthemicrosoftwindowswindowsapplemacintoshmacintoshplaystationanddreamcastplatformsitisoneofthefirstconsolegamestohavecrossplatformonlineplaywheredreamcastmacintoshandwindowsversionsofthegameappearonlineatthesametimethegamecanusemapscreatedbyuserstodownloadontoaharddriveaswellasadreamcastvmuallversionsofthegamearesimilarinqualityandgameplayalthoughtheonlinesystemsfeatureamodetocustomizetheplayersowntruckanduseitonlinethegameisstillonlinecapableonallsystemsexceptforplaystationthiswasterminalrealitysonlyvideogametobereleasedforthedreamcastgameplaygameplayfeaturesoffroadracingofoverlicensedtruckmanufacturersmodesfeaturedinthegamewereacareermodeonlinemodemapeditorandversusmodethecareermodeisthemostimportantpartofthegametofeatureawaytobuybettertruckssimilartothegranturismoseriesgranturismoseriesthecareermodealsogivestheplayerpurposebuiltracevehicleschevrolettrailblazerracesuvwddodgedakotaracetruckwdfordfracetruckwdmitsubishipajerorallywdnissanxterraracesuvwdandthetoyotatundraracetruckwdtheycostanywherefromuptothesearethefastestvehiclesinthegamerecentlykcvaleacquiredpermissionfromterminalrealityincorporatedtouploadthegametohiswebserverhowevertheoriginalvehicleshavebeenremovedduetoanexpiredlicensemultiplayeralthoughthisgamewasreleasedoversixteenyearsagotheonlinecommunitystillexistswithafairnumberofplayersandsomemoderatorswhomanagechatroomsdedicatedserversarelonggonebutitispossibletohostgamesovertheinternetandjoinotherplayerhostedgamesthegamehasbeenbroughtbackonlinethankstodreamcastlivedreamcastlivenetmobilexevolutionhtmlasoneofthegamessofartobebroughtbackonlineonthedreamcastdreamcastlivenetmobilegameshtmlreceptionvideogamereviewssdctruepctruepstruenatrueallgamepsegmsdcegmpseurogpcgamefansdcgisdcgipsgameprosdcgamepropcgamepropsgspotsdcgspotpcgspotpsgspypcgamezonepcignsdcignpcignpsopmpspcguspcrevmaximmagazinemaximrevpsgrsdcrefnamegrdcrefgrpcrefnamegrpcrefgrpsrefnamegrpsrefmcsdcrefnamemcdcrefmcpcrefnamemcpcrefmcpsrefnamemcpsrefintheunitedstatesxevolutionsoldcopiesbyoctoberandoutofforthepcversionandandoutoffortheplaystationversionsequelxevowaslaterreleasedonwindowsmacintoshxboxconsolexboxgamecubeandplaystationitfeatureslargermapsdenserterrainandfreeroamingenvironmentsreferencesexternallinksappmarshcomproevolutionsoccercpylistoftheheavenswordanddragonsabercharactersthemingculteeeibmlocationsofhalflifexeninfoboxmonstertrucknamebountyhunterbrscarletbanditbrironoutlawimagebountyhuntertruckjpgcaptionbountyhunterracinginarizonaownerjimmydawncretendriverjimmycretendawncretentrentmontgomerytoddmoreyhomecitytonganoxiekansasyearcreatedbountyhunterbrscarletbanditbrironoutlawpreviousnumberstylefordexpeditionchassisengineinsupsupchevrolettransmissionhughesperformancespeedtiresxtremeracingisamonstertruckteamconsistingofthetrucksbountyhunterscarletbanditandironoutlawallofwhichcompeteprimarilyontheushramonsterjamcircuittheteamisownedbyjimmycretenandincludescretenhiswifedawncretentrentmontgomeryandtoddmoreyasdriverseachtruckfeaturesanoldwestthemewithacharacterbasedonthetrucksnameallthreevehicleshavecompetedinthemonsterjamworldfinalsandbountyhunterwastheworldfreestylemonstertrucksfreestylechampionjimmycretenandtrentmontgomerycurrentlydrivethetwobountyhuntertrucksdawncretendrivesthescarletbandittruckandtoddmoreydrivesironoutlawhistoryafterattendingashowinthekingdomeincretenboughtthesharkattackmonstertruckandrenameditbountyhunterwithoutknowingatruckwiththesamenameownedbybrianbellinialreadyexistedafterseveralyearswiththetruckheaddedasecondtrucknamedxtremewhichwouldbedrivenbyhiswifedawnwhilebountyhunterhadachevychevroletssbodyonacustomchassisxtremewasadodgedakotaonadanpatrickbuiltchassisimageironoutlawjpgpxthumbrightironoutlawracinginarizonathroughaseriesofdisplaysforthecompanycskbecameanofficialsponsoroftheteaminitwasthenthatxtremewasrenamedscarletbanditthesponsorshipleadtoasignificantincreaseinperformancefortheteamandtheybegantobeshownonthemonsterjamtelevisionshownotablywithafinalroundappearancebyjimmyinbountyhunteragainsttommeentsinthepontiacsilverdomefortheseasonbothtruckswererebodiedtofordexpeditionsandweregivennewthemedpaintjobswithcomicbookcharactermascotsthiswasalsothefirstyearinwhichbountyhunterwasinvitedtotheworldfinalsandwasrunnerupintheracingsegmentthisresultwouldbecomefamiliartocretenwhoalsohasrunnerupfinishesintheandeventsimagescarletbanditjpgpxthumbleftscarletbanditracinginarizonaforthenewironoutlawidentitydrivenbyformerjurassicattacktruckjurassicattackdriverlinseyweenkwasaddedtotheteamasareplacementbodyforwhendawncouldnotattendeventsthisnewlooksawonlylimitedactionthatseasonbutwentfulltimeinwhendawnwasexpectingachildafteranunprecedentedeventwinningstreakthetruckbecameapermanentteammemberalsoinjimmycretenwontheworldfreestylechampionshipinlasvegasnevadalasvegasbolsteringtheteamsreputationforfreestyleaswellasracinginallthreetruckscompetedonthecircuitandallearnedaslotattheworldfinalsinjulyweenkannouncedhewasmovingtothebluethundertruckbluethundertruckattheendoftheseasononoctoberdragonslayerdriverkregchristensenwasnamedasthereplacementduringthepreraceforthesamsungnascarraceattexasinnascardriverclintbowyerandfoxanalystjeffhammonddrovethebountyhuntertruckwhichwasactuallythescarletbandittruckwithadifferentbodyforafeaturesegmentoftheshowinatworldfinalscretenlosttotommeentsinmaximumdestructioninthefinalracingroundbyaboutatrucklengthalsointheteamtookahardhitwhenironoutlawdrivernickowensdiedonaugusthisdeathwasconfirmedasadrowninghewasyearsoldandhadjustfinishedhisrookieyearandgotrookieoftheyearintheseatofironoutlawworldfinalshistoryappearancesbountyhunterandscarletbanditandfortheencoreperformanceironoutlawandracingbountyhuntereventhoughjimcretenandbountyhunterhavebeenintheworldchampionshipraceinandbuthasneverwonthechampionshipinandbountyhuntermadeittothesemifinalsbutspunoutinroundatworldfinalsviiijimmycretenhasknockedoverturningpolesinandaftercrossingthelineaheadofgravediggertruckgravediggerinandalittlebehindbatmantruckbatmaninscarletbanditdawnhasyettomakeitpastroundintheracinglosinginroundinroundinandinroundinshequalifiedinthetopinandqualifiedthinironoutlawwhenlinseyweenkdrovethetruckinandhemadeittoroundbothtimesbutlosttoblacksmithinandcaptainscurseinwhenkregchristensendrovethetruckinhelosttobountyhunterinroundfreestylebountyhunterbountyhunterwonthefreestyleworldchampionshipwithascoreofbutthenitwaschangedtoaaftertiebreakerswithbluethunderthenjimmycretenhasdrivenittosecondplaceinandthetruckhasbrokenabackwheeloffinandendinghisrunhehasbrokendownearlyintheruninandheflippedthetruckinthemiddleoftheruninbuthadaspectacularfinishonthetrailerjumpinscarletbanditscarletbanditusuallycomesoutearlyorinthemiddleofthefreestyeinshegotbigairandscoredainshegotmorebigairandscoredainshewentforthebigtriplejumpanddidthesaveofalifetimeandfinishedndwithaironoutlawthetruckscoredaafterlosingawheelininthetruckputonanawesomeruncomingoutsecondinafieldoftrucksinfreestyleandscoredainthetruckbrokeafterthefirsthitandscoreaawardsandchampionshipsbountyhunterfreestyleworldchampionushrateamoftheyearushrateamoftheyearushrateamoftheyearimagesgalleryimagejimmycretenjpgjimmycretenarizonaimagelinseyweenkjpglinseyweenkarizonagalleryseealsomonstertrucklistofmonstertrucksarchiveismonsterjamcombiosdriversdawncretenwebarchiveorgwebmonsterjamcombiosdriversjimmycretenwebarchiveorgwebmonsterjamcombiostrucksbountyhunterwebarchiveorgwebmonsterjamcombiostrucksscarletbanditbountyhunterxcomreferencesexternallinksbountyhunterxcomxtremeracingofficialsitemonstertruckonlinedemonstertruckonlinexenisahypervisorallowingmultiplecomputeroperatingsystemstoexecuteonthesamecomputerhardwareconcurrentlyxenmayalsorefertoxenaprogramminglanguagenowpartofcxenhalflifexenhalflifeafictionallocationofthecomputergamehalflifexenalbumxenalbumaalbumbythevenezuelanproducerarcapeoplexencscottamericansportscoachxenbalaskassouthafricancricketerseealsoxencutsacompilationalbumfromtherecordlabelninjatunezendisambiguationtaxoboxnamexyleborusimagexyleborusdryographusweibchenfachvonobenundrechtsjpgimagecaptionxyleborusdryographusfemaleregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordobeetlecoleopterafamiliacurculionidaesubfamiliascolytinaetribusxyleborinigenusxyleborusgenusauthorityeichhoffsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionaboutseeselectedspeciestextsynonymsanaeretussmalldugessmallanisandrussmallferrarismallboroxylonsmallhopkinssmallheteroboripssmallreittersmallmesoscolytussmallbrounsmallnotoxyleborussmallschedlsmallphloeotrogussmallmotschulskysmallprogeniussmallblandfordsmallxyleboripssmallreittersmallwithoverspeciesxyleborusisbyfarthelargestambrosiabeetlegenusinthetribebiologytribexyleborinirefnamemsumsurefxyloborusnowadaysincludesanumberofformerlyindependentgenerainadditionthegeneracoptoboruscryptoxyleborusandeuwallaceaareoftenincludedheretoothismaybecorrectastheyseemtobecloselyrelatedlessoftenambrosiodmuspremnobiusandxyleborinusareincludedinxyleborusbuttheyseemtobewelldistinctpremnobiusmightevennotbelongtothexyleboriniatallthedifferentspeciescanbebestdifferentiatedbythegalleryburrowstheybuildandthetreespeciestheyinfestasignificantmemberxyleborusdisparxdisparcausespearblightselectedspeciesimagexyleborusdisparcalwerjpgthumbrightpxxdisparimagexyleborusmonographuscalwerjpgthumbrightpxxmonographusxyleborusaffinissmalleichhoffsmallxyleborusatratussmalleichhoffsmallxyleboruscalifornicussmallwoodsmallmaybelongincycl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psanguozhizhuweishuannotationinsanguozhivolrefearlycareerwhenthegeneralhejinrosetopowerinandbecameregenttothechildliubianemperorshaoherecruitedovernotablemembersoflandedgentryinchinascholargentrybackgroundtojointhecivilservicexunyouwasoneofthemhewasappointedasagentlemanoftheyellowgateintheimperialcapitalluoyanghoweverwithinthesameyearhejinwasassassinatedbytheeunuchfactionledbythetenattendantsthewarlorddongzhuotookadvantageoftheensuingpoliticalturmoiltohijackandcontrolthecentralgovernmentbetweenandseveralregionalwarlordsformedacoalitionandlaunchedacampaignagainstdongzhuointhenameofsavingtheemperordongzhuoorderedluoyangtobeburntdownandrelocatedthecapitaltochanganinchanganxunyousecretlyplottedwithzhengtaiheyonghandynastyheyongchongjiandwuqionghandynastywuqiongtoassassinatedongzhuowhowasnotoriousforhiscrueltyandtyrannyhowevertheywerediscoveredandxunyouwasarrestedandimprisonedwhilehewasincarceratedxunyouspokeandbehavednormallyasthoughnothinghadhappenedhewasonlyreleasedafterdongzhuowaskilledinrefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolrefhowevertheweishumentionedthatxunyouwasreleasedafterhesentsomeonetopersuadeandconvincedongzhuotofreehimrefgroupsanguozhizhuweishuannotationinsanguozhivolrefxunyouthenresignedandreturnedhomebutsoonrejoinedthecivilserviceandwasappointedasthechancellorofrenchengstatesouthwestofpresentdayzouchengshandongherejectedthisappointmentandaskedtobetheadministratorofshucommanderyaroundpresentdaychengdusichuanbecauseheheardthatshucommanderywasprosperousandsituatedinageographicallystrategiclocationhoweverhewasunabletotraveltoshucommanderybecausetheroadsleadingtherehadbeendamagedandcutoffhehadnochoicebuttorelocatetojingprovinceandstationthererefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolrefserviceundercaocaointhewarlordcaocaoreceivedandfetchedemperorxianofhanemperorxiantoxupresentdayxuchanghenanandestablishedthenewcapitaltherehewrotetoxunyoutheempireisinchaositistimeforintelligentpeopletodosomethingdoyounotthinkyouhavespenttoomuchtimeobservingthechangesintheshuregionxunyouwasthenappointedastheadministratorofrunancommanderyaroundpresentdaygushicountyhenanandlatersummonedtothecapitaltoserveasamasterofwritingcaocaohadlongheardofxunyouandwasoverjoyedwhentheyfinallymethetoldxunyuandzhongyaogongdaisnoordinarypersonnowthatihavehimtoadvisemewhyshouldiworryaboutnotbeingabletopacifytheempirehealsoappointedxunyouasamilitaryadviserrefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolrefbattlesagainstzhangxiuandlbuinwhencaocaowantedtolaunchanotherattackonarivalwarlordzhangxiuwarlordzhangxiuxunyouadvisedhimagainstitsayingzhangxiuandliubiaoshareborderszhangxiuandhiswanderingarmyrelyonliubiaoforsuppliesliubiaoisunabletoprovideforthemsotheywilleventuallyfalloutwhynotwaitandtrytoinducezhangxiutosurrendertoyouwhenzhangxiuendsupinadesperatesituationliubiaowilldefinitelysupporthimcaocaoignoredxunyousadviceandattackedzhangxiuatrangcountypresentdaydengzhouhenanjustasxunyoupredictedwhenzhangxiussituationbecamemoredesperateliubiaosentreinforcementstohelphimandputcaocaosattackingforcesinadisadvantageouspositioncaocaotoldxunyouthatheregrettednotlisteningtohisadvicehethenchangedtacticsattackedzhangxiuagainanddefeatedhimthesecondtimerefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolrefinthesameyearafterdefeatingzhangxiuandliubiaocaocaowantedtomoveontoattackanotherrivalwarlordlbumanyofhissubordinatesthoughtthatitwastoodangeroushoweverxunyouhadadifferentopinionhebelievedthatzhangxiuandliubiaohadyettorecoverfromtheirrecentdefeatandwouldnotmakeanyfurthermoveshealsopointedoutthateventhoughlbuwasaformidablewarriorandhadsupportfromthewarlordyuanshurelationsbetweenthemhadrecentlydeterioratedsoitwasanopportunemomentforcaocaotoattacklbulbudefeatedliubeiandreceivedhelpfromzangbarefgroupsanguozhizhuweishuannotationinsanguozhivolrefduringthebattleofxiapicaocaodefeatedlbuintheinitialstagesandforcedhimtoretreatbacktoxiapicommanderysouthofpresentdaypizhoujiangsucaocaothenlaidsiegetoxiapiandlaunchedseveralattacksbutwasunabletobreachthecitywallsashistroopsgrewwearycaocaoconsideredwithdrawinghoweverxunyouandguojiaadvisedhimlbuisbravebutfoolhardyhisforcesmoraleisverylowaftersufferingconsecutivedefeatsanarmysmoraledependsonitscommanderswilltofightonchengongisintelligentbutslowsincelbusarmysmoralehasntrecoveredyetandchengonghasntfinalisedhisplansyetyoucaneventuallydefeatlbuifyoucontinueattackinghimcaocaothenorderedhistroopstodigditchesandredirectthewatersoftheyirivershandongyiandsiriversiriverstofloodxiapixiapifellquicklyandlbuwascapturedaliveandexecutedrefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolrefbattlesagainsttheyuanfamilyincewarbrokeoutbetweencaocaoandthenorthernwarlordyuanshaoatthebattleofbomaxunyousuggestedthatcaocaouseadiversionarytactictoeliminateyuanshaosgeneralyanliangthebattleendedwithvictoryforcaocaoandyanliangsdeathatthehandsofguanyuafterthevictoryatbomacaocaoandhisforcesheadedwestwiththeirbaggagetrainalongthesouthbanksoftheyellowriveryuanshaosenthistroopsacrosstherivertoraidthebaggagetrainandtheyencounteredcaocaocaocaossubordinateswereshockedandtheyaskedhimtoheadbacktoprotecthiscampxunyousaidthisisanopportunitytocapturetheenemywhyshouldweretreatcaocaolookedatxunyouandlaughedhethenorderedhistroopstousetheirbaggageasbaittolureyuanshaosforcesintoatrapatthebattleofyanfordwhenyuanshaossoldierswerescramblingforthebaggagecaocaosenthisinfantryandcavalryforcestoattackthemandscoredamajorvictoryyuanshaosgeneralwenchouwaskilledinactioncaocaothenretreatedtoguandunortheastofpresentdayzhongmucountyhenanyuanshaolaidsiegetoguandurefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolrefasbothsidesreachedastalemateatguanduandcaocaosforcesranoutofsuppliesxunyouadvisedcaocaoyuanshaossupplieswillbereachinginonedayhanxuntheofficerleadingtheconvoytendstounderestimatetheenemyhecanbeeasilydefeatedrefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolrefxunyoualsorecommendedcaocaosgeneralxuhuangtoleadtheattackonhanxuncaocaosentxuhuangandshihuantoraidhanxunsconvoyandtheyburntthesupplieslateryuanshaosadviserxuyouhandynastyxuyoudefectedtocaocaossideandurgedcaotoattackyuanssupplydepotatwuchaosoutheastofpresentdayyanjincountyhenanyanjincountyhenanwhichwasguardedbychunyuqiongwhilecaocaosothersubordinatesweresuspiciousaboutxuyouonlyxunyouandjiaxuadvisedcaotoheedxuyoussuggestioncaocaothenorderedxunyouandcaohongtoremainbehindtoguardhismaincampwhilehepersonallyledhisforcestoattackwuchaoandsucceededindestroyingyuanshaossuppliesandkilledchunyuqionginbattleasthetideturnedagainstyuanshaotwoofhisgeneralszhangheandgaolandestroyedtheirowncampsandledtheirmentodefectandsurrendertocaocaossidewhenzhangheandgaolanshowedupatcaocaosmaincampcaohongfeltsuspiciousandwasreluctanttoaccepttheirsurrenderxunyoutoldcaohongzhanghewasangrythatyuanshaodidnotlistentohimsohedecidedtodefectsirwhatstheretosuspectabouthimcaohongthenacceptedtheirsurrenderrefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolrefafteryuanshaosdeathinjunecaocaolaunchedacampaignagainstyuanssonsyuantanandyuanshanganddefeatedthematthebattleofliyanginthefollowingyearwhencaocaowasplanningtoattackliubiaohereceivednewsthatyuantanandyuanshanghadstartedfightingovercontrolofjiprovinceyuantansenthisadviserxinpitoconveytocaocaohiswishtosurrenderandseekaidfromcaoincounteringhisbrothercaocaoconsideredacceptingyuantanssurrenderandsendingtroopstoaidhimandthenconsultedhisadvisersmostofthemthoughtthatliubiaowasmorepowerfulandthatyuantanandyuanshangposednothreatsotheyurgedcaocaotoattackliubiaofirstxunyouhadadifferentopinionfromthemhesaidtheempirehasexperiencedsomuchturmoilyetliubiaohasholedupinthejingprovincejiangandhanregionsthisshowsthathehasnointentionofexpandinghisterritorytheyuansoccupyfourprovincesandhavetroopsyuanshaohadtreatedhissubordinatesgenerouslyandhopedthathissonswouldcooperateharmoniouslytosafeguardhisterritoriesthatwaswhyturmoilintheempireneverseemedtoendasofnowrelationsbetweenthebrothershavedeterioratedandtheyseektodestroyeachotherifoneofthemdefeatsandabsorbstheotherhewillbecomemorepowerfulandmoredifficulttodefeatifyoutakeadvantageoftheirinternalconflicttodefeatthemyouwillrestorestabilityintheempireyoushouldntmissthisgreatopportunitycaocaoagreedacceptedyuantanssurrenderandledhisforcestoattackyuanshangyuantanlaterrebelledagainstcaocaobutwasdefeatedandkilledatthebattleofnanpiinrefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolreflaterlifeanddeathafterpacifyingjiprovincecaocaowroteamemorialtothethronememorialtoemperorxianofhanemperorxiantorecommendhimtoawardxunyouamarquistitletohonourhimforhiscontributionsxunyouwasthusenfeoffedasthemarquisoflingshuvillageinwhileassessinghissubordinatescontributionsandrecommendingemperorxiantogiveoutrewardsaccordinglycaocaocreditedxunyuandxunyoufordevelopinggrandstrategicplansforhimxunyoureceivedanadditionaltaxablehouseholdsinhismarquisatemakingithouseholdsintotalhewasalsoreassignedtoserveascentralmilitaryadviserrefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolreftheweishurecordedthatcaocaovisitedxunyousresidencewhenhereturnedfromliuchengsouthwestofpresentdaychaoyangliaoningchaoyangliaoningafteracampaignhetoldxunyounowthattheempirehasbasicallybeenpacifieditstimeformetosharetherewardswithvirtuousscholarofficialslikeyouinthepastemperorgaozuofhanemperorgaozuallowedzhangliangwesternhanzhangzifangtochoosetaxablehouseholdstoformhisownmarquisatetodayiintendtosuggesttotheemperortoletyoudothesamerefgroupsanguozhizhuweishuannotationinsanguozhivolrefinemperorxianenfeoffedcaocaoasthedukeofweiandgrantedhimadukedomcoveringpartsofpresentdayhebeiandhenanxunyouwasappointedastheprefectofthemastersofwritingcaocaoshedtearswhenheheardofxunyousdeathrefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolrefduringthezhengshieraofthereignofcaofangxunyouwasposthumousnameposthumouslyhonouredasmarquisjingrespectedmarquisrefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolrefappraisalxunyouwasknownforbeingahighlyprofoundandinsightfulthinkerwhohidsecretsverywellsincehestartedaccompanyingcaocaoonhismilitarycampaignshehadoftenhelpedcaocaodeviseanddevelopstrategicplansmanypeopleincludinghisfamilymembersandrelativeshardlyknewwhatwasonhismindorwhathehadsaidrefgroupsanguozhisanguozhivolreftheweishurecordedthatxintaoamaternalcousinofxunyouonceaskedxunyouwhyheurgedcaocaotoattackjiprovincexunyourepliedsincexinpizuozhihascomeonbehalfofyuantantosurrenderitsexpectedthattheimperialarmyw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thatreturnsanidentifierforthewindowthatisanumberthisidentifiercanthenbeusedbytheclientforrequestingotheroperationsonthesamewindowtotheservertheidentifiersareuniquetotheservermostofthemcanbeusedbydifferentapplicationstorefertothesameobjectsforexampletwoapplicationsconnectingwiththesameserverusethesameidentifiertorefertothesamewindowthesetwoapplicationsusetwodifferentchannelsandthereforehavetwodifferentttdisplayttstructureshoweverwhentheyrequestoperationsonthesameidentifiertheseoperationswillbedoneonthesameobjectprotocolandeventsthexlibfunctionsthatsendrequeststotheserverusuallydonotsendtheserequestsimmediatelybutstoretheminabuffercalledtherequestbufferthetermrequestinthiscasereferstotherequestfromtheclientthatisdirectedtotheservertherequestbuffercancontainallkindsofrequeststotheservernotonlythosehavingavisibleeffectonthescreentherequestbufferisguaranteedtobeflushedieallrequestsdonesofararesenttotheserverafteracalltothefunctionscodexsynccodeorcodexflushcodeafteracalltoafunctionthatreturnsavaluefromtheserverthesefunctionsblockuntiltheanswerisreceivedandinsomeotherconditionsegoperationsonthequeuewhentheyblockmaybeotheronesxlibstoresthereceivedeventsinaqueuetheclientapplicationcaninspectandretrieveeventsfromthequeuewhilethexserversendseventsasynchronouslyapplicationsusingthexliblibraryarerequiredtoexplicitlycallxlibfunctionsforaccessingtheeventsinthequeuesomeofthesefunctionsmayblockinthiscasetheyalsoflushtherequestbuffererrorsareinsteadreceivedandtreatedasynchronouslytheapplicationcanprovideanerrorhandlerthatwillbecalledwheneveranerrormessagefromtheserverisreceivedthecontentofawindowisnotguaranteedtobepreservedifthewindoworoneofitspartsaremadenotvisibleinthiscasetheapplicationaresentancodeexposecodeeventwhenthewindowofonepartofitismadevisibleagaintheapplicationisthensupposedtodrawthewindowcontentagainfunctionsthefunctionsinthexliblibrarycanbegroupedinoperationsontheconnectioncodexopendisplaycodecodexclosedisplaycoderequeststotheserverincludingrequestsforoperationscodexcreatewindowcodecodexcreategccodeandrequestsforinformationcodexgetwindowpropertycodeandoperationsthatarelocaltotheclientoperationsontheeventqueuecodexnexteventcodecodexpeekeventcodeandotheroperationsonlocaldatacodexlookupkeysymcodecodexparsegeometrycodecodexsetregioncodecodexcreateimagecodecodexsavecontextcodeexampleimagexlibsquareexamplepngframesimplexlibapplicationdrawingaboxandtextinawindowwithoutwindowmanagerdecorationsimagexlibsquareexamplewithicewmdecorationspngframesimplexlibapplicationdrawingaboxandtextinawindowwithicewmwindowmanagerdecorationsthefollowingprogramcreatesawindowwithalittleblacksquareinitsourcelangcsimplexlibapplicationdrawingaboxinawindowgccinputcooutputlxincludexxlibhincludestdiohincludestdlibhincludestringhintmainvoiddisplaydisplaywindowwindowxeventeventcharmsghelloworldintsopenconnectionwiththeserverdisplayxopendisplaynullifdisplaynullfprintfstderrcannotopendisplaynexitsdefaultscreendisplaycreatewindowwindowxcreatesimplewindowdisplayrootwindowdisplaysblackpixeldisplayswhitepixeldisplaysselectkindofeventsweareinterestedinxselectinputdisplaywindowexposuremaskkeypressmaskmapshowthewindowxmapwindowdisplaywindoweventloopforxnexteventdisplayeventdraworredrawthewindowifeventtypeexposexfillrectangledisplaywindowdefaultgcdisplaysxdrawstringdisplaywindowdefaultgcdisplaysmsgstrlenmsgexitonkeypressifeventtypekeypressbreakcloseconnectiontoserverxclosedisplaydisplayreturnsourcetheclientcreatesaconnectionwiththeserverbycallingcodexopendisplaycodeitthenrequeststhecreationofawindowwithcodexcreatesimplewindowcodeaseparatecalltocodexmapwindowcodeisnecessaryformappingthewindowthatisformakingitvisibleonthescreenthesquareisdrawnbycallingcodexfillrectanglecodethisoperationcanonlybeperformedafterthewindowiscreatedhoweverperformingitoncemaynotbeenoughindeedthecontentofthewindowisnotalwaysguaranteedtobepreservedforexampleifthewindowiscoveredandthenuncoveredagainitscontentmightrequirebeingredrawntheprogramisinformedthatthewindoworapartofithastobedrawnbythereceptionofancodeexposecodeeventthedrawingofthewindowcontentisthereforemadeinsidetheeventlooploophandlingtheeventsbeforeenteringthislooptheeventstheapplicationisinterestedinareselectedinthiscasewithcodexselectinputcodetheeventloopwaitsforanincomingeventifthiseventisakeypresstheapplicationexitsifitisanexposeeventthewindowcontentisdrawnthefunctioncodexnexteventcodeblocksandflushestherequestbufferifthereisnoeventinthequeueotherlibrariesxlibdoesnotprovidesupportforbuttonsmenusscrollbarsetcsuchwidgetcomputingwidgetsareprovidedbyotherlibrarieswhichinturnusexlibtherearetwokindsofsuchlibrarieslibrariesbuiltatopofthextoolkitintrinsicslibraryxtwhichprovidessupportforwidgetsbutdoesnotprovideanyparticularwidgetspecificwidgetsareprovidedbywidgetsetlibrariesthatusextsuchasxawandmotifsoftwaremotiflibrariesthatprovidewidgetsetsusingxlibdirectlywithoutthextlibrarysuchasthexversionsofgtkqttoolkitqtfltkandfpguiapplicationsusinganyofthesewidgetlibrariestypicallyspecifythecontentofthewindowbeforeenteringthemainloopanddonotneedtoexplicitlyhandlecodeexposecodeeventsandredrawthewindowcontentthexcblibraryisanalternativetoxlibitstwomainaimsarereductioninlibrarysizeanddirectaccesstothexprotocolamodificationofxlibhasbeenproducedtousexcbasalowlevellayerreferencesexternallinksxorgfreedesktoporgwikiprogrammingdocumentationxorgfoundationsofficialprogrammingdocumentationincludingmostrecentversionofxorgreleasescurrentdoclibxlibxlibxpdfxlibclanguagexinterfaceinseveralformatstronchecomguixxlibtutorialashorttutorialonxlibtronchecomguixxlibfunctionindexhtmlmanualpagesforallxlibfunctionsrahulnetkentonbibhtmlkentonleespagesonxwindowandmotifwebarchiveorgwebusersactcomcoilchoolupgtutorialsxlibprogrammingxlibprogramminghtmlalongertutorialonxlibdisuniromaiteliberatoscreensaverusingxlibforcreatingascreensavermodulexboxnestorianstelexiyanglouinfoboxbroadcastcalllettersxhdtvtdtcitytecatebajacaliforniastationlogoxhdtvpnglogosizepxstationbrandingmytvstationslogandigitalultrahighfrequencyuhfbrvirtualprogramandsysteminformationprotocolpsipotherchsaffiliationsmynetworktvownertelevisoraalcosderldecvlicenseeoperatorentravisioncommunicationsbrlocationtecatetijuanatijuanabajacaliforniabrchulavistacaliforniachulavistasandiegosandiegocaliforniacountrymexicounitedstatesairdateenddatecallsignmeaninghighdefinitiontelevisionhighdefinitiontelevisionbrsisterstationskdtfldkbntcdxhastdtformercallsignsxhtebtvneverusedonairbrxhupntvseptemberaprilformerchannelnumbersanalogbrultrahighfrequencyuhfformeraffiliationsupneffectiveradiatedpowerkilowattkwhaatfacilityidcoordinateslicensingauthorityfederaltelecommunicationsinstituteifthomepagexhdtvtdtvirtualchannelultrahighfrequencyuhfdigitalterrestrialtelevisiondigitalchannelisamynetworktvnetworkaffiliateaffiliatedtelevisionstationlocatedintecatebajacaliforniamexicoandservingthetijuanasandiegosandiegotijuanainternationalmetropolitanareathestationsbroadcastlicenselicenseandtransmitterareownedbymexicancompanytelevisoraalcowhichisownedbystationoperatorentravisioncommunicationsxhdtvisasisterstationtoentravisionownedunivisionaffiliatekbntcdchannelunimsaffiliatekdtfldchannelandaztecaamricaaffiliatexhastdtchannelallfourstationssharestudiosonruffinroadinthekearnymesasandiegocaliforniakearnymesasectionofsandiegocaliforniaunitedstatesxhdtvstransmitterislocatedoncerrobolawithinthemunicipalityoftecatethestationsbrandingxdtvmytvisderivedasbothashortenedformoftheofficiallylicensedxhdtvcallsignandfromthestationscablechannelpositiononcableprovidersontheussideofthemarketthestationisalsocarriedintijuanaonizzitelecomizzichannelasitislicensedbythemexicangovernmentxhdtvisnotcoveredunderthefederalcommunicationscommissionsmustcarryrulesthismeansthatxhdtvistheonlyfullpowermynetworktvaffiliatethatlocalcableprovidersarenotrequiredtocarryevenifthestationrequeststobecarriedunderthisprovisionhoweverthestationisrequiredtobecarriedbymexicanpaytvprovidersinthetijuanaviewingareaxhdtvtdtiscurrentlytheonlyamericanenglishenglishlanguagecommercialtelevisionstationinthesandiegotijuanamarketthatdoesnotairlocallyproducednewscastseitherproducedbythestationitselforthroughoneofthesixnewsdepartmentsoperatedamongsttheotherfullpowercommercialenglishstationsintheareawithxetvtdtlosingitsthecwcwaffiliationtothedtsubchannelofcbsaffiliatekfmbtvchannelxhdtvistheonlyremainingmexicanstationinthesandiegomarketthatprogramsanenglishlanguagebroadcastdayhistoryearlyyearsthestationfirstsignedontheaironnovemberasxhupntvmorethanayearafteralcoreceiveditsconcessiononjulyoperatedasanenglishlanguagecommercialstationsinceitsdebutthesecondsuchbajacalifornialicensedstationinthesandiegotijuanamarkettooperateinthismannerafterxetvtdtxetvtvchannelitoriginallyservedasthemarketsupnaffiliatewhichbroughtthatnetworksprogrammingbacktothemarketjustoverayearaftercharteraffiliatekusitvchanneldroppedupnduetothenetworkslowviewershiplocallyandrevertedtobeinganindependentstationnorthamericaindependentstationinintheinterimupnprogrammingwasbroughtinoutofmarketfromkcoptvthenetworksownedandoperatedstationinlosangelesonsandiegoareacableproviderswhenxhupnwentontheairthestationaskedthosecableproviderstodropkcopfromtheirlineupsthereafterxhupnadoptedtheupnmonikerwhilexhupnwasthestationsofficialcallsignaslicensedbythesecretariatofcommunicationsandtransportationmexicosecretariatofcommunicationsandtransportationsctitusedthefictionalandabbreviatedcallsignxupnonairsinceonjanuarytimewarnerandcbscorporationannouncedthattheywouldshutdownthewbandupnthetwonetworkswouldthenhavesomeoftheirprogrammingfoldedintoasingleservicethecwonthatsamedatethecwsignedkswbtvchannelasthenetworkssandiegocharteraffiliateaspartofatenyearaffiliationagreementbetweenthenetworkandkswbownertribunebroadcastingswbaffiliatedstationsatthetimeafterthemergerwasannouncedxhupnwasinitiallyexpectedtobecomeanaffiliateofspanishlanguageintheunitedstatesspanishlanguagenetworkunimstelefuturahoweveronmarchitwasannouncedthatxhupnwouldinsteadbecomeacharteraffiliateofmynetworktvanotherupstartnetworkcreatedbythefoxentertainmentgroupsubsidiaryofnewscorporationthetelefuturaaffiliationinsteadwenttokdtfldkdtflpchannelthestationdroppedallupnreferencesonairsoonafterwardandsimplycalleditselfchannelandlatertvthissamepracticeofstationsdroppingupnbrandingfollowingtheannouncementofthecwslaunchhadbecomecommononupnaffiliatesownedbynewscorporationsfoxtelevisionstationsunititalsoreceivedsctapprovalonapriltochangeitscallsigntoxhdtvtvupnprogrammingonxhdtvendedonseptemberwiththeexceptionofwwesmackdownwhichairedonlatefridayeveningsearlysaturdaymorningsafternbspamfortwoweekspriortothecwslaunchdigitaltelevisiondigitalchannelclasswikitabledigitalsubchannelunitedstateschanneldisplayresolutionvideoaspectratioimageaspectprogramandsysteminformationprotocolpsipshortnameprogrammingixhdtvmainxhdtvtdtprogrammingmynetworktvxhdtvtvbecameacharteraffiliateofmundofoxwhichlaunchedonaugustondigitalsubchannelthesubchannelwasremovedearlyondecemberupontheendofoperationsforthenetworkwhichchangeditsnametomundomaxinitslastyearxhdtvtdtaddedasubchannelcarryingaztecaamricaonmarchreplacingkzsdlpasthenetworkssandiegoaffiliatethatstationbecameametvaffiliateonmaythenetworkthenmovedtosisterstationxhastdtonjulyrefnamebcxhasaztecarefwentdarkandsoonwasremovedagainanalogtodigitalconversioninthesummerofxhdtvtvbegantransmittingadigitalsignalonuhfchannelthissignalremapsonadvancedtelevisionsystemscommitteestandardsatscdigitaltunersinbothcountriesasvirtualchannelreflectingitsanalogchannelallocationthroughprogramandsysteminformationprotocolpsipwhiletheunitedstatescompleteditstransitiontofullpowerdigitaltelevisiononjunemexicoismakingthetransitiontodigitalonlytelevisionbroadcastsoverthecourseofseveralyearsinorderfromthelargestpopulationcenterstothesmallestthecountrysdigitaltelevisiontransitionexpectedtobecompletedbydecemberxhdtvwasnotrequiredtoshutdownitsanalogsignalonaprillikeothertijuanastationsasitislicensedtotecatethisswitchtookplaceonjulyandwasonlyaccomplishedafterrepeatersofseveraltijuanastationswereconvertedthereprogrammingoutsideofthemynetworktvschedulebroadcastsyndicationsyndicatedprogrammingonxhdtvtdtincludeslastmanstandingustvserieslastmanstandinghowimetyourmotherdishnationwhowantstobeamillionaireusgameshowwhowantstobeamillionairethekingofqueensandfriendsseealsochannelbrandedtvstationsintheunitedstatesreferencesexternallinksflowerwarxrfmayrefertoxrayfluorescenceanalyticaltechniquexrayflashastronomycelestialobjectthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitbeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellconsolidatedxbliberatorredirectcategoryshellconvairxbredirectcategoryshellnorthamericanbtornadoredirectcategoryshellconvairxbredirectcategoryshellconvairxbredirectcategoryshelldouglasxbmixmastercurtisswrightxfblackhawkboeingbsuperfortressredirectcategoryshellxhosapeoplexhosamusichaslongbeenamajorpartofthemusicofsouthafricaespeciallyinthefieldofjazztherearemanyxhosaclanseachwiththeirownstylesofdrumsdrumminganddialectsnofinishdywiliassistedfrominafricanisinglocalchristianliturgicalmusicandthengqokowomensculturalgrouphelpedpreservethexhosamusicofthevillageofngqokoincludingthemarriedwomansumngqungqostyledancedattheintonjaneceremonyofgirlsritesofpassageprofessorandrewtraceydirectoroftheinternationallibraryofafricanmusiccommentedonthepolyphonicsingingthethreetypesofbowtheyplayincludingtheuhadigourdbowtheumngqokoloovertonesingingaccordingtotraceythekhoisanhadabiginfluenceonthismusicperformersamampondodizuplaatjiesmadosinimiriammakebareferencesfurtherreadingmacquariesportsradiomacquariesportsradioprimarilyrefersbanknotesbillsorcoinsincludingcurrencyaustralianonedollarcoinwhichreplacedtheonedollarnotelooniewhichreplacedtheonedollarbillincanadaunitedstatesonedollarbilladenominationofunitedstatescurrencydollarcoinunitedstatesametalcoinnewzealandonedollarcoinwhichreplacedtheonedollarnotedollarhongkongcoincoinofthehongkongdollartheonedollarbanknotesofzimbabwealistofothercurrenciesthatusesymbolisbelowthemasterlistandtemplateversionofthispageisatuserneonumberscurrencycommentouttheonesthatarecoveredintheabovelistorthatdontissuethesecoinsnotesothercurrencieswithbanknotesbillsorcoinsaredollarsaustraliandollarcoveredabovebahamiandollarbarbadiandollarbelizedollarbermudiandollarbruneidollarcanadiandollarcoveredabovecaymanislandsdollarcookislandsdollareastcaribbeandollarfijiandollarguyanesedollarhongkongdollarcoveredabovejamaicandollarliberiandollarnamibiandollarnewzealanddollarcoveredabovesamoantlsingaporedollarsolomonislandsdollarsurinamesedollarnewtaiwandollartrinidadandtobagodollartuvaluandollarunitedstatesdollarcoveredabovezimbabweandollarcoveredabovepesosargentinepesochileanpesocolombianpesodoesnotissuecubanpesodominicanpesomexicanpesouruguayanpesoothercurrenciesbrazilianrealcapeverdeanescudonicaraguancrdobatonganpaangaotherusesaformalparameterinsomeprogramminglanguagesseealsodollarsignasymbolprimarilyusedtoindicatethevariouspesoanddollarunitsofcurrencyaroundtheworlddollarthenameofseveralcurrenciespesothenameofthemonetaryunitofs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uldnotnormallybeabletotradewiththereareahandfulofspecialstationswhichdonotproduceanygoodstheseareusedintheplotnpctradingshipstradingshipsmovewaresfromonestationtoanotherthenonplayercharacternpctraderscanspecialiseinoneormoreclassesofwareandprovidefactorieswiththeirresourcesunlikepreviousgamesinthexseriesnpctradersarenotownedbyasinglefactoryorstationbutareinsteadallfreelancetraderslookingforthebesttraderunsbetweenstationsshipclassificationsarangeofdifferentshipclassesareavailabletofilldifferentgamefunctionswithsomeexceptionseachraceproducestheirownkindofshipforeachclasssynopsischaractersandsettingthegameissetinearthyearxuniverseyearxinauniverseseeminglyfarremovedfromourowntheplayerreprisestheroleofjuliangardnaalsoknownasjulianbrennanfromthexthethreatpreviousgameafterhisarrivalatargonprimejulianiscontactedbyhisoldfriendbandannaoftheargonsecretpolicesecretservicedannainformshimthattheargonmilitaryhassufferedheavylossesintheirwarwiththekhaakandasksjuliantohelpintrainingsomenewpilotsjulianagreesandsoonaseriesofeventsunfoldleadingjuliantohuntdowntheseedsancientalienartifactsthatmayholdthekeytomakingjumpgatesandallowareunionwiththelostplanetearthforxsplotegosofthiredanexperiencedgameandtvwriterimdbcomnamenmandrewswalshplotxreunionpicksupwherexleftoffthekhaakareassaultingallareasofthexuniverseandjuliansfatherkyleisstillinacomaafterbeingrescuedfromthekhaaktheplayeristheninvolvedinanintricateplotrevealingthereasonforthekhaakattackthequesttoopenaportaltoearthwithspecialgemartifactstheintroductionofamysteriousalienracekylesreawakeningandthearrivalofterranearthforcesinthexuniverseamysteriousalienonlyreferredtoassargonmanipulateseventsduringthestoryagonernamediontasksjulianwithfindingthreecrystalsandanartifactreferredtoastheseedtohelpopenagatetoearthduringthestorylinejulianmeetsthepiratedontonimaraniandhisdaughterwhohelpinlatermissionsionattemptstorunoffwiththeartifactsoncehegetsthembutwhencapturedherevealshewasbeingmanipulatedbysargonkylereawakensfromhiscomahoweverhisbrainwavesarestilllinkedtothekhaakleadingthemtoconductanotherassaultinparanidspacetheargonfederationdeclarekyletobeanenemytoappeasetheparanidjulianisalsomarkedanenemybytheargonfederationhopingtoavoidawarwiththeparanidwhoaccusejulianofcommittingcrimesintheirterritorytheparanidarefinallyrevealedtohaveprovokedthekhaakintoattackingtheracesofthexuniverseafteroneoftheirscoutingmissionsfoundthekhaakshomeworldtheparanidalsohavebeenstripminingthevaluablenividiumasteroidswhichfurtherangerthekhaakwhomaketheirhomesfromnividiumtheminednividiumalongsidesynthesisedversionsoftheartifactswerebeingfashionedintojumpgatesbywhichtheparanidhopedtomanipulatetheeconomyagatetoearthisopenedwhichkylepassesthroughcausingthekhaaktodiscoverittheytrytogothroughitandfightacombinedteladiboronandargonfleetledbybandannainflictinglargecasualtiesjulianandiontrytostabilisethegatewiththeteladistationwhichsendsthemboththroughitkillingionjuliansurvivesandfindshimselffloatingatagatenearearthwithamassivefleetmovingtowardshimitistheterranfleetandwithkyleandjulianonboarditpassesthroughthejumpholeandhelpstheoverwhelmeddefendersagainstthekhaaktheterransafterwardsdistrusttowardsthexuniverseraceseventheargonhumanspromptingkyletoreturntoearthtotrytocorrectthesituationjulianisreleasedpardonedofhiscrimesbytheargonfederationandtheparanidempireandtheplayerislefttodowhateverhewantsinthepostplotuniversehistorydevelopmentxreunionwasdevelopedbyegosoftandpublishedbykochmediadeepsilverdeepsilveritbeganasprojectxthereturnegosoftsplannedexpansionpackextensionforxthethreathoweverastheprojectadvanceditsoonoutgrewtheconstraintsofthexengineinaprilegosoftannouncedthatxthereturnwascancelledandthatthegameusingthenewxenginewouldbecomexreunionamonthlatertheydemonstratedthepowerofthexrealityengineinmayselectronicentertainmentexpoeelectronicentertainmentexpoestunningindustryinsiderswithhighdefinitionmovingrendersofspacestationsplanetsandotherscenesxwasreleasedlaterinoctoberreleasesxreunionwasreleasedfivemonthsaftertheeintheeuonoctoberformicrosoftwindowswindowsandonnovemberinnorthamericathegamehasbeenlaterportedtolinuxandmacosxmacosxforreleaseinaugustinvideogamingthelinuxversionfollowedondecemberinvideogamingthegamewasalsointendedtobeegosoftsfirstmultiplatformvideogamesmultiplatformreleaseonbothmicrosoftwindowswindowsandxboxconsolexboxhowevershortlybeforereleaseitwasannouncedthatthexboxversionhadbeencancellednoxboxversionisavailablepatchesandupdatestheoriginalretailreleaseversionofxreunionwasplaguedbyanumberofbugsandissuesincludingasoftwarebugbugwhichpreventedtheplayerfromcompletingthegamesubsequentlyegosoftreleasedaseriesofpatchcomputingpatchesfirsttoresolveproblemsandlatertoaddnewfeaturesexpandingthegamepatchestowereprimarilyaimedateliminatingbugsimprovingperformanceandresolvingcompatibilityissuesondecemberanupdatedmanualwasreleasedforthegameinapdffilethiscanbeobtainedfromthedownloadssectionoftheofficialpageatpageslongitispageslongerthanthefirstversionitcontainsinformationaboutthechangesinthevpatchandcorrectionstoerrorsintheearliermanualthatshippedwiththegamedigitaldistributionrereleasesonjulybothxanditspredecessorxbecameavailableviavalvecorporationvalvessteamsoftwaresteamdigitaldistributiononlinecontentdeliverysystemwiththestarforcecopyprotectionsystemremovedtheinnovemberreleasedversionondigitaldistributiononlinecontentdeliverysystemgogcomisfullydrmfreexreunionrereleaseonnovemberegosoftreleasedversionofxreunionincludingthebalagiresearchmissionsbalagiexpansionthiscontainedmanynewshipsfeaturesnewsectorsandfurtherbugfixesbalagismissionsareavailabletoplayerswhohaveloggedgamehourshaveatleastmillioncreditsonaccounthaveagoodreputationwiththeboronarenotanenemyofthesplitorparanidandownatleastonestationrewardsincludetheplayerheadquarterstheuniquemfrigateclassprototypeshipthehyperionandtheabilitytobuildthenewmclassofheavyfighterstheavailabilityofthesemissionsisnotdependentonthemainplotandsavedgamesfrompreviousversionsareabletoreceivethenewmissionsandmissionrewardsthegameitselfwasrelaunchedasabudgetpcdvdromtitledxreuniontherereleasehasthepatchalreadyappliedandcontainsnotraceofstarforcestarforcecopyprotectionxuplinkupdateondecemberegosoftreleasedversionforxreunionthisaddedanuplinkfeaturewherebyplayerscanuploadgamestatstotheegosoftwebsitethewebsitedisplaysmanydifferentachievementsinegosoftcomgamesxstatisticsenphpleaderboardstheuplinkfeaturewasalsoaddedtoxthethreatmacosxnativeporttheoriginalversionofxreunionformacosxusedtheciderwrappertechnologydevelopedbytransgamingonjunevirtualprogrammingissuedanewversionofthegamethateschewedcidervirtualprogrammingceomarkhintonwasquotedassayingwewerenthappywithxreunionsperformancewhenusingcideranditturnedoutmanyofourcustomerswerenteitherasagestureofgoodwillwereengineeredthegameasasourceportnativeportthatsafreeupdateforexistingcustomersstartingtodaynewxreunioncustomerswillreceivetheupdatedversionofthegamexsuperboxbundlerereleaseonaugustthexsuperboxwasannouncedbydeepsilverandegosoftwhichincludesallofthegamesfromthexseriesrefnamegdnrefreceptionandcriticismprereleasexfirstshowedattheelectronicentertainmentexpoeelectronicentertainmentexpoeinmaywhereitreceivedconsiderablepraiseforitsvisualsdescribedasbeautifulgamespotallverystylishandsharpignandbyfarthemostvisuallyimpressivegameatthebooththeinquirerreleaseonreleasetheresponsewasmixedsomesourcespraiseditsvisionfreedomandscopebutotherscomplainedofabuggyimplementationunderperformanceandasteeplearningcurvepczonehaileditasoneofthefewgamesthathasthepowertoengageyourimaginationwithprettypicturesthenactuallyliveuptoyourimaginingswhenyougetyourhandsonitandgamezonegaveiteditorschoicecallingitabonafidewinnerhowevergamespyaskedhowmuchslackcanyougiveagamethatinmanywaysmanagestoachieveitsloftygoalbutburiesitunderapainfullyincompleteimplementationreviewerscomplainedoflowframerateframeratesinvideogamesframeratesfrequentcrashcomputingcrashesandbugsthatmadeitimpossibletocompletethegamethegamewassimplyunplayableoutoftheboxitsnotthatxisabadgameorthatitisntfunitjustisntdonecomplaintswerealsomadeaboutitscomplicatedinterfaceexacerbatedbyanunhelpfulinstructionmanualcomputerandvideogamesmanualwhichreferencesfeaturesandoptionsthatarenteveninthefinalversionrefnamegarevrefonthereviewaggregatorgamerankingsithasanaveragescoreofbasedonreviewsonmetacriticthegamehasanaveragescoreofoutofbasedonreviewsindicatingmixedoraveragereviewspostpatcheswhilepostreleasereviewsconsistentlycriticisedxsnumerousbugsandpoorperformanceegosoftsreleasedseriesofpatchcomputingpatchesandanimprovedinstructionmanualcomputerandvideogamesmanualaddressedtheseissuesmostlythreepatchesoncomputergamingworldsmattpeckhamwrotesomethingnighmiraculousoccurredwithdoubledperformanceandmanyofthemissionbustingbugsfixedxevolvedfromabyzantinecomplexitybyzantinehodgepodgetoanactuallyaccessiblemassivelymultiformspacesimthebottomlineitsbackonmyharddrivethistimetostayrefnamecomputergamingworldrefxreunionwasnamedaroundasoneofthevideogamesyoumustplaybeforeyoudieseealsolistofpcgamesreferencesexternallinksdexcomputerspielxreunionxetraxetrafmxorcististhenameofanamericanmusicalgroupwhoseoutputhasrangedfromelectroindustrialandambientmusicambientbackgroundbatakapeterstoneformedxorcistinasaonemanactbyxorcistgrewtoincludeevoltwininadditiontoprovidingsomevocalsevoltwincreatedthecoverartforsoulreflectionandothersubsequentreleasesbatalsocreatedintotwosideprojectsxenonanddiodefetishbatstilldjsandvjsunderthenamedjvjbatandmaintainsthexorcistcomwebsitetopromotehisworkbatsmusichasappearedinmtvsaeonfluxandinthevideogamesironhelixtheironhelixbadmojoandspacebunniesmustdiediscographydamnedsoulscdalbumstcircuitryrepossessednonaggressionpactcsltdeditiongpcproductionsbitchesepvinylepcdepstcircuitryphantomscdalbumstcircuitryscorchedbloodcdepstcircuitrysoulreflectioncdalbumstcircuitrynomadcdalbumpendragonrecordsinsectsangelsdifferencesindifferencescdalbummetropolismusicfortheharmonicconvergencecdrenhancedmpcomnolabelheavencdrenhancedmpcomnolabelhellcdrenhancedmpcomnolabelcompilationappearancestorturetechoverdrivelplimitededitioncopiessidebtracksobigifitmovesadventuresin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engjinpzhngyninfoboxchinesetitlexixichksaisaitsaisaipxxxixisnativecountyiszhongshanguangdongshewasborninshanghaiwheresheattendedprimaryschoolininsheimmigratedtohongkongwithherparentsherfatherworkedatkowloonmotorbusasaticketcheckerinadditionhehadbeenadivisionasoccerteamtrainerandlaterarefereesincehewasinshanghaithusxixihaddevelopedanimmenseinterestinsoccerwhenshewasyoungxixihastwobrothersandtwosisterslaterxixiattendedsecondaryschoolatheepyunnschoolwherelessonsweretaughtincantoneseshestartedherenglishinstructedlessonsfromformduringherearlylifeinhongkongxixiwaslivinginpovertyandshehadtoworryaboutherexpensesontextbooksandherschooluniformaswellasfeesforhomeeconomicsclassesasajuniorsecondarystudentshebegantowriteforthelocalnewspapersandmagazinesearlywritingcareerherfirstpieceafourteenlinechinesepoetrymodernchinesepoemwaspublishedineveryonesliteratureintheswhenxixiwasstudyinginformshewonthefirstprizeintheseniorsectionofawritingcompetitionorganisedbylearnmatesinwhichthechiefeditorwaswunpiklaminshecontinuedherstudiesatthegranthamcollegeofeducationlatermergedwithotherconstitutecollegestoformthehongkonginstituteofeducationandbecameateacheratalocalgovernmentalprimaryschoolaftergraduationduringhercareerasateachershewasanactivememberinthecampaignsfightingforteachersrightsbesidespoetrynovelessayfairytaleandtranslationtranslatedliteraturexixiattemptedtowritetvscreenplayintheslikethedarkgreenageandthewindowandnumerousmoviecriticsaswellinarefreshingyetvividstyleshewasoneofthepioneersinthefieldofexperimentalfilmsinhongkonglaterxixiconcentratedontheproductionofnovelsaswellascolumnsinvariousnewspapersandmagazinessafairytalecolumnintintindailymoviesandmeinchinesestudentsweeklyandbullseyeandmeinexpressdailysmyscrawlingroomscrapbookinexpressdailysnotesonreadinginexpressdailytheflowercolumninsingdaodailyfourpiecesofjadeinuniteddailynewssiumingchowachildrenscolumnaboutpaintingsinmingpaomonthlyearmanamusicalcolumninsingdaodailyandhowxixiviewssoccerafeaturedcolumnfortheworldcupinmingpaomoreovershehadbeentheeditorofchinesestudentsweeklypoetrysectionsaswellasofthumbweeklyandplainleafliteraturewhichwerefoundedbyxixiandherfriendsinplainleafwasanonprofitmakingpublisherwithitssolemnhighstandardandnoncommercialisedlocalpublicationwhichwasactuallyrareinthebookmarketofhongkonguptothepublishingcompanyhadproducedbooksofcategoriesincludingaloaferwhoburnthisguitaracollectionofmalangspoemsatourinmirrorsachinesemoviecriticscollectionbylinniantongandmyresplendenceazhonglinlinsessayandpoemcollectionalongwithdifferentseriesofreadersplainleafhadalsopublishedamagazinecalledplainleafliteratureforvolumesthepublishingcompanycloseddowneventuallyduetoalackoffundsbutitreopenedinthesandplainleafisstillinbusinessthesedaysinthenumberofteacherswasoversuppliedandtheeducationandmanpowerbureaueducationdepartmentpromotedanearlyretirementschemexixitenderedherresignationandsubsequentlypaidmoreheedtostudiesandcreativewritinghoweverhongkonghadfluctuateddrasticallyinsocialaspectsinthesandthedemandforteacherhadbeenskyrocketingxixiwasoccasionallyinvitedbyherexcolleaguesandworkedasacontractedteacherforayearorevenasubstituteteacherinfactshedidnotceaseherteachingcareerentirelylatewritingcareershopsisanessaywrittenbyxixiwhichhasbeenadoptedasreadingmaterialsforthechineselanguagepaperofthehkceethispassageillustratestheageingbuildingssquattersandoldfashionedtraditionalshopsincentralandwesterndistrictparticularlyinsheungwanandsaiyingpunaswellasotherhumanbehaviourinthishustlingdistrictsheexpressedhertingeofnostalgiaofherchildhoodandofthedisappearingoldshopsduetodrasticinfrastructuraldevelopmentxixienjoyedtravellingandshehadbeentoeasterneuropeturkeyegyptgreeceandmostfrequentlymainlandchinatheseplaceshadgivenmuchinspirationtoherwritinginuniteddailynewsrepublishedxixisaladylikemefromplainleafliteratureanditwasthefirsttimeherworkswereknowntotaiwanpeopleandthatpassagewonxixitherecommendednovellaprizethehighestprizeintheuniteddailynewsthnovelprizefurtherreadingchinesewritersonwritingfeaturingxixiedarthurszetrinityuniversitytexastrinityuniversitypresstrinityuniversitypressreferencesextensibleapplicationmarkuplanguageextensibleapplicationmarkuplanguagexixiisthechinesetonesatonalpinyinromanizationofchineseromanizationofseveralchineselanguagechinesenamesandwordsitmayrefertopeoplexixibchinesenovelistandpoetplacestownsxixihuilaicountytowninguangdongxixiyongkangzhejiangtownxixiluxiatownofluxicountyhunanluxicountyhunantownshipsxixitownshipyongdingcountyfujianxixitownshipsuichuancountyinsuichuancountyjiangxixixitownshiphanyuancountyinhanyuancountysichuanxixitownshipxichanginxichangsichuanxixitownshipyongjiacountyzhejiangcreeksxixiwestcreekisafairlycommonhydronyminchinaexamplesincludexixiriverfujianxixianaffluentofthejiulonginsouthernfujianxixiriverxiamenxixianstreamrunningtothetaiwanstraitinxiamenotherxixinationalwetlandparkinhangzhoutaxoboximagexeranthemumannuumjpgimagecaptionxeranthemumannuumregnumplantaeunrankeddivisioangiospermsunrankedclassiseudicotsunrankedordoasteridsordoasteralesfamiliaaste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basedontheavengerscalledthemiteyvengerswhoappearedinthexbabiesrebornoneshottherehavealsobeenseveralxbabiesvillainteamsincludingthebrotherhoodofbulliesbasedonthebrotherhoodofmutantsxbabiesmurderamainexcaliburcomicsexcaliburmojomayhemkittyprydeinterruptedonatraintriphelpsateamofxbabiesfleefromamojoenforcerwhoisintentongettingthembackbytrickingthemintosigningcontractsinthisincarnationthechildrenschildlikefaultsandcrushesoneachotherarecruellyexploitedbytheiradversarykittywithbackupendsupsavingthedayseveralincarnationsofthexbabiesarefriendlywithricochetritathegoodpastselfofthevillainspiralcomicsspiralduetospiralstimetravelabilitiesritathebabiesandspiralcanallexistatthesameperiodsimultaneouslyinxmenanxbabiesteamisontherunfrommojoshuntersgambitandbishoptrytokeepthemaliveinexilesmarvelcomicsexilesitisshownthattherealityhoppingexilesencounteredaversionofthexbabiesitisnotstatedwhetherthesexbabiesarethecreationofmojoorthexmenoftherealityinquestioninfactnofurtherdetailsaregivenexceptforthenarrativecommentarythelesssaidaboutthisthebetterdazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlerwouldencounterjuvenileversionsofthefourmainvillainsfromtheageofapocalypsetimelinestheseentitieswouldcausemajordeathanddestructionthroughoutmojoworldthexmenwereonceagainreducedtoinfancybymojoduringuncannyxmenaskidstheywereabletodefeatthevillainsparodylawyerversionsoftheexilesandrestoretheirrightfulagesjuggernauthadsecondthoughtsaboutreturningtoadulthoodbutwasconvincedtogothroughwithitinthexbabiesfourissuelimitedseriesthexbabiesdiscovertheirpositionasmojosnumberoneratinggrabberhadbeenusurpedbythenewercuterbutmoreshallowinpersonalityadorablexbabiesasatieintotheavengersvsxmeneventaspoofcomiccalledababiesvsxbabieshasbeenreleasedinfluencesinlinewithmojobeingaparodyofnetworkexecutivesthexbabiesparodythemoderntrendofcreatingyoungerandjuniorversionsofcartooncharacterswhichbeganintheswithjimhensonsmuppetbabiesincomicssuperbabyandwondertothadappearedinsuperboykalelsuperboyandwonderwomancomicsfromthesandsrespectivelymemberscurrentmemberscolossuscomicscolossusnightcrawlercomicscreepycrawlercyclopsmarvelcomicscykekittyprydeshadowcatpsylockepsychildstormmarvelcomicsshowerroguecomicssugahwolverinecharacterwolvieformermemberswarrenworthingtoniiiarchangelbishopcomicsbishopbansheecomicsboyoprofessorxcharliexdazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlergambitcomicsgambithavokcomicshavokicemancomicsicemanlongshotmarvelcomicslongshotsmallthosewithoutnicknamessometimeswerereferredtowithlilinfrontoftheirnamessmallbibliographyuncannyxmenannualnotethisisthexmenteamreducedtochildrenuncannyxmenannualexcaliburmojomayhemuncannyxmenannualxmenwolverinespecialvolxbabiesmurderamaxbabiesrebornuncannyxmenxmenunlimitedxmenunlimitedexilesxmenunlimiteduncannyxmennotethisisthexmenteamreducedtochildrenxbabiesababiesvsxbabiesspidermanandthexmenseealsosuperjrstinytitansreferencesredirectinfoboxpersonnamexavierdevillepinbirthdatebirthplacebrusselsbelgiumdeathdatedeathplaceparisfrancenationalityfrancefrencheducationhecparisbrharvardbusinessschooloccupationpoliticianbrindustrialistrelativesdominiquedevillepinsonjosephmariebenotfranoisxaviergalouzeaudevillepinbornmarchinbrusselsbelgiumoctobersimplyknownasxavierdevillepinwasaformerhighrankingcivilservantoffranceandaformerfrenchsenatefrenchsenatorfromthecenterrightunionpourunmouvementpopulaireumppartyandbeforethatfromthemorecentristunionforfrenchdemocracyudfpartyhewasthefatheroftheformerprimeministeroffrancedominiquedevillepinbiographyxavierdevillepingraduatedfromtherenownedfrenchbusinessschoolhecparisinandlaterfromtheharvardbusinessschoolhetookpartinthefrenchresistanceinasafrenchcivilservanthespentmanyyearsoverseasfromuntilheservedinchronologicalorderinfrenchalgeriainaustraliainthefrenchprotectorateofmoroccoinvenezuelaandfinallyintheunitedstateshebecameamemberoftheassociationoffrenchcitizensabroaduniondesfranaisdeltrangerinanditsndvicepresidentinxavierdevillepinwaselectedtothefrenchsenateinbytheconstituencyofthefrenchcitizenslivingabroadandremainedafrenchsenatoruntilseptemberwhenhechosenottorunforathirdterminhewaselectedchairmanofthefrenchsenatecommitteeonforeignaffairsdefenseandarmedforcescommissiondesaffairestrangresdeladfenseetdesforcesarmesheresignedfromthecommitteeinfollowingtheappointmentofhissondominiquedevillepinasministerofforeignaffairsfranceministerofforeignaffairsreferencesexternallinksxavierdevillepincompersonalpagesinfrenchxcorporationmayrefertoaprileventsthathappenedonthethdayofthethmonthinthegregoriancalendarcannabisculturecodetermthatreferstotheconsumptionofcannabisyellowheadedblackbirdnumberareasofmathematicsxplayisadraganddropapplicationcreatedbymediafourthisthirdpartyprogramallowsforeasieraccessofdigitalmusiconanipodandisnotsupportedbyapplecomputerappleitisnotableforallowingwindowscomputerstousemacformattedipodsapreviewversionwasreleasedindecemberwiththefirstofficialreleaseonjuneasofmaythecurrentversionisxplaythecostisthisversionintegratesanipodwiththewindowsoperatingsystemallowingfortheipodtobemanagedusingwindowsmediaplayerwindowsmediacenteritunesorxplayitalsoallowstheusertodragmusicimageandvideofilesfromadiskdirectlyontotheipodseealsocomparisonofipodmanagersreferencesexternallinksmediafourcomproductsxplayofficialpageserviceofficeopenxmlxrmlistheextensiblerightsmarkuplanguagewhichhasalsobeenstandardizedastherightsexpressionlanguagerelformpegxrmlisownedbycontentguardxrmlisbasedonxmlanddescribesrightsfeesandconditionstogetherwithmessageintegrityandentityauthenticationinformationhistoryanddevelopmentxeroxparcanddprlmarkstefikaresearcheratxeroxparcisknownastheoriginatoroftheconceptsthatbecamethexrmllanguagestefikwasengagedinresearchonthetopicoftrustedsystemsforsecuredigitalcommerceofwhichonepartwasalanguagetoexpresstherightsthatthesystemwouldallowuserstoperformondigitalresourcesthefirstversionoftherightsexpressionlanguagethatbecamexrmlwasdevelopedatxeroxparcandcalledthedigitalpropertyrightslanguagedprldprlappearsinapatentfiledbyxeroxinnovemberandwasgrantedinfebruaryentitledsystemforcontrollingthedistributionanduseofdigitalworkhavingattachedusagerightswheretheusagerightsaredefinedbyausagerightsgrammaruspatentissuedtoxeroxcorporationbetweenandxeroxformeditsrightsmanagementgrouptocontinuetheworkrepresentedinthepatentinnovemberxeroxissuedthefirstxmlversionofthedigitalpropertyrightslanguagedprllabelledversionpriortothattimedprlhadbeenwritteninthelispprogramminglanguagethedprldocumentationmakesitclearthatdprlwasdesignedformachinetomachineinteractionwithrightsexpressedasmachineactionablefunctionsitalsostatesclearlythatininterpretingadprlbasedexpressionofrightsonlythoserightsthatareexplicitlygrantedcanbeacteduponanyareaswherearightsexpressionissilentmustbeinterpretedasrightsnotgrantedandthereforemustbedeniedbythesoftwareenforcingtherightsxrmlinversionofdprlwaslicensedtoanewcompanyfoundedbymicrosoftandxeroxcalledcontentguardwhichdevelopeddprlintotheextensiblerightsmarkuplanguagexrmlversionofxrmlwaspublishedinxrmlwasanevolutionofdprlitexpandedmuchofthemanagementstructureofdprladdinguniqueidentifiersprivateandpublickeysandothermechanismsforidentifyingandverifyingtheauthenticityoftheissuerandtheuseroftheresourceitalsoaddedcertificationforhardwareandsoftwarethatwouldbepartofthetrustedenvironmenttherightslistremainedthesamealthoughthedefinitionsofindividualrightschangedsomewhatinparticularxrmldistinguishedclearlybetweenthoserightsthatcreatedanewresourceversusthosethatmodifiedanexistingresourcexrmlversionofxrmlwasaradicaldeparturefromallthatprecededitwheredprlandxrmlcontainedspecificlanguageformachineactionablerightscopytransferbackupinstalletcversionwasanabstractrightslanguagewithonlyafewcoreelementsthecoreelementsofxrmlaretheonesneededtoestablishtrustbetweensystemssothattransactionscantakeplacetheseincludetheissuerofthelicensetheotherpartiestothelicenseandtheabilitytoincluderesourcesandrightsdigitalsignaturesetcthisversionisnotspecifictoanymediumortypeofresourceandhasbeengeneralizedtocontrolrightsondigitalresourcesservicesoranyotherdigitalentityxrmlandstandardsinmarchharireddyofcontentguardbecamechairofanewoasisorganizationoasistechnicalcommitteeonrightslanguagesinameetingonmaycontentguardappearstohavepresentedanewversionofxrmlasthestartingpointforthecommitteesworkthegroupdisbandedlaterinthatyearunabletoagreeonadirectionfortheworkcontentguardwasalsoworkingwiththeelectronicbookexchangeebxinandlatertheopenebookforumoebfonthedevelopmentofstandardsfordigitalrightsmanagementforebooksintheoebfrightsandrulesworkinggroupdevelopedadraftstandardrightsexpressionlanguagebasedonxrmlhoweverthisstandardsefforthaltedandhasnotbeenrevivedatthiswritingatthissametimecontentguardwasparticipatinginthempegstandardscommitteewherexrmlwasproposedasthebasisforpartofthempegstandardisoiectherightsexpressionlanguagethroughamembervoteoftheinternationalorganizationforstandardizationthempegstandardincludingpartbecameanofficialinternationalstandardcontentguardceasedworkonxrmlatthepointthatitbecameadoptedasanofficialstandardisoiecisitscurrentmanifestationexternallinksxrmlorgxrmlorgdigitalpropertyrightslanguagemanualandtutorialxmleditionversionxeroxcorporationoasisopenorgcoverdprlmanualxmlhtmlxrmlversionwebarchiveorgwebxrmlorggetxrmlaspmpegworkingsitechiariglioneorgmpegstandardsmpegmpeghtmwebarchiveorgwebxrmlorgreferencempegrelwhitepaperrightscompdfthempegrightsexpressionlanguagewhitepaperbyrightscomphonographrecordcommonformatstollfreetelephonenumberxxxthefourhorsemenprofessionalwrestlingxtremehorsemenkhuzestanprovinceunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementoftwoleadingwheelsononeaxleusuallyinaleadingtrucktwelvepoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonsixaxlesandnotrailingwheelsequivalentclassificationsotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationfalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationfrenchclassificationturkishclassificationswissclassificationgermanywhilestandardgermanfreighttrainsteamlocomotivesweretypesbetweenandthemaschinenfabrikesslingenesslingenlocomotiveworksproducedunitsofthesocalledwrttembergkclasskfortheroyalwrttembergstaterailwayslaterrenumberedtoclassbythedeutschereichsbahnwithatopspeedofonlynbspkmhtheselocomotivesweredesignedforheavydutyinmountainousareassuchasthegeislingersteigewithspecialattentiononlowloadperaxletduringworldwariiafterrailwayelectrificationsystemelectrificationofthatlinetheunitswereusedonthesemmeringrailwayinaustriathenpartofthegermanreichthelastfourunitswereinserviceuntilinwhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementaisalocomotivewithonepairofunpoweredleadingwheelsfollowedbysixpairsofpowereddrivingwheelsandtwopairsofunpoweredtrailingwheelsotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationfalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationeuropeanclassificationfrenchclassificationdeletedimageremovedbulgariathereareonlystandardgaugeengineswiththiswheelarrangementthatwerebuiltforandranineuropebdclassclassofthebulgarianstaterailwaysbdtheywereorderedbybdandbuiltaccordingtoitsspecificationbytwodifferentmanufacturersenginesbyhcegielskipoznahcegielskiinpoznapolandinandbyberlinermaschinenbauschwarzkopfinberlingermanyinalthoughthereisamajordifferencebetweenthetwobatchesthefirstenginesaretypefnbsphgttankengineforfreightservicetwocylindersystemwithsimplesteamexpansionzwillingwithsuperheatingwhiletheremainingarefnbsphgtcylinderdrillingallwereputintothesameclassandnumberedsmallsmallsmallsmallandsmallsmallsmallsmalltheyweredesignedtohaulheavycoaltrainsonmountainouslineswithgradientsofaboutinandmoreandtheycopedwiththishardtaskverywellbulgarianrailwaymengavethemnicknamemotherbearbecausetheylookedfatclumsyandcompacttheseenginesappeartobethemostpowerfulsteamlocomotivesineuropetwoofthemofzwillingsandofdrillingsarepreservedthezwillinghasbeenrestoredtoworkingorderandmadeitsmaidenvoyageonsteaminmaytechnicalspecificationsclasswikitablelocomotivenosmallsmallsmallsmallsmallsmallsmallsmallgaugemmtypeuicfnbsphgtfnbsphgttypebdnbspsubsubnbspsubsubbuilderhcegielskipoznacegielskiberlinermaschinenbauyearsteampressurekgcmsupsupsuperheaterareamsupsupheatingareamsupsupgrateareamsupsupcylindersnodiastrokemmdrivingwheelsdiametermmaxleloadtadhesiveweightttotalweighttcoaltwatermsupsuptotallengthmmtotalheightmmtractiveeffortstartingkntractiveeffortnbspkmhknmaxspeedkmhreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelandtwotriosoflargedrivingwheelseachtriojoinedbyacouplingrodcaptionfrontoflocomotiveatleftimageclassmanojpgaltcaptionsouthafricanclassmangrmalletofequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyccccfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrynewzealandlocomotivenzreclassnzreclasspearsonsdreamrailwaynewzealandrailwaysdepartmentnewzealandrailwaysdesignergapearsonbuilderpetoneworkshopsnzrpetoneworkshopsevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountrycolonyofnatallocomotivesouthafricanclassmangrsarclassmarailwaynatalgovernmentrailwaysdesigneramericanlocomotivecompanybuilderamericanlocomotivecompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementisalocomotivewithonepairofunpoweredleadingwheelsfollowedbytwosetsofthreepairsofpowereddrivingwheelsandnotrailingwheelsthewheelarrangementwasprincipallyusedonmalletlocomotivemallettypearticulatedlocomotivessometanklocomotiveexampleswerealsobuiltforwhichvarioussuffixestoindicatethetypeoftankwouldbeaddedtothewheelarrangementforexampleforanenginewithsidetanksoverviewthewheelarrangementwasmostoftenusedforarticulatedcompoundsteammalletlocomotivesinacompoundmallettherearsetofcoupledwheelsaredrivenbythesmallerhighpressurecylindersfromwhichspentsteamisthenfedtothelargerlowpressurecylindersthatdrivethefrontsetofcoupledwheelsrefnamesteamensteamenginecompoundingenginescompoundingsteamenginesrefrefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefusagenewzealandthesolenzreclassnzreclasslocomotiveofwastheonlytlocomotiveeverbuiltforandusedbythenewzealandrailwaysdepartmentitwasbuiltatthepetoneworkshopsinwellingtonandwasdesignedforuseontheworldfamousrimutakainclinenumberedmakingiteitspentthefirstpartofitsworkinglifeinthewellingtonregionhaulingtrainsupanddowntherimutakainclineitwaseventuallytransferredtothewellingtonjohnsonvillesectionforbankingdutieseventhoughitwasnotdesignedforthattypeofworkinewaswithdrawnfromserviceandscrappedsadlyitdidntsurvivelongenoughforpreservationrefnamemcclareejmcclaresteamlocomotivesofnewzealandparttwotowellingtonnewzealandrailwayandlocomotivesocietyrefsouthafricathesouthafricanrailwayssaroperatedmalletlocomotiveswiththiswheelarrangementspreadoversixclassesalloftheminthenatalgovernmentrailwaysngrplacedasingleexperimentalmalletarticulatedcompoundlocomotivecompoundsteamlocomotiveinservicebuiltbytheamericanlocomotivecompanyalcothiswasthefirstmallettypecompoundsteamlocomotivetoenterserviceinsouthafricathelocomotivehadwalschaertsvalvegearabarframeandusedsaturatedsteamatthetimeitwasthemostpowerfullocomotiveinthecountryinwhenitwasassimilatedintothesaritwasdesignatedsouthafricanclassmaclassmarefnamehollandrefrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuaryppreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefmalletinfollowingonthesatisfactoryperformanceoftheexperimentalmalletthengrplacedfivemoreinservicealsobuiltbyalcothesefivedifferedlittlefromthepreviousmalletbasicallyonlyinrespectoflargerboilerswhichmadethemslightlyheavierandtenderswithalargercoalcapacityinwhentheywereassimilatedintothesartheyweredesignatedsouthafricanclassmbclassmbinthesarplacedtensouthafricanclassmcclassmcmalletsinservicebuiltbythenorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblthesealsohadwalschaertsvalvegearandusedsaturatedsteamtheirsouthafricantypetmtendertypetmtenderswerethesameasthoseofthesarssouthafricanclassclassbuttheydifferedlittlefromthepreviousmalletsinsizepowerandperformancetwoofthemwereequippedwithsuperheatersatalaterdatebutnoothersweremodifiedinthismannerrefnamenblnorthbritishlocomotivecompanyworkslistcompiledbyaustrianlocomotivehistorianbernhardschmeiserrefmalletinthesarplacedfifteensouthafricanclassmcclassmcmalletsinserviceorderedfromnblintheywereanimprovedversionoftheclassmcwitharedesignedboilerwhichincludedasuperheaterandwithlargerdiameterlowpressureandhighpressurecylinderstheresultwasamuchbetterperforminglocomotivewithanincreasedtractiveeffortbetweenandthesarplacedeighteensouthafricanclassmjclassmjmalletsinbranchlineservicedesignedbydahendriechiefmechanicalengineercmeofthesarfromtotheyweresuperheatedandhadwalschaertsvalvegearandbelpairefireboxestenwereorderedfrommaffeicompanymaffeibutasaresultoftheoutbreakofthefirstworldwaronlytwocouldbedeliveredfromgermanyintheorderfortheremainingeightwasthentransferredtonblwhodeliveredtheminafterthecessationofhostilitiesmaffeirequestedthatthealreadybuiltbalanceoftheoriginalorderalsobeacceptedtheseeightlocomotivesweredeliveredinrefnamediagrambooksouthafricanrailwaysandharbourslocomotivediagrambookgaugesteamlocomotivesaugustasamendedrefrefnamesamejrefrefnamenblnorthbritishlocomotivecoworkslistfromjlambertrefmalletinthesarplacedeightsouthafricanclassmjclassmjmalletsinbranchlineservicebecauseofthedisruptionofbritishandgermanlocomotivebuildersduringthefirstworldwartheywereorderedfrommontreallocomotiveworksmlwincanadathelocomotivedesignwasbymlwbasedonthespecificationsfortheclassmjmalletliketheclassmjtheyweresuperheatedwithwalschaertsvalvegearandbelpairefireboxesbutwithslightlylargerboilersandwiththesandboxmountedontheboilerinnorthamericanstyletheclassmjwasthelastmallettypetobeplacedinservicebythesarandallitssubsequentnewarticulatedlocomotivesweretobegarrattsandmodifiedfairliesrefnamedurrantrefunitedstatesofamericaatleasttwoamericanrailroadsusedmalletlocomotivesonewasthedenvernorthwesternandpacificrailwaywhichlaterbecamethedenverandsaltlakerailroadandeventuallythedenverandsaltlakerailwaytowardstheendoftheirservicelifeaftertheacquisitionofthedenverandsaltlaketheselocomotiveswereusedbythedenverandriograndewesternrailroaddrgwthelocomotiveswereinitiallyusedacrosstherollinspassandlateronthemoffattunnelrouteofthedenverandsaltlaketheywereallscrappedbythedrgwbetweenandnonewerepreservedanotherwasthevirginianrailwaywhoseclassaaisdepictedreferencesinfoboxsoftwarenamexlispstatlogoimagenameisenoughlogoaltlogocaptionscreenshotimagenameisenoughscreenshotaltcaptioncollapsibleanytextherewillcollapsethescreenshotauthordeveloperluketierneyreleaseddiscontinuedsettoyesifsoftwareisdiscontinuedotherwiseomitverlayoutsimpledefaultorstackedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatestatusprogramminglanguageclispoperatingsystemunixxwinwinmsdosclassicmacosamigaosplatformsizelanguagelanguagecountnumberonlylanguagefootnotegenrelicensebsdlikeopensourcelicensealexawebsiterepostandardasofxlispstatisastatisticalscientificpackagebasedonthexlisplanguageasfromxlispstatstartupxlispplusversionportionscopyrightcbydavidbetzmodifiedbythomasalmyandothersxlispstatreleasebetacopyrightcbyluketierneymanyfreestatisticalsoftwarelikestatumneduarcarcnonlinearcurvefittingproblemsandvistathevisualstatisticssystemvistaarebasedonthispackageitincludesavarietyofstatisticalfunctionsandmethodsincludingroutinesfornonlinearcurvefitmanyaddonpackageshavebeendevelopedtoextendxlispstatincludingcontingencytablesrefnamebadsbergrefandregressionanalysisrefnamecookweisbergrefxlispstathasseenusageinmanyfieldsincludingastronomyrefnamebabufeigelsonrefgisrefnameworboysrefspeechacousticsrefnameharringtoncassidyrefeconometricsrefnamefloydrefandepidemiologyrefnamegailrefxlispstatwashistoricallyinfluentialinthefieldofstatisticalvisualizationrefnameyoungvaleromorarefitsauthorluketierneywroteabookonitrefnametierneyrefxlispstatdatestothelatesearlysandprobablysawitsgreatestpopularityintheearlytomidswithgreatlydecliningusagesinceinthesitwasinverywidespreaduseinstatisticaleducationbuthassincebeenmostlyreplacedbyrprogramminglanguagerthereisapaperexplainingwhyuclasdepartmentofstatisticsabandoneditinandtheirreaso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etheycanmimictheeffectsofendogenousestrogenandthushavebeenimplicatedinprecociouspubertyandotherdisordersofthereproductivesystemxenoestrogensincludepharmacologicalestrogensestrogenicactionisanintendedeffectasinthedrugethinylestradiolusedincombinedoralcontraceptivepillcontraceptivepillbutotherchemicalsmayalsohaveestrogeniceffectsxenoestrogenshavebeenintroducedintotheenvironmentbyindustrialagriculturalandchemicalcompaniesandconsumersonlyinthelastyearsorsobutarchiestrogenshavebeenaubiquitouspartoftheenvironmentevenbeforetheexistenceofthehumanracegiventhatsomeplantslikethecerealsandthelegumesareusingestrogenicsubstancespossiblyaspartoftheirnaturaldefenceagainstherbivoreanimalsbycontrollingtheirfertilityrefnamepmidrefthepotentialecologicalandhumanhealthimpactofxenoestrogensisofgrowingconcernrefnamereprorefthewordxenoestrogenisderivedfromthegreekwordsxenomeaningforeignestrusmeaningsexualdesireandgenemeaningtogenerateandliterallymeansforeignestrogenxenoestrogensarealsocalledenvironmentalhormonesoredcendocrinedisruptingcompoundsmostscientiststhatstudyxenoestrogensincludingtheendocrinesocietyregardthemasseriousenvironmentalhazardsthathaveendocrinedisruptorhormonedisruptiveeffectsonbothwildlifeandhumansrefnameisbnrefrefnamepmidrefrefnameisbnrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamebrookrefmechanismofactiontheonsetofpubertyischaracterizedbyincreasedlevelsofhypothalamicgonadotropinreleasinghormonegnrhgnrhtriggersthesecretionofluteinizinghormonelhandfolliclestimulatinghormonefshfromtheanteriorpituitaryglandwhichinturncausestheovariestorespondandsecreteestradiolincreasesingonadalestrogenpromotebreastdevelopmentfemalefatdistributionandskeletalgrowthadrenalandrogenandgonadalandrogenresultinpubicandaxillaryhairperipheralprecociouspubertycausedbyexogenousestrogensisevaluatedbyassessingdecreasedlevelsofgonadotrophinshormonesorsubstanceswithhormonedisruptingcapabilitymayinterferewithpubertaldevelopmentbyactionsatdifferentlevelshypothalamicpituitaryaxisgonadsperipheraltargetorganssuchasthebreasthairfolliclesandgenitalsexogenousmanmadechemicalsthatmimicestrogencanalterthefunctionsoftheendocrinesystemandcausevarioushealthdefectsbyinterferingwithsynthesismetabolismbindingorcellularresponsesofnaturalestrogensrefnamedanzorefalthoughthephysiologyofthereproductivesystemiscomplextheactionofenvironmentalexogenousestrogensishypothesizedtooccurbytwopossiblemechanismsxenoestrogensmaytemporarilyorpermanentlyalterthefeedbackloopsinthebrainpituitarygonadsandthyroidbymimickingtheeffectsofestrogenandtriggeringtheirspecificreceptorsortheymaybindtohormonereceptorsandblocktheactionofnaturalhormonesthusitisplausiblethatenvironmentalestrogenscanacceleratesexualdevelopmentifpresentinasufficientconcentrationorwithchronicexposurethesimilarityinthestructureofexogenousestrogensandtheestrogenshaschangedthehormonebalancewithinthebodyandresultedinvariousreproductiveproblemsinfemalestheoverallmechanismofactionisbindingoftheexogenouscompoundsthatmimicestrogentotheestrogenbindingreceptorsandcausethedeterminedactioninthetargetorgansrefnamemuellerrefeffectsxenoestrogenshavebeenimplicatedinavarietyofmedicalproblemsandduringthelastyearsmanyscientificstudieshavefoundhardevidenceofadverseeffectsonhumanandanimalhealthrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefthereisaconcernthatxenoestrogensmayactasfalsemessengersanddisrupttheprocessofreproductionxenoestrogenslikeallestrogenscanincreasegrowthoftheendometriumsotreatmentsforendometriosisincludeavoidanceofproductswhichcontainthemlikewisetheyareavoidedinordertopreventtheonsetoraggravationofadenomyosisstudieshaveimplicatedobservationsofdisturbancesinwildlifewithestrogenicexposureforexampledischargefromhumansettlementincludingrunoffandwaterflowingoutofwastewatertreatmentplantsreleasealargeamountofxenoestrogensintostreamswhichleadtoimmensealterationsinaquaticlifewithabioaccumulationfactoroffishareextremelysusceptibletopollutantsrefnamewilliamsrefstreamsinmorearidconditionsarethoughttohavemoreeffectsduetohigherconcentrationsofthechemicalsarisingfromlackofdilutionrefnamevajdarefwhencomparingfishfromaboveawastewatertreatmentplantandbelowawastewatertreatmentplantstudiesfounddisruptedovarianandtesticularhistopathologygonadalintersexreducedgonadsizevitellogenininductionandalteredsexratiosthesexratiosarefemalebiasedbecausexenoestrogensinterruptgonadalconfigurationcausingcompleteorpartialsexreversalwhencomparingadjacentpopulationsofwhitesuckerfishtheexposedfemalefishcanhaveuptofiveoocytestagesandasynchronouslydevelopingovariesversustheunexposedfemalefishwhousuallyhavetwooocytestagesandgroupsynchronouslydevelopingovariespreviouslythistypeofdifferencehasonlybeenfoundbetweentropicalandtemperatespeciesspermconcentrationsandmotilityperimetersarereducedinmalefishexposedtoxenoestrogensinadditiontodisruptstagesofspermatogenesismoreoverxenoestrogenshavebeenleadingtovastamountsofintersexinfishforexampleonestudyindicatesthenumbersofintersexinwhitesuckerfishtobeequaltothenumberofmalesinthepopulationdownstreamofawastewatertreatmentplantnointersexmemberswerefoundupstreamfromtheplantalsotheyfounddifferencesintheproportionoftesticularandovariantissueanditsdegreeoforganizationbetweentheintersexfishfurthermorexenoestrogensexposefishtocypainducersthroughinhibitingaputativelabileproteinandenhancingtheahreceptorwhichhasbeenlinkedtoepizooticsofcancerandtheinitiationoftumorstheinductionofcypahasbeenestablishedtobeagoodbioindicatorforxenoestrogenexposureinadditionxenoestrogensstimulatevitellogeninvtgwhichactsasanutrientreserveandzonareadiataproteinszrpwhichformseggshellsthereforevtgandzrparebiomarkerstoexposureforfishrefnamepmidrefanotherpotentialeffectofxenoestrogensisononcogenesspecificallyinrelationtobreastcancersomescientistsdoubtthatxenoestrogenshaveanysignificantbiologicaleffectintheconcentrationsfoundintheenvironmentrefnamepmidrefhoweverthereissubstantialevidenceinavarietyofrecentstudiestoindicatethatxenoestrogenscanincreasebreastcancergrowthintissueculturerefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefithasbeensuggestedthatverylowlevelsofaxenoestrogenbisphenolacouldaffectfetalneuralsignallingmorethanhigherlevelsindicatingthatclassicalmodelswheredoseequalsresponsemaynotbeapplicableinsusceptibletissuerefnamepmidrefasthisstudyinvolvedintracerebellarinjectionsitsrelevancetoenvironmentalexposuresisunclearasistheroleofanestrogeniceffectcomparedtosomeothertoxiceffectofbisphenolaotherscientistsarguethattheobservedeffectsarespuriousandinconsistentorthatthequantitiesoftheagentsaretoolowtohaveanyeffectrefnamepmidrefasurveyofscientistsinfieldspertinenttoevaluatingestrogensfoundthatpercentregardedthehealththreatsfromxenoestrogensasmajorpercentasminorornoneandpercentwereunsurerefnamepmidreftherehasbeenspeculationthatfallingspermcountsinmalesmaybeduetoincreasedestrogenexposureinuterorefnamepmidrefsharpeinareviewindicatedthatexternalestrogenicsubstancesaretooweakintheircumulativeeffectstoaltermalereproductivefunctioningbutindicatesthatthesituationappearstobemorecomplexasexternalchemicalsmayaffecttheinternaltestosteroneestrogenbalancerefnamepmidrefimpacttheubiquitouspresenceofsuchestrogenicsubstancesisasignificanthealthconcernbothindividuallyandforapopulationlifereliesonthetransmissionofbiochemicalinformationtothenextgenerationandthepresenceofxenoestrogensmayinterferewiththistransgenerationalinformationprocessthroughchemicalconfusionvidaeffandseverrefnamepmidrefwhostatetheresultsdonotsupportwithcertaintytheviewthatenvironmentalestrogenscontributetoanincreaseinmalereproductivedisordersneitherdotheyprovidesufficientgroundstorejectsuchahypothesisareportdemonstratesfurtherevidenceofwidespreadeffectsoffeminizingchemicalsonmaledevelopmentineachclassofvertebratespeciesasaworldwidephenomenonpercentofoverrecentlyintroducedchemicalsareunderregulatedaccordingtotheeuropeancommissionrefnameindepenindependentcouknewsscienceitsofficialmenreallyaretheweakersexhtmlitsofficialmenaretheweakersexdecembertheindependentrefagenciessuchastheunitedstatesenvironmentalprotectionagencyandtheworldhealthorganizationinternationalprogrammeonchemicalsafetyarechargedtoaddresstheseissuesprecociouspubertypubertyisacomplexdevelopmentalprocessdefinedasthetransitionfromchildhoodtoadolescenceandadultreproductivefunctionpubertyisconsideredprecociousprecociouspubertyifsecondarysexcharacteristicsoccurbeforetheageofingirlsandyearsinboysprecociouspubertycanbeclassifiedintocentralgonadotropindependentprecociouspubertyorperipheralgonadotropinindependentpubertyperipheralprecociouspubertyhasbeenlinkedtoexposuretoexogenousestrogeniccompoundsageofonsetofpubertyisinfluencedbymanyfactorssuchasgeneticsnutritionalstatusethnicityandenvironmentalfactorsincludingsocioeconomicconditionsandgeographicallocationtrendstowardearlierpubertyhavebeenattributedtoimprovedpublichealthandlivingconditionsenvironmentalchemicalexposureisoneofthefactorsimplicatedintherecentdownwardtrendofearliersexualmaturationthelarcheinpuertoricosincepediatricendocrinologistsinpuertoricorecognizedanincreaseinnumberofpatientswithprematurethelarchetuscanyprecociouspubertycasesdrmassartandcolleaguesfromtheuniversityofpisastudiedtheincreasedprevalenceofprecociouspubertyinaregionofnorthwesttuscanythisregionofitalyisrepresentedbyahighdensityofnavyyardsandgreenhouseswhereexposurestopesticidesandmycoestrogensestrogensproducedbyfungiarecommonalthoughunabletoidentifyadefinitivecauseofthehighratesofprecociouspubertytheauthorsconcludedenvironmentalpesticidesandherbicidesmaybeimplicatedrefnamemassartrefdairycontaminationanimalfeedwascontaminatedwithseveralthousandpoundsofpolybrominatedbiphenylinmichiganinresultinginhighexposuresofpbbinthepopulationviamilkandotherproductsfromcontaminatedcowsperinatalexposureofchildrenwasestimatedbymeasuringpbbinserumofmotherssomeyearsafterexposuregirlsthathadbeenexposedtohighpbblevelsthroughlactationhadanearlierageofmenarcheandpubichairdevelopmentthangirlswhohadlessperinatalexposurethestudynotedtherenodifferencesfoundinthetimingofbreastdevelopmentamongthecasesandcontrolsfishcontaminationthegreatlakeshavebeenpollutedwithindustrialwastesmainlypcbsandddtsincethebeginningofthethcenturythesecompoundshaveaccumulatedinbirdsandsportsfishastudywasdesignedtoassesstheimpactofconsumptionofcontaminatedfishonpregnantwomenandtheirchildrenconcentrationsofmaternalserumpcbandddeandtheirdaughtersageatmenarchewerereviewedinmultivariateanalysisddebutnotpcbwaslinkedwithaloweredageofmenarchelimitationsofthestudyincludedindirectmeasurementoftheexposureandselfreportingofmenarcheimplicationsprecociouspubertyhasnumeroussignificantphysicalpsychologicalandsocialimplicationsforayounggirlunfortunatelyprematurepubertalgrowthspurtandacceleratedbonematurationwillresultinprematureclosureofdistalepiphysiswhichcausesreducedadultheightandshortstaturesomestudieshavesuggestedprecociouspubertyplacesgirlsatahigherriskofbreastcancerlaterinlifeprecociouspubertyislinkedwithothergynecologicdisorderssuchasendometriosisadenomyosispolycysticovariansyndromeandinfertilitythecurrentliteratureisinadequatetoprovidetheinformationweneedtoassesstheextenttowhichenvironmentalchemicalscontributetoprecociouspubertygapsinourknowledgearetheresultoflimitationsinthedesignsofstudiessmallsamplesizeschallengestoconductingexposureassessmentandthefewnumberofchemicalsstudiedunfortunatelyexposureisinferredandnotactuallymeasuredinavailablestudiestheabilitytodetectthepossibleroleofchemicalsinalteringpubertaldevelopmentisconfoundedbymanynutritionalgeneticandlifestylefactorscapableofaffectingpubertyandthecomplexnatureofthereproductiveendocrinesystemotherresearchchallengesincludeshiftsinexposurelevelsamongpopulationsovertimeandsimultaneousexposurestomultiplecompoundsoveralltheliteraturedoesnotwithcertaintysupportthecontentionthatenvironmentalchemicalsordietaryfactorsarehavingwidespreadeffectsonhumansexualdevelopmenthoweverdatadoesnotrefutesuchahypothesiseitheracceleratedsexualdevelopmentisplausibleinindividualsexposedtohighconcentrationofestrogenicsubstancesthereisaconcerningsteadyincreaseinexposuretoawidevarietyofxenoestrogensintheindustrialworldfurtherresearchisneededtoassesstheimpactofthesecompoundsonpubertaldevelopmentinotheranimalsnonhumananimalstudieshaveshownthatexposuretoenvironmentalcontaminantswithestrogenicactivitycanacceleratetheonsetofpubertyapotentialmechanismhasbeendescribedinratsexposedtoddtorbetaestradiolinwhichgnrhpulsatilesecretionwasfoundtobeincreasedalthoughthisarticlefocusesontheeffectsofxenoestrogensandreproductivefunctioninfemalesnumerousanimalstudiesalsoimplicateenvironmentalestrogensandandrogensadverseeffectsonthemalereproductionsystemadministrationofestrogenstodevelopingmaleanimalsreducestesticularweightanddecreasesspermproductionthesmallphallussizeofmalealligatorshasbeenlinkedtocontaminationoftheirnaturalfloridahabitatwithddtdatafromanimalresearchisabundantdemonstratingtheadverseeffectsonreproductionofhormonallyactivecompoundsfoundintheenvironmentrefnamedegenboltrefcommonenvironmentalestrogensatrazineatrazineiswidelyusedasanherbicidetocontrolbroadleafweedspeciesthatgrowincropssuchascornsugarcanehayandwinterwheatatrazineisalsoappliedtochristmastreesresidentiallawnsgolfcoursesandotherrecreationalareasatrazineisthesecondlargestsellingpesticideintheworldandestimatedtobethemostheavilyusedherbicideintheunitedstatesbpabpabisphenolaisthemonomerusedtomanufacturepolycarbonateplasticandepoxyresinsusedasalininginmostfoodandbeveragecansbpaglobalcapacityisinexcessofbillionlbsperyearandthusisoneofthehighestvolumechemicalsproducedworldwiderefnamevomsaalhughesreftheesterbondsinthebpabasedpolycarbonatescouldbesubjecttohydrolysisandleachingofbpabutinthecaseofepoxypolymersformedfrombisphenolaitisnotpossibletoreleasebisphenolabysuchasreactionitisalsonoteworthythatofthebisphenolsbisphenolaisaweakxenoestrogenothercompoundssuchasbisphenolzhavebeenshowntohavestrongerestrogeniceffectsinratsrefnamereidrefithasbeensuggestedthatbiphenolaandotherxenoestrogensmightcausediseasetohumansonereviewsuggeststhatbisphenolaexposureasaresultoffeasiblescenarioscouldcausediseaseinhumansbisphenolsbpsananalogofbpahasalsobeenshowntoalterestrogenicactivityddtddtdichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanewaswidelyusedinpesticidesforagricultureuntilitwasbannedinintheunitedstatesduetoitshazardouseffectsontheenvironmentddtcontinuestobeusedinmanypartsoftheworldforagriculturaluseinsectcontrolandtofightthespreadofmalariaddtanditsmetabolitesddeanddddarepersistentintheenvironmentandaccumulateinfattytissuesrefnameroyrefrefnamecasertarefrefnameroganrefrefnamepatisaulrefdioxindioxinsanddioxinlikecompoundsdioxinagroupofhighlytoxicchemicalsarereleasedduringcombustionprocessespesticidemanufacturingandbleachingofwoodpulpchlorineandhypochloritechlorinebleachingofwoodpulpdioxinisdischargedintowaterwaysfrompulpandpapermillsconsumptionofanimalsfatsisthoughttobetheprimarypathwayforhumanexposureendosulfanendosulfanisaninsecticideusedonnumerousvegetablesfruitscerealgrainsandtreesendosulfancanbeproducedasaliquidconcentratewettablepowderorsmoketablethumanexposureoccursthroughfoodconsumptionorgroundandsurfacewatercontaminationrefnamewatsonrefpbbpbbpolybrominatedbiphenylsarechemicalsaddedtoplasticsusedincomputermonitorstelevisionstextilesandplasticsfoamstomakethemmoredifficulttoburnmanufacturingofpbbsintheunitedstatesstoppedinhoweverbecausetheydonotdegradeeasilypbbscontinuetobefoundinsoilwaterandairpcbspcbspolychlorinatedbiphenylsaremanmadeorganicchemicalsknownasorganochloridechlorinatedhydrocarbonspcbsweremanufacturedprimarilyforuseasinsulatingfluidsandcoolantsgiventheirchemicalstabilitylowflammabilityandelectricalinsulatingpropertiespcbswerebannedinbutlikeddtcontinuetopersistintheenvironmentphthalatesphthalatesareplasticizersprovidingdurabilityandflexibilitytoplasticssuchaspolyvinylchloridehighmolecularweightphthalatesareusedinflooringwallcoveringsandmedicaldevicesuchasintravenousbagsandtubinglowmolecularweightphthalatesarefoundinperfumeslotionscosmeticsvarnisheslacquersandcoatingsincludingtimedreleasesinpharmaceuticalsrefnamenilssonrefzeranolzeranoliscurrentlyusedasananabolicgrowthpromoterforlivestockintheusandcanadaithassincebeenbannedintheeusincebutisstillpresentasacontaminantinfoodthroughmeatproductsthatwereexposedtoitmiscellaneousalkylphenolsintermediatechemicalsusedinthemanufactureofotherchemicalsmethylbenzylidenecamphormbcsunscreenlotionsbisphenolsbpsananalogofbpabutylatedhydroxyanisolebhafoodpreservativedichlorodiphenyldichloroethyleneoneofthebreakdownproductsofddtdieldrinbannedinsecticideddtbannedinsecticideendosulfanwidelybannedinsecticideerythrosinefdcrednoeethinylestradiolcombinedoralcontraceptivepillreleasedintotheenvironmentasaxenoestrogenheptachlorrestrictedinsecticidelindanehexachlorocyclohexanerestrictedinsecticidemetalloestrogensaclassofinorganicxenoestrogensmethoxychlorbannedinsecticidenonylphenolandderivativesindustrialsurfactantsemulsifiersforemulsionpolymerizationlaboratorydetergentspesticidespentachlorophenolrestrictedgeneralbiocideandwoodpreservativepolychlorinatedbiphenylspcbsbannedformerlyusedinelectricaloilslubricantsadhesivespaintsparabenslotionsphthalatesplasticizersdehpplasticizerforpvcpropylgallateusedtoprotectoilsandfatsinproductsfromoxidationseealsocolumnslistdiethylstilbestrolobsoletepharmacologicalestrogenendocrinedisruptorenvironmentalexogenoushormonesenvironmentalimpactofpharmaceuticalsandpersonalcareproductsenvironmentalxenobioticepidemiologyandetiologyofbreastcancerlistofbreastcarcinogenicsubstancesphytoestrogenssultbxenobioticreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebourstolenfutureorgbasicsabouthtmourstolenfuturebookaboutendocrinedisruptionnobreastcystcomxenohtmlhowtoavoidxenoestrogenssciencedirectcomscienceobarticleurludibtcncyhcoverdateffalidrdocfmtorigsearchqdcdisortdviewcacctcversionurlversionuseridmdefdbeebaadabebacorssafeonlackofevidenceforanyeffectxenoestrogenredirectcategoryshellthexgamestationisalineofembeddedsystemsprimarilydesignedasvideogameconsolescreatedbyandrelamotheandsoldbyhiscompanynurvenetworksllcoriginallydesignedtoteachelectronicsandvideogamedevelopmenttoprogrammersnewermodelsconcentratemoreonlogicdesignmulticoreprogramminggameprogrammingandembeddedsystemdesignandprogrammingwithpopularmicrocontrollersprototypeversionsthexgamestationwasoriginallyconceivedofasahandheldsystemcalledthenanogearbasedaroundthefreescalehchcmicroprocessoramodernderivativeofthemotorolathesystemwouldalsocontainmodernderivativesofthemostechnologyandzilogzzmicroprocessorsforretrocodersandhackersandtomakeemulationofclassiccomputerandvideogamesystemseasierafterseveraliterationstheplanchangedtouseanarmarchitecturearmmicroprocessorandanfpgaonwhichacustomdesignedgraphicsprocessingunitgpuwasimplementedbutafterfinishingthisprojectitwasdecidedthattheresultingsystemwascostprohibitiveandmuchtooadvancedforbeginnersinsteadtheplanwaschangedagainfinallyresultinginthexgsmicroeditionbasedonthesxprocessorsxmicrocontrollerthearmandfpgabasedsystemwasrenamedthexgsmegaeditionafterthereleaseofthemicroeditionandthoughplannedtobesolditwasneverreleasedxgsmicroeditionmethexgsmicroeditionisaprebuiltvideogameconsolebasedaroundthesxprocessorsxmicrocontrollerwhichisahighspeedpicmicrocontrollerrunningatnbspmhzforatotalofmillioninstructionspersecondmipsthecolortelevisionvideosignalisgeneratedinsoftwareonthemicrocontrollersoundisgeneratedbyarohmbuchipforinputthesystemhasasinglepsconnectorforkeyboardormouseinputaswellastwodeconnectordbforconnectingataricompatiblejoysticksprogrammingisdoneinassemblylanguageorinacustomwrittenxgsbasicbasiceitheronapcandthentransferredtotheconsoleoronthesystemitselfithasaddonpacksforcreatingyourownexpansioncardandelectronicexperimentingkitthemicroeditioncontainsthexgamestationunitdesigningyourownvideogameconsoleadetailedbookinpdfformatteachingthebasicsofelectronicsapowersupplyavcablesajoystickacomcableandafewextrassuchasapdfversionofoneofandrelamothespreviousbookstricksofthewindowsgameprogramminggurusvideosignalgeneratedbysoftwarethemostremarkableaspectofthesxprocessorisitsabilitytocreateacolorvideosignalusingonlysoftwareandstillhavethepowertosimultaneouslyrunthesoftwarethatusesthisvideodisplayinordertocreateanelementaryvideogameorgamedemotheselatterprogramsmayormaynotevolveintoarealplayablegameasoftenthememoryofthesxprocessoristoorestrictedtosupportthemsomepeoplealsowritenongamevideodemocomputerprogrammingdemostoshowoffthevideodisplaypossibilitiesofthesystemobsoletestatusofthesxthesxhasbeenmadeobsoletebyparallaxinccompanyparallaxthecompanythatnowpackagestheparallaxsxsxseriesofmicrocontrollerdieintegratedcircuitdiesmadebyubicombecausetheydidnothaveapackagewithpinshoweveraccordingtothepeopleatxgamestationthereareenoughsxchipsavailableforalltheirfutureneedsonjulyparallaxannouncedthatthewholelineofsxmicrocontrollerswillbediscontinuedxgspicoeditionpethepicoeditionisasimplifiedversionofthemicroeditioninabuildityourselfkitthepicoeditionisbasedaroundthesxmicrocontrollerwhichlikethesxisahighspeedpicmicrocontrollerrunningatnbspmhzforatotalofmipsthoughithaslessramandflashcapacitylikethemicroeditionthecolortelevisionvideosignalisgeneratedinsoftwareonthemicrocontrollerhoweverunlikethemicroeditiontheaudiosignalisalsogenerateddirectlybythemicrocontrollerandnotbyanexternalchipforinputthesystemsimplyreadspushbuttonsconnectedtoitsinputpinsprogrammingisdoneinassemblylanguageorinacustomwrittenxgsbasiconapcandthentransferredtotheconsolethepicocomesinseveraldifferentkitformsthekitwhichcomeswithabreadboardacdwithassemblyinstructionsandselectedchaptersofthesameebookasthemicroeditionandthesameextrasthesxandthediscretecomponentsofthesystemandthekitwhichconsistsofthekitandapcbwhichisalsoavailableasanaddonseparatelyandthegameconsolestarterkitwhichincludesthekitahardcopyoftheblackartofvideogameconsoledesignandasolderingironandsolderxgsavrbitandxgspicbitdevelopmentsystemsreleasedondecemberthexgsavrbitandxgspicbitdevelopmentsystemsareembeddedsystemdevelopmentkitsmeanttobeverycompetitiveentrymidrangedevelopmentkitsfortheirrespectivemicrocontrollersthesystemsweredesignedtogetherandsosharemuchofthesamedesignotherthanthemainprocessorthevideosignalisgeneratedinsoftwarelikethexgsmicroandpicoeditionshoweverthereiscolorhelperhardwaretogeneratethecolorburstpartofthevideosignaltheaudiosignalisalsogenerateddirectlybythemicrocontrollerforinputlikethexgsmicrotwodbportsandapsportaresuppliedhoweverinsteadofbeingcompatiblewithatarijoysticksthedbportsarecompatiblewithnintendogamepadsthoughdirectlyconnectingannesorsnescontrollerwouldrequireapinadapterunlikethepriorxgsandhydrasystemsprogrammingisprimarilyinccutilizingsystemspecificlibrariesthoughassemblyprogrammingandacustomwrittenxgsbasicarealsoavailablethexgsbasiccoderunsonbothsystemswithoutmodificationunlikethexgsmicroeditioncodecannotbeeditedonthesystemitselfapcisrequiredthexgsavrbitprocessorisanatmelmegaavrpwithkflashandksramrunningatovermipsthexgspicbitprocessorisapicwithkflashandksramrunningatovermipshydrasysteminandrelamothelaunchedhisnewhydragamedevelopmentkitamuchmorepowerfulsystemthanthexgsmicroeditionunliketheothersystemsbynurvethehydradoesnotcarrythexgsbrandingthehydrausesthemulticorecomputingmulticoreparallaxpropellermicrocontrollerwhichhasanarchitectureresemblingthecellmicroprocessorusedintheplaystationthepropellerrunsatnbspmhzanduseseightprocessorcorescalledcogstoreachaperformanceofmipsitalsohasmuchmorememorythanthemicroeditionssxkramandakromwhichcontainsabitmapcomputerfontfontforthegraphicsprocessingunitvideodisplaygeneratorthepropellercangenerateahighqualityvgaorpalntsccolorpictureusingsoftwareandsomespecialsupportlogicbuiltintoeachcpucoretablesformathematicalfunctionandaninterpreterforthethreadcomputersciencemultithreadedspinprogramminglanguagespinlanguageeachcpucorealsohasitsownkrambitwordsofaddressspacededicatedmemoryforinputthesystemhastwopsportsforamouseandkeyboardwhicharesoldwiththesystemandtwonescompatiblegamecontrollerportsonegamecontrollerisincludedthesystemalsohasaminiusbinterfaceforprogrammingthesystemanrjethernetportandakserialflashmemoryflasheepromforstoragetherearealsoaddonssuchasakexternalramcardreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxgamestationcomxgamestationofficialsitewebarchiveorgwebxgamestationcomphpbbxgamestationofficialcommunityboardinfoboxtelevisionshownamexbomberimagexremasterdvdjpgcaptioncoverfortheremastereddvdboxsetshownamestarfleetbrbomberxbrbombarderoxbrvegskipxbrsternenflottebrzerozeroonegenretokusatsusciencefictionfantasycreatorgonagaideveloperpresenterstarringvoicestoshiofurukawaasshirogingabrshigeruchibaasbongoheraclesbrmamikoyamaaslamiabrbanjogingaasemperorgelmabrhidekatsushibataasgenkurodabrmikioterashimaasdrbennbrnaokitatsutaasbigmanleebrnoriowakamotoascaptcusterbrreizonomotoaskozlobrrihokoyoshidaasbloodymarybrkatsujimoriascapthalleybryjimitsuyaasppadamskynarratedyuzurufujimotothememusiccomposerkyojiyamamotoopenthemesoldierinthespaceendthemethedriftinggalaxycountryjapanlanguagejapanesenumseasonsnumepisodeslistepisodesproducerkimioikedaexecutiveproducerkimioikedabrkeisukefujikawalocationcameraryujikawasakiruntimeminutesnetworkfujitvbritvtvnetworkitvpictureformatntscaspectratioimagestandardbr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ssetofftorescuethedogsbutinheavywindscoveredlessthanamileintwohoursandreturnedtothehutifitdependedonlyonmemertzwroteinhisdiaryafterfourdaysmorewindconfinedthemtothehutwewouldbeinoursleepingbagsoutsideinthesnowandwewouldatleasttrytofindthedogsmawsonisdefinitelytoocautiousandiwonderifhewouldshowenoughgumptionduringthesledgingexpeditionrefnameriffenburghppriffenburghpprefthefollowingdaymertzwaspartofapartyofthreethatmadeittoaladdinscavetorescuethedogswhenstrongwindsconfinedthemtothedepotforthreedaystheyspentthetimeexpandingthecaverefnameriffenburghpriffenburghprefinseptembermertzninnisandherbertmurphyformedasurveypartymanhaulingmanhaulingtothesoutheastofaladdinscaveinstrongwindstheytravelledjustinthreedaysbeforethetemperaturedroppedtoandthewindspeedincreasedtoconfiningthemtothetentwhenagapinthewindallowedtheyhurriedbacktothehutrefnameriffenburghpriffenburghprefdeathduringthefareasternpartyonoctobermawsonoutlinedthesummersledgingprogramrefnameriffenburghpriffenburghprefmertzandninniswereassignedtomawsonsownpartywhichwouldusethedogstopushquicklytotheeastoftheexpeditionsbaseincommonwealthbaytowardsvictorialandrefnamebickelppbickelpprefthepartydepartedcapedenisononnovemberheadingfirsttoaladdinscaveandfromtheresoutheasttowardsamassiveglacierencounteredbyauroraontheoutwardjourneyrefnameriffenburghppriffenburghpprefmertzskiedaheadscoutingandprovidingaleadforthedogstochasemawsonandninnismanoeuvredthetwodogteamsbehindrefnameriffenburghpriffenburghpreftheyreachedtheglacieronnovembernegotiatingfieldsofcrevassesitwascrossedinfivedaysrefnameriffenburghpriffenburghprefrefnamemawsonpmawsonprefthepartymadequickprogressonceontheplateauagainbuttheysoonencounteredanotherglacierfarlargerthanthefirstdespitestrongwindsandpoorlightmertzmawsonandninnisreachedthefarsideonnovemberrefnameriffenburghppriffenburghpprefondecemberthepartyweremorethanfromthecapedenisonhutasmertzskiedaheadsingingsongsfromhisstudentdaysninnisthelargestsledgeandthestrongestdogteamwerelostwhentheybrokethroughthesnowlidofacrevassemertzsconditiondeterioratedoverthefollowingdaysmawsonrecordedhewasgenerallyinaverybadconditionskincomingofflegsetcandhisillnessseverelyslowedtheirprogressrefnamemawsonpmawsonprefonjanuarythepairaboutfromthehutmawsonrecordedmawsonburiedmertzinhissleepingbagunderroughhewnblocksofsnowalongwiththeremainingphotographicplatesandanexplanatorynoterefnameriffenburghpriffenburghprefmawsonstaggeredbackintothecapedenisonhutamonthlatermissingtheaurorabyamatterofhoursshehadwaitedformertzmawsonandninnisforthreeweeksuntilconcernedbytheencroachingwintericedavishadsailedheroutofcommonwealthbayandbacktoaustraliarefnamehallandscanlanpphallandscanlanpprefrefnameayresppayresppreflegacyinnovemberamonthbeforetheaurorareturnedforthefinaltimemawsonandthesixmenremainingatcapedenisonerectedamemorialcrossformertzandninnisonazimuthhilltothenorthwestofthemainhutrefnamelastgasprefthecrossconstructedfrompiecesofabrokenradiomastwasaccompaniedbyaplaquecutfromwoodfrommertzsbunkrefnamebickelpbickelprefthecrossstillstandsalthoughthecrossbarhasrequiredreattachingseveraltimesandtheplaquewasreplacedwithareplicainrefnamehistoryrefthefirstglacierthefareasternpartycrossedontheoutwardjourneypreviouslyunnamedwasnamedbymawsonaftermertzbecomingthemertzglacierrefnameaadcmertzglacierrefataspeakingengagementuponhisreturntoaustraliamawsonpraisedhisdeadcomradesthesurvivorsmighthaveanopportunityofdoingsomethingmorebutthesemenhaddonetheirallrefnamemawsonsreplyrefatanothermawsonsaidthatdrmertzwasaswissbybirthbuthewasamaneveryenglishmanwouldhavelikedtohavecalledanenglishmanhewasamanofgreatfeelingsgenerousoneofnaturesgentlemenrefnamenaturesgentlemenrefatelegramwassentonbehalfoftheaustralianpeopletoemilemertzcondolinghimonhisgreatlossbutcongratulatingyouonyoursonsimperishablefamerefnamecondolencerefthecauseofmertzsdeathisnotcertainatthetimeitwasbelievedmertzmayhavediedofcolitisindeedasmertzsconditiondeterioratedmawsonmayhavegivenhimmoreofthelivertoeatbelievingittobemoreeasilydigestedrefnamebickelpbickelprefthistheoryisthemostwidelyacceptedbuttherehavebeenothertheoriesrefnameriffenburghpriffenburghprefphilliplawformerdirectorofaustraliannationalantarcticresearchexpeditionsanarebelievedcoldexposurecouldaccountformertzssymptomsrefnameayresppayrespprefaarticleinthemedicaljournalofaustraliabydenisecarringtonsmithnotingcertainsourcesindicatingthatmertzwasessentiallyavegetariansuggestedthatgeneralmalnutritionandthesuddenchangetoapredominantlymeatdietcouldhavetriggeredmertzsillnesscarringtonsmithaddsamorehypotheticalreasonthepsychologicalstressesrelatedtothedeathofaclosefriendninnisandthedeathsofthedogshehadcaredforaswellastheneedtokillandeathisremainingdogsrefnamecarringtonsmithpcarringtonsmithprefseealsoheroicageofantarcticexplorationreferencesnotesfootnotesbibliographyexternallinksacmsslnswgovausearchsimplesearchaspxauthoritynameidxaviermertzimagesatthestatelibraryofnewsouthwaleswebarchiveorgwebmawsonshutsaqaustralianantarcticdivisionaustralasianantarcticexpeditionwebarchiveorgwebmawsonshutsorgaucmsmawsonshutsfoundationtsongalanguageinfoboxcompanynamecomcastcablecommunicationsllctradingnamexfinitylogocaptiontypedivisionbusinessdivisiontradedasfoundationascomcastcablerebrandingasxfinitylocationareaservedkeypeopledavewatsonbrpresidentceobrdanastrongbrpresidentconsumerservicesbrmatthewstraussbrevpxfinityservicesproductscabletelevisioninternetaccessbroadbandinternetvoipphonehomesecurityindustrytelecommunicationsrevenueusbillionrefnamexbrlusciteweburlcmcsacomnewsreleasesnewsreleasedetailscomcastreportsthquarterandyearendresultstitlecomcastcorpannualreportpublisherrefoperatingincomeusbillionnetincomeassetsusbillionequityusbillionnumemployeesparentcomcastsubsidcomcastbusinessbrcomcastspotlightbrcomcastwholesalebrcellularservicexfinitymobilehomepagexfinityisatradenameofcomcastcablecommunicationsllcasubsidiaryofthecomcastcomcastcorporationusedtomarketconsumercabletelevisioncableinternetaccessinternettelephoneandwirelessservicesprovidedbythecompanythebrandwasfirstintroducedinpriortothattheseservicesweremarketedprimarilyunderthecomcastnameitsceoisdavewatsonitschairmanisbrianlrobertsanditscfoiscatherineavgirisxfinitywentfrombillioninrevenueintobillioninbrandingmultipleimagealignrightdirectionverticalheaderpreviouslogosimagecomcastlogosvgaltcaptioncomcastlogofromtobeforeitwasreplacedwiththecrescentlogoimagecomcastlogosvgaltcaptionavariationofthecomcastlogousedbetweenandasacorporatelogoanduntilfortheircableunitimagexfinitylogosvgaltcaptionxfinitylogousedfromtoinfebruarycomcastbegantorebranditsconsumertripleplaytelecommunicationstripleplayserviceofferingsunderthenamexfinitycomcastdigitalcablewasrenamedxfinitytvcomcastdigitalvoicebecamexfinityvoiceandcomcasthighspeedinternetbecamexfinityinternettherebrandingandanassociatedpromotionalcampaignwerescheduledtocoincidewiththewinterolympicsthexfinityrebrandinghasbeencontroversialasapurportedefforttosidestepthenegativityofthecomcastbrandtimeconsideredxfinitytobeamongtheworstcorporaterenamingsofalltimeaskingwillthenamechangeworkprobablynotbutatleastitllsoundabitedgierwhenyoureputonholdwithxfinityinternetprovidercomcastinternetavailabilitybystateclasswikitablesortablestatepercentageofstatespopulationwithaccesstocomcastdistrictofcolumbiamassachusettsutahillinoiscoloradowashingtonusstatewashingtonpennsylvaniamarylandnewhampshiremichiganoregonindianageorgiausstategeorgiatennesseenewmexicofloridaconnecticutminnesotavirginiamississippicaliforniacomcastisthelargestproviderofcableinternetaccessintheunitedstatesservicingofthemarketinasofaprilcomcasthasmillionhighspeedinternetcustomerscomcastbeganofferinginternetservicesinlatewhenithelpedfoundthehomenetworkwhichsoldinternetservicethroughcomcastscablelinestheagreementcontinuedafterhomesmergerwithexciterefnamehomerefwhenthecombinedcompanyexcitehomefiledforbankruptcyincomcastmovedtheirroughlyinternetcustomerscompletelyontotheirownnetworkrefnamehomemergerefavailablecomcasthighspeedinternetplansclasswikitablesortablenamedatasorttypenumberdownloadspeeddatasorttypenumberuploadspeedconnectiontypenotesperformancestarternbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsislowesttierofferedmbpsinsomeareasinternetessentialsnbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisrefnameeoldevicesrefonlyforfamilieswithatleastonechildthatqualifiesforthefreeschoollunchprogramperformancenbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisperformancenbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsismbpsinsomeareasperformancepronbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisperformancepronbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisblastnbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisinsomeareasblastcustomershavebeenupgradedtoextremespeedsrefnamecorporatecomcastcomrefblastnbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisinmostserviceareasblastnbspmbitscustomershavebeenupgradedtoblastnbspmbitsspeedsinsomeareasmbpsblasthasbeenupgradedtombpsblastnbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisblastpronbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisblastpronbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisextremenbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisinsomeareasextremecustomershavebeenupgradedtoextremespeedsextremenbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisnotavailableinallareasextremenbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisnotavailableinallareasextremenbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisnotavailableinallareasextremepronbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisnotavailableinallareasextremenbspmbitsnbspmbitsfibertothexftthnotavailableinallareasgigabitnbspmbitsnbspmbitsdocsisnotavailableinallareasgigabitpronbspmbitsnbspmbitsfibertothexftthnotavailableinallareasspeedsaregiveninmegabitspersecondwheremegabitmegabytesbytesalongwiththepriceofinternetsubscriptionscomcastchargesusersanadditionalmonthtorentacablemodembutiswaivedforcustomerswhobuytheirownmodemscomcastchargesforinternetinstallationbutthefeeiswaivedforcustomerswhoopttoinstallthemselvesincomcastlauncheditsinternetessentialsprogramwhichofferslowcostinternetservicetofamilieswithchildrenwhoqualifyforfreeorreducedpriceschoollunchestheusfederalcommunicationscommissionfccrequiredthisbudgetserviceasaconditionforallowingcomcastsacquisitionofnbcuniversalinjanuaryinmarchashemetwithfccconcerningthetimewarnercablemergercomcastvicepresidentdavidcohentoldreportersthattheinternetessentialsprogramwillbeextendedindefinitelyinmaycomcastmadeavailablexfiacloudcomputingcloudbasedwifiplatformlateincomcastintroducedxfiadvancedgatewaywhichsupporteddocsisavailabletocustomerswithspeedsofmbandhighercomcastsaidthesystemhadbeentestedwithgigabitsxfinitywificomcastoperatesanetworkofpublicwifihotspotsforxfinityinternetsubscribersknownasxfinitywifiwhichconsistsofamixtureofhotspotsinstalledinpubliclocationsandbusinessesandthosegeneratedbysupportedxfinityhomegatewaysonanoptoutbasisusersontheperformancetierorhigherreceiveunlimitedusageofthesehotspotsaftersigninginwiththeirxfinityaccountbydefaultalldualbandxfinityhomegatewaysoperatebothaprivatenetworkandapublicnetworkwiththessidxfinitywifitoconservebandwidththesehotspotsarecappedatsimultaneoususerscustomerscanoptoutofprovidingxfinitywifithrougheitherthecomcastwebsiteorbyinstallingathirdpartyrouterrefnameextechwifirefrefnamepcwwifirefcomcasthasreceivedcriticismforthispracticewithcriticsarguingthatthecompanywasabusingcustomerresourcesincludingbandwidthandelectricitytoprovideservicesforothercustomersaswellasconcernsregardingsecurityandliabilityforactionsperformedbyuserswhileconnectedtothesehomehotspotsinaproposedclassactionlawsuitwasfiledincaliforniacitingviolationsofthecomputerfraudandabuseactandsimilarstatelawsforthesereasonscomcastdefendedtheservicebystatingthatthepublicwifiisfirewalledfromdevicesconnectedtotheinhomenetworkwasdesignedtohaveminimalbandwidthimpacttosupportrobustusageandthatcustomerswouldnotbeliablefortheactionsofotherusersasabuserscanbetracedbymeansofthexfinityaccounttheyusedtosignintothenetworkrefnamecomputerworldrefrefnamearswifilawsuitrefthelawsuitwastakentoarbitrationrefnameslatehomespotrefinthewakeofhurricaneirmaallxfinitywifihotspotsinfloridawereopenedtononcomcastsubscribersdatacapinitiallycomcasthadapolicyofterminatingbroadbandcustomerswhouseexcessivebandwidthatermthecompanyrefusedtodefineinitstermsofservicewhichoncesaidonlythatacustomersuseshouldnotrepresentinthesolejudgmentofcomcastanoverlylargeburdenonthenetworkrefnametoscomcastnettermsusecomcastcomcasthighspeedinternetacceptableusepolicycomcastnetretrievedonjulyrefcompanyresponsestopressinquiriessuggestedalimitofseveralhundredgigabytespermonthrefnamenytnytimescomtechnologyonlinehtmlsaygoodnightbandwidthhogthenewyorktimesrefinseptembercomcastspokesmancharliedouglassaidthecompanydefinedexcessiveuseastheequivalentofsongspicturesormillionemailsinamonthrefnamegamedailyrefcomcastintroducedanbspgbmonthlybandwidthcaptoitsbroadbandserviceonoctobercombiningbothuploadanddownloadtowardsthemonthlylimitifauserexceededthecapthreetimeswithinsixmonthsthecustomersresidentialservicesmayhavebeenterminatedforoneyearaspokespersonstatedthatthispolicyhadbeeninplaceforsometimebutwasthefirsttimecomcasthasannouncedaspecificusagelimitasthecapprovokedastronglynegativereactionfromsomecomcastdecidedtomodifyitspolicyinunderthenewsystemthecapwasincreasedtogbinsomemarketsandconsumerswhoexceedthislimitarechargedforeverynbspgbabovethelimitinaleakedmemocomcastemployeeswereinstructedtostatethatthepolicyisforfairnessandprovidingamoreflexiblepolicytoourcustomersandnotforcontrollingnetworkcongestionrefnamevergeleakedmemorefonaprilcomcastannouncedthatitwouldraiseitsdatacapintrialmarketstotbbyjunethecompanystatedthatmorethanpercentofourcustomersdonotcomeclosetousingaterabytethedecisiontoraisethecapcamefollowinganimplicationofincreasedscrutinysurroundingthembythefccinitsapprovalofchartercommunicationspurchaseoftimewarnercablethecommissionstipulatedthatchartermustnotimplementcapsaspreviouslyaoveragefeeischargedforeverynbspgbabovethelimitandcustomerscanpurchaseanaddonforunlimiteddatabutitspricewasincreasedtorefnamevergetbcaprefinoctobercomcastannouncedthatbandwidthcapswouldbeimplementedinthemajorityofitsmarketsoutsideofnewyorkandthenortheastbeginningnovemberrefnamevergemostcustomersrefthedatausageplandoesnotcurrentlyapplytothegigabitprotierofservicebusinessinternetcustomerscustomersonbulkinternetagreementsandcustomerswithprepaidinternetnetworkmanagementandpeeringinseptemberarumoremergedamongtechblogsthatcomcastwasthrottlingorevenblockinginternettraffictransmittedviathebittorrentprotocolcomcastvehementlydeniedtheaccusationsofblockingtrafficstatingthatcomcastdoesnothasnotandwillnotblockanywebsitesoronlineapplicationsincludingpeertopeerservicesandthatweengageinreasonablenetworkmanagementaftermorewidespreadconfirmationthatcomcastwasthrottlingbittorrenttrafficcomcastsaiditoccasionallydelayedbittorrenttrafficinordertospeedupotherkindsofdatabutdeclinedtogointospecificsfollowingtheannouncementofanofficialinvestigationbythefcccomcastvoluntarilyendedthetrafficdiscriminationthefccinvestigationconcludedthatcomcaststhrottlingpolicieswereillegalhoweverafterfilingalawsuitinseptembercomcastoverturnedtheillegalityofitsnetworkmanagementinasthecourtruledthatthefcclackedtheauthoritytoenforcenetneutralityunderthefccsthencurrentregulatorypolicythecourtsuggestedinsteadofitscurrentframeworkthefccmovetoacommoncarrierstructuretojustifyitsenforcementasoffebruarythefcchasannouncedanewjustificationbutavoidedthemoreextensiveregulationrequiredbythecommoncarrierframeworkinnetflixsignedanagreementwithlevelcommunicationstocarryitsdatashortlyafterlevelenteredaheateddisputeconcerningwhetherlevelwouldhavetopaycomcasttobridgetheirrespectivenetworksinanagreementknownaspeeringthedisagreementcontinuedasnetflixscurrentcarriercogentcommunicationsexplicitlyplacedblamefornetflixbottlenecksoncomcastandseveralotherispsinfebruaryafterrumorssurfacedthatcomcastandnetflixhadreachedanunspecifiedagreementthecompaniesconfirmedthatnetflixwaspayingcomcasttoconnecttoitsnetworkthedetailsoftheagreementarenotpublicandspeculationdisagreesaboutwhethertheagreementisaprecedentagainstnetneutralityoracontinuationofnormalpeeringagreementslandlinetelephonexfinityvoiceformerlycomcastdigitalvoiceisalandlinetelephoneservicethatwaslaunchedininselectmarketsrefnamebencharnyrefandtoallofcomcastsmarketsincomcastsolderservicecomcastdigitalphonecontinuedtoofferserviceforabriefperioduntilcomcastshutitdownaroundlateinaftercompletingtransitionfromtheiroldservicecomcasthadmillionvoicecustomersasoftheendofcomcastdigitalvoicehadreachedmillionsubscribersatthestartofcomcaststoodastheunitedstatesthirdlargestresidentialtelephoneproviderxfinityvoiceallowscommunicationovertheinternetusingvoipbutusesaprivatenetworkinsteadofapublicippublicipaddresswhichallowscomcasttoprioritizethevoicedataduringheavytrafficintechnicaltermsoncomcastshybridfibercoaxialnetworkcallsareplacedintoindividualunsolicitedgrantserviceflowsbasedondocsisqualityofservicestandardsforthecustomerthishasthebenefitofpreventingnetworkcongestionfrominterferingwithcallqualityhoweverthisseparationoftrafficintoseparateflowsorsmartpipehasbeenseenbysomeasaviolationofnetneutralitywhocallinsteadforequaltreatmentofalldataordumbpipeothernoncomcastvoipservicesoncomcastsnetworkmustusethelowerprioritypublicipaddressesthepracticewasquestionedbythefccinintheirresponsecomcaststatedthatservicesthatusetelecommunicationsarenotnecessarilytelecommunicationsservicesandnotedthefccscurrentdesignationofcomcastdigitalvoiceasaninformationserviceexempteditfromtelecommunicationsserviceregulationscomcastalsosaidthatbecausecomcastvoicewasaseparateserviceitwasunfairtodirectlycomparethedataforcomcastvoicewiththedataforothervoipservicesbecausetelephoneservicesovervoiparenotautomaticallytiedtoaphysicaladdressxfinityvoiceutilizesetohelpserviceoperatorstoautomaticallylocatethesourceofthecallvoicecallsaredeliveredasadigitalstreamoverthecomcastnetworksignalisconvertedtoanalogplainoldtelephoneservicelinesatthecablemodemwhichoutputsonstandardanalogrjjackscabletelevisioncomcastscabletelevisioncustomerspeakedinwithaboutmillioncustomerscomcasthadlostcustomerseveryyearsincewiththefirstquarterlygainincustomerssincetheirpeakoccurringinthefourthquarterofasoftheendofcomcastservesatotalofnbspmillioncablecustomersrefnameqreftheaveragecostcomcastsdigitalbasiccablesubscriptionhasincreasedfromtoinqcomcastaddednewvideosubscriberswhichwastheirbestresultinyearsinadditiontothepricesofsubscriptionssincejulycomcastchargesaregulatoryrecoveryfeeofvaryingsizeinordertorecoveradditionalcostsassociatedwithgovernmentalprogramsbeginninginjanuarycomcastalsochargesabroadcasttvfeetodefraytherisingcostsofretransmittingbroadcasttelevisionsignalsretransmissionfeesbeginninginthemidstelevisionstationsincreasinglyrequiredcablecompanieslikecomcasttopayretransmissionfeesinexchangeforretransmissionconsentpermissiontobroadcasttheircontenthistoricallytvbroadcastersmademoneyalmostexclusivelythroughadvertisingthesefeeshavebeenthesubjectofheatednegotiationbetweenbroadcastersanddistributorswithafewhighprofileblackoutbroadcastingblackoutspromptingtheusfederalcommunicationscommissiontopubliclyexpressseriousconcernincomcasthastenyearagreementswithcbsanddisneyaswellasdealswithfoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxandothersbutthefinancialdetailsofthesedealsarenotpublicsincetheriseofretransmissionfeesdistributorslikecomcastpaysubstantialfeesforretransmittingbroadcasttelevisionwhichisfreeovertheairforconsumerscomcasthasinstatedabroadcasttvfeetocoverpartofthecostofgettingpermissionfromstationstoretransmitthefreestationsitemizedseparatelyforconsumerscomcastssubsidiarynbcuniversalwasoneofseveralbroadcasterspartytoamericanbroadcastingcosvaereoincoverthequestionofwhetheraereoisaretransmitterwhichwouldrequireittopayretransmissionfeesthecasewasdecidedonjuneinfavorofthebroadcastersinadecisionhomesecurityandautomationcomcastoffersahomesecurityandhomeautomationserviceknownasxfinityhomeinsomeofitsserviceareasthisserviceprovidesresidentialcustomersamonitoredburglarandfirealarmsurveillancecamerasandhomeautomationcriticsoftheirtechnologyfoundthatthievescaneasilyunderminethesystemtotrickhomeownersintothinkingtheyreprotectedwhentheyrenotwiredmagazinereportedthevulnerabilityhasthepotentialtoattractthievesquotingsecurityexperttodbeardsleythesignthatisdesignedtodeterattackerscannowbecomeasignthatinvitesattackersotherarticleslinkhereonaprilcomcastannouncedawirelessservicebrandedasxfinitymobilewhichisamobilevirtualnetworkoperatormvnousingtheverizonwirelessnetworktheserviceprovidescappedbeginningatnbspgbwithadditionalgigabytespurchasableandunlimiteddataplansalongwithaccesstoxfinitywifihotspotscomcastpromotesxfinitymobileasbeingpartofaquadrupleplaywithitsotherservicesanalystsperceivedtheofferingasbeingaresponsetoattsacquisitionofdirectvtoaddthenationalsatelliteprovideralongsideitsexistingattuversewirelineandattmobilitywirelessservicesandanincreasedpushtowardsmobiletelevisionrefnamephillycomxfinitymobilerefcomcastbusinessinadditiontoresidentialconsumerscomcastalsoservesbusinessesascustomerstargetingsmallbusinesseswithfewerthanemployeesandmidsizedbusinessesofemployeesinminneapolissaintpaulminneapolissaintpaulbecamethefirstcityinwhichcomcastbusinessclassofferednbspmbitsinternetservicewhichincludesmicrosoftcommunicationservicesrefmarketwatchcomstorycomcastlaunchesmbpshighspeedinternetserviceforbusinessesinthetwincitiescomcastlaunchesmbpshighspeedinternetserviceforbusinessesinthetwincitiesbusinesswirepressreleaseseptemberrefcomcastbusinessclassinternetservicedoesnothaveabandwidthusagecaprefnamebusinesswireexpansionrefcomcastbusinessservicesusedtobesoldexclusivelythroughdirectsalesemployeesinmarchcomcastcreatedansalesoutsourcingindirectsaleschannelcalledthesolutionproviderprogramacomprehensiveindirectchannelprogramthatenablestelecommunicationsconsultantsandsystemintegratorstosellcomcastsservicessuchasbusinessclassinternetvoiceandhighcapacityfiberopticcommunicationethernetservicestosmallandmidmarketbusinessestheprogramoffersrecurringcommissionsforsalespartnersbasedonmonthlyrevenueandcomcastwillprovideinstallmanageandbillfortheseservicesfortheinitiallaunchofthesolutionsproviderprogramcomcastenlistedthreenationalmasterrepresentativestelarusbasedinsaltlakecityutahintelisysbasedinpetalumacaliforniaandtelecombrokerageinctbibasedinchicagosubagentsalespartnersmustworkwithoneofthesethreepartnersintheearlystagesoftheprogramtheheadofthecomcastbusinessindirectsaleschanneliscraigschlagbaumformerheadofthelevelcommunicationschannelreferencesinfoboxbridgebridgenamexihoumenbridgebrimagexihoumenbridgeinzhoushanjpgcaptionxihoumenbridgeofficialnamecarriesgyongzhouexpresswayyongzhouexpresswaycrosseshangzhoubaylocalejintangislandandceziislandzhejiangzhejiangprovincemaintiddesignerdesignsuspensionbridgematerialspanspierswatermainspanlengthwidthheightloadclearancebelowtrafficbegincompletedecemberopendecemberheritagecollapsedprecededfollowedclosedtollmapcuemapimagemaptextmapwidthcoordinateslatlongextrathexihoumenbridgeisasuspensionbridgebuiltonthezhoushanarchipelagothelargestoffshoreislandgroupinchinathemainspanwascompletedindecemberrefciteweburlzhejianggovcnzjforeignenglishnodeuserobjectaihtmltitleworldslongestsuspensionbridgewithsteelboxbeamsopenstotrafficpublisherthepeoplesgovernmentofzhejiangprovincedateaccessdatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebzhejianggovcnzjforeignenglishnodeuserobjectaihtmlarchivedatemayreftheentirebridgealongwithjintangbridgewasopenedtotrafficonatestbasisondecemberitisthesecondlistoflongestsuspensionbridgespanslongestsuspensionbridgerankedbythelengthofthecentrespantheopeningdatewasdelayedduetoashipcollisiononnovemberthatslightlydamagedthesideofjintangbridgeimagexihoumenbridgeunderconstructionjpgthumbrightpxthexihoumenbridgeunderconstructionthekilometresuspensionbridgeconnectionhasakilometremainbridgewithacentralspanofmetrestheapproachestotalkilometreswhenitopenedtherewasonlyonebridgewithalargerspantheakashikaikyobridgeinjapanthebridgewasbuiltbytheprovinceofzhejiangatacostofbillionyuanapproximatelyusmillionconstructionbeganinandthefirsttrafficcrossedthebridgeondecemberatpmlocaltimethexihoumenbridgelinksjintangislandjintangandceziislandsanotherbridgethekilometercablestayedbridgecablestayedjintangbridgelinksjintangislandandzhenhaiofningbothetwoarethesecondphaseofahugeprojectstartedintolinkthezhoushanarchipelagotothemainlandwithfivebridgesconstructionoftheotherthreebridgeshasbeencompletednotesexternallinkspanoramiocomphotoxihoumenbridgeimagesandlocationatgoogleearthciteweburlenglishzjolcomcnenglishsystemshtmltitlezjtobuildworldsndlongestsuspensionbridgepublisherzhejiangonlinedatemarchkotikontulajvirolariaxihoumenpdfdiagramsandartistsdepictionenglishpeopledailycomcnenghtmlofficialannouncementinpeoplesdailyxmentvseriesxmentvseriesinfoboxmagazinetitlexlrrimagefilexlrrmagazinejpgimagesizepximagealtimagecaptioneditoreditortitlepreviouseditorstaffwriterphotographercategoryfrequencycirculationpublisherfounderfoundedfirstdatefinaldateprintcompanybuzzmediacountryunitedstatesbasedsanfranciscocalifornialanguagewebsiteissnoclcxlrrpronouncedacceleratorisawebsitethatcoversmusicculturestyleandtechnologyitwasoriginallyalsoaprintmagazinehistoryandprofilexlrrwasfoundedasanewsprintzineinbypublisherandrewsmithinseattleithasofficesinsanfranciscoandnewyorkcitywhilexlrrsinitialfocuswasonelectronicmusicithaswideneditsscopetoincludeindierockhiphopandreggaedancehallmusicaswellasrelatedtrendsinstyleartfashionandtechnologyxlrrwaspublishedtimesperyearanddistributedinternationallyspecialissuesincludedamusictec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tinoctoberspendingthenextfiveyearsashujintaospresumedsuccessorxiwasvicepresidentofthepeoplesrepublicofchinavicepresidentfromtoandvicechairmanofthecentralmilitarycommissionfromtosinceassumingpowerxihasintroducedfarrangingmeasurestoenforcepartydisciplineandtoensureinternalunityhissignatureanticorruptioncampaignunderxijinpinganticorruptioncampaignhasledtothedownfallofprominentincumbentandretiredcommunistpartyofficialsincludingmembersofthepolitburostandingcommitteethemeetingbetweenxiandrepublicofchinataiwanesepresidentoftherepublicofchinapresidentmayingjeoumarkedthefirsttimethepoliticalleadersofbothsidesofthetaiwanstraitmetsincetheconclusionofthechinesecivilwarinconsideredthecentralfigureofthegenerationsofchineseleadershipfifthgenerationofleadershipofthepeoplesrepublicxihassignificantlycentralizedinstitutionalpowerbytakingonawiderangeofleadershippositionsincludingchairingthenewlyformednationalsecuritycommissionofthecommunistpartyofchinanationalsecuritycommissionaswellasnewsteeringcommitteesoneconomicandsocialreformsmilitaryrestructuringandtheinternetsaidtobethemostpowerfulchineseleadersincedengxiaopingrefnameeerefifnotmaozedongxisxijinpingthoughtpoliticalthoughtshavebeenwrittenintotheconstitutionofthecommunistpartyofchinapartyconstitutionandunderhisleadershipthestateconstitutionwasamendedtoabolishtermlimitsforthepresidencyxihashadacultofpersonalityconstructedaroundhimselfsinceenteringofficerefnamerefwithbookscartoonspopsongsandevendanceroutinesearlylifeandeducationinxijinpingwasborninbeijingonjuneafterthefoundingofthepeoplesrepublicofchinainbymaozedongxizhongxunxisfatherheldaseriesofpostsincludingpropagandadepartmentofthecommunistpartyofchinapropagandachiefvicepremierofthepeoplesrepublicofchinavicepremierandvicechairmanofthenationalpeoplescongressrefnamerferefxisfatherisfromfupingcountyshaanxifupingcountyshaanxiandxicouldfurthertracehispatrilinealdescentfromxiyingindengzhounanyanghenanhenanheisthesecondsonofxizhongxunandhiswifeqixininwhenxiwasagehisfatherwaspurgedfromthepartyandsenttoworkinafactoryinluoyanghenaninmayxissecondaryeducationwascutshortbytheculturalrevolutionwhenallsecondaryclasseswerehaltedforstudentstocriticiseandfighttheirteachersthexifamilyhomewasransackedbystudentmilitantsandoneofxissistersxihepingwaskilledlaterhisownmotherwasforcedtopubliclydenouncehimasxiwasparadedbeforeacrowdasanenemyoftherevolutionxiwasagedwhenhisfatherwasimprisonedinduringtheculturalrevolutionxiwouldnotseehisfatheragainuntilwithouttheprotectionofhisfatherxiwassenttoworkinliangjiahevillagewenanyitownyanchuancountyyananshaanxiininmaozedongsdowntothecountrysidemovementafterafewmonthsunabletostandrurallifeheranawaytobeijinghewasarrestedduringacrackdownondesertersfromthecountrysideandsenttoaworkcamptodigditcheshelaterbecamethepartybranchsecretaryoftheproductionteamleavingthatpostinwhenaskedaboutthisexperiencelaterbychinesestatetelevisionxirecalleditwasemotionalitwasamoodandwhentheidealsoftheculturalrevolutioncouldnotberealiseditprovedanillusionfromtoxistudiedchemicalengineeringatbeijingsprestigioustsinghuauniversityasaworkerpeasantsoldierstudentwhereengineeringmajorsspentaboutonefifthoftheirtimestudyingmarxismleninismmaozedongthoughtdoingfarmworkandlearningfromthepeoplesliberationarmyrefnamesimoncaoreffromtoxiservedassecretaryforhisfathersformersubordinategengbiaothethenvicepremierofthestatecouncilofthepeoplesrepublicofchinavicepremierandsecretarygeneralofthecentralmilitarycommissionchinacentralmilitarycommissionthisgainedxisomemilitarybackgroundinaspartofachinesedelegationtostudyusagriculturehestayedinthehomeofanamericanfamilyinthetownofmuscatineiowamuscatineiowathistripandhistwoweekstaywithausfamilyissaidtohavehadalastingimpressionuponhimandhisviewsontheunitedstatesfromtohestudiedmarxistphilosophyandideologicaleducationinanonthejobpostgraduateprogrammeattheschoolofhumanitiesandsocialsciencesagainattsinghuauniversityandobtainedadoctoroflawllddegreewhichwasadegreecoveringfieldsoflawpoliticsmanagementandrevolutionaryhistorythoughcommentatorshavequestionedthisqualificationrisetopowerxijoinedthecommunistyouthleagueofchinainandheappliedintojointhecommunistpartyofchinatimesandfinallygotinonthetenthattemptininhewassenttozhengdingcountyinhebeiasdeputypartysecretaryofzhengdingcountyhewaspromotedintosecretarybecomingthetopofficialofthecountyxisubsequentlyservedinfourprovincesduringhisregionalpoliticalcareerhebeifujianzhejiangandshanghaixiheldpostsinthefuzhoumunicipalpartycommitteeandbecamethepresidentofthepartyschoolinfuzhouininxiwasnamedanalternatememberofthethcentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinahoweveroutofthealternatemembersofthecentralcommitteeelectedatthethpartycongressxireceivedthelowestnumberofvotesinfavourplacinghiminlastplaceintherankingsofmembersostensiblyduetohisstatusasaprincelingsprincelingrefnamecanyurefinhewaspromotedtotheofficeofvicegovernoroffujianthenhebecamegovernorayearlaterinfujianximadeeffortstoattractinvestmentfromtaiwanandtostrengthentheprivatesectoroftheprovincialeconomyinfebruaryheandthenprovincialpartysecretarychenmingyiwerecalledbeforethetopmembersofthepartycentralpolitburostandingcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinanbspgeneralsecretaryjiangzeminpremierzhurongjivicepresidenthujintaoandcentralcommissionfordisciplineinspectiondisciplineinspectionsecretaryweijianxingnbsptoexplainaspectsoftheyuanhuascandalrefnamescmpxiaorefinxileftfujianandtookupleadingpoliticalpositionsinneighbouringzhejiangeventuallytakingoverasprovincialcpcpartychiefpartychiefafterseveralmonthsasactinggovernoroccupyingatopprovincialofficeforthefirsttimeinhiscareerinxiwaselectedafullmemberofthethcentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinathcentralcommitteemarkinghisascensiontothenationalstagewhileinzhejiangxipresidedoverreportedgrowthratesaveragingperyearhiscareerinzhejiangwasmarkedbyatoughandstraightforwardstanceagainstcorruptofficialswhichearnedhimanameonthenationalmediaanddrewtheattentionofchinastopleadersrefnamewangleireffollowingthedismissalofshanghaipartychiefchenliangyuinseptemberduetoashanghaipensionscandalsocialsecurityfundscandalxiwastransferredtoshanghaiinmarchtobecomethepartychiefofshanghairefnameshanghairefxispentonlysevenmonthsinshanghaibuthisappointmenttooneofthemostimportantregionalpostsinchinasentaclearsignalthatxiwashighlyregardedbychinastopleadershipinshanghaixiavoidedcontroversyandwasknownforstrictlyobservingpartydisciplineforexampleshanghaiadministratorsattemptedtoearnfavourwithxibyarrangingaspecialtraintoshuttlehimbetweenshanghaiandhangzhouinorderforhimtocompletehandingoffhisworktohissuccessoraszhejiangpartychiefzhaohongzhuhoweverxireportedlyrefusedtotakethetraincitingalooselyenforcedpartyregulationwhichstipulatedthatspecialtrainscanonlybereservedfornationalleadersrefnamemingrefwhileinshanghaiheworkedonpreservingunityofthelocalpartyorganizationandmadeapledgethattherewouldbenopurgesduringhisadministrationdespitethefactthatmanylocalofficialswerethoughttohavebeenimplicatedinthechenliangyucorruptionscandalrefnamewillyrefonmostissuesxilargelyechoedthelineofthecentralleadershiprefnamenewinrefxiscareerisnotableinthatduringhisregionaltenureshewasneverimplicatedinanyseriousscandalsnordidhefaceseriouspoliticaloppositionpolitburostandingcommitteememberinaugustdmitrymedvedevonseptemberxiwasappointedtotheninemanpolitburostandingcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinaatthethnationalcongressofthecommunistpartyofchinathpartycongressinoctoberxiwasrankedabovelikeqianganindicationthathewasgoingtosucceedhujintaoaschinasnextleaderinadditionxialsoheldthetoprankingmembershipofthecommunistpartyssecretariatofthecommunistpartyofchinacentralcommitteecentralsecretariatthisassessmentwasfurthersupportedatthethnationalpeoplescongressinmarchwhenxiwaselectedasvicepresidentofthepeoplesrepublicofchinafollowinghiselevationxihasheldabroadrangeofportfolioshewasputinchargeofthecomprehensivepreparationsforthesummerolympicsinbeijingaswellasbeingthecentralgovernmentsleadingfigureinhongkongandmacauaffairsinadditionhealsobecamethenewpresidentofthecentralpartyschoolofthecommunistpartyofchinathecadretrainingandideologicaleducationwingofthecommunistpartyinthewakeofthesichuanearthquakexivisiteddisasterareasinshaanxiandgansuximadehisfirstforeigntripasvicepresidenttonorthkoreamongoliasaudiarabiaqatarandyemenfromtojuneaftertheolympicsxiwasassignedthepostofcommitteechairforthepreparationsofthethanniversaryofthepeoplesrepublicofchinathanniversarycelebrationsofthefoundingofthepeoplesrepublicofchinahewasalsoreportedlyatthehelmofatoplevelcommunistpartycommitteedubbedtheprojectwhichwaschargedwithensuringsocialstabilityduringaseriesofpoliticallysensitiveanniversariesinxiisconsideredtobeoneofthemostsuccessfulmembersofthecrownprincepartyaquasicliqueofpoliticianswhoaredescendantsofearlychinesecommunistrevolutionariesformerprimeministerofsingaporeleekuanyewwhenaskedaboutxisaidhefelthewasathoughtfulmanwhohasgonethroughmanytrialsandtribulationsrefnamenwkrefleealsocommentediwouldputhiminthenelsonmandelaclassofpersonsapersonwithenormousemotionalstabilitywhodoesnotallowhispersonalmisfortunesorsufferingsaffecthisjudgmentinotherwordsheisimpressiveformerustreasurysecretaryhenrypaulsondescribedxiasthekindofguywhoknowshowtogetthingsoverthegoallineaustralianprimeministerkevinruddsaidthatxihassufficientreformistpartyandmilitarybackgroundtobeverymuchhisownmanformerussecretaryofstatehillaryclintontweetedxihostingameetingonwomensrightsattheunwhilepersecutingfeministsshamelesstripsasvicepresidentandmexicocommentaryincidentinfebruaryinhiscapacityasvicepresidentxijinpingembarkedonatouroflatinamericavisitingmexicojamaicacolombiavenezuelaandbraziltopromotechinesetiesintheregionandboostthecountrysreputationinthewakeofthegreatrecessionglobalfinancialcrisishealsovisitedvallettamaltabeforereturningtochinaonfebruarywhilevisitingmexicoxispokeinfrontofagroupofoverseaschineseandexplainedchinascontributionstothefinancialcrisissayingthatitwasthegreatestcontributiontowardsthewholeofhumanracemadebychinatopreventitsnbspbillionpeoplefromhungerxiwentontoremarktherearesomeboredforeignerswithfullstomachswhohavenothingbettertodothanpointfingersatusfirstchinadoesntexportrevolutionsecondchinadoesntexporthungerandpovertythirdchinadoesntcomeandcauseyouheadacheswhatmoreistheretobesaidthestorywasreportedonsomelocaltelevisionstationsthenewsledtoafloodofdiscussionsonchineseinternetforumsitwasreportedthatthechineseministryofforeignaffairswascaughtoffguardbyxisremarksastheactualvideowasshotbysomeaccompanyinghongkongreportersandbroadcastonhongkongtvwhichthenturnedupinvariousinternetvideowebsitesxicontinuedhisinternationaltripssomesaytoburnishhisforeignaffairscredentialspriortotakingthehelmofchinasleadershipintheeuropeanunionxivisitedbelgiumgermanybulgariahungaryandromaniafromoctobertoxivisitedjapansouthkoreacambodiaandmyanmaronhisasiantripfromtodecemberxivisitedtheunitedstatesirelandandturkeyinfebruarythevisitincludedmeetingwiththenuspresidentbarackobamaatthewhitehouseandthenvicepresidentjoebidenwithwhomhehadmetinchinainaugustandstopsincaliforniaandiowawherehemetwiththefamilywhichpreviouslyhostedhimduringhistourasahebeiprovincialofficialdisappearanceafewmonthsbeforehisascendancytothepartyleadershipxijinpingdisappearedfromofficialmediacoverageforseveralweeksbeginningonseptemberonseptemberhecancelledameetingwithussecretaryofstatehillaryclintonandlateralsocancelledmeetingswithsingaporesprimeministerleehsienloongandatoprussianofficialitwassaidthatxieffectivelywentonstrikeinpreparationforthepowertransitioninordertoinstallpoliticalalliesinkeyrolesrefnamenewyorkerrefthewashingtonpostreportedthatximayhavebeeninjuredinanaltercationduringameetingoftheprincelingsredsecondgenerationwhichturnedviolentrefnamewpostrefleadershipaccessiontotoppostsonnovemberxijinpingwaselectedtothepostofgeneralsecretaryofthecommunistpartyofchinageneralsecretaryofthecommunistpartyandchairmanofthecentralmilitarycommissionchairmanofthecpccentralmilitarycommissionbythethcentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinamakinghimnbspinformallynbsptheparamountleaderandthefirstonetobeborninthechinapeoplesrepublicofchinaandnotaprecedingchinesestateonthefollowingdayxiledthenewlineupofthepolitburostandingcommitteeontothestageintheirfirstpublicappearancerefnamebbcconfirmrefthenewstandingcommitteedecreaseditsnumberofseatsfromninetosevenwithonlyxihimselfandlikeqiangretainingtheirseatsfromthepreviousstandingcommitteetheremainingmemberswerenewrefciteweburlhindustantimescomworldnewschinaxijinpingchinasprincelingnewleaderarticleaspxtitlexijinpingchinasprincelingnewleaderaccessdatenovemberrefinamarkeddeparturefromthecommonpracticeofchineseleadersxisfirstspeechasgeneralsecretarywasplainlywordedanddidnotincludeanypoliticalslogansormentionofhispredecessorsrefnamenytimesrefximentionedtheaspirationsoftheaveragepersonremarkingourpeoplenbspexpectbettereducationmorestablejobsbetterincomemorereliablesocialsecuritymedicalcareofahigherstandardmorecomfortablelivingconditionsandamorebeautifulenvironmentxialsovowedtotacklecorruptionatthehighestlevelsalludingthatitwouldthreatenthepartyssurvivalhewasreticentaboutfarreachingeconomicreformsindecemberxivisitedguangdonginhisfirsttripoutsideofbeijingsincetakingthepartyleadershiptheoverarchingthemeofthetripwastocallforfurthereconomicreformandastrengthenedmilitaryxivisitedthestatueofdengxiaopingandhistripwasdescribedasfollowinginthefootstepsofdengxiaopingresignationandsoutherntourdengsownsoutherntripinwhichprovidedtheimpetusforfurthereconomicreformsinchinaafterconservativepartyleadersstalledmanyofdengsreformsintheaftermathofthetiananmensquareprotestsofonhistripxiconsistentlyalludedtohissignaturesloganthechinesedreamthisdreamcanbesaidtobethedreamofastrongnationandforthemilitaryitisadreamofastrongmilitaryxitoldsailorsxistripwassignificantinthathedepartedfromestablishedconventionofchineseleaderstravelroutineinmultiplewaysratherthandiningoutxiandhisentourageateregularhotelbuffethetraveledinalargevanwithhiscolleaguesratherthanafleetoflimousinesanddidnotrestricttrafficonthepartsofthehighwayhetraveledonrefnamebbcrefxiwaselectedpresidentofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaonmarchinaconfirmationvotebythethnationalpeoplescongressinbeijinghereceivedforonevoteagainstandthreeabstentionsrefnamebbcnewsbbcnewsbbccouknewsworldasiachinachinaconfirmsleadershipchangebbcretrievednovemberrefhereplacedhujintaowhoretiredafterservingtwotermsrefnamedemickrefinhisnewcapacityaspresidentonmarchxiexpressedsupportfornoninterferenceinchinasrilankarelationsamidaunitednationssecuritycouncilvotetocondemnthatcountryovergovernmentabusesduringthesrilankancivilwaronmarchxiandhisnewministersarrangedameetingwiththeleungchunyingaschiefexecutiveofhongkongchiefexecutiveofhongkongcyleungconfirminghissupportforleungwithinhoursofhiselectionxidiscussedcybersecurityandnorthkoreawithuspresidentbarackobamaoverthephonewhoannouncedthevisitsoftreasuryandstatesecretariesjacoblewandjohnfkerrytochinathefollowingweekwithinaweekofhisassumingthepresidencyxiembarkedonatriptorussiatanzaniasouthafricaandrepublicofcongoannouncingreformsinnovemberattheconclusionofthethirdplenumofthethcentralcommitteethecommunistpartydeliveredafarreachingreformagendathatalludedtochangesinbotheconomicandsocialpolicyxisignaledattheplenumthathewasconsolidatingcontrolofthemassiveinternalsecurityorganizationthatwasformerlythedomainofzhouyongkangrefnamebrookrefanewnationalsecuritycommissionofthecommunistpartyofchinanationalsecuritycommissionwasformedwithxijinpingatitshelmthecentralleadinggroupforcomprehensivelydeepeningreformsnbspanotheradhocpolicycoordinationbodyledbyxinbspwasalsoformedtooverseetheimplementationofthereformagendathereformstermedcomprehensivedeepeningreformsquanmianshenhuagaigeweresaidtobethemostsignificantsincedengxiaopingssoutherntourintheeconomicrealmtheplenumannouncedthatmarketforceswouldbegintoplayadecisiveroleinallocatingresourcesthismeantthatthestatewouldgraduallyreduceitsinvolvementinthedistributionofcapitalandrestructurestateownedenterprisestoallowfurthercompetitionpotentiallybyattractingforeignandprivatesectorplayersinindustriesthatwerehighlyregulatedpreviouslythispolicyaimedtoaddressthebloatedstatesectorthathadundulyprofitedfromanearlierroundofrestructuringbypurchasingassetsatbelowmarketpricesassetswhichwerenolongerbeingusedproductivelytheplenumalsoresolvedtoabolishthelaogaisystemofreeducationthroughlabourwhichwaslargelyseenasablotonchinashumanrightsrecordthesystemhasfacedsignificantcriticismforyearsfromdomesticcriticsandforeignobserverstheonechildpolicywasalsoabolishedresultinginashifttoatwochildpolicychinatwochildpolicysincejanuaryindecemberxiarrivedunannouncedatasmallbeijingrestauranttohavesteamedbunsbaoziforlunchwithonlyonepersonaccompanyinghimhepaidforthemealhimselfanddinedwithregularpatronsanticorruptioncampaignxivowedtocrackdownoncorruptionalmostimmediatelyafterheascendedtopoweratthethpartycongressinhisinauguralspeechasgeneralsecretaryximentionedthatfightingcorruptionwasoneofthetoughestchallengesforthepartyrefnameinaugrefafewmonthsintohistermxioutlinedtheeightpointguidelistingoutrulesintendedtocurbcorruptionandwasteduringofficialpartybusinessitaimedatstricterdisciplineontheconductofpartyofficialsxialsovowedtorootouttigersandfliesthatishighrankingofficialsandordinarypartyfunctionariesrefnameeliterefduringthefirsttwoyearsofxistermheinitiatedcasesagainstformercentralmilitarycommissionvicechairmanxucaihouformerpolitburostandingcommitteememberandsecuritychiefzhouyongkangandformerhujintaochiefaidelingjihuarefnamebloomrefalongwithnewdisciplinarychiefwangqishanxisadministrationspearheadedtheformationofcentrallydispatchedinspectionteamsessentiallycrossjurisdictionalsquadsofofficialswhosemaintaskwastogainmoreindepthunderstandingoftheoperationsofprovincialandlocalpartyorganizationsandintheprocessalsoenforcepartydisciplinemandatedbybeijingmanyoftheworkteamsalsohadtheeffectofidentifyingandinitiatinginvestigationsonhighrankingofficialsoveronehundredprovincialministeriallevelofficialswereimplicatedduringamassivenationwideanticorruptioncampaigntheseincludeformerandcurrentregionalofficialssurongbaienpeiwanqingliangleadingfiguresofstateownedenterprisesandcentralgovernmentorganssonglinliutienanandhighlyrankedgeneralsinthemilitarygujunshaninjunetheshanxiprovincialpoliticalestablishmentwasdecimatedwithfourofficialsdismissedwithinaweekfromtheprovincialpartyorganizationstoprankswithinthefirsttwoyearsofthecampaignaloneoverlowrankingofficialsreceivedwarningsfinesanddemotionsconsolidationofpowerpoliticalobservershavecalledxithemostpowerfulchineseleadersincedengxiaopingrefnameeerefxihasnotablydepartedfromthecollectiverulepracticesofhispredecessorhujintaoduringhisyearsasthepartysgeneralsecretaryhuwasseenasthefirstamongequalswithhisstandingcommitteecolleaguesanarbiterofcollectiveopinioninthetopleadershiphuspowerwassharedmostlynotablywithpremierwenjiabaoandformerpoliticalandlegalaffairscommissionsecretaryzhouyongkangwhopresidedoverthegovernmentbureaucracyandthustheeconomyandthestatesecuritysystemrespectivelyxiontheotherhandhasunmistakablybecomethecentralfigureofthenewadministrationbeginninginthepartyunderxihascreatedaseriesofnewcentralleadinggroupsthatissupraministerialsteeringcommitteestobypassexistinginstitutionswhenmakingdecisionsandostensiblymakingpolicymakingamoreefficientprocessthemostnotablenewbodyisthecentralleadinggroupforcomprehensivelydeepeningreformswhichhasbroadjurisdictionovereconomicrestructuringandsocialreformssaidtohavedisplacedsomeofthepowerpreviouslyheldbythestatecouncilanditspremierrefnamekeckrefxialsobecametheleaderofthecentralleadinggroupforinternetsecurityandinformatizationinchargeofcybersecurityandinternetpolicythethirdplenumheldinalsosawthecreationofthenationalsecuritycommissionofthecommunistpartyofchinaanotherbodychairedbyxiwhichisbelievedtohaveultimateoversightoverissuesofnationalsecuritysuchascombatingterrorismintelligenceespionageultimatelyincorporatingmanyareasofjurisdictionformerlyvestedinthecentralpoliticalandlegalaffairscommissionunderzhouyongkangxihasalsobeenactiveinhisparticipationinmilitaryaffairstakingadirecthandsonapproachtomilitaryreforminadditiontobeingthechairmanofthecentralmilitarycommissionandtheleaderofthecentralleadinggroupformilitaryreformfoundedintooverseecomprehensivemilitaryreformsxihasdeliverednumeroushighprofilepronouncementsvowingtocleanupmalfeasanceandcomplacencyinthemilitaryaimingtobuildamoreeffectivefightingforceinadditionxiheldthenewgutianconferenceingatheringchinastopmilitaryofficersreemphasizingtheprincipleofthepartyhasabsolutecontroloverthearmyfirstestablishedbymaoatthegutianconferencerefnamemengrefaccordingtoauniversityofcaliforniasandiegoexpertonchinesemilitaryxihasbeenabletotakepoliticalcontrolofthemilitarytoanextentthatexceedswhatmaoanddenghavedoneonaprilxiwasnamedcommanderinchiefofthecountrysnewjointoperationscommandcenterofthepeoplesliberationarmybyxinhuanewsagencyandthebroadcasterchinacentraltelevisionrefnameguardianaprrefrefnameindependentaprrefsomeanalystsinterpretedthismoveasanattempttodisplaystrengthandstrongleadershipandasbeingmorepoliticalthanmilitaryrefnamechinatopixaprrefaccordingtonilexiongamilitaryaffairsexpertxinotonlycontrolsthemilitarybutalsodoesitinanabsolutemannerandthatinwartimeheisreadytocommandpersonallyrefnamecoludailyaprreflegalreformsthepartyunderxiannouncedaraftoflegalreformsatthefourthplenumheldinthefallandxicalledforchinesesocialisticruleoflawimmediatelyafterwardsthepartyaimedtoreformthelegalsystemwhichhadbeenperceivedasineffectiveatdeliveringjusticeandaffectedbycorruptionlocalgovernmentinterferenceandlackofconstitutionaloversighttheplenumwhileemphasizingtheabsoluteleadershipofthepartyalsocalledforagreaterroleoftheconstitutionontheaffairsofstateandastrengtheningoftheroleofthenationalpeoplescongressstandingcommitteeininterpretingtheconstitutionrefnamescmrefitalsocalledformoretransparencyinlegalproceedingsmoreinvolvementofordinarycitizensinthelegislativeprocessandanoverallprofessionalizationofthelegalworkforcethepartyalsoplannedtoinstitutecrossjurisdictionalcircuitlegaltribunalsaswellasgivingprovincesconsolidatedadministrativeoversightoverlowerlevellegalresourceswhichisintendedtohavetheeffectofreducinglocalgovernmentinvolvementinlegalproceedingsrefnamedwwrefforeigntripsaspresidentximadehisfirstforeigntripaspresidenttorussiaonmarchaboutaweekafterheassumedthepresidencyhemetwithpresidentvladimirputinandthetwoleadersdiscussedtradeandenergyissueshethenwentontotanzaniasouthafricawhereheattendedthebricssummitindurbanandtherepublicofthecongorefnamerussiaafricarefxivisitedtheunitedstatesatsunnylandsestateincaliforniainashirtsleevessummitwithuspresidentbarackobamainjunealthoughthiswasnotconsideredaformalstatevisitrefnamesunnylandsrefinoctoberxiattendedtheapecsummitinbaliindonesiaximadeatriptowesterneuropeinmarchvisitingthenetherlandswhereheattendedthenuclearsecuritysummitinthehaguefollowedbyfrancegermanyandbelgiumrefnameeuroperefximadeastatevisittosouthkoreaonjulyandmetwithsouthkoreanpresidentparkgeunhyebetweenandjulyxiattendedthebricsleaderssummitinbrazilandalsovisitedargentinavenezuelaandcubarefnamelatinrefxiwentonanofficialstatevisittoindiaandmetwithindianprimeministernarendramodiinseptemberhevisitednewdelhibutalsowenttomodishometowninthestateofgujaratrefnameindiarefxiwentonastatevisittoaustraliaandmetwithprimeministertonyabbottinnovemberrefnamesmhreffollowedbyavisittotheislandnationoffijirefnamefijirefxixijinpingsvisittopakistanvisitedpakistaninaprilsigningaseriesofdealsoverinfrastructurerelatedtothechinapakistaneconomiccorridorbeforeheadingtojakartaandbandungindonesiatoattendtheafroasianleaderssummitandthethanniversaryeventsofthebandungconferencexivisitedrussiaandwastheguestofhonourofrussianpresidentvladimirputinatthemoscowvictorydayparadetomarkthethanniversaryofthevictoryofthealliesineuropeattheparadexiandhiswifepengliyuansatnexttoputinonthesametripxialsovisitedkazakhstanandmetwiththatcountryspresidentnursultannazarbayevandalsometwithalexanderlukashenkoinbelarusrefnamerussiarefatpalaceofwestminsterwestminsteroctoberinseptemberximadehisxijinpingvisittotheunitedstatesfirststatevisittotheunitedstatesinoctoberximadeaxijinpingvisittotheunitedkingdomstatevisittotheunitedkingdomthefirstbyachineseleaderforadecaderefnameukvisitrefthisfollowedavisittochinainmarchbytheprincewilliamdukeofcambridgedukeofcambridgeduringthestatevisitximetqueenelizabethiibritishprimeministerdavidcameronandotherdignitariesincreasedcustomstradeandresearchcollaborationsbetweenchinaandtheukwerediscussedbutmoreinformaleventsalsotookplaceincludingavisittomanchestercitysassociationfootballfootballacademyinmarchxivisitedtheczechrepubliconhiswaytounitedstatesofamericainpraguehemetwiththeczechpresidentprimeministerandotherrepresentativestopromoterelationsandeconomiccooperationbetweentheczechrepublicandthepeoplesrepublicofchinahisvisitwasmetbyaconsiderablenumberofprotestsbyczechpeopleinhamburginjanuaryxibecamethefirstchinesepresidenttoplantoattendtheworldeconomicforumindavosonjanuaryxiaddressedtheforuminahighprofilekeynoteaddressingglobalizationtheglobaltradeagendaandchinasrisingplaceintheworldseconomyandinternationalgovernancehemadeaseriesofpledgesaboutchinasdefenseofeconomicglobalizationandclimatechangeaccordsculturalrevivalascommunistideologyplaysalesscentralroleinthelivesofthemassesinthepeoplesrepublicofchinatoppoliticalleadersofthecommunistpartyofchinasuchasxijinpingcontinuetherehabilitationofancientchinesephilosophicalfigureslikehanfeiintothemainstreamofchinesethoughtalongsideconfucianismbothofwhichxiseesasrelevanthewhorulesbyvirtueislikethepolestarhesaidatameetingofofficialslastyearquotingconfuciusitmaintainsitsplaceandthemultitudeofstarspayhomageinshandongthebirthplaceofconfuciushetoldscholarsthatwhilethewestwassufferingacrisisofconfidencethecommunistpartyhadbeentheloyalinheritorandpromoterofchinasoutstandingtraditionalculturehanfeigainednewprominencewithfavourablecitationsonesentenceofhanfeisthatxiquotedappearedthousandsoftimesinofficialchinesemediaatthelocalprovincialandnationallevelsremovaloftermlimitsinmarchthepartycontrollednationalpeoplescongresspassedasetofconstitutionalamendmentsincludingremovaloftermlimitsforthepresidentofthepeoplesrepublicofchinapresidentandvicepresidentofthepeoplesrepublicofchinavicepresidentthecreationofanationalsupervisorycommissionaswellasenhancingthecentralroleofthecommunistpartyonmarchxiwasreappointedbythechineselegislatureaspresidentnowwithouttermlimitswithwangqishanappointedasthevicepresidentthefollowingdaylikeqiangwasreappointedpremierofthepeoplesrepublicofchinapremierandlongtimealliesofxixuqiliangandzhangyouxiawerevotedinasvicechairmenofstatemilitarycommissionforeignministerwangyipoliticianwangyiwasalsopromotedtostatecouncillorandgeneralweifenghewasnameddefenceministeraccordingtothebritishfinancialtimesxijinpingexpressedhisviewsofconstitutionalamendmentatmeetingswithchineseofficialsandforeigndignitariesxiexplainedthedecisionintermsofneedingtoaligntwomorepowerfulpostsgeneralsecretaryofthecommunistpartyofchinageneralsecretaryofthecommunistpartyandchairmanofthecentralmilitarycommissioncmcwhicharenotermlimitshoweverxididnotsaywhetherheintendedtoserveaspartygeneralsecretarycmcchairmanandstatepresidentforthreeormoretermspoliticalpositionschinesedreamthechinesedreamisaboutchineseprosperitycollectiveeffortsocialismandnationalgloryxiandcommunistpartyideologuescoinedthephrasechinesedreamtodescribehisoverarchingplansforchinaasitsleadersincethephrasehasemergedasthedistinctivequasiofficialideologyofthepartyleadershipunderxijinpingmuchasthescientificoutlookondevelopmentwasforhujintaoandthethreerepresentswasforjiangzemintheoriginofthetermchinesedreamisunclearwhilethephrasehasbeenusedpreviouslybyjournalistsandscholarsrefnameatlanticrefsomepublicationshavepositedthatthetermlikelydrewitsinspirationfromtheconceptoftheamericandreamrefnameeconomistreftheeconomistnotedtheabstractandseeminglyaccessiblenatureoftheconceptwithnospecificoverarchingpolicystipulationsmaybeadeliberatedeparturefromthejargonheavyideologiesofhispredecessorsrefnamechasingeconomistcomnewsbriefingchinasnewleaderhasbeenquickconsolidatehispowerwhatdoeshenowwanthischasingthechinesedreamtheeconomistmaypprefwhilethechinesedreamwasoriginallyinterpretedasanextensionoftheamericandreamwhichemphasizesindividualselfimprovementandopportunitytheslogansuseinofficialsettingssincehastakenonanoticeablymorenationalisticcharacterwithofficialpronouncementsofthedreambeingconsistentlylinkedwiththephrasegreatrevivalofthechinesenationthepolicyimplicationsofthechinesedreamremainunclearxifirstusedthephraseduringahighprofilevisittothenationalmuseumofchinaonnovemberwherexiandhisstandingcommitteecolleagueswereattendinganationalrevivalexhibitionsincethenthephrasehasbecomethesignaturepoliticalsloganofthexieraxijinpingthoughtonseptemberthechinesestatemediaannouncedthatthecentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinacommunistpartycentralcommitteehaddecidedthatxispoliticalphilosophiesgenerallyreferredtoasxijinpingthoughtbywesternmediawouldbecomepartofthepartyconstitutionxifirstmadementionofthethoughtonsocialismwithchinesecharacteristicsforaneweraintheopeningdayspeechdeliveredtothethnationalcongressofthecommunistpartyofchinathpartycongressinoctoberhispolitburostandingcommitteecolleaguesintheirownreviewsofxiskeynoteaddressatthecongressprependedthenamexijinpinginfrontofthoughtrefnamexithoughtrefxihimselfhasdescribedthethoughtaspartofthebroadframeworkcreatedaroundsocialismwithchinesecharacteristicsadengisttermthatplaceschinaintheprimarystageofsocialisminofficialpartydocumentationandpronouncementsbyxiscolleaguesthethoughtissaidtobeacontinuationofmarxismleninismmaozedongthoughtdengxiaopingtheorythethreerepresentsandthescientificoutlookondevelopmentscientificdevelopmentperspectiveaspartofaseriesofguidingideologiesthatembodymarxismadoptedtochineseconditionsandcontemporaryconsiderationsonoctoberatitsclosingsessionthethpartycongressapprovedtheincorporationofxijinpingthoughtintotheconstitutionofthecommunistpartyofchinatheconceptsandcontextbehindxijinpingthoughtareelaboratedinxijinpingsthegovernanceofchinabookseriespublishedbytheforeignlanguagespressforaninternationalaudiencevolumeonewaspublishedinseptemberfollowedbyvolumetwoinnovemberforeignpolicyandthenvicepresidentjoebideninthebackgroundseatedinthefrontrowisformersecretaryofstatehenrykissingerxihasreportedlytakenahardlineonsecurityissuesaswellasforeignaffairsprojectingamorenationalisticandassertivechinaontheworldstagerefnamekuhnrefxispoliticalprogramcallsforachinamoreunitedandconfidentofitsownvaluesystemandpoliticalstructurerefnamescmprefunderxichinahasalsotakenamorecriticalstanceonnorthkoreawhileimprovingchinasouthkorearelationsrelationshipswithsouthkorearefnamechenglirefchinajapanrelationshavesouredunderxisadministrationthemostthornyissuebetweenthetwocountriesremainsthedisputeoverthesenkakuislandssenkakudiaoyuislandsinresponsetojapanscontinuedrobuststanceontheissuechinadeclaredanairdefenseidentificationzoneeastchinaseaairdefenseidentificationzoneinnovemberrefnameosawarefxihascalledchinaunitedstatesrelationsinthecontemporaryworldanewtypeofgreatpowerrelationsaphrasethepresidencyofbarackobamaobamaadministrationhadbeenreluctanttoembraceincyberwarfareinchinachinesehackerscompromisedthecomputersystemoftheunitedstatesofficeofpersonnelmanagementusofficeofpersonnelmanagementresultingintheofficeofpersonnelmanagementdatabreachtheftofapproximatelymillionpersonnelrecordshandledbytheofficexihascultivatedchinarussiarelationsstrongerrelationswithrussiaparticularlyinthewakeoftheprorussianunrestinukraineukrainecrisisofxiseemstohavedevelopedastrongpersonalrelationshipwithpresidentvladimirputinbothofwhomareviewedasstrongleaderswithanationalistorientationwhoarenotafraidtoassertthemselvesagainstwesterninterestsxihassignaledagreaterinterestincentralasiaasevidencedbychinasonebeltoneroadinitiativeonebeltoneroadinitiativerefnamecnnoborrefximadetheannouncementwhileinastanakazakhstanandcalleditagoldenopportunityrefnamegoldenrefleadersvladimirputinnarendramodidilmarousseffxiandjacobzumaatthegbrisbanesummitgsummitinbrisbaneaustralianovemberxihasalsoindirectlyspokenoutcriticallyontheusstrategicpivottoasiarefnameblanrefaddressingaregionalconferenceinshanghaionmayxicalledonasiancountriestouniteandforgeawaytogetherratherthangetinvolvedwiththirdpartypowersseenasareferencetotheunitedstatesmattersinasiaultimatelymustbetakencareofbyasiansasiasproblemsultimatelymustberesolvedbyasiansandasiassecurityultimatelymustbeprotectedbyasianshetoldtheconferencerefnameterritorialdisputesrefinnovemberinamajorpolicyaddressxihascalledforadecreaseintheuseofforcepreferringdialogueandconsultationtosolvethecurrentissuesplaguingtherelationshipbetweenchinaanditssoutheastasianneighborsinaprilxiledalargedelegationonastatevisittopakistanduringhisvisithesignedenergyandinfrastructuredealsworthnbspbillionincludingthechinapakistaneconomiccorridorpakistanshighestcivilianawardthenishanepakistanwasalsoconferreduponhimssupremeleaderalikhameneijanuaryinaprilnewsatelliteimageryrevealedthatchinawasrapidlyconstructinganairfieldonfierycrossreefinthespratlyislandsofthesouthchinaseainmayussecretaryofdefenseashcarterwarnedthegovernmentofxijinpingtohaltitsrapidgreatwallofsandislandbuildingindisputedterritoryinthesouthchinaseaarrivesinchinanovemberinspiteofwhatseemedtobeatumultuousstartofxijinpingsleadershipvisvistheunitedstatesonmayxisaidatthebeltandroadforuminbeijingweshouldfosteranewtypeofinternationalrelationsfeaturingwinwincooperationandweshouldforgeapartnershipofdialoguewithnoconfrontationandapartnershipoffriendshipratherthanallianceallcountriesshouldrespecteachotherssovereigntydignityandterritorialintegrityrespecteachothersdevelopmentpathanditssocialsystemsandrespecteachotherscoreinterestsandmajorconcernswhatwehopetocreateisabigfamilyofharmoniouscoexistenceroleofthecommunistpartyearlyoninhistermxirepeatedlyissuedpronouncementsonthesupremacyofthecommunistpartylargelyechoingdengxiaopingslinethateffectiveeconomicreformcanonlytakeplacewithintheonepartypoliticalframeworkinxisviewthecommunistpartyisthelegitimateconstitutionallysanctionedrulingpartyofchinaandthatthepartyderivesthislegitimacythroughadvancingthesocalledmasslinethatisthepartyrepresentstheinterestsoftheoverwhelmingmajorityofordinarypeoplexispositionhasbeendescribedaspreferringhighlycentralizedpoliticalpowerasameanstodirectlargescaleeconomicrestructuringxibelievesthatchinashouldbefollowingitsownpathandthatastrongauthoritariangovernmentisanintegralpartofthechinamodeloperatingonacoresocialistvaluesystemwhichhasbeeninterpretedaschinasalternativetowesternvalueshoweverxiandhiscolleaguesacknowledgethechallengestothelegitimacyofcommunistruleparticularlycorruptionbypartyofficialstheansweraccordingtoxisprogrammeistwofoldstrengthenthepartyfromwithinbystreamliningstrictpartydisciplineandinitiatingalargeanticorruptioncampaigntoremoveunsavouryelementsfromwithinthepartyandinstitutingmaostylemasslinecampaignsexternallytomakepartyofficialsbetterunderstandandservetheneedsofordinarypeoplexibelievesthatjustasthepartymustbeattheapexofpoliticalcontrolofthestatethepartyscentralauthoritiesiethepolitburopscorhimselfasgeneralsecretarymustexercisefullanddirectpoliticalcontrolofallpartyactivitiesrefnamevegsrefxispolicieshavebeencharacterizedaseconomicallyliberalbutpoliticallyconservativebychengliofthebrookingsinstitutioncensorshipthedocumentnumberninedocumentnoisainternalmediaofchinaconfidentialinternaldocumentwidelycirculatedwithinthecommunistpartyofchinainbythegeneralofficeofthecommunistpartyofchinapartysgeneralofficethedocumentwasfirstpublishedinjulythedocumentwarnsofsevendangerouswesternvaluesconstitutionaldemocracyuniversalvaluesofhumanrightscivilsocietypromarketneoliberalismmediaindependencehistoricalnihilismcriticismsofpasterrorsandquestioningreformandopeningsincexijinpingbecamethegeneralsecretaryofthecpccensorshipinchinacensorshiphasbeensignificantlysteppeduphisadministrationhasalsooverseenmoreinternetrestrictionsimposedinchinaandisdescribedasbeingstricteracrosstheboardonspeechthanpreviousadministrationsxistermhasresultedinafurthersuppressionofdissentfromcivilsocietyxistermhasseenthearrestandimprisonmentofactivistssuchasxuzhiyongaswellasnumerousotherswhoidentifiedwiththenewcitizensmovementprominentlegalactivistpuzhiqiangoftheweiquanmovementwasalsoarrestedanddetainedagroupofinfluentialbloggersweresummonedbythestateinternetinformationdepartmenttoaseminarinstructingthemtoavoidwritingaboutpoliticsthecommunistpartyormakingstatementscontradictingofficialnarrativesmanybloggersstoppedwritingaboutcontroversialtopicsandweibowentintodeclinewithmuchofitsreadershipshiftingtowechatusersspeakingtoverylimitedsocialcirclesrefnamegriggrefinjulythecharacterwinniethepoohwasblockinternetblockedonchinesesocialmediasitesbecausebloggershadbeencomparingtheplumpbeartochinasleaderxijinpingrefnamecbswinnierefthisfollowsanincidentwherechineseauthoritiescensoredayearoldforcommentsaboutxisweightpersonallifeximarriageinmodernchinamarriedkelinglingthedaughterofkehuaanambassadortobritainintheearlystheydivorcedwithinafewyearsthetwoweresaidtofightalmosteverydayandafterthedivorcekemovedtoenglandximarriedtheprominentchinesefolksingerpengliyuaninpengliyuanacelebrityhouseholdnameinchinawasmuchbetterknowntothepublicthanxiuntilhispoliticalelevationthecouplefrequentlylivedapartduelargelytotheirseparateprofessionallivesxiandpenghaveadaughternamedximingzewhograduatedfromharvarduniversityinthespringofwhileatharvardsheusedapseudonymandstudiedpsychologyandenglishrefnewyorkercomnewsnewsdeskwhatdidchinasfirstdaughterfindinamericarefxisfamilyhaveahomeinjadespringhillagardenandresidentialareainnorthwesternbeijingrunbythecentralmilitarycommissionofthecommunistpartyofchinacentralmilitarycommissionpengdescribedxiashardworkinganddowntoearthwhenhecomeshomeiveneverfeltasiftheressomeleaderinthehouseinmyeyeshesjustmyhusbandpenghasplayedamuchmorevisibleroleaschinasfirstladycomparedtoherpredecessorsforexamplepenghostedusfirstladymichelleobamaonthelattershighprofilevisittochinainmarchrefnamebeechrefxiwasdescribedinathewashingtonpostarticlebythosewhoknowhimaspragmaticseriouscautioushardworkingdowntoearthandlowkeyxiwasdescribedasagoodhandatproblemsolvingandseeminglyuninterestedinthetrappingsofhighofficeheisknowntoloveusfilmssuchassavingprivateryanthedepartedandthegodfatherhealsopraisedtheindependentfilmmakerjiazhangkeinjunebloombergbusinessweekbloombergreportedthatmembersofxisextendedfamilyhavesubstantialbusinessinterestsalthoughtherewasnoevidencehehadintervenedtoassistthemthebloombergwebsitewasblockedinmainlandchinainresponsetothearticlerefnameguardianrefsincexiembarkedonananticorruptioncampaignmembersofhisfamilywerereportedbythenewyorktimestobesellingtheircorporateandrealestateinvestmentsbeginninginrefnamenytimesrefrelativesofhighlyplacedchineseofficialsincludingsevencurrentandformerseniorleadersofthepolitburoofthecommunistpartyofchinahavebeennamedinthepanamapapersincludingdengjiaguithebrotherinlawofxidenghadtwoshellcorporationshellcompaniesinthebritishvirginislandswhilexiwasamemberofthepolitburostandingcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinapolitburostandingcommitteebuttheyweredormantbythetimexibecamegeneralsecretaryofthecommunistpartyinnovemberrefnamemprefhonorsforeignhonouriocolympicorderthegoldenolympicordernovembergrandcordonoftheorderofleopoldbelgiumorderofleopoldmarchorderoftheliberatorjulyorderofjosmartjulynishanepakistanaprilgrandcollaroftheorderoftherepublicofserbiajuneorderforpromotionofpeaceandfriendshipseporderofabdulazizalsaudorderofstandrewjulykeytothecitymuscatineiowausrefnamenationalpublicradiorefmuscatineiowausfebruarymontegobayjamaicafebruarysanjoscostaricasanjoscostaricajunemexicocitymexicojuneargentinajulyseealsonewzhijiangarmyonebeltoneroadinitiativexiliadministrationxijinpingofficegeneralsecretaryxijinpingimportantspeechseriesnotesreferencesexternallinkschinavitaecombiographydisplayphpidbiographyatchinavitaecomchinadigitaltimesnetchinaxijinpingxijinpingcollectednewsandcommentaryatthechinadigitaltimesnytimescomworldasiaaimingfortopxijinpingforgedtiesearlyinchinahtmlchangingoftheguardeliteanddeftxiaimedhighearlyinchinaseptemberbyianjohnsonthenewyorktimesnewyorkercommagazinebornredbornredhowxijinpinganunremarkableprovincialadministratorbecamechinasmostauthoritarianleadersincemaoaprilbyevanosnosthenewyorkerusembassybeijingwikileaksorgcablebeijinghtmlportraitofxijinpingviaunitedstatesdiplomaticcablesleakevanosnososnosevannewyorkercomonlineblogsevanosnoschinasvalentinesdayinwashingtonhtmlchinasvalentinesdayinwashingtonthenewyorkerfebruaryreviewofcommentaccompanyingxisvisitnavboxestitleofficesanddistinctionsofxijinpinglistyearsnavboxestitlelinkstorelatedarticleslistnavboxestitlepartyandstatepositionsheldlistnavboxestitleregionalofficesheldlistnavboxestitleinternationallistinfoboxcompanynamexstrataplclogoxstratasvglogosizepxtypepubliclimitedcompanyfatemergedwithglencoreglencoreplcfoundationlocationzugswitzerlandbrsmallheadofficesmallbrlondonunitedkingdomsmallregisteredofficesmallkeypeoplejohnbondbankersirjohnbondchairmanbrmickdavisceoindustrymetalsandminingproductscopperzincleadcoalnickelalloysrevenuedollarnbspbillionrefnameprelimsrefoperatingincomenbspbillionnetincomenbspbillionnumemployeesparentsubsidhomepagewebarchiveorgwebxstratacomwwwxstratacomfootnotesintlyesxstrataplcwasanangloswissmultinationalcorporationmultinationalminingcompanyheadquarteredinzugswitzerlandandwithitsregisteredofficeinlondonunitedkingdomrefnamegroupstructureciteweburlxstratacomaboutgroupstructuretitlegroupstructureaccessdateaugustpublisherxstrataplcrefitwasamajorproducerofcoalandtheworldslargestexporterofthermalcoalcoppernickelprimaryvanadiumandzincandtheworldslargestproducerofferrochromeithadoperationsincountriesacrossafricaasiaaustralasiaeuropenorthamericaandsouthamericarefciteweburlxstratacomabouttitlexstrataoperationsaccessdateaugustpublisherxstrataplcrefxstratahadaprimarylistingonthelondonstockexchangeandwasaconstituentoftheftseindexithadamarketcapitalisationofapproximatelynbspbillionasofdecembermakingitthethlargestcompanyonthelondonstockexchangerefciteweburlstockchallengecoukftsephptitleftseallshareindexrankingpublisherstockchallengecoukaccessdatedecemberrefithadasecondarylistingonthesixswissexchangeonmayownershipofxstratawasfullyacquiredbyglencorerefnamecompletesrefglencorehasalsoannouncedthattheywillnolongerusethexstratabrandanditwillbephasedoutglencorexstrataplcisnowglencoreplchistorythecompanywasfoundedininswitzerlandassdelektraaninfrastructureandelectricityprojectsconcernoperatinginlatinamericarefnamehistorycitewebauthorswitzerlandurlxstratacomcorporategrouphistorytitlexstratahistorypublisherxstratacomaccessdateaprilrefinmarcrichcoagbecameitsmajorityshareholderinthesitdiversifiedintomininganddisposedofitsnoncorebusinessesitwasfirstlistedonthelondonstockexchangeinatwhichtimeitacquiredglencorescoalassetsinaustraliaandsouthafricainitdoubledinsizewiththeanbspbilliontakeoverofaustraliancopperzincandleadminermountisaminesmimholdingsrefrefhoweveritfailedinabidforanotheraustralianminerwmcresourceswhichwascapturedbybhpbillitontheworldsbiggestminingcompanyinxstratacloseditsrecentlypurchasedwindimurravanadiumplantinwesternaustraliawhichhadtheeffectofincreasingvanadiumpricesreceivedforxstratasothervanadiumminesaroundtheworldmanyhundredsofpeoplewereputoutofworkandnowmanywesternaustraliansarenotkeentoseexstratainvolvedinotherminingactivitiesinthestatebecauseofthisactioninaugustxstratapurchasedastakeinfalconbridgelimitedadiversifiedcanadianminingcompanyproducingcoppernickelaluminumleadandzincfollowingacontestedtakeoverbattlewithvaleincoincolimitedxstratasuccessfullyacquiredtheremainingoffalconbridgeinaugustinthenorthernterritoryandaustraliangovernmentsapprovedtheexpansionofthemcarthurriverzincminenearthepopularfishingdestinationofborrooloolatheexpansioninvolvesdiversionoftherivertoanewnbspkmchanneltoallowconstructionofamassiveopencutpitintheexistingriverrefnamemcarthurcitewebauthorecnttitlemcarthurriverexpansionurlmcarthurriverwordpresscompublisherecntdatejanuaryrefonbehalfofthetraditionalownersoftheregiontheyanyuwamaragarrawaandgurdanjipeoplesthenorthernlandcouncillaunchedalegalchallengetothenorthernterritorygovernmentsdecisiontoapprovetheminingofanddiversionofthemcarthurriveronmaythenorthernterritorysupremecourtruledinfavourofthenorthernlandcounciltostoptheexpansiononmaythenorthernterritorygovernmentrushedthroughretrospectivelegislationtooverrulethecourtdecisionandallowtheopencutminetoproceedrefnameoverrulecitenewsauthormurraymclaughlintitlemartinunderfirefromindigenousparliamentariansurlabcnetaucontentshtmpublisherabcdatemayrefonmayviolentrepressionoflocalresidentsbythepoliceintheprovinceofespinarprovinceespinarcuzcoperucausedthedeathsoftwocivilianstheinhabitantsprotestedagainstthepollutionofthewatersourcescausedbyxstratasminingactivitiesthegovernmenthasdecreedastateofemergencystateofemergencyandsuspendedcivillibertiesguaranteedintheconstitutiononmayitwasacquiredbyglencoreoperationssincetheturnofthemillenniumithasdevelopedfromasmallplayerintooneoftheworldslargestdiversifiedmininggroupswiththehelpofaseriesoflargemergersandacquisitionsacquisitionsinitsdegreeoftransnationalityaccordingtothetransnationalityindexwaspercentandrankedfirstplaceithasmajoroperationsprojectsineighteencountriesaustraliaargentinabrazilcanadachilecolombiathedominicanrepublicg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shirstmenwhobecamefriendsinthelateswereartisanswhobecamephysicalscientiststhomashuxleyjosephdaltonhookerandgeorgebuskfriendssincetheearlyshadworkedassurgeonsandhadbecomeprofessionalnaturalhistorynaturalistsbeginninginthemidsthenetworkbegantoformaroundhuxleyandhookerandthesesixmenbeganhelpingoneanotherbothasfriendsandprofessionalsinforexampletyndallaidedfranklandingettingapositionattheroyalinstitutionspottiswoodeherbertspencerandjohnlubbockjoinedthecircleoffriendsduringthedebatesoverevolutionandnaturalismintheearlystheoriginalmembersoftheclubhadmuchincommontheysharedamiddleclassbackgroundandsimilartheologytheologicalbeliefsallofthemenweremiddleagedexceptlubbockwhowasandbuskwhowasandallofthemenexceptlubbocklivedinlondonmoreimportantlythemenofthecluballsharedaninterestinnaturalhistorynaturalismphilosophynaturalismandamoregeneralpursuitofintellectualthoughtfreefromreligiousinfluencecommonlyreferredtoasacademicliberalismscientificclimatethexclubcametogetherduringaperiodofturbulentconflictinbothscienceandreligioninvictorianenglandthepublicationinofcharlesdarwinsbookontheoriginofspeciesontheoriginofspeciesthroughnaturalselectionbroughtastormofargumentwiththescientificestablishmentofwealthyamateursandclergyclericalnaturalistsaswellasthechurchofenglandattackingthisnewdevelopmentsincethestartofthethcenturytheyhadseenevolutionismasanassaultonthedivinelyordainedaristocraticsocialorderontheothersidedarwinsideasonevolutionwerewelcomedbyliberalchristianityliberaltheologiansandbyanewgenerationofsalariedprofessionalscientiststhemenwhowouldlatercometoformthexclubsupporteddarwinandsawhisworkasagreatstrideinthestruggleforfreedomfromclericalinterferenceinsciencethemembersofthexsocialnetworkplayedasignificantpartinnominatingdarwinforthecopleymedalininessaysandreviewsacollectionofessaysonchristianitywrittenbyagroupofliberalchristianityliberalchurchofenglandanglicanswaspublishedthecollectionrepresentedasummationofanearlycenturylongchallengetothehistoryandprehistoryofthebiblebyhighercriticismhighercriticsaswellasgeologistsandbiologistsinshortthewritersofessaysandreviewssoughttoanalysethebiblelikeanyotherworkofliteratureatthetimeessayscreatedmoreofastirthandarwinsbookthemembersofthexnetworkbackedthecollectionandlubbockevensoughttoformanalliancebetweenliberalanglicansandscientiststwoliberalanglicantheologianswereconvictedofheresyandwhenthegovernmentoverturnedthejudgementonappealsamuelwilberforcethehighchurchandtheevangelicalsorganisedpetitionsandamassbacklashagainstevolutionattheanglicanconvocationtheevangelicalspresentedadeclarationreaffirmingtheirfaithintheharmonyofgodswordandhisworksandtriedtomakethisacompulsoryfortietharticleoffaiththeytooktheircampaigntothebritishassociationfortheadvancementofscienceaimingtooverthrowhuxleysdangerouscliqueofdarwinsalliesinbishopjohnwilliamcolensoofcolonyofnatalnatalpublishedthepentateuchandbookofjoshuacriticallyexaminedananalysisofthefirstfivebooksoftheoldtestamentinhisanalysiscolensousedmathematicsandconceptsofpopulationdynamicsincludingexaminationsoffoodsupplyandtransportationtoshowthatthefirstfivebooksofthebiblewerefaultyandunreliableoutragebrokeoutwithinthechurchofenglandandthexnetworknotonlygavetheirsupporttocolensobutattimesevendinedwithhimtodiscusshisideaslaterinanewriftbegantoemergewithinthescientificcommunityoverracetheorydebatewasstirredupwhentheanthropologicalsocietyoflondonwhichrejecteddarwiniantheoryclaimedthatslaverywasdefensiblebasedonthetheoryofevolutionproposedbydarwinthemembersofwhatwouldbecomethexclubsidedwiththeethnologicalsocietyoflondonwhichdenouncedslaveryandembracedacademicliberalismthemenofthexclubespeciallylubbockhuxleyandbuskfeltthatdissensionandthejealousiesoftheologicalsectswithinlearnedsocietiesweredamagingandtheyattemptedtolimitthecontributionstheanthropologicalsocietymadetothebritishassociationfortheadvancementofscienceasocietyofwhichtheywereallmembersthusbythemembersofthexclubwerejoinedinafightbothpublicandprivatetounitethelondonscientificcommunitywiththeobjectiveoffurtheringtheideasofacademicliberalismdiningclubsdiningclubscommoninlatevictorianenglandwerecharacterisedbyinformalgatheringswheremenwithsimilarinterestscouldsharenewideasandinformationamongfriendsmanyformalsocietiesandinstitutionsthatexistedinenglandduringthethcenturystartedasinformaldiningclubstheproblemwithmostformalsocietiesatthetimeespeciallytothosementhatwouldcometogethertoformthexclubwasthemannerinwhichmeetingswereconductedmostweretoolargeandunsuitableforthediscussionofprivatescientificmattersinadditionduetotheoutbreakofdebatesoverevolutionandreligionwithinthescientificsocietiesoflondonduringthesthepursuitofdiscussionwithlikemindedmenwasoftendifficultseveralscientificclubssuchasthephilosophicalclubandtheredlionclubwereformedinthelatethcenturybuttheseorganisationslackedthescientificprofessionalismthatseriousscientistsincludingthosemembersofthexclubsuchashookerandhuxleysoughtothermoreseriousclubssuchasthebclubwerenotsufficientlyintimateforthemenwhowouldcomprisethexclubformationinhuxleywrotetohookerandexplainedthathefearedheandhisgroupoffriendstheothermenofthesocialnetworkwoulddriftapartandlosecontactheproposedthecreationofaclubthatwouldservetomaintainsocialtiesamongthemembersofthenetworkandhookerreadilyagreedhuxleyalwaysinsistedthatsociabilitywastheonlypurposeoftheclubbutothersintheclubmostnotablyhirstclaimedthatthefoundingmembershadotherintentionsinhisdescriptionofthefirstmeetinghirstwrotethatwhatbroughtthementogetherwasactuallyadevotiontosciencepureandfreeuntrammelledbyreligiousdogmasandhepredictedthatsituationswouldarisewhentheirconcertedeffortswouldbeofgreatuserefnamemacleodprefrefnamebartonprefonthenightofthefirstmeetinghuxleyjokinglyproposedthattheclubbenamedblastodermicclubinreferencetoblastodermalayerofcellbiologycellsintheovumofbirdsthatactsasthecenterofdevelopmentfortheentirebirdsomehistorianssuchasruthbartonfeelthathuxleywantedthenewlyformedclubtoactasaguidetothedevelopmentofsciencethenamethoroughclubwhichreferredtothemovementsthatexistedatthetimeforthefreedomtoexpressheterodoxyunorthodoxopinionwasalsorejectedasapossiblenameasspencerwouldlaterexplainxclubwaschoseninmaybecauseitcommittedthegrouptonothingthenameitselfaccordingtohirstwasproposedbymrsbuskrefnamemacleodprefitwasalsodecidedonthefirstnightthateachensuingmeetingwouldtakeplaceonthefirstthursdayofeachmonthexceptduringtheholidaymonthsofjulyaugustandseptemberduringtheexistenceoftheclubdinnerstookplaceatstgeorgeshotelonalbemarlestreetalmondshoteloncliffordstreetandfinallyattheathenaeumclublondonathenaeumclubaftermeetingsalwaysstartedatsixintheeveningsothatdinnerwouldbeoverintimefortheroyalsocietymeetingsatornbsppmintheburlingtonhouseeightmenattendedthefirstmeetingandinadditionspottiswoodecametothenextmeetingindecembermakingthemembershipofninewilliambenjamincarpenteranenglishphysiologistandwilliamfergussonthequeenssurgeonwerealsoinvitedtojointheclubbuttheydeclinedaftersomediscussionitwasdecidedaccordingtospencerthatnomorememberswouldbeaddedbecausenoothermenoutsidetheirnetworkwerefriendlyorintelligentenoughtobepartofthexclubincontrasthuxleywouldlaterwritethatnootherswereadmittedtothegroupbecauseitwasagreedthatthenameofanynewmemberwouldhavetocontainalltheconsonantsabsentfromthenamesoftheoldonesrefnametellerprefasthemembersoftheclubhadnoslavoniclanguagesslavonicfriendsthematterwassupposedlydroppedaccordingtospencertheonlyruletheclubhadwastohavenoruleswhenaresolutionwasproposedinnovembertokeepformalnotesofthemeetingsthemotionwasdefeatedbecauseitviolatedtheruleneverthelesstheclubkeptbothasecretaryandatreasurerandbothpositionswereheldinturnbyeachmemberoftheclubtheseofficeswereinchargeofaccountcollectingandsendingnoticesofupcomingmeetingsmembersincludinghirsthuxleyhookerandtyndallalsotookinformalnotesofthemeetingsinfluenceanenglishphilosopherandpoliticaltheoristbetweenthetimeofitsinceptioninanditsterminationinthexclubanditsmembersgainedmuchprominencewithinthescientificcommunitycarryingmuchinfluenceoverscientificthoughtsimilartothescientificlazzaroniintheunitedstatesandthesocietyofarcueilinfrancebetweenandhookerspottiswoodeandhuxleyheldofficeintheroyalsocietysimultaneouslyandbetweenandtheyconsecutivelyheldthepresidencyoftheroyalsocietyspottiswoodewastreasurerofthesocietybetweenandandhuxleywaselectedseniorsecretaryinfranklandandhirstwerealsoofimportancetothesocietyasthepreviousheldthepositionofforeignsecretarybetweenandandthelatterservedonthecouncilthreetimesbetweenandrefnamemacleodprefoutsidetheroyalsocietythemenofthexclubcontinuedtogaininfluentialpositionsfivemembersoftheclubheldthepresidencyofthebritishassociationfortheadvancementofsciencebetweenandhirstwaselectedpresidentofthelondonmathematicalsocietybetweenandwhilebuskservedasexaminerandeventuallypresidentoftheroyalcollegeofsurgeonsofenglandroyalcollegeofsurgeonsfranklandalsoservedaspresidentofthechemicalsocietybetweenandduringthistimethemembersofthexclubbegantogainrenownandwinawardswithinthescientificcommunityinlondonamongtheninethreereceivedthecopleymedalfivereceivedtheroyalmedaltworeceiveddarwinmedalsonereceivedtherumfordmedalonereceivedthelyellmedalandonereceivedthewollastonmedaleighteenhonorarydegreeswerehandedoutamongtheninemembersaswellasonekingdomofprussiaprussianpourlemriteandoneorderofmerittwoofthememberswereknightedoneservedasprivycouncilloroneasjusticeofthepeacethreeascorrespondingmembercorrespondingmembersandonewasaforeignassociateofthefrenchacademyofsciencesasthemembersoftheclubcontinuedtogainprominencewithinthescientificcommunitytheprivateclubbecamewellknownmanypeopleatthetimeviewedtheclubasascientificcaucusandsomesuchasrichardowenaccusedthegroupofhavingtoomuchinfluenceinshapingthescientificlandscapeoflatevictorianenglandhuxleyrecountedthatheonceoverheardaconversationabouttheclubbetweentwomenoftheathenaeumclubandwhenoneaskedwhatthexclubdidtheotherexplainedwelltheygovernscientificaffairsandreallyonthewholetheydontdoitbadlyinformalnotesofearlymeetingsseemtoconfirmsomeoftheconcernsdiscussionoftensurroundedthenominationofmemberstoofficesofmajorsocietiesaswellasthenegotiationofpensionandmedalclaimsintheclubevenvotedtocollectivelysupportlubbockscandidacyfortheparliamentoftheunitedkingdomhuxleyhoweveralwaysstatedthatthesimplepurposeoftheclubwastobringfriendstogetherwhomayhavedriftedapartotherwiseaccordingtohuxleythefactthatallthemembersoftheclubgaineddistinctionwithinsciencewasmerelycoincidentaldeclinebythemembersofthexclubhadprominentpositionswithinthescientificcommunityandtheclubwashighlyregardedbutitwasbeginningtofallapartinspottiswoodediedoftyphoidandatthesametimeaccordingtospenceronlytwooftheremainingeightmembersofthexclubwereingoodhealthattendanceatmeetingsbegantodwindleandbyfranklandandlubbockurgedfortheelectionofnewmemberstherewasadifferenceofopiniononthematteranditwaseventuallydroppedinariftemergedinthegroupwhenhuxleyandspencerhadanargumentoverlandnationalisationpoliciesandrefusedtotalkwithoneanotherthemembersoftheclubweregrowingoldandduringthelatesandearlysafewofthemembersmovedoutoflondonwhenattendancebegantoseverelydwindletalksofendingtheclubemergedthelastmeetingwasheldunceremoniouslyinmarchandonlyfranklandandhookerattendedseealsovictorianeranaturalismphilosophyliberalismnaturalhistoryliberalchristianitynaturalselectionreferencesnotesfurtherreadingexternallinksbritannicacomebcheckedtopicxclubencyclopdiabritannicaxclubbritannicacomebcheckedtopicxclubencyclopdiabritannicaxclubfurtherreadingaboutdarwincomtimelinetimehtmltimelineofdarwinafteroriginofspeciessemicursivescriptxxxxptcanmeanmultiplethingsnewsouthwalesxptpassengertrainoperatedbynswtrainlinkinnewsouthwalesaustraliathexptextremepowertoolsxptawindowssoftwaretoolsetforprogrammerstheisocodefortrackingthevalueofonetroyounceofplatinumthefilenameextensionxptisusedforxpconnecttypelibrariesthexptframeworkawebdevelopmentsoftwareframeworkframeworkphpbasedthexptgaragedooragaragedoorbrandxijinpingthoughttherulingideologyofthecommunistpartyofchinainthesxiongfoxioctoberwasanamericaneducatedchineseplaywrightfamousforhisexperimentaldramainthedingcountyhebeiprovincehisambitionwascreatingthepeasantsdramaofeducativevalueoneoftheplayssleepingonbrushwoodandtastinggallwoxinchangdanpopularizedthetopicofnationalhumiliationthroughtheimageofgoujiantheyuestateyuekingofthespringandautumnperiodhewasthefirstpresidentoftheshanghaitheatreacademyliteraturepaulacohenspeakingtohistorythestoryofkinggoujianintwentiethcenturychinaxmlhttprequestthexingningacademyisanancientstructureinxingningguangdongxingningchinanowpartofxingminhighschoolitwasoriginallybuiltduringthemingdynastyexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebmeizhougovcnmodulesdataarticlephpstoryidarticleontheacademychinesejzxncomdispbbsaspboardididpageaphotoinfoboxmedicalconditionnewnamexanthinuriaimagexanthinxanthinesvgcaptionxanthinediseasesdbmultmeshnamemeshnumberpronouncefieldsynonymssymptomscomplicationsonsetdurationtypescausesrisksdiagnosisdifferentialpreventiontreatmentmedicationprognosisfrequencydeathsxanthinuriaalsoknownasxanthineoxidasedeficiencyisararegeneticdisordercausingtheaccumulationofxanthineitiscausedbyadeficiencyoftheenzymexanthineoxidaseitwasfirstformallycharacterizedinpresentationsufferershaveunusuallyhighconcentrationsofxanthineintheirbloodandurinewhichcanleadtohealthproblemssuchasrenalfailureandxanthinekidneystonesoneoftheraresttypesofkidneystonescausestypeixanthinuriacanbecausedbyadeficiencyofxanthinedehydrogenasewhichisanenzymenecessaryforconvertingxanthinetouricacidrefnamepmidreftypeiixanthinuriaandmolybdenumcofactordeficiencylackoneortwootherenzymeactivitiesinadditiontoxanthineoxidasetreatmentthereisnospecifictreatmentbeyondmaintainingahighfluidintakeandavoidingfoodsthatarehighinpurinereferencesexternallinksmedicalresourcesicdicdicdoomimomimmultmedlineplusemedicinesubjpedemedicinetopicdiseasesdbxiangqiinfoboxwriterseetemplateinfoboxwriterimagexiayanjpgimagesizepxcaptionxiayannamexiayannativenamepseudonymbirthnameshennaixibirthdatebirthplaceyuhangcountyzhejiangdeathdatedeathplacebeijingrestingplaceoccupationplaywrightscreenwritertranslatornationalitychineselanguagechineselanguagechineseeducationzhejiangindustrialschoolalmamaterzhejianguniversityperiodgenredramanovelsubjectmovementnotableworksundertheeavesofshanghaibrthefascistbacillusspousecaishuxinmchildrenshenningdaughterbrshendanhuasonrelativesshenxueshifatherbrxuxiushengmotherawardswebsitepartnersignturexiayanoctoberfebruarywasachineseplaywrightandscreenwriterandchinasdeputyministerofculturebetweenandrefnameencyclopediarefamongthedozensofplaysandscreenplayspennedbyxiayanthemostrenownedincludeundertheeavesofshanghaiandthefascistbacillustodaythexiayanfilmliteratureawardisnamedinhishonourpersonallifexiaenteredzhejiangindustrialschoolatechnicalschoolofzhejianguniversityinfiveyearsbeforebeingsenttostudyinjapanhewasforcedtoreturnintwoyearsaftergraduatingwithanengineeringdegreepoliticalcareeronxiasreturninexpelledbyjapaneseauthoritiesforhispoliticalactivityhejoinedthecommunistpartyofchinaandrosetobecomeaculturalchiefintheshanghaimunicipalityandthendeputyministerofcultureininxiawroteanessaycalledraiseourcountrysfilmarttoanewleveltheessayimplicitlycriticalofthegreatleapforwardcalledforgreaterautonomyforartistsandmorediversitywithinchinesecinematheimplementationofhisdirectivesissaidtohaveledtotheachievementofatremendousdiversitywhichlasteduntiltheculturalrevolutionxiaiscreditedwithintroducingsovietcinematochinaandhelpedtoestablisharealismartsrealisttraditionthatemphasisedactiveengagementwithnationalissuesleavingastronglegacythatcontinuedintothepostmaoeraxiaspoliticalcareerendedinwhenhewasremovedfromofficeandspenteightyearsinprisonduringtheculturalrevolutionreferencesseealsofeatureonxiayaninchinesemoviescomfrscenaristesxiayanhtmchinesemoviesinfoboxfilmnamexmenthelaststandimagexmenthelaststandjpgaltthepostershowswolverinesclawsunsheathedinfrontofabigxrepresentingxatthemiddleisthetitlewhileatthebottomaretheproductioncreditsandratingbordernocaptiontheatricalreleaseposterdirectorbrettratnerproducerplainlistlaurenshulerdonnerralphwinterproducerralphwinteraviaradwriterplainlistsimonkinbergzakpennbasedonstarringplainlistdonotchangethiscastthisisaccordingtothecreditblockontheposterhughjackmanhalleberryianmckellenfamkejanssenannapaquinkelseygrammerjamesmarsdenrebeccaromijnshawnashmoreaaronstanfordvinniejonespatrickstewartellenpagemusicjohnpowellcomposerjohnpowellcinematographydantespinottieditingplainlistmarkhelfrichfilmeditormarkhelfrichmarkgoldblattjuliawongfilmeditorjuliawongproductioncompaniesplainlistratpacduneentertainmentduneentertainmentmarvelentertainmentthedonnerscompanyingeniousfilmpartnersrefnamebfiforfulldataclickshowmorelinkrefdistributorthcenturyfoxreleasedruntimeminutestheatricalruntimecountryplainlistunitedstatesunitedkingdomseeguidelinesforcountryatenwikipediaorgwikitemplateinfoboxfilmlanguageenglishbudgetmilliongrossmillionxmenthelaststandisarefnameafirefsuperherofilmbasedonthexmensuperheroteamintroducedinmarvelcomicsthefilmdistributedbythcenturyfoxisthesequeltosxfilmxandthethirdinstallmentinthexmenfilmseriesxmenfilmseriesitwasdirectedbybrettratnerwrittenbysimonkinbergandzakpennandfeaturesanensemblecastincludinghughjackmanhalleberryianmckellenfamkejanssenannapaquinkelseygrammerjamesmarsdenrebeccaromijnshawnashmoreaaronstanfordvinniejonesandpatrickstewartthefilmsscriptislooselybasedontwoxmencomicbookstoryarcsthedarkphoenixsagabywriterchrisclaremontandartistjohnbyrnecomicsjohnbyrneandgiftedcomicsgiftedbywriterjosswhedonandartistjohncassadaywithaplotthatrevolvesaroundamutantcurethatcausesseriousrepercussionsamongmutantmarvelcomicsmutantsandhumansandontheresurrectionofjeangreybryansingerwhohaddirectedthetwopreviousfilmsxmenfilmxmenandxdecidedtoleavetoworkonsupermanreturnsashehadnotevendefinedthestorylineforathirdfilmmatthewvaughnwhowasinitiallyhiredasthenewdirectorleftduetopersonalandprofessionalissuesandwasreplacedwithratnerfilmingtookplacefromaugusttojanuarywithabudgetofmillionandwasconsequentlythelistofmostexpensivefilmsmostexpensivefilmatthetimeofitsreleaseithadextensivevisualeffectscreatedbydifferentcompaniesxmenthelaststandwasreleasedonmaytocommercialsuccessitgrossedapproximatelymillionworldwidebecomingtheseventhhighestgrossingfilmofitwasatthetimethehighestgrossingfilmintheseriesandcurrentlythefourthhighestgrossingfilmofthefranchisecriticalreceptionwasmixedwiththeactingandtheactionscenesreceivingpositivenoticeandcriticismdirectedatthescreenplayoveruseofcharactersandstyleplotnotepleasedonotaddmoredetailthisissupposedtobeaplotsummarynotaplaybyplaytheremovalofcertaincharactersorscenesisnecessarytokeepingthissectionbriefanddoneonlywhenthoseelementsarenotessentialtotheplotthissectionhasatendencytoexpandgreatlybecomingoverlydetailedandfullofunnecessarilyspecificdetailsbuttheremovalofthesedetailshasbeenaskedforandcommendedonthetalkpageaswellnotethatperwpfilmplotthissectionisbetweenandwordsonlytwentyyearsinthepastprofessorxprofessorcharlesxavierandmagnetocomicseriklehnsherrmeetyoungjeangreyatherparentshousetoinvitehertojointheirschoolthexmansiontenyearslatertheindustrialistfatherofwarrenworthingtoniiidiscovershissonisamutantmarvelcomicsmutantaswarrentriestocutoffhiswingsinthepresentworthingtonlabsannouncesithasdevelopedaninoculationtosuppressthexgenethatgivesmutantmarvelcomicsmutantstheirabilitiesandofferthecuretoanymutantwhowantsitthecureiscreatedfromthegenomeofayoungmutantnamedleechcomicsjimmywholivesattheworthingtonfacilityonalcatrazislandwhilesomemutantsareinterestedinthecureincludingthexmensroguecomicsroguemanyothersarehorrifiedbytheannouncementlehnsherrreestablisheshisbrotherhoodofmutantswiththosewhoopposethecurewarninghisfollowersthatthecurewillbeforcefullyusedtoexterminatethemutantracewithhelpfrompyromarvelcomicspyrolehnsherrrecruitscallistocomicscallistoandseveralothermutantstheyattackthemobileprisonholdingmystiquetofreeheralsofreeingjuggernautcomicsjuggernautandjamiemadroxmultiplemanmystiquesaveslehnsherrbytakingashotofthemutantcureaimedathimrenderingravendarkhlmehumanhatefulofhumanslehnsherrabandonsdarkhlmemuchtohershockanddisappointmentmeanwhilecyclopsmarvelcomicsscottsummersstilldistraughtoverxfilmthelossofhisfiancejeangreydrivestoherrestinglocationatalkalilakejeanappearstosummersbutasthetwokissjeankillshimsensingtroublexaviersendswolverinecharacterloganandstormmarvelcomicsstormtoinvestigatewhentheyarrivetheyfindonlytelekinesistelekineticallyfloatingrockssummersglassesandanunconsciousjeanwhentheyreturntothexmansionxavierexplainstologanthatwhenjeansacrificedherselfshealsofreedthephoenixforcecomicsphoenixadarkandpowerfuldissociativeidentitydisorderalternatepersonalitywhichxavierhadtelepathicallyrepressedfearingthephoenixsdestructivepotentialloganisdisgustedtolearnofthispsychictamperingwithjeansmindbutoncesheawakenshediscoversthatshekilledsummersandisnotthejeangreyheonceknewthephoenixemergesknocksoutloganandescapestoherchildhoodhomelehnsherrlearnsofjeansresurrectionthroughcallistoandthexmenarriveatthegreyhomeatthesametimeasthebrotherhoodlehnsherrandxaviergoinaloneandbothvieforjeansloyaltyuntilthephoenixresurfacesshedestroysthehouseanddisintegratesxavierbeforeleavingwithlehnsherrthebrotherhooddecidestostrikeworthingtonlabsandthegovernmentsendsmultipleteamstoattackthebrotherhoodsbaseintheforestwithinformationgainedfromdarkhlmefuriousoverlehnsherrsbetrayalhoweverthelifeformsinthecampareallcopiesofmultiplemanandlehnsherruseshispowerstomovethegoldengatebridgesoheandhisarmycangettoalcatrazandfacilitatetheattackonworthingtonlabstheremainingxmenconfrontthebrotherhooddespitebeingsignificantlyoutnumberedandarrivejustasthemilitarytroopswhothusfarhavebeenneutralizingtheattackingmutantsareoverwhelmedbythebrotherhoodduringthefightkittyprydesavesjimmyfromjuggernautwhohadbeensenttokillhimloganhascolossusthrowhimatlehnsherranddistracthimlongenoughforbeastcomicshankmccoytoinjectlehnsherrwiththecureandthusnullifyhispowersarmyreinforcementsarriveandshootatjeanjustasloganhadcalmedherdownthephoenixisawakenedbytheattackanddisintegratesthetroopsinretaliationthephoenixthenbeginstodestroyalcatrazandanyonewithinrangeofherpowersloganrealizesthatonlyhecanstopthephoenixduetohishealingfactorandadamantiumadamantiumskeletonwhenloganapproachesherjeanmomentarilygainscontrolandbegshimtosaveherloganfatallystabsjeandestroyingthephoenixbutmournsforherdeathsometimelatermutantrightsarefinallyobtainedandxaviersschoolisstilloperatingwithstormasheadmistressthepresidentoftheunitedstatesappointsmccoyasambassadortotheunitednationsroguerevealstoicemancomicsbobbydrakethatshehastakenthecuremuchtohisdisappointmentmeanwhilelehnsherrsitsaloneatachessboardinasanfranciscoparkashegesturestowardametalchesspieceitwobblesslightlyindicatinghispowerstobereturningandthecuretobetemporaryinapostcreditsscenemoiramactaggertchecksonacomatosepatientwhogreetsherwithxaviersvoiceleavingherstartledcasthughjackmanaswolverinecharacterloganwolverineacanadianmutantbornwithhyperacuteanimallikesensesclawsonhishandsandanacceleratedhealingfactorthatmadeitpossibletoimplantacoatingoftheindestructiblemetalalloyadamantiumonhisskeletonjackmanwaspleasedtoseethatthescriptallowedwolverinetoexpandhischaracterchoicesasinsteadofquestioningwhetherhewouldremainalonerorjointhexmenlogannowisaskedifhewillplayaleadershiproleinthexmenhalleberryasstormmarvelcomicsororomunroestormamutantwhoisoneofxaviersearlierstudentsandtheleaderofthexmenincyclopsabsencestormisawomanwiththeabilitytomanipulatetheweatherberryhadstatedduringinterviewsforxthatshewouldnotreturnunlessthecharacterhadasignificantpresencecomparabletothecomicbookversionleadingtoalargerroleinthelaststandsscriptthecharacterwasgivenamoremodernhaircutandcostumedesignerjudiannamakovskyoptedtogivestormmoreblackclothesacolorsheonlyworeintheleathercostumeforpreviousfilmstomakehertougherandsexierrefnamecostumeclothingvscostumexmenthelaststanddvdthcenturyfoxhomeentertainmentrefianmckellenasmagnetocomicseriklehnsherrmagnetoleaderandfounderofthebrotherhoodmagnetoisamutantholocaustsurvivorwhowageswaragainsthumanityinthenameofmutantsuperiorityhehastheabilitytocontrolandmanipulatemetalmakinghimoneofthemostpowerfulmutantswellknownforhishomosexualitymckellenfoundaparallelofthecurewithmanyprejudicesitsabhorrenttomeasitwouldbeifapersonsaidineedcuringofmysexualityorifsomeonesaidthatblackpeoplecouldtakeapillthatwouldcurethemofbeingblackmckellensshootingschedulehadtoaccommodatehisworkinboththedavincicodefilmthedavincicodeandthelondontheatregoingasfarasfilmingtheactorinenglandtolatersuperimposeintothevancouverplatesfamkejanssenasjeangreyjeangreyphoenixamutantformermemberofthexmenaomegalevelmutantclassmutantwhopossessespotentiallylimitlesstelepathicandtelekinesistelekineticpowersthexmenlearnthatshehassurvivedthefloodingdamfromthepreviousfilmbutwhentherestoftheteamfindshergreyhasgivenincompletelytoheraggressivealternatepersonalityofherpowersthephoenixhermutantpowersrivalthoseofxavierthewritersdescribedthemultiplepersonalitieswasanoedipaldramaplayedoutwherethephoenixwassomeoneembodyingagreekgoddesswhilejeangreykeptthecharacterasahumangroundedinfreudiantermsavictimaschizophrenicdigitalmakeupalsomadejeansfacedarkerwithherskinshowingsomeveinsandhereyesturningblacksignifyingthephoenixpersonalityofherpowershaleyrammasyoungjeangreyannapaquinasroguecomicsmarieroguedancantowasnevermentionedinthefilmayoungmutantwomanwhosepowercauseshertotemporarilytakeonthepowersofanyoneshetouchesleavinghervictimsmutantorhumanunconsciousrogueslackofcontroloverherpowercausesagreatdealofstrainonherrelationshipwithicemanpaquindeclaredthatwhileroguedidnothavealargephysicalcomponentinthismovietheadultdecisionsthecharacterwasforcedtodomadeformoreintensityontheemotionalsidekelseygrammerasbeastcomicsdrhankmccoybeastamutantformerstudentofxaviersinstituteforgiftedmutantswhoisnowamemberofthecabinetoftheunitedstatesuscabinetasthesecretaryofmutantaffairsbeastisabrilliantscientistandstatesmanheiscoveredinbluefurandhasheightenedstrengthreflexesandagilityaswellaspointedfangsandalionlikeroargrammersmakeuptookthreehourstoapplyitinvolvedapplyinglatexprostheticsbeforepaintinghiseyeareaandlipsblueapplyingvarioushairpiecesandwigsandamusclesuitcoveredwithahandpunchedfursuitjamesmarsdenascyclopsmarvelcomicsscottsummerscyclopsamutantwhoisxmensfieldleadercyclopsemitspowerfulenergyblastsfromhiseyesandmustwearspeciallymadeglassestopreventthedestructionofanythinghelooksatalthoughheisinacommittedrelationshipwithjeangreyherphoenixpersonakillshimearlyinthefilmmarsdensawnoprobleminhavingasmallerroleasthefilmsoptedtofeaturewolverineasthestandpointcharacterandfeelingthatitsdifficultwhenyouhavehowevermanynewcharactersthatyouretryingtointroducetoanaudienceintominutestogiveeveryonetheirduerebeccaromijnasmystiquecomicsravendarkhlmemystiquemagnetosmutantblueskinnedrighthandwomanpossessestheabilitytoshapeshiftingshapeshifttomimicanyonesappearanceaswellasfightwithincredibleagilityreflexesandstrengthshejumpsinfrontofcuredartsintendedformagnetoandaftersheloseshermutantabilitiesasaresultmagnetoabandonsherromijndescribedthisstoryasatraumaticexperienceformystiquegiventhatthepreviousmoviesimpliedthatsheandmagnetohadadeepseatedbondandbecomingafrailmortalwouldbeherworstnightmareshawnashmoreasicemancomicsbobbydrakeicemanayoungmutanticemancancreateconstructsoficeorblastsofcoldashmorescommitmentstoxmenmadehimdeclinebryansingersinvitationtoplayjimmyolseninsupermanreturnstheactorwascontentwithhisbiggerroleafterbobbyjoinedthexmenmainteaminxasduringthepredecessorsproductionhewonderedwhendoigettofreezesomethingorgetintoafightaaronstanfordaspyromarvelcomicsjohnallerdycepyroamutantwhowasaformerstudentofxaviersschoolforgiftedmutantswithagrudgeagainsthisformerfriendbobbydrakepyrohastheabilitytomanipulatefiregeneratedthroughwristmountedlightersstanfordstatedthatwiththebrotherhoodpyroisallowedtofullyexplorehispowerforlackingmoralrestraintstheactorwascomfortablewithreturningtotheroleparticularlyforfollowingthehillshaveeyesfilmthehillshaveeyeswhichhadanexhaustingshootinthemoroccomoroccandesertwhilepyrowasnowhereasphysicallydemandingmycharactersprettymuchstandanddeliverstandthereandthrowfireatpeopletheresnoacrobaticsvinniejonesasjuggernautcomicscainmarkojuggernautamutantcriminalrecruitedbythebrotherhoodinaprisontruckjuggernautisincrediblystrongfastandoncehegainsmomentumheisnearlyunstoppablethefilmsversionofjuggernautisdepictedasamutantandhisrelationtocharlesxavierwasnevermentionedmatthewvaughncastjoneswhohemetproducingtheguyritchiegangstermovieswherejonesbegunhisactingcareertheactorhadtogothroughafourhourmakeupprocesstoportrayjuggernautwhichincludedamusclesuitandaprostethicchinpatrickstewartasprofessorxprofessorcharlesxavieramutantwithunchartedtelepathicpowersandfounderofxaviersinstituteforgiftedmutantsxavierisanauthorityongeneticmutationandanadvocateofpeacefulrelationsbetweenhumanandmutantkindstewartsignedtothefilmwithoutknowingxavierwoulddieandnotmeetingoriginaldirectormatthewvaughnbothwouldmeetinmanchesterwherestewartwasfilmingeleventhhourbuteventuallybrettratnercalledtointroducehimselfasthenewdirectorellenpageaskittyprydeamutantwiththeabilitytophasethroughmatterandwalkthroughsolidobjectsherclearaffectionforicemanfurtheraddstothetensionalreadypresentbetweenicemanandroguemaggiegracewasconsideredfortherolebeforeratnerinvitedpagewhoimpressedthedirectorwithherperformanceinhardcandyfilmhardcandytheactressinitiallydeclinednotwantingtoyetjumptohollywoodfilmmakingbutacceptedafterreadingthescriptpagesaidpartofhermotivationwashavinganewexperienceithoughtwellwhenelseamigoingtohaveachancetowearaleathersuitandrunthroughexplodingthingswhynotbeasuperheroforachangebenfosteraswarrenworthingtoniiiwarrenworthingtoniiiangelthemutantsonofanindustrialistwhohasfeatheredwingswhichallowhimtoflythestaticwingsweremodelswithawingspanandheightgluedtofostersbackreplacedwithcomputergeneratedoneswhenmovementwasrequiredcaydenboydasyoungwarrenworthingtoniiidaniaramirezascallistocomicscallistotheleaderoftheomegascallistoisamutantwithenhancedsuperhumanlyacutesenseswhosensesmutantsandtheirpowersandpossessessuperhumanspeedandreflexesthecharactercombinedthepowersofthecomicscallistowithanotherofthemorlockscomicsmorlockscalibancomicscalibanandwaswrittenassomeonewhocouldbebeautifulbutwithatoughpersonaramirezhadoriginallyauditionedtoplaythemutantprostitutestacyxandimpressedbrettratnersomuchthedirectordecidedtobringhertoplaycallistomichaelmurphyactormichaelmurphyaswarrenworthingtoniitheheadofworthingtonlabsthecorporationdevelopingthecureworthingtonexpectstoridhissonofhismutantabilitiestheadditionofthecharacterallowedtointegrateangelintothecureplotwhichalsoaddedaparallelbetweenwarrensdiscoveryofhissonsmutationwithafatherfindingoutabouthissonshomosexualityshohrehaghdashlooaskavitaraodrkavitaraoascientistwhoworksatworthingtonlabsonthemutantcuresheiskilledbykidomegaaghdashloosignedwithoutacompletedscriptanderroneouslysaidhercharacterwouldbemutantdoctorceciliareyesjosefsommerasthepresidentthepresidentoftheunitedstatesistolerantofmutantsbutfearfulofthebrotherhoodsthreatswhilecreatingtheroletheproducersfeltthatadifferentpresidentlikeanafricanamericanorawomanhadbecomeaclichinitselfandwentforatraditionalroutewithaneldercaucasianmansommerwasinvitedbyratnerfollowingtheircollaborationinthefamilymanbilldukeassecretarytrasktheheadofthedepartmentofhomelandsecuritysecretarytraskaidsthepresidentoftheunitedstatesduringthewaragainstthemutantshisfirstnamewasnevermentionedinthefilmandisportrayedasafricanamericancharacterisconfirmedtobebasedonbolivartraskinthecitationbelowinthecomicsbolivartraskistheheadoftraskindustriesandcreatorofthemutanthuntingsentinelcomicssentinelsthecomicsversionofbolivartraskislaterplayedbypeterdinklageinxmendaysoffuturepastdanielcudmoreascolossuscomicspeterrasputincolossusamutantwiththeabilitytotransformhisbodyintoanorganicsteelwhilealsograntinghimsuperhumanstrengthandaresistancetophysicaldamagewhileinthatformcudmoreworeafoamlatexmusclesuitcoveredwithachromeplatedplasticplusahardplasticheadtohavethemetalskinonthesetwithsomedigitalaugmentationbeingusedtoenhancethefacialexpressionsadigitaldoublewasusedonlyforstuntsthatcouldnotbeachievedpracticallysuchasthefastballspecialwherecolossusthrowswolverineericdaneasjamiemadroxjamiemadroxmultiplemanamutantandthiefrecruitedbythebrotherhoodinaprisontruckmadroxhastheabilitytocreateaverylargenumberofcopiesofhimselfthewritersconsidereddanesperformancememorabledespitebeingfeaturedinonlytwoscenesmadroxswardrobeinvokedthesymbolsworninhiscomicscostumerefnameproducercommentaryrefotheractorswhoportrayedmutantsweremeilingmelanonaspsylockeamutantwiththeabilitytoteleportherselfthroughareasofshadowomahyramotaasarclightcomicsarclightamutantwhohastheabilitytogenerateshockwavesofconcussiveforcekenleungasquentinquirekidomegaamutantwiththeabilitytoejectspikesfromhisbodymostnotablyhisfacethoughthecharacterresemblesthecomicbookscharacterquillcomicsquillhowevertheofficialcastcreditsreadkidomegaandcameronbrightasleechcomicsjimmyleechamutantwhohastheabilitytoneutralizethepowersofnearbymutantsvariouscharacterswereincludedatthesuggestionofeditormarkhelfrichfilmeditormarkhelfrichwhobroughtmarvelsxmenencyclopediatodirectorbrettratnersearchingformutantswhocouldmakeappearancemarkhelfrichportraysanunnamedmutantwithashgrayskintheseincludephatcomicsphatamutantthatisaverylargemanwhocanslimdowntofitinasmallerspaceplayedbytwoactorsviasaleaumualargemodeandrichardyeesmallmodespikemarvelcomicsspikeplayedbylancegibsonamutantwhobattleswolverineintheforestbyextrudingbonyspikesfromhisfleshthecharacterwasaddedbecausetheeditingteamfeltthattheoriginalcutofthesceneportrayedloganasacoldbloodedkillerwhichcouldbechangedifanothermutantattackedwolverinebeforehestruckthebrotherhoodandglobhermanplayedbyclaytondeanwatmoughamutantwithtransparentskinvariousothermutantsmakecameoappearancecameosatthexmansionshaunakainandkeawongreprisedtheircameorolesassirynandjubileecomicsjubileerespectivelyandthreeidenticalgirlsinthebackgroundinonesceneareareferencetothestepfordcuckoosoliviawilliamsportraysmoiramactaggertxmencocreatorstanleeandwriterchrisclaremonthavecameosinthefilmsopeningsceneastheneighborsofyoungjeangreyrefnameratnercommentaryrefrefnameugomrefthesergeantdirectingdefensivepreparationsbeforethebrotherhoodassaultsalcatrazislandisplayedbyrleeermeylloydadamsportraysthegreenskinnedmutantthatclimbstheguardtoweronalcatrazmanyfansbelievedthiswastoadhoweverthecreditslisthimaslizardmanandbrettratnerconfirmeditwasanolecomicsanoleavalanchecomicsavalancheandvanisheralsoappearhoweveritisnotknownwhoportrayedthemproductionmultipleimagefootermatthewvaughnleftwhowouldlaterdirectxmenfirstclasswasfoxsfirstchoicetoreplacebryansingeronceheleftbrettratnerrighttookoverdirectingthelaststandalignrightimagematthewvaughnjpgaltmatthewvaughnontheredcarpetwidthimagebrettratnershankbonejpgaltbrettratnerataconventionwidthdevelopmentbryansingerthedirectorofthefirsttwoxmenfilmslefttheprojectinjulyinfavorofdevelopingsupermanreturnssingerstatedthathedidntfullyhavexmeninmymindincontrasttoafullyformedideaforasupermanfilmandinterestinjoiningthatfranchiserefnamefixrefbythetimeofhisdeparturesingerhadonlyproducedapartialfilmtreatmentstorytreatmentwithxfilmxscreenwritersdanharrisscreenwriterdanharrisandmichaeldoughertywhoaccompaniedhimtosupermanreturnsthetreatmentfocusedonjeangreysresurrectionwhichwouldalsointroducethevillainnessemmafrostaroleintendedforsigourneyweaverfrostwasanempathyempathmanipulatingjeansemotionsinthetreatmentandlikethefinishedfilmmagnetodesirestocontrolheroverwhelmedbyherpowersjeankillsherselfbutjeansspiritsurvivesandbecomesagodlikecreaturewhichdoughertycomparedtothestarchildinaspaceodysseyfilmaspaceodysseynewcontractsforreturningcastmembersweremadeastheactorsandactresseshadsignedforonlytwofilmshughjackmanscontractincludedtheapprovalofdirectorvaughnwasalsocautiousofthetightdeadlinesimposedbyfoxstatingthathedidnthavethetimetomakethemoviethatiwantedtomakerefnamestarrefjohnmooredirectorjohnmoorewasalsoconsideredtodirectthefilmatonepointbrettratnerwhowaspreviouslyconsideredtodirectxmenfilmxmeninreplacedvaughnduringpreproductionwritingsimonkinbergwhohadworkedinothertwomarveladaptationsforfoxfantasticfourfilmfantasticfourandelektrafilmelektrawashiredaswriterforxmeninaugustxcowriterzakpennwasseparatelyworkingonhisowndraftandthetwojoinedforcesforacombinedscreenplayinjanuarykinbergwantedthedarkphoenixsagatobetheemotionalplotofthefilmwhilegiftedcomicsgiftedwouldserveasthepoliticalfocusthewritershadtofightfoxsexecutivestoretainthephoenixplotasthestudioonlywantedthecurestoryasitprovidedareasonformagnetosconflictwiththexmenstillthedisputesmadethemnotaddmuchforjeangreytodoinmostofthefilmssecondhalfastheexecutivesconsideredthetoneofthephoenixstorytoodarkforamainstreamsummermovieandthatitsappealwouldbelimitedtohardcorefansratherthanageneralaudiencepenndefendedthedivergencesfromtheoriginaldarkphoenixstoriesstatingthatthephoenixwasnotaphoenixmythologyfirebirdshapedcosmicforcebecauseitdoesntfitintotheworldandthatcyclopsdidnothaveasmuchscreentimeaswolverinebecausethelatterwasmorepopularandwithcyclopsyoucantseehiseyesitsahardercharactertorelatetofortheaudiencekillingcyclopswasfoxsdecisionbasedontheavailabilityofactorjamesmarsdenwhowascastinsingerssupermanreturnsthestudioconsideredkillinghimoffscreenwithadialoguereferencebutkinbergandpenninsistedthatjeankillhimemphasizingtheirrelationshipxaviersdeathwasintendedtomatchtheimpactofspocksdemiseinstartrekiithewrathofkhanasfoxfeltthescriptcalledforadramaticturningpointkinbergandpennwereoriginallycautiousbutgrewtoliketheideaofkillingoffxaviertheydecidedtowriteapostcreditsscenesuggestingthecharactersreturnforasequelrefnamegothrefasthestudiowassimultaneouslydevelopingxmenoriginswolverinelimitationsweresetonwhichmutantscouldbeusedforcameoappearancesinxmeninanattempttoavoidriskingcharacterdevelopmentforwolverinegambitcomicsgambitwasconsideredforboththeconvoyscenebeingfreedbymagnetoandthebattleofalcatrazalongwiththexmenbutthewritersdidnotwanttointroduceafanfavoritecharacterandnotbeabletodohimjusticekinbergreasonedtherejustwasntenoughspaceandconsideredgambitwouldonlyworkwithasmuchscreentimeasbeastalancumminghadbeenuncomfortablewiththelonghourshehadtotakewiththeprostheticmakeupasnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerinxbutstillplannedtoreturnforthesequelthepartofnightcrawlerwassominimalhoweverthatthestudiofeltitwasnotworthwhiletogothroughthelongandcostlymakeupprocessandthecharacterwascuttheintrodutoryscenestriedtoemulatetheauschwitzopenerforthefirstfilmgoingwithdifferentscenesthatresonatedlaterintheplotinsteadofanactionscenelikeinmostblockbusterentertainmentblockbustersafterwardscameasceneinthedangerroomwhichwasconsideredforthepreviousxmenfilmsbutneverincludedforbudgetandwritingconcernsthewriterstriedtomakethesimulationnotfeelextraneousbyshowcasingsomeofthecharacterconflictsandabilitiesinadaysoffuturepastinspiredbattlewithasentinelanotherrepurposedscenewasmagnetoattackingtheconvoytofreemystiquemadroxandjuggernautwhichpennhadpreviouslyenvisionedforxratnercollaboratedwithpennandkinberginrearrangingtheplotstructureofthefilmoriginallythegoldengatebridgesequencewasinthemiddleofthefilmwherethemovedbridgewasusedbymagnetotofreemutantsbeingheldprisonersonalcatrazandtheclimaxwassetinwashingtondcrefnamesanfranciscochroniclerefrefnameseymourreffilmingxmenthelaststandbeganprincipalphotographyshootinginaugustandwrappedinjanuarymuchofthefilmwasshotatvancouverfilmstudiosthesamelocationofxlocationsincludedthehatleyparknationalhistoricsiteandroyalroadsuniversitywhichdoubledforthexmansionanoldlumbermillnexttothefraserriverdoubledasalcatrazislandrefnameleechrefthetightschedulemaderatnerbeginpostproductionthedayistartedshootingsendingthesceneshehadjustfilmedtohiseditorstheeditingteamwasledbymarkhelfrichwhohadeditedallofratnersfilmsassistedbymarkgoldblattintheactionscenesandjuliawongfilmeditorjuliawongwitheffectsheavyfootagerefnamepostrefaccordingtoassociateproducerdavegordonthisisthebiggestproductioneverfilmedincanadaitusedtobexnowitsxthemillionbudgetalsomadethelaststandthelistofmostexpensivefilmsmostexpensivefilmtobemadeatthetimethefilmsrecordwouldbefirstbrokenbypiratesofthecaribbeandeadmanschestsmillionbudgettheoriginalcinematographerwasphilipperousselotwhoeventuallyoptedtodepartproductiondantespinottiafrequentcollaboratorofratnerreplacedhimwithassistanceofjmichaelmurobothoftheendingsceneswerenotincludedontheshootingscriptwithratnertakingasmallcrewduringonedayslunchtimetofilmthepostcreditsscenewithxavierandlatergoingtolondontofilmmagnetointheparkinkinbergsaidofthewobblingchesspieceattheendofthefilmthereisascenebeforethecreditswheremagnetosplayingchessandyouseethathecanjustmakethechesspiecemovesotheresahintthathesstartingtoregainhispowerstheleapfromtherewasthatcurefromthelaststanddidntworkexactlythewaytheythoughtitwouldandsowejustleapedforwardhowevermanyyearsandhesgothispowersbackvisualeffectstomakesurethevisualeffectsweremadeinjustoneyearandwithoutexceedingthebudgetspecialeffectssupervisorjohnbrunoshippedtheeffectsshotstoelevencompaniesinfourcountriesunitedstatesnewzealandunitedkingdomandcanadaanddidextensiveprevisualizationtheirworkbeguninaprilbeforethedirectorbrettratnerhadevenbeenannouncedandbrunomadesuretoemphasizepracticaleffectsshootasmanypracticalelementsaspossibleandonlyusecomputergeneratedimagerycgwhenwehadtoforinstancecomplexwireworkrigswereemployedwhichenabledtheactorstodosomestuntswithoutresortingtodigitaldoublesandoneforhalleberrysflyingspinsbrunoestimatesonesixthoftheeffectsbudgetwasspentonthegoldengatebridgescenewhichemployedbothaminiatureofthebridgeandcomputergraphicsframestorehadfurtherchallengesinmatchingthevariedweatherconditionsacrossthefilmsplatesascompositingsupervisormatttwyforddetailedtheelementsconsistedofcoldrainynightliveactionfootagefromvancouversunnydayminiatureelementstraditionalmistydaybackgroundplatesofsanfranciscoandofcoursethecgbridgeandfxelementsanotherminiaturewasforthegreyhomewhichhadadestructableequivalentmatchedthecanadianlocationandalsohadadigitalequivalentanotableeffectwasthedigitalskingraftingwhichrejuvenatedthefacesofsenioractorspatrickstewartandianmckellenmadebythebrothersstrauseslolavisualeffectsbrunomadesuretoasktheatomizationmadebyphoenixwasnottoovividandgruesomeinsteadresemblingoatmealmusicratnerafanofjohnpowellcomposerjohnpowellsworkinthebourneidentityfilmthebourneidentityinvitedpowelltowritethemusicforthelaststandpowellwasunsureifthebourneworkwasthekindofscorethatwouldfitthefilmandfoxgotreluctantonthecomposersavailabilitygivenhewasalreadyscoringiceagethemeltdownatthetimeofratnerscontactbutpowellfinishedtheiceagescoreearlytoacceptthexmenjobevenifitmeantatighterschedulepowellincludedreferencestothescorefromtheprevioustwofilmsasitallhadtobeinthesamefamilyandthesamelanguagethephoenixthemeusedlyricsfrombenjaminbrittensrequiemrequiemmassforthechoirpartsasoundtrackalbumwasreleasedonmaymarketingthemarketingforthelaststandwasdarkerandmoreambiguouscomparedtothetwopredecessorsfoxpresidenttomrothmandeclaredthatthedecisionwasmadesothefilmwouldbedifferentfromalloftheothermoviesinthesummerwithacampaignthatwantedpeopletostopandnothaveitbesoimmediatelyapparentthatweresellingamoviewereinterestedinsellinganemotionandanideathefilmsofficialwebsitewaslaunchedinoctobertheteasertrailerreleasewithkingkongfilmkingkongthefollowingdecemberwasdoneinconjunctionwiththestudioreleasingthefilmsfirstofficialscreenshotsofthefilmtousatodaydiamondcomicdistributorsdiamondselecttoyscreatedatoylinescanningtheactorsfromthefilmwithlikenessesforthefirsttimeinthetrilogyadditionalproducttieinscamewithharleydavidsonandelevenasevenminutesneakpeekairedonfoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxbroadcastingtwoweeksbeforethefilmstheatricalreleasedelreybookspublishedanovelizationofthefilmwrittenbycomicbookwriterchrisclaremontwhilenewmarketpresspublishedtheartofxmenthelaststandfromconcepttofeaturefilmclaremontalsoworkedonactivisionstieinvideogamexmentheofficialgamedoingthescriptalongwithscreenwriterzakpennthegamesstorybridgestheeventsbetweenxandthelaststandfeaturingwolverineicemanandnightcrawlerasplayablecharactersvoicedbytheirfilmportrayershughjackmanshawnashmoreandalancummingpatrickstewartalsoappearsasprofessorxthegamewasreleasedtonegativereviewsandeventuallyunderperformedcommerciallyreleaseforanadvancescreeningalthughjackmanhalleberryandkelseygrammerholdaflagwiththexmenthelaststandlogoandtheinscriptionwesaluteourtroopsinashipsdeckxmenthelaststandpremieredatanoutofcompetitioneventofthecannesfilmfestivalonmaywhilealsoopeningininternationalmarketsthatsameweekendcriticalresponseonrottentomatoesthefilmhasanapprovalratingofbasedonreviewswithanaverageratingofthesitescriticalconsensusreadsxmenthelaststandprovidesplentyofmutantactionforfansofthefranchiseevenifitdoessoattheexpenseofitspredecessorsdeepermomentsatmetacriticthefilmhasascoreofoutofbasedoncriticsindicatingmixedoraveragereviewsaudiencespolledbycinemascoregavethefilmanaveragegradeofaonanatofscalerefnamecinemascorerefatthemoviesustvseriesebertandroepergavethefilmatwothumbsupratingwithrogerebertsayingilikedtheactionilikedtheabsurdityilikedtheincongruoususeandmisuseofmutantpowersandiespeciallylikedthewayitintroducesallofthosepoliticalissuesandletsthemfightitoutwiththespecialeffectsstephaniezacharekofsaloncomgaveitamixedreviewnotingthatitwasonlyhalfamessandthatratnercouldhavestuckabitmorecloselytothedarkphoenixnarrativethanhedidhoweverzacharekdidnotethatthatthirdactcapturedsomeoftheoriginalstorysmajestyfamkejanssensperformancewaspraisedbycriticsandaudiencesalsoimpressedwithjanssensperformancewastotalfilmwhosaidplayingthesuperfreakymindcontrolgoddesslikegoldeneyesxeniaonatoppsallpowerfulpsychosisterherscenesnbspparticularlythatonewiththehousenbspcracklewithenergyandtragedyifonlytherestofxhadfollowedsuitjustinchangofvarietymagazinevarietysaidthefilmwasawhambamsequelnoticeablylackinginthepopgravitasmoodyatmosphericsandemotionalweightthatmadethefirsttwomarvelcomicbookadaptationssorousinglysuccessfulfrankloveceoffilmjournalinternationalsaidarisktakingscriptwithgenuineconsequenceselevatesthisabovethelacklusterdirectionofbrettratnerwhosecompetentmechanicsmovethestoryefficientlybutwithverylittlesoullisaschwarzbaumofentertainmentweeklycalleditadiminishedsequelabruteforceenterpriseandsaiditwasanexampleofwhathappenswhenmoviesareconfusedwithsandwichshopsasfranchiseopportunitiestheminneapolisstartribunecharacterizedratnersapproachasforgetsubtletyletsblowthingsupdavidedelsteinofnewyorkmagazinenewyorkmagazinecalleditjustanotherbigbudgetbmovieitsafastandenjoyablebmoviethoughforeshadowingxmenfirstclasspetertraversofrollingstonesaidlaststandmyassbilledastheclimaxofatrilogythethirdandweakestchapterinthexmenseriesisablatantattempttoprovethereisstilllifeinthefranchiseandthereisjustenoughtopullastartrekandspawnanextgenerationsagaxmenthelaststandhasbeencriticizedbyfansforkillingoffmajorcharacterssuchasprofessorcharlesxaviercyclopsandjeangreythefilmxmendaysoffuturepasthassubsequentlybeenviewedbysomecriticsasarevisionofthosecontroversialplotelementsinxmenthelaststandwriterkinbergwouldlaterstatethattherearealotofthingsaboutxthatiloveandtherearealotofthingsthatiregretdetailingthathewouldhavepreferredthedarkphoenixasthemainplotlineandiwouldhavefoughtharderforthatconsideringthatattheperiodthedarknessofherstorywasalittlebitdauntingonahugemillionstudiomovieleadingfoxtoaskforrewriteswhilepromotinghisowninstallmentofthefranchisesxmenfirstclassvaughnwouldsayregardingthelaststandthatistoryboardedthewholebloodyfilmdidthescriptmyxwouldhavebeenminuteslongertheydidntlettheemotionsandthedramaplayinthatfilmitbecamewalltowallnoiseanddramaiwouldhaveletitbreatheandgivenfarmoredramaticelementstoitboxofficethefilmbrokethememorialdayweekendrecordwithinitsfourdayopeningweekendthefilmsreleasewasalsoanewsingledayrecordforfridayopeningstheopeningweekendgrosswassurpassedsixweekslaterbypiratesofthecaribbeandeadmanschestmakingthelaststandnowikinowikisopeningthesecondhighestofinternationallythelaststandtoppedtheboxofficeincountrieswithatotalgrossofmillionoverallbutsufferedcompetitionfromthedavincicodefilmthedavincicodewhichretainedthetopspotinmostmarketsandbeatthelaststandininternationalgrossthatweekendwithmillionrefnamebowrefthefilmssecondweekenddroppedpercenttomillionwhichwasthesteepestpostmemorialdayopeningdroponrecordxmenthelaststandeventuallygrossedinthedomesticboxofficeandinternationallyforaworldwidetotalofrefnameboxrefthefourthhighestindomesticgrossesrefnameyearrefandseventhhighestworldwideforxmenthelaststandwasalsothehighestgrossingfilminthefranchiseuntilitwassurpassedbyxmendaysoffuturepasteightyearslateraccoladesclasswikitableawardcategorysubjectresultrowspanthempireawardsempireawardsbestscififantasysceneoftheyearthephoenixandprofessorxshowdowncostumedesignersguildawardsexcellenceincostumedesignforfilmfantasyjudiannamakovskythethannualirishfilmtelevisionawardsirishfilmtelevisionawardbestinternationalactorianmckellenrowspanrdpeopleschoiceawardspeopleschoiceawardfavoritemoviedramafavoritemoviefavoritefemaleactionstarhalleberrysatelliteawardrefnamestrefsatelliteawardforbesteditingbesteditingmarkhelfrichfilmeditormarkhelfrichmarkgoldblattjuliawongfilmeditorjuliawongrowspansaturnawardsaturnawardforbestsupportingactressbestsupportingactressfamkejanssenbestsciencefictionfilmbestsupportingactorkelseygrammerbestmusicjohnpowellcomposerjohnpowellbestcostumejudiannamakovskybestspecialeffectsjohnbrunoericsaindoncraiglynrowspanteenchoiceawardsteenchoiceawardrefnameteensrefteenchoiceawardforchoicemovieactionchoicemovieactionchoicemovieactoractionhughjackmanchoicemovieactressactionhalleberryteenchoiceawardforchoicemovievillainchoicemovievillainianmckellenchoicemovieliplockhughjackmanandfamkejanssenchoicemovierumblethexmenvsmagnetosbrotherhoodyoungartistawardyoungartistawardsbestsupportingyoungactorinafeaturefilmcameronbrighthomemediaxmenthelaststandwasreleasedonoctoberondvditwasavailableinthreeeditionssingledisctwodiscandatrilogyboxsetwiththeprevioustwofilmsextrasincludedthreealternativeendingseachwithoptionalcommentarybydirectorratnerdeletedscenesaudiocommentaryaudiocommentariesfromratnerthewritersandtheproducersandtwohiddeneastereggmediaeastereggsthetwodisceditioncamewithapagecommemorativecomicbookwithanewstorywrittenbyxmencocreatorstanleehisfirstoriginalmarvelcomicbookinfiveyearsrefnamemarveldvdrefthedvdsoldmillionunitsinitsfirstdayexceedingfoxsexpectationsandsoldatotalmillioninitsfirstweekabluraydiscblurayeditionwasissuedinnovembersequelsandprequelsinfebruaryratnersaidthatthelaststandcouldbethefinalxmenfilmwewantedtomakesuretheaudiencesknewthatthiswasatrilogyeventhoughtheywerentmadetogetherlikethelordoftheringsfilmserieslordoftheringsthisisreallyclosureforthexmenseriesthisisthelaststandforsurehoweverthenexttwoxmenfilmsxmenoriginswolverineandxmenfirstclasswereinsteadprequelsthattookplacebeforetheeventsofthefirstxmenmoviethefirstinstallmentsetchronologicallyafterthelaststandwasthewolverinefilmthewolverinereleasedinastandalonesequelthewolverineshowsloganheadingforjapantoescapethememoriesofwhatoccurredduringthelaststandhughjackmanandfamkejanssenreprisedtheirroleswhileianmckellenandpatrickstewartappearinapostcreditsscenemidcreditsscenexmendaysoffuturepastthesequeltofirstclasswasreleasedonmaywithjackmanberrystewartmckellenpaquinpageashmorecudmoregrammerjanssenandmarsdenreturningintheirrespectiverolestheplotinspiredbythearcdaysoffuturepastbeginsinadystopianfutureyearsafterthelaststandandwolverinesconsciousnessissentbackintohisselfsohecouldguidethepastxavierandmagnetointopreventingthecatastrophetheeventsofthefilmendupretroactivelychangingthecontinuityoftheserieserasingkeyeventsinfilmssetafterfirstclassincludingthelaststandresultinginanalteredtimelinewherejeanandcyclopsarestillaliveseealsodeaginginfilmreferencesexternallinksnavboxeslistsplitfilmbookarticleintentionalnbsppleasedonotremovethiscommentwpfilmcatyearcategoriesprimarygroupingcategoriesgenrecategoriessettingcategoriesfilminglocationcategoriesadditionalcategoriesthmillenniumxtraincanrefertotransportationoneofseveralunusednewyorkcitysubwayservicelabelstheoperationalnameoflasvegasrailwayexpressacompanyplanningtooperatepassengerrailservicefromsoutherncaliforniatolasvegastrainxalightweightallaluminumtrainproducedbythepullmancompanyxplorerunitedstatesanewyorkcentralrailroadpassengertraininohiointroducedinnewsouthwalesxplorerapassengertraininaustraliaintroducedinotherusescrosstrainingalsoknownasxtrainingwhichhasseveralusesinthecontextofphysicalandsporttrainingalsocrosstrainxtraintakethextrainaanimedirectedbyrintaroxmlrpcxprizecupinfoboxfootballclubclubnameaoxanthiimagexanthifootballclubpngimagesizepxfullnameaoxanthifootballclubnicknameakrtesfrontiersmenshortnameaoxfoundedhistoryaoxanthibrbrskodaxanthibrbraoxanthibrpresentgroundxanthifcarenaownerchristospanopouloscapacitychairmanaristeidespialogloumanagermilanrastavacleaguesuperleaguegreeceseasonsuperleaguegreececurrentxanthifcseasonpositionsuperleaguegreecethpatternlaxanthihpatternbxanthihpatternraxanthihpatternshpatternsoleftarmefbodyefrightarmefshortsffsocksffpatternlaxanthiapatternbxanthiapatternraxanthiapatternshpatternsoleftarmffffffbodyffffffrightarmffffffshortsffffffsocksffffffpatternlaxanthitpatternbxanthitpatternraxanthitpatternshpatternsoleftarmbodybdffrightarmshortssockswebsitexanthifcgraoxanthifootballclubisagreekassociationfootballfootballclubbasedinthecityofxanthitheclubcurrentlycompetesinthesuperleaguegreecehistorytheclubwasformedinfromthemergeroftwolocalclubsapsaspidaxanthiwasfoundedinandorfeaswasfoundedinthenameoftheteamwasxanthiathleticclubofficiallyuptoinviamarsatheofficialimporterofkodaautoskodavehiclesingreeceboughttheclubfromitspreviousownerandrenamedittoskodaxanthiathleticclubinthecooperationwasendedandtheclubsnamereturnedtoitsoriginaltheclubiswellsetupintermsoftheirfinancialsupportandyouthsetupxanthiparticipatedintheuefaeuropaleagueuefacuporeuropaleagueinuefacupuefacupuefacupanduefaeuropaleagueseasonsintheingreekfootballseasonxanthifinishedfourthintheaethinkifirstdivisiontodaysuperleaguegreecesuperleaguetheclubsbestperformanceinmanyyearsxanthisfirstappearanceinthefirstdivisionwasinstadiumxanthilefttheiroldstadiumthexanthigroundcapacitylocatednearthecentreofthecityforthexanthifcarenaintheirnewstadiumsitednbspkmoutsidethecitynearpigadiaxanthipigadiavillagehasacapacityofhoweverhasonlystandswhenthefinalstandisfinallybuiltthenewcapacitywillbearoundseatstheirappearanceintheuefacupsawthemdrawninthequalifyingroundsagainstenglishclubmiddlesbroughfcmiddlesbroughwhowentontoreachtheuefaeuropaleagueuefacupfinalagainstsevillafcsevillaxanthidrewbravelyinthesecondlegwithemersonmoisscostaemersonmakingareturntotheriversidestadiumhonoursgreekfootballcuprunnersupgreekfootballcupleaguehistoryvaligntopbetaethnikidivisiongammaethnikidivisionbetaethnikidivisionpresentalphaethnikidivisionsuperleaguegreecesuperleaguesourceseuropeanmatchesclasswikitableseasoncompetitionroundopponenthomeawayaggregateuefacupuefaeuropaleagueuefacupuefacupfirstroundfirstroundsslaziolaziostyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteruefacupuefaeuropaleagueuefacupuefacupfirstroundfirstroundmiddlesbroughfcmiddlesbroughstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteruefacupuefaeuropaleagueuefacupuefacupfirstroundfirstroundfcdinamobucuretidinamobucuretistyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterrowspanuefaeuropaleaguerowspanuefaeuropaleagueuefaeuropaleaguesecondqualifyingroundsecondqualifyingroundlinfield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sstatisticsaredividedbetweenhpepwhichisdrainedbyusingetherabilitiesattackpointsapwhenapartymemberperformsanattackandaboostcountgaugewhichisfilledwhenanenemyattackswhenacharacterhasthreeapavailabletheycanattacktwiceandtriggeraspecialcinematicattackwhichdealshighdamagetheboostmeteroncefilledgrantseithersideadditionalturnsinadditiontoindependentmovementsthepartycancreateformationswithspecificformationstriggeringdifferentstatusbuffssuchasregeneratinghporapnewformationsareacquiredthroughthecourseofthegameandarespecifictocharactersfollowingeachbattlecharactersgainbothexperiencepointsandabilitypointstheformerraisestheirexperiencelevelandgeneralstatisticswhilethelatterareusedascurrencytounlockmoreorupgradeexistingabilitieseachcharactersequipmentcanbeenhancedthroughthecombinedeffectsofassigningtypesofequipmentanditemsoraccessoriestoaparticularcharacterstrengtheningtheirabilitiesinadditiontostandardbattlescharactershaveaccesstomechswiththeirownmovesetsandabilitieswithbasicmechanicssharedwithnormalbattlesdevelopmentandreleaseearlydevelopmentworkforxenosagaiiibeganfollowingthecompletionofxenosagatheanimationinalthoughplansexistedwhiletheanimewasindevelopmentxenosagaiiiwascodevelopedbyxenosagaseriesdevelopermonolithsoftandexternalstudiotomcreateitwasmonolithsoftsfirsttimedevelopingaportablegameastheyhadpreviouslyonlyworkedonhomeconsoletitlesthescriptwaswrittenbyyuichirotakedawhosepreviousworkincludedbothxenosagatheanimationandxenosagaradiodramacddramasthescriptwasbasedondraftsbyseriescreatortetsuyatakahashiwhosupervisedthewritingprocessstaffrelatedtomultiplevideogameandanimeprojectstookpartwiththeirpreviousworkincludingxenosagatheanimationcharacterdesignswereredrawnbyhiroshitakeuchiwhohaddoneartworkforcowboybebopandmyhimethedrawingdirectorwasaikikuchiwhohadworkedontheanimeadaptationofthestaroceanthesecondstorymangastaroceanthesecondstorymangacutscenedirectorhiroyukiokawahadworkedonbothxenosagatheanimationandmobilesuitgundamseedcoloringforcutsceneartworkwasdonebystudiodeenthemusicwascomposedbykousukeyamashitawhohadpreviouslyworkedonbothxenosagatheanimationandthenobunagasambitionseriesvoiceactingwaslimitedtovictoryquotesaftersuccessfulbattleswiththerestofthestorycommunicatedsolelywithtexttakedawasfirstshowntheprojectwhilestillworkingonxenosagatheanimationaworkloadheestimatedatsixmonthsonceworkontheanimehadfinishedtakedaandtakahashibeganworkonthescripttakahashicreatedthedraftbasedonhisoriginalplansforthexenosagastorylinewhichhadneededsubstantialalterationfortheoriginalepisodeiandepisodeiiduetobothdesignandtimelimitationsthescenarioforepisodeirequiredlittlealterationasitwasrelativelyunalteredfromtakahashisinitialdraftforepisodeiimoresubstantialalterationsweremadesuchasrearrangingflashbacksequencessothestorywouldmaintainanuninterruptedflowandgreatlyexpandinginformationconcerningtheimmigrantfleetfactionandtheoriginsofcentralcharacterjrduringthebetaperiodofscriptdevelopmentthescenarioforepisodeiionlymadeupofthewholegamewhichwasseenasadrasticimbalancerequiringrewritestoaddressittobetterconnectthetwostorylinescharactersfromepisodeiiweregivenminorcameoswithintheeventsofepisodeiamajorchangewastheshifttotheviewpointofmainprotagonistshionuzukiasepisodeiioriginallyportrayedeventsfromtheperspectiveofjraconcessionthatenabledeventstobefleshedoutdespitethesechangeskeepingthenarrativeconsistentwiththeindevelopmentxenosagaepisodeiiiwasanecessityultimatelythescenariocameclosetowhattakahashioriginallyintendedforepisodeiandepisodeiithetotalwritingworkonxenosagaiiilastedoversixmonthswithtakedaneedingtovisitmonolithsoftsofficesonceaweektodiscussthescriptrefnamexenointerviewrefthegamewasfirstannouncedindecemberundertheworkingtitlexenosagadsalongsideadsgameinthebatenkaitosseriesrefnamexenosagadsannouncedrefthegamesofficialtitleandreleasewindowwereannouncedinseptemberalongsiderevealofxenosagaepisodeiiiandbatenkaitosoriginsthegamereleasedonmarchitwasthefourthvideogamereleaseinthexenosagafranchisealongwiththemobilespinoffxenosagapiedpiperxenosagaiiiremainsexclusivetojapanreceptionvideogamereviewsfamrefnamefamreviewrefrevrpgamerrevscorerefnamerpgreviewrefrevrpgfanrevscorerefnamerpgfreviewrefduringitsdebutweekonsaleinjapanthegamedebutedoutsidethetoptenreachingfifteenthplacewithsalesofoverunitstheselowsaleswerenotedasdisappointingforagamewithinthexenosagaserieswhichwasstillpopularinjapanbytheendofthegamehadsoldunitsrefnamexenodssalestotalrefwhilejapanesemagazinefamitsupraisedthegamesstorylinewithonereviewersayingthestorywasthemainreasonforplayingthegamewhileanotherreviewerfoundthetechnicalterminologyslowedthepacerpgfanwriternealchandranfeltthatthestorywaslackingdespitetheadditionsandsupplementarymaterialalthoughhefoundthatthestorydeliverystruckabetterbalancewithgameplaythantheoriginalgamesrpgamersmichaelbakerpositivelycomparedthestorytoaparticularlywellorganizedseasonofstartrekthenextgenerationinspiteoftheneedtoreadtheingameencyclopediatokeepupwithitsterminologybutnotedthattheamountoftextcouldbeoffputtingalsocitingthegamebeinginjapaneseasabarriertoimportingthetitleinitsreviewonefamitsureviewerfoundelementsofthegameplayquitechallengingdespiteitbeinganorthodoxroleplayinggamechandranenjoyedtheadditionstosavingandnavigationandpraisedthebattlesystemdespitesomepacingissuesandannoyingmechanicsbakerpraisedthestreamliningofgeneralgameplayandthebattlesystemlaudingtheremovalofthemoreconvolutedmechanicsoftheoriginalgameshismaincomplaintwastheminigameswhichhefoundlackedsubstancebethanymassimillaofgamespotcomparedthebattlesystemtothemainlinexenosagatitlespositivelynotingthebattlesystemmechanicsrefnamegsimportrefnotesreferencesexternallinksatnamcobandaixformsinfoboxpersonnamexiongshilibrzhimagesjpgbirthdatebirthplacehuangganghuangzhoudistricthubeiqingempiredeathdateageddeathplaceshanghaipeoplesrepublicofchinaorganizationtianjinnankaihighschoolbrpekinguniversitybrnanjinguniversitymovementnewconfucianismxiongshilindashmaywasamodernchinesephilosopherwhosemajorworkanewtreatiseonconsciousnessonlyxinweishilunisaconfuciancritiqueofthebuddhistconsciousnessonlytheorypopularizedinchinabythetangdynastytangdynastypilgrimxuanzangxiongiswidelyregardedasthethinkerwholaiddownthebasisfortherevivalofconfucianismduringthetwentiethcenturyandthemainvoiceincontemporarychinesephilosophywhocalledforarevivaloftheconfuciantaodaohefeltitcouldprovideaguideforthecountryduringitstumultuousperiodfollowingthemayfourthmovementinrefnamebunninrefhefeltthatnationalsurvivalwaspredicatedonasenseofcommunitywhichinturncouldonlycomefromtrustingcommitmentsfromthepeopleinvolvedhebelievedthatthemosturgenttaskfortheeducatedeliteinchinawastoraisetheculturalawarenessandsensitivityofthepeoplethattheclashbetweenthewestandchinawasnotsolelyaclashofeconomicstrengthandmilitarymightbutalsoaconflictbetweenbasichumanvaluesrefnamequestrefwhileheledafairlysecludedlifethroughouthiscareerasateacherandhisassociationwiththeacademiccommunitydidnotbeginuntilhewasinhislatethirtieshisviewshaveinfluencedscholarstothisdaybiographyxiongwasborntoapovertystrickenfamilyinthehuangganghubeihisfatherwasavillageteacherwhodiedoftuberculosiswhenxiongwastenyearsoldforcinghimtoworkasacowherdforhisneighbortosupporthisfamilybyhistwentieshewasadedicatedrevolutionaryinthexinhairevolutionrepublicanrevolutionthatendedtheqingdynastyandusheredinchinasfirstrepublicdisgustedovercorruptioninpoliticsandwhathetermedlatentfeudalismamongtherevolutionarieshebegantostudybuddhisminatthechinainstituteforinnerlearninginnanjingheadedbyouyangjingwuperhapsthemostinfluentiallaybuddhistthinkerofthetwentiethcenturyatthistimethechancellorofpekinguniversitycaiyuanpeisentliangshumingtonanjingtoaskouyangjingwutorecommendoneofhisstudentstoteachbuddhistlogicyinmingxueandyogacaraphilosophyinthephilosophydepartmentatpekinguniversityouyangjingwurecommendedxiongandpassedliangshumingadraftonwhichxionghadbeenworkingentitledanoutlineofconsciousnessonlyimpressedwithxiongsworkcaiyuanpeionliangsrecommendationinvitedxiongtopekinguniversitywherexiongmuchtothechagrinofliangshumingdestroyedhisdraftandinsteadwroteandpublishedinwhatisnowconsideredhismajorworkanewtreatiseonconsciousnessonlyxinweishiluninhisnewtreatisexiongcriticizedtheoldyogacaramasterssuchasthebrothersvasubandhuandasangacaswellastheirsuccessorsdharmapalaofnalandadharmapalaandxuanzangcfortheirtheoryofseedsinwhichseedsstoredintheeightorstorehouseconsciousnessalayavijnanabecomediscretecausalagentsthatperfumebringintobeingallmentalandphysicaldharmashoweverhealsousedtheinsightsofbuddhismtoreconstructconfucianismmuchofhisphilosophyisinfluencedbothbybuddhismandbyhisstudyofthebookofchangeswhichheregardedasthefundamentalclassicofconfucianismxiongfeltthathismissionwastoassistchinainovercomingitssocialandculturalcrisisandsimultaneouslytosearchfortruthhefeltcompelledtofindanddevelopthedaoofconfuciustomeettheforceofwesterncultureinhisoutlineofthemainpointofthenewtreatisehewroteinreplytomouzongsanthefirsteditionofthenewtreatisewaswritteninclassicalchineseandinxiongpublishedacolloquialchineseversionwhichwasinactualityacompleterewritingoftheoriginalworkinxiongpublishedonoriginalrealityandfunctionandilluminatingthemindtogetherthesetwobooksformarevisedaccountofhisnewtreatiseafterthefoundingofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxiongstayedonthemainlandandcontinuedtolectureatpekinguniversitywhilehewasntrequiredtocriticizehisearlierthinkingintermsofmarxismandheevenreceivedgovernmentfundinginpublishingsomeofhiswritingsafterhewasstillsubjectedtophysicalabuseatthebeginningoftheculturalrevolutionafterseeingconfucianismsufferanotherculturalandpoliticalblowhediedattheageofinphilosophydailydecreaseanddailyrenovationxiongspreferenceofconfucianismispartiallybecausehefeltthatbuddhismoveremphasizesthenegativeorpassiveaspectsofhumannaturebecauseofthisitfailstoprovideapositiveandactiveguidetohumanlifethisissomethingthatconfucianismprovidedwithitstrendtowardshumanistthoughthelabelsbuddhismalearningofdailydecreaseaphilosophythatpointsoutthedarkeraspectsofhumannatureandthendirectsustoeliminateitxiongsviewofhumanitywasbrighterhefeltthatthemeaningofhumanlifeisnotconfinedtotheeliminationofthenegativebutalsoinvolvesthecultivationofthebrighteraspectsofhumannaturehefoundconfucianismtoupholdoriginalhumangoodnessanoriginalbenevolenceisinsisteduponinorthodoxconfucianismtheroleofthehumandaoistodevelopthisfundamentalgoodnessxiongfeltthatthehumandaoliesinexpandingthegoodrootoftheoriginalmindandhavingitgrowdailyoriginalrealityandfunctionxiongfeltthatthecentraltheoryofhisnewtreatisewastoshowthatoriginalrealitywhathealsoreferstoastiandsubstanceandthematerialworldwhichhecallsyongorfunctioncftiyongareonethetwocannotbesplitintoseparaterealmsheadmitsthattheyshouldbedescribedusingdifferenttermsandcanbespokenofassuchbutarenotactuallytwoseparateentititesoriginalrealityisthecauseofalltransformationswhilefunctionisthemyriadofmanifestationsoforiginalrealityoriginalrealityishiddenfunctionisvisibleheusesthemetaphoroftheoceanandthewavestoillustratethispointthisisdifferentfromthenotionofsubstanceinmainstreamwesternphilosophywhichdoesnotallowsubstancetoembracedynamismplatosformsforexamplearestaticandnormativexiongssubstancechangesandtransformsunceasinglytobecomefunctionthismeaningissubtleandprofounditisbestillustratedintermsoftherelationshipbetweentheoceanandallthewavestheoceanisanalogoustooriginalrealityallthewaterintheoceanismanifestedaswavesthisisanalogoustooriginalrealitysmanifestationasfunctionoftenthousandthingsthatisonefunctionandanotherallthewavesareanalogoustotheinnumerablefunctionsallthewavesaremutuallyassimilabletoawholethisisanalogoustothemutualassimilationofallthefunctionsintoawholefromtheabovewecanseethatthemetaphoroftheoceanandthewavesbestilluminatestherelationbetweenoriginalrealityandfunctiontheideathatrealityandfunctionareinfactoneunitisametaphysicalclaimthatiskeytoconfucianismthismeansthatthephenomenalfluxofchangeisnotillusorybutisintrinsicallymeaningfulthusiforiginalrealityisindailylifehumanlivesshouldbedevotedtodailycultivationinordertoattainthevisionoforiginalrealitychangeandtransformationxiongbelievedthattheworldisinastateofconstantchangeandthattheabilityofchangingintoallthingsisexactlywhatcharacterizesoriginalrealityhealsoreferstooriginalrealityaseternaltransformationortheabilitytochangefurthermorehesuggestedthattheperpetualtransformationoforiginalrealityconsistsofopeningandclosingtwotendenciesofchangeclosingreferstothetendencyoftransformationthatformsthingsthroughintegrationandconsolidationormaterializationvariousphysicalthingsareformedsimultaneouslythereisatendencyofopeningthistendencyisofbeingstrongvigorousandnotmaterializedbothtendenciesareindispensableandtheyareresponsiblefortheapparentdistinctionbetweenmatterandmindadistinctionthatxiongheldisnotrealbetweenthetwohoweverxiongreferstotheopeningtendencyasmindandconsciousnessthetendencyinwhichoriginalrealitymanifestsitstruenaturelikethebuddhisttheoryofmereconsciousnessxiongsphilosophyclaimsconsciousnessastheultimaterealityalongtheselinesheconsideredtheuniversetobelivingandvitalnotastagnantmechanismoriginalrealityandhumanitytuweimingsessayonxiongshilisquestforauthenticexistenceincludesaquotethatexemplifieswherexiongsphilosophywascomingfromonapersonallevelhewasdrivenbyagreatwishtosearchfortruthasagroundforpeaceofmindandameaningfulexistencenbspisearchedwithinmyselfwithasinglenessofpurposeithoughtthatthetruthisnotremotefromusnbspafteralongtimeisuddenlyawoketotherealizationthatwhatiinwardlywitnessedagreedentirelywiththeideaofgreatchangeintheconfuciantransmissionnbsphencemyownunderstandingofconfucianismwasnotderivedfrombooklearningonlyaftermyinnerexperiencehadalreadyembodieditdidifeelthatmyunderstandingofitwasincompleteharmonywithwhatwasrecordedinthebooksthefirstsentencesofthenewdoctrinestatethattheoriginalrealityofallthingsisneithertheobjectiveworldseparatefromthemindnorthatiscomprehensiblethroughknowledgeitmustbecomprehendedthroughreflectiveseekingandconfirmingthishastwoimportantimplicationsonethatthehumanmindandoriginalrealityarenotseparateandtwooriginalrealitymustbegraspedthroughreflectiononwhatisinthehumanmindbecauseoriginalrealityandthehumanmindarenotseparatethismeansthatinordertoknowrealityyoumustfirstgettoknowyourownmindthisisthecultivationofvirtuehabituatedmindandoriginalmindforxiongshilithehumanmindisdistinguishedbythehabituatedmindandtheoriginalmindthehabituatedmindisthemindofthoughtemotionsandthewillitisinclinedtoseetheworldasexternaltotheselfandismotivatedbyselfdesiresadditionallyitusescalculativeunderstandingwhichisamethodofthinkingthatisdeliberativeandlogicalboundtoscientificrationalityandempiricalevidencesenseexperienceincontrasttheoriginalmindisourrealnatureatonewithrealityitusesnatureunderstandingwhichisaninwardprocessofintuitiveexperiencingthatpointsbacktotheminditselftodiscovertheoriginalrealitywithinitxiongspeaksofcalculativeunderstandingasfitforseekingreasonintheexternalworldthephysicalworldhestatesthatwemustuseitcarefullyandifwetakeoriginalrealityasanexternalobjecttoinferandinquireintothenitisfundamentallywronghesaysthatoriginalrealitycanbecomprehendeddifferingfromimmanuelkantkantonthispointhestatedthatwemustrealizethatoriginalrealityisineachoneofusandthatwecannotseektoknowitinexternalthingswemustturninwardandalloworiginalrealitytopresentitselfmajorworksanewtreatiseonconsciousnessonlyarefutationoftherefutationofthenewtreatiseonconsciousnessonlyoriginsofconfucianismessayonsubstanceandfunctionessentialsayingsofshilifirstcontinuationoftheessentialsayingsofshiliessentialsforreadingtheclassicsacomprehensiveexplanationofbuddhisttermsonchangeconservativebuddhistclandestineoppositiontoxuanzangduringthetangdynastyreferencesfurtherreadingrokerjananewapproachesinmodernchineseepistemologyxiongshiliandthesynthesisofqualitativeandquantitativeunderstandingsearchingforthewaytheoryofknowledgeinpremodernandmodernchinahongkongchineseupprintrokerjanasmodernconfuciansynthesisofqualitativeandquantitativeknowledgexiongshilijournalofchinesephilosophyvolnopnbsptichihchengthecontemporaryneoconfucianrehabilitationxiongshiliandhismoralmetaphysicsphddissuniversityofcaliforniaberkeleymayzhangdainianwebarchiveorgwebwebcontentaspidqueryxiongshiliencyclopediaofchinaphilosophyeditionstedquetzaltenangoxmlhttprequestxjisthenameofatechnicalcommitteewhichwaspartofincitsknownatthetimeasxthexjcommitteewasformedintodrawupanansicommonlisptechnicalstandardstandardbasedonthefirsteditionofthebookcommonlispthelanguagealsoknownascltlorcltlbyguylsteelejrwhichwaspreviouslyadefactostandardforthelanguagetheprimaryoutputofxjwasanamericannationalstandardforprogramminglanguagecommonlispxapproveddecemberxjlaterworkedwithinternationalorganizationforstandardizationisoworkinggroupislispscwgonaninternationallystandardiseddialectoflispprogramminglanguagelispnamedislisporganisationtheoriginalchairofthecommitteewasdoctorrobertmathisofohiostateuniversitywithmaryvandeusenassecretaryguylsteelejrwasoriginallythevicechairinlateryearsmathissteppeddownaschairandsteeleassumedthatroletheeffortsofthecommitteewereguidedbyitscharterthesuccessfulcreationofwhichiscreditedtothecoordinatingeffortsofsusanpennisarepresentativeofamocoamocoproductioncompanythecharterlaysoutthecommitteesgoalsandprioritiesaswellasabroadlydefinedlistofsometopicstobeaddressedsubcommitteesthecommitteeformedseveralsubcommitteestohelpitsmembersbetterconcentratetheireffortscleanupsubcommitteethecleanupsubcommitteechairedbylarrymasinterestablishedastandardisedformatforthesubmissionofproposalsforvotingtheseissuewriteupswhilenotthemselvespartofthestandardweredeemedsufficientlyusefulforthecommonlisphyperspectoincludeandcrossreferencethemforthebenefitofreadersprovidinginformationabouttheoriginalintentofthecommitteeinitsdecisionsthesewriteupsalsoserveasahistoricalrecordofthosealternatesolutionstoproblemswhichwereultimatelynotadoptedcompilersubcommitteechairedbysandraloosemorethissubcommitteecreatedproposalsforissuesrelatingtolispcompilationprogrammingcompilationguysteeleacknowledgedinthesecondeditionofcommonlispthelanguagethelargecontributionofthecompilersubcommitteetowardclarifyingthecompilationprocessdescribedinthefirsteditionpartsofwhichsteelehimselfdescribesasvaguerefnamecltlackguylsteelejrcommonlispthelanguagesecondeditionacknowledgmentsdigitalpressrefiterationsubcommitteejonlwhitewasthechairoftheiterationsubcommitteeamongtheissuesdealtwithbythissubcommitteewasthegeneralizedcodeloopcodemacrocomputersciencelispmacrosmacromdashadomainspecificlanguagetowhichthesecondeditionofcltldevotedanentirechapterthealgollikesyntaxprogramminglanguagessyntaxofthismacrodifferingfromlispsmoreusualsexpressionsyntaxwasandremainssomewhatcontroversialcharactersubcommitteethecharactersubcommitteechairedbythomlindenhadthetaskofdefininghowthestandardwoulddealwiththeissuessurroundingdifferentcharactersetstheresolutionofthesemattersmdashparticularlytheabilitytouseanycharacterinthenameofasymbollispsymbolmdashwasintendedtomakecommonlispsimplerforinternationaluserserrorhandlingsubcommitteechairedbykentpitmantheerrorhandlingsubcommitteepluggedwhatwasdescribedasthebiggestoutstandingholeincommonlispwiththecommonlispconditionsystemconditionsystemageneralmechanismforhandlingexceptionhandlingerrorswarningsandotherexceptionalsituationsthecommitteereferredtotheresultingspecificationasaconditionsystemratherthananerrorsysteminordertoaccommodateasinglesystemforhandlingexceptionalsituationsofvariouskindswhetherfatalornonfatalwhethercontinuableornotandwhethertheresultofprogramerrorormereresourcelimitationsuchasstackoverflowconditionsaresignaledatonepointinthecodeandmaybehandledatanotherpointthisusageofthetermsignalisdifferentfromthetypicaloperatingsystemsnotionofsignalcomputingsignalsexceptonlispmachineswherethisvariantusageofthetermevolvedtheoperatingsystemnotionofsignalcomputingsignalingwasoutofscopeforthiscommitteeandconsequentlywasnotaddressedintheansicommonlispstandardasynchronousinterruptsandieeefloatingpointtrappingwasalsooutofscopeforthiscommitteesworkandwasnotaddressedinthestandarddraftingsubcommitteekathychapmanwasthechairforthedraftingsubcommitteewhichwasresponsibleforthedraftingoftheactualtechnicalstandardstandarddocumentinadditionthesubcommitteeoversaweffortstokeepterminologyconsistentandaccuratethroughoutthecommitteesactivitiesfinaldocumentthefinaltechnicalstandardstandardproducedbythexjcommitteewaspublishedasamericannationalstandardxandalsoinhypertextformasthecommonlisphyperspecrelationtocommonlispthelanguagethebookcommonlispthelanguagealthoughmostlyauthoredbyguylsteelejrwastheproductofanadhoccommitteethathadformedaroundandhadworkedcollaborativelytoproducetheoriginaldefactostandardforcommonlisppriortotheformationofxjxjbeganitsworkwithcommonlispthelanguageasabasedocumentandproceededfromthereinthedesignofwhatwouldbecomeansicommonlispsteelehimselfservedonthecommitteeandgavethempermissiontouseanyorallpartsofitsfirsteditionintheireffortsdocumentspublishedbyxjwerelaterusedtogetherwithquotationsfromcertaincommitteemembersintheproductionofthesecondeditionwhichwasreleasedinallowingthecommonlispcommunityawaytopreviewmanyfeaturesthatwereexpectedtoappearinthecommitteesfinalstandarddocumentthesecondeditionofcommonlispthelanguagebearssimilaritytothestandardincontentthoughnotinformhoweversubstantivechangesweremadeintheformofbothadditionsanddeletionsbetweenthepublicationofthebookandthefinaldraftoftheansistandardinsumtheoriginaleditionofcommonlispthelanguagewasthedocumentuponwhichxjoriginallybaseditsworkthesecondeditionbycontrastwassteelespersonalworknotacommitteeproductandhadnoofficialstatuswithinxjoransiasacknowledgedinthesecondeditionprefaceitwasnotauthorizedbyxjthechoiceofcontentasasnapshotoftheworkinprogresswasnotformallysynchronizedwithxjandthefinalversionwasnotreviewedorapprovedbyxjseealsocommonlispansiincitsformerlyknownasxxjsparentbodycommonlispthelanguageguylsteelejrsbookcommonlisphyperspecthehypertextversionofthestandardreferencesexternallinksnaggumnoansiclworkingfilesforthexjansicommonlispcommitteenhplacecomkentclxjsdhtmlxjcharterxjsdlispworkscomdocumentationhyperspecfrontthecommonlisphyperspecsoftwarepreservationorgprojectslispconferenceiwoleasmasintercommonlispcleanuppdfcommonlispcleanuptechreportlarrymasinternetclcleanupproposaltxtcleanupcommitteeproposalformatdefenseinfoboxsettlementbasicinfonameofficialnameofficialnameinenglishifdifferentfromnamenativenameothernamenicknamesettlementtypecountylevelcitytotaltypetosetanonstandardlabelfortotalareaandpopulationrowsmottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptioncitycenterofxilinhotimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapinnermongoliachinapushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationininnermongoliapushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamechinasubdivisiontypeautonomousregionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaregionsubdivisionnameinnermongoliasubdivisiontypeleaguesofchinaaimagsubdivisionnamexilingolseattypeseatpartstypepartsstylelistforlistcollforcollapsedlistparaforparagraphformatdefaultislistifuptoitemscollifmorethanpartspartstextorheaderforpartslistppetcuptopforseparatepartstobelistedpoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcountylevelcityestablisheddateestablishedtitleestablisheddatefoundernamedforareaareafootnotesareatotalkmarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonunitconversionareawaterkmareawaterpercentareaurbankmareametrokmareablanktitleareablankkmelevationelevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationmaxmelevationminmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotesrefnamexlglgovcnxlglgovcnzwgkxmgkrkgkdatafromthesixthnationalpopulationcensusofthepeoplesrepublicofchinarefpopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmautopopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmpopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmpopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationdensityblankkmgeneralinformationtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetcoordinatesareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknamelicenseplatechinalicenseplateprefixesblankinfohblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxilinhotimagesiliyinqotasvgpxsiliyinhotaisacountylevelcitywhichservesastheseatofgovernmentforthexilingolleagueininnermongoliapeoplesrepublicofchinaithasajurisdictionareaofandapopulationofwithbeinginthexilinhoturbanareahistoryduringthemingdynastyintheseplaceswerenomadicchildinthethkneebelguteyaelderbrotherofgenghiskhansothelocalmongolswerecalledabganartranslatedfrommongolianabgalmeanspaternalunclewheninthefirsthalfofthethcenturythemongolssubmittedtothemanchuabganarterritoryweredividedintotwobannersabganartszoitsiabganarleftwingandabganaryuitsiabganarrightwingcommandedbywingsintherankofprincesbeilebesidesabganarovalsolivedhereandtribesabgalandhotsitxinlihotwasrenamedbeizitemplebizmiosincetheqianlongemperorbuiltalamatemplewhichwascalledbeizitemplehereininitwasincludedinthenewlyfoundedchaharspecialadministrativeregionwhichbecamethechaharprovinceinlateritwasincludedintheinnermongoliaautonomousregionnowadaysthetempleisoneofthelargesttemplesonthexilingolgrasslandinthecountywasrenamedxilinhotwhileinitwasrenamedabahanaerbannerinitwasapprovedtosetupasacountylevelcitybythestatecouncilandfinallyrenamedxilinhotgeographytheelevationisaboutthecityisfrombeijingandhohhotthecapitalofinnermongoliarespectivelyclimatexilinhotexperiencesacoldsemiaridclimatekppenclimateclassificationkppenbskwithlongverydryandbitterwintersandshorthotsummersthemonthlyhouraveragetemperaturerangesfrominjanuarytoinjulywithanannualmeanofwithmonthlypercentpossiblesunshinerangingfrominjulytoinfebruarysunshineisabundantyearroundthecityreceiveshoursofsunshineperyearduetotheariditythediurnaltemperaturevariationfrequentlyapproachesandexceedsamajorityoftheofannualrainfalloccursinjulyandaugustaloneweatherboxmetricfirstysinglelineylocationxilinhotjanhighcfebhighcmarhighcaprhighcmayhighcjunhighcjulhighcaughighcsephighcocthighcnovhighcdechighcjanlowcfeblowcmarlowcaprlowcmaylowcjunlowcjullowcauglowcseplowcoctlowcnovlowcdeclowcyearhighcyearlowcyearhighfyearlowfroundsdownprecipitationcolourgreenjanprecipitationmmfebprecipitationmmmarprecipitationmmaprprecipitationmmmayprecipitationmmjunprecipitationmmjulprecipitationmmaugprecipitationmmsepprecipitationmmoctprecipitationmmnovprecipitationmmdecprecipitationmmjanhumidityfebhumiditymarhumidityaprhumiditymayhumidityjunhumidityjulhumidityaughumiditysephumidityocthumiditynovhumiditydechumidityunitprecipitationdaysmmjanprecipitationdaysfebprecipitationdaysmarprecipitationdaysaprprecipitationdaysmayprecipitationdaysjunprecipitationdaysjulprecipitationdaysaugprecipitationdayssepprecipitationdaysoctprecipitationdaysnovprecipitationdaysdecprecipitationdaysjansunjanpercentsunfebsunfebpercentsunmarsunmarpercentsunaprsunaprpercentsunmaysunmaypercentsunjunsunjunpercentsunjulsunjulpercentsunaugsunaugpercentsunsepsunseppercentsunoctsunoctpercentsunnovsunnovpercentsundecsundecpercentsunyearpercentsunsourcewebarchiveorgweboldcdccmagovcnshujusearchjspdsidsurfclichnmulmmoncestpcatsurftypetablepageidchinameteorologicaladministrationdatejunecityscapeeconomyxilinhotisamarketofsignificancewherecattleisofparticularimportancecultureandtourismthehistoriccentreincludesanartistictemplethenaadamfestivalamongolianfeastiscelebratedhereeveryyearnaadamisagatheringofthemongolianpeopleforwrestlinghorsetradingcostumecontestshorseracingetcitstheirsummerfestivalandisgenerallyverycolorfulwithcostumesandcolorfulyurtssetuptoservefoodandselltrinketsandsuppliesmongoliancultureisveryprominentwithpicturestapestriesandmonumentalstatuesofgenghiskhanineveryhomeshopandstreetcornertouristscanstayatnearbyyurtresortswherethereisalargeyurtfordiningsurroundedbysmallerindividualyurtsforsleepingthesurroundingcountrysideisrollinggrasslandspopulatedbymongolianswhohavehorsessheepgoatsandsomecowsmealsconsistedofmuttonbeefcabbagesandotherfruitandvegetablescuisinexilinhotsdietisofmoreemphasisontheprocessingoflocaldairyandmeatproductiondairyproductsincludehorsemilkyogurtmilktofumilkskinastherepresentativealongwiththebeefandmuttonstringhandmeatgrilledlambastherepresentativeofthecattleandmuttontransportationxilinhotairporthasregularflightstobeijingfromairchinaandchinaunitedairlinestheairportisalsoservedbytianjinairlineswithmultipledailyflightstohohhotandaseasonaldailyflighttotianjintherearealsooccasionallydirectflightstoothermajorcitiesrefnameourairportsrefthektrainconnectsxilinhotwiththenationalrailnetworkanddepartsdailyforhohhotandbaotouchinanationalhighwayandchinanationalhighwaybothterminateinthexilinhotareathesxilingolkalganexpresswayalsoendsinsuburbxilinhotexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebmorphotoartcomchinachinaindexhtmlreferencesinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnameneweditiontypealbumartistvivianhsucovertianshixiangrereleasecoverjpgreleasedoctoberrecordedgreendoorstudiogenrejpoplengthlabeltoshibaemireviewsproducerlastalbumdamafanbrthisalbumxiangneweditionbrnextalbumbubaidelianrenbrneweditionpyxingendreamalsoknownasstalbumisanalbumbytaiwanesepeopletaiwanesesingeractressmodelvivianhsureleasedonoctoberonthetoshibaemilabelandisarereleaseofherfirstalbumtianshixiangwithtwobonustracksthebonustracksarenumbersandandarebothoriginallyfromasinglehachigatsunovalentineenvalentinesdayinaugustreleasedjulyrightafterherfirstalbumtracklistingangelicversionxiangremixwoainireleasedetailsbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextalignmiddlealigncentercountryaligncenterdatealigncenterlabelaligncenterformataligncentercatalogjapanoctobertoshibaemicompactdisccdtoctwatermargincharacterinfoboxnamexuningnicknamegoldlancerbraliasesrankthguardianstaroftheheavenlyspiritsimageimagesizecaptionallegianceliangshandesignationtigercubvanguardgeneralorigininstructorofthegoldlancersunithometownhenanfirstappearancechapterweaponhookedlances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herfacethemutantsupervillainapocalypsecomicsapocalypseandhisminionsanewgameplusmodeisincludedthatallowsplayerstoplaythroughthegameasecondtimewhileretainingallcharacterstatsrefnamegametrailersreviewrefascharactersgainexperiencepointstheirmutantsuperpowersanduniqueabilitiescanbeupgradeditemsfoundduringgameplaycanalsobeequippedtofurtherenhanceacharactersabilitiescharacterscancombineattackstocreateacombovideogamingcomboinwhichtwoormoreplayerspunchorkickasingleenemyatthesametimexmenlegendsiiriseofapocalypsefeaturesacentralhubthatplayersreturntobetweenmissionsitisadesignatedareafreefromenemiesanditssettingchangestocoincidewiththecurrentactofthegamehereplayerscanviewloadingscreenartcinematicsandcomicbookcoversacquiredduringgameplaybiographybiographiesofthexmenandtheirenemiescanbeaccessedhereplayerscanalsoparticipateinanxmentriviagamewhichawardsexperiencepointsforcorrectanswersadditionallyplayerscanaccessavirtualcombatenvironmentknownasthedangerroomtoplayadditionalmissionsunlockedduringgameplayrefnamenwrpreviewrefthemobilephoneversionofthegameisprimarilyabeatemupwithroleplayingelementsunliketheconsoleversionsthegameplaysasasidescrollingvideogamesidescrollerinthesameveinasthexmenvideogamexmenarcadegamerefnamemobiletrailerreftherearefiveselectablecharactersandplayersupgradeeachthroughexperiencepointsearnedplayerscontrolonecharacteratatimeandcanswitchtoanotheratthepressofabuttonrefnameignmobilereviewrefsynopsissettingxmenlegendsiiriseofapocalypseisnotsetinanyparticularmarvelcomicsmultiversemarvelcomicsuniversethegametakesplacesometimeaftertheeventsofxmenlegendsthemutantsupervillainapocalypsecomicsapocalypsehavingwitnessedthexmensdefeatofmagnetoremotelydeclaresthattheageofapocalypseisnighpriortothegamescampaignhekidnapsprofessorxandpolariscomicspolarisforunknownpurposeslocationsincludeamilitaryprisoningreenlandthefictionalmutantsanctuaryofgenoshathesavagelandandegyptrefnametxinterviewrefplotthegamebeginswiththexmenandbrotherhoodofmutantsunitingforcestosaveprofessorxandpolariscyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsstormmarvelcomicsstormandwolverinecharacterwolverinemeetupwithmagnetocomicsmagnetomystiquecomicsmystiqueandsabretoothcomicssabretoothatamilitaryprisonoutpostingreenlandtofreeprofessorxuponfreeinghimtheteamsrelocatetothefictionalmutanthavenofgenoshatheyfindtheislandravagedbyapocalypsesforcesandworkthroughthewreckageandfindoutwhathewassearchingfortheylearnthatquicksilvercomicsquicksilverwaskidnappedbyapocalypsewhoalsokidnapsbeastcomicsbeastfromthexmansionbeastmanagestopointtheteaminthedirectionofthesavagelandasecretprehistoricpreserveinantarcticatheteamsworktheirwaythroughthesavagelandtemporarilyhinderingapocalypsesplansapocalypsethentravelstoconquernewyorktheteamsworkatsabotaginghisarmyandresourcesbutemmafrostandwarrenworthingtoniiiangelarekidnappedaswellangelisunwillinglytransformedbyapocalypseandmistersinisterintoarchangelahorsemenofapocalypseheisassignedasasentrytoapocalypsestowertheteamsdefeatarchangelandinfiltratethetowerwheretheyfindbeastnowunderthecontrolofmistersinisterhekidnapssabretoothandescapeswithapocalypseandmistersinistertoegypttheylearnthatapocalypsesplanistousepolariscomicspolarisquicksilveremmafrostandsabretoothfourmutantswithwhathereferstoasharmonicdnaaspartofamachinetofuelanexperimenttogranthimmassiveamountsofpowertheteamsthenfollowapocalypsetoegyptwheretheydefeatmistersinisterfreeingbeastfromsinisterscontrolafterbestingthefinalguardthelivingmonoliththeteamsbattleapocalypseanddefeathimbystealingthepowersfromhismachineinthefinalcutscenemagnetoandprofessorxpartonceagainasadversariesnotingthatapocalypsewasdefeatedbutnotdestroyedbeastponderswhythemachinedidnotworkproperlywonderingifsabotagewasafactorasthexjetfliesawaysinisterisseenontopofthepyramidlaughinghintingthathesabotagedthemachinecharactersseveralplayablecharactersreturnfromxmenlegendsandselectmembersofthebrotherhoodofmutantsarealsoplayablesomenonplayablexmenandbrotherhoodcharactersappearduringlevelsinsomeinstancesdialoguethroughoutthegamecanbecharactertocharacterspecificdependingontheplayercharactersalignmentandrelationshipwiththenonplayercharacterclasswikitablestyletextalignleftstylewidthbordercolspanplayablecharactersbishopcomicsbishopcolossuscomicscolossuscyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsgambitcomicsgambiticemancomicsicemanjeangreyjuggernautcomicsjuggernautmagnetocomicsmagnetonightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerroguecomicsroguescarletwitchstormmarvelcomicsstormsunfirecomicssunfiretoadcomicstoadwolverinecharacterwolverineunlockablecharacterscolspanpspexclusivespcexclusivesngageexclusivedeadpoolironmanprofessorxcablecomicscablecannonballcomicscannonballthedarkphoenixsagadarkphoenixnategreyxmanpyromarvelcomicspyrosabretoothcomicssabretoothbeastcomicsbeastcolspanvillainsabysscomicsabyssapocalypsecomicsapocalypsewarrenworthingtoniiiarchangelbastioncomicsbastionbroodcomicsbroodsdarkbeastdeadpoolgarokkgrizzlycomicsgrizzlyholocaustmarvelcomicsholocaustladydeathstrikelivingmonolithmikhailrasputinmorlockscomicsmorlocksmistersinistermrsinisteromegaredsauroncomicssauronsugarmanstepfordcuckoosstryfezealotmarvelcomicszealotcolspanothercharacterswarrenworthingtoniiiangelbansheecomicsbansheebeastcomicsbeastblinkcomicsblinkblobcomicsblobcaroldanversdazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlerdestinyireneadlerdestinyemmafrostforgecomicsforgeguardianmarvelcomicsguardianhavokcomicshavokkazarcomicskazarkittyprydelilandraneramanimarrowcomicsmarrowmoiramactaggertmystiquecomicsmystiqueultimatenickfurynickfurypolariscomicspolarispyromarvelcomicspyroquicksilvercomicsquicksilversabretoothcomicssabretoothsebastianshawcomicssebastianshawselenecomicsseleneshannatheshedevilvindicatorcomicsvindicatorjubileecomicsjubileemagmacomicsmagmaandpsylockedonotappearinxmenlegendsiibeastcomicsbeastandemmafrostappearbutarenotplayablebrplayableinthemobileversionofthegamebronlyappearedonpspsextramissionbrmentionedonlydevelopmentandmarketingxmenlegendsiiriseofapocalypsewasannouncedonoctoberexactlyonemonthafterthereleaseofxmenlegendsrefnameannouncerefitwasshownatelectronicentertainmentexpoeandsandiegocomicconinternationalsandiegocomicconinrefnameecoveragerefrefnameupcomicconrefitwasfirstreleasedinnorthamericaonseptemberforthegamecubeplaystationxboxandwindowsplatformstheplaystationportableversionwasreleasedapproximatelyonemonthlateronoctoberitwasreleasedonthefirstgenerationngagedevicengagehandheldplatformonoctoberamobilephoneversionwaslaunchedondecemberaplayabledemowasreleasedforthewindowsversionofthegameonnovemberdeveloperravensoftwaresoughttoexpandontheprecedinggamesscaleassuchcharactersweregivenadditionalpowerstochoosefromlocationswerealsomademorediversewiththeenvironmentswetriedtocreatesomethingmoreexoticandorganicstateddanvondrakprojectleadonxmenlegendsiilocationsspanfromthefictionalmutanthavenofgenoshatothemarvelcomicsjungleknownasthesavagelandtoancienttemplesinegyptravensoftwarecollaborateddirectlywithmarveltowritethegamesstorymanofactionagroupofformermarvelwriterswhowereresponsibleforthepreviousgamesstorywerenotinvolvedthemusicwascomposedbygregornarholzgameplayandstoryaspectswereadjustedtoensurethatfourplayerscanplaycontinuouslywhereasinthepreviousgamecertainmissionswerelimitedtooneplayerthecomputergeneratedimagerycgicinematicswerecreatedbyblurstudiowhowouldgoontocreatecinematicsforgamessuchasmarvelultimateallianceandstarwarstheforceunleashediivicariousvisionssenginepowersriseofapocalypseanditspredecessortheyalsowereresponsiblefortheplaystationportableversionofthegamekarthikbalaceoofvicariousvisionsfeltstronglythatthepspversionshouldhavethesamegameplayastheconsolesoneofourmaingoalswastoreallybringthedepthanddetailoftheconsolegameovertoportableformonthepspsupervillainstudioswasbroughtontotheprojecttofocusontheonlinecomponentofthegamerefnameteamxboxreviewrefbeenoxportedxmenlegendsiitomicrosoftwindowsreceptionvideogamereviewsgrxboxpsppcgcpsrefnamegrpsrefmcxboxpspgcpspcrefnamemcpcrefupabrpcbgspyxboxpsignbrpspbrgcxmenlegendsiiriseofapocalypsereceivedgenerallyfavorablereviewsallplatformsholdaggregatescoresintherangeataggregatereviewwebsitesgamerankingsandmetacriticreportedscoresatmetacriticrangedfromtoapprovalaccordingtothenpdgroupriseofapocalypsesoldoverunitsonthexboxduringthemonthofitsreleaseitsoldenoughcopiestobeaddedtothebudgetlineknownasplaystationslistofsonygreatesthitsgamesplaystationgreatesthitspalgnsjeremyjastrzabfeltthatriseofapocalypsecatersforxmenfansandifyoucangatherthreeothersyouregoingtohaveagreattimerefnamepalgnreviewreftombyronofupcompraisedseveralaspectsofthegameandfeltthatamidsttheincrediblehulkultimatedestructionultimatespidermanvideogameultimatespidermanandfantasticfourvideogamefantasticfourgamereleasesinxmenlegendsiiwasthebestreleasefrommarvelthatyearrefnameupreviewrefcommentaryongameplaywasgenerallypositivegustvchannelgtvsreviewerlaudedthedestructibleenvironmentsbutfeltthatthegameplaylackedvariationthereviewerfromvideogamercomnotedthatthecooperativegameplaywasstrongandthattheadditionofonlineplayopensthegameplayuptoawiderrangeofpeoplegametrailerssreviewertheinclusionofadditionalmutantpowersandonlinegameplaywerepointsofpraisegamespotsgregmuellerpraisedthegamesvastcastofcharactersdestructibleenvironmentsandunlockablecontentbutfeltthattheuserinterfacewasawkwardmuelleralsofeltthatthegameloadedcontentfartoofrequentlygamesradarsraymondpadillahadsimilarcomplaintsaboutthefrequencyandlengthofthegamesloadtimespadillapraisedtheadditionofonlineplayandtheautomaticupgradesystemrefnamegamesradarreviewrefreviewershavehighmarksonthegamescastofcharactersbutweredividedintheiropinionsofthechoiceofvoiceactorsgametrailerssreviewerdislikedthatseveralfamousxmenandbrotherhoodcharacterswerenotplayablebutappearedonlyassidecharacterstheyalsocitedissueswithvoiceactingandaconvolutedstoryunlikethecriticfromgametrailersgsreviewerpraisedtheoverallstoryandfurtherpraisedtheselectionofcharactersforthecastcriticsweresplitontheirassessmentofthegamesvisualsthereviewerfromgametrailersnotedthatthegamesvisualshadimprovedgreatlycitingtheeffectsenvironmentsandcinematicsassomeofthelargestupgradesinverselygamesradarsraymondpadillafeltthatthegamesgraphicsfeltdatedstevesteinbergofgamespyconcededthatwhilethevisualsweregenerallyimprovedoverthegamespredecessoritstilllackedinqualityandvariationsteinbergstatedthatthecharactersnowfeltlikeapartoftheenvironmentsasopposedtocutoutsfloatingontopofithenotedthatevenwiththeimprovementsthatplayersmaylosetheircharacteramidsttheenvironmentcausingconfusionthesuccessofthexmenlegendsseriesledravensoftwaremarvelandactivisiontocreatethevideogamemarvelultimatealliancewhichwasreleasedonseveralconsoleshandhelddevicesandmicrosoftwindowsinrefnamegfaqsmuagcrefrefnamegfaqsmuapsrefrefnamegfaqsmuapsrefrefnamegfaqsmuaxboxrefrefnamegfaqsmuaxboxrefbarkinglizardsvicariousvisionsandbeenoxhandledtheportsfordifferentplatformsrefnamebeenoxrefrefnamegfaqsmuagbarefrefnamegfaqsmuapsprefrefnamegfaqsmuawiirefmarvelultimatealliancewasfollowedbymarvelultimatealliancejointlydevelopedbyvicariousvisionsnspaceandsavageentertainmentmarvelultimatealliancewasreleasedonseveralconsolesandhandheldsinthefallofvicariousvisionsdevelopedthepsandxboxversionsrefnamejeantrailerrefwhilenspacedevelopedthenintendodspspandwiiversionssavageentertainmentportedtheversiondevelopedbynspacetothepspreferencesmicrosoftexcelfileformatsrulemetresrelaymetresrelayxmansionxmansionredirecthomestarrunnerxhomestarrunnerxtaxoboximagexiphactinusfossilsijpgimagecaptionxiphactinusfossilfromthenationalmuseumofnaturalhistoryfossilrangerefregnumanimaliaphylumchordatechordataclassisactinopterygiisuperordoosteoglossomorphaordoichthyodectiformesfamiliaichthyodectidaesubfamiliaichthyodectinaegenusxiphactinusgenusauthorityjosephleidyleidysubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxiphactinusaudaxxiphactinusvetusrefnamexvetusrefsynonymsportheusmolossussmalledwarddrinkercopecopesmallxiphactinusfromlatinandgreeklanguagegreekforswordrayisanextinctionbiologyextinctgenusoflargetometretofeetlongpredatorymarineteleostbonyfishthatlivedduringthelatecretaceouswhenalivethefishwouldhaveresembledagargantuanfangedtarpontowhichitwashowevernotrelatedisajuniorsynonymofxaudaxskeletalremainsofxiphactinushavecomefromkansaswherethefirstxiphactinusfossilwasdiscoveredduringthesrefnamecomguiderefandcretaceousformationsallovertheeastcoastoftheunitedstateseastcoastmostnotablygeorgiausstategeorgiaalabamanorthcarolinaandnewjerseyintheunitedstatesaswellaseuropeaustraliacanadaandvenezuelapalaeobiologyimagexiphactinusaudaxsternbergmuseumjpgthumbleftgillicusarcuatuswithinthestomachofxiphactinusaudaxgeorgefsternbergsmostfamousfossilfindspeciesofxiphactinuswerevoraciouspredatoryfishatleastadozenspecimensofxaudaxhavebeencollectedwiththeremainsoflargeundigestedorpartiallydigestedpreyintheirstomachsinparticularonefossilspecimenwascollectedbygeorgefsternbergwithanothernearlyperfectlypreservedlongichthyodectidgillicusarcuatusinsideofitthelargerfishapparentlydiedsoonaftereatingitspreymostlikelyowingtothesmallerfishpreysstrugglingandrupturinganorganasitwasbeingswallowedthisfossilcanbeseenatthesternbergmuseumofnaturalhistoryinhayskansaslikemanyotherspeciesinthelatecretaceousoceansadeadorinjuredindividualwaslikelytobescavengedbysharkscretoxyrhinaandsqualicoraxtheremainsofaxiphactinuswerefoundwithinalargespecimenofcretoxyrhinacollectedbycharleshsternbergthespecimenisondisplayattheuniversityofkansasmuseumofnaturalhistoryvirtuallynothingisknownaboutthelarvalorjuvenilestagesthesmallestfossilspecimenofxaudaxconsistsofatoothbearingpremaxillaandlowerjawsofanindividualestimatedtobeaboutlongthespeciesandallotherichthyodectidsbecameextinctneartheendofthelatecretaceousseecretaceouspaleogeneextinctioneventanincompleteskullofwhatmaybeanewspeciesofxiphactinuswasfoundinintheczechrepublicinasmalltowncalledachovnexttoborohrdekcitybyyearoldstudentmichalmatjkainjulythebonesofaxiphactinuswerediscoverednearmordenmanitobacanadathespecimenisaboutsixmetreslongandwasfoundwiththeflipperofamosasaurbetweenitsjawsunicerosaurusinaformerbaptistministercarlbaughbeganexcavationsonthelimestonebedsofthepaluxyrivernearglenrosetexasfamousforitsdinosaurtrackssomeofthetracksresembledhumanfootprintsandhadbeenproclaimedsinceasevidencethatdinosaursandmodernhumanshadoncelivedalongsideoneanotherscientistsinvestigationsfoundthesupposedhumanfootprintstobeformsofelongatedinosaurtrackswhileotherswereselectivelyhighlightederosionalmarkingsandstillothersonlooseblocksprobablecarvingswhileexcavatinghefoundasolitaryyshapedfossilthatheinformallycalledunicerosaurusinapopulararticlejohnarmstrongdescribedthefossilasayshapedpetrifiedbonethatappearstobetheneuralspinefromahugefishliketheportheusofniobrarachalkthatbaughsmuseumdeclaredtobetheforeheadhornofanewlydiscovereddinosaurgenusthemuseumsexhibittoldvisitorsthatthehornbelongedtotheunicornofjoboneofthreedinosaursmentionedinscripturetheothersbeingbehemothandleviathanofjobandandthatthehornwasabletofoldbacklikethebladeofajackknifealthoughsomeyoungearthcreationistssharedbaughsinterpretationsofthebiblicalbehemothandleviathanbaughsclaimswerenottakenseriouslyeitherbychristianorganizationsorthescientificcommunityinpopularcultureinoctoberkansashousereptomsloanrlawrenceannouncedthathewouldintroducelegislationtomakexiphactinusaudaxakathexfishthestatefossilofkansasreferencesfurtherreadingcopeedonthefossilreptilesandfishesofthecretaceousrocksofkansasartppnbspnofigsofptspecialreportsthannrptusgeolsurvterrhaydenpcopedescribesandnamesportheusmolossuscopeedaonkansasvertebratefossilsamericanjournalofscienceseriescopeedbonthegeologyandpaleontologyofthecretaceousstrataofkansaspreliminaryreportoftheunitedstatesgeologicalsurveyofmontanaandportionsoftheadjacentterritoriespartiiipaleontologyppnbspcopeedcsketchofanexpeditioninthevalleyofthesmokyhillriverinkansasprocamerphilsoceverhartmichaeljoceansofkansasanaturalhistoryofthewesterninteriorseaindianauniversitypresspphayopobservationsonthegenusofcretaceousfishescalledbyprofessorcopeportheussciencehaynotedprofessorophaymadesomeobservationsonthegenusofcretaceousfishescalledbyprofessorcopeportheusdiscussingtheosteologyofthegenusatsomelengthandparticularlytheskullshouldergirdleandvertebralcolumnhesaidthatinmanyrespectsitresembledthetarponofoursoutherncoastsalthoughpossessingwidelydifferentteethandundoubtedlybelongedtotheisospondylitheconclusionreachedthatcopesportheusisidenticalwiththeearlierdescribedgenusxiphactinusofleidysincethepaperwasreadtheauthorhaslearnedthatprofessorwillistonhasreachedthesameconclusionleidyjnoticesonremainsofextinctvertebratedanimalsofnewjerseycollectedbyprofcookofthestategeologicalsurveyunderthedirectionofdrwkitchellproceedingsoftheacademyofnaturalsciencesofphiladelphiaprintedinnamingofpolygonodonvetusasisterspeciesofxiphactinusaudaxandischyrhizamiraleidyleidyjremarksonichthyodorulitesandoncertainfossilmammaliaproceedingsoftheacademyofnaturalsciencesofphiladelphiathenamingofxiphactinusaudaxfromafragmentofapectoralfinfoundbydrgeorgemsternbergthenanarmysurgeonservinginkansasinthechalkofwesternkansasthispaperpredatescopesdescriptionofportheusmolossusbyoverayearshimadakandmjeverhartsharkbittenxiphactinusaudaxteleosteiichthyodectiformesfromtheniobrarachalkuppercretaceousofkansasthemosasaurpnbspstewartaindividualvariationsinthegenusxiphactinusleidykansasunivquarplviiviiiixxstewartplacedashortnoteonpageacknowledgingthatxiphactinusleidyhaspriorityoverportheuscopexiphactinusaudaxleidyprocacadsciphilapnbsphasbeenshowntotheasynonymofsaurocephaluscopeusgeolsurvwyomingetcpnbspinalettertoprofmudgedatedoctoberwhichwillshortlybepublishedinthefourthvolumeofthekansasuniversitygeologicalsurveycoperefersittosaurocephalusthaumasportheusthaumascopeaftercarefullycomparingthedescriptionandfigureofthepectoralspineofxaudaxiwasledtothesameconclusionandasthegenusportheuswasnotmadeknownbycopeuntilprocamphilsocpnbspaccordingtotherulesofnonclamaturexiphactinusshouldhaveprioritystovalljwgeocitieswslancelhallntffxiphactinuspdfxiphactinusaudaxafishfromthecretaceousoftexasuniversityoftexasbulletinnoplwalkermvtheimpossiblefossiluniversityforumforthaysstateuniversityppexternallinkscarnegiemnhorgexhibitsjurassicfctxiphahtmcarnegiemuseumoceansofkansascomxiphachtmloceansofkansashomepagesdordtedumahaffypaleofishxiphactinushtmlapaintingandinformationbbccoukscienceseamonstersfactfilesxiphactinusshtmlbbcdiscoverfossilscomdocumentspressreleasefossilfindjulypdfcanadianfossildiscoverycentrexmenredirectcategoryshellxmenxmanornategreyisafictionalcomicbookcharacterthetermcanalsorefertoxmancomicbookcharacteroneofthexmenxmantvseriesxmantvseriesasouthkoreangameshowxaviercarterbornnicknamedxmanamericantrackandfieldathletexaviermcdanielbornnicknamedthexmanamericanbasketballplayerxaviernadybornnicknamedxmanamericanbaseballplayerxanderbogaertsbornnicknamedxmanarubanbaseballplayerxmanatarivideogamexmanatarivideogamexmannovelbymichaelbrodskyorthenovelsleadcharacterseealsoxmendisambiguationnategreynategreynategreycapecitabinexthethreatnewportrhodeislandxyzaffairinfoboxinstrumentnamexunnamesimageimagecaptbackgroundwoodwindclassificationaerophonehornbostelsachshornbostelsachsdescvesselfluteinventorsdevelopedcbcexiadynastyrangerelatedhuninstrumenthuntraditionaljapanesemusicalinstrumentstsuchibuemusiciansbuildersarticlesthexuncantonesehyunisaglobularglobularocarinavesselflutefromchinaitisoneoftheoldestmusicalinstrumentsinchinaandhasbeeninuseforapproximatelyseventhousandyearsthexunwasinitiallymadeofbakedclayorbonerefnameocarinaforestrefandlaterofclayorceramicitistheonlysurvivingexampleofanearthrefnamejinrefalsocalledclayinstrumentfromthetraditionaleighttonechineseorchestratheancientchineseorchestrabayinclassificationsofmusicalinstrumentsbasedonwhethertheinstrumentismadefrommetalstonesilkbamboogourdearthhideorwoodrefnamethrasherrefcomponentsthexunisaneggfoodeggshapedaerophonecontainingatleastthreefingerholesinfrontandtwothumbholesinbackithasablowingholeontopandcanhaveuptotensmallerfingerholesoneforeachfingeritissimilartoanocarinabutdoesnotcontainafipplemouthpiecewoodwindmouthpieceunlikeotherchineseflutelikeinstrumentssuchasthewuduandtaodithexuncancomeinavarietyofsizestheentryforthexunintheoldestsurvivingchineseencyclopediaeryarefineddefinitionscrdcenturybcdescribesitasbeingof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lesfoldedanddazbeganoperatingthestationunderthebrandestreolabuenaondabyxhiswasbroadcastingsoulmusicandrbironicallyitwasmorepopularwithteensandwomenthanwithmenarowbetweencalifrmulaandpoliticallymotivatedbroadcastworkerstemporarilyforceddazoutofthebroadcastingbusinessinaprilareporthadairedononeofthecalifrmulastationscriticizingbajacaliforniagovernorrobertodelamadridjusttwoweeksafterreturningtoanrbformatinseptemberworkersaffiliatedtotheunionofradioandtelevisionindustryworkersstirtwentonstrikeandtheonlywaytoresolvethestrikewastosellxhisandxherstofranciscoaguirrefounderofmexicocitybroadcastergruporadiocentrothetijuanaacquisitionmarkedgrcsfirsteverexpansionoutsidethecapitalcitytwoyearslaterdazboughtbacktheclusterofxhisandxhersinstitutingnewcallsignsandformatsonboththatyearxhisbecamexhitzfmandchangedtoanalbumorientedrockformatundercontracttosandiegoradiocompanyhoweverinthestationstumbledinanownershipdisputeabitterbattlebetweensandiegoradiocompanyandcalifrmulaledtotheabruptendofthealbumrockformatasthelattertookcontrolofthestationdazcitedcontinuedlowratingsbutthestrawthatbrokethecamelsbackwasahumorousnewsreportreadonthestationthatstatedagermananthropologisthaddiscoveredatribeofmolepeoplelivinginthesewersofmexicocitywhenthereportwasreadinlatejuneitcaughttheattentionofdireccingeneralderadiotelevisinycinematografamexicanauthoritieswhowereoutragedoverthesecondhandaccounttheyhadheardwhichimpliedthatmexicansweresopoortheylivedinsewersindazsoldtheamericanmarketingrightsforxhitzagainthistimetobroadcastingmarketingandmanagementltdbmmceasedoperationofthestationonjuneasitassignedtherightstoanothercompanyconsolidatedradiosaleswhichwasalsobankrupttheresultwasthatdazandtheheadofconsolidatedradiosalesjackmccoyclashedinmidjulymccoyfiredalltheemployeesintheusandhadallthelockschangedwithseveralemployeesinsteadshowinguptoworkintijuanalaterthatdayhoweverabankruptcyjudgeruledthatdazownedtheusoperationofthestationsinxhitzflippedfromadultcontemporarytoarockorientedhitsformatknownaspirateradiobasedonthesuccessofkqlzdefunctkqlzinlosangelesonaprilhoweverxhitzswitchedformatstorhythmictopunderprogramdirectorrickthomaswithadancemusicdanceleaningdirectionzcompetedagainstklnvqwhichwasthepowerhouseoftopinthemarketwithzsdebuthoweverittookonlyafewbooksforxhitztobeatqandthankstoitssuccessitalsoforcedthemarketsonlyurbancontemporaryoutletfuturesisterstationxhrmoutofthatformatbyaszremainedontopqshiftedtowardsamoremainstreamtopformatanditwasntuntilseptemberthatxhitzwouldhaveanotherdirectcompetitoragainstkhtsfmkhtswhichhadadanceleanmuchlikexhitzhoweverbyaugustxhitzwouldmoveawayfromitsdanceapproachtobeginfocusingmoreonrbhiphopmusichiphopproductthestationalsorebrandedasjamminzbeforerevertingtozincalifrmulawhichwounddownmostofitsoperationsovertheearlysasdazretiredandthendiedtheusoperatingrightsweresoldtoclearchannelcommunicationsforerunneroftodaysiheartmediaandtheconcessionwastransferredtoanewmexicanconcerncomunicacinxersaxhitzremainedahiphopleaderuntilwhenxhmorefmflippedtoahiphopleaningrhythmictopthesetwostationswouldbattleuntillatewhenxhmorechangedformatsshortlyafterthisxhitzshiftedbacktoitsdanceleaningandmoremainstreamsounddespitebeingthemarketsonlyrhythmictopxhitzcontinuedtosharemuchofthesamemusicaskhtsfmkhtsandksonfmkegyallofwhomarerhythmicleaningtopchrsalongwithadulttopkmyionaprilxhitzrebrandeditselffromztojamminzinmidxhitzrebrandedbacktoztodaythestationairsacontemporaryhitradiochrformatresultinginbothnielsenbroadcastdatasystemsnielsenbdsandmediabasemovingxhitzfromtherhythmictomainstreamreportingpanelsinfebruaryownershipmanagementclearchannelcontrolledxhitzandtwootherradiostationscityoflicenselicensedtomexicobutprogrammedinenglishandaimedatthesandiegomarketaswellasowningfivefmstationsinsandiegoaswellafederalcommunicationscommissionrulingforcedclearchanneltodivesttheoperatingrightstoitsmexicanstationsinordertoremainunderfccownershipcapsonjulyclearchanneltransferredtheprogrammingandlocalmarketingarrangementsofxhitzalongwithxetrafmandxhrmfmtofinestcitybroadcastinganewcompanyunderthedirectionofformerclearchannelsandiegovpmarketmanagermikeglickenhausfinestcitytookoveroperationsondecemberintheseprogrammingandmarketingrightsweresoldtobroadcastcorporationoftheamericasafterfinestcitydefaultedonassetsthatresultedinitsbankruptcyinbcawouldspinoffxhitzxetraandxhrmtolocalmediaofamericaafterachangeinmanagementonoctobermidwesttelevisionownersofkfmbamkfmbandkfmbfmannouncedthatithadenteredintoajointoperatingagreementwithlocalmediasandiegollcforminganentityknownassdlocaltomanagetheircollectiveclusterofstationstheintentofthisagreementwastopreservethelocalownershipandoperationofsandiegostopratedradiostationsrefnamesdutkfmbjoareftheagreementendedattheendofrefnameaasdlocaljoaendrefreferencesexternallinkswellcomuserdmsmlxlncindexhtmlinvestigationofradiooperationsintijuanamxconductedbybroadcastengineerdonaldmussellfcbroadcastingcomfinestcitybroadcastingformerownersofxhitzwebarchiveorgwebyescomkscflogxhitzinfoboxcomicsorganizationwikipediawikiprojectcomicsnamexfactorinvestigationsimagexfactorinvestigationspresentjpgimagesizedefaultcaptionthexfactorteamartbydavidyardinpublishermarvelcomicsdebutmadroxmarchcreatorspeterdavidbrpabloraimondibasedetroitmichiganunitedstatesbrdistrictxnewyorkcitymembersformerlysirynbansheebrlaylamillerbutterflybrdarwincomicsdarwinbrhavokcomicshavokbrlongshotmarvelcomicslongshotbrmcomicsmbrjamiemadroxmultiplemanbrpipthetrollbrpolariscomicspolarisbrrictorbrshatterstarbrstrongguybrwolfsbanecomicswolfsbanesubcatprivateinvestigatorsherovillainxfactorinvestigationsisafictionaldetectiveagencyappearinginamericancomicbookspublishedbymarvelcomicstheorganizationwascreatedbywriterpeterdavidforthecomicbookseriesxfactorcomicsxfactorvoltheagencyfirstappearsunderthenamexxxinvestigationsinthefirstissueofthemarvelcomicslimitedseriesmadroxnovemberinthefinalissuemadroxmarchthenameischangedtoxfactorinvestigationsandlaterabbreviatedxfinvestigationspublicationhistorypeterdavidintroducedtheagencyinthelimitedseriesmadroxrefnamemadroxrefthemadroxseriesendedinmarchbutwithpositivefanandretailerreactiontothebookmarvelrelaunchedtheseriesundertheiroftusedtitlexfactordavidhavingconsideredmadroxanxfactorbookanywayrefnamedavidintforumnewsaramacomprintthreadphpthreadidinterviewwithpeterdavidnewsaramarefatthecomicconinternationalsandiegocomicconpeterdavidannouncedtheagencywouldcontinuefollowingeventsinmadroxandhouseofmandintendedtheagencytobedarkandscruffyinspiredbytheparanormalfoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxtvseriesxfilesrefnamesdccclassicnewsaramacomsdccmarvelxmenxmenhomhtmlsdccdaymarvelstheworldhaschangedhouseofmxmenpanelnewsaramarefatthefanexpocanadaitwasannouncedthatthecurrentxfactorserieswouldberenumberedtoindecembertotakeupthenumberingoftheoriginalseriestheseriesendedafterissueafterissuesfictionalteamhistoryxfactorinvestigationsisadetectiveagencyrunbyjamiemadroxformerlyknownasthecostumedsuperheromultiplemantheagencywasoriginallynamedxxxinvestigationsbutteammembersthoughtthatitsoundedtoomuchlikemadroxwasinvestigatingpornographythenewnameistakenfromthegovernmentsponsoredmutantsupergroupthatthethreefoundershadpreviouslyservedonmadroxanddecimationtheinitialstaffconsistedofmadroxsbestfriendandspecialenforcerguidocarosellastrongguyandformerteammaterahnesinclairwolfsbanecomicswolfsbanefollowingthehouseofmmadroxsnewfoundwealthfromwinningawhowantstobeamillionairestylegameshowallowedhimtorecruitseveralofhisformercolleaguesoftheparisbranchofthenowdefunctxcorporationnewmembersincludesirynapowerlessrictormcomicsmandlaylamillerwhohasinsertedherselfintothegrouptokeepthemfromdiscoveringthetruthbehindthemutantdecimationacatastrophicworldwidewipingoutofmutantpowersthattookplaceduringdecimationcomicsastorylineofthesamenametheagencysubsequentlyconflictwithrivalagencysingularityinvestigationsaftertheyorderedsirynbeatenandleftfordeadintheaftermathofthedecimationstorylinemadroxaftermeetingwithsingularityceodamiantrypaskssiryntofindoutmoreaboutthedecimationfromtheheroeswhomighthavebeeninvolvedshelearnsfromspidermanthatthexmenwhohaddeniedanyinvolvementaswellasquicksilvercomicsquicksilverwereinfactcentraltotheendingofthateventlittleisknownaboutdamiantrypapartfromthatherunssingularityinvestigationswhichisindirectcompetitionwithmadroxsxfactorinvestigationsandhisencounterswithmadroxsteamheisalsooneofthefewmutantsthatkepttheirsuperhumanpowersafterthedecimationcomicsmdayeventalthoughithasbeenrevealedthathemightnotbeamutantbutageneticthrowbacktoanearliertimerefnamexfactorvrefieachangelingapredecessortomutantswhodevelopspowersatbirthtrypsmutationenableshimtoliveforaverylongtimeasevidencedbyhimbeingaliveinthethcenturywalesrefnamexfactorvrefhealsoisabletomovethroughtimeinasimilarfashiontoquicksilvercomicsquicksilverwhichenableshimtobringtogetherhimselfatthreedifferenttimesdamiantrypalsoseemstobeinvolvedinjamiemadroxspastwhenjamiewasbornthedoctorsslapcausedhimtomultiplyintotwoidenticalbabieswhichwasrathershockingtobothhisparentsandthedoctorprofessorxprofessorcharlesxavierafriendofthemadroxfamilysuggestedthattheymovetokansastoraisetheboyinprivacywiththepossibilityoftheboytobelatertaughtatprofessorxsschoolforthegiftedyoungstershoweverwhenmadroxwasstillyoungtrypalsomakesanownoffertolookafterjamieclaimingthatjamiewasalsoachangelinglikehimjamiesparentshoweverrefusetogivejamietotrypwhoproceedstocreateafreaktornadothatkillsjamiesparentsthealloutconflictbetweentrypssingularityinvestigationsandxfactorinvestigationsbeganaftertheyoungestversionoftrypbadlybeatsirynaftershootingherintheneckwithadartthatpreventedherfromusingherpowersandleftherfordeadrefcitecomicwriterdavidpeterartistcalerodennisstorycaptiveaudiencetitlexfactorvolumeissuedatemaypublishermarvelcomicsrefsirynaspartofherdutiesforxfactorinvestigationswasinvestigatingthemurderofthewomanwhodiedinjackvaughnspenthouseundersuspiciouscircumstancesjackvaughnamoviestarclaimedthatthewomanwaskilledbyhersistergloriasantiagowhowasupsetabouttherelationshipclaimingthatjackwasnogoodforhersisterandthatallhewastryingtodowaswrestlethegunawayfromherthesisterthushiredxfactorinvestigationstohelpherclearhernameandbringjacktojusticesingularityinvestigationswasrepresentingjackvaughnwithtrypjuniorietheyoungestversionasthedefensecounselsirynandxfactorinvestigationsmanagedtoincriminatevaughnandtothwartsisassassinationattemptonrictorrefcitecomicwriterdavidpeterpencillerryansookcopencillersdenniscaleroinkerwadevongrawbadgercoinkersdenniscalerostorylinesinthesandtitlexfactorvolumeissuedateaprilpublishermarvelcomicsreftrypjuniorissoinfuriatedbythisthatheambushessirynandbeatheralmosttodeathleavinghertodieinanalleymadroxandstrongguygivetrypaverypublicwarningastrypisjoggingintheparktheytelltrypthattheyknowthatitwashewhohurtsirynandwhiletheywillnothurthiminbroaddaylightheshouldwatchhisbacktrypjuniorandtrypseniormakemadroxanoffertojointheirfirmandmadroxlaughsinresponsecivilwarduringthecivilwarcomicscivilwarquicksilvercomicsquicksilverhasreturnedtomutanttownfollowingtheeventsofsonofmhavinggainedtheabilitytorestoreothermutantspowersfromtheterrigenmistsxfactorusedthistoconfrontthexmenwiththeirknowledgeofthedecimationasaresultxfactorhastakenapublicstanceindefianceofthecivilwarcomicssuperhumanregistrationacthoweverrictorcomicsrictorandmcomicsmwereregisteredbyaduplicateofmadroxwhoisanagentofshieldandmadroxstrongguyandwolfsbanecomicswolfsbanearealreadyregisteredbecauseoftheirmembershipinthepreviousgovernmentsponsoredxfactorthexmenhavedecidednottointerferewithquicksilveraslongashestaysinmutanttownxdoutwhenaformersingularityemployeecametoxfactorinvestigationsandrelatedthattrypisattemptingtorecreatethelegacyvirustheplaguethatkilledseveralmutantsincludingbrieflymadroxhimselfstrongguyissenttodrivethemantosafetyhoweveroncetheyarealonestrongguykillshimandcallstryptoreportthisitislaterrevealedthattryphasplacedahypnoticsuggestioninstrongguysmindtoturnhimintoasleeperagentaccordingtotheoldestversionoftrypancientallofsingularityinvestigationseffortstocreatethelegacyvirushavebeentopreventapossiblefutureinwhichxfactormanagestoundothedecimationbutasaresulthumanityiswipedoutbytherepoweredmutantsinabloodyconflictassuchxfactorinvestigationsnewgoalistoundothedecimationrefnamexfactorvrefbutalsotopreventtheconflicttryppredictedduetooneofmadroxsdupesblowingupthesibuildingapparentlykillingtrypjuniorandtrypsenioriethemiddleagedversiononlytheancienttryptheonewhohasbeenalivethelongestandhasseenthegrimfutureisstillaliveafterthedestructionofsingularityinvestigationsthepresentformofdamiantryptheelderancientrevealstolaylamillercomicslaylathatherveryexistencehadfoiledhisplansmdashsheisaforceofchaoslikeheistrypalsorevealsthatwhenhecomesintoconflictwithlaylaterribleeventsoccurasaresultfollowingherencounterwithtryplaylaappearsgenuinelyshockedforthefirsttimetheglassofmilksheispouringoverflowsspillingontothefloorafterfindingoutabouttheforetoldeventeachmemberofthexfactorinvestigationsattendsasessionwithdocsamsonworldwarhulkduringtheworldwarhulkstorylinexfactorcomestotheaidofprofessorxavierwhenthehulkcomicshulkseeksretributiononhimduetohisrolewithintheilluminaticomicsilluminatipostcivilwaraftermadroxsexperiencewithhisshielddupeadupehehasforgottenaboutmadroxwentonaquesttogatherhislostdupesandrevealedanabilitytoabsorbhimselfintodupesthisquestmetanendwhenhefoundadupewhohadbuilthisownfamilymeanwhilesirynandmonetbondedinfranceandrescuedachildfromariotxfactorwasthenattackedbythexcellandalmostdefeatedthexcellsmembersbelievedthegovernmenttoberesponsiblefortheirlostpowersallbutmarrowcomicsmarrowandcallistocomicscallistowererepoweredbyquicksilverandrictoraprocessthatresultedinthedeathoftheirelijahcrossleaderandabysscomicsabyssfatalecomicsfataleandreapermarvelcomicsreaperfleeingintothebrimstonedimensiontofateunknownwhenlaylamillerrevealedwhattrulyhappenedtocallistoandmarrowrictorusedhispowerstoexpeltheterrigencrystalsfromquicksilversbodyexceptforonewhichquicksilverkeptatthecostofhispowersmessiahcomplexduringthexmenmessiahcomplexmessiahcomplexstorylinemadroxrictorandanaccompanyinglaylamillerarealertedtothexaviermansionbyemmafrostduringthemutantbabyconflictmadroxandlaylaaresenttoforgesheadquarterstosendtwodupesintodifferentalternaterealitieslaylahowevergoeswithoneofthedupesatthelastminuteclaimingshehasaparttoplayintheirmissionunfortunatelyforgeinformsmadroxthatthereisnowaytoretrievelaylaandhisdupeswhoreceivedinstructionstokillthemselvesoncetheyreceivedtheinformationtheyneededtogetreabsorbedintomadroxprimelaylaandthemadroxdupelandinbishopsfutureandarecapturedandheldinmutantinternmentcampsrictorisinstructedtogoundercoverasapuriferbypretendingtoshootrahneassheattackedthegroupsmembershehassincegainedinformationontheirartilleryuntilhiscoverwasblownbyanolecomicsanoleandtheothernewxmenrahnelaterjoinsthemutantgroupxforcetohuntdowncableusingtheirhyperkeensensessirynwascalledbythemutantnamedpeepersaskingtohelphimoutwhensirynarrivedonthescenepeeperswaseatentothebonebypredatorxwhowasalreadyonhiswaylookingforthenextmutanttokillstrongguysirynandmjoinedforceswiththexmenagainstthevariousgroupstryingtotakecontrolofthemutantbabydividedwestandduringthexmendividedwestanddividedwestandstorylinerahneafteraconfrontationwithjamieaboutherleavingrahnerevealsthatshehasseenherselfmurderjamieandlaylamadroxontheirweddingnightandnotwantingtokilllaylauponherreturnfromthedystopianfutureleavestheteamandjoinsxforcerefnamexfactorcitecomicwriterdavidpeterartistraimondipablostoryaftermathtitlexfactorvolumeissuedateaprilpublishermarvelcomicsrefrefnamexforcecitecomicwriterkylecraigcowriteryostchrisartistcrainclaytonstoryangelsanddemonstitlexforcevolumeissuedateaprilpublishermarvelcomicsrefmeanwhilerictorspotsagirlhethinksislaylabutdiscoverssheisayoungprostitutewhoresembleslaylaaftersomeaggressivewordswiththeyoungwomanspimphegetsintoafightthatleaveshimwoundedafterguidojoinsinthefightthemenquicklydisperseandheescortsrictortoahospitalelsewherejamieisseenlookingforafightandfindshimselfatapurifiersmarvelcomicspurifiergatheringaftershootingtheirleaderwithatranquilizerjamiemakesthreecopiesofhimselfandreadiesforafightsirynrevealstoareverendthatsheispregnantwithjamieschildandlateratabarrevealstomonetthatsheintendstogivebirthtothechildmeanwhilemutanttownisundertheclutchesofsilveragexmenvillainarcademarvelcomicsarcadewithrictorashisprisonervaleriecooperreturnsasasupportingcharacterandxfactorrelocatestodetroitmichigansecretinvasiontoaddresstheabsenceoflaylamillerandrahnesinclairandtoaddnewcharacterdynamicstotheteamwriterpeterdavidaddednewcastmemberstothebooklongshotmarvelcomicslongshotanddarwincomicsdarwindavidchoselongshotforthecharactersoptimismandupbeatattitudewhichdavidfeltwouldbeanappropriatereplacementforrahneandlaylarespectivelyhechosedarwinbecausethecharacterwasarelativelyblankslatethataffordeddavidthefreedomtowritehimhoweverhewantedrefnamedavidxfactorrefasthecharacterappearedonlyinthestorylinesxmendeadlygenesisdeadlygenesisandriseandfalloftheshiarempirerefnamedeadlyrefrefnameshiarrefduringthesecretinvasionstorylinedarwingoesinsearchofprofessorxavierbecausehewantstohelphimheencounterslongshotmarvelcomicslongshotwhotriestoleadhimtotheprofessorbyusinghispowerslongshothoweverisunsureifhispowershavebeenworkingcorrectlyandteststhemoutonagroupofpeoplewhichturnondarwinandattackafterabrieffightdarwinmanagestogetawayandthecrowdturnonlongshotdarwinsfatherhiresxfactortofindhissonsupposedlybecausehefeelsbadforwalkingoutonhimandhismotherwhenhewasyoungermadroxmonetandguidotrackdowndarwinandlongshotbutlongshotisattackedbyjazindaandshehulkwhoaretrailingafterhimbecauseheisreallyaskrullafterafightbetweenthetwogroupstheybothrealizelongshotisaskrullcaptureandhandhimovertojazindaandshehulkandgotheirseparatewayspostsecretinvasionafterdarwinisreunitedwithhisfatheronlytobebetrayedandsoldouttobyoperativesofanorganizationknownasthekarmaprojectwhoareexperimentingonlivinghumanbeingsmeanwhilethereallongshotshowsupandheanddarwinjoinxfactorvaleriecoopertakesaninterestinsirynsunbornchildduringaconfrontationwhensirynisleavingforthehospitalbecauseherwaterbrokevalisaccidentallyshotwhilevalrecoverssiryngivesbirthandfinallyacknowledgesthatherfatherisdeadandisnevercomingbackshenameshersonseanafterherfatherbutwhenmadroxholdshimheabsorbsseanjamiemadroxleavesxfactorinvestigationsinordertotalktohislastremainingdupejohnmaddoxexplainingtojohnthatdupesareunabletohavebabiesjohnrevealsthathealreadyknewthishoweverjamiethreatenstokillhimselfknockingoutjohnbeforehepullsthetriggeranolderlaylamillerreturnstostophimjamieistransportedtothefutureinthemidstofthesummersrebellionwheremutantsriseupagainstsentinelandhumanoppressorswhichisledbyrubysummersthedaughterofcyclopsandemmafrostwithherfathersopticblastsandemmasorganicmineralbodylaylaandacyborgcyclopswhosepredicamentisjamiesfaultafterjamiekisseslaylanowanadultoutofhappinessatseeinghercyclopswantsjamietofindoutwhysomemutantsarewinkingoutofexistencethegroupvisitanagingseniledoctordoomwhosayslaylatoldhiminthepastthathedhavetoinstructjamieandheronsomethinginthefutureanditisnowinthepresentxfactorandnewmemberslongshotmarvelcomicslongshotanddarwincomicsdarwinarebattlingcortexanagentofthesummersrebellioneragovernmentcortexbrieflycontrolsshatterstarandmusingthemtorespectivelymakeassassinationattemptsonreverendjohnmaddoxandanxfactorclientcortexgrabslongshottryingtoalsocontrolhimandrealizesheandshatterstarareconnectedandwhencortexlosescontrolovermonetsheattackshimandhishoodfallsbackrevealingthatheisthesecondjamiemadroxduplicatefrommessiahcomplexthemadroxdupeisteleportedtothefutureoncemorewherehistechnologicalpartsaretakenoverbyanelderlydoomthereheengagesincombatwiththefuturexmenalthoughhemanagestokillfitzroyrubybegslaylatobringhimbackrevealingthatlaylahastheabilitytoresurrectthedeadhoweverherpowersrestoresthemwithoutasoulconsciencetheconflictreachesitspeakwhenamassivesentinelisabouttodestroymostofthemutantsfitzroyabsorbscortexslifeenergyandsendsthemassivesentinelinthepastwherethesentinelcrasheskillingitsconstructorsparentsthuscompletingachainofeventsthatstartedallofthismadroxisteleportedbackinthepasttodetroitwherehemeetsupwiththerestofxfactorlaylahowevergoesfurtherbackwhereshemeetsupwithheryoungerpastselfaftertellingherallofthisshedownloadsherknowledgeintoherpastselfsmindthusfurthercompletingthecausalityloopandgrantinghertheknowledgeshehadtobeginwiththeinvisiblewomanhasvanishedfollowingtheeventsinxfactormadroxdecidestomovexfactorinvestigationsbacktonewyorkcitywhathebelievesiswheretheteamshouldreallybeintheirfirstmissiontheteamisapproachedbyvaleriarichardsvaleriaandfranklinrichardsfantasticfourfranklinrichardswhoaskforxfactorshelptolocatetheirmothertheinvisiblewomanwhohasmysteriouslyvanishedupongoingtothebaxterbuildingxfactorisstonewalledbyreedrichardswhilestrongguyandshatterstarbattlewithbengrimmthingendinginthingsdefeatlongshotidentifiesfromcluesleftonthefantasticarthatsuewaskidnappedtolatveriaandinavisionseeslaylamilleralliedwithdoctordoomaftermuchdebatetheteamtraveltolatveriatoassaultcastledoomandstealbackinvisiblewomanwheremonetshatterstarandthinggoheadtoheadwithdoomhimselfelsewheremonetreturnshomeonlytodiscovervalcooperwithbadnewsherfatherhasbeentakenhostagebyterroristsandwillonlyreturnhiminexchangeformonetherselffollowingfromtheeventsofthelatveriabattlemonetandstrongguytraveldeepintotheunknownjunglesinthehopeoffreeingmonetsfatheritisrevealedthatthemanbehindthekidnappingisnoneotherthanbaronmordosecondcomingrevelationsduringthesecondcomingcomicssecondcomingstorylinebolivartraskafterbeinggiventhemissiontokillallmembersofthexfactorteamassignsabsorbingmanandbastiontothetaskhowevertheteamisweakenedbytheabsenceofstrongguywhoisdealingwithbaronmordoandthekidnappedmonetpostsecondcominglaylaandrahnerejoinstheteamwhilemwasknockedoutbylaylaaboutherinvolvementwithdoctordoominthedisappearanceofsuerichardsakatheinvisiblewomanrahnegoesupstairandinterruptsanintimatemomentbetweenrictorandshatterstaraswellasreviewherpregnancyrictorisshockedbyrahnespregnancybecausetheyslepttogetherbeforeshelefttojoinxforcewhilerahneisshockedthatrictorandshatterstarareinahomosexualrelationshipbecauseofhercatholicbeliefsandattacksshatterstarinherwolfformandpusheshimtothegroundfromthewindowforturningrictorgaybutwasinterruptedbylongshotrictorasksrahneifhesthefatherofherbabyandshedeceiveshimintothinkingsobysayingshewasntwithanyoneelsesevenmonthsagomadroxandtheresahavetrackeddownpipthetrollandhavetakenfromhimanamuletthatprotectedhimfromhelassightleadingtohiscapturebyhertheteamsetsouttolasvegastorescuehimbyusinglongshotspowertowinatcasinoforfourmonthstogainattentiontheygotattackedbyhelabutwererescuedbythorcomicsthorandsuccessfullyrescuespipwithhelpfromdarwinhoweveraconfrontationwithhrimharianasgardcomicsasgardianwolfprincerevealsthatheactuallyisthefatherofrahnesbabypipjoinstheteamoutofgratitudethattheysavedhimbutitisimpliedthathehashisownagendarictorisupsetwiththenewsbutforgivesrahnewhenhelearnsthatshejustworriesabouthissoulwhileintheheatofabattletorescuejjonahjamesonstrongguywasshotandkilledbutlaylarevivedhimatthecostofhissoulheractionchangedthefuturethatwasuploadtoherbrainbyherolderselfasthebirthofrahnessonisnearvariousforcesofdemonsattackxfactorheadquarterrahnewasforcedtorelyonheroldpacktoprotectandgavebirthtohersontierthroughhermouthhewasleftwithrahnespackforhisownsurvivalwhenthedemonbloodbathattackedxfactormadroxwasseeminglykilledhoweverhewasrevealedtobetransportedtoanalternaterealitybythecorpsesoflaylaandhimselfontheirweddingnightandconfrontedvanorawholaylahadpaidtokillthemjaimediedandfoundhimselfinarealityinwhichhumansweredominatedbydeathlokhediedoncemoreandfoundhimselftheapprenticeofdoctorstrangewhohadjustdiedatthehandsofdormammuthespiritofdocstrangewasabletosendjamiebacktohisrealitybutcomplicationdrewvanoradeathlokanddormammuwithhiminhisabsencehavokandpolarisjoinedandledtheteammuchtotheirdismayjamiecamebackfromhisbodyinthefreezerandagreetosharetheleadershipwithhavokbreakingpointduringthebreakingpointsstorylinetheteamfightsthreeinterdimensionalmonstersbroughtonearthbydamiantrypasanowsoullessstrongguyendangerspeoplewhilefightingthesemonstersmonetcomicsmlashesoutathimthisbehaviourandthefactthattheirrelationshipdidnotworkleadshimtoleavetheteamheistheninterceptedbyathreateningsilhouettewhomhejoinstheremainingmonstervanoradaughterofaparalleluniverserahneescapesafterthatdarwinfinallycatchesupwithrahnessonandtriestokillhimonlytobestoppedbywerewolfbynightafightensuesbetweenrahneshatterstarrictordarwinandvanorashatterstarapparentlykillsvanoraandrahneleavestheteamtotakecareofhersontierlaterthatdaycrowsareseenpeckingatvanorathoughshesomehowrevivespolariscomicspolarislearnsofhertrueoriginsandthefactthatshemurderedherparentswhereasshealwaysbelievedthatmagnetocomicsmagnetodiditthankstomonetandlongshotmarvelcomicslongshottherevelationleavesherinacatatonicstateitisalsoimpliedthatsirynbansheeishavingvisionsofherdeadfathersirynagreestoherdestinyastheavataroftheancientspiritofmorriganthebansheeandabsorbittosavepolarisssanityshehealslornawhowasleftinacatatonicstateandleavestheteamconfessingtomadroxthatintheendshealwayslovedhimmadroxconfrontshavokonhisleadershiphavokdecidestoleavetheteamtofindhispathwhereaslornawantstostaymadroxandlaylagetmarriedhellonearthwhentryingtotakeahoneymoonvacationjamieandlaylawereattackbyalegionofzombiewhiletherestoftheteamareattackedbyamysteriousforceitwaslaterreviewedthattheyarethehelllordswhoisawakenbyguidosresurrectionbylaylaandthebirthofrahnesbabysontierpipwasseeminglykilledbythehelllordsinanefforttoprotecttheteamandlaterpossessmsbodyinordertoescapehisdeathhoweveritisimpliedthathequitstheteamoutofsafetyorjamiefiredhimoutofangerforhisinvolvementintheeventthexfactorbuildingisdestroyedrahnetierrejointheteaminordertoprotectthemselvesanddarwinagreestohelpandlaterrejoinstheteamstrongguykilledtierandbecamethekingofhellrictorandshatterstarseeminglydieditwaslaterreviewedthatrictorandshatterstargottransferredtoapastversionofmojoworldshatterstarsoriginandrelationshiptolongshotanddazzlerisreviewedhewaslongshotsgeneticsourceaswellashissonwithdazzlercreatedaparadoxwhereasshatterstarisbothlongshotsfathercloneandhissonwithdifferentdnatheendofxfactoraftertheeventsofhelloneartheachteammembersfoundthemselvesgotblastedintodifferentplaceswithouttheirteammateslongshotlefttheteamashefelthehasnothingleftafterthedeathofshatterstarrahnefoundherselfinvermontandlefttheteamfortheguiltofbringingthewarandthedeathofhersonpolarisfoundherselfinnywithoutanymemberofherteamgotdrunkandattemptedasuicidebycopandgotthrowninjailwhereshemadeadealwithamysteriousfigurelaterrevealedtobeharrisonsnowmonetanddarwinfoundthemselvesinlasvegasandrejoinedthejeangreymutantschoollaylaandjamiefoundthemselvesinmoroccotheyencounteredsirynandsherestoredjamiefromhisdemonformuponreturningtowherethexfactorbuildingoncestandjamiefrustratedoverthesituationandconcludedthattheworldisforotherpeopletosavesoldtheteamtoharrisonsnowceoandpresidentofservalindustryandretiredtohisfamilyfarmwithlaylahispregnantwifesnowrenamedtheteamandbegantorecruitpeopleintotheallnewxfactorteamrosterclasswikitableissuesyearsrosteraligncentertoaligncenteralignleftlaylamillerbutterflymonetstcroixmmultiplemanmadroxrictorsirynstrongguywolfsbanecomicswolfsbanealigncentertoaligncenteralignleftbutterflymmadroxquicksilverrictorsirynstrongguywolfsbanealigncentertoaligncenteralignleftmessiahcomplexcrossoveraligncentertoaligncenteralignleftmmadroxrictorsirynstrongguyaligncentertoaligncenteralignleftdarwincomicsdarwinlongshotmarvelcomicslongshotmmadroxrictorsirynstrongguyaligncentertoaligncenteralignleftbutterflydarwinlongshotmmadroxrictorrubysummerssirynstrongguyaligncentertoaligncenteralignleftbutterflydarwinlongshotmmadroxrictorrubysummersshatterstarsirynstrongguyaligncentertoaligncenteralignleftbutterflydarwinlongshotmmadroxrictorshatterstarsirynstrongguyaligncentertoaligncenteralignleftbutterflydarwinlongshotmmadroxrictorshatterstarsirynstrongguywolfsbanealigncenteraligncenteralignleftdarwinaligncentertoaligncenteralignleftbutterflylongshotmmadroxrictorshatterstarsirynstrongguywolfsbanealigncentertoaligncenteralignleftsirynbansheebutterflyhavokcomicshavoklongshotmmadroxpipthetrollpolariscomicspolarisrictorshatterstarstrongguywolfsbanealigncentertoaligncenteralignleftbutterflylongshotmmadroxpipthetrollpolarisrictorshatterstaraligncenteraligncenteralignleftbutterflylongshotmmadroxpolarisrictorshatterstartiersainclairwolfsbanealigncenteraligncenteralignleftbutterflydarwinlongshotmmadroxpolarisrictorshatterstartiersanclairwolfsbanealigncenteraligncenteralignleftbutterflydarwinlongshotmpolarisrictorshatterstartiersanclairwolfsbanealigncenteraligncenteralignleftbutterflydarwinmmadroxpolariswolfsbanealigncenteraligncenteralignleftbutterflydarwinmmadroxpolarisaligncenteraligncenteralignleftbutterflydarwinmmadroxaligncenteraligncenteralignleftbutterflymadroxaligncenteraligncenteralignleftnanotesthecharacteractsasarecurringcharacteronlywolfsbaneleavesthegrouptojoinxforcebutrejoinsinlaylamillerisleftstrandedinthefuturethecharacterjoinsfollowingtherevivalduringmessiahcomplexthecharacterjoinsfollowingthedeathofhisskrullsskrullimpersonatorduringsecretinvasionthecharacterreturnstoherowntimeinthecharacterisnotanactualmemberoftheteambutholdsalliancewithdoctordoominsteadawardsinandxfactornominatedforaglaadmediaawardforoutstandingcomicbookandeventuallywoninpeterdavidsaidthisinaninterviewlaterimappreciativeofmarvelcomicsallowingmesomuchlatitudeinxfactorparticularlyjoequesadasunequivocalpublicsupportwhenrictorandshatterstarfirstliplockedinotethattheawardonlynamesmeandithinkthatsshortsightedbecausetheresbeenahostofartistsandeditorsalongthewaywhohavedoneaterrificjobtobringthestoriestothepublicandultimatelyilookforwardtothedaywhenthisawardisutterlyunnecessarybecausethepositiveportrayaloflgbtsissimplysocommonplacethatitsnolongernewsworthyitsjustthenormalstateofthingsreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebnewsaramacomsdccmarvelxmenxmenhomhtmlannouncementofthenewxfactorseriesnewsaramacomforumsprintthreadphpthreadidpeterdaviddiscussingthenewxfactorseriessetaceoushebrewcharacterdoublesquarespotzenobiamagallanesregionxwindowsystemxufanchengcourtesynamejihaioctoberchangshamarchbeijingrefnamexurefalsoknownashuhsuinindiawasachinachinesescholarandtranslatorindologyindologistandphilos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barcelonabteamthatwonpromotiontothesegundadivisinseconddivisionalthoughhewasinitiallyinspiredbycompatriotplaymakerpepguardiolaatbarcelonaasachildxavialsowatchedalotofenglishfootballandheldmidfieldersjohnbarnesfootballerjohnbarnespaulgascoigneandmattletissierinhighregardrefnamebarnesrefaswellashighpraiseespeciallyforpaulscholesclubcareerbarcelonaxavisprogressionthroughtheteamsearnedhimafirstteamappearanceinacopacatalunyamatchagainstuelleidalleidaonmayandhescoredhisfirstgoalonaugustinthesupercopadeespaasupercupfinalagainstrcdmallorcamallorcahisdebutinlaligacameagainstvalenciacfvalenciaonoctoberinavictoryforbarcelonainitiallyfeaturingintermittentlybothforthereserveandseniorteamsxaviscoredtheonlygoalinavictoryoverrealvalladolidwhenbarcelonawereintenthpositionintheleaguesustainedimpressiveperformancemeantthathebecameakeymemberoflouisvangaalstitlewinningteamxavifinishedhisdebutseasonwithmatchesplayedandwinningthespanishleaguehealsowasnamedlaligabreakthroughplayeroftheyearxavibecamebarcelonasprincipalplaymakerafteraninjurytopepguardiolainthelaligaseasonintheseyearsbarcelonawasonthevergeofbankruptcyandstrugglingtokeepitsplaceinlaligaseliteplayinginthemidfieldbutwithmoredefensiverolexavimadeassistsandscoredgoalsinthosetwoseasonsonmarchhescoredhisfirstgoalinelclsicoagainstrealmadridcfrealmadridxaviwasnamedthecaptainassociationfootballvicecaptaininthefcbarcelonaseasonseasoninwhichhehelpedbarcelonawinlaligalaligaandthesupercopadeespaasupercopadeespaahewasnamedlaligaspanishplayeroftheyearininthefcbarcelonaseasonseasonxavitoretheligamentsinhisleftkneeintraininghewasoutofactionforfourmonthsmissingapartoftheseasonbutreturnedinaprilandwasonthesubstitutesbenchforbarcelonaswinintheuefachampionsleaguefinaluefachampionsleaguefinalagainstarsenalfcarsenalhealsowonlaligalaligaandthesupercopadeespaasupercopadeespaaagainrefnameuefaprofileuefacomteamsandplayersplayersplayerprofileindexhtmlxavihernndezuefacomretrievedmayrefseasonafterbeingnamedplayerofthetournamentateuroxavispoketofcbayernmunichbayernmunichaboutatransferbutnewlyappointedbarcelonacoachpepguardiolaconvincedhimthathewastooimportanttotheclubtobeallowedtoleavehewasamainpartofbarcelonastrebleandscoredthefourthgoalinthewininthecopadelreyfinalcopadelreyfinalagainstathleticbilbaowithafreekickinlaligalaligaamongmanygamesoneofthemostsignificantistheclsicovictoryoverrealmadridonmayheassistedfouroutofsixgoalsoncetocarlespuyoloncetothierryhenryandtwicetolionelmessixavihelpedbarcelonawintheuefachampionsleaguefinalchampionsleaguefinalagainstmanchesterunitedfcmanchesterunitedassistingthesecondgoalbycrossingtomessiforhisheaderpriortothematchmanchesterunitedcoachalexfergusonsiralexfergusonheapedpraiseonthemuchlaudedcentralmidfieldcombinationofxaviandandrsiniestastatingidontthinkxaviandiniestahaveevergiventheballawayintheirlivestheygetyouonthatcarouselandtheycanleaveyoudizzyxaviwasvoteduefachampionsleaguebestmidfielderforhiscontributionduringbarcelonasvictoriousuefachampionsleaguechampionsleaguecampaignxaviwaslaligashighestassistingplayerwithassistshewasalsothehighestassistingplayerinthechampionsleaguewithsevenassistsxaviearnedassistsoverallthatseasonxaviwasundercontracttobarauntilafterextendinghiscontractduringtheseasonthenewcontractmadehimoneoftheclubsbiggestearnerswithasalaryofnbspmillionayearrefnamerterteiesportsoccereuropeanbarcelonaxaviextendsbarcelonacontractrteretrievedmayrefseasonduringthefcbarcelonaseasonseasonjournalistsincreasinglynotedxaviscontributiontothebarcelonateamforexampleintheseasonxaviagaintoppedtheassiststableandprovidedboththeassistsinbarcelonasvictoryagainstrealmadridatthesantiagobernabustadiumhewasacclaimedthesecondbestplayerofbarcelonainaseasonlongvotingasbarcelonawonthelaligaligatitlewitharecordpointsonjunemadridbasednewspapermarcanewspapermarcaawardedxavithirdplaceintheannualtrofeoalfredodistfanoawardforthebestplayerinlaligabehindlionelmessiandcristianoronaldoseasonrefonjunexavisignedanewfouryearcontractwiththeclubwhichmaybeautomaticallyreneweduptojunebasedonnumberofgamesplayedonnovemberhescoredhisthirdgoalagainstarchrivalsrealmadridinahomewinondecemberhescoredanothergoalagainstrcdespanyolespanyolinawininthechampionsleaguexaviscoredavaluablegoalagainstarsenalduringahomematchintheuefachampionsleaguechampionsleaguethatsawbarcelonaprogresstothequarterfinalswithanassistbyteammatedavidvillaxaviwasoneofthethreefinalistsforthefifaballondoralongsidebarcelonateammateslionelmessiandandrsiniestahefinishedthirdonthevotebehindmessiandiniestahenarrowlydefeatedmessitowinplayeroftheyeardesignationfromworldsoccermagazineonjanuaryinaleaguematchagainstlevanteudlevantexavimadehisthappearancefortheclubinallcompetitionsmatchingtherecordheldbymiguelifollowingthismatchxavibecametheplayerwiththemostappearancesforbarcelonaofalltimeonmayxaviwasimperiousintheuefachampionsleaguefinalchampionsleaguefinalatwembleystadiuminlondonasbarcelonadefeatedmanchesterunitedintheshowpieceforthesecondtimeinthreeseasonswinningseasonxavibeganthefcbarcelonaseasonseasoninfinegoalscoringformandseemedtogrowinhisinfluenceoftheteamdespitethelonganticipatedreturnofcescfbregasandthepromotionofthiagoalcntarathiagotocreateaddedcompetitionforplacesinbarasattackingmidfieldpositionsondecemberinthefifaclubworldcupfinalinyokohamabarcelonawonagainstbraziliansidesantosfcsantosasxaviscoredagoalandmadeanassisttolionelmessixaviscoredthewinninggoalinthegrouphgameagainstacmilanmilanavitalmatchforbarcelonasprogressionintheuefachampionsleaguechampionsleagueintotalxavigavethebestgoalscoringreturnofhiscareerinseasonwithtenligagoalstwointhecopadelreycopadelreywhichbarcelonawonandoneinthefifaclubworldcupfinalsuccessseasonondecemberitwasannouncedthatbarcelonarenewedthecontractofxaviextendingituntiljunexaviscoredagoalagainstrealmadridinthematchwonxaviwasnamedintothefifproworldxififaworldxialongwithteammatesdanialvesandrsiniestaandlionelmessiseasononjanuaryxavimadehisthappearanceforthefirstteamagainstgetafecfgetafeinthecopadelreycopadelreyseasoninjuneitwasannouncedthatxaviwouldbeleavingtheclubonjulyhoweveraftertalkswithnewlyappointedmanagerandformerteammateluisenriquefootballerluisenriquexavidecidedtostayatcampnouforonemoreseasonhewasalsoappointedasclubcaptainonaprilxavimadehisthlaligaappearancebecomingtheeighthplayerinhistorytodosoonjuneafarewelltributewasheldatbarcelonaforxaviwithplayersmanagersfriendsandfamilypayingtributetohimonjunexaviappearedasathminutesubstituteforandrsiniestatomakehisfinalappearanceforbarcelonaduringtheuefachampionsleaguefinalchampionsleaguefinalastheclubwonitsfiftheuropeanchampionclubscupeuropeancupchampionsleaguebybeatingjuventusfcjuventusatberlinsolympiastadionberlinolympiastadionxaviasclubcaptainliftedthetrophythismadebarcelonathefirstclubinhistorytowintrebleassociationfootballthetrebleofdomesticleaguedomesticcupandeuropeancuptwicealsaddscandalsaddscalsaddmatchonmayxaviannouncedthathewouldjoinqatariclubalsaddscalsaddattheendofthefcbarcelonaseasonseasononathreeyearcontractaccordingtohisagentthedealwouldinvolvehimbecominganambassadorforthefifaworldcupinthecountryandalsostarthiscoachingqualificationshemadehisdebutforalsaddinawinoveralmesaimeersportsclubmesaimeeronseptemberassistingintheteamsfirstgoalinthefollowingmatchhescoredhisfirstgoalfortheclubinadrawwithummsalalscummsalalrefnamexavigoalrefalsaddendedtheleaguecampaigninthirdpositionputtingtheminaplacefornextseasonafcchampionsleaguexaviscoredthreegoalsduringtheseasoninthechampionsleaguealsaddwereknockedoutfromthequalifyingroundsbyemiratisidealjaziraclubaljaziraonpenaltiesxavimissedhisspotkickxaviwonhisfirsttrophywithalsaddfollowingavictoryovereljaishsceljaishintheqatarcupfinalonaprilonnovemberxavisaidthathewouldretireattheendoftheqatarstarsleagueseasonandwouldlaterpursueacoachingcareerinternationalcareerxaviplayedforspainnationalfootballteamspainatthefootballatthesummerolympicsolympicsfifaworldcupuefaeurofifaworldcupworldcupuefaeuroeurofifaconfederationscupfifaworldcupworldcupuefaeuroeurofifaconfederationscupconfederationscupandthefifaworldcupworldcupuefaeuroxaviwasnamedeurosuefaeuroawardsplayerofthetournamentafterspaindefeatedgermanynationalfootballteamgermanyinthefinalxaviwasdominantinmidfieldwherehismetronomicpassingandreadingofthegamewaspivotaltospainssuccessinadditiontomakingtacklesshapingattacksanddrivingspaintotheirfirstsilverwaresincetheuefaeuroeuropeanchampionshiprefnamexaviuefacomuefaeuroseasonhistorymakerxavionspainsvictoryforthelittleguyuefacomretrievedmayrefandyroxburghheadofuefastechnicalcommitteesaidwehavechosenxavibecauseheepitomizesthespanishstyleofplayhewasinfluentialinthewholepossessionpassingandpenetratingkindofgamethatspainplayedxaviscoredthefirstgoalofspaininthesemifinalagainstrussianationalfootballteamrussiawhichspainwonintheuefaeurofinalfinalhemadeapassrolledtowardsthegermanareafromwhichfernandotorresscoredthewinninggoalworldcupxaviwasnamedinspainssquadforthefifaworldcupworldcupinsouthafricawithspaineventuallywinningtheirfirstfifaworldcupworldcupheprovidedthemostnumberofaccuratepasseswithapassingsuccessrateofandhecrossedtheballinsidetheyardboxmorethananyotherplayerperforminginthetournamentforexampleinthefinalhemadeaccurateforwardhalfpassesxavialsocoveredalotofdistanceonthepitchkilometresthroughoutthecompetitionswhichaverageatapproximatelykilometrespergameinthefifaworldcupfinalfinalhecoveredadistanceofalmostkilometresduringtheroundofmatchagainstportugalnationalfootballteamportugalxaviprovidedabackheelpassintherdminutetodavidvillaalthoughvillahadhisshotwithhisleftfootblockedbygoalkeepereduardocarvalhoeduardohethenputinthereboundwithhisrightfootforthewinninggoalxavicrossedacornerouttotheedgeofthesixyardboxinthesemifinalsagainstgermanywherecarlespuyolmadeaheaderintothetoprightcorneruefaeurosriccardomontolivointheuefaeurofinaleurofinalxaviplayedforspainateurowhichspainwonbydefeatingitalyintheuefaeurofinalfinalxaviattemptedpassescompletedsuccessrateduringspainsvictoryinthegroupstagematchagainsttherepublicofirelandnationalfootballteamrepublicofirelandmorethananyotherplayerinauefaeuropeanchampionshipeuropeanchampionshipmatchthepreviousrecordhadbeensetbyronaldkoemanatinauefaeuroeuromatchbetweenthenetherlandsnationalfootballteamnetherlandsanddenmarknationalfootballteamdenmarkxaviandandrsiniestamadepassesinthismatchmorethanthecombinedirishmanagedpumpumpumpumwashowxavidescribedtherhythmicsoundoftheballconstantlymovingbetweenhimselfandhismidfieldpartnerwithxaviprovidingtwoassistsinthefinaloneforjordialbaandanotheronelikefouryearsagoforfernandotorreshebecamethefirstplayertoregisterassistsintwoeuropeanchampionshipfinalsspainsuefaeurovictorymadexavithemostsuccessfulplayerinspanishfootballhistoryafeatthathepreviouslysharedwithcarlespuyolwhomissedtheentiretournamentretirementonaugustfollowingtheworldcupwherespainwereeliminatedatthegroupstagexaviannouncedhisretirementfrominternationalfootballhavingmadeappearancesinayearperiodspainsworldcupwinningmanagervicentedelbosquepaidtributestatingthatxaviwasakeypartoftheteamsstyleofplayandhewasmoreimportanttousthaneventhemanageralsoaddingwewillmisshimbothonandoffthepitchheisaplayerwhoweholdingreatesteembothpersonallyandasaplayerheisandalwayswillbeapersonandaplayerwhoisgreatlyvaluedbytheroyalspanishfootballfederationfederationthecoachingstaffandbymyselfstyleofplaytheclaimthatxaviisoneofthebestcentralmidfieldersofalltimerelieslargelyonhisabilitytofindandexploitspaceasaplaymakerashesaidthatswhatidolookforspacesalldayimalwayslookingfindingspacehewouldappearforateammatetoreceiveandthenmovetheballonwithhiscoachpepguardiolaputtingitigettheballigivetheballigettheballigivetheballxavisvisionpinpointaccuratepassingandworldclassballcontrolallowedhimtodictatetheflowofplaywhilerarelyrelinquishingpossessionmostnotablydisplayedduringspainsworldcupvictorywherehehadapassingsuccessrateforthetournamenthisabilitytocontrolsomematcheshasearnedhimthesobriquetthepuppetmasterastyleintroducedtotheclubbyformercoachjohancruyffbarcelonapresidentsandrorosellbelievedxavitogetherwithlionelmessiandrsiniestaandsergiobusquetsperfectedtheclubstikitakastyleofplaymediaxavihasasponsorshipdealwithgermansportswearandequipmentsupplieradidasandhasappearedinadidascommercialsalongsidelionelmessiluissurezandrobinvanpersiexaviwearsadidaspredatorlzfootballbootsinnovemberxaviappearedinfifasagainstebolavirusdiseaseebolacampaignwithaselectionoftopfootballplayersfromaroundtheworldincludingcristianoronaldoneymargarethbaleanddidierdrogbapersonallifesincejulyxavihasbeenmarriedtonuriacunilleratheirdaughterasiawasbornonjanuarycareerstatisticsclubclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterrowspanclubrowspanseasoncolspanleaguecolspancuprefgrouploweralphaallappearancesincopadelreyandqataremircuprefcolspancontinentalcolspanothercolspantotaldivisionappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalsrowspanstyletextaligncenterfcbarcelonabbarcelonabcolspansegundadivisinbsegundadivisinbcolspancolspanrefgrouploweralphaallappearancesinsegundadivisinbplayoffssegundadivisinbplayoffsrefsegundadivisinsegundadivisincolspancolspancolspansegundadivisinbsegundadivisinbcolspancolspancolspancolspantotalcolspancolspanrowspanstyletextaligncenterfcbarcelonabarcelonalaligarowspanlaligarefgrouploweralphanameuclallappearancesinuefachampionsleaguerefrefgrouploweralphanamesdeappearancesinsupercopadeespaareffcbarcelonaseasonrefgrouploweralphanameuclallappearancesinuefachampionsleaguereffcbarcelonaseasonrefgrouploweralphafiveappearancesinuefachampionsleagueuefachampionsleaguefourappearancesinuefacupuefacuprefcolspanfcbarcelonaseasoncolspanfcbarcelonaseasoncolspanfcbarcelonaseasonrefgrouploweralphanameucallappearancesinuefacuprefcolspanfcbarcelonaseasoncolspanfcbarcelonaseasonfcbarcelonaseasonrefgrouploweralphatwoappearancesandonegoalinsupercopadeespaasupercopadeespaaoneappearanceinuefasupercupuefasupercuptwoappearancesinfifaclubworldcupfifaclubworldcupreffcbarcelonaseasoncolspanfcbarcelonaseasoncolspanrefgrouploweralphanameuclallappearancesinuefachampionsleaguereffcbarcelonaseasonrefgrouploweralphatwoappearancesandonegoalinsupercopadeespaasupercopadeespaaoneappearanceinuefasupercupuefasupercuptwoappearancesinfifaclubworldcupfifaclubworldcupreffcbarcelonaseasonfcbarcelonaseasonrefgrouploweralphatwoappearancesinsupercopadeespaasupercopadeespaaoneappearanceinuefasupercupuefasupercuponeappearanceandonegoalinfifaclubworldcupfifaclubworldcupreffcbarcelonaseasonfcbarcelonaseasonfcbarcelonaseasoncolspancolspantotalrowspanstyletextaligncenteralsaddscalsaddqatarstarsleaguerowspanqatarstarsleaguerefgrouploweralphanameaclallappearancesinafcchampionsleaguerefrefgrouploweralphaoneappearanceinqatarisupercuponeappearanceinqatarcrownprincecuprefalsaddscseasonalsaddscseasonrefgrouploweralphanameaclallappearancesinafcchampionsleaguerefcolspantotalcolspancareertotalsnotesinternationalsourcerefnameonlinedatabaserefnotewhenupdatingstatsupdatetheinfoboxtooclasswikitablestyletextaligncenternationalteamseasonappsgoalsrowspanspainnationalfootballteamspaincolspantotalhonourssourcerefnameswrefclubbarcelonalaligalaligalaligalaligalaligalaligalaligalaligalaligacopadelreycopadelreycopadelreycopadelreysupercopadeespaasupercopadeespaasupercopadeespa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sstudentsfacultiesraceslocationssalemcenternewyorkthexmansionisthecommonnameforafictionalmansionappearinginamericancomicbookspublishedbymarvelcomicsthemansionisdepictedastheestatelandprivateestateofprofessorxacharacterinxmencomicsitisthebaseofoperationsandtrainingsiteofthexmenandthelocationofaschoolformutantmarvelcomicsmutantteenagersandsometimesolderagedmutantsthexavierinstituteforhigherlearningformerlyxaviersacademyforgiftedyoungstersthexmansionisalsotheworldwideheadquartersofthexcorporationthexmansionsaddressisgraymalkinlanenorthsalemnewyorksalemcenterlocatedinwestchestercountynewyorktheschoolsmottoismutatismutandisinarecenteditionofthecomicwolverinecharacterwolverinereopenedtheschoolatthesameaddressunderthenameofthejeangreyschoolforhigherlearningafteritwasdiscoveredthattheterrigenmiststerrigencloudhadbecometoxictomutantsenoughtohavethemdiefrommpoxstormhadthemansionmovedtolimboandrenameditxhaventokeepmutantssafefromtheterrigenuntilacurecouldbediscoveredaftermedusacomicsmedusadestroystheterrigencloudsothemutantscouldsurvivekittyprydemovesthemansionfromlimbotocentralparknewyorkandrenamesitthexavierinstituteformutanteducationandoutreachhistorythexmansionistheinheritanceinheritedpropertyofcharlesxavierprofessorxandhasbeeninthexavierfamilyfortengenerationsincludingtwoknownmutantsinthelineagebothbecomingdetachedfromthefamilylittleelseisknownaboutthemortheirmutationsasxaviersschoolforgiftedyoungstersthexmansionwasthetrainingsiteofthefirsttwogenerationsofteenagexmentheoriginalxmennbspmdashcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsicemanmarvelcomicsicemanwarrenworthingtoniiiangelbeastcomicsbeastjeangreyjeangreymarvelgirlandlatermimiccomicsmimicbrieflyhavokcomicshavokandpolariscomicslornadanetheoriginalnewmutantsnbspmdashcannonballcomicscannonballwolfsbanecomicswolfsbanedaniellemoonstarmiragekarmacomicskarmasunspotcomicssunspotcyphercomicscyphermagmacomicsmagmamagikcomicsmagikandwarlocknewmutantswarlockalongwithkittyprydeshadowcatacontemporaryoftheoriginalnewmutantswhowastheirclassmatebutwasamemberoftheadultxmenteaminsteadinxmenlegacyxmenvolnovemberthexmansionwasrenamedfromxaviersschoolforgiftedyoungsterstothexavierinstituteforhigherlearningasmostofthexmenwereadultsratherthanteenagersbythistimexaviersschoolforgiftedyoungsterswasrelocatedtothemassachusettsacademycomicsmassachusettsacademyinwesternmassachusettsamarvelcreatedtownorregioncalledsnowvalleysomewhereintheberkshireswhichservedasthetrainingsiteofthethirdgenerationofteenagexmenbeginningingenerationxnovembergenerationxcomicsgenerationxnbspmdashskinmarvelcomicsskinsynchcomicssynchmcomicsmhuskcomicshuskjubileecomicsjubileechambercomicschamberblinkcomicsblinkmondocomicsmondogaiamarvelcomicsgaiaandpenancexmenpenancethemassachusettsacademyclosespermanentlyingenerationxjuneshortlythereaftertheschoolforyoungmutantsisreopenedatthexmansionbutthenameremainsthexavierinstituteforhigherlearningdespitetheyoungerstudentbodythefourthgenerationofmutantteenagersfeaturedingrantmorrisonsnewxmenandinnewmutantsrelaunchedasnewxmenacademyxjulyfebruarystudyatthemansionuntilitisdestroyedduringthestorymessiahcomplexandthexmensubsequentlydisbandandclosetheinstitutethoughprotectedbyhightechdefensesthexmansionhasoftenbeenbreachedbythesupervillainsandevilmutantsfacedbythexmenindeedthexmansionhasbeendestroyedandrebuiltseveraltimesitwasdemolishedinabattlewiththesidriinuncannyxmenfebruaryandatomizedbymistersinisterinuncannyxmenaprilitwasrebuiltbyafuturefranklinrichardscomicsfranklinrichardsinmomentsbutrevertedtoitsdestroyedstateafterthetimetravelerbecameconfusedcertainportionsofthemansionsuchasextensivesubbasementssurvivedbothdemolitionswhenonslaughtcomicsonslaughtrevealedhimselfandfoughtthexmenxmenvjuneandonslaughtxmenthemansiontookheavydamagethoughwasquicklyrepairedinbetweenissuesaftertheonslaughtstorylineinoperationzerotolerancebastioncomicsbastionforcedjubileecomicsjubileetorevealthemansionsdefenseshethenstrippeddownthemansionhavingeverythinginsidethemansionremovedevendowntothepaintonthewallsafterdefeatingbastionthexmenmovedbackintothemansionasdetailedinxmenvnovemberthexmansionsurvivedanassaultbytheshiarshiarimperialguardimperialguardinnewxmenmarchjulyaswellasariotbystudentsledbyquentinquireinnewxmenjanuarymayintheplanetxcomicsplanetxstorylineofnewxmenhoweverthexmansionwasdestroyedtherebuildingprocesscouldbeseeninnewxmenjuneinthewakeofdecimationcomicsmdaythemansionwasinfiltratedbyfollowersofthereverendwilliamstrykerinanattempttowipeoutthestudentsresultinginsomestructuraldamageandseveralcasualtiesthenthemansionwasseverelydamagedwhenthedangerroombecamesentientandsummonedlocalmachinerytoattackthestructurethemansionwasalsodamagedwhenmrsinistersnewteamofmaraudersattackedthemansionafightbetweenthehulkandseveralmutantsheavilydamagedthemansioninthemessiahcomplexstorylinethemansionwascompletelydestroyedbyattackingsentinelsunlikepasttimesthemansionwasnotrebuiltforaconsiderablelengthoftimeratherthexmenandtheirstudentsrelocatedtoanewbaseofoperationsinsanfranciscounderthenamegraymalkinindustriesthenewxbaseisnotrunasaschoolbutratherasasortofcommunitycenterformutantswhowishtodeveloptheirpowersfacultypremessiahcomplexkittyprydeshadowcatteachescomputerscienceclassesandinadditiontobeingamemberoftheseniorstaffactsasastudentadvisorandliaisonfortheseniorstaffkarmacomicskarmateachesfrenchandisinchargeofthosestudentswhoaretooyoungtojointhetrainingsquadsshealsooverseesthelibrarynightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerteachesmusicartlifesciencesanddramabeastcomicsbeastteachesscienceandmathematicsandispartoftheseniorstaffpresumablyoverseeingthecurriculumemmafrostbesidesbeingtheheadmistressofthexavierinstitutealsoteachesenglishbusinessandethicsmuchtothehorrorofkittyprydeshealsopresidesoverthenewteamofxmenteachingthemtoworkasateamwithsomeassistancefromtheseniorstaffsuchascolossuscomicscolossuswolverinecharacterwolverineteachesclosecombatclosequarterscombatcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsbesidesbeingtheheadmasterofthexavierinstitutealsoteachestheelectiveleadershipandtacticsnorthstarmarvelcomicsnorthstarbeforehisdeathandlaterresurrectiontaughtbusinessandconsumerlawclassesaswellasaflyingclassforthosestudentswithflightpowershealsomentoredthealphasquadrontrainingsquadicemanmarvelcomicsicemanbeingacertifiedpublicaccountantteachesclassesinmathematicsfinanceandaccountinggambitcomicsgambitteachesatargetpracticeclassforstudentswithprojectilebasedpowershealsomentorsthechevalierstrainingsquadwolfsbanecomicswolfsbaneinadditiontomentoringtheparagonsisateachingassistantinbeastsscienceclasspostxmenschismaftertheeventsofxmenschismwolverineandhalfofthexmenreturntowestchesternewyorkandthexmansionthenameoftheschoolisnowthejeangreyschoolforhigherlearningitsgroundsareinfactaspawnofkrakoathelivingislandinthefirstissueofwolverineandthexmencomicswolverineandthexmenanentirelynewschoolisbuiltonthegroundsitisfundedmainlywithscientificadvancementsbythestudentsanddiamondsfromkrakoastormmarvelcomicsstormheadmistressbeastcomicsbeastviceprincipalroguecomicsrogueseniorstafficemanmarvelcomicsicemanseniorstaffrachelsummersseniorstaffnorthstarmarvelcomicsnorthstarseniorstafffirestarmarvelcomicsfirestarseniorstaffchambercomicschamberjuniorstafffrenzycomicsfrenzyjuniorstaffkarmacomicskarmajuniorstaffhuskcomicshuskjuniorstaffwarbirdshiarwarbirdjuniorstaffdeathlokadjunctstaffcampusguarddoopcomicsdoopadjunctstaffspidermanadjunctstaffguidancecounselorwarrenworthingtoniiiangelgraduateassistantrecruiterceciliareyesdrceciliareyesresidentphysiciankavitaraoresidentdoctorjubileecomicsjubileeresidentmemberarmorcomicsarmormemberpixiexmenpixiememberkidomegamembernightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlermembercolossuscomicscolossusmemberafterwolverinediesinthedeathofwolverinestorylinespidermanbecomesaguidancecounselorintheseriesspidermanandthexmenxhavenundertheallnewalldifferentmarvelallnewalldifferentmarvelrebrandingxhavenwasasanctuaryfoundedbystormandherextraordinaryxmentoprotectmutantsfromtheterrigenmistthejeangreyschoolforhigherlearningwastemporarilyteleportedtoapocketdimensionwithinlimbomarvelcomicslimbowiththehelpofdoctorstrangethescarletwitchandwiccancomicswiccanitalsohasmagicaldefensescreatedbymagiktokeepthedemonsawaythexavierinstituteformutanteducationandoutreachfollowingtheinhumansvsxmenwarbetweentheinhumansandmutantswhichresultedinthedestructionoftheremainingterrigencloudkittyprydenowthenewheadmistressofthejeangreyschoolforhigherlearninghadmagikteleporttheschoolbacktoearthmorepreciselytocentralparknewyorkcityandrenamesitasthexavierinstituteformutanteducationandoutreachlayoutinthemiddleofthemaincourtyardisthephoenixforcecomicsphoenixmemorialstatuededicatedtothememoryofjeangreynotableroomsincludethedangerroomandaroomcontainingcerebrotheheadmastersofficeofcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsandemmafrostisonthetopfloorthebasketballcourtisapopularhangoutitwasthesiteofabasketballgameinxmenvoljanuaryinwhichthexmenusedtheirmutantpowersdirectlybelowthebasketballcourtisthehangarwhichhousesmanytransportationvehiclesaswellasaircraftsuchasthexmenblackbirdcomicsblackbirdthereisalsoacemeterywithmemorialsfordeceasedxmenlikejeangreybansheecomicsbansheeandthunderbirdcomicsthunderbirdotherversionsageofapocalypseintheageofapocalypserealitytheremainsofthexmansionweretheheadquartersforamutantresistancecellagainstapocalypseamutantthathadconquerednorthamericathemansionsurvivesandmanynewmutantscometotheschoolinhopeofsheltermutantxinthedarkercontinuityofmutantxcomicsmutantxthexmansionisrunbymagnetowhohadlongagotakenupprofessorxsdreamthemansionisvaporizedinanuclearexplosionpreludetodeadpoolcorpsinissuethexmansionisshowntobeanorphanagefortroubledkidsthatisrunbyprofessorxandtheteachersincludestormmarvelcomicsstormandbeastcomicsbeastsomeoftheorphansincludekidversionsofdeadpoolcyclopsmarvelcomicsscottsummerswolverinecharacterwolverineangelcomicsangelandcolossuscomicscolossusultimatemarvelintheultimatemarveluniversethexmansiondoesnotdiffermuchhoweveritisnotentirelyfundedbyinheritancethoughtheschooloriginallywasfundedfrommagnetocomicsmagnetosinheritanceallowingthemtoneitheracceptnorseekoutdonationsitspolicieshavesincechangedaftermagnetosdepartureandxavierssubsequentcontroloverthefacilitylaterthestudentsquestionandridiculetheunlikelinessofthefacilitysimplybeingfundedbyinheritanceitisthenrevealedthatnumerousdonorsfundxaviersprojectsandremainanonymousduetoheavyantimutantsentimentspresentinpublicopiniononeofthebiggestdonorswasthehellfireclubcomicshellfireclubwhowererevealedtohaveanulteriormotivefordoingsoinxaviersconversationwithlilandraneramaniitsdiscoveredthatshieldwereformerfinanciersbeforetheirfallingoutwithxavieritisunknownwhattheirintentionswerethechurchoftheshiarhavebecomemajorinvestorstheschoolslocationisconcealedbyaprojectedimageofajehovahswitnesschapterasrevealedinultimatexmenthemansionispurposelydemolishedbyicemaninultimaterequiemfollowingtheeventsoftheultimatumcomicsultimatumstorylinethisisbecausetheteamhadbeendevastatedbymagnetosattackandthesurvivorsweregoingontheruninothermediatelevisionthexmansionappearsinspidermanandhisamazingfriendsintheoriginoficemanaflashbackshowedthaticemantraveledthereafterbeinginvitedbyprofessorxtojointhexmeninafirestarisbornicemanandfirestarreturntothexmansionforareunionpartywheretheymeetthelatestmembersstormandwolverinespidermanevenarrivedwhenjuggernautattacksthexmansiontotargetprofessorxintheeducationofasuperherothexmansionisseenwhenspidermanicemanandfirestarenlistthexmentocontinuevideomanstraininginthexmenadventurethexmansionisattackedbycyberiadatthetimewhenspidermanicemanandfirestarwerehelpingthexmentestoutthenewdangerroomprogramsthexmansionappearedinxmenprydeofthexmenthexmansionappearedinthexmentvseriesxmentelevisionseriesthexmansionappearsinthetwopartspidermantvseriesspidermanepisodethemutantagendaspidermantravelstheretoseeprofessorxinhopesthathecanhelpfigureoutwhatheischangingintothexmansionappearsinxmenevolutionithasthesameaddressbutislocatedinbayvillenewyorkthexmansionappearsintheanimatedserieswolverineandthexmentvserieswolverineandthexmenitisdestroyedbyamassiveexplosionwhichwaslaterrevealedtohavebeencausedbythephoenixforcewiththehelpofforgeandthemoneyofangelitwasrebuiltjustintimeforthexmentosavetheworldfromthebrotherhoodofmutantsthesentinelsandthephoenixforcethexmansionappearsinthesuperherosquadshowitisshownaspartofsuperherocityandisdepictedasawhitecircularbuildingwithanxlogoontopinmysteriousmayhematmutantacademytheinteriorofthexmansionisshownasanormalschoolwiththedangerroomalsoservingasadetentionhallandacafeteriathexmansionismentionedintheavengersearthsmightiestheroesepisodemastersofevilanewspaperhasaphotoofitwiththecoverstorysecretschoolformutantsfilmthexmansionwasfeaturedingenerationxfilmgenerationxaliveactionmadefortelevisionmoviethatcameoutonfoxinthexmansionhasbeenfeaturedprominentlyinthexmenfilmseriesxmenfilmseriesinxmenfilmxmentheexteriorofthexmansionwasfilmedatthecasalomatorontoandtheparkwoodestateatoshawaontariocanadainthesuperherofilmsxfilmxxmenunitedxmenthelaststandxmendaysoffuturepastdeadpoolfilmdeadpoolandxmenapocalypsetheexteriorofthexmansionwerefilmedathatleyparknationalhistoricsitehatleycastleonthegroundsofhatleyparkandroyalroadsuniversityinvictoriavancouverislandbritishcolumbiainxmenfirstclasstheroleofthexmansionisplayedbytheenglefieldhouseanelizabethanmanorinberkshireenglandvideogamesinthefightinggamexmennextdimensionthexmansionservedasoneofthearenastofightwithinaswellasontheforegroundsthexmansionappearsinxmenlegendsitservesasahubforthexmeninxmenlegendsiiriseofapocalypsebeastwasatthemansiontryingtolocateapocalypseinsteadapocalypseandhismeninvadedthexmansionabductedbeastupondefeatinghimanddestroyedtheentirebuildingtheremainsserveasahubduringapocalypsesinvasiononnewyorkthexmansionappearsinmarvelultimatealliancewhenweaselmarvelcomicsweaselislookingforsomewheretohidefromshieldheaskstheplayersifhewouldbeabletohideoutatthebaxterbuildingorthexmansionashankpymmentionstotheplayerthatmisterfantastictendstoworkwithshieldprofessorxmentionstotheplayerthathavingshieldsoldierswithinhishomewouldnotsitwellwithhisfellowxmenthiscausesweaseltochoosethexmansionasahideoutduringthattimeiftheplayerasksstormonweaselsstatuswhileinasgardshestatesthatbeastcaughtweaselhackingintocerebroforgecaughtweaselinthexjethangarandemmafrostcaughtweaselnearwolverinesbikeswhenweaselisdonewiththejobandtheplayerasksstormonthexmansionsstatusshesaysthatshethinkseveryoneisreadyforhimtoleavebecausecolossusgotbackfromhistriptorussiaandfoundweaselinthekitchenandstartedbeatinghimupluckilyforweaselkarmamanagedtogetbetweenthemandexplainwhoweaselwasweaselalsomentionsearlierthatbeastorthebigblueapeashecallshimkeptaskinghimwhenheisgoingtoleavethexmansionappearsinmarvelheroesvideogamemarvelheroesitservesasahubfortheplayersthexmansionappearsinlegomarvelsuperheroesitislocatedininwoodmanhattanduringthegamemagnetoleadshisbrotherhoodofmutantsandhisacolytesoldiersintoraidingthexmansiontostealbackthecosmiccubetesseractfordoctordoomthexmenhadtofightthebrotherhoodofmutantsmembersandtheacolytesoldierswhilegettingthexmansionsstudentstosafetyduringfreeroamtheplayerscanvisitthexmansionwheretheyusetheircharacterstohelpoutprofessorxwithdifferentthingsli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titorproctergambleinsummerproctergambleannounceditwouldsellthebrandandthreeotherformermhlensbrandsaspartofanefforttodivestlocalbrandsandtofocusonglobalbrandstheofferattractedseveralinterestedpartiesindecemberpgannouncedthatthebrandhadbeensoldtotheperfumecompanymurerwirtzinaachenasubsidiaryofthedalligrouphousenumberonoctoberinviewofthemilitaryoffrancefrenchtroopsstandingjustoutsidecolognethecitycouncilapprovedaplanproposedbytheguardcommitteetonumberallhousesinthecitywithoutexceptionandtoinstallwhatwouldbeconsideredappropriatelightingforeachlocationordersweregiventoinstallthelightingimmediatelywhilethenumberingwaslefttofateonoctoberfrenchtroopsoccupiedthecityonoctoberthecitycouncildecidedthateverylocalgovernmentofficialhadtohandinaninventoryofallcitizensandnoncitizensinhisdistrictwithinhoursfurthermoretheguardcommitteereceivedauthorisationtonumberthehousesaspreviouslyagreedonoctobersenatorgottfriedvongallnotedinhisdiarythatthenumberingandthewrittendocumentationofthehouseswhichstartedeightdaysearlierwasbeingcontinuedtheprinterheinrichjosefmetternichacouncilmemberappliedforpermissiontopublishanaddresscalendarthiscalendarwassupposedtoincludeamongstotherthingsthehousenumberswhichhadrecentlybeenassignedhealsosoughtpermissiontocollectalltherelevantdetailsinthesecondaddressbookofcolognethewidowofwilhelmvonlemmenwasstilllistedasthetenantoftheklckergassehousewhichhadbeengiventhenumberwilhelmmlhenswaslistedasthetenantofthehousenosoonerthaninthethirdeditionoftheaddressbookofcolognehisoccupationwaslistedasinspeculationsgeschftenwhichtranslatestospeculatorheisnotyetlistedunderthemanufacturersofeaudecologneinthemercantiledirectoryinthecontinuoushousenumberingwaschangedtoasystemofnumberingstreetsseparatelyasiscommontodayintheprefacetothefrencheditionoftheaddressbookthepublisherthiriartclaimedthattherehadnotbeenanyhousenumberingbeforethearrivalofthefrenchinthecityinconnucologneavantlarrivedesarmesfranaisesauborddurhinandthattheordertonumberthehouseshadbeengivenininpeterjosephmlhensmovedfromglockengasseintoanewlyconstructedcommercialbuildingwithaneogothicfacadeatglockengasseglockengassewhichhadbeenassignedthenumberinremainedvacantforaperiodoftimeandwastorndownafteritwassoldthedepictionofafrenchmilitaryofficerpaintingthehousenumberonthefacadeofthehouseintheglockengassewhilesittingonhishorseisaproductofadvertisingapieceoftapestryagobelinwhichhadbeenorderedandmadeinthesservedasamodelascenicversionspreadwidelyinthesandthespopularreferencesinyevgenyzamyatinsnovelwenovelwethenamesisareferencetotheeaudecologneintherockyhorrorpictureshowistattooedonfranksupperthighelectronicmusicianvladimirussachevskycomposedaworkcalledimprovisationonduringworldwariinazigermanyskriegsmarinenavyissuedvastamountsofperfumetothesubmarinersoftheuboatfleetastherewerelimitedfacilitiesandfewopportunitiesforbathingthescentwastobeusedinanattempttoimprovetheodouraboardthevesselcrewmemberstypicallydidntusemuchofitandwouldtakehomebottlesaspresentsformotherswivesorgirlfriendsnotesreferencesstiftungrheinischwestflischeswirtschaftsarchivrwwacolognegenuinefilesumlhenslettersmayjunejuneoctoberjanuaryfebruaryjanuaryabtstiftungrheinischwestflischeswirtschaftsarchivrwwacologneihkkoelndeulrichssoniusmlhensfabrikantenvonklnischwasserfamilienartikelmiteinzelbiographienwilhelmpeterjosephferdinandundpeterpaulmlhensinneuedeutschebiographiebdberlinsndashexternallinkscomofficialwebsitexmenlegendsiiriseofapocalypsexanthateslashdotxmentvseriesvideogamesinfoboxsoftwarenamexinetdcaptiondeveloperrobbraunlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedateprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecshellcomputingshelloperatingsystemunixlikegenredaemoncomputersoftwaredaemonlicenseopensourcewebsiteincomputernetworkingxinetdextendedinternetdaemonisanopensourceopensourcesuperserverdaemoncomputersoftwaredaemonrefcitebooklastwellsfirstnicholasauthorlinkchapterusingsimplenetworkservicestitleguidetolinuxinstallationandadministrationurlbooksgooglecombooksidjqeiucjukacvolumelocationbostonmassachusettspublishercengagelearningemeapublicationdatepageisbnaccessdatequotethesuperserveralsocalledametaserverlistensonmultiplenetworkportsandstartstheappropriateservicewhenaclientconnectionarrivesforthatportthemostwidelyusedsuperserverprogramiscalledttinetdttforinternetdaemonanothersuperserverthatisgaininginpopularityisttxinetdttforextendedinternetdaemonrefrunsonmanyunixlikeoperatingsystemsystemsandmanagesinternetbasedconnectivityitoffersamoresecurealternativetotheolderinetdtheinternetdaemonwhichmostmodernlinuxdistributionshavedeprecatedrefcitebooktitlelinuxstudyguidelastsmithfirstroderickwpublishersybexpressyearchapternetworkingpageisbnrefdescriptionxinetdlistensforincomingrequestsoveranetworkandlaunchestheappropriatenetworkserviceserviceforthatrequestrequestsaremadeusingportnumbersasidentifiersandxinetdusuallylaunchesanotherdaemoncomputingdaemontohandletherequestitcanbeusedtostartserviceswithbothprivilegedandnonprivilegedportnumbersxinetdfeaturesaccesscontrolmechanismssuchastcpwrapperaccesscontrollistaclsextensivedataloggingloggingcapabilitiesandtheabilitytomakeservicesystemsarchitectureservicesavailablebasedontimeitcanplacelimitsonthenumberofservercomputingserversthatthesystemcanstartandhasdeployabledefensemechanismstoprotectagainstportscannersamongotherthingsonsomeimplementationsofmacosxthisdaemonstartsandmaintainsvariousinternetrelatedservicesincludingfiletransferprotocolftpandtelnetasanextendedformofinetditoffersenhancedsecurityitreplacedinetdinmacosxvandsubsequentlylaunchdreplaceditinmacosxvhoweverapplecomputerapplehasretainedinetdforcompatibilitypurposesconfigurationconfigurationofxinetdresidesinthedefaultconfigurationfileetcxinetdconfandconfigurationoftheservicesitsupportsresideinconfigurationfilesstoredintheetcxinetdddirectorytheconfigurationforeachserviceusuallyincludesaswitchtocontrolwhetherxinetdshouldenableordisabletheserviceanexampleconfigurationfileforthetimeprotocolrfctimeserverpredefaultoffdescriptionanrfctimeserverthisprotocolprovidesasiteindependentmachinereadabledateandtimethetimeservicesendsbacktotheoriginatingsourcethetimeinsecondssincemidnightonjanuaryfirstthisisthetcpversionservicetimedisableyestypeinternalidtimestreamsockettypestreamprotocoltcpuserrootwaitnothisistheudpversionservicetimedisableyestypeinternalidtimedgramsockettypedgramprotocoludpuserrootwaityesprethelineswiththecharacteratthebeginningarecommentswithoutanyeffectontheservicetherearetwoserviceversionsthefirstoneisbasedonthetransmissioncontrolprotocoltcpthesecondoneisbasedontheuserdatagramprotocoludpthetypeandplannedusageofaservicedeterminesthenecessarycoreprotocolinasimplewaytheudpcannothandlehugedatatransmissionsbecauseitlackstheabilitiestorearrangepackagesinaspecifiedorderorguaranteetheirintegritybutitisfasterthantcptcphasthesefunctionsbutitisslowertherearetwocolumnineachversionsinsidethebracesthefirstisthetypeofoptionthesecondistheappliedvariablethedisableoptionisaswitchtorunaserviceornotinmostcasesthedefaultstateisyestoactivatetheservicechangeittonotherearethreetypesofservicesthetypeisinternaliftheserviceisprovidedbyxinetdrpcwhenitbasedonremoteprocedurecalltheyarecommonlylistedintheetcrpcfileoritcanbeunlistedwhentheserviceisneitherintheetcservicesnorintheetcrpcfilestheidistheuniqueidentifieroftheservicethesockettypedeterminesthewayofdatatransmissionthroughtheservicetherearethreetypesstreamdgramandrawthislastoneisusefulwhenwewanttoestablishaservicebasedonanonstandardprotocolwiththeuseroptionitispossibletochooseausertobetheowneroftherunningserviceitishighlyrecommendedtochooseanonsuperuserrootuserforsecurityreasonswhenthewaitisonyesthexinetdwillnotreceiverequestfortheserviceifithasaconnectionsothenumberofconnectionsislimitedtooneitprovidesverygoodprotectionwhenwewanttoestablishonlyoneconnectionpertimetherearemanymoreoptionsavailableforxinetdinmostlinuxdistributionsthefulllistofpossibleoptionsandtheirdescriptionisaccessiblewithamanxinetdconfcommandtoapplythenewconfigurationasighupsignalmustbesenttothexinetdprocesstomakeitrereadtheconfigurationfilesthiscanbeachievedwiththefollowingcommandcodekillsighupprocessidpidcodepidistheactualprocessidentifiernumberofthexinetdwhichcanbeobtainedwiththecommandcodepgrepxinetdcodereferencesexternallinksgithubcomxinetdorgxinetdsourcecodeinfoboxsoftwarenamexathenawidgetstitlexathenawidgetslogoimagenameisenoughlogocaptionlogosizelogoaltscreenshotimagenameisenoughcaptionscreenshotsizescreenshotaltcollapsibleauthordeveloperreleaseddiscontinuedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatefrequentlyupdateddonotincludethisparameterunlessyouknowwhatitdoesstatusprogramminglanguageoperatingsystemplatformsizelanguagelanguagecountdonotincludethisparameterunlessyouknowwhatitdoeslanguagefootnotegenrewidgettoolkitlicensewebsiteimagexlibandxcbinthexwindowsystemgraphicsstacksvgthumbpxxwindowsystemgraphicsstackxathenawidgetsorxawisaguiwidgetlibrarycomputinglibraryforthexwindowsystemdevelopedaspartofprojectathenaxawwaswrittenundertheauspicesofthemitxconsortiumasasamplewidgetsetbuiltonxtoolkitintrinsicsxtxtandxawarecollectivelyknownasthextoolkitxawhasbeenlargelysupersededbymoresophisticatedtoolkitslikemotifsoftwaremotifgtkandqtframeworkqtbutitisstillmaintainedbythexorgfoundationandisavailableaspartofmostxwindowsysteminstallationsthelibrarylikeothercorepartsofxislicensedunderthemitlicenseinatalkforusenixxpioneerjimgettysremarkedthatalthoughathenawidgetswereuglytheywereoftenusedintheperiodofxhistorythathedescribesasthegraphicaluserinterfaceguiwarsasasafealternativetothecompetingmotifandopenlookopenlooktoolkitstodayxtisoftenusedasabasetoolkitifnoneoftheotheroptionsareavailablereferencesreflistrefsrefnamepetersonciteweburlxorgreleasesxrdoclibxawwidgetspdftitleathenawidgetsetclanguageinterfaceauthorchrisdpetersonrefexternallinksxorgreleasesxrsrcliblibxawtargzxawlibrarysourcecodexorgfoundationwebsitecactiinetbbxawxpmefalkorgwidgetssurveyofwidgetsetscomparisonsofvariousxawversionsoreillycomcatalogvbookxtoolkitintrinsicsrefmanrthirdeditionwebarchiveorgweblinuxjunkiesorgprogrammingguixwindowxindexhtmlxprog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rdleyesaiaarefeachenginewasinthenbsplbfnbspknthrustclasswithathrusttoweightratiogoalofgeneralelectricwasawardedacontractforthedevelopmentofthegeneralelectricjandfairchildwasawardedacontractfortheacompetingenginethefairchildjfairchildproposedalightweightengineofconventionaldesigntheproposedgeneralelectricenginehadamoreadvanceddesigninvolvingmoreriskbuthavingahigherthrusttoweightratiothexsmwaspoweredbythefairchildjonalltestflightsbutwasalsocapableofusingthegeneralelectricjthefairchildjwasoperatingbyearlylikethemxdesignthesmutilizedanonmetallicfiberglassfuselagethesweptwingofthemxdesignevolvedtoafiberglassdeltawingathiokolsolidfuelrocketsolidpropellantrocketboosterrocketboosterwasusedtolaunchthesmtoaspeedofknotsnbspmphcruisespeedforthesmwasknotsnbspmphthesmhadafuelcapacityofgallofjpthisfuelwasstoredinfuselageandsixwingtanksanautopilotusedarateintegratinggyroscopefordirectionalcontroltherateintegratinggyroscopecouldbepreprogrammedtoturnthesmtaitbryananglespitchandtaitbryananglesrollcontrolwereprovidedbyelevonseitheroperatinginphaseorasymmetricallytaitbryananglesyawcontrolwasprovidedbyarudderthecontrolsystempositionedflightcontrolsurfacesflightcontrolsbysendingelectricalsignalstohydraulicshydraulicactuatorslocatedateachflightcontrolthesmwasdesignedtocarryradarreflectorsandactiveelectroniccountermeasuresoperatinginsbandlbandandlowerfrequenciesthesmwasnotarmedfundingissuesandproblemswiththefiberglasswingtheboosterrocketandthefairchildjenginedelayedtestingtestandevaluationbeganinfebruarywithrocketsledtestsathollomanairforcebaseabcanberrawasmodifiedandusedasaflyingenginetestbedforthefairchildjtestingofthesmthentransitionedtopatrickairforcebaseinjuneatpatrickairforcebaselaunchcomplexestosupportsmtestingfivedummyboosterlaunchesandfifteentestflightswereflownbetweenmarchanddecembertheunitedstatesairforceplannedtopurchaseoperationalmissilesandmissilesfortestandevaluationthiswouldhaveprovidedenoughmissilesforsquadronaviationsquadronsdeploymentwasplannedtostartinandbecompletedbyoctoberbullgoosebaseswereinitiallyplannedatduluthinternationalairportduluthmunicipalairportminnesotaandethanallenairforcebasevermontindecembertheprogramwascanceledbecausethemissilewasnotabletosimulateabonradarthefairchildjengineprogramwasalsocanceledinnovembertotalprogramcostatcancellationwasmillionusdthefairchildsdospreysdospreyreconnaissancedronewasdevelopedwiththegooseasabasisrefnamenewnewcomeprefvariantsboriginaldesignationinbombersequencexsmtestandevaluationprototypessmproductionmissiledesignationganderproposedsurfacetosurfaceversioncapableofcarryingamtwarheadoperatorunitedstatesairforcesurvivorsxsmlocatedinthehagerstownaviationmuseumhagerstownmarylandhagerstownmarylandunitedstatesrefnamehaggerslistofhagerstownaviationmuseumaircrafthagerstownaviationmuseumorgimagesaircraftofmuseumpdfretrievednovemberrefxsmlocatedintheairforcespacemissilemuseumcapecanaveralairforcestationfloridaunitedstatesxsmlocatedintheresearchdevelopmentgalleryinthenationalmuseumoftheunitedstatesairforceindaytonohioxsmawaitingrestorationatthenewenglandairmuseuminwindsorlocksconnecticutseealsoaircontentrelatedsimilaraircraftadmquailadmtaldadmmaldagmalcmbgmggroundlaunchedcruisemissilemgmmatadormgmmacenorthropbqmchukarsmnavahoxsmlistslistofmilitaryaircraftoftheunitedstateslistofmissilesseealsoreferencescitationsbibliographyevolutionofthecruisemissilekennethpwarrellairuniversitypressusafideasconceptsdoctrinebasicthinkingoftheunitedstatesairforcevolrobertfrankfutrellairuniversitypressinteraviainternationalaeronauticfederationsmbullgoosewebpageofglobalsecurityorgglobalsecurityorgwmdsystemssmhtmtechnologyandtheairforcearetrospectiveassessmentairforcehistoryandmuseumsprogramunitedstatesairforcetheillustratedencyclopediaofrocketsandmissilesbillgunstonsalamanderbooksltdxmsatelliteradioinfoboxradiostationnamexhltnfmimagexltnpngareatijuanabajacaliforniasandiegocaliforniabrandingradiolatinaslogansiemprejovensiemprefinaairdatedecemberfrequencymegahertzmhzformatadultcontemporaryspanishaclanguagespanishlanguagespanisherpwattshaatsisterstationsxhcttitdtimagentelevisinformercallsignsxhokfmxhersfmdecemberfebruaryformerfrequenciesmhzclassbownergrupoimagenlicenseeadministradoraarcngelsadecvwebcaststreemacomradiosradiolatinalistenlivewebsiteradiolatinacomwwwradiolatinacomcallsignmeaningradiolatinastationbrandingxhltnfmknownonairasxltnisacommercialadultcontemporaryspanishacradiostationintijuanabajacaliforniamexicobroadcastingonnbspmhzitisalsoheardinthelistoflistsofsettlementsintheunitedstatesuscityofsandiegocaliforniasandiegoandmaintainsofficesinnationalcitycalifornianationalcitythestationcameonairinhistoryjoaqunvargasgmezfounderofmvsradioreceivedtheconcessionforxhokfmindecemberhowevervargasgmezdidnotputthestationonairitwouldnotbeuntildecemberthatthestationsignedonithadbeenrebadgedxhersfmandwasoperatedbypaulschaferstimesalesincfromtheunitedstatestimesaleswhichalsoheldtheoperatingrightstoxhitzfmxhisfmranthetwostationsasaclusterxhishisradioandxhershersradiothestationsprogrammingwasproducedatthetimesalesstudiosattheroyalinnatthewharfinsandiegowhilehisradiocarriedahardedgeprogressiverockformatherswasprogrammedwithsofterrocknotlongaftersigningonthetimesalesclusterbeganrunningintovariouslegalproblemstheconfluenceofanewbilateralradioagreementwhichwouldregulateborderradioandrequiredxherstomovetosandiegobroadcasterswhodidnotlikethecompetitionofmexicanstationstargetingtheusandausfederalcommunicationscommissioninvestigationdidtheclusterininaugustthefccruledthatschaferandtimesalesviolatedthebrinkleyactwiththeiroperationtheresultinglegalactionbankruptedschaferxherswaslistedinpublicationsinthisperiodashavingasoulmusicformatbyvargasgmezwhoneverincorporatedxhersintothemvsradiooperationsoldthestationtoxherssaaconcessionaireownedandoperatedbycalifrmulabroadcastingandtheownerofxhisinxherswasbroadcastingabeautifulmusicformatwhenthecalifrmulaclusterwashitbyastrikecalledbystirtthemexicanbroadcastworkersunionoveraprogramcriticalofthegovernorofbajacaliforniathestrikeforceddaztoselltogruporadiocentroorganizacinradiocentroanditsheadfranciscoaguirrewhichbroughtanendtotheactionaftertwomonthstwoyearslaterdazboughtbackthestationsandrelaunchedthemwithnewformatsandcallsignsthecallsignwaschangedtoxhltnfminfebruarycoincidingwiththechangetotheradiolatinanameandformatintwoworkersdiedonthexhltntowertheywereinstallingalargepieceoftransmissionequipmenttowhichtheywereharnessedwhenacablegavewayandtheworkersfelltotheirdeathsxhltnwasacquiredbygrupoimageninexternallinkswellcomuserdmsmlxlncxhbjxhbjtvxhltnfmtowerpicsfrombroadcastengineerdonaldmussellreferencesxmcdteinfoboxradiostationnamexhlncfmimagecitytecatebajacaliforniaareasandiegotijuanametropolitanareabrandingtooslogannuncasabesloquevaaponeryouneverknowwhatllplaynextfrequencymhzairdateinradioasaninternetradiostationbrfebruaryonmhzbrfebruaryonmhzbrmarchunderlarsaformatspanishadulthitserpwattshaatcoordinatesclassccallsignmeaningexcellencyexcellencythelettersxlncwhenspokeninenglishlanguageenglishsoundlikethewordexcellencyformerfrequenciesfminradioinradioformercallsignsxhtnafmfebruaryaugustownermarthamargaritabarbadelatorreoperatorgrupolarsacomunicacionessisterstationswebcastwebsitexhlncfmisanoncommercialradiostationintecatebajacaliforniamexicoonnbsphertzmhzitbroadcaststothesandiegotijuanametropolitanareafromaitstransmitteroncerrobolaxhlncfmisoperatedbygrupolarsacomunicacionesandcarriesitsspanishadulthitsformatknownastoofromtoxhlncwasaclassicalmusicstationknownasxlncbroadcastingfromstudiosinchulavistacaliforniahistoryasaclassicalmusicstationfoundationandearlyyearsthestationwasfoundedbyvctordazwhoownedcalifrmulabroadcastingacompanythatcontrollednumerousstationsintijuanauponhisdeathindiazstipulatedthatxhlncfmcontinuewithitsclassicalformatfromfundingdazhadsetasideaswellascontributionsfromlistenersthestationpermitwastransferredtomarthamargaritabarbadelatorreoneofdazsdescendantsxlncbeganinasaninternetradioprojectshowcasingclassicalmusicinjanuaryittransitionedintoaphysicalradiostationonnbspmhzuponreceivingitspermitfrequencychangexhlncwhichforitsfirstsixmonthswasknownasxhtnafmwasoriginallypermittedtosignonwithalistofbroadcaststationclassesclassawattsignalbroadcastingfromatowerlocatedinthemountsanantonioareaoftijuanathathadbeenusedbyothercalifrmulastationsisalsothefrequencyforkpfkinlosangeleswhichoperatesatagrandfatherclausegrandfatheredwattssoutherncaliforniaisintheclassbzonewherefmstationswouldnormallyhaveamaximumpowerofwattsduetokpfksenlargedcoverageareaxlncssignalsufferedcochannelinterferenceinmanysectionsofsandiegocountyhoweverduetoatreatybetweentheusandmexicoconcerningradiostationsneartheborderxlnccouldnotincreaseitscoveragemuchnorthoftheborderdespitethisdazsolicitedapowerincreaseforxhlnctokwwhichthesctapprovedonjulyonjunecofetelthemexicanfederaltelecommunicationscommissionclearedxhlncfmtoswitchfrequenciestomhzandmoveitstransmittertocerrobolaintecatealsousedbyxhhitfmandxhprsfmthemovewasannouncedbyxlncthenextmonththeswitchwouldbringlessinterferencetothestationresolveinterferencetokpfkallowthestationtoboostitspowerfromwattstowattsandmoveitstowertothehighestpointinbajaabovesealeveltransmitterproblemsthefrequencychangetookplaceonfebruaryatfirstthefrequencyairedaprerecordedmessagebygordonbrownstatingthatxlnchadmovedtofmunfortunatelythenewtransmitterhadproblemscausingsomelistenerstoexperiencereceptionproblemsonxlncsnewfrequencyabouttwoweeksafterthefrequencychangexlncsemailnewsletterreportedthattherewasafaultycomponentinthetransmitterthatwouldtakesometimetoreplaceonfebruaryxlncdecidedtosimulcastprogrammingonbothandfrequenciesbyfallofthatyearxlnchaditsfrequencytakenbackbythemexicangovernmentandthestationwasbroadcastingonlyonfminxhtimfmwasauthorizedtomovefromtoandincreaseitspowerbyusingthefrequencyonwhichxhlnconcebroadcastmovingawayfromlongerworksasofjulyxlncdecidedtoremovethelabelclassicalmusicfromitsadvertisingandreplaceitwithmoregenerictermssuchasgreatmusicbeautifulmusicandmusicforallgenerationsthedecisionwasalsomadetoremovelengthyrepertoireandoperafromgeneralprogramminginfavoroflighterclassicalandcrossovermusiccrossoverworksthiswasexplainedasamethodtoreachouttoyoungerlistenersthestationcontinuestobroadcastlengthierworksintheeveningswithprogramsentitledgalaconcertsasaclassicalstationservingabinationalaudiencexlnctypicallyintroducedpiecesinspanishandgavetheinformationinenglishattheendannouncersincludedkingsleymclarensueharlandgabrielaguineajohnstonchiefspanishlanguagespanishannouncerandgordonbrownmostoftheprogrammingwasautomationautomatedwiththeannouncersprerecordingtheiridentificationsoftitlesartistsandcomposerstheendofclassicalimagexhlncfmxlncfmlogojpgpxthumbleftfinallogoasaclassicalmusicstationonfebruaryxlncannouncedthroughtheirofficialfacebookaccountthattheywouldnolongerbebroadcastingonfmandwillonlycontinueonlineeffectivemarchduetoalackofcontinueddonationstheannouncementreaddearlistenersitiswithaheavyheartthatweinformyouthatasofmarchstxlncwillnolongerbebroadcastingontheairfmwewillhowevermaintainourstreamingserviceonlineviaourwebsiteatxlncorgwwwxlncorgandyouwillstillbeabletolistentousthroughourapponiphoneandandroiddeviceswearetrulygratefulforalltheyearswehavebeenabletoreachourwonderfulaudienceinsandiegoandbajacaliforniaandwesincerelythankyouforallofyourgeneroussupportthroughtheyearsthestationendedfmtransmissionsonmarchandonmarchthenewformatwasannouncedthestationwastakenoverbygrupolarsacomunicacionesthelargestbroadcasterinsonorawhichhadacquiredstationsinmexicaliinandbegantocarryitsflagshiptoospanishadulthitsformathoweverxhlncisasocialstationwhichmeansitcannotbecommerciallyoperatedexternallinksxlncorgxlncwebsitewellcomuserdmsmlxlncxlncpicshtmltransmitterpicturesofxhlncfmatitsformertijuanasitebybroadcastengineerdonaldmussellreferencesxmsatelliteradiommimagexboxandtvsetupwithlinuxrunningjpgthumbxboxlinuxbootingxboxlinuxwasaprojectthatportedthelinuxoperatingsystemtothexboxconsolexboxvideogameconsolebecausethexboxusesadigitalsignaturesystemtopreventthepublicfromrunningunsignedcodeonemusteitheruseamodchiporasoftmodoriginallymodchipsweretheonlyoptionhoweveritwaslaterdemonstratedthatthethinsmalloutlinepackagetsopchiponwhichthexboxsbiosisheldmaybereflashedthiswayonemayflashonthecromwellcomputingcromwellbioswhichwasdevelopedlegallybythexboxlinuxprojectcatalyzedbyalargecashprizeforthefirstteamtoprovidethepossibilityofbootinglinuxonanxboxwithouttheneedofahardwarehacknumeroussoftwareonlyhackswerealsofoundforexampleabufferoverflowwasfoundinthegameagentunderfirethatallowedthebootloaderbootingofalinuxloaderxbebootstraightfromasavegamethexboxisessentiallyapersonalcomputerpcwithacustomnbspmhzintelcorporationintelpentiumiiicopperminepentiumiiiprocessoragbharddiskharddrivegbofwhichisaccessibletotheusermbofrandomaccessmemoryramalthoughonallearlierboxesthisisupgradabletombanduniversalserialbususbportsthecontrollerportsareactuallyusbportswithamodifiedconnectorthesespecificationsareenoughtorunseveralreadilyavailablelinuxdistributionsfromthexboxlinuxhomepageblockquotethexboxisalegacyfreepcbymicrosoftthatconsistsofanintelceleronmhzcpuannvidiageforcemxmboframagbharddiskadvddriveandethernetasoneverypcyoucanrunlinuxonitanxboxwithlinuxcanbeafulldesktopcomputerwithmouseandkeyboardawebemailboxconnectedtotvaserverorrouteroranodeinaclusteryoucaneitherdualbootoruselinuxonlyinthelattercaseyoucanreplacebothidedevicesandyesyoucanconnectthexboxtoavgamonitorblockquoteusesimagelinuxbootingonxboxscreenshotjpgthumbxebianbootinganxboxwithlinuxinstalledcanactasafulldesktopcomputerwithmousecomputingmouseandcomputerkeyboardkeyboardawebemailboxconnectedtoatelevisionaserverrouteroranodeinaclusteronecaneitherdualbootoruselinuxonlyinthelattercaseonecanreplacebothadvancedtechnologyattachmentidedevicesonecanalsoconnectthexboxtoavgamonitoraconverterisneededtousekeyboardsmiceinthecontrollerportshoweverthisisnotdifficultasthexboxusesstandardusbwithaproprietaryportcurrentlyonlyafewdistributionsofxboxlinuxwillrunontheversionxboxthethirdnewestversionincludingbxboxeswithmodchipsandthecromwellcomputingcromwellbiosbiosinstalledcanrunmoredistributionsthanthosewithonlyasoftmodthisismainlyduetoissueswiththevideochipusedinversionxboxesthatwasdevelopedexclusivelybymicrosoftandwhichhasnosourcecodeavailableatthistimethiscancausesignificantoverscanonallfoursidesofthescreenwhenadifferentkernelcomputersciencekernelthantheoriginalisloadedsoftmodoneofthemorepopularwaysofinstallingxboxlinuxisthroughasoftmodwhichdoesnotrequireamodchiptousethexboxlinuxsoftmodutilizesasaveexploitfoundintheoriginalrunofmechassaultsplintercellagentunderfireandtonyhawksproskaterthemethodinvolvesloadingahackedsavefiletransferredtothexboxsharddrivewhenthesavefileisloadedthemechinstallerisinitiatedthexboxliveoptiononthedashboardisreplacedwiththenewlinuxoptionafterrebootingthesystemanothersoftmodthatcanbeusedisthehotswapexploitwhichwillunlockthexboxharddrivelongenoughtoallowonetomodifyitthereisalsoawaytocompletelyreplacethexboxsstockbioswithacromwellbioswhichiscompletelylegalandissolelyforlinuxonthexboxhoweveroncethetsopbioschipisflashedwithcromwellthexboxcannolongerplayxboxgamesorrunnativexboxexecutab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inelsafterattemptingtofightoffthesentinelsforgeisabductedandthebrotherhoodretreatsrestrainedinthecompanyofbastioncomicsbastiontheseeminglyhumansentineltellsforgeheintendstousethemansmutantgifttobringabouttheextinctionofmutantshestealsvariousweapondesignsfromforgesmindincludingapowerfulweaponcapableofstrippingamutantoftheirpowersinanattempttothrowthexmenoffhisscenthesendsthebrotherhoodtodifferentlocationsacrosstheworldthexmensplitupandengageeachmemberinabidtofindforgeandstoptheprimesentinelaftertheirdefeatthebrotherhoodretreatstofindmagnetointhesavagelandonlytofindthatmagnetohasbeenhunteddownbythesentinelsaswellandisnolongerincontrolofhisfortressthexmenhavingfollowedthebrotherhoodalsoarriveandmagnetochargesthebrotherhoodtofightthemofflongenoughtoconvincethemtojoinforceswiththexmenandthebrotherhoodformingatemporaryalliancetheteamfightstheirwaythroughalegionofsentinelsthoughnotwithoutlossesoftheirownintheendmagnetowolverinejuggernautandjeangreycomicsphoenixinvadethetowerforthefinalbattlewithbastionbastionusesmagnetostransmatsystemtotransportjuggernautawayfromthetowerthenescapestoasteroidmbutheisfollowedbyapiggybackingwolverinewolverinewhosehealingfactorwasdisabledbythesentinelsearliermanagestodefeatbastionmagnetoandphoenixarrivetohelpwolverineandmagnetopreventsaweakenedbastionfromescapingagainthetwobattleandmagnetoisdefeatedwhenbastionreturnstothecentralroomhefindsphoenixwhochallengesandfinallydefeatshimtheprimesentinelsaredisbandedandthexmenandthebrotherhoodagreetoatemporaryceasefirewhilethewoundedarerestoredtohealthforgeisfreedandreversestheeffectsofhisweaponrestoringeverythingtonormalwithbastionreturnedtoshieldthexmenarefreetocontinuetrainingtofightforabetterfutureuponreachingtheendinglevelofasteroidmtheplayerhasthechancetofightbastionasthreecharacterswolverinethenmagnetoandfinallyphoenixwhetherwolverinedefeatsbastionorisdefeatedhimselfthegameproceedstomagnetosfightwithbastionifmagnetodefeatsbastionthefinalevideoissimplyacceleratedandphoenixdoesnotfightbastionifmagnetoisdefeatedbastionandphoenixcomprisethefinalfightofthegamealternateendingsasphoenixpreparestofinishbastioncyclopsappearstohelpphoenixhoweverwhiletheyarebothdistractedbastionkillscyclopsbyblastinghimandleaveshislifelessbodyfloatinginspacedistraughtoverherhusbandsdeathphoenixtransformsintodarkphoenixandunleashesherfuryonbastionprofessorxdetectsdarkphoenixspresenceandisknockedoverwhendarkphoenixdestroysasteroidmalsokillingwolverineandmagnetointheprocessasdarkphoenixfliesthroughspaceshedestroysthemoonandthenturnstopresumablydestroytheearthaswelljuggernautisrevealedtobealiveandwellbutistrappedonmarsasheistossingarockitlandsonhisheadtowhichherepliesthissucksgameplaythegameplaymechanicsaretailoredtoaverygraduallearningcurvesuperattacksareperformedbypressingtwopunchorkickbuttonssimultaneouslyandmultihitcomboscanbeexecutedbypressingthepunchandkickbuttonsinaparticularorderafeaturesimilartodarkstalkerschaincombosthegamefeaturesanextensivecombosystemincludingnormalchainsairjugglesandairlaunchersinadditiontothebasicblockingsystemplayershavevariouscounterattacksavailabletothemthatcanbeexecutedbysimplypressingthecounterattackbuttonandadirectiononthecontrollerthecounterattacksarespecifictothetypeofattacktheplayeriscounteringthefightingstagesarefullydrenderedstageswiththeirownlayoutsasindeadoraliveitispossibletoknockanopponenttoadifferentpartofthestagewhichfunctionsasitsownindividualstageinthexmansionforexampleanopponentcanbeknockedfromthehangartothehallwaythentotheoutercourtyardwhereafterthendroundthebasketballcourtopensupallowingaplayertobeknockedbackintothehangarwhileinstorymodeonlyalimitedsetofcharactersareavailableforeachbattlearcademodeallowstheplayertoselectfromanyoftheplayablecharactersinaseriesofeightbattlesthetwoplayerversusmodealsoallowsplayerstochoosefromanyoftheunlockedcharactersthegamealsofeaturesasurvivalmodeinwhichasingleplayerispittedagainstaneverendingflowofcomputercontrolledopponentsinatestofenduranceinadditiontothestandardmovestheplayercanalsoaccessspecialandsuperattacksthespecialattacksincludeblastsbeamssomeofwhichcanstunanopponentphysicalattacksthathavespecialeffectssuchasmovingtoonesidebeforehittingandattackthrowsthereareseveraldifferenttypesofsuperattacksandeachhavefourdifferentlevelsofpowerprojectilesupersthesecomeintwoformsthemostusedformisthebeamwhichisacontinuousstreamthatcausesasetamountofdamageifitconnectsthebestexampleofthisiscyclopsconcussionblasttherearealsogunorblastprojectileswhichcanbefiredasetnumberoftimessuchasgambitscardpickupspecialphysicalsupersasthenameimpliesphysicalsupersaresupersthatinvolvethecharacterphysicallyengagingwiththeopponentphysicalsupersaredifferentfromattackthrowsupersbecausephysicalsuperswillcontinuouslyattackevenifanopponentisblockingblobistheonlycharacterthathasaphysicalsuperatlevelsorattackthrowsupersdifferentandmorenumerousthanphysicalsupersattackthrowsareattacksthatonlydofulldamageafteraninitialhitorgrappleandareonlyeffectiveiftheintendedvictimisnotperformingablockingmaneuvermostcharactershaveatleastoneattackthrowsuperandsomesuchastoadorbeasthaveafullarsenalofattackthrowsexamplesincludebishopsprofessionalhitspecialsabertoothsspincycleandtoadspaddletongueuniquesupersthesearesupersthatareuniquetoacertaincharacterandincludesabertoothandwolverinesregenerationmanyoftheattacksandmotionsinthegameareinfluencedbythoseavailabletotheplayerinthemarvelvscapcomseriesmarvelvscapcomseriesthreeofwolverinesattackshislevelsuperhisadamantiumattackanditssuperareexamplesofthisthegamecubeversionincludesexclusivemodesteamandpracticethexboxconsolexboxversionfeaturesanextrastageandtheabilitytoplayaspyromarvelcomicspyrocharactersxmennextdimensionfeaturestwentyfourplayablecharactersmanycanbeunlockedthroughgameplayinothermodesandalternatecostumesforeachcharacterarealsoavailablethemaincostumesforeachcharacterarebasedonthetwomainxmencomicsatthetimenewxmenseriesnewxmenandxtremexmenclasswikitablecolspancharactersbastioncomicsbastionbeastcomicsbeastpsylockebetsybishopcomicsbishopblobcomicsblobcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsphoenixforcecomicsdarkphoenixforgecomicsforgegambitcomicsgambithavokcomicshavokjuggernautcomicsjuggernautladydeathstrikemagnetocomicsmagnetomystiquecomicsmystiquenightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerjeangreyphoenixpsylockepyromarvelcomicspyroroguecomicsroguesabretoothcomicssabretoothsentinelcomicssentinelasentinelcomicssentinelbstormmarvelcomicsstormtoadcomicstoadwolverinecharacterwolverinesmallxboxconsolexboxonlysmallofthesetwoareessentiallymirrorsofothercharactersalthoughstillretainingtheirindividualityphoenixisessentiallysimilartotheunlockabledarkphoenixalthoughthetwodifferincertainsupersphoenixsaremorepsibasedwhiledarkphoenixtakesherpowersfromthefieryappearanceofthephoenixsimilarlybetsyandpsylockeareessentiallythesamecharactersavethatpsylockeisbasedonthebetsybraddockstelepathicincarnationandemploysapsibladeemergingfromherfistandbetsyisbasedonthemorerecenttelekineticallypoweredversionandmanifestsafullyformedpsionickatanaincombatreceptionvideogamereviewswidthmgrgcpsxboxrefnamegrxbrefmcgcpsxboxrefnamemcxbrefegmeuroggigamerevcgspotrefnamegspotrefgspybrxboxgamezonegcbrignpsbrgcbrxboxnpopmoxmmuchlikexmenmutantacademyandunlikexmenmutantacademyxmennextdimensionreceivedmixedtopositivereviewsgamerankingsandmetacriticgaveitascoreofandoutoffortheplaystationversionandoutofforthexboxversionandandoutofforthegamecubeversionsomecriticsandfanssaidnextdimensionisthebestgameinthemutantacademyfranchiseotherscriticizedthegamecubeandxboxversionsforitsinspirationfromdeadoralivedespitethecriticismmanypraisedallversionsforitsimprovedgameplaynewcharactersandexcellentdenvironmentsreferencesexternallinksndcenturyogawamultipleissuesxbandstylizedasxbndwasoneofthefirstonlineconsolegamingnetworksandwasavailableforsupernintendoentertainmentsystemsupernesandsegagenesisgenesissystemsitwasproducedbycatapultentertainmentacupertinocaliforniabasedsoftwarecompanyitistheonlymodemreleasedinamericatohavebeenofficiallylicensedbynintendorefnamexbandatsnescentralrefitdebutedinvariousareasoftheunitedstatesinlateandonlineconsolegamingnetworkswereeventuallystabilizedinthesixthandhistoryofvideogameconsolesseventhgenerationlatergenerationsofvideogamessuchasxboxliveplaystationnetworkandnintendonetworkhistorythegenesisversionofthexbandwasreleasedinnovemberwiththesupernesversionfollowinginjunethegenesisversionalsoworkswiththegenesisnomadrefnamegprorefincatapultentertainmentsignedadealwithgeneralinstrumentproducersofthesegachannelwhichstipulatedthatthexbandmodemwouldhenceforthbebuiltintonewsegachanneladaptersandthatthetoptogamesofferedbysegachanneleachmonthwouldbewiredforplayoverxbandinitiallycatapultentertainmenthadalimitedstaffandvirtuallynoadvertisingbyjanuaryxbandnetworkplayabilityhadreachedpracticallyeverymetropolitanareaandseveralruralareasintheustheactualxbandmodemswerecarriedbyahandfulofsoftwareandvideorentalchainsacrosstheunitedstatesinternationallythexbandsawsomelimitedexpansioninthejapanesemarketandcatapultwasworkingonpcandsegasaturnbasedversionsoftheplatformthoughtheymergedwithmpathinteractiverefnamengenrefandthefocusshiftedtotheonlinepcgamingservicemplayercomserviceimagexbandsgifframexbandforthesegagenesisandthesupernintendoentertainmentsystemsupernestheconceptofplayingonlinewasfairlynewatthetimearcadeswerestillquitepopularandonlinegamingwasnotyetahouseholdideathexbandmodemwaswidelyavailableatblockbustervideobranchesduringitstimeitretailedforwithadditionalchargesbasedonusageactivitiesthatconsumedaplayersmonthlyallowanceofconnectionsincludeddialingintothexbandserviceformatchmakingdownloadingmailcalledxmailanddownloadingthedailyeditionofthetwoxbandnewslettersonecontaininggenericnewsandtheothercontainingplatformspecificinformationsuchasleaderboardsandcontestannouncementsplayerswerealsoassessedafeeofhourforconnectingtoopponentsoutsidetheirlocalcallingareaplayertoplayerconnectionsinsidetheirlocalcallingareawerefreethemodemfeaturesbuiltinstorageforuptofouruserscodenamesitstoresuserfriendlistswhichcancontainthecodenamesofuptotenoftheusersfriendstheusersxmailboxesstoringuptotenincomingandtenoutgoingmessagesforeachusertheusersrankingswinlossrecordsandaccumulatedscoresashortprofilesectionandtheusersavatarchosenfrompresetavatarstextentryisdoneeitherthroughanonscreenkeyboardoranoptionalxbandkeyboardaddonreleasedlaterinthenetworkslifespantheclientsidesystemworkedbymanipulatingthegamesmemoryinawaysimilartogamegenieandthirdpartycomputergamemodificationssuchasmultitheftautorefnamexbandhackrefaproblemofmostonlineservicesofthetimewasthattheconnectionwouldbelostwheneveraphoneonthesamelinewaspickedupthexbandoperatingsystemwasdesignedtoensurethatconnectionsarenotlostduetophoneactivityinthecaseofcallwaitingthesystemwouldalerttheusertothecallandallowthegametoberesumedxbandhadanofficialwebsitewhereamembercouldcheckanyotherplayersstatisticsalongwithotherinformationandupdatesthatwerenotavailabletoviewonconsolesatitsheightxbandhadsubscribedmembersgamingaarticleinnextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationstatedthatthexbandmodemsultralowlatencyisthekeytoitssuccessfulhandlingofrealtimevideogamingthemodemsdatatransferratewasbitspersecondwhichwhilelowcomparedtopcmodemsofthetimewassufficienttohandlethesimpleoneononegameswhichxbandwasusedwithrefnamengenrefwhenconnectingtoplayunlessaplayerspecifiedaparticularuserfromtheirfriendlistplayerswouldbematchedwitharandomplayerelsewhereinthecountryortheplayerslocalareacodedependingontheirpreferencesettingswhowasalsoconnectingtoplaythesamegametheserverwouldattempttomatchplayersoflikeskilllevelsusingtheeloratingsystemwhenthenetworkmatchedtwoplayersupthenewlyconnectedplayersxbandmodemwoulddisconnectfromtheserveranddialtheotherplayerwhoseownxbandmodemwouldanswerwhenthephonerangatthatpointtheplayerswouldseethexbandlogoslidetogetherfollowedbythematchupscreenwhichdisplayedeachplayerscodenamesavatarslocationsandapretypedtauntindecemberxbandlauncheditsfirstnationaltournamentthisisthefirstmodemtomodemtournamentevertobeheldoveraconsolethegrandprizewinnerreceivedaspecialgenghiskhaniconfortheirxbandprofileandacashprizefromcatapultpeterkappesakasphinxoforlandoflbecamethefirstpersoninhistorytowinamodemtomodemnationaltournamentoveraconsoleiconhackingduringthelastfewmonthsofserviceseveralusersdiscoveredawaytouseagamegenietohacktheiconsofxbandplayersthisenabledplayerstouseiconsthatwereotherwiserestrictedsuchasunreleasediconsoriconsreservedformatchesbetweenxbandteammembersiconhackingresultedincomplaintsfromotherusersrumorsaboutxbandiconhackersoftenclaimedtheywerepartofelitehackingorganizationsormembersofcatapultentertainmenteventuallythemethodusedbythehackerswasleakedandinevitablyspreadthroughoutthecommunitydemisebymarchpeoplecouldonlyplaywithintheirlocalareacodeonapriltheentirenetworkwasremovedxbandhadannouncedintheirpreviousmonthlynewsletterthattheywereshuttingdownwiththenewsletterwriterscitingtheserviceslackofpopularityasthecauseaccordingtonextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationxbandneverturnedasignificantprofitduringxbandsexistenceonlyahandfulofadvertisementswereevermadeandonlyonegameweaponlordhadthexbandlogoonitsboxxbandstatedintheirnewsletterthatplayersweretheirbestformofadvertisingandofferedthexbandpackwherememberscouldordersixmodemsatadiscountedrateandreceiveamonthoffreegaminginexchangeforsigningupacertainnumberofpeopletotheserviceheavycontributorstoxbandsdemisewerethelackofsupportfromgamedevelopersandlimitedinternalresourceswiththeexceptionofweaponlordcatapulthadtoindividuallyreverseengineereachgamescodethendevelopahacktointercepttwoplayeractivitysothegamecouldbesharedoveralowlatencyfastresponsetimebaudmodemconnectioncatapultssecondgenerationattemptswereblockedbythehardwaremanufacturersthexbandwaslaunchedinjapanusingabaudmodemonaprilforthesegasaturnrefnamengenrefbutmetcompetitionfromsegasownseganetlinkservicewhichalsousedxbandtechnologyanexpansionintothepcmarketdidntpanouteitherasdevelopersfrequentlyoptedtoincludetheirownnetworklinkingratherthandealwithcatapultssubscriptionbasedserviceserviceissuesamajorissueforthexbandservicewasfreelongdistancephonecallsitwasdiscoveredthatausercouldrecordthetonessentfromanxbandmodemandthenreceivethelongdistanceservicenumbertheauthenticationcodeandphonenumberoftheplayeryouwereconnectingtothisinformationallowedanyonetoaccesslongdistancephonecallsthatwerechargedtocatapultpagerpagingcompanyskytelfacedsimilarproblemsfrombothxbandusersandtheirowncustomersxbandusersperformedbruteforceattacksagainstskytelsmobilepagingsysteminordertodiscovervoicemailboxesusingthesamenumberastheloginandpasswordusingthesetoextendtheircommunicationwitheachothermostmessagesconsistedsimplyofshoutoutswithmusicplayinginthebackgroundacommoncomplaintwasthatifaplayerwaslosingamatchtheycouldsimplypulltheirphonecordoutorresettheirsystemthistacticknownascordpullingamongxbanduserspreventedthexbandservicefromcreditingeitherplayerwiththewinorlossinresponsetocomplaintsthecompanydevelopedaprogramwhichwoulddetectsuchforceddisconnectionsandassignalosstotheperpetratorandawintothevictimhoweverthisledtoafloodofcallsfromusersclaimingthattheirresetbuttonhadbeenpushedbyaccidentanddemandingthatthelossbeerasedfromtheirrecordfacingunsustainablecustomerservicecostscatapultchangedtheprogramsothatwhilevictimsofcordpullingwereawardedawinperpetratorswerenolongerpenalizedinanywayrefnameconductmcfrefpublishingstatisticsdespitepoormarketingsuccessthexbandteamdidmanagesomepublicitygainswhentheyjoinedforceswithanumberofgamingmagazinesstartingonthewebwithgamezeromagazineandlaterintipstrickstipstricksmagazinedailystatswereaccessibleviaxbandnewsonthemodemalthoughtheywerenotvisibletothegeneralpublicpublishingstatsaddedacoolfactortobragaboutintheearlyforefrontsofonlinegamingthetoprankedgamersofthepreviousmonthwerepublishedstartinginjanuaryingamezeroandstartinginearlyintipstricksmagazineaswellsupportedgamesthefollowinggameshavebeenanalyzedandonlinecompatibilityprovidedbyxbandgameprolistssupportedgamesforgenesisandsnessnescentrallistssupportedgamesforsnesstillneedasourceforthesaturngamestheseptemberissueofnextgenerationpagegivesalistofxbandsupportedsaturngameswhichmostlymatchesupwithwhatwehaveherebutomitsdecathletepuyopuyosunpuzzlebobbleandsegaworldwidesoccerwhichwereallreleasedlatercolumnscolgenesismaddennflmaddennflmortalkombatvideogamemortalkombatmortalkombatiimortalkombatnbajamvideogamenbajamnbalivenbalivenhlnhlnhlprimalragesuperstreetfighteriiweaponlordcolsnesofficialversionsofdoomsupernintendoentertainmentsystemdoomkengriffeyjrpresentsmajorleaguebaseballkillerinstinctvideogamekillerinstinctmaddennflmaddennflmortalkombatiimortalkombatnbajamtournamenteditionnhlnhlsupermariokartthelegendofzeldaalinktothepastsecretmazegameweaponlordcolsaturnsmalljapanxbandbrandedreleasesonlysmalldaytonausaarcadegamedaytonausachampionshipcircuiteditiondecathletepuyopuyosunpuzzlebobblesaturnbombermansegarallychampionshipplusworldwidesoccersegaworldwidesoccervirtuafighterseriesvirtuafighterremixvirtualonworldseriesbaseballseriesworldseriesbaseballseealsogamelineathirdpartydialupservicefortheatarifamicommodemintellivisionsplaycableteleplaymodemathirdpartymodemmadeforthenessupernesandgenesissegagenesisssegachannelsegameganetsegasownonlinegamingserviceforthemegadrivesatellaviewasatellitemodemforthesuperfamicomwithnoninteractiveonlinegamingseganetlinksegasonlineserviceforthesegasaturnddnintendosddandrandnetonlineserviceofinjapanreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxbandcomxbandofficialwebsitearchivedfacebookcomgroupphpgidxbandfanfacebookpagesomearchivedpagesofcatapultsgamezerocomteampreviewscatapultxbandxclusiveongamezerocomsegacomxbandonlinegamingsfirstbigtryawriteupoftheservicefromsegacomsegaarchiveisgamersgraveyardcomrepositorysnesperipheralsxbandhtmlgamersgraveyardarticlepopularmyupcomdoblogentrybidpublicuseridblogofthedayentryonupcomaboutonegamerslookbackonhisxbandobsessionlistofxmentvseriesepisodesseasoninfoboxvideogametitlexmenmutantacademyimagexmenmutantacademycoverartpngcaptionnorthamericanplaystationcoverartdeveloperparadoxdevelopmentpublisheractivisiondesignerenginereleasedgenrefightinggamefightingmodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayermultiplayervideogamemultiplayerplatformsplaystationconsoleplaystationxmenmutantacademyisadfightinggamefortheplaystationconsoleplaystationvideogameconsoleitisthesequeltoxmenmutantacademyandpredecessortoxmennextdimensionlikeitspredecessorthegameallowstheplayertoselectfromseveralheroesandvillainsandincludesmanyofthesignaturemovesfromthecomicthegamealsoincludesabehindthesceneslookatxmenfilmxmenthemovieconceptsketchescostumesandothersimilarmaterialgameplaytherearefourmodestoplayacademytrainingthisiswherealternatecostumescanbeunlockedthemajorityofcharactershavetheabilitytounlocktwocostumesbutsixcharacterscannotarcadeinthismodeitispossibletounlocktheendingmoviesofcharactersanotheradditionalfeatureistheabilitytounlockextracharactersthisisperformedbyobtainingalltheendingmoviesfordifferentcharactersinarowpsylockeisunlockedfortheleftrowaftercompletingwithwolverinecharacterwolverineandjuggernautcomicsjuggernautisunlockedfortherightrowaftercompletingthegamewithallcharactersincludingpsylocketherearetwospecialcharactersthatcanbeunlockedafterobtainingtheendingsofspecialcharactersspidermanisunlockedifyouencounteranddefeathimonarcademodeandprofessorxxavierisunlockedifonepasseswithjuggernautcomicsjuggernautversusallowstwoplayerstofighteachotherusingavailablecharactersprovidedtwocontrollersareproperlyinsertedintothecontrollerportsondefeatingarcademodethepoolpartyarenaisunlockedwhichchangesthecharactersskinstopoolbeachthemessurvivalsurvivalmodeallowstheplayertochooseasinglecharacterandattempttodefeatmultipleenemieswithoutlosingtheirownhealthwhentheplayershealthbarisdrainedthegameisovereachgameofsurvivalmodeconsistsofonerounditcountswinsandperfectsdefeatswithoutlosinganyofonesownhealthandwhendefeatedplacestheplayeronaleaderboardwhichinitiallyhasbeastlastwithtwowinszeroperfectsandroguefirstwithtenwinsfourperfectscharacterscyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsoriginalxmanandtheirfieldleaderscottsummerswieldstheabilitytoshootdestructiveopticblastsfromhiseyeshislevelalongsidespidermanisthenewyorkcityrooftopsbeastcomicsbeastoriginalxmanandscientisthankmccoyisamutantofacrobaticskillenhancedphysicalcapabilitiesandacoatofindigofurhislevelisthedangerroomforgecomicsforgestormsformerloverhismutantpowersallowhimtounderstandfeelanddevelopmachineryhealsohasmysticalskillshislevelisatadesertgambitcomicsgambitacajunwithatroubledpastremylebeauiscapableofcharginginanimateobjectswithexplosivekineticenergyusuallyplayingcardsheisalsohighlytrainedwithastaffhislevelistheswampshavokcomicshavokscottsummersyoungerbrotheralexisabletoshootpowerfulenergyblastsfromhishandshislevelisxmansionjuggernautcomicsjuggernautxaviersstepbrothercainmarkobeingempoweredbythegemofcyttorakissuperstrongandresistanttophysicaldamagethoughpsychicattackscanhurthishelmetprotectshimhislevelisthenewyorkcitysubwaysmystiquecomicsmystiquemutantshapeshifterandmagnetosclosestconfidantravendarkholmedominatesthebattlefieldwithhightechweaponryherlevelisanairshipmagnetocomicsmagnetothemasterofmagnetismerikmagnuslensherrisabletoinfluenceearthsmagneticfieldstopropelandmanipulatemetallicitemstheleaderofthebrotherhoodheisoneofthemostpowerfulmutantshislevelisasteroidmnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerareligiousxmanwithademonicappearancekurtwagnercanteleporttoanywherewithintwomilesnbspkminapuffofsmokeandbrimstonehislevelisacathedraljeangreyphoenixanoriginalxmanjeangreypossessestelepathicandtelekineticabilitiesaswellasthefieryprowessofthephoenixforcecomicsphoenixforceherlevelisonthemoonprofessorxthefounderofthexmenprofessorcharlesxavierfightsforaworldwheremutantsandhumanscancoexistinpeaceamutanthimselfcharlesistheworldsstrongesttelepathhislevelisdangerroomroguecomicsrogueatruesouthernbelleandgambitsloverannamarieisabletoabsorbthememoriestalentsandthoughtsofotherswithjustatouchherlevelisthesavagelandpsylockeatrainedassassinbetsybraddockhasbeenthroughmanychangesinherlifebutherskillwithherpsychicbladeremaineverconstantsabretoothcomicssabretoothlikewolverinesabretoothakavictorcreedisavictimoftheweaponxprogrampossessingadamantiumlacedclawsapotenthealingfactorandaninsatiablebloodlusthislevelisanoilrigstormmarvelcomicsstormthexmenssecondincommandlikehercodenameimpliesororomunroesmutantabilityallowshertoharnessandmanipulatetheweatherherlevelismuirislandspidermanincreasedstrengthspeedagilityspidersensealertingtodangerabilitytoshootwebsandsticktowallspeterparkeristheonlynonxmenrelatedcharactertoappearinthisgamehislevelsharedwithcyclopsisthenewyorkcityrooftopstoadcomicstoadamemberofthebrotherhoodofevilmutantsthegrotesquemortimertoynbeesmutantabilitylikehisnamesakeimpliesgiveshimfroglikeabilitiesandskillshecanalsoelongatehisextremelystrongtonguetogreatdistancesandcanspitcorrosiveslimeathisenemieshislevelismorlockscomicsmorlocksewerswolverinecharacterwolverineavictimofweaponxwolverineakaloganpossessesadamantiumlacedskeletonandretractableclawsheightenedsensesstrengthandagilityaswellasapotenthealingfactorhislevelistheweaponxlabreceptionvideogamereviewsgrmcegmgigameprogamerevcgspotgspygamezoneignopmunlikexmenmutantacademythegamereceivedmostlypositivereviewsbycriticsmanypraisedthegameforitsimprovedgraphicsnewcharactersgameplayitshiddencharactersitsdenvironmentandtheexpandednumberofcomboshoweversomecriticizedthegameforitslackofgameplaymodesandthecomboswereusuallyhardtopulloffincomplexmagazinecomplexrankeditastherdbestfightinggameofalltimereferencesexternallinksarchiveismarvelcomvideogamesxmengamesxmenvideogamesonmarvelcomloopedsquarercatshellextremeghostbustersinfoboxgymnastnamexiaoqinimagexiaoqinjpgimagesizepxcaptionfullnamexiaoqinaltnamenicknamecountryformercountrybirthdatebirthplacenanjingjiangsupeoplesrepublicofchinachinahometownnanjingjiangsupeoplesrepublicofchinachinaresidencedeathdatedeathplaceheightmdisciplinemaglevelnatlteamclubgymcollegeteamheadcoachhuangyubinassistcoachjinweiguoformercoachchoreographereponymousskillsretiredshowmedalsnomedaltemplatesseetemplatemedalrelatedtemplatesxiaoqinbornjanuaryinnanjingjiangsuisamaleprchinachinesegymnasticsgymnasthespecializesinthehorizontalbarandparallelbarsbutisbestknownforhisworkonthepommelhorseforwhichhehaswonolympicworldnationaleastasiangamesandworldcuptitleshejoinedthechinesenationalteaminandispartofthepeoplesliberationarmycompetitivehighlightshehasqualifiedfortwoolympicsattheolympicsinathensxiaoqinwasoneofthefavoritesfortheolympictitleonpommelhorsebuthisdreamswereshatteredwhenhefellduringthequalificationroundhequalifiedforthehorizontalbareventfinalbutplacedthitwasalsoadisappointingolympicsforhisteamfavoredtowingoldbutinsteadfinishedthattheolympicsinbeijingheredeemedhimselfbywinninggoldonthepommelhorsealongwithgoldforhisteamclasswikitablestyletextaligncenteryearcompetitiondescriptionlocationapparatusrankfinalscorefinalrankqualifyingscorequalifyingrowspanrowspanworldchampionshipsrowspanghentteampommelhorsebgcolorsilverworldchampionshipsdebrecenpommelhorsebgcolorsilverrowspanworldcupseriesthessalonikipommelhorserowspanworldchampionshipsrowspananaheimteambgcolorgoldpommelhorserowspanrowspanworldcupseriesrowspanghentpommelhorsebgcolorgoldparallelbarshorizontalbarbgcolorcc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omethingshockingoccurredinamatchtypicallyruiningtheeffectofthehighspotriveraoftensidedwithrobblackandhistrademarkannouncingconsistedofreferringtoklossaschicousingchicoinnearlyallofhissentencesandoccasionalwanderingintospanishannouncinginthisperiodthepromotionsmainstarswerehomegrownwrestlersbutmanyformerstarsofextremechampionshipwrestlingecwpassedthroughxpwfollowingthefallofthatpromotioninrobblackpurchasedsixfrontrowticketsforecwsecwheatwaveheatwavepayperviewintheticketsfortheshowweregiventoacadreofxpwtalentastheirmissionwastomakeitclearthatecwwasonenemyturfatthebeginningofthemaineventthexpwcontingentthemessiahkidkaossupremekristimysthomelessjimmyandkrisklossdonnedshirtsemblazonedwiththelogooftheirhomecompanygainingtheattentionofsecurityandtommydreamersecurityejectedthexpwgroupabrawlintheparkinglotthenbrokeoutbetweenthexpwringcrewandtheecwlockerroombutthexpwwrestlerswerenotinvolvedintheparkinglotseveraloftheecwwrestlersbrutalizedthexpwringcrewinastreetfightuntilseveraloftheringcrewmemberswereleftbloodiedinitialreportsclaimedthatkristimystsomehowtouchedfrancinefournierfrancineandthatpromptedtheincidentbutfrancineherselfhassincegoneonrecordassayingthatshewasnevergrabbedorinanyotherwaytouchedbyanyofthexpwcrewandothereyewitnessessupportthestorythatfrancineneverhadahandlaidonheralthoughfansdidthrowupthexpwarmsignaturexpwwasnotofficiallyacknowledgedonthetelecastonscreenjoeystylesecwscolorcommentatorstatedduringtheincidentapparentlythesandmanwrestlerthesandmanhassharedafewtoomanybeerswiththefansatringsideandapparentlyadrunkenfanatringsideputhishandsonfrancinealsoyoucanseefrancineangryoncameraduetobeingtouchedbyxpwmembereventhoughyearslateritwasrevealedthatnoneofthexpwcrewtouchedfrancineshortlyaftertheecwincidentxpwwouldhavetheironeyearanniversaryshowgofunkyourselfatthelosangelessportsarenaonjulythemaineventbeingxpwworldheavyweightchampionsabuwrestlersabufacingoffagainstterryfunktheeventwasconsideredbymanyahighpointforxpwunfortunatelyitwouldbefourmoremonthsuntilxpwwouldputonanothershowduringthattimeperiodanattempttobringinjapanesedeathmatchpioneeratsushionitaforanexplodingringmatchfailedoneofthemainstorylinesformostofconcernedheelprofessionalwrestlingheelglossaryofprofessionalwrestlingtermsstablestablecalledtheblackarmytheblackarmywasrunbyrobblackassistedbyhiswifepornstarlizzybordenactresslizzybordenwiththeirtopstarthemessiahandhisfeudwithsabuwrestlersabualsothroughoutmostofanotherheelstablecalledtheenterpriseemergedtoeventuallyfeudwiththeblackarmythefollowingyearoriginallyconsistingofformerblackarmyhenchmensteverizzonomotivationalspeakertjrushpornstarveronicacaineandryankatzgqmoneythestablewascompletedatthedamageincshowwhenkidkaoswonthebrandnewxpwtelevisiontitleturnedhisbackonhisunclesupremeandalignedhimselfwiththeenterpriseafterthissurpriseheelturnkidkaosdroppedthekidfromhisnameandnicknamedhimselftherocksuperstarkaosforayearapriltoaprilxpwwouldrunshowsatthelegendarylosangelesvenuegrandolympicauditoriumsuchnotableeventsweretheirtwoyearanniversaryshowdamageincadoubleringedwargamesstylecagematchgenocideandtheinfamousfootscaffoldmatchbetweenvicgrimesandnewjackatfreefallalsomanybignamesdebutedinxpwatthetimesuchasthesandmanvampirokonnaninsaneclownposseandpsicosisatxpwsthreeyearanniversaryshownightofchampionsinjulyshanedouglasmadehisreturntoxpwasthemysteryopponentofjohnnywebbwinningthexpwtitlefollowingthematchtherevelationthatdouglasandlizzybordenwerealliesemergedwhichwouldcrushrobblacktothepointthatbordeninheritedthepowerofxpwtheorganizationthenbaseditsoperationstotheeastcoastinphiladelphiapaatthethearenaphiladelphianewalhambraarenatheeventalsosawthethirdkingofthedeathmatchtournamentwhichgotreleasedonhomevideoasbaptizedinbloodiiieastcoastinvasionxpwdebutedattheformerecwarenaonaugustatthehostiletakeovereventandshanedouglaswasthepromotionsfocalpointfortherestoftheyearcontroversyarosewhenxpwsignedanexclusiveleasewiththethearenaphiladelphianewalhambraarenapreventingotherindependentpromotionsfromholdingshowsatthevenueasxpwcontinuedtorunontheeastcoasttherisquestorylineswerequicklyphasedoutandamajorityofxpwswestcoastemployeeswerenotapartoftheallnewxpwtherelocationtotheeastcoastalsoresultedinmanyformerecwstarspassingthroughxpwwhetheritbeonaregularbasisoronenightappearancestheywouldeventuallyreturntotheirhomeoflosangelesforafewshowsinearlyonmarchtheydidashowinpittsburghpennsylvaniawhichhadinattendancemainlyduetopittsburghbeingshanedouglasshometownthiswouldbexpwsverylastshowtherewerescheduledshowsinaprilontheeastcoastsupposedlyticketsweresellingverypoorlypriortotheeventthenxpwannouncedtheywerecancelingtheeventduetoastormthatwasnotasbigasxpwboastedtobeontheirwebsiteinaprilrobblackandlizzybordenwereindictedonobscenitychargesduetopornographicmaterialproducedbyxpwsparentcompanyextremeassociatesfederalagentsinpittsburghhadpurchasedtheoffendingmaterialwhichdepictedscenesofrapeurinationandmurderthestressofthetrialtookatollontheownersofthecompanyandxpwcouldnolongerbesubsidizedfinanciallyinjanuarythechargesweredroppedbutondecemberanappealscourtrevivedthechargesseeunitedstatesvextremeassociatesxtremeentertainmentgroupwhichlatersplitintoxegandbigvisionentertainmentthecompanyofwhichxpwemployeekevinkleinrockwouldlaterbecomeexecutivevicepresidentpurchasedthexpwnameandvideolibraryinblackstatedifinevergotindictediwouldhavedefinitelykeptthewrestlingthinggoingtheonlyxpwpayperviewwasthebestofxpwacompilationofhighlightswhichairedinthesummerofrevivalscolddayinhellinfoboxwrestlingeventnamecolddayinhellimagecdihjpgpromotionxtremeprowrestlingthemekeepmovingonbyfivevictimsfourgravesdatemayvenueaviationparkcityredondobeachcaliforniarefnamefunkrefanxpwreunionshowcalledcolddayinhelltookplaceonmayataviationparkinredondobeachcaliforniatheeventwasoriginallygoingtobecalledhellfreezesoverbeforechangingittocolddayinhellinjunethexpwrightsownersbigvisionentertainmentworkedonwrestlingsocietyxwhichfeaturedmanyxpwalumniwhileworkingontheprojecttheycameupwiththeideatocreateareunionshowtheeventwasproducedbykevinkleinrockmikehartsfieldandkrisklossvicgrimeswasoriginallyscheduledtobepartoftheeventhoweverhelaterneededtodropoutduetoinjurybigvisionentertainmentreleaseditondvdandblurayinjanuarythedvdincludestheentiremaineventandaminutepreshowpreliminarymatchestheshowstartedwiththefirsteverdynamitedtributebattleroyalcarnageeventuallylitthetapeonhishandonfireandeliminatedthefinalremainingcompetitorswithaflamingclotheslinecarnageafterreceivingthedcupgaveittodynamitedsmotherpriortothesecondmatchxpwhostedthemissextremecompetitionhostedbyjoeyryanwrestlerjoeyryanwomenwerecompetingbasedonskillslikelapdancesandbeerchuggingwhenwomenbegangettingspankedwithabarbedwireglovenickythenewyorkknockoutbeatuptheothercontestantsnoofficialwinnerwasdeclaredkaosandvampirowrestlednextwhichincludedkaosbeingbodyslammedontoafluorescentlighttubekaosultimatelywonthematchwithbothwrestlersbackscutandbleedingfromtheglasspriortoangelthehardcorehomosmatchhewaspresentedwithabirthdaycakeandpresentsforhisthbirthdaygqmoneywashidingamongthegiftswhoattackedangelwiththehelpofbocooperangelperformmedthebroncobusterwithhisasslesstightsandthenpouredabagofcondomsandsextoysoutmoneyshotafireballatangelpickupthevictoryfollowingthematchprattcameouttohelpangelfollowingtheangelmoneymatchjloveforcedleroytheringcrewguytocleanuptheremainingglassfromthekaosvampiromatchpogotheclowncameoutwithashovelandbeatupbothleroyandjlovebeforebeingstoppedbythesandmanwrestlerthesandmanandasingaporecanesandmaneventuallypickedupthevictoryafterjlovehitpogowithakendostickwhichdistractedhimenoughtoallowforsandmantogaincontrolterryfunkthespecialrefereeforthewhitetrashjohnnywebbravenwrestlerravenvshomelessjimmyconcussionannouncedthatsabuwrestlersabuwhowasoriginallyinthematchcouldnotcompeteduetoabrokenavertebraeinhisnecksabuhowevercametotheringduringthematchandalthoughwasremovedbysecuritydistractedfunkenoughthatfunkgotknockedoutravenandwebbultimatelypickedupthevictoryafterwebbgavejimmyaddtontopofachairtheteamrevprovsteamxpwmatchwasscheduledtobeteamrevproronriveradiscomachineandjoeyryanwrestlerjoeyryanwithmrmcphenomandcwandersonvsteamxpwjardifrantzvinniemassaroandamysterypartnerjustpriortothematchseanwaltmanxpacwasrevealedtobethemysterypartnerteamxpwultimatelylostthewhendiscopinningfranzfollowingthematchxpachitthebroncobusteronbothmrmcphenomandandersonthefollowwaymatchfeaturedlukehawxvsjackevanswrestlerjackevansvsscorpioskyhawxultimatelypickedupwithvictorybysubmissionwithafrontfacelockonscorpiomaineventmatchesinthefirstoftwomaineventmatchesthegangstasnewjackjamalmustafamustafawerescheduledtotakeonthewestsidengzchronicbgrottbckillerandmrcaliforniacameoutinsteadofthegangstasandbeganbeatingupthewestsidengzthegangstaseventuallycameoutwithtonsofweaponsandscoredavictoryoverthewestsidengzfollowingthematchnewjackannouncedthatthiswouldbehisretirementmatchthefinalmatchofthemeetingfeaturednecrobutcherwithjrbensonfacingsupremeforthereturnofthexpwkingofthedeathmatchchampionshipsupremeultimatelywonthematchandthechampionshipafterdeliveringbackbodydroptobutcherontoafluorescentlighttuberesultsstylefontsizeclasswikitablesortableresultsstipulationscarnagedefeatedrobbiephoenixstepfatherexcitersexychinorcgleroyandyouthsuiciderefnamecoldrefdynamitedtributebattleroyalnowinnermissxtremepageanthostedbyjoeyryanwrestlerjoeyryankaosdefeatedvampirogrudgematchgqmoneywithbocooperdefeatedangelthehardcorehomowithkraqrubbermatchthesandmanwrestlerthesandmandefeatedpogotheclownsinglesmatchkhankusionreplacingsabuwrestlersabuandhomelessjimmydefeatedravenwrestlerravenandjohnnywebbtagteamwarwithspecialguestrefereeterryfunkteamrevproronriveradiscomachineandjoeyryanwrestlerjoeyryanwithmrmcphenomandcwandersondefeatedteamxpwjardifrantzvinniemassaroandseanwaltmanxpacsixmantagteammatchlukehawxdefeatedjackevanswrestlerjackevansandscorpioskytriplethreatrespectmatchthegangstasnewjackandjamalmustafamustafadefeatedthewestsidengzbigrottandchronictagteammatchsupremedefeatednecrobutcherdoublehellbarbedwirechairsbarbedwirelighttubetableslighttubetablethumbtacksbedsofmousetrapslighttubesdeathmatchforthexpwkingofthedeathmatchchampionshiptenyearanniversaryspectacularinfoboxwrestlingeventnametenyearanniversaryspectacularimagepromotionxtremeprowrestlingthemeattendancedateaugustvenuearenanightclubcitylosangelescaliforniaasecondxpwreunionshowcalledtenyearanniversaryspectacularnicknamedxpwxtookplaceonaugustinlosangelesatthearenanightclubtheeventtookplaceonthesameweekendassummerslamsummerslamtookplaceinlathemaineventfeaturedaxpwkingofthedeathmatchchampionshipmatchinwhichsupremebeatangelpreshowduringthepreshowjoeydynamiterayrosasosolocobeatclaymotleytherookieluchamachinetheninawaymatchmarcusriotbeatdamienarsenickwilliemacltpfamousbandchimerathenthestepfatherandtheredheadedstepchildcalledoutsexychinowhowassittingringsidebeforebeatinghimupintheringtoolrandowntomakethesavepreliminarymatchesdamiensteeleatthebeginningoftheshowwasannouncedastheorganizationsnewcommissionerwhensteeleenteredtheringaccompaniedbynikkijamesonandbabyslimcarryingtheoldxpwchampionshipsteeleannouncedatournamenttocrownthenextchampionwhilesteelewasannouncingthematcheshomelessjimmycamedowndemandingamatchinthetournamentbabyslimattackedjimmyfrombehindhoweverjimmyultimatelywonthematchbyhittingaschoolboyoutofthecornerandadvancinginthetournamentduringtheeightpersonmixedtagmatchteamxpwmattclassicwhitetrashjohhnywebbcastironcothernandthefabulousthunderkittytakingonteamspwsacramentobasedpromotionsupremeprowrestlingdantethebritishmessiahtimothythatcherelchupacabradanteandchristinavoneerieteamspwwonfollowingdantesfrogsplashmrmcphenomacharacterbasedonvincemcmahonannouncedhisplanstotakeoverxpwmcphenomstatedhewouldmakexpwtomorefamilyfriendlyandsportsentertainmentbasedgqmoneywasintroducedasthefinancialadvisertomrmcphenommcphenomtoldmoneytobringthegreenhoweverwhenmcphenomrealizedwhatmoneybroughtwasntmoneybutmarijuanamcphenomattackedmondayandsetupamatchforthatintheeveningthematchoccurredaftertheironmanmatchinwhichmoneywonjoeyryanwrestlerjoeyryanandlizzyjlovevalentineagainstmonicaandvinniemassarometnextinaminutestripironmanmatchwherethewrestlerpinnedhadtoremoveanarticleofclothingeachwrestlerwaspinnedoncethenvalentinewaspinnedtwomoretimesvalentinerefusedtoremovehertopandinsteadbroughtoutabodydoublehowremovedherbratorevealbothbreastscoveredwithablackxscorpioskyandmattcrosswrestlermdoggmattcrossmatchendedabruptlyanditwasannouncedasatimelimitdrawlukehawxnextchallengedcrosshalfofthefinalxpwworldtagteamchampionshipandskytoatagtitlematchafterskyandcrossacceptedhawxrevealedhispartnertobeskywasreallyhispartnerhoweverafterdoubleteamingcrosstoolenteredascrossnewpartnercrosstappedtoaguillotinechokeandhawxandskyweredeclaredthenewxpwworldtagteamchampionshipleroytheringcrewguywasthenbeatenbypogotheclownmaineventmatchescarnageandyouthsuicideaccompaniedbyvicgrimesthenfoughtinaburnedinhellgrudgematchakaadeathmatchweaponswereusedsuchasabarbedwirebatlightbulbsashowerdoorandastaplegungrimeseventuallylitpizzacutteronfireandusingittoattackcarnagecarnageeventuallywonafterthrowinglitflashpaperatyouthsuicidesupremethendefendedthexpwkingofthedeathmatchchampionshipagainstangelthehardcorehomosupremededicatedthematchtohisfatherwhohaddiedearlierthatweekangelwithkraqandbffamandaannouncedhewouldgiveupthehardcorehomoifhedidntwindespitethemajorityofthematchturningintoaonattackwithincludedbarbwirecoveredtablessupremewonthematchtoretainthetitleresultsstylefontsizeclasswikitablesortableresultsstipulationsjoeydynamiterayrosasosolocobeatclaymotleytherookieluchamachinemarcusriotbeatdamienarsenickwilliemacltpfamousbandchimerasixwaymatchthestepfathertheredheadedstepchildbeatrobbyphoenixbckillerhomelessjimmybeatslymmdantechristinavoneeriechupacabratimothythatcherbeatjohnnywebbmattclassicthefabulousthunderkittycastironcothernvinniemonicamassarobeatjoeyryanwrestlerjoeyryanlizzyvalentineminutestripironmanmatchgqmoneybeatmrmcphenommattcrosswrestlermdoggdrewlukehawxlukehawxscorpioskybeatmattcrosswrestlermdoggtoolforthexpwtagtitlewhichwaspreviouslyvacatedpogotheclownbeatleroytheringcrewguycarnagebeatyouthsuicidedeathmatchsupremebeatangelxpwkingofthedeathmatchchampionshipmatchxpwperrosdelmalshowinfoboxwrestlingeventnamexpwperrosdelmalshowimagepromotionxtremeprowrestlingbrperrosdelmalpromotionperrosdelmalthemeattendancedateaugustvenuecentralderefaccionescitytultitlndemarianoescobedotultitlanmexicoonaugustxpwdidajointshowwithperrosdelmalpromotionperrosdelmalintultitlndemarianoescobedotultitlanmexicotheeventtookplaceatcentralderefaccionesalocaljunkyardduringtheshowlolitabeatsexystarinastrippingmatcheachfallthelosermustremoveanarticleofclothinglolitawonfallstoandattheendsexystarlosthertopalthoughshetriedtocoverherselfupduringthefinalmatchoftheeveningdaminbestiahalloweenwrestlerhalloweenxflybeatcarnagejohnnywebbkaossupremedamingotthepinfallafterpowerbombingsupremeontolighttubesafterthematchdaminstatedthatsupremehadnotdefendedthexpwkingofthedeathmatchchampionshipdaminstatedhewasreadytoretirehoweverhewantedonelastmatchagainstsupremeinanelectrifiedcagematchforthechampionshipandwouldthenretirestylefontsizeclasswikitablesortableresultss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tseconomicbotanyreforiginxtabentnmayhaveitsorigininbalchaceremonialliquorproducedbythemayapeoplesmayarefnameamsaxtabentuncomgrupoamsaspanishrefthestrongflavordidnotappealtothespanishconquistadoressotheyintroducedaniseandtookawaythetreebarkandcornetymologythewordxtabentnmeansvinesgrowingonstoneinthemayanlanguagesmayanlanguageitreferstothechristmasvineturbinacorymbosaaspeciesofmorningglorywhoseseedscontainergineandhavehallucinogenicpropertiesthishasledjonathanotttosuggestthatbalchmayalsohavehadentheogenentheogenicqualitiesalthoughthisremainstobedemonstratedancientmayacivilizationmayaslikelywouldhaveenjoyedtheinebriatingeffectsofasimilarbeveragetoproducevisionaryandtrancestatestodothistheywouldintroducethefluidintotheirsystemsusingenemaswhichcausedthesubstancetobedirectlyabsorbedintothebloodstreamandresultinmuchhigherlevelsofalcoholintoxicationintoxicationuseitisusuallyservedstraightcoldorwithiceandhoneyitcanalsobeservedwithcoffeeorwithoneshotoftequilaandanequalpartxtabentncreatingadrinkcalledmayancoffeeaddinghalfalimemakesamayamargaritawhenmixedwithwineitiscalledolhombrewhichmeansclashinginyucatecmayalanguageyukatekmayatanreferencesexternallinksyucatanlivingcomdestinationsdaristifactorymeridassweetesttourhtmxtabentnliquorfactoryinmeridayucatanturbinacorymbosaredirectcategoryshellmultipleissuesblaxtabaybisayucatecmayanmythaboutthextabaythextabayisafemaledemonoriginatingfromamayanlegendwhohasillintentionstowardsmenshedwellsintheforesttolurementotheirdeathsandaccordingtothosethathaveescapedhershepossessesincomparablebeautyandevilthelegendofthextabayexplainsherstorytherearemanyversionsofthemythoneofthemostacceptedversionsofthemythcomesfromthebookdiezleyendasmayaswrittenbyjesusazcorraalejosoriginthetermxtabwasusedtorefertoanancientmayangoddessxtabthegoddessofsuicidextabisknownasgoddessofthehalterandthegoddessofthegallowsthebeliefwasthatwhoeverhungthemselveswouldnotgototheunderworldbuttoparadisethepeoplewhocommittedsuicidewereretrievedbythegoddessxtabandintheancientmayantraditionbecausesuicidewasconsideredanhonorablewayofdyingthelegendofxtabaythelegendbeginswithtwowomenwholivedinavillageintheyucatnpeninsulaxkebanwascalledthesinnerandutzcolelwascalledthegoodwomanhoweverxkebanwasinvolvedinmanyloveaffairswhileutzcolelwasknownforherpurityandvirtuethetownspeoplelookeddownonxkebanforherpromiscuousbehaviorandbelittledherwheneverpossiblexkebandidgooddeedsforthepoorsickandanimalsinneedunfortunatelythetownspeoplecouldnotseeherkindhearttheywantedtothrowxkebanoutofthetownbuttheydecidedtoallowhertostayinordertohumiliateherxkebanwasabletoremainsympatheticandkindheartedthroughtheloveofthesickandpoorontheotherhandutzcolelwascoldheartedshedespisedthoseinneedandthoughteveryonewasinferiortoherthetownspeoplelovedutzcolelbecauseshewascelibatetheydidnotseeorcarethatutzcolelwouldnotgiveanyfoodtothepoororhelpthesickdayspassedandxkebanhadnotbeenseenandthetownspeopleassumedshewasbusywithmenmoredayspassedandasweetscentcamefromxkebanshousethehousesmelledsosweetlyofperfumethatthetownspeopledecidedtoinvestigatethesmelltotheirsurprisetheyfoundxkebansdeadbodysurroundedbyflowersandanimalsguardingherutzcoleltoldthetownthathersmellwasthetrickofthedeviltodeceivethemthehomelessandpoorhadafuneralforxkebanandflowersmysteriouslysurroundedhergraveutzcolelthoughtshewasgoingtosmellevenbetterthanxkebanwhenshediedbecauseofherpuritytimepassedandutzcoleldiedtothesurpriseofthetownspeopleutzcolelsmelledhorribleandthestenchwasunbearablethetownspeoplewenttoherfuneralandtheflowersputaroundhergravedisappearedthenextdayxkebanwasconvertedtoaflowerknownasaxtabentunflowerxtabentuntheflowerhasasweetfragranceandfoundinhedgestheflowerseeksshelterinthehedgesbecauseitisdefenselessjustasxkebanfeltdefenselesswhenshewasahumanutzcolelbecameaflowercalledtzacamanditgrowsontopofaspikycactusandtheflowerhasanunpleasantodorutzcolelcametotheconclusionthatsincexkebangaveintoherdesireofloveshetooneededtodothisandthatiswhyshewaspunishedafterdeathutzcolelcalledevilspiritswhichassistedherintobecomingawomanagaintofulfillherdesireforloveherwickedhearthoweveronlyallowedevilthereforeutzcoleltransformedfromthetzacamintothextabaythextabaywearsawhitedressandhaslargeblackeyesthatattractallthementhatareoutlateatnightoncetheyhavesexthextabaythentransformsintoapoisonousserpentanddevourstheminotherversionsofthemyththextabayappearsinanyformorsexthatwilllureanindividualpersonmoralofthelegendxkebanwaslookeddownuponbythetownspeopleforheractionsbutshewasconsideredvirtuousbecauseofherkindheartthisiswhyshebecamethextabentunflowerutzcolelontheotherhandbelievedshewasvirtuousbecauseofherphysicalpuritybutshewasactuallywickedandthesinnereventhoughxkebanwasinvolvedwithmanymenshediditoutoflovethemoralofthelegendisthatvirtueiswithintheheartandnotonlyactionssymbolismdeaththethemeofdeathiscontinuouswithallofthedifferentversionsofthemythofthextabayrefnamerefthefearofdeathinthemythreliesonthecapabilityofthedeadtocauseharmtothelivingandthebeliefthatthedeadhavehostileintentionstheheartinlaxtabaythesymbolismofthehumanheartisoftenrepeatedthroughoutthemythbothcharacterspersonalityweredescribedbasedonthetypeofhearttheypossessedthereasonwhyxkebanbecameaxtabentumwhenshediedwasbecauseofhervirtuousheartandutzcolelbecameapricklycactusbecauseherheartwasnotpureshewasgrantedherwishbutsinceshecouldonlylovewitharottenheartherlovewaseviltheceibatreetheceibatreeisasacredtreeofthemayanpeopleandthebeliefwasthatifapersonsheartwasvirtuousthentheycouldbecomeaceibatreeafterdeathinthelegendthextabayusestheceibatreetohideherselfbehindinordertosurprisehervictimsbecausesheknowsthemeaningbehindthetreetheceibatreeislovedandisconsideredtoconnectboththeheavensandunderworlditsaidinthelegendthattheceibarootsarewhereallthementhextabayhastakenfromearthgoandthatnoonehasreturnedfromtherelongblackhairthextabayisknownforherlongblackhairfallingpasthershouldersinthelegendthextabaycombsherlonghairwithathespinesofthetzacamcactusmayancultureputsimportanceonkeepinghairlongandhealthybutthehumidweatherandlongworkdaymakethistaskdifficultandsotheworkingwomanshairispulledupfromthefacextabayshaircontraststhetypicalhairstyleofmayanwomenbutrepresentstheculturesidealofbeautysexualityutzcolelwasknownforherpuritybecausesheabstainedfromsexualrelationsinmayanculturewomenareencouragedtobemodestandabstainfromsexualintercourseuntilmarriagewomensymbolizepurityandaretaughtnottotalktomenbythemselvesifamayanwomandoesnotfollowtheseculturalexpextactionssheiscondemnedforheractionsxkebanwasshamedandhumiliatedbyhertownspeoplebecauseshedidnotfollowthetraditionalwaysofhowwomenshouldbehavewithmenthextabayluresmenwithseductionandthisisagainstthetraditionalmayanculturelegacycontemporarymayapeoplesmayapeopledonotthinkofthesemythsandlegendsasthepastbutinsteadaspartoftheirculturetodayintheyucatanpeninsulathewordxtabayillustratesundesirablebehaviorinwomenandmenininakumalquintanarooinarestaurantayounggirlwastoldbyherbrotherthatshelookslikethextabaytheyounggirlatthetimedidnotknowthelegendandstartedtorepeatloudlyiamthextabayiamthextabayhermotherheardthegirlsaythisandbecameangryandembarrassedthemotherbroughtthegirlbehindapalmtreefordisciplineandiamthextabaywasneverrepeatedagainbythechildthismythalsohasinfluenceovermarriagestodaytopreventinfidelityitissaidthatthextabaylureshusbandswholefttheirhomeatnighttodrinkalcoholandseektheattentionofotherwomenitisalsosaidthatthextabayisasirenandsingsasongthatseducesthementowardsherandthenshedevoursthemthemythisusedbygrandparentsandparentstomoldtheirchildrenintonevergoingoutintonighttodrinkorcheatontheirwivesthelegendofthextabayhasinfluencedmusicaclothingstoreinportlandnamedxtabayvintagecomaboutxtabayvintageusesthelegendasainspirationtodesigntheirclothingotherfolktalestherearemanylalloronamayanmythvariationsandoverallthroughoutthesemythsthereweredifferentlalloronatypesincludinglalloronailamalincheilainferizmariaandlaxtabayshewassaidtobeheardfirstincryinginthestreetsandthenshedisappearedinalakesheheardavoicesayinghersonsbecameadoctorpriestandlawyerlamalinchewenttolookforthemalongtheriversandcalledtothemendlesslylainferizmariakilledherthreesonsforanexchangewiththedevilforbeautyhoweverherheadturnedintoahorsesheadandherfeetturnedintorosterandhorsefeetherwailingsoundsnearwhensheisfarandsoundsfarawaywhensheisnearinadditionpeoplewholookatlamalinchehavetheirnecksstuckinthepositioninwhichtheylookedatherandmustbecuredbyacuranderohealervariantversionsofthemythsoflalloronaaretoldthroughoutmexicoandbecauseoftheversionslalloronacanbepittedandfearedatthesametimethroughoutallofthemythslalloronaisknownasthewhiteladybecauseinalltheversionsofthemythshewearswhitecitationsreferenceshigonnetmsuiciderepresentationsofthefeminineinthenineteenthcenturypoeticstodaydoikirtleyblalloronaandrelatedthemeswesternfolkloredoilampilltheinfluencesofsomemexicanfolkloreandbeliefsonmexicanlifegraduatestudentthesesdissertationsprofessionalpapersretrievedfromnowikischolarworksumteduetdnowikimillerekmexicanfolknarrativefromthelosangelesareaintroductionnotesandclassificationvoluniversityoftexaspresspreussmvestigesofthepasttheroleofthegrandmotherincontemporaryyucatecliteraturewicazosareviewdoiromansdjthesirenofsyzygyatextualhermeneuticstudyoftheembraceoftheanimaanimusinyucatecmayacultureasseenthroughthemythoflaxtabayordernoavailablefromproquestdissertationsthesesglobalretrievedfromnowikisearchproquestcomdocviewaccountidnowikiromerorharrisanfeminismnationandmythlamalinchehoustonartepblicopresssloanhtheotherworldmusicpercussionaspurveyorofculturalcuesinexoticloungemusiccollegemusicsymposiumretrievedfromjstororgstablestarrfnotesupontheethnographyofsouthernmexicoproceedingsofthedavenportacademyofsciencesdavenportiowaputnammemorialpublicationfundxtabentnliqueurturbinacorymbosaredirectcategoryshellxtabentninfoboxfootballclubclubnamexerezcdimagefullnamexerezclubdeportivosadnicknameazulesbluesfoundedgroundestadiomunicipaldechapnchapnjerezdelafronterajerezbrandalusiaspaincapacitychairmanmanagervicentevargasleagueterceradivisinseasonpositiondivisionesregionalesdeftbolinandalusiadivisindehonorgrouprdpromotedpatternlapatternbalmeriatpatternraleftarmffbodyffrightarmffshortssocksffpatternlapatternbnikevwhitepatternraleftarmffffffbodyffffffrightarmffffffshortsffsocksfffffftspatternlapatternbarsenalhpatternraleftarmffbodyffrightarmffshortsffffffsocksffcurrentxerezcdseasonxerezclubdeportivoknownsimplyasxerezisalistoffootballclubsinspainspanishfootballteambasedinjerezdelafronteraintheautonomouscommunityofandalusiafoundedonseptemberitplaysindivisionesregionalesdeftbolinandalusiaprimeraandaluzaholdinghomematchesatestadiomunicipaldechapnwithanoverallseatcapacityteamcoloursareusuallyblueshirtandsocksandwhiteshortshistoryduetothelinkbetweenjerezdelafronteraandtheunitedkingdomcreatedbytheexportsofsherryjerezinspanishlanguagespanishfootballhaditsbeginningsintheregiontowardsthesecondhalfofthethcenturyintheearlythcenturysirthomasspencerwhoworkedwiththewilliamhumbertwineryfoundedsociedadjerezfootballclubhealsoservedaschairmanplayerandcaptainfromtotheclubhadseveralnamesendingwithjerezclubdeportivowhichwaschangedtothecurrentnameinsxerezfirstreachedthesegundadivisinseconddivisioninremainingthereforfiveyearspreviouslyinthestheteamhadpromotedonthefieldbutduetothehighnationalinterestofthefrancoistspaindictatorialgovernmentleftitspositiontoudespaaespaadetngertheteamsnewstadiumestadiomunicipaldechapnwasinauguratedonjulyreplacingtheoldestadiodomecqthefirstmatchtherewasafriendlyagainstrealmadridcfrealmadridafterdecadesinthatcategoryandalsoinsegundadivisinbthethirdithadasegundadivisinsecondlevelcampaignwhichalmostresultedinanhistoriclaligapromotiononlyoneyearaftersegundadivisinbdoingthesamethingtheclubseemedcertaintogainpromotionallseasonbutultimatelyfailedafteradramaticlossofformtowardsitsclosureonlygainingfourpointsinthelasteightmatchessincethenxerezfinishedinthetopindivisiontwoeachcampaignexceptinthesegundadivisinseasonwhenaweakstartledtoathplacefinishsegundadivisinthefollowingcampaignprovedexcellentastheclubwasalwaysinthetoppositionsonjuneafterbeatingsdhuescaathomeitachievedpromotiontothetopdivisionforthefirsttimeinitshistoryinthefinaldayofthecompetitionadrawatceltadevigoprovedenoughforthetitleascdtenerifelosthometocdcastellninthefinalminutelaligathefirstseasonofxerezinthetopflightwouldbeshortlivedasitendedinrelegationafteronlycollectingsevenpointsfromthefirstgameswhichledtothesackingofcoachjosngelzigandatheclubamassedintheremainingwithnstorgorositoasbossnotgoodenoughhowevertopreventthedropaslasttheclubhoweverhadchancestostayupuntilthefinalroundadrawatcaosasunaxerezrankedsegundadivisineighthandsegundadivisinthinthetwofollowingsecondlevelseasonsrespectivelythesegundadivisincampaignhoweverwasdisastrousonalllevelsastheteamfinishedinndandlastpositionasadirectconsequenceofenduringseriousfinancialdifficultiesforseveralyearsandthesituationculminatedwiththeclubbeingrelegatedtotheterceradivisinfourthdivisiononaugustafterthexerezsseasonabunchofsupportersfoundedanewclubinthelowerleaguesnamedxerezdeportivofcduetotheclubsinstitutionalproblemswhilethelatterwaspromotedtoprimeraprovincialtheformerwasagainrelegatedthistimetoprimeraandaluzauntilmaywhenxerezcamebacktoterceradivisinclubbackgroundxerezfcxerezftbolclubxerezclubdeportivoclubdeportivojerezseasonsrecentseasonsxpxclasswikitablebgcolorefefefseasoncatposplwdlgsgapcopadelreycupnotessegundadivisinalignrightsegundadivisindalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalinghrightroundofsegundadivisinalignrightsegundadivisindalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalingrightrdroundsegundadivisinalignrightsegundadivisindalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalingrightndroundsegundadivisinalignrightsegundadivisindalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalingrightthroundsegundadivisinalignrightsegundadivisindalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalingrightroundofsegundadivisinalignrightsegundadivisindalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalingrightroundofsegundadivisinalignrightsegundadivisindalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalingrightndroundalignrightpromotedlaligaalignrightlaligadalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalingrightroundofalignrightrelegatedsegundadivisinalignrightsegundadivisindalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalingrightroundofalignrightsegundadivisinalignrightsegundadivisindalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalingrightndroundalignrightsegundadivisinalignrightsegundadivisindalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalingrightndroundalignrightrelegatedterceradivisinalignrightterceradivisindalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrightalingrightrdroundalignrightrelegatedalignrightandalignrightalignrightalignrightalignrigh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echnologylatestreleaseversionoperatingsystemmicrosoftwindowswindowsmacosxgenrevideoeditingsoftwarelicenseproprietarysoftwareproprietaryavidtechnologyavidxpressprowasanonlineareditingsystemnonlinearvideoeditingsoftwareaimedatprofessionalsinthetvandmovieindustryitwasavailableformicrosoftwindowspcsandapplemacintoshcomputersxpressproincludedmanyofthehighendeditingfeaturesofferedbyotheravidtechnologyavideditingsystemsandwascloselybasedonavidsmediacomposersystemsinconjunctionwiththeavidmojohardwareitprovidedrealtimeuncompressednonlineareditingsystemvideoeditingataprofessionallevelxpressprowascapableofsharingmediafileswithavidsadvancedmediacomposereditingsystemsmakingitacapableloggingorofflineeditingsystemforlargerprojectswhilexpressprowasoriginallyaimedatdvanduncompressedstandarddefinitioneditorstheupgradetoxpressprohdwithversionofthesoftwareaddedsupportforhighdefinitionvideohighdefinitioneditingwiththebitversionofavidsdnxhdcodecorpanasonicsdvdvcprodvcprohdcodecandversionaddedsupportforhdveditingunlikesomeothereditingpackagesxpressprohdeditshdvnativelybydecompressingthempegstreamontheflyratherthantranscodingintoanintraframecodecxpressprowasdiscontinuedonmarchandwasnolongerforsaleafterjuneavidofferedxpressprousersadiscountedupgradepricefortheirflagshipnonlineareditingsoftwaremediacomposeroneofthecontroversialaspectstothesoftwarewasthatitdidnotworkonmicrosoftswindowsvistareferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebavidcomproductsxpressprohdavidxpressprorussianstateuniversityforthehumanitiesredirectcategoryshellinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxxixpanzerkorpsdatesjanuarymaycountrybranchgermanarmywehrmachtarmytypepanzercorpsrolearmouredwarfaresizecorpscommandstructuregarrisonnicknamepatronmottocolorsmarchmascotbattlesworldwariiwesternfrontworldwariiwesternfrontbattleoffranceinvasionoffrancebattleofthebulgeeasternfrontworldwariieasternfrontbattleofbiaystokminskbattleofminskbattleofsmolenskbattleofsmolenskkholmpocketcholmbattleofrzhevrzhevsalientbattleofsmolenskdefenceofsmolenskorshaoffensivesorshamogilevoffensivemogilevoperationbagrationoperationdoppelkopfcourlandpocketgumbinnenoperationeastpomeranianoffensivekstrinnotablecommandersgeneraldietrichvonsauckenanniversariesthexxxixpanzercorpsalsopreviouslydesignatedthexxxixarmeekorpsmotwasanazigermanygermanpanzercorpswhichsawactiononthewesternfrontworldwariiwesternandeasternfrontworldwariieasternfrontsduringworldwariioperationalhistorythecorpswhosehomestationwasformedasthexxxixarmycorpsinforthegermanbattleoffranceinvasionoffranceinwhichitwaspartofgroupheinzguderianguderianthendarmywehrmachtndandstarmywehrmachtstarmiesinjunethecorpswasassignedtoarmygroupcentreforoperationbarbarossanazigermanysinvasionofthesovietunionitinitiallyattackedtowardsvilniusandwasthentookpartinthefirstbattleofbiaystokminskbattleofminskbyaugustitwasassignedtoarmygroupnorthforthebattleofleningradattackonleningradinjulythecorpswasreorganisedasthexxxixpanzercorpsitwasshiftedtothebattlesofrzhevrzhevsalientunderthetharmywehrmachttharmyofarmygroupcentrewhereitwasinvolvedinbattleofrzhevsummerbattleofrzhevinthesummerofarmygroupcentreevacuatedtherzhevsalientearlyinduringtheautumnthecorpstookpartinthedefenceagainstoperationsuvorovwithdrawingtopositionseastofmogilevduringjunethexxxixpanzercorpstookpartinthedefenceagainstthesovietsummeroffensiveoperationbagrationcoveringthestrategicallyimportanthighwaythroughmogilevitwasoneofthestrongestcorpsinthearmygroupatthetimewithfourhighqualitydivisionssovietbreakthroughstothenorthandsouthsawthecorpsthreatenedwithencirclementwithinamatterofdayswhilethethinfantrydivisionwasencircledinmogilevanddestroyedthecorpscommandergeneralrobertmartinekwaskilledonjuneandhisreplacementottoschnemannwaskilledthefollowingdaythecorpsdisintegratedattheberezinarivercrossingsasitscolumnsattemptedtocrosstheriverunderheavyairattacknearlyallitsunitsweredestroyedbythendbelorussianfrontinthesubsequentencirclementeastofminskthecommandersoftheththstandfeldherrnhalledivisionskurowskibamlerochsnerandsteinkellerrespectivelywereallcapturedthecorpswasreformedbyredesignatinggruppevonsauckencomposedofadhocbattlegroupsalongwiththethpanzerdivisionwehrmachtthpanzerdivisionandcommandedbydietrichvonsauckenrenamedxxxixpanzercorpsitfoughtforthecontrolofminskandthenretreatedinthefaceofthesubsequentstagesofthesovietstrategicoffensivethroughbelaruspolandandlithuaniabeingpushedbackintothecourlandpocketduringthisperiodtherebuiltcorpswasreinforcedwiththethpanzerdivisionthandthpanzerdivisionwehrmachtthpanzerdivisionsaswellasthegrodeutschlanddivisionpanzergrenadierdivisiongrodeutschlandtakingpartinoperationdoppelkopflateintheyearitwasredeployedtoeastprussiabeforebeingreorganisedandwithdrawnforuseintheardennesoffensiveitwasassignedtohassovonmanteuffelsthpanzerarmyafterthedefeatoftheardennesoffensiveinthebattleofthebulgethecorpswasredeployedagainstthesovietoffensivesinpomeraniaaspartofthenewlyorganisedthsspanzerarmyarmygroupvistulaitwasemployedinoperationsolsticethefailedcounteroffensiveatstargardszczeciskistargardagainstthespearheadsofthestbelorussianfrontonmarchthecorpswasthrownintoadisastrouscounterattacktorelievethefortressofkstrinandwasalmostentirelydestroyedcommandersgeneraloberstrudolfschmidtfebruarynovembergeneralobersthansjrgenvonarnimnovembernovembergeneralderartillerierobertmartinekdecembernovembergeneralderinfanteriecarlpchlernovemberaprilgeneralderartillerierobertmartinekapriljunegeneralleutnantottoschnemannjunejunegeneralderpanzertruppedietrichvonsauckenjuneoctobergeneralderpanzertruppekarldeckeroctoberaprilgeneralleutnantkarlarndtaprilmayordersofbattlejunethinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionthpanzerdivisionwehrmachtthpanzerdivisionthpanzerdivisionwehrmachtthpanzerdivisionoctoberthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionndinfantrydivisionwehrmachtndinfantrydivisionstpanzerdivisionwehrmachtstpanzerdivisionthpanzerdivisionwehrmachtthpanzerdivisionjunethinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionstinfantrydivisionwehrmachtstinfantrydivisionthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionpanzercorpsfeldherrnhallegermanypanzergrenadierdivisionfeldherrnhallereservemarchkstrincounterattackkorpsstabarkokorpsnachrichtenabteilungkorpsnachschubtruppenostbataillonndssheavypanzerbattalionschweresspanzerabteilunggermannightskampfgruppekampfgruppenachtesgermanpanzerdivisionmunchebergpanzerdivisionmnchebergthpanzergrenadierdivisionwehrmachtpanzergrenadierdivisionthpanzergrenadierdivisionwehrmachtpanzergrenadierdivisionfhrergrenadierbrigadefhrergrenadierdivisionnotesfootnotesreferenceshughmcolecolehughmarmymilcmhpgbookswwiiconthtmtheardennesbattleofthebulgepublicationretrievedjulywebsitessubjectbarportalmilitaryofgermanyportalworldwariixiacountyorxiaxianpinyinxixinisacountyinthenorthernprovinceofshanxiinthepeoplesrepublicofchinaitisunderthejurisdictionofyunchengshanxiyunchengcitypinyinynchngshinthesouthernmostregionofshanxiseealsolistofadministrativedivisionsofshanxiredirectalexandredepontesxandrosxandrosandrchartinfoboxcontrolchartnamemathbarxmathandrchartproposerwalterashewhartsubgroupsizenmeasurementtypeaveragequalitycharacteristicperunitqualitycharacteristictypevariableandattributeresearchvariablesdatadistributionnormaldistributionsizeofshiftvarchartrchartforapairedxbarandrchartsvgvarcentermathbarrfracsumimmaxxijminxijmmathvarupperlimitmathdbarrmathvarlowerlimitmathdbarrmathvarstatisticrsubisubmaxxsubjsubminxsubjsubmeanchartxbarchartforapairedxbarandrchartsvgmeancentermathbarxfracsumimsumjnxijmnmathmeanlimitsmathbarxpmabarrmathmeanstatisticmathbarxifracsumjnxijnmathinstatisticalprocesscontrolstatisticalqualitycontrolthemathbarxmathandrchartisatypeofcontrolchartusedtomonitorvariableandattributeresearchvariablesdatawhensamplesarecollectedatregularintervalsfromabusinessprocessbusinessorlistofindustrialprocessesindustrialprocessthechartisadvantageousinthefollowingsituationsthesamplesizeisrelativelysmallsaynxbarandschartmathbarxmathandschartsaretypicallyusedforlargersamplesizesthesamplesizeisconstanthumansmustperformthecalculationsforthechartthechartactuallyconsistsofapairofchartsonetomonitortheprocessstandarddeviationasapproximatedbythesamplerangestatisticsmovingrangeandanothertomonitortheprocessmeanasisdonewiththexbarandschartmathbarxmathandsandshewhartindividualscontrolchartindividualscontrolchartsthemathbarxmathandrchartplotsthemeanvalueforthequalitycharacteristicacrossallunitsinthesamplemathbarximathplustherangeofthequalitycharacteristicacrossallunitsinthesampleasfollowsrxsubmaxsubxsubminsubthenormaldistributionisthebasisforthechartsandrequiresthefollowingassumptionsthequalitycharacteristictobemonitoredisadequatelymodeledbyanormaldistributionnormallydistributedrandomvariabletheparametersandfortherandomvariablearethesameforeachunitandeachunitisindependentofitspredecessorsorsuccessorstheinspectionprocedureissameforeachsampleandiscarriedoutconsistentlyfromsampletosamplethecontrollimitsforthischarttypearemathdbarrmathlowerandmathdbarrmathupperformonitoringtheprocessvariabilitymathbarxpmabarrmathformonitoringtheprocessmeanwheremathbarxmathandmathbarrfracsumimleftrmaxrminrightmmatharetheestimatesofthelongtermprocessmeanandrangeestablishedduringcontrolchartsetupandasubsubdsubsubanddsubsubaresamplesizespecificunbiasedestimationofstandarddeviationantibiasingconstantstheantibiasingconstantsaretypicallyfoundintheappendicesoftextbooksonstatisticalprocesscontrolaswiththexbarandschartmathbarxmathandsandshewhartindividualscontrolchartindividualscontrolchartsthemathbarxmathchartisonlyvalidifthewithinsamplevariabilityisconstantthustherchartisexaminedbeforethemathbarxmathchartiftherchartindicatesthesamplevariabilityisinstatisticalcontrolthenthemathbarxmathchartisexaminedtodetermineifthesamplemeanisalsoinstatisticalcontrolifontheotherhandthesamplevariabilityisnotinstatisticalcontrolthentheentireprocessisjudgedtobenotinstatisticalcontrolregardlessofwhatthemathbarxmathchartindicatesseealsoxbarandschartmathbarxmathandschartshewhartindividualscontrolchartreferencesberkananfehuthurisazurruneraidokaunankaunankaunangyfuwynnlistofcommonlyusedcharactersinmodernchinesexindihnychngyngzbionaudizisazjraneihwazalgizsowilsowilmannazdagazlaguzodalruneinfoboxbookitalictitleseeabovenamexngshynyunzhunimagecaptionaltauthorscholarofthewesternzhouanonymoustitleorigoriglangcodetitleworkingtranslatorillustratorcoverartistcountrychinalanguagechineseseriessubjectgenrenovelofmannerspublishedmediatypepagesawardsisbnoclcdeweycongressprecededbyfollowedbywikisourcethexingshiyinyuanzhuanalsotranslatedasmarriagedestiniestoawakentheworldtaleofmarriagedestiniesthatwillbringsocietytoitssensesandaromancetoawakentheworldisachineseclassicalnovelofthelatemingdynastymingorearlyqingdynastyonerecentscholarcallsitoneofchinasmostunderratedtraditionalvernacularnovelsasagaoftwofamiliesoneareincarnationoftheotherwhosecatalogofvicesandmoraldecayconjuresuptheapocalypticvisionofadoomednationoriginallynamedeyinyuanacursedmaritalfatethenoveltakesthebuddhismbuddhistdoctrineofkarmaandvipkaasitsbasicmotifliteraturemotifauthorshipandtextthenovelwaspublishedunderthepennamexizhoushengthatisscholarofthewesternzhouthegoldenageinwhichconfuciuslivedhushihsconfidentannouncementinofhisdiscoverythatitwaswrittenbypusonglinghasbeenlargelydiscreditednothingabouttheauthorisknownthoughauthorshiphasbeenwronglyattributedtopuonthegroundsthatthenovelcontainsmanyphrasesfromtheshandongdialectasdoesjinpingmeiindeedjinpingmeiisquotedinthenovelthedateofcompositionliesbetweenandplacingiteitherinthelatemingdynastymingorearlyqingdynastyitsharesstructuralfeaturesandtechniqueswiththefourgreatclassicalnovelsfourclassicmingnovelssuchasthechapterparadigmaticlengthwhichisbrokendownintotenchapterunitsoftenpunctuatedwithclimacticorpropheticepisodesintheninthandtenthchaptersothersharedfeaturesarethecarefuluseofprefiguringandrecurrenceuseofthedevicesoforalliteratureandhighlyexpressivecolloquialstyletheauthorusescrudesexualandscatologicalexpressionsbutthescenesofactualsexarecomparativelyrestrainedasforwhattranspiredafterthelampwasblownoutyoucanuseyourimaginationtheresnoneedtogointodetailsplottheplotissplitbetweenthetwoincarnationsofamarriedcouplethevictimofearlierwickednesswillseekretributionbybeingatormentingwifeinthelaterreincarnationinthefirstsetinthehandynastythelasciviousactionsofchaoyuandissipatehisfamilyfortuneinrecklesslivingandtortureshisfatherandwifeuntilheismurderedretributionforhisactionsisvisiteduponhisreincarnationdixichenintheearlymingdynastywhoafterfailingasascholarbecomesaprosperousmerchantandistormentedbytwoshrewishwivessujieandjijiexichensuffersforchaoyuanscrimesinthefinalchaptersxichenissavedfromcertaindeathbyamonkhethenvowstoabstainfromkillingchantsthediamondsutraandleadsavirtuouslifewithoneofhiswivesuntilhediesattheageoftheauthorpaintsthisseriousfamilydramaagainstasatiricalpanoramanotonlyofofficialsscholarsandteachersforwhomhehaslittlerespectbutcooksmidwivesanddoctorsallprovideexamplesoflecherydrunkennessandloveofmoneyyeteachofthecharactersisgivenindividualpersonalityandparticularlanguagetheauthormakespreciseuseofproverbsxiehouyuandcursesintheshandongstylebutalsoliterarypoetryfictionandwritingsoneoftheauthorstechniquesistopaironecharacteragainstanotherofthesameprofessionortypexichenismadetoseemallthemoreineptforinstanceincontrasttohiscapableassistantandhiswivesallthemoreilltemperedincontrastwithbetterwomenmoralteachingstheintricateplotanddidacticstructurearecenteredonthebuddhistthemesofrebirthkarmicretributionandcompassionbutalsoonconfucianpreceptsofmoralityhierarchyanddutyinsocietybysettingtheactionintheearlymingbetweenthesandthesatimewhichseemedalmostutopiantheauthorcandramatizethefollowingbreakdownofsocialorderwithheavensendingadestructivefloodasawarningthegrossviolationofconfucianconceptsofproprietyappliesnotonlytotherelationsbetweenmanandwifeorbetweenchildrenandtheirparentsandteachersbutisalsoextendedtotheotherphasesofthefivecardinalrelationshipsaswellthedisorderinthefamilyislinkedtothetumucrisisofanactualhistoricalincidentinwhichmongolscapturedtheemperortheinversionofproperprinciplesinthefamilyechoestheproverbialmuddleheadedsovereignhunzhunofadynastygoingtoruinyetxichensfinalawakeningalsoleavesthereaderroomforhopeinthesecondplotostensiblysetintheearlymingdynastytheauthorisespeciallyconcernedwithtransgressionsagainstsocialhierarchywhetherwithinmarriagesuchasthewifedominatingthehusbandorinsocietyatlargesuchastransgressionofsocialclassboundariesandpresentstheliterateeliteasweakandselfishreputationandevaluationsthenovelreceivedrelativelylittleattentionfromcriticsinchinauntilthecampaignforvernacularchineseduringthemayfourthmovementintheearlythcenturyhushihandxuzhimohaileditsverbalvigorandvaunteditsgraphicdescriptionsofcontemporarysociallifeasasourcebookforthestudyofpopularculturesocialeconomicandinstitutionalhistoryofitstimehushihcomplainedhoweverthatthebookisaboutamillionwordsinlengththroughoutthesemillionwordsonamostunhappymarriagenooneseemedtothinkofresortingtodivorceasasolutionforchinesereligionmoralsandsocialusageallconspi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apocalypsechristophercoreysmithandmistersinisteralsochristophercoreysmithwatcheverymovefromwolverineastheypreparetheirhorsemenofapocalypsewolverineliesonhisbedandthensuddenlyrealizesthathehasnotfoundanddefeatedomegareduponrememberingtheescapedmutantsthatcolossustoldhimaboutdeletedsceneinallversionsexceptforthegameboyadvanceversioniftheplayercollectsalldogtagsadeletedsceneisunlockedaswolverinevisitsaruinedtowntofindanddefeatmagnetoheisstalkedbyashadowyfigureasthefiguregetsclosewolverinenearlykillsthefigurewhoisrevealedtobespidermanrinoromanowhenwolverinestatesthatspidermanisoffhishometurfspidermanexplainsthatheheardaboutthebigbreakoutdownatthevoidandrodeacharterbuswithothersuperheroeswhocouldnotflyorteleportwhenspidermanasksifwolverineneedshelpbattlingmagnetowolverinetellshimtodealwiththechaosuntildamagecontrolcomicsdamagecontrolarrivesashegoestobattlemagnetoreceptionvideogamereviewsgbatruengctruepctruepstruexboxtrueallgamegbaallgamepseurogpsfamxboxgingcgipsgixboxgamepropsgameproxboxgamerevngcdrefnamegamerevrefgamerevpsdgamerevxboxdgspotngcrefnamegspotrefgspotpcgspotpsgspotxboxgspyngcgspypcgspypsrefnamegspyrefgspyxboxgamezonegbagamezonengcgamezonepcgamezonepsgamezonexboxigngbaignngcrefnameignrefignpcignpsignxboxnpgbanpngcopmpsrefnameopmrefoxmxboxpcguspcrevthecincinnatienquirerrevngcrefnamecincinnatirefrevpcrevpsrevxboxreventertainmentweeklyrevngccrefnameewrefrevpscrevxboxcgrgbarefnamegrgbarefgrngcrefnamegrgcrefgrpcrefnamegrpcrefgrpsrefnamegrpsrefgrxboxrefnamegrxbrefmcgbarefnamemcgbarefmcngcrefnamemcgcrefmcpcrefnamemcpcrefmcpsrefnamemcpsrefmcxboxrefnamemcxbrefxwolverinesrevengewasmetwithaveragetomixedreviewsuponreleasegamerankingsgaveitascoreofforthegamecubeversionfortheplaystationversionforthegbaversionforthepcversionandforthexboxversionlikewisemetacriticgaveitascoreofoutofforthegamecubeversionoutofeachforthepsandxboxversionsoutofforthegbaversionandoutofforthepcversionplaystationofficialmagazineukofficialukplaystationmagazinegavethegameoutofdescribingitasfollowsaqualityactionadventurethatblendsstealthwithhandtohandcombatonlyafewirritationsdenythisahigherscoreofthesaidirritationsthemostprominentlycriticizedelementwasthelackofmidmissioncheckpointsforcingplayerstoreplaylargesectionsupondeathmaximmagazinemaximgavethegameascoreofeightoutoftenandsaidwhilemostofrevengesgameplayinvolvesturningbadguysintokebabthegamesstricthomagetothecomicgivesitmoredepththevillagevoicegavethexboxversionascoreofsevenoutoftenandsaiddeployingyourspecialpowersismotivationenoughtomovethroughthegamesboobytrappedmilitarycomplexescrashsitesminescavesandplacesthatlooklikeminesorcavesthecincinnatienquireralsogaveitthreeandahalfstarsoutoffiveandstatedthatcontrollingwolverineduringcombatcanprovedifficultespeciallywhentherearemultipleenemiesonscreensimultaneouslyhoweverentertainmentweeklygaveitacandstatedthatthepacingissluggishthegameplayirritatingandultimatelyitfeelslikewolverineisexactingrevengeonthewrongpersontheplayerreferencesexternallinksredirectxenoarchaeologyfinalfantasyvcharactersredirectworldaquaticschampionshipsredirectworldaquaticschampionshipsredirectworldaquaticschampionshipsxylenexiaolongnxenienisagermanlanguagegermanizationofthegreeklanguagegreekxeniahostgiftsatitleoriginallyappliedbytheromanempireromanpoetmartialstcenturytoacollectionofpoetrypoemswhichweretoaccompanyhispresentsfollowingthisprecedentjohannwolfgangvongoethenamedacollectionofdistichswhichhewrotetogetherwithfriedrichschillerdiexenieninwhichthetwofriendsavengedthemselvesonopposingcriticstheywerefirstpublishedinthemusenalmanachthexenienwerepromptedbytheindifferenceandanimosityofcontemporarycriticismanditsdisregardforwhatthetwopoetsregardedasthehigherinterestsofgermanpoetrythexeniensucceededasaretaliationonthecriticsbutthemasterpieceswhichfollowedthemprovedinthelongrunmuchmoreeffectiveweaponsagainsttheprevailingmediocrityreferencesexternallinksdigbiborgfriedrichvonschillerxenienxenieningermanlanguagegermanjerezdelafronteralocationmapsouthafricalabelxesibelandlondirelatdirslatdeglatminlondeglonminpositionleftwidthfloatrightmarkcerclerougesvgmarksizecaptionlocationofxesibelandxesibelandwasaregioninsouthafricalyingbetweengriqualandeastandmpondolandtheareaaroundmountayliffxesibelandwasthetraditionalregionofthexesibepeopleamaxesibeoneofthexhosapeoplegroupscloselyrelatedtothepondopeoplempondopeopleandthempondomisehistoryxesibelandhadbeenformerlypartofmpondolandonoctoberarmedpondopeoplempondopeopleinvadedxesibelandburningkraalsandcausingmuchdisordertheyresentedthelossofxesibelandanareathatwasnotsocrowdedasotherpartsofmpondolandandthuscouldhavesupportedagreaterpopulationaboutmorempondosconcentratedontheborderaftertheinvasionbutafteroccasionalbattlesandretreatsbythempondoorderwaseventuallyrestoredindecemberthatsameyearatthattimetheleaderofthempondoswasumquiekaxesibelandwasannexedbytheunitedkingdombritishtocapecolonyinreferencesexternallinksjstororgdiscoveruiduiduiduidsideuropeantradersandthempondoparamountcywebarchiveorgwebeprintsruaczandimamachpdftheoriginoftheqwathithaialphab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pentbraliasesrankthsavagestaroftheheavenlyspiritsimageimagesizecaptionallegianceliangshandesignationinfantryleaderoriginhunterhometowndengzhouinpresentdayeasternshandongfirstappearancechapterweaponbronzeforkedspearsimptradpinyinxizhnwghsiehchenotherxiezhenisafictionalcharacterinwatermarginoneofthefourgreatclassicalnovelsinchineseliteratureheranksthamongtheheavenlyspiritsthefirstthirdoftheliangshanheroesheisnicknameddoubleheadedserpentbackgroundthenoveldescribesxiezhenasapowerfullybuiltmansevenchiunitchiinheightwithapurplishfacewideshouldersandanarrowwaistheusuallydonstrousersmadeofleopardskinandwrapsapieceoftigerskinaroundhistorsohehasareputationforbeingbraveanddaringhecantravelinharshconditionsscalemountainsandclimbdangerouscliffsheishighlyskilledinmartialartsandusesabronzeforkedspearashisweaponheisnicknameddoubleheadedserpentjoiningliangshanxiezhenandhisyoungerbrotherxiebaoarethebesthuntersindengzhouinpresentdayeasternshandongthemagistrateordersthemtowithinthreedayshuntdownaferocioustigerwhichhasbeenterrorisingdengzhousresidentsonthesecondnightthexiebrotherstrackdownthetigercorneritontheedgeofacliffandfirepoisonarrowsatitthewoundedtigerfallsoffthecliffandlandsinthebackyardofsquiremaosresidenceunknowntothexiebrotherssquiremaohadorderedhisservantstobringthedeadtigertothemagistratetoclaimtherewardwhentheywerestillclamberingdownthehilltoreachhismansionthexiebrothersarefuriouswhentheyfindnodeadtigerinmaoshousetheysmashupfurnitureinthehallbeforeleavingtheyareluredbackintothemansionbythesquiressonmaozhongyiwhohasrunintothemandclaimedhewouldlookintothematterthebrothersareambushedboundupandsenttothelocalmagistratesofficesquiremaobribesthemagistratetosentencethexiebrotherstodeathyuehethejailerinchargeofwatchingoverthexiebrothersisthebrotherinlawofsunliwatermarginsunlithelocalcommandantwhosebrothersunxinisthehusbandofgudasaothecousinofthexiebrothersheinformsgudasaoandherhusbandsunliafteralsobeingtoldenliststheirfriendszourunandzouyuantohelpthemintheirefforttorescuethexiebrotherswithyueheshelpsunliandtheothersstagearaidontheprisonindengzhouandsuccessfullyrescuethexiebrotherstheykillsquiremaoandhisfamilyinrevengeandthenfleetomountliangliangshanmarshtojointheoutlawbandtherebeforetheyascendliangmarshsunliwhohasstudiedmartialartswithluantingyuthemartialartsinstructorofthezhufamilyvillagevolunteerstobeliangshansmoleinthevillagetohelpsongjiangsforcesoverrunitearliersongjianghadfailedintwoattemptstotakeoverthevillagesunliandhiscompanionsincludingthexiebrotherswintheconfidenceofthezhusandluantingyuandtheystrikewhenthechancearisesresultingintheconquestofthevillagebytheliangshanforcesandthemassacreofthezhufamilycampaignsanddeaththexiebrothersbecomeleadersintheliangshaninfantryafterthestarsofdestinystarscametogetherinwhatiscalledthegrandassemblytheyfollowtheliangshanheroesontheircampaignsagainsttheliaodynastyliaoinvadersandrebelforcesaftertheyhavebeengrantedamnestybyemperorhuizongofsongemperorhuizonginthebattlefortheenemycontrolledblackdragonridgenortheastofpresentdaymeichengtownjiandehangzhouzhejiangduringthecampaignagainstfanglathexiebrothersdisguiseashunterstoscouttheterritorywhileclimbingupaclifftheyarediscoveredbyenemysoldierswhoattempttocapturethembyentanglingthemwithhooksxiezheniscaughtbythehooksandtriestofreehimselfbycuttingtheropesconnectedtothehooksbutendsupfallingofftheclifftohisdeathxiebaoiscrushedtodeathbythebouldersandotherdebristhrowndownbytheenemyseealsolistofwatermarginminorcharactersxiebrothersstoryforalistofsupportingminorcharactersfromxiezhensstoryreferenceswatermargincharacterinfoboxnamexiebaonicknametwintailedscorpionbraliasesrankthcryingstaroftheheavenlyspiritsimageimagesizecaptionallegianceliangshandesignationinfantryleaderoriginhunterhometowndengzhouinpresentdayeasternshandongfirstappearancechapterweaponbronzeforkedspearsimptradpinyinxibowghsiehpaootherxiebaoisafictionalcharacterinwatermarginoneofthefourgreatclassicalnovelsofchineseliteratureheranksthoftheheavenlyspiritsoftheliangshanheroesandisnicknamedtwintailedscorpionbackgroundthenoveldescribesxiebaoassevenchiunitchitallwitharoundfaceandadarkcomplexionhesportsapairofflyingyakshatattoosonhislegsanddresseslikehisbrotherhehasareputationforbeingbraveanddaringhecantravelinharshconditionsscalemountainsandclimbdangerouscliffsheishighlyskilledinmartialartsandcarriesabronzeforkedspearashisweaponheisnicknamedtwintailedscorpionjoiningliangshanxiebaoandhiselderbrotherxiezhenwatermarginxiezhenarethebesthuntersindengzhouinpresentdayeasternshandongthemagistratecommissionsthemtowithinthreedayshuntdownaferocioustigerwhichhasbeenterrorisingdengzhousresidentsonthesecondnightthexiebrotherstrackdownthetigercorneritonacliffandfirepoisonarrowsatitthewoundedtigerfallsoffthecliffandlandsinthebackyardofsquiremaosresidenceunknowntothexiebrotherssquiremaohadorderedhisservantstobringthedeadtigertothemagistratetoclaimtherewardandaccusethexiebrothersofattemptingtorobhimthexiebrothersarearrestedbythemagistratesmenwhentheyshowupatsquiremaoshousetoretrievethedeadtigersquiremaoalsobribesthemagistratetosentencethexiebrotherstodeathyuehethejailerinchargeofwatchingoverthexiebrothersisarelativeofsunliwatermarginsunliacousininlawofthexiebrothersheinformssunlisunxinwatermarginsunxinsunlisbrothergudasaosunxinswifeandtheirfriendszourunandzouyuanaboutthesituationandimploresthemtosavethexiebrotherswithyueheshelpsunliandtheothersstagearaidontheprisonindengzhouandsuccessfullyrescuethexiebrotherstheykillsquiremaoandhisfamilyinrevengeandthenfleetomountliangliangshanmarshtojointheoutlawbandthereduringthebattlebetweentheliangshanoutlawsandforcesfromthezhufamilyvillagesunliandhiscompanionsincludingthexiebrothersvolunteertoserveasspiesforliangshaninsidethevillagebypretendingtocometothezhusaidthesuccessoftheirespionagemissionisinstrumentaltotheoutlawseventualvictoryoverthezhuscampaignsanddeaththexiebrothersbecomeleadersintheliangshaninfantryafterthegrandassemblyofthestarsofdestinytheyfollowtheliangshanheroesontheircampaignsagainsttheliaodynastyliaoinvadersandrebelforcesaftertheyhavebeengrantedamnestybyemperorhuizongofsongemperorhuizongduringthecampaignagainsttherebelleaderfanglathexiebrothersdisguisethemselvesashuntersandinfiltratetheenemycontrolledblackdragonridgenortheastofpresentdaymeichengtownjiandehangzhouzhejiangtoscouttheterritoryfortheirliangshancomradeswhileclimbingupaclifftheyarediscoveredbyenemysoldierswhoattempttocapturethembyentanglingthemwithhooksxiezheniscaughtbythehooksandtriestofreehimselfbycuttingtheropesconnectedtothehooksbutendsupfallingofftheclifftohisdeathxiebaoiscrushedtodeathbythebouldersandotherdebristhrowndownbytheenemyseealsolistofwatermarginminorcharactersxiebrothersstorylistofwatermarginminorcharactersforalistofsupportingminorcharactersfromxiebaosstoryreferencesinfoboxsinglenamexoffendercoverblondiexoffenderusjpgcoversizeartistblondiebandblondiefromalbumblondiealbumblondiebsideinthesunusbrinthefleshblondiesonginthefleshukreleasedjuneformatgramophonerecordvinylrecordedgenrenewwavemusicnewwavelengthlabelprivatestockrecordsprivatestockwritergarylachmangaryvalentinebrdebbieharrydeborahharryproducerrichardgottehrercraigleoncertificationchartpositionthissinglexoffenderbrnextsingleinthefleshblondiesonginthefleshbrmiscaudiosampleuppercaptionaudiosampleaudiofileblondiexoffenderoggxoffenderisthedebutsinglebyunitedstatesamericanbandblondiebandblondiewrittenbygarylachmangaryvalentineanddebbieharryforthebandsselftitleddebutalbumblondiealbumblondiethesongwasreleasedasthealbumsleadsingleonprivatestockrecordsprivatestockinjunesonginformationthetitleofthesongwasoriginallysexoffenderbassistgaryvalentineoriginallywrotethesongaboutanyearoldboybeingarrestedforhavingsexwithhisyoungergirlfrienddebbieharrychangedthelyricssothatthesongwasaboutaprostitutebeingattractedtothepoliceofficerthathadarrestedherthetrackwascoproducedbyrichardgottehrerwhohadworkedwithsgirlgrouptheangelsamericangrouptheangelsandthesongisreminiscentofthaterainitsstyleprivatestockinsistedthatthenameofthesinglebechangedtoxoffenderbecausetheywerenervousabouttheoriginaltitleitwasreleasedinmidwiththebsidebeinginthesunwhilethesongdidnotchartchrysalisrecordschrysalishearditalongwiththeblondiealbumandsignedthebandxoffenderlaterservedasthebsidetoriphertoshredsduetolimitedcopiesofthesinglebeingreleasedandthesubsequentpopularityofthebandacopyoftheoriginalukprivatestocksinglexoffenderinthesunisasoughtafterraritywithcopiessellingforincollectorsmarketssincethemixesofbothsongsonthesinglearedifferentfromthoseontheblondiealbumblondiealbumthesemixesappearasbonustracksonemicapitolrecordsreissueofthealbumunfortunatelynomastertapesoftheprivatestockversionshavebeenkeptinthearchivesconsequentlythesebonustracksaredirecttransfersfromvinylmusicvideomusicvideoswereproducedforbothxoffenderandinthesuntracklistinguspsxoffendersingleversiongarylachmangaryvalentinedebbieharrydeborahharryinthesunsingleversionsteintherewerethreepressingsofthissinglethatcanonlybedistinguishedbycarefulexaminationoftheinscriptionsinthevinylfirstpressingwasjuneitcontainsanadditionalnumberpvtmbwthethirdpressingislabeledpvtmuspromopsxoffenderstereoversionxoffendermonoversionlabeledasapromopvtbwcontainsstereoandmonoversionsonoppositesidesukpvtxoffenderalbumversionharryvalentineinthefleshblondiesonginthefleshharrychrissteinnotesreferencesallmusiccomarticleonblondiewebarchiveorgwebblondienetstoremusicshtmlblondiediscographyroughguidestheroughguidetocultpopthesongstheartiststhegenresthedubiousfashionsroughguidesredirectredirectxnumberredirectnumberredirectnumbernumbernumberredirectnumberredirectnumbernumbernumberredirectnumberredirectnumbernumbernumbernumbermononoawareredirectjamaicaxevoxerardofernndezalborbornseptemberinsantiagodecompostelawaspresidentofthespanishautonomouscommunitiesofspainautonomouscommunityofgaliciaspaingaliciahelostamotionofnoconfidenceinrefcitenewsurllexisnexiscomuknexisresultsdocviewdocviewdodoclinkindtruerisbtformatgnbfisortdateahstartdocnoresultsurlkeytcisbttreemaxtruetreewidthcsidocnotitleuninstrumentopolticodeerosinlanguagespanishsubscriptionyesworkelpaisarchive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diofrequencykilohertzkhzformatsportsradiosportsbusinesstalkradiotalklanguageamericanenglishenglishpowerwattscoordinatesclassbfacilityidcallsignmeaningxespneformercallsignsxekttamndashaffiliationsespnradioownermediasportsdemxicosadecvbrprogrammedbybroadcastcompanyoftheamericaslocalmediaofsandiegolicenseesisterstationsxeprsamxhprsfmwebcastplayerlistenlivecoespnlistenlivewebsiteespncomespncomxepeamathertzkhzisanenglishlanguagesportsradiostationcallingitselfespnxepeiscityoflicenselicensedtotecatebajacaliforniamexicolikeotherbajacaliforniastationsbroadcastinginenglishnearthemexicounitedstatesborderitfocusesonlistenersinthesandiegocaliforniaareathestationcarriesprogrammingfromespnradiomostofthedayonweekdaysbetweenamandpmitcarriesbusinessandmoneyrelatedprogrammingincludingradiosyndicationsyndicatedshowsfromdaveramseysandiegobasedrayluciaandlocalhostsxepeisontheairhoursadayatwattsintheamexpandedbandcommonlyknownasthexbandthenbspkhzfrequencyhasdefactoclearchannelstationclearchannelstatustherearenoexpandedambandstationsatamintheunitedstateswestoftexasorintherestofmexicounlikexbandstationsintheuswhichreducetheirpowertowattsatnightxepekeepsitswattsofpoweraroundtheclockxepesprogrammingandsalesrightsintheusareownedbylocalmediaofsandiegoadivisionofthebroadcastcompanyoftheamericasthesamefirmoperatesxeprsamasportsstationaffiliatedwithcbssportsradioandknownasthemightyandclassichitsstationxhprsfmknownasmaxfmthestudiosandofficesarelocatedintheneighborhoodofsorrentovalleysandiegohistorythehistoryofxepebeginsinaugustwhenguillermodionisiosalasvargaswasselectedbythemexicangovernmentfromamongapplicantstooperateastationonnbspkhzthecallsignassignedatthattimewasxetctambythetimeaconcessionwasissuedinthestationhadthecallsignxekttaminxekttwassoldtocarlosdejessquionesarmendrizradiosawhointurnsoldthestationtomediasportsdemxicosadecvinthelatesandearlysboththefrequencyandcallsignchangedtheformeronseveraloccasionsxekttunsuccessfullyexperimentedwithamovetoalowerfrequencyitabruptlymovedtonbspkhzwhichcausedinterferenceconcernsforusstationsxekttwaspromptedtomovetobutthatdidnotremediatetheinterferenceandinsteadpromptedactionbyusbroadcasterswhosoughttorevokexekttsauthorizationtoreceiveprogrammingfromacrosstheborderinthesecretariatofcommunicationsandtransportationmexicosctmexicoscommunicationsauthorityauthorizedthestationtomovetonbspkhzandinfebruarythecallsignwaschangedtoxepeamxepewasontheairinthespringofandusedtosupplementsisterxeprsinitscoverageofsandiegopadresgamesthataugustxepeaddedabusinesstalkformatunderthebrandingcashonaugustxepeswitchedtoatalkradioformatwhilekeepingsomebusinesstalkprogramssuchasfinancialtalkshowhostrayluciaconservativesyndicatedtalkshowsfrommichaelreagananddennismillerwerealsoonthescheduleafterprogressivetalkradioprogressivetalkstationklsdswitchedtoasportsformatxepetriedaddingsomeliberalleaningshowsincludingonelocallyhostedbystacytaylorcomstacytaylorthesyndicatedlionelradiopersonalitythelionelshowwascarriedduringovernighthoursinlateinradioxepebecameapartnertosisterstationxeprsxeprswasenjoyingsuccessassandiegostopsportsradiostationandxepebeganrunningsomeofthegamesandsportsshowsthatxeprscouldntcarryduetoothercommitmentsonseptemberxepeannouncedthatithadfullymadethetransitiontosportstalkalthoughsomemiddayandafternoonhoursitcontinuedtocarrypaidbusinessprogramstherayluciafinancialshowairseveryweekdaythestationwasbrandedasespnwithprogrammingfromtheespnradionetworkeffectiveoctobersportsrightscurrentlyplaybyplayonespnconsistsoftheuniversityofsandiegoamericanfootballfootballandbasketballgamesandsandiegogullsicehockeyhockeygamesonasecondarybasissharedwithxeprsatonetimeitairedsandiegostateaztecsbasketballnowonkogoamkogoorklsdthelosangelesgalaxyofmajorleaguesoccernowonklacandkeibinlosangelesandsandiegosockerssandiegosockersmajorarenasoccerleaguepaslgamesitwasalsotheflagshipstationofthesandiegoshockwaveofthenationalindoorfootballleagueuntiltheleaguesuspendedoperationsitalsohadbroadcastrightstothelakeelsinorestormminorleaguebaseballminorleaguebaseballteamuntilinbaseballwhenitlosttherightstokxfgreferencesexternallinksititebetletterinfoboxprogramminglanguagenamexacmlparadigmdeclarativeprogrammingyeardesignersimonblackwelldeveloperoasisorganizationorganizationfortheadvancementofstructuredinformationstandardsoasisimplementationssunxacmlaxiomaticsauthzforceinfobeyondtechnologyinfluencedbyxmlsamlinfluencedalfaxacmldialectsalfaxacmllicenseoasisopenorgresourcesopenrepositorieslicensesoasiswebsiteoasisopenorgcommitteestchomephpwgabbrevxacmloasisopenorgfileextxmlalfaxacmlstandsforextensibleaccesscontrolmarkuplanguagethestandarddefinesadeclarativefinegrainedattributebasedaccesscontrolpolicylanguageanarchitectureandaprocessingmodeldescribinghowtoevaluateaccessrequestsaccordingtotherulesdefinedinpoliciesasapublishedstandardspecificationoneofthegoalsofxacmlistopromotecommonterminologyandinteroperabilitybetweenaccesscontrolimplementationsbymultiplevendorsxacmlisprimarilyanattributebasedaccesscontrolsystemabacwhereattributesbitsofdataassociatedwithauseroractionorresourceareinputsintothedecisionofwhetheragivenusermayaccessagivenresourceinaparticularwayrolebasedaccesscontrolrbaccanalsobeimplementedinxacmlasaspecializationofabacthexacmlmodelsupportsandencouragestheseparationoftheaccessdecisionfromthepointofusewhenaccessdecisionsareunrelevantitisareplacementforibmsxmlaccesscontrollanguagexaclwhichisnolongerindevelopmentbakedintoclientapplicationsorbasedonlocalmachineuseridsandaccesscontrollistsaclsitisverydifficulttoupdatethedecisioncriteriawhenthegoverningpolicychangeswhentheclientisdecoupledfromtheaccessdecisionauthorizationpoliciescanbeupdatedontheflyandaffectallclientsimmediatelyunrelevantitisareplacementforibmsxmlaccesscontrollanguagexaclwhichisnolongerindevelopmenthistoryversionwasratifiedbyoasisorganizationoasisstandardsorganizationinversionwasratifiedbyoasisstandardsorganizationonfebruarythefirstcommitteespecificationofxacmlwasreleasedaugustthelatestversionxacmlwasstandardizedinjanuaryrefnamexacmlstandardlistsoasisopenorgarchivesxacmlmsghtmlextensibleaccesscontrolmarkuplanguagexacmlvapprovedasanoasisstandardextensibleaccesscontrolmarkuplanguagexacmlvapprovedasanoasisstandardrefarchitectureterminologynonnormativeterminologyfollowingrfcexceptforpapclasswikitableabbrtermdescriptionpappolicyadministrationpointpointwhichmanagesaccessauthorizationpoliciespdppolicydecisionpointpointwhichevaluatesaccessrequestsagainstauthorizationpoliciesbeforeissuingaccessdecisionspeppolicyenforcementpointpointwhichinterceptsusersaccessrequesttoaresourcemakesadecisionrequesttothepdptoobtaintheaccessdecisionbrieaccesstotheresourceisapprovedorrejectedandactsonthereceiveddecisionpippolicyinformationpointthesystementitythatactsasasourceofattributevaluesiearesourcesubjectenvironmentprppolicyretrievalpointpointwherethexacmlaccessauthorizationpoliciesarestoredtypicallyadatabaseorthefilesystemflowausersendsarequestwhichisinterceptedbythepolicyenforcementpointpepthepepconvertstherequestintoaxacmlauthorizationrequestthepepforwardstheauthorizationrequesttothepolicydecisionpointpdpthepdpevaluatestheauthorizationrequestagainstthepoliciesitisconfiguredwiththepoliciesareacquiredviathepolicyretrievalpointprpandmanagedbythepolicyadministrationpointpapifneededitalsoretrievesattributevaluesfromunderlyingpolicyinformationpointspipthepdpreachesadecisionpermitdenynotapplicableindeterminateandreturnsittothepeppolicyelementsstructuralelementsxacmlisstructuredintolevelsofelementspolicysetpolicyruleapolicysetcancontainanynumberofpolicyelementsandpolicysetelementsapolicycancontainanynumberofruleelementsattributesandcategoriespoliciespolicysetsrulesandrequestsallusesubjectsresourcesenvironmentsandactionsasubjectelementistheentityrequestingaccessasubjecthasoneormoreattributestheresourceelementisadataserviceorsystemcomponentaresourcehasoneormoreattributesanactionelementdefinesthetypeofaccessrequestedontheresourceactionshaveoneormoreattributesanenvironmentelementcanoptionallyprovideadditionalinformationtargetsxacmlprovidesatargetwhichisbasicallyasetofsimplifiedconditionsforthesubjectresourceandactionthatmustbemetforapolicysetpolicyorruletoapplytoagivenrequestonceapolicyorpolicysetisfoundtoapplytoagivenrequestitsrulesareevaluatedtodeterminetheaccessdecisionandresponseinadditiontobeingawaytocheckapplicabilitytargetinformationalsoprovidesawaytoindexpolicieswhichisusefulifyouneedtostoremanypoliciesandthenquicklysiftthroughthemtofindwhichonesapplywhenarequesttoaccessthatservicearrivesthepdpwillknowwheretolookforpoliciesthatmightapplytothisrequestbecausethepoliciesareindexedbasedontheirtargetconstraintsnotethatatargetmayalsospecifythatitappliestoanyrequestpolicysetpolicyandrulecanallcontaintargetelementsconditionsconditionsonlyexistinrulesconditionsareessentiallyanadvancedformofatargetwhichcanuseabroaderrangeoffunctionsandmoreimportantlycanbeusedtocomparetwoormoreattributestogetheregsubjectiddoctoridwithconditionsitispossibletoimplementsegregationofdutychecksorrelationshipbasedaccesscontrolobligationswithinxacmlaconceptcalledobligationscanbeusedanobligationisadirectivefromthepolicydecisionpointpdptothepolicyenforcementpointpeponwhatmustbecarriedoutbeforeorafteranaccessisapprovedifthepepisunabletocomplywiththedirectivetheapprovedaccessmayormustnotberealizedtheaugmentationofobligationseliminatesagapbetweenformalrequirementsandpolicyenforcementanexampleofanobligationcouldlooklikethisaccesscontrolruleallowaccesstoresourcemedicaljournalwithattributepatientidxifsubjectmatchdesignateddoctorofpatientandactionisreadwithobligationonpermitdologinformpatientidsubjecttimeondenydologunauthorizedloginpatientidsubjecttimethexacmlsobligationcanbeaneffectivewaytomeetformalrequirementsnonrepudiationforexamplethatcanbehardtoimplementasaccesscontrolrulesfurthermoreanyformalrequirementswillbepartoftheaccesscontrolpolicyasobligationsandnotasseparatefunctionswhichmakespoliciesconsistentandcentralizationoftheitenvironmenteasiertoachievecombiningalgorithmswhathappensinxacmliftherearetworulesorpoliciesthatcontradicteachotherimagineforinstanceafirstrulethatwouldsaymanagerscanviewdocumentsandasecondrulethatwouldsaynoonecanworkbeforeamwhatiftherequestisaboutalicetryingtoviewadocumentatamwhichrulewinsthisiswhatcombiningalgorithmstellustheyhelpresolveconflictsxacmldefinesanumberofcombiningalgorithmsthatcanbeidentifiedbyarulecombiningalgidorpolicycombiningalgidattributeofthepolicyorpolicysetelementsrespectivelytherulecombiningalgorithmdefinesaprocedureforarrivingatanaccessdecisiongiventheindividualresultsofevaluationofasetofrulessimilarlythepolicycombiningalgorithmdefinesaprocedureforarrivingatanaccessdecisiongiventheindividualresultsofevaluationofasetofpoliciesfunctionshigherorderfunctionsthelistofhigherorderfunctionsisaslistedbelowforaformaldefinitionrefertothedocsoasisopenorgxacmlxacmlcorespecenhtmltocxacmlstandardanyofurnoasisnamestcxacmlfunctionanyofparametersanyatomicorbaganyatomicorbagreturnvaluebooleandescriptionthisfunctiontakesinabooleanfunctionandormoreattributevaluesorbagsthehigherorderfunctionappliesthebooleanfunctiontotheremainingparametersexamplesourcelangtextinlineanyoffunctionstringequalallowedrolesstringoneandonlyrolesourcewillreturntrueifaroleissinglevaluedbthereisatleastonevalueintheattributebagallowedrolesequaltothevalueinsidethesinglevaluedattributebagroleallofurnoasisnamestcxacmlfunctionallofparametersanyatomicorbaganyatomicorbagreturnvaluebooleananyofanyurnoasisnamestcxacmlfunctionanyofanyparametersanyatomicorbaganyatomicorbagreturnvaluebooleanallofanyurnoasisnamestcxacmlfunctionallofanyparametersbaganyatomicbaganyatomicreturnvaluebooleananyofallurnoasisnamestcxacmlfunctionanyofallparametersbaganyatomicbaganyatomicreturnvaluebooleanallofallurnoasisnamestcxacmlfunctionallofallparametersbaganyatomicbaganyatomicreturnvaluebooleanmapurnoasisnamestcxacmlfunctionmapparametersanyatomicorbaganyatomicorbagreturnvaluebaganyatomicxacmlschemadocsoasisopenorgxacmlxacmlcorevschemawdxsddatatypesworgxmlschemaanyuriworgxmlschemabasebinaryworgxmlschemabooleanworgxmlschemadateworgxmlschemadatetimeworgxmlschemadaytimedurationworgxmlschemadoubleworgxmlschemahexbinaryworgxmlschemaintegerworgxmlschemastringworgxmlschematimeworgxmlschemayearmonthdurationurnoasisnamestcxacmldatatyperfcnameurnoasisnamestcxacmldatatypexnameurnoasisnamestcxacmldatatypednsnameurnoasisnamestcxacmldatatypeipaddressurnoasisnamestcxacmldatatypexpathexpressionnewinxacmlnewprofilesxacmlintroducesadministrativedelegationthejsonprofileofxacmlrequestresponsetherestprofileofxacmlthemultipledecisionprofileofxacmlandmanymoredelegationtheimplementationofdelegationisnewinxacmlthedelegationmechanismisusedtosupportdecentralizedadministrationofaccesspoliciesitallowsanauthoritydelegatortodelegateallorpartsofitsownauthorityorsomeoneelsesauthoritytoanotheruserdelegatewithoutanyneedtoinvolvemodificationoftherootpolicythisisbecauseinthisdelegationmodelthedelegationrightsareseparatedfromtheaccessrightstheseareinsteadreferredtoasadministrativecontrolpoliciesrefoasisopenorgcommitteestchomephpwgabbrevxacmlxacmlvadministrativepolicyversionrefaccesscontrolandadministrativepoliciesworktogetherasinthefollowingscenarioapartnershipofcompaniesmanyservicesareprotectedbyanaccesscontrolsystemthesystemimplementsthefollowingcentralrulestoprotectitsresourcesandtoallowdelegationaccesscontrolrulesallowaccesstoresourcewithattributewebserviceifsubjectisemployeeandactionisreadorwriteadministrationcontrolrulesallowdelegationofaccesscontrolruletosubjectswithattributeconsultantconditionsdelegationmustexpirewithinmonthsresourcemustnothaveattributestrictlyinternalattributescanbefetchedfromanexternalsourceegaldapcatalogwhenaconsultantentersthecorporationadelegationcanbeissuedlocallybytheconsultantssupervisorauthorizingtheconsultantaccesstosystemsdirectlythedelegatorthesupervisorinthisscenariomayonlyhavetherighttodelegatealimitedsetofaccessrightstoconsultantsotherfeaturesothernewfeaturesofxacmlarelistedatwebfarmreuenhancementsandnewfeaturesinxacmlaxiomaticsthexacmltcisalsopublishingalistofchangesherewikioasisopenorgxacmldifferencesbetweenxacmlandxacmlsamplepoliciesdatetimebasedauthorizationinxacmlthisruleimplementstheenwiktionaryorgwikiuseitorloseituseitloseitaccesscontrolparadigmifauserdoesnotloginfordaysthentheyloseaccessinpseudocodedenyifcurrentdatetimelastlogindayssourcelangxmlxacmlruleruleidfbfcceccecdfaeffectdenyxacmldescriptionuseitorloseitthispolicydeniesaccessiflastloginismorethandaysawayfromtodaysdatexacmldescriptionxacmltargetxacmlconditionxacmlapplyfunctionidurnoasisnamestcxacmlfunctionanyofxacmlfunctionfunctionidurnoasisnamestcxacmlfunctiondatetimegreaterthanxacmlapplyfunctionidurnoasisnamestcxacmlfunctiondatetimeadddaytimedurationxacmlapplyfunctionidurnoasisnamestcxacmlfunctiondatetimeoneandonlyxacmlattributedesignatorcategoryurnoasisnamestcxacmlsubjectcategoryaccesssubjectattributeidcomacmeuserlastlogindatatypeworgxmlschemadatetimemustbepresentfalsexacmlapplyxacmlattributevaluedatatypeworgxmlschemadaytimedurationpdxacmlattributevaluexacmlapplyxacmlattributedesignatorcategoryurnoasisnamestcxacmlattributec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loyeeidvaluealiceresourceattributeattributeidcomacmerecordrecordidvalueattributeidcomacmeobjectobjecttypevaluerecordactionattributeattributeidcomacmeactionactionidvalueviewenvironmentattributesourcesamplejsonresponsesourcelangjsonresponsedecisionpermitstatusstatuscodevalueurnoasisnamestcxacmlstatusoksourcexacmlandotherstandardsxacmlandsamlsecurityassertionmarkuplanguagesamlisanidentityssoandfederationstandardusedforauthenticationsamlisusedasacommonidentitytokenformatbetweendifferentapplicationssamlandxacmlarebothdefinedbyoasisorganizationoasissamlandxacmlweredesignedtointeroperatewheresamlisusedtocarryidentityinformationvirtualidentitiesandxacmlisusedtodrivetheaccesscontrollogicthroughpoliciesxacmlandoauthoauthoauthisconsideredtobeanauthorizationstandarditdiffersfromxacmlthoughinitsoriginitspurposeanditsapplicationsoauthisaboutdelegatedaccesscontrolitheuserdelegateanotheruserorserviceaccesstotheresourceiownforinstanceviaoauthigranttwittertheservicetheabilitytopostonmyfacebookwalltheresourcehandlingthepasswordantipatternwheneveryouwanttointegrateservicestogetherinatraditionallegacymodelyouhavetoprovideservicebwithyourusercredentialsonserviceasothatservicebcanpretendtobeyouwithserviceathishasmanyrisksofcourseusingoautheliminatestheissueswiththesepatternsandletstheusercontrolwhatservicebcandoonbehalfoftheuserwithserviceahttpbasedservicesresourcesmanagingowneruserapprovalxacmldoesnothandleuserapprovalordelegatedaccessorpasswordmanagementxacmlsimplyprovidesanaccesscontrolarchitecturewiththenotionofapolicydecisionpointpdpaspreviouslydiscussedandapolicyenforcementpointpepapolicylanguagewithwhichtoexpressawiderangeofaccesscontrolpoliciesincludingpoliciesthatcanuseconsentshandleddefinedviaoauthxacmlandoauthcanbecombinedtogethertodeliveramorecomprehensiveapproachtoauthorizationseealsorolebasedaccesscontrolattributebasedaccesscontrolmandatoryaccesscontroldiscretionaryaccesscontrolpermisgeoxacmlmodeldrivensecurityauthorizationnotesexternallinksxmlcoverpagesorgxacmlhtmlextensibleaccesscontrolmarkuplanguagexacmlinfoorgxacmlforauthorizationgithubcomauthzforceauthzforceherasaforgherasafanopensourceprojectprovidinganxacmlbasedsecurityframeworkjbossorgcommunitydocsdocjbossxacmlopensourcelgpllicensedlibraryoasisopenorgcommitteesxacmloasisxacmlcommitteewebsiteoasisopenorgcommitteesxacmliprphpoasisdeclarationofissueswithtwosoftwarepatentsofibmgrybinfoxacmldocxacmlightreferencehtmlxacmlpdpandpapimplementedasaxiswebservicespamxacmlsourceforgenetxacmlauthorizationformanypamenabledapplicationssunxacmlsourceforgenetsunxacmlcodegooglecompenterprisejavaxacmlenterprisejavaxacmlzxidzxidorgopenlibertyorgwikiindexphpopenazmainpageopenazjavaandclanguagebindingsforxacmlwithprototypesbasedonsunxacmllibredirectxibotisredirectxyysyndromexantussmurreletsoundblasterimagexilitlaenlasonduladasmontanasjpgthumbpxtownofxilitlaseenfromitswesternhillsxilitlaisamunicipalitiesofmexicomunicipalityandtowninthestateofsanluispotosinthehuastecaregionofmexicothetownislocatedatthemunicipalityhasanareaofandhadapopulationofinofwhomlivedintownofxilitlaxilitlaisknownforitsfertilemountainsandspringswhichcreatepanoramiclandscapesthroughoutthemunicipalitylaspozasgardensareatouristattractionhistoryandeconomytheruggedlandscapehaspartlyshieldedxilitlafromindustrializationhelpingpreserveitsindigenoushuastecpeoplehuastecandnahuatlculturesandtraditionalagrarianlifestylesmostofxilitlasresidentsliveinoverruralvillagesofseveraldozenuptoseveralhundredpeopleaboutpeopleinxilitlaliveinanindigenousindianhouseholdsandaboutofthemspeakanindianlanguageprincipallyhuasteclanguagehuastecmostofthespeakersofanindianlanguagealsospeakspanishaugustinemissionaryactivityinthexilitlaareabeganinandinconstructionbeganonthestaugustineconventitwasbuilttoservebothareligiousbuildingandafortressasthechichimecawarwasinprogressandoneofthehostilechichimecatribesthepamepeoplepamelivedtothenorthwesttheconventwasattackedandburnedbytheindiansinandandlargelyabandonedbytheaugustinesinthethcenturythedominicanorderdominicansmadeanotherattempttoevangelizebutwereunabletoovercomethehostilityoftheindiansfinallyinthemidthcenturyfrayjunperoserraandthefranciscanssucceededinestablishingapermanentmissionarypresenceintheregiontheeconomyisprimarilyagriculturalwiththemaincropsbeingcoffeeandcitrusacoffeefairisheldinaugustgeographythetownofxilitlahasanelevationofandislocatedintheeasternslopesofthesierragordamountainrangepartofthesierramadreorientalnarrowvalleysinthemunicipalitydiptolasilletaaprominentthumbshapedmountainscalableonlywithmountainclimbinggearrisestosixmileswestofthecitythelandareainthemunicipalityislargelysteepbuthabitableslopestothesouthandwestxilitlabordersthemountainsofquertaroandhidalgomexicohidalgostatestothenortheastxilitlabordersflatterrainalongthetancuilinriverandmexicanhighwaythereareanumberofcavesandcavernsinxilitlaaswellasmanynaturalspringhydrospherespringsparakeetcaveashortwalkfromthetownishometoalargenumberofgreenparrotswhichleaveandreenterthecaveatdawnandduskeverydaythelandislargelysedimentaryrockwith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ationprotocolleapleapeapmschapveapotpextensibleauthenticationprotocolpeapeappeapvandvextensibleauthenticationprotocoleapsimeapsimextensibleauthenticationprotocoleaptlseaptlseaptncextensibleauthenticationprotocoleapttlseapttlsvpapchapmschapmschapveapextensibleauthenticationprotocoleapakaeapakaextensibleauthenticationprotocoleapgtceapgtcextensibleauthenticationprotocoleapfasteapfastpartialxsupplicantisprimarilymaintainedbychrishessingseealsowpasupplicantreferencesexternallinksopenxsourceforgenetxsupplicantonsourceforgeinfoboxsurnamenamexiaoimagesvgimagesizecaptionxiaosurnameinregularscriptpronunciationxiosmallpinyinsmallbrsiausiosmallpehejsmalllanguagechinesevietnamesekoreanlanguageoriginoldchineseoriginxiaocountyanhuiderivationstateofxiaomeaningvariantxiaohsiaosmallmandarinsmallbrsiusiowseowsmallcantonesehakkasmallbrsiaosiosiawsmallhokkienfoochowhainanteochewsmallbrtiusmallvietnamesesmallbrsmalltaishanesesmallbrsmallgansmallbrsmallkoreansmallcognatederivativeseealsofamilyhubeixiaoisachinesesurnameinthewadegilessystemofromanizationofchineseromanizationitisrenderedashsiaoitmayalsoberomanizedassiauwsjauwsiawsiewsiowseowsiuorsuiaswellasshawsurnameshawinlesscommonsituationsinspiredbythetransliterationofthesurnameofnotablefiguressuchasirishplaywrightgeorgebernardshawandenglishactorrobertshawactorrobertshawastudyfoundthatitwasthethmostcommonchinesesurnameintheworlditissaidtobethethmostcommoninchinarefnameyutopianyutopiancomnamesxiaohtmloriginofxiaosiusiewseowhsiaoyutopiancomretrievedrefhistoryinmainlandchinathexiaosurnameoriginatedfromxiaocountyinanhuiprovincechinainthesongstatestateofsongduringthespringandautumnperiodofancientchinathenoblemandaxinzhwasenfeoffedatxiaowhichbecameanattachedstateofsongthepeopleofxiaolateradoptedthenameoftheirstateastheirsurnamecenturieslaterxiaohewasthefirstprimeministerofthehandynastylateronhisdescendantxiaobiaomovedtolanlingnowyichengdistrictzaozhuangyichenginshandongprovinceduetopoliticalproblemsduringthereignofemperorwuofhanthexiaopeoplethereforealsotracetheirorigintolanlingandsometimestheyarecalledlanlingxiaoanothermassmovementofxiaopeoplecameduringthedisasterofyongjiaattheendofthewesternjindynastywhenxiaozhengmovedtodanyangjiangsuitwasalsocalledsouthlanlingthedescendantsofdanyangxiaolaterfoundedtwodynastiesxiaodaochengwasthefoundingemperorofthesouthernqidynastyandxiaoyanfoundedtheliangdynastyduringthetangdynastytherewereninexiaofamilymembersappointedaschancellorchinachancellorsorprimeministersthecontinuouseightchancellorsthefirstwasxiaoyufollowedbytheothereightxiaofamilieshisgreatgrandnephewxiaosongxiaosongseldestsonxiaohuaxiaohuasnephewxiaofuxiaohuasgrandsonxiaofuwrittenwithadifferentcharacterforfuxiaofusgrandsonxiaozhenxiaohuasgrandsonxiaofangxiaofangssonxiaogoutherewerealtogetherninechancellorsfromthexiaofamilyduringthetangdynastythejiangfamilyfromjiangwanwuyuancountyjiangxiwuyuanjiangxiwasoriginallysurnamedxiaoandtheycallthemselvesthexiaojiangfamilythexiaojiangfamilywasfromdanyangwhenthelaterliangfivedynastieslaterliangdynastyoverthrewthetangdynastyinthetanggeneralxiaozhenledarevoltagainstthelaterliangdynastybutfailedxiaozhenwasthesecondsonofthetangchancellorxiaogouthexiaofamilyleftdanyangandescapedtothesouththeychangedtheirsurnametojiangxiaozhenbecamejiangzhenandhewastheprogenitorofthexiaojiangfamilytheylatermovedtoyunwanwhichchangedthenametojiangwanthismeansthatthejiangfamilyfromthisareaisactuallyalsopartofthexiaofamilytheyareknownasthexiaojiangfamilyformercpcgeneralsecretaryjiangzeminisamemberofthexiaojiangfamilyduringthesouthernsongdynastyxiaoguoliangwasthefirstmemberofthexiaofamilyinzhangzhoufujianprovincehisgrandsonxiaoxunbecamethecountymagistrateofchaoyangdistrictshantouchaoyanginguangdongprovincehebecamethefounderofthexiaofamilyofchaoyangduringthisperiodsomemembersofthexiaofamilymovedacrosstheseatotaiwanduringtheyuandynastymembersofthexiaofamilymovedfromjiangxitomeizhouanddabucountydabuinguangdongprovincetheyaremainlythehakkapeoplehakkaxiaofamilyintheearlymingdynastythepopulationinnorthandcentralchinawasdecliningduetowarsinordertoincreasethepopulationandstarttheeconomicrecoveryofthesewartornareastheminggovernmentorganizedmanylargescaleforcedmassmigrationtotheareapeopleweremovedfromshanxiprovincewhichhadbeenlessaffectedbythewarstothewartornlesspopulatedareaofnorthandcentralchinathepeoplewereorderedtomovetoalocationnearthetreeandpreparethemselvesforthefamilymigrationtheshanxixiaofamilywerepartofthisgroupofimmigrantsunderthetreewhichweremovedtothemodernprovincesofhenanshandonghebeibeijingtianjinshaanxigansuningxiaanhuijiangsuhubeihunanguangxiliaoningjilinheilongjiangshanxiandotherplacestodaythexiaofamilystillhasmemorialtabletsdedicatedtotheirancestorsamongtheimmigrantsunderthetreeatthefourthcabinetofthememorialhallatthelargetreerootsmemorialgardenduringthemingdynastymanymembersofthexiaofamilyalsomovedtoyunnanprovincetheybecamethefirstmembersoftheyunnanxiaofamilyduringthemingandqingdynastiestherewerealsomassmigrationsofxiaokinspeoplefromjiangxitosichuanespeciallyatthebeginningofthesedynastieswhentwomajorrevolutionstookplacehistorianshavecalledthisprocessofmassmigrationjiangxifilledhuguanghuguangfilledsichuanhuguangreferstotheprovincesofhunanandguangdongaccordingtohistoricalmaterialsfromthebeginningofthereignoftheqianlongemperoroftheqingdynastymanymembersofthexiaofamilymovedtosichuanduringthechinesecivilwarbetweenthecommunistpartyofchinacommunistsandthekuomintangnationalistsxiaopeopleespeciallythosefromfujianmovedtotaiwanwiththenationalistsintaiwantheylivedprimarilyinthecitiesandcountiesofchanghuachiayitaipeikaohsiungandtaoyuancitytaoyuantodayxiaoisthethmostcommonsurnameintaiwantheworldcongressofwasheldinchaoyangguangdongprovincechinainoverseasattheendoftheqingdynastychinesestartedtomovetoothercountriestoworktherethexiaoalsomovedtoothercountriessuchasvietnamthailandsingaporemalaysiaandindonesiaothersmigratedfromfujiantotaiwaninmalaysiaandsingaporedirecttransliterationsfromthevariouschinesedialectswereusedtowritechinesesurnamesthehokkienorteochewdialectteochewchineseromanizedxiaoasseowteochewseowaremainlyxiaofromchaoyangdistrictshantouchaoyanginguangdongprovincethehakkapeoplehakkaxiaoespeciallyhuizhouhakkaoftitiinnegerisembilanstateofmalaysiaavillagewithahighconcentrationofhakkapeoplesurnamedxiaoromanizedxiaoassioworseowthesedayssomemembersofyoungergenerationsusehanyupinyinandwritetheirsurnameasxiaointheunitedstatesthesurnameisalsoalbeitlesscommonlyromanizedasshawsimplifiedchineseproblemthetraditionalsurnameiscurrentlyrepresentedbythreedifferentcharactersderivedfromtraditionalchinesesimplifiedchineseandtherescindedsecondroundofsimplifiedchinesecharacterssecondroundsimplificationhongkongmalaysiaandtaiwanmaintaintraditionalchinesecharactersandthereforewriteinmainlandchinaandsingaporewheresimplifiedchineseisusedmostlinguisticsagreethesurnameshouldbewrittenashowevermanypeopleinmainlandchinastillhaveastheirsurnameintheirlegaldocumentsforhistoricalreasonsseebelowinmainlandchinapeoplemayregardthemastwoseparatesurnameshoweverincircumstanceswheretraditionalchineseisusedegincrossstraitrelationsthismayleadtoconfusionpeoplehavelongbeenwritingthesurnameforsimplicitybuttheformwasconsideredinformalandnotusedinformaltextshoweverthesecondroundsimplifiedchinesecharactersecondroundchinesesimplificationestablishedasthestandardformwhenthesecondroundsimplificationwasrescindedinsomepeoplerestoredtheirsurnameinlegaldocumentstothetraditionalwritingformbutsomeothersdidnotmostothersurnamesdonotsharetheseproblemsforexampleliaosurnameliaowassimplifiedtoacharacterwithandcombinedinthesecondroundsimplificationallliaopeoplerevertedtousingaftertherescissionbecausethemodificationisnolongerconsideredavalidcharacterandcannotbetypedintothecomputerhoweverwhichhasothermeaningsisstillvalidsosomepeoplehavecontinuedtousethisformeveninlegaldocumentsnotablepeoplesurnamedxiaohistoricalfiguresxiaoheoneofthemosthighlyregardedstatesmeninchinesehistoryandthefirstprimeministerofthehandynastyemperorwuofliangfounderoftheliangdynastyempressdowagerxiaonoujinempressdowagerxiaoknownunderthetitlegrandempressdowagerduringtheliaodynastyxiaoyuofficialofthesuidynastyandchancellorofthetangdynastymoderntimesannasuiamericanfashiondesignerseowpohlengaprominentandsuccessfulsingaporeanbankerfoundingmemberofthehohongbankmemberofthecommitteeofthestraitssettlementsettlementofsingaporephilanthropistandbenefactorofpublicdevelopmentworksxiaohongchinesewriterxiaokegeneralinthepeoplesliberationarmyplaofchinaelvahsiaotaiwanesesingerandrewseoworxiaoyimingsingaporeanactorhsiaobikhimtaiwaneselegislatoredwinsiuhongkongactorandsingerwilliamhsiaoxiaofromjiangxiamericaneconomistktliprofessorofeconomicsatharvardschoolofpublichealthharvarduniversityusaheisinternationallyrecognizedforhisworkinhealthcarefinancingandsocialinsurancevincentsiewvicepresidentoftherepublicofchinafrancisseowasingaporebornpoliticaldissidentwhoisinexilefromsingaporeafterlawsuitsbytheformerprimeministerleekwanyewseowiscurrentlyaunitedstatescitizenandauniversityfellowbasedinthedepartmentofasianstudiesatharvarduniversitysiufongfongsiaoliangorjosephinesiaombehongkongfilmactresswriterandpsychologistknownforherworkagainstchildabusesiowleechinsingaporeanviolinistgaetansiewborninmauritiusinpresidentoftheinternationalunionofarchitectsjiangzemingformergeneralsecretaryofthecommunistpartyofchinaheisfromxiaojiangfamilyxiaoqiangadjunctprofessorofuniversityofcaliforniaberkeleyusafounderandeditorinchiefofchinadigitaltimesabilingualchinanewswebsitefulltimehumanrightactivistafterthetiananmensquareprotestsofxiaoisarecipientofthemacarthurfellowshipindereksiowafilmactorsingerandsongwriterxiaoyangjudgexiaoyangfromheyuanguangdongformerpresidentofthesupremepeoplescourtofchinapeoplesrepublicofchinafromministerofjusticeyumtongsiufromtaishankwangdongmathematicianwilliamelwoodbyerlyprofessorofmathematicsatharvarduniversitydrsiuhasbeenthedominantfigureinthemathematicsofseveralcomplexvariablesdixiaochinesepianistdavidxiaocanadianpoliticianandcurrentmemberofthelegislativeassemblyofalbertarepresentingtheconstituencyofedmontonmcclungasaprogressiveconservativesiauwgioktjhanindonesianpoliticiancabinetministerundersukarnoimprisonedforyearsbysuhartoidsiauwgioktjhanxiaofuxingnovelistandnowtheassociateeditorinpeoplesliteraturexiaoguodongchineseprofessionalsnookerplayerteresahsiaotvwriterfacebookcomsylvianochcrefarqqqalzjmhbegnwjkupcgaatynejkkypuqlldaeyldzkginhtwyiqgcfrefnfxiaobitchasingaporeanyoutuberhernameissylviachanreferencesflagofindiaxoslmeaningextendedoperatingsystemloaderisthenameofabootloaderwhichisaprogramproductclassthatlaunchesoperatingsystemsfromabootabledevicesuchasaharddiskorfloppydrivexoslwasoriginallydevelopedbygeurtvoshistoryxoslisfreesoftwarereleasedunderthegnugeneralpubliclicensegpllicensetheprojectwasactivelydevelopedbygeurtvosbetweenandandspannedfourmajorrevisionsandtwominorrevisionsafteritsinitialcreationfromitsorigininxoslversionxoslunderwentmajorchangesinverandtheserevisionsweresignificantdeparturesfromoneanotherandintroducednewfeaturestotheprogramthesefeaturesrangedfromdrasticuserinterfaceimprovementstoimprovedcompatibilityondiversehardwareplatformsxoslverandonlyintroducedimprovementstoexistingfunctionalityandrepairedfeaturesthatshouldhavebeenfunctionalintheirpredecessorsalthoughtheirimprovementsweresubtletheydidservetostabilizeadevelopingprotocolandarethemostpolishedrevisionsoftheoriginaltodatetheprojectlapsedintoadormantstateandwasabandonedbyitsoriginaldeveloperfromxoslremainedavailablefordownloadandusethroughoutthisperiodsurvivabilitydespitethelackofactiveproductdevelopmentanenthusiasticcommunityofxoslusersbeganexchangingideasandproductresultsthroughtheuseofyahoogroupsandothersupportsitesontheinternetthesegroupsbecamethefoundationofthexoslculturethexoslgroupsassistedfellowmemberswithadviceandaccomplishmentsthroughtheuseofxoslaftertheoriginalxoslwebsiteexpireditwasmirroredinmultiplelocationsbyfilipkomarandmikhailranishveryfewenhancementstotheoriginalproductoccurredduringthistimemostofthembeingfairlyinconsequentialonesuchenhancementgavetheusertheabilitytochangewallpapersandtheimagedisplayedatstartupandlikemostotherrevisionsitdidnotaddagreatdealtotheprogramintermsofcorefunctionalityotherrevisionsincludedthetranslationofxoslintoseveraldifferentlanguagesincludinggermanczechandfrenchamongothersxoslowxoslowisanopenwatcomportofxoslxoslisdevelopedbygeurtvosusingtheborlandctoolsetwhilexoslowisbasedontheopenwatcomversiontoolsetthexoslowopenwatcomportallowsforfuturedevelopmentofxoslusinganopensourcedevelopmenttoolsetxoslowhasnonewfunctionalitycomparedtoxoslbutitdoesgiveimprovedbehavioronspecificpchardwareinfactstabilityissueswithxoslonsomepcplatformshavebeenthereasonforportingxosltotheopenwatcomtoolsetexamplesofstabilityissuesonspecificpchardwarearelaunchingtheranishpartitionmanagerfromwithinthexoslbootmanagerctrlpresultsinanonresponsivekeyboardbootingintothesmartbootmanagerusedtosupportbootingfromcddvdresultsinanonresponsivekeyboardbootingintolinuxusingthexoslbootmanagerisnotsuccessfulbecauseofanonresponsivekeyboardafterthexoslbootmanagerhandsovercontroltothelinuxbootprocessinxoslowthesestabilityissueshavebeensolvedbyanimprovedalineswitchingalgorithmandflushingthekeyboardbufferbeforethexoslbootmanagerhandsovercontroltoeithertheranishpartitionmanagerthesmartbootmanagerortheoperatingsystembootloadercompatiblefilesystemscurrentlyxosliscapableofbootingoperatingsystemsfromavarietyofformattypestheseincludeandmaynotbelimitedtomicrosoftwindowswindowsfatfileallocationtablefatfatntfsnewtechnologyfilesystemlinuxextextextextreiserfsexternallinksarnessifkomarxoslorghomehtmlxoslhqofficialsitetechgroupsyahoocomgroupxoslxoslusersgroupatyahooarnessifkomarxoslorgxoslhistoricalarchivefrommultibooterscoukmanagershtmlxoslandwindowsvistaranishcompartxoslhtmxoslmirroratwwwranishcomsourceforgenetprojectsxoslxoslsourceforgepagexoslowsourceforgenetxoslowhomepagejakubhorkynetxoslczechtranslationgoodellsnetmultibootunderstandingmultibootingbydangoodellbhumiboladulyadejulfulswinchesterredirectalienlanguagetwobytwoarplaninacshishapangmaxrayastronomyredirectxrayastronomyredirectxrayastronomyinfoboxprofessionalwrestlernamexavierbirthnamejohnjirusimagexavierpngcaptionxavierinnamesjohnjirusbrjohnxavierbrjuanxavierbrxavierheightweightbirthdateagedeathdatebirthplacequeensnewyorkstatenewyorkresidesbilledhartfordconnecticuttrainertonydevitodebutretiredjohnjirusbornisanunitedstatesamericanprofessionalwrestlingprofessionalwrestlerbetterknownbyhisringnamexavierheisperhapsbestknownforhisappearanceswithringofhonorbetweenandwherehewasthesecondrohworldchampionshiprohchampionprofessionalwrestlingcareerjirustrainedundertonydevitobeforedebutinginhewrestledforvariousindependentcircuitindependentprofessionalwrestlingpromotionpromotionsinnewyorkcityadoptingtheringnamexavierbeforejoiningringofhonorrohinringofhonorxavierappearedonthefirsteverrohshowtheeraofhonorbeginsonfebruarydefeatingscootandrewsthroughoutthefollowingmonthsxavierfeudprofessionalwrestlingfeudedwithandrewsandjamesmaritatohetookpartintheroadtothetitletournamentattemptingtobecomethenumberonecontendertotherohworldchampionshiprohchampionshipbutwaseliminatedinthefirstroundbyamazingredafterdecisivelydefeatingandrewsonseveraloccasionsxavierrequestedandwasgrantedashotattherohchampionshiphefacedtheincumbentchampionlowkionseptemberanddefeatedlowkiinamatchwhichsawextensivecheatingonthepartofxavierandinterferencefromchristopherdanielsfollowinghisvictorythenewlycrownedchampionjoineddanielsheelprofessionalwrestlingheelglossaryofprofessionalwrestlingtermsstablestabletheprophecyprofessionalwrestlingtheprophecywiththehelpoftheprophecyxaviersuccessfullydefendedhistitleagainstbriscoebrothersjaybriscoeajstylesandontwooccasionspaullondonbeforelosingtosamoajoeatnightofchampionsonmarchfollowinghisdefeatxavierwasabsentforseveralmonthshereturnedtorohatdeathbeforedishonoronjulyandsubsequentlyturnedhisbackontheprophecyhelosttohisformerpartnerchristopherdanielsinamatchforthenumberonecontendershiponaugustatbitterfriendsstifferenemiesthroughouttheremainderoftheyearxaviertookpartinthefieldofhonortournamentlosingtomattstrykerinthesemifinalsandfeudedwithrjbrewerjohnwaltersculminatinginafightwithouthonoratfinalbattleondecemberwhichwaswonbywaltersinxavierjoinedtheembassyprofessionalwrestlingtheembassyaheelstableledbyprincenanaheremainedintheembassyuntilaprilwhenhewassidelinedforsixmonthswithashoulderinjuryherecoveredfromhisinjuryindecemberandreturnedtotheindependentcircuitxavierreturnedtorohonfebruarychallengingdanielbryanbryandanielsonfortherohworldchampionshipafterembassymemberalexshelleyglossaryofprofessionalwrestlingtermsnoshowmissedtheeventduetoweatherconditionshelosttodanielsonbydisqualificationfollowinginterferencefromjimmyraveanothermemberoftheembassyonfebruaryxavierreturnedtorohtoreplaceaninjureddaveyrichardsinafourwayfraymatchinvolvingshingotakagishingojackevanswrestlerjackevansandjimmyjacobshewaseliminatedfirstindependentcircuitxavierhascompetedfornumerousindependentpromotionsduringhiscareerincludingusaprowrestlinguxwpropainprowrestlingpweastcoastwrestlingassociationecwamxwjerseyallprowrestlingjapwnewyorkwrestlingconnectionnywcnortheastwrestlingnewandchaoticwrestlingxavierfirstappearedinworldwrestlingentertainmentwweonjanuarylosingtochuckpalumboonanepisodeofwwevelocityhemadefurtherappearancesonvelocityonmarchandjuneofthatyearlosingtobilldemottandbriankendrickspankyrespectivelyoverthefollowingtwoyearsxaviermadeseveralappearanceswithwweasanextraactorextrainglossaryofprofessionalwrestlingtermsangleanglesonthedecemberepisodeofvelocityhelosttopaulburchillinamatchthatsawhimusethenamejohnxavieronmayxavierteamedupwithscottwrightwrestlerscottycharismatotakeonnickdinsmoreeugeneandjimdugganonjulyjiruswrestledinatryoutglossaryofprofessionalwrestlingtermsdarkmatchdarkmatchfortotalnonstopactionwrestlingtnalosingtodougwilliamswrestlerdouglaswilliamsmixedmartialartsxavierbegancompetinginmixedmartialartsinfightingunderthenamejohnxavierhewonhisfirstfightviasecondknockoutinhissecondandasofjanuaryfinalfighthelostviadecisionbothboutswereunderamateurrulesthushehasnevercompetedinaprofessionalmmaboutinwrestlingfinishingmovesdegreesoffearrefnameboldyslammingrefprofessionalwrestlingaerialtechniquessplashsplashrefnameowowrefkissyourxgoodbyeprofessionalwrestlingholdspumphandlepumphandlefacebustersitoutfacebustersitoutfacebusterxbreakerneckbreakerarmtrapneckbreakerstraightjacketneckbreakershoulderneckbreakerhangmansneckbreakersignaturemovesprofessionalwrestlingholdscobraclutchcobraclutchsometimestransitionedintoasuplexcobraclutchsuplexsuplexprofessionalwrestlingattackshighkneehighkneerefnamejirusowowprofilerefsuplexsitoutsuplexslamsitoutsuplexslammoonsaultspringboardmoonsaultspringboardmoonsaulttotheoutsideoftheringsuperkickxslambackbreakerargentinebackbreakerrackbackbreakerrackdroppedintoanprofessionalwrestlingthrowssamoandropinvertedsamoandropmanagerprofessionalwrestlingmanagerssimplylusciouscathycorinoallisondangerjaimelynnelollipopprincenanachampionshipsandaccomplishmentsdefiantchampionshipwrestlingdcwheavyweightchampionshiptimeeastcoastwrestlingassociationecwaheavyweightchampionshipecwaheavyweightchampionshiptitlehistorytimerefnamejirusbodyslammingprofilerefecwatagteamchampionshipecwatagteamchampionshiptitlehistorytimewithlowkiimpactchampionshipwrestlingicwheavyweightchampionshiptimesicwtagteamchampionshiptimewithchristopherdanielsimpactcupwithchristopherdanielsjerseyallprowrestlingjapwlightheavyweightchampionshipjapwlightheavyweightchampionshiptitlehistorytimenewyorkwrestlingconnectionnywcinterstatechampionshiptimenortheastwrestlingnewchampionshiptimeringofhonorrohworldchampionshiprohchampionshiplistofrohworldchampionstimerefnamerohworldrefultimatechampionshipwrestlingucwnortheasternchampionshiptimeusaxtremewrestlinguxwheavyweightchampionshiptimeuxwtagteamchampionshiptimewithlowkiuxwunitedstateschampionshiptimeuxwxtremechampionshiptimeswrestlingsuperstarsunleashedwsuheavyweightchampionshiptimereferencesexternallinkstypographicligaturestylisticligaturesredirectcategoryshellxboxxboxxxxvimountaincorpswehrmachtthatsomeofitsversionsarecompatiblewithltetddinfoboxcvgsystemtitlexgpimagedeletedimageremovedimagexgpblackjpgpxmanufacturergameparktypehandheldgameconsolegenerationhistoryofvideogameconsolesseventhgenerationseventhgenerationeralifespanneverreleasedcpudualcpumhzhostarmtmhzarmtmediasecuredigitalcardthexgpextremegameplayerwasaconceptportablevideogamesystemcreatedbythekoreancompanygameparkasthefollowuptoitsgphandheldinitiallyannouncedinthexgpwasfinallyannouncedinmarchalongwiththereleaseofthesimilarxgpminiandthexgpkidsthecompanywentbankruptbeforereleasinganyofthemodelsthexgpwasscheduledtobereleasedinthreemodelsthexgpthexgpminiandthexgpkidsgameparksaidthatitdidnotwishtocompetewithplaystationportablesonyandnintendodsnintendowiththedevicethexgpkidswasaimedtowardschildrenandthereforehadasignificantlylowerpricepointitwasdesignedtorunsimplergamestailoredtoanaudiencebesideshardcoregamerswhilethegpwasonlyavailableinselectmarketskoreaandpartsofeuropeandasiaorhadtobeimportedthexgpwasexpectedtobemarketedworldwidesincegameparkdeclaredbankruptcyinmarchthexgpwillnotbereleasedthisleftgpxcreatedbysplintercompanygameparkholdingsastheonlysuccessortothegptomakeittomarketmodelsgameparkwasplanningonreleasingthreemodelsofthexgpthehighendxgpthemiddlerangexgpminiandthelowendxgpkidsxgpthexgpsystemwastofocusondownloadablecommercialgamesaswellasonfreehomebrewvideogameshomebrewcontenttheabilitytouselinuxonwasofficiallyannouncedaswellaswindowsceandgameparksownminimalisticoperatingsystemgposthesystemwasdesignedformultimediacontentsuchasmoviesmpsandthemobiletelevisionstandardtdmbitmayfeatureawidescreenaspectratioimageaspectratioscreenwithadisplayresolutionofxspecificationsbasedonthemagiceyesvrenderdsystemonachipsocscreenmillioncolorsnbspinchtftlcdwidescreenaspectmaincpuarmarchitecturearmtadvertisedasnbspmhzactualvrenderdsoccontainsanbspmhzarmtosupdatedgposlinuxandpossiblyawindowsceoptionaswellgraphicsacceleratormillionpolygonspersecondopenglessupportedsoundpolysnbspkhzbitstereosoundnetworkwifiieeebgwibronandflashmemorymbrammbddrsdrammbatreleasetimewasrumoredstoragesecuredigitalcardbatterybuiltinrechargeablelithiumionbatteryotherfeaturestvoutusbopensdkcustomertargetpricexgpminithexgpminisspecificationsaresimilartothexgpsbutthedevicewasmuchsmallerthanthexgpmuchlikethegameboymicroascomparedtothegameboyadvanceincontrasttothexgpitfeaturednowirelessconnectivityandhalfthedoubledatarateddrsdramatmbspecificationsbasedonthemagiceyesvrenderdsystemonachipsocscreenkcolorsaspectratiomaincpuarmarchitecturearmtadvertisedasnbspmhzactualvrenderdsoccontainsanbspmhzarmtosgposgraphicsacceleratormillionpolygonspersecondopenglessupportedsoundpolysnbspkhzbitstereosoundnandflashmemorymbrammbddrsdramrumoredtobembatlaunchstoragesecuredigitalcardbatterybuiltinrechargeablelithiumionbatteryotherfeaturesusbopensdkcustomertargetpricexgpkidsthexgpkidswastechnicallysimilartothegpthetwoconsolesspecificationsdifferinscreensizeandresolutionavailablememorykidsaddsmbnorflashmemoryprocessortypeandstoragethesedifferenceswouldpreventtheconsolefrombeingbackwardscompatiblewiththegpalthoughgpsoftwarecouldbereprogrammedtoworkonthexgpkidsthedevicewasintendedtoberelativelyinexpensiveandtogiveachancetothosewhomissedoutonthegpslimitedproductionruntogetsomethingverymuchlikeagpblubluthexgpkidslikethexgpminiwillhaveasmallerscreenatonlynbspinchesthanthexgpandgpspecificationsscreenkcolorsmaincpuarmarchitecturearmtnbspmhzosgpossoundpolysnbspkhzbitstereosoundstoragesecuredigitalcardrammbddrsdrammbnorflashbatteryaabatteriesotherfeaturesusbopensdkcustomertargetpriceseealsogpthepredecessorofthexgpgpxtheunofficialsuccessorofthegpdesignedbygameparkholdingsgameparkholdingsthecreatorsofthegpxgameparkthecreatorsofthegpxgpgpxwiztheofficialsuccessorofthegpxopenpandoratheunofficialsuccessorofthegpxreferenceswebarchiveorgwebgameparkcomxgphtmofficialgameparkproductpageforthexgpengadgetcomgameparkxgphandheldgameconsoleengadgetxgpreportengadgetcomgameparkannouncesredesignedxgpandsurprisexgpminiengadgetxgpandxgpminiannouncementwebarchiveorgwebdigitalworldtokyocomegameparkxgpaiminghigphpdigitalworldtokyoegameparkxgpaiminghighexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebgpxcomgpxenglishcommunitynewsandforumsforallgameparkhandheldsgpspaincomgpspainspanishnewsandcommunitywebsitewebarchiveorgwebgpclubconsolemulcomindexphpopeditogpclubfrenchnewsandcommunitywebsitegpnewbiecomgameparknewbiefaqsguidesandinformationaboutthexgpconsolesaswellasgpandgpxwebarchiveorgwebgpxinfogpxinfogpxandxgpforumsinfonewsanddevelopmentforumsxgpgamingcomxgpgaminggaminginfoandreviewwebsiteeuphorbiasiberiataiwaneseteacultureinfoboxfirearmcartridgenamegovernmentimagesamplejpgimagesizepxcaptionfromleftandsharpsoriginunitedstatestyperifleservicehistoryserviceusedbyunitedstateswarsspanishamericanwaramericanindianwarsproductionhistorydesignerusgovernmentdesigndatemanufacturerproductiondatenumbervariantsspecificationsissispecsparentcasetyperimmedtaperedbulletneckshoulderbaserimdiarimthickcaselengthlengthriflingprimerlargerifleballisticperformanceissiballisticsbwtrapdoorbtypeleadpbvelenbwtrapdoorbtypelead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pringfieldmodelspringfieldmodelinhoweverthecontinuedinservicewithnationalguardthenavyandthemarinesuntilthewaslastusedinquantityduringthespanishamericanwarbutwasnotcompletelypurgedfrominventoryuntilwellintothethcenturymanysurplusrifleswerealsogiventoreservationindiansforuseassubsistencehuntingriflesandnowcarryindianmarkingsthecartridgeisstillusedbytheusmilitarytodayintheformofthecartridgecaliberlinethrowingmblankcartridgeblankcartridgewhichisusedinanumberofmodelsoflylegunlinethrowinggunsusedbythearmyandcoastguardearlymodelsoftheselinethrowinggunsweremadefrommodifiedtrapdoorandsharpsrifleswhilelatermodelsarebuiltonbreakopensingleshotrifleactionssportinguseingovtcommonlyusedonblackpowdercartridgerifleswinchesterouttoyardsasisusualwithusmilitaryammunitionthewasanimmediatehitamongamericansportsmenandthehassurvivedtothepresentdaytodaythetraditionalgraingloadisconsideredadequateforanynorthamericanbiggamehuntingbiggamewithinitsrangelimitationsincludingthegreatbearsanditdoesnotdestroyediblemeatonsmalleranimalssuchasdeerduetothebulletslowvelocityitisverygoodforbiggamehuntinginbrushorheavytimberwheretherangeisusuallyshortthewhenloadedwiththeproperbulletsatappropriatevelocitieshasbeenusedtohunttheafricanbigfivethehasbeenloadedandusedtoharvesteverythingfrombirdstoelephantandthecartridgeisstillundergoingnewdevelopmentworkwelloveracenturyafteritsintroductionthetrajectoryofthebulletsisverysteepwhichmakesforaveryshortpointblankrangethiswasnotasignificantproblematthetimeofintroductionasthewasafairlyflatshootingcartridgeforitstimeshootersoftheseearlycartridgeshadtobekeenjudgesofdistancewindandtrajectorytomakelongshotsthesharpsrifleinlargercaliberssuchaswinchesterwasusedatrangesofmostmodernshootersusemuchhighervelocitycartridgesrelyingonthelongpointblankrangeandrarelyusingtelescopicsightselevationadjustmentscalibratedironsightsorholdoversightsfoundonearlycartridgehuntingrifleswerequitesophisticatedwithalongsightingradiuswiderangeofelevationandvernierscalevernieradjustmentstoallowprecisecalibrationofthesightsforagivenrangeeventhemilitarycreedmoortyperiflesightswerecalibratedanddesignedtohandleextendedrangesflippinguptoprovideseveraldegreesofelevationadjustmentifneededtheisapopularchoiceforblackpowdercartridgeshootingeventsandreplicasofmostoftheearlyriflesincludingtrapdoorsharpsandremingtonsingleshotriflesareavailabletheisalongrangecaliberbutittakesadequateknowledgeofwindageandelevationtheretainsgreatpopularityamongamericanhuntersforthenicheitissuitedforandisstillofferedbyseveralcommercialammunitionmanufacturersevenwhenloadedwithmodernsmokelesspowderspressuresareusuallykeptlowforsafetyinantiqueriflesandtheirreplicasrifleswhichreproducetheoriginaldesignstaketheoriginalloadbutarenotstrongenoughforanythingwithhigherpressurevariousmodernsportingriflesarechamberweaponrychamberedfortheandsomeofthesebenefitfromjudicioushandloadingofammunitionwithmarkedlyhigherpressureandballisticsballisticperformanceinariflesuchasthesiamesemausercommonlyconvertedtofireduetoitbeingtheonlygewehrmauserderivativedesignedtofeedrimmedcartridgesandthelimitedavailabilityofammunitionforitsoriginalmmrchamberingorarugerrugernonosingleshotriflecanbehandloadedtodelivergoodperformanceevenonbigafricangamefoodgamethehasalsobeenusedindoubleriflessincethedevelopmentofthecoltrifleandthemoremodernreplicaslikethekodiakmarkivinadditiontoitstraditionaluseinriflesthompsoncenterarmshasofferedabarrelinbothpistolandriflelengthsfortheirthecontenderfirearmcontendersingleshotpistolarguablythemostpotentcaliberofferedinthecontenderframeeventheshortestbarrelinchesiseasilycapableofproducingwelloverftlbfjoulejofenergydoublethepowerofmostmagnumloadingsandataylorkofactorashighaswithsomeloadsrecentbarrelsareavailablewithefficientmuzzlebrakesthatsignificantlyreducethemuzzleriseandalsohelpattenuatetherecoilthemagnumresearchbfrisaheaviergunatapproximatelypoundshelpingithavemuchmoremanageablerecoilonlywiththerecentintroductionofultramagnumrevolvercartridgessuchastheswmagnumhaveproductionhandgunsbeguntoeclipsethecontenderintherarefiedfieldofbiggamehuntingbiggamecapablehandgunsseealsommcaliberothercartridgesofsimilarcalibermarlinmarlinbushmastersocomlistofriflecartridgestableofhandgunandriflecartridgesreferencesexternallinksresearchpresscoukfirearmsusaarmstrialsblushtmbreechloadersintheunitedstatestheengineerjanuaryontheadoptionofamilitarybreechloadingrifleandcartridgeishootmagazinecomarticlesfirearmsgovthtmshootmagazinearticleonthecartridgerandolphcaptainwsthusartilleryallworldwarscomgatlinggunsserviceanddescriptionhtmlserviceanddescriptionofgatlinggunsshangrilacityxplayinfoboxalbumnametypeliveartistvrttincovervarttinajpgaltreleasedrecordeddecemberbrsavoytheatrehelsinkivenuestudiogenrefinlandfinnishfolkmusiclengthlabelbertelsmannmusicgroupbmgfinlandproducerpekkalehtiprevtitleilmataralbumilmatarprevyearnexttitledoublelifealbumdoublelifenextyearalbumratingsnoproseyesrevmiaminewtimesrevscorefavorableliveinhelsinkiintheunitedstatesisvrttinsthalbumandfirstlivealbumreleasedonseptemberitwasrecordedint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ncidentxrayphotonstolightphotonsofsufficientintensitytoprovideaviewableimagethisoccursinseveralstagesthefirstisconversionofxrayphotonstolightphotonsbytheinputphosphorcsinaistypicallyusedduetoitshighconversionefficiencythankstohighatomicnumberandmassattenuationcoefficientattheinputandoutputphosphorsthenumberofphotonsismultipliedbyseveralthousandssothatoverallthereisalargebrightnessgainthisgainmakesimageintensifiershighlysensitivetoxrayssuchthatrelativelylowdosescanbeusedforfluoroscopicprocedureshistoryxrayimageintensifiersbecameavailableintheearlysandwereviewedthroughamicroscopeviewingoftheoutputwasviamirrorsandopticalsystemsuntiltheadaptionoftelevisionsystemsinthesadditionallytheoutputwasabletobecapturedonsystemswithammcutfilmcamerausingpulsedoutputsfromanxraytubesimilartoanormalradiographicexposurethedifferencebeingtheiiratherthanafilmscreencassetteprovidedtheimageforthefilmtorecordtheinputscreensrangefromnbspcmwiththenbspcmnbspcmandnbspcmbeingamongthemostcommonwithineachimageintensifiertheactualfieldsizecanbechangedusingthevoltagesappliedtotheinternalelectronopticstoachievemagnificationandreducedviewingsizeforexamplethenbspcmcommonlyusedincardiacapplicationscanbesettoaformatofandnbspcmbecausetheoutputscreenremainsfixedinsizetheoutputappearstomagnifytheinputimagehighspeeddigitalisationwithanaloguevideosignalcameaboutinthemidswithpulsedfluoroscopydevelopedinthemidsharnessinglowdoserapidswitchingxraytubesinthelatesimageintensifiersbeganbeingreplacedwithflatpaneldetectorsfpdsonfluoroscopymachinesgivingcompetitiontotheimageintensifiersrefnamerefclinicalapplicationscarmmobilefluoroscopymachinesareoftencolloquiallyreferredtoasimageintensifiersoriishoweverstrictlyspeakingtheimageintensifierisonlyonepartofthemachinenamelythedetectorfluoroscopyusinganxraymachinewithanimageintensifierhasapplicationsinmanyareasofmedicinefluoroscopyallowsliveimagestobeviewedsothatimageguidedsurgeryisfeasiblecommonusesincludeorthopedicsgastroenterologyandcardiologylesscommonapplicationscanincludedentistryconfigurationsasystemcontaininganimageintensifiermaybeusedeitherasafixedpieceofequipmentinadedicatedscreeningroomorasmobileequipmentforuseinanoperatingtheatreamobilefluoroscopyunitgenerallyconsistsoftwounitsthexraygeneratorandimagedetectoriionamoveablecarmandaseparateworkstationunitusedtostoreandmanipulatetheimagesthepatientispositionedbetweenthetwoarmstypicallyonaradiodensityradiolucentbedfixedsystemsmayhaveacarmmountedtoaceilinggantrywithaseparatecontrolareamostsystemsarrangedascarmscanhavetheimageintensifierpositionedaboveorbelowthepatientwiththexraytubebeloworaboverespectivelyalthoughsomestaticinroomsystemsmayhavefixedorientationsfromaradiationprotectionstandpointundercouchxraytubeoperationispreferableasitreducestheamountofscatteringscatteredradiationonoperatorsandworkerssmallerminimobilecarmsarealsoavailableprimarilyusedtoimageextremitiesforexampleforminorhandsurgeryflatpaneldetectorsflatdetectorsareanalternativetoimageintensifierstheadvantagesofthistechnologyincludelowerpatientdoseandincreasedimagequalitybecausethexraysarealwayspulsedandnodeteriorationoftheimagequalityovertimedespitefpdbeingatahighercostthaniitvsystemsthenoteworthychangesinthephysicalsizeandaccessibilityforthepatientsisworthitespeciallywhendealingwithpaediatricpatientsfeaturecomparisonofiitvandfpdsystemsclasswikitablefeaturedigitalflatpanelconventionaliitvdynamicrangewideaboutlimitedbytvaboutgeometricdistortionnonepincushionandsdistortiondetectorsizebulkthinprofilebulkysignificantwithlargefovimageareafovxcmcmdiameterlessareaimagequalitybetterathighdosebetteratlowdoseseealsoxraydetectorrotationalangiographyreferenceslistofgenerationipokmonivysaurcharmanderlistofgenerationipokmoncharmeleonredirectcategoryshellcharizardlistofgenerationipokmonwartortleredirectcategoryshellblastoisexylococcusbicolorlistofgenerationipokmoncaterpieredirectcategoryshelllistofgenerationipokmonmetapodredirectcategoryshelllistofgenerationipokmonbutterfreeredirectcategoryshellgrandduchessxeniaalexandrovnaofrussialinbiaolinyutangwenhuaqiaoliangtrilingualnationalschoolxeniagratsosbornfebruaryalsoknownasbrionifarrellisagreekamericanactresswhohasworkedbothinfilmandontheatrestageshewasborningreeceandmovedtotheunitedstatestopursueheractingcareershehashadalongcareerwithmultiplerolesinustelevisionandfilmshelivesinsoutherncaliforniawithherhusbandeugenerobertglazertwodogsandsevencatsallofwhicharerescuesselectedfilmographylafemmenikitatvserieslafemmenikitahandtohandasreneedallastvseriesdallasconundrumpartasaliceannestreetlegalcanadiantvseriesstreetlegalhomeaseileengraytalesfromthedarksideredleaderasamandacapitoltvseriescapitolaslilathehitchhikertvseriesthehitchhikerwgodasdalenenightheatdeadlinefantasyislandtvseriesfantasyislandmyfairpharaohthepowerascleopatratheduketvminiseriesthedukelongandthinlornalynngeneralhospitalasmarthataylorthebionicwomanjaimeandthekingasezeldacolumboacaseofimmunityhellriverasannakleitzthebaitfilmthebaitasdenisetherookiescrossfireaskathybearcatsthereturnofestabanassallythestude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nheritedgeneticdefectsoftheimmunesystemknownasprimaryimmunodeficiencydisorderssignsandsymptomsaffectsmalesofthetimeifmotherisacarrierforthegenechildrenarefineuntilmonthsofagepresentwithrecurrentinfectionswithstreptococcuspneumoniaehaemophilusinfluenzaemycoplasmapneumoniaehepatitisvirusandenteroviruscnsinfectionsexaminationshowslymphoidhypoplasiatonsilsandadenoidsnosplenomegalyorlymphadenopathythereissignificantdecreaseinallimmunoglobulinsgeneticsmostantibodiesaregammaglobulinsantibodiesaremademainlybyplasmacellswhicharedaughtercellsofthebcelllinethebtkenzymeplaysanessentialroleinthematurationofbcellsinthebonemarrowandwhenmutatedimmatureproblymphocytesareunabletodevelopintopreblymphocyteswhichnormallydevelopintomaturenaivebcellsthatleavethebonemarrowintothebloodstreamthedisorderisinheritedinanxlinkedrecessivefashionasthegenelinkedtoitisonthexchromosomeandisalmostentirelylimitedtothesonsofsymptomtypesasymptomaticfemalegeneticcarriercarriersthisisbecausemaleshaveonlyonecopyofthexchromosomewhilefemaleshavetwocopiesonenormalcopyofanxchromosomecancompensateformutationsintheotherxchromosomesotheyarelesslikelytobesymptomaticthereischanceofxlapatientshavingapositivefamilyhistoryofgeneticinheritancetherestofthecasesoccurasrandommutationsifacarrierfemalegivesbirthtoamalechildthereisachancethatthemalewillhavexlaacarrierfemalehasachanceoverallofgivingbirthtoanaffectedmalechildanxlapatientwillpassonthegeneandallofhisdaughterswillbexlacarriersmeaningthatanymalegrandchildrenfromanxlapatientsdaughtershaveachanceofinheritingxlaafemalexlapatientcanariseonlyasthechildofanxlapatientandacarriermotherxlacanalsorarelyresultfromaspontaneousmutationinthefetusofanoncarriermotherdiagnosisxladiagnosisusuallybeginsduetoahistoryofrecurrentinfectionsmostlyintherespiratorytractthroughchildhoodthisisduetohumoralimmunodeficiencythediagnosisisprobablewhenbloodtestsshowthecompletelackofcirculatingbcellsdeterminedbythebcellmarkercdandorcdaswellaslowlevelsofallantibodyclassesincludingiggigaigmigeandigdwhenxlaissuspecteditispossibletodoawesternblottesttodeterminewhetherthebtkproteinisbeingexpressedresultsofageneticbloodtestconfirmthediagnosisandwillidentifythespecificbtkmutationhoweveritscostprohibitsitsuseinroutinescreeningforallpregnancieswomenwithanxlapatientintheirfamilyshouldseekgeneticcounselingbeforepregnancyalthoughthesymptomsofaxlaandotherprimaryimmunediseasespidincluderepeatedandoftensevereinfectionstheaveragetimeforadiagnosisofapidcanbeuptoyearstreatmentthemostcommontreatmentforxlaisanintravenousinfusionofimmunoglobulinivighumaniggantibodieseveryweeksforlifeivigisahumanproductextractedandpooledfromthousandsofblooddonationsivigdoesnotcurexlabutincreasesthepatientslifespanandqualityoflifebygeneratingpassiveimmunityandboostingtheimmunesystemwithtreatmentthenumberandseverityofinfectionsisreducedwithivigxlapatientsmaylivearelativelyhealthylifeapatientshouldattemptreachingastatewherehisiggbloodcountexceedsnbspmgkgthedoseisbasedonthepatientsweightandiggbloodcountmuscleinjectionsofimmunoglobulinimigwerecommonbeforeivigwasprevalentbutarelesseffectiveandmuchmorepainfulhenceimigisnowuncommoninjectionmedicinesubcutaneoustreatmentscigwasrecentlyapprovedbythefoodanddrugadministrationunitedstatesusfoodanddrugadministrationfdawhichisrecommendedincasesofsevereadversereactionstotheivigtreatmentantibioticsareanothercommonsupplementarytreatmentlocalantibiotictreatmentdropslotionsarepreferredoversystemictreatmentpillsforlongtermtreatmentifpossibleoneofthefutureprospectsofxlatreatmentisgenetherapywhichcouldpotentiallycurexlagenetherapytechnologyisstillinitsinfancyandmaycauseseverecomplicationssuchascancerandevendeathmoreoverthelongtermsuccessandcomplicationsofthistreatmentareasyetunknownotherconsiderationsserologydetectiononantibodiestoaspecificpathogenspathogenorantigenisoftenusedtodiagnoseviraldiseasesbecausexlapatientslackantibodiesthesetestsalwaysgiveanegativeresultregardlessoftheirrealconditionthisappliestostandardhivtestsspecialbloodtestssuchasthewesternblotbasedtestarerequiredforproperviraldiagnosisinxlapatientsitisnotrecommendedanddangerousforxlapatientstoreceiveliveattenuatedvaccinessuchaslivepoliovaccinepolioorthemeaslesmumpsrubellammrvaccinespecialemphasisisgiventoavoidingtheoralliveattenuatedpoliosabinsoralpoliovaccinesabintypepoliovaccinethathasbeenreportedtocausepoliotoxlapatientsfurthermoreitisnotknownifactivevaccinesingeneralhaveanybeneficialeffectonxlapatientsastheylacknormalabilitytomaintainimmunememoryxlapatientsarespecificallysusceptibletovirusesoftheenterovirusfamilyandmostlytopolioviruscoxsackievirushandfootandmouthdiseaseandechovirusesthesemaycauseseverecentralnervoussystemconditionsaschronicencephalitismeningitisanddeathanexperimentalantiviralagentpleconarilisactiveagainstpicornavirusesxlapatientshoweverareapparentlyimmunetotheepsteinbarrvirusebvastheylackmaturebcellsandsohlacoreceptorsneededfortheviralinfectionpatientswithxlaarealsomorelikelytohaveahistoryofsepticarthritisitisnotknownifxlapatientsareabletogenerateanallergicreactionastheylackfunctionaligeantibodiesthereisnospecialhazardforxlapatientsindealingwithpetsoroutdooractivitiesunlikeinotherprimaryimmunodeficienciesxlapatientsareatnogreaterriskfordevelopingautoimmuneillnessesagammaglobulinemiaxlaissimilartotheprimaryimmunodeficiencydisorderhypogammaglobulinemiacvidandtheirclinicalconditionsandtreatmentarealmostidenticalhoweverwhilexlaisacongenitaldisorderwithknowngeneticcausescvidmayoccurinadulthoodanditscausesarenotyetunderstoodxlawasalsohistoricallymistakenasseverecombinedimmunodeficiencyscidamuchmoresevereimmunedeficiencybubbleboysastrainoflaboratorymousexidisusedtostudyxlathesemicehaveamutatedversionofthemousebtkgeneandexhibitasimilaryetmilderimmunedeficiencyasinxlaseealsointravenousimmunoglobulinivighypogammaglobulinemiacvidreferencesexternallinksmedicalresourcesdiseasesdbicdicdicdoomimmedlineplusemedicinesubjpedemedicinetopicemedicinemultmeshidncbinlmnihgovbookshelfbrfcgibookgenepartxlagenereviewsncbinihuwentryonxlinkedagammaglobulinemiaxingyiquanichthysthegraphemelowercaseminusculeisaletterintheczechalphabetczechandslovakalphabetslovakalphabetsusedtodenotethevoicedpalatalplosiveitwasalsousedinpolabianlanguagepolabianitisformedfromlatindwiththeadditionofhekminusculehashekmodifiedtoapostrophelikestrokeinsteadofwedgeinthealphabetisplacedrightafterregulardisalsousedtorepresentuppercaseinthecoatofarmsofshetlandhoweverthetypicalformisencodingcharmapenamelatincapitalletterdwithcaronfnamelatinsmallletterdwithcaroninunicodethelettersareencodedatrefrefandrefrefseealsoczechorthographyczechphonologyreferencesthegraphemelowercaseminusculeisaletterintheczechalphabetczechslovakalphabetslovakandturkmenalphabetturkmenalphabetsitisformedfromlatinnwiththeadditionofacaronhekinczechandmkeinslovakandfollowsplainninthealphabetandareatunicodecodepointsuandurespectivelyinczechandslovakrepresentsthepalatalnasalthusithasthesamefunctionascroatiannjletternjfrenchgndigraphgnhungariannydigraphnypolishportuguesenhdigraphnhandspanishinthethcenturyitwasusedincroatianlanguagecroatianforthesamesoundinturkmenandsouthernkurdishrepresentsthesoundthevelarnasalasinenglishthingcomputingcodecharmapnamelatincapitalletternwithcaronnamelatinsmallletternwithcaronreferencesseealsoczechorthographyczechphonologykwithacaronisaletteralphabetletterusedintheromanyalphabetlazlanguageandintheskoltsamilanguageskoltsamilanguagewhereitrepresentsandrespectivelytheunicodecodepointsforthisletterareueforthecapitalletterandueforthelowercaseletterseealsocarongwithcaronunicodecodepointsueandueisaletterusedinseverallatinorthographiesintransliterationofsouthazerbaijanilanguagesouthazerirepresentsvoicedvelarfricativethevoicedvelarfricativeintheromanyalphabetromanyandskoltsamilanguageskoltsamilanguagesitrepresentsthepalatalizedgithasalsobeenusedinczechandslovakorthographiesuntilthemiddleofthethcenturytorepresenttheconsonantwhereasgstoodforinaromanizationofpashtolanguagepashtoisusedtorepresentequivalenttointheberberlatinalphabetispronouncedasanenglishjlikeinjimmyinlakotalanguagelakotarepresentsvoiceduvularfricativeindinarabictransliterationitrepresentsthelettercomputingcodecharmapenamelatincapitallettergwithcaronenamelatinsmalllettergwithcaronseealsowithbrevethegraphemerwithhekexampleofczechpronunciationisaletterusedinalphabetsoftheczechlanguageczechanduppersorbianlanguagesitwasalsousedinaproposedorthographyforthesilesianlanguageasimilarconsonantcanalsobefoundinsomenorwegiandialectsaroundnarvikandinberberlanguagesberberespeciallyinitsriffberberrifvarietyhoweveroftheofficialnationallanguagesonlyczechhasittheunicodeglyphsareandeithercanalsoberepresentedusingthecombiningcharacterusageinczechitisusedtodenotearaisedalveolarnonsonoranttrillitsmannerofarticulationissimilartootheralveolartrillsbutthetongueisraiseditispartiallyfricativeconsonantfricativeitisusuallyvoicephoneticsvoicedbutitalsohasavoicelessallophoneoccurringinthevicinityofvoicelessconsonantsorattheendofawordinuppersorbianitdenotesthevoicelesspostalveolarfricativetonguetwisterczechtistaticettistbrnchstkaekstkalopestistaticettistbrnchstechphoneticallyenglishsilverfirehosessquirtedwateroversilverroofscomputingcodecharmapnamelatincapitalletterrwithcaronnamelatinsmallletterrwithcaronseealsoczechalphabetsorbianalphabetlowercaseminusculeisaletteroftheslovakalphabetslovakandsorbianalphabetlowersorbianalphabetsitisformedfromrwiththeadditionofanacuteaccentacutetheirunicodecodepointsareandthepsnamesareracuteandracuteslovakitisusedinslovaklanguageslovaktorepresentthegeminatesyllabicrhelpipaipalowersorbianitisusedinlowersorbiantorepresentthepalatalisedrhelpipaipabasqueinsabinoaranasorthographyrefnamearanaleccionesdeortografadeleuskerabizkainobvpbmcuesescatalogoimagenesgrupocmdposicionpathformapresentacionpaginapagearanaetagoiritarsabinbilbaobizkayarenedestijataizkereapizkundiasebastindeamorrorturefofthebasquelanguagewasusedforthetrillconsonanthoweverinthestandardbasquealphabetrisusedinsyllablefinalpositionsandrrdigraphrrbetweenvowelsseealsorzdigraphreferencesreferencesclearlybasedonamodernshapeofthegreekletterupsilonbutwithanuppercaseambiguouslysimilartoanuppercaseuwithseriftheletterlowercaseminusculecalledlatinupsilonisaletterofthelatinalphabetwhileitsformsuperficiallyresemblesanupsidedowncapitalgreekletteromegaitisderivedfromthegreeklowercaseupsilonitslowercaseisusedintheinternationalphoneticalphabettotranscribeanearclosenearbackroundedvowelitisusedinsomealphabetsofafricanlanguagessuchasinoneofthekabiylanguagekabiyorthographiesandareusedinphonetictranscriptionuseoncomputersthemajusculeandtheminusculearelocatedatubanduainunicoderespectivelyseealsosiemensunitmhomhoreferencesshulmanbandjoaqunxaudarbullettypographydashswungdashredirectshellbracketchevronsredirectcategoryshellbracketchevronsredirectcategoryshellbracketchevronsredirectcategoryshellbracketchevronsredirectcategoryshellbracketanglebracketsrcatshellbracketanglebracketsrcatshellbracketanglebracketsrcatshellbracketanglebracketsrcatshellalphaepsilonpiredirectcategoryshellfileudllacansildoulossvgpxthumbrightvariantsofuppercaseandlowercaseisaletterindicatingapalatalnasalthelowercaseformisusedasanipasymboltheupperandlowercaseareusedintheorthographiesofsomeafricanlanguagesegbambaralanguagebambaraandfulalanguagefulainmaliitsunicodecodepointsareudandurespectivelyusagethelowercaseformisusedasanipasymbolforthepalatalnasalthesymbolisusedtorepresentanalveolopalatalconsonantalveolopalatalnasalinsomelanguagessincethereisnoipasymbolwiththelattermeaningandnolanguagedistinguishesthetworeferencesseealsoxglxglbuzzlightyearofstarcommandxtndwasadocumentimportexportsystemdevelopedbyclarisfortheirproductsontheapplemacintoshproductssupportingxtndplacedanadditionalpopupmenuintheopenandsavedialogsallowinguserstoreadandwritedocumentsfromanysupportedformatthenameisafourlettercontractionofextendthemacusingfourletteridentifiersinitsresourceforksystemresourcefilesxtndwasfirstintroducedonsomeofclarisiireleasesmacwritemacwriteiifilemakerfilemakeriiandmacdrawmacdrawiithesystemprovedpopularandbecameamajorsellingpointforclarisproductswhichwereotherwiseconsideredsomewhatlowendthesystemwassoonusedbyanumberofotherproductsaswellandbecamefairlycommonduringtheearlysaroundclarisgavethesystemtoapplewhoeventuallyrebrandeditasabasicpartofthemacosknownasthetranslationmanagertheyalsoaddedmacintosheasyopenwhichofferedtoopenunknowndocumentsusingsoftwareinstalledonthemachineandconvertingitusingxtndadevelopersguidextndprogrammersguidewaspublishedinalongwiththextnddeveloperskitwhichwasplacedontheirftpsitextndbrokeonthepowermacintoshpowermacsbutanextensiontotheextensionreleasedinfixedthatforatimebythetimeframeitappearsapplehadalreadyabandonedtheentiresystemxtndconsistedofasimpleruntimeenginethatlistedloadedandmanagedaseriesoftranslatorsthetranslatorswerestoredinresourcefilesplacedinthemacssystemfolderallowingthemtobefoundandusedbyanyprogramsupportingthextndsystemalmostalloftheactuallogicwaslocatedinthetranslatorstheruntimesimplyhandedofffilenamesandparameterstocodestoredinsideamajortechnicalproblemwithxtndwasthattheconversionprocesswasopaquethesystemrancodeinthetranslatorswhichhadnowaytoprovidefeedbacktotheuseroraskquestionsthismadeitdifficulttodistinguishifalongconversionwasstillprocessingoriftheprocesslockedprogramfreezeswereacommonoccurrenceasthecodebaseagedtheconvertersthemselvesvariedwidelyinqualityforexamplethemicrosoftwordextensionwasparticularlypronetoerrorsreferencesapplecomputerincxtndprogrammersguidexzibitthexgisthelightgunthatcamebundledwiththeatarixegsthatwasreleasedinthexegswhichstandsforxegamesystemwasanatarixecomputerreworkedcosmeticallytogivetheappearanceofagameconsolethelightgunwasbundledtocompetewiththenintendoentertainmentsystemthexegscamewithonelightgungamecalledbughuntthexgiscompatiblewiththeatarivideogameconsoleandsincetheatariisbackwardscompatiblethexgalsoworksontheatariatarieventuallyreleasedfivegamesonthethatusedthegunalienbrigadebarnyardblastercrossbowvideogamecrossbowmeltdownandsentinelthexgissimplyaspecializedlightpenlightpensupportwasbuiltintotheearliestataricomputersbutitneverreallycaughtoninfactalllightgungamesforthexegscouldbeplayedwiththelightpenandviceversamanyuserscomplainedofhorribleaccuracyofthedeviceespeciallywhencomparedtotheneszappersomexegsuserspreferredtorewirethesegamastersystemlightphaserforuseaccuracytheatarihardwaretechnicalreferencerecommendsacalibrationprocedureeachtimethelightpenisusedsothatthesoftwarecancompensateforthisoffsetacalibrationprocedurewouldimprovetheaccuracyofthelightgunbutbothbughuntandbarnyardblasterforthexegsbothhavehardcodedvaluesdifferentonesinfactwhilebughuntappearstoshootslightlytotheleftbarnyardblasterseemstoshootslightlytotherighttheyreadingsforthegunaremorepredictableequaltohalfthenumberofthecurrentlydisplayedscanlinethegunwontreturnreliablereadingsatalliftheintensityofthedisplayistoolowthatswhythescreensforatarilightgungamesmaybebrighterthanusualthegamescreenwillmomentarilyflashwhitewheneverthetriggerispressedineitherbughuntorbarnyardblasterwhilethescreenisallwhitethesoftwarereadsthegunpositionandprovidesthemostaccuratevaluesgamesdesignedforthexgalienbrigadebobbyneedsfoodhomebrewbughuntxegsbarnyardblasterxegscrossbowvideogamecrossbowxegscrimebusterxegsmeltdownoperationblooddiskxegsoperationbloodiispecialforcesxegsgangstervillexegssentinelshootinggalleryunreleasedexternallinksatarimagazinescomvnxglighthtmlhowtousethexgandajoysticksimultaneouslyinthexegsatarihqcomatcompxegshtmlatarixegsinformationmatthewratclifffaqsorgfaqsataribitfaqtheataribitfaqsisterfurongxmlencryptionalsoknownasxmlencisaspecificationgovernedbyaworldwidewebconsortiumwcrecommendationthatdefineshowtoencryptthecontentsofanxmlelementalthoughxmlencryptioncanbeusedtoencryptanykindofdataitisnonethelessknownasxmlencryptionbecauseanxmlelementeitheranttencrypteddatattorttencryptedkeyttelementcontainsorreferstotheciphertextkeyinginformationandalgorithmsbothxmlsignatureandxmlencryptionusethettkeyinfottelementwhichappearsasthechildofattsignedinfottttencrypteddatattorttencryptedkeyttelementandprovidesinformationtoarecipientaboutwhatkeyingmaterialtouseinvalidatingasignatureordecryptingencrypteddatathettkeyinfottelementisoptionalitcanbeattachedinthemessageorbedeliveredthroughasecurechannelxmlencryptionisdifferentfromandunrelatedtotransportlayersecuritywhichisusedtosendencryptedmessagesincludingxmlcontentbothencryptedandotherwiseovertheinternetithasbeenreportedthatthisspecificationhasseveresecurityconcernsreferencesexternallinksworgtrxmlenccorewcinfosantuarioapacheorgapachesantuarioapachexmlsecurityimplementationforjavaandcalekseycomxmlsecxmlsecxmlsecuritylibraryforcusersdccuchileclpcamachotutorialwebxmlsecxmlsechtmlanintroductiontoxmlsignatureandxmlencryptionwithxmlsecredirectxioniteszionitesxiongnuxioniteschionitesorchionitaemiddlepersianxiynorhiynavestanxiiaonasogdianlanguagesogdianxwnzoroastrianmiddlepersianpahlavihunapeoplehunaorhunniyunorxnwereanomadicpeoplewhowereprominentintransoxaniaandbactriarefnamewfelixrefthexioniteschionitaearefirstmentionedwithkushanscusenibyammianusmarcellinuswhospentthewinterofceintheirbalkhterritorytheyarrivedwiththewaveofimmigrationfromcentralasiaintoiraninlateantiquitytheywereinfluencedbythekushanandbactriancultureswhilepatronizingthebactrianlanguageeasterniranianlanguagesandbecameathreatonthenortheasternfrontierofthesassanidempirerefnamelinkrefthereseemtohavebeentwosubgroupsofxioniteswhichwereknownintheiranianlanguagesasthekarmirxyonandspetxyontheprefixeskarmirredandspetawhitelikelyrefertocentralasiantraditionsinwhichparticularcardinaldirectionnortherneurasiacoloursareassociatedwithcardinalpointsredusuallysymbolisessouthandwhitewestthekarmirxyonwereknownineuropeansourcesasthekermichionesorredhunsandsomescholarshaveidentifiedthemwiththekidaritesandoralchonthespetxyonorwhitehunsappeartohavebeentheknowninindiabythecognatenamesvetahunaandareoftenidentifiedcontroversiallywiththehephtalitesoriginshorsemanonbritishmuseumbowlceitisdifficulttodeterminetheethniccompositionofthexionitessimocattamenanderandpriscusprovidedevidencethatthexionitesweresomewhatdifferentfromthehephthaliteswhereasrichardnelsonfryesuggestedthatthehepthalitesmayhavebeenaprominenttribeorclanofthexionitescarlileaylmermacartneywrotethenamechyonoriginallythatofsomeotherracewastransferredlatertothehunsowingtothesimilarityofsoundthenationcanhardlybeotherthanthatwhichappearsinthethcenturyunderthenameofchionitsinthesteppesonthenorthwestfrontierofpersiathesechioniteswereprobablyabranchofthehunstheotherbranchappearedafterwardsineuropethechionitesappeartohaveattackedandconqueredthealansthenlivingbetweentheuralsandthevolgaaboutadwhilethefirstmentionofthechionitesisdatedadrefcitejournaltitleonthegreeksourcesforthehistoryoftheturksinthesixthcenturylastmacartneyfirstcaauthorlinkcarlileaylmermacartneyjournalbulletinoftheschooloforientalandafricanstudiesuniversityoflondonpublisherschooloforientalandafricanstudiesissnvolumeissueyearpagesjstorviajstorregistrationyrefsirharoldwalterbaileywrotethatthexyonwerementionedinpahlaviandavestaniraniantextstheywouldappeartobeanameofanenemyoftheiranianpeopleinavestantimestransferredlatertothehunsowingtosimilarityofsoundasturwasadaptedtoturkinpahlavibaileyaddedthatthreedivisionsofthexyonseemtoberecognizedtheturksthekarmirredxyonandthewhitexyonrefnameiranianstudiesharoldwalterbaileyiranianstudiesbulletinoftheschooloforientalstudiesuniversityoflondonbsoasvolnorefmacartneyalsoconsideredthequestionoftheidentityofthekarmirxyonorkermichionesmacartneyconsideredthatthenameofthechioniteswasreplacedbythatofthekidaritehunshealsoclaimederroneouslythatthekidariteswereidenticalwiththekushanempirekushanwhenthecentralasianempireofthekushanshadbeendestroyedbythexionitesandorhunasinthemidthcenturyfryewrotejustaslaternomadicempireswereconfederationsofmanypeopleswemaytentativelyproposethattherulinggroupsoftheseinvaderswereoratleastincludedturkicspeakingtribesmenfromtheeastandnorthalthoughmostprobablythebulkofthepeopleintheconfederationofchionitesandthenhephtalitesspokeaniranianlanguagethiswasthelasttimeinthehistoryofcentralasiathatiranianspeakingnomadsplayedanyrolehereafterallnomadswouldspeakturkiclanguagesinwolfgangfelixconsideredthexionitesatribeofprobableiranianpeopleiranianoriginthatwasprominentinbactriaandtransoxaniainlateantiquityaccordingtoasshahbazithexioniteswereahunnicpeoplewhobytheearlythcenturyhadmixedwithnorthiranianelementsintransoxianaadoptedthebactrianlanguagekushanbactrianlanguageandthreatenedpersiathexionitesfollowedanimismanimistreligiousbeliefswhichmixedlaterwithvarietiesofbuddhismandshaivismhistorythelistofcatholicoiofallarmeniansdvineraarmeniancatholicosjohniiiodzunetsicmentionsanancienttownofhunorsfoundationhunoracertaintheutikregionestablishedinbcthearmenianagathangelosagathangelusmentionsalsothattherearenorthcaucasianhunslivingamongthepeoplesofthecaucasusinadconquestofbactriakingkidaracircaadxionitecampaignsarebetterdocumentedinconnectionwiththehistoryofcentralasiaparticularlyduringthesecondhalfofthethcenturyaduntilthemidthcenturyadtheyorganisedthemselvesintonorthernblackbeyondthejaxarteskidaritesorsouthernredinhindukushsouthoftheoxuseasternblueintianshanandwesternhephthalitesorwhitearoundkhivahordesartefactsfoundfromtheareatheyinhabiteddatingfromtheirperiodindicatetheirtotemanimalseemstohavebeenthereindeeraninscriptiononthewallsoftheroyalpalaceinpersepolisaboutdariussempirecallsthemhunaeitappearsthatacombinationofboththebattleofikhbayanandbanchaoseffortsareresponsiblefortheirfirstappearanceinthewestthearmeniansarmenianhistorianmosesofkhorenethcenturyinhishistoryofarmeniaintroducesthehunninearthesarmatiansandgoesontodescribehowtheycapturedthecityofbalkharmenianlanguagearmeniankushsometimebetweenandwhichiswhythegreekscalledthatcityhunukaccordingtothearmeniansourcestheircapitalwasatbalkharmeniankushtheirmostfamousrulerswerecalledthekidaritesattheendofthethcenturyadanewwaveofhunnictribesalchoninvadedbactriapushingthekidaritesintogandharaalchonofalchonhunsasseenonaportraitofkingkhingilacadrefnameccthecambridgecompaniontotheageofattilamichaelmaasbooksgooglecombooksidedcbaaaqbajpgpaprefalchonoralonuarkhonbecamethenewnameofthexionitesinwhenkhingilaiunitedtheuarwiththexionitesunderhishephthaliterulingliteattheendofthethcenturythealchoninvadednorthernindiawheretheybecameknownasthehunapeoplehunainindiathealchonwerenotdistinguishedfromtheirimmediatehephthalitepredecessorsandbothareknownassvetahunasthereperhapscomplimentingthistermprocopiuswrotethattheywerewhiteskinnedhadanorganizedkingshipandthattheirlifewasnotwildnomadicbutthattheylivedincitiesalthoughthepowerofthealchoninbactriawasshatteredinthesbyacombinationofsassanidandprototurkicforcesthelasthephthalkingnarananarendramanagedtomaintainsomekindofrulebetweenandadoverthenspkornapkiornezaktribesthatremainedaftermostofthealchonhadfledtothewestwheretheybecameknownastheavarscarpathiansavarsthealchonwerecalledvarkhonorvarkunitesouarkhonitaibymenanderprotectorliterallyreferringtotheuarandhunnoiaroundtheophylactsimocattawrotethattheeuropeanavarswereinitiallycomposedoftwonationstheuarandthehunnoitribeshewrotethatthebarsilttheunogursandthesabirswerestruckwithhorrorandhonouredthenewcomerswithbrilliantgiftsrefnamesimokattestheophilactussimocattahistoriaeedcdeboorlipsiaepsrefwhentheavarsfirstarrivedintheirlandsinadcoinagealchonhunsreferstoatribewhichmintedcoinsinbactriainthethandthcenturiesthenamekhigiinscribedinbactrianscriptononeofthecoinsandnarendraonanotherhaveledsomescholarstobelievethatthehephthalitekhaganskhingilaandnaranawereofthealchonotribetheyimitatedtheearlierstyleoftheirhephthalitepredecessorsthekidaritehunsuccessorstothekushansinparticularthealchonstyleimitatesthecoinsofkidaritevarhranisynkushanvarhranivtheearliestcoinsofalchonhunshaveseveraldistinctivefeaturesthekingsheadispresentedinanelongatedformtoreflectthealchonpracticeofheadbindingthecharacteristicbulllunartamghaofthealchonisrepresentedontheobverseofthecoinsredhunsandwhitehunsrulercircacethenamexyonisfoundinavestanandzoroastrianmiddlepersianpahlavitextsintheavestantraditionytsthexiiaonawerecharacterizedasenemiesofvishtaspathepatronofzoroasterinthelaterpahlavitraditiontheredhunskarmirxyonandwhitehunsspetxyonarementionedtheredhunsofthepahlavitraditionthcenturyhavebeenidentifiedbyharoldwalterbaileyasthekermichionesorermechionesaccordingtobaileytheharahunaofindiansourcesaretobeidentifiedwiththekarmirxyonoftheavestasimilarlyheidentifiesthesvetahunaofindiansourceswiththespetxyonoftheavestabaileyarguesthatthenamexyonwastransferredtothehunapeoplehunaowingtosimilarityofsoundasturanturwasadaptedtoturkdisambiguationturkinpahlavitraditionitisnecessarythereforetodifferentiatebetweenkermichionesermechionesredhunsorharahunaidentifiedwiththekidaritedynastyandxioniteswhitehunsorsvetahunaidentifiedwiththehephthalitedynastyseealsohunapeoplehephthaliteempireuariranianhunsreferencesexternallinksiranicaonlineorgarticleschioniteslatchionitesencyclopaediairanicakhmupeoplexingningxisafloatingpointrelatedsubsetofthexarchitectureinstructionsetitoriginatedasanextensionoftheinstructionsetintheformofoptionalfloatingpointcoprocessorintelcoprocessorscoprocessorsthatworkedintandemwithcorrespondingxcpusthesemicrochipshadnamesendinginthiswasalsoknownasthenpxnumericprocessorextensionlikeotherextensionstothebasicinstructionsetxinstructionsarenotstrictlyneededtoconstructworkingprogramsbutprovidehardwareandmicrocodeimplementationsofcommonnumericaltasksallowingthesetaskstobeperformedmuchfasterthancorrespondingmachinecoderoutinescanthexinstructionsetincludesinstructionsforbasicfloatingpointoperationssuchasadditionsubtractionandcomparisonbutalsoformorecomplexnumericaloperationssuchasthecomputationofthetrigonometricfunctiontangentfunctionanditsinverseforexamplemostxprocessorssincetheintelhavehadthesexinstructionsimplementedinthemaincpubutthetermissometimesstillusedtorefertothatpartoftheinstructionsetbeforexinstructionswerestandardinpcscompilersorprogrammershadtouseratherslowlibrarycallstoperformfloatingpointoperationsamethodthatisstillcommoninlowcostembeddedsystemsdescriptionthexregistersformanleveldeepnonstrictstackdatastructurestackstructurerangingfromsttostwithregistersthatcanbedirectlyaccessedbyeitheroperandusinganoffsetrelativetothetopaswellaspushedandpoppedthisschememaybecomparedtohowastackframemaybebothpushedpoppedandindexedthereareinstructionstopushcalculateandpopvaluesontopofthisstackmonadicaritymonadicoperationsfsqrtfptanetcthenimplicitlyaddressthetopmoststwhilebinaryrelationdyadicoperationsfaddfmulfcometcimplicitlyaddressstandstthenonstrictstackmodelalsoallowsdyadicoperationstousesttogetherwithadirectaddressingmodememoryoperandmemoryoperandorwithanexplicitlyspecifiedstackregisterstxinarolesimilartoatraditionalaccumulatorcomputingaccumulatoracombineddestinationandleftoperandthiscanalsobereversedonaninstructionbyinstructionbasiswithstastheunmodifiedoperandandstxasthedestinationfurthermorethecontentsinstcanbeexchangedwithanotherstackregisterusinganinstructioncalledfxchstxthesepropertiesmakethexstackusableassevenfreelyaddressableregistersplusadedicatedaccumulatororassevenindependentaccumulatorsthisisespeciallyapplicableonsuperscalarxprocessorssuchastheintelpmicroarchitecturepentiumofandlaterwheretheseexchangeinstructionscodesdcdcfsubhsubareoptimizeddowntoazeroclockpenaltybyusingoneoftheintegerpathsforfxchstxinparallelwiththefpuinstructiondespitebeingnaturalandconvenientforhumanassemblylanguageprogrammerssomecompilerwritershavefounditcomplicatedtoconstructautomaticcodegeneratorsthatschedulexcodeeffectivelysuchastackbasedinterfacepotentiallycanminimizetheneedtosavescratchvariablesinfunctioncallscomparedwitharegisterbasedinterfacerefnamestackadvantagerefalthoughhistoricallydesignissuesintheoriginalimplementationlimitedthatpotentialrefnamestackimplementationrefrefnamestackinterviewrefthexprovidessingleprecisiondoubleprecisionandbitextendedprecisiondoubleextendedprecisionbinaryfloatingpointarithmeticaspertheieeestandardbydefaultthexprocessorsallusebitdoubleextendedprecisioninternallytoallowforsustainedprecisionovermanycalculationsseefloatingpointieeedesignrationaleieeedesignrationaleagivensequenceofarithmeticoperationsmaythusbehaveslightlydifferentlycomparedtoastrictsingleprecisionordoubleprecisionieeefpuasthismaysometimesbeproblematicforsomeseminumericalcalculationswrittentoassumedoubleprecisionforcorrectoperationtoavoidsuchproblemsthexcanbeconfiguredviaaspecialconfigurationstatusregistertoautomaticallyroundtosingleordoubleprecisionaftereachoperationsincetheintroductionofssethexinstructionsarenotasessentialastheyoncewerebutremainimportantasahighprecisionscalarunitfornumericalcalculationssensitivetoroundofferrorandrequiringthebitsignificandmantissaarithmeticprecisionprecisionandextendedrangeavailableinthebitformatperformanceclockcyclecountsforexamplesoftypicalxfpuinstructionsonlyregisterregisterversionsshownheretheabnotationminimumtomaximumcoverstimingvariationsdependentontransientpipelinestatusaswellasthearithmeticprecisionchosenorbitsitalsoincludesvariationsduetonumericalcasessuchasthenumberofsetbitszeroetcthelhnotationdepictsvaluescorrespondingtothelowestlandthehighesthmaximumclockfrequenciesthatwereavailableclasswikitableximplementationfaddfmulfdivfxchfcomfsqrtfptanfpatanmaxclockbrmhzbrmillionssecfmulsupsupbrrelnbspmhzrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanasfastoriginalandlatermodelsorcyrixxcyrixmiiamdkincludingkiiiiiintelpmicroarchitecturepentiumpentiummmxrowspanpentiumpropentiumiiiiiathlonkrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanathlonkstyleverticalaligntoppentiummultiplebrcyclesaneffectivezeroclockdelayisoftenpossibleviasuperscalarexecutionsupsupthenbspmhzwastheoriginalxprocessorcomparedtotypicalsoftwareimplementedfloatingpointroutinesonanwithoutanthefactorswouldbeevenlargerperhapsbyanotherfactorofieacorrectfloatingpointadditioninassemblylanguagemaywellconsumeovercyclesmanufacturerscompaniesthathavedesignedormanufacturedfloatingpointunitscompatiblewiththeintelorlatermodelsincludeamddxxkkkkchipsandtechnologiesthesupermathcoprocessorscyrixthefasmathcxslccxdlcetcxcyrixmiifujitsuearlypentiummobileetcharrissemiconductormanufacturedanddxprocessorsibmvariousanddesignsintegrateddevicetechnologyidtthewinchipccnanoetcintegratedinformationtechnologyiittheccetclctechnologythegreenmathcoprocessorsnationalsemiconductorthegeodegxgeodegxmetcnexgenthenxrisetechnologythempstmicroelectronicsmanufactureddxxetctexasinstrumentsmanufactureddxprocessorsetctransmetathetmandtmulsithemathcocoprocessorsviatechnologiesviatheccandnanoetcandxtendthessxandothercoprocessorsarchitecturalgenerationsthewasthefirstmathcoprocessorforbitprocessorsdesignedbyintelitwasbuilttobepairedwiththeintelorintelmicroprocessorshowevertheintelfloatingpointprocessorwasanearlierdesignitwasalicensedversionofamdsamoftheamwasprimarilyintendedfortheintelbutusingsomeamountofgluelogicitwaspossibletouseitwithalmostanymicroprocessorsystemthathadaspareinterruptinterruptinputorinterruptvectoravailablethefamilyincludedthebitamandamaorintelaandthelaterbitamorintelimageklintelcjpgrightthumbpxmhzversionoftheintelthecisthemathcoprocessorfortheintelcpuitisincapableofoperatingwiththeasthehasanbitdatabusthecanonlyusethethedidnotappearatthesametimeastheandbutwasinfactlaunchedaftertheandthealthoughtheinterfacetothemainprocessoristhesameasthatoftheitscoreisthatoftheandisthusfullyieeeieeecompliantaswellascapableofexecutingallthesextrainstructionstheiisthemathcoprocessorfortheintelseriesofmicroprocessorsintelsmodelsincludedvariantswithspecifiedupperfrequencylimitsrangingfromuptonbspmhzlaterfollowedtheixlwithmicroarchitectureandtheixltaspecialversionintendedforlaptopsaswellasothervariantsthexlisactuallyansxwithapinoutitcontainsaninternalmultipliersothatmotherboardswhichranthecoprocessoratcpuspeedcouldinsteadrunthefpuatthesamespeedofthecpuothermodelswithlikeperformancearetheintelcbuiltusingchmosiiiandtheamdecmanufacturedinamdscmosprocessusingonlyfullystaticgatestheandxlworkwiththemicroprocessorandwereinitiallytheonlycoprocessorsavailablefortheuntiltheintroductionoftheinfinallytheywereabletoworkwiththecyrixcxslchoweverforbothofthesechipstheisstronglypreferredforitshigherperformanceandthegreatercapabilityofitsinstructionsetgalleryklintelcjpgmhzversionoftheintelinteldiejpginteldieshotklintelixlbigmarkingsjpgintelxlklintelxltjpgintelxltgallerytheoriisthefirstintelcoprocessortobefullycompliantwiththeieeestandardreleasedinafulltwoyearsafterthechiptheiincludesmuchimprovedspeedoverintelspreviouscoprocessorsandimprovedcharacteristicsofitstrigonometricfunctionstheandsfptanandfpataninstructionsarelimitedtoanargumentintherangeandtheandhavenodirectinstructionsforthesinandcosfunctionswithoutacoprocessorthenormallyperformsfloatingpointarithmeticthroughslowsoftwareroutinesimplementedatruntimethroughasoftwareexceptionhandlerwhenamathcoprocessorispairedwiththethecoprocessorperformsthefloatingpointarithmeticinhardwarereturningresultsmuchfasterthananemulatingsoftwarelibrarycalltheiiscompatibleonlywiththestandardichipwhichhasabitprocessorbusthelatercostreducedisxwhichhasanarrowerbitbuscomputingdatabuscannotinterfacewiththeisbitbustheisxrequiresitsowncoprocessorthesxwhichiscompatiblewiththesxsnarrowerbitdatabusgalleryfileklinteljpgifileklintelisxjpgisxfileklintelidxjpgidxfileintelarchsvgimicroarchitecturewithbitbarrelshifterandcordicunitfilewithjpgidxwithidxgallerytheisxwasmarketedasafloatingpointunitcoprocessorforintelsxisxmachinesitactuallycontainsafullblowndxidximplementationwheninstalledintoanisxsystemtheidisablesthemaincpuandtakesoverallcpuoperationsthenxwasthelastfpuforxtobemanufacturedseparatelyfromthecpuinthiscasenexgensnxseealsommxinstructionsetmmxstreamingsimdextensionsssessessesssessessednowsimdreferencesnotesexternallinkswiretapareacomgopherlibrarytechdoccpucoproctxteverythingyoualwayswantedtoknowaboutmathcoprocessorsredirectxenredirectpolyhistidinetagdeathwatchbeetlexuimayrefertoxuserinterfaceprograminterfacetothexwindowsystemxmluserinterfaceorxoetropeuserinterfaceajavaandxmlprogramminginterfaceforbuildingrichclientapplicationsthcenturythcenturyinfoboxancientsitenamexagrastonecirclenativenameiirkutaxxagranativenamelangmtalternatenamexagrahypogeumbrbrochtorffcircleimagehypogedexaghrajpgcaptionremainsofthexagrastonecirclemaptypemaltareliefyescoordinatesmapdotlabelxagrastonecirclelocationxagragozomaltatypehypogeummateriallimestonebuiltbcearliestremainsbrbcmainburialgroundabandonedbeforebcepochsebbuphasebrtarxienphasebrtarxiencemeteryphasebrborinnadurphaseexcavationsandarchaeologistsconditionruinsownershipgovernmentofmaltamanagementheritagemaltapublicaccessnothexagrastonecirclealsoknownasthexagrahypogeumorthebrochtorffcircleisaneolithicfunerarycomplexlocatedinxagragozomaltaitconsistsofaseriesofundergroundcaveswhichwereusedtoburythedeadandwhichweresurroundedbyawalledenclosureitmainlydatesbacktoaroundtobcalthoughtheearliesttombsatthesitedatebacktotobcthecavescollapsedsometimebeforebcandthesitewaslaterusedfordomesticandagriculturalpurposesafterbeingdiscoveredinthelatethcenturythesitewasexcavatedinthesbeforebeingreburiedandforgottenitwasrediscoveredinandmajorexcavationstookplacebetweenanditistheonlyprehistoricstoneenclosedhypogeumineuropeanditisregardedasoneofthemostimportantarchaeologicalsitesinmaltaalongwiththemegalithictemplesofmaltamegalithictemplesandthehypogeumofalsaflienirecentdatingthroughamshasaddedscoresofnewdateestimatesoftheburialsaspartoftheercfundedfragsusprojectandthetotlprojecttheisotopicstudiesindicatechangingdietaryandclimaticconditionsandlinkwithbroaderchangesinthelocalenvironmentetymologywhenfirstdiscoveredinthesitewassimplydescribedasanancientstructurewithoutanameafteritwasdepictedinpaintingsbycharlesbrochtorffinthesthesitewascommonlyreferredtoasthebrochtorffcirclealthoughitisnotknownwhocameupwiththisnamerefnameindependentrefthesiteeventuallybecameknownasthexagrastonecircleorthegozostonecircleaccordingtothearchaeologistdavidtrumpthesenamesaremisnomersbecausestonecirclesinnortherneuropeandthebritishislesrefertoadifferenttypeofneolithicstructureintrumpcoinedthetermxagracircleasthenamebestdescribingthesitesitethexagrastonecircleoriginallyconsistedofawalledenclosuresurroundingundergroundcaveswhichwereusedasanecropolisithassomesimilaritiestothehypogeumofalsaflieniaprehistoricfunerarycomplexonthemainislandofmaltahoweveralsaflieniisamanmadecarvedstructurewhilethexagrastonecircleconsistsofnaturalcaveswhichwereadaptedintoacemeteryexcavationsatthesitehaveshownthatthebodiesofthedeceasedweredismemberedandthedifferentbodypartswereburiedatseparateplacesthesitewastheburialgroundofthesamecommunitywhichbuiltthenearbygantijatemplewhichisnowwellpreservedseveralothertemplesmighthavestoodinthevicinityincludingatsantavernawhereafewmegalithswhichareprobablytheremainsofanimportanttemplewerefoundandtaestheearliesttombsatthesitedatebacktobetweenandbcduringtheebbuphaseofmalteseprehistorythereisverylittleactivityfromtobcandmostofthesiteisbelievedtodatebacktotobcduringthetarxienphasethecavesinwhichthecomplexwasbuiltwerepronetocollapseandtheyweakenedovertimesomegalithswereusedinanattempttostabilizetheroofthestructurefinallycollapsedatsomepointbeforebcrefnamebristolrefduringthebronzeagethesitewasprobablyusedfornonfunerarydomesticpurposesandremainsfromthetarxiencemeteryphasetarxiencemeteryandborinnadurphaseswereuncoveredintheareathelandwassubsequentlyusedforagriculturalpurposesuntilthethcenturydiscoveryexcavationsandrecenthistorythexagrastonecirclewasfirstrecordedbyjeanhouelininthesottobayerexcavatedpartofthecomplexthroughacollapsedcaveroofandcharlesbrochtorffpaintedseveralpaintingsshowingthesiteduringthisexcavationthesitewasfilledinbythelatesanditsexactlocationwaslostovertimethetwomonumentalpillarswhichformedthecirclesentrancestillstoodinthecomplexwasrediscoveredbythegozitanresearcherjoeattardtaboneinitwasexcavatedbetweenandbyajointteamfromtheuniversityofmaltathemaltesemuseumsdepartmentandtheuniversityofcambridgetheseexcavationsrevealedtheremainsofoneofthelargestfunerarycomplexesinthemediterraneanandledtoabetterunderstandingofthesocietywhobuiltmaltasmegalithictemplesabouthumanbonesbelongingtobetweenandindividualswereuncoveredduringtheexcavationsalongwithsomeanimalbonesandaseriesofartifactsincludingfigurinesandarchitecturalfragmentsmuseumthexagrastonecircleisregardedasoneofthemostimportantarchaeologicalsitesinmaltaitistheonlystoneenclosedhypogeumineuropeandtheonlyprehistoricnecropolisinmaltawhichwasproperlyexcavatednorecordswerekeptwhenthehumanremainsandartifactsatalsaflieniwereclearedintheearlythcenturypartsofthesiteremainunstudiedandeffortsarebeingmadetopreservethecomplexsinceitisfragileandpronetocollapsethesiteisongovernmentownedlandanditismanagedbyheritagemaltatheremainshaveclassaprotectionandtheyarelistedonthenationalinventoryoftheculturalpropertyofthemalteseislandsrefnamenicpmirefthesiteisnotaccessibletothepublicreferencesfurtherreadinganonthebrochtorffstonecirclecurrentworldarchaeologychalmersrmlaninvestigationofthegeomorphologyandlocalresourcesofthebrochtorffcircleongozobaprojectbristolduhigcburialpracticesinaneolithicmaltesehypogeumthehumanremainsfromthebrochtorffcirclegozoinandersonsandboylekedsritualtreatmentofhumanandanimalremainsproceedingsofthefirstmeetingoftheosteoarchaeologicalresearchgroupoxfordoxbowbooksppnbspgrimarthearchaeologicaldrawingsofcharlesfredrickdebrochtorffmaltamidseabooksltdandheritagemaltamalonecatandstoddartskfdiscoveriesatthebrochtorffcircletreasuresofmaltamagazineofthefondazzjonipatrimonjumaltimalteseandmediterraneanmegalithisminthelightofthebrochtorffcircleingrifonicremonesirguilainejandlhelgouachjedstheneolithicintheneareastandeuropecolloquiumxvimegalithismpreprintsofthexiiicongressoftheuisppforlitalyforlabacoppnbspmalonecatstoddartskfbonannoagoudertandtrumpdmortuaryritualoffourthmillenniumbcmaltathezebbugperiodchamberedtombfromthebrochtorffcircleatxaghragozoproceedingsoftheprehistoricsocietyrichardsmhedgesrwaltonistoddartskfandmalonecatneolithicdietatthebrochtorffcirclemaltaeuropeanjournalofarchaeologystoddartskfcyclesoflifeoreternitynewlightonprehistoricmaltesefuneraryritualfromthebrochtorffcircleatxaghraconferenceinmaltacdromsarasotafloridaemptcstoddartskfwysockimburgessgbarbergduhigcmalonecatandmanngthearticulationofdisarticulationpreliminarythoughtsonthebrochtorffcircleatxaghragozoindownesjandpollardaedsthelovedbodyscorruptionarchaeologicalcontributionstothestudyofhumanmortalityglasgowcruithnepressppnbsptrumpdhbonannoagoudertmalonecatandstoddartskfnewlightondeathinprehistoricmaltathebrochtorffcircleinburenhultgedtheillustratedhistoryofhumankindamericanmuseumofnaturalhistoryvolpeopleofthestoneagehuntergatherersandearlyfarmersoldworldcivilisationsnewyorkharpercollinsppnbspoutlawstaracyrillicchecyrillicbecyrillicvecyrillicgecyrillicxmlinformationsetxmlinfosetisawcrecommendationwcspecificationdescribinganabstractdatamodelofanxmldocumentintermsofasetofinformationitemsthedefinitionsinthexmlinformationsetspecificationaremeanttobeusedinotherspecificationsthatneedtorefertotheinformationinawellformedxmldocumentanxmldocumenthasaninformationsetifitiswellformedxmldocumentwellformedandsatisfiesthexmlnamespacenamespaceconstraintsthereisnorequirementforanxmldocumenttobevalidxmldocumentvalidinordertohaveaninformationsetaninformationsetcancontainuptoelevendifferenttypesofinformationitemsthedocumentinformationitemalwayspresentelementinformationitemsattributeinformationitemsprocessinginstructioninformationitemsunexpandedentityreferenceinformationitemscharacterinformationitemscommentinformationitemsthedocumenttypedeclarationinformationitemunparsedentityinformationitemsnotationinformationitemsnamespaceinformationitemsxmlwasinitiallydevelopedwithoutaformaldefinitionofitsinfosetthiswasonlyformalisedbylaterworkbeginninginfirstpublishedasaseparatewcworkingdraftattheendofdecemberthatyearinfosetrecommendationsecondeditionwasadoptedonfebruaryifaversionofthexmlstandardiseverpublisheditislikelythatthiswouldabsorbtheinfosetrecommendationasanintegralpartofthatstandardinfosetaugmentationinfosetaugmentationorinfosetmodificationreferstotheprocessofmodifyingtheinfosetduringxmlschemaschemavalidationforexamplebyaddingdefaultattributestheaugmentedinfosetiscalledthepostschemavalidationinfosetorpsviinfosetaugmentationissomewhatcontroversialwithclaimsthatitisaviolationofmodularityandtendstocauseinteroperabilityproblemssinceapplicationsgetdifferentinformationdependingonwhetherornotvalidationhasbeenperformedinfosetaugmentationissupportedbyxmlschemawcxmlschemabutnotrelaxngserializationtypicallyxmlinformationsetisserializedasxmltherearealsoserializationformatsforbinaryxmlcommaseparatedvaluescsvandjsonseealsoxmlinformationsetinstancesdocumentobjectmodelxpathdatamodelsxmlreferencesexternallinksjaextensiblemarkuplanguagexmlthexviinternationalaidsconferencewasheldintorontoontarioduringtheweekofaugustthiswasthethirdtimethatcanadahashostedtheinternationalaidsconferenceaftermontrealinandvancouverinthemainvenuefortheconferencewasthemetrotorontoconventioncentremtccindowntowntorontoimageaidstorontoentrancejpgthumbpxoneoftheentrancestothemetrotorontoconventioncentreduringaidsimageaidstorontofrontstreetjpgthumbpxbannersoftheaidsconferencecouldbefoundalongmanystreetsneartheconferencecentreshownhereisfrontstreettorontofrontstreetjustoutsidetheconferencecentretheconferencethemewastimetodelivertheconferencewasfocusedonthepromisesandprogressmadetoscaleuptreatmentcareandpreventioninparticularacceleratingresearchtoendtheepidemicexpandingandsustaininghumanresourcestoscaleuptreatmentandpreventionintensifyingtheinvolvementofaffectedcommunitiesbuildingnewleadershiptoadvancetheresponseactivitiesincludedculturalyouthandoutreachprogrammesaswellasaglobalvillagewhichservedasaninternationalgatheringplacewithdisplaysofculturefoodcommunityandamarketplaceeventsopentodelegatesandthepublicincludedtheinternationalaidsvigilapublicmemorialtoallthosewhohavediedofhivaidsthevigiltookplaceonatnbsppmonaugustatyongedundassquaretorontowellknownattendeesandspeakersincludedgovernorgeneralofcanadagovernorgeneralmichallejeanstephenlewistheunitednationsspecialenvoyforhivaidsinafricabillandmelindagatesforthebillmelindagatesfoundationgatesfoundationrichardgerealiciakeysandbillclintonharpercontroversycanadianprimeministerstephenharperwhodecidednottoattendtheconferencewascriticizedbyconferencecochairmandrmarkwainberginhisspeechsayingwearedismayedthattheprimeministerofcanadamrstephenharperisnotherethiseveningtheroleofprimeministerincludestheresponsibilitytoshowleadershipontheworldstageyourabsencesendsthemessagethatyoudonotconsiderhivaidsasacriticalpriorityandclearlyallofusheredisagreewithyoucanadianministerofhealthtonyclementattendedinharpersplacectvcaservletarticlenewsstoryctvnewsaidstemplatehubctvnewsatharpersabsencefromtheconferenceisthesecondtimethecanadianheadofgovernmenthasdecidednottoattendtheconferenceinformerprimeministerjeanchrtiendidnotattendtheconferencectvcaservletarticlenewsstoryctvnewsaidsharpersnamenoadsasylumseekerscontroversyasecondcontroversythatfollowedmrstephenharperschoicetonotattendwasthefactthatdelegateswhowereinattendancerefusedtoreturntotheirhomecountriesinsteadoptingtoseekasylumincanadanewsbbccoukhiafricastmthisdevelopmentseriouslyhurtthecredibilityoftheconferenceandmanysuggestedthattheprimeministersoffi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attackbythenextwaveofwarskrullsduringthestrategicattackonallofthevariousgroupsacrosstheglobetheskrullsarebarelyrepelledwhilethexmenexperienceheavylossesitisrevealedthatsinisterwantsroguesandemmaschildrenasgeneticstockforthefuturesincehehasconcludedthexmenarehopelessinspacenocturnetaliawagnernocturneiscuredbyphoenixwiththehelpofnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerwhomshebroughtaboardthestarjammerinthefirstbookitisrevealedintheprocessoffreeingnocturnesmindthatlilandrabybrokeringadealwiththeslaversforabroodqueenfromadimensionwherethebroodwerenotextinctisresponsibleforthebroodreturningtothisdimensionlilandrawasabletoaccomplishthisinpartbyallowinghercapturedsistertoactasthehostforthebroodqueenbothlilandraandtheslaversmadethisarrangementinordertodefeatkhancomicskhanseextremexmenwhothreatenedlilandrasthroneandslaverstraderoutesinthisdimensionaliyahlearnsofthisthehardwaybywanderingintoadarkiedepoweredsectionofhershipandbeingattackedbydeathbirdbroodqueenwhowasstowedawayontheshipforyearsintheresultingbattlealiyahisforcedtokillhermotherbutnotbeforealiyahisinfectedbythebroodqueensomethingthatnooneonboardtheshipnoticeswhenshereturnstothebridgecyclopssendswolverinecharacterwolverinexmcomicsmandmarvelgirltofindsinistergambitandtheabductedchildrentheheroesmanagetofindtheirwaytosinistershiddenbasebutareimmediatelyimmobilizedbyanattackfromtheladiesmastermindallliveouttheirfantasiesuntilwolverinewhoisinspiredbytheastralformofjeangreytofightdoessohebreaksfreeofthemindcontrolandhelpstheothersbreakfreetheyallchargedeeperintosinistersbasegambithasindeedbeenfakingcooperationwithsinisteronlydoingsoinordertoprotectthechildrenaftersinisterrevealshisownhistoryandthefactthatgambitisactuallyaclonefromhisandcyclopssgeneticmakeupgambitdecidesenoughisenoughandgoestorescuethechildrenastheymaketheirescapemostofthechildrenareteleportedbacktoearthwhilegambitandhisdaughterareteleportedtothemoonnearsinistersmutantprisonneverlandroguerescueshersonandemmaschildrenfromtheywereteleportedbackatsinistersbaseroguehasjoinedthefraycausedbywolverineandothersandkillsoneofsinistersminionsbeforeshecanrejoinherlovedonessheisslainbysinisterwhowasmasqueradingasgambitgambitisabletousetheportaltogetbacktosinistersbasejustintimetoseesinisterkillingroguetheysaytheirfinalfarewellsbeforeroguediesmystiquecomicsmystiquearrivesrevealingthatshehadbeenpretendingtobedarkbeastwhowasinserviceofsinisterallalongandsheexactsherrevengeforthelossofherfosterdaughterroguebykillingsinistergambiturgesmystiquetofinallymeethergrandchildrenandkeepthemsafegambittakessinistersplaceforameetingwiththetruemastermindbehindtheattacksonthexmentheshiarbookcomestoaclosewithkittydebatingheropponentalicetremaineheadoftheantimutantpuritymovementandreceivingthenewsthatthexmenaregoingintospacetofacetheshiarbookmenandxmenimagetheendfinalpngcovertoxmentheendmenandxmenbygenehapxthumbxmenincludingprofessorxandmagnetocomicsmagnetoinpersontakethebattletotheshiaritisrevealedthatkhanislordchancelloroftheshiarempireietheadministratoroflawwithlilandrabeingjustthefigureheadafterbeingdriveninsanebycassandranovaitwashisplantodestroythexmenandkilllilandratogettheshiarthronegambithoweverinstantlyrecognizeskhantheybattleandendupkillingeachotherasthexmencyclopsxmcaptainbritainandafewothersarrivingthroughthewormholecreatedbymagnetoandhisdaughterlornabegintobattlelilandrasguardonchandilartheimperialshiarthroneworldthestarjammerarrivesinorbitstormicemanandafewothersformaplanbcontingentandflytochandilarinanxjetviaaspaceportalitisrevealedthatcassandranovaisthemastermindbehindeverythingshehasbeenhidinginxavithesonoflilandraandxavierallthistimeshebeginstorevealherselftoeveryoneinvolvedstartingwithxavierwhothinkingshewasinhabitinglilandramistakenlykillsheronthestarjammerthebroodeggshavemultipliedthankstoaliyahandhavebegunlandingontheshiarshomeplanetalsocassandrarevealsherselftothephoenixthroughaliyahsmindthebroodhavingmadeadealwithcassandrabeginattackingxmencassandranovaattacksthexmenandtheshiarimperialguardshethenbeginstoerasexaviersmindrachelsummersmarvelgirlsummonsherresidualphoenixforceenergiesandengagescassandrainpsychicbattlemeanwhilecablecomicscableuseshisvastpsychokinesistelekineticpowerstofightcassandraonthephysicallevelbutsuccumbstohistechnoorganicvirushewasinfectedwithasababyandreinfectedwithinbookonejeangreyonceagainthephoenixusesherpowerstohealcablewhensuddenlysheandcyclopsarekilledbyapsionicblastfiredbyamindcontrolledmarvelgirlcassandrasastralformleapsoutofmarvelgirlsmindandmergeswiththephoenixforcecassandrabeginskillingtheimperialguardanddazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlerfiresalaserbeamthroughcassandrasforeheadburningaholeinitwhilestormandicemanhitherwiththeirelementalpowershowevercassandrarisesfromdefeatandinaformofdivinepunishmentblowsaholethroughdazzlerandturnsicemansandstormspowersagainstthemkillingstormaswellonlymadelynepryorwhohasbeenimpersonatingdustthankstoherblackniqballalongafterkillingherinbookstandsinherwaymadelynerevealsthatsheisthepartofjeangreythatlovedscottwithallherheartandthatwasthereasonthatcyclopsandjeans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gistrationplatesofchinalicenceplateprefixesblankinfoexingtaitorpxngtiwhsingsupsuptaisupsupisaprefecturelevelcityinsouthernhebeiprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinaithasatotalareaofandadministersdistrictofchinadistrictscountylevelcitiesandcountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountiesatthecensusitspopulationwasinhabitantswhomlivedinthebuiltupormetroareamadeofurbandistrictsandxingtaiandnanhecountieslargelybeingconurbatednowitbordersshijiazhuangandhengshuiinthenorthhandaninthesouthandtheprovincesofshandongandshanxiintheeastandwestrespectivelyhistoryxingtaiistheoldestcityinnorthchinathehistoryofxingtaicanbetracedbackyearsagoduringtheshangdynastyxingtaifunctionedasacapitalsofchinacapitalcityduringthezhoudynastythexingstatestateofxingfromwhichthepresentnamederiveswasfoundedinthecityduringthewarringstatesperiodthestateofzhaomadexingtaiitsprovisionalcapitalthecitywasknownasxinduformostoftheqindynastybutafterthebcbattleofjuluwithinpresentdaypingxiangcountynottodaysjulucountyitbecameknownasxiangguoduringthesixteenkingdomsperiodwhenthelaterzhaowasfoundedbyshileofthejiepeoplejiethecapitalwasagainatxiangguoduringthesuidynastysuiandtangdynastytangdynastiesthecitywasknownasxingzhouduringtheyuandynastymingdynastymingandqingdynastyqingdynastiesxingtaiwascalledshuntehshundefuandfunctionedasaprefectureinchinageographyandclimatexingtaihasacontinentalmonsooninfluencedsemiaridclimatekppenclimateclassificationkppenbskcharacterisedbyhothumidsummersduetotheeastasianmonsoonandgenerallycoldwindyverydrywintersthatreflecttheinfluenceofthevastsiberiananticyclonespringcanbearwitnesstosandstormsblowinginfromthemongoliansteppeaccompaniedbyrapidlywarmingbutgenerallydryconditionsautumnissimilartospringintemperatureandlackofrainfalltheannualrainfallmorethanhalfofwhichfallsinjulyandaugustaloneishighlyvariableandnotreliableinthecityitselfthisamounthasaveragedtoameagreperannumjanuarymeancjulymeancannualmeancweatherboxwidthautometricfirstysinglelineylocationxingtaijanhighcfebhighcmarhighcaprhighcmayhighcjunhighcjulhighcaughighcsephighcocthighcnovhighcdechighcjanmeancfebmeancmarmeancaprmeancmaymeancjunmeancjulmeancaugmeancsepmeancoctmeancnovmeancdecmeancyearmeancjanlowcfeblowcmarlowcaprlowcmaylowcjunlowcjullowcauglowcseplowcoctlowcnovlowcdeclowcjanrecordhighcfebrecordhighcmarrecordhighcaprrecordhighcmayrecordhighcjunrecordhighcjulrecordhighcaugrecordhighcseprecordhighcoctrecordhighcnovrecordhighcdecrecordhighcjanrecordlowcfebrecordlowcmarrecordlowcaprrecordlowcmayrecordlowcjunrecordlowcjulrecordlowcaugrecordlowcseprecordlowcoctrecordlowcnovrecordlowcdecrecordlowcyearhighcyearlowcyearhighfyearlowfprecipitationcolourgreenjanprecipitationmmfebprecipitationmmmarprecipitationmmaprprecipitationmmmayprecipitationmmjunprecipitationmmjulprecipitationmmaugprecipitationmmsepprecipitationmmoctprecipitationmmnovprecipitationmmdecprecipitationmmunitprecipitationdaysmmjanprecipitationdaysfebprecipitationdaysmarprecipitationdaysaprprecipitationdaysmayprecipitationdaysjunprecipitationdaysjulprecipitationdaysaugprecipitationdayssepprecipitationdaysoctprecipitationdaysnovprecipitationdaysdecprecipitationdayssourceweathercomcncityintroshtmlweatherchinadateaugustairpollutionasairpollutioninchinaisatanalltimehighseveralhebeicitiesareamongoneofthemostpollutedcitiesandhasoneoftheworstairqualityinchinareportingonchinasairpocalypsehasbeenaccompaniedbywhatseemslikeamonochromaticslideshowofthecountrysseveralcitiessmotheredinthicksmogaccordingtoasurveymadebyglobalvoiceschinainfebruarycitiesinhebeiincludingxingtaishijiazhuangbaodinghandanlangfanghengshuiandtangshanareamongchinasmostpollutedcitiesxingtairankedstinthelistandisreferredtohastheworstairqualityinallchinesecitiesxingtaiearthquakeamajorearthquakeknownasthexingtaiearthquakexingtaiearthquakewithmagnitudeontherichterscaleandepicenterinlongyaocountyoccurredintheearlymorningofmarchitwasfollowedbyearthquakesabovemagnitudeontherichterscalethatlasteduntilmarchthestrongestofthesequakeshadamagnitudeofandtookplaceinthesoutheasternpartofningjincountyhebeiningjincountyonmarchtheearthquakedamageincludeddeadinjuredandmorethanmilliondestroyedhousesadministrativedivisionsclasswikitablestylefontsizealigncentercolspanaligncentermapcolspanaligncenterdivstylepositionrelativeclasscenterdivnamechinesepinyinpopulationestareakmdensitykmqiaodongdistrictxingtaiqiaodongdistrictqiodngqqiaoxidistrictxingtaiqiaoxidistrictqioxqnangongnangongcitynngngshshahehebeishahecityshhshxingtaicountyxngtixinlinchengcountylnchngxinneiqiucountyniqixinbaixiangcountybixingxinlongyaocountylngyoxinrencountyrnxinnanhecountynnhxinningjincountyhebeiningjincountynngjnxinjulucountyjlxinxinhecountyhebeixinhecountyxnhxinguangzongcountygungzngxinpingxiangcountypngxingxinweicountyxingtaiweicountywixinqinghecountyhebeiqinghecountyqnghxinlinxicountyhebeilinxicountylnxxineconomyxingtaiisthemostimportantbasefornaturalresourcesinnorthchinaproducingmillionmetrictonnesofcoalannuallyitalsofeaturesthelargestpowerplantinthesouthernpartofthisregionofchinawithanoutputofgigawattgwrefnamegovtintrocitewebu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contractwithxcorforaflightreadycryogeniclhloxupperstageupperstagerocketenginepartiallyasaresultofpositiveresultsachievedfromanearlierefforttodevelopanewaluminiumalloyenginenozzleusinginnovativemanufacturingtechniquesulabelievesthenewenginetechnologywillsaveseveralhundredpoundsofweightfromthelargeengineandwillleadtosignificantlylowercostandmorecapablecommercialandusgovernmentspaceflightsrefnameularefthemultiyearprojectsmainobjectivewaseditedfortimecontextwithinthewikiprosethiswasaobjectiveunclearwhereitisintoproduceaflightreadyloxlhupperstageengineinthethrustclassthatcostssignificantlylesstoproduceandiseasiertooperateandintegratethancompetingenginetechnologiesrefnameawrefdemonstrationtestfiringsofanaluminumnozzleonxcorslynxkloxkeroseneenginedemonstratedtheabilityofthealuminumnozzletowithstandthehightemperaturesofrocketengineexhaustovernumeroustestswithnodiscernabledegradationofthematerialpropertiesofthealloysthetestsvalidatedthedesignmaterialsandmanufacturingprocessesusedinthenozzleandlaidafoundationforscalingthedesigntoeelvsizedenginesrefnamexcorrefthelengthofthedevelopmentprogramwasstatedtodependonthelevelofinvestmentasmilestonesaremetinthebuildalittletestalittleapproachfavoredbyxcorifinvestmentisminimizedflightengineswouldnotbeavailableforfivetotenyearsasubscalethrustlhloxenginewasdevelopedbynamedthexrhinordertosupportthexcorularocketengineenginedevelopmentprogramthefirsthotfiretestoftheprototypeenginewasinnovemberthetestwasdeemedsuccessfulrefnameparefitwasalsothefirstdemonstrateduseofapistonpumpfedenginepumpfedlhrocketengineanewmethodtodesignliquidhydrogenrocketenginesthatfundamentallybreakscurrentcostreliabilityandoperationalmodelsinaprilulaannouncedthatthexcorulajointdevelopmentrocketengineisoneofthecandidateenginesforanewulaupperstagerockettobefieldednoearlierthantheadvancedcryogenicevolvedstageacesisalonglifeonorbithighperformanceupperstagethatafterconsiderationcompetitionbyulawilluseoneofthreeenginestogointoproductionwiththeotherenginesunderconsiderationaretheaerojetrocketdynerlandtheblueoriginbeaceswillbeasecondstageforthevulcanrocketvulcanlaunchvehicleafterinlieuofthecentaurrocketstagecentaurupperstagethatisprojectedtoflyonvulcanasearlyasrefnamesnrefhistoricalprojectscompletedprojectshaveincludedezrocketarutanlongezhomebuiltaircraftfittedwithtwoxrathrustrocketenginesreplacingthenormalpropellerengineondecemberxcoraerospaceflewitsezrocketfrommojavecaliforniatocaliforniacitycaliforniabothinkerncountytestpilotdickrutanmadetheflightwhichlastedaboutminutesandcarriedusmailfromthepostofficeinmojavetoaddressesincaliforniacitythiswasthefirsttimethatamannedrocketpoweredaircraftwasusedtocarryusmailrocketracertheezrocketprogramledtoasecondrocketplanedesignfortherocketracingleagueitwasbuiltonavelocityseairframeandlaterbecameknownastherocketracingleaguepredecessoraircraftmarkixraceritwaspoweredbyanxcorregenerativelycooledandpumpfedxrkrocketenginerefnamexaxcorcomproductsindexhtmlproductsoverviewxcoraerospaceundatedaccessedtwinlbthrustxraenginesaboardtheezrocketwithinflightphotographanotherenginethatwehavedevelopedinparallelisthexrkalbthrustregenerativelycooledloxandpumpfedkerosenesystemusedastherocketraceraircraftsmainenginerefthisrocketpoweredaircraftflewseveraldemonstrationflightsattheeaaairventureoshkoshairshowrefnameutuniversetodaycomxcorxracervideosxcorxracerbynancyatkinsonuniversetodayaccessedrefthetotalthrustforthesingleenginemarkixracerhasbeenvariouslyreportedastoteacartengineanbsplbfnthrustrocketmotorburningnitrousoxideandethanemountedonasmallindustrialcarttheteacartenginehasrepeatedlybeenfiredindoorsatconferencesanddemonstrationsandhadaccumulatedoverfiringsandsecondsofruntimebyfebruarycannotlocateadateforthesourceatthecitedurlloxliquidmethanemethanerocketenginesintestinginrefnamexcorrefearlyloxmethaneworkledtoanasacontractjointlywithallianttechsystemsatktodevelopaengineforpotentialuseastheorionconstellationprogramcevlunarreturnengineonjanuaryxcorannouncedthesuccessfultestfiringofapreliminaryworkhorseversionofthisenginerefnamexcorrefxcorspaceexpeditionshistorythespaceexpeditioncorporationsxcwasfoundedbyharryvanhultenandltgenretbendrosteininitiallyoperatingunderawetleaseagreementwithxcoraerospaceitwasacquiredbyxcoraerospaceinjuneandwasafullyownedsubsidiarymichielmolandmaartenelshovejoinedsxcinandarethusconsideredfoundersaftertheacquisitionbyxcoraerospacesxcwasrebrandedasxcorspaceexpeditionsandintegratedintothexcorbrandxcoraerospacewasorganizedaspartofxcorcorporatebutoperatedasthecenterofxcorspaceflightsxcorspaceexpeditionsofferedsuborbitalflightswiththexcorlynxmarkiandlynxmarkiispaceshipsforthepublicitplannedtooperatefrommojavecaliforniaandcuraaowhereaspaceportwastobebuiltxcorspaceexpeditionsalsoofferedmedicalcheckupstrainingmissionswithspacesimulatorsandgforcefighterjetflightsforticketholdersamongotherpreoperationalmissionsandeventsxcorsciencexcorscienceofferedpayloadflightsforeducationalinstitutionsandsciencetoconductexperimentsinspacethelynxmarkiandmarkiiallowamaximumpayloadofnbspkgtobetransportedintospacebesidesthepilotpayloadsareseparatedintotwopartswhereaspayloadawithamaximumcapacityofnbspkgissituatedinavesselbehindthepilotseatpayloadbwithamassuptonbspkgtakesthespaceofthesecondseatrefnamexcormediaxcobrochurepayloadslrxcorxcorcommediaxcobrochurepayloadslrpdfrefitwasplannedinthefuturetodevelopthelynxmarkiiiwhichwillhavethesamecapabilitiesasthelynxmarkiiandtoflyuptonbspkmabovegroundinadditiontothepayloadsofthelynxmarkiandiithelynxmarkiiiwouldhaveanexternaldorsalmountedpodwhichwillholdupanextranbspkgnoactualflightsweremadeatthetimethecompanyfiledforbankruptcyinnovemberseealsorocketmailrocketracingleaguexprizecupreferencesexternallinksspaceexpeditionsxcorcomxcorspaceexpeditionswebsitesciencexcorcomxcorsciencewebsitexcorcomxcoraerospacewebsiterocketracingleaguecomrocketracingleaguewebarchiveorgwebrocketshiptourscomrocketshiptoursustreamtvrecordedxcoratcsfmembersmeetingricksearfosschieftestpilotstartscommercialspaceflightfederationsepredirectxmenreloadunificationdaybulgariataxoboxnamexanioascuscanadensisimagexanioascuscanadensisjpgimagecaptionartistsreconstructionfossilrangeregnumanimaliaphylumctenophoragenusxanioascusspeciesxcanadensisbinomialxanioascuscanadensisxanioascuscanadensisisanextinctctenophoractenophoreknownfromthecanadianburgessshaleinbritishcolumbiathespecieswhichisabouttomillionyearsoldhadcombrowsincontrasttoallmodernformswhichhaveonlyotherimportantcambrianctenophorefossilsarefasciculusvesanusandctenorhabdotuscapulusseealsoctenorhabdotuscapulusfasciculusvesanusmaotianshanshalesctenophoresmaotianoascusoctonariussinoascuspaillatusstromatoverispsygmoglenaexternallinksxaamayrefertoxfreeaccelerationarchitectureanxwindowsystemdriverarchitectureaeronauticalradioincarincunitedstatesicaocodeanunspecifiedaminoacidanundocumentedmostechnologyinstructionxorgserverincomputingxfixesisanxwindowsystemextensionwhichmakesusefuladditionstothexprotocolitwasstartedinbykeithpackarditfirstappearedinthekdrivexserverandlaterinxorgserverversiontheextensionimplementsacollectionofunrelatedadditionstotheprotocolthethemeofthecollectionissmalladditionstoremoveimportantdefectsintheprotocolthatcantbeworkedaroundusingthepurexprotocolthepointofimplementingtheseadditionsinanextensionistoleavethecoreservercodeandaserverthatdoesnotincludethexfixesextensionimplementingtheoriginalpurexprotocolhoweverastheadditionsaredesignedinabackwardcompatiblewaythereisnopracticalreasonforaservernottoimplementthemtheclientandservercanalwaysnegotiatedowntotheadditionsthatbothunderstandversionoftheextensionincludedsavesetprocessingchangestomakeembeddingapplicationsmorereliableselectionnotificationeventsaddeventssentwhenselectionownershipisassertedandcursortrackingrequestsallowingtheimagetobetrackedreliablyversionoftheextensionaddsregionobjectsandcursornamesversionallowsexistingregionobjectstobeenlargedversionallowsthemousecursortobehiddenoverspecificwindowsversionintroducespointerbarrierswhichallowsusingeasytoreachlocationsaccordingtofittsslaweveninmultimonitorconfigurationsreferencesfreedesktoporgwikisoftwarefixesextxfixesextensionfreedesktoporgcgitfreedesktoporgxorgprotofixesprotoplainfixesprototxtthexfixesextensionlatestofficialspecificationsinfoboxsoftwarenamexsunlogoscreenshotcaptionauthordevelopersunmicrosystemsreleasedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdateprogramminglanguageoperatingsystemsolarisoperatingsystemsolarisplatformlanguagestatusgenrexwindowsystemlicensewebsitexsunisanxwindowsystemxdisplayserverimplementationincludedwithsolarisoperatingsystemsolarisdevelopedbysunmicrosystemsitreplacedtheolderxnewsxserverxnewsserverwhichsupportedthedisplayofnotonlyxapplicationsbutalsonewsandsunviewprogramsxsundiscontinuedsupportfortheselegacyenvironmentsandaddedsupportfordisplaypostscriptxsunwasfirstreleasedaspartofsolarisinnovemberitwasoriginallybasedonxrtheversionincludedwithsolarisisbasedonxrsolarisincludesbothxsunandthexorgserverxorgtheopensourcesoftwarereferenceimplementationofxbasedonxrthexorgserverwasthemostcommonlyuseddisplayserveronxsystemswhilethexsunserverremainedthemostcommonlyusedonsparcsystemsxorgsupportforsparcwasonlyaddedinsolarisandhadverylimiteddriversupportrefciteweburldocsoraclecomcdemgbdbstrindexhtmltitlechapterwhatsnewinthesolarisreleaseworksolariswhatsnewdatepublisheroraclecorporationaccessdatereftheopensolarisprojectstatedthatthefuturedirectionofxsupportisthexorgimplementationrefciteweburlopensolarisorgoscommunityxwintitleopensolariscommunityxwindowsystemarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebopensolarisorgoscommunityxwinarchivedatedatequotewevebeenworkingtomigratealloftheexistinglibrariesandclientstobuildfromthethissourcebaseaswellforfuturesolarisreleasesandhavealmostfinishedthatnowaccessdatereforaclesolarisreleasedinnovemberincludesonlythexorgserverxorgrefciteweburldocsoraclecomcdehtmlegljrfhtmltitlexorgfamilyofserversworkchaptertransitioningfromoraclesolaristooraclesolarisdatequotewhileoraclesolarisincludesboththexsunfamilyofxserverswithxsunasthedefaultonsparcplatformsandxorgasthedefaultonxplatformsorac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slexiconandnousageofchinesecharactersthissystemisrelativelystandardisedandcouldbeconsideredatruewritingsystemthedailysystemisthesystemusedbythelesseducatedforlettersandcorrespondencesonapersonalleveloftensimplechinesecharactersaremixedinwiththearabicscriptmostlydiscussingnonreligiousmattersandtherewithrelativelylittlearabicandpersianloansthispracticecandifferdrasticallyfrompersontopersonthesystemwouldbedevisedbythewriterhimselfwithonesownunderstandingofthearabicandpersianalphabetsmappedaccordinglytoonesowndialectalpronunciationoftenonlytheletterssenderandthelettersreceivercanunderstandcompletelywhatiswrittenwhilebeingverydifficultforotherstoreadunlikehuimuslimsinotherareasofchinamuslimsofthenorthwestprovincesofshaanxiandgansuhadnoknowledgeofthehankitaborclassicalchinesetheyusedxiaoerjingxiaoerjingwasusedtoannotateinchineseforeignlanguageislamicdocumentsinlanguageslikepersianxiaojingwasusedmostlybymuslimswhocouldnotreadchinesecharactersitwasimperfectduetovariousfactorsthedifferingchinesedialectswouldrequiremultipledifferentdepictionswithxiaojingxiaojingcannotdisplaythetonespresentinchinesesyllableendingsareindistinguishableiexianandxianxiaoerjingwasmuchsimplerthanchinesecharactersforrepresentingchinesemodernusageinrecentyearstheusageofxiaoerjingisnearingextinctionduetothegrowingeconomyofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaandtheimprovementoftheeducationofchinesecharactersinruralareasofchinachinesecharactersalongwithhanyupinyinhavesincereplacedxiaoerjingsincethemidstherehasbeenmuchscholarlyworkdonewithinandoutsidechinaconcerningxiaoerjingonlocationresearchhasbeenconductedandtheusersofxiaoerjinghavebeeninterviewedwrittenandprintedmaterialsofxiaoerjingwerealsocollectedbyresearcherstheonesatnanjinguniversitybeingthemostcomprehensivemachidakazuhikoisleadingaprojectinjapanconcerningxiaoerjingbooksareprintedinxiaoerjinginarabiclanguagequransxiaoerjingannotationsareusedtohelpwomenreadxiaoerjingisusedtoexplaincertaintermswhenusedasannotationsxiaoerjingisalsousedtowritechineselanguagequransrefnameversteegheidrefalphabetxiaoerjinghaslettersofwhichareusedtorepresentvowelsoundsthelettersconsistsoflettersborrowedfromarabiclettersborrowedfrompersianalongwithmodifiedlettersandextralettersuniquetoxiaoerjinginitialsandconsonantsborderbgcolorffffffvaligntopwidthbordercellspacingcellpaddingwidthbgcolorawidthwidthspanstylecolorwhitealphabetspanwidthspanstylecolorwhitefinalmedialinitialspanwidthstandardchinesespanstylecolorwhitestandardchinesespanbrspanstylecolorwhitepronunciationspanwidthpinyinspanstylecolorwhitehanyupinyinspanwidtharabiclanguagespanstylecolorwhitearabicspanbrspanstylecolorwhitepronunciationspanwidthpersianlanguagespanstylecolorwhitepersianspanbrspanstylecolorwhitepronunciationspanwidthspanstylecolorwhiteexamplespanwidthspanstylecolorwhitenotesspanbgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraaligncenteraaaaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespanaligncentervowelsoundbgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenterpaligncenterbaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespanbaligncenterbgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenterpaligncenterpaligncenternonealigncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespanpaligncenterborrowedfrompersianbgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncentertaligncentertaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespantaligncenterbgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenterqxaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespanxialigncentersoundchangeoccurswhenrepresentingchinesebgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenterqaligncenternonealigncenternonealigncenterspanstylefontsizespanqingaligncenterbgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenterzhaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespanzhaligncentersoundchangeoccurswhenrepresentingchinesebgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenterchaligncenternonealigncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespanchaligncenterborrowedfrompersianbgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenterxaligncenterhaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespanhaligncenterusedbeforesyllablewiththehanyupinyinfinalseeienengbgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenterxaligncenterhaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespanhaligncenterusedbeforesyllableswiththehanyupinyinfinalsuuauaiuanuanguiunuobgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncentertaligncenterdjaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespandngaligncenteralsousedtorepresentafewsyllableswiththehanyupinyininitialjbgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenterzaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespanzialigncenterbgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenterraligncenteraligncenteraligncenterspanstylefontsizespansmallsmalllraligncenterrepresentstherhoticfinalrsoundbgcolorffeacaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenternonealigncenternonealigncente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uhawaiiredirectstungtrengjamesbondbaldursgateseriesstarboxobservesepochjconstellscorpiusconstellationscorpiuscomponentscoabcrarefnameppmrefdecappmagvcomponentscodrarefnamegaiarefdecappmagvrefnamesimbaddrefcomponentscoeradecappmagvrefnamesimbaderefstarboxcharactercomponentscoabcclassfvfvgvrefnameskiffrefbvrefnameegubvrefubcomponentscodeclasskvkvrefnamehdrefbvubstarboxastrometrycomponentscoabcradialvrefnametokovininrefpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnotecomponentscodradialvrefnamegontcharovrefpropmorarefnamehiprefpropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnotestarboxorbitreferenceprimaryscoanamescobperiodperiastronbeccentricityaxisinclinationnodeperiargstarboxorbitreferencerefnameorbrefprimaryscoabnamescocperiodperiastronbeccentricityaxisinclinationnodeperiargstarboxcatalognamescomponentscoanamescomponentscobnamescomponentscocnamescomponentscodnamescomponentscoenamesstarboxreferencesimbadksiscosnscoabcsimbadnameksiscoabsnscoabsimbadksiscoasnscoasimbadksiscobsnscobsimbadksiscocsnscocsimbadhdsnscodsimbadhdsnscoearicnsanscoaaricnsanscobaricnsanscocaricnsanscodaricnsanscoexiscorpiiscoisaquintuplestarsystemintheconstellationscorpiusconstellationscorpiusitwasassignedthisdesignationbyjohannbayerbayeralthoughptolemyhadcataloguedthestarinlibraconstellationlibrajohnflamsteedflamsteedassigneditthedesignationlibraebutthishasfallenoutofusesincemodernconstellationboundariesassignthestartoscorpiusnomenclaturescorpiilatinizedtoxiscorpiiisthestarsbayerdesignationxiscorpiihasnopropernamethoughitwaserroneouslyknownasgraffiasbeforethatnamewasappliedtobetascorpiirefnameallenrefitsflamsteeddesignationislibraerefnamewagmanrefwhenthemodernconstellationboundariesweredrawnxiscorpiiwasassignedtoscorpiusandtheflamsteeddesignationfelloutofusethefivestarsofxiscorpiiallhavedifferentdesignationsdependingonthecataloguehoweversomedesignationsapplytomorethanonestarsxiscorpiiabandcappearveryclosetogetherintheskyandareoftengivenonedesignationwhiledandearesometimesalsogivenasingledesignationfriedrichgeorgwilhelmvonstruvestruvescatalogueofmultiplestarsincludesthepairabandcasrefnamesimbadstfrefandthepairdandeasrefnamesimbadstfrefclasswikitablecomponentbrightstarcataloguehrhenrydrapercataloguehdsmithsonianastrophysicalobservatorystarcatalogsaohipparcospublishedcatalogueshipgliesecatalogueofnearbystarsgjscorpiiarowspanrowspanrowspanscorpiibscorpiicnonenonescorpiidnonerowspanscorpiienonepropertiesthexiscorpiisystemconsistsfivestarsintwogroupsseparatedbyaboutarcminutesorontheskyrefnamemscrefthebrightergroupcontainsxiscorpiiabandcaandbarebothyellowwhitestellarclassificationftypestarsaisslightlybrighterandwarmertheyareseparatedbyarcsecondsonaverageandorbitaroundacommoncenteronceeveryyearsthedimmerseventhmagnitudexiscorpiicorbitsthispairatabouttentimesthedistancehavingaseparationofaroundarcsecondsthesecondgroupcontainsxiscorpiidandebothdandearektypemainsequencestarswhichareseparatedbyaboutarcsecondstheyareknowntobeassociatedtoeachotherandwiththerestofthestarsbecauseallstarssharesimilarpropermotionsasixthcomponentthethmagnitudexiscorpiifislocatedarcsecondsfromdbutisnotknowntobegravitationallyboundtotheotherfivecomponentsthereforeitisnotconsideredtobepartofthesystemreferencesexternallinkswinterolympicsextendedresolutioncompactdiscextendedresolutioncompactdiscredirectextendedresolutioncompactdiscxinfoboxchipsettablenamexpresscodenamebullheadgrouperamdbrhalibutcrossfireforamdbrjaguarintelbrstingraycrossfireforintelcpuathlonseriesbrsempronbrpentiumpentiumdbrintelcorecoreuptomhzfrontsidebusfsbsocketsocketbrsocketbrlgadesktopyvaluemainstreamradeonxpressperformanceenthusiastradeonxpresspbrradeonxpresscrossfireeditiondatenovemberpredecessorradeonrigpsuccessorxpressradeonxpresstheradeonxpressisacomputerchipsetreleasedbyatitechnologiesatithechipsetsupportsamdamdbitprocessorssocketandsocketaswellassupportingintelpentiumpentiumdandceleronprocessorslgaandsocketadditionallyitincludessupportforddrsdramddrrandomaccessmemoryramandddrddrramontheinteleditionatirenameditsradeonxpresscrossfireeditionchipsettocrossfirexpressafterthetakeoverfromamdamdrenamedthecrossfirexpresschipsetforamdsocketamplatformtotheamdchipsetseriesamdxcrossfirechipsettypestheradeonxpresscomesinfivedifferentversionsradeonxpressradeonxpresspradeonxpressmradeonxpresscrossfireeditionradeonxpressforintelcommonfeaturessupportforuptopciexpresslanessupportforuptouniversalserialbususbportssupportforserialatasataandadvancedtechnologyattachmentpatadriveswhichcanbelinkedtogetherinanycombinationofserialatasataandadvancedtechnologyattachmentpatatoformaredundantarrayofindependentdisksraidoracacaudioforsbintelhighdefinitionaudiohdaudioforsbsbandsbsupportforuptoperipheralcomponentinterconnectpcislotsradeonxpressddrramsupporttheintegratedgraphicsarebasedontheatiradeonrradeonxgpuwithfullopenglanddirectxsupportlaterrenamedasradeonxpressforamdnotebooksradeonxpressmradeonxpresschipsetoptimizedformobileapplicationsincludesamdturionsupportsupportforsharedmemoryarchitectureatipowerplaysupportlaterrenamedasradeonxpressforamdnotebooksradeonxpresscrossfireimageamdxcrossfirejpgthumbamdxcrossfirelogothisaddssupportforatismultigputechnologycalledcrossfireitisdesignedtocompetewithnvidiasslitechnologymotherboardsutilizingthischipsetwillfeaturetwoxpciexpressslotsalthoughlikeearlyslichipsetstheyonlyoperateatxwhencrossfireisenabledunlikesomenewercrossfireandslicapablechipsetswherebothlanesretainfullspeedrenamedasamdchipsetseriesamdxcrossfirechipsetaftertheacquisitionofadvancedmicrodevicesamdandatitechnologiesatiwithintelcrossfirechipsetretainedtheuseofradeonxpresscrossfirechipsetradeonxpressforintelddrsdramandddrsdramsupportsurroundsoundsupportlaterrenamedasradeonxpressforintelnotebooksdesktopswithanbspmhzincreaseincoreclockspeednbspmhzfromoriginallynbspmhzformchipsetfromoriginallynbspmhzforxpresschipsetsouthbridgessbixpmrstheradeonxpressrschipsetcanmakeuseofdifferentsouthbridgecomputingsouthbridgesoneofthemisthesbixpprovidingatattachmentatachannelsdevicesperchannelsatasatagbitsinterfacedrivestotalwithraidraidandraidnestedraidlevelsraidsupportperipheralcomponentinterconnectpcislotsuniversalserialbususbandaccodecforandsurroundsoundsupportmotherboardmanufacturerswereabletoreplacethesbsouthbridgewiththemsouthbridgefromacerlaboratoriesincorporateduliformoreversatileconfigurationaswellasavoidingthefrequentlycriticizedusbperformanceissueswithatisouthbridgessbsbmrstheradeonxpressmrschipsetisanupgradetotherschipsetwhichstillusesthebrandingwiththedistinctionofabandoningsideportmemorysupportasframebufferforzbufferdatacompressionsupportsouthbridgescanbechosenbetweenatisbsbandulimforthesbitsupportsparallelataatachannelsdevicesperchannelsatasatagbitsinterfacedrivestotalwithraidraidandraidnestedraidlevelsraidsupportperipheralcomponentinterconnectpcislotstogetherwithuniversalserialbususbsupportintelhighdefinitionaudiohdaudiocodecsupportnotethatsbhavenotimplementedanynetworkandgigabitethernetphywithsbsupportsonlymaximumatadevicesnotesearlyreferenceboardsbasedontheamdversionsofthechipsetwerecodenamedbullheadandlatergroupertheamdcrossfirereferenceboardwascodenamedhalibutreferenceboardsfortheintelversionarecodenamedjaguarwiththeintelcrossfireeditioncodenamedstingraytheradeonxpressisdesignedtocompetewiththenvidianforcenforcechipsetkeydifferencesincludealackofsatasupportinanycurrentversionoftheradeonxpressandnointegratedgigabitethernetcomparedwiththenforceseealsoatitechnologiescomparisonofatichipsetsreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebaticomproductsradeonxpressseriesatiradeonxpressserieswebarchiveorgwebamdcomusproductsnotebookchipsetsradeonxpressmpagesatiradeonexpressmaspxatiradeonxpressmjinxingstarboxbeginnamexiserpentisstarboxobserveepochjequinoxjinternationalcelestialreferencesystemicrsconstellserpensradecappmagvstarboxcharacterclassbvubrivariablestarboxastrometryradialvpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnoteabsmagvstarboxorbitreferenceperiodunitlessnbspdeccentricityperiastronnbspjdkstarboxdetailsourcecomponentseraamassradiusluminositytemperaturegravitymetalferotationalvelocityagegyrcomponentserabmassstarboxcatalognamesstarboxreferencesimbadksiserxiserpentislatinizedfromserpentisisatriplestarsystemintheserpenscaudatailsectionoftheequatorialconstellationserpensbaseduponanannualstellarparallaxparallaxshiftofnbspmilliarcsecondmasasseenfromearthitislocatednbsplightyearsfromthesunthestarsystemisvisibletothenakedeyewithabaseapparentvisualmagnitudeofitismovingclosertothesunandwillmakeperihelionpassageatadistanceofinaroundnbspyearstheinnerpairformasinglelinedspectroscopicbinarywithanorbitalperiodofnbspdaysfollowingacircularorbitwithanorbitaleccentricityeccentricityoftheprimarycomponentaahasavisualmagnitudeofitisawhitehuedgtypestargtypegiantstarwithastellarclassificationofthisindicatesitisachemicallypeculiarstarchemicallypeculiarapstarwithanabnormalabundanceofstrontiumtheprimaryhasarounddoublethesolarmassmassofthesunwhileitsclosecompanioncomponentabhasonlyofthesunsmassthethirdmembercomponentbisamagnitudecommonpropermotioncompanionasofitwaslocatedatanangularseparationofnbsparcsecondsalongapositionangleoffromtheinnerpairithasaboutofthesunsmassandanestimatedorbitalperiodofnbspyearsnameinchineselanguagechinesetinshzuyunmeaningheavenlymarketenclosureleftwallofheavenlymarketenclosurereferstoanasterismwhichisrepresentelevenoldstatesandregioninchinawhichismarkingtheleftborderlineoftheenclosureconsistingofserpentisdeltaherculisherculislambdaherculisherculismuherculisherculisomicronherculisherculisherculiszetaaquilaeaquilaeetaserpentisserpentisthetaserpentissupsupserpentisnuophiuchiophiuchiandetaophiuchiophiuchiconsequentlyserpentisitselfisknownasrepresentingtheregionofnanhailitmeaningsouthernseareferencesreflistrefsrefnamevanleeuwencitationtitlevalidationofthenewhipparcosreductionlastvanleeuwenfirstfjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesdatearxivbibcodeaavdoipostscriptrefrefnamemcdonaldcitationdisplayauthorslastmcdonaldfirstilastzijlstrafirstaalastboyerfirstmltitlefundamentalparametersandinfraredexcessesofhipparcosstarsjournalmonthlynoticesoftheroyalastronomicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesdatebibcodemnrasmarxivdoijxpostscriptrefrefnamedebruijnecitationlastdebruijnefirstjhjlasteilersfirstactitleradialvelocitiesforthehipparcosgaiahundredthousandpropermotionprojectjournalastronomyastrophysicsvolumeidapagesdateoctoberdoibibcodeaaadarxivpostscriptrefrefnameluckcitationlastluckfirstrearletitleabundancesinthelocalregionigandkgiantsjournaltheastronomicaljournalvolumeissuepagesyearbibcodeajldoiarxivpostscriptrefrefnamebailerjonescitationlastbailerjonesfirstcaltitlecloseencountersofthestellarkindjournalastronomyastrophysicsvolumeidapagesdatemarchdoibibcodeaaabarxivpostscriptrefrefnamewdsccitationdisplayauthorslastmasonfirstbdlastwycofffirstgllasthartkopffirstwilastdouglassfirstgglastworleyfirstcetitlethewashingtonvisualdoublestarcatalogyearbibcodeajmdoipostscriptvolumejournaltheastronomicaljournalpagesrefrefnamepourbaixcitationdisplayauthorslastpourbaixfirstdlasttokovininfirstaalastbattenfirstahlastfekelfirstfclasthartkopffirstwilastlevatofirsthlastmorrellfirstnilasttorresfirstglastudryfirststitlesbtheninthcatalogueofspectroscopicbinaryorbitsjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesyeardoibibcodeaaparxivastrophpostscriptrefrefnametokovinincitationlasttokovininfirstalastthomasfirstslaststerzikfirstmlastudryfirststitletertiarycompanionstoclosespectroscopicbinariesjournalastronomyandastrophysicsdisplayauthorsvolumeissuepagesdatemaydoibibcodeaatpostscriptarxivastrophrefrefnamegraycitationlastgrayfirstrolastcorballyfirstcjlastgarrisonfirstrflastmcfaddenfirstmtlastbubarfirstejlastmcgaheefirstcelastodonoghuefirstaalastknoxfirstertitlecontributionstothenearbystarsnstarsprojectspectroscopyofstarsearlierthanmwithinpcthesouthernsamplejournaltheastronomicaljournaldisplayauthorsvolumeissuepagesdatejulydoibibcodeajgarxivastrophpostscriptrefrefnameroyercitationtitlerotationalvelocitiesofatypestarsinthenorthernhemisphereiimeasurementofvsinidisplayauthorslastroyerfirstflastgrenierfirstslastbaylacfirstmolastgmezfirstaelastzorecfirstjjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumepagesdateoctoberdoibibcodeaararxivastrophpostscriptrefrefnameandersoncitationtitlexhipanextendedhipparcoscompilationlastandersonfirstelastfrancisfirstchjournalastronomylettersvolumeissuepagesyearbibcodeastladoisarxivpostscriptrefrefnamemermilliodcitationlastmermilliodfirstjctitlecompilationofeggensubvdatatransformedtoubvunpublishedjournalcatalogueofeggensubvdatayearpublishersimbadbibcodeegubvmpostscriptrefrefnamesimbadcitesimbadtitleksiseraccessdatepostscriptrefidoredirectcategoryshelllambdachialpharedirectcategoryshellstarboxbeginnamexisculptorisstarboxobserveepochjequinoxjinternationalcelestialreferencesystemicrsconstellsculptorconstellationsculptorradecappmagvstarboxcharacterclassknbspiiibvubrivariablestarboxastrometryradialvpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnoteabsmagvstarboxdetailsourcemassradiusluminositytemperaturegravitymetalferotationalvelocityrotationagemyrstarboxcatalognamesstarboxreferencesimbadksisclxisculptorislatinizedfromsculptorisisasolitaryorangehuedstarinthesouthernconstellationofsculptorconstellationsculptorxisculptorisisaktypestarktypegiantstarwithanapparentmagnitudeofitisapproximatelylightyearsfromearthreferencesreflistrefsrefnamevanleeuwencitationtitlevalidationofthenewhipparcosreductionlastvanleeuwenfirstfjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesdatearxivbibcodeaavdoipostscriptrefrefnameandersoncitationtitlexhipanextendedhipparcoscompilationlastandersonfirstelastfrancisfirstchjournalastronomylettersvolumeissuepagesyearbibcodeastladoisarxivpostscriptrefrefnameeggletoncitationlasteggletonfirstpplasttokovininfirstaatitleacatalogueofmultiplicityamongbrightstellarsystemsjournalmonthlynoticesoftheroyalastronomicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesdateseptemberdoijxbibcodemnrasepostscriptarxivrefrefnamemcdonaldcitationdisplayauthorslastmcdonaldfirstilastzijlstrafirstaalastboyerfirstmltitlefundamentalparametersandinfraredexcessesofhipparcosstarsjournalmonthlynoticesoftheroyalastronomicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesdatebibcodemnrasmarxivdoijxpostscriptrefrefnamedebruijnecitationlastdebruijnefirstjhjlasteilersfirstactitleradialvelocitiesforthehipparcosgaiahundredthousandpropermotionprojectjournalastronomyastrophysicsvolumeidapagesdateoctoberdoibibcodeaaadarxivpostscriptrefrefnamehoukcitationtitlemichigancatalogueoftwodimensionalspectraltypesforthehdstarsvolumelasthoukfirstnancypublicationplaceannarbormichiganpostscriptpublisherdeptofastronomyuniversityofmichigandatebibcodemsschrefrefnamejohnsoncitationbibcodecolpljpostscripttitleubvrijklphotometryofthebrightstarsjournalcommunicationsofthelunarandplanetarylaboratoryvolumepagesyeardisplayauthorslastjohnsonfirsthllastmitchellfirstrilastiriartefirstblastwisniewskifirstwzrefrefnamesimbadcitationtitleksisclstarworksimbadastronomicaldatabasepublishercentrededonnesastronomiquesdestrasbourgurlsimbadustrasbgfrsimbadsimididentksisclaccessdatepostscriptrefxmangammmmrmultipleissuesxplorewasacommerciallistofstatisticalpackagesstatisticssoftwarepackagedevelopedbythegermanygermansoftwarecompanymdtecharoundprofdrwolfganghrdlexplorehasbeendiscontinuedinthelastversionisavailablefordownloadatnocosttheuserinteractedwiththesoftwareviathexploreprogramminglanguagewhichisderivedfromthecprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguageindividualxploreprogramswerecalledquantletsfunctionsbesidesthestandardfunctionsforoneandmultidimensionaldataanalysisthefocuswasonnonandsemiparametricmodellingandthestatisticsoffinancialmarketskerneldensityestimationandregressionkernelregressionsingleindexmodelsgeneralizedlinearandadditivemodelsglmandgamvalueatriskvarandimpliedvolatilitiesxplorequantletclientwiththexplorequantletclientuserswereabletorunxploreasjavaappletinawebbrowsertheappletsenttheusercommandsviaatcpipbasedcommunicationprotocoltothexplorequantletserverwhichcomputedthenecessaryresultsandsentthembacktotheclientthistechnologywasalsousedtoenrichelectronicbookswithinteractiveexamplesseealsocomparisonofstatisticalpackagesliteraturehrdleklinkemllerxplorelearningguidespringerhrdleklinkemllerxploreapplicationsguidespringerexternallinksinfoboxpresidentnamebrxiangzhongfaimagexiangchongfaijpgnationalityrepublicofchinachineseorderndgeneralsecretaryofthecommunistpartyofchinatermstarttermendpredecessorchenduxiusuccessorqinbangxianbirthdatebirthplaceshanghaiqingdynastydeathdateagedeathplaceshanghairepublicofchinarepublicofchinaspousepartycommunistpartyofchinaxiangzhongfajunewasoneoftheearlyseniorleadersofthecommunistpartyofchinacpcearlylifexiangwasbornintoapoorfamilylivinginhanchuanhubeihedroppedoutofelementaryschooltomovewithhisparentstotheirancestralhomeinhubeiwhenhewasyearsoldhebecameanapprenticeinaarsenalweaponsfactoryinhanyangdistricthanyangacountyofwuhanwhenthefactoryclosedxiangfoundworkasaservantinjiangxithreeyearslaterhewasrecommendedbyhisemployertoworkforaoceanlinerlinercompanyinwuhanhereceivedapromotiontosecondmatefourmonthslaterandbecamechiefmateaftertwoyearsafterseveralyearsxiangtransferredtoashipofthemajorlinercompanyhanzhipingtherehewaselectedasalaborunionleaderbecauseofhisliteracyandactivityinworkermovementsinxiangbecamethevicechairmanofhanzhipingslaborunionandjoinedthecommunistpartyofchinarisetopowerduringthenorthernexpeditionnorthernexpeditionthearmyofkuomintangkmttookoversomepartsofhubeiandmarchedtowardswuhanxiangandxubaihaomobilizedworkersforstrikesagainstlocalwarlordsandsetupthelaborunionofthehubeiprovincegreatlyassistingthekmtarmyaftertheccpheadquartersmovedtowuhanxiangwaselectedamemberofthecentralcommitteeofccpforhiscontributionsxiangwasthenamongthemostprominentworkeractivistsalongwithsuzhaozhengwangheboanddengpeitheccpkmtalliancewasfacinguncertaintywithoccasionalconflictsarisingbetweenthesetwopartiesxiangexpressedhisdiscontentdirectlyascomparedtothemorecompromisingattitudeofchenduxiuwhodidntattachmuchimportancetoworkerleaderstheresolutestandpointofxiangmadeagreatimpressiononthecominternwhichissuedatelegramonjulytodenouncethecentralorgansoftheccpsayingthereweresignsofopportunisminitscompromisepolicyinrelationtothekmtanddecreeingthatallccpmembersshouldfightagainstthisopportunismthebasictaskofreformshouldmakeleadersofworkersandpeasantshavedecisiveinfluenceintheccpaccordingtothecominternthisviewwasmoreinlinewithxiangshardstanceasaresultattheaugustconferenceoftheccptheccpfiredchenduxiuandselectedsuandxiangasinterimmembersofthepolitburooftheccpevensothecccsnewleadershipofquqiubaiandliweihanwasstilldominatedbyintellectualscontrarytothecominternsidealsinoctoberthecominternaskedtheccptoorganizeadelegationtomoscowtoattendthecelebrationceremonyofthanniversaryoftheoctoberrevolutionmanyccpleadershadtakenrefugeinguangdongandhongkongafterthefailureofthenanchanguprisingandwerestilltheresuandliweihanwerestillontheirwayfromwuhantoshanghaithislefttheccpcentralorganizationindisarrayandxiangwaselectedtobethedirectorofthedelegationtothesovietuniononoctoberxiangandeightotherdelegatesleftforthesovietuniontheyreachedmoscowinnovemberandwerewarmlywelcomedbytheirrussiancounterpartsxiangattendedacelebrationceremonyandseveralmajorconferencesforjointcominternandsovietcommunistactivitiesandgavetalksonsovietradiohisexperienceandunderstandingofworkersmovementsinchinaearnedhimprestigeinthecominterntheeasterndepartmentofthecominternwashappytohavexianghelpthemhandlechineseaffairssuchasstoppingachinesestudentprotestinmoscoweasternuniversityatthesametimetheinterimpolitburooftheccphadanextendedmeetinginshanghaiwiththenewelectedzhouenlaiandluoyinongbeingintellectualstooandwithwanghebobeingexecutedbythekmtearlybeforeandsucomingtomoscowasdelegatetocominterntherewasnorepresentativeofworkerinthiscentralorganofccpwhichshouldbeadirectviolationofcominternpolicyinjanuaryxiangwroteletterstojosephstalinandnikolaibukharindenouncingtheccptheseletterswonattentionofstalinandbukharinwhobecameconcernedatwhatxiangpointedouttheninmarchthecominternaskedtheccptoholditsthnationalcongressinmoscowwhichshouldhavereshuffledtheleadershipoftheccpwiththeopeningofthiscongressonjunexiangwasappointedasthechairmanoftheopeningandclosingsessionswhichimpliedthatapromotionwasathandinthiscongressxiangattackedboththeleftismofquqiubaiandtherightismofzhangguotaoessentiallyclaiminghimselftobetheonlyorthodoxrepresentativeofchineserevolutionthedaybeforetheclosingsessionofthiscongresspavelmiftheministeroftheeasterndepartmentofthecominternalsoknownasthepresidentofmoscowsunyatsenuniversityandmentorofbolsheviksonbehalfofthecominternbroughtforwardalistofcandidatesforthecentralcommitteeoftheccpthecentralcommitteeatthattimeconsistedofmemberswithworkersamongthemandstressedobediencetocominternpolicyxiangwaselectedasmemberofthepolitburoandmadegeneralsecretaryoftheccpwhichwasnogreatsurprisethisendingwasacertaintyfromthebeginningforofthedelegatesattendingthiscongressofthemwereproletariatcomparedwiththepreviouscongressinwhenofthedelegateswereintellectualssoitwasnowonderthatzhouenlaiwouldexpresshisdiscontentbysayingtherewerealotofmobsinthisthnationalcongressblwhatisthatdeclineandfallinshanghaioncexiangwaselectedparamountleaderoftheccpitwasinappropriateforhimtostayinmoscowanylongersoxiangcamebacktoshanghaitooverseethedailyworkoftheccpheadquartersassistedbynewmembersofpolitburocaihesenandalternatememberlilisanxiangofficiallyrantheheadquartersoftheccpafterseptembertherewereseveralnotableeventsunderhisdirectionfirsthesackedcaismembershipinthepolitburoforcaisextremismtowardsthesunzidivisionoftheccpwhichresultedinseverediscontentattheccpcentersecondxiangissuedthepaperofthecentralcommitteeoftheccptoallccpmembersinwhichheemphasizedthatincorrectideasintherevolutionshouldbecorrectedandthattheccpshouldfightagainstdangersofbourgeoisthoughtsandactionsthirdxiangproposedaseriesreformsofccporganssuchasamergerofthelaborunionwiththeworkercommitteeofthepropagandadepartmentwiththepeasantcommitteeandtheestablishmentofamilitarycommitteeinthepolitburotheboldestproposedreforminvolvedtheccpheadquarterstakingovertheworkofthejiangsudivisionoftheccpwhichwasverynearshanghaibutthislastproposalwasobjectedtobyzhouenlaiwhowonsupportfromotherleadersintheendxianghadtogiveupthisproposalduringthereignofxianglilisangraduallybegantoplayanimportantrolewhenxiangsackedcaihechoselitoreplacecaiwhobecameoneofonlyfourstandingmembersofthepolitburoandwasnamedministerofthepropagandadepartmentinoctoberwheninthefareastbureauofthecominternissuedanorderregardingantirightisminwhichitblamedtheccpfornotbeingactiveenoughinthisareaxiangprotestedagainstthisdecisionhechoseliwasanappropriatecandidateforthepropagandadepartmentbecausehewaseloquentandenergeticthuslitookthejobofhandlingconflictswiththecominternwhenxiangsentzhouenlaitomoscowtoprovidefurtherexplanationslitookoverzhousformerroleintheorganizationtoowhichgavelialargerstagetoprovehistalentwhenxianglearnedofthecominternsdecisiononantirightismheclaimedthatthechineserevolutionwasinitspeakperiodliturnedthisblindnessintoextremismwhichwaslaterknownasthelilisanlinecallingforarmeduprisinginthecitiesandextensionofrevolutiontowholecountryfromjunethelilisanlinematuredunderthesupportfromxiangtheccpgaveupthedailyoperationfromitsheadquartersturningitovertodivisionsinallprovincesitsetupactioncommitteesinallprovincesandbeganpreparingforafullscaleuprisinginoctoberbutthecominternexpresseditsdiscontentbystatingthatitwasworkingoutsystemicpoliciesforchineserevolutionandthattheccpshouldconcentrateinsteadontheuprisinginoneorseveralprovincesinsteadxiangstoodbylibothrefutingthatitwaszerohourofchineserevolutioninseveralroundsofdiscussionthetensionbetweenxiangliandthecominternrosegreatlythesuspicionandcriticismbytheccptowardsthecominternwasthesameasbetrayalintheeyesofthecominternasaresultoftheextremismandblindnessofthelilisanlinetheccpsufferedgreatlossesthecominternsentquqiubaiandzhouenlaibacktochinatoenforceitspoliciesthebolshevikssentbackbytheirmentorstotakechargeofthechineserevolutiontookadvantageofthisopportunitytodenouncelixiangandlistilldidntrealizetheclearandpresentdangerandcriticizedtheseyoungimmaturestudentsheavilythenthecominternsentatelegramrecallinglitomoscowtoaccountforhispoliciespavelmifwenttoshanghaiasanenvoyofthecominterntooundermifsdirectionthethplenarymeetingofthnationalcongressoftheccpwasheldliwasreplacedbymifsprotgwangmingandhisassociatesbolshevikstookotherimportantjobsalthoughxiangsoughttotenderhisresignationthecominternandseniorleadersoftheccpsuchasquandzhouthoughtxiangssymbolicvalueasaworkeramongtheccpleadershipmightstillbehelpfultotherevolutionsotheyblockedhisresignationbutxiangsroleasparamountleaderwasputtoanendwiththekeyworkoftheccpchangingfromcitiestosovietterritoriesinthecountrysidewithwhichxiangwasunfamiliarandhadnoexperienceatallwangmingthenservingastheleaderoftheccpdespisedtheoldccpmembersleadinglaboractivistshemengxiongchineseandluozhanglongchinesetoattempttosetuparivalpartycenteralthoughthiseffortfailedheandtheothermembersofthisgroupwerearrestedandexecutedbythekmtlaterandtheccpspowerinshanghaiwastherebygreatlyweakenedawareofbeingapuppetxianglostconfidenceinboththerevolutionandcommunismhechangedhisinteresttowomenandlivingaluxuriouslifeusingthepartysexpenseaccountxianglivedinvillawithhismistresswhichbroughtaboutgreatcriticismsfromccpmembersandmadezhouenlainervousforitwasalreadytoughenoughforzhoutoensurethesecurityofseniorleadersxiangsextravagantlifelastedonlyashorttimewiththearrestanddefectioninofoneofzhousseniorsubordinatesgushunzhangchinesewhowasthesecurityguardbossoftheccpatthattimegusoldxiangoutxiangwasarrestedonjuneinthejewelrystoreheusedasafrontintheshanghaifrenchconcessionfrenchconcessioninthecityofshanghaixiangwascapturedinthecompanyofhismistressyangxiuzhenacabaretdanceratlocalshanghainightclubsinshortorderxiangrevealedallheknewtohiskmtcaptorshoweverthekmtknewxiangwasuselesstothemasapuppetandasaresultchiangkaishekorderedhisexecutionxiangsroleastheonlygeneralsecretarytodefectfromtheccpandbeexecutedbykmtxiangwasregardedasadisgraceinccphistorytheccpsoughttoeraseanymemoryofhimitwassaidhehadbeenalreadydeadonlyhisbodywasstillaliveatthetimeofhisexecutionheusedtobeanambitiousandactiverevolutionistbutthepowerstrugglemadehimdesperateduringtheearlyyearsoftheccpxiangwasnotaloneasarepresentativeoftheproletariatinthethnationalcongressthecentralcommitteeelectedmembersfromworkersofwhichdefectedtothekmtlateritwasnosurprisethatafterxiangsarrestandexecutionanothermemberofpolitburolufutanchinesewhoalsocamefromtheworkingclassexpressedhiswishtosucceedxiangasgeneralsecretarythecominternrejectedtheproposalandchosestudentssuchaswangmingandboguwhohadstudiedinthesovietuniontheywereseenasmoretrustworthytotaketheleadershipoftheccpalthoughtheyhadnoexperiencecomparedtotheworkeractivistsreferencesthedocumentsofcentralcommitteeofccpxiangslettertobukharingaojunsomeissuesonthedefectionofxiangtheselectedworksofzhouenlaitaiyizhenrendowntownconnectorapersonsxseamisameasurementrelatedtothepersonsheightitismeasuredfromasittingpositionwithlegsoutstretchedandisthedistancefromthelowerbacktothesolefootsolesofthefeetxseammeasurementsareusedforsizingrecumbentbicyclesandultralightaircraftexternallinkswebarchiveorgweborganicenginescomwpcontentimagestechnicalandinfoxseamjpgxseamillustrationkraletterredirectcategoryshellinfoboxfdrivernationalityswitzerlandswissbirthdatebirthplacezurichswitzerlanddeathdatedeathplacezurichswitzerlandyearsformulaoneseasonteamsnonworksbrabhamnamexavierperrotraceschampionshipswinspodiumspointspolesfastestlapsfirstracegermangrandprixfirstwinlastwinlastracegermangrandprixxavierrogerperrotfebruarydecemberwasaswissracingdriverandgarageownerwhowontheeuropeanhillclimbchampionshipinhehadpreviouslycompetedinformulatwoanddrovehisbrabhamintheformulatwoclassofthegermangrandprixafterparticipatinginnationallevelmotorsportasadriverandrallyingcodriverperrotbeganracinginhillclimbingintheearlyscampaigningcarssuchasalotusandansimcathesimcaabarthandsimcarallyeabarthsimcainheswitchedtoformulatwodrivingabrabhambtcandafteradifficultfirstseasonimprovedinfinishingfourthathockenheimringhockenheimandsixthintheformulatwoclassofthegermangrandprixatthenrburgringthoverallinperrotcampaignedamarchengineeringmarchthefirstcustomercarsoldbythecompanywiththiscarhewonthepreisvondeutschlandformulatwoeventatthenrburgringhecontinuedinformulatwoinwithamarchmfinishingthirdatautodromoenzoedinoferrariimolawhilealsomakingasuccessfulreturntohillclimbinghewontheeuropeanhillclimbchampionshipinusingamarchfcarwinningsixeventshealsoracedthiscaroccasionallyinformulatwoscoringpointsinthreeracesincludingfourthandfifthplacesineventsathockenheimalthoughperrotracedintheformulatwoclassofaworldchampionshipformulaoneeventheneverracedinafullformulaoneworldchampionshipracehedidhoweverdrivejosiffertsexworksmarchinthenonchampionshipjochenrindtgedchtnisrennenjochenrindtmemorialtrophyraceathockenheimwherehefinishedthperrotretiredintoconcentrateonhisgaragebusinessinhishometownofzurichwherehediedafteralongillnessinagedcompleteformulaoneworldchampionshipresultstemplatefdriverresultslegendkeyclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizeyearentrantchassisenginewdcpointsformulaoneseasonsquadratartarugabrabhambrabhambtbtcfcosworthstraightsouthafricangrandprixrsabrsmallsmallspanishgrandprixespbrsmallsmallmonacograndprixmonbrsmallsmalldutchgrandprixnedbrsmallsmallfrenchgrandprixfrabrsmallsmallbritishgrandprixgbrbrsmallsmallstylebackgroundcfcfffgermangrandprixgerbrsmallsmallitaliangrandprixitabrsmallsmallcanadiangrandprixcanbrsmallsmallunitedstatesgrandprixusabrsmallsmallmexicangrandprixmexbrsmallsmallreferencesmotorsportmemorialmotorsportmemorialorglwfwiwfocuslwfwiwphpdblwfdbmsnthegrandprixwhoswhostevesmallguinnesspublishingxploderisabrandofgamecheatsandmultimediadevicesforgamesconsolessimilartoactionreplayxploderproductshavebeenreleasedfordreamcastpsplaystationconsoleplaystationplaystationportablepspxboxconsolexboxgamecubengameboygameboyadvanceibmpcclonepcandotherssupportfortheplaystationpsxboxandnintendowiistartedinxploderproductsareoftenbundledwithaccessoriesforgameconsolessuchaslexarsmemorysticksforthepsporthexlinkcablewiththepsvmediacentreversionnewerversionsforthexboxandplaystationallowuserstodownloadsavedgamesfromtheinternetutilizingthexploderdiscfortheoriginalplaysta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utionstopiratesofthecaribbeanexternallinkslegendsdisneygocomlegendsdetailkeyxatencioofficialdisneylegendswebsiteinfoboxofficeholdernamexiefuzhinativenameimagecaptionxiefuzhiinofficesecretaryofthesecretariatofthecommunistpartyofchinasecretariattermstarttermendpredecessorsuccessorofficeministerofpublicsecuritytermstartseptembertermendmarchpredecessorluoruiqingsuccessorlizhenlizhenbirthdatebirthplacehongancountyhubeichinadeathdatedeathplacebeijingchinanationalitypeoplesrepublicofchinachinesepartycommunistpartyofchinaspousechildrenfootnotesxiefuzhiwasacommunistpartyofchinamilitarycommanderpoliticalcommissarandnationalsecurityspecialisthewasbornininhongancountyhubeianddiedinbeijinginhewasmarriedtoliuxiangpingxiewasknownforhisefficiencyandhisloyaltytomaozedongandduringtheculturalrevolutionheplayedakeyroleinhuntingdownthechairmansenemiesinhiscapacityasministerofpublicsecurityofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaministerofpublicsecurityfrommilitarycareerhejoinedthecommunistpartyofchinainattheageofpriortoxieservedasapoliticalcommissarinthethcolumnofthendfieldarmyunderacommissarschainofcommandthatledtofieldarmypoliticalcommissardengxiaopinghisunitwasinvolvedinthevictorioushuaihaicampaignagainsttherightwingkuomintangafterwhichitwasmergedintothenewlyformedtharmyofthendfieldarmyasthestdivisionxieemergedfromthepostliberationreorganizationaspoliticalcommissarofthetharmyndfieldarmyheservedwithhisformercocommandergeneralchengengandconcurrentlyasdeputypoliticalcommissaroftherdarmyndfieldarmyundergeneralchenxilianlatertobecomeanotherculturalrevolutionmilitaryfigureinsupportofchairmanmaothepeoplesrepublicaftertheestablishmentofthepeoplesrepublicofchinainandhismilitaryactivitiesxiewasappointeddeputyministerofpublicsecuritythenumbertwofigureinthesecurityestablishmenthealsobecamefirstsecretaryofthecpcyunnancommitteeservinginthesecapacitiesuntilwhenbydecisionofmaohereplacedluoruiqingasministerofpublicsecurityofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaministerofpublicsecurityinhewasconferredtherankofdajiangiegeneralofthearmyhewaselectedmemberofthecentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinacpccentralcommitteeatthenationalcongressofthecommunistpartyofchinaeightnationalcongressinandamemberofthecentralmilitarycommissionpeoplesrepublicofchinacentralmilitarycommissionculturalrevolutionxiegaveaspeechinthesummerofinhiscapacityasministerofpublicsecuritythatessentiallygavecarteblanchetotheredguardschinaredguardstoconfiscateandkilltheiropponentsxieunlikeotherpeoplesliberationarmyplageneralswasfondoftheredguardsandsoughttodevelopthemasaparallelarmyaspecialsecurityforcethegangoffourxiesallieshadsimilarideasaboutcreatingaparamilitaryforcetobalancethepoweroftheplasomeconsiderthespeechhegavetobethetriggerfortheviolencethatfollowedhisstaunchsupportfortheculturalrevolutionledhimtobeelectedalternatememberofthepolitburoofthecommunistpartyofchinapolitburosecretaryofthesecretariatofthecommunistpartyofchinasecretariatandamemberofthereorganizedbeijingcommitteeinhewasalsoamemberofthepowerfulculturalrevolutiongroupinasitwashappeningthroughoutthecountrystartingfromshanghaiinbeijingallpowerwaspassedtoanewrevolutionarycommitteeofwhichxiefuzhiwaselectedchairmanhewaspreferredovercpcbeijingcommitteesecretarylixuefengwhowasdeemedtobetoohostiletotheredguardshewasalsofirstpoliticalcommissarofthebeijingmilitaryregionatthesametimexielaunchedanantirevisionistcampaignwithinthesecurityandintelligencepersonneloftheministryofpublicsecuritydeclaringithadfollowedacounterrevolutionarylineunderluoruiqinghisactivesupportfortheculturalrevolutionledhimtobeelectedfullmemberofthepolitburoattheninthcongressininwhenthebeijingpartycommitteewasreelectedhewasappointeditsfirstsecretaryxieremainedinchargeofstatesecurityuntilhissuddendeathinthewuhanincidentinjulyplawuhanmilitaryregioncommandergeneralchenzaidaobackedthemoreconservativemillionheroesredguardfactionagainstitsmilitantopponentsthewuhanworkersgeneralheadquarterswwghpremierzhouenlaiorderedgeneralchentobackdownandsupportthewwghbutherefusedtodosoxieandwanglipoliticianwangliweresenttowuhantopersuadegeneralchentoobeyordersonjulyplaforcesdetainedslappedandhumiliatedxieandallowedwangtobeheldbythemillionheroesfactionpremierzhouflewtowuhanbutwaspreventedfromlandingbyashowofmilitaryforceattheairportatthatpointthearmysentinthreeinfantrydivisionsandotherunitsandforcedgeneralchentosurrenderwithoutafightxieandwangwerewelcomedbacktobeijingbyamassrallyintiananmensquareonjulyrefnameschoenhalsrefafterreturningtobeijingxieplayedakeyroleinprovidingmilitaryweaponstofavoredredguardfactionsincludingthesupplyofriflestothejinggangshancommuneofbeijingsteachersuniversitylegacyxiediedbeforethedenunciationofthegangoffourinbuthewasidentifiedinofficialdocumentsalongwithkangshengasequallyresponsiblefortheexcessesoftheculturalrevolutionandguiltyofantipartyactivitieshewasposthumouslyexpelledfromthepartyinandhisasheswereremovedfromthebabaoshanrevolutionarycemeteryseealsolistofgeneralsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinareferencesautomatictaxoboxfossilrangeirvingtonianimagexenosmilushodsonaejpgimagec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damountoffutureandnearfuturetechnologyisfeaturedthroughouttheseriesincludingautomatedhighwaysystemsandaiartificialintelligencetechnologyautomatedhighwaysystemshavebeenproposedasasolutiontothetrafficcongestionproblemsintheseriesanybodyregardlessofagecanbeanxdriveraslongastheypossesstherequiredskillsforexampleoneofthemaincharactersisonlyyearsoldanddrivesthepremiseoftheshowisthattherearexdriversallovertheworldbutthefocusisontheteamoperatinginjapancarsusedbyxdriversaremarkedwithanxddecaltypicallyanxdrivercarwouldbeanoldermechanicaltypecarandalmostalwayswouldberearwheeldrivewiththeexceptionofanawdwdsubaruimprezawrxstifiawrcsubaruimprezawrcsincexdriversusuallyemploytechniquessuchasdriftingwhenbringingdownrunawaycarswhichismuchmoredifficultwithfrontwheeldrivefwdcarsandinanallwheeldriveawdcarcharactersjapanesevoiceactoryokoasadaenglishvoiceactorphilecesamplerlisasexdriverpartnersheisagoodheartedgirlwhodrivesalotuseuropashealsotriestokeeptheteamtogetherwhensichiandlisahaveaninitialtenserelationshipshemaintainsagoodrelationshipbetweentheminrelationshiptosichisheactslikeasisterjapanesevoiceactormikinagasawaenglishvoiceactorliasargentlornasexdriverpartnershedrivesasubaruimprezawrxstisubaruimprezawrcinthefirstepisodebutitiswreckedandhastobereplacedwithagroupracinggroupspecificationlanciastratoshffromthesecondepisodeonwardssheshunssichiwhenheisselectedtoleadtheteamandalsowhenhebeatsherinracehoweverlisaacceptshimastheseriesprogressesjapanesevoiceactoryumikokobayashienglishvoiceactorjoshuasethanextremelytalentedyearoldhedrivesacaterhamsevencaterhamsupersevenjpethoughhedrivesamodifieddaihatsumidgetdaihatsumidgetiionaracetrackhesoonbecomestheteamsleaderheinitiallyhasatenserelationshipwithlisabuttheybegintogaintheirtrustastheseriesprogressesovatheovaseriesconsistsofepisodeswhichareexceptthelasttwoindependentfromeachotheraivsreciproonandonnoproblemregulationsoflovexridercrossroadsthelastmilemoviethexdriveranimeserieswasalsoadaptedintoananimemoviesequelentitledxdriverthemoviewhichfollowstheadventuresoflisalornaandsouichiastheyparticipateinaninternationalxdriverraceheldatlosangelesthemoviealsoconsistedofaspecialprequeltotheseriesentitledxdriverninareidangerzonewhichservedastheprologueforthemoviecenteringontheadventuresoftwooftheformerxdriversninaandreithreeshortbonusshortswerealsofeaturedwiththemoviefeaturinglisalornaandsouichiineventssetjustbeforewherethemovietakesoffthesebonusshortsaredoneincomedicstylemainlywithcamerapansandzoomsonstillimagesonsensetinaonsenhotspringracequeensetinthexdriverbaseairportsetintheairportontheirwaytolosangelesstaffplanningoriginalcreatororiginalcharacterconceptksukefujishimaseriescompositionandscriptshinjofujitaxcardesignshunjimuratamechadesigntakeshitakakurahidefumikimuraepmusicjamprojecthikarunanasedirectorjunkawagoeexternallinksxdriverinfoboxcompanynamexseedgameslogofilexseedgameslogopngtypesubsidiaryofmarvelouscompanymarvelousfoundationnovemberlocationtorrancecaliforniakeypeopleindustryvideogameindustryproductsparentaqinteractivebrmarvelouscompanymarvelouspresentownershinichisuzukibrpresidentandceorevenuenumemployeeshomepagexseedgamesisanamericanvideogamepublishinglocalizationanddistributioncompanyfoundedasasubsidiaryofthejapanesegamecompanymarvelouscompanymarvelousxseedgamesprovidesalesandtranslationsservicesforvideogamesandrelatedmaterialshistoryonaprilaqinteractiveincannouncedtheacquisitionofxseedgameswithsharetransferbeforejunethedealwassignedonaprilandthesharetransferwascompletedonjuneonaprilxseedgamesannouncedthattheywouldbejoiningforceswithmarvelousentertainmentmmvtocopublishtheirgamesinnorthamericaatemmvusaandxseedgamesdistinguishedthegamesthatwouldbecopublishedundertheagreementandthegamesthatxseedwouldpublishseparatelyonaprilaqinteractiveannouncedincreasingitsstakeofxseedgamesfromtoonthedayofannouncementonaprilxseedgamesannounceditspartnershipwithjapanesedevelopernihonfalcomoverlocalizingandpublishingyssevenystheoathinfelghanaysiiichroniclesandtrailsintheskyseriestrailsintheskytrilogyfortheplaystationportableinnorthamericaonmarchxseedgamesannouncedthatthepublicationofystheoathinfelghanaandysoriginonsteamsoftwaresteamdigitaldistributionplatformonmarchindexcorporationsatlusonlinedivisiononlinebusinessunitwaspurchasedbymarvelousaqlandtransferredtoxseedonaprilxseedgamesannounceditsbusinessnametomarveloususaincgamesclasswikitablesortablestyletextalignleftwidthfontsizestylewidthtitledatasorttypeisodatestylewidthreleasedatenorthamericanastylewidthdevelopersstylewidthplatformwildarmsdatasortvaluejanuarymediavisionplaystationshadowheartsfromthenewworlddatasortvaluemarchnautilusvideogamecompanynautilusplaystationvalhallaknightsdatasortvalueaprilkllcbrmarvelousentertainmentplaystationportabledungeonmakerhuntinggrounddatasortvaluejuneglobalaentertainmentplaystationportablebravestorynewtravelerdatasortvaluejulygamerepublicplaystationportablewildarmsdatasortvalueaugustmediavisionplaystationvictoriousboxersrevolutiondatasortvalueoctobergrandprixbrcaviacompanycaviawiiwildarmsxfdatasortvaluespanmarchme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thebloodsoakedjackethechasesthedogeventuallycatchingitheseestheburningbookthattheteenagersthrewonthesidewalkandusesittosethisjacketonfirehiswifenormaseeshimandgiveshimaridehomewhereshesendshimouttolookforthedeerthatjacksupposedlyhitpartbuzzyisworkingataconveniencestorelateatnightherfriendandcoworkerduffyarrivesandtheybegindiscussingcherispregnancyandmoneyneededforanabortionmarkandeddiearriveafterthestoreisclosedbutduffyletsthemcomeintheyaretheretobuyitemstothrowoutthevanwindowsaftertheyleaveduffytellsbuzzyhisplantostealfromthestoretherequiredtopayfortheabortioncheriarrivesandsheandduffygointothecoolermeanwhilebuzzyisplayingaroundwithduffysrevolvertheoneheplanstousetorobthestoreandsheaccidentallyshootsabulletthroughaglassdoorofarefrigeratorbarelymissingduffyandchericherileavesandduffyasksbuzzytoallowhimtostealthemoneyfromtheconveniencestorescashregisterbuzzyobjectsfearfuloflosingherjobbutrelentswhileinsistingthatduffyshootherinthearmtomakeitlooklikeanauthenticrobberyheshootsherinthearmandthendialsforherleavingwhilesheisonthephoneduffylooksforhiskeysbarelyescapingthepolicewhoarearrivingmorequicklythanhethoughttheywouldwhiledrivingawayhepassesbyaaronscarwherefrankhasparkeditpreparingtodisposeofaaronsbodyduffythenseescheriparkedandtellsherhegotthemoneyforherabortionwhenshegetsoutofhercarhewitnessestheteenagersvanknockingdownandkillingcheriandheshootsattheteenagersheisthenarrestedbyofficerhannaganforshootingatthevanandforthestorerobberybasedonthedescriptionsomeonephonedinlaterrevealedtobecheribuzzyisarrestedasanaccomplicewhensherefusestoidentifyduffyandadmitstoconspiringwithhimpartcherileavesherhousetohavesexwithaaronatthecemeteryaaronisrecliningagainstatombstonethathasastoneangelontoptheangelsneckisdamagedandtheheavystoneheadfallsontoaaronsfacekillinghiminstantlyandmutilatinghisfacecherirunsawayfromthescenenotrealizingthatshehasdroppedthesetofkeysthatfrankfoundintheearlierscenecheriborrowsherfatherscarandgoestotheconveniencestoretogetduffysbowlingballintendingtoreplacetheangelheadwiththebowlingballandimplicateduffyaskillingaaronasshedrivesawayfromthestoresheseestheshootingandreportsadescriptionofduffytothepolicewhencheriarrivesbackatthecemeteryshedropsthebowlingballwhensheseesthataaronsbodyisgoneshetriestoleavebuthercarisagainhavingtroublestartinghercellphoneringsandshebeginstalkingtojackthisisthephoneconversationthemoviebeginswithcontinuedtoinformtheviewerthatcherispregnancyisactuallyascamtogetmoneyfrombothduffyandaaronsothatcheriandjackcanleavetowntogetherwiththemoneyinthemidstofthecallduffycallsoutcherisnamefromacrossthestreettotellherthathegottheshewantedhimtogetcherihangsupquicklyandwhilesheiscrossingthestreetthecellphoneringsagainanddistractedshestopsinthemiddleoftheroadwheresheishitbythevancontainingmarktimandeddiethecamerapanstocheriscellphonewhichreadspmcastcastlisthenrythomasasjacklevineblakeheronasaaronlewisbarbarahersheyasnormaclarkgreggasofficergeorgehannaganhilaryswankasbuzzyshawnhatosyasduffynicholsstarksandsastimcolinhanksasmarkbenfosteraseddiepatrickswayzeasfrankrachaelleighcookascherijasonsegelasleonrickgomezaskevincriticalreceptionasofmayholdsafreshratingonrottentomatoesbasedonreviewsmicklasalleofthesanfranciscochroniclecalleditaninventiveblackcomedyandameticulouspieceofplotconstructionentertainingfullofincidentsandinfusedthroughoutwithamischievousandbleaksenseofhumorreferencesexternallinksredirectcyclerickshawinfoboxofficeholdernamexiongxianghuinativenameimagexiongxianghuijpgimagesizepxcaptionorderofficespytermstarttermendofficemilitarysecretarytohuzongnantermstarttermendofficediplomaticofficertermstarttermendofficechinesechargdaffairestouktermstarttermendofficeaidetoforeignministeroftheprctermstarttermendofficeprcambassadortomexicotermstarttermendpredecessornonesuccessorbirthdatebirthplaceshandongdeathdatedeathplacebeijingpeoplesrepublicofchinanationalitychineseallegiancepartycommunistpartyofchinaotherpartyguomindangspousechenxiaohuachildrenxiongleibrnameunknownalmamaterwesternreserveuniversityoccupationsspydiplomatbattleschinesecivilwarsignaturefootnotesxiongxianghuiaprilndashseptemberwasacommunistpartyofchinachinesecommunistspyduringthechinesecivilwarandlaterdiplomatheplayedaroleinthevictoryofthecommunistpartyofchinaovertheguomindanginthechinesecivilwaractedasanaidetozhouenlaiandthenservedinchinasdiplomaticservicehelpingtobrokerathawinsinoamericanrelationsxiongwasinstrumentaloftheccpleadershipsescapefromyananwhennationalistgeneralhuzongnanmovedtocaptureyananalthoughhuwassuccessfulinthelightingattackoperationtosackyananhewasunabletocaptureorkilltheccpleadershiphuwashispersonalsecretaryinxiongxianghuihadtippedofftheccpleadershipinmarchtwoweekspriortothenationalistassaultxiongswarninggavetheccpleadershipenoughtimetorelocatetozhangjiakouxionghadalsoprovidedtheccpwithhusbattleplansandelementsofconversationshehadoverheardwithnationalistleaderchiangkaishekwhichwouldcauseimmensedamagetohusforcesthereafterafterthechinesecivilwarxiongstudiedabroadintheunitedstatesxionghadalongdiplomaticcareerafterr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hoolprincipalandteachersnormaltechnicalcoursethenormaltechnicalcoursepreparesstudentsforatechnicalvocationaleducationattheinstituteoftechnicaleducationstudentswilloffersubjectsinthesingaporecambridgegcenormallevelexaminationthecurriculumistailoredtowardsstrengtheningstudentsproficiencyinenglishandmathematicsstudentstakeenglishlanguagemathematicsbasicmothertongueandcomputerapplicationsascompulsorysubjectscocurricularactivitiesthecocurricularactivitiesofferedbyxinminsecondaryschoolislistedbelowperformingartschinesedancesymphonicbandguzhengensemblechoirenglishdramachineseoperauniformedgroupsnationalcadetcorpsnccstjohnambulancebrigadesjabgirlsbrigadeboysbrigadenationalpolicecadetcorpsnpccphysicalsportsbadmintonvolleyballrockclimbingshootingclubsdebatelibraryoutdooradventureclubmediaclubrelationwithotherschoolsxinminsecondaryschoolandnanchiauhighschoolhaveheldanannualcombinedsportsmeetssincetogivestudentathletesfromtheparticipatingschoolsaplatformtoshowcasetheirphysicaltalentandtogettheschoolstounitetocelebrateandenjoythepursuitofathleticismasidefromtheinterschoolcompetitionsamongststudentsparentteacherracesarealsoheldtoengagetheschoolteachingstaffandparentsupportgroupgallerygalleryfilexinminoutsidejpgentrancestoneplaqueofxinminsecondaryschoolfilexinminrockwalljpgrockclimbingfacilitiesinxinminsecondaryschoolgalleryexternallinksxinminsecedusgofficialwebsitereferencesndcenturyhamahebrewlanguagethreedegreesinfoboxsoftwarenamexzgvlogocaptionscreenshotdevelopervariouslatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedateprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecoperatingsystemlinuxgenreimageviewerlicensegnugeneralpubliclicensewebsitexzgvisasimplesmallsoftwareutilitythatcanbeusedforviewingdigitalimagesorpicturesofseveralformatsegjpeggifportablenetworkgraphicspngetcxzgvisusedoncomputersusingaunixlikeoperatingsystemandthexwindowsystembecausexzgvisafastlightweightimageviewerthatiscompatiblewithalargenumberofimageformatstheviewerispopularonolderslowerresourcechallengedcomputersystemsxzgvisastandardutilityinthedamnsmalllinuxdistributionforexamplexzgvwasoriginallybuiltasanxcompatiblecloneofzgvbythesamedevelopertheversionspriortowerebasedonthesoftwaretoolkitsgtkandimlibxmostfileformatsaresupportedandthethumbnailsusedarecompatiblewithxvsoftwarexvzgvandgimpxzgvdiffersfromotherviewersinthatitusesonewindowforboththefileselectorandviewerxzgvincorporatesathumbnailbasedfileselectorandisdesignedtobefunctionalwithoutusingamousetheversionspriortohadfullkeyboardsupportincludingadvancedimagetaggingandexternalcommandautomationthatwereusefulforscriptingworkxzgvisnotanimageeditorandmuchofitsresourceefficiencycamefromthedecisiontoavoidanyimagemodificationsupportaccordingtoitsmanpagexzgvsupportsthefollowingfileformatsgifjpegportablenetworkgraphicspngpbmpgmppmcollectivelyknownasnetpbmformatpnmbmpfileformatbmptruevisiontgatgatargapcxmrfprffileformatprfxbmxbitmapfilesxpixmapxpmtifftimfileformattimthesonyplaystationandxwdxwindowdumpsasproducedbythexwindowutilityxwdthesourcecodefortheutilityisnotunderactivedevelopmentbutnewversionsarereleasedeveryyearsthereleaseismissingmuchoftheearlierreleasesfunctionalityandexistsprimarilyasastarttowardaversionthatdoesnotdependonobsoletelibrariesseealsocomparisonofimageviewersexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebrusmembersbeebnetxzgvhtmloriginalhomepageinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexpolynationbookofflagstypeepartistqandnotucoverxpolynationbookofflagsjpgreleasedseptemberrecordedjunebrinnerearstudiosgenrelengthlabeldischordrecordsproducerreviewslastalbumthisalbumnextalbumxpolynationbookofflagsisatwosongepbyqandnoturecordedatinnerearstudiosinjuneandreleasedinseptemberbydischordrecordsitcanbefoundonbothcdandformatsphotographybyshawnbrackbilltracklistingxpolynationbookofflagsxprizecupgraceplottingtoolxmasxuanyuanswordliterallyswordoftheyellowemperorreferstoaseriesofchineseroleplayingvideogamesforpersonalcomputersdevelopedbythedomostudiodomoofsoftstarentertainmentincbasedintaiwanthegamesincorporateelementsofchinesemythologyaswellashistoricfiguresandeventsintimeimmemorialthexuanyuanswordwaswieldedbyyellowemperorofancientchinatodefendtheancientchineseagainstthewarlordchiyouandhisaggressivesubjectsafterchiyousdefeatthefutureforthefivethousandyearoldhistoryofchinawassecuredandtheswordwaspassedonfromyellowemperortofuturegenerationstocontinuetodefendtheworldagainstevilduetoitsgreatpowertheswordwasoftensoughtbytreacherousindividualstofurthertheirownendsarecurringitemoftheseriesisthemonsterfusionvessellianyaohucreatedbythegoddessnwainemulationoftheimmortalcreationdingtocleansetheworldwithinthevesselresidesanimmortalentityknownasthespiritinthevesselthevesselspowersaretoabsorbnonhumancreaturesandtotransmutethemintoothercreaturesoritemsmainseriesvgtimelinexuanyuanswordxuanyuanswordxuanyuanswordxuanyuanswordxuanyuanswordxuanyuanswordtbaxuanyuanswordthexuanyuanswordseriesistheoldestandlongestlivingchineserpgseriestotalingrpgswithancientchinesestylestoriessetinancientchinesebackgroundstheyarexuanyuanswordxuanyuanswordiixuanyuansworddanceofmaplebannersxuanyuanswordiiibeyondcloudsandmountainsthestoryhappenedaroundthetimeoftheanlushanrebelliontheprotagoniststartedfromveniceitalyandcrossedtheentireeurasiancontinenttoreachchanganthecapitolofthetangdynastyofchinaxuanyuanswordiiiscaroftheskythestoryhappenedinlatesuidynastysuidynastyxuanyuanswordivtheblackdragondancesasstormragesthestoryhappenedinlateqindynastyxuanyuanswordivthemillennialdestinypartofthestoryhappenedinthespringandautumnperiodofchinainthethcenturybcandtheotherpartyearslaterduringthebattleoffeiriverduringtheeastjindynastyxuanyuanswordvaswordabovethecloudsandthesentimentofshanhaijingshanhaithestoryhappenedinanalternateworldcalledtheworldofshanhaiorliterallytheworldoftheclassicofmountainsandseasthetimeisequivalenttolatethreekingdomsperiodinourworldxuanyuanswordvthecloudsofhanthestoryhappenedintheperiodofthreekingdomsofchinaxuanyuanswordvthecloudsfarawaythegameconsistsofchaptersthemainchapterthechapteroflanyingandthechapterofwuzhangplainsthestoryhappenedintheperiodofthreekingdomsxuanyuanswordvithephoenixsoarsovermillennialcloudsthestoryhappenedinthezhoudynastywestzhoudynastyxuanyuanswordvithegateoffirmamentthestoryhappenedintheshangdynastyshangdynastyxuanyuanswordviithestoryhappenedinlatehandynastywesthandynastyxuanyuanswordliterallyxuanyuanswordinthebeginningoftheworldthegoddessnwacreatedtwokindsofintelligentlifethoseofmenandthoseofmonsterswhowarredamongeachotherallthetimetheswordwascreatedbymeninanattempttoendtheeverlastingwarledbyasingleheroicfigurexuanyuanswordsmanwhowieldedtheswordthewarbetweenhumansandmonstersendedwithbothsidessufferingheavycasualtiesseventeenyearslaterthemaincharacterheranayoungswordsmanlefthismentortosetoffonajourneyintothechaoticworldtocarvehisownpaththefirstgameintheseriesxuanyuanswordwasalsosoftstarsfirstrpgproductandwasreleasedinthetimeperiodthegameissetinisambiguousthegamefeaturesadragonquestlikeuserinterfaceplayersstartedthegameasanoviceadventurerwithminimalfightingskillsandcangaincombatexperiencethroughbattlestoenableprogressiontootherareasandadvancetheplotthemaincharacterswerenamedafterthecharactersfromachineseghoststoryinthisgamebuttheirnameswereretconnedinthesecondgamethegamefeaturedstandardvgacoloredxscreencompletewithpartymembersroundbasedcombatfullscreenspriteanimationvariousmonsterschinesestyledadlbmusicsoundeffectsanimatedspelleffectsaswellasfullchineseinterfacewhichwasagreathitintaiwanscomputergamemarketatthatperiodreleasedonoctoberxuanyuanswordliterallyxuanyuanswordcontinuingfromwherethefirstgameleftoffherantogetherwiththevigilanteyangkunshuoandtheyoungthaumaturgejiangruhongdefeatedthedreadedincarnationoftheflamingphoenixthesinistermonsterwhokidnappedjiangbefriendedabenevolentfoxspiritguyueshengandtraveledbackintimetofindheransparentstheysoughttobringabouttheendoftheleaderoftheinvasivemonstersknownasthewickedgodbasheandeventuallyconfrontedthetreacherousspiritofthevesselreleasedonfebruaryfeaturesmanykeyfeaturesofthegameserieswereintroducedwiththisgameitwassetincoloredscreenintheoncepopularvgaxmodeingameartworkssuchasscenesmonsterscharacterportraitsitemswerefashionedinchinesepaintingstylemonsterfusionvesselanotherkeyfeatureisthevesselsystemnotlongafterthebeginningofthegamethemonsterfusionvesselcanbeacquiredandhastwomainfunctionsabsorbenemiesencounteredinbattlewithlimitationscannotabsorbcreaturesthathavehigherexperiencelevelthanplayerandthosecreatureswhoselevelsareclosetotheplayersaremoreeasilycapturedwhenwoundedbossescreaturesandhumanenemiescannotbeabsorbedimprisonedmonstersarevisibleinplayersinventoryandcanbesummonedtoassistduringbattlewithastaminacosttransmutationaplayercantransmutecreaturesanditemstootherobjectsorcreaturestheresultingproductmaybeexceedinglypowerfulorunobtainableotherwisetheswordinthebattleagainstthefinalbossthevesselspiritthegoddessnwaappearedandrevealedthetruththatxuanyuanswordsmanwasheransfatherwhosespirithasfusedwiththexuanyuanswordreceivingthepowerfulweaponfromthegoddesstheprotagonistandhiscompanywenttotheworldwithinthevesselanddefeatedthetreacherousvesselspiritsealinghimbyplantingthexuanyuanswordinhisheadthisinstallmentalsointroducedarecurringelementoftheseriesthedomostudiothatispresentinallfuturegamesinvastlydifferentincarnationsthatplayerscanvisittoaccesshumorousfourthwallbreakingdialoguequestsanditemsxuanyuanswordbeyondthecloudsandmountainsliterallyxuanyuanswordbeyondcloudsandmountainsthestoryopensinvenicewithseptemafrankishknightandcovertintelligenceoperativeofmixeddescentfromgaulwhowasthelieutenanttopepintheyoungerseptempossessedanheirloombronzevesselwithaneasterndesignwhichwasinfactthemonsterfusionvesselhehadheterochromicpupilsofblueandbrowngarneringdiscriminationanddistrustfromhispeersandfellowknightsoverhissomewhateasternappearancemilesthereincarnationofsatanwhosememoriesandinnatepowershadnotyetbeenfullyawakenedaknightcommanderundertheguidanceoftheclericcorneliusthedreadlordofhellindisguisewasthepolaroppositeofhisrivalseptemenforcingthechurchswillwithoutmercyandquestionandhadtheaffectionoflilianapuremaidenseptemhadcourtedinvainpepinhimselfhoweverfavoredseptemandgavehimaquestofgreatimporthewastogototheeastandfindthewaytoachieveabsolutevictorythewayofthekingduringthejourneyasimplemindeddemonessnamednicolejoinedseptemafterbeingsummonedbyastrangedyingmanseptemtriedtohelpasanagentsentbysatanhermissionwastoawakenseptemsmemoryofhispastlifeinwhichhewaslucifersmosttrustedallywhotookpartinlucifersrebellionandtoconverthimtosatanscauseoncemoreaccompaniedwithpromisesofwealthpoweranddemonicservantsbutsheeventuallyabandonedhermissionoverthefondnessshedevelopedforseptemkamaaselfproclaimedspiritofloveandankhasnarkytalkingflyingegyptianblackcataccompanyingkamabothofwhomseptemencounteredinthepalmyrasitetadmortombsaswellaslijingtangdynastylijingachinesemortalturneddeitywhooversawtheestablishmentofthetangdynastywhosereincarnatedselfmasterhuiyanpreviouslyaccompaniedseptemforashorttimebeforesacrificinghimselfinanattempttostopabattleoftalaswarbetweentheabbasidcaliphatewhichrecentlyoverthrewumayyadruleandtangwhichendedinthedefeatofthetangforcesledbygaoxianzhialsojoinedthepartyseptemalsomethiseventualwifewidadamilitaryleaderwhodefiedarabianpatriarchaltraditionsandwhowasthereincarnatedspirittwinofkamaandtheyounggrandsonofalkindiwhomseptemstudiedunderforashorttimearoundthetimeoftheabbasidrevolutionaswellaswangsiyueawillfulyoungwomanfromchanganwithfeelingsforseptemalonghisjourneyafterfinallyreachingchinaandencounteringavarietyofconflictsincludingtheanlushanrebellionthegroupdiscoveredsatansplantosubjugateallworldsbyusingthereversalofmandalaritualwhichseptemspastincarnationinventedandgainedtimetraversalpowersfromtomodifythenaturallawsofcausalityandmanagedtofoilitwiththeassistanceoftheimmortalofxuanyuanswordtheavatarofthexuanyuanswordwhotakesontheformofasternandwiseoldmanaftersatansdefeatseptemmarriedwidadreturnedtoassistcharlemagnewithlessonsfromhisjourneythatarulermustruleinthebestinterestsofthecommonfolkandthewaytoensurevictoryliesinthepreventionandcessationofconflictsandlaterreunitedwithnicolewhowasrebornoncemoreasanormalgirlbythegraceofheaventhegameeschewsturnbasedbattlesfortheactivetimebattlecombatsystemanunusualfeatureinchineserpgstherefiningsysteminthegamehastwocategoriesofitemsandcreatureseasternandwesternwhichallowsforthecreationofdifferentitemsbasedonaltarselectionthegamewasreleasedonthedecemberaniosportofthegamewithadditionalstorylinesandscenesmeanttoexpandtheportionofthegamesetinchinawasreleasedonjanuaryxuanyuanswordtheblackdragondancesasthestormragesliterallyxuanyuanswordtheblackdragondancesthecloudsflythisgameisthefourthinstallmentofthemainseriesthegameisthefirsttobepresentedindbothinenvironmentandincombatthestorystartswithanorphanedgirlfromthelatezhaostatezhaostateshuijingandherseniorfemalefellowdisciplequxianonthetopofamountainwiththeirseniorsfromthehouseofmohismmoamohistclanactivelyopposingthetyrannyofqindynastyqinandkingzhengofqinitsleaderwhoisoftenaccompaniedbyamysteriouspurpleskinnedadviserlaterrevealedtobetheoriginalvesselspiritonanideologicalmissiontocreateanunifiedutopiabyabsorbingthemortalworldintotheuniversecreatedbythespiritrealminthecloudsquxianwitnessedhercompanionsbeingmurderedbygiantmachinesmadewiththejiguanshutechniquelatershuijingmeetswithjilianglaterknownaszhangliangwesternhanzhangliangawelleducatedyoungmanfromtheannihilatedhanstatehanstatewhocanutilizethescrollofheaventianshuinbattlesafterobtaininganddecipheringitinanearlyescapadewithshuijingandjipengahumoroustalkingbirdkingwhoemploysahumanoidjiguanbodyinbattlethethreejourneyacrossvariouslandstocombatthemachinationsoftheqinempireandthevesselspiritlaterinthestoryjipengisrevealedtobethebirdownedbythemoclanleadershusbandfuzicheintroducedindanceofmaplealongwiththecurrentmoleaderladywenjinrenownedforhereternalyouthfulnesswhohadbeensealediniceintheworldwithinthevesselafterabattlewiththevesselspiritduringwhichheaverteddisasterbypreventingtheblackfirethevesselspiritunleashedusingapurplecrystalindesperationfromtakingformthetrioeventuallyreconciletheirdifferenceswiththespiritrescuedfuzicheandconfrontedthetruethreatbattlingwithallnineportionsofblackfirewitheachportionincreasingitspowerandallnineportionstimesaspowerfulasoneportionalonerunningamokwhichisbelievedtobetheultimateweaponofthehellthatcantaketheformofablackdragondiscoveredlongagousingpurplecrystalsbytheancientshukingdomengineerqiwhocausedthedestructionofhiscivilizationandwassealedawayinaprotectivecocoonuntiltheeventsofthegamewhenhetookcontrolofladywenjinwhowascreatedwithblackfireandblackfiretogoonarampagetodestroytheworldorinhismindcreatingaworldwherehellandthemortalrealmcoexistedinordertoeliminatedeathuponawakeningreleasedontheaugustxuanyuanswordaswordabovethecloudsandthesentimentsoftheworldofshanhailiterallyxuanyuanswordaswordsoaringabovecloudsshanhaisentimentsthemaincharacterluchengxuankilledhisparentsasaresultofnotbeingablecontrolhismysteriouspowerandwasabouttodieinthewildernessasanoutcastwhenhewascoincidentallybroughttotheworldofclassicofmountainsandseasshanhaithroughaportalcreatedbyhuangfumuyunapowerfulwielderofswordenergyandtheavatarofthexuanyuanswordusingthepanguaxethereheencountersxiarousecondempressofthekingdomofwomenthetwotraveledaroundtheworldmeetingwithpeoplefromotherkingdomsandsetouttoaccomplishataskgiventothembytheelderofthegreendragonkingdomleadingtoaconfrontationwiththeexiledprincessofheavennbaqingerwhohelpedtheyellowemperorjixuanyuanclaimthemortalworldforhumansandwasbanishedduetohernewlyacquiredformcausingcataclysmicdroughtsafterexpendingherpowerinaidinghiminreforgingtheswordthatwouldlaterbeknownasthexuanyuanswordreleasedonaugustxuanyuanswordthephoenixsoarsintheskyamongmillennialcloudsliterallyxuanyuanswordthefenghuangrisinghighabovetheskyandthousandyearcloudsincbcethebattleofmuyeeruptedtheleaderofthezhouofthewestjifatooktheopportunitypresentedwhenkingzhouofshangralliedhisforcesinasoutheasternexpeditionandwhentheshangcapitalofzhaogewasundefendedtoformanalliancewithleadersinthewestatmengjintoperformaswiftstrikeagainstthecapitalhearingoftheimpendingattacktheshangkingwascaughtoffguardandforcedtoheadtomuyeforbattleandendedupburninghimselfaliveonthedeerterracepavilionthusendingthesixhundredyearreignoftheshangdynastyandusheringintheeraofthezhoudynastyafterthebattleofmuyethetenseatmosphereremainedbetweentheshangandzhoupeopletheshangremnantforcesretreatedtothelargestvassalstateintheeastqufuyanforarespiteuntilachanceforrebellionarosekingzhoussonwugengwasheldatzhaogekingwuofzhouformerlyknownasjifaassignedlandandtitletohimbutorderedhisthreeyoungerbrotherstokeephimtrappedandundersurveillancetopreventrebellionwiththepassingofkingwufromillnessthedukeofzhouwhoservedasaroyaladvisorwasaccusedofattemptingtoseizethethroneandhadtoresigntoprovehisinnocencecausingthekingdomtobeleaderlessandthepoliticalsituationtobecomevolatiletheshangsoughttoseizethischancetoattackhaojingtoreclaimthekingdomawarbetweentheeastandwestappearstobeimminentandatthesametimeamysteriousforcestirsinthedarkthegameopenswithacinematicofabattlebetweenxiadynastyxiaandshangforcesatthexiacapitalzhenxunthatconcludeswiththeendofthexiadynastyandthedeathsoftwoxialoversthewarriorsitianjiaandthepriestessmiaojithetwopromiseeachothertotransmigrateasenemiesofshangtoopposeittogetherintheirnextlivesastheylaydyingaxiaartifacttheholycircletoftianhuansplitsintotwohalvesandmergeswithsitianjiaandmiaojithestoryfocusesontheconflictamongthereigningzhouandthesubordinateshangstatesthemaincharacterfengtianlingisaproudyoungshangnobleraisedinyanwhocanseeandcommunicatewithspiritsandsupernaturalcreaturesabenevolentspirithupoamberhasbeenhisfriendandcompanionsincehewasyounghesetsoutonajourneyofselfdiscoveryandencounterscompanionsandenemiesalikealongthewayamidstgrowingomensofrebellionofthethreeguardswarfengtianlingscompanionsarehuyueabeautifulmaidenfromahulijingmysterioustribewhoisattachedtotianlingbecauseofadestinedmarriagejitingthezhouprincessskilledinarcherywhovaluesbraveryandprowessjialanduokalandraatianzhuindiashenduroyalwithchakramanipulationskillswhoissearchingforhissisterandrongshuangayoungblackfiresectdisciplefromshustateshuonamissionwithherfellowstorecovertheirculturalartifactblackfirethedlcchapterofzhuoshanzhureleasedasanfreeupdatefeaturesastoryinvolvingzhuoshanzhutheelderbrotherofrongshuangpreviouslypresumedtobedeadandhisinvestigationofthenatureofblackfireandthehistoryandtechnologyofthelostkingdomofsanmutalesgaidentitlesxuanyuansworddanceofthemaplebannersliterallyxuanyuanswordlegenddanceofmaplethefirststandaloneexpansionepisodeintheseriesthestoryofdanceofthemaplebannerswasbasedonthewarringstatesperiodinchinesehistorytheswordfellintothehandsofthepoliticalradicalshusangziorsangjingthemaincharacterfuzicheisaneccentricyoungdiscipleofmoziandisalsoanexpertinmechanicalengineeringespeciallyinthecreationandmanipulationofjiguanrenmansizedmechanicalgolemspoweredbymysticenergyjiguanrenwereoriginallydevelopedforwarbuttheirdesignswerehiddenawayforfearofbeingmisusedshusangzihadrediscoveredthistechnologyanddevelopedalargejiguanarmyforhisownendsuponlearningofthismozisentfuzichetoinvestigateandifpossibletostopshusangzionhisquestheencounteredwenjintheestrangeddaughterofsangcreatedwiththeaidofthepowerofthevesselandtheyeventuallyfellinlovebeingthefirstgameintheseriestohaveconnectionwithrealworldhistorydanceofthemaplebannersinheritedmostofthepreviousgamesinterfaceartsandbattlesystemwithsubtlemodificationsandwrappedwithnewplotmorerealisticancientwarmachinesweremadealivewhilehistoricalfiguressuchasmozilubansunbincouldbeencounteredinthegameaswerethecaseswithmostotherstandalonetalestitlesplayersdonothavethechancetowieldtheswordinthisgametheswordisinshusangzispossessionandisusedagainstplayersinthefinalbattleshuusesamovecalledxuanyuanswordtechniquewhichinflictsseriousdamagetotheplayerpartyreleasedonjanuaryxuanyuanswordthescaroftheskyliterallyxuanyuanswordlegendthescaroftheskysetintheeraofsuidynastyyearspriortotheeventsofxuanyuanswordthisgameaddressedseveralloosethreadsinxuanyuanswordthemaincharacterisayoungmannamedchenjingchoumeaningtopacifythenorthernfoesandtoavengechentheonlyroyaldescendantremainingfromthedecimatedchendynastythefinalattemptforcounterattackfromthechenfamilyhappenedseveralyearsbeforechenjingchouwasbornwhenthetensofthousandsstrongremnantsofchenforcesweresinglehandedlydecimatedbyayearoldsuichildyangtuolaterknownasyuwentuoastudentofyangsuhavinglivedunderthereignofthosewhodestroyedhiskingdomchenjingchouhadbeeneducatedbyhismentorchenfutopursuealifeofvengeanceandofrevivinghiskingdomthefirststepoftheirjourneytorestorechenwastoacquirethemirrorofkunlunoneofthetengreatancientartifactstheancientmonstrositytaotiewasreleasedfromamirrorthatwasrevealedtobeafakeinordertoprotectjingchoufutrappedhimselfwithtaotieusingapotentsilkoficespellandinstructedjingchoutoembarkatoncetofindawaytosavehimaswellasfindinginformationconcerningotherartifactsashesetoutonhisjourneyjingchousummonedanelementalspiritfamiliargiventohimbyhismastertoaccompanyhimonhisjourneysjingchoulaterwaslaterjoinedbyyuxiaoxueawhitehairedgirlshowingunusualhealingmagicpotentialthehonorablehalfgktrksbloodedherozhanglieandzhangsyoungsisterinlawtuobayuerofthetuobatribewhichkepttheshennongdingforgenerationsandwassubjecttoindiscriminateslaughterbythesuiemperorstroopsduringtheirexpeditionincollectingtheartifactstheyencounteredseveralbloodritualsoftenthousandsoulsritesconductedbygrandpreceptoryuwentuowhichinvolvedthekillingoftenthousandsoulstogathertheiressencesintoasinglebloodpearlthepartyattemptedtointervenewiththeritualsbutyuwentuoprovedtobetooformidableafoethustheyadoptedthestrategyofsubterfugehamperinghiseveryefforttocollectthebloodpearlswithoutdirectconfrontationsandwasevenhelpedinsecretbyayoungprincessnamedduguningkewhoheldtremendouspoliticalpowerduetoherrelationwithheruncleemperoryangofsuitheemperorandprotestedyuwensactionseventuallytheirplanfailedandyuxiaoxuewasheldasahostagebytuoinexchangefortheartifactsthatjingchouspartyhadcollectednamelytheshennongdingvesseldingthesealofkongtongthepanguaxethenwastoneandthekunlunmountainmythologykunlunmirrorjingchoucompliedyettuodiscardedthestoneandthemirrorasfakesproclaimingthathehimselfwasactuallythehumanavatarofthekunlunmirrorsurprisinglyyuxiaoxuerefusedtoleavewithjingchoustatingthatsheintendedtostayandhelptuosprojectandseeminglybetrayshistrustbyrepellinghisattackonyuwensplanswieldingthexuanyuanswordlosingallhopejingchougaveuphisquestandoptedtotravelwithhissimilarlydisheartenedmentorningkewhowasactuallyademongeneralfromthewestpantheonofhellwasdispleasedwiththisturnofeventsthetimeerasheappearedwascalculatedtobewithinthetimeahistoricalcometobservationsinchinacometsinchineseastrologycometnamedcrimsonpiercerchiguanpassingthroughtheskythusopeningariftinthedivineprotectivebarrierofthechineselandsandallowingdemonsfromthewesttoinvadetuolearnedoftheimplicationsofthepassageofthecometandsetouttocollectfiveoftheartifactsinordertosealtheriftthecometwouldcauseinthebarrieroftheninthtianheaveninthefirmamentabovenamesofchinashenzhoushenzhouhoweverseveralofthefiveartifactsrequiredfortheritualofmendingwerenowheretobefoundningkeproposedtosubstitutethesewithbloodpearlsalongwiththeconstructionofatowerofbabelandapentagramritualformationinordertosavethechineseworldusinghispowerhisrichesandhisrelationwiththeemperoryangofsuichinaemperoryangtuomanagedtoaccomplishthesedespitehismoralbeliefsintheprocesstuoalsodiscoveredthatxiaoxuewasactuallytheavatarofthestoneofnwaasartifactsresonatewitheachotherwhenincloseproximityconsequentlyhetoldherofhisplanandconvincedhertohelphimleadingtomisunderstandingsbetweenherandjingchouningkecouldnotallowtheritualtobeabandonedandmanipulatedjingchouthroughtreacherybymurderingyuerwholearnedthetruthbehindthesituationaftergoingtothegrandpreceptorresidenceinsecretinanattempttoreconcilexiaoxueandjingchouandframingxiaoxueandtuofueledbyangerandgriefjingchouspartymanagedtoreachthetopofthetowerofbabelwheretheywerebeatenonceagainbytuoningkesuddenlyappearedintheconfusionandseizedxiaoxueashostagetodiverttuosattentionjingchoutooktheopportunityandseveredtuosarmningkethenrevealedhertruedemonformimprisoningtuowithmagicunabletomendtheskythechineseworldfellundersatansruleofdeathanddestructiondayslaterundertheinstructionofthenowimmortalheranandguyueshenglastseeninxuanyuanswordjingchousgroupwhichnowalsoincludesayounglishiminsuccessfullyretrievedtheartifactsfromningkeshandmaidensinthebloodiedworldandreturnedtothetowertheydefeatedningkewithherfullunrestrictedpowerandrescuedtuohavingtheartifactsathandjingchouandcompanyinvokedtheritualofreversalwhichisalsonamedtheritualoflossatthetopoftowerofbabelwhichutilizingthepoweroftuoastheavatarthemirrorofkunlunreversedtimeandbroughtthepartybacktothemomentpriortothepassingofchiguanthegroupinvokedtheritualoftrespassalsocalledtheritualofbabelsendingthemabovetheskyandarrivedatchiguanitselfcomingacrosstheheavenlymaidenwhitejaderinganeighttrigramsformationusedbythedeitiesfuxiandnwatorevivetheirdeceaseddaughterinancienttimesjingchouhadthechoicetobringyuerbacktolifeatthecostofexpendingagreatdealofxiaoxuespowerattheheartofthemeteorwherethepartypreparedtocasttheritualofsealingwhichcausedthenonartifactcasterstolosetheirmostpreciousmemoriesoridealswithzhanglielosinghisambitionofunifyingthelandslishiminlosinghisloveforhisfamilyandjingchoulosinghismemoriesofyuerorhismasterdependingontheendingningkethenstillaliveandignorantoftherecenteventsjingchouandhiscompanionsexperiencedappearedandattemptedtocontinueherdeceptionbutafightensuedandningkewasvanquishedthepartydecidedtograntherfinalwishestobereturnedtoherhomelandandtobecomefreetolovewhomshelovesgustatedthatwasimpossibleduetoherdemonicnatureandplacedhersoulintothefuxiguqinqinwhichyuwentuobroughtwithhimonhisselfimposedexiletothewestningkeshomelandaftertheeventsofthegameforcleansingchenfuwitnessedwhatappearedtobejingchouassistinginthemachinationsofyuwentuotheirswornenemyningkeexploitedthisbeforeheadingtochiguanbygivingchenfuthefruitofsatanademonicobjectthatgrantspowerinexchangeforsanitydeceivinghimintobattlingagainsthisstudentchenfusoonarrivedattheheartofchiguanwiththeintenttodestroyitjingchousgroupwasleftwithnochoicebuttokillchenfutosavetheworldseveraldecadeslaterningkewasrebornasnicoleademoncleansedofevilwhileseptemwasborntoadescendantoftuoinwesternlandsthemagicsystemisrevampedinthisgameallmagicsnowbelongtooneofthefiveelementschinesephilosophyfiveelementsofmetalwoodwaterfireandearthinchinesemythologythegamewasreleasedondecemberaxuanyuanswordscarofskytelevisionseriesbasedfromthegameproducedbychineseentertainmentshanghailimitedstarringhugeandcecilialiuairedinaniosportofthegamewasreleasedonaprilxuanyuanswordthemillennialdestinyliterallyxuanyuanswordlegendbillowsofthebleakthegameopenswithanalternateversionofthebattleoffeiriverabattlebetweenformerqinandeasternjinitconcludeswitheasternjinssurrendertoformerqinformerqinmergedwitheasternjinandunitedtheentiretyofchinasetwithinthespringandautumnperiodthestoryistoldfromtheperspectiveofanorphanedgirlcheyunwhosefamilywasframedbyacorruptofficialandexecutedshewassparedfromexecutionduetoheragebutherlegswereamputatedaspunishmentcheyunwastalentedintheartofmujiaatechniqueofcreatingandmanipulatingconstructsofmagnetsandwoodenmachinerywhicharelightweightyetpowerfulwithherlategrandfatherasherinspirationshefashionedherselfwoodenprostheticlegsandmanagedtocraftalifelikeandagilewoodenfoxthatcanbeusedinvarioustaskssuchastransportationandbattleyunhuaftermucheffortandcomingacrossrarematerialsshewasaclosefriendwithhuanyuanzhiwhomcheyunsavedfromdrowningandwhoassistedherincreatingyunhuwithexoticcomponentscheyunlaterencounteredyingshiwhoisreincarnationofcheyunexceptthatyingwasfromadifferenteraandwasnamedmurongshiwithcheyunasacommonlinkhuanandyingformedagrudgingallianceandadventuredtogethercomingintoconflictswiththejinkingdomstaichengongapriestorganizationfocusedonincreasingitspowerandinfluenceandthesevenheraldsoflightqiyaoshizheagroupofpowerfulrebelsfromableakfuturetimelinesentbackwiththehelpofthestudentofthethendeceasedspiritofthevesselattheculminationofthestorycheyingandhuanreachedthedeepestchamberoftherealmofhaotiancontainingthewheelthatdeterminesthedestinyofandrelationshipbetweenallthingswheelofchinesetheologytaiyitaiyitaiyizhilunhowevermurongandhuanwerebothdutyboundtosethistoryondivergingcoursesinfavoroftheirhomelandscheintendedtostophuanfromchangingthefuturedespitemuronghavingdecidedagainstinterveningwithhistorybyorderingyunhutopushhuanawayhoweverhuanwieldedthexuanyuanswordandinjuredchefatallybyaccidentwhilerepellingyunhuthegatetothepalacethenclosedabruptlymurongunabletoextractherfriendswastransportedoutofthegateleavinghuanandcheintheroomwherehuanimmortalduetothepowerofhissurroundingsmournedinregretforathousandyearsattheinstantofcheyunsdeathmurongrealizedtheirlinkandinheritedtheknowledgeofmujiasheenteredthegatewhenitnextopenedinathousandyearsaftershereturnedtothefutureinwhichjinovercameqintofightforthewelfareofthecommonfolkencounteringasorrowfulagedhuanandofferingforgivenessandacceptanceascheyunwouldhavereleasedonfebruaryondecemberananimatedseriesbasedonthegamecalledxuanyuanswordlightsofthebleakwasannouncedasacollaborativeprojectwithtvtokyoandisscheduledtopremierininmainlandchinataiwanaswellasjapanxuanyuanswordthehancloudsliterallyxuanyuanswordlegendthecloudsofhanreleasedondecemberthegameissetintheeraofthethreekingdomsweistateweishuhanshuandwustatewuandfeaturefamoushistoricfigureszhugeliangthechancellorofthekingdomofshuhadengagedonzhugeliangsnorthernexpeditionsmultiplenorthwardmilitaryexpeditionswithlittlesuccessonzhugeliangsthirdexpeditionasecretmilitarygroupcalledfeiyumeaningflyingfeatherderivingitsnamefromthetwofamousgeneralsofshukingdomzhangfeiandhisswornelderbrotherguanyucarriedoutvariousmissionsinthewartofurthertheinterestsofshuhoweveronthefourthexpeditionthankstoitsowngroupofpowerfulsecretoperativesweiwasabletodiscoverandexploitcriticalweaknessesofshupromptingthefeatherstotakeactionthegameaddressesissuesofloyaltyanddutyaswellastheharshrealitiesofwarfareandpeacexuanyuanswordhancloudaliveactiontelevisionseriesbasedonthegamehasbeenreleasedxuanyuanswordthecloudsfarawayliterallyxuanyuanswordlegendthecloudsfarawayreleasedonjanuarythecloudsfarawayalsosetintheeraofthethreekingdomsispresentedwithacontrastingviewpointtothehancloudsthemaincharacterxumuyunwasadoptedbyxushuandraisedinthekingdomofweistateweimuyungrewupwithhischildhoodfriendslanyinandzhanggaointhehouseofzhangheandthethreeyoungstersvowedtofightfortheirhomelandandbringaboutprosperousdaystogetherthroughhisjourneymuyuncametoanewlevelofmaturitylearnedofhistrueidentityrealizedthemeaningofdutyandfriendshipandwitnessedtheruthlessnessofwarthestoryiscontinuedafterthemaingameinthreedlcchaptersreleasedtoenrichthestorythesethreechaptersarethechapterofwuzhangplainsmuyunthechapterofwuzhangplainszhaoyunandthelengthyandcriticallyacclaimedchapteroflanyinxuanyuanswordthegateoffirmamentliterallyxuanyuanswordlegendthegateoftheheavensreleasedonmarchinancienttimestheheavenlyemperoropenedthegateoffirmamentconnectingtheheavensandearthmortalscouldascendtothegatetoobtaindivinepowerinordertoassistinthesearchfortheemperorsmissingdaughterunscrupulousindividualstookadvantageoftheemperorsgestureandcausedthemortalworldtodescendintochaosthelivesofthecommonfolkwerefilledwithanxietyandwearinessthegodfuxiandthegoddessnwatookpityonthepeopleandalongwithzhuanxuconvincedthequeenofhuaxubasedonladyhuaxutoclosethegateforciblywithgreatsacrificeafterthisnoonecouldreachtheheavensthroughthegateandnogodcouldgotothemortalworldthuscameabouttheisolationoftheheavensandearthjueditiantongtimepassedandthemortalrealmsufferedduetodisastersandendlessconflictsovermandateofheavenclaimstoruleembroiledinpoliticalinstabilityandriotouseventsatthistimeofunrestandwarfareaheavenlyentitydescendsaddingtotheunsolvedmysteriesofthetroubledworldthestoryrevolvesthejourneysandadventuresofsikongyuayoungmanwhosegoalistoprotecthisnomadicyouxiongvillagewhichconsistsofdescendantsoftheyellowemperormuyueamysteriouswomanclaimingtobefromthelegendarykingdomofhuaxuwhosedistantbehaviormakesherseemunapproachablewudingfengyuajovialandcunningtravelerwithtiestoroyalhouseofshangandfuhaoziqiaoaroyalhighpriestessofthezikingdomwhoisbetrothedtotheshangprinceandpossessestremendousstrengthaswellasaninsatiableappetitetogethertheyfighttobringthenefariousplotsofamysteriousgroupofincitersconsistingofthefollowersofgonggongthewatergodwhohadbeensealedawayforhisviolentactionsledbyhissecondincommandxiangliuxiangliuaswellasqingyutheavataroftheworldtreejianmuwhohasbeendrivenbyhatredforhumansandvengeanceagainstthoseofthexuanyuanbloodlineaswellashisformerloverlanlingtoanendbeforeruinbefallstheworldthreefreedlcpackshavebeenreleasedasgamepatchesincludingthechapteroftheallencompassingthechapterofgodsanddemonschapterofsaviorsandthechapterofthewatchfulvigilwhichaddsidequestsstoriesandhiddenendingstothegameonseptemberamultilanguageversionofthegamewasplacedonsteamgreenlightthegamehassincebeengreenlitandhasbeenreleasedinenglishjapanesesimplifiedchineseandtraditionalchineseitisthefirstcoretitlemainandtalesintheseriestoseeanenglishreleaseapsportaswellasaxboxoneversionofthegamehavebeenreleasedspinofftitlesxuanyuandemonbanechroniclesliterallyxuanyuanrecordsofsubduingdemonsreleasedonfebruarythehumbleswordwieldingmoclanherodefeatsdemonstobringpeacetotheworldthemonsterfusionvesselisanancientartifactthatcansealawaymonstersthemoclanisagroupofpowerfulandrighteousvigilantesprotectingthemonsterfusionvesselforgenerationsthestorybeginswitharesoundingwaveofpanicwithacatastrophewitnessedbytheyoungherofuzixunwithhisclandestroyedthevessellostthecommonfolkimperiledandhisbenefactormurderedtheyoungmanneverexpectedatripdownthemountaintoturnintoagruelingjourneytodefeatdemonsfacingdeathsandtheseekingvengeancehisyouthandnaivetareburiedonlytobereplacedbyaheavylongswordandrevengeweighinguponhimtogetherwiththedaughterofhisbenefactorhebeginshisjourneywithuncertaintyfortunatelythejourneydidnotprovelonesomeandheencounteredapampereddaughterofawealthyfamilywhojoinedwithbanditsafamoustransportguardleaderathieftitledflyingongrassalegendaryswordsmanafoxspiritfromamysticvalleyandasimpleboyleavinghishouseconsistingofonlyhimselfthesepeoplebearresentmentpainangerandhatredyetgatherunderthecommonideaofrighteousnesstotraveltheworldthefutureholdsmanyuncertaintiesandtheiropponentshavecunningschemesthegroupdoesnotevenknowwheretheirpathwillendsocanonlyforgetheirwayaheadlittlebylittleencounteringmonsterscausingdisturbancesaswellasevilgovernmentofficialsmistreatingcommonersjustwhatkindofworldisthisthegroupcanonlyponderindisapprovalyettheyshareabeliefthatdrivesthemforwardabeliefinabeautifulfutureeventhoughmonstersthreatentheworldandheroesriseinresponsebuttheoutcomeisstillunknowntheycanonlyrelyontheircompanieswarmthtotrudgethroughhardshipstogetherallwiththeappearanceoftheancientweaponxuanyuanswordshalleventuallybecomeclearthisisanexperimentalstrategyrpgutilizingdenvironmentswithdcharacterspritessetinanalternatecontinuitytothecorexuanyuanswordgamesbutstillcontainsafewelementsrelatedtoxuanyuanswordtheprotagonistfuzixunisayoungmanwhogoesonajourneyafterofhisclansdestructionandthemonsterfusionvesselstheftcausedbyjiutianthemalevolententitytheprotagonistsyou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ableforlargescaleprogramswouldbeimportioxltextioiowritelnhelloworldarecursiveimplementationoffactorialinxlrlookslikethefollowingnnnsyntaxsyntaxisdefinedatthexllevelthexlphaseofthecompilercanbeconfiguredusingasyntaxdescriptionfilewherepropertieslikethetextrepresentationandprecedenceofoperatorsaredefinedabasicsyntaxfiledefinescommonmathematicalnotationslikeforadditionwiththeusuallyacceptedorderofoperationstheparsetreeconsistsofnodetypesleafnodetypesintegerrealtextandsymbolandinternalnodetypesinfixprefixandblockintegernodesrepresentanintegerliteralcomputerscienceliteralsuchascodecodethecodecodesigncanbeusedtospecifyabaseotherthanasincodecodeaseparatingunderscorecanbeusedtoimprovereadabilityasincodecoderealnodesrepresentnonintegralnumberssuchascodecodebasednotationsandseparatorscanbeusedasforintegernodesforexamplecodeffffecodeisavalidrealliteraltextnodesrepresenttextualcontentstheyarenormallysurroundedbysimpleordoublequoteslikecodehellocodeorcodeacodebutthesyntaxfilecanbeusedtoaddotherseparatorsincludingformultilinetextualcontentssymbolnodesrepresentnamesoroperatorsnamesaresequenceofalphanumericcharactersbeginningwithaletterlikecodehellocodexlpreservescasebutxlignorescaseandunderscoressothatcodejohndoecodeandcodejohndoecodearethesamenameoperatorsaresequencesofnonalphanumericcharacterslikecodecodeorcodecodeinfixnodesrepresenttwonodesrelatedbyaninfixsymbollikecodeacodeorcodeandcodeinfixnodesareinparticularusedtoseparatelineswithaninfixnewlinesymbolprefixnodesrepresenttwoconsecutivenodeslikecodewritehellocodeitisalsousedforpostfixnotationslikecodecodeorcodeopencodeblocknodesrepresentanodesurroundedbygroupingsymbolslikecodeacodecodeindexcodeindentationisinternallyrepresentedbyablocknodewiththedefaultsyntaxfilethefollowingisvalidxlirrespectiveofanysemanticsabhelloitparsesasinfixsymbolainfixsymbolbtexthellosemanticsofxlthexlphaseisdefinedasasequenceofoperationsonthexlparsetreetheseoperationsareprovidedbyvariouscompilerpluginsthataretriggeredbasedontheshapeoftheparsetreespecialconstructscodetranslatecodeandcodetranslationcodeareprovidedbyaplugindesignedtofacilitatethewritingofotherpluginsthecodequotecodeconstructgeneratesaparsetreehereishowthesenotationscanbeusedtoimplementaplugincalledcodezeroremovalcodethateliminatessuperfluousadditionsandmultiplicationsbyzerotranslationzeroremovalwhenxthenreturnxwhenxthenreturnparsetreeaplugincanbeinvokedonawholefilefromthecommandlineormorelocallyinthesourcecodeusingthepragmanotationasfollowsxdifferentiatedsinomegatexpttdtthexlphasecontainsalargesetofpluginsnotablycodexlsemanticscodethatprovidecommonabstractionslikesubroutinedatatypeandvariableprogrammingvariabledeclarationcomputersciencedeclarationanddefinitionaswellasbasicstructuredprogrammingstatementslikeconditionalsorloopstypesystemxltypecheckingisdatatypestaticwithgenericprogrammingabilitiesthatarebeyondthoseoflanguageslikeadaorctypeslikearraysorpointerswhichareprimitiveinlanguageslikecaredeclaredinthelibraryinxlforinstanceaonedimensionalarraytypecouldbedefinedasfollowsgenericitemtypesizeintegertypearrayavalidatedgenerictypeisagenerictypewhereaconditionindicateshowthetypecanbeusedsuchtypesneednothavegenericparametersforinstanceonecandeclarethatatypeiscodeorderedcodeifithasalessthanoperatorasfollowsatypeisorderedifithasalessthanrelationshipgenerictypeorderedifaborderedtestbooleanaltbitisthenpossibletodeclareafunctionthatisimplicitlygenericbecausethetypecodeorderedcodeitselfisgenericgenericfunctionfortheminimumofoneitemfunctionminxorderedreturnorderediscomputeyoftypeorderedreturnythisalsoappliestogenerictypesthathaveparameterssuchascodearraycodeafunctioncomputingthesumoftheelementsinanyarraycanbewrittenasfollowsfunctionsumaarrayreturnarrayitemisforiinarraysizeloopresultaitypesafevariableargumentlistsfunctionscanbepolymorphismcomputerscienceoverloadedafunctioncanbedeclaredtouseavariablenumberofargumentsbyusingcodecodeintheparameterlisthistoricallythekeywordcodeothercodewasusedforthatpurposeinsuchafunctioncodecodecanbeusedtopassthevariablenumberofargumentstoanothersubroutineafeaturenowcalledvariadictemplatesgenericfunctionfortheminimumofnitemfunctionminxorderedreturnorderedisresultminifxltresultthenresultxwhensuchafunctioniscalledthecompilerrecursivelyinstantiatesfunctionstomatchtheparameterlistexamplesofuseoftheminjustdeclaredxrealminyintegerminexpressionreductionoperatoroverloadingoperatorscanbedefinedusingthecodewrittencodeformoffunctiondeclarationsbelowisthecodethatwoulddeclaretheadditionofintegersfunctionaddxyintegerreturnintegerwrittenxysuchwrittenformscanhavemorethantwoparametersforinstanceamatrixlineartransformcanbewrittenasfunctionlinearabcmatrixreturnmatrixwrittenabcawrittenformcanuseconstantsandsuchaformismorespecializedthanaformwithoutconstantsforexamplefunctionequalabmatrixreturnbooleanwrittenabfunctionisnullamatrixreturnbooleanwrittenafunctionisunityamatrixreturnbooleanwrittenathemechanismisusedtoimplementallbasicoperatorsanexpressionisprogressivelyreducedtofunctioncallsusingwrittenformsforthatreasonthemechanismisreferredtoasexpressionreductionratherthanoperatoroverloadingiteratorsxliteratorsallowprogrammerstoimplementbothgeneratorcomputersciencegeneratorsanditeratorsimportioxluiconsoleiteratorintegeriteratorvaroutcounterintegerlowhighintegerwrittencounterinlowhighiscounterlowwhilecounterhighloopyieldcounternotethatineedsnotbedeclaredbecausedeclaredvaroutintheiteratoranimplicitdeclarationofiasanintegeristhereforemadehereforiinloopiowritelniidevelopmentstatusandhistoryxlistheresultofalonglanguagedesignworkthatbeganaroundthelanguagewasdesignedandimplementedprimarilybychristophededinechinhistoricallythexlcompilerwaswrittenincithadachievedapointwheremostofthefeaturesdescribedaboveworkedcorrectlybutwritingpluginswasanightmarebecausecitselfisnotextensiblesoimplementingcodetranslatecodelikestatementswasimpossibletheparsetreewasmorecomplicatedwithdozensofnodetypesbecauseitwasdesignedforcrosslanguagesupportmokawasajavatojavaextensiblecompilerusingthesameinfrastructureabandoningthecrosslanguageobjectivesandcomplexparsetreestructurearewriteprogrammingcompleterewriteofthecompilerwasstartedintheparsetreewasvastlysimplifieddowntothesevenxlnodestypesnowinusethisnewcompilerbootstrappingcompilersbootstrappedinandallnewdevelopmentisnowwritteninxlhoweverthisnewcompilerstillhassomewhatincompletexlsupportalthoughitsabilitiesalreadyexceedcinafewareasancestryxlwasinspiredbyalargenumberofotherlanguagesinalphabeticalorderadaprogramminglanguageadainspiredsomeoflargescaleprogramsupportexceptionhandlingtaskingandsupportabilityaspectsbasicthemoremodernvariantsthatdispenseoflinenumbersandsupportstructuredprogrammingshowedhowsimplethesyntaxofaprogramminglanguagecouldbecprogramminglanguagecwasusedasthestandardtoexpectintermsofruntimeandmachinelevelsupportxlwillnotrequireavirtualmachinetoruncandthestandardtemplatelibrarydemonstratedtheneedforgoodsupportofgenerictypesincludingimplicitinstantiationofgenericswhichadalacksfortranscontinuedperformanceleadovercandcfornumericalintensiveapplicationshelpedidentifywhichlanguageconstructswouldpreventusefuloptimizationsjavaprogramminglanguagejavademonstratedtheimportanceofalargeportablesupportlibraryjavacontainersalsoshowedthelimitationsofanapproachnotbasedongenericprogramminginterfacingwithjavacoderemainsaninterestingchallengeforxllispprogramminglanguagelispextensibilitywasconsideredasakeyfactorinitssurvivalandrelevancetothisdaylispwasthefirstlanguagetonormalizeobjectorientedfeaturesdespitehavingbeendesignedyearsbeforeobjectorientedideaswereinventedprologdemonstratedthatalternativeprogrammingmodelsaresometimesusefulandhighlyproductiveeveryeffortwasmadetoensurethataprologstyleplugincouldbewrittenforxlvisualbasicshowedhowtheparsetreerepresentationcanbedissociatedfromitsvisualpresentationfewpeopleeditvbformstextuallyitisexpectedthatxledittimepluginswillonedayprovidesimilarabilitiesbydirectlymanipulatingtheparsetreesemanticsxlrisadynamiclanguageoriginallyintendedasabackendforthexlcompilerhencethenamewhichstandsforxlruntimeitsharesthebasicxlsyntaxwithxlbutitsbehaviorismuchclosertoafunctionallanguagewhereasxlisintendedtolookmostlylikeanimperativelanguagexlrhaspracticallyonlyonebuiltinoperatorwhichdenotesarewritethenotationontheleftoftherewriteistransformedintothenotationontherightoftherewritethismechanismisusedtoimplementstandardnotationsiftruethentruebodyelsefalsebodytruebodyiffalsethentruebodyelsefalsebodyfalsebodythexlprogramminglanguageusesaprogrammingapproachfocusingonhowconceptsthatliveintheprogrammersmindtranslateintorepresentationsthatarefoundinthemachinecodecodespacepseudometricsconceptprogrammingusespseudometricstoevaluatethequalityofcodetheyarecalledpseudometricsbecausetheyrelatetheconceptspaceandthecodespacewithaclearunderstandingthattheconceptspacecannotbeformalizedstrictlyenoughforarealmetrictobedefinedconceptprogrammingpseudometricsincludesyntacticnoisemeasuresdiscrepanciesbetweentheconceptandthesyntaxusedtorepresentitforinstancethesemicolonattheendofstatementsincprogramminglanguageccanbeconsideredassyntacticnoisebecauseithasnoequivalentintheconceptspacecommunicationnoisesemanticnoisemeasuresdiscrepanciesbetweentheexpectedmeaningorbehavioroftheconceptanditsactualmeaningorbehaviorinthecodeforinstancethefactthatintegerdatatypesoverflowwhenmathematicalintegersdonotisaformofsemanticnoisebandwidthmeasureshowmuchoftheconceptspaceagivencodeconstructcanrepresentforinstancetheoverloadedadditionoperatorinchashigherbandwidththanthecodeaddcodeinstructioninassemblylanguagebecausethecoperatorcanrepresentadditiononfloatingpointnumbersandnotjustintegernumberssignalnoiseratiomeasureswhatfractionofthecodespaceisusedforrepresentingactualconceptsasopposedtoimplementationinformationruleofequivalenceequivalencebreakdowntheruleofequivalenceisverifiedwhenthecodebehaviormatchestheoriginalconceptthisequivalencemaybreakdowninmanycasesintegeroverflowbreakstheequivalencebetweenthemathematicalintegerconceptandthecomputerizedapproximationoftheconceptmanywaystobreaktheequivalencehavebeengivenspecificnamesbecausetheyareverycommonadomainerrorisaconditionwherecodeexecutesoutsideofthedomainofequivalencewhichisthedomainwheretheconceptandtheimplementationmatchanintegeroverflowisanexampleofdomainerroraconceptcastalsoconceptrecastorconceptrecastingisarewriteofaconceptasadifferentconceptbecausetheoriginalconceptcannotberepresentedbythetoolsincusingpointersforoutputargumentsbecausecdoesntsupportoutputargumentsexplicitlyisanexampleofconceptcastapriorityinversionisaformofsyntacticorsemanticnoiseintroducedbysomelanguageenforcedgeneralruleitiscalledapriorityinversionbecausethelanguagetakesprecedenceovertheconceptinsmalltalkeverythingisanobjectandthatruleleadstotheundesirableconsequencethatanexpressionlikedoesntobeytheusualorderofoperationssmalltalkinterpretsthisassendingthemessagetothenumberresultingfromwhichyieldsresultinsteadofmethodologytowritecodeconceptprogrammingrecommendsthefollowingstepsidentifyanddefinetherelevantconceptsintheconceptspaceidentifytraditionalnotationsfortheconceptsorinventusablenotationsidentifyacombinationofprogrammingconstructsthatallowstheconceptstoberepresentedcomfortablyincodethatincludesfindingacodenotationthatmatchesthenotationidentifiedinthepreviousstepascloselyaspossiblewritecodethatpreservesasmuchaspossibletheexpectedbehaviorandsemanticsoftherelevantaspectsoftheoriginalconceptmanyprogrammingtoolsoftenlackinnotationalabilitiesthusconceptprogrammingsometimesrequirestheuseofpreprocessorsdomainspecificlanguagedomainspecificlanguagesormetaprogrammingtechniqueslanguagesxlprogramminglanguagexlistheonlyprogramminglanguageknowntodatetobeexplicitlycreatedforconceptprogrammingbutconceptprogrammingcanbedoneinnearlyanylanguagewithvaryingdegreesofsuccesslispprogramminglanguagelispandforthprogramminglanguageforthandtheirderivativesareexamplesofpreexistinglanguageswhichlendthemselveswelltoconceptprogrammingsimilarworksthereareprojectsthatexploitsimilarideastocreatecodewithhigherlevelofabstractionamongthemareintentionalprogramminglanguageorientedprogrammingliterateprogrammingmodeldrivenarchitecturereferencesexternallinksmozartdevsfnetthehistoricaldevelopmentsitetheregistercoukconceptprogrammingcoverageonxlandconceptprogrammingattheregisterxlrsourceforgenetconceptprogrammingpresentationpdfslidespresentingxlandconceptprogrammingxingtechnologywasaliveaudiobroadcastsoftwarecompanyfoundedinarroyograndecaliforniainbyformernetworkingexecutivehowardgordonhistorygordonfoundedxingonthebasisofasimplejpegdecodinglibrarythathehaddevelopedthissoftwareattractedtheattentionofchriseddywhohaddevelopedatechniqueforprocessingdiscretecosinetransformdiscretecosinetransformsdctefficientlythroughsoftwareeddystechniquehelpedcreatethefirstxingmpegvideoplayeraverysimplemsdosapplicationthatcouldplaybackaniframeonlyvideompegstreamencodedataconstantquantizationimageprocessingquantizationlevelatxresolutionoverthenextseveralyearsxingexpandedinseveraldirectionsmicrosoftwindowswindowssupportforthexingmpegplayerasoftwarempegaudiodecoderarealtimeindustrystandardarchitectureisaxmpegcaptureboardxingitajpegmanagementsystempictureprowlerandfinallynetworkingxingreleasedahandfulofnetworkproductsbeforestreamworksthefirststreamingaudioandvideosystemfortheinternetwithsupportforbothliveandpreencodedsourcesrealvideoappearedjustbeforestreamworksbutatthetimeitwasknownasrealaudioandcouldonlybroadcastaudioitcouldnottransmitvideoafterstreamworkswaslaunchedthecompanyraisedminventurecapitalbutrealnetworksraisedconsiderablymoreandbegantooutexecutexingdespitethatxingexperiencedaperiodofexpansionthroughitsaudiocatalystmpsoftwareandmpgrabberxingwasboughtbyrealnetworksinreferencesbertjdempseypauljonesinternetissuesandapplicationsscarecrowpresslanhammarylandexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebwiredcomtechbizmedianewswiredmagazinearticlesoundonsoundcomsosarticlesauginternetradiohtmlsoundonsoundcomearlyadoptionofstreamworksbynbcfindarticlescomparticlesmimeinisaprilaifindarticlescomharvardlawschoolusagefindarticlescomparticlesmimeinisfebaifindarticlescomearlyuseofstreamworksforlivevideowebcastsfindarticlescomparticlesmimeinisjanaifindarticlescomxingreleasesfirstmacmpencoderchemboxwatchedfieldschangedverifiedrevidnamexanthoneimagefilerefimagefilexanthonesvgimagealtskeletalformulaimagefilexanthonedballspngimagealtballandstickmodeliupacnamehxanthenoneothernamesoxoxanthenebrdiphenylineketoneoxidesectionchemboxidentifierschebirefchebismilesocccccccoccccccchemspideridrefchemspideridpubcheminchichochhinchikeyjnelgwhkgnbsmduhfffaoyaachemblrefchemblstdinchirefstdinchischochhstdinchikeyrefstdinchikeyjnelgwhkgnbsmduhfffaoysancasnorefcasnortecssectionchemboxpropertieschoappearanceoffwhitesoliddensitysolubilityslsolinhotwatermeltingptcboilingptcmagsussupsupcmsupsupmolsectionchemboxhazardsexternalsdsmainhazardsflashptrphrasessphrasesrefnamealphaalfacommsdspdfenglishapdfmsdsfromalphaaesarrefsectionchemboxrelatedothercompoundsxanthenexanthoneisanorganiccompoundwiththemolecularformulacsubsubhsubsubosubsubitcanbepreparedbytheheatingofphenylsalicylateinxanthonewasintroducedasaninsecticideanditcurrentlyfindsusesasinsecti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ilaestarboximageimagedivstylepositionrelativedivstylepositionabsolutelefttopdivdivcaptionlocationofaquilaecircledstarboxobserveepochjconstellaquilaconstellationaquilaradecappmagvstarboxcharacterclassgnbspiiirivrbvubvariablestarboxastrometryradialvpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnoteabsmagvstarboxdetailmassradiusmetalfegravityluminositytemperaturerotationalvelocityagegyrstarboxcatalognameslibertasdurchmusterungbdflamsteeddesignationaquilaehenrydrapercataloguehdhipparcoscataloguehipbrightstarcataloguehrsmithsonianastrophysicalobservatorystarcatalogsaostarboxreferencesimbadxiaqlxiaquilaeaquilaeabbreviatedxiaqlaqlalsonamedlibertasnomenclatureaquilaelatinisationofnameslatinisedtoxiaquilaeisthestarsbayerdesignationfollowingitsdiscoverytheplanetwasdesignatedxiaquilaebinjulytheinternationalastronomicalunionlaunchedaprocessforgivingpropernamestocertainexoplanetsandtheirhoststarstheprocessinvolvedpublicnominationandvotingforthenewnamesindecembertheiauannouncedthewinningnameswerelibertasforthisstarandfortitudoforitsplanetthewinningnameswerethosesubmittedbylibertyerastudentclubathoseiuniversityoftokyojapanthenameswhichwereoriginallyproposedwereinenglishandwerelibertyandfortitudebuttocomplywiththeiausrulestheyweremodifiedtobelatinversionsofthesamewordsandsothefinalnamesbecamelibertasandfortitudorespectivelyaquilaislatinforeagleapopularsymboloflibertyandembodimentoffortitudeemotionalandmentalstrengthinthefaceofadversityintheiauorganizedaiauworkinggrouponstarnamesworkinggrouponstarnameswgsnpropertiesthisstarhasanapparentvisualmagnitudeofwhichaccordingtothebortledarkskyscaleisbrightenoughtobeviewedwiththenakedeyefromdarksuburbanskiestheorbitalmotionoftheearthcausesthisstartoundergoanannualparallaxshiftofnbspmilliarcsecondsfromthismeasurementthedistancetothisstarcanbedeterminedyieldinganestimateofapproximatelylightyearswithamarginoferrorthemagnitudeofthestarisdiminishedbyfromtheextinctionastronomyextinctioncausedbyinterstellargasanddustthestellarspectrumspectrumofthisstarmatchesastellarclassificationofgnbspiiiwherethegmeansthatitbelongstothecategoryofgtypestarswhiletheluminosityclassofiiiindicatesthatatanestimatedageofnearlyfivebillionyearsisanstellarevolutionevolvedstarthathasreachedthegiantstargiantstageitisintheredclumpmeaningitisgeneratingenergythroughthefusionofheliumintocarbonatitscorexiaquilaehasanestimatedofthesunsmasswhileitsstellaratmosphereouteratmospherehasexpandedtomorethantentimestheradiusofthesunitisradiatingtimesthesunsluminosityataneffectivetemperatureofnbspkgivingitthegoldenhuedglowofagtypestarthepossibilityofabinarystellarcompanioncanberuledoutbaseduponobservationswiththecharaarrayplanetarysysteminthepresenceofaplanetarycompanionwasannouncedbasedupondopplerspectroscopyresultsfromtheokayamaastrophysicalobservatorythisobjectdesignatedasxiaquilaebhasatleastjupitermassesandisorbitingatanestimatedastronomicalunitsfromthestarwithaperiodofdaysanyplanetsthatonceorbitedtotheinteriorofthisobjectmayhavebeenconsumedasthestarenteredtheredgiantstageandexpandedinradiusorbitboxplanetbegintablereforbitboxplanetexoplanetxiaquilaebbfortitudomasssemimajorperiodeccentricityfixedreferencesreflistrefsrefnameaaarefrefnameandersoncitationtitlexhipanextendedhipparcoscompilationlastandersonfirstelastfrancisfirstchjournalastronomylettersvolumeissuepagesyearbibcodeastladoisarxivpostscriptrefrefnameajrefrefnameclplrefrefnameaaaarefrefnameajrefrefnameapjrefrefnamemnrasrefrefnamecsirorefrefnamepaspjrefrefnamesimbadrefrefnameapjrefrefnameapjrefexternallinkswebvizustrasbgfrvizbinviziershrhraladinustrasbgfraladinpreviewcbidentksiaqlsubmitaladinpreviewerimagexiaquilaeserverwikiskyorgstarviewobjecttypeobjectidobjectnameaqllocaleitwikiskyorgturnederedirectcategoryshellclytemnestraclytemnestrainfoboxsoftwarenamexcircuitlogoscreenshotxcircuitscreenshotpngcaptionxcircuitscreenshotauthortimedwardsdevelopertimedwardsgenrediagrammingsoftwarereleasedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdateoperatingsystemcrossplatformlicensegnugeneralpubliclicensegplwebsitexcircuitisaunixxandmicrosoftwindowswindowsprogramfordrawingpublicationqualityelectricalcircuitschematicdiagramsandrelatedfiguresandtheproductionofcircuitnetliststhroughschematiccapturexcircuitregardscircuitsasinherentlyhierarchicalandwritesbothpostscriptoutputandhierarchicalspicenetlistscircuitcomponentsaresavedinandretrievedfromlibrarieswhicharefullyeditablexcircuitdoesnotseparateartisticexpressionfromcircuitdrawingitmaintainsflexibilityinstylewithoutcompromisingthepowerofschematiccapturehistoryxcircuitwaswrittenandismaintainedbytimedwardscurrentlywithefablesscorpformerlywiththejohnshopkinsuniversityappliedphysicslaboratoryinlaurelmarylandxcircuitwasinitiallywritteninthesummerofasadrawingprogramtorendercircuitdiagramsforanundergraduateelectricalengineeringcourseinthejohnshopkinsuniversitywhitingschoolofengineeringparttimeprogramssincethenithasexpandedtoencompassschematiccaptureandisusedbypeopleallovertheworldforbothpresentationsandasanedaelectronicdesig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eplannedthissohecouldconfrontcablealoneandthoughhavokhasenoughgeneticsimilaritytoscotttopassthroughtheforcefielddoingsorendershimunconsciouscablefindshimselfhopelesslyoutmatchedbystryfebutastheybattlejeangreyandcyclopsbreakfreeandhavokregainsconsciousnessdriventodespairstryfetriestocollapsetheactivetoweruponthexmencablegrabsstryfeandorderscyclopstoactivatethetimevortexaplanthatwouldkillbothstryfeandcablecyclopsreluctantlydoessobothmenaresuckedintoamassivevortexthatiscreatedasthetowerexplodescyclopsandjeangreybegintosuspectthateitherstryfeorcableiscyclopssonnathanchristophersummerswhocyclopswasforcedtoabandonandsendintothefutureafterapocalypseinfectedhimwithatechnovirusmrsinisterhasaminiongordanopenthecanistergiventohimbystryfeonlytofinditapparentlyemptythoughnotrevealedinxcutionerssongthecanisterinfactcontainedthelegacyvirusepilogueprofessorxdiscoversthatthetechnoorganicvirushaslefthimtemporarilycapableofwalkingandspendshisfewhourswithoutparalysisbondingwithjubileecomicsjubileeroguecomicsrogueandgambitcomicsgambithangouttogetherasrogueagreestoletgambitbehereyesuntilsheregainshersightlayingthegroundworkforthetwofinallybecomingacouplearchangelandbeastcomicsbeastrebuildthebarthatcyclopsandjeangreywerekidnappedinandthinkbacktotheirdaysastheoriginalxmenstryfesstrikefiledeletedimageremovedimagestryfesfjpgcovertostryfesstrikefileartbyandykubertthumbpxstryfesstrikefilewasthenameofaxmenoneshotwrittenbyfabianniciezaandscottlobdellitincludedseveralyearsworthofforeshadowingoflobdellandniciezasxmenplotlinesmostnotablythelegacyvirusplotlinethecomicframingdevicewasthatthefilesintheoneshotwereonacdromfoundatstryfesbasebybishopandhandedovertoxavierwithouttellinganyoneelseaboutitafternearlytwodozenpagesoftextandpicturefilesmostofwhichweretakenfromthetradingcardinsertsincludedintheindividualissuesofthecrossoverthebookendedwithaclosingsequencewherexavierdestroysthediskratherthanshowingittocyclopsandjeangreythebookcontainedentriesforgraydoncreedthrenodycomicsthrenodyandholocaustmarvelcomicsholocaustpriortotheirfirstappearanceselsewheregraydoncreedwouldappearasavillaintwomonthslaterthrenodywouldappearelevenmonthslateyetholocaustwouldnotappearinthexmencomicsuntilthealternaterealityageofapocalypsestorylinetheversionfoundinthatstorylinediffersfromtheonefoundinstryfesstrikefileinthattheageofapocalypseholocaustrequiresacontainmentsuitandisverytalkativewhiletheholocaustinthefilesdoesnotneedacontainmentsuitandisasilentkillerpublicationuncannyxmenxfactorxmenvolxforceuncannyxmenxfactorxmenvolxforceuncannyxmenxfactorxmenvolxforceuncannyxmenepiloguexforceepiloguestryfesstrikefilecollectededitionsthestorylineexceptforstryfesstrikefilesepilogueshavebeencollectedintoatradepaperbackcomicstradepaperbackxmenxcutionerssongmayithasalsobeencollectedintoahardcoverxmenxcutionerssongpagesoctobercollectsuncannyxmenxfactorxmenxforceandstryfesstrikefilepublicationhistoryinthexmenfranchisehadreachedapopularitylevelunheardofatthetimewiththereleaseofthehighsellingxmenvolandxforceaswellasthecontributionsofpopularartistsjimleerobliefeldandwhilceportaciotothemainxmenbooksbutbyportacioleeandliefeldleftmarvelcomicstoformtheirowncomiccompanyimagecomicsalongsideseveralotherhighprofilemarvelartistsnewwritersandartistswerequicklydraftedtoreplacethedepartingfanfavoriteartistsmostnotablywritersscottlobdellandfabianniciezaandartistgregcapulloatawritersretreatheldbythexmenwritingstaffinthewritersbegantoplanwhichdirectionforthexmenamassivecrossoverhadbeendecideduponpriortotheformationofimagecomicsanditwasdecidedbythenewwriterstocontinuewiththeplanasameanstokeepattentiononthexmenbooksatthetimethesubjectofthecrossoverwashavingthexmenfacetheirbiggestenemiesatthetimestryfeapocalypseandmrsinisterandrevealingtheoriginofthepopularxforceleadercableayearearlieritwasheavilyimpliedthatcablewasnathanchristophersummerstheinfantsonofxmancyclopsandmadelynepriormeanwhilestryferevealedthathehadthesamefaceascableasfanshadpickedupontheseplotthreadsfabianniciezapushedfortherevealthatstryfewasthetimedisplacednathansummersandthatcablewastheheroiccloneofthemissingsummerschildduringtheplanningofthecrossoverscottlobdellandfabianniciezawantedtofeaturethereturnofmagnetobelievedtobedeadatthetimeduringthestorylinemainlytoprovidefanswithanaddedshockmomentandtoaddtotheimpactofthestorywhichwouldhavethexmenandtheiralliesfacedownagainsttheirworstenemiesinasinglecrisispeterdavidsarcasticallyproclaimedthatmagnetoshouldremovewolverinesadamantiumskeletonuponhisreturnwhiletheplantomakemagnetosreturnwasdroppedfromthestorylinedavidssuggestionwouldbeusedwhenthewritersbroughtmagnetobackthefollowingyearaspartofthefatalattractionscomicsfatalattractionsstorylinethereisalongstandingrumorthatxmeneditorbobharrasforcedlobdellandniciezatochangetheendingofthestorytoremovewhatwassupposedtobethemaindrawingpointofthestorylinecablesoriginhoweverniciezahasstatedthatthiswasnotthecasethefulldetailsoftheorigincableandstryfewouldbeheldbackuntilwhenitwasrevealedthatcablewasintruthnathanchristophersummersandthatstryfenotcablewastheclonerefnamecablecablemarvelcomicsrefreceptionsalesofxcutionerssongwereconsiderablyhigherthantheissuesoftheparticipatingserieswhichprecededandsucceededithoweverthestorywasconsideredadisappointmentbyfanschieflybecauseithadbeenpromisedthatitwouldrevealcablesoriginbutinsteadprovidedonlycrypticandsometimesconfusinghintsabouttheidentitiesofcableandstryferefnamefuturenowrefaftermathstryfeandapocalypsewerebothbroughtbacktolifeexcludingtheageofapocalypsestorylineapocalypsewouldreturnincablewhilestryfewouldreturnasaghostwhopossessedcablethestoryendedwithcablefreeinghimselffromstryfescontrolsendingstryfesspirittohellforalleternitystryfereappearedwhenhisghostattemptedtoescapehellbypossessingxforcememberwarpathbutwasfoiledbythemembersofxforceultimatelystryfewouldbebroughtbacktolifeasatimeanomalyhavingshownupoutofthebluealongsidethedarkridersduringacrossoverbetweencableandxmanandwouldgoontobedevilthexmenuntilhismostdeathduringthegambitbishopminiseriesstryfewouldyetagainreturnafterthedecimationcomicsdecimationstorylineandappearedtoperishagainalthoughitisunknownifitisastryfefromanotherrealitythemajorlongtermresultofxcutionerssongwasthelegacyvirusstryfehadearliergivenmistersinisteracanisterthatheclaimedcontainedtwothousandyearsworthofgeneticmaterialfromthesummersbloodlinewhensinisteropeneditafterstryfewasapparentlykilledbycablehefoundnothinginsidethecanisteractuallycontainedaplaguestryfeslegacytotheworldtheviruspresumablyfromthefuturewasfatalandstruckonlymutantsbutlaterinfectedthehumandoctorandlongtimexmenallymoiramactaggertmactaggertwouldultimatelydevelopacurejustbeforeherdeaththoughitwouldcostthemutantpeterrasputincolossuscomicscolossushislifeduetothecurerequiringamutanttodieinordertoactivateitinothermediathevideogamexmengamemasterslegacyislooselybasedontheeventsofxcutionerssongreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebmutanthighcomxcutionerssonghtmlxcutionerssongxoverissuebyissuesynopsisstarboxbeginnamexisupsupcanismajorisstarboximageimagedivstylepositionrelativedivstylepositionabsolutelefttopdivdivcaptionlocationofsupsupcanismajoriscircledstarboxobserveepochjconstellcentaurusradecappmagvstarboxcharacterclassbnbspiiibvubvariablebetacepheivariablecepstarboxastrometryradialvpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnoteabsmagvstarboxdetailmassgravityrotationalvelocityradiusluminositytemperaturemetalfestarboxcatalognamesstarboxreferencesimbadksicmaxisupsupcanismajorislatinizedfromsupsupcanismajorisisastarintheconstellationcanismajoritisapproximatelylightyearsfromearthsupsupcanismajorisisabluewhitestellarclassificationbtypesubgiantwithameanapparentmagnitudeofitisclassifiedasabetacepheivariablebetacepheitypevariablestaranditsbrightnessvariesfrommagnitudetowithaperiodofhoursreferencesreflistrefsrefnamevanleeuwencitationtitlevalidationofthenewhipparcosreductionlastvanleeuwenfirstfjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesdatearxivbibcodeaavdoipostscriptrefrefnameandersoncitationtitlexhipanextendedhipparcoscompilationlastandersonfirstelastfrancisfirstchjournalastronomylettersvolumeissuepagesyearbibcodeastladoisarxivpostscriptrefrefnamergcrvcitationlastevansfirstdsdatejuneeditorlastbatteneditorfirstalanhenryeditorlastheardeditorfirstjohnfrederickcontributiontherevisionofthegeneralcatalogueofradialvelocitiestitledeterminationofradialvelocitiesandtheirapplicationsproceedingsfromiausymposiumnolocationuniversityoftorontopublisherinternationalastronomicalunionbibcodeiausepostscriptrefrefnamejohnsoncitationdisplayauthorslastjohnsonfirsthllastiriartefirstblastmitchellfirstrilastwisniewskjfirstwztitleubvrijklphotometryofthebrightstarsjournalcommunicationsofthelunarandplanetarylaboratoryvolumeissueyearbibcodecolpljpostscriptrefrefnameanrefcanismajorisstarboxbeginnamexisupsupcanismajorisstarboxobserveepochjequinoxjinternationalcelestialreferencesystemicrsconstellcanismajorradecappmagvstarboxcharacterclassanbspvoranbspiiibvubvariablestarboxastrometryradialvpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnoteabsmagvstarboxdetailsourcemassradiusluminositytemperaturegravitymetalferotationalvelocityagemyrstarboxcatalognamesstarboxreferencesimbadxicmaxisupsupcanismajorissupsupcanismajorisisanastrometricbinarystarsysteminthesouthernconstellationofcanismajorwithanapparentvisualmagnitudeofitisvisibletothenakedeyebaseduponanannualparallaxshiftofthesystemisapproximatelynbsplightyearsdistantfromearththebinarynatureofthissystemwasdeterminedbasedonchangesinthepropermotionofthevisiblecomponentbuscombegavethewhitehuedprimaryastellarclassificationofanbspvindicatingitisanatypemainsequencestarhoweverhoukandsmithmoorelistitwithaclassofanbspiiiwhichwouldmatchamorestellarevolutionevolvedgiantstaralsooftheatypeithasahighrateofspinwithaprojectedrotationalvelocityofnbspkmsthestarisradiatingtimesthesunsluminosityfromitsphotosphereataneffectivetemperatureofnbspkreferencesreflistrefsrefnamevanleeuwencitationtitlevalidationofthenewhipparcosreductionlastvanleeuwenfirstfjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesdatearxivbibcodeaavdoipostscriptrefrefnameajcitationlastmakarovfirstvvlastkaplanfirstghtitlestatisticalconstraintsforastrometricbinarieswithnonlinearmotionjournaltheastronomicaljournalpostscriptvolumeissuepagesdatemaydoibibcodeajmurldticmilgettrdocpdfadadarefrefnamebuscombecitationlastbuscombefirstwtitlespectralclassificationofsouthernfundamentalstarsjournalmountstromloobservatorymimeogramvolumeyearbibcodemtsombpostscriptrefrefnamebellecitationtitleinterferometricobservationsofrapidlyrotatingstarslastbellefirstgtjournaltheastronomyandastrophysicsreviewvolumepagesyeardoispostscriptbibcodeaarvvarxivrefrefnamefracassinicitationlastpasinettifracassinifirstlelastpastorifirstllastcovinofirstslastpozzifirstatitlecatalogueofapparentdiametersandabsoluteradiiofstarscadarsjournalastronomyastrophysicsvolumepagesdateeditionrdbibcodeaapdoiarxivastrophpostscriptrefrefnamemcdonaldcitationdisplayauthorslastmcdonaldfirstilastzijlstrafirstaalastboyerfirstmltitlefundamentalparametersandinfraredexcessesofhipparcosstarsjournalmonthlynoticesoftheroyalastronomicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesdatebibcodemnrasmdoijxarxivpostscriptrefrefnameeggletoncitationlasteggletonfirstpplasttokovininfirstaatitleacatalogueofmultiplicityamongbrightstellarsystemsjournalmonthlynoticesoftheroyalastronomicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesdateseptemberdoijxbibcodemnrasearxivpostscriptrefrefnamedebruijnecitationlastdebruijnefirstjhjlasteilersfirstactitleradialvelocitiesforthehipparcosgaiahundredthousandpropermotionprojectjournalastronomyastrophysicsvolumeidapagesdateoctoberdoibibcodeaaadarxivpostscriptrefrefnamegontcharovcitationtitlespatialdistributionandkinematicsofobstarslastgontcharovfirstgajournalastronomylettersvolumeissuepagesdatenovemberdoisbibcodeastlgarxivpostscriptrefrefnamehoukcitationlasthoukfirstnancylastsmithmoorefirstmtitlemichigancatalogueoftwodimensionalspectraltypesforthehdstarsvolumepublicationplaceannarboryearpublisherdeptofastronomyuniversityofmichiganbibcodemsschpostscriptrefrefnamejohnsoncitationdisplayauthorslastjohnsonfirsthllastiriartefirstblastmitchellfirstrilastwisniewskjfirstwztitleubvrijklphotometryofthebrightstarsjournalcommunicationsofthelunarandplanetarylaboratoryvolumeissueyearbibcodecolpljpostscriptrefrefnamesimbadcitesimbadtitlexicmaaccessdatepostscriptrefxjredirectoctoberredirectxylokastroredirectxylokastrojimpaekxbaseisanobjectorientedprogramminglanguagewhichhasmultipleinheritanceandpolymorphismcomputersciencepolymorphismitisbasedonthexbaselanguagedialectandconventionsitisclipperprogramminglanguageclippercompatiblelanguagesupportingmultipleinheritancepolymorphisminobjectorientedprogrammingpolymorphismobjectorientedprogrammingitsupportsthexbasedatatypesincludingcodeblockswithxbaseitispossibletogenerateapplicationsforwindowsntmexpvistaandwindowsclippersupportxbasesupportstheoldcommandssaygettodefinedataentryformsaswellasagraphiceditortocreatedataentryformssimilartovisualfoxproitalsohasaalaskasoftwarecomproductsvxintroshtmvisualdevelopmentenvironmentsupportforoemfilesdosformatandansiwindowsanintegrateddebuggerandaresourcecompilertoaddiconsandgraphicstotheapplicationitcangenerateexeordllfilesrddxbasesupportsthereplaceabledatabasedriversrddwhichprovideaccesstomultipledatabaseformatsofclipperthroughthedatabaseenginesdbesthebasicpackageincludessupportfordbffoxntxcdxsdfanddeldelimiteditalsosupportscorbavisualfoxprotodatabaseformatsandaccesstosqlserversbirthxbasewasbornafterthedecisionofcainccomputerassociatestoabandonclippertodevelopvisualobjectsthefailureofvisualobjectsasclippersubstituteempoweredthecreationofthirdpartylibrariesandthecreationofclippersyntaxcompilerssourcecodeexamplesourcelangtextincludeclasschthisprogramprintsmissymeowmrbojanglesmeowlassiebarkpressanykeytocontinueproceduremainlocalaanimalsarraylocaliaanimalscatnewmissyaanimalscatnewmrbojanglesaanimalsdognewlassieforitolenaanimalsaanimalsinameaanimalsitalknextiwaitreturnclassanimalexportedvarnamereadonlymethodinitdeferredclassmethodtalkendclassmethodanimalinitcnamenamecnamereturnselfclassdogfromanimalexportedmethodtalkendclassmethoddogtalkreturnbarkclasscatfromanimalexportedmethodtalkendclassmethodcattalkreturnmeowsourceexternallinksdonnaysoftwarecomexpresssgldevelopmentsystemalaskasoftwarecomproductsoverviewcxpxbasewebpagewebarchiveorgwebsqlexpressnetsqlxppindexhtmsqlexpressforxbaseobjectorientedodbcandsqlinterfaceforxbasewwwsqlexpressnetwebarchiveorgwebxbnetxbnetindexhtmxbnetxbasewebserverinternetdevelopmenttooltcpiphttpsoapftpsslxmlwwwxbnetxbwincomotxbopensourcetoolsforxbaseotxbdllwwwxbwincomwebarchiveorgwebtheoasisnettheoasisclipperfoxproandxbasecommunityrepositorywebarchiveorgwebmasfoxprocomindexphptitlexbaseprintableyesxbasedialectsalaskasoftwarecomproductssubscriptionshtmodbcdbeodbcdbeclarincomsuplementosinformaticatdhtmdiarioclarnxbaseabridgetowardswindowsdsdatasoftdedsdatasoftmanufacturerofxbasetoolsfordeveloperxclassadsclassafxvisualdbucjcomnetbizcorehtmtopdownlibraryxdbuxmemospellxdevelopmenttoolsforthexbaseprogrammersdsoftdesigncomsdsoftdesignxbasedevelopmenttoolsdynamiclibrarydbainfoboxsettlementbasicinfonameothernamenativenamesettlementtypeprefecturelevelcityimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizepximagecaptiontopviewoffireworkatlunnernewyeareventinhanriverareamiddleleftgreatvirtuetemplemiddlerightlongzhongscenicareabottomupperleftviewofxiangyangcastlewithgreenshadowwallandhuchangcanalbottomlowerleftviewofsouthsideofhuchangcanalbottomrightzhongxuangateimagemaplocationofxiangfanprefecturewithinhubeichinapngmapsizemapcaptionlocationofxiangyangcityjurisdictioninhubeiimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmaphubeipushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationofthecitycentreinhubeipushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamechinasubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamehubeisubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountyleveldivisionssubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipleveltownshipleveldivisionssubdivisionnameseattypemunicipalseatseatxiangchengdistrictxiangyangxiangchengdistrictpartstypepartsstylelistforlistcollforcollapsedlistparaforparagraphformatdefaultislistifuptoitemscollifmorethanpartspartstextorheaderforpartslistppetcuptopforseparatepartstobelistedpoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateestablishedtitleestablisheddatefoundernamedforareaareamagnitudeuseonlytosetaspecialwikilinkunitprefenterimperialtodisplayimperialbeforemetricareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldswithmeasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonunitconversionareawaterkmareawaterpercentareaurbankmareametrokmareablanktitleareablankkmelevationelevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmelevationftelevationmaxmelevationmaxftelevationminmelevationminftpopulationpopulationasofcensuspopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmautoforautomaticcalculationanydensityfieldmaycontainautopopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmautopopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmautopopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationdensityblankkmgeneralinformationtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetcoordinatesareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknamegdpblankinfobillionblanknamegdppercapitablankinfoblanknamelicenceplatesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalicenseplateprefixblankinfofblanknameblankinfoblanknamemajornationalitiesofchinanationalitiesblankinfoblanknameadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturelevelprefectureleveldivisionsblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnoteschinesepicxyangsvgpiccapxiangyangwritteninchinesepicsizepxpspsiangyangstwhsiangsupsupyangsupsuppxingyngorderstchinesetitlexiangfanpicxiangfansvgpicsizepxpspsiangfancwhsiangsupsupfansupsuppxingfnxiangyangchineseininfoboxseewpmoszhisaprefecturelevelcityinnorthwesternhubeiprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinaitwasknownasxiangfanuntildecemberrefciteweburlnewscommtqfvjbhtmlscripttitlezhpublishercomlanguagechinesedateaccessdaterefxiangyangisdividedbythehanriverwhichrunsthroughitsheartanddividesthecitynorthsouththecityitselfisanincorporationoftwoonceseparateancientcitiesfanchengandxiangchengcountyhenanxiangchengdistrictwhatremainsofoldxianyangislocatedsouthofthehanriverhanshuihanriverandcontainsoneoftheoldeststillintactcitywallsinchinawhilefanchengwaslocatedtothenorthofthehanriverbothcitiesservedprominenthistoricalrolesinboththeancientandpremodernperiodsofchinesehistorytodaythecityisafterthecapitalwuhanthesecondlargestintheprovincelocatedabouthalfwaybetweenwuhanandxianitisconsideredoneofthethirdtiercitiesinchinaandhasbeenatargetofgovernmentandprivateinvestmentasthecountryseekstourbanizeanddeveloptheinteriorprovincesitsbuiltupareamadeupofurbandistrictshadinhabitantsatthecensuswhilethewholemunicipalitycontainedapproximatelypeopleadministrationimagexiangyanghubeichinajpgthumbrightoverlookingfanchengdistrictfromxiangchengdistrictxiangyangxiangchengdistrictontheothersideofthehanriveryangtzerivertributaryhanriverwhichisabranchoftheyangtzerivertheprefecturelevelcityofxiangyangadministersadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountyleveldivisionsincludingdistrictofchinadistrictscountylevelcitycountylevelcitiesandcountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountiesxiangzhoudistrictxiangyangxiangzhoudistrictxiangchengdistrictxiangyangxiangchengdistrictfanchengdistrictzaoyangcityyichenghubeiyichengcitylaohekoucitynanzhangcountyguchengcountyhubeiguchengcountybaokangcountythesearefurtherdividedintoadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipleveltownshipleveldivisionsincludingtownofchinatownstownshippeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipsandsubdistrictsclasswikitablemapdivstylepositionrelativeclasscenterhistorysdescriptionofchinabasedonreportsfromthejesuitchinamissionsbutreversingthepositionsofxiangyangandfanchengdistrictfanchengxiangfanhasahistoryofoveryearsitwasthelocationofmajorbattlesduringthethreekingdomsperiodinbattleofxiangyangadbetweensunjianandliubiaoandinbattleofxiangyangadbetweenthesouthernsongandthemongolsitsmajorscenicspotsandculturalsitesincludexiangyangcitymoatthepseudoclassicstreetancientlongzhongmemorialtempletomifulumentemplethewallofxiangfancityisveryoldbuttheconditionisfinenowtheregionspremiertouristattractionsaredahongshanscenicareaandsomehistoricalrelicsincludingthelumenshanrelicthezhanggongcitemplethechengenmonasteryandthebaishuimonasterygeographyxiangyanghasalatituderangeofnorandlongituderangeofeorandislocatedonthemiddlereachesofthehanshuiamajortributaryoftheyangtzerivertheurbanareahoweverhasalatituderangeofnorandlongituderangeofeoritborderssuizhoutotheeastjingmenandyichangtothesouthshennongjiaandshiyantothewestandnanyanghenannanyanghenantothenorthitsadministrativeborderhasatotallengthofxiangyanghasamonsooninfluencedfourseasonhumidsubtropicalclimatekppenclimateclassificationkppencfawithcolddampbutcomparativelydrywintersandhothumidsummerseconomyimagexiangfancityparkjpgthumbafoggydayataxiangyangparkxiangyangpossesseslargewaterenergyresourceswhilstitsmineraldepositsincluderutileilmenitephosphorusbaritecoalironaluminumgoldmanganesenitreandrocksaltthereservesofrutileandilmeniterankhighlyinchinatextileproductionisthemainstayindustryofxiangfanfollowedbymachinerymanufacturechemicalprocessingelectronicsandmanufactureofconstructionmaterialsagriculturalresourcesaresignificantwithxiangfanschieffarmproductsincludinggraincottonvegetableoilcropstobaccoteaandfruitasthehomeofdongfengmotorsxiangfanisawellknownautomobilehubandpartnerswithforeignmanufacturerstoproducenissanandinfinitimodelsfordomesticsalesinadditionthereareanumberofchemicalfibreenterprisesinthecityincludingbirlajingweifibresamemberoftheadityabirlagroupthecityhasalsoinvestedinmanyindustrialtechnologyandcleanenergyparkstransportationrailandhighwaytransportationfacilitiesinxiangfanareverygoodxiangfanisarailwayjunctionforthexiangyurailwayxiangfanchongqingxiangyuhankoudanjiangkourailwayhankoudanjiangkouhandanandjiaozuoliuzhourailwayjiaozuoliuzhoujiaoliurailwaysthreenationalhighwaysincludingchinanationalhighwayroutepassthroughthecitythehanriveryangtzerivertributaryhanriverandfourotherriversareopentocommercialnavigationyearroundthexiangfanairporthascommercialairlineservicetomajorcitiesthroughoutchinaincludingbeijingshanghaiandguangzhoureferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxiangyanggovcngovernmentwebsiteofxiangyanginsimplifiedchinesewebarchiveorgwebhbxygovcnxiangzhoudistrictgovernmentwebsiteibiblioorgchinesehistorycontentsdatgeohtmlxiangfanexploringchinesehistorygeographicaldatabaseentryredirectbiphenylredirectfloppydiskgoldbachsconjectureifyouupdatethisarticlepleaseremembertoupdateotherubuntuderivativeswhichincludebutarenotlimitedtoubuntukubuntuedubuntuxubuntulubuntuinfoboxosnamexubuntulogoscreenshotfilexubuntultsenglishpngcaptionxubuntultsbionicbeaverdevelopercommunityfamilyunixlikesourcemodelopensourcereleasedlatestreleaseversionltslatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlanguagemultilingualkerneltypemonolithickernelmonolithiclinuxkernellinuxuserlandgnucoreutilitiesgnuuixfceupdatemodeladvancedpackagingtoolaptsoftwareupdaterubuntusoftwarecenterpackagemanagerdpkglicensefreesoftwarelicensesbrmainlygplworkingstatecurrentwebsitexubuntuisacanonicalltdrecognizedcommunitymaintainedderivativeoftheubuntuoperatingsystemubuntuoperatingsystemthenamexubuntuisaportmanteauofxfceandubuntuasitusesthexfcedesktopenvironmentinsteadofubuntusunityuserinterfaceunityrefnamexubuntuaboutrefrefnamexubuntuglossaryrefrefnamedervrefgoalsxubuntusgoalsaretohistoryxubuntuwasoriginallyintendedtobereleasedatthesametimeasubuntubreezybadgeroctoberbuttheworkwasnotcompletebythatdateinsteadthexubuntunamewasusedforthexubuntudesktopmetapackageavailablethroughthesynapticpackagemanagerwhichinstalledthexfcedesktopthefirstofficialxubuntureleaseledbyjanimonosesappearedonjuneaspartoftheubuntudapperdrakelinewhichalsoincludedkubuntuandedubuntucodyawsomervilledevelopedacomprehensivestrategyforthexubuntuprojectnamedthexubuntustrategydocumentinearlythedocumentwasawaitingasecondreadingbytheubuntucommunitycouncilrefnamestrategyrefinfebruarymarkshuttleworthagreedthatanofficiallxdeversionofubuntulubuntuwouldbedevelopedthelxdedesktopusestheopenboxwindowmanagerandlikexubuntuisintendedtobealowsystemrequirementlowramenvironmentfornetbooksmobiledevicesandolderpcsandwillcompetewithxubuntuinthatnicherefnamedistrowatchmayrefrefnamelxdeblogrefinnovembercodyawsomervillesteppeddownastheprojectleaderandmadeacallfornominationstohelpfindasuccessorrefnamecallfornominationsnovreflionellefolgocwasconfirmedbythexubuntucommunityasthenewprojectleaderonjanuaryandrequestedtheformationofanofficialxubuntucouncilrefnamexubuntumeetingnotesjanrefasoflatemarchdiscussionsregardingthefutureofxubuntusgovernanceandtheroleacouncilmightplayinitwerestillongoinginmarchcharliekravetzaformerxubuntuprojectleaderformallyresignedfromtheprojectdespitethistheprojectmembersindicatedthatxubuntuwouldgoaheadasscheduledrefnamebodnarmarrefinthebeginningofthexubuntuteambegantheprocesstotransitiontheprojecttobecomecouncilrunratherthanhavingasingleprojectleaderonjanuaryanofficialpostonthexubuntusitesblogannouncedtheofficialformationofthexubuntucouncilthepurposeofthecouncilisnotjusttomakedecisionsaboutthefutureoftheprojectbuttomakesurethedirectionoftheprojectadherestoguidelinesestablishedinthestrategydocumentperformancethexfcedesktopenvironmentisintendedtousefewersystemresourcesthanthedefaultubuntuunitydesktopenvironmentunitydesktopasrecentlyasseptemberthexubuntudevelopersclaimedthattheminimumrandomaccessmemoryramxubuntucouldberunonwasmbwithmboframstronglyrecommendedatthattimerefnamexubuntugetreftestingconductedbymartynhoneyfordatibminjanuaryonxubuntuconcludedthatitusesapproximatelynbspmblessapplicationmemoryandalsoeatssignificantlylessintobuffersandcachewhichmayimplythatthereislessfileactivitythanubunturefnamehoneyfordreflatertestingshowedthatxubuntuwasatadisadvantagecomparedtodebianequippedwiththexfcedesktoptestswereconductedbydistrowatchonadelldimensiondesktopmachinewithanintelnbspghzprocessorandmbofmemoryinaprilthatcomparedxubuntuagainstanxfcedesktopversionofdebiantheseshowedthatxubuntuusedmorethantwicetheramasdebianinsimpletasksxubuntualsoranoutoframdoingeverydaytasksindicatingthatmboframwasinadequatethereviewconcludeditwasobviousihadalreadyrunoutoframandwasstartingtouseswapspaceconsideringiwasntdoingverymuchthiswasratherdisappointingrefnamedwaprrefsubsequentexperimentationbydistrowatchconcludedthattheperformanceadvantagesobservedindebianwereduetoxubuntusinclusionofmemoryhungrysoftwarenotpresentindebiansimplementationofxfcerefnamedwmayreftestingconductedonalaterversionxubuntubetainseptembershowedsimilarresultsthetestsconductedbylinuxmagazineusalinuxmagazineconcludedthatxubuntubetasramusagewasactuallygreaterthanubuntusbetawithgnomesubsequentreviewersemphasizedxubuntusperceiveddeficienciesinperformancetohighlightlubunturefnamebarbuseprefrefnameomgjanrefaprojectwithsimilargoalsbutusingthelxdedesktopenvironmentasopposedtoxfceforinstancedamienohofmaketecheasiernotedinmaysowhataboutxubuntuisntitsupposedtobethelightweightequivalentofubuntusadlythatisathingofthepastthetruthisthesupposedlightweightequivalentisnotlightweightatallwhilexubuntuisusingthelightweightxfcedesktopenvironmentithadbeendownbyseveralheavyweightapplicationsandalsotheintegrationwithgnomedesktopalsomakesitloseitsadvantagerefnameohmayrefreleasesxubuntultsthefirstofficialstandalonereleaseofxubuntuwasversionlongtermsupportltswhichwasmadeavailableonjuneitwasintroducedwiththestatementreftheversionusedlinuxkernelandxfcebetaapplicationsincludedthethunarfilemanagergdmdesktopmanagerabiwordwordprocessorandgnumericspreadsheetevincepdfdocumentviewerxarchiverarchivemanagerxfburncdburnerfirefoxfirefoxwebbrowsermozillathunderbirdthunderbirdemailclientandthegdebipackagemanagercaitlynmartinreviewedxubuntuinjuneshesingledoutitsbarebonesapproachtotheapplicationsincludedindicatingthatshewouldratheraddapplicationsshewantedthancleanoutonesshedidntwantonheraginglaptopxubuntuprovedfasterthanfedoraoperatingsystemfedoracoreshestatedthatunderfedorawheniopenedacoupleofratherresourceintensiveapplicationsforexampleopenofficeandseamonkeythesystemwouldbegintodragwhiletheseappsstilltakeamomenttogetstartedonxubuntutheyarecrispandresponsiveanddontseemtoslowanythingelsedownineverexpectedthissortofperformanceandthatalonemadexubuntuaninstantfavoriteofmineshehadpraiseforthethunarfilemanageraslightandfastsheconcludedoveralliamimpressedandxubuntuforthemomentanywayismyfavoritelinuxdistributiondespiteafewroughedgesprobablylargelyduetotheuseofabetadesktoprefnamemartinjunrefxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonoctoberthisversionusedxfcebetaandincludedupstartthefirefoxfirefoxwebbrowserthegaimbetainstantmessagingclientalongwithnewversionsofabiwordandgnumericthemediaplayerwasgxinewhichreplacedxfmediasoftwarexfmediathepreviousxffmfilemanagerwasreplacedbythunaritintroducedredesignedartworkforthebootupsplashscreentheloginwindowandthedesktopthemerefnamerelannrefrefnamemartindecrefthedevelopersclaimedthatthisversionofxubuntucouldrunonmboframwithmbstronglyrecommendedrefnamexubuntugetrefreviewercaitlynmartintestedxubuntuonafouryearoldtoshibasatelliteslaptopwithanbspghzceleronprocessorandmboframindecembershenotedthatxubunturanfasterthangnomeorkdewhichshedescribedassluggishandrateditasoneofthetwofastestdistributionsonherlimitedtesthardwareplacingwithvectorlinuxshefoundthegraphicalinstallertobelessthanacceptableandthetextbasedinstallerbettersheconcludedxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonaprilthisreleasewasbasedonxfcerefnamerelannrefrefnamedwrefmichaellarabelofphoronixcarriedoutdetailedbenchmarktestingofbetasforubuntukubuntukubuntuandxubuntuinfebruaryontwodifferentcomputersonewithdualintelclovertownprocessorsandtheotherwithanamdsempronafteraseriesofgzipcompressionlamecompilationandlameencodingtasksheconcludedinthesetestswiththedualclovertownsetupwefoundtheresultstobeindistinguishablehoweverwiththeamdsempronubuntufeistyfawnherdhadoutperformedbothkubuntuandthelighterweightxubuntugrantedonaslowersystemthelightweightxubuntushouldhaveagreaterperformanceadvantagerefnamephoronixfebrefinonereviewlinuxlookatxubuntuitwasfaultedfornotincludingopenofficeorgthereviewernotedifyoudodecidetokeepthedefaultsoftwareitwillcoveryourbasicneedsxubuntucomeswithlightweightdesktopinxfceandalsolesstaskingprogramsifyouarethinkingthatopenofficewillcomepreinstalledonyourdesktopyouwillbegreatlysurprisedasabiwordandgnumericareyourdefaultprocessorandspreadsheetprogramheindicatedthoughthatinstallingapplicationsfromtherepositorieswaseasyandmadeforsimplecustomizationofaninstallationrefnamereviewlinuxmayrefxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonoctoberitwasbaseduponxfceandaddedupdatedtranslationsalongwithanewthememurrinastormcloudusingthemurrineenginerefnamerelnotesrefrefnamedwrefapplicationupdatesincludedpidgingaimwasrenamedpidginandgimpthisxubuntuversionallowedtheinstallationoffirefoxextensionsandpluginsthroughtheaddremovesoftwareinterfacethedevelopersclaimedthatthisversionofxubuntucouldrunonmboframwithmbstronglyrecommendedrefnamexubuntugetrefinareviewofthereleasecandidateforxubuntuthatwasinstalledonapentiumceleronwithmboframequippedwithannvidiageforceseriesgeforcembvideocardreviewlinuxnotedthatthesystemwasveryfastrefnamereviewlinuxoctrefreviewlinuxpositionedxubuntuanditsrolethemaindifferencebetweenxubuntuandubuntuisthefactthatxubuntuisalittlelighteronsystemrequirementsanditusesxfceasitssicdesktopxubuntuisperfectforthatoldcomputerjustlyingaroundinyourbasementxubuntultsxubuntulongtermsupportltswasmadeavailableonaprilthisversionofxubuntuusedxfcexorgandlinuxkernelitintroducedpolicykitforpermissionscontrolpulseaudioandanewprintingmanageritalsointroducedwubiubuntuinstallerwubithatallowedwindowsuserstoinstallxubuntuasaprogramonwindowsrefnamerelnotesrefapplicationsincludedwerefirefoxfirefoxbetabraserocddvdburningapplicationtransmissionbittorrentclientmousepadtexteditorabiwordwordprocessorandristrettoimageviewerreviewerchristopherdawsonofzdnetinstalledxubuntuonadelllatitudedelllatitudecwithmboframagbharddriveandanbspghzpentiumiiipentiumiiimprocessorhenoteditprovidedbetterperformancethanthewindowsxpproitreplacedheconcludedthisiswherexubuntureallyshineswhatitwilldoistakesomeverymoderatehardwareandprovideasolidreliableandrelativelysnappymachineforauserwithproductivityneedsorwhoaccessesterminalservicesrefnamedawsonmayrefxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonoctoberthisversionofxubuntubroughtanewversionofabiwordversionthelistenmultimediaplayerandintroducedthecatfishdesktopsearchapplicationitusedlinuxkernelxorgserverxorgtherewasaninstallationoptionofanencryptedprivatedirectoryusingecryptfsutilsthetotemsoftwaretotemmediaplayerwasincludedrefnamerelnotesrefdarrenyatesanaustralianitjournalistwasverypositiveaboutxubuntuparticularlyfornetbookswhichwereattheirpeakofpopularitythendismissingubuntuitselfisnothingflashhesaidoneofthedisappointingthingsaboutthearrivalofnetbooksinaustraliahasbeenthedeclineoflinuxinthefaceofanenslaughtbymicrosofttopushwindowsxphomeeditionbackintothemarketitssadbecausexubuntuistheideallinuxdistroforthesedeviceswhilethelatestxubuntudistrolacksdriversforwifiwirelessnetworkingandinmanycasesalsothebuiltinwebcamsthosedriversdoexistandincorporatingtheminsidexubuntuwouldneitherbedifficultortakeupmuchspacerefnameyatesrefxubuntuversionwasreleasedonaprilthedevelopmentteamadvertisedthisreleaseasgivingimprovedbootuptimesbenefitingfromtheubuntucoredeveloperteamsimprovementstoboottimecodethexubuntudesktopbootsmorequicklythaneverthismeansyoucanspendlesstimewaitingandmoretimebeingproductivewithyourxubuntudesktoprefnamerelnotesrefxubuntuusedxfcewhichincludedanewxfcesettingsmanagerdialogthenewxconfconfigurationsystemanimproveddesktopmenuandclocknewnotificationsandremotefilesystemapplicationgigolothisreleasealsobroughtallnewartworkandincorporatedthemurrinastormcloudgtkthemeandanewxfwmwindowmanagerthemealsointroducednewversionsofmanyapplicationsincludingtheabiwordwordprocessorbraserosoftwarebraserocddvdburnerandmozillathunderbirdemailclientitusedxorgserverthedefaultfilesystemwasextbutextwasanoptionatinstallationintestingxubuntudistrowatchdeterminedthatxubuntuusedmorethantwicethesystemmemoryasdebiandebianxfceandthatwhileloadingthedesktopthememoryusagewastentimeshigherdistowatchattributedthistoxubuntususeofubuntudesktopenvironmentservicesincludingthegraphicalpackagemanagerandupdaternetworkmanagerpowermanagerandproprietarydrivermanagertheyprovidedaplantostripitdownandreduceitsmemoryfootprintrefnamedwrefdistrowatchconcludedxubuntuisagreatdistributionbutitsdefaultselectionofpackagesdoesnotnecessarilysuititselftolowmemorysystemsinreviewingxubuntuinmaylinuxcomwriterrobreillysaidthelatestxubuntudistributionhasjustabouttherightmixofspeedandpowerandconcludedforthenewlinuxuserxubuntuisaneasytouseversionofubuntuthatisfastsimpleandreliableexperiencedorgetitdonetypeswillappreciatetheminimalistapproachthatcanbebeefeduptowhateverdegreethatisneededrefnamereillymayrefxubuntuoctobersawthereleaseofxubuntuwhichutilizedxfcelinuxkernelandbydefaulttheextfilesystemandgrubthisreleaseincludedtheexailemusicplayerthexfcepowermanagerreplacedthegnomepowermanagerandimproveddesktopnotificationsusingnotifyosdupstartbootupspeedwasimprovedrefnamerelnotesrefthereleasepromisedfasterapplicationloadtimesandreducedmemoryfootprintforanumberofyourfavoritexfceapplicationsthankstoimprovementsinlibrarylinkingprovidedbyldsasneededflagdedoimedogavexubuntuanegativereviewsayingwhenitcomestousabilityxubuntuhasalottodesirewhilexubuntuisbasedonubuntuwhichisdefinitelyoneofthefriendliersimplerandmoreintuitivedistrosaroundacoreelementsthathasledtoubuntustardomtheintegrationofthexfcedesktopmakesforadrasticchangecomparedtostockeditiontheusabilityisseriouslymarredinseveralcriticalcategoriesanditgetsworselosingfunctionalityisonethingtryingtorestoreitandendingwithanunusabledesktopisanotherthereviewconcludedsadlyxubuntuisanogoitsnotwhatitoughttobewhatmoreitdoesinjusticetotheubuntufamilywhichusuallydeliversusefulsolutionsmainlytonewlinuxuserstherewerehorrendousglaringproblemswithxubuntuthatkickedmebacktolinuxnotsousableiwastakenbysurprisetotallynotexpectingthatanultramoderndistrowouldpullsuchdirtyantiquatedtricksupitssleeverefnamededoimedocomrefxubuntultsxubuntulongtermsupportltswasreleasedonaprilitmovedtopulseaudioandreplacedthexsaneimagescannerscannerutilitieswithsimplescanitalsoincorporatedtheubuntusoftwarecenterwhichhadbeenintroducedinubuntutoreplacetheoldaddremovesoftwareutilitytheincludedspreadsheetapplicationgnumericwasupdatedtoversionandnewgameswereintroducedduetoincompatibilitiesinthegnomescreensaverscreensaverapplicationitwasreplacedbyxscreensaverthedefaultthemewasanupdatedversionofalbatrossdesignedbytheshimmerteamrefnamerelnotesrefthisversionofxubuntuofficiallyrequiredanbspmhzxprocessormboframwithmbramstronglyrecommendedandgbofdiskspacerefnamelynchmayrefinreviewingxubuntubetainapriljoeysneddonofomgubuntudeclareditborderlineirrelevanthenotedthatitprovidedfewperformanceadvantagesoverubuntuintestingitagainstubuntuandlubuntuonagbramnbspghzsinglecoreprocessorcomputerwithambvideocardramusagewithtabsopeninfirefoxplayinganhtmlyoutubevideowasubuntubetambxubuntubetamiblubuntubetambsneddonconcludedfromthistestingasyoucanseexubuntuaswevementionedpreviouslyshowsverylittleleannesscomparedtoubuntuproperwhichbegsthequestionwhywouldyouuseitoverubuntuxubuntuwhilstofinteresttothosewhopreferthexfceenvironmentremainsanunremarkablespinfromtheubuntucanonthatformostusersislargelyirrelevantrefnameomgmarrefjimlynchofdesktoplinuxreviewspraisedxubuntusfastboottimeanditsincorporationoftheubuntusoftwarecenterbutcriticizedthelackofinclusionofubuntuonexubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonoctoberitincludedparolethexfcemediaplayerxfburncddvdwriterinplaceofbraseroandxfcetaskmanagerreplacedgnometaskmanagerthesechangeswerealltolightenthereleasesmemoryfootprintabiwordwasupdatedtoversionandgnumerictothisreleasealsointroducedthebluebirdthemefromtheshimmerteamrefnamerelnotesrefthisversionofxubunturequiredmboframtorunthestandardlivecdortoinstallitthealternateinstallationcdrequiredmboframtoinstallxubuntueithercdrequiredgboffreeharddiskspaceonceinstalledxubuntucouldrunwithaslittleasmboframbutthedevelopersstronglyrecommendedaminimumofmboframrefnamelynchoctrefinreviewingxubuntuinoctoberjustafteritwasreleasedjimlynchofeyeonlinuxsaidihadnoproblemsusingxubuntumysystemwasverystableididntnoticeanyapplicationcrashesorsystemburpsxubuntuisalsoveryfastapplicationsopenedandcloseveryquicklytherewasnonoticeablesystemlagorsluggishnessthenewthemebluebirdisattractivewithoutbeinggarishitfitsinwellwithxubuntusminimalistmissionchristophertozziwritingaboutxubuntubetainaugustnotedthatthedistributionwassheddingitsgnomedependenciesandadoptinglighterweightalternativeshenoteditsencouragingtoseemoreuniquenessinthedistributionespeciallygiventheuncertainfutureofthegnomeubunturelationshipasthereleaseofgnomeapproachesrefnametozzirefxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonaprilthisversionwasbaseduponxfceandintroducededitablemenususinganymenueditorthatmeetsthefreedesktoporgstandardsthisversionalsointroducedanewelementaryxubuntuiconthemethedroidfontdroidfontbydefaultandanupdatedinstallationslideshowrefnamerelnotesrefwhileubuntuintroducedthenewdefaultunityuserinterfaceunityinterfacexubuntudidnotadoptunityandinsteadretaineditsexistingxfceinterfacealthoughthedevelopershavedecidedtoretainaminimalistinterfacexubuntuhasanewdocklikeapplicationlaunchertoachieveamoremodernlookrefnamelynchjunrefxubuntucouldbeinstalledwithoneofcdsthexubuntustandardcdrequiresgbofharddiskspaceandmboframtoinstallwhilethealternatecdwhichusesatextbasedinstallerrequiresmboframandgbofdiskspaceforinstallationandprovidesadditionaloptionsonceinstalledxubuntucanrunwithmboframbutmbisstronglyrecommendedinreviewingxubuntujimlynchofdesktoplinuxreviewsfaultedthereleaseforitslackoflibreofficeitsdulldefaultwallpaperandthedefaultautomatichidingofthebottompanelinpraisingthereleasehesaidxubuntuisagoodchoiceforminimalistswhopreferadesktopenvironmentnotboggeddownwithpointlesseyecandyitshouldworkwellonolderorslowerhardwareitsalsoagoodoptionforthosewhodislikeunityandwantadifferentdesktopenvironmentxfceissimplefastanddoesntgetinyourwaywhenyouaretryingtoquicklylaunchanapplicationorotherwisefindsomethingandthosewhodecidetousexubuntustillremainintheubuntufamilywithouttheheadacheofdealingwithunitysoifyoureaunityresisteryoushoulddefinitelycheckoutxubuntujoebrockmeieroflinuxcominreviewingxubuntupraisedtheinclusionofabiwordandgnumericoverlibreofficeaswellasthecatfishfilesearchutilityheaddedthoughiveusuallyusedthemainlineubuntureleasewheniuseubuntuihavetosaythatireallylikethelatestiterationofxubuntuitdoesagreatjobofshowcasingxfcewhileprovidingauniquedesktopthatgivesalltheplusesofubuntuwhilestillbeingabitmorelikeatraditionallinuxdesktoprefnamebrockmeiermayrefasofthexubuntureleasethedevelopersnowstronglyrecommendmboframtousexubunturefnamexubunturequirerefrefnameubunturequirerefhoweveratleastgbofmemoryisrecommendedtogetasmoothexperiencewhenrunningmultipleapplicationsparallelonthedesktopxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonoctoberthesamedaythatubuntuwasreleasedrefnamexubunturelnotesciteweburlwikiubuntucomxubuntuoneiricocelotfinaltitleinformationaboutxubuntuaccessdateoctoberdateoctoberdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebwikiubuntucomxubuntuoneiricocelotfinalarchivedatejanuarydfdmyrefinthisreleasegthumbbecamethenewimageviewerorganizerleafpadreplacedmousepadsoftwaremousepadasthedefaulttexteditorandlightdmwasintroducedastheloginmanagerthereleasealsoincorporatedpastebinitforcutandpasteactionsinreviewingxubuntuontheaceremnetbookmichaelreedoflinuxjournalnotedtheextensivehardwaresupportoutoftheboxattractivethemeandgoodperformanceongboframhedidremarkontheinferioradobeflashperformancecomparedtothewindowsversionofflashparticularlyinfullscreenmodesomethingcommontoalllinuxflashinstallationsaswellasthelackofnativesupportforsambasoftwaresambanetworkingalthoughhewasquicklyabletoinstallthisreedconcludedmyoverallassessmentwasthatxubuntuwasabetterfitthanwindowsxponthisnetbookbeingfaironehastorememberthatxpisnowtenyearsoldxfceisgoingtogetbetterandbetteranditsalreadyverycomprehensivethereisagrowingcontingentofusersforwhomthedirectionthatkdeandgnomehavetakendoesntringtrueandincreasinglyxfceisgoingtobethefirstchoiceforthemrefnamereedoctrefinreviewingbrianmasinickofittoolboxpraiseditslowramusageandsaidthexubuntureleaseisafreshreliefforthosewhosimplywantanicefunctionalsystemxubuntudeliversandexcelsinprovidingafunctionalnofrillsorsurprisesresponsiveandusabledesktopsystemrefnamemasinickoctrefxubuntultsxubuntuwasreleasedonaprilitisalongtermsupportreleaseandwillbesupportedforthreeyearsthiscontrastswithedubuntukubuntuandubuntuwhichwhilealsoltsreleaseswillallbesupportedforfiveyearsrefnameomgjanrefxubuntuincorporatesmanychangesincludingsomedefaultshortcutswerealteredandnewonesaddedplusthereweremanyappearancechangesincludinganewlogoandwallpaperfixeswereincludedforgreybirdubiquityplymouthlightdmandterminalthemesrefnamerelnotesrefrefnamerelannrefthereleaseshippedwiththelinuxvlinuxkernelpavucontrolwasintroducedtoreplacexfcemixerasitdidnotsupportpulseaudiothealacartemenueditorwasusedbydefaulttheminimumsystemrequirementsforthisreleasearemiboframgbofharddiskspaceandagraphicscardandmonitorcapableofatleastpixelresolutionxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonoctoberthisreleaseintroducedtheuseofxfceaswellasnewversionsofcatfishparolelightdmgreybirdandtheubiquityslideshowtheapplicationmenuwasslightlyreorganizedwithsettingsrelatedlaunchersmovedtothesettingsmanagerthereleasealsoincludedupdatedartworknewdesktopwallpaperanewlooktothedocumentationandcompletelyrewrittenofflinedocumentationonbitsystemshardwaresupportingphysicaladdressextensionpaeisrequiredrefnamexubunturefthereleaseincludedonenotablebugfixnomorewindowtracesorblackonblackininstallerrefnamerelnotesrefthisreleaseofxubuntudoesnotsupportuefisecurebootunlikeubuntuwhichallowsubuntutorunonhardwaredesignedforwindowsitwasexpectedthatthisfeaturewouldbeincludedinthenextreleaseofxubuntuxubuntuincludeslinuxkernelpythonandopenjdkasthedefaultjavaimplementationtheminimumsystemrequirementsforthisreleaseofxubuntuarembofsystemmemoryramgbofdiskspaceandagraphicscardandmonitorcapableofatleastpixelsresolutionxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonaprilitwasintendedasamaintenancereleasewithfewnewfeaturesitincorporatedupdateddocumentationanewversionofcatfishupdatestothegreybirdthemegimpandgnumericwerereintroducedanewversionofparoleandthatduplicatepartitionsarenolongershownondesktoporinthethunarfilemanagerrefnamexubunturefthiswasthefirstversionofxubuntuwithasupportperiodofmonthsfortheinterimnonltsreleasesinsteadofmonthsstartingwiththisreleasethexubuntuisoimageswillnotfitonacdastheynowaveragembthenewimagetargetmediaisatleastagbusbdeviceordvdthedecisiontochangetheisoimagesizewasbasedupontheamountofdevelopertimespenttryingtoshrinkthefilestofitthemonastandardsizecdthisisosizechangealsoallowedtheinclusionoftwoapplicationsthathadbeenpreviouslydroppedduetospaceconstraintsgnumericandgimprefnamewebupdfebrefxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonoctoberthisreleaseincludedsomeimprovementsoverthepreviousreleaseincludinganewversionofxfcesettingsandanewdialogboxfordisplaysettingstherewasalsoanewcolorthemetoolandgtkthemeconfigwasaddedasdefaultthisreleasealsoincludednewwallpapernewgtkthemeswithgtksupportandthelightdmgreetertheofficialxubuntudocumentationwasalsoupdatedinreviewingxubuntujimlynchstatedxubuntulikeitscousinlubuntuisagreatchoiceifyoureaminimalistitsfaststableandoffersmanyoftheadvantagesofubuntuwithouttheunityexperienceortorturedependingonyourperspectiverefnamelynchoctrefxubuntultsxubuntultswasreleasedonaprilandbeinganltsfeaturesthreeyearsofsupportrefnamestrategyrefitincorporatesthexfdesktopthemugshotuseraccountprofileeditorthemenulibremenueditorinplaceofalacarteandthelightlockerscreenlocktoreplacexscreensaverthewhiskermenuisthedefaultapplicationlaunchingmenuthexfdesktopalsosupportsusingdifferentwallpapersoneachworkspacerefnamesneddonmarrefjimlynchreviewedxubuntultsandconcludedivealwaysbeenafanofxubuntuasitendtogoforlightweightdesktopsversusoneswithalotmoreglitzandfeaturessoiwasquitepleasedwithxubuntuitstruethatyouarentgoingtofindtonsofearthshatteringfeaturesinthisreleaseandthatsfinebecauseitsalongtermsupportreleaseanywayineverexpectnewfeatureoverloadinltsreleasessincetheemphasisisonstabilityandpolishbutxubuntultsisadefiniteimprovementfromthelastversiontheoverallexperiencehasbeenpolishedupsignificantlyandtherearesomesmallbutusefulfeaturesaddedlikemugshotlightlockerandmenulibreandofcoursewhiskermenurefnamelynchaprrefxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonoctoberthisreleaseincorporatedveryfewnewfeatureschangedwereanewxfcepowermanagerpluginaddedtothepanelandthatitemsinthenewalttabdialogcouldbeclickedwiththemousetoillustratethecustomizationoftheoperatingsystemfeaturedpinkhighlightcolourssomethingthatcouldeasilybechangedbyusersifdesiredrefnamereleasenotesrefrefnameannouncementrefsilviustahiewritingforsoftpediastatedxubuntureleasesareusuallyveryquietandwerarelyseethemovershadowingtheubuntubasebutthisisexactlywhathappenedthistimearoundthedevshavemadeanumberofveryimportantmodificationsandimprovementsbuttheyhavealsochangedaveryimportantaspectofthedesktopatleastforthedurationofthesupportofthedistributionthedevsfiguredthatitmightbeagoodideatoshowjusthoweasyistochangethingsinthedistributiontobefairthisisthekindofchangethatyoueitherloveorhatebutfortunatelyfortheusersitsveryeasytoreturntodefaultrefnamestahieoctrefxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonaprilrefnamevividschedrefthisreleasefeaturedxfceandincludednewcolourschemeswithredundantfilemanagersettingsmenuentriesremovedotherwisethisreleasewaspredominantlyabugfixandpackageupgradereleasewithveryfewsignificantchangesmariusnestorofsoftpedianotedthebiggestfeatureofthenewlyannouncedxubuntudistroistheintegrationofthexfcedesktopenvironmentamongotherhighlightswecanmentionnewandupdatedxubuntulightanddarkcolorschemesinthemousepadandterminalapplicationsbuttheformerisnowusingthexubuntulightthemebydefaultadditionallythedistributionnowoffersbetterappearanceforqtapplicationswhichwillworkoutoftheboxusingxubuntusgtkthemebydefaultandremovestheredundantfilemanagersettingsmenuentryrefnamenestoraprrefxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonoctoberrefnameubuntucomrefthisreleasehadonlyminimalchangesoveritincorporatedthexfcepanelswitchforthebackupandrestorationofpanelsandincludedfivepresetpanellayoutsgreybirdaccessibilityiconswereusedforthewindowmanagergnumericandabiwordwerereplacedwithlibreofficecalcandlibreofficewriterandanewdefaultlibreofficethemelibreofficestyleelementarywasprovidedjoeysneddonofomgubuntudescribedxubuntuasincorporatingonlyamodestsetofchangesxubuntultsreleasedonaprilxubuntuisanltsversionsupportedforthreeyearsuntilaprilrefnameubuntucomrefthisreleaseofferedfewnewfeaturesitincludedanewpackageofwallpapersandthereplacementoftheubuntusoftwarecenterwithgnomesoftwarethesameasinubuntultsreviewerjackwallensaidthetruthofthematteristheubuntusoftwarecenterhasbeenahorribletoolforaverylongtimemakingthismovewillgreatlyimprovetheubuntuexperienceforeveryuserrefnamelinuxcomreftheselectionofwallpapersavailableinxubuntultswassingledoutbyomgubuntuasallbreathtakinglybeautifulthefirstpointreleasewasreleasedonjulythereleaseofxubuntuwasdelayedanumberoftimesbutitwaseventuallyreleasedonfebruaryxubuntuwasreleasedonaugustxubuntuwasdelayedfromfebruaryandreleasedonmarchxubuntuisscheduledforreleaseonaugustxubuntuxubuntuwasreleasedonoctoberthisversionofxubuntuintroducedveryfewnewfeaturestheofficialreleasenoticestatedthisreleasehasseenlittlevisiblechangesinceaprilshowevermuchhasbeendonetowardssupplyingxubuntuwithxfcepackagesbuiltwithgtkincludingtheportingofmanypluginsandxfceterminaltogtkreviewerjoeysneddonofomgubuntunotedxubuntuhasonlyamodestchangelogversionoveritsaprilltsreleaseinreviewingxubuntugarynewellofeverydaylinuxsaidxubuntuhasalwaysbeenoneofmyfavouritedistributionsitdoesntlookasglamourousassomeoftheotherlinuxofferingsoutthereanditcertainlydoesntcomewithallthesoftwareyouneedpreinstalledthethingthatxubunt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cmandaheightofnbspcmaswimpinteractionsareexpectedtobeextremelyrareeventsathoroughcampaignwaslaunchedduringtheconstructionandcommissioningphaseofxenontoscreenallpartsofthedetectorforradioactivitythescreeningwasperformedusingsemiconductordetectorhighpuritygermaniumdetectorsinafewcasesmassspectrometrywasperformedonlowmassplasticsamplesindoingsothedesigngoalofsupsupeventskgdaykevwasreachedrealisingtheworldslowestbackgroundratedarkmatterdetectorthedetectorwasinstalledatthegransassonationallaboratorygransassolaboratoryininthesameshieldasthexenondetectorandhasconductedseveralsciencerunsineachsciencerunnodarkmattersignalwasobservedabovetheexpectedbackgroundleadingtothemoststringentlimitonthespinindependentwimpnucleoncrosssectioninwithaminimumatforawimpmasstheseresultsconstraininterpretationsofsignalsinotherexperimentsasdarkmatterinteractionsandruleoutexoticmodelssuchasinelasticdarkmatterwhichwouldresolvethisdiscrepancyxenonhasalsoprovidedimprovedlimitsonthespindependentwimpnucleoncrosssectionanaxionresultwaspublishedinsettinganewbestaxionlimitxenonoperatedthethenlowestbackgroundexperimentfordarkmattersearcheswithabackgroundofmdrumdrusupsupeventskgdaykevxenontconstructionofthenextphasexenontstartedinhallbofthegransassonationallaboratorygransassonationallaboratoryinthedetectorcontainstonsofultraradiopureliquidxenonandhasafiducialvolumeofabouttonsthedetectorishousedinanbspmwatertankthatservesasamuonvetothetpcisnbspmindiameterandnbspminheightthepredictedsensitivityatisthisisxlowerthanthecurrentlimitpublishedforxenonitisexpectedtoexploretestsupersymmetrycandidatessuchascmssmrefnameroszkowskirefinrecentnewsthedetectorprojectteamcalledthexenoncollaborationiscomposedofinvestigatorsacrossinstitutionsfromeuropethemiddleeastandtheunitedstatesfilexenontpngthumbupperlimitforspinindependentwimpnucleoncrosssectionaccordingtorecentdatapublishednovthefirstresultsfromxenontwerereleasedbythexenoncollaborationonmaybasedondaysofdatatakingbetweennovemberandjanuarywhilenowimpsordarkmattercandidatesignalswereofficiallydetectedtheteamdidannouncearecordlowreductioninthebackgroundradioactivitylevelsbeingpickedupbyxenonttheexclusionlimitsexceededthepreviousbestlimitssetbythelargeundergroundxenonexperimentluxexperimentwithanexclusionofcrosssectionslargerthanforwimpmassesofrefnamexenontmayrefbecausesomesignalsthatthedetectorreceivesmightbeduetoneutronsthisnewradioactivityreductionlessensthechancethatfuturedetectionswillbecausedlessbywellknownparticlesegneutronsandmorebythesoughtafterweaklyinteractingmassiveparticleswimpscollaboratinginstitutionsxenontgransassonationallaboratoryitalyuniversityofmainzjohannesgutenberguniversitymainzgermanycolumbiauniversityusamaxplanckinstitutefornuclearphysicsmaxplanckinstitutfurkernphysikgermanyriceuniversityusasubatechuniversitedenantesfrancelallaboratoiredelacclrateurlinairefranceuniversityofbolognaandinfnbolognaitalyuclauniversityofcalifornialosangelesusaucsduniversityofcaliforniasandiegousauniversityofcoimbraportugaluniversityofmnstergermanyuniversityoffreiburggermanyuniversityofzurichswitzerlandnikhefnikhefnetherlandsweizmanninstituteofscienceisraelpurdueuniversityusarensselaerpolytechnicinstituteusastockholmuniversityswedennewyorkuniversityabudhabiunitedarabemiratesuniversityofchicagousaxenoncolumbiauniversityusauniversityofmainzjohannesgutenberguniversitymainzgermanygransassonationallaboratoryitalymaxplanckinstitutefornuclearphysicsmaxplanckinstitutfurkernphysikgermanyriceuniversityusasubatechuniversitedenantesfranceuniversityofbolognaandinfnbolognaitalyuclauniversityofcalifornialosangelesusauniversityofcoimbraportugaluniversityofmnstergermanyuniversityofzurichswitzerlandnikhefnikhefnetherlandsweizmanninstituteofscienceisraelpurdueuniversityusauniversityofbernswitzerlandshanghaijiaotonguniversitychinastockholmuniversityswedennewyorkuniversityabudhabiunitedarabemiratesuniversityofchicagousaxenonbrownuniversitybrownusacasewesternreserveuniversitycasewesternreserveusacolumbiauniversityusagransassonationallaboratoryitalylawrencelivermorenationallaboratoryusariceuniversityusauniversityofcoimbraportugaluniversityofzurichswitzerlandyaleuniversityyaleusareferencesfurtherreadingcitejournaltitlefirstresultsfromthexenondarkmatterexperimentatthegransassonationallaboratorylastanglefirstjdisplayauthorsetaljournalphysicalreviewlettersvolumepagesdoiphysrevlettarxivdatepmidbibcodephrvlbaissueexternallinksxenontorgthexenonexperimentgrandilabuchicagoeduxenonhomepageattheuniversityofchicagoxenonastrocolumbiaeduxenonhomepageatcolumbiauniversityphysikuzhchgroupsgroupbaudisxenonxenonhomepageattheuniversityofzurichxenonphysicsriceeduxenonhomepageatriceuniversityxenonbrowneduxenonhomepageatbrownuniversitywebarchiveorgwebwimpsphysicsuclaeduxenonhomepageatuniversityofcalifornialosangelesdmtoolsberkeleyedulimitplotsdarkmatterlimitplotterwiththelatestresultsfromxenonandotherexperimentscerncouriercomcwsarticlecernenlighteningthedarkcerncouriersepemoticonmarkojariinfoboxvideogametitlexmenreignofapocalypseimagexmenreignofapocalypsecove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staltatopastagearethreemaninblackclothinglievschreiberwearingagrayjacketandblackpantsandlynncollinswearingayellowdresshuggingwilliamwhoisinblackclothinginthebackgroundisabillboardreadingxmenoriginswolverineworldpremieretempearizonacoloredpaperfliesthroughthestagehughjackmanaswolverinecharacterloganwolverinebornasjameshowlettacanadianmutantandfuturexmenmemberandoftenreferredasjimmybyvictorcreedjackmanwhoplayedwolverineinthepreviousfilmshasalsobecomeproducerofthefilmviahiscompanyseedproductionsandearnednbspmillionforthefilmtroyesivanasyounglogancastingdirectorscastsivanastheyoungwolverineafterseeinghimsingatthechannelsevenperthtelethonandhewasacceptedaftersendinginanauditiontapekodismitmcpheewasoriginallycastintherolewhenfilmingwasoriginallybeginningindecemberbutheoptedouttofilmtheroadfilmtheroadsmitmcpheewaslatercastasnightcrawlercomicskurtwagnernightcrawlerinthefilmxmenapocalypselievschreiberassabretoothcomicsvictorcreedvictorcreedislogansmutanthalfbrotherandfellowsoldierwhowouldlaterbecomehisnemesissabretoothcomicssabretoothjackmanandhoodcomparedwolverineandsabretoothsrelationshiptotheborgmcenroerivalryintheworldoftennistheyareenemiesbuttheycantlivewithouteachothersabretoothrepresentsthepureanimalandembodiesthedarkersideofwolverinescharactertheaspectwolverinehatesabouthimselfthesecharactersaretwosidestothesamecointylermanewhoplayedhiminxmenfilmxmenhadhopedtoreprisetherolejackmanworkedwithschreiberbeforeintheromanticcomedykateleopoldanddescribedhimashavingacompetitivestreaknecessarytoportraysabretooththeyeggedeachotherononsettoperformmoreandmorestuntsschreiberputonofmuscleforthepartanddescribedsabretoothasthemostmonstrousroleheeverplayedasachildhelovedthewolverinecomicsbecauseoftheiruniqueurbansensibilityschreiberhadstudiedtobeafightchoreographerandwantedtobeadancerlikejackmansoheenjoyedworkingouttheirfightscenesmichaeljamesolsenasdogloganyoungvictordannyhustonaswilliamstrykerhustonwasoriginallyinnegotiationsforthepartwhilebriancoxactorbriancoxwhoplayedthecharacterinxfilmxwantedtoreprisetherolehebelievedcomputergeneratedimagerysimilartotheprogramappliedtopatrickstewartandianmckellenintheopeningflashbackofxmenthelaststandwouldallowhimtoappearastheyoungerstrykerhustonlikedthecomplexmajorstrykerwhobothlovesandhatesmutantsbecausehissonwasamutantanddrovehiswifetosuicidesoheunderstandswhattheyregoingthroughbutdespisestheirdestructiveforcehecomparedthecharactertoahorsebreedingracehorsebreederwhorearshismutantexperimentslikechildrenbutabandonsthemwhensomethinggoeswronghissonisshowntobefrozenattheweaponxfacilityandthereasonstrykerstartstheweaponxiprogramlynncollinsassilverfoxcomicskaylakaylasilverfoxiswolverinesnativeamericanblackfootniitstapimutantloveinterestandpawnofstrykershehasthepowersoftactiletelepathyandhypnosiswhichallowshertocontrolorconvinceotherstodothethingsshewantsthemtobyphysicaltouchhowevervictorisimmunetotelepathydescribingherrolecollinssaidihadtoplayoffalltheguysandtheirtestosteroneheavyabilitiesbutilearnedthatthefemalepowersofpersuasioneasilytrumpfangsandknivesandgunsmichellemonaghanturneddowntherolebecauseofschedulingconflictsdespiteherenthusiasmtoworkwithjackmantaylorkitschasgambitcomicsremylebeaualsoknownasgambitacajunmutantthiefwhohastheabilitytoconvertthepotentialenergyofanyobjecthetouchesintokineticenergyforcingittoexplodethesizeoftheobjectdeterminesthemagnitudeoftheresultingexplosionheisalsoskilledintheuseofastaffandhappenstobeveryagileduetothenatureofhispowerhedisplayssupernaturaldurabilitybeingabletotakewolverineselbowtohisfaceandreturntofightmomentslaterwhenaskedabouthisthoughtsonthecharacterkitschhadsaidiknewofhimbutididntknowthefollowinghehadimsureimstillgoingtobeexposedtothatilovethecharacterilovethepowersandilovewhattheydidwithhimididntknowthatmuchbutinmyexperienceitwasablessingtogoinandcreatemytakeonhimimexcitedforittosaytheleastryanreynoldsasdeadpoolwadewilsonwadewilsonisawisecrackingmercenarywithlethalswordsmanshipskillandathleticismwholaterbecomesdeadpoolreynoldshadbeeninterestedinplayingthecharacterinhisownfilmsincerefnamedeadpooldevelopmentreforiginallyreynoldswasonlygoingtocameoaswilsonbuttherolegrewafterhewascastreynoldsdidswordtrainingforthecharacterandalsoworkedouttogethisphysiquecomparabletojackmansscottadkinsasweaponxiweaponxiisageneticallyalteredmutantkillerhehaspowerstakenfromothermutantskilledorkidnappedinthefilmaswellasretractablebladesinhisarmsheisreferredtobystrykerasthepoolthemutantkillerdeadpoolbecausethecompatiblepowersoftheothermutantshavebeenpooledtogetherintoonebeingthisinterpretationofdeadpoolislackinghistraditionalredsuitandmaskandalsoincludesamouthsewnshutandtheabilitiesofcyclopsopticblastswraithsteleportationandsamuraiswordsthatcomeoutofhisfistsfromwithinhisarmssimilarlytowolverinesclawsryanreynoldsportraysweaponxiforcloseupsstandingshotsandsimplestuntswhilescottadkinsisusedforthemorecomplicatedanddangerousstuntworkwilliamaskestrelmarvelcomicsjohnwraithjohnwraithisateleportationteleportingmutantthiswaswilliamsmajorliveactionfilmdebutalthoughheinitiallydidnotgetonwiththecastingdirectorhegottherolebecausehewantedtoplayamutantwiththesamepowerasnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerheenrolledinrecruittrainingbootcamptogetintoshapeforthepartwhenfilmingafighthescarredhisknucklesafteraccidentallypunchingandbreakingthecamerakevindurandasblobcomicsfreddukesfreddukesisamutantwithanearlyindestructiblelayerofskininthefilmsearlysequencesheisaformidablefightingmanbutyearslaterduetoapoordiethasgainedanenormousamountofweightandtrainsasaboxertoloseweightlogantauntsdukesaboutthewhereaboutsofstrykerandwhenhecallshimbubdukesmishearsthisasblobandstartsfightinghimafanofthexmenmoviesdurandcontactedtheproducersforaroleassoonasnewsofanewfilmcameoutthesuitwentthroughsixmonthsofmodificationsandhadatubingsysteminsidetocoolduranddownwithicewaterdavidharbourauditionedfortherolebutwasturneddownforbeingtoofatatthetimedominicmonaghanaschrisbradleychrisbradleyisamutantwhocanmanipulateelectricityandelectronicobjectsitwasoriginallyreportedthatmonaghanwasgoingtoplaybarnellbohuskbarnellbohuskbeakdanielhenneyasdavidnorthcomicsagentzeroagentzeroisamutantmemberoftheweaponxprogramandasuperhumanlyaccuratemercenarywithexperttrackingabilitiesandlethalsniperskillsanxmenfanhenneylikedtheroleofavillainbecausetherearenorestrictionsplayingitallowingyoufreelytoexpressitsoyoucanacthowyouwanttohedescribedthefilmasmorerealisticandcruderthanthexmentrilogyadditionallytimpocockportraysayoungcyclopsmarvelcomicsscottsummersmaxcullenandjuliablakeportrayedtravisandheatherhudsonanelderlycouplewhotakecareofwolverineafterhisadamantiumbondingthehudsonsareheavilyadaptedfromthecomicsguardianmarvelcomicsjamesmacdonaldandvindicatorcomicsheatherhudsontahynatozziportraysemmaamutantwiththepowertoturnherskinintodiamondwhointhefilmissilverfoxssisterthefilmdepictionofemmawasoriginallyintendedtobeemmafrosthoweveritwasnotedthatshedoesnotexhibitthecharacterstraditionaltelepathicabilitiesitislaterrevealedbybryansingerthatthischaracterisactuallynotemmafrostbutinsteadamutantwithsimilarabilitieswolverinesparentsalsoappearedinthefilmaaronjefferyportrayedthomasloganwhilealiceparkinsonportrayedelizabethhowlettpeterobrienactorpeterobrienappearedasjohnhowlettjamesallegedfatherthefilmincludesnumerouscameoappearancesofyoungerversionsofcharactersfromthepreviousfilmsincludingjasonstrykerwilliamstrykerslobotomizedtelepathicsonwhomhekeepsincryogenicsuspensiontherewasacameoforayoungstormmarvelcomicsstormwhichcanbeseeninthetrailerbutitwasremovedfromthereleasedfilmadigitallyrejuvenatedpatrickstewartalsomakesanuncreditedcameoasayoungerprofessorxcharlesxavierwhoappearedtonotyetlosetheuseofhislegshoweverwithtimelineandstoryinconsistencieswithinthefilmseriessingerdevelopedanideatotieallthefilmstogetherandfixthecontinuityinxmenfirstclassxavierlosestheuseofhislegsatamuchyoungeragethanheappearsinoriginsasanexplanationxaviercanbeseenwalkinginxmendaysoffuturepastwhichchronologicallytakesplacepriortotheeventsofthisfilmbycreatingtheillusionthatheisstandinginvarioussceneswheninrealitythecharacterisonlypresentbytelepathicprojectionasherkeddieplayeddrcarolfrostpokerplayerdanielnegreanuhasacameophilhellmuthwantedtojoinhimbutwasunablebecausehecommittedtoaneventintorontoxmencocreatorstanleesaidhewouldcameobutleeendedupnotappearinginthefilmashecouldnotattendfilminginaustraliaproductiondevelopmentdavidbenioffacomicbookfanpursuedtheprojectforalmostthreeyearsbeforehewashiredtowritethescriptinoctoberalsoservingasinspirationwasthelimitedseriesorigincomicsoriginwhichrevealswolverineslifebeforeweaponxjackmancollaboratedonthescriptwhichhewantedtobemoreofacharacterpiececomparedwiththepreviousxmenfilmsskipwoodswhohadwrittenhitmanfilmhitmanforfoxwaslaterhiredtoreviseandrewritebenioffsscriptbenioffhadaimedforadarkerandabitmorebrutalstorywritingitwithanmotionpictureassociationofamericafilmratingsystemratingsrratinginmindalthoughheacknowledgedthefilmsfinaltonewouldrestwiththeproducersanddirectordeadpoolhadbeendevelopedforhisownfilmbyreynoldsanddavidsgoyeratnewlinecinemainbuttheprojectfellapartastheyfocusedonbladetrinityandanabortedspinoffbenioffwrotethecharacterintothescriptinamannerjackmandescribedasfunbutwouldalsodeviatefromsomeofhistraitssimilarlygambitcomicsgambitwasacharacterwhothefilmmakershadtriedtoputinthepreviousxmenfilmsjackmanlikedgambitbecauseheisaloosecannonlikewolverinestatingtheirrelationshipechoesthatofwolverineandpyromarvelcomicspyrointheoriginaltrilogyrefnamepyrorefdavidayercontributedtothescriptbeniofffinishedhisdraftinoctoberandjackmanstatedtherewouldbeayearbeforeshootingrefnamereadyrefashewasscheduledtostartfilmingaustraliafilmaustraliaduringbeforethewritersguildofamericastrikebeganjamesvanderbiltandscottsilverwerehiredforalastminuterewritegavinhoodwasannouncedasdirectoroftheprojectinjulyforareleasepreviouslyxmenfilmxmenandxfilmxdirectorbryansingerandxmenthelaststanddirectorbrettratnerwereinterestedinreturningtothefranchisehoodexplainedthatwhilehewasnotacomicbookfanherealizedthatthecharacterofwolverineithinkhisgreatappealliesinthefactthathessomeonewhoinsomewaysisfilledwithagreatdealofselfloathingbyhisownnatureandhesconstantlyatwarwithhisownnaturefilmingpreliminaryshootingtookplaceatthefoxstudiosaustraliainsydneyduringlateprincipalphotographybeganonjanuaryinnewzealandoneofthefilminglocationsthatwasselectedwasdunedincontroversyaroseasthequeenstownnewzealandqueenstownlakesdistrictcouncildisputedthedepartmentoflaboursdecisiontoallowfoxtostoreexplosivesinthelocaliceskatingrinkfoxmovedsomeoftheexplosivestoanotherarearefnamexplosivereftheexplosiveswereusedforashotoftheexplodinghudsonfarmascenewhichrequiredthirteencamerasjackmanandpalermoswozproductionsreachedanagreementwiththecounciltoallowrecyclingspecialistsonsettoadvisetheproductiononbeingenvironmentallyfriendlyaccordingtohoodthescreenplaywasstillincompleteasfilmingbegunwiththeproductioninaustraliareceivingregularlynewscriptpagesfromlosangelesattimesinthenightbeforeshootingfilmingcontinuedatfoxwheremostoftheshootingwasdoneandneworleanslouisianaproductionofthefilmwaspredictedtogenerateaustraliandollaranbspmillionforsydneyseconomyprincipalphotographyendedbymaythesecondunitcontinuedfilminginnewzealanduntilmarchandwerescheduledtocontinuefilmingfortwoweeksfollowingthefirstunitswrapthisincludedaflashbacktologanduringthenormandylandingswhichwasshotatblacksmithsnewsouthwaleshoodandfoxwereindisputeonthefilmsdirectiononeofthedisputesinvolvedthedepictionofwolverineasanarmyveteranwithposttraumaticstressdisorderwiththeexecutivesarguingthataudienceswouldnotbeinterestedinsuchheavythemesthestudiohadtworeplacementslinedupbeforericharddonnerhusbandofproducerlaurenshulerdonnerflewtoaustraliatoeaseonsettensionshoodremarkedoutofhealthyandsometimesveryrigorousdebatethingsgetbetterihopethefilmsbetterbecauseofthedebatesifnobodyweretalkingaboutuswedbeintroublerefnameempirerefhoodaddedheandthomasrothmanwerebothforcefulpersonalitiesincreativemeetingsbuttheyhadneverhadastandupargumentinjanuaryafterdelaysduetoweatherandschedulingconflictssuchashughjackmanspublicitycommitmentsforaustraliafilmaustraliaproductionmovedtovancouvermostlyatkitsilanosecondaryschoolandinuniversityofbritishcolumbiaworkthereincludedfinishingsceneswithryanreynoldswhohadbeenworkingontwootherfilmsduringprincipalphotographygavinhoodhasannouncedthatmultiplesecretendingsexistforthefilmandthattheendingswilldifferfromprinttoprintofthefilmoneversionshowswolverinedrinkinginajapanesebarthebartenderasksifheisdrinkingtoforgettowhichloganrepliesthatheisdrinkingtoremembertheotherendingshowsweaponxiontherubbleofthedestroyedtowertryingtotouchhisseveredheadeffectsmorethanshotsofwolverinehavevisualeffectsinthemwhichrequiredthreeeffectssupervisorsandseventeendifferentcompaniestoworkonthefilmcgboneclawswerealsocreatedforsomescenesbecausethepropsdidnotlookgoodincloseupsmusicinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexmenoriginswolverinetypefilmscoreartistharrygregsonwilliamscoverxmenoriginswolverinesoundtrackjpgreleasedrecordedgenrefilmscorelengthlabelvarsesarabandecatalogproducerreviewslastalbumthechroniclesofnarniaprincecaspiansoundtrackthechroniclesofnarniaprincecaspianbrthisalbumxmenoriginswolverinebrnextalbumthetakingofpelhamfilmthetakingofpelhambrmiscextrachronologyartistxmenfilmseriesxmensoundtracktypesoundtracklastalbumxmenthelaststandsoundtrackxmenthelaststandbrthisalbumxmenoriginswolverinebrnextalbumxmenfirstclassmusicxmenfirstclassbrcomposedbyharrygregsonwilliamsthefilmscorescoreforxmenoriginswolverinewasmixedbymalcolmlukerengineeredbycostakotselasandfeaturedmartintillmanontheelectriccelloinainterviewwithchristophercolemanoftracksoundscomgregsonwilliamssaidthathoodattractedhimtotheprojectaddingihappenedtomeethimatthegoldenglobesdinneraboutthreeyearsagothatnightwewerebothnomineesbutbothlosershehadbeennominatedfortsotsiandduringthedinnerihadspokentohimandheseemedlikeareallysmartandcreativeguyandintomusicsoiwasreallydelightedwhenigotacalltomeethimanddiscussthepossibilitiesforwolverinerefnametracksoundsrefinlatemarchjonburlingameofvarietymagazinevarietywasatthenewmanscoringstageatthcenturyfoxtolistenandreportontherecordingofthescoreatthetimeofhisvisitburlingamenotedthatthechoirwassingingstanzasfromanancientnorsepoeminoldicelandictounderscorewhatwouldbefirsttrackloganthroughtimedirectorgavinhoodcommentedongregsonwilliamsstylesayingharryschallengeistogiveusoperaticscalebutalsokeepitintimateandhumanharrysmusichasakindofmuscularconfidenceandstrengththatisveryusefulfortheactionbuthealsohastremendoussoulhoodalsocalledtherecordingperformancefriggingbrilliantreleaseleakedworkprintonmarchafulllengthdvdqualityworkprintofthefilmwithoutatimecodeorwatermarkwithsomeunfinishedeffectsshotsadifferenttypefacefortitlesandcastingandalternatesoundeffectswasleakedonlinefoxestimatedtheworkprintwasdownloadedroughlynbspmilliontimesbythetimewolverinewasreleasedintheatersasoffoxestimatesthataminimumofmillionpeopledownloadedittheprintcontainedareferencetorisingsunpicturesanaustralianvisualeffectscompanyworkingonthefilmthecompanydeniedthattheyeverhadafullcopyofthefilmhoweverthetheatricalversionofthefilmhasnoextrascenesthatwerenotincludedintheleakedworkprintbothversionsrunexactlyminutesbutdirectorgavinhoodsaidanotherendingexiststhatfeaturesthefilmsvillaintheleakwastraceddowntoabronxmannamedgilbertosanchezwhohadboughtanunlicenseddvdcopyfromakoreanmanandlateruploadeditunderthenameskillygillyrogerfriedmanagossipreporterforfoxnewschannelfoxnewsachannelalsoownedbyfoxsparentcompanynewscorporationwasfiredforwritingareviewofthefilmusingtheleakedcopyhedownloadedfromtheinternethedescribedhoweasyitwastofindanddownloadthefilmeveniftheoriginalsourceoftheleakwasnolongeravailableonthewebthearticlehewroteforhiscolumnonthefoxnewswebsitewasimmediatelyremovedmarketingamongthecompanieswhichprovidedtieinmerchandisingwereelevenpapajohnspizzaandschickrazorsschickhughjackmanalsoposedaswolverineforthegotmilkcampaigninfebruaryhasbroreleasedaxmenoriginswolverinetoylinefilmrelatedtoylinefeaturingactionfiguresandaglovewithretractableclawsinaprilmarveldebutedanewcomicserieswolverineweaponxwhichwriterjasonaaronsaidthatwhilenotdirectlyinfluencedbythefilmwaswrittenconsideringpeoplewhowouldgetinterestedinwolverinecomicsafterwatchingthefilmindecemberhottoysreleasedthenbspinchhighlydetailedfigureofwolverinebasedonthemoviewithhughjackmanslikenessvideogameravensoftwaredevelopedxmenoriginswolverinevideogameavideogamebasedonthefilmwiththesamenamewhichactivisionblizzardpublishedmarcguggenheimwrotethescriptwhilehughjackmanlievschreiberandwilliamvoicedtheircharactersfromthefilmthestorylinegoesbeyondtheonefromthefilmincludingothervillainsfromthecomicssuchasthesentinelcomicssentinelsandthewendigocomicswendigoaswellastheappearanceofmystiquecomicsmystiquewhowasintheotherthreexmenfilmstheatricalrunxmenoriginswolverinewasreleasedonaprilintheukdenmarksouthafricaandaustraliaaprilinthephilippinesandinthedominicanrepublicandmayintheunitedstatesandcanadaacontestwasheldontheofficialwebsitetodeterminethelocationoftheworldpremiereonaprilintheendtheharkinstheatresharkinsatthetempemarketplaceintempearizonawonthepremiereaddifarefisfoundforthedatebritishcinemachainvuecinemavueshowedthefilmonedaybeforereleaseduringanxmenquadrilogyscreeningeventwhichplayedallxmenfilmsbacktobackthereleaseinmexicowasdelayeduntiltheendofmayduetoanoutbreakofhnfluinthecountryonaprilninedaysbeforethereleaseofthefilmitwasreportedthatxmenoriginswolverinewasoutsellingironmanfilmironmantoatthesamepointinthesalescycleninedayspriortothefilmsreleaserefcitenewstitlewolverineoutsellingironmaninadvanceticketsalesurlworstpreviewscomheadlinephpidpublisherworstpreviewdateaprilaccessdatejulyrefduringitsfirstdayofwidereleasewolverinetookinanestimatednbspmillionitwentontobenumberonefilmattheboxofficewithatotalofnbspmilliontheopeningwaslowerthanthelastfilminthefranchisexmenthelaststandaswellasxbuthigherthanxmenthefirstfilmintheseriestheworldwideopeningwasovernbspmillionbutfoxstatedthatsomemarketsunderperformedmostlyduetotheleakedworkprintincountrieswithillegaldownloadingproblemsrefnamehitrefhoweverinanarticleforthepiracyissueofscreeninternationalmagazinefilmcriticjohnhazeltonwasdoubtfulofthisexplanationwritingthatthefilmsinitialperformancewasuncertainastheoutbreakofswinefluinterritorieswiththeworstcopyrightinfringementproblemsmeansthatotherterritoriesdidnotcompareatallwhileithasreceivedmixedreviewsfromcriticsthefilmhasbeenafinancialsuccessattheboxofficeaccordingtoboxofficemojowolverinehasgrossedapproximatelyintheunitedstatesandcanadaittookinanotherinotherterritoriesgivingitaworldwidetotalofhomemediaonseptemberthcenturyfoxhomeentertainmentreleasedxmenoriginswolverineondvdandbluraydiscthetwodiscblurayincludescommentarybyhoodanothercommentarybyproducerslaurenshulerdonnerandralphwinterthefeaturettetherootsofwolverineaconversationwithxmencreatorsstanleeandlenweinthefeaturettewolverineunleashedthecompleteoriginscharacterchroniclestwomorefeaturettesatriviatrackdeletedsceneswithcommentaryfromhoodtwoalternatesequencesafoxmoviechannelpremierefeaturetteandimdbbdlivetechnologydisctwoofthesetincludesadigitalcopyinadditionawalmartexclusivediscsetwhichincludesastandarddvdcopyofthefilmwasalsoreleasedthetwodvdspecialeditionincludesthetwocommentariesthefeaturettewithstanleeandlenweinanoriginsfeaturettedeletedandalternatescenesandanantismokingpsaondisconedisctwohasadigitalcopyofthefilmthesinglediscdvdreleasehastheoriginsfeaturetteandantismokingpsarefnamedvdrefwolverinewasthehighestsellingandmostrenteddvdreleaseoftheweeksellingoverthreemillioncopiesofthemonbluraythroughitsfirstsixweeksthedvdhassoldnbspmillioncopiesgeneratingnbspmillioninsalesreceptiononreviewaggregatorwebsiterottentomatoesthefilmhasanapprovalratingofbasedonreviewswithanaverageratingofthesitescriticalconsensusreadsthoughhughjackmangiveshisallhecanthelpxmenoriginswolverineovercomeaclicheriddenscriptandfamiliarnarrativeonmetacriticthefilmhasascoreofoutofbasedoncriticsindicatingmixedoraveragereviewsaudiencespolledbycinemascoregavethefilmanaveragegradeofbonanatofscalerefnamecinemascorerefrichardcorlissoftimemagazinetimecommentedonthefilmsstandingamongothermarvelfilmssayingthatitisanoknotgreatmarvelmoviethattellstheearlystoryoftheprimexmanandattemptstomakeitclimaxinaperfectcouplingwiththestartoftheknowntrilogyhealsosaidthatsuperheromythologiescanbesocomplicatedonlyalonelycomicbookreadingkidcouldmakesenseofitalljamesmullingerofgqalsocommentedonthestructureofthestoryinsayingthatthefilmclumsilytriestoexplaintheoriginsofjameshowlettakawolverinewhichhadwiselyonlyeverbeenbrieflyreferredtointheoriginalxmensagaindoingsoitcreatesafairlyblandplotwhichisfullofholesloulumenickofthenewyorkpostwasgenerallymorefavorabletowardsoriginsstatingfortunatelyjackmaniswellmatchedwithschreiberwhocansneerwiththebestofthemandwearsfangswellthetwohavethreespectacularbattlestogetherbeforesquaringoffagainstaformidableenemyatopanuclearreactorpeterrainerofthechristiansciencemonitoralsopraisedjackmansperformancesayingthathughjackmandemonstratesthatyoucansegueeffortlesslyfromatuxedoedsonganddancemanattheoscarstoaferalgentwithadamantiumclawsandberserkerrageclaudiapuigofusatodayconsideredthemoviewellactedwithspectacularactionandwittyonelinersrogerebertgavethefilmtwostarsoutoffourandaskedaboutthetitlecharacterwhyshouldicareaboutthisguyhefeelsnopainandnothingcankillhimsothereforehesessentiallyastorydeviceforactionsequencesrefnameebertrefjamesberardinelligavewolverinetwoandahalfstarsoutoffourcallingtheactionscenescompetentlyexecutedbutnotmemorableandconsideringthatwhendealingwithwolverinespastthereslittlecreativityevidentinthewaythoseblanksarefilledinandthattherevelationsmadewolverinelesscompellingcomparativelybillgibronofamctvchannelamcsfilmcriticcomwebsitegavethefilmapositiveoutofstarssayingthatalthoughhughjackmaniscapableofcarryingeventhemostmediocreefforthesinglehandedlymakesxmenoriginswolverineanexcellentstarttothesummerseasonhepredictedtherewillbepuristswhobalkathowhoodandhisscreenwritersmangleandmanipulatethemythologyandfurthersaidthatanyendingwhichleavesseveralcharactersunexplainedandunaccountedforcantreallysealthefullentertainmentdealregardingwolverinewithinthecontextofthexmenfilmseriestomcharityofcnncommentedserviceablebutinescapablyredundantthiswolverinemoviedoesjustenoughtokeepthexmenfranchiseonlifesupportbutthefilmmakerswillhavetocomeupwithsomeevolutionarychangessoonifitsgoingtoescapextinctionsimilarlyaoscottofthenewyorktimesexpressedthatxmenoriginswolverinewillmostlikelymanagetocashinonthepopularityoftheearlierepisodesbutitisthelatestevidencethatthesuperheromovieissufferingfromseriousimaginativefatigueonamorenegativenotephilipfrenchoftheobserversaidthatthefilmsdullbonecrushingspecialeffectsstuffisofinterestonlytohardcorefanswhoveprobablyreaditallinmarvelcomicssukhdevsandhuofthedailytelegraphstatedthatwolverineisanartificialstimuluspackageofthemostunsatisfyingkindaggressivelyadvertisedandhypedtothehillsitwillnodoubtattractfullhousesatfirstafterthatthoughwhenwordofmouthbuzzkillgoesintooverdrivetheresboundtobewidespreaddeflationandapalpablefeelingofbeingconnedsimilarlyorlandoparfittofignukpraisedtheperformancesoftheactorsandtheactionscenesbutstatedthatthefilmfeltunderdevelopedtheresanenjoyabletimetobehadwithwolverinebutitsalsosomewhatunsatisfyingfurthermorescottmendelsonofthehuffingtonpostgavethefilmagradeofdnotingthatwolverinewastheleadcharacterofthexmenfilmsandwevealreadylearnedeverythingweneedtoknowfromthefilmsinsaidfranchiseaddingthattheextrainformationgivenhereactuallyservestomakethecharacterofloganwolverinelessinterestingstevenreaalsofeltthatthefilminjuredthecharacterbyprovingthathowtheheroacquiredhisspecialpowersturnsouttobeawholelotlessinterestingthanwhathedoeswiththemwhilealsobeingamashupofmeaninglesscombatsequencesmeaninglessbecauseloganwolverineisjustaboutunstoppablesubparvisualeffectstemplatebackstoryandsomegoofylievschreiberasavillainthespianizinghughjackmanlaterconfessedbeingunhappywiththefinalresultofxmenoriginswolverinetheactorwantedprimarilyafilmthatwoulddeepenthewolverinecharacterbutsomehowthefirstwolverinemovieendeduplookinglikethefourthxmenjustwithdifferentcharactershetriedtoavertthesameresultswhiledoingthenextsolofilmforthecharactersthewolverinefilmthewolverinetwocasesexistofadolescentsinjectingthemselveswithelementalmercuryafterhavingseenxmenoriginswolverineandincorrectlybelievingthiswouldconverttheirbonestometalsimilartowolverinesequelswolverinewassettobethefirstofaseriesofxmenoriginsprequelswiththeotherbeingfocusedonmagnetocomicsmagnetohoweverxmenoriginsmagnetoentereddevelopmenthellandwaseventuallycanceledxmenfirstclassreleasedinwasanotherprequeltotheseriessetinthefilmfeaturesayoungprofessorxandmagnetoandthefoundationofthexmenrefnamecraveonlinereforiginallyintendedtobeacompleterebootofthefranchiseitwaslaterdecidedtokeepthefilmsallinonecontinuityandhavethefilmsxmendaysoffuturepastsequelretroactivelyerasetheeventsofthepreviousxmenfilmsexceptfirstclassandthesegmentsintheseriesthattakeplacebeforeitfromtheseriestimelineinasecondwolverinefilmwasreleasedtitledthewolverinefilmthewolverinesetyearsaftertheeventsofxmenthelaststandbutmostlyservingasastandalonesequelthefollowuptofirstclasssxmendaysoffuturepastwasconfirmedtoerasetheeventsofxmenoriginswolverinethroughretroactivecontinuityathirdwolverinefilmtitledloganfilmloganwasreleasedonmarchitishughjackmanslasttimeportrayingthecharacterthespinofffilmdeadpoolfilmdeadpoolfeaturesryanreynoldsreprisinghisroleasthedeadpooltitlecharacterseveraljokesareaimedattheexpenseofreynoldsversionofdeadpoolinxmenoriginswolverineduetothenegativereactionofthecharactersportrayalreferencesexternallinksnavboxeslistwpfilmcatyearcategoriesprimarygroupingcategoriesgenrecategoriesfilminglocationcategoriessettingcategoriesadditionalcategoriesfezmoroccoaxenoserverisaserverthatcansafelyexecuteforeignpotentiallyuntrustedcodethexenoserverisdevelopedcollaborativelybytelekominnovationlaboratoriesandcambridgeuniversityandimplementedusingthexenvirtualmachinemanagervmmthexenoserverplatformisacomputernetworkingnetworkofxenoserversmeanttosupportdistributedcomputingdistributedcodeexecutionservicesthenamecomesfromthegreekwordxenosgreekwhichcanmeanbothforeignerandguesthencethenotionofinvitingforeigncodetorunonyourserverasaguestreferencesexternallinksclcamacukresearchsrgnetosxenoofficialsiteinfoboxlanguagenamexamtanganativenamexamirpronunciationstatesethiopiaregionnorthamhararegionspeakersrefdatecensusfamilycolorafroasiaticfamcushiticlanguagescushiticfamagawlanguagesagawfamnorthernisoxanglottoxamtglottorefnamexamtanganoticeipaxamtangaalsoagawinyakhamtangasimtangaxamirxamtaisacentralcushiticlanguagescentralcushiticlanguagespokeninethiopiabythexamirpeoplesoundsystemvowelsbordercellpaddingcellspacingclasswikitablealigncenterfrontvowelfrontaligncentercentralvowelcentralaligncenterbackvowelbackalignlefthighvowelhighaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteralignleftmidvowelaligncentercolspanalignleftlowvowelaligncentercolspanthecentralvowelshavefrontedandbackedallophonesdependingontheadjacentconsonantsconsonantsbordercellpaddingcellspacingclasswikitablerowspancolspanaligncenterrowspanlabialconsonantlabialaligncenterrowspancoronalconsonantcoronalaligncenterrowspanpostalveolarbrorpalatalaligncentercolspanvelarconsonantvelaraligncentercolspanuvularaligncenterrowspanglottalconsonantglottalplainlabializedplainlabializedalignleftrowspanplosivesandbraffricatesalignleftvoicelessaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteralignleftvoicedaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteralignleftejectivealigncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteralignleftrowspanfricativesalignleftvoicelessaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteralignleftvoicedaligncenteralignleftejectivealigncenteralignleftcolspannasalstopnasalsaligncenteraligncenteraligncenteraligncenteralignleftcolspanlateralconsonantlateralaligncenteralignleftcolspantapconsonanttapaligncenteralignleftcolspansemivowelsaligncenteraligncenterisfoundonlywordinitialinloanwordsandmaybeglottalorpharyngealconsonantpharyngealisalveolarconsonantalveolarbeforethevoweldentalconsonantdentalotherwisecanbeejectiveandinsomecasestheejectivesappeartobeinfreevariationwiththevoicelessplosivesphonologicalprocessesgeminationinpositionsotherthanwordinitialxamtangacontrastsgeminateandnongeminateconsonantswithmostconsonantsthedifferencebetweenageminateandanongeminateissimplyoneoflengthbutthecasesofaremorecomplexwhennotwordinitialnongeminateisrealizedasabilabialorlabiodentalfricativeandandarerealizedasaffricatestheirgeminateequivalentsmayberealizedasprolongedorcansimplybeshortinwordinitialpositiongeminateconsonantsdonotoccurandbtqarerealizedasplosivesnotesbibliographyappleyarddavidladefinitearticleinxamtangaafricanlanguagesandculturesppnbspappleyarddavidlacomparativedictionaryoftheagawlanguageskuschitischesprachstudiencushiticlanguagestudiesbandklnrdigerkppeverlagchlodarmonlagwxamtangaunelanguecouchitiqueencontactaveclamhariqueinpountcahiersdtudescornedelafriquearabiedusudppnbspslipknotalbumbelldanorthamericanxfrapierrdcenturyinfoboxsoftwaretitlexamppnamexampplogologosizepxlogoaltxampplogobyapachefriendsscreenshotscreenshotsizepxscreenshotaltascreenshotofxampprunningallserversonmacosxcaptionascreenshotofxampprunningallserversonmacosxdeveloperapachefriendsreleasedlatestreleaseversionmicrosoftwindowswindowsbrlinuxbrmacoslatestreleasedaterepogithubcomapachefriendsstatusactiveprogramminglanguagevariouslanguagesoperatingsystemcrossplatformbrlinuxbrmicrosoftwindowswindowsbrsolarisoperatingsystemsolarisbrmacosplatformmicrosoftwindowswindowswindowsserverwindowsserverwindowsvistavistawindowswindowswindowsxbitbrlinuxdebianredhatlinuxredhatcentosubuntuoperatingsystemubuntufedoraoperatingsystemfedoragentoolinuxgentooarchlinuxarchsusexorxbitbrmacosmacosxsnowleopardorlaterxbitsizemicrosoftwindowswindowsxbitbrlinuxxbitbrmacosxbitlanguageenglishlanguageenglishbrgermanlanguagegermanbrfrenchlanguagefrenchbrdutchlanguagedutchbrpolishlanguagepolishbritalianlanguageitalianbrnorwegianlanguagenorwegianbrspanishlanguagespanishbrchineselanguagechinesebrbrazilianportugueseportuguesebrazilbrjapaneselanguagejapaneselanguagecountgenrewampmampsampsunwebstacksamplampsoftwa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enusedinaxiaolinshowdownforashengongwuwarrioreachturnaplayermayplayonewarriorcardtohistrainingareasuchcardsareplayedfaceupandupsidedownsothatwarrioricononthecardisrightsideuptheskillandpowernumbersofawarriorcardinthetrainingareadonotmatterhoweverthenumberofcardsinthetrainingareadeterminesonesskilllevelwhichisalsoimportantduringashowdownawarriorcardmaybeusedasaboostcardandanyspecialabilitythecardhasappliesonlythenthesecardsarenamedaftervariousmartialartsmovesthatareusedintheseriesaswellasanumberofadditionalmoveswithsimilarnamesbutwhichhavenotbeenusedsofarthisincludescardsforthesignaturemovesforthexiaolinmonksasbothxiaolinapprenticesandwudaiwarriorsinthesecondandthirdseasonoftheseriesthexiaolinapprenticemovecardsarerarecardsandthewudaiwarriormovecardsarepremiumcardsshengongwueachturnaplayermayplayoneshengongwucardsuchcardsmayeitherbeplayeddirectlytoonesvaultorbemadethesubjectofaxiaolinshowdownashengongwucardmaybeplayeddirectlytoonesvaultonlyifyouhaveanumberofwarriorsequaltoormorethantheskillnumberoftheshengongwuthisdoesnotcountasvictoryinaxiaolinshowdownbutdoesenabletheplayertotapthecardinfutureshowdownsifaplayerhasnoshengongwuinhishandordoesnotwishtoplayonethatishandhemaychoosetoflipoverthetopcardinhisdeckifthecardisashengongwuthentherewillbeashowdownforitifitisnotashengongwuitgoestothediscardpileduringashowdownashengongwucardinaplayershandmaybeusedasaboostcardshengongwuthatareinaplayersvaultmayalsobeusedandanyspecialabilitythattheshengongwuhasappliesonlywhenthecardistappednotalloftheshengongwuthathavebeenfeaturedontheshowhavecardsinthegameandsomeoftheshengongwuinthegamehadnotbeenfeaturedontheshowasofthegameslaunchthegamedebutedduringtheshowsthirdseasonandthepromotionalmaterialforthegameindicatedthattheywouldbeusedinfutureepisodesthusmakingpurchasingthegameawayforfansoftheseriestolearnabouttheshengongwubeforetheywereusedontheshowsomeoftheshengongwucardsinthegamearelabeledwithaseconddescriptorsuchasanimalarmorclothingweaponjewelortrinketsuchdescriptorshavenoeffectongameplayunderthecurrentversionoftherulesbutmayhavesomeeffecteitherontournamentrulesorwithafutureexpansionsetmastermastercardsaretreatedasiftheywerewarriorcardsexceptforthreedifferencesthespecialabilitythatthecardhasapplieswhenthecardisinthetrainingareabutnotwhenusedasaboostcardbecauseofthisreversalofwhenthespecialabilityisusedthewarrioriconandthepowerandskillnumbersareplacedupsidedownfromwheretheyarefoundonawarriorcardandthecardisplayedrightsideupinthetrainingareainsteadofupsidedownyoumusthaveanumberofwarriorcardsofthesamecoloralreadyinyourtrainingareatoplayamastercardinyourtrainingareavillainvillaincardsareusedinplaceofboostcardsduringaxiaolinshowdownandatnoothertimeduringthegamevillaincardsaredistinctiveinthattheyhavegraycolorandtheyhavefourseparatepowernumbersthepowernumberthatisuseddependsuponthecoloroftheshengongwuthatistheobjectoftheshowdownvillaincardsareonlyeffectivewhenplayedbythedefendingplayerandifmorethanonevillaincardisplayedtheydonotworktogetherelementstherearefourelementseachofwhichisassociatedwithamonkandwiththecolorschemeofthecardearthyellowclayfireredkimikowaterdarkblueomiwindlightblueraimundoxiaolinshowdownaxiaolinshowdownbeginswhenanattackingplayerchoosestoputashengongwuintheshowdownarenaeachplayermaylistofmagicthegatheringkeywordstapfuntaptapsimilartothesystemusedinmagicthegatheringshengongwuthatareinhisvaultuptothepointwherethesumoftheskillnumbersofthetappedcardsequalsthenumberofwarriorsinhistrainingareaatleastoneofthewarriorsinhistrainingareamustbethesamecolorastheshengongwuinorderfortheshengongwutobetappedanyspecialabilitythattheshengongwuhascanonlybeappliedwhenthecardistappedonlyshengongwucardscanbetappedinthisgameafterbothplayershavedecidedwhethertotapanyshengongwueachplayermaychoosetoplayonecardfacedownfromhishandorfromhisdeckifthecardplayedhasaskillnumberthatexceedsthenumberofwarriorsintheplayerstrainingareaithasnoeffectifthecardisanythingotherthanavillaincarditisaboostcardaboostcardaddsitspowertothepoweroftheshengongwuthathavebeentappedtogivethepowernumberoftheplayerbutonlyiftheplayerhasawarriorcardinhistrainingareathatisthesamecolorifaboostcardhasaspecialabilitythatappliesduringashowdownitisalsoappliedavillaincardplayedbytheplayerwhostartedtheshowdownhasnoeffectavillaincardplayedbythedefendingplayerhasapowernumberforthatcolorshengongwuandtheattackingplayermustdefeatboththedefenderandthevillaintowintheshowdownifaplayerusesaspecialabilitythatworksuponwinningashowdownhemustalsobeatanyvillainsinplayfortheabilitytoworksometimesaspecialabilitywillallowaplayertopressacardifaplayerpressesacardhemayplayacardfromthedeckasasecondcardthatwillactasaboostorvillaincardtiesinshowdownsarewonfirstbyvillainsandthenbythedefendingplayeriftheattackingplayerwinstheshengongwugoesintohisvaultasanuntappedcardandhehasachievedoneofthefourvictoriesneededtowinthegameifhedoesnotwintheshengongwugoesintohisdiscardpileanyboostorvillaincardsusedduringtheshowdowngointothatplayersdiscardpileanyshengongwuthatweretappedremaintappeduntileitherthestartofthatp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dcastingatonlywattsitssignalisheardthroughoutmuchofsoutherncaliforniaincludingthesandiegoandlosangelesmetropolitanareasaswellasnorthernbajacaliforniahistoryinthesamwashometokfmbamkfmbsandiegowhenkfmbmovedupthedialtokhzthegovernmentbroadcastauthoritiesintheusandmexicoreservedkhzforamexicobasedradiostationhoweverforafewyearsinthestherewasauslicensedradiostationatthisfrequencykshoinhesperiacaliforniaandlaterkfoxamknnzincostamesacaliforniaitwasnotuntilmaythattheconcessionwasawardedforxetinamwhichwasoriginallylicensedasawattdaytimerandownedbyvctormanuelmorenotorresultimatelyamexicanconcessionairetookoveroperationofxetinforlosangelesradiostationownermountwilsonfmbroadcastersincsaullevinerefnamebxetinspanishtonewsrefinxetinbecameanallnewsradioallnewsstationbrandedasknewssimulcastwithamknnsnowksuramksurinbeverlyhillscaliforniabeverlyhillsandamknnznowkfoxamkfoxincostamesacaliforniacostamesarefnamelatknewsrefthethreestationsattemptedtocompetewithcbsradioownedknxamknxandwestinghousebroadcastingskfwbbothhighlyratedallnewsoperationstheallnewsformatwasdiscontinuedtwoyearslaterthestationbecamexebachaminitairedaclassicalmusicformattheformatflipwasspurredbysandiegosoriginalclassicalstationkfsdmovingfromfullpoweredkmyifmtoalowerpowersuburbanstationkydqfminescondidocaliforniaescondidoayearlaterknnzmovedtoamleavingxesurfastheonlystationintheregionbroadcastingonaminjunexebachbecamexejazzamwithajazzformatrelayedfromkjazaminlosangelestheformatdidnotlastlongandxejazzpromptlybecamexebachagaininmayinmarchmotivatedbylowratingsandthemoveofthesandiegooperatokpbsfmlevineoptedtoflipformatsandthestationwasrelaunchedwithanadultstandardsformatknownasthesurfwhichairedonnewlyrechristenedxesurfamandonksuramksuraminlosangelesthestationspentmuchofthemidssimulcastingthatstandardsformatuntilfebruarythenoldiesuntilfebruaryandthenadultstandardsagainuntiloctoberinoctoberthestationendeditssimulcastandflippedtoacountrymusicformatthecountryformatwassimulcastwithkkgostartingondecemberrefnamelatxesurfkkgocountryrefwhenkkgoandthecountrymusicformatmovedtofminfebruarytheformatwasstillsimulcastonxesurfinmaythestationsplitfromthesimulcasttoairclassiccountrymusicasthezooonnovemberxesurfchangedformatsyetagaintoatalkradionewstalkformatsimulcastfromkgilamrefnamelatxesurfkgiltalkrefafterkgildroppedthetalkformatonaugustrefnameaaxesurfkgiltalkendrefxesurftemporarilycarriedanoldiesformatrefnamenctxesurfoldiesrefuntilchangingtospanishlanguageprogrammingthatseptemberrefnamenctxesurfspanishrefinmarchtheconcessionwastransferredtoamexicancompanynamedradioryssadecvitisownedbymembersofthealonsocoratellafamilywhichalsoholdsthemexicanconcessionsforentravisioncommunicationssthreemexicanstationsincludingxhastdtandxhdtvtdtinthetijuanaareareferencesinfoboxradiostationnamexeprsimagexeprsamnewlogojpgpngimagesizepxcityfraccranchodelmarrosaritobeachplayasderosaritobajacaliforniaareasandiegotijuanabrandingthemightyslogansandiegossportsleaderfrequencykilohertzkhzairdatenovemberformatsportsradiosportslanguageamericanenglishenglishpowerwattsclassacallsignmeaningsoundslikeexpressformerbrandingaffiliationsespnradiobrsandiegostateaztecsoperatorbroadcastcompanyoftheamericasownerinteramericanaderadiosadecvsisterstationsxhprsfmxepeamxepewebcastplayerlistenlivecolistenliveprovisioningstreamtheworldcomplsxprsamaacplsplswebsitemightycommightycomcoordinatesxeprsamhertzkhzthemightyisacommercialradiocommercialamradioamradiostationcityoflicenselicensedtoplayasderosaritoasuburboftijuanainbajacaliforniamexicoitbroadcastsanenglishlanguagesportstalkradioformatservingsandiegoandsoutherncaliforniaownedbyinteramericanaderadiosadecvitisoperatedandprogrammedbytheusbasedbroadcastcompanyoftheamericasbcaxeprsfeatureslocalsportsshowsandradiosyndicationsyndicatedprogrammingfromtheespnradionetworkxeprsisalistofbroadcaststationclassesclassawattclearchannelstationusingaomnidirectionalantennanondirectionalantennainthedaytimebutbecauseitmustprotectotherclassastationsonamatnightitusesathreetowerarraydirectionalantennathedaytimesignalcanbeheardovermuchofcoastalsoutherncaliforniaandpartsofbajacaliforniaannighttheskywavesignalextendsovermuchofthewestcoastoftheunitedstatesandnorthwesternmexicohistorytodaysamstartedoutaswattxerbonnbspkhztheoriginalconcessionwasawardedtomanuelpbarbachanograndsonofonetimegovernorofyucatnmiguelbarbachanotheconcessionwassoldtoradiodifusorainternacionalsainseveralyearslaterthestationmovedfromtopoweredatwattsxerbwassoldtointeramericanaderadiosainintheearlysrobertwestonsmithakawolfmanjackwaslivingindelriotexasandappearingonthewattborderblasterradiostationamxerfamxerfjustovertheriograndeinciudadacuainafterseveralviolentincidentsatxerfstransmittersmithandpartnermarvinkosofskycalledmoburtoninwolfmanjacksautobiographydecidedtorelocatetoanamericanradiostationtheypurchasedminneapolisareadaytimerstationamkdizamkuxlsmithmovedtominnesotaandneverappearedaswolfmanjackonkuxlbutratherworkedasthestationsgeneralmanagerwhileshippingwolfmanshowsontapetoxerfinsmithmadeanarrangementwiththeusagenttoprogramanotherborder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htherestofthethdivisiononnovemberthethwithdrewinthedefenseofthesihangwarehousetheylostmenkilledandwoundedforoverjapanesekilledhoweverwhentheyretreatedbritishtroopsarrestedthemthejapanesehadthreatenedtoinvadethesettlementifthesoldierswereallowedtoretreatthoughthechinesehadlostthebattleofshanghaithedefenseofsihangwarehouseprovedtobeamajormoraleboosterimprisonmentxieandtherestoftheeighthundredheroeswereimprisonedinthesettlementformorethanthreeyearsduringtheirincarcerationcitizensofshanghaioftenvisitedthetroopsgivingthemperformancesandentertainmenttheofficersopenedclassesforthesoldiersteachingforeignlanguagesmathematicsandevenchristiantheologychenwangdaothechinesetranslatorofthecommunistmanifestoalsovisitedthecampfromtimetotimethesoldiersspenttheirdaysdoingmilitarydrillstheirpracticeofsingingthenationalanthemoftherepublicofchinaeverydaywascontinuallydisruptedbytheforeignauthoritiesuntilitwasviolentlyputdownbywhiterussianmercenariesthejapaneseandwangjingweisreformedgovernmentoftherepublicofchinacollaborationistgovernmentattemptedtopersuadexieandtheotherprisonerstocollaboratewiththemthejapaneseofferedtoallowthesettlementtofreetheprisonersontheconditionthattheydisarmandleaveshanghaiasrefugeesbutxierefusedwhenwanginvitedhimtobethechiefofstaffforhisarmyherefusedaswellstatingmyparentsarechineseandtheirsonalsoischinesechineseareneverslavesdeathonthemorningofaprilxiewasassassinatedbysergeanthaodingchengandthreeothersoldierswhohadbeenbribedbythecollaborationistgovernmentallfourattackerswereimmediatelycaughtmorethanpeopleturnedupforhisfuneralandhewasposthumouslypromotedtomajorgeneralpersonallifexiemarriedlingweichenginandhadsonsanddaughtersyouminjiminxuefenandlanfenlegacyxiejinyuansbodywasinterredinasmallgardenalongsingaporeroadnowyaoroadwherehisbunkusedtobeintheshanghaicitygovernmentrenamedjiaoyuanparkwherethesoldierslivedtojinyuanparkandrenamedanelementaryschoolinthevicinitythdistrictjinyuannationalelementaryschooltheroadtotheimmediatenorthofthewarehousewasrenamedjinyuanroadhisgravewasdestroyedbyredguardschinaredguardsduringtheculturalrevolutiononaprilxiesgravewasmovedtothewanguopublicmausoleuminthesameyearthebarracksareawasrebuiltandnamedjinyuanalleyunitycnneteditiondetailaspbigclasscodesmaillclasscodenewsidinmarchthecitycouncilofxieshometownjiaolingguangdongsetupamonumentinhishonourandhisalmamaterjiankengelementaryschoolwasrenamedjinyuanelementaryschoolintocelebratethethanniversaryofthechinesevictoryinthesecondsinojapanesewaraswellasthealliedvictoryinworldwariichinatelecomreleasedasetofthemedtelephonecardsonecardfeaturedsihangwarehouseandxiejinyuanseealsoheroessongreferencesunitycnneteditiondetailaspbigclasscodesmaillclasscodenewsidyahwehmmtransponderbolovideogamenaomibiblicalfigurexbemayrefertobearskinlakeairporttheiataairportcodexboxexecutableexecutablefileformatforthexboxgameconsolexenobioticbiotransformingenzymesenzymesusedinbiotransformationprocessesthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellkomejirushiboxdrawingcharacterredirectnewbrunswicknewjerseysovietunionredirectcategoryshellxananagusmolistofxmenlimitedseriesandoneshotsinthexwindowsystemthecomputerprogramprogramxwdxwindowdumpcapturesthecontentofascreenorofawindowandoptionallysavesitintoacomputerfilefilerefcitebooklasttylerfirstchristitlexpowertoolsurlbooksgooglecombooksidxyrmiagcseriesoreillyseriespublisheroreillymediaincpublicationdatepageaccessdatequotethexwindowdumpxwdtooltakesasnapshotofthecurrentscreenamanuallyselectedwindoworawindowdesignatedbyitsnumericidandoutputstheimagetostandardoutputortoafilerefcodexwdcoderunsinoneoftwowaysifauserspecifiesthewholescreenorthenameoridentifierofawindowasanargumenttheprogramcapturesthecontentofthewindowotherwiseitchangestheshapeofthecursorcomputerscursorandwaitsfortheusertoclickinawindowwhosecontentisthencapturedoperationatthexwindowcoreprotocollevelxwdusesthefactthatanyxclientcanrequestthecontentofanarbitrarywindowincludingonesitdidnotcreateusingthecodegetimagecoderequestthisisdonebythecodexgetimagecodefunctioninthexliblibrarythecontentofthewholescreenisobtainedbyrequestingthecontentoftherootwindowthefilegeneratedbyxwdcanthenbereadbyvariousotherxutilitiessuchasxwudxvsoftwarexvandthegimporconvertedtootherformatsthenetpbmsuiteallowstheconstructionofausefulunixpipepipelinexwdxwdtopnmpnmtopngscreenshotpngthedumpsarelargerinsizethanfilesinmostimagefileformatsnotonlycompressedformatssuchasportablenetworkgraphicspngbutalsouncompressedbitmapformatslikebmpfileformatbmpintentionallyimmediatelybeforesectionimageformatinfoboxfileformatnamexwindowdumpextensioncodexwdcodeiconiconcaptionscreenshotcaptionownerxwindowsystemreleasedxlatestreleaseversionxlatestreleasedategenreimagefileformatsstandardxwdfilehrefnamexwdreffreemitlicensecontainerforcontainedbyextendedfromextendedtoimageformatvariousimageviewersandtoolssupportthexcodexwdcodeformatamongothersthegimpim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arofadoptionrefnamecotwcartridgesoftheworldtheditionfrankcbarneseditedbystanskinnergundigestbookspprefitusedagrainmeasuregrainroundnosebulletitwasreplacedafteronlythreeyearsofservicebythespringfieldfiringaspitzerbulletspitzerbulletgivingbetterballisticperformancerefnamebenchreloadbenchcomcartridgesshtmlreloadinformationatreloadingbenchwithsomeinformationonoriginalballisticsandthekragitreplacedrefinitialdevelopmentthewasdevelopedtoreplacethekragcartridgeusedinthekragjrgensenriflewhichwasthefirstboltactionrifleadoptedbytheusmilitaryandthefirstthatusedsmokelesspowderthekragjrgensenriflehadsomeseriouslimitationscomparedtothenewmauserriflesbeingusedbyeuropeanarmiesitwasloadedoneroundatatimeratherthanusingastripperclipandthekragjrgensenssinglelockinglugontheboltmadetheactionmuchweakerthanthestrongtwolugmauserboltlimitingthepoweroftheroundanewriflewasdesignedusingthemauserasaguideandanewcartridgewasdesignedforitthenewcartridgewasmorepowerfulusingagraingchargeofsmokelesspowdergrainsgmorethanthethebulletwasthesameacalibergraingroundnosedjacketedbulletatahighervelocityoffeetpersecondnbspmscomparedtothefeetpersecondnbspmsofthekragthenewriflewasalsothefirstinatrendofshorterinfantryriflestheinnbspmmbarrelwashalfwaybetweenthestandardrifleandthecarbineusedbythecavalryandthustherewasnocarbinevariantoftheriflethecartridgewasalsoarimlessdesignwhichallowedbetterfeedingthroughtheboxmagazinethantheoldkragcaserefcitebooklastsharpefirstphilipbauthorlinktitlecompleteguidetohandloadingpublisherfunkwagnallsseriesvolumeeditionrdyearlocationnewyorkpagesisbnrefthemodelwinchesterleveractionriflewasofferedinfrombutsoldpoorlyincomparisontothechamberingofferedinvickerscompanyinenglandproducedmaximmmachinegunsinfortheusarmyfromlatermmachinegunswereproducedbycoltinandthegunswererechamberedfortheinthearmyconverteditsmgatlinggunsinarmytofitthenewcartridgeasthemthelatermwasanmconvertedtospringfieldthisconversionwasprincipallycarriedoutatthearmysspringfieldarmoryarsenalrepairshopsallmodelsofgatlinggunsweredeclaredobsoletebytheusarmyinafteryearsofserviceproblemsthecartridgesufferedfromthestartitcausedsevereerosionoftheboreoftherifleduetothehighpressuresandtemperaturesneededtopushtheheavybullettothedesiredvelocitytheheavybulletwasalsoanissuethegraingbulletwasaerodynamicallyinefficientandhadaverycurvedtrajectoryseeexternalballisticssoitwasnotwellsuitedforlongrangeshotsitwasalsounfashionablesincemostcountrieswereswitchingtoaornbspmmcartridgefiringalighteraroundgrainsgspitzerpointedbulletatahighervelocitythisgavebetterenergyretentionandaflattertrajectorythewasshortenedslightlybyintheneckthepowderwasreformulatedtoburncoolerandthebulletwaschangedtoagraingspitzerbulletcreatingthecartridgesincethenewwasshorterthantheitcouldfireinriflebutresultedinpooraccuracytherifleswereallrecalledfittedwiththemodelofsightsandbayonetsandrechamberedforthenewcartridgethislastprocedurewasdonebyunscrewingthebarrelsmillingofftheendofeachchamberrethreadingthebarrelsrechamberingthemandscrewingthembackonthesamefirearmactionactionsthisendedtheshortlifeoftheoutofnearlymadefeworiginalriflesescapedtheconversiontoestimatesrangefromtoriflessurvivingriflesarerarecollectorsitemseventhecartridgeisararityandisfoundonlyincollectionsofrarecartridgesthewinchesterandremingtoncartridgeswerebasedonreducingtheneckdiameterofthecartridgecasetoretainasimilarbulletholdinglengthwiththesameshoulderseealsolistofriflecartridgesmmcaliberreferencesoldammocomfebruaryhtmpicturesandinformationonthedevelopmentofthefromtheatthecartridgecollectorsexchangexgtechnologypiranshahrinscottishfootballredirectalprazolamthcenturycanrefertomaymonthdaydatenotationnovemberdaymonthdatenotationthbattalionthmarinesinfoboxuniversitynamexihuauniversitynativenameimagenamexihuauniversitylogopngimagesizecaptionlatinnamemottomottoengestablishedclosedtypepublicuniversityaffiliationendowmentofficerinchargechairmanchancellorpresidentweiguosunvicepresidentsuperintendentprovostvicechancellorrectorprincipaldeandirectorheadlabelheadfacultystaffstudentsundergradpostgraddoctoralothercitychengdustateprovincesichuancountrychinacoorcampusformernamesfreelabelfreesportscolorscoloursnicknamemascotathleticsaffiliationswebsitexhueducnwwwxhueducnlogofootnotesxihuauniversitywestchinauniversityisauniversityinsichuanprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinaapprovedbythestateministryofeducationxihuauniversityxhuwasfoundedonaprilformedbythemergeroftheformersichuanuniversityofscienceandtechnologyandtheformerteacherscollegetheformersichuanuniversityofscienceandtechnologyoncecalledthesichuanmechanicalcollegeofagriculturewasfoundedintheformerteacherscollegelocatedinpengzhoucountywasfoundedinlocationxhucoversaboutchineseunitsofmeasurementareamuacresinthehitechzoneofchengduthecampushasatributaryofmingjiangriverwindingthroughitandtheancientirrigationprojectdujiangyananditsnationalsceneryzoneistothewestxhusschoolmottoisdiligencevirtueandexcellenceacademicstheuniversityconsistsofschoolsonedepartmentandundergraduateprogramscoveringthefieldsofsciencemanagementliberalartstech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ewindowistheowneroftheselectionwhentheusertriestopastetheselectionintoanotherwindowthatwindowshandlerinitiatesaprotocolforgettingtheselectedtextfromtheotherclientthisprotocolinvolvesthesecondandthirdrequestsofthelistaboveandisnotspecifiedbythexprotocolbutasaconventionintheinterclientcommunicationconventionmanualicccminparticularthedestinationclientbeginsbyaskingtheserverwhichwindowownstheselectionthenthetwoclientstransfertheselectionviatheserverthisexchangeinvolvesapropertyofawindowandanarbitrarypieceofdataattachedtothewindowifthecontentoftheselectionisconsideredsmallenoughtobetransferredallatoncethestepsthattakeplacearetherecipientoftheselectionrequeststheselectiontobeconvertedspecifyingapropertyofawindowthismaybethewindowwherethetexthastobepastedinresponsetheserversendstothecurrentowneroftheselectionacodeselectionrequestcodeeventtheownerplacestheselectedtextinthepropertyofthewindowthattherequestorhasspecifiedbysendingacodechangepropertycoderequesttotheservertheownersendsarequesttotheservertosendtherequesteracodeselectionnotifycodetonotifythattheselectionhasbeentransferredtherequestercannowreadtheselectioninthepropertyofthewindowbysendingoneormorecodegetpropertycoderequeststotheservertherequesterdestroysthepropertyiftheownerhasrequestedtobeinformedofthisitissentacodepropertynotifycodeeventifthecontentislargeitshouldbetransferredinchunksinthiscasebothclientsexpressinterestincodepropertynotifycodeeventsthiswaytheselectionownerknowswhentheselectionhasbeenreadandtherequesterknowswhenanotherchunkhasbeenplacedinthepropertyclipboardthemostusedselectionisthecodeprimarycodeselectionandisusedwhentheuserselectssomedatathecodeclipboardcodeselectionisusedwhentheuserselectssomedataandexplicitlyrequestsittobecopiedtotheclipboardsuchasbyinvokingcopyundertheeditmenuofanapplicationanassociatedrequestofpasteresultsinthedataofthecodeclipboardcodeselectionbeingusedatthelevelofthecoreprotocolthecodeprimarycodeandcodeclipboardcodeselectionsdonotdifferbutthecodexclipboardcodeclientmakesthembehavedifferentlyinparticularwhenanotherclientassertstheownershipofthecodeclipboardcodeselectionthisprogramrequestsanddisplaysitinawindowanyfurtherrequestforthisselectionarehandledbycodexclipboardcodethiswaythecontentoftheselectionsurvivestheclienthavingcopieditcutbufferscutbuffersareanothermechanismtotransferdatainparticularselectedtexttheyarexwindowsystemcoreprotocolpropertieswindowpropertiesoftherootwindownamedcodecutbuffercodeetcunlikeselectionscutbuffersdonotinvolveadirectinteractionbetweenclientsratherwhentextisselectedinawindowthewindowownercopiesthistextintothepropertyoftherootwindowcalledcodecutbuffercodewhentheuserpastesthetextinanotherwindowthewindowownerreadsthispropertyoftherootwindowthecodexcutselcodeprogramtransfersdatabetweenselectionsandcutbuffersandthecodexcbcodeprogramallowsvariouskindsofaccesstothecutbufferscutbuffersareconsideredobsoletexdnddraganddropinthexwindowsystemisregulatedbythexdndconventionwhentheuserdragstheselectedtextintoawindowandreleasesthemousebuttontheexchangeofdataisdoneasfortheprimaryselectiondraganddropiscomplicatedbywhathappensduringthedragnamelywhentheuserdragstheselectiontodifferentpartsofthedesktoporawindowtheuserexpectstobeabletotellwhethertextcanbedroppedornotinparticularthetargetshoulddisplayvisualfeedbackonwhetherornotitwillacceptthedropandthecursorshouldchangetoindicatetheactionthatwillbetakenegcopyormoveinthexdndprotocolthewindowwherethetextisselectedandthedragbeginsiscalledthesourcethewindowoverwhichthecursorhoversiscalledthetargetthecommunicationbetweenthesourceandthetargetisdrivenbythesourcebecausethesourcegrabsthecursoranexchangebetweensourceandtargetisthereforenecessaryinorderforthetargettoevenknowthatdraganddropishappeningsincethesourcedecidestheshapeofthecursorthesourcemustreceivearesponsefromthetargetinordertoupdatethecursorinadditionsincethetargetmayneedtodrawabombsighttoindicatewherethedropwilloccurandsinceacceptanceofthedropmaydependontheexactlocationofthecursorthisexchangemusthappenrepeatedlyasthecursormovesinfactevenifthecursordoesnotmovemessagesmustbeexchangedtoallowthetargettoscrollwhenthecursorisnearanedgeoftheviewingareaotherwisetheuserwillonlybeabletodroponthevisibleportionofthetargetaprogramcanstatethatawindowcanbethetargetofadropbycreatingapropertynamedcodexdndawarecodewhichcontainsthehighestversionoftheprotocolthattheprogramsupportsthiswayapplicationswhichsupportnewerversionscanfallbacktoolderversionsinordertointeroperatecorrectlyinadditionallapplicationsthatarewrittenwithoutsupportforxdndwillbeignoredwhenthecursorentersthetargetwindowthesourcechecksthepresenceofthecodexdndawarecodepropertyonthatwindowifthispropertyispresentanexchangebeginsthesourcetellsthetargetthatthecursorhasenteredthetargetwhiledraggingsomedatabysendinganeventcodexdndentercodethetargetcanfindoutwhichkindofdataisdraggedtextimageetcbylookingatthiseventandpossiblybyfurtherinteractionwiththesourcewhilethecursorisinsidethetargetwindowthesourcesendscodexdndpositioncodeeventstotellthetargetwherethecursorcurrentlyisthetargetreplieswithcodexdndstatuscodeeventstotellthesourcewhetherthedatacanbedroppedinthecurrentpositionthesourcesendsamessagecodexdndleavecodeorcodexdnddropcodewhenthecursorhasleftthewindoworthebuttonhasbeenreleasedrespectivelyiftheuserdropsthetargetrequeststheselectionfromthesourceasusualwhenthetransferoftheselectionisconcludedthetargetsendsancodexdndfinishcodeeventtotellthesourcethatthetransferhasbeensuccessfulinsummarytheprotocolisdrivenbythesourcewhichkeepsthetargetinformedofwhatishappeningwiththecursorinreplythetargettellsthesourcewhetheradropwouldbeacceptedornotthetargetmustalsobeinformedwhentheuserreleasesthemousebuttonasthiseventstartsaregularrequestforaselectionwhichisaprotocoldrivenbythetargettheaboveisthedescriptionofthexdndconventionfordraganddropdifferentconventionsfordraganddropareusedinmotifoffixandamuletprogramsthefollowingprogramsspecificallyoperateondatatransfermechanismsxcutseltransfersdatafromselectionstocutbuffersorviceversaxclipboardglippergnomeparcellitelxdeandklipperkdeareclipboardmanagersmaybewmcliphistaswelloldhomeschmorpdemarcxcbhtmlxcbshowsthecontentofthecutbuffersandallowstheusertomanipulatethemwebarchiveorgwebnovellcomproductslinuxpackagesopensusexselectionhtmlxselectionsourceforgenetprojectsxclipxclipvergenetnetconradsoftwarexselxselandchiarkgreenendorguksgtathamutilsxcopyarecommandlineprogramsthatcopydatatoorfromthexselectionxcopyhasaverbosityoptionthathelpsdebugxselectionissuesparcellitealsohastheabilitytoreadfromandwritetospecificxselectionsfromthecommandlinesynergyisacrossplatformtoolthatallowsyoutoshareaclipboardacrossmultiplecomputersrunningmultipleoperatingsystemsxfceclipmanpluginisaclipboardhistorypluginforthexfcepanelandalsoaclipboardmanagerxtranslatelooksupwordsinthexselectioninamultilingualdictionarynongnuorgautocutselautocutselsyncscutbufferandselectionbufferseealsoxwindowsystemprotocolsandarchitecturexwindowsystemcoreprotocolicccmreferencesreflistrefsrefnamezawinskizawinskijwxselectionscutbuffersandkillringsretrievedjulyfromjwzorgdocxcutandpastehtmlrefrefnamexdnddraganddropprotocolforthexwindowsystemfromjohnlindalwixcomxdndrefexternallinkstronchecomguixicccmsechtmlicccmpeertopeercommunicationbymeansofselectionstronchecomguixicccmsechtmlicccmpeertopeercommunicationbymeansofcutbuffersjohnlindalwixcomxdndxdndspecificationkeithpcomkeithptalksselectionpsapaperbykeithpackardjwzorgdocxcutandpastehtmlselectionsingeneralandinemacsmedicationpackageinsertinfoboxcomicsorganizationwikipediawikiprojectcomicsimageuncannyjpgimagesizecaptioncovertouncannyxmennamexcorpspublishermarvelcomicsdebutuncannyxmenjanuarycreatorsjoecaseybrrongarneybasexcorpsheadquartersnearparisparisfrancemembersabysscomicsabyssbravalanchecomicsavalanchebrbansheecomicsbansheebrblobcomicsblobbrfeverpitchcomicsfeverpitchbrhuskcomicshuskbrjubileecomicsjubileebrmcomicsmbrmastermindmartiniquejasonbrjamiemadroxmultiplemanbrradiuscomicsradiusbrsunpyrebrmystiquecomicssurgesubcatmarvelcomicsheroxvillainthexcorpsisafictionalteamappearinginamericancomicbookspublishedbymarvelcomicswhethertheyweregoodorbadwasleftuptodebateevenwithinthexmenbuttheteamactedasamutantpoliceforcecreatedbyformerxmanbansheecomicsbansheeinuncannyxmenjanuarytheteamconceptwascreatedbyjoecaseyandrongarneyhistorybackgroundseancassidyalsoknownasbansheewasabrokenmanafterthedeathofmoiramactaggertlongtermallyofthexmenandformerloverofbansheeandtheclosingofthemassachusettsacademyhometogenerationxcomicsgenerationxforwhichhewasaformerheadmasterofthegrouphefelthehadfailedateverythinginhislifehebegantoreevaluatethethingsinhislifeandamongoneofthosethingswasprofessorxcharlesxaviersdreamofpeacefulcoexistencebetweenhumansandmutantsinallhisyearsoffightingalongsidethexmenwasthereanyrealchangethatwasenactedwiththatthoughtbansheebegantoreenvisionxaviersdreaminadaringnewwaywhynotusemutantsasapoliceforcetoregulatetheactivityofothermutantsinsteadofwaitingforacrisistoarisewithanabandonedadvancedideamechanicsaimfacilityhislinkstointerpolandthehelpofsomeofhisformerfriendsandpupilsbansheecreatedthexcorpstheforcesgoalwastopolicethemutantpopulationineuropealongwithjamiemadroxmultiplemanhisformerstudentshuskcomicshuskjubileecomicsjubileeandmcomicsmformeralphaflightmemberradiuscomicsradiusandonetimeinterimxmenmembersunpyreheformedthebasisofhisgrouphoweverthedistinctelementthatseparatedthisgroupfromotherxmenteamswastheinclusionofknownterroristssuchasavalanchecomicsavalancheblobcomicsblobandlaterfeverpitchcomicsfeverpitchoriginallybansheekeptthesesupervillainsinlinewiththehelpofmastermindmartiniquejasonmastermindbansheehadcapturedherandmanipulatedherillusionarypowerstokeepthevillainsunderhiscontrolalsoasaguestwastheenigmaticabysscomicsabysswhowasbeingstudiedbysunpyreexploitsthexcorpsdidntoperateasalongtermgrouptheteamrecruitsmystiquecomicsmystiquewhowasposingasapotentialnewmembernamedsurgebecauseofhershapeshiftingabilitiesmystiqueisabletomovesecretlyaroundtheheadquartersandshestumblesuponthecaptivemastermindandalliesherselfwiththeentrappedwomantogethertheyareabletofreethemindsofthevillainousxcorpsmembersaswellascontrolseveralduplicatesofmultiplemanandusetheminanassaultonparisinthenameofmutantsuperioritythegroupincurssomemassivedamagetothecityincludingthedestructionoftheeiffeltowerthankfullythexmenalongwiththeheroicmembersofthexcorpsareabletoputanendtotheirrampageacrossthecityaftermathunfortunatelythereareseveralcasualtiesofthebattlesthevillainousavalancheopensupthegroundbeneathradiusseeminglykillinghimthoughitislaterrevealedthathisforcefieldsciencefictionforcefieldsavedhimsunpyreactingasthegroupscientistisbrutallymurderedbymystiqueduringherascenttopowerevenbansheeisincapacitatedasmystiquestabsaknifethroughhisthroatthesourceofhissonicpowersfinallymystiqueissuckedintotheinterdimensionalvoidofabyssnottobeseenforseveralmonthswiththeinjuriessustainedbybansheeandthedamagetothecityofparisthegroupwasshutdownwhilesomeoftheirremainingresourcesandmemberssuchasmultiplemanandmweremovedtotheparisbranchofprofessorxxaviersxcorporationnotesblobcarriedonhisusualcriminalactivitiesandsoughtthehelpofdrseangarrisoncomicsseangarrisontodealwithhisselfesteemissueshealsohasbeenleftpowerlessinthewakeofdecimationheappearedintheminiseriesgenerationmfeverpitchhasbeenseenonthegroundsofthexavierinstituteasoneofthesidedwiththeforcesofapocalypsecomicsapocalypseinanattackagainstthemansionkilledwhenkidnappedbybastionandinfectedwiththelegacyvirushusktemporarilyjoinedthexmenwhereshebeganaromanticrelationshipwithwarrenworthingtoniiiarchangelwhichproducedquiteafussduetotheiragedifferencesremainedareserveandwasseenhelpingthexmenduringthesecretinvasionattackonsanfranciscopartofataskforceassembledbyroguetocombattheresurrectedproteusduringwhichheseeminglyunlockedpreviouslyunknownabilitiesinhuskspowerslikeassumingaflamingformsheiscurrentlyaresidentofthenewfoundjeangreyinstituteforhigherlearningfoundedbyxmanwolverinejubileeswhereaboutswereunknownprobablyspendingtimewithskinmarvelcomicsskinuntilsheappearedcrucifiedonemorningonthelawnofthexmansionalongwithseveralotherpeoplebythechurchofhumanitycomicschurchofhumanitybecauseofarchangelshealingbloodshewasoneoftheluckyoneswhoweresavedafterthatshealsotemporarilyrejoinedthexmenhoweverinthewakeofdecimationcomicsdecimationshehasbeenleftpowerlesssheappearsinnewwarriorsnewwarriorsvolnewwarriorsusingthecodenamewondrarecentlyinfectedasavampireinanattempttodrawwolverineintothevampireranksmultiplemancurrentlyappearsinthexfactorcomicsxfactorseriesalongwithmcomicsmrictorlongshotmarvelcomicslongshotstrongguydarwincomicsdarwinandsirynwhoispregnantwithhischildtheymakeupaprivateinvestigatorprivateinvestigativegroupcalledxfactorinvestigationsthathasrecentlymovedfrommutanttowntodetroitmaddroxalsosecretlyworksforvalcoopercomicsvalcoopermystiquewaslaterdiscoveredtohavebeentransportedtoaparalleluniversefictionparalleldimensionthathousedheronetimeformerloverandfatherofnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerazazelmarvelcomicsazazelthatstoryunfoldsinuncannyxmenwhereabyssalsomakeshisreappearanceanditisrevealedthatheandnightcrawlerarehalfbrotherswasplacedonosbornsxmenteammasqueradingasprofessorxandlaterjeangreyafterosbornsfallshehasbrieflyresurfacedinsanfranciscowhereshehastriedtoeliminatethemutantwolverineafterherapparentdeathsunpyrewasmysteriouslyresurrectedinalphaflightvolandtookherbrothersunfirecomicssunfiresplaceamongthejapanesegroupbigherocomicsbigherohoweveritwasrevealedintheofficialhandbookofthemarveluniverseteamsthatthiswasasunpyreofanalternateearthsummonedbybigheromemberhoneylemonbibliographyuncannyxmenjanuaryjuneexternallinksuncannyxmennetdbpovshowquestionaspfaqfldautouncannyxmennetfeatureonxcorpsmsemiautomaticsnipersystemredirectgraymatterinteractivexboxlivearcadexblaisadigitalvideogamedigitaldistributioninvideogamesdownloadserviceavailablethroughthexboxgamesstoremicrosoftsdigitaldistributionnetworkforthexboxitfocusesonsmallerdownloadablegamesfrombothmajorpublishersandindependentgamedeveloperstitlesrangefromclassicconsoleandarcadevideogamestonewgamesdesignedfromthegroundupfortheservicegamesavailablethroughthexblaservicerangefrominpriceandasofoctobertherehavebeenxboxlivearcadetitlesreleasedforthexboxpriortothexboxxboxlivearcadewasthenameforanonlinedistributionnetworkontheoriginalxboxwhichwasreplacedbythexboxlivemarketplacehistoryxboxthexboxlivearcadeservicewasofficiallyannouncedonmayatmicrosoftseelectronicentertainmentexpoepressconferencebybillgatesandlaunchedonnovemberfortheoriginalxboxconsolexboxgameconsolethexblasoftwarewasobtainedbyorderingitonmicrosoftswebsiteitwassentbymailonadiscthatalsocontainedafreeversionofthemspacmanvideogametogenerategreaterpublicityfortheservicethediscwasalsodistributedwithspecialissuesoftheofficialxboxmagazineandaspartoftheforzamotorsportxboxconsoleproductbundlingbundletheservicelaunchedwithsixtitlesandexpandeditslibrarytotwelvetitlesbytheendoftheyearonceconnectedtoxboxlivecustomerscouldpurchaseadditionaltitlesbyusingacreditcardordownloadalimitedgamedemotrialversionofagamepricesforthegamesrangefromtoclasswikitablecollapsiblestyleclearnonefontsizepaddingautowidthmarginautocolspanlistofxboxlivearcadegamesreleasedontheoriginalxboxsinceearlytitlesstylewidthalienskyastropopatomadersbankshotbilliardsbejeweledbookwormvideogamebookwormdangerousminesdinoandaliensfeedingfrenzyvideogamefeedingfrenzystylewidthgauntletvideogamegauntletguardianhamsterballhardwoodsolitairejoustvideogamejoustmarbleblastgoldmspacmanmutantstormnamcovintagepolepositionvideogamepolepositiondigdugampgalagaorbzpipelinevideogamepipelinericochetlostworldsrobotronsmashtvsupercollapseiithinktankszumavideogamezumaxboxonnovemberxblawasrelaunchedonthexboxtheservicewasintegratedintothemainxboxdashboarddashboarduserinterfaceandthexboxharddriveswerebundledwithafreecopyofhexicreleaseshexichdeveryarcadetitleonthexboxsupportsleaderboardshasgamerscoreachievementpointsandhighdefinitionpgraphicstheyalsohaveagamedemotrialversionavailableforfreedownloadthesedemosareplayableandmostofthemofferonlyafractionofthelevelsmodesandcontentofthefullgameafullversionofthegamemustbepurchasedtoallowtheusertouploadscorestotheleaderboardsunlockachievementsplayonlinemultiplayerwithafewexceptionsanddownloadbonuscontentseveralnewfeaturesandenhancementshavebeenaddedthroughxboxsystemsoftwaresoftwareupdatesincludingafriendsleaderboardadditionalsortingoptionsfasterenumerationofgamesanautodownloadfeaturefornewlyreleasedtrialgamesandtellafriendmessagestheoriginalsizelimitimposedbymicrosoftforxboxlivearcadegameswasnbspmbinordertoensureanydownloadedgamecouldfitonanbspmbxboxaccessoriesmemoryunitsxboxmemoryunitthelimithassincebeenchangedtonbspmbthennbspmbandnownbspgbthelatterofwhichisatechnicallimitationofthesystemratherthananarbitrarylimitimposedbymicrosoftonseptemberthegblimitnbspgblimitwasraisedtoanunknownnumberwithtwotitlesredjohnsonschroniclesanddoubledragonneonweighingatnbspgbandnbspgbrespectivelyonjulymicrosoftlaunchedthexboxlivearcadewednesdaysprogramwhichpromisedanewarcadegametobelaunchedeverywednesdayfortherestofthatsummerwhenthatsummerendedmicrosoftannouncedthatnewtitlesforxblawouldalsobereleasedonwednesdaysinordertopromotetheserviceinretailmicrosoftreleasedxboxlivearcadeunpluggedxboxlivearcadeunpluggedvolumeasacompilationdiscofsixgamesonoctobermicrosoftannouncedthexboxarcadeconsolestockkeepingunitskuwhichincludesfullversionsofboomboomrocketfeedingfrenzyvideogamefeedingfrenzyluxorpacmanchampionshipeditionandunovideogameunorefnamearcadeannouncementrefonmaymicrosoftsgeneralmanagerofxboxlivemarcwhittendetailedchangesfortheservicethatincludedincreasingthesizelimitofthegamestombandimprovingthewaydigitalrightsmanagementishandledfurthermoremicrosoftcreatedanfirstpartydeveloperinternalgamesstudiotocreatehighqualitydigitalcontentforxblawaspartofthesummerofarcadepromotiononjulymicrosoftannouncedthexblasummerofarcadeanyonewhodownloadedoneofthetitlesreleasedoveraugustgeometrywarsretroevolvedbraidvideogamebraidbioniccommandorearmedgalagalegionsandcastlecrasherswouldbeenteredintoaprizedrawwithagrandprizeofmicrosoftpointsmonthxboxlivegoldsubscriptionandanxboxeliteconsoleanothersummerofarcadebeganthenextyearonjulyanyonewhopurchasesallthetitlesreleasedsplosionmanmarvelvscapcomnewageofheroesmarvelvscapcomteenagemutantninjaturtlesturtlesintimetmntturtlesintimereshelledtrialshdandshadowcomplexwillreceiveanpointrewardthenextsummerofarcadebeganonjulyandfeatureslimbovideogamelimbohydrothunderhurricanecastlevaniaharmonyofdespairmondaynightcombatandlaracroftandtheguardianoflightashoppingspreepromotionendednovemberinwhichanyonewhospentoverpointsduringoctoberreceivedanpointrewardbymarchthreemilliondownloadshadbeenmadeontheservicealowofandhighofonseptembermicrosoftannouncedthetoptenarcadedownloadsworldwideasaegiswingunovideogameunotexasholdemvideogametexasholdemgeometrywarsgeometrywarsretroevolvedbankshotbilliardsstreetfighteriihyperfightingteenagemutantninjaturtlesarcadegameteenagemutantninjaturtlesclassicarcadewormsvideogamewormscastlevaniasymphonyofthenightandcontravideogamecontrarefnametopgamesrefxboxonewithxboxonemicrosofthasdecidedtoforgoplacingdifferenttypesofgamesindifferentchannelsassuchmicrosoftwilldropthelivearcademonikerinsteadgroupingalltypesofgameswouldbearcadetitlesretailandindiestogetherpricingandreleasesxboxlivearcadetitlesrangeinpricefromtowiththevastmajoritysellingforandunderthegamesaregenerallyaimedtowardsmorecasualgamersstrivingforpickupandplayappealseveralgamesweretemporarilyfreeincludingtexasholdemvideogametexasholdemcarcassonnevideogamecarcassonneandundertowvideogameundertowothersarepermanentlyfreeincludingaegiswingagamecreatedbythreemicrosoftinternstotemballagamethatcanonlybeplayedwiththexboxlivevisioncamerayarisvideogameyarisatoyotabackedadvergameanddashofdestructionwhichwasreleasedondecemberasadoritosadvergameonnovembermicrosoftintroducedxboxlivearcadehitswheregamesarepermanentlyreducedinpriceasimilarconcepttotheirplatinumhitsforregularretailxboxgamesrefnamexblahitsrefasofjulycurrentarcadehitsincludeluminesliveassaultheroeszumavideogamezumadoomvideogamedoombankshotbilliardssmallarmsvideogamesmallarmspuzzlequestchallengeofthewarlordsandmarbleblastu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deisthedefaultsessionmanagerofkdetheprotocolthexsmpisasubprotocoloftheinterclientexchangeprotocoltheclientstartstheprotocolbyconnectingtothesessionmanagerhowthesessionmanagerislocatedonthenetworkissystemdependentinaposixsystemtheenvironmentcontainsavariablecodesessionmanagercodethereforewhenaclientislauncheditsenvironmentmustcontainthisvariablewithanappropriatevalueidentifierstheprotocoltakesintoaccounttwofactsinorderforasessiontoberestartedproperlynotonlytheapplicationsrunninginitmustberestartedbuttheymustalsoberestartedinsuchawaytheyrestoretheirpreviousstatethesameapplicationmayberunningmorethanonceinthesameordifferentsessionimageeditorspngrightthumbpxasessionwithtwoinstancesofxxeditxeditopenondifferentfilesdifferentinstancesofthesameapplicationmaybeactiveatthesametimeinthesameorindifferentsessionsandtheseinstancesmostlikelyhavedifferentstatesofexecutionforexampletheusermayhavelaunchedatexteditoronfilecodeetcpasswdcodethenonfilecodelettertxtcodeinthesamesessionandthenonfilecodetodotxtcodeinanothersessioninorderforthesessionstoberestoredproperlydifferentinstancesofthesameapplicationmustberecognizedasdifferentbythesessionmanagerforthisreasonthesessionmanagerchoosesauniqueidentifierforeachinstanceofeachapplicationthiswaythesessionmanagerisabletodistinguishbetweenthetexteditorthatisrunningoncodeetcpasswdcodeandthetexteditorrunningoncodetodotxtcodeeveniftheyaretwoinstancesofthesameprogramtheidentifiersmustbeuniqueinparticulartheymustbeuniqueacrossallsessionsmanagedbythesessionmanagertheidentifierofthetexteditorrunningoncodeetcpasswdcodeisdifferentnotonlyfromthesametexteditorrunningoncodelettertxtcodebutalsodifferentfromthetexteditorrunningoncodetodotxtcodeinanothersessiontheidentifierofaclientremainsthesameevenifthesessionisshutdownandrestartedthemainpartsoftheprotocolthemainpartsoftheprotocolofsessionmanagementarethesessionmanagerchoosesauniqueidentifierforeveryclientthesessionmanagerrequestsclientstosavetheirstateaclientspecifieshowithastobestartedagaininorderforthestatetoberestoredegthecommandlinetobeusedtostarttheprocessthelastpointispossiblebecausethesessionmanagermaintainsasetofpropertiesforeveryclientinthexwindowsystemterminologyapropertyissimplyacontainerfordatathesepiecesofinformationcanbemodifiedbytheclientatanytimeoneofthesepropertiesisnamedcoderestartcommandcodeandcontainstheinformationonhowtheclienthastobestartedagainwhenthesessionmanagerrequestsaclienttosaveitsstatetheapplicationproceedsasfollowsitsavesitsstateinsuchawaythatthestatesoftwodifferentinstancescanbedistinguishedthiscanbeobtainedforexamplebysavingthestateinafilewhosenamecontainsitsidentifieritstoresthespecificationofhowithastobestartedagaininthecoderestartcommandcodepropertythispropertymustcontaintheclientidentifierbecausetheapplicationmustretainitsidentifierwhenstartedagaintheidentifierisneededtorestorethestateforexampleitisneededtofindthefilewhereitsstateisstoredthesessionmanagermaintainsotherpropertiesbesidecoderestartcommandcodeforexampleapropertyspecifieshowtoruntheapplicationifthesessionisdestroyedlocalandglobalstatewhenaskingaclienttosaveitsstatethewindowmanagercanspecifywhetherthelocalorglobalstateorbothhastobesavedthedifferenceiswhethertheresultofthesaveshouldbevisibletotheotherapplicationsornotinthecaseofthetexteditorsavingtheglobalstatemeanssavingthefilenormallysothatotherapplicationscanusethenewversionofthefilesavingthelocalstatemeansthatalocalcopyofthefilehastobesavedsothatotherapplicationscanseethefileinitsoriginalversionanexamplethefollowingarethemainstepsintheinteractionofasessionmanagerwiththehypotheticaltexteditorcodexyzcodewhenthisapplicationisstartedforthefirsttimeinasessionthentheuserlogsoutandtheninagaintheapplicationconnectstothesessionmanagerviatheinterclientexchangeprotocoltheapplicationtellsthesessionmanagerthatthisisthefirsttimeitisstartedandthereforeithasnopreviousidentifierandthereforenopreviousstatethesessionmanagerrepliesbysendingtheclientitsuniqueidentifiersaycodecodethesessionmanagerimmediatelyaskstheclienttosaveitslocalstateonlybecausetheclienthasbeenstartedforthefirsttimetheclientstoresthecommandlinecodexyzsidcodeasthepropertycoderestartcommandcodeinthesessionmanagerthisisalsosystemdependentinaposixsystemthispropertyactuallycontainstheargvarraytheclientstoresitsstatelocallyforexampleitmaystorethenameoftheeditedfileandallotherinformationsuchasthecurrentlineinthelocalfilecodetempcodewhentheuserlogsoutthesessionmanagersendsamessagetoallclientnotifyingthattheyhavetosavetheirstatetheclientcodecodecompliesagainwhenallclientshavecommunicatedthesessionmanagerthattheirstateissavedthesessionmanagershutsdownthesessionwhentheclientistoldtosaveitsstateitmayhavethepossibilityofhavingalimitedinteractionwiththeuserornotforexampletoasktheuseriftheeditedfileistobesavedanywaythestateissavedittellsthesessionmanagerbysendinganappropriatemessagewhenthesessionisstartedagainthefollowingtakesplacethesessionmanagerrestartstheclientcodecodebyexecutingwhatisstoredinthepropertycoderestartcommandcodeassociatedwiththeclientcodecodetheapplicationisthereforestartedascodexyzsidcodethiswaytheapplicationknowsitsidentifiertheapplicationretrievesthestateinformationfromthefilecodetempcodetheapplicationconnectstothesessionmanagerspecifyingtheidentifiercodecodesothatthesessionmanagerknowsthatthisisnotanewclientbutanoldonerestartingclientmanagingsessionsaccordingtothexsmpprotocolasessionmanagerisanarbitraryprogramthatrunsandcontrolsthestateofotherapplicationsasaresultaclientcanitselfbeasessionmanagerofotherclientsforexampleaemailclientmailclientcanstartatexteditorforthesakeofwritinganemailandbehaveasasessionmanagerwithrespecttotheeditorthiswayifthemailclientisclosedandthenrestartedagainitcanrestorethestateofthetexteditorhistorygnomessessionmanagersupersededxsmpwithadbusinterfaceinversionseealsoxwindowsystemprotocolsandarchitecturexwindowmanagerreferencesexternallinksftpxorgpubxrdocpdfxsmppdfthexsessionmanagementprotocoldienetdoclinuxmanmanxsmhtmlxsmmanualpagewebarchiveorgwebpeoplefruitsaladorgphilkdeuserguidetngksmserverhtmlksmserverthekdesessionmanagerroxsourceforgenetdesktoproxsessionroxsessiontheroxdesktopsessionmanagermmodularaccessoryshotgunsystembulgariandemocraticpartyforeuropeanandworldstatesinfoboxathleteheadercolornameximenarestrepoimageimagesizecaptionfullnameximenarestrepogavirianicknamenationalitybirthdatebirthplacemedellncolombiadeathdatedeathplaceheightmweightkgcountrysportathleticssportathleticseventmetreseducationuniversityofnebraskacollegeteamnebraskahuskersclubretiredolympicssummerolympicspbupdatedmedaltemplatesshowmedalsximenarestrepogaviriabornmarchinmedellnisaformercolombiansprintrunningsprinterwhospecialisedinthemetreswiththetimeofsecondsshewonabronzemedalinmetresattheathleticsatthesummerolympicsolympicgamescolombiasfirstathleticsmedalthisresultisstillasouthamericanrecordasisthecasewithhermetrestimeofsecondswhichsheachievedinatthepanamericangamesshewonsilvermedalsinandmetresrestrepoismarriedtochileanshotputtergertweilsheattendedtheuniversityofnebraskawhereshewonthencaachampionshipinthemetersinternationalcompetitionscolspanrepresentingathleticsatthebolivariangamesbolivariangamescuencaecuadorcuencaecuadorbgcolorgoldstmarowspanrowspanpanamericanjuniorathleticschampionshipspanamericanjuniorchampionshipsrowspanwinterparkfloridawinterparkunitedstatesthmwbgcolorccrdmrowspanworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticsworldjuniorchampionshipsrowspanathensgreecethsfmworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticswomensmetreswsmallnbspmssmallthsfmworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticswomensmetressmallnbspmssmallrowspansouthamericanjuniorchampionshipsinathleticssouthamericanjuniorchampionshipsrowspanquitoecuadorbgcolorsilverndmbgcolorgoldstmiberoamericanchampionshipsinathleticsiberoamericanchampionshipslahabanacubabgcolorgoldstmiberoamericanchampionshipsinathleticsresultsmeterswsmallnbspmssmallrowspanrowspansouthamericanchampionshipsinathleticssouthamericanchampionshipsrowspansopaulobrazilbgcolorsilverndmbgcolorgoldstmrowspansouthamericanjuniorchampionshipsinathleticssouthamericanjuniorchampionshipsrowspansantiagochilebgcolorgoldstmbgcolorgoldstmrowspansouthamericanjuniorchampionshipsinathleticssouthamericanjuniorchampionshipscubatobrazilbgcolorsilverndmiberoamericanchampionshipsinathleticsiberoamericanchampionshipsmexicocitymexicothmiberoamericanchampionshipsinathleticsresultsmeterssmallnbspmssmallarowspanworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticsworldjuniorchampionshipsrowspansudburyontariosudburycanadathsfmworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticswomensmetressmallnbspmssmallthsfmworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticswomensmetreswsmallnbspmssmallsthmworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticswomensmetresrowspanathleticsatthesummerolympicsolympicgamesrowspanseoulsouthkoreathhmathleticsatthesummerolympicswomensmetresthhmrelayathleticsatthesummerolympicswomensmetresrelaysupsupmrelayathleticsatthesummerolympicswomensmetresrelaydqsouthamericanchampionshipsinathleticssouthamericanchampionshipsmedellncolombiabgcolorsilverndmrowspansouthamericanchampionshipsinathleticssouthamericanchampionshipsmanausbrazilbgcolorgoldstmrowspanathleticsatthepanamericangamespanamericangamesrowspanhavanacubabgcolorsilverndmathleticsatthepanamericangameswomensmetresbgcolorsilverndmathleticsatthepanamericangameswomensmetresthmrelayathleticsatthepanamericangameswomensmetresrelayworldchampionshipsinathleticsworldchampionshipstokyojapanthmworldchampionshipsinathleticswomensmetresrowspanrowspaniberoamericanchampionshipsinathleticsiberoamericanchampionshipsrowspansevillespainbgcolorgoldstmiberoamericanchampionshipsinathleticsresultsmetersbgcolorccrdmrelayiberoamericanchampionshipsinathleticsresultsxmetersrelayathleticsatthesummerolympicsolympicgamesbarcelonaspainbgcolorccrdmathleticsatthesummerolympicswomensmetresiaafworldcupworldcuphavanacubabgcolorccrdmrelayiaafworldcupresultsmrelaysupsuprowspanathleticsatthecentralamericanandcaribbeangamescentralamericanandcaribbeangamesponcepuertoricobgcolorccrdmworldchampionshipsinathleticsworldchampionshipsstuttgartgermanythmworldchampionshipsinathleticswomensmetresrowspanr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thepseudofrcstartingpositionarrayswithcastlingenabledrooksandkingssituatedintheirtraditionalplacesandpositionsresultingfromthoseentirelywillbeidenticallyencodedbyxfenjustasusualthusxfenisfullydownwardscompatiblewithtraditionalfenselectinggamestouseonlytraditionalchessgamesfromwithinapgnfileaproblempresentsinceshufflechesssimplyselectonlypgnentriesthatdonotincludeanyfentagsxfenexamplecastlingrightinnerrookbeforeooimageinnercastlepngframepxleftexampleforneededxfeninchessxfenrnkrppppppppbnpnbpppppbnkrrwgkqeventsmirfguicomputerchessgamesitechessboxdatetimeroundtestwhitewhiteblackblackresultannotatorrscharnaglsetupfenrnbnkqrbpppppppppppppppprnbnkqrbwkqkqhggbfaqhrabxhgxhqxhqhqxhrxhnebfdnbcngrhhbfooruichangruichangxwdquaternionredirectcategoryshelllasestrellasesxhbmtvaztecaesxhexttvcanalmexicoesxhmextvgalatvmexicoesxhmeetvlasestrellasbridgeriverindianbandxwindowsystemxterminalscinwxanthomainfoboxlanguagefamilynamexincanregionguatemalaethnicityxincapeoplefamilycoloramericanfamilyoneoftheworldsprimarylanguagefamilylanguagefamilieschildyupiltepequelanguageyupiltepequechildjumaytepequelanguagejumaytepequechildchiquimulillalanguagechiquimulillachildguazacapnlanguageguazacapnchildsinacantnlanguagesinacantnisoxinglottoxincglottorefnamexincanmapxincanlanguagespngmapcaptionthexincanlanguagessolidblueistherecordedrangetransparentbluetherangeattestedbytoponymsxincaszincaisasmalllanguagefamilyfamilyofmesoamericanlanguagesnownearlyextinctoncespokenbytheindigenouspeoplesoftheamericasindigenousxincapeopleinsoutheasternguatemalamuchofelsalvadorandpartsofhondurasclassificationthexincanlanguageshavenodemonstratedaffiliationswithotherlanguagefamilieslehmanntriedlinkingxincanwithlencanlanguageslencanbuttheproposalwasneverdemonstratedrefnamecampbelllylecampbellamericanindianlanguagesthehistoricallinguisticsofnativeamericareflanguagestherewereatleastfourxincanlanguagesallofwhicharenoweithermoribundorextinctcampbellyupiltepequewasspokeninjutiapadepartmentwhiletherestarespokeninsantarosadepartmentguatemalasantarosadepartmentcampbellalsosuggeststhatthealagilaclanguageofsancristbalacasaguastlnmayhaveinfactbeenaxincanlanguageyupiltepequelanguageyupiltepequeextinctbeforeoncealsospokeninjutiapajumaytepequelanguagejumaytepequediscoveredintheearlysbylylecampbellitisspokennearthetopofvolcnjumaytepequeandismoribundorperhapsextinctthisisthemostdivergentvarietyandisnotmutuallyintelligiblewiththatofchiquimulillachiquimulillalanguagechiquimulillamoribundperhapsextinctguazacapnlanguageguazacapnmoribundtotheseglottologaddssinacantnlanguagesinacantnsachseconsidersallxincanspeakerstodaytobesemispeakerswiththecompletelyfluentspeakershavingalreadydiedhistoryxincanlanguageshavemanyloanwordsfrommayanlanguagesespeciallyinagriculturaltermssuggestingextensivecontactwithmayanpeoplesinthethcenturytheterritoryofthexincaextendedfromthepacificoceanpacificcoasttothemountainsofjalapadepartmentjalapainthepopulationwasconqueredbythespanishempiremanyofthepeoplewereforcedintoslaveryandcompelledtoparticipateintheconquestofmoderndayelsalvadoritisfromthisthatthenamesforthetownriverandbridgelosesclavostheslavesarederivedintheareaofcuilapasantarosadepartmentguatemalasantarosaaftertheprocessofxincaculturalextinctionacceleratedmainlyduetotheirexportationtootherregionsthisalsocontributedtoadecreaseinthenumberofxincalanguagespeakersoneoftheoldestreferencesconcerningthislanguagewaspresentedbythearchbishoppedrocortsylarrazduringavisittothedioceseoftaxiscoinhistoricaldistributionxincanlanguageswereoncemorewidespreadwhichisevidentinvarioustoponymswithxincanoriginscampbellthesetoponymsaremarkedbysuchlocativeprefixesasayplaceofegayampucayarzaalplaceofalzatatesaninegsansaresansurorwiththelocativesuffixesaguaorhuatowndwellingegpasasaguajaguaanchaguaxaguaeraxaguakaufmanliststhefollowingtownsasoncebeingxincaspeakingyupiltepequejumaytepequenuevasantarosasanjuantecuacochiquimulillataxiscosantamaraixhuatnguazacapnsachsecitingcolonialerasourcesliststhefollowingvillagesinsantarosadepartmentguatemalasantarosadepartmentandjutiapadepartmentashavingxincaspeakersduringthespanishcolonialeraguanagazapaguanagazapaninescuintladepartmentguaymangoitiquipaquealsoknownasatiquipaqueornextiquipaquetepeacotacuilulataxiscoguazacapnchiquimulillasinacantnnancintatecuacosantamaraixhuatnixhuatnizguatlnjumaytepquejalpataguajutiapacomapajutiapacomapayupiltepequeatescatempalazacualpacontepequeachuapavalletierrablancaparishoftacuilulasantaanaelsalvadorsantaanaparishofxinacantnsanjuanmixtnatrilingualvillagewherespanishnahuatlandxincawerespokencontemporarysituationxincaoneoftheveryfewknownindigenouslanguagesoftheamericasindigenouslanguagesofguatemalanotbelievedtobepartofthefamilyofmayanlanguageshasnearlydisappearedaccordingtorecentstudiesitisspokeninsevenmunicipalitiesandavillageinthedepartmentsofsantarosadepartmentguatemalasantarosaandjutiapadepartmentjutiapainitwasreportedthatthelanguagehadonlyspeakersandtheeditionoftheencyclopediaoflanguageandlinguisticsreportedfewerthantenrefnameellrefnonethelessofthexincawhorespondedtothecensusreportedbeingxinkaspeakersseealsoalaguilaclanguagemacrochibchanlanguagesclassificationschemesforindigenouslanguagesoftheamericasreferencescampbelllyleamericanindianlanguagesthehistoricallinguisticsofnativeamericanewyorkoxforduniversitypresssachsefraukeopenaccessleidenunivnlhandlereconstructivedescriptionofeighteenthcenturyxinkagrammarutrechtnetherlandsgraduateschooloflinguisticsrogerschrisrogerstheuseanddevelopmentofthexinkanlanguagesuniversityoftexaspressthisarticledrawsheavilyupontheesidiomaxincacorrespondingarticleintheesportadaspanishlanguagewikipediawhichwasaccessedintheversionofnovemberlistofxmencomicsxxboxinfoboxcomicsstoryarcwikipediawikiprojectcomicstitleeveofdestructionimageuncannyxmencoverjpgimagesizedefaultcaptionartbyianchurchillpublishermarvelcomicsstartmomarchstartyrendmojuneendyrcrossoverytitlesuncannyxmentheuncannyxmenbrxmenlegacyxmenvolmaincharteamwritersscottlobdellartistspencillersleinilfrancisyubrsalvadorlarrocabrtomraneyinkersmarkmoralesartistmarkmoralesbrgerryalanguilanbredgartadeobrdextervinesbrscotthannabrtimtownsendletterersrichardstarkingsbrcomicraftcoloriststpbisbncatxmensortkeyeveofdestructioneveofdestructionisanxmencrossoverstorylineinthefictionalmarvelcomicsmarveluniverseuniversethestorylinewaswrittenbyscottlobdellandfeaturesartworkfromleinilfrancisyusalvadorlarrocaandtomraneythestorylinewaspartofafourmonthperiodinonthetwocorexmenbooksasformerxmenwriterlobdellwasbroughtbacktowrapupthedanglingplotlineofthelegacyvirusandproducefillermaterialwhilemarvelplannedthehighlyanticipatedarrivalofgrantmorrisonandjoecaseyaswritersforthemaintwoxmenbooksasaresultthiscanbeseenasafinaletothexmenstorylinesfromtheseraitwouldbeseveralyearsbeforeuncannyxmenandxmenlegacyxmencrossedoverwitheachothersincethisstorysynopsiswiththelegacyviruscuredthroughthesacrificeofcolossuscomicscolossuslifemagnetocomicsmagnetobecomesobsessedwiththedeathofthexmenandwhathefeltwasprofessorxxaviersinabilitytokeepcolossuswhohadlosthisfamilyduetothelegacyvirusandantimutantforcesfromdyingforthesakeofmutantkindmagnetoattacksthexmansionkidnappingxavierandtakinghimtogenoshawherehecrucifixioncrucifieshisformerfriendandplacesadeviceonxaviersskullthatneutralizeshispowershethenbeginsaruthlesscampaignofrecruitingmutantmarvelcomicsmutantsforgenoshasarmiesmagnetoalsoagreestoletreportertrishtilbyvisitgenoshaduringaoneononeinterviewmagnetoannouncesthatwithgenoshafreeofthetaintofthelegacyvirusthatthecountrywillbegintakingactiontosecuretheplanetformutantshedareshumanitytoattackhiscountrypreemptivelymagnetosactionscomeasthexmenareattheirweakestpointintermsofstrengthstormmarvelcomicsstormbeastcomicsbeastroguecomicsroguepsylockesagecomicstessabishopcomicsbishopandthunderbirdcomicsthunderbirdiiihavelefttheunitedstatestofindthediariesofroguesfostermotherdestinyireneadlerireneadlertheprecognitivemutantdestinywithcablecomicscableandshadowcatretiredandangelcomicsangelonaleaveofabsenceonlyjeangreywolverinecharacterwolverineandcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsarelefttodealwithmagnetoslatestpowerplayandthekidnappingofcharlesxavierwhilewolverineandcyclopssneakintogenoshatohelppolariswithgettinggenoshanhumanstosafetyjeangreygathersavariedteamofmutantstwoareneophytecivillainscodenamedomertacomicsomertaandwraithhectormendozawraithjeanrecruitsalphaflightmembernorthstarmarvelcomicsnorthstarandthemutantstrongwomanandmagnetosupporterfrenzycomicsjoannafrenzycargillwhojeangreyliterallybrainwashesintobecominganxmansunpyreastrangertojeanappearsinsteadoftheexpectedhelpofsunfirecomicssunfirethesituationissoextremejeanacceptsherhelpanywayomertaandnorthstarliterallycometoblowsasomertaisprejudicedagainstnorthstarshomosexualityasthegrouppreparestoflytogenoshatheyarejoinedbyformerxmandazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlerinatelepathicconferenceinvolvingtheentireteamitislearneddazzlerhascomeseekingthexmenshelpasthemojocomicsmojoversehasbeenconqueredbyanxbabiesxbabyversionofapocalypsecomicsapocalypseandhisxbabyversionsofthefourhorsemenfromtheageofapocalypserealitydazzlertellsjeanthattheminiapocalypsehaskilledmojoandlongshotmarvelcomicslongshotandallbutdecimatedtheentiremojoversebutsheiswillingtoputasidetheproblemtohelpthexmenfightmagnetomeanwhileameliavoghtaformerfriendofxavierturnedfollowerofmagnetobeginstofearforgenoshasfutureifmagnetosnewaggressiveforeignpolicybringsforthaglobalhumanversusmutantwarthemakeshiftxmenareattackedbymagnetoastheyreachgenoshaastheirplaneisdestroyedandtheyaremagneticallyloweredtomagdasquareanarenamagnetohassetupfortheinevitableshowdownshowingoffthecrucifiedxaviermagnetoisattackedbydazzlerwhomagnetopromptlydisintegrateswithanelectromagneticenergyblastthisleadstoafullonbattlewiththemakeshiftxmenandmagnetoascyclopsandwolverinejointhebattlewolverinesarrivalleadstomagnetooverpoweringtheclawedmutantandproclaimingthathesgoingtoremovetheadamantiumfromhisskeletonagainbuttohishorrorhefindshimselfunabletodosoatthispointxavierrevealshimselfandexplainsthatameliavoightfreedhimfromthecrossatthestartofthebattleandwithjeangreyrunningtelepathicinterferencehaddazzleruseherpowerstocreateahologramofherselfwhichwaswhatmagnetodestroyedwhileshetookxaviersplaceonthecrossusingherhologrampowerstoimpersonatexaviermagnetorealizesthatthexmenhaveoutsmartedhimbutremainsdefiantinregardstohisplanstomilitarizegenoshaandturnthecountryintoanaggressiveglobalsuperpowerinthenameofmutantseverywherewolverinerespondsbystabbingmagnetointhegutsasthexmenleavemagnetobleedingonthegroundreturninghometheneophytexmenleaveanddazzlerforreasonsunknowndeclinestostayandpreparewiththexmentofreethemojoversefrombabyapocalypsescontrolaloneinthexmansionjeangreycyclopsandprofessorxaviertakeupwolverinesofferforadrinktocelebratetheirvictoryreadingorderxmenxmenuncannyxmenxmenuncannyxmenxmenreferencesweatheradiocanadainfoboxcomicscharacterwikipediawikiprojectcomicsimagecaptioncoverofjourneyintomysterythefirstappearanceofxemnucharacternamexemnuthetitanrealnamexemnuspeciesunknownextraterrestriallifeextraterrestrialpublishermarvelcomicsdebutjourneyintomysterynovcreatorsstanleewriterbrjackkirbyartistalliancesaliasesthelivinghulkxemnuthehulkrichmondwagneramosmosespowerssuperhumanstrengthstaminaanddurabilitybrgiftedintellectbradvancedknowledgeofgeneticsbrpsionicpowersmasshypnosisbrselfrecreationxemnuthetitanalsoknownasxemnuthehulkisafictionalcharacterappearinginamericancomicbookspublishedbymarvelcomicsxemnuisanextraterrestriallifealienwhohasattemptedtoconquertheearthseveraltimespublicationhistoryxemnufirstappearedinthestoryiwasaslaveofthelivinghulkinjourneyintomysterynovemberhewascreatedbystanleeandjackkirbyfictionalcharacterbiographyxemnufirstappearedonearthwhenhisstarshipcrashlandedonearthafterrunningoutoffuelxemnuthenusedtelepathytodominateharpersmindandthenthemindsofeveryotherhumanonearthheforcedthemtobuildhimanewstarshipsothathecouldreturnhomeashedepartshereleasesharperfromhistelepathicdominationharpersabotagestheshipselectricalsystemsshockingxemnuintoacomalikestateasthealienflewoffhismindcontrolfadedandhisformerservantsforgotthathehadeverexistedxemnuusedtelekinesistodirectanasteroidtostrikehisshipsothatitwouldbeknockedontoacoursebacktoearthaftercrashingdownonearthasecondtimetheweakenedxemnuwastakenintoacircussideshowashetookcontrolofthetownwherethecircuswaslocatedjoeharperfollowedxemnustrailandconfrontsthealienxemnuattemptstodisintegrateharperbutharperusedamirrortoreflectthealienspsychicpowerbackatitandxemnusbodywasdestroyedxemnuthentraveledthroughspaceinanoncorporealformandovertheyearslearnedthathishomeplanethadbeenwipedoutbyaplaguehereturnedtoearthpossessingthebodyofanastronautrichmondwagnertogainaphysicalformwhenthespaceshuttlearrivedonearthxemnuusedhishumanhostspopularityandhisowntelepathytobecomethehostofachildrenstelevisionseriesheusedhismentalpowertoplaceearthschildrenunderhisthrallplanningtoabductthemtorepopulatehishomeworldonlytobedetectedbydoctorstrangestrangeandhisallynamornamorthesubmarinerweredefeatedbythealienbutxemnuwasinturnbeatenbythehulkcomicshulkxemnuthentookpossessionofamosmosesmayorofsmalltownplucketvilleinanattempttokidnapthetownspeopleofplucketvilletorepopulatehishomeplanetthenewlyformeddefenderscomicsdefendersdoctorstrangethehulkthesubmarinerandthevalkyriemarvelcomicsvalkyriefoughthimthuspreventinghimfromusingthetownspeopletoconstructanotherstarshipxemnucontinuedhisvendettaagainstthehulkviaaseriesofclonescreatedfromsamplesofotherclassicmarvelalienmonsterssenttoattackthehulkandbattledthehulkhimselfhoweverhewasdefeatedwhenthedamburstxemnulaterusedamosmosesbodyinanattempttoonceagaintakecontroloftheearthviatelevisiontransmittedhypnosisxemnutookmentalcontrolofthelosangelesbasedherowondermanusinghimtoattackhisallythethingcomicsthingtheheroeseventuallydefeatedxemnuandhefledinastarshiplaterdeepinspacexemnuinfiltratesthespacecrafthaulagecraftownedbyulyssessolomonarcherhetakesovertheenclosedareaofthestarstopdinerandconfrontsapregnantwomanknownasmarymcgrillheplanstogeneticallyalterherchildtomakeitoneofhisownraceheisopposedbyrazorbackcomicsrazorbackarchershehulkandeveryoneelseatthedinerbuttheyareeasilyknockedoutbyhispsychicpowersshehulkawakensaheadoftheothersandfindsthatxemnuisattemptingtoturnherintoshexemnuultimatelyxemnuisdefeatedandgivenovertoapowerfulhumanoidaliennamedbigenilwenthischildlikebeingbelievesthatxemnuissimplyateddybeartoplaywithxemnuconvincesenilwentofreehisteddybearpopulationtothewildhereturnstoconfrontshehulkagainthistimetosellherintoslaverythistimeheisdefeatedbyalargemonkeywrenchtotheheadwieldedbyshehulksfriendblondephantomlouisemasonxemnureappearedasoneofspacephantomskidnappedbodiesinbeyondheappearedinannihilationconquestasoneofthephalanxcomicsphalanxselectxemnulaterreturnedtoearthandfoughtthunderboltrossredhulkafterwoodgodsdefeatduringthattimeimpossiblemanuseshismagictocombinehulkandredhulkintothecompoundhulkwhichfightsxemnusminionkluhasmartversionofthegrayhulkandoverpowersitxemnulaterappearedonmonsterislewhenkittyprydeshadowcatandmagikillyanarasputinmagikappearedtolookforamutantgirlnamedboxemnuwasamongthemonstersthatattackedthethreeuntilmagikteleportedherselfshadowcatandbotothejeangreyschoolforhigherlearningxemnulaterappearsalongsiderocketraccoonduringthemonstersunleashedcomicsmonstersunleashedstorylinexemnuisamongthemonstersseenfallingfromtheskynearsandiegopowersandabilitiesthankstohisaliengeneticstructurexemnupossessesgreatsuperhumanstrengthalmostcomparabletotheshehulksevenathispresentsmallersizexemnualsopossessessuperhumanstaminaanddurabilityandhehasagiftedintellectwithadvancedknowledgeofgeneticshismainresourceliesinhisenormousextraordinarypsionicabilitiesincludingtelepathyhypnosispossessionandlevitationtheseabilitiesenablehimtoeffortlesslycontrolmillionsorevenbillionsofmindsatatimeimmediatelyinduceunconsciousnessincrowdsofpeopleorevenputmentalblocksinthemindofdoctorstrangethesorcerersupremeofthemarveluniversealthoughthehulkcomicshulkhasprovedimmunetoxemnuspsionicpossessionhecanalsoprojectpsionicconcussiveblastsoftremendouspowersufficienttostaggereventhehulkanimateunlivingobjectsincludingasteroidsandhecancreatepersonalatmospheresaprotectivesphereofpsionicenergywhichhecanusetoflywithhimselfinitifdestroyedhecaninhabitanotherlivingbeingandtransformitintoasmallernbspftcopyofhisoriginalbodyheishighlyadeptinhisnativetechnologyandhasbeencapableofengineeringgeneticmonstrositiescapableofchallengingeventhehulksmightorusingamachinethatturnshumansintomembersofhisspeciesincludingtransformingtheshehulkintoashexemnuinothermediaxemnuappearsinthehulkandtheagentsofsmashepisodethestrongestonethereisvoicedbyfredtatasciorerefnamethestrongestonethereisrefthisvariationismuchtallerandstrongerthanthehulkheisinterestedinchallenginglocalfightersanddeliversachallengeviahologramtofightthehulksallexceptrickseeingitaspointlesshulkmovestorejectbutrickacceptsonbehalfoftheentireteamhiscolleagueslosefeelingguiltyricktriesonemoretimeandmanagestodefeatxemnuxemnudeclareshisjourneyforaskilledfightoverandbondswithrickovervideogamesanddonutssimilaritytoscientologydoctrineindocumentsauthoredinsciencefictionauthorandchurchofscientologyfounderlronhubbardtaughttheexistenceofanintergalacticdictatorvariouslyidentifiedaseitherxenuxemuorxenuitisspeculatedthathubbardsxenudrawsuponthexemnusupervillainasbothcharactersemployplanetwidehypnosistoenslaveapopulationonlytobedefeatedafterwhichhumanityisunabletorecalltheincidentreferencesfurtherreadingcitebooklastkirbyfirstjackauthorlinkjackkirbyauthorjohnmorrowtitlethecollectedjackkirbycollectorcelebratingthelifeandcareerofthekingpublishertwomorrowspublishingyearlocationpagesurldoiisbncitebooklastivypressfirstauthorlinktitleheritagecomicsauctionsdallassignatureauctioncatalogpublisherheritagecapitalcorporationyearlocationurldoiisbnpagecitebooklastivypressfirstauthorlinktitleheritagecomicsauctionsdallassignatureauctioncatalogpublisherheritageauctiongalleriesyearlocationurldoiisbnpageexternallinksmarvelwikiacomwikixemnuearthxemnuatmarvelwikiwebarchiveorgwebmarvelrpgnetmpdmmppdfthemarvelphilejameslowdercomicbookresourcescomcolumnsoddballindexcgidatecomicbookresourcesjourneyintomysteryleaderslaircommarveluniversemarvelfeaturehtmlatitanwalksamongusmarvelfeaturecomicbookdbcomcharacterphpidprofilecomicbookdatabaseredirectxemnuvoicedpalatalstopredirectcategoryshellinfoboxfootballclubclubnamexiamenbluelionsbrximnlnshbremngnasaibrimageimagebulelionsjpglogofullnamexiamenbluelionsnicknamebluelionsfoundeddissolvedgroundxiamenstadiumxiamenfujianchinacapacitychairmanmanagerleaguechinesesuperleagueseasonpositionchinesesuperleaguethrelegatedpatternlapatternbthinwhitesidespatternraleftarmffbodyffrightarmffshortsffsocksffpatternlapatternbthinwhitesidespatternraleftarmffbodyffrightarmffshortsffsocksffxiamenbluelionsfootballclubisadefunctchineseassociationfootballfootballclubwhichwaslocatedinxiamenfujiantheywerefoundedintheleagueseasonandtheirnicknamewasthebluelionswhiletheyplayedinthexiamenstadiumthroughouttheirhistorytheywouldtwicewinpromotiontothetoptierofchinesefootballandalsoplayinthechinesesuperleaguewhentheywererelegatedattheendofchinesesuperleagueleagueseasontheydisbandedhistoryonfebruaryxiamenfcwascreatedtotakepartintherecentlyfullyprofessionalisedchinesefootballleaguesystemwheretheystartedinthethirddivisionatthebeginningoftheleagueseasontheclubwouldtakeoversecondtierfootballclubfoshanfostifcandtaketheirpositionwithinthedivisionwiththeirnewmanagerchishangbincominginandtheinvestmentfromlaichangxingtheclubwouldstarttoflourishandgoontowinthesecondtiertitleattheendoftheleagueseasonthefollowingseasonhoweverwastoprovetobeadisasterwhenlaichangxingbecameimplicatedincorruptionandhisinvolvementwithintheclubcameunderseverescrutinywhiletheclubwasntinvolvedwithinanycorruptiontheirperformancethroughouttheseasonstillsawthemrelegatedandthemanagementleftthenextseveralseasonswouldseetheteamremainwithinthesecondtierandwhiletheywouldactuallygoontowinthedivisiontitletherewasntanypromotionallowedduringthatseasonandtheywouldhavetoremainwithinthedivisionwiththeintroductionofnewheadcoachgaohongboatthebeginningoftheleagueseasontheclubwouldshowconsistentpromotionambitionsandwouldeventuallygoontowinthedivisiontitlenowplayinginthechinesesuperleaguetheteamwouldestablishthemselveswithinthedivisionandfinishmidtableeighthwithintheleaguegaohongbowouldattracttheattentionsofambitiousclubchangchunyataiandleavetheteamattheendoftheseasonthissawxiamenslipdownthetablefinishbottomoftheleagueandthengetrelegatedtheteamwoulddecidetodisbandattheendoftheseasonthoughtheywouldwaituntilmarchtoofficiallydisbandatthebeginningoftheleagueseasonnamehistoryxiamenyinchengxiamenfairwiellxiamenfcxiamenxiaxinxiamenhongshixiamenjixiangshishixiamenlanshihonourschinesejiableaguechineseleagueonesecondtierleagueresultsasoftheendofseasonleaguerankingsbeforeclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterseasonchinesejiaaleaguechinesesuperleaguechinesesuperleaguedivisionbgcolordfcbgcolordfcbgcolordfcpositionbgcolorgoldbgcolorgoldbgcolorbronzebgcolorgoldingroupstagereferencesexternallinksweatheradiocanadathexarfileformatisthefullyspecifiedvectorgraphicsfileformatofxaraandxaraphotographicdesignerexternallinksxaracomxarahomepagexaracomsupportdocswebformatspeccompletedocumentationofthexarfileformatexoplanetxarthurchungcookiemonsterorganizationxiiixanthanguminfoboxschoolnamexavierhighschoolnativenamelatinnameimagexavierlogojpgimagesizepxcaptionlocationstreetaddressrandolphroadcitymiddletownconnecticutmiddletownstateconnecticutcountymiddlesexcountyconnecticutmiddlesexcountyzipcodecountryusacoordinatesschoolnumberschoolboarddistrictauthorityreligionromancatholicdenominationoversightaffiliationsuperintendenttrusteefounderspecialistpresidentheadofschoolheadteacherheadlabelheadmasterheaddaveeustischairpersonprincipalbrendandonohueviceprincipalfacultyteachingstaffavgclasssizetypeprivateschoolprivatesinglesexeducationallboysgradesninthgradetwelfthgradecampussuburbancampussizecampustypeathleticsconferencesouthernconnecticutconferenceslogansongfightsongmottobeamanaccreditationnewenglandassociationofschoolsandcollegesrefnameneasccommissiononindependentschoolsrefrivalmascotmascotimagesportspatronteamnamefalconsnicknamecolorsblackandwhiteyearbookthedonpublicationnewspaperthekestrelestablishedstatusclosedalumninobellaureatesenrollmentenrollmentasofgradegradegradegradeothergradelabelothercommunitiesfeedersfreelabeldeanofstudentsfreetextnicholascerretafreelabelacademicdeansfreetextandrewtgarganobrdavidsizemorefreelabeldeanoffacultyformationfreetextpeterlyonsfreelabelathleticdirectorfreetextanthonyjaskotfreelabelpodcastfreetextfalcontalksoundcloudcomfalcontalkfreelabelstreamingnetworkfreetextxsnxavierstreamingnetworkthecubecomcubexavierhighschoolmiddletownconnecticutconceptfootnotespicturehomepagexavierhighschoolorgxavierhighschoolorgxavierhighschoolisanallboyscollegepreparatorycatholicschoolcatholichighschoolrunbythexaverianbrothersitislocatedinmiddletownconnecticutmiddletownconnecticutunitedstatesteenageboysfromovertownssurroundingandincludingmiddletownattendxavierdespitethefactthatstudentscommutefromaverybroadareaallstudentstheirparentsfacultyandstaffregardlessofhowfarawaytheylivefromtheschoolarereferredtobyxavierofficialsasthexaviercommunitymercyhighschoolconnecticutmercyhighschoolxaviersallgirlssisterschoolislocateddownthestreetthreemilesawayfromxavierxavierissponsoredjointlybytheromancatholicdioceseofnorwichandthecongregationofthebrothersofsaintfrancisxaviertheschoolwasincorporatedunderthelawsofthestateofconnecticutonfebruaryhistoryxavierhighschoolwasfoundedinbythexaverianbrothersfromthefoundationoftheschooluntilthepresentxavierhasmaintainedaneducationalphilosophywhichseekstoinstilltheteachingsofgodtoguideandcounselstudentsandtohelpthemprepareforcollegeforlifeworkandaboveallforlifeitselfrefnamexavierhighschoolaboutusrefonmaythemostreverenddanielhartbishopofnorwichandbrothermatthewburkesuperiorgeneralofthexaverianbrothersgavefinalapprovaltoanagreementwherebyxavierhighschoolwasformallyrecognizedasaxaverianbrotherssponsoredschoolaccordingtothetermsoftheagreementthecorporatestructureoftheschoolhasbeenmodifiedtoreflectwhatisnowcommonpracticeatotherxaverianbrothersschoolswhilealsopreservingxaviersidentityasaninstitutionofthecatholicdioceseofnorwichadministrationandacademicsxavierhighschoolisrundaytodayonaheadmasterprincipalmodelxavierdrawsadiversestudentbodyfromdifferenttownsacrossconnecticutandinternationallyxavieroffersadvancedplacementcoursesaswellasthirteencoursesthatqualifystudentstoearncollegecreditatuconnandotheruniversitiessportsxavierhasathleticteamsindifferentsportstheycompeteinthesouthernconnecticutconferencesccoftheciacinconnecticutathletichighlightsxaviersultimatefrisbeeteamwonbacktobacknewenglandchampionshipsinandthefalconsopponentinthechampionshipgameinwasnoneotherthanmiddletownhighschoolconnecticutmiddletownhighschoolwhichislocatedinthesametownasxavierxaviersfootballteamwontheclassllstatechampionshipintheonlypeatinstatehistoryandagainintheteamhasalsocelebratedanumberofdivisionchampionshipsinthesccincludingandintheteamhasalsohadseveralundefeatedseasonsincludingandxaviersgolfteamwonthedivisionstatechampionshipinthefalconsshotwinningtheprogramsfirststatetitlexavierssailingteamwonconnecticutstatechampionshipsinandandplacedthatthenewenglandchampionshipsinbothteamandfleetracinginxavierscrosscountryteamholdsthemoststatetitlesoutofanysportattheschoolwinningitslatestinxaviersxmilerelayteamplacedthplaceinthenationinthenikeindoornationalchampionshipsinmarchxavierssoccerteamwonthestatechampionshipintheyhavealsowonanumberofdivisionandconferencechampionshipsovertheyearsthemostrecentinbothdivisionandconferencechampionsxavierswrestlingteamwontwostatechampionshipsinandinwiththebeingdeclaredthewrestlingteaminthestateofconnecticutunderheadcoachmichaelcunninghamtheteamalsohasanumberofindividualawardsincludingnewenglandchampionsstateopenchampionshipsandstatechampionsxsnxavierstreamingnetworkwascreatedintohelpstreamandshowcaseasmanyofthesegamesandotherstreamingeventsovertheyearstheclubisentirelystudentranforstudentswhohaveaninterestinbroadcastingorstreamingintheirtimetheclubhasstreamedmanydifferenteventsforxavierincludinghomebasketballgamesfootballgamessoccergamesandevenxaviermassesandconcertsfortheschooloverthepastfewyearstechnologyxavierparticipatesinabyodbringyourowndeviceprogramwhichallowsstudentstobringtheirownlaptopandintegratetechnologyintotheirclassroomexperiencenotablealumnipleasedonotaddnamestothislistwithoutaccompanyingarticlesorcitationsmichaelarescobroadcastingexecutiveandcommissioneroftheamericanathleticconferencejeffbagwellbaseballhalloffameclassofhoustonastrosthombrookspoliticalphilosopherandlegalscholarangelososacontestantonbravostopchefseasontopchefandtopchefseasontopchefallstarsnickgreenwoodpitcherforthestlouiscardinalswilltyetightendforthenewenglandpatriotsamarispieveyformersafetyforthedetroitlionsryanpreecestockcardriverinthenascarxfinityseriesscholarshipsstudentsareeligibleforscholarshipsbasedontheiracademicachievementsinadditionovermillionperyearinfinancialaidandtuitionassistanceisprovidedtostudentswhoqualifyseealsootherboysschoolsinconnecticutfairfieldcollegepreparatoryschoolnotredamehighschoolwesthavenconnecticutnotredamehighschoolwesthavenconnecticutreferencesexternallinksnorwichdioceseorgromancatholicdioceseofnorwichxavierhighschoolorgxavierhighschoolxaverianbrothersorgxaverianbrotherswebpageshiitakechemboxverifiedfieldschangedwatchedfieldschangedverifiedrevidimagefilexanthensvgimagesizeimagealtskeletalformulaimagefilexanthenedballspngimagesizeimagealtballandstickmodeliupacnamehxantheneothernamesdibenzoaepyranbrhoxaanthracenesectionchemboxidentifiersabbreviationscasnocasnorefeinecschebichemblrefchemblsmilesocccccccccccccpubchemchemspideridrefchemspideridinchichochhhinchikeygjcosyzmqjwqcauhfffaoyaostdinchirefstdinchischochhhstdinchikeyrefstdinchikeygjcosyzmqjwqcauhfffaoysanrtecsmeshnamechebirefkeggrefkeggsectionchemboxpropertieschoappearanceyellowsoliddensitymeltingptctomeltingptrefrefnamealdrichsigmaaldrichcomcatalogproductaldrichxxantheneatsigmaaldrichrefboilingptctoboilingptrefsolubilitysolubleothersolventpkapkbsectionchemboxpharmacologyatccodeprefixatccodesuffixatcsupplementalsectionchemboxhazardseuclassmainhazardsnfpahnfpafnfparnfpasrphrasessphrasesrsphrasesflashptautoignitionptexplolimitspelxanthenehxanthenehoxaanthraceneisayelloworganiccompoundorganicheterocycliccompounditschemicalformulaissubsubsubsubitissolubleindiethyletheritsmeltingpointiscanditsboilingpointiscxantheneisusedasafungicideanditisalsoausefulintermediateinorganicsynthesisderivativesofxanthenearecommonlyreferredtocollectivelyasxanthenesandamongotherusesarethebasisofaclassofdyeswhichincludesfluoresceineosinsandrhodaminesxanthenedyestendtobefluorescentyellowtopinktobluishredbrilliantdyesmanyxanthenedyescanbepreparedbycondensationofderivatesofphthalicanhydridewithderivatesofresorcinoloraminophenolaminophenolseealsoxanthonexanthydrolreferencesorganizationxiiixigbarloutrochoripellatzaraathtzaraathkatiemeluaredirectchristmascakevvsredirectcategoryshellxorgatexoutcanrefertoxoutatypeofflipacrobaticacrobaticflipxoutvideogamexoutvideogamelongcommenttoavoidbeinglistedonshortpagesxeditorxeditmayrefertoxxeditatexteditorforthexwindowsystemonlinuxandunixxeditavisualtexteditorforthevmcmsoperatingsystemxeditacommandlinebasedtexteditorforcdccomputersrunningthenossoftwarenosoperatingsystemnewalbanyindianamayrefertotheyearitmayalsorefertotalkingheadsatalkingheadsstudioalbumfilmfilmacomedyfilmalsoknownasfinalfantasyvexdeathhecklerkochxmsubsetthesymbolsandredirectcategoryshelltetsuyanomuralistofxiaolinshowdowncharactersredirectcategoryshellsoutheastasiangamessoutheastasiangamesseriesxvideomotioncompensationxvmcisanextensionofthexvideoextensionxvideoextensionxvforthexwindowsystemthexvmcapiallowsvideoprogramstooffloadportionsofthevideodecodingprocesstothegraphicsprocessingunitgpuvideohardwareintheorythisprocessshouldalsoreducebusbandwidthrequirementscurrentlythesupportedportionstobeoffloadedbyxvmcontothegpuaremotioncompensationmotioncompensationmocompandinversediscretecosinetransforminversediscretecosinetransformidctformpegvideoxvmcalsosupportsoffloadingdecodingofmotioncompensationmocompinversediscretecosinetransformidctandvariablelengthc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ngyingtranslatedbylilychiabrissmanandbarrybrissmancolumbiauniversitypressnewyorkreferencessourcesclassicalchineseconfucianismgabrielspeciesboximagexerochrysumbracteatumonadunejpgimagecaptionwildformofxerochrysumbracteatumgenusxerochrysumspeciesbracteatumauthoritytiennepierreventenatventtzvelevsynonymsbracteanthabracteatasmallventanderbhaegismallbrhelichrysumbracteatumsmallventhenrycharlesandrewsandrewssmallbrhelichrysumlucidumsmallhenckelsmallbrhelichrysumchrysanthumsmallchristiaanhendrikpersoonperssmallxerochrysumbracteatumcommonlyknownasthegoldeneverlastingorstrawflowerisafloweringplantinthefamilyasteraceaenativetoaustraliadescribedbytiennepierreventenatinitwasknownashelichrysumbracteatumformanyyearsbeforebeingtransferredtoanewgenusxerochrysuminitgrowsasawoodyorherbaceousperennialplantperennialorannualplantannualshrubuptoametrenbspfttallwithgreenorgreyleafyfoliagegoldenyelloworwhiteflowerheadsareproducedfromspringtoautumntheirdistinctivefeatureisthepaperybractsthatresemblepetalsthespeciesiswidespreadgrowinginavarietyofhabitatsacrossthecountryfromrainforestmarginstodesertsandsubalpinezonesubalpineareasthegoldeneverlastingservesasfoodforvariouslarvaeoflepidopteransbutterfliesandmothsandadultbutterflieshoverflyhoverfliesnativebeessmallbeetlesandgrasshoppersvisittheflowerheadsthegoldeneverlastinghasprovenveryadaptabletoplantcultivationcultivationitwaspropagatedanddevelopedingermanyinthesandannualcultivarsinahostofcolourformsfromwhitetobronzetopurpleflowersbecameavailablemanyofthesearestillsoldinmixedseedpacksinaustraliamanycultivarsareperennialshrubswhichhavebecomepopulargardenplantssturdierlongstemmedformsareusedcommerciallyinthecutflowerindustrytaxonomyfrenchbotanisttiennepierreventenatdescribedthegoldeneverlastingasxeranthemumbracteatuminhisworkjardindemalmaisonabookcommissionedbynapoleonsfirstwifejosphinedebeauharnaistocataloguerareplantsthatshehadcollectedandgrownatthechteaudemalmaisonthelatinspeciesnamebracteatumreferstothepaperybractsoftenmistakenlycalledpetalsoftheflowerheadsstrawfloweristhepopularnameforxnbspbracteatumineuropewhileinaustraliaitisknownasaneverlastingorpaperdaisyanalternatenameinthcenturyeuropewasimmortellealternatelythetasmanianspeciesxerochrysumbicolormaybecombinedwithitinfuturetaxonomybiologytaxonomicrevisionsrefnameedoaaustraliandaisystudygroupprefxbracteatumanditsrelativesbelongtothegnaphalieaeorpaperdaisiesalargetribebiologytribewithinthedaisyfamilyasteraceaehoweveramolecularphylogeneticsmolecularstudyofthegnaphalieaehasindicatedthegenusxerochrysumisprobablypolyphyleticasthetwospeciessampledxnbspbracteatumandxerochrysumviscosumxnbspviscosumwerenotcloselyrelatedtoeachotherxbracteatumhasbeenrecordedhybridbiologyhybridisingwithxnbspviscosumandxerochrysumpapillosumxnbsppapillosumincultivationandpossiblyalsocoronidiumelatumandcoronidiumboormaniicnbspboormaniirefnameedoaaustraliandaisystudygroupprefdescriptiontheplantisanerectperennialoroccasionallyannualherbthatissimpleorrarelybranchedatitsbaseitgenerallyreachesinheightbutcanhaveaprostrateshrubprostratehabitinexposedareassuchascoastalcliffsthegreenstemsareroughandcoveredwithfinehairsandarerobustcomparedwiththoseofothermembersofthegenustheleavesarelanceolatelanceolateellipticalellipticoroblanceolateoblanceolateinleafshapeshapeandmeasurelongandfromwidetheyarealsocoveredwithcobwebbyhairssittingatoptallstemsabovethefoliagetheflowerheadsrangefromindiameteroccasionallymultipleheadsarisefromtheonestemcitesprevioustwosentencesliketheflowersofallasteraceaetheyarecomposedofacentraldiscwhichcontainsanumberoftinyindividualflowersknownasfloretsthesesitdirectlyonanenlargedpartofthestemknownasthereceptaclebotanyreceptaclearoundthediscisaninvolucralbractinvolucreofmodifiedleavesthebractswhichinxerochrysumasinmostgnaphalieaearepetallikestiffandpaperyarrangedinrowsthesebractscurloverandenclosethefloretsshieldingthembeforefloweringthesebractsarepaperyanddryorscariouswithalowwatercontentunlikeleavesorflowerpartsofotherplantstheyaremadeupofdeadcellswhichareunusualinthattheyhaveathincellwalllayersprimaryandathicksecondarycellwallafeatureonlyfoundingroundtissuesclerenchymasclerenchymaorstructuralcellsnotcellsofflowersorleavestheindividualfloretsareyellowthoseontheouterregionsofthediscarefemalewhilethoseinthecentrearebisexualfemaleflowerslackstamensandhaveonlyaveryshorttubeshapedcorollasurroundingapistilthatsplitstoformtwostigmaswhileplantsexualityindividualreproductiveunitaflowerinangiospermsbisexualorhermaphroditeflowershavealongercorollaandasinvirtuallyallmembersofthefamilyfivestamensfusedattheantherswiththepistilemergingfromthecentertheyellowcorollaandpistilarelocatedaboveanovarywithasingleovuleandsurroundedbythepappusflowerstructurepappusthehighlymodifiedcalyxbotanycalyxofasteraceaeitcomprisesanumberofbristlesradiatingaroundthefloretsyellowincolourtheypersistandarethoughttoaidinthewinddispersalofthelongasteraceaefruitsandseedsfruitthesmoothbrownfruitknownasacypselaistonbspmmlongwiththepappusradiatingfromoneendinthewildxnbspbracteatumcanbedistinguishedfromxnbspbicolorintasmaniabyitsbroaderleavesandcobwebbyhairsonthestemsandfromxerochrysummacranthumxnbspmacranthuminwesternaustraliabytheflowerheadcolourthelatterspecieshaswhiteflowerheadswhereasthoseofxnbspbracteatumaregoldenyellowxerochrysumsubundulatumfromalpineclimatealpineandsubalpinezonesubalpineareasofnewsouthwalesvictoriaandtasmaniaisrhizomerhizomatousandhasmarkedlypointedorangebractsrefnameedoaaustraliandaisystudygroupprefcitesparatheeasternaustralianspeciesxviscosummaybedistinguishedbyitsroughandstickyleavesrefnameedoaaustraliandaisystudygroupprefdistributionandhabitatxerochrysumbracteatumoccursinallaustralianmainlandstatesandterritoriesaswellastasmaniaitgrowsasanannualinpatchesofredsandincentralaustraliaandisfoundonheavierandmorefertilesoilsinthesydneyregionsuchasbasaltshaleorlimestonelimestonebasedsoilsgenerallyinareaswithahighwatertableassociatedspeciesinthesydneybasinincludeblackbutteucalyptuspilularisinopenforestandtheshrubsempodismaminusandbaloskionaustraleinswampyareasrefnamebensonrefithasbeenreportedgrowingindisturbedsoilalongroadsidesandinfieldsinthenewenglandregionintheunitedstatesrefnamenewsrefecologythebrightlycolouredbractsactaspetalstoattractinsectssuchashoverflyhoverfliesnativebeesandsmallbeetlesthatpollinatethefloretsgrasshoppersalsovisittheflowerheadsthecaterpillarsoftebennamicalishavebeenrecordedonthisspeciesashavethoseoftheaustralianpaintedladyvanessakershawithetinyfruitsaredispersedbywindandgerminateandgrowafterfireorondisturbedgroundexperimentationatthewaiteinstituteoftheuniversityofadelaideshowedthatflowerproductionisrelatedtoincreasingdaylengthandingeneralplantsproducedthemostflowersfromdecembertomarchvaryingplantingtimesorartificiallychanginglightlevelsmightbewaystoincreaseproductionofflowersoutsidethesemonthsthewatermouldoomycetebremialactucaehasinfectedcommercialcropsinitalyandcaliforniainontheliguriancoastwidespreadinfectionofseveralcultivarsmostseverelyflorabellapinkandtoalesserextentflorabellagoldandflorabellawhiteresultedinleafblisteringandthedevelopmentofchloroticlesionsontheleavesandwhitepatchesontheundersidesparticularlyinareasofpoorventilationtherewasanoutbreakofdownymildewinacultivatedcropofxerochrysumbracteatuminsanmateocountycaliforniaininwhichtheleavesdevelopedlargechloroticlesionsaphytoplasmainfectiondamagedxnbspbracteatumcropsintheczechrepublicbetweenandcausingpoorgrowthbronzingoffoliageandmalformationofflowerheadsgeneticallythepathogenwasindistinguishablefromtheagentofasteryellowstherootknotnematodemeloidogyneincognitaattacksandformsgallsontherootswhichleadstothemorbidityordeathoftheplantcultivationxbracteatumhadbeenintroducedtoplantcultivationcultivationinenglandbythesewerealsoannualratherthanperennialformsmanyweregivencultivarnamessuchasatrococcineumdarkscarletflowerheadsatrosanguineumdarkbloodredflowerheadsaureumgoldenyellowflowerheadsbicolorredtippedyellowflowerheadscompositumlargemulticolouredflowerheadsmacranthumlargeroseedgedwhiteflowerheadsandmonstrosumflowerheadswithmanybractsalthoughtodaytheyaregenerallysoldinmixedseedforgrowingasannualscitespreviousmostofthecultivarsbroughtintocultivationinaustraliainthelatterpartofthethcenturyareperennialsprofuselyfloweringthesegrowinmanycoloursincludingwhiteyelloworangebronzepinkandredtheircommerciallifespansaregenerallyaroundthreeyearscitespreviousthewallabycultivarsarerangeoftallerformswithnarrowleavesandwhiteyelloworpinkflowersxbracteatumiseasytogrowbothfromseedsandfromcuttingsalthoughnamedcultivarsonlygrowtruefromcuttingsplantsbenefitfrompruningofoldgrowthinwintertoallowfornewgrowthinspringdeadheadingorpruningoffoldflowerheadspromotestheproductionofmoreflowerscitespreviousfreshseedsgerminateintonbspdaysandrequirenospecialtreatmentplantsgrowbestinsoilphacidwellaeratedsoilsofphnbsptowithlowlevelsofphosphorustheyaresensitivetoirondeficiencyplantdisorderirondeficiencywhichpresentsasyellowingchlorosisoftheyoungestleaveswhiletheleafveinsremaingreenxbracteatumcanbegrowninlargepotsorwindowboxesandisagoodpioneerplantinthegardenuntilotherplantsbecomemoreestablishedlowergrowingcultivarsaresuitableforhangingbasketsandborderplantingscitesprevioustheflowersattractbutterfliestothegardendriedflowersarelonglastinguptosomeyearsandareusedinfloralarrangementsandthecutflowerindustrymorerobustlongerstemmedformsareusedforcommercialcutflowersthemainfactorlimitinglifespanofdriedflowersisthewiltingofstemssoflowersaresometimeswiredintoarrangementsimmersingflowersinglycerolorpolyethyleneglycolalsolengthenslifespanrefnameedoaaustraliandaisystudygroupppnbsprefcultivarsxerochrysumdarganhillmonarchwasanaturalformcollectedaroundinlandfromcunninghamsgapinsouthernqueenslandinmayandregisteredinfebruaryitisalowperennialshrubhighandacrossthefoliageisgreyandthelargeflowersarenbspcmindiameterandgoldenyellowincolouritgrowsbestinfullsunandfairdrainagecuttingplantcuttingsstrikereadilyasdoesseedalthoughseedlingsmaydifferfromtheparentxerochrysumcockatooaroseasaspontaneoushybridbetweendarganhillmonarchandawhitefloweredperennialformofxnbspbracteatuminthegardenofvictorianplantsmandougmckenzieinoceangrovevictoriaoceangroveneargeelonginvictoriaheappliedtotheaustraliancultivarregistrationauthorityacraforregistrationwhichwasgrantedinitisadenseperennialshrubwhichreachesaroundhighandwidetheoblanceolateleavesmeasurelongandarecoveredwithfinehairsthatgivethemagreyishcastfinehairsalsocoverthestemstheflowerheadshavelightlemonyellowbractsandorangediscsandaverageindiametertheyareheldonlongstemsaroundabovethefoliagelikeallformsitprefersfullsunalthoughaperennialitlosesvigourafterafewyearsatwhichtimeitisbestreplacedthenamecockatoowaschosenastheshapeandcolouroftherayfloretsarereminiscentofthewingfeathersofthesulphurcrestedcockatooxerochrysumgoldenbowerbirdisahybridbredbyadeliberatebackcrossingbackcrossofcockatootodarganhillmonarchbydougmckenziewhoappliedforregistrationwiththeacrainitwasgrantedinithasmuchlargerflowerheadsthanbothparentsyetisasmallershrubwhichreacheshighbywidedenserthanthatofotherformsthefoliageiscoveredinfinegreyhaironstalksaroundabovethefoliagetheflowerheadsmeasureuptoindiameteralthoughlargeronesuptonbspcmareoccasionallyseentheyhavearoundbractsperflowerheadcomparedwithfordarganhillmonarchandincockatoogivingthemadoubledlookitisreportedasproducingfewerflowerheadsthanprincessofwalesrefnameapbrefxerochrysumprincessofwalesisaspontaneoushybridarisingfromacrossbetweendarganhillmonarchandanannualformarisingintheaustraliannationalbotanicgardensincanberraitwasselectedbyemployeepeterollerenshawinsummerheappliedtoregisterthecultivarwithacrainmarchitwasnamedinhonourofavisitbydianaprincessofwalestothegardensinnovemberthesamemonthregistrationwasgrantedwithcompactfoliagethisformreacheshighandwideunlikeitsparentdarganhillmonarchitsfoliagehashaironlyonthemidribontheleafundersideitflowersveryprofuselyandthelargeflowerheadsareborneonstalksabovethefoliageunlikeotherformsthestemswitheranddienaturallyafterfloweringmakingwayformorenewgrowthandflowersxerochrysumdiamondheadwasanaturalformcollectedarounddiamondheadinnewsouthwaleswhereitisquitecommononbluffsandcliffsjohnwrigleycuratoroftheaustraliannationalbotanicgardensatthetimeappliedtotheacratohaveitregisteredwhichitwasinfebruaryfoundonanexposedheadlandinnatureitgrowsasalowmatlikeperennialshrubhighandacrossthefoliageisgreenandroughandtheflowersarenbspcmindiameterandyellowincolourwithanorangediscitmakesanidealplantforrockeryrockeriesandstrikeseasilyfromcuttingsduringthespringgrowingperiodrefnameaprefxerochrysumhastingsgoldwasanaturalformfromhastingspointtotheeastofmurwillumbahonthenewsouthwalesfarnorthcoastitisaperennialherbwithgreenbushyfoliagereachinghighandwidethegoldenyellowflowerheadsmeasureacrossandareheldonstalksabovethefoliageitissmallerthanthesimilarlycoloureddarganhillmonarchandlargerthandiamondheadxerochrysumnullarborflamewasaselectionintroducedintocultivationinthatproducesabundantredflowerswithyellowdiscsandadiameteroftheplantgrowstotallandwiderefnameaprefxerochrysumpinksunrisewasdevelopedbygoldupnurseriesinvictoriainofunknownoriginpresumablyahybriditisacompactperennialthatreacheshighandwidetheflowerheadsarepinkinbudbeforeopeningascreamwithorangediscsxerochrysumwhitemonarchwasaspontaneousgardenhybridthatresemblesdarganhillmonarchbutwithwhiteflowerheadswithorangediscsmeasuringuptoindiameterrefnamestewstewartprefxerochrysumlemonmonarchresemblescockatoobutitslemoncolouredflowerheadshavefewerbractsithasbushyfoliagexerochrysumstrawburstyellowpatentedasstaburyelisaformwithlargebrightyellowflowerheadsaveragingaroundindiametertheresultofaplannedbreedingprogramingilroycaliforniaitwasbredbyjasonjandrewofgoldsmithseedsfromalemonyellowfloweredformcrossedwithayellowfloweredforminthepollinationoccurredinmaytheresultantseedwassowninseptemberandwhatwastobecomethecloningclonewaschosenindecemberforitslargeflowersizecolourandcompactfoliagexerochrysumlemonprincessisthoughttobeahybridbetweenxnbspbracteatumandxnbspviscosumrefnameedoaaustraliandaisystudygroupprefreferencesfurtherreadingexternallinksanpsaorgaubbracthtmlanpsaxerochrysumbracteatumsquarerootofukrainianjohnpeelsessionstollfreetelephonenumberspeciesboxnamexenotarsosaurusfossilrangelatecretaceousgenusxenotarsosaurusparentauthoritymartnezetalspeciesbonaparteiauthoritymartnezetalxenotarsosaurusisagenusofabelisauridtheropoddinosaurthatlivedduringthelatecretaceousofargentinaingeologistjuancarlossciuttodiscoveredarichfossilsitesixkilometresnorthoftheochohermanosranchinchubutprovincechubutprovinceamongthefossilsfoundthereweresometheropodremainslaterateamledbyargentinianpaleontologypaleontologistjosfernandobonaparterecoveredsomemoretheropodbonespossiblyfromthesameindividualinricardomartnezolgagimnezjorgerodrguezpaleontologistjorgerodrguezandgracielabochateydescribedthetheropodfossilsandcoinedthegenusandspeciesxenotarsosaurusbonaparteiforthemthegenericnameisderivedfromgreeklanguagegreekxenosstrangetarsostarsusskeletontarsusandsauroslizardareferencetotheexceptionalbuildoftheanklethespecificnamezoologyspecificnamebonaparteihonoursbonapartethetypespecimensandonlyknownfossilsofxenotarsosauruswerefoundinthebajobarrealformationinthisformationwasseenascampaniantodayitisthoughttodatetotheearliercenomanianturonianthebonesconsistoftwocotypesunpsjbnbsppvnbspaseriesoftwoanteriordorsalvertebraeandpvlnbsparighthindlimbincludingthelongfemurthetibiafibulaandastragalocalcaneumoftheankletheexceptionalcompletefusionwithoutsutureanatomysuturesofthetalusboneastragalusandcalcaneumforminganelementthatisagainfusedtothewidenedlowerendofthetibiaoccasionedthegenericnameinitslengthwasestimatedtobetheremainsshowsomesimilaritiestocarnotaurussastreicausingthedescriberstoassignxenotarsosaurustotheabelisauridaewhichhasremainedacommondeterminationhoweverithasalsobeenproposedthatxenotarsosaurusisaneoceratosaurianofuncertainaffinitiesseealsotimelineofceratosaurresearchnotesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebdinodataorgindexphpoptioncomcontenttaskviewiditemidxenotarsosaurusatdinodatawebarchiveorgwebarchosaurustheropoddatabaseceratosauriahtmxenotarsosaurusbonaparteixenotarsosaurusatthetheropoddatabasexenosagaovertonesingingkgbxenosagaepisodeixenosagaepisodeixenosagaepisodeixenosagaepisodeixenosagaepisodeiixenosagaepisodeiixenosagapiedpiperinfoboxvideogametitlexenosagapiedpiperimagexenosagapiedpiperlogojpgdevelopermonolithsoftbrbandainamcoentertainmentnamcomobilebrtomcreatepublishernamcowritertetsuyatakahashibrsorayasagaseriesxenoseriesxenosmallmainsmallbrxenosagasmallsubseriessmallplatformsvodafoneimodereleasedvodafoneimodegenreroleplayingvideogameroleplayingmodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayerxenosagapiedpiperisaroleplayingvideogamecodevelopedbymonolithsoftbandainamcoentertainmentnamcomobileandtomcreatethegamewaspublishedbynamcoinformobiledevicesaspinoffofthexenosagatrilogyandformingpartofthexenoseriesxenometaseriesthestorylinefollowsthehumanlifeofcyborgzigguratakeycharacterinthexenosagatrilogyacenturybeforetheeventsofxenosagaepisodeigameplayfollowsasimilarsystemtothemainlinexenosagagamesbutadjustedformobiledevicesthestorylineofpiedpiperwasplannedfromanearlystageandwasincorporatedasamobiletitleaftermonolithsoftwasapproachedbynamcosmobiledivisionthestorylinewaswrittenbyseriescreatorstetsuyatakahashiandsorayasagapiedpiperwouldbesagaslastprojectforthexenosagaseriesthegamestitleisareferencetothegermanlegendofthepiedpiperofhamelinoriginallyreleasedthroughvodafoneliveitwouldlaterbereleasedthroughnttdocomosimodegameplaysimilartotherestofthexenosagaseriesxenosagapiedpiperisaroleplayingvideogameinwhichtheplayercontrolsapartyofcharacterstoprogressthroughenvironmentslinkedtothemainnarrativetheplayertakingtheroleofmainprotagonistjansauerexploresenvironmentsfromadoverheadperspectivewithacombinationofconversationsandcinematiccutscenesadvancingthenarrativebattlestakeplaceinavirtualspacetiedtothestoryenemiesencounteredduringexplorationarefoughtusingaturnsroundsandtimekeepingsystemsingamesturnbasedturnbasedbattlesystemcarryingovermechanicsfromxenosagaepisodeicharacterscansaveboostpointstointerruptanenemysturntoperformanearlyactioneachcharacterhasspecificactionstheyarespecializedatsuchasjanbeingskilledwithknifebasedattacksactionsincludestandardattacksandspecialattackstriggeredusingpointsaccumulatedbydeathblowsdealttoenemiesinpreviousbattlessynopsispiedpiperissetacenturybeforetheeventsofxenosagaepisodeitakingplaceyearsinthefuturehumanityhasleftearthandestablishedcivilizationinanotherpartofthemilkywaygalaxyundertheruleofthegalaxyfederationthestoryfollowsfederalpolicespecialoperationsmemberjansauerinvestigatingaseriesofterroristattacksonthefederationshyperspacetransportnetworkumnthemanbehindtheterroristattacksisamysteriousfigurecalledvoyagerwhoseumnbasedcrimesareaccompaniedbycruelattacksoncivilianwomenandchildrenashecontinuestoinvestigatejanisforcedtonavigatesensitivepoliticalnegotiationsbetweenthefederationandtheimmigrantfleettheocracywhoworshipanancientartifactcalledthezoharjansinvestigationsrevealvoyagersidentityaserichwebsteramemberoftheirteamwhoseaddictiontoinformationledhimtobecomewhatheisinsearchofthegodlikeentityudoonthepointofdeathafterhiscongresscontactdmitriyurievstopsprovidinghimwiththedrugsnecessarytocounterudosinfluenceerichmanipulatestheimmigrantfleettocommunicatewithudothroughthezoharrejectedbyudoheisinsteadgrantedanewlifeasabeingcalledatestamentbywilhelmimmortalceoofvectorindustrieshavingkilledeveryoneclosetojanincludinghiswifeandsonvoyageraskshimtochoosebetweeneternallifeasatestamentorbeingkilledbyhimjaninsteadshootshimselfjanislaterresurrectedasthecyborgzigguratplayingakeyroleintheeventsofthexenosagatrilogydevelopmentandreleasethestoryofziggywasalwayspartofseriescreatortetsuyatakahashisplanforthexenosagaprojectbutmonolithsofthadyettodecideinwhatformitshouldbepresentedtakahashilaterstatedthatziggysstorywasoriginallypartoftheplannedscenarioforxenosagaepisodeiitheteamwerethencontactedbythemobiledevelopmentdivisionofseriespublishernamcoaskingwhethermonolithsoftcouldworkwiththemonamobilepropertytheteamdecidedtousethemobilegametocommunicateziggysstoryandagreedtothecollaborationnamcomobiledevelopedthegamewhilemonolithsofthandledthestorydevelopmentaversionwasreleasedonjulyfornttdocomosimodeservicethethirdvideogamereleaseinthexenosagaseriesthegameisoneoftwogamestoremainexclusivetojapanclasswikitablechapterreleasedatepartjulybrpartaugustpartseptemberbrpartseptemberpartoctoberbrpartoctobernotesreferencesexternallinksarchivedoctoberxenosagaxenosagaepisodeiiixenosagaxenosagacharactersofxenogearscharactersofxenogearsxenogearsxenogearssettingredirectthcenturyxenosagainfoboxmedicalconditionnamexlinkedadrenalhypoplasiacongenitaimagecaptiondiseasesdbicdicdicdoomimmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicmeshidxlinkedadrenalhypoplasiacongenitaisageneticdisorderrefnamepmidrefthatmainlyaffectsmalesitinvolvesmanyendocrinetissuesinthebodyespeciallytheadrenalglandspresentationoneofthemaincharacteristicsofthisdisorderisadrenalinsufficiencywhichisareductioninadrenalglandfunctionresultingfromincompletedevelopmentoftheglandsouterlayertheadrenalcortexadrenalinsufficiencytypicallybeginsininfancyorinchildhoodandcancausevomitingdifficultywithfeedingdehydrationextremelylowbloodsugarhypoglycemialowsodiumlevelsandshockhoweveradultonsetcaseshavealsobeendescribedrefnamepmidrefseealsoaddisonsdiseaseaffectedmalesmayalsolackmalesexhormoneswhichleadstounderdevelopedreproductivetissuesundescendedtesticlescryptorchidismdelayedpubertyandaninabilitytofatherchildreninfertilitythesecharacteristicsareknownashypogonadotropichypogonadismfemalesarerarelyaffectedbythisdisorderbutafewcaseshavebeenreportedofadrenalinsufficiencyoralackoffemalesexhormonesresultinginunderdevelopedreproductivetissuesdelayedpubertyandanabsenceofmenstruationgeneticsmutationsinthenrbgenelocatedonthexchromosomexppcausexlinkedadrenalhypoplasiacongenitathenrbgeneprovidesinstructionstomakeatranscriptionfactorproteincalleddaxthathelpscontroltheactivityofcertaingeneswhenthenrbgeneisdeletedormutatedtheactivityofcertaingenesisnotproperlycontrolledthisleadstoproblemswiththedevelopmentoftheadrenalglandstwostructuresinthebrainthehypothalamusandpituitaryglandandreproductivetissuestheovariesortestesthesetissuesareimportantfortheproductionofmanyhormonesthatcontrolvariousfunctionsinthebodywhenthesehormonesarenotpresentinthecorrectamountsthesignsandsymptomsofadrenalinsufficiencyandhypogonadotropichypogonadismcanresultthisconditionisinheritedinanxlinkedrecessivepatterndiagnosismanagementreferencesexternallinksncbinlmnihgovbookshelfbrfcgibookgenepartahcgenereviewsncbinihuwentryonxlinkedadrenalhypoplasiacongenitamedscapecomviewarticleinheritedadrenalhypoplasianotjustforkidsxlinkedadrenalhypoplasiacongenitamedscapethisarticleincorporatespublicdomaintextfromghrnlmnihgovtheusnationallibraryofmedicinexlinkedadrenalhypoplasiacongenitaboeingxdynasoarredirectwestafricancfafranchabakkukmostechnologynomurasjellyfishxenosagaxenosagalistofxenosagacharactersxenosagakellychenxeniaisanextinctcommunityinnodawaycountymissourinodawaycountymissouriintheunitedstatestheexactlocationofxeniaisunknowntothegnisapostofficecalledxeniawasestablishedinandremainedinoperationuntilthenameisatransferfromxeniaohiolittleremainsoftheoriginalcommunityreferencesredirectlistofdrawntogethercharactersxandirpwifflebottomxanaduisthefictionalestateofcharlesfosterkanethetitlecharacterofthefilmcitizenkanetheestatederivesitsnamefromtheancientcityofshangduxanaduknownforitssplendorhearstcastleinsansimeoncaliforniaistheobviousinspirationforxanaduduetothewilliamrandolphhearsthearstkanecomparisonthatiscentraltothefilmappearanceinthefilmbuiltonanimmenseprivatemountainlocatedonthedesertsofthegulfofmexicogulfcoastinfloridaxanaduisdescribedasbeingtheworldslargestprivateestatecostnomancansayaccordingtothenewsreelatthebeginningofthefilmthenewsreeldirectlyquotesfromsamueltaylorcoleridgespoemkublakhanwhichtellsofthetitlecharacterserectionofastatelypleasuredomeinthecityofxanaduthenewsreelalsostatesthatkanespecificallyconceivedtheestateforsusanalexanderhissecondwifehoweversusangrewtohatexanaducallingitfortyninethousandacressquaremileskmofnothingbutsceneryandstatuesthenewsonthemarchdescriptionofxanaduapasticheofthestyleofthemarchoftimenewsdigeststhenregularlyseenintheatersisasfollowstheestatealsoboastsachampionshipgolfcourseandavenicevenetianstylecanalwithgondolastheextensivezooandaquariumwerestockedwithamenagerieofanimalsincludingmonkeyshorsesgiraffesbirdsoctopuseselephantsanddonkeystheestateisenclosedbyanironfencethatisenteredthroughagatewaywithagiantletterkaboveitcentraltotheestateisxanaduproperthecastlelikemansionthatservedaskaneshomeandrepositoryforhisenormouscollectionofantiquitiesandworkofartproperlyspelledfrenchphrasedonotchangeobjetsdartxanaduhasabutlerandatleastafewdozenfootmenandmaidservantswhoareshownattheendofthescenewherekanewreckshiswifessuiteaftersheleaveshimohekacastleinhuntingtonnewyorkwasusedforsomeexteriorshotsofxanaduparticularlyoftheformalgardensseenintheopeningnewsreelhowevermostshotsofxanaduweresurrealismsurrealistichighlystylizedmattefilmmakingmattepaintingsxanadumakesgreatuseofgothicarchitectureandexceptintheopeningnewsreelitalwaysappearsinthefilmatnightwithfogsurroundingi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talsystemofxifengiteishexagonalcrystalsystemhexagonalithasaspecificgravityofandamohshardnessofitoccursassteelgrayinclusionswithinothermeteoritederivednickelironmineralphasesitwasfirstdescribedinandnamedfortheeasternpassagewayxifengkouofthegreatwallofchinathetypelocalitygeologytypelocalityistheyanshanmeteoriteofthehebeiprovincechinaithasalsobeenreportedfromdredgingsalongtheeastpacificrisetheotherknownnaturalironsilicidemineralsaregupeiitefesubsubsihapkeitefesubsubsilinzhiitefesisubsubluobusaitefesubsubsisubsubnaquitefesisuessitefenisubsubsiandzangboitetifesisubsubseealsoglossaryofmeteoriticsreferencesminxiaofenminxiaofenquxiaosongquxiaosongquxiaosongxiphosurathcenturyrdcenturywpnfccviolationimagerrexejpgthumbrightxenginerollsroyceexeanxengineisapistonenginecomprisingtwinnedvenginevblockengineshorizontallyopposedtoeachotherthusthecylindersarearrangedinfourbanksdrivingacommoncrankshaftviewedheadonthiswouldappearasanxxengineswereoftencoupledenginesderivedfromexistingpowerplantsthisconfigurationisextremelyuncommonprimarilydueitsweightandcomplexityascomparedtoaradialengineitwasmorecompactpernumberofcylindersthanavenginehowevershortercrankshaftsrelativetoaninlineorvdesignalsoappealedtoearlythcenturyengineerslikehenryfordgiventhelessdevelopedmetallurgicaltechnologyofthetimemostexamplesofxenginesarefromtheworldwariieraandweredesignedforlargemilitaryaircraftthemajorityofthesearexenginexsbasedonexistingvenginevsthefollowingareexamplesofthisenginetypefordasanxprototypeduringthesthatledthewaytothecompanyseventualfordflatheadengineflatheadvdaimlerbenzdaimlerbenzdbdbdevelopedfortheluftwaffesbomberbprogramdevelopmentsuspendedisottafraschinizetarcdevelopedforthecapronivizzolafcapronivizzolafzfighteraircraftfighterbutneverfullycompletedbeforeitalyssurrenderinrollsroycevulturebasedontworollsroyceperegrineperegrinesandthepowerplantoftheillfatedavromanchesterbomberandthehawkertornadofighterrollsroyceexeanaircooledengineaircooledsleevevalveprototypeenginenapiercubawatercooledxengineoftheswhichpoweredtheprototypeblackburncubarootorpedobomberhondaissaidtohaveexperimentedwithanxengineconfigurationinthesfortheirformulaoneracingeffortsbutabandonedthedesignasbeingtoocomplexandunreliablechelyabinsktractorplantarmatauniversalcombatplatformtxenginemorerecentlybradleyhowellsmithsrevetecxvandxvcontrolledcombustionenginedesignshaveusedthexconfigurationtobalancetheforcescreatedbytheaxialmotionsofthecylinderpairsandtrilobatecamsreferencesexternallinksredirectxresourceswhenonecreatesaredirectthetextbelowitisnotdeletedwhichappearstohappenwhenthearticleismodifiedinfoboxsoftwarenamexrdbtitlexrdblogoscreenshotcaptioncollapsibleauthorjimgettysdeveloperbobscheiflerphilkarltonreleaseddiscontinuedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatefrequentlyupdateddonotincludethisparameterunlessyouknowwhatitdoesprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecoperatingsystemunixlikeplatformsizelanguagestatusgenrexwindowsystemlicensecgitfreedesktoporgxorgappxrdbtreecopyingwebsitexrdbxresourcedatabasemanagerisaprogramusedforaccessingthexresourcesofaserveritsmainuseistoreadasetofresourcesfromafileandstorethemintheserveratstartupthisprogramcanaccesstheresourcesinbothreadandwritemodeinparticularitcanreadtheresourcesstoredintheserverandcanstoreasetofresourcesontheserverreplacingoraddingtothepreviousonesitcanoperateeitheronthegeneraldisplayresourcesorontheonesspecifictoascreenthemainuseofxrdbishowevertoloadtheresourceswhenthexdisplayserverisstartedforexampletheinstructioncodexrdbloadhomexresourcescodecanbeplacedinscriptsthatareexecutedwhentheserverisstartedtoreadtheuserpreferencesfromthefilecodexresourcescodeinhishomedirectorytheoriginalversionofxrdbwaswrittenbyjimgettysandlaterrewrittenbybobscheiflerandphilkarltonseealsoxresourceslocationandusexresourcesxwindowsystemreferencesexternallinksdienetdoclinuxmanmanxrdbhtmlxrdbmanpagesandbrusyshlpmotifguidemotifuserguideusingthexrdbclientprogramhtmlusingthexrdbclientprogramcgitfreedesktoporgxorgappxrdbxexamxmasdecimaflottigliamasredirecttitheinfoboxchineselanguagesingerandactornamexiangyungenderfemaleimagecaptiontradchinesenamesimpchinesenamepinyinchinesenamexingynbrwadegileshsiangynjyutpingchinesenamebirthnamechencuichangbroriginsingaporebirthdatebirthplacesingaporedeathdatedeathplacerestingplacerestingplacecoordinatesothernameoccupationactresstelevisionhostlabelyearsactivespresentspouseedmundchenpartnerchildrenchenyixindaughterbrchenyixisonparentsrelativeslorettachensisterinlawwebsiteawardsstarawardstarawardsforspecialachievementawardspecialachievementawardbrstarawardsstarawardsstarawardsandstarawardsstarawardsforbestsupportingactressbestsupportingactressbrstarawardsstarawardsforalltimefavouriteartistealltimefavouriteartistebrstarawardsstarawardsforbestevergreenartistebestevergreenartistebrstarawardsstarawardsstarawardsfortopmostpopularfemaleartistestopmostpopularfemaleartisteschencuichangbornoctoberbetterknownbyherstagenamexiangyunisasingaporeanactresstelevisionhostwhoisacontractedartisteundermedia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obeusedandinformationabouttheversionoftheprotocolandthekindofauthenticationtheclientexpectstheservertousetheserveranswersbysendingbackapacketstatingtheacceptanceorrefusaloftheconnectionorwitharequestforafurtherauthenticationiftheconnectionisacceptedtheacceptancepacketcontainsdatafortheclienttouseinthesubsequentinteractionwiththeserverimagexcoreoverviewsvgthumbpxanexampleinteractionbetweenaclientandaserverafterconnectionisestablishedfourtypesofpacketsareexchangedbetweenclientandserveroverthechannelrequesttheclientrequestsinformationfromtheserverorrequestsittoperformanactionreplytheserverrespondstoarequestnotallrequestsgeneratereplieseventtheserverinformstheclientofaneventsuchaskeyboardormouseinputawindowbeingmovedresizedorexposedetcerrortheserversendsanerrorpacketifarequestisinvalidsincerequestsarequeuederrorpacketsgeneratedbyarequestmaynotbesentimmediatelyrequestandreplypacketshavevaryinglengthwhileeventanderrorpacketshaveafixedlengthofbytesrequestpacketsarenumberedsequentiallybytheserverassoonasitreceivesthemthefirstrequestfromaclientisnumberedthesecondetctheleastsignificantbitsofthesequentialnumberofarequestisincludedinthereplyanderrorpacketsgeneratedbytherequestifanytheyarealsoincludedineventpacketstoindicatethesequentialnumberoftherequestthattheserveriscurrentlyprocessingorhasjustfinishedprocessingwindowswhatisusuallycalledawindowinmostgraphicaluserinterfacesiscalledatoplevelwindowinthexwindowsystemthetermwindowisalsousedtodenotewindowsthatliewithinanotherwindowthatisthesubwindowsofaparentwindowgraphicalelementssuchasbuttoncomputingbuttonsmenucomputingmenusiconcomputingiconsetccanberealizedusingsubwindowsimagesomexwindowssvgframeapossibleplacementofsomewindowsistherootwindowwhichcoversthewholescreenandaretoplevelwindowsandaresubwindowsofthepartsofawindowthatareoutsideitsparentarenotvisibleaclientcanrequestthecreationofawindowmorepreciselyitcanrequestthecreationofasubwindowofanexistingwindowasaresultthewindowscreatedbyclientsarearrangedinatreegraphtheorytreeahierarchytherootofthistreeistherootwindowwhichisaspecialwindowcreatedautomaticallybytheserveratstartupallotherwindowsaredirectlyorindirectlysubwindowsoftherootwindowthetoplevelwindowsarethedirectsubwindowsoftherootwindowvisiblytherootwindowisaslargeasthevirtualdesktopandliesbehindallotherwindowsthecontentofawindowisnotalwaysguaranteedtobepreservedovertimeinparticularthewindowcontentmaybedestroyedwhenthewindowismovedresizedcoveredbyotherwindowsandingeneralmadetotallyorpartlynonvisibleinparticularcontentislostifthexserverisnotmaintainingabackingstoreofthewindowcontenttheclientcanrequestbackingstoreforawindowtobemaintainedbutthereisnoobligationfortheservertodosothereforeclientscannotassumethatbackingstoreismaintainedifavisiblepartofawindowhasanunspecifiedcontentaneventissenttonotifytheclientthatthewindowcontenthastobedrawnagaineverywindowhasanassociatedsetofattributessuchasthegeometryofthewindowsizeandpositionthebackgroundimagewhetherbackingstorehasbeenrequestedforitetctheprotocolincludesrequestsforaclienttoinspectandchangetheattributesofawindowwindowscanbecodeinputoutputcodeorcodeinputonlycodecodeinputoutputcodewindowscanbeshownonthescreenandareusedfordrawingcodeinputonlycodewindowsarenevershownonthescreenandareusedonlytoreceiveinputimagexframeenpngleftthumbpxanatomyofafvwmwindowthewhiteareaisthewindowascreatedandseenbytheclientapplicationthedecorativeframeandtitlebarpossiblyincludingbuttonsthatisusuallyseenaroundwindowsarecreatedbythewindowmanagernotbytheclientthatcreatesthewindowthewindowmanageralsohandlesinputrelatedtotheseelementssuchasresizingthewindowwhentheuserclicksanddragsthewindowframeclientsusuallyoperateonthewindowtheycreateddisregardingthechangesoperatedbythewindowmanagerachangeithastotakeintoaccountisthatreparentingwindowmanagerswhichalmostallmodernwindowmanagersarechangetheparentoftoplevelwindowstoawindowthatisnottherootfromthepointofviewofthecoreprotocolthewindowmanagerisaclientnotdifferentfromtheotherapplicationsdataaboutawindowcanbeobtainedbyrunningthecodexwininfocodeprogrampassingitthecodetreecodecommandlineargumentthisprogramshowsthetreeofsubwindowsofawindowalongwiththeiridentifiersandgeometrydatapixmapsanddrawablesapixmapisaregionofmemorythatcanbeusedfordrawingunlikewindowspixmapsarenotautomaticallyshownonthescreenhoweverthecontentofapixmaporapartofitcanbetransferredtoawindowandviceversathisallowsfortechniquessuchasdoublebufferingmostofthegraphicaloperationsthatcanbedoneonwindowscanalsobedoneonpixmapswindowsandpixmapsarecollectivelynameddrawablesandtheircontentdataresidesontheserveraclientcanhoweverrequestthecontentofadrawabletobetransferredfromtheservertotheclientorviceversagraphiccontextsandfontstheclientcanrequestanumberofgraphicoperationssuchasclearinganareacopyinganareaintoanotherdrawingpointslinesrectanglesandtextbesideclearingalloperationsarepossibleonalldrawablesbothwindowsandpixmapsmostrequestsforgraphicoperationsincludeagraphiccontextwhichisastructurethatcontainstheparametersofthegraphicoperationsagraphiccontextincludestheforegroundcolorthebackgroundcolorthefontoftextandothergraphicparameterswhenrequestingagraphicoperationtheclientincludesagraphiccontextnotallparametersofthegraphiccontextaffecttheoperationforexamplethefontdoesnotaffectdrawingalinethecoreprotocolspecifiestheuseofserversidefontsrefnamefontfaqfaqsorgfaqsfontsfaqpartcompfontsfaqxinforefsuchfontsarestoredascomputerfilefilesandtheserveraccessesthemeitherdirectlyviathelocalfilesystemorviathenetworkfromanotherprogramcalledfontserverclientscanrequestthelistoffontsavailabletotheserverandcanrequestafonttobeloadedifnotalreadyorunloadedifnotusedbyotherclientsbytheserveraclientcanrequestgeneralinformationaboutafontforexamplethefontascentandthespaceaspecificstringtakeswhendrawnwithaspecificfontimagexfontselpngthumbpxthecodexfontselcodeprogramallowstheusertoviewtheglyphsofafontthenamesofthefontsarearbitrarystringsatthelevelofthexwindowcoreprotocolthexlogicalfontdescriptionconventionsrefnamelogifontrefspecifyhowfontsshouldbenamedaccordingtotheirattributestheseconventionsalsospecifythevaluesofoptionalpropertiesthatcanbeattachedtofontsthecodexlsfontscodeprogramprintsthelistoffontsstoredintheserverthecodexfontselcodeprogramshowstheglyphsoffontsandallowtheusertoselectthenameofafontforpastingitinanotherwindowtheuseofserversidefontsiscurrentlyconsidereddeprecatedinfavourofclientsidefontsrefnameherrhopfmatthieuherrbandmatthiashopfopenbsdorgpaperseurobsdherrbhopfpdfnewevolutionsinthexwindowsystemrefsuchfontsarerenderedbytheclientnotbytheserverwiththesupportofthexftorcairographicscairolibrariesandthexrenderextensionnospecificationonclientsidefontsisgiveninthecoreprotocolresourcesandidentifiersalldataaboutwindowspixmapsfontsetcarestoredintheservertheclientknowsidentifiersoftheseobjectsintegersitusesasnamesforthemwheninteractingwiththeserverforexampleifaclientwishesawindowtobecreateditrequeststheservertocreateawindowwithagivenidentifiertheidentifiercanbelaterusedbytheclienttorequestforexampleastringtobedrawninthewindowthefollowingobjectsresideintheserverandareknownbytheclientviaanumericalidentifiercodewindowcodecodepixmapcodecodefontcodecodecolormapcodeatableofcolorsdescribedbelowcodegraphiccontextcodetheseobjectsarecalledresourceswhenaclientrequeststhecreationofonesuchresourceitalsospecifiesanidentifierforitforexampleforcreatinganewwindowtheclientspecifiesboththeattributesofthewindowparentwidthheightetcandtheidentifiertoassociatewiththewindowidentifiersarebitintegerswiththeirthreemostsignificantbitsequaltozeroeveryclienthasitsownsetofidentifiersitcanuseforcreatingnewresourcesthissetisspecifiedbytheserverastwointegersincludedintheacceptancepacketthepacketitsendstotheclienttoinformitthattheconnectionisacceptedclientschooseidentifiersthatareinthissetinsuchawaytheydonotclashtwoobjectsamongwindowspixmapsfontscolormapsandgraphiccontextscannothavethesameidentifieroncearesourcehasbeencreateditsidentifierisusedbytheclienttorequestoperationsaboutittotheserversomeoperationsaffectthegivenresourceforexamplerequeststomovewindowsothersaskforresourcedatastoredfromtheserverforexamplerequestsfortheattributesofwindowsidentifiersareuniquetotheservernotonlytotheclientforexamplenotwowindowshavethesameidentifierevenifcreatedbytwodifferentclientsaclientcanaccessanyobjectgivenitsidentifierinparticularitcanalsoaccessresourcescreatedbyanyotherclienteveniftheiridentifiersareoutsidethesetofidentifiersitcancreateasaresulttwoclientsconnectedtothesameservercanusethesameidentifiertorefertothesameresourceforexampleifaclientcreatesawindowofidentifiercodexecodeandpassesthisnumbercodexecodetoanotherapplicationviaanyavailablemeansforexamplebystoringthisnumberinafilethatisalsoaccessibletotheotherapplicationthisotherapplicationisabletooperateontheverysamewindowthispossibilityisforexampleexploitedbythexwindowversionofghostviewthisprogramcreatesasubwindowstoringitsidentifierinanenvironmentvariableandcallsghostscriptthisprogramdrawsthecontentofthepostscriptfiletoshowinthiswindowrefnameghosintegnuorgsoftwaregvmanualhtmlnodeinterfacewithghostscripthtmlghostviewinterfacewithghostscriptrefresourcesarenormallydestroyedwhentheclientthatcreatedthemclosestheconnectionwiththeserverhoweverbeforeclosingconnectionaclientcanrequesttheservernottodestroythemeventseventsarepacketssentbytheservertoaclienttocommunicatethatsomethingtheclientmaybeinterestedinhashappenedforexampleaneventissentwhentheuserpressesakeyorclicksamousebuttoneventsarenotonlyusedforinputforexampleeventsaresenttoindicatethecreationofnewsubwindowsofagivenwindoweveryeventisrelativetoawindowforexampleiftheuserclickswhenthepointercomputingwimppointerisinawindowtheeventwillberelativetothatwindowtheeventpacketcontainstheidentifierofthatwindowaclientcanrequesttheservertosendaneventtoanotherclientthisisusedforcommunicationbetweenclientssuchaneventisforexamplegeneratedwhenaclientrequeststhetextthatiscurrentlyselectedthiseventissenttotheclientthatiscurrentlyhandlingthewindowthatholdstheselectionthecodeexposecodeeventissentwhenanareaofawindowofdestroyedcontentismadevisiblethecontentofawindowmaybedestroyedinsomeconditionsforexampleifthewindowiscoveredandtheserverisnotmaintainingabackingstoretheservergeneratesancodeexposecodeeventtonotifytheclientthatapartofthewindowhastobedrawnimagexeventssvgthumbpxanexampleofeventwhenakeyispressedinawindowaneventisgeneratedandsenttoaclientdependingonitswindoweventmaskwhichtheclientcanchangemostkindsofeventsaresentonlyiftheclientpreviouslystatedaninterestinthemthisisbecauseclientsmayonlybeinterestedinsomekindofeventsforexampleaclientmaybeinterestedinkeyboardrelatedeventsbutnotinmouserelatedeventssomekindsofeventsarehoweversenttoclientseveniftheyhavenotspecificallyrequestedthemclientsspecifywhichkindsofeventstheywanttobesentbysettinganattributeofawindowforexampleinordertoredrawawindowwhenitscontenthasbeendestroyedaclientmustreceivethecodeexposecodeeventswhichinformitthatthewindowneedstobedrawnagaintheclientwillhoweverbesentcodeexposecodeeventsonlyiftheclienthaspreviouslystateditsinterestintheseeventswhichisdonebyappropriatelysettingtheeventmaskcomputingmaskattributeofthewindowdifferentclientscanrequesteventsonthesamewindowtheycanevensetdifferenteventmasksonthesamewindowforexampleaclientmayrequestonlykeyboardeventsonawindowwhileanotherclientrequestsonlymouseeventsonthesamewindowthisispossiblebecausetheserverforeachwindowmaintainsaseparateeventmaskforeachclienthowevertherearesomekindsofeventsthatcanonlybeselectedbyoneclientattimeforeachwindowinparticulartheseeventsreportmousebuttonclicksandsomechangesrelatedtowindowmanagementthecodexevcodeprogramshowstheeventsrelativetoawindowinparticularcodexevidwidcoderequestsallpossibleeventsrelativetothewindowofidentifiercodewidcodeandprintsthemexamplethefollowingisapossibleexampleofinteractionbetweenaserverandaprogramthatcreatesawindowwithablackboxinitandexitsonakeypressinthisexampletheserverdoesnotsendanyreplybecausetheclientrequestsdonotgeneraterepliestheserequestscouldgenerateerrorstheclientopenstheconnectionwiththeserverandsendstheinitialpacketspecifyingthebyteorderitisusingtheserveracceptstheconnectionnoauthorizationisinvolvedinthisexamplebysendinganappropriatepacketwhichcontainsotherinformationsuchastheidentifieroftherootwindowegcodexbcodeandwhichidentifierstheclientcancreatetheclientrequeststhecreationofadefaultgraphiccontextwithidentifiercodexcodethisrequestliketheotherrequestsofthisexampledoesnotgeneraterepliesfromtheservertheclientrequeststheservertocreateatoplevelwindowthatisitspecifiestheparenttobetherootwindowcodexbcodewithidentifiercodexcodesizexpositionetctheclientrequestsachangeintheattributesofthewindowcodexcodespecifyingitisinterestedinreceivingcodeexposecodeandcodekeypresscodeeventstheclientrequeststhewindowcodexcodetobemappedshownonthescreenwhenthewindowismadevisibleanditscontenthastobedrawntheserversendstheclientancodeexposecodeeventinresponsetothiseventtheclientrequestsaboxtobedrawnbysendingacodepolyfillrectanglecoderequestwithwindowcodexcodeandgraphiccontextcodexcodeifthewindowiscoveredbyanotherwindowanduncoveredagainassumingthatbackingstoreisnotmaintainedtheserversendsanothercodeexposecodeeventtotelltheclientthatthewindowhastobedrawnagaintheclientredrawsthewindowbysendingacodepolyfillrectanglecoderequestifakeyispressedtheserversendsacodekeypresscodeeventtotheclienttonotifyitthattheuserhaspressedakeytheclientreactsappropriatelyinthiscaseitterminatescolorsattheprotocollevelacolorisrepresentedbyabitunsignedintegercalledapixelvaluethefollowingelementsaffecttherepresentationofcolorsthecolordepththecolormapwhichisatablecontainingredgreenandblueintensityvaluesthevisualtypewhichspecifieshowthetableisusedtorepresentcolorsintheeasiestcasethecolormapisatablecontainingargbtripleineachrowapixelvaluecodexcoderepresentsthecolorcontainedinthecodexcodethrowofthetableiftheclientcanchangetheentriesinthecolormapthisrepresentationisidentifiedbythecodepseudocolorcodevisualclassthevisualclasscodestaticcolorcodeissimilarbuttheclientcannotchangetheentriesinthecolormapthereareatotalofsixpossiblevisualclasseseachoneidentifyingadifferentwayforrepresentinganrgbtriplewithapixelvaluecodepseudocolorcodeandcodestaticcolorcodearetwoanothertwoarecodegrayscalecodeandcodestaticgraycodewhichdifferinthattheyonlydisplayshadesofgreythetworemainingvisualclassesdifferfromtheonesabovebecausetheybreakpixelvaluesinthreepartsandusethreeseparatetablesfortheredgreenandblueintensityaccordingtothiscolorrepresentationapixelvalueisconvertedintoanrgbtripleasfollowsthepixelvalueisseenasasequenceofbitsthissequenceisbrokeninthreepartseachofthesethreechunksofbitsisseenasanintegerandusedasanindextofindavalueineachofthreeseparatetablesthismechanismrequiresthecolormaptobecomposedofthreeseparatetablesoneforeachprimarycolortheresultoftheconversionisstillatripleofintensityvaluesthevisualclassesusingthisrepresentationarethecodedirectcolorcodeandcodetruecolorcodeonesdifferingonwhethertheclientcanchangecolormapsornotthesesixmechanismsforrepresentingcolorswithpixelvaluesallrequiresomeadditionalparameterstoworktheseparametersarecollectedintoavisualtypewhichcontainsavisualclassandotherparametersoftherepresentationofcolorseachserverhasafixedsetofvisualtypeseachoneassociatedwithanumericalidentifiertheseidentifiersarebitunsignedintegersbutarenotnecessarilydifferentfromidentifiersofresourcesoratomswhentheconnectionfromaclientisacceptedtheacceptancepacketsentbytheservercontainsasequenceofblockseachonecontaininginformationaboutasinglescreenforeachscreentherelativeblockcontainsalistofotherblockseachonerelativetoaspecificcolordepththatissupportedbythescreenforeachsupporteddepththislistcontainsalistofvisualtypesasaresulteachscreenisassociatedanumberofpossibledepthsandeachdepthofeachscreenisassociatedanumberofpossiblevisualtypesagivenvisualtypecanbeusedformorescreensandfordifferentdepthsforeachvisualtypetheacceptancepacketcontainsbothitsidentifierandtheactualparametersitcontainsvisualclassetctheclientstoresthisinformationasitcannotrequestitafterwardsmoreoverclientscannotchangeorcreatenewvisualtypesrequestsforcreationofanewwindowincludethedepthandtheidentifierofthevisualtypetouseforrepresentingcolorsofthiswindowcolormapsareusedregardlessofwhetherthehardwarecontrollingthescreenegagraphiccardusesapalettecomputingpalettewhichisatablethatisalsousedforrepresentingcolorsserversusecolormapsevenifthehardwareisnotusingapalettewheneverthehardwareusespalettesonlyalimitednumberofcolormapscanbeinstalledinparticularacolormapisinstalledwhenthehardwareshowscolorsaccordingtoitaclientcanrequesttheservertoinstallacolormaphoweverthismayrequiretheuninstallingofanothercolormaptheeffectisthatwindowsusingtheuninstalledcolormaparenotshownwiththecorrectcoloraneffectdubbedcolorflashingortechnicolorthisproblemcanbesolvedusingstandardcolormapswhicharecolormapswithapredictableassociationbetweenpixelvaluesandcolorsthankstothispropertystandardcolormapscanbeusedbydifferentapplicationsthecreationofcolormapsisregulatedbytheicccmconventionstandardcolormapsareregulatedbytheicccmandbythexlibspecificationapartofthexcoloursystemisthexcolormanagementsystemxcmsthissystemwasintroducedwithxrreleaseinthissystemconsistsofseveraladditionalfeaturesinxlibfoundinthexcmsseriesoffunctionsthissystemdefinesdeviceindependentcolorschemeswhichcanbeconvertedintodevicedependentrgbsystemsthesystemconsistsofthexlibxcmsfunctionsandaswellthexdevicecolorcharacterizationconventionxdcccwhichdescribeshowtoconvertthevariousdeviceindependentcoloursystemsintodevicedependentrgbcoloursystemsthissystemsupportstheciexyzxyycieluvandcielabandaswellthetekhvccoloursystemsinsarstanfordedulharckeprogrammingxcmstronchecomguixxlibcoloratomsatomsarebitintegersrepresentingstringcomputingstringstheprotocoldesignersintroducedatomsbecausetheyrepresentstringsinashortandfixedsizerefnameicccmdavidshrosenthaldavidrosenthalinterclientcommunicationconventionsmanualmitxconsortiumstandardrefwhileastringmaybearbitrarilylonganatomisalwaysabitintegeratombrevitywasexploitedbymandatingtheiruseinthekindsofpacketsthatarelikelytobesentmanytimeswiththesamestringsthisresultsinamoreefficientuseofthenetworkthefixedsizeofatomswasexploitedbyspecifyingafixedsizeforeventsnamelybytesfixedsizepacketscancontainatomswhiletheycannotcontainlongstringspreciselyatomsareidentifiersofstringsstoredintheservertheyaresimilartotheidentifiersofresourceswindowspixmapsetcbutdifferfromthemintwowaysfirsttheidentifiersofatomsarechosenbytheservernotbytheclientinotherwordswhenaclientrequeststhecreationofanewatomitonlysendstheserverthestringtobestorednotitsidentifierthisidentifierischosenbytheserverandsentbackasareplytotheclientthesecondimportantdifferencebetweenresourcesandatomsisthatatomsarenotassociatedwithclientsoncecreatedanatomsurvivesuntiltheserverquitsorresetsthisisnotthedefaultbehaviorofresourcesatomsareidentifiersandarethereforeuniquehoweveranatomandaresourceidentifiercancoincidethestringassociatedwithanatomiscalledtheatomnamethenameofanatomcannotbechangedaftercreationandnotwoatomscanhavethesamenameasaresultthenameofanatomiscommonlyusedtoindicatetheatomtheatomcodeabcdcodemeansmorepreciselytheatomwhoseassociatedstringiscodeabcdcodeortheatomwhosenameiscodeabcdcodeaclientcanrequestthecreationofanewatomandcanrequestfortheatomtheidentifierofagivenstringsomeatomsarepredefinedcreatedbytheserverwithgivenidentifierandstringatomsareusedforanumberofpurposesmostlyrelatedtocommunicationbetweendifferentclientsconnectedtothesameserverinparticulartheyareusedinassociationwiththepropertiesofwindowswhicharedescribedbelowthelistofallatomsresidinginaservercanbeprintedoutusingtheprogramcodexlsatomscodeinparticularthisprogramprintseachatomtheidentifierthatisanumberwithitsnameitsassociatedstringpropertieseverywindowhasapredefinedsetofattributesandasetofpropertiesallstoredintheserverandaccessibletotheclientsviaappropriaterequestsattributesaredataaboutthewindowsuchasitssizepositionbackgroundcoloretcpropertiesarearbitrarypiecesofdataattachedtoawindowunlikeattributespropertieshavenomeaningatthelevelofthexwindowcoreprotocolaclientcanstorearbitrarydatainapropertyofawindowapropertyischaracterizedbyanameadatatypetypeandavaluepropertiesaresimilartovariableprogrammingvariablesinimperativeprogramminglanguagesinthataclientcancreateanewpropertywithagivennameandtypeandstoreavalueinitpropertiesareassociatedtowindowstwopropertieswiththesamenamecanexistontwodifferentwindowswhilehavingdifferenttypesandvaluesthenametypeandvalueofapropertyarestringsmorepreciselytheyareatomsthatisstringsstoredintheserverandaccessibletotheclientsviaidentifiersaclientapplicationcanaccessagivenpropertybyusingtheidentifieroftheatomcontainingthenameofthepropertypropertiesaremostlyusedforinterclientcommunicationforexamplethepropertynamedcodewmnamecodethepropertynamedbytheatomwhoseassociatedstringiscodewmnamecodeisusedforstoringthenameofwindowswindowmanagerstypicallyreadthispropertytodisplaythenameofwindowsintheirtitlebarsometypesofinterclientcommunicationusepropertiesoftherootwindowforexampleaccordingtothefreedesktopwindowmanagerspecificationrefnamefreedeskfreedesktoporgwikispecificationswmspecactionshowredirectstandardsfwmspecfreedesktopwindowmanagerspecificationrefwindowmanagersshouldstoretheidentifierofthecurrentlyactivewindowinthepropertynamedcodenetactivewindowcodeoftherootwindowthexresourceswhichcontainparametercomputerscienceparametersofprogramsarealsostoredinpropertiesoftherootwindowthiswayallclientscanaccessthemevenifrunningondifferentcomputersthecodexpropcodeprogramprintsthepropertiesofagivenwindowcodexproprootcodeprintsthenametypeandvalueofeachpropertyoftherootwindowmappingsimageakeyjpgframethiskeyalwaysgeneratesthesamekeycodebutthesymbolscodecodecodecodeandcodecodeareassociatedtothreedifferentkeysymsinthexwindowsystemeveryindividualphysicalkeyisassociatedanumberintherangecalleditskeycodeakeycodeonlyidentifiesakeynotaparticularcharacterortermegpageupamongtheonesthatmaybeprintedonthekeyeachoneofthesecharactersortermsisinsteadidentifiedbyakeysymwhileakeycodeonlydependsontheactualkeythatispressedakeysymmaydependforexampleonwhethertheshiftkeyoranothermodifierkeymodifierwasalsopressedwhenakeyispressedorreleasedtheserversendseventsoftypecodekeypresscodeorcodekeyreleasecodetotheappropriateclientstheseeventscontainthekeycodeofthepressedkeythecurrentstateofthemodifiersshiftcontroletcandmousebuttonsimagexkeyboardsvgleftthumbpxtranslationfromkeycodetokeysymtheserverthereforesendsthekeycodeandthemodifierstatewithoutattemptingtotranslatethemintoaspecificcharacteritisaresponsibilityoftheclienttodothisconversionforexampleaclientmayreceiveaneventstatingthatagivenkeyhasbeenpressedwhiletheshiftmodifierwasdownifthiskeywouldnormallygeneratethecharacteratheclientandnottheserverassociatesthiseventtothecharacterawhilethetranslationfromkeycodestokeysymsisdonebytheclientthetablethatrepresentsthisassociationismaintainedbytheserverstoringthistableinacentralizedplacemakesitaccessibletoallclientstypicalclientsonlyrequestthismappinganduseitfordecodingthekeycodeandmodifiersfieldofakeyeventintoakeysymhoweverclientscanalsochangethismappingatwillamodifierisakeythatwhenpressedchangestheinterpretationofotherkeysacommonmodifieristheshiftkeywhenthekeythatnormallyproducesalowercaseaispressedtogetherwithshiftitproducesanuppercaseaothercommonmodifiersarecontrolaltandmetathexserverworkswithatmosteightmodifiershowevereachmodifiercanbeassociatedwithmorethanonekeythisisnecessarybecausemanykeyboardshaveduplicatedkeysforsomemodifiersforexamplemanykeyboardshavetwoshiftkeysoneontheleftandoneontherightthesetwokeysproducetwodifferentkeycodeswhenpressedbutthexserverassociatesbothwiththeshiftmodifierforeachoftheeightmodifiersthexservermaintainsalistofthekeycodesthatitconsidertobethatmodifierasanexampleifthelistofthefirstmodifiertheshiftmodifiercontainsthekeycodecodexcodethenthekeythatproducesthekeycodecodexcodeisconsideredashiftkeybythexserverthelistsofmodifiermappingsismaintainedbythexserverbutcanbechangedbyeveryclientforexampleaclientcanrequestthefkeytobeaddedtothelistofshiftmodifiersfromthispointonthiskeybehaveslikeanothershiftmodifierhoweverthekeycodecorrespondingtofisstillgeneratedwhenthiskeyispressedasaresultfoperatesasitdidbeforeforexampleahelpwindowmaybeopenedwhenitispressedbutalsooperatesliketheshiftkeypressingainatexteditorwhilefisdownaddsatothecurrenttextthexservermaintainsandusesamodifiermappingforthemousebuttonshoweverthebuttonscanonlybepermutationpermutedthisismostlyusefulforexchangingtheleftmostandrightmostbuttonforlefthandedusersthecodexmodmapcodeprogramshowsandchangesthekeymodifierandmousebuttonmappingsgrabsagrabisaconditioninwhichallkeyboardormouseeventsaresenttoasingleclientaclientcanrequestagrabofthekeyboardthemouseorbothiftherequestisfulfilledbytheserverallkeyboardmouseeventsaresenttothegrabbingclientuntilthegrabisreleasedtheotherclientswillnotreceivetheseeventswhenrequestingagrabaclientspecifiesagrabwindowalleventsaresenttothegrabbingclientasiftheywererelativetothegrabwindowhowevertheotherclientsdonotreceiveeventseveniftheyhaveselectedtheminthegrabwindowtherearetwokindsofgrabsactivethegrabtakesplaceimmediatelypassivethegrabtakesplaceonlywhenapreviouslyspecifiedkeyormousebuttonispressedandterminateswhenitisreleasedimagexgrabsvgthumbpxifthepointerorthekeyboardarefrozentheeventstheygenerateareblockedinaqueueiftheyaregrabbedtheireventsarereroutedtothegrabbingclientinsteadofthewindowthatnormallyreceivesthempointereventscanbediscardeddependingonaneventmaskaclientcanestablishagraboverthekeyboardthepointerorbotharequestforgrabbingcanincludearequestforfreezingthekeyboardorthepointerthedifferencebetweengrabbingandfreezingisthatgrabbingchangestherecipientofeventswhilefreezingstopstheirdeliveryaltogetherwhenadeviceisfrozentheeventsitgeneratesarestoredinaqueuetobedeliveredasusualwhenthefreezeisoverforpointereventsanadditionalparameteraffectsthedeliveryofeventsaneventmaskwhichspecifieswhichtypesofeventsaretobedeliveredandwhichonesaretobediscardedtherequestsforgrabbingincludeafieldforspecifyingwhathappenstoeventsthatwouldbesenttothegrabbingclientevenifithadnotestablishedthegrabinparticulartheclientcanrequestthemtobesentasusualoraccordingtothegrabthesetwoconditionsarenotthesameastheymayappearforexampleaclientthatwouldnormallyreceivethekeyboardeventsonafirstwindowmayrequestthekeyboardtobegrabbedbyasecondwindoweventsthatwouldnormallybesenttothefirstwindowmayormaynotberedirectedtothegrabwindowdependingontheparameterinthegrabrequestaclientcanalsorequestthegraboftheentireserverinthiscasenorequestwillbeprocessedbytheserverexcepttheonescomingfromthegrabbingclientotherotherrequestsandeventsinthecoreprotocolexistthefirstkindofrequestsisrelativetotheparentrelationshipbetweenwindowsaclientcanrequesttochangetheparentofawindoworcanrequestinformationabouttheparenthoodofwindowsotherrequestsarerelativetothexwindowselectionselectionwhichishowevermostlygovernedbyotherprotocolsotherrequestsareaboutthefocuscomputinginputfocusandtheshapeofthepointeruserinterfacepointeraclientcanalsorequesttheownerofaresourcewindowpixmapetctobekilledwhichcausestheservertoterminatetheconnectionwithitfinallyaclientcansendanopnooperationrequesttotheserverextensionsimageoclockpngthumbpxtheshapeextensionallowsoclocktocreatearoundwindowthexwindowcoreprotocolwasdesignedtobeextensiblethecoreprotocolspecifiesamechanismforqueryingtheavailableextensionsandhowextensionrequestseventsanderrorspacketsaremadeinparticularaclientcanrequestthelistofallavailableextensionsfordatarelativetoaspecificextensionthepacketsofextensionsaresimilartothepacketsofthecoreprotocolthecoreprotocolspecifiesthatrequesteventanderrorpacketscontainanintegerindicatingitstypeforexampletherequestforcreatinganewwindowisnumberedarangeoftheseintegersarereservedforextensionsauthorizationwhentheclientinitiallyestablishesaconnectionwiththeservertheservercanreplybyeitheracceptingtheconnectionrefusingitorrequestingauthenticationanauthenticationrequestcontainsthenameoftheauthenticationmethodtousethecoreprotocoldoesnotspecifytheauthenticationprocesswhichdependsonthekindofauthenticationusedotherthanitendswiththeservereithersendinganacceptanceorarefusalpacketduringtheregularinteractionbetweenaclientandaservertheonlyrequestsrelatedtoauthenticationareaboutthehostbasedaccessmethodinparticularaclientcanrequestthismethodtobeenabledandcanrequestreadingandchangingthelistofhostsclientcomputingclientsthatareauthorizedtoconnecttypicalapplicationsdonotusetheserequeststheyareusedbythecodexhostcodeprogramtogiveauserorashellscriptscriptaccesstothehostaccesslistthehostbasedaccessmethodisconsideredinsecurexlibandotherclientlibrariesmostclientprogramscommunicatewiththeserverviathexlibclientlibraryinparticularmostclientsuselibrariessuchasxawmotifsoftwaremotifgtkorqttoolkitqtwhichinturnusexlibforinteractingwiththeservertheuseofxlibhasthefollowingeffectsxlibmakestheclientsynchronouswithrespecttorepliesandeventsthexlibfunctionsthatsendrequestsblockuntiltheappropriaterepliesifanyisexpectedarereceivedinotherwordsanxwindowclientnotusingxlibcansendarequesttotheserverandthendootheroperationswhilewaitingforthereplybutaclientusingxlibcanonlycallanxlibfunctionthatsendstherequestandwaitforthereplythusblockingtheclientwhilewaitingforthereplyunlesstheclientstartsanewthreadbeforecallingthefunctionwhiletheserversendseventsasynchronousasynchronouslyxlibstoreseventsreceivedbytheclientinaqueuedatastructurequeuetheclientprogramcanonlyaccessthembyexplicitlycallingfunctionsofthexlibraryinotherwordstheclientisforcedtoblockorbusywaitingbusywaitifexpectinganeventxlibdoesnotsendrequeststotheserverimmediatelybutstorestheminaqueuecalledtheoutputbuffertherequestsintheoutputbufferareactuallysentwhentheprogramexplicitlyrequestssobycallingalibraryfunctionsuchascodexflushcodetheprogramcallsafunctionthatgivesasaresultsomethingthatinvolveareplyfromtheserversuchascodexgetwindowattributescodetheprogramasksforaneventintheeventqueueforexamplebycallingcodexnexteventcodeandthecallblocksforexamplecodexnexteventcodeblocksifthequeueisemptyhigherlevellibrariessuchasxtoolkitintrinsicsxtwhichisinturnusedbyxawandmotifsoftwaremotifallowtheclientprogramtospecifythecallbackcomputersciencecallbackfunctionsassociatedwithsomeeventsthelibrarytakescareofpollingtheeventqueueandcallingtheappropriatefunctionwhenrequiredsomeeventssuchasthoseindicatingtheneedofredrawingawindowarehandledinternallybyxtlowerlevellibrariessuchasxcbprovideasynchronousaccesstotheprotocolallowingbetterlatencyhidingunspecifiedpartsthexwindowsystemcoreprotocoldoesnotmandateoverinterclientcommunicationanddoesnotspecifyhowwindowsareusedtoformthevisualelementsthatarecommoningraphicaluserinterfacesbuttoncomputingbuttonsmenucomputingmenusetcgraphicaluserinterfaceelementsaredefinedbyclientlibrariesrealizingwidgettoolkitsinterclientcommunicationiscoveredbyotherstandardssuchastheicccmandfreedesktopspecificationsinterclientcommunicationisrelevanttoxwindowselectionselectionscutbuffersanddraganddropwhicharethemethodsusedbyausertotransferdatafromawindowtoanothersincethewindowsmaybecontrolledbydifferentprogramsaprotocolforexchangingthisdataisnecessaryinterclientcommunicationisalsorelevanttoxwindowmanagerswhichareprogramsthatcontroltheappearanceofthewindowsandthegenerallookandfeelofthegraphicaluserinterfaceyetanotherissuewhereinterclientcommunicationistosomeextentrelevantisthatofxsessionmanagersessionmanagementhowausersessionstartsisanotherissuethatisnotcoveredbythecoreprotocolusuallythisisdoneautomaticallybythexdisplaymanagerprogramtypexdisplaymanagertheusercanhoweveralsostartasessionmanuallyrunningthexinitorstartxprogramsseealsoxwindowsystemprotocolsandarchitecturexlibxtoolkitintrinsicsintrinsicsxneecanbeusedtosniffthexwindowsystemprotocolreferencesexternallinksxorgxorgfoundationofficialhomepagexorgfreedesktoporgwikimirrorwiththedomainnamefreedesktoporgxwindowangelfirecomxwindowsysteminternalsrahulnetkentonbibhtmlkentonleespagesonxwindowandmotifxorgreleasescurrentdocxprotoxprotocolhtmlxwindowsystemprotocolversioncurrentreleasexdivisionuktelephonecodemisconceptionsnewlondonnumbersormayrefertoanarrowsymbolcharacterofunicodeanarrowkeyonakeyboardrepresentingtheassignmentcomputerscienceassignmentoperatorinvariousprogramminglanguagesaconverseimplicationinlogictherelativedirectionofleftorbackcausedbyandothermeaningsinlistofmedicalabbreviationsarrowsmedicalnotationseealsoarrowdisambiguationdisambiguationdisambiguationdisambiguationmayrefertooneofthearrowsymbolarrowcharactersofunicodeoneofthearrowkeysonakeyboardrepresentingtheassignmentcomputerscienceassignmentoperatorinvariousprogramminglanguagescodecodeapointercomputerprogrammingpointeroperatorincandcwherecodeabcodeissynonymouswithcodeabcodeexceptwheneithercodecodeorcodecodehasbeenoverriddenincrepresentingthedirectionofachemicalreactioninachemicalequationrepresentingthesetofallmathematicalfunctionsthatmapfromonesettoanotherinsettheoryrepresentingamaterialconditionalmaterialimplicationinlogicrepresentingmorphismincategorytheoryrepresentingavectorgeometricvectorinphysicsandmathematicstherelativedirectionofrightorforwardanotationofconwaychainedarrownotationforverylargeintegersduetoandothermeaningsinlistofmedicalabbreviationsarrowsmedicalnotationseealsoarrowdisambiguationdisambiguationdisambiguationdisambiguationharpoonsoverlinelistofxenosagacharactersxenosagalistofxenosagacharactersunderscoreredirectxenosagaredirectcategoryshellarabicpersianlanguageredirectshellfractionmathematicsredirectcategoryshellfractionmathematicsredirectcategoryshellfractionmathematicsredirectcategoryshellfractionmathematicsredirectcategoryshellthesymbolanupwardpointingarrowmayrefertoanarchaicromaniancyrillicletterupwardsarrowaunicodearrowsymbolarrowsinunicodearrowsymboluarrahtmlorxmllistofxmlandhtmlcharacterentityreferencescharacterentityamathematicalsymbolforundefinedmathematicsnotationusingandundefinedanotationofknuthsuparrownotationforverylargeintegersamathematicalupgametheorygametheorypositionuporshefferstrokenotationforthelogicalstatementnotbothincreasedandsimilarmeaningsinlistofmedicalabbreviationsarrowsmedicalnotationseealsoarrowkeysoncomputerkeyboardsarrowdisambiguationdisambiguationdisambiguationdisambiguationupdisambiguationifandonlyifredirectshellxboxlinuxninamlanguageninamlanguageninamlanguageinfoboxmineralnamexonotliteboxwidthboxbgcolorimagexonotliteinesitejpgimagesizepxaltcaptioncombinationpiecewithradialfibrousinesiteandxonotlitecategoryinosilicatesformulacasubsubsisubsubosubsubohsubsubmolweightstrunzdgdanasystemmonoclinicclassprismaticmbrsmallsamehmsymbolsmallsymmetrypaunitcellcolorcolourhabittwinningcleavagefracturetenacitymohslusterstreakdiaphaneitygravitydensitypolishopticalproprefractivebirefringencepleochroismvdispersionextinctionlengthfastslowfluorescenceabsorptionmeltfusibilitydiagnosticsolubilityimpuritiesalterationotherpropproptextreferencesxonotliteisamineralwiththechemicalformulacalciumcasubsubsiliconsisubsuboxygenosubsubohydrogenhsubsubitcrystallizesinthemonoclinicprismaticcrystalsystemwithtypicallyancrystalhabitacicularcrystalformorhabititcanbecolorlessgraylightgraylemonwhiteorpinkitistransparencyopticstransparentwithavitreouslustrevitreoustosilkylusteritleavesawhitestreakxonotliteisratedonthemohsscaleofhardnessitwasfirstdescribedinandnamedforitsoccurrenceinteteladexonot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rsoftheteamcompetedinavarietyofmatchesincludingsinglesmatchesandtagteammatcheswhichaccruedpointsfortheirsidetheworldxcuptournamentwasanexpansionontheamericasxcupinwhichfourteamsoffourwrestlerscompetedintheworldxcuptnaalwayshostsahometeamfortheunitedstateswithothercountriessuchasjapanmexicoandcanadabeingrepresentedbyeithertnacontractedwrestlersorwrestlersfromapromotionthattnahasapartnershipagreementwithxdivisionwrestlersaregenerallytheonlytnawrestlersthatcompeteinthetnaxcuptournamentsthefirstsuchtournamentwasthetnasuperxcuptournamentwhichwaswonbychrissabinrefnamepwhxdivtournamentsrefultimatexmatchtheultimatexmatchisthesignaturegimmickmatchofthexdivisionitisverysimilartoaladdermatchexceptthattwocablescrisscrossthroughtheringandtheitemofvalueishungattheintersectionofthecablesthewinneristheonewhocanjumpuptothecablesfromthetopturnbuckleshandoverhandtheirwaytothecenterorwithhelpofsteelgirdersactingasladdersclimbingupontothetopthenstandingonthecablebeforedroppingdownandtakedowntheitemofvalueitwasoriginallycreatedinaugustandpittedmattbentleymichaelshanefrankiekazarianandchrissabinsincethentwentyfourultimatexmatcheshavetakenplacesomeforthexdivisionchampionshipsomeforthetnaworldtagteamchampionshipandsomewithagiantredxsuspendedabovetheringsymbolizingsomethingsuchasnumberonecontenderstatusandeventhexdivisiontitleitselfteamxgoldteamxgoldwasasixmantagteammatchconceptthatputtogetherwrestlerswithdifferentstylesandbackgroundstoseewhoisthebestwiththewinningteambecomingtheflagbearerswavingateamxgoldflaginvictorytheruleswerestrictlyenforcedpinscouldnotbebrokenupandonceatagwasmadetheteammemberhaduntilthecountoffivetoexittheringorriskbeingejectedfromthematchbytheofficialorhavehisentireteamdisqualifiedonceateamisformedmemberscouldnotbeswappedoutorchangedandhadremainontheirrespectiveteamssameconceptasnewjapansneveropenweightmantagteamchampionshipsasthexdivisionandneveropenweightdivisionareverycloselythesamedivisionseealsocruiserweightprofessionalwrestlingcruiserweightimpactwrestlingimpactxdivisionchampionshipreferencesexternallinksimpactwrestlingcomimpactwrestlingofficialwebsitekasabonikaairportwangbenliprincesszeldachristmasevemeilanfangmeilanfangclasswikitablealignrightbgcolorddeeffaligncentercolspaninputoutputbgcolorddeeffaligncenterabaxorbbgcolorddffddaligncenterbgcolorddffddaligncenterbgcolorddffddaligncenterbgcolorddffddaligncenterthexorgatesometimeseorgateorexorgateandpronouncedasexclusiveorgateisadigitallogicgatethatgivesatrueorhighoutputwhenthenumberoftrueinputsisoddanxorgateimplementsanexclusiveorthatisatrueoutputresultsifoneandonlyoneoftheinputstothegateistrueifbothinputsarefalseloworbotharetrueafalseoutputresultsxorrepresentstheinequalityfunctionietheoutputistrueiftheinputsarenotalikeotherwisetheoutputisfalseawaytorememberxorisoneortheotherbutnotbothxorcanalsobeviewedasadditionmoduloasaresultxorgatesareusedtoimplementbinaryadditionincomputersaadderelectronicshalfadderhalfadderconsistsofanxorgateandanandgateotherusesincludesubtractorscomparatorsandcontrolledinvertersthebooleanalgebraalgebraicexpressionsmathacdotoverlineboverlineacdotbmathandmathabcdotmathmathoverlineaoverlinebmathbothrepresentthexorgatewithinputsaandbthebehaviorofxorissummarizedinthetruthtableshownontherightsymbolstherearetwosymbolsforxorgatesthetraditionalsymbolandtheinstituteofelectricalandelectronicsengineersieeesymbolformoreinformationseelogicgatesymbolslogicgatesymbolsstylemarginautotextaligncenterimagexoransisvgimagexoriecsvgtraditionalxorsymbolieeexorsymbolthelistoflogicsymbolslogicsymbolsexclusiveorjpqandcanbeusedtodenotexorinalgebraicexpressionscprogramminglanguageclikelanguagesusethecaretprogramminglanguagescaretsymboltodenotebitwisexornotethatthecaretdoesnotdenotelogicalconjunctionandintheselanguagesdespitethesimilarityofsymbolpassgatelogicwiringanxorgatecanbeconstructedusingmosfetshereisadiagramofapasstransistorlogicimplementationofanxorgaterefresearchtrendnetijetshivpdfacomparativeperformanceanalysisofvariouscmosdesigntechniquesforxorandxnorcircuitsfighighperformancetransmissiongatexorxnorcircuitsrefrefbwrcseecsberkeleyeduclassesiccaiccafnoteschapterpdfdesigningcombinationallogicgatesincmosprefrefgramenguciedueceeceslidessldhtmtransmissiongatexorrefreftamswwwinformatikunihamburgdeappletshadeswebdemosswitchedcmosxortgategiftransmissiongatexortinyxorviatamswwwinformatikunihamburgdeappletshadeswebdemosswitchedcmosxortgatehtmlrefrefwikianalogcomuniversitycourseselectronicselectronicslabfigureexclusiveorandxnorgaterefrefeceuwaterloocamhanisecelecturepdfpasstransistorlogictransmissiongatexorprefnotetherssresistorpreventsshuntingcurrentdirectlyfromaandbtotheoutputwithoutitifthecircuitthatprovidesinputsaandbdoesnothavetheproperdrivingcapabilitytheoutputmightnotswingrailtorailorbeseverelyslewratelimitedtherssresistoralsolimitsthecurrentfromvddtogroundwhichprotectsthetransistorsandsavesenergywhenthetransistorsaretransitioningbetweenstatesalternativesifaspecifictypeofgateisnotavailableacircuitthatimplementsthesamefunctioncanbeconstructedfromotheravailablegatesacircuitimplementinganxorfunctioncanbetriviallyconstructedfromanxnorgatefollowedbyanotgateifweconsidertheexpressionmathacdotoverlineboverlineacdotbmathwecanconstructanxorgatecircuitdirectlyusingandorandnotgateshoweverthisapproachrequiresfivegatesofthreedifferentkindsasanalternativeifdifferentgatesareavailablewecanapplybooleanalgebratotransformmathacdotoverlineboverlineacdotbequivabcdotmathmathoverlineaoverlinebmathasstatedaboveandapplydemorganslawtothelasttermtogetmathabcdotmathmathoverlineacdotbmathwhichcanbeimplementedusingonlythreegatesasshownontherightanxorgatecircuitcanbemadefromfournandgatesinfactbothnandandnorgatesaresocalleduniversalgatesandanylogicalfunctioncanbeconstructedfromeithernandlogicornorlogicaloneifthefournandgatesarereplacedbynorgatesthisresultsinanxnorgatewhichcanbeconvertedtoanxorgatebyinvertingtheoutputoroneoftheinputsegwithafifthnorgateanalternativearrangementisoffivenorgatesinatopologythatemphasizestheconstructionofthefunctionfrommathabcdotmathmathoverlineaoverlinebmathnotingfromdemorganslawthatanorgateisineffectaninvertedinputandgatetwopossibleconfigurationsconstructedfromnandgatesandtwopossibleconfigurationsconstructedfromnorgatesareshownbelowstylemarginautotextaligncenterwidthdesiredgatewidthnandconstructionwidthnorconstructionrowspanimagexoransilabelledsvgforthenandconstructionstheupperarrangementrequiresfewergatesforthenorconstructionsthelowerarrangementofferstheadvantageofashorterpropagationdelaythetimedelaybetweenaninputchangingandtheoutputchangingmorethantwoinputsstrictreadingofthedefinitionofexclusiveororobservationoftheiecrectangularsymbolraisesthequestionofcorrectbehaviourwithadditionalinputsifalogicgateweretoacceptthreeormoreinputsandproduceatrueoutputifexactlyoneofthoseinputsweretruethenitwouldineffectbeaonehotdetectorandindeedthisisthecaseforonlytwoinputshoweveritisrarelyimplementedthiswayinpracticeitismostcommontoregardsubsequentinputsasbeingappliedthroughacascadeofbinaryexclusiveoroperationsthefirsttwosignalsarefedintoanxorgatethentheoutputofthatgateisfedintoasecondxorgatetogetherwiththethirdsignalandsoonforanyremainingsignalstheresultisacircuitthatoutputsawhenthenumberofsatitsinputsisoddandawhenthenumberofincomingsiseventhismakesitpracticallyusefulasaparitytelecommunicationparitygeneratororamoduloadderelectronicsadderforexamplethelistofseriesintegratedcircuitslvcgmicrochipisadvertisedasathreeinputlogicgateandimplementsaparitygeneratorrefnamelvcgnxpcomdocumentsdatasheetlvcgpdflvcgdatasheetrefapplicationsusesinadditionthexorlogicgatecanbeusedasaonebitadderelectronicsadderthataddsanytwobitstogethertooutputonebitforexampleifweaddplusinbinarynumeralsystembinaryweexpectatwobitanswerieindecimalsincethetrailingsumbitinthisoutputisachievedwithxortheprecedingcarrybitiscalculatedwithanandgatethisisthemainprincipleinadderelectronicshalfadderhalfaddersaslightlylargeradderelectronicsfulladderfulladdercircuitmaybechainedtogetherinordertoaddlongerbinarynumberspseudorandomnumbergenerationpseudorandomnumberprngeneratorsspecificallylinearfeedbackshiftregistersaredefinedintermsoftheexclusiveoroperationhenceasuitablesetupofxorgatescanmodelalinearfeedbackshiftregisterinordertogeneraterandomnumberscorrelationandsequencedetectionxorgatesproduceawhenbothinputsmatchwhensearchingforaspecificbitpatternorprnsequenceinaverylongdatasequenceaseriesofxorgatescanbeusedtocompareastringofbitsfromthedatasequenceagainstthetargetsequenceinparallelthenumberofoutputscanthenbecountedtodeterminehowwellthedatasequencematchesthetargetsequencecorrelatorsareusedinmanycommunicationsdevicessuchascdmareceiversanddecodersforerrorcorrectionandchannelcodesinacdmareceivercorrelatorsareusedtoextractthepolarityofaspecificprnsequenceoutofacombinedcollectionofprnsequencesacorrelatorlookingforinthedatasequencewouldcomparetheincomingdatabitsagainstthetargetsequenceateverypossibleoffsetwhilecountingthenumberofmatcheszerosdatatargetxorzerobitszerobitszerobitszerobitszerobitszerobitsmatchesbyoffsetinthisexamplethebestmatchoccurswhenthetargetsequenceisoffsetbybitandallfivebitsmatchwhenoffsetbybitsthesequenceexactlymatchesitsinversebylookingatthedifferencebetweenthenumberofonesandzerosthatcomeoutofthebankofxorgatesitiseasytoseewherethesequenceoccursandwhetherornotitisinvertedlongersequencesareeasiertodetectthanshortsequencesseealsoexclusiveorandgateorgateinverterlogicgateinverternotgatenandgatenorgatexnorgateimplygatebooleanalgebralogicgatereferencesexternallinksteahlabcomxorgateinteractivexorgatedemonstratethelogicflowofthexorgatecircuitcreatedwithteahlabssimulatorsvdisjunktionlogikorgrindochxorgrindhellokittyxorgateclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundcolorddffddalignrightstylebackgroundcolorddeeffcolspaninputstylebackgroundcolorddeeffoutputstylebackgroundcolorddeeffastylebackgroundcolorddeeffbstylebackgroundcolorddeeffaxnorbthexnorgatesometimesexnorenorandrarelynxorxandisadigitallogicgatewhosefunctionisthelogicalcomplementoftheexclusiveorxorgatexorgatethetwoinputversionimplementslogicalequalitybehavingaccordingtothetruthtabletotherightahighoutputresultsifbothoftheinputstothegatearethesameifonebutnotbothinputsarehighalowoutputresultsthebooleanalgebraalgebraicnotationusedtorepresentthexnoroperationismathsaodotbmathsymbolstherearelogicgatesymbolstwosymbolsforxnorgatesonewithdistinctiveshapeandonewithrectangularshapeandlabelthedistinctivesymbolforthexnorgateisthatofthexorgatewithanaddedinversionbubblemultipleimagealignleftdirectionhorizontalimagexnorgateensvgcaptiondistinctivesymbolwidthimageiecxnorsvgcaptionrectangularsymbolwidththexnorgatewithinputsaandbimplementsthelogicalexpressionmathacdotboverlineacdotoverlinebmathhardwaredescriptionandpinoutxnorgatesarerepresentedinmosttransistortransistorlogicttlandcmosintegratedcircuiticfamiliesthestandardseriescmosicistheandthettlicisthebothincludefourindependenttwoinputxnorgatesthepinoutdiagramisasfollowsimagexnorpinoutpngthumbleftpxpinoutdiagramofaquadxnordualinlinepackagedipformaticorderedlistliststyleliststylepositioninsideinputainputboutputqoutputqinputbinputavsubsssubgndinputainputboutputqoutputqinputbinputavsubddsubvsubccsubthisdeviceisavailablefrommostsemiconductormanufacturerssuchasnxpitisusuallyavailableinboththroughholedualinlinepackagedipandsmalloutlineintegratedcircuitsoicformatdatasheetsarereadilyavailableinmostdatasheetdatasheetsearchenginesdatasheetdatabasesdualinlinepackagedilisadualinlinepackageandsingleinlinepackagesilisasingleinlinepackagealternativesifnospecificxnorgatesareavailableonecanbemadefromnandgatesornorgatesintheconfigurationsshownbelowinfactanylogicgatecanbemadefromcombinationsofnandlogiconlynandgatesornorlogiconlynorgatestwopossibleconfigurationsconstructedfromnandgatesandtwopossibleconfigurationsconstructedfromnorgatesareshownbelowstylemarginautotextaligncenterwidthdesiredgatewidthnandconstructionwidthnorconstructionrowspanimagexnoransilabelledsvgforthenandconstructionsthelowerarrangementofferstheadvantageofashorterpropagationdelaythetimedelaybetweenaninputchangingandtheoutputchangingforthenorconstructionstheupperarrangementrequiresfewergatesseealsoandgateorgateinverterlogicgatenotgatenandgatenorgatexorgatekroneckerdeltakroneckerdeltafunctionlogicalbiconditionalifandonlyifxandxandwiktionaryreferencesticomlitdssnosasnosapdftexasinstrumentscddatasheetitalgebradiboolexnorxorgatejapanuchidaksaiandgateorgatenorgatexmdisaclassicalmoleculardynamicssoftwaredesignedtosimulateproblemsrelatedtomaterialssciencethecodewasdevelopedbyjonrifkinofuniversityofconnecticutandisbeingdistributedundergnugeneralpubliclicensesourcecodeisavailableincandcanbecompiledusingposixthreadfunctionstotakeadvantageofmulticpucomputerskeyfeaturesconstanttemperaturesimulationsusingvelocityrescalingalgorithmconstantpressuresimulationsusingeitherandersensalgorithmorasimplevolumerescalingalgorithmsuitableforlatticeconstantversustemperaturecalculationsefficientsystemrelaxationlocalminimaalgorithmconstrainselectedatomstoremainfixedinspaceconstrainselectedatomstoremaininalineorplaneapplyauniqueexternalforcetoindividualatomstetherselectedatomstotheirinitialpositionswithspringsofvariousspringconstantsapplyvelocitydampingcoefficientstoselectedatomsusespairpotentialembeddedatommethodpotentialsembeddedatommodeleamtersoffssiliconcarbidepotentialorstillingerwebersipotentialseealsomoleculardesignsoftwarexmdsourceforgenetotheratomdemoatomdemohtmlatomdemoamoleculardynamicinteractivedemonstrationexternallinksxmdsourceforgenetxmdhomepageinverterlogicgateguqinxtremesportsakirataueemperoryryakusharifuniversityoftechnologyredirectsharifuniversityoftechnologyradicalinfoboxbroadcastcalllettersxervtdtcityreynosatamaulipasstationlogoxervlogopnglogosizepxstationbrandingxervbrcanaldelasestrellasstationslogannuestrocanalbrourchanneldigitalultrahighfrequencyuhfbrvirtualchannelvirtualprogramandsysteminformationprotocolpsipsubchannelslasestrellasotherchsaffiliationslasestrellasownertelevisagrupotelevisalicenseecanalesdetelevisionpopularessadecvlocationmatamorostamaulipasmatamorosreynosatamaulipascountrymexicoairdateenddatecallsignmeaningxereynosayvallesisterstationsxhtamtdtxhabtdtformercallsignsxervtvformerchannelnumbersanalogtelevisionanalogbrveryhighfrequencyvhfformeraffiliationseffectiveradiatedpowerkilowattkwhaatfacilityidcoordinateslicensingauthorityfederaltelecommunicationsinstituteifthomepagebrxervtdtvirtualchannelultrahighfrequencyuhfdigitaltelevisiondigitalchannelisatelevisionstationlocatedinreynosatamaulipaswhoseovertheairsignalalsocoverstheriograndevalleyacrosstheinternationalborderintheunitedstatesthestationisownedbythetelevisagrupotelevisaitisanaffiliateoflasestrellasthestationbroadcastslocalprogrammingandnewscenteredontheriograndevalleyinsteadofreynosaandmatamoroslocalprogrammingincludedselectedgamesmainlysaturdaygamesoftheriograndevalleykillerbeesnahlriograndevalleykillerbeesicehockeyteamthegamesareannouncedinenglishwhilethecommercialsduringthegameareinspanishxervalsoshareasalesofficewithxhabtdtinmcallentexasforsalesofcommercialtimefromamericanbusinessesdigitaltelevisionclasswikitabledigitalsubc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theschoolannouncedthelaunchofamillioncapitalcampaigncalledtoleadtohelpfundcriticalinvestmentswhichwillsupporttheendowmentforfinancialaidandteachingexcellenceprogramsandfacilitiesandtheannualfundprogramasofjanuarytheschoolachievedmillionindonationsandincreaseditsgoaltomilliononoctobertheschooldedicatedabrandnewsquarefootscholasticandwellnesscenterthestateoftheartfacilitiesincludealargegymnasiumwithathreecourtgymandwillholdlargeschoolwidefunctionsaswellaseverydaycocurricularactivitiesforsportsandclubsthenewspacealsoincludesalargelobbywithindoorconcessionscoachesofficesandtrainingfacilitiesafitnesscenterameetingroomandtherenovationoftheoldgymnowadedicatedspacefortheseventhgradestudentsthecenterisapartofalargersetofcampusimprovementsbeingdrivenbybrotherskalathatbeganinjuneincludinganadditionalclassroomwingwithsciencelabsandbothnewandrenovatedathleticfacilitiesandfieldsinseptemberxbhsdedicatedthenewacademicwingwhichaddedsquarefeetoflearningspaceincludingtwolabsandfiveclassroomsfortheschoolsscienceandengineeringprogramsxaverianbrotherstraditionxaverianissponsoredbythecongregationofthebrothersofstfrancisxavierknownmorecommonlyasthexaverianbrothersandformanyyearsthebrothersformedalargepartofitsfacultythexaverianbrothersareaconsecratedlaycatholicorderofbrotherswhostrivetofulfillthespiritualaspirationsofitsfoundertheodorejamesrykenparticularlythrougheducationbrotherdanielskalacfxcurrentlyservesasxaveriansfifthheadmasterandcontinuesthexaverianbrotherstraditionattheschoolmissionthemissionofxaverianistofosteracommunityoffaithandlearningthatiscommittedtodevelopingtheintegrationofspiritualmoralintellectualphysicalemotionalculturalandsocialdimensionswithineachyoungmanthroughparticipationinacademicextracurricularathleticandcampusministryprogramsaxaveriangraduatewillbepreparedtomeetthedemandsofhighereducationtocontributetosocietyandtoanswerthecallofchristianserviceacademicsxbhsisacatholiccollegepreparatoryschoolforboysingradestheschoolisaxaverianbrotherssponsoredschoolthatenrollsstudentsfrommorethandifferentcommunitiestheprimaryobjectivesofaxaverianeducationaretopreparestudentstomeetthedemandsofhighereducationtocontributetosocietyandtoanswerthecallofchristianservicexaverianisknownforitshighlyeducatedstaffofwhichoverholdgraduatedegreesfromsomeoftodaysmostcompetitivecollegeseveryclassroomhasasmartboardandteachershavetheabilitytoutilizefivedifferentcomputerlabsthatareavailabletomeetwithclassesintheschoolinstitutedatechnologyinitiativeopeningitswifiaccesstoallstudentsandbeginningabringyourowndeviceprogramauniqueaspecttoxaverianisitsacademicdepartmentcenterswhichallowsstudentstoseekassistancefromanyteachernotjusthisspecificclassroomteacherthereareacademicdepartmentcentersformathematicsenglishsocialstudiesworldlanguagestheologyandthreesciencelabsbiologychemistryandphysicseachdepartmentisstaffedwithteacherswhoareavailableduringthedayandbeforeandafterschoolforassistanceforanystudentinthefrancisxavierdivisiongradesandwasestablishedbringinginthefirsteverthgradeclassathleticslogoxbhsisamemberofthecatholicconferencemiaacatholicconferenceandisclassifiedasdivisioninthemassachusettsinterscholasticathleticassociationmassachusettsinterscholasticathleticassociationmiaaforamajorityofitsathleticprogramsitsponsorsvarsitysportscrosscountrynoncutgolffootballnoncutandsoccerduringthefallseasonalpineskiingnoncutbasketballhockeyindoortracknoncutswimmingnoncutandwrestlingnoncutduringthewinterseasonandbaseballlacrosserugbynoncuttennistrackfieldnoncutandvolleyballduringthespringseasonthemiaahashonoredxaverianathleticsfivetimesforoutstandingsportsmanshipmanyxaveriangraduatesgoontoparticipateincollegeathleticsandafewalumniareplayingamongtheprofessionalranksinbasketballfootballandhockeyincludingjamesbaileybasketballjamesbaileyanddanabarrosinthenbagregcomellamatthasselbecktimhasselbeckanddrewstrojnyinthenflandmarkyoungintheamericanhockeyleagueahlandchriswagnerinthenationalhockeyleaguenhlcharliestevensonisthecurrentathleticdirectorathleticsuccessthehawksmostnotablesuccessinathleticshasbeeninalpineskiingbaseballcrosscountrygolffootballlacrosseandtrackfieldinparticularthefootballteamhasbroughtgreatnotorietytotheschoolhavingwontenmassachusettsinterscholasticathleticassociationmiaamassachusettsinterscholasticathleticassociationfootballdivisionstatechampionshipsinandtheteamwasrankedthendbestteaminnationbyusatodayfurtherfourhawksfootballplayershavebeenselectedthemassachusettsplayeroftheyearbynumerousorganizationsgregcomellainmatthasselbeckinchrisfoxinalexphaleninjoegazianoinandcobytippettininadditionthealpineskiteamwonthestatechampionshipinandthegolfteamwonstatetitlesinandthebaseballteamwonthestatechampionshipinandwiththeteamrankedthethbestteaminthecountrybyusatodaythecrosscountryteamwonthestatechampionshipintheswimminganddivingteamwonthestatechampionshipinthelacrosseteamwonthestatechampionshipinandintrackfieldderekandersonwontheandallstatediscusandsetthestaterecordofchrisbonnerwontheallstatemandsetthestaterecordofandtheoutdoortrackteamwonthemiaaallstatemeetcampusministryasaxaverianbrotherssponsoredschoolfirmlyrootedinthecatholicchurchcatholictraditionxbhsplacesastrongemphasisonchristianfaithformationandchristianservicevolunteercommunityserviceinspiredbytheteachingsofchristsuchfaithformationandservicetakesplaceintworequiredandseveralothervoluntaryformsallstudentsarerequiredtoparticipateinthefreshmandayofawarenesswhichintroducesstudentstothexaverianchristiancommunityandthesophomorefaithexperiencewhichisanoffcampusretreatthatbuildsuponthedevelopmentoffaithduringthefreshmanyearxbhsoffersstudentsmanyothervoluntaryopportunitiestotakepartinvariouschristianfaithformationandserviceprogramsthexaverianleadershipinstitutexliisafivedayservantleadershipretreatforseniorswhichtakesplaceduringaugustxliseekstofacilitatepersonalandcommunalreflectiononthestudentsprimaryrelationshipswithgodselfandothersasaleadershipinstitutestudentsarechallengedandempoweredwithintheirfaithtraditiontobecomeservantleadersforthexaveriancommunityandthechurchthexaverianglobalencounterprogramisanoptionalretreatserviceexperiencethattakesplaceduringtheaprilandsummervacationsduringtheexperiencestudentstraveltomarginalizedareastoliveworkandpraywithestablishedcommunitiespastglobalencountersiteshaveincludedpineridgeindianreservationinsouthdakotarostrodecristoprograminduranecuadorlosninosinternationalintijuanamexicobethlehemfarminpencespringswestvirginiaandcamdennewjerseyinadditionthechristianseniorserviceprogramisconductedduringthelasttermofthesenioryearthisfivetosixweekprogramplacesseniorsinapprovedsocialserviceagenciestocompletefulltimevolunteerworkforaminimumofhoursperweekclubsandactivitiesxbhsoffersdiverseclubsandactivitiesthatallowstudentstoexploremanydifferentinterestsandhobbiestheofficeofstudentlifesanctionseachclubandactivityandstrivestoensurethateveryxbhsstudentpossessaclearsenseofphysicalandmentalwellbeingengagesinrespectfulandmeaningfulrelationshipsexhibitsgoodsportsmanshipdemonstratestheabilitytoworkcollaborativelypossessthesocialskillsnecessaryforcollegeandbeyondanddevelopdiverseintereststhroughparticipationinextracurricularactivitiestheaterartsxbhsstheatricalperformanceshavebeeninexistencesincexaverianfirstopenedinthelatessinceitsfirstproductiontaketimeoutxaverianhasperformedovershowsxbhspresentsafalldramaaspringmusicalandtwosketchcomedyshowsandlivemusicperformancesdubbedlivethextheartisticdirectorforproductionsistedzaykaandtheproductionmanagerispauladuddyperformancehistoryclasswikitablecollapsibleautocollapseyearperformanceperformanceperformanceyearperformanceperformanceperformancetaketimeoutitsthemostlifezoostorybywillthenewtouchwaitingforgodotbravorazzmajazztheskysthelimitchildsplaythemusicmanwestsidestorypicniqueencompagnefiddlerontheroofstalaganythinggoestherealinspectorhoundcabaretthecruciblekissmekateoneflewoverthecuckoosnestplayoneflewoverthecuckoosnestwestsidestorythelioninwintermosthappyfellaamanforallseasonsguysanddollsjesuschristsuperstarrashomongeorgemtherealinspectorhoundoklahomawestsidestorymassappealjesuschristsuperstarinvitationtomurderworkingoneflewoverthecuckoosnestanythinggoesgreasetheforeignerdamnyankeeswaituntildarkwestsidestorytheboysnextdoorplaytheboysnextdoorgodspellarsenicandoldlaceoklahomarumorsguysanddollslenmeatenorjesuschristsuperstaryoucanttakeitwithyouthepajamagameflowersforalgernononceonthisislandoneflewoverthecuckoosnestwestsidestorydamnyankeesantigonelilabneramidsummernightsdreamanythinggoesrumorscrazyforyoutheforeignergodspelllaughterontherdfloorbloodbrothersxnlarsenicandoldlaceplayarsenicandoldlacehowtosucceedinbusinessxnltheoddysseyoneflewoverthecuckoosnestplayoneflewoverthecuckoosnestpippinmusicalpippinxnlthediningroomwestsidestoryxnlflowersforalgernondamnyankeesxnlyoucanttakeitwithyouplayyoucanttakeitwithyouonceonthisislandxnlitsawonderfullifefootloosemusicalfootlooseclassicalcafetheboysnextdoorplaytheboysnextdoorthepajamagamelivethexallmysonsgodspelllivethexthemanwhocametodinneroklahomaharveyplaybrigadoonangrymenlivethexyoucanttakeitwithyouplayyoucanttakeitwithyousinginintherainlivethexxnlxaveriannightlivenotablealumnixbhshasapproximatelyalumnilivingallaroundtheglobenotablealumnidistinguishingthemselvesincludegerardalessandrinitonyawardwinningplaywrightandcreatorofforbiddenbroadwayandspamiltonbrendanburkelgbtactivistdenniscrowleycofounderandexecutivechairmanoffoursquarejimmycummingsactorandscreenwriterofsouthiefilmsouthiechristopherfeganambassadorchristopherfeganunitedstatesambassadortotheorganisationforeconomiccooperationanddevelopmentedmondjenglishtedenglishexecutivechairmanofbobsdiscountfurnitureandformerceooftjxcompaniesjohnennisactorjohnennisactorandcomedianbestknownforroleonhbosmrshowwithbobanddavidjayfeeneycoceochiefinvestmentofficerofrobecobostonpartnersedwardphardimanedhardimanheadmasterofstjohnspreparatoryschoolmassachusettsstjohnspreparatoryschoolrobmarianotvpersonalityknownasbostonrobstevenmclaughlinnewyorkstateassemblymanjohnfremondijackremondipresidentandceoofnavientcorporationnavientjohnjsullivanamericanlawyerjohnjsullivanunitedstatesdeputysecretaryofstateunitedstatesdeputysecretaryofcommercewilliamfsullivanassociatejusticeofmassachusettssuperiorcourtsedmondthomasedthomaspresidentandceooftillyspatwalshsocialentrepreneurpatwalshcofounderchiefimpactofficerofclassynotablealumnidistinguishingthemselvesinathleticsincludejamesbaileybasketballjamesbaileyformernationalbasketballassociationplayerdanabarrosformernationalbasketballassociationallstarplayergregcomellaformernationalfootballleagueplayerjohndelaneybaseballjohndelaneyheadbaseballcoachquinnipiacuniversityjoeflemingformercanadianfootballleagueallstarplayermatthasselbeckformernationalfootballleagueallproplayerandespnanalysttimhasselbeckformernationalfootballleagueplayerandespnanalystmauricehurstjrallamericanfootballplayeruniversityofmichiganmarkjacksonathleticdirectormarkjacksonathleticdirectorvillanovauniversitymattklentakgeneralmanagerphiladelphiaphilliesbrianmanndartmouthcollegefootballsingleseasonpassingyardsleadertimscannellheadbaseballcoachtrinityuniversitytxdiiinationalchampionandcoachoftheyeardrewstrojnyformernationalfootballleagueplayerchriswagnericehockeychriswagnercurrentnationalhockeyleagueplayerreferencesexternallinksxbhscomxaverianbrothershighschoolwebsitexaverianbrothershighschoolwordpresscomlifeasahawkofficialblogofthexaverianhawkdaejanggeumbeautifulsouthinfoboxcompanynamexinhuaholdingstypepubliclogofoundationnbspxinhuanbspholdingsisinkygxlocationfounderfredybushkeypeoplelianyihhannchairmanceotradedasindustryfinancenumemployeesnumemployeesyearownernetincomenetincomeyearassetsusnbspmillionassetsyearequityusnbspmillionequityyearhomepagexinhuaholdingscomxinhuaholdingscomfootnotesinaconsolidatedbasisrefnamexinhuaholdingsarrefxinhuaholdingslimitedformerlyknownasxinhuafinancewasfoundedinitisengagedintheprovisionoffinancialinformationandservicesprimarilyinthechinamarketitisheadquarteredinhongkongitislistedonthetokyomothersboardthecompanyssubsidiaryxinhuasportsentertainmentxinhuafinancemedialtdwaslistedonnasdaqwhichwasdelistedinaftertheexposureofascandalxinhuanewsagencyownedastakeinxinhuafinanceinseptemberhoweverthestateownednewsagencyhadsoldallthestakebeforetheagencyevenmadeapressreleaseintodeclaretheyhavenorelationtoxinhuafinancerefnamexinhuaagencyrefinlorettafredybushshellyssinghalanddennislpelinoformeremployeeofxinhuafinanceweresentencedbythecourtoftheunitedstateshistoryimagexinhuafinancelogojpgthumbpxoldlogoxinhuafinancialnetworklimitedxfnwasincorporatedinhongkonginnovemberbyasamoaincorporatedcompanyxinhuafinanceholdingslimitedinlatexfnestablishedjointventurewithftsegroupformingthexinhuaftseindexseriesforexampleftsechinaaindexinacaymanislandsincorporatedholdingcompanyxinhuafinancelimitedwasformedinitformedaninternationalalliancewithagencefrancepresseafpfinancexinhuafinancialnetworkltdpurchasedthenewsagenciesofafpasianfinanceinhongkongjapansouthkoreaandsingaporeandeightotherasiancountriesandregionswhichexpandedthecoverageofxinhuanewsagencysinternationalnetworkinjulymergentasubsidiaryofxinhuafinancepurchasedthebusinessofpraedeasolutionsincadeveloperofenterprisesoftwareforautomateddataextractioninjunexfnannouncedithadagreedtosellsevenofitsasiapacificnewsbureausintokyomanilajakartakualalumpursingaporesydneyandseoultothomsonfinancialpartofcanadianpublisherthomsoncorpinordertofocusonthegreaterchinaregionxfnstatedtheywouldretaintheiroperationsinbeijingshanghaihongkongandtaipeiwhilenewsoperationsofxinhuafinancesothersubsidiariesincludingmarketnewsinternationalandstonemccarthyresearchassociateswouldalsonotchangefinancialtermswerenotdisclosedinthehongkongincorporatedxinhuaftselimitedwassoldtoftsegroupshareholderstheshareholdersofxinhuaholdingsusedprivateequityfundsandoffshorecompaniestohidethetrueownershipstructurealthoughxinhuanewsagencydiddeclaredsubsidiariesownedequitystakesinxinhuafinancebeforetheagencydidnotdisclosedthefulldetaileitherbutannouncingtheydidnothaveanystakeanymorefromandanynewbusinessrelationshipbetweenxinhuafinanceandtheagencymustunderthelawinsamoaincorporatedcompanyxinhuafinanceholdingslimitedownedamajoritystakeinxinhuafinancialnetworkwhichallthesharesofxinhuafinancialnetworkwereexchangedwiththesharesofxinhuafinanceinaccordingtoxinhuafinanceasatseptemberpatriarchpartnersafundoflynntiltonownedxinhuafinanceasthelargestshareholderitwasfollowedbycofounderfredybushforstakeandbritishvirginislandsincorporatedxinhuadevelopmentholdingslimitedforstakeaccordingtofilingxinhuadevelopmentholdingsholdthesharesforandonbehalfofchinamediadevelopmentshenzhenwhichwasawhollyownedsubsidiaryofxinhuanewsagencyrefnamexinhuaholdingsarrefreferencesexternallinksvelsymbolredirectcategoryshellcongruencegeometryredirectcategoryshellimagexenginegifrightthumbpxxenginesimplifiedcrosssectionthexisoneofthefewconfigurationsofxenginextypeenginesknowntohavebeenproducedthedesignconsistsofapairingofvenginevsjoinedtoacommoncrankshaftwhichislighterthanthesimilarwenginewblockorhenginehblockdesignswhichrequiretwocrankshaftshowevernoneoftheexistingxengineswasparticularlysuccessfulfewsawserviceandtheirproductionlifetimeswere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rstenginecompletedlateandenteredserviceonjanuarytolittlefanfareitbecameknownatthetimeasthegreynurseduetoitsdraballgreycolourschemeawartimeeconomyinserviceinonfebruaryworkedthenewcastleflyerforthefirsttimerefnameroundhousetheclassroundhouseperiodicalroundhousejulypagesrefwhenjoinedbyinapriltheseengineswereallottedtoworkingthemelbournelimitedexpressesbetweencentralrailwaystationsydneysydneyandgoulburnrailwaystationgoulburninearlywasgivenaheavyoverhaulandwaspaintedinitsstandardcolourschemeofgreenwithyellowliningawaratahemblemwasaddedtothetopofthenoseconeinlateryearsinwasoverhauledagainbeingpaintedblackwithredliningasacostcuttingmeasureitwasaroundthistimethatdiesellocomotivesstartedappearingontherailsofnswthesewouldtaketheglamourworkingsawayfromtheclasswhowouldbeconfinedtoallstationspassengerandevengoodstrainsindecemberwasthefirstinitsclasstoaccruemillionmilesmillionkilometresinearlywasgivenamajoroverhaulduringwhichitwasrepaintedgreenitwasoftenusedonspecialservicesoperatedbyrailwayheritageorganisationsthemostfamousbeinganonstoprunfromsydneytonewcastlerailwaystationnewsouthwalesnewcastleonjunejustfailingtobreakthetwohourbarrierthisremainedthefastestjourneyfromsydneytonewcastlebyrailhoursminutesecondsuntilbetteredbyannewsouthwalesxptxptinonthereturnjourneyagainfelljustshortofthetwohourmarkinoctoberthelocomotivewasfoundtohaveseriousboilerproblemssowaswithdrawnandplacedinthecareofthenswrailmuseumnewsouthwalesrailtransportmuseumthemuseumcontributedtoreturntoserviceandtheboilerfromwasfittedinoctoberreturnedtoservicehoweverthefollowingyearboilerproblemsreemergedandthelocowaswithdrawnanotherboilerexamgavethelocoareprieveandallowedittoreturntoserviceduringthistimeitoperatedatraincelebratingthethanniversaryofthenewcastleflyeronmayaswellasthewesternendeavourspecialacrossthecontinenttoperthbetweenaugustandseptemberinoctoberworkedtosouthaustraliawithaspartofcelebrationstoopenthewhyallarailwaylinewhyallalinerefnameenviroenvironmentnswgovauheritageappviewheritageitemdetailsaspxidlocomotivesteamnswenvironmentheritagereffromaprilthepublictransportcommissionallsteamtrainswerebarredfromnewsouthwalesmainlineshoweverduringjuneandjulyofthatyearwasallowedbacktobeusedasthestaroftheawardwinningfilmasteamtrainpassespreservationinjanuaryinjunewitharecreationofitsoriginalgreynursecolourschemereturnedtoserviceonjanuaryoperatingservicesonthebankstownrailwaylinebankstownlinetohelpraisemoneyforsurvivorsofcyclonetracyafterthiswasdeededtotherailtransportmuseuminjuneithaulednewsouthwalesdclasslocomotiveandnewsouthwaleszclasslocomotivetothirlmererailwaystationthirlmerewhenthenewsouthwalesrailtransportmuseumrelocatedtheenginewasthenusedontoursuntildecemberwhenboilerproblemsledtoitswithdrawalinnovemberdavidhillbusinessmandavidhillchiefexecutiveofthestaterailauthorityenquiredaboutthesuitabilityofrestoringhillhadtheaustralianbicentenarybicentenaryofbritishsettlementinaustraliainmindandsawarestoredasarepresentativeofaustraliasrailwaystheboilerwasthemajoritemneedingrepairandaninvestigationneededtobecarriedouttoascertainifrestorationwasviableavisitwasmadetothesouthmaitlandrailwayswhoatthetimestillusedsteamenginestolearnaboutmodernboilertechniquesitwasdiscoveredthatmanyadvanceshadbeenmadeanditwaspossibletoreturnboilerstoservicewhichpreviouslywouldhavebeenscrappedthenextstepwastoexaminetheboilersoftheotherpreservedclassmembersandthoughhadsurviveditwascompletelystrippedandintwodifferentlocationsandcomparethemwithsboileritwasdecidedtousetheboileralreadyinhowevertheinnerfireboxhadsufferedthermalfracturesandwouldneedextensiverepairsrestorationwasdeemedpossibleandafundraisingappealbeganwithsomefinanceraisedwastakentothestatedockyardinnewcastlenewsouthwalesnewcastleonnovemberforrestorationbythehuntervalleytrainingcompanyanapprenticeshipschemelaterinvolvedintherestorationofthiswasduetotherailwaysworkshopsbeingstretchedbyregularworkitwasmarshalledbehindnewsouthwalesclasslocomotiveonanexcursiontrainfromcentralrailwaystationsydneysydneythefireboxwastobecompletelyreplacedhoweverthediesandjigsusedtopresstheboilermetalhadbeenscrappedsotheoldfireboxwasusedasatemplatethenewfireboxhadadifferentshapeandthisreducedtheboilerpressurefrompsitopsiitwasdecidedtoweldthenewfireboxandsomeconservativeengineerswerescepticalastowhetherthiswouldworkrepairsandreconditioningofmanyothercomponentswerealsocarriedoutthetenderlocomotivetendertankwassorusteditneededtobereplacedthenewtankwasweldedratherthanrivetedandthisresultedinasleekplaintenderonnovemberafirewaslitforthefirsttimebynovemberwasrunningaroundnearbysidingsmoreshorttrialsfollowedandonnovemberwashandedoverandhauledatraintomaitlandrailwaystationmaitlandmoretrialrunsfollowedandonnovemberheadedfromnewcastletoagrandballontheconcourseofcentralrailwaystationsydneysydneycentralstationafterrestorationoperatedheritagetrainsthroughoutnewsouthwalesitwasoperatedbylimitedunderayearleaseduringtheaustralianbicentenarycelebrationsinitoperatedanextensiveprogramacrossaustraliavisitingeverymainlandcapitalaccessiblebyrailincludinganothertriptoperthinaprilmayinoctoberlnerclassaflyingscotsmanflyingscotsmanarrivedfromenglandandformuchofitsyearlongtouracrossaustraliawasaccompaniedbyonmaywasinvolvedinthecowanraildisasterwasstrugglingtoclimbthecowanbankonthesydneysideofthehawkesburyriverwhenreturningfromthemorpethjazzfestivalwhenacityrailnswtrainlinkvsetinterurbanpassengerservicecrashedintothebackofstrainsixpeoplelosttheirlivesincludingdriveroftheintercityelectricandapassengerinthevsetscabappliedsandtothetracktoassistgripandaninvestigationintothecrashsuggestedthismayhavecausedthesignalstomalfunctionthesignalschangedfromredtogreenseveraltimesafterthesignalsweregreenforafewmomentstheinterurbandriverthenenteredthetunnelbehindwheretheaccidentoccurredthehandbrakeinoneofthecarriagesmayalsohavebeenappliedrefcitewebworkemergencynswtitlecowanurlemergencynswgovaucontentphphtmlaccessdatedecemberarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebemergencynswgovaucontentphphtmlarchivedateoctrefinvisitedalicespringsrailwaystationalicespringsforthefirsttimeusingthestandardgaugetracklaidinthelocomotivewasawardedanhistoricengineeringmarkerplaquebyengineersaustraliaonnovembertheceremonytakingplaceatrobertsonrailwaystationrobertsonwasaregularatthehuntervalleysteamfestdespiteacampaignbylimitedtoretaincustodianshipofthelocomotiveonnovemberthecustodianshippassedbacktothenswrailmuseumnewsouthwalesrailtransportmuseumthelocomotivecontinuedtohauldaytripsandlongerexcursionsuntilwithdrawnfromserviceforamajoroverhaulattheendofoverhaulwhenwaswithdrawninitwasdecidedtoreplacetheoriginalboilerwithanewweldedoneaswellasconductingvariousmechanicalrepairsthiswastimetabledtobecompletebytheendofthecontractfortheconstructionofthenewboilerwaslettomeiningensteamlocomotiveworksdampflokwerkmeiningeningermanywhilethetendertankwastransferredtothehuntervalleytrainingcompanyatmaitlandforrepairthewebsitefeaturesupdatesonthelocomotivesprogressissuedbythenswofficeofrailheritagewitharchivedupdatesavailableseparatelyinmayministerfortransportnewsouthwalestransportministergladysberejiklianacknowledgedtheimportanceofsayingitwouldbeapriorityofthenewnotforprofitcompanytransportheritagenswtoreturntoserviceinnovemberaspokesmanfortransportfornswannouncedthattheboilerforthesteamlocomotivewouldbebroughttoaustraliasothatlocalexpertscangetthelocomotivebackonthetracksinseptembertransportheritagenswannouncedthatwouldreturntoserviceincustodianshiporganisationslimiteditwasdecidedduringrestorationthataseparateorganisationneededtobeformedtomanagewhenitreturnedtoserviceinlimitedwasestablishedtooverseetheoperationofthelocomotivethestaterailauthoritythenswrailmuseumnewsouthwalesrailtransportmuseumandtheaustralianrailwayhistoricalsocietywereformerstakeholdersinrailcorpadvisedthatlimitedsfixedtermyearleasewouldnotberenewednswrailmuseumthelocomotiveisnowinthecustodyofthenswrailmuseumthirlmerenewsouthwalesthirlmerethemuseumwasafoundationandmanagingmemberoflimitedandindicatedthelocomotivewouldcontinuetoprovidemainlinetoursbutatareducedfrequencywhenitreturnstoserviceinmaytransportministergladysberejiklianstatedthenswgovernmentiscommittedtolocomotiveoperatingagaininnswindecemberberejikliansaidanimportantstageinthecreationoftransportheritagenswwasreachedwithaclearmajorityofthenswrailtransportmuseummembersvotinginsupportoftheneweraforrailheritagemajoraccomplishmentsandeventsonoctoberandonthequeensbirthdayweekendinfirststreamlinedlocomotiveinnswfirstlocomotiveinnswfastestjourneybyrailfromcentralrailwaystationsydneysydneytonewcastlerailwaystationnewsouthwalesnewcastlejunerefnamejbthompsonrefoperatedtraincelebratingthanniversaryofnewcastleflyermayfirststeamlocomotivetocrosstheaustraliancontinentwesternendeavouraugustseptemberstarredinfilmasteamtrainpassesathreeyearrestorationatthehuntervalleytrainingcompanycommencedinbackinsteamintwosongswerewrittenaboutjollygreengiantbyjohnnyashcroftandbyraykingandronrussellmainlocomotiveofthebicentennialtrainvisitedeastperthrailwaystationperthagainaprilmayfirststandardgaugesteamtraintovisitadelaideparklandsterminaladelaidemayfirststandardgaugesteamtraintouseromastreetrailwaystationbrisbaneparalleledbyvictoriansteamtrainstowardsalburyrailwaystationalburyataussteamoctoberinvolvedinmanytripswithlnerclassaflyingscotsmanflyingscotsmantheworldsbestknownsteamlocomotiveinvolvedincowanrailcrashclaiminglivesmayvisitedalicespringsrailwaystationalicespringsannualraceagainstadehavillandtigermothtigermothaircraftathuntervalleysteamfestisrecognisedbytheheritagecouncilandengineersaustraliaasaheritageiconhascarriedoverpassengerssincerestorationisnowgettingitslongawaitedmajoroverhaulinvolvingrebuildingofthepreviousboilertabfittedtothenewallweldedboilerandfireboxistobekeptasaspareduetostructuralanddimensionalissuesreferencesfurtherreadinglimitedcomaunewsindexhtmlimitednewspageaccessedjulyabcnetaunewsitemshtmillawarraabconlinestoryabouttheownershipdisputeaccessednovemberkpearceaustralianrailwaydisastersprintedbyiplbooksexternallinkslimitedcomaulimitednswrtmorgnswrailtransportmuseumredwatchorgaumediadtsearchtermredwatchredwatchorgaurwastatesignificantsoutheveleighlargecloversearchtermletterbyclovermoorememberforblightoministerjohnwatkinsimdbcomtitlettimdbentryforasteamtrainpassescomauoverhaulsudokuxiomaralaugartsanchezisacubansingercurrentlybasedinmassachusettsrefnamemiamiheraldrefrefnamevoicerefbeforeemigratingtotheunitedstateslaugarthadanextensivecareerperformingnuevatrovamusicincubaandshehasrecordedoveralbumsrefnameplaybillrefearlylifexiomaralaugartwasbornintheguantnamoguantanamoprovinceofcubasheattendedcollegeandpursuedadegreeineconomicsthenbeganhermusicalcareerthroughthenuevatrovamusicalpoliticalprotestmovementwhichwaspopularthroughoutthesandsyerbabuenaoriginallybasedinnewyorkcitynewyorklaugartwasafoundingmemberandleadsingeroftheafrolatinbandyerbabuenabandyerbabuenaceliathelifeandmusicofceliacruzinlaugartwascastasceliacruzintheoffbroadwaymusicalceliathelifeandmusicofceliacruzatributetothelifeofthelatecubanamericansingerceliaranatnewworldstagesinnewyorkcitynewyorknewyorkstatenewyorkfromseptemberuntilmaythemusicalwonfourhispanicorganizationoflatinactorshispanicorganizationoflatinactorsholanowikiawardsindiscographyxiomaracheskyrecordscheskylavozcheskytearsandrumbacheskyrefnameamdiscogalbumdiscographyallmusicurlallmusiccomartistxiomaralaugartmnwebsiteallmusicaccessdatedecemberrefwithyerbabuenapresidentalienislandlifeseealsocubanmusicyerbabuenabandreferencesinfoboxcomicbooktitlewikipediawikiprojectcomicstitlexmendeadlygenesisimagecaptioncovertoxmendeadlygenesisbrbymarcsilvestripublishermarvelcomicslimitedydatejanuaryjulyincomicsschedulemonthlyissuessuperheroymaincharteamxmenwritersedbrubakerpencillerstrevorhairsineleadstorieslayoutsonlyonbrpetewoodsbackupstoriesbrmarcsilvestricoversonlyinkerskrisjusticeleadstorybrpetewoodsbackupstoriesbrscotthannafinisherleadstorybrmikeperkinsfinisherleadstorybrnelsoncomicartistnelsonfinisherleadstorycoloristsvalstaplesleadstoriesbrbradandersoncoloristbradandersonbackupstoriescreativeteammonthcreativeteamyearcreatorstpbhardcoverisbnsubcatxmenlimsubmarvelcomicssortdeadlygenesisxmendeadlygenesisisacomicbooklimitedseriescomicslimitedseriespublishedbymarvelcomicsinlateincomicsandearlyincomicstheserieswaswrittenbyedbrubakerwithinteriorartbytrevorhairsineandcoversbymarcsilvestristarringthexmenthisseriescelebratesthethanniversaryofgiantsizexmentheplotdealswiththexmenlookingforprofessorxprofessorcharlesxavierwhowentmissingafterhouseofmaswellastheappearanceofanewincrediblypowerfulmutantthreatplotsummarydeadlygenesisisaretconoftheclassicgiantsizexmenstoryofbylenweininthatstoryheusedtheabductionoftheoriginalxmenbythelivingislandkrakoaasaninstrumenttodiscardthefirstgenerationxmenofweinsstorydepictsprofessorxrecruitinginternationalcharactersintoanewteamofxmentorescuethemissingoriginalteamthenewteamreplacedtheoldwhenmostoftheoriginalxmenleftxaviersschoolattheendofthestoryindeadlygenesisedbrubakerwritesthatthisepisodewasonlyhalfofthetruththeinternationalxmenhadbeenprofessorxssecondattempttorescuetheoriginalxmenthefirstattempttoretrievethemissingxmenwasconductedwithateamofyoungmutantstheenergywieldingvulcanmarvelcomicsvulcantimemanipulatorswaycomicsswaythehyperadaptivedarwincomicsdarwinandterrakineticpetracomicspetrawhohadbeentakeninbymoiramctaggertwhichhadendedincatastropheseeminglyclaimingalloftheirliveshowevervulcanhadsurvivedhavingabsorbedtheenergiesfromhisfallencomradeswhenpolariscomicspolaristhoughmentionedincorrectlyinthisminiseriesasjeangreyphoenixblastedkrakoaintoouterspaceingiantsizexmenvulcanwasshotintospacetoobutsurvivedinacomatosestatethankstodarwinsreactivepowersafterthedebaclecyclopstheonlymemberofthegroupwhowasawareofthefirstwavewasdeeplydistraughtpromptingprofessorxaviertodecidetomindwipehiminordertosparehimtheagonyandgriefofknowingthathisbrotherdiedforhimandlaterworkingtoclearhisnamebycreatinganelaborateillusionthatkrakoawassentientafterthehouseofmstorylinealargesurgeofmutantenergieswasreleasedthroughoutthegalaxyitawakenedthecomatosevulcanandcausedhimtoreturntoearthoutforrevengehekillsthexmanbansheecomicsbansheeeasilydefeatsthexmenseveraltimesinbattlewithhisnowsemigodlikepowersandrevealstheterribletruthtothexmeninfullviewofcharlesxavierwhoexplainshisownroleineventshoweverrachelsummersisabletoweakenvulcanwhensherealizesthatdarwinalsosurvivedtheattackconvertinghimselfintoenergyandabsorbingthepowersofhisteammatesbeforecombiningwithvulcanrachelsactionsseparatingvulcananddarwinandweakeningbothhoweverwhenthexmenattackhiminordertoavengebansheevulcanfleesintoouterspacefeelingdeeplybetrayedcyclopsbanishesprofessorxavierfromthexmansionaspunishmentthestorylinefromdeadlygenesiscontinuesinuncannyxmeninapartstorycalledtheriseandfalloftheshiarempirebackupstoriesinadditiontothemainplotlineaboutthexmenandthemysterymutanteachissueoftheseriesfeaturesabackupstoryintroducinganewmutantcharacterineachoftheseafterthecharacterlearnsoftheirpowerstheyusethemtoovercomeachallengeintheirlifewhichbringsthemtotheattentionofawomanwhospecializesinhelpingmutantyouthsthatwomanismoiramactaggertinissueayounggirlnamedpetracomicspetrarunsawaytocentralparkusingherpowerofterrakinesistosurviveinissueayoungboynamedarmandomuozbecomesascientificwonderwhenheisdubbeddarwincomicsdarwintheevolvingboyinissuesuzannechansurvivesthecrossfireofagangwarandsolvesherparentsmurderbyusingherpowertofreezeandreviewtimetakingonthenameswaycomicsswayinissuegabrielayoungorphaninthecareofmoiramactaggertlearnsofhismutantpowertocontrolandmanipulateenergywhiledealingwithflashesofmemoryofhislifetreatedasanoutcastintheshiarempirewhileundertheruleofdkenhethengainsthecodenamevulcanmarvelcomicskidvulcaninissueayoungemmafrostfollowingtheeventsoftheemmafrostserieshasjustbegunworkingasastripperatthenewyorkbranchofthehellfireclubcomicshellfireclubfromhereshewillgoontoworkherwayuptotherankofwhitequeenxavierandmoiramactaggertapproachheraboutjoiningthexmenbutsherefusesshebrieflyencounterskidvulcanoutsidetheclubbeforexaviereraseshermemoryoftheencounterwhichexplainswhyinthecurrentstorylineofthesameissueemmahasavaguerecognitionofvulcaninthecurrentstorylineitisrevealedinthatpetraswaydarwinandkidvulcanwereplacedunderthetutelageofmoiramactaggertmuchliketheoriginalxmentrainedunderxavierwhentheoriginalxmenwerelostduringtheirfightagainstkrakoakrakoathelivingislandxavierappearedandpsychicallyacceleratedthetrainingofmoirasstudentsinordertosendthemtorescuehisowninthepresentvulcanclaimsthatxavierlefthisteamtodieonkrakoapresumablyhademmafrostacceptedtheinvitationtojoinshewouldhavebecomethefifthmemberofthisteamanddiedonkrakoaaswellotherversionswhatifaoneshotcomicpublishedindecemberpresentsanalternaterealitywherevulcantheleaderofthexmenhasbecomeoneofthemostrespectedheroesintheworldwhilehisbrotherlivesinseclusionafterjeansdeathatkrakoatheofficialstorywasthatvulcanfoundallthexmendeadandfledfromthelivingislandbeforeitexplodedkrakoaisstilldriftinginspacewhereitwasfoundbythesilversurfercontainedwithinitweretheperfectpreservedbodiesofallthexmenanditisrevealedthattheoriginalxmenhadnotbeenkilledbykrakoawhenattemptingtorescuejeangreyvulcanhadaccidentallyincineratedherwithhispowerssubsequentlykillinghavokcomicshavokbyaccidentwhiletryingtotalktohimandinthesubsequentpanicwentontokillarchangelcomicsangelpolariscomicspolarisandicemancomicsicemanlyingtoeveryonetoprotecthimselfinadditionitisimpliedhehadgottenridofanunknownnumberofwitnessestohismistakesasanxmenwiththetruthrevealeddarwinshutsdownthepartofvulcansbrainthatletshimusehispowersandvulcanisexiledtokrakoacontainedinanenergydomehowevertoprotectthepublicimageofmutantstheofficialstoryisthatvulcanhasleftearthtobeaherotootherworldsattheendvulcanisforcedtorelivethatmomentwhenhedidwhathedidtrappedinatimeloopbyswaythatisprogrammedtoplayforhimeverytimehecollectsfoodbutsaysattheendthateverytimeheseesitheisfeelinglessandlessguiltyprivatelywonderinghowlongitwilltakeforhimtofeelnothingcollectededitionstheserieshasbeencollectedintoasingletradepaperbackcomicsvolumedeadlygenesispageshardcoveraugustsoftcoverjanuaryreferencesexternallinksmaelmillinsideuhbmccshowhtmsernrxmendeadlygenesisattheunofficialhandbookofmarvelcomicscreatorsmarvelcomuniversedeadlygenesisdeadlygenesisatthemarveluniverseabcoversfreefrindexphpoptioncomdatsogalleryitemidfuncviewcategorycatidcoversbymarcsilvestribadhousewifexenixmedicalprescriptionredirectcategoryshellxrayreflectivitysometimesknownasxrayspecularreflectivityxrayreflectometryorxrrisasurfacesensitiveanalyticaltechniqueusedinchemistryphysicsandmaterialssciencetocharacterizeinterfacemattersurfacesthinfilmsandmultilayersrefnamealsnielsenjalsnielsendmcmorrowelementsofmodernxrayphysicswileynewyorkrefitisrelatedtothecomplementarytechniquesofneutronreflectometryandellipsometryimagespecularpngthumbrightdiagramofxrayspecularreflectionthebasicideabehindthetechniqueistoreflectabeamofxraysfromaflatsurfaceandtothenmeasuretheintensityofxraysreflectedinthespeculardirectionreflectedangleequaltoincidentangleiftheinterfaceisnotperfectlysharpandsmooththenthereflectedintensitywilldeviatefromthatpredictedbythelawoffresnelreflectivitythedeviationscanthenbeanalyzedtoobtainthedensityprofileoftheinterfacenormaltothesurfacethetechniqueappearstohavefirstbeenappliedtoxraysbylymangparrattinparrattsinitialworkexploredthesurfaceofcoppercoatedglassbutsincethattimethetechniquehasbeenextendedtoawiderangeofbothsolidandliquidinterfacesthebasicmathematicalrelationshipwhichdescribesspecularreflectivityisfairlystraightforwardwhenaninterfaceisnotperfectlysharpbuthasanaverageelectrondensityprofilegivenbymathrhoezmaththenthexrayreflectivitycanbeapproximatedbymathrqrfqleftfracrhoinftyintlimitsinftyinftyeiqzleftfracdrhoedzrightdzrightmathheremathrqmathisthereflectivitymathqpisinthetalambdamathmathlambdamathisthexraywavelengthtypicallycopperssiegbahnnotationkalphakalphapeakatnbspnmmathrhoinftymathisthedensitydeepwithinthematerialandmaththetamathistheangleofincidencebelowthecriticalanglemathqqcmathderivedfromsnellslawofincidentradiationisreflectedmathrmathformathqggqcmathmathrsimqmathtypicallyonecanthenusethisformulatocompareparameterizedmodelsoftheaveragedensityprofileinthezdirectionwiththemeasuredxrayreflectivityandthenvarytheparametersuntilthetheoreticalprofilematchesthemeasurementforfilmswithmultiplelayersxrayreflectivitymayshowoscillationswithqanglewavelengthanalogoustothefabryprotinterferometerfabryproteffecttheperiodoftheseoscillationscanbeusedtoinferlayerthicknessesinterlayerroughnesseselectrondensitiesandtheirdensitycontrastcontrastsandcomplexrefractiveindiceswhichdependonatomicnumberandatomicformfactorforexampleusingtheabelesmatrixformalismortherecursiveparrattformalismasfollowsmathxjfracrjtjfracrjjxjeikjzdjrjjxjeikjzdjeikjzdjmathwherexsubjsubistheratioofreflectedandtransmittedamplitudesbetweenlayersjandjdsubjsubisthethicknessoflayerjandrsubjjsubisthefresnelequationsfresnelcoefficientforlayersjandjmathrjjfrackjzkjzkjzkjzmathwhereksubjzsubisthezcomponentofthewavenumberforspecularreflectionwheretheincidentandreflectedanglesareequalqusedpreviouslyistwotimesksubzsubbecausemathqkincidentkreflectedmathwithconditionsrsubnsubandtsubsubforanninterfacesystemienothingcomingbackfrominsidethesemiinfinitesubstrateandunitamplitudeincidentwaveallxsubjsubcanbecalculatedsuccessivelyroughnesscanalsobeaccountedforbyaddingthefactormathrjjroughrjjidealekjzkjzsigmajmathwheremathsigmamathisastandarddeviationakaroughnessthinfilmthicknessandcriticalanglecanalsobeapproximatedwithalinearfitofsquaredincidentangleofthepeaksmaththetamathinradsupsupvsunitlesssquaredpeaknumbermathnmathasfollowsmaththetafraclambdadnthetacmathcurvefittingxrayreflectivitymeasurementsareanalyzedbyfittingtothemeasureddataasimulatedcurvecalculatedusingtherecursiveparrattsformalismcombinedwiththeroughinterfaceformulathefittingparametersaretypicallylayerthicknessesdensitiesfromwhichtheindexofrefractionmathnmathandeventuallythewavevectorzcomponentmathkjzmathiscalculatedandinterfacialroughnessesmeasurementsaretypicallynormalizedsothatthemaximumreflectivityisbutnormalizationfactorcanbeincludedinfittingaswelladditionalfittingparametersmaybebackgroundradiationlevelandlimitedsamplesizeduetowhichbeamfootprintatlowanglesmayexceedthesamplesizethusreducingreflectivityseveralfittingalgorithmshavebeenattemptedforxrayreflectivitysomeofwhichfindalocaloptimuminsteadoftheglobaloptimumthelevenbergmarquardtalgorithmlevenbergmarquardtmethodfindsalocaloptimumduetothecurvehavingmanyinterferencefringesitfindsincorrectlayerthicknessesunlesstheinitialguessisextraordinarilygoodthederivativefreeneldermeadmethodsimplexmethodalsofindsalocaloptimuminordertofindglobaloptimumglobaloptimizationalgorithmssuchassimulatedannealingarerequiredunfortunatelysimulatedannealingmaybehardtoparallelizeonmodernmulticorecomputersgivenenoughtimesimulatedannealingcanbeshowntofindtheglobaloptimumwithaprobabilityapproachingbutsuchconvergenceproofdoesnotmeantherequiredtimeisreasonablylowinitwasfoundthatgeneticalgorithmsarerobustandfastfittingmethodsforxrayreflectivitythusgeneticalgorithmshavebeenadoptedbythesoftwareofpracticallyallxraydiffractometermanufacturersandalsobyopensourcefittingsoftwarefittingacurverequiresafunctionusuallycalledfitnessfunctioncostfunctionfittingerrorfunctionorfigureofmeritfomitmeasuresthedifferencebetweenmeasuredcurveandsimulatedcurveandthereforelowervaluesarebetterwhenfittingthemeasurementandthebestsimulationaretypicallyrepresentedinlogarithmicspacefrommathematicalstandpointthemathchimathfittingerrorfunctiontakesintoaccounttheeffectsofpoissondistributedphotoncountingnoiseinamathematicallycorrectwaymathfsumifracxsimulixmeasixmeasimathhoweverthismathchimathfunctionmaygivetoomuchweighttothehighintensityregionsifhighintensityregionsareimportantsuchaswhenfindingmassdensityfromcriticalanglethismaynotbeaproblembutthefitmaynotvisuallyagreewiththemeasurementatlowintensityhighanglerangesanotherpopularfittingerrorfunctionisthenorminlogarithmicspacefunctionitisdefinedinthefollowingwaymathfsqrtsumilogxsimulilogxmeasimathneedlesstosayintheequationdatapointswithzeromeasuredphotoncountsneedtoberemovedthisnorminlogarithmicspacecanbegeneralizedtopnorminlogarithmicspacethedrawbackofthisnorminlogarithmicspaceisthatitmaygivetoomuchweighttoregionswhererelativephotoncountingnoiseishighopensourcesoftwarediffractometermanufacturerstypicallyprovidecommercialsoftwaretobeusedforxrayreflectivitymeasurementshoweverseveralopensourcesoftwarepackagesarealsoavailablegenxsourceforgenetgenxisprobablythemostpopularopensourcexrayreflectivitycurvefittingsoftwareitisimplementedinthepythonprogramminglanguageandrunsthereforeonbothwindowsandlinuxmotofitsourceforgenetmotofitrunsintheigorproenvironmentandthuscannotbeusedinopensourceoperatingsystemssuchaslinuxgithubcomjmtillimicronovaxrrmicronovaxrrrunsunderjavaandisthereforeavailableonanyoperatingsystemonwhichjavaisavailableseealsoreflectometryreferencesredirectswarovskithehardxraynanoprobeatthecenterfornanoscalematerialscnmargonnenationallabadvancedthestateoftheartbyprovidingahardxraymicroscopybeamlinewiththehighestspatialresolutionintheworlditprovidesforfluorescencediffractionandtransmissionimagingwithhardxraysataspatialresolutionofnbspnmorbetteradedicatedsourcebeamlineandopticsformthebasisforthesecapabilitiesthisuniqueinstrumentisnotonlykeytothespecificresearchareasofthecnmitwillalsobeageneralutilityavailabletothebroadernanosciencecommunityinstudyingnanomaterialsandnanostructuresparticularlyforembeddedstructuresthecombinationofdiffractionfluorescenceandtransmissioncontrastinasingletoolprovidesuniquecharacterizationcapabilitiesfornanosciencecurrenthardxraymicroprobesbasedonfresnelzoneplateopticshavedemonstratedaspatialresolutionofnbspnmataphotonenergyofkevwithadvancesinthefabricationofzoneplateopticscoupledwithanoptimizedbeamlinedesigntheperformancegoalisaspatialresolutionofnbspnmthenanoprobecoversthespectralrangeofkevandtheworkingdistancebetweenthefocusingopticsandthesamplearetypicallyintherangeofnbspmmimagenanoprobejpgmodesofoperationtransmittancetransmissioninthismodeeitherattenuationorphaseshiftofthexraybeambythesamplecanbemeasuredabsorptioncontrastcanbeusedtomapthesamplesdensityparticularelementalconstituentscanbelocatedusingmeasurementsoneachsideofanabsorptionedgetogiveanelementspecificdifferenceimagewithmoderatesensitivityphasecontrastimagingcanbesensitivetointernalstructureevenwhenabsorptionislowandcanbeenhancedbytuningthexrayenergydiffractionbymeasuringxraysdiffractedfromthesampleonecanobtainlocalstructuralinformationsuchascrystallographicphasestrainandtexturewithanaccuracytimeshigherthanwithstandardelectrondiffractionfluorescenceinducedxrayfluorescencerevealsthespatialdistributionofindividualelementsinasamplebecauseanxrayprobeofferstimeshighersensitivitythanelectronprobesthefluorescencetechniqueisapowerfultoolforquantitativetraceelementanalysisimportantforunderstandingmaterialpropertiessuchassecondphaseparticlesdefectsandinterfacialsegregationspectroscopyinspectroscopymodetheprimaryxraybeamsenergyisscannedacrosstheabsorptionedgeofanelementprovidinginformationonitschemicalstatexanesoritslocalenvironmentexafswhichallowsthestudyofdisorderedsamplespolarizationwavespolarizationbothlinearlyandcircularlypolarizedxrayswillbeavailablecontrastduetopolarizationisinvaluableindistinguishingfluorescenceanddiffractionsignalsandimagingmagneticdomainstructurebyusingtechniquessuchaslinearandcirculardichroismandmagneticdiffractiontomographyinxraytomographyoneofthesemodesiscombinedwithsamplerotationtoproduceaseriesoftwodimensionalprojectionimagestobeusedforreconstructingthesamplesinternalthreedimensionalstructurethiswillbeparticularlyimportantforobservingthemorphologyofcomplexnanostructuresinsummaryahardxraynanoprobeprovidesadvantagessuchasbeingnoninvasiveandquantitativerequiringminimalsamplepreparationgivingsubopticalspatialresolutionhavingtheabilitytopenetrateinsideasampleandstudyitsinternalstructureandhavingenhancedabilitytostudyprocessesinsituanotherimportantdistinctionfromchargedparticleprobesisthatxraysdonotinteractwithappliedelectricormagneticfieldswhichisanadvantageforinfieldstudiesthedesignofthenanoprobebeamlineaimstopreservethesepotentialadvantagesactivitieshardxraynanoprobelargenumericalapertureopticsforhardxraystimeresolvedstroboscopicmeasurementsfullfieldimaginginsitustudiesofnanomaterialsgrowthprocessesscanningprobefluorescencediffractionandtransmittancetransmissionphasecontrastmicroscopyphasecontrastimagingpolarizationdependentscatteringgeneralnanomaterialscharacterizationwithxraysincludingsmallanglescatteringsaxsmmodularaccessoryshotgunsystembainbridgeislandwashingtonmoogoogaipanchristiancrossvariantsredirectcategoryshellchristiancrossredirectcategoryshellchristiancrossredirectcategoryshellcrosspatteredirectcategoryshellstarofdavidredirectcategoryshellstarandcrescentredirectcategoryshelllockheedxfvcjkcompatibilityredirectcategoryshelltherearemanybanknotesbillsorcoinsincludingcurrentcurrenciestwopoundsbritishcointwopoundsterlingcoinandtwopoundsbritishgoldcoinbothoftheunitedkingdomcoinsofthefalklandislandspoundfalklandislandstwopoundcoincoinsofthegibraltarpoundgibraltartwopoundcoinsudanesepoundsdgnotecoinsofthesainthelenapoundsainthelenatwopoundcoinsyrianpoundsypcoinobsoletecurrenciescanadiancharteredbanknotescanadiannotenewbrunswickpoundbillprinceedwardislandpoundnotenaturallogarithmredirectcategoryshellseolleongtangredirectcategoryshellseolleongtanghourclockredirectcategoryshelldecibelredirectcategoryshellhertzredirectcategoryshellhertzredirectcategoryshellhertzredirectcategoryshellhertzredirectcategoryshellhertzredirectcategoryshellyensignredirectcategoryshellanamorphicformatanamorphicformatanamorphicformatshgunaridadistrictwakayamaabashirihokkaidocircleddotredirectcategoryshellthunderstormredirectcategoryshellcometredirectcategoryshellxorxcanrefertocarsbmwxamidsizeluxurycrossoverlandwindxachinesesuvtrainssjxaswedishtrainsetlswrxclassanslocomotivevideogamesmegamanxthesixthvideogameinthemegamanxseriesgalagaxavideogameotherconvairxaproposednuclearpoweredaircraftnokiaxatouchscreensmartphoneairbushelicoptersxforthecomicbookseriestitledxmenclassicseeclassicxmenxmenclassicsisthenameoftwodifferentseriesofinchxmenactionfiguresbytoybizthefirstlinewasreleasedinandconsistedofco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omasimplecubiclatticewhenmathalphamathisallowedtovaryfromtheintensityalongtherodsvariesaccordingtofignotethatinthelimitasmathalphamathapproachesunitythexraysarefullypenetratingandthescatteredintensityapproachesaperiodicdeltafunctionasinbulkdiffractionthiscalculationhasbeendoneaccordingtothekinematicsinglescatteringapproximationthishasbeenshowntobeaccuratetowithinafactorofmathmathofthepeakintensityaddingdynamicalmultiplescatteringconsiderationstothemodelcanresultinevenmoreaccuratepredictionsofctrintensityinstrumentationtoobtainhighqualitydatainxrayctrmeasurementsitisdesirablethatthedetectedintensitybeontheorderofatleastmathtfracphotonsmmsmathtoachievethislevelofoutputthexraysourcemusttypicallybeasynchrotronradiationsynchrotronsourcemoretraditionalinexpensivesourcessuchasrotatinganodesourcesprovideordersofmagnitudelessxrayfluxandareonlysuitableforstudyinghighatomicnumbermaterialswhichreturnahigherdiffractedintensitythemaximumdiffractedintensityisroughlyproportionaltothesquareoftheatomicnumbermathzmathrefnamefeidenhansrfeidenhanslsurfacestructuredeterminationbyxraydiffractionsurfacesciencereportsrefanodexraysourceshavebeensuccessfullyusedtostudygoldmathzmathforexamplewhendoingxraymeasurementsofasurfacethesampleisheldinultrahighvacuumandthexrayspassintoandoutoftheuhvchamberthroughberylliumwindowsthereareapproachestochamberanddiffractometerdesignthatareinuseinthefirstmethodthesampleisfixedrelativetothevacuumchamberwhichiskeptassmallandlightaspossibleandmountedonthediffractometerinthesecondmethodthesampleisrotatedwithinthechamberbybellowscoupledtotheoutsidethisapproachavoidsputtingalargemechanicalloadonthediffractometergoniometermakingiteasiertomaintainfineangularresolutiononedrawbackofmanyconfigurationsisthatthesamplemustbemovedinordertouseothersurfaceanalysismethodssuchaslowenergyelectrondiffractionleedoraugerelectronaesandaftermovingthesamplebackintothexraydiffractionpositionitmustberealignedinsomesetupsthesamplechambercanbedetachedfromthediffractometerwithoutbreakingvacuumallowingforotheruserstohaveaccessforexamplesofxrayctrdiffractometerapparatusseerefsinctrrodscansforagivenincidenceangleofxraysontoasurfaceonlytheintersectionsofthecrystaltruncationrodswiththeewaldspherecanbeobservedtomeasuretheintensityalongactrthesamplemustberotatedinthexraybeamsothattheoriginoftheewaldsphereistranslatedandthesphereintersectstherodatadifferentlocationinreciprocalspaceperformingarodscaninthiswayrequiresaccuratecoordinatedmotionofthesampleandthedetectoralongdifferentaxestoachievethismotionthesampleanddetectoraremountedinanapparatuscalledafourcirclediffractometerthesampleisrotatedintheplanebisectingtheincominganddiffractedbeamandthedetectorismovedintothepositionnecessarytocapturethediffractedctrintensitysurfacestructuresimagexrayctrexamplespngthumbpxrightfigexamplesofamiscutcubiclatticeandborderedsurfaceroughnessandcdthecorrespondingctrprofilesrespectivelysurfacefeaturesinamaterialproducevariationsinthectrintensitywhichcanbemeasuredandusedtoevaluatewhatsurfacestructuresmaybepresenttwoexamplesofthisareshowninfiginthecaseofamiscutatananglemathalphamathasecondsetofrodsisproducedinreciprocalspacecalledsuperlatticerodstiltedfromtheregularlatticerodsbythesameanglemathalphamaththexrayintensityisstrongestintheregionofintersectionbetweenthelatticerodsgreybarsandsuperlatticerodsblacklinesinthecaseoforderedalternatingstepsthectrintensityischoppedintosegmentsasshowninrealmaterialstheoccurrenceofsurfacefeatureswillrarelybesoregularbutthesetwoexamplesshowthewayinwhichsurfacemiscutsandroughnessaremanifestedintheobtaineddiffractionpatternsreferencesthcenturyhsuseuchengorxushuzhengnovemberndashdecemberwasachinachinesewarlordinhistoryoftherepublicofchinarepublicanchinaasubordinateandrighthandmanofduanqiruirefciteweburldrnhgovtwwwwpagecbookabadbfaaeadeaebakadnpdftitlexushuzhengandthemeetingofmilitarygovernorsattienjinaccessdaterefhewasaprominentmemberoftheanhuicliquerefciteweburldrnhgovtwwwwpagecbookabadbfaaepdftitletheeventofqinhuangdaoandtheentranceofthefengtiancliqueintoshanhaiguaninthecooperationbetweentheanhuicliqueandthefengtiancliqueaccessdatelanguagechineseenglishrefearlylifexuwasborninxiaocountyjiangsunowpartofanhuiprovincewithagentrychinascholarfamilybackgroundhewasoneoftheyoungestpersonsevertopasstheimperialexaminationsinhewasacceptedintothejapaneseschooloflandarmyofficialsandreturnedtochinainfromheservedinthefirstarmyinvariouspositionsonthegeneralstaffsuchaschiefofthelogisticsdepartmentdeputychiefoflandforcesandchiefoflandforcesinhefoundedamiddleschoolcalledchengdamiddleschoolwhichisthepredecessoroftodaysaffiliatedhighschoolofthecapitalnormalcollegeinxufoundedtheanfuclubthepoliticalarmoftheanhuicliquewhichthenwonthreefourthsoftheseatsinthenationalassemblyoftherepublicofchinanationalassemblylaterthatyearxuexecutedlujianzhangafterdiscoveringthatluwastryingtopersuadefengyuxianglusnephewtofightagainsttheanhuicliquethiswouldleadtoxusownassassinationinmilitarycareerinxuassumedcommandofthenorthwestfrontierdefensearmywhichoccupationofmongoli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vendorslikedatapowerpurchasedbyibminandlayertechnologiescontinuetoofferhardwareacceleratedoptionsforhighperformancesituationsadvancesincomputingspeedhasmadesoftwareorvmwarebasedappliancespracticalinmanycommoncustomersituationsearlyusecasesforxmlappliancesincludedbankingandcrossagencygovernmentinformationsharingtodayxmlappliancesarewidelyusedacrossfinancetelecommunicationsgovernmentenergylogisticscommensuratewiththegrowingusageofxmlasacrossdivisionandcrosscompanydataexchangeprotocolinxmlappliancesorsoaappliancesastheycametobeknownbecameincreasinglyassociatedwithserviceorientedarchitecturesandmorespecificallytheproblemofgoverningsoathegovernanceofsoacomesdowntothecontrolofhowapplicationsdeliveredasservicescanbesharedwithorcalledbyotherapplicationsappliancesbecameapopularwayofcontrollingorgoverningsoabecauseaddressedmessagesecurityavailabilityandtranslationofdatasothatanapplicationcancallanotherapplicationirrespectiveofthedataformatandsecuritypoliciesgovernanceofsoabecamesocriticalthatgartnerpublishedadedicatedintegratedsoagovernancetechnologysetsmagicquadrantonthetopicthatcoveredbothsoamanagementandsoaappliancesinmarchandmostrecentlyinmarchinrecentyearsasxmlhasbecomeacommonwaytoexposedataandapplicationfunctionalityovertheinternetxmlappliancesorgatewayshavebecomecommonplaceinmanyintegrationscenariosusecasesofxmlapplianceshighspeedtransformationandprocessingofxmltrafficsecurityandgovernanceofserviceorientedarchitecturesorsoacontrolofwebapplicationapplicationprogramminginterfaceapisthatarecommonlytodayexposedasxmlbasedrepresentationalstatetransferrestinterfacesintegrationofenterpriseapplicationstoserviceshostedinthecloudcommonfeaturesofxmlappliancestheycanparsevalidatetransformandroutexmlmessagesviaxpathandxslttheycancontrolaccesstoapplicationsthatexposedataandfunctionalitythroughxmlapistheycancontrolslasforhowxmlbasedservicesgetsharedwithotherapplicationstheycantrackxmltrafficandusageofspecificapplicationservicesexposesthroughxmlinterfacesclassificationofxmlappliancesalthoughthetermxmlapplianceisthemostgeneraltermtodescribethesedevicesmostvendorsusealternativeterminologythatdescribemorespecificfunctionalityofthesedevicesthefollowingarealternativenamesusedforxmlappliancesxmlacceleratorsaredevicesthattypicallyusecustomhardwareorsoftwarebuiltonstandardsbasedhardwaretoacceleratexpathprocessingthishardwaretypicallyprovidesaperformanceboostbetweenandtimesinthenumberofmessagespersecondthatcanbeprocessedintegrationappliancealsoknownasapplicationroutersaredevicesthataredesignedtomaketheintegrationofcomputersystemseasierxmlfirewallsareclassesofxmlappliancesfocusedonidentityandmessagesecuritytheytypicallyimplementwssecuritymessagestandardsalongwithstandardslikesamlwsibspwspolicyandsoforthmessageorientedmiddlewareappliancesarehardwaredevicessupportingthesendingandreceivingofmessagesbetweendistributedsystemssoagatewaysarecommonlyusedtogovernsoatrafficapiproxyarecommonlyusedtomanagewebapiscloudbrokersorgatewaysarecommonlyusedtointegrateenterpriseapplicationswithcloudservicesseealsoxmlxsltsoapxmlenablednetworkingwssecurityapacheaxisintegrationappliancemessageorientedmiddlewarereferencesinfoboxvideogametitlextremeracingimagedevelopersilltunnasoftwarenowtunatechnologiespublisherblackmagicsoftwaredesigneralexamselrichardwhittallenginecustomenginereleasedgenreracingvideogameracingmodessingleplayermultiplayerlanmultiplayerplatformsamigaadvancedgraphicsarchitectureagasystemsonlyxtremeracingisakartstyleracingvideogamereleasedinfortheamigahomecomputersystemthegameplayisheavilybasedonsupermariokartreleasedforthesupernintendoentertainmentsystemsupernesthreeyearspriortheplayersselectfromoneofpossiblecharacterseachdrivinguniquevehiclesreceptionwithcriticalacclaiminamigagamingmagazinesthegameitselfsoldwellonagamachineshowevernotenoughtojustifyafullsequelthiswasduetothestateoftheamigamarketatthetimebycomparisonwormsvideogamewormsthedirectorscutafairlyhighprofilereleasealsowithinputfromtheprogrammingteamatsilltunnasoftwareonlysoldwhenitwasreleasedinsubsequentlyxtrappearedasanalmostfullversiononamagazinecoverdiskmissingonlysomeofthemapgraphicswhichwerethenmadeavailablefordownloadontheaminetupgradepackinanupgradepackincludingadditionaltracksbugfixesnewfeaturesandadditionalcupstoparticipateinwasmadeavailabletopeoplewhoregisteredtheircopyofthegamewiththepublishertheupgradepackalsoincludedamapeditorwhichafewpeoplehaveusedtoproducebrandnewmapsovertheyearstheupgradepackaswellasmanyusermademapsarenowavailableonaminetgameplayxtremeracingcanbeplayedbyuptofourplayersononecomputerorwithuptoplayersviaanullmodemconnectionsingleplayertherearethreesingleplayermodesavailableatthestartofthegamethefirstisacupmodewhereintheplayercancompeteinoneofcupsmorewereaddedintheupgradepackbringingthetotaltothecupsusuallycontaintracksofvaryingdifficultythebetterpositionyouattaineachracethemorepointsyouacquirethesecondisatournamentmodeinwhichplayersmustnotonlystrivetomakeitintoatleastfirstsecondorthirdpositioneachracebutinwhichyoucanalsoobtainmoneywithwhichyoucanbuyupgradesforyourchosencarthethirdmodeisastandardtimetrialmodetheaimofwhichbeingtoattainasfastatimeaspossibleonyourselectedtrackswithoutthedistractionofothervehiclestheothertwomodesalsologlaprecordsperhapsthemostannoyingfascetofthismodelaprecordsarenotautomaticallysavedbutrathermustbesavedbyselectingthesaverecordsoptiononthefrontendmenumultiplayeraswellasthecupandtournamentmodeslistedabovemultiplayeralsoincludesaversusmodewhereintheplayersandasmanycomputercontrolledplayersasyouwishifanyraceheadtoheadonthetracksofyourchoosingthegamealsoincludesabattlemodesimilartothatinsupermariokartalthoughactuallymoreinspiredbyanothersupernintendoentertainmentsystemsupernesgamestreetracervideogamestreetracertechnicalaspectsxtremeracingrequiresanamigawithanadvancedgraphicsarchitectureagachipsetsuchastheamigaamigaoranamigaenhancedchipsetecsamigaoriginalchipsetocsamigawithagraphicsacceleratorcardsupportingagaemulationasthegamealsorendersalotofflatplanedagraphicsacceleratorcardsignificantlyboostsperformanceaswithmostpctitlestodaythebetterthememoryandgraphicalcapabilitiesofthecomputeritselfthesmootherthegamewouldrunitispossibletoadjustthegraphicsqualityfromwithinthegameuserscanchoosetorenderthepixelsasxxxxorstandardxaswellastogglingvariouselementssuchasdustandmountainsunlikesupermariokartxtrallowsyoutomovethecamerapositionavanillacomputingvanillaamigaemulatedorotherwisecanonlyrunthegameinlowresolutionmodesreferencesexternallinksaminetnetsearchphpqueryxtremeracingaminetdownloadsanxmlfirewallisaspecializeddeviceusedtoprotectapplicationsexposedthroughxmlbasedinterfaceslikewebservicesdescriptionlanguagewsdlandrepresentationalstatetransferrestandscanxmltrafficcominginandoutofanorganizationtypicallydeployedinademilitarizedzonecomputingdmzenvironmentanxmlfirewallisoftenusedtovalidatexmltrafficcontrolaccesstoxmlbasedresourcesfilterxmlcontentandratelimitrequeststobackendapplicationsexposedthroughxmlbasedinterfacesxmlfirewallsarecommonlydeployedashardwarebutcanalsobefoundassoftwareandvirtualapplianceforvmwarexenoramazonecanumberofbrandsofxmlfirewallexistandtheyoftendifferbasedonparameterslikeperformancewithorwithouthardwareaccelerationvsbitscalabilityhowdotheyclusterandperformunderloadsecuritycertificationcommoncriteriafipsbeingthemostcommonidentitysupportforsecurityassertionmarkuplanguagesamloauthenterprisessosolutionsandextensibilitytheycansupportdifferenttransportprotocolslikeibmwebspheremqibmmqtibcoemsetcxmlfirewallingfunctionalityistypicallyembeddedinsidexmlappliancexmlappliancesandsoagatewaysseealsoxmlappliancewebserviceswssecurityrepresentationalstatetransfercommaneigongarrowsymbolquotationmarkquotationmarkkamikazegirlscellophanenoodlesxmlappliancemayrefertoalbumayearinthethcenturystillwhitedanubeundulatessichuanpepperchrysanthemumredirectcategoryshellalliumfistulosumredirectcategoryshellxytvwasalifestylechanneltargetedtowardsgenerationxandgenerationybasicallytheyrolddemographicprogrammingdealswithawholerangeofissuessuchassexdatingrelationshipsjobsnightlifeandmorethenetworkclaimedtohaveoriginalcontentallproducedbythenewgenerationofyouthitlaunchedindecemberanddistributionwaslimitedtoselectcablecompaniesasofmayxytvhasceasedoperationsandisnolongerbroadcastingitwaswhollyownedbyamericanradiopersonalityjohngarabedianthexytvproductionofficeswerelocatedfirstineastbostonmaandlaterinthebostondesigncenterinsouthbostonmaitfeaturedseveralnotableentertainersincludingdanfallonroyalcaribbeaninternationalroyalcaribbeancruiseshipsworldwidefeatureatelevisionstationcalledxytvthatplaysnonstopmusicvideosthisisaventureunrelatedtothexytvfeaturedinthisarticlereferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxytvofficialsiteimdbcomnamenmrockwellxredirectcategoryshellzopharxtalwasasanfranciscocaliforniasanfranciscobasedrockmusicrockbandthatexistedundervariousincarnationsfromuntilgreilmarcusofthevillagevoicedescribedthemasasmalltimesanfranciscocombothatwearstheirdefeatedleftistpoliticsontheirsleevesandcanopenforthemekonswithoutlettingyouforgetthemwhentheheadlinerscomeonhistorytheoriginallineupincludedfrontmanjneomarvinbassistalankornformerlyofsfsthecatheadsanddrummermichaelmickfreemanneooffersthisexplanationofthebandsnamestillnoagreementonabandnameuntilmaatistojanovichneosgirlfriendseesagraffitionasidewalkinthetenderloinreadingxtalnoonehatesititgrowsonyousomewherealongthelineahyphenisaddedtomakeiteasiertopronouncebutforthenextyearsconfusionensuesastowhetherthelettertiscapitalizeditsnotthetriosfirsttwogigswereatsanfranciscosonbroadwayinlatethebandputoutademointhenbrokeupinwithbandmembersmovingontootherprojectswhentwosongsfromxtalsdemowereincludedonthesfunscenecompilationandattractedsomeattentionneoandfreemanreformedthebandeventuallysettlingonalineupwithmitziwaltzonbassandjimmydemetriusbroustisonguitarbroustishailsfromlibertyvilleillinoisasmalltownthatproducedanumberofalternativerockalternativemusicfiguresbroustiswasinthesameclassatlibertyvillehighschoolasadamjonesmusicianadamjonesoftoolbandtoolthislineupplayedfrequentlyatsanfranciscosalbionandreleasedxtalsfirstalbumreasonisoftreasoninthecmjnewmusicreportsaidtherecordscoopsupthemorningdewinnocenceoftheleastembarrassinghaightashburypetalbabiesoftheswiththeworldblearywisdomofallthosesflapunkwornpeoplewhoturnedtheirmaturedundergroundgazeupongentlermoreintrospectivedirectionswithallisonmoseleyreplacingwaltzonbassxtalrecordeddiemonsterdiereleasedinthissecondalbumwascalledwiserandangrierbycmjwhichdeemeditfirstclassworldpunkmusicthediscsmorepoliticalsongsincludedanoldcolonialshardluckstorythebandsonlysingleabouttheselfpityofrhodesianexilesanddominostheoryasixminuteprotestsongtyingtogetherdominospizzaslaborpoliciesandfoodqualitytoceotommonaghansallegedsupportforthenicaraguancontraguerrillascontrasandhistoryofoperationrescueoperationrescueafortunemadeoncardboardcrustisagunpointedatoursubversivelustandamidwestmultimillionairecanfinancerightwingguerrillawarfareanywherethesamebandmemberswithguestcarriebradleyofedsredeemingqualitiesproducedseverythingcrashwhichallmusiccalledanexcellentalbumthatmakesthebraindancethevoicesmarcuscitedthefairportconventioncovergenesishallfeaturingmoseleyonvocalsandneosdespairhategriefandragecocktailblackrussianasmuchbetterthangoodafterthisreleasebroustisleftthegroupeventuallyreplacedbymarkzanandreathetwoalbumsrecordedwithzanandreawerereleasedingermanywherethebandhadaconsiderablefollowinginthelastincarnationofxtalbrokeupintheyplayedawellattendedreunionconcertinsanfranciscoassociatedbandstherewasaprotoversionofxtalthatwentbyvariousnamesincludingpdrthatincludedneoandalankornalongwithanniehesseormaatistojanovichandaseriesofdrummersneoconsidersthefirstrealxtallineuptobetheonewithmickfreemanwhenthefirstlineupofxtalbrokeupkornformedabandcalledthecatheadswithsingerguitaristmarkzanandreawhoplayedguitarinthelatterdaysofxtalzanandreahadreleasedtheabovementionedsfunscenecompilationthecatheadsalsoincludedguitaristsambabbittanddrummersingermelanieclarinbetweenthefirstandsecondincarnationsofxtalabandcalledgodandhisdogdescribedbyneoashavingtheimpossibleambitiontobeacrossbetweenthepoguesandsonicyouthwasformedbyneofreemanstojanovichpattystirlingandjeremyodoughaillformerlyofthebandhonorroleseveralsongswrittenforgodandhisdogendeduponxtalandcatheadsalbumsjeremyodoughaillwentontobeinabandcalledthebedlamroverswithtwofuturemembersofxtalsfinallineupdrummertheodenaxasandviolinistaccordionistmorganfichterafterleavingxtalbroustisplayedwiththebandsstrawmanbandstrawmanandshotwellneospostxtalvehiclesarejneomarvinandthecontentproviderstheexperimentalbunniesandthegranitecountertopsmitziwaltzwasalectureronautismattheuniversityofbirminghamenglanddiscographyalbumsreasonisoftreasoninmusicdiemonsterdieinmusiceverythingcrashinmusicmaydayinmusicbitingtheuglybiscuitcompilationinmusictheconquerorworminmusicwhoownsourdreamscollectionofthebestofmaydayandtheconquerorworminmusicepshumboldtdesertinmusicgoodluckinmusicsinglesanoldcolonialshardluckstoryinmusicreferencesncrxhtmlhethtethinfoboxgraphemenamelettervariationsimageimagesizeimagealtscriptarabicscripttypeabjadtypedesclanguagearabiclanguagephonemesunicodealphanumbernumberusageperiodchildrenequivalentsassociatesdirectionrighttoleftisoneofthesixlettersthearabicalphabetaddedtothetwentytwofromthephoenicianalphabettheothersbeinginmodernstandardarabicitrepresentsthevoicelessdentalfricativealsofoundinenglishasthethdigraphthinwordssuchasthinkandthininnameandshapeitisavariantofitsnumericalvalueisseeabjadnumeralsthearabicletterisnameditiswrittenisseveralwaysdependinginitspositioninthewordincontemporaryspokenarabicpronunciationofasisfoundinthegulfiraqiandtunisiandialectsandinhighlyeducatedpronunciationsofmodernstandardandclassicalarabicpronunciationofthelettervariesbetweenandwithinthevariousvarietiesofarabicwhileitisconsistentlypronouncedasthevoicelessdentalplosiveinmaghrebiarabicinthearabicvarietiesofthemashriqinthebroadsenseincludingegyptiansudaneseandlevantineandhejaziarabicitcanbepronouncedaseitherorasthesibilantvoicelessalveolarfricativedependingonthewordinquestionwordspronouncedasaregenerallymoretechnicalorsophisticatedregardlessoftheseregionaldifferencesthepatternofthespeakersvarietyofarabicfrequentlyintrudesintootherwisemodernstandardspeechthisiswidelyacceptedandisthenormwhenspeakingthemesolectknownalternatelyaslughawusmiddlingcompromiselanguageorammiyyatdrijatalmuaqqafneducatedculturedcolloquialusedintheinformalspeechofeducatedarabsofdifferentcountrieswhenrepresentingthissoundintransliterationofarabicintohebrewitiswrittenascommonsemiticperspectivethechoiceoftheletterasthebaseforthisletterwasnotduetoetymologyseehistoryofthearabicalphabetbutratherduetophoneticsimilarityforothersemiticcognatesofthephonemeseeprotosemiticlanguagesoundchangesbetweenprotosemiticandthedaughterlanguagessoundchangesbetweenprotosemiticandthedaughterlanguagesthesoutharabianalphabetretainedasymbolforcharacterencodingscharmapbnamearabicletterthehseealsoarabicphonologytransliteratedasdinhanswehrtransliterationhanswehralalcorisoisoneofthesixlettersthearabicalphabetaddedtothetwentytwoinheritedfromthephoenicianalphabettheothersbeingitisbasedonthenbspbigbigitrepresentsthesoundorinmodernstandardarabicthepronunciationofisverysimilartogermanirishandpolishunpalatalisedchdigraphchrussiankhacyrilliccyrillickhaandspanishjinnameandshapeitisavariantofsouthsemiticalsokeptthephonemeseparateanditappearsassoutharabianalphabetsoutharabianimagehimjarkhapngpxgeezabugidageezitsnumericalvalueisseeabjadnumeralswhenrepresentingthissoundintransliterationofarabicintohebrewitiswrittenasthemostcommontransliterationinenglishiskhegkhartoumalkharmsheikhiswrittenisseveralwaysdependinginitspositioninthewordcharacterencodingscharmapenamearabicletterkhahseealsoarabicphonologykhacyrillickhacyrillicinfoboxgraphemenamelettervariationsimageimagesizeimagealtscriptarabicscripttypeabjadtypedesclanguagearabiclanguagephonemesunicodealphanumbernumberusageperiodchildrenequivalentsassociatesdirectionrighttoleftorisoneofthesixlettersthearabicalphabetaddedtothetwentytwoinheritedfromthephoenicianalphabettheothersbeinginclassicalarabicandmodernstandardarabicitrepresentsapharyngealizationpharyngealizedorvelarizationvelarizedvoiceddentalfricativeorinnameandshapeitisavariantofitsnumericalvalueisseeabjadnumeralsdoesnotchangeitsshapedependingonitspositioninthewordpronunciationinclassicalarabicandmodernstandardarabicitrepresentsapharyngealizationpharyngealizedorvelarizationvelarizedvoiceddentalfricativeoritisacceptabletopronounceitasapharyngealizedorvelarizedvoicedalveolarfricativeorinmostarabicvernacularsanddhavebeenmergedquiteearlytheoutcomedependsonthedialectinthosevarietiessuchasegyptianarabicegyptianandlevantinearabiclevantinewherethedentalfricativesaremergedwiththedentalstopsbothdandarepronouncedinthevarietiessuchasbedouinarabicbedouinandmesopotamianarabiciraqiwherethedentalfricativesarepreservedboththelettersarepronouncedhowevertherearedialectsinsoutharabiaandinhassaniyaarabicmauritaniawhereboththelettersarekeptdifferentinloanwordsfromclassicalarabicisoftenegegyptianamclassicalamgreatdeemphaticizedpronunciationofthebothlettersintheformoftheplainenteredintoothernonarabiclanguagessuchaspersianurduturkishhowevertheredoexistarabicborrowingsintoiberoromancelanguagesaswellashausaandmalaywheredandaredifferentiatedstatisticsistherarestphonemeofthearabiclanguageoutoftriliteralrootslistedbyhanswehrinhisdictionaryofmodernwrittenarabicdictionaryonlycontaininothersemiticlanguagesinsomereconstructionsofprotosemiticphonologythereisanemphaticconsonantemphaticinterdentalfricativeorfeaturingasthedirectancestorofarabicwhileitmergedwithinmostothersemiticlanguagesalthoughthesoutharabianalphabetretainedasymbolforwritinginthehebrewalphabetwhenrepresentingthissoundintransliterationofarabicintohebrewitiswrittenascharacterencodingscharmapnamearabicletterzahseealsoarabicphonologydreferencesreferencesrefnamefergusonrefrefnamefergusonrefrefnameversteeghrefrefnameversteeghrefrefnamewehrrefrefnameretsrefreferencesbillgatesshouseqopharabicqfredirectshellcellophanenoodlesrcatshellhypertalkextendinghypertalkhypertalkkawithdescenderinfoboxofficeholdernamexenophonpiercewilfleyimagexenophonwilfleyjpgjrsrunitedstatessenatorstatemissouritermstartapriltermendnovemberappointedfrederickdgardnerpredecessorwilliamjoelstonewilliamjstonesuccessorseldenpspencerbirthdatebirthplacemexicomissourimexicomissourideathdatedeathplacestlouismissouristlouismissouripartydemocraticpartyunitedstatesdemocraticbookstpaultheheraldofchristianityeducationwashingtonuniversityinstlouiscentralmethodistuniversityxenophonpiercewilfleymarchmaywasademocraticpartyunitedstatesdemocraticpartypoliticianwhorepresentedthestateofmissouriintheussenateforfivemonthsinearlylifewilfleywasbornnearmexicomissourithesonofjamesfranklinwilfleyheattendedlocalcountryschoolsinhisyouthangraduateofclarksburgcollegehegraduatedfromcentralmethodistcollegeinfayettemissouriinteachingthereforoneyearandatsedaliahighschoolinsedaliamissouriforthreecareerinhegraduatedfromwashingtonuniversitylawschoolandbeganthepracticeoflawinstlouismissouristlouiswithhisbrotherlebbeusrwilfleyfromtohewasthechairmanofthecitysboardofelectioncommissionersinhewasappointedtothesenatebygovernorfrederickdgardnerasademocrattofilloutthetermofwilliamjstonewhohaddiedonaprilwilfleyservedfromapriltonovemberandwasthechairmanoftheunitedstatessenatecommitteeonindustrialexpositionscommitteeonindustrialexpositionsheunsuccessfullysoughtthedemocraticnominationforthesenateseatbeingdefeatedbyjosephfolkwhointurnlosttorepublicanseldenpspencerinnovemberafterleavingthesenatewilfleyresumedthepracticeoflawbecomingpresidentofthemissouribarassociationindeathhediedinstlouisandisburiedinoakgrovecemeterystlouismissourioakgrovecemeteryfamilymemberswilfleysbrotherlebbeusrwilfleywasattorneygeneralofthephilippinesfromtoandjudgeoftheunitedstatescourtforchinafromtofurtherreadingcongressionalbiographywithpicturereferencesradiomswasascotlandscottishleftwingagitproptheatregroupthenamecomesfromastatisticpublishedintheeconomistinthatofthepopulationoftheukownedofthecountryswealthcomparetheparetoprinciplethegroupwasfoundedbyplaywrightjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathhiswifeelizabethmaclennanandherbrotherdavidmaclennantheatrepractitionerdavidmaclennaninandoperatedthroughoutgreatbritaininitsplitintoenglandandscotlandtheenglishgroupfoldedinhavinglostitsgrantfromtheartscouncilofgreatbritainthescottishgrouplostitsfundingfromthescottishartscouncilinthoughartisticdirectorlorenzomelesuccessfullysecuredfundingforafurtheryearfromaprilhesubsequentlycommissionedaseriesoffourplayswoundbynicolamccartneyeclipsebyhareshsharmaatimetogobyselmadimitrijevicanddochandorisapartingdrinkbylindamcleantogethertheseshortplaysformedreunionaproductionwhichtouredscotlandinearlythiswasfollowedinseptemberbyramanmundairsthealgebraoffreedomwhichalsotouredextensivelythroughoutscotlandthisproductionwasdirectedbysassociatedirectorjoronananddesignedbydavidsneddonondecemberthescottishcompanyceasedtradingcitingthechangingfundingstructuresinscottishtheatretouringproductionsalthoughmuchofitsworkcentresonoutreachprojectsthroughoutscotlandwasprincipallyknownforitstouringproductionsthefollowingtablecontainsdetailsofallsmajorproductionsthattourednationallyclasswikitableshowdirectorwriterdatethealgebraoffreedomjoronanramanmundairseptemberoctoberreunionlorenzomelejoronanselmadimitrijevicnicolamccartneylindamcleanhareshsharmaaprilmayfreefalllorenzomelechristopherdeansfebruaryaprilborderlandlorenzomeleandrewdoyleseptembernovembertippingpointlorenzomeledaveyandersonjunejulyboilingafroglorenzomelechristopherdeansbasedonthenovelbychristopherbrookmyrefebruaryaprilprivateagendalorenzomelenaseptemberoctoberreasonstobecheerfulstuartdavidsmartinmccardiefebruaryaprilgiltzinnieharrisstephengreenhornronamunroisabelwrightoctobernovembercantpaywontpayandyarnolddariofofebruarymarchfactorygirlsguyhollandsfrankmcguinnessoctobernovembercavedwellersgordonlairdnicolamccartneyfebruarymarchthenewsatwhengordonlairdnanovemberdecembermarchingongordonlairdgarymitchellmarchaprilalittleraingordonlairdpeterarnottseptembernovemberhoursiainreekiefrancescorrdeirdreheddonjesskerrerniekylefrankshieldsrhiannontisemarchaprilcaledoniadreamingiainreekiedavidgreigdramatistdavidgreigjunejulyandlaterrevivedattheedinburghfestivaldissentiainreekiestephengreenhornnovemberdecembervalleysongnataliewilsonatholfugardmayjunetonguesandrewdawsonjohnheraghtynataliewilsonfebruaryangelsinamericaiainreekietonykushnermarchmaybornguiltyiainreekiepetersirchrovskyapriljunethesaltwoundjimculletonstephengreenhornseptembernovemberthegrapesofwrathiainreekiefrankgalatifebruarymarchtwilightshiftiainreekiejackiekayoctobernovemberphoenixiainreekieroymacgregormayjunesophoclesantigoneiainreekiedantaylorfebruarymarchthelamentforarthurclearyiainreekiedermotbolgeroctobernovemberscotlandmattersiainreekiejohnbinnieiainheggielizlochheadannmariedimambrogurmeetmatturonamunrojimmyreidmayjunejumpthelifetocomeiainreekienoelgreigfebruarymarchtheresistibleriseofarturouiroannabennralfmanheimbertoltbrechtoctobernovemberrevoltingpeasantsgerardkellypatriciapriormayjuneboldgirlslynneparkerronamunroseptembernovembergovanstoriesroannabennmaywhenthewindblowscomicswhenthewindblowsgerardkellyraymondbriggsaugustoctoberroaddavidhaymanjimcartwrightmayjunethesashgerardkellyhectormacmillanjanuaryaprillongstoryshortfinlaywelshdonaldcampbelljamesgrahamtomleonardaonghasmacneacoilannmariedimambrogureetmatturonamunrorickyrossandannsamuelfebruarymarchnomeancityalexnortondavidhaymanmayjulymairimhorthewomanfromskyejohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathjohnmcgrathseptemberoctoberthegorbalsstorydavidhaymanrobertmcleishmayjunethereisahappylandjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathapriljunebeneathonebannerdavidmaclennanseanmccarthyfebruaryapriltheincrediblebrechinbeetlebugjohnhaswellmattmcginndecemberjanuaryhighplacesjohnhaswellenalamontstewartmarchmaythealbannachfinlaywelshjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathfebruaryaprilintimeofstrifedavidhaymanjoecorriemayjunethebabyandthebathwaterjohnhaswelljohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathoctoberdecembertheraggedtrouseredphilanthropistsdavidhaymanarchiehindmayjunetheclydebuiltseasonfebruarymaygoldinhisbootsjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathgeorgemunrojohnnynobledavidscaseewanmaccollmenshouldweepgileshavergalenalamontstewartonebigblowjohnburrowsplaywrightjohnburrowsjohnburrowsplaywrightjohnburrowsthecatchjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathaugustnovemberbloodredrosesjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathaugustnovemberswingsandroundaboutsthjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathfebruarymarchjoesdrumcampbellmorrisonjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathmayjunethoughtfortodaydavidmaclennancompanycollaborationfebruarymarchhonouryourpartnersdavidmaclennandavidmaclennanjanuaryaprillittleredhenjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathseptemberdecemberthecheviotthestagandtheblackblackoiljohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathjohnmcgrathplaywrightjohnmcgrathmarchjunenotableperformerspetermcbreartyguitaristhenryiancusickdickgaughanbillpatersonactorbillpatersondavidhaymandouglashenshallv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nterestintheregiontheendgameissignifiedbythediscoveryofalienplanstobuildadoomsdaydevicedoomsdaydevicetodestroythesurfaceofearththisdeviceissomekindofenergyweaponlargerthanaspacestationastheweaponitselfisimpossibletodestroybyconventionalmeanstheresearchandcreationofthenovabombisrequiredthisisalargemissilewhichinsteadofdestroyingthetargetdirectlyisaimedatthecentralstartoasystemuponimpactitwouldcausethestartoexplodedestroyingeverythinginthesystemthusthemissilesnamenovathefinalmissionistwostagedthefirststageinvolvedenteringablackholeinsideacarriertheugsmacarthurequippedwithaspecialdeviceallowingtheplayertoenteranalternatedimensionwherethisweaponisstoreditinvolvesdestroyingthedefencecraftattheblackholewhilstprotectingtheugsmacarthurifsuccessfultheugsmacarthurenterstheblackholetoenterthealternatedimensionthesecondpartofthemissioninvolveslaunchingthenovabombatthestarofthesysteminsidetheblackholeasthemissilecouldbedestroyedforuptominuteafterlaunchafterwhichitenteredhyperspacesciencefictionhyperspaceitrequirsprotectionfromassaultbyenemycraftfromthismissionthreepossibleendgamesequencesarepossiblemissionfailedifatanypointthecrafttheplayerispilotingisdestroyedordisabledorifthemacarthurisdestroyedinthefirstpartorifthenovabombisdestroyedinthesecondpartthisresultsinanendsequencewherethealiensmovethedoomsdaydevicetoearthanddestroyitmissionsuccessfulmacarthurdestroyedifthemacarthurisdestroyedduringthesecondpartofthemissiontheplayerbecomestrappedandcannottravelbackthroughtheblackholethemissionisasuccessbutallcraftarelostthisresultedinanendsequencedetailingamemorialserviceforallthoselostmissionsuccessfuloutrightiftheplayersucceedsinenteringtheblackholelaunchingthenovabombandreturningtothemacarthurbeforethenovabombreachesitsdestinationthisresultsinanendsequenceofthemacarthurreturningtooneofthexcombaseswithcraftdoingtricksarounditandfireworksbeinglaunchedcouldsomeonepleaseexpandthiswithcraftandaliendetailsthanksmousegameplaythegamesmainscreendiffersfrompreviousincarnationsoftheseriesthemajorityofthepanelistakenupbyaviewoftheplanetarysystemsinthefrontierrepresentedasstarshowevertheplayercanzoomintothestarstoseeallplanetsandbaseslocatedinthosesystemsshipsquadronsandanomalouseventsarealsoshowninthisdisplaylocatedelsewhereonthemainscreenarelinkstoallthevariousbaseandresourcemanagementscreensearlymissionsinvolvethedetectionandinterceptionofanenemysquadronoffighterstheplayerrespondstothisanduponthexcomsquadroninterceptingtheenemycraftthegameswitchestotheflightsimulationinthismodetheplayerpilotsacraftalongwiththewingmenpreviouslyassignedtothemissioninasimilarstyletowingcommanderprophecywiththegoalsofdestroyingordisablingtheenemyshipstherearevariousmissiontypesinthegameincludingdisablingdestroyingenemycraftcapturingcertainspecialcraftinterruptingalientraderoutesescortingconvoysandbaseraidingmissionstheplayercollectspointsforeverymissionaddingtothetotalcampaignscoreeveryweekashortreportispresentedwithstatusrecommendationsornewsnewsincludepoliticalinstabilityandconstructionofmegaprimusfromxcomapocalypseandtheplotofxcomallianceaboutthemissinggscpattonxcominterceptoristhefirstxcomgametoincludeafullyfunctionalmultiplayerportionofthegamereceptionvideogamereviewsgrrefnamegamerankingsrefedgeignrefnameignreviewrefgspotpcgusinterceptoronlysoldaboutcopiesedgemagazineedgepraisedthegamesenormousdepthandinventivegameplaystatingthatmicroprosemanagedthepreviouslyimpossibletaskofblendingrealstrategywithdspacecombatrefnameedgereviewrefhoweverrondulinofgamespotcriticizedthegameforitscampytoneandtheoutofplacepopculturepopculturalreferencesrefnamegspotreviewrefingamefrontsphilowenwrotethisoneisknownsortofastheredheadedstepdoucheofthexcomfranchiseandyetthisistheoneiplayedthemostaddingthathepreferredtheadministrationandspaceexplorationpartsoverthenotparticularlyfunsimulationpartreferencesexternallinksthexeeleesequenceisaseriesofhardsciencefictionspaceoperanovelsnovellasandshortstorieswrittenbybritishsciencefictionauthorstephenbaxterauthorstephenbaxtertheseriesspansbillionsofyearsoffictionalhistoryisaybillionsnotmillionschronologicallymichaelpooleatleasttravelsexistsseveralbillionstrillionswhateverlargeperiodsoftimecenteringonhumanitysfutureexpansionintotheuniverseitscosmosspanningwarwithanenigmaticandsupremelypowerfulkardashevscaletypeivextraterrestriallifealiencivilizationcalledthexeeleeandthexeeleesownwarwithdarkmatterentitiescalledphotinobirdstheseriesfeaturesmanyotherspeciesandcivilizationsthatplayaprominentroleincludingthesqueemaspeciesofgroupmindaquaticanimalaquaticstheqaxbeingswhosebiologyisbasedonthecomplexinteractionsofconvectioncellsandthesilverghostssymbiosissymbioticorganismsencasedinreflectiveshellsseveralstoriesinthesequencealsodealwithhumansandposthumanslivinginextremeconditionssuchasattheheartofaneutronstarfluxnovelfluxinaparalleluniversefictionseparateuniversewithconsiderablystrongergravityraftnovelraftandwithineusocialityeusocialhivesocietiescoalescentthexeeleesequencetreatsideasstemmingfromthefringeoftheoreticalphysicsandfuturesstudiesfuturologysuchasexoticmatterexoticmatterphysicsnakedsingularitynakedsingularitiesclosedtimelikecurvesmultiversemultipleuniverseshyperadvancedcomputingandartificialintelligencefasterthanlightfasterthanlighttravelandtheupperechelonsofthekardashevscalethematicallytheseriesdealsheavilywithcertainexistentialandsocialphilosophicalissuessuchasstrivingforsurvivalandrelevanceinaharshandunknowableuniverseandtheeffectsofwarandmilitarismonsocietyasofjunetheseriesiscomposedofeightnovelsandshortpiecesshortstoriesandnovellasallofwhichfitintoafictionaltimelinestretchingfromthebigbangsingularityofthepasttotheeventualheatdeathoftheuniverseandtimelikeinfinitysingularityofthefuturerefnamexeeleetimelineciteweburlstephenbaxtercomarticleshtmlxeeleetitlethexeeleesequencetimelineworkstephenbaxtercomaccessdateseptemberrefanomnibuseditionofthefirstfourxeeleenovelsrafttimelikeinfinityfluxandringentitledxeeleeanomnibuswasreleasedinjanuaryinaugusttheentireseriesofallnovelsandstoriesuptothatdatewasreleasedasonevolumeinebookformatentitledxeeleesequencethecompleteseriesbaxtersdestinyschildrenseriesispartofthexeeleesequenceoriginsbaxterfirstconceivedofthexeeleewhilehobbywritingashortstoryinthesummerofthatwouldlaterbepublishedininterzonemagazineinterzoneasthexeeleeflowerinheincorporatedpowerfuloffstagealienstoexplainthestorystitularartifactandinponderingthebackstorybegantofleshoutthebasicsofwhatwouldlaterbecomethemainplayersandsettingofthesequenceauniversefullofintelligentspeciesthatliveintheshadowoftheincomprehensibleandgodlikexeeleebooksxeeleesequencemainnovelsclasssortablewikitabletitleyearpublishednotesraftnovelraftstyletextaligncenternominatedforthearthurcclarkeawardandlocusawardforbestfirstnovelrefnamewweciteweburlworldswithoutendcombooksyearindexaspyeartitleawardwinnersnomineesworkworldswithoutendaccessdateaugustreftimelikeinfinitystyletextaligncenterfluxnovelfluxstyletextaligncenterringbaxternovelringstyletextaligncentervacuumdiagramsstyletextaligncenteracollectionofshortworkseebelowxeeleevengeancestyletextaligncenterxeeleeredemptionscheduledforpublicationinaugustdestinyschildrensubseriesnovelsclasssortablewikitabletitleyearpublishednotescoalescentstyletextaligncenterarthurcclarkeawardnomineerefnamewweciteweburlworldswithoutendcombooksyearindexaspyeartitleawardwinnersnomineesworkworldswithoutendaccessdateaugustrefexultantbookexultantstyletextaligncentertranscendentnoveltranscendentstyletextaligncenterjohnwcampbellmemorialawardforbestsciencefictionnoveljohnwcampbellmemorialawardnomineerefnamewweciteweburlworldswithoutendcombooksyearindexaspyeartitleawardwinnersnomineesworkworldswithoutendaccessdateaugustrefresplendentstyletextaligncenteracollectionofshortworkseebelowcollectionsofshortstoriesandnovellasclasssortablewikitabletitleyearpublishedstoriescontainednumbersinparenthesesindicatetheyearinwhicheachpiecewasfirstseparatelypublishednotesvacuumdiagramsstyletextaligncenterthesunpeoplethelogicpoolgossamerciliaofgoldlieserlpilotthexeeleeflowermorethantimeordistancetheswitchblueshiftthequagmadatumplanckzeroevethesolitonstarthegdelsunflowersvacuumdiagramsstowawaythetyrannyofheavenherosecrethistoryshelltheeighthroomthebaryoniclordsphilipkdickawardwinnerrefnamewweciteweburlworldswithoutendcombookspkdindexaspemulatepagepagelengthtitlepkdawardwinnersnomineesworkworldswithoutendaccessdateaugustrefresplendentstyletextaligncentercadresiblingsconurbationrealitydustmayfloweriiallinablazesilverghostthecoldsinkontheorionlineghostwarstheghostpitlakesoflightbreedinggroundthedreamingmouldthegreatgamethechoplineintheunblackridingtherockbetweenworldsthesiegeofearthxeeleeendurancestyletextaligncenterreturntotitanstarfallremembranceendurancetheseerandthesilvermangravitydreamsperiandrysquestclimbingthebluethetimepitthelowlandexpeditionformidablecaresswinnerofthebsfaawardforbestshortfictionrefnamebsfaciteweburlbsfacoukbsfaawardstitlebsfaawardspreviousawardwinnersworkbritishsciencefictionassociationaccessdateaugustrefcurrentlyuncollectedstoriesclasssortablewikitabletitleandyearpublishedsourceoffirstpublicationnotesstyletextaligncenterthevenusgenerationsrefciteweburljonathanstrahancomauwpstephenbaxteronthevenusgenerationstitlestephenbaxteronthevenusgenerationsworkcoodestreetaccessdateaprilrefbridginginfinityeditedbyjonathanstrahanchronologyandreadingorderthenovelsinchronologicalorderasopposedtopublicationorderaregivenbelowitshouldbenotedthatsomeofthenovelscontainelementsoccurringatdifferentpointsinthetimelinethestoryanthologiesvacuumdiagramsresplendentandxeeleeendurancecontainstoriestakingplaceacrosstheentirechronologyclasssortablewikitabletitleyearpublishedyearsinstorynotescoalescentstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteradpartofdestinyschildrentranscendentnoveltranscendentstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteradpartofdestinyschildrentheworldofmichaelpoolebazalgetxeeleevengeancestyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteradsetinanalternatetimelinetimelikeinfinitystyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteradmajorityoftheplotconcernseventsthatbeginherewithlatermajoreventsoccurringinadandtheadsthefinalchaptertakesplacemainlyincadringbaxternovelringstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteradbeforegreatnorthernlaunchesexultantbookexultantstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteradpartofdestinyschildrenraftnovelraftstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteradfluxnovelfluxstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncentercadtranscendentnoveltranscendentstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncentercadpartofdestinyschildrentheworldofaliaringbaxternovelringstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncentercadaftergreatnorthernreturnsinbaxterpostedadetailedchronologyofthexeeleesequenceexplainingtheproperchronologicalreadingorderofallthenovelsnovellasandshortstoriesuptothatyearthetimelinewasupdatedinseptemberwhenaskeddirectlyforasuggestedreadingordertheauthorwroteihopethatallthebooksandindeedthestoriescanbereadstandaloneimnotagreatfanofbooksthatendwithcliffhangerssoyoucouldgoinanywhereonewaywouldbetostartwithvacuumdiagramsacollectionthatsetsouttheoverallstoryoftheuniversethentimelikeinfinityandringwhichtellthestoryofmichaelpoolethenraftandfluxwhicharereallyincidentsagainstthewiderbackgroundandfinallydestinyschildrenreceptionsciencefictionauthorpaulmcauleyhaspraisedbaxterandtheseriessayingquotationbaxterdoesntshrinkfromtacklingthedismayinglyinhumanimplicationsofvastabyssesofpastorfuturetimebuttheuniversalityoflifeintroducesperspectivemotionandplotintoeverypartofhisstapledoniancosmologicalframeworkitisgreatheadymindbendingstuffmeticulouslymappedontocuttingedgespeculationsaboutthebirthpangsoftheuniverseandtheultimatefateofallknowntimeandspaceconstantlyenlivenedanddrivenforwardbythenarrativesthatitsvastrangeoflifegeneratesitrepresentsanaccomplishedandimaginativeexplorationexpansionandreworkingofsfscorethemeshischaracterscontestforlivingspacewithapanoplyofbizarrealiensinagalaxycrammedwithancientwondersandsecrethistorieshisstoriesreinventthebaroqueexcessesofspaceoperaandbracethemwithimaginativeexplorationofideasfromstellarzoologycosmologyquantumtheoryexoticmathematicsandmuchelsenarrativesfrothwithmomentsofshockandaweandthosesuddenreversalsofscalethatinducethemetaphysicaldizzinesssometimescalledsenseofwondersentencesstrideconfidentlyacrosscenturiesparagraphsencompassmillenniaindividualvoicescarrythestoryforwardsbutthestoryisalwaysbiggerthantheindividualsthatarecaughtupinitseealsostephenbaxterauthorhardsciencefictionspaceoperagreatattractorkardashevscalereferencesexternallinksstephenbaxtersstephenbaxtercomindexhtmlofficialwebsitethecompleteasofseptemberstephenbaxtercomarticleshtmlxeeleetimelineforthexeeleesequenceofnovelsandstorieshostedonbaxtersofficialwebsitelistofshogivideogamespcplusminussignshelkarphallusindusiatuslistofgotermsatariredirectcategoryshellxcomxbrxiaozongxuanzongxhyperactivationreferstotheprocessindrosophilabywhichgenesonthexchromosomeinmalefliesbecometwiceasactivateasgenesonthexchromosomeinfemalefliesbecausemaleflieshaveasinglexchromosomeandfemaleflieshavetwoxchromosomesthehigherlevelofactivationinmalesensuresthatxchromosomegenesareoverallexpressedatthesamelevelinmalesandfemalesxhyperactivationisonemechanismofdosagecompensationwherebyorganismsthatusegeneticsexdeterminationsystemsexdeterminationsystemsbalancethegenedosagefromthesexchromosomesbetweenmalesandfemalesxhyperactivationisregulatedbythealternativesplicingofagenecalledsexlethalthegenewasnamedsexlethalduetoitsmutantphenotypewhichhaslittletonoeffectonmalefliesbutresultsinthedeathoffemalesduetoxhyperactivationofthetwoxchromosomesinfemaledrosophilathesexlethalproteincausesthefemalespecificrnasplicingsplicingofthesexlethalgenetoproducemoreofthesexlethalproteinthisproducesapositivefeedbackloopasthesexlethalproteinsplicesthesexlethalgenetoproducemoreofthesexlethalproteininmaledrosophilathereisntenoughsexlethaltoactivatethefemalespecificsplicingofthesexlethalgeneanditgoesthroughthedefaultsplicingthismeansthatsectionofthegenethatissplicedoutinfemalesremainsinmalesthisportioncontainsanearlystopcodonresultinginnoproteinbeingmadefromitinfemalesthesexlethalproteininhibitsthemalespecificlethalmslgenecomplexthatwouldnormallyactivatexlinkedgenexlinkedgenesthatresultinanincreaseinthemaleeukaryotictranscriptiontranscriptionratethemslgenecomplexwasnamedduetothelossoffunctionmutantthatresultsintheimproperincreaseinthemaletranscriptionratethatresultsinthedeathofmalesinmalestheabsenceofthenecessaryamountofsexlethalallowsfortheincreaseinthemaletranscriptionrateduetothemslgenecomplexnolongerbeinginhibitedthisallowstheexpressionofthexchromosometobedoubledorhyperactivatedtomatchtheamountthatfemaleshavewithtwoxchromosomesreferencesthexaratioistheratiobetweenthenumberofxchromosomesandthenumberofsetsofautosomesinanorganismthisratioisusedprimarilyfordeterminingthesexofsomespeciessuchasdrosophilafliesandthecaenorhabditiseleganscelegansnematodethefirstuseofthisratioforsexdeterminationisascribedtovictormnigongenerallyaratioresultsinafemaleandaratioresultsinamalewhencalculatingtheratioychromosomesareignoredforexampleforadiploiddrosophilathathasxxtheratioisxstosetsofautosomess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ementsfreetextdataforfreelabelfootnotesanyfootnotespicturepictureoftheschoolhomepageschoolurlxiameninternationalschoolxisisaprivateschoolprivateinternationalschoolinxiamenchinaitwasthefirstinternationalschooltobeestablishedinfujianprovincebythechineseministryofeducationhistoryxiameninternationalschoolxiswasestablishedinaugustitisonthesoutherncoastofchinainfujianprovincexiswasthefirstinternationalschoolinfujianprovincetobeauthorizedbytheministryofeducationtoacceptexpatriatestudentsxismovedtoitscurrentcampusinjunethefullfeaturedfacilityisoversquaremetersinsizeandincludesagymnasiumasoccerfieldarunningtrackthreebasketballcourtsandanindoorswimmingpoolthereisalibrarysciencelabsitlabsandalargecafeteriathatcanaccommodateallstudentsandstaffacademicsthisschooloffersacademicprogramsrangingfromprekindergartentohighschoolbasedontheinternationalbaccalaureatecurriculumthecurrentpopulationofxisisaboutstudentsxisisaccreditedbythewesternassociationofschoolsandcollegeswascxisisamemberoftheassociationofchinaandmongoliainternationalschoolsacamisstudentsatxisactivelytakespartinacamisorganisedeventsonmanyoccasionstheseallowstudentstocompeteagainstotherschoolsacrosschinaelementaryschoolprogramxisstrictlyimplementstheframeworkoftheinternationalbaccalaureateprimaryyearsprogramibpyptheibpypincludeacademicinstructionsinenglishlanguageenglishmathematicsscienceandsocialstudiesinadditionstudentsareabletovisitspecializedclassroomstolearnartmusicphysicaleducationandinformationtechnologystudentsatxisareofferedachancetolearnasecondlanguageeitherstandardmandarinmandarinorkoreanmiddleschoolprogramxismiddleschoolofferstheinternationalbaccalaureatemiddleyearsprogramibmypthemypisacourseofstudydesignedtomeettheeducationneedsofstudentsagesyearsxiswasauthorizedtoofferthemypininadditiontothecoresubjectsenglishlanguageenglishmathematicsscienceandhumanitiesallstudentsattendclassesinartitphysicaleducationandasecondlanguagemandarinchinesemandarinorenglishlanguagelearningandteachingesolenglishforspeakersofotherlanguagesmusicisavailableforallgradeshighschoolprogramxishighschoolstrictlyimplementstheframeworkoftheinternationalbaccalaureatediplomaprogrammethefirstgraduatingclassofthisprogramcompletedinmayextracurriculartheschooloffersactivitiessuchasvolleyballsoccerbasketballtabletennisbadmintonswimmingyearbookmodelunitednationsetctransportxisoffersoptionaltransportservicetostudentswholiveinmostareasofxiamenthebusespickupstudentsinthemorninganddropthemoffafterschoolatdesignatedpointsmostschoolbusesarrivetotheschoolbetweentoamanddepartbetweentopmalatebusatisprovidedforstudentswhoparticipateinafterschoolprogramseachschoolbusisequippedwithamobilephoneandissupervisedbyabusmonitormonitorscheckstudentsastheyboardleavethebusandensuretheyremainseatedduringtheirjourneyfacultyxisrecruitsandhiresteachersfrommanycountrieswhilemostteachersatxiscomefromtheunitedstatesxisalsorecruitteachersfromchinaandothercountriesmostteachersatxisholdatleastabachelorsdegreefromauniversityandhavebeentrainedtoinstructtheinternationalbaccalaureatecurriculumadmissionpolicytheadmissionpolicyoftheschoolallowsonlystudentswithforeignpassportstoenrollsomemainlandchinafamilieshavecriticizedtheadmissionpolicycastingtheissueasaquestionoftheprovisionofequaleducationopportunityregardlessofraceorethnicitytheschoolislimitedinthisregardbythelicenseitholdsfromthegovernmentthislicenseonlyallowsittoadmitstudentsholdingaforeignpassportortaiwanhongkongormacauidorstudentswhohaveaparentorlegalguardianwithwhoholdsoneofthepreviouslymentioneddocumentsexternallinksxischinacomxiameninternationalschoolxpresstransportprotocolbraziliancruzeiroredirectshellkhanaqinxglxglxglxglchriscowiethexbxtenbasicexercisesplanisanexerciseprogramdevelopedfortheroyalcanadianairforceforwomentheprogramconsistsofchartsthatgetprogressivelymoredifficultandtakesminutesperdayafterusersgetpastthebeginninglevelsseealsobxplanreferencesexternallinkwebarchiveorgwebadamcomauwedesignxbxzipxbxplancopyoftheoriginalbookletinpdfformatxavierhighschoolconnecticutredirectlistofschoolsnamedafterfrancisxavierinfoboxgivennamenamexeniaimageimagesizecaptionpronunciationgenderfemalemeaninghospitalityregionnicknameorigingreeklanguagegreekrelatednameskseniakseniyaoksanasenjaxenaxeniyafootnoteskseniyaalsoxeniyakseniakseniyaksenijaorxenaderivedfromgreeklanguagegreekxeniagreekxeniahospitalityisafemalenameusedmainlyinrussiaukraineandgreeceinspainalthoughitstartedtobecomemorepopularduringthesitappearsmainlyingalicianlanguagegalicianxeniaandincatalanlanguagecatalanxniarelatednamesincludeoksanaaksanadisambiguationaxanaksenijasloveniacroatiaxniahungarysenjafinlandandksenijaserbiamontenegroandrepublicofmacedoniamacedoniabulgarianamedaysgreecejanuaryczechrepublicnovemberslovakiajunehungaryjulyfinlandjanuaryrussiafebruarypolandaprilnotablepeoplekseniakseniaantonovarussianicedancerkseniaafanasyevaborngymnastkseniachernykhrussianorienteerkseniadoroninabornfigureskaterkseniagodunovarussiantsarevnakseniajastsenjskibornfigureskaterkseniakablukovabornrussianskijumperkseniakahnovich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mcriticsandsoldoveronemillioncopiesworldwideitsdirectsequelxenosagaepisodeiiwasreleasedininjapanandoverseasthefinalxenosagagamexenosagaepisodeiiiwasreleasedinthegamereceivedanxenosagatheanimationanimeadaptationwhichairedinandwasreimaginedalongwithepisodeiiaspartofxenosagaiiiforthenintendodsgameplayxenosagaepisodeiisaroleplayingvideogametheplayercontrolsapartyofcharactersthatexpandsduringthecourseofthegamenavigatingthemthroughavarietyofenvironmentstiedtotheprogressionofthestorygameplaysegmentsareseparatedbystorysequenceswhicharetoldmainlythroughtraditionalfullmotioncutscenesexploringenvironmentsthepartycancollectavarietyofitemssomeofwhichcanbeusedingameplaytoboostacharactersstatisticsorrestorehealthwhilenavigatingenvironmentsenemiesarevisiblewithintheenvironmentwithengagementbeingoptionaliftheplayerchoosestoengagesomeenvironmentalelementssuchascombustibleobjectscanbeusedtoalteranenemysstatisticsandgrandtheplayeranadvantageinbattlewhenbattlebeginsthethreecharacterplayerpartyandtheenemypartyfightinadedicatedcombatarenathecombatisgovernedbyaturnsroundsandtimekeepingsystemsingamesturnbasedturnbasedbattlesystemeachcharacterhasaccesstomeleeandrangedstandardattackscanuseitemstoaffectthepartyorenemiesandguardagainstattackstheplayerpartysattacksaredeterminedthroughbuttoncombinationswithdifferentcombinationstriggeringdifferentattacksequencesthatcanhavesecondaryeffectsonthepartyandneighboringenemiesattackcombinationscanbecustomizedbytheplayerbetweenbattleseachattackusesactionpointsapwithapremainingaftereachturncarriedovertothenextturnspecialmovesforeachcharacterareunlockedbybuildingupapoverseveralturnswhenaminimumofthreeapareavailableacharactercanperformanexclusiveactionwhichdealshighdamagetotheiropponentmorepowerfulattackscanbeperformedwithhigheramountsofapinadditioncharacterscanperformethermovespowerfulattacksandsupportactionswhichdraintheiretherpointsepbothplayerandsomeenemypartymembersalsohaveaboostmeterwhichwhenfullallowsthatcharactertoperformanadditionalactionwhiletakingawayanopponentsturnrefnamexenoeurorefthepartyhasaccesstomechawhichcanbeequippedbysurrenderingaturnmechahavetheirownsetofmovesandboastmorepowerfulattacksthanthemainpartybutalsocarryoverdamagebetweenbattlesfollowingthevictorythepartyisawardedwithingamecurrencywhichcanbeusedtopurchaseitemsandaccessoriesatshopsthepartyisalsoawardedexperiencepointswhichraiseacharactersexperiencelevelalongwithavarietyofstatisticroleplayinggamescharacterpointsskillpointsthesearedividedintoeptofueletherabilitiesalongwithskillpointsspandtechpointstpspareassignedtoactivatepassiveeffectsdrawnfromdifferentaccessorieswhiletechpointsraisetheeffectivenessandpoweroftechattacksunlockedasthecharactersexperiencelevelrisessynopsissettingxenosagaepisodeitakesplaceinauniversebasedaroundsciencefictionintheyearxxthezoharanartifactdatingfromthebeginningoftheuniversewhichconnectstotherealmofagodlikeenergydubbedudowasunearthedbyanarcheologicalexpeditioninkenyathezohariskeytoenablinghumanitytotravelinspacebeyondthesolarsystemoveryearsinthefuturehumanityhasleftearthbehindtocolonizethegalaxyfollowingaterribleeventresultinginearthslocationbeinglostandtheplanetbeingdubbedlostjerusalembythegameseventshumanityhasadoptedanewcalendarsystemdubbedtranscendchristtcwiththegameseventstakingplaceintcequivalenttoadhumanityisnowspreadacrossplanetswiththeirgovernmentsformingthegalaxyfederationplanetsareconnectedthroughatimewarptravelnetworkcalledtheunusmundusnetworkumntheumnismanagedbyvectorindustrieswhichalsocontrolsinterestsinthefederationsmilitaryexistingalongsidehumansarerealianssynthetichumanswhoholdequalstatuswithnaturalhumansthefederationhascomeunderattackfromanancientalienracecalledthegnosiswhichbegindecimatingfederationworldsasnormalweaponsareineffectiveagainstthemvectordevelopstwodifferentweaponsystemsdesignedtofightthemhumanoidmechadubbedagwsantignosisweaponsystemandthesimilarbutmorepowerfulkosmosbattleandroidsanotherhostilefactionistheuticorganizationaoncescientificgroupthatnowwishestogaincontrolofthezoharakeyepisodeinthegamesbackstoryisthemiltianconflictawarbetweenuticandthefederationwhichtriggeredthegnosisarrivalandcausedmiltiatobeswallowedinaspacetimeanomalycharactersthemaincharactersareshionuzukiahumanscientistemployedbyvectorindustriesandhercreationtheprototypeantignosisbattleandroidkosmossheisassistedontheprojectbyallenridgeleyandduringhertimeonthefederationshipwoglindeinteractswithfederationofficersandrewcherenkovandluisvirgilasthestoryprogressesshionandkosmosmeetthecrewofthepassengerfreighterelsaashipassociatedwiththekukaifoundationrunbygaignunkukaiandjrthelattercaptainingthedurandalbothgaignunandjrareartificialbeingsdubbedurtvswithjrsgiftsmeaninghisbodyhasnotagedbeyondchildhoodamongthecrewoftheelsaischaosamelancholyyoungmanwithamysteriouspastthegrouparejoinedbythecyborgziggyshortforzigguratandtheprototyperealianmomothemainantagonistsaremargulistheleaderoftheuticorganizationandalbedopiazzollajrandgaignunsbrothereventsaremonitoredbywilheimceoofvectorandnephilimayounggirlconnectedtothezoharplotshionuzukiandherassistantallenareaboardthespacevesselwoglinderunningfinaltestsonthehumanoidweaponsystemkosmostheshippicksupazoharemulatoroneofthirteenreplicasoftheoriginalzoharcreatedbyjoachimmizrahicommandercherenkovauticspywiththegoaloffindingtheoriginalzoharalsomonitorskosmosprogressfollowingthezoharemulatorsretrievalthewoglindeisattackedanddestroyedbygnosisshionisnearlykilledwhenagnosisgrabsherbutkosmosselfactivatesandintervenesdeclaringshewillprotectshionsteamsheevenkillsfederationofficerluisvirgilwithfriendlyfiretosaveshionandallentheelsaheadedtosecondmiltiaandpassingnearbybringskosmosshionallenandcherenkovaboardagnosisattackstheelsaandgrabscherenkovbutchaosoneoftheelsacrewdispelsittosavehislifetheattackcausescherenkovtobeginmutatingandtormentshimwithvisionsofhispastasasoldierwhofailedtoadjusttocivilianlifehavingkilledmanypeopleincludinghiswifeshionbecomesconcernedwithkosmosaberrantbehaviorwhileallenworriesaboutshionsemotionalstateelsewherethecyborgziggyisdispatchedtorescuetherealianmomofromutictheydatastoredinsidehercouldopenthewaytotheoriginalplanetmiltiawhichmysteriouslydisappearedentirelyfromspacetimeandforwhichherfathermizrahiisblamedziggyrescuesmomoandnarrowlyescapesfendingoffattacksbymargulistheuticleaderalbedowhoisonlyworkingwithuticfortheydatasetsoutinpursuitofmomotheirescapeleadsthemtotheelsajramemberofthekukaifoundationarrivesinthedurandaltoinvestigatethedebrisofthewoglindeandsearchforthezoharemulatorheencountersandfightsoffuticforcesthatattackthedurandalmeanwhiletheelsaisswallowedbyagiantgnosiswhoseinsidesgreatlyresemblethelostplanetmiltiawhilesearchingforawayoutcherenkovfullytransformsintoagnosisandattacksthegroupwhoareforcedtokillhimbeforeescapingontheelsakosmosstepsoutonthehulloftheelsaandactivatespreviouslyunseenweaponrythatabsorbsallthesurroundinggnosisintoherbodytheyarethenrescuedbyjrwhoexplainsthatthekukaifoundationisgatheringandstoringthezoharemulatorsmeanwhileuticagentswithinthefederationdoctorfootageofjrsbattlewithuticandimplicatetheminthedestructionofthewoglindethegrouptravelstothekukaifoundationbaseabovesecondmiltiaoperatedbyjrsbrothergaignunandaresubsequentlytakenintocustodybyfederationtroopsinordertoexoneratejrtheteamusesavirtualrealitysystemtoaccesskosmosmemoriesthegroupisguidedthroughadreamlikerealmconstructedfromtheirrepressedmemoriesofmiltiabeforeitdisappearedshionmeetsnephilimanenigmaticyounggirlwithwhomchaosisacquaintedandavisionoffebroniaarealianwomankilledinthemiltianconflictnephilimexplainsthatkosmoswasdesignedtostoptheenergiesofudofromenteringtheirrealityaneventwhichcausedtheoriginalplanetmiltiatovanishandcouldpotentiallydestroytheuniversefebasksshiontofreehersisterscecilyandcatheforthesakeofbothhumansandrealiansafterclearingtheirnamesalbedoactivatesthesongofnephilimadevicethatattractsswarmsofgnosistotheareaintheconfusionhekidnapsandpsychologicallytorturesmomotogettheydatathefederationfleettriestodestroythefoundationthinkingittobethesourceofthesongbutwilhelmwhohassecretlybeenobservingeventsarriveswithatechnologicallyadvancedprivatefleetanddestroysthegnosiskosmosisthenusedtodetectthesourceofthesongacloakedspaceshiponboardthegrouprescuesmomoandfightsalbedobutisstoppedwhenabluecloakedmanrevealedlaterasvirgilresurrectedallowsalbedotoescapewithydataalbedothensummonsprotomerkebahahugeresearchstationcreatedbymizrahitosummonudoandusesittodestroythefederationfleetbeforetakingaimatsecondmiltiascapitalshionsgroupinfiltratesprotomerkebahanddestroysitscoreagiantgnosiswhilealbedofleesescapingprotomerkebahasitselfdestructskosmosshieldsthedamagedelsawithsomehelpfromchaosasitenterssecondmiltiasatmospheredevelopmentxenosagaepisodeiwasthedebutgametitleofjapanesedevelopermonolithsoftcompanyfoundertetsuyatakahashiactedasdirectorandcowritertakahashihadpreviouslyworkedatsquarecompanysquareontheplaystationconsoleplaystationrpgxenogearsinitiallyplannedasasixpartseriesanddespitetherebeingconceptworkforasequelxenogearswasleftasastandaloneprojectwhilesquaredecidedtofocusontheirestablishedfranchisessuchasfinalfantasyanotherstatedreasonwasthatsquaresaidtheydidnothavethemoneyavailabletoinvestinhisconceptfollowinghisdeparturefromsquareduetodisagreeingwiththeirstrategytakahashisearchedforanothercompanywhichcouldhelphimcreatethegameheandothersfromthexenogearsprojectenvisionedaccordingtoproducerhirohidesugiuramostofthecompaniestheycontactedsuggestedformingmonolithsoftasanindependentdeveloperwithonlynamcosuggestingthattheybecomeasubsidiaryandwaswillingtobothfundtheproductionandmanagethelogisticsandmarketingallowingmonolithsoftstafftofocussolelyoncreatingthegamefollowingthisagreementnamcohelpedinthedevelopmentandmarketingofthegamewhileproductionofthegamebeganfollowingthefoundationofmonolithsoftintakahashihadbeenworkingonthegamesconceptsinceintendingitasaspiritualsuccessortoxenogearsratherthanaremakeorsequelproductionatmonolithsofttooktwoyearsrefnamecreatorinterviewrefthedevelopmentbudgetapparentlyreachedjapaneseyenbillionapproximatelyusdxenosagaepisodeiwasdevelopedbyacoreteamofbetweenandpeopleexpandingtooverpeopleatitsmostactivedevelopmentperiodamongthestafftwentyofthemhadpreviouslyworkedonxenogearstakahashilaternotedthatthesheernumberofyoungandinexperienceddevelopersinmonolithsoftnegativeimpacteddevelopmentwiththegraphicsenginebeingcompletedonlysixmonthsbeforethegamesreleasepriortoitsannouncementthegamewasdevelopedundertheworkingtitleprojectxcharacterdesignswerecooperativelyhandledbykunihikotanakaandkouichimugitaniwhilemechadesignswerehandledbymugitaniandjunyaishigakimugitanialsoworkedonthegameasproductiondesignertheartdirectorwasyasuyukihonnewhohadpreviouslyworkedonbothxenogearsandchronocrosswhilecharactermotionwashandledbynorihirotakamihonnecollaboratedwithtakamiincreatingthecharactermotionsforcutscenestakamiworkedhardoncharactermodelstomakesurethelargeeyestylingwaspreservedwithoutupsettingthemodelsbalancekosmoswasinitiallydesignedbytanakabuthehadconsiderabletroublefinalizingherdesignmugitanithencontributedcreatingsomethingclosetokosmossfinaldesignwhichwasthenpolishedbytanakatanakaalsohaddifficultycreatingshionsdesigngivingherglassesasaneasywayofshowingherpersonalityrefnamexenoweeklyrefrefnamexenodesignmaterialsrefthescenarioforepisodeiwascowrittenbytakahashiandhiswifesorayasagatoensuredevelopmentofthegameremainedfocusedtakahashiconsultedtheentirestaffonthescriptsdirectionbeforethemainproductionbegantakahashiinitiallyplannedxenosagatospansixgameswithanarrativedividedintothreepartsallfeaturingthedualfiguresofkosmosandchaosthegamessubtitleistakenfromthenativetitleofthewilltopowermanuscriptthewilltopoweracollectionofnotesbygermanphilosopherfriedrichnietzschetheuseofnietzschesworksandconceptswasarecurringelementintheserieswithinthecontextofepisodeithesubtitledirectlyreflectsthegamescharactersandthestrengthoftheirwillthefederationsmilitarystructurewasbasedontheunitedstatesarmywithsomeelementsfromtheimperialjapanesearmymixedininadditiontoreferencestonietzschetakahashiincorporatedreferencestorichardwagnersuchastheshipnamewoglindeduetowagnershistoricassociationwithnietzschexenosagaepisodeiwasfirstannouncedinjunescheduledforreleaselaterthatyearinseptemberofthatyearitwasconfirmedthatthegamehadbeendelayedintofebruarythefollowingyearthegamewasreleasedinjapanonfebruaryinaninterviewtakahashiconfirmedthatwesternlocalizationwouldbeginfollowingthegamesjapanesereleasethegamewaslocalizedforthewestbyinteroneincwithenglishdubbinghandledbyzrolimitproductionsandanimazethelocalizationprocesstookoverayearwhileallbloodgorereligiousreferencesandbadlanguagewereretainedinthewesternreleaseonescenebetweentheadultalbedoandthechildlikemomohaditsmoreeroticelementstoneddownforthewesternreleasethegamereleasedinnorthamericaonfebruarythisversionwiththeenglishvoiceworkandadditionalcostumesandbonusfeatureswaslaterreleasedinjapanunderthetitlexenosagaepisodeireloadedonnovembermusicthemusicwascomposedbyyasunorimitsudawhohadpreviouslyworkedwithtakahashionthescoreofxenogearsmitsudaworkedasbothcomposerandorchestratorasopposedtomostrpgscoresatthetimemitsudacollaboratedwithtakahashitocreatetracksforspecificscenesinthegameratherthanasmallernumberofrepeatingtracksduetothegamesreligiousreferencesthescoreincorporatedgregorianchantsthescorewasperformedbythelondonphilharmonicorchestramultiplesoundtrackalbumswerereleasedfirstfromdigicubeandlaterthroughmitsudasownlabelsleighbellsasinglewasreleasedforthegamesthemesongkokororeceptionvideogamereviewsstateplainmcreviewsrefnamemcreffamrefnamefamreviewrefgameprorefnamegameprorefgspotrefnamegspotrefgspyrefnamegspyrefignrefnameignrefrevrpgamerrevscorerefnamerpgreviewrefxenosagaepisodeireachedthetopofsaleschartssellingoverunitswithinthreedaysofitsreleasebytheendoftheyearthegamewastheseventhbestsellinggameofwithsalesofnearunitswhilenoexactfiguresweregivennamcoreportedthatepisodeiwasoneoftheirgamesthathadseencommercialsuccessinternationallyinjulynamcoannouncedthatthegamehadsoldoveronemillioncopiesworldwidejapanesemagazinefamitsupositivelynotedtheworldandcharacterdevelopmentwhilegameprostatedthatthestoryandcharactersrivaledthatofagoodhardsciencefictionnovelorthebestanimeseriesavailablegregkasavinofgamespotenjoyedthenarrativebutfeltthatthebiblicalelementswereonlythereforshockvalueratherthanbeingmeaningfuladditionschristiannuttofgamespyfeltthatthestrongcharactershelpedsupportthenarrativeignsjeremydunhamwashighlypositiveaboutthestoryandthedevelopmentofcharactersbutnotedthatsomemightbedissatisfiedwiththeunresolvedstoryelementsheldovertolatergamesjakealleyofrpgamercalledthestoryinterestingwhileeurogamersrobfaheypraisedthecomplexityanddepthofthenarrativemultiplejournalistsnotedthehighnumberandlengthofcutsceneswithsomeenjoyingthemwhileothersfeltthereweretoomanygamepronotedthatthegamewasenjoyabledespiteitappearingconvolutedatfirstevenforrpgveteranskasavinappreciatedthelackofrandomencountersandenjoyedthestrategicflowofbattlewhilenuttappreciatedboththegameschallengeanditsdeepmechanicsdunhampraisedboththeeaseofgameplayfollowingitsintroductorystagesandthecustomizationoptionsavailablehewaslesspositiveaboutmostoftheminigamesavailablefahayfeltthatthegamehadexcellentgameplayandlikesasavinpraisedtheremovalofrandomencounterstheagwsmechswereseenbyseveralreviewersasalacklusteradditiontothegameplaythemechanicusedtoenabletheplayertorevisitdungeonswasalsofrequentlyseenascontrivedkasavincalledepisodeiagreatlookinggamedespitesomelipsynchingissuesandpraisedthecinematographyandgraphicsusedincinematicsnuttcalledtheenvironmentspurevisualpleasureandthecharactermodelsbothvariedanduniformlyexcellentdunhampraisedthecinematographyandgaveparticularpraisetotheanimationsoffacialmovementsandexpressionsfahaywhilegenerallyfindingthegraphicsexcellentpraisedthemergingofcinematicandrealtimegraphicstocreateasmoothexperiencewhileplayingthegamethemusicwasgenerallypraisedbyreviewersalthoughkasavinandalleyfeltthatitwastooscarceduringgameplaysegmentstheenglishvoiceearnedcontrastingopinionsfromreviewerswhilealleyandnuttgavepraisetotheenglishcastdunhamandkasavinwerelessimpressedbytheoverallperformanceswithdunhamcomparingthedubtoanaveragedubofajapaneseanimelegacytheinternationalsuccessofxenosagaepisodeipromptednamcotoofferthenmoresupportwithnamcosthenvicepresidentyoichiharaguchitonamethecompanyasavaluabledevelopmentpartneralongsidenamcotalesstudioamangaadaptationwaswrittenbyatsushibabaandpublishedthroughmonthlycomiczerosumthemangawasreleasedbythecomicspublisherichijinshaacrossthreevolumesbetweenandfollowingthereleaseofepisodeiasupplementarydiscwascreatedtitledxenosagafreaksreleasedonaprilfreaksissplitintofoursegmentsavisualnovelsegmentfeaturingmultiplecharactersfromthegameaminigamedubbedxenopittenadictionarythatexplainsthegamesterminologyandademoforthegamesofficialsequelfreakswaspartofamovementwiththexenosagaseriestoturnitintoamultimediafranchisewiththeprojectgrowingsubstantiallylargerthanpreviouslyplannedrefnamexenoweeklyrefthesequelxenosagaepisodeiiwasdevelopedbyanewteamwithtakahashioverseeingtheprojectsotheseriescouldbetakeninanewdirectionbyyoungerstaffmemberswithinmonolithsoftthescenariowrittenbynorihikoyonesakabasedontheinitialdraftbytakahashiandsagaendedupleavingoutalotoftheoriginallyplannedcontentepisodeiiwasreleasedinjapaninjunewhileitwasreleasedinnorthamericainfebruarythesequelwasalsopublishedineuropebysonycomputerentertainmentsonycomputerentertainmenteuropeinoctoberofthatyearbothepisodeiandepisodeiiwerereimaginedforthenintendodsasxenosagaiiicodevelopedbymonolithsoftandtomcreaterefnamexenocreaterefthescenariowassupervisedbytakahashiandincludedmaterialwhichneededtobecutfromtheoriginalreleasesofthefirsttwoxenosagagamesxenosagaiiiremainsexclusivetojapandevelopmentofxenosagaepisodeiiibeganwhileworkwasfinishingonepisodeiiwhiletheteamwereopentofurtherentriesbasedonthegamescommercialperformanceitwasdesignedtobethelastentryintheseriesaraiandyonesakareturnedrespectivelyasdirectorandscriptwritertakahashiprovidedthescenariodraftandsupervisedthewritingepisodeiiireleasedininjapanandnorthamericaepisodeiiiwasthelastgamereleasedinthexenosagaseriesrefnamexenogamesrefxenosagatheanimationfollowingthesuccessofthegameatwelveepisodeanimeadaptationtitledxenosagatheanimationwasproducedbytoeianimationwhilenostafffromthegamewereinvolvedintheanimesproductionthestaffwantedtokeeptheanimeasclosetothegameseventsaspossiblefirstannouncedintheanimewasfirsttransmittedontvasahibetweenjanuaryandmarchtheanimewasfirstlicensedanddubbedbyadvisionthelicensewaslaterpickedupbyfunimationentertainmentmultiplestafffromxenosagatheanimationwouldlatertakepartintheproductionofxenosagaiiinotesreferencesexternallinksinfoboxvideogametitlexenosagaepisodeiiimagexenosagaepisodeiijenseitsvongutundbosecoverartpngdevelopermonolithsoftpublisherdirectorkoharaiproducertomohirohagiwarawriternorihikoyonesakabrtetsuyatakahashibrsorayasagadesignernorihirotakamiartistkouichimugitanibrjunyaishigakibrnorihirotakamiprogrammertoshiakiyajimacomposeryukikajiurabrshinjihosoeseriesxenosagaplatformsplaystationreleasedgenreroleplayingvideogamemodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayerxenosagaepisodeiijenseitsvongutundbseisaroleplayingvideogamedevelopedbymonolithsoftfortheplaystationitwaspublishedinjapanandnorthamericabynamcoandineuropebysonycomputerentertainmentsonycomputerentertainmenteuropeitisthesecondentryinthexenosagatrilogyandformspartofthewiderxenoseriesxenometaseriescontinuingdirectlyfromtheeventsofxenosagaepisodeixenosagaepisodeiiseesprotagonistsshionuzukiandjrcontinuingtocombattheplotsoftheuticorganizationandtheinsanealbedopiazzollagameplayiscarriedoverfromthefirstgamefeaturingexplorationofenvironmentsthroughalinearnarrativewhilebattlesfollowaturnbasedsystemfeaturingasystemofbuttoncombinationsmultiplelevelingsystemsandcombatfeaturingboththecharactersonfootandpilotinglargemechacalledesdevelopmentofxenosagaepisodeiibeganfollowingthecompletionofepisodeiseriescreatortetsuyatakahashigavecontrolofthexenosagaseriestoanewdevelopmentteamresultinginanumberofchangesthegameplaysystemwasredesignedbasedonfeedbackfromepisodeithescenariowrittenbynorihikoyonesakawasbasedontheoriginaldraftbytakahashiandsorayasagawithepisodeiibeingsagaslastcontributiontothemaintrilogythemusicwascomposedbyyukikajiuraandshinjihosoewhoworkedseparatelyonthecinematicandgameplaysoundtracksrespectivelyuponreleasethegamereceivedpraisefromcriticswiththemajorityofcriticismgoingtowardssomeofitsalteredgameplaymechanicsdespitestrongsalesinbothjapanandnorthamericaitfailedtomeetprojectedsalestargetsalongsideepisodeiithestaffexpandedthexenosagaseriesintootherprojectsaportionoftheplannedxenosaganarrativebytakahashiandsagawasmadeintoxenosagapiedpiperreleasedinformobiledevicesthegamewasremadealongwithepisodeiaspartofxenosagaiiiforthenintendodsthefinalxenosagagamexenosagaepisodeiiiwasreleasedingameplayperformingaboostmovexenosagaepisodeiiisaroleplayingvideogametheplayercontrolsapartyofcharactersthatexpandsduringthecourseofthegamenavigatingthemthroughavarietyofenvironmentstiedtotheprogressionofthestorygameplaysegmentsareseparatedbystorysequenceswhicharetoldmainlythroughtraditionalfullmotioncutscenesexploringenvironmentsthepartycancollectavarietyofitemsfromdestroyingobjectssomeitemscanbeusedingameplaytoboostacharactersstatisticsorrestorehealthmostareascanbenavigatedonfootbutsomerequiretheuseofmechsduringnavigationthepartycanseeenemyunitsinthefieldchoosingwhetherornottoengagethemwhenanencounteristriggeredthepartyandenemyfightsinadedicatedarenaanyofthethreememberplayerpartycanbeswappedoutinbattleatthecostofaturneachcharacterhasaccesstomeleeandrangedstandardattackscanuseitemstoaffectthepartyorenemiesandguardagainstattackstheplayerpartysattacksaredeterminedthroughbuttoncombinationswithdifferentcombinationstriggeringdifferentattacksequencesthatcanhavesecondaryeffectsonthepartyandneighboringenemiesthetypesandpowerofactionstakenbycharactersisgovernedbytheiravailableactionpointsapwhichcanbesavedusingtheboostoptioninbattleaftersavingenoughapacharactercanperformaspecialattackwiththeiraccumulatedapwithsomeboostattacksignoringturnordertoallowacharacterwhohasyettomovetostealanenemysturnandperformanactionacharacterspositiononthebattlefieldcanbeshiftedwhichdirectlyaffectswhatattackstheyperformandhowtheyinteractwithneighboringpartymemberscharactershavethreelevelofattacksahighbmidandcloweachenemyisvulnerabletoaparticularsequenceofattacksuponcompletingasequenceofattacksanenemyisweaktotheenemyisknockedoutrenderingthemunabletomovewhenknockedoutapartymembercanperformaspecialattackwhichdealshighdamagetwocharacterscanalsocooperateonadualattackwhichdealshighdamagetoenemiesinadditiontobattlingonfootmechaspecifictoacharactercanbesummonedwhileeachmechhasafixedmainpilotthesubpilotcanbechangedwhichaltersthetypesofattacksthemechcanperformafterdefeatingtheenemythepartyreceivesexperiencepointswhichraisetheirbasicstatisticsandskillpointswhichareusedtoupgradeeachcharactersskilltreeunlockingnewskillsnewitemsandaccessoriescanonlybegatheredeitherthroughsearchingtheenvironmentordefeatingenemiesascurrencyandshopsarenotpresentsynopsissettinglikeitspredecessorxenosagaepisodeiitakesplaceinauniversebasedaroundsciencefictionintheyearxxthezoharanartifactdatingfromthebeginningoftheuniversewhichconnectstotherealmofagodlikeenergydubbedudowasunearthedbyanarcheologicalexpeditioninkenyathezohariskeytoenablinghumanitytotravelinspacebeyondthesolarsystemoveryearsinthefuturehumanityhasleftearthbehindtocolonizethegalaxyfollowingaterribleeventresultinginearthslocationbeinglostandtheplanetbeingdubbedlostjerusalembythegameseventshumanityhasadoptedanewcalendarsystemdubbedtranscendchristtcwiththegameseventstakingplaceintcequivalenttoadhumanityisnowspreadacrossplanetswiththeirgovernmentsformingthegalaxyfederationplanetsareconnectedthroughatimewarptravelnetworkcalledtheunusmundusnetworkumntheumnismanagedbyvectorindustrieswhichalsocontrolsinterestsinthefederationsmilitaryexistingalongsidehumansarerealianssynthetichumanswhoholdequalstatuswithnaturalhumansthefederationhascomeunderattackfromanancientalienracecalledthegnosiswhichbegindecimatingfederationworldsasnormalweaponsareineffectiveagainstthemvectordevelopstwodifferentweaponsystemsdesignedtofightthemhumanoidmechadubbedagwsantignosisweaponsystemandthesimilarbutmorepowerfulkosmosbattleandroidstherealsoexistmoreadvancedagwsmodelscalledespoweredbylostjerusalemartifactscalledvesselsofanimaimportantorganizationsincludethekukaifoundationagroupthatactsasashelterforenhancedhumanstheuticorganizationaoncescientificgroupthatnowwishestogaincontrolofthezoharandormusasecretivecultwhoworshiplostjerusalemwhichsecretlyfundsuticandoperationsthroughapoliticalfactioncalledtheimmigrantfleetrefnamexenoscenariorefakeyepisodeinthegamesbackstoryisthemiltianconflictwhichoccurredfourteenyearsbeforetheeventsofepisodeiontheplanetmiltiabeginningduetoawarbetweenuticandthefederationitescalatedduetoagroupofrealiansgoingberserkandattackingpeopleindiscriminatelytheplanetofmiltiawaslostinaspacetimeanomalywhenanexperimentinvolvingurtvsanarmyofgeneticallymodifiedchildrendesignedtocombatudosenergiesgoeshorriblywrongfollowingtheapparentdestructionofmiltianewsettlementsandanewgovernmentareestablishedonaneighboringplanetnamedsecondmiltiaduringtheeventsofepisodeimainprotagonistshionuzukiandhercreationtheantignosisandroidprototypekosmosareforcedtoescapeagnosisattacktriggeredbythediscoveryofazoharemulatorduringtheirjourneytosecondmiltiaaboardthepassengerfreighterelsatheyarepursuedbyuticforcesencountermoregnosisseekingthezoharemulatorandshionexperiencesvisionsofayounggirlnamednephilimandadeceasedfriendfebroniathelatterofwhomaskshertofreehersisterscecilyandcatheshelteringwiththekulaifoundationtheyareeventuallyforcedtoconfrontalbedopiazzollaanunhingedurtvdeterminedtoreachmiltiawhenhethreatenssecondmiltiawithapowerfulweaponcalledtheprotomerkabahthegroupdestroytheprotomerkabahbutalbedoescapeswithdatathatcouldleadthewaytomiltiaepisodeiipicksupimmediatelyaftertheendingofepisodeiwhentheelsaarrivesonmiltiacharactersthemainprotagonistsareshionuzukiascientistforvectorindustriesandjraurtvsurvivoroftheudoexperimentwhorunsthekukaifoundationwithhisbrothergaignunthemainpartyincludesjinuzukishionsestrangedbrotherkosmosaprototypeantignosisbattleandroidchaosamelancholyyoungmanwithmysteriouspowersmomoaprototyperealiancreatedbyuticscientistjoachimmizrahiandmodeledafterhisdeaddaughterziggyshortforzigguratacyborgwhoactsasmomosguardianandcanaanacombatrealianwhoworkedwithchaosduringthemiltianconflictothercharactersincludeallenridgeleyacoworkerofshionmainantagonistalbedopiazzollatheinsanebrotherofjrandgaignunmargulisahighrankingofficerinuticsergiustheapparentleaderofbothormusandtheimmigrantfleetdmitriyurievcreatorandbiologicalfatheroftheurtvswilhelmceoofvectorandnephilimayounggirlwhoappearstoshioninvisionsplotepisodeiibeginsfourteenyearspriortotheopeningofepisodeiduringthemiltianconflictcanaanandchaosaresenttoinvestigatediscoveringthatpeoplearebeingdriveninsanebythesongofnephilimaharmonythataffectsthemindtheyaresavedfromanambushbyjinwhohasstolendataimplicatingthepeopleusingthesongafterfendingoffanattackbymargulisthatleavesmargulisscarredjintransfersthedataintocanaansmindtokeepitsafefourteenyearslaterthedataremainslockedwiththekeytounlockingitstillbeingonmiltianowbasedonsecondmiltiacanaanisassignedtoprotectthecrewoftheelsafollowingtheirarrivaluponarrivalshionreluctantlyhandskosmosovertovectorofficialswhileinstructingallentokeepaneyeonherwhileziggypreparestoescortmomotohavethedataimplantedbyjoachimmizrahiretrievedduringherstayshionreceivesavisionfromnephilimaskinghertohelpcecilyandcatheasshepromisedwhileonsecondmiltiamomoziggychaosandjrareattackedbyuticagentsinpowerfulmechsonlybeingsavedbycanaansinterventionshionmeanwhilehasanuncomfortablereunionwithjinassheblameshisabsenceforthedeathsoftheirparentsduringthemiltianconflictinthehoursleadinguptomomosscanbothjrandhisbrothergaignunaretelepathicallytormentedbyalbedowhostillcannotdecodethedatahestolefrommomoduringtheprocedureavirusimplantedinmomobyalbedoactivatesandmomofragmentsherownpersonalitytokeepmizrahisdatasecureshionjrandtherestofthegroupentermomossubconscioustosaveherduringthisperiodjrrevealsthatheandhisbrotherswerepartofanexperimentbydmitriyurievyurievswishwastocreateanexistencewhichwouldneutralizeudothethreewereclosebutalbedobecamedisturbedwhenhediscoveredhisabilitytosurviveanyinjurywasuniquetohimmeaninghecouldoutlivehisbrothersduringanexperimentjrbrokethecircuitcontainingaportionofudoresultingineveryoneexcepthimselfalbedoandgaignunbeingkilledalbedowastouchedbyudoandwentinsanewhilegaignunremainedunaffectedastheysavemomoalbedohacksinandtricksmomointoreleasingthedecodeddatatohimusingthedataalbedoopensthewaytomiltiawiththewaytomiltiaopenedthefederationuticandtheimmigrantfleetfighteachotherforcontrolofthezoharhiddenontheplanetshionandallenattempttoreachmiltiabutarealmostdestroyedbyuticforcesandonlysavedduetokosmossspontaneousactivationandinterventionwithhelpfromgaignunandthesecondmiltiagovernmentthegroupthenlaunchanassaultwiththeelsadestroyingtheimmigrantfleetmothershipbeforebeingrescuedbygaignunasthespacetimedistortionaroundmiltiavanishesjoinedbyjinandcanaantheyunlockthedatawithincanaanrevealingthattheimmigrantfleethasfundeduticsinceitsinceptionandthatmomosfathermizrahisacrificedhimselftosealmiltiaawayafteralbedoreleasedtheenergyudoafteraskirmishwithmargulisthegroupfindthezoharandtwodeformedcomatoserealiansusedtocontrolitsenergythesearececilyandcatheshionreluctantlyallowskosmostokillcecilyandcathethezoharisclaimedbysergiusonbehalfoformusandtheimmigrantfleetheinstallsthezoharintotheprotoomegaagiantmachinebuiltwithinthestructureofmiltiawiththeintentofdestroyingthegnosisandfederationsoormuswillbefreetorediscoverlostjerusalemshionsgroupescapeontheelsaastheprotoomegaactivatesdestroyingbothmiltiaandthesurroundingarmiesofthefederationandormusasthegrouplaunchanassaultontheprotoomegagaignunwhohadpreviouslykilledyurievafterrefusingtokilljrasorderedispossessedbythespiritofyurievwhotakesoverthefederationgovernmentandlauncheshisownattackontheprotoomegawhenthegroupfacesergiustheyareaidedbyalbedobutalbedoisapparentlykilledbysergiusaftertheirbattlesergiusiskilledbyagroupofcloakedmendubbedthetestamentsduetoexceedinghisroleintheirplansthetestamentsthenresurrectalbedoandgivehimcontrolofthezoharwhichimmediatelyunleashesudosenergyjrisforcedtokillalbedodispersingtheudoenergybutiscomfortedbynephilimbeforethezoharcanberetrievedamassiveshipdubbedabelsarkappearsandabsorbsthezoharwilhelmwhohasbeenobservingeventsspeakstelepathicallywithchaoswhilecallinghimyeshuapraisinghisdecisiontobecomeanactiveplayerineventsinapostcreditsscenewilhelmconferswiththetestamentsaboutrecenteventswhilewelcominganewwhitecloakedmemberdevelopmentfollowingthereleaseofepisodeiinthexenosagaprojectwasreevaluatedandstaffreshuffledtoallownewerstaffmembersachancetohandletheseriesseriescreatorandmonolithsoftcofoundertetsuyatakahashisteppeddownasdirectortakingonotherresponsibilitieswithinthecompanyinadditiontobeinggivenwidercreativeinputonprojectstakahashisexplanationwasthathedidnotwanttolimitthescopeanddirectionofthexenosagaseriesandthathisstyleofdirectionasseenforepisodeicouldresultinthedevelopmentperiodbecomingextendedexponentiallyrefnamexenoguiderefdevelopmentonepisodeiitookapproximatelytwoyearsworkedonbyastaffoftopeoplethestaffwasdividedintothreeteamsscenebattleandquestduringproductionhagiwaraandtheothernewstaffaimedtoturnxenosagaintoanevolvingseriesratherthanastaticonethegameplaywasmainlycarriedoverfromepisodeibutwithadjustmentsandadditionsdesignedtostreamlinethesystemandincreaseplayabilitythebattlesystemwasadjustedbasedonfeedbackthatthefirstgamesbattlesystemwastoocomplicatedwhilethecharacterdesignsofepisodeiwerestylizedthecastwereredesignedforepisodeiitoappearmuchmorerealisticthiswasdonetoincreasetheexpressivenessofthecharactersduringcutscenesthegraphicsenginewascompletelyrebuiltforthesecondgamemugitanialsoresumedhisrolefromepisodeiasproductiondesignertheconceptandscenariodraftwaswrittenbytakahashiandhiswifesorayasagaepisodeiiwasthelastmainxenosagagameworkedonbysagapriortoherleavingtheprojectinaccordingtoaraithechangesweremadeinconsultationwithtakahashiwiththemtreatinghisplanasanovelandthegameasitsmovieadaptationinalaterinterviewsagasaidthechangesmadetotheoverallscenarioforepisodeiiresultedinsubsequentchangestotheplannedxenosagaplotlineaswiththeotherxenosagatitlesthegamemadeheavyuseofchristianmythologybiblicalmythologyxenosagaepisodeiiwasfirstannouncedinjulyduringaspecialeventdedicatedtotheproductionsofmonolithsoftitwasannouncedalongsidetheinternationalversionofthefirstgamexenosagaepisodeireloadedandthecompanysnewtitlebatenkaitoseternalwingsandthelostoceanrefnamedengxenorefthegamewasreleasedbynamcoinjapanonjunethegamewasfirstshownoffinternationallyattheelectronicentertainmentexpowithitsreleasewindowbeingannouncedbynamcoinaugustofthatyearepisodeiiwasreleasedinnorthamericaonfebruarythegamewaslocalizedbynamcosinternallocalizationdepartmentdubbingwashandledbycupofteaproductionsxenosagaepisodeiiwasthecompanysveryfirstprojectforepisodeiiseveralactorswererecastincludingthevoiceactressforkosmosrefnamegspreviewrefwhileepisodeiwasnotreleasedineuropenamcopartneredwithsonycomputerentertainmentsonycomputerentertainmenteuropetoreleaseepisodeiionoctoberaspecialeditionexclusivetoeuropereleasedalongsidethenormalversioncontainingamoviedvddetailingtheeventsleadinguptoepisodeiiitistheonlyxenosagatitletobereleasedintheregionrefnamepetersonblakerefmusicthemusicforxenosagaepisodeiiwascomposedbyyukikajiuraandshinjihosoethetwoworkedrespectivelyonthecinematicandgameplaytrackstheydidnotcollaborateonanytracksorevenmeetduringthegamesproductionkajiurawhosepreviousworkconsistedmostlyofanimescoresfeltthatthegamessoundtrackwasdifferentfromherearlierworkduetothedifferentpieceslinkingwitheachotheralthoughsometracksweresplitupbytheproductionteamwhenshecomposedthemtomergeasasinglemelodyshealsofounditeasierworkingfrommitsudasratherthancreatingacompletelyoriginalscoretherealisticartdesignalsoinfluencedkajurasworkasshewishedtocomplementitkajurascompositionswerereleasedonatwodiscalbuminjulywhilesomeofhosoesmusicwasreleasedonapromotionaldiscaspartofthenorthamericanstrategyguidetherestofhosoesmusicforthegamehasyettoreceiveanalbumreleasereceptionvideogamereviewsmcreviewsrefnamemcrefeurogrefnameeuroreffamrefnamefamreviewrefgameprorefnamegprorefgspotrefnamegamespotrefgspyrefnamespyrefignrefnameignrefduringitsfirstweekonsaleinjapanxenosagaepisodeiireachedsecondplaceingamingchartssellingaroundunitsthefollowingweekthegamedroppedtothethirdplacewithfurthersalesofoverunitscontributingtoageneraldeclineingamesalesduringthatperiodwithintwoweeksofitsreleasethegamehadsoldnearlyunitsinjapanrefnamexenosalesrefaccordingtonamcosfiscalreportinfebruarythegamehadsoldunitsinjapanbythattimeaccordingtotheirlaterfiscalyearreportepisodeiiwasoneofnamcosbettersellingtitlesinnorthamericaalthoughnoexactsalesfiguresweregivenaccordingtoalaterreportepisodeiiunderperformedcommerciallyreachingjustoverofnamcosprojectedsalestargetjapanesemagazinefamitsufeltthatthecharactersandworldviewwasenjoyablebutfeltthatsomesceneswereforcedandthecutscenesrantoolongsimonparkinofeurogamerpraiseditscharactersandplotbutfoundthestoryuncomfortablylongandcomplicatedrequiringtoomuchforeknowledgeoftheoriginalgametobeenjoyableforseriesnewcomersgameprowhilenotingthatthecinematicsmightbetoolongforsomeenjoyedthestoryanditscontinuationofthefirstgamesnarrativebethanymassimillaofgamespotenjoyedboththenarrativeanditsfocusonthecastandgamespyschristiannuttpraisedthenarrativesrevelationsdespitepacingissuesandalackofmeaningfulprogresswiththeoverarchingnarrativejeremydunhamofignfoundtheshiftfromshiontojrsnarrativetobejarringbutgenerallyenjoyedtheoverarchingnarrativeandthenewcharactersparkinnotedthatthecharactermodelsweresexedupfromthepreviousgamewhilegameprogenerallypraisedtheoverhaultothegamesgraphicsandcharacterdesignmassimillapraisedthemorerealisticcharacterdesignsandpolishedvisualsdunhamnotedthattheincreasedvisualqualityandredonecharacterdesignshelpedinthegamespresentationthoughhefoundthesoundtracklackingwhenmeasuredagainstthefirstgamesscorehealsocriticizedthereplacementofsomecharactersenglishvoicesfamitsuenjoyedthehigherspeedofbattlecomparedtoepisodeiparkinechoedthesesentimentswhilealsonotedhowmechanicssuchasboostandtheadditionofsidequestcontentmadethegamebetterthanitspredecessorgamepropositivelynotedthatthefirstgamesmechanicshadbeenmademoreapproachableforseriesnewcomerswhilemassimillafeltthatthesimplifiednatureofthecharactergrowthsystembroughtdowntheexperienceinadditiontobeingshorterthanotherrpgsavailableatthetimenuttfeltthatthealterationsmadebattlesfarmoreenjoyabledespitethecharactergrowthsystemlackinganymeaningfulcustomizationoptionsdunhamechoedotherreviewersopinionsonboththeupgradestobattleandthereworkedcharacterprogressionsysteminadditiontothelackofingamecurrencytobuyitemslegacydevelopmentofxenosagaepisodeiiibeganwhileworkwasfinishingonepisodeiiwhiletheteamwereopentofurtherentriesbasedonthegamescommercialperformanceitwasdesignedtobethelastentryintheseriesaraiandyonesakareturnedrespectivelyasdirectorandscriptwritertakahashiprovidedthescenariodraftandsupervisedthewritingepisodeiiireleasedininjapanandnorthamericaepisodeiiiwasthelastgamereleasedinthexenosagaseriesrefnamexenogamesrefapartoftheplannednarrativeforepisodeiiwasincorporatedintoxenosagapiedpiperthegamewascodevelopedbymonolithsoftbandainamcoentertainmentnamcomobileandtomcreateaspartofamovetomakexenosagaamultimediafranchiseaccessingawideaudiencebothepisodeiiandepisodeiwereremadeforthenintendodsasxenosagaiiicodevelopedbymonolithsoftandtomcreatebothpiedpiperandxenosagaiiiremainexclusivetojapannotesreferencesexternallinksinfoboxvideogametitlexenosagaepisodeiiiimagexenoboxartjpgdevelopermonolithsoftpublishernamcobandaigamesdirectorkoharaiproducertomohirohagiwarawriternorihikoyonesakabrtetsuyatakahashiartistkouichimugitanicomposeryukikajiuraseriesxenoseriesxenosmallmainsmallbrxenosagasmallsubseriessmallplatformsplaystationreleasedgenreroleplayingvideogamemodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayerxenosagaepisodeiiialsosprachzarathustraisaroleplayingvideogamedevelopedbymonolithsoftandpublishedbynamcobandaigamesfortheplaystationinitisthefinalentryinboththexenosagatrilogyandthelargerxenosagaserieswhichformspartofthexenoseriesxenofranchiseconcludingthenarrativeofxenosagaepisodeiandxenosagaepisodeiiepisodeiiepisodeiiiseesshionuzukiandthebattleandroidkosmossearchouttheoriginsofthehostilealiengnosiswhilebeinghuntedbyshionsformeremployersandfourpowerfulhumanscalledthetestamentsgameplayiscarriedoverfromthefirsttwogamesfeaturingexplorationofenvironmentsthroughalinearnarrativewhilebattlesfollowaturnbasedsystemfeaturingmultiplelevelingsystemsandcombatwithbothahumanpartyandmechaconceptworkforxenosagaepisodeiiibeganduringthelaterdevelopmentofxenosagaepisodeiiinthedevelopmentteamsaimwastoaddressissuesraisedbyfansandstaffwiththeprevioustwoxenosagagamesalongwithbringingthestorytoasatisfactoryconclusionduetothedecisiontoturntheintendedsixpartseriesintoatrilogytheoriginaldraftforepisodeiiiwassubstantiallyreworkedaswithpreviousxenosagatitlesthesubtitlewasdrawnfromtheworkofprussianphilosopherfriedrichnietzschewhilethegamewaspraisedbycriticsandwentontosellovercopiesworldwidethemixedresponsetothexenosagaseriesasawholeleftmonolithsoftstaffinastateoflowmoralepartiallyleadingtothedevelopmentofxenobladechroniclesgameplayxenosagaepisodeiiiisaroleplayingvideogamewhereplayerstakecontrolofapartyofcharactersduringthegametheyexploreavarietyofenvironmentsfromtownsandcitiestodungeonsduringthecourseofthegameadatabaseisfilledoutwhichholdsentriesonterminologycharactersstoryeventsandearliereventsfrompastxenosagagamescombatissplitintotwotypesonewiththehumanpartymembersandoneusingcombatmechsdubbedesunitswhenbattlebeginstheplayerandenemypartiesfightinadedicatedcombatarenathecombatisgovernedbyaturnsroundsandtimekeepingsystemsingamesturnbasedturnbasedbattlesystemtheplayerpartyisrestrictedtothreemembersbutatthecostofoneturnanactivecharactercanbeswitchedoutforareservecharactereachcharacterhasacertainamountofhealthpointshpandetherpointsepifallhpisdepletedacharacterisdefeatedturnorderisgovernedbyacharactersagilitystatisticeachcharactercantakeavarietyofactionsrangingfromattackingperformingspecialattackscalledartsandusingetherabilitiesthateachconsumeepusingitemstakingdefensivepositionsthatreducedamageandescapingthebattleboththeplayerpartyandenemieshavebreakgaugeswhichfillupwheneithersidesuccessfullylandsanattackwhenthegaugefillsthatcharacterisstunnedandcannotactfortwoturnsinadditionbecomingmorevulnerabletoahighdamagecriticalattackthebreakgaugecanbereducedbyusingetherabilitieswhichcanalsobeusedalongwithitemstorecoverhprefnamexenogameplayrefeachplayercharacterhasaboostgaugethatbuildsupduringbattlewhichcanbeusedtoeitherperformtwoactionsinasingleturnordelivercharacterspecificspecialattacksifanenemyiskilledwithaboostattackanactionlabelledfinishstriketheyattheendofbattletheyaregrantedaboosttotheirexperiencepointsexpingamemoneyandskillpointsspusedtoupgradeabilitiescombatinesmechaisgovernedbysimilarmechanicstonormalbattlesomedungeonsinthegameareonlynavigablewithmechswhileothersenabletheplayertoswitchbetweennavigatingonfootorinmechsthreemechscanbeactiveatanyonetimewithafourthinreservetoreplaceonewhichisknockedoutinbattlemechscanperformstandardandspecialattackswiththetypeofattacksavailabledeterminedbythatmechsequippedweaponeachmechhasafiniteenergylevelwhichtheirequippedweapondrawsupontoperformanactioneachtimeamechstrikesanenemywithanattacktheiranimagaugewillfillupwhenfullthemechcanenteranimamodeatemporarystatewhereattackpowerisraisedandenergycostsforactionsareloweredesunitsarecustomizedandupgradedinfivedifferentareaswitheachareagrantingdifferentstatusbuffstothemechsuchasraisinghealthregenerationduringchargingperiodsorincreasingexpawardedattheendofabattlerefnamerpgfmechsrefsynopsissettingliketherestoftheseriesxenosagaepisodeiiitakesplaceinasciencefictionuniverseintheyearxxthezoharanartifactdatingfromthebeginningoftheuniversewhichconnectstotherealmofagodlikeenergydubbedudowasunearthedbyanarcheologicalexpeditioninkenyathezohariskeytoenablinghumanitytotravelinspacebeyondthesolarsystemoveryearsinthefuturehumanityhasleftearthbehindtocolonizethegalaxyfollowingaterribleeventresultinginearthslocationbeinglostandtheplanetbeingdubbedlostjerusalembythegameseventshumanityhasadoptedanewcalendarsystemdubbedtranscendchristtcwiththegameseventstakingplaceintcequivalenttoadhumanityisnowspreadacrossplanetswiththeirgovernmentsformingthegalaxyfederationplanetsareconnectedthroughawarptravelnetworkcalledtheunusmundusnetworkumntheumnismanagedbyvectorindustrieswhichalsocontrolsinterestsinthefederationsmilitaryexistingalongsidehumansarerealianssynthetichumanswhoholdequalstatuswithnaturalhumansthefederationhascomeunderattackfromanancientalienracecalledthegnosiswhichbeginsdecimatingfederationworldsasnormalweaponsareineffectivevectordevelopstwodifferentweaponsystemsdesignedtofightthemhumanoidmechadubbedagwsantignosisweaponsystemandthesimilarbutmorepowerfulkosmosbattleandroidstherealsoexistmoreadvancedagwsmodelscalledespoweredbylostjerusalemartifactscalledvesselsofanimaimportantorganizationsincludethekukaifoundationagroupthatactsasashelterforenhancedhumanstheuticorganizationaoncescientificgroupthatnowwishestogaincontrolofthezoharandormusasecretivecultfromlostjerusalemwhichsecretlyfundsuticandoperatesthroughapoliticalfactioncalledtheimmigrantfleetakeyepisodeinthegamesbackstoryisthemiltianconflictwhichoccurredfourteenyearsbeforetheeventsofepisodeiontheplanetmiltiabeginningduetoawarbetweenuticandthefederationitescalatedduetoagroupofrealiansgoingberserkandattackingpeopleindiscriminatelytheplanetofmiltiawaslostinaspacetimeanomalywhenanexperimentinvolvingurtvsanarmyofgeneticallymodifiedchildrendesignedtocombatudosenergiesgoeshorriblywrongduringtheeventsofxenosagaepisodeimainprotagonistshionuzukiandhercreationtheantignosisandroidkosmosareforcedtoescapeangnosisattacktriggeredbythediscoveryofazoharemulatoramanmadecopyofthezoharduringtheirjourneytosecondmiltiaaboardthepassengerfreighterelsatheyarepursuedbyuticforcesencountermoregnosisseekingthezoharemulatorandshionexperiencesvisionsofayounggirlnamednephilimshelteringwiththekulaifoundationtheyareeventuallyforcedtoconfrontalbedopiazzollaanunhingedurtvdeterminedtoreachmiltiawhenhethreatenssecondmiltiawithapowerfulweaponcalledtheprotomerkabahthegroupdestroytheprotomerkabahbutalbedoescapeswithdatathatcouldopenthewaytomiltiaduringxenosagaepisodeiialbedosucceedsinaccessingmiltiausingtheconflictbetweenormusandthefederationtoaccessapowerfulmechcalledtheprotoomegathetestamentsgranthimaccesstothezoharforcingpartymemberandfellowurtvjrtokillhimfollowingthedefeatoftheprotoomegathezoharisabsorbedbyagiantshipdubbedabelsarkoverthenextyearshionlearnsthatvectorandherfatherweredirectlyinvolvedtheuticsactivitiesresigningfromvectorfollowingaseriesofgnosisattacksdubbedthegnosisterrorismcharactersthemainprotagonistsareshionuzukiaformeremployeeofvectorindustriesandkosmosaprototypeantignosisbattleandroidtheyareaccompaniedontheirjourneybyjraurtvsurvivorwhorunsthekukaifoundationwithhisbrothergaignunandcommandsboththeelsaandtheshipdurandaljinuzukishionsbrotherandaveteranofthemiltianconflictchaosamelancholyyoungmanwithmysteriouspowersmomoaprototyperealiancreatedbyuticscientistjoachimmizrahiandmodeledafterhisdeaddaughterziggyshortforzigguratacyborgwhoactsasmomosguardianandcanaanacombatrealianwhoworkedwithchaosduringthemiltianconflictothercharactersincludeallenridgeleyaformercoworkerofshionwilhelmceoofvectorandthemainantagonisttelosanantignosisbattleandroidsimilartokosmosmargulisahighrankingofficerinuticdmitriyurievcreatorandbiologicalfatheroftheurtvswhohassurvivedthroughpossessinggaignunsbodynephilimayounggirlwhoappearstoshioninvisionsandabelayoungmanconnectedtoudoservingwilhelmarethetestamentsresurrectedmenwithsupernaturalabilitiestheyaretheredtestamentkevinwinnicotshionsformerloveinterestthebluetestamentluisvirgilaformerfederationofficertheblacktestamentvoyageranoldadversaryofziggyandthewhitetestamentalbedotheurtvbrotherofjrandgaignunrefnamexenocharactersrefplotfollowingherresignationfromvectorinthewakeofherdiscoveriesandthegnosisterrorismshionallieswithundergroundgroupscientiatoinvestigateherformercoworkerallentakesherplacelookingafterkosmosmeanwhilecanaanjrjinchaosmomoandziggyareinvestigatingalandmassthatoriginatedfromlostjerusalemtheyareattackedbymargulisthenthelandmassisswallowedwiththeelsainaninvertedpocketofhyperspaceshionmeanwhilevisitsallenandseesthedemonstrationoftwonewweaponsforfightingthegnosistelosabattlerobotmeanttoreplacekosmosandomegaamechcreatedfromtheprotoomegasremainsandpilotedbyabelafterthetestteloscreatorrothmantelinformsallenthatkosmoswillbescrappedsodevelopmentcanfocusontelosaskosmossweaponryistheonlywaytobreakintothehyperspacepocketandsavetheelsashionleadsthegroupintothefacilityandrescueskosmosguidedatonepointbyabelduringthistimeshionhasfrequentvisionsofthegirlnephilimandhasblackoutswheresheiscontactedbyudoeventsarealsoobservedbywilhelmwhoisworkingwiththetestamentstofindbothabelandabelsarkenteringthehyperspacepocketthegroupfindtheelsaandinvestigatetheareaencounteringbothalbedoandvirgilandlearningthatthevesselsofanimapoweringtheiresmechaarekeytothetestamentsplanstheyarethenconfrontedbymantelwhorevealshimselfastheredtestamentandtelostelosalmostkillskosmosbutshionspendantactivatesapparentlytransportingthemtotheplanetmiltiafifteenyearsintothepastwhichisrevealedtobeaworldwithinshionssubconscioustheyareattackedbyvoyagerwhoisbeatenbackbyaredesignedkosmosduringthegroupstimethereshionlearnsthetrueeventsthatcausedmiltiasfallherfatherkevinmargulisandmizrahiwereattemptingtocontrolthezoharthroughexperimentsinvolvingbothshionandhermotherbutwhenuticandfederationforcesclashedkevinandmargulisreleasedunstablecombatrealianswhichslaughterednearlyeveryoneinthebattlethetraumacausedtheyoungshiontoresonatewiththezoharsummoningthegnosisandawakeningudoitwasonlymizrahisselfsacrificeinsealingawaymiltiathatpreventedthechaosfromspreadingthegroupfightvirgilbeforeheiscalmedbythespiritoffebroniawhotendedhimwhenhewasinjuredonmiltiaandwithwhomheformedanattachmentpriortoherdeathandfollowsherintotheafterlifetheredtestamentalsoappearsrevealinghistrueidentityaskevinandaskingshiontojoinhimevadingkevinandtelosthegroupescapefromshionssubconsciousbackintothenormalworldbutfollowingthisshionbecomesemotionallyunstableduringtheirabsencethefederationgovernmentismanipulatedbyyurievintoassaultingormusinsearchofanartifactcalledzarathustraabelsarksummonedbytheeventsinshionssubconsciousappearsintherealworldandbeginscausingplanetstovanishasitpursueszarathustranephilimasksshiontofreeabelfromyurievscontrolthenyurievleadsthefederationfleetandomegatocapturethedurendalyurievactivatesthezoharemulatorsstoredinthedurandalintentonusingthemincombinationwithomegaandabelsarktodefeatudobyrisingtogodhoodthegroupsuccessfullyinfiltrateabelsarkwherejrkillsyurievwithhelpfromalbedoalbedothenteleportsabelandthezoharawaytheconflictresultsinalbedosconsciousnessmergingwithjrwhilegaignundiesalongwithyurievthegroupfollowabelandthezohartotheplanetmichtamtheholylandoformustheretheykilladisillusionedmargulisandcanaansacrificeshimselftodestroyvoyagerdescendingdeeperintomichtamshionexperiencesvisionsoflostjerusalemseeingchaosunderthenamejoshuayeshuaalongsideapreviousincarnationofherselfkosmossphysicaltemplatemarymagdaleneandjesuspriortocrucifixionofjesushisdeathinafinalconfrontationwithtelostheylearnthattelosandkosmoswerebothdesignedbywilhelmandthetestamentstoresurrectmarymagdalenewithkosmosholdingherspiritandtelosbeingmadefromherbodythegrouparethenconfrontedbykevinwhoaskskosmosandshiontojoinhimshionblindedbyherlovejoinshimuntilallenconvincesherotherwisevoicinghisownlongheldlovethegroupthenconfrontwilhelmatzarathustrasrestingplacewilhelmrevealsthathehasbeenpreservingtheuniversefromendingduetohumanwillsthatrejectconnectionwithudobycapturingudoseyesabelandabelsarkandusingeternalreturneternalrecurrencewilhelmhastrappedtheuniverseinatimeloopwiththepowerofzarathustraandthezoharthegnosisarerevealedtobespawnedfromthewillsthatrejectudoandescapefromudosrealmshionwhosenecklaceandwillarekeytoactivatingzarathustraistorturedbywilhelminanattempttomakeherwishforrecurrencekosmosshattersthenecklacepreventingtherecurrencefromeverhappeningaredeemedkevinthensacrificeshimselftodestroywilhelmallowingthegrouptocripplezarathustraabelnephilimkosmosandchaoschoosetostayonmichtamdrawingallgnosistothemandusingadimensionalshifttomovethatregionofspacetolostjerusalemtheiractionsandthereleaseofchaossanimaenergywhichisacceleratingtheuniversesdeathwilldelaytheuniversesdestructiongivingshiontimetofindlostjerusalemanddiscoverthekeytochanginghumanityswillandsavingtheuniverseduringtheescapejinsacrificeshimselftosaveshiontheresultantexplosionofenergyfromthedimensionalshiftdestroystheumnrenderingfasterthanlighttravelimpossibleshiongoeswithjrandallenontheelsatofindlostjerusalemwhilemomostaysbehindwithziggytoreconstructanewtravelnetworkwithscientiashelpinthemidandpostcreditscenesabadlydamagedkosmosfloatsthroughspaceandiscontactedbychaossayingtheywillbothawakewhentheyareneededkosmosislastseendriftingtowardslostjerusalemdevelopmentdevelopmentofxenosagaepisodeiiibeganinduringthefinaldevelopmentstagesofepisodeiithedirectorwaskoharaiwhohadpreviouslydirectedepisodeiitakahashidraftedandsupervisedthescenariowhichwaswrittenbyepisodeiiwriternorihikoyonesakaaccordingtooriginalxenosagawritersorayasagathechangestotheoriginalnarrativeplanforepisodeiiresultedinseveralnarrativeshiftswithinepisodeiiideviatingfromtakahashiandsagasoriginaldraftthegamessubtitlewastakenfromthenativetitleofthusspokezarathustraanovelbygermanphilosopherfriedrichnietzschetheuseofnietzschesworksandconceptswasarecurringelementintheseriestheoriginalcharacterartistforxenosagakunihikotanakawasreplacedbykouichimugitaniwhoalsoactedasproductiondesignerashehadforthepreviousxenosagagamesthecharacterdesignswereadjustedtobalancebetweenthedesignsofepisodeiandepisodeiiexpressingbothrealismandanexaggeratedcuteartstylewhilemostofthedesignswereadaptionsoftanakasearlierworkmugitanialsodesignedanewversionofkosmosandmultiplenewmechsmugitanismechandarmordesignsdrewfromboththegundamfranchiseandthestarshiptroopersfilmfilmadaptationofstarshiptroopersxenosagaepisodeiiiwasofficiallyannouncedinalongsidexenosagaiiianintendodsremakeofthefirsttwoxenosagaepisodesandbatenkaitosoriginswithitsannouncementitwaswidelyconfirmedthatitwouldbethelastinstallmentinthexenosagaseriesthegamewasannouncedforawesternreleaseinaprilrefnamewestreleaserefforitswesternreleaseallsceneswherebloodwasvisiblewerecensoredthebloodwasremovedbutallotherelementsremainedunchangedresultinginvisualandaudioinconsistenciesthegamereleasedinjapanonjulybynamcoinnorthamericathegamereleasedonaugustofthatyearbybandainamcoentertainmentnamcobandaigamesthegamewaslocalizedforthewestbynamcobandaiandxenosagaepisodeiiiwasoneofsearliestprojectsenglishdubbingwashandledbycupofteaproductionswhohadpreviouslyworkedonepisodeiiseveraloriginalvoiceactorsfromepisodeiincludingkosmossoriginalenglishactressbridgethoffmanwerebroughtbackaftertherecastingforepisodeiiunlikeepisodeiiepisodeiiiwasnotreleasedineuropemusicthemusicforepisodeiiiwascomposedbyyukikajiurahavingpreviouscontributedtothescoreofepisodeiibycomposingthecimenatictrackskajiurawasbroughtbacktocomposetheentirescoredespitetheincreasedworkloadofhandlinganentiregamessoundtrackkajiurafoundthedifficultysimilartotheworkshedidonepisodeiishedrewinspirationfromthegamesartworkandimpressionofthesettingwhencreatingthescoretakahashiinadditiontohisotherrolesinproductionactedascoordinatorforthescoreasoundtrackalbumtitledxenosagaepisodeiiialsosprachzarathustraoriginalsoundbesttracksfeaturingselectionsfromthegamesscorewaspublishedbyvictorentertainmentonjulythealbumsbrevitywasduetothefactthatthefullsoundtrackwouldhavetakenupsixcdsandsokajiurawasaskedbysoundproducerkeiichinozakitocreatesamplesforatwodiscreleasereceptionvideogamereviewsmcreviewsrefnamemcrefeurogrefnameeuroreviewreffamrefnamefamreviewrefgameprorefnamegproreviewrefgspotrefnamegamespotrefgspyrefnamegspyreviewrefignrefnameignreviewrefrevrpgamerrevscorerefnamerpgamerrefduringitsdebutweekxenosagaepisodeiiireachednumberinthechartsbehindnewsupermariobroswithsalesapproachingunitswhileitssaleswerestrongerthanxenosagaiiiitwasalowerdebutthanthepreviousentriesinthetrilogyitsoldovercopiesinjapanbytheendofrefnameebsalesrefduringqofthegamesoldatotalofacrossjapanmainlandasiaandnorthamericasimonparkininanimportreviewforeurogamerfeltthatthesheeramountofphilosophicalandreligiouselementsinthestorybothstifledanyrelatablenarrativeandrobbedthecharactersofanypersonalitydespitethishefelttheendingsuccessfullytiedupremainingnarrativethreadsfrompreviousgamesfamitsuenjoyedthenarrativespresentationbutnotedthelackofafocusednarrativeduetotheamountofstorythreadsneedingaddressinggameprosaidthestorycametoanintriguingconclusionbutfeltthatthecutscenesweretoolonggamespotsbethanymassimillaenjoyedthestoryandcharacterconclusionsbutfeltthatunderstandingthestoryandterminologyrequiredtoomuchreferraltotheingameencyclopediaeduardovasconcellosofgamespyfoundthestorylongwindedwhileignsjeremydunhamfoundthenarrativetobeoneofthebestaspectsofthegamerpgamersjoshmartzcalledthestoryatriumphantconclusiontoshionsarcoftheseriesbothparkinandmassimillacriticizedthecensoringofbloodanditsnegativeeffectsonthestorysmoredramaticmomentsparkinenjoyedthebattlesystemsmechanicsbutfoundtherestofthegameplayextremelystraightforwardduetoalackofcomplexenvironmentsorsideactivitiesgameprogavehighpraisetothecombatsystemandlackofrandomencountersinadditiontocallingtheminigamepracticallyitsownentiregameandfuntoomassimillapraisedthebalancedmechanicsofthebattlesystemandcustomizationoptionsvasconcellosalsoenjoyedthecustomizationoptionsavailabletotheplayerinadditiontothebattlesystemdunhamenjoyedthecombatsystemanditsblendingofelementsfrompastgamesbutwasdisappointedthatnonewelementshadbeenaddedmartzalsoenjoyedthevariedsystemsandstrategywithincombatdespitenotingalackofoverallchallengeparkinpraisedthemiddlegroundbalanceinthecharacterdesignsbetweenthedeformedlookofepisodeiandtherealismofepisodeiifamitsupraisedtheshortenedloadingtimesandgamepropraisedthegraphicsandartdesignwhilecriticizingthevoiceactingqualitymassimillapositivelynotedthegamesartdesigncutsceneanimationandmusicandsounddesignbothdunhamandmartzpraisedbothmusicandvoiceactinglegacyxenosagaepisodeiiiwasthelastpropertytobereleasedinthexenosagaseriesfollowingthereleaseofepisodeiiiandthemixedreceptionreceivedbytheseriesasawholetheentiredevelopmentteamwereinastateoflowmoralepartlytoboostteammoraleandcreateagameplayerswouldenjoytheteamdevelopedanewrpgforthewiioriginallytitledmonadobeginningoftheworlditstitlewaseventuallychangedtoxenobladechroniclesduringitsdevelopmenttheteammovedawayfromthenarrativeanddesigntechniquesusedforthexenosagagameswhichwereconsideredoldfashionedthesuccessofxenobladechroniclesledtothedevelopmentoffurtherxenotitlesinalaterinterviewtakahashistatedthathewouldbewillingtodevelopfurthertitlesinthexenosagaseriesiffundingwasprovidednotesreferencesexternallinksxygonadaldysgenesisinfoboxmedicalconditionnewnamexxmalesyndromesynonymsdelachapellesyndromeimagecaptionpronouncefieldsymptomscomplicationsonsetdurationtypescausesrisksdiagnosisdifferentialpreventiontreatmentmedicationprognosisfrequencydeathsxxmalesyndromeisararecongenitalconditionwhereanindividualwithafemalegenotypehasphenotypephenotypicallymalecharacteristicsthatcanvarybetweencaseswhenthexwiththesrygenecombineswithanormalxfromthemotherduringfertilizationtheresultisanxxmalelesscommonaresrynegativexxmaleswhichcanbecausedbyamutationinannbspautosomalnbsporxchromosomalgenethemasculinizationofxxmalesisvariablethissyndromeisdiagnosedthroughvariousdetectionmethodsandoccursinapproximatelynewbornmalesmakingitmuchlesscommonthannbspklinefeltersyndrometreatmentismedicallyunnecessaryalthoughsomeindividualschoosetoundergotreatmentstomakethemappearmoremaleorfemalerefnamederefsignsandsymptomstheappearanceofxxmalescanfallintooneofthreecategoriesmalesthathavenormalinternalandexternalgenitaliamaleswithexternalambiguitiesandmalesthathavebothinternalandexternalgenitalambiguitiestruehermaphroditenowikisonaveragetheappearanceofxxmalesdiffersfromthatofanxymaleinthattheyaresmallerinheightandweightindividualswiththisconditionsometimeshavefemininecharacteristicswithvaryingdegreesofnbspgynecomastianbspbutwithnointraabdominalnbspmllerianductmlleriantissueaccordingtoresearchatthenbspuniversityofoklahomahealthsciencecentersdespitexxmalesexhibitingfemininecharacteristicstheirbehavioursareusuallyrepresentativeofmasculinityintheirculturemasculinizationtherearetwoformsydnapositiveandydnanegativeneedssomeexplanationthedegreetowhichindividualswithxxmalesyndromedevelopthemalephenotypeisvariableevenamongsrypositiveindividualsnormalxxfemalesundergoxinactivationxinactivationduringwhichonecopyofthexchromosomeissilenceditisthoughtthatxinactivationinxxmalesmayaccountforthegenitalambiguitiesandincompletemasculinizationseeninsrypositivexxmalesthexchromosomewiththesrygeneispreferentiallychosentobetheactivexchromosomeofthetimewhichiswhyacompletemalephenotypeisoftenseeninsrypositivexxmalesintheremainingxinactivationspreadstoincludeaportionofthesrygeneresultinginincompletemasculinizationmasculinizationofsrynegativexxmalesisdependentuponwhichgeneshavemutationsandatwhatpointindevelopmentthesemutationsoccurgeneticsmalestypicallyhaveonexchromosomeandoneychromosomeineachnbspdiploidnbspcelloftheirbodiesfemalestypicallyhavetwoxchromosomesxxmalesthataresrypositivehavetwoxchromosomeswithoneofthemcontaininggeneticmaterialfromtheychromosomemakingthemphenotypicallymalebutgeneticallyfemalesrypositivethesrygeneplaysanimportantroleinsexdeterminationbyinitiatingtesticulardevelopmentinmostxxmalesthesrygeneispresentthetipoftheychromosomecontainsthesrygeneandduringhomologousrecombinationrecombinationatranslocationoccursinwhichthesrygeneontheychromosomeismovedtobecomepartofanxchromosomethepresenceofthetranslocationgeneticstranslocatedsrygeneleadstoanxxembryodevelopingmalecharacteristicssrynegativeinrarecasesanxxmaledoesnothavethesrygenetheexactcauseofthisconditionisunknownbutithasbeenproposedthatmutationsinthesoxgenemaycontributetothissyndromesincesoxplaysaroleintestesdifferentiationduringdevelopmentmutationsinsfgenesfandwntgenesarealsobeingstudiedinconnectionwithsrynegativexxmalesyndromediagnosisincaseswheretheindividualisbeingevaluatedforambiguousgenitaliasuchasasmallphallushypospadiasorlabioscrotalfoldsexploratorysurgerymaybeusedtodetermineifmaleandorfemaleinternalgenitaliaispresentrefnamerefastandardkaryotypecanbecompletedtocytogeneticscytogeneticallydeterminethatanindividualwithapartialorcompletemalephenotypehasaxxgenotypefluorescenceinsituhybridizationfishanalysisdeterminesthepresenceorabsenceofthesrygenelocalizationofthesrygenecanbydeterminedusingfluorescentinsituhybridizationindicatorsincludetwotesteswhichhavenotdescendedtheinguinalcanalalthoughthisisseeninaminorityofxxmalesandtheabsenceofparamesonephricductmlleriantissuetreatmentxxmalesaresterileduetolowornospermcontentandthereiscurrentlynotreatmenttoaddressthisinfertilitygenitalambiguitieswhilenotnecessarytotreatformedicalreasonscanbetreatedthroughtheuseofhormonaltherapysurgeryorbothsincexxmalesyndromeisvariableinitspresentationthespecificsoftreatmentvarieswidelyaswellinsomecasesgonadalsurgerycanbeperformedtoremovepartialorwholefemalegenitaliathismaybefollowedbyplasticandreconstructivesurgerytomaketheindividualappearmoreexternallymaleseealsoandrogeninsensitivitysyndromekaryotypexchromosomeforotherdiseasesrelatedtothexchromosomexygonadaldysgenesisxygonadaldysgenesisswyersyndromereferencesexternallinksmedicalresourcesdiseasesdbicdicdicdoomimmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicmeshiddorphanetncbinlmnihgovbooksnbkgenereviewsncbinihuwentryonxxtesticulardisorderofsexdevelopmentncbinlmnihgovbooksnbkgenereviewsncbinihuwentryonxydisorderofsexdevelopmentandxycompletegonadaldysgenesisapsunderwaterrifleredirectxmenevolutioninfoboxcomicbooktitlewikipediawikiprojectcomicstitlexmenimagexmenvolcoverjpgcaptionschedulemonthlyformatongoingseriespublishermarvelcomicsdateoctoberincomicsaugustincomicsissuesmaincharteambloodhawkbrcerebrabrjunkpilebrkrystalinbrlalunaticabrmeanstreakcomicsmeanstreakbrmetalheadcomicsmetalheadbrserpentinabrshambrskullfirebrxiancomicsxianchixanwritersartistspencillersinkerslettererscoloristscreativeteammonthcreativeteamyearcreatorsjohnfrancismoorecomicsjohnfrancismoorebrronlimxmenwasacomicbookongoingseriesseriespublishedbymarvelcomicsfromincomicstoincomicsthatchronicledtheadventuresofanxmenteamintheyearitextendsthemarvelimprinttradenameimprintwhichfeaturesotherfutureversionsofpopularlistofmarvelcomicscharactersmarvelcharacterssuchasspidermanandhulktheserieswaswrittenbyjohnfrancismoorecomicsjohnfrancismooreandlargelypencilledbyronlimtheseriesbeganinoctoberandlastedissuesalongwithtwospecialsitspawnedalineofactionfiguresmostlyfeaturingthemorepopularcharactersinthebookinissuethetitlereceivedaminormakeoverofficiallyjoiningthemarvelimprintandchangingitsnametoxmenadtheadstandingforafterdoomdoomattheseriesenditwasfoldedintoworldoftomorrowthoughmembersoftheteamwererarelyseenafterthatpointthefirstissuefeaturedabluefoilcoveroncardstockandthedoublesizedthissuescoverwasextraglossywithfoillettersmetallicsilverinkandembossedcharactersonaheavierwraparoundcoverinjuneaminiseriescalledtimestormbroughtbackspidermanghostriderghostriderthexmenandmorefromtheuniverseinaverydifferentversionintheoriginalversionreturnedinthespidermanarccivilwaralsoappearinginxmenseriesrostertheteamfeaturedaneverchanginglineupbutthemainstaysincludedxiancomicsdesertghostxianchixanfounderhisrighthandwasgreenandcoveredinscalesandendowedwiththeabilitytobreakdownthemolecularstructuresofsubstancesthusdestroyingthemhislefthandappearedtobesolidgoldandhadtheabilitytorepairmolecularstructuresalthoughhisuseofthispowerwastaxinghealsohadthepowertogenerateaprotectivepupacocooncocoonwhileregeneratingandhealingxianwasformerlyamemberofthelawlessgangwholaterdefectedtothetheatreofpainskullfiretimothyfitzfitzgeraldleaderinitialelectricalenergyabsorptionandredirectionlaterdevelopedintoabsorptionandredirectionofanyenergysourceambientmagicalorotherwisebloodhawklemuelkrugabletoassumeasuperhumanformatwillthatincludedtoughscalelikeredskinsharptalonsandleatherywingsneverapermanentmemberoftheteambutcameandwentwhenneededmeanstreakcomicsmeanstreakhenrihuangsuperspeedandaheightenedmetabolismtopreventhisspeedfromadverselyaffectinghisbodyformeralchemaxresearcherandstarscientistmetalheadcomicsmetalheadedwardvanbeethovenosakohisskincouldtakeonthepropertiesofanymetalhecameintotactitiontactilecontactwithbodywarpedandlostabilitytoreturntohumanskinduetoamutationcausedbythetouchoffreakshowmembercontagioncerebrashaktihaddadabletopsionicallyreadandmanipulatethenervoussystemsofothersallowinghertosensetheuniquebiosignaturesofothermutantsandcontrolordisablethebrainfunctionsoflivingbeingsshecoulduseherpowertotriggerthelatentpowersofothermutantskrystalinruthkirstenporterogadapullsmineralsoutoftheairandcondensesthemintohardcrystallineshapesofanydesignshecouldimaginejunkpiletechnoorganicmetabolismincreaseshisstrengthanddurabilityandallowshimtopsychokinesistelekineticallydrawmetallicobjectstohimselfandusethemtorebuildhisbodyoraddtohisphysicalmassmakinghimunusuallyresistanttoharmformermemberofthelawlessgangbetrayedteaminthesecondissuebutwaslaterappointedtothenewshieldbypresidentdoomlalunaticaenergyvampirepsychicvampirethatfedondarkemotionsfeedingincreasedherstrengthandresistancetoharmchalkwhiteskinandhairaswellasredeyesinitiallyaninstrumentofthetheatreofpaincomicstheatreofpainbutafterherreleasefellinlovewithskullfireandreformedtobecomeamemberofthexmenserpentinakimberlykristinepottersnegationfieldrendersherbonestissuebiologytissueandmusclespliantsothatshecanstretchthemtoextendedlengthskilledduringfirststoryarcissuebodywasreanimatedlaterinseriesasabarelyconsciouszombieissueshamdiamandalasallebendsnearbylightparticlesandsoundsoundwavesintopowerfulandconvincingaudiovisualillusionsjoinedaftershewasliberatedfromthetheatreofpainvillainsaesirpantheonoffalseasgardiansmarveluniverseasgardiangodscreatedbyalchemaxbrimstoneloveandthetheatreofpaincomicstheatreofpaincontrollerxxianchixanwhileworkingforthetheatreofpainthefoolkilleranassassinchargedwiththetaskofkillingmembersofthelawlessraisedandtrainedtobelievethatfoolishbehaviorshouldbepunishablebydeathfreeradicalsagroupthatclashedwiththeneowakandannativesofnortherncaliforniaparticularlyoaklandglitterspikeprofessionalassassinandabusiveexhusbandoffreakshowmemberrosahastheabilitytoabsorblightparticlesandconvertthemintotangibleobjectsoflightgraverobberandtheundeadamutantwhoonceworkedforshaktisfatherzailhaddadsubjectedtoradioactiveandbiohazardousconditionshedevelopedthemutantabilitytoresurrectthedeadbutthoseheresurrectedarelinkedtohisneuralenergiesjunkpileformermemberofthelawlessandallyofxianbetrayedtheteamtothesyngecasinointhefirstissuetheratpackcasinoenforcersforsyngecasinolyttonanddesdemonasyngeownersofthesyngecasinolyttonframedxianforhisfathersmurderjoaquimeduardovasquezalsoknownasdarksonsonofrosavasquezandglitterspikevulcannmemberoftheshapersguildknownasthebloodsmithsmasterzhaoandthechosenoneeyedjackpsychokwingspanfrostbiteandmonsterzhaowasthelastleaderofthelasttruesuccessionofxmenhetookdrugstoenhancehisdwindlingpsychicenergiesandasaresultgrewdementedheeventuallykilledthelastofthexmenandusedgeneticexperimentstoattempttoraiseanddevelopanewgenerationofxmenwithabilitiessimilartoxaviersteamsupportingcharactersbookpossessesmutatedrockbodyandhighintelligencebrokenhaikuformermemberofthelawlessleftfordeadbyxianbutsurvivedlivedasanentitytiedtothedigitalworldhunteddownbythefoolkillerzailhaddadfatherofcerebrahalloweenjackcomicshalloweenjackjordanboonealsoknownaslokithedriveramanwhoworkedwithmamahurricanestoreddigitalcopiesofmutantsinhiscarscomputersystemstoprotectthemfrompersecutionbecameillwhenjunkpilecorruptedhiscarseeminglydestroyedthecopiesandnowdrivesforthesakeofdrivingpowerscyberpathytechoorganicbodylinkwithcargrantshimotherpowersquiveraprisonerreleasedfromthetheatreofpainalongwithshambutneverofficiallyjoinedtheteamhadtheabilitytogenerateseismicpulsesmorphinesomerssuperannuationtouchgeneratesspecificbioelectricfeedbackthroughmatteragingitthousandsofyearsintodustministerofmutantaffairsandbureaucraticheadofhalocityunderthedoompresidencybecomestemporaryleaderofthexmeninxiansplacememberofdoomsblackcabinetvictorteneaglesformermemberofthelawlessrosalindanavarrovasquezmemberoffreakshowwhofellinlovewithmetalheadpowerselectricaldisruptionxnationxnationthefreakshowagroupofhumanswhowereexperimenteduponbymegacorpsmakingthemsimilartomutantsundertheleadershipofmamahurricaneanimportantfigureinthemurmutantundergroundrailroadtheymovefromplacetoplacejustdoingwhattheycantohelpbreakdownrosasyoungerbrotherwhohasdestructionpowersakintoxiancontagionemitsadeadlydiseasethroughphysicalcontactinfectedmetalheadduringaskirmishdominicboyengineeredwiththeabilitytogenerateandwithstandextremeheatpsyclonepsychicorwindblaststantrumdeadlyvocalcordspowerincreaseswithherlevelofragecreatorscreativeteamstheserieswaswrittenentirelybyjohnfrancismoorecomicsjohnfrancismooreandpencilledalmostexclusivelybyronlimexceptionsareasfollowsissuecoverbytimsaleartisttimsaleissuecoverbychrissprousepartofasetofinterlockingcoversthatformoneimageissuecoverbyhumbertoramospencilledbyjanduursemaissuepencilledbyjanduursemaxmenadspecialcontainsthreestoriestinmanpencilledandinkedbystevepughsallyandsylvesterstayathomepencilledandinkedbygrahamhigginsandthefrogprincewrittenbymatthewmorrapencilledbyjcalafioreandinkedbypeterpalmiottixmenoasisoneshotillustratedbythebrothershildebrandtgregandtimhildebrandtinkersadamkubertissuesanextendedrunbyharrycandelarioalternateversionstimestorminthealternateuniverseoftimestormthexmenareintroducedinaoneshotbybrianreedandfrazerirvinginthistimelinetheyarebasedinaformermutantinternmentcampinmarylandandareledbyabaldonearmedfutureincarnationofwolverinecharacterwolverinetheothermembersaremeanstreaknowayounggirlkrystalinjunkpilenowaselfreplicatingironmanstarkandroidandbloodhawknowfemaleandwithatouchthatcangivelifeortakeitsimilartoxiantheyaretryingtorebuildbaltimorewhichwasdestroyedinawarandmustdefenditagainstanarmyofmindlesshulkcomicshulksuncannyxmenannualwhenthetimetravelingmutanttempusendsupintheyearshemeetsanewversionofxmenconsistingofdesertghostskullfiremeanstreakmetalheadserpentinashaminthisalternatefuturemagikcomicsmagikisalsothesorcerersupremeofreferencesexternallinksuncannyxmennetdbcharactersshowfaqaspfldautouncannyxmennetcharacterbiosoncharactersuncannyxmennetdbissuesshowfaqaspfldautouncannyxmennetissuesummariesoftheentirexmenserieswebarchiveorgwebcomichroncomtitlespotlightsxmenhtmlxmensalesfiguresforandatthecomicschroniclescharactermappingsclasswikitablecharsetunicodevietnamesestandardcodeforinformationinterchangevisciimajusculeuafstyletextaligncenterbflowercaseminusculeubstyletextaligncenterdfmajusculeueeastyletextaligncenterbbminusculeueebstyletextaligncenterdmajusculeueestyletextaligncenterbaminusculeueestyletextaligncenterdmajusculeueecstyletextaligncenterbcminusculeueedstyletextaligncenterdmajusculeueeestyletextaligncenterffminusculeueefstyletextaligncenteremajusculeuefstyletextaligncenterbminusculeuefstyletextaligncenterfseealsohorndiacriticinfoboxsoftwarenameapachexmlbeanslogoscreenshotcaptiondeveloperapachesoftwarefoundationstatusinactivelatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdateoperatingsystemcrossplatformprogramminglanguagejavaprogramminglanguagejavagenrexmldatabindingxmlbindinglicenseapachelicensewebsitexmlbeansapacheorgxmlbeansisajavaprogramminglanguagejavatoxmldatabindingxmlbindingsoftwareframeworkframeworkwhichispartoftheapachesoftwarefoundationxmlprojectdescriptionxmlbeansisatoolthatallowsaccesstothefullpowerofxmlinajavafriendlywaytheideaistotakeadvantageoftherichnessandfeaturesofxmlandxmlschemawcxmlschemaandhavethesefeaturesmappedasnaturallyaspossibletotheequivalentjavalanguageandtypingconstructsxmlbeansusesxmlschematocompilejavainterfacesandclassesthatcanthenbeusedtoaccessandmodifyxmlinstancedatausingxmlbeansissimilartousinganyotherjavainterfaceclasswithmethodslikegetfooorsetfoojustaswhenworkingwithjavawhileamajoruseofxmlbeansistoaccessxmlinstancedatawithstronglytypedjavaclassestherearealsoapisthatallowaccesstothefullxmlinformationsetxmlinfosetxmlbeanskeepsxmlinfosetfidelityaswellastoallowreflectionintothexmlschemaitselfthroughanxmlschemaobjectmodelcharacteristicsofxmlbeanslargexmlschemawcxmlschemasupportlargexmlinformationsetxmlinfosetsupportlargexmlschemasupportxmlbeansfullysupportsxmlschemaandthecorrespondingjavaclassesprovideconstructsforallofthemajorfunctionalityofxmlschemathisiscriticalsinceoftenonehasnocontroloverthefeaturesofxmlschemaneededtoworkwithinjavaalsoxmlschemaorientedapplicationscantakefulladvantageofthepowerofxmlschemaandnothavetorestrictthemselvestoasubsetlargexmlinfosetsupportwhenunmarshallinganxmlinstancethefullxmlinfosetiskeptandisavailabletothedeveloperthisiscriticalbecausethatsubsetofxmlisnoteasilyrepresentedinjavaforexampleorderoftheelementsorcommentsmightbeneededinaparticularapplicationobjectiveamajorobjectiveofxmlbeanshasbeenitsapplicabilityinallnonstreaminginmemoryxmlprogrammingsituationsthedevelopershouldbeabletocompiletheirxmlschemaintoasetofjavaclassesandknowthattheywillbeabletousexmlbeansforalloftheschemastheyencounteraccessthexmlatwhateverlevelisnecessarywithoutothertoolsapistoaccomplishtheaboveobjectivesxmlbeansprovidesthreemajorapisxmlobjectxmlcursorschematypexmlobjectthejavaclassesthataregeneratedfromanxmlschemaareallderivedfromxmlobjecttheseprovidestronglytypedgettersandsettersforeachoftheelementswithinthedefinedxmlcomplextypesareinturnxmlobjectsforexamplegetcustomermightreturnacustomertypewhichisanxmlobjectsimpletypesturnintosimplegettersandsetterswiththecorrectjavatypeforexamplegetnamemightreturnastringxmlcursorfromanyxmlobjectthedevelopercangetanxmlcursorthisprovidesefficientlowlevelaccesstothexmlinfosetacursorrepresentsapositioninthexmlinstancethecursorcanbemovedaroundthexmlinstanceatanylevelofgranularityneededfromindividualcharacterstotokensschematypexmlbeansprovidesafullxmlschemaobjectmodelthatcanbeusedtoreflectontheunderlyingschemametainformationforexamplethedevelopermightgenerateasamplexmlinstanceforanxmlschemaorperhapsfindtheenumerationsforanelementsothattheymaybedisplayedexampleanexampleofasimplexmlschemadefinitiontodescribeacountryisgivenbelowsourcelangxmlxmlversionencodingutfxsschematargetnamespaceopenuriorgdomaincountryvxmlnstnsopenuriorgdomaincountryvxmlnsxsworgxmlschemaelementformdefaultqualifiedattributeformdefaultunqualifiedversionxselementnamecountrytypetnscountryxscomplextypenamecountryxssequencexselementnamenametypexsstringxselementnamepopulationtypexsintxselementnameisotypetnsisoxssequencexscomplextypexscomplextypenameisoxsannotationxsdocumentationisoxsdocumentationxsannotationxssequencexselementnamealphatypetnsisoalphaxselementnamealphatypetnsisoalphaxselementnamecountrycodetypetnsisocountrycodexssequencexscomplextypexssimpletypenameisocountrycodexsrestrictionbasexsintxstotaldigitsvaluexsrestrictionxssimpletypexssimpletypenameisoalphaxsrestrictionbasexsstringxspatternvalueazxswhitespacevaluecollapsexsrestrictionxssimpletypexssimpletypenameisoalphaxsrestrictionbasexsstringxspatternvalueazxswhitespacevaluecollapsexsrestrictionxssimpletypexsschemasourcewhentheschemaiscompiledintoxmlbeanclassesegusingapacheantantitisveryeasytocreateandmanipulatexmldatathatconformstotheschemadefinitionthefollowingjavacodeisasimpleexamplethatillustrateshowanxmldocumentcanbecreatedandvalidatedsourcelangjavaimportorgopenuridomaincountryvcountryimportorgopenuridomaincountryvisopublicclasscountrysamplepublicstaticvoidmainstringargscountrycountrycountryfactorynewinstancecountrysetnamedenmarkcountrysetpopulationfromwikipediaprintoutcountryxmlbeanasxmlsystemoutprintlncountryxmltextcheckifdocumentisvalidwillprintdocumentisinvalidbecauserequiredisochildelementinnotintheobjectsystemoutprintlndocumentiscountryvalidatevalidinvalidaddchildwithcomplextypeisotomakethedocumentvalidisoisocountryaddnewisoisosetalphadkisosetalphadnkisosetcountrycodeprintoutcountryxmlbeanasxmlsystemoutprintlncountryxmltextcheckifdocumentisvalidwillprintdocumentisvalidsystemoutprintlndocumentiscountryvalidatevalidinvalidsourcehistorydavidbauwasthechiefdesignerforthexmlbeansprojectwhilehewasworkingforbeasystemsbeaxmlbeansstartedonthegroundsofxmlmapsanxmlbindingtoolincludedinpreviousbeaweblogicproductsxmlbeanswasoriginallydevelopedaspartoftheproprietarybeaweblogicworkshopframeworkbutitwasobviousfrominterviewsconductedwhenitwasfirstannouncedonjanuarythatbeawantedittobecomeanopenstandardatthattimeitwasnotdecidedwhichorganizationbeawantedtoinvolveinthestandardizationeffortlaterthatyearitwasdonatedtotheapachesoftwarefoundationtheoriginalteamincludedcezarcristianandreiandericvasiliklatertheteamaddedcliffschmidtandradupreotiucpietrojacobdannerkevinkrouseandwingyewpoonjanuarybeaannouncesxmlbeansasatechnologypreviewseptemberbeadonatesxmlbeanstotheapachesoftwarefoundationwhereitjoinstheapacheincubatorapacheincubatorprojectaprilxmlbeansversionisreleasedthisisthefirstreleasefromtheincubatorprojectjunexmlbeansgraduatedoutoftheapacheincubatorprojecttobecometoplevelprojectjunexmlbeansversionisreleasednovemberxmlbeansversionisreleasedjunexmlbeansversionisreleasedjunexmlbeansversionisreleasedjulyxmlbeansversionisreleaseddecemberxmlbeansversionisreleasedaugustxmlbeansversionisreleasedmayxmlbeansisofficiallyretiredandactivedevelopmentisceasedseealsojavaarchitectureforxmlbindingjaxbxmlbeansxxmdashxmldatabindingcodegeneratorforcexternallinksxmlbeansapacheorgresourcesindexhtmlxmlbeansresourcesxmlapacheorgtheapachexmlprojectxmlbeansapacheorgdocsguideantxmlbeanhtmlxmlbeananttaskxmlbeansgooglepagescomxmlbindingresourcesxbeansofpopularschemashwarangdoinfoboxvgonlineservicetitlexboxgamesstorelogodevelopermicrosofttypedigitaldistributionreleasednovemberxboxbrnovemberpcbrnovemberxboxoneplatformxboxbrxboxonewebsitemarketplacexboxcomxboxmarketplacebrstorexboxcomxboxonegamestorediscontinuedyesosxboxosstatusdiscontinuedxboxgamesstoreformerlyxboxlivemarketplacewasadigitaldistributionplatformusedbymicrosoftsxboxoneandxboxvideogameconsolestheserviceallowsuserstodownloadorpurchasevideogamesincludingbothxboxlivearcadegamesandfullxboxoneandxboxtitlesdownloadablecontentaddonsforexistinggamesgamedemosalongwithothermiscellaneouscontentsuchasavatarcomputinggamerpicturesandxboxdashboarddashboardskincomputingthemestheservicealsopreviouslyofferedsectionsfordownloadingvideocontentsuchasfilmsandtelevisionepisodesasoflatethisfunctionalitywassupersededbyxboxmusicandxboxvideonowknownasgroovemusicandmicrosoftmoviestvrespectivelyonseptemberatechnicalproblemcausedmanygamesandapplicationsinthestoretobedelistedadditionallyaliveeventthatwasscheduledtobebroadcastonxboxlivehadtobecancelledastheliveeventplayerwasunavailabletodownloadduetotheglitchinoctobermicrosoftmergedthexboxstoreandthewindowsstoretocreatemicrosoftstorecreatingasingleonlinedestinationfordownloadableappsandgamesaswellaspcssurfacedevicesxboxconsolesandgamesmicrosoftandthirdpartysoftwareandaccessoriessoldatmicrosoftcomandinitsretailstoresaroundtheworldcustomerscannowdownloadorpurchasefrommicrosoftstoreallthesamecontentthatwaspreviouslyavailableinthexboxstoreincludingvideogamesencompassingbothxboxlivearcadegamesandfullxboxoneandxboxtitlesaddonsforexistinggamesgamedemosalongwithothermiscellaneouscontentsuchasgamerpicturesdashboardthemeshardwareaccessoriesandothercontentservicesxboxlivearcadethexboxlivearcadexblabrandingencompassesdigitalonlygamesthatcanbepurchasedfromxboxgamesstoreonthexboxincludingportingportsofclassicgamesandneworiginaltitlesrefnamemscasualgamesrefgamesondemandthegamesondemandsectionofxboxgamesstoreallowsuserstopurchasedownloadableversionsoflistofxboxgamesondemandxboxtitlesalongwithlistofxboxoriginalsgamesreleasedfortheoriginalxboxmostofallsomeofdelisteddownloadablecontentsoftherespectivexboxgamesarealsoincludedonthiseditionxboxliveindiegamesaspartofthenewxboxexperienceupdatelaunchedonnovembermicrosoftlaunchedxboxlivecommunitygamesandlaterrenamedtoxboxliveindiegamesaservicesimilartoxboxlivearcadexblawithsmallerandlessexpensivegamescreatedbyindependentdevelopersandsmallstudiossuchgamesareaddedtotheserviceaftersuccessfullypassingthroughapeerreviewsystemthatpreventsinappropriatecontentfromappearingingamesandensuresthatgamesmeetcertaintechnicalstandardsanddonotmisrepresenttheircontentformerinitialcontentpartnersincludedparamountpicturescbstbstvnetworktbsmtvnetworksultimatefightingchampionshipufcnbcandwarnerbroswarnerbroshomeentertainmentothermoviestudioshavesincesupportedtheserviceincludinglionsgatefilmsandwaltdisneypicturesasannouncedateelectronicentertainmentexpoeatconsumerelectronicsshowcesmgmamericanbroadcastingcompanyabcthedisneychannelandtoondisneyannouncedtheirsupportfortheservicevariousfilmsandtvshowswereavailableforpurchaseinthevideostoreincludingbothpastandpresentseriessuchasstartrekandcsicrimesceneinvestigationinitiallywhiletvshowscouldbedownloadedandsavedfilmscouldonlyberentedexpiringhoursafterinitialviewingordaysafterpurchaseatlaunchthevideostoreencounteredwidespreadproblemssuchaslengthydownloadtimesduplicatebillingforthesamecontentanddownloadsthatcouldnotcompleteorforwhichuserswouldhavehadtorepaytocompleteonmarchthesouthparkepisodegoodtimeswithweaponswasavailableforfreedownloadhoweverthisepisodewasfreeonlyforthehdtvversionuntilaprilstartingonmarchallepisodesfromsouthparksthseasonwereoffereduncensoredalsostartingonjulythepilotepisodeofjerichotvseriesjerichowasavailablefordownloadfreeofchargeforboththestandardandhdversionsinlatethevideomarketplacewasreplacedbythezunezunevideomarketplaceandlateraccompaniedbyazunemusicmarketplacebothzunemarketplaceswerereplacedbythenewxboxmusicandxboxvideoservicesinlaterefnameriprefcriticismmostcomplaintsandcriticismsleveledatthexboxliveserviceconcernedthexboxlivemarketplaceproblemswithreplacementconsolespermarketplacedesignthedigitalrightsmanagementlicensefordownloadedcontentistiedtobothaspecificuserandtoaspecificconsolethismeansthattoaccessthecontenttheusereitherneedstobesignedontoxboxliveusingtheirgamertagorbeplayingontheoriginalconsolethecontentwaspurchasedonasaresultuserswithreplacementconsolescannotusepreviouslydownloadedcontentwithoutbeingconnectedtoxboxlivethishastheeffectofrestrictingusageofpurchasedcontentwhennointernetconnectionisavailableanadditionalwrinkleisaddedwhentherearemultipleaccountsononeconsoleinthiscaseallaccountscannormallysharecontentwhenitwasdownloadedonthatsystemhoweverifthesystemisreplacedthenonlytheactualxboxliveaccounttowhichthecontentistiedcanmakeuseofitaworkaroundexistswherebythenonpurchasinggamertagcanusethecontentbutonlyiftheoriginalpurchasinggamertagissignedintoxboxliveasasecondaryprofilemicrosoftsoriginalattemptstoresolvetheseissueswerelimitedtotransferringlicensestoconsolesreplacedunderwarrantythisrequiredcontactingmicrosoftsupportandtheconsolemusthavebeenreplacedthroughmicrosoftitselforawarrantyfromtheretailerwhereitwasoriginallypurchasedlicensetransferscouldnotbeperformedinthecaseofavoluntaryupgradeegiftheuserpurchasedanewerxboxreplacetheiroldconsoleasofjunemicrosofthasreleasedanonlinetoolthatallowsuserstotransferlicensesfromtheconsolewheretheywereoriginallypurchasedtoanotherthisisdoneinatwostepprocesswherealllicensesarefirstmigratedontheserversideandthendownloadedontothenewconsoletopreventabusethisprocesscanonlybeperformedeveryfourmonthslicensesremainboundtothegamertagregardlesssouserswhostoretheirprofilesonxboxaccessoriesmemoryunitsportablememoryunitscancontinuetousepurchasedcontentonanyconsolewhensignedintotheservicepricingpriceconsistencyandwhethersomecontentshouldbeavailablefreeofchargehasalsobeenasourceofcriticismrelatedtothexboxlivemarketplaceanotableincidentwasmicrosoftchargingforagearsofwarmappackthatdeveloperepicgamesepicdesiredtoprovideatnocostalthoughitwasmadefreefourmonthslaterinseptemberexacerbatingthecontroversygameinformermadeclaimsthatmicrosoftforcedcompaniestochargeforcontentthecompanyitselfwantedtodistributefreeinthiscasemicrosoftpublishingwasresponsibleforsettingthepricewiththisnotactuallybeingapolicyofthexboxteamorxboxlivemarketplaceaswasimpliedfreecontentisindeedpossiblebutmuchofthefreecontentispromotionalinnaturesuchasthetitlesyarisvideogameyarisanddashofdestructionthemicrosoftpointssystempreviouslyrequiredtopurchasecontentwascriticizedforbeingdeceptiveintermsofactualrealworldcostaswellasforusersoftenhavingtopurchasemorepointsatoncethanareimmediatelyneededinnorthamericauserscouldonlypurchasepointsinincrementsofcostingaroundinjunemicrosoftannouncedthediscontinuationofpointsinfavorofcreditusinglocalcurrencieswhichtookeffectinanxboxsoftwareupdatereleasedonaugustrefnamepolygonnomspupdaterefregionallockoutsafterthespringdashboardupdatemicrosoftincreasedthesecurityontheregionalcontentrestrictionsthismadeobtainingentertainmentcontentforinternationalmarketsimpossiblewhiletheusmarkethasasubstantialofferingincomparisonevensomefreecontentsuchasdownloadableextrasforretailgamesisimpossibletoobtainincertainregionsdespitetherebeingnolegalorcensorshipproblemsanexampleofthiswouldbegearsofwardownloadablecontentthesecondgearsofwarmappackwhilethefirstpackwasinitiallyavail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tionoflightatgrazingincidencethistechnologyislimitedinenergyrangebytheinverserelationbetweencriticalanglefortotalreflectionandradiationenergythelimitintheearlyswithchandraxrayobservatorychandraandxmmnewtonxrayspaceobservatoryobservatorieswasaboutkiloelectronvoltkevlighttoreflectatthislevelglasslayersweremulticoatedwithtungstenwsiliconsiorplatinumptsiliconcarbidesiccollimatingopticswhileearlierxraytelescopeswereusingsimplecollimatingtechniquesegrotatingcollimatorswirecollimatorsthetechnologymostcurrentlyusedonpresentdaysemployscodedaperturemasksthistechniqueusesaflataperturepatternedgrilleinfrontofthedetectorthisdesignresultslesssensitivethanfocusingopticsandimagingqualityandidentificationofsourcepositionismuchpoorerhoweveritoffersalargerfieldofviewandcanbeemployedathigherenergieswheregrazingincidenceopticsbecomeineffectivealsotheimagingisnotdirectbuttheimageisratherreconstructedbypostprocessingofthesignaldetectorsseveraltechnologieshavebeenemployedondetectorsforxraytelescopesrangingfromcounterslikeionizationchambersgeigercountersorscintillatorscintillatorstoimagingdetectorslikechargecoupleddeviceccdsorcmossensorcmossensorstheuseofmicrocalorimetersthatoffertheaddedcapabilityofmeasuringwithgreataccuracytheenergyoftheradiationisplannedforfuturemissionsmissionsemployingxraytelescopesplacingtheimageshereavoidsacresofwhitespacewhenrenderedbybrowsersimagegranatsigmalayoutgifthumbrightsigmainstrumentimagegranatartpgifthumbrightartpinstrumentimagexrtschematicjpgthumbrightthelayoutoftheswiftxrtinmayexosatthetwolowenergyimagingtelescopesonboardexosatusedwoltertelescopewolterixrayopticsandwereequippedwithtwofocalplanedetectorsapositionsensitiveproportionalcounterpsdandachannelmultiplierarraycmarefnamehoffrefhardxraytelescopeonboardosowasahardxraytelescopeitseffectiveenergyrangekevfieldofviewfoveffectiveareanbspcmsupsupfilintelescopethefilintelescopecarriedaboardsalyutconsistedoffourgasflowproportionalcountersthreeofwhichhadatotaldetectionsurfaceofnbspcmsupsupintheenergyrangekevandoneofwhichhasaneffectivesurfaceofnbspcmsupsupfortherangekevthefovwaslimitedbyaslitcollimatortofwhmtheinstrumentationincludedopticalsensorsmountedontheoutsideofthestationtogetherwiththexraydetectorsthepowersupplyandmeasurementunitswereinsidethestationgroundbasedcalibrationofthedetectorsoccurredalongwithinflightoperationinthreemodesinertialorientationorbitalorientationandsurveydatawerecollectedinenergychannelskevkevkevandkevinthelargerdetectorsthesmallerdetectorhaddiscriminatorlevelssetatkevkevandkevsigmatelescopethehardxrayandlowenergygammaraygranatsigmasigmatelescopecoveredtheenergyrangenbspkevrefnamemandrourefwithaneffectiveareaofnbspcmsupsupandamaximumsensitivityfieldofviewoftimesthemaximumangularresolutionwasnbsparcminrefnamerevnivtsevreftheenergyresolutionwasatnbspkevrefnameikirefitsimagingcapabilitieswerederivedfromtheassociationofacodedmaskandapositionsensitivedetectorbasedontheangercameraprinciplerefnamenasarefartpxraytelescopethegranatartpartpxraytelescopecoveredtheenergyrangetonbspkevforimagingandtonbspkevforspectroscopyandtimingtherewerefouridenticalmodulesoftheartptelescopeeachconsistingofapositionsensitivewirechambermultiwireproportionalcountermwpctogetherwithauracodedmaskeachmodulehadaneffectiveareaofapproximatelynbspcmsupsupproducingafieldofviewfovoftheangularresolutionwasminuteofarcarcmintemporalandenergyresolutionswerenbspmillisecondmsandatnbspkevrespectivelyfocusingxraytelescopethebroadbandxraytelescopebbxrtwasflownonthespaceshuttlecolumbiastsaspartoftheastropayloadbbxrtwasthefirstfocusingxraytelescopeoperatingoverabroadenergyrangekevwithamoderateenergyresolutionevatkevandevatkevthetwocoalignedtelescopeswithasegmentedsilisolidstatespectrometereachdetectoraandbcompositeoffivepixelstotalfovdiametercentralpixelfovdiametertotalareanbspcmsupsupatkevandnbspcmsupsupatkevxrtontheswiftmidexmissionthexrtontheswiftgammarayburstmissionswiftmidexmissionkevenergyrangeusesawolteritelescopetofocusxraysontoathermoelectricallycooledccdrefnameburrowsrefitwasdesignedtomeasurethefluxesspectraandlightcurvesofgammarayburstsgrbsandafterglowsoverawidedynamicrangecoveringmorethanordersofmagnitudeinfluxthexrtcanpinpointgrbstoarcsecaccuracywithinsecondsoftargetacquisitionforatypicalgrbandcanstudythexraycounterpartsofgrbsbeginningsecondsfromburstdiscoveryandcontinuingfordaystoweekstheoveralltelescopelengthismwithafocallengthofnbspmmandadiameterofmtheprimarystructuralelementisanaluminumopticalbenchinterfaceflangeatthefrontofthetelescopethatsupportstheforwardandafttelescopetubesthemirrormoduletheelectrondeflectorandtheinternalalignmentmonitoropticsandcameraplusmountingpointstotheswiftobservatorythenbspmmdiametertelescopetubeismadeofgraphitefibercyanateesterintwosectionstheoutergraphitefiberlayupisdesignedtominimizethelongitudinalcoefficientofthermalexpansionwhereastheinnercompositetubeislinedinternallywithanaluminumfoilvaporbarriertoguardagainstoutgassingofwatervapororepoxycontaminantsintothetelescopeinteriorthetelescopehasaforwardtubewhichenclosesthemirrorsandsupportsthedoorassemblyandstartrackersandanafttubewhichsupportsthefocalplanecameraandinternalopticalbafflesthemirrormoduleconsistsofnestedwolterigrazingincidencemirrorsheldinplacebyfrontandrearspidersthepassivelyheatedmirrorsaregoldcoatedelectroformednickelshellsnbspmmlongwithdiametersrangingfromtonbspmmthexrayimagerhasaneffectiveareaofnbspcmsupsupatkevafieldofviewofarcminandangularresolutionofarcsecathalfpowerdiameterhpdthedetectionsensitivityissupsupergcmsupsupssupsupinsupsupsthemirrorpointspreadfunctionpsfhasaarcsechpdatthebestonaxisfocusatkevthemirrorisslightlydefocusedinthexrttoprovideamoreuniformpsffortheentirefieldofviewhencetheinstrumentpsfarcsecnormalincidencexraytelescopelikemsstanixtusednormalincidencereflectivemultilayeropticshistoryofxraytelescopesthefirstxraytelescopeemployingwoltertypeigrazingincidenceopticswasemployedinarocketborneexperimentintoobtainxrayimagesofthesunrgiacconietalapjtheeinsteinobservatoryalsoknownasheaowasthefirstorbitingxrayobservatorywithawoltertypeitelescopergiacconietalapjitobtainedhighresolutionxrayimagesintheenergyrangefromtokevofstarsofalltypessupernovaremnantsgalaxiesandclustersofgalaxiesheaoandheaowereothersinthatseriesanotherlargeprojectwasrosatactivefromwhichwasaheavyxrayspaceobservatorywithfocusingxrayopticsthechandraxrayobservatoryisamongtherecentsatelliteobservatorieslaunchedbynasaandbythespaceagenciesofeuropejapanandrussiachandrahasoperatedformorethanyearsinahighellipticalorbitreturningthousandsarcsecondimagesandhighresolutionspectraofallkindsofastronomicalobjectsintheenergyrangefromtokevmanyofthespectacularimagesfromchandracanbeseenonthenasagoddardwebsitenustarisoneofthelatestxrayspacetelescopeslaunchedinjunethetelescopeobservesradiationinahighenergyrangekevandwithhighresolutionnustarissensitivetotheandkevsignalsfromdecayofsupsuptiinsupernovaegravityandextrememagnetismgemswouldhavemeasuredxraypolarizationbutwascanceledinseealsolistoftelescopetypeslistofxrayspacetelescopesxrayastronomywoltertelescopeatypeofxraytelescopebuiltwithglancingincidencemirrorsreferencesexternallinkscxrolblgovblindexphpcontentresearchhtmlscientificapplicationsofsoftxraymicroscopygreekdiacriticscollatzconjecturemetalheroseriesxmayrefertoxglofiishacellphonebyformertaiwaneseelectronicsmanufacturingcompanyetenxaseriesofcomputernetworkingstandardsxfilmxxquinientosacanadiancolombianmexicancoproduceddramafilmreleasedinlongcommenttoavoidbeinglistedonshortpagesxseriescdromxpixmapxlibxdpicturecardxdpicturecardxlinkexecuteinplacexmldatabasewindowsxpeditionswindowsxpembeddedredirectcategoryshellxiphorgfoundationquicktimecomponentsxiphorgfoundationquicktimecomponentsgeezscriptxagrastonecirclespringfieldspringfieldspringfieldspringfieldspringfieldspringfieldinfoboxtrainbackgroundyellownameimagekktmkinnizhnynovgorodjpgcaptiontramcarindepotnonizhnynovgorodrussiainteriorimageatramundernumberpassengerssalonjpginteriorcaptioninteriorofaservicemanufacturerukvzfactoryfamilyreplacedyearconstructionyearservicerefurbishmentyearscrappedconstructionnumberbuiltnumberservicenumberpreservednumberscrappedformationdesignationcapacityseatsoperatordepotslinescarbodytrainlengthcarlengthwidthheightfloorheightplatformheightentrylevelorstepartsectionsdoorsmaxspeedweightaccelerationdecelerationtractionenginepowerouttransmissionauxpowersuphvacvoltagevcollectionmethoduicclasswheelarrangementbogiesbrakessafetycouplingmultipleworkinggaugethecolloquiallyktmisthemodernrussianfouraxlehighfloormotortramcartheserailvehiclesareproducedattheustkatavustkatavwagonbuildingplantrussianabbreviationandfullnamektmmeanskirovmotortramcarthisabbreviationwastheproducersofficialtrademarkbeforewhenanewdesignationsystemfortramandsubwayrollingstockwasintroducedinthesovietuniontheabandonedthektmtrademarkstilllivesineverydayconversationsofrussiantramworkersandenthusiastsseealsotramreferencesexternallinkstramnnnarodrucarsktmindexhtmlonnizhnynovgorodtramsiteinrussianinfoboxtrainbackgroundyellownameimagemoscowtramkmjpgcaptionmosgortranskmmodeltramcarinteriorimageinteriorcaptionservicemanufacturerukvzfactoryfamilyreplacedyearconstructionyearservicerefurbishmentyearscrappedconstructionnumberbuiltnumberservicenumberpreservednumberscrappedformationdesignationcapacityseatsoperatordepotslinescarbodytrainlengthcarlengthwidthheightfloorheightplatformheightentrylevelorstepartsectionsdoorsmaxspeedweightaccelerationdecelerationtractionenginepowerouttransmissionauxpowersuphvacvoltagevcollectionmethoduicclasswheelarrangementbogiesbrakessafetycouplingmultipleworkinggaugetheincolloquiallanguagektmistherussianmotorfouraxlehighfloortramcartheserailvehiclesareproducedbyustkatavvagonbuildingplantukvzrussianabbreviatureandfullnamektmmeanskirovmotortramcarthisabbreviaturewasproducersofficialtrademarkbeforewhennewdesignationsystemfortramandsubwayrollingstockwasintroducedinthesovietunionafterofficialabandoningktmtrademarkitstilllivesineverydayconversationsofrussiantramworkersandenthusiaststypestwoprototypesfromusedintverandmoscowwithdrawnkstandardmodelkmstandardmodelsgallerygalleryimagennjpgkmmodeltramcarinnizhnynovgorodrussiacarfromlastbatchesinteriorsimilartokmodelimagemoscowtramkminteriormiddlejpgmosgortranskminteriorgalleryseealsotramexternallinkstramnnnarodrucarsktmindexhtmlonnizhnynovgorodtramsiteinrussianxenocentrismthisarticleisapartofwikipediawikiprojectaircraftpleaseseewikipediawikiprojectaircraftpagecontentforrecommendedlayoutinfoboxaircraftbeginnamexianhimageplaafxianhylipangjpgcaptionhatthezhuhaiairshowinfoboxaircrafttypetypestrategicbombermanufacturerxianaircraftindustrialcorporationdesignerfirstflightinaviationintroducedretirediraqbregyptnumberbuiltstatusactiveservicewiththeplaafunitcostprimaryuserpeoplesliberationarmyairforcemoreuserspeoplesliberationarmynavybregyptianairforcehistoricalbriraqiairforcehistoricaldevelopedfromtupolevtuvariantswiththeirownarticlesthexianhisalicencebuiltrefnamegoebelrefversionofthesovietunionsoviettupolevtutwinjettwinenginejetbomberbuiltforthechinachinesepeoplesliberationarmyairforcedeliveryofthetutopeoplesrepublicofchinachinabeganininaviationandthexianaircraftindustrialcorporationxacsignedalicenceproductionagreementwiththeussrtobuildthetypeinthelatesthefirstchinesetuorhasitwasdesignatedinchineseserviceflewinproductionwasperformedbytheplantatxianwithatleastbuiltintotheschinaisestimatedtocurrentlyoperatearoundoftheaircraftrefnamefasrefthelatestversionisthehkaheavilyredesignedversioncapableofcarryingairlaunchedcruisemissilesaccordingtounitedstatesdepartmentofdefensethiswillgivetheplaafalongrangestandoffmissilestandoffoffensiveaircapabilitywithprecisionguidedmunitionsdesignanddevelopmentthefirstdomesticallyproducedhwascompletedinandevidenceofbombingtrainingwasrecordedbyusspysatellitesonaugustbymarchofthefollowingyeartheciaestimatedthattheprchadaircraftoperationalwithanadditionalawaitingcompletionthehwasusedtodropninenucleardevicesatthelopnurtestsitehoweverwiththeincreaseddevelopmentinballisticmissiletechnologythenucleardeliverycapabilitiesthatthehoffereddiminishedinimportancetheciaestimatedinthatthehhadmovedovertoadualnuclearconventionalbombingroledevelopedversionsalongwiththehfreefallbomberanhanuclearbomberwasbuiltaswellasanhbreconnaissancevarianthcconventionalbomberandhenuclearbomberwithimprovedcountermeasuresandthehdantishipmissilecarrierthehdwasintroducedintheearlysandcarriedacantishippingmissilenatocodenamesilkwormmissilesilkwormanairlaunchedderivativeofthesovietptermitstyxmissilestyxundereachwingthehdfeaturedvariousmodernizedsystemsandsportsanenlargedradomewithatypekobaltibandsurveillanceradarunderthenosethetyperadarwasbasedonthesovietpsbnmnatocodenamemushroomradarusedonthetupolevtuearlierversionstypeandwereinstalledontheearlymodelsofthehthehhasalsobeenusedasatankeranddronelauncherlaterhproductionfeaturedextendedcurvedwingtipsmanyhaandhcaircraftwereupdatedinthestothehfconfigurationthemainimprovementbeingamodernnavigationsystemwithaglobalpositioningsystemgpssatelliteconstellationreceiverdopplernavigationradarandinertialnavigationsystemnewproductionbeganinthesaswellwithxianbuildingthehgwhichisadirectorforgroundlaunchedcruisemissilesthehhwhichcarriestwolandattackcruisemissilesintermsoflandattackcruisemissilesfiveimmediatepossibilitieswereconsideredbyplaaftheindigenoushnhnandhndhcjandavariantofrussiandesignedcruisemissileitisbelievedcjischosentobethemainlandattackmissileforhbombersrefnameairforceworldcomhhcruisemisslebomberrefandnowthehmcruisemissilecarrierwhichhasfourpylonsforimprovedcruisemissilesandisfittedwithaterrainfollowingsystemapparentlythesevariantshavenointernalbombcapabilityandmostoralloftheirdefensivearmamenthasbeendeletedhkthehkfirstflyingonjanuaryenteredserviceinoctoberduringthecelebrationsofthethanniversaryofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaenlargedengineinletsforrussiansolovievdturbofanenginesgivingaclaimedcombatradiusofaglasscockpitwithlargesizelcdmultifunctiondisplaythehkisdesignedforlongrangeattacksandstandoffattacksitisconsideredastrategicbomberitiscapableofattackinguscarrierbattlegroupsandprioritytargetsinasiathisaircrafthasnuclearstrikecapabilitywhilepreviousmodelshadlimitedmissilecapacitythehgcouldonlycarrytwoyjantishipmissilesandthehmtwocjkdcjkcjlandattackcruisemissilesthehkcancarryuptosixyjandlacmsasingleregimentofhksfullyloadedoutwithyjscansaturateenemyshipswithoversupersonicmissilesalthoughtheaircrafthasanewnoseradomehousingamodernairtogroundradaritisnotclearifthebomberorotherchineseassetsyethavethecapabilitytocollectaccuratetargetinginformationforsuccessfulstrikesagainstpointtargetsinareasbeyondthefirstislandchaininjanuaryitwasreportedthatanindigenousturbofanenginethewswasunderdevelopmentforuseinthehkinabouthkswereinserviceahkfittedwitharefuellingprobemayhavefirstflownindecemberbesidesextendingrangeapossiblemissionforthevariantmaybetolaunchsatellitesorballisticmissilesdefenseintelligenceagencychiefashleyconfirmedthatchinaisdevelopingtwonewairlaunchedballisticmissilesoneofwhichcancarryanuclearwarheadthehkwouldbesuitedtolaunchsuchmissilesoperationalhistorychinahasrepeatedlyusedhaircrafttoperformlongrangedrillsnearjapanpromptingthejapaneseairselfdefenseforcetoscramblefightersvariantsinbeijingproductionversionsxianhconventionalbombertupolevtuproducedunderlicenseinchinafirstflewinaprototypeconductedchinasnucleartestfirstaerialnuclearweapontestatlopnoronmayxianhanuclearbomberxianhbaerialreconnaissancevariantxianhcconventionalbomberwithimprovedcountermeasuressuiteinitiallydesignatedhiiixianhdantishipmissilecarrierintroducedinearlysarmedwithtwoairlaunchedcmissilesonemountedundereachwingfittedwithlargerradomeunderthenoseandvariousimprovedsystemslaterupgradedtoeithertwocsupersonicantishipmissilesorfourcsupersonicantishipmissilesanupgradedversioncapableofcarryingfouryjcantishipmissilesiscurrentlyunderdevelopmentrefnamesinodefencerefinitiallydesignatedhivxianhestrategicnuclearbomberwithimprovedcountermeasuressuiteenteredserviceinsxianhfnewdesignationforupgradedhaandhcmanyaircraftupgradedintheswithnewinertialnavigationsystemsdopplernavigationradarandgpsreceiverxianhgprovidestargetingdatatogroundlaunchedcruisemissilesbuiltinthesnointernalbombbayordefensivearmamentelectronicwarfareaircraftwithunderwingelectroniccountermeasurespodsxianhhlandattackcruisemissilecarrierarmedwithtwomissilesbuiltinthesnointernalbombbayordefensivearmamentxianhklatesthvariantreenginedwithsolovievddkpturbofanenginesofnbspkgthrustreplacingtheoriginalchineseturbojetsothermodificationsincludelargerairintakesredesignedflightdeckwithsmallerfewertransparenciesandlargedielectricnoseradomexianhmcruisemissilecarrierfittedwithterrainfollowingsystemandfourunderwinghardpointsforweaponscarriagenointernalbombbayordefensivearmamentproductionofthisvariantisbelievedtohaveresumedinearlyrefnamejanesmissilesrefxianhdhongzhajidianelectronicwarfareversionwithsolidnoseandcanoefairingbelievedtocontainelectroniccountermeasuresequipmentaerialrefuellingversionspodsfittedtothehyutankervariantxianhyhongzhajiyoufirstsuccessfulinflightrefuellingtankervariantinchineseserviceretainedpvfirecontrolsystemofhandthuscanstillbedeployedasamissilelauncherxianhyumodifiedhytankerinservicewiththeplaafwithpvfirecontrolsystemandtyperadardeletedandthusadedicatedrefuelingaircraftalsoreferredashuxianhydfirstaerialrefuelingtankerforplanafconvertedfromhdthemostdistinctdifferencebetweenhyuandhydisthathyuhasametalnoseconewhilehydstillhasthetransparentclassnoseliketheoriginalhypvfirecontrolsystemisalsoretainedonhydwhichenablestheaircraftalsotoserveasamissilecarryingandlaunchingplatformxianhyduaerialrefuellingtankerfortheplanafmodifiedhydalsoreferredashdusimilartohyuhyduisadedicatedaerialrefuelingtankerwhenitspvfirecontrolsystemisremovedfromtheaircraftexportversionsxianbdexportversionofthehdtestbedsprototypesandproposedvariantshenginetestbedonehserialnumberwasconvertedintoanenginetestbedremainedinserviceforyearsuntilreplacementbyaconvertedilyushinilhlaunchvehicleproposedvariantintendedtolaunchatonnesatellitelaunchvehicleatanaltitudeofminpreliminarystudiesbeganontheairlaunchedallsolidpropellantslvcapableofplacingapayloadofnbspkginearthorbitmockupoftheslvandhlaunchplatformshownduringzhuhaiairshowxianhimodifiedversionpoweredbyfourrollsroycespeyrollsroycespeymkturbofanenginesoriginallypurchasedasspareenginesforhawkersiddeleytridentsinservicewithcivilaviationadministrationofchinacaacmodificationsincludedalengthenedfuselageandsmallerenginenacelleswithsmallerairintakesinthewingrootswheretheoriginaltwoturbojetengineswerereplacedwithtwospeyturbofanstwomorespeyenginesmountedonpylonsoneundereachwingoutboardoftheundercarriagesponsonsferryrangeincreasedtonbspkmwithstandardpayloadandcombatradiusincreasedtoovernbspkmwithnuclearpayloaddevelopmentbeganinmaidenflighttookplaceinandstatecertificationreceivedinthefollowingyearxianhionmarchthenoresearchinstitutewastaskedwithdevelopingastrategicbombertobedesignatedhtoreducecostsanddevelopmenttimethexianhairframewasusedasabaselinetwopowerplantoptionswerestudiedusingfourwsjtypeturbofansorsixprattwhitneyjtdturbofansbutnoaircraftwerebuiltxianhiiahwithincreasedwingspanpoweredbysixwsjturbofansinevenlyspacednacellesandpossiblyaredesignedflightdeckwithanextendedsolidnosenoaircraftwerebuiltoperatorscurrentoperatorspeoplesliberationarmyairforceuptohhehfhhhkandhuinserviceinpeoplesliberationarmynavyhdinserviceinformeroperatorsegyptianairforcesomebacquiredpostalongwithsparesfortheegyptiantufleetlastaircraftretiredininaviationbaathistiraqiraqiraqiairforcefourhdarmedwithcmissilesacquiredduringiraniraqwarduringwhichatleastoneofthemwasiranianaerialvictoriesduringtheiraniraqwardownedallremainingonesweredestroyedinthegulfwarpersiangulfwarofinaviationspecificationshimageofaxianhaircraftspecificationsifyoudonotunderstandhowtousethistemplatepleaseaskatwikipediatalkwikiprojectaircraftpleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsplaneorcopterplanejetorpropjetrefsinodefencecomnowfilloutthespecspleaseincludeunitswhereappropriatemaincomesfirstaltinparenthesesifanitemdoesntapplylikecapacityleaveitblankforadditionallinesendyouraltunitswitharightparenthesisandstartanewfullyformattedlinebeginningwithanasteriskcrewlengthmainmlengthaltftinspanmainmspanaltftinheightmainmheightaltftinareamainmareaaltftemptyweightmainkgemptyweightaltlbloadedweightmainkgloadedweightaltlbmaxtakeoffweightmainkgmaxtakeoffweightaltlbenginejetmikulinamxianwptypeofjetturbojetsnumberofjetsthrustmainknthrustaltlbfmaxspeedmainkmhmaxspeedaltknotsmphcruisespeedmainmachcruisespeedaltkmhmphrangemainkmrangealtnmmicombatradiusmainkmcombatradiusaltnmmiceilingmainmceilingaltftclimbratemainmsclimbratealtftminloadingmainkgmloadingaltlbftthrustweightmoreperformancegunsbrmminnudelmanrikhternrautocannoncannonsinremotedorsalturretnrcannonsinremoteventralturretnrcannonsinmannedtailturretnrcannonsinnoseoccasionaladditionmissilesbrorckdlandattackcruisemissilekdmissileantishiporairtosurfacecjyjcjantishipmissilesilkwormmissilesycantishipmissilecyjcantishipmissilecantishipmissilecantishipmissileyjvariantscmayjantishipmissiledfdfdcssmodantishipballisticmissiledfdhnbombskglboffreefallweaponsguidedbombsgbpgbgbcsbbcgbpgbgbagbpgbgbseealsoaircontentrelatedtupolevtusimilaraircraftvickersvaliantlistsseealsoreferencesnotesbibliographyexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebairforceworldcomplaenglishbhbomberchinahtmlhbomberfamilyairforceworldcomwebcitationorguthvrburlsinodefencecomairforcegroundattackhasphmediumbombersinodefencecomausairpowernetapabadgerhtmlxianhbadgerausairpowernetwebarchiveorgwebcenturychinacomplaboardarchiveshtmlglobalsecurityorgmilitaryworldchinahhtmmndgovtwenglishpublishaspxcnidpxiehemayrefertoxiehechineseartistanancientchinesepainterandarttheoristinthethcenturyxiehegoplayeramodernchineseprofessionalgoplayerthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellinfoboxfilmnamexxxyimagexxxymovieposterjpgimagesizealtcaptiondvdcoverdirectoraustinchickproducermitchellrobbinsbrisenrobbinsbraimeeschoofwriteraustinchickstarringmarkruffalobrmayastangebrkathleenrobertsonmusicstartledinsectstheinsectscinematographyutabriesewitzeditingwilliamaandersonbrpetebeaudreaustudionaturalnylondistributorifcfilmsreleasedruntimeminutescountryunitedstateslanguageenglishbudgetgrossxxxyisaamericanromancefilmromanticdramafilmstarringmarkruffalokathleenrobertsonandmayastangethefilmisaromanticdramawrittenanddirectedbyaustinchickthetitlereferringtothedifferentchromosomepairingspresentinmenandwomenitwasnominatedforthegrandjuryprizeatthesundancefilmfestivalintheyearitwasreleasedalthoughthefundingforthefilmcamefromtheusthefilmwasproducedbybritishcompanynaturalnylonplottwocollegestudentssammayastangeandtheakathleenrobertsonmeetcolesmarkruffaloananimatoratapartyandtheirmutualattractionleadstoapassionateandawkwardnighttogethertheyformanunstablefriendshipandcontinuetopushtheirsexualboundariessoontheirfriendshipsaretestedbysamandcolesromanceandtheasincreasinglyrecklessbehaviorinevitablytheirrelationshipsdissolveduetofearresentmentandmistrustonallsideseightyearslatertheyreunitecolesnowananimationanimatorforahighprofileadagencyliveswithclairepetrawrighthisgirlfriendoffiveyearstheatheformerwildchildishappilymarriedtomilesdavidthorntonactordavidthorntonwithwhomshesharesownershipofaverysuccessfulandflourishingrestaurantsamhasreturnedtomanhattanfromlondonafterbreakingoffherengagementuponreconnectingthethreearedrawnbackintotheiroldandcomplicateddynamictheyaresoonforcedtoconfrontthetruemeaningofcommitmentandlovesomethingtheyavoidedasyoungadultscastmarkruffaloascolesmayastangeassamkathleenrobertsonastheakeloneillassidpaularothasmomleecobbasstepfatherjoeykernastommypetrawrightasclairedavidthorntonactordavidthorntonasmilesreceptionxxxyreceivedmixedreviewsitcurrentlyholdsaratingonrottentomatoesreferencesexternallinkssekretuspekhainwhytenotationaisasteamlocomotivewithfourleadingwheelstwoaxlesinanunpoweredbogieatthefrontofthelocomotivefollowedbytwosetsofdrivingwheelswithsixwheelseachthreeaxleseachfollowedbytwounpoweredtrailingwheelsoneaxleattherearofthelocomotiveotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationccalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationbrthiswheelarrangementwasusedonlyasaverylimitednumberoflocomotivesinnorthamericamostnotablyassouthernpacificclassmmclassmmoilfiredcabforwardlocomotivesonthesouthernpacificrailroadthesewereeffectivelysrunninginreversetheywereoriginallybuiltassbutwererefittedwithafourwheelleadingtrucktoincreasestabilityatspeedsouthernpacificamswerebuiltfromjulytoaugustbybaldwinlocomotiveworksascabforwardsthesesbeganretirementinthemidtolatesalthoughafewremainedinoperationuntiltheendofworldwariinolocomotivesofthisconfigurationwerepreservedreferencesklinefeltersyndromexyysyndrometetrasomyxinfoboxmedicalconditionnewnamexxxxxsynonymspentasomyxpentaxxxxxxsyndromeimagefoetalkaryotypedemonstratingpentasomyxpngaltcaptionpronouncefieldsymptomsintellectualdisabilityshortheightlowsetearsdecreasedmuscletonedevelopmentaldelaycomplicationscongenitalheartdiseaseonsetdurationtypescausesxchromosomesrisksolderparentsdiagnosischromosomalanalysisdifferentialdownsyndrometriplexsyndrometurnersyndromepreventiontreatmentbasedonsymptomsmedicationprognosisfrequencyraredeathsdefinitionandsymptomsxxxxxalsoknownaspentasomyxisachromosomeabnormalitywhereafemalehasfivexchromosomesratherthanthenormaltwocomplicationsmayincludecongenitalheartdiseaserefnamebeerefcauseanddiagnosistheconditionisduetoproblemsduringtheformationofthereproductivecellsinapersonsparentsriskfactorsincludeolderparentsatthetimeoffertilisationconceptiondiagnosisissuspectedbasedonsymptomsandconfirmedbychromosomalanalysistreatmentepidemiologyandhistorytreatmentisbasedonsymptomstheconditionisextremelyrarewithlessthanreportedcasesasoftheconditionwasfirstdescribedinsignsandsymptomsthemaincharacteristicsofxxxxxareintellectualdisabilityshortstatureandcraniofacialabnormalitiesrefnamechorefotherphysicaltraitsincludethefollowingmicrocephalysmallheadrefnamemonheitrefearabnormalitieshypertelorismwidelyspacedeyeswithupwardslantingpalpebralfissuresandepicanthalfoldsshortneckbroadnosewithadepressednasalbridgehyperextensionoftheelbowsdentalabnormalitiesandcleftpalateclinodactylyofthethfingerdeformitiesofthefeetheartdefectsrefnamemoraesrefcausestheaneuploidyisthoughttobecausedbyproblemsoccurringduringmeiosiseitherinthemotherorinboththemotherandfathersuccessivenondisjunctionshavebeenobservedinthemotherofatleastonepatientthefeaturesofthesyndromelikelyariseduetofailureofxinactivationandthepresenceofmultiplexchromosomesfromthesameparentcausingproblemswithparentalimprintingintheoryxinactivationshouldoccurandleaveonlyonexchromosomeactiveineachcellhoweverfailureofthisprocesshasbeenobservedinoneindividualstudiedthereasonforthisisthoughttobethepresenceofanunusuallylargeandimbalancednumberofxchromosomesinterferingwiththeprocessseealsotrisomyxtetrasomyxreferencesexternallinksmedicalresourcesicdqicdicdoomimdiseasesdbmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicmeshcgenereviewsnbkgenereviewsnameorphanetgenealogysourcecomtetraxtetrasomypentasomyxsyndromeinformationandsupportxxxxxxaviermartnezinfoboxartistbgcolourednamexaviermartinezimagemartinezselfportraitjpgimagesizecaptionselfportraitbirthnamejaviertimoteomartinezyorozcobirthdatebirthplaceguadalajarajaliscomexicodeathdatedeathplacecarmelbytheseacalifornianationalityunitedstatesamericannaturalizedothernamesxaviertizocmartinezmartymartinezfieldfineartpaintingtrainingcaliforniaschoolofdesigncoledesbeauxartsacadmieeugnecarrireworksmovementcaliforniatonalismpatronsrosalialabastidadeconeyalexanderkconeyspouseelsiewhitakermartinezpartnerchildrenmicaelamartinezducasseinfluencedbyinfluencedawardseducationcaliforniaschoolofdesignpariscoledesbeauxartsothernamesxaviertizocmartinezmartymartinezxaviermartnezfebruaryndashjanuarywasacaliforniaartistactiveinthelatethandearlythcenturyhewasawellknownbohemianfigureinsanfranciscotheeastbaysanfranciscobayareaeastbayandthemontereypeninsulaandoneofthecofoundersoftwocaliforniaartistsorganizationsandanartgalleryhepaintedinatonalismtonaliststyleandalsoproducedmonotypesetchingsandsilverpointrefnameedwardsanonlinefacsimileoftheentiretextofvolispostedonthetraditionalfineartsorganizationwebsitetfaoicomaaaaaahtmrefchildhoodinguadalajarahewasoriginallychristenedjaviertimoteomartinezyorozcobutlatercalledhimselfxaviertizocmartinezthemiddlenameacknowledginghispurpechapeoplepurpechaheritagehewasknowntohisfriendsasmartyrefnameshieldsrefmartinezwasborninguadalajaraintoamexicanfatherandaspanishmotherrefnamerefmartinezbegandrawinghisclassmatesandteachersatayoungagewhileattendingpublicschoolafterschoolheworkedinhisfathersbookstorebookbindingandhelpingwithprintingchoreshelearnedfrenchandwrotepoetryadmiringthepoemsofgoetheschillerandvariousfrenchpoetsinhislaterautobiographicalwritingsherecalledhowatagetenhismotherwouldteachhimaboutthemovementsofcelestialbodycelestialbodiesearlylifemartinezreflectedthatatthisagehehadhisfirstawarenessthattherewasarhythmintheorderofthingsatagehebeganattendingtheliceodevaronesgrammarschoolformenwherehestudiedprecolumbianarchaeologyandhispurpechapeopletapurpechaascanheritageheexcelledinindigenouspeoplesoftheamericasmexicoindiandesignsandartsandpaintedanoilpaintingoilcopyofentombmentbytitianwhenhisbiologicalmotherdiedatagehewasfosteredandtakeninbyanaristocraticwomannamedrosalialabastidadeconeyshewasmarriedtoanamericanalexanderkconeywhoworkedformexicosforeignofficewhenalexanderconeywasappointedconsulgeneralofmexicoandpostedtoinsanfranciscoinmartinezfollowedthemsailingthroughthegoldengateinuponarrivalinsanfranciscoinmartinezenrolledinthecaliforniaschoolofdesignalsoknownasthemarkhopkinsinstituteofartorsanfranciscoartinstitutesfaiinhereceivedtheschoolsaverygoldenmedalinpaintingandanhonorablementionindrawinghegraduatedinworkedbrieflyasassistanttotheheadoftheinstitutearthurfrankmathewsandbecameamemberofthebohemianclubrefnameedwardsrefmartinezenteredthepariscoledesbeauxartsateliergromeininhesentanumberofpaintingsofparisscenesbacktothebohemianclubforanexhibitioninsanfranciscoheenjoyedthecompanyofhenrimatisseandgraduatedfromthecoleininheenteredtheacademyofeugnecarrireandhisportraitofmissmarionholdenatonalistworksimilartowhistlersmotherwonanhonorablementioninthemexicandisplayattheexpositionuniverselleparisinternationalexpositionreturntosanfranciscomexicotripsinhemovedbacktosanfranciscohesharedanartstudiowithgottardopiazzoniandthatyearbecameanaturalizedcitizenoftheunitedstatesinhebegansharinghismontgomerystreetatelierwithmaynarddixontheyheldjointstudioshowsonsaturdaysthetwotravelledtoarizonaandtepicmexicoinaprilupontheirreturnmartinezheldseveralexhibitionsrefnameedwardsrefinhespenttwomonthsinguadalajarawithmaynarddixonuponhisreturntosanfranciscoheheldanumberofexhibitionsandalsogaveoneshowinnewyorkemphasizingtherecentmexicangenrepaintingsthatyearheproducedapaintingacriticcalledamasterpiecegiventhetitletheprayeroftheearthbyhispoetfriendgeorgesterlingpersonallifeafterthesanfranciscoearthquakeearthquakeofhemovedacrossthebaytopiedmontcaliforniaandmetelsiewhitakeryearshisjuniorthedaughterofthewriterhermanwhitakeronoctoberhemarriedelsiewhitakerinoaklandaftertheirhoneymoonincarmelbytheseatheycommencedbuildingastudioinpiedmontduringthesummersoftotheyrentedahouseincarmelsothatmartnezcouldteachartclassesatthehoteldelmontethemartnezeshadadaughteronaugustmicaelamartinezshebecameafineartiststudyingpaintingwithvictorarnautoffandsculpturewithralphstackpoleshelaterstudiedstonecuttingwithruthcravathinshemarriedartistralphducasseandchangedhernametomicaelamartinezducasseinelsieandxaviermartinezseparatedrefnamerefartandteachingcareermartinezwasoneofagroupofartistsinvitedtocreateanartgalleryatmontereyshoteldelmonteinhebeganteachingasasubstitutedrawingteacherinjuneatthecaliforniaschoolofartsandcraftscsacinberkeleybyaugusthewasappointedapermanentmemberofthefacultywiththetitleinstructorforstilllifeandlandscapepaintinginoilrefnameedwardsrefhepublishedseveralarticlesonarthistoryinthecsacalumnimagazineheexhibitedwithmembersoftheberkeleyartcolonybetweenandhetaughtatthecaliforniaschooloffineartsinsanfranciscofromtobuthiscontractwasnotrenewedbecausetheconservativedirectorofthatschoolpedrojosephdelemosobjectedtomartinezsflamboyantattireandsocialistinspiredcommentariesrefnameedwardsrwrefmartinezcontinuedtoteachatthecsacandmovedintoitsnewoaklandcampuswherethreeyearslaterhewasappointedaprofessorofpaintingheofficiallyretiredinseptembertheschoolwasrenamedthecaliforniacollegeoftheartsccainhetaughtsummerclassesinthemontereyareafromtofromthroughthelatesheinstructedhissummerclassesfromhispiedmontstudiohomeinhehelpedfoundthecaliforniasocietyofetchersthenthefollowingyearhewaselectedtothenationalgeographicsocietyandgivenakeytothecapitolclubinmontereyalsoinhemadeapaintingtriptothearizonadesertwithfrancismccomaspainterwhichabruptlyendedwithmuchanimosityandnegativepublicityinthepressinimpressionistschildehassamandedwardsimmonspainteredwardsimmonscametopiedmonttoviewmartinezdesertpaintingsthefollowingyearheexhibitedatthepanamapacificinternationalexpositionpanamapacificinternationalexhibitionwherehewonhonorablementionandatthegoldengateparkmuseuminsanfranciscothroughoutthisperiodhehadshowsinnewyorkphiladelphiaandsanfrancisconotedpaintingsofthisperiodareheadofagirlthestormpiedmonthillsandlakemerrittbetweenandhehadnumerousexhibitionsincludingatthepalaceoffineartsthesanfranciscoartassociationandthehoteloaklandmartinezbecameamemberoftheamericanfederationofartsininsubsequentyearshecontinuedtoexhibitbutwasincreasinglycalledupontobeajurorofotherartistsworksinheshowedthegreenmoonatthesanfranciscomuseumofartrefnameneubertrefinheexhibitedportraitofelsieatthegoldengateinternationalexpositionggieontreasureislandmartinezwasselectedintorepresentcaliforniainthehalloffameatthenewyorkworldsfairworldsfairofinnewyorkasoneofthreealongwithfatherjuniperoserraandwilliamkeithartistwilliamkeithwritingsduringthelasttwodecadesofhislifemartinezbecameincreasinglyinterestedinhisindigenousmexicanheritagehepublishedpoetryandphilosophicwritingsinacolumnentitlednotasdeunchichimecainthehispanoamericanosanfranciscosspanishlanguagenewspaperpermanentcollectionsxaviermartinezpaintingsareheldinthefollowingmuseumscrockerartmuseumsacramentocaliforniafineartsmuseumsofsanfranciscoguadalajaraartmuseummillscollegeartmuseumoaklandmuseumofcaliforniaseealsocaliforniatonalismreferencesexternallinksoaccdliborgarkkttnzbrandoaconlinearchiveofcaliforniaselfportraitofxaviermartinezoilsketchonacademyboardpresentedtohaigpatigianindigitalassetslibberkeleyedurohoiaucbtextmartinezsfartistselsirichpdfelsiemartinezoralhistoryendgametheblueprintforvictoryinthewaronterrormythologyoflostthenumbersdotdiacriticormayrefertonumerologyeleveneleventheliteraryjournalofcaliforniacollegeoftheartsalsoknownassinglesdayadayforunmarriedpeoplepopularamongchineseyouthdatesarmisticewithgermanyortheeleventhoftheeleventhnovembernovembernovemberinmusicelevenelevenrecordlabelfoundedbyellendegenerescomealbumcomealbumsashasokolalbumsashaskolalbumreginaspektoralbumreginaspektoralbummariatayloralbummariatayloralbummacle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nyalphabetsitwasreplacedbythecyrillicscriptcyrillicletterininazerbaijaniitwasagainreplacedbythelatinletterinthetatarlanguagetatarlatinalphabetdevisedinthelatesbythetatarstanauthoritiesincludedthelettertheletterisalsopartoftheafricanreferencealphabetintheinternationalphoneticalphabetthelowercaserepresentstheclosemidcentralroundedvowelithasnorelationtotheslashedzeroslashedothesimilarlatinletterthecyrillicletterfitaorthegreekthetadespitetheirsimilarshapesunicodecharmapfnamelatincapitalletterowithmiddletildenamelatinsmallletterbarredoseealsoazerbaijanialphabetlatinlettercyrillicletterkpejekacoinintuvaexternallinksomniglotcomwritingazerihtmazerbaijanilanguagealphabetsandpronunciationbyomniglotcomclosemidbackunroundedvowelnearclosenearfrontroundedvowellowercaseminusculeisaletterofthelatinalphabetshapedlikearoundedwormoreaccuratelyarotatedmitisalsousedintheinternationalphoneticalphabettorepresentaclosebackunroundedvowelwasusedinthezhuangalphabetfromtotorepresentthesamevowelinipasometimebeforeorinitwasreplacedwithwincyrillicscriptcyrillicthelowercaselettershacyrillicshainitalictyperesemblessincezhuangborrowedheavilyfromcyrillicformsforseverallettersofitsalphabetitisplausiblethatshawasthesourceofthezhuangletterredirectmmcaliberlistoftohoalienracesarabicdiacriticsfatahredirectcategoryshellarabicdiacriticsammahredirectshellalephxmsatelliteradionatalyanarochnitskayasigmalunatesigmaredirectcategoryshellinfoboxweaponnamesmallunmannedgroundvehicleimageimagesmallunmannedgroundvehiclemayjpgpxcaptionsmallunmannedgroundvehicleorigintypeunmannedgroundvehicleisvehicleyeslengthwidthheightweightarmourprimaryarmamentvehiclerangespeedthexmsmallunmannedgroundvehiclesugvisafuturecombatsystemsspecificmanpackableversionoftheirobotirobotspackbotdescriptionthexmsmallunmannedgroundvehiclesugvisalightweightmanportableunmannedgroundvehicleugvcapableofconductingmilitaryoperationsinurbanterraintunnelssewersandcavesthesugvaidsintheperformanceofmanpowerintensiveorhighriskfunctionsieurbanintelligencesurveillanceandreconnaissanceisrmissionschemicaltoxicindustrialchemicalstictoxicindustrialmaterialstimreconnaissanceetcworkingtominimizesoldiersexposuredirectlytohazardsthesugvsmodulardesignallowsmultiplepayloadstobeintegratedinaplugandplayfashionweighinglessthanitiscapableofcarryinguptoofpayloadweightthexmcaneitherberemotelymannedormanipulatedthroughuseofamicrosoftxboxgamepadfittedwithspecialitydriversthisallowsfullcontroloftheunitotherwiseunavailablethroughaconventionaljoystickalternativelyaruggedizedcontrollerknownassmallhawcharmswaycontrollermoresuitedtocombatenvironmentsmaybeusedinplaceofthexboxcontrollerthesugvispartofspinoutandhasenteredevaluationatthearmyevaluationtaskforceaetfitwillbefieldedtoibctsstartingininfebruarythearmyannouncedtheirintentiontoissueasolesourcecontracttoirobotforthexmsmallunmannedgroundvehiclesugvroboticsystemthecontractisfordevelopingsupportingandtestinghardwareandsoftwarerelatedtothexminaugusttheusmarinecorpsorderedsugvsgallerygalleryfileffwfortblissjpgnotethexboxcontrollerheldbytheoperatorclickforlargerpicturefilesugvcontrolsjpgalternativesugvcontrollerfileirobotfastactrainingjpgaroboticstechnicianassignedtothebahrainispecialsecurityforcebssftrainssoldiersonthesugvgalleryreferencesnotessourceswebarchiveorgwebfcsarmymilsystemssugvindexhtmlusarmysitesugvexternallinksfoxnewscomstoryhtmlarmyunveilshightechfuturecombatsystemstechnologytimesonlinecouktolnewstechandwebarticleecevisittoirobotandhandsonwithsugvthesundaytimesmaymarkharriswangchongxavierhighschoolnewyorkcityinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexiangchengnativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypedistrictprcdistrictimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinahubeipushpinlabelxiangchengpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinhubeicoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehubeisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamexiangyangsubdivisiontypesubdivisionnameestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukareafootnotesareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareawaterpercentareanoteelevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxiangchengdistrictisadistrictofxiangyanghubeiprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinahistorysdescriptionofchinabasedonreportsfromthejesuitchinamissionsbutreversingthepositionsofxiangyangandfanchengdistrictfanchengxiangchengdistrictisthelocationoftheoldurbancoreofxiangyangsouthofthehanriverhubeihanrivermayrefertomaymonthdaydatenotationaprildaymonthdatenotationatimesignaturecontainingfivequarternotesperme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fobscureclassicstomoreusualsuspectsbythebeachboysthebeatlesandtherollingstonesincontinuumwasboughtoutbybloomsburypublishingwhichcontinuestopublishtheseriesbarkerwasreplacedbygrossanfollowinghisleaveinjanuaryindaphnebrookskevindettmarramandapetrusichandgaylewaldassumedcoeditorialdutiestwoindependentbookshavebeenspunoffoftheseriescarlwilsonsentryoncelinedionsletstalkaboutlovewasexpandedforabloomsburyreissuewithmaterialnotspecificallypertainingtothedionalbumandretitledletstalkaboutlovewhyotherpeoplehavesuchbadtastearejectedproposalfromwriterbrettmilanoforanentryongametheorybandgametheorysalbumlolitanationwasinsteadexpandedonbymilanointoabiographyonthebandsleaderscottmillerpopmusicianscottmillerthatprojecttitleddontallthankmeatoncedontallthankmeatoncethelostgeniusofscottmillerwasreleasedbybooksinrefnamesalonzcitejournalfirstannielastzaleskititlethelostpopgeniusofscottmillerdatejanuaryjournalsalonwebsitesalonurlsaloncomthelostpopgeniusofscottmillerwhatevermakesyoufallinlovewithapopsonghedidthatcommentsdeadurlnoarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebsaloncomthelostpopgeniusofscottmillerwhatevermakesyoufallinlovewithapopsonghedidthatcommentsarchivedaterefinaugustbloomsburyannouncedthelaunchofglobalrefnamegloballaunchrefanextensionoftheseriestopopularmusicfromaroundtheworldthefirsttwosubserieslaunchedwerebrazileditedbyjasonstanyekandjapaneditedbynorikomanaberefnamejapaneditorrefthefirstbookforbrazilwascaetanovelososaforeignsoundbybarbarabrowningthefirstbooksforjapanweresupercellfthatsunemikubykeisukeyamadaandyokokannoscowboybebopsoundtrackbyrosebridgespublishedtitlesbookshavebeenpublishedclasswikitablesortablealbumdateofbookpublicationartistyearalbumauthorofbookclassunsortableisbndustyinmemphisinmusicforeverchangeslovebandloveinmusicharvestneilyoungalbumharvestinmusicinmusicmeatismurderinmusicpinkfloydinmusicabbagoldgreatesthitsabbainmusicelectricladylandinmusicunknownpleasuresjoydivisioninmusicsignothetimesprincemusicianprinceinmusicinmusicletitbeinmusicliveattheapolloalbumliveattheapolloinmusicaqualungjethrotullalbumaqualungjethrotullbandjethrotullinmusicokcomputerradioheadinmusicletitbethereplacementsalbumletitbeinmusicledzeppelinivledzeppelininmusicexileonmainstinmusicpetsoundsinmusicramonesalbumramonesramonesinmusicarmedforcesalbumarmedforcesinmusicmurmuralbummurmurreminmusicgracejeffbuckleyalbumgraceinmusicendtroducinginmusickickoutthejamsmcinmusiclowdavidbowiealbumlowinmusicbornintheusainmusicmusicfrombigpinkinmusicintheaeroplaneovertheseaneutralmilkhotelinmusicpaulsboutiquebeastieboysinmusicdoolittlealbumdoolittlepixiesinmusictheresariotgoinonslythefamilystoneslyandthefamilystoneinmusicinmusicinuteroalbuminuteronirvanabandnirvanainmusichighwayrevisitedinmusiclovelessmybloodyvalentinealbumlovelessmybloodyvalentinebandmybloodyvalentineinmusicinmusicbeethousandguidedbyvoicesinmusicdaydreamnationsonicyouthinmusiccourtandsparkinmusicuseyourillusionianduseyourillusioniiiigunsnrosesinmusiclovesongsinmusicsongsinthekeyoflifeinmusicinmusictroutmaskreplicacaptainbeefheartinmusicdoublenickelsonthedimeminutemenbandminutemeninmusicajaalbumajasteelydaninmusicpeoplesinstinctivetravelsandthepathsofrhythminmusicridofmeinmusicachtungbabyuinmusicifyourefeelingsinisterbellesebastianinmusicpinkmooninmusicletstalkaboutloveinmusicswordfishtrombonesinmusicjazzfunkgreatsthrobbinggristleinmusichorsesalbumhorsesinmusicmasterofrealityblacksabbathinmusicreigninbloodslayerinmusicshootoutthelightsinmusicgentlemenalbumgentlemeninmusicrumsodomyandthelashinmusicinmusicpinkflagwirebandwireinmusicxoelliottsmithalbumxoinmusicillmaticnasinmusicradiocityalbumradiocitybigstarbandbigstarinmusiconestepbeyondmadnessbandmadnessinmusicterryedwardsanothergreenworldinmusiczaireekainmusicfacingfutureinmusicittakesanationofmillionstoholdusbackpublicenemygrouppublicenemyinmusicwoweezoweepavementbandpavementinmusichighwaytohellacdcinmusicsongcyclealbumsongcycleinmusicspiderlandslintinmusickidaradioheadinmusictuskalbumtuskfleetwoodmacinmusicprettyhatemachinenineinchnailsinmusicchocolateandcheeseweeninmusicamericanrecordingsalbumamericanrecordingsinmusicsomegirlsinmusicyourelivingallovermedinosaurjrinmusicmarqueemoontelevisionbandtelevisioninmusicamazinggracearethafranklinalbumamazinggraceinmusicdummyalbumdummyportisheadbandportisheadinmusicfearofmusictalkingheadsbandtalkingheadsinmusichistoiredemelodynelsonsergegainsbourginmusicfloodtheymightbegiantsalbumfloodtheymightbegiantsinmusicandigetwetandrewwkinmusicselectedambientworksvolumeiiaphextwininmusicentertainmentgangoffourinmusicblankgenerationalbumblankgenerationrichardhellandthevoidoidsinmusicdonutsalbumdonutsjdillainmusicsmilethebeachboysalbumsmileinmusicdefinitelymaybeoasisbandoasisinmusicexileinguyvillelizphairinmusicmybeautifuldarktwistedfantasykanyewestinmusicthegreyalbumdangermousemusiciandangermouseinmusicalbumsigurrsinmusicdangerousmichaeljacksonalbumdangerousmichaeljacksoninmusictagomagocanbandcaninmusicodetobilliejoealbumodetobilliejoebobbiegentryinmusiclivethroughthisholebandholeinmusicfreedomofchoicealbumf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lgaavjoinedthemazokusideinthenovelstheslayersgroupgenerallyabhorshispresencewhileintheanimeheistreatedasatolerablenuisanceinslayersnextthesecondseasonoftheanimehellmasterphibrizzoordersxellostofollowlinawhilefollowinglinaheoccasionallyhelpedbutoftenhamperedherquesttofindtheclairebibleduringthistimehehidesinguiseofatravellingpriestthoughheisrevealedtobeamonsterinthelaterepisodesoftheseriesintheclimacticshowdownwithgaavthedemondragonkingxellosdefendslinaandherfriendsfromtheattacksofseigramandgaavwhilesufferingagrievouswoundintheprocessinthethirdseasonslayerstryvalgaavtriestosummondarkstartotheworldofrubyeyexellosissenttopreventthesummoninghehelpslinaandherfriendsfightvalgaavandstopdarkstarfrombeingreleasedintotheirworldinthefourthandfifthseasonshisgoalistoascertainwhetherredpriestrezossoulistheonlyitemsealedinthehellmastersjarorwhetherthepieceofshabranigdokilledinthefirstseasonwassealedwithitifsohehastopreventthedemonlordsshardfrombreakingfreeduetotheunforeseeableconsequencessuchanirregularawakeningmighthaveunlikemostdarklordswhocreateonegeneralandonepriestzelasmetalliumcreatedapriestgeneralcomboxellosastheonlymazokuunderzelascommandxellosisextremelypowerfullinasgroupisthereforecautiousofhismovementsbecauseifheweretobecometheirenemytheirdefeatwouldbealmostcertainthisisconfirmedinslayersrevolutionwhenxellosfacestheentireslayerspartyandcomesoutontopduringthefightlinastatesthatevenwithallofthemfightinghimatfullforcetheywouldstillloseheisimmunetomostmagicnothingshortofadirecthitfromlinasragnabladeorgourrysswordoflightcanstunhimassumingthathisenemiesarefastenoughtostrikehiminthefirstplacelikeallmonstersxelloscanteleportbyphasingintoandoutoftheastralsidetherealmofspiritualexistenceintheslayersworldheusesthisabilitytohisadvantageinbattleblinkingbetweenthephysicalandastralplaneslikeastrobelighttomakehismovementsmoreconfusingxellosiscapableofannihilatingnearlyanythingusinghisownpowerthisisbestshownbyhisdestructionofanentireclanofgoldendragonswithacasualgesturehoweverhetendstounderestimatehisopponentsheisforexampleseverelybeatenbyvalgaavintheanimexellosandlinaseemtohavemutualrespectforeachotherheseemstoenjoythechaosthatfollowslinaandfollowsherforthesakeoffunevenwhenheisnotorderedtodososeemingsomewhatfondoflinatothepointoflookingsomewhatregretfulwhenshewasseeminglyabsorbedbythelordofnightmareslinaalsohascomicallybeatenhimwhenhegetsthemintotroubleinthenovelsxellosismoredistantaroundhersomewhattroubledbythefactthatlinaunlikeotherhumanshehasdealtwithisabletoseethebiggerpictureandisnoteasilymanipulatedzelgadisholdsapowerfulhatredtowardsthemazokubecauseinthesecondepisodeofnextxellosdestroysaclairebiblemanuscriptwhichthechimerathoughtmighthavecontainedthecuretohisstatethisdoesnotbotherxelloseventhoughheistheonlyonewhodoesnotteasezelgadisabouthisappearancewhenameliamakesoneofherheroicspeechesxellosoftenlistenswithamusementandmildcuriosityalthoughtheydisturbhimattimeswhensheexpoundsatlengthabouthowbeautifulandwondroustheworldandlifearexellosbecomesextremelyweakenedevencringingatherminorcommentssogreatistheeffectofthesespeechesonxellosthatwhentheyareforcedtofighthimthegroupusesoneofthemasaweapontorenderhimhelplesseventhoughxellostriestobepolitetofiliashecontinuestoinsulthimandcallhimnameslikerawgarbagenamagomixelloslikestoteasefiliabecausesheispartofthedragonraceherhatredtowardshimoriginatesfromthefactthathekilledmanydragonsduringthewarofthemonstersfallyearsintheslayersuniversespastbytheendoftheseriestheylearntotolerateeachotherandarecapableofhavingatleastoneconversationreceptionwhilexellosstartedoffasasinglearccharacterintheoriginalnovelserieshisenormouspopularityamongreadersrankedfirstinatleastoneofthepopularitypollssurpassingeventhemaincharacterlinainverseallowedhimtobeincludedinthelastnovelandinallanimeseasonsfollowinghisintroductionxellosplacedfourthinanimegrandprixawardsinthecategorybestmalecharacterakemisanimeworlddescribedhimasoneofthebestcharactersinslayerswhiletomtonthatfromtheescapistmagazinetheescapistcalledhimakeyadditiontotheslayersnextcastasthemanipulativeforcesteeringlinaandcompanyandsinglingouttheinteractionsbetweenhimandfiliafiliaasthefreshestcomedicgemsofslayerstrywatchmojogavehimahonorablementiononthelistofthemostpowerfulanimecharactersofalltimereferencescheckmarkredirectshellfordfalconaustraliainfoboxofficeholdernamexurongnativenameimageimagesizecaptionaltofficegeneralofthehouseholdtermstarttermendmonarchemperorxianofhanbirthdateunknownbirthplaceliaoyangorshenyangliaoningdeathdatedeathplaceweinanshaanxioccupationgeneralxurongdiedwasamilitarygeneralservingunderthewarlorddongzhuointhelateeasternhandynastyofchinalifexurongwasfromxiangpingcountyliaodongcommanderywhichisaroundpresentdayliaoyangliaoningbutanotheraccountclaimedthathewasfromxuantucommanderywhichisaroundpresentdayshenyangliaoninghestartedhiscareerasasubordinateofthewarlorddongzhuowhocontrolledthehancentralgovernmentandthefigureheademperorxianofhanemperorxianfromtoheheldthepositionofageneralofthehouseholdduringthistimeherecommendedgongsunduwhowasfromt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nitionforcinmathgfpmathdefinemathfcxxcxcpxingfpxmathdefinitionletmathhhhmathdenotethenotnecessarilydistinctrootsofmathfcxmathinmathgfpmathandletmathnmathbeinmathmathbbzmathdefinemathcnhnhnhnmathpropertiesofmathcnmathandmathfcxmathmathccmathmathcncnpcnpmathmathcningfptextforninmathbbzmathmathcuvcucvcvpcuvcuvtextforuvinmathbbzmatheitherallmathhjmathhaveorderdividingmathppmathandmathmathorallmathhjmathareinmathgfpmathinparticularmathfcxmathisirreducibleifandonlyifitsrootshaveorderdivingmathppmathandmathmathmathfcxmathisreducibleovermathgfpmathifandonlyifmathcpingfpmathlemmaletmathccncncnmathbegivencomputingmathcncncnpmathtakestwomultiplicationinmathgfpmathcomputingmathcncncdotccpcdotcncnmathtakesfourmultiplicationinmathgfpmathcomputingmathcncncdotcncpcdotcnpcnpmathtakesfourmultiplicationinmathgfpmathcomputingmathcncncdotcnccdotcnpcnpmathtakesfourmultiplicationinmathgfpmathdefinitionletmathsnccncncningfpmathalgorithmforcomputationofmathsncmathgivenmathnmathandmathcmathifmathnmathapplythisalgorithmtomathnmathandmathcmathandapplypropertytotheresultingvalueifmathnmaththenmathsccpcmathifmathnmaththenmathsccccpmathifmathnmathusethecomputationofmathcncncdotccpcdotcncnmathandmathscmathtofindmathcmathandtherebymathscmathifmathnmathtocomputemathsncmathdefinemathbarsicsicmathandmathbarmnmathifnisoddandmathbarmnmathotherwiseletmathbarmmkmathandcomputemathbarskcscmathusingthelemmaaboveandmathscmathletfurthermathmsumjrmjjmathwithmathmjinmathandmathmrmathformathjrrmathinsuccessiondothefollowingifmathmjmathusemathbarskcmathtocomputemathbarskcmathifmathmjmathusemathbarskcmathtocomputemathbarskcmathreplacemathkmathbymathkmjmathwhentheseiterationsfinishmathkmmathandmathsbarmcbarsmcmathifnisevenusemathsbarmcmathtocomputemathbarsmcmathparameterselectionfinitefieldandsubgroupsizeselectioninordertotakeadvantageoftheabovedescribedrepresentationsofelementswiththeirtracesandfurthermoreensuresufficientsecuritythatwillbediscussedxtrsecuritybelowweneedtofindprimesmathpmathandmathqmathwheremathpmathdenotesthecharacteristicalgebracharacteristicofthefieldmathgfpmathwithmathpequivtextmodmathandmathqmathisthesizeofthesubgroupsuchthatmathqmathdividesmathppmathwedenotewithmathpmathandmathqmaththesizesofmathpmathandmathqmathinbitstoachievesecuritycomparabletobitrsaalgorithmrsaweshouldchoosemathpmathaboutiemathpapproxmathandmathqmathcanbearoundafirsteasyalgorithmtocomputesuchprimesmathpmathandmathqmathisthenextalgorithmaalgorithmafindmathrinmathbbzmathsuchthatmathqrrmathisamathqmathbitprimefindmathkinmathbbzmathsuchthatmathprkcdotqmathisamathpmathbitprimewithmathpequivtextmodmathcorrectnessofalgorithmaitremainstocheckthatmathqmidppmathbecausealltheothernecessarypropertiesareobviouslysatisfiedperdefinitionofmathpmathandmathqmathweeasilyseethatmathpprrkqkqrkqrrqrkkqkqrkkqkmathwhichimpliesthatmathqmidppmathalgorithmaisveryfastandcanbeusedtofindprimesmathpmaththatsatisfyadegreetwopolynomialwithsmallcoefficientssuchmathpmathleadtofastarithmeticoperationsinmathgfpmathinparticularifthesearchformathkmathisrestrictedtomathkmathwhichmeanslookingforanmathrmathsuchthatbothmathrrtextandrmathareprimeandsuchthatmathrequivtextmodmaththeprimesmathpmathhavethisniceformnotethatinthiscasemathrmathmustbeevenandmathrequivtextmodmathontheotherhandsuchmathpmathmaybeundesirablefromasecuritypointofviewbecausetheymaymakeanattackwiththediscretelogarithmvariantofthenumberfieldsieveeasierthefollowingalgorithmbdoesnthavethisdisadvantagebutitalsodoesnthavethefastarithmeticmodulomathpmathalgorithmahasinthatcasealgorithmbselectamathqmathbitprimemathqmathsothatmathqequivtextmodmathfindtherootsmathrmathandmathrmathofmathxxtextmodqmathfindamathkinmathbbzmathsuchthatmathprikcdotqmathisamathpmathbitprimewithmathpequivtextmodmathformathiinmathcorrectnessofalgorithmbsincewechosemathqequivtextmodmathitfollowsimmediatelythatmathqequivtextmodmathbecausemathequivtextmodmathandmathmidmathfromthatandquadraticreciprocitywecandeducethatmathrmathandmathrmathexisttocheckthatmathqmidppmathweconsideragainmathppmathformathriinmathandgetthatmathppririkqkqrikqririqrkkqkqrkkqkmathsincemathrmathandmathrmatharerootsofmathxxmathandhencemathqmidppmathsubgroupselectioninthelastparagraphwehavechosenthesizesmathpmathandmathqmathofthefinitefieldmathgfpmathandthemultiplicativesubgroupofmathgfpmathnowwehavetofindasubgroupmathlanglegranglemathofmathgfpmathforsomemathgingfpmathsuchthatmathmidlanglegranglemidqmathhoweverwedonotneedtofindanexplicitmathgingfpmathitsufficestofindanelementmathcingfpmathsuchthatmathctrgmathforanelementmathgingfpmathofordermathqmathbutgivenmathtrgmathageneratormathgmathofthextrsubgroupcanbefoundbydetermininganyrootofmathftrgxmathwhichhasbeendefinedxtralgorithmforquickcomputationoftrgngiventrgabovetofindsuchamathcmathwecantakealookatpropertyofmathfcxmathxtralgorithmforquickcomputationoftrgngiventrgherestatingthattherootsofmathfcxmathhaveanorderdividingmathppmathifandonlyifmathfcxmathisirreducibilitymathematicsirreducibleafterfindingsuchmathcmathweneedtocheckifitreallyisofordermathqmathbutfirstwefocusonhowtoselectmathcingfpmathsuchthatmathfcxmathisirreducibleaninitialapproachistoselectmathcingfpbackslashgfpmathrandomlywhichisjustifiedbythenextlemmalemmaforarandomlyselectedmathcingfpmaththeprobabilitythatmathfcxxcxcpxingfpxmathisirreducibleisaboutonethirdnowthebasicalgorithmtofindasuitablemathtrgmathisasfollowsoutlineofthealgorithmpickarandommathcingfpbackslashgfpmathifmathfcxmathisreduciblethenreturntostepusealgorithmtocomputemathdcppqmathifmathdmathisnotofordermathqmathreturntostepletmathtrgdmathitturnsoutthatthisalgorithmindeedcomputesanelementofmathgfpmaththatequalsmathtrgmathforsomemathgingfpmathofordermathqmathmoredetailstothealgorithmitscorrectnessruntimeandtheproofofthelemmacanbefoundinanoverviewofthextrpublickeysystemincryptographicschemesinthissectionitisexplainedhowtheconceptsaboveusingtracesofelementscanbeappliedtocryptographyingeneralxtrcanbeusedinanycryptosystemthatreliesonthesubgroupdiscretelogarithmproblemtwoimportantapplicationsofxtrarethediffiehellmankeyagreementandtheelgamalencryptionwewillstartfirstwithdiffiehellmanxtrdhkeyagreementwesupposethatbothaliceandbobhaveaccesstothextrpublickeydatamathleftpqtrgrightmathandintendtoagreeonasharedsecretsecretkeykeymathkmaththeycandothisbyusingthefollowingxtrversionofthediffiehellmankeyexchangealicepicksmathainmathbbzmathrandomlywithmathaqmathcomputeswithxtralgorithmforquickcomputationoftrgngiventrgalgorithmmathsatrglefttrgatrgatrgarightingfpmathandsendsmathtrgaingfpmathtobobbobreceivesmathtrgamathfromaliceselectsatrandommathbinmathbbzmathwithmathbqmathappliesalgorithmtocomputemathsbtrglefttrgbtrgbtrgbrightingfpmathandsendsmathtrgbingfpmathtoalicealicereceivesmathtrgbmathfrombobcomputeswithalgorithmmathsatrgblefttrgabtrgabtrgabrightingfpmathanddeterminesmathkmathbasedonmathtrgabingfpmathbobanalogouslyappliesalgorithmtocomputemathsbtrgalefttrgabtrgabtrgabrightingfpmathandalsodeterminesmathkmathbasedonmathtrgabingfpmathxtrelgamalencryptionfortheelgamalencryptionwesupposenowthataliceistheownerofthextrpublickeydatamathpqtrgmathandthatshehasselectedasecretintegermathkmathcomputedmathtrgkmathandpublishedtheresultgivenalicesxtrpublickeydatamathleftpqtrgtrgkrightmathbobcanencryptamessagemathmmathintendedforaliceusingthefollowingxtrversionoftheelgamalencryptionbobselectsrandomlyamathbinmathbbzmathwithmathbqmathandcomputeswithxtralgorithmforquickcomputationoftrgngiventrgalgorithmmathsbtrglefttrgbtrgbtrgbrightingfpmathbobnextappliesalgorithmtocomputemathsbtrgklefttrgbktrgbktrgbkrightingfpmathbobdeterminesasymmetricencryptionkeymathkmathbasedonmathtrgbkingfpmathbobusesanagreeduponsymmetricencryptionmethodwithkeymathkmathtoencrypthismessagemathmmathresultingintheencryptionmathemathbobsendsmathtrgbemathtoaliceuponreceiptofmathtrgbemathalicedecryptsthemessageinthefollowingwayalicecomputesmathsktrgblefttrgbktrgbktrgbkrightingfpmathalicedeterminesthesymmetrickeymathkmathbasedonmathtrgbkingfpmathaliceusestheagreeduponsymmetricencryptionmethodwithkeymathkmathtodecryptmathemathresultingintheoriginalmessagemathmmaththeheredescribedencryptionschemeisbasedonacommonhybridcryptosystemhybridversionoftheelgamalencryptionwherethesecretkeymathkmathisobtainedbyanasymmetrickeyasymmetricpublickeysystemandthenthemessageisencryptedwithasymmetrickeyencryptionmethodaliceandbobagreedtointhemoretraditionalelgamalencryptionthemessageisrestrictedtothekeyspacewhichwouldherebemathgfpmathbecausemathtrgingfpforallpingfpmaththeencryptioninthiscaseisthemultiplicationofthemessagewiththekeywhichisaninvertibleoperationinthekeyspacemathgfpmathconcretelythismeansifbobwantstoencryptamessagemathmmathfirsthehastoconvertitintoanelementmathmmathofmathgfpmathandthencomputetheencryptedmessagemathemathasmathekcdotmingfpmathuponreceiptoftheencryptedmessagemathemathalicecanrecovertheoriginalmessagemathmmathbycomputingmathmecdotkmathwheremathkmathistheinverseofmathkmathinmathgfpmathsecurityinordertosaysomethingaboutthesecuritypropertiesofthextrcryptographicschemesaboveexplainedxtrencryptionschemefirstitisimportanttocheckthesecurityofthextrgroupwhichmeanshowharditistosolvethediscretelogarithmdiscretelogarithmproblemtherethenextpartwillthenstatetheequivalencybetweenthediscretelogarithmprobleminthextrgroupandthextrversionofthediscretelogarithmproblemusingonlythetracesofelementsdiscretelogarithmsinageneralmathgfleftptrightmathletnowmathlanglegammaranglemathbeamultiplicativegroupofordermathomegamaththesecurityofthediffiehellmandiffiehellmanprotocolinmathlanglegammaranglemathreliesonthediffiehellmanproblemdiffiehellmandhproblemofcomputingmathgammaxytextgivengammagammaxtextandgammaymathwewritemathdhgammaxgammaygammaxymaththerearetwootherproblemsrelatedtothedhproblemthefirstoneisthedecisionaldiffiehellmanassumptiondiffiehellmandecisiondhdproblemtodetermineifmathcdhabmathforgivenmathabcinlanglegammaranglemathandthesecondoneisthediscretelogarithmproblemdiscretelogarithmdlproblemtofindmathxdlamathforagivenmathagammaxinlanglegammarangletextwithleqxomegamaththedlproblemisatleastasdifficultasthedhproblemanditisgenerallyassumedthatifthedlprobleminmathlanglegammaranglemathisintractablethensoaretheothertwogiventheprimefactorizationofmathomegamaththedlprobleminmathlanglegammaranglemathcanbereducedtothedlprobleminallsubgroupsofmathlanglegammaranglemathwithprimeorderduetothepohlighellmanalgorithmhencemathomegamathcansafelybeassumedtobeprimeforasubgroupmathlanglegammaranglemathofprimeordermathomegamathofthemultiplicativegroupmathgfleftptrightmathofanextensionfieldmathgfptmathofmathgfpmathforsomemathtmaththerearenowtwopossiblewaystoattackthesystemonecaneitherfocusonthewholemultiplicativegrouporonthesubgrouptoattackthemultiplicativegroupthebestknownmethodisthediscretelogarithmvariantofthenumberfieldsieveoralternativelyinthesubgrouponecanuseoneofseveralmethodsthattakemathmathcalosqrtomegamathoperationsinmathlanglegammaranglemathsuchaspollardsrhoalgorithmpollardsrhomethodforbothapproachesthedifficultyofthedlprobleminmathlanglegammaranglemathdependsonthesizeoftheminimalsurroundingsubfieldofmathlanglegammaranglemathandonthesizeofitsprimeordermathomegamathifmathgfleftptrightmathitselfistheminimalsurroundingsubfieldofmathlanglegammaranglemathandmathomegamathissufficientlylargethenthedlprobleminmathlanglegammaranglemathisashardasthegeneraldlprobleminmathgfleftptrightmaththextrparametersarenowchoseninsuchawaythatmathpmathisnotsmallmathqmathissufficientlylargeandmathlanglegranglemathcannotbeembeddedinatruesubfieldofmathgfpmathsincemathqmidppmathandmathppmathisadivisorofmathmidgfpmidpmathbutitdoesnotdividemathpstextforsinmathandthusmathlanglegranglemathcannotbeasubgroupofmathgfpsmathformathsinmathitfollowsthatthedlprobleminthextrgroupmaybeassumedashardasthedlprobleminmathgfpmathsecurityofxtrcryptographicprotocolsthatarebasedondiscretelogarithmscanusemanydifferenttypesofsubgroupslikegroupsofpointsofellipticcurvesorsubgroupsofthemultiplicativegroupofafinitefieldlikethextrgroupaswehaveseenabovethextrversionsofthediffiehellmanandelgamalencryptionprotocolreplaceusingelementsofthextrgroupbyusingtheirtracesthismeansthatthesecurityofthextrversionsoftheseencryptionschemesisnolongerbasedontheoriginaldhdhdordlproblemsthereforethextrversionsofthoseproblemsneedtobedefinedandwewillseethattheyareequivalentinthesenseofthenextdefinitiontotheoriginalproblemsdefinitionswedefinethextrdhproblemastheproblemofcomputingmathtrgxymathgivenmathtrgxmathandmathtrgymathandwewritemathxdhgxgygxymaththextrdhdproblemistheproblemofdeterminingwhethermathxdhabcmathformathabcintrlanglegranglemathgivenmathaintrlanglegranglemaththextrdlproblemistofindmathxxdlamathiemathleqxqmathsuchthatmathatrgxmathwesaythatproblemmathmathcalamathisabequivalenttoproblemmathmathcalbmathifanyinstanceofproblemmathmathcalamathormathmathcalbmathcanbesolvedbyatmostaorbcallstoanalgorithmsolvingproblemmathmathcalbmathormathmathcalamathafterintroducingthextrversionsoftheseproblemsthenexttheoremisanimportantresulttellingustheconnectionbetweenthextrandthenonxtrproblemswhichareinfactequivalentthisimpliesthatthextrrepresentationofelementswiththeirtracesisascanbeseenabovefasterbyafactorofthantheusualrepresentationwithoutcompromisingsecuritytheoremthefollowingequivalenciesholdithextrdlproblemisequivalenttothedlprobleminmathlanglegranglemathiithextrdhproblemisequivalenttothedhprobleminmathlanglegranglemathiiithextrdhdproblemisequivalenttothedhdprobleminmathlanglegranglemaththismeansthatanalgorithmsolvingeitherxtrdlxtrdhorxtrdhdwithnonnegligibleprobabilitycanbetransformedintoanalgorithmsolvingthecorrespondingnonxtrproblemdldhordhdwithnonnegligibleprobabilityandviceversainparticularpartiiimpliesthatdeterminingthesmallxtrdhkeybeinganelementofmathgfpmathisashardasdeterminingthewholedhkeybeinganelementofmathgfpmathintherepresentationgroupmathlanglegranglemathreferencesthexothiclegendcycleisaseriesofshortstoriesbyamericanwriterlincarterthatarebasedonthecthulhumythosofhplovecraftprimarilyonlovecraftsstoriesthecallofcthulhuandoutoftheaeonsthecycleiscenteredonatrinityofdeitiessaidtobethesonsofcthulhughatanothoaythogthaandzothommogthefivestoriesthatmakeupthecycleinchronologicalorderarethedwellerinthetombinliteratureoutoftheagesinliteraturethehorrorinthegalleryinliteraturethethinginthepitinliteratureandthewinfieldheritanceinliteratureallthesestoriesaretobefoundcollectedwithothersinthexothiclegendcyclethecompletemythosfictionoflincarterchaosiumoriginallycarterhadassembledsomeofthesestoriesforavolumeheplannedtocalltheterroroutoftimestoriestohavebeenincludedinthiscollectionincludedthedwellerinthetombtohavebeenrenamedzanthuthewinfieldinheritancezothommogtoberenamedtheterroroutoftimeoutoftheagesandthemfromoutsidethecollectionwassubmittedtodawbooksandarkhamhousebutwasunpublishedincarterslifetimezothommogoriginallytitledthehorrorinthegallerywaspublishedintheoriginaldawbookseditionofedwardberlundedthedisciplesofcthulhuseecthulhumythosanthologybutwasomittedfromthechaosiumreprintofthisanthologyhoweverthestoryappearsunderitsoriginaltitleinthexothiclegendcyclethecompletemythosfictionoflincarterthemfromoutsidewasscheduledtoappearinanissueofcryptofcthulhuasconcerningthemfromoutsidethecycleintroducesvariousmythoselementssuchasthecthulhumythosarcaneliteraturezanthutabletszanthutabletsthecthulhumythosarcaneliteratureponapescriptureponapescriptureyuggfatherubbandtheyuggsandtwonewgreatoldonesythogthaandzothommogthecyclealsofeaturesthefictionalsanbourneinstituteofpacificantiquitiesmdashperhapslincartersanswertolovecraftsmiskatonicuniversitythelostcontinentofmucthulhumythosmualsofiguresprominentlyinthecycleasdotheeventsthatledtoitssinkingthedemontrinitycartersdemontrinityghatanothoaythogthaandzothommogwerespawnedonaplanetnearthebinarystardoublestarcthulhumythoscelestialbodiesxothxoththeyaretheprogenyofamatingbetweencthulhuandthequasifemaleentityidhyaaghatanothoaghatanothoaissaidtobethefirstbornofcthulhuheisinfamousforhishorridappearanceandfearsomemedusalikeabilitywhichcausesaviewersskintobecomehardandleatherybutpreservesthebrainleavingthevictimtogoslowlymadtrappedwithinanimmobileshellamongthemyriadofdeitiesworshippedinmughatanothoawasthemostrespectedaswellasthemostfearedpriortothedestructionofmughatanothoascultbecamethemostpowerfulonthecontinentsomecriticshavesuggestedthatghatanothoawhofirstappearedinlovecraftsstoryghostwrittenforhazelhealdoutoftheaeonswasintendedbylovecrafttobeanothernameforcthulhuythogthaythogthaisthesecondsonofcthulhuandresemblesagigantichumanoidfrogordeeponewithonlyasingleeyeinthecenterofhisforeheadlikeacyclopsadensemaneandabeardofwrithingtentaclesgrowsfromhisheadalthoughneverfullydescribedincartersownstoriesythogthaisincrediblylargewhenthesorcererpriestzanthuattemptstofreeythogthafromhisprisonhemistakeshisgodsclawedslimyfingertipsformountainousheadstheeldergodcthulhumythoseldergodsimprisonedythogthaintheabyssofyheheisservedbytheplanarianlikeyuggsandtheirlordubbthefatherofwormsythogthaslegendischronicledinthecthulhumythosarcaneliteraturezanthutabletszanthutabletszothommogzothommogisthethirdsonofcthulhuhehasaconeshapedbodyarazorfangedreptilianheadlikethatofatyrannosaurustyrannosaurusrexfourbroadflatstarfishlikearmswithsuckersandamaneoftentacleshowheswimsorwalksontheoceanfloorisunknownbutitispossiblethathehasasluglikefootsimilartothatofthegreatraceofyithzothommogwasimprisonedbytheeldergodsbeneaththeseabednearpohnpeiponapeandrlyehlikehisolderbrotherythogthazothommogisservedbyfatherubbandtheyuggszothommogslegendischronicledintherlyehtextandthecthulhumythosarcaneliteratureponapescriptureponapescripturetheeldergodsaspunishersoftheoldonesagodandsatanthemewasnotalovecraftianinventionbutwasintroducedintothemythosbyaugustderlethandcarriedonbyamultitudeofothermythosauthorsmostnotablybrianlumleyandlincartersanbourneinstituteofpacificantiquitiesthesanbourneinstituteofpacificantiquitiesisfeaturedinthedwellerinthetombwhereitdebutedoutoftheagesandthehorrorinthegallerytheinstituteisananthropologyanthropologicalresearchfacilitydedicatedtothestudyoftheculturesofthepacificoceanpacificitisbasedinsantiagocaliforniaandwasfoundedbythesonofthelatecaltonsanborneiiwhosefatherwasamagnateinthetunapackingindustrystorieseachstoryissetintheearlythcenturyandistoldfromthepointofviewofascholarlynarratoreachnarratorinturnbecomestheprotagonistofthenextstoryintheseriestheentirexothiclegendcycleincludingaprologuewascollectedinthexothiclegendcyclefromchaosiumafullsynopsisofallthesestoriesreadableasonewholestoryisavailableonthissitewebarchiveorgwebgeocitiescomvadyancliquexothichtmlgeocitiesisgonesofoundonwebarchivethedwellerinthetombthefirststoryinthecycleintroducescthulhumythosbiographiescopelandharoldhadleyharoldhadleycopelandanotedarchaeologistinthestudyofpacificculturethestoryisnarratedbyhenrystephensonblainedoctorofphilosophyphdandcuratorofthemanuscriptscollectionofthesanbourneinstitutethestoryconsistsprimarilyofthejournalentriesofprofessorcopelandanddetailstheillfatedcopelandellingtonexpeditionintocentralasiainofwhichcopelandwastheonlysurvivoroutoftheagesthisstoryintroducesthexothiclegendcycleatheoryfirstproposedbyharoldhadleycopelandthestoryalsofeaturestheponapefigurineasinisterstatuettedepictingzothommogthedwellerinthedeepsthehorrorinthegallerythissectionislinkedfromgreatoldonethisstoryoriginallytitledzothommogrevolvesaroundtheponapefigurineandtheeffortsoftheprotagonisttodisposeofitthestoryfeatureslovecraftsmiskatonicuniversityinthestoryzothommoglikehisfathercthulhucanenterapersonsdreamsandcausethevictimtogomadbuttodosothesubjectmustbenearoneofhisstatuesonesuchstatueisrecoveredfromtheseafloorofponapeandbroughttoprofessorharoldhadleycopelandabrilliantbuteccentricarchaeologistwhoisresearchingthexothiclegendcycleafterprofessorcopelanddiesinapsychiatrichospitalthestatueistakentothesanbourneinstituteofpacificantiquitiestobedisplayedthepressdubsittheponapefigurinethoughrumorsclaimitiscursedhoweverunbeknownsttothemuseumscuratorofmanuscriptcollectionsdrhenrystephensonblainethestatueissentientmuchliketheoneringinthelordoftheringsandsoondriveshiminsaneonenightadeeponedisguisedasasailorbreaksintotheinstitutetostealthefigurineafterkillingthenightwatchmanthedeeponeisabouttotakethestatuewhenheisinterruptedbydrblainesyoungaidearthurwilcoxhodgkinshodgkinsflingsaneldersignstarstoneatthestatuedestroyingittheresultingexplosionalsokillsthedeeponeasfatewouldhaveithodgkinsischargedwiththemurderofthenightwatchmanbecausethebodyofthedeeponehaddissolvedintoapoolofslimeandsoonevaporatedjustafewhourslaterleavingnotraceexceptforsomebadlycharredclothinghodgkinsisjudgedincurablyinsaneandisconfinedtothedunhillinstitutewherehismentorandclosefrienddrblaineisalsoincarceratedasafinaltwisthodgkinsisdubbedthelastvictimofthecurseoftheponapefigurinethethinginthepitthissectionislinkedfromgreatoldonethefourthstoryinthecyclechroniclestheeventsthatledtothedestructionofmuzanthuthehighpriestofythogthaplotstodeposethecultofghatanothoaafterhispriestsoutlawedallotherreligionsinmucthulhumythosmuthecultofghatanothoawasthedominantreligioninmufollowingthedefeatoftyoghighpriestofshubniggurathwhohadsoughttovanquishthetyrannyofghatanothoaforeverzanthuhadhopedtooustghatanothoascultbyfreeingthegodythogthafromtheabyssofyhewheretheeldergodcthulhumythoseldergodshadimprisonedhimthisactofblasphemydidnotgounnoticedbytheeldergodswhodestroyedmuandsankitbeneaththeseazanthuhimselfabandonedtheritualandfledafterdiscoveringthetruenatureofthegodwhosesizeismeasurableonlyinmilesfollowingthedestructionofmuzanthuandhisfollowersfledtotheplateauoftsangininnermongoliawheretheylaterdiedbeforehisdeathzanthuinscribedhisstoryonthecthulhumythosarcaneliteraturezanthutabletszanthutabletsaseriesoftenortwelveblackjadeslabswhichalsoincludedthesacredritualsandmysteriesofythogthathewinfieldheritancethefinalstoryinthecycleisonlylooselytiedtotheotherfourthisstoryrevealsthetruenatureoftheyuggstheheroofthelurkeratthethresholdbecomesamythosworshipperinthistaleseealsozothommogrecordsarealliferecordlabelreferencesrobertmpriceedbloomfieldnjcrypticpublicationsbibliographycarterlinoriginaltitlethehorrorinthegalleryincludesthefivestorieslistedabovenotesimagexcorezrocketnezjpgthumbrightezrocketoneweekafteritsfirstflightimagexcorezrocketnezjpgthumbrightcockpitengineonoffswitchesonleftsidepanelareplacardedfwdloudbackquietthexcorezrocketisatestplatformforthexcorrocketpropulsionsystemtheairplaneisamodifiedrutanlongezwiththepropellerreplacedbyfirstonethenlaterapairofpressurefedregenerativecoolingrocketregenerativelycooledliquidfuelledrocketenginesandanunderslungfueltanktheenginesarerestartableinflightandarecontainedwithinkevlararmorshieldingtheezrocketisregisteredasanexperimentalaircraftdevelopmentandhistorythefirstflighttookplaceonjulyflownbytestpilotdickrutanonatypicalflighttheezrockettakesoffonrocketsgainsaltitudeforaminuteorsothenswitchesofftherocketsandglidestoadeadsticklandingthevehicleactuallyfliesbetterduringdeadstickglidelandingsthanalongezduetolackofdragfromastationarypusherconfigurationpusherpropellermdashthevehiclesaerodynamicsarecleanerinspiteofitsbellytankitisalsolighterduetothelackofapistonenginetherocketpropulsionsystemissignificantlylightersoenjoyssignificantlylowerwingloadingthanastocklongezwhenxcorbeganflyingitsezrocketinthecompanydecidedtohaveitfaacertifiedasanairworthinesscertificatespecialairworthinesscertificateexperimentalaircraftavoidingtheadditionaltimerequiredtoseekalaunchvehiclelicensefromtheofficeofcommercialspacetransportationastjeffgreasonacofounderofxcorsaidonfebruaryiftheywerestartingoutatthattimetheyprobablywouldseekanastlicenseduetotheprogressmadeindevelopingaregulatoryregimeforsuborbitalsmilestonesandrecordsimagexcorezrocketnezjpgthumbrightezrocketflownbydickrutantouchesdownatcaliforniacitycaliforniaondecembernbspsettingapointtopointdistancerecordforrocketpoweredgroundlaunchedaircraftoctoberfirstfiringofanxcoraerospaceliquidoxygenloxpoweredrocketenginerefnamexcorrefjulyfirstflightflownbydickrutansingleengineconfigurationoctoberfirstflightintwinengineconfigurationjunefirsttouchandgoofarocketpoweredaircraftworldrecorddecembersetthepointtopointdistancerecordforagroundlaunchedrocketpoweredaircraftflyingnbspkmfrommojavecaliforniamojavetocaliforniacitycaliforniacaliforniacityinjustundertenminutesflownbydickrutaninrecognitionofthisachievementthefaiawardedrutanthelouisblriotmedaldecemberfirstcrosscountryreturnflightofarocketpoweredaircraftintheunitedstatesreturnflightfromcaliforniacitypilotedbyrichardasearfossricksearfossthexcorezrocketxracerprototyperocketplaneflewattheeaaairventureoshkoshairshowrefnameutuniversetodaycomxcorxracervideosxcorxracerbynancyatkinsonuniversetodayaccessedrefderivativestherocketracingleagueaircraftcurrentlyindevelopmentthemarkiiixracerisadesigndescendantoftheezrocketaircraftalthoughxcorisnotthedeveloperoftherocketengineforthemarkiiixcordiddeveloptherocketengineforthemarkixracerthefirstofthexracerstouseasinglerocketengineonavelocitysebasicairframeandthefirstxracertoutilizerpkeroseneinsteadofisopropylalcoholfuelxcorusedbothdesignandoperationalexperiencefromtheezrocketinthemarkirocketaircraftdesignspecificationsimagexcorezrocketnezjpgthumbrighttwinrocketenginesimagedickrutanjpegthumbrightdickrutanstandin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lyandhuantookhiminasanassistanthoweverhedidnotshareinhuansplantotakeoverimperialtitlewhenemperorjianwenofjinemperorjianwendiedinhuanrecommendedxietobeoneofthekeyofficialsintheimperialgovernmentbutinsteadofcontrollingtheimperialgovernmentonhuansbehalfxiesoonjoinedforceswithwangtanzhitodenyhuantheofficialtitleofregentforemperorjianwensyearoldsonemperorxiaowuofjinemperorxiaowuinsteadinvitingemperorxiaowuscousinemperorkangofjinemperorkangswifechusuanziempressdowagerchutoserveasregenthuanthereforeresentedxieandwanginwhenhuanvisitedthecapitalwangandxieweresenttowelcomehimandtherewererumorsthathuanwasgoingtoexecutexieandwangandthenusurpthethronewangwasveryfearfulwhilexiecalmlystatedourjourneywilldeterminewhethertheempiresurvivesornotashuanarrivedheputonagreatdisplayofhisarmyandwangwassoanxiousthathisclotheswerewetfromhissweatandthewritingtabletheheldinhishandwasupsidedownxiehoweverwasverycalminseatinghimselfandthenpersuadedhuantoputawayhisdisplayofarmyafterhuandiedlaterthatyearxiecameupwithaplantokeephuansclansatisfiedyetweakeningthemhedividedhuansmilitarycommandintothreeandgavethemtohuansbrothershuanchongandhuanhuoandnephewhuanshixiuthefearsofahuanusurpationdissipatedparticularlybecausehuanchongwascommittedtothesurvivaloftheimperialgovernmentinthestartofemperorxiaowusreignxiesharedpowerwithwangtanzhiandwangbiaozhihoweverwangtanzhisoonbecameamilitarycommanderandgovernorandthendiedinxieanbecameeffectivelythesoleprimeministerasprimeministerpriortothebattleoffeiriverasprimeministerxietriedtoshowleniencytopeopleandthatwasmanifestedbyanumberofgeneralpardonsthatthejinimperialgovernmentdeclaredhealsochangedthetaxsystemfrombasedonlandownershiptoataxperheadheadtaxinmeanwhilejinsrivalformerqinwasexpandingitselfinthenorthdestroyingformeryaninseizingjinsliangmodernsouthernshaanxiandyimodernsichuanandchongqingprovincesinanddestroyingdaisixteenkingdomsdaiandthenominaljinvassalformerliangininformerqinlaunchedattacksonthekeyjincitiesofxiangyangweixinginmodernankangshaanxiandpengchenginmodernxuzhoujiangsuwhilexieansnephewthegeneralxiexuanwasabletorepeltheformerqinattackonpengchengxiangyangandweixingfellinandjinspositionappearedevenmoredesperatehoweveritwassaidthatxiethroughhiscalmnesscalmedtheheartsofthepeopleinhuanchonglaunchedacounterattacktotrytorecapturexiangyangbutaftersomeinconclusivebattleshuanwithdrewthebattleoffeiriverinfallformerqinsemperorfujinlaunchedamajorattackhopingtodestroyjinandunitechinaxiesenthisbrotherxieshitocommandtheforcesresistingformerqinasxiexuantheadvancegeneralunderxieshiscommandwasreadytodepartforthefrontlineshesoughtfurtherinstructionfromxieanwhoonlystatediwillhaveadditionalinstructionslaterxiexuandidnotdaretoaskanythingfurthertheythenwenttoxieansvacationhomewheretheyplayedgoboardgamegoagamethatxiexuanwastypicallyfarbetterthanxieanatbutxiexuananxiousaboutthecomingbattlelosttothefarcalmerxieanmeanwhilehuanbelievingthatthecapitaljiankangneededadditionaldefensessentseveralthousandelitesoldierstohelpthecapitaldefenseinsteadxiesentthembacktohuanstatingthatthecapitalwasalreadywellguardedandthatthetroopswouldbebetteroffdefendingthewesternprovincesunderhuanscommandtheformerqinforcesquicklycapturedtheimportantcityofshouyanghoweverafterthearmiesstalematedatthefeiriverwhichnolongerexistsbutprobablyflowedthroughluannearthehuairiverformerqinforcesinanefforttotrytodrawjinforcesacrosstheriverretreatedandthenoddlyenoughpanickedandcollapsedwhennewsofthevictoryarrivedatxieansheadquartershewasplayinggowithaguestbutdidnotdisplayparticularemotionbutonlystatedthekidswonabattlehoweverhisexcitementbecameevidentwhenafterthegamehewasgoingbacktohisbedroomandheforgotaboutthethresholdtohisbedroomandbrokehiswoodensandalwithoutrealizingitafterthebattleoffeiriverafterthebattlehoweverxiespowerbegantowanepartofitwasthathissoninlawwangguobaoasonofwangtanzhiwhosebehaviorxiedisapprovedofbegantoattackhimbeforebothemperorxiaowuandhisbrothersimadaozitheprinceofkuaijileadingtotheemperornolongertrustingxieanasmuchalthoughheremainedprimeministerinhuanchongdiedandinitiallymostofficialsfavoredhavingxiexuanreplacehuanbutxieannotwantinghisownclantowieldtoomuchpowerandalsoapprehensivethatthehuanclanmayfeelslighteddeclinedanddividedhuanchongsdomainbetweenhisnephewshuanshiminandhuanshiqianandanothermemberofthehuanclanhuanyilaterthatyearxieanrequestedpermissiontoleadanarmynorthtotrytoregainterritoryinlightofformerqinscollapsehoweverwhilexiexuanrecoveredtheterritorysouthoftheyellowriverandothergeneralsregainedtheliangandyiprovincesxieanhimselfdidnotappeartoactuallycarryoutacampaignalthoughhedidleavethecapitaltoavoidconfrontationwithsimadaoziwhowantedtotakeoverasprimeministerwhenhegrewillinfallherequiredpermissiontoreturntothecapitalandhediedsoonthereafteremperorxiaowuposthumouslycreatedhimthedukeoflulingagreaterdukedomthanjianchangwhichhewaspreviouslythedukeofandburiedhimwiththesamehonorsthathuanwenwasgivenfamilyelderbrothersxieyixiejudiedearlyandhischildrenwereadoptedbyxieanyoungerbrothersxiewanxieshimilitarycommanderofbattleoffeishuixietieeldercousin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breakthroughtechnologyaspreviouslyrepresentedthevalueofthetechnologiesithadpurchasedwerewrittendownasanaccountingmeasureandxethanolalsowarnedthatitdidnothavethefinancingtocompleteitspreviouslyannouncedplansrenamingandbankruptcyonaugustxethanolrelauncheditselfasglobalenergyholdingsgroupincwiththeintentiontodiversifyawayfromethanoltootheralternativefuelsincludingwoodybiomassorangepeelsandmethanefromlandfillsbyseptemberglobalenergyholdingshadfiledforchapterbankruptcyseealsobiofuelethanolreferencesredirectapophisxiexuancourtesynameyouduformallydukexianwuofkanglewasajindynastygeneralwhoisbestknownforrepellingtheformerqinarmyatthebattleoffeiriverpreventingtheformerqinemperorfujinfromdestroyingjinandunitingchinaearlycareerxiexuansfatherxieyiwasthenephewofthejinprimeministerxieanxiexuanssisterxiedaoyunwasknownforherliterarytalentandquickwitearlyinhiscareerbothxiexuanandhisunclexieanservedonstaffoftheparamountgeneralhuanwenhuanwengreatlyprizedxiexuansabilityandoncecommentedwithregardtohimandhiscolleaguewangxunbothofwhomservedashissecretariesbyagemrxiewillpossessagreatgeneralsbannerandstaffandmrwangwillbeaprimeministerevenwhilehishairisblackbothareuncommontalentsafterhuanwensdeathinxiexuaninitiallyservedonthestaffofhuanwensbrotherhuanhuoinwhentheimperialgovernmentwaslookingforageneralcapableofdefendingthenortheasternbordermodernjiangsuagainstformerqinxieanagainsttheusualcustomofnotrecommendingonesownclanmembersrecommendedhimtheofficialchichaowhoordinarilyfeudedwithxieanonnearlyallmattersimmediatelyremarkedxieaninhisgoodjudgmentmadeanuncommonlygoodmoveagainstpublicsentimentandxiexuanwouldsurelynotfailhisexpectationschimadetheseremarksbasedonthetimewhenhealsoservedonhuanwensstaffandsawxiexuansabilitiesxiexuanrecruitedelitesoldiersandamongtheonesthatjoinedhimwasliulaozhiwhoinlatercampaignsservedashisassistantandforwardcommandereventuallyxieputtogetheranarmythatwasthemosteliteofthejinforcesknownasthebeifuforceshisarmyfirstdistinguisheditselfinwhenformerqinforcesmadesimultaneousattacksontheimportantjincitiesxiangyanginmodernxiangfanhubeiweixinginmodernankangshaanxiandpengchenginmodernxuzhoujiangsuxiangyangandweixingfelltoformerqinasdidpengchengbutxiechargedwithrelievingpengchengmadeafiercecounterattackindefeatingtheformerqingeneralsjunanandpengchaoandrecapturingpengchengthiswasthefirstmajorvictorythatjinhadoverformerqinindecadesanditwasamajormoraleboosterthebattleoffeiriverinasformerqinlaunchedamajorassaultwithintenttodestroyjinonceandforallxiexuanandhisbeifuforcewassenttothefrontlinereportingtothecommandofhisunclexieshixieshiinitiallyintimidatedbythemuchlargerformerqinforceconsideredmerelytryingtoblockformerqinprogresswithoutmajorengagementbutafterhewasadvisedotherwisebytheformerqinambassadorzhuxuajingeneralwhowascapturedbyformerqininbutwhosecretlyremainedloyaltojinandchosetoengageformerqinforwardtroopsthatarrivedfirstxiexuanchargedwithengagingformerqinforcesalongwithliulaozhidealtthemminordefeatsreducingtheirmoralewhenformerqintroopsgraduallyarrivedtheformerqinandjinforcesbecamestalematedacrossthefeiriverwhichnolongerexistsbutprobablyflowedthroughluananhuinearthehuairiverxiexuansentamessagetotheformerqincommandinggeneralfurongfujinsbrotherwithaproposaltohavefurongorderhistroopstoretreatslightlytoallowthejinforcesacrosssothearmiescouldengagefurongafterdiscussingwithfujinagreedandorderedaretreathoweveroncetheformerqintroopswentintoretreatitpanickedandasfurongtriedtocalmhistroopsdownhishorsesuddenlyfellandhewaskilledbyjinsoldiersoncethathappenedxiexuanandothergeneralsxieyanandhuanyifiercelyattackedformerqintroopswhichthencompletelycollapsedformerqinwouldfacemajorrebellionsstartinginthateventuallyledtoitsdisintetgrationandwouldnotagainposeathreattojinafterthebattleoffeiriverduetohisachievementsatthebattleoffeiriverxiexuanwascreatedthedukeofkanglewhenthemajorgeneralhuanchongdiedininitiallyxiexuanwastosucceedhimbutxieanthoughtthehuanclanmightbeunhappyaboutyieldinghuanchongscommandtootherssodividedhuanchongsdomainintothreeanddistributedthemtomembersofthehuanclanlaterthatyearhoweverxiexuanwasputinchargeofaforcetargetingtherecoveryofcentralchinaalongwithhuanshiqianhequicklyrecoveredmostoftheterritorysouthoftheyellowriveronjinsbehalfandinanoddcaseofenemiesquicklyturningalliesbrieflyrelievedfujinssonfupiwhowasdefendingyechinayechengagainstrebelsledbymurongchuiwhohadjustfoundedlateryanxieapparentlyconsideredfurtheroperationstotrytoseizeterritorynorthoftheyellowriverbutasmurongchuiquicklyentrenchedhimselfnorthoftheyellowriveritbecameclearitwouldbedifficulttodosoinafterthegeneralszhailiaoandzhangyuanrebelledinlightofpopularopinionthatbelievedthatthetroopswerebeingwornoutxieabandonedtheplansentirelyandindeedmovedhisheadquartersfrompengchengsouthtohuaiyininmodernhuaianjiangsualthoughjincontinuedtoholdmostoftheterritorysouthoftheyellowriverafterthatpointitappearedthatxiesufferedaseriesofillnessesthatmadeitimpossibleforhimtoconductanyfurthercampaignsandwhichalsomadehimtorepeatedlytrytoresignhiscommandeventuallyhewasmadethegovernorofkuaij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sthemanhattanprojectsgoalofproducingenoughplutoniumforatomicbombsrequiredreactorsathousandtimesaspowerfulalongwithfacilitiestochemicallyseparatetheplutoniumbredinthereactorsfromuraniumandfissionproductsanintermediatestepwasconsideredprudentthenextstepfortheplutoniumprojectcodenamedxwastheconstructionofasemiworkssemiworkswheretechniquesandprocedurescouldbedevelopedandtrainingconductedthecenterpieceofthiswasthexgraphitereactoritwasaircooledusednucleargraphiteasaneutronmoderatorandpurenaturaluraniuminmetalformforfueldupontcommencedconstructionoftheplutoniumsemiworksattheclintonengineerworksinoakridgeonfebruarythereactorwentcriticalitystatuscriticalonnovemberandproduceditsfirstplutoniuminearlyitsuppliedthelosalamoslaboratorywithitsfirstsignificantamountsofplutoniumanditsfirstreactorbredproductstudiesofthesesamplesheavilyinfluencedbombdesignthereactorandchemicalseparationplantprovidedinvaluableexperienceforengineerstechniciansreactoroperatorsandsafetyofficialswhothenmovedontothehanfordsiteitoperatedasaplutoniumproductionplantuntiljanuarywhenitwasturnedovertoresearchactivitiesandtheproductionofradioactiveisotopesforscientificmedicalindustrialandagriculturalusesitwasshutdowninandwasdesignatedanationalhistoriclandmarkinoriginsthediscoveryofnuclearfissionbygermanchemistsottohahnandfritzstrassmanninfollowedbyitstheoreticalexplanationandnamingbylisemeitnerandottofrischopenedupthepossibilityofacontrollednuclearchainreactionwithuraniumatcolumbiauniversityenricofermiandleoszilardbeganexploringhowthismightbedoneszilarddraftedaeinsteinszilardletterconfidentiallettertothepresidentoftheunitedstatesfranklindrooseveltexplainingthepossibilityofatomicbombsandwarningofthedangerofagermannuclearweaponprojectheconvincedhisoldfriendandcollaboratoralberteinsteintocosignitlendinghisfametotheproposalthisresultedinsupportbytheusgovernmentforresearchintonuclearfissionwhichbecamethemanhattanprojectinaprilthenationaldefenseresearchcommitteendrcaskedarthurcomptonanobelprizeinphysicsnobelprizewinningphysicsprofessorattheuniversityofchicagotoreportontheuraniumprogramhisreportsubmittedinmayforesawtheprospectsofdevelopingradiologicalweaponsnuclearpropulsionforshipsandnuclearweaponsusinguraniumortherecentlydiscoveredplutoniuminoctoberhewroteanotherreportonthepracticalityofanatomicbombnielsbohrandjohnarchibaldwheelerjohnwheelerhadtheorizedthatheavyisotopeswithoddatomicnumberswerefissileifsothenplutoniumwaslikelytobeemiliosegrandglennseaborgattheuniversityofcaliforniaberkeleyuniversityofcaliforniaproducedgofplutoniumintheinchcyclotronthereinmayandfoundthatithadtimesthethermalneutroncaptureneutroncrosssectioncrosssectionofuraniumatthetimeplutoniumhadbeenproducedinminutequantitiesusingcyclotronsbutitwasnotpossibletoproducelargequantitiesthatwaycomptondiscussedwitheugenewignerfromprincetonuniversityhowplutoniummightbeproducedinanuclearreactorandwithrobertserberhowtheplutoniumproducedinareactormightbeseparatedfromuraniumthefinaldraftofcomptonsnovemberreportmadenomentionofusingplutoniumbutafterdiscussingthelatestresearchwithernestlawrencecomptonbecameconvincedthataplutoniumbombwasalsofeasibleindecembercomptonwasplacedinchargeoftheplutoniumprojectwhichwascodenamedxitsobjectivesweretoproducereactorstoconverturaniumtoplutoniumtofindwaystochemicallyseparatetheplutoniumfromtheuraniumandtodesignandbuildanatomicbombitfelltocomptontodecidewhichofthedifferenttypesofreactordesignsthescientistsshouldpursueeventhoughasuccessfulreactorhadnotyetbeenbuilthefeltthathavingteamsatcolumbiaprincetontheuniversityofchicagoandtheuniversityofcaliforniawascreatingtoomuchduplicationandnotenoughcollaborationandheconcentratedtheworkatthemetallurgicallaboratoryattheuniversityofchicagositeselectionbyjunethemanhattanprojecthadreachedthestagewheretheconstructionofproductionfacilitiescouldbecontemplatedonjunetheofficeofscientificresearchanddevelopmentosrdsexecutivecommitteedeliberatedonwheretheyshouldbelocatedmovingdirectlytoamegawattproductionplantlookedlikeabigstepgiventhatmanyindustrialprocessesdonoteasilyscalefromthelaboratorytoproductionsizeanintermediatestepofbuildingapilotplantwasconsideredprudentforthepilotplutoniumseparationplantasitewaswantedclosetothemetallurgicallaboratorywheretheresearchwasbeingcarriedoutbutforreasonsofsafetyandsecurityitwasnotdesirabletolocatethefacilitiesinadenselypopulatedarealikechicagocomptonselectedasiteintheredgatewoodsargonneforestpartoftheforestpreservedistrictofcookcountyaboutsouthwestofchicagothefullscaleproductionfacilitieswouldbecolocatedwithothermanhattanprojectfacilitiesatastillmoreremotelocationintennesseesomeoflandwasleasedfromcookcountyforthepilotfacilitieswhileansitefortheproductionfacilitieswasselectedatoakridgetennesseebythesexecutivecommitteemeetingonseptemberandithadbecomeapparentthatthepilotfacilitieswouldbetooextensivefortheargonnesitesoinsteadaresearchreactorwouldbebuiltatargonnewhiletheplutoniumpilotfacilitiesasemiworkssemiworkswouldbebuiltattheclintonengineerworksintennesseethissitewasselectedonthebasisofseveralcriteriatheplutoniumpilotfacilitiesneededtobefromthesiteboundaryandanyotherinstallationincaseradioactivefissionproductsescapedwhilesecurityandsafetyconcernssuggestedaremotesiteitstillneededtobenearsourcesoflaborandaccessiblebyroadandrailtransportationamildclimatethatallowedconstructiontoproceedthroughouttheyearwasdesirableterrainseparatedbyridgeswouldreducetheimpactofaccidentalexplosionsbuttheycouldnotbesosteepastocomplicateconstructionthestratumsubstratumneededtobefirmenoughtoprovidegoodfoundationsbutnotsorockythatitwouldhinderexcavationworkitneededlargeamountsofelectricalpoweravailablefromthetennesseevalleyauthorityandcoolingwaterfinallyaunitedstatesdepartmentofwarwardepartmentpolicyheldthatasarulemunitionsfacilitiesshouldnotbelocatedwestofthesierranevadaussierraorcascaderangeseastoftheappalachianmountainsorwithinofthecanadianormexicanbordersindecemberitwasdecidedthattheplutoniumproductionfacilitieswouldnotbebuiltatoakridgeafterallbutattheevenmoreremotehanfordsiteinwashingtonstatecomptonandthestaffatthemetallurgicallaboratorythenreopenedthequestionofbuildingtheplutoniumsemiworksatargonnebuttheengineersandmanagementofdupontparticularlyrogerwilliamschemistrogerwilliamstheheadofitstnxdivisionwhichwasresponsibleforthecompanysroleinthemanhattanprojectdidnotsupportthisproposaltheyfeltthattherewouldbeinsufficientspaceatargonneandthatthereweredisadvantagesinhavingasitethatwassoaccessibleastheywereafraidthatitwouldpermittheresearchstafffromthemetallurgicallaboratorytointerfereundulywiththedesignandconstructionwhichtheyconsideredtheirprerogativeabetterlocationtheyfeltwouldbewiththeremoteproductionfacilitiesathanfordintheendacompromisewasreachedonjanuarycomptonwilliamsandbrigadiergeneralunitedstatesbrigadiergenerallesliergrovesjrthedirectorofthemanhattanprojectagreedthatthesemiworkswouldbebuiltattheclintonengineerworksbothcomptonandgrovesproposedthatdupontoperatethesemiworkswilliamscounterproposedthatthesemiworksbeoperatedbythemetallurgicallaboratoryhereasonedthatitwouldprimarilybearesearchandeducationalfacilityandthatexpertisewastobefoundatthemetallurgicallaboratorycomptonwasshockedthemetallurgicallaboratorywaspartoftheuniversityofchicagoandthereforetheuniversitywouldbeoperatinganindustrialfacilityfromitsmaincampusjamesbconanttoldhimthatharvarduniversitywouldnttouchitwithatenfootpolebuttheuniversityofchicagosvicepresidentemerytfilbeytookadifferentviewandinstructedcomptontoacceptwhenuniversitypresidentrobertmaynardhutchinsroberthutchinsreturnedhegreetedcomptonwithiseearthurthatwhileiwasgoneyoudoubledthesizeofmyuniversitydesignthefundamentaldesigndecisionsinbuildingareactorarethechoiceoffuelcoolantandneutronmoderatorthechoiceoffuelwasstraightforwardonlynaturaluraniumwasavailablethedecisionthatthereactorwouldusegraphiteasaneutronmoderatorcausedlittledebatealthoughinheavywaterthenumberofneutronsproducedforeveryoneabsorbedknownaskwaspercentmoreefficientthaninthepurestgraphiteheavywaterwouldbeunavailableinsufficientquantitiesforatleastayearthisleftthechoiceofcoolantoverwhichtherewasmuchdiscussionalimitingfactorwasthatthefuelslugswouldbecladinaluminumsotheoperatingtemperatureofthereactorcouldnotexceedaboutthetheoreticalphysicistsinwignersgroupatthemetallurgicallaboratorydevelopedseveraldesignsinnovemberthedupontengineerschoseheliumgasasthecoolantfortheproductionplantmainlyonthebasisthatitdidnotabsorbneutronsbutalsobecauseitwasinertwhichremovedtheissueofcorrosionnoteveryoneagreedwiththedecisiontouseheliumszilardinparticularwasanearlyproponentofusingliquidbismuthbutthemajoropponentwaswignerwhoarguedforcefullyinfavorofawatercooledreactordesignherealizedthatsincewaterabsorbedneutronskwouldbereducedbyaboutpercentbuthadsufficientconfidenceinhiscalculationsthatthewatercooledreactorwouldstillbeabletoachievecriticalityfromanengineeringperspectiveawatercooleddesignwasstraightforwardtodesignandbuildwhileheliumposedtechnologicalproblemswignersteamproducedapreliminaryreportonwatercoolingdesignatedceinaprilfollowedbyamoredetailedonecetitledonaplantwithwatercoolinginjulyfermischicagopilereactorconstructedunderthewestviewingstandsoftheoriginalstaggfieldattheuniversityofchicagowentcriticalitystatuscriticalondecemberthisgraphitemoderatedreactoronlygenerateduptowbutitdemonstratedthatkwashigherthananticipatedthisnotonlyremovedmostoftheobjectionstoaircooledandwatercooledreactordesignsitgreatlysimplifiedotheraspectsofthedesignwignersteamsubmittedblueprintsofawatercooledreactortodupontinjanuarybythistimetheconcernsofdupontsengineersaboutthecorrosivenessofwaterhadbeenovercomebythemountingdifficultiesofusingheliumandallworkonheliumwasterminatedinfebruaryatthesametimeaircoolingwaschosenforthereactoratthepilotplantsinceitwouldbeofaquitedifferentdesignfromtheproductionreactorsthexgraphitereactorlostitsvalueasaprototypebutitsvalueasaworkingpilotfacilityremainedprovidingplutoniumneededforresearchitwashopedthatproblemswouldbefoundintimetodealwiththemintheproductionplantsthesemiworkswouldalsobeusedfortrainingandfordevelopingproceduresconstructionalthoughthedesignofthereactorwasnotyetcompletedupontbeganconstructionoftheplutoniumsemiworksonfebruaryonanisolatedsiteinthebethelvalleyaboutsouthwestofoakridgeofficiallyknownasthexareathesiteincludedresearchlaboratoriesachemicalseparationplantawastestorageareaatrainingfacilityforhanfordstaffandadministrativeandsupportfacilitiesthatincludedalaundrycafeteriafirstaidcenterandfirestationbecauseofthesubsequentdecisiontoconstructwatercooledreactorsathanfordonlythechemicalseparationplantoperatedasatruepilotthesemiworkseventuallybecameknownastheclintonlaboratoriesandwasoperatedbytheuniversityofchicagoaspartofthemetallurgicalprojectconstructionworkonthereactorhadtowaituntilduponthadcompletedthedesignexcavationcommencedonaprilalargepocketofsoftclaywassoondiscoverednecessitatingadditionalfoundationsfurtherdelaysoccurredduetowartimedifficultiesinprocuringbuildingmaterialstherewasanacuteshortageofbothcommonandskilledlaborthecontractorhadonlythreequartersoftherequiredworkforceandtherewashighturnoverandabsenteeismmainlytheresultofpooraccommodationsanddifficultiesincommutingthetownshipofoakridgewasstillunderconstructionandbarrackswerebuilttohouseworkersspecialarrangementswithindividualworkersincreasedtheirmoraleandreducedturnoverfinallytherewasunusuallyheavyrainfallwithfallinginjulymorethantwicetheaverageofsomeofgraphiteblockswerepurchasedfromnationalcarboncompanynationalcarbontheconstructioncrewsbeganstackingtheminseptembercasturaniumsemifinishedcastingproductsbilletscamefrommetalhydridesmallinckrodtandothersuppliersthesewereextrudedintocylindricalslugsandthencannedthefuelslugswerecannedtoprotecttheuraniummetalfromcorrosionthatwouldoccurifitcameintocontactwithwaterandtopreventtheventingofgaseousradioactivefissionproductsthatmightbeformedwhentheywereirradiatedaluminumwaschosenasittransmittedheatbutdidnotabsorbtoomanyneutronsalcoastartedcanningonjunegeneralelectricandthemetallurgicallaboratorydevelopedanewweldingtechniquetosealthecansairtightandtheequipmentforthiswasinstalledintheproductionlineatalcoainoctoberconstructioncommencedonthepilotseparationplantbeforeachemicalprocessforseparatingplutoniumfromuraniumhadbeenselectednotuntilmaywoulddupontmanagersdecidetousethebismuthphosphateprocessinpreferencetooneusinglanthanumfluoridethebismuthphosphateprocesswasdevisedbystanleygthompsonattheuniversityofcaliforniaberkeleyuniversityofcaliforniaplutoniumhadtwooxidationstatesatetravalentstateandhexavalentstatewithdifferentchemicalpropertiesbismuthphosphatewassimilarinitscrystallinestructuretoplutoniumphosphateandplutoniumwouldbecarriedwithbismuthphosphateinasolutionwhileotherelementsincludinguraniumwouldbeprecipitatedtheplutoniumcouldbeswitchedfrombeinginsolutiontobeingprecipitatedbytogglingitsoxidationstatetheplantconsistedofsixcellsseparatedfromeachotherandthecontrolroombythickconcretewallstheequipmentwasoperatedfromthecontrolroombyremotecontrolduetotheradioactivityproducedbyfissionproductsworkwascompletedonnovemberbuttheplantcouldnotoperateuntilthereactorstartedproducingirradiateduraniumslugsoperationthexgraphitereactorwastheworldssecondartificialnuclearreactorafterchicagopileandwasthefirstreactordesignedandbuiltforcontinuousoperationitconsistedofahugeblocklongoneachsideofnucleargraphitecubesweighingaroundthatactedasamoderatortheyweresurroundedbyofhighdensityconcreteasaradiationshieldinallthereactorwaswidedeepandhightherewerehorizontalrowsofholesbehindeachwasametalchannelintowhichuraniumfuelslugscouldbeinsertedanelevatorprovidedaccesstothosehigheruponlyofthechannelswereeverusedthereactorusedcadmiumcladsteelcontrolrodsmadefromneutronabsorbingcadmiumthesecouldrestrictorhaltthereactionthreerodspenetratedthereactorverticallyheldinplacebyaclutchtoformthescramsystemtheyweresuspendedfromsteelcablesthatwerewoundaroundadrumandheldinplacebyanelectromagneticclutchifpowerwaslosttheywoulddropintothereactorhaltingittheotherfourrodsweremadeofboronsteelandhorizontallypenetratedthereactorfromthenorthsidetwoofthemknownasshimrodswerehydraulicallycontrolledsandfilledhydraulicaccumulatorscouldbeusedintheeventofapowerfailuretheothertworodsweredrivenbyelectricmotorsthecoolingsystemconsistedofthreeelectricfansrunningatbecausetheyusedoutsideairthereactorcouldberunatahigherpowerleveloncolddaysaftergoingthroughthereactortheairwasfilteredtoremoveradioactiveparticleslargerthanindiameterthistookcareofoverpercentoftheradioactiveparticlesitwasthenventedthroughachimneythereactorwasoperatedfromacontrolroominthesoutheastcorneronthesecondfloorinseptembercomptonaskedaphysicistmartindwhitakertoformaskeletonoperatingstaffforxwhitakerbecametheinauguraldirectoroftheclintonlaboratoriesasthesemiworksbecameofficiallyknowninaprilthefirstpermanentoperatingstaffarrivedfromthemetallurgicallaboratoryinchicagoinaprilbywhichtimedupontbegantransferringitstechnicianstothesitetheywereaugmentedbyonehundredtechniciansinuniformfromthearmysspecialengineerdetachmentbymarchthereweresomepeopleworkingatxsupervisedbycomptonwhitakerandfermithereactorwentcriticalonnovemberwithaboutofuraniumaweeklatertheloadwasincreasedtoraisingitspowergenerationtonbspkwandbytheendofthemonththefirstnbspmgofplutoniumwascreatedthereactornormallyoperatedaroundtheclockwithhourweeklyshutdownsforrefuelingduringstartupthesafetyrodsandoneshimrodwerecompletelyremovedtheothershimrodwasinsertedatapredeterminedpositionwhenthedesiredpowerlevelwasreachedthereactorwascontrolledbyadjustingthepartlyinsertedshimrodthefirstbatchofcannedslugstobeirradiatedwasreceivedondecemberallowingthefirstplutoniumtobeproducedinearlytheslugsusedpuremetallicnaturaluraniuminairtightaluminumcanslongandindiametereachchannelwasloadedwithbetweenandfuelslugsthereactorwentcriticalwithofslugsbutinitslaterlifewasoperatedwithasmuchastoloadachanneltheradiationabsorbingshieldplugwasremovedandtheslugsinsertedmanuallyinthefronteastendwithlongrodstounloadthemtheywerepushedallthewaythroughtothefarwestendwheretheyfellontoaneopreneslabandfelldownachuteintoapoolofwaterthatactedasaradiationshieldfollowingweeksofunderwaterstoragetoallowforradioactivedecaydecayinradioactivitytheslugsweredeliveredtothechemicalseparationbuildingrefnamedoerefbyfebruarythereactorwasirradiatingatonofuraniumeverythreedaysoverthenextfivemonthstheefficiencyoftheseparationprocesswasimprovedwiththepercentageofplutoniumrecoveredincreasingfromtopercentmodificationsovertimeraisedthereactorspowertonbspkwinjulyunfortunatelytheeffectoftheneutronpoisonxenononeofmanyfissionproductsproducedfromtheuraniumfuelwasnotdetectedduringtheearlyoperationofthexgraphitereactorxenonsubsequentlycausedproblemswiththestartupofthehanfordbreactorthatnearlyhaltedtheplutoniumprojectthexsemiworksoperatedasaplutoniumproductionplantuntiljanuarywhenitwasturnedovertoresearchactivitiesbythistimebatchesofirradiatedslugshadbeenprocessedaradioisotopebuildingasteamplantandotherstructureswereaddedinapriltosupportthelaboratoryspeacetimeeducationalandresearchmissionsallworkwascompletedbydecemberaddinganothertothecostofconstructionatxandbringingthetotalcosttooperationalcostsaddedanotherxsuppliedthelosalamoslaboratorywiththefirstsignificantsamplesofplutoniumstudiesofthesebyemiliogsegrandhispgroupatlosalamosrevealedthatitcontainedimpuritiesintheformoftheisotopeplutoniumwhichhasafarhigherspontaneousfissionratethanplutoniumthismeantthatitwouldbehighlylikelythataplutoniumguntypenuclearweaponwouldpredetonationpredetonateandblowitselfapartduringtheinitialformationofacriticalmassthelosalamoslaboratorywasthusforcedtoturnitsdevelopmenteffortstocreatinganimplosiontypenuclearweaponafarmoredifficultfeatthexchemicalseparationplantalsoverifiedthebismuthphosphateprocessthatwasusedinthefullscaleseparationfacilitiesathanfordfinallythereactorandchemicalseparationplantprovidedinvaluableexperienceforengineerstechniciansreactoroperatorsandsafetyofficialswhothenmovedontothehanfordsitepeacetimeuseafterthewarendedthegraphitereactorbecamethefirstfacilityintheworldtoproduceradioactiveisotopesforpeacetimeuseonaugustoakridgenationallaboratorydirectoreugenewignerpresentedasmallcontainerofcarbontothedirectorofthebarnardfreeskinandcancerhospitalformedicaluseatthehospitalinstlouismissourisubsequentshipmentsofradioisotopesprimarilyiodinephosphoruscarbonandmolybdenumtechnetiummwereforscientificmedicalindustrialandagriculturalusesthexgraphitereactorwasshutdownonnovemberaftertwentyyearsofuseitwasdesignatedanationalhistoriclandmarkondecemberrefnamenrisrefandaddedtothenationalregisterofhistoricplacesonoctoberrefnamenhlsumrefintheamericansocietyformetalslisteditasalandmarkforitscontributionstotheadvancementofmaterialsscienceandtechnologyrefnameornlmcrefandinitwasdesignatedasanationalhistoricchemicallandmarkbytheamericanchemicalsocietyrefnameacsrefthecontrolroomandreactorfaceareaccessibletothepublicduringscheduledtoursofferedthroughtheamericanmuseumofscienceandenergysimilarreactorsthebrookhavennationallaboratorybnlgraphiteresearchreactorwasthefirstnuclearreactortobeconstructedintheunitedstatesfollowingworldwariiledbylylebenjaminborstthereactorconstructionbeganinandreachedcriticalityforthefirsttimeonaugustthereactorconsistedofacubeofgraphitefueledbynaturaluraniumitsprimarymissionwasappliednuclearresearchinmedicinebiologychemistryphysicsandnuclearengineeringoneofthemostsignificantdiscoveriesatthisfacilitywasthedevelopmentofproductionofmolybdenumtechnetiummusedtodayintensofmillionsofmedicaldiagnosticproceduresannuallymakingitthemostcommonlyusedmedicalradioisotopethebnlgraphiteresearchreactorwasshutdowninandfullydecommissionedinwhenbritainbeganplanningtobuildnuclearreactorstoproduceplutoniumforweaponsinitwasdecidedtobuildapairofaircooledgraphitereactorssimilartothexgraphitereactoratwindscalenaturaluraniumwasusedasenrichedwasnotavailableandsimilarlygraphitewaschosenasaneutronmoderatorbecauseberylliawastoxicandhardtomanufacturewhileheavywaterwasunavailableuseofwaterasacoolantwasconsideredbuttherewereconcernsaboutthepossibilityofacatastrophicnuclearmeltdowninthedenselypopulatedbritishislesifthecoolingsystemfailedheliumwasagainthepreferredchoiceasacoolantgasbutthemainsourceofitwastheunitedstatesandunderthemcmahonacttheunitedstateswouldnotsupplyitfornuclearweaponsproductionsointheendaircoolingwaschosenconstructionbeganinseptemberandthetworeactorsbecameoperationalinoctoberandjunebothweredecommissionedafterthedisastrouswindscalefireinoctobertheywouldbethelastmajoraircooledplutoniumproducingreactorstheuksfollowonmagnoxandadvancedgascooledreactoragrdesignsusedcarbondioxideinsteadanotherreactorofsimilardesigntothexgraphitereactorisstillinoperationthebelgianbrreactorofthesckcenlocatedinmolbelgiumfinancedthroughthebelgianuraniumexporttaxandbuiltwiththehelpofbritishexpertsthemwresearchreactorwentcriticalforthefirsttimeonmayitisusedforscientificpurposessuchasneutronactivationanalysisneutronphysicsexperimentscalibrationofnuclearmeasurementdevicesandtheproductionofdopingsemiconductorneutrontransmutationdopingneutrontransmutationdopedsiliconnotesreferencesexternallinksinfoboxpersonnamexernonaclaytonbradybirthdatebirthplacemuskogeeoklahomaresidenceatlantageorgiaoccupationbroadcastingcorporatetitleexecutivespouseedclaytondeceasedbrpaullbradychildrenalmamatertennesseestateuniversityknownforcivilrightsactivismxernonaclaytonbradybornaugustinmuskogeeoklahomaisanamericansamericancivilrightsleaderandbroadcastingcorporatetitleexecutiveduringthecivilrightsmovementsheworkedforthenationalurbanleagueandsouthernchristianleadershipconferencewhereshebecameinvolvedintheworkofdrmartinlutherkingjrlaterclaytonwentintotelevisionwhereshebecamethefirstafricanamericanfromthesouthernunitedstatestohostadailyprimetimetalkshowshebecamecorporatevicepresidentforurbanaffairsforturnerbroadcastingclaytoncreatedthetrumpetawardsfoundationshewasinstrumentalinthedevelopmentoftheinternationalcivilrightswalkoffamethatwasdevelopedbythefoundationtohonortheachievementsofafricanamericansandcivilrightsadvocatessheconvincedagranddragonofthekukluxklantodenouncetheklanclaytonhasbeenhonoredbythenationalassociationfortheadvancementofcoloredpeopleandthecityofatlantaforherworkbiographyxernonaandhertwinsisterxenobiawerethedaughtersofreverendjamesandelliottlilliebrewsterherparentswereadministratorsofindianaffairsinmuskogeeoklahomainclaytonearnedherundergraduatedegreewithhonorsfromtennesseestateuniversitytennesseestateagriculturalandindustrialcollegeinnashvilletennesseeshemajoredinmusicandminoredineducationsheisabaptistshepursuedgraduatestudiesattheuniversityofchicagocareerclaytonbeganhercareerinthecivilrightsmovementwiththenationalurbanleagueinchicagoworkingundercovertoinvestigateracialdiscriminationcommittedbyemployersagainstafricanamericansclaytonmovedtoatlantainwheresheorganizedeventsforthesouthernchristianleadershipconferencesclcunderthedirectionofmartinlutherkingshedevelopedadeepfriendshipwithdrkingswifecorettascottkinginclaytoncoordinatedthedoctorscommitteeforimplementationagroupofafricanamericanphysicianswhoworkedforandachievedthedesegregationofallatlantahospitalsthedoctorscommitteeservedasamodelfornationwidehospitaldesegregationandwashonoredbythenationalmedicalassociationclaytonthenheadedtheatlantamodelcitiesprogramafederallyfundedgroupdedicatedtoimprovingthequalityofdesegregatedneighborhoodsclaytonmetcalvincraigthegranddragonofthegeorgiakukluxklanthroughthemodelcitiesprogramascraigservedinapolicypositionwiththeorganizationcraigcitedclaytonsinfluencewhenhedecidedtodenouncetheklaninaprilrefnamecraigtimesrefinclaytonbecamethefirstsouthernafricanamericantohostadailyprimetimetalkshowtheshowwasbroadcastonwagatvinatlantaandwasrenamedfromwhatdiditalreadyexistthexernonaclaytonshowclaytonjoinedturnerbroadcastinginasaproducerofdocumentaryspecialsclaytonretiredfromturnerbroadcastinginchoosingtocalltheretirementaprofessionaltransitionclaytonservesontheboardofdirectorsofthekingcenterfornonviolentsocialchangesheservedontheboardofreviewforthestateofgeorgiasdepartmentoflaborinshepublishedanautobiographyivebeenmarchingallthetimeatitleinspiredbykingthebookfocusedonherlifeandherviewsofthecivilrightsmovementinclaytonwithturnerbroadcastingcreatedthetrumpetawardstohonorachievementsofafricanamericansrefnameweddingrefsheservesasthechairpresidentandceoofthetrumpetawardsfoundationthatwasformedinlaterefnamestlrefinearlyclaytoncreatedtheinternationalcivilrightswalkoffamepersonalclaytonwasamemberoftheebenezerbaptistchurchatlantageorgiaebenezerbaptistchurchwheredrmartinlutherkingjrwasthepastorclaytonwasmarriedtoedclaytonwhoalsoworkedwithdrkingfromuntilhisdeathinshecoauthoredarevisededitionofherlatehusbandsbiographyofmartinlutherkingjrthatisentitledthepeacefulwarriorfollowingherfirsthusbandsdeathclaytonmarriedpaullbradythefirstafricanamericantobeappointedasaadministrativelawjudgefederaladministrativelawjudgeinlauraandpauljrhonorstsuhonoredclaytonattheirblueandwhiteallstaracademyawardsinclaytonsfootprintswereaddedtotheinternationalcivilrightswalkoffameinrefnamebirthdayrefonmayclaytonreceivedthejamesweldonjohnsonlifetimeachievementawardfromthedetroitbranchofthenationalassociationfortheadvancementofcoloredpeoplenaacpshereceivedthelocalcommunityserviceawardfromspelmancollegeininseptembertheatlantacityco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videogamesrevscorexmenclonewarswasmetwithmostlymixedreviewsgameproremarkedthatthesoundeffectsandmusicareamixedbagandcriticizedthetwoplayermodestightscrollingbutpraisedthelargespritesandthespecialabilitiesoftheplayercharacterselectronicgamingmonthlyalsocomplimentedthecharactersspecialabilitiesbutcriticizedthatthegameislittledifferentfromxmenvideogametheoriginalxmenandsuffersfromanumberofweakpointsandconcludedthatthegameneverseemstocomealivedespiteafewcoolnottomentionhugebossesandchallenginglevelsrefnameegmrefgamefanstakaharafoundthegraphicscinematicintroandtheneedtomatcheachcharactersuniqueabilitiestoeachstagetoallbeimpressivethoughheratedthemusicasaverageareviewerfornextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationremarkedthatthegamehasmoreplayablecharactersmorecomplexmovesmorelevelsandmoregameplaytwiststhantheoriginalxmenbutisstillnomorethanarentaltitlerefnamengenrefaccordingtoaretrospectivereviewingamefaninshortclonewarsiseverythingtheuncannyxmenvideogameuncannyxmenwasnotnicetolookatwithitswellanimatedbitcharactersandmultilayerbackgroundseasytopickupandplaythankstogoodcontrolsandaneasilyunderstoodinterfaceastorythatisfineforoneplayerbutmorefunwithtwoaddingxmenranksamongthebestcomicbookgamesproducedintheerarefnamegfmichaelcrismangamefanmagcomgfretroxmenretrospectivedaytwoxmenretrospectivedaytwogamefanrefcomplexmagazinecomplexrankedxmenasthethbestgameonthesegagenesisaddingthatthegameachievedtherarelyseenbalancedgamingitwasalsorankedasthescrewattackstopthtopgenesisgamebyscrewattackwhonoteditforhavingintheiropinionthebestsoundtrackonthesystemxmenplacedthonthelistofbestmarvelvideogamesbygeekmagazinewhostatedthatthesoundtrackwasjustasgoodasxmenmutantapocalypsemutantapocalypseandeachstagewasripewithcoolnodstothecomicsxwomenasequelfeaturingonlythefemalemembersofthexmenhadbeenindevelopmentbysegaforthesameplatformrefnamegirefandwasdueoutinearlyseealsolistofxmenvideogamesreferencesexternallinksmobygamescomgamexmenclonewarsxmenclonewarsxmenclonewarsatmobygamesworkersoftheworlduniteinthewhytenotationfordescribingsteamlocomotivewheelarrangementaisalocomotivewithatwowheelleadingtruckeightdrivingwheelsandasixwheeltrailingtruckalllocomotivesconstructedhavebeenttanklocomotivesofthemasonbogiepatternotherequivalentclassificationsarebruicclassificationdalsoknownasgermanclassificationanditalianclassificationbrfrenchclassificationbrturkishclassificationbrswissclassificationintheuicclassificationasappliedingermanyanditalyarigidframedlocomotiveofthisarrangementwouldbedandthemasonbogiedthreemasonbogiesofthistypewerebuiltforthedenversouthparkandpacificrailroadalpinericoroaringforkanddenvertheywerenarrowgaugerailwaynarrowgaugelocomotivesofgaugesomewerelatersoldtotheburlingtonandnorthwesternrailwayanarrowgaugesubsidiaryofthecbqoperatinginiowareferencesxanterraparksresortsformerlyamfacresortsandamfacparksresortsisaprivatelyownedunitedstatesparkandresortmanagementcompanybasedingreenwoodvillagecoloradocontrolledbyentertainmentmagnatephillipanschutzdenverbasedbillionaireanschutzwhohasanextensivehistoryofdevelopingandoperatingmineralrailroadnewsmediaandentertainmententerprisesisoneofthelargestprivatepromotersofliveeventsintheworldmostnotablysoccerhistoryalegacyofthethcenturyfredharveycompanyafterthedeathofthefoundersgrandsoninthecompanybecameaffiliatedwithchicagobasedjmbrealtywhichacquiredlargehawaiilandholderamfacinandbrokeitupintoindependentcorporationsincludingamfacresortsinamfacboughtthelargenationalparksmanagementconcessiontwrecreationalservicesfromtransworldcorporationflagstarinamfacchangeditscorporatenametoxanterraafterthebankruptcyofamfachawaiithenamecomesfromacombinationofshangduxanaduandterraearththeanschutzcompanyboughtxanterrafromjmbinxanterraspecializesintourisminusnationalparksandhasapresenceinyellowstoneandgrandcanyonandanumberofothernationalandstateparkstheyarecontractedbytheusnationalparkservicetoprovidelodgingandservicesintheseparksaccommodationsandpricingvarywidelyandincludequalityhotelroomslodgesrusticcabinsmotelstylelodgingandcampingthemostnotableoftheoriginalharveyoperationsisthegrandcanyonsouthrimconcessionincludingtheeltovarhotelthecompanyownsthegrandcanyonrailwayinjulythecompanyannounceditwasacquiringthekingsmillresortnearwilliamsburgvirginiathekingsmillresortwasdevelopedbeginninginthesaspartofanheuserbuschsprojectsofthemeparksresidentialcommercialandindustrialdevelopmentscoordinatedbetweengussiebuschaugustbuschandwinthroprockefellerintendedtocomplementcolonialwilliamsburgandenhanceboththeregionstourismattractionsandlocaleconomyglaciernationalparkcontroversyinmarchanshutzexplorationcorpannouncedthatitwouldceasedrillingontheblackfeetreservationfivemonthslaterxanterrawasawardedanimportantconcessionscontractinglaciernationalparkonaugustthenationalparkserviceannouncedthatayearcontractwouldbeissuedtoxanterradespitethefactthattheenergydivisionhadbeenfrackingonlandsadjacenttotheeasternboundaryoftheparkmembersoftheblackfeetnationhadbeenprotestingthedestructionoftriballandsforseveralyearstouristrailwaysxanterraoperatesthegrandcanyonrai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ctwasamultidisciplinaryprojectcommissionedbythepeoplesrepublicofchinaintodeterminewithaccuracythelocationandtimeframeofthexiadynastyxiashangdynastyshangandzhoudynastyzhoudynastiestsinghuauniversityprofessorlixueqinwasthedirectorandsomeexpertstookpartintheprojectwhichcorrelatedradiocarbondatingarchaeologyarchaeologicaldatingmethodshistoricaltextualanalysisastronomyandothermethodstoachievegreatertemporalandgeographicaccuracypreliminaryresultsoftheprojectwerereleasedinnovemberhoweverseveraloftheprojectsmethodsandconclusionshavebeendisputedbyotherscholarsbackgroundlocationmapchinanorthernplainreliefcaptionmajorarchaeologicalsitesinnorthandcentralchinadatingfromthesecondmillenniumbcwidthfloatrightplaceslocationmapchinanorthernplainlabelerlitoucultureerlitoulatdeglondegmarkbrownpogsvgpositionbottomlocationmapchinanorthernplainlabelzhengzhoushangcityzhengzhoulatdeglondegmarkredpogsvgpositionrightlocationmapchinanorthernplainlabelpanlongchenglatdeglondegmarkredpogsvgpositionrightlocationmapchinanorthernplainlabelyinxuanyanglatdeglondegmarkorangepogsvgpositionrightlocationmapchinanorthernplainlabelsanxingduilatdeglondegmarkorangepogsvgpositionrightlocationmapchinanorthernplainlabelwuchengculturewuchenglatdeglondegmarkorangepogsvgpositionrightlocationmapchinanorthernplainlabelfenghaofengxilatdeglondegmarkorangepogsvgpositionbottomthetraditionalaccountofancientchinarepresentedbytherecordsofthegrandhistorianwrittenbysimaqianinthehandynastybeginswiththethreesovereignsandfiveemperorsleadingthroughasequenceofdynastiesthexiadynastyxiashangdynastyshangandzhoudynastyzhousimaqianfeltabletogiveayearbyyearchronologybacktothestartofthegongheregencyinbcearlyinthezhoudynastyfortheperiodbeforethatdatehissourcesnowmostlylostwereunreliableandinconsistentandhegaveonlylistsofkingsandaccountsofisolatedeventslaterscholarswereunabletopushaprecisechronologybackpastsimaqiansdateofbcmanyelementsofthetraditionalaccountespeciallytheearlypartswereclearlymythicalinthesgujiegangandotherscholarsofthedoubtingantiquityschoolnotedthattheearliestfiguresappearedlatestintheliteratureandsuggestedthatthetraditionalhistoryhadaccretedlayersofmythnotingparallelsbetweentheaccountsofthexiaandshangtheysuggestedthatthehistoryofthexiawasinventedbythezhoutosupporttheirdoctrineofthemandateofheavenbywhichtheyjustifiedtheirconquestoftheshangsomeevendoubtedthehistoricityoftheshangdynastyinthescholarwangyirongexaminedsomecurioussymbolscarvedondragonbonespurchasedfromachinesepharmacistandidentifiedthemasanearlyformofchinesewritingtheboneswerefinallytracedbackintoasitenowcalledyinxunearanyangnorthoftheyellowriverinmodernhenanprovincetheinscriptionsontheboneswerefoundtobedivinationrecordsfromthereignsofthelastnineshangkingsfromthereignofwudingmoreoverfromthesacrificialschedulerecordedonthebonesitwaspossibletoreconstructasequenceofshangkingsthatcloselymatchedthelistgivenbysimaqianarchaeologistsfocussedontheyellowrivervalleyinhenanasthemostlikelysiteofthestatesdescribedinthetraditionalhistoriesafterremnantsofanearlierwalledcityoftheerligangculturewerediscoverednearzhengzhouandinthesiteoftheerlitouculturewasfoundinyanshisouthoftheyellowrivernearluoyangradiocarbondatingsuggeststhattheerlitoucultureflourishedcbctobctheybuiltlargepalacessuggestingtheexistenceofanorganizedstatemorerecentlythepicturehasbeencomplicatedbythediscoveryofadvancedcivilizationsinsichuanandtheyangtzevalleysuchassanxingduipanlongchengandwuchengculturewuchengofwhichthetraditionalhistoriesmakenomentionuntilthemidthcenturymanypopularworksbothchineseandwesternusedatraditionalchronologycalculatedbyliuxinearlyinthefirstcenturyadhowevermodernscholarsstudyinginscriptionsonshangoraclebonesandzhoubronzeswereproposingshorterchronologiesforexampletypicallyplacingthezhouconquestoftheshanginthemidthcenturybcinsteadofthethinsongjianastatecouncillorchinastatecouncillorforsciencewasimpressedonavisittoegyptbychronologiesstretchingbacktotherdmillenniumbcheproposedamultidisciplinaryprojecttoestablishasimilarchronologyforchinatheprojectwasapprovedaspartoftheninthfiveyearplansofthepeoplesrepublicofchinafiveyearplanmethodstheprojectusedacombinationofmethodstoattempttocorrelatethetraditionalliteraturewitharcheologicaldiscoveriesandtheastronomicalrecordwesternzhoukingsthecontemporaryevidenceforthewesternzhouconsistsofthousandsofbronzesmanybearinginscriptionsaroundoftheserecorddatesofimportanteventsasthedayinthesexagenarycyclethephaseofthemoonthemonthandtheyearofreignhoweverthekingisusuallynotidentifiedoccasionallyanunusualastronomicaleventwasrecordedakeyreferencepointwastheaccessionofkingyiofzhoujiankingyiofzhouwhenaccordingtotheoldtextbambooannalsthedaydawnedtwicetheprojectadoptedwithoutacknowledgementtheproposalofthekoreanscholarpangsunjoothatthisreferredtoanannularsolareclipseatdawnthatoccurredinbcotherscholarshavechallengedboththisinterpretationofthetextandtheastronomicalcalculationsinvolvedkingwusconquestoftheshangperhapsthemostsignificanteventrequiringdatingistheconquestoftheshangbythezhoudescribedintraditionalhistoriesasthebattleofmuyethoughthesiteofthebattlehasnotbeenidentifiedpreviouschronologieshadproposedatleastdifferentdatesforthiseventrangingfromtobcthemostpopularhavebeenbccalculatedbythehandynastyastronomerliuxinandbcdeducedfromastatementintheoldtextbambooannalsthatthewesternzhouwhoseendpointisknowntobebchadlastedyearsafewdocumentsrelateastronomicalobservationstothiseventaquotationinthebookofhanfromthelostwchngchapterofthebookofdocumentsappearstodescribealunareclipsejustbeforethebeginningofkingwuofzhoukingwuscampaignthisdateandthedateofhisvictoryaregivenasmonthsandsexagenarydaysapassageintheguoyubookguoyugivesthepositionsofthesunmoonjupiterandtwostarsonthedaykingwuattackedtheshangthecurrenttextbambooannalsmentionsconjunctionsofallfiveplanetsoccurringbeforeandafterthezhouconquesthanperiodtextsmentionthefirstconjunctionasoccurringinthendyearofthereignofthelastkingsucheventsarerarebutallfiveplanetsdidgatheronmaybcandagainonseptemberbcalthoughtherecordedpositionsintheskyofthesetwoeventsarethereverseofwhatoccurredtheycouldnothavebeenretrospectivelycalculatedatthetimetheaccountfirstappearsthestrategyadoptedbytheprojectwastousearcheologicalinvestigationtonarrowtherangeofdatesthatwouldneedtobecomparedwiththeastronomicaldataalthoughnoarchaeologicaltracesofkingwuscampaignhavebeenfoundthepreconquestzhoucapitalatfenghaofengxiinshaanxihasbeenexcavatedandstrataatthesitehavebeenidentifiedwiththepredynasticzhouradiocarbondatingofsamplesfromthesiteaswellasatlateyinxuandearlyzhoucapitalsusingthewigglematchingtechniqueyieldedadatefortheconquestbetweenandbctheonlydatewithinthatrangematchingalltheastronomicaldataisjanuarybcthisdatehadpreviouslybeenproposedbydavidpankenierwhohadmatchedtheabovepassagesfromtheclassicswiththesameastronomicaleventsbuthereitresultedfromathoroughconsiderationofabroaderrangeofevidenceotherscholarshaveraisedseveralcriticismsofthisprocesstheconnectionbetweenthelayersatthearchaeologicalsitesandtheconquestisuncertainthenarrowrangeofradiocarbondatesarecitedwithalessstringentconfidenceintervalthanthestandardrequirementofwhichwouldhaveproducedamuchwiderrangesomeofthetextscontainingastronomicalobservationsareextremelyobscureforexampleakeytextusedindatingtheconquestcanbeinterpretedinseveraldifferentwayswithonealternativereadingleadingtothedateofjanuarybclateshangkingsforthelateshangtheoraclebonesprovidelessdetailthanzhoubronzesroutinelyrecordingonlythedayinthesexagenarycyclehowevercalculationsusingalongerritualcyclewereusedtodatethereignsofthelasttwoshangkingsmentionsoffivelunareclipsesinoraclebonedivinationsfromthelatewudingandzugengreignswereidentifiedwitheventsspanningtheperiodfromandbcfromwhichastartdateforzugengsreignwasderivedthestartofdateofwudingsreignwasthencalculatedusingthestatementintheagainstluxuriouseasechapterofthebookofdocumentsthathisreignlastedyearsearlyshangandxiathearchaeologyofancientchinaaccordingtothetraditionalhistoriespangengthreereignsearlierthanwudingmovedtheshangcapitaltoitslastsitegenerallyidentifiedwiththeyinxusiteinanyangdifferentinterpretationsofthetextofthebambooannalsgiveintervalsoforyearsbetweenthiseventandthezhouconquesttheprojectsettledonadateneartheshortestoftheseintervalsthefourphasesoftheerlitouculturehavebeendividedbetweenthexiaandshangdynastiesindifferentwaysbyvariousprominentarchaeologiststheprojectassignedallfourphasestothexiaidentifyingtheestablishmentoftheshangdynastywiththebuildingoftheyanshiwalledcitynortheastoftheerlitousitethetimespanofthexiadynastywastakenfromreignlengthsgiveninthebambooannalsandfromaconjunctionoffiveplanetsduringthereignofyuthegreatrecordedinlatertextsasthisperiodwaslongerthanthetimespannedbytheerlitouculturetheprojectalsoincludedthelaterphasesofthewangwaniiivariantofthelongshanculturewithinthexiaperiodchronologicaltablethexiashangzhouchronologyprojectconcludedprecisedatesforaccessionsofrulersfromwudingtheshangdynastykingwhosereignproducedtheoldestknownoraclebonerecordsthesedatesareherecomparedwiththetraditionaldatesandthoseusedinthecambridgehistoryofancientchinaclasswikitablerowspandynastyrowspankingcolspanaccessiondatebcxszprojectcambridgehistorytraditionalrowspanshangwudingbeforekingzugengzugengafterzujiaclinxinckangdingcwuyirulerwuyicwendingcdiyikingzhouofshangdixinrowspanzhoukingwuofzhoukingwukingchengofzhoukingchengkingkangofzhoukingkangkingzhaoofzhoukingzhaokingmuofzhoukingmukinggongofzhoukinggongkingyiofzhoujijiankingyikingxiaoofzhoukingxiaokingyiofzhoujixiekingyikingliofzhoukingliearlierdatesaregivenmoreapproximatelytherelocationoftheshangcapitaltoyinxuyinduringthereignofpangengisdatedatcbctheestablishmentoftheshangdynastywasdatedatcbccomparedwiththecambridgehistoryscbcandthetraditionaldateofbctheestablishmentofthexiadynastywasdatedatcbccomparedwiththetraditionaldateofbcreceptioncoverageoftheprojectinthewesternpressfocussedontheconflictsbetweennationalismandscholarshiptheprojectwascriticizedforbeingamajorpoliticalprojectratherthanamajorarchaeologicalprojectwiththepurposetoglorifythechinesenationandboastingtheethnocentricnationalisminchinawhichmayraisefrictionswithitsneighborshoweveryunkuenleeobservesthatnoteverymemberofthechronologyprojectagreesonallofthedatesindeedtheprojecthasbeenunafraidtocontestdatesproposedevenbythedirectorleepointsoutthatthisisastrongsignthatthedatesarebeingconsideredontheirownmeritsratherthanbydeferringtoauthorityandthatpoliticsdoesnotinfluencethedetailedworkoftheprojectinadditiontomethodologicalconcernsscholarshavecomplainedthattheprojectispartofatraditionofrelegatingarchaeologytoaroleofverifyingtraditionalhistoriestheyarguethatthisforcesarcheologicalevidenceintoaframeworkofasinglesequenceofsimilardominantstatesasdepictedinthehistoriesandreflectedinthetitlethreedynastieshoweverwhenevaluatedonitsownmeritstheevidencerevealsamuchmorecomplexoriginofchinesecivilizationwithmanyotheradvancedstatesthatarenotmentionedinthehistoriesapreliminaryreportoftheprojectwasissuedinasessionoftheannualconferenceoftheassociationforasianstudiesinwasdevotedtothereportwhereitsmethodswerecriticisedbydavidnivisonamongothersnofurtherreporthasbeenissuedaninternationalconferenceonchronologyarrangedforoctoberwaspostponedduetothesevereacuterespiratorysyndromesarsoutbreakbutneverrescheduledtheprojectsdateshavehoweverbecometheorthodoxchronologyinchinesetextbooksandreferenceworksreferencesfootnotesworkscitedcitationgivenrobertsurnamebagleyauthorlinkrobertbagleychaptershangarchaeologyeditorgivenmichaeleditorsurnameloeweeditorgivenedwardleditorsurnameshaughnessytitlethecambridgehistoryofancientchinalocationcambridgepublishercambridgeuniversitypressyearpagesisbnpostscriptcitationtitleinchinaancienthistorykindlesmoderndoubtsgiveneriksurnameeckholmnewspapernewyorktimesdatenovemberpageaurlnytimescomworldchinhtmlpostscriptcitationtitlediggingintothefuturegivenbrucesurnamegilleynewspaperfareasterneconomicreviewdatejulypagesurlfeercompcurrentshtmlarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebfeercompcurrentshtmlarchivedateaprilpostscriptcitationtitlechinaanewhistoryeditionndyeargivenjohnkingsurnamefairbankauthorlinkjohnkfairbankgivenmerlesurnamegoldmanlocationcambridgemapublisherthebelknappressofharvarduniversitypressisbnpostscriptcitationtitleastrohistoriographicchronologiesofearlychinaareunfoundedgivendouglasjsurnamekeenanjournaleastasianhistoryyearvolumepagesurlinformathorgpubseahapdfpostscriptcitationtitledefenceofplanetaryconjunctionsforearlychinesechronologyisunmeritedgivendouglasjsurnamekeenanauthormaskyearjournaljournalofastronomicalhistoryandheritagevolumepagesurlinformathorgpubsahapdfpostscriptcitationgivendavidnsurnamekeightleyauthorlinkdavidkeightleychaptertheshangchinasfirsthistoricaldynastyeditorgivenmichaeleditorsurnameloeweeditorlinkmichaelloeweeditorgivenedwardleditorsurnameshaughnessyeditorlinkedwardlshaughnessytitlethecambridgehistoryofancientchinalocationcambridgepublishercambridgeuniversitypressyearpagesisbnpostscriptcitationtitlebuildingthechronologyofearlychinesehistorygivenyunkuensurnameleejournalasianperspectivesvolumeissuepagesyearaurlscholarspacemanoahawaiieduhandledoiasipostscriptcitationtitledifferentialresolutioninhistoryandarchaeologygivenyunkuensurnameleeauthormaskyearbjournaljournalofeastasianarchaeologyvolumepagesdoipostscriptcitationtitlethexiashangzhouchronologyprojectmethodologyandresultssurnameligivenxueqinyearjournaljournalofeastasianarchaeologyvolumepagesdoipostscriptcitationtitleastronomyinthexiashangzhouchronologyprojectsurnameliugivenciyuanjournaljournalofastronomicalhistoryandheritagevolumenumberpagesyearurladsabsharvardedufulljahhlpostscriptbibcodejahhlcitationgivenroberthenrysurnamemathewsauthorlinkroberthenrymathewstitleachineseenglishdictionarycompiledforthechinainlandmissionpublisherharvarduniversitypressyearisbnpostscriptcitationtitlethexiashangzhouchronologyprojecttwoapproachestodatingsurnamenivisongivendavidauthorlinkdavidnivisonyearjournaljournalofeastasianarchaeologyvolumepagesdoipostscriptcitationtitleastronomicaldatesinshangandwesternzhougivendavidwsurnamepankenierjournalearlychinayearvolumepagesurllehighedudwpassetsimagesastronomicaldatespdfpostscriptcitationgivenedwardlsurnameshaughnessyauthorlinkedwardlshaughnessychaptercalendarandchronologypagestitlethecambridgehistoryofancientchinaeditorgivenmichaeleditorsurnameloeweeditorgivenedwardleditorsurnameshaughnessylocationcambridgepublishercambridgeuniversitypressyearisbnpostscriptcitationgivenedwardlsurnameshaughnessyauthormaskchapterchronologiesofancientchinaacritiqueofthexiashangzhouchronologyprojectpageschapterurlealcuchicagoedudocumentschronologiesofancientchinapdftitlewindowsonthechineseworldreflectionsbyfivehistorianseditorgivenclarawingchungeditorsurnamehopublisherlexingtonbooksyearisbndeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebealcuchicagoedudocumentschronologiesofancientchinapdfarchivedatepostscriptcitationtitleofriddlesandrecoveriesthebambooannalsancientchronologyandtheworkofdavidnivisongivenedwardlsurnameshaughnessyauthormaskjournaljournalofchinesestudiesvolumeyearpagesurlcuhkeduhkicsjournalarticlesvppdfpostscriptcitationtitlehowreliablearearchaicrecordsoflargesolareclipsesgive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onlocatedinmatamorostamaulipasmatamorostamaulipasmexicowhichmainlyoperatesasanenglishlanguagestationservingasthecwnetworkaffiliateaffiliatefortheriograndevalleyriograndevalleyareainsoutherntexassoutherntexasunitedstatesownedbymexicancompanytvnortethestationisoperatedbyentravisioncommunicationsthismakesitasisterstationtounivisionaffiliateknvotvknvochannelunimsaffiliatektfvcdfoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxmynetworktvaffiliateskfxvldandkxfxcdandkcwtcdalsoacwplusaffiliatexhriomaintainsitsbasiclicensecompliantstudiosinmatamoroswithasecondfacilityacrossthebordersharedwithentravisionsotherstationsonnorthjacksonroadinmcallentexasservingasthemainfacilityforthestationpreviouslyxhriohadservedasaprimaryfoxaffiliatefromtoandofmundomaxmundofoxmundomaxbetweenandhistoryearlyyearstheconcessionforchannelwasawardedinreceivingthecallsignofxhcrtvandownedbycadenaradiotelevisoradelnortesacorporationsadecvacompanyownedbyrespectedbroadcasterclementesernaalvearofmexicocityinthenameoftheconcessionairewaschangedtotelevisorasdelbajobravosainajointventurewasformedbetweentheownersofkrioamkrioaminmcallenandkrixfmnowkkpsinbrownsvilletexasbrownsvilleandsernaalveartheventurebroughtchanneltotheaironjanuaryasxhriotvwithcallsignauthorizedonmarchofthatyearanenglishlanguageindependentstationnorthamericaindependentstationitbrandedasxriotvrunningprimarilyrerunsofolderusshowsandrecentfeaturefilmsthestudioswerecolocatedinmcallenwithkriothetransmitterwassouthoftheriograndeandtheharlingenantennafarmsincexhriotvwasperceivedbyitsamericancompetitorskrgvtvandkgbttvasaborderblasterorpiratestationbothbeingunfoundedtheysetabouttoblocklivedeliveryofprogrammingacrosstheusborderfirststintasxhriotvalthoughxhriotvhadabroadcastsignalsuperiortoitsuscounterpartsitsufferedfromseriousunderfundingandmismanagementbytheownershipofthestudiofacilityduringitsfirstyearthetechnicalstaffwhichhadcreatedthefacilityagainstincredibleoddsslowlydepartedpowertothetransmittersitewassporadicandreplacementtechnicalpeoplewerenotuptothetaskthusxhriotvwasneverabletoestablishanadvertisingbaseintheenglishmarketdespiteextremelysuccessfulinitialratingsintheownersofthemexicanconcessionendedthedeliveryofprogrammingtapesacrossthebordertothechanneltransmitterandconvertedxhriotoaspanishlanguageindependentstationaimedatmatamorosviewersinnovemberthestationbecamethelowerriograndevalleystelemundoaffiliatetoreflectitsaffiliationthestationchangeditscallsigntoxhhupntvinrefnamevudxhriotoxhhupnrefinthestationrevertedtothexhriotvcallsanddroppedupnforfoxasafoxaffiliatefoxprogramminghadpreviouslybeenseenonxhfoxtvchannelfromuntilwhenstationownertelevisadumpedthefoxaffiliationandflippedthatchanneltoaxewtvrepeaterasxhtamtvpriortoxhfoxsarrivalandbeforexhriotookfoxlowerriograndeviewersontheamericansidereceivedthenetworkfromthenationwidefoxnetchannelinxhriobeganbroadcastingdigitallyonsisterstationknvossubchannelbutthreeyearslaterafterknvobeganairingunivisioninhdxhriomovedtoitsowndigitalchannelinlowpoweredsisterstationksfeldbeganairingasimulcastofxhrioonitsmainchannelwithksfespreviousthecwcwprogrammingbeingmovedtoinearlyksfescallswerechangedtokfxvldandonairidentificationheavilyemphasizedthenewcalllettersaswellaschannelthiscouldpotentiallyleadtoconfusionasthestationwasbrandingitselfaschannelwhileidentifyingitselfaschannelalthoughthestationwasavailableonbothchannelsthexhriocallswerereducedtosmallprintbeneaththekfxvcallsonstationidentificationssinceinitwasannouncedafullpowerentravisionownedstationintheriograndevalleywouldbecomeacharteraffiliateofthenewspanishlanguagemundofoxstationthiscausedspeculationthatthefoxnetworkwouldberemovedfromxhrioinfavorofmundofoxalthoughtherewasnoconfirmationonaugustfoxprogrammingwasinterruptedsothatxhriocouldairwhattheylabeledasealdepruebaortestsignalfeedofmundofoxonafternumerousunconfirmedrumorsthatmundofoxwouldbeonvalleyresidentswerefinallygivenconfirmationonaugustwhenthestationsofficialtwitterfeedannouncedthatxhriowouldjoinmundofoxandfoxwouldremainonkfxvldeffectivelysplittingthemoffintotwoseparateanddistinctivechannelsonaugustmundofoxwaslaunchedonxhrioeffectivelyendingtheiraffiliationwiththefoxnetworklessthanaweekafterdroppingthefoxaffiliationfromchannelaltogetherkfxvsstandarddefinitionfeedwasreaddedtoxhrioonchannelonoctoberxhrioswitchedfrommundomaxtothecwanaffiliationheldbyentravisionandalreadyairedonkcwtcdmundomaxshutdownentirelyonnovemberrefnamemultimundomaxdeadrefdigitaltelevisiondigitalchannelclasswikitablechannelvideoresolutionvideoaspectratioaspectpsipshortnameprogrammingpcwhdmainxhriohdprogrammingbecauseitislicensedinmexicoxhriowasnotsubjecttotheunitedstatesdiscontinuationofanalogtelevisionandinsteadshutoffitsanalogsignalonjanuaryalongwithothertelevisionstationsinthematamorosreynosaandnuevolaredomarketsinjuneknvobeganbroadcastingunivisioninhdandxhriobeganbroadcastingondigitalchannelinitiallyusingvirtualchannelbywayofpsiptheoctobershuffleofmexicanvirtualchannelsrequiredxhriotovacatechannelfornationalusebythelasestrellasnetworkandxhtamtdttheiftassignedvirtualchannelformerlyinusebyxhvtvtdtasitsreplacementinsteadxhriomovedtovirtualchannelanddidsoaheadofthemexicanswitchofvirtualchannelscoincidingwithitscwaffiliationswitchalsoaroundthistimedespiteobtainingiftauthorizationthefoxfeedwasremovedcarriageissuesbecausexhrioislicensedandbroadcastingfrommexicoitisnotcoveredunderusmustcarryregulationsfromthefederalcommunicationscommissionfccthoughitisrequiredcarriageformexicancablesystemsinitsbroadcastareathismeansthatapartfromlowpoweredaffiliatesintheusxhriowastheonlyfoxaffiliatethatlocalcablesystemswerenotrequiredtocarryhoweveruscablesystemswereeffectivelyrequiredtocarryxhrioanywaysinceitisoperatedbyentravisionwhichownsstationsontheamericansideoftheborderthesamemustcarryrulesgivefullpoweredamericanstationstheoptionofretransmissionconsentorrequestingcompensationfromcablesystemstocarrytheirstationinthiscaseentravisionhastherighttorequirecablesystemstoofferxhrioaspartofthecompensationforcarryingknvoonseptemberdirectvaddedxhriotoitslineupintheriograndevalleymarketonchannelpriortothatdatedirectvviewersinthatmarketreceivedfoxprogrammingfromcorpuschristitexascorpuschristiskjadkdfonnovemberdirectvaddedxhrioshdchanneltoitslocalhdlineupinthevalleyonseptembertimewarnercableaddedxhriotdttoitshighdefinitiontelevisionhdserviceondigitalcablechannelandcanalsobeseenonatscqamchannelonbasiccableinspringdishnetworkaddedxhrioshdfeedtoitslocalchannellineupinthevalleyonchannelafterxhrioandkfxvweresplitintoseparatechannelsallfeedsmentionedaboveremainedkfxvfeedsandwillcontinuetoairfoxprogrammingitisunclearifandwhenxhrioinitscurrentformwillbeaddedtothesesystemsnewsoperationwhenxhriodebutedinthestationproducedhourlybilingualnewsbriefswithkrionewscastersfredcantuandrodsantaanaduringeveningprogrammingafulllocalnewscastwouldnotaironthestationuntilmarchwhenxhriodebutedfoxnewsatninetheminutenewscastairsmondaythroughfridayatpmitwasnotthefirstpmnewscastintheareaasxhfoxproducedonewhileitwasafoxaffiliatelikemanyotherfoxaffiliatesxhriotakesadvantageofthenetworksshorterprimetimeschedulebyschedulingtheirnewscastsanhourbeforetheotherlocalaffiliatesintheregioninadditiontolocalnationalnewsweatherandsportsfoxnewsalsoincludedaroundtheworldinsecondsansecondsegmentdedicatedtointernationalhealthandentertainmentnewsxhriosnewscastlineupissomewhatsimilartothatofsisterstationknvotvknvosspanishlanguagenewscastssincebothstationssharethesamefacilityonseptemberxhriobeganbroadcastingitslocalnewscastsinhighdefinitionxhriosnewscastmigratedtokfxvinxhriohasnothadlocalnewssincereferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebmundofoxvallecommundofoxvallecomofficialwebsitedigimoneponymouscreaturesredirectcategoryshellxhdtvtdtxhdtvtdtxrayspectroscopymashinavremeniroadrulesxtremeaikagoxialiisascientistbasedatthemonellchemicalsensescenterinphiladelphiausasheisknownforherworkonfelinesensorystudiesincludingresearchastowhycatscannottastesweetssheandhercollaboratordrjosephbrandbiologistjosephbrandconcludedthatmoderncatshavelostfunctioninanobsoletetastereceptorremovingtheabilitytotastesweetsunliketheirprehistoricancestorsheraccomplishmentswerefeaturedintheinauguralissueofplosgeneticsandinthedecemberissueofcatnipmagazinecatnipmagazinereferencesexternallinkssarahgrahamsciamcomarticlecfmarticleidaeeaebfsciwhycatsdontcottontosweetsexplainedscientificamericanonlinejulyxialiweihualihongwangjiecaokenjimaehashiliquanhuangalexanderabachmanovdaniellerreedvroniquelegranddefretingarykbeauchampjosephgbrandwebarchiveorgwebgeneticsplosjournalsorgperlservrequestgetdocumentdoifjournalpgenpseudogenizationofasweetreceptorgeneaccountsforcatsindifferencetowardsugarplosgenetjulyemergencytelephonenumberhomedirectoryrcatshellredirecthomedirectoryselfdefinedethnicityxinluodistrictxiaolongbaosignedzeroinfoboxcomicbooktitlewikipediawikiprojectcomicstitlexnationimagexnationjpgcaptioncovertoxnationbrartbyhumbertoramosschedulemonthlyformatpublishermarvelcomicsdatemarchaugustincomicsissuesmaincharteamwritersartistspencillersinkerscoloristscreativeteammonthcreativeteamyearcreatorstompeyerwriterbrhumbertoramospencilsxnationwasacomicbookseriescreatedbymarvelcomicsfortheirmarvelimprinttradenameimprintitdepictsthecourseofeventsinateamofyoungmutantslivestheseriesonlylastedsixissuesfictionalteambiographyintheyeardoomvictorvondoomapproachedcerebraofthexmenxmenwithapropositionhetoldherthatthroughamathematicalprobabilityprogramhehaddeducedthattherewouldbeamutantmarvelcomicsmutantmessiahinthenextgenerationandheofferedherthepositionoffindingitforhimcerebraagreedandleftthexmeninsearchofthisfigurewhowouldleadallofmutantkindintoagoldenageshebeganfindingcandidatesandbringingthemtothexaviercenterwhichwaswatchedoverbyamilitantsectofnunsnamedthesistersofthenickfuryshowlingcommandoshowlingcommandmentsshewasaidedalbeitunwillinglybymorphinesomersformerministerofhumanityandinterimliaisontohalocitywhiledoomwasstillpresidentthegroupsfirstadventurelikemostintheshortrunoftheseriesbeginswiththemsneakingoutofthexavierhomeafteranighthangingoutatthelocalmilkbartheyendupfightingthewildboysagangofyoungmutantsthatwulffusedtobelongtotheyescapeandreturnhomebutarethenforcedtodoconstructionworkaspunishmentforsneakingoutwhileservingtheirpunishmenttheyareattackedbybountyhuntersfromthemillionpalmsamusementparkaplaceruledoverbythevillainavianwhichoncehelddecemberandwillowprisonertheteamfightstogethertofendofftheattackbutwhenthesmokeclearstheynoticethatwillowisgoneonceagaintheteensleavethesheltertoconfrontavianandrescuewillowbuttheyarecapturedastheyentermillionpalmstheretheymeetmetalsmithanotheryoungmutantandfindoutthatavianisalsosearchingforthemutantmessiahunderthecommandofdoomsenemyjohnherodwiththetimelyarrivalofwillowxnationescapesandheadsbackhomemeanwhiletheshelterisattackedbyatlanteansoldiersthesistersbeatthembackbutareeventuallydefeatedtheteensarrivebackhomejustintimetoseeitexplodewithoutahomeandwithfloodwatersrisingfromthemeltingofthepolaricecapsxnationturnstothenewlyarrivedexoduscomicsexoduswhopromisestoleadthemintoaneweraofpowercerebrabattlesthetelepathwhoshowshistruecolorswantingtohelpmutantsriseuptoruleoverhumansinthefinalbattleclarionsacrificeshimselftodestroyexodusandtheremainingmembersofxnationevacuatetothesavagelandwiththerestofhumanitytoescapethefloodsandthecomingofthephalanxatthestartofthenewimprintworldoftomorrowxnationissplitdecembertwilightandmetalsmithjoinfatherjenniferdangeloandthingcomicsbengrimminatriptothealchemaxmarscolonytoseeifitispossiblefortheremainingresidentsofearthtorelocatetomarstheretheymeetdrisaacsclarionsmotherthoughitisnevershownthattheothersmakethisconnectionandtheresidentmartiansknownasthetakersitisrevealedthatseveralyearspriorthephalanxdecimatedmarskillingmostofthetakersleavingonlyadozenorlesssmithandtwilighttravelwiththemonarocketshiplandingonthephalanxplanetoidthatistryingtoassimilateearthandbattletodestroythephalanxfromearththesemisentientdatabaserobotbuiltbyreedrichardsuplinkstothecollectiveanddubstheirplantodestroyallhumanlifeasevilassuchhetriggerstheselfdestructsequenceoftheplanetoidanditexplodeskillingtheremainingtakersaswellassmithandtwilightdecemberanddrisaacsareleftonmarstomournthelossitisalsorevealedthatdrisaacshadclonedclarionbeforeleavingforthemarsprojectbutnoneoftheclonessurvivedmeanwhilewulffanduproartraveledwiththeotherstohumanityslastrefugeanewcolonyinthesavagelandafterhearingarumoraboutthewildboystheystowawayonashipbearingspidermantolatveriatheshipisdestroyedandtheyarepulledfromthewaterbyanarmadaofroamingshipsbelongingtothevultureleaderofthewildboysuproarisforcedtofightinthegauntletbrutalkillorbekilledgamesusedasentertainmentthoughhecontinueswinningheiskeptcaptivebecauseherefusestokillhisopponentwulffisimprisonedandthroughtortureisrevertedtoaferalwerewolfcreaturetogethertheyescapeanddestroythearmadathisleavesthemadriftinthemiddleoftheoceanwheretheypartwaysthefinalmembersnostromoandwillowjointhexpeditionteamatthelastrefugetravelingundergroundwithlalunaticabloodhawkbloodhawkjaderyutekidrewhodgeandmrwinntosearchforsuppliesandexplorethesurroundingterraintheycomeuponacrashedspaceshipbutaccidentallysetoffaselfdestructprogramwillowmorphsintothedeadalientostoptheselfdestructbutisunabletoreverttoherhumanformsheattackswinnbutisabletoregaincontrolofherselfnostromothenrevealshimselftobethephalanxscoutwhilewinnisalsorevealedtobeaphalanxagentwinntakesnostromotolatveriatouplinkwiththecollectivewhiletheothersreturntothesurfaceandbattleaphalanxdreadnodeasitattemptstoassimilatethesavagelandnostromoislinkedwiththephalanxhowevertheinterventionofdoomwhohadknownaboutthescoutprogramsincethephalanxinvasionofthethcenturyactivatedahiddensubroutineinhisprogrammingthatbrokehimfreeofthecollectiveasheescapedwithspidermanandxinakwandoomsacrificedhimselftodestroytherestofthephalanxpresenceonearthasthephalanxthreatabateddoomsfinalwillnamednostromoasheirtothethroneoflatveriamembersclasswikitablewidthcharacterwidthrealnamewidthjoinedinwidthnotesclarionhayesisaacsadgenesisabletoabsorbsoundfromhisenvironmentandconvertsitintoenergyblastshayessacrificedhimselftoprotecthisfriendsfromexodushisnameisanodtosoulmusicianisaachayeshayeswasalsoclonedbyhismotherascientistonalchemaxmarscolonythoughnoneoftheclonessurviveddecembercomicsdecemberwinterfrostadgenesisgeneratesintenseblastsofcoldfromherhandstofreezetheairaroundherintoarcticgalewindsallowinghertoflashfreezingflashfreezeorfreezedryobjectsinhersurroundingsithasbeenspeculatedbymanyfansduetoherappearanceandherlastnamethatdecemberwasadistantrelationofthexmensemmafrostmetalsmithshaneleexnationtotalcontroloverferrousmetalsallowinghimtoreshapeliquifyandmagnetismmagneticallylevitationlevitatemetalobjectskilledwhilefightingthephalanxnostromocomicsnostromogabrielhessadgenesistechnologicalmutationgiveshimtheabilitytointerfacecomputerscienceinterfacewithandrestructuretechnologicaldeviceswithhisarmswhichfusetothetechnologyinstantwoundhealingbycoveringitwithmetallicplatingscoutforthephalanxcomicsphalanxwikttemplatetemplatecollectiveafterthedefeatofthephalanxanddoomdoomsdeathnostromobecomestheruleroflatveriatwilightmarvelcomicstwilightaminahferraraadgenesisabletorealitywarperbendrealityinacontainedarea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icsisthebranchofopticsthatmanipulatesxraysinsteadofvisiblelightitdealswithfocusingandotherwaysofmanipulatingthexraybeamsforresearchtechniquessuchasxraycrystallographyxrayfluorescencesmallanglexrayscatteringxraymicroscopyxrayphasecontrastimagingxrayastronomyetcsincexraysandvisiblelightarebothelectromagneticwavestheypropagateinspaceinthesamewaybutbecauseofthemuchhigherfrequencyandphotonenergyofxraystheyinteractwithmatterverydifferentlyvisiblelightiseasilyredirectedusinglensopticslensesandmirrorsbutbecausetherefractiveindexofallmaterialsisveryclosetoforxraysrefnamereftheyinsteadtendtoinitiallypenetrateandeventuallygetabsorbedinmostmaterialswithoutchangingdirectionmuchtherearemanydifferenttechniquesusedtoredirectxraysmostofthemchangingthedirectionsbyonlyminuteanglesthemostcommonprincipleusedisreflectionphysicsreflectionatgrazingincidenceangleseitherusingtotalexternalreflectionatverysmallanglesormultilayeropticsmultilayercoatingsotherprinciplesusedincludediffractionandinterferencewavepropagationinterferenceintheformofzoneplatesrefractionincompoundrefractivelensesthatusemanysmallxraylensesinseriestocompensatebytheirnumberfortheminuteindexofrefractionbraggreflectionoffofacrystalplaneinflatorbentcrystalsxraybeamsareoftencollimatorcollimatedorreducedinsizeusingpinholesormovableslitstypicallymadeoutoftungstenorsomeotherhighatomicnumberzmaterialnarrowpartsofanxrayspectrumcanbeselectedwithmonochromatorsbasedononeormultiplebraggreflectionsoffofcrystalsxrayspectracanalsobemanipulatedbyhavingthexrayspassthroughafilteropticsthiswilltypicallyreducethelowenergypartofthespectrumandpossiblypartsaboveabsorptionedgesofthechemicalelementelementsusedforthefilterfocusingopticsanalyticalxraytechniquessuchasxraycrystallographysmallanglexrayscatteringwideanglexrayscatteringxrayfluorescencexrayspectroscopyandxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyallbenefitfromhighxrayfluxdensitiesonthesamplesbeinginvestigatedthisisachievedbyfocusingthedivergentbeamfromthexraygeneratorxraysourceontothesampleusingoneoutofarangeoffocusingopticalcomponentsthisisalsousefulforscanningprobemicroscopyscanningprobetechniquessuchasscanningtransmissionxraymicroscopyandscanningxrayfluorescenceimagingpolycapillaryopticspolycapillarylensesarearraysofsmallhollowglasstubesthatguidethexrayswithmanytotalexternalreflectionsontheinsideofthetubesrefcitejournallastmacdonaldfirstcarolynatitlefocusingpolycapillaryopticsandtheirapplicationsyearjournalxrayopticsandinstrumentationdoibibcodexroiemrefthearrayistaperedsothatoneendofthecapillariespointsatthexraysourceandtheotheratthesamplepolycapillaryopticsareachromaticandthussuitableforscanningfluorescenceimagingandotherapplicationswhereabroadxrayspectrumisusefultheycollectxraysefficientlyforphotonenergyphotonenergiesoftokevandcanachievegainsoftoinfluxoverusingapinholeopticspinholeatnbspmmfromthexraysourcerefciteweburlxoscomindustrieshighperformancexrayopticsopticspolycapillaryopticsxtrapolycapillaryfocusingopticstitlepolycapillaryfocusingopticsxraypublisherxosaccessdaterefsinceonlyxraysenteringthecapillarieswithinaverynarrowanglewillbetotallyinternallyreflectedonlyxrayscomingfromasmallspotwillbetransmittedthroughtheopticpolycapillaryopticscannotimagemorethanonepointtoanothersotheyareusedforilluminationandcollectionofxrayszoneplateszoneplatesconsistofasubstratewithconcentriczonesofaphaseshiftingorabsorbingmaterialwithzonesgettingnarrowerthelargertheirradiusthezonewidthsaredesignedsothatatransmittedwavegetsconstructiveinterferenceinasinglepointgivingafocuszoneplatescanbeusedascondensermicroscopecondenserstocollectlightbutalsofordirectfullfieldimagingineganxraymicroscopezoneplatesareverychromaticaberrationchromaticmakingitnecessarytohavemonochromaticxraysforefficientcollectionandhighresolutionimagingcompoundrefractivelensessincerefractiveindicesatxraywavelengthsaresoclosetothefocallengthsofnormallensopticslensesgetimpracticallylongtoovercomethislenseswithverysmallradiusofcurvatureradiiofcurvatureareusedandtheyarestackedinlongrowssothatthecombinedfocusingpowergetsappreciablerefcitejournallastsnigirevfirstatitlefocusinghighenergyxraysbycompoundrefractivelensesyearjournalappliedopticsdoiaobibcodeapoptsrefsincetherefractiveindexislessthanforxraystheselensesmustbeconvexlensconvextoachievefocusingcontrarytovisiblelightlensesradiiofcurvaturearetypicallylessthanamillimetermakingtheusablexraybeamwidthatmostaboutnbspmmrefciteweburlxrayopticsdeindexphpentypesofopticsrefractivelensestitlecompoundrefractivexrayopticscrlspublisherxrayopticsdeaccessdatereftoreducetheabsorptionelectromagneticradiationabsorptionofxraysinthesestacksmaterialswithverylowatomicnumbersuchasberylliumorlithiumaretypicallyusedsincetherefractiveindexdependsstronglyonxraywavelengththeselensesarehighlychromaticandthusonlysuitableformonochromaticxraysreflectionimagexrayfocusgifthumbrightseveraldesignshavebeenusedinxraytelescopesbasedongrazingincidencereflectionthekirkpatrickbaezdesignandacoupleofdesignsbywolterwolteriivthebasicideaistoreflectionphysicsreflectabeamofxraysfromasurfaceandtomeasuretheintensityofxraysreflectedinthespeculardirectionreflectedangleequaltoincidentangleithasbeenshownthatareflectionoffaparabolicmirrorfollowedbyareflectionoffahyperbolicmirrorcanleadtothefocusingofxrayssincetheincomingxraysmuststrikethetiltedsurfaceofthemirrorthecollectingareaissmallitcanhoweverbeincreasedbynestingarrangementsofmirrorsinsideeachotherrefnamebradtcitebooklastbradtfirsthaletitleastronomymethodspublishercambridgeuniversitypressseriesvolumeeditiondatelocationpageslanguageurldoiidisbnmrzbljfmreftheratioofreflectedintensitytoincidentintensityisthexrayreflectivityforthesurfaceiftheinterfaceisnotperfectlysharpandsmooththereflectedintensitywilldeviatefromthatpredictedbythelawoffresnelreflectivitythedeviationscanthenbeanalyzedtoobtainthedensityprofileoftheinterfacenormaltothesurfaceforfilmswithmultiplelayersxrayreflectivitymayshowoscillationswithwavelengthanalogoustothefabryprotinterferometerfabryproteffecttheseoscillationscanbeusedtoinferlayerthicknessesandotherpropertiesdiffractionimagebraggdiffractionsvgthumbrightsymmetricallyspacedatomscausereradiatedxraystoreinforceeachotherinthespecificdirectionswheretheirpathlengthdifferencedsinequalsanintegermultipleofthewavelengthinxraydiffractionabeamstrikesacrystalanddiffractiondiffractsintomanyspecificdirectionstheanglesandintensitiesofthediffractedbeamsindicateathreedimensionaldensityofelectronswithinthecrystalxraysproduceadiffractionpatternbecausetheirwavelengthistypicallythesameorderofmagnitudenbspnmasthespacingbetweentheatomicplanesinthecrystaleachatomreradiatesasmallportionofanincomingbeamsintensityasasphericalwaveiftheatomsarearrangedsymmetricallyasisfoundinacrystalwithaseparationdthesesphericalwaveswillbeinsynchaddconstructivelyonlyindirectionswheretheirpathlengthdifferencedsinisequaltoanintegermultipleofthewavelengththeincomingbeamthereforeappearstohavebeendeflectedbyanangleproducingareflectionspotinthediffractionpatternxraydiffractionisaformofelasticscatteringtheoutgoingxrayshavethesameenergyandthussamewavelengthastheincomingxraysonlywithaltereddirectionbycontrastinelasticscatteringoccurswhenenergyistransferredfromtheincomingxraytoaninnershellelectronexcitingittoahigherenergylevelsuchinelasticscatteringreducestheenergyorincreasesthewavelengthoftheoutgoingbeaminelasticscatteringisusefulforprobingsuchelectronexcitationbutnotindeterminingthedistributionofatomswithinthecrystallongerwavelengthphotonssuchasultravioletelectromagneticradiationradiationwouldnothavesufficientresolutiontodeterminetheatomicpositionsattheotherextremeshorterwavelengthphotonssuchasgammaraysaredifficulttoproduceinlargenumbersdifficulttofocusandinteracttoostronglywithmatterproducingpairproductionparticleantiparticlepairssimilardiffractionpatternscanbeproducedbyscatteringelectronsorneutronsxraysareusuallynotdiffractedfromatomicnucleibutonlyfromtheelectronssurroundingtheminterferencexrayinterferencewavepropagationinterferenceistheadditionsuperpositionprinciplesuperpositionoftwoormorexraywavesthatresultsinanewwavepatternxrayinterferenceusuallyreferstotheinteractionofwavesthatarecorrelatedorcoherencephysicscoherentwitheachothereitherbecausetheycomefromthesamesourceorbecausetheyhavethesameornearlythesamefrequencytwononmonochromaticxraywavesareonlyfullycoherencephysicscoherentwitheachotheriftheybothhaveexactlythesamerangeofwavelengthsandthesamephasewavesphasedifferencesateachoftheconstituentwavelengthsthetotalphasedifferenceisderivedfromthesumofboththepathdifferenceandtheinitialphasedifferenceifthexraywavesaregeneratedfromtwoormoredifferentsourcesitcanthenbeconcludedwhetherthexraywavesreachingapointareinphaseconstructiveinterferenceoroutofphasedestructiveinterferencetechnologiesthereareavarietyoftechniquesusedtofunnelxrayphotonstotheappropriatelocationonanxraydetectorgrazingincidencemirrorsinawoltertelescoperefnamepetrereforakirkpatrickbaezxraymicroscopexrayreflectionmicroscopezoneplatesbentcrystalsnormalincidencemirrorsmakinguseofmultilayercoatingsanormalincidencelensmuchlikeanopticallenssuchasacompoundrefractivelensmicrostructuredopticalarraysnamelycapillarypolycapillaryopticalsystemscodedapertureimagingormodulationcollimatorsxraywaveguidesmostxrayopticalelementswiththeexceptionofgrazingincidencemirrorsareverysmallandmustbedesignedforaparticularangleofincidenceopticsincidentangleandenergythuslimitingtheirapplicationsindivergentradiationalthoughthetechnologyhasadvancedrapidlyitspracticalusesarestilllimitedoneoftheapplicationsshowinggreaterpromiseisinenhancingboththecontrastvisioncontrastandimageresolutionresolutionofmammogrammammographicimagescomparedtoconventionalantiscattergridsmirrorsforxrayopticsthemirrorscanbemadeofglassceramicormetalfoilcoatedbyareflectivelayerthemostcommonlyusedreflectivematerialsforxraymirrorsaregoldandiridiumevenwiththesethecriticalreflectionangleisenergydependentforgoldatkevthecriticalreflectionangleisdegreestheutilizationofxraymirrorssimultaneouslyrequirestheabilitytodeterminethelocationofthearrivalofanxrayphotonintwodimensionsareasonabledetectionefficiencyhardxraymirrorsanxraymirroropticfornuclearspectroscopictelescopearraynustarspacetelescopeworkingupkevwasmadeusingmultilayeredcoatingscomputeraidedmanufacturingandothertechniquesthiswasthoughttobethelimitatthattimebutadiscoveryinmayallowfocusinggammaraytelescopesatphotonenergiesgreaterthankevtheindexofrefractionstartstoincreaseagainrefnamewoganphysicsworldcomcwsarticlenewsmaysiliconprismbendsgammaraystimwogansiliconprismbendsgammaraysmayphysicsworldcomrefseealsokirkpatrickbaezmirrorxraytelescopewoltertelescopeatypeofxraytelescopebuiltwithglancingincidencemirrorsxmmnewtonandchandraxrayobservatoryorbitingobservatoriesusingxrayopticsxrayspectroscopyxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyxraycrystallographyreferencesxrayspectroscopyxistheitutstandardapprovedbyinternationalorganizationforstandardizationisospecifyingproceduresfortheexchangeofcontrolinformationanduserdatabetweenapacketassemblerdisassemblerpadandaremotepacketmodedataterminalequipmentdteoranotherpaditdefinesthelevelorsessionlayerintheosimodelforxcommunicationsspecificallycallestablishmentandxparameternegotiationcharactermodedteswhichcommunicatewithapadinamannerspecifiedbythexstandardareoftenreferredtoasxcomputerterminalterminalsexternallinksituintrectrecxenxstandardatitusitexiphilinusmayrefertojohnviiiofconstantinoplecabyzantineintellectualandthethpatriarchofconstantinoplejohnxiphilinuslatethcenturyadabyzantinehistorianandthenephewofpatriarchjohnviiiofconstantinoplexisanolditutstandardpublishedinforconnectingtoanxcomputernetworkingnetworkbydialupitdefineshowthenetworkidentifiesthecomputerterminalterminalforbillingandsecuritypurposesfurtherreadingcitebooklastfriendfirstgeorgeeauthorjohnlfikeauthorhcharlesbakerauthorjohncbellamytitleunderstandingdatacommunicationseditionndyearpublisherhowardwsamscompanylocationindianapolisisbnrefharvcitebooklastpoochfirstudowauthorwilliamhgreeneauthorgarygmosstitletelecommunicationsandnetworkingpublisherlittlebrownandcompanylocationbostonyearisbnexternallinksituintrectrecxenitutrecommendationxthexisanitutstandardforsendingxtrafficoverstandardtelephonelinesamethodknowncommonlyasdialupitisalsoknownastheasynchronousprotocolspecificationapsseealsoitutalistofcurrentitutstandardsreferencesibmpersonalcomputerxtthetermxticanrefertothefollowingleathermanchargextiapremiummultitoolmadebyleathermanxtithexopentransportinterfacecanoneosdcanonrebelxtithethirdgenerationcanonrebeldslrxpcisadeprecatedcommunicationsprotocoldevelopedbymcdonnelldouglasforconnectingapersonalcomputertoitstymnetpacketswitchedpublicdatatelecommunicationsnetworkitisasubsetofxaccittstandardforpacketswitchednetworksitisafullduplexasynchronousasynchronousanderrorcorrectingnetworkprotocolthatsupportsuptosimultaneouschannelsitmaintainsautomaticerrorcorrectionduringanycommunicationssessionbetweentwoormorecomputersxpcwasoriginallydevelopedtoenableconnectionsuptobaudunlikemicrocomnetworkingprotocolmnpacompetingstandardproposedbymicrocomxpcwasplacedinthepublicdomainforroyaltyfreeusagemnpontheotherhandinitiallyrequiredalicensingfeemicrocombattledxpcforacceptanceinthemarketplaceandeventuallyreleasedmnpthroughintothepublicdomaintocompeterefnametriumphbooksgooglecombooksidhheaaaambajpgpamnpvsxpcwilleithertriumphnetworkworldjanuaryprefatthetimeseveralmodemmanufacturerssupportedmnpintheirproductsmicrocomandracalvadicbeingmajorexamplesseveralcompaniesannouncedsupportforxpcincludinghayesmicrocomputerproductshayesbutnoneofthecompaniesannouncingsupportoffereditintheirmodemsxpcquicklydisappearedandmicrocomwouldgoontoreleasemnpandintothepublicdomainaswellreferencesexternallinksmactechcomarticlesmactechvolprotocolstandardsinternetchessserverprotocolandaccesstheacronymxciscanrefertothefollowingxcisclientagraphicalxbasedlinuxclientforclusterinformationservicesupssavbaskparcomclusterxicsasacommonmisspellingforanxbasedclientofinternetchessserversxdbenterpriseserverisarelationaldatabasemanagementsystemdbmswhichwasavailablefordoswindowsntandosandwascompatiblewithibmdbibmsdbdatabasedosversionwasreleasedinasoneoftheearliestdosbasedsqldatabaseserversthesystemwasdevelopedbyxdbsystemsincwhichwasacquiredbymicrofocusmicrofocusinternationalgroupinitisstillshippedwithmicrofocuscobolsoftwareseealsocomparisonofrelationaldatabasemanagementsystemsreferencesxpixmapxdocswasaproposalannouncedbymicrosoftonoctoberforaformssoftwarebasedonxmlonlyannouncingvaguedetailsitwassupposedtohelpusersdesignmodifyandworkwithxmlbasedformswithlittleornocodingunlikethewcsxformsproposalmicrosoftwouldcontrolthestandarditselfwhichwasntwellreceivedbythemarketitwasalsoacompetitortoadobesystemssformsdesignerwhichusesxmlformsaswellinmicrosoftannouncedthatxdocswasgoingtobeknowncommerciallyasmicrosoftinfopathseealsomicrosoftinfopathxformsexternallinksworgmarkupformswcsxformswebsitethetermxdrivemayrefertobmwxdriveanallwheeldrivesystemthatpowersthebmwxxxandthexalsoavailableincertainseriesseriesseriesseriesseriesseriesandminimodelsxdrivewebsitexdrivewasaserviceofferedbyaolthatalloweduserstobackuptheirfilesovertheinternetautomatictaxoboxfossilrangeimageorthacanthusbwjpgimagecaptionorthacanthussenckenbergianustaxonxenacanthidaauthorityglikmansubdivisionranksfamiliesandgenerasubdivisionseetextxenacanthidaorxenacanthiformsisanorderofprehistoricsharksthatappearedduringthelowercarboniferousperiodtheorderincludesthefamiliesxenacanthidaediplodoselachidaeandorthacanthidaethemostnotablemembersofthegrouparethegeneraxenacanthusandorthacanthussomexenacanthusmayhavegrowntolengthsofthisgroupofsharksinhabitedfreshwaterenvironmentssomeformshadlargeserratedspinesextendingbackwardsfromtheneckxenacanthushadcharacteristicteeththebaseorrootofeachtoothhadapairofhooklikecuspsmostxenacanthusdiedoutattheendofthepermianinthepermiantriassicextinctioneventpermianmassextinctionwithonlyafewformssurvivingintothetriassicperiodtaxonomyfamilydiplodoselachidaesmalldicksmallgenusdiplodoselachesmalldicksmallgenusdicentrodussmalltraquairsmallgenushagenoselachesmallhampeheidktesmallfamilyorthacanthidaesmallheylerpoplinsmallgenusorthacanthussmallagassizsmallfamilyxenacanthidaesmallfritschsmallgenusplicatodussmallhampesmallgenustriodussmalljordansmallgenusxenacanthussmallbeyrichsmallincertaesedisgenusanodontacanthussmalldavissmallreferencesximageextensionorxiewasanextensiontothexwindowsystemtoenhanceitscomputergraphicsgraphicscapabilityitwasintendedtoprovideapowerfulmechanismforthetransferanddisplayofvirtuallyanyimageonanyxcapablehardwareitwasfirstreleasedwithxrinitisnolongerincludedinthexreferencedistributionhavingbeenremovedwithxrinxienevergainedsignificantusagemdashaccordingtojimgettysitfailedduetoexcessivecomplexityandlackofagoodimplementationwhilenotintendedforuseasageneralpurposeimageprocessingenginexiedidprovideasetofimagerenditionandenhancementprimitivesthatcouldbecombinedintoarbitrarilycomplexexpressionsxiealsoprovidedimportandexportfacilitiesformovingimagesbetweenclientandserverandforaccessingimagesasresourcestheclientsideprogramminglibraryxielibwasdocumentedintheprenticehallbookdevelopingimagingapplicationswithxielibbysydloganinadditiontotheserverandclientlibraryaperformanceandtesttoolxieperfwasincludedinxrthisclientwasalsowrittenbysydloganxiewasdevelopedundercontracttothexconsortiumbyasandiegocacompanynolongerextantcalledagelogicprincipalteammembersincludelarryharebobshelleydrdeanverheidendrbenfaheydrgaryrogersandsydloganforallpracticalpurposestheimageextensionisobsoleteadequateimageperformanceisinsteadgainedthroughuseoftheubiquitousmitshmextensionwhichallowstransferoflargeimagesbetweentheclientandserveronthesamemachinethecommonusecaseviasharedmemoryarchitecturesharedmemoryseealsotheopengroupposixxopenportabilityguidereferencesexternallinksciteseeristpsueduhtmlximageextensionoverviewpapersydlogancomxiehtmlpagesupportingthebookdevelopingimagingapplicationswithxielibxiexpcmayrefertothefollowingpecheneglanguageisocodexpcshuttleincshuttlexpcpopularlineofbarebonescomputersandcasesspecxpcthexperformancecharacterizationgroupworkingunderthespecgpcgroupxpcgenexerodermapigmentosumcomplementationgroupcahumangenexpctargetaproductfrommathworksxpcgolfclubsaproprietarybrandfromgolfsmithxmarkisastandardizedbenchmarkcomputingbenchmarkingtoolformeasuringtheperformanceofcomputersystemsrunningthexwindowsystemitwasdevelopedbythespecxpcgroupinxmarkallowssystemsevaluatorsandvendorstocomparetheperformanceofxserverhardwaresystemsforabroadsetofxbasicfunctionscoveringawiderangeofapplicationsthebenchmarkprovidesastandardizedmethodforsummarizingxperfresultsprovidingasinglenumbermeasureofoverallxserverhardwareperformancespecificationsxmarkisderivedbycalculatingtheratiobetweenthegeometricallyweightedmeanoftheindividualxperftestsfortheserverhardwarebeingevaluatedandthecorrespondingresultsfromasunmicrosystemssparcstationweightingsforeachofthexperftestswereobtainedbyasurveyofxtechnicalexpertstheweightingsreflecttheexpertsratingsoftherelativeimportanceofindividualxperfoperationswithinawidemixofapplicationsxmarkimagehealthflowexampleflowcharthepatitisaimmunizationjpgpxthumbprocessrepresentedinxpdlhealthcaredomainexamplehepatitisaimmunizationrefnamehfcitejournallasthuserfirstvlastrasmussenfirstlvlastobergfirstrlaststarrenfirstjbtitleimplementationofworkflowenginetechnologytodeliverbasicclinicaldecisionsupportfunctionalitydoijournalbmcmedicalresearchmethodologyvolumepagesyearpmidpmcrefthexmlprocessdefinitionlanguagexpdlisaformatstandardizedbytheworkflowmanagementcoalitionwfmctointerchangebusinessprocessdefinitionsbetweendifferentworkflowproductsiebetweendifferentmodelingtoolsandmanagementsuitesxpdldefinesanxmlschemaforspecifyingthedeclarativepartofworkflowbusinessprocessxpdlisdesignedtoexchangetheprocessdefinitionboththegraphicsandthesemanticsofaworkflowbusinessprocessxpdliscurrentlythebestfileformatforexchangeofbusinessprocessmodelingnotationbpmndiagramsithasbeendesignedspecificallytostoreallaspectsofabpmndiagramxpdlcontainselementstoholdgraphicalinformationsuchasthexandypositionofthenodesaswellasexecutableaspectswhichwouldbeusedtorunaprocessthisdistinguishesxpdlfrombusinessprocessexecutionlanguagebpelwhichfocusesexclusivelyontheexecutableaspectsoftheprocessbpeldoesnotcontainelementstorepresentthegraphicalaspectsofaprocessdiagramitispossibletosaythatxpdlisthexmlserializationofbpmnhistorytheworkflowmanagementcoalitionfoundedinaugustbeganbydefiningtheworkflowreferencemodelultimatelypublishedinthatoutlinedthefivekeyinterfacesthataworkflowmanagementsystemmusthaveinterfacewasfordefiningthebusinessprocesswhichincludestwoaspectsaprocessdefinitionexpressionlanguageandaprogrammaticinterfacetotransfertheprocessdefinitiontofromtheworkflowmanagementsystemthefirstrevisionofaprocessdefinitionexpressionlanguagewascalledworkflowprocessdefinitionlanguagewpdlwhichwaspublishedinthisprocessmetamodelcontainedallthekeyconceptsrequiredtosupportworkflowautomationexpressedusingurlencodinginteroperabilitydemonstrationswereheldtoconfirmtheusefulnessofthislanguageasawaytocommunicateprocessmodelsbythefirststandardsbasedonxmlbegantoappeartheworkflowmanagementcoalitionworkinggroupproducedanupdatedprocessdefinitionexpressionlanguagecalledxmlprocessdefinitionlanguagexpdlnowknownasxpdlthissecondrevisionwasanxmlbasedinterchangelanguagethatcontainedmanyofthesameconceptsaswpdlwithsomeimprovementsxpdlwasratifiedbythewfmcinandwassubsequentlyimplementedbymorethantwodozenworkflowbpmproductstoexchangeprocessdefinitionstherewasalargenumberofresearchprojectsandacademicstudiesonworkflowcapabilitiesaroundxpdlwhichwasessentiallytheonlystandardlanguageatthetimeforinterchangeofprocessdesignthewfmccontinuedtoupdateandimprovetheprocessdefinitioninterchangelanguageinthewfmcendorsedbpmnagraphicalformalismtostandardizethewaythatprocessdefinitionswerevisualizedxpdlwasextendedspecificallywiththegoalofrepresentinginxmlalltheconceptspresentinabpmndiagramthisthirdrevisionofaprocessdefinitionexpressionlanguageisknownaswfmcorgdocstcbpmnxpdlxsdxpdlandwasratifiedbythewfmcinoctoberinaprilthewfmcratifiedxpdlasthefourthrevisionofthisspecificationxpdlincludesextensiontohandlenewbpmnconstructsaswellasclarificationofconformancecriteriaforimplementationsinspringthewfmccompletedxpdlorgxpdlasthefifthrevisionofthisspecificationxpdlbuildsonversionbyintroducingsupportfortheprocessmodelingextensionsaddedtobpmnorgbpmnimagehealthflowexamplejpgpxthumbrightxpdlflowchartexamplemedicalprocesstoolsusingxpdlnotationbizagibpmsuitebonitabpmheflocomheflothepowerofbpmtechnologymyinveniotogetheratprodworkflowtwetogetherworkfloweditorreferenceswilmpvanderaalstbusinessprocessmanagementdemystifiedatutorialonmodelssystemsandstandardsforworkflowmanagementspringerlecturenotesincomputersciencevolwilmpvanderaalstpatternsandxpdlacriticalevaluationofthexmlprocessdefinitionlanguageeindhovenuniversityoftechnologyworkflowpatternscomdocumentationdocumentscexpdlpdfpdfjiangpingqmairjnewmanusingumltodesigndistributedcollaborativeworkflowsfromumltoxpdltwelfthieeeinternationalworkshopsonenablingtechnologiesinfrastructureforcollaborativeenterprisesweticeproceedingswmpvanderaalstdontgowiththeflowwebservicescompositionstandardsexposedieeeintelligentsystemsjanfebjrgenjungmappingbusinessprocessmodelstoworkflowschemataanexampleusingmemoorgmlandxpdluniversittkoblenzlandauaprilwiinfuniduisburgessendefgfrankdocumentsarbeitsberichtekoblenznrpdfpdfvolkergruhnralflauewebarchiveorgwebebusinformatikunileipzigdepaperspaperuploadsusingtimedmodelcheckingforverifyingworkflowsvolkergruhnralflauepdfusingtimedmodelcheckingforverifyingworkflowsjoscordeiroandjoaquimfilipeedsproceedingsofthendworkshoponinformatikunitrierdeleydbconfcsaccsachtmlcomputersupportedactivitycoordinationmiamiusainsticcpressnicolasguelfiamelmammaraformalframeworktogeneratexpdlspecificationsfromumlactivitydiagramsproceedingsoftheacmsymposiumonappliedcomputingpeterhrastnikexecutionofbusinessprocessesbasedonwebservicesinternationaljournalofelectronicbusinessvolumenumberpetrmatousekanasmspecicationofthexpdllanguagesemanticssymposiumontheeffectivenessoflogicincomputersciencemarchmpisbmpgdeconferenceselicsreportmatousekpspsfpuenteariverojdsandovalphernndezandcjmolinaimprovedworkflowmanagementsystembasedonxpdleditorsmboumedinesrankaproceedingsoftheiastedconferenceonknowledgesharingandcollaborativeengineeringstthomasusvirginislandsnovemberdecemberpetrmatousekverificationmethodproposalforbusinessprocessesandworkflowsspecifiedusingthexpdlstandardlanguagephdthesisjanthomashornungagneskoschmiderjanmendlingintegrationofheterogeneousbpmschemasthecaseofxpdlandbpeltechnicalreportjmviennauniversityofeconomicsandbusinessadministrationaifbunikarlsruhedeforschungsgruppenbikwicaiseforumpdfpdfweigebaoyansongderongshengeyueswdlanxmlbasedworkflowdefinitionlanguageforcomplicatedapplicationsinwebenvironmentswebtechnologiesandapplicationsthasiapacificwebconferenceapwebxianchinaaprilproceedingsryanklkostephensgleeengwahleebusinessprocessmanagementbpmstandardsasurveyinbusinessprocessmanagementjournalemeraldgrouppublishinglimitedvolumeissueryankofileswordpresscombpmjournalkoleeleebpmssurveypdfpdfhuservrasmussenlvobergrstarrenjbimplementationofworkflowenginetechnologytodeliverbasicclinicaldecisionsupportfunctionalityusingxpdlastheprocessrepresentationlanguagebmcmedicalresearchmethodologyhuservnarussprocharaevaluationofaflowchartbasedehrquerysystemacasestudyofretroguidejournalofbiomedicalinformaticsreferencesseealsobusinessprocessmanagementbpmnworkflowmanagementcoalitionexternallinksxpdlorgxpdlwebsitededicatedtothewfmcsxpdlspecificationworkflowpatternscomdocumentationxpdlworkflowpatternsworkflowpatternscomdocumentationdocumentscexpdlpdfpdfebpmlorgxpdlhtmcriticalcommentsonxpdlwebarchiveorgwebworkflownporgukprojectdefaultintroductionaspenterpriseworkflownationalprojectsupportedbytheofficeofthedeputyprimeministerendorseswfmcstandardsforuseinallworkflowprojectsinuksourceforgenetprojectsjaweopensourcejavaxpdleditorwindowsxpmediacentereditionxpediterisafamilyofmainframecomputermainframetestingprogramsbycompuwaretheyprovidetheprogrammerwithanassortmentofdebuggingtoolsforavarietyofmainframeapplicationsincludingibmcicstimesharingoptiontsoandinformationmanagementsystemimsxpediterproductsxpediterfordbhelpsdevelopersquicklyascertainhowthecodeworksandhowtofixitwhenitdoesntfordbstoredproceduresxpeditercicsenhancescicsapplicationqualitywithpowerfultestinganddebuggingcapabilitiesxpeditercodecoveragevalidatestestingthoroughnessandprovidesapplicationanalysisxpediterimsofferscompletecontrolofapplicationcodeexecutioninanimsdcenvironmentitcanalsoworkinbatchenvironmentforimsnormaljclsaswellasonlinebothcanworkhavingavalidtransactionxpeditertsoofferscompletecontrolofapplicationcodeexecutioninthebatchtestingenvironmentxpediterxchangeprovidesfullsupportformultipledateaccessmethodswithoutrequiringanychangestotheprogrammodulesorjclexternallinkscompuwarecomenusmainframesolutionsproductsxpeditermainframedebuggingtoolshtmlcompuwarexpeditershomepagemayrefertonumberthelastyearofthethmillenniumbusinessisoafamilyofstandardsforqualitymanagementsystemstlaqualitymanagementsystementertainmentbfgafictionalweaponhalafictionalcomputertechnologyibmesfamilyacomputersystemhpacomputersystemvaxacomputersystemnokiacommunicatorasmartphoneintroducedinatiradeonacomputergraphicscardseriestransportseriesdisambiguationjapanesekoreanlatinamericaandspanishtraintypessaabsaabsexecutivecarproducedotherhalanasteroidberettaahandgunmayrefertonumberthelastyearofthethmillenniumacommonyearstartingonsaturdaytafictionalcharacterplaybyarnoldschwarzeneggereightthousanderamountainovermetershighinsertlongcommentsothatspecialshortpageswouldnotpickituplongcommentlongcommentlongcommentlongcommentlongcommentlongcommentlongcommentlongcommentlongcommentlongcommentordersofmagnitudenumbersordersofmagnitudenumbersexazettayottalistofharveybirdmanattorneyatlawepisodesseasonxjkennedybornjosephcharleskennedyonaugustindovernewjerseyisanamericanpoettranslatoranthologisteditingeditorandauthorofchildrensliteratureandtextbooksonenglishliteratureandpoetryhewaslongknownasjoekennedybutwishingtodistinguishhimselffromjosephpkennedyheaddedanxashisfirstinitialearlylifeandacademiccareerinhisyouthunderthenamejoekennedyhewasanactivememberofsciencefictionfandomandpublishedwellregardedsciencefictionfanzinesfanzinesincludingvampireaquarterlyandthevampireannualshewasamemberofseveralamateurpressassociationsandcofoundedthestillextantspectatoramateurpressassociationsapsduringthisperiodhebeganwritingsciencefictionforpulpmagazineskennedyattendedsetonhallbscandcolumbiauniversitymaafterservingforfouryearsasanenlistedjournalistwiththeunitedstatesnavyusnavysunitedstatesfleetforcescommandatlanticfleethestudiedatthesorbonnefromtokennedythenspentthenextsixyearspursuingagraduatedegreeinenglishattheuniversityofmichiganbutdidnotcompletehisphdtherehemethisfuturewifedorothymintzlaffwhowasafellowgraduatestudentkennedytaughtenglishattheuniversityofmichigantheuniversityofnorthcarolinaatgreensborotuftsuniversitywithvisitingprofessorshipsatwellesleycollegewellesleyuniversityofcaliforniairvineucirvineanduniversityofleedsleedswritingcareerintheearlyskennedyandhiswifedorothycoeditedtheinfluentialjournalcountermeasuresaprecursorinthenewformalismnewformalistmovementtothereaperandtheformalisthealsoservedaspoetryeditoroftheparisreviewkennedyspoetryhasbeenpublishedinthenewyorkerpoetrymagazinepoetryandthehudsonreviewhebecameafreelancewriterinkennedyismostrecognizedforhislightverseandwasthefirstrecipientoftheamericanacademyofartsandlettersmichaelbraudeawardforlightversehisfirstbooknudedescendingastaircasewonthelamontpoetryprizeoftheacademyofamericanpoetsandhisdozensofbookshavewonawardsincludingguggenheimfellowshipguggenheimandnationalcouncilforthetraditionalartsnationalartscouncilfellowshipsagrantfromthenationalendowmentfortheartsthebesshokinprizefrompoetrymagazinepoetrymagazineandalosangelestimesbookawardforpoetryinforcrosstiesselectedpoemstheshelleymemorialawardthegoldenroseofthenewenglandpoetryclubhonorarydegreesfromlawrenceandadelphiuniversitiesandwestfieldstatecollegekennedyreceivedthenationalcouncilofteachersofenglishyearawardforexcellenceinchildrenspoetryhereceivedthepoetsprizeforhisworkthelordsofmisrulepoemskennedyaccept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tionagendaminiseriesthatispartoftheeventtenyearssincethesummersbrotherstookoutcameronhodgeandendhisfascistregimeingenoshahavokandwolfsbanehavetoiledandlaboredtorebuildtheislandintotheproudmutanthomelanditoncewasbutadecaderemovedfromhodgeandhisironruletheirworkmayallbefornaughtaplaguehasspreadacrossthenationinfectingmutantsandthreateningthedomainknownasxtopiafacedwithanextinctionproblemrachelsummersbaronessrachelgreyhadnoothersolutionthantoquarantinetheislandfromtherestofthedomainleavinghavokinchargewiththecountryquarantinedandseeminglyabandonedbytheirgodandtherestoftheirfellowsxmenhavokandwolfsbanewillstopatnothingtosavethosewhoarecurrentlytrappedongenoshawhilewalkingaroundxcityrachelgreyisdiscussingwithbeastabouttheexperimentheiscurrentlydevelopingmorepreciselywherebeasthadtimetransplantedsomexmeninthiscasebansheecomicsbansheethunderbirdcomicsthunderbirdandwolverinejusttoprovetheconceptthatitspossibletobringthedeadbacktolivebytakingthemfromthetimebeforetheydiedjustthentheyareattackedbyhavokcomicshavokandhispressganginanattempttocapturethemutanthealertriagethelastrayofhopeforthemutantsofgenoshathebattleisfastandfiercepittingmutantagainstmutantandshowingthathavokistakingnochancesinreachinghisendgoalwhentriageisfoundhavokpullstheteambacktogenoshatakingformerfriendsasprisonersalongthewaytestsaresetuptoensurethattriagespowerswillworkagainstthevirusseeingthisasanactoftreacheryrachelgreypreparedtowagewarongenoshabaronessgreygatheredasmallgroupofmutantstoinvadegenoshainordertosavethekidnappedxmenandpunishhavokandhisalliesfortheirattackunbeknownsttothemdraldusklugeknownasthegenegineerdidntwanttriagespowertostopthevirusbuttoresurrectcameronhodgesohecouldcontinuehismissiontoeradicatemutantkinduponhodgesresurrectionklugerevealedtohimthathewastheoneresponsibleforcreatingandspreadingtheextinctionvirusandthathisultimategoalwastoresurrecthodgeandmergehimwithanadamantiumexoskeletonandthetechnoorganicvirustransmodeviruswhichheacquiredfromtheremainsofwarlocksohecouldpurgegenoshafromitsmutantpopulationastriageandroguewerecuringthemutantpopulationofgenoshafromthevirusbaronessrachelgreylaunchedanattackontheislandnationduringthebattlewolfsbanewaslaunchedintheairbystormandbulletproofwasforcedtofleefromhisbattleagainstthunderbirdtosaveherendingupcrashingintoklugeslabanddiscoveringwhathehaddoneandwhathewasuptoafterwardsbulletproofwasattackedbyinkcomicsinkandaccidentallymergedwithpartofthetransmodevirusthenproceedingtokillklugeforhisbetrayalwithklugedeadthexmenhadanewproblemathandafullyresurrectedcameronhodgemergedwithwhatremainedofthetransmodeviruswiththethreatofhodgegrowingashelearnedhowtousehisnewfoundpowersboththexmenofgenoshaandxcitycalledatruceandalliedthemselvestofighthimhoweverhodgewastoopowerfultobedefeatedbytheircombinedeffortwolfsbanethendevisedaplantostophimandusedmystiqueasadistractiontobuyherenoughtimetogettotheirairplanealongwithhavokandbombshellwiththeirpowerscombinedhavokandbombshellexplodedgenoshaaswolfsbanecrashlandedintohodgeleavingnotraceofthembehindhavingsurvivedtheexplosionalongwiththexmenofgenoshaandxcitywhichsheprotectedusingherpowersbaronessgreyvowedtorebuildgenoshainhonortothemutantswhodieddefendingitandtouniteitwithxcityasitwasmeanttobefromthebeginningmeanwhilewhatlittleremainedofwarlockrosefromtheislandsruinsandbroughtwarlockbacktolifepublicationuncannyxmennovembernewmutantsnovemberxfactornovemberuncannyxmendecembernewmutantsdecemberxfactordecemberuncannyxmenjanuarynewmutantsjanuaryxfactorjanuarycollectededitionsthestorylinehasbeencollectedintoatradepaperbackcomicstradepaperbackxmenxtinctionagendapagesseptembercollectsuncannyxmennewmutantsxfactorithasalsobeencollectedintoahardcoverxmenxtinctionagendapagesaugustcollectsuncannyxmennewmutantsxfactorreferenceslowercaseminusculeisaletterofthelatinalphabetformedfromywiththeadditionofahookdiacritichookitisusedinsomeafricanlanguagessuchasfulalanguagefulaandhausalanguagehausatorepresentapalatalizationphoneticspalatalizedglottalstoptheplacementofthehookonthecapitaltheoriginalunicodechartsshowedthehookontheleftwhilemostuseinafricahaditontherightasreflectedintheafricanreferencealphabettheunicodeusageapparentlyfollowedthatshowninisobutitisnotclearwherethelattergotittheformusedinthecodechartswaschangedrecentlytoshowthehookontherightsiderefciteweburlunicodeorgversionsunicodeerratafixedhtmltitleerratafixedinunicodedateaccessdaterefrefciteweburlunicodeorgconsortiumutcminutesutchtmltitleapprovedminutesoftheutcljointmeetingdateaccessdaterefalternativerepresentationsanalternativerepresentationofthesoundisythisisusedintheorthographiesofhausalanguagehausaandfulalanguagefulainnigeriawhileisusedinnigerforhausaandinmostofwestafricaforfulaseealsopannigerianalphabetintheorthographyforlanguagesofguineapreyhwasusedinsteadofseealsootherhookedlettersalphabetswiththisletterafricanreferencealphabetalphabetsforthefollowingspecificlanguagesfulalanguagefulaseealsofulaorthographieshausalanguagehausaonlyinnigernotinnigerianotesreferencesbisharatnetdocumentsniameyannexhtmafricanreferencealpha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idaseenzymewhichcleavestheglycosidicbondindlactosexgalwhencleavedbygalactosidaseyieldsgalactoseandbromochlorohydroxyindolethelatterthenspontaneouslydimerizesandisoxidizedintodibromodichloroindigodyeindigoanintenselyblueproductwhichisinsolublexgalitselfiscolorlesssothepresenceofbluecoloredproductmaythereforebeusedasatestforthepresenceofactivegalactosidasethiseasyidentificationofanactiveenzymeallowsthegeneforgalactosidasethelaczgenetobeusedasareportergeneinvariousapplicationsreactionimagexgalreactionpngpxcloninginclonegeneticsgenecloningxgalisusedasavisualindicationofwhetheracellexpressesafunctionalbetagalactosidasegalactosidaseenzymeinatechniquecalledbluewhitescreenbluewhitescreeningthismethodofscreeningisaconvenientwayofdistinguishingasuccessfulcloningproductfromotherunsuccessfulonesthebluewhitescreeningmethodreliesontheprincipleofcomplementationofthegalactosidasegenewhereafragmentofthelaczgenelaczintheplasmidcancomplementanothermutantlaczgenelaczminthecellbothgenesbythemselvesproducenonfunctionalpeptideshoweverwhenexpressedtogetheraswhenaplasmidcontaininglaczistransformedintoalaczmcellstheyformafunctionalgalactosidasethepresenceofanactivegalactosidasemaybedetectedwhencellsaregrowninplatescontainingxgalthebluecoloredproductprecipitatedwithincellsresultedinthecharacteristicbluecolonieshoweverthemultiplecloningsitewhereageneofinterestmaybeligatedintotheplasmidvectorislocatedwithinthelaczgenesuccessfulligationthereforedisruptsthelaczgenecomplementationisthereforealsodisruptedandnofunctionalgalactosidasecanformresultinginwhitecoloniescellscontainingsuccessfullyligatedinsertcanthenbeeasilyidentifiedbyitswhitecolorationfromtheunsuccessfulblueonesexampleofcloningvectorsusedforthistestarepucpbluescriptpgemtvectorsanditalsorequirestheuseofspecificecolihoststrainssuchasdhwhichcarriesthemutantlaczmgenevariantsxgalhasanumberofvariantswhicharesimilarmoleculeswithslightdifferencesservingmainlytoproducecolorsotherthanblueasasignalclasswikitableshortnamelongnamecolorbluegalbluogalbromoindolyldgalactopyranosidedarkbluerosegalsalmongalygalredgalchloroindolyldgalactopyranosidepinkpurpledgaliodoindolyldgalactopyranosidepurplemagentaglucosidemagentaglcmagentagalbromochloroindolyldglucopyranosidemagentagreendgalnmethylindolyldgalactopyranosidegreenmugmugamethylumbelliferyldgalactopyranosidefluorescentsubexsubsubemsubproteinproteininteractionsintwohybridanalysisgalactosidasemaybeusedasareportertoidentifyproteinsthatinteractwitheachotherinthismethodgenomelibrariesmaybescreenedforproteininteractionusingyeastorbacterialsystemwherethereisasuccessfulinteractionbetweenproteinsbeingscreeneditwillresulttothebindingofanactivationdomaintoapromoterifthepromoterislinkedtoalaczgenetheproductionofgalactosidasewhichresultsintheformationofbluepigmentedcoloniesinthepresenceofxgalwillthereforeindicateasuccessfulinteractionbetweenproteinsrefnamejoungcitejournalvauthorsjoungjrammepaboctitleabacterialtwohybridselectionsystemforstudyingproteindnaandproteinproteininteractionsjournalprocnatlacadsciusavolumeissuepagesndashyearpmidurlpnasorgcgicontentfulldoipnaspmcrefthistechniquemaybelimitedtoscreeninglibrariesofsizeoflessthanaroundsupsupthesuccessfulcleavageofxgalalsocreatesanoticeablyfoulodorduetothevolatilizationofindoleseealsoxglucreferencesaztecaunoinfoboxtoynamexlimageothernamesxlrobotxlrobotxltypeeducationaltoyrobotinventormichaeljfreemancountryunitedstatescompanyplainlistmegocorporationsmallsmalltigerelectronicssmallsmallfromtomaterialssloganwebsitewwwxlrobotcommultipleissuesxlxlrobotxlrobotxltoyisaneducationaltoyrobotthatwasmarketedfrombythemegotoycorporationthetoywasthenreintroducedbytigerelectronicsinthesxlwasthefirstsmarttoyinthatitexhibitedrudimentaryintelligencememorygameplayandresponsivenessitwonmanyprestigiousawardsthislittlecomputerizedfellowisaentertainingeducationaltoyhesatriviaexpertheasksthequestionthekidpunchesintheanswerandthenxlrespondsitwasinfusedwithapersonalitythatkeptkidsconcentratingandchallengedastheyplayedandinteractedwiththerobotthismadelearningfunthroughuseofjokesfunnysayingsandverbalreinforcementsduringitstimeinthemarketplaceandeventothisdayxlisheraldedasaveryimportantstepinthedevelopmentoftoysandinparticulareducationaltoystwodecadesafterxlwasdiscontinuedformanufactureitisstillrememberedbymillionsoffansxlwasconsideredoneofthetoptoyseverdevelopedbyplaythingsmagazinebecauseitcouldeducatehistoryanddevelopmentxlwasconsideredthefirstsmarttoyandexhibitedrudimentaryintelligencememorygameplayandresponsivenessdubbedthetoywithapersonalityxlcouldrespondverballytotheuserdependinguponwhichinputoranswerbuttonswerechosenxlduringitsrunwasoneofthemostpopulartoysintermsofmarketrevenueandwasdubbedthetalkingrobotwithamindofitsownthetoywasvoicedbyitsinventormichaeljfreemanmichaelfreemanitwasagreatwaytomakelearningcoolandfunxlwasfirstintroducedinbythemegotoycompanyausbasedcorporationitwasbroughtbackinbytigerelectronicsadivisionofthemattelcorporationmegocorporationapubliclytradedusbasedtoycompanybasedinnewyorkcitymegocorporationthatwasotherwiseknownforitsproductionofdollsandclassicactionfiguresintheswasseenasaninnovatorcombiningtoysandeducationthetoysnameliterallymeanttoexcelthetoywasvoicecapablewasabletotellstoriesandsingusingitsspecialtracktapesthetoystapesaskedmultiplechoicequestionsmcqsbasedtypeoftapechosenaccordingtoitssubjectthiswasoperatedbypushingayesnobuttonthatchangedthetrackingofthetapeitwascrudebutreportedlyinnovativeuseofthetechnologythatwaspresentinthaterainxlwasreintroducedbytigerelectronicsatoycompanybasedinvernonhillsillinoisthetoywaschangedintoamoremoderndesignandnewprogrammedtoycartridgeswerealsointroducedthevoiceforthisversionwasdonebyfreemanaswellandallprogramsweretranslatedintomanydifferentlanguagesscholasticmagazinethetoybusinessauthoritysinceinitscoverstoryofseptemberconsideredthexlrobotasoneofthemostimportanttoyseverdevelopedandincludeditinaclassoftoyswithimpactalongwiththeteddybearbarbiedollraggedyannmickeymouseamongothersrefnameyearsoftoysplaythingsmagazineplaythingsmagazineseptembervolumecoverpagestoryprogressivebusinessmediaretrievedoctoberreftherobotwasapopulareducationaltoywhosesuccessanticipatedthedominantinfluenceoftechnologyineducationtodaydubbedthetoywithapersonalityxlcouldrespondverballytotheuserdependinguponwhichinputoranswerbuttonswerechosenpartofthereasonforthisistheconnectionthetoymadebetweeneducationandfunxlwasagloriousdisplayofplasticroboticsrefnamesiliconbeachclearlycomsiliconbeachclearlycomretrocoolgeartigerxlinteractivetalkingrobotrefinadditiontoitsgeneralpopularityxlwasunprecedentedintermsofmarketrevenuethexlwashotindemandandeveryonewantedoneitwasagreatwaytomakelearningcoolandfunxlwasintroducedinrefnametoledorefthetoywasinventedandlicensedformanufacturebymichaeljfreemaninventorphdandwaspatentedrefnameuspatentreffreemanusedasynthesizertomakethevoiceahighpitchedrobotlikesoundyethisvoiceandthepersonalityhecreatedforthetoycamethroughthisprocessxlwasinteractiveplayingvarioustracksfromamagneticaudiotapedependingontheusersactionsitalsohadcomplexapplicationswherethevarioustrackswerenotonlyselectedtocreateinteractivitybuttheuseofstaggeringthetracksandpsdomemorywerealsoutilizedxlspersonalitywasverypopularandkidslovedthebackandforthbanterforexampleifachildgotananswerwrongxlmightuttersomethinglikeperhapsyourbrainwentonstrikeyouarewrongornicetrybutwhisperingyouarewrongbutgoaheadiwillbeanicelittletoyrobotandgiveyouasecondchancenoweventhoughyouneededtwochancesyoufinallygottheanswerrightelephantisthecorrectanswerbutdonotgettooexcitedyouhavenowearnedyourselfamoredifficultquestionholdontoyourhathereitcomesifthechildwasrightxlmightsayalthoughihavethelooksyouhavethebrainsyoumustbeageniusgoodworkoritisamazingthatbigbrainofyoursfitsintotheheadofachildniceanswerfootballiscorrectversionsmegocorporationversiontheoriginalversioncreatedbymegocorporationwasmadeofbrownplasticwithwhiteplasticfoundontheanteriorfaceoftherobotithadtworedlightbulbsfortheeyesthesebulbsalsoflashedatmomentswhiletrackcartridgetapeprogramsplayedithadfourredbuttonsonitsstomachwithdesignatedoptionsforanswerstoquestionsaskedbythetoysuchasquestionaoryesortruebormoreinfoandcornoorfalseaknobisalsofoundonthelowerrightportionofthetoywhichcontrolleditsvolumeandpoweratthebottomwasalargeslotforthetrackcartridgetapesthisparticularversionwasessentiallyaregulartrackplayerbutbyutilizinguniquecleverandpatentedmathematicaldecisiontreeprogrammingmethodsoverinteractivemodesofoperationwereachieveditseemedtomostpeoplelikeacomputerwhichhadenoughinformationandinteractivequestionstoentertainandeducateachildoradultuptotwohourssubjectsincludedsportsquizguinnessbookofworldrecordsthemetricsystemgeneralinformationandjokesthemoldandlookgotaminorchangeintheeyelightsbecameredandrespondedtothevoicetheflashinglightsalsobecamebrighterandthespeakerinthebackoftheunitwaschangedfromahexagonshapetoamoretraditionalroundtheplasticwasglossierlookingtigerelectronicsversiontigerelectronicsreintroducedxlininsteadofusingtrackcartridgetapesthisversionusedcassettetapesthatweretwicethelengthofthetapesinthepreviousversionandhadabettersoundqualityinadditiontoeyesthatwouldlightupthetoynowsportedacircleforamouththatcouldlightupasthemachinetalkedthetoycouldnowrunonbatteriesandhadaheadphonejackinsteadofthebuttonssimplyswitchingtracksonthetracktapeasintheoldversionthecassetteversiontookadvantageofthefactthatacassettehasatotaloffourtracksonefortheleftandrightchanneloneachsidethetapeheadintheplayercouldplayanyofthefourparalleltracksbasedonwhichbuttonwaspressedplayingaxltapeinastandardtapeplayerwouldresultindifferentaudioontheleftandrightchannelsandifthereversesidewasplayedonewouldheartheothertwotracksplayedinreverseusingallfourtrackssimultaneouslywasuniquetoxlandprovidedthebasisfortheinteractivegiveandtakeaswiththepreviousversionthisversioncouldplayanystandardtapeofsimilartapebuttheuserneededtofirstpushthequestionbuttonortheanobuttonwouldworkaswellplayingthecorrectchannelpressingthreeorfourbuttonswouldplayoneofthechannelsonthereversesideofthetapebackwardsnewlyreleasedtapeswerebrandedwithcomicbookandcartooncharact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therlocomotivesforthisrailwayincludedsevenmoreclassmslocomotivesintheaustralianportlandcementcompanytookdeliveryoftwogaugelocomotivesinandastheirnoandnoenginesforthequarrylineatfyansfordvictoriatheseenginesreplacedtwovulcanironworkssaddletanksonthemainlinehauluntiltheywerelaterdisplacedbyaustralianstandardgarrattnogfyansfordsnobythenacombinationofnoscentreunitandnosengineunitswasinserviceuntilwhenthequarrylinewasreplacedbyaconveyorbeltfyansfordnowastobeevaluatedinforreturntoserviceonthebellarinerailwayafterhavingbeenmovedtherefromthemenziescreekmuseumofthepuffingbillyrailwayinsouthafricanarrowgaugebetweenandthesouthafricanrailwayssarplacedfivesouthafricanclassnggclassgarrattlocomotiveswiththiswheelarrangementinserviceontheavontuurrailwayavontuurnarrowgaugelinethroughthelangkloofandalsoinnataltheywerethefirstgarrattlocomotivestoenterserviceinsouthafricathethreelocomotivesnumberedtowereerectedatuitenhageandputontrialsontheavontuurlineinmaythesefirstthreelocomotiveswerenotsuperheatedtheyhadoutsideplateframeswalschaertsvalvegearbelpairefireboxesandusedsaturatedsteamandslidevalvesrefnamesandstonesandstoneestatescomheritagerailnewsrnrnhtmsandstonesteamrailroadbotgeneratedtitlerefhavingbeenprovensuccessfulduringtrialsanothertwolocomotiveswereorderedfrombpnumbersandweredeliveredinandplacedinserviceinnatalsincethesetwoweresuperheatedtheyhadlongersmokeboxesandwerelongerinoveralllengthwhiletheincorporationofpistonvalvesrequiredalterationofthevalvegearthecabsofthesecondorderlocomotiveswerealsoimprovedtoofferbetterprotectiontothecrewcapegaugeinfebruarythesarplacedasingleexperimentalsouthafricanclassgaclassgagarrattlocomotiveinserviceitwasorderedfrombpintogetherwiththeorderforthenarrowgaugeclassngggarrattsbutwartimehostilitiesalsodelayeditsdeliveryuntilitwasthefirstcapegaugegarratttoenterserviceinsouthafricarefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnamehollandrefthelocomotivewassuperheatedwithabelpairefireboxaplateframeandwalschaertsvalvegearitwaserectedinthedurbanshopsandplacedintrialserviceonthenatalmainlineduringthetrialsitwasfoundthattheabsenceoftrailingcarryingwheelsontheengineunitswasadisadvantagesinceitledtoexcessiveflangewearonthedrivingwheelsasaresultthelocomotiveremainedtheonlyrepresentativeofitsclassandallsubsequentgarrattmodelsofthesarwereequippedwithtrailingbisseltrucksontheirengineunitsthelocomotivewaswithdrawnfromserviceinbecauseofacrackedframeandscrappedrefnamesamejrefunitedkingdomonestcenturyexampleofthiswheelarrangementhasbeenbuiltforthewellsandwalsinghamlightrailwayagaugeheritagerailwayinnorfolkenglandanearliergarrattnothenorfolkherowasbuiltbyneilsimkinsininthefleetwasaugmentedbyanewgarrattnothenorfolkheroinereferencesonsensentradicalasahiasahicharactersatejinanoriindextypographyredirectshellsushisushiredirectcategoryshellsushiredirectcategoryshellindextypographyredirectshellindextypographyredirectshellsushimakizushiredirectcategoryshellindextypographyredirectshellindextypographyredirectshellindextypographyredirectshellshenmuexuiyinghongredirectcategoryshellsolarsymboldarumadolllightningredirectshellsarfrazinfoboxvideogametitlexmeniithefallofthemutantsimagexmeniifallofthemutantscomputergameboxartjpgcaptiondoscoverartdeveloperparagonsoftwarepublisherparagonsoftwaredesignerreleasedrefnamegamefaqsgamefaqscompcxmenfallofthemutantsdataxmenthefallofthemutantsatgamefaqsrefgenreactionadventuregameactionadventuremodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayermultiplayervideogamemultiplayerplatformspcxmeniifallofthemutantsisanactionadventuregameforthepcdevelopedandreleasedbyparagonsoftwareinitfollowsthebasicstoryofthexmenfictionalcrossovercrossoverstorylinefallofthemutantsthegameisthesequeltoparagonsreleasexmenmadnessinmurderworldplotthexmenhavecomelookingfortheiralliesstormmarvelcomicsstormandforgecomicsforgeonlytorunintofreedomforcecomicsfreedomforcewhovebeensenttocapturethemsoonbothteamsfindthemselvescaughtinabizarretimewarpcausedbythepowerfulbeingknownastheadversarycomicsadversarywhohasimprisonedstormandforgeuatuthewatcherappearsatthebeginningandintroducesthegameasaparalleluniversesversionofthestoryfromtherealmarveltimelineintheveinofmarvelswhatifcomicswhatifseriesinthiscasewhatifadifferentteamofheroesfoughttheadversarygameplaythegameusesanoverheadviewduringnormalplayascharactersmovearoundthemapastheylookforenemieshealthcratesandtrapswhenthexmenencounteranenemythegameswitchestoasideviewcloseupduringthebattlescenesineachleveltheobjectistosearchforapairoffreedomforcemembersanddefeattheminbattlebutonlythedefeatofonevillainwillsendtheplayersteamtothenextlevelaftercompletingenoughlevelstheheroesarethrustintobattlewiththeadversaryhimselfcharacterstheplayerchooseateamoffivefromtheheroesbelowarchangelcomicsarchangelbeastcomicsbeastcolossuscomicscolossuscyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsdazzlercomicsdazzlerhavokcomicshavokicemancomicsicemanjeangreymarvelgirlnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerlongshotmarvelcomicslongshotrachelsummersphoenixpsylockeshadowcatroguecomicsroguewolverinecharacterwolverinereferencesexternallinksxmeniithefallofthemutantsorbitalnod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enintendodsandplaystationportableallofwhichhavesoldfarmorethanthexboxandallofthemarejapaneseoriginatedconsolesindicatinganationalismnationalisticpreferencetogameconsolesothershaveattributedthisslowstarttotitlessuchasdeadoraliveandenchantarmmissingthelaunchdatewhileotherspointtothemarketingstrategythatfocusedonsellingthexboxasafashionableitemwhencustomerswerelookingforanaffordableorahighperformancegamingconsoleitshouldalsobenotedthattohearttoheartxratedahighlyanticipatedhentaipcportoftheplaystationgameofthesamenamewasreleasedonedaypriortothexboxsjapaneselaunchthismightalsobeafactorintheconsoleslowlaunchsalesforhispartfamitsuxboxeditorinchiefmunetatsumatsuipointedtodeadoralivesabsenceasthemainfactorbehindtheslowstartheevenaddedinformationthatoverofhisreadershadplannedtobuythemuchanticipatedtecmofightinggamethedaysalesfigureofthexboxisalittlepasthalfoftheunitsoftheoriginalxboxthatmicrosoftsoldinthefirstdaysinjapaninfebruaryrefnamejapanrefinitialpredictionswerehighlyoptimisticasthehighestratinglaunchgamereviewedbyfamitsunamcosridgeracerscoredoutofstarsnamcoexpectstosellcopiesofridgeracerinjapanthisnumberisroughlyequaltothenumberofxboxunitssoldinjapanbynovembermicrosoftjapanexecutiveyoshihiromaruyamastatedthatheexpectssalesofxboxinjapantohitonemillionunitssometimenextyearmaruyamaiswidelycreditedforattractingsupportfromjapanesegamedeveloperstoenticepeopleintobuyingthexboxsomeretailersareofferingdiscountsonthesystemiftheysignupforayearbroadbandcontractsimilartocellphonedealsintheusonthedayofthelaunchcapcomunveiledtheirxboxexclusivesciencefictiongamelostplanetwhichfeaturessouthkoreanactorleebyunghunintheleadrolesincethereleaseofbluedragonvideogamebluedragontheconsolehasgainedpopularityonoctoberallbluedragonpreordersbundledwithalimitededitionxboxcoresystemweresoldoutinjapanindiathexboxcametoindiawithprebookingsduetothexboxbeingoneofthefirstconsolestohavebeenofficiallylaunchedinthecountryitinitiallyfoundtoughsaleshoweveritssalesfigureshavereportedlybeenontherisesincethelaunchoftheplaystationinthecountrythoughcompanyexecutiveshavebeenreluctanttodivulgethenumbersandsalesfiguresindustryinsidersestimatethattheconsolemanagestomoveaboutunitspermonththusaccountingforofthemonthlygaminghardwaresalesinindiasalespickedupbrieflyafterthelaunchofhaloandgrandtheftautoivthoughthelaunchofthelatterseemstohavebenefitedtheplaystationinindiamorethanthexboxitiscurrentlyestimatedthattheconsolehassoldaboutunitsinthecountrysinceitslaunchinseptemberrefnamegameguruinrefxboxlivewaslaunchedinlateandaswiththeconsoleinitiallyitwasgreetedwithlukewarmresponsehowevernowithasbecomeoneoftheconsolesmainsellingpointsasofseptemberindiaistheonlyofficiallylaunchedcountrynothavingxboxeliteinitssellinglineupalthoughtheelitemodelwaslaunchedofficiallyinasalimitededitionitwasquicklyvanishedduetothelackofmovementinsalesheavypricingwasthemajorreasonbehindthissincetheelitesystemwaspricedatrsuslatinamericathexboxwasreleasedinmexicoonfebruaryretailerssuchasliverpoolwalmartblockbustermovierentalstoreblockbustersamsclubcompudabogameplanetgdgamesandcyberboxstartedtosellconsolesgamesandaccessoriessomedepartmentstoresaresellingtheconsoleatmexicanpesosusincolombiathexboxwasofficiallyreleasedonthesamedateasmexicowithapricetagofcolombianpesosusthepremiumpackagepreorderwassoldoutalmostimmediatelyretailerssuchasalmacenesxitopanamericanablockbustermovierentalstoreblockbusterpepegangaktronixcarrefourlaviveroandhiperbodegaalkostohavesincestartedsellingtheconsolegamesandaccessoriesonjulywasofficiallyreleasedinchilewithapricetagofchileanpesoforthepremiumpackageandapricetagofchileanpesoforthecorepackagetheconsolewasalsoannouncedinargentinainmidwithprobabilitythatsaleswillbeginindecemberbutayearlaterinmaymicrosoftpushedthelaunchdatetodecemberstillitsveryunlikelythatmicrosoftwillactuallyselltheirproductinargentinaconsideringthelowsalesofgameconsolesinthecountrysonyintroducedtheplaystationconsoleinalmostyearsafterlaunchdateinjapanandafewmonthsafterthattheplaystationbothcostingtwiceasmuchasthebootlegimportsavailableinthecountryforyearsalsothepriceofthegamesisfarfromwhattheaveragegamercanaffordintheorderoftousdwhilepcgamepricesareadjustedcostingbetweentousdbrazilaftermonthsofpromotionsandspeculationondecemberxboxfinallyarrivedinbrazilonlythepremiumpackagewiththegamesperfectdarkzerokameoelementsofpowerandprojectgothamracingincludedwasavailableandretailedforrussomeofthegameslikevivapiatawereentirelyrewritteninbrazilianportuguesesincethelaunchoftheconsolegamesareavailableatrrfornewgamesandrfortherestonaugustmicrosoftannouncedthatthepriceofthebrazilianxboxpremiumbundlepricewouldbedecreasedtorusthepricetableforgamesremaineduntouchedsincethelaunchhalowaslaunchedatthecountryinthesamedayastherestofworldusuallythegamesarriveaweekoramonthlaterwiththelegendarycollectorandstandardversionsastheusmarkettheblockbusterhaloandvivapiatapartyanimalswerealsoentirelyrewritteninbrazilianportugueseintheemicrosoftlaunchedinthexboxliveandthekinectinbrazilonoctoberthexboxsconsolemadeinbrazilisavailableandretailedforrgbversionushongkongsingaporesouthkoreaandtaiwanthexboxwasreleasedinsouthkoreaonfebruaryitwasreleasedintaiwanonmarchpromotionsincludedonefreelimitededitionpgrfaceplatebundledfortheinitialshipmentandagamepadgamecombopackcontainingkameoandawirelessgamepadthelaunchdateforhongkongandsingaporewasmarchdelayedfromoriginalmarchlaunchdateinhongkongtherearepromotionsincludefreepgrfaceplatewithpurchaseofselectedtitlesdoacollectibleswithpurchaseofanextragameandreducedpricewhenpurchasedwithcrosspromotionalitemschinamicrosofthasnotreleasedthexboxinmainlandchinaitisestimatedthatperhapsovermillionxboxareinuseinchinawithsomeofthembeinghackedsomeofthemarestillsellinginshanghaishenzhenbeijingandothersaustraliaandnewzealandthexboxwasreleasedinaustraliaandnewzealandonmarchthreeweeksaftertheinitiallyprojectedreleasedateaccordingtogfkagermaninstitutespecializinginmarketresearchthexboxlaunchwasthemostsuccessfulinaustraliashistoryatthattimesellingoverconsolesinthefirstfourdaysthistitlenowgoestothewiiwhichsoldaboutmoreunitsmicrosoftelectednottopackageanxboxliveheadsetwiththepremiumsystemconfigurationamediaremoteisincludedinsteadinadditiontothetwosystembundlesmicrosoftreleasedavippackpricedatathatcontainsperfectdarkzeroafaceplatewirelesscontrollerpromotionaldvdandmembershiptothexboxvipwebsitepurchasedseparatelythepriceoftheitemswouldadduptoathexboxbecamethefastestsellingconsoleinaustraliawithunitssoldinitsfirstfourdaysthepreviousrecordwasheldbysonywherethepspwaskingwithunitssoldinthefirstfourdaysbuttherecordwassoonbrokenbynintendowhichsoldwiisinthefirstfourdayssinceitslaunchondecemberbeforethereleaseofthexboxinnewzealandthexboxbustourednewzealandmakingstopsincitiesaroundthecountryphilippinesmicrosoftphilippinesannouncedonmaythatitwillofficiallylaunchthexboxinthecountryalthoughnodetailsaboutpricinglaunchgamesandxboxlivewerementionedmicrosoftphilippinesgeneralmanagerantoniotjjavierstressedthathiscompanyintendstomarketxboxproductsandservicestofilipinosthisisthebestsellinghardwarefromtheworldsbiggestsoftwarecompanyhowcananyonenotwanttobringthisinjavierstateddispellingspeculationthatmicrosoftphilippinesintentionallydidnotwanttoconductadomesticxboxlaunchthecompanysellstheasianeditionxboxinthecountrystillmanypeoplecouldonlywonderhowmicrosoftphilippineswillmarkettheconsoleandgamesconsideringthefactthatmostgameretailersandspecialtystoresaroundthecountryarealreadysellingproductswithcompetitivepricesanestimatedunitsofxboxwerealreadysoldinthephilippinessincedecemberthefigureincludesconsolesimportedfromtheunitedstatesjapanandsingaporelocaldistributorbanbrosiscurrentlytheauthorizeddistributorofthexboxinthephilippinesalthoughotherpopularshopsliketoykingdomaswellassmallerstorechainsarealsosellingunitsthelonepackageavailableduringlaunchincludesthexboxpremiumsystemwithanadditionalwirelesscontrollerhaloanddeadoraliveforpesosthisalsoincludesaoneyearreplacementwarrantynowpackagesarealsoavailablewiththexboxsonewiththeconsoleonlyandtheotherbundledwithkinectandtwopopularkinectgameskinectsportsandkinectadventuresseealsoplaystationlaunchwiilaunchreferencesturnedgguojiacomingtoservecaocaoaliencreatureinalienfranchisemcdonaldsadvertisingmcdonaldsadvertisingmcdonaldsadvertisingmcdonaldsadvertisingstbattalionthmarinesndbattalionthmarinesmoabmoabeschatologypleurotuseryngiipleurotuseryngiipleurotuseryngiipleurotuseryngiihecklerkochxmmayrefertostbattalionthmarinesanamericanartillerybattalionjanuaryinmonthdayformatadateoctoberindaymonthformatadateseealsoradiocontrolledoffroadbuggynumberonetenthtenthdisambiguationthbattalionthmarinesrdbattalionthmarinesinfoboxofficeholdernamexujingnativenameimageimagesizecaptionaltofficesituofficeministeroverthemassestermstarttermendmonarchliubeichancellorzhugeliangofficegrandtutortermstarttermendmonarchliubeiofficechiefclerktothegeneraloftheleftbrtermstarttermendmonarchemperorxianofhanofficeadministratorofshucommanderybrtermstarttermendmonarchemperorxianofhanofficeadministratorofguanghantermstarttermendmonarchemperorxianofhanofficeadministratorofbacommanderybrtermstarttermendmonarchemperorxianofhanbirthdateunknownbirthplaceruyangcountyhenandeathdaterefnamesgzdeathyearxujingsbiographyinthesanguozhistatedthathediedinthendyearofthezhangwuerainliubeisreignrefdeathplacechengdusichuanrelationschildrenxuqinoccupationofficialblankcourtesynamedatawenxiuxujingdiedseptemberoroctobercourtesynamewenxiuwasanofficialofthestateofshuhanintheearlythreekingdomsperiodofchinaafterliuzhangwarlordliuzhangannouncedhissubmissiontoliubeixujingsworehisallegiancetoliubeilikehiscousinxushaoxujingwasfamousforbeingagoodcharacterevaluatorafterliubeiwasdeclaredhimselfemperorandestablishedtheshuhanstateinheappointedxujingassituofficeministeroverthemassesanofficerankingjustbelowchancellorchinaimperialchancellorheldbyzhugeliangxujingdiedinafterholdingofficeforaboutoneyearorlessseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsreferenceschenshouchenshourecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhipeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhuredirectxianjapaneselangu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ventedinfemalesbyxinactivationinxinactivationthepreferentialselectionofthenonmutantxchromosomeduringdevelopmentresultsintheoutcomethatnoneofthematurefemalecellsactivelyexpressthexscidmutationtheyareimmunologicallyunaffectedandhavenocarrierburdenadenovomutationisanalterationinagenecausedbytheresultofamutationinagermcelleggorspermorinthefertilizedeggitselfratherthanhavingbeeninheritedfromacarriersinceonlyofallxscidpatientshaveapositivefamilyhistoryofsciditishypothesizedthatdenovomutationsaccountforasignificantpercentageofcasesxinactivationoccursinacompletelyrandommannerinfemalesveryearlyinembryonicdevelopmentonceanxisinactivateditremainsinactivatedthroughoutthelifeofthatcellandanyofitsdaughtercellsitisimportanttonotethatxinactivationisreversedinfemalegermlinecellssothatallnewoocytesreceiveanactivexregardlessofwhichxisinactivatedinhersomaticcellsafemalewillhaveachanceofpassingonthediseasetoanymalechildrenpathophysiologyinterleukinsareproducedbylymphocytesamongothercelltypesandarereleasedinresponsetoantigenicandnonantigenicstimulusphysiologystimulithegeneilrgcodesforthecommongammachainproteinwhichisacommonsubunitoftheindividualreceptorsforinterleukininterleukininterleukininterleukininterleukinandinterleukinsignallingfromthesereceptorsnormallypromotesgrowthanddifferentiationoftcellsbcellsnaturalkillercellsglialcellsandcellsofthemonocytelineagedependingonthecelltypeandreceptoractivatedlastlyinterleukinhelpsgeneratedevelopedandmaturednaturalkillercellsthegenethatencodesthecommongammachainintheseinterleukinreceptorsismutatedinxscidthemutationleadstoanabsentorabnormallyfunctioningcommongammachainthemutationcanoccurthroughlargeorevensinglenucleotidedeletionsintheilrggenethatdisablethecommongammachainsothatitisunabletobindwithotherreceptorsubunitsandsignalcytokineactivationnormallywhentheinterleukinbindstothetrimericreceptorproteincontainingthealphabetaandgammasubunitsthecommongammasubunitactivatesjanuskinasejakwhichleadstothephosphorylationofsignaltransducerandactivatoroftranscriptionstatthestatproteinsdimerizeandtranslocatetothenucleuscontrollingsubsequentdownstreamsignallingduetothefactthatthecommongammachainisabsentorabnormalthisdownstreampathwayisinhibitedthischangepreventsthetlymphocytesfromsignalingothercellslikeblymphocytesandnaturalkillercellsbecausethesecellsneverreceivethesesignalstheycannevermatureanddifferentiateintofullgrownimmunecellsdiagnosisdiagnosisofxscidispossiblethroughlymphocytecellcountslymphocytefunctiontestsandgenetictestingahealthyimmunesystemshouldcontainlargeamountsoflymphocytesbutindividualswithxscidwillcontainunusuallysmallamountsoftcellsnonfunctionalbcellsandsomenaturalkillercellsrefnamecitepmidrefclasswikitablecelltypenormallymphocytecountaveragerangexscidcountaveragerangetcellsstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterbcellsstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenternkcellsstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncentertotalstyletextaligncentermonthsstyletextaligncenterrefnameallenspachrefindividualswithxscidoftenhavedecreasedlymphocytefunctionthiscanbetestedthroughtheintroductionofagentstotheimmunesystemthereactionofthelymphocytesisthenobservedinxscidantibodyresponsestointroducedvaccinesandinfectionsareabsentandtcellresponsestomitogenssubstancesthatstimulatelymphocytetransformationaredeficientigaandigmimmunoglobulinssubstancesthataidinfightingoffinfectionsareverylowtheabsenceofathymicshadowonchestxraysisalsoindicativeofxscidinanormalchildadistinctivesailboatshapedshadowneartheheartcanbeseenthethymusglandinnormalpatientswillgraduallydecreaseinsizebecausetheneedforthethymusglanddiminishesthedecreaseinthesizeofthethymusglandoccursbecausethebodyalreadyhasasufficientnumberofdevelopedtcellsthisindicatesthatthefunctionofthymusglandofformingdevelopedtcellshasbeenimpairedsincethemutationinxscidisxlinkedtherearegenetictestsfordetectingcarriersinxscidpedigreeanimalpedigreesonemethodistolookforfamilyspecificilrgmutationsfinallyifnoneofthoseoptionsareavailablethereisanunusualpatternofnonrandomxchromosomeinactivationonlymphocytesincarriersthuslookingforsuchinactivationwouldproveusefulifamotherispregnantandthefamilyhasaknownhistoryofimmunodeficiencythendoctorsmayperformdiagnosticassessmentinuterochorionicvillussamplingwhichinvolvessamplingoftheplacentaltissueusingacatheterinsertedthroughthecervixcanbeperformedtoweeksintogestationearlydetectionofxscidandothertypesofscidisalsomadepossiblethroughdetectionoftcellrecombinationexcisioncirclesortrecstrecsarecomposedofexciseddnafragmentswhicharegeneratedduringnormalsplicingoftcellsurfaceantigenreceptorsandtcellmaturationrefnametrecpuckrefthismaturationprocessisabsentacrossallscidvariantsasevidencedbythelowcountsoftlymphocytestheassayisperformedusingdriedbloodfromadriedbloodspotguthriecardfromwhichdnaisextractedquantitativepcristhenperformedandthenumberoftrecsdeterminedrefnameverbskyrefindividualswhohavethescidphenotypewillhavetreccountsaslowascomparedtoapproximatelyforahealthyinfantalowtreccountindicatesthatthereisinsufficientdevelopmentoftcellsinthethymusglandthistechniquecanpredictscidevenwhenlymphocytecountsarewithinthenormalrangenewbornscreeningofxscidbasedontreccountindriedbloodsampleshasrecentlybeenintroducedinseveralstatesintheunitedstatesincludingcaliforniacoloradoconnecticutdelawarefloridamassachusettsmichiganminnesotamississippinewyorktexasandwisconsininadditionpilottrialsarebeingperformedinseveralotherstatesbeginningintreatmentstreatmentforxlinkedscidcanbedividedintotwomaingroupstheprophylactictreatmentiepreventativeandcurativetreatmentandthelatteraimsatreconstitutinghealthytlymphocytefunctionfromthelatestoearlysphysiciansbeganusingbubbleswhichwereplasticenclosuresusedtohousenewbornssuspectedtohavescidsimmediatelyafterbirthontheotherhandprophylactictreatmentsusedtodayforxlinkedscidaresimilartothoseusedtotreatotherprimaryimmunodeficiencyprimaryimmunodeficienciesfirstantibioticsorantiviralsareadministeredtocontrolopportunisticinfectionssuchasfluconazoleforcandidiasisandacyclovirtopreventherpesvirusinfectioninadditionthepatientcanalsoundergointravenousimmunoglobulinivigsupplementationbonemarrowtransplantationbmtisastandardcurativeprocedureandresultsinafullimmunereconstitutionifthetreatmentissuccessfultheautologousbmtinvolvesafullhlamatchwhereastheallogenicbmtinvolvesafullorhalfhaploidenticalhlamatchparticularlyintheallogenicbmtthechancesofgraftversushostdiseaseoccurringishighifthematchofthedonorandrecipientisnotcloseenoughinthiscasethetcellsinthedonorbonemarrowattackthepatientsbodybecausethebodyisforeigntothisgraftinadditionthereasonbmtisapermanentsolutionisbecausethebonemarrowcontainsmultipotenthematopoieticstemcellswhichbecomecommonlymphoidorcommonmyeloidprogenitorsinparticularthecommonlymphoidprogenitorgivesrisetothelymphocytesinvolvedintheimmuneresponsebcelltcellnaturalkillercellthereforeabmtwillresultinafullimmunereconstitutionbutthereareaspectsofbmtthatneedtobeimprovediegvhdrefnamefischerrefgenetherapyisanothertreatmentoptionwhichisavailableonlyforclinicaltrialsxlinkedscidisamonogenicdisordertheilrggeneismutatedsogenetherapywillreplacethismutatedgenewithanormalonethiswillresultinanormalfunctioninggammachainproteinoftheinterleukinreceptorinordertotransferafunctionalgeneintothetargetcellviralornonviralvectorscanbeemployedviralvectorssuchastheretrovirusthatincorporatethegeneintothegenomeresultinlongtermeffectsthiscoupledwiththebonemarrowstemcellshasbeensuccessfulintreatingindividualswithxscidinoneparticulartrialbycavazzanacalvoetaltenchildrenweretreatedwithgenetherapyatinfancyforxscidhoweveraboutthreeyearsaftertreatmenttwoofthechildrendevelopedtcellleukemiaduetoinsertionoftheilrggenenearthelmogeneandtherebyactivatingthelmogeneaknownoncogeneathirdchilddevelopedleukemiawithintwoyearsofthatstudybeingpublishedlikelyasadirectresultofthetherapythisconditionisknownasinsertionalmutagenesiswheretherandominsertionofageneinterfereswiththetumorsuppressorgeneorstimulatesanoncogenethereiscurrentlynoapprovedgenetherapyonthemarketbuttherearemanyclinicaltrialsintowhichxscidpatientsmayenrollthereforeresearchinthefieldofgenetherapytodayandinthefutureisneededtoavoidtheoccurrenceofleukemiainparticularresearchintotheuseofinsulatorandsuicidegenesiswarrantedasthismaypreventcancerfromdevelopingtheinsulatorgeneticsinsulatorgeneinhibitstheactivationofadjacentgenesontheotherhandthesuicidegeneisstimulatedwhenatumourbeginstoformandthiswillresultinthedeactivationofthetherapeuticgenemoreovertheuseofrestrictionenzymessuchasthezincfingernucleasezfnisbeingstudiedthezfnallowstheresearchertochoosethesiteofgeneintegrationvectorsafetyisimportantinthefieldofgenetherapyhencevectorsthatselfinactivatethepromoterandenhancersinandadenovirusesthatcreatesnoimmuneresponseareprominentareasofresearchforvectorbiologistsprognosisxlinkedscidisaknownpediatricemergencywhichprimarilyaffectsmalesiftheappropriatetreatmentsuchasintravenousimmunoglobulinsupplementsmedicationsfortreatinginfectionsorabonemarrowtransplantisnotadministeredthentheprognosisispoorthepatientswithxlinkedscidusuallydietwoyearsaftertheyarebornforthisreasonthediagnosisofxlinkedscidneedstobedoneearlytopreventanypathogensfrominfectingtheinfanthoweverthepatientshaveahigherchanceofsurvivalifthediagnosisofxlinkedscidisdoneassoonasthebabyisbornthisinvolvestakingpreventativemeasurestoavoidanyinfectionsthatcancausedeathforexampledavidvetterhadahighchanceofhavingxlinkedscidbecausehiseldersiblinghaddiedduetoscidinadditionifxlinkedscidisknowntoaffectachildthenlivevaccinesshouldnotbeadministeredandthiscansavetheinfantslifevaccineswhicharepathogensinsertedintothebodytocreateanimmuneresponsecanleadtodeathininfantswithxlinkedscidmoreoverwithpropertreatmentssuchasabonemarrowtransplanttheprognosisisgoodthebonemarrowtransplanthasbeensuccessfulintreatingseveralpatientsandresultedinafullimmunereconstitutionandthepatientcanliveahealthylifetheresultsofbonemarrowtransplantaremostsuccessfulwhentheclosesthumanleukocyteantigenmatchhasbeenfoundifaclosematchisnotfoundhoweverthereisachanceofgraftversushostdiseasewhichmeansthedonorbonemarrowattacksthepatientsbodyhenceaclosematchisrequiredtopreventanycomplicationsepidemiologythereisnoinformationonbirthratiosratesbutxlinkedscidisthemostcommonformofscidandithasbeenestimatedtoaccountfortoofallscidcasesseealsoseverecombinedimmunodeficiencylistofgeneticdisordersnotesandreferencesreferenceswebarchiveorgwebscidnetabouthtmlistofghostintheshellcharactersthinktanksworldofghostintheshellthinktanksredirectcategoryshellghostintheshelldisambiguationndbattalionthmarinesrdbattalionthmarinesimpactwrestlingtournamentsimpactwrestlingtournamentsimpactwrestlingtournamentslockheedmartinxredirectcategoryshellredirectbrawntransformersxyplexcorporationwasfoundedinthesinboxboroughmassachusettsbypeternesbedageorgeconantandbobrosenbaumallofwhomhadpreviouslyworkedfordigitalequipmentcorporationdecnesbedawasoneofdecsrepresentativesinthedevelopmentoftheethernetspecificationthecompanysfirstproductwasaterminalserverbasedondecslocalareatransportlatprotocolwhichallowedmultipleterminalstobeconnectedwithonewireinamultiplexedfashiontothevaxarchitecturedmachinesduringtheearlysthecompanygrewitsrangeofnetworkingproductstoincludeterminalserversremoteaccessserversnetworkswitchethernetswitchesenterprisehubsroutersetcwhenciscosystemsciscobecamethedominantplayerintheenterprisenetworkingareathecompanywassoldtoraytheonwhichinwasconsideringbuildingacommercialdatacommunicationsdivisionthroughacquisitionafterayearofinvestigatinganumberofothercompaniestheydecidedthatthemarketvaluationsweretoohightocomfortablyreturntheirinvestmentandxyplexwassoldintowhittakercommunicationsthecompanyhadalsopurchasedhugheslansystemsandmergedbothcompaniesafterthissecondacquisitionofxyplexalargenumberofitsexecutiveslefttostartnewdatacommunicationscompanieswhichwereacquiredinshortorderasthedatacommunicationsmarketwasatitspeakthemergedcompanywasrenamedxyplexnetworksitsnewpresidentwasmikethurkhewaschargedwithreturningthecompanytoprofitabilitywhichrequiredaconsiderablereductioninproductlinesandstafftofocusonthecorestrengthofthecompanywhichwasremoteaccessequipmentforenterprisecustomersasthecompanyreachedabreakevenpointinitwassoldtomrvcommunicationsxenoturbellaxyplexfastofthefirstbornfastofthefirstbornshabbattorahbookofgenesisbalaamnaziritenintendoredirectcategoryshellredirectxboxlaunchthemicrosoftxboxconsolexboxwasreleasedinmanyeditionsotherthanitsfamousgreenandblackcolorthisarticlecoversspecialeditionsproducedbymicrosoftaswellasothernotablerarexboxconsolescustomizedbyothercompaniesforpromotionsxboxlaunchteamandpartnereditionslaunchteameditionbrretailpricenotforsalebrunitsproducedthexboxlaunchteamspecialeditionisatranslucentgreenxboxwithajewelthatissilkscreenedwiththemessagegreatworkandacopyofaprintedsignaturefrombillgatesthewordsspecialeditionareprintedonthefrontrightoftheconsolethisxboxwassoldnotgiventomembersofthexboxlaunchteamincludinghardwareatgdevfirstpartygamesandgamesstudiosmarketingandotherstwoexclusivetranslucentgreendukecontrollerswereincludedalongwiththeconsoleemployeeshadtheoptiontopurchasegametitlesmarkednotforresaleatareducedratefromthemicrosoftcampusstorethelaunchteamconsoleswerehardwarerevisionandallwereproducedinamexicoproductionfacilityonnovemberornovembersincethesesystemswereofferedforsaletoqualifyingemployeesinsteadofbeinggivenawaynotallweresoldpartnereditionbrretailpricenotforsalebrunitsproducedthepartnereditionisatranslucentgreenxboxwithajewelthatissilkscreenedwiththemessagethanksforpartneringwithxboxandsignaturefrombillgatesunlikethelaunchteamconsolesthesedidnothavethespecialeditionlabelonthefrontrightoftheconsolethisxboxwasgiventohardwarecompaniesthatproducedcomponentsforthexboxsuchasnvidiaandintelatranslucentgreencontrollerswasincludedwiththismodeltheseareconsideredtoberarerthanthelaunchteamconsolebecauseoftheirdistributiontocompaniesratherthanindividualpeoplemakesthemhardertocomeacrossintheworldskeletonblackimageskeletonblackxboxconsolejpgpxrightunitsavailableplannedsoldbrretailpricejpyinaclearblacklimitededitionxboxalsocommonlyreferredtoasthesmokeeditionwasreleasedinjapantocommemoratethexboxsjapanesereleaseincludedwiththeclearblackconsolewasamatchingclearblackcontrollersanxboxcomponentavpackandakeychainthathadbillgatessignatureandtheconsolesserialnumberengravedinitpanzerdragoonortaimagepanzerdragoonortalimitededitionxboxjpgpxrightunitsavailableretailpricejpyondecemberapanzerdragoonortaspecialeditionxboxwasreleasedinjapantocommemoratethereleaseofpanzerdragoonortaonthexboxtheconsolesspecialfeaturesincludedawhitecasewiththepanzerdragoonortalogoonthetopinthelowerlefthandcorneraswellassomeartworkfromortasurroundingthexboxjeweltheunitwasonlyavailabletothosewhopreorderedonnovthroughsegadirectincludedwiththespecialeditionconsolewasamatchingwhitecontrollersanxboxcomponentavcableanxboxcomponentavpackacopyofpanzerdragoonortawithitssoundtrackcdandadragonheadnecklacewhentheconsolewasfirstplannedunitsweresettobeproducedbutduringproductiontheprocessofapplyingthesilkscreendesignoftheblacklinesseenonthetopoftheconsoleprovedtobeaverydifficulttasktranslucentgreenunitsavailablemanufacturedsoldeuropebrretailpriceonmayatranslucentgreenlimitededitionxboxrarewasreleasedineuropetocelebratexboxsoneyeareuropeanbirthdaytheconsolecamewithtwomatchingcontrollersandretailedforithadalimitedmanufactureofunitsbutonlysoldunitsineuropethestylingofthetranslucentgreenxboxisidenticaltodebugunitsusedingamedevelopmentofcoursetheretailversionslackedthewordsdebugkitonthefrontofthecasethegreencontrollerswasalsosoldseparatelythetranslucentgreenlimitededitionxboxwasalsoreleasedincanadaandcamewithonematchingcontrollersandtwogamescrimsonskiesandprojectgothamracingdebugkittranslucentgreenunitsavailableunknownbrretailpricenotforresalexboxdebugkitswereneveravailablethroughtheretailmarkethowevertheyhavepoppedupenoughonthesecondhandscenetobeworthmentioninginthisarticlethesexboxconsolesaretranslucentgreenandhavethewordsdebugkitonthefrontofthecasejusttotherightofcontrollerportunlikeretailconsoleswhichonlycontainedmboframxboxdebugkitconsoleshadmboframthedebugkitscouldnotrunretailgamediscsonecouldoftenfindprereleaseorcancelledversionsofgamesoftwareonthesexboxdebugkitshalotranslucentgreenusunitsavailablerefnamenewsmicrosoftcomnewsmicrosoftcomdreamteamhaloandspecialeditionxboxmakegamersgreenwithenvyrefbrretailpriceusdonaprilmicrosoftissuedapressreleaseannouncingtheupcomingretailavailabilityofthehalolimitededitionxboxcombothexboxconsoleanditsincludedcontrollersscontrollerweretranslucentgreenwiththehalowordmarkemblazonedontheconsolesfrontpanelattherighthandsidenearcontrollerportthiseditionappearsverysimilartothetranslucentgreendebugkitxboxconsolesonlyreplacingthewordsdebugkitwiththehalologohalotranslucentorangeusunitsavailableretailpricenotforresalefoundwhilevisitingagaragesaleinredmondwashingtononjulyatranslucentorangehalospecialeditionoriginalxboxconsolewasfoundandpurchasedtheconsolewasoriginallyacommemorativemodelexclusivetothedevelopmentteamoftheconsolehoweverthisspecificsystemwassupposedlysentthroughthehaloconsoleassemblylinetoreceivethehalologostampbyoneoftheoriginalxboxlaunchdeveloperspicturescomparingtheconsoletoahalotranslucentgreenversionhavebeenpostedattheassemblerforumsthishasbeenproventobealegitimatesystemandthethreadattheassemblerforumsshowimagesofseveraloftheseorangexboxcasetopsatthefactoryasproductionsamplesasthisisanactualmicrosoftproducedxboxfromamoldinsteadofapaintedcasethisislikelytobetherarestxboxconsoleinexistencetheorangeconsoleswereexceedinglyrareasishoweverthisonealsoreceivedthehalologostampaswellmakingittheonlyofficialtranslucentorangehalospecialeditionoriginalxboxconsoleinexistencethepersonwhopurchasedthexboxallegedlyalsosoldthesystemtoaprivatecollectorforavideocanbeseenonyoutubeonthechannelmetaljesusrockstitledultrararehaloxboxdiscoveredpostedonaprilhalounitsavailableunknownbrretailpriceonmarchanicebluehalolimitededitionxboxwasreleasedincanadaandasiatheconsolewastranslucentblueandretailedforapproximatelyincludedwiththeiceblueconsolewasamatchingcontrollersaspecialhalogreenheadsetandacopyofhalothedifferencebetweentheasianandcanadianhaloversionscanbeseeninthexboxsjeweltheasianversionhasablackjewelwhilethecanadianversionhasasilverjewelalsowassoldthroughbellcanadabellwithamonthcontractforhighspeedthebellbundlewassoldoctobertonovemberandcamewiththeconsolegamesampedandtopspinandyearofxboxliveandaheadsetitwasalsoavailablebeforethisdatewithamonthcontractbutyouhadtopayfortheconsolecrystallimitededitionimagexboxcrystaleditionjpgpxrightunitsavailableunknownretailpriceunknownthecrystaleditionxboxfirstcameoutaroundmarchineuropecelebratingtheconsolessecondanniversaryintheregiontheboxbundleconsistoftheconsoleandmatchingcrystalcontrollersafewweekslateruptosummerthebundlewasalsosoldincanadastoresmonthslatervariantsofthecrystaleditionbundleweresoldinstoresbundledwithcertaingamesrefnamecrystalxboxrefkasumichanblueimagexboxkasumichanjpgpxrightunitsavailablebrretailpriceonmarchakasumichanbluexboxconsolewasreleasedinjapanthesystemwasreleasedsimultaneouslywithtecmosfightinggamedeadoraliveultimatethetranslucentbluecasewasbasedonthecostumeofdeadoralivesmaincharacterkasumideadoralivekasumiandhaddeadoraliveultimatewritteninwhiteletteringinthelowerleftcornerofthetopofthecaseincludedwiththetranslucentblueconsolewasamatchingcontrollersadvdplaybackkitanxboxlivestarterkitwithafreeoneyearmembershipacopyofdeadoraliveultimateacopyofdigitalvenusdvdandafivefootlongkasumibodypillowmountaindewimagemountaindewxboxconsolejpgpxrightunitsavailablebrretailpriceshippingmountaindewpointsthemountaindewlimitededitionxboxwasonlyavailablethroughamountaindewsweepstakesrequiringloyaldewdrinkingxboxfanstoamasspointsinordertobuythelimitededitionxboxthesweepstakesspannedmonthsfromapriltoaugustproductionwaslimitedtounitswithindayallsystemswerereservedthemountaindewlimitededitionxboxisneongreencoloredandhasaspecialjewelatopthexboxthathasthewordslimitededitionandthemountaindewlogounderthexboxnameincludedwiththeneongreenconsoleisoneoftwogamesprojectgothamracingorampedonlypointscouldberegisteredperdayforthecontestmountaindewpointswereawardedasfollowsozptliterptliterptpackptspackptsozfountaincupspthulkpepsiunitsavailablebrretailpricenotforsaleidenticalincolortothemountaindeweditionthehulkxboxwasaspecialpromotionalxboxmadetocommemoratethereleaseoftheuniversalpicturesmoviehulkfilmhulkinfortheukreleasetheconsolefeaturedajewelontopwithapromotionalimageoftheincrediblehulkseyeandthepepsilogothesespecialeditionswereonlyavailablebyhavingawinningscratchcardscratchcardwhenyoupurchasedapopcornandpepsimealinparticipatingukucimultiplexcinemasnootherinformationaboutthepackagingisknownpackagingisthesameastheoriginalblackxboxbuthasanadditionalstickerontherearoftheboxstatinghulkeditioncomeswithastandardblackcontrolleratarieditionunitsavailablebrretailpricenotforsaletheatarieditionxboxwasgivenawayattheleipziggameconventioninitisoneofakindandisorangeincolorattendeesneededtocollectallpinsthatatarigaveawaywhichspelledatariiftheattendeewasabletofindallpinstheycouldbeenteredintothecontestwiththewinnerreceivingtheoneofakindorangeatarieditionxboxanataritshirtheadbandwristbandataribraceletandtheoriginalpinstonyhawksundergroundunitsavailablebrretailpricenotforsalethetonyhawksundergroundspecialeditionxboxwasissuedinoctoberinconjunctionwithactivisionandonlineskatermagazinecaughtinthecrossfirecomcaughtinthecrossfireintheunitedkingdomthisspecialeditionconsolewasonlyavailableasawinnersprizeatskateboardingandgameplaycompetitionstocommemorateandpromotethereleaseoftonyhawksundergroundonthexboxtheartworkwasairbrushpaintedbyhandinanurbangraffitistylewithtranslucentmattelacquerfinishtheartworkcoveredthetopofthecaseandfollowedthexshapedownwardsonthecornersofthexboxaverylimitedproductionrunofgraffitistyleunitswascommissionedandwasissuednotforresaleincludedwiththethugspecialeditionconsolewasamatchingcrystalcontrollersandatonyhawkautographedcopyoftonyhawksundergroundhellokittycrystalunitsavailablebrretailpricessgdwithasamsungtvpurchasefromonespecificretailerinsingaporethehellokittycrystalxboxwasreleasedwithsanrioinsingaporetocommemoratethereleaseofhellokittyrollerrescueonthexboxthespecialeditionconsolewastranslucentwithapinkandorangehellokittypicturecoveringthexontopofthecaseincludedwiththehellokittycrystalconsolewasamatchingcrystalcontrollersandacopyofhellokittymissionrescuedeadoraliveunitsavailablebrretailpriceunknownthedeadoralivexboxwasonlysoldingermanywithapictureofthegamewithairbrusheffectpurewhiteunitsavailablebrretailpriceunknownthepurewhitexboxwasonlysoldinjapanwiththeoptiontoengraveuptoletterscentpurewhiteeditionunitsavailablebrretailpricenotforsalethecentpurewhiteeditionxboxwasgivenawayinapromotionbyaustraliantelevisionchannelchannelvitwassignedbycentandisaestheticallysimilartothepurewhiteeditionbuthascentbulletproofprintedingoldtocelebratethereleaseofthevideogamecentbulletproofitwasgivenawayalongwithacopyofthegamecentcdsandacentposterrefnamecentxboxrefworldracingunitsavailablebrretailpricenotforsaletheworldracingxboxwasonlygivenawayingermanyinacontestreferencestouristtrophyvideogametouristtrophyvideogametouristtrophyvideogametouristtrophyvideogamendbattalionthmarinesinfoboxofficeholdernamexiahouxuannativenameimageimagesizecaptionaltofficeministerofceremoniestermstarttermendmonarchcaofangofficeministerheraldtermstarttermendmonarchcaofangofficegeneralwhoattacksthewesttermstarttermendmonarchcaoruicaofangbirthdaterefnamesgzbirthanddeathyearsxiahouxuansbiographyinthesanguozhimentionedthathewasyearsoldbyeastasianagereckoningwhenhewasexecutedinthethyearofthejiapingeraofcaofangsreignbycalculationhisbirthyearshouldbearoundrefdeathdateageddeathplaceluoyanghenanfatherxiahoushangrelationsoccupationofficialgeneralblankcourtesynamedatataichublankpeeragedatamarquisofchanglingdistrictbrxiahouxuancourtesynametaichuwasanofficialandmilitarygeneralofthestateofcaoweiduringthethreekingdomsperiodofchinafamilybackgroundxiahouxuanwasthesonofxiahoushanghismotherwasprincessdeyangasisterofcaozhenandthusxiahouxuanwasclosetocaoshuangsfactionxiahouxuanhadasisterxiahouhuisimashiswifexiahouhuithewifeofsimashioneofxiahouxuansdaughtersbecamethewifeofhejiaothegrandsonofheqiaandthesonofhejionglifewhenxiahouxuanwasyearsoldhewasappointedasagentlemanofscatteredcavalryandgentlemanoftheyellowgateundertheweigovernmentonedayinthefrontoftheemperorcaoruiheexpressedhisabhoraboutsittingtogetherwithmaozengthebrotherofcaoruisempressempressmaomingempressmaothisincidentarousedtheangeroftheemperorwhodemotedxiahouxuantoasupervisorofthefeatheredforestimperialguardxiahouxuanlishengthreekingdomsdengyangandzhugedanwerenotablefiguresofthosedaysandwerecalledthefouringeniouscaoruihatedthemashethoughtthattheirbehaviourwasfutileandhaughtysoheremovedthemfromofficeinaftercaoruidiedhisadoptedsoncaofangascendedthethroneasthethirdemperorofweicaoshuangwhohadbeenappointedasregentbycaoruionhisdeathbedbecamethemostpowerfulmaninweiasidefromhiscoregentsimayicaoshuangpromotedxiahouxuantoaregularmountedattendantandcentralprotectorofthearmyxiahouxuanhadareputationasascholarandwascomparabletoheyananothermemberofcaoshuangsfactionbothxiahouxuanandheyanwerefriendswithsimayissonsimashisimashiandxiahouxuanbothreceivedhighpraisefromheyanafterxiahouxuanreplacedjiangjiasthecentralprotectorofthearmybriberybecameacommonpracticeintheweigovernmentthoughxiahouxuancouldnotstopcorruptionhehadinsightstoselectcompetentpeopleandsingledoutmanypeopleofabilityonedaywhileseekingadvicefromsimayihesentamessagetothelatterthenineranksystemisnotgoodweshouldrestrictthepowerofthecontrollersthereforeweshouldfundamentallychangetherulesandlawsofprovincialregionssimayirepliedthatunlesssomeonepushedforwardthosechangestheywouldnotcomeintoexistenceandhencetherequestcouldnotbedoneinresponsexiahouxuansaidthatsimayisopinionwastoopassivesomeyearslaterxiahouxuanwaspromotedtogeneralwhoattacksthewestandwastaskedwithoverseeingmilitaryaffairsinyongprovinceyongandliangprovinceliangprovincesheselectedhisfriendlishengthreekingdomslishengtobehischiefclerkfollowinglishengsadvicexiahouxuanandcaoshuanglaunchedamilitarycampaignagainstweisrivalstateshuhanhowevertheyendedupsufferingacrushingdefeatatthehandsofshuforcesatthebattleofxingshiwhentheirsupplylinesbecamedisruptedxiahouxuanandcaoshuangalsosufferedgreatdamagetotheirpersonalreputationsfordecidingtolaunchthisdisastrouscampaigninthefirstplaceintakingadvantageofcaoshuangsabsencefromtheimperialcapitalluoyangsimayistagedaincidentatgaopingtombscoupdtatagainsthisfellowcoregentandseizedpowerhelaterhadcaoshuangarrestedandexecutedalongwithhisfamilymembersandsupportersafterthatherecalledxiahouxuantoluoyangandappointedhimastheministerheraldafewyearslaterxiahouxuanwasreassignedtobetheministerofceremoniesonedayxiahoubaoneofhisrelativessuggestedthathedefecttoweisrivalstateshuhanbecausethesimafamilywasgraduallyusurpingpowerfromtheweiimperialclanxiahouxuanrefusedwhilexiahoubadefectedtoshuasxiahouxuanwaspreviouslyoneofcaoshuangsassociateshelivedadepressedanddeprivedlifeundertheweigovernmentcontrolledbysimayihewasnotallowedtoparticipateinpersonnelrelatedmattersandonlyheldhonoraryofficeswithoutanyrealauthorityaftersimayidiedinxiahouxuansfriendxuyunfelthappyforhimbecausehethoughtthatxiahouxuannolongerneededtoliveundersimayiscontrolhoweverxiahouxuannotedthatsimayissonssimashiandsimazhaowouldnottoleratehisexistenceforlongandsaidthatxuyunswordsshowednothingbutwishfulthinkingsimashisucceededhisfatherastheregentofweiandcontinuedtomonopolisepowerlifengsschemeandxiahouxuansdeatharoundlifengcaoweilifengwhoheldthepositionofprefectofthepalacewritersintheweigovernmentsecretlyplottedtooverthrowandassassinatesimashihealsowantedxiahouxuantoreplacesimashiasgeneralinchiefandrestorepowerintothehandsoftheweiemperorcaofangwhowasmerelyapuppetrulerundersimashiscontroltoachievehispurposeslifengsecretlycontactedzhangjijingzhongzhangjitheemperorsfatherinlawandtoldhimabouthisplanhoweversimashigotwindoftheplotsoheactedpreemptivelyagainstlifengzhangjiandtheirfellowconspiratorshealsoorderedxiahouxuantobearrestedandsenttozhongyuthreekingdomszhongyutheministerofjusticeforinterrogationxiahouxuanactedasifnothinghadhappenedwhenhewasquestionedbyzhongyulifengzhangjixiahouxuanandtheotherswereeventuallychargedwithtreasonandexecutedseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsreferenceschenshouchenshourecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhipeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhusoyuzabdalrahmanredirectcategoryshellmayrefertonumbernumberjanuarymonthdaydatenotationjulydaymonthdatenotationstbattalionthmarinesbrazilvgermanyfifaworldcupshillingandpenceinukpoundsterlingpredecimalpredecimalcurrencythislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitbeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellraelettersanilettertariuniletterpariletterkaniletterghaniqarishinichinilettertsanidzilitsilicharikhaniletterjaniletterhaeletterhegeorgianletterielettervieletterkhariletterhoeletteraniletterbaniletterganiletterdonilettereniletterviniletterzenilettertaniletteriniletterkanilasilettermaniletternariletteroniletterparizhaniraelettersanilettertariuniletterpariletterkaniletterghaniqarishinichiniletterdzilitsilicharikhaniletterjaniletterhaeletterhegeorgianletterielettervieletterkhariletterhoelettergeorgianscriptsgeorgianscriptsgeorgianscriptsmacvswindowsscrollsofabrahamtahriformayrefertothecalendardatejanuaryinmonthdayformatthecalendardateaprilindaymonthformatstbattalionthmarinesaninfantrybattalionintheunitedstatesmarinecorpsafractionmathematicsofonefourthonequarteroracharacterinunicodeencodedasbcinthenumberformsblockseealsoquarterdisambiguationfourthdisambiguationstbattalionthmarinesfistofthenorthstarbravomangenpeitmadenbattleofxiaotinginfoboxofficeholdernamexunchennativenameimageimagesizecaptionaltbirthdateunknowndeathdateunknownrelationsseexunfamilyofyingchuanfatherxungunchildrenxunhongoccupationofficialblankcourtesynamedatayouruoxunchencourtesynameyouruorefnamerdcrefwasanofficialwholivedinthelateeasternhandynastybornintheinfluentialxunfamilyofyingchuanxunfamilyofyingchuancommanderyaroundpresentdayxuchanghenanhewasthefourthbrotherofxuny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mpressandwhileatsomepointduringhisreignhecreatedhissonemperorjingofwesternliangxiaocongcrownprinceitisnotknownwhenthatoccurredhewassaidtobealearnedrulerwritingsomedifferentworksonfilialpietyaswellasonfortunetellingbutashisfortunetellingworkssuggestedhewasalsosaidtobehighlysuperstitioushewassaidtobefiliallypiousandkindandwasalsoacapableadministratorbeingabletoallowhiswarwearysubjectstorestandrecoverafteremperorwenofchendiedinandwassucceededbyhisyoungsonemperorfeiofchenthechendynastyhighlevelofficialsbecamelockedinapowerstruggleandinemperorfeisuncleemperorxuanofchenchenxutheprinceofanchengkilledliushizhianddaozhongjuandtookoverpowerthegeneralhuajiaothegovernorofxiangprovinceroughlymodernchangshahunanapprehensiveaboutchenxusintentionstowardhimsecretlysubmittedtowesternliangandnorthernzhouseekingaidfrombothemperorwuofnorthernzhouandhisregentyuwenhucommissionedemperorwusbrotheryuwenzhitheprinceofweiwithanarmyandemperormingalsogatheredhisowntroopscommandedbyhisgeneralwangcaotoaidhuahoweverwhentheirforcesalongwithhuasencounteredthechenforcescommandedbythegeneralschunyuliangandwumingcheatdunkouinmodernwuhanhubeitheyweredefeatedbychenforcesandbothhuaandyuwenzhiwereforcedtofleetojianglingthenorthernzhougeneralyuandingandthewesternlianggeneralliguangwerecapturedwutookthisopportunitytoseizewesternliangshedongcommanderyinmodernjingzhouaswellyuwenzhiblamedthedefeatonthewesternlianggeneralyinliangandemperormingwhileknowingthatyinwasnotatfaultwasunwillingtoopposeyuwenzhiandsoexecutedyininspringwuputjianglingundersiegeandredirectedthewaterstotrytoflooditemperormingescortedbythenorthernzhoucommandanttianhongfledtothenearbyfortofjinanthevicecommandantgaolinandwangremainedatjianglinganddefendeditforoverdaysuntilthewesternlianggeneralsmawuandjichecounterattackedanddefeatedwuforcinghimtowithdrawandallowingemperormingtoreturntojianglinginfallthewesternlianggeneralzhangzhaodaputjianglingundersiegewhilecapturingthenorthernzhoubuiltfortofanshunearthethreegorgesjianglingnearlyfellandonlyafteryuwenzhisentaidviaforcescommandedbyliqianzhetorelievethecitydidzhangwithdrawinhuawhohadservedasanofficialunderemperormingsincehisdefeatinwentinsteadtothenorthernzhoucapitalchanganonthewayhemetyuwenzhiatyuwenzhisdefensepostofxiangyanginmodernxiangfanhubeihepointedouttoyuwenzhithatwesternlianghadlostsomuchterritorythatitwaspoorandunabletofendforitselfadvocatingthatitwouldbesoundpolicyfornorthernzhoutoloanseveralprovincestowesternliangyuwenzhiagreedandsubmittedtheproposaltoemperorwuinresponseemperorwugavethreeprovincesjipingandruotogethermakingupaboutmodernjingmenandyichanghubeitowesternlianginafternorthernzhousemperorwuconquerednorthernqiandseizeditsterritoryemperormingwenttogreetemperorwuatnorthernqisformercapitalyechinayechenginitiallywhileemperorwutreatedemperormingwithceremonialrespecthedidnotconsideremperormingasanimportantvassalemperormingsensedthisandatafeastdiscussedhowemperormingsfatheremperorxuanowedmuchtoemperorwusfatherwesternweisparamountgeneralyuwentaiandindoingsowassoemotionalthatheweptbitterlyemperorwuwasimpressedandtreatedhimwithgreaterrespectemperormingalsospentmuchefforttoflatteremperorwuincludingcomparinghimtothemythicalemperorsyaoruleremperoryaoandemperorshunshunemperorwuwasflatteredandrewardedemperormingwithmuchtreasureaswellassomeofthenorthernqiemperorgaoweisconcubinesinnorthernzhousemperorwudiedandwassucceededbyhiserraticandcruelsonemperorxuanofnorthernzhouemperorxuaninemperorxuandiedaswellandemperorxuansfatherinlawemperorwenofsuiyangjianseizedpowerasregentoveremperorxuansyoungsonemperorjingofnorthernzhouthenorthernzhougeneralyuchijiongsuspiciousofyangsintentionsroseatyechengagainstyangmostwesternlianggeneralsadvisedemperormingtoalignhimselfwithyuchireasoningthatifyuchiweresuccessfulhewouldberewardedwithbeingloyaltotheimperialyuwenclanwhileifyuchiwerenotsuccessfulhecouldneverthelesstakethisopportunitytoseizesometerritoryhoweverwhenemperormingsenttheofficialliuzhuangtochangantoobservethesituationyangcitingthathehadpreviouslybeenaguestofemperormingwhilehewasstationedasageneralatjianglingalthoughhistoricalrecordsdonotindicatewhenhewastherebeggedwesternliangsloyaltyliubelievingthatyuchiwouldnotsucceedreturnedtojianglingandadvisedemperormingtosidewithyangemperormingagreedandsubsequentlywhenyangdefeatedyuchicommentedtoliuifihadlistenedtotheotherstheempirewouldhavebeendestroyedduringsuidynastyinspringyangjianhademperorjingyieldthethronetohimendingnorthernzhouandestablishingsuidynastyasitsemperorwensoonthereafteremperormingsenthisbrotherxiaoyantheprinceofanpingtochangantocongratulateemperorwenandtopledgeloyaltyinemperorwentofurtherhonoremperormingofferedtotakeoneofhisdaughtersasthewifetoemperorwensfavoredsonemperoryangofsuiyangguangtheprinceofjinemperormingaftertryingtodivinethefortunesdeterminedthatallofhisdaughterswereinappropriatechoicesbutthenrememberedthathehadadaughterwhowasborninthesecondmonthoftheyearandthusbysuperstitionsofthetimeconsideredillfortuneandthereforewasraisedbyhermaternalunclezhangkehesummonedherbacktothepalaceandthedivinersindicatedthatshewouldbeafitandthereforeshewasmarriedtoyangguangemperorwenalsowantedtogivehisowndaughterprincesslanlingtoemperormingssonxiaoyangtheprinceofyianbutforreasonsunclearultimatelydidnotdosobecauseofthismaritalrelationshipemperorwendecidedtowithdrawthecommandantofjianglingfromjianglingthereafterforabriefdurationemperormingwasabletorulehisstatewithdecreasedinterferencefromsuiinwhensuimoveditscapitalfromtheoldcityofchangantoanearbynewlyconstructedcapitaldaxingemperormingsenthiscrownprincexiaocongtocongratulateemperorweninspringemperorminghimselfwenttothenewcapitaltopayhomagetoemperorwenandbothofthemdressedinimperialgarbsalthoughemperormingdressedslightlylessimpressivelytoshowhisstatusasavassalinsummeremperormingdiedxiaocongsucceededhimasemperorjingeranametianbaotinbopersonalinformationfatheremperorxuanofwesternliangmotherconsortdowagercaoconsortcaoemperorxuansconcubinewifeconcubineladyzhangmotherofsuisempressxiaochildrenxiaoconginitiallytheprinceofdongyanglaterthecrownprincelateremperorjingofwesternliangxiaohuanbtheprinceofyixingexecutedbysuidynastyxiaozhuantheprinceofjinlinxiaojingtheprinceoflinhailatersuidynastyandtangdynastyofficialdukeoflanlingduringtangxiaoxuntheprinceofnanhaixiaoyangtheprinceofyianlatersuidynastyofficialandmarquessoftaoqiuxiaoyutheprinceofxinanlatersuidynastyandtangdynastyofficialdukeofsongduringtangempressxiaosuidynastyempressxiaoempressofemperoryangofsuikojikiabenoseimeimanyganakintarbmwseriesbmwseriesbusinessprocessexecutionlanguagehistoryxplorisacomputersoftwarepackageforcomputationalstructuralbiologyoriginallydevelopedbyaxeltbrungeratyaleuniversityitwasfirstpublishedinasanoffshootofcharmmasimilarprogramthatranonsupercomputersmadebycrayincitisusedinthefieldsofxraycrystallographyandnuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopyofproteinsnmranalysisxplorisahighlysophisticatedprogramthatprovidesaninterfacebetweentheoreticalfoundationsandexperimentaldatainstructuralbiologywithspecificemphasisonxraycrystallographyandnuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopyinsolutionofbiologicalmacromoleculesitisintendedmainlyforresearchersandstudentsinthefieldsofcomputationalchemistrystructuralbiologyandcomputationalmolecularbiologyseealsocomparisonofsoftwareformolecularmechanicsmodelingmolecularmechanicsreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebocmsoxacukmirroredxplormanualhtmlmanhtmlmanhtmltheprogramsreferencemanualhostedatoxforduniversityxplornihisahighlysophisticatedandflexiblebiomolecularstructuredeterminationprogramwhichincludesaninterfacetothelegacyxplorprogramthemaindevelopersarecharlesschwietersandmariuscloreofthenationalinstitutesofhealthxplornihisbasedonacframeworkwithanextensivepythonprogramminglanguagepythoninterfaceenablingverypowerfulandeasyscriptingofcomplexstructuredeterminationandrefinementprotocolsrestraintsderivedfromallcurrentsolutionandmanysolidstatenuclearmagneticresonancenmrrefnamexplornihrefandxrayscatteringexperimentscanbeaccommodatedduringstructurecalculationsextensivefacilitiesarealsoavailableformanytypesofensemblecalculationswheretheexperimentaldatacannotbeaccountedforbyauniquestructuremanyofthestructurecalculationprotocolsinvolvetheuseofsimulatedannealingdesignedtoovercomelocalminimaonthepathoftheglobalminimumregionofthetargetfunctionthesecalculationscanbecarriedoutusinganycombinationofcartesiantorsionangleandrigidbodydynamicsandminimizationcurrentlyxplornihisthemostversatilecomprehensiveandwidelyusedstructuredeterminationrefinementpackageinnmrstructuredeterminationreferencesexternallinksnmrcitnihgovxplornihthehomepageforthesoftwarepackagexeonmodemusingdigitallinesandpcmvyunqxmentheofficialgamexmldocumentshaveahierarchicalstructureandcanconceptuallybeinterpretedasatreestructurecalledanxmltreexmldocumentsmustcontainarootelementonethatistheparentofallotherelementsallelementsinanxmldocumentcancontainsubelementstextandattributesthetreerepresentedbyanxmldocumentstartsattherootelementandbranchestothelowestlevelofelementsalthoughthereisnoconsensusontheterminologyusedonxmltreesatleasttwostandardterminologieshavebeenreleasedbythewctheterminologyusedinthexpathdatamodeltheterminologyusedinthexmlinformationsetxpathdefinesasyntaxnamedxpathexpressionsthatidentifiesoneormoreinternalcomponentselementsattributesetcofanxmldocumentxpathiswidelyusedtoaccessesxmlencodeddatathexmlinformationsetorxmlinfosetdescribesanabstractdatamodelforxmldocumentsintermsofinformationitemsitisoftenusedinthespecificationsofxmllanguagesforitsconvenienceindescribingconstraintsonconstructsthoselanguagesallowrepresentationastreesinmathematicsatreegraphtheorytreeisanundirectedgraphinwhichanytwoverticesareconnectedbyexactlyonesimplepathanyconnectedgraphwithoutsimplecyclesisatreeatreedatastructuresimulatesahierarchicaltreestructurewithasetoflinkednodesahierarchyconsistsofapreorderdefinedonasetthetermhierarchyisusedtostressahierarchicalrelationamongtheelementsthexmlspecificationdefinesanxmldocumentasawellformedtextifitsatisfiesalistofsyntaxrulesdefinedinthespecificationthisspecificationislonghoweverkeypointsrelatingtothetreestructureofanxmldocumentarethebeginendandemptyelementtagsthatdelimittheelementsarecorrectlynestedwithnonemissingandnoneoverlappingasinglerootelementcontainsalltheotherelementsthesefeaturesresemblethoseoftreesinthatthereisasinglerootnodeandanordertotheelementsxmlhasappearedasafirstclassdatatypeinotherlanguagesthejavascriptexextensionexplicitlydefinestwospecificobjectsxmlandxmllistwhichsupportxmldocumentnodesandxmlnodelistsasdistinctobjectsanduseadotnotationspecifyingparentchildrelationshipsthesedatastructuresrepresentxmldocumentsasatreestructurexpathdatamodelxpaththexmlpathlanguageisaquerylanguageforselectingnodesfromanxmldocumentxpathdefinesasyntaxnamedxpathexpressionsthatcanqueryanxmldocumentforoneormoreinternalcomponentselementsattributesetcxpathiswidelyusedinothercorexmlspecificationsandinprogramminglibrariesforaccessingxmlencodeddataxpathdatamodelterminologythexpathdatamodelisalongspecificationandgoesintomanyfeaturesunrelatedtoxmltreeslistedbelowarekeyexcerptsrelatingtoxmltreeterminologydefinitioneveryinstanceofthedatamodelisasequencedefinitionasequenceisanorderedcollectionofzeroormoreitemsasequencecannotbeamemberofasequenceasingleitemappearingonitsownismodeledasasequencecontainingoneitemdefinitionanitemiseitheranodeoranatomicvaluedefinitionthetopmostnodeofatreeiscalledtherootnodedefinitionatreewhoserootnodeisadocumentnodeisreferredtoasadocumentdefinitionatreewhoserootnodeisnotadocumentnodeisreferredtoasafragmentdefinitionanatomicvalueisavalueinthevaluespaceofanatomictypeandislabeledwiththenameofthatatomictypedefinitionanatomictypeisaprimitivesimpletypeoratypederivedbyrestrictionfromanotheratomictypedefinitionanexpandedqnameisasetofthreevaluesconsistingofapossiblyemptyprefixapossiblyemptynamespaceuriandalocalnameadocumentorderisdefinedamongallthenodesaccessibleduringagivenqueryortransformationdocumentorderisatotalorderinginformallydocumentorderistheorderinwhichnodesappearinthexmlserializationofadocumentwithinatreedocumentordersatisfiesthefollowingconstraintstherootnodeisthefirstnodeeverynodeoccursbeforeallofitschildrenanddescendantsnamespacenodesimmediatelyfollowtheelementnodewithwhichtheyareassociatedtherelativeorderofnamespacenodesisstablebutimplementationdependentattributenodesimmediatelyfollowthenamespacenodesoftheelementwithwhichtheyareassociatediftherearenonamespacenodesassociatedwithagivenelementthentheattributenodesassociatedwiththatelementimmediatelyfollowtheelementtherelativeorderofattributenodesisstablebutimplementationdependenttherelativeorderofsiblingsistheorderinwhichtheyoccurinthechildrenpropertyoftheirparentnodechildrenanddescendantsoccurbeforefollowingsiblingsxmlinformationsetxmlinformationsetxmlinfosetdescribesanabstractdatamodelofanxmldocumentintermsofasetofinformationitemsthedefinitionsinthexmlinformationsetspecificationaremeanttobeusedinotherspecificationsthatneedtorefertotheinformationinawellformedxmldocumenttheinfosetmakesitconvenienttodescribeconstraintsonthexmlconstructsotherxmllanguagesallowanxmldocumenthasaninformationsetifitiswellformedandsatisfiesthenamespaceconstraintsaninformationsetcancontainuptoelevendifferenttypesofinformationitemsthedocumentinformationitemalwayspresentelementinformationitemsattributeinformationitemsprocessinginstructioninformationitemsunexpandedentityreferenceinformationitemscharacterinformationitemscommentinformationitemsthedocumenttypedeclarationinformationitemunparsedentityinformationitemsnotationinformationitemsnamespaceinformationitemsxmlinformationsetterminologythexmlinformationsetisalongspecificationandgoesintomanyfeaturesunrelatedtoxmltreeslistedbelowarethemostimportanttermsrelatingtoxmltreeterminologythereisexactlyonedocumentinformationitemintheinformationsetandallotherinformationitemsareaccessiblefromthepropertiesofthedocumentinformationitemeitherdirectlyorindirectlythroughthepropertiesofotherinformationitemsthedocumentinformationitemhasthefollowingpropertieschildrendocumentelementnotationsunparsedentitiesbaseuricharacterencodingschemestandaloneversionalldeclarationsprocessedthereisanelementinformationitemforeachelementappearinginthexmldocumentoneoftheelementinformationitemsisthevalueofthedocumentelementpropertyofthedocumentinformationitemcorrespondingtotherootoftheelementtreeandallotherelementinformationitemsareaccessiblebyrecursivelyfollowingitschildrenpropertyanelementinformationitemhasthefollowingpropertiesnamespacenamelocalnameprefixchildrenattributesnamespaceattributesinscopenamespacesbaseuriparentthereisanattributeinformationitemforeachattributespecifiedordefaultedofeachelementinthedocumentincludingnamespacedeclarationsthelatterhoweverappearasmembersofanelementsnamespaceattributespropertyratherthanitsattributespropertyattributesdeclaredinthedtdwithnodefaultvalueandnotspecifiedintheelementsstarttagarenotrepresentedbyattributeinformationitemsanattributeinformationitemhasthefollowingpropertiesnamespacenamelocalnameprefixnormalizedvaluespecifiedattributetypereferencesownerelementnotesxmltreexchangetvseriesthexqueryandxpathdatamodelxdmisthedatamodelsharedbythexpathxsltandxqueryprogramminglanguagesitisawcrecommendationandformsanintegralpartofallthreelanguagesoriginallyitwasbasedonthexpathdatamodelwhichinturnisbasedonthexmlinformationsetthexdmconsistsoflistabstractdatatypeflatsequencesofzeroormoreitemsofdifferenttypesitemscanbetypesystemtypedoruntypedandincludeatomicvaluesaswellasxmlnodeswithelementsattributesandtextnodesetcinstancesofthexdmcanoptionallybexmlschemawcxmlschemavalidatedexternallinkswcrecommendationworgtrxpathdatamodelxqueryandxpathdatamodelibmpicdheibmcominfocenterdbluwvrindexjsptopicfcomibmdbluwxmldocfdocfxqrdatamhtmlxqueryandxpathdatamodelstarayarussasanhuiheavenlakejinyuzhangkonstantinkavelinxpresstvseriesspeciesboxnameyellowrootimageyellowrootxanthorhizasimplicissimajpgimagecaptionyellowrootflowersinspringdisplayparentsgenusxanthorhizaparentauthorityhumphrymarshallmarshallspeciessimplicissimaauthoritymarshallsynonymsxanthorhizaapiifoliaxanthorhizasimplicissimayellowrootistheonlymemberofthegenusxanthorhizaandoneofveryfewgenerainthefamilyranunculaceaewithawoodyplantwoodystemtheothernotableexamplebeingclematisitisnativetotheeasternunitedstatesfrommainesouthtonorthernfloridaandwesttoohioandeasterntexasitcontainsthealkaloidberberinewhichhasanumberoftraditionalandcontemporaryusesfordyeingandmedicinethegenusnameaswellasthecommonnamerefertotheplantsyellowrootsxanthomeaningyellowandrhizameaningrootwhichwasusedtoproduceayellowdyebynativeamericansintheunitedstatesnativeamericansthespeciesnamereferstothesimplenotbranchedrootinthewilditgrowsontheedgesofstreamsinsandysoilunderacanopyofdappledsunlightincultivationitisoftenprovidedwithmoresunlightsothatthefallcolorsaremorevividitisasubshrubreachingrarelyinheightwithstemsuptodiametertheleafleavesarespirallyarrangedlongeachdividedintotoothedleafletbotanyleafletsandflowersemergeonlyfromtheupperportionoftheunbranchedplantstemstemtheflowersareproducedinbroadpanicleslongeachflowersmallstarshapedreddishbrowntopurplebrownwithfivepetalsyellowrootpropagatesasexualreproductionasexuallybysendingoutmanyundergroundrunnersanditreproducessexualreproductionsexuallywithseedsyellowrootiscomparativelyrareinbritishgardensalthoughehwilsonandeabowlesareamongdistinguishedplantsmentohavechampioneditsmeritsitwasgrownbybowlesinhisgardenatbullscrossplacesofinterestmyddeltonhousenearenfieldmiddlesexenfieldmiddlesexandgardensthatcurrentlycultivateitincludethesavillgardenatwindsorberkshirewindsorberkshireandthewestonbirtarboretumneartetburygloucestershirewilsonwhoregardedyellowrootasoneofthebestplantsforhardydeciduousgroundcoveralsodescribedinitsuseinthearnoldarboretumatharvarduniversityinmassachusettsyellowrootisconsideredanendangeredspeciesinfloridagalleryimagexanthorhizasimplicissimajpgimageyellowrootxanthorhizasimplicissimajpgcloseupofyellowrootsflowersgalleryreferencesandexternallinksarnoldiaarboretumharvardedupdfarticlesaveryvaluableshrubxanthorhizasimplicissimapdfindeptharticleinthearnoldarboretumssilvabyjillnooneyeflorasorgflorataxonaspxfloraidtaxonidfloraofnorthamericaxanthorhizasimplicissimasunfarmcompicksxanthorhizzasimplicissimafolphtmldescriptionwithapictureofthefallcolorspittpathscomsthtmsitewithapictureoftherootbnthewildcomplantshhtmmedicinalusesfostersdukejafieldguidetomedicinalplantseasternandcentralnorthamericahoughtonmifflinxanthorhizaxanthorhizaxenisthmidaeswordfishstarglyphstarglyphofficeopenxmlkingballoonrallyxgalaxianpacmangalagalistofhighlandercharactersrecurringcharactersinfoboxsoftwarenametitlelogoxpainticonpngscreenshotxpaintscreenshotpngcaptionxpaintrunningindebiangnulinuxunderkdecollapsibleauthordeveloperreleaseddiscontinuedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatefrequentlyupdateddonotincludethisparameterunlessyouknowwhatitdoesprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecoperatingsystemunixlikeplatformsizelanguagestatusgenrelicensecustomfreelicensewebsitexpaintalternativelycapitalizedxpaintisafreesoftwarefreeopensourceimageeditingprogramforbitmapimagesonthexwindowsystemonunixlikeoperatingsystemsitsmaingoalistobealightweightandsimpletouserastergraphicseditorfeaturesxpaintfeaturesasubstantialnumberofstandardandlessstandardpaintoperationsitallowsforeditingandbrowsingmultipleimagessimultaneouslyandsupportsmostofthecommonbitmapformatsincludingportablenetworkgraphicspnggraphicsinterchangeformatgiftifftruevisiontgatgaportablepixmapppmxpixmapxpmxbmbmpfileformatbmpicofileformaticojpegjpegprogressivegraphicsfilepgfetcitcanalsoreadandimportcertainvectorformatssuchaspostscriptpdfsvgaswellasplaintextortexlatexfileswheneveratexsystemandpostscriptpdfutilitiesareinstalledxpaintisdividedintoatoolboxareaforselectingthecurrentpaintoperationandpaintwindowsformodifyingcreatingimageseachpaintwindowhasaccesstoitsowncolorpaletteandsetofpatternsrecentversionshavesupportforadvancedimagemanipulationsimagezoomingandresizingfilterscolormodificationsseparationofrgbchannelsscriptinglayerseditionofalphachannelandoftransparentimagesvectorformatsimporttruetypefontsandantialiasinggeometrictra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eshaveayellowheadwhilefemaleshaveagreenheaditsunusualbeakseemstobeadaptedtofeedingonthefruitsoffreycinetiaarboreaithasastrongflightwhichitusestoflyconsiderabledistancesinsearchofthishawaiianendemicvinebutwilleatotherfruitsbudsflowersandinsectsalthoughformerlywidespreadandpresentthroughouttheislandgroupnumbershavedeclineddramaticallyduringthetwentiethcenturyitmayhavebeenaffectedbyhabitatlossandintroducedpredatorsbutthemainfactorinitsdeclineisprobablyavianmalariaandfowlpoxtransmittedbythemosquitothebirdislistedbytheinternationalunionforconservationofnatureasbeingcriticallyendangeredbuttherearenorecentrecordsanditmaybeholoceneextinctionextinctdescriptiontheisalargeplumpforestbirdmeasuringinlengthmaleshaveabrightyellowheaddarkgreenbackandanolivegreenbellyfemalesaredullerwithanolivegreenheadthehasapinkfinchlikebillandpinklegsbehaviorthebreedingbiologyofthisbirdisunknownalthoughjuvenileshavebeenseeninjunesuggestingamarchtomaybreedingseasonthescallisanascendingordescendingwhistlethatmaybreakintoasweetanddistinctatlanticcanarycanarylikesongitsuniquebillwasapparentlyadaptedforfeedingonthefruitsoftheieiefreycinetiaarboreavinealthoughwhenthefruitingseasonendedthereadilymovedbothuptheslopeanddownslopeinsearchofotherfoodsbothnativeandintroducedinadditiontofruitsitfeedsoninsectsandbudsandblossomsofthehialehuametrosiderospolymorphaitwasknowntohavebeenanomadicforagerthatmadestrongflightstofollowseasonallyavailablefruitcropsacrossabroadelevationalgradientstatusthoughitwasformerlywidespreadonthesixlargestislandsofthatgroupthishawaiianhoneycreeperdeclinedprecipitouslyfromtheturnofthethcenturythelastrecordedsightingwasinonkauaikauaiitisalmostcertainlyextincttherebutunconfirmedreportsoccasionallyarereceivedfromtheareasabovetheklaueavolcanoonthehawaiiislandislandofhawaiiasaconsequenceitisretainedascriticallyendangeredbybirdlifeinternationalandtherebyiucnuntilitisproventobeextinctbeyondreasonabledoubtthelargestandmostsecurepopulationabovewaiakeahawaiiwaikeaweredrivenfromitshabitatinwhentheareawasdevastatedbyalavaflowfrommaunaloathewasrestrictedtothemidelevationhialehuametrosiderospolymorphahawaiiantropicalrainforestsforestsofthebigislandandthealakaiwildernesspreservealakaiwildernesspreserveonkauaimorerecentlyitbecamerestrictedtohialehuaforesttheisoneofthemostmobilespeciesofhawaiianhoneycreepersalthoughitwasnotveryactiveandusuallyslowmovingithadremarkablestaminaandwhenflyingwouldcovergreatdistancesitisoneofthefewhawaiianendemicsthatdidoccuronallthemajorislandsatonetimeanddidnotdifferentiateintosubspeciessuggestingthatbirdscrossedbetweenislandsonaregularbasisalsotherewasconsiderableseasonalmovementbetweendifferentaltitudesaccordingtotheavailabilityofthespeciesfavoritefoodthebractsandfruitoftheieiefreycinetiaarboreathisprobablywasthespeciesundoingasitthuscameincontactwithmosquitoestransmittingavianmalariaandfowlpoxwhichareexceptionallylethaltomosthawaiianhoneycreepersothersignificantthreatstothisspeciesarehabitatlossandintroducedpredatorsislandspeciesareparticularlyvulnerabletooneormoreofthesethreatsbecauseoftheirlownumbersandrestrictedgeographicaldistributionsprotectionthewaslistedasanendangeredspeciesinundertheendangeredspeciesactthekauaiforestbirdsrecoveryplanwaspublishedinandthehawaiiforestbirdsrecoveryplanwaspublishedintheserecoveryplansrecommendactivelandmanagementcontrollingthespreadofintroducedplantsandanimalscloselymonitoringnewlandactivityordevelopmenttopreventfurtherdestructionofforestbirdhabitatandtheestablishmentofcaptivepropagationandspermbankprogramsthewaslastseenintheolaaareaofthehawaiiislandbigislandtodaythisareaisprotectedbyamultipartygroupincludingstatefederalandprivateentitiesreferencescondorexternallinksbirdlifeorgdatazoneebasindexhtmlactionspchtmdetailsaspsidmbirdlifespeciesfactsheetaudubonorgwatchlistviewspeciesjspidaudubonwatchlistecosfwsgovspeciesprofilespeciesprofilespcodebjusfwsuatuahinehawaiieduhananamanuououhtmluniversityofhawaiiatmnoasmallnotinenglishsmallaccountinhawaiianlanguagehawaiianossetianlanguageprivatgroupinfoboxformernascarteamnamexpressmotorsportslogoownersstevecoulterbrdavefugebrjbscottdriverschampcraftsmantruckserieswinsnumbersdriversmikeblissrandytolsmajackspraguetraviskvapilbrianscottsponsorsiwxmotorfreightalbertsonssupervalunewalbertsonsincmanufacturerchevroletbrfordmotorcompanyfordbrtoyotabasecharlottenorthcarolinaseriessprintcupserieswinstoncupnationwideseriesbuschseriescampingworldtruckseriescraftsmantruckseriesopenednascarcraftsmantruckseriesclosednascarcampingworldtruckseriesxpressmotorsportswasanascarcampingworldtruckseriesteamtheteamwonthetruckserieschampionshipinandwithmikeblissandtraviskvapilrespectivelytheteamwasownedbystevecoulteruntilnascarcraftsmantruckserieswhenhesoldtheteamtothenteammanagerdavefugewhoownedtheteamuntilnascarcraftsmantruckserieswhentheteamwassoldtojbscottinlatetheteamwasagainsoldtosprintcupseriesdriverkylebuschbeginningsxpresswasformedinnascarcraftsmantruckserieswhencoulterfoundedtheteamtopromotehiscompanyiwxmotorfreightrandytolsmawashiredtodrivethenochevroletsilveradoatphoenixinternationalracewayandfinishedthafteranearlycrashtolsmawasnamedtheteamsfulltimedriverinnascarcraftsmantruckseriesbutonlyqualifiedforonethirdofthefirstnineracesoftheseasondavefugewashiredascrewchieftorebuildtheteamandtheyreboundedtocapturehisfirstcareerwinatmesamarinracewaytheteamcontinuedtoruninnascarcraftsmantruckserieswithtolsmadrivingandhadtentoptensandonepolepositionwhentheyannouncedtheywereclosingdowntheirtruckteamattheendoftheseasontorunthenationwideseriesbuschseriestolsmaleftafterracesandtheyswitchedtothenofieldingentriesforrickmccraystanboydblakebainridgetheybeganrunningthebuschserieswiththenopontiacgrandprixinfieldingoneraceapieceforderrikecopeandjoepezzacopequalifiedforthreeoutoffourracesandhadabestfinishoffifteenthinbeforehewasreplacedbyrookiedrivertonyroperracingdrivertonyroperroperpostedthreetoptensinsixteenstartsbutdepartedtheteamneartheendoftheseasonrobertpressleymorganshepherdandstantonbarrettdrovethecarfortherestoftheseasonwithshepherdpostingatenthplacefinishatrockinghamspeedwaynorthcarolinamotorspeedwayhutstricklinwashiredastheteamsdriverforthenascarbuschseriesseasonandopenedtheyearwithapoleatthedrivecopdnapaautopartsbutwasreleasedtenracesintotheseasonafterdarrelllaniganranaoneracedealatcharlottemotorspeedwaylowesmotorspeedwaytheydidnotrununtilthebrickyardsprintcupserieswinstoncupracewhentheyfailedtoqualifywithrichbickledrivingtheyreturnedtobuschattheendoftheseasonwhentimsauterjoinedthemwithsponsorshipfromstoopsfreightlinerhisbestfinishwasfifteenthathomesteadmiamispeedwayrebirthsauterwasnamedtheteamspermanentdriverinnascarbuschseriesandcompetedfornascarrookieoftheyearhonorswithxpresswhichwasrunningpontiacsandchevroletsaftercrewchiefdavefugewasfinedforarulesviolationfollowingthefeedthechildrenoutbacksteakhouseatkentuckytheteamcloseditsdoorsimmediatelyandstoppedrunninglaterintheseasonfugedecidedtorevivetheteamandranaoneracedealwithmikeblissatsouthbostonspeedwaywherehefinishedninthwithouttheguaranteeoffundingfromcoulterxpressdecidedtomakeafulltimerunwithmikeblissinnascarcraftsmantruckseriestheywonfiveracesandthetruckserieschampionshipinadditiontheyfieldedasecondentryforthefirsttimeinteamhistoryatthefordecoboostfordwithronhornadayjrronhornadaywinningintheteamsnoentryblissmovedtothebuschseriesforandtraviskvapiljoinedxpressfromaddingtonracingkvapilwonjustoneracethatseasonandhadalreadyannouncedhewasdepartingtheteamforbangracinginnascarcraftsmantruckserieswhenhewonthechampionshipattheseasonfinaleathomesteadgivingxpressitssecondconsecutivetitlethreetimechampionjackspraguewhohaddriventhenointworacesinjoinedtheteamfulltimeinwithchevytruckscomingonasafulltimebackerspraguewontheinauguralohiouawgmohioandfinishedseventhinpointsinnascarcraftsmantruckseriescoultersoldtheteamtofugeandxpressattemptedtofieldthenotruckinadditiontothenowithrookieregansmithdrivingbuttheteamdissolvedafterthreeracesspraguewonattexasmotorspeedwaybutlefttheteamneartheendoftheseasonandblissfinishedtherestoftheyearfortheteamfinishingfourthathomesteadheranwithxpressfulltimewithdecreasedsupportfromchevypickingupawinatatlantamotorspeedwayxpressswitchedtothefordfseriesfordfandbeganavarietyofdriversracingintheseasonstacycomptonkellybireskennyhendrickscottlagassejrchrisfontainemikeblissandderrikecopeallracedwithhendrickmakingthemoststartstraviskittlesondrovethesecondnotruckatlucasoilracewayatindianapolisoreillyracewayparkbutfinishedlastinseptemberjbandbrianscottboughtamajorityinterestoftheteamwithbrianscottdrivingtheremainingracesexceptfortalladegaasscotthadnotbeenapprovedbynascartorunsuperspeedwayscoperaninhisplacescottwastorunforrookieoftheyearinthetrucksinwithsponsorshipfromsharkenergydrinkandalbertsonshoweversharkenergyendeditsprogramwithxpressandfitzmotorsportsinmarchonseptemberitwasannouncedthatxpresswouldenteratechnologicalallegiancewithbilldavisracingandswitchingmanufacturerstotoyotastartingatthesmithsqwiklinerlasvegasscottscoredfivetoptensinthefinalsevenracesofthatyearandwonhisfirstraceatdoverinternationalspeedwaydoverinintheteamwassoldagaintobecomekylebuschmotorsportsreferencesexternallinkstruckseriescomcgiscriptnctsarticleshtmshoptourxpressmotorsportsinfoboxalbumnametypeepartistroguewavebandroguewavecoverrougewavealbumcoverartjpgaltreleasedaugustrecordedtarboxroadstudioscassadaganewyorkoaklandcaliforniavenuestudiogenreindierocklengthlabelproducerprevtitleoutoftheshadowalbumoutoftheshadowprevyearnexttitledescendedlikevulturesnextyearalbumratingsrevallmusicrevscorerevfasterlouderrevscoreisanextendedplayepreleasedbyroguewavebandroguewaveitwasreleasedaugustonsubpoprecordspeakedatnumberonthebillboardhotsinglesalescharttracklistingallsongswrittenbyzachroguenbspinterruptionsnbspwaitforitnbspcrushthecameranbspreferencesexternallinksroguewavemusiccomroguewaveofficialwebsitemyspacecomroguewaveroguewaveonmyspaceonepercentinfoboxcompanynamexchangingadxctechnologycompanylogotypepubliccompanypublicfoundationlocationlondonunitedkingdomkeypeoplegeoffunwinchairmanbrcraigwilsonceobrdavidbauernfeindcfonumemployeesindustrytechno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erexcesstrickwonpaidbydownplayerwhowillhavelostbythesamenumberoftrickssubsequentdealsandexchangesdealandtargetsarepassedtotheleftandthenewdealerdealsthecardsoutasbeforeonlynowthereisanexchangeofcardsbeforedealernamestrumpeachplayerwhowasupontheprevioushandgivesoneunwantedcardperovertricktoaplayerwhowasdownandthatplayermustreturnthehighestcardorcardsthattheyholdofthesamesuitorsuitsplayersreceivingcardsinsuitsthattheydonothaveorinasuitwhichtheycannotprovideahighercardforsimplyreturnthosecardstotheissuerinsteadofmakinganexchangethisisdonewithoutdeclaringanysuitsorrevealinganycardsiftwoplayerswereuptheplayerwiththehighertargetforthehandabouttobeplayedgetstoexchangethecardsfirstandifheistoexchangecardswithtwoplayerswhoweredownthenheexchangeswiththeplayerwhohasthelowesttargetfirstafterthisexchangeiscompletedealernamestrumpsdiscardsfourcardsandtakesthekittyasbeforeifthedealerwasdowninthepreviousroundandgaveawaythehighestcardofasuitbutthenpicksuponeormorehighercardsofthatsamesuitthesehighcardsmustbeshownprivatelytoplayerswhotradedcardsinthatsuitplayandscoringcontinuesasaboveasthegameproceedsaplayerstargetmovesupiethenandbacktothreeandsoonvariationsoptionalrulesanyofthefollowingrulesmaybeincorporatedinanormalgameofdealerpicksupthekittyandthendiscardsinsteadofdiscardingbeforepickingupgamegoesonuntilsomeonetakesallsixteentricksmakingforanextremelylonggamegameproceedsuntilsomeonescoresfivemoretricksthantheirtargetratherthantwelvetrickswhichonlythedealertargetwhocallstrumpswouldotherwisebelikelytowinthismakesiteasierfortheeldesttargetorespeciallythemiddletargethandstowinandendthegameinanyroundandslightlyharderforthedealeracommonendingisthedealermanagingtogoupandthenwinninggoingoutnextroundonthemiddlehandoptionalwoburnrulestwooptionalruleswerecreatedtotrytobalancethegametheseruleswereusedatwoburncollegiateinstituteintheearlysfirstroundbiddingthedealerpositionisdeterminedbytheplayersbiddingonthenumberoftrickstheyplanongettingifthatplayerwasthedealerbidsmustbeatleasteighttricksbiddingstartswiththedealerofthefirsthandandgoesclockwiseonceallplayershavepassedtheplayerwhobidthehighestbecomesdealerforthefirstroundandplaycontinuesasnormalifallplayerspassedthenthehandisredealtwiththedealbeingpassedclockwisetobalanceoutthetrickquotathenumberoftricksthattheothertwopositionsneedtogetwouldbereducedasfollowsmaximumbleedcardexchangesarelimitedtoamaximumofthreecardspriorityforstartingtheexchangewenttotheplayerwhoneededtocollectmoretrickswhichisthesameorderthatcardexchangesaremadeonceaplayerhasexchangedthreecardsnomorecardsareexchangedwiththatpersonegifthepositionwasandthepositionwasandthepositionwasthenthepositionwouldexchangetwocardswiththepositionandthenthepositionwouldonlyexchangeonecardifthereismorethanonerecipientoftheexchangethepriorityisreversedegifthepositionwasandboththeandpositionswerethenthepositionwouldexchangeonecardwiththepositionandtwocardswiththepositionsergeantmajoralternateplayedaspreviouswithhandsandacardpotbutwiththeexceptionthatnocardsareswappedshouldaplayerbedownasetattheendofeachroundinsteadarunningtotaliskeptsoifyouareonahandandwinsetsthenyouhavescoredifyouareonahandandgetthenyouhavescoredhandmustwinaminimumofsetshandmustwinaminimumofsetshandmustwinaminimumofsetsanythingoveryourminimumisaplusscoreandeverythingunderyourminimumisaminusscorepointpersethoweverthereisanadditionalchangeinthatyoucanonlymakeonecallofeachtypethecallsthatthehandcanmakeareheartsclubsdiamondsspadesnotrumpsntandmiznotrumpslikethenamesuggeststhehighestcardwinsprovidingitfollowssuiteasthefirstcardlaidsoifofheartsislaidfirstfollowedbykingofclubsandthenofheartstheofheartswinsinamizcalltheaimistoloseallyourhandsinthisroundandtheamountyoumustwinisnowthemaximumyoucanwinwithoutlosingpointschangestopositionsforamizhandcanwinamaximumofsetshandcanwinamaximumofsetshandcanwinamaximumofsetsifaplayerwinsundertheirmaximumthenthisisaplusscoreandiftheywinoveritisaminusscorepointpersetsotheirallowedtowinsetsandtheyactuallywinthenthescoresisiftheywinssetinthesamepositionthenthescoresisthehandisallowedtowinhandsmaximumsoiftheyhavewonthentheyhaveascoredofthegameisplayeduntilallthreepartieshaveplayedallfivecallsthatcanbemadeisagoodgameforpeoplewhosedeckisonecardshortitisplayedthesameasexceptforthefollowingpreliminariesacardusuallybutanywilldoisremovedthepackandthegameisplayedwithonlycardsdealcardstoeachplayerthereisnokittytargetseldesthandstargetisinsteadofothertargetsarethesamescoringscoresarekeptonpaperforeachtrickabovetargetforeachtrickbelowgamewinneristhefirstpersontoreachpointsacanadianvariantwhoserulesarethesameasinexceptforthefollowingthetargetsforthethreeplayersareeldesthandmiddlehanddealeraftertradingcardsandchoosingtrumpthedealerpicksupthefourkittycardsbeforediscardingfourplayerscumulativescoresarerecordedonpaperasinabovethusthetotalscoreofallthreeplayerswillalwaysbezerogameisplayeduntiloneplayerhasreachedapredeterminedscoreofeitherorpointsvariationthisvariationofavariationplayswiththefollowingchangeseldestandmiddlehandstargetsareswitchedsothateachistryingtowinthefollowingnumberoftrickseldesthandmiddlehanddealertheorderofexchangingcardsandmakingtrumpsisdealerpicksupthefourkittycardsandthendiscardsfourplayerswithpositivescoresontheprevioushandpasscardsdealernamestrumpplayerswithnegativescorespassbacktheirhighestcardsinthesuitstheyweregiventhegamecontinuesuntilsomeonereachesorexceedseitherorwhoeverhasthehighestscoreatthattimeisthewinneruniversityhighschoolthisvariationwasplayedinthesandsatuniversityhighschoolinurbanaillisthedealeralwaysleadswiththefirsttrickthedealrotatestothenexthighernumberoftrickstogetbecomesbecomesbecomescardsarepassedbeforetrumpiscalledandthekittyispickedupiftwopeoplearepassingtothesamethirdpersonthepersonwhogotthefirstuptrickgetstopassfirstcallstrumppicksupthekittyandthendiscardsthekittybecomessfirsttrickvariationusingsinglecardkittyplayisasbeforewitheachaimingforandrespectivelyexceptallcardsaredealtexceptfortheoneremainingcardwhichisplacedfaceuponthetablethiscardisavailabletotheplayerwhoholdsthetwoofdiamondsandproceedbyswappingiftheywishtoifthecardhappenstobethetwoofdiamondsnoswapispossibleplaycontinuesuntiloneplayerwinstrickswithonehandwhoisthendeclaredthewinnerseealsocardgamereferencesexternallinkskurnikorgintlenoratkurnikonlinegamescardcolsourceforgenetcardgamecollectionacollectionofcardgamesincludingavariationforunixlinuxstbattalionthmarinesndbattalionthmarinesrdbattalionthmarinesthbattalionthmarinesgeneralconfederationofgreekworkersthexsexdeterminationsystemisasystemthatdeterminesthesexofoffspringamongmostarachnidsrefnameevolutionbulljamesjevolutionofsexdeterminingmechanismsprefwiththeexceptionofmiteswhereasmallmajorityarehaplodiploidalmostallapterygotaapterygoteandpaleopteraninsectsegdragonflydragonfliesandsilverfishmostexopterygotaexopterygoteinsectseggrasshopperscricketinsectcricketsandcockroachessomenematodescrustaceansgastropodagastropodmolluscsandbonyfishnotablyinthegenusancistrusinthissystemthereisonlyonesexchromosomereferredtoasxmalesonlyhaveonexchromosomexwhilefemaleshavetwoxxthezerosometimestheletterosignifiesthelackofasecondxmaternalgametesalwayscontainanxchromosomesothesexoftheanimalsoffspringdependsonwhetherasexchromosomeispresentinthemalegameteitsspermatozoonspermnormallycontaineitheronexchromosomeornosexchromosomesatallinavariantofthissystemmostindividualshavetwosexchromosomesxxandarehermaphroditehermaphroditicproducingbotheggsandspermwithwhichtheycanfertilizethemselveswhilerareindividualsaremaleandhaveonlyonesexchromosomexthemodelorganismcaenorhabditiselegansanematodefrequentlyusedinbiologicalresearchisonesuchorganismsomedrosophilaspecieshavexmalesthesearethoughttoariseviathelossoftheychromosomeparthenogenesisparthenogenesiswithxsexdeterminationcanoccurbydifferentmechanismstoproduceeithermaleorfemaleoffspringrefnamehalesrefinhumansinhumanshavingonlyasinglexchromosomeisknownasturnersyndromehoweversuchindividualsgenerallypresentasfemaleashumanshaveanxysexdeterminationsystemreferencesbanjicainfoboxprogramminglanguagenamexsblogologocaptionscreenshotscreenshotcaptionfileextpparadigmlogicprogrammingscopereleaseddesignerdavidswarrenterranceswiftkostissagonasdeveloperxsbresearchgrouplatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatetypingimplementationsdialectsinfluencedbyprologpsbprologsbprologinfluencedprogramminglanguageplatformoperatingsystemcrossplatformlicensewebsitexsbsourceforgenetwikibooksxsbisthenameofadialectoftheprologprogramminglanguageanditsimplementationdevelopedatstonybrookuniversityincollaborationwiththekatholiekeuniversiteitleuventhenewuniversityoflisbonuppsalauniversityandsoftwarecompanysoftwarevendorxsbincxsbextendsprologwithmemoizationtabledresolutionlogicresolutionandhilogastandardextensionofprologpermittinglimitedhigherorderlogicprogrammingtheopensourcexsbimplementationincludesanforeignfunctioncallinterfacetothejavaprogramminglanguagejavaprogramminglanguagehistoryxsbwasoriginallydevelopedatstonybrookuniversitybydavidswarrenterranceswiftandkostissagonasitwasbasedonthesbprologlanguagethatwasalsodevelopedatstonybrookuniversityinitisalogicprogramminglanguagesyntaxxsbsupportsseveralstandardprogramminglanguagedatatypessuchasintegersfloatingpointnumbersandlispprogramminglanguageatomsatomsintegersinxsbcanbeinterpretedinmultiplebasesbydefaultintegersareinterpretedindecimalbasebutcanbeinterpretedinarangeofradixbasesfrombinarynumbertosenarybaseassenarycompressionatomsaresimilartostringcomputersciencestringstheyareasequenceofcharactersexternallinksxsbsourceforgenetxsbxsbsourceforgenetabouthtmlxsbtechnicalsummarycssunysbeduwarrenxsbbookprogrammingintabledprologdraftofabookaboutxsbprogrammingbydavidswarrenofstonybrookuniversityxsbsourceforgenetdownloadsmanualpdfthexsbsystemprogrammersmanualbyterranceswiftdavidswarrenandotherscscmueduafscsprojectairepositoryailangprologimplprologsbprologhtmlinformationonstonybrookprologreferencestswiftanddswarrendlacmorgcitationcfmidxsbextendingthepowerofprologusingtablingtheoryandpracticeoflogicprogrammingtplpcambridgeuniversitypressksagonasandtswiftanddswa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probablyfirstcreatedbyrudolfhoppeattheuniversityofmnstergermanyinearlybyreactingfluorineandxenongasmixturesinanelectricaldischargeshortlyafterthesereportsweekscherwickandmathesonofargonnenationallaboratoryreportedthesynthesisofxefsubsubusinganallnickelsystemwithtransparentaluminawindowsinwhichequalpartsxeandfsubsubgasesreactatlowpressureuponirradiationbyanultravioletsourcetogivexefsubsubrefcitejournaltitlephotochemicalpreparationofxenondifluoridephotochemicalpreparationofxenondifluorideauthorweeksjauthormathesonmauthorchernickcjournaljamchemsocvolumeissuepagesyeardoijaarefwilliamsonreportedthatthereactionworksequallywellatatmosphericpressureinadrypyrexglassbulbusingsunlightasasourceitwasnotedthatthesynthesisworkedevenoncloudydaysintheprevioussynthesesthefsubsubreactanthadbeenpurifiedtoremovehfmalcandlutarfoundthatifthisstepisskippedthereactionrateproceedsatfourtimestheoriginalrateinitwasalsosynthesizedbyreactingxenongaswithdioxygendifluoridesolubilityissolubleinsolventssuchasbrominepentafluoridebrominetrifluorideiodinepentafluorideanhydroushydrogenfluoridehfandacetonitrilewithoutreductionoroxidationsolubilityinhfishighatgperghfatnbspcrefnametramsekcitejournalauthormelitatramekauthorborisemvatitlesynthesispropertiesandchemistryofxenoniifluorideyearjournalactachimslovvolumeissuepagesdoichinurlactaarhivchemsocsipdfrefderivedxenoncompoundsotherxenoncompoundsmaybederivedfromxenondifluoridetheunstableorganoxenoncompoundcanbemadebyirradiatinghexafluoroethanetogenerateradicalchemistryradicalsandpassingthegasovertheresultingwaxywhitesoliddecomposescompletelywithinhoursatroomtemperaturerefnamehardingcitebooktitleelementsofthepblockfirstcharlielasthardingfirstdavidarthurlastjohnsonfirstroblastjanespublisherroyalsocietyofchemistrygreatbritainopenuniversityotherscontributorcharliehardingdavidarthurjohnsonrobjanesyearisbnrefthexefsupsupcationisformedbycombiningxenondifluoridewithastrongfluorideacceptorsuchasanexcessofliquidantimonypentafluorideaddingxenongastothispaleyellowsolutionatapressureofatmosphereunitatmproducesagreensolutioncontainingtheparamagneticionwhichcontainsaxexebondapfdenotessolutioninliquidxegapflapfapfthisreactionisreversibleremovingxenongasfromthesolutioncausestheiontoreverttoxenongasandandthecolorofthesolutionreturnstoapaleyellowinthepresenceofliquidhydrogenfluoridehfdarkgreencrystalscanbeprecipitatedfromthegreensolutionatnbspcapfapfsapfxraycrystallographyindicatesthatthexexebondlengthinthiscompoundispicometrepmindicatingaveryweakbondtheionisisoelectronicityisoelectronicwiththeionwhichisalsodarkgreenrefcitebooktitleintroductiontomoderninorganicchemistryfirstkennethmalcolmlastmackayfirstrosemaryannlastmackayfirstwlasthendersoneditionthpublishercrcpressyearisbnrefrefcitebooktitleinorganicchemistryauthoregonwibergauthornilswibergauthorarnoldfrederickhollemanpublisheracademicpressyearisbnpagerefcoordinationchemistrybondinginthexefsubsubmoleculeisadequatelydescribedbythethreecenterfourelectronbondmodelxefsubsubcanactasaligandincomplexchemistrycoordinationcomplexesofmetalsforexampleinhfsolutionmgasfsubsubsubsubxefsubsubmgxefsubsubsubsubasfsubsubsubsubcrystallographicanalysisshowsthatthemagnesiumatomiscoordinatedtofluorineatomsfourofthefluorinesareattributedtothefourxenondifluorideligandswhiletheothertwoareapairofcisasfligandsasimilarreactionismgasfsubsubsubsubxefsubsubmgxefsubsubsubsubasfsubsubsubsubinthecrystalstructureofthisproductthemagnesiumatomisoctahedralmoleculargeometryoctahedrallycoordinatedandthexefsubsubligandsareaxialwhiletheasfligandsareequatorialmanysuchreactionswithproductsoftheformmsupxsupxefsubsubsubnsubafsubsubsubxsubhavebeenobservedwheremcanbecasrbapbaglaorndandacanbeassborprecentlyacompoundwassynthesisedwhereametalatomwascoordinatedsolelybyxefsubsubfluorineatomscaasfsubsubsubsubxefsubsubcasubsubxefsubsubsubsubasfsubsubsubsubthisreactionrequiresalargeexcessofxenondifluoridethestructureofthesaltissuchthathalfofthecasupsupionsarecoordinatedbyfluorineatomsfromxenondifluoridewhiletheothercasupsupionsarecoordinatedbybothxefsubsubandasfapplicationsasafluorinatingagentxenondifluorideisastrongfluorinatingandoxidizingagentrefcitejournaltitlerecentadvancesinelectrophilicfluorinationauthortaylorsauthorkotoriscauthorhumgjournaltetrahedronvolumeissuepagesyearurldoisareviewoffluorinationingeneralrefwithfluorideionacceptorsitformsxefandxefspecieswhichareevenmorepowerfulfluorinatorsamongthefluorinationreactionsthatxenondifluorideundergoesareoxidativefluorinationphsubsubtefxefsubsubphsubsubtefsubsubxereductivefluorinationcrosubsubfsubsubxefsubsubcrofsubsubxeosubsubaromaticfluorinationalkenefluorinationradicalfluorinationinradicaldecarboxylativefluorinationreactionsinhunsdieckerreactionhunsdieckertypereactionswherexenondifluorideisusedtogeneratetheradicalintermediateaswellasthefluorinetransfersourceandingeneratingarylradicalsfromarylsilanesisselectiveaboutwhichatomitfluorinatesmakingitausefulreagentforfluorinatingheteroatomswithouttouchingothersubstituentsinorganiccompoundsforexampleitfluorinatesthearsenicatomintrimethylarsinebutleavesthemethylgroupsuntouchedrefcitebooktitlemaingroupchemistryauthorwhendersonlocationgreatbritainpublisherroyalsocietyofchemistryyearisbnpagerefrarrxexefsubsubcansimilarlybeusedtopreparenfluoroammoniumsaltsusefulasfluorinetransferreagentsinorganicsynthesisegselectfluorfromthecorrespondingtertiaryaminernsupsupchsubsubchsubsubsubsubnbfsubsubsupsupxefsubsubnabfsubsubrnsupsupchsubsubchsubsubsubsubnsupsupfbfsubsubsupsupsubsubnafxewillalsooxidativelydecarboxylatecarboxylicacidstothecorrespondinghaloalkanefluoroalkanesrcoohxefsubsubrfcosubsubxehfsilicontetrafluoridehasbeenfoundtoactasacatalystinfluorinationbyrefcitejournaljournalfussokagakutoronkaikoenyoshishuidjournalcodefbaccessioncodeaauthortamuramasanoriauthortakagitoshiyukiauthorshibakamimotonariauthorquanhengdaoauthorsekiyaakiratitlefluorinationofolefinswithxenondifluoridesilicontetrafluoridevolumeyearpageslocationjapanlanguagejapaneserefasanetchantxenondifluorideisalsousedasanisotropicgaseousetchingetchantforsiliconparticularlyintheproductionofmicroelectromechanicalsystemsmemsasfirstdemonstratedinrefchangfyehrlingchuphoffmanekruglickepisterkhechtmspieprocvpagesrefcommercialsystemsusepulseetchingwithanexpansionchamberbrazzledokmecietaldescribethisprocessthemechanismoftheetchisasfollowsfirstthexefsubsubadsorbsanddissociatestoxenonxeandfluorinefonthesurfaceofsiliconfluorineisthemainetchantinthesiliconetchingprocessthereactiondescribingthesiliconwithxefsubsubisxefsubsubsixesifsubsubxefsubsubhasarelativelyhighetchrateanddoesnotrequirereactiveionetchingionbombardmentorexternalenergysourcesinordertoetchsiliconreferencesfurtherreadingcitebooklastgreenwoodfirstnormanneilllastearnshawfirstalantitlechemistryoftheelementseditionndyearpagepublisherbutterworthheinemannisbnexternallinkswebbooknistgovcgicbookcgiidcwebbookpageforxefnoblegascompoundxianjiaotonguniversityxresourcesashworthsrusticxuanbellofernnbornintineoasturiasspainisapoetandoneofthebestknowncontemporaryasturianpeopleasturianwriterslifeandworkpoetryinatbarelyyearsoldhepublishedhisfirstbookofpoemsinasturiannelcuartumarielluhispoeticworksapartfromthosepublishedinuniversitymagazinesandinlletresasturianescontinuedwithelllibrudelesceniceslosnomesdelatierraelllibruvieyuwithwhichhewontheteodorocuestaprizeforpoetryinandloscaminossecretosinhepublishedabilingualanthologyasturianspanishofhispoetrywiththetitlelavidaperdidanewspapersandmagazinesbellohasalsodonenumeroustranslationsespeciallyofportugueselanguageportugueseauthorsandhascollaboratedonmagazinessuchasclarnadriandzimbruhavingcofoundedthelasttwowithbertapinandestherprietorespectivelyhealsohasbeenpublishedinthenewspaperslanuevaespaaandelcomercioandtheweeklylesnoticiesofwhichhehasbeenthedirectorsinceinhefoundedxuntadescritoresasturianoscongressofasturianwriterscriticalacclaimhisliteraryfameoutsideoftheasturiancommunitycamewithhisspanishlanguagetranslationofhisownhestoriauniversaldepaniceirosforwhichhereceivedtheramngmezdelasernaprizeandwhichwasoneofthemostcriticallyacclaimedspanishbooksoflistofpublishedworkspoetrynelcuartumariellullibrudelesceniceselllibruvieyuloscaminossecretoslavidaperdidaessayscomofacerlhabanaensinsalirdasturiesruarribalabolainfinitanarrativespantasmesmundoslaberintoslamemoriadelmunduhistoriauniversaldepaniceirosbooksgooglecombooksidxxfpjlbgcprintsecfrontcoverdqxuanbellosourceblotssvzxhkclxsighcbjghrppnjbuormjqahleneiafmlskndkvtgfuosccgsaxoibookresultctresultresnumvedcbiqaewbjgkvonepageqffalsepaniceirosaretloscuartelesdelamemoriameditacionesneldesiertuchildrensliteratureelnuberuyebonaxentetranslationsjosluisolaizolabibianayelsomundufernandopessoaestancuyotrospoemesrobertlouisstevensonelcasurarudeldrjeckyllymrhydearthurconandoyletresaventuresdesherlockholmeslvarocunqueiroescuelademelecinerosyfbuladevariaxentejaumecelasilenciunelcoraznvariousauthorssiegluxxcambalachealfonsodanielrodrguezcastelaocosesjordisierraifabranunllugarquellamenguerraothersalfayadictatedmaterialfrombertapinlalbordelosmalvisescriticaleditionoftheworkofconstantinocabalelsentimientudelatierraanthologyofcontemporaryasturianliteraturereferencesexternallinkspoesiaasturianawordpresscomcategoryxuanbelloarchivosdelacategoraxuanbellopoesiaasturianasweblogxuanbelloxuanbelloslobodanmiloeviinfoboxtrainbackgroundyellownameimagejpgcaptioninmoscowinteriorimagejpginteriorcaptioninteriorofservicemanufacturerukvzfactoryfamilyreplacedyearconstructionyearservicerefurbishmentyearscrappedconstructionnumberbuiltnumberservicenumberpreservednumberscrappedformationdesignationcapacityseatsoperatordepotslinescarbodytrainlengthcarlengthwidthheightfloorheightplatformheightentrylevelorstepartsectionsdoorsmaxspeedweightaccelerationdecelerationtractionenginepowerouttransmissionauxpowersuphvacvoltagevcollectionmethoduicclasswheelarrangementbogiesbrakessafetycouplingmultipleworkinggaugetheisaproposedrussianlowfloortramintendedformoscowandrigatheserailvehiclesareproducedbyustkatavvagonbuildingplantukvzrussianabbreviatureandfullnameonlyonecarwasbuiltinitwastestedwithpassengersinmoscowi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uringfluorescentphotonsaugerelectronsanddirectlyemittedelectronsistosumoverallpossiblefinalstatesofthephotoelectronsmeaningthatwhatnexafsmeasuresisthetotaljointdensityofstatesoftheinitialcorelevelwithallfinalstatesconsistentwithconservationrulesthedistinctioniscriticalbecauseinspectroscopyfinalstatesaremoresusceptibletomanybodytheorymanybodyeffectsthaninitialstatesmeaningthatnexafsspectraaremoreeasilycalculablethanphotoemissionspectraduetothesummationoverfinalstatesvarioussumruleinquantummechanicssumrulesarehelpfulintheinterpretationofnexafsspectrawhenthexrayphotonenergyresonantlyconnectsacorelevelwithanarrowfinalstateinasolidsuchasanexcitonreadilyidentifiablecharacteristicpeakswillappearinthespectrumthesenarrowcharacteristicspectralpeaksgivethenexafstechniquealotofitsanalyticalpowerasillustratedbythebsexcitonshowninthesecondfiguresynchrotronradiationhasanaturalpolarizationwavespolarizationthatcanbeutilizedtogreatadvantageinnexafsstudiesthecommonlystudiedmolecularadsorbateshavesigmabondsigmaandpibondsthatmayhaveaparticularorientationonasurfacetheangledependenceofthexrayabsorptiontrackstheorientationofresonantbondsduetodipoleselectionrulesexperimentalconsiderationsimagebnbpngthumbleftnormalincidenceboronsxrayabsorptionspectrafortwotypesofbnpowderthecubicphaseshowsonlybondingwhilethehexagonalphaseshowsbothandbondingsoftxrayabsorptionspectraareusuallymeasuredeitherthroughthefluorescentyieldinwhichemittedphotonsaremonitoredortotalelectronyieldinwhichthesampleisconnectedtogroundthroughanammeterandtheneutralizationcurrentismonitoredbecausenexafsmeasurementsrequireanintensetunablesourceofsoftxraystheyareperformedatsynchrotronsbecausesoftxraysareabsorbedbyairthesynchrotronradiationtravelsfromtheringinanevacuatedbeamlinetotheendstationwherethespecimentobestudiedismountedspecializedbeamlinesintendedfornexafsstudiesoftenhaveadditionalcapabilitiessuchasheatingasampleorexposingittoadoseofreactivegasenergyrangeedgeenergyrangeintheabsorptionedgeregionofmetalsthephotoelectronisexcitedtothefirstunoccupiedlevelabovethefermilevelthereforeitsmeanfreepathinapuresinglecrystalatzerotemperatureisaslargeasinfiniteanditremainsverylargeincreasingtheenergyofthefinalstateuptoaboutevabovethefermilevelbeyondtheroleoftheunoccupieddensityofstatesandmatrixelementsinsingleelectronexcitationsmanybodyeffectsappearasaninfraredsingularityattheabsorptionthresholdinmetalsintheabsorptionedgeregionofinsulatorsthephotoelectronisexcitedtothefirstunoccupiedlevelabovethechemicalpotentialbuttheunscreenedcoreholeformsalocalizedboundstatecalledcoreexcitonexafsenergyrangeimagesinglemultiplescatteringjpgthumbrightpictorialviewofphotoelectronscatteringprocessesinthesinglescatteringregimeexafsthisassumesthesinglescatteringapproximationmultiplescatteringcanbeconsideredwithexafsandinthemultiplescatteringregimexanesinexafsthephotoelectronisscatteredonlybyasingleneighbouratominxanesallthescatteringpathwaysclassifiedaccordingtothenumberofscatteringeventetccontributetotheabsorptioncrosssectionthefinestructureinthexrayabsorptionspectrainthehighenergyrangeextendingfromaboutevbeyondtheionizationpotentialisapowerfultooltodeterminetheatomicpairdistributionieinteratomicdistanceswithatimescaleofaboutsupsupsinfactthefinalstateoftheexcitedphotoelectroninthehighkineticenergyrangeevisdeterminedonlybysinglebackscatteringeventsduetothelowamplitudephotoelectronscatteringnexafsenergyrangeinthenexafsregionstartingaboutevbeyondtheabsorptionthresholdbecauseofthelowkineticenergyrangeevthephotoelectronbackscatteringamplitudebyneighboratomsisverylargesothatmultiplescatteringeventsbecomedominantinthenexafsspectrathedifferentenergyrangebetweennexafsandexafscanbealsoexplainedinaverysimplemannerbythecomparisonbetweenthephotoelectronwavelengthmathlambdamathandtheinteratomicdistanceofthephotoabsorberbackscattererpairthephotoelectronkineticenergyisconnectedwiththewavelengthmathlambdamathbythefollowingrelationmathetextkinetichnuetextbindinghbarkmpihbarmlambdamathwhichmeansthatforhighenergythewavelengthisshorterthaninteratomicdistancesandhencethenexafsregioncorrespondstoasinglescatteringregimewhileforloweremathlambdamathislargerthaninteratomicdistancesandthexanesregionisassociatedwithamultiplescatteringregimefinalstatestheabsorptionpeaksofnexafsspectraaredeterminedbymultiplescatteringresonancesofthephotoelectronexcitedattheatomicabsorptionsiteandscatteredbyneighboratomsthelocalcharacterofthefinalstatesisdeterminedbytheshortphotoelectronmeanfreepaththatisstronglyreduceddowntoaboutnbspnmatevinthisenergyrangebecauseofinelasticscatteringofthephotoelectronbyelectronholeexcitationsexcitonsandcollectiveelectronicoscillationsofthevalenceelectronscalledplasmonsapplicationsthegreatpowerofnexafsderivesfromitselementalspecificitybecausethevariouselementshavedifferentcorelevelenergiesnexafspermitsextractionofthesignalfromasurfacemonolayerorevenasingleburiedlayerinthepresenceofahugebackgroundsignalburiedlayersareveryimportantinengineeringapplicationssuchasharddiskmagneticrecordingmediaburiedbeneathasurfacelubricantordopantsbelowanelectrodeinanintegratedcircuitbecausenexafscanalsodeterminethechemicalstateofelementswhicharepresentinbulkinminutequantitiesithasfoundwidespreaduseinenvironmentalchemistryandgeochemistrytheabilityofnexafstostudyburiedatomsisduetoitsintegrationoverallfinalstatesincludinginelasticallyscatteredelectronsasopposedtophotoemissionandaugerspectroscopywhichstudyatomsonlywithalayerortwoofthesurfacemuchchemicalinformationcanbeextractedfromthenexafsregionformalvalencechemistryvalenceverydifficulttoexperimentallydetermineinanondestructivewaycoordinationenvironmentegoctahedraltetrahedralcoordinationandsubtlegeometricaldistortionsofittransitionstoboundvacantstatesjustabovethefermilevelcanbeseenthusnexafsspectracanbeusedasaprobeoftheunoccupiedbandstructureofamaterialthenearedgestructureischaracteristicofanenvironmentandvalencestatehenceoneofitsmorecommonusesisinfingerprintingifyouhaveamixtureofsitescompoundsinasampleyoucanfitthemeasuredspectrawithalinearcombinationsofnexafsspectraofknownspeciesanddeterminetheproportionofeachsitecompoundinthesampleoneexampleofsuchauseisthedeterminationoftheoxidationstateoftheplutoniuminthesoilatrockyflatsplantrockyflatsimagepuxanesjpgthumbpxrightthexanesexperimentsdoneonplutoniuminsoilconcreteandstandardsofthedifferentoxidationstateshistorytheacronymxaneswasfirstusedinduringinterpretationofmultiplescatteringresonancesspectrameasuredatthestanfordsynchrotronradiationlaboratoryssrlbyabianconiinthefirstpaperontheapplicationofxanesfordeterminationoflocalstructuralgeometricaldistortionsusingmultiplescatteringtheorywaspublishedbyabianconipjdurhamandjohnpendryjbpendryinthefirstnexafspaperexaminingmoleculesadsorbedonsurfacesappearedthefirstxafspaperdescribingtheintermediateregionbetweenexafsandxanesappearedinsoftwarefornexafsanalysisamsterdamdensityfunctionaladfcalculationofnexafsusingspinorbitcouplingtddftortheslatertsmethodfdmnescalculationofnexafsusingfinitedifferencemethodandfullmultiplescatteringtheoryfeffcalculationofnexafsusingfullmultiplescatteringtheorymxannexafsfittingusingfullmultiplescatteringtheoryfititnexafsfittingusingmultidimensionalinterpolationapproximationparatecnexafscalculationusingplanewavepseudopotentialapproachwienknexafscalculationonthebasisoffullpotentiallinearizedaugmentedplanewaveapproachreferencesabianconisurfacexrayabsorptionspectroscopysurfaceexafsandsurfacexanesapplsurfscivolpagsciencedirectcomscienceobarticleurludibxtgphycoverdateffalidrdocfmtorigsearchqdcdisortdviewcacctcversionurlversionuseridmddbefadfbedabianconimdellaricciapjdurhamandjbpendrymultiplescatteringresonancesandstructuraleffectsinthexrayabsorptionnearedgespectraoffeiiandfeiiihexacyanidecomplexesphysrevbprolaapsorgabstractprbvipqiddfebddaqseqshowmbenfattocrnatoliabianconijgarciaamarcellimfanfoniandidavolimultiplescatteringregimeandhigherordercorrelationsinxrayabsorptionspectraofliquidsolutionsphysrevblinkapsorgdoiphysrevbbibliographyxrayabsorptionprinciplesapplicationstechniquesofexafssexafsandxanesdckoningsbergerrprinsabianconipjdurhamchapterschemicalanalysisjohnwileysonsprinciplesandapplicationsofexafschapterinhandbookofsynchrotronradiationppeasternandsmhealdeekochednorthhollandnexafsspectroscopybyjsthrspringerexternallinksmnewvillewebarchiveorgwebxafsorgtutorialsactionattachfiledoviewtargetnewvillexasfundamentalspdfthefundamentalsofxafssbarewaybackarchiveitorgallcarsuchicagoeduxafsapsbarexannespdfxanesmeasurementsandinterpretationbravelwebarchiveorgwebcarsuchicagoeduraveltalkspimstpdfapracticalintroductiontomultiplescatteringxgmmltheextensiblegraphmarkupandmodelinglanguagemodelinglanguageisanxmlapplicationbasedongraphmodellinglanguagegmlwhichisusedforgraphdescriptiontechnicallywhilegmlisnotrelatedtoxmlnorstandardgeneralizedmarkuplanguagesgmlxgmmlisanxmlapplicationthatissodesignedthattheresarelationtowardsgmlfortrivialconversionbetweenthetwoformatsapplicationssupportingxgmmlcytoscapeanopensourcebioinformaticssoftwareplatformforvisualizingmolecularinteractionnetworksloadsandsavesnetworksandnodeedgeattributesinxgmmlbiomaxinformaticsagbiomaxbioxmknowledgemanagementenvironmentacustomizableknowledgemanagementsystemforlifesciencessupportsexportofsemanticnetworkgraphsasxgmmlfilesjnetsanetworkvisualizationandanalysistoolseealsologmlamarkuplanguageenablingdataminingforwebserverlogslogmlisderivedfromxgmmlexternallinkscgicsrpieduresearchgroupspbpuninpublichtmlxgmmlxgmmlreferencebrokenlinkthirdpersonpronounthirdpersonpronounorixbuffaloesohmygoddessanimeredirectcategoryshellohmygoddesslistofgenerationipokmonsandshrewredirectcategoryshelllistofgenerationipokmonrhydonredirectcategoryshelllistofgenerationipokmongastlyredirectcategoryshelllistofgenerationipokmongolduckredirectcategoryshellpsyducklistofgenerationipokmonmagnemiteredirectcategoryshellabrakadabraandalakazamlistofgenerationipokmonkrabbyredirectcategoryshelllistofgenerationipokmonrapidashgitogitohustlervulpixandninetalesgunstarsuperheroesglassmasklistofgenerationipokmonfarfetchdsushimakizushiredirectcategoryshelllistofgenerationipokmon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tedandvicgrimestherewouldonlybetwoxpwtelevisionchampionsasjoeymunozkaosheldthechampionshipforayearandahalfkaoswouldgoontosuccessfullydefendthexpwtelevisionchampionshipagainstthelikesofpsicosisnosawarongainosawachrishamrickdannydoringjonnystormandsharkboydamageinctournamentteambracketrdfirstroundrdsemifinalsrdfinalrdseedrdseedrdseedrdseedrdseedrdseedrdseedrdseedrdteamjoeymunozkaosrdteamtheenterpriserdteamdynamitedrdteamjohnkronuskronusrdteamkonnanrdteamwhitetrashjohnnywebbrdteamviciousvicgrimesrdteamrcgleroyrdteamkaosrdteamdynamitedrdteamkonnanrdteamviciousvicgrimesrdteamkaosbrwsupremerdteamkonnanbrwpsicosistitlehistorykeyclasswikitablestylebackgroundfffsymbolstylebackgroundfffmeaningnotheoverallchampionshipreignreignthereignnumberforthespecificwrestlerlistedeventtheeventinwhichthechampionshipchangedhandsclasswikitablesortablewidthstyletextaligncenterwidthdatasorttypenumberstylewidthwrestlerstylewidthreignstylewidthdatestylewidthdaysheldstylewidthlocationstylewidtheventstylewidthclassunsortablenotesstylewidthclassunsortablerefjoeymunozkaoslosangelescaliforniaxpwdamageincalignleftdefeatedkonnaninatournamentfinaltobecomethefirstchampionnbspnorthhillscaliforniaxpwmybloodyvalentinetourdayalignleftnbspnbspstylebackgroundcoloreeedeactivatednananaalignleftxpwclosedandtitlewasabandonednbspseealsoxtremeprowrestlingreferencesgeneralxpwonlinecomxpwtvtitlespecificinfoboxprowrestlingchampionshipchampionshipnamexpwworldtagteamchampionshipimagedamianjpgimagesizecaptiondaminpartofmexicosmostwantedfinalchampyouthanaziajoshprohibitionandmattcrosswrestlermdoggpromotionxtremeprowrestlingbrandcreatedjulyfirstchampmexicosmostwantedhalloweenwrestlerhalloweenanddaminlongestreignshortestreignoldestyoungestheaviestlightestpastnamestitleretiredmarchpastlookimagesthexpwworldtagteamchampionshipwasintroducedatbaptizedinbloodiiiinbyxtremeprowrestlingandthechampionshipwasdecidedinawayeliminationtagteammatchthatfeaturedmexicosmostwantedhalloweenwrestlerhalloweenanddaminthenewpanthersronkillingskmalikshabazzandraphaelmuhammedtheteamofpogotheclownandjuantasticoandtheteamofamericanwildchildandshadyonlytwoteamswouldendupholdingthexpwworldtagteamchampionshipontwooccasionsyouthanaziatheteamofjoshprohibitionandmdoggwerethefinalchampionstitlehistoryclasswikitablesortablewidthstyletextaligncenterwidthdatasorttypenumberstylewidthwrestlersstylewidthreignstylewidthdatestylewidthdaysheldstylewidthlocationstylewidtheventstylewidthclassunsortablenotesstylewidthclassunsortablerefmexicosmostwantedbrhalloweenwrestlerhalloweenanddaminpicoriveracaliforniaxpwbaptizedinbloodiiinightofchampionsalignleftdefeatedamericanwildchildandshadyjuantasticoandpogotheclownandthenewpanthersronkillingskmalikshabazzandraphaelmuhammedinafatalwayeliminationtagteammatchtobecomethefirstchampionsrefnamexrefyouthanaziabrjoshprohibitionandmattcrosswrestlermdoggphiladelphiapennsylvaniaxpwmerryfnxmasalignleftnbspmexicosmostwantedbrhalloweenwrestlerhalloweenanddaminphiladelphiapennsylvaniaxpwnewyearsrevolutionalignleftnbspyouthanaziabrjoshprohibitionandmattcrosswrestlermdoggphiladelphiapennsylvaniahouseshowliveeventalignleftnbspstylebackgroundcoloreeedeactivatednananaxpwclosesandthetitleisabandonedlukehawxscorpioskylosangelescaliforniatenyearanniversaryspectacularalignleftnbsplukehawxscorpioskybeatmdoggtooltowinthetitleoveryearsafterbeingvacatedlistofcombinedreignsbyteamclasswikitablesortablestylebackgroundeeerankstylebackgroundeeeteamstylebackgroundeeeofreignsstylebackgroundeeecombineddaysmexicosmostwantedbryouthanaziabrbywrestlerclasswikitablesortablestylebackgroundeeerankstylebackgroundeeewrestlerstylebackgroundeeeofreignsstylebackgroundeeecombineddaysrowspanhalloweenwrestlerhalloweendaminrowspanjoshprohibitionmattcrosswrestlermdoggreferencesinfoboxprowrestlingchampionshipchampionshipnamexpwkingofthedeathmatchchampionshipimageimagesizecaptionpromotionxtremeprowrestlingbrandcreatedjunemostreignssupremetitlehistoryreignsfirstchampsupremefinalchamplongestreignsupremedaysshortestreignsupremealtarboylukedaysoldestyoungestheaviestlightestpastnamestitleretiredaugustpastlookimagesthexpwkingofthedeathmatchchampionshipwasoneofxtremeprowrestlingschampionshipsoriginallythechampionshipexistedasatrophythatwasatstakeinthefirsteverbaptizedinbloodeventwhichfeaturedajapanesestylemankingofthedeathmatchtournamentbackgroundafterthemessiahwrestlerthemessiahdefeatedsupremeforthechampionshipanactualtitlebeltforthechampionshipwouldlaterappearanddebutatxpwsbaptizedinbloodthemessiahwouldwindupasthelongestreigningchampionholdingontothetitlefornearlyayearandonlybeingstrippedofthetitleafterhewasfiredfromxpwthechampionshipwashighlycontestedwhilexpwwasbasedinthewestcoastasmatcheswouldoftenconsistofaplethoraofbarbedwirebedsofnailsbedsofthumbtackslightbulbsandoccasionallyexplodingbarbedwiredevicesbaptizedinbloodthetitlewasfirstawardedtothewinnerofanprofessionalwrestlingtournamentmansingleeliminationtournamentheldatxpwbaptizedinbloodonjuneteambracketrdfirstroundrdsemifinalsrdfinalrdseedrdseedrdseedrdseedrdseedrdseedrds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ctivatethetitlenbspstylebackgroundcoloreeedeactivatednananaalignleftxpwheldareunionshowinaugustwithsupremedefendingthetitleagainsttheartistformerlyknownasthehardcorehomoangelxpwclosesandmexpwopenedwithmostofthexpwcompetitorsinitsrostertitlewasabandonednbsplistofcombinedreignsclasswikitablesortablestylebackgroundeeerankstylebackgroundeeewrestlerstylebackgroundeeeofbrreignsstylebackgroundeeecombinedbrdayssupremethemessiahwrestlerthemessiahthesandmanwrestlerthesandmanorenhawxhurstaltarboylukeseealsointernationalwrestlingassociationofjapankingofthedeathmatchtournamentiwakingofthedeathmatchiwamidsouthkingofthedeathmatchcombatzonewrestlingsczwtournamentofdeathtournamentofdeathreferencesrdbattalionrdmarinesscalexataimayrefertoismailishahofiranxtaidisambiguationvariousvillagesinazerbaijanlongcommenttoavoidbeinglistedonshortpagesxmlbeansxafmayrefertocentralafricancfafrancisocurrencycodethebizanaeasterncapevehicleregistrationplatescodexiapassociatedfactorxafradaranexperimentalpreworldwariiusnavyradarxaghasmultiplemeaningsthetradingexchangevalueforpuresilverininternationaltradingmarketsegxagusdmeansthepriceoftroyouncesilverinusdollarstheunitofexchangevaluefortradablephysicalpuresilverproductssuchaspuresilverbullioncoinsroundsininvestmentformorcollectableformxagtheexchangevalueoftroyouncepuresilveracurrencysymbolundertheisostandarddenotingonetroyounceofsilverasaninvestmentsilveranabbreviationofxmlaccessibilityguidelinesdeisoandereeinheitenxaviervallatdecemberjanuaryfrenchpoliticianwascommissionergeneralforjewishquestionsinthewartimevichyfrancevichycollaborationistgovernmentandwassentencedafterworldwariitotenyearsinprisonforhispartinthepersecutionoffrenchjewsuntilworldwariivallatwasborninthedepartmentofvaucluseintoafamilyofconservativeromancatholicchurchcatholicsinhisyouthhewasactiveincatholicorganisationsandjoinedthemonarchismmonarchistactionfranaisethemostimportantgrouponthefrenchfarrightextremerightoffrenchpoliticshebecameateacherincatholicschoolsbeforejoiningthefrencharmyinworldwarihewasseverelywoundedlosinghisleftlegandrighteyehewaselectedtothefrenchnationalassemblynationalassemblyfortheardcheinasanindependentwhosupportedthenationalblocfrancenationalblocrefnameanassembleenationalefrsycomoreficheaspnumdeptbiographicalnoticeonthefrenchnationalassemblyswebsiterefhewasfrenchlegislativeelectiondefeatedinfrenchlegislativeelectionreelectedinstillasanindependentandthenserveduntiltheassemblywassuspendedinhetookmembershiphoweverafterthefrenchlegislativeelectionelectionsintherepublicanfederationwhichwasmovingincreasinglytotherightinthesvallatwasaleadingrepresentativeofthecatholicantisemitismantisemiticextremerightinfrenchpoliticshewasalsoantiprotestantismprotestantandantifreemasonmasonicarguingthatjewsprotestantsandmasonswereallpartofaplotagainstcatholicfrancehewasviolentlyopposedtoliberalismsocialismandcommunismunlikemanyonthefarrighthowevervallatdidnotfavourrestorationofthemonarchyandhewasnotablyantigermandespitehissympathyforfascismhefavouredtheprojectforalatinblocoffrancespainitalyandportugalinlonblumajewishsocialistbecameprimeministeroffrancevallatmadeaseriesofpersonalrhetoricalattacksinblumsayingthatforthefirsttimethisancientgalloromanlandwillbegovernedbyajewvallatwasaccusedbytheleftofresponsibilityforthephysicalattackonblumbyarightwingmobinthestreetsofpariswhichoccurrednotlongafterthisspeechvichyfranceafterthenazigermanygermanoccupationoffranceinjunevallatsupportedtherisetopowerofmarshalphilippeptainatheadofacollaborationistregimebasedinvichyfrancevichyonjulyhevotedinfavourofgrantingthecabinetpresidedbymarshalptaintheauthoritytodrawupanewconstitutiontherebyeffectivelyendingthefrenchthirdrepublicandestablishingvichyfranceinmarchhewasappointedasheadofthecommissariatgeneralforjewishquestionsabodysetuptoimplementtheantisemiticlawsenactedbyptainsgovernmentinthispositionheoversawthearyanisationofthefrencheconomyeducationsystemcivilserviceandprofessionsandtheenforcementoflawsrequiringalljewstoberegisteredwiththepoliceasthehistorianrobertpaxtonhasdemonstratedtheselawswerepassedbythevichyregimeonitsowninitiativeandnotundergermanpressureasbothptainandvallatclaimedattheirtrialsafterthewaralthoughhewasazealousantisemitevallatwasalsoafrenchpatriotandhebecameincreasinglyangryattherefusalofthegermanstorewardvichyscooperationwithalessrestrictiveoccupationregimehewasparticularlycriticalasaveteranofthegermanrefusaltoreleasealmosttwomillionfrenchprisonersofwarasaresultthegermanambassadortovichyottoabetzdemandedthatptaindismissvallatwhichhedidinmaythismeantthatitwasvallatssuccessorlouisdarquierdepellepoixwhooversawmostoffrenchcooperationwiththegermandeportationofmorethanfrenchjewstotheexterminationcampatauschwitzwheremostofthemwerekilledvallatremainedasupporterofvichyspolicieshoweverandinjunewhenthealliedarmieshadalreadyoperationoverlordlandedinnormandyhewasappointedheadofthevichyradiofollowingtheassassinationofphilippehenriotbythefrenchresistanceresistancehebroadcastregularantisemitictiradesuntilthealliesliberatedvichyinaugustafterthewarathistrialbeforethehighcourtofjusticeindecembervallatremainedanunrepentantantisemitedemandingthatoneofthejudgesmauricekriegelvalrimontbedisqualifiedbecausehewasjewishhedenieddirectresponsibilityforthedeportationsofthefrenchjewsclaimingthathispolicieshadsavedmorethanhalfofthejewsfromdeportationheclaimedthatvichysantijewishlawshadbeenenactedongermanordersbuttheywerereallydonebythefrenchthemselvesvallatwassentencedtoonlytenyearsinprisonthecourtsaidhereceivedarelativelylenientsentenceinthelightofhisserviceinworldwariandmanywitnesseshehadsavedjewsbygivingthemfalsepapersashewantedaseparatezoneforthejewsnottheirexterminationvallatwasreleasedonparoleinandamnestiedinhereturnedtoantisemiticagitationalthoughhefoundfewfollowersinpostwarfrancefromtohewaseditoroftheextremerightwingjournalaspectsdelafranceitalsobecomesasupportoftheisraelipolicieswhenvallatdiedinjanuarythenazihunterssergeandbeateklarsfeldcreatedasensationbyarrivingathisfuneralwithalargewreathintheshapeofayellowstarofdavidthesymbolthatfrenchjewshadbeenforcedtowearbythenazisalthoughthismeasurehadinfactbeenopposedbythevichygovernmentandwasnotenforcedinthevichycontrolledzonereferencesseealsohistoryoffarrightmovementsinfrancevichyfrancekalmykoiratxpdcanmeanmultiplethingsxpdaspynovelbylendeightontheisocodefortrackingthevalueofonetroyounceofpalladiumxpdanamefortheerccproteinxpdadventureraceamultidayadventureraceheldannuallyinaustraliaxpdcrosspolarizationdiscriminationinwavetransmissionratioofthecopolarizedaveragereceivedpowertothecrosspolarizedaveragereceivedpowerxpdsystemsabanindependentsecurityconsultancyandresearchfirmxrayphotoelectrondiffractionananalyticmethodtoobtainstructuralandchemicalinformationfromsurfacesxpdformatxpdfilesaredigitalrightsmanagementdrmfilesassociatedwiththeplaystationstoreplaystationnetworkdownloaderplaystationnetworkdownloaderxpfmayrefertocfpfrancthecurrencyusedinthefrenchoverseascollectivitiescollectivitsdoutremerorcomoffrenchpolynesianewcaledoniaandwallisandfutunaerccanenzymethatinhumansisencodedbytheerccgenexprizefoundationoffersinducementprizeconteststoencouragespaceflightandothertechnologicaldevelopmentalmmspresetfileohioxoggzsubsetthesymbolsandredirectshellredirectxangaredirectxangaredirectxangaxservebelairlosangelesinfoboxpersonimagejpgcaptionportraitofxiaohonginbirthdatedeathdatebirthplacehulandistrictheilongjiangdeathplaceststephensgirlscollegejapanesehongkongnationalityspouseduanmuhongliangmsignaturexiaohongssignaturesvgsignaturesizepxxiaohongorhsiaohungjunejanuarywasachinesewriterhergivennamewaszhangnaiyingshealsousedthepennameqiaoyinbiographyxiaohongwasborninhulancountyheilongjiangprovinceonthedayofthedragonboatfestivaltoalandowningfamilyhermotherdiedwhenshewasyoungsheattendedagirlsschoolinharbininwheresheencounteredtheprogressiveideasofthemayfourthmovementaswellaschineseandforeignliteratureinsheranawaytobeijingtoavoidaplannedmarriagethoughwaseventuallyfollowedbyherfiancewangdianjiainaftershebecamepregnantherfianceabandonedheratahotelinharbinshenarrowlyavoidedbeingsoldtoabrothelbythehotelsownerbyscrapingtogetheroversixhundredchineseyuanyuanexpenseswretchedaloneandpregnantxiaohonglookedtothelocalnewspaperpublisherforhelpthenewspaperseditorxiaojunsavedxiaohongduringafloodofthesonghuarivertheybegantolivetogetherduringwhichtimexiaohongstartedwritinginshewroteshortstoriestrekandtornadoandinthesameyearsheandxiaojunselfpublishedajointcollectionofshortstoriesbashearduousjourneyinjunethecouplemovedtoqingdaowhereafterthreemonthsxiaohongwroteanovelentitledshengsichangthefieldoflifeanddeaththebookwasagrippingaccountofthetorturedlivesofseveralpeasantwomenandoneofthefirstliteraryworkstoreflectlifeunderjapaneseruleinitsforewordluxundeclaredtheworkafemalewritersmeticulousobservationandextraordinarywritinginoctoberthecoupleagainmovedthistimetoshanghaisshanghaifrenchconcessionfrenchconcessionwithluxunshelpshengsichangwaspublishedbyshanghaisrongguangpublishinghousebringingxiaohongfameamongshanghaismodernistliterarycircleatthetimeluxundeclaredthatxiaohongwouldonedaysurpassdinglingaschinasmostcelebratedfemalewriterthesameyearxiaohongandxiaojuncompletedacollectionofautobiographicalessaysentitledmarketstreetnamedafterthestreetonwhichthecouplelivedinharbinandfromxiaohongwroteshortstoriesandessayslatercollectedinshangshijieqiaoandniucheshangininordertoshakeoffherpastxiaohongmovedtotokyowhereshewroteacollectionofessaysentitledthesolitarylifealongsetofpoemsentitledsandgrainsashortstoryentitledontheoxcartandothersinwhilelivinginxianaspartofthenorthwesterncombatzonesservicegroupshebrokeupwithxiaojunandlatermarriedthewriterduanmuhonglianginwuhaninjanuarythenewlymarriedcouplemadetheirwayfromchongqingtohongkongandtookresidenceintsimshatsuiinkowloonherremembranceofluxunhuiyiluxunxianshengwaspublishedthatsameyearalongwiththefirstvolumeofaplannedtrilogymabolesatirizingthewarandtheeraspatriotismwhileinhongkongxiaohongwrotehermostsuccessfullongnovelhulanhezhuantalesofthehulanriverbasedonherchildhoodmemoriesalongwithanumberofshortstoriesbasedonherchildhoodsuchasspringinasmalltownshediedduringthechaosofwartimehongkonginthetemporaryhospitalofststephensgirlscollegeonjanuaryshewasburiedatduskonjanuaryinhongkongsrepulsebayhergravewasmovedtoguangzhouinselectedworksbashearduousjourneywithxiaojunthefieldoflifeanddeathshengsichangthefieldoflifeanddeathhuiyiluxunxianshengmemoriesofmrluxunmabolehulanhezhuantalesofhulanriverselectedworksinenglishtranslationthefieldoflifeanddeathtalesofhulanriverindianauniversitypressanthologyofmodernchinesestoriesandnovelswithxiaohongsshortstorieshandsandfamilyoutsiderinpopularcultureabiopicofxiaohongslifetitledfallingflowerswasreleasedininchinathiswasfollowedinbyafurtherbiopicthegoldenerafilmthegoldeneradirectedbyhongkongdirectorannhuireferencesxiaohongxiaohonginfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexxyearslivetypeliveartistresurrectionbandrezcoverrezxxlivejpgreleasedrecordedcopernicuscentertheatrechicagoillinoisgenrechristianrocklengthlabelgrrrrecordsproducerresurrectionbandrezandtomcameronlastalbumcivilritesbrthisalbumxxyearslivebrnextalbumreachoflovebralbumratingsrevfirestreamrevscorexxyearsliveisthethreleaseandsecondlivealbumfromunitedstatesamericanchristianrockbandresurrectionbandknownatthistimeasrezreleasedinrecordinghistoryadoublecdsetxxyearslivewasrecordedinmarchofthatsameyearatthecopernicuscentertheatreinchicagoillinoischicagotocelebrateyearsofmusicministrytheconcertfeaturesatleastonesongfromeveryrezreleaseandinadditionglennkaiserandhiswifeandcoleadsingerwendikaisertakeafewminuteseachtospeaktotheaudiencetracklistingdisconeintroductionwavesmilitarymanafrikaansattentioncoloursplayersthestrugglefiendorfoulalienatedpaintapicturewendisraprightontimelovecomesdownwhitenoisedisctwomyjesusisalllovespeakinyourarmsbargainshadowssomebodytoloveeverytimeitrainswhererosesgrowlightlightglennsrapiwilldomylastsinginginthislandsomewherepersonnelglennkaiservocalsguitarwendikaiservocalsstuheissguitarkeyboardsroymontroybassguitarkeyboardsjohnherrindrumshildebialachkeyboardswilliekempkeyboardssteveeisensaxophoneproductionproducerresurrectionbandrezandtomcameronengineersedbialachroymontroyandrogerheissmasteringstevehallreferenceslistofxmenevolutionepisodesschoolrumbleautomatictaxoboximagenxyrcdjpgimagecaptionxyriscomplanataflowercloseuptaxonxyrisauthoritycarllinnaeuslsynonymsrefsynonymskotsjilettismalladanssmallxurissmalladanssmallxyroidessmallthouarssmallramothasmallrafsmallsynoligasmallrafsmallschismaxonsmallsteudsmallxyrisisagenusoffloweringplantstheyelloweyedgrassesinthexyridaceaeyelloweyedgrassfamilythegenuscountsoverspecieswidespreadovermuchoftheworldwiththecenterofdistributionintheguianastheleafleavesaremostlydistichouslinearflatandthinorroundwithaconspicuoussheathatthebasetheyarearrangedinabasalaggregationthesmallyellowflowersaredioeciousborneonasphericalorcylindricalspikebotanyspikeorheadbotanyheadinflorescenceeachflowergrowsfromtheaxilofaleatherybractthefruitisanonfleshydehiscentcapsulebotanycapsuleinxyriscomplanataasingleflowerbudonthespikeappearsinthemorningandexpandsintoaconspicuousflowerduringtheafternoonhourstheapgivsystemofplacesthegenusinfamilyxyridaceaeintotheorderpoalesinthecladecommelinidsinthemonocotsspeciesincluderefnameapnirefrefnamefonarefcolumnslistxyrisambiguasmallbeyrichexkunthsmallxyrisandinasmallmalmesmallxyrisarenicolaxyrisasperulaxyrisbaldwinianasmallschultessmallxyrisbayardiixyrisbrevifoliasmallmichauxsmallxyrisbulbosaxyriscarolinianasmallwaltersmallxyrischapmaniixyriscommunisxyriscomplanatasmallrbrsmallxyrisdecipienssmallnebrsmallxyrisdifformissmallchapmansmallxyrisdrummondiismallmalmesmallxyriselliottiismallchapmansmallxyriselongatasmallrudgesmallxyrisexilissmalldoustbjconnsmallxyrisfimbriatasmallelliottsmallxyrisflabelliformissmallchapmansmallxyrisflexifoliasmallrbrsmallxyrisflexuosaxyrisfloridanaxyrisgracilissmallrbrsmallxyrisgracillimasmallfmuellsmallxyrisinaequalissmallnawakefsmallxyrisindicasmalllsmallxyrisindivisasmallnawakefsmallxyrisiridifoliaxyrisisoetifoliasmallkralsmallxyrisjupicaismallrichardsmallxyrisjunceasmallrbrsmallxyrislacerasmallrbrsmallxyrislanatasmallrbrsmallxyrislaxiflorasmallfmuellsmallxyrislaxifoliasmallmartiussmallxyrislongisepalasmallkralsmallxyrislouisianicaxyrismacrocephalaxyrismarginatasmallrendlesmallxyrismontanasmallriessmallxyrismuellerismallmalmesmallxyrisneglectaxyrisoperculatasmalllabillsmallxyrispallescensxyrispanaceaxyrispapillosaxyrisparadisiacaxyrispauciflorasmallwilldsmallxyrisplatylepissmallchapmansmallxyrisroyceismallnawakefsmallxyrisscabrifoliasmallrmharpersmallxyrisserotinasmallchapmansmallxyrissmallianasmallnashsmallxyrisstrictasmallchapmansmallxyrissubalataxyristennesseensissmallkralsmallxyristortasmallsmithsmallxyrisustulatasmalllanilssonsmallimagexyrisstandjpgthumbrightstandofmostlyxyriscomplanatainasmallwetlandreferencesexternallinkseflorasorgflorataxonaspxfloraidtaxonidxyrisinthefloraofnorthamericaasgardencommonnameuseonlyschoolrumbleadmquailinfiniteryviusstellviahigurashiwhentheycrygundammobilesuitgundamyumetsukaimagicalgirllyricalnanohamagicalgirlcardcaptorsakurathecosmopolitanprayersthecosmopolitanprayersovermankinggainergenmawarsthegoodwitchofthewestpatlaborpatlaborxiehuicourtesynamexuanmingwasahighlevelgeneralofthehistoryofchinachinesedynastyliusongwhoalongwithhiscolleaguesxuxianzhiandfuliangdeposedemperorshaoofliusongemperorshaoafterthedeathofemperorwuofliusongemperorwuliuyuduetotheirbeliefthatemperorshaowasnotfittobeemperorwhenemperorshaosbrotheremperorwenofliusongemperorwensubsequentlykilledxuandfuxiestartedarebellionbutwasdefeatedandkilledduringjindynastywhenxiehuiwasyoungheservedonthestaffoftheofficialmengchangwhenmengcommittedsuicideinoverdisagreementshehadwithliuyuoverhowtocountertheattackthatthewarlordluxunwasmakingonthecapitaljiankangliuyuaskedhischiefassistantliumuzhiwhomamongmengsstaffhecanretainliumuzhirecommendedxieandliuyuaddedxietohisstaffhesubsequentlycontributedtoliuyuscampaignagainstsimaxiuzhiinandthereforebecameincreasinglyimportantasastrategistforliuyuhoweverbecausehisopinionoftendifferedfromliumuzhisliumuzhiopposedpromotinghimandliuyudidnotpromotehimfurtheruntilliumuzhisdeathindespitethisthegeneraltandaojilaterremarkedthatofthestrategiesthatliuyuusedtoconquerlaterqininandninecamefromxieduringemperorwusreignafterliuyuseizedthejinthroneinandestablishedliusonghecreatedxiethedukeofwuchangandmadehimahighlevelofficialinxiewastemporarilyremovedfromhispostovererroneousdraftingofanedictcreatingatitleforwangqiuinsteadofwanghuabutsoonwasrestoredtohispostatonepointxiesawthatliuyuscrownprinceliuyifuwassurroundinghimselfwithpeoplewithoutvirtuesandhewarnedemperorwuaboutthisemperorwuthereforeconsideredreplacingliuyifuwithhisyoungerbrotherliuyizhentheprinceoflulingandhadxievisitliuyizhentoevaluatehimhoweverxiehadanevenloweropinionofliuyizhenandemperorwukeptliuyifuascrownprincewhenemperorwugrewillinheentrustedliuyifutoxuxianzhifuliangxieandtanalthoughheremarkedtoliuyifualthoughtandaojiiscapableandfullofstrategyhelacksambitionsunlikehisbrothertanshaowhomifounddifficulttoreigninxuxianzhiandfuliangshouldnotpresentanyproblemsxiehuifollowedmeoncampaignsmanytimesandhechangeseasilydependingonthesituationifthereisaproblemitwilloriginatefromhimhesoondiedandliuyifusucceededhimasemperorshaoduringemperorshaosreignduringemperorshaosmourningperiodhehadxuandfuhandleimportantmattersofstateforhimwhileentrustingmilitarymatterstoxiehoweverhesoonbecameknownforspendingmuchtimeonfrivolousmatterswithimpertinentattendantsevenduringthethreeyearmourningperiodandnotonstudiesorimportantmattersofstatexufuandxiebecameconvincedthathewasnotafitemperorandconsidereddeposinghimhowevertheyhadevenloweropinionsofliuyizhenhisoldestyoungerbrothersotheyfirststoketherivalrythatemperorshaoalreadyhadwithliuyizhenandthenaccusedliuyizhenofcrimesinemperorshaoreducedliuyizhentocommonerrankandexiledhimxufuandxiethenpreparedtoremoveemperorshaoaswellbecausetheywereapprehensiveaboutthepowerfularmiesthattanandwanghonghadtheysummonedtanandwangtothecapitalandtheninformedthemoftheplottheythensentsoldiersintothepalacetoarrestemperorshaoafterfirstpersuadingtheimperialguardsnottoresistbeforeemperorshaocouldgetupfrombedinthemorningthesoldierswerealreadyinhisbedchamberandhemadeafutileattempttoresistbutwascapturedhewassentbacktohisoldpalacetheofficialstheninthenameofemperorshaosmotherempressdowagerzhangliusongdynastyempressdowagerzhangdeclaredemperorshaosfaultsanddemotedhimtoprinceofyingyangofferingthethronetohisyoungerbrotherliuyilongtheprinceofyiduinsteadxuandfusubsequentlyassassinatedbothemperorshaoandliuyizhenanditisunclearwhetherxieparticipatedinthisdecisioninordertocounteractimperialauthoritypriortoliuyilongsarrivalmadexiethegovernorofjingprovincemodernhubeitoreplaceliuyilongwiththeintentthatxieandtancancounteractagainsttheemperorshouldtheemperoractagainstthemliuyilongsubsequentlyaftersomedeliberationacceptedthethroneasemperorwenduringemperorwensreignxietriedtobefriendemperorwenstrustedassociatedaoyanzhitotrytoensurehisownsafetyandinitiallydaoacceptedxiesofferoffriendshipxiethereforefeltsecurehoweveremperorwenwasresentfulthatxufuandxiehadkilledhistwoolderbrothersandinlateplannedtodestroythemparticularlyattheurgingofwanghuaandthegeneralkongningzihethereforemobilizedtroopsandpubliclydeclaredthathewasgoingtoattackrivalnorthernweibutwasprivatelypreparingtoarrestxuandfuwhileengaginginamilitarycampaignagainstxieinspringrumorshadleakedofsuchaplanandsoxiebegantoprepareforarmedresistancesoonemperorwenpubliclyissuedanedictorderingthatxufuandxiebearrestedandkilledwhileissuingaseparateedictsummoningxuandfutothepalacexiesbrotherxiejiaoreceivednewsofthisandquicklyinformedfuwhointurnedinformedxuxucommittedsuicidewhilefuwasarrestedandexecutedemperorwenalsoexecutedxiehuisheirapparentxieshixiuwhohappenedtobeinjiankangbecausexiehuistwodaughtersweregettingmarriedtoemperorwensbrotherliuyikangtheprinceofpengchengandcousinliuyibinthemarquessofxinyeandarrestedxiejiaoemperorwenbelievingthattandaojiwasnotinitiallyinvolvedintheplottodeposeandkillemperorshaoandliuyizhensummonedtantothecapitalandputhimincommandofthearmyagainstxiehuihealsosummonedwanghongandmadehimtheprimeministermeanwhilexiehuipubliclymournedxuandfuanddeclaredthatalltheydidwasfortheempireblamingwanghongwanghongsbrotherwangtanshouacloseassociateofemperorwenandwanghuaforfalselyaccusingthemanddemandingtheirexecutionxiehuihadapowerfularmybutwhilehethoughtthatseveralotherprovincialgovernorswouldjoinhimtheyrefusedhewasinitiallyabletodefeatdaosarmybutsoontanarrivedandxiefearfuloftandidnotknowwhattodotanquicklyattackedhimanddefeatedhisfleetandxiefledbacktojianglinginmodernjingzhouhubeithecapitalofjingprovinceandthenfledwithhisbrotherxiedunbutxiedunwassooverweightthathecouldnotrideahorseandsotheysloweddownandwerecapturedhewasthendeliveredtojiankangandexecutedwithxiejiaoandxiedunalongwithallofhisnephewsandmajorassociatesalthoughmanyofhisassociatesweresparedhiswifeandotherfemalemembersofhishouseholdwereseizedasservantsalthoughtheywerepardonedseveralmonthslaterinfoboxmedicalconditionnewnamexxyysyndromesynonymsimagefilexxyysyndromesvgaltcaptionxxyysyndromepronouncefieldsymptomscomplicationsonsetdurationtypescausesrisksdiagnosisdifferentialpreventiontreatmentmedicationprognosisfrequencydeathsxxyysyndromeisasexchromosomeanomalyinwhichmaleshaveanextraxandychromosomehumancellsusuallycontaintwosexchromosomesonefromthemotherandonefromthefatherusuallyfemaleshavetwoxchromosomesxxandmaleshaveonexandoneychromosomexytheappearanceofatleastoneychromosomewithaproperlyfunctioningsrygenemakesamalethereforehumanswithxxyyaregenotypicallymalemaleswithxxyysyndromehavechromosomesinsteadofthetypicalthisiswhyxxyysyndromeissometimeswrittenasxxyysyndromeorxxyyitaffectsanestimatedoneineverymalebirthspresentationsomesignsandsymptomsofthisconditionincludecolumnslistdevelopmentaldelaysspeechimpairmentbehavioroutburstandmoodswingslearningdisabilitylearningdisabilitiesintellectualimpairmentattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderadhdsymptomsautismspectrumdisorderstallscoliosisclinodactylylowmuscletoneflatfeetinfertilitysterilitydelayedsexualdevelopmentundescendedtesteslowtestosteronecausexxyysyndromeisaconditionrelatedtothexandychromosomesthesexchromosomespeoplenormallyhavechromosomesineachcelltwoofthechromosomesknownasxandyarecalledsexchromosomesbecausetheyhelpdeterminewhetherapersonwilldevelopmaleorfemalesexcharacteristicsfemalestypicallyhavetwoxchromosomesxxandmaleshaveonexchromosomeandoneychromosomexyxxyysyndromeresultsfromthepresenceofanextracopyofbothsexchromosomesineachofamalescellsxxyyextracopiesofgenesonthexchromosomeinterferewithmalesexualdevelopmentpreventingthetestesfromfunctioningnormallyandreducingthelevelsoftestosteronemanygenesarefoundonlyonthexorychromosomebutgenesinareasknownasthepseudoautosomalregionsarepresentonbothsexchromosomesextracopiesofgenesfromthepseudoautosomalregionsoftheextraxandychromosomecontributetothesignsandsymptomsofxxyysyndromehoweverthespecificgeneshavenotbeenidentifiedinheritancetheconditionxxyyisnotinheriteditusuallyoccursasarandomeventduringtheformationofreproductivecellseggsandspermanerrorincelldivisioncallednondisjunctionresultsinareproductivecellwithanabnormalnumberofchromosomesinxxyysyndrometheextrasexchromosomesalmostalwayscomefromaspermcellnondisjunctionmaycauseaspermcelltogaintwoextrasexchromosomesresultinginaspermcellwiththreesexchromosomesonexandtwoychromosomesifthatspermcellfertilizesanormaleggcellwithonexchromosometheresultingchildwillhavetwoxchromosomesandtwoychromosomesineachofhisbodyscellsinasmallpercentageofcasesxxyysyndromeresultsfromnondisjunctionofthesexchromosomesinaxyembryoverysoonafterfertilizationhasoccurredthismeansthatannormalspermcellwithoneychromosomefertilizedanormaleggcellwithonexchromosomebutrightafterfertilizationnondisjunctionofthesexchromosomescausedtheembryotogaintwoextrasexchromosomesresultinginaxxyyembryodiagnosisakaryotypeisdonetodiagnosexxyysyndrometreatmentconsistsofmedicationsbehavioraltherapiesandintensivecommunitysupportmanagementpatientsgenerallyneedtobefollowedbyanendocrinologistifhypogonadismispresenttestosteronetreatmentshouldbeconsideredinallindividualsregardlessofcognitiveabilitiesduetopositiveeffectsonbonehealthmusclestrengthfatigueandendurancewithpossiblementalhealthbehavioralbenefitsaswellrefnamepmidrefmostchildrenwithxxyyhavesomedevelopmentaldelaysandlearningdisabilitiesthereforetheseaspectsshouldbecheckedandmonitoredpsychologycognitiveandsocialemotionaldevelopmentspeechlanguagetherapyoccupationaltherapyandphysicaltherapyconsultationwithadevelopmentalpediatricianpsychiatristorneurologisttodevelopatreatmentplanincludingtherapiesbehavioralinterventionseducationalsupportsandpsychotropicmedicationsforbehavioralandpsychiatricsymptomsshouldbearrangedcommondiagnosessuchaslearningdisabilityidadhdautismspectrumdisordersmooddisordersticdisordersandothermentalhealthproblemsshouldbeconsideredscreenedforandtreatedgoodresponsestostandardmedicationtreatmentsforinattentionimpulsivityanxietyandmoodinstabilityareseeninthisgroupandsuchtreatmentcanpositivelyimpactacademicprogressemotionalwellbeingandlongtermoutcomepoorfinemotorcoordinationandthedevelopmentofintentiontremorcanmakehandwritingslowandlaboriousandoccupationaltherapyandkeyboardingshouldbeintroducedatanearlyagetofacilitateschoolworkandselfhelpskillseducationaldifficultiesshouldbeevaluatedwithafullpsychologicalevaluationtoidentifydiscrepanciesbetweenverbalandperformanceskillsandtoidentifyindividualacademicneedsexpressivelanguageskillsareoftenaffectedthroughoutlifeandspeechtherapyinterventionstargetingexpressivelanguageskillsdyspraxiaandlanguagepragmaticsmaybeneededintoadulthoodadaptiveskillslifeskillsareasignificantareaofweaknessnecessitatingcommunitybasedsupportsforalmostallindividualsinadulthoodadditionaltreatmentrecommendationsbasedontheindividualstrengthsandweaknessesinxxyysyndromemayberequiredprognosispatientshaveanessentiallynormallifeexpectancybutrequireregularmedicalfollowuphistorythefirstpublishedreportofaboywithaxxyykaryotypewasbysylfestmuldalandcharleshockeyinmanchesterenglandinrefnamemuldalrefitwasdescribedinayearoldmentallychallengedboywhoshowedsignsofklinefeltersyndromehoweverchromosometestingrevealedxxyyinsteadofthexxyarrangementknowntocausekleinfeltersyndromebecauseofthisxxyysyndromewasoriginallyconsideredavariationofklinefeltersyndromesharedphysicalandmedicalfeaturesresultingfromthepresenceofanextraxchromosomeincludetallstaturethedevelopmentoftestosteronedeficiencyinadolescenceandoradulthoodhypergonadotropichypogonadismandinfertilityhoweverrecentresearchshowssomeimportantdifferencesinmaleswithxxyycomparedtoxxythemostimportantdifferencesresultfromtheeffectsoftheextraxandychromosomeonneurodevelopmentleadingtohigherratesofdevelopmentaldelaysinearlychildhoodlearningdisabilityorintellectualdisabilityadaptivefunctioninglifeskillsdifficultiesneurodevelopmentaldisorderssuchasadhdorautismspectrumdisordersandpsychologicalbehavioralproblemsincludinganxietydepressionmooddepressionandmooddysregulationalsoalargerpercentageofmaleswithxxyyhaveadditionalmedicalproblemssuchasseizurescongenitalelbowmalformationsradioulnarsynostosisandtremorcomparedtomaleswithxxyxxyyisstillconsideredavariationofklinefeltersyndromebysomedefinitionsmainlybecausethepathophysiologyofthetesticulardysfunctionhasnotbeenshowntodifferfromxxyandthemostcurrentresearchdoesnotsuggestthatthereshouldbeanydifferencesintheevaluationandtreatmentoftestosteronedeficiencyinxxyycomparedtoxxyseealsoaneuploidytetrasomyxreferencesexternallinksmedicalresourcesicdqicdicdoomimdiseasesdbmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicmeshdgenereviewsnbkgenereviewsnameorphanetxxyysyndromeorgthexxyyprojectyunacharactersoffinalfantasyxandxshuyinredirectcategoryshellmosaicwebbrowserinequalitymathematicsredirectcategoryshellinequalitymathematicsredirectcategoryshellinequalitymathematicsredirectcategoryshellsmoothbreathingboxdrawingcharacterdotdiacriticoverlineringdiacriticringaboveredirectcategoryshellfunctioncompositionredirectshellringdiacritichalfringsredirectcategoryshellringdiacritichalfringsredirectcategoryshellringdiacriticprivateuseareasarmenianalphabetpunctuationredirectshellhebrewunicodeblockrelativearticulationraisedandloweredredirectshelldotdiacriticdevanagarivowelsredirectcategoryshellbalkandjiprobuzhdanelebisolinfoboxmusicalartistnamexyzimagecaptionbackgroundgrouporbandoriginlosangelescaliforniaunitedstatesgenreglammetalheavymetalmusicheavymetalhardrockyearsactivendashndashpresentlabelenigmarecordsenigmaaxekillerrecordscapitolrecordscapitolassociatedactswebsiteofficialxyzcomofficialwebsitecurrentmembersterryilousbrpattfontainebrtonymarcusbrjoeyshapiropastmembersbobbypieperbrjoeypafumibrmarkdigliobrpaulmonroebrtonyburnettxyzwasoriginallycreatedinlyonfrancewherepattfontaineandterryilouswerebornandgrewupthentheymovedtolosangelesandbeganamusicalcareerinxyzstartedoffastheunofficialhousebandofwhiskyagogothewhiskyagogonightclubinlosangelestheoriginalmemberswereterryilousvocalsbobbypieperguitarspattfontainebassandjoeypafumidrumsatouroftheuswithenuffznuffandalicecooperfollowedthesuccessoftheirenigmarecordsenigmareleaseddebutalbumandtheyweresignedbymajorlabelcapitolrecordscapitolfortheirsecondhistorythebandplayedclubsthroughoutthemidsandfirstgotarecorddealinwithdondokkenastheirproducerterryiloussvocalstyleonthebandsfirstalbumwasverysimilartodokkensilousandfontainethenrecruitedmarkdiglioguitarsandpaulmonroedrumstoreplacethedepartingpieperandpafumitorecordadebutalbumproducedbydondokkenthealbumwasreleasedinandcontainedthehitsinsideoutandwhatkeepsmelovingyouvideosforbothsongsreceivedreasonableairplayhoweverthealbumitselfwasnotanoverallsuccessmanagingtoreachonlynoonthebillboardchartsathirdsinglefromthealbummaggysongmaggywasusedinthedolphlundgrenmovieicomeinpeacethenextalbumhungryxyzalbumhungryreleasedinhadevenlesscommercialsuccessnotchartingatalldiglioandmonroeleftthebandandwerereplacedbytonyburnettandjoeyshapirorespectivelyafterthenexttourwasfinishedbandmemberswentseparatewaysonceagaintheyreunitedinwiththelineupofilousfontainetonymarcusandshapiroandstillperformtothepresentdayrecenteventsxyzisgainingsuccessagaininusaandeuropedoingseveralfestivalsandshowsinaddition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keremmunxarandfontanatherainwatergoesthroughxlendiandthisisquiteaproblemformostcitizenslivinginxlendibecausetheyareisolatedbythefastflowingwaterthisalsocausesfloodinginthebuildingsonthemainroadfromwherethevalleywaterpassesthisvalleyisoneoftheveryfewhomestothemaltesefreshwatercrabilkantraisavalleyontheleftofthebayjustbesidethetowerthenamekantraderivesfromalcantarainspanishsicilianthisisbecauseoftheentranceofthevalleyandthevalleysformfromitsentranceitcouldbeseenasabowthisvalleyishometomanytypesoffloraandfaunabecausenotmanypeoplegotherethetowerofxlendiwasreachedbyabridgebuiltbytheknightsofsaintjohnoverthekantravalleycavestherearemanycavessmallorlargeonthesidesofthebaythemainandmostknowncavesarecarolinecaveisacaveontherightcliffsofthebayitwasoncethepropertyofcarolinecauchiarichwomanfromvictorialatershefoundedtheaugustiniansistersongozoanddonatedalmostallofherlandincludingthecaveandotherlandinxlendithesistersduringsummersstartedtostayatxlenditheywouldgoforaswiminthiscavewhichwasisolatedandcouldonlybereachedbystairssotheywouldusethiscaveastheirownandwouldnotbeseenbyotherpeopleinthebaycatherineofsienacaveissituatedoutsidethebayontherightsideitiswellknownfortheveryclearbluewaterinthethcenturypeopleusedtoliveintheareasaroundthecaveandbuiltachurchjustoverthecavesothecavegotitsnamefromthesainttowhichthechurchwasdedicatednaturetheundevelopedareaaroundxlendiishomeforalotoffloraandfaunaspeciessomeofthemrareonecannametheseagullsthemaltesefreshwatercrabandthewidnetilbahartodayxlendiisoneofthemostdevelopedareasontheislandafeaturethatdamagesthebiodiversityintheareathekmstretchofcliffedcoastlinefromxlendibaywestwardstowardijapointformsthexlendibaytowardijapointcliffsimportantbirdareaidentifiedassuchbybirdlifeinternationalbecauseofitsimportancefortwospeciesofbreedingshearwatersnotablepeoplecarolinecauchicarolinacauchiwasborninsengleaondecembertheonlychildofthenotarynicolcauchifromvictoriagozoandtheresanegaleafromsengleamaltathefamilycauchiwasaffluentthereforecarolinawassentofftoschooltocontinuehereducationinspiteofthefactthatatthetimegirlsreceivedlittleeducationcarolinalearnedtowriteitalianwellandsheknewlatinaswellaboveallshereceivedanoptimalchristianupbringingthefirstdominicancommunityconsistingofwomenwasbornonoctoberfeastofourladyoftherosarythesewomenaftertakingpartintheprocessionreturnedtothemonasteryandstartedtoliveascontemplativenunshoweveruntilthiscommunitywasformallyrecognizedandacceptedbythedominicanorderinaugusttheidealwasmodifiedandtheystartedtobeknownasacommunityofthedominicanthirdordercarolineknewhowtousethematerialgoodsshepossessedforthegloryofgodandthegoodofhumanityshelivedthespiritofpovertyaftertheexampleofourmothermaryandsaintdominicatthebeginningshefrequentlyvisitedthesistersbutsheneverstayedatthemonasteryduringthesummershewouldofteninvitethesistersforavacationatherholidayhouseinxlendishewaspleasedtoseethecongregationgrowinginnumberandprogressingintheapostolateinfactsheconfirmedherformerdispositionsinfavourofthemonasterythefatherofcarolinanotarynicolowasgivensomelandfromtheourladyofmountcarmelmonksofmdinasothatachapeldedicatedtoourladyofmountcarmelcouldbebuiltconstancestricklandconstancestricklandmadegreatrestorationofthexlenditowerintwoyearsstartingintheyearbecausethetowerwasalmostfallingbutsoonaftertherestorationinthetowerfellagaininbadconditiontonyportellitatalijatonyportelliwasfamousforhislifeinxlendihehadasmallshopwherehesoldsomesoftdrinksbiscuitsandfoodtopeopleinxlenditonywasalsofamousforhisrabbitstewandmanymalteseusedtogotoeatathishousehealsohadsomegoatsandusedtogoathisfieldsontherightcliffsofgozogiannitabertagianniwasthelocalpolicemanformostofhislifeheusedtostayonguardinlargestormsbecauseofthestrongwatercurrentscomingfromthevalleygianniwaswellknownforhisseriousnessabouthisworkheusedtohelptherectorwholivedoutofthevillageandusedtoopenthechapelearlyinthemorningandringthebellstagorifamilythisfamilyownedalargeareaoffieldsinwhichtheyworkedalldaytheyhadsomeotherpeoplehelpingthembecausetheyhadalotofworktodotheyalsohadaboutcowswhichwasararityintheseislandsinthoseperiodstheircropsandmilkweresoldtothecitizensandtheextrawassoldatkercemrectorsrafelcassargannimarijaattardindribuhagiarkarmgrechguzeppigrechantongrechscilunaguzeppicurmijohnboscocremonapresentxlendiroadspjazzalanforianforisquaretriqilqsajjamtriqirrabatvictoriaroadtriqrasilbajjadarasilbajjadaroadtriqsanxmunstsimonroadtriqilbiantinibyzantinestreettriqirrumaniromansstreettriqilpuniipunicstreettriqittorritowerstreettriqilkantrakantrastreettriqilkavallieriknightsstreettriqiiriebslipperystreettriqlgartakarolinacarolinecavestreettriqissienjasienjastreettriqirranisrancisaflowerstreettriqilqrollcoralstreettriqtalkarmnuourladyofmountcarmelstreettriqixxlendixlendistreettriqissajjiedafishersstreettriqsantindrijasaintandrewstreetreferencesxenijardinxenijardinxenijardinxenijardinxenijardingothicalphabetgothicalphabetgothicalphabetgothicalphabetgothicalphabetgothicalphabetgothicalphabetgothicalphabetgothicalphabetgothicalphabetgothicalphabetgothicalphabetgothicalphabe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odofchinesefilminthattheforeignconcessionsofshanghaiwereanislandwithintheseaofjapaneseoccupationitwaseventuallyjoinedbytwomajorcompetitorsguohuafilmcompanyestablishedfromtheremnantsofmingxingwhosestudiohadbeendestroyedbyjapanesebombingandyanchuntangsyihuafilmcompanywhichhadclosedaftertheoccupationbutreopenedinmayinthefilmcompanywassplitintotwosubsidiarieshuachengandhuaxinbecauseofafranchiseagreementwithdistributorsbyhoweverxinhuawasfoldedintothejapanesecontrolledzhongguolianhezhipiangufengongsichinaunitedproductionsltdorzhonglianforshorttheresultofajapaneseorchestratedmergerbetweenxinhuaandelevenothershanghaistudiosunderjapanesefilmproducerzhangshankunscooperationinthisventurewouldeventuallyleadtohisarrestbychinesenationalistforcesneartheendofthewarironicallyoccurringshortlyafterhewasarrestedbythejapaneseforsuspicionofdividedloyaltyzhangwouldeventuallymovetohongkongafterbeingfreedbythenationalistsafterthewarimportantxinhuaproductionssongatmidnightdirmaxuweibangdiaochanfilmdiaochandirbuwancangmulanjoinsthearmyfilmmulanjoinsthearmydirbuwancangfamilyfilmfamilydirbuwancanglipingqianetalseealsocinemaofchinalistofchineseproductioncompaniespreprcnotesreferencesfuposhekbetweenshanghaiandhongkongthepoliticsofchinesecinemasstanfordstanforduniversitypressxxxholicthebayerdesignationxicapricornicapcapricorniissharedbytwostarsystemsintheconstellationcapricornusxicapricornicapricornixicapricornicapricornibeingthebrighterofthetwooftensimplycalledcapricornitheyareseparatedbyintheskycapricornistarboxbeginnamexisupsupcapricornistarboxobserveepochjequinoxjinternationalcelestialreferencesystemicrsconstellcapricornusradecappmagvstarboxcharacterclassknbspiiibvubvariablestarboxastrometryradialvpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnoteabsmagvstarboxdetailsourcemassradiusluminositytemperaturegravitymetalferotationalvelocityagegyrstarboxcatalognamesstarboxreferencesimbadksicasxisupsupcapricornilatinizedfromsupsupcapricorniisanorangehuedstarintheconstellationcapricornuswithanapparentvisualmagnitudeofitisnearthelowerlimitofbrightnessforstarsthatcanbeseenwiththenakedeyebaseduponanannualstellarparallaxparallaxshiftofnbspmilliarcsecondmasasseenfromearththissystemislocatedroughlynbsplightyearsfromthesunitisanstellarevolutionevolvedktypestarktypegiantstarwithastellarclassificationofknbspiiiwithanageofbillionyearsthisstarhasanestimatedtimesthemassofthesunandisradiatingtimesthesunsluminosityfromitsenlargedphotosphereataneffectivetemperatureofaboutnbspkreferencesreflistrefsrefnamevanleeuwencitationtitlevalidationofthenewhipparcosreductionlastvanleeuwenfirstfjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesdatearxivbibcodeaavdoipostscriptrefrefnameandersoncitationtitlexhipanextendedhipparcoscompilationlastandersonfirstelastfrancisfirstchjournalastronomylettersvolumeissuepagesyearbibcodeastladoisarxivpostscriptrefrefnameluckcitationtitleabundancesinthelocalregionigandkgiantslastluckfirstrearlejournaltheastronomicaljournalvolumeissueidpagesdateseptemberdoibibcodeajlarxivpostscriptrefrefnamehoukcitationlasthoukfirstnancylastsmithmoorefirstmtitlemichigancatalogueoftwodimensionalspectraltypesforthehdstarsvolumepublicationplaceannarboryearpublisherdeptofastronomyuniversityofmichiganbibcodemsschpostscriptrefrefnamewilsoncitationlastwilsonfirstreyearpostscripttitlegeneralcatalogueofstellarradialvelocitiespublishercarnegieinstitutionforsciencebibcodegcrvcwlccnrefrefnamecorbencitationlastcorbenfirstpmlaststoyfirstrhtitlephotoelectricmagnitudesandcoloursforbrightsouthernstarsjournalmonthlynotesoftheastronomicalsocietyofsouthernafricavolumepageyearbibcodemnssacpostscriptrefrefnamesimbadcitesimbadtitleksicapaccessdatepostscriptrefcapricornistarboxbeginnamexisupsupcapricornistarboxobserveepochjequinoxjinternationalcelestialreferencesystemicrsconstellcapricornusradecappmagvstarboxcharacterclassbvubvariablestarboxastrometryradialvpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnoteabsmagvstarboxdetailsourcemassradiusluminositytemperaturegravitymetalferotationalvelocityagegyrstarboxcatalognamesstarboxreferencesimbadksicasxisupsupcapricornisupsupcapricorniisayellowwhitehuedstarinthesouthernconstellationofcapricornusitisdimlyvisibletothenakedeyeonadarknighthavinganapparentvisualmagnitudeofbaseduponanannualstellarparallaxparallaxshiftofnbspmilliarcsecondmasasseenfromearththissystemislocatednbsplightyearsfromthesunthisisanftypemainsequencestarwithastellarclassificationofwherethesuffixnotationindicatesthestellarspectrumspectrumdisplaysamildunderabundanceofironitisaroundthreebillionyearsoldwithtimesthemassofthesunalthoughconsideredasinglestarthereisreasontosuspectitformsawidephysicalpairwiththevisualmagnitudereddwarfstarlptheyhaveaprojectedseparationofwithlphavinganestimatedtimesthemassofthesuniftheyaregravitationallyboundtheirorbitalperiodwouldbearoundnbspmillionyearsreferencesreflistrefsrefnamevanleeuwencitationtitlevalidationofthenewhipparcosreductionlastvanleeuwenfirstfjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesdatearxivbibcodeaavdoipostscriptrefrefnamenordstr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emfeedinginsectsdirectlyintothexylembutinfectedplantmaterialforvegetativepropagationeggraftingcanproducematureplantsthatalsohaveaxfastidiosadiseaserefnamerefinthewildinfectionstendtooccurduringwarmerseasonswheninsectvectorpopulationsareattheirhighestthebacteriumisnotseedtransmittedandhasbeenhistoricallydifficulttoculturerefnamerefxfastidiosacanbedividedintofoursubspeciesthataffectdifferentplantsandhaveseparateoriginsxfastidiosasubspfastidiosaisthemoststudiedsubspeciesasitisthecausalagentofpditisthoughttohaveoriginatedinsoutherncentralamericaandalsoaffectsothervarietiesofplantsxfastidiosasubspmultiplexaffectsmanytreesincludingstonefruitssuchaspeachesandplumsandisthoughttooriginateintemperateandsouthernnorthamericaxfastidiosasubsppaucaisbelievedtooriginateinsouthamericaitisthecausalagentofcvcinbrazilandalsoaffectssouthamericancoffeecropsintheformofcoffeeleafscorchxfastidiosasubspsandyiisthoughttooriginateinthesouthernpartoftheusaandisnotableforcausingoleanderleafscorchthebacteriumhasatwopartlifecycleinsideaninsectvectorandinsideasusceptibleplantwhilethebacteriumhasbeenfoundacrosstheglobeonlyoncethebacteriumreachessystemiclevelsdosymptomspresentthemselveswithinsusceptibleplanthostsxfastidiosaformsabiofilmlikelayerwithinxylemcellsandtrachearyelementsthatcancompletelyblockthewatertransportinaffectedvesselssymptomsthereissignificantvariationinsymptomsbetweendiseasesthoughsomesymptomsareexpressedacrossspeciesonamacroscopicscaleplantsinfectedwithaxfastidiosarelateddiseaseexhibitsymptomsofwaterdeficienciesmanifestingasleafscorchingstuntinginleavesfruitandoverallplantheightasthebacteriumprogressivelycolonizesxylemtissuesaffectedplantsoftentrytoblockofftheirxyleminanattempttolimitthespreadofthepathogenthiscanoccurintheformofpolysacchariderichgelsandortylosisbotanytylosestheseplantdefensesdonotseemtohinderthemovementofxfastidiosaocclusionofvasculartissuewhileanormalplantresponsetoinfectionmakessymptomssignificantlyworseasthebacteriaitselfalsoreducesvascularfunctionareductionofvascularhydraulicfunctionwasseeninsusceptiblevitisviniferathoughitispossibleforthebacteriumitselftocompletelyblockvasculartissuethistendstoberareinsteadsmallercoloniesarefoundthroughoutahighproportionofxylemvesselsinsymptomaticplantspiercesdiseaseseverepdsymptomsincludeshriveledfruitleafscorchingandprematureabscissionofleaveswithbarepetiolesremainingonthestemcitrusvariegatedchlorosisthediseaseisnamedafterthecharacteristicspottychlorosisonthetopsidesofleavesfruitsofinfectedplansaresmallandhardleafscorchesincoffeeprematureabscissionofleavesandfruitsisofbiggerconcernthanscorchingenvironmentxfastidiosacanbefoundworldwidethoughitsdiseasesaremostprominentinriparianhabitatsincludingthesoutheasternunitedstatescaliforniaandsouthamericasymptomsofxfastidiosadiseasesworsenduringhotdryperiodsinthesummerlackofwaterandmaximumdemandfromafullcanopyofleavescombinedwithsymptomsduetodiseasestressinfectedplantstoabreakingpointcoldwinterscanlimitthespreadofthediseasethishasshowntobeeffectiveincaliforniabutisuselessinregionswithmilderwinterssuchasbraziladditionallydrysummersseemtodelaysymptomdevelopmentofpdincaliforniaanyconditionsthatincreasevectorpopulationscanincreasediseaseincidencesuchasseasonalrainfallandforestsortreecoveradjacenttocropswhichserveasalternatefoodsourcesandoverwinteringlocationsforleafhoppersalexanderpurcellanexpertonthebacteriumhypothesizesthatplantsforeigntoxfastidiosasareaoforiginholarcticneotropicalregionsaremoresusceptibletodevelopmentofsymptomsthusplantsfromwarmerclimatesaremoreresistanttodiseasedevelopmentwhileplantsfromareaswithharsherwinterssuchasgrapesaremoreseverelyaffectedbydiseasehostsxfastidiosahasanincrediblywidehostrangeasofspecieswerereportedashostsforthebacteriumrefnamerefmosthostplantsaredicotsbutxfastidiosahasalsobeenreportedinmonocotsandginkgoagymnospermhoweverthevastmajorityofhostplantsremainasymptomaticmakingthemreservoirsforinfectionduetothetemperateclimatesofsouthamericaandthesoutheasternandwesterncoastoftheunitedstatesxfastidiosacanbealimitingfactorinfruitcropproductionparticularlyforstonefruitsinnorthernfloridaandgrapesincaliforniainsouthamericaxfastidiosacancausesignificantlossesinthecitrusandcoffeeindustriesoftodayscitruscropsinbrazilhavecvcsymptomsthebacteriumalsocolonizestheforegutofinsectvectorswhichcanbeanyxylemfeedinginsectsoftensharpshootersinleafhoppercicadellidaesubfamilycicadellinaeoncethebacteriumisacquiredxfastidiosahasashortlatentperiodofabouthoursthenistransmissibleforaperiodofafewmonthsuptothelifetimeoftheinsectthebacteriummultiplieswithinitsvectorsformingabacterialcarpetwithintheforegutofitshostiftheforegutisshedasduringmoltingthevectorisnolongerinfectedbutmayreacquirethepathogenatpresentthereisnoevidencethatthebacteriumhasanydetrimentaleffectonitsinsecthostsclasswikitablemwcollapsiblemwcollapsedlistofsubspeciesfastidiosasusceptibleplantsrecreatedfromefsapanelsubspeciesplantfamilyplantgenusfastidiosaadoxaceaesambucusamaranthaceaealternantherachenopodiumanacardiaceaerhustoxicodendronapiaceaeconiumdaturadauc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distpcclassgvplanetboxorbitsemimajoreccentricityperiodinclinationttransitsemiampplanetboxcharactermassradiusdensitycgsgravityplanetboxdiscoverydiscoverydatemaydiscovererspetermcculloughetaldiscoverymethodastronomicaltransittransitandradialvelocitydiscoverysitemarylanddiscoverystatuspublishedxobisanextrasolarplanetapproximatelylightyearsawayintheconstellationofcoronaborealistheplanetwasdiscoveredorbitingtheyellowdwarfstarnowdesignatedxoindiscoveryinthexoprojectaninternationalteamofprofessionalandamateurastronomyamateurastronomersdiscoveredajupitersizedplanetlaternamedxoborbitingasunlikestartheteamledbypetermcculloughofthespacetelescopescienceinstituteinbaltimorehadfouramateurastronomershailingfromnorthamericaandeuropethexoprojectteamemployedtherelativelyinexpensivexotelescopemadefromcommercialequipmenttosearchforextrasolarplanetsthistelescopeconsistsoftwomillimetertelephotolenstelephotocameralensesandresemblesbinocularsinshapeitstandsonthefootsummitofthehaleakalvolcanoonthehawaiianislandshawaiianislandofmauifromseptembertoseptemberthexotelescopedetectedtensofthousandsofbrightstarsinthattimemcculloughsteamofamateurastronomersstudiedafewdozenstarstheyhadpreviouslyidentifiedaspromisingcandidatesforextrasolarplanetsthestarxoinparticularwasmarkedasapromisingcandidateinjunetheamateurastronomersobserveditfromjunetojulyeventuallyconfirmingthataplanetsizedobjectwaseclipsingitmcculloughsteamthenturnedtothemcdonaldobservatoryintexasforinformationontheobjectsmassandtoconfirmitwasaplanettransitmcculloughsteamfoundtheplanetbydetectingslightreductionsinthestarsradianceintensityastheplanetmovedintoextrasolarplanettransitmethodtransitofthestarthelightfromthestarreducesbyapproximatelytwopercentwhenxobisintransittheirobservationrevealedthatxobisinatightfourdayorbitarounditsparentstarwhileastronomershaddetectedmorethanlistofextrasolarplanetsextrasolarplanetsxobisonlythetenthplanetdiscoveredusingthetransitmethoditisonlythesecondplanetfoundusingtelephotolensesthefirsttresintheconstellationlyrawasreportedinthetransitmethodallowsastronomerstodetermineaplanetsmassandradiussizeastronomersusethisinformationtodeducetheplanetscharacteristicssuchasdensitysecondarytransitsandphasecurveofthisplanethavebeenobservedradialvelocitytheteamconfirmedtheplanetsexistencebyusingtheharlanjsmithtelescopeandthehobbyeberlytelescopeattheuniversityoftexassmcdonaldobservatorytomeasureslightperturbationsinducedbytheplanetonitsparentstartheextrasolarplanetradialvelocityradialvelocitymethodallowedtheteamtocalculateaprecisemassoftheplanetwhichisslightlylessthanjupitersthisplanetismuchlargerthanitsmasswouldsuggestmcculloughhassaidoftheplanetsthatpassinfrontoftheirstarsxobisthemostsimilartojupiteryetknownandthestarxoisthemostsimilartothesunbutxobismuchmuchclosertoitsstarthanjupiteristothesunthetechniqueusedbytheteamtofindxobisaninnovativemethodinthatitusesarelativelyinexpensivetelescopetohuntforextrasolarplanetsithoweverislimitedprimarilytoplanetsorbitingclosetotheirparentstarsandonlyfindsplanetslargeenoughtocauseameasurabledepressioninstarlightphysicalcharacteristicsasaplanetwithamasscomparabletothatofjupiterinacloseorbitarounditsstarthisplanetfallsintothecategoryofhotjupiterslikeotherknowntransitinghotjupiterssuchashdbandtresthelowdensityofxobindicatesthatthisplanetisagasgiantcomposedmainlyofhydrogenandheliumobservationswiththenearinfraredcameraandmultiobjectspectrometernicmosinstrumentonboardthehubblespacetelescopedetectedthepresenceofwatervapormethanecarbondioxideandpossiblycarbonmonoxideintheatmosphereofxobhoweveranindependentreinvestigationofthesamedatawasunabletoreproducetheseresultslaterstudiesbythehubblespacetelescopedetectedwaterintheatmosphereoftheexoplanetrefnamenasarefrefnameapjrefseealsopegasibhdbhotjupitertresreferencesreflistrefsrefnamebonomorefrefnameburkecitejournaltitlenicmosobservationsofthetransitinghotjupiterxoburliopscienceioporgxfulltextlastburkefirstchristopherjlastmcculloughfirstprlastbergeronfirstlelastlongfirstdouglaslastgillilandfirstronaldllastnelanfirstedmundplastjohnskrullfirstchristophermlastvalentifirstjeffalastjanesfirstkennethadisplayauthorsjournaltheastrophysicaljournalyearvolumeissuepagesarxivbibcodeapjbdoixrefrefnamegaiawebvizustrasbgfrvizbinvizieroutaddsourceitgasrecnogaiadatareleasecatalogentryrefrefnamegibsonrefrefnamehubblesiterefrefnamemcculloughrefrefnamemcculloughrefrefnameromanvizierustrasbgfrviziervizierconstellationshtxvizierqueryformrefrefnameskyandtelescoperefrefnamesouthworthrefrefnametinettirefexternallinksamateursobservationusingphotometryastronomydifferentialphotometrycompressedteaxmansionringosheenaringosheenainfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexsinglestypecompilationartistxjapancoverxsinglesjpegreleasednovemberrecordedgenreheavymetalmusicheavymetalpowermetalspeedmetalsymphonicmetalglammetallengthlabelkioonrecordskioonproducerreviewschronologyxjapancompilationlastalbumthisalbumxsinglesbrnextalbumboxbestofxbrxsinglesisacompilationalbumreleasedbyxjapanonnovemberitcollectsallthesinglesandtheirbsidesre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xtalksdonotneedtobedeclaredbutarerathertransparentlycreatedwhenavalueisfirstputintothemifavariablenameisusedintowhichnothinghasyetbeenputitistreatedasanunquotedstringliteralandevaluatestoitsnamethusmimickingthebehaviorofalinebylineinterpretervariablesinxtalksarevariantsthatistheyareconceptuallyallstringswhichareinterpretedinternallyasthedatatypeforthecurrentoperationperformedonthemhowevertheymayhavethefollowingtypesstringintegernumberpointrectdateorlogicalakabooleanwhereallareequaltotheirstringrepresentationswhichinthecaseofrectsandpointsarecommaseparatedlistsofnumbershvresplefttoprightbottomlogicalsaretrueorfalseitisperfectlyvalidtoperformstringoperationsonnumbersandthenimmediatelymathematicaloperationsglobalvariablesneedtobedeclaredusingaspecialkeywordmostoftenbutinsomextalksthewordisusedinsteadtoimportthemintothecurrenthandlersscopechunkexpressionsallxtalkssupportchunkexpressionswhicharemidleveloperationstoextractandmodifysubstringrangesofavariabletheseexpressionscanbebothvalueandcontainerandusuallyhavetheformchunktypestartoffsettoendoffsetofvaluewheresupportedchunktypesareusuallycharacteritemwordorlinethoughsomedialectsaddsupportforbytesandotherchunkunitsmostxtalkssupportchangingthedelimitertouseforitemsbydefaultthecommausingthepropertyandresetitatalaterpointthoughsupertalkresetsittocommaattheendofeachhandlerwhilehypertalkresetsitonlyatidletimeiebetweensystemeventstherearealsomathematicalcommandslikeetcincompatibilitiesbetweendialectsmostxtalksarebasedonahypercardlevelarchitecturesincehypercarddidnotsupportmultiplewindowsmenusmoviesorwebbrowsersmanyxtalksimplementtheseaspectsdifferentlyegsupertalkimplementsmultiplewindowsbyreplacingthestackleveloftheobjecthierarchywithaprojectascriptcontainerrepresentingthefileandawindoweffectivelywhatastackusedtobebuttheremaybeseveralinoneprojectfilewhereashypercardandlivecodekeptthestacklevelandinsteadprovidednewbutdifferentcommandsthatallowrequestingasecondstackbeopenedinitsownwindowinsteadofreplacingthecurrentstackonscreenhypersensekeptasimilarapproachbutrenamedthecardtopagepopupbuttonsandmenusarefullynativepersistentobjectsintheprojectfilesimagewithscriptsinsupertalkandarereferencedasitemcopyofmenueditandthelikewhileinhypertalktheyaretransientobjectsthatareaddedtoaglobalmenubarsharedbyallstacksusingthecreatemenucommandarereferencedbymenuitemcopyofmenueditandcanonlyhaveasinglelinemenumessagetheysendwhenpickedsimilarlytypesandstylesofobjectsplacedonacarddiffergreatlybetweenxtalksatthedivergencepointofhypercardxmosthavebuttonsandfieldsbutsupercarddoesnotletbackgroundfieldshavethesamecontentondifferentcardsrequiringtheuseofdrawtextgraphicsforlabelsinsteadwhichhypercarddidnothaveandhypercardxscompoundtermparttosubsumebuttonsfieldsetconacardisalsonotsupportedbyallxtalkslateadditionstothelanguagealthoughhypercardneverprovidedthatfeaturemostxtalkstodayimplementtheuserpropertiesfeaturefirstintroducedbysupercarditallowsaddingcustominstancevariablestotheexistingobjectsofthehostapplicationwhichcanthenbeusedjustlikethebuiltinpropertiestoholdanydataofanytypeanexampleofusingauserpropertyissourcelangapplescriptifmypropertyisnotintheuserpropertiesofmethendefinemypropertyofcdbtnendifsetmypropertyofmetowhateveriwantsourcethereisalsoancodeundefinecodecommandtoremovepropertiesfromanobjectagainreferencesexternallinksfourthworldcomembassyarticlesscriptstylehtmlxtalkscriptingstyleguidendcenturyxmsatelliteradioxdeathstarxkhmerlanguagercatshellginpeoplezhonghuaminzuzhonghuaminzuoverseaschineseoverseaschineseoverseaschineseoverseaschineseoverseaschineseoverseaschinesehujintaohujintaoburmeselanguageburmesealphabetredirectcategoryshellyehebeiredirectcategoryshellyesurnameredirectcategoryshellyesurnameredirectcategoryshellchinesesurnamehokkurengarengaxorgfoundationxutilslistofdesperatehousewivescharactersxiaomeiredirectcategoryshellchronoscronuscronuscompressedteaakirapsychoballpocketcuberubiksrevengeprofessorscubeinfoboxsoftwarenamexscopelogoimagexscopepngpxxscopeiconscreenshotxscopescreenmeasuringpngscreenshotsizepxcaptionxscopeshowingthedimensionsrulersandloupefunctionsonitsaboutboxdevelopertheiconfactorybrartissoftwarelatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdateoperatingsystemmacosxplatformgenrescreenmeasuringdevicelicenseproprietarysoftwareproprietarysharewarewebsiteiconfactorycomsoftwarexscopeiconfactorycomsoftwarescopexscopeisautilitybytheiconfactoryartissoftwarethatcanmeasurementmeasureanyelementdisplayedonscreentheideabehindtheprogramisthatdesignerscancheckthesizeoftheirworkagainstrealworldcomputerdisplaymeasurementsandbeabletomeasuretheirworkaswellfeaturesdimensionsshowthepixelsizeforbothxandydimensionsofanyobjectwithinacolorrangeunderthemouserulersmeasuringpixelsizeinbothxandydimensionsareshownoverthescreenandcanberotateddegreesscreensoverlayscommonscreenresolutionsalongwiththeareaofwebpagesvisibletocommonbrowserswithinthoseresolutionsloupeisanadjustablemagnifyingglassthatshowsthespecificpixelcolorunderthemouseguidesareverticalandhorizontalguidelinesdisp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referencesexternallinksdcuguidecomwhophpnamexenobrooddcuguidexenobroodentrycomicvinecomxenobroodcomicvinexenobroodinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexvietnamtypealbumartistquilapayncoverxvietnamalbumjpegreleasedrecordedfebruarygenrefolkmusicbrworldmusicbrprotestmusiclengthlabelwarnermusicgroupproducervctorjaraquilapaynlastalbumcancionesfolklricasdeamricabrthisalbumxvietnambrnextalbumquilapayntresbrxvietnamorporvietnamisanalbumbyquilapaynreleasedinthiswasamongthefirstalbumstobereleasedunderthedicaplabelandwasasuccessuponitsreleaseinchilethemusicandsubjectmatteroftherecordingisveryinternationalistandwasthefirstrecordingsuccessofthenuevacancinchilenathealbumopenswithasongdenouncingthewarinvietnamhassongsfromthespanishrevolutionofspanishrevolutionafrocubanrhythmsanitalianfolksongasovietyouthanthemandasongbyjuancaprathatmournsthedeathofcheguevarasongsbyvioletaparraandsergioortegainteraliawiththelocalfolkloricrhythmsandsocialthemescompletethealbumthesonglospueblosamericanosbyvioletaparradenouncesdisputesovernationalboundariesandcallsonlatinamericatounitesergioortegascuecadejoaqunmurietaisbasedonthemythologicalcharacterofjoaqunmurietaoneversionofhislegendstatesthathetravelstocaliforniaduringthegoldrushfromchilefindswealthandlovethenloseseverythingandembarksonavindictivevendettaagainstthosewhoruinedhimultimatelythechileanoutlawmurietaisapprehendedandisdecapitatedbywhatcouldbethekkkthesongcantoalapampadepictsthepovertyandbleakexistenceofminingcommunitiesofthenorthofchiletracklistingporvietnamalongvietnamjaimegmezrogerseduardocarrascoquelatortillasevuelvamaythetablesturnchichosnchezferlosiofromthespanishrevolutionofspanishrevolutioncancinfnebreparaelcheguevaramournfulsongforcheguevarajuancapramammamiadamecentoliremotherdeargivemelirasitalianfolkitalianpartisanshymnlazambadelriegozambasongforthewateringarmandotejadagmezscarmatushimnodelasjuventudesmundialeshymnofworldyouthannimoelturururururversinfromthespanishrevolutionofspanishrevolutionqudirelsantopadrewhatdoestheholyfatherhavetosayvioletaparracantoalapampasongforthepampasfernandopezoavlizpopularlabolatheballcarlospueblacubanfolklospueblosamericanosthecommonpeopleofamericavioletaparracuecadejoaqunmurietacuecadanceforjoaqunmurietapablonerudasergioortegapersonneleduardocarrascojuliocarrascocarlosquezadawillyoddpatriciocastilloexternallinkstrovadoresnetindexphpmhndphpnmcnxvietnamalbumlyricsxvietnamatallmusichtcapachehtcapachelistofmyfairprincesscharacterslistofmyfairprincesscharactersthedayafterroguesquadronnovelthekrytostrapprofessorxsanskritinfoboxradiostationimageradiodisneymexicopngimagesizepxnamexhpopfmairdatefrequencymegahertzmhzareagreatermexicocityformatcontemporaryhitradiobrlatinpopownergrupoacirlicenseeradiofrecuenciamoduladasadecverpkwbrandingradiodisneysloganlaradioqueteescuchathestationthatlistenstoyouclasscformercallsignsxenfmaffiliationsradiodisneylatinamericaradiodisneywebsitedisneylatinocomradiodisneymexicoradiodisneycommxcallsignmeaningpopmusicxhpopfmbetterknownasradiodisneyfmisaradiostationinmexicocitythatbroadcastspopmusicpoprockmusicanddancemusicdancemusicthestationisownedbygrupoacirandairstheradiodisneylatinamericaradiodisneyformathistoryxhpopbeganbroadcastinginadoptingthedigitalnameinnovemberandthroughoutitsexistenceitbasicallyfocusedonatopformatairingmusicbothinenglishandspanishitsmoreimportantprogramswerethemorningshowhuevosandthecallinshowfriendsconnectionhostedbysofasncheznavarrowholeftthestationinandthusbothprogramswerecancelledimagedigitallogojpgthumbpxrightpreviousdigitallogountilchangesininaugustthestationstoppedusingthedigitalnameonaironlyreferringitselfasthissparkedspeculationaboutaformatchangewithradiodisneyasthemainreplacementoptionthisrumorswereconfirmedwhenitwasannouncedthatonoctoberxhpopfmwouldbecomethemexicanversionofradiodisneywhichofficiallylaunchedatnoononthatdaymostofthedigitalhostsremainonradiodisneyreferencesexternallinksinfoboxradiostationimagenamexhsonfmcitymexicocityairdateaprilfrequencymegahertzmhzareamexicocityareaformatdancemixshowairplaydancecontemporaryownernrmcomunicacioneslicenseetelevideosadecverpkwbrandingbeatsloganbeattotalmusicclassawebsitebeatcommxbeatcommxcallsignmeaningxhsonomilxhsonfmisaradiostationinmexicocityownedbynrmcomunicacionesxhsonfmbroadcastsonfmmhzandcarriesadanceandelectronicmusicformatasbeathistorythehistoryoffminmexicocitybeginswithtelevideosareceivingaconcessionforxeoyfminhoweverthestationdidntcometoairuntilaprilwiththeonairnameoflachicamusicalinthemidsthestationbecameknownassonomilanamederivedbothfromitspositionatfmandfromxeoyamthisnamewasenshrinedinthestationscallsignwhenitbecamexhsonfmintheformatmovedtowardrockinandthestationtookonthenameofproyectolateinandthenrockinthecallschangedtoxhrokfmhoweverduetolowratingsandchangeswithinncleoradiomilitwasdecidedtoflipformatsandbecomecdigowithtechnomusicwiththecallsignreturningtoxhsonfminthesabrositatropicalmusicformatmovedtofmfromxephamtheformatmovedbacktoaminatwhichtimefmtookonitscurrentformatformatbeatbroadcastselectronicadancemusichousemusictrancemsicandchilloutmusicitwastheonlydancecontemporaryradiostationinmexicowithmostofitslistenersinmexicocityandcuernavacaupuntilwhennrmlaunchedasisterstationinmonterreyreferencesexternallinksbeatcommxxhsonfmofficialpageinfoboxradiostationnameredfmimagefilexhforadioredlogojpgareamexicocitymexicocitymetropolitanarearegionalfmbroadcastingfmairdateinradiofrequencymegahertzmhzformatnewsandtalkcontemporarymusicinenglishsloganownergruposietebrprogrammedbygruporadiocentrolicenseegruporadialsietesadecverpkwwebsiteredfmmxredfmcoordinatesxhfofmisaradiostationinmexicocitythestationbroadcastsnewsandtalkprogrammingasredfmthestationisoperatedbygruporadiocentroundercontractwithgruposietewhichownsthestationsconcessionitsbroadcastfrequencyisfmmhzhistoryonthistowerxhforeceiveditsinitialconcessiononnovemberitwasownedbyraymundoromerodamianxhfosignedoninasradiotriunfadorabeingrenamedtocrystalfminwithacontemporaryspanishmusicformatinasgruperamusicbegantogainsuccessthestationwaslenttogruporadiocentroinexchangeforxeestaminarelationshipthathasbeenextendedformorethanyearsgrcpromptlychangedthenameandformatofxhfotosonidozwithgruperaandregionalmexicanmusicinitwasrenamedlazondecemberaformatswapoccurredbetweenxhfoandxeqrfmwithxhfoadoptingtheenglishclassichitsformatuniversalstereothathadbeguninwhereaslazmovedtoxeqrtheswapwasduetobothformatsbeingincloseproximitytocompetitorstationswithalmostthesameformatsxeqfmandxhdfmfmaswellastokeepxhfosoperationingrcshandssincegruposietetriedtoreclaimitafterlazhadbecomemexicocitystopratedstationonmayxhfoandxhredfmxhredswappedformatsthistimetheswapwasduetotechnicalconsiderationsinvolvinggrcscontracttooperatexhfoinordertopreservethecontinuityofthemoreprofitableuniversalformatafterareorganizationofgrcsamstationsinmosttalkprogramsfromxeredammovedtoxhfolimitingmusictoovernighthoursfollowingyetanotherprogrammingchangeonnovembersaidprogrammingwasdroppedentirelyformatredfmsformatconsistsofmultiplelongformnewscaststhroughoutthedayfeaturingsuchhostsassergiosarmientojuanfranciscocastaedaandjessmartnmendozatalkprogramsaboutvarioustopicssuchassportshealthfinancesandcultureandformerlycontemporarymusicinenglisheveryyearsincethestationsmusicalblocksturnintoanallchristmasmusicformatfromlatenovemberuntilchristmasdaylaterevenlaunchinganonlinespinoffofallchristmasmusicinitwasnotrepeatedonxhfoduetotheremovalofmusicprogrammingredfmalsoairssundaynightgamesduringthenflseasonreferencesexternallinksredirectxmenevolutionyakitatejapanmidoridaysangelheartmangazoidsfuzorsdaphneinthebrilliantbluehikarunogocaseclosedxxencodeisabinarytotextencodingsimilartouuencodewhichusesonlythealphanumericcharactersandtheplusandminussignsitwasinventedasameanstotransferfilesinaformatwhichwouldsurvivecharactersettranslationparticularlythatbetweenasciiandtheebcdicencodingusedonibmmainframestheencodingprocessxxencodeddatastartswithalineoftheformbeginmodefilewherettmodettisthefilesreadwriteexecutepermissionsasthreeoctaldigitsandttfilettisthenametobeusedwhenrecreatingthebinarydataxxencoderepeatedlytakesingroupsofthreebytesaddingtrailingzeroesiftherearefewerthanthreebytesleftthesebitsaresplitintofourbitnumberseachofwhichisthentranslatedtothemathnmaththcharacterinthefollowingtableabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzeachgroupofsixtyoutputcharacterscorrespondingtoinputbytesisoutputasaseparatelineprecededbyanencodedcharactergivingthenumberofencodedbytesonthatlineforalllinesexceptthelastthiswillbethecharacterhthecharactermappingtothevalueiftheinputisnotevenlydivisiblebythelastlinewillcontaintheremainingnoutputcharactersprecededbythenumberofremaininginputbytesencodedasabovefinallyalinecontainingjustasinglespaceorpluscharacterisoutputfollowedbyonelinecontainingthestringendxxencodeddataisgenerallydistinguishablefromuuencodeuuencodeddatabythefirstcharacterofthelinehforxxencodemforuuencodethisassumesatleastonefulllengthlineencodedbytescharactersintheoutputexamplethefollowingisanexampleofxxencodingaonelinetextfileinthisexamplettdttisthebyterepresentationforcarriagereturncrandttattisthebyterepresentationfornewlinelinefeedlffilefilenamewikipediaurltxtfilecontentsnowikiwikipediaorgdanowikixxencodingbeginwikipediaurltxtoofoqcjrrrrmtrokhdqjyokiprbecendseealsobinarytotextencodingforacomparisonofvariousencodingalgorithmsexternallinkswebutilsplxxencodexxencodexxdecodefreeonlinexxencoderandxxdecoderreferencesdexxencodeanpanmanhighschoolkimengumiplawressanshirojojosbizarreadventuredkyseidarkomiliizenitrocketfamilyzenitrocketfamilyxlibertyxalbumbosniaandherzegovinabosniaandherzegovinamessiahredirectxeviousdgspiritedawaycorrespondencemathematicssinewaveredirectshellasymptoticanalysisredirectshelltilderedirectcategoryshellagathachristiesgreatdetectivespoirotandmarplehomothetictransformationredirectshellparallelgeometrysymbolredirectshellplusminussignminusplussigninfoboxtelephoneareacodetrunkcodeareacodeareanamelondonnumberformatxxxxxxxxlocatormapcoveragemapapproximatecoverageofcoderedcomparedtogreaterlondonboundaryblackbrlocationoftristandacunhacoveragemapcaptioncountryunitedkingdomcodedescriptorareacodecountrycallingcodeconservationnoactivedatebignumberchangejunerefgroupnotesnamedatecouldbeusedfromjuneandthepreviouscodescouldnolongerbeusedfromaprilrefpreviouscodesearliercodesareaservedbusheyheathbrchigwellbrelstreebrewellbrlondonbrloughtonbrthamesdittonbrtristandacunhacodeslistlistofdiallingcodesintheunitedkingdomisthetelephonenumbersintheunitedkingdomnationaldiallingcodeforlondonintheunitedkingdomtheareaitserveswhichincludesmostofgreaterlondonandsomeadjacentareaswasfirstallocatedthestdcodeinafterasequenceofchangesinthesculminatingwiththebignumberchangethecurrentcodebecameactiveonjuneallsubscribernumberswithintheareacodeconsistofeightdigitsandithascapacityforapproachingmilliontelephonenumbersthecodeisusedatlistoftelephoneexchangesinlondontelephoneexchangesaspartofthelargestlinkednumberingschemeintheunitedkingdomincommonwithallotherbritishareacodestheinitialisatrunkprefixthatisnotrequiredwhendiallinglondonfromabroadthediallingcodeisalsousedbytheforeignandcommonwealthofficetelecommunicationsnetworkprovidedbyglobalcrossingandisoneoftwodiallingcodesfortheremotesouthatlanticislandoftristandacunhahistorylondontelephoneareabeforetheintroductionofnationaldiallingcodestheareanowservedbyoperatedasalargemultipletelephoneexchangesystemknownasthelondontelephoneareathefirstexchangeinthisareacentralwasopenedinthecityoflondononmarchrefnamebtrefthedirectortelephonesystemwasdevelopedsothatsubscribersinlondoncouldcalleachotheraspartofalinkednumberingschemeregardlessofwhethertheywereonamanualorautomaticlocalexchangeinholbornthefirstdirectortelephonesystemdirectorautomaticexchangeinlondonwascutoveratmidnightonsaturdaynovemberasitwasalargelybusinessexchangemostsubscribersdidnotusethenewsystemuntilmondaynovemberthechangeoverwassuccessfulalthoughthereweresomedelaysasthesubscriberswerenotfamiliarwithdiallingbishopgateandsloaneexchangesweretofollowinsixweeksfollowedbywesternandmonumentexchangesasthelondonareacontainedexchangescompleteconversionwouldtakemanyyearsrefnametimesthetimeslondonnovemberpnovemberprefrefnamechapuisrefbythelondontelephoneareaconsistedofallexchangeswithinofoxfordcircusrefnamechargesrefbythelondondirectorsystemhadexchangeswithinaradiusofoxfordcircusandafurtherinthemilenbspkmbeltingreaterlondoninotherwordswithinofoxfordcircustherewereatotalofexchangesinanewexchangewasopenedatlondonheathrowairportrefnameflightrefexchangecodesfromthefirstthreedigitsofasevendigitsubscribernumberinotherwordsthelocalexchangecodeswererepresentedwithlettersbywayofamnemoniceachthreecharactercodecorrespondedtoanexchangewithinthelondontelephoneareathesubscribernumberswerewrittenforexampleasabbeyandwimbledonorabbandwimbytherewerelocalexchangesinlondonandthenumberofpermutationsthatcouldbeusedforexchangenameshadbeenexhaustedrefnamevaldarrefwiththechangetoallfigurediallingallfigurediallinginthesystemofmnemonicswaswithdrawnandthethreedigitlocalexchangecodesofmanysubscriberswerealteredtheoldcodescontinuedtoworkinparallelwithnewcodesuntiljanuarywhentheannallfigurenumbersnowadvertisingcampaignpromptedcallerstouseonlythenewcodesrefnameconnectedrefthetransitiontoallfigurediallingallowedthecodestobegroupedintoeightsectorsallexchangeswithinofthecentreoflondonformedthecentralsectorandtheothersectorsradiatedfromitrefnamevaldarrefclasswikitablesectorlocalexchangecodeprefixescentraleastsouthsoutheastsouthwestnorthnorthwestwestthefirstthreedigitsofasubscribernumbercontinuedtoindicatetheexchangetowhichthenumberbelongedforexamplewasinwestminstercentralsectorandinwimbledonsouthwestsectorrefgroupnotesthenumericalcodesforwestminsterandwimbledondidnotchangewhenallfigurediallingwasintroducedbecausethefirsttwodigitsoftheirexchangecodescorrespondedtothesectorstheybecamepartofrefmorethanonelocalexchangecodewasusuallyoverlayplanoverlaidforeachareasoallwimbledonnumbersdidnotnecessarilybeginsubscribernumberschangedtoeightdigitsinwhenanadditionalorwasaddedtoeachlocalexchangecodeforexampleinwestminsterandinwimbledonstdcodecellspacingcellpaddingalignrightstylefontsizemarginleftpxborderpxsoliddarkgraycolspanbgcolorlightgrayaligncenterexampletelephonenumberbgcolorffffdaligncenterbgcolorffffdaligncenterstdcodesintroducedbgcolorffffdaligncenterwimbgcolordffdaligncenterbgcolordffdaligncenterallfigurediallingallfigurediallingbgcolordffdaligncenterbgcolorffffdaligncenterbgcolorffffdaligncenterareacodesplitbgcolorffffdaligncenterbgcolordffdaligncenterbgcolordffdaligncenterphonedaybgcolordffdaligncenterbgcolorffffdaligncenterbgcolorffffdaligncenterbignumberchangebgcolorffffdaligncenterthestdcodewasassignedtothelondontelephoneareaonaprilaspartofpreparationsforsubscribertrunkdiallingrefnamebtrefforthenextthirtyyearsbecamesynonymouswiththecapitalrefnameshowsforexampleinthenameoftheculturalshowbroadcastbythamestelevisionbetweenandrefuntilmaythecodecoveredthesameareaasthecurrentcodeandhadcapacityforfewerthanmilliontelephonenumbersrefnameofcomnewcoderefinmaythecodewasabandonedandtheareadividedbetweenwhichcoveredexchangesinthecentralsectorandwhichcoveredallothersectorsexceptionallytwoexchangesintheeastsectorthisareacodesplitdoubledthepotentialcapacityinonphonedaythecodeschangedagaintoandthesplitintotwoareacodesonlylastedadecadeaspartofthebignumberchangeonapriltheandcodeswerereplacedwithfollowingaperiodofdualrunningthatbeganonjunewhenthenewcodewasactivatedandendedonoctoberwhentheoldandcodeswerefinallyceasedtheaprilchangealsoaffectedsubscriberlocalnumberswhichgainedanextradigitxxxxxxxnumberschangedtoxxxxxxxwhilexxxxxxxnumbersbecamexxxxxxxasaresultofthishistorythereisnowauktelephonecodemisconceptionswidespreadmisconceptionthatandarethediallingcodesforpartsoflondonrefnameofcomcoderefthiswasexacerbatedwhenlocalnumbersbeginningstartedtobeissuedthereunificationunderasinglecodecreatedcapacityforapproachingmilliontelephonenumbersandstartinginsubscribernumbersbeginningwiththedigitwereissuedalongsidethosebeginningandchargegroupthelondontelephoneareaoperatedasasinglegroupforchargingpurposesinwhichallcallswerepricedatlocalrateadditionallyaswasusualcallstoandfromtheadjacentchargegroupswerechargedaslocalrefgroupnotescallstolondonfromeachoftheandareacodeswerechargedatlocalrateaswerecallsfromlondontoeachofthoseareacodesrefcoveragelocationmapunitedkingdomareacodecaptioncoverageoftheareacodefloatrightwidthplacespositionleftbackgroundwhitelatlongcaptionfloatpositionleftbackgroundwhitelatlongcaptionfloatthecodeservesaroughlycircularareawitharadiusoffromthecentreoflondonthegreaterlondonboundaryvariesfromtofromthecentreandconsequentlysomeouterdistrictsarecoveredbyadjacentcodesandinsomeplacesthecodeextendsbeyondthegreaterlondonboundarythecodecoversanarealargerthanthelondonpostaldistrictlondonposttownwherelettersaddressedtolondonaredeliveredthecityoflondonandatleastsomepartofalllondonboroughsarewithintheareacodetherearesixexchangesoutsidegreaterlondonthatusethecoderefgroupnotesbusheyheathelstreeewellhainaultchigwellloughtonandthamesdittonexchangesareoutsidegreaterlondonrefcommunitiesoutsidegreaterlondonthatarewithinthecodearebuckhursthillchigwellloughtonandsewardstoneinessexborehamwoodbusheycarpendersparkelstreeandsouthoxheyinhertfordshireandewellmoleseythamesdittonandwhyteleafeinsurreythereareeighteenexchangeswithingreaterlondonthatdonotusethecoderefgroupnotesbigginhillcrayforddownlanderithfarnboroughharefieldhornchurchingrebournelodgehillnorthwoodorpingtonrainhamromfordruislipsladegreenupminsteruxbridgeandwestdraytondonotusethecoderefthesixboroughsthathavesignificantareaswithinothercodesarelondonboroughofbexleybexleypartlywithinthedartfordcodelondonboroughofbromleybromleypartlywithintheorpingtonandwesterhamcodeslondonboroughofcroydoncroydonpartlywithintheorpingtonandredhillcodeslondonboroughofenfieldenfieldpartlywithinthewalthamcrosscodelondonboroughofhaveringhaveringmostlywithintheromfordcodeandlondonboroughofhillingdonhillingdonpartlywithintheuxbridgesloughandwatfordcodesnumberallocationwiththeintroductionoftheareacodeaspartofthebignumberchangesubscribernumberswerechangedfromdigitsxxxxxxxtodigitsxxxxxxxxthisallowednewrangesofnumberstobeissuedunderthenationaltelephonenumberingplanthecodeoperateswiththefollowingsubrangesclasswikitablecolspanxxxnbspxxxxxxxnbspxxxxnationaldiallingonlyxxxnbspxxxxreservedforfutureusexxxnbspxxxxnewlocalnumbersissuedaftermovetoxxxnbspxxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxxnbspxxxxreservedforfutureusexxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxnewlocalnumbersissuedaftermovetoxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxlocalnumberstransferredfromxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxnewlocalnumbersissuedaftermovetoxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxxxnbspxxxxlocalnumberstransferredfromxxxnbspxxxxreservedforfutureuseinofnumberswithinthecodewereallocatedtobtgroupbtrefnamehansardreftheareacodeisnotsubjecttonumberconservationandtheregulatorofcomdoesnotrestrictthesizeofnumberblocksthatareallocatedrefnameconservationrefnotesreferencesexternallinksrhaworthmybycoukphreaktenphtmlistofexchangesintelemarcxunitedkingdomnumberallocationsuktelephonecodemisconceptionsuktelephonecodemisconceptionsludusduodecimscriptorumxiiivideogamemagariakitaxuanwuorxuanwumayrefertomythologyblacktortoiseorturtleoneofthefoursymbolsofchineseastronomyxuanwugodxuanwudarkwarrioragodinchinesereligionpeopleemperorxuanwuofnorthernweigeographyxuanwudistrictbeijingchinaxuanwudistrictnanjingjiangsuchinaxuanwulakeinnanjingchinaxuanwuluyicountyatowninluyicountyhenaninchinapyongyangxianincidentredirectxutospontapstypefrigatesnowflakeuseasasymbolprivateuseareasprivateuseareasprivateuseareasbattlefieldbaseballgroupbuyingringdiacriticgroupbuyinglowercaseminusculeisaletterofthelatinalphabetitissimilartothecyrillicscriptcyrillicinappearanceaverysimilarglyphhasalsosometimesbeenusedfortheuppercaseformofforexampleinshonalanguageshonaitwasusedinthezhuangalphabetfromtowhenitwasreplacedbythedigraphorthographydigraphmbdigraphmbinupsidedowntexttheletterinlowercaseformisoftenusedasasubstituteforturnedgforitswideravailabilityinfontssuchasverdanaverdanarefandgeorgiatypefacegeorgiathanothersubs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ftheygettheopportunitytoleadandchoseonecubeasthesuitplayplaybeginswiththedeckbeingshuffledandthedealerdealingeightcardstoeachplayereightroundsofeighthandsareplayedtoconstituteacompletegamearoundconsistsofthedealbiddingeighthandsandscoringbiddingeachplayerstartingwiththeplayertotheleftofthedealerplacesabidbydeclaringhowmanytrickstheywilltakeduringthehandbidscanbeanynumberfromzeroietheplayerbelievesthattheywillwinnotricksduringtheroundtoeightietheplayerbelievesthattheywillwineverytrickduringtheroundbiddingcontinuesclockwisearoundthetableandthedealerbidslastandthedealermustbidanumberthatdoesnotbringthetotalnumberoftricksbidtoeightforexampleinathreeplayergameifthefirstplayerbidsfiveandthesecondplayerbidsonethedealercanbidanythingexcepttwoasthiswouldbringthetotalnumberofbidstoeightthisforcesatleastoneplayertomisstheirbideachroundleadingplaycontinueswiththeplayertotheleftofthedealerwholeadsfirstthisplayerplaysacardfromtheirhandandcallsoneofthefoursuitcombinationsonitforexamplethreecubesgoingclockwisearoundthetableeachplayermustplayacardwiththesamesuitcombinationthreecubesiftheyhaveitifnottheycanplayanycardthecardwiththehighestfacevaluethathasthesamesuitcombinationwinsthetrickandtheplayerwhowinsthetrickleadsthenextroundinthecaseofatiethelastplayertoplayacardwinsthetrickscoringaftereighttrickstheroundiscompleteandscoresaretalliedplayerswhotakeexactlythenumberoftricksthattheybidgetapointforeachtricktakenieaplayerwhobidsthreeandwinsexactlythreetricksreceivesthreepointsthoseplayerswhomisstheirbidreceivepointforeachtrickofftheirbidieaplayerwhobidsthreeandwinstricksreceivespointswinningaftereightroundstheplayerwiththehighestscorewinsstrategiesknowingthecarddistributioniskeytorecognizingthestrengthofoneshandandplacingbidsaswellasknowingwhichsuittocallifonewishestowinorloseatrickacardsmostpowerfulsuitisthatsuitwhichisthesmallestforexampleacardwithfacevalueninethathasoneballtwocubesthreeconesandthreestarsismoreoftentowinatrickiftheballsuitiscalledasthereareonlyfourcardsintheentiredeckthathaveavaluegreaterthanorequaltoninewithoneballconverselycallingtheconesuitislikelytohavethetrickwonbyanotherplayerastherearecardsinthedeckwithafacevalueofnineorgreaterthathavethreeconestheruleofthumbistobidonetrickforeveryorandonetrickforeverytwotensandninesinoneshandeducationalvaluexactikaisacardgamethatchallengesandbuildsstudentsabilitytoestimatetheoutcomeofaseriesofprocessestheymustevaluatetheprobabilityofbeinginapositiontotakeotherplayerscardsthatarelaiddowneachroundbasedonthecardstheyhaveintheirhandthereisnodrawingordiscardingxactikasharpenstheirmathskillsandcriticalthinkingskillstheymustpredictexactlyhencethenamexactikathenumberofroundsinwhichtheywillbeabletotakethecardsplayedthegameisdesignedsothatasplayevolvescardsthatappearedweakinitiallymaybecomestrongasthehandevolvesdevelopingtheabilitytocorrectlybidtheirhandsinvolvesanalyticalreasoningfollowingtheevolutionoftheplaydevelopspatterningskillsstudentsmustrecognizethevalueoftheirhandnotjustfromhavingthehighestpointcardsinoneofthefoursuitsoneachcardbutalsofromanunderstandingofthechancesthatforsomeoftheirothercardstheiropponentsmaynothavecardsofsimilarvaluetoplaystudentsmustexaminetheirhandtofindcardsinspecificsuitsthathavevaluestheythinkaregreaterthantheiropponentssomecardsaresurebetsbutonlyiftheplayercantaketheleadothershaveahighprobabilityoftakingatrickbutthisdependsuponhowthecardsareplayedbyotherssocarefulattentionmustbepaidtothemovesofotherplayersthisleadstoaninvolvementthatimprovessocialskillseachplayermustalsopreparehisherhandfortheendofeachroundwheretheymustbesurethattheyhaveacardthatwonttakeanunwantedtricktheoutcomeofahandisnotdetermineduntiltheendoftheroundssoeachplayersattentioniskeptrivetedthroughouteachoftheeighthandsthatcomprisethegamecriticalthinkingmustbeappliedtotheprocessoftakingaswellasavoidingtrickseveryplayerwillhaveanumberofwaystoplayeachhandbutfindingthecriticalpathtomakingexactlytherightnumbersofbidsistheobjectofthegamexactikafosterssocialskillseachhandprovidesacompletelynewopportunitytocomefrombehindandtaketheleadevenifastudentisbehindheshecanwiniftheprobabilitiesandtheirskillcometogetherthiscanhelpreinforcepersonalskillsthereisadownloadablexactikagraphingpageonthesetenterpriseswebsiteitshowshowtousexactikatoteachbellcurvesbargraphsandpiechartswebarchiveorgwebsetgamecomxactikaindexhtmlawardsxactikahaswonthefollowingbestgameawardscreativechildspreferredchoiceawardcreativechildspreferredchoiceawardgamesmagazinegamesawardparentschoiceawardexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebsetgamecomxactikaindexhtmlxactikawebpageatsetenterpriseswebarchiveorgwebniquenetissuesentertainmentxactikaprobabilitygonewildtechniquejanuarylowercaseminusculeisaletterofthelatinalphabetderivedfromlwithadiacriticaldotbelowitisorwasusedinsomelanguagestorepresentvarioussoundsinasturianlanguageasturiantwodigraphorthographydigraphsminusculeareusedtorepresentsomewesterndialectalphonemescorrespondingtostandardllrepresentingapalatallateralapproximantamongthisgroupofdialectalpronunciationsusuallycalledchevaque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thoptimalgrowthconditionsandprotectionfromthehostsimmuneresponsetheparasitecellproliferationproliferateswithinthehostcellwhereitsmassreplacesmostofthehostcellscytoplasmwiththerestbeingtakenupbymicrovillusstructuresandrhizoidsotherstructuresmaybepresentinsidetheinfectedhostcellincludingvesiclebiologyandchemistryvesiclesglobulesoffatfatglobulesandbundlesoffibrilthenucleusmaybeinvaryinglocationsincludingthecentreofthecellandmayalsovaryinstructureielobedbranchedordividedintomultiplefragmentsbutitwillalwaysbehypertrophyhypertrophicthehostalsocommonlyenvelopstheproliferatingparasiteandthehostcellitselfinlayersofmembranesandcellsinmicrosporidianxenomasthewholebiologicallifecyclelifecycleisrestrictedtothexenomathishoweverdiffersbetweendifferentprotiststhelifecyclepredominantlyfollowsasimplebiologicallifecyclelifecycleconsistingofmerogonyfollowedbysporogonyoccasionallytheendoplasmicreticulumassociateswithmerontswhichareformedduringmerogonyandislostoncesporogonyensuesrefnamemansourrefthetimeittakesforaxenomatodevelopvariesentirelyonthehostorganismandcellaswellastheinfectingparasiteitcanvaryhoweveritusuallystartstoformafterafewweeksfollowinginfectiondependingonthebiologicallifecyclelifecycleoftheparasitethesizeofxenomasalsovarieswiththetypeofparasiteandhostorganismandcanrangefromafewmicrometrestoseveralmillimetreswhileitisgenerallyacceptedthatthexenomapreventsspreadoftheparasitethroughoutthehostorganismitisnotentirelyaccurateasthespeciesthatcausexenomasaresporeformingitispossiblethattheirsporesmayreleasetheirsporoplasmswhichpenetratethexenomawallinfiltratingandinfectingsurroundingcellsinmicrosporidiathisismediatedbyauniqueandhighlyspecialisedproteinthepolartubethisspecialisedproteinisfoundinsidethesporeandisincontactwiththesporoplasmspecificenvironmentalstimulationcausesthesporetodischargethepolartubewhichpenetratesthexenomamembraneandprovidesanexitrouteforthesporoplasmthisisthoughttobeaformofautoinfectionruptureofthexenomamayalsoresultindispersaloftheinfectioussporesthiscanleadtotheformationofotherandmorepersistentformsofxenomastransmissionofsuchpathogensoccurspredominantlyviaoraladministrationwhenincontactorinthevicinityofdiseasedorganismsviathereleaseofinfectioussporeshowevertherearereportsofobtaininginfectioninsomeorganismsthroughtheskinrefnameleerefexperimentallyinducinginfectionandxenomaformationcanbeperformedintramuscularlyintravascularlyandintraperitoneallyitiswidelythoughtthatthefirstsiteofentryformanyoftheseparasitesisinthegastrointestinaltractwhereenzymessuchaspepsinorevenanalkalinephshiftcausedbythemucouslayerprominentinthisareainducespolartubedischargerefnameleereffollowingthistheirmigrationfromtheirinitialreleasetotheirfinaldestinationinthehostcellvariesconsiderablydependingonthepathogenthehostorganismandthehostcelllocationitwasdiscoveredthroughinsituhybridizationinsituhybridizationthatthemicrosporidialomamicrosporidianlomasalmonaeentersthemucosalepitheliumintheintestineandmigratestothelaminapropriabeforearrivingatthegillswhereiteventuallyresidesviainfectingbloodcellsrefnamesnchezrefothertransportvehiclesarethoughttoincludetcellslymphocytesandothermigratorycellsincludingmonocyteswheretheysuccumbtoinfectionbymeansofeitherphagocytosisoftheparasiteinthelaminapropriaorbyinfiltrationbysporoplasmsusingtheirpolartubeitisalsoverypossiblethatthesetransportcellsmightthemselvesdevelopintoaxenomaxenomasinfishmicrosporidiaisacommoncauseofdiseaseinfishandsoxenomastendtobeseenmorefrequentlyinfishthaninotherorganismsapaperpublishedinlistedgeneraandmicrosporidianspeciesthatcausediseaseinfishrefnamelomrefhoweveronlytenofthesegenusgenerainducexenomaformationmicrosporidiagenusgenerathatcausexenomascanthereforebequitediverseandsoarecharacterisedmorecomprehensivelyintoseveralgroupsdependingontheirmorphologyxenomaswithoutathickwallandwherethecompletevolumeoftheoriginalcellisnotconvertedintoaxenomaxenomaswithoutathickwallandwherethecompletevolumeoftheoriginalcellisconvertedintoaxenomaxenomaswithcellmembraneplasmalemmasurroundedbyhostfibrilsxenomaswithathickwallrecentlyfishinfectingmicrosporidiahavebeengroupedintofiveclassesdependingontheirmoleculartraitsahigherlevelofclassificationusingssusmallsubunitribosomaldnardnaanalysishowevermoleculardataisstilllackingforseveralgenusgeneraofmicrosporidiarefnamelomrefxenomasfoundinotherorganismswhilstxenomasaremorehighlycharacteristicoffishtheycanbequiteextensiveinotherorganismsincludingcrustaceansinsectsoligochaetaoligochaetesandothervertebratesmicrosporidianxenomasthatdevelopinfishcanalsooccurincrustaceansroughlymicrosporidiangenusgenerahavebeenfoundtoinfectcrustaceanswithatleastmicrosporidianspeciesfoundinshrimpmostoftheminfectingmusclemusculartissuerefnamewangrefotherspeciesalsoinfectthedigestivetractsexorganreproductiveorgansandtheirhepatopancreasxenomalikeformationshavealsobeenfoundinspeciesofshrewcausedbysoricimyxumfegatiatypeofmyxosporeashowingtheycanalsooccurinmammalsrefnamedykovreftreatmentthehostcaneventuallydestroythexenomaproliferativeinflammationoccursincellulardifferentiationmaturexenomasandtransformsthemintogranulomasgranulomainvolutionmedicineinvolutionthenensueswherephagocytosiskillsthesporesstudieshaveshownitispossibletovaccinationvaccinateagainstxenomasonestudyshowedthatdevelopingavaccineusingasupsuptosupsupdoseofkilledsporesfromalowvirulencestrainoflomamicrosporidianlomasalmonaeresultedinrainbowtroutproducinglessxenomasintheirgillsafterexperimentalinfectioncomparedtothecontrolthisultimatelyoffersmuchimprovedprotectiontomicrosporidialgilldiseasewhichiscommonamongstrainbowtroutrefnamespearereftherapeuticdrugshaveprovedineffectiveattreatingthisdiseaseandharvestingwholesporesisarelativelyeasytechniqueseealsomicrosporidiaglugeasporereferencesxenokratesofathensorofsicyonflcbcwasanancientgreeceancientgreeksculptorandwriterandoneoftheworldsfirstarthistoryarthistoriansthreesignedstatuebasesareallthatsurviveofhisworkplinytheelderdescribedhimasapupilofeithereuthykratesorteisikratesandstatesthathesurpassedbothinhiscareerandthathewroteseveralvolumesconcerninghiscraftplinytheeldersentiredissertationonthehistoryofsculptureandpaintingisbelievedtohavebeenstronglyinfluencedbytheworkofxenokrateshewastheartcriticmostfamiliartotheancientromeromansofthelateromanrepublicrepublicandhegreatlyinfluencedtheirtastesreferencesplinytheeldernaturalhistoryplinynaturalhistoryjturneredthedictionaryofartxipharescbcwasakingdomofpontuspontianprincewhowasthesonofkingmithridatesviofpontusfromhisconcubineandlaterwifestratoniceofpontushismotherturnedoverthestrongholdofmithridatesatcoenumthathadbeenentrustedtoherprotectiontotheromanforcesunderpompeyinrevengemithridateshadxiphareskilledleavinghiscorpseunburiedreferencesadugganhediedoldmithridateseupatorkingofpontusisinthelowerleftcornerxylancasnumberisagroupofhemicellulosesthatarefoundinplantcellwallsandsomealgaexylansarepolysaccharidesmadefromunitsofxyloseapentosesugarxylansarealmostasubiquitousascelluloseinplantcellwallsandcontainpredominantlydxyloseunitslinkedasincellulosetypicallythecontentofxylansinhardwoodsareofthehemicellulosesandinsoftwoodstheyareofthehemicellulosesthemainxylancomponentinhardwoodsisoacetylomethylglucuronoxylanandinsoftwoodsthemainxylancomponentsarearabinoomethylglucuronoxylansingeneralsoftwoodxylansdifferfromhardwoodxylansbythelackofacetylgroupsandthepresenceofarabinoseunitslinkedbyglycosidicbondstothexylanbackbonesomemacrophytemacrophyticgreenalgaecontainxylanspecificallyhomoxylanespeciallythosewithinthecodiumandbryopsisgenerawhereitreplacescelluloseinthecellwallmatrixsimilarlyitreplacestheinnerfibrillarcellwalllayerofcelluloseinsomeredalgaexylanisoneoftheforemostantinutrientantinutritionalfactorsincommonusefeedstuffrawmaterialsxylooligosaccharidexylooligosaccharidesproducedfromxylanareconsideredasfunctionalfoodordietaryfibersduetheirpotentialprebioticnutritionprebioticpropertiesxylancanbeconvertedinxylooligosaccharidexylooligosaccharidesbychemicalhydrolysisusingacidsorbyenzymatichydrolysisusingendoxylanasessomeenzymesfromyeastcanexclusivelyconvertsxylanintoonlyxylooligosaccharidesdptoreferencesuexkllwraithsquadronxylophagyisatermusedinecologytodescribethehabitsofanherbivorousanimalwhosedietconsistsprimarilyoftensolelyofwoodthewordderivesfromgreeklanguagegreekxulophagoseatingwoodfromxulonwoodandphageintoeatanancientgreeknameforakindofawormeatingbirdanimalsfeedingonlyoncoarsewoodydebrisdeadwoodarecalledsaprophagoussaproxylophagousorsaproxylicxylophagousinsectsmostsuchanimalsarearthropodsprimarilyinsectsofvariouskindsinwhichthebehaviorisquitecommonandfoundinmanydifferentorderbiologyordersmanyxylophagousinsectshavesymbioticprotozoaandorbacteriaintheirdigestivesystemwhichassistinthebreakdownofcelluloseothersegthetermitefamilytermitidaepossesstheirowncellulaseothersespeciallyamongthegroupsfeedingondecayingwoodapparentlyderivemuchoftheirnutritionfromthedigestionofvariousfungithataregrowingamidstthewoodfiberssuchinsectsoftencarrythesporesofthefungiinspecialstructuresontheirbodiescalledmycangiummycangiaandinfectthehosttreethemselveswhentheyarelayingtheireggsexamplesofwoodeatinganimalsbarkbeetlesbeavergribbleshorntailspanaquecatfishshipwormstermiteswoodboringbeetleswoodlicereferencesredirectxylophagylistofdrawntogetherepisodesseasoninfoboxfilmnamexparoniimagexparonijpgimagesizecaptiondirectoruncreditedsmallalsowriterssmallbrristojarvabrjaakkopakkasvirtabrspedepasanenproducerwriternarratorstarringspedepasanenbrjaakkopakkasvirtabrmeriliimusichenrikottodonnercinematographyeditingdistributorsmallvinnfilmifinlandtheatricalbrfinnkinofinlanddvdbrfinnkinofinlandvhsbrmainostelevisiomtvfinlandtvsmallreleasedinfilmruntimemincountryfinlandlanguagefinnishlanguagefinnishbudgetprecededbyfollowedbyxparonixbaronisainfilmfinnishcomedyandthedebutofspedepasanenasaleadingmaleroleanddebutasacowriteranddirectorofafulllengthfilmplotsummarytheplotconcernsawealthybaronpasanenwhoissointerestedinforeignculturesparticularlynativeamericanthatheisobliviousthatpeoplewithinhisownorganizationareusinghimtofundalocalmafiawhilevisitingthecountrysidethebaronismistakenforalazybutinven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hormonefshandluteinizinghormonelhestrogenandprogesteronetherapyisusuallythencommencedxxgdasaformofpuregonadaldysgenesisthetermpuregonadaldysgenesispgdhasbeenusedtodistinguishagroupofpatientsfromgonadaldysgenesisrelatedtoturnersyndromeinthelatteradistinctchromosomalaberrationispresentwhileinpgdthechromosomalconstellationiseitherxxorxythusxxgonadaldysgenesisisalsoreferredtoaspgdxxandxygonadaldysgenesisaspgdxyorswyersyndromepatientswithpgdhaveanormalchromosomalconstellationbutmayhavelocalizedgeneticalterationspathogenesisthecauseoftheconditionisoftenuncleartherearecaseswhereabnormalitiesinthefshreceptorhavebeenreportedapparentlyeitherthegermcellsdonotformorinteractwiththegonadalridgeorundergoacceleratedatresiasothatattheendofchildhoodonlyastreakgonadispresentunabletoinducepubertalchangesasgirlsovariesproducenoimportantbodychangesbeforepubertythereisusuallynosuspicionofadefectofthereproductivesystemuntilpubertyfailstooccurfamilialcasesofxxgonadaldysgenesisareonrecordinonefamilymutationsinthemitochondrialhistidyltrnasynthetasehavebeendescribedasthecauserefnamepiercepiercesbchisholmkmlynchedleemkwalshtopitzjmliwklevitrekingmcmutationsinmitochondrialhistidyltrnasynthetaseharscauseovariandysgenesisandsensorineuralhearinglossofperraultsyndromeprocnatlacadsciusarefperraultsyndromeinperraultreportedtheassociationofgonadaldysgenesisanddeafnessnowcalledperraultsyndromediagnosisbecauseoftheinabilityofthestreakgonadstoproducesexhormonesbothestrogensandandrogensmostofthesecondarysexcharacteristicsdonotdevelopthisisespeciallytrueofestrogenicchangessuchasbreastdevelopmentwideningofthepelvisandhipsandmenstrualcyclemenstrualperiodsbecausetheadrenalglandscanmakelimitedamountsofandrogensandarenotaffectedbythissyndromemostofthesegirlswilldeveloppubichairthoughitoftenremainssparseevaluationofdelayedpubertyusuallyrevealsthepresenceofpubichairbutelevationofgonadotropinsindicatingthatthepituitaryisprovidingthesignalforpubertybutthegonadsarefailingtorespondthenextstepsoftheevaluationusuallyincludecheckingakaryotypeandimagingofthepelvisthekaryotyperevealsxxchromosomesandtheimagingdemonstratesthepresenceofauterusbutnoovariesthestreakgonadsarenotusuallyseenbymostimagingatthispointitisusuallypossibleforaphysiciantomakeadiagnosisofxxgonadaldysgenesistreatmenttheconsequencestothegirlwithxxgonadaldysgenesishergonadscannotmakeestrogensoherbreastswillnotdevelopandheruteruswillnotgrowandmenstruateuntilsheisgivenestrogenthisisoftengiventhroughtheskinnowhergonadscannotmakeprogesteronesohermenstrualperiodswillnotbepredictableuntilsheisgivenaprogestinstillusuallyasapillhergonadscannotproduceovumeggssoshewillnotbeabletoconceivechildrennaturallyawomanwithauterusbutnoovariesmaybeabletobecomepregnantbyimplantationofanotherwomansfertilizedeggembryotransferrelatedconditionsxxgonadaldysgenesisisrelatedtotheswyersyndromeinasmuchasbothconditionshavethesamephenotypeandclinicalissueshoweverinswyersyndromethekaryotypeisxyandthusgonadectomyisrecommendedinturnersyndromethereisademonstrableabnormalityinorabsenceofoneofthesexchromosomesthatisthecauseofthedevelopmentofgonadaldysgenesisincontrastxxgonadaldysgenesishasanormalfemalechromosomesituationanothertypeofxxgonadaldysgenesisisknownasxxgonadaldysgenesisepibulbardermoidwhichfollowsthesimilarsymptomsastheregularsyndromethoughitalsoshowssignsofepibulbardermoideyedisorderseealsogonadaldysgenesisreferencesxvyccorextendedgamutycbcryccalsoxvcolorisacolorspacethatcanbeusedinthevideoelectronicsoftelevisionsetstosupportagamuttimesaslargeasthatofthesrgbcolorspacexvyccwasproposedbysonyrefnamesonyglobalrefspecifiedbytheinternationalelectrotechnicalcommissioniecinoctoberandpublishedinjanuaryaslistofiecstandardsiecxvyccwasmotivatedbythefactthatmoderndisplayandcapturetechnologiesoftenhaveunderlyingrgbprimarieswithsignificantlyhighersaturationthanthetraditionalcathoderaytubecrtdisplaysallowingthemtohandleawidercolorgamutbutthesedeviceshavebeenunabletodothiswithoutupsettingbasiccalibrationasallexistingvideostorageandtransmissionsystemsarebasedoncrtprimariesandarehencelimitedtothecrtgamutxvyccencodedvideoretainsthesamecolorprimariesandwhitepointasrecbtanduseseitherabtorbtrgbtoyccconversionmatrixandencodingthisallowsittotravelthroughexistingdigitalyccdatapathsandanycolorswithinthenormalgamutwillbecompatiblethexvycccolorspacepermitsyccvaluesthatwhilewithintheencodingrangeofycchavechromavaluesoutsidetherangeorthatcorrespondtonegativergbvaluesandhencewouldnothavepreviouslybeenvalidtheseareusedtoencodemoresaturatedcolorsforexampleacyanthatliesoutsidethebasicgamutoftheprimariescanbeencodedasgreenplusblueminusredtheseextragamutcolorscanthenbedisplayedbyadevicewhoseunderlyingtechnologyisnotlimitedbythestandardprimariesinapaperpublishedbysocietyforinformationdisplayintheauthorsmappedthecolorsinthemunsellcolorsystemmunsellcolorcascadetothebtspaceandtothexvyccspaceofthemunsellcolorscouldbemappedtothesrgbgamutbutofthosecolorscouldmaptothexvyccgamutrefciteconferencedoititlexvyccanewstandardforvideosystemsusingextendedgamutycccolorspaceyearpag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rdsoneralistofstarwarscomicbookstherebellioneraabyrebellionseriesstarwarsxwingroguesquadroncomicsxwingroguesquadrongalacticyearabycanoncpublishingcodarkhorsecomicsreleasedatedecemberpagessizeweightisbnprecededbyshadowsoftheempireevolutionfollowedbyxwingroguesquadronfamilytiesfamilytiesxwingroguesquadronthemakingofbaronfelisthetwentyfifthissueofthestarwarsxwingroguesquadroncomicsstarwarsxwingroguesquadroncomicbookseriesitwasoriginallypublishedondecemberandlatercollectedinthestarwarsxwingroguesquadronbloodandhonortradepaperbackcomicstradepaperbackandinjunewillbecollectedintheomnibusxwingroguesquadronvolumetradepaperbacktheeventsinthisstorytakeplaceapproximatelyfouryearsaftertheeventsinstarwarsfilmstarwarsepisodeivanewhopesummarybaronsoontirfelhasbeencapturedbytherebelallianceaftertheyshoothimdownintheskiesofbrentaalwhileinaninterrogationchambertheinfamousempirepilottellsataleofimperialcorruptionanddeceptionhealsoslowlyputsinaplantodefecttotheveryalliancethatshothimdowncharactersbenningtonnarracommanderalliancemilitaryredleaderrenegadeflightredsquadronhumanmalebiggsdarklightercadetimperialnavyhumanmaledarthvadersithlordhumanmalederekhobbiekliviancadetimperialnavyhumanmalederricotecolonelimperialnavyhumanmalehalhorninspectorcorelliansecurityforcehumanmalehansolocadetimperialnavyhumanmaleilirposthumanmaleivrdropdirectoralliedgrainandroughagehumanmalelainecadetimperialnavyhumanmalelokahaskcadetimperialnavyhumanmalelukeskywalkerjedihumanmalesmallmentionedonlysmallgrandadmiralthrawnmitthrawnuruodothrawnadmiralchissmalepalpatineemperorgalacticempirehumanmalesmallmentionedonlysmallpamrhumanfemalerenscadetimperialnavyhumanmalesoontirfelcolonelimperialnavycommanderstimperialfightergrouphumanmalesyalantillesfelakawynssastarflarehumanfemaletessracaptainimperialnavyhumanmaleturrphennircaptainimperialnavystimperialfightergrouphumanmaletychocelchucadetimperialnavyhumanmalewedgeantillessmallmentionedonlysmallwilhufftarkingrandmoffgalacticempirehumanmaleysanneisarddirectorimperialintelligencehumanfemalezelentiepilotimperialnavyhumanmaleexternallinksdarkhorsecomprofileprofilephpskudarkhorselistingtheforcenetcomicsdarkhorsecpxwingaspforcenetreviewxwingroguesquadronfamilytiesxwingroguesquadronfamilytiesxwingroguesquadronmasqueradexwingroguesquadronmasqueradexwingroguesquadronmasqueradexwingroguesquadronmasqueradexwingroguesquadronmandatoryretirementxwingroguesquadronmandatoryretirementxwingroguesquadronmandatoryretirementxwingroguesquadronmandatoryretirementexamplecominfoboxswcomicsnametherebeloppositionimageswcxwrsjpgscriptmichaelstackpolebrmikebaroncoverartdavedormanpencilsallennunisinksandymushynskyartletteringstevedutrocolorsdavenestelledesignerscottticeartdireditorryderwiindhambrpeetjanesassteditorassoeditorpublishermikerichardsonpublishermikerichardsoneralistofstarwarscomicbookstherebellioneraabyrebellionseriesstarwarsxwingroguesquadroncomicsxwingroguesquadrongalacticyearabycanoncpublishingcodarkhorsecomicsreleasedatejulybroctoberpageseachsizeweightisbnprecededbyxwingroguesquadronspecialfollowedbyxwingroguesquadronthephantomaffairxwingroguesquadrontherebeloppositionisafourpartstoryarcinthestarwarsxwingroguesquadroncomicsxwingroguesquadronseriesofcomicbookswrittenbymichaelstackpolemikebaronthefirstissuewaspublishedonjulybydarkhorsecomicsthestoryissetinthestarwarsstarwarsgalaxygalaxyapproximatelyoneyearafterthebattleofendorinreturnofthejediandfiveyearsafterthebattleofyavininstarwarsepisodeivanewhopesynopsisthegreateststarfightersoftherebelalliancebecomethedefendersofanewrepublicstarwarsnewrepublicinthismassivecollectionofstoriesfeaturingwedgeantillesheroofthebattleofendorandhisteamofacexwingpilotsknownthroughoutthegalaxyasroguesquadronmeettheroguesforthefirsttimeandlearnthefateofthegalaxyimmediatelyaftertheeventsofreturnofthejediastherebellionsbestpilotsbattleremnantsoftheempirewhereveritsuglyagendaoffearanddominationappearsissuesxwingroguesquadrontherebeloppositionpartxwingroguesquadrontherebeloppositionpartxwingroguesquadrontherebeloppositionpartxwingroguesquadrontherebeloppositionpartdramatispersonaealdrichkugelchangderekkliviandllrnepelscollorofinnpilotsmallmentionedonlysmallgatesharnikgovernornorquestgroznikisplourrdacarthaestillolandocalrissiansmallmentionedonlysmalllukeskywalkersmallmentionedonlysmallleiaorganasolosmallmentionedonlysmallmajorgrodemoffborentasclpalpatinesmallmentionedonlysmallpetroshabbathromlorosmallflashbacksmalltychocelchuvanceregowedgeantilleswesjansonwintercollectionsomnibusxwingroguesquadronvolumeexternallinksdarkhorsecomprofileprofilephpskudarkhorselistingforpartdarkhorsecomprofileprofilephpskudarkhorselistingforpartdarkhorsecomprofileprofilephpskudarkhorselistingforpartdarkhorsecomprofileprofilephpskudarkhorselistingforpartinfoboxswcomicsnamethephantomaffaircommentedoutbecauseimagewasdeletedimageswcxwrsjpgscriptmichaelstackpolebrdarkomacancoverartmathieulauffraypencilsedvinbiukovibrjohnnadeauinksedvinbiukovibrjordiensignartletteringedvinbiukovibrdavecoopercolorsdavenestelledesignerscottticeartd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anumberoflowlevelgovernmentpostsearlyinhislifeincludingasacountymagistrateandasanadministratorinthecensusbureauaroundwhenhisfatherwasgivenagreatertitleforhiscontributionsinemperormingofliusongswarforthethronewithliuzixunxiaoniwasgivenhisfathersoldtitleofmarquessofjinshouhelaterservedasageneralunderhisfatherduringtherebellionofemperormingsbrotherliuxiufantheprinceofguiyanginearlyinthereignofemperormingssonemperorhoufeiofliusongemperorhoufeibytheyoungbutviolentandarbitraryemperorhoufeiwasuniversallyfearedbyofficialsandthepeopleforhewasinthehabitofrovingoutsidethepalacewithhisguardskillingallhumansoranimalsthattheycameincontactwithonenightemperorhoufeiandhisguardsdescendedonthexiaosoldhouseinqingxiasuburbofthecapitaljiankangwherexiaoniwasresidingxiaonihadhisguardsperformasworddanceinthecourtyardandasemperorhoufeisawitheassumedthatxiaoniwouldbereadyforanyattacksandsoleftmeanwhilexiaonisfatherxiaodaochengwasfearfulforhisownlifeandassuggestedbyhisdistantcousinandassociatexiaoshunzhiconsideredgoingtoguanglinginmodernyangzhoujiangsutostartarebelliontherexiaonihoweveropposedreasoningthatrebellionsfromafarrarelysucceededandthatbecauseofemperorhoufeisarbitrarybehavioritwouldbeeasiertoactagainsthimfromwithinthecapitalxiaodaochengagreedandsoonwasabletoconspirewithemperorhoufeisattendantyangyufutoassassinateemperorhoufeiandeffectivelytakeovertheliusongmakingemperorhoufeisbrotherliuzhunemperorasemperorshunofliusongemperorshunbutinactualityhispuppetduringthisperiodasxiaodaochengpreparedtotakeoverthethronexiaonicarriedthetitleofdukeofyonganandinafterxiaodaochengdefeatedshenyouzhiwhoopposedhisseizureofpowerwasmadethegovernorofthekeyjingprovincemoderncentralandwesternhubeiinxiaodaochenghademperorshunyieldthethronetohimendingliusongandstartingsouthernqihecreatedxiaonitheprinceofyuzhangunderemperorgaosoonaftertheestablishmentofsouthernqiemperorgaorecalledxiaonibacktojiankangtoserveasthegovernorofthecapitalregionyangzhouancientchinayangprovincemodernzhejiangandsouthernjiangsuahighlyimportantpostandapostthathewouldretainfortherestofhislifexiaoniwasveryclosetohisolderbrotherxiaozewhowascreatedthecrownprinceafteremperorgaotookthethroneinoneincidentwhenemperorgaogotexceeinglyangryatxiaozeafterbeinginformedwhilexiaozewasoutsidethecapitalthatbothcrownprincezeandhisjesterzhangjingzhenwerebeingoverlywastefulandusingitemsthatwereonlyappropriateforemperorsitwasxiaoniwhorodeonahorsetowarnxiaozewhatthesituationwasallowingxiaozetoquicklyreturntojiankangtoreacttotheincidentemperorgaoatonepointconsideredreplacingxiaozewithxiaonibutbecausexiaoniservedhisbrothercarefullytheirrelationshipwasnotaffectedinemperorgaodiedxiaoniwassaidtobemourningsobitterlythathiseyesandearsbledcrownprincezesucceededemperorgaoasemperorwuunderemperorwuemperorwuconferredanumberofhonorifictitlesonxiaoniandwhilepubliclyxiaonididnotparticipateinpolicydecisionsinprivatetheyoftendiscussedimportantmattersofstateandemperorwualmostalwayslistenedtoxiaonissuggestionshealsofrequentlyvisitedxiaonismansionwherebothheandxiaoniwouldwearinformalwearthatbrotherswouldwearwhilemeetingwitheachotherratherthantheformalclothingofanemperorandhissubjectasaspecialhonoremperorwualsomadexiaoniswifeprincessyubeinchargeoftheancestralworshipoftheirparentsandgrandparentsxiaoniwassaidtobetallandattentivetohisappearancebutcarefulinhisactionsseveraltimeshesoughttotransferthepowerfulgovernorshipofyangzhouancientchinayangprovincetoemperorwussonxiaoziliangtheprinceofjinglingwhowasalsoatrustedadvisorofemperorwubutemperorwurefusedtellingxiaonithatthepostwashisforlifeinitiallyxiaonididnothaveanysonsandprobablysometimeduringemperorgaosreignheadoptedemperorwussonxiaozixiangashisheirapparentastatusthatxiaozixiangbyxiaonisrequestcontinuedtoholdevenafterxiaonihadhisownsonshoweverinafteranincidentwherexiaozixiangthrewatempertantrumovernotbeingabletowearthesamestyleashisbrothersbecausehisbrotherswereprinceswhilehewasjusttheheirapparentofaprincetheadoptionwasrescindedandxiaozixiangwasreturnedtoemperorwuslineandcreatedtheprinceofbadongxiaozixiangwassubsequentlyexecutedinafterhekilledanumberofhisadvisorsinxiaonidiedandwasburiedwithgreathonorsinwordsthathelefthisfivesonshestatedasforabilitysomearecapableandsomearelesscapableasforofficialpostssomearefortunatetobepromotedwhilesomeareblockedasforfortunesomearerichandsomearepoortheseareallnaturalphenomenaandyoushouldnotuseyourpositiontobullyothersthehighpraisethatxiaonireceivedinofficialhistoriesmightberelatedtothefactthathissonxiaozixianwastheofficialwhowaslaterinthesucceedingliangdynastycommissionedtoauthortheofficialhistoryofsouthernqithebookofqireferencesbookofsouthernqizhsvolhistoryofthesoutherndynastieszhsvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhszhsredirectjenovachenshonenknifeoperationmodeloperationmodelmahatmagandhimicrosoftexcelfileformatsinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamedoublenorthernimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelsfourlargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodfoursmalltrailingwheelsfourlargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodandtwosmallleadingwheelscaptio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ixiaodaochengwhowasaliusonggeneralatthetimehewasmuchfavoredbyhisgrandfatherhismotherwasxiaozeswifepeihuizhaoinafterxiaodaochenghadseizedpowerafterassassinatingtheviolentemperorhoufeiofliusongandmadeemperorhoufeisbrotheremperorshunofliusongliuzhunemperorasemperorshunthegeneralshenyouzhiroseagainsthimfromjingprovincemoderncentralandwesternhubeiandasxiaozedefendedpenkouinmodernjiujiangjiangxiinpreparationforapossibleeventualattackbyshenhemadexiaozhangmaohisassistantinreviewingthetroopsaftershenwasdefeatedxiaozhangmaoinitiallyreturnedtothecapitaljiankangtoserveunderhisgrandfatherbutsubsequentlywasmadethegovernorofyongprovincemodernsouthwesternhenanandnorthwesternhubeiasprinceofnancommanderyinxiaodaochengseizedthethronefromemperorshunendingliusongandstartingsouthernqiasitsemperorgaoxiaozewascreatedcrownprinceandinanunprecedentedactionxiaozhangmaowascreatedtheprinceofnancommanderypriortoxiaozhangmaotherehadnotbeenanysoutherndynastiessonsoflivingcrownprinceswhowerecreatedimperialprincesinhewasrecalledtojiankangtoserveasthedefenderofthekeyfortressshitouwhenhismothercrownprincesspeidiedlaterthatyearbysuggestionoftheprimeministerwangjiansouthernqiwangjianprincezhangmaowaspreventedfromcarryingoutfullmourningcustomsforhismotherduetotheimportanceofhispostbuthisdefensepostwasmovedfromshitoutotheimportantsuburbofxizhouinhewasmadethegovernorofsouthxuprovincemodernwesterncentraljiangsuafteremperorgaodiedinxiaozesucceededhimasemperorwuandxiaozhangmaowascreatedcrownprincehiswifeempressdowagerwangbaomingprincesswangbaomingwascreatedcrownprincessandtheiroldestsonxiaozhaoyewascreatedtheprinceofnancommanderyascrownprincexiaozhangmaowasclosetohisbrotherxiaoziliangtheprinceofjinglingandbothwereadherentsofbuddhismdespitehisbuddhistbeliefshoweverxiaozhangmaowaswastefulandluxuriousinhislivingusingmanyitemsthatwereappropriateonlyforemperorsalthoughhewasalsopraisedaskindandhospitablehoweverhewasapprehensiveofhisimpulsivebutmilitarilymindedbrotherxiaozixiangtheprinceofbadongandwhenxiaozixiangexecutedanumberofhisstaffmembersindrawingxiaozesireinsendingtroopsagainsthimxiaozhangmaosecretlyinstructedthegeneralxiaoshunzhifatherofemperorwuofliangwhofoundedanewdynastynottopermitxiaozixiangtoreturntojiankangaliveandlatereventhoughxiaozixiangsubmittedtoxiaoshunzhiandrequestedtomeethisfathertoconfesshiscrimesxiaoshunzhistrangledxiaozixiangtodeathxiaozhangmaodislikedemperorwuscousinemperorgaosnephewxiaoluanthemarquessofxichangandoncetoldxiaoziliangidonotlikehimidonotknowthereasonbutallicansayisthathedoesnothavesufficientblessingsxiaoziliangwhowasfriendlywithxiaoluantriedtodefendxiaoluanbutxiaozhangmaowouldnothearitlateinemperorwusreignhefavoredtimeonfeastingandtoursandheoftenhadcrownprincezhangmaoruleonimportantmattersandthereforethecrownprincesauthoritywaswellestablishedintheempirehoweverhewasalsooftenillperhapsaggravatedbyhislargebuildinspringhediedemperorwusooncreatedhissonxiaozhaoyetosucceedhimascrownprinceandwhenemperorwudiedlaterthatyearxiaozhaoyebecameemperorbutwasoverthrownandkilledbyxiaoluaninxiaoluaninitiallymadexiaozhangmaosanothersonxiaozhaowenemperorbutlaterthatyeardeposedandkilledhimaswellandtookoverasemperordirectlyasemperormingbyemperorminghadalsokilledxiaozhangmaosothertwosonsxiaozhaoxiutheprinceofbalingandxiaozhaocantheprinceofguiyangexterminatingxiaozhangmaoslinetraditionalhistoriansattributeemperormingskillingofxiaozhangmaossonsaspaybackforxiaozhangmaosdislikeofhimbutasmodernhistorianboyangobservedemperormingalsokilledthesonsofemperorsgaoandwubothofwhomtreatedhimwithkindnessandrespectpersonalinformationfatheremperorwuofsouthernqimotherpeihuizhaodcrownprincessmuposthumouslyhonoredasempressmuwifeempressdowagerwangbaomingcrownprincesswangbaomingmotherofcrownprincezhaoyemajorconcubinesladyxumotherofprincezhaowenladychenmotherofprincezhaoxiuladychumotherofprincezhaocanchildrenxiaozhaoyeinitiallytheprinceofnancommanderycreatedlaterthecrownprincecreatedlateremperorxiaozhaoweninitiallythedukeoflinrucreatedlatertheprinceofxinancreatedlateremperorxiaozhaoxiubinitiallythedukeofqujianglatertheprinceoflinhaicreatedlatertheprinceofbalingcreatedexecutedbyemperormingofsouthernqiemperormingxiaozhaocanbinitiallytheprinceofyongjiacreatedlatertheprinceofguiyangcreatedexecutedbyemperormingofsouthernqiemperormingnotesandreferencesbookofsouthernqizhsvolhistoryofsoutherndynastiesvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwsshhtmzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhsxiaozhangmaoxsltxavraswyrynchinesetitlexuxingcwhssupsuphsingsupsuppxxngbrorderstxuxingbornisachinachinesepaleontologypaleontologistwhohasnamedmoredinosaursthananyotherlivingpaleontologistsuchdinosaursincludethejurassicceratopsianyinlongthejurassictyrannosauroideatyrannosauroidguanlongthelargeoviraptorosauriaoviraptorosaurgigantoraptorandthetroodontidaetroodontidmeidinosaurmeihewasborninxinjiangchinainagraduatefromthedepartmentofgeologyofpekinguniversityheiscurrentlyaresearchfellowattheinstituteofvertebratepaleontologyandpaleoanthropologyofthechineseacademyofsciencesinbeijinghehadoriginallyplannedtobecomeas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controltheconsoleonlyrespondingwhenthepowerbuttonispressedtoturnitofftheseeventsmayhappenonceorseveraltimesuntilthehardwarefailureoccursornotatalliftheconsolefreezesoccasionallytheerrorwillnotnecessarilyfollowthetechnicalproblemsseemtoaffectsomegenerationsofconsolesmorethanothersegxenonorzephyrthoseproblemsmayalsocausesomefreezingscreensthiserrorcodeisusuallycausedbyfailureofoneormorehardwarecomponentsalthoughitcanindicatethattheconsoleisnotreceivingenoughpowerfromthepowersupplywhichcaneitherbeduetoafaultypowersupplyorifthepowersupplycableisnotfullyinsertedintotheconsoletheflashinglightscanalsobecausedbypowersurgesiftheconsoleisconnectedtoanoutletthatreceivesapowersurgeitmayhaveafailureandthelightswillappearaslongastheconsoleispluggedintotheoutletturningofftheconsoleunpluggingallpowercablesandpluggingthembackinandrestartingtheconsolemayfixthisissueinsomecasesrefnamexboxerrorcoderefdistinctfromthegeneralhardwarefailureisasimilarlookingbutmuchlessseriouserrorwarningwherefourredlightsappearinwhichcasetheconsoledoesnotdetectanavcableispluggedinhoweverthiserrorcodeisnotgeneratedonmodelsequippedwiththehdmiconnectionthefourlightscansometimesalsobeseenwhenpowersurgespikepowersurgesorverybriefpoweroutagesoccurwhiletheconsoleisrunninginwhichtheconsoleneedstobeunpluggedandpluggedbackinagaintoresettheerrortworedlightsappearwhenthesystemisoverheatedonthexboxsmodelthepowerbuttonutilizesadifferentdesignthatdoesnotincorporatethesamestyleoflightingthatpastmodelsusedaflashingredlightmeansthattheconsoleisoverheatingsimilartothetwolighterrorcodeontheoriginalmodelxboxhoweveranonscreenmessagealsoappearstellingtheuserthattheconsolewillautomaticallypowerofftoprotectitselffromoverheatingasolidredlightissimilartotheonelighterrorifanexxerrormessageisdisplayedandathreelighterrorcodeiftheerrormessageisabsentresponsetorateoffailureintheearlymonthsaftertheconsoleslaunchingmicrosoftstatedthatthexboxsfailureratewaswithintheconsumerelectronicsindustrystypicaltoneverthelessmicrosofthasnotreleaseditsofficialstatisticsonthefailurerateofthevariousversionsoftheconsoleonjulypetermoorebusinessmanpetermoorethevicepresidentofmicrosoftsinteractiveentertainmentbusinessdivisionpublishedanopenletterrecognizingtheconsolesproblemsaswellasannouncingathreeyearwarrantyfromtheoriginaldateofpurchaseforeveryxboxconsolethatexperiencesthegeneralhardwarefailureindicatedbythreeflashingredledsontheconsoleasourcethathasbeenidentifiedasateamleaderandkeyarchitectinthecreationofthexboxandxboxandafoundingmemberofthexboxteamprovidedinsightastothehighrateoffailurestheinterviewssuggestthatxboxunitsthatfailearlyintheirlifedosobecauseofproblemsinthesystemdesignpartssupplymaterialreliabilityandmanufacturingissuesaswellasasystemnottoleranttofaultstheseissueswereallegedtobetheendresultsofthedecisionsofmanagementinmicrosoftsxboxteamandinadequatetestingresourcespriortotheconsolesreleaseasecondsourcecitedthatatonetimetherewasjustasemiconductordevicefabricationyieldofoneofthetestproductionrunsofeverytestunitswerefoundtobedefectiveyearsafterleavingmicrosoftmoorerecalledpreparingtotellthenceoofmicrosoftsteveballmerofhisplannedresponsetotheincidentwevegottotellstevehereswhatwehavetodoweneedtofedexanemptyboxtoacustomerwhohadaproblemtheywouldcallusupwithafedexreturnlabeltosendyourboxandthenwewouldfedexitbacktothemandfixitialwaysremembermofthatwasfedexitwassickeningiwasdoingalotofinterviewswecouldntfigureitouttherewasatheorywehadchangedoursolderwhichisthewayyouputthegpuandthefanstoleadfreewethinkitwassomehowtheheatcomingoffthegpuwasdryingoutsomeofthesolderanditwasntthenormalstuffwedusedbecausewehadtomeeteuropeanstandardsandtaketheleadouthesaidwhatsitgoingtocostiremembertakingadeepbreathlookingatrobbieandsayingwethinkitsbnstevehesaiddoittherewasnohesitationifwehadntmadethatdecisionthereandthenandtriedtofudgeoverthisproblemthenthexboxbrandandxboxonewouldntexisttodayonfebruaryduringthegamedevelopersconferencemicrosoftannouncedthatthefailureratehasofficiallydroppedbutwithoutmentioninganyspecificsrefnamefaildroprefthesamemonthelectronicswarrantyprovidersquaretradepublishedanexaminationofxboxsandsaidthattheysufferedfromafailurerateofoneinsixofthefailureswereduetoageneralhardwarefailureandthusfellundertheyearextendedwarrantyandoftheremainingwhichwerenotcoveredbytheextendedwarrantywerediscreaderrorswerevideocardfailureswereharddrivefreezeswerepowerissuesandweredisctraymalfunctionsrefnamesquarerefsquaretradealsostatedthatitsestimatesarelikelysignificantlylowerthanrealityduetothetimespanofthesamplesixtotenmonthstheeventualfailureofmanyconsolesthatdidnotoccurwithinthistimespanandthefactthatmostownersdidnotdealwithsquaretradeandhadtheirconsolesrepaireddirectlythroughmicrosoftviathemuchpublicizedextendedrrodwarrantypeoplewhoexperiencetheproblemwillfindthattheyhavetosendthexboxawayforrepairorreplacementanditmaytakeuptoweekstorepairorreplaceduringthetimeofthexboxbeingreplacedmicrosoftandupswillkeeptheclientsupdatedwiththecurrentstatusofwherethexboxisandwhetheritisbeingrepairedorreplacedonoctoberaclassactionlawsuitwasfiledincaliforniaagainstmicrosoftovertherrodproblemonaugustsquaretradepublishedareportsayingthatearlyindicationspointtotherrodproblemabatinginprojectingthatyearfailurerateswiththereleaseofthejasperchipsetsmightbebelowwithactualfailratesforrrodproblemsatslightlyaboveinqandtotalfailureratesforallhardwareproblemsataboutrefnameautogeneratedrefinjunemicrosoftreleasedanewslimmerxboxthesemodelsindicatehardwarefailuredifferentlyfromtheoriginaltheouterringsegmentscannotturnredanymoremicrosofthassaidthathencefortherrorswillbedisplayedbythecenterofthepowerbuttonchangingfromgreentoredadditionallymicrosoftwillnolongergiveayearwarrantyforgeneralfailureerrorsbecausethexboxslimconstitutesawholenewdesigncausesmicrosofthasneverofficiallyreleasedanyinformationindicatingthetruecauseoftheproblemthereforeanyinformationavailabletothepublichascomeonlyfromthirdpartyanalyseselectronicsindustrynewspapereetimesreportedthattheproblemsmayhavestartedinthegraphicschipmicrosoftdesignedthechipinhousetocutoutthetraditionalapplicationspecificintegratedcircuitasicvendorwiththegoalofsavingmoneyinasicdesigncostsaftermultipleproductfailuresmicrosoftwentbacktoanasicvendorandhadthechipredesignedsoitwoulddissipatelessheatgermancomputermagazinectblamedtheproblemprimarilyontheuseofthewrongtypeofleadfreesolderatypethatwhenexposedtoelevatedtemperaturesforextendedperiodsoftimebecomesbrittlenessbrittleandcandevelopfatiguematerialhairlinecracksthatarealmostirreparablesomearticlesalsosuggestthatthehardwareconditionmayalsobecausedbyusingthenewxboxkinectwiththeoldxenongenerationxboxscratcheddiscsalmostatthesametimethexboxwasreleasedinlatecustomersbeganreportingcircumferentialscratchesfoundondiscsusedintheirxboxconsolesalmosttwoyearslaterinfebruarythewebsitethellammasadventuresinvestigatedthematterandconcludedthatsomexboxdiscdriveslackamechanismtosecurethediscsolidlyinplacetiltingormovingconsoleswiththesedriveswhenoperatingwithadiscspinninginsidecanpotentiallycausedamagetothediscandinsomecasesrenderingthediscunplayableasaresultdiscshavealsobeenscratchedbystationaryconsolesduringnormaluserefnamenrcnlrefonesideofthedisccanalsobescratchedbythedisctrayifitmalfunctionsbyclosingwiththediscinanoddpositionalsotechnicalengineersalreadyknewabouttheproblembeforereleaseconfirmthiswithmicrosoftwithalistofsolutionsaccordingtomicrosoftdecreasingthediscrotationwouldcausegamestotaketoomuchtimetoloadfromthediscandaddingabumperinthedisctraywouldcostcentsperconsoleatotalofaboutmilliondollarsandcausingadelayofthexboxreleaseintheywereaccusedofmanytechnicalxboxproblemsandapoorlackofsolutionsandwarrantyaccordingtoreportsinnewsmediathenewxboxsdesignstillscratchesdiscswhentheconsoleismovedwhilespinninginoperationhoweverthexboxsandxboxeshipswithastickerinformingusersthatmovingtheconsolewhilepoweredonposesriskseffectivelyremovingresponsibilityfrommicrosoftdiscreplacementalthoughdiscsscratchedbythexboxarenotcoveredunderitswarrantymicrosoftsxboxdiscreplacementprogramwillsellcustomersanewcopyofdiscsscratchedbythexboxiftheyarepublishedincountrieswherethexboxwasoriginallysoldatacostofthepublishedlistofgamesthatqualifyhoweverislimitedhalolimitededitionwasreplacedatnocostuntilfebruaryaccordingtothexboxdiscreplacementprogramsmainsiteotherpublisherscanbecontacteddirectlyforadiscexchangebutitisunclearwhethertheywillreplacediscsatnocostgamepublisherelectronicartsdetailsaspecificprogramforthisproblemwhichrequiresthediscandoriginalreceiptalsothegamemustbepurchasedwithindaysoftherequestforareplacementdiscorwillrequestareplacementchargeoforindecembershortlyafterthexboxlaunchxboxsreleaseintheunitedstatesandcanadaonnovemberandarounditsreleaseineuropeandasiainearlydecemberreportsofunidentifiablenoisesfromthexboxwereappearingoninternetforuminternetmessageboardsinresponsetotheproblemmicrosoftofferedindecembertoreplaceonlytheperfectdarkzerovideogameevenifitwasnotthegamethatwasscratchedhoweveritbecameapparentindecemberthroughmessageboardreportsandgrowingmediacoveragekassasfebruaryinvestigationthexboxscratcheddiscproblemreceivedlittlemediacoverageinhoweverinfebruarythedutchtelevisionprogramkassatelevisionprogramkassainvestigatedseveralcomplaintsfromdutchconsumersaboutcircularscratchesmadeintheirxboxdiscskassainvestigationtracedtheproblemtoadesigndefectinwhichthexboxopticallenswasnotrestrainedsufficientlykassaalsonotedthattheaffectedxboxsallseemtohavebeenproducedtowardstheendofkassasaprilinvestigationduringthefebruaryinvestigationreportkassastatedthateithernotallxboxswithoutprotectivepadswouldspontaneouslyscratchdiscsorthatthecomplaintswerefromxboxuserswhohadmovedtheirxboxduringuseorwhousedanunstablesetupkassasfebruaryinvestigationleftopenthequestionofwhetherconsumerscontributedtotheroundedscratchproblembymovingtheirxboxtsstversionduringtheplayingofadiscpromptedbyconsumerreactiontoitsfebruaryreportkassaperformedseveraltestswithxboxunitsfromconsumerswhoclaimedtheirxboxhadtheproblemkassastabilizedtheseconsolesandpositionedthematalocationremotefromcontactbyanyonetheresultsofthelaboratoryconditionstestrevealedthatoneoftheninetestedxboxunitshadspontaneouslyscratchedadiscafterfivehoursofgamingtheconsoleswerealsotestedstandinguprightandthetestrevealedthatthreeoftheninetestedxboxssignificantlyscratcheddiscsthevideoofthecompleteinvestigationmeticulouslydocumentingthemethodologyandalltherelevantdetailsofthetestswasmadereadytobeairedonaprilthevideosarealsodistributedwithenglishsubtitlesforthosethatarenotdutchnotethatkassahasproducedanduploadedthesevideositselfandthereforeitisnotacopyrightviolationtoreproducetheselinksheretheycanalsobefoundonthekassawebsitetogetherwithsomepressinformationaboutthecaseinenglishthetestsetupdetailscanbefoundonlineandthecompletemovieofthekassatvprogrammeticulouslydocumentingthemethodologyusedforthetestcanbefoundonlineindutchweeksbeforeitairedhoweverkassasolicitedinputfrommicrosoftnetherlandsonedaybeforetheairingoftheaprilshowkassareceivedaresponsefrommicrosoftnetherlandsstatingthatasaresultofregularuseitispossiblethatscratchesondiscscanariseandthatmicrosoftnetherlandswouldseekasolutionforthedutchcustomerswiththisproblemadditionallymicrosoftreleasedthefollowingstatementtendaysaftertheshowonaprilmicrosoftnetherlandsnowacceptsthesecomplaintsfromuserswhilewithinthewarrantyperiodandofferstoreplacethexboxfreeofchargewhethermicrosoftnetherlandswillalsoreplacescratcheddiscsisstillunclearaftertheofficialbroadcastinacontinuationoftheshowwhichcanbeviewedonlineaboutminutesintotheshowacustomerisshowncallingthemicrosofthelpdeskwhoistoldmicrosoftwillreplacehisxboxbutisdeniedapromisetoreplacehisscratchedgamestherearereportsfromsomeotherregionsthatmicrosoftwillreplacescratcheddiscsifpublishedbymicrosofttheeuropeancommissionsjuneinvestigationofdiscscratchesonjuneeuropeancommissionerforconsumerprotectionmeglenakunevaaftertalkingwiththeproducersofkassaandotherdutchconsumerorganizationsannouncedthattheeuropeancommissionwouldinvestigatethexboxscratchingproblemsandwouldaskmicrosoftforanxboxreplacementprogramforthewholeofeuropesheexpectedmicrosoftsanswerwithinaweekinformalsourcesnowsaythatmicrosoftsresponsewastodenytheproblemexistsstatingthattheusersaretoblamebutkunevadidnotreacttothatresponseandmonthslaterthquartertheecsmeglenakunevasnewssitewasstillsilentaboutmicrosoftsresponseorabouttheresultoftheinvestigationlawsuitamanhassuedmicrosoftclaimingthexboxscratchesgamediscssayingtheconsolesarenegligentlydesignedandmanufacturedinthelawsuitfiledonjulyinafloridafederalcourtjorgebrouwersaysmicrosofthasreceivedthousandsofcomplaintsbuthasnotreplacedallscratcheddiscsthelawsuitseeksclassactionstatusthreelawfirmsinfortlauderdalefloridalosangeleslosangelescaliforniaandseattleseattlewashingtonareinvestigatingconsumercomplaintsregardingthexboxthelawfirmshavefiledlawsuitsintheunitedstatesdistrictcourtwesterndistrictofwashingtonatseattleonbehalfofaproposednationwideclassofcustomerswhohavesufferedscratchedgamediscswhileusingtheirxboxthelawsuitseeksclasscertificationandreimbursementforcustomersforthecostofgamesdamagedbytheconsolereimbursementforcustomerswhohavepaidafeetomicrosoftcorporationunderalimiteddiscreplacementprogramofferedontenmicrosoftgamesrepairofconsolesfreeofchargetopreventfurtherdiscscratchingandorreimbursementforcustomerswhohavepaidforanaftermarketrepairsolutionbbcwatchdoginvestigationofxboxdiscscratchesonmarchthebbcsconsumerinterestprogrammewatchdogtvserieswatchdogperformedaninvestigationintohowtheconsolescratchesitsowndiscsaftermicrosoftfoundnoissueswithmultiplereportedlydefectiveconsolesasealedtestprotectedfromanyoutsideinterferencebeyondaccessinggamesfoundnoproblemswitheitherconsolehoweverafurthertestwhichattemptedtosimulatenormalhouseholdvibrationsproducedadiscscratchonthepreviouslyproblematicconsolecurrentlymicrosoftstillmaintainsthatitistheusersfaultwhendiscsaredamagedbecauseitmakesclearwithmultiplewarningsnottomovetheconsolewiththediscinsideitalsomaintainsthatonlyaminorityofcustomersareaffectedbythisissuehoweverthecompanydidnotcommentonthelabtestsothernovemberupdateanupdatepatchreleasedonnovemberwasreportedtobrickelectronicsbrickconsolesrenderingthemuselessthemostobviousissueoccursaftertheinstallationofthepatchafterwhichtheconsoleimmediatelyrebootsandshowsanerrormessageusuallyerrorcodeeisshownduringordirectlyafterthebootinganimationinresponsetothenovemberupdateerrorthatbrickedhisconsoleacaliforniamanfiledaclassactionlawsuitagainstmicrosoftinwashingtonfederalcourtinearlydecemberthelawsuitseeksmillionindamagesandthefreerepairofanyconsolerenderedunusablebytheupdatethisisthesecondsuchlawsuitfiledagainstmicrosoftthefirsthavingbeenfiledindecembershortlyaftertheslaunchfollowingmicrosoftsextensionofthexboxwarrantytoafullyearfromthepreviousdaysthecaliforniamansattorneyconfirmedtotheseattlepostintelligencerthatthelawsuithadbeenresolvedunderconfidentialtermsvideofailureinmidtechnologyandvideogamegamingblogsbeganreportingaboutnewproblemswiththexboxlosingvideooutputrefnameengadgetblankvideoquiltyharperconradengadgetcomxboxownersreportingblankvideooutputissuexboxownersreportingblankvideooutputissueengadgetjuneretrievedjulyrefrefnameanothercrisismacarthyandrewwebarchiveorgwebgamersquadcomcategoryxboxxboxcrisisuserscomplainofvideofailureanotherxboxcrisisuserscomplainofvideofailuregamersquadcomgamersquadjuneretrievedjulyreftheproblemsarecharacterizedbyablanknoisevideostatickyorgrayscalevideooutputwithaproperfunctioningaudiooutputandnoflashingredlightsontheconsolethecompletevideofailureissometimesprecededbyothergraphicalglitchessuchasanirregularsaturationofgreenandorredcolorsothershavecomplainedaboutnotbeingabletoviewcertainmoviesdvdsontheirhdtvusingthehdmicablethisislikelycausedbythehdtvbeingnonhdcpcompliantnykointercoolerthenykointercoolerhasbeenreportedtohaveledtoageneralhardwarefailureinanumberofconsolesaswellasscorchingofthepowerdcinputhoweveriftheintercoolerfailsitcancausemoreoverheatingproblemstheintercoolercanalsomeltitselfontothemeltthepowercordinsideofitselformakeitselfextremelyhardtoremovenewxboxexperienceupdateissuesonnovembermicrosoftreleasedthexboxlivenewxboxexperiencenewxboxexperiencenxethisupdateprovidedstreamingnetflixcapabilityandavatarshoweversomeusershavereportedtheupdatehascausedtheirconsolestonotproperlyreadopticalmediaothershavereportedthattheupdatehasdisabledaudiothroughhdmiconnectionsamicrosoftspokespersonstatedthecompanyisawarethatahandfulofxboxliveusersareexperiencingaudioissuesandarediligentlymonitoringthisissueandworkingtowardsasolutionmicrosoftreleasedapatchonfebruaryforthehdmiaudioissueseerroraneerrorisindicatedwhenthelowerrightquadrantoftheringindicatorflashesredanddisplaysanerrormessageinmultiplelanguagessystemerrorcontactxboxcustomersupportwiththecodeeatthebottomtheerroriscausedbyasolderjointunderthegpuorvideooutputchipbecomingdamagedasofapriltheeerrorisnowcoveredbythethreeyearextendedwarrantyandcustomerswhopreviouslypaidmicrosoftforoutofwarrantyservicetocorrecttheeerrorreceivedarefundtheeerrorhassometimesbeendescribedasagreenscreenofdeathandablackscreenofdeathbecauseearlyversionsoftheseerrorshadanalmostjetblackbackgroundwithahueofdarkgreenlaterversionswouldshowacompletelyjetblackbackgroundreportsofimpendingqredlightfailurestemfromuserswhoreportanabnormaldisplaywithpoorgrainyvideoaswellasblackdotsorartifactsappearingonthescreenverticalgreenorredstrokesonthescreencanalsoindicateanesecondaryerrorcodexboxconsoleswhichhaveahardwarefailurewilldisplayasecondaryerrorcodebyblinkingasequenceofledswhenthecorrectbuttonsequenceispushedanerrorcodeofmayrepresentadefectinthepowersupplyratherthanthexboxitselforashortwithinthexboxorablowncapacitorreferencesexternallinksiraniraqiraqiraqbelarusrcatshellbelarusbelarusrcatshellbelarusrcatshellinfoboxtelevisionshownamexuxaimagexuxatvseriesjpgcaptionshownamegenrechildrenstelevisionserieschildrencreatordeveloperwriterthomaswlynchdirectorgaryhalvorsoncreativedirectorpresenterstarringxuxameneghelbreebellbrmarkcasobrnatashapearcebrjeffdunhamjudgesvoicesnarratedthememusiccomposeropenthemexuxasthemeoxoudaxuxacomeouxuxaendthemexuxasthemeinstrumentalcomposerdidooliveiraversionericthorngrenanddavidwolffcountryunitedstateslanguageenglishlanguageenglishnumseasonsnumepisodeslistepisodesexecutiveproducerthomaswlynchbrmarlenemattosproducerxuxabrjohndlyncheditorlocationcbstelevisioncitybrhollywoodcaliforniacinematographycameraruntimecompanythomaswlynchlynchproductionsbrmtmenterprisesdistributormtmenterprisesbrthtelevisionchannelbroadcastsyndicationsyndicatedpictureformataudioformatmultichanneltelevisionsoundstereofirstrunfirstairedlastairedprecededbyfollowedbyrelatedxoudaxuxabrelshowdexuxabrxuxaparkwebsiteproductionwebsitexuxaisanunitedstatesamericanchildrenstelevisionserieshostedbyxuxameneghelthatairedinfirstrunsyndicationbetweenseptemberanddecemberforatotalofepisodesbasedonthexoudaxuxacreatedbythomaswlynchandmarlenemattosproducedbythecompanymtmenterprisesrefnamegoaheadrefandexhibitedbythefamilychannelustvnetworkthefamilychanneltheshowworkswithseveralblockswhereineachblockagameispresentedtheprogramalsoreceivedfamouspeopleordiverseprofessionalsaswellaseducationallessonsintheprogramwasindisputetobecreatedbymtmenterprisesordicentertainmentwhohaddifferentideasofashowforthebrazilianchildrenshostshoweverxuxaconsideredtheideaofmtmwasmoreinterestingandendedupgettingthecompanyintheendtheprogramdebutedinseptemberentirelybasedonxoudaxuxabraziliantvprogrambutwithmoreamericancultureaspectsgainingsomedifferencesfromtheoriginalprogrambecausethepaquitaswerecalledpixiesandxuxahadthehelpofcharacterslikeapandabearnamedjellyplayedbyeebellandjamthejaguarplayedbymarkcasonatashapearceaspaquitaandjeffdunhamxuxawasthefirstandonlybraziliantohaveatelevisionprogramintheunitedstatesbackgroundxuxaisagameshowbasedonthebraziliantvprogramxoudaxuxawhichdiscussesvariousgamesthatstimulatechildrenslearningwithvariousactivitieswhichareguidedbothbythepresenterandbytheirassistantsjellythepandaeebellandjamthejaguarmarkcasetheshowisdividedintoaboutfiveblockswhichservedforcommercialsaswellasinbrazilduringtheblocksshecallssomekidsonstageforinteractivegameswhereintheendtheyallwinprizesinotherblocksxuxareceivedvariousp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iatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellkhanithinfoboxosnamextswebsitebaesystemscomenhancedarticlebaesstoposeawwwbaesystemscomdeveloperbaesystemssourcemodelclosedsourcelatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatekerneltypemonolithickernelworkingstatecurrentsupportedplatformsxthextsisamultilevelsecuritymultilevelsecurecomputeroperatingsystemitismultiuserandcomputermultitaskingmultitaskingthatusesmultilevelschedulinginprocessingdataandinformationitworksinnetworkedenvironmentsandsupportsgigabitethernetandbothipvandipvthextsisacombinationofintelcorporationintelxhardwareandthesecuretrustedoperatingprogramstopoperatingsystemxtswasdevelopedbybaesystemsandoriginallyreleasedasversionindecemberstopprovideshighassurancesecurityandwasthefirstgeneralpurposeoperatingsystemwithacommoncriteriaassurancelevelratingofealorabovethextscanhostandbetrustedtoseparatemultipleconcurrentdatasetsusersandnetworksatdifferentsensitivitylevelsthextsprovidesbothanuntrustedenvironmentfornormalworkandatrustedoperatingsystemtrustedenvironmentforadministrativeworkandforprivilegedapplicationstheuntrustedenvironmentissimilartotraditionalunixenvironmentsitprovidesbinarycompatibilitywithlinuxapplicationsrunningmostlinuxcommandsandtoolsaswellasmostlinuxapplicationswithouttheneedforrecompilingthisuntrustedenvironmentincludesanxwindowsystemgraphicaluserinterfaceguithoughallwindowsonascreenmustbeatthesamesensitivityleveltosupportthetrustedenvironmentandvarioussecurityfeaturesstopprovidesasetofproprietaryapplicationprogramminginterfaceapistoapplicationsinordertodevelopprogramsthatusetheseproprietaryapisaspecialsoftwaredevelopmentenvironmentsdeisneededthesdeisalsoneededinordertoportsomecomplicatedlinuxunixapplicationstothextsanewversionofthestopoperatingsystemstophassincebeenintroducedwithclaimstohaveimprovedperformanceandnewfeaturessuchasrbacusesasahighassurancemlssystemxtscanbeusedincrossdomainsolutionswhichtypicallyneedapieceofprivilegedsoftwaretobedevelopedwhichcantemporarilycircumventoneormoresecurityfeaturesinacontrolledmannersuchpiecesareoutsidetheccevaluationofthextsbuttheycanbeaccreditedthextscanbeusedasadesktopserverornetworkgatewaytheinteractiveenvironmenttypicalunixcommandlineinterfacecommandlinetoolsandaguiarepresentinsupportofadesktopsolutionsincethextssupportsmultipleconcurrentnetworkconnectionsatdifferentsensitivitylevelsitcanbeusedtoreplaceseveralmultiplesinglelevelsingleleveldesktopsconnectedtoseveraldifferentnetworksinsupportofserverfunctionalitythextscanbeimplementedinarackmountconfigurationacceptsauninterruptiblepowersupplyupsallowsmultiplenetworkconnectionsaccommodatesmanyharddisksonascsisubsystemalsosavingdiskblocksusingasparsefileimplementationinthefilesystemandprovidesatrustedbackupsavetoolserversoftwaresuchasaninternetdaemoncanbeportedtorunonthextsapopularapplicationforhighassurancesystemslikethextsistoguardinformationflowbetweentwonetworksofdifferingsecuritycharacteristicsseveralcustomerguardsolutionsareavailablebasedonxtssystemssecurityxtsversionecompletedacommoncriteriaccevaluationinmarchatealaugmentedwithalcflrvalidationreportccevsvrversionealsoconformedwiththeprotectionprofilesentitledlabeledsecurityprotectionprofilelsppandcontrolledaccessprotectionprofilecappthoughbothprofilesaresurpassedinfunctionalityandassurancextsversionecompletedevaluationinmarchatealaugmentedwithalcflrandateindvalidationreportccevsvrstillconformingtothelsppandcapptheealevaluationincludedanalysisofcovertchannelsandadditionalvulnerabilityanalysisandtestingbythenationalsecurityagencyxtsversionucompletedevaluationinjulyatealaugmentedwithalcflrandateindvalidationreportccevsvrvidalsostillconformingtothelsppandcapplikeitspredecessoritalsoincludedanalysisofcovertchannelsandadditionalvulnerabilityanalysisandtestingbythenationalsecurityagencytheofficialpostingsforallthextsevaluationscanbeseenonthevalidatedproductlistthemainsecurityfeaturethatsetsstopapartfrommostoperatingsystemsisthemandatorysensitivitypolicysupportforamandatoryintegritypolicyalsosetsstopapartfrommostmlsortrustedsystemswhileasensitivitypolicydealswithpreventingunauthorizeddisclosureanintegritypolicydealswithpreventingunauthorizeddeletionormodificationsuchasthedamagethatacomputervirusvirusmightattemptnormalieuntrustedusersdonothavethediscretiontochangethesensitivityorintegritylevelsofobjectsthebelllapadulamodelbelllapadulaandbibamodelbibaformalmodelsarethebasisforthesepoliciesboththesensitivityandintegritypoliciesapplytoallusersandallobjectsonthesystemstopprovideshierarchicalsensitivitylevelsnonhierarchicalsensitivitycategorieshierarchicalintegritylevelsandnonhierarchicalintegritycategoriesthemandatorysensitivitypolicyenforcestheunitedstatesofamericaunitedstatesunitedstatesdepartmentofdefensedepartmentofdefensedatasensitivityclassificationmodelieunclassifiedsecrettopsecretbutcanbeconfiguredforcommercialenvironmentsothersecurityfeaturesincludeidentificationandauthenticationwhichforcesuserstobeuniquelyidentifiedandauthenticatedbeforeusinganysystemservicesoraccessinganyinformationtheusersidentificationisusedforaccesscontroldecisionsandforaccountabilityviatheauditingmechanismdiscretionaryaccesscontroldacwhichappearsjustasinunixincludingthepresenceofaccesscontrollistsoneveryobjectthesetidfunctionissupportedinacontrolledfashionamandatorysubtypepolicywhichallowssomeofthefunctionalityoftrustedsystemswhichsupportafulltypeenforcementordomaintypeenforcementpolicyauditingofallsecurityrelevanteventsandtrustedtoolstoallowadministratorstodetectandanalyzepotentialsecurityviolationstrustedpathwhichallowsausertobesuresheisinteractingdirectlywiththetrustedsecurityfunctionstsfduringsensitiveoperationsthispreventsforexampleatrojanhorsecomputingtrojanhorsefromspoofingattackspoofingtheloginprocessandstealingauserspasswordisolationoftheoperatingsystemcodeanddatafilesfromtheactivityofuntrustedusersandprocesseswhichinparticularpreventsmalwarefromcorruptingorotherwiseaffectingthesystemseparationofprocessesfromoneanothersothatoneprocessusercannottamperwiththeinternaldataandcodeofanotherprocessreferencemonitorfunctionalitysothatnoaccesscanbypassscrutinybytheoperatingsystemstrongseparationofadministratoroperatoranduserrolesusingthemandatoryintegritypolicyresidualinformationieobjectreusemechanismstopreventdatascavengingtrustedevaluatedtoolsforconfiguringthesystemmanagingsecuritycriticaldataandrepairingfilesystemsselftestingofsecuritymechanismsondemandexclusionofhigherlayernetworkservicesfromthetsfsothatthetsfisnotsusceptibletothepubliclyknownvulnerabilitiesinthoseservicesstopcomesinonlyasinglepackagesothatthereisnoconfusionaboutwhetheraparticularpackagehasallsecurityfeaturespresentmandatorypoliciescannotbedisabledpolicyconfigurationdoesnotrequireapotentiallycomplicatedprocessofdefininglargesetsofdomainsanddatatypesandtheattendantaccessrulestomaintainthetrustworthinessofthesystemthextsmustbeinstalledbootingbootedandconfiguredbytrustedpersonnelthesitemustalsoprovidephysicalsecurityphysicalprotectionofthehardwarecomponentsthesystemandsoftwareupgradesareshippedfrombaesystemsinasecurefashionforcustomerswhowantthemxtssupportsamissionsupportcryptographicunitmscuandfortezzacardsthemscuperformstypeproducttypecryptographyandhasbeenseparatelyscrutinizedbytheunitedstatesofamericaunitedstatesnationalsecurityagencyhardwaretheccevaluationforcesparticularcomputerhardwarehardwaretobeusedinthextsthoughthisplacesrestrictionsonthehardwareconfigurationsthatcanbeusedseveralconfigurationsarepossiblethextsusesonlystandardpccommercialofftheshelfcotscomponentsexceptforanoptionalmissionsupportcryptographicunitmscuthehardwareisbasedonanintelxeonpentiumpcentralprocessingunitcpuatuptonbspghzspeedssupportinguptogbofmainmemoryaperipheralcomponentinterconnectpcibusisusedforaddincardssuchasgigabitethernetuptosimultaneousethernetconnectionscanbemadeallofwhichcanbeconfiguredatdifferentmandatorysecurityandintegritylevelsascsisubsystemisusedtoallowanumberofhighperformanceperipheralstobeattachedonescsiperipheralisapccardreaderthatcansupportfortezzamultiplescsihostadapterscanbeincludedhistorythextshasbeenprecededbyseveralevaluatedancestorsalldevelopedbythesamegroupsecurecommunicationsprocessorscompxtsandxtsallofthepredecessorproductswereevaluatedundertrustedcomputersystemevaluationcriteriatcsecakarainbowseriesorangebookstandardsscompcompletedevaluationinatthehighestfunctionalandassuranceleveltheninplaceasincethentheproducthasevolvedfromproprietaryhardwareandinterfacestocommodityhardwareandlinuxinterfacesthextswasdesignedasageneralpurposeoperatingsystemsupportingaunixlikeapplicationanduserenvironmentxtscompletedevaluationinattheblevelthextstransitionedfromproprietaryminicomputerhardwaretocotsintelxhardwarextscompletedevaluationinattheblevelxtsalsowentthroughseveralratingsmaintenancecyclesakarampverysimilartoanassurancecontinuitycycleunderccultimatelyendingupwithversionebeingevaluatedindevelopmentofthextsbeganinjunethemaincustomervisiblechangewasspecificconformancetothelinuxapplicationprogramminginterfaceapithoughthesecurityfeaturesofthextssystemputsomerestrictionsontheapiandrequireadditionalproprietaryinterfacesconformanceiscloseenoughthatmostapplicationswillrunonthextswithoutrecompilationsomesecurityfeatureswereaddedorimprovedascomparedtoearlierversionsofthesystemandperformancewasalsoimprovedasofjulyenhancementscontinuetobemadetothextslineofproductsonseptembertheunitedstatespatentandtrademarkofficeunitedstatespatentofficesgrantedbaesystemsinformationtechnologyllcunitedstatespatenttrustedcomputersystemarchitecturestopisamonolithickerneloperatingsystemasislinuxthoughitprovidesalinuxcompatibleapistopisnotderivedfromunixoranyunixlikesystemstopishighlylayeredhighlymodularizedandrelativelycompactandsimplethesecharacteristicshavehistoricallyfacilitatedhighassuranceevaluationsstopislayeredintofourringsandeachringisfurthersubdividedintolayerstheinnermostringhashardwareprivilegeandapplicationsincludingprivilegedcommandsrunintheoutermosttheinnerthreeringsconstitutethekernelcomputersciencekernelsoftwareinanouterringispreventedfromtamperingwithsoftwareinaninnerringthekernelispartofeveryprocesssaddressspaceandisneededbybothnormalandprivilegedprocessesasecuritykerneloccupiestheinnermostandmostprivilegedringandenforcesallmandatorypoliciesitprovidesavirtualprocessenvironmentwhichisolatesoneprocessfromanotheritperformsalllowlevelschedulingmemorymanagementandinterrupthandlingthesecuritykernelalsoprovidesinputoutputioservicesandaninterprocesscommunicationipcmessagemechanismthesecuritykernelsdataisglobaltothesystemtrustedsystemservicestsssoftwareexecutesinringtssimplementsfilesystemsimplementstcpipandenforcesthediscretionaryaccesscontrolpolicyonfilesystemobjectstsssdataislocaltotheprocesswithinwhichitisexecutingoperatingsystemservicesossexecutesinringossprovideslinuxlikeapitoapplicationsaswellasprovidingadditionalproprietaryinterfacesforusingthesecurityfeaturesofthesystemossimplementssignalsprocessgroupsandsomememorydevicesosssdataislocaltotheprocesswithinwhichitisexecutingsoftwareisconsideredtrustedifitperformsfunctionsuponwhichthesystemdependstoenforcethesecuritypolicyegtheestablishmentofuserauthorizationthisdeterminationisbasedonintegritylevelandprivilegesuntrustedsoftwarerunsatintegritylevelwithallintegritycategoriesorlowersomeprocessesrequireprivilegestoperformtheirfunctionsforexamplethesecureserverneedstoaccesstheuseraccessauthenticationdatabasekeptatsystemhighwhileestablishingasessionforauseratalowersensitivitylevelpotentialweaknessesthextscanprovideahighlevelofsecurityinmanyapplicationenvironmentsbuttradeoffsaremadetoattainitpotentialweaknessesforsomecustomersmayincludelowerperformanceduetomorerigidinternallayeringandmodularityandtoadditionalsecuritychecksfewerapplicationlevelfeaturesavailableoutoftheboxsomesourcelevelchangesmaybenecessarytogetcomplicatedapplicationstorunthetrusteduserinterfacedoesnotutilizeaguiandhaslimitedcommandlinefeatureslimitedhardwarechoicesnotsuitedforembeddedorrealtimeenvironmentsreferencesexternallinksbaeniapccevsorgccschemestvidxtsealvalidatedproductpageniapccevsorgccevsproductsarchivedpclcfmxtsealarchivedvalidatedproductpageniapccevsorgccevsproductsarchivedpclcfmxtsealarchivedvalidatedproductpagearchiveispatftusptogovnetacginphparsertermunetahtmlsrchnumhtmsectptosecthitoffprlfsdpallunitedstatespatenttrustedcomputersystemnsagovresearchfilesselinuxpapersinevitabilitypdfpaperontheneedforsecureoperatingsystemsandmandatorysecuritywebarchiveorgwebcisrnpsnavymilprojectsmyseahtmlmontereysecurityarchitecturemyseaanavalpostgraduateschoolprojectwhichutilizedthestoposwebarchiveorgwebsensornetgovnetreadyworkshopboydfletchercdciexmppoverviewfornetreadysensorsconfpdfxmppcrossdomaincollaborativeinformationenvironmentcdcieoverviewmultinationalinformationsharinginbothsingleandcrossdomainenvironmentsutilizesstoposaprilredirectcategoryshellxopenbuffalogroveillinoismichaelchaturantabutextrememartialartskratingdaengtwentytwentylonganlonganhericiumerinaceushericiumerinaceushericiumerinaceuscompressedteakynogononimashinavremenicontinuousflowintersectionxlinkeddominantinheritancesometimesreferredtoasxlinkeddominanceisamodeofgeneticsgeneticinheritancebywhichadominantgeneiscarriedonthexchromosomeasaninheritancepatternitislesscommonthanthexlinkedrecessiveinheritancexlinkedrecessivetypeinmedicinexlinkeddominantinheritanceindicatesthatageneresponsibleforageneticdisorderislocatedonthexchromosomeandonlyonecopyofthealleleissufficienttocausethedisorderwheninheritedfromaparentwhohasthedisorderinthiscasesomeonewhogeneexpressionexpressesanxlinkeddominantallelewillexhibitthedisorderandbeconsideredaffectedxlinkeddominanttraitsdonotnecessarilyaffectmalesmorethanfemalesunlikexlinkedrecessivetraitstheexactpatternofinheritancevariesdependingonwhetherthefatherorthemotherhasthetraitofinterestallfathersthatareaffectedbyanxlinkeddominantdisorderwillhaveaffecteddaughtersbutnotaffectedsonshoweverifthemotherisalsoaffectedthensonswillhaveachanceofbeingaffecteddependingonwhetheradominantorrecessivexchromosomeispassedonwhenthesonisaffectedthemotherwillalwaysbeaffectedsomescholarshavesuggesteddiscontinuingthetermsdominantandrecessivewhenreferringtoxlinkedinheritanceduetothemultiplemechanismsthatcanresultintheexpressionofxlinkedtraitsinfemaleswhichincludecellautonomousexpressionskewedxinactivationclonalexpansionandsomaticmosaicismrefnamepmidrefgeneticsasthexchromosomeisoneofthesexchromosomestheotherbeingtheychromosomexlinkedinheritanceisdeterminedbythesexoftheparentcarryingaspecificgeneandcanoftenseemcomplexthisisduetothefactthattypicallyfemaleshavetwocopiesofthexchromosomewhilemaleshaveonlyonecopythedifferencebetweendominancegeneticsdominanttraitdominantanddominancegeneticsrecessiverecessiveinheritancepatternsalsoplaysaroleindeterminingthechancesofachildinheritinganxlinkeddisorderfromtheirparentagemalescanonlygetanxchromosomefromtheirmotherwhilstfemalesgetanxchromosomefrombothparentsasaresultfemalestendtoshowhigherprevalenceofxlinkeddominantdisordersbecausetheyhavemoreofachancetoinheritafaultyxchromosomeinheritanceclasswikitablebordercellpaddingcellspacingalignrightwidthaligncentervaligncenterimagexlinkdominantmotherjpgthumbpxaligncentervaligncenterimagexlinkdominantfatherjpgthumbpxaligncentercolspanvaligntopsmallxlinkeddominantinheritanceworksdifferentlydependinguponwhetherthemotherleftimageorfatherrightimageisthecarrierofagenethatcausesadiseaseordisordersmallinxlinkeddominantinheritancewhenthemotheraloneisthegeneticcarriercarrierofamutatedordefectivegeneassociatedwithadiseaseordisordersheherselfwillhavethedisorderherchildrenwillinheritthedisorderasfollowsofherdaughtersandsonswillhavethedisorderwillbecompletelyunaffectedchildrenofeithersexhaveanevenchanceofreceivingeitheroftheirmotherstwoxchromosomesoneofwhichcontainsthedefectivegeneinquestionwhenthefatheraloneisthecarrierofadefectivegeneassociatedwithadiseaseordisorderhetoowillhavethedisorderhischildrenwillinheritthedisorderasfollowsofhisdaughterswillhavethedisordersinceallofhisdaughterswillreceiveonecopyofhissinglexchromosomeofhissonsnonewillhavethedisordersonsdonotreceiveanxchromosomefromtheirfatherifbothparentswerecarriersofadefectivegeneassociatedwithadiseaseordisordertheywouldbothhavethedisordertheirchildrenwouldinheritthedisorderasfollowsoftheirdaughterswillhavethedisordersinceallofthedaughterswillreceiveacopyoftheirfathersxchromosomeofthesonswillhavethedisorderwillbecompletelyunaffectedsonshaveanequalchanceofreceivingeitheroftheirmothersxchromosomesinsuchacasewherebothparentscarryandthusareaffectedbyanxlinkeddominantdisorderthechanceofadaughterreceivingtwocopiesofthexchromosomewiththedefectivegeneissincedaughtersreceiveonecopyofthexchromosomefrombothparentswerethistooccurwithanxlinkeddominantdisorderthatdaughterwouldlikelyexperienceamoresevereformsomexlinkeddominantconditionssuchasaicardisyndromearefataltoboysthereforeonlygirlswiththeseconditionssurviveorboyswithklinefelterssyndromeandhencehavemorethanonexchromosomelistofdominantxlinkeddiseasesvitamindresistantricketsxlinkedhypophosphatemiarettsyndromeofcasesareduetosporadicmutationsmostcasesofalportsyndromerefnamepmidrefincontinentiapigmentigiuffrtsukaharasyndromerefnamepmidrefgoltzsyndromexlinkeddominantporphyriarefnamepmidreffragilexsyndromeseealsoxlinkedhypophosphatemiarettsyndromesexlinkageincontinentiapigmentixlinkedrecessiveinheritancereferencesboeingxredirectcategoryshellmcdullthealumnicastleintheskygraveofthefirefliesmyneighbortotorokikisdeliveryservicedisambiguationonlyyesterdayfilmporcorossopompokowhisperoftheheartthcenturyprincessmononokemyneighborstheyamadasmyneighborstheyamadasthecatreturnshowlsmovingcastlefilmtalesfromearthseafilmstudioghiblistudioghiblinausicacharacterinfoboxbroadcastcalllettersxhewbrsmallsatelliteofxeipnbrmexicocitymexicosmallstationlogoimageoncetvjpgstationsloganstationbrandinganalogvhfdigitalaffiliationsoncetvfoundedjanuaryenddatejunelicensecancellationlocationmatamorostamaulipascallsignmeaningownerpatronatoculturaldetelevisindematamorostampsaceffectiveradiatedpowerkwhomepageoncetvipnnetoncetvxhewtvwasthetelevisioncallsignforthelocaloncetvrepeaterinmatamorostamaulipasmexicoitwasownedbypatronatoculturaldetelevisindematamorostampsacwhichwasinturnrepresentedbyjosjulinsacramentojosjulinsacramentogarzaaonetimesenatorandfederaldeputyfortamaulipashistoryxhewwasauthorizedonjanuarythestationwentdarkbyduetoequipmentfailureitsauthorizationwascancelledbycofetelinchannelisnowoccupiedbyimagentelevisinanditsmatamorostransmitterxhctrmtdtreferencesaztecaunoaztecaunoaztecainfoboxbroadcastcalllettersxhbrtdtstationlogostationbrandingtelevisanuevolaredostationsloganformerchannelnumbersvhfdigitaluhfvirtualsubchannelscanaltelevisanetworkcanalfoundedoctoberlocationnuevolaredotamaulipascountrymexicocoordinatesownertelevisalicenseetelevimexsadecveffectiveradiatedpowerkwhomepagexhbrtdtisatelevisatelevisionstationinnuevolaredotamaulipasmexicothestationcarriestelevisaslocalprogramminginnuevolaredohistoryxhbrreceiveditsconcessiononmarchandcametoairthatoctoberbroadcastingonanalogchannelitwasownedbyramonaesparzagonzlezforyearsuntilshetransferredthestationtotelevisasubsidiarytelevisindelermasaonjulyesparzagonzlezhadboughtxefetdtxefetvtwoyearsearliertelevisaraisedxhbrseffectiveradiatedpowerfromtokilowattsintelevisindelermawasmergedintotelevimexbythesxhbrwasthelocaloutletofthelasestrellascanaldelasestrellasnetworkarolenowheldbysisterxhlartdtitwasamongthefirststationsinmexicotobroadcastindigitaltelevisiondigitalservicesxhbrcarriestwosubchannelsclasswikitablevirtualbrchannelphysicalbrrfchannelvideoresolutionvideoaspectratioaspectprogrammingitelevisanuevolaredoicanaltelevisanetworkcanalreferencesexternallinksaztecaunoaztecaflashtubexenoninfoboxbroadcastcalllettersxefetdtcitystationlogoxefelogopnglogosizepxstationsloganlaimagenfamiliarstationbrandingxefeformerchannelnumbersanalogveryhighfrequencyvhfdigitalultrahighfrequencyuhfvirtualaffiliationstelevisalocalgalatvmexicogalatvnetworkfoundedairdateoctoberlocationnuevolaredotamaulipascountrymexicocallsignmeaningxjefesmallspanishwordforchiefsmallformercallsignsownerramonaesparzagonzlezlicenseesisterstationsformeraf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yankeescincinnatiredsandtexasrangersbaseballtexasrangersheheldacareerrecordwithsavesandaerahisbestyearcamewiththehoustonastrosinwhenhepostedarecordwithsavesandaeraexternallinksorretrosheetorgboxesetchphernxhtmretrosheetorpelotabinariacomvebeisbolmostrarphpidhernxavpelotabinariavenezuelanwinterleaguebrobsoleteandnonstandardsymbolsintheinternationalphoneticalphabetredirectshellbakutotsukijteixpwworldheavyweightchampionshipbolognesesauceseptemberattacksespnuradioredirectthmillenniumwithxqgreenlocatedatthetipofthelongarmofthechromosomestudiesofthexchromosomeaswellastheentirehumangenomehavelinkedxqtotheheredityofhomosexualityinhumanmalesxqisachromosomebandandgeneticmarkersituatedatthetipofthexchromosomewhichhasbeenstudiedsinceatleastthebandcontainsthreedistinctregionstotalingaboutbasepairmbpofgeneticinformationthemarkercametothepubliceyeininsciencewhenstudiesbydeanhamerandothersindicatedabiologyandsexualorientationlinkbetweenthexqmarkerandmalesexualorientationrefnamesciencerefinitiallinkagethestudybydeanhamerhameretalexaminedfamiliesofhomosexualitygaymenintheunitedstatesandfoundincreasedratesofhomosexualityamongmaternalunclesandcousinsbutnotamongpaternalrelativesthispatternofinheritancesuggestedthattheremightbelinkedgenesonthexchromosomesincemalesalwaysinherittheircopyofthexchromosomefromtheirmotherspolymorphismsofgeneticmarkersofthexchromosomewereanalyzedforfamiliestoseeifaspecificmarkerwassharedbyadisproportionateamountofbrotherswhowerebothgaytheresultsshowedthatamonggaybrotherstheconcordancerateformarkersfromthexqregionweresignificantlygreaterthanexpectedforrandommendeliansegregationindicatingthatalinkdidexistinthatsmallsampleitwasconcludedthatatleastoneformofmalehomosexualityispreferentiallytransmittedthroughthematernalsideandisgeneticallylinkedtothexqregionafollowupstudyhuetalconductedbythehamerlabincollaborationwithtwogroupsofstatisticalexpertsincorroboratedtheoriginalresultsformaleswithhomosexualbrotherssharingxqatsignificantlyelevatedratesthisstudyalsoincludedheterosexualbrotherswhoshowedsignificantlylessthanexpectedsharingofthexqregionasexpectedforageneticlocusthatinoneformisassociatedwithsamesexattractionandinanotherformisassociatedwithoppositesexattractioninthisstudynolinktoxqwasfoundamonghomosexualfemalesindicatingadifferentgeneticpathwayasformostsexspecificphenotypeshamersfindingswerehighlightedinscientificjournalsincludingsciencejournalsciencenaturejournalnatureandthetopicofaminisymposiuminscientificamericanrefnamescientificamericanrebuttalrefrefnamescientificamericanrefcontroversyinjuneanarticleinthechicagotribunebyjohncrewdsonstatedthatananonymousjuniorresearcherinhamerslaboratoryallegedthathamerselectivelypresentedthedatainhispaperinthejournalsciencejournalsciencethejuniorresearcherhadassistedinthegenemappinginhamersstudyshortlyaftervoicingherquestionsshewassummarilydismissedfromherpostdoctoralfellowshipinhamerslabwhodismissedhercouldnotbedeterminedlatershewasgivenanotherpositioninadifferentlabhamerstatedthatcrewdsonsarticlewasseriouslyinerroranddeniedtheallegationsmadeagainsthimsubsequentstudiestwofurtherstudiesinthesgavemixedresultsonewasanxchromosomelinkageanalysisofpairsofgaybrotherscarriedoutbytheindependentresearchgroupofsandersetalintheresultsofthestudywereindistinguishablefromtheresultsofthestudybyhuetalbothreportedthatthechromosomallocationofmaximumsharingwaslocusdxsandbothreportedsimilardegreesofallelesharingversusthesecondstudybyriceetalininsciencestudiedpairsofcanadiangaybrothersandfoundnostatisticallysignificantlinkageinallelesandhaplotypesconsequentlytheyconcludedagainstthepossibilityofanygeneinthexqregionhavingalargegeneticinfluenceonmalesexualorientationthoughtheycouldnotruleoutthepossibilityofageneinthisregionhavingasmallinfluenceametaanalysisofalldataavailableatthattimeiehameretalhuetalriceetalandtheunpublishedstudybysandersetalindicatedthatxqhasasignificantbutnotexclusiveroleinmalesexualorientationrefnamesciencemetanalysisreftheauthorsofthemetaanalysiswhichincludedthreeauthorsofthericeetalstudyricerischandeberspresentedseveralmethodologicalreasonsduetowhichriceetalmayhavebeenunabletodetectstatisticallysignificantlinkagebetweenxqandmalesexualorientationthefamiliesgenotypinggenotypedbyriceetalwerenonrepresentativeastheyhadanexcessofpaternalinsteadofmaternalgayrelativesthusobscuringthedisplayofanyxchromosomelinkagethestatisticalpoweroftheirsamplewasinsufficienttoadequatelydetectlinkageandtheylackeddefinitecriteriaforwhatconstitutedashomosexualitytheresearchersdependedontheirownjudgementandsometimesbasedtheirjudgementonasinglequestiontothesubjecttheyalsolackedcriteriatoselectappropriatefamiliesforthestudyofaputativexlinkedlocusastheydidnotselectfamiliesbasedonthepresenceofmaternaltransmissionofhomosexualitythexqcontributiontomalesexualorientationmayhavebeenhiddeninadditionthemetaanalysisrevealedthatthefamilypedigreedataofriceetalincontrasttothegenotypingdataseemedtosupportxchromosomelinkageforhomosexualityinalargecomprehensivegenomewideassociationstudygenomewidelinkagestudyofmalesexualorientationwasconductedbyseveralindependentgroupsofresearchersrefnamecambrefthestudypopulationincludedindependentpairsofgaybrothersfromfamilieswhowereanalyzedwithoversinglenucleotidepolymorphismmarkersthestudyconfirmedthexqlinkagetohomosexualitybytwopointandmultipointmerlinlodscoremappingsignificantlinkagewasalsodetectedintheregionnearthecentromereofchromosomeoverlappingwithoneoftheregionsdetectedinapreviousgenomewidelinkagestudybythehamerlabtheauthorsconcludedthatourfindingstakenincontextwithpreviousworksuggestthatgeneticvariationineachoftheseregionscontributestodevelopmentoftheimportantpsychologicaltraitofmalesexualorientationitwasthelargeststudyofthegeneticbasisofhomosexualitytodateandwaspublishedonlineinnovemberothercontentsxqisalargecomplexandgenedenseregionamongitsvariousgenesarethegenesofthemelanomaassociatedantigenmagefamilyofwhichmageahasbeenidentifiedasacoregulatorfortheandrogenreceptormutationsinvolvingtheproductionofgeneduplicationextracopiesofthemecpandirakgeneswithinxqhavebeenassociatedwithphenotypesincludinganxietyandautisminmousemiceseealsobiologyandsexualorientationdailymailgaygenecontroversynotesreferencesexternallinksgaybroscommoleculargeneticstudyofsexualorientationageneticstudyofgaybrothersatnorthwesternuniversityxlbmayrefertoxiaolongbaolacbrochetairportiatacodelongcommenttoavoidbeinglistedonshortpagesxppmayrefertopoplarriverairporttheiatacodefortheairportincanadaxmlprofessionalpublisherastandardsbasedhighperformancecontentformattingandpublishingapplicationxmlpullparsingamethodofparsinganxmldocumentstaxparsersareanimplementationofapullparserextremeprocessingplatformaprocessorarchitecturexppautatoolforsolvingstochasticdifferentialanddifferenceequationsamongstothersmicrosoftdynamicsaxmorphxandxxtheprogramminglanguagebehindmicrosoftdynamicsaxxinguinfoboxethnicgroupimageindiosparajpgcaptionmehinakoindianscagroupxinguindianspopulationlanguagesreligionsrelatedxingupeoplesareindigenouspeoplesofbrazillivingnearthexingurivertheyhavemanyculturalsimilaritiesdespitetheirdifferentethnologiesxingupeoplerepresentfifteentribesandallfourofbrazilsindigenouslanguagegroupsbuttheysharesimilarbeliefsystemsritualsandceremoniesprecolumbianhistorytheupperxinguregionwasheavilypopulatedpriortoeuropeanandafricancontactdenselypopulatedsettlementsdevelopedfromtoceancientroadsandbridgeslinkedcommunitiesthatwereoftensurroundedbyditchesormoatsthevillageswerepreplannedandfeaturedcircularplazasarchaeologistshaveunearthedvillagessofarrefnamewrenwrenkathleenmsnbcmsncomidlostcitiesoftheamazonrevealedmsnbcsciencemysteriesretrievedjunerefpostcontacthistorykuikurooralhistorysayseuropeanslavetradeslaversarrivedinthexinguregionaroundxinuguanopopulationwasestimatedinthetensofthousandsbutwasdramaticallyreducedbydiseasesandslaverybyeuropeansinthecenturiessincethepenetrationoftheeuropeansintosouthamericathexingufledfromdifferentregionstoescapemodernizationandculturalassimilationnonethelesssettlersmadeitupasfarastheupperrunoftherioxingubytheendofthethcenturyaboutnativeslivedatthealtoxinguwheretheircurrentpoliticalstatushaskeptthemprotectedagainsteuropeanintrudersbythemidtwentiethcenturythisnumberhadbeenreducedbyforeignepidemicdiseasessuchasflumeaslessmallpoxandmalariatolessthanonlyanestimatedxingupeopleswerealiveinthesthebrazilianvillasbasbrothersvisitedtheareabeginninginandpushedforthecreationofthexingunationalparkparqueindgenadoxingueventuallyestablishedintheirstoryistoldinafilmxingufilmxinguthenumberofxingulivingthereinsettlementshasrisenagaintooverinhabitantshalfofthemyoungerthanyearsthexingulivinginthisregionhavesimilarhabitsandsocialsystemsdespitedifferentlanguagesspecificallytheyconsistofthefollowingpeoplestheawetikalapalokamaiurkayapkuikuromatipumehinakonahukusuytrumaipeopletrumaiwaujaandyawalapitifurtherreadingstenzelkrisbrunafranchettoedsonthisandotherworldsvoicesfromamazoniaberlinlanguagesciencepressdoizenodoopenaccessnotesexternallinksamazonindiansorgpagehtmltheindiansofthexinguculturalhomogenizationintheamazonrainforestsacredlandorgxinguriversystemareportonthexingupeoplesandthelandwebarchiveorgwebranorgwhatwedorainforestagribusinessspotlightcasestudiescontaminationofthexinguindigenousreserveaxingucasestudytherainforestactionnetworkpibsocioambientalorgenpovoxinguxinguonpovosindigenousnobrasilpicasawebgooglecomdalwodianerxinguterrabrasileiraphotoreportofatriptoxinguparkmiraininjavideogamethisisreallyancientstuffwhathappenedintoxerocompetitionwasanautoracingteambasedingreatbritaintheyoperatedfrompremisesinwarringtoninthenorthwestofenglandtheycompetedinthemsadunlopbritishtouringcarchampionshippreviousseasonsxerocompetitionhavebeenrepresentedinanumberofnationalbritishmotorsportchampionshipsbeforegraduatingtothebritishtouringcarchampionshipbtccintheyenteredchevroletcorvettesinthengtclassofbritishgtchampionshipandachievedrespectablesuccessinandincludingpodiumfinisheswithboththexerocorvetteandthexerorunembassyracingcorvetteintheyachievedearlysuccessbutwithdrewaftertheopeningroundsduetofinancialproblemstheyhavehowevercontinuedtoruntheyellowcorvetteinbelcarandrhinosgtseriesaswellasrunningtheexembassycarintheffsagtchampionshipseasonduringautumnxeropurchasedtwolexusiscarsthathadpreviouslybeenracedinproductionforminthedutchtouringcarchampionshiptheprogramwassuspendedinspringastheteamhadfailedtosecuresufficientbackingtoallowthemtocompeteintheserieshoweverintheweeksfollowingtheopeningroundsatbrandshatchtheteamagreedadealwithadamjoneswithsponsorshipfromengineeringfirmaircoolengineeringtheteammadetheirdebutinroundthreeatoultonparkandalthoughtheyhavehadanumberofproblemswiththecartheyscoredtheirfirsteverbtccpointsatdoningtonparkonjulywhereadamjonesracingdriveradamjonesfinishedinthplaceinracetheteamtemporarilywithdrewfromtheseriestoconcentrateondevelopmentworkonthelexusafterdoningtonparkreturningatknockhillonthefirstweekendofseptemberxerocompetitionhavealsofieldedcarsinradicalsportscarsradicalseriesandhavecontinuedtodosoalongsidethebritishtouringcarprogrammewherejuniorginettachampiontobynewtonachievedseveralpodiumfinishesintheradicalchampionshipandtheradicalworldcupsupportingthelmesroundatdoningtonparkandalsoatspafrancorchampsinbelgiumtobyfinishedthoverallinthechampionshipexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxerocompetitioncomxerocompetitionaircoolengineeringcoukaircoolengineeringcosmogangthevideogostilitsaxwasapopulardosbasedfossildevicedriverdriverrefnamerefrefwhichwascommonlyusedinthemidstothelatesandisevenstillusedtodayfossildriversweremainlyusedtorunbulletinboardsystembbssoftwareundermsdosxcanalsoberunundermicrosoftwindowswindowsorevenlinuxanddosemuenvironmentstoallowfossilawaremsdosbasedapplicationstofunctionxwasdevelopedbyraymondlgwinnfromuntilthefinalreleaseversionwasversionwithalaterbetaversionwhichaddedsupportforbaudratesabovexisfreefornoncommercialusagexincludedmanyenhancementstotheftcfossilrevisionspecificationswhichwerelaterusedinotherfossildriverssuchasandanfossiladfandnetfossgwinnmovedontodevelopareplacementserialportdriverforoscalledsiosoftwaresiosiocontainedavirtualizedfossilvxthatcouldbeloadedifapplicationsneededfossilsupportreferencesdakutenandhandakutendakutenandhandakutenrecurringelementsinthefinalfantasyseriesitemsgeoboxsettlementheadingnamenativenameothernamecategoryvillageimageimagekostolsvgorazdajpgimagecaptionparishchurchofstgorazdsymbolsflagsymbolnameetymologyofficialnamemottonicknamecountryetccountryslovakiacountryflagstateregionbanskbystricaregionbanskbystricadistrictrimavsksobotadistrictrimavsksobotamunicipalityfamilypartriverlocationslocationelevationcoordinatescapitalcoordinatesmouthcoordinateshighesthighestelevationlowestlowestelevationareapopulationpopulationpopulationdatepopulationdensityhistorymanagementestablishedmayorcodestimezonetimezonedstpostalcodeareacodecoderscodetypeslovakcarregistrationplatescarplatefreefrieldsfreemapsmapslovakiaoutlinemapsvgmapbackgroundslovakiabackgroundmappngmapcaptionlocationofinslovakiamaplocatorslovakiawebsitescommonsstatisticsstatisticsskmosmisengprvavjsptxturovenlstobecokruhzakladmomiswebsitefootnotesfootnotesprocessedbygeoboxerontisaspavillageandmunicipalityintherimavsksobotadistrictofthebanskbystricaregionofsouthernslovakiahistoryinhistoryhistoricalrecordsthevillagewasfirstmentionedinaschyzitfirstbelongedtothetukovcitukyfamilyandlatertoseveralzemannoblemanzemanfamiliesinandthevillagewasdestroyedbytheottomanempireturksfromtowasoccupiedbyhungaryunderthefirstviennaawardgenealogicalresourcestherecordsforgenealogicalresearchareavailableatthestatearchivestatnyarchivinbanskabystricaslovakiaromancatholicchurchrecordsbirthsmarriagesdeathsparishbseealsolistofmunicipalitiesandtownsinslovakiaexternallinkseobceskobeccizcizhtmlcisarikcomcizrimavskasobotabcgomorgemerhtmlsurnamesoflivingpeopleincizfasterpussycatarsslangxboxworldinfoboxmagazinetitlexboxworldimageeditorpatgarrattbrleehallbrtimweaverbrandyhartupcategoryvideogamesfrequencyperyearcirculationjuldecfirstdateaprilfinaldatedecembercompanyfutureplccountryunitedkingdomwebsitexboxworldwasaunitedkingdombritishxboxconsolexboxandxboxmagazinepublishedbyfutureplchistoryxboxworldbeganlifeasxboxworldwithissueonereleasedinearlyoverayearafterthexboxxboxsreleasepublishedbycomputecmediatheeditoratlaunchwaspatgarrattnowofeurogamerandthemanagingeditorwasformercuamigaeditortonyhorganxboxworldalongsidesistermagazineplaystationworldwasacquiredbyfutureplcinlatethemajorityofthestaffdepartedduringthemagazinesmovefromlondontofuturesbathsomersetbathofficestheeditorforthefirstfuturepublishedxboxworldwasleehallinseptemberxboxworldrelaunchedasxboxworldundertheguidanceofformerngcmagazinengceditortimweaverauthortimweaveritcontainsanachievementshintcheatswalkthroughbookandadoublesidedfourhourdiscincludingadvdsideandahdsidetoberunonthexboxinthenovemberissuethemagazinewasrevampedandrevertedtoitsoriginalnameofxboxworldthechristmasissuewastimweaverauthortimweaverslastissueaseditorofthemagazineheisnowthemanagingeditorwhilepsmsandyhartuptookoveraseditoronnovemberitwasannouncedthatbothxboxworldandsistermagazinepsmaretobecloseddownbypublisherfuturethefinalissueofbothmagazineswentonsaleondecemberreferencesexternallinkscomputerandvideogamescomsitesxboxworldxboxworldofficialwebsiteatcomputerandvideogamescomceresdwarfplanetxitcanrefertoxitbandnativeamericanrockgroupxitranchcattleranchintexasunitedstatesthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitbeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellinfoboxcomicbooktitlewikipediawikiprojectcomicstitlexmenphoenixwarsongimagewarsongjpgcaptionpromotionalartforxmenphoenixwarsongartbymarcsilvestrischedulemonthlylimitedypublishermarvelcomicsdatenovembermarchissuessuperheroymaincharteamxmenphoenixcomicsphoenixforcestepfordcuckooswritersgregpakartistspencillerstylerkirkhaminkerssalreglacoloristsjohnstarrlettererstroypeterieditorsnicklowebrmikemartsbrseanryancreativeteammonthcreativeteamyearcreatorstpbhardcoverisbnsubcatxmenlimsubmarvelcomicssortphoenixwarsongxmenphoenixwarsongisanamericanfiveissuecomicbooklimitedseriescomicslimitedseriesreleasedinbeginninginseptembertheseriesisasequeltoxmenphoenixendsongitiswrittenbygregpakandillustratedbytylerkirkhaminaninterviewauthorgregpaksaidthisisnotajeangreyresurrectionstoryahardcovermarvelpremiereeditionwasreleasedonjulycompilingallfiveissuesplotthestoryrevolvesaroundthestepfordcuckoosandincludestheteamfromastonishingxmeninthefirstissueapieceofthephoenixcomicsphoenixforceattachesitselftothethreeremainingstepfordcuckoosamplifiestheirtelepathicpowerandgivesthemthepoweroftelekinesiswiththeirnewfoundabilitiesthegirlsovercomeemmafrostspsychicdetentionandresurrecttheirdeceasedsistersesmeandsophiequentinquirekidomegaalsowakesonceagainfromhisstasisinbeastcomicsbeastslabinthesecondissueseveralrevelationscometotheforefrontbothfortheaudienceaswellasthecuckoosthemselvesitisshownthatthegirlsbonesareactuallycomposedoforbondedtoayettobedisclosedmetalwealsolearnthattheyhavetheabilitytomentallycommunicatewitheachotherinbinarynumeralsystembinarylanguageataratefartoorapidforothertelepathstodecipheremmafrostemmagoesontodiscoverthatthegirlshadplacedallofthexmenincludingitsmostpowerfultelepathsintoaloopingpsionicmemoryblockwhichwoulddisabletheirlinearthoughtprocesswhenevertheybegantoquestionthecuckoosoriginandfinallytheepisodeconcludeswiththethreeinonesdiscoverythattheyreonlythreeofnearlyathousandidenticalfemaleunitstheremainderresidinginindividualincubationchambershiddenwithinanundergroundlaboratorythetwodeceasedcuckoosnowundeadbutstilldecayedappearandaremoreawareoftheunfoldingeventsthanthethreeinoneimagewarsongpngleftpromotionalartforphoenixwarsongbymarcsilvestripxthumbinthethirdissueitwasrevealedthatemmasovawerethegenetictemplatesusedtoclonethehundredsofidenticaltelepathsincludingthefiveinonetheywereharvestedfromherbyjohnsublimethedirectorofweaponplusatsomepointduringhercomafollowingthedeathoftheoriginalhellionstheclonesbegintorefertofrostasmotheratitlewhichshelateracceptsitwasalsoshownthatcelestenowwieldsthephoenixforcethefourthissuerevealsthecuckoosoriginalpurposeitisshownthattheclonedsistersserveastelepathicantennaetheirsheernumbergrantingthemprojectionandreceptioncapabilitiesataglobalrangethethreeinoneweretobelinkedwiththreeegglikecompartmentsofthemachinerywhichbindstheclonesactingasitsfocalpointwithallthreecuckoosfocusingthecombinedpoweroftheirthousandfoldsisterstheywouldhavetheabilitytoobliterateanynumberofmentalsignaturesthattheychoseinessencegivingthemtheabilitytosimultaneouslyeliminateallofmutantkindworldwidebysimplyconcentratingonmutantsuniquementalwavelengthsmanymaynoticethesimilaritybetweenthisplotlineandthatoutlinedbythesecondxmenmoviexmenxmenunitedthoughherethethreeinonereplaceprofessorxandtheirmyriadofclonedsistersreplacetheduplicatedcerebrotheissuegoesontorevealthatthecelestephoenixcombinationhasmanifestedforthepurposeofdestroyingthecuckooclonestheentitywastingnotimeinincineratingesmesophieandthedeformedrejectedclonestostopitsactivitiesemmaentersintotheegglikecompartmentmeantforcelesteandsyncingwithmindeeandphoebesheuseshersignificantlymorerefinedabilitiestodisconnectthefactionsofcelestesbrainwhichgrantheraccesstobothherpsionicpowersandthephoenixforcefragmentemmathensettlestocomfortherbarelyconsciousdaughteronlytobeambushedwithtentaclelikeextensionsofsublimesmachineimpalingcelestethemachineabsorbsabacklashofherresidualphoenixenergywhichimmediatelydispersestoalloftheclonedunitsaswellupontheissuesconclusiontheaudienceisleftwithascenedepictingeachoneoftheclonedunitsaswellasthethreeinonenowseeminglyempoweredbythephoenixfragmentthefivepartseriesconcludeswiththegirlsnowreferringtothemselvesasthethousandinoneandundersublimescontrolthecosmicallyempoweredpsychicsproceedtoenacttheirprogrammeddestinyofmutantdestructioncelestehoweverisstillinpartialcontrolofbothherownandhersisterssupermindandalertsthexmenthattheycanshortcircuitthegirlslinkagebydestroyingsublimesmachinerywhichtheydophoebedistraughtathavinglostaccesstothecosmicpowersendsaconcentratedboltofherlastremainingenergythroughthefacilitysfloorpromptinganexplosionthatwoulddestroyeverythingwithinahalfmileradiuscelesteatemmasbehestacceptsherroleasaphoenixhostandstopstheexplosionbytemporarilyfreezinglocalizedtimeshethengoesontodestroythethousandstrongcuckooclonesbyshatteringtheirnewlymanifesteddiamondformsbeforecastingtheentityoutofherbodyhoweveritrefusestodeparttheareatowhichcelestereactsbyreabsorbingtheforceintoherownandhertworemainingsistersdiamondheartsunliketheirmothersdiamondcompositionthecuckoosheartshaventasingleflawandassuchnothingcandestroyenterorescapethemeventhesplinteredphoenixitselfthepricethesistersmustpayforthisisthattheycanneveragainfeelemotionthusleavingthemevenmorecoldheartedanddetachedfromtheirfellowmanthantheywerebeforethestorylineendswithemmasittingaloneoutsideofthexmansionstaringintothenightskyandpromisingretributiontothephoenixentityforexterminatingherclonedprogenyshoulditeverreturntoearthcollectededitionstheserieshasbeencollectedintoahardcovervolumeinjulyandasoftcoverinjanuarynotesreferencesinfoboxgreekdimosnamexyniadanamelocalimagemapdexyniadossvgmapcaptionlocationwithintheregionalunitperiphcentralgreeceregioncentralgreeceperiphunitphthiotismunicipalitydomokospopmunicunitpopulationasofareamunicunitelevationcoordinatespostalcodeareacodelicencewebsiteimageskylinecaptionskylinexyniadaorxyniasisavillageandaformermunicipalityinphthiotisgreecesincethelocalgovernmentreformitispartofthemunicipalitydomokosofwhichitisamunicipalunitinthecensusthemunicipalunitwasrecordedashavinginhabitantsandthevillageofxyniadaitselfthemunicipalunithasanareaofkmsupsuprefnamestatrefthevillagetakesitsnamefromlakexyniadawhichcoveredthelocalplainuntilitwasdrainedintheruinsoftheancientcityofxyniaemedievalezerosarenearbyexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxyniadagrmunicipalityofxyniadareferencesxieheartistredirectxxmalesyndromethesturnedvyevgenyzamyatinzamyatinredirectcategoryshellinfoboxtelevisionshownamexfireimagecaptionpictureformatruntimeminutescreatorpresenteredhalltelevisionpresenteredhallstarringchannelchannelfirstairedlastairednumseriesnumepisodesunairedcountryunitedkingdomproducerrelatedxfirepronouncedcrossfirewasapaintballbasedtvgameshowairedonchannelintheukandpresentedbyedhalltelevisionpresenteredhallsynopsistheprogrammewasagameshowfeaturingastriketeamconsistingofplayersarmedwithpaintballmarkersknownasemulsifierswhoattempttocompletechallengesinsimulatedspecialforcestyperaidsagainstsimilarlyarmedopponentsingeneralthecontestantsplaygamesofpaintballagainsttheshowsantagonistsinelaboratelyconstructedscenariostheteamswouldbeopposedbyahostofgruntsarmedwithslowfiringweaponsandthespecialforcessixindividualswithmadeupcharacternamesandbiosarmedwiththesameweaponsasthecontestantsthesespecialforceswerenamedhellmetnamedhelmetstrebirankedoberleutnantmorganmorganjohnsonrankedsergeantclawzvanessauptonprivatedaliadaliamikneviciutesergeantajandrewjdickenscommanderandlittleyinannaluongprivategruntswouldtypicallybedispatchedquicklywhereasthespecialforceswouldtakestrongdefensivepositionsandpresentseriouschallengestotheteamashotintheheadortorsowasconsideredanemulsificationandtheshotpartywouldplaydeadteamswereinsertedandextractedfromthemissionsbyafordtransitfordtransitvanmissionsincludedhazardssuchasminesandlasertripwiresandpuzzleswhichtheteamswouldneedtosolvemissionswerealsorequiredtobecompletedwithinatimelimitthegameswouldtakeplaceinsimulatedmilitarycompoundsofficebuildingsorbunkercomplexeswhichwereconstructedatthefacilitiesofthedecommissionedrafbentwaterseachprogrammewouldcontainthreemissionsthelastofwhichalwaystookplaceinthespecialforceshqthemissionsforeachepisodewouldbebasedaroundaparticularnarrativesuchasstoppingtoxicwastedumpingorpreventingtheproductionofcounterfeitbanknotesthespecialforceswouldalwaysbeinvolvedwiththeseevilplotsandthushadtobestoppedbythestriketeamforthefinalmissionthecaptainofthestriketeamwouldsetthedifficultyleveleasystandardorextremeeasydifficultymeanttheteamwouldfacemembersofthespecialforcesandallcreditawardswerehalvedstandarddifficultymeanttheteamwouldfacemembersofthespecialforcesandallcreditawardswereasnormalandextremedifficultymeanttheteamwouldfaceallmembersofthespecialforcesandallcreditawardsweredoubledtheteamsactionsinthechallengeswererewardedwithcreditsinbetweeneachchallengetheteamscouldpurchaseitemssuchasmorepaintballsshieldspaintgrenadesastationaryshotgunweaponfiringuptoshotsinonegoorbuybackteammateswhohadbeenemulsifiedinthepreviouschallengetheteamsfinalcreditstotalswereusedtodeterminetheirpositionsontheseriesleaderboardtheserieswasaxedinthepenultimateepisodetitledstarwarswasneverbroadcastinsteadchannelbroadcastthefinalepisodetoendtheseriesepisodeguideseriesclasswikitableepisodeoperationstriketeamnameairdateretrievalflatoutseptembercounterfeitcharliethespecialsoctoberwastedisposalthelifeboatteamoctoberclonealoneteamplanetoctoberransomabcwarriorsoctoberprojectphoenixayresomeangelsmayretributionallthekingsmenjunegermalertdangerousdivasjunecoldthawnorthlondonspiritsjuneenergycrisistheburtonbulletsjunecodebreakerfireforceonejulystarwarsnanameltdowntheburtonbulletsjulyexternallinksserviceserviceporphyriaxlinkedseverecombinedimmunodeficiencypacattackredirectthornletterxmlkeyterminologyvoskreseniethextaxisanapproachtotaxationsuggestedintheunitedstatesthatcanbedescribedasastandardeuropeanstylecreditinvoicevalueaddedtaxvatexceptthatwagesaredeductedbybusinessesandtaxedatprogressivetaxprogressiveratestoworkerstheplanwascreatedbyprincetonuniversityeconomistandnewyorkuniversityschooloflawprofessordavidbradfordeconomistdavidfbradfordrefnamebwrefbradfordstatesthextaxcouldalleviatethecomplexitiesandavoidanceissuesplaguingtheexistingussystemseealsoincometaxintheunitedstatestaxationintheunitedstatestaxreformnotesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebwwsprincetonedubradfordbradfordsprincetonhomepagewoodrowwilsonschoolprincetonuniversitynberorgcgibinauthorpapersplauthordavidbradfordbradfordsworkingpapersnationalbureauofeconomicresearchthexprizecupisatwodayairandspaceexpositionwhichwastheresultofapartnershipbetweenthexprizefoundationandthestateofnewmexicothatbeganinwhentheansarixprizeansarixprizewasheldthisledtoplanstobuildtheworldsfirsttruerocketfestivalthreexprizecupshavebeenheldinandeachxprizecuphostsdifferenteventsanddemonstrationssuchasrocketpoweredbicyclesrocketjetpacksbutparticularlynotablearethelunarlanderchallengeandthespaceelevatorgamesvisitorsattendedthexprizecupalthoughtherewasnoxprizecupintherewasalunarlanderchallengemotivationthisxprizewasfirstproposedbydrpeterdiamandisinanaddresstothenationalspacesocietynssinternationalspacedevelopmentconferenceinthenotionofacompetitivegoalwasadoptedfromthespacecubprojectdemonstrationofaprivatevehiclecapableofflyingapilottotheedgeofspacedefinedasnbspkmaltitudethisgoalwasselectedtohelpencouragethespaceindustryintheprivatesectorsogovernmentfundingtoentriesisnotallowedthexprizecupaimedtodemonstratethatspaceflightcanbeaffordableandaccessibletocorporationsandciviliansopeningthedoortoprivatespaceflightcommercialspaceflightandspacetourismitisalsohopedthatcompetitionwillbreedinnovationtodevelopnewlowcostmethodsofreachingearthorbitthexprizecupoffersmonetaryrewardsandorganizationalsupporttothecommunityofaerospaceprofessionalsandbystagingearthsgreatspaceexpositionthexprizewasmodeledaftermanyprizesfromtheearlythcenturythathelpedprodthedevelopmentofflightairflightincludingmostnotablytheorteigprizethatspurredcharleslindberghtomakehissoloflightacrosstheatlanticoceannasaisdevelopingsimilarprizeprogramscalledcentennialchallengestogenerateinnovativesolutionstospacetechnologyproblemsansarixprizetheoriginalansarixprizewasaunitedstatesdollarusprizeofferedbythexprizefoundationforthefirstnongovernmentalorganizationnongovernmentorganizationtolaunchareusablemannedspaceflightmannedspacecraftintoouterspacespacetwicewithintwoweeksitwasmodeledafterearlythcenturyaviationprizesandaimedtospurdevelopmentoflowcostspaceflighttheprizewaswononoctoberthethanniversaryofthesputniklaunchbythescaledcompositestieronetieroneprojectusingtheexperimentalspaceplanespaceshiponethesuccessandpopularityofthiseventleadtothefollowingeventswhichwerecalledthexprizecupwireflyxprizecupwireflywasnamedtheofficialtitlesponsorofthecompetitioninandtheeventforthatyearwasheldonoctoberinlascrucesnewmexicoandrepresentedaneffortbythexprizefoundationtocontinueencouraginginnovationintheprivatesectortheinphonicwireflyxprizecupfocusedonrocketryandlunarlandingtechnologyofferedupmillioninprizestoteamscompetinginseveraldistinctcompetitionsrelatedtothegeneralthemetheexpositionalsofeaturedhighpoweredrocketlaunchesandexhibitsintendedtoboostpublicinterestinaerospacetechnologyindecemberthecupsorganizersannouncedexpansionplansbasedonthesuccessoftheoctobereventwiththesuccessoftheoriginalxprizecompetitiontheopencompetitionsformillioninmonetaryprizeswerethehighlightofthewireflyxprizecuptheaerospaceteamsinlascrucesnewmexicolascrucesfoughtforthetopprizeinthreeeventsthelunarlanderchallengetheverticalrocketchallengeandthespaceelevatorgamesinadditiontothefeaturedcompetitionsthewireflyxprizecupincludedaseriesofrocketryexhibitionsandeducationalpresentationsrocketmandanschlunddemonstratedhisrocketbeltadevicewhichallowshimtosoarabovetheearthwitharocketstrappedtohisbacktherocketracingleaguedebutedthemarkxracerapreviewofnextgenerationmotorsportsotherattractionsincludedhighpoweredrocketlaunchesastudentcompetitionasymposiumonpersonalspaceflightandanassortmentofgrounddisplaysandsimulatorsxprizecupthexprizecupwasheldathollomanairforcebaseinalamogordonmonoctoberthexprizecupalsomarkedtherebirthoftheteacherinspaceprojectwhenthespacefrontierfoundationandtheunitedstatesrocketacademyannouncedthecompetitionrulesandbeginacceptingapplicationsforthefirstteacherinspacepathfinderaircraftaswellasrocketswerefeaturedattheeventalongwiththelunarlanderchallengepeopleattendedtheeventthearmadilloaerospaceteamsuccessfullycompletedthefirstoftwolegsoftheprizelevellunarlanderchallengeonoctoberbycompletingaflightabovemaltitudeandmovinghorizontallytoasecondpadforlandingaftermorethansecondsofflighttimetheprizewasnotclaimedinastherocketengineexperiencedahardstartonthesecondlegreturnflightresultinginacrackedengineexcessivelossoffuelandaninabilitytoremainintheairforthefullsecondsrequirednoothercompetitorwasabletoachieveevenasuccessfulfirstlegofthecompetitionnorthropgrummanlunarlanderchallengethenorthropgrummanlunarlanderchallengengllcisintendedtoacceleratethecommercialdevelopmentofavehiclecapableoflaunchingfromthesurfaceofthemoontolunarorbitandbackthecompetitionispartofnasascentennialchallengesprogramsuchavehiclewouldhavedirectapplicationtonasasspaceexplorationgoalsaswellasthepersonalspaceflightindustrytheprizemayalsohelptheindustrybuildnewvehiclesanddeveloptheoperationalcapacitytooperatequickturnaroundverticaltakeoffverticallandingvehiclestowintheteamsrocketmusttakeoffverticallyclimbatleastmetersabovethepadflyforaminimumamountoftimeandlandonatargetthatismetersfromthetakeoffpointtheteamcanthenrefueltherocketwhichmustthenflybacktotheoriginalpadtherearetwolevelstothecompetitioninlevelthevehiclemustbeintheaironeachlegforsecondsaprizeisgiventothefirstsuccessfulteamandtothesecondinlevelthevehiclemustbeintheaironeachlegforsecondstowinthemillionprizespaceelevatorgamesinthespaceelevatorgamestookplaceatthewireflyxprizecupaspaceelevatorisatheoreticalsystemusingasuperstrongribbongoingfromthesurfaceoftheearthtoapointbeyondgeosynchronousorbittheribbonisheldinplacebyacounterweightinorbitastheearthrotatestheribbonisheldtautvehicleswouldclimbtheribbonpoweredbyabeamofenergyprojectedfromthesurfaceoftheearthbuildingaspaceelevatorrequiresmaterialsandtechniquesthatdonotcurrentlyexistthespaceelevatorgamesaremeanttostimulatethedevelopmentofsuchmaterialsandtechniquesthegamesaredividedintotwocategoriesthepowerbeamchallengeandthetetherchallengeinthepowerbeamchallengeeachteamdesignsandbuildsaclimberamachinecapableoftravelingupanddownatetherribbontheclimbermustcarryapayloadpowerwillbebeamedfromatransmittertoareceiverontheclimbereachclimbermusttraveltoaheightofmeterstravelingaminimumspeedofmeterpersecondthetetherchallengeistohelpdevelopverystrongtethermaterialforuseinvariousstructuralapplicationsthespaceelevatorgameswerenotheldatthewireflyxprizecupinsteadtheytookplaceinsaltlakecitypeteconradspiritawardthepeteconradspiritawardinstitutedinandnamedforamericanastronautpeteconradisgiventostudentsbetweentheagesofandthatdevelopanewconcepttobenefitthepersonalspaceflightindustrythisawardwaspresentedtothefinalistsatthexprizecupseealsoprogressiveinsuranceautomotivexprizelistofprizesprizesnamedafterpeopleamericasspaceprizemethuselahmouseprizeormprizemodeledaftertheansarixprizespaceshiponerelatedtechnicaltopicsspecificimpulsetsiolkovskyequationdeltavreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxprizecupcomxprizecupofficialsitewebarchiveorgwebxprizewireflycomwireflysxprizecupblogofflinelastcapturefromarchiveorgisnovwebarchiveorgwebmitworldmiteduvideoxprizefoundertalksabouttheprizeandthefutureofspacetravelmitvideowebarchiveorgwebfaiorgsportingcodescpdffairulesforastronauticrecordattemptswebarchiveorgwebearthgooglecomxprizecupgoogleearthdmodelingofwireflyxprizecupeventsyoutubecomwatchvubkgxximrnmvideopresentationfocusingonthewireflyxprizecuponyoutubeyoutubecomwatchvlpgjmvlavideoofrocketmanduringoneofhisthreeflightsaggregatoraggregatorinfoboxnumbernumbernumeralquinaryprimeyesdivisorromanunicodegreekprefixwiktionarypentapentawiktionarypentpentlatinprefixwiktionaryquinquequinquewiktionaryquinququinquwiktionaryquintquintlanggreeknumeralgreeklangsymbolorlangarabiclanguagearabiccentralkurdishkurdishlangsymbollangpersianlanguagepersianlangsymbollangurdulangsymbollanggeezscriptgeezlangsymbollangbengalilanguagebengalilangsymbollangkannadalanguagekannadalangsymbollangpunjabilanguagepunjabilangsymbollangchinesenumerallangsymbollangkoreannumeralskoreanlangsymbollangdevangarlangsymbollanghebrewlanguagehebrewlangsymbollangkhmernumeralskhmerlangsymbollangindiannumeralstelugunumeralsandtheirnamestelugulangsymbollangindiannumeralsmalayalamnumeralsandtheirnamesmalayalamlangsymbollangindiannumeralstamilnumeralsandtheirnamestamillangsymbollangthainumeralsthailangsymbolfiveisanumbernumeralsystemnumeralandglyphitisthenaturalnumberfollowingandprecedinginmathematicsfiveisthethirdprimenumberbecauseitcanbewrittenasfiveisclassifiedasafermatnumberfermatprimethereforearegularpolygonwithnbspsidesaregularpentagonisconstructiblepolygonconstructiblewithcompassandunmarkedstraightedgeisthethirdsophiegermainprimethefirstsafeprimethethirdcatalannumberandthethirdmersenneprimeexponentfiveisthefirstwilsonprimeandthethirdfactorialprimealsoanalternatingfactorialfiveisthefirstgoodprimeitisaneisensteinprimewithnoimaginarypartandrealpartoftheformitisalsotheonlynumberthatispartofmorethanonepairoftwinprimesfiveisacongruentnumberfiveisconjecturedtobetheonlyodduntouchablenumberandifthisisthecasethenfivewillbetheonlyoddprimenumberthatisnotthebaseofanaliquottreefiveisalsotheonlyprimethatisthesumoftwoconsecutiveprimesnamelyandthenumberisthefifthfibonaccinumberbeingplusisalsoapellnumberandamarkovnumberappearinginsolutionstothemarkovdiophantineequationlistsmarkovnumbersthatappearinsolutionswhereoneoftheothertwotermsiswhereasisuniqueinthefibonaccisequenceintheperrinsequenceisboththefifthandsixthperrinnumbersisthelengthofthehypotenuseofthesmallestpythagoreantripleintegersidedrighttriangleinbasesandisaautomorphicnumberfiveisthesecondsierpinskinumberofthefirstkindandcanbewrittenasssupsupwhilepolynomialequationsofdegreeandbelowcanbesolvedwithradicalsequationsofdegreeandhighercannotgenerallybesosolvedthisistheabelruffinitheoremthisisrelatedtothefactthatthesymmetricgroupssubnsubisasolvablegroupforandnotsolvableforwhileallgraphtheorygraphswithorfewerverticesareplanargraphplanarthereexistsagraphwithverticeswhichisnotplanarksubsubthecompletegraphwithverticestherearefiveplatonicsolidsapolygonwithfivesidesisapentagonfiguratenumbersrepresentingpentagonsincludingfivearecalledpentagonalnumbersfiveisalsoasquarepyramidalnumberfiveistheonlyprimenumbertoendinthedigitbecauseallothernumberswrittenwithaintheonesplaceunderthedecimalsystemaremultiplesoffiveasaconsequenceofthisisinbasenbspaautomorphicnumberfractionmathematicsvulgarproperandimproperfractionsvulgarfractionswithorinthefractionmathematicsdenominatordonotyieldinfinitedecimalexpansionsunlikeexpansionswithallotherprimedenominatorsbecausetheyareprimefactorsofnumbertenthebasewhenwritteninthedecimalsystemallmultiplesofwillendineitherortherearefivesimpleliegroupexceptionalcasesexceptionalliegroupslistofbasiccalculationsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitestylewidthpxmultiplicationstylewidthpxxnumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumbernumberclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitestylewidthpxdivisionmathematicsdivisionstylewidthpxxxclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterbackgroundwhitestylewidthpxexponentiationstylewidthpxxinthepowersofeverypowerendswiththenumberfiveandfromsupsupiftheexponentisoddthenthehundredsdigitisinsteadifitiseventhehundredsdigitisevolutionoftheglyphtheevolutionofthemodernwesternglyphforthenumeralcannotbetracedbacktotheindiansystemasforthenumberstothekushanempirekushanaandguptaempireguptaempiresinwhatisnowindiahadamongthemselvesseveraldifferentglyphswhichbearnoresemblancetothemodernglyphthedevanagarinagariandpunjabilanguagepunjabitooktheseglyphsandallcameupwithglyphsthataresimilartoalowercasehrotatedtheghubararabstransformedtheglyphinseveraldifferentwaysproducingglyphsthatweremoresimilartothenumbersorthantothenumberitwasfromthosecharactersthateuropeansfinallycameupwiththemodernwhiletheshapeofthecharacterhasanascendertypographyascenderinmostmoderntypefacesintypefaceswithtextfiguresthecharacterusuallyhasadescenderasforexampleinsciencetheatomicnumberofboronthenumberofappendagesonmostseastarstarfishwhichexhibitsymmetrybiologypentamerismpentamerismthemostdestructiveknowntropicalcyclonehurricanesrateassaffirsimpsonhurricanewindscalecategorycategoryonthesaffirsimpsonhurricanewindscalethemostdestructiveknowntornadoesrateanfonthefujitascaleorefontheenhancedfujitascaleastronomymessierobjectmessiermamagnitudeglobularclusterintheconstellationserpensthenewgeneralcataloguengcicorgobjectngcaapparentmagnitudemagnitudespiralgalaxyintheconstellationandromedaconstellationandromedatheromannumeralvstandsfordwarfsmainsequencestarsinthestellarclassificationyerkesspectralclassificationschemetheromannumeralvusuallystandsforthefifthdiscoveredsatelliteofaplanetorminorplanetegamaltheamoonjupitervtherearefivelagrangianpointsinatwobodysystembiologyperceptionisconceivedtooccurthroughfivesensesalmostallamphibiansreptilesandmammalswhichhavefingersortoeshavefiveofthemoneachextremitycomputingistheasciicodeoftheenquirycharacterwhichisabbreviatedtoenqreligionandculturehinduismthegodshivahasfivefacesandhismantraisalsocalledpanchaksharifivewordedmantrathegoddesssaraswatigoddessofknowledgeandintellectualisassociatedwithpanchamiornumbertherearefiveelementsinthisuniversedhartiagnijalvayuevamakashearthfirewaterairandspacerespectivelythemostsacredtreeinhinduismhasleavesineveryleafstuntmostoftheflowershavepetalsinthemchristianitytherearetraditionallyfivewoundsofjesuschristinchristianitytheflagellationofchristscourgingatthepillarcrownofthornsthecrowningwiththornsthewoundsinchristshandsthewoundsinchristsfeetandtheholylancesidewoundofchristdiscordianismindiscordianismisseenasaveryimportantnumberthisisdemonstratedinthediscordianismlawoffiveslawoffivesaswellasinthediscordianismpentabarfpentabarfwhichcontainsfiveruleseachpageoftheprincipiadiscordiatheprimaryreligiousdocumentindiscordianismislabeledwithfivedigitsislamthefivepillarsofislammuslimspraytoallahfivetimesadayinislamparticularlyshiaislamthepanjetanepakpanjetanorthefiveholypurifiedonesarethemembersofmuhammadsfamilymuhammadalifatimahhasanibnalihasanandhusaynibnalihusaynandisoftensymbolicallyrepresentedbyanimageofthekhamsajudaismthetorahcontainsfivebooksbookofgenesisgenesisbookofexodusexodusbookofleviticusleviticusbookofnumbersnumbersandbookofdeuteronomydeuteronomywhicharecollectivelycalledthefivebooksofmosesthepentateuchgreeklanguagegreekforfivecontainersreferringtothescrollcasesinwhichthebookswerekeptorchumashjudaismhumashhebrewlanguagehebrewforfifththebookofpsalmsisarrangedintofivebooksparallelingthefivebooksofmosesthehamsakhamsaanancientsymbolshapedlikeahandwithfourfingersandonethumbisusedasaprotectiveamuletbyjewsthatsamesymbolisalsoverypopularinarabiccultureknowntoprotectfromenvyandtheevileyesikhismthefivesacredsikhsymbolsprescribedbygurugobindsingharecommonlyknownaspanjkakarsorthefiveksbecausetheystartwithletterkrepresentingkakkainthepunjabilanguagesgurmukhiscripttheyarekeshunshornhairkanghathecombkarathesteelbraceletkachhehrathesoldiersshortsandkirpantheswordingurmukhialsotherearefivedeadlyevilskamlustkrodhangermohattachmentlobhgreedandankharegotaodaoismwuxingelementsthreesovereignsandfiveemperorsemperorsotherreligionsandculturesaccordingtoancientgreekphilosopherssuchasaristotletheuniverseismadeupoffiveclassicalelementswaterclassicalelementwaterearthclassicalelementearthairclassicalelementairfireclassicalelementfireandaetherclassicalelementetherthisconceptwaslateradoptedbymedievalalchemistsandmorerecentlybypractitionersofneopaganreligionssuchaswiccathepentagramorfivepointedstarbearsreligioussignificanceinvariousfaithsincludingbahaichristianityfreemasonrysatanismtaoismthelemaandwiccaincantonesefivesoundslikethewordnotcharacterwhenfiveappearsinfrontofaluckynumberegtheresultisconsideredunluckyineastasiantraditiontherearewuxingfiveelementswaterwuxingwaterfirewuxingfireearthwuxingearthtreewuxingwoodandmetalwuxingmetalthejapaneselanguagejapanesenamesfortheweekdaynamesdaysoftheweektuesdaythroughsaturdaycomefromtheseelementsviatheidentificationoftheelementswiththeclassicalplanetfiveplanetsvisiblewiththenakedeyealsothetraditionaljapanesecalendarhasafivedayweeklycyclethatcanbestillobservedinprintedmixedcalendarscombiningwesternchinesebuddhistandjapanesenamesforeachweekdaymembersofthenationofgodsandearthsaprimarilyafricanamericanreligiousorganizationcallthemselvesthefivepercentersbecausetheybelievethatonlyofmankindistrulyenlightenedartentertainmentandmediafictionalentitiesjamestheredengineafictionalcharacternumberedjohnnyistheleadcharacterinthefilmshortcircuitnumberfiveisacharacterinlorienlegaciessankarastonesfivemagicalrocksinindianajonesandthetempleofdoomthataresoughtbythethuggeesforevilpurposesthemachfivemahhagtheracingcarspeedracergomifuneinthejapaneseversiondrivesintheanimeseriesofthesamenameknownasmachgogogoinjapanintheworksofjrrtolkienfivewizardssarumangandalfradagastbluewizardsalatarandpallandoaresenttomiddleearthtoaidagainstthethreatofthedarklordsauronintheasongoficeandfireseriesthewarofthefivekingsisfoughtbetweendifferentclaimantstotheironthroneofwesterosaswelltothethronesoftheindividualregionsofwesterosjoffreybaratheonstannisbaratheonrenlybaratheonrobbstarkandbalongreyjoyfilmstowardstheendofthefilmmontypythonandtheholygrailthecharacterofkingarthurrepeatedlyconfusesthenumberfivewiththenumberthreefivegomadindorsetwasthefirstofthelongrunningseriesofthecomicstripcomicstrippresentstelevisioncomedyfilmsthefifthelementasciencefictionfilmfastfivethefifthinstallmentofthethefastandthefuriousseriesfastandfuriousfilmseriesvforvendettafilmvforvendettaproducedbywarnerbrosdirectedbyjamesmcteigueandadaptedfromalanmooresgraphicnovelvforvendettaprominentlyfeaturesnumberandromannumeralvthestoryisbasedonthehistoricaleventinwhichagroupofmenattemptedtodestroyparliamentonnovembermusicgroupsfivebandaukboybandthefivecomposersthcenturyrussiancomposerssecondsofsummerpopbandthatoriginatedinsydneyaustraliafiveamericansamericanrockbandactivefivefingerdeathpunchamericanheavymetalbandfromlasvegasnevadaactivepresentfivemanelectricalbandcanadianrockgroupbilledandactiveasthefivemanelectricalbandmaroonamericanpoprockbandthatoriginatedinlosangelescaliforniamcamericanpunkrockbandpentatonixagrammywinningacappellagrouporiginatedinarlingtontexasthethdimensionamericanpopvocalgroupactivepresentthedaveclarkfiveakadcanenglishpoprockgroupcomprisingdaveclarkmusiciandaveclarklennydavidsonrickhuxleydenispaytonandmikesmithdaveclarkfivemikesmithactivethejacksonamericanpoprockgroupfeaturingvariousmembersofthejacksonfamilytheywerebilledandactiveasthejacksonwefiveamericanfolkrockgroupactiveandgrandmasterflashandthefuriousfiveamericanrapgroupsfifthharmonyanamericangirlgroupbenfoldsfiveanamericanalternativerocktrioandotherusesaperfectfifthisthemostconsonantharmonyandisthebasisformostwesterntuningsystemsmodernmusicalnotationusesastaffmusicmusicalstaffmadeoffivehorizontallinesinharmonicsthefifthharmonicseriesmusicpartialorthovertoneofafundamentalfrequencyfundamentalhasafrequencyratiooftothefrequencyofthatfundamentalthisratiocorrespondstotheintervalofoctavesplusapuremajorthirdthustheintervalofistheintervalofthepurethirdamajorandminormajortriadmusictriadchordmusicchordwhenplayedinjustintonationmostoftenthecaseinacappellavocalensemblesingingwillcontainsuchapuremajorthirdthenumberofcompletednumberedpianoconcertosofludwigvanbeethovensergeiprokofievandcamillesaintsansusingthela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diedandwassucceededbyhisnephewyaoluogebisuduyaoluogebisudubrokeawayfromtangandalliedwithtwoothertribestongluoandpuguinattackingtangsnorthernboundaryemperorgaozongcommissionedthegeneralzhengrentaitobeinchargeofanoperationagainsthuigewhilemakingthexueandliushenlizhengsdeputieswhentheyencounteredhuigescoalitionforceswhichbythispointappearedtoincludeallninemajortribesoftielepeopletielethecoalitionchallengedtangforcestoasmallbattlewithtielesendingouttheirfiercestwarriorsxuepersonallyengagedthemandkilledthreeofthemwiththreearrowsintimidatingthetielecoalitionandcausingthemtosubmitbutaftertheirsurrenderheorderedtokillallthetenandseveralthousandspeoplefromthisincidentamilitarysongwaswrittentopraisexuesferocityincludingthewordsthegeneralisabletopacifytianshanwiththreearrowsandthewarriorssingtheirlongsongsastheyentertheboundariesofhandynastyhanafterthearmyreturnedtotangterritoryhoweverxuewaschargedwithkillingthosewhohadalreadysurrenderedandseizingthespoilsofwarandarrestedforatimebutwaseventuallyreleasedafteremperorgaozongruledthattheachievementsoutweighedthecrimesinyeongaesomundiedandinfightingdevelopedbetweenyeonsoldestsonyeonnamsaengwhosucceededyeongaesomunasdaemangnijiandtwoyoungersonsyeonnamgeonandyeonnamsanoversuspicionsthattheyhadforeachothereventuallyyeonnamgeonwhileyeonnamsaengwasawayfromthecapitalpyongyangclaimedthedaemangnijititlehimselfyeonnamsaengsenthissonlaterknownascheonheonseongquanxianchengasyeonwasthesamecharacterasemperorgaozongsgrandfatheremperorgaozuoftangemperorgaozusnameyuanandthereforecouldnotbeusedaspartofnamingtabootoseekaidfromtangwhenemperorgaozongsentthegeneralspangtongshanandgaokantoaidyeonnamsaengyeonnamgeontriedtointerceptthemandxuewhotrailedthemmarchedforwardtoaidthemallowingthemtodefeatgoguryeoforcestogetheraftertheycapturedthecitiesofnamsoinmoderntielingliaoningmokjeoinmodernfushunandchangaminmodernbenxiliaoningtheywereabletorendezvouswithyeonnamsaenginspringtheyfurthermarchedeastandcapturedgoguryeosmajornortheasterncitybuyeoinmodernsipingjilinsipingjilinandxuewasdescribedtohavemarchedtotheseaprobablyseaofjapanandtakingsomecitiesingoguryeosnortheasternterritoriesbeforemarchingsouthwesttorendezvouswiththesupremecommanderoftheentireoperationlishijilijiatpyongyangafterpyongyangfelllaterinthusendinggoguryeoemperorgaozongorderedthatgoguryeoterritorybeannexedintotangterritoryandthataprotectorgeneralknownastheprotectorategeneraltopacifytheeastbyestablishedatpyongyangwithxueappointedastheprotectorgeneraltodefendpyongyangalongwiththegeneralliurenguiemperorgaozongcreatedhimthedukeofpingyangitwassaidthatxuewasacapableadministratorandwasforawhileabletoreceiveallegiancefromthepeopleofgoguryeointibetanempirelaunchedamajorattackontangsanxiprotectorateandcapturedprefecturesemperorgaozongcommissionedxuetocommandacounterattackwithashinadaozhenandguodaifengashisdeputieshoweverasguohadbeenofthesamerankasxueheviewedservingasxuesdeputyasadishonorandoftendisobeyedxuesordersxuesinitialstrategywastotakesometroopsaheadtowardwithguoremainingbehindatqinghailakewiththemilitarysuppliesandoncexuehadclearedthepasshewouldthensignalforguotoproceedguohoweverdisobeyedtheorderanddidnotwaitforxuessignalbutproceededafterxuedepartedandhewasinterceptedanddefeatedbyamentibetanarmyafterguosarmycollapsedxuewashimselfattackedbythetibetanprimeministergartrinringtsendrolunqinlinginchineseandbattleofdafeiriverdefeatedatthedafeichuannearlytheentirearmywaslostandxuewasforcedtosueforpeaceunderunfavorabletermsemperorgaozongsenttheofficialleyanweitothefronttoputxueguoandashinaunderarrestbutreleasedthemoncetheywerebroughtbacktothecapitalchanganhowevertheywererelievedoftheirpostsatlatertimewhenthepeopleofgoguryeowererisinginresistancetotangoccupationxuewasputinchargeofpacifyingtheregionbutyetlaterprobablyinxuewasdeposedforreasonsnotclearlystatedinhistoricalrecordsandexiledtoxiangprefectureroughlymodernlaibinguangxionlyallowedtoreturnfromexilewhenageneralpardonwasdeclaredinemperorgaozongrememberingxuescontributionssummonedhimandagainmadehimageneralinwhenremnantsoftheeasterntujuerisingunderthechiefsashinaguduluandashideyuanzhendeclaredindependencefromtangxuewascommissionedtoattackashideyuanzhenhispresenceintimidatedtheeasterntujuesoldierswhohadthoughtthathewaslongdeadandhescoredamajorvictoryoverashideyuanzhenxuediedinhissonsxueneandxuechuyuandseverallaterdescendantswouldserveasgeneralsaswellinfictionxuerenguislifewasdramatizedinanumberoffictionalworksthemostprominentoftheseworksweretheplayxuerenguisgloriousreturnhomebytheyuandynastyplaywrightzhangguobinandananonymousnovelfromqingdynastyxuerenguiscampaigntotheeasthistenureasgeneralofandongprotectoratefollowingthefallofgoguryeohasbeendramatizedinapopularkoreantelevisionseriescalleddaejoyeongdramadaejoyeongandportraysxuerenguiasatanggeneralwhoisconstantlyfrustratedbytheinsurgencyofthedongmyeongchunleagueremnantsofthegoguryeoundergroundresistanceagainstthetangaccordingtothistelevisionactiondramabroadcastworldwideonkoreanbroadcastingsystemkbsxuerenguicouldfinallyclaimvictoryoverthegoguryeoinsur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nstitutesofhealthgrantresearchprojectsdrzhouisalsoavisitingprofessoratsunyatsenuniversitychinaexternallinksdentistryuiceduuniversityofillinoisatchicagocollegeofdentistryinfoboxvideogameimagexmenmutantacademycoverpngcaptionnorthamericanplaystationcoverartdeveloperplainlistparadoxdevelopmentcrawfishinteractivepublisheractivisiondirectortimbradstocksmallgameboycolorsmalldesignertimcoodesmallgameboycolorsmallbrdaimionpinnocksmallgameboycolorsmallseriesengineplatformsflatlistplaystationconsoleplaystationgameboycolorreleasedgameboycolorplaystationgenrefightinggamefightingmodesflatlistsingleplayervideogamesingleplayermultiplayervideogamemultiplayerxmenmutantacademyisaddfightinggamedevelopedbyparadoxthecompanybehindactivisionswutangshaolinstyleandtheneverpublishedthrillkillandbasedonxmencharactersfrommarvelcomicsthegamewasreleasedforthegameboycolorandplaystationconsoleplaystationasatieintoxmenfilmxmenpublishedbyactivisionxmenmutantacademyisabasicfightinggamethatusessixbuttonsthreebuttonsforpunchesandthreeforkicksduetothesuccessofthegameitwasfollowedbytwosequelsxmenmutantacademyandxmennextdimensionthegamescharacterscanbeplayedbothwiththeircomicbookcostumesandtheircostumesfromthefilmxmenfilmxmencharactersnotpresentinthefilmweregivencostumesofasimilardesigngameplayplaystationxmenmutantacademyontheplaystationisafightinggamethatfeaturesdstagesbutlargelyadheringtotherulesofdfightersthemaincharactersareacombinationofclassicxmencharactersandthexmenfilmxmenfilmnearlyeveryxmencharacterisavailableeachwiththeirownfightingmovesmuchlikestreetfighterandplentyoffinishingmovestospicethingsupgameboycolormuchlikeitsbigbrotherxmenmutantacademyonthegameboycolorisafightinggameduetoobviouslimitationsonhardwarethestagesinthisversionhavebeenrenderedindandthegameplayisdifferentfromtheplaystationversioninadditiontostorymodewhereoneplayertakesonalltheothersinconsecutivefightsthereistrainingmodebattlemodesurvivalmodeandaversusmodeutilizingthegamelinkcableduringafightaragebarwillslowlyfillwhichallowsusingpowerfulspecialmovesthatareactivatedthroughbuttoncomboscharacterstherearetenselectablecharactersfromthexmenuniverseallofthemselectablefromthebeginninginversusmodebutthefourbossesmustbeunlockedtoplayasinalltheothermodesxmencyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopswolverinecharacterwolverinegambitcomicsgambitstormmarvelcomicsstormbeastcomicsbeastonlycharacternotpresentinthegameboyversionphoenixcomicsphoenixasecretcharacterinthegameboyversionbossestoadcomicstoadmystiquecomicsmystiquemagnetocomicsmagnetosabretoothcomicssabretoothgameboyexclusivespyromarvelcomicspyrobosscharacterapocalypsecomicsapocalypsesecretcharacterreceptionvideogamereviewsgbctruepstrueallgamegbcallgamepsegmpseuroggbcgamefanpsgipsgamepropsgamerevpscgspotgbcgspotpsigngbcignpsnpgbcopmpsgrgbcgrpsmcpstheplaystationversionofxmenmutantacademyreceivedmixedtopositivereviewsbycriticshoweverthegameboycolorversionreceivedmostlynegativereviewsmanycriticsandfanscriticizedthegameboycolorversionforitslackofdifficultyanditssimilaritytostreetfighteralphadespitethecriticismsomepraisedthegraphicsinthegameunlikethehandheldversiontheplaystationversionwaswidelypraisedforthegameplaytheenemyaiandthegraphicsbutitwascriticizedforitssimilaritytocapcomvideogamessuchasstreetfighterreferencesexternallinksataraxiarcatshellchesapeakeutilitiesthexmprecisionguidedmortarmunitionpgmmisanbspmmprecisionguidedmunitionguidedmortarweaponmortarrounddevelopedbyallianttechsystemsrefnamediddefenseindustrydailycomallianttechsystemstakesarmymortarcontractagainindexphpallianttechsystemstakesarmymortarcontractagainrefdesignbasedonorbitalatksprecisionguidancekitformmartilleryprojectilesxmcombinesgpsguidanceanddirectionalcontrolsurfacesintoapackagethatreplacesstandardfuzestransformingexistingmmmortarbodiesintoprecisionguidedmunitionsthexmmunitionconsistsofagpsguidedkitfittedtostandardmmsmoothboremortarroundsthatincludesthefittingofanoseandtailsubsystemcontainingthemaneuveringpartsrefnamearmymarcharmymilarticlepicatinnyfieldsfirstprecisionguidedmortarstotroopsinafghanistanarmymilmarchrefhistorytheusarmybeganseekingaguidedmortarinresponsetofightingconditionsexperiencedduringthewarinafghanistanpresentwarinafghanistantalibanfightersoftenengagedtroopsinsmallunitactionsfrompreparedfightingpositionsonridgelinesandhighgroundthesetypesofambushesofferedlimitedexposuretargetstodirectfireweaponsandcloseairsupportwaslimitedfromrulesofengagementandbadweathertroopsalsospottedtalibanmovementsalongdistantridgelinesorvalleysbutdidnthavetherangewithdirectfireweaponstoengagethembecauseofthisthearmystartedtheacceleratedprecisionmortarinitiativeapmifromanurgentoperationalneedsstatementinfebruarytocreateagpsguidedmmmortarwithaccuracyofcircularerrorprobablecepatbecauseapmiwasanurgentrequestitwasacceleratedbyanothertransactionauthorityratherthetraditionalacquisitionprocessgpswaschosenoverlaserdesignationastheguidancesystembecausetheenemyfrequentlyduckeddownbehindridgesandrockoutcroppingssolaserdesignationwouldhavelimitedabilitytotargetthemwhileagpsroundcouldgiveaccuratetargetingevenwhentakingcoverbehindobstaclesrefnamegizmagmarchgizmagcomgpsguidedprecisionmortarroundsgpsguidedprecisionmortarroundsonwaytoafghanistangizmagcommarchrefinaprilthearmyannouncedthatatkhadwonacompetitiveshootoffduringthewinteragainstcompetitorsraytheonandgeneraldynamicsandbeenselectedtoprovideanewprecisionguidedmortarundertheapmineedsstatementrefnamedefensenewsaprilrefsoldiersofaninfantrybrigadecombatteamreceivedthefirstapmicartridgesinmarchwithplanstofieldtheminallsevendeployedibctswithinsixmonthsthefirstshellwasfiredonmarchbycompanycthinfantrythbrigadecombatteamstairbornedivisionwhichlandedfourmetersfromthetargetheavymortarsaretraditionallyemployedatbattalionlevelforimmediatefiresuppressionandsupportbuttheyweretheprimaryindirectfireweaponavailabletoremoteforwardoperatingbasessoguidedmortarsgaveabattalioncommanderaccurateartilleryfirewithoutneedingtorequestanmexcaliburfromabrigadelevelhowitzertheatkxmpgmmcartridgeusesastandardmhighexplosivemmprojectilebodywithagpsreceiverinthenoseandcomputercontrolledaerodynamicdirectionalfinsforstabilityandtokeepitontheprogrammedtrajectoryithasamultimodeairburstairburstpointdetonationanddelayfuseunguidedmmmortarshaveaccuracyofatmaximumrangewhichcanbereducedtowithprecisionpositionandpointingsystemsthepgmmcanhitwithinmetersofatargetandoftenhitswithinfourmakingitseventimesmoreaccuratealthoughnotdesignedtoreplaceunguidedmortarsthepgmmallowsmortarteamstoeliminatepointtargetsthatwouldrequireroundsusingoneortwothislengthenstheamountoftimeatypicalteamwithroundscanoperateandincreasesthenumberoftargetsitcanengagewithoutneedingresupplyitalsoexpandspotentialtargetzonesthatpreviouslyrequiredsoldierstoclearbecauseinaccurateartillerywouldcausecollateraldamagesinceinsurgentsdeliberatelyattackedfrompopulatedareashopingtroopswouldntriskciviliancasualtiesthexmkitcostseachmuchlessthantheguidedexcaliburmmshellthereisnocurrentrequirementforguidanceforsmallermmormmmortarsinjulythearmyannouncedfieldingoftheapmiprecisionmortartostrykerbrigadecombatteamsinafghanistanpreviouslytheroundswerefieldedbydismountedtroopsstationedoncombatoutpostswhenpairedwiththemmortarcarriermstrykerdoublevhullmortarcarriervehiclemcvvmobileplatformitincreasesthebattlespacewheretheguidedroundscanbeusedthearmyboughtmortarguidancekitsinresponsetoanoperationalneedsstatementinafghanistansometimeshittingascloseasmetersfromthetargetwiththesuccessofthexmthearmyisseekingaguidedmmmortarprogramofrecordwithcomparableaccuracythroughthehighexplosiveguidedmortarhegmproposaldeliverieswouldnottakeplaceuntilaroundsoatkispushingtocontinueordersofthexmtoavoidaninventorygapifacontingencyariseshegmseekstoimproveuponapmithroughincreasedrangereliabilityandlethalitythearmydevelopeditsownhegmprototypecalledtheguidedenhancedfragmentationmortargefmwhichwillbemadeavailabletoindustrywhenarequestforproposalsisreleasedtoindustrytooffertheirownsmartmortarsolutionsthehegmprogramobjectiveistocreatearoundaccuratetowithinonemetercepwithdualgpssemiactivelasersalguidancetohittargetsthathaverelocatedandtofunctioninagpsdegradedenvironmentthearmycloseditsinitialsolicitationperiodfordesignsinjanuaryandplanstoawardmultiplecontractsbytheendoftheyearleadingtoanopencompetitioninandproductionbeginninginwithhegmroundstobeproducedprogramstatusdecemberallianttechsystemsregainsanmillioncontractfromtheusarmytobeginproductiononthexmprecisionguidedmortarmunitionafteraprotestbylockheedmartinayearpreviouslyjanuarysuccessfullycompletedthepreliminarydesignreviewpdrstagefebruarysuccessfulballisticflighttestatyumaprovinggroundsfebruaryfundingforprogramwithdrawninproposedfybudgetmarchsuccessfulguidedflighttestaprilatksxmwinstheusarmyscompetitionforthepreferredmortarguidancekitmarchxmmunitionkitmakesitscombatdebutinafghanistanexportinmarchtheusapprovedthesaleofxmapmiroundstosingaporeseealsostrixmortarroundgmmmexcaliburxmprecisionguidancekitmmortarexpeditionaryfiresupportsystemreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebatkcomcustomersolutionsmissionsystemscsmswgppgmmaspprecisionguidedmortarmunitionpgmmatkglobalsecurityorgmilitarysystemsmunitionspgmmhtmmprecisionguidedmortarmunitionpgmmglobalsecuritydefenseupdatecomfeaturesduadvancedmortarmunitionhtmprecisionmunitionsformmmortarsdefenseupdatebaesystemscomproductsservicesbaeprodeisdasalshtmldistributedaperturesemiactivelaserseekerdasalsbaesystemsxmprecisionguidedmortarmunitionohmredirectcategoryshellshebaafarmsshebaafarmssdelkailinebetathetapizanbatmultipleissuesthisarticledescribesthecallingconventionsusedwhenprogrammingxarchitecturemicroprocessorscallingconventionsdescribetheinterfaceofcalledcodetheorderinwhichatomicscalarparametersorindividualpartsofacomplexparameterareallocatedhowparametersarepassedpushedonthestackplacedinregistersoramixofbothwhichregistersthecalledfunctionmustpreserveforthecallerhowthetaskofpreparingthestackforandrestoringafterafunctioncallisdividedbetweenthecallerandthecalleethisisintimatelyrelatedwiththeassignmentofsizesandformatstoprogramminglanguagetypesanothercloselyrelatedtopicisnamemanglingwhichdetermineshowsymbolnamesinthecodemaptosymbolnamesusedbythelinkercallingconventionstyperepresentationsandnamemanglingareallpartofwhatisknownasanapplicationbinaryinterfaceabithereareoftensubtledifferencesinhowvariouscompilersimplementtheseconventionssoitisoftendifficulttointerfacecodewhichiscompiledbydifferentcompilersontheotherhandconventionswhichareusedasanapistandardsuchasstdcallareveryuniformlyimplementedhistoricalbackgroundpriortomicrocomputersthemachinemanufacturergenerallyprovidedanoperatingsystemandcompilersforseveralprogramminglanguagesthecallingconventionsforeachplatformwerethosedefinedbythemanufacturersprogrammingtoolsearlymicrocomputersbeforethecommodorepetandappleiiseriesappleiigenerallycamewithoutanosorcompilerstheibmpccamewithmicrosoftsforerunnertowindowsthediskoperatingsystemdosbutitdidnotcomewithacompilertheonlyhardwaretechnicalstandardstandardforibmpccompatibleibmpccompatiblemachineswasdefinedbytheintelprocessorsandtheliteralhardwareibmshippedhardwareextensionsandallsoftwarestandardssaveforabioscallingconventionwerethrownopentomarketcompetitionamultitudeofindependentsoftwarefirmsofferedoperatingsystemscompilersformanyprogramminglanguagesandapplicationsmanydifferentcallingschemeswereimplementedbythefirmsoftenmutuallyexclusivebasedondifferentrequirementshistoricalpracticesandprogrammercreativityaftertheibmcompatiblemarketshakeoutmicrosoftoperatingsystemsandprogrammingtoolswithdifferingconventionspredominatedwhilesecondtierfirmslikeborlandandnovellandopensourceprojectslikegnucompilercollectiongccstillmaintainedtheirownstandardsprovisionsforinteroperabilitybetweenvendorsandproductswereeventuallyadoptedsimplifyingtheproblemofchoosingaviableconventioncallercleanupintheseconventionsthecallercleanstheargumentsfromthestackcdeclthecdeclwhichstandsforcdeclarationisacallingconventionthatoriginatesfromthecprogramminglanguageandisusedbymanyccompilersforthexarchitectureincdeclsubroutineargumentsarepassedonthecallstackstackintegervaluesandmemoryaddressesarereturnedintheeaxprocessorregisterregisterfloatingpointvaluesinthestxregisterregisterseaxecxandedxarecallersavedandtherestarecalleesavedthexfloatingpointregisterssttostmustbeemptypoppedorfreedwhencallinganewfunctionandsttostmustbeemptyonexitingafunctionstmustalsobeemptywhennotusedforreturningavalueinthecontextofthecprogramminglanguagefunctionargumentsarepushedonthestackintherighttoleftinlinuxgnucompilercollectiongccsetsthedefactostandardforcallingconventionssincegccversionthestackmustbealignedtoabyteboundarywhencallingafunctionpreviousversionsonlyrequiredabytealignmentconsiderthefollowingcsourcecodesnippetsourcelangcintcalleeintintintintcallervoidreturncalleesourceonxitmightproducethefollowingxassemblylanguageassemblycodexassemblylanguagesyntaxintelsyntaxsourcelangnasmcallermakenewcallframesomecompilersmayproduceanenterinstructioninsteadpushebpsaveoldcallframemovebpespinitializenewcallframepushcallargumentsinreversesomecompilersmaysubtracttherequiredspacefromthestackpointerthenwriteeachargumentdirectlyseebelowtheenterinstructioncanalsodosomethingsimilarsubespenterinstructioncoulddothisforusmovebpormovespmovebpormovespmovebpormovesppushpushpushcallcalleecallsubroutinecalleeaddeaxmodifysubroutineresulteaxisthereturnvalueforourfunctionaswellasthecalleesowedonthavetomoveitintoalocalvariablerestoreoldcallframesomecompilersmayproducealeaveinstructioninsteadaddespremoveargumentsfromframeebpespcompilerswillusuallyproducethefollowinginsteadwhichisjustasfastandunliketheaddinstructionalsoworksforvariablelengthargumentsandvariablelengtharraysallocatedonthestackmovespebpmostcallingconventionsdictateebpbecalleesavedieitspreservedaftercallingthecalleeitthereforestillpointstothestartofourstackframewedoneedtomakesurecalleedoesntmodifyorrestoresebpthoughsoweneedtomakesureitusesacallingconventionwhichdoesthispopebprestoreoldcallframeretreturnsourcethecallercleansthestackafterthefunctioncallreturnstherearesomevariationsintheinterpretationofcdeclparticularlyinhowtoreturnvaluesasaresultxprogramscompiledfordifferentoperatingsystemplatformsandorbydifferentcompilerscanbeincompatibleeveniftheybothusethecdeclconventionanddonotcallouttotheunderlyingenvironmentsomecompilersreturnsimpledatastructureswithalengthofregistersorlessintheregisterpaireaxedxandlargerstructuresandclassobjectsrequiringspecialtreatmentbytheexceptionhandleregadefinedconstructordestructororassignmentarereturnedinmemorytopassinmemorythecallerallocatesmemoryandpassesapointertoitasahiddenfirstparameterthecalleepopulatesthememoryandreturnsthepointerpoppingthehiddenpointerwhenreturninginlinuxgccdoublefloatingpointvaluesshouldbepushedonthestackviathexpseudostacklikesosourcelangnasmsubespmakeroomforthedoublefldebpxloadourdoubleontothefloatingpointstackfstpesppushourdoubleontothestackcallfunctaddespsourceusingthismethodensuresitispushedonthestackinthecorrectformatthecdeclcallingconventionisusuallythedefaultcallingconventionforxccompilersalthoughmanycompilersprovideoptionstoautomaticallychangethecallingconventionsusedtomanuallydefineafunctiontobecdeclsomesupportthefollowingsyntaxsourcelangcvoidcdeclfunctsourcethecdeclmodifiermustbeincludedinthefunctionprototypeandinthefunctiondeclarationtooverrideanyothersettingsthatmightbeinplacesyscallthisissimilartocdeclinthatargumentsarepushedrighttolefteaxecxandedxarenotpreservedthesizeoftheparameterlistindoublewordsispassedinalsyscallisthestandardcallingconventionforbitosapioptlinkargumentsarepushedrighttoleftthethreelexicallyfirstleftmostargumentsarepassedineaxedxandecxanduptofourfloatingpointargumentsarepassedinstthroughstalthoughspaceforthemisreservedintheargumentlistonthestackresultsarereturnedineaxorstregistersebpebxesiandediarepreservedoptlinkisusedbytheibmvisualagecompilerscalleecleanupintheseconventionsthecalleecleansuptheargumentsfromthestackfunctionswhichutilizetheseconventionsareeasytorecognizeinasmcodebecausetheywillunwindthestackafterreturningthexttretttinstructionallowsanoptionalbitparameterthatspecifiesthenumberofstackbytestoreleaseafterreturningtothecallersuchcodelookslikethissourcelangasmretsourceconventionsentitledfastcallorregisterhavenotbeenstandardizedandhavebeenimplementeddifferentlydependingonthecompilervendortypicallyregisterbasedcallingconventionspassoneormoreargumentsinregisterswhichreducesthenumberofmemoryaccessesrequiredforthecallandthusmakethemusuallyfasterpascalbasedontheborlandpascalprogramminglanguagescallingconventiontheparametersarepushedonthestackinlefttorightorderoppositeofcdeclandthecalleeisresponsibleforremovingthemfromthestackreturningtheresultworksasfollowsordinalvaluesarereturnedinalbitvaluesaxbitvalueseaxbitvaluesordxaxbitvaluesonbitsystemsrealvaluesarereturnedindxbxaxfloatingpointvaluesarereturnedinstpointersarereturnedineaxonbitsystemsandinaxinbitsystemsstringsarereturnedinatemporarylocationpointedbytheresultsymbolthiscallingconventionwascommoninthefollowingbitapisosxmicrosoftwindowsxandborlanddelphiversionxmodernversionsofthewindowsapiusestdcallwhichstillhasthecalleerestoringthestackasinthepascalconventionbuttheparametersarenowpushedrighttoleftstdcallthestdcallcallingconventionisavariationonthepascalcallingconventioninwhichthecalleeisresponsibleforcleaningupthestackbuttheparametersarepushedontothestackinrighttoleftorderasinthecdeclcallingconventionregisterseaxecxandedxaredesignatedforusewithinthefunctionreturnvaluesarestoredintheeaxregisterstdcallisthestandardcallingconventionforthemicrosoftwinapiandforopenwatcomcmicrosoftfastcallmicrosoftorgnucompilercollectiongccttfastcallttconventionakattmsfastcallttpassesthefirsttwoargumentsevaluatedlefttorightthatfitintoecxandedxremainingargumentsarepushedontothestackfromrighttoleftwhenmscompilercompilesforiaoramditignoresthettfastcallttkeywordandusesmicrosoftxcallingconventiontheonebitcallingconventioninsteadmicrosoftvectorcallinvisualstudiomicrosoftintroducedthettvectorcallttcallingconventioninresponsetoefficiencyconcernsfromgamegraphicvideoaudioandcodecdevelopersforiaandxcodettvectorcallttissimilartottmicrosoftfastcallfastcallttandthemicrosoftxcallingconventionoriginalxcallingconventionsrespectivelybutextendsthemtosupportpassingvectorargumentsusingsimdregistersforxwhenanyofthefirstsixargumentsarevectortypesttfloatttttdoublettttmttttmttetctheyarepassedinviathecorrespondingstreamingsimdextensionsregistersxmmadvancedvectorextensionsadvancedvectorextensionsymmregisterssimilarlyforiauptosixxmmymmregistersareallocatedsequentiallyforvectortypeargumentsfromlefttorightregardlessofpositionadditionallyttvectorcallttaddssupportforpassinghomogeneousvectoraggregatehvavalueswhicharecompositetypesconsistingsolelyofuptofouridenticalvectortypesusingthesamesixregistersoncetheregistershavebeenallocatedforvectortypeargumentstheunusedregistersareallocatedtohvaargumentsfromlefttorightregardlessofpositionresultingvectortypeandhvavaluesarereturnedusingthefirstfourxmmymmregistersborlandregisterevaluatingargumentsfromlefttorightitpassesthreeargumentsviaeaxedxecxremainingargumentsarepushedontothestackalsolefttorightitisthedefaultcallingconventionofthebitcompilerofdelphiprogramminglanguagedelphiwhereitisknownasregistergccsupportsthiscallingconventionwiththeregparmoptionithasbeenusedbythelinuxkernelonisinceversionreleasedfebruarythiscallingconventionisalsousedbyembarcaderoscbuilderwhereitiscalledfastcallinthiscompilermicrosoftsfastcallcanbeusedasmsfastcallwatcomregisterwatcomdoesnotsupportthefastcallkeywordexcepttoaliasittonulltheregistercallingconventionmaybeselectedbycommandlineswitchhoweverinteractivedisassembleridausesfastcallanywayforuniformityuptoregistersareassignedtoargumentsintheordereaxedxebxecxargumentsareassignedtoregistersfromlefttorightifanyargumentcannotbeassignedtoaregistersayitistoolargeitandallsubsequentargumentsareassignedtothestackargumentsassignedtothestackarepushedfromrighttoleftnamesaremangledbyaddingasuffixedunderscorevariadicfunctionsfallbacktothewatcomstackbasedcallingconventionthewatcomcccompileralsousesthettpragmaauxttdirectivethatallowstheusertospecifytheirowncallingconventionasitsmanualstatesveryfewusersarelikelytoneedthismethodbutifitisneededitcanbealifesavertopspeedclarionjpithefirstfourintegerparametersarepassedinregisterseaxebxecxandedxfloatingpointparametersarepassedonthefloatingpointstackregistersststststststandststructureparametersarealwayspassedonthestackadditionalparametersarepassedonthestackafterregistersareexhaustedintegervaluesarereturnedineaxpointersinedxandfloatingpointtypesinstsafecallindelphiprogramminglanguagedelphiandfreepascalonmicrosoftwindowsthesafecallcallingconventionencapsulatescomcomponentobjectmodelerrorhandlingthusexceptionsarentleakedouttothecallerbutarereportedinthehresultreturnvalueasrequiredbycomolewhencallingasafecallfunctionfromdelphicodedelphialsoautomaticallychecksthereturnedhresultandraisesanexceptionifnecessarythesafecallcallingconventionisthesameasthestdcallcallingconventionexceptthatexceptionsarepassedbacktothecallerineaxasahresultinsteadofinfswhilethefunctionresultispassedbyreferenceonthestackasthoughitwereafinaloutparameterwhencallingadelphifunctionfromdelphithiscallingconventionwillappearjustlikeanyothercallingconventionbecausealthoughexceptionsarepassedbackineaxtheyareautomaticallyconvertedbacktoproperexceptionsbythecallerwhenusingcomobjectscreatedinotherlanguagesthehresultswillbeautomaticallyraisedasexceptionsandtheresultforgetfunctionsisintheresultratherthanaparameterwhencreatingcomobjectsindelphiwithsafecallthereisnoneedtoworryabouthresultsasexceptionscanberaisedasnormalbutwillbeseenashresultsinotherlanguagessourcelangdelphifunctionfunctionnameadworddwordsafecallsourcereturnsaresultandraisesexceptionslikeanormaldelphifunctionbutitpassesvaluesandexceptionsasthoughitwassourcelangdelphifunctionfunctionnameadwordoutresultdwordhresultstdcallsourceeithercallerorcalleecleanupthiscallthiscallingconventionisusedforcallingcnonstaticmemberfunctionstherearetwoprimaryversionsofthiscalluseddependingonthecompilerandwhetherornotthefunctionusesavariablenumberofargumentsforthegcccompilerthiscallisalmostidenticaltocdeclthecallercleansthestackandtheparametersarepassedinrighttoleftorderthedifferenceistheadditionofthethiscomputerprogrammingthispointerwhichispushedontothestacklastasifitwerethefirstparameterinthefunctionprototypeonthemicrosoftvisualccompilerthethispointerispassedinecxanditisthecalleethatcleansthestackmirroringthestdcallconventionusedincforthiscompilerandinwindowsapifunctionswhenfunctionsuseavariablenumberofargumentsitisthecallerthatcleansthestackcfcdeclthethiscallcallingconventioncanonlybeexplicitlyspecifiedonmicrosoftvisualcandlateronanyothercompilerthiscallisnotakeywordhoweverdisassemblerssuchasinteractivedisassembleridamustspecifyitsoidauseskeywordthiscallforthisregisterpreservationanotherpartofacallingconventioniswhichregistersareguaranteedtoretaintheirvaluesafterasubroutinecallaccordingtotheintelabitowhichthevastmajorityofcompilersconformtheeaxedxandecxaretobefreeforusewithinaprocedureorfunctionandneednotbepreservedxcallingconventionsxcallingconventionstakeadvantageoftheadditionalregisterspacetopassmoreargumentsinregistersalsothenumberofincompatiblecallingconventionshasbeenreducedtherearetwoincommonusemicrosoftxcallingconventionthemicrosoftxcallingconventionrefnamemsrefisfollowedonwindowsoperatingsystemwindowsandprebootuefiforlongmodeonxitusesregistersrcxrdxrrforthefirstfourintegerorpointerargumentsinthatorderandxmmxmmxmmxmmareusedforfloatingpointargumentsadditionalargumentsarepushedontothestackrighttoleftintegerreturnvaluessimilartoxarereturnedinraxifbitsorlessfloatingpointreturnvaluesarereturnedinxmmparameterslessthanbitslongarenotzeroextendedthehighbitsarenotzeroedwhencompilingforthexarchitectureinawindowscontextwhetherusingmicrosoftornonmicrosofttoolsthereisonlyonecallingconventiontheonedescribedheresothatstdcallthiscallcdeclfastcalletcarenowalloneandthesameinthemicrosoftxcallingconventionitisthecallersresponsibilitytoallocatebytesofshadowspaceonthestackrightbeforecallingthefunctionregardlessoftheactualnumberofparametersusedandtopopthestackafterthecalltheshadowspaceisusedtospillrcxrdxrandrbutmustbemadeavailabletoallfunctionseventhosewithfewerthanfourparameterstheregistersraxrcxrdxrrrrareconsideredvolatilecallersavedrefnamecallercalleesavedregistersreftheregistersrbxrbprdirsirsprrrandrareconsiderednonvolatilecalleesavedforexampleafunctiontakingintegerargumentswilltakethefirsttofourthinregistersandthefifthwillbepushedonthetopoftheshadowspacesowhenthecalledfunctionisenteredthestackwillbecomposedofinascendingorderthereturnaddressfollowedbytheshadowspacebytesfollowedbythefifthparameterinxvisualstudiostoresfloatingpointnumbersinxmmandxmmaswellasxmmthroughxmmconsequentlyforxuserwrittenassemblylanguageroutinesmustpreservexmmandxmmascomparedtoxwhereinuserwrittenassemblylanguageroutinesdidnotneedtopreservexmmandxmminotherwordsuserwrittenassemblylanguageroutinesmustbeupdatedtosaverestorexmmandxmmbeforeafterthefunctionwhenbeingportedfromxtoxstartingwithvisualstudiomicrosoftintroducedthettmicrosoftvectorcallvectorcallttcallingconventionwhichextendsthexconventionsystemvamdabithecallingconventionoftheunixsystemvsystemvamdapplicationbinaryinterfaceabiisfollowedonsolarisoperatingsystemsolarislinuxfreebsdmacosandisthedefactostandardamongunixandunixlikeoperatingsystemsthefirstsixintegerorpointerargumentsarepassedinregistersrdirsirdxrcxrrrisusedasastaticchainpointerincaseofnestedfunctionswhilexmmxmmxmmxmmxmmxmmxmmandxmmareusedforcertainfloatingpointargumentsasinthemicrosoftxcallingconventionadditionalargumentsarepassedonthestackintegralreturnvaluesuptobitsinsizearestoredinraxwhilevaluesuptobitarestoredinraxandrdxfloatingpointreturnvaluesaresimilarlystoredinxmmandxmmifthecalleewishestouseregistersrbxrbpandrritmustrestoretheiroriginalvaluesbeforereturningcontroltothecallerallotherregistersmustbesavedbythecallerifitwishestopreservetheirvaluesifthecalleeisavariadicfunctionthenthenumberoffloatingpointargumentspassedtothefunctioninvectorregistersmustbeprovidedbythecallerintheraxregisterunlikethemicrosoftcallingconventionashadowspaceisnotprovidedonfunctionentrythereturnaddressisadjacenttotheseventhintegerargumentonthestacklistofxcallingconventionsthisisalistofxcallingconventionstheseareconventionsprimarilyintendedforcccompilersespeciallythebitpartbelowandthuslargelyspecialcasesotherlanguagesmayuseotherformatsandconventionsintheirimplementationsclasswikitablearchitecturecallingconventionnameoperatingsystemcompilerparametersinregistersparameterorderonstackstackcleanupbynotesrowspanintelcdeclrtlccallerpascalprogramminglanguagepascalltrpascalcalleefastcallmicrosoftnonmemberaxdxbxltrpascalcalleereturnpointerinbxfastcallmicrosoftmemberfunctionaxdxltrpascalcalleethisonstacklowaddressreturnpointerinaxfastcallturbocrefnameborlandrefaxdxbxltrpascalcalleethisonstacklowaddressreturnpointeronstackhighaddresswatcomaxdxbxcxrtlccalleereturnpointerinsirowspaniacdeclgnucompilercollectiongccrtlccallerwhenreturningstructclassthecallingcodeallocatesspaceandpassesapointertothisspaceviaahiddenparameteronthestackthecalledfunctionwritesthereturnvaluetothisaddresscdeclmicrosoftrtlccallerwhenreturningstructclassplainolddatapodreturnvaluesbitsorsmallerareintheeaxregisterpodreturnvaluesbitsinsizearereturnedviatheeaxedxregistersnonpodreturnvaluesorvalueslargerthanbitsthecallingcodewillallocatespaceandpassesapointertothisspaceviaahiddenparameteronthestackthecalledfunctionwritesthereturnvaluetothisaddressstdcallmicrosoftrtlccalleegnucompilercollectiongccrtlchybridstackalignedonbytesboundaryfastcallmicrosoftecxedxrtlccalleereturnpointeronstackifnotmemberfunctionfastcallgccecxedxrtlccalleeregisterdelphiandfreepascaleaxedxecxltrpascalcalleethiscallwindowsmicrosoftvisualcecxrtlccalleedefaultformemberfunctionsvectorcallwindowsmicrosoftvisualcrtlcwatcomcompilereaxedxebxecxrtlccalleereturnpointerinesirowspanxmicrosoftxcallingconventionwindowsmicrosoftvisualcgnucompilercollectiongccintelccompilerdelphiprogramminglanguagedelphiuefircxxmmrdxxmmrxmmrxmmrtlccallerstackalignedonbytesbytesshadowspaceonstackthespecifiedregisterscanonlybeusedforparametersthroughforcclassesthehiddenthisparameteristhefirstparameterandispassedinrcxvectorcallwindowsmicrosoftvisualcrcxxmmrdxxmmrxmmrxmmxmmxmmymmymmrtlccallersystemvamdabisolarisoperatingsystemsolarislinuxberkeleysoftwaredistributionbsdosxgnucompilercollectiongccintelccompilerrdirsirdxrcxrrxmmrtlccallerstackalignedonbytesboundarybytesredzonecomputingredzonebelowstackthekernelinterfaceusesrdirsirdxrrandrreferencesfootnotesreflistrefsrefnameamdrefrefnamefogrefrefnameosxrefothersourcesfurtherreadingopuntiaxantussmurreletxantussmurreletxiaobaoyincourtesynamezhiliangwasanimperialprinceofthehistoryofchinachinesedynastysouthernqiinassouthernqiwasontheedgeofbeingtakenoverbythegeneralemperorwuofliangxiaoyanwhowaspreparingbykillingtheimperialprincesxiaobaoyinfledtorivalnorthernweiandbecameanofficialandgeneralinthenorthernweigovernmentinasnorthernweiwasembroiledinagrarianrebellionsxiaobaoyinrebelledandtriedtoreestablishsouthernqibutwassoondefeatedandforcedtofleetoarebelleadermoqichounuandheservedundermoqiuntilbothwerecapturedinbytheparamountgeneralerzhurongsnephewerzhutianguanghewasforcedtocommitsuicideearlylifexiaobaoyinwasborninduringthereignofemperorwuofsouthernqitowhomhisfatheremperormingofsouthernqixiaoluanwasacousinhewasxiaoluanssixthsonandhismotherwasxiaoluanswifeliuhuiduanshealsoboretwoolderbrothersofhisxiaobaojuanxiaobaoxuanandayoungerbrotheremperorheofsouthernqixiaobaorongbutdiedinwhenxiaobaoyinwasjusttwoduringemperorwusreignxiaoluancarriedthetitleofmarquessofxichangandwasahighlevelofficialafteremperorwusdeathinxiaoluanservedasprimeministertoemperorwusgrandsonandsuccessorxiaozhaoyebutinkilledthefrivolousxiaozhaoyebrieflyreplacingxiaozhaoyewithxiaozhaoyesbrotherxiaozhaowenbeforeseizingthethronehimselfasemperorminghecreatedhissonsimperialprincesandxiaobaoyincarriedthetitleofprinceofjiananduringxiaobaojuansandemperorhesreignsemperormingdiedinandwassucceededbyxiaobaoyinsolderbrotherxiaobaojuanxiaobaojuanwasaviolentrulerbuttreatedhisbrothersgenerallywellandxiaobaoyinwasgivenimportantofficialtitlesinafteremperorwuofliangxiaoyanrebelledagainstxiaobaojuanafterxiaobaojuanhadkilledxiaoyansbrotherthegeneralxiaoyixiaoyanandanotherrebelgeneralxiaoyingzhoudeclaredxiaobaoyinsyoungerbrotherxiaobaorongemperorasemperorheatjianglingcountyjianglingplungingsouthernqiintocivilwarinthegeneralzhangxintaitriedtorebelagainstxiaobaojuanatthecapitaljiankangandheseizedxiaobaoyinpreparingtodeclarehimemperorhoweverzhangwassoondefeatedandxiaobaojuanbelievingxiaobaoyintobenotinvolvedintheplotdidnotpunishhimxiaoyanhoweverwonvictoryaftervictoryandsoonputjiankangundersiegearoundthenewyearduringxiaoyanssiegeofjiankangxiaobaojuansgeneralswangzhenguoandzhangjifearfulthatxiaobaojuanwouldholdthemresponsiblefornotbeingabletoliftthesiegeassassinatedhimandofferedthecitytoxiaoyanxiaoyanenteredthecityandassumedregentpowersalthoughhemadexiaozhaoyesmotherempressdowagerwangbaomingtitularregentandasxiaoyanhadempressdowagerwangbestowonhimthetitleofdukeofjiananxiaobaoyinstitlewaschangedtoprinceofpoyangxiaoyanhadhiseyesonthethroneandwhileostensiblypreparingthecapitaltowelcomeemperorhebackastheemperorwaspreparingtoforceemperorhetoyieldthethronetohimaspartofhispreparationhebegantoexecuteemperorhesbrothersxiaobaoyinseunuchyanwenzhiandattendantmagongthereforeplottedtotrytosavetheyearoldprinceslifetheypreparedforaboatontheyangtzeriverandthendugaholeonthewallduringthemiddleofthenighttoallowxiaobaoyintoescapedespiteguardsthatxiaoyanhadputaroundhismansionafterhidingandtravelingxiaobaoyineventuallyreachedthebordercityofshouyanginmodernluananhuiwhichnorthernweihadcapturedfromsouthernqiinemperorxuanwuofnorthernweiwelcomedxiaobaoyinasanhonoredguestandafterxiaoyanseizedthethronefromemperorhelaterinestablishingliangdynastyasitsemperorwuconsideredusingxiaobaoyinasatooltoconquerliangpubliclyliangdeclaredthatxiaobaoyinhadbeencaughtplottingtreasonandhadbeenexecutedserviceasnorthernweiofficialandgeneralemperorxuanwufavoredxiaobaoyinforhisbrotherlypietyinmourningxiaobaojuanandinspringafterxiaobaoyinhadprostratedhimselfforseveraldaysbeforeemperorxuanwuspalacetobegforanattackagainstliangemperorxuanwustartedplansofattackingliangaspartoftheplanxiaobaoyinwasgivenanarmyandgiventhedualtitlesofdukeofdanyangandprinceofqiwithaneyetowardhavinghimconquerliangandreestablishsouthernqiasnorthernweisvassalforthisreasonemperorxuanwupermittedxiaobaoyintogatherstrategistsandgeneralsabouthimselfwhichwasusuallynotpermittedforimperialsubjectshealsogavehissistertheprincessnanyangtoxiaobaoyininmarriagexiaobaoyinappearedtobeacapablegeneralandduringthereignsofemperorxuanwuandemperorxuanwussonemperorxiaomingofnorthernweiemperorxiaomingherotatedthroughanumberofkeygovernmentalofficesandwhilehewastemporarilystrippedofhistitlesinafterheandanothermajorgeneralyuanyingtheprinceofzhongshansufferedamajordefeatatthehandsofthelianggeneralweiruihistitlesweresoonrestoredasnorthernweisattacksonliangrepeatedlyfizzledhoweverthereappearedtobelittlechanceforhimtoreestablishsouthernqiinwhennorthernweiforcessufferedanothercrushingdefeathewasdescribedtobetheonlygeneralwhowasabletokeephisarmyundamagedinheparticipatedinthepreventionofaliangattackonshouyangwhileonthatcampaignliangsemperorwuwrotehimapersonalletterpromisingthatifhedefectedfromnorthernweihewouldbegiventheborderprovincesaswellashissurvivingrelativesxiaobaoyinrefusedandturnedtheletterovertoemperorxiaomingsadministrationinwhenxiaoyansnephewxiaozhengdewhohadpreviouslybeenadoptedbyxiaoyanbeforehehadanysonsfledtonorthernweiclaimingtobeliangsdeposedcrownprincexiaobaoyinwroteaseveredenunciationofxiaozhengdepointingoutthatxiaozhengdewasfleeingfromhisuncletheemperorandfatherxiaohongtheprinceoflinchuanandahighlevelofficialintheliangadministrationandaskingthatxiaozhengdebeexecutedasaresultofxiaobaoyinsdenunciationwhilenorthernweididnotexecutexiaozhengdeittreatedhimwithnopreferentialtreatmentandxiaozhengdeeventuallyfledbacktoliangbynorthernweiwasstrickenwithagrarianrebellionsthroughoutitsbordersinfallxiaobaoyinwascommissionedtoattackoneofthemajorrebelsmozhenianshengwhohadtakenmuchofmodernwesternshaanxiandeasterngansuandclaimedthetitleofemperorofqininxiaobaoyinhadamajorvictoryovermozhenianshengsbrothermozhetianshengsubstantiallyreducingmozhenianshengspowerbuthesoonbecamestalematedagainstmozhenianshengandwasunabletohaveaconclusivevictoryseveralmonthslaterxiaobaoyininturnsufferedamajordefeatatthehandsofmoqichounuandhislieutenantcuiyanbowhowasinstrumentalinthevictoryovermozhetianshengwaskilledxiaobaoyinwasnotsurewhethertoretreatortocontinuefightingbutbegantoworrythatemperorxiaomingsmotherandregentempressdowagerhunorthernweiempressdowagerhuwouldpunishhimempressdowagerhudidindeeddemotehimbutkepthimincommandofthearmyhistitleswererestoredafterhisofficeryangkankilledmozhenianshenginbattleinrebellionanddeathhoweverxiaobaoyincontinuedtoconsiderrebellionusingtheexcusethatoneofempressdowagerhusmosttrustedofficialswasyuanletheprinceofyiyangwhohadbeenpreviouslytreatedwellbyliangwhenhefledthereandmusthavebeeninstructedbyliangsemperorwutokillhimunderfalsepretenseswhenempressdowagerhusentthestrongwilledofficiallidaoyuantoexaminexiaobaoyinstroopsxiaobaoyinassassinatedliandtheninwinterdeclaredhimselftheemperorofqihoweverhisrebellionwasnotmuchsupportedevenbyhisownsubordinateswhoroseagainsthiminhisgeneralhouzhongdeambushedhimandwithhistroopscollapsingxiaobaoyinfledwithhiswifetheprincessnanyangandyoungestsonxiaokaitomoqichounumoqichounuwhosoondeclaredhimselfemperorgavexiaobaoyinthetitletaifuimperialprofessorandmadehimamajorgeneralintheparamountgeneralerzhurongwhohadinoverthrownempressdowagerhuaftershekilledemperorxiaomingandplacedemperorxiaozhuangofnorthernweiemperorxiaozhuangonthethronesenthisnephewerzhutianguangtoquelltherebellionsinthewesternprovinceserzhutianguangquicklyscoredanumberofvictoriesandafterfirsttrickingmoqiintocomplacencymadeasurpriseattackonhimandcapturedhimerzhutianguangthenapproachedmoqiscapitalgaopinginmodernguyuanningxiaandtheforcesingaopingseizedxiaobaoyinandsurrenderedxiaobaoyinandmoqichounuweretakentothecapitalluoyanganddisplayedforthreedayslikecircusanimalsxiaobaoyinsputativenephewxiaozanthesonofconsortwuwhowasxiaobaojuansconcubineandlaterxiaoyanswhobelievedthathewasxiaobaojuanssonandnotxiaoyanstheprinceofdanyangpleadedforhislifeasdidtheofficialslishenjunandgaodaomuwhowerefriendlywithxiaobaoyinreasoningtoemperorxiaozhuangthatxiaobaoyinsrebellionwasduringempressdowagerhuscorruptregimehowevertheofficialwangdaoxiarguedagainstsparingxiaobaoyinreasoningthatwhilexiaobaoyinsrebellionwasduringtheprioradministrationheservedundermoqichounuduringthecurrentadministrationemperorxiaozhuangagreedandbeheadedmoqiandforcedxiaobaoyintocommitsuicideashewasabouttotakepoisontheprincessnanyangandhischildrenvisitedhimcryingbitterlybutxiaobaoyinwasnotmournfulmerelystatingthisisheavenswishionlyregretthatihadnotbeenapropersubjectsanskritthexfilesxfilesthcenturyfoxxfilesisashowabouttheparanormalcreatedbychriscarterplotspecialagentfoxmulderssisterhasbeenabductedbyaliensandhewachicanaostudiesnicomediainfoboxsettlementnameofficialnameofficialnameinenglishifdifferentfromnamenativenameothernamesettlementtypecountylevelcityimageskylinexinyihighschooljpgimagemapmapcaptionlocationofthecountypushpinmapchinaguangdongpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinguangdongsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameguangdongsubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamemaomingareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofcensuspopulationdensitykmautocoordinateselevationftelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodepostalcodeareacoderegistrationplatekwebsitexinyigovcnchinesetitlexinyicpxnypspsunyiwhsinixinyipostalmapromanizationformerlyromanizationofchineseromanizedassunyirefisacountychinacountylevelcountylevelcitycityinguangdongprovincesofchinaprovincechinaitisadministeredaspartoftheprefecturechinaprefecturelevelprefecturelevelcitycityofmaominginthesouthwesterncorneroftheprovinceithasapopulationofpeopleafamoushometownofhongkongresidentsandoverseaschineseaccordingtogazzetteofxinyipublishedinguangdongpeoplespublishinghousecityofxinyiishometownofapproximatelyhongkongresidentsandoverseaschineseabouteightypercentofxinyiresidentsdiasporainhabiteinnowadaysmalaysiahistoryundertheqingdynastyqingxinyicountyformedpartofthefuadministrativesubdivisioncommanderyofgaozhouafterthechinesecivilwaritwasrerganizedundermaomingtransportationchinanationalhighwayschoolsxinyimiddleschoolthefirstcountyschoolinxinyidistrictwassetupinitisnowanationallevelmodelhighschooldistrictszhushaxinyizhushaclimateweatherboxwidthautometricfirstysinglelineycollapsedylocationxinyijanhighcfebhighcmarhighcaprhighcmayhighcjunhighcjulhighcaughighcsephighcocthighcnovhighcdechighcjanmeancfebmeancmarmeancaprmeancmaymeancjunmeancjulmeancaugmeancsepmeancoctmeancnovmeancdecmeancyearmeancjanlowcfeblowcmarlowcaprlowcmaylowcjunlowcjullowcauglowcseplowcoctlowcnovlowcdeclowcjanrecordhighcjanrecordlowcfebrecordhighcfebrecordlowcmarrecordhighcmarrecordlowcaprrecordhighcaprrecordlowcmayrecordhighcmayrecordlowcjunrecordhighcjunrecordlowcjulrecordhighcjulrecordlowcaugrecordhighcaugrecordlowcseprecordhighcseprecordlowcoctrecordhighcoctrecordlowcnovrecordhighcnovrecordlowcdecrecordhighcdecrecordlowcyearhighcyearlowcyearhighfyearlowfprecipitationcolourgreenjanprecipitationmmfebprecipitationmmmarprecipitationmmaprprecipitationmmmayprecipitationmmjunprecipitationmmjulprecipitationmmaugprecipitationmmsepprecipitationmmoctprecipitationmmnovprecipitationmmdecprecipitationmmjanhumidityfebhumiditymarhumidityaprhumiditymayhumidityjunhumidityjulhumidityaughumiditysephumidityocthumiditynovhumiditydechumiditysourcedatacmacndataweatherbkhtmlchinameteorologicaldataservicecenternotesreferencesexternallinksinfoboxalbumnametypestudioartistpatmethenycoveralbumjpgaltreleasedrecordedmayvenuestudiogenrejazzfolkjazzlengthlabelecmrecordsecmproducermanfredeicherchronologypatmethenyprevtitleamericangarageprevyearnexttitleasfallswichitasofallswichitafallsnextyearalbumratingsreva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underthecommandofimidushanemdushaneamandlambessonmaqanaledaxhosaforceattackaprilonbattleofgrahamstowngrahamstownwhichwasheldbytroopsakhoikhoigroupledbyjanboesakenabledthegarrisontorepulsemaqanawhosufferedthelossofxhosamaqanawaseventuallycapturedandimprisonedonrobbenislandthebritishpushedthexhosafurthereastbeyondthefishrivertothekeiskammarivertheresultingemptyterritorywasdesignatedasabufferzoneforloyalafricanssettlementsbutwasdeclaredtobeofflimitsforeithersidesmilitaryoccupationitcametobeknownasthecededterritoriesthealbanydistrictwasestablishedinonthecapessideofthefishriverandwaspopulatedwithsomesettlersbritonsthegrahamstownbattlesitecontinuestobecalledegaziniplaceofbloodandamonumentwaserectedthereforthefallenxhosarefbattleofamalindeduringthefifthfrontierwarinafteratwodecadelongconflictchiefngqikakamlawuandhisunclendlambespeopleclashedagaininabattlecalledthebattleofamalindeoverseveralissuesincludinglandownershipthechiefappointedhiseldestsonmaqomadespitehimlackingexperienceinbattleandtherenownedjingqitoleadthefightthatlastedfrommiddaytotheeveningngqikawasdefeatedlosingaboutmenduringwhatisconsideredthebloodiestandmostfamousclashbetweenxhosapeopleinhistorysixthwartheearlierxhosawarsdidnotquellbritishxhosatensioninthecapeseasternborderatthekeiskammariverinsecuritypersistedbecausethexhosaremainedexpelledfromterritoryespeciallythesocalledcededterritoriesthatwasthensettledbyeuropeansandotherafricanpeoplestheywerealsosubjectedtoterritorialexpansionsfromotherafricansthatwerethemselvesunderpressurefromtheexpandingzulukingdomneverthelessthefrontierregionwasseeingincreasingamountsofadmixturebetweeneuropeanskhoikhoiandxhosalivingandtradingthroughoutthefrontierregionthevacillationbythecapegovernmentspolicytowardsthereturnofthexhosatoareastheypreviouslyinhabiteddidnotdissipatexhosafrustrationtowardtheinabilitytoprovideforthemselveswhoresortedtofrontiercattleraidingoutbreakcaperesponsestothexhosacattleraidsvariedbutinsomecasesweredrasticandviolentondecemberacapegovernmentcommandopartykilledachiefofhighrankincensingthexhosaanarmyofmenledbymaqomaabrotherofthechiefwhohadbeenkilledsweptacrossthefrontierintothecapecolonypillagedandburnedthehomesteadsandkilledallwhoresistedamongtheworstsuffererswasacolonyoffreedkhoikhoiwhoinhadbeensettledinthekatrivervalleybythebritishauthoritiesrefugeesfromthefarmsandvillagestooktothesafetyofgrahamstownwherewomenandchildrenfoundrefugeinthechurchbritishcampaigntheresponsewasswiftandmultifacetedboercommandosmobilisedunderpietretiefandinflictedadefeatonthexhosainthewinterbergeasterncapewinterbergmountainsinthenorthburgherandkhoicommandosalsomobilisedandbritishimperialtroopsarrivedviaalgoabaythebritishgovernorbenjamindurbansirbenjamindurbanmusteredthecombinedforcesunderharrysmitharmycolonelsirharrysmithwhoreachedgrahamstownonjanuarysixdaysafternewsoftheuprisinghadreachedcapetownitwasfromgrahamstownthattheretaliatorycampaignwaslaunchedanddirectedthecampaigninflictedastringofdefeatsonthexhosasuchasattrompettersdriftonthefishriverandmostofthexhosachiefssurrenderedhoweverthetwoprimaryxhosaleadersmaqomaandtyaliretreatedtothefastnessesoftheamatolamountainsthetreatybritishgovernorbenjamindurbansirbenjamindurbanbelievedthathintsakakhawutaparamountchiefofthegcalekaxhosacommandedauthorityoverallofthexhosatribesandthereforeheldhimresponsiblefortheinitialattackonthecapecolonyandforthelootedcattledurbancametothefrontierindecemberandledalargeforceacrossthegreatkeiriverkeirivertoconfronthintsaathisresidenceanddictatetermstohimthetermsdictatedthatallthecountryfromthecapespriorfrontierthekeiskammariverasfarasthegreatkeiriverwasannexedasthebritishbritishkaffrariaqueenadelaideprovinceanditsinhabitantsdeclaredbritishsubjectsasitefortheseatofprovincesgovernmentwasselectedandnamedkingwilliamstownthenewprovincewasdeclaredtobeforthesettlementofloyaltribesrebeltribeswhoreplacedtheirleadershipandthefengupeoplefenguknowntotheeuropeansasthefingopeoplewhohadrecentlyarrivedfleeingfromthezuluarmiesandhadbeenlivingunderxhosasubjectionmagistrateswereappointedtoadministertheterritoryinthehopethattheywouldgraduallywiththehelpofmissionariesunderminetribalauthorityhostilitiesfinallydieddownonseptemberafterhavingcontinuedforninemonthsthekillingofparamountchiefhintsaoriginallyassuredofhispersonalsafetyduringthetreatynegotiationshintsarapidlyfoundhimselfheldhostageandpressuredwithmassivedemandsforcattlerestitutionothersourcessayheofferedhimselfasahostageuntiltheindemnitywaspaidandevensuggestedthatheaccompanycolonelsmithincollectingxhosacattleheattemptedtoescapeatthenqabarhariverbutwaspursuedpulledoffhishorseandimmobilizedwithshotsthroughthebackandthelegimmediatelyasoldiernamedgeorgesoutheybrotherofcolonialadministratorrichardsoutheycolonialadministratorsirrichardsoutheycameupbehindhintsaandshothiminthebackoftheheadfurthermorehintsasearswerecutoffafterhisdeathothersourcessayhishorseboltedandharrysmithtriedtoshootthefleeingmanbutbothhispistolsmisfiredgivingchasehecaughtholdofhintsaanddraggedhimheavilytothegroundhintsawasstillfulloffighthewasjabbingatmefuriouslywithhisassegaicolonelsmithrecalledinhisautobiographyandthechiefsucceededinbreakingawaytocoverinanearbystreambedtherewhilepleadingformercythetopofhisskullwasblownoffbyoneofsmithsofficersandhisbodywasafterwardsmutilatedbybritishandcolonialtroopstheseactionsshockedthegovernmentinlondonwhichcondemnedandrepudiatedgovernordurbanhintsasmurderangeredthexhosafordecadesthereafteraftermathbytheendofthewarpeopleofallraceswerelefthomelessthesettlementofthefenguintheannexedterritoryhadfarreachingconsequencesthiswanderingnationclaimedtobeescapingoppressionatthehandsofthegcalekaandinreturnforthelandtheyweregivenbythecapetheybecamethecapecolonysformidablealliestheyswiftlyacquiredfirearmsandformedmountedcommandosforthedefenseoftheirnewlandinthefollowingwarstheyfoughtalongsidethecapecolonyasinvaluablealliesnotassubordinatesandwonconsiderablerenownandrespectfortheirmartialabilitytheconflictwasthecatalystforpietretiefsmanifestoandthegreattrekintotalfarmersboerswerekilledandfarmhouseswereburntdowninadditionhorsesheadofcattleandsheepwereplunderedbyxhosatribespeopleinretaliationsixtythousandxhosacattleweretakenorretakenbysettlerscoloniststhebritishministerofcoloniescharlesgrantstbaronglenelglordglenelgrepudiateddurbansactionsandaccusedtheboerretaliationagainstcattleraidersasbeingwhatinstigatingtheconflictasaresulttheboercommunitylostfaithinthebritishjusticesystemandoftentookthelawintotheirownhandswhencattlerustlerswerecaughttheterritorialexpansionandcreationofqueenadelaideprovincewasalsocondemnedbylondonasbeinguneconomicalandunjustqueenadelaidewasdisannexedindecemberthecapesborderwasreestablishedatthekeiskammariverandnewtreatiesweremadewiththechiefsresponsiblefororderbeyondthefishriverinterludestockenstrmstreatysystemstbaronetandveteranofseveralxhosawarsintheaftermathofthepreviousfrontierwarthenewlieutenantgovernoroftheeasternprovinceandriesstockenstrminstitutedacompletelynewborderpolicystockenstrmwhoprofessedconsiderablerespectforthexhosadevelopedasystemofformaltreatiestoguardtheborderandreturnanystolencattlefromeithersidecattleraidingwasaregulargrievancediplomaticagentswereexchangedbetweenthecapecolonyandthexhosapeoplexhosachiefsasreliableambassadorsandcolonialexpansionintoxhosalandwasforbiddenlandannexedfromthexhosainthepreviouswarwasalsoreturnedandthedisplacedxhosamovedbackintothislandassuagingoverpopulationinthexhosaterritoriesintheframeworkofthisnewsystemthefrontiersettledandsawnearlyadecadeofpeacethexhosachiefsgenerallyhonouredstockenstrmstreatyandreturnedanycattlethattheirpeoplehadraidedonthecapesidestockenstrmwhosawthemajorproblemasbeingthelandmanagementofthecolonistsusedhisinfluencetoreininthefrontiersettlersandpreventanyexpansionontoxhosalandaleveloftrustalsobegantodevelopandthexhosachiefscametoholdstockenstrminexceptionallyhighregardasamanwhoalthoughhehaddefeatedthexhosaarmiesonmultipleoccasionsnonethelesstreatedthemasdiplomaticequalsthetreatysystembegantounravelasthesettlersgainedadeterminedleaderandspokesmanintheformofrobertgodlontonwholedalargecolonistmovementtodismantlestockenstrmssystemandallowseizureofxhosalandsasonesettlerominouslydeclaredofthexhosaterritorytheappearanceofthecountryisveryfineitwillmakeexcellentsheepfarmsgodlontonalsousedhisconsiderableinfluenceinthereligiousinstitutionsofthecapetodrivehisopinionsdeclaringthatthebritishracewasselectedbygodhimselftocolonizekaffrariainthefaceofmassivepressureandruinouslawsuitsstockenstrmwaseventuallydismissedandthenewbritishgovernormaitlandabrogatedthetreatiesrefnamenewhistoryrefseventhwartheseventhxhosawarisoftenreferredtoasthewaroftheaxeortheamatolawaronthecapecolonycolonialsidetwomaingroupswereinvolvedcolumnsofimperialbritishtroopssentfromlondonandlocalmixedraceburgherforceswhichweremainlykhoifengubritishpeoplebritishsettlersandboercommandosledbytheircommanderinchiefandriesstockenstrmrelationsbetweenthebritishimperialtroopsandthelocalcommandosbrokedowncompletelyduringthewaronthexhosasidethengqikaknowntotheeuropeansasthegaikawerethechieftribeengagedinthewarassistedbyportionsofthendlambekararabendlambeandthethembuthexhosaforceswereovertimesgreaterinnumberandhadbythistimereplacedtheirtraditionalweaponswithfirearmsitwastheirnewuseofgunsthatmadethexhosaconsiderablymoreeffectiveinfightingthebritishbothsidesengagedinthewidespreaduseofscorchedearthtacticschiefmgolombanesandileledthengqikapeopleintheseventhfrontierwareighthfrontierwarandtheninthfrontierwarinwhichhewaskilledtheseclashesmarkedthebeginningoftheuseoffirearmsbyxhosaarmiesscoringmanyvictoriesforchiefsandilegaininghimareputationasaxhosaheroandmightywarriorrefnamesandilesgravenienaberwcsteynmandhuttenlthegraveofkingmgolombanesandilengqikarevisitingthelegendsouthafricanarchaeologicalbulletinaccessedmarchrefbackgroundtensionhadbeensimmeringbetweenfarmersandmaraudersonbothsidesofthefrontiersincethedismantlementofstockenstromstreatysystemgovernormaitlandimposedanewsystemoftreatiesonthechiefswithoutconsultingthemwhileaseveredroughtforceddesperatexhosatoengageincattleraidsacrossthefrontierinordertosurviveinadditionpoliticianrobertgodlontoncontinuedtousehisnewspaperthegrahamstownjournaltoagitateforsettlerseasterncapesettlerstoannexandsettlethelandthathadbeenreturnedtothexhosaafterthepreviouswartheeventthatactuallyignitedthewarwasatrivialdisputeoveraraidakhoiescortwastransportingamanacledxhosathieftograhamstowntobetriedforstealinganaxewhenxhosaraidersattackedandkilledthekhoiescortthexhosarefusedtosurrenderthemurdererandwarbrokeoutinmarchinitialbritishsetbackstheregularbritishforcessufferedinitialsetbacksabritishcolumnsenttoconfrontthengqikachiefmgolombanesandilewastemporarilydelayedattheamatolamountainsandtheattackingxhosawereabletocapturethecentreofthethreemilelongwagontrainwhichwasnotbeingdefendedcarryingawaythebritishofficerssupplyofwineandothersupplieslargenumbersofxhosathenpouredacrosstheborderastheoutnumberedimperialtroopsfellbackabandoningtheiroutpoststheonlysuccessfulresistancewasfromthelocalfenguwhoheroicallydefendedtheirvillagesfromthefarlargerxhosaforcesonmayaforceofxhosaattackedthelastremainingbritishgarrisonatfortpeddiebutfellbackafteralongshootoutwithbritishandfengutroopsthexhosaarmythenmarchedongrahamstownitselfbutwasheldupwhenasizablearmyofndlambexhosaweredefeatedonjunebyhenrysomersetbritisharmyofficergeneralsomersetonthegwanguafewmilesfromfortpeddiehowevertheslowmovingbritishcolumnslikethexhosawereconsiderablyhamperedbydroughtandwerebecomingdesperateaftermuchdebatetheywereforcedtocallinstockenstrmandthelocalburgherforcesthelocalburgherscampaignthelocalcommandosweremuchmoreeffectiveintheroughandmountainousterrainofwhichtheyhadconsiderablelocalknowledgeafterinflictingastringofdefeatsonthengqikastockenstrmtookasmallandselectgroupofhismountedcommandosacrossthecolonysborderandrapidlypushedintotheindependentxhosalandsbeyondthefrontiertheyrodedeepintothetranskeixhosaheartlanddirectlytowardsthekraalofsarilikahintsasarhilikrelitheparamountchiefofallthexhosadueinparttothespeedoftheirapproachtheywerebarelyengagedbyxhosaforcesandrodedirectlyintosarhiliscapitalparamountchiefsarhiliandhisgeneralsagreedtomeetstockenstrmwithhiscommandantschristiangroepegroepejohnmoltenomoltenoandcharlesbrownleebrownleeunarmedonanearbymountainridgethemeetingwasinitiallytensethefathersofbothsarhiliandstockenstrmhadbeenkilledwhilstunarmedbothmenwerealsoveteransofseveralfrontierwarsagainsteachotherandwhiletheytreatedeachotherwithextremerespectstockenstrmnonethelessmadetheextremedemandthatsarhiliassumeresponsibilityforanyfuturengqikaattacksafterprotractednegotiationssarhiliagreedtoreturnanyraidedcattleotherpropertyandtorelinquishclaimstothengqikalandwestofthekeihealsopromisedtousehislimitedauthorityoverthefrontierngqikatorestraincrossborderattacksatreatywassignedandthecommandosdepartedongoodtermsalsoleadinghiscommandoonthiscampaignwasayoungmannamedjohncharlesmoltenojohnmoltenowhoinlaterlifebecamethecapesfirstprimeministersignificantlyhisexperienceofwhathebelievedtobetheineptitudeandinjusticeofthebritishempiresfrontierpolicylaterinformedhisgovernmentsdecisionstoopposethebritishinthefinalfrontierwarlaterstageoftheconflicthoweverbritishimperialgeneralperegrinemaitlandrejectedthetreatyandsentaninsultingletterbacktothexhosaparamountchiefdemandinggreateractsofsubmissionandservilityfuriousstockenstrmandhislocalcommandosresignedanddepartedfromthewarleavingthebritishandthexhosabothstarvingandafflictedbyfevertoalongdrawnoutwarofattritiontheeffectsofthedroughtwereworsenedthroughtheusebybothsidesofscorchedearthtacticsgraduallyasthearmiesweakenedtheconflictsubsidedintowavesofpettyandbloodyrecriminationsatonepointviolenceflaredupagainafterngqikatribesmensupposedlystolefourgoatsfromtheneighbouringkatriversettlementwhentherainscamefloodsturnedthesurroundinglandsintoaquagmiretheviolenceslowlywounddownasbothsidesweakenedimmobileandfeverriddenthewarcontinueduntilsandilewascapturedduringnegotiationsandsenttograhamstownalthoughsandilewassoonreleasedtheotherchiefsgraduallystoppedfightingandbytheendofthexhosahadbeencompletelysubduedaftermonthsoffightinginthelastmonthofthewardecembersirharrysmithreachedcapetownasgovernorofthecolonyontherdatameetingofthexhosachiefsannouncedtheannexationofthecountrybetweenthekeiskammaandthekeiriverstothebritishcrownthusreabsorbingtheterritoryabandonedbyorderoflordglenelgitwasnothoweverincorporatedwiththecapecolonybutmadeacrowndependencyunderthenameofbritishkaffrariacolonywithkingwilliamstownascapitaleighthwarbackgroundchargingtheenemyatwaterkloofduringthethfrontierwarlargenumbersofxhosaweredisplacedacrossthekeiskammabygovernorharrysmithandtheserefugeessupplementedtheoriginalinhabitantstherecausingoverpopulationandhardshipthosexhosawhoremainedinthecolonyweremovedtotownsandencouragedtoadopteuropeanlifestylesharrysmithalsoattackedandannexedtheindependentorangefreestatehangingtheboerresistanceleadersandintheprocessalienatingtheburghersofthecapecolonytocoverthemountingexpenseshethenimposedexorbitanttaxesonthelocalpeopleofthefrontierandcutthecapesstandingforcestolessthanfivethousandmeninjunetherefollowedanunusuallycoldwintertogetherwithanextremedroughtitwasatthistimethatsmithorderedthedisplacementoflargenumbersofxhosasquattersfromthekatriverregionthewarbecameknownasmlanjeniswaraftertheprophetmlanjeniwhoaroseamongthehomelessxhosaandwhopredictedthatthexhosawouldbeunaffectedbythecolonistsbulletslargenumbersofxhosabeganleavingthecolonystownsandmobilizinginthetribalareastheoutbreakofwardecemberbelievingthatthechiefswereresponsiblefortheunrestcausedbymlanjenispreachinggovernorsirharrysmithtravelledtomeetwiththeprominentchiefswhensandilerefusedtoattendameetingoutsidefortcoxeasterncapefortcoxgovernorsmithdeposedhimanddeclaredhimafugitiveondecemberabritishdetachmentofmenundercolonelmackinnonwasambushedbyxhosawarriorsintheboomahpassthepartywasforcedtoretreattofortwhiteeasterncapefortwhiteunderheavyfirefromthexhosahavingsustainedfortytwocasualtiestheverynextdayduringchristmasfestivitiesintownsthroughouttheborderregionapparentlyfriendlyxhosaenteredthetownstopartakeinthefestivitiesatagivensignalthoughtheyfelluponthesettlerswhohadinvitedthemintotheirhomesandkilledthemwiththisattackthebulkofthengqikajoinedthewarinitialxhosavictorieswhilethegovernorwasstillatfortcoxthexhosaforcesadvancedonthecolonyisolatinghimtherethexhosaburnedbritishmilitaryvillagesalongthefrontierandcapturedthepostatlinedriftmeanwhilethekhoioftheblinkwaterrivervalleyandkatriversettlementrevoltedundertheleadershipofahalfkhoihalfxhosachiefhermanusmatroosandmanagedtocapturefortarmstrongsouthafricafortarmstronglargenumbersofthekaffirpoliceaparamilitarypoliceforcethebritishhadestablishedtocombatcattletheftdesertedtheirpostsandjoinedxhosawarpartiesforawhileitappearedthatallofthexhosaandkhoipeopleoftheeasterncapeweretakinguparmsagainstthebritishharrysmithfinallyfoughthiswayoutoffortcoxwiththehelpofthelocalcapemountedriflemenbutfoundthathehadalienatedmostofhislocalallieshispolicieshadmadeenemiesoftheburghersandboercommandosthefenguandthekhoiwhoformedmuchofthecapeslocaldefencesevensomeofthecapemountedriflemenrefusedtofightbritishcounterattackjanuaryaftertheseinitialsuccesseshoweverthexhosaexperiencedaseriesofsetbacksxhosaforceswererepulsedinseparateattacksonfortwhiteandfortharesimilarlyonjanuaryhermanusandhissupporterslaunchedanoffensiveonthetownoffortbeaufortwhichwasdefendedbyasmalldetachmentoftroopsandlocalvolunteerstheattackfailedhoweverandhermanuswaskilledthecapegovernmentalsoeventuallyagreedtolevyaforceoflocalgunmenpredominantlykhoitoholdthefrontierallowingsmithtofreesomeimperialtroopsforoffensiveactionbytheendofthemonthofjanuarythebritishwerebeginningtoreceivereinforcementsfromcapetownandaforceundercolonelmackinnonwasabletodrivenorthfromkingwilliamstowntoresupplythebeleagueredgarrisonsatfortwhiteeasterncapefortwhitefortcoxeasterncapefortcoxandfortharewithfreshmenandsuppliesthebritishexpelledtheremainderofhermanusrebelforcesnowunderthecommandofwillemuithaalderfromfortarmstronganddrovethemwesttowardtheamatholemountainsamatolamountainsoverthecomingmonthsincreasingnumbersofimperialtroopsarrivedreinforcingtheheavilyoutnumberedbritishandallowingsmithtoleadsweepsacrossthefrontiercountryinhmsbirkenheadhmsbirkenheadwaswreckedatgansbaaiwhilebringingreinforcementstothewarattherequestofsirharrysmithstbaronetsirharrysmithastheshipsankthemenmostlynewrecruitsstoodsilentlyinrankwhilethewomenandchildrenwereloadedintothelifeboatstheyremainedinrankastheshipslippedunderandoverdiedfinalstagesoftheconflictinsurgentsledbymaqomaestablishedthemselvesintheforestedwaterklooffromthisbasetheymanagedtoplundersurroundingfarmsandtorchthehomesteadsmaqomasstrongholdwassituatedonmountmiseryanaturalfortressonanarrowneckwedgedbetweenthewaterkloofandharryskloofthewaterkloofconflictslastedtwoyearsmaqomaalsoledanattackonfortfordyceandinflictedheavylossesontheforcesofsirharrysmithinfebruarythebritishgovernmentdecidedthatsirharrysmithsineptrulehadbeenresponsibleformuchoftheviolenceandorderedhimreplacedbygeorgecathcartwhotookchargeinmarchforthelastsixmonthscathcartorderedscouringsofthecountrysideforrebelsinfebruarysandileandtheotherchiefssurrenderedthethfrontierwarwasthemostbitterandbrutalintheseriesofxhosawarsitlastedovertwoyearsandendedinthecompletesubjugationoftheciskeixhosacattlekillingmovementthegreatcattlekillingwasamillenarianismmillennialistmovementwhichbeganamongthexhosainandledthemtodestroytheirownmeansofsubsistenceinthebeliefthatitwouldbringaboutsalvationbysupernaturalspiritsinapriltheyearoldxhosaprophetessnongqawusebegantodeclarethatshehadreceivedamessagefromthexhosapeoplesancestorspromisingdeliverancefromtheirhardshipsshepreachedthattheancestorswouldreturnfromtheafterlifeinhugenumbersdrivealleuropeansintotheseaandgivethexhosabounteousgiftsofhorsessheepgoatsdogsfowlsandallmannerofclothingandfoodingreatamountstheywouldalsorestoretheelderlytoyouthandwouldusherinautopianeraofprosperityhowevershedeclaredthatthedeadancestorswouldonlyenactthisonconditionthatthexhosafirstdestroyedalltheirmeansofsubsistencetheyneededtokillalloftheircattleandburnalloftheircropsatfirstnoonebelievednongquwusesprophecyandthexhosanationignoredherprophecybutwhenchiefsarhilibegantokillhiscattlemoreandmorepeoplebegantobelievethatnongquwusewasanigqirhadivinerwhocouldcommunicatewiththeancestorstheytookilledtheircattleanddestroyedtheircropsthecultgrewandbuiltupmomentumsweepingacrosstheeasterncapethegovernmentauthoritiesofthecapecolonyfearedchaosfamineandeconomiccollapsesotheydesperatelyappealedinvaintothexhosatoignorethepropheciestheyevenarrestednongqawuseherselffordisturbancecausedthereturnoftheancestorworshipancestorswaspredictedtooccuronfebruarythexhosaespeciallychiefsarhiliofthegcalekasheededthedemandtodestroyfoodsourcesandclothesandenforceditonothersthroughoutthecountrywhenthedaycamethexhosanationwaitedenmasseforthemomentouseventstooccuronlytobebitterlydisappointedwithnomeansofsubsistencefaminesetinthecattlekillingscontinuedintoleadingtothestarvationofthousandsdiseasewasalsospreadfromthecattlekillingsthisgavethesettlerspowerovertheremainderofthexhosanationwhowereoftenforcedtoturntothecolonistsforfoodblanketsandotherreliefninthwarbackgroundtheninthandfinalfrontierwarwasalsoknownasthefengugcalekawarorngcayechibiswarthelatterbeingthenameoftheheadmanatwhosefeasttheinitialbarfightoccurredinvolvedseveralcompetingpowersthecapecolonygovernmentanditsfengualliesthebritishempireandthexhosaarmiesgcalekaandngqikathecapecolonyaddressedlocalneedsthroughtheirowndevicescreatingaperiodofpeaceandprosperityandachievedpartialindependencefrombritainwithresponsiblegovernmentithadrelativelylittleinterestinterritorialexpansionthefrontierwaspolicedlightlyusingsmallhighlymobilemountedmixedracecommandosthatwererecruitedlocallyfromboerfengukhoiandsettlerfrontierpeoplesthecapequalifiedfranchisemultiracialfranchiseandlegalrecognitionforindigenoussystemsoflandtenurehadalsogonesomewaytoeasingfrontiertensionsanyfurtherintrusionofthebritishgovernmentincapeaffairstodisruptthisstatewasthoughtunnecessaryandilladvisedthebritishgovernmentsoughttoincreasecontrolinhistoryofthecapecolonyfromtosouthernafricabyunitingallthestatesoftheregionintoaconfederationundertheoverallruleofthebritishempirethesamepolicythatwassuccessfullyappliedtocanadathisconfederationschemerequiredthattheremainingindependentblackstatesbeannexedafrontierwarwasseenasanidealopportunityforsuchaconquestboththecapecolonyandxhosaalikesharedtheviewthatactionstoachievesuchaschemeatthattimewouldcreateinstabilitytheintegrationoftheblackafricanpopulationofthefrontierintothelifepatternsandpracticesofthecapecolonyhaddevelopedunevenlythefenguhadrapidlyadaptedtoandacceptedthechangescomingtosouthernafricabytakingtourbantradethegcalekaxhosaresidedpredominatelyintheindependentgcalekalandtotheeasthadsufferedgreatlyfromtheeffectsofwaralcoholismandnongqawusescattlekillingandbitterlyresentedthefengusmaterialsuccessalthoughsomegcalekalivedwithinthecapesbordersaseriesofdevastatingdroughtsacrossthetranskeithreatenedtherelativepeacewhichhadprevailedforthepreviousfewdecadesinthememorablesummaryofthehistoriandekiewietinsouthafricatheheatofdroughteasilybecomesthefeverofwarthedroughthadstartediningcalekalandandhadspreadtootherpartsofthetranskeiandbasutolandalsotothecapecolonycontrolledciskeibyithadbecomethemostseveredroughteverrecordedintheethnictensionsbegantoemergeparticularlybetweenthemfenguthethembuandthegcalekaxhosaaweddingcelebrationinseptemberwasthesceneofabarfightwhenthetensionsemergedaftergcalekaharassedthefenguinattendancelaterinthesamedaygcalekaattackedacapecolonypoliceoutpostwhichwasmannedpredominantlybyafenguethnicpoliceforceoutbreakthecapecolonygovernmentrejectedseptemberthesecondattempttoimplementthehistoryofthecapecolonyfromtoconfederationschemethistimeputforthbygovernorhenrybartlefreretheattackbythegcalekaonthepredominantlyfenguethnicpoliceforceatacapecolonypoliceoutpostwasthoughtbythecapecolonygovernmentastribalviolencebestleftforlocalpolicemanagementfrereusedtheincidentasapretextforbritishconquestoftheindependentneighbouringstateofgcalekalandsarhilitheparamountchiefofgcalekalandwassummonedbyfrerebutdeclinedtheinvitationinfearofarrestandcoercionfrerewrotetohimtodeclarehimdeposedandatwarfrerecontactedradicalsettlergroupswhodesiredbritishinterventionandcheapxhosalabourtoworktheirfarmsanddidnotquellrumoursofanimpendingxhosainvasionthecapecolonyswarasupporteroflocalsolutionstotheconflictchiefsarhilifacedintensepressurefrombelligerentfactionswithinhisowngovernmentandmobilisedhisarmiesfortheirmovementtothefrontierthecapegovernmentreiterateditsinsistencethatthematterwasbestlefttolocalresolutionanddidnotconstituteaninternationalwarforimperialmilitaryinterventionhighpressurenegotiationsbycapecolonycapeprimeministerjohncharlesmoltenoextractedapromisefrombritainthatimperialtroopswouldstayputandonnoaccountcrossthefrontiergcalekaforcesofattackedacapepoliceoutpostnearthefrontieratbutterwortheasterncapeibekaafierceshootoutfollowedbutthegcalekaforcesweredispersedsoonseveralotheroutpostsandstationsalongthefrontierwerecomingunderattackthecapegovernmentnowhadtouseallavailablediplomaticleverageithadtokeepthebritishimperialforcescontainedthecapeslocalparamilitariesmountedcommandosofmainlyboercommandoboerthembuandfenguoriginweredeployedbymoltenoundertheleadershipofcommanderveldmanbikitshaandchiefmagistratecharlesduncangriffithcharlesgriffiththecommandosswiftlyengagedanddefeatedanarmyofgcalekagunmentheythencrossedthefrontierandpushedintogcalekalanddividingintothreelightlyequippedfastmovingcolumnsthecommandosdevastatedthegcalekaarmieswhichdispersedandfledeastwardsthecapeunitstrackedthefleeingremnantsrightthroughgcalekalandstoppingonlywhentheyreachedneutralbomvanalandonthefarsidethewarwasoverinweekssarhilihadalsorecentlyappliedforpeacewithfewincentivestoconqueroroccupythelandandwiththeviolencesubsidingthecapegovernmentrecalledtheircommandoswhoreturnedhomeanddisbandedbartlefrereswarcouncilduringthecapeslightningquickcampaigngovernorfrerehadestablishedawarcouncilatnearbykingwilliamstowntodirectthewaragainstgcalekalandfrereandhislieutenantgeneralsirarthurcunynghameweretorepresentthebritishempireonthiscouncilwhiletwoofmoltenosministersjohnxmerrimanandcharlesbrownleewereappointedtorepresentlocalcapeintereststhecouncilwastornapartbyargumentfromthebeginningasfrererefusedgcalekaappealsandworkedtowardsfullbritishoccupationofgcalekalandforwhitesettlementandhisfutureconfederationfrerealsoincreasinglyinsistedonhavingcompleteimperialcontrolofthewarthecapegovernmentontheotherhandwasreluctanttoseeitslocalcommandosbroughtunderbritishimperialcommandinwhatitconsideredtobeessentiallyalocalconflictnotanimperialwarofconquestthecapehadonlyrecentlyattainedlocaldemocracyandwasextremelysuspiciousofimperialinfringementsuponititalsoconsideredtheslowmovingbritishtroopcolumnstobeabsurdlyunsuitableforfrontierwarfareimmobileineffectiveandvastlymoreexpensivethanlocalcapeforcesthislastpointofcontentionwaschieflyexacerbatedbyfreresinsistencethatthecapesgovernmentpayforhisimportedbritishimperialtroopsaswellasitsownlocalforcesthecapegovernmentontheotherhandwantedtofundanduseonlyitsownlocalforcesitdidnotdesirebritishtroopstooperateinthecapecolonyinthefirstplaceandespeciallyobjectedtobeingforcedtofundthemmerrimanwhomoltenohadappointedtooverseethecapeswareffortinitiallyworkedhardtocooperatewithfrerebutincreasinglycametosharemoltenosviewsontheineptitudeandinjusticeofbritishimperialpolicyinsouthernafricatheimperialwarthesecondstageofthewarbeganwhenfrereorderedthedisarmamentofallblackpeoplesofthecapetherewasconfusionanduproarfromthecapesmanyblacksoldiersandafuriousprotestfromthecapegovernmentmilitiadesertedandprotestseruptedinthefaceofwhichcunynghamepanickedandoverreactedbyunilaterallydeployingtheimperialtroopstothinlyencirclethewholeofbritishkaffrariafacedwithgrowingdiscontentthecapedemandedthatthebritishgovernmentfirecunynghameabandonitsracialdisarmamentpolicyandallowthecapetodeployitspredominantlyblackparamilitariestoestablishorderhoweverfrererefusedandbroughtinimperialtroopstoenforcethedisarmamentandthentoinvadegcalekalandonceagainthistimetoannexitandoccupyitforthepurposeofwhitesettlementthebritishinitiallyattemptedtorepeatthesuccessfulstrategyofthecapespreviouscampaignaftersimilarlydividingintothreecolumnstheslowmovingforeigntroopssoonbecamedisorientatedandexhaustedtheywereunabletoengageoreventofindthedispersedgcalekawhowereswiftlymovingandregroupingasthebritishscouredgcalekalandtheregroupedgcalekaarmyeasilyslippedpastthemandcrossedtheborderintothecapecolonyheretheywerejoinedbysandilewholedhisngqikanationintorebellionthecombinedxhosaarmieslaidwastetothefrontierregionfengutownsandotherfrontiersettlementsweresackedsupplylineswerecutandoutpostswereevacuatedasthebritishfellbackupuntilnowmoltenohadbeenheavilyengagedinahighleveldiplomaticbattlewithbritaintopreservethecapecolonysconstitutionalindependencehoweverwiththecapesfrontiercollapsinginchaoshenowmadeforthefrontierinpersonwhereheconfrontedthebritishgovernorwithaheavycondemnationforbadintentionsandincompetencehedemandedthefreecommandofthecapesindigenousforcestooperateandcontaintheviolencemakingitclearthathewascontenttosacrificehisjobratherthantoleratefurtherbritishinterferencefreresnextmovewastoappealtotheauthorityofthebritishcolonialofficetoformallydissolvetheelectedcapegovernmentwhichwasnowstubbornlystandinginthewayofthebritishempireandassumedirectimperialcontrolovertheentirecountryincreasingnumbersofxhosaarmiesnowpouredacrossthefrontiertownsandfarmsthroughouttheregionwerenowburningandtheremainingfrontierfortsfilledwithrefugeesfleeingtheinvasionbritishtroopsremainedthinonthegroundasmuchofthemstillremainedidleingcalekalandwheretheyhadbeensentforthepurposeofoccupationhoweverfrerewasluckyinthathestillhadaccesstothefrontiermilitiaandfenguregimentsofthecapegovernmenthehadjustoverthrowntheseforcesagainundertheirlegendarycommanderveldmanbikitshamanagedtoengageandfinallydefeatthegcalekaonjanuarynearnyumaxatheimperialtroopsassistedbutweretiredshortofrationsandunabletofollowuponthevictoryasubsequentattackwasbarelyrepelledonfebruarybattleofkentaniorcentanewithconsiderablemorehelpfromthefenguandthelocalfrontierlighthorsemilitiatheexhaustedgcalekafinallypulledoutfromtheconflictbutsandilesrebelngqikaarmiesfoughtontherebelseludedtheimperialtroopsonceagainandmovedintotheamatolamountainrangebeginningafinalstageofguerrillawarfarecunynghamewasmeanwhileremovedfromhisauthoritybylondonandhisreplacementlieutenantgeneralfredericthesigerndbaronchelmsfordthesigertookovercommandtheguerrillawarsettingforthefinalstageofthewartheamatolamountainsamatolarangehadservedasamountainstrongholdforxhosainsurgentsmanytimesbeforewithitsvastdarkcreeperentwinedforestsinmarchbritishtroopsenteredthemountainrangestopursuesandilesrebelsbutwerehopelesslyoutmaneuveredtheywereeludedledastrayandambushedtimeandtimeagainastherebelseasilyslippedpasttheirslowmovingtroopcolumnsflagsignallingpathsystemsandothertechniquesweretriedbuttonoeffectthebritishwereveryinexperiencedwiththeenvironmentandplaguedbymismanagementstretchedsupplylinessicknessandotherhardshipsmeanwhilethelocalboercommandocapecommandosboerandfenguheldbackreluctanttogetinvolvedfinallythebritishadoptedthestrategywhichthelocalshadbeenrecommendingfromthebeginningthisinvolveddividingthevastterritoryintomilitaryprovincesandstationingamountedgarrisonineachifarebelregimentwasencountereditwaschaseduntilitenteredthenextmilitaryprovincewherethenextgarrisonfreshandclosetosupplieswouldtakeoverthepursuitthevalleyexitsfromtherangewerethenfortifiedunderthisuninterruptedpressuretherebelforcesquicklysplinteredandbegantosurrendersandilehimselffleddownintothevalleyofthefishriverwherehewasinterceptedbyafengucommandointhefinalshootouthewasaccidentallykilledbyastraybulletthesurvivingrebelsweregrantedanamnestyconclusionthewarhadlastedayearandwasafinalblowforthelastindependentxhosastategcalekalandwhichwasnowadministeredasabritishterritoryinitiallyhowevertheconflicthadshownnosignsofbeinganythingmorethanapettyintertribalquarrelneitherthecapecolonycapegovernmentnorthexhosahaddesiredawarhadbartlefrerenotmovedtothefrontieranddrawntheconflictintobritainsgreaterconfederationschemeitwouldalmostdefinitelyhaveremainedasonlyabriefpatchoflocalisedethnicstrifeoncethebroaderconflicthadbeenignitedhowevertheresultwastheannexationofallremainingxhosaterritoryunderbritishcontrolthewaralsoledbritaintooverthrowthecapecolonyselectedgovernmentbartlefrerenextappliedthesametacticstoinvadetheindependentzulukingdominintheanglozuluwarthedisastroususeofbritainsslowmovingtroopcolumnswasonceagaindemonstratedatbattleofisandlwanaisandlwanaalthoughfrerewasrecalledformisconductinandtheconfederationschemewasdroppedthenewseriesofconfederationwarswastolastoverthenextyearsthesewarswouldseetheendingofallblackindependenceinsouthernafricaandeventuallybuilduptothegreatangloboerwardecadeslaterseealsoalbanysouthafricaamatolamountainsthomasbainessouthafricasfirstofficialwarartistwhorecordedtheeighthfrontierwarhintsakakhawutahistoryofcapecolonyfromtokaffirhistoricalusageinsouthernafricakaffrariaandbritishkaffrariamilitaryhistoryofsouthafricazuluwarmgolombanesandilenotesreferencesattributionhistorysubsectionsthefirstandsecondwarspnbspthirdwarppnbspthewaroftheaxepnbspextensionofbritishsovereigntypnbspwarofppnbspthegreatamaxosadelusionpnbspfurtherreadingexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebjustdonecozarohlistwarsasplistofwarsrapidttpcommilhistvoljhhtmlirregularunitsofthethxhosawarrapidttpcommilhistvoljhhtmlburghercommandosofthethxhosawarwebarchiveorgwebcourseswcupaedujoneshislecturessaboehtmhislectureonsouthernafricaonwarcomacedchronocsyrfkaffirhtmfifthkaffirwarwebarchiveorgwebbetheleduletnieafricanchristianityssaxhosahtmlnxelexhosaprophetwhopredictedthatxhosaancestorswouldrisefromthedeadandwinthebattleinfoboxbadmintonplayerimagenamexuhuaiwenbirthnamebirthdatebirthplaceguiyangguizhouheightweighteventwomenssinglescountryyearsactivehandednessrightcoachhighestrankingdateofhighestrankingcurrentrankingplayedtitlesbwfidmedaltemplatesxuhuaiwenbornaugustisabadmintonplayerfromgermanyshewasborninguiyangguizhoupeoplesrepublicofchinashedecidedtoplayforgermanybecausethechinesethoughtthatshewastooshorttoplayprofessionalworldbadmintonrefnamebbcsaidbydavidmercerbroadcasterdavidmercergillianclarkbadmintongillianclarkonaugustinmatchagainstxiexingfanginthequarterfinalsofthewomenssinglesshownonthebbcrefcareerxuwasamongthemostsuccessfulofanumberofchinesebornfemaleplayerswhoemigratedfromtheirbadmintonrichhomelandinpartforabetteropportunitytoplayintheworldsbiggesteventsbeginninginwhenshewonaspateofmiddletieropentournamentsineuropexuwentontobecomeoneofthemoreconsistentperformersontheinternationalcircuitshewasawomenssinglesbronzemedalisttwiceatthebwfworldchampionshipsibfworldchampionshipsandibfworldchampionshipsandwoneuropeanbadmintonchampionshipseuropeanchampionshipsineuropeanbadmintonchampionshipsandeuropeanbadmintonchampionshipsovermiaaudinaandtinerasmussenrespectivelyinthefinalsatthebadmintonatthesummerolympicsbeijingolympicsxuwaseliminatedinaclosequarterfinalmatchbychinasxiexingfangtheworldsnumberonerankedplayeramongxusmorethantwentynationalandinternationalsinglestitlesarethescottishopenbadmintonscottishpolishopenbadmintonpo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mainproviderofbluetoothchipsformobilephonesandheadsetsembercorporationembercorporationisaleadingsupplierofzigbeechipsandcyantechnologysuppliesxappoweredmicrocontrollersasaconsequenceandcombinedwithotherlicenseesandcambridgeconsultantsasicprojectstherearenowoveronebillionmillionxapprocessorsinuseworldwidexapxapwasanexperimentalbitprocessordesignedatcambridgeconsultantsinitwasoptimisedforlowcostlowenergyasicimplementationsusingmoderncmossemiconductorprocesstechnologiestheinstructionsetwasoptimisedforgnugcctoachievehighcodedensitythexapwasthefirstofcambridgeconsultantsprocessorstouseavonneumannarchitecturewithalogicallysharedaddressspaceforprogramanddatathephysicalprogrammemorycouldbeflashmemoryflashoronetimeprogrammableepromorsramasicdesignwassimplifiedbyusingasinglememorywheretherewasnoneedtopredeterminethesplitbetweenprograminstructionsanddataatdesigntimethexapsinstructionsetwiththegcccompilerproducedveryhighcodedensitythisreducedthesizeoftheprogrammemorywhichreducedthechipunitcostandreducedtheenergyconsumptionxapinfurtherprojectrequirementssawanewbitprocessorthexapdesignedtosupersedethexaptakingintoaccounttheexperiencegainedonxapandtheevolvingrequirementsofasicdesignsxapisaverysmallgatevonneumannarchitecturevonneumannbusbitprocessorcorecapableofaddressingatotalofkbytesofmemoryforprogramsdataandperipheralsitoffershighcodedensitycombinedwithgoodperformanceintheregionofdhrystoneinstructionspersecondmipswhenclockedatnbspmhzxapwasdesignedforuseinmodernasicormicrocontrollerapplicationscapableofprocessingrealworlddatacapturedbyananalogtodigitalconverteradcorsimilarsourcestheprocessorsbitintegerwordsupportstheprecisionofmostadcswithoutcarryingtheoverheadofabitprocessorxapalsooffersamigrationpathfrombitprocessorssuchasintelinapplicationsthatneedincreasedperformanceandprogramsizebutcannotjustifythecostandoverheadofabitprocessorthexapregistersallbitaregeneralpurposeprogramcountervectorpointerflagsinfobrkebreakpointthexapinstructionsareandbitthexapcompilechainisbasedongnugccandbinutilsxapdevelopmentofanextendedversionofthisarchitecturecommencedinandresultedinthexapwhichwasannouncedinjulyxapisabitprocessorwithabitaddressbusmakingitcapableofrunningprogramsfrommemoryuptombytesxapandxaparebothimplementedwithatwostageinstructionpipelinewhichmaximisestheirperformancewhenclockedatlowfrequenciesthisistailoredtotherequirementsofsmalllowenergyasicsasitminimisesprocessorhardwaresizethexapcoreusesgatesanditfitsdesignsthatareclockedrelativelyslowlytoreduceanasicsdynamicpowerconsumptionandrunprogramsdirectfromflashorotpmemorythathasaslowaccesstimetypicalclockspeedsforxapareintherangeoftonbspmhzonaprocessxaphasparticulardesignfeaturesmakingitsuitableforexecutingprogramsfromflashincludingavectorpointerandanaddresstranslationwindowwhichcombinetoallowinplaceexecutionofprogramsandrelocationofprogramsregardlessofwheretheyarestoredinphysicalmemorythexapregistersandbitaregeneralpurposeprogramcountervectorpointerflagsinfobrkebreakpointthexapinstructionsareandbitthexapcompilechainisbasedongnugccandbinutilsxapxapisabitprocessorandwaslaunchedinithasthesametypeofloadstorearchitectureasthexapandxapbuthasbitregistersandbitbusesfordataandaddressthexapaimplementationhasathreestageinstructionpipelinelikeallthexapprocessorsthexaphasbeenoptimisedforlowcostlowenergyandeasyverificationxapistailoredforsmalllowenergyasicsandminimisesprocessorhardwaresizethexapcoreusesgatesthexapregistersallbitaregeneralpurposeprogramcountervectorpointerglobalpointerflagsinfobrkebreakpointthexapinstructionsareandbitthexapcompilechainisbasedongnugccandbinutilsfeaturesxapxapandxaparealldesignedwithaloadstoreriscarchitecturethatiscomplementedwithmulticycleinstructionsformultiplicationdivisionblockcopystoreandfunctionentryexitformaximumefficiencycambridgeconsultantsengineersrecognisedtherequirementfortheseprocessorstorunrealtimeoperatingsystemscapableofhandlingpreemptioncomputingpreemptiveeventsandwithafastinterruptresponseconsequentlytheprocessorsaredesignedwithhardwareandinstructionsetsupportforprotectedsoftwareoperatingmodesthatpartitionusercodefromprivilegedoperatingsystemandinterrupthandlercodethexapprocessorhardwaremanagesthemodetransitionsandcallstackinresponsetoeventsandthisapproachensuresafastanddeterministicinterruptresponsetheprotectedoperatingmodesenableasystemonachiptobedesignedthatisasecureortrustworthysystemandoffershighavailabilitythecurrentxapprocessorsaredesignedusingtheveriloghardwaredescriptionlanguageandprovidedasregistertransferlevelrtlcodereadyforlogicsimulationandlogicsynthesiswithatestbenchtheyaresupportedwithcambridgeconsultantsxidesoftwaredevelopmenttoolsandsifdebugtechnologytheseprocessorsandtoolsenablefunctionalverificationandsoftwareverificationthatreducestheprojectriskacceleratestimescalesandcutscostofownershipespeciallyforsoftwareengineeringreferencesexternallinkscambridgeconsultantscomcambridgeconsultantshomepagecambridgeconsultantscomxapxapinformationfromcambridgeconsultantsmaterlectionismaterlectionistsunadeorochimaruyamatanoorochipowercorruptionliesrussiannavyredirectcategoryshelllistofnarutocharactersnejihyugarcatshellthexraystandingwavexswtechniquecanbeusedtostudythestructureofsurfacesandinterfaceswithhighspatialresolutionandchemicalselectivitypioneeredbybwbattermaninthesrefnamebattermanbwbattermanandhcoledynamicaldiffractionofxraysbyperfectcrystalsdxdoiorgdoirevmodphysrevmodphysreftheavailabilityofsynchrotronlighthasstimulatedtheapplicationofthisinterferometryinterferometrictechniquetoawiderangeofproblemsinsurfacesciencerefnamezegenhagenjzegenhagensurfacestructuredeterminationwithxraystandingwavesdxdoiorgdoiksurfscireprefrefnamewoodruffdpwoodruffsurfacestructuredeterminationusingxraystandingwavesdxdoiorgdoirrepprogphysrefbasicprinciplesimagexswprinciplejpgrightthumbpxprincipleofxraystandingwavemeasurementsanxraystandingwavexswfieldiscreatedbyinterferencebetweenanxraybeamimpingingonasampleandareflectedbeamthereflectionmaybegeneratedatthebraggconditionforacrystallatticeoranengineeredmultilayersuperlatticeinthesecasestheperiodofthexswequalstheperiodicityofthereflectingplanesxrayreflectivityfromamirrorsurfaceatsmallincidenceanglesmayalsobeusedtogeneratelongperiodxswsthespatialmodulationofthexswfielddescribedbythedynamicaldiffractiondynamicaltheoryofxraydiffractionundergoesapronouncedchangewhenthesampleisscannedthroughthebraggconditionduetoarelativephasevariationbetweentheincomingandreflectedbeamsthenodalplanesofthexswfieldshiftbyhalfthexswperiodrefnamealsnielsenjalsnielsenanddmcmorrowelementsofmodernxrayphysicsjohnwileysonsltdrefdependingonthepositionoftheatomswithinthiswavefieldthemeasuredelementspecificabsorptionofxraysvariesinacharacteristicwaythereforemeasurementoftheabsorptionviaxrayfluorescenceorphotoelectronyieldcanrevealthepositionoftheatomsrelativetothereflectingplanestheabsorbingatomscanbethoughtofasdetectingthephaseofthexswthusthismethodovercomesthephaseproblemofxraycrystallographyforquantitativeanalysisthenormalizedfluorescenceorphotoelectronyieldmathypmathisdescribedbycentermathypomegarcsqrtrfhcosnupiphmathcenterwheremathrmathisthereflectivityandmathnumathistherelativephaseoftheinterferingbeamsthecharacteristicshapeofmathypmathcanbeusedtoderiveprecisestructuralinformationaboutthesurfaceatomsbecausethetwoparametersmathfhmathcoherentfractionandmathphmathcoherentpositionaredirectlyrelatedtothefourierseriesfourierrepresentationoftheatomicdistributionfunctionthereforewithasufficientlylargenumberoffouriercomponentsbeingmeasuredxswdatacanbeusedtoestablishthedistributionofthedifferentatomsintheunitcellxswimagingimagexswyieldpngnonethumbpxcharacteristicxswyieldredlinesthroughthemathmathbfhhklmathbraggconditionforanabsorbingatomatpositionmathmathbfhcdotmathbfrmaththebraggreflectioncalculatedbydynamicaldiffractiontheoryisshowningreenexperimentalconsiderationsxswmeasurementsofsinglecrystalsurfacesareperformedonadiffractometerthecrystalisrockedthroughabraggdiffractionconditionandthereflectivityandxswyieldaresimultaneouslymeasuredxswyieldisusuallydetectedasxrayfluorescencexrfxrfdetectionenablesinsitumeasurementsofinterfacesbetweenasurfaceandgasorliquidenvironmentssincehardxrayscanpenetratethesemediawhilexrfgivesanelementspecificxswyielditisnotsensitivetothechemicalstateoftheabsorbingatomchemicalstatesensitivityisachievedusingxrayphotoelectronspectroscopyphotoelectrondetectionwhichrequiresultrahighvacuuminstrumentationmeasurementsofatomicpositionsatornearsinglecrystalsurfacesrequiresubstratesofveryhighcrystalqualitytheintrinsicwidthofabraggreflectionascalculatedbydynamicaldiffractiontheoryisextremelysmallontheorderofunderconventionalxraydiffractionconditionscrystaldefectssuchasmosaicitycansubstantiallybroadenthemeasuredreflectivitywhichobscuresthemodulationsinthexswyieldneededtolocatetheabsorbingatomfordefectrichsubstratessuchasmetalsinglecrystalsanormalincidenceorbackreflectiongeometryisusedinthisgeometrytheintrinsicwidthofthebraggreflectionismaximizedinsteadofrockingthecrystalinspacetheenergyoftheincidentbeamistunedthroughthebraggconditionsincethisgeometryrequiressoftincidentxraysthisgeometrytypicallyusesxpsdetectionofthexswyieldselectedapplicationsapplicationswhichrequireultrahighvacuumconditionsphysisorptionandchemisorptionstudiesdiffusionofdopantsincrystalssuperlatticesandquasicrystalcharacterizationapplicationswhichdonotrequireultrahighvacuumconditionslangmuirblodgettfilmsselfassembledmonolayersmodelheterogeneouscatalystsburiedinterfacesseealsolistofsurfaceanalysismethodsreferencesfurtherreadingxaveraffentrangerborndecemberdateofdeathunknownwasaswitzerlandswisscrosscountryskiingcrosscountryskiernordiccombinedskierandskijumpingskijumperwhocompetedinthesatthewinterolympicshefinishedthinthenordiccombinedatthewinterolympicsnordiccombinedeventndinthecrosscountryskiingatthewinterolympicsmenskmkmcrosscountrycompetitionandthintheskijumpingatthewinterolympicsskijumpingeventhewonabronzemedalinthenordiccombinedatthefisnordicworldskichampionshipsinjohannisbadexternallinkssportsreferencecomolympicsathletesafxavieraffentrangerhtmlprofileatsportsreference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wutheofficialsrequestedthathemakexiaotongthenaninfantthecrownprinceandwhileemperorwuinitiallydeclinedonaccountthattheempirehadnotbeenpacifiedhedidsoinwinterwhenxiaotongwasonlyoneyearoldafterxiaotongwascreatedcrownprincehismotherconsortdingwhilenotmadeempresswasgivenaspecialstatuscoequalwithhersonxiaotongwassaidtobeintellilgentkindandobedienttohisparentsfromhischildhoodaspercustomsofthetimeinhewashousedintheyongfumansiontheresidenceforthecrownprinceinhischildhoodbuthemissedhisparentsandsoeveryfewdaysorsoemperorwuwouldspendseveraldaysatyongfumansionwhetherconsortdingdidthesameisnotrecordedinhistoryinhewentthroughhisriteofpassageandwasdeclaredanadultandemperorwubestowedhimacrownasadultasemperorwuwasanavidbuddhistxiaotongalsobecameoneandhestudiedsutrasintentlyofteninvitingbuddhistmonkstohispalacetopreachandtodiscussbuddhistdoctrinesafterhisriteofpassageemperorwualsobegantograduallyhavehimhandlemoreandmoremattersofstatebecominglessinvolvedinthedaytodayoperationsoftheempireinxiaotongsunclexiaodantheprinceofshixingdiedbycustomacrownprincewouldnotholdamourningperiodforanunclebutxiaotongbelievedthiscustomtobeunfilialandthereforerequestedtheofficialstofurtherdiscussthematteraftertheofficialliuxiaochuosuggestedthatheholdaonemonthmourningperiodheagreedandinfactmadethisaprecedentfortheliangdynastyduringthisperiodxiaotongandotherscompiledacompendiumofancientpoetryandtextswhichhereferredtoaswenxuanwenxuanselectedtextswhichwaslaterknownafterhisdeathbyhisposthumousnameasthezhaomingwenxuanitisaworkofhistoricalimportanceasitpreservedmanyancienttextswhichotherwisemighthavebeenlostinconsortdinggrewillandxiaotongspenthisdaysattendingtoherwithoutrestshediedinwinterandxiaotongwassosaddenedthatheatenothingitwasafteremperorwutriedtoconsolehimbypointingoutthatheshouldnotharmhisbodyandthathestillhadhisfatherthatxiaotongbegantotakeporridgebutheatenothingfurtherhewasdescribedtobefairlyobeseuntilthatpointbuthelostalotofweightduringthemourningperiodforconsortdingdeaththedeathofconsortdingbroughtaboutadisastrouseffectinxiaotongsrelationshipwithhisfatherhoweverxiaotongsoughtoutanappropriateplacetoburyconsortdingbutwhilehewasdoingsoalandownerbribedtheeunuchyusanfuintoconvincingemperorwuthatthatpieceoflandwouldbringgoodfortunefortheemperorandsoemperorwuboughtthelandandburiedconsortdingtherehoweveronceconsortdingwasburiedataoistmonkinformedxiaotongthathebelievedthatthelandwouldbringillfortuneforconsortdingsoldestsonxiaotongxiaotongthereforeallowedthemonktoburyafewitemsintendedtodissolvetheillfortunesuchaswaxducksatthepositionreservedfortheoldestsonlateronwhenoneofxiaotongsattendantsbaomiaozhiwassqueezedoutofxiaotongsinnercirclesbyanotherattendantweiyaheinresentmentreportedtoemperorwuthatweihadcarriedoutsorceryonxiaotongsbehalfwhenemperorwuinvestigatedwaxedduckswerefoundandemperorwubecamesurprisedandangryandwantedtoinvestigatefurtherheonlystoppedtheinvestigationwhenhewasadvisedtodosobytheprimeministerxumianexecutingonlythetaoistmonkwhohadsuggestedtheburialofwaxducksxiaotongbecamehumiliatedintheaffairandwasneverabletoclearhimselfcompletelyinhisfatherseyesxiaotongdiedinevenwhenhewasveryillbecausehewasafraidtomakeemperorwubeconcernedabouthimhestillpersonallywrotesubmissionstohisfatherafterhisdeathemperorwupersonallyattendedhiswakeandburiedhimatatombappropriateforanemperorhealsosummonedxiaotongsoldestsonxiaohuanthedukeofhuarongbacktothecapitaljiankangpreparingtocreatexiaohuancrownprincetoreplacehisfatherhoweverstillresentfuloverthewaxduckaffairhehesitatedfordayswithoutcarryingoutthecreationandfinallydidnotdosoinsteadagainstpopularopinionhecreatedxiaotongsyoungerbrotheralsobyconsortdingemperorjianwenofliangxiaogangcrownprinceinwhenxiaogangthenemperorasemperorjianwenbutundercontrolandvirtualhousearrestbythegeneralhoujinghoutotrytoshowoffhispowerdeposedemperorjianwenandmadexiaotongsgrandsonxiaodongtheprinceofyuzhangemperoritwasthenthatxiaotongwasposthumouslyhonoredanemperorliterarylegacyxiaotongissurvivedbyhisgreatliterarycompendiumthewenxuanwenxuanananthologyofliteraturedividedintochapterschapterpreservesthenineteenoldpoemsamajorsourceforearlyclassicalchinesepoetryxiaoappearstoconsiderthesetobeanonymousworksaviewsupportedbymodernscholarshipdespitetheclaimsofxulinginhisnewsongsfromthejadeterracepersonalinformationfatheremperorwuofliangmotherconsortdinglingguangposthumousnamemuwifecrownprincesscaithecrownprincessjinglaterposthumouslyhonoredasempressjingmajorconcubinesempressdowagergongladygongmotherofprincechaandpossiblyprinceyuissuexiaohuaninitiallythedukeofhuaronglaterprinceanofyuzhangcreatedxiaoyuinitiallythedukeofzhijiangcreatedlaterprincewuhuanofhedongcreatedkilledbyemperoryuanofliangxiaochainitiallythedukeofqujianglatertheprinceofyueyangcreatedlateremperorxuanofwesternliangxiaopitheprinceofwuchangcreatedxiaojiantheprinceofyiyangcreatednotesreferencesdavisaralbertrichardeditorandintroductionthepenguinbookofchineseversebaltimorepenguinbooksexternallinksxuntadegaliciainfoboxairlineairlinexlairwaysgermanylogoxlairwaysgermanylogosvglogosizefleetsizedestinationsiataxicaogxlcallsignstardustparentassetliabilitymanagementcompanyhfformerlyknownasstraumurinvestmentbankcompanysloganfoundedceasedheadquartersmrfeldenwalldorfgermanykeypeoplebertoltflickceohubsfrankfurtairportfocuscitieshannoverairportfrequentflyerloungealliancewebsitewebarchiveorgwebxlairwaysdexlairwaysdexlairwaysgermanygmbhwasacharterairlineheadquarteredinmrfeldenwalldorfhessegermanyoperatingcharterandaircraftleaseadhocleaseservicesmostlyoutoffrankfurtairporttheairlinebelongedtonowbankruptstraumurinvestmentbankfromicelandtogetherwithxlairwaysfrancehistorytheairlinewasfoundedasstarxlgermanairlinesbyeimskipaflagslandsaviongroupfromicelandandreceiveditsairoperatorscertificateaoconmayonoctoberofthesameyeartheavionleisurebusinesswasbuyoutboughtoutandreorganizedasxlleisuregroupresultingintheairlinechangingitsnametoxlairwaysgermanyonseptemberbbcnewschannelreportedthatxlleisuregrouphadfiledforadministrationduetorisingfuelpricesalthoughinitiallysimoncalderconfirmedthegroupswebsitewasstilltakingbookingsthegroupfoldedthenextmorningoperationsofthegermanandfrenchairlinesubsidiarieswerenotaffectedhoweveronseptemberstraumurinvestmentbankacquiredxlairwaysgermanyanditsfrenchsistercompanyxlairwaysfrancethecompanyfiledforbankruptcyondecemberoperationsforthewinterseasonhadalreadybeensuspendedondecemberthecompanyofficiallyclosedonjanuarydestinationsatstuttgartairportgermanythisacrashedintothemediterraneanonnovemberasxlairwaystjunexlairwaysgermanyservedthefollowingdestinationsindecemberhurghadahurghadainternationalairportseasonalsharmelsheikhsharmelsheikhinternationalairportseasonalcolognebonncolognebonnairportdsseldorfdsseldorfairporterfurterfurtweimarairportfrankfurtfrankfurtairporthubfrankfurthahnfrankfurthahnairporthamburghamburgairporthanoverhannoverlangenhagenairportleipzighallesaxonyanhalthalleleipzighalleairportmunichmunichairportmnsterosnabrckmnsterosnabrckinternationalairportnurembergnurembergairportpaderbornpaderbornlippstadtairportsaarbrckensaarbrckenairportstuttgartstuttgartairportheraklionheraklioninternationalairportpristinapristinainternationalairportskopjeskopjealexanderthegreatairportmarrakeshmenaraairportfaroportugalfarofarointernationalairportfuerteventurafuerteventuraairportmenorcamenorcaairportenfidhaenfidhaairportadanaadanaakirpaaairportantalyaantalyaairportseasonalelazelazairportseasonalgaziantepouzeliairportseasonalkayserierkiletinternationalairportmalatyamalatyaerhaairportsamsunsamsunarambaairporttrabzontrabzonairportfleetatdsseldorfairportindecemberthefleetsaverageagewasyearsandconsistedofcenterclasstoccoloursbordercellpaddingstylebordercollapsecollapsexlairwaysgermanyfleetbgcolordarkbluespanstylecolorwhiteaircraftspanstylewidthpxspanstylecolorwhiteinfleetspanspanstylecolorwhitepassengersspanspanstylecolorwhitenotesspanboeingnextgenerationboeingaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterleasedcenterpreviouslythefleetconsistedofairbusaairlinersincidentsandaccidentsonnovemberxlairwaysgermanyflighttcrashedintothemediterraneanseanearcanetenroussillononthefrenchcoasttheplanewasanairnewzealandownedairbusaleasedtoxlairwaysgermanyregistereddaxlaformerlyzkojlandwasundertakingatechnicalflightimmediatelypriortoascheduledhandoverbacktoairnewzealandatthetimeoftheaccidenttheplanewaspaintedinairnewzealandliverysevenpeoplenbsptwogermanspilotnorbertkaeppelandcopilottheodoreketzerfromxlairwaysandfivenewzealandersonepilotthreeaircraftengineersandonememberofthecivilaviationauthorityofnewzealandwerekilledreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxlairwaysdeofficialwebsitesignalsintelligencexamppislamabadlahoreredirectxenonhexafluoridekwonsangwooforthedefunctbritishautomakerseextraautomobilemtbdonorbikeimagextracyclejpgthumbtheextendedframeofanxtracycleallowsacyclisttocarrylargeloadsxtracycleisthenameofacompanyrefciteweburlxtracyclecomtitlextracycleincglossaryxtracyclequotextracyclelongtailsportutilitycargobicyclecompanyfoundedbyrossevansoriginalinventorsoftheconvertiblecargobicycleattachmentfreeradicalaccessdaterefandthenamecommonlyusedforthevarietyofloadcarryingbicyclealongtailbicyclelongtailoralongbikethatresultsfromuseofthecompanysproductsthefreeradicalkitcompletelongframebicyclesandassociatedaccessoriesrefciteweburlxtracyclecomglossarytitlextracycleincglossaryxtracyclequotextracycleadoptednameofalongtailcargobikeafterasuccessfuldonorbikeconversionaccessdaterefwebforumsandblogsoftenusetheshorthandxtrabikextraorsimplyxtorefertoeitherthefreeradicalextensionortheentireextendedbicycleanxtracyclemaybeconstructedbymodifyinganexistingbicyclewithafreeradicalextensionrefciteweburlwiredcomgadgetlabxtracycleconvetitlextracycleconvertsyourbikeintoapackhorseauthorcharliesorreldatejulypublisherwiredmagazinewiredaccessdatereforbycustombuildinganextendedtailbicycleframerefciteweburlwiredcomgeekdadffperfectbiketitlehowtobikewithyourkidsauthorrobertcappsdatemaypublisherwiredmagazinewiredaccessdaterefdifferencesfromotherloadcarryingbicycleswhilethextracycleisbasedonastandardbicyclesuspensionhardtaildiamondframewithinchornbspmmcwheelsthextr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televisoradelvalledemxicosabroadcasterofthevalleyofmexicoacompanyownedbyjaviermorenovalleandbyhernncabalcetawasselectedtoreceivetheconcessiontooperatethetelevisionstationonchannelrefnamedofdofgobmxnotadetallephpcodigofechaacuerdoporelqueseseleccionalasolicituddetelevisoradelvalledemxicosadecvparacontinuarelprocedimientotendientealaobtencindelaconcesinparainstalaroperaryexplotarelcanalenmxicodistritofederaldiariooficialdelafederacinseptemberrefwhileitwasstatedatthetimethatchannelwouldgoontheairinthefirsthalfofthestartofregularoperationswouldnotoccurforanotherthreeyearsbythetimetheconcessionwasformallyissuedonapriltheeffectiveradiatedpowerhadchangedtokilowattsandthestationhadanewcallsignxhtvmtvxhtvmsignedonforgoodonjuneincnimoveditsstafftothethandstfloorsoftheworldtradecentermexicocitycnisecuredthefacilitiesaftereightmonthsofnegotiationsthecontractallowedcnitorentforyearsandthenbuythefacilityatacostofnbspmillionincnifacedaboycottfrommajoradvertiserswhenitairedastoryinvestigatingtheevidenceagainstfathermarcialmacielfounderofthelegionofchristmovementthelegionariesrefusedtocommentbutaccordingtomorenovallestartedpressingthrougheverychanneltheycouldinanattempttokeepthestoryofftheairrobertoservitjepartofthefamilycontrollinggrupobimbocalledforaboycottofthestationasdidthepowerfulmonterreybusinessmanalfonsoromomorenovallealsoreceivedacallfromafriendofhisattelevisathissituationpartiallysouredxhtvmsabilitytogarneradvertisersinthelongrunrefnameplazagranadoschapamiguelngelplazapblicacanalelnortemayrefthecniaztecadealandthebeginningoftheconflictonjulyrefnametimelineetceteracommxarticulophparticulocronologadelconflictoetceterafebruaryrefcnipartneredwithtvaztecabecomingaztecatvaztecasthirdstationunderthispartnershipcniwouldcarryprogrammingprovidedbytvaztecaincludingitsnewsandentertainmentprogrammingwhiletvaztecasoldtheadvertisingtimeaztecaloanedcninbspmillionrefnametorreonelsiglodetorreoncommxnoticiagobiernodevuelveinstalacionesdecanalhtmlgobiernodevuelveinstalacionesdecanalelsiglodetorrenfebrefonseptemberaztecatookoverprogrammingalmostallofxhtvmsbroadcastdaywhilecniproducedthepmmidnighttimeslotfeaturingcninoticiasthestationsflagshipnewscastwithcirogmezleyvaanddenisemaerkerthecontractallowedaztecatobuyofxhtvmifthedealweretobebrokenbrieflyinaztecasecuredacontractwithmvscomunicacionestobroadcastmvssmorningnewscastparaempezaronxhtvmthesimulcastlastedonlyonemonthmvshadanexclusivitycontractwithdirectvandcniprogramswerebroadcastoncompetitorskymxicowhichbrokethecontractonjulyremovingthenetworksprogrammingfromtheairmorenovallebelievedtvaztecawasfillingupthetimeallottedtohiscniwithleftovertvaztecaprogramsandaccusedaztecaofnotcomplyingwiththecontractsthetwopartieshadsignedhealsobelievedthataztecawasintentionallyattemptingtonotgenerateprofitsandbydoingsoruincniandthestationtolaterbuyitinjanuarytheinternationalcourtofarbitrationinparisannounceditwouldhearthecaseofxhtvminmarchajudgeinmexicocityorderedthecreationofatrusttoenableaztecatopurchaseofthestationanotherrulingunderwhichcniwastopaynbspmilliontoaztecawasissuedthreemonthslaterxhtvmbroadcastgamesofthefifaworldcupunderanagreementmadewithdirectvwhoownedthebroadcastrightsdirectvsoldtheadtimewhilecnireceivedacutofearningsandaddedotherprogramsrelatingtothetournamentinjulytvaztecafiledasuitinmexicanfederalcourtagainstcnihopingtotakethecompanyintobankruptcyreorganizationconcursomercantilclaimingthatcnistillowedaztecanbspmillionoftheoriginallineofcreditinadditioncnihelddebtswiththeworldtradecenterbbcworldwideamericaschannelfourinternationalanddeutschewellewhichsuppliedsomeprogramsthechiquihuitazoondecembertvaztecausedarmedguardstotakeoverthestationanditstransmittingfacilitiesatcerrodelchiquihuiteatnbspampeoplewearinghoodsandskimasksenteredthefacilitiescoveringthefacesoftheworkersonsiteforcingthemtosignadocumentandmakingthemleaveatnbspamonthatdaythecnisignalwasswitchedtoasimulcastofaztecaandatnbsppmthateveningthecnisignalondirectvmexicowhichwasnotobtainedovertheairbegantodisplayamessageinformingsatelliteviewersofthetransmittertakeoveraproducerexclaimedthisislikeseptemberasheranacrossthefacilitywithcopiesofstatementstobereleasedtothemediaxhtvmcontinuedtosimulcastaztecaforseveraldayseventuallygainingitsownprogramscheduleondecemberaztecaevenairedoneeditionofinformativoanewsprogramhostedbysergiosarmientoinanattempttogivethereclaimedchannelsomecontinuityandnormalcyunawareofthelegalbattlesurroundingthechannelthecountrysinstitutonacionaldeestadsticaygeografaevenplacedadvertisingonthenewscastjorgefernndezmenndezajournalistwhohadworkedforcnisaidthataztecahadplannedthismovenotingthathealongwithmaerkergmezleyvaandotherswereofferedjobsattvaztecaintherunuptotheforcedtakeoverallthreeofthemrejectedtheoffersaztecaalsoplacedadsinsomeofmexicosmajordailynewspaperssolicitingformercniworkerstojoinaztecasoperationtheydeclinedcounteringwiththeirownprintadthenextdaythemexicangovernmentwasextremelyslowtoreactowingtothetimingoftheeventsaroundthechristmasholidayneitherthedireccingeneralderadiotelevisinycinematografartcgeneraldirectorateofradiotelevisionandfilmnorthesecretariatofcommunicationsandtransportationmexicosecretariatofcommunicationsandtransportationdidanythingdespitepetitionsfromcniandaztecaalikeforthefederalgovernmenttotakeapositiononthetakeoveronjanuaryduringavisittotheremodeledpressroomatlospinoscnisubdirectorofnewsrobertolpezagustnapproachedpresidentvicentefoxanddemandedthathetakeastandontheissueonhiswaytothepresidentialplaneotherreportersaskedquestionsaboutthexhtvmsituationfoxhowevermerelysaidyyoporquandwhymeleadingtooneofhisgreatestpoliticalblundersinhistenureaspresidentrefnamecnnexcnnexpansioncomnegociosyyoporquecanalyyoporqucnnexpansinnovemberrefaftertheendofholidaycelebrationsthertcandscttookthematterintotheirownhandsonjanuaryinannbsppmpressconferencethesctannouncedthatifnosettlementbetweenaztecaandcniweretobereachedthegovernmentwouldseizecontrolofthestationthesctalsoconsideredsolvinganotherproblemadisputeoverxhtrestvxhraechannelbygivingtvaztecathatfrequencyandleavingcniasthesoleoperatorofchannelrefnamemaerkerrefatcerrodelchiquihuiteanegotiatingsessionwithmorenovalletvaztecaheadricardosalinaspliegoandmediatorsincludingthesecretaryoftheinteriorandsecretaryofcommunicationsandtransportationbeganatmidnightatthispointxhtvmimmediatelybegantobroadcastcolorbarsathreedaynegotiationperiodbeganandontheeveningofjanuaryatthestartofnewscastsonbothaztecaandtelevisaitwasannouncedthatnoagreementhadbeenreachedandthatthegovernmentwouldseizeallxhtvminstallationsincludingthetransmittersitelateritwasstatedthatthiswasdonebecauseanentitytvaztecathatwasnottheconcessionairetelevisoradelvalledemxicowasoperatingthestationonthethfivedaysafterthemexicancongresspassedaresolutioncallingfortherestorationofchanneltocnicniresumedcontrolofthechannelandofitstransmissionfacilitiestheeventsrelatedtothetransmittersitebecamepopularlyknownastheeschiquihuitazochiquihuitazomeanwhilecniandtvaztecacontinuedtonegotiateinhopesofreachingadealeventhoughcniofferedtopayaztecausindollarsaztecarejectedcnisofferaztecawasfinedpesosroughlyusindollarsbythesctaftertheincidentthirdcnieracnicontinuedtobroadcastvariedprogramsinadditiontoitsnewscastsitcarriedsexandthecityandproducedandtransmittedthefootballmatchesofclubleninoctobercniputxhtvmupforsaleonepotentialbuyerforwhatwouldhavebeenastakeinthenetworkwasisaacsabahowevershortlyafterthestationscrisiswithtvaztecacnisufferedfinancialproblemsandaloomingthreatofastrikebyitsemployeesatonepointthegovernmentpreventedgovernmentagencieswhichrepresentedasignificantportionofitsadvertisingfrombuyingadtimeoncnionmayunionizedcniemployeeswentonstrikethefirstsuchstrikeinmexicocitytelevisionhistorydemandingusnbspmillioninbackpaythestationwasforcedofftheairbythisstrikeactionvallehadhisownlegaltroublesonjuneanarrestwarrantwasissuedintheunitedstatesformorenovalleforevadingsomeusintaxesinadditiontoclaimsbymexicostaxandfinancesecretariatthatxhtvmowedmillioninunpaidtaxesvallewasarrestedinhoustontexasonnovemberthecountrysthenattorneygeneraldanielcabezadevacaaskedtheunitedstatestoextraditevalletomxicogeneralelectricmxicoloanednbspmilliontocniandwaswillingtohelpeaseitsfinancialwoesbutthemexicangovernmentblockedtheloanduetoitsstanceagainstforeignownershipofbroadcastersinfactaztecasuedclaimingxhtvmdefraudeditscreditorsbyacceptingaloanthattheymightnotbeabletoguaranteetheunionadditionallywouldnotacceptpaymentuntiltheloanwasvalidatedatthesametimeaztecarecognizedcabalcetawhoownedoftelevisoradelvalledemxicoasthesoleadministratorandthetwonegotiatedthesaleoftheofthestationthataztecaallegedlyhadtheoptiontobuyaztecasproyectoonseptemberthejuezsptimocivildeltribunalsuperiordejusticiadeldistritofederalseventhcivilcourtofthesuperiorcourtofjusticeforthefederaldistrictruledthattvaztecacouldoperatexhtvmafterseverallegalmistrialsagainstmorenovallexhtvmreturnedtotheairinearlyunderanewnameproyectoprojectitairedaculturalandnewsorientedslatesimilartocniwhilealsoaddingentertainmentprogramsinlateryearsitsnewsdivisionoperatedseparatelyfromthatofthemaintvaztecanewsdivisiononlysharingafewoftheirjournalistsandhostsinlatenovembervalleslawyerssuedtvaztecaforillegallyusingxhtvmandinlatejavierquijanobazlawyerfortelevisoradelvalledemxicopublishedanopenlettertothepublicregistrarofpropertyinmexicocityoutliningaresolutionfavorabletomorenovalleafederaljudgehadorderedaztecatorespectashareholdersmeetingoftelevisoradelvalledemxicoheldonseptemberthataffirmedmorenovalleascontrolleroftvmaztecahoweverbelievedthataccordingtoarecursodeamparofromithadthelegalrighttocontinueoperatingxhtvmitalsoarguedthatmorenovalleduetohislegaltroubleswasnotinapositiontobeabletoretakecontrolofthechannelinasaresultofthetelevisalawthestationsconcessionwhichwouldhaveexpiredinaprilwasextendedtoinjulyajudgereactivatedthearrestwarrantforjaviermorenovallewhichhadbeensuspendedthesuspensionwasliftedbecausemorenovallehadnotpaidmillionpesoshealsohadfailedtopaynbspmillionpesosofbothvalueaddedtaxandincometaxthereactivatedarrestwarrantcanbeexecutedbymexicosfederalpolicethoughhecurrentlyresidesintheunitedstatesinaugusttelevisoradelvalledemxicoreceivedapprovaltochangeitslegalstatusfromsadecvtosapidecvsociedadannimapromotoradeinversindecapitalvariablepresentadnonmarchatpmaspecialprogramairedannouncingtheevolutionofproyectothenextmorningatamregularprogrammingbeganoftherebrandedxhtvmnowknownasadntherenameaccompaniedarelaunchofthechannelwithnewsetsandarevampedprogramlineupdigitaltelevisionxhtvmrequestedchannelindecembertobuilditsdigitalfacilitiesthenextyearaztecainsteadpetitionedforchanneltoputallthreeofitsmexicocitystationsonadjacentchannelsuntilwhenaztecabuiltfinalhighpowereddigitalfacilitiesforitsmexicocitystationsxhtvmsanaloganddigitalfacilitieswereondifferenttowersthexhtvmanalogsignaloriginatedfromthepurposebuiltchannelsitexhtvmtdtstransmitterwascolocatedwiththoseofxhimttvxhimttvtdtandxhdftvxhdftvtdtdigitalsubchannelsthestationsdigitalchannelismultiplextvmultiplexedclasswikitablesortabledigitalsubchannelmexicochanneldisplayresolutionvideoaspectratioimageaspectshortnamenetworkprogrammingirowspanxhtvmhdadnrowspanmainxhtvmtdtprogrammingadniaztecaunohoursrowspanhourtimeshiftfeedofxhdftdtxhdfinaprilaztecawasauthorizedtodropthehourtimeshiftfeedofaztecaunofrominfavorofaztecanoticiaswhichhadpreviouslybeenonxhimtultimatelyaztecachosetoretaintheexistingprogramminganalogtodigitalconversionwhenfinaldigitalfacilitieswerebuiltforxhtvminitsdigitalsignalmovedtotheoriginalchanneltowerthenewfacilitiesincreasedxhtvmseffectiveradiatedpowerfromtonbspkwthehighestofanydigitaltelevisionstationinmexicoatmidnightondecemberxhtvmandothermexicocitystationsceasedanalogbroadcaststhestationsdigitalsignalremainedonitspretransitionuhfchannelusingprogramandsysteminformationprotocolpsiptodisplayxhtvmsvirtualchannelasondigitaltelevisionreceiversrepeatersxhtvmhasthreecochannelrepeatersiztapalapamexicocitywattscerromelchorocampocuautitlnestadodemxicowattschimalhuacnestadodemxicowattsavailabilityoutsidemexicocitycnisonlyfulltimeavailabilityoutsidemexicocitywasoncableandsatellitesystemshoweveritsnewsprogramswereairedonseveralstationsincludinganumberofindependentstationsinnorthernmexicosuchasxhijtdtxhijxhilatdtxhilaandxhpnwtdtxhpnwmultimediostelevisininmonterreyandthestatenetworksofcampechetelevisinyradiodecampechetrcandyucatnxhsttdtcanaltrecestationslistedascomingsoonincludedxhrbttvaneverbuiltstationonchannelatrobravotamaulipaswhoseconcessionwasobtainedbyanaffiliateofjaviermorenovalleinandanunknownchannelforpueblacuernavacaandtolucathisinformationwasoncnitvwhichwasavailablethroughtheinternetarchiveunfortunatelyitnowhasarobotstxtandsothatcontenthasbeenlostluckilyiwroteaboutitbeforeitvanishedforumswtfdaorgprintthreadphptpppageraymiebroadcastcoverageofproyectowasfirstextendedoutsidemexicocityinnovemberwhenaztecatrecetransmittersinmajorcitiesbegancarryingproyectoinsdasasecondsubchannelwiththedigitaltelevisiontransitioncompletedintvaztecaappliedtothefederaltelecommunicationsinstitutetoaddproyectotoadditionaltransmittersthreeofwhichpachucamoreliaandzamoracarryaztecaanothertransmitterswereaddedinondecembertheiftdeemedthatasaresultofbeingmultiplexedondozensofaztecatransmittersandthushavingcoverageofofthepopulationofmexicocarriageofadnshouldbemademandatoryforsatelliteprovidersasmostofadnscarriageisonaztecaunotransmittersitappearsassubchannelformostviewersoutsidethemexicocityareaandassubchannelinpachucamoreliaandzamoraprogrammingadnsprogramlineupprimarilyconsistsofnewsanddiscussionprogramsaswellasdocumentariesmajornewsprogramsonadnincludeprimercafwhichairsinthemorningsandestendenciaanafternoonnewsprogramonweeknightshannianovellanchorstheflagshipesnoticiabulletinwhichisairedatnbsppmpreviouslyasproyectoxhtvmairedmoregeneralentertainmentprogrammingtvaztecaandshowtimenetworksshowtimeintheunitedstatessignedanagreementinseptemberunderwhichproyectobegantocarrydextertvseriesdexternursejackieandothershowtimeprogramsreferencesexternallinksadnmxadnmxlistofstarwarsspeciesuzxtingredirectcategoryshelllistofstarwarsspeciesuzxextoredirectcategoryshellinfoboxmusicalartistnamexysmaimageimagesizecaptionbackgroundgrouporbandoriginfinlandnaantaliinstrumentgenregrindcoredeathmetalearlybrheavymetalmusicheavymetalhardrocklaterocupacinyearsactivepresentlabelspinefarmrecordsspinefarmassociatedactswebsitecurrentmembersjanitormustaschbrolivierlawnybrdrheavenlybrmarvelloussidneysafepastmembersvesaiittibrtheestraniusxysmaisafinlandfinnishbandthatwasfoundedininnaantaliasmalltownnearturkuthebandsplitupinbutreunitedinandagaininearlystageinthebeginningxysmaplayedgrindcoreanddeathmetalthebandsplayedatthelegendaryturkuundergroundcenterpanimoandcreatedashortlivedbutintensescenesoonafterthedeathmetalgrindcoreinfluencespreadtothehelsinkiareawithbandssuchasabhorrencewhichsoonevolvedintothescandinaviandeathmetalmelodicdeathmetalclassicamorphisxysmasfirstdemoswarmingofthemaggotswassharedwidelyviatapetradingandbecameacultclassicitwasremasteredandreleasedonthexysmacompilationcdmusicallythebandwereinspiredbytheearlyclassicsinthegenrelikecarcassbandcarcassandnapalmdeathwiththefollowingminialbumsabovethemindofmorbid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magemetroliveriedxtrapolistrainmjpgimagesizepxcaptionfirstorderxtrapolismtmmtminmetrotrainsmelbourneliveryinnovemberinteriorimagextrapmkinteriorjpginteriorcaptionsecondgenerationxtrapolisinteriorinfebruarywithseatingcapacityseatedcarriagesetmaxspeedaccelerationmssupsupdecelerationmssupsupformationcarsetsdrivingmotortrailerdrivingmotorreplacedhitachiaustraliantrainhitachitrainsmanufactureralstomfactorylarochellefrancecompletefirstunitslarochellefrancebodyshellsforunitonwardsandballaratnorthworkshopsalstomballarataustraliafinalassemblyandfitoutyearconstructionyearserviceyearscrappednumberorderedcartrainsnumberconstructioncartrainsnumberbuiltcartrainsnumberservicenumberscrappedfleetnumbersmmmmttttlinesalameinrailwaylinealameinbelgraverailwaylinebelgravefrankstonrailwaylinefrankstonglenwaverleyrailwaylineglenwaverleyhurstbridgerailwaylinehurstbridgelilydalerailwaylinelilydalesouthmorangrailwaylinesouthmorangwerribeerailwaylinewerribeewilliamstownrailwaylinewilliamstowndepotsbayswatercraigieburneppingandnewportworkshopsweighttonnesdrivingmotortonnestrailercarlengthdrivingmotormovercouplersbrtrailermovercouplerswidthmheightmnotincludingroofequipmentfloorheightmartsectionsbetweenallcarriagesinunitpoweroutputtractionigbtvvvfbralstomonixtractionmotorsxalstomecapermotorcarelectricsystemkvdirectcurrentdcoverheadlinecouplingscharfenbergcouplergaugethextrapolisisasingledeckelectricmultipleunititispartofalstomsxtrapolisfamilyoftrainsandisoperatedinmelbourneaustraliaandvalparasochilemelbournefirstorderinconnexmelbourneliveryinseptemberinconnexmelbourneorderedxtrapolistrainstofulfillafranchisecommitmenttoreplaceitsfleetofaginghitachiaustraliantrainhitachitrainsrefciteweburldpcvicgovaudominowebnotesnewmediansfcbdacaccbbfcbccacbbcafopendocumenttitlextrapoliswelcomedtomelbournesrailwaysdatedecemberpublisherministerforpublictransportaccessdaterefthefirsttenunitswerecompletelyassembledatalstomslarochellefactoryinfrancehoweverfromunitonwardsonlythebodyshellswereassembledatlarochellewiththerestofthetrainbeingassembledinvictoriaaustraliavictoriaatalstomsballaratnorthworkshopsballaratfacilitythetrainsdifferfromearliertrainsonthemelbournenetworkinthefollowingwaysdoorsopenwhenbuttonpressedslidingdoorsbetweencarriagespantographrailpantographpercartraininservicethefirstxtrapolisenteredrevenueserviceondecemberwiththelasttraindeliveredfromthefirstorderondecemberrefnamevicsigvicsignetsuburbantrainxtrapolisxtrapolisvicsigrefitranaspecialtripfromflindersstreetrailwaystationflindersstreettosouthkensingtonrailwaystationsouthkensingtonandbacktomarktheeventsincetheirintroductiontothesuburbannetworkinthetrainsoperatedonlyontheformerconnexmelbournehillsidetrainsnetworkwhichconsistedoftheburnleyandcliftonhillgrouplinesanddidnotrunrevenueserviceselsewhereoperatedbymtrainmtrainonthebaysidetrainshalfofthesystemdespitethetwonetworksmerginginonoctobertheoperationofxtrapolistrainswasexpandedtoincludelinesontheformerbaysidetrainsnetworkwiththefrankstonrailwaylinemelbournefrankstonlinebeingclearedfortheiroperationandinitiallyrunningtwoweekdaymorningpeakservicesonnovemberxtrapolistrainswereexpandedtofulltimerunningonthefrankstonlineandbeganoperatingservicesonthewerribeerailwaylinemelbournewerribeeandwilliamstownrailwaylinemelbournewilliamstownlinesthesamedayalthoughmelbournestrainsoperateaseitheroneortwocarunitsitwasnotuntilseptemberthatthextrapolisswerepermittedtooperateassingleunitsinrevenueservicethetrainshavepoweroperateddoorsthatopenwhenabuttononthedoorispressedandareclosedbythedriverorclosedautomaticallyafterapproximatelytwominutesthextrapolissarecurrentlytheonlysuburbantrainsinmelbournewithexternaldestinationdisplaysonthesidesofthecarriageswiththisfeatureonlyseenonthedieselpoweredvlinesprintersprinterandvlinevlocityvlocityrailmotorsseveraltrainsweregivennamescroydonwestprimaryschoolthatwonanamingcontestdoncorriedeceasedrailwayemployeeflashflindersflyeriramooprimaryschoolthatwonanamingcontestmelbournerocksandwesternportxtrapolismtmmtmwasthefirstmelbournetraintoreceivethenewmetroliveryinnovemberinpreparationforthelaunchofthenewsuburbanoperatorwhentheconnexliverywasretiredinplaceofthecurrentmetrodesigntheiramoonameshownonunitsmandmwaserroneouslywrittenasimaroothisspellingisstillunchangedasofdecembersecondandthirdordersinjulythegovernmentofvictoriaannouncedthatalstomwasoneoftwocompaniesinvitedtobidtobuildnewsixcartrainsfortheexistingnetworksiemensmobilitysiemenstransportationsystemswastheothercompanyandbothwerelimitedtosupplyingtrainsthatwerethesameasthosealreadysuppliedtomelbournethedepartmentofinfrastructurefoundthatthenewtrainsdeliveredlessthanoneadditionalpeakhourserviceacrosstheentirenetworkandhadinitiallylobbiedthegovernmenttobuysixcarriagetrainsinoctoberthetenderwasextendedtosixcartrainstobedeliveredbyrefciteweburlabcnetaunewsstorieshtmtitlenewtrainsformelbournescongestedrailnetworkworkabcnewsdateoctoberaccessdaterefthetenderwasawardedtoalstomindecemberandthetrainsweredeliveredinastagedrolloutfromlateinfebruaryanadditionalorderwasplacedwithmoresixcartrainsaddedtakingthetotaltotrainsthefirstoftrainsthatwerebuiltbyalstominitalywereloadedontoashipinjulywiththefirstsetarrivingatnewportworkshopsonaugustthenewtrainswereoriginallyusedinrevenueserviceonlinesalreadyclearedfortheiroperationwithsomecomengtraincomengtrainsontheselinesbeingcascadedacrosstotheothersideofthenetworkbylateseptemberthenewunitsnumberedmtmandmtmweremovedintotheopenatthenewportworkshopsandhadbeentakenoutontestrunswithoutanyliveryappliedbyoctoberthetrainhadreceivedcarriagenumbersandnameswithcompatibilitytestingbeingcarriedoutwithamodifiedmemberoftheexistingfleetthesecondtraintobeimportedwastakentoballaratimmediatelyafterarrivalduetofloordamagewithalstomandunitedgrouprailspendingtwomonthsmakingrepairsthistrainwastransferredtomelbourneonfebruaryxtrapolissetsfromthisorderdifferedslightlyfromapassengerperspectivethetrainsweredeliveredwithimprovedinternalandexternaldisplayscreensallexternalsideofcarriagescreensandwindscreendestinationdisplayswerereplacedwithalargerbolderfontthesameimprovementwasmadetotheinternalcarriagedisplayscreenswithallfirstgenerationxtrapolisslaterbeingrefittedwiththesamelargerdisplaysimprovementswerealsomadetotheinternalaudiosystemsalongwithminortechnicalimprovementsfordriversthefirsttrainenteredrevenueserviceforafewhoursondecemberdespiteclaimsthattraindriverswerestillhavingproblemswiththetrainincludinggettingtheonboardpassengerinformationdisplayunitstoworkthetrainbeingtakenoutofservicethenextdayonfebruaryrailoperatormetroplannedtoreintroducethetrainintoservicebutdriversrefusedtooperateitcitingunresolvedsafetyissuesasaresultmetrotooktheaustralianrailtramandbusindustryunionrailtramandbusuniontothefederalindustrialtribunalonfebruaryunionrepresentativesandmetromanagementmetforprivatetalksbeforefairworkaustraliaonfebruaryanagreementwasreachedforthetraintoenterservicethatafternoonaneventthatbecameamediacircusthefinaltrainsetcomprisingunitsmtmenteredserviceinaprilfourthorderafurtherorderofsixcartrainswasmadebythevictoriangovernmentinthefirsttrainfromthisorderwasdeliveredinseptemberfivemonthsaheadofschedulethefinalsetinthisordercomprisingunitsmtmenteredserviceonjunefifthorderinaprilafurthersixcartrainswereorderedwhichlikethefourthorderwillhavethebodyshellsimportedandfittedoutatalstomsballaratworkshopsthelastsetsinthisordercomprisingmtmandmtmwereputintoserviceonoctobersixthandseventhordersinmarchafurthersixcartrainswereorderedfollowedinmaybyanothersetscarriagesfromthesesetsonwardshavehadanumberofseatsremovedfromthefrontofthemotorcarriagestoimprovecomfortandcapacitycreatingdedicatedspaceforpassengersusingmobilityscootersandfurtherpreventingcongregationinthedoorwaysadditionalhorizontalhandrailshavebeenfittedaroundthewallsinthisareaandrelocatingoftheemergencyassistanceintercomeighthorderinseptemberthevictoriangovernmentplacedafinalorderforsixcartrainsthisfinalorderwillcontinuethextrapolisproductionlineinvictoriauntilearlyatthetimeofthisorderthevictoriangovernmentcommittedtopurchasinghighcapacitymetrotrainsofadifferenttypewhicharecurrentlybeingconstructedrefurbishmentaspartofitsfranchiseagreementmetrotrainsmelbournewasrequiredtomodifytheseatinglayoutinalloriginalxtrapolisstohaveseatingwhichprovidesefficiencyinpassengerflowandmorestandingroomlaterordersofxtrapolissweredeliveredwiththismodifiedlayoutpassengersonthelilydalebelgravelinerefertotrainsmadeofthesecarsasthekoskyexpressinreferencetothelatelynnekoskymlawhoseindifferencetotheneedsoftheeasternsuburbspopulaceresultedinlessseatsforthekmtripintomelbournebytrainmechanicsmechanicallythesetrainsareverydifferentfromthepreviousgenerationmelbournetrainsthextrapoliswasthefirstelectricmultipleunitemuinmelbournetohavecomputercontrolledtractionbrakingandsafetysystemsacontinuouselectricalcircuitrunsalongthelengthofthetrainwhichwhenenergisedallowsthetrainsemergencybrakestoreleasethecircuitwillbedeenergisedbyanumberofeventssuchasthedriverreleasingavigilancecontrolapplyinganemergencybrakeorsignalpassedatdangerpassingasignalatstopthiswillcausethetraintoapplyallbrakesincidentsonthemorningofnovemberanindividuallateridentifiedasathenmetroemployeegainedaccesstothecabinofanxtrapoliscarsetstoredatthedepotofhurstbridgerailwaystationhurstbridgestationanddroveitintoaderailderailblockcausingittobederailedmreceivedthemostdamageintheincidentfromploughingintoanadjacentxtrapolissetwhilstothercarriagesandtrackequipmentweredamagedallcarriagesareexpectedtobebackinrevenueserviceafterbeingrepairedonfebruarymderaileditstrailercarjustbeforerushallrailwaystationrushallstationcityboundwherethetrackisaverytightnbspkmhbendthesouthmoranglinewaspartiallysuspendedwhilethecarwasplacedbackontotracksonseptembertwoelderlypeoplewerekilledafteranxtrapoliscollidedwiththeircaratalevelcrossingatsurreyhillsrailwaystationsurreyhillsstationvalparasoinfoboxemunamextrapolisvalparasoimageclasicacurvaunidadmultiplejpgimagesizepxcaptioninteriorimageinteriorcaptioncapacityseatedpercarunitmaxspeedformationoneortwocarsetsmotortrailerreplacedaestrainsmanufactureralstomfactoryyearconstructiony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builtthestructuretoaccommodatehisfamilyupstairsandsupportthemthroughundertakingshouseddownstairshiswifejuanaprobablyassistedhiminrunningageneralstoretavernbilliardtableandlotterytheximenezfamilydidnotoccupythehouseforlongbybothparentsandtwooftheirfiveminorchildrenhaddiedforanumberofyearsfollowingjuanasfathermanagedthepropertyonhisgrandchildrensbehalftheadamsonistreatyofinwhichspainsettledaborderdisputeandcededfloridatotheunitedstatesbroughtbigchangestostaugustinetheonlycityonthefloridapeninsulaitbecameadestinationforcuriosityseekersandconsumptivesondoctorsorderstoescapecoldnorthernwintersthepresenceofcastillodesanmarcosacoquinafortbuiltbythespanishandnowcontrolledbytheusmilitaryandrenamedfortmarionbroughtalargermilitarypresencetotownadecadeafterfloridabecameausterritoryintheneedformoreandbettervisitoraccommodationsbecamepressinglocalresidentsbeganadvertisingroomsforrentwithboardmealsincludedthiskindoflodgingwasinmostcasesastepabovestayingatahotelwhilesmallscaleboardinghouseswerethenormthetimeswerefavorableforamoreambitiousapproachinmargaretcookcompletedtheprocessofpurchasingtheximenezhousefromitsheirscookhadrelocatedtostaugustinefromcharlestonwithhersecondhusbandsamuelinawidowagainbyshehadthefreedomnotroutinelygrantedtomarriedwomenofherdaytotransactbusinessinherownnameshesecuredtheserightsthroughlegaldocumentssignedbyherhusbandbeforehisdeatharchitectherschelshepardverifiedthatthehousewasconvertedtoaddextrabedroomsduringcooksownershipcookhiredelizawhitehurstawidowedfriendfromcharlestonwhomayhavealsobeenacloserelativeandopenedthehousetoboardersunderelizasmanagementmrswhitehurstsboardinghousedevelopedareputationforhighstandardsandgoodfoodoneguestnotedwewereveryfortunateingettingboardatmrswhitehurstsconsideredthebestintowninguestswererecordedashavingstayedatthehousewiththemajoritycomingfromthenortheastelizawhitehurstsuccumbedtoillnessinasdidmargaretcooksdaughterthatyearcooksoldtheboardinghousetosarahpettyandersonforshealsosoldandersonanadjacentpieceofpropertythatshehadpurchasedatauctiontheyearbeforethispieceoflandmeasuredfeetalonggreenstreetnowcadiztothewestoftheboardinghouseandersonandherhusbandgeorgewereamongthemanynewcomerstofloridaintheearlysandersonsmotherfranceskerrhadpurchasedacresoflandwestofthetomokariverinforaplantationknownastheferryinkerrswilldatedseptemberandersonandherhusbandwerenamedtheheirsoftheferryplantationintheandersonsboughtmountoswaldaacreplantationatthejunctionofthehalifaxandtomokariverstheylaterboughtathirdplantationwhichwasburnedduringthesecondseminolewartheruinsofthisdunlawtonplantationandsugarmillstillstandonnovaroadwestofportorangefloridathesitewasaddedtotheusnationalregisterofhistoricplacesinbytheendofthesandersonwasawidowlivinginstaugustineintheearlysshehiredlouisafatiotomanagetheximenezhouseasaboardinghousesheretainedfatioasmanageruntilthatyearfatiopurchasedthehouseforlouisafatiowasthegranddaughteroffrancisphilipfatiosrcofounderandlatersoleowneroftheacrenewswitzerlandplantationonthestjohnsriverwestofstaugustineaswellastwootherlargepropertiesinnorthfloridashewashighlyeducatedforawomanofhertimeinthefamilysplantationhousewasattackedandpartiallyburnedduringtheeastfloridapatriotwaraftertheyrebuiltbetweenandlouisawhonevermarriedhelpedherfrailstepmotherrunthehouseholdthenewswitzerlandplantationwastorchedasecondtimeduringthespanishfloridasecondseminolewarwhichbeganininfatiomovedtostaugustinethecitywasfilledwithmilitarypersonnelandrefugeesfromthewarandshefoundworkmanagingboardinghouseswithhersisterelizafatiosreputationforfinefoodandaccommodationsgrewfirsthandaccountssuchascharleslanmansadventuresinthewildsoftheunitedstatesnoteherreputationasahostessfrompersonalexperienceicanspeakofoneoftheseestablishmentskeptbymissfatioamostestimableandpopularladyandiftheothersareashomelikeandcomfortableasthistheancientcitymaywellbeproudofherhousesfortheaccommodationoftravelersandinvalidsunderfatiosmanagementthehouseonavilesstreetbecameknownasmissfatiostheestablishmentwasafixtureinstaugustineuntilherdeathinthefatiohouseisasettinginconstancefenimorewoolsonsfictionalstoryaboutvisitorstostaugustinetitledtheancientcityitwaspublishedintwopartsbyharpersnewmonthlymagazineinandsometimeafterfatioaddedasecondfloorofbedroomsabovetheonestorywingonthenorthendofthemainhouseforyearsexpertsthoughttheadditionwascompletedduringmargaretcooksownershipinthesthetheorywasoverturnedinwhendendrochronologyexpertsfromtheuniversityoffloridaandtheuniversityoftennesseedatedthewoodintheframingoftheupperfloorwingtothelatterhalfoftheseugeniapricemadelouisafatioamajorcharacterinhernovelmargaretsstorythethirdvolumeinpricesfloridatrilogyoneofitssettingsisfatiosboardinghouseinstaugustinearchitectureanddesignhistoricrecordsandstructuralstudiesindicatethatthemainhouseanddetachedkitchenwerebuiltinbothareconstructedofcoquinarockquarriedonnearbyanastasiaislandcoquinarockconstructionpositionsthehouseintheuppertierofstaugustineresidencesofthesecondspanishperioditisanexceptionalexampleofstaugustineplanarchitecturethishybridstyleblendselementsofspanishcolonialarchitecturewithmoreelegantfederalarchitecturefederalstylearchitectureintroducedduringfloridasbritishperiodthepropertysdetachedcoquinakitchenwithbeehiveovenistheonlyoriginalthcenturydetachedkitcheninstaugustinelandmarkdesignationsximenezfatiohousemuseumisnotableforitsarchitectureauthenticityachievedthroughadecadeslongrestorationandinterpretationprocessconductedbysomeofamericasforemosthistoriansandhistoricarchitectsandfurtherinformedbyextensivearchaeologicalexplorationinsightsaboutfloridatouristsandhowtheylivedcontributionstoadeeperunderstandingofthcenturywomenshistoryinfloridathepropertyhasbeenrecognizedwiththefollowingdesignationshistoricamericanbuildingssurveynationalregisterofhistoricplacesstaugustinetownplannationalhistoriclandmarkdistrictfloridaheritagelandmarkfloridasterritorialperiodinfloridawasformallyorganizedasthefloridaterritorynolongerimpededbyaninternationalborderamericansbegantravelingtofloridanaturalistswhovisitedreportedexoticfloraandfaunaadventurerscameinhopesofmakingtheirfortunesinthenewterritoryphysiciansinnortheasternstatesrecommendedfloridasmildwinterstopatientssufferingfromavarietyofillnessesespeciallytuberculosisconsumptionalthoughtraveltothefloridapeninsulawasarduousstaugustinebecameapopulardestinationvisitorsoftenstayedforseveralmonthsmostwereaccustomedtoahigherstandardoflivingthanthetypicalstaugustineresidentenjoyedandpreferredthemoreindividualattentionofferedinaboardinghouseasopposedtothecityspublichotelsthiserainstaugustineshistoryafterfloridawascededtotheunitedstatesinandwellbeforethegrandflaglerhotelsopenedinthesecondhalfoftheswasthebeginningoftourisminfloridabythereweresixboardinghousesinthecitymorewouldopenintheyearsaheadthecentralconflictduringfloridasterritorialperiodwaswiththeseminoleearlierinthesaseriesofbattlesthatwasthefirstofthreeseminolewarssoughttopreventseminolesfromharboringrunawayslavesandtoprotecttherightofwhitesettlerstooccupylandinfloridaasecondseminolewarbeganinitpivotedontheissueofindianremovalaplantomoveallseminolesinfloridatolandwestofthemississippibyanumberoftheseminolechosetofightratherthanleavetheirhomesinwarriorsledbyosceolabeganwagingguerillawarfaretheyattackedandburnedplantationsonthestjohnsriverandelsewhereinnortheastandcentralfloridalocalvolunteersjoinedusforcesandstatemilitiatofighttheseminolesfortmarioninstaugustinebecamethecenterforusmilitaryactionwitharmyofficersoftenbilletingatboardinghousesandhotelsinthecitydisplacedsettlersandfamiliesfromnearbyplantationssoughtrefugeinstaugustinevisitorsfromoutsidefloridacontinuedtotraveltostaugustinethoughtheirnumbersslowedduringtheheatoftheconflictduringthistumultuousperiodstaugustinewascrowdedwithpeoplerequiringroomandboardinwhenfloridajoinedtheunionasthethstatetheboardinghouseindustrywasfirmlyestablishedwithareputationasahealingdestinationforinvalidsarchaeologicaldiscoveriesfromspainwasfoundduringadigonthepropertytheximenezfatiohousehasbeenthesiteofmorethanarchaeologicaldigsmorethananyotherpropertyinstaugustineaccordingtostaugustinecityarchaeologistcarlhalbirtarchaeologistsincludingdrcharlesfairbanksdrkathleendeaganandothershavefoundevidenceofhumanoccupationonthepropertydatingbacktothethththandthcenturiesasubsurfacesamplingsurveyofthecityconductedbydrdeaganinplacedtheximenezfatiolotattheapproximatecenterofthethcenturyspanishsettlementinsheobservedthatthepropertycontinuestoinviteexplorationinpartbecausethereisoccupationgoingbacktothefoundingofstaugustineandsoitspossibletoreallylookatthewholespectrumofthecitysoccupationaccordingtohalbirtanddeaganthehighgroundpositionofthesiteandartifactsdiscoveredtheresuggestthatthepropertywasinhabitedbystaugustinesupperclassfromthebeginningofthecolonialperiodandthattherewascontinualactivityinthecenturiesthatfollowedarchaeologicalevidenceofhowpeoplelivedinsstaugustinehelpedtoconfirmtheinterpretationofthepropertyasaboardinghouseforexampleanimalbonesinabandonedtrashpitsprovidedcluestowhatwasservedonthetableshardsofchinahelpedidentifythepatternusedduringsarahpettyandersonsownershipandacacheofsilverbuttonsandpinsledtothediscoveryofalaundryshedfootprintinarchaeologistsfoundararethcenturydoublebarredwhitebronzecaravacacrossatthebottomofathcenturytrashpitcraftedinspainitpredatestheboardinghouseerabytwocenturiesandisthemostmysteriousobjectfoundonthesitetodateamajorarchaeologicalinvestigationbeganonfebruaryatthefrontoftheximenezfatiohousepropertyadjacenttoavilesstreetledbycarlhalbirtitconcludedonmarchhistoricalresearchafterpurchasingtheximenezhouseinthefloridadameswereinspiredbymembersofthecarnegierestorationcommitteetoengagethemostknowledgeableconsultantsavailableovertheyearstheyhaveincludedarchitectscharlesepetersonblairreevesherschelshepardcharlesphillipsandjosephoppermannarchaeologistsrobertsteinbachdrcharlesfairbanksandkathleendeaganhistorianswilliamsealecharlestingleyandcuratorrobertharpersealewhohelpedrestoremanyhistoricalamericanbuildingsincludinganumberofstatecapitalsconductedextensiveresearchontheximenezfatiohouseintheshisresearchhelpedguidethecolonialdamesintheirinterpretationofthehouseduringfloridasterritorialdayshistoricsourcesincludeearlymapsanddeedtransferslettersjournalswillsmarriagelicensesandsalesrecordsresearchershavealsotracedactivityonthepropertyusingcitymapsthatshowfootprintsofresidencesbuiltinstaugustineduringspanishandbritishcolonialtimesthefirstrecordedspanishownerofthepropertywascristovalcontrerasartifactsfoundduringadigarebelievedtodatefromhisoccupationandcorroboratewithdocumentaryevidencethatcontreraswasfromtheupperechelonofstaugustinesocietyrecordeddeedsshowfourownersduringstaugustinesbritishperiodevidenceisstrongthatthespanishcrownreclaimedthepropertyafterthebritishexitedfloridainandthatitwassoldbyauctioninhousehistorianspointtoamapdelarocquemaponfileatthestaugustinehistoricalsocietyfromtheperiodthatdepictstheruinsofastonehouseonthesiteandanoteonthetransferdeedthatreportsastructureinshamblesandapropertyassessedaslotonlyalatertransferdeedshowsthatthenewownersoldthepropertytolocalmerchantdonandresximenezinatthattimeximenezalreadyownedahousewithgeneralstoreacrossthestreetthehousewithdetachedkitchenthathebuiltonhisnewpropertywasmentionedinhiswillprovidinghistorianswithareferencepointtodateconstructionximenezslaterwillofliststhehouseanditscontentswhichincludedagrocerystoreandabilliardtablewitheverythingpertainingtoitmanyofthestorescontentsappeartohavebeensoldafterhisdeathfromsalesrecordshistorianshaveawindowintoastaugustinegeneralstoreofthattimeximenezsoldtobaccochildrensreadingbookspalmleafbroomsassortedvasesemptybottlesreamsofwhitepaperandbonebuttonslegaldocumentshelpvisualizethehouseasoriginallybuiltanassessmentofthepropertytakenshortlyafterthedeathofandresximenezcalculatedtheapproximatequantityandworthofthemasonryandwoodelementsinareportdatedjulythecitysmastercarpentermartinhernandezdocumenteddoorswindowswoodforfloorsceilingsandpartitionsastairwaywithpantryunderneathhandrailandbalustersaroofwithfourwindowsandwoodformoldingsandtrimmingshernandezalsocountedthreedoorsthreewindowsandashingleroofforthekitchenbuildingandnotedadditionalwoodstructuressuchasaprivywashshedandwoodenfencesjoselorentemastermasoncalculatedtheoverallmeasurementsofthemainhouseandwarehousesthathousedmerchandisefortheximenezstoreingeneralthemainhousethathassurvivedintothestcenturymatchesupwellwiththisassessmentrestorationandinterpretationforthreedecadesaftertheyacquiredthepropertythenscdaflworkedonrepairsinthehousewasawardedanationaltrustforhistoricpreservationgrantitenablednscdafltohirearchitectcharlesepetersonconsideredoneofthefoundingfathersofhistoricpreservationintheunitedstatespreviouslypetersonhadestablishedthehistoricamericanbuildingssurveyhabsandwasafoundingmemberoftheassociationforpreservationtechnologyapthevisitedtheximenezfatiohousetwiceinhisobservationswerepublishedinanarticletitledtourofximenezfatiohouseinthestaugustinerecordonjanuaryandpetersonwasasticklerforaccuraterestorationandtruthfulinterpretationatatimewhenthesewerenovelideashetaughtthedameshowtofindtheirinterpretationperiodyearsofindepthresearchfollowednscdaflresearchcommitteemembersstudiedcitymapshistoricnewspaperarticleslettersandjournalscompareddetailsinrelatedhousessuchasstaugustinessecondspanishperioddonmanuelsolanahouseanalyzedartifactsfoundundergroundandconsultedthefindingsofhistoriansandarchitectstheirdiscoveriesledthemtofocusonalittleknowntimeinstaugustineshistorytheboardinghouseerawhichwasatitspeakduringthesandsfollowingpetersonsadvicethedamesalsodocumentedhousefeaturesindetailpublishedinformationtoattractinterestfromtheacademiccommunityandgotthepropertylistedonthenationalregisterofhistoricplacesmeanwhilerestorationeffortscontinuedpetersonintroducedthedamestoarchitectblairreevesthroughreevestheyhiredarchitectherschelshepardshepardlaterhelpedrestorethehistoricfloridastatecapitolintallahasseefortfosterinhillsboroughcountyandotherimportantsitesinfloridahewasinvolvedinximenezfatiohouseresearchandrestorationfromtobasedonphysicalevidencesuchasconstructiondetailsnailchronologyandsawmarksratherthansolelyonstylisticfeaturesshepardbelievedthatmostoftheremodelingundertakentotransformtheresidenceintoaboardinghouseoccurredbetweenandheinvestigatedfeaturesthroughoutthehousewiththeobjectofunderstandinghowthehousewasmodifiedovertimeinthenscdaflwasawardedanationaltrustforhistoricpreservationgranttohirehistoricalconsultantwilliamsealesealewaspreviouslycuratorofculturalhistoryatthesmithsonianinstitutionandanationallyknownhistorianandauthorhehelpedguidethedamesintheirinterpretationsealeprovidedasummaryofhowhewouldinterpreteachroomoftheboardinghouseincludingappropriatefurnishingsroomarrangementsandresourcesforfurtherresearchtheacquisitionscommitteethenbeganalongsearchforhousecontentstheirprimaryguidelinewasthatallpiecespurchasedforthehousemustbedocumentedashavingbeenavailableinstaugustineduringtheinterpretationperioditemsweresourcedfromantiquestoresestatesalesandprivatecollectionsinnortheastfloridasoutheastgeorgiaandelsewheresealesmostrecentvisittothepropertywasininhisfollowupreporthecalledtheboardinghouseinterpretationexecutedbythedamesinthesasvalidaseverreflectingcurrentinterestsinthehistoryfieldoverthenationsealeconjecturedthatximenezfatiohousemuseummaybethefirsthistorichouseinthecountrytofeaturethestoryofasuccessionofwomensurvivingeconomicallyinwhatwasconsideredamansworldandcommercializingtheirdomesticskillstodosoongoingpreservationofximenezfatiohouseisfundedthroughgrantsnscdaflduesandprivatedonationsjosephkoppermanniscurrentlyleadarchitectforthehousethenationalsocietyofthecolonialdamesofamericainthestateoffloridafoundedinthenationalsocietyofthecolonialdamesofamericanscdaisdedicatedtoinspiringunderstandingandrespectforamericasoriginsasanationthenationalorganizationanditscorporatesocietiesareactiveinstatesandthedistrictofcolumbiaacrossamericacolonialdamesfurthertheirmissionthroughpatrioticprogramseducationaloutreachhistoricalprojectsandinmanyotherwaysforexamplethenscdaisanationalleaderinhistoricpreservationrestorationandtheinterpretationofhistoricsitesthenationaltrustforhistoricpreservationrecognizeditsworkathistoricpropertieswiththetrusteeemeritusawardforthestewardshipofhistoricsitesnscdaflthefloridasocietyofthecolonialdamesofamericaownsandoperatestheximenezfatiohousemuseuminstaugustinegallerygallerymodepackedhoverheightspxfileximenezfatiohousemuseumjpgtheximenezfatiohousemuseumstaugustineflimagestaugzimenezfatiohousesignjpgimagestaugzimenezfatiohousesignjpggalleryreferencesreflistrefsrefnamercarlhalbirtavilesstreetstaugustinesoldestdocumentedroadinstaugustinearchaeologicalassociationnewslettervolnovolnomayrefrefnamerhistoricstructuresformfloridamastersitefilesitesprefrefnamerwomenandthelawwomenenterprisesocietyharvardbusinessschoollibraryhbseduhcwescollectionswomenlawrefrefnamerhistoricstructuresformfloridamastersitefilesitesprefrefnamerjanequinnminorcansinfloridastaugustinemissionpresspprefrefnamerstjohnscountydeedbookhpanddeedbooknprefrefnamerhenryrremsonjournalandmemorandumbookrefrefnamerdeedbookhstjohnscountyprefrefnamerfloridahistoryonlinenewswitzerlandunfedufloridahistoryonlineplantationsplantationsnewswitzerlandhtmlarticlefromfloridahistoryonlinerefrefnamerjamesgcusicktheotherwarofthepatriotwarandtheamericaninvasionofspanisheastfloridauniversityoffloridapressprefrefnamercharleslanmanadventuresinthewildsoftheunitedstatesvoliiphiladelphiajwmoorepprefrefnamerconstancefenimorewoolsontheancientcityharpersnewmonthlymagazinepartidecemberpartiijanuaryrefrefnameralbertmanucythehousesofstaugustinegainesvillefluniversityoffloridaprefrefnamerwilliamdewhurstthehistoryofstaugustinefloridabookondemandltdjunerefrefnamerkathleenadeaganetalasubsurfacesurveyofthestaugustinecityenvironsreportforthestaugustinerestorationfoundationsincprefrefnamerexhibitviiithesecondwillofandresximenezeastfloridapaperslibraryofcongressrecordsoftestamentaryproceedingsbundlenoqdocumentnopagesfloridaanodetestamentariaporfallecimentodeandresximenexreelrefrefnamerexhibitixsaleofpropertyrecordsoftestamentaryproceedingsbundlenoqdocumentnofloridaanodetestamentariaporfallecimeientodeandreximenezreelrefrefnamerreportbyjoselorenteandmartinhernandezmastormasonandmastercarpenterrespectivelytothespanishgovernmentjulyeastfloridapapersandresximeneztestamentaryproceedingsbundlenoqreelrefrefnamertheherschelesheparddigitalcollectionuniversityoffloridaufdcufledushepardlinktoherschelshepardreportsrefsourcescitethesisfirstfrederickplastgasketitlethearchaeologyofafloridaantebellumperiodboardinghousetheximenezfatiohousetypemapublisherfloridastateuniversityyearlocationtallahasseerefharvcitebooktitletheawakeningofstaugustinetheandersonfamilyandtheoldestcityfirstthomaslastgrahamyearpublishersaintaugustinehistoricalsocietyeditionstrefharvexternallinksximenezfatiohouseorgximenezfatiohousemuseumflmnhufleduhistarchximenezhtmximenezfatiositeatflmnhufleduhistarchhistoricalarchaeologyatthefloridamuseumofnaturalhistorywebarchiveorgwebflheritagecomfloridasofficeofculturalandhistoricalprogramswebarchiveorgwebflheritagecomservicessitesfhtrecordtcfmidtypecindexximenezfatiohousenscdaorgpageidstateflpropnscdapropertiesinfloridainfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexiuxiudevendrabanhartsplittypeepartistxiuxiudevendrabanhartcoverxiuxiudevendrabanhartsplitcoverjpgreleasedrecordedgenreexperimentalmusicexperimentalpsychedelicfolkpsychfolklengthlabelruechristineproducerreviewslastalbumthisalbumnextalbumxiuxiudevendrabanhartsplithasxiuxiuanddevendrabanhartcoverversioncoveringoneoftheotherssongstracklistingxiuxiuthebodybreaksdevendrabanhartsupportourtroopsohexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebrccomruechristinerecordlabelntvrussiainfoboxvideogametitlexconqimagecaptiondeveloperstanshebsgregfisherrobertforsmanalainbrossardmichaelpetersprogrammermichaelpetersetcpublisherdesignerseriesenginereleasedinvideogamingversiongenrexgamexturnbasedstrategymodessingleplayermultiplayerplatformsunixlinuxxmacintoshamigaandmicrosoftwindowswindowsxconqisanopensourcecomputerstrategygameandgameenginefirstpostedtocompsourcesgamesinitisnotableasoneofthefirstmultiplayergamestobereleasedforthexwindowsystemitwasforseveralyears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zesthexylosynthhasalatencyspeedofsecondsorlessthexylosynthcanbycomplimentedbyavarietyofaccessoriessuchasasingleordoublefootpedalsreferencesexternallinksyoutubecomwatchvjocdgflntmusicsampleofaxylosynthwernicknetwernickmusicalinstrumentsawithbrevecyrillicaecyrilliccellpaddingpxcellspacingpxbgcolorffffstylefloatrightborderpxsolidmarginpxcolspanaligncenterstylebordertoppxsolidinsertimageherealigncenterstylebackgroundccfborderbottompxsolidcolspanlinhewangalignrightstylebordertoppxsolidchinesenamefamilynamestylebordertoppxsolidxiaosurnamexiaoxioalignrightstylebordertoppxsolidchinesenamegivennamestylebordertoppxsolidzhengdezhngdalignrightstylebordertoppxsolidposthumousnamestylebordertoppxsolidnonexiaozhengdediedcourtesynamegonghewasanimperialprinceandbrieflyapretendertothethroneofthehistoryofchinachineseliangdynastyitisnotknownwhenxiaozhengdewasbornbutitwasknownthathewasthethirdsonofxiaohongaminorofficialduringsouthernqiandayoungerbrotherofthegeneralsxiaoyiandemperorwuofliangxiaoyanasxiaoyaninitiallydidnothaveanysonsxiaoyanadoptedxiaozhengdetobehisownsonhoweverinwhilexiaoyanwasengagedinacivilwaragainstthecruelandarbitrarysouthernqiemperorxiaobaojuanxiaoyansconcubinedinglingguanggavebirthtoasonxiaotongdespitethatafterxiaoyanoverthrewxiaobaojuanandinforcedxiaobaojuansbrotheremperorheofsouthernqitoyieldthethronetohimendingsouthernqiandstartingliangdynastyasitsemperorwuxiaozhengdehopedtobecrownprinceinsteademperorwureversedtheadoptionandreturnedxiaozhengdetoxiaohongslinecreatinghimonlythemarquessofxifengxiaozhengdewasnotatallcontentwithbeingjustamarquessandheresentedthereversaloftheadoptioninhefledtorivalnorthernweiclaimingtobeliangsdeposedcrownprinceandsoughtmilitaryassistancethenorthernweiofficialxiaobaoyinabrotherofxiaobaojuaninsteadsuggestedthatxiaozhengdebeputtodeaththenorthernweigovernmentdidnotkillxiaozhengdebutdidnottreathimwithrespecthebelievedhimselftobeindangerandhecreatedasubterfugekillingaboyandclaimingthattheboywashisburyingtheboyfarfromthenorthernweicapitalluoyanginhefledbacktoliangemperorwudidnotpunishhimandinfactrestoredhimtohistitleandpositionsafterxiaozhengdesreturntolianghoweverhedidnotregrethisactionsbutinsteadgatheredthugsoftenleadingtheminrobberiesinxiaozhengdewasageneralunderthecommandofemperorwussonxiaozongtheprinceofyuzhangdefendingthecityofpengchengwhichwassurrenderedtoliangbythenorthernweigeneralyuanfasengearlierthatyearxiaozongwhohadlongsuspectedhimselftobeactuallythesonofxiaobaojuansincehismotherconsortwuwasaconcubineofxiaobaojuanandhadgivenbirthtohimonlysevenmonthsafterbecomingemperorwusconcubinedefectedtonorthernweiduringthecampaignandhisforcescollapsedxiaozhengdeabandonedhistroopsandfledbacktothecapitaljiankangbecauseofcrimeshehadpreviouslycommittedandbecauseofhisabandoninghisforcesemperorwustrippedxiaozhengdeofhistitleandofficesandexiledhimtolinhaihoweverevenbeforexiaozhengdecouldreachlinhaiemperorwusentamessengerpardoninghimandrestoringhimtohistitlexiaotongdiedinandemperorwubecausehethenmadexiaotongsyoungerbrotheremperorjianwenofliangxiaogangcrownprincebypassingxiaotongssonsxiaohuanxiaoyuandemperorxuanofwesternliangxiaochahecreatedxiaohuanxiaoyuandxiaochaprincesatthistimexiaozhengdeflatteredemperorwusfavoriteofficialzhuyiliangdynastyzhuyiandzhuyispokeonhisbehalfremindingemperorwuthatxiaozhengdewaspreviouslyhissonbutwasnowonlyamarquessemperorwuthereforecreatedxiaozhengdethegreatertitleofprinceoflinhexiaozhengdewasstillnotsatisfiedhoweverwhenthegeneralhoujingrebelledinfallheknowingxiaozhengdesdisaffectionmadesecretoverturestoxiaozhengdepromisingtomakehimemperorwhenemperorwusubsequentlysentxiaozhengdewithanarmytotrytoresisthouxiaozhengdeturnedagainstemperorwuandjoinedforceswithhouafterhouputjiankangundersiegeandcapturedtheoutercityforcingforcesloyaltoemperorwutowithdrawintothepalacewallsxiaozhengdewasdeclaredemperorhecreatedhisheirapparentxiaojianlicrownprinceandmarriedadaughtertohouxiaojianlisoondiedinaraidthatheconductedatnighthealsomadeapactwithhouthatwhenthepalacefellemperorwuandxiaogangwouldnotbesparedinspringwhenhoubrieflyenteredintonegotiationswithemperorwuandxiaogangforpeacexiaozhengdespokeagainstitandhousubsequentlyrenegedonthepeacetermswhenthepalacefellhoweverdespitexiaozhengdeseffortstohaveemperorwuandxiaogangkilledhoupreventeditinsteadusingemperorwuashispawnanddeposingxiaozhengdebacktohistitleofprinceoflinhealthoughconferringhimahighlyhonoraryofficeofdasimaxiaozhengdebecamedepressedandwhenhesubsequentlymetemperorwuheweptbitterlyemperorwurespondedyouweepandweepbutisitnottoolateforyoutoregretxiaozhengderesentedhouforrenegingontheagreementandhesubsequentlysentletterstohiscousinxiaofantheprinceofpoyangrequestingthatxiaofancometojiankangsrelieftheletterswereinterceptedbyhousforcesandinsummerhoustrangledxiaozhengdetodeatheranamezhengpingzhngpngpersonalinformationfatherxiaohongprincejinghuioflinchuanbrotherofemperorwuofliangconcubineprincesschanglexiaozhengdesownsisternamechangedtoladyliumotheroftwosonschildrenxiaojianlithecrownprincecreatedandkilledinbattletwosonsbyladyliuadaughterwifeofhoujingnotesandreferencesbookofliangvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwlianhtmhistoryofsoutherndynastiesvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwsshhtmzizhitongjianvolszhzhzhzhzhxerxesijapanesepostalmarkredirectshellscaledingirudcuneiformannieleemosscaribanainfoboxalbumnametypestudioalbumartistbeatsteakscoverbeatsteaksjpgaltreleasedfebruaryrecordednovemberbrberlingermanyvenuestudiogenrehardcorepunklengthlabelxnorecordsproducerprevtitleprevyearnexttitlelaunchedalbumlaunchednextyearisthedebutalbumfromgermanygermanhardcorepunkbandbeatsteaksitwasreleasedinnovemberthebandsignedwithepitaphrecordsfortheirnextreleaselaunchedalbumlaunchedintracklistingtracklistallwritingbeatsteaksexceptwherenotedtitleunmindedlengthtitlefragenlengthtitlewhyyounotlengthtitledifferentwayslengthtitlelengthtitlefoollengthtitleschlechtlengthtitlemeagainsttheworldlengthtitleindifferentlengthtitlebarfraulengthtitleyouwalklengthtitledisillusionnoteincludesahiddentracklengthcreditsarnimteutoburgweindashvocalsguitarpeterbaumannndashguitarberndkurtzkendashguitaralexanderrowaagndashbassstefanhircherndashdrumsreferencesinfoboxnflplayernamexavierleeimagecaptionnumberpositionquarterbackwidereceiverbirthdatebirthplacedaytonabeachfloridaheightftheightinweightlbshighschoolseabreezehighschooldaytonabeachflseabreezecollegefloridastateseminolesfootballfloridastateundraftedyearpastteamsbaltimoreravenssouthernnewhampshirebeaversarkansastwistersoklahomacityyarddawgzarizonarattlerspittsburghpowerkansascitycommandlasvegaslocomotivesorlandopredatorskansascityrenegadessanantoniotalonsorlandopredatorsnebraskadangerpastteamsnoteyesaflstatlabelreceptionsyardsaflstatvalueaflstatlabelreceivingtdsaflstatvalueaflstatlabelcompletionsattemptsaflstatvalueaflstatlabelpassingyardsaflstatvalueaflstatlabeltdintaflstatvalueaflnflnewxavierleexaviertyreeleebornjanuaryisaformeramericanfootballquarterbackandwidereceiverhewassignedbythebaltimoreravensasanundraftedfreeagentinheplayedcollegefootballatfloridastateseminolesfootballfloridastateearlyyearsleeattendedseabreezehighschoolindaytonabeachfloridahesetfloridasalltimerecordforpassingyardscompletionsandtouchdownsinhighschoolfootballfootballleewhowasnamedfloridasmrfootballinandwonstateaplayeroftheyearhonorsasaseniorduringhisseniorseasonherushedforyardsandtouchdownsandwasforpercentpassingforyardswithtouchdownsandinterceptionstheheavilyrecruitedprospectwasratedafivestarplayerandthenodualthreatquarterbackinthenationbyrivalscomleeplayedintheusarmyallamericanbowlhesignedwithfloridastateseminolesfootballfloridastatepassingupoffersbyohiostatebuckeyesfootballohiostatetennesseevolunteersfootballtennesseetexaslonghornsfootballtexasauburntigersfootballauburnandfloridagatorsfootballfloridacollegecareerasaredshirtcollegesportsredshirtsophomoreinleeplayedineightgamesincludingthreestartsandpassedforyardswithtouchdownsandinterceptionsleestartedfortheinjureddrewweatherfordonoctoberontheroadatuniversityofmarylandcollegeparkmarylandhealsostartedandwonhisfirstgameonsaturdaynovemberathomeagainstuniversityofvirginiavirginiaonaugusttheeightmonthquarterbackcompetitionendedwhenoffensivecoordinatorjimbofishernamedweatherfordthestartingquarterbackfortheseminolesopeneratclemsonuniversityclemsononseptemberleereplacedweatherfordinthesecondquarteragainstalabamacrimsontidefootballteamalabamaandledtheseminolestoavictoryleefinishedthegamewithyardstwotouchdownsoneinterceptionandrushesforyardshisperformanceearnedhimthestartingquarterbackjobandatlanticcoastconferencecooffensivebackhonorsfortheweekofoctoberleesubsequentlygavethestartersjobbacktodrewweatherfordduetopoorperformanceprofessionalcareerbaltimoreravensleedecidedtoforgohisseniorseasonatfloridastateanddeclaredhimselfeligibleforthenfldrafthewasnotinvitedtothenflcombineandthereforecouldonlyshowcasehistalentatfloridastatesprodaywherehewasmeasuredinatweighedpoundsandwasclockedattimesofandsecondsintheyarddashdespitehisworkoutsandprodayresultshewasnotselectedinthenfldraftonmaythebaltimoreravenssignedleeasanundraftedfreeagenttheravenssignedhimasatightendinsteadofquarterbackhewasreleasedbytheravensonjunearkansastwistersfollowingabriefstintasawidereceiverforthesouthernnewhampshirebeaversofthenewenglandfootballleagueleewasinvitedtothepreseasoncampofthearkansastwistersoftheafasaquarterbackbutwaslaterconvertedtowidereceiveroklahomacityyarddawgzhewasawidereceiverandbackupquarterbackfortheoklahomacityyarddawgzofthearenafootballleagueafllasvegaslocomotivesheplayedtightendforthelasvegaslocomotivesoftheunitedfootballleagueunitedfootballleagueuflinkansascityrenegadesleewassignedinaprilbythekansascityrenegadesandguidedthemtotheirndvictoryeverasafranchiseintheinauguralseasonofthechampionsprofessionalindoorfootballleaguecpiflcompletingofpasseswithtouchdownsandinterceptionssanantoniotalonsleewasassignedtothesanantoniotalonsmidwaythroughtheseasonoriginallysignedasawidereceiverleeplayedafewgamesatquarterbackwhenthetalonswerehitwithawrathofinjuriesreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebseminolescomsportsmfootblmttleexavierhtmlfl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gularresponsetomousebuttonsthiswasreworkedbyoddskanckeakaozksomethingthatalsoresultedinacompleterewriteofthexddthemoosexddmousedevicedriverisnowcodedinctoojustliketherestofthexaaescodedevelopmentwaslatermovedfromatariforgetoanapachesubversionsvnrepositoryatsourceforgeandfromtheretothepubliclybrowsablegithubcomfreemintfreemintfreemintgitrepositoryongithubxaaesafreemintkernelmoduleinordertogetacleanandfastxaaesthebestsolutionturnedouttobechangingxaaesintoakernelmoduletoachievethisgoalacompletelynewapiwasconstructedanditwasquicklyapparentthatthenewkernelmoduleofferedmassivelyimprovedperformancemostnoticeablytheresponsetimewassignificantlyimprovedresultinginamuchmoresnappyandresponsiveexperiencewhentryingtoclickabuttontoseelivewindowredrawsetcallinallxaaesreachedawholenewlevelafterbeingintegratedthistightlywithfreemintandasofthefreemintreleaseitmustbeconsideredhighlyusablewiththeimplementationofwindowshadingthelistofmissingfeatureswasgettingshortthissectionisusedonwikipediawithpermissionfromxaaesatariforgenetseealsoemutosataritosmultitosmintfreemintexternallinksxaaesatariforgenettheunofficialxaaespagegithubcomfreemintfreeminttreemasterxaaesxaaessourceredirectdirectoryassistancexmfileformatredirectxenodonbradmanempressxiaodexiannikolaosnikolaredirectcategoryshellnikolairedirectcategoryshellnormainfoboxuniversitynamexavierinstituteofsocialservicenativenameimagenamesealofxavierinstituteofsocialserviceranchijpgimagesizepxcaptionmottoleaveninthedoughestablishedtypeprivateuniversityprivatebusinessschoolbrresearchcoeducationalreligiousaffiliationromancatholicchurchromancatholicsocietyofjesusjesuitdirectordrfralexiusekkasocietyofjesussjfacultytotalbrfulltimepostgradcityranchistatejharkhandcountryindiacoorsmallcampusurbanareaurbannicknamexisswebsitelogoxavierinstituteofsocialservicexissisajesuitcollegeindiajesuitrunbusinessschoolinranchiindiaitwasestablishedasanextensiondepartmentofstxavierscollegeranchiinbyfrmichaelawindeysjwiththeobjectiveoftrainingyoungmenandwomeninruraldevelopmentpersonnelmanagementandindustrialrelationsinfrmichealvandenbogaertsjwasappointedasthedirectorofxissandrenderedhisservicetotheinstituteforyearsintheinstitutewasregisteredasaseparateeducationalsocietyunderthesocietiesregistrationactinitmovedtoitspresentsitexissisgovernedbyagoverningbodyheadedbyachairmanfromtheranchijesuitsocietythegoverningbodyissupportedbyanacademicadvisorycouncilofseniorfacultyanddirectorsxisshasconsistentlybeenratedasoneofthebestbusinessschoolsinindiatheinstitutionisalsofeaturedamongthetopinstitutionsofferingmbahrinindiambainformercommbainhrtopcollegesformbahrinindiahtmlmhistoryxavierinstituteofsocialservicewasestablishedinasacenterforsocialserviceatstxavierscollegeranchiitwasnamedafterthesocietyofjesusjesuitsaintfrancisxavierforhismissionaryworkinindiaxisswasestablishedwiththelistofjesuitdevelopmentcentresmissiontodevelophumanresourcesforvarioussectorssuchasindustriesbusinessruraldevelopmenthealthcareetcinthechotanagpurplateauchotanagpurregionboththefoundingdirectorfrmichaelwindeyandhissuccessorfrbogeartwerebelgianjesuitmissionarieswhocontributedsignificantlytothejesuitmissioninindiafromtheiryouthfrwindeyestablishedthevillagereconstructionorganisationvroingunturandhrapradeshafterhavingofficiallyendedhiscareerasaprofessorandteacherintofullygivehimselftothepoorhelpingtheminthereconstructionofvillagesduetonaturaldisastersintheearlysfrbogeartmadeanextensivetouroftheruralareasofchotanagpurmeetingwithtribalyouthandestablishedthevikasmaitritoassistthetribalyouthfinanciallyintheirhigherstudiesthisorganizationisactivetodateintheruralareasofchotanagpurinfluencedbythewelfareworksatranchihestartedpgdiplomainruraldevelopmentininfrbogaertjoinedtheteamofjesuitsassignedtostartxavierinstituteofmanagementbhubaneswarhealsostartedthexavierinstituteofdevelopmentactionandstudiesxidasinjabalpurmadhyapradeshinhencexissgavehimhisownagendaofdoingsomethingspecialforruraldevelopmentinalltheseplacesadmissioncandidatesarerequiredtoapplyseparatelytotheinstitutewiththeirrequiredcoursepreferencesassoonastheregistrationprocessforadmissionbeginswhichwillbementionedonthecollegewebsiteapplicationscanbesubmittedonlinexissrequiresapplicantstoobtaintheadequatecutoffscoreassetbytheinstituteinoneofthetestsapprovedbytheinstitutelikethexavieraptitudetestxatconductedbyxlriorcommonadmissiontestcatconductedbyindianinstitutesofmanagementiimsorcmatconductedbyaictethecutoffscoresmayvaryfordifferentexamsthecandidatesobtainingthecutoffscorewillbeshortlistedforthesubsequentgroupdiscussionpersonalinterviewgdpiheldacrossvariousplacesinindiabasedontheirperformanceinboththetestandgdpitheinstitutereleasesthelistoftheselectedcandidatesonitswebsiteacademicprogrammescurrentlyxissoffersthefollowingdiplomaandcertificateprogrammespgdmpostgraduatediplomainmanagementinhumanresourcemanagementpgdmhrmpgdmpostgraduatediplomainmanagementinruralmanagementpgdmrmpgdmpostgraduatediplomainmanagementininformationtechnologypgdmitpgdmpostgraduatediplomainmanagementinfinancepgdmfinancepgdmpostgraduatediplomainmanagementinmarketingpgdmmarketingnationalstockexchangeofindiansecertifiedcapitalmarketprofessionalnccmpsocialservicefieldworksocialservicefieldworkisacompulsorytaskforallfirstyearstudentsofpgdmhrmandpgdmitinxissandtheyvoluntarilykeepthemselvesengagedintheirfirstyearcoursewiththereputedhumanitarianorganizationsinranchithestudentsvisittheirrespectivefieldworkcentresontheirownonvariousdaysinaweektocarryoutsocialinitiativesandservicethestudentsofruralmanagementarealsoinvolvedinruralcampsandfieldtripswhichhelptheminunderstandingtheruralsocietyinabetterwayalongwithprovidingthemwithadequateexposuretothecomplexitiesofrurallifetheinstitutehascollaboratedwithuniceftolaunchaknowledgemanagementresourcecentrekmrcwithaviewtobuildaknowledgebaseforwomenandchildrenrelatedissuesinjharkhandinfrastructurexississituatedintheheartofranchitheinstituteprovideshostelfacilitytofemalestudentssincetheinstitutehasstartedprovidingboyshostelfacilitieshowevertherearelimitedseatswhichareofferedbasedonavailabilitytheinstitutehasclassroomswithallmodernteachingaidsthereareseparatecommonroomsforboysandgirlscafeteriaandrefectorystaffroomseminarroomsconferencehallsstaffloungeandawellfurnishedairconditionedauditoriumwithaseatingcapacityofpersonstheinstitutehasaverywellstockedlibrarycontainingovervolumesofbooksjournalsencyclopediasalmanacsandmagazinesitsubscribestomorethanperiodicalsandjournalsthefacultyandstudentscanaccessoveronlineinternationaljournalswhichareavailablethroughinstitutionalsubscriptiontheinstitutehasastateoftheartcomputerlabthathostsoverterminalswithnecessaryhardwaresupportinsynchronizationwiththeneedsthewifienabledcampussetsthetoneforxglobalconnectivityfromjulyinstitutehasallottedlaptopstoeveryfacultymemberstudentactivitiestheinstitutehasaculturalandsportscommitteecascwitharepresentativeineachclassfororganizingeventsandculturalactivitiesstudentclubsincludeembarkwhichhostsinterdepartmentalintercollegecompetitionsandphonixwhichorganizesmanagementgamesbusinessquizzespaperpresentationsguestlecturesandotherknowledgesharingactivitieswiththestudentspanachepanacheistheannualculturalmanagementfestheldbytheinstituteatitspremisesusuallyinthemonthoffebruaryitcomprisesvariouscompetitionsandeventsinwhichstudentsofallthecollegesofthecitycanparticipateitconsistsofoutdooreventsculturaleventsandthebattleofthebandsinwhichbandsofvariouscollegesandeducationalinstitutesofthecityparticipatethetwomostpopularoutdoorgamesincludecrossroadswhichisbasedontheformatoffamousrealityshowmtvroadiesroadiesandthesauruswhichisatreasurehuntinggameinwhichtheparticipantshavetomoveacrossthecityfindingcluesandconnectingthemissinglinksothereventsincludefinquizrangolifacepaintingcorporateroundpoliticomaniabusinessquizcollagemakingbusinessbaazigarcurtaincallsingingcompetitionandfilmfestivalthefinaldayincludesafashionshowrampwalkandadjnightforthestudentswithaperformancebyaguestbandalumnitheinstituteisknowninthecorporateworldforitspostgraduateprograminhumanresourcemanagementwithleadingmultinationalsandindiancompaniescomingforcampusinterviewsthealumnioftheinstituteworkinglobalholdingcorporationibmpunjlloydhondamotorsceattataaialifejindalsteelkotaklifegepepsicokeciscotcsalstomkotakmahindrabankicicibankiciciprudentiallifeernstandyoungnomuranestlecitibankdellinfosyswiproetcxisspostgraduatecourseinruraldevelopmentpgdrdcourseiswellknowninthesectoroverfiftyyearsthealumniofxisshavespreadtheirrootsnotonlyinindiabutacrosstheglobethealumninetworkwithitsreachandpowermakeitoneoftheinstitutesvaluedassetsreferencesexternallinksxissacinxavierinstituteofsocialserviceranjesuorgranchijesuitsocietyempressxiaoshenchengucuneiformlugalxinancountychinesecharacterchinesepinyinxnnxinhakkadialectsinonyenisapartofluoyangcityhenanprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinahistoryinancientchinaxinanwasacountylocatedtothewestofluoyangformercapitalofthezhoudynastybcethearchaeologicalsiteofthehangupasshanguguangatedatesbacktothistimeandisthusenlistedbyunescoaspartoftheworldheritagesiteworldheritagesitesilkroadstheroutesnetworkofchangantianshancorridorsilkroadsreferencescherrapunjicherrapunjiblanchescottblanchescottredirectjavierprezdecullarxnorgatekhawithdescenderemoticonmoeslanginfoboxinformationappliancelogoxboxfulllogosvglogocaptionimagethecaptiononlyneedstomentionthelogoifitrequiresidentificationlikeiftherearemultiplelogoscaptionleftoriginalmodelxboxpremiumbrcenterredesignedslimmodelxboxsbrrightlatestmodelxboxethecaptiononlyneedstomentionthelogoifitrequiresidentificationlikeiftherearemultiplelogosdevelopermicrosoftmanufacturerflextronicswistroncorporationwistroncelesticafoxconnfamilyxboxtypehomevideogameconsolegenerationseventhgenerationofvideogameconsolesseventhgenerationlifespandiscontinuedrefmediadvdcompactdisccdxboxlivearcadedigitaldistributionbraddonhddvdsmalldiscontinuedsmallosxboxsystemsoftwarestoragecollapsiblelisttitlestoragemediaharddiskdrivedetachableharddrivesbrsmallornbspgboldermodelsornbspgbxboxsmodelssmallmemorycardsinvideogameconsolesmemorycardsremovablesmalloriginaldesignonlysmallbrsmallnbsp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hexboxwouldeventuallyrununderibmsxenonprocessorxenonprocessorthecoresofthexenoncentralprocessingunitprocessorweredevelopedusingaslightlymodifiedversionoftheplaystationscellmicroprocessorcellprocessorppearchitectureaccordingtodavidshippyandmickiephippstheibmemployeeswerehidingtheirworkfromsonyandtoshibaibmspartnersindevelopingthecellmicroprocessorcellprocessorjeffmintercreatedthemusicvisualizationprogramneonlightsynthesizerneonwhichisincludedwiththexboxlaunchthexboxwasreleasedonnovemberintheunitedstatesandcanadadecemberineuropeanddecemberinjapanitwaslaterlaunchedinmexicobrazilchilecolombiahongkongsingaporesouthkoreataiwanaustralianewzealandsouthafricaindiaandrussiainitsfirstyearonthemarketthesystemlaunchedincountriesmorecountriesthananyotherconsolehaslaunchedinasingleyearcriticalreceptioninignnamedthexboxthesixthgreatestvideogameconsoleofalltimeoutofafieldofalthoughnotthebestsellingconsoleoftheseventhgenerationthexboxwasdeemedbytechradartobethemostinfluentialbyemphasizingdigitalmediadistributionandonlinegamingthroughxboxliveandbypopularizingachievementvideogaminggameachievementawardspcmagazineconsideredthexboxtheprototypeforonlinegamingasitprovedthatonlinegamingcommunitiescouldthriveintheconsolespacefiveyearsafterthexboxsoriginaldebutthewellreceivedkinectmotioncapturecamerawasreleasedwhichsettherecordofbeingthefastestsellingconsumerelectronicdeviceinhistoryandextendedthelifeoftheconsolerefnamefinanceyahoocomrefedgemagazineedgerankedxboxthesecondbestconsoleoftheperiodstatingithaditsownsocialnetworkcrossgamechatnewindiegameseveryweekandthebestversionofjustabouteverymultiformatgamekillzoneserieskillzoneisnohaloserieshaloandnowadaysgranturismoseriesgranturismoisnoforzamotorsportseriesforzabutitsnotabouttheexclusivestheresnothingtotrumpnaughtydogspsoutputafterallratheritsaboutthechoicesmicrosoftmadebackintheoriginalxboxslifetimethepclikearchitecturemeanttheearlyeasportsgamesranatfpscomparedtoonlyonpsxboxlivemeanteverydedicatedplayerhadanexistingfriendslistandhalomeantmicrosofthadthekillernextgenerationexclusiveandwhendevelopersdemogamesonpcnowtheydoitwithapadanotherindustrybenchmarkandacriticalonesalesthissectionislinkedfromthisarticlesinfoboxdonotchangethesenumberswithoutareferencevgchartsandnextgenwarsarenotreliablesourcesclasswikitablestylefloatrightmarginememregionlistofmillionsellinggameconsolesunitssoldfirstavailableunitedstatesmillionsmallsmallrefnameuseusalesrefnovemberemearegionsmalleuropemiddleeastandafricasmallmillionsmallsmallsmallincludesuksalessmallrowspandecemberunitedkingdommillionsmallsmallrefnameuksalesrefjapanmillionsmallsmallrefnamejapansalesrefdecemberaustralianewzealandmillionsmallsmallrefnamesalesausnzrefmarchworldwidemillionsmallsmallrefnamemilrefsmallxboxlaunchreleasedatesandpricingmoresmalllaunchsalesthexboxbeganproductiononlydaysbeforelaunchrefnamebottleneckrefandmicrosoftwasnotabletosupplyenoughsystemstomeetinitialconsumerdemandineuropeornorthamericasellingoutcompletelyxboxlaunchuponreleaseinallregionsexceptinjapanrefnameshortagesspoilxboxlaunchrefrefnamexboxlaunchtakeseuropebystormrefrefnameretailersselloutofinitialxboxshipmentsrefrefnamebbcsoldoutreffortythousandunitswereofferedforsaleonauctionsiteebayduringtheinitialweekofreleaseofthetotalsupplybyyearsendmicrosofthadshippedmillionunitsincludinginnorthamericaineuropeandinjapannorthamericainmaymicrosoftannouncedthatmillionxboxshadbeensoldandthatitwasthefirstcurrentgenerationgamingconsoletosurpassthemillionfigureintheusintheusthexboxwastheleaderincurrentgenerationhomeconsolesalesuntiljunewhenitwassurpassedbythewiithexboxhassoldatotalofunitsincanadaasofaugustrefnamecanadianpressrefbetweenjanuaryandoctoberthexboxwasthebestsellingconsoleintheunitedstatesfortheseconsecutivemonthseuropeineuropethexboxhassoldsevenmillionunitsasofnovemberaccordingtomicrosoftjapanwhiletheoriginalxboxconsolexboxsoldpoorlyinjapansellingjustmillionunitswhileitwasonthemarketbetweenandthexboxsoldevenmorepoorlysellingonlymillionunitsfromtoedgemagazineedgemagazinereportedinaugustthatinitiallylacklusterandsubsequentlyfallingsalesinjapanwheremicrosofthadbeenunabletomakeseriousinroadsintothedominanceofdomesticrivalssonyandnintendohadledtoretailersscalingdownandinsomecasesdiscontinuingsalesofthexboxcompletelylegacythexboxsoldmuchbetterthanitspredecessorandalthoughnotthebestsellingconsoleoftheseventhgenerationitisregardedasasuccesssinceitstrengthenedmicrosoftasamajorforceintheconsolemarketattheexpenseofwellestablishedrivalstheinexpensivenintendowiididsellthemostconsoleunitsbuteventuallysawacollapseofthirdpartysoftwaresupportinitslateryearsandithasbeenviewedbysomeasafadsincethesucceedingwiiuhadapoordebutinthexboxsadvantageoveritscompetitorswasduetothereleaseofhighprofilegamesfrombothfirstpartyandthirdpartydevelopersthegamecriticsawardshonoredtheplatformwithnominationsandwinsmorethananyotherplatformbymarchthexboxhadreachedasoftwareattachrateofgamesperconsoleintheustheratewasineuropewhileitscompetitorswerepsandwiiaccordingtomicrosoftatthegamedevelopersconferencemicrosoftannouncedthatitexpectedovergamesavailableforxboxbytheendoftheyearaswellasenjoyingexclusivessuchasadditionstothehalofranchiseandgearsofwarthexboxhasmanagedtogainasimultaneousreleaseofgamesthatwereinitiallyplannedtobepsexclusivesincludingdevilmaycryrefnamedevilmaycryrefacecombatrefnameacecombatrefvirtuafighterrefnamevirtuafighterrefgrandtheftautoivrefnamegrandtheftautoreffinalfantasyxiiirefnameffxiiireftekkenrefnametekkenrefmetalgearrisingrevengeancemetalgearsolidrisingandlanoireinadditionxboxversionsofcrossplatformgamesweregenerallyconsideredsuperiortotheirpscounterpartsinanddueinparttothedifficultiesofprogrammingforthepstechradardeemedthexboxasthemostinfluentialgamesystemthroughitsemphasisofdigitalmediadistributionxboxliveonlinegamingserviceandachievementvideogaminggameachievementfeatureduringtheconsoleslifetimethexboxbrandhasgrownfromgamingonlytoencompassingallmultimediaturningitintoahubforlivingroomcomputingenvironmentfiveyearsafterthexboxsoriginaldebutthewellreceivedkinectmotioncapturecamerawasreleasedwhichbecamethefastestsellingconsumerelectronicdeviceinhistoryandextendedthelifeoftheconsolemicrosoftannouncedthexboxonesuccessortothexboxatelectronicentertainmentexpoeonjunealthoughsucceededasmicrosoftsmainconsolebythexboxonesupportfrompublishersforthexboxisexpectedtocontinueuntilatleastonaprilmicrosoftannouncedtheendofproductionofnewxboxhardwarethecompanywillcontinuetoprovidehardwareandsoftwaresupportfortheplatformasselectedxboxgamescanbeplayedonxboxonerefnamevergeendofproductionrefhardwaresharesmanyaestheticswiththexboxonethemainunitofthexboxitselfhasslightdoubleconcavityinmattewhiteorblacktheofficialcolorofthewhitemodelisarcticchillitfeaturesaportonthetopwhenverticalleftsidewhenhorizontaltowhichacustomhousedharddiskdriveunitcanbeattachedontheslimandemodelstheharddrivebayisonthebottomwhenverticalrightsidewhenhorizontalandrequirestheopeningofaconcealeddoortoaccessitthisdoesnotvoidthewarrantythexboxslimeharddiskdriveharddrivesarestandardserialatasatalaptopdrivesbuthaveacustomenclosureandfirmwaresothatthexboxcanrecognizeittechnicalspecificationsvariousharddiskdriveshavebeenproducedincludingoptionsatornbspgbinsidethexboxusesthetriplecoreibmdesignedxenonprocessorxenonasitscpuwitheachcorecapableofsimultaneouslyprocessingtwothreadcomputersciencethreadsandcanthereforeoperateonuptosixthreadsatoncecomputergraphicsgraphicsprocessingishandledbytheatitechnologiesatixenosgraphicschipxenoswhichhasnbspmegabytembofedramitsmainmemorypoolisnbspmbinsizeaccessoriesmanyaccessoriesareavailablefortheconsoleincludingxboxcontrollerbothwiredandwirelesscontrollersfaceplatesforcustomizationheadsetsforchattingaxboxlivevisionwebcamforvideochattingdancepaddancematsandgamercizeforexercisethreesizesofxboxaccessoriesmemoryunitsmemoryunitsandfivesizesofharddiskdriveharddrivesinitiallyjapanonlyrefnamegbseparaterefbutlateralsoavailableelsewhererefnamegbnarefrefnamegbukrefandnbspgbamongotheritemsallofwhicharestyledtomatchtheconsolekinectsensordevicethexboxerevisionhasanxboxlogototheleftofthexboxbrandingaltakinectsensordevicekinectisacontrollerfreegamingandentertainmentexperienceforthexboxitwasfirstannouncedonjuneattheelectronicentertainmentexpounderthecodenameprojectnataltheaddonperipheralenablesuserstocontrolandinteractwiththexboxwithoutagamecontrollerbyusinggesturesspeechrecognitionspokencommandsandpresentedobjectsandimagesthekinectaccessoryiscompatiblewithallxboxmodelsconnectingtonewmodelsviaacustomconnectorandtoolderonesviaausbandmainspoweradapterduringtheirconsumerelectronicsshowceskeynotespeechrobbiebachandmicrosoftceosteveballmerwentontosaythatkinectwillbereleasedduringtheholidayperiodnovemberjanuaryandworkwitheveryconsoleitsnameandreleasedateofnovemberwereofficiallyannouncedonjuneofthatyearpriortomicrosoftspressconferenceatelectronicentertainmentexpoeavoutputbuiltinhdmionlymadeafterspdifonlyslimstereoaudiocompositevideocompositevideophoneconnectoraudiojackmmonlyslimethroughavconnectorexcludingemodelswhichhavenoavconnectorcompositevideocompositevideosvideoscartscartrgbvgaconnectorvgaypbprypsubbsubpsubrsubdterminalspdifrcaconnectorrcastereophonicsoundstereoaudioretailconfigurationsmultipleimagealigndirectionwidthimagexboxprowcontrollerjpgaltxboxpremiumcaptionxboxpremiumimagexboxarcadewcontrollerjpgaltxboxarcadecaptionxboxarcadereplacedxboxcoreimagexboxelitewcontrollerjpgaltxboxelitecaptionxboxeliteatlaunchthexboxwasavailableintwoconfigurationsthexboxpackageunofficiallyknownasthenbspgbproorpremiumpricedatusorpoundsterlinggbandthexboxcorepricedatusandgbtheoriginalshipmentofthexboxversionincludedacutdownversionofthemediaremoteasapromotiontheelitepackagewaslaunchedlateratusthexboxcorewasreplacedbythexboxarcadeinoctoberrefnamearcadeconsoleprrefandanbspgbversionofthexboxprowasreleasedonaugustthepropackagewasdiscontinuedandmarkeddowntousonaugusttobesolduntilstockranoutwhiletheelitewasalsomarkeddowninpricetousrefnameusatodayreftwomajorhardwarerevisionsofthexboxhavesucceededtheoriginalmodelsthexboxsalsoreferredtoastheslimreplacedtheoriginaleliteandarcademodelsinthesmodelcarriesasmallerstreamlinedappearancewithanangularcaseandutilizesaredesignedmotherboarddesignedtoalleviatethehardwareandoverheatingissuesexperiencedbypriormodelsitalsoincludesaproprietaryportforusewiththekinectsensorrefnameengadgetnewxboxrefrefnameinsidenewxboxrefthexboxeafurtherstreamlinedvariationoftheswithatwotonerectangularcaseinspiredbyxboxonewasreleasedininadditiontoitsrevisedaestheticsthexboxealsohasonefewerusbportnoavconnectorandthusishdmionlyandnolongersupportsspdifrefnamegeekcomxboxereftimelinetimelinedateformatmmddyyyyperiodfromtilldefineskipatendforceablanklinedefinedayunknownwhatdaytouseifitsactuallynotknownimagesizewidthheightautobarincrementtimeaxisorientationhorizontalplotarearightleftbottomtoplegendorientationverticalpositionbottomcolumnscolorsidbgvaluewhiteidlightlinevaluergbidlighttextvaluergbidpremiumgbvaluergblegendxboxpremiumeditiongbidpremiumgbvaluergblegendxboxpremiumeditiongbidcorevaluergblegendxboxcoreeditionidarcadevaluergblegendxboxarcadeeditionidelitevaluergblegendxboxeliteeditionidsgbvaluergblegendxboxsgbidsgbvaluergblegendxboxsgbidpremiumgbvaluergbidpremiumgbvaluergbidcorevaluergbidarcadevaluergbidelitevaluergbidsgbvaluergbidsgbvaluergbbackgroundcolorscanvasbgscalemajorgridcolorlighttextunityearincrementstartscaleminorgridcolorlightlineunitmonthincrementstartbardatabarsetpremiumgbbarsetpremiumgbbarsetcorebarsetarcadebarsetsgbbarsetelitebarsetsgbplotdatawidthtextcolorblackshiftanchorfromfontsizesbarsetpremiumgbcolorpremiumgbfromtilltextbarsetbreakcolorpremiumgbfromtilltextbarsetbreakcolorpremiumgbfromtilltextbarsetpremiumgbcolorpremiumgbfromtillbarsetbreakcolorpremiumgbfromtilltextbarsetcorecolorcorefromtilltextbarsetbreakcolorcorefromtilltextbarsetarcadecolorarcadefromtilltextbarsetbreakcolorarcadefromtilltextbarsetbreakcolorarcadefromtilltextbarsetsgbcolorsgbfromtilltextbarsetelitecolorelitefromtillbarsetbreakcolorelitefromtilltextbarsetbreakcolorelitefromtilltextbarsetbreakcolorelitefromtilltextbarsetbreakcolorelitefromtilltextbarsetsgbcolorsgbfromtilltexttextdatapostextgbpremiumpostextgbpremiumpostextcorepostextarcadepostextgbspostextelitepostextgbspostextpostextpostexttimelineunitedstatesnovemberlaunchofxboxpremiumnbspgbnbsplaunchofxboxcorenbspaprillaunchxboxelitenbspgbnbspaugustrefnameconsolepricerefpricecutonxboxpremiumnbspgbnbsppricecutonxboxcorenbsppricecutonxboxelitenbspoctoberlaunchofxboxarcadenbspdiscontinuationofxboxcorejulydiscontinuationofxboxnbspgbpricecuttoforremainingstockrefnamegbdiscontinuedrefaugustlaunchofxboxpremiumnbspgbnbspseptemberpricecutonxboxelitenbsppricecutonxboxnbspgbnbsppricecutonxboxarcadenbspaugustdiscontinuationofxboxnbspgbpricecuttoforremainingstockpricecutonxboxelitenbspjunelaunchofxboxsnbspgbnbspdiscontinuationofxboxelitepricecuttoforremainingstockdiscontinuationofxboxarcadepricecuttoforremainingstockaugustlaunchofxboxsnbspgbnbspjunelaunchofxboxenbspgbnbsplaunchofxboxenbspgbnbspaprildiscontinuationofallxboxmodelstechnicalproblemsthexboxnotslimandemodelshasbeensubjecttoanumberoftechnicalproblemssincetheconsolesreleaseinusershavereportedconcernsoveritsreliabilityandfailureratetoaidcustomerswithdefectiveconsolesmicrosoftextendedthexboxsmanufacturerswarrantytothreeyearsforhardwarefailureproblemsthatgenerateageneralhardwarefailureerrorreportageneralhardwarefailureisrecognizedonallmodelsreleasedbeforethexboxsbythreequadrantsoftheringaroundthepowerbuttonflashingredthiserrorisoftenknownastheredringofdeathinaprilthewarrantywasextendedtoalsocoverfailuresrelatedtotheeerrorcodethewarrantyextensionisnotgrantedforanyothertypesoffailuresthatdonotgeneratethesespecificerrorcodessincetheseproblemssurfacedmicrosofthasattemptedtomodifytheconsoletoimproveitsreliabilitymodificationsincludeareductioninthenumbersizeandplacementofcomponentstheadditionofdabsofepoxyonthecornersandedgesofthecpuandgpuasgluetopreventmovementrelativetotheboardduringheatexpansionandasecondgpuheatsinktodissipatemoreheatrefnamerepairedhardwarerefwiththereleaseoftheredesignedxboxsthewarrantyforthenewermodelsdoesnotincludethethreeyearextendedcoverageforgeneralhardwarefailuresthenewerxboxsandemodelsindicatesystemoverheatingwhentheconsolespowerbuttonbeginstoflashredunlikepreviousmodelswherethefirstandthirdquadrantoftheringwouldlightupredaroundthepowerbuttonifoverheatingoccurredthesystemwillthenwarntheuserofimminentsystemshutdownuntilthesystemhascooledwhereasaflashingpowerbuttonthatalternatesbetweengreenandredisanindicationofageneralhardwarefailureunlikeoldermodelswherethreeofthequadrantswouldlightupredsoftwaregamesoneofmanyunrealenginepoweredgamesavailableonxboxthexboxlaunchedwithxboxlaunchtitlegamesinnorthamericaandineuropetheconsolesbestsellinggameforcallofdutysoldoveramillioncopiesrefnamecodsalesreffiveothergamessoldoveramillioncopiesintheconsolesfirstyearonthemarkettomclancysghostreconadvancedwarfighterghostreconadvancedwarfightertheelderscrollsivobliviondeadoralivesaintsrowvideogamesaintsrowandgearsofwargearsofwarwouldbecomethebestsellinggameontheconsolewithmillioncopiesinbeforebeingsurpassedinbyhalowithovermillioncopiesrefnamemillionsrefsixgameswereinitiallyavailableinjapanwhileeagerlyanticipatedgamessuchasdeadoraliveandenchantedarmswerereleasedintheweeksfollowingtheconsoleslaunchgamestargetedspecificallyfortheregionsuchaschromehoundsninetyninenightsandphantasystaruniversewerealsoreleasedintheconsolesfirstyearmicrosoftalsohadthesupportofjapanesedevelopermistwalkerfoundedbyfinalfantasycreatorhironobusakaguchimistwalkersfirstgamebluedragonvideogamebluedragonwasreleasedinandhadalimitededitionbundlewhichsoldoutquicklywithoverpreordersrefnamebluedragonpreordersrefbluedragonisoneofthreexboxgamestosurpassunitsinjapanalongwithtalesofvesperiaandstaroceanthelasthopemistwalkerssecondgamelostodysseyalsosoldovercopiesthegamecriticsawardshonoredthexboxplatformwithnominationsandwinsrefnamemostawardsciteweburlgamecriticsawardscomwinnershtmltitlewinnerspublishergamecriticsawardscomaccessdatejanuaryrefbymarchthexboxhadreachedasoftwareattachrateofgamesperconsolearecordforanyconsoleinhistoryrefnameattachrefinterfacethexboxsoriginalgraphicaluserinterfacewasthexboxdashboardatabguitabbedinterfacethatfeaturedfivebladesformerlyfourbladesandwasdesignedbyakqaandaudiobrainitcouldbelaunchedautomaticallywhentheconsolebootingbootedwithoutadiscinitorwhenthedisctraywasejectedbuttheuserhadtheoptiontoselectwhattheconsoledoesifagameisinthetrayonstartuporifinsertedwhenalreadyonasimplifiedversionofitwasalsoaccessibleatanytimeviathexboxguidebuttononthegamepadthissimplifiedversionshowedtheusersgamercardxboxlivemessagesandfriendslistitalsoallowedforpersonalandmusicsettingsinadditiontovoiceorvideochatsorreturningtothexboxdashboardfromthegameonnovemberthexboxsdashboardwaschangedfromthebladeinterfacetoadashboardreminiscentofthatpresentonthezuneandwindowsmediacenterknownasthenewxboxexperienceornxesincetheconsolesreleasemicrosofthasreleasedseveralupdatesforthedashboardsoftwaretheseupdateshaveincludedaddingnewfeaturestotheconsoleenhancingxboxlivefunctionalityandmultimediaplaybackcapabilitiesaddingcompatibilityfornewaccessoriesandfixingbugsinthesoftwaresuchupdatesaremandatoryforuserswishingtousexboxliveasaccesstoxboxliveisdisableduntiltheupdateisperformednewxboxexperienceateatmicrosoftsshowmicrosoftsaarongreenbergandmarcwhittenannouncedthenewxboxinterfacecalledthenewxboxexperiencenxetheupdatewasintendedtoeaseconsolemenunavigationitsguiusesthetwistuipreviouslyusedinwindowsmediacenterandthezuneitsnewxboxguideretainsalldashboardfunctionalityincludingthemarketplacebrowseranddiskejectionandtheoriginalbladeinterfacealthoughthecolorschemehasbeenchangedtomatchthatofthenxedashboardthenxealsoprovidesmanynewfeaturesuserscannowinstallgamesfromdisctotheharddrivetoplaythemwithreducedloadtimeandlessdiscdrivenoisebuteachgamesdiscmustremaininthesysteminordertorunanewbuiltincommunitysystemallowsthecreationofdigitizedavatarxboxavatarsthatcanbeusedformultipleactivitiessuchassharingphotosorplayingxboxlivearcadearcadegameslikevsxboxvstheupdatewasreleasedonnovemberrefnamexboxrefwhileprevioussystemupdateshavebeenstoredoninternalmemorythenxeupdatewasthefirsttorequireastoragedeviceatleastambmemorycardoraharddiskdriveharddrivemicrosoftreleasedafurtherupdatetothexboxdashboardstartingondecemberitincludedacompletelynewuserinterfacewhichutilizesmicrosoftsmetrodesignlanguagemetrodesignlanguageandaddednewfeaturessuchascloudstorageforgamesavesandprofileslivetelevisionmicrosoftbingbingvoicesearchaccesstoyoutubevideosandbettersupportforkinectvoicecommandsmultimediathexboxsupportsvideosinwindowsmediavideowmvformatincludinghighdefinitiontelevisionhighdefinitionandmicrosoftplaysforsureplaysforsurevideosaswellashmpegavchandmpegmediathedecemberdashboardupdateaddedsupportfortheplaybackofmpegpartmpegaspformatvideostheconsolecanalsoavatarcomputingdisplaypicturesandperformslideshowsofphotocollectionswithvarioustransitioneffectsandsupportsaudioplaybackwithdigitalaudioplayermusicplayercontrolsaccessiblethroughthexboxguidebuttonusersmayplaybacktheirownmusicwhileplayinggamesorusingthedashboardandcanplaymusicwithaninteractivevisualsynthesizermusicphotosandvideoscanbeplayedfromstandardusbdatastoragedevicemassstoragedevicesxboxproprietarydatastoragedevicestoragedevicessuchasmemorycardsorxboxharddrivesandserversorcomputerswithwindowsmediacenterorwindowsxpwithservicepackorhigherwithinthelocalareanetworkinstreamingmodeasthexboxusesamodifiedversionoftheuniversalplugandplayupnpavprotocolsomealternativeupnpserverssuchasusharepartofthegeexboxprojectandmythtvcanalsostreammediatothexboxallowingforsimilarfunctionalityfromnonwindowsserversthisispossiblewithvideofilesuptohdresolutionandwithseveralcodecsmpegmpegwmvandcontainerformatdigitalcontainerformatswmvmovtsasofoctoberukandirelandusersarealsoabletoaccessliveandondemandstreamsofskydigitalukirelandskytelevisionprogrammingattheandconsumerelectronicsshowsmicrosofthadannouncedthatiptvserviceswouldsoonbemadeavailabletousethroughthexboxinmicrosoftchairmanbillgatesstatedthatiptvonxboxwasexpectedtobeavailabletoconsumersbytheholidayseasonusingthemicrosofttviptveditionplatformingatesandpresidentofentertainmentdevicesrobertjbachrobbiebachannouncedapartnershipwithbtretailbtintheunitedkingdominwhichthebtvisionadvancedtvserviceusingthenewermicrosoftmediaroomiptvplatformwouldbeaccessibleviaxboxplannedforthemiddleoftheyearbtvisionsdvrbasedfeatureswouldnotbeavailableonxboxduetolimitedharddrivecapacityinwhileannouncingversionofmicrosoftmediaroommicrosoftceosteveballmermentionedthatattsuverseiptvservicewouldenablexboxstobeusedassettopboxeslaterintheyearasofjanuaryiptvonxboxhasyettobedeployedbeyondlimitedtrialsinmicrosoftreleasedtheliveeventplayerallowingforeventssuchasvideogameshowsbeautypageantsawardshowsconcertsnewsandsportingeventstobestreamedontheconsoleviaxboxlivethefirstliveeventsstreamedonliveweretherevolvermagazinerevolvergoldengodsmicrosoftsemediabriefingandthemissteenusabeautypageantxnacommunityxnacommunityisafeaturewherebyxboxownerscanreceivecommunitycreatedgamesmadewithmicrosoftxnagamestudiofromthexnacreatorsclubthegamesarewrittenpublishedanddistributedthroughacommunitymanagedportalxnacommunityprovidesachannelfordigitalvideogamedeliveryoverxboxlivethatcanbefreeofroyaltiespublishersandlicensesxnagamesaleshoweverdidnotmeetoriginalexpectationsthoughxboxliveindiegamesxblighashadsomehitsservicesxboxlivewhenthexboxwasreleasedmicrosoftsonlinegamingservicexboxlivewasshutdownforhoursandunderwentamajorupgradeaddingabasicnonsubscriptionservicecalledxboxlivesilverlaterrenamedxboxlivefreetoitsalreadyestablishedpremiumsubscriptionbasedservicewhichwasrenamedgoldxboxlivefreeisincludedwithallstockkeepingunitskusoftheconsoleitallowsuserstocreateauserprofilejoinoninternetforummessageboardsandaccessmicrosoftsxboxlivearcadeandmarketplaceandtalktoothermembersrefnamexboxlivefreerefalivefreeaccountdoesnotgenerallysupportmultiplayergaminghoweversomegamesthathaveratherlimitedonlinefunctionsalreadysuchasvivapiataorgamesthatfeaturetheirownsubscriptionserviceegeasportsgamescanbeplayedwithafreeaccountxboxlivealsosupportsvoicethelatterafeaturepossiblewiththexboxlivevisionxboxlivegoldincludesthesamefeaturesasfreeandincludesintegratedonlinegameplayingcapabilitiesoutsideofthirdpartysubscriptionsmicrosofthasallowedpreviousxboxlivesubscriberstomaintaintheirprofileinformationcontactlistfriendslistandgameshistorywhentheymakethetransitiontoxboxlivegoldtotransferanxboxliveaccounttothenewsystemusersneedtolinkawindowsliveidtotheirgamertagonxboxcomwhenusersaddanxboxliveenabledprofiletotheirconsoletheyarerequiredtoprovidetheconsolewiththeirpassportaccountinformationandthelastfourdigitsoftheirbankcardnumbercreditcardnumberwhichisusedforverificationpurposesandbillinganxboxlivegoldaccounthasanannualcostofuscanadiandollarcnewzealanddollarnzpoundsterlinggborasofjanuaryxboxlivehasovermillionsubscribersxboxlivemarketplacethexboxlivemarketplaceisavirtualmarketdesignedfortheconsolethatallowsxboxliveuserstodownloadpurchasedorpromotionalcontenttheserviceoffersmovieandgametrailersgamedemosxboxlivearcadegamesandxboxdashboardthemesaswellasaddongamecontentitemscostumeslevelsetcthesefeaturesareavailabletobothfreeandgoldmembersonxboxliveaharddriveormemoryunitisrequiredtostoreproductspurchasedfromxboxlivemarketplaceinordertodownloadpricedcontentusersarerequiredtopurchasemicrosoftpointsforuseasscripthoughsomeproductssuchastrailersanddemosarefreetodownloadmicrosoftpointscanbeobtainedthroughprepaidcardsinandpointdenominationsmicrosoftpointscanalsobepurchasedthroughxboxlivewithacreditcardinandpointdenominationsusersareabletoviewitemsavailabletodownloadontheservicethroughapcviathexboxlivemarketplacewebsiteanestimatedseventypercentofxboxliveusershavedownloadeditemsfromthemarketplacerefnamelivestatsrefxboxlivearcadexboxlivearcadeisanonlineserviceoperatedbymicrosoftthatisusedtodistributedownloadablevideogamestoxboxandxboxownersinadditiontoclassicarcadegamessuchasmspacmantheserviceofferssomeneworiginalgameslikeassaultheroesthexboxlivearcadealsofeaturesgamesfromotherconsolessuchastheplaystationgamecastlevaniasymphonyofthenightandpersonalcomputergamepcgamessuchaszumavideogamezumatheservicewasfirstlaunchedonnovemberusingadvdtoloadandofferedgamesforaboutustoitemsarepurchasedusingmicrosoftpointsaproprietarycurrencyusedtoreducecreditcardtransactionchargesonnovemberxboxlivearcadewasrelaunchedwiththereleaseofthexboxinwhichitwasnowintegratedwiththexboxsdashboardthegamesaregenerallyaimedtowardmorecasualgamersexamplesofthemorepopulargamesaregeometrywarsstreetfighteriistreetfighteriihyperfightingandunovideogameunoonmarchmicrosoftintroducedthegameroomtoxboxlivegameroomisagamingserviceforxboxandmicrosoftwindowsthatletsplayerscompeteinclassicarcadeandconsolegamesinavirtualarcademoviestvonnovembermicrosoftannouncedthexboxvideomarketplaceanexclusivevideostoreaccessiblethroughtheconsolelaunchedintheunitedstatesonnovemberthefirstanniversaryofthexboxslaunchtheserviceallowsusersintheunitedstatestodownloadhighdefinitionandstandarddefinitiontelevisionshowsandmoviesontoanxboxconsoleforviewingwiththeexceptionofshortclipscontentis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xecutedallofemperorjianwenssonsunderhiscontrolincludingxiaodaqiwhentheexecutionersarrivedatxiaodaqisresidencehewasgivingalectureonthetaotechinghestatediknewlongagothatthiswouldhappenalasitishappeningtoolatetheexecutionersinitiallywantedhimtostranglehimwithhisbeltbutherespondedthatdoesnotkillandinsteadtoldthemtousearopewhichtheyusedtostranglehiminafterxiaoyideclaredhimselfemperorasemperoryuanheawardedxiaodaqihisposthumousnamereferencesbookofliangvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwlianhtmhistoryofsoutherndynastiesvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwsshhtmzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhswudaokoulinearlogicxhrbfmxeraametymologyofteamostlyforinformationpurposesthecharactersignifiesteabutnotetymologyofteaintheselanguagesxeraminfoboxofficeholdernamexuejuzhengimagexuejuzhengjpgcaptionfromanthcenturygenealogybookofficechancellorchinachiefministerofthesongdynastytermstartoctoberrefnamessreftermendjulyalongsideshenlunluduoxunmonarchemperortaizuofsongemperortaizuemperortaizongofsongemperortaizongbirthdaterefnamessrefbirthplacexunyicountykaifengprefecturekaifenglaterliangfivedynastieslaterliangdeathdaterefnamexzztjcbrefdeathplacekaifengsongdynastysongempirefatherxuerenqianchildrenxueweijiadoptedsonpxujzhngwhsehsupsupchsupsupchengsupsupaltnamexuezipingcpxuzpngxuejuzhengjulycourtesynamezipingwasascholarofficialwhosuccessivelyservedthelaterjinfivedynastieslaterjinlaterhanfivedynastieslaterhanlaterzhouandsongdynastysongdynastieshewasoneofthechancellorchinachiefministersofthesongdynastyfromuntilhisdeathxueisbestknowntodayforbeingtheleadauthorofthemonumentalhistorybookoldhistoryofthefivedynastiesduringthefivedynastiesbornduringthelaterliangfivedynastieslaterliangxuejuzhengwassaidtobestudiousandambitiousfromayoungageinduringthelatertangxuefailedtheimperialexaminationandwroteanessaytodispelsorrowswhichwasmuchpraisedhepassedtheimperialexaminationthefollowingyearafterthelaterjinfivedynastieslaterjindestroyedthelatertanginxueservedonthestaffofliusuiningthejiedushimilitarygovernorofhuaprefectureshaanxihuaprefectureinhewasrecommendedbyliusuiningsoldercousinliusuiqingandbecameapatrollinginspectorforthesaltmonopolyinheservedasajudgeinthebureauofgeneralaccountswhenlisongpoliticianlisongbecamethedirectorforthesaltmonopolyxueservedonhisstaffxuealsoreceivedapositioninthecourtofjudicialreviewandsubsequentlyhewasmadeareminderofficialinthezhongshushengsecretariatinwhensangweihanwasmadetheprefectofkaifengprefecturekaifengxuejoinedhimasanadministrativeassistantduringthelaterhanfivedynastieslaterhanxueoncesavedacommonerfromexecutionthemanwasaccusedofviolatingsaltlawsbutxuefoundtheevidenceunconvincingafterfurtherquestioninghediscoveredbadbloodbetweenthedefendantandtheaccuseraminorgovernmentfunctionarywhoeventuallyadmittedtomakingfalseaccusationsafterlaterzhousfoundinginxuewasmadevicedirectorofthebureauofreviewalsoinchargeofalljudgesinthestatefinancecommissionduringthesongdynastywhenthesongdynastyreplacedthelaterzhouinxuetookservicewiththenewdynastyashehadwithdynastiespriortothenewrulersofnorthernchinaduringthefirsttwodecadesofthesongxuesetabouttocompilingahistoryofthefivedynastiesentitledfivedynastieshistorythemainpurposeoftheworkwastoreinforcetheclaimofthesongtothemandateofheavenfromthetangdynastythroughthefivedynastiestothereigningsongdeathandlegacyxuedidnotlivemuchlongerthanaftercompilationofthefivedynastieshistoryindyinginhoweverhislegacyofwritingahistoryofapreviouseraofchinesehistoryforthepurposeofbolsteringthecurrentpatrondynastywouldberepreatedlaterinchinesehistorynotablywiththeyuandynastyswritingofthehistoryofliaonotesandreferencesdisplayeditorsetalxuejuzhengxhrffmxuxaspeciesboximagehylocharisxantusiijpgstatuslcstatussystemiucnstatusrefgenusbasilinnaspeciesxantusiiauthoritygeorgenewboldlawrencelawrencexantusshummingbirdbasilinnaxantusiisynhylocharisxantusiiisamediumsizedhummingbirdendemictobajacaliforniaitisnbspcmlongandweighsapproximatelygramsappearanceadultsarecoloredpredominantlygreenontheirupperpartsandbackthetailismostlydarkreddishbrownwithfaintblacktipsbuttheinnertworetricesaregreenthemostprominentfeatureisthewhiteeyestripefoundinbothmalesandfemalesandsimilartotherelatedwhiteearedhummingbirdthestripeisfurtherenhancedbyabolderblackstripethatbordersthelowersidebothgenderssharecinnamonbrownunderpartsincludingtheundertailcovertswiththecinnamoncoveringthethroatinthefemalenotablydifferenttothecontrastingwhiteundertailcovertsofthewhiteearedhummingbirdinthemalethethroatisaniridescentgreenthoughitisoftenseenasblackthebillisreddishwithablacktipandoftenslightlycurvedunliketheoftenstraightbillofthewhiteearedhummingbirdthecrownisoftenslightlygreenishbutitappearsblackatmanyanglesecologythebreedinghabitatoccursinvarioushabitatsofsouthernbajapeninsulaofmexicowhereitisconsideredendemismendemicithasbeenrecordedasavagrantupthepacificcoastofnorthamericatobritishcolumbiaincanadathexantushummingbirdfeedsonnectarfromflowersandfloweringtreesusingalongextendabletongueorcatchesinsectsonthewingthishummingbirdwasnamedafterjohnxantusdeveseyxantusjnosahungari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stowedhimageneraltitlewhenxiaoyuanzhengvisitedjianglinginmodernjingzhouhubeithecapitalofjingprovincetothankhisunclexiaoyirefusedtoseexiaoyuanzhengbutinsteadhadhiscousinxiaoketheprinceofnanpingtreathimtoafeastandgethimdrunkxiaoyithenputhimunderarrestinsidexiaoyismansionandseizedhisarmyanactthatangeredxiaojialsoinsummerhoujinglaunchedamajorattackonxiaoyiandxiaoyihopingforsupportfromwesternweiorderedhiscousinxiaoxunthemarquessofyifengthegovernorofliangprovincemodernsouthernshaanxitoabandontheprovincialcapitalnanzhenginmodernhanzhongshaanxiandcedenanzhengtowesternweixiaoxundisagreedwiththedecisionbelievingthatcessiontobewithoutreasonbutreceivednoresponsefromxiaoyimeanwhilewesternweisparamountgeneralyuwentaialongwithhisgeneralsdaxiwuandwangxionglaunchedatwopronguedattackonnanzhengxiaoxunsenthissecretaryliufantoseekaidfromxiaojiandxiaojisentyangqianyuntoassistxiaoxunmeanwhileafterhearingaboutthedeathofhisolderbrotheremperorjianwenofliangemperorjianwenathoushandsandhoussubsequentseizureofthethroneastheemperorofhanxiaojiwhilerejectinghissubordinateliuxiaoshengsrequesttotakethethronehimselfbegantoproducewagonsandclothingthatwereonlyappropriatefortheemperorclaimonthethroneanddeathinspringafterhearingthatxiaoyiwasattackinghoujingandnotknowingthatxiaoyisgeneralwangsengbianhadalreadybythispointdefeatedhouandrecapturedjiankangxiaojimadethecommentmyseventhbrotheriexiaoyiisamanofliteraturehowcanhesucceedmilitarilyatthattimeflowersweregrowingfromthecolumnsofhismansionandhebelievedittobeadivinesignoffavorandhethereforedeclaredhimselfemperorwhenhissubordinateswangsenglewangsengbiansbrotherandxupengadvisedagainsttheactionhehadthemkilledanactionthatcausedhiscousinxiaohuiwhomhehadcreatedtheprinceofqincommanderytosighandcommentthatkillingskillfulmenwasasignofimpendingdisastermeanwhilehealsosummonedxiaoxunsassistantliufanintendingtomakeliufanamemberofhisstaffbutliurefusedandinsistedonreturningtoxiaoxunandxiaojifinallyrelentedanddidsosoonhoweverwithyuwentaihavingputnanzhengundersiegeformonthsandwithyangqianyununabletoadvancetoliftthesiegexiaoxunsurrenderedandnanzhengfellintowesternweishandsxiaojicreatedxiaoyuanzhaocrownprinceandcreatedhisothersonsimperialprincesxiaoyuanzhaostillatbaidichengwasmeanwhileintentionallyfeedinghisfatherincorrectinformationthatnotonlyhadxiaoyinotdefeatedhoubutthathewasonthevergeofdestructionbyhousforcesxiaojithereforeledhisforcesanddepartedfromchengduplanningtoconfronthouheleftxiaohuiandhissonxiaoyuansutheprinceofyiduinchargeofchengduinresponsexiaoyicarvedxiaojislikenessontoawoodenboardandpersonallyhammerednailsintotheimagetocursexiaojihealsosentcaptivesfromhousarmytoxiaojitoshowthathouhadalreadybeendestroyedhoweverxiaoyuanzhaodetainedxiaoyismessengersandcontinuedtofeedhisfatherincorrectinformationandxiaojispeededuphistroopsxiaoyifearfulofwhatxiaojimightdorequestedwesternweitoattackxiaojifromtherearandyuwenbelievingthatyiprovincecouldbetakensenthisnephewyuchijiongwithanarmytoattackyiprovincebothyangfachenandyangqianyunsurrenderedtowesternweiandyuchiquicklyarrivedatchengduandputitundersiegexiaojisentqiaoyantoheadbacktochengdutotrytoliftthesiegeandbynowhebecameawarethathouhadbeendestroyedherebukedxiaoyuanzhaobutneverthelessdecidedtocontinuetoheadeasttoattackxiaoyiwhobynowhadalsoclaimedimperialtitleasemperoryuannotwithstandinghissoldierswishestoreturntochengdutosaveitxiaojiwasinitiallysuccessfulagainstxiaoyisgenerallufaheandhefoughtthroughtothethreegorgesxiaoyiwrotehimproposingpeaceandpromisingtolethimkeephisdomainandeffectivelyactasemperoroverthatdomainxiaojirefusedbutsoonhearingthatchengduwasinthedangeroffallingandnowwithhisforcesstalledbyxiaoyisthentriedtoacceptpeacebythattimehoweverxiaoyihadbecomeawareofthedifficultiesthatxiaojiwasinashewasinformedsobyxiaojismessengerlefengyeandthereforedeclinedpeacedespitethedifficultsituationthathewasinhoweverxiaojiwasrefusingtodistributehisconsiderablewealthtohissoldierstotrytoencouragethemtofightasaresultthemoralesankbysummerxiaoyisgeneralswanglingeneralwanglinxiedarenandrenyuehaddefeatedxiaojisrearguardsandcutoffhisretreatrouteforcingxiaojitocontinueeastanotherofxiaoyisgeneralsfanmengcrushedhisremainingforceandsurroundedhisshiptopreventhimfromfleeingxiaoyisentasecretordertofanifthatpersonremainsalivethenthisisnosuccessfanthereforeboardedxiaojisshipandxiaojithrewasackofgoldathimyellingletmehireyouwiththisgoldtakemetomyseventhbrotherfansresponsewashowcanyouseetheemperorifikillyouwhereisthegoldgoingtogoheapproachedxiaojiandkilledhimxiaojissonxiaoyuanmantryingtoprotecthisfathertotheendwasalsokilledxiaoyiafterxiaoyuanzhengrefusedtocommitsuicidestarvedhimtodeathwhileputtingxiaojisothersonsunderarrestheexcisedxiaojislinefromstatusasmembersoftheimperialhouseholdandheposthumouslychangedxiaojissurnametotaotiemeaninggluttonouspersonalinformationfatheremperorwuofliangmotherconsortgeemperorwusconcubinechildrenxiaoyuanzhaothecrownprincecreatedxiaoyuanzhenginitiallythemarquessofjianganlatertheprinceofxiyangremotedlycreatedstarvedtodeathbyemperoryuanofliangxiaoyuanputheprinceofqiao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tionscenterdalianworldexpocenterandtheheadquartersofdaliancommodityexchangefordaysinlatejulyearlyaugustxinghaisquareholdstheannualinternationalbeerfestivalahuabiaometershighwasoncelocatedatthecenterofthesquareitwasfirstbuiltintocommemoratechinasresumingsovereigntyoverhongkongitwasthetallesthuabiaoinchinaanditbecameoneofthelandmarksandsymbolsofdalianitwasdemolishedsecretlyonaugustthatmidnightitwasbelievedtobeoutofsomepoliticalreasonslocalmediaremainedsilenceaboutthisandcoveringreportsbymainlandmediaweresoondeletedgallerygallerymodepackedheightspxfilexinghaisquaremiddlejpgxinghaisquarefilejpghuabiaointhecenterofsquaredemolishedfilejpgsculpturecomplexoffootprintsandanopenedbookfilejpgxinghaisquareatnightfilexinghaisquareeastjpgeastofxinghaisquarefilegiantstridejpgxinghaisquareamusementparkfilejpgoutskirtsofxinghaisquarefilestarseapiazzamusicfountainjpgmusicalfountainatxinghaisquaregalleryreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebildaliancomsquarexinghaiaspintroductiontoxinghaisquarexgraextremegracingassociationextensibleapplicationmarkuplanguagexinghaisquareinfoboxcvgsystemtitlexboxhddvdplayerimagecaptionxboxhddvdplayerdevelopermicrosoftmanufacturerfamilyxboxtypehighdensityopticaldiscplayergenerationhistoryofvideogameconsolesseventhgenerationseventhgenerationeralifespanrefcpugpumemorymediahddvdanddvdunitssoldintheusasofdecemberconnectivityusbdisplaypviaxboxsoundanalogstereostereolpcmdolbydigitaldtssoundsystemdtsthexboxhddvdplayerwasanaccessoryforthexboxconsolethatenablestheplaybackofmoviesonhddvddiscsmicrosoftofferedthedriveforsalebetweennovemberandfebruaryitwasinitiallysoldforbillgatesannouncedduringhiskeynotespeechatconsumerelectronicsshowcesthatanexternalhddvddrivewouldbereleasedforthexboxduringatemicrosoftofficiallypresentedtheexternalhddvddriveaccordingtojapanschiefofxboxoperationsyoshihiromaruyamamicrosoftwillnotreleasexboxgamesinthenewdiscformatsonfebruarythexboxhddvdplayerwasdiscontinuedbymicrosoftthisdecisioncamejustdaysaftertoshibasannouncementtodiscontinueallhddvdplayersandeffectivelyendthehighdefinitionopticaldiscformatwarformatwarbetweenbluraydiscblurayandhddvdtwodayslaterthepriceofthehddvdplayerwasreducedtoaclearancepriceofpetermooremicrosoftpetermoorehadstatedthatifhddvdlosestheformatwarmicrosoftmayalsoreleaseanexternalbluraydrivethiswaslaterdeniedbymicrosoftspecialblackversionsofthedrivealongwithblackmediaremotesweregiventomembersofthexboxhddvddevelopmentteamunlikeotherblackaccessorieswhichwerecreatedalongsidetheblackeliteconsoletheblackhddvddrivewasnevermadeavailabletothegeneralpublictechnologythehddvdplayerconnectstothexboxusingaminiusbconnectionalloftheaudioandvideoprocessingandoutputcomefromxboxitselftheunitcanalsofunctionasausbhubwithportsontherearitalsoincludesaclipforattachingthewirelessnetworkadaptertoitmuchlikewhatxboxconsolesofthetimehadthedevicealsohasanintegratednbspmbmemoryunitwhichisusedforstorageofhddvddataandisaccessibletotheuserforsavingotherdatasuchassavedgamesthedrivewillplaystandarddvdsinadditiontohddvdtitleshoweveritwillnotreadxboxorxboxgamediscsaudiocdsormixedmediacdsallxboxgamescontinuetousedvdmedianoxboxwithabuiltinhddvddrivewaseverreleasedcompatibilitywithpcsthetoshibaopticaldriveusedintheunitcanreadcompactdiscsanddvdsinadditiontohddvdswhenconnectedtoahostthatsupportsreadingtheseformatssuchasapcasthedrivecommunicatesviaagenericmassstorageprotocoloverusbthedrivecanbeusedasastandardopticaldriveoncomputersandoperatingsystemsthatsupportusbopticaldrivestheoperatingsystemmusthaveauniversaldiskformatudfdrivertoreaddatafromhddvdsinadditionasoftwareplayercapableofplayinghddvdtitlesisrequiredforplaybackofvideothenbspmbinternalmemoryunitonthedrivewhichisusedforstorageofhddvdfeaturesisalsoaccessiblebymanuallyinstallingusbmassstoragedriversonceinstalledthiscanbeformattedforuseasastoragedevicealthoughitwillnolongerfunctiononanxboxunlessitisreformattedwindowsxpdoesnothaveabuiltinudfdriverinsteadrequiringathirdpartyonetobeinstalledtoaccessdataonhddvdsnewerversionsofwindowsandmacosxleopardandlaterhavenativeudfdriversmacosxvintroducedudfdriversupportforreadinghddvdsbuttheincludedplayersoftwarecanonlyplayhddvdsauthoredbydvdstudioprointheboxtheretailpackageofthehddvdplayercontainsthefollowingxboxhddvdplayersetupdiscacadapterusbcablexboxaccessoriesuniversalmediaremoteuniversalmediaremotefullsizedversionbatteriesusermanualfreehddvdtitlesmallincertainareassmallkingkongfilmkingkonguscanadaaustraliabatmanbeginsmexiconotesphddvdplaybackisonlyavailableviavgaorhdmicableswhenconnectedviacomponentvideocomponentordterminalcablespcontentisdownscaledtoiorloweroutputofdolbydigitalplusdolbytruehddtssoundsystemdtshdhighresolutionaudiodtshdhighresolutionaudioanddtshdmasteraudiocodecsaswellasmultichannellpcmisnotsupportedonthexboxhddvdplayersincethexboxitselfdoesnotsupportthemasaresultonlyconventionalstereolpcmdolbydigitalanddtssoundsystemdtsoptionalfeatureavailablewithinthehddvdaudiosettingsareavailableasoutputalthoughhdaudiocanbeenabledwhenusedonpcintheunitedstatesofamericausanypurchasesmadebetweenaugustands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iaochawascreatedthedukeofqujianginxiaotongdiedbutinsteadofcreatingxiaotongsoldestsonxiaohuanthedukeofhuarongcrownprincetosucceedhimaswasexpectedunderconfucianprinciplesofsuccessionemperorwucreatedxiaotongsyoungerbrotheremperorjianwenofliangxiaogangcrownprinceinsteadhoweverhefeltthathedidnottreatxiaotongssonsfairlyandthereforehecreatedthemprincesinxiaochascasetheprinceofyueyangandgavethemhonorsonlyslightlysubordinatetotheirunclesbecausethecapitalcommanderyofyangzhouancientchinaeasternyangprovincemoderncentralandeasternzhejiangkuaijicommanderythesouthernshoreofhangzhoubaywastherichestcommanderyoftheentireempireherotatedthemasthegovernorofeasternyangprovinceandxiaochawasthusrotatedtheresometimebeforehoweverdespitethesespecialtreatmentsxiaochawasstillangrythatheandhisbrotherswerepassedoverbyemperorwuhesawthatemperorwulateinhislongreignsincewasrulingoveranimperialregimethatwasbecominginefficientandbesetbyfactionalismbetweenemperorwussonsandthereforewhenhewasmadethegovernorofyongprovincemodernnorthwesternhubeiinhethoughtthatthiswouldbeagoodchanceforhimtoestablishapowerbaseofhisownandthereforehecultivatedtheloyaltyofthepeopletohimbygoverningcarefullystrugglesagainstxiaoyiemperoryuaninthegeneralhoujingrebelledandattackedthecapitaljiankangcapturingitinandtakingemperorwuandcrownprinceganghostageemperorwudiedlaterthatyearandwassucceededbycrownprincegangasemperorjianwenalbeitunderhouscontrolmeanwhilealsoinemperorwuhadmadexiaochasolderbrotherxiaoyutheprinceofhedongthegovernorofxiangprovincemoderncentralhunanrotatingthepreviousgovernorofxiangprovincezhangzuantoyongprovincezhangwasaclosefriendofemperorwuspowerfulsonemperoryuanofliangxiaoyitheprinceofxiangdongwhowasthenthegovernorofthekeyjingprovincemodernwesternandcentralhubeiandhedidnottakexiaoyuseriouslymakingxiaoyufeltdisrespectedxiaoyuthereforedetainedzhanganddidnotpermithimtoleavefurtherwhenxiaoyicalledfortheprovincialgovernorsinhiscommandregionwhichinteraliaincludedbothxiangandyongprovincestosendtroopstohelpliftthesiegeonjiankangxiaoyurefusedandwhilexiaochasentadetachmentherefusedtocommandthedetachmentpersonallywhenzhangfledfromxiaoyuscustodylateinthenhewenttozhangandbearinggrudgesagainstxiaoyufalselyaccusedxiaoyuxiaochaandtheircousinxiaocaotheprinceofguiyangandgovernorofxinprovincemoderneasternchongqingofconspiringagainstxiaoyixiaoyithereforekilledxiaocaoandpreparedanarmytoattackxiaoyuxiaoyuwasinitiallyabletorepelxiaoyisattackandcausexiaoyisheirapparentxiaofangdengtodieinbattleinsummerbutbyfallhehadbeendefeatedbyxiaoyisgeneralbaoquanwhoputxiaoyusheadquartersatchangshainmodernchangshahunanundersiegexiaoyurequestedaidfromxiaochaandxiaochacommandedanarmytoattackxiaoyisheadquartersatjianglingcountyjianglingheputjianglingundersiegebuthisattackwasaffectedbyheavyrainsandrepelledbyxiaoyisgeneralwangsengbianandwhenhisowngeneralduzesurrenderedtoxiaoyiandduzesbrotherduanfurtherlaunchedasurpriseattackonxiaochasheadquartersatxiangyanginmodernxiangfanhubeixiaochawasforcedtowithdrawbacktoxiangyangunabletohelphisbrotherandfearingthathewouldbecomexiaoyisnexttargetindeedxiaoyithensentthegeneralliuzhonglitoattackxiaochaxiaochasubmittedtowesternweiofferingtobecomeavassalandsoughtaidsendinghiswifeempresswangxiaochaprincesswangandhisheirapparentxiaoliaotowesternweiashostagesyuwentaitheparamountgeneralofwesternweiacceptedxiaochassubmissionandsentthegeneralyangzhongtoaidxiaochaandyangdefeatedandcapturedliuinspringyangsubsequentlyenteredintoatreatywithxiaoyiputtingxiaochaunderwesternweisprotectioninthesummerofwesternweiofferedtodeclarexiaochatheemperorofliangtoinheritemperorwusthronexiaochadeclinedbutacceptedthelessertitleofliangrealmprinceofliangandalsoassumedactingimperialauthoritylaterthatyearmadeatriptothewesternweicapitalchangantopayhomagetoemperorwenofwesternweiandyuweninspringwhenhisunclexiaoguantheprinceofshaolingwascapturedandkilledbywesternweitroopscommandedbyyangxiaochawhorespectedxiaoguantookhisbodyandburieditwithhonorsinsummerwhenheheardthathouwaslaunchinganattackonxiaoyisdomainhesenthisgeneralcaidabaowithanarmyheadingtowardjianglingclaimingtobereadytorenderassistancebutafterxiaoyisentarebukingletterheorderedcaitowithdrawinafterdefeatinghouxiaoyideclaredhimselfemperorasemperoryuanandsethiscapitalatjianglingbelievinghimselftobestronghewasarrogantinhisdealingswithwesternweidrawingattentionfromyuwenwhobegantoconsiderinvadingliangwhenxiaochabecameawareofthishepaidadditionaltributetowesternweitotrytofantheflamesubsequentlyinspringwhenemperoryuannotonlymadethewesternweienvoyyuwenrenshufeltinsultedbynottreatinghimwithasmuchrespectastheenvoyfromnorthernqibutfurthermadedemandstoyuwentaitoreturnformerliangterritorytakenbywesternweiyuwentaidecidedtoinvadethelianginwinternorthernzhoutroopscommandedbyyujinarrivedatxiangyangandxiaochasforcesjoinedthemandcontinuedtoadvancesouthtowardjianglingemperoryuanwascaughtunpreparedandwhilehesummonedhisgeneralswangsengbianandwanglingeneralwanglintocometohisaidemperoryuansurrenderedbeforetheycouldarrivexiaochatookthecustodyofemperoryuaninterrogatingandinsultinghimheavilyaroundthenewyearwithapprovalfromwesternweiauthoritiesxiaochaputemperoryuantodeathbysuffocatinghimwithalargebagfullofdirthealsoexecutedemperoryuansandemperorjianwenssonswhowerecapturedwhenjianglingfellreignwesternweicreatedxiaochaemperorofwesternliangandhedeclaredhimselfassuchinspringasemperorxuanwesternweiforcestransferredjianglingandthesurroundingareatoemperorxuanbutrequiredhimtotransfercontrolofthexiangyangregioninexchangeandfurtherleftamilitarygarrisonatjianglingbothtoprotectemperorxuanandtomakesurethathewouldnotrebelfurtherwesternweitroopspillagedjianglingandtookmostoftheinhabitantsandtheliangimperialtreasuresbacktochanganwhilewesternweitroopsunderyuwerestillatjianglingemperorxuanssubordinateyindeyisuggestedthathemakeasurpriseattackonyuandslaughterthewesternweitroopsthenreassertliangsindependenceemperorxuandeclinedreasoningthatwesternweihadprotectedhimgreatlyandthattoturnagainstwesternweiwouldbeunjusthelaterregrettedthedecisionbutthedecisionwasprobablyacorrectoneastheotherlianggeneralsshowednoinclinationofrecognizinghimasemperoraswhetheremperorxuanwasalegitimateemperorofliangwasthereafterhistoricallydebatedhisstateisusuallyreferredtobyhistoriansaseitherwesternliangorlaterliangemperorxuanposthumouslyhonoredhisfatherxiaotongandxiaotongswifecrownprincesscaiasemperorandempressandhonoredhismotherconsortgongasempressdowagerhecreatedhiswifeprincesswangempressandashisheirapparentxiaoliaohaddiedbythispointhecreatedxiaoliaosyoungerbrotheremperormingofwesternliangxiaokuiascrownprinceheentrustedmuchofthegovernmentalmatterstocaidabaoandwangcaobothofwhomservedhimfaithfullyheappearedtohavefullexpectationthathewouldbeabletoputadditionalliangprovincesunderhiscontrolbutimmediatelythelianggeneralsincludingwangsengbianandwanglinrefusedtorecognizehimwanglinwhocontrolledmodernhunanandlaterpartsofmodernhubeiindeedsenthisgeneralhoupingtoattackemperorxuanandwhiletheattackwasunsuccessfulemperorxuanwasunabletoexpandhisholdingslaterinwangsengbiandeclaredemperoryuanscousinxiaoyuanmingemperorinfallafterwangsengbianwaskilledbyhislieutenantchenbaxianchendeposedxiaoyuanminganddeclaredemperoryuanssonemperorjingofliangxiaofangzhiemperorasemperorjingafterchenhademperorjingyieldthethronetohiminestablishingchendynastyasitsemperorwuwanglindeclaredemperoryuansgrandsonxiaozhuangemperorthusmaintainingacompetingclaimfortheliangthroneinlatewithwanglinhavingadvancedeasttotrytoattackchenemperorxuansentwangcaototrytoseizethecommanderiesformingmodernhunanfromxiaozhuangsdomainalthoughthescopeofsuccessforthisactionwasunclearinanycasehoweverwhenhoutianageneralofchenbaxiansnephewemperorwenofchendefeatedwanglininspringacombinationofemperorxuansandnorthernzhoutroopswereabletotakethewesternhalfofxiaozhuangsterritoryandemperorxuanassumedcontroloverthatterritoryalbeitrequiringnorthernzhoumilitarysupportinfallhoutiancontinuedhisadvanceintendingtotakexiangprovincefromemperorwenxuannorthernzhougeneralsheruodunanddugushengledtheirtroopsagainsthouandchenandnorthernzhoutroopssoonstalematedandwhileinitiallyhouwasunabletomakemuchprogressagainstheruoanddugusoonproblemswithfoodsuppliesandillnessescausednorthernzhoutroopstobeworndownaroundthenewyearduguwasforcedtowithdrawputtingheruounderevengreaterpressurebyspringyinliangwhowasdefendingchangshasurrenderedtochenhoutianthenproposedtoheruotolethimwithdrawpeacefullyheruoagreedandwithdrewandalloftheterritorypreviouslytakenfromxiaozhuangwerenowinchenhandslimitingemperorxuansdomaintothejianglingregionagainemperorxuandepressedthathisterritorywassmallandheavilydamagedbywarfaresoonbegantosufferfromaseriousskinlesiononhisbackhediedinspringxiaokuisucceededhimasemperormingthehistorianliyanshouinhishistoryofnortherndynastieshadthistosayaboutemperorxuanbothpraisinghimandnotingsomeofhisidiosyncriciesxiaochahadgreatambitionsfromhisyouthandhewasnotboggeddownwithdetailsalthoughheoftensuspectedothershewasgracioustohissoldiersandreceivedtheirloyaltyhedidnotdrinkandwascontentwithfrugallivingheservedhismotherwithgreatfilialpietyanddidnotpreoccupyhimselfwithfeastingheparticularlydislikedwomenandevenwhentheywereseveralstepsawayfromhimhewouldstatethathecouldsmellthemanyclothesheworewhilehavingsexualcontactwithwomenwouldbediscardedthereafterafterhavingsexualintercoursewithaconsorthewouldhavetotakeadaytorecuperatehealsodislikedseeinghumanhairandhisservantshadtoeitherwearturbansorhatssothattheirhairswouldnotbeexposedemperorxuanwasliterarilycapableandhewrotevolumesofliteraryworksandvolumesofcommentaryonbuddhistsutraseranamedadingddngpersonalinformationfatherxiaotongthecrownprincezhaominglaterfurtherposthumouslyhonoredasemperorzhaomingsonofemperorwuofliangmotherempressdowagergongconsortgongxiaotongsconcubinewifeempresswangxiaochaempresswangcreatedmajorconcubinesconsortdowagercaoconsortcaomotherofcrownprincekuichildrenxiaoliaotheheirapparentlaterposthumouslyhonoredascrownprincexiaohuixiaokuithecrownprincecreatedlateremperormingofwesternliangxiaoyantheprinceofanpingexecutedbysuidynastyxiaojiprincexiaoofdongpingdxiaoceninitiallytheprinceofhejianlatertheprinceofwucommanderylaterthedukeofhuaiyiduringsuidynastyreferencessttltitleemperorofliangdynastywesternyearssttltitleemperorofwesternliangwesternliangyearsinfoboxroyaltyimagebirthdateunknowndeathdatejunerefnameasdbxsinicaedutwsinocalacademiasinicachinesewesterncalendarconverterrefrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolreffamilynamexiaosurnamexioclannamegivennameyunmngreignjulyoctoberdynastyliangdynastyeranametinchngeradatesjulynovembertemplenameposthumousnamemncarefulxiaoyuanmingdiedcourtesynamejingtongoftenknownbyhispreascensiontitleofmarquessofzhenyangattimesknownbyhispostremovaltitledukeofjiananhonoredemperorminbyxiaozhuangwasbrieflyanemperorofthehistoryofchinachineseliangdynastyhewasthenephewofthefoundingemperoremperorwuofliangemperorwuinwithliangindisarrayafterwesternweihadcapturedandkilledemperoryuanofliangemperoryuannorthernqiwhichhadheldxiaoyuanmingasanhonoredcaptivesinceforcedthegeneralwangsengbiantoacceptxiaoyuanmingasemperorsoonhoweverwangssubordinateemperorwuofchenchenbaxiankilledwangandremovedxiaoyuanmingfromthethronereplacinghimwithemperoryuanssonemperorjingofliangxiaofangzhiemperorjingxiaoyuanmingdiedthefollowingyearearlylifeitisnotknownwhenxiaoyuanmingwasbornhisfatherxiaoyiwasamajorgeneralduringlatesouthernqiandofxiaoyissonsfiveperhapsallareknowntohistoryxiaoyuanmingwastheyoungestamongthesesonsasxiaoyiwasforcedtocommitsuicidebysouthernqiscruelemperorxiaobaojuaninxiaoyuanmingcouldnothavebeenbornanylaterthanafterxiaoyisdeathxiaoyisyoungerbrotherandxiaoyuanmingsuncleemperorwuofliangxiaoyanrebelledathispostofxiangyangdistrictxiangfanxiangyangseekingtoavengexiaoyibyheputthecapitaljiankangundersiegeandxiaobaojuanwaskilledbyhisowngeneralslaterthatyearxiaoyanseizedthethronefromxiaobaojuansyoungerbrotheremperorheofsouthernqiendingsouthernqiandestablishingliangdynastyasemperorwuemperorwuwassaidtolovexiaoyuanminggreatlyandhecreatedxiaoyuanmingthemarquessofzhenyangcareerasliangofficialnothingisknownaboutxiaoyuanmingscareerasanofficialuntilwhenitwasrecordedthathewasthegovernorofyuprovincemoderncentralanhuithepeopleweresaidtobesoimpressedbyhisgovernancethattheymadeastonemonumentcommemoratinghistermofofficehoweveritbecameknownlaterthattheartisanswhocarvedthemonumentwereassociatedwithandpaidbyxiaoyuanmingthereforeitbecamewidelybelievedthathehadencouragedthepeopletocreatethemonumenttopraisehimselfintheeasternweigeneralhoujinginconflictwiththeregentgaochengsurrenderedhisdomainprovincesbetweentheyellowriverandthehuairivertoliangemperorwuacceptedhoussurrenderandcommissionedanarmytoaidhoutobecommandedbyemperorwusgrandsonxiaohuilitheprinceofnankangxiaoyuanmingrequestedtoaccompanyxiaohuiliandwasmadexiaohuilisassistanthoweverxiaohuiliwascowardlyandarrogantandherefusedtomeethissubordinategeneralsevenxiaoyuanmingxiaoyuanmingsecretlyinformedemperorwuofthisandemperorwurelievedxiaohuiliofhiscommandandputxiaoyuanmingincommandtheliangarmycommandedbyxiaoyuanmingadvancedontheeasternweicitypengchenginmodernxuzhoujiangsuandxiaoyuanmingcampedathanshaninpengchengsvicinityandbuiltadamoversirivertousewatertoattackpengchengxiaoyuanmingslieutenantthegeneralyangkanquicklycompletedthedambutwhenyangadvisedxiaoyuanmingtoattackpengchengxiaoyuanminghesitatedbecausexiaoyuanmingcouldnotcomeupwithacoordinatedstrategythegeneralsunderhimbegantocarryouttheirownactionsincludingpillagingthepeopleintheregionandxiaoyuanmingwasunabletostopthemsavetheunitsdirectlyunderhisowncommandlateintheeasternweiforcescommandedbymurongshaozongarrivedandinsteadofengagingtheeasternweiforcesquicklyasyangsuggestedxiaoyuanmingbecamedrunkwithwineandallowedmurongsarmytosettleinwhenthearmiesdidengagetheliangforceswereinitiallysuccessfulbutmurongscounterattackcausedliangforcestocollapseandxiaoyuanmingwascapturedhoweverthepeopleoftheregionwasimpressedbyhisrefusaltopillagethemandgavehimtheepithettherighteousprinceyiwanghewastakentotheeasternweicapitalyechenginmodernhandanhebeiwhereemperorxiaojingofeasternweiformallyreceivedandrebukedhimandthenreleasedhimsendinghimtogaochengsheadquartersatjinyanginmoderntaiyuanshanxiwheregaotreatedhimwithhonorintendingtousexiaoyuanmingasapawninnegotiationswithliangsubsequentlygaoallowedxiaoyuanmingtowritetoemperorwuandofferedtoreturnxiaoyuanmingcausinghouwhohadbythatpointlosttheprovincesbutcontrolledyuprovincetorebelincapturingjiankangintakingemperorwuandhiscrownprinceemperorjianwenofliangxiaoganghostagesandthrowingliangintoageneralstateofconfusionandunrestreturntolianglittleisknownaboutxiaoyuanmingsactivitieswhileineasternweianditssuccessorstatenorthernqiasgaochengssuccessorandbrotheremperorwenxuanofnorthernqigaoyangseizedthethronefromemperorxiaojinginandestablishednorthernqiasitsemperorwenxuanalthoughitwassaidthatxiaoyuanmingcriedbitterlywhenheheardaboutthefallofjiankanghewasgiventheofficeofsanqichangshianhonorificofficewithlittleresponsibilitiesinemperorwussonemperoryuanofliangxiaoyitheprinceofxiangdongdefeatedhouanddeclaredhimselfemperorasemperoryuansettinghiscapitalatjianglinginmodernjingzhouhubeiratherthanthewardevastatedjiankangbutinwesternweiforcescapturedjianglingcapturingandthenexecutingemperoryuaninlightofemperoryuansdeathhismostimportantgeneralwangsengbianandwangslieutenantemperorwuofchenchenbaxianwhotogethercontrolledtheeasternempirewelcomedemperoryuansyearoldsonemperorjingofliangxiaofangzhitojiankangpreparingtomakehimemperorandinspringxiaofangzhitookthetitleprinceofliangatthattimehoweveremperorwenxuanwhohadpreviouslymadeanunsuccessfulattempttoestablishxiaoyuanmingscousinxiaotuiasliangsemperorindecidedtoagaintrytoestablishavassalregimeinlianghewrotewangsuggestingthatxiaofangzhiwastooyoungtobeemperorandproposingxiaoyuanmingasemperorandxiaoyuanmingapparentlycooperatedwithemperorwenxuaninthisattemptashewrotealettertowangaswellwanginitiallywrotebacktorejecttheofferhoweverafewquickvictoriesbynorthernqiescortforcescommandedbyemperorwenxuansbrothergaohuantheprinceofshangdangmadewangfearfulandhewrotebackagreeingtosupportxiaoyuanmingasemperorbutextractingapromisefromxiaoyuanmingtocreatexiaofangzhicrownprincewangalsoallowedlyonlysoldierstoaccompanyxiaoyuanmingsouthoftheyangtzeriverinsummerxiaoyuanmingarrivedatjiankangandashesawthemaingatetothepalacezhuquegatehecriedbitterlyandtheliangofficialsalsocriedbitterlyhethentookthethronepursuanttohispromisehecreatedxiaofangzhicrownprincewangandchencontinuedtobeincommandofthearmedforcesreignxiaoyuanmingsreigndidnotlastlonginfallchenbaxiandispleasedwithxiaoyuanmingsascensionwhichhehadtriedtopersuadewangsengbiannottoacceptmadeasurpriseattackonjiankangfromhispostatjingkouinmodernzhenjiangjiangsuwitheveryonebelievingthatchensarmymovementwasinresponsetoreportthatnorthernqiwasplanningtoattackjiankangsdefenseforcesmadenoefforttoresistandchensurprisedwangkillinghimandseizingpowertwodaysafterwangsdeathxiaoyuanmingabdicatedandmovedoutofthepalacereturningtohisprivateresidencechenmadexiaofangzhiemperorasemperorjingafterabdicationemperorjingformallymadexiaoyuanmingprimeministerandcreatedhimthegreatertitleofdukeofjiananalthoughthereisnoevidencethatxiaoyuanmingyieldedmuchactualpowerinlightofthecoupnorthernqilaunchedamajorattackonlianginwinteraidedbylianggeneralsloyaltowangsengbianthenorthernqiandliangarmiesfollowingchenbaxiansordersstalematedformonthsinsummernorthernqigeneralsinvitedxiaoyuanmingtotheircampforpeacenegotiationsandchensentxiaoyuanmingtothenorthernqicamphoweverbeforeanynegotiationscouldcommencexiaoyuanmingdiedfromasevereinfectiononhisbackinxiaozhuangtheprinceofyongjiaemperoryuansgrandsonwhowasproclaimedliangsemperorbythegeneralwanglingeneralwanglinfollowingchensseizureofthethronefromemperorjingearlierthatyearhonoredxiaoyuanmingasemperorminaposthumousnamerecognizedbybutrarelyusedbytraditionalhistorianspersonalinformationfatherxiaoyisouthernqigeneralbrotherofemperorwuofliangchildrenxiaozhangchireferenceshistoryofsoutherndynastieszhsvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhsinfoboxsoftwarenamexcdroastlogoxcdrlogopnglogosizexpxdeveloperthomasniederreiterlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedateoperatingsystemunixlikegenreopticaldiscauthoringprogramminglanguagecgtklicensegnugeneralpubliclicensewebsitexcdroastorgxcdroastorgxcdroastisagtkfrontendprocessorprogramfrontendforcdrtoolswhichprovidesagraphicaluserinterfaceguiforcdauthoringrefnamerevrefxcdroastrunsonlinuxandotherunixlikecomputeroperatingsystemsreleasedunderthegnugeneralpubliclicensexcdroastisfreesoftwarerefnamesoftpreffeaturescdtextreadingeditingwritingsupportcomparisonxcdroastwasanearlyguifrontendforunixlikesystemswhichhassubsequentlybeenreviewedasmoreprimitivethanothercdauthoringsoftwarerefnamecomparerefrefnamecomparerefreferencesexternallinkskigoddessgalcuneiformencuneiforminannaredirectcategoryshellticuneiforminfoboxradiostationnamexeiteimagefilexeiteradiocapitalamlogopngcitymexicocitymexicoareasloganbrandingradiocapitalfrequencykhzairdateshareshareasofsharesourceformatpowerwattsdaybrwattsnighterphaatclassbfacilityidcoordinatescallsignmeaningimagentecnologasownerformercallsignsownergruporadiocapitalcapitalmedialicenseeradiodifusorascapitalsadecvsisterstationsxechamwebcastwebsitegruporadiocapitalcommxhtdocsemisorasdfxeiteamaffiliationsxeiteamisaradiostationinmexicocitybroadcastingonamnbspkhzhistoryxelaamimagexelalogopngthumbleftpxxelalogoxelaamwasfoundedininradioinmexicocitywithaclassicalmusicformatformanyyearsitwasoneofthefewsourcesofclassicalmusicavailabletoordinarymexicancitizensxelawasabletoacquirequalitysoundrecordingsfromtheunitedstatesenglandandfranceeventhoughitstartedwithaverylowbudgetthroughanexchangeprogramformexicanmusicrecordingsthestationwasacquiredbygrupoimageninfromthestothemidsthestationsimulcastonxhdlfmxelafmthatstationwassplitoffinthemidsthestationwasthreatenedwithclosureininradiobutprotestsbylistenersfromlaborerstotheintelligentsiakeepitopenforawhilelongertheirsloganwasbuenamsicadesdelaciudaddemxicogoodmusicfrommexicocityxeiteaminxelawassoldtoimagentecnologaswhoinbrokereditsairtimeanddroppedtheclassicalmusicformatforsportsasestadiowaformatnowfoundonxexamandchangedthecallsigntoxeiteamthechangeresultedinprotestsfromthestationsdedicated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displayhersculpturesallovertheworldxiangjingisoneofthefewsuccessfulsculptorsorpainterswhoexcelsatcreatingawomansbodywhichdepictsthebodyrealisticallyandallitsimperfectioneachsculptureseemstohaveauniquetraitthattellsastoryofacertainaspectoflifehersculptinghasevolvedsinceheroriginalworksatthecentralacademyoffineartstoauniquestylethatisunmatchedbyanyotherartistherworkcanbedividedintomirrorimagekeepinsilenceandnakedbeyondskinseriesshemovedbacktoherhometownbeijinginmostofhersculpturesarebasedonwomenwhoseshowstheimperfectnatureandrealnessofwomenshedoesnotmakehersculpturesperfectinsteadshegivesthemflawsthatarecommoninwomentheseflawsoftenincludeaflabbywaistlinealackofexpressiononthefaceandoftenanoffshapedbodyxiangjingseemstoconveythehumilityoremptinessoftheeverydaywomanonthesurfacetheartististrulyinterestedinthepsychologicaltruthofhumanbeingsandseekstheexistentialtruthofhumanlifeherlatestseriesofworkswillthingsevergetbetteriscomposedoftheanimalsandtheacrobatswhichreflectsonthepredicamentofourhumanconditionxiangjingstudiowebsitewwwxiangjingartcomworksxiangjingisconsideredhighlysatiresatiricalandtherearequestionsthatareraisedsurroundingtheplightofthepostfeministmovementofwomensheshowstheemotionsandexpressesthemindsetofwomenwhichcausesherworktoshiftfrompersonaltopoliticalxiangjingmatchestheoutwardappearanceofthesculpturewithinnerphilosophyofsocialsciencephilosophyandemotionsofthesameimagesheisawellroundedsculptorwhoseworksincludesomeanimalfiguresclothedwomenandnakedwomenthesculpturesaremadefromdifferentthingssomeofthemarecastinbronzeorpolyurethanewhileothersarepaintedfiberglassasanartistsheseemstokeepmostofherfocusonwomenandhowsheportraystheminherworkshecapturesthecurrenttrendssomepopularactivitiesthatcontemporarywomenindulgeinclubbingshoppingetcxiangjinghardlyeverusessyntheticmaterialsinherworkssheusessomepropssuchascigarettessheisphenomenalatexpressingtheemotionsofthewomenshesculptsdependingontheworkmostofthewomenseemtohavetheemotionofmajordepressivedisorderdepressioninsomeofthemthereseemstobeasenseofreflectionorvulnerabilitythesesculptureshaveaneerieglowaboutthemthatconveystheemotionofangerorsadnesshappinessdoesnotseemtobeathemeinanyofhercreationsyourbodyinoneofhermostfamousworksyourbodyxiangjingmadeahugenakedwomenslumpinginalargewoodenchairthewomenissculptedandpaintedwithporcelainthisisaprimeexampleofthetypeofworksxiangjingcreatesthenakedwomanseemstohavesilkysmoothskinwhichmakesitlooklikeplasticthisisdoneonpurposebyxiangjingtoshowthematerialfeelofwomeninthecontemporaryworldthefaceofthewomanhasasortofblanklooktoitwhichmakesitveryinterestingtolookatwhenlookingintotheeyesofthesculpturetheobservercannothelpbutfeeltheemotionstheywouldseeinalivinghumanbeingsheseemsslightlydepressedwhileinadeepreflectionherreflectionleavesherinaplaceofhumilityandemptinesswhilethevulnerabilityofherselfisshownthroughhernudityandposturethebodyofthewomanisimperfectshehasaflabbybodyandthereisnoclearbeautyshehasaboutherherfaceisintriguingbutitdoesnothavethenormalaspectsofbeautythewholebodyseemsrealsheisjustanormalwomanwithherownproblemswhichsheiscontemplatingtheslackingpositiongivesafeelofcomfortsheseemscomfortableforwheresheisatbutdepressedonwhereherlifeisgoingxiangjingpresentsthewomansbodynakedbecauseitinstantlygrabstheattentionoftheviewersitisslightlycontroversialwhichmakesitatopicfordiscussionaftertheaudiencegetspastthenakednesstheywilllookcloserandseethefeaturesthattelltherestofthemeaningbehindtheworkbangthisisoneofthemoreinterestingworksofxiangjingitshowstwowomeninmodernclothingoneofwhichiscoweringinfearwhiletheotherissmilesmilingthewomanthatissmilinghasherhandshapedasagunanditpointingitdirectlytowardstheheadoftheotherwomanthewomanthatisinfeardoesnotseemtorealizethefeelingonherheadisjustthefingeroftheotherwomanshetrulybelievessheisabouttodieafterlookingcloselyhereyesareshutanditfeelslikesheislettingoutaterrifiedscreamtheotherwomanseemstobetakingjoyinthisactionthisisagoodexampleofhowxiangjingshowsasenseofviolencethroughherworkthewomanistakingpleasureinthefearandfearoftheotherwomanthewomanwhoisinfearisvulnerablebecauseofherfearofdeaththewomenareinmodernclothesxiangjingistryingtoshowthatsomewomenliveinthissortoffearinthepresentmoderndaysheisshowingthattherearetwodifferenttypesofwomentheoneswhofearandthosewhoarefearedshecouldalsobeplayingontheviolenceofsocietycausingpeopletoliveinfearorsocietycausingtheviolencethisisanothersculpturepaintedinporcelainitisveryrealisticunlikeyourbodythewomenareinshapebuttheyseemrealstillxiangjingcreateslifelikesculpturetoportrayastrongermessagetotheaudienceareahundredplayingyouoronlyonethisworkisagoodexampleofaworkbyxiangjingthefiguresinthisworkareveryrealistictheycouldeasilybemistakenasrealwomeniftheywereviewedfromadistancebutoncetheviewergetsclosertotheworktheycantellthattheyarejustsculpturesthisworkshowsmysterybehindtheworkofxiangjingtheviewerscannotunderstandwhatistryingtobeconveyedtothemthroughthewomenthewomenclearlyhavesomethingwrongbutitisnotclearwhatitistheireyesseemliketheyareindepressionorsomesortofdis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francegermanyaustraliaindustrypackageholidaysproductsrevenueoperatingincomenetincomenumemployeesparentsubsidxlairwaysukbrxlairwaysfrancebrxlairwaysgermanyhomepagefootnotesthexlleisuregroupxllgwasamajortouroperatingcompanyintheukconsistingofcharterandscheduledairlinesholidaycompaniesandflightonlytouroperatorsitalsohadoperationsinfrancegermanyrepublicofirelandirelandaustraliaandcyprusthegroupsukcompanieswereplacedintoadministrationlawadministrationonseptemberhistorythecompanybeganasexcelairwaysgroupitwasboughtbytheicelandiceimskipaflagslandsaviongroupinnovemberpreviouslybeingownedbytheicelandicflugfelagidatlantahfinoctobertherewasammanagementbuyoutofthecompanyalthoughtheaviongroupretainedofthecompanyitbecamexlleisuregroupondecemberthefrenchsubsidiaryusedtobestarairlinesandthegermansubsidiarywascalledstareuropeatitsheightitflewfromukairportstheirishairlinebeganinmayadministrationxlleisuregroupconfirmedontheirwebsitethatcompaniesassociatedwiththegrouphadbeenputintoadministrationonseptemberthisincludesxlairwaysuklimitedexcelaviationlimitedexplorerhouselimitedaspireholidayslimitedfreedomflightslimitedthereallygreatholidaycompanyplctravelcitydirectrefnamebbcxlrefitwasthebiggestcollapseofabritishtouroperatorsincewhencourtlinebecameinsolventaffectingtravellersneverthelessbothofitsformermembersxlairwaysgermanyandfranceremainedinoperationatthetimebutxlairwaysgermanyceasedinmarketsharexllgclaimeditwasthethirdlargesttouroperatingcompanyintheukpriortoenteringadministrationitwasthemainshirtsponsorofwesthamunitedfcuntiltheclubterminatedthepartnershipwithimmediateeffectonseptemberrefnamewhuxlrefrefnameguaxlrefmembercompaniesatthetimethegroupenteredadministrationinseptemberitwasmadeupofthefollowingcompaniesandshareholdingstravelcitydirectaukholidaycompanyspecialisinginlowcostfamilyholidaystofloridaotherpartsoftheusandthecaribbeanflightswereoperatedonbehalfoftravelcitydirectbyxlairwaysusingaircraftbearingdualbrandedliveriesthebrandwasboughtbyvirginholidaysindecemberfreedomflightsaseatonlytouroperatorwhichprimarilysoldairlineseatstouktouroperatorsthemajorityofitsseatswerewithxllgsownxlairwaysalthoughfreedomflightsalsodealtwithseatsalesonotherairlinesxlholidaysandaspireholidaysxlholidayswasthemaintouroperatingdivisionofxllgintheukofferingholidaysworldwideandwasfullyatolbondedaspireholidayswasadivisionofxlholidaysspecialisinginluxurybespokeholidaysandwassoldtojeffersonslimitedonoctobercrystaltoandheliadescrystaltoisafrenchtouroperatorfullyaffiliatedtoxlairwaysfranceofferingfrenchtravelerspackageholidaysworldwideheliadesisatouroperatorinfrancespecialisingprimarilyinholidaystogreecexlairwaysukxlairwayswasacharterairlinewithbrandsintheukfranceandgermanyitbeganassabreairwaysinandwasrenamedexcelairwaysinitwaslaterrebrandedxlairwaysinnovemberafteritwasfoundthattheairlinewasmorecommonlyknownbythebritishpublicassimplyxlairwaysfollowingtheacquisitionofthefrenchandgermanairlinesstarairlinesandstareuropexllgrebrandedtheseasxlairwaysfranceandxlairwaysgermanyinnovembercreatingapaneuropeanairlineconsistingofatleastboeingandairbusaircraftxlaviationandxlxlaviationwasthecommercialsalesarmofxllgitsoldchartercapacityonflightsoperatedbyxlairwaysandalsoboughtandsoldchartercapacityonnumerousotherairlinesxlwasadealerinreliefaircraftintheairlinetoairlinemarketprovidingsubcharteredaircraftfromthexlairwaysandotherfleetstootherairlineswhorequiredtheextracapacityonshortnoticeinterestsinxtraairwaysandskywestincestablishedinxtraairwaysisacharterairlinebasedinnevadausaitnowhasbasesatcincinnatinorthernkentuckyinternationalairportlouisvillekentuckynewyorkjohnfkennedyinternationalairportandbostonitisownedbycxpmanagementandxllgholdsashareoftheairlinepriortoxllgsacquisitionofinterestinxtraairwaysinsummertheairlinewasknownascasinoexpresstherebrandingtoxtraairwaysreflectsacloserelationshipbetweenxtraandxlwhichalsoincludessimilaraircraftliveriesskywestisanaustralianregionalairlinewhichbeganoperationsinaspartofansettaustraliaansettairlinesitwaspreviouslyownedbyadventairinwhichxllgheldashareskywesthassincebecomeawhollyownedsubsidiaryofvirginaustraliaholdingsandnowtradesasvirginaustraliaregionalairlinesreferencesexternallinksnewsbbccouktodayhitodaynewsidstmadministrationinseptemberonthetodayprogrammexlleisuregroupultrabotseuropeanreleasetitleinfoboxvgsystemtitlexboxwirelessheadsetlogoimagebrxboxwirelessheadsetmanufacturermicrosofttypeheadphonesgamingheadsetsgenerationhistoryofvideogameconsolesseventhgenerationseventhgenerationeralifespanrefdiscontinuedstoragepowernickelmetalhydridebatterynimhbatteryconnectivitywirelessproprietaryghzprotocoldimensionsnbsptimesnbspnbsptimesnbspnbspmmbrnbsptimesnbspnbsptimesnbspnbspinchesbrsmallwithmediumearloopsmallthexboxwirelessheadsetisawirelessheadsetdesignedforthexboxandxboxliveitismanufacturedbymicrosoftitcanbeusedforingamevoicechatprivatechataudioforvideochatandingamevoicerecognitionuptofourwirelessheadsetscanbeusedsimultaneouslyonasinglexboxtheheadsetfitsovereitherearandcomeswithtwosizesofremovableearloopsforabetterfititusesthesam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completealsoknownastypecsnbandincompletealsoknownastypecsnbdependingonseverityinthecompleteformcsnbthereisnomeasurablerodcellresponsetolightwhereasthisresponseismeasurableintheincompleteformpatientswiththisdisorderhavedifficultyadaptingtolowlightsituationsduetoimpairedphotoreceptorcellphotoreceptorneurotransmissiontransmissionthesepatientsalsooftenhavereducedvisualacuitymyopiapathologicnystagmusnystagmusandstrabismuscsnbiscausedbymutationsinthegenenyxgenenyxwhichencodesaproteininvolvedinretinalsynapseformationorsynaptictransmissioncsnbiscausedbymutationsinthegenecacnafwhichencodesavoltagegatedcalciumchannelcasubvsubnotallcongenitalstationarynightblindnesscsnbareinheritedinxlinkedpatterntherearealsodominantandrecessiveinheritancepatternsforcsnbsymptomsthexlinkedvarietiesofcongenitalstationarynightblindnesscsnbcanbedifferentiatedfromtheautosomalformsbythepresenceofmyopiawhichistypicallyabsentintheautosomalformspatientswithcsnboftenhaveimpairednightvisionmyopiareducedvisualacuitystrabismusandpathologicnystagmusnystagmusindividualswiththecompleteformofcsnbcsnbhavehighlyimpairedrodcellrodsensitivityreducedxaswellasconecellconedysfunctionpatientswiththeincompleteformcanpresentwitheithermyopiaorhyperopiarefnameboycottrefcausecsnbwasoriginallybelievedtobecausedbymalfunctioninneurotransmissionfromrodcellrodstobipolarcellsintheretinathisisduetoelectroretinogramergmeasurementsoncsnbpatientswhichshowadrasticdecreaseinthesizeofthescotopicbwaveincomparisontotheawaveincsnboracompletelossofbothincsnbtheawaveisbelievedtorepresenttheresponseofrodstovisualinputandremainslargelyunchangedincsnbpatientsthebwavehoweverisbelievedtoresultfromelectricalactivityofbipolarcellsandisdecreasedornonexistentinbothcsnbandcsnbpatientsalsoshowmildlyalteredconeactivityfurtherstudyhasdemonstratedthatthedefectsfoundincsnbpatientsarebetterexplainedbymoregeneraldefectsinboththerodandconeonsignalingpathwayspathophysiologycsnbthecompleteformofxlinkedcongenitalstationarynightblindnessalsoknownasnyctalopiaiscausedbymutationsinthenyxgenenyxgenenyctalopinonxchromosomewhichencodesasmallleucinerichrepeatlrrfamilyproteinofunknownfunctionrefnamebechhansenrefrefnamepuschrefthisproteinconsistsofannterminalsignalpeptideandlrrslrrflankedbycysteinerichlrrslrrntandlrrctatthecterminusoftheproteinthereisaputativegpianchorsitealthoughthefunctionofnyxisyettobefullyunderstooditisbelievedtobelocatedextracellularlyanaturallyoccurringdeletionofbasesinnyxinsomemiceleadstothenobnobwavephenotypewhichishighlysimilartothatseenincsnbpatientsrefnamegreggrefnyxisexpressedprimarilyintherodandconecellsoftheretinatherearecurrentlyalmostknownmutationsinnyxassociatedwithcsnbtablelocatedthroughouttheproteinasthefunctionofthenyctalopinproteinisunknownthesemutationshavenotbeenfurthercharacterizedhowevermanyofthemarepredictedtoleadtotruncatedproteinsthatpresumablyarenonfunctionalclasswikitabletablemutationsinnyxassociatedwithcsnbvalignbottomcolspanmutationrowspanpositionrowspanreferencesnucleotideaminoacidcdeldelsignalsequencesplicingintronrefnamezitorefcdeldelcdellrfsxsignalsequencecdelradelnterminallrrcgccslrrntccacxlrrntccaptlrrntrefnamezeitzrefccaaelrrcgcrplrrrefnamexiaorefcdelidellrrctcitlrrcdeleadellrrcgcaplrrcctpllrrcinsagcgtgcccgagcgcctcctgsvdupplduplrrccgprlrrctclplrrcdelinshfsxlrrcdelinsaaaklrrcdupduplrrcinsrsinsclrlrrctalqlrrcagnslrrctclplrrcdeldellrrccgnklrrctclplrrctcfslrrcctqxlrrctclplrrcagnslrrctclplrrctcgawxlrrctcgtgvlrrctcdelsrfsxlrrctcdellwfsxcterminuscolspanlrrleucinerichrepeatlrrntandlrrctnandcterminalcysteinerichlrrscsnbimagealphasubunitcalciumchannelpngthumbrightfigureschematicstructureofcasubvsubwiththedomainsandsubunitslabeledtheincompleteformofxlinkedcongenitalstationarynightblindnesscsnbiscausedbymutationsinthecacnafgenewhichencodesthevoltagegatedcalciumchannelcasubvsubexpressedheavilyinretinarefnamestromrefrefnamebechhansenrefoneoftheimportantpropertiesofthischannelisthatitinactivatesatanextremelylowratethisallowsittoproducesustainedcasupsupentryupondepolarizationasphotoreceptorcellphotoreceptorsdepolarizeintheabsenceoflightcasubvsubchannelsoperatetoprovidesustainedneurotransmitterreleaseupondepolarizationrefnamemcroryrefthishasbeendemonstratedincacnafmutantmicethathavemarkedlyreducedphotoreceptorcalciumsignalsrefnamemanserghreftherearecurrentlymutationsincacnaflocatedthroughoutthechanneltableandfigurewhilemostofthesemutationsresultintruncatedandlikelynonfunctionalchannelsitisexpectedthattheypreventtheabilityoflighttohyperpolarizephotoreceptorsofthemutationswithknownfunctionalconsequencesproducechannelsthatareeithercompletelynonfunctionalandtwothatresultinchannelswhichopenatfarmorehyperpolarizedpotentialsthanwildtypethiswillresultinphotoreceptorsthatcontinuetoreleaseneurotransmitterevenafterlightinducedhyperpolarizationclasswikitabletablemutationsincacnafassociatedwithcsnbvalignbottomcolspanmutationrowspanpositionrowspaneffectrowspanreferencesnucleotideaminoacidcctrxnterminusrefnameboycottrefcdelagaaarpfsxnterminusrefnamewutzrefctccrnterminuscctrxnterminuscdeli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eragentdecidedtotakealookspecialagentfoxmulderwasgenerallyconsideredthebestanalystinthefbisviolentcrimessectionatfirsthethoughtthexfilesseemedlikeagarbagedumpforufosightingsalienabductionreportsthekindofstuffthatmostpeoplewouldlaughatasbeingridiculoushowevermuldersoonbecamefascinatedbythefilesandreadhundredsofthosehewasallowedaccesstohereadeverythinghecouldaboutparanormalphenomenaandtheoccultheeventuallytransferredtothexfilessectionandworkedonsomecaseswithhisgirlfriendatthetimedianafowleyfowleywasanfbiagentwithknowledgeaboutandabeliefinparapsychologyshestoppedworkingonthecaseswhenherrelationshipwithmulderendedandsheacceptedanassignmentabroadinmarchthexfileswerestoredinmuldersofficeinthebasementofthefbisjedgarhooverbuildinginwashingtondcmulderssuperiorsdistrustedhismethodsandasaresultsectionchieflistofthexfilescharactersscottblevinsscottblevinsassignedagentdanascullytoworkwithmulderonthecasesblevinsclaimedtobelievethatmulderhaddevelopedaconsumingdevotiontothexfilesandthatscullywhowastrainedasamedicaldoctorwouldlendproperscientificanalysistothecasesinfactscullylaterlearnedthatshehadbeenassignedtodebunkerdebunkthexfilesprojecteventuallyscullycametobelieveintheexistenceofalienlifeandinapowerfulcabalconspiracyinsidetheamericangovernmentthatworkedtokeepthealiensasecrettheproofestablishingthesefactsthatmulderandscullyuncoveredandaddedtothexfileswasoverwhelmingandevenscientificallyundeniableduringthefirstseasonmulderandscullyinvestigatexfilecasesamantheyrefertoasdeepthroatwatergatedeepthroatoftenprovidesthemwithclassifiedinformationtohelpthemontheircaseshoweverheiskilledintheseasononefinaletheerlenmeyerflaskforhelpingtheagentsandthexfilesareshutdowninthesecondseasonmulderisoperatingasageneralassignmentagentwhenhereceivesananonymousphonecallfromalistofthexfilescharactersxmysteriousmanwhotellshimthatthexfileshavetobereopenedoncethetwolatermetthemysteriousmanclaimedthatthesyndicatethexfilesgovernmentconspiracyhadkilleddeepthroatcloseddownthexfilesandseparatedtheagentsassignedtothecasesasaninitialattempttosecurethetruththeywerehidingintheseasontwoepisodeascensionthexfilesascensionmulderssuperiorassistantdirectorwalterskinnerreopensthecasesawarethatthexfilesarewhattheconspiracyfearsmostashorttimelatermulderofferedhisbadgeandthexfilestoskinnerinreturnforthewhereaboutsofathesmokingmancertainmemberofthegovernmentconspiracysintheeighthseasonspecialagentsjohndoggettplayedbyrobertpatrickandmonicareyesplayedbyannabethgishareassignedtothexfilesthexfilesinvestigationswereclosedintheseriesfinalethetruththexfilesthetruthsthexfilesprojectwasreinstatedafterskinnercontactedscullywhowasworkinginaprivatehospitaltogetherandmuldertomeettadomalleyaconspiracytalkshowhostpersonneldeputydirectoralvinkershassistantdirectorsbradfollmerwalterskinnerspecialagentsdanascullyfoxmulderjohndoggettmonicareyesdianafowleyjeffreyspenderleylaharrisonkydmillerlizeinsteinarthurdalesreferencesxfilesunitredirectcategoryshelllesliecheungzigaoinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiaojiafamilynameziclannamegivennamegaotitlekingofshangdynastyreigntemplenameposthumousnamexiaojiaxiaojiawasashangdynastykingofchinaintherecordsofthegrandhistorianhewaslistedbysimaqianastheseventhshangkingsucceedinghisbrothertaigenghewasenthronedintheyearofdingsiwithboashiscapitalheruledforyearswasgiventheposthumousnamexiaojiaandwassucceededbybrotheryongjirefnamebaishouyirefrefnamechinaknowledgerefrefnameuniindianareforaclescriptinscriptionsonoraclebonesbonesunearthedatyinxualternativelyrecordthathewasthesixthshangkingsucceedinghisbrothertaigengdagenggiventheposthumousnamexiaojiaandsucceededbyhisnephewdawureferencesinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiaoxinfamilynameziclannamegivennamesongtitlekingofshangdynastyreigntemplenameposthumousnamexiaoxinxiaoxinwasashangdynastykingofchinaintherecordsofthegrandhistorianhewaslistedbysimaqianasthetwentiethshangkingsucceedinghisolderbrotherpangenghewasenthronedintheyearofjiawuwithyinxuyinashiscapitalheruledforyearswasgiventheposthumousnamexiaoxinandwassucceededbyhisyoungerbrotherxiaoyiofshangxiaoyirefnamebaishouyirefrefnamechinaknowledgerefrefnameuniindianareforaclescriptinscriptionsonoraclebonesbonesunearthedatyinxualternativelyrecordthathewasthenineteenthshangkingreferencesxbarceramiccapacitorthexisanexoticmesoncandidatewithamassofmevcsupsupwhichdoesnotfitintothequarkmodelbecauseofitsquantumnumbersitwasfirstdiscoveredinbythebelleexperimentrefcitejournallastchoifirstskcollaborationbelleexperimentbellecollaborationyeartitleobservationofanarrowcharmoniumlikestateinexclusivebkjdecaysjournalphysicalreviewlettersvolumeissuepagesarxivhepexbibcodephrvlzcdoiphysrevlettrefinjapanandlaterconfirmedbyseveralotherexperimentalcollaborationsseveraltheorieshavebeenproposedforitsnaturerefcitejournallastswansonfirstesyeartitlethenewheavymesonsastatusreportjournalphysicsreportsvolumeissuepagesarxivhepphbibcodephrsdoijphysreprefsuchasamesonicmoleculeoradiquarkantidiquarkpairtetraquarkthequantumnumbersofxhavebeendeterminedbythelhcbexperimentatcerninmarchthevaluesfortotalangularmomentumjsuppari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ngnearthecityofyangzhouinthissameyearofthebritishandfrencharmyinvadedbeijingandburneddownthesummerpalacetheemperorescapedfromthecapitalbuttheqinggovernmentwasforcedtosignanotherunequaltreatytoappeasethewesternpowersxuefuchengremainedinbaoyingandcontinuedhisstudiesbutthecrisisingovernmentmotivatedhimtostudypragmaticandconcretewaystoreformtheweakandcorruptqinggovernmentinthesummerofthegovernoroftwoprovinceszengguofantravellednorthtoputdownthenianrebelarmyonhiswaynorthhepublishedrecruitmentnoticesfortalentedmentojoinhimwhilezengsboatwasmooredatapointnearbaoyingxuefuchengagedbravedadownpourinarainstormtosubmithisproposalstozengonjunethetenthousandwordsmemorialtomarquiszengdetailedeightproposalstoreformthegovernmentzengwasimpressedandaskedxuetojoinhiscabinetforthenextyearsworkingunderzengxuewasexposedtothepracticalworkingsofgovernmentinbothmilitaryandcivilaffairsbothzengandxuewereaficionadosofthestrategicgameofgoandoftenstartedthedaywithanearlymorninggameinzengguofandiedsuddenlyatagehavinglosthismentorxuefuchengtookupanewpostatsuzhoupublishinghouseasaneditorofthehistoriesoftheliaojinandyuandynastiesallforeigndynastiesthathadinvadedandoccupiedchinainthepasthealsowroteandpublishedstoriesaboutghostsandthesupernaturalaswellasanecdotesofcuriouslocaleventsandfolkloresthathehadheardorreadaboutinhischildhoodthesearecollectedinjottingsfromacommonplacehutandshowedadifferentsideofhispersonalityinthenewemperorpasseddownanedictrequestinglearnedmentosubmittheirproposalsforimprovementtothegovernmentxueagedsubmittedhisproposalwithhelpfromgovernordingbaozhenemployerofhisyoungerbrotheradvocatingfocusondiplomacyandknowledgeofinternationallawsinnegotiationestablishingcivilserviceexamstotestcandidatesonknowledgeofthewesternworldsendingscholarsforfurtherstudiesabroadbuildinganddevelopingamodernnavythecourttooknoticeofhisrecommendationsandsoonadoptedmeasurestoexecutehisproposalsthecourtalsocirculatedhisproposalsasmustreadmaterialsforofficialdomhebecameanovernightsensationingovernmentcirclesandmanyhighofficialsproposedthatheshouldbeappointedtoadiplomaticassignmentoverseasthepowerfulgovernorofzhiliprovincebeijingislocatedinzhiliprovincelihongzhangrecruitedxueintohiscabinetinthelatterhalfofduringthedomesticcrisiscausedbythemargaryaffairwhenbritishauthoritiesputpressureontheqinggovernmentforthemurderofajuniorbritishdiplomataugustusmargaryduringatriptoexploretraderoutesbetweenbritishindiaandchinasprovincesxuefuchengactedasadvisorforlihongzhanginhisnegotiationswithbritainthecrisiswasresolvedinwiththesigningofthechefooconventioninmanchuprincegongheadofthezongliyamenchinasequivalentoftheforeignofficeagreedtogiveovercontrolanddefenseofchinascoasttorobertharttheninspectorgeneralofchinasimperialmaritimecustomserviceimcsxueadvisedlihongzhangontheseriousconsequencesthatcouldensueifdefenseofchinascoastrestedinforeignhandsfollowingxuesadvicelihongzhangaskedharttoresignhiscurrentpostasinspectorgeneralinordertotakeupthenewpostandasanticipatedbyxuehartchosetoretainhismorelucrativeassignmentinthecustomserviceinxueputforwardhisproposalforamodernizedchinesenavyandlihongzhangadoptedmanyofhisideasintheimplementationofthebeiyangnavyinjulyinwhatwasknownastheimomutinyinkoreathenstillatraditionalchineseprotectorateunitsofthekoreanmilitaryrevoltedinseoulinparttheflareupofviolencemayhavebeencausedbyprovocativepoliciesandconductbyjapanesemilitaryadvisorstrainingthenewspecialskillsforcexueadvisedlitotakequickactiontoputdowntherebellionthechinesedispatchedbeiyangnavalunitsunderthecommandofdingruchangtojoesontoassesstheevolvingsituationchinesetroopseffectivelyquelledtherebelliontheprojapaneseregentdaewongunaccusedoffomentingthedisturbanceanditsviolencewasarrestedbychinesetroopsandtakentochinawherehespentthreeyearsincustodyandonlyreturnedtokoreaintheincidentwasregardedbythechineseasajapaneseplottoassertcontroloverkoreaxuereceivedapromotionbecauseofhisadvicetotakequickactioninputtingdowntherebellioninearlysummerofxuewasappointedgovernorofningpoandshaoxinginzhejiangprovinceastrategiccoastalareathatcameunderattackbyfrenchwarshipsduringthesinofrenchwarhispredecessorintheposthaddiedsuddenlyundermysteriouscircumstancesxuehadtoresolveinternaldissensionsinstrategybetweenlocalcivilandmilitaryauthorityxueorderedthebayofzhenhaitobeminedmovedcannonstobettercamouflagedlocationsandensuredthatthefrenchcouldnotrecruitlocalswhoknewhowtonavigatethecoastalterrainwithhisintimateknowledgeoftreatytermsheremindedthebritishontheirrequiredneutralityconsequentlyinfebruaryunderdiplomaticpressurefromchinabritaininvokedprovisionsoftheforeignenlistmentactandclosedhongkongandotherfareasternportstofrenchwarshipsintheensuingconflictseveralfrenchwarshipsweresunkinzhenhaibayandadmiralcourbetofthefrenchfleetwaswoundedanddiedofhisinjuriessoonafterwardsduringhistenureinningboxuefuchengdonatedhisannualsalaryfortherestorationoftianyigeoneskypaviliontheoldestexistinglibraryinchinaoriginallybuiltinthemingdynastybutwhichhadfallenintodisrepairheundertookthesupervisoryworkofcatalogingtheantiquebooksinthelibraryinfallofxuewaspromotedtoanchashiapositionequivalenttoanattorneygeneralinhunanprovincehoweverduringavisittothecapitalinthespringofhewasreassignedasimperialenvoytotheunitedkingdomfranceitalyandbelgiumduringhistenureineuropexuevisitedmanyeuropeancountriesinordertounderstandtheimpactofindustrialdevelopmentandhowdifferenteuropeanpoliticalsystemsimpactedmilitarypowereducationlawandfinancehecametotheconclusionthateuropewassignificantlyinadvanceofchinaandchinacanonlymodernizebyadoptingwesterntechnologyandsystemstheaccountofhisthoughtsandexperiencesineuropeisinhisdiplomaticjournaloffourcountrieswhileineuropehewrotealetterhometohissonandstipulatedallmydescendantswhethermaleorfemaleshouldbegintheireducationnolaterthantheageofsevenandstudywesterntechnologyandtheenglishlanguageequaleducationforwomenwasanuncommonstanceinchinaatthattimewhileineuropexueengagedinsubstantivetradenegotiationswithbritainonthequestionofthechinaburmeseborderaswellastheestablishmentofconsulatesinsoutheastasiatoprotecttherightsofchinesecitizensinxuecompletedhisdiplomatictermandreturnedtochinaarrivinginshanghaionmaythafteralongandexhaustingtripavirulentlocalepidemicstruckhimdownandhediedinshanghaiagedxuegardeninwuxiafamilymansionbuiltinthelatethcenturyisnowanationalhistoricalsiteopentothepublicthemansionhasatraditionalchinesecourtyardandgardenalibrarybuildinganopenairoperastageandabilliardsroomthemansionwascalledhalfwuxicitybecauseofitssizereachessquaremetresitwasconstructedbetweenandasoftodaytheremainsofthemansioncoversquaremetresandhasroomsthismansionwasdesignedbyxuehimselfbeforehewassenttoeuropeandwasbuiltbyhiseldestsonxuenanmingtheqinggovernmentsenthimaplaquewiththewordsresidenceoftheimperialenvoytorecognisehimforhisdiplomaticachievementstheplaquewashungattheentranceofhismansionwhenxuebuiltthismansionhisofficialrankwaspositivethirdgradeaccordingtoqinggovernmentrulesathirdgradeofficialsresidencecannotexceedfiveroomdoorsinwidthbutxuesmansionwastoowideandviolatedtherulesxuethenthoughtofseparatingthenineroomswidehousebythreecolumnsofwallssothebuildinglookedlikeninehousesplacedtogetherthisdesignisuniqueinchinathexuemansionalsoincorporatesalotofwesternstylefeaturessuchaswesternstyleslidingdoorscolouredglassandasnookerhouseimportedfromeuropethereisaturntablefloorbuildinginsidewhichisaswideasroomsinwidththebuildingiscalledstturntablefloorinchinaforitssizerefnamexuefuchengrefxuewasthesecondqingenvoytoeuropehispredecessoralsoservedafewyearsoverseasgallerygalleryfilexuefuchengoldmansionfrontjpgxuefuchengoldmansionfrontgatefilexuefuchengoldmansionxishaohalljpgxuefuchengoldmansionxishaohallfilexuefuchengoldmansionxishaohalljpgxuefuchengoldmansionxishaohallfilexuefuchengoldmansionxishaohalljpgxuefuchengoldmansionxishaohallfilexuefuchengoldmansionxuefuchengsclothesasdiplomatjpgxuefuchengoldmansionxuefuchengsclothesasdiplomatfilexuefuchengoldmansionyishihallprocedurehalljpgxuefuchengoldmansionyishihallprocedurehallfilexuefuchengoldmansionmodelofxuefuchengsshiptoeuropejpgxuefuchengoldmansionmodelofxuefuchengsbrigatinetoeuropefilexuefuchengoldmansionzhuanpanstoriedbuildingjpgxuefuchengoldmansionturntablefloorbuildingfilexuefuchengoldmansionsnookertableboughtfromeuropejpgxuefuchengoldmansionsnookertableboughtfromeuropefilegardenofxuefuchengoldmansionjpggardenofxuefuchengoldmansiongalleryfurtherreadingreferencesinfoboxfigureskaternamexujiankunimagecaptioncountrybirthdateresidenceheightcmpartnerlijiaqifigureskaterlijiaqicoachyaobinformercoachchoreographerweiliuchoreographerweiliuformerchoreographerskatingclubretiredcombinedtotalcombineddateccspscorespdateccfsscorefsdateccmedaltemplatesseetemplatemedalrelatedtemplatesxujiankunbornoctoberinchangchunjilinisachinachinesepairskatingpairskaterhispartnerislijiaqiandthetwoarethechinesenationalbronzemedaliststheyplacedseventhatthefourcontinentschampionshipscompetitivehighlightswithlijiaqiclasswikitableeventworldjuniorfigureskatingchampionshipsworldjuniorchampionshipsaligncenterthfourcontinentsfigureskatingchampionshipsfourcontinentschampionshipsaligncenterthaligncenterthchinesefigureskatingchampionshipschinesechampionshipsaligncenterthaligncenterbgcolorccrdaligncenterbgcolorsilverndaligncenterbgcolorccrdasianwintergamesaligncenterbgcolorccrdcupofchinaaligncenterthaligncenterthnhktrophyaligncenterthtropheericbompardaligncenterthfigureskatingatthewinteruniversiadewinteruniversiadealigncenterthexternallinkssixbysevenpsychologicalpricingpsychologicalpricingtelawrencepostwaryearslistofshamankingcharactersxlawscomputerdisplaystandardwuxgapcomputerdisplaystandardwuxgapredirectpxmaymeananhdtvresolutionpxpixelscommonresolutionsaspectratioixpixelscommonresolutionsaspectratiousinginterlacedscanasubsetresolutionforwuxgaxredirectpredirectpredirectpredirectpredirectpredirectpinfoboxcomicscharacterwikipediawikiprojectcomicsdebutdarkhorsecomicsmarimagedarkhorsexjpgcaptioncoverofxbrartbyrickleonardiandjimmypalmiottijamespalmiotticharacternamexcreatorsmikerichardsonpublishermikerichardsonbrchriswarnercomicschriswarneraliasesjohndoejohnsmithth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olutionndashbattleoffortwashingtonhessiansoldierhessianforcesunderlieutenantgeneralwilhelmvonknyphausencapturefortwashingtonmanhattanfromtheamericancontinentalarmythecaptainoftheamericannavyshipandrewdoriabrigandrewdoriafiresasalutetothedutchflagonfortoranjeandjohannesdegraaffanswerswithgunshotsnovemberndashamericanrevolutionndashfortleehistoricparkbattleoffortleebattleoffortleetheinvasionofnewjerseybybritishandhessianforcesleadstothesubsequentgeneralretreatoftheamericancontinentalarmydecemberndashthephibetakappasocietyisfoundedatthecollegeofwilliammaryinvirginiadecemberndashamericanrevolutionthegilbertdumotiermarquisdelafayettemarquisdelafayetteattemptstoentertheamericanmilitaryasamajorgeneraldecemberndashthesecondcontinentalcongressendsafterasessionthatbeganonmayandcontinuedfordaysrefnameharperharpersencyclopaediaofunitedstateshistoryfromadtoedbybensonjohnlossingandwoodrowwilsonharperbrothersprefdecemberndashamericanrevolutiontheroyalcolonyofnorthcarolinareorganizesintothenorthcarolinastateofnorthcarolinaafteradoptingitsownconstitutionrichardcaswellbecomesthefirstgovernorofthenewlyformedstatethecaptureofthehessiansattrentondecembercaptureofthehessiansattrentondecemberndashamericanrevolutionthomaspainelivingwithwashingtonstroopspublishesthefirstintheseriesofpamphletsontheamericancrisisopeningwiththestirringphrasethesearethetimesthattrymenssoulstextfirstpublishedondecemberinthepennsylvaniajournaldecemberndashamericanrevolutiongengeorgewashingtonordersthefirstissueofthecrisisreadtohistroopsonchristmasevethenatpmallofthemmarchtomckonkeysferrygeorgewashingtonscrossingofthedelawarerivercrossthedelawareriverandlandonthenewjerseybankatamthefollowingmorningdecemberndashamericanrevolutionndashbattleoftrentonwashingtonstroopssurprisethehessiantroopsunderthecommandofcoljohannrallatamoutsidetrentonandscoreavictorytakingprisonerswhilesufferingonlywoundedbirthsjanuaryndashjamesmbroomamericanpoliticiandjanuaryndashjeremiahchaplinamericanreformedbaptisttheologiandjanuaryndashthomasmorrisohiopoliticianthomasmorrisamericanpoliticiandjanuarybernardinodrovettiitaliandiplomatdjeanbaptisteprosperjolloisfrenchegyptologistdjanuaryferdinandvonschillgermannobledaugustejeanameilfrenchsoldierdjanuaryndashthomaslangloislefroyirishpoliticiandjanuaryndashludwigrhesaprussianscholardjanuaryndashgeorgebirkbeckenglishdoctoracademicandphilanthropistdjanuaryndashprincewilliamfrederickdukeofgloucesterandedinburghromanbornbritishprincedjanuarymatthewbrowncollegepresidentmatthewbrownamericancollegepresidentdjoosoaresdealbergariadesousaportuguesepoliticiandrichardonslowpriestrichardonslowenglisharchdeacondjanuarybaptndashjaneporterenglishnovelistdjanuarypoulchristianholstnorwegianpoliticiandelishahaleyamericanpoliticiandjanuaryndashhowarddouglasbritisharmygeneraldjanuaryjeanguillaumebaronhydedeneuvillefrencharistocratdetahoffmanngermanwritercomposerandpainterdpeterajayamericanpoliticiandjanuaryndashjosephgrresgermanwriterandjournalistdjanuaryndashwilliambowieagrarianwilliambowieamericanagrariandfebruarygottfriedreinholdtreviranusgermanbiologistdjangerardkemmerlingdutchmayordfebruaryndashioanniskapodistriasgovernorofgreecedfebruaryrichardmantirishbishopdmaryyoungpickersgillamericanmakerofthestarspangledbannerflagdfebruaryndashchristiangottfrieddanielneesvonesenbeckprolificgermanbotanistdfebruaryndashjeanpierreboyerpresidentofhaitidfebruaryndashabrahamraimbachbritishengraverdfebruaryrosscuthbertcanadianpoliticiandgeorgzumnstergermanpaleontologistdfebruaryndashkarlaugustferdinandvonborckegermangeneraldfebruaryndashmarianoricafortpalacnyabarcaspanishcolonialgovernorofcubadfebruaryndashjosephbarsscanadianprivateerseacaptaindfebruaryjohnwaltereditorbornjohnwalterenglishnewspapereditordheneagehorsleyscottishpriestdfebruaryndashgeorgewilliamtigheenglishexpatriatedfebruaryinnisgreenamericancongressmanforpennsylvaniadjohnpatersonmissionaryjohnpatersonscottishmissionarytonortherneuropedfebruaryndashfranoisquirouetcanadianpoliticiandmarchjohncollinsgovernorjohncollinsamericanmanufacturerpoliticiandeliasmooredmarchndashjamesparkernewjerseyjamesparkeramericanpoliticiandmarchndashguillaumeemmanuelguignardvicomtedesaintpriestrussianarmycommanderdmarchndashgerardtroostamericanmineralogistdmarchndashluigilambruschiniitaliancatholiccardinaldmarchndashtimothyrugglesnovascotiapoliticiantimothyrugglescanadianpoliticiandmarchdavidrogersonwilliamsamericanpoliticiandsamueltweedyamericanpoliticiandmarchthomasevansbritisharmyofficerthomasevansbritisharmygeneraldarchdukejosephpalatineofhungaryarchdukeofaustriadmarchlouiseofmecklenburgstrelitzqueenofprussiadtienneranvoyzcanadianpoliticiandmarchndashladyhesterstanhopeenglisharchaeologistdmarchndashaimpicquetduboisguyfrenchchouangeneralduringthefrenchrevolutiondmarchndashjoelabbotpoliticianjoelabbotamericanpoliticiandmarchndashphilemonbeecheramericanpoliticiandmarchjoshuabatesamericaneducatordrichardtemplenugentbrydgeschandosgrenvillestdukeofbuckinghamandchandosenglishpoliticiandmarchndashjohnfrederickfrelinghuysenunitedstates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anwhoconstantlypracticecontroloftheirfluidsandsalivatngxinallpenetratingimmortalsnbspxianwhoconstantlypracticetheinhalationofunadulteratedessencesdoxinimmortalsofthewaynbspxianwhoachievetranscendencethroughunceasingrecitationofspellsandprohibitionszhoxinilluminatedimmortalsnbspxianwhoachievetranscendencethroughconstantperiodsofthoughtandrecollectionjngxinseminalimmortalsnbspxianwhohavemasteredthestimuliandresponsesofintercoursejuxinabsoluteimmortalsnbspxianwhohaveattainedtheendandperfectedtheirawakeningthroughconstanttransformationseealsoascendedmastercraneinchinesemythologyjourneytothewestkunlunmountainmythologykunlunmountaininmythologyshenchinesereligionsunwukongthemonkeykingtranscendencephilosophyphilosophicaltranscendencexiwangmuqueenmotherofthewesttempleofthefiveimmortalsdisambiguationvarioustemplesofthefiveimmortalsinchinaeightimmortalsreferencesakahoriakiradrugtakingandimmortalityintaoistmeditationandlongevitytechniquesedliviakohnannarboruniversityofmichiganppnbspblofeldjohntaoismtheroadtoimmortalitybostonshambhalacampanyrobertfordtoliveaslongasheavenandearthgehongstraditionsofdivinetranscendentsberkeleyuniversityofcaliforniapressppnbspanddewoskinkennethxiandescendednarratingxianamongmortalstaoistresourcesfoxalanudeleduphilosophyafoxzhuangzihtmzhuangziingreatthinkersoftheeasternworldianpmcgrealedharpercollinspublishersdavidhawkesscholarhawkesdavidtrthesongsofthesouthananthologyofancientchinesepoemsbyquyuanandotherpoetspenguinbookshsilaithesexualteachingsofthewhitetigresssecretsofthefemaletaoistmastersrochestervermontdestinybooksppnbsphsilaithesexualteachingsofthejadedragontaoistmethodsformalesexualrevitalizationrochestervermontdestinybooksppnbspkohnliviathetaoistexperienceananthologyalbanystateuniversityofnewyorkpresskomjathylouisdaoistcenterorgadvancedhtmldaoisttextsintranslationmairvictorhwanderingonthewayearlytaoisttalesandparablesofchuangtzunewyorkbantamneedhamjosephandwanglingscienceandcivilisationinchinavolcambridgeuniversitypresspaperjordandthespiritsaredrunkcomparativeapproachestochinesereligionstateuniversityofnewyorkpressrobinetisabelwebarchiveorgwebfacultysbcedugouldejesterhtmlthetaoistimmortaljestersoflightandshadowheavenandearthjournalofchinesereligionsschaferedwardhthoughtsaboutastudentsdictionaryofclassicalchinesemonumentasericakristoferschipperschipperkristoferthetaoistbodyberkeleyuniversityofcaliforniaschuessleraxelabcetymologicaldictionaryofoldchinesehonoluluuniversityofhawaiipresswatsonburtontrthecompleteworksofchuangtzunewyorkcolumbiauniversitypresswelchholmestaoismthepartingofthewaybostonbeaconpresswongevathetaoofhealthlongevityandimmortalitytheteachingsofimmortalschungandlbostonshambhalawuluchiangandtenneyldavisanancientchinesealchemicalclassickohungonthegoldmedicineandontheyellowandthewhiteproceedingsoftheamericanacademyofartsandsciencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebkirklandmywebugaedurkpdfpubsrefimmortaltranscendenceandimmortalityrussellkirklandtheencyclopediaoftaoismwebarchiveorgwebeastasianhistorynettextbookspmchinachmainhtmchaptersevenlaterdaoismgregorysmitstopicsinpremodernchinesehistorybookragscomresearchxianeorlxianencyclopediaofreligioninfoboxfileformaticonlogoextensionxdxfmimeapplicationxmltypecodeuniformtypemagicownerinitialdevelopmentbysergeysingovlaterbyleonidsoshinskiyreleasedlatestreleaseversionrevlatestreleasedategenreextendedfromcontainerforfreeyesurlinfoboxsoftwarenamemakedicttitlemakedictdevelopermrcoderkubtekreleasedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionbetalatestpreviewdateprogramminglanguagecplatformcrossplatformgenredictionaryfileformatconverterconverterlicensegnugplwebsitexdxfxmldictionaryexchangeformatisaprojecttouniteallexistingopendictionarydictionariesandprovidebothusersanddeveloperswithauniversalxmlbasedfileformatformatconvertiblefromandtootherpopularformatslikemovaptkdicandstardictavailabledictionariesasofdecemberthexdxfprojectrepositorycontainsdictionarieswhicharecollectivelybytesinsizecompressedandcontainarticlessoftwareguisthexdxffileformatisusedbywebarchiveorgwebatlarevdanicacomatlantidawebarchiveorgwebwisesourceforgenetwisedictgaragemaemoorgprojectsmdictionarymdictionaryonthemaemoandmeegoplatformsngcompcomalpusindexhtmlalpussourceforgenetprojectssimpledictsimpledictgoldendictandstardictforksoftwaredevelopmentforkstardictstartingwithversionhasbasicsupportforxdxfconverterstheprojecthasconvertersfromthedslandatlantidaformatsandamanytomanyconvertertoolmakedictalternativesthedicmlmarkuplanguagesserveasimilarpurposecurrentlyneitherconceptisspecifiedcompletelyforexamplexdxflackselementstoannotatepossiblehyphenationswhiletherecentworkingdraftofdicmldoesnotincludeelementstodescribetheetymologyofwordsexternallinksgithubcomsoshialxdxfmakedictprojectsitesourceforgenetprojectsxdxffilesxdxfdictionariesrepositorygithubcomsoshialxdxfmakedicttreemasterformatstandardxdxfstandardgithubcomsoshialxdxfmakedictblobmasterformatstandardxdxfdescriptionmdmanualanddescriptionofxdxfformatwebarchiveorgwebasymptopiaorgstaticpagesindexphppagetuxwordsmithfree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tetextsonthehistoryoflydiaknownaslydiacaxanthusalsowroteoccasionallyaboutgeologyitisbelievedthatxanthuswastheearliesthistoriantohavewrittenasignificantamountonthetopicoflydianhistoryheisalsobelievedtohavewrittenaworkentitledmagicamaswellasoneentitledlifeofempedoclesitisbelievedthatxanthushadsomeknowledgeofiranpersiantraditionsanditisplausiblethathealydianwouldwriteaboutpersianreligionbutitseemsunlikelyduetotheavailableevidencehisseatwasbelievedtobeatsardisthecapitalacontemporaryandcolleagueofherodotusmostofhiswritingsconcernedthelineageanddeedsofthelistofkingsoflydialydiankingsxanthuswasknownforwritinginthetraditionalioniansionianstyleoftryingtoestablishthesceneofpopularmythsoneexampleofxanthususingthistypeofwritingstyleiswhenheplacedthesceneofthegiantspunishmentinlaodiceacombustakatakekaumenexanthuswasalsoknownforadaptinghistoricaleventsthatwereoftenconsideredboringintopassagesthatthegeneralgreeksgreekpublicwouldenjoyxanthuswasoneofthechiefauthoritiesusedbynicolausofdamascuslydiacaaccordingtoreferencesfromstephanusofbyzantiumthelydiacaludiakaisbelievedtobecomposedoffourdifferentbooksunfortunatelyitisimpossibletotellhowxanthusarrangedhismaterialwithinthebooksaswellaswhatamountofitwoulddealwithpremermnaddynastytimesiebeforebcduetohistendencyofusinganecdotesitisbelievedthathishistoricalarrangementswithinhisworksmayhavebeenlooselikeherodotusaccordingtoareferencefromstephanusofbyzantiumitisbelievedthatpartofbookivofthelydiacadescribesthefoundingofashkelonascalonacentreforthecultofatargatisfromthepointofviewofalydiannamedascalusthesonofhymenaeusalsoknownastymenaeusduringtheruleofkingalkimosalsoknownasakiamosthecredibilityoflydiacahasbeenquestionednumeroustimesduetoconflictingquotationsandduetothefactthatonlyfragmentsofxanthusworkshavesurviveddionysiusofhalicarnassusgivesxanthusthemostcredibilitybecauseinhispaperaboutthucydideshementionsthatmosthistoriansearlierthanherodotushadmythographictendenciesbutgivesxanthusafairamountofpraisedionysiusofhalicarnassusreferstoxanthusasamanwithanexceptionallysoundknowledgeofearlyhistorywhomustbeconsideredsecondtononeinestablishingthehistoryofhisowncountryiforanintelligentwriterlikedionysiustogivesuchastrongstatementaboutxanthusandhisworksitisinferredthathecametohisconclusionbystudyingtheoriginallydiacaoratleastepitomeofmenippusandnotbyreadingtheunreliablequotationsbyscytobrachionmanyinterpretthisasevidencethatxanthussworkwassubstantiveandlegitimateandnotjustafabricationofsomeotherwritersuchasscytobrachionwhoattributedquotestoxanthusthatwereneversaidandwereactuallyhisownstatementsaccordingtostrabointhefirstbookofthelydiacaxanthusmentionsfindingrocksintheshapeofseashellsinmanyinlandareassuchasarmeniamatieneandlowerphrygiaandfromthisobservationhespeculatesthattheentireanatolianpeninsulawasonceunderwaterimagicathemagicamagikaisreferencedoncebyclementofalexandriabutthisreferencescredibilityisoftenquestionedsinceclementofalexandriaalsounreliablyreferencedxanthusforthedateofthefoundingofthasosnotesworkscitedeasterlingpebernardmacgregorandwalkerknoxgreekliteraturecambridgecambridgeupgooglebookswebjanbooksgooglecombooksidzluzkhniqscpgpadqxanthusoflydiacdvonepageqxanthusoflydiaffalsegreekliteraturemarincolajohngreekhistorianscambridgecambridgeupgooglebookswebjanbooksgooglecombooksidvtiyhetomcpgpadqxanthusoflydiacdvonepageqxanthusoflydiaffalsegreekhistorianspearsonlionelearlyionianhistorianslondonoxfordupprintsetersjohnvaninsearchofhistoryhistoriographyintheancientworldandtheoriginsofbiblicalhistorynewhavenyaleupgooglebookswebjanbooksgooglecombooksidskpdxtewwcpgpadqxanthusoflydiacdvonepageqxanthusoflydiaffalseinsearchofhistoryhistoriographyintheancientworldandtheoriginsofbiblicalhistorytozerhenryfanshaweandmaxcaryahistoryofancientgeographyvolumecambridgecambridgeupndgooglebookswebjanbooksgooglecombooksidsvsntiueskcpgraprdqxanthusoflydiacdvonepageqxanthusoflydiaffalseahistoryofancientgeographyvolumexanthushistorianmmmausermmmausershowloinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexvcorpsimageusxvcorpsssisvgimagesizecaptionshouldersleeveinsigniaofxvcorpsdatescountryunitedstatesallegiancebranchtyperolesizecommandstructurecurrentcommandergarrisonceremonialchiefcoloneloftheregimentnicknamepatronmottocolorsmarchmascotbattlesworldwariinotablecommanderswadehhaislipanniversariesuscorpspreviousxivcorpsunitedstatesnextxvicorpsunitedstatesthexvcorpsoftheusarmywasinitiallyconstitutedonoctoberaspartoftheorganizedreservesandwasactivatedonfebruaryatcampbeauregardlouisianaduringthesecondworldwarxvcorpsfoughtfordaysintheeuropeantheaterofoperationsfightingfromnormandythroughfranceandsoutherngermanyintoaustriathecorpswascommandedincombatbymajorgeneralwadehhaislipinitiallyasasubordinateunittothethirdunitedstatesarmythirdusarmyandlateraspartoftheseventhunitedstatesarmyseventhusarmyaftertheendofthewarthecorpswasinactivatedandreactivatedseveraltimesfinallybeinginactivatedinnormandyxvcorpstookpartinthejulybreakoutfromnormandyoperationcobrathecorpsliberatedlemansonaugustinacontroversialdecisionbythetwelfthunitedstatesarmygroupcomm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angyuatthebattleofxingyangbcbattleofxingyangandhnxinwascapturedbyxiangyuinbattleandtemporarilysurrenderedhnxinmanagedtoescapeandreturntoliubangssidelaterhnxinwasreinstatedasprinceorkingofhnandbecameavassalofthehandynastyafterliubangdefeatedxiangyuinbcandbecameemperorofchinahewasgrantedthelandsaroundyingchuaninpresentdayhenanashisfiefandbuilthiscapitalatyangzhaipresentdayyuzhoucityhenandeathinbcemperorgaozuofhanemperorgaozufeltthathnxinsfiefwasinastrategiclocationandwasworriedthathnmightposeathreattohimhenceunderthepretextofsendinghimtodefendthenorthernbordergaozuhadhnxinrelocatedtotaiyuancommanderychinacommanderywithjinyangpresentdaytaiyuanshanxiashanscapitalhnxinrequestedtohavehiscapitalatmayitownmayipresentdayshuozhoushanxiinsteadandgaozuapprovednotlonglaterthexiongnuattackedmayiandgaozususpectedhnxinofsecretlyconspiringwiththexiongnuagainsthimgaozusentanimperialedicttohnxinreprimandinghimhnxinwasafraidofbeingnineexterminationsexterminatedandformedanalliancewiththexiongnuagainstthehanempireinlatebcgaozupersonallyledanarmytoattackhnxinandforcedhimtoretreattoxiongnuterritoryhowevergaozulosttothexiongnuatthebattleofbaidengandretreatedhnxinandthexiongnuconstantlyraidedthenorthernborderinthefollowingyearsinbchnxinalliedwiththexiongnuagaintoattackthehanempirethehangeneralchaiwuwrotealettertohnaskinghimtosurrenderbuthnxinrefusedhnxinwaslaterkilledinactionduringthebattleagainsthanforcesdescendantshnxinhadtwosonsacrownprinceandhntuidangreferencessimaqianrecordsofthegrandhistorianvolumebanguetalbookofhanvolumexiyuorhsiycanrefertoxiyupenghuanislandandtownshipintaiwanwesternregionsxyinchineseahistoricalnameforpartsofcentralasiaraghebalamascoutrocketfamilyscoutrocketfamilyrmbluescoutiirmbluescoutithexystonspearjavelinweaponjavelinpointedstickgoadwasatypeofalongthrustingspearinancientgreeceitmeasuredaboutlongandwasprobablyheldbythecavalrymanwithbothhandsalthoughthedepictionofalexanderthegreatsxystononthealexandermosaicinpompeiiseefiguresuggeststhatitcouldalsobeusedsinglehandedithadawoodenshaftandaspearpointatbothendspossiblereasonsforthesecondaryspeartipwerethatitactedpartlyasacounterweightandalsoservedasabackupincasethexystonwasbrokeninactionthexystonisusuallymentionedincontextwiththecompanioncavalryhetairoithecavalryforcesofancientmacedonafteralexanderthegreatsdeaththehetairoiwerenamedxystophoroispearbearersbecauseoftheiruseofthexystonlanceinhisgreekwrittenbellumjudaicumthejewishhistorianflaviusjosephususesthetermxystontodescribetheancientromeromanthrowingjavelinthepilumthexystonwaswieldedeitherunderarmoroverarmpresumablyasamatterofpersonalpreferenceitwasalsoknownespeciallylaterasthekontosweaponkontosmeaningliterallybargepolethenamepossiblyoriginatedasaslangtermfortheweaponseealsosarissakontosweaponkontosdoryspearpoleweaponwoodeconomycompanioncavalryancientmacedonianmilitaryhellenisticarmiesreferenceslsjperseustuftseducgibinptextdocperseusatextaaentrydxystonfromperseustuftseducgibinptextdocperseusatextaaentrydxyscrapehenceperseustuftseducgibinptextdocperseusatextaaentrydxylonwoodxinlitunorhsinlitunisatownwithinheishancountyinjinzhouprefectureliaoningchinaitsinthenortheastoftheprefectureaboutnbspkmwestofshenyangcityredirectthethirteenchairsredirectxslredirectxslxinyecountystarcraftxdamayrefertooxdaabrandofsmartphoneandpocketpcphonexdaflamepocketpcdeviceoftheoxdadevicefamilyxdadeveloperstechnologywebsitewhosenamereferencestheabovephonemodeltheiatacodeforseyresseairportfrancetheicaocodeforbureauveritasfranceredirectxraybursterooooormayrefertofictionfictionalbritishagentoperazionelunaitalianfilmcodenicknamedzerotwopilotofthefranxxstreliziadarlinginthefranxxairportsobakerairportonervinoairportastronomyootheminorplanetlaquilaootheasteroidgraunguantanamodetaineedavidhicksbornaustralianwhowasconvictedbytheunitedstatesguantanamomilitarycommissiondetaineethecaseofdavidhicksabookbyleighsalespatentspatentsreferredtoasthepatentuspatentapatentownedbyappleincinvolvedinalegalcasewithsamsunguspatentapatentownedbysportbraininvolvedinalegalcasewithappleincotherusesbarformulaoneseasoncaroalleleoalleleanalleleoftheabogeneoooomayrefertofictionalbritishagentootheasteroidtowenoogaugemodelrailwayooandotherrelatedbloodtypeallelesseeabobloodgroupsystemandabogeneaboomorganvilleairportseelistofairportsinpennsylvaniatyrrellformulaoneseasoncarreferstojaswhoisalsoknownasjasbondlivesinindiaandhaseverywhereinhisthingscarmobileemailetcbarformulaoneseasoncaralbumalbumbyorebalaevibmwturbojetenginetheadventuresofjamesbondjuniorajamesbondspinoffnovelcarryingtheglidroseproductionscopyrightgholamruhaniguantanamodetaineeunmcodefornorthamericaoooomayrefertofictionalbritishagentjunkersjumoturbojetenginelaudaairflightaninternationalpassengerflightoperatedbyaboeingerthatcrashedonmayabdulhaqwasiqguantanamodetaineeotheoverseachinesebankingcorporationocorningmunicipalairportcaliforniainfoboxsettlementnamenativenameofficialnamesettlementtypecountiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountynicknamecountyofgeneralspostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetelephonenumbersinchinaimageskylineimagecaptionimagemapjiangxixingguosvgmapcaptionlocationofxingguocountyredinjiangxipushpinmapchinajiangxipushpinlabelpushpinmapcaptionlocationofthecountyseatinjiangxisubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamejiangxisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnameganzhousubdivisiontypesubdivisionssubdivisionnameseatzhlianjiangareatotalkmareafootnoteslengthkmwidthkmpopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationfootnotescoordinatesfootnotescoordinateselevationftelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetwebsitexingguocountyisacountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountyinsouthcentraljiangxiprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinaitisundertheadministrationofandlocatedinthenorthoftheprefecturelevelcityofganzhouwithatotalareaofitspopulationwasatthecensushistoryinduringthethreekingdomsperiodpingyangcountywassetupinthecurrentareaofxingguocountyinduringthesongdynastynorthernsongperiodthecountyofxingguowassetupnamedafterthetaipingxingguoeraadoftheemperortaizongofsongemperorofthattimeadministrationxingguohasjurisdictionovertownstownshipsandeconomicdevelopmentzonetheseatofthecountylocatesatthelianjiangtowngeographylocationxingguocountylocatesinthecentralsouthofjiangxiprovinceandinthenorthofganzhouprefecturallevelcitythedistancetothecenterofganzhouisaboutkilometersandthedistancetotheprovincialcapitalnanchangisaboutkilometerstopographythelengthfromeasttowestiskilometersandthewidthfromnorthtosouthiskilometersxingguoismostlycoveredbyhillsandmountainsmountainsovermetersontheeastnorthandwestedgeswhilehillyareasinthecenterandsouthpartswithasmallbasinaroundthecountyseatlianjiangtownthehighestpointisthemountdawushanatfengbiantownshipinthenorthwithelevationofmeterswhilethelowestpointlocatesatmubuvillagelongkoutownshipinthesouthwithelevationofmetersriverstheriversinxingguoaremostlytributariestogongriverwhichformsganrivertogetherwithzhangrivernearthecitycenterofganzhouthereareseveralreservoirsinxingguothelargestonebeingchanggangreservoiratchanggangtownshipclimatexingguohasahumidsubtropicalclimatetheannualaveragetemperatureisnbspcandtheaverageannualprecipitationisnbspmmdemographicsaccordingtotheofficialwebsitethepopulationinwasaboutxingguoishakkapeoplehakkaareatheancestorsofthepopulationmostlycamefromhenangansuandotherprovincessuchasshaanxihebeishanxiandshandongthereareasmallnumberofshepeoplelivinginxingguoaccordingtotherecordstherewerehouseholdsandshepeopleinfourvillagesinxingguoaredesignatedtoshepeopleplacesofintereststherevolutionarysitesofxingguoisonthelistofmajorhistoricalandculturalsiteprotectedatthenationallevelmajorhistoricalandculturalsitesprotectedatthenationallevelitincludesdifferentsiteswheremaozedongcommunistpartyofchinacommunistpartyandchineseworkersandpeasantsredarmyredarmyhadhadactivitiesduringasaresultoftheseactivitiestherehasbeenpersonsfromxingguoappointedasmajorgeneralslieutenantgeneralsorcolonelgeneralsinthearmylateradditionalpersonswereappointedsoxingguoisnicknamedasthecountyofgeneralsinadditiontherearehistoricalandculturalsitesprotectedattheprovinciallevelsitesattheprefecturalcitylevelandsitesatthecountylevellianjiangacademybuiltinasanacademiesshuyuanacademyofclassicallearningmaozedongheldthetrainingclassforcadreonlandreformshereinlateritfunctionedastheseatofthesovietgovernmentofxingguocountyfromtoprotectedatthenationallevelasapartoftherevolutionarysitesofxingguozhuhuapagodainitiallybuiltduringthetangdynastylaterrebuiltinduringthemingdynastythecentralpillarisinsquareshapewhichisquiteuncommonamongpagodasprotectedattheprovinciallevelinscriptionyongzhenjiangnaneternallysafeguardingthesouthofyangtzebywentianxiangitlocatesinatempleatthetopofmountdawushanprotectedattheprovinciallevelbingxincavescenerywithdanxialandformtaipingyancaveacaveinkarstlandscapeareainmeijiaotowntransportationhighwaysandroadsexpresswaysofchinagquanzhounanningexpresswayxingguoganxianexpresswaychinanationalhighwaysgchinanationalhighwayggprovincialroadsssrailwaybeijingkowloonrailwaynanchangganzhouhighspeedrailunderconstructionxingguoquanzhourailwayunderconstructionairbothairportsarewithinkilometersdistanceganzhouhuangjinairportjinggangshanairportculturehakkaculturexingguoisasettlementforhakkapeoplesoithasthecharacteristicsofhakkacultureincludingthehakkachineselanguagefolksonginxingguothereisauniquefolksonggenrecalledxingguoshangemountainsongfengshuixingguoisalsooneofthefoundingplacesoffengshuiphilosophysanliaovillageinmeijiaotownisknownasthefirstvillageoffengshuiculturenotablepeoplecolonelgeneralschenqihanxiaohuageneralxiaohualieutenantgeneralqiuhuizuopoliticiansguoshengkunwangtaihuayangshangkuizengqinghongfemalezengqinghongcuisineandspecialitiesxingguoredcarpsteamedanddriedsweetpotatoxingguofishnoodlemadefromfishmeatandsweetpotatopowderfenlongchuangfishormeatcoveredbysweetpotatopowdertogetherwithspicytaroorsweetpotatoslicesandricenoodlessteamedinabigbamboocasetogetherwithsmalldishesmaozedongnameditassixingwangyuefoursstarsgazingatthemoonexternallinksxingguogovcnofficialwebsiteofxingguocountygovernmentreferencesreflistrefsrefnamecitypoprefrefnamehistoryrefrefnamenaturerefrefnamexgintrorefrefnameshezurefrefnameprotectedsitesrefrefnametechanrefrefnamesixingwangyuerefkhuloodinfoboxlanguagenamexibenativenamesibegisunpronunciationstateschinaregionxinjiangrefnameramseyrefethnicityxibepeoplespeakersdaterefefamilycoloraltaicfamtungusiclanguagestungusicfamsouthernscriptxibescriptderivedfrommongolianscriptisosjoglottoxibeglottorefnamexibethexibelanguagesibegisunalsosibosibexibolanguageisatungusiclanguagestungusiclanguagespokenbymembersofthexibepeoplexibeminorityofpeoplesrepublicofchinachinaxibeisthelanguagemostwidelyspokenamongthexiboofxinjianginnorthwestchinaclassificationxibeisconventionallyviewedasaseparatelanguagewithinthesoutherngroupoftungusiclanguagesalongsidethemorewellknownmanchulanguagehavingundergonemorethanyearsofdevelopmentseparatedfromthetungusicspeakingheartlandsincexibetroopsweredispatchedtothexinjiangfrontiersinsomeresearcherssuchasjerrynormansinologistjerrynormanholdthatxibeisadialectofmanchuwhereasxibologistssuchasanjunarguethatxibeshouldbeconsideredthesuccessortomanchuethnohistoricallythexibepeoplearenotconsideredmanchupeoplebecausetheywereexcludedfromchieftainnurhacisthcenturytribalconfederationtowhichthenamemanchuwaslaterappliedphonologyxibeismutualintelligibilitymutuallyintelligiblewithmanchurefnameethnologuerefalthoughunlikemanchuxibehasreportedtohaveeightvoweldistinctionsasopposedtothesixfoundinmanchuaswellasdifferencesinmorphologyandamorecomplexsystemofvowelharmonyrefnameramseyprefmorphologyxibehassevencasemorphemesthreeofwhichareusedquitedifferentlyfrommodernmanchuthecategorizationofmorphemesascasemarkersinspokenxibeispartiallycontroversialduetothestatusofnumeroussuffixesinthelanguagedespitethegeneralcontroversyaboutthecategorizationofcasemarkersversuspostpositionsintungusiclanguagesfourcasemarkersinxibearesharedwithliterarymanchunominativegenitivedativelocativeandaccusativexibesthreeinnovatedcasestheablativelativeandinstrumentalsociativesharetheirmeaningswithsimilarcaseformsinneighboringuyghurkazakhandoiryatmongolianclasswikitablecasenamesuffixexampleenglishglossnominativenowikinowikiaznvillagegenitivenowikiinowikiazniofthevillagedativelocativenowikidtnowikiaznttothevillageaccusativenowikifvnowikiaznvthevillageobjectablativenowikidrinowikiazndrifromthevillagelativenowikiinowikiaznitowardsthevillageinstrumentalsociativenowikimaqnowikiaznmaqwiththevillagelexiconthegeneralvocabularyandstructureofxibehasnotbeenaffectedasmuchbychineselanguagechineseasmanchuhashoweverxibehasabsorbedalargebodyofchinesesociologicalterminologyespeciallyinpoliticslikegmingrevolutionfromandzhuxichairpersonfromandeconomicslikechnacashierfromanddaikuanloanfromwrittenxibeismoreconservativeandrejectingofloanwordsbutspokenxibecontainsadditionalchinesederivedvocabularysuchasnanfromformanwherethemanchubasedequivalentisniyalmatherehasalsobeensomeinfluencefromrussianlanguagerussianincludingwordssuchaskonsulconsulfromandmashinasewingmachinefromsmallerxinjianglanguagescontributemostlyculturalterminologysuchasnamasanislamicfeastfromuygurlanguageuygurandbaigehorseracefromkazakhlanguagekazakhwritingsystemxibeiswritteninascriptthatderivedfromthemanchualphabetthexibealphabetdivergesfromthemanchualphabetinthatthepositionsofthelettersinsomewordshavechangedxibelacksoutofsyllablesinmanchuandxibehasthreesyllablesthatarenotfoundinmanchuwiwoandwurefnamegorelovarefcyrillizationproposaltherewasaproposalinchinabytoadaptthecyrillicalphabettoxibebutthiswasabandonedinfavoroftheoriginalxibescriptclasswikitablesortablecyrillictransliterationtolatininternationalphoneticalphabetipaequivalentaaabbbvvvgggggggggdddeedzdzzzdzjjddrriiiyyjkkkkkkkkkqlllmmmnnnngngooooppprrrssstttuuuwwwfffhhxhhtstszztsccteeeyyyayajsignofthinnesstablethisliststhelettersinxibethatdifferentiateitfrommanchuaswellastheplacementofthelettersredareimportantdifferencesclasswikitablecolspanlettersrowspanrowspansmalltransliterationsofmanchutransliterationpaulgeorgvonmollendorfabkaicmcdsmallrowspansmallunicodeencodingsmallrowspandescriptionindependentinitialmedialfinalrowspanrowspanimagemongoliheadjpgimagemongolimiddlejpgrowspanimagemongolitailjpgrowspanrowspanirowspanstylebackgroundrederowspanafterthesecondrowforvowelsthirdlineusedforkghbpafterthefourthlinefordzstylebackgroundredrowspanvuustylebackgroundredafterkghstylebackgroundredngstylebackgroundredonlyoccursattheendofthesyllablesrowspanimagemongolqheadjpgimagemongolqmiddlejpgrowspanrowspankrowspanstylebackgroundredrowspanaobeforefirstrowthirdrowbeforeeiuspanstylebackgroundredattheendofsyllablesfromthesecondrowspanstylebackgroundredstylebackgroundredimagemongolkheadjpgimagemongolkmiddlejpgimagemongoljheadjpgstylebackgroundredimagemongoljheadjpgjjzhstylebackgroundredaonlyappearinthefirstsyllableimagemongolrmiddlejpgstylebackgroundredrstylebackgroundrednativelanguagedoesnothavewordsbeginningwithrfstylebackgroundredbstylebackgroundredimagemongolwheadjpgimagemongolw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arsystemusinganapparentlyexperimentalgatelessjumpdrivetheterransreverseengineerthedeviceinitsmaidenflightthexshuttlepilotedbytestpilotkylebrennanisaccidentallytransportedintothexuniverseunlikebeforethispartofthenetworkisinhabitedbyseveralspacefaringalienracesandthedescendantsofnathanrgunnesfleettheterraformersareattemptingtogettoearthandkylemuststopthemthexuniversethefictionalxuniverseisacollectionofsectorsconnectedbytwowayjumpgatesthetotalnumberofsectorsisunknownbutthenumberofdiscoveredsectorshasincreasedineachgamefrominxbeyondthefrontiertooverinxterranconflictincludingtherediscoveredsolarsystemsolsystemsectorstypicallyorbitplanetswithinastarsystemmostcontaingameresourcessuchasasteroidsofsiliconororeandmanycontaininhabitableplanetseachsectorcontainsuptofourjumpgatesinanortheastsouthwestpatterneachsectorisnamedbytheorganisationthatcontrolsitnotablesectorsincludeargonfederationhomesectorargonprimeboronkingdomhomesectorkingdomendteladicompanyheadquartersseizewellsplitdynastyhomesectorfamilyprideandparanidempirehomeworldparanidprimethexenonhomesectorhasneverbeendiscoveredmostsectorsarecontrolledbyonexuniverseraceandwillcontainonlystationseconomicallyindigenousecologyindigenoustothatraceforexampleatreuscloudsisaboronsectorcontainingonlyboronstationsheretheplayercanbuyspecialboronweaponryandequipmentthatisunavailablefromotherracesboronstationssellborontradeproductsandtheyoftenwanttobuythetradeproductsofotherracessuchproductscanbeimportedexportedandtradedbytheplayerforprofitthiscompelstheplayertoexplorethesectorsofthedifferentracestodiscoverthemostusefulupgradesandmostprofitabletraderoutesforconveniencemoststationsandfacilitiesarelocatedinthespacebetweenthejumpgatesknownastheeclipticeclipticplanehowevereachsectorisunboundedandtheplayermaytravelinanydirectionalmostindefinitelybeyondthemainareaofasectorismostlyemptyvoidthoughofficialxmaterialaswellasingamemessagesandmissionshintatlostshipssecretstationsandothertreasuresanddangerslurkinginremoteareasingamestoxthethreatxuniversesectorsareofuniformsizeandgatesareusuallycentrenorthsoutheastandwestoftheeclipticplaneinxreunionsectorsbecamemuchmorevariedthedistancesbetweengatesvariesbetweennbspkminsomesectorstoovernbspkminotherstheexactpositionofthegatesisunpredictableandgatesaregenerallyhardertofinditisnotpossibletoflytoplanetsingameplanetbasedactivityisonlypossibleinplotrelatedeventsofxthethreatandxreunionitisonlypossibletoflyintoplanetatmospheresthoughthiswillresultintheshipsdestructionitispossiblethatallsectorsinthexuniverseareinthemilkywaywithgatetechnologysomesectorswhicharedistantinthegatesystemcouldbecosmicallyclosetogetherconverselysectorsneartoeachotherinthejumpgategridcouldbephysicallyfarapartduetotheeaseofuseofthejumpgatesystemmostraceshavenotprogressedfarenoughinmoreconventionalinterstellarsciencetobesurefeaturedracesthexuniversefeaturesseveralsentientspeciessomeofwhichareyettobeseeninthegamesthemselvesboronasquidlikealienracethatreverestheirqueenandlovepeacehumandividedintothreefactionsargonhumanswhoaredescendedfromtheremainsofthefleetthatluredtheterraformersthroughthegatewaythatsavedearthintheterraformerwarstheargongovernmentdecidedcenturiesagothatthepainofseparationwithearthwasbestdealtwithbychangingtheofficialversionofhistorysothathumansinthexuniversebelievedtheyevolvedintheircurrentlocationgonerargonswhobelievethelegendofearthandnathanrgunnewholedthefleetthatsavedearthdespitebothbeingofficiallyjustamythterranhumanswhowereborninthesolsystemkhaakabuglikealienracethatstartedwarwiththeargoninxthethreattheydecimatedthesectornowknownaspresidentsendparanidathreeeyedalienracethathailtotheirxaaremperorandhaveastrictreligionsplitatribalalienracethatfightwithinthemselvesasmuchastheyfighttheirenemiesteladiareptilianalienracethatworshiptradeandprofitsxenonaselfreplicatingartificialintelligenceevolvedfromtheterraformerscreatedbytheterransinanefforttocoloniseworldsnowhostiletoalllifetheydestroyanythingorganicthexseriestheserieswhichwaslaunchedinonthemicrosoftwindowswindowsplatformconsistsoffourbasegamesxbeyondthefrontierxthethreatxreunionandxrebirthwithanewrenderingengineandplottheseriesgamesareexpandedbysequelsthatbothaddfeaturesandextendtheplotaplotcanbeundertakeninallgamesexceptxtensionwheretheplayertakespartinmissionstounfoldeventsclasswikitablesortabletitledatereleasedplatformsxbeyondthefrontiermicrosoftwindowswindowsxtensionwindowsxthethreatlinuxmacosxwindowsxreunionlinuxmacosxwindowsxterranconflictlinuxmacosxwindowsxalbionpreludelinuxmacosxwindowsxrebirthlinuxosxwindowsxrebirththeteladioutpostlinuxosxwindowsxrebirthhomeoflightlinuxosxwindowsxrebirthvreditionwindowsxfoundationswindowsnovelfarnhamslegendisasciencefictionnovelsetintheimaginaryuniversecreatedforthexseriesitwaswritteningermanbyhelgetkautzandhasbeentranslatedintoenglishbystevemillerandandreasfuchsthenovelwaspublishedbyegosoftineachchaptertellsthestoryfromonecharactersviewpointthemaincharactersinthisbookarecaptkylewilliambrennanthehumantestpilotofthexperimentalspaceshuttleandtheplayablecharacterinxbeyondthefrontiermajorelenakhoanotherhumanlongtimefriendofbrennanfromearthsenttorescuebrennanbytheuscchoahumanoidsplitheisthespecialenvoyofthepatriarchofchinnopileosayoungreptilianteladisheencounterselenaonhermissiontofindkylereferencesmissfatimahfilminfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiaoyifamilynameziclannamegivennameliantitlekingofshangdynastyreigntemplenameposthumousnamexiaoyixiaoyiwasashangdynastykingofchinaintherecordsofthegrandhistorianhewaslistedbysimaqianasthetwentyfirstshangkingsucceedinghisolderbrotherxiaoxinhewasenthronedwithyinxuyinashiscapitalinthesixthyearofhisreignheorderedhissonwudingtoliveathechineseandstudyunderganpanchineseheruledforyearswasgiventheposthumousnamexiaoyiandwassucceededbyhissonrefnamebaishouyirefrefnamechinaknowledgerefrefnameuniindianareforaclescriptinscriptionsonoraclebonesbonesunearthedatyinxualternativelyrecordthathewasthetwentiethshangkingreferencessudanesepoundcurtissfalconcurtissfalconimthepastthcenturyurusumerogramkurredirectcategoryshellxerezcdfatenhamamainfoboxbooknamexluchaandotherstitleorigtranslatorimagexeluchajpgcaptiondustjacketillustrationbyfrankutpatelforxluchaandothersauthormpshielillustratorcoverartistfrankutpatelcountryunitedstateslanguageenglishlanguageenglishseriesgenrefantasyfictionfantasyhorrorfictionhorrorshortstoriespublishedarkhamhousemediatypeprinthardcoverhardbackpagesviiippisbndeweycongresspzsxeprhoclcprecededbyfollowedbyxluchaandothersisacollectionofstoriesbyauthormpshielitwasreleasedininliteraturebyarkhamhouseinaneditionofcopiesitwastheauthorsfirstbookpublishedbyarkhamhouseandwasfirstannouncedinarkhamscatalogitcontainsthestoriesshielconsideredtobehisbestcontentsxluchaandotherscontainsthefollowingtalesintroductionxluchatheprimateoftherosedarklotofonesaulthehouseofsoundstheglobeofgoldfishmanyatearthebridethetaleofhenryandrowenathebellofstsepulcrehugueninswifethepaleapethecaseofeuphemiaraphashreceptiongahanwilsonreviewedthecollectionfavorablynotingthateventhelesserknownstoriesarewellworthyourtimeandsinglingoutthetitlestoryasanexcellentexampleofshielsknackfordecadenceandishighlyinformativeregardingthedietarypreferencesofgraveyardwormsreferencesxvideogameseriesxcalsoknownasthegreatcometofwasagreatcometthatappearedonfebruaryandwasobservedacrosstheworldfromthebeginningoffebruarythroughtomidmarchitwasrecordedbyastronomersinwalesenglandjapankoreachinaandeuropeitwasobservedtosplitintomanypiecesformingthegreatcometofgreatcometofcometpereyracometikeyasekiandcwlovejoyaswellasoversmallsungrazingcometsobservedbythesolarandheliosphericobservatorysohospacetelescopeitisamemberofthekreutzsungrazerskreutzgroupknownassubfragmentiasplitfromanearlierlargekmcometthatprogressivelyfragmentedunderinfluenceofthesunobservationsbritainabriefnoteinthewelshmanuscriptknownasthebrutytywysogionreadsintranslationblockquoteinthatyeartherewasseenastarwonderfultobeholdthrowingoutbehinditabeamoflightofthethicknessofapillarinsizeandofexceedingbrightnessforebodingwhatwouldcometopassinthefutureforhenryivholyromanemperorhenryemperorofromeaftermightyvictoriesandamostpiouslifeinchristwenttohisrestandhissonafterwinningtheseatoftheempireofromewasmadeemperorblockquotetheannalofthepeterboroughchronicledescribesthecometthedorothywhitlocktranslationreadschinaanexcerptfromachinesemanuscriptdescribesthefollowingreportofacometinmentioningthecometsbreakupafterperiheliondatedfebruaryotherssigebertofgemblouxmentionsitinhischroniconsivechronographiapubdesignificationecometarumanalestoledanosanalestoledanosicdainihonshiwenxiantongkaohistoryofsongxutongjiangangmuresourcesthomasjonesbrutytywysogionorthechronicleoftheprincesredbookofhergestversionuniversityofwalespresscardiffcometxcpublicationdersternwarteinkielnoppnbspandanjunppnbspreferencessourcesjonesbrynpluscomwastronhisthistobshtmlhistoricastronomicalobservationsinwaleshomeearthlinknettonyhoffmansohohtmsohoacometontherighthandtrackcometographycomlcometschtmlwonsignredirectshellshilpashettyelgrecobarzanibrahimaltikritiredirectcategoryshellchihreesunxynisteriinfoboxschoolnamexeniahighschoolnativenamelatinnameimageimagesizecaptionlocationstreetaddresskinseyroadcityxeniaohioxeniastateohiozipcodecountryunitedstatescoordinatesdistrictxeniacommunityschoolsauthorityreligionoversightaffiliationtrusteefounderpresidentheadofschoolheadteacherheadmasterheadlabelheadchairpersonprincipalhenryjacobydeanadministratorrectorchaplaindirectorcustodianstaffrankingfacultyteachingstaffrollmoeceebschoolcodeleaofstedtestaveragetestnamenationalrankingavgclasssizeratiosatacttypepublicschoolgovernmentfundedpubliccoeducationalsystemfeestuitionendowmentgradesninthgradetwelfthgradecampuscampussizecampustypeathleticsconferenceohiohighschoolathleticconferencesgreaterwesternohioconferencegreaterwesternohioconferenceslogansongfightsonghurrahforxeniahighschoolmottomottotranslationaccreditationnorthcentralassociationofcollegesandschoolsrefnamencacouncilonaccreditationandschoolimprovementrefrivalfairbornhighschoolmascotbuccaneermascotimagesportspatronteamnamebuccaneersrefnameohiohighschoolathleticassoc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jinnomeifaithinmindisapoemattributedtothethirdchinesechnzenpatriarchjianzhisengcanhnypnynjinzhsngcnwadegileschienchihsengtsanjapanesekanchissandiedandoneoftheearliestchinesechanexpressionsofthebuddhismbuddhistmindtrainingpracticetitletranslationxinxinhascommonlybeeninterpretedasfaithortrustforexampleonetranslationisfaithinmindseethepoetryofenlightenmentpoemsbyancientchanmasterschanmastershengyenwhilethisinterpretationmayappeartosometobeadeparturefromthetraditionalviewofseekingrefugeinthethreejewelsgautamabuddhabuddhadharmaandsanghabuddhismsanghaitisactuallyadeliberatedeclarationandpoeticpolemicofthechanzenschoolwrittenasaresponsetotheincreasinglypopularmovementoffaithinamitababuddhaknownaspurelandbuddhismfromthechanzenpointofviewbuddhaandmindareoneseetheplatformsutraofthesixthpatriarchasexpressedinmazudaoyimazusfamousdictummindisbuddhathusfaithinoutwardbuddhasiscontrarytothegoalofbuddhismwhichisthedirectexperienceofenlightenmentthiscanonlybeattainedbyhavingfaithinmindasshakyamunibuddhahimselfdidvariationsofthetitleincludeinscriptionontrustinthemindversesonthefaithmindandonbelievinginmindaswellasothersjohnmcraenarguesthatthetitleshouldbetranslatedasinscriptiononrelyingonthemindorinscriptionoftheperfectedmindthewordinscriptiondoesaccuratelyconveytheideaofatruththatcansurvivethetestoftimeandisthemoreliteralmeaningofminganotherreadingofthetextallowsthatxinxincouldbeunderstoodasthetruthfulmindwhichisalwaysreadyandperfectimplyingthatthereisnoneedtofurtherperfectitbecauseinthechineselanguagetodayxinxinusuallymeanstrustconfidenceorbelievingminditisoftenforgottenthatxinxincanalsobeunderstoodasthetruthfulmindfromthechanzenviewthetruemindisperfectasitisandonlyfalseviewsobscurethetruemindsinherentperfectionasthetextstatesanydegenerationofyourpreviouspracticeonemptinessarisesbecauseoffalseperspectivesthereisreallynoneedtogoafterthetruthbutthereisindeedaneedtoextinguishbiasedviewsmoreoverthepassagethatfollowsimmediatelyafterexplicitlywarnsagainstlosingtheoriginaltrueminddonotdwellinthetwobiasedviewsmakesureyoudonotpursuethemomentyouthinkaboutrightandwrongthatmomentyouunwittinglyloseyourtruemindwhethertranslatedasfaithinmindbelievinginmindtrustinmindorthetruthfulmindthecentralmessageofthexinxinmingisthesametopointdirectlytomindbygivinguponesidedviewssowecanseetheonesuchnessofrealityasitisauthorshipalthoughsengcanhasbeentraditionallybeenattributedastheauthormodernscholarsbelievethattheversewaswrittenwellaftersengcansdeathprobablyduringthetangdynastychinesepinyintngchodumoulinpsomescholarsnotethesimilaritywithapoemcalledmindinscriptionbyniutoufajunggozuhyoftheoxheadschoolofchanandhavespeculatedthatthexinxinmingisanabridgedversionofthemindinscriptiontheclassicalsourceofthexinxinmingcanbefoundinthetransmissionofthelampwadegileschingtechuantenglujapanesekeitokudenkrokuhistorythexinxinminghasbeenmuchbelovedbychanzenpractitionersforoverathousandyearsitisstillstudiedinwesternzencirclesasanearlyexpressionofchanbuddhismtheinscriptiononfaithinmindrevealsthebuddhistmissionaryuseofexpedientmeansupayainchinabyadaptingtaoistterminologytothebuddhistcontextofawakeningitalsodrawsontheperfectionofwisdomwisdomsutrasaswellastheavatamsakasutraandlankavatarasutratoexpresstheessentialunityofoppositesandthebasicnatureofemptinessnyatthepoemprofessestheneedtotakepleasantandunpleasantlifeexperienceswithasenseofequanimitybroadlyspeakingthexinxinmingdealswiththeprinciplesandpracticeofnondualismnondualitythatiswiththeapplicationofnondualityandtheresultsofitspracticeexcerptsopeningversetheopeningversevariouslytranslatedsetsoutthefundamentalprinciplethebestwaygreatwaythetaoisnotdifficultitonlyexcludespickingandchoosingonceyoustoplovingandhatingitwillenlightenitselftransdpajinalternativelytheperfectwayknowsnodifficultiesexceptthatitrefusestomakepreferencesonlywhenfreedfromhateandloveitrevealsitselffullyandwithoutdisguisetransbydtsuzukirefnamesuzukisuzukippseealsosoengppreflastversethepoemendswithemptinesshereemptinesstherebuttheinfiniteuniversestandsalwaysbeforeyoureyesinfinitelylargeandinfinitelysmallnodifferencefordefinitionshavevanishedandnoboundariesareseensotoowithbeingandnonbeingdontwastetimeindoubtsandargumentsthathavenothingtodowiththisonethingallthingsmoveamongandinterminglewithoutdistinctiontoliveinthisrealizationistobewithoutanxietyaboutnonperfectiontoliveinthisfaithistheroadtonondualitybecausethenondualisonewiththetrustingmindwordsthewayisbeyondlanguageforinitthereisnoyesterdaynotomorrownotodaywebarchiveorgwebhomeattnetpauldowlingarchivezenhsinhtmtransrichardbclarkealternativelyoneinallallinonemdashifonlythisisrealizednomoreworryaboutyournotbeingperfectwheremindandeachbelievingmindarenotdividedandundividedareeachbelievingmindandmindthisiswherewordsfailforitisnotofthepastpresentandfuturetransdtsuzukinotesbibliographyclarkerichardhsinhsinmingversesonthefaithmindbuffalonewyorkwhitepinepresscitewebtitlefaithmindinscriptionhsinhsinmingonlinetexturlsacredtextscombudzenfmfmhtmauthorthirdchanpatriarchchienchihsengtsanpublishersacredtextscomdeadurlbotu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pectedlyrapidadvanceofalliesofworldwariialliedarmiesacrossfrancepracticallyimmobilizedxxcorpsattheonsetofseptemberthetacticalsituationtransformsmovementofxxcorpsunitswaspracticallynilforthefirstweekofseptemberalthoughcorpsunitsfeintedinthedirectionofsedanfrancesedanandtheusthinfantrydivisioncrossedthemeuserivertojointherestofthecorpsnearthemoselleriverwhilethecorpswasatastandstillforalackofgasolinethegermansinandsouthofthefortresscityofmetzhadbeenhurriedlyreorganizingandestablishingcohesivedefensivelinesthegermanreplacementarmyhadmovedintometzitselfthendvolksgrenadierdivisionwehrmachtndvolksgrenadierdivisionmadeupofoddsandendssuchasfortressinfantrybattalionsandinfantryleaderschoolsdespiteitslessthanimpressiveheritagethenddivisionwouldprovetobeadeterminedfoefornolessthanthreemonthssignificantlydelayingxxcorpspushtothegermanfrontierwhenxxcorpsadvancedagainthetacticalsituationhadtransformedfromapursuitagainstadisorganizedfoetoasloggingadvanceagainstregroupedgermanforcesonseptemberelementsofxxcorpsagainrefueledbutstillfacingpersistentshortagesofgasolineandartillerymunitionsmovedouttowardsmetzandthionvilleacrossthemoselleonseptemberthegermanthpanzerbrigadecounterattackedtheusthinfantrydivisionnearmairybutfailedtorouttheusinfantrymenintheensuingbattlethetoughhombresofthethdivisiondestroyedthepanzerbrigadecausingthegermanslossesoftankshalftracksandalmostothervehiclesonthesamedaytheusthinfantrydivisionforcedacrossingofthemoselleatdornotbutfoundgermanoppositionintenseandcarvedoutashallowbridgeheadintensegermancounterattacksforcedtheabandonmentofthedornotbridgeheadonthenightofseptemberbutthethdivisionhadestablishedanotherbridgeheadatarnavilleonseptemberthiscrossingandsimultaneousadvancetowardmetzweremetwithdesperatecounterattacksbygermanforcesincludingthethsspanzergrenadierdivisiongtzvonberlichingenthsspanzergrenadierdivisiononseptembertheusthinfantrydivisionclearedthionvillewestofthemoselleriverandengineerbridgeswerecompletedatarnavilleallowingarmoredfightingvehiclestocrossintothebridgeheadsubsequentlyartilleryfirefromfortdriantpartofthemetzfortificationsmadebridgingandferryingoperationsbythecorpsatarnavillequitedifficultfinallyonseptemberarmoredelementsofthecorpsustharmoreddivisionbrokeoutofthearnavillebridgeheadandadvancedtowardtheriverseillemoselleseilleattacksbytheusthinfantrydivisiontowardsmetzduringthisperiodwerehandilyrepulsedbythegermanstentativemovesagainstmetzconcentratingitsunitsnearthearnavillebridgeheadxxcorpsfoundgermanresistancebetweenthemoselleandtheseilleveryintensewithfirefromthegermanbankoftheseillecausingsignificantlossesamongunitsofthetharmoreddivisiontakingthevillageofpournoylachtiveonseptemberunitsofthethdivisionwithstoodgermancounterattacksforseveraldaysduringthisperiodthetharmoreddivisionleftthecorpsandwasreplacedbytheustharmoreddivisioncontinuingsupplydifficultiesforcedthecorpsintoadefensivestanceonseptemberandresultedinsomeveryhardwongroundhavingtobeabandonedinthefinalweekofseptemberxxcorpsmadefruitlessprobingattackstowardfortdriantonseptembergraspinghowdifficultmetzwouldbetotakeusthirdarmydeclaredtheseizureofmetztobethearmysprioritymissionoctoberprovedtobeamonthofgrindingindecisiveactionforthecorpsreachingtheoutskirtsofmaizireslsmetzonoctoberthethdivisioncommencedalengthystruggleforthetownthatfinallyendedwiththeamericanstakingthetownonoctoberthiswasasignificantvictorybecauseitopenedadirectrouteforthecorpstoadvanceuponmetzfromthenorththethinfantryregimentunitedstatesusthinfantryregimentthdivisionattackedbattleoffortdriantfortdriantfromoctoberbutfounditsstrengthandweaponswantingagainstdeterminedgermanresistanceintheoldfortafterbitterfightingmarkedbygermanraidsthatemergedfromundergroundchambersthethinfantrybrokeofftheattackcampaigncreditsandinactivationxxcorpsiscreditedwithserviceinthenormandynorthernfrancerhinelandardennesalsaceandcentraleuropecampaignsheadquartersxxcorpswasinactivatedonmarchingermanythecorpswassubsequentlyactiveaspartoftheregulararmyunitedstatesregulararmyfromuntilatforthayesohioinmarchaccordingtothedailykentstateritwasunderthecommandofmajgenhenrykbensonjrreferencesweigleyrussellfeisenhowerslieutenantsbloomingtonindianauniversitypresswilliamsmaryhcompilerusarmyinworldwariichronologywashingtondcgovernmentprintingofficewilsonjohnbcompilerarmiescorpsdivisionsandseparatebrigadeswashingtondcgovernmentprintingofficechernobylxrossmediabarxmlshareableplaylistformataesopinfoboxmusicalartistseewikipediawikiprojectmusiciansnamexsinnerimagecaptionimagesizebackgroundgrouporbandaliasoriginorangecountycaliforniaorangecountycaliforniausgenreheavymetalmusicmetalchristianmetalhardrockyearsactivepresentlabelpakadermmillenniumimageassociatedactswebsitecurrentmemberspastmembersxsinnerisanamericanhardrockbandformedinbyguitaristgregbishopthebandisknownforhavingaverysimilarsoundtothatofacdckixanddefleppardandhascontinuedperformingandreleasingalbumstodayoriginatinginthewhitemetalscenethebandhasexpandedtheirfanbaseintomainstreammetalovertheyearswithgreatsuccessaswellasonthemainstreamamrecordslabelo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ubsidownernonprofitsloganjesuslovespornstarsformernamehomepagedissolvedfootnotesxxxchurchcomisanonprofitchristianitychristianwebsitethataimstohelpthosewhostrugglewithpornographyittargetssexindustrypornindustryperformersandconsumerstheorganizationdescribesitselfasachristianpornsitedesignedtobringawarenessopennessandaccountabilitytothoseaffectedbypornographyrefnamehoolihanfloridagulfcoastuniversityreforganizationalhistorytheorganizationlaunchedinjanuarywhenthefoundersmikefosterandcraiggrosssetupaboothinsidetheavnadultentertainmentexpoinlasvegasstriplasvegastopromotethewebsiteasanalternativetopornanditcontinuestoattendpornconventionsworldwiderefnamepornpatrolrefthegrouphasgivenoutthousandsofbibleswithjesuslovespornstarsonthecoverattheseconventionsafacetoftheirministrywhichhasbeenfeaturedinamericannationalmediarefnamekingsburyrefrefnameabcnewsvidreftheorganizationhasreceivedsupportfromprominentchristianpastorssuchasbillhybelscraiggroeschelandrickwarrenpornographicfilmdirectorjamesdigiorgiotookphotographsforxxxchurchandlostbusinessasaresultofbecomingaffiliatedwiththeorganizationdigiorgiowasnotachristianbutsaidthathewashelpingxxxchurchbecausethesexindustryisalwaystryingtopreachfreedomofspeechsoanyoneinthisindustrywhohasaproblemwithxxxchurchsmessageisafuckinghypocriteyoucanthaveitbothwaysrefnamewoodrefintheindependentfilmmissionarypositionswasreleasedproducedanddirectedbybilldayfilmmakerbilldaywhichdocumentedtheoriginsofxxxchurchmikefosterlefttheorganizationinprogramsporndebatescraiggrossacofounderofxxxchurchcomregularlydebatespornstarronjeremyinaneventcalledtheporndebaterefnamegreatporndebaterefoncollegecampusesacrosstheunitedstatesinthedebatewasfeaturedonabcnewsnightlineusnewsprogramnightlinebothonairandonlinewiththesegmentbecomingthemostwatchedinnightlinesonlineviewinghistoryxwatchsoftwarexxxchurchcomproducesaccountabilitysoftwarespecializedwebsurfingmonitoringsoftwarecalledxwatchthesoftwaremaintainsalogofquestionablewebsitesthatauseraccessesbasedoncontenttypeandthensendsareporttoanaccountabilitypartnerofthepersonschoosingsuchsoftwarecanbeusefulforindividualstryingtoavoidpornographyuserefnameclarkfloryrefpodcastandradiointheorganizationlaunchedavideopodcastthatdocumentsthecurrentcampaignsofxxxchurchwhichisreleasedeverytwoweeksonxxxchurchtvanditunesitalsohasseveralradiopublicserviceannouncementsairingacrosstheusandabroadonvariousradiostationsandsyndicatedprogramssuchaswufmradiourefugeradiomaloneuniversityradiochristianmetalchristianmetalradiothefullarmorofgodbroadcastandchristianmetalchristianmetalradiofuelradioblogxxxchurchcomrunsablogwhichdiscussestheimpactofpornographyandsexonthedailylivesofindividualstheorganizationbelievesthatopendiscussionaboutthesetypicallytabootopicscanbebeneficialrefnamedatingadvicerefseealsoantipornographymovementintheunitedstatesstoppornculturereferencesfurtherreadingexternallinksfireproofministriescomfireproofministriesxxxchurchcomgeneralmotorsxpinfoboxethnicgroupgroupxuetesimagexuetesaciutatpngtotalapproxpopplacemajorcalangsbalearicdialectbaleariccatalanspanishlanguagespanishrelsxuetachristianitymainstreamcatholicismformerlycryptojudaismuptothethcenturysomeindividualsnowrevertingtomainstreamjudaismrelateddivstyletextalignleftjewsmajorcanjewsspanishandportuguesejewsiberianjewsdivthexuetessingularxuetaalsoknownasxuetonsandspelledaschuetaswereasocialgroupontheislandofmajorcathedescendantsofmajorcanjewswhoeitherwereconversosforcibleconvertstochristianityorwerecryptojudaismcryptojewsforcedtokeeptheirreligionhiddentheypracticedstrictendogamymanyoftheirdescendantsobserveasyncretismsyncretistformofchristianworshipknownasxuetachristianitythexueteswerestigmatizedupuntilthefirsthalfofthethcenturyinthelatterpartofthecenturythespreadoffreedomofreligionandlacitreducedboththesocialpressureandcommunitytiesanestimatedpeopleintheislandcarryxuetasurnamesinthestcenturybutonlyasmallfractionofthesocietyincludingthosewithxuetasurnamesisawareofthecomplexhistoryofthisgroupetymologyofxuetathebalearicdialectbalearicwordxuetaderivesaccordingtosomeexpertsfromjuetdiminutiveofjueujewwhichgivexuetatermthatalsostillsurvivesotherauthorsconsiderthatitmayderivefromthewordxullapronouncedxuiaorxuawhichmeansatypeofsaltedbaconandbyextensionporkandaccordingtopopularbeliefreferstoxueteswhowereseeneatingporktoshowthattheydidnotpracticejudaismbutthisetymologyhasalsobeenlinkedwiththetendencypresentinvariousculturesofusingoffensivenamesrelatedtoporktodesignatejewsandjewishconvertsseeforexamplemarranoathirdpossibilitylinksbothputativeetymologiesthewordxuiamayhaveprovokedthesubstitutionofthejofjuetbythexofxuetandxuetacouldhavebeenimposedoverxuetbythegreaterphoneticresemblancewithxuiathexuetahavealsobeencalleddelsegellofsegellafterastreetonwhichmanylivedordelcarrerofthestreetasashortenedformofdelcarrerdelsegellpossiblyalsobywayofspanishlanguagecastilianspanishdelacalleprovokedfromanapproximatephonetictranslationofdelcallofthejewishquarteroftheghettocatalanbalearcallmeansstreetoftenusedasadesignationforaghettocfyiddishgassperhapsmadebyfunctionariesofthespanishinquisitionofcrownofcastilecastilianorigininreferencetotheoldjewishquarterofthecityofpalmamajorcainmoderntimesitrelatestothecarrerdelargenteriaorthestreetofthesilversmithsafteraxuetastreetthatdefinestheneighborhoodaroundthechurchofsantaeulliathisneighbourhoodiswherethemajorityofthexuetalivedandtakesitsnamefromapopularoccupationofthatgroupinsomeolderofficialdocumentstheexpressionsdegnerehebreorumofhebrewgenusordestirphebreaofhebrewlineageareusedthexuetahavebeenreferredtosimplyasjueusjewsormorefrequentlybythecastilianismjudiosthexuetesawareoftheoriginaloffensivemeaningofthetermxuetehavepreferredtoidentifyasdelsegelldelcarrerormostcommonlywithnoltrosoresnostrosusopposedtoetsaltrestheothersoresdeforadelcarrerthosefromoutsidethestreetxuetasurnamesthexuetasurnamesareaguilbonnincortsfortesafustermartmirpicpinyapiapomarseguratarongvalentvalleriolaandvallspicandseguraarenotfoundamongthosecondemnedbytheinquisitionnorisvalentwhichwasoriginallythenicknameofafamilywhowerethenknownasfortesanoticethatmanyofthosesurnamesarealsoverycommoninthegeneralpopulationofcatalanspeakingterritoriessurnamesgalianamoyandsuredafigureamongthepenitentswithouthavingbeenconsideredxuetesinterestinglynumeroussurnamesinmajorcawithclearjewishoriginarepresentontheislandyetarenotconsideredtobelongtothexuetacommunityexamplesareabrahamamarbofillbonetdaviuduranhomarjordmaimsalomvidalamongothersthesemayderivefromabroaderconversocommunityyetwereneverstigmatizedassuchinquisitionregistersfromtheendofthethandbeginningofthethcenturydocumentmorethansurnamesamongthosepersonscondemnedinmajorcathereforeconversooriginisnotsufficienttobeconsideredxuetaalthoughxuetasaredescendantsofconversosonlyafractionofconversodescendantsareconsideredxuetasxuetageneticsavarietyofgeneticstudiesconductedprincipallybythedepartamentofhumangeneticsoftheuniversityofthebalearicislandshaveindicatedthatthexuetesconstituteageneticallyhomogeneousgroupwiththepopulationsofmizrahijewsandarealsorelatedtoashkenazijewsandthoseofnorthafricabasedonanalyzingboththeychromosomewhichtracespatrilinealdescentandthemitochondrialdnawhichtracesmatrilinealdescentlikewisethepopulationissubjecttocertainpathologiesofgeneticoriginsuchasfamilialmediterraneanfeverrefannaaldeatomtesisenxarxanettesisubavailabletdxtesiannaaldeapdffebremediterrniafamiliardoctoraldissertationinbiologyserveidimmunologiadelhospitalclniciprovincialdebarcelonabarcelonamarchrefsharedwiththesephardijewsandahighfrequencyofironoverloadparticulartothatcommunityhistoricantecedentstheconversospredicativeassetsfortheconversionofthejewstheassaultonthecallsthemajorcanjewishghettoesinthepreachingofvincentferrerinandtheconversionoftheremainderofthejewishcommunityofmajorcainconstitutedthethreeeventsthatresultedinnumerousconversostheyhadagreedtomassconversionsinordertomanageacollectiveperilratherthanindividualspiritualchangesmanyofthenewchristianscontinuedtheirtraditionalcommunalandreligiouspracticestheyestablishedtheconfrariadesantmiquelordelsconversostheconfraternityofsaintmichaeloroftheconvertsitlargelyreplacedformeraljamaintakingcareofthegroupssocialneedsforinstanceassistancetotheneedyaninternalorganofjusticeofficiatingatweddingsandsupportingreligiouscohesionattheendofthelastquarterofthethcenturytheconversoscarriedontheiractivitiessomeofthemclandestinewithoutsufferingexternalpressurestheguildsdidnotdiscriminatebasedonjewishorigintheconversosmanagedsomesocialcohesionthebeginningsofthespanishinquisitioninwhilesomeofthelastconvertsofwerestillalivethefirstinquisitorsofthespanishinquisitionatribunalnewlycreatedbythecatholicmonarchsaspartofanefforttoforgeanationstateonthebaseofreligiousuniformityarrivedinmajorcatheintroductionofsuchatribunalwasfollowedbypubliccomplaintsandgeneraloppositioninmajorcaasthroughouttherestofthecrownofaragonbutitwasuselesstheircentralobjectivewastherepressionofcryptojudaismwhichtheybeganbyapplyingtheedictsofgracewhichallowseverepunishmentforheresytobeavoidedthroughselfincriminationbytheedictsofgracemajorcansconfessedtojewishpracticesandtheinquisitionobtainedthenamesofthemajorityofthejudaizingmajorcansagainstwhomtogetherwiththeirfamiliesandtheirclosestassociatestheyexercisedaharshpunitiveactivitysubsequentlyuntilcryptojewswerereconciledandwerespanishinquisitionsentencingrelaxedthatisturnedovertothecivilauthoritiestobeexecutedofwhomwereeffectivelyexecutedandburnedthemajorityoftheremainingwhomanagedtofleewereburntineffigythisexilewasdistinctfromthedecreeofexpulsionofwhichdidnotapplytomajorcawhichofficiallyhadnojewsleftinitbythenewclandestinityafterthisperiodthemajorcaninquisitionceasedtoactagainstthejudaizerseventhoughthereweresignsofprohibitedpracticesthecausesmayhavebeentheparticipationoftheinquisitorialstructureinconflictsbetweenlocalarmedfactionsbandositatstheappearanceofnewreligiousphenomenasuchassomeconversionstoislamandprotestantismorthecontrolofthemoralityoftheclergybutbeyondadoubtalsotheadoptionofmoreefficaciousstrategiesofprotectiononthepartofthecryptojewsthelaterinquisitorialtrialstalkabouthowreligiouspracticesweretransferredwithinfamilieswhenachildreachedtheageofadolescenceandveryofteninthecaseofthewomenwhenitbecameclearwhomshewouldmarryandwhatwerethehusbandsreligiousconvictionsinanyeventthisperiodwascharacterizedbythereductionofthegroupbymeansoftheflightofthepenitentsoftheearlierepochtheunconditionaladhesiontocatholicismofthemajorityofthosewhoremainedandthegeneralizationofthestatutesofnetejadesangliterallypurityofbloodmostcommonlyreferredtoinenglishbythespanishlanguageexpressionlimpiezadesangreinthemajorityoftheguildorganizationsandreligiousordersbutdespiteallofthisasmallgroupperseveredintheirclandestinepracticesessentiallythosewhowouldlaterbeknownasthexuetesthosewhofurthermoremaintainedandadoptedsocialfamilialandeconomicstrategiesofinternalcohesionbuiltinthethcenturycityofreferenceforthemajorcancriptojewsfromthedescendantsoftheconvertsbeganamarkedprocessofeconomicascentandincreasingcommercialinfluencepreviouslyandwithsomeexceptionstheyhadbeenartisansshopkeepersandretaildistributorsbutstartingfromthistimeandforreasonsnotwellexplainedsomebegantofocusstronglyoneconomicactivitytheycreatedcomplexmercantilecompaniesparticipatedinforeigntradecomingtocontrolatthetimeoftheendoftheinquisitorialtrialsofthetotaltheydominatedthemarketforinsuranceandretailcommerceofimportedproductsotherwisecompanieswereusuallyownedbyconversosandtheygavepartoftheirprofitstoworksofcharityinbenefitofthecommunityunliketherestofthepopulationthatusedtogiveitsprofitsascharitydonationstothechurchbecauseoftheintenseexterioreconomicactivitythexuetesresumedtheircontactwiththeinternationalcommunitiesofjewsespeciallyoflivornoofromeofmarseilleandofamsterdamthroughwhomtheconvertshadaccesstojewishliteratureitisknownthatrafelvallsknownaselrabtherabbireligiousleaderofthemajorcanconvertstraveledtoalexandriaandsmyrnaintheeraofsabbataizevibutitisunknownwhetherhehadanycontactwithhimaninternalsystemofsocialstratificationprobablybeganinthatperiodalthoughitisalsobelievedtobearemnantofthejewishpreconversionperiodthissystemdistinguishedakindofaristocracycalledorellaaltaliterallyhighearsfromtherestofthegrouporellabaixalowearsalongwithotherdistinctionsbasedonreligionprofessionsandparentagethisconfiguredatapestryofalliancesandavoidancesamongsurnameswhichhadagreatinfluenceonendogamisticpracticesoftheperiodoriginsofthexuetesthesecondpersecutionthereasonswhytheinquisitionreturnedtoactagainstthejudaizingmajorcansaftersomeyearsofinactivityandinanerainwhichtheinquisitionwasalreadyindeclinearenotveryclearthepreoccupationofdecadenteconomicsectorsbeforetheascentandcommercialdynamismoftheconvertstheresumptionofreligiouspracticesincommunityratherthanlimitedtoadomesticcontextanewgrowthofreligiouszealandthejudgmentagainstalonsolpezcouldhavebeeninfluentialfactorstheprecedentsinjulyamerchantinformedtheinquisitionthatsomejewsoflivornohadmadeinquiriesaboutthejewsofmajorcawiththenamesfortesesaguilonstaronginscortesospiconsinashipwithagroupofjewsexpelledfromoranbythespanishcrownandheadedforlivornocalledinatpalmatheinquisitionarrestedayouthofsomeyearswhowentbythenameisaaclpezwhohadbeenborninmadridandbaptisedwiththenameofalonsoandasasmallboyfledtotheberberpeopleberberlandswithhistwoconversoparentsalonsorefusedtorepentandwasfinallyburntaliveinhisexecutionprovokedagreatcommotionamongthejudaizerswhilealsobeingtheobjectofgreatadmirationforhispersistenceandcouragethesameyearlpezwasarrestedsomeservantsoftheconversosinformedtheirconfessorthattheyhadspiedupontheirmastersparticipatinginjewishceremoniesintheprosecutorofthemajorcatribunalsentareporttothesupremeinquisitioninwhichheaccusedthemajorcancryptojewsofchargesamongthemtheirrefusaltomarrycristiansdenaturanaturalchristiansandtheirsocialrejectionofthosewhodidsothepracticeofsecrecytheimpositionofoldtestamentnamesfortheirchildrentheidentificationwiththeirtribeoforiginandthearrangementofmarriagesasafunctionofthatfacttheexclusionintheirhomesoftheiconographyofthenewtestamentandthepresenceofthoseoftheoldcontemptforandinsultstowardchristiansexercisingprofessionsrelatedtoweightsandmeasuresinordertotrickchristiansholdingpositionsinthechurchinordertolatermockthemwithimpunityapplyingtheirownlegalsystemtakingupcollectionsfortheirownpoorfinancingasynagogueinromewheretheyhadarepresentativeholdingclandestinemeetingscomplyingwithjewishdieteticpracticesincludingthoseofanimalsacrificeandoffastdaystheobservanceoftheshabbatjewishsabbathandavoidanceofanointingofthesicklastritesatthetimeofdeathconspiracismfouryearslaterinthesupremeinquisitionorderedthemajorcaninquisitiontoactonthecaseoftheconfessionoftheservantsaccordingtotheservantstheobservantsastheycalledthemselvesinreferencetothetorahmetinagardeninpalmawheretheyobservedyomkippurthisledtothedetentionofsomeoftheleadersofthecryptojewishcommunityofmajorcapereonofrecortsalsoknownasmoixinamasterofoneoftheservantsandproprietorofthegardenalongwithfiveotherpeoplefromthatpointontheyproceededtoarrestindividualsinthecourseofasingleyearhelpedbycorruptfunctionariestheaccusedwereabletoarrangetoonlyprovidelimitedinformationintheirownconfessionsandtodenounceasfewoftheircoreligionistsaspossiblealloftheaccusedsolicitedtheopportunitytoreturntothechurchandwerereconciledpartofthepenaltyconsistedoftheconfiscationofallofthegoodsofthecondemnedwhichwerevaluedattwomillionmajorcanlliurawhichaccordingtotheusualproceduresoftheinquisitionhadtobepaidinactualcurrencythisconstitutedanexorbitantquantityfortheeraandaccordingtoaprotestofthegranigeneralconselltherewasnotthismuchhardcashontheentireislandfinallyinthespringoffiveautodafautosdaftookplacethefirstofwhichwasprecededbythedemolitionofthebuildinginthegardenandthesaltingtheearthwheretheconversosmetbeforeanexpectantmultitudecondemnationwaspronouncedagainstconversosafterwardthosewhowerecondemnedtoprisonweretransportedtoserveouttheirsentencesinnewprisonserectedbytheinquisitionandhadtheirgoodsconfiscatedthecremadissamassburningoncethejailpenaltieswereservedagreatpartofthosewhopersistedinthejewishfaithwhoseclandestinepracticeswerenoticedharassedbyinquisitorialvigilanceandvexedbyasocietytheyconsideredresponsiblefortheeconomiccrisisprovokedbytheconfiscationsdecidedtograduallyfleetheislandinsmallgroupsinthemiddleofthisprocessananecdoctaleventprecipitatedanewwaveofinquisitionsrafelcortsalsoknownascaplocoorcrazyheadhadremarriedthistimewithawomanwithaconversosurnamemirbutwhowascatholichisfamilydidnotcongratulatehimongettingmarriedandcensuredhimforhavingmarriedsomeonenotofjewishancestryhurtinhispridehedenouncedsomeoftheircoreligionistsbeforetheinquisitionofmaintainingtheprohibitedfaithsuspectingthathehadmadeageneraldenunciationtheyagreeduponamassescapeonmarchalargegroupofconvertsembarkedclandestinelyonanenglishvesselbutunexpectedroughweatherpreventedthemfromleavingandatdaybreaktheyreturnedtotheirhousestheinquisitionwasnotifiedofthisandallofthegroupwasarrestedthetrialslastedthreeyearsandthecohesionofthegroupwasweakenedbyastrictregimeofisolationwhichpreventedanyjointactiontogetherwithaperceptionofreligiousdefeatduetotheimpossibilityofescapeintheinquisitioninthreeautosdefecondemnedpeopleofwhomwereturnedovertothecivilauthoritiestobeburntburntineffigyalreadydeceasedhadtheirbonesburnedwereeffectivelypunishedofthesethreerafelvallsandthesiblingsrafelbenetandcaterinatarongwereburnedalivepeopleattendedthesentencesdictatedbytheinquisitionincludedotherpenaltiesthatweretobemaintainedforatleasttwogenerationsthoseinthehouseholdofthecondemnedaswellastheirchildrenandgrandchildrencouldnotholdpublicofficesbeordainedaspriestsmarrypersonsotherthanxuetescarryjewelryorrideahorsetheselasttwopenaltiesdonotappeartohavebeencarriedoutalthoughtheotherscontinuedineffectbytheforceofcustombeyondthetwogenerationsstipulatedthefinaltrialstheinquisitionopenedandeventuallyclosedseveraltrialsofindividualsdenouncedbytheaccusedoftheautosdefeofthemajoritydeadasingleautodefewasbroughtinagainstdeadpeopleandonelivingwomanwhowasreconciledalsointhethcenturytheinquisitioncarriedouttwoindividualtrialsinrafelpinyaspontaneouslyinculpatedhimselfandwasreconciledandingabrielcortsalsoknownasmorrofsfledtoalexandriaandconvertedformallytojudaismhewasburntineffigyasthelastpersoncondemnedtodeathbythemajorcaninquisitionthereisnodoubtthattheselastcasesareanecdotalwiththetrialsofcametheendofthecryptojewryofmajorcatheeffectoftheescapeoftheleadersthedevastationofthemassburningsandthegeneralizedfearmadeitimpossibletosustaintheancestralfaithitisaftertheseeventswecanbegintoactuallyspeakofthexuetesantixuetapropagandafaithtriumphantthesameyearastheautosdefeoffrancescgaraujesuittheologianandactiveparticipantintheinquisitorialtrialspublishedlafeetriunfanteenquatroautoscelebradosenmallorcaporelsantooficiodelainquisicinenqueansalidoochentaiochoreosidetreintaisieterelaiadossolouvotrespertinacesfaithtriumphantinfouractscelebratedinmajorcabytheholyofficeoftheinquisitioninwhichtriedeightyeightdefendantsandofthirtyseventurnedovertocivilauthoritiesonlythreeremainedstubbornleavingdebandalasevaimportanceasadocumentaryandhistoricalsourcetheintentionofthebookwastoperpetuatetherecordandtheinfamyoftheconvertsandcontributednotablytoprovideanideologicalbasisforthesegregationofthexuetesandtoperpetuateititwasrepublishedinusedintheargumentationtolimitthecivilrightsofthexuetesandservedasthebasisofthelibeloflasinagogabalearohistoriadelosjudiosmallorquinesthebalearicsynagogueorthehistoryofthemajorcanjewsinthethcenturytherehavebeenabundantrepublicationsallwithanintentioncontrarytothatofitsauthorgiventhatsomepassageswereofscandalouscrudityandlackthemostelementarysensibilitylesgramalletesthegramalletaorsambenetwasatunicthatindividualscondemnedbytheinquisitionwereforcedtowearaspunishmentthedecorationsonthegramalletaindicatedwhatcrimeitsbearerhadcommittedandthepunishmentimposedoncetheautosdafwereoverapaintingwascreatedoftheconvictedhereticwearingthegramalletaandthenameofitsbearerwasincludedinthepaintinginthecaseofmajorcathesewereexhibitedpubliclyinthecloisterofstdomingotoperpetuateandexemplifytherecordoftheverdictbecauseofthedeteriorationofthispublicdisplaythesupremeinquisitionordereditsrenovationonseveraloccasionsinthethcenturythematterledtoconflictbecauseofthepresenceofagreatnumberoflineagessomeofwhichcoincidedwiththoseofthenobilitybutfinallyintheorderwascarriedoutsurelybecauseitwasnowrestrictedtotherenovationofsambenetsafterandthatthelineagesthusimplicatedinjudaicpracticeswerelimitedstrictlytoxuetesnotthebroaderrangeofpeopleprosecutedatanearlierdatethesambenetsweretoremainexposeduntilwhenagroupofxuetesassaultedandburnedstdomingointhesameyearinwhichfaithtriumphantwasrepublishedanotherworkwaspublishedaswelltherelacindelossanbenitosquesehanpuestoyrenovadoesteaodeenelclaustrodelrealconventodesantodomingodeestaciudaddepalmaporelsantooficiodelainquisicindelreynodemallorcadereosrelaxadosyreconciliadospublicamenteporelmismotribunaldesdeelaodetherelationofthesanbenitosthathavebeenplacedandrenovatedthisyearofinthecloisteroftheroyalconventofsantodomingoofthiscityofpalmabytheholyofficeoftheinquisitionofthekingdomofmajorcaofdefendantsrelaxadosandreconciledpubliclybethesametribunalfromtheyeartoinsistonthenecessityofnotforgettingdespitetheactiveoppositionofthoseaffectedthexuetacommunitytheattitudeoftheinquisitionwhichintendedtoforcethedisappearanceofthejewsbymeansoftheirforcibleintegrationintothechristiancommunityinfactaccomplishedtheoppositeitperpetuatedthememoryofthecondemnedandbyextensionofallwhocarriedtheinfamouslineageseveniftheywerenotrelativesandeveniftheyweresincerechristiansandhelpedcreateacommunitythatalthoughitnolongercontainedjudaicelementwasstillobligedtomaintainastrongcohesionincontrastthedescendantsoftheislandsothercryptojewsthosewhowerenotsobroughttothepublicviewlostallnotionoftheiroriginsbutsoonafterthexuetesregainedtheleadingrolethattheyhadbeforetheinquisitorialtrialsnowdeprivedoftheirreligiousnetworkandtheirfortuneshavingbeenrequisitionedtheysoughttoprotectcommercialallianceswiththenobilityandtheclergyevenwiththefunctionariesoftheinquisitiontherenewedenergyandthepoliticalalliancesachievedpermittedthemtofightactivelyforequalrightsadjustingtowhateverthesurroundingcircumstanceswerethewarofthespanishsuccessionaswiththerestoftheislandspopulationduringthewarofthespanishsuccessionamongstxuetestherewerebothmauletshistorymauletssupportersofthehouseofhabsburghabsburgcharlesviholyromanemperorandbotiflerssupportersofthehouseofbourbonbourbonphilipvofspainsomeofthelatterperceivedthefrenchdynastyasamodernizingelementintermsofreligionandsocietysincebourbonfrancehadneverexhibitedanattitudeofrepressionanddiscriminationcomparabletothehabsburgruleinspainrenewedinthecaseofmajorcawithcharlesiiofspaincharlesiithusagroupofxuetesledbygasparpinyaclothingdealerandimportersupplierofthebotiflernobilitywasveryactivesupportingphilipscauseinaconspiracyfinancedbypinyawasdiscoveredhewassentencedtojailandhispropertiesseizedbutasthewarendedwithabourbonvictoryhewasrewardedwithrightsassociatedtothelessernobilitythisdidnotaffecttherestofthecommunitytherepublicationoffaithtriumphantthetailorrafelcortestomsfortezaandthehunchbackjeronicortsamongothersraisedarequesttotherealaudienciademallorcaroyalmajorcanhighcourttheislandshighestcourtaimingtopreventtherepublicationoffaithtriumphantinwhichwasacceptedandsothebooksdistributionpreventedforatimeeventuallytheinquisitorsalloweddistributiontoberesumedthedeputiesofthecarrerinthexuetesdesignatedagroupofsixdeputiespopularlyknownbythenameofperruquesthewigsbecauseoftheluxuriousadornmenttheyusedduringtheirlobbyinginordertoaddresskingcharlesiiiofspaincharlesiiitomakeaclaimforoutrightsocialandjuridicalequalitywithothermajorcansinthisregardthecourtdecidedtoinquireofthemajorcaninstitutionswhichfrontallyanddecidedlyopposedthepretensionsofthedescendantsoftheconversosalengthyandcostlytrialfollowedinwhichthepartiespassionatelystatedtheircasesthedocumentsusedinthistrialdemonstratetheextenttowhichdiscriminationwasaliveandhaddeepideologicalrootsconverselytheyarealsoaproofoftheperseveranceofthexuetesintheirdemandsforequalityinoctobertheprosecutoroftherealaudienciademallorcadespitebeingawareoftheresultofthesedeliberationsfavorabletothexuetesraisedamemorandumincludinghighlyracistreasoningproposingthesuspensionoftheaccordandtheexileofthexuetestomenorcaandtocabrerabalearicislandscabrerawheretheywouldbeconfinedwithstrongrestrictionsontheirlibertyfinallythekinginclinedtimidlyinfavorofthexuetesonnovemberhesignedtherealcdularoyaldecreethatdecreedlibertyofmovementandresidencytheeliminationofallarchitecturearchitectonicelementsthatdistinguishedthesegelldistrictandtheprohibitionofinsultsmistreatmentandtheuseofdenigratingexpressionsalsowithreservationsthekingshowedhimselftobefavorabletotheestablishmentofoutrightprofessionallibertyandtheparticipationofthexuetesinthenavyandarmybutgaveinstructionsthatthesedispositionswouldnottakeeffectuntilsometimehadpassedinordertoallowthecontroversytoeasebeforehalfayearhadpassedthedeputiesinsistedagainonxuetesgainingaccesstowhateveroccupationtheysoughtandreportedthattheinsultsanddiscriminationhadnotstoppedthedeputiesalsocomplainedabouttheexhibitionofthesambenetsatstdomingothekingdesignatedapaneltostudytheproblemthepanelproposedthewithdrawalofthesambenetstheprohibitionoffaithtriumphantthedispersionthroughoutthecityifnecessarybyforceofthexuetesandtheeliminationofallformalmechanismsofmutualassistanceamongthemaccesswithoutrestrictiontoallecclesiasticaluniversityandmilitarypositionstheabolitionoftheguildsandthesuppressionofthestatutesofpurityofbloodandifthiswerenotpossibletolimitthesetoyearstheselasttwowereproposedtobeappliedthroughoutthekingdomthenbegananewperiodofconsultationsandanewtrialwhichgeneratedinoctoberasecondcdularealwhichlargelyignoredthepanelsproposalandwaslimitedtoallowingaccesstothearmyandtheciviladministrationfinallyinafinaldispositionestablishedsimpleequalityintheexerciseofwhateverofficebutstillwithoutawordabouttheuniversitynorecclesiasticalpositionsthatsameyearthecourtandthegeneralinquisitiontookactionintendedtowithdrawthesambenetsfromthecloisterbutwithoutresultprobablythemostpalpableeffectofthecdulasrealeswastheslowdisarticulationofthesegellcommunityelcarrerinsteadtherecametobesmallnucleiofxuetesamongthemajorityofthepopulationandtimidlysomebegantoestablishthemselvesinotherstreetsandneighbourhoodsforthoseremainingatsegellthesameattitudesofsocialdiscriminationmatrimonialendogamyandtraditionalprofessionswerekeptbutinanycasesegregationwasovertandpublicintheworldofeducationandreligionbastionsuntouchedbythereformsofcharlesiiitheendoftheoldregimemajorcawasnotoccupiedduringthenapoleonicinvasionandincontrasttotheliberalismthatdominatedthenewspanishconstitutionoftheislandbecamearefugeforthosewhoseideologywasmostintransigentandfavorabletotheoldregimeinthiscontextinsoldierswhohadbeenmobilizedtogotothefrontaccusedthexuetesofbeingresponsiblefortheirmobilizationandassaultedthesegelldistricttheconstitutionineffectthroughabolishedtheinquisitionandestablishedthefullcivilequalitythatthexueteshadlongsoughtconsequentlythemostactivexuetesjoinedtheliberalcauseinwhentheconstitutionwasrestoredagroupofxuetesattackedtheheadquartersoftheinquisitionandthesantodomingomonasteryburningthearchivesandthesambenetsinturnwhentheconstitutionwasagainabolishedinthecarrerwasagainraidedandtheshopslootedsuchepisodeswerefrequentduringthisperiodasweresimilarincidentselsewhereontheislandwithriotstakingplaceinfelanitxllucmajorpollenasllerandcamposmajorcainonofrecortswasappointedcouncilorofthepalmatownhallitwasthefirsttimesincethethcenturythataxuetahadoccupiedapublicofficeatsuchalevelsincethenithasbeenaregularoccurrencethataxuetaholdsapublicofficeinthetownhallandthediputacinprovincialinlasinagogabalearohistoriadelosjudiosdemallorcathebalearicsynagogueorthehistoryofthejewsofmajorcawaspublishedandsignedbyjuandelapuertavizcainoagoodpartofthisbookreproducedfaithtriumphantandwouldbereplicatedayearlaterwiththeworkunmilagroyunamentiravindicacindelosmallorquinescristianosdeestirpehebreaamiracleandalievindicationofthemajorcanchristiansofhebrewlineagealthoughtheideologicaldualitywithinthexuetacommunitycanbetracedbacktoatimepriortotheinquisitorialtrialsitwasinthiscontextofviolentsuddenchangesthatitbecameclearthatonefactionclearlyaminorityyetinfluentialwasdeclaredlyliberallaterrepublicanandmoderatelyanticlericalfightingfortheliquidationofalltracesofdiscriminationandanotherprobablythemajorityyetalmostimperceptibleinhistoricalrecordswasideologicallyconservativeferventlyreligiousandwantedtogoasunnoticedaspossibleatrootbothstrategieswishedtoattainthesamegoalthedisappearanceofthexuetaissuealthoughtheywantedtoresolveitindifferentwaysonebymakingtheinjusticevisibleandtheotherbyblendingintothesurroundingsocietycoincidingwiththeseprogressiveperiodsthexuetesformedsocialclubsandassociationsofmutualaiditisalsoduringthistimethattheygainedpositionsseatsinpoliticalinstitutionsviatheliberalpartiesfromthefirstrepublictothesecondrepubliconcetheycouldsomewellofffamiliesgavetheirchildrenahighdegreeofintellectualeducationandplayedanimportantpartintheartisticmovementsoftheperiodxuetestookaleadingroleintherenaixenatherevivalofcatalancultureinthedefenseofthecatalanlanguageandintherecuperationofthefloralgamescatalanbalearliterarycompetitionsaforerunnerofthisrevivalwastomsaguilicortsatthebeginningofthethcenturyandsomeprominentsuccessorsweretomsaguilifortezamarianaguilifustertomsfortezaicortsandramnpicicampamarjoseptarongpriestandwriterencountereddifficultiesinstudyingandgraduatingbutwasultimatelyordainedbecauseofhisxuetaextractionheobtainedapositionoutsidemajorcahewastheprotagonistofthegreatestthcenturypolemiconthexuetaquestionwhenhewasforbiddenintopreachatthechurchofstmiquelthisbeganapolemicwithmiquelmauraalsoanecclesiasticbrotherofthepoliticianantoniomaurainwhichmanyotherpartiesparticipatedandwhichhadagreatimpactbothonandoffoftheislandbetweenjanuaryandoctoberthexuetaurbanistandpoliticianguillemfortezapinyawasmayorofpalmaalsobetweenandduringthedictatorshipofmiguelprimoderiveraprimoderiverathatofficewasheldbyjoanaguilvalentandrafelignacicortsaguilthebriefperiodofthesecondspanishrepublicwasalsoimportantbothbecauseoftheofficiallacitlacismandbecauseagoodnumberofthexuetessympathizedwiththenewmodelofthestatemuchastheirforebearshadsympathizedwiththeideasoftheenlightenmentandtheliberalsduringtherepublicforthefirsttimeaxuetapriestpreachedasermonatthecathedralofpalmathishadgreatsymbolicimportancefromthespanishcivilwartopresenttimestodayattheendoftherepublicaneramanyxueteswerevictimsofthefranciscofrancofrancoistrepressionwhilemanyotherssupportedfrancosnationalistmilitaryrebellionthelatterdespitethefactthatpromptedbythefalangeespaolatradicionalistaydelasjuntasdeofensivanacionalsindicalistaandnazigermanyitisrumouredthatlistsandinquiriesweremadeduringthefirstmomentsofthespanishcivilwarandlateronduringworldwariiforaneventualmonitoringofthexueteswhowereconsideredtobeelementslinkedtoeuropeanjewsallegedlythehighestcatholicofficialintheislandbishopmirallesaskedforareportenlargingxuetesnumbersinawaythatthenumberofpeoplepotentiallysubjectedtoreprisalswastoolargetobeaddressedinanycasethisisanobscureandpoorlydocumentedepisodeantixuetaprejudicecontinuedtodiminishwiththeopeningoftheislandtotourisminthefirstdecadesofthethcenturyalongwitheconomicdevelopmentwhichstartedbytheendofthepreviouscenturythepresenceinmanycasesthepermanentresidencyofoutsidersontheislandspaniardsorforeignerstowhomthestatusofthexuetesmeantnothingmarkedadefinitepointofinflectioninthehistoryofthiscommunityalsointhepublicationofthebookelsdescendentsdelsjueusconversosdemallorcaquatremotsdelaveritatthedescendantsoftheconvertedjewsofmajorcafourwordsoftruthbymiguelfortezapiabrotherofmayorguillemwhichmadepublictheresearchesofbaruchbraunsteinatthenationalhistoricalarchiveinmadridpublishedintheunitedstatesinthesregardinginquisitorialarchivesthatdemonstratedthatinmajorcathosecondemnedforjudaizingaffectedmorethanmajorcansurnamesthisraisedthelastpopularcontroversyoverthexuetaquestionitwasinthismomentwhendiscriminatoryattitudesendedupmarginalizedintheprivatedimensionandtheirpublicexpressionvirtuallydisappearedfreedomofreligionwhilerestrictedtoprivatepracticeofreligiononlywaslegallyintroducedattheendofthefrancoerathismadeitpossibleforsomeofthexuetestoreestablishcontactwithjudaismitwasalsoenhancedduringthesinsomerevivalistmovementswhichdidnotgofurtherthanthecaseofnicolauaguilwhoinemigratedtoisraelandreturnedtojudaismwiththenamenissanbenavrahamlaterobtainingthetitleofrabbiinanycasejudaismandthexueteshavehadarelationofacertainambivalenceinthatdealingwithjewswhohaveadheredtoachristiantraditionhadbeenamatternotcontemplatedbythepoliticalandreligiousauthoritiesofisraeltheyseemtogiveimportancetothefactofthexuetesbeingofchristiantraditionwhileforthosexuetesinterestedinsomeformofdrawingclosertoworldjewrytheirdifferentiatedexistenceisexplainedonlybythefactoftheirbeingjewsperhapsthisdualityexplainstheexistenceofasyncreticjudochristiancultcalledxuetachristianityalthoughverymuchaminoritypreachedbycayetanomartvallsanimportanteventwiththeadventofdemocracywastheelectioninoframonaguilofdirectxuetaancestryreelectedsocialistmayorofpalmauntilwhoseelectionbypopularvotecouldbeconsideredtheprincipalevidenceofthedeclineofdiscriminationratifiedbyothercasessuchasthatoffrancescaguilmayorofcampanetallofthishoweverdoesnotimplyacompleteeliminationofrejectionofthexuetesasisindicatedbyapollconductedbytheuniversityofthebalearicislandsininwhichofmajorcansaffirmedthattheywouldnotmarryaxuetaanddeclaredthattheywouldnotevenwanttohavexuetesasfriendsnumbersthatdespitebeinghigharenuancedinthatthoseinfavorofdiscriminationtendtobeseniorsseveralxuetainstitutionshavebeencreatedinrecentyearstheassociationarcallegatjueucomarcallegatjueujewishlegacytheinvestigativegroupmemoriadelcarrercommemriadelcarrerthereligiousgroupwebarchiveorgwebmemoriajuevacominstitutrafelvallsthemagazinewebarchiveorgweblleonardmuntanereditorcatappwebrootindexphpbookshowsegellandthecityofpalmahasjoinedtheredjuderiasorgredindexphpreddejuderiasdeespaanetworkofspanishjewriesspanishcitieswithahistoricjewishpresencealtogetherimplyingthepassingofanattitudeofoccultationinfavoroftheexpressionofapluralrealitythatisnaturallymanifestasonofthecommunityrabbinissanbenavrahamreturnedtospaininafterbeingordainedasarabbiinisraelrecognitioninrabbinissimkarelitzaleadingrabbiandhalachicauthorityandchairmanofthebeitdintzedekrabbinicalcourtinbneibrakisraelrecognizedthechuetasofpalmademajorcaasjewishrefjpostcomjewishworldjewishnewsarticleaspxidchuetasofmajorcarecognizedasjewishjerusalempostrefnotesreferencesthisarticleislargelybasedonthecaxuetescorrespondingarticleinthecatalanlanguagewikipediaaccessedfebruarythatarticlegivesthefollowingreferencesthejewsofmajorcaisaacsalionellondonmethuencatalantranslationthechuetasofmallorcaconversosandtheinquisitionofmallorcabrausteinbruchnewyorkktavpublishinghouseinccatalantranslationadeadbranchonthetreeofisraelinpensinhandgravesrobertnewyorkdoubledaycatalantranslationtheconversosofmajorcalifeanddeathinacryptojewishcommunityinxviicenturyselkeangelajerusalemhispaniajudaicaseriesspanishtranslationedtaurusthoseofthestreetthecatholicjewsofmallorcamoorekennethindianauniversityofnotredam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jianglingbelievingthathewouldbedetainedandnotbeabletoreturnweptbitterlyemperorwenclaimingthathefearedforjianglingssafetyinemperorjingsabsencesenthisgeneralcuihongduthedukeofwuxiangtojianglingwhencuiarrivedinthenearbyruoprovinceroughlymodernyichanghubeiemperorjingsunclexiaoyanandbrotherxiaohuansuspiciousthatcuiwasinsteadplanningtoattacksenttheofficialshenjungonguncleofchenshubaosempressshenwuhuatochenhuijiofferingtosurrenderchenhuijiquicklyarrivedatjianglingandxiaoyanandxiaohuanledthepeopleofjianglinginleavingthecityandfleeingintochenterritorywhenemperorwenheardofthisheissuedanedictabolishingwesternlianghesenthisofficialgaojiongtojianglingtopacifythepeoplewhoremainedandtopostguardstotendtothetombsofemperormingandemperormingsfatheremperorxuanofwesternliangemperorxuantheformeremperorjingwascreatedthedukeofjuundersuidynastyjusttwoyearslaterinsuiconqueredchenunifyingchinainemperorwencitingthefactthattheemperorsofnorthernqiwesternliangandchenwerenotbeingsacrificedorderedthattheformernorthernqiprincegaorenyingchenshubaoandxiaocongbegivenregularsuppliessothattheycouldmakeperiodicsacrificestotheirancestorsinemperorwendiedandhissonemperoryangofsuiyangguangsucceededhimasemperoryangasemperoryangswifeempressxiaosuidynastyempressxiaowasxiaocongsyoungersisteremperoryangaffordedxiaoconggreaterrespectandchangedhistitlefromdukeofjutodukeoflianghealsocommissionedanumberofxiaocongsrelativesasofficialsxiaoconghimselfwasmadeahighlevelofficialbutrarelycarriedoutthedutiesofhisofficewhenemperoryangsenttheofficialyangyuebrotherofthechancelloryangsutotrytoencouragexiaocongtochangehiswaysxiaocongexplainedtoyangyueinveiledtermsthathedidnotwanttodrawattentiontohimselfxiaocongwasalsoknownformaintaininghisownselfrespectandwhilehewaslivingawayfromhisancestrallandsherefusedtoyieldtothegreatclansofthenorthandthereforeoffendedagoodnumberofnorthernnoblesinemperoryangkilledanumberofhighlevelofficialsgaojiongheruobiandyuwenbiforcriticizinghislargerewardstothesubmissiveqiminkhanoftujuexiaoconghadadeepfriendshipwithheruoandthereforedrewemperoryangssuspicionsandatthetimetherewasapopularsongwhichincludedinitslyricsthelinexiaoxiaowillriseagainthelyricsmighthavemeanttherecessionwillendthiscausedthesuperstitiousemperoryangtosuspectxiaocongfurtherandxiaocongwasremovedfromhispostanddiedwithoutanyofficeshisyearofdeathisnotknownhemighthavebeensonlessashisnephewxiaojuinheritedthetitleofdukeofliangwhileitwouldbecustomaryfordukestoreceiveposthumousnamesxiaocongifhereceivedonefromsuididnothaveonerecordedinhistoryinwhenxiaoyansgrandsonxiaoxirebelledagainstsuiruleandbrieflyreestablishedlianghehonoredxiaocongasemperorjingeranameguangyungungynfootnotesreferencesbookofsuivolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwswahtmhistoryofnortherndynastiesvolefcdpansysuedutwccwbshtmzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhssttltitleemperorofwesternliangwesternliangdynastyyearssttltitleemperorofchinajianglingregionyearsxulybtnewzealandrockwrenvassilisspanoulishaseungjinesporteclubexvdenovembropiracicabaxsltxmmnewtonxboxlivearcadeannamprovinceinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexjapansinglesbratlanticyearstypecompilationartistxjapancoverxsinglesjpgreleaseddecemberrecordedgenreheavymetalmusicheavymetalprogressivemetalrockmusicrocklengthlabelatlanticrecordsatlanticproducerreviewschronologyxjapancompilationlastalbumballadcollectionxjapanalbumballadcollectionbrthisalbumxjapansinglesatlanticyearsbrnextalbumspecialboxbrxjapansinglesatlanticyearsisacompilationalbumreleasedbyxjapanondecemberitservesasafollowuptosxsinglesandcontainsmostbutnotallasideandbsideaandbsidesreleasedbythebandafterchangingitsnamefromxtoxjapanthealbumreachednumberontheoriconchartrefnameoriconreftracklistingtearstearsclassicalversionrustynaillongingtogiretamelodydahliatearsliveforeverlovecrucifymyloveweekendlivescarswhitepoemmtamixreferencesxtreeniangaogurbangulyberdimuhamedowsaparmuratniyazovprojectxanaduarylhydrocarbonreceptordnabindingxenobioticresponseelementarylhydrocarbonreceptordnabindingxenobioticresponseelementxrehanmahmudhaddonfieldnewjerseyxenjamesfeilistofxyzzyawardsbycategorybestgameautomatictaxoboxnamexenotyphlopstaxonxenotyphlopsauthorityvanwallachwallachivanineichineichsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisiontwospeciesseetextxenotyphlopsisagenusofsnakestheonlygenusofthefamilybiologyfamilyxenotyphlopidaecomprisingtwospeciesfoundonlyinmadagascarrefnameitisrefphysicalcharacteristicsmembersofthegenusxenotyphlopsaredistinguishableexternallyfromthetyphlopidaebypossessingagreatlyenlargedandnearlycircularrostrumanatomyrostralshieldthisshieldisnearlyverticalinalateralaspectasaresultthetwospecieshaveabulldozerappearancexenotyphlopsspeciesareinternallyuniqueinthattheylackatracheallungandpossessanunexpandedtrachealmembranegeographicrangesnakesofthegenusxenotyphlopsareendemismendemictotheislandofmadagascarforoveryearsthegenuswasknownonlyfromthetypelocalitybiologytypelocalitywhichwasmadagascarandonlyfromthetypespecimensspeciesxenotyphlopsgrandidierixenotyphlopsmocquardietymologythespecificnamezoologyspecificnamegrandidieriisin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ehuailaterthatyearforxiaoscontributionshewascreatedthecountoflianpingandsoonpromotedtotherankofmarquessduringthesubsequentminorcampaignsagainstnorthernqioverthenextseveralyearsxiaoalsocontributedafternorthernzhoudestroyednorthernqiinemperorxuanwishedtocontendforthexuzhouancientchinaxuprovinceroughlymodernxuzhoujiangsuregionandhesentwutoattacktheregioninwinterxiaoservedunderwuinitiallywudefeatedthenorthernzhougovernorofxuprovinceliangshiyanforcingliangtowithdrawinsidepengchengthecapitalofxuprovinceanddefenditwuputpengchengundersiegeinspringthenorthernzhougeneralwangguiarrivedwithaforcetoliftthesiegeandheashisfirststepcutoffwussupplyrouteandescapepathxiaomoheadvisedwutoattackwangasquickashecouldtopreventthesupplyroutefrombeingcutoffbutwudidnotfollowxiaossuggestionsoonthechenforcesweretrappedwusubordinatessuggesteddestroyingtheleveenearpengchengsothattheareawouldfloodallowingthemtoescapebyshipswuagreedbutbelievingthatheasthecommandinggeneralshouldwithdrawlastdidsosendingxiaowiththecavalryfirstthecavalrywasthereforeabletoescapebutmostofthefootsoldiersandwuhimselfwerecapturedbywangandtakentothenorthernzhoucapitalchanganxiaowasabletoreturntojiankangandcontinuedtoserveasageneralunderemperorxuaninafternorthernzhoucapturedtheregionbetweentheyangtzeandhuaifromchenemperorxuanmadeanattempttorecapturetheterritoryandxiaoservedinthecampaignalongwithemperorxuansnephewchenhuijibutafterhewasunabletocaptureguanglinginmodernhuaiyindistricthuaianhuaiyinjiangsuhewithdrewanothercampaignwagedbyxiaoandzhouluohouinalsoendedinfailureinemperorxuandiedandhissonchenshulingtriedtoassassinatethecrownprincechenshubaobutonlymanagedtowoundnotkillchenshubaochenshulingfledbacktohismansionandmobilizedtroopsunderhiscommandandhemadeoverturestoxiaomoheaskingxiaotojoinhiscoupattemptxiaoinitiallypretendedtoagreeandwhenchenshulingsenthisassociatesdaiwenandtanqitoconferwithxiaoxiaobeheadedthemandhangtheirheadsonthecitywallschenshulingstroopslostmoraleandcollapsedandhewaskilledforxiaoscontributionchenshubaowhosoontookthethronecreatedxiaothedukeofsuijianandawardedchenshulingsconsiderablewealthtoxiaohealsoselectedxiaosdaughtertobethewifeandcrownprincessofhissonandcrownprincechenyinthcenturychenyinhealsograntedxiaoseveralhonorsnormallyreservedforthehighestrankedofficialshesubsequentlymadexiaothegovernorofsouthernxuprovinceroughlymodernzhenjiangjiangsutodefendagainstpotentialattacksbynorthernzhoussuccessorstatesuidynastyfromguanglinginspringwhenxiaowasatjiankangthesuigeneralheruobitookthechancetocrosstheyangtzeaspartoftheoverallcampaignbyemperorwenofsuitodestroychenandcapturedjingkouthecapitalofsouthernxuprovincesoonheruoarrivedatzhongshannowpurplemountainnearjiankangandxiaovolunteeredtoengageheruochenshubaoagreeddespitewarningsbyanothermajorgeneralrenzhongnottoengageheruoxiaosownmotivationlevelwassaidtobelowhoweverduetoanaffairthatchenshubaowashavingwithxiaoswifeheruodefeatedhimandcapturedhimheruothreatenedhimwithbeheadingandyetxiaowouldnotprostratehimselfheruowasimpressedandsparedxiaosubsequentlyheruocapturedchenshubaoaswellandxiaoobtainedpermissiontocookandservechenshubaoonefinalmealfromthechenimperialkitchenaswellastomakeatearfulfarewellactsthatgreatlyimpressedsuisemperorwenduringsuidynastyemperorwenmadexiaomoheageneralbutunlikethesituationwithzhouluohoudidnotgivehimgreatresponsibilitieshoweverwhenxiaomohessonxiaoshileparticipatedinresistancecampaignsbyformerchensubjectsagainstsuiruleemperorwenpardonedxiaomohefromanypunishmentsthathewouldotherwisehavesufferedbasedonxiaoshilesrebelliononthebasisthatemperorwenbelievedthatxiaoshilewasforcedtoparticipateinwhenemperorwendiedandwassucceededbyemperoryangofsuiemperoryangxiaowasservingunderemperoryangsbrotheryangliangtheprinceofhanwhowasthecommandantatbingprovinceroughlymoderntaiyuanshanxiyangliangnotwillingtoyieldtoemperoryangrebelledarebellionencouragedbyxiaoandwangkuiwangsengbianssonhoweverwhenxiaoengagedemperoryangsgeneralyangsuyangsudefeatedandcapturedhimandthenhadhimexecutedhissonswerenotkilledbutwereseizedasimperialservantsandhissubordinatechenzhishentookhisbodyandgaveitaproperburialnotessingaporesingaporealbertarnalredirectciecolorspacecellophanenoodlesjanuaryxgalredirectcategoryshellxenosagaepisodeiiiinfoboxradiostationnamexxrimagexxlogosvgcitycanberraaustraliancapitalterritoryareacanberraraacmagovaulicplandefmapsdocumentsmapslapdfbrandingxxsloganpeoplepoweredradiofrequencymegahertzmhzfmbroadcastingfmtranslatorrepeaterairdateshareshareasofsharesourceformatcommunityradiolanguagemostlyenglishpowererpwattshaatmclassfacilityidcoordinatescallsignmeaningformercallsignsxxformerfrequenciesnbspkhzbrnbspkhzaffiliationsownercommunityradioxxinclicenseesisterstationswebcastwebsitexxfmcallsignxxrisacommunityradiostationbroadcastingonthefmradiofmbandincanberraaustraliaxxfmisoneofaustraliaslongestrunningcommunitybroadcastersittookovertheoperationoftheformeraustraliannationaluniversitystudentradiostationinbroadcastingasxxonkhzamradioamfromtwostudiosatthedrillhallgalleryinactonaustraliancapitalterritoryactonathirdstudio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hinthetoptierandwasmadevicecaptainwithintheteamhoweverhisoutspokenpersonalitysawhimpubliclycriticisehisfellowteammatezhoulinforhavingabadgameagainstbeijingguoanfconjuneinadrawwhichsawinfightingbetweenthetwobreakoutandzhoubeingfrozenoutoftheteamxusoutspokenpersonalitywasnotlimitedtohisownteammatesandoctoberagainstqingdaojonoonfcinadrawhewouldverballytiradetherefereeforhisdecisionmakingwhichresultedinxureceivingafivegamesuspensiononfebruaryhewassignedbybeijingguoanafterguangzhouwasrelegatedduetoamatchfixingscandalonaugustxuscoredfromadistanceofmetersinaleaguematchagainstdalianshidewhichisthelongestgoalscoredinchinesetoptierhistoryxutransferredtofellowchinesesuperleaguesideshanghaigreenlandshenhuafcshanghaishenhuaondecemberafteraninjuryplaguedperiodwithshanghaixudecidedtoretirefromfootballattheendoftheseasononfebruaryxucameoutofretirementandjoinedchinaleagueoneclubshenzhenfcshenzhenfcinternationalcareerxuliangwouldplayforthechinanationalunderfootballteamchineseunderfootballteamandwouldmakethesquadforthefifaworldyouthchampionshipwherechinawereknockedoutinthelastbyargentinanationalunderfootballteamargentinaafterthetournamenthewaspromotedtothechinanationalunderfootballteamchineseunderfootballteambutwasdroppedfromthesquadonjanuaryalongwithlujiangandzhangshuaifootballerzhangshuaiforbreakingteamcurfewrulestogooutclubbingxuwaseventuallybroughtbackintotheteamwhereheparticipatedinthefootballattheasiangamesmenasiangameswhichsawchinareachthequarterfinalscareerstatisticsclubstatisticsstatisticsaccurateasofmatchplayedoctoberclasswikitablestyletextaligncentercolspanclubperformancecolspanleaguecolspancupcolspanleaguecupcolspancontinentalcolspantotalseasonclubleagueappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalscolspanchinaprcolspanleaguecolspanchinesefacupfacupcolspanchinesesuperleaguecupcslcupcolspanasianfootballconfederationasiacolspantotalchinesejiaaleaguerowspanliaoningfcrowspanchinesejiaaleaguecolspancolspanchinesejiaaleaguecolspancolspanchinesesuperleaguerowspanchinesesuperleaguecolspanchinesesuperleaguecolspanchinesesuperleaguecolspancolspanrowspanguangzhoupharmaceuticalrowspanchinaleagueonecolspancolspancolspanchinesesuperleaguerowspanchinesesuperleaguecolspancolspancolspanchinesesuperleaguecolspancolspancolspanchinesesuperleaguerowspanbeijingguoancolspancolspanchinesesuperleaguecolspancolspanchinesesuperleaguecolspanchinesesuperleaguerowspanshanghaigreenlandshenhuafcshanghaigreenlandcolspancolspanchinesesuperleaguecolspancolspanchinaleagueonerowspanshenzhenfcshenzhenrowspanchinaleagueonecolspancolspanchinaleagueonecolspancolspanrowspantotalcolspanchinaprinternationalgoalsresultslistchinasgoaltallyfirstclasswikitabledatevenueopponentscoreresultcompetitionaugustqinhuangdaoexhibitiongameassociationfootballfriendlyinternationalhonoursclubguangzhoupharmaceuticalchinaleagueoneindividualchinesefootballassociationyoungplayeroftheyearchinesesuperleagueteamoftheyearchinesesuperleaguechinesesuperleaguereferencesexternallinkscsldatasportssohucomplayerphpregnummpdatabaseatsohucomxulblogcomblogamdchipsetseriesinfoboxsoftwarenamexfceterminalscreenshotterminalscreenshotpngcaptionxfceterminalwithtwotabsdeveloperbenediktmeureretallatestreleaseversionoperatingsystemunixlikegenreterminalemulatorlicensegnugeneralpubliclicensegnugplvwebsiteterminalisaterminalemulatorbuiltforthexfcedesktopenvironmentusinggtkitisprovidedaspartofthexfceprojectbutitcanbeusedinotherxwindowsystemenvironmentsaswellitsupportstabscustomizablekeyboardshortcutskeybindingscustomizablecolorswindowsizesandadropdownmodesimilartoguakeitwasdesignedtoreplacegnometerminalwhichdependsonthegnomelibrarieslikegnometerminalitisbasedonthevtelibraryxfceterminalcanbeconfiguredtoofferavaryingbackgroundcolorforeachtabseealsognometerminalreferencesmetresrelayhistoryofatheismhistoryofatheismxmppstandardsfoundationxsfisthefoundationinchargeofthestandardizationoftheprotocolextensionsofextensiblemessagingandpresenceprotocolxmpptheopenstandardofinstantmessagingandpresenceoftheinternetengineeringtaskforceietfhistorythexsfwasoriginallycalledthejabbersoftwarefoundationjsfthejabbersoftwarefoundationwasoriginallyestablishedtoprovideanindependentnonprofitlegalentitytosupportthedevelopmentcommunityaroundjabbertechnologiesandlaterxmpporiginallyitsmainfocuswasondevelopingjoslthejabberopensourcelicensesincedeprecatedandanopenstandardsprocessfordocumentingtheprotocolsusedinthejabberxmppdevelopercommunityitsfoundersincludedmichaelbauerandpetersaintandreprocessmembersofthexsfvoteonacceptanceofnewmembersatechnicalcouncilandaboardofdirectorshowevermembershipisnotrequiredtopublishvieworcommentonthestandardsthatitpromulgatestheunitofworkatthexsfisthexmppextensionprotocolxepxepspecifiestheprocessforxepstobeacceptedbythecommunitymostoftheworkofthexsftakesplaceonthexmppextensiondiscussionlistandthejdevchatroomxmppjdevconferencejabberorgjoinorganizationboardofdirectorstheboardofdirectorsofthexmppstandardsfoundationoverseesthebusinessaffairsoftheorganizationaselectedbythexsfmembershiptheboardofdirectorsforconsis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anbggovauimagesphotocdjpgufoenemyunknownzhewithdiaeresiszewithdiaeresisredirectcategoryshellabkhaziandzeiwithdiaeresiscyrillickawithstrokekawithverticalstrokeowithdiaeresiscyrillicgewithmiddlehookpewithmiddlehookerwithtickthecyrillicchewithdescenderlomandrachewithverticalstrokeredirectcategoryshellabkhazianchewithdescenderohooktewithdescenderuwithdoubleacutecyrillicuwithmacroncyrillicuwithdiaeresiscyrillicewithdiaeresiscyrillicyewithgraveiwithgravecyrillicgewithdescendertaxoboxcolorparameterisnotneededautomaticallyassignednamexenotropicmurineleukemiavirusrelatedvirusvirusgroupvifamiliaretroviridaesubfamiliaorthoretrovirinaegenusgammaretrovirusspeciesxenotropicmulvrelatedvirusimagexmrvgifxenotropicmurineleukemiavirusrelatedvirusxmrvisalaboratoryderivedmousevirusthatwasgeneratedthroughrecombinationbetweentwoendogenousmurineretrovirusesduringpropagationofaprostatecancerxenograftinthemidslinkedthevirustoprostatecancerandlatertochronicfatiguesyndromecfsleadingtoconsiderableinterestinthescientificandpatientcommunitiesinvestigationofxmrvasapotentialcauseofmultiplemedicalconditionsandpublichealthconcernsaboutthesafetyoftheblooddonationdonatedbloodsupplyxmrvhasnowbeenestablishedasalaboratorycontaminantfalsepositivedetectionofxmrvmayalsooccurbecauseofcontaminationofclinicalspecimensandlaboratoryreagentswithothermouseretrovirusesorrelatednucleicacidsmostscientificpublicationsclaiminganassociationofxmrvwithcfsorprostatecancerhavebeenretractedandallegationsofresearchmisconductwereleveledagainstatleastonecfsinvestigatorthereisnoevidencethatxmrvcaninfecthumansnorhasitbeendemonstratedthatxmrvisassociatedwithorcausesanyhumandiseaseclassificationandgenomexmrvisamurineleukemiavirusmlvthatformedthroughtherecombinationofthegenomesoftwoparentmlvsknownasprexmrvandprexmrvrefnamepmidcitejournalyeartitlecharacterizationmappinganddistributionofthetwoxmrvparentalprovirusesjournaljournalofvirologyvolumeissuepagespmidurlformataccessdatelastcingzfirstolastpaprotkafirsttlastdelviksfrankenberryfirstkalastwildtfirstslasthufirstwslastpathakfirstvklastcoffinfirstjmdoijvipmcrefmlvsbelongtothevirusfamilyretroviridaeandthegenusgammaretrovirusandhaveasinglestrandedrnagenomethatreplicatesthroughadnaintermediatethenamexmrvwasgivenbecausethediscoverersofthevirusinitiallythoughtthatitwasanovelpotentialhumanpathogenthatwasrelatedtobutdistinctfrommlvsthexmrvparticleisapproximatelysphericalandtonbspnmindiameterseveralxmrvgenomicsequenceshavebeenpublishedtodatethesesequencesarealmostidenticalanunusualfindingasretrovirusesreplicatetheirgenomeswithrelativelylowfidelityleadingtoquasispeciesapplicationtobiologicalresearchdivergentviralsequencesinasinglehostorganismintheresultsofphylogeneticanalysesofxmrvandrelatedmurineretrovirusesledagroupofresearcherstoconcludethatxmrvmightnotbeagenuinehumanpathogenrefnamehuerefrefnamepmidrefxenotropicmurineleukemiavirusrelatedvirusclassificationxenotropicvirusesxenosgrforeigntroposgrturningwereinitiallydiscoveredinthenewzealandblacknzbmouseandlaterfoundtobepresentinmanyothermousestrainsincludingwildmicetheyarecharacterizedbybeingabletoinfectcellsofmanydifferentanimalspeciesbutnotthoseofthemousediscoveryxmrvwasdiscoveredinthelaboratoriesofjosephderisiattheuniversityofcaliforniasanfranciscoandrobertsilvermananderickleinoftheclevelandclinicsilvermanhadpreviouslymolecularcloningclonedandinvestigatedtheenzymernaselribonucleaselrnaselpartofthecellsnaturaldefenseagainstviruseswhenactivatedrnaseldegradescellularandviralrnatohaltviralreplicationinthehereditaryprostatecancerlocushpcwasmappedtothernaselgeneimplicatingitinthedevelopmentofprostatecancerleadingtothediscoveryofxmrvdiseaseassociationstudiesprostatecancerinintheinitialreportonxmrvtheviruswasdetectedincancerousprostatetissuesusingamicroarraycontainingsamplesofgeneticmaterialfromaboutvirusesthescreenindicatedthepresenceofagammaretroviruslikesequenceinsevenofeleventumourshomozygousfortherqmutationbutonlyinoneoffivetumourswithoutthemutationafterisolationandcloningofthevirusanexpandedscreenfounditpresentinoftumourshomozygousforrqandinonlyofthosenotrefnamepmidrefastudyreportedevidenceofxmrvinfectioninofsubjectsindependentofthernaselgenevariationrefnamepmidrefanddetectionofxmrvwasagainreportedinaarticlerefnamepmidrefhoweverbynumerousstudieshadfailedtofindevidenceofxmrvinprostatecancerresearchersingermanyfoundnoxmrvspecificsequencesinthednaorrnaofsamplesfromprostatecancerpatientsandnoxmrvspecificantibodiesweredetectedinbloodserumsampleshoweverusstudieshavealsofoundnoevidenceofxmrvinresearchersatthenationalcancerinstituterefnamepmidrefjohnshopkinsrefnamepmidrefandthemayoclinicrefnamemayoreftestedoversamplesfromprostatecancerpatientsbutfoundnoevidenceofthevirusbyacausalroleofxmrvincancerhasnotbeenestablishedchronicfatiguesyndromeinlombardietalreportedfindingxmrvdnainofpeoplewithchronicfatiguesyndromecfsbutinonlyofhealthycontrolsrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamesatterfieldcitejournallastsatterfieldfirstbclastgarciafirstralastjiafirsthlasttangfirstslastzhengfirsthlastswitzerfirstwmdoititleserologicandpcrtestingofpersonswithchronicfatiguesyndromeintheunitedstatesshowsnoassociationwithxenotropicorpolytropicmurineleukemiavirusrelatedvirusesjournalretrovirologyvolumepagesyearpmidpmcrefanotherstudyusingtheoriginalreactionconditionsdidnotdetectxmrvinukpatientswhonotonlyhadcfsbuthadconsiderabledisabilityanotherstudyfoundnoxmrvbutdidreportdetectionofmurineleukemiavirusrelatedsequencesinthebloodofcfspatientsrefnamepmidrefnotablyonestudydidnotdetectxmrvincfspatientsbyusingpcrandrtpcrproceduresdetectionofinfectiousvirusandvirusspecificantibodiesmoreoverxmlvwasshowntobesensitivetoinactivationbyhumanserasuggestingthatinfectionbytheviruswouldbehighlyunlikelytworeviewshavearguedthatreconciliationofthesedifferencesisnecessaryrefnamebaraniukreftheeditorinchiefofthejournalscienceinjunepublishedanexpressionofconcernstatingthatthevalidityofthestudybylombardietalisnowseriouslyinquestioninseptembertheoriginalauthorspublishedapartialretractionoftheirfindingsinwhichtheyacknowledgedthatsomeofthecfsperipheralbloodmononuclearcellpbmcdnapreparationsarecontaminatedwithxmrvplasmiddnaafullretractionwasissuedbyscienceondecemberaninternationalworkshopwasconvenedinseptembertoaidinresolvingthediscrepanciesrefnamestoyerefatthemeetingitwasannouncedthatwianlipkinianlipkinwouldoverseeamulticentretrialthatwouldculminateinblindedtestingofcfspatientsandhealthybutcomparabledonorsbylaboratoriesatthewhittemorepetersoninstitutethenihandthecdcrefnamenaturereftheresultsofthistrialweremadeavailableinmidandconcludedthatxmrvwasnotpresentineithercfspatientsorthecontrolgroupsciencemagorgcontentfullmbioasmorgcontenteabstractsidcceaafaeebbeotherconditionsxmrvhasbeenproposedasacauseforconditionsincludingautismfibromyalgiamultiplesclerosisamyotrophiclateralsclerosisandparkinsonsdiseaserefnametsouderoscitenewslasttsouderosfirsttrinetitleresearchcastsdoubtontheoryofcauseofchronicfatiguenewspaperchicagotribunedatemarchurlchicagotribunecomhealthctmetchronicfatiguexmrvstorypageaccessdaterefhoweverthereiscurrentlynoevidencetosupportthesehypothesesnoxmrvwasfoundinautisticchildrenorincontrolsorinchildrenwithidiopathicdiseasesinonestudyxmrvwasdetectedinasmallpercentageofpatientswithweakenedimmunesystemsrefnamepmidpdfcdcgoveidcontentpdfspdfrefbutotherstudiesfoundnoevidenceofxmrvinimmunosuppressionrefnamepmidrefoutofmorethanhivpositivepeoplenonewaspositiveforxmrvnorwasxmrvfoundinsystemiclupuserythematosuspatientsrefcitejournallastbaladafirstelastcastromarrerofirstjlastfelipfirstllastvilardelltarrsfirstmlastordirosfirstjdoistitlexenotropicmurineleukemiavirusrelatedvirusxmrvinpatientswithsystemiclupuserythematosusjournaljournalofclinicalimmunologyyearpmidvolumeissuepagesrefcontaminationandartifactfromthefirstreportsofxmrvanddiseaseassociationsscientistswereconcernedthatthepositivefindingscouldbeartifacterrorartifactualforexampleastheresultofcontaminationwithnucleicacidsfrommiceormousevirusesmostproposedretrovirusdiseaseassociationshavebeenpromptedbyaccidentaldetectionofcontaminantsandinitiallypromisingresultswerelaterdisprovenorfailedreplicationvirologistrobinweisssuggestedinthatxmrvislikelytobeoneoftheserumourvirusesrefnameweissrefbythesuspicionofcontaminationhadincreasedwithanincreasingnumberofnegativestudiesaswellasinvestigationsdemonstratingcontaminationrefnamepmidrefrefnamereferencearefrefnamesinghcitejournallastshinfirstchlastbatemanfirstllastschlabergfirstrlastbunkerfirstamlastleonardfirstcjlasthughenfirstrwlastlightfirstarlastlightfirstkclastsinghfirstirtitleabsenceofxmrvandothermlvrelatedvirusesinpatientswithchronicfatiguesyndromedoijvijournaljournalofvirologyyearpmidpmcvolumeissuepagesreftheresultsofseveralstudiessupportthecontaminationhypothesisscientistsreportedthattheyfoundamplesourcesofcontaminationinlaboratoryreagentstissuesamplesanotherarticlereportedonthestrikingidentityofxmrvgenomicsequencesandtheirsimilaritytoxenotropicmlvsinseveralhumancelllinestheauthorsconcludethatxmrvcontaminatedrvcellcultureslikelyduringpassageinnudemouseathymicmiceproductionoflaboratorycelllinesmayinvolvepassagingoftumoursinmiceidenticalxmrvintegrationsiteswerealsofoundaphenomenonneverbeforereportedforaretrovirusandstronglysuggestiveofcontaminationithasbeenrecommendedthatstudiesofxmrvshouldincludemorediverseandstringentpcrtestingandsequencealignmentphylogeneticanalysistodetectoccurrenceofmousednacontaminationfromlaboratorysourcesrespondingtoindicationsofcontaminationthegroupthatreportedanassociationofxmrvwithcfsstatedthatitsevidencewasnotrestrictedtonucleicacidsbutalsoincludedantibodybaseddetectionrefnamesciencecitejournallastkaiserfirstjocelyntitlestudiespointtopossiblecontaminationinxmrvfindingsjournalsciencevolumeissuepagesdatejanuarydoisciencepmidbibcodescikreftheirstudyusedmurineleukaemiavirusantibodiesandantigensnotxmrvspecificreagentsmultiplestudieshavefailedtodetectxmrvbypcrorantibodybasedmethodsinonestudyseveralsamplesthatwerepcrnegativecontainedantibodiesthatinteractedwithxmrvhowevertheauthorsfoundthattheseantibodieswerenonspecificandalsointeractedwithothervirusesmayoclinicresearchersalsoreportedonnonspecificantixmrvantibodiesinanotherstudyonlylowreactivitywithxmrvantigenswasfoundwithnodifferencesbetweencasesandcontrolstheauthorsnotedthatestablishingacutoffforseropositivitywasimpossibleasnopositiveserumbloodseraareavailableastudythatincludedsamplesfromtheoriginalxmrvcfsreportfoundnoxmrvinpatientsorcontrolsbypcrantibodybasedmethodsorviralculturetheauthorsdiscoveredthatsomepcrreagentswerecontaminatedwithlowlevelsofmousenucleicacidbutpointedoutthatthiscouldnotexplainthehighxmrvpositiveratesreportedinitiallybloodsupplycontroversytransmissionofxmrvtoorbetweenhumanshasnotbeendocumentedspeculatedmodesoftransmissionincludesexualandairborneroutesbutthemodeofhumantransmissionifanyhasnotyetbeeninvestigatedastudyinthenetherlandsfoundnoxmrvinthesemenofhivpositivemenbothcellassociatedandcellfreetransmissionhavebeenreportedinvitroxmrviscloselyrelatedtoseveralknownxenotropicmousevirusesthesevirusesrecognizeandentercellsofnonrodentspeciesbymeansofthecellsurfacexenotropicandpolytropicmurineleukemiavirusreceptorxprjudymikovitsofthewhittemorepetersoninstitutehasstatedthatxmrvhasalmostcertainlyenteredtheusbloodsupplysystembutdidnotknowwhetheritwouldbesusceptibletothesameheattreatmentsthatsuccessfullykillofftheaidsvirusinbloodproductstheassociationofxmrvandcfsreportedinsciencepromptedhealthcanadarefnamecbcrefthenewzealandbloodservicetheaustralianredcrossbloodserviceandtheamericanredcrossintodisallowblooddonationsfromindividualswithcfsonjunetheamericanassociationofbloodbanksrecommendedactivelydiscouragingpotentialdonorswhohavebeendiagnosedbyaphysicianashavingcfsfromdonatingbloodorbloodcomponentsasofnovemberpeoplewithcfsarenolongerabletodonatebloodintheukwritingincellhostmicroberetrovirologistsmarkwainbergandkuantehjeangarguedthatascrupulouslycautiousriskbenefitanalysisisneededtoassessthebenefitsandcostsoftestingordiscardingbloodonthebasisofxmrvpositiveresultstakingintoaccountthefactthatsomeindividualsandcompaniescouldprofitfrommandatorytestingtheydrewaparallelwiththerecentmmrvaccinecontroversymmrautismscareinwhichconflictsofinterestplayedarolerefnamechmcitejournallastwainbergfirstmalastjeangfirstktdoijchomtitlexmrvasahumanpathogenjournalcellhostmicrobevolumeissuepagesyearpmidrefreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebaabborgresourcesbcteiddocumentsxmrvfactsheetpdfxmrvfactsheetaabborgformerlyamericanassociationofbloodbanksupdatedjunecdcgovxmrvcenterfordiseasecontrolxmrvinformationpuducherrypuducherryinfoboxrecordlabelseewikipediawikiprojectmusicnamextreemmusicimagenamelogosuchaslabellogojpgimagesizesizeimagebgbackgroundcolorforlogoshouldremainemptywhiteunlessrequiredparentparentcompanysuchaswarnermusicgroupfoundedfounderdaverottenstatusleaveblankunlessinactiveordefunctdistributordistributorsseparatewithcommasorbrgenreextrememetalcountryspainlocationmadridurlxtreemmusicisanindependentrecordlabelindependentspainspanishrecordlabelfoundedafterthecollapseofrepulserecordsinandmanagedbydaverottenvocalistofavulseditmainlyproduceextrememetalextremedeathmetalandblackmetalbandsonaprilthxtreemmusicannouncedthatiraniandeathmetalbandazoomabandazoomahavesignedaworldwidecontractwiththerecordlabelbandsaltarofsinholocaustocanibalkronosbandkronosavulsedmurderdeathkillabaddonincarnateanvilofdoomdemigodbanddemigodfunebrepaganizervorkreistazoomabankdazoomadyingoutflamementaldemiseseealsolistofrecordlabelsexternallinksreferencesxtreemmusicxtreemmusicxtreemmusicserbianarmedforceshelleniccyclingfederationhelleniccyclingfederationredirectcategoryshellngarabicletterredirectcategoryshellrussiancyclingfederationredirectcategoryshellthedriveoflifeimagepmgroundpngthumbthefirstpartialsumsofthegraphissituatedwithpositiveintegerstotherightandnegativeintegerstotheleftinmathematicsistheseriesmathematicsinfiniteserieswhosetermsarethesuccessivepositiveintegersgivenalternatingseriesalternatingsignsusingsummationsigmasummationnotationthesumofthefirstmtermsoftheseriescanbeexpressedasmathsumnmnnmaththeinfiniteseriesdivergentseriesdivergesmeaningthatitssequenceofpartialsumsdoesnottendtowardsanyfinitelimitofasequencelimitnonethelessinthemidthcenturyleonhardeulerwrotewhatheadmittedtobealistofparadoxesmathematicsparadoxicalequationmathcdotsfracmatharigourmathematicalrigourrigorousexplanationofthisequationwouldnotarriveuntilmuchlaterstartinginernestocesromileborelandothersinvestigatedwelldefinedmethodstoassigngeneralizedsumstodivergentseriesincludingnewinterpretationsofeulersattemptsmanyofthesesummabilitymethodseasilyassigntoavalueofcesrosummationisoneofthefewmethodsthatdonotsumsotheseriesisanexamplewhereaslightlystrongermethodsuchasdivergentseriesabelianmeansabelsummationisrequiredtheseriesiscloselyrelatedtograndisserieseulertreatedthesetwoasspecialcasesofforarbitrarynalineofresearchextendinghisworkonthebaselproblemandleadingtowardsthefunctionalequationsofwhatarenowknownasthedirichletetafunctionandtheriemannzetafunctiondivergencetheseriestermsdonotapproachnumberthereforedivergesbythetermtestforlaterreferenceitwillalsobeusefultoseethedivergenceonafundamentallevelbydefinitiontheconvergenceordivergenceofaninfiniteseriesisdeterminedbythelimitofasequenceconvergenceordivergenceofitssequenceofpartialsumsandthepartialsumsofarethissequenceisnotableforincludingeveryintegerexactlyonceevenifonecountstheemptysumemptypartialsumandtherebyestablishingthecountablesetcountabilityofthesetmathmathbbzmathofintegersthesequenceofpartialsumsclearlyshowsthattheseriesdoesnotconvergetoaparticularnumberforanyproposedlimitxwecanfindapointbeyondwhichthesubsequentpartialsumsarealloutsidetheintervalxxsodivergesheuristicsforsummationstabilityandlinearitysincethetermsfollowasimplepatterntheseriescanbemanipulatedbyshiftingandtermbytermadditiontoyieldanumericalvalueifitcanmakesensetowriteforsomeordinarynumbersthefollowingmanipulationsargueformathbeginarrayrclllllscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotssendarraymathimagepmlinearitysvgthumbrightaddingcopiesofusingonlyshiftsandtermbytermadditionyieldstheleftsideandrightsideeachdemonstratestwocopiesofaddingtosomathsfracmaththisderivationisdepictedgraphicallyontherightalthoughdoesnothaveasumintheusualsensetheequationcanbesupportedasthemostnaturalanswerifsuchasumistobedefinedageneralizationgeneralizeddefinitionofthesumofadivergentseriesiscalledasummationmethodorsummabilitymethodtherearemanydifferentmethodssomeofwhicharedescribedspecificmethodsbelowanditisdesirablethattheysharedivergentseriespropertiesofsummationmethodscertainpropertieswithordinarysummationwhattheabovemanipulationsactuallyproveisthefollowinggivenanysummabilitymethodthatisdivergentseriespropertiesofsummationmethodslinearandstableandsumstheseriesthesumitproducesisfurthermoresincemathbeginarrayrcllllscdotscdotscdotscdotscdotsscdotsendarraymathsuchamethodmustalsosumgrandisseriesascauchyproductinernestocesroexpressedhopethatdivergentserieswouldberigorouslybroughtintocalculuspointingoutonealreadywritesandassertsthatboththesidesareequaltoforcesrothisequationwasanapplicationofatheoremhehadpublishedthepreviousyearwhichisthefirsttheoreminthehistoryofsummabledivergentseriesthedetailsonhissummationmethodarecesroandhlderbelowthecentralideaisthatisthecauchyproductdiscreteconvolutionofwiththecauchyproductoftwoinfiniteseriesisdefinedevenwhenbothofthemaredivergentinthecasewhereasubnsubbsubnsubsupnsupthetermsofthecauchyproductaregivenbythefinitediagonalsumsmathbeginarrayrclcndisplaystylesumknakbnksumknknkemdisplaystylesumknnnnendarraymaththeproductseriesisthenmathsumninftynncdotsmaththusasummationmethodthatrespectsthecauchyproductoftwoseriesandassignstotheseriesthesumwillalsoassigntotheseriesthesumwiththeresultoftheprevioussectionthisimpliesanequivalencebetweensummabilityofandwithmethodsthatarelinearstableandrespectthecauchyproductcesrostheoremisasubtleexampletheseriesiscesrosummableintheweakestsensecalledwhilerequiresastrongerformofcesrostheorembeingsinceallformsofcesrostheoremarelinearandstablethevaluesofthesumsareaswehavecalculatedspecificmethodscesroandhlderimagepmmeanssvgthumbrightdataaboutthehsumoftofindtheccesrosummationcesrosumofifitexistsoneneedstocomputethearithmeticmeansofthepartialsumsoftheseriesthepartialsumsareandthearithmeticmeansofthesepartialsumsarethissequenceofmeansdoesnotconvergesoisnotcesrosummabletherearetwowellknowngeneralizationsofcesrosummationtheconceptuallysimpleroftheseisthesequenceofhnmethodsfornaturalnumbersnthehsumiscesrosummationandhighermethodsrepeatthecomputationofmeansabovetheevenmeansconvergetowhiletheoddmeansareallequaltosothemeansofthemeansconvergetotheaverageofandnamelysoishsummabletothehstandsforottohlderwhofirstprovedinwhatmathematiciansnowthinkofastheconnectionbetweendivergentseriesabelianmeansabelsummationandhnsummationwashisfirstexamplethefactthatisthehsumofguaranteesthatitistheabelsumaswellthiswillalsobeproveddirectlybelowtheothercommonlyformulatedgeneralizationofcesrosummationisthesequenceofcnmethodsithasbeenproventhatcnsummationandhnsummationalwaysgivethesameresultsbuttheyhavedifferenthistoricalbackgroundsincesrocameclosetostatingthedefinitionofcnsummationbuthegaveonlyafewexamplesinparticularhesummedtobyamethodthatmayberephrasedascnbutwasnotjustifiedassuchatthetimeheformallydefinedthecnmethodsininordertostatehistheoremthatthecauchyproductofacnsummableseriesandacmsummableseriesiscmnsummableabelsummationimagepmabelsvgthumbleftpxsomepartialsofxxsupsupxsupsupandlimitsatinareportleonhardeuleradmitsthattheseriesdivergesbutpreparestosumitanywaythatmustappearparadoxicalforbyaddingtermsofthisserieswegethoweverthesumoftermsgiveswhichisquitedifferentfromandbecomesstillgreaterwhenoneincreasesthenumberoftermsbutihavealreadynoticedataprevioustimethatitisnecessarytogivetothewordsumamoreextendedmeaningnbspeulerproposedageneralizationofthewordsumseveraltimesinthecaseofhisideasaresimilartowhatisnowknownasdivergentseriesabelianmeansabelsummationsinceitarisesfromtheexpansionoftheformulawhosevalueisincontestablytheideabecomesclearerbyconsideringthegeneralseriesxxsupsupxsupsupxsupsupxsupsupcthatariseswhileexpandingtheexpressionwhichthisseriesisindeedequaltoafterwesettherearemanywaystoseethatatleastforabsolutevalueseulerisrightinthatmathxxxcdotsfracxmathonecantakethetaylorseriestaylorexpansionoftherighthandsideorapplytheformalpolynomiallongdivisionlongdivisionprocessforpolynomialsstartingfromthelefthandsideonecanfollowthegeneralheuristicsaboveandtrymultiplyingbytwiceorsquarealgebrasquaringthegeometricserieseuleralsoseemstosuggestderivativedifferentiatingthelatterseriestermbyterminthemodernviewtheseriesxxsupsupxsupsupdoesnotdefineafunctionmathematicsfunctionatsothatvaluecannotsimplybesubstitutedintotheresultingexpressionsincethefunctionisdefinedforallonecanstilltakethelimitasxapproachesandthisisthedefinitionoftheabelsummathlimxrightarrowsumninftynxnlimxrightarrowfracxfracmatheulerandborelimagepmeulersvgrightthumbeulersummationtoeulerappliedanothertechniquetotheseriesthebinomialtransformeulertransformeulertransformoneofhisowninventionstocomputetheeulertransformonebeginswiththesequenceofpositivetermsthatmakesupthealternatingseriesinthiscasethefirstelementofthissequenceislabeledasubsubnextoneneedsthesequenceofdifferenceoperatorforwarddifferencesamongthisisjustthefirstelementofthissequenceislabeledasubsubtheeulertransformalsodependsondifferencesofdifferencesandhigheriteratedfunctioniterationsbutalltheforwarddifferencesamongaretheeulertransformofisthendefinedasmathfracafracdeltaafracdeltaacdotsfracfracmathinmodernterminologyonesaysthatiseulersummationeulersummabletotheeulersummabilityimpliesanotherkindofsummabilityaswellrepresentingasmathsumkinftyaksumkinftykkmathonehastherelatedeverywhereconvergentseriesmathaxsumkinftyfrackkxkkxsumkinftyfracxkkexxmaththeborelsummationborelsumofisthereforemathintinftyexaxdxintinftyexxdxfracpartialpartialbetabiggintinftyebetaxdxfracpartialpartialbetabiggbetafracmathseparationofscalessaichevandwoyczyskiarriveatbyapplyingonlytwophysicalprinciplesinfinitesimalrelaxationandseparationofscalestobeprecisetheseprinciplesleadthemtodefineabroadfamilyofsummationmethodsallofwhichsumtheseriestoifxisafunctionwhosefirstandsecondderivativesarecontinuousandintegrableoversuchthatandthelimitsofxandxxatareboththenmathlimdeltarightarrowsumminftymmvarphideltamfracmaththisresultgeneralizesabelsummationwhichisrecoveredbylettingxexpxthegeneralstatementcanbeprovedbypairingupthetermsintheseriesovermandconvertingtheexpressionintoariemannintegralforthelatterstepthesummationofgrandisseriesseparationofscalescorrespondingproofforappliesthemeanvaluetheorembuthereoneneedsthestrongerlagrangeformoftaylorstheoremgeneralizationimagepmeulerivpngthumbexcerptfrompoftheenbspinstitutionescalculidifferentialiscumeiususuinanalysifinitorumacdoctrinaserierumeulersumssimilarseriescathethreefoldcauchyproductofisthealternatingseriesoftriangularnumbersitsabelandeulersumisthefourfoldcauchyproductofisthealternatingseriesoftetrahedralnumberswhoseabelsumisanothergeneralizationofinaslightlydifferentdirectionistheseriesforothervaluesofnforpositiveintegersntheseserieshavethefollowingabelsumsmathnncdotsfracnnbnmathwherebsubnsubarethebernoullinumbersforevennthisreducestomathkkcdotsmaththislastsumbecameanobjectofparticularridiculebynielshenrikabelinblockquotedivergentseriesareonthewholedevilsworkanditisashamethatonedarestofoundanyproofonthemonecangetoutofthemwhatonewantsifoneusesthemanditistheywhichhavemadesomuchunhappinessandsomanyparadoxescanonethinkofanythingmoreappallingthantosaythatsupnsupsupnsupsupnsupetcwherenisapositivenumberheressomethingtolaughatfriendscesrosteachereugnecharlescatalanalsodisparageddivergentseriesundercatalansinfluencecesroinitiallyreferredtotheconventionalformulasforasabsurdequalitiesandincesroexpressedatypicalviewofthetimethattheformulaswerefalsebutstillsomehowformallyusefulfinallyinhissurlamultiplicationdessriescesrotookamodernapproachstartingfromdefinitionstheseriesarealsostudiedfornonintegervaluesofnthesemakeupthedirichletetafunctionpartofeulersmotivationforstudyingseriesrelatedtowasthefunctionalequationoftheetafunctionwhichleadsdirectlytothefunctionalequationoftheriemannzetafunctioneulerhadalreadybecomefamousforfindingthevaluesofthesefunctionsatpositiveevenandoddnumbersevenintegersincludingthebaselproblemandhewasattemptingtofindthevaluesatthepositiveevenandoddnumbersoddintegersincludingaprysconstantaswellaproblemthatremainselusivetodaytheetafunctioninparticulariseasiertodealwithbyeulersmethodsbecauseitsdirichletseriesisabelsummableeverywherethezetafunctionsdirichletseriesismuchhardertosumwhereitdivergesforexamplethecounterpartofinthezetafunctionisthenonalternatingserieswhichhasdeepapplicationsinmodernphysicsbutrequiresmuchstrongermethodstosumreferencesfootnotesoriginallypublishedasndedpublishedbychelseapubcoauthoralsoknownasaimarkushevichandalekseivanovitchmarkouchevitchalsopublishedinbostonmassbyheathwithadditionallyseealsoxenotropicmurineleukemiavirusrelatedvirusyurigagarinxboxgamesstoremayrefertonitroexpressarimmedmetalliccartridgetyrannosauratypeofcartridgedevelopedbyasquareinforbiggamehuntinginafricamartinihenryablackpowdercenterfireroundusedbythebritishandbritishempiremilitarieslistoflizziemcguireepisodesredirectxerezcdbariabandddtbandyurishevchukkipelovsergeymavrinmasterrussianbandcentsspleaninyourdistantvicinityinfoboxalbumnametypealbumartistauthorityzerocoveralbumjpgaltreleasedjanuaryrecordedvenuestudiogenrepunkrockpoppunkskapunkreggaelengthlabelbigpandarecordsproducerryangreeneprevtitlerhythmandboozeprevyearnexttitlestoriesofsurvivalnextyearisthethirdalbumreleasedbypunkrockpunkbandauthorityzeroitwasreleasedonjanuaryonbigpandarecordsmusicvideosweremadeforthesongsthebraveryandnoregretsreceptionpunknewsorgreportedthatthealbumwasastepupfromandiamoandonparwithapassageintimeauthorityzerohasdeliveredasolidstandoutalbumonceagainalbumratingsrevallmusicrevscorerefnameamrefrevreadjunkrevscorerefnamerjrefnoproseyestracklistingtracklisttitlewakeupcalllengthtitleonedgelengthtitlecouragelengthtitlenoregretslengthtitletalkischeaplengthtitlethebraverylengthtitlecarpediemlengthtitlesirenslengthtitlelengthtitlememorylanelengthtitledrunkensailorlengthtitlebrokendreamslengthtitlebreakfreelengthnotescrimeandpunishmentinfoboxtelephoneareacodetrunkcodeareacodeareanametynesidedurhamsunderlandnumberformatxxxxxxxlocatormapcountryunitedkingdomcodedescriptorareacodecountrycallingcodeconservationnoactivedatephonedayaprilpreviouscodesearliercodesareaservedchesterlestreetbrdurhamenglanddurhambreasingtoncountydurhameasingtonbrpeterleebrcityofsunderlandsunderlandbrtynesidecodeslistlistofdiallingcodesintheunitedkingdomistheuktelephonetelephonenumberingplandiallingcodeusedbynewcastledurhamsunderlandandothernearbyareasinthenortheastofenglandareascoverednumberingintheareaisofficiallydividedintothreedistinctareaseachwiththeirownbatchesoflocalsubscribernumbersclasswikitablenumberrangeofficialdesignationnotesxxxxxxtynesidemainlynorthtynesidenewcastleupontyneandpartsofnorthumberlandxxxxxxdurhamenglanddurhamalsochesterlestreetxxxxxxtynesideoriginallyexclusivetosouthtynesidewashingtontyneandwearandgatesheadxxxxxxcityofsunderlandsunderlandalsoeastdurhamxxxxxxtynesideprimarilyvoipvirtualoperatorsandoverflowfromxxxxxxrangefornewcastlecitycentrexxxxxxsunderlandextracapacityassignedinfollowingconsultationrefnameofcomconsstakeholdersofcomorgukconsultationstelephonenumberingofcomtelephonenumberingproposalsformodificationstothenationaltelephonenumberingplangeneralconditionandthetelephonenumberapplicationformswithinexistingnumberingpolicystakeholdersofcomorgukrefxxxxxxtynesideextracapacityassignedinfollowingconsultationxxxxxxdurhamextracapacityassignedinfollowingconsultationinpracticesomeofthedistinctionbetweentheseareashasbeenlostduetodifferinglevelsofdemandineachareaandtheneedtofindsufficientblocksofnumbersforthemanycompetingtelephonecompaniesthatnowexistinparticulartheoriginaldistinctionbetweennorthtynesidexxxxxxandsouthtynesidexxxxxxhasbeenobscuredastheformerrangereachedfullcapacityandrecentallocationsnorthoftherivertynetynehavemadeuseofsparecapacityinthexxxxxxrangefurtheranomaliesincludedurhamprefixessuchasbeingusedbycablewirelessplccablewirelessinnewcastlecitycentreandbeingusedbybtinsouthshieldsanareatraditionallyxxnewconnectionswithtalktalkhavetheprefixornomatterwhereintheareatheyresideandallnewskytelephonelineshavetheprefixandwithinthearearegardlessoflocationlocaldiallingomittingtheareacodeandusingonlythesevendigitsubscribernumberispossiblethroughoutthearearegardlessoflocationorserviceprovidernumberingconsultationthereleaseoflocalnumbersstartingandfollowedconsultationbyofcominwhichtheregulatorstateditsplanstoissueremainingunusednumbersintheareacodeinawaythatpreservesthreedistinctgeographicalgroupingsofcomsinitialproposalincludedallocatingthexxxxxxrangetotynesideandthexxxxxxrangetosunderlandtheseassignmentswerereversedfollowingconsultationfeedbackfromindividualsandbtgroupbthistoryofthecodetheoriginalareacodewasintroducedinandphasedinoveraperiodofapproximatelyfiveyearsitwasthenewesttwofigurestdcodesincethestdsystemwasintroducedintotheukpriortolondonbeingsplitintotwostdcodesanditwaslaterchangedtoasapartofphonedayalthoughithadnolettermnemonicofficiallyascribedtotheduetothecodebeingintroducedyearsafterallfigurediallingwhichsawexistinglettermnemonicsbeingconvertedtotheircorrespondingnumbersitwasbelievedthatthenumberwaschosenbecauseitcouldstandfortheyintynesideorthewinweardespitethecodealsobeingusedindurhamwhichpreviouslyuseddubecameandbecamebecamebecamethefirstareatobeconvertedwasnewcastleupontyneandthechangeovertookaboutmonthsstartinginnewcastlecitycentrefivedigitnumbersinallbeganwithsomonthsbeforetheschemestartedtheirnumberswereprefixedwiththatwouldallowthenumbertobeutilisedforthenorthtynenumberingpartoftheschemethefirstexchangestoconverttodigitdiallingwereblaydonbirtleytyneandwearbirtleyandwashingtontyneandwearwashingtontheirlocaldigitnumbersalreadybeganwithandweresituatedsouthoftherivertynetoalleviatemisdiallingandconfusiontheywerethefirstlocalitiestoconvertthemainproblemwasthatblaydonnumbersalreadybeganwithsomisdiallinginthatexchangewasinevitabletopreventmisdiallingbetweenxxxxandxxxxaplanwasdevisedtochangeallsouthtynenumbersbeginningwiththedigittodigitsbyinsertingbetweenthefirsttwodigitsmakingthemxxxxxinsteadnosimilarproblemsoccurredinnorthtynesideasnumberwasnolongerinusewasnotinuseincityofsunderlandsunderlandandwasneverusedindurhamenglanddurhamlocalnumberswerechangedasfollowsfrombirtleytyneandwearbirtleytoblaydontoandwashingtontyneandwearwashingtontoatthesametimerytontyneandwearrytontheonlyexchangeinthenewcastleareawithfigurenumberswasprefixedwithrytonwasstillutilisingtheoldcodefornewcastleringuntilitsconversiontorytonwasneverupgradedtopriortosevendigitdiallingallothernumberswereprefixedwithnorthoftherivertyneandsouthofitcityofsunderlandsunderlandfollowedwiththeprefixafterthetynesideschemewascompletedanddurhamenglanddurhamagainshortlyafterwithunliketynesidewhosechangeoveroccurredinstagestheentiredurhamandtheentiresunderlandchangeoveroccurredsimultaneouslyovernightfivedigitnumbersinsunderlandwereprefixedwithoregsunderlandbecameandbecamefivedigitnumbersindurhamenglanddurhamwereprefixedwithegdurhambecamereferencesmayrefertonumberthenaturalnumberfollowingandprecedingoneoftheyearsbcadfilmsfilmfilmagermanfilmthenumberafilmstarringjimcarreymusicagermanrapduoformedbybushidorapperbushidoandsidorappersidoalbumsalbumalbumbygermanrappersbushidoandsidoblonderedheadalbumblonderedheadalbumrythemalbumrythemalbumthethirdalbumfromthejapaneseduorythemshadowchildepshadowchildepfeaturingtymerthesilentsepthesilentsepuntitlednoaalbumbythechurchtwentythreeaalbumbytristanprettymantwentythreebythebandcarbonbasedlifeformssongssongsongbymikewillmadeitfeaturingmileycyruswizkhalifaandjuicyjasongbyrapduofromalbumasongbyblonderedheadfromblonderedheadalbumasongbyjimmyeatworldfromtheiralbumfuturesalbumfuturesasongbymalumafromfamemalumaalbumfameasongbyshakirafromshakiraalbumshakiraasongbysimonnealeasshadowchildasongbythesilentsfromthesilentseptwentythreeasongbyiusingeriufromchatshiretwentythreeasongbyjohngoodisonmusicianbigjohntwentythreeasongbystephenduffyduffytwentythreebyyellowcardtwentythreeforviolinsviolascellosacompositionbyjohncageotheruseswillgraceaepisodeofthesitcomnumerologyorenigmaasuperstitiousbeliefinthesignificanceofthenumberthenumberuglybettyepisodeoreastsidestoryseealsoskidoodisambiguationspeciesboxstatusddstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucndownloadedonfebruaryrefgenusxipholeptosparentauthorityamandareidmalacologistreidstrugnellrefnameireidalstrugnelljmanewpygmysquididiosepiushallaminspcephalopodaidiosepiidaefromeasternaustraliaandelevationofthesouthernendemicnotoidescladetoanewgenusxipholeptosngenzootaxarefspeciesnotoidesauthoritysamuelstillmanberryberrysynonymsidiosepiusnotoidessmallberrysmallsynonymsrefrefnamewormsrefxipholeptosnotoidescommonlyknownasthesouthernpygmysquidisthesolespeciesinthecephalopodgenusxipholeptosfemalesgrowtonbspmminmantlemolluscmantlelengthwhilemalesarenotknowntoexceednbspmminmantlelengththisspeciesoccursinbedsofseagrassinbaysandinletswhereitfeedsduringthenightnightonsmallcrustaceanssuchasshrimpinthedaytimetheyremainhiddenwithintheseagrassadheringtotheleavesoftheseagrassusingaglueexcretedbyaglandonthedorsalsurfaceofthebodythefemalesattachtheeggsontoseagrassbladesmosttypicallyspeciesofthegeneraheterozosteraandzosterathereisthoughttobeapelagicstageduringthisspeciesdevelopmentthetypebiologytypespecimentypespecimenwascollectedoffgoolwasouthaustraliagoolwasouthaustraliaaustraliaandisdepositedatthesouthaustralianmuseuminadelaiderefnamerecentmnhsieducephsnewclasspdfcurrentclassificationofrecentcephalopodarefreferencesfurtherreadingeysterlslmvancampbiologicalbulletinmarinebiologicallaboratorywoodsholematraceysrmasteergtpecljournalofthemarinebiologicalassociationoftheunitedkingdomexternallinkscephbaseutmbeduspdbgenlinkscfmcephidgenbanklinksforgeneticinformationonidiosepiusnotoidesorganizationxiiitheinfiniteserieswhosetermsarethenaturalnumbersisadivergentseriesthenthpartialsumoftheseriesisthetriangularnumbermathsumknkfracnnmathwhichincreaseswithoutboundasngoestoinfinitybecausethesequenceofpartialsumsfailstolimitofasequenceconvergetoafinitelimittheseriesmathematicsseriesdoesnothaveasumalthoughtheseriesseemsatfirstsightnottohaveanymeaningfulvalueatallitcanbemanipulatedtoyieldanumberofmathematicallyinterestingresultssomeofwhichhaveapplicationsinotherfieldssuchascomplexanalysisquantumfieldtheoryandstringtheorymanysummationmethodsareusedinmathematicstoassignnumericalvalueseventoadivergentseriesinparticularthemethodsofzetafunctionregularizationandramanujansummationassigntheseriesavalueofwhichisexpressedbyafamousformulamathcdotsfracmathwherethelefthandsidehastobeinterpretedasbeingthevalueobtainedbyusingoneoftheaforementionedsummationmethodsandnotasthesumofaninfiniteseriesinitsusualmeaninginamonographonmoonshinetheoryterrygannoncallsthisequationoneofthemostremarkableformulaeinsciencepartialsumsthepartialsumsoftheseriesareetcthenthpartialsumisgivenbyasimpleformulamathsumknkfracnnmaththisequationwasknowntothepythagoreansasearlyasthesixthcenturybcenumbersofthisformarecalledtriangularnumbersbecausetheycanbearrangedasanequilateraltriangletheinfinitesequenceoftriangularnumbersdivergestosobydefinitiontheinfiniteseriesalsodivergestothedivergenceisasimpleconsequenceoftheformoftheseriesthetermsdonotapproachzerosotheseriesdivergesbythetermtestsummabilityamongtheclassicaldivergentseriesisrelativelydifficulttomanipulateintoafinitevaluemanysummationmethodsareusedtoassignnumericalvaluestodivergentseriessomemorepowerfulthanothersforexamplecesrosummationisawellknownmethodthatsumsgrandisseriesthemildlydivergentseriestoabelsummationisamorepowerfulmethodthatnotonlysumsgrandisseriestobutalsosumsthetrickierseriestounliketheaboveseriesisnotcesrosummablenorabelsummablethosemethodsworkonoscillatingdivergentseriesbuttheycannotproduceafiniteanswerforaseriesthatdivergestomostofthemoreelementarydefinitionsofthesumofadivergentseriesarestableandlinearandanymethodthatisbothstableandlinearcannotsumtoafinitevalueseebelowmoreadvancedmethodsarerequiredsuchaszetafunctionregularizationorramanujansummationitisalsopossibletoargueforthevalueofusingsomeroughheuristicsrelatedtothesemethodsheuristicssfirstnotebookdescribingtheconstantoftheseriessrinivasaramanujanpresentedtwoderivationsofinchapterofhisfirstnotebookthesimplerlessrigorousderivationproceedsintwostepsasfollowsthefirstkeyinsightisthattheseriesofpositivenumberscloselyresemblesthealternatingseriesthelatterseriesisalsodivergentbutitismucheasiertoworkwiththereareseveralclassicalmethodsthatassignitavaluewhichhavebeenexploredsincethethcenturyinordertotransformtheseriesintoonecansubtractfromthesecondtermfromthefourthtermfromthesixthtermandsoonthetotalamounttobesubtractediswhichistimestheoriginalseriestheserelationshipscanbeexpressedusingalgebrawhateverthesumoftheseriesmightbecallitthenmultiplythisequationbyandsubtractthesecondequationfromthefirstmathbeginalignatccdotsccdotscccdotsendalignatmaththesecondkeyinsightisthatthealternatingseriesistheformalpowerseriesexpansionofthefunctionbutwithxdefinedasaccordinglyramanujanwritesmathccdotsfracfracmathdividingbothsidesbyonegetscnbspnbspgenerallyspeakingitisincorrecttomanipulateinfiniteseriesasiftheywerefinitesumsforexampleifzeroesareinsertedintoarbitrarypositionsofadivergentseriesitispossibletoarriveatresultsthatarenotselfconsistentletaloneconsistentwithothermethodsinparticularthestepisnotjustifiedbytheadditiveidentitylawaloneforanextremeexampleappendingasinglezerotothefrontoftheseriescanleadtoinconsistentresultsonewaytoremedythissituationandtoconstraintheplaceswherezeroesmaybeinsertedistokeeptrackofeachtermintheseriesbyattachingadependenceonsomefunctionintheserieseachtermnisjustanumberifthetermnispromotedtoafunctionnsupssupwheresisacomplexvariablethenonecanensurethatonlyliketermsareaddedtheresultingseriesmaybemanipulatedinamorerigorousfashionandthevariablescanbesettolatertheimplementationofthisstrategyiscalledzetafunctionregularizationzetafunctionregularizationinzetafunctionregularizationtheseriesmathsumninftynmathisreplacedbytheseriesmathsumninftynsmaththelatterseriesisanexampleofadirichletserieswhentherealpartofsisgreaterthanthedirichletseriesconvergesanditssumistheriemannzetafunctionsontheotherhandthedirichletseriesdivergeswhentherealpartofsislessthanorequaltosoinparticulartheseriesthatresultsfromsettingsdoesnotconvergethebenefitofintroducingtheriemannzetafunctionisthatitcanbedefinedforothervaluesofsbyanalyticcontinuationonecanthendefinethezetaregularizedsumoftobefromthispointthereareafewwaystoprovethatonemethodalongthelinesofeulersreasoningusestherelationshipbetweentheriemannzetafunctionandthedirichletetafunctionstheetafunctionisdefinedbyanalternatingdirichletseriessothismethodparallelstheearlierheuristicswherebothdirichletseriesconvergeonehastheidentitiesmathbeginalignatzetassssssscdotstimesszetastimesstimesstimesscdotsleftsrightzetassssssscdotsetasendalignatmaththeidentitymathszetasetasmathcontinuestoholdwhenbothfunctionsareextendedbyanalyticcontinuationtoincludevaluesofsforwhichtheaboveseriesdivergesubstitutingonegetsnowcomputingisaneasiertaskastheetafunctionisequaltotheabelsumofitsdefiningseriesrefrefwhichisaonesidedlimitmathzetaetalimxtoleftxxxcdotsrightlimxtofracxfracmathdividingbothsidesbyonegetscutoffregularizationmultipleimageimagesumplainsvgaltagraphdepictingtheserieswithlayeredboxescaptiontheseriesimagesumsmoothedsvgaltagraphdepictingthesmoothedserieswithlayeredcurvingstripescaptionaftersmoothingthemethodofregularizationusingacutofffunctioncansmooththeseriestoarriveatsmoothingisaconceptualbridgebetweenzetafunctionregularizationwithitsrelianceoncomplexanalysisandramanujansummationwithitsshortcuttotheeulermaclaurinformulainsteadthemethodoperatesdirectlyonconservativetransformationsoftheseriesusingmethodsfromrealanalysistheideaistoreplacetheillbehaveddiscreteseriesmathsumnnnmathwithasmoothedversionmathsumninftynfleftfracnnrightmathwherefisacutofffunctionwithappropriatepropertiesthecutofffunctionmustbenormalizedtothisisadifferentnormalizationfromtheoneusedindifferentialequationsthecutofffunctionshouldhaveenoughboundedderivativestosmoothoutthewrinklesintheseriesanditshoulddecaytofasterthantheseriesgrowsforconvenienceonemayrequirethatfissmoothfunctionsmoothboundedfunctionboundedandcompactlysupportedonecanthenprovethatthissmoothedsumisasymptotictocnsupsupwherecisaconstantthatdependsonftheconstanttermoftheasymptoticexpansiondoesnotdependonfitisnecessarilythesamevaluegivenbyanalyticcontinuationnbspramanujansummationtheramanujansummationramanujansumofisalsonbspramanujanwroteinhissecondlettertoghhardydatedfebruarydearsiriamverymuchgratifiedonperusingyourletterofthethfebruaryiwasexpectingareplyfromyousimilartotheonewhichamathematicsprofessoratlondonwroteaskingmetostudycarefullythomasjohniansonbromwichbromwichsinfiniteseriesandnotfallintothepitfallsofdivergentseriesitoldhimthatthesumofaninfinitenumberoftermsoftheseriesundermytheoryifitellyouthisyouwillatoncepointouttomethelunaticasylumasmygoalidilateonthissimplytoconvinceyouthatyouwillnotbeabletofollowmymethodsofproofifiindicatethelinesonwhichiproceedinasingleletterramanujansummationisamethodtoisolatetheconstanttermintheeulermaclaurinformulaforthepartialsumsofaseriesforafunctionftheclassicalramanujansumoftheseriesmathsumkinftyfkmathisdefinedasmathcfracfsumkinftyfracbkkfkmathwherefsupksupistheknbspnbspthderivativeoffandbsubksubisthekthbernoullinumberandsoonsettingthefirstderivativeoffisandeveryothertermvanishessorefnameberndtrefmathcfractimesfracfracmathtoavoidinconsistenciesthemoderntheoryoframanujansummationrequiresthatfisregularinthesensethatthehigherorderderivativesoffdecayquicklyenoughfortheremaindertermsintheeulermaclaurinformulatotendtoramanujantacitlyassumedthispropertytheregularityrequirementpreventstheuseoframanujansummationuponspacedoutserieslikebecausenoregularfunctiontakesthosevaluesinsteadsuchaseriesmustbeinterpretedbyzetafunctionregularizationforthisreasonhardyrecommendsgreatcautionwhenapplyingtheramanujansumsofknownseriestofindthesumsofrelatedseriesfailureofstablelinearsummationmethodsasummationmethodthatisdivergentseriespropertiesofsummationmethodslinearandstablecannotsumtheseriestoanyfinitevaluestablemeansthataddingatermtothebeginningoftheseriesincreasesthesumbythesameamountthiscanbeseenasfollowsifxthenaddingtobothsidesgivesxxbystabilitybylinearityonemaysubtractthesecondequationfromthefirstsubtractingeachcomponentofthesecondlinefromthefirstlineincolumnstogivexxaddingtobothsidesagaingivesandsubtractingthelasttwoseriesgivescontradictingstabilitythemethodsusedabovetosumareeithernotstableornotlinearphysicsinbosonicstringtheorytheattemptistocomputethepossibleenergylevelsofastringinparticularthelowestenergylevelspeakinginformallyeachharmonicofthestringcanbeviewedasacollectionofdnbspnbspindependentquantumharmonicoscillatorsoneforeachtransversewavetransversedirectionwheredisthedimensionofspacetimeifthefundamentaloscillationfrequencyisthentheenergyinanoscillatorcontributingtothenthharmonicissousingthedivergentseriesthesumoverallharmonicsisultimatelyitisthisfactcombinedwiththegoddardthorntheoremwhichleadstobosonicstringtheoryfailingtobeconsistentindimensionsotherthantheregularizationofisalsoinvolvedincomputingthecasimirforcederivationofcasimireffectassumingzetaregularizationcasimirforceforascalarfieldinonedimensionanexponentialcutofffunctionsufficestosmooththeseriesrepresentingthefactthatarbitrarilyhighenergymodesarenotblockedbytheconductingplatesthespatialsymmetryoftheproblemisresponsibleforcancelingthequadratictermoftheexpansionallthatisleftistheconstanttermandthenegativesignofthisresultreflectsthefactthatthecasimirforceisattractiveasimilarcalculationisinvolvedinthreedimensionsusingtherealanalyticeisensteinseriesepsteinzetafunctionepsteinzetafunctioninplaceoftheriemannzetafunctionhistoryitisunclearwhetherleonhardeulersummedtheseriestoaccordingtomorrisklineeulersearlyworkondivergentseriesreliedonfunctionexpansionsfromwhichheconcludedaccordingtoraymondayoubthefactthatthedivergentzetaseriesisnotabelsummablepreventedeulerfromusingthezetafunctionasfreelyastheetafunctionandhecouldnothaveattachedameaningtotheseriesotherauthorshavecreditedeulerwiththesumsuggestingthateulerwouldhaveextendedtherelationshipbetweenthezetaandetafunctionstonegativeintegersintheprimaryliteraturetheseriesismentionedineulerspublicationdeseriebusdivergentibusalongsidethedivergentgeometricserieseulerhintsthatseriesofthistypehavefinitenegativesumsandheexplainswhatthismeansforgeometricseriesbuthedoesnotreturntodiscussinthesamepublicationeulerwritesthatthesumofisinfiniteinpopularmediadavidleavittsnoveltheindianclerkincludesascenewherehardyandjohnedensorlittlewoodlittlewooddiscussthemeaningofthisseriestheyconcludethatramanujanhasrediscoveredandtheytakethelunaticasylumlineinhissecondletterasasignthatramanujanistoyingwiththemsimonmcburneysplayadisappearingnumberfocusesontheseriesintheopeningscenethemaincharacterruthwalksintoalecturehallandintroducestheideaofadivergentseriesbeforeproclaimingimgoingtoshowyousomethingreallythrillingnamelyasruthlaunchesintoaderivationofthefunctio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aftersmoothinginmathematicsalsowrittenmathsumninfinnmathmathsumninfinnmathorsimplymathsumninfinmathisadivergentseriesmeaningthatitssequenceofpartialsumsdoesnotconvergetoalimitofasequencelimitintherealnumbersthesequencesupsupcanbethoughtofasageometricserieswiththegeometricseriescommonratiocommonratiounlikeothergeometricserieswithrationalnumberrationalratioexceptitconvergesinneithertherealnumbersnorinthepadicnumberadicnumbersforsomenbspinthecontextoftheextendedrealnumberlinemathsumninfininftymathsinceitssequenceofpartialsumsincreasesmonotonicfunctionmonotonicallywithoutboundwherethesumofoccursintheoreticalphysicsphysicalapplicationsitmaysometimesbeinterpretedbyzetafunctionregularizationasthevalueatoftheriemannzetafunctionmathzetassumninftyfracnsfracssumninftyfracnnsmaththetwoformulasgivenabovearenotvalidatzerohoweversoonemighttrytheanalyticcontinuationoftheriemannzetafunctionmathzetasspissinleftfracpisrightgammaszetasmathusingthisonegetsgiventhatmathzetafracpilimsrightarrowsinleftfracpisrightzetasfracpilimsrightarrowleftfracpisfracpisrightleftfracsrightfracmathwherethepowerseriesexpansionforaboutfollowsbecausehasasimplepoleofresiduecomplexanalysisresidueonethereinthissenseemilioelizaldepresentsananecdoteonattitudestowardtheseriesimplyingmaybeifyoudonotknowthisitisnousetocontinuelisteningseealsoharmonicseriesmathematicsharmonicseriesnotesexternallinksgijnjesuswepttheforwarddnarepairproteinxrccalsoknownasxrayrepaircrosscomplementingproteinisaproteinthatinhumansisencodedbythexrccgenexrccisinvolvedindnarepairwhereitcomplexeswithdnaligaseiiifunctioninfoboxproteinfamilyalignleftsymbolxrccnnamexrccnimagepdbxnaebijpgwidthcaptionnmrsolutionstructureofthesinglestrandbreakrepairproteinxrccnterminaldomainpfampfpfamclanclinterproiprsmartprositemeropsscopxnttcdbopmfamilyopmproteincazycddxrccisinvolvedintheefficientrepairofdnasinglestrandbreaksformedbyexposuretoionizingradiationandalkylatingagentsthisproteininteractswithdnaligaseiiidnapolymerasebetapolymerasebetaandpolyadpribosepolymerasepolyadpribosepolymerasetoparticipateinthebaseexcisionrepairpathwayitmayplayaroleindnaprocessingduringmeiogenesisandgeneticrecombinationrecombinationingermcellsararemicrosatellitegeneticsmicrosatellitepolymorphismbiologypolymorphisminthisgeneisassociatedwithcancerinpatientsofvaryingradiosensitivitythexrccproteindoesnothaveenzymaticactivitybutactsasascaffoldingproteinthatinteractswithmultiplerepairenzymesthescaffoldingallowstheserepairenzymestothencarryouttheirenzymaticstepsinrepairingdnaxrccisinvolvedinsinglestrandbreakrepairbaseexcisionrepairandnucleotideexcisionrepairrefnamelondonrefasreviewedbylondonxrccproteinhasthreeglobulardomainsconnectedbytwolinkersegmentsofandresiduesthexrccnterminaldomainbindstodnapolymerasebetathecterminalbrctdomaininteractswithdnaligligaseiiialphaandthecentraldomaincontainsaadpribosylationpolyadpribosebindingmotifthiscentraldomainallowsrecruitmentofxrcctopolymericadpribosethatformsonparpafterparpbindstosinglestrandbreaksthefirstlinkercontainsanuclearlocalizationsequenceandalsohasaregionthatinteractswithdnarepairproteinrevandrevrecruitstranslesionpolymerasesthesecondlinkerinteractswithpolynucleotidekinasephosphatasepnkpthatprocessesdnabrokenendsduringbaseexcisionrepairaprataxinactiveinsinglestranddnarepairandnonhomologousendjoiningandathirdproteindesignatedaprataxinandpnkplikefactorxrcchasanessentialroleinmicrohomologymediatedendjoiningmmejrepairofdoublestrandbreaksmmejisahighlyerrorpronednarepairpathwaythatresultsindeletionmutationsxrccisoneofproteinsrequiredforthispathwayrefnamepmidrefoverexpressionincancerxrccisoverexpressedinnonsmallcelllungcarcinomansclcrefnamekangrefandatanevenhigherlevelinmetastaticlymphnodesofnsclcunderexpressionincancerdeficiencyinxrccduetobeingzygosityheterozygousheterozygousforamutatedxrccgenecodingforatruncatedxrccproteinsuppressestumorgrowthinmicerefnamepettanbrewerrefunderthreeexperimentalconditionsforinducingthreetypesofcancercoloncancermelanomaorbreastcancermiceheterozygousforthisxrccmutationhadsubstantiallylowertumorvolumeornumberthanwildtypemiceundergoingthesamecarcinogenictreatmentscomparisonwithotherdnarepairgenesincancercancersareveryoftendeficientinexpressionofoneormorednarepairgenesbutoverexpressionofadnarepairgeneislessusualincancerforinstanceatleastdnarepairproteinswhenmutationallydefectiveingermlinecellscauseincreasedriskofcancerhereditarycancersyndromesseealsodnarepairfrequenciesofepimutationsindnarepairgenesepigeneticallyreduceddnarepairandcancerordinarilydeficientexpressionofadnarepairenzymeresultsinincreasedunrepaireddnadamageswhichthroughreplicationerrorsdnarepairtranslesionsynthesistranslesionsynthesisleadtomutationsandcancerhoweverxrccmediatedmicrohomologymediatedendjoiningmmejrepairisdirectlymutagenicsointhiscaseoverexpressionratherthanunderexpressionapparentlyleadstocancerreductionofmutagenicxrccmediatedmmejrepairleadstoreducedprogressionofcancerstructurethenmrsolutionsecondarystructurestructureofthexrccnterminaldomainbiologydomainxrccntdshowsthatthesecondarystructurestructuralcoreisabetasandwichwithbetastrandbetastrandsconnectedbyloopsthreealphahelixhelicesandtwoshorttwostrandedbetasheetsateachconnectionsidethexrccntdspecificallymolecularbindingbindssinglestrandbreakdnagappedandnickedandagappeddnabetapolcomplexchemistrycomplexrefnamepmidrefinteractionsxrcchasbeenshowntoproteinproteininteractioninteractwithapexrefnamepmidrefaprataxinaptxrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefoxoguanineglycosylaseoggrefnamepmidrefparprefnamepmidrefpcnapnkprefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefdnapolymerasebetapolbrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefandparprefnamepmidrefreferencesfurtherreadingexternallinksxeroxresearchandtechnologyinmathematicsistheinfiniteserieswhosetermsarethesuccessivepowersoftwowithalternatingsignsasageometricseriesitischaracterizedbyitsfirsttermnumberanditscommonratiomathsumknkmathasaseriesofrealnumbersitdivergentseriesdivergessointheusualsenseithasnosuminamuchbroadersensetheserieshasageneralizedsumofhistoricalargumentsgottfriedleibnizconsideredthedivergentalternatingseriesasearlyashearguedthatbysubtractingeitherontheleftorontherightonecouldproduceeitherpositiveornegativeinfinityandthereforebothanswersarewrongandthewholeshouldbefiniteleibnizdidnotquiteassertthattheserieshadasumbuthedidinferanassociationwithfollowingmercatorsmethodtheattitudethataseriescouldequalsomefinitequantitywithoutactuallyaddinguptoitasasumwouldbecommonplaceinthethcenturyalthoughnodistinctionismadeinmodernmathematicsafterchristianwolffphilosopherchristianwolffreadleibnizstreatmentofgrandisseriesinmidwolffwassopleasedwiththesolutionthathesoughttoextendthearithmeticmeanmethodtomoredivergentseriessuchasbrieflyifoneexpressesapartialsumofthisseriesasafunctionofthepenultimatetermoneobtainseitherorthemeanofthesevaluesisandassumingthatatinfinityyieldsasthevalueoftheseriesleibnizsintuitionpreventedhimfromstraininghissolutionthisfarandhewrotebackthatwolffsideawasinterestingbutinvalidforseveralreasonsthearithmeticmeansofneighboringpartialsumsdonotconvergetoanyparticularvalueandforallfinitecasesonehasnotgenerallythetermsofasummableseriesshoulddecreasetozeroevencouldbeexpressedasalimitofsuchseriesleibnizcounselswolfftoreconsidersothathemightproducesomethingworthyofscienceandhimselfmodernmethodsgeometricseriesanysummationmethodpossessingthepropertiesofdivergentseriespropertiesofsummationmethodsregularitylinearityandstabilitywillsumageometricseriesmathsumkinftyarkfracarmathinthiscaseanbspnbspandrnbspnbspsothesumiseulersummationinhisinstitutionesleonhardeulereffectivelytookwhatisnowcalledtheeulertransformofarrivingattheconvergentseriessincethelattersumstoeulerconcludedthathisideasoninfiniteseriesdonotquitefollowthemodernapproachtodayonesaysthatiseulersummationeulersummableandthatitseulersumisimagepmeulerpngthumbrightpxexcerptfromtheinstitutionestheeulertransformbeginswiththesequenceofpositivetermsasubsubasubsubasubsubasubsubthesequenceofforwarddifferencesisthenasubsubasubsubasubsubasubsubasubsubasubsubasubsubasubsubasubsubasubsubasubsubasubsubwhichisjustthesamesequencehencetheiteratedforwarddifferencesequencesallstartwithforeveryntheeulertransformistheseriesmathfracafracdeltaafracdeltaafracdeltaacdotsfracfracfracfraccdotsmaththisisaconvergentgeometricserieswhosesumisbytheusualformulaborelsummationtheborelsummationborelsumofisalsowhenmileborelintroducedthelimitformulationofborelsummationinthiswasoneofhisfirstexamplesaftergrandisseriesnotesreferencesimagehalfminusquarterpngframerightpxdemonstrationthatinmathematicstheinfiniteseriesisasimpleexampleofanalternatingseriesthatabsoluteconvergenceconvergesabsolutelyitisageometricserieswhosefirsttermisandwhosecommonratioissoitssumismathsumninftyfracnnfracfracfracfraccdotsfracfracfracfracmathhackenbushandthesurrealsimagehackenbushtwothirdssvgframerightdemonstrationofviaazerovaluegameaslightrearrangementoftheseriesreadsmathfracfracfracfraccdotsfracmaththeserieshastheformofapositiveintegerplusaseriescontainingeverynegativepoweroftwowitheitherapositiveornegativesignsoitcanbetranslatedintotheinfiniteblueredhackenbushstringthatrepresentsthesurrealnumberlrrlrlraslightlysimplerhackenbushstringeliminatestherepeatedrlrlrlrlintermsofthehackenbushgamestructurethisequationmeansthattheboarddepictedontherighthasavalueofwhicheverplayermovessecondhasawinningstrategyrelatedseriesthestatementthatisabsolutelyconvergentmeansthattheseriesisconvergentinfactthelatterseriesconvergestonumberanditprovesthatoneofthebinaryexpansionsofispairingupthetermsoftheseriesresultsinanothergeometricserieswiththesamesumthisseriesisoneofthefirsttobesummedinthehistoryofmathematicsitwasusedbyarchimedescircanbspbctheeulertransformofthedivergentseriesisthereforeeventhoughtheformerseriesdoesnothaveasumintheusualsenseitiseulersummationeulersummabletonotesreferencesredirectshabonoxuerenguihusseinfahmyredirectcategoryshellinfoboxbadmintonplayernamexiezhongboimageimagesizecaptionfullnamenicknamebirthnamebirthdatebirthplacehunanchinaresidenceheightmweightkgcountryyearsactivehandednessrightcoacheventmensmixeddoubleshi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enthecommunistnewfourtharmyandthenationalismnationalistforcesofthekuomintangthecampaigntookplaceduringthechinesecivilwarintheimmediatepostworldwariieraandresultedinacommunistvictorypreludelikesimilarclashesfollowingworldwariibetweenthecommunistsandthenationalistsinchinathexinghuacampaignstemmedfromchiangkaisheksrealizationthathisnationalistregimehadneithersufficienttroopsnoradequatetransportationtomovehisarmyintothejapaneseoccupiedregionsofchinachiangfearedthatthecommunistswhoalreadydominatedmuchofruralchinawouldfurtherexpandtheirterritoriesbybeingthefirstchinesefactiontoaccepttheofficialjapanesesurrenderthusaddingtheregionsoccupiedbyjapantotheareacontrolledbythecommunistschiangkaishekorderedthejapaneseandtheirwartimepuppetregimenottosurrendertothecommunistsandfurthermoretoquellunrestandfightoffthecommunistsuntiltheeventualarrivalofthenationalisttroopsoneresultofthexinghuacampaignwasthatmostofthemembersofthejapaneseinstalledpuppetregimerejoinedthenationalistswhomtheyhaddesertedfollowingtheearlierjapanesevictoryoverthenationalistarmytheseformernationalistsconsistedmostlyofchinesewarlorderawarlordsandtheirprivatearmiesonlynominallyunderchiangkaishekscontrolbeforeandafterworldwariithewarlordsfeltnoloyaltytoacausegreaterthantheirownandhaddefectedtothejapanesesidewhenjapaneseinvadersofferedtoletthemkeepsomeoftheirformerpowerinexchangefortheircollaborationalthoughthewarlordslackofloyaltyandindependencefromthenationalistpowerstructureposedagreatthreattochiangherecognisedthattheyneededtobehandledwithdelicacymovingagainstthewarlordswouldalienateotherfactionswithinthenationalistranksandwoulddeprivechiangofsoldierswhocouldgarrisonnationalistterritorythesemannedgarrisonswouldallowchiangsowntroopstofightthecommuniststhenationalistsstrategyinaccordancewithhisstrategytosimultaneouslysolvethewarlorderawarlordproblemthathadplaguedchinaforsolongandexterminatecommunismchiangkaishekandhisfollowershadhopedthattheseformerjapanesepuppetregimeswarlordswhorejoinedthenationalistswouldbeabletoholdontotheregionslongenoughforchiangtodeployhisowntroopstoholdoffthecommunistsifthecommunistswerevictoriousinsuchconflictshowevertheresultwouldstillbenefittochiangandchinabecausethepowerofthesewarlordswouldbereducedastheirmilitaryforcesweresmashedbythecommunistsandthewarlordproblemthatplaguedchinaforsolongcouldthusbegreatlyreducedatthesametimecommunistswouldbeweakenedbythefightsandchiangsowntroopswouldhaveaneasiertimetakingcontrolwarlordarmieshonortheformernationalistforceshadnoproblemfollowingchiangkaisheksordersastheywereeagertoprovethemselvesthesewarlordsandtheirtroopswerewellawarethatduetotheircollaborationwiththejapaneseinvadersduringthesecondsinojapanesewartheywereveryhatedbychinasgeneralpopulationespeciallybythosenationalistswhohadrefusedtosurrendertotheenemyandhadfoughttheenemyuntiltheeventualvictorythewarlordsandtheirarmieswouldcertainlybedisarmedanddischargedatbestandpossiblycompletelyeliminatedthustheysawchiangkaisheksorderforthemtofightthecommunistsasawayforthemtolegitimizethemselvesandretaintheirpowercommunistsstrategythecommunistsstrategywasmuchsimplerthanthatofthenationalistsbecausetherewerenosignificantdivisionwithinthecommunistranksastherewerewiththenationalistranksthecommunistshadalreadyearnedconsiderablepopularsupportbybeingtheonlyremainingregionalchineseforcetocontinuefightingthejapaneseinvadersandtheirpuppetregimeafterthenationalistswithdrewfurtherbecausethecommunistestablishedbasesinruralregionsweremoreprosperouscomparedtothoseofjapaneseoccupiedregionsthegeneralchinesepopulaceagreedthatthecommunistsbetterdeservedtorepresentchinaandtoregaincontrolovertheregionsformerlyoccupiedbytheinvaderscampaignchiangkaishekallowedtheformernationaliststorejoinhisarmytheformernationalistsweregiventheinstructiontofightthecommunistsuntilthearrivalofchiangstroopsthecityofxinghuajiangsuxinghualocatedincentraljiangsuwasguardedbythenationaliststhejapanesepuppetregimeforcerejoinedthenationaliststotalingmorethanincludingthenddivisionmilitarydivisionandlocalsecurityregimentsthecommunistnewfourtharmywasdeterminedtotakethecityandamassedunitsfromthecommunistscentraljiangsumilitarydistrictthecommunistunitsbegantoenterthepositionsforattackstartingonaugustandwerereadytwodayslateronaugustthefirstbattleofthecampaignbeganthecommunistsstartedtotakenationalistpositionsalongtheoutskirtsofthecitythedefendersweresoonforcedtoabandontheirstrongholdsoutsidethecitywallandretreatintothecityatpmonaugusttheassaultonthecityitselfbeganandundercoverfrommountaingunsthecommunistssoonbreachedthecitysdefensesandpenetratedthecitybytheendofthefollowingdayafterfiercestreetfightingthecityfellintocommunisthandsconcludingthexinghuacampaigntheentirenationalistgarrisonofxinghuawasdecimatedoutofthedefendersaroundwerekilledtheremainingwerecapturedaliveincludingotheusicannotfindgooglereferencetothisinenglishliuxiangtuthecommanderofthecitysdefenseandofthekuomintangsnddivisionalsocapturedwereartilleryunitsmachinegunsandrepeatingriflesinadditiontootherweaponryandprovisionsthecommunistslosswasextremelylightincomparisononlykilledandwoundedincludingofficerswoundedoutcomelikeothersimilarclashesimmediatelyaftertheendofworldwariibetweenthecommunistsandthenationalistsinchinathisconflictshowedthatchiangkaisheksattempttosimultaneouslysolvechinaslongstandingwarlordproblemandtoexterminatecommunismprovedtobeacriticalmistakealthoughtheresultofthecampaignturnedoutexactlylikechiangkaishekandhissubordinateshadpredictedreducingthepowerofthewarlordsintheregionthepositiveimpactofanysecondaryobjectiveswerenegatedbythelossofprimaryonesthepeopleoftheregionhadalreadyblamedthenationalistsforthepreviouslosstothejapaneseinvadersandthereassignmentoftheformernationalistforcestofightthecommunistsonlyfurtheralienatedthelocalpopulaceandstrengthenedpopularresentmentofchiangkaishekandhisnationalistregimeseealsolistofchinesebattlesmodernchinalistofbattlesofthechinesecivilwarnationalrevolutionaryarmyhistoryofthepeoplesliberationarmychinesecivilwarreferenceszhuzongzhenandwangchaoguangliberationwarhistorysteditionsocialscientificliterarypublishinghouseinbeijingsetzhangpinghistoryoftheliberationwarsteditionchineseyouthpublishinghouseinbeijingpbkjielifurecordsofthelibrationwarthedecisivebattleoftwokindsoffatessteditionhebeipeoplespublishinghouseinshijiazhuangsetliteraryandhistoricalresearchcommitteeoftheanhuicommitteeofthechinesepeoplespoliticalconsultativeconferenceliberationwarsteditionanhuipeoplespublishinghouseinhefeilizuominheroicdivisionandironhorserecordsoftheliberationwarsteditioncommunistpartyofchinachinesecommunistpartyhistorypublishinghouseinbeijingwangxingshengandzhangjingshanchineseliberationwarsteditionpeoplesliberationarmyliteratureandartpublishinghouseinbeijingsethuangyoulanhistoryofthechinesepeoplesliberationwarsteditionarchivespublishinghouseinbeijingliuwushengfromyanantobeijingacollectionofmilitaryrecordsandresearchpublicationsofimportantcampaignsintheliberationwarsteditioncentralliterarypublishinghouseinbeijingtangyiluandbijianzhonghistoryofchinesepeoplesliberationarmyinchineseliberationwarsteditionmilitaryscientificpublishinghouseinbeijingndashvolumvolumvolumvolumandvolumxxxholicmalicemizerxiyanglouxayacamachoftizatlanwasanaztecpoetfromtheprecolumbianstateoftlaxcalanahuastatetlaxcallanbornbetweenandhewasthesonoftheseordeaztahuadetizatlanlordofaztahuaoftizatlanhetookhisfathersplaceasgovernorandassistedatthemeetingcalledbytecayehuatzinofhuextonzincotoconverseonthemeaningofflowerandsongwhichiswherewegetbothofhisrecordedpoemstecahueyatzinsaidofhimblockquoteabeautifulsongisheardbrxayacamachtlapeltuetzinraisesitbrthesearehisflowersbrblockquoteitisknownthathediedbeforetheyearbecausebythistimehisbrotherxicotencatlixicohtencatlwasthegovernorofthealtepetloftizatlanhesidedwiththehuasteccivilizationhuastecsintheirwarwithmexicaandwaskilledleonportillaandshorrissourcescitebooklastleonportillafirstmiguelauthorlinkcoauthorstitlefifteenpoetsoftheaztecworldpublisheruniversityofoklahomapressdateoctoberlocationoklahomapagesurldoiidleonportillamiguelandshorrisearlinthelanguageofkingsananthologyofmesoamericanliteratureprecolumbiantothepresentwwnortoncompanyjulyamenameninjudaismredirectcategoryshellamenthcenturyfreescalehcrcatshellchemokinecmotifligandxclisasmallcytokinebelongingtothecchemokinefamilythatisalsoknownaslymphotactinchemokinesareknownfortheirfunctionininflammatoryandimmunologicalresponsesthisfamilycchemokinesdiffersinstructureandfunctionfrommostchemokinesthereareonlytwochemokinesinthisfamilyandwhatseparatedthemfromotherchemokinesisthattheyonlyhavetwocysteinesonenterminalcysteineandonecysteinedownstreamthesebotharecalledlymphotactinalphaandbetaformandclaimspecialcharacteristicsonlyfoundbetweenthetwolymphotactinscangothroughareversibleconformationalchangewhichchangesitsbindingshiftsrefnamevolkmanvolkmanrefinnormaltissuesxclisfoundinhighlevelsinspleenthymussmallintestineandperipheralbloodleukocytesandatlowerlevelsinlungprostateglandandovarysecretionofxclisresponsiblefortheincreaseofintracellularcalciuminperipheralbloodlymphocytesinhumansxcliscloselyrelatedtoanotherchemokinecalledxclwhosegeneisfoundatthesamelocusgeneticslocusonchromosomebothofthesechemokinessharemanygeneticandfunctionalsimilaritieshoweverxclhasonlybeenknowntobeobservedinhumansandnotinmicexclinducesitchemotacticfunctionbybindingtoachemokinereceptorcalledxcrxclisexpressedonmacrophagesfibroblastsandspecificlymphocytesrefnameszekaneczrefltnisfoundintwostatesamonomeratnbspcltnandadimeratnbspcltngenomicsxclsgeneisfoundonthelongarmofchromosomelocatedoncytogeneticbandqasseenintheinfoboxtheencodinggeneismadeofdnabasestoencodefortheproteinxclthisgenecontainsthreeexonsandtwointronsaswellasseveraltranscriptioninitiationsitesthisgeneencodesfortheaminoacidproteincalledxclwhichissimilartootherchemokinesexceptthatitlacksthefirstandthirdcysteinecharacteristicsthismeansthatxclonlycontainsonecysteinecreatingadisulfidebondinsteadoftwoorthreeliketheotherchemokinesthegeneticdifferencesbetweenxclandxclareverysmallbothproteinsarefromthesamefamilycontainingthecmotifstructurecontainingonedisulfidebondandhavealmostidenticaltertiarystructuresthesecchemokinesalsohavethesameflankingregionsmeaningregionsofthegeneincludingthepromotergeneticspromoterandotherplacesofproteinbingingthatdonotcontributetothernatranscriptedgenegenemappingofthischemokinefamilyshowssimilaritiesintheirintronandexonlocationswithonlyonedistinctdifferencexclhasonlyonedifferenceinitsfirstintronthatencodesforalargeribosomalsubunitcalledlainxclhaveoftheregionencodingforlaiscutofftheonlyothergeneticdifferencebetweenthetwomatureproteinsisthedifferentaminoacidinpositionsandthisaminoaciddifferencemayaccountforsomebiologicaldifferencessomedifficultieswithcomparingthesetwochemokinesisthatxclhasneverbeenobservedinamousestructureonethingthatsetsxclapartfromothercytokinesisitsstructurewhilemostchemokineshavetwodisulfidebondsthatconnectthenterminustothecoreofthestructurexclonlyhasonethissimpledifferenceindisulfidebondschangestheoveralltertiarystructureofxclfromotherchemokinestherearetwopartsofthelymphotactinproteinstructuresltnandltnthatfoldsintoeachotherwhichmakeitbiologicallyactivethisconformationalchangealtersthebindingstructuresonthechemokinethisunderstandingoftheinterfoldingprovidesmoreofabasistounderstandingtothelymphotactinenzymekineticskineticsbiologicalsignificancemostofthesecretedxclcomesfromaspecifickindofdcthatisinvolvedinantigencrosspresentationthismeansthatxclisinvolvedintheactivationofcytotoxictcellsbyadcxclcanalsobesecretedbynkcellsalongwithotherchemokinesinthebeginningofinfectionthishasbeenassociatedwiththethelpercelltypedefensethissecretionhasalsobeenonservedtofacilitatethenkcellstocommunicatewithdccontainingxcrontheirsurfaceinthesamewaysecretionofxclencouragescytotoxictcellstoalsocommunicatewithdccontainingscrthepairofxclandxcrareknowntobeinvolvedincrosspresentationantigenuptakeandinductionofinnateaswellasadaptivecytotoxicimmunityxclisalsoknowntoincreatetcellsinjointsthatareeffectedwithrheumatoidarthritistheyarealsoexpressedonrasynoviallymphocytesreferencesinfoboxproteinnamechemokinecmotifligandcaptionimagewidthhgncidsymbolxclaltsymbolsscycscmbentrezgeneomimrefseqnmuniprotqubdpdbecnumberchromosomearmqbandlocussupplementarydatachemokinecmotifligandxclisasmallcytokinebelongingtothexcchemokinefamilythatishighlyrelatedtoanotherchemokinecalledxclitispredominantlyexpressedinactivatedtcellsbutcanalsobefoundatlowlevelsinunstimulatedcellsxclinduceschemotaxisofcellsexpressingthechemokinereceptorxcritsgeneislocatedonchromosomeinhumansreferencesshachasaucexifengmayrefertoxifengcountyguizhouxifengcountyliaoningxifengdistrictqingyanggansuxifengjiuchinesealcoholicbeveragexifengliaoningtowninandseatofxifengcountyliaoningxifengcountyxifengheilongjianginraohecountyinfoboxroyaltynamexiahouhuibrimageimagesizecaptionbirthdatedeathdateagedfullnamefamilynamexiahoubrgivennamehuibrcourtesynameyuanrongposthumousnameempressjinghuaihousejindynastyhouseofsimafatherxiahoushangmothercaozhenssisterspousesimashiissuefivedaughtersissuelinkfamilytreeofsimayisimashixiahouhuicourtesynameyuanrongformallyknownasempressjinghuaiwasanobleladyofthestateofcaoweiinthethreekingdomsperiodofchinalifexiahouhuiwasadaughterofxiahoushangamilitarygeneralofthecaoweistateinthethreekingdomsperiodhermotherwastheladyofdeyangdistrictasisteroftheweigeneralcaozhenshemarriedsimashiwhowasregentofthecaoweistatefromtosheboresimashifivedaughtersbutnosonsthecouplebecameestrangedfromeachotherwhenxiahouhuisawthatsimashihadtheintentionofusurpingthecaoweithronesimashialsobecamesuspiciousofhiswifebecauseshewasdistantlyrelatedtotherulingcaofamilysoheallegedlyhadherpoisonedtodeathinafterthejindynastyreplacedthecaoweistateinthefirstjinruleremperorwuofjinsimayanemperorwuanephewofsimashibestowedposthumoushonoursonmanyofhisdeceasedrelativesbutrefusedtodosoforxiahouhuihoweverafterpersuasionbyyanghuiyusimashisthirdwifeinsimayanhonouredxiahouhuiwiththeposthumousnameposthumoustitleempressjinghuaitomatchsimashisposthumoustitleemperorjingseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsfamilytreeofsimayisimashireferencesfangxuanlingfangxuanlingbookofjinjinshuinfoboxpersonnamexinxianyingbrimagealtcaptionbirthdatebirthplacedeathdateageddeathplaceoccupationspouseyangdanchildrenfatherxinpirelativesxinxianyingndashwasthedaughterofxinpianofficialofthestateofcaoweiduringthethreekingdomsperiodofchinatheonlyextanthistoricalsourceaboutherlifeisherbiographywrittenbyhermaternalgrandsonxiahouzhanwhowasanotablescholarandofficialofthejindynastyjindynastyrefnamexiahouzhanshiyuannotationinsanguozhivolrefsheisbestknownforgivingadvicetoherfamilymembersandrelativesduringsignificanteventsinthehistoryofcaoweisuchastheincidentatgaopingtombsandzhonghuisrebellionfamilybackgroundxinxianyingsancestralhomechineseancestralhomewasinyangzhaicountyyingchuancommanderywhichisaroundpresentdayyuzhouhenanherancestorswereactuallyfromlongxicommanderyaroundpresentdaydingxigansubuttheymigratedtoyingchuancommanderyduringthejianwueraceofthereignofemperorguangwuofhanemperorguangwuintheearlyeasternhandynastyxinxianyingsfatherxinpiservedasanofficialunderthewarlordcaocaowhocontrolledthecentralgovernmentandthefigureheademperorxianofhanemperorxianinthefinaldecadesoftheeasternhandynastyafterthefalloftheeasternhanxinpicontinuedservinginthecaoweistateduringthethreekingdomsperiodandhishighestappointmentwasministeroftheguardsxinxianyinghadayoungerbrotherxinchangwhoalsoservedasanofficialinweixinxianyingmarriedyangdantheyoungestsonoftheeasternhandynastyofficialyangxuhandynastyyangxuyangdanwhowasfromtaishancommanderyaroundpresentdaytaianshandongservedastheministerofceremoniesintheweicentralgovernmentreactiontowardscaopisjoyatbecomingcrownprinceinaftercaocaossoncaopiwonthesuccessionstruggleagainsthisyoungerbrothercaozhiandbecametheheirapparenttotheirfathersvassalkingdomhewassoelatedthathehuggedxinpiandsaidsirdontyouknowhowhappyiamwhenxinpitoldhisdaughteraboutitshesighedandsaidacrownprincewillsucceedarulerandinherithiskingdomonedayhowcanhesucceedhisfatherwithoutfeelingsadhowcanheruleakingdomwithoutfeelingintimidatedifheexpressesjoyinsteadofsadnessandfearhowcanhiskingdomlastlonghowcancaoweiweiprosperxinxianyingwasessentiallyimplyingthatcaopishouldexpresssadnessbecausehisfathermustdiebeforehecanbecomethenextrulerandthatheshouldfeelintimidatedbythefactthathewouldhavetoshouldertheheavyresponsibilityofrulingakingdomifcaopiacceptedhisrolemoresolemnlythenitwasmorelikelythathewouldturnouttobeaseriousandwiseruleradvisingxinchangduringtheincidentatgaopingtombsxinxianyingsyoungerbrotherxinchangservedasanadvisertotheweigeneralcaoshuangwhoservedasregenttothethirdweiemperorcaofangonfebruarywhencaoshuangaccompaniedcaofangonavisittothegaopingtombshiscoregentsimayitookadvantageofhisabsencetostageacoupdtatandseizecontrolofallthearmedforcesintheimperialcapitalluoyangluzhijindynastyluzhiamajorundercaoshuangpreparedtoleadhismentofighttheirwayoutofluoyangandregroupwithcaoshuangwhenluzhiaskedxinchangtofollowhimafearfulxinchangturnedtohissisterforadvicetheemperorisawaythegrandtutorsimayihasorderedthecitygatestobeshutpeoplesaythatthiswontbeofanygoodtothestatewhatdoyouthinkwillhappenxinxianyingrepliedwewontknowwhatwillhappenhoweverfromwhatiobservethegrandtutorhasnochoicebuttodothisbeforecaoruiemperormingpassedawayheheldthegrandtutorcloseandentrustedhimwithstateaffairsmanyofficialsintheimperialcourtstillrememberthisalthoughcaoshuangtoowasentrustedwiththisresponsibilityalongwiththegrandtutorhehasbeenmonopolisingpowerandactingautocraticallyheisdisloyaltowardstheemperorandthereforedoesnthavethemoralhighgroundthegrandtutorsimplywantstogetridofhimwhenxinchangaskedherifheshouldfollowluzhisherepliedhowcanyounotgoitisrighteousforonetoperformhisdutywhenothersareintroubleweoughttohelpthemifyouworkforsomeoneandyoudontdowhatyouneedtodothenthatisntagoodsignifyouareacloseaideofcaoshuangthenyoushouldfulfilyourloyaltytowardshimandsacrificeyourlifeforhimifyouhavetohoweverinthisincidentyouarentaclosesideofcaoshuangandsoyoujustneedtofollowthecrowdxinchangheededheradviceandfollowedluzhioutofluoyangtojoincaoshuangcaoshuangeventuallysurrenderedtosimayiandrelinquishedhispowersasregenthewassubsequentlychargedwithtreasonandexecutedalongwithhisextendedfamilyhiscloseaidesandtheirfamiliesxinchangwassparedaftertheincidentwasoverxinchangsighedandsaidifididntdiscusswithmysisteriwouldhavedonesomethingunrighteousforeseeingzhonghuisdownfallwhentheweigeneralzhonghuiwasappointedasgeneralwhoguardsthewestinxinxianyingaskedhernephewyanghuwhyiszhongshijigoingtothewestyanghurepliedheisleadingconquestofshubyweiacampaigntoconquershuhanshuxinxianyingthencautionedyanghuzhonghuiiswilfulandunbridledinhiswaysthisisasignthathewontremainsubordinatetoothersforlongibelievethathemayrebelinthefuturewhenzhonghuiwasabouttoleaveforthecampaignagainstshuhewrotetotheweiimperialcourttoseekpermissiontobringalongyangxiujindynastyyangxiuxinxianyingssonasamilitaryadviserxinxianyinglamentedinthepastiwasworriedforthestatetodaytroublehascometomyfamilyyangxiuappealedtotheweiregentsimazhaotonotaccompanyzhonghuionthecampaignbutsimazhaodeniedhisrequestbeforeyangxiuleftxinxianyingadvisedhimalwaysbemindfulofyouractionsthejunzisofancienttimeswerefilialtowardstheirparentsathomeandloyaltotheirstatesoutsidehomewhenyoudoyourjobalwaysthinkaboutwhatyourdutyiswhenyoufaceaquestionofmoralityalwaysthinkaboutwhereyoustanddontmakeyourparentsworryaboutyouwhenyouareinthearmybeingbenevolenttowardsotherswillgoalongwaytohelpyouinmarchaftersuccessfullyconqueringshuforweizhonghuistartedzhonghuisrebellionarebellionagainstweihowevertherebellionfailedwhensomeofzhonghuismenmutiniedagainsthimandkilledhimyangxiuremainedunharmedthroughouttherebelliondeathxinxianyingdiedinduringthereignofemperorwuofjinemperorwuinthewesternjindynastyshewasbyeastasianagereckoningatthetimeofherdeathappraisalsinceherchildhoodxinxianyinghadbeenstudyingandreadingwhichgirlsinhertimedidnotnormallydoshewasalsoknownforherintelligencetalentandwisdomxinxianyingwasalsoknownforleadingasimpleandfrugallifewhenhernephewyanghuoncesentherasilkblanketasagiftshefoundthegifttooexpensivesoshereturnedittohimrelativesanddescendantsxinx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playprofessionalfootballabroadhealsoheldtherecordforbeingtheyoungestfootballerattheageofandyoungestscorerattheageofforthechinanationalfootballteamclubcareerxieyuxinwasadiminutivebuthighlyskilledpromisingyoungplayerwhowasscoutedandthentransferredtonetherlandsdutchfootballclubfczwolleandwouldbecomethefirstchineseplayertoplayinprofessionalfootballabroadunabletohelpthemstayintheeredivisiehewouldreturntochinawithteamguangdongwiththeadventofprofessionalismwithinchinahewouldgoontojointoptiersideguangdonghongyuanfcandquicklyestablishhimselfasaregularwithinteamforthenextseveralseasonshewouldbecomeavitalmemberwithintheteamsmidfieldasatheircreativemidfielderuntiltheleagueseasonsawhimleavetojoinnewlypromotedsideguangzhousongridespitethebetterpayathisnewclubhewouldonlystayforoneseasonbecauseoftheproblemshehadwiththemanagerbeforereturningtoguangdonghisreturnatguangdongdidnotturnoutassuccessfulashehadhopeddespiteregaininghisplacebackintotheteamtheclubhadaterribleseasonthatsawthemrelegatedconsideringretiringxieyuxinwasofferedthechancetojoinshenyanghaishiandachancetocontinuetoplayinthetoptiertakingthisopportunityhebecamearegularwithintheteamaswellastheircaptainuntilhedecidedtoleaveattheendoftheleagueseasonwhereheeffectivelyretireddespitethishetookonnumerousplayercoachingrolesandofficiallyretiredinwithhunanbillowsfcinternationalcareerxieyuxinwascalledupforthenationalteamtoplayfootballatthesummerolympicshelaterparticipatedintheafcasiancupwhereheplayedavitalpartintheteamsfourthplacefinishmanagementcareerattheendofleagueseasonxieyuxinbeganteachingfootballinguangdongwhenhewasplayingforguangdongmingfenginearlyhestartedtoleadanexpeditiontosingaporetocoachyoungplayerstoparticipateinthesingaporessleaguethisledtoacoachingpositioninatdongguandongchengandthenhunanxiangtaohunanxiangjuninoctoberhetookapositionasacoachinatibetansidehoweverjustdaysintibetheleftbecauseofconflictsfromhisemployersandlocalplayerswhichthenleadtohimtakingapositionascoachformacauinhetookanassistantcoachpositionatchinesesuperleaguesideshenzhenshangqingyinuntilwhenhejoinednanjingyoyofcasanassistantcoachreferencesexternallinksfifacomencompprevsquadchnuhtmlfifauworldchampionshipchinasquadxboeingtheswanroadredirectxgameswindowsxpwindowsxpaugustjackkhatsahlanomagazinemalicemizerdiscographyredirectrifaximininfoboxtelevisionepisodeimageheroessejpgcaptionlistofheroescharactersdaniellindermanlindermanshowsnathanpetrellinathanaisaacmendezmendezpaintingtitleseriesheroestvseriesheroesseasonepisodeairdateaprilproductionwriterchuckkimdirectoradamkaneguestsericrobertsaslistofcharactersinheroesericthompsonsrthompsonjameskysonleeasandomasahashizacharyquintoassylarcristineroseasangelapetrellimissyperegrymaslistofcharactersinheroescandicewilmercandicewilmermatthewjohnarmstrongaslistofcharactersinheroestedspraguetedspraguemalcolmmcdowellaslistofcharactersinheroesdaniellindermandaniellindermandutchjohnsonaslindermansguardprevparasiteheroesparasitenextfiveyearsgoneepisodelistlistofheroesepisodesisthenineteenthepisodeinthelistofheroesepisodesseasonfirstseasonofthenbcsciencefictiontelevisiondramadramaseriesheroestvseriesheroesitisthefirstepisodewhichincludesanarrationreadbysomeoneotherthansendhilramamurthymohindersureshinthiscasebymalcolmmcdowelllistofheroescharactersdaniellindermanmrlindermanthetitleisareferencetoinformationinthisepisodeinwhichitisrevealedthebombwillwipeoutoftheworldspopulationplotnathanpetrelliandlistofheroescharactersdaniellindermanmrlindermandiscussnathansfutureandtheprophesiedexplosionlindermanexplainshowheislookingtoprovidehumanitywithapathwaytoamorepermanentpeacenathanishorrifiedtolearnthatthisplaninvolvesusinghisbrotherpeterpetrellipeterasthecatalystforanexplosionthatwillkillamajorityofthepeopleinnewyorkcitylindermanstatesthatevenifhalfthepopulationofnewyorkcitywaskilledintheblastitwouldonlyrepresentlessthanoftheworldpopulationworldspopulationanacceptablelossclairebennetisstillinshockfromhavinglearnedthatangelapetrelliisnotonlyhergrandmotherbuthasknownofherexistenceallalongevenwhennathanthoughtshewasdeadafterthefireangelastronglyimpliesthatshewasaformerheroandhaspowerssheinformsclairethatitisnotsafeforhertobeinnewyorkcityrightnowshetellsclairethatthetwoofthemwillsoonbeleavingforparisuntilaftertheeventsthatarecomingplaythemselvesoutpetermanagestohaltsylarspsychokinesistelekineticattackhealinghisforeheadandflingingsylaracrosstheroomwithtelekinesismohinderwhoispinnedtotheceilingbysylarstelekinesisfallstothefloorwhensylarsconcentrationisbrokensylarissoonbackonhisfeetandabouttoattackpeterwhenpeterbecomesinvisibletosylarssurprisesylaruseshistelekinesistoflingshatteredglassinalldirectionsacrosstheroomoneoftheshardsstopsinmidairdrippingbloodpeterreappearsandweseethatitisembeddedinthebackofhisskullhefallstothefloorlifelessindesperationmohinderpushessylaragainstawallwiththerollingbulletinboardknockinghimunconsciousandgivingmohindertimetoescapewithpeterlatersylarrevivestofindthatmohinderhasdestroyedthenotesonthebulletinboardandthecomputercontainingthelistofheroessylarisenrageduntilhefindsatornbookcoverfrontfoldoversleeveofthwonderswithisaacmendezsnameandaddressonitmohinderarrivesatangelapetrellishouseinformingherthatpeterisdeadhelayspeterscorpseonachaiselongueandnathanarrivesandimmediatelycomestopeterssideclutchinghimandweepingnathansayshewasntsupposedtodiethiswayreferencingtheatomicpredictionclairecomesdownthestairstofindpeterlyingintheloungedeadshefindstheglassshardandcollisionheroespullsitoutofhisheadallowingpetertoreviveinstantaneouslyandthendecidestocallitevenassincepeterhadsavedherlifepreviouslyshefeltsheowedhimrememberingthatisaactoldthemthatthebrainmanwasinjailhirothinksthatisaacmightstillbealiveandknowwhattodotheyenterhisstudiowheretheyfindnewspaperclippingsstrungtogetherbystringallovertheapartmentwhichhirosupposesisatimelineoftheeventsofeverythingthathappenedtheepisodeendswithhirocomingfacetofacewithhisfutureselfnarrationbeginningratingsinthedemographicearnedaratingssharethisepisodewaswatchedbymillionviewersbrittneyawardsmalcolmmcdowellsubmittedthisepisodeforconsiderationofhisworkinthecategoryofprimetimeemmyawardforoutstandingguestactordramaseriesoutstandingguestactorinadramaseriesforthethprimetimeemmyawardsrefnameemmyrefnotesexternallinksgregbeemanblogspotcomepisodehtmlbeamingbeemanepisodedirectorsblogonthefilmingofthisepisodefranciscoxavierdoamaralanthemoftheukrainiansovietsocialistrepublicimagexarrfossparquenacionaldeingvellirsuurlandislandiaddjpgthumbxarrfossxarrfossisawaterfalliningvelliringvellirnationalparkicelanditflowsfromtheriverxaroverthealmannagjthepoolatthebaseofthewaterfallisfilledwithrocksandisoftenextremelyicyduringwinterthewaterfallisoneofthemainattractionsofingvelliringvellirnationalparkandthereisapathfromthenearbycarparkleadinguptoitpopcultureaneditedphotographofthewaterfallbydavidcarsongraphicdesignerdavidcarsonisusedasthecoverofnineinchnailssalbumthefragilenineinchnailsalbumthefragileapixelatedversionisusedonthefragiledeviationsanexpandedinstrumentalversionofsaidalbumreferencesexternallinksmetresrelayxlairwaysgermanyisavietnamesefamilynameaccordingtoltrunghoaavietnamesescholarapproximatelypercentofvietnamesepeoplehavethissurnameoriginstorytellsthatgrandsonofshennongwhenpassingbynanlinghemetandmarriedafairynamedqualsoknownasprincessoantrangshewasoftenreferredasdoquthladyquofhouseofshethengavebirthtotuclolaterbecamekinhdngvngfatheroflaclongquanlclongqunanotherpersonthatmanyvietnamesewiththissurnameclaimtobedescendedfromiscnhthcawarlordduringthethelordsrebellionlordsrebellionnotableanhvofficialintheroyalcourtoflanhtngthesixthemperoroftheldynastycaotrgeneralinthearmyoftherepublicofvietnamhongimbornvietnamesedemocracyadvocatemugeneralinthearmyoftherepublicofvietnamminhqunbornvietnamesetennisplayermithcenturypoliticiannhunvietnameseclassicalcomposerthanhnhnthcenturymilitarycommanderthhiynbornvietnameseactressthminhbornvietnamesevolleyballplayerseealsodosurnamereferenceshodovietnamvnindexphpitemididoptioncomcontenttaskviewnhngngihnmtrcpeoplewithsurnameyearsagoganruvizhxerxesprettyprintranchobernardosandiegoaluminiumalloyinfoboxroyaltyimagebirthdatedeathdateseptemberrefnameassinocalsinicaedutwacademiasinicachinesewesterncalendarconverterrefrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolreffamilynamexuexuclannamegivennamejreignmayrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefseptemberdynastyqneranameqnxngeradatesmaynovembertemplenameposthumousnameemperorwuxuejudiedformallyemperorwumartialwasthefoundingemperorofashortlivedstateofqinattheendofthehistoryofchinachinesedynastysuidynastywhosestatewaseventuallydestroyedbythetangdynastyheroseagainstsuiruleinandsooncontrolledmoderneasterngansubutwhilehehadsomesuccessesagainsttangforceswasnotabletopushtowardthetangcapitalchanganbeforedyingofillnessinhissonxuerengaoinheritedhisthronebutwassoondefeatedandkilledbythetanggeneralemperortaizongoftanglishiminendingthestatethatxuejuestablishedashegemonicprinceofwesternqinxuejusclanwasoriginallyfromhedongcommanderyroughlymodernyunchengshanxiyunchengshanxibuthisfatherxuewangmovedthefamilytojinchenginmodernlanzhougansuxuejuwassaidtobebraveandstrongandbecausehisfamilywaswealthyhewasabletousethewealthtoestablishrelationshipswithotherpeoplemakinghimselfaninfluentialmemberofthegentryeventuallybecomingacommanderofthelocalmilitiainthereweremanyagrarianrebellionsinmoderneasterngansuhaoyuanthecountymagistrateofjinchengthusinvitedpeopletojointhemilitaryandhegatheredseveralthousandmenandgavethemtoxuejutocommandinsummerafterhaodistributedarmorandweaponstothesoldiersandsetoutafeasttosendthemoffxuejuhisoldestsonxuerengaoandothercohortstookhaocaptiveandannouncedthattheywererebellingagainstsuidynastyxuejuarrestedthelocalofficialsandopenedthefoodstoragestoaidthosewhowerepoorheclaimedthetitleofhegemonicprinceofwesternqinperhapsechoingxiangyustitleofhegemonicprinceofwesternchutosignifyabreakwithsuihealsochangedtheeranamefromemperoryangofsuisdaxingtoqinxinghecreatedxuerengaothedukeofqiandayoungersonxuerenyuethedukeofjinhealsogatheredthelocalagrarianrebelstofallunderhiscommandinpillagingthesuigovernmentalgrazingranchesoneofthoserebelleaderszongluohoubecameakeygeneralforxuejuandxuejucreatedhimthedukeofyixingsoonmuchoftheterritoryinmoderneasterngansuhadsurrenderedtoxuejuhepromotedxuerengaoxuerenyueandzongtoprincesasemperorinfallxuejuclaimedthetitleofemperorofqinhecreatedhiswifeempressjuxuejuswifeladyjuempressandhecreatedxuerengaocrownprincexuerengaosubsequentlycapturedtianshuiandxuejumovedhiscapitaltotianshuiasxuerengaowasfiercebutoftenoverlycrueltothosehecapturedxuejuoftenwarnedhimyouarecapableofgreatthingsbutyouarestrictandcruelwithnogracetoothersonedayyouwillsurelydestroythestateiestablishedandourclanaccordingtotraditionalhistoricalaccountshoweverxuejuhimselfwasalsocrueloftenkillingsoldiershecapturedandalsooftencutofftheirtonguesandnosesandthereforedidnotgainasmuchfollowingashehopedwhenhesentxuerenyuesouthtotrytocapturelandsinmodernsichuanxuerenyuewasblockedbyxiaoyuthegovernorofhechicommanderyinmodernbaojishaanxiandunabletoadvancehealsosenthisgeneralchangzhongxingwestoftheyellowrivertoattackliguiwhohadbythenseizedtheterritorywestoftheyellowriverchanghoweverwasdefeatedbyliguisgeneralliyunandtheentirearmywascapturedbyliguialthoughliguireleasedthembacktoxuejuaroundthenewyearxuejusentxuerengaotoattackfufengcommanderyalsoinmodernbaojibutxuerengaowasblockedbytherebelleaderslihongzhiwhohadclaimedthetitleofemperorofchuandtangbiwhohadclaimedthetitleofprinceoftangunderlixuejusentmessengerstopersuadetangtosubmitandtangkilledliandthenofferedtosurrenderinsteadxuerengaoattackedtangandseizedhistroopsxuejuthenproceededhimselftofufengintendingtonextattackthesuicapitalchanganwhichhadbeencapturedbythesuigeneralemperorgaozuoftangliyuanwhodeclaredemperoryangsgrandsonyangyoutheprinceofdaiemperorasemperorgongliyuansenthissonemperortaizongoftanglishiminagainstxuerengaoandlishimindealtxuerengaoamajordefeatxuejuinfearaskedhisofficialssinceancienttimeswerethereemperorswhosurrenderedchuliangcitedtheexamplesofzhaotuoliushanandemperorjingofwesternliangxiaoconghoweverhaoyuanbythispointservingunderxuejuimmediatelystatedyouemperorshouldnotasksomethinglikethisandchuliangsresponsewasabsurdandrebelliousgaozuofhanwasoftendefeatedandtheliubeifirstemperorofshucouldnotevenprotecthiswifeandchildrenwinningandlosingbattleshappenedthroughouthistoryhowcanyoubereadytogiveupyourstatejustbasedononedefeatxuejusawthefallacyinaskingthequestionandhegreatlyrewardedhaoandmadehaohischiefstrategistsubsequentlywhenliyuansenthisgeneralsjiangmodouguiandliushirangagainstxuejuxuejudefeatedthemandcapturedliuandjianganddouwithdrewsubsequentlyunderhaossuggestionxuesoughttoenterathreewayalliancewitheasterntujuesforcesandthoseofanotherrebelleaderliangshidutheemperorofliangtotrytocapturechanganhoweverliyuansgeneralzhangchangsunthenwarnedthetujuegeneraljialikhanashinaduobithathewasawareoftheirthreewaypactandashinaduobichosetorenegeandnotassisteitherxuejuorliangsoonafterhearingthatemperoryanghadbeenkilledinacoupledbyyuwenhuajiinjiangduinmodernyangzhoujiangsuliyuanhadyangyouyieldthethronetohimestablishingtangdynastyasitsemperorgaozuinsummerxuejulaunchedanattackontangsjingprefectureroughlymodernpinglianggansuandtangsemperorgaozusentlishimintoresistxuejulishiminestablishedhisdefensesandrefusedtoengagexuejutotrytowearxuejuoutbutatthattimehewasafflictedwithmalariaandhelethisassociatesliuwenjingandyinkaishantakecommandorderingthemnottoengagexuejuliuandyinhoweverdidnottakexuejuseriouslyandxuejuambushedthematqianshuiplaininmodernxianyangshaanxicrushingtangforcesandinflictingcasualtieslishiminwasforcedtowithdrawbacktochanganandliuandyinwereremovedfromtheirpostshaothensuggestedtoxuejuthatheshouldattackchanganatonceandxuejuagreedbuthethengrewillanddiedxuerengaosucceededhimasemperorandhonoredhimwiththeposthumousnameofwumartialbutwasdefeatedbyandforcedtosurrendertolishiminthreemonthslaterevenbeforehecouldproperlyburyxuejunotespersonalinformationfatherxuewangwifeempressjuxuejuswifeempressjucreatedchildrenxuerengaoinitiallythedukeofqicreatedlatertheprinceofqicreatedlaterthecrownprincecreatedlateremperorxuerenyueinitiallythedukeofjincreatedlatertheprinceofjincreatedsttltitleemperorofqinyearssttltitleemperorofchinaeasterngansuyearsinfoboxroyaltyimagebirthdatedeathdatedecemberrefnameassinocalsinicaedutwacademiasinicachinesewesterncalendarconverterrefrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolreffamilynamexuexuclannamegivennamerngoorrngureignseptembernovemberdynastyqneranameqnxngeradatesmaytemplenameposthumousnamexuerengaodiedalsoknownasxuerenguorefnamenametheoldbookoftangandthenewbookoftangbothgavehisnameasxuerengaobutthezizhitongjiangavehisnameasxuerenguorefwasanemperoroftheshortlivedstateofqinestablishedbyhisfatherxuejuemperorwuattheendofthehistoryofchinachinesedynastysuidynastyxuerengaowasregardedasafiercegeneralbutoverlycruelandhewasonlyemperorforthreemonthsbeforehewasforcedtosurrendertothetangdynastygeneralemperortaizongoftanglishiminthelateremperortaizongandwasexecutedunderxuejuasofxuerengaosfatherxuejuwasacommanderofthelocalmilitiaatjinchenginmodernlanzhougansuwheninresponsetoincreasingagrarianrebelactivitieshaoyuanthecountymagistrateofjinchenggatheredseveralthousandmenandhadxuejucommandtheminsummerashaoheldafeasttosendthemenoffxuejuxuerengaowhowashisfathersoldestsonandothercohortstookhaocaptiveandannouncedthattheywererebellingagainstsuidynastyxuedeclaredhimselfthehegemonicprinceofwesternqinandhecreatedxuerengaothedukeofqiandsoontheprinceofqiwiththemajorgeneralzongluohoutheprinceofxingashisassistantxuerengaoattackednearbycommanderiesbringingthemunderhisfatherxuejusruleinfallafterxuejuclaimedthetitleofemperorofqinhecreatedxuerengaocrownprincexuerengaosooncapturedtianshuiandxuejumovedhiscapitaltotianshuixuerengaowassaidtobestrongandcapableathorseridingandarcheryandhisarmyrespectedhimbelievingthathewascapableofstandinguptomenonhisownhoweverhewasalsosaidtobegreedyandcruelforexamplewhenhecapturedyulithesonofthesuiofficialyuxinangrythatyulidaredtoresisthehungyuonthefireandgrilledhimandwhiledoingsocuthislimbsoffonebyoneandcutoffhisfleshtohavehissoldiersconsumeitwhenhecapturedtianshuihegatheredalltherichmenandhungthemupsidedownpouringvinegarintotheirnostrilstoforcethemtosurrendertheirtreasurexuejuoftenwarnedhimyouarecapableofgreatthingsbutyouarestrictandcruelwithnogracetoothersonedayyouwillsurelydestroythestateiestablishedandourclanaroundthenewyearxuejusentxuerengaotoattackfufengcommanderyalsoinmodernbaojibutxuerengaowasblockedbytherebelleaderslihongzhiwhohadclaimedthetitleofemperorofchuandtangbiwhohadclaimedthetitleofprinceoftangunderlixuejusentmessengerstopersuadetangtosubmitandtangkilledliandthenofferedtosurrenderinsteadxuerengaoattackedtangandseizedhistroopsxuejuthenproceededhimselftofufengintendingtonextattackthesuicapitalchanganwhichhadbeencapturedbythesuigeneralemperorgaozuoftangliyuanwhodeclaredemperoryangsgrandsonyangyoutheprinceofdaiemperorasemperorgongliyuansenthissonemperortaizongoftanglishiminagainstxuerengaoandlishimindealtxuerengaoamajordefeatintheaftermathsofthedefeatxuejuevenconsideredsurrenderingtoliyuanalthoughhewasdissuadedfromtheideabyhaowhohadbecomeanofficialunderhimandwhoafterthisincidentbecameachiefstrategistforxuejusoonafterhearingthatemperoryanghadbeenkilledinacoupledbyyuwenhuajiinjiangduinmodernyangzhoujiangsuliyuanhadyangyouyieldthethronetohimestablishingtangdynastyasitsemperorgaozuinfallafterxuejuhadamajorvictoryoverlishiminforcinglishimintowithdrawbacktothetangcapitalchanganhaothensuggestedtoxuejuthatheshouldattackchanganatonceandxuejuagreedbuthethengrewillanddiedxuerengaosucceededhimasemperorreigninlightofxuejusdeathxuerengaostoppedhisarmybrieflyamonthlaterhefendedoffanattackbythetanggeneraldouguiandthenwhenanothertanggenerallishuliangemperorgaozuscousintheprinceofchangpingarrivedxuehadsomeofhismenpretendtosurrenderandthenambushedlishuliangcrushingtangforceshesoonalsoprevailedoverchangdacapturinghimhoweveritwassaidthatwhenxuerengaowascrownprincehehadpoorrelationswithmanyofhisfathersgeneralsandafterhebecameemperorthosegeneralsbecamefearfulandwerenotwholeheartedlysupportiveofhimfurtherhaoyuanmournedxuejusogreatlythathehimselfgrewillanddiedthreemonthsafterxuerengaotookthethronelishiminarrivedandafterafiercebattlebetweenlishiminandzongluohouinbattleofqianshuiyuanqianshuiyuanlishimincrushedzongsforcesandthenattackedxuerengaoxuerengaowasforcedtowithdrawintothecityofgaozhiinmodernxianyangaswellandoncehedidhissoldiersbegansurrenderingtolishiminenmassexuerengaowashimselfforcedtosurrenderlishiminsparedxuerengaosbrothersandzongincorporatingthemintohisarmyasofficershoweverhetookxuerengaobacktochanganandemperorgaozuexecutedxuerengaoaswellashisgeneralswushizhengforambushingchangandzhangguiforallegedimmoralitynotessttltitleemperorofqinyearssttltitleemperorofchinaeasterngansuyearsuktelephonecodemisconceptionsxpressxaviergarbajosaborndecemberisaretiredfrenchrugbyplayergarbajosawasbornondecemberintoulouseheplaysinthebacklineasawingercenterorfullbackhespentmostofhiscareerplayingforthestadetoulousainandmovedtotheavironbayonnaisinthefrenchtopclubcompetitioninwithtoulousehewonthefrenchchampionshipinandaswellastheeuropeancupinandbetweenandhewasthetopscorerinthefrenchtopforconsecutiveyearshewasamemberoffrancenationalrugbyunionteamfrancessquadattherugbyworldcupinwhichfranceweretherunnersupandnotablyparticipatedintheepicsemifinalagainstnewzealandhewasselectedinthefrenchsquadfortherugbyworldcupbuthadtoleavetheteambeforethebeginningofthecompetitionduetoaninjuryhewasconsideredoneofthemosttalentedfrenchplayersofhisgenerationhewaspartoftheteamwhichwonthejuniorworldchampionshipinbuthiscareerwasdisturbedbyrecurringkneeinjuriesheplayedforthefrenchnationalteamtimesmakinghisdebutininatestagainstirelandandscoredtriespointswiththefrenchnationalteamhewontwograndslamsinandexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebrwcirbcomentournamentteamsfranceplayerschristianlabitrwcbiowebarchiveorgwebercrugbycomengphpplayerercrugbybioxuerengaoxuejialaiisacryptographercurrentlyaprofessoratshanghaijiaotonguniversityhisnotableworkincludesthedesignoftheblockcipherinternationaldataencryptionalgorithmideathetheoryofmarkovciphersandthecryptanalysisofanumberofcryptogra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andhasfoundthatnomoremutantsexistinanyofthemsuggestingthatthosetimelineshaveeitherbeenerasedoraltereddecidingtolookintotheparentsofseveralmutantsinthehopesofisolatingchromosomesinordertocreateanartificialxgenehankandthedarkbeasttraveltotheguthriehomeinkentuckyhankisunabletoprocureabloodsamplefrommrsguthrieduetoherfearofherremainingchildrenbecomingmutantsanddyingliketheiroldersiblingsatthesametimethedarkbeastcoercesoneoftheyoungerchildrenintotakinganuntestedantidotetoactivatehislatentxgenethiscausestheboytofallintoacomawithhivescoveringhisarmsthetwobeastsstarttofightuntilmrsguthrieshootsthedarkbeastwithashotgunhanksavestheboyslifesometimeafterwardsspiralcomicsspiralteleportstohankandclaimsthatmojocomicsmojoisdispleasedwiththefactthatmutantsarenowanendangeredspecieswhichwillaffecthistelevisionratingsspiraladviseshimthatwhensciencecanthelpmagicmightbeasolutionhankgoestoseedoctorstrangewhoshowshimthetruedepthofthescarletwitchsspellithaswovenitselfthroughbillionsofpeopleandcountlessotherworldsanddimensionshankasksifthespellcanbereversedandstrangerepliesthatwithenoughpreparationandassistanceitispossiblebutasthespellisnowheclaimedeventryingtobreakitcouldcauserealitytoimplodeuponitselfhankanddoctorstrangetravelthroughalternaterealitiestofindananswerbutcannotfindonewithnootheroptionsavailablebeasttravelstotransiawherehemeetsscarletwitchwandamaximoffonthestreetshoweversheclaimstonotrememberanythingofherlifeasthescarletwitchinsteadwandatellshimastorywarningofthedangersofthefishermanandhiswifegettingwhatyouwishforbeasthavingmadenoprogressonhissearchreturnstoneverlandandgivesallthecorpsesaseparateburialpublicationjuneendangeredspeciesoneshotpartxmenvoljulypartuncannyxmenpartxfactorpartnewxmenvolpartxmenvolaugustpartuncannyxmenpartxfactorpartnewxmenvolpartxmenvolseptemberpartuncannyxmenpartxfactorpartnewxmenvolpartxmenvoloctoberpartuncannyxmenpartxfactorpartxmennotenewxmenoriginallyscheduledtocontainpartwasdelayedsothepartiscontainedinxmenalongwithcollectededitionstheoneshotandtheseventeeneightpagebackupstorieshavebeencollectedintoasingletradepaperbackcomicsvolumexmenendangeredspeciespageshardcoverfebruarysoftcoveraugustreferencesxiexidealsoknownashsitehhsiehandashildahsiehwasachinesepeoplechinesephysicistshewaspresidentoffudanuniversityfromtoandremainedasadvisortotheuniversityfromuntilherdeathshehelpedtosetuptheuniversityscentreforamericanstudiesfudanuniversitycentreforamericanstudiesandfoundeditsmodernphysicsinstitutefudanuniversitymodernphysicsinstituteinxiealsoservedasamemberinthecentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinafromtorefnamecwprefbiographyxiexidewasbornmarchintheportcityofquanzhouinfujiansoutheasternchinarefnamehayrefrefnameintrefshewasbornintoafamilythatvaluededucationherfatherxieyuminghadaphdfromuniversityofchicagoandtaughtatyenchinguniversityinbeijingshespentpartofherchildhoodinbeijinginshebeganherstudiesinphysicsandmathematicsatxiamenuniversityandgraduatedinshetaughtatuniversityofshanghaiforayearandthenwasabletogetascholarshiptostudyforamastersdegreeinphysicsatsmithcollegeintheunitedstatesgraduatinginfromtosheworkedontheresearchstaffatmitshethenreturnedtochinaandbecamealecturerinthedepartmentofphysicsatfudanuniversityinshanghaioneofchinastopuniversitiessheservedinthispositionfromtoshebecameanassociateprofessoratfudanandservedinthatcapacityfromtofromtosheservedasadjunctdirectorshanghaiinstituteoftechnicalphysicschineseacademyofsciencesinshewasappointedprofessorofphysicsfudanuniversityandcontinuedinthatcapacityfromtosheservedasdirectoroftheinstituteofmodernphysicsoffudanuniversityshewasappointedvicepresidentoffudaninandpresidentinservinginthatcapacityuntilshewasthefirstwomanpresidentofamajorcomprehensiveuniversityintheprcfromshealsoservedasdirectorofthecenterforamericanstudiesoffudanuniversityandinshewasappointedadvisortofudanuniversityxiexidewasanoutstandingeducationalleaderandalsoakeyfigureinthedevelopmentofchinaseducationalrelationswiththeinternationalcommunityxiexidepursuedadistinguishedcareerasascientistmakingimportantcontributionsinthefieldofsolidstatephysicsherresearchworkwasconcentratedinsolidstatephysicssemiconductorphysicsandsurfacephysicsxiexidewasappointedtothecommunistpartyscentralcommitteeinandservedasoneoffullmembersrefnamechrreffollowingtheircompletionofgraduatestudiesshemarriedcaotianqintienchintsaoalongtimefriendwhobecameadistinguishedbiochemisttheirsonwasborninxiexidediedonmarchpublishedworksxiexidepublishedmorethaneightypapersandseveralbooksandmonographssomeofxiespublishedworkincluderesonantcavitystudyofsemiconductorsjournalofappliedphysicswithjmgoldeyandscbrownelectronicpropertiesofmetalschemisorbedonsemiconductorsurfaceandmetalsemiconductorinterfacesprogressinsurfacescienceoverviewofmetalsemiconductorinterfacesthestructureofsurfacesspringerseriesinsurfacesciencesberlinspringerpnbsprecentdevelopmentsinsomemetalsemiconductorandsuperlatticeinterfacesmaterialschemistryandphysicsvibrationalpropertiesofsigesuperlatticesprogressinsurfacescienceswithzhangkaimingandzijianabinitiocalculationofthestructureoftherandomalloyssnxgexphysrevbwithjianhuashenjianziandpingjiangxiealsopublishedthefollowingbookssemiconductorphysicssciencepublisherwithhuangkunkhuanggrouptheoryanditsapplicationschinasciencepublisherhonorssincexiexidehasreceivedhonorarydoctoratesfromtwelveuniversitiesfromanumberofdifferentnationsandregionsincludingtheunitedstatesunitedkingdomjapancanadahongkongandchinaxiexidewasafellowoftheamericanphysicalsocietyanacademicianofthethirdworldacademyofsciencesandadistinguishedscholarofthecommitteeonscholarlycommunicationwiththepeoplesrepublicofchinareferencesfurtherreadingcitebooklastshearerfirstbenjaminflastshearerfirstbarbarasmithtitlenotablewomeninthephysicalsciencesabiographicaldictionarydatepublishergreenwoodpresslocationwestportconnisbnurlworldcatorgtitlenotablewomeninthephysicalsciencesabiographicaldictionaryoclcjiashancountyinfoboxhistoricsitenamexytemnativenamenativelanguageothernameetymologyimagecaptionaltlocmapincoordinatescoordreflocationhatzicmissionbritishcolumbiamissionbritishcolumbiacanadaareaelevationfounderbuiltoriginalusecurrentuseactivearchaeologicalsiteandmuseumarchitectarchitecturegoverningbodyownervisitationnumvisitationyearwebsitedesignationnationalhistoricsiteofcanadadesignationoffnamedesignationdatejunedesignationnumberdesignationdesignationoffnamedesignationdatedesignationnumberxytemisanindigenouspeoplesindigenousarchaeologicalsiteandthenameofarelatedmuseumrunundertheauspicesofthestolopeopleatmissionbritishcolumbianeighbourhoodshatzicbritishcolumbiacanadaxytemisapproximatelykilometreseastofvancouveronbritishcolumbiahighwayhighwayitisreachedviathebridgeatmissionaboutkilometresfromtheborderwiththeusstateofwashingtonstatewashingtonthesitewasdesignatedinasanationalhistoricsitesofcanadanationalhistoricsiteofcanadaforitsspiritualvaluetothestolopeopleaswellasbeingoneoftheoldestdiscoveredhabitationsitesatapproximatelyyearsolditisalsoknownashatzicrockhistoryindigenouspeoplesoccupiedthisareaalongthenorthernbankofthefraserriverforthousandsofyearsthehistoricpeopleswhoencounteredeuropeancolonistswerethestoloalargemosscoveredboulderknownasatransformerrockandofdeepspiritualimportancehassurvivedfromancienttimesaccordingtotraditionthetransformergodxaiswastravelingthroughthelandandencounteredamanwhowasmistreatinghiswifetoteachhimalessonthegodtransformedhimintostoneovertimeduringtheyearsafteralienationofnativelandsbycolonizationthesiteofxytemhadbeenusedasapasturethepropertyisadjacenttoahighwaybuiltintheearlythcenturyafteritwassoldtoadeveloperandinitialworkongradingthesitewasbegunconcernsaboutthesitespotentialarchaeologicalvaluepromptedanexaminationbygordonmohsthisledtothedramaticfindingthatitwasimmenselyancientandithasbeenrankedamongtheoldestknownhabitationsitesinnorthamericafollowingthediscoverythegovernmentarrangedtotransferthelandtothestolothefirstnationthathashistoricallybeenintheareaforarchaeologicalandmuseumpurposesitpaidtheerstwhileowneramrutzigcompensationforhislostopportunityindevelopmentanextensiveresidentialsubdivisionhadbeenplannedthestolohavebuiltamuseumthexytemlonghouseinterpretivecentretoeducatevisitorsaboutthesiteexcavationshavebeencarriedoutinconsultationwiththestoloresearchershavefoundatthehabitationsiteevidenceofrectangularpitlonghousesoflongtermoccupationwithremainsofposthearthandfloorfeaturestradegoodsstoragefoodandspiritualactivityarchaeologicalaccountcomingalsostorylinetodowiththelegendoftherockseealsoarchaeologyoftheamericasarlingtonspringsmancalicoearlymansitecuevadelasmanosbuhlwomanfortrockcavekennewickmankwdaydntsnchimarmesrockshelterluziawomanmummycavepaisleycavesreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxaytemmuseumbccaxytemlonghouseinterpretivecentresfumuseumjourneyajourneyintoanewlandsimonfraseruniversitymuseumofarcheologyandethnologyscientificdocumentarysfumuseumtimeajourneyintotimeimmemorialsimonfraseruniversitymuseumofarcheologyandethnologyculturalandartisticaccountofancientpeopleslistofharveybirdmanattorneyatlawcharactersmaincharactersxlibrisstartreknewfrontiercephaloniaithacathcenturyxinstructionlistingsmmrfiftygammadeltatcellsolamangaxpresswaslaunchedintheuaeonmarchrefnameameinfocomrefasafreeweeklynewspaperandcompetitortothelikesofdaysandemiratestodayxpresswassetupasamulticulturalcommunitypaperforalluaeresidentsbothuaenationalsandexpatriatesthemagazinepublishedindubaibythealnisrgroupasasisterpapertogulfnewscoversnewsleisureandentertainmentandsportswithanemphasisonthelocaldevelopmentandlaunchworkonxpressthenknownasprojectxbeganinthebasementofthegulfnewsofficesoffsheikhzayedroadnearsafaparkinearlyrumoursofthesecretprojectbegantoleakintotheuaemediaindustryoverthenextfewmonthsbutthedetailsofthepublicationincludingitsnameremainedacloselyguardedsecretuntilitslaunchwasannouncedonmarchinitialmediareportsindicatedthatalnisrmediaintendedtopublishxpresstwiceweeklyandhopedtoobtainalicencetopublishdailyhoweverbythetimeitlaunchedxpressitselfconfirmeditwouldbepublishedonceaweekonthursdaysthepublishershavenotconfirmedwhethertheyintendtoseekadailylicencefromthedubaiauthor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rbiddinghimfromappearingliveonthechannelryderinfactsworetimesduringhisliveperformanceofprettyvacantasongoriginallybythesexpistolsitspublishershoweverpreventedrydersversionofthesongfrombeingusedinthetvtheytriedtobanandanonscreenmessageherecallsthemspoilsportsthedocumentaryshowshowacceptedthewiktionaryfwordfwordhasbecomeonbritishtelevisionbypointingoutthatcelebritychefgordonramsaysaidfucktimesinasingleepisodeofdocumentaryramsayskitchennightmareswiktionarycuntcuntontheotherhandremainsahighlyobjectionablewordthetvtheytriedtobanshowsitsfirsttelevisedusebyaprotesteractuallyfelixdenniswhoinvadedthetelevisionstudiostudioofdavidfrostschatshowthefrostprogrammetheprotesterwasimmediatelycriticisedasimmaturebyfrostwethenseethealmostunnoticedincidentonthismorningtvseriesthismorningonfebruarywhencapricebourretcapricementionedthatshewasappearinginthevaginamonologuesinasegmentcalledreclaimingcuntthisreceivedthreecomplaintsandwasnotevennoticedbypresentersfernbrittonandjohnleslietelevisionpresenterjohnleslieatthetimebutatabloidnewspapertabloidfrenzyensuredthatcapricewaskickedofftheshowthedocumentarythenshowsasingleframefromsatiresatiricalcomedybrasseyethatcausedcontroversyinintelevisionchrismorrissatiristchrismorrissuperimposedthewordsgradeisacuntontothescreentoprotestagainstthethenchannelcommissionermichaelgradescensorshipcensoringofasceneinvolvingafictionalmusicalaboutserialkillerpetersutcliffecontinuingthethemeofoffensivelanguagethetvtheytriedtobanclaimsthatsbritishsitcomslikelovethyneighbourandmindyourlanguagewerelovedbymiddleenglandbutareembarrassingtodaybecauseoftheirracismvincepowellcreatorofbothseriesdefendsmindyourlanguagebysayingalliwasdoingwasmakingfunoftheenglishlanguagenottheforeignersstephenkamosciteslovethyneighbourasincreasingcasualracismbecauseitintroducedviewerstoantiblackandantiwhiteinsultstheyhadntevenheardbeforethebbcofficialwhosejobistodiscourageoffensivewordsisinterviewedandisseenwiththelistofwordsthatwereonceseenastheleastdesirableforbroadcastpredominantlyprofanityswearwordsandthesamelistintheswhichismarkedlydifferentcontainingmainlyracisthomophobiahomophobicorantidisabilitydisabledinsultsfinallyinpartapreviouslyunbroadcastadvertisementforchannelisseenpartofaseriesofadvertsmadeinintelevisionthatcontainedquicklychangingclipsofpresentersandpersonalitiesfromchannelshowsalltalkingaboutaparticularsubjectthisadvertwasonthethemeoffavouriteswearwordsandobviouslycontainsexplicitlanguagepartthesecondparttalksabouttheportrayalofsexontelevisioninbritainintheswingingsixtiesthedocumentaryclaimsnosexuallyexplicitmatierialwasallowedontheuksthreetvchannelsalthoughinthessomearthousecinemaartisticfilmsshownlateatnightcontainednuditythedocumentaryclaimsthatmargaretthatchersrisetoprimeministeroftheunitedkingdompowershortlyafterwhichtheconservativepartyukconservativebritishgovernmentgovernmentcreatedchannelactuallyunleashedatideoffilthandmoralpanicmorallyobjectionablecontentontobritishtvscreensbecausechannelswiktionaryremitremitcompelledittopushboundariesandshowprogrammesforgroupsnotcateredforbythemainstreamchannelschannelsredtrianglechannelredtrianglefilmseriesinbritishtelevisionisdescribedherebydavidquantickaslikehavingalittlepervertsatinyourfrontroombecauseofwhatheclaimswasoftenpornographypornographiccontentinthefilmsinrealityfewoftheredtrianglefilmsweretitillatinganepisodeofthebbcdramathesingingdetectivebroadcastnovemberwhichcontainedasexsceneattractedmorecomplaintsasdidapmepisodeofchannelsrighttoreplythatrepeatedthesceneanunusuallysuggestivesexsceneinfootballerswivesthattheprogrammesmakersfreelyadmitwassoftcorepornographysoftpornistheintroductiontothedocumentarysexaminationofdepictionsofhomosexualitygaysexonbritishtvandthepossiblehypocrisyintabloidscomplainingaboutgaymalecharactersineastendersandqueerasfolkuktvseriesqueerasfolkbutdescribinglesbianismlesbianthemedperioddramatippingthevelvetasmarvellousandamovingdramaaboutthelovethatcanexistbetweentwowomenalthoughgarrybushellobviouslyrealisesthatcontradictioninjokingthatithadnothingtodowiththebreaststitsacensoredgaysexscenebetweentwomalefootballerswivescharactersisshowninthetvtheytriedtobaninfactithadalreadyappearedonitvsfootballerswivesuncoveredafacttotallyunmentionedinthisdocumentaryinterviewedhereoneofthefootballerswivesactorssayshewasunhappywiththedecisiontocuthisscenesimplybecausechoosingtofilmitwasadifficultdecisionforaheterosexualstraightactorothercontroversialbroadcaststhatareexaminedinthispartofthedocumentaryincludechannelsanimalpassionsaboutagroupofbestialitybestialistsintheunitedstatesandadocumentaryaboutderekjarmansinfilmfilmsebastianetheintelevisiondocumentarycontainedasceneincludinganerectpenissupposedlyaccidentallyasitwasonamovietheatrecinemascreeninthebackgroundofaninterviewwithjarmantheseareofficiallynotallowedonbritishtelevisionbutthetvtheytriedtobanexaminesthemullofkintyretheoryonthesubjectandbroadcaststhesceneagainwithanexplicitwarningimmediatelybeforeshowingitpartthispartofthedocumentaryexaminedtheriseofladcultureladetteandravecultureintheearlysandhowsomebroadcasterstriedtoputthisyouthcultureontvinsuchshowsaschannelsthewordtvseriesthewordandsomethingfortheweekendchanneltvseriessomethingfortheweekendtheselatenightserieswerereflectedbyrudemomentsandconcentratingonfreakishtalentsmakingformorebizarreentertainmentthanbeforeindeedthewordsmostwiktionaryinfamousinfamousincidentinvolvedayoungmanwiktionarysnogsnogginganelderlywomanduringthehopefulsafamousforminutessegmentthecomplainerssuggestthatpeoplecouldhavedemonstratedtheirtalentsbyperformingasongorapoetrypoeminsteadthetvtheytriedtobanthenunveilsthesupposedtopthreemostoffensivebritishtvmomentsxratedthetvtheytriedtobanxratedtopmostcontroversialtvmomentsxratedtopmostcontroversialtvmomentsbroadcastonchannelinthesamemonthrevealedadifferenttopthreebecauseitusedadifferentsystemherethetopthreewasnamedasghostwatchbbconeintelevisionjerryspringertheoperatelevisionjerryspringertheoperabbctwoshownintelevisionbrasseyepaedophiliaspecialbrasseyespecialpaedophiliachannelintelevisionpartthedocumentaryconcludesbyaskingwherecancontroversialtvgonextmorerecentcontroversialprogrammesareshownsuchasgunthervonhagensstelevisedautopsyinwhichwascriticisedbysomebutwelcomedbyotherswhoappreciatedtheinsightintohowthehumanbodyandtreatmentofcorpsedeadbodiesworksachanneldocumentaryaboutamanwhoeatsfoetusesisalsosuggestedasapointeroftelevisionspossiblefuturedirectionandtheintervieweessuggestnottotallyseriouslythatexecutionsbeshownontvshaunrydernominatesianhuntleytobethefirsttosufferthisfatealthoughforgetshuntleysnamewhileanothersuggestsletshaveexecutionbyburningburningsonfivechannelchannelfivetheprogrammewasmadebeforethehighprofileexecutionofsaddamhusseinwhichbearssomeresemblancetotheseideasthetvtheytriedtobanplaysamomentfromnewssatirethedaytodaywhichfilmedafakehangingfromthesthisistheendofthedocumentaryxratedtopmostcontroversialtvmomentsthisprogrammepresentedthemostcontroversialbritishtelevisionprogrammesjudgedonhowmanyofficialcomplaintstheyreceivedatthetimefirstshowninmarchandpresentedbyepuppetcharactersthebronxbunnyshowbronxbunnyandteddytitsconclusionwasdifferentfromthatofthetvtheytriedtobanitstopfourmostoffensiveprogrammeswereghostwatchbbconeintelevisioncomplaintsjerryspringertheoperabbctwoapproxbrasseyespecialchannelderrenbrownseancechannelthereasonforthisdiscrepancywaspresumablythatthisdocumentaryonlycountedcomplaintsmadeafterbroadcastbyviewersasbronxbunnypointsoutherejerryspringertheoperawouldhavebeeninfirstplacehadviewerscomplainedafterwatchingitintheendthebbcreceivedapproximatelycomplaintsbeforescreeningthecontroversialoperamainlyfromchristiansunhappywithjesuschristsportrayalghostwatchsappearanceinfirstplacemightalsohavedetractedfromthethemeofthetvtheytriedtobanasthatdocumentarywasaboutoffensiveprogrammeswhereasghostwatchonlyreceivedcomplaintsbecauseitscaredorhoaxfooledviewersreferencesexternallinkspeterosepeterosefranzferdinandalbumislamicrevolutionaryguardcorpssomeguywithawebsitexlinkedagammaglobulinemiakawithhookxpresswestformerlyknownasdesertxpressisaprivateventurecapitalventureproposalbackedbylasvegasvalleylasvegasnevadahoteldevelopermarnellcorraoassociatesmarnelltobuildaprivatelyfundedhighspeedrailpassengertraininthewesternunitedstatestoconnectpalmdalecaliforniapalmdalelosangelesandvictorvillecaliforniatolasvegasandlatertophoenixarizonasaltlakecitysaltlakecityutahanddenverdenvercoloradoovervieworiginalplantheoriginalplanunderthenamedesertxpresswastoprovideanalternativetoautomobiletravelbetweenthelosangelescalifornialosangelesareatolasvegasalonginterstateaswellasanalternativetoairlinetravelthishighwayisadirectautomobileroutebetweenthetworegionsandcarriesheavytrafficgreyhoundlinesgreyhoundbusescovertherouteinbetweenfiveandsevenhourswhileautomobilestakearoundfourhourslasvegaslostitslastpassengertrainserviceinwhenamtrakcancelleditsdesertwindthecityofvictorvillewasselectedasthelocationforthewesternmostterminalstationterminalsinceextendingthetrainlinefartherintothelosangelesbasinthroughthecajonpasswouldbeprohibitivelyexpensivevictorvilleisaboutfromriversidecaliforniariversidewhereastationwasproposedforthecaliforniahighspeedraillinethestationwastoincludefreeparkingandthroughcheckingofbaggagestraighttothelasvegasstripresortsrefnamesunmarchrefafutureextensionwouldincludeanewlinktothecaliforniahighspeedrailstationinpalmdalerefnamesunoctoberrefthetrainwouldtravelatspeedsofuptoaveragingandmakingthetripfromvictorvilletolasvegasinabouthourminutesrefnamedxtechrefasoftheprojectwasexpectedtobeginconstructioninearlyandstartfullservicebyearlyrefnameprogressrefhoweverasofapriltheprojecthasnotbrokengroundnewplaninjunethedeveloperannouncedthenewplantobuildanetworkofhighspeedrailfortheregionbyexpandingtoarizonautahandcoloradotheinitialphasewastoincludehighspeedtrackslasvegastovictorvilleandvictorvilletopalmdalethemilelinkbetweenlasvegasandvictorvillewasdesignedtobedoubletrackedwhichisdedicatedforthehighspeedtrainsthecostsofthissectionwasestimatedatbillionthedeveloperwouldputupbillioninprivateinvestmentandtherestoffundingwouldborrowedundertherailroadrehabilitationandimprovementfinancingprogramprovidedbythefederalrailroadadministrationthedevelopersignedadocumentwithlosangelescountymetropolitantransportationauthorityofficialsinjunetoexploretheplantobuildamilehighspeedraillinkbetweenvictorvilleandpalmdalethelinkwouldinitiallyconnecttothemetrolinksoutherncaliforniametrolinksysteminpalmdalethiswouldallowpassengerstocompleteatrainridebetweenlosangelesandlasvegaswithonetransferbyusingthemetrolinkinthelaareaandatransfertothehighspeedtrainatpalmdalestationthestationeventuallyconnectwithcaliforniahighspeedrailtheearlyestimateofthecostsforthislinkwasbillionandtheearliestenvironmentalworkwastobecompletedbytheendofthedateoftheserviceforthislinkhasnotbeendeterminedrefnamemtareffutureplansincludealinkbetweenlasvegasandphoenixarizonaandanotherfromlasvegastosaltlakecityutahanddenvercoloradorefnamenetworkreftheprojectwassubsequentlyrebrandedtoxpresswesttoreflecttheexpandedmissionrefnamerebrandingrefdetailsroutethetracksareplannedtobelaidlargelywithintherightofwaytransportationrightofwayofinterstatealthoughinsectionsitwouldpassthroughfederallandcontrolledbythebureauoflandmanagementandnationalparkservicestationlocationsineachoftheterminuscitieshavenotyetbeenidentifiedandthelineisnotplannedtostopatintermediatecitiesthetrainisplannedtotakeminutestocompleteaonewaytripbetweenvictorvilleandlasvegasthedetailsofothersectionshavenotbeenannouncedservicetolosangelesintheoriginalplantheroutedoesnotextendintolosangelesduetothehighcostofbuildingrailinurbanareastheextensionfromvictorvilletothecityofpalmdalecaliforniapalmdalewhereitwouldjointheproposedcaliforniahighspeedrailsysteminordertoconnectwithlosangeleswasnotincludedintheinitialphaseinjunethenewplanincludedthelinkbetweenvictorvilleandpalmdaleaspartoftheparallelconstructionforthefirstphaseoftheprojectpassengerswouldtransfertometrolinktoaccessthelosangelesarearidershipandfaresxpresswestestimatesthatitwillcarryaroundfivemillionroundtrippassengersinthefirstfullyearofoperationthetrainsareexpectedtoruneveryminutesonpeakanduptoeveryminutesasdemandrequiresrefnametrainsreftheestimateofridershipandfaresforothersectionshasnotbeenannouncedconstructioninmarchexecutiveswiththeprojectsaidtheyexpectedconstructiontobegininasofoctoberconstructionwasplannedtobegininthelastquarterofwithcompletioninthelastquarterofsubjecttofundinginfebruarythefederalloanremainsunapprovedandconstructionwasexpectedtostartuntilmidattheearliestbuthasnotevenstartedasoforrefnamestartingrefdesignapreferreddesignwasidentifiedwiththereleaseofthefinalenvironmentalimpactstatementonaprilwhichbeganapubliccommentperiodthatendedonmaythefederalgovernmentapprovedthedesignonjulyandtheplannedroutewasapprovedbythesurfacetransportationboardonoctoberthetrainsweretobeselfpropelledallelectricmultipleunitemutrainswithmaximumspeedofcostandfundingthetotalcostofthelinkbetweenvictorvilleandlasvegaswasexpectedtobearoundusbillioninmarchprojectplannerssaidtheycouldobtainthefullfundingamountthroughexclusivelyprivateinvestorsbuthadalsoappliedforabillionloanthroughthefederalrailroadrehabilitationimprovementfinancingprogramrefnamechsrrefasofoctoberthestartoftheprojectwascontingentonreceivingabillionloanfromthefederalgovernmenttheapprovalordenialofwhichisexpectedinmidrefnamehopesrefrepresentativepaulryanrepublicanpartyunitedstatesrwisconsinwithechairmanoftheunitedstateshousecommitteeonthebudgethousebudgetcommitteeandsenatorjeffsessionsrepublicanpartyunitedstatesralabamaaltherankingminoritymemberoftheunitedstatessenatecommitteeonthebudgetsenatecommitteeonthebudgetarethemainopponentstothefederalloanapplicationofxpresswesttheyarguedthattheprojectrepresentedhighrisktothetaxpayertheywrotetothenunitedstatessecretaryoftransportationtransportationsecretaryraylahoodinmarchandrecommendedtheadministrationtorejecttheloanapplicationtheletterindicatedthatthetotalcostwasestimatedtobebillionthebillionwouldcomefromtheprivatesourcesandthereminderbillionwouldcomefromthefederalloanthelettercitedataxpayerriskanalysisreportasabasisoftheirrecommendationinjulytherewerereportsthatloanwasindefinitelysuspendedwhichwerelaterconfirmedbythefederalgovernmentwhichsaidthatithadbeensuspendedinpartduetothefailureoftheapplicationinregardtothebuyamericapolicywhichrequiredapplicantstouseamericanmadeproductsdespitetheindefinitesuspensionofthefederalloanapplicationwhichwasviewedasadenialoftheapplicationthedeveloperindicatedthatthexpresswestprojectwouldproceedwithoutprovidingthedetailsonfinancialplaninnevadasenatorharryreidmentionedthatthefederalloanrequestmayresurfacebutlittlehadbeenseensofaroftheprojectscontinuedviabilityinthenevadahighspeedrailauthoritywasproposedtolookintothefeasibilityofhighspeedrailintosouthernnevadafromcaliforniapossiblyxpresswestthebillwasfirstintroducedonaprilandwaspassedbythelegislatureonmaybyavoteofandwasapprovedbythegovernoronmayjointventureonseptemberxpresswestandthenewlyformedchinarailwayinternationalusacompanyaconsortiumofchineserailindustrycompaniesannouncedajointventuretodesignbuildandoperatetheservicebetweenlasvegasandpalmdalewithconstructionplannedtobegininseptemberinjunexpresswestannouncedthatthejointventurehadbeencalledoffthebiggestreasoncitedfortheterminationofthejointventurewasafederalregulationrequiringthemanufactureofthehighspeedtrainsinsidetheunitedstatesxpresswestsaidthattheyareundeterredbythisdevelopmentandremainsdedicatedtocompletingitshighspeedpassengerrailprojectseealsocalifornianevadainterstatemaglevaproposedmaglevfromanaheimcaliforniatolasvegasztraincaliforniahighspeedraillasvegasrailwayexpressreferencesfurtherreadingwebarchiveorgwebinlandenergycomdesertexpresshtmlvictorvillecaliforniasignsmemorandumofunderstandingwithdesertxpresscompanydeadlinkwebarchiveorgwebfradotgovdownloadsrrdevdesertexpressmailercpdffederalrailroadadministrationflyerregardingdesertxpressscopingmeetingswebarchiveorgwebfradotgovuscontentlinktofederalrailroadadministrationpostingofenvironmentalimpactstatementexternallinkslasvegassuncomphotosmaygaaphotoofadesertxpresstrainsetmayrefertonokiaamobilephonereleasedinnokiagamobilephonereleasedinbsbritishstandardforthedesignandconstructionofconcretestructuresblackberrypearlamobilephonereleasedinhuaweiuamobilephonereleasedinthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellutatanexuthusheunginjimunseodaemundistrictvladimirleninxenomugilthoburnielwithtailsimohyhshattalarabshattalarabcellpaddingpxcellspacingpxbgcolorffffstylefloatrightborderpxsolidmarginpxcolspanaligncenterstylebordertoppxsolidinsertimageherealigncenterstylebackgroundccfborderbottompxsolidcolspanliangdialignrightstylebordertoppxsolidchinesenamefamilynamestylebordertoppxsolidxiaosurnamexiaoxioalignrightstylebordertoppxsolidchinesenamegivennamestylebordertoppxsolidxianxinalignrightstylebordertoppxsolidposthumousnamestylebordertoppxsolidnonexiaoxianwasadescendantoftheimperialhouseofthehistoryofchinachinesedynastyliangdynastywhoroseagainsttheruleofsuidynastytowardtheendoftheruleofemperoryangofsuihetriedtoreviveliangandforseveralyearsappearedtobesuccessfulindoingsoashewithhiscapitalatjianglingcountyjianglingruledoverastatethatincludedmostofmodernhubeihunanguangxiandnorthernvietnaminhoweverunderanattackbythetangdynastygenerallixiaogonghenotrealizingthatreliefforceswereapproachingjianglingsurrenderedhewassubsequentlytakentothetangcapitalchanganwhereemperorgaozuoftangexecutedhimbackgroundxiaoxianwasagreatgrandsonofemperorxuanofwesternliangavassalofwesternweiandnorthernzhouwhoclaimedliangimperialtitleunderthesupportfromthosestateswithhiscapitalatjianglinghisthronepassedfortwomoregenerationstoemperorjingofwesternliangemperorjingxiaoconguntilitwasabolishedbyemperorwenofsuiinthatyearxiaoxiansgrandfatherandemperorjingsunclexiaoyantheprinceofanpingandemperorjingsbrotherxiaohuantheprinceofyixingbelievingthatthesuigeneralcuihongduwasabouttolaunchasurpriseattackonjianglingwithemperorjingawayatthesuicapitalchangantopayhomagetoemperorwensurrenderedtochendynastywiththepeopleofjianglinganactthatdirectlyledtoemperorwensdecisiontoabolishwesternliangnotwithstandingemperorjingssubmissivenessinafteremperorwenconqueredchenhelargelysparedchenofficialsbutasheboreagrudgeagainstxiaoyanandxiaohuanforrebellingagainsthimhehadthemexecutedevenaftertheysurrenderedasaresultofxiaoyansdeathbyexecutionhisfamilyunliketherestofthexiaoswasnottreatedwellbysuiauthoritiesxiaoxianhimselfwaspoorinhisyouthsupportinghimselfandhismotherbyservingasascribehewasknownforbeingfiliallypioustohismotherduringthereignofemperoryangofsuiemperoryangbecauseemperoryangswifeempressxiaosuidynastyempressxiaowasasisterofemperorjingsherrelativesweregenerallygivengovernmentalofficesandxiaoxianwasmadethecountymagistrateofluochuaninmodernyueyanghunaninitialuprisinginseveralmilitaryofficersatbalingcommanderyroughlymodernyueyangconsideredrisingagainstsuiruletheyinitiallywantedtosupportoneoftheirowndongjingzhenasleaderbutdongpointedoutthathewasofahumblelineageandwouldnotberespectedbyothersbutthatxiaoxianwasofimperialheritageandwouldbesupportedtheythereforesentmessengerstoluochuantoreportthistoxiaowhothengatheredseveralthousandmenatthesametimetheagrarianrebelleadershenliushengwasattackingluochuanandxiaoinitiallycouldnotrepelhimhoweverwhenxiaobelievingthattheactwouldcauseshentosubmitdeclaredhimselfthedukeofliangandreplacedallsuiuniformswithliangonesshensubmittedwithinfivedaysofxiaosdeclarationhehadseveraltensofthousandsofmenandheledthemtobalingdongsentoneofhisfollowersxudejitogreetxiaowhenshenbelievingthathisaccomplishmentwouldbeovershadowedbythecontributionsofdongandtheotherskilledxuandwantedtodetainxiaoxiaoinshockofferedtoresignwhichledshentoinfearbegforforgivenessxiaoinitiallypardonedhimbutdongarguedthatifxiaodidnotkillshenhecouldnotshowtheruleoflawandsoxiaochangedhismindandalloweddongtoexecuteshenshenssoldiersfledinwinterxiaobuiltatallaltarandburnedawoodenpirethereonhedeclaredhimselftheprinceofliangandchangederanametoshowindependencefromsuireignaroundthenewyearxiaoxiansenthisgeneralsuhuertoattackanotherrebelleaderlinshihongtheemperorofchuwhohadearliertakenovermostofmodernjiangxiandguangdongsucapturedlinsmajorcityyuzhanginmodernnanchangjiangxipromptinglintoretreatfromnankanginmodernganzhoujiangxitoyuganinmodernshangraojiangxiinsummerxiaotookimperialtitleandestablishedanimperialgovernmentwithliangdynastygovernmentalstructureheposthumouslyhonoredxiaocongasemperorjingasxiaoconghaddiedwithonlythesuititleofdukeofliangbutdidnotsoposthumouslyhonorhisgrandfatherxiaoyanandfatherxiaoguihonoringxiaoyanonlyasprincezhonglieofhejianandxiaoguiasprincewenxianofhejianhecreatedsevenofhisgeneralsprincesandsentoneofthemyangdaoshengtheprinceofsongtoattackjianglingafteryangcapturedjianglingxiaomovedhiscapitalfrombalingtojianglingmeanwhilethesuiofficialsinthemodernguangxiandnorthernvietnamregionsuponhearingthatemperoryanghadbeenkilledinacoupledbythegeneralyuwenhuajiinspringlargelysurrenderedtoxiaohistoricalrecordsindicatethatxiaosterritorywentasfareastasjiujiangasfarwestasthethreegorgesasfarsouthasjiaozhimodernhanoivietnamandasfarnorthasthehanriverhanshuihanriverwithmorethanregularsoldiersunderhisdisposalinxiaomadeapushtoexpandhisterritorytothemodernchongqingandsichuanregionthenheldbytangdynastyhesentyangandchenpuhuantoattacktangsxiaprefectureroughlymodernyichanghubeibuttheywererepelledbythetanggeneralxushaointhetanggenerallixiaogongthedukeofzhaocommanderyattackedxiaosgeneraldutitheprinceofdongpingandkilleddumeanwhilexiaowassaidtobenarrowmindedandsuspiciousandhisgeneralsbecauseoftheiraccomplishmentswereoutofcontrolandcruelxiaofearedthemandthereforedeclaredthathisempirewaspeacefulandthatthemilitaryshouldbecutbackinordertoreducetheinfluencesofthegeneralsmeanwhileinwinterdongjingzhensbrotherageneralatjianglingwasresentfulofxiaoandplottedagainsthimwhenthenewsoftheplotwasleakedxiaoexecuteddongjingzhensbrotheratthattimedongwasdefendingchangshaxiaodeclaredapardonfordongandsummonedhimbacktojianglingbutdonginfearroseagainstxiaoofferingtosurrenderchangshatotangemperorgaozuorderedxutotrytoaiddongbutxudidnotappeartobeabletoadvancemuchalthoughhedidcapturejingmenfromliangmeanwhilexiaosentzhangxiutheprinceofqitoattackchangshadongtriedtogetzhangtojoinhimbypointingoutthesituationtobesimilartowhenemperorgaoofhanfirstkilledhanxinandthenpengyueiethepeoplewithcontributionswerebeingkilledzhangdidnotrespondandputchangshaundersiegedongtriedtofighthiswayoutofthesiegebutwaskilledbyhisownsubordinatesxiaopromotedzhangandzhangbecamearrogantduetohiscontributionsxiaokilledhimandthereafteritwassaidthatallofliangsgeneralsallconsideredrebellingandthatliangspowerwasweakeneddefeatanddeatharoundthesametimethetangofficiallijingtangdynastylijinghadofferedstrategiestodestroyliangtolixiaogonglixiaogongrelayedthemtoemperorgaozuwhoacceptedtheminspringemperorgaozumadelixiaogongthecommandantatkuiprefecturemoderneasternchongqingandhadhimbuildalargefleetandtrainsailorstopreparefortheattackagainstlianghealsomadelijinglixiaogongsdeputyinsummerthetanggeneralzhoufamingattackedliangsanprefectureroughlymodernxiaoganhubeicapturingthelianggeneralmaguiqiansoonthereafterthetanggeneralguoxingfangattackedliangsruoprefectureinmodernxiangfanhubeiandcaptureditaswellinwintertanglaunchedamajorassaultonliangwithlixiaogongassistedbylijingincommandoftheforcesoverallwithyangtzeriverswaterhighandtreacherousatthattimexiaodidnotexpectanattackfromtangandhewascaughtbysurpriselixiaogongdefeatedthelianggeneralwenshihongandapproachedjianglingasxiaohadearlierreducedhisarmedforcesheonlyhadafewthousandmeninjianglingandheissuedemergencyorderstothetroopsintheotherpartsoftheempireorderingthemtocometojianglingsaidatonceneverthelessxiaoscounterattackwasinitiallysuccessfulalthoughlixiaogongandlijingsoondefeatedliangforcesagainandputjianglingundersiegeunderlijingssuggestionlixiaogongfloatedthecapturedliangshipsdowntheyangtzeriveremptytoconfuseliangforcesintobelievingthatjianglinghadfallentheliangforceswereindeedconfusedandsloweddownwithjianglingsurroundedandxiaoscontactwiththeoutsidecutoffheundersuggestionbyhisofficialcenwenbendecidedtosurrenderheannouncedtohisofficialsafterofferingsacrificestotheliangancestorsxiaosurrenderedstatingtolixiaogongonlyxiaoxianshoulddiethepeopleareinnocentpleasedonotplunderhedidnotknowthatmorethanliangsoldierswereapproachingandaftertheyarrivedtheysawthatxiaohadsurrenderedandsurrenderedaswelllixiaogongdeliveredxiaotochanganemperorgaozurebukedhimxiaonotsubmittingtoemperorgaozusrebukerespondedsuilostitsdeerandtheheroessoughtafteritixiaoxianwasnotblessedbyheavenandthereforewascapturediwasmerelyliketianhengaqistateqiprincewhotriedtoreviveqiafterthefallofqindynastyclaimingaprincelytitlewhodidnotrebelagainsthandynastyifwhatididiscriminaliamwillingtobeboiledtodeathemperorgaozuangryatxiaosrefusaltosubmithadhimbeheadederanamefengmingfngmngnotesemwithtailenwithtailenwithhookkhakassiancheredirectxamlanguagevisargatamilredirectshelldotdiacriticoverdotredirectcategoryshellxltagarxyloselysinetergitolisaselectiveculturemediumforthe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tertwoseasonshewasunabletohelptheteamwinpromotionhewouldtakeapositionwiththehuochetoufootballassociationuntilthirdtierclubyunnanprovincialfootballteamofferedhimapositiontomanagethemintheleaguehoweverhewasunabletoleadthemtopromotionandleftsoonafterchinawhenheleftyunnanhereturnedtohistrainingtobecomeaprofessionalmanagerwhichledtohimtakeadvancedcoursesatbeijingsportsinstitutefromtowhenhefinishedhewasgiventheopportunitytomanagethenewlyformedchinabteamwhichwasessentiallythechinanationalunderfootballteamchineseyouthteamwhowereallowedtoplayintheleaguesystemhistimewiththemwasextremelysuccessfulandhewasevenabletowintheleaguetitlewiththemintheleagueseasonimpressedwithhisleadershipthechinesefootballassociationwouldremovethechineseyouthteamfromtheleagueandallowxugenbaototaketheteamtoplayinternationaltournamentsthiswouldthenleadtoxugenbaobeingofferedthechinanationalfootballteamchineseseniorteampositionhoweverhisreignwasextremelyshortwhenthefootballassociationdecideditwantedamoreexperiencedmanagerinklausschlappnertoleadtheteamtotheafcasiancupneverthelessxugenbaowouldstaywiththechineseteamasanassistantuntilshanghaishenhuawiththechinesefootballassociationdemandingtheentireleaguesystemtobeprofessionalshanghaishenhuawantedxugenbaotohelpthemintheirtransitionatthebeginningoftheleagueseasonhequicklyenforcedmoreprofessionaltechniquesandtacticsaswellasdevelopingateamabletofightdalianwandasdominancewithintheleaguethiswouldpayoffintheleagueseasonwhenshanghaishenhuawouldconvincinglywintheleaguetitleforthefirsttimeinoverthirtyyearsxugenbaospersonaldesiretoseebettertrainingtechniquessawhimdecidetohelpfoundshanghaicableayouthfootballteamdesignedtoimprovethefootballtechniquesofyoungchineseplayersthefollowingseasonbackatshanghaishenhuahoweverwasdiffercultforxugenbaoandhewasunabletoreplicatehissuccesshehadpreviouslyshowndespitecomingsecondwithintheleagueshanghaishenhuawouldpartwayswithxugenbaoandhewouldgoontojoinsecondtierclubguangzhousongriintheleagueseasonwhereheimmediatelymadeanimpactbyaidingthemtoathplacefinishandpromotiontothetoptierdalianwandawhendalianwandawerelookingforareplacementfortheirpreviouslysuccessfulmanagerchishangbintheyquicklyturnedtoxugenbaodespitepreviouslymanagingfortheirtitlerivalsinhisfirstseasonxugenbaoseemedlikeaninspiredchoicewhenhequicklyimposedhimselfwithintheteamandwonthemanotherleaguetitleinhisfirstseasonaswellascomingrunnersupintheasianclubchampionshipthefollowingseasonhoweversawdaliansfortunesdrasticallychangewhentheystruggledintheleagueandflirtedwithrelegationwhichwouldseexugenbaoresigningattheendoftheseasonreturntoshanghaihereturnedtoshanghaiwithsecondtierfootballteamshanghaizhongyuanwherehewouldleadthemtotheleaguetitleandpromotionbytheleagueseasonshanghaishenhuawhohadntwonthetitlesincexugenbaoleftwantedtobringhimbackhopingforhimtoreplicatethesuccesshepreviouslyhadxugenbaowoulddecidethatthiswastheperfectopportunityforhimtosellandincorporatehisnowadultandprofessionalfootballteamshanghaicableintotheshanghaishenhuateamwhilemostoftheshanghaicableplayershadaseasonofplayingthirdtierfootballxugenbaosdesiretoimmediatelymergethemintotheshanghaishenhuawouldprovetobeadisasterduringhisreignandhistemperdidnotbringoutthebestfromhisplayerswithshenhuaflirtingwithrelegationhewasessentiallysackedfromhispostasmanagerwithwujinguitakingoverrefciteweburlenglishpeopledailycomcnprinthtmltitlexugenbaoquitsasshanghaicoachpublisherpeopledailycomcndateaccessdaterefironicallythefollowingseasonshanghaishenhuawouldgoontowintheleaguetitleusingmanyoftheplayersbroughtfromtheshanghaicablesquadshanghaieastasiaxugenbaowouldmoveawayfrommanagementandfoundedafootballschoolincalledgenbaofootballacademyhoweverafterseveralyearsoutsidemanagementhewouldreturnwhenhewouldgoontofoundshanghaieastasiainwherehenamedhimselftheirheadcoachuntilwhenhetookastepbackandallowedjiangbingyaotoreplacehimwhileheremainedastheirchairmenafterspendingseveralseasonsstillinthesecondtierxugenbaowouldbecomeimpatientjiangbingyaoanddecidedtobecometheheadcoachoftheteamoncemoreatbeginningoftheleagueseasonclubownershipxugenbaoestablishedafootballclubshanghaieastasiaincooperationwithshanghaidongyasportsandculturecentercoltdonthebasisofgenbaofootballacademyintheclubwonpromotiontochinaleagueoneinandtochinesesuperleagueinhesoldtheclubtoshanghaiinternationalportgroupforrenminbimillioninnovemberhekepttheuteamandbelowofthefootballacademyinmarchhesoldtheuteamborninandtohisformerclubshanghaigreenlandshenhuafcshanghaigreenlandshenhuaxuacquiredspanishsegundadivisinbsidelahoyalorcainjulyandchangedtheirnametolorcafconmaytheclubachievedpromotiontosegundadivisinhonoursplayerbayifootballteamchinanationalleaguemanagerchinabchinesejiaaleagueshanghaishenhuachinesejiaaleaguechinesefasupercupdalianwandachinesejiaaleagueshanghaizhongyuanchinesejiableagueshanghaieastasiasupsupchinaleaguetwochinaleagueoneshanghaifootballteamchinesenationalgamesuchinesenationalgamesuindividualjiaaleaguemanageroftheyearchinesegoldencoachawardsupsupsmallascoachgeneralsmallreferencesexternallinkscmxgovcncmwebnewnodenodenod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eofqinandhisfollowersassassinatedcrownprincelijianchengandprinceliyuanjiprinceofqilishiminthesecondsonofemperorgaozuoftangemperorgaozuwasinanintenserivalrywithhiselderbrotherlijianchengandyoungerbrotherliyuanjihetookcontrolandsetupanambushatxuanwugatethenortherngateleadingtothepalacecityoftheimperialcapitalchangantherelijianchengandliyuanjiwereassassinatedbylishiminandhismenwithinthreedaysafterthecouplishiminwasinstalledasthecrownprinceemperorgaozuabdicatedanothersixtydayslaterandpassedthethronetolishiminwhowouldbecomeknownasemperortaizongbackgroundafterthefoundingofthetangdynastylijianchengwascreatedtheheirapparenteventhoughlijianchengwasdesignatedastheheirapparenthewasoftenovershadowedbyhisyoungerbrotherlishiminlishiminwasinstrumentalindefeatingseveraloftangsmajorrivalsmeanwhilelijianchengwasstationedalongthenorthernfrontiertoguarditagainstthetujuewhichlefthimunabletobuildupasimilarreputationhealsoplacedlishimininchargeofthecivilandmilitaryadministrationoftheeasternplainwithluoyangasitsheadquarterstherelishiminestablishedhimselfandappointedaboutfiftycivilandmilitaryofficialswhichmadeitpossibleforhimtochallengetheheirapparentspreeminencethismayinsinuatedinlijianchengsmindthatlishimincouldharborambitiontoascendtothethronehimselfhenceforthlijianchengattemptedtounderminelishiminbygettinghisstaffmembersremovedandreassignedtootherpostsprincelishiminfoundhimselfunabletogainsupportinthecapitalchanganorinsidetheimperialpalacesashewasoftenawayonmilitaryexpeditionshemostlyreliedonluoyangwherehecouldsuccessfullybuildstrongsupportamongmilitaryandcivilofficialsmeanwhileinchangancrownprincelijianchengwasincreasinghispowerbyrecruitingmorethantwothousandmentoserveinthechanglintroopswhichhestationedattheeastpalacenearthechanglingatehewasalsoalliedwithhissecondyoungerbrotherprinceliyuanjitheyhadthesupportofemperorgaozusconsortswhooftenintercededwithcourtaffairsonbehalfofthetwoprincestherewereallegationsthatyangwenganwasraisingtroopssolijianchengwhowasleftinchargeofthecapitalwhileemperorgaozuwasawayinhissummerpalacecouldcommitacoupforthetangdynastythronealthoughthereisstillamatterofdisputeonwhetherlijianchengwasactuallyinvolvedamongsthistoriansyangwenganwastheregionalcommanderofqingzhouingansuandaformerguardoflijianchengattheeastpalacehowevertheforementionedplotwasdisclosedtotheauthoritieslijianchengwassummonedfromchanganandyangwenganwassummonedfromhisgarrisonpostlijianchengwenttoseekforgivenessagainsttheadviceofasubordinatetoseizethethronehoweveryangwenganrebelledinthethmonthofhoweverlijianchengssupportersliyuanjithepalaceladiesandministerfengdeyiintercededtoclearlijianchengfromtheaffairthusemperorgaozuallowedlijianchengtoremaintheheirapparentbutexiledsomeoflijianchengsadvisorsandatleastoneoflishiminsstaffmemberpriortothecoupprincelishiminsurvivedapoisoningattemptbyhistwobrothersstatesthatthelatterinterpretationismostprobablytheonetobeincorrectsincethepoisoninghadrenderedlishiminseriouslyillalthoughitisstilldisputedwhenorwhetherithadactuallyhappenedcrownprincelijianchengandprinceliyuanjisuccessfullyplottedthedismissaloffangxuanlingandduruhuilishiminsprincipaladvisorsfromserviceyuchijingdelishiminsgeneralescapedanassassinationattemptwhichwasorderedbythetwoprinceslaterhewasslanderedbythetwoprincesatcourtandcamenearexecutionifitwasnotforlishiminsintercessionbylishiminbecameincreasinglyworriedbyhisbrotherssuccessfulmachinationsinturningemperorgaozuagainsthimandinremovinghisstaffmemberseventsleadingtotheincidentearlythetujueattackedthefrontierofthetangempireatlijianchengsrecommendationliyuanjiwascommissionedforamilitarycampaignagainstthesehostileforcesthuslishiminsbestgeneralsincludingchengyaojinduanzhixuanqinshubaoandyuchijingdeandcracktroopsweretransferredtoliyuanjithereafterlishiminreceivedwordfromhismenthatlijianchengandliyuanjihadtakenpreparationstoassassinatehimwhenhewouldseeoffliyuanjiaswasthecustomduringtheonsetofamilitarycampaignrefnamewencreflishimindecidedtotakeactionandplannedtodisposeofhistwobrothersattheadviceofhissubordinatesespeciallyzhangsunwujifangxuanlingduruhuiyuchijingdeandhoujunjilishiminsentzhangsuntorecallhistwomostimportantadvisorsfangxuanlingandduruhuitohelpplanthecourseofactionlishiminalsobribedchanghewhoatthetimewasthechiefmilitarycommanderguardingthexuanwugateintofollowinghisordersfewyearspriorchanghadbeenanofficerunderlishiminbuthewaseventuallyreassignedtoakeypositionatthexuanwugateinunderlijianchengscommandeventuallylishiminsubmittedamessagetoemperorgaozuaccusinglijianchengandliyuanjiofhavingillicitaffairswithseveralconsortsoftheemperorafterreceivingthemessageemperorgaozusummonedlishimintocomeforanaudiencethefollowingmorningtheemperoralsorequestedforhispersonaladvisorspeijisuiandtangpeijixiaoyuchenshudafenglunandyanshigutocomehoweverconsortzhanglearnedoflishiminsaccusationsandinformedlijianchengwhilelijianchengandliyuanjileftatdawntoconsultemperorgaozupersonallylishiminandhisfollowershadtakencontroloverxuanwugatecoupdtatonthedawnofjulyprincelishiminandnineofhisclosestfollowersincludingyuchijingdezhangsunwujizhanggongjinhoujunjidujunzhuoduguyanyunlimengchangzhengrentaiandgongsunwudaarrivedatthexuanwugatetheforbiddenparkwasdirectlytothenorthbeyondthewallsofchanganwheretheyawaitedthearrivalofcrownprincelijianchengandprinceliyuanjichangheamilitaryofficerstationedatxuanwugatealongwithhisviceofficerslyushihengandjingjunhongalsoledtroopsinsupportoflishiminonthedayofthecoupaslijianchengandliyuanjiapproachedthelinhuhalltheybegantorealizethatacoupwasabouttounfoldandimmediatelyretreatedeastwardhereuponliyuanjiattemptedtodrawhisbowtofirehisarrowsatlishiminbuthedidnotmanagetodrawitforthreeattemptslishiminstartedtofirehisarrowsatlijianchengandkilledhimyuchijingdeandhorsemencaughtupwithliyuanjiandshotathimcausingliyuanjitofallfromhishorsehoweverlishiminshorsefledintothewoodsandbecameentangledwithtreebrancheswhichledtolishiminfallingoffhishorsetooandbeingunabletogetupliyuanjiquicklygrabbedlishiminsbowandtriedtostranglehisbrotherwithithoweveryuchijingdearrivedandshoutedathimthusliyuanjifledonfoottowudehallneverthelessheovertookliyuanjiandkilledhimwithhisarrowsfollowingthedeathsoflijianchengandliyuanjiwhilelishiminsforcesheldxuanwugateundertheircontrolfightingbrokeoutbetweenthetwoarmedfactionslijianchengsfollowersincludingfengliandxuewanchejoinedbyliyuanjisfollowerssuchasxieshufangattackedthexuanwugatewiththeirtroopsandkilledlyushihengandjingjunhonghowevertheyfailedtoenterthegateduetothebravedefenseledbyzhanggongjinxuewanchealsoplannedtoattacklishiminshomebutwasstoppedbylishiminsallieswhenyuchijingdearrivedwiththeheadsofthetwoprincestheirretainersquicklydispersedwiththeirtroopsfengliandxuewanchefledtozhongnanmountainandwerelaterrecruitedbylishiminalongwithotherkeyfollowersoflijianchengincludingweizhengaftermathemperorgaozuwassailingonalakeinsidethepalacecityduringthetimeofthecoupspeculatesthattheemperorwasalarmedbytheimpendingcrisisthushewithdrewhimselffromthesituationhealsosurroundedhimselfwithseniorofficialswhowerefriendlytolishiminbecausehepossiblyrealizedthatlishiminwasthecauseofthisandhadbettermilitaryconnectionsthatprovidedhimwiththeadvantagetheofficialswerepeijisuiandtangpeijixiaoyuchenshudafenglunyanshigudoudanandyuwenshijiduringtheongoingbattlelishiminsentyuchijingdewhowasstillfullyarmedintothepalacecitytoannouncethenewsofthesituationtoemperorgaozusubsequentlyasthezizhitongjianstatesemperorgaozuturnedtohisofficialsandaskedthemididnotanticipatethattodayishouldseesuchathingasthiswhatoughttobedoneaboutittwoofthemspokehighlymeritoriouslyoflishiminandsaidthatthekillingsofthetwoprincelybrothersservedasapunishmenttheyalsorecommendedemperorgaozutoappointlishiminastheheirapparenteventhoughlishiminhadcameoutvictorioushestillneededapositiveappraisalforhisconductfromtheemperortopreventfurtherinternalconflictatyuchisadviceemperorgaozuissuedanimperialedictorderingtheremainingforcestostoptheirresistanceandtosubmittolishiminintheendlishiminhadtakenfullcontroloverthetanggovernmentwithinthreedaysemperorgaozunamedlishimintheheirapparentonthethdayofthethmonthheabdicatedinfavorforlishiminhebecameataishanghuangretiredemperorhimselfonlyappearinginpublicsometimestoattendceremonialfunctionsatcourtafterlishiminbecameemperorhehadhisbrotherssonstobekilledaswelltopreventretaliationfromthemhealsotookliyuanjiswifeasaconcubineinmazhouchargedthattheretiredemperorgaozuhadsettledindaanpalacewhichheconsideredaninhospitableplaceasitwasbuiltonlowlyinglandsatchanganthatwereplaguedbydampnessandheatduringthesummeraccordingtohimeversinceemperortaizongmovedtothecountrysideduringthesummershisretiredfatherwasleftbehindinchangantosufferinthesummerheathoweverhisfatherwouldalwaysdeclineanyinvitationtospendthesummertogetherwhenemperortaizongeventuallydidinvitehimmazhoualsochargedthatemperortaizonghadnotvisitedhisfatherforalongtimeeventhoughtheylivednearbyeachothereversincethebloodypalacecoupitseemedthatfatherandsonhaddriftedaparttosuchanextentthattheirrelationshipneverhealedinemperortaizongoftangemperortaizonglaunchedtheconstructionofthedamingpalaceheorderedtheconstructionofthenewsummerpalaceasaresidenceforhisfatherhoweveremperorgaozugrewillandneverwitnessedthepalacescompletionbeforehisdeathinthethmonthofnotesreferencesbibliographyxuanwumenwonsignredirectshellxhosacalendarshekelsignredirectcategoryshellbangladeshitakaredirectshellgermangoldmarkredirectshellnokiathcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturyfoxconnrcatshellthcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturyndaircraftdesigninstitutepanamericangamesredirectboeingnextgenerationinfoboxfootballbiographynamexavierbezimagefullnamexavierivnbezgamiobirthdatebirthplacereynosatamaulipasmexicocurrentclubclubnecaxanecaxaclubnumberheightpositionmidfielderrightmidfielderbrmidfielderdefensivemidfielderyouthyearsyouthclubscdtapatiotapatoyearsclubschivasdeguadalajaraguadalajaracapsgoalscapsgoalsyearsclubsdeportivotolucafctolucaloanyearsclubscruzazulcapsgoalsyearsclubsclubnecaxanecaxacapsgoalspcupdatenovemberxavierivnbezgamiobornjulyinreynosatamaulipasisamexicanpeoplemexicanassociationfootballfootba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haeologicalsiteinthemexicanstateofcampecheamajortowninthechenesregionitflourishedduringthemesoamericanchronologylateclassicerahistorythenamextampakcomesfromamayameaningoldancientwallsitisaveryoldsitethecitiesoriginsdatebacktobcthetopofthehillhasbeenalignedandsurroundedbyfallingterracesintendedforcultivationthecitygrewbyyearsreachingitspeakofdevelopmentbetweenitwasplannedandbeautifullydecoratedandcontributedtothisundoubtedlyspecificlocationofthecityitlayinaplacewhereinteractedchenesarchitecturalstylesandpuucthanksinsantarosaxtampakfindmagnificentmonumentsshowingthetypicalfeaturesofeachofthesestylesxtampakwasthehistoricalcapitalofthechenemayapeoplethecityisbuiltonanaturalelevationwithaflattenedanddividedsummititcoversanapproximateareaofsquarekilometersxtampakhadoverteninterlockedceremonialplazasduringitsgoldenagethecitywasinhabitedbypeoplethebuildingshaveamarkedchenesstylealthoughtherearesomestructureswithapuucinfluencemonumentsthelargeststructureinxtampakishillstarsalargeplatformwithstairsthebuildingismadeupofatleasttenbuildingsthisiswherearchaeologistsfoundeightsteleallsmoothandsculptedxtampakwasoneofthefewcitiesbuiltbythecheneswhicherectedstelaeclasswikitablemonumentmayadategregoriandatesteledecemberstelemayvaultcapstoneoctoberstelemarchvaultcapstoneauguststeleauguststelemaystelemaystelejanuaryvaultcapstonejunestelebuildingsthepalacethethreestorybuildingknownasthepalaceisunquestionablythemostunusualstructurestillstandingatxtampakbyanystandardthisisalargeandimpressivebuildingtherearetwentysevenroomsonthegroundleveltwelveonthesecondlevelincludingthetwooneroombuildingsatthesoutheastandsouthwestcornersandfiveonthethirdlevelmakingatotaloffortyfourroomsinallabroadstairwayontheeastsideleadsfromtheplazaleveltoadoorwayinthefreestandingwallattheheadofthestairsgivingaccesstotheopencourtyardandroomsbehindthereisnoindicationthatthisstairwaywouldallowaccesstothesecondlevelnoristhereanyrealindicationofsecondarystairwaysonthewestsideleadingtothesecondleveltheinteriorstairwaysstartinginroomsandonthegroundfloorwindupthroughallthreelevelsprovidingtheonlyvisiblemeansofreachingthesecondlevelatthesecondandthirdlevelsthesestairwaysopendirectlytotheexteriorincontrasttothegroundfloorwhereitisnecessarytopassthroughanteroomsbeforegainingaccesstothestairwaystheorganizationoftheroomsonthegroundfloorisunusualsincealloftheroomswiththeexceptionofthethreecentralroomsonthewestsideconsistofsuitesoftwothreeandfourinterconnectedroomssixroomsroomscontainbedsandalloftheseareinteriorroomsthefourroomsuitesatthenorthernandsouthernendsweresingledoutforspecialattentionsincetheoutermostgallerylikeroomsroomsandhavesculpturedpanelscenteredbetweenthedoorwaystotherearroomsandtherearegroupsofthreeinsetcolonnettesonthewestandeastsidesofthesedoorwaysthecentralcolonnetteofbothgroupsiscoveredwithreliefcarvingsthepierlikedoorjambsoftheouterroomsandpresumablythecentralpiersaswellshowrecessedpanelsandcapitalswithpuuclikeprofilestheroomsonthesecondlevelwhicharetheleastaccessiblearequitespaciousandsixoftheeightroomshavemultipledoorwayswhichisseeminglyatoddswiththelevelofprivacyaffordedbytherestrictedaccesssystemthefreestandingroomsatthesoutheastandsouthwestcornersseemalmostsymbolicsincethespaceinfrontofthedoorwaysistoonarrowtoallowentryfromtheadjacentterracesthetowerlikebuildingsonthesecondlevelwiththeirornamentsinstuccomightwellhavecarriedlargezoomorphicmasksontheireastfacadesandthattherewerenonfunctionalstairwaysinfrontnowfallenorcoveredwithdebriscreatingmodifiedriobeestylesymbolicpyramidtemplessimilartothevariantchenesformsseenathochobtabasquenoanddzibilnocactheroomsonthethirdlevelwhichcanbereachedbymeansofboththeinteriorstairwaysonthewestsideandthemonumentalstairwayontheeastsideseemtorepresenttheceremonialportionofthebuildingboththecourtyardandtheroombehindseemideallysuitedforformalritualsinvolvingprocessionalsproceedingupthestairwayandintoasacredprecinctwhilethegeneralpopulacewatchedfromtheplazabelowthecentralportionoftheeastfacademayhavebeenconceivedasasymbolicpyramidtempleinwhichthemonumentaleaststairwaywithitssteppedrampsrepresentthepyramidwhilethefreestandingwallonthethirdlevelwithitsportalsurroundedbyagiganticzoomorphicmaskrepresentsthetemplethecombinedstairwayandsymbolictemplehavethesamesteepsidedtowerlikeconfigurationasseenintypicalriobeetowerformsinvirtuallyeveryrespectthethreestorypalaceisauniquebuildingwhichhasnorealcounterpartselsewhereinthechenesregionitselfthemonumentalstairwayontheeastsideleadingtoaportalinafreestandingwallwithanopencourtbehindimmediatelycallstomindstructureivatbecanhoweverwhichshowsaverysimilarorganizationthepalacealsoshowsavaguesimilaritytothethreestorypalaceatsayilalthoughthelatterislargerandlackstheopencourtyardonthethirdlevelattheheadofthemainstairwayperhapsthemostunusualaspectofthepalaceinxtampakisthatitappearstohavebeenconceivedattheoutsetasamultistorystructureincontrasttomultilevelbuildingselsewhereinwhichthevariouslevelswereaccretionsovertimethisisparticularlynoticeableinthepalaceatsayilwherethearchitecturalanddecorativefeaturesofthefacadesonthevariouslevelsareconsiderablydifferentincontrastthearchitecturalanddecorativefeaturesonallthreelevelsofthepalaceatsantarosaarevirtuallyidenticalandthereareonlyminorvariationsinthedetailsofbasemedialandcornicemoldingstheinteriorstairsystemalsopointstoaninitialthreestoryconceptionasitisdifficulttoseehowthesestairwayscouldhavebeenaddedatalaterdateseveralarchitecturalfeatureshavebeenincorporatedintothisbuildingwhichseemtoanticipatecertainelementsoftheclassicpuucarchitecturalstylestheseincludethecolumnlikepierscreatingthemultipledoorwaystoseveraloftheexteriorroomsonallthreelevelsotherunusualarchitecturalfeaturesincludethenumerousrecessedwallpanelswhichareparticularlyprominentonthewestsideoftheroomsonthethirdlevelbecauseoftheunquestionablepalatialappearanceofthebuildingitistemptingtoacceptthisdesignationoutofhandwithoutaskingforanyproofunfortunatelythereislittletogooninthewayofharddatawhichhasanyreferencetothefunctionsofthevariousroomsthecirculationsystemdoeshoweverestablishafairlyclearhierarchyintermsofthedegreeofprivacyordifficultyofentrywithregardtotheroomsontheseverallevelstheroomsonthesecondlevelarethemostdifficulttoreachandaccessiseasilycontrolledbymeansoftheinteriorstairsystemtheroomsonthethirdlevelcanbereachedfromeithertheinteriororexteriorstairwaysbuthereagaincheckpointsareprovidedatthepointsofentrytheoutermostroomsonthegroundlevelopendirectlytotheplazalevelandarethereforetheeasiesttoreachandtheleastprivatetheinnerroomsarewellprotectedhoweverandarewellsuitedformoreprivateactivitiesnoneoftheabovetellsusverymuchaboutthespecificfunctionsoftheroomsondifferentlevelsbuttheobviousadvantagesaffordedbytherestrictiveaccesssystemcouldbeputtouseinavarietyofwayswhilewewillprobablyneverknowexactlyhowtheindividualroomswereuseditisimpossibletoimaginethepalaceasanythingotherthananeliteresidentialceremonialadministrativestructurewherethehighestrankingmembersoftherulingclassatxtampakheldswaythesnakemouthportalthesnakemouthportaldecoratesthefacadeofasmallroomwhichislocatedlaterallyinalongseriesofroomsthespacejumpsfromtheseriesofspacesinfrontofmorethanhalfameterandthuscreatesthetypicalforthechenesstyleimpressionofindividualbuildingstheactualentranceisunusuallynarrowandisthreestepsabovethegroundtheotherwisemostlyencounteredplatforminfrontoftheentrancewhichispushedforwardlowerjawismissinghereafterthecompletionofthebuildingastaircasewassetonthebackthatleadsuptotheroofoftheroomthereasmallroomwasprobablybuiltoratleastplannedinordertostabilizetheroofforthatextraspacethebackwallwasreinforcedtoalmosthalfofthevaultwithamasonrycorewhichwascoveredonthefrontwithstuccofromthebackofareconstructedinitslowerpartstaircaseleadstotheupperroomitisunusualthatthestaircasehasatitscenteracentralstairstringerwhichisdesignedasatailorabdomenofthereptileandtheturnendsinasmallsnakethroatreferencesxcomxboxlivearcadeunpluggedivandombrovskyyyuriyyekhanurovtomatobankxmenthelaststandxuanwudevadprekazipermanmangaredirectxochiapulcofathalishahqajaraghamohammadkhanqajarkalymnosgreekorthodoxchurchsaintcatherinesmonasteryhagiasophiaxtrapolismohammadrezapahlavirezashahverkhovnaradaourukrainepeoplesselfdefenseblocmikheilsaakashvilioleksandrmorozoleksandrmorozleonidkuchmayukhymzvyahilskyvitaliymasolyevhenmarchukpavlolazarenkoyuliatymoshenkomykolaazarovklinefeltersyndromeblockukanaxconqinfoboxofficeholdernamexiejuezainativenamenativenamelangzhhansimagexiejuezaijpgaltxiejuezaiportraitcaptionxiejuezaiofficepresidentofthesupremepeoplescourtpredecessordongbiwusuccessoryangxiufengtermstarttermendbirthnamebirthdatebirthplaceningxiangdeathdatedeathplacenationalitychineseothernamesoccupationpoliticianknownforxiejuezaiwasachinesepoliticianandthepresidentofthesupremepeoplescourtbiographyxiejuezaiwasborninningxianghunanhunanprovincehewastheministryofcivilaffairsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaministerofcivilaffairsfromtoandthepresidentofthesupremepeoplescourtfromtoandvicechairmanofthechinesepeoplespoliticalconsultativeconferencefromtoexternallinkswassearchchannelidsearchwordbeaccedbbbefddxiejuezaisprofileconvairxcredirectcategoryshellpeoplesvolunteerarmyfouroldsfouroldsmessiahmystikosmmautomatictaxoboxfossilrangeearlycretaceousimagexianglongbwjpgimageuprightimagecaptionpencildrawingofxianglongzhaoitaxonxianglongauthoritylietalsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxzhaoismalllietaltypespeciestypesmallxianglongmeaningflyingdragoninchineselanguagechineseisagenusofcretaceouslizarddiscoveredinthezhuanchengzinearzhyizhouyicountyliaoningyixianliaoningprovinceofpeoplesrepublicofchinachinaitisknownfromliaoningpaleontologicalmuseumlpmasinglecompleteskeletonwithskinimpressionsthespecimencomesfromthebarremianagelowercretaceousyixianformationnearyizhouthemostnotablefeatureaboutxianglongisitsbizarreoversizedribseightoneachsidewhichwereattachedtoamembraneofbodytissueandallowedthelizardtoflyingandglidinganimalsglideitwasanacrodontlizardandacladisticanalysisindicatesitwasgroupedwithiguanianssuchasagamidaeagamineschamaeleonidaechamaeleonidsandleiolepidinaeleiolepidinesrefnameliet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daspoliticalcommissarandconsistedofthedimitrovbattalionthesixthfebruarybattalionandthevoluntariobattalionthiswasthecompositioninjulyforthebattleofbruneteaswiththebattleofjaramathebrigadesufferedhugecasualtiesthebrigadestrengthwasreducedfromsixtofourbattalionsinparticularthetwoamericanbattalionsweresodepletedthattheymergedtoformthelincolnwashingtonbattalionthisnamedidnotlastitwasrenamedthelincolnbattalioninoctoberthefebruarywhichalsosufferedseverecasualtieswastransferredafterbruneteafterbelchitethenominallycanadianmackenziepapineaubattalionjoinedthebrigadewhilethedimitrovbattaliondepartedduringthefalloftheunitsoftheinternationalbrigadewereintegratedintothespanishpopulararmyandthebattalionswererenumberedthebritishbnbecametheththelincolnwashingtontheththespanishformerlyknownasthethbecamethethandthemackenziepapineautheththebattalionlineupremainedstablethroughthewithdrawaloftheinternationalsduringtheebrocampaignthexvthinternationalbrigadealsoincludedvolunteersfromlatinamericawhoaftermultipleincidentsofbadtreatmentbytheamericanslefttheinternationalbrigadesandjoinedotherunitssuchasvalentngonzlezelcampesinosfirstmobileshockbrigaderefnamepetroucitebooklastpetroufirstmichaeltitlerenegadescanadiansinthespanishcivilwarppublisherubcpressyearurlbooksgooglecombooksidwtovovcpgpalpgpadqcanadianinternationalbrigadessourceblotsumvtupdmesigibmwuvvmgbqyukzuvygssluhlensaxeiwyhuiqckqzyqhpgigqbgvedceqqaewbavsnippetqlatinffalseisbnrefonmarchdankaufmanintervieweddelbergayearoldveteranoftheabrahamlincolnbrigadewhohedescribedasthelastknownsurvivorofthebrigaderefnamenytimescitenewsurlnytimescommagazinethelastvolunteerhtmlrefmagazinetitlethelastvolunteernewspaperthenewyorktimesmagazineauthorkaufmandandatepagemmlocationarchiveurlarchivedateaccessdatedeadurlnoquotedelbergisthelastknownsurvivingveteranoftheabrahamlincolnbrigadeacontingentofnearlyamericanswhofoughttodefendthedemocraticallyelectedgovernmentduringthespanishcivilwarofthesrefbergdiedfebruaryrefcitenewsurlnytimescomusdelmerberglastsurvivorofabrahamlincolnbrigadediesathtmltitledelmerberglastofamericanvolunteersinspanishcivilwardiesatnewspaperthenewyorktimesauthorrobertssamdatepagealocationarchiveurlarchivedateaccessdatedeadurlnoquoterefbattalionsoverviewofthebrigadeitwasalsoknownasthestamericanbattalionthendamericanbattalionwasthewashingtonbattalionclasswikitabledatejoinednumberbattalionnamecompositiondateleftcommentsjanththbritishbattalionbritishirishbritishdominionsdominionsepdemobilizedjanththlincolnbattalionuscanadairishbritishsepdemobilizedjanthdimitrovbattalionbalkansepmovedtothdivisionspainthdivreservejanthsixthfebruarybattalionfrenchandbelgianaugmovedtoxivinternationalbrigadethbrigademarththbattalioncubanvolunteersnovmovedtoaspanishmixedbrigadejunthmackenziepapineaubattalioncanadianandussepdemobilizedjulthwashingtonbattalionusjulmergedwithlincolnbattalionsubbattalionunitsattachedtothebrigadebrigadeantitankcompanyxvthbrigadephotographicunitaugsepdlibnyuedueadapptransformsourcetamwagrandallphotoxmlstyletamwagtamwagxslarchivenotablemembersltcolvladimiropibrigadecommissarpromotedtobrigadecommandermajorgeorgenathanbrigadechiefofstaffgeneralgaljanosgaliczbrigadecommanderpromotedtodivisioncommanderjockcunninghambattalioncommanderbritishbnfredcopemanbattalioncommanderbritishbnjackjonestradeunionleaderjackjonescompanycommissarbritishbnoliverlawbattalioncommanderlincolnbnroberthalemerrimanbattalioncommanderpromotedtobrigadechiefofstafffrankryanirishrepublicanfrankryancommissarjamesmaleytheodorecogswellnotedsciencefictionauthordelmerbergcommunistactivistintheunitedstatesandmajorcommunistpartyusacommunistpartymemberralphfasanellanotedpainterrolandmasferrercubanhenchmanlawyercongressmannewspaperpublisherandpoliticalactivistinexileconlonnancarrowamericanborncomposerknownforhisstudiesforplayerpianoseealsoamericanmedicalbureaureferencesnotesbibliographyantonybeevorbeevorantonythebattleforspainbradleykenwithchappelmikeillusinternationalbrigadesinspainpublishedbyelitegoodbasicintroductiontothesubjectinareadableandwellillustratedformatauthormadeseveralvisitstobattlefieldsandinterviewedveteransinthesandsebycecilcomradesandcommissarshughthomaswriterthomashughthespanishcivilwarthrevedogqncomodbgceeprbrigadasxvbihtmeprorderofbattlewebsitewebarchiveorgwebpersonaltelefonicaterraeswebvexicatbrigadesbibrigadeshtmassociacicatalanawebsiteeobrigadoabrahamlincolnfrbrigadeabrahamlincolnplbrygadaimabrahamalincolnaruxvslmednarodnabrigadalincolnfiabrahamlincolninprikaatimultipleissuesinfoboxwriternamexiaoluguoimagexiaoluguobyluiginovijpgcaptionxiaoluguoinpseudonymbirthdatebirthplacechinadeathdatedeathplaceoccupationnovelistfilmmakerandessayistnationalitybritishformerlychineseperiodpresentgenresubjectmovementsignaturewebsitexiaoluguobornisachinesebritishnovelistmemoiristandfilmmakerwhoexploressocialalienationalienationmemorypersonalandphysicaljourneysfeminismtranslationandtransnationalidentitiesherbookshavebeentranslatedintolanguagesninecontinentsamemoirinandoutofchinawonthenationalbookcriticscircleawardins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erentqualityportabledocumentformatpdffilesonmarchmunroeannouncedthebookwhatifseriousscientificanswerstoabsurdhypotheticalquestionsthebookwasreleasedonseptemberthebookexpandsonthewhatifblogonthexkcdwebsiteonmaymunroeannouncedanewbooktitledthingexplainereventuallyreleasedonnovemberthingexplainerisbasedonthexkcdstripupgoerfiveandonlyusesthethousandmostcommonlyusedwordstoexplaindifferentscientificdevicesreferencesprimarysourcesinthetextthesereferencesareprecededbyadoubledaggerfurtherreadinganarticleontheimpactofxkcdtopicsongooglesearchesseealsosaturdaymorningbreakfastcerealsmbcwebcomicinsomewhatofasimilarveinexternallinkswhatifxkcdcomxkcdwhatifexplainxkcdcomexplainxkcdawikidedicatedtoexplainingthereferencesfoundineachcomicburakuminieeeinfoboxpersonnamexiaoyubrimageimagesizealtcaptionbirthdatebirthplacejingzhouhubeideathdatedeathplacetongchuanshanxiothernamesfatheremperormingofwesternliangxiaokuimotherladyzhangrelationsspouseladyduguchildrenoccupationstatesmanxiaoyucourtesynameshiwenposthumouslyknownasdukezhenbianofsongwasanimperialprinceofthewesternliangwesternliangdynastywholaterbecameanofficialunderthesuidynastysuiandtangdynastytangdynastiesheservedasachancellorofthetangdynastychancellorduringthereignsoftheemperorsemperorgaozuoftanggaozuandemperortaizongoftangtaizongintheearlytangdynastybackgroundxiaoyuwasborninduringthereignofhisfatheremperormingofwesternliangwhoclaimedthethroneofliangdynastybutwhoseterritoryknowninhistoryasthewesternliangwesternliangwaslimitedtoasmallamountofterritoryaroundhiscapitaljianglingcountyjianglingemperormingwasatthattimealsoavassalofthemuchlargernorthernzhouandreceivedprotectionfromnorthernzhouforcesagainstrivalchendynastyinxiaoyuwascreatedtheprinceofxinanhewasknownforhisfilialpietyduringthesuidynastyduringemperorwensreigninoraroundxiaoyusoldersistermarriedemperoryangofsuiyangguangtheprinceofjinasonofsuisfounderemperorwenofsuitobehisprincessxiaoyufollowedhertothesuicapitalchanganandhebecameknownforstudiousnessandproperactionstherehewasparticularlyattentiveinstudyingbuddhistsutrasandbecameadevoutbuddhistspendingmuchofhistimediscussingbuddhismwithmonksdispleasedwiththeworkessayonpredestinationbianminglunauthoredbytheliangdynastyauthorliuxiaobiaohewroteaworkentitledessayonnonpredestinationfeibianminglunintendedtorefuteitonlythefirstparagraphoftheprefacesurvivesanditstatesmanisbornfromheavenandearthofcoursepredestinationisinvolvedhowevergoodfortuneandillfortunealsodependonmanhimselfifonebelievesthatitisallpredestinationhewouldbefoolishtheworkwaspraisedbythescholarsonyangguangsstaffinemperormingdiedandwassucceededbyhisoldestsonandxiaoyusolderbrotheremperorjingofwesternliangxiaocongasemperorjinginwhenemperorwensummonedemperorjingtochangantomeethimxiaoyusunclexiaoyanandbrotherxiaohuanbelievingthatasuiarmysenttojianglingwasintendingtoattackitsurrenderedtochenwhenemperorwenheardofthisheabolishedwesternliangandannexeditsterritorycreatingemperorjingthedukeofjuwesternliangwasatitsendalthoughitsimperialclanmembersincludingxiaoyucontinuedtobetreatedwellbyemperorweninafteryangguangdisplacedhisolderbrotheryangyongsuidynastyyangyongascrownprincexiaoyucontinuedtoserveonyangguangsstaffasaguardcommanderduringemperoryangsreigninemperorwendiedadeaththattraditionalhistoriansgenerallybelievedtobeamurderorderedbyyangguangbutadmittedalackofdirectevidenceandwassucceededbyyangguangasemperoryangxiaoyuwhosesistercrownprincessxiaobecameempresswasmadeamilitaryrecruitingofficerwhenatonepointxiaoyubecamesuddenlyillheorderedthatnomedicaltreatmentbecarriedoutbelievingthatthiswouldbeagoodtimeforhimtoberelievedfromgovernmentalservicehoweverwhenempressxiaoheardthisshevisitedhimandrebukedhimpointingoutthatthiskindofbehaviormightinfactbringpunishmentfromemperoryangafterherecoveredhebecamemoreinterestedingovernmentalserviceandwasatonepointmadetheneishishilangtheassistantheadofthelegislativebureauofgovernmentandemperoryangentrustedhimwithmanysecretmattersasxiaoyuwashisbrotherinlawhoweverlateronhewasdemotedbecauseheoftengavesuggestionsthatoffendedemperoryanginthefallofemperoryangconductedatourofthenorthernfrontierexposinghimselftoasurpriseattackbyeasternturkickhaganateeasternturkishdongtujueforcesundershibikhanwhowasangeredbyvariouschineseattemptstoweakenhisgovernmenttheturksquicklyoverranmostofyanmencommanderybutthekhanschinesewifeanimperialrelativewhohadbeenmarriedtohispredecessorandwhohadbeenwelltreatedbytheempressxiaosuidynastyempressxiaoduringanearliervisitsentwarningtotheemperorandempressoftheattacktheimperialentouragewasabletoreachthecommanderyseatatpresentdaydaixianshanxirefnamedaxiongrefwheretheywerebesiegedbytheturksonseptemberrefnamezizhisimaguangzizhitongjianzhsvolrefemperoryangpanickedanddidnotknowwhattodoxiaoyuwhohadaccompaniedtheemperorsuggestedthatmessengersbesenttoprincessyichengasturkishcustomsdictatedthatthekhanswifebeinchargeofmilitarymattersathomewhilehewasawayprincessyichengsubsequentlysentfalseinformationtoshibikhanstatingthatthekhaganatewasunderattackfromthenorthandthekhanliftedthesiegeafterthesiegewasliftedemperoryanginsteadofrewardingxiaoyubecameembarrassedstatingturkishforcesweresimplybeingrebelliousandlackedtacticalcohesionandwouldhavesoonscatteredjustbecausetheydidnotdosoimmediatelyxiaoyuwasfrightenedthisisunforgivablehedemotedxiaoyutothegovernorshipofhechicommanderyinmodernbaojishaanxiandimmediatelyorderedhimtogetonhiswaywhenxiaoyugottohechicommanderytherewereagrarianrebelsinthemountainsnumberingoverwhomthecommanderygovernmentwasunabletocontrolxiaoyureorganizedthecommanderymilitiaandattackedthemforcingthemtosurrendersubsequentlywhenxuejurebelledatjinchengcommanderyroughlymodernlanzhougansuandattackedeastxiaoyublockedxuespathandxuewasnotabletoadvancefurtheratthatpointduringyangyousreigninwinterthegeneralemperorgaozuoftangliyuanthedukeoftangwhohadrebelledattaiyuanearlierthatyearcapturedchangananddeclaredemperoryangsgrandsonyangyoutheprinceofdaiemperorasemperorgongliyuanassumedpowerasregentandhewrotetoxiaoyurequestingthatxiaosubmitxiaoagreedandwasmadetheministerofcensusandcreatedthedukeofsonginspringduringanabortivecampaignwhereliyuansenthissonslijianchengandemperortaizongoftanglishiminwithanarmytotheeasterncapitalluoyangtotrytogetsuiofficialstheretosubmitxiaoservedonlishiminsstaffduringthetangdynastyduringemperorgaozusreignalsoinspringemperoryangwaskilledatjiangduinmodernyangzhoujiangsuinacoupledbythegeneralyuwenhuajiwhenthenewsreachedchanganliyuanhadyangyouyieldthethronetohimestablishingtangdynastyasitsemperorgaozuhemadexiaoyuneishilingtheheadofthelegislativebureauofthegovernmentneishishengandapostconsideredoneforachancelloroftangdynastychancellorandheentrustedxiaowithsomeofthemostimportantmattersofstatewheneveremperorgaozuheldimperialgatheringshewouldallowxiaotositnexttohimandparticularlybecausexiaohadmarriedamemberoftheduguclanfromwhichemperorgaozusmotherladydugualsocameemperorgaozureferredtohimendearinglyasmasterxiaoxiaotookthemattersofstateseriouslyandwasnotafraidofoffendingothersinofferingsuggestionsandpeoplefearedhimwhenlishiminwasmadethegovernorofthecapitalprefectureyongprefectureiechangananditssurroundingcountiesxiaowasgiventheadditionaltitleofcommandantofyongprefectureinheandpeijisuiandtangpeijiwereinchargeofinterrogatingoneofthemajorinitialcontributorstoemperorgaozuliuwenjingwhohadbeenarrestedonsuspicionoftreasonbothheandligangaswellaslishimintriedtointercedeonliusbehalfbutemperorgaozuneverthelessexecutedliuonpeisrecommendationslaterafterthelegislativebureauwasrenamedzhongshushenginxiaoyuremaineditsheadwiththenewtitleofzhongshulingperxiaosrecommendationsemperorgaozumadefengdeyizhongshulingaswellsharingthepositionwithxiaoinhewassimilarlyputinchargealongwithpeiandchenshudaofinterrogatinglizhognwenthedukeofzhenxiangwhowasalsochargedwithtreasonandwhilexiaosrecommendationswereunclearlizhongwenwasalsoexecutedattimeswhenemperorgaozuissuededictshewantedthelegislativebureautopromulgatethemquicklybutxiaodidnotdosowhenemperorgaozurebukedhimxiaopointedoutthatduringemperoryangsreigntheedictswereissuedquicklyandwhileofficialshadvalidreservationstheydidnotdaretospeakagainstithewantedtheedictstobeissuedonlyaftergreaterexaminationandsowasnotissuingthemasquicklyemperorgaozuagreedmeanwhileasxiaospropertywasinitiallyseizedbyemperorgaozuwhenhefirstenteredchangantobeawardedtothemilitaryofficerswithaccomplishmentsemperorgaozureturnedthepropertytoxiaoxiaodividedthepropertyanddistributedittohisclanmembersonlykeepingthefamilyshrinesothathecouldsacrificetotheancestorsafterlishimindestroyedamajorrivalwangshichongtheemperorofzhenginxiaowhoservedunderlishiminduringthecampaignandwascreditedwithsomeofthestrategiesaswellaschargedwithcollectingthesuiimperialtreasurystoresatthezhengcapitalluoyangwasgivenadditionalhouseholdsaspartofhisfiefandmadeoneofthedeputyheadsoftheimportantexecutivebureauofgovernmentshangshushengshangshupushestillconsideredachancellorpositionasshangshupushexiaowasconsidereddiligentbutbiasedaswellasharshandhedidnothaveasgoodofareputationinwhenfuyithedirectoroftheimperialastronomicalobservatoryaconfuciansubmittedaproposaltobanbuddhismonthegroundsthatbuddhismwasleadingtocorruptionandabuseswithinthegovernmentxiaoasadevoutbuddhistdebatedwithfuearnestlybeforeemperorgaozuhewasunabletoprevailoverfuinthedebateandemperorgaozuissuedanedictseverelylimitingthenumberofbuddhisttemplesalthoughtheedictdidnotappeartobeseriouslycarriedoutincidentatthexuanwugatelaterinlishimintheninanintenserivalrywithlijianchengwhohadbeenmadecrownprinceastheoldestsonfearedthatlijianchengwasabouttokillhimhesubmittedasecretpetitiontoemperorgaozuaccusinglijianchengandanotherbrotherliyuanjitheprinceofqiwhosupportedlijianchengofcommittingadulterywithemperorgaozusconcubinesandplottingtokillhimemperorgaozushockedbytheaccusationssummonedxiaoalongwithpeiandchentopreparetoactontheaccusationsthenextmorningmeanwhilelishiminsetanambushforlijianchengandliyuanjiatincidentatxuanwugatexuanwugateoutsideemperorgaozuspalaceandwhenlijianchengandliyuanjiapproachedxuanwugateinthemorninglishiminkilledthemandthensenthisgeneralyuchigongintothepalaceclaimingtobeprotectingemperorgaozuemperorgaozurealizinghowseriousthesituationwasaskedpeixiaoandchenforadviceandxiaoandchenadvisedhimtocreatelishimincrownprincetoplacatehimemperorgaozudidsoandtwomonthslaterpassedthethronetolishiminwhotookthethroneasemperortaizongduringemperortaizongsreigninitiallyxiaoyuremainedchancellorbutwassoonconflictingwithfengdeyiwhowasalsochancellorasshangshupushebythispointheadsoftheexecutivebureauaslishiminhadbeenheadoftheexecutivebureaubuthistitleshangshulinghadthusbecomeatitlethathissubjectsdidnotdaretotakeoverfengsfrequentchangesofthingsthattheyhadalreadyagreedonaswellassomeothernewchancellorsthatemperortaizonghadtrustedandcommissionedincludingfangxuanlingandgaoshilianinangerxiaosubmittedasecretpetitiontoemperortaizongdenouncingfengbutthepetitionwasinartfullywrittenoffendingemperortaizongmeanwhileanincidentoccurredwherexiaoandchenshudaarguedbeforeemperortaizongandbothwereremovedfromtheirpostsinsummerhoweverafterfengsdeathemperortaizongagainmadexiaoshangshupushelaterthatyearemperortaizongdiscussedattackingeasterntujuewhichxiaofavoredbutzhangsunwujiopposedandthereforeemperortaizongdidnotcarryouttheattackhoweverwhenemperortaizongaskedxiaohowhefeltthatthelifeofthedynastycouldbeextendedxiaosuggestedenfeoffingtheimperialprincesandemperortaizongagreedandbeganconsideringdoingsoaroundthenewyearxiaowasagainremovedfromhispositionforreasonsnotstatedinhistoryalthoughinspringhewasmadeadefactochancellorasimperialcensorlaterthatyearheaccusedthegenerallijingtangdynastylijingafterdefeatingandcapturingeasterntujuesjialikhanashinaduobiofallowinghissoldierstoplundertujuestreasuresbutemperortaizongtooknoactionsagainstlijingonaccountoflijingsgreataccomplishmentmeanwhilexiaocontinuedtobearrogantandharshandwasagainnotgettingalongwiththeotherchancellorsitwassaidthatwhenfangweizhengandwenyanbotangdynastywenyanbohadminorfaultsxiaosubmittedaccusationsagainstthemwhichemperortaizongdidnotactonandxiaobecamedispleasedfromitinfallemperortaizongmadehimanadvisortohissonandcrownprincelichengqiannolongerachancellorinemperortaizongcommissionedofficialstoexaminethecircuitsintheempiretoseewhetherthelocalofficialswerecapabletofindoutwhetherthepeopleweresufferingtocomfortthepoorandtoselectcapablepeopletoserveincivilservicexiaoyuwasmadetheexaminerofhenancircuitroughlymodernhenanandshandongbutonhismissionheoverlypunishedanofficialwhodidnotlistentothepeopleunderhimabouttheirsufferingbyputtinghiminablockcausingthatofficialsdeathemperortaizonghoweverdidnotpunishhiminemperortaizongagainmadehimdefactochancelloroncestatingafterthesixthyearofthewudeeraieemperorgaozuconsidereddeposingthecrownprinceandmakingmecrownprincebutcouldnotresolvetodosoiwasnottoleratedbymybrothersandioftenfearedthatinsteadofbeingrewardedformyaccomplishmentsiwouldbepunishedbutxiaoyuwasnottemptedbymaterialgoodsorthreatenedbydeathandhewastrulyapillarfortheempirehealsowroteapoemtoxiaoyuincludingthesetwolinesonlyinagustofwindcanthestrongamongthegrassbeknownonlyinturmoilcanthefaithfulsubjectsbeseenhefurtherstatedtoxiaoyourfaithfulnessandhonestycannotbeexceededevenbytheholymenofoldtimeshoweveryouroverzealousnesstodistinguishgoodandbadsometimesmakesyoudifficulttotolerateinemperortaizongcommissionedportraitsatlingyanpaviliontocommemoratethecontributionsofthegreatcontributionstotangdynastyxiaoswasoneoftheportraitslaterthatyearlichengqianfearfulthatemperortaizongwasconsideringreplacinghimwithhisyoungerandmorefavoredbrotherlitaitheprinceofweiplottedwiththegeneralhoujunjitooverthrowemperortaizongwhentheplotwasdiscoveredemperortaizongcommissionedxiaoalongwithzhangsunfanglishijiandofficialsfromthesupremecourtthelegislativebureauandtheexaminationbureautoinvestigateasaresultoftheinvestigationhouandmanyotherconspiratorswereorderedtocommitsuicideorwereexecutedwhilelichengqianwasreducedtocommonerranksoonthereafteremperortaizongbelievingthatlitaihadplayedaroleinlichengqiansdownfallcreatedanothersonemperorgaozongoftanglizhitheprinceofjincrownprinceinsteadoflitaiandxiaowasmadeasenioradvisorofthenewcrownprincexiaowasgivenanewlycreatedtitleforadefactochancelloraswelltongzhongshumenxiasanpininwhenemperortaizongcommandedamajorcampaignagainstgoguryeoheputxiaoinchargeofluoyangaswellasthelogisticsofshippingsuppliestothefrontlineinxiaowasagainindiscordwiththeotherchancellorsgoingasfarasaccusingfangoffactionalismborderingontreasonemperortaizongwasalsodispleasedwithxiaooverhisrequestingtobecomeabuddhistmonkatonepointaroundthistimeandthenchanginghismindinwinterheissuedanedictextensivelyaccusingxiaoofbeingoverlyobsessedwithbuddhismcitingxiaosancestoremperorwuofliangandemperorwussonemperorjianwenofliangasexamplesthatxiaowasfallingintothetrapsofhedemotedxiaotothepostofprefectofshangprefectureroughlymodernshangluoshaanxibutalsocancelledxiaostitleasdukeofsonginhoweveremperortaizongrecalledxiaotobeanimperialadvisorbutnotchancellorandrestoredhistitleofdukeofsongdeathinwhileaccompanyingemperortaizongatyuhuapalaceinmoderntongchuanshaanxixiaogrewillanddiedtheministryofceremoniessuggestedasaposthumousnamedemeaningv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ysisandamplifiedfragmentlengthpolymorphismhavebeenusedforclassificationwithincladesrefnameahyounetalrefrefnameyoungjmetalrefwhilepreviousresearchhasillustratedthecomplexityofthexanthomonasgenusrecentresearchappearstohaveresultedinaclearerpicturemorerecentlygenomewideanalysisofmultiplexanthomonasstrainsmostlysupportsthepreviousphylogeniesrefnamerodriguezrlmetalcitejournalvauthorsrodriguezrlmgrajalesaarrietaortizmlsalazarcrestreposbernalatitlegenomesbasedphylogenyofthegenusxanthomonasjournalbmcmicrobiologyvolumeissuepagesyeardoirefmorphologyandgrowthindividualcellcharacteristicsincludecelltypestraightrodssizenbspmwidebynbspmlongmotilitymotilebyasinglepolarflagellumcolonygrowthcharacteristicsincludemucoidconvexandyellowcoloniesonydcmediumrefnameschaadnwetalrefyellowpigmentfromxanthomonadinwhichcontainsbrominemostproducelargeamountsofextracellularpolysaccharidetemperaturerangetonbspcbiochemicalandphysiologicaltestresultsaregramstaininggramstainnegativecatalasepositiveoxidasenegativehowtonotencyclopedictoisolatethebacteriainfectedplanttissueshouldbesurfacedisinfestedusingadilutesodiumhypochloritesolutionandrinsedthoroughlyifunsureofbacterialpresenceexaminesymptomatictissuebycuttingalongtheinfectedareaplacingcuttissueonaglassmicroscopeslideandcoverwithacoverslipandexamineforbacterialstreamingathighmagnificationatxmagnificationbacterialstreamingcanbeobservedasanoozingmassfromthecutareaoncebacterialstreamingisconfirmedplacesurfacedisinfestedtissueinafewdropsofsterilewaterandallowbacteriatostreamoutintothewaterdropletafterthebacteriahavecolonizedthewaterdropletsecondsuseasterilelooptostreakthebacteriaontoasolidagarmediumallowthebacteriatogrowforatleasthoursatroomtemperatureandexamineperiodicallyforcolonygrowthxanthomonasplantpathogensxanthomonasspeciescancausebacterialspotsandblightsofleavesstemsandfruitsonawidevarietyofplantspeciesrefnamebochjbonasucitejournalvauthorsbochjbonasutitlexanthomonasavrbsfamilytypeiiieffectorsdiscoveryandfunctionjournalannualreviewofphytopathologyvolumeissuepagesdateseptemberpmiddoiannurevphytourlrefpathogenicspeciesshowhighdegreesofspecificityandsomearesplitintomultiplepathovarsaspeciesdesignationbasedonhostspecificitycitruscankercausedbyxanthomonascitrisubspcitriisaneconomicallyimportantdiseaseofmanycitrusspecieslimeorangelemonpameloetcxanthomonascampestrispvvesicatoriabacterialleafspothascausedsignificantcroplossesovertheyearscausesofthisdiseaseincludexanthomonaseuvesicatoriaandxanthomonasperforansxanthomonasaxonopodissyncampestrispvvesicatoriaxanthomonasvesicatoriaandxanthomonasgardneriinsomeareaswhereinfectionbeginssoonaftertransplantingthetotalcropcanbelostasaresultofthisdiseaserefnameritchiedfrefxanthomonascampestrispvpunicaecausebacterialblightofpomogranatebacterialblightofricecausedbyxanthomonasoryzaepvoryzaeisadiseasefoundworldwideandparticularlydestructiveinthericeproducingregionsinasiarefnamemewtwetalcitejournalauthormewtwalvarezamleachjeandswingsjtitlefocusonbacterialblightofricejournalplantdiseasevolumeissuepagesyeardoipdrefplantpathogenesisanddiseasecontrolxanthomonasspeciescanbeeasilyspreadinwatermovementofinfectedmaterialsuchasseedorpropagationplantsandbymechanicalmeanssuchasinfectedpruningtoolsuponcontactwithasusceptiblehostbacteriaenterthroughwoundsornaturalplantopeningsasameanstoinfecttheyinjectanumberofeffectorproteinsincludingtaleffectorsintotheplantbytheirsecretionsystemsietypethreesecretionsystemtypeiiisecretionsystemtopreventinfectionslimitingtheintroductionofthebacteriaiskeysomeresistantcultivarsofcertainplantspeciesareavailableasthismaybethemosteconomicalmeansforcontrollingthisdiseaseforchemicalcontrolpreventativeapplicationsarebesttoreducethepotentialforbacterialdevelopmentcoppercontainingproductsoffersomeprotectionalongwithfieldgradeantibioticssuchasoxytetracyclinewhichislabeledforuseonsomefoodcropsintheunitedstatescurativeapplicationsofchemicalpesticidesmaysloworreducethespreadofthebacteriumbutwillnotcurealreadydiseasedplantsrefnameellissdrefitisimportanttoconsultchemicalpesticidelabelswhenattemptingtocontrolbacterialdiseasesasdifferentxanthomonasspeciescanhavedifferentresponsestotheseapplicationsoverrelianceonchemicalcontrolmethodscanalsoresultintheselectionofresistantisolatessotheseapplicationsshouldbeconsideredalastresortindustrialusexanthomonasspeciesproduceanextrapolysaccharidecalledxanthangumthathasawiderangeofindustrialusesincludingfoodspetroleumproductsandcosmeticsxanthomonasresourcesisolatesofmostspeciesofxanthomonasareavailablefromthenationalcollectionofplantpathogenicbacteriancppbintheunitedkingdomandotherinternationalculturecollectionssuchasinternationalcollectionofmicroorganismsfromplantsicmpinnewzealandcfbpinfranceandvkminrussiaitalsocanbetakenoutfrommtccindiamultiplegenomesofxanthomonashavebeensequencedandadditionaldatasetstoolsareavailableatthexanthomonasresourcerefnamekoebnikrrefreferencesxanthomonascampestrisnichinichikoreknichihangzhouborisyeltsinredirectcategoryshellredirectemoticoneastasianstyleportablealphaportablealphathcenturythcentur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geatforestparkstlouistoalargevideoinstallationprojectedonthedancebuildingatthesparkfestivaltofrenchtvonelektragiselagamperisaphotographerandvideoimprovisorwhocapturedoneofherimprovisationforthexprojectininshimpeitakedaajapanesephotographerandexperimentalvideographercollaboratedwithxxbeganitsvideocollaborationsinwithexperimentalfilmmakernickzeddwhichwasperformedinaseriesatonearmredandalsohadascreeninginanewyorkcitydanceclubcalledthelobbyximagesximagesisaxmultimediacollaborationbasedonfineartworksthatarecentimetersinlengthandcentimetersinwidthandthenpairedwithasecondaudioworkinanartinstallationorperformancetheprojectfirststartedinteatronuovogiovanniinudineitalywithanideabyvittoriovellaandfrancescaagostinelliandtaukayedizionimusicalitheprojecthassincebereproducedinmexicoandincincinnatiohioradiorequestextravaganzainthebeginningofeachxconcertseasontheprojectholdsaradiorequestextravaganzathisisanallrequestradioshowwherecomposersandtheirfanscallintothehostingradiostationrequestworksthathavebeensubmittedtothexprojectthatyeardifferentnewmusicradioprogramsandradiostationshosttheextravaganzainthepastthexradiorequestextravaganzahasbeenhostedonrelevanttoneshostedbysethbousteadonwfmtinchicagoafternoonnewmusiconwkcrnewyorknewyorkmartiangardensradioshowonwmuaamherstmassachusettskalvosdamiannewmusicbazaaronwgdrplainfieldvermontfoldoveronwobcfmoberlinohioandsculptedwordonwbarinnewyorknewyorkforthethannualxjimcrossonwhatsnextonwgdrhostedahourmarathonofthexradiorequsetextravaganzaalternatemixestheprojectusesgrassrootsideologytogrowandpromoteitsmissiontoexposeelectroacousticmusicelectroacousticmusicrefmediawwwthepinelogcommediastoragepapernewsentertainmentsfastudentscompositiontobefeaturedinxconcerttuesdayshtmlsfastudentscompositiontobefeaturedinxconcerttuesdayjuliannabackerthepinelogfebruaryrefwhentheprojectreceivesmorethancompositionsofaparticularthemeorfromaparticularregiontheprojectcreatesathemedmixtoberepresentthatsubsectionofitssubmissionstheprojecthascreatedmanydifferentmixesbesidesitsmaininternationalmixwhichisarepresentativeselectionoftheentiresubmissionsmadetotheprojectforthatyearalternatemixescreatedbythexprojectincludetheathenamixthecanadamixtheuntwelvemixthepresentersmixthepacificrimmixmidwestminutesmixnewyorkminutesmixukmixmunichmixenvironmentalmixrefnameocicerefrefnamesokaedureftheorderofmagnitudemixaspecialhourinstallationmixofxcontainingoneminuteworkseachbyadifferentcomposerandwasnamedthemostcomposersprogrammedinasingleshowbytheuniversalrecorddatabasethexsurroundsoundmixutilizingsurroundsoundandtheicmcredmixesdegreesofxdegreesofxwasaspecialprojectofxcreatedspecificallyfortheinternationalcomputermusicconferenceatstonybrookuniversityinicmcwasdubbedtherededitionasanacronymforresearcheducationanddiscoveryandthexmixeswerenamedshadesofredtocommemorateittheredmixesareaspecialxprojectcontainingdifferentmixeswithdifferentoneminuteaudiopiecesbydifferentcomposerseachofthedifferenthourxmixesarenamedashadeofredtitlingthemixincludingtheburgundymixcrimsonmixmagentamixsanguinemixscarletmixandthevermilionmixthexredmixeshavereceivedclosetoperformancesinaroundtheworldpatrickliddellcreatedvideoforallhoursofdegreesofxathenamixtheathenamixwascreatedinanditcontainsworksonlyfromwomencomposersthemixwasnamedaftertheathenafestivalandwasmacrocomposedbysabrinapeayoungthefirstallwomenxmixcontainedthenotablecomposersevebeglarianjoanlabarbaraannealockwoodpaulineoliverosmaggipaynealiceshieldsdariasemegenandlauriespiegeltheathenamixaccomplishesmuchinitsshowcaseoftalentedwomenfromaglobalperspectivetheathenamixisacreativewaytocelebrateinternationalwomensdayadaysetasidetocelebratetheaccomplishmentsandachievementofwomenaroundtheworldinsabrinapeayoungcoordinatedanotherathenamixofallwomencomposerstocontributetothexprojectsdecadecelebrationtheconcertperformedoninternationalwomansdayonfridaymarchatharrismuseumartgalleryinlancashireunitedkingdomcanadamixthexcanadamixcontainsworksfromcomposersfromandcurrentlylivingincanadathexcanadamixstartedinwitheldadtsabaryasthemacrocomposermusiccoordinatorandcoproducertwocanadianmixeswerecreatedinaconcertversionandasonusgallerymixthatwaspublishedinthececscanadianelectroacousticcommunityelectronicjournalofelectroacousticsecontactthexcanadamixwaspresentedatthethtorontoelectroacousticsymposiumtesacopresentationofthecanadianelectroacousticcommunitycecandnewadventuresinsoundartnaisaenvironmentalmixthexenvironmentalmixisthefirstxmixtoincludeworkentirelywiththethemeofnatureandtheenvironmentbothruralandurbancomposersfromoveradozencountriesarerepresentedandpiecesincludingeverythingfromfieldrecordingsatuniquelocationstosoundsfromouterspacefrominsectandanimalsoundsyesbirdsandbeesandalsovariouspetstourbannoisestoexpressionsofthefeelingspeoplehavefortheplacestheyinhabittolotsofwatersoundswillbeheardthismixreceiveditspremiereincaliforniamarchaspartoftheprojectsdecadecelebrationrobertvoiseyistheaudiocoordinatorforthexenvironmentalmixtheuntwelvemixthexuntwelvemixcontainssecondaudioworkswithtonalsystemsthatgobeyondthetraditionaltonal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ithitsdestructionbyneutronabsorptionwhenreactorpowerisdecreasedorshutdownnuclearreactorshutdownbyinsertingneutronabsorbingcontrolrodsthereactorneutronfluxisreducedandtheequilibriumshiftsinitiallytowardshighersupsupxeconcentrationthesupsupxeconcentrationpeaksabouthoursafterreactorpowerisdecreasedsincesupsupxehasahourhalflifethesupsupxeconcentrationgraduallydecaysbacktolowlevelsoverhoursthetemporarilyhighlevelofsupsupxewithitshighneutronabsorptioncrosssectionmakesitdifficulttorestartthereactorforseveralhourstheneutronabsorbingsupsupxeactslikeacontrolrodreducingreactivitytheinabilityofareactortobestartedduetotheeffectsofsupsupxeissometimesreferredtoasxenonprecludedstartupandthereactorissaidtobepoisonedouttheperiodoftimewherethereactorisunabletooverridetheeffectsofsupsupxeiscalledthexenondeadtimeifsufficientreactivitynuclearreactivitycontrolauthorityisavailablethereactorcanberestartedbutaxenonburnouttransientstatetransientmustbecarefullymanagedasthecontrolrodsareextractedandcriticalmasscriticalityisreachedneutronfluxincreasesmanyordersofmagnitudeandthesupsupxebeginstoabsorbneutronsandbetransmutedtosupsupxethereactorburnsoffthenuclearpoisonasthishappensthereactivityandneutronfluxincreasesandthecontrolrodsmustbegraduallyreinsertedtocounterthelossofneutronabsorptionbythesupsupxeotherwisethereactorneutronfluxwillcontinuetoincreaseburningoffevenmorexenonpoisononapathtocriticalityaccidentrunawaycriticalitythetimeconstantforthisburnofftransientdependsonthereactordesignpowerlevelhistoryofthereactorforthepastseveraldaysandthenewpowersettingforatypicalstepupfrompowertopowersupsupxeconcentrationfallsforabouthoursfailingtoanticipateandmanagexenonpoisoningandcompensateforthesubsequentburnoffproperlywasacontributingfactortothechernobyldisasterduringarundowntoalowerpoweracombinationofoperatorerrorandxenonnuclearpoisoningcausedthereactorthermalpowertofalltonearshutdownlevelsthecrewsresultingeffortstorestorepowerincludingthemanualwithdrawalofcontrolrodsnotundertheskalacomputersautomatedcontrolplacedthereactorinahighlyunsafeconfigurationafailedscramprocedureresultinginthecontrolrodsbeingjammedatalevelthatactuallyincreasedreactivitycausedathermaltransientandasteamexplosionthattorethereactorapartreactorsusingcontinuousreprocessinglikemanymoltensaltreactordesignsmightbeabletoextractsupsupxefromthefuelandavoidtheseeffectsfluidfuelreactorscannotdevelopxenoninhomogeneitybecausethefuelisfreetomixalsothemoltensaltreactorexperimentdemonstratedthatsprayingtheliquidfuelasdropletsthroughagasspaceduringrecirculationcanallowxenonandkryptontoleavethefuelsaltshoweverremovingxenonfromneutronexposurealsocausesthereactortoproducemoreofthelonglivedfissionproductcaesiumdecayandcaptureproductsasupsupxeatomthatdoesnotneutroncapturecaptureaneutronundergoesbetadecaytocaesiumsupsupcsoneofthelonglivedfissionproductswhileasupsupxethatdoescaptureaneutronbecomesstablesupsupxetheprobabilityofcapturinganeutronbeforedecayvarieswiththeneutronfluxwhichitselfdependsonthekindofreactorfuelenrichmentandpowerlevelandthesupsupcssupsupxeratioswitchesitspredominantbranchverynearusualreactorconditionsestimatesoftheproportionofsupsupxeduringsteadystatereactoroperationthatcapturesaneutronincludeandessentiallyallforinstanceinasomewhathighneutronfluxofsupsupncmsupsupssupsupthexenoncrosssectionofsupsupcmsupsupsupsupbarnwouldleadtoacaptureprobabilityofsupsupssupsupwhichcorrespondstoahalflifeofaboutonehourcomparedtothehourhalflifeofsupsupxethisnearlytentooneratiomeansthatundersuchconditionsessentiallyallsupsupxewouldcaptureaneutronbeforedecaybutiftheneutronfluxisloweredtoonetenthofthisvaluelikeincandureactorsoddswouldbeevenandhalfthesupsupxewouldbeconvertedintosupsupcsbeforecapturesupsupxefromneutroncaptureendsupaspartoftheeventualstablefissionxenonwhichalsoincludessupsupxesupsupxesupsupxeandsupsupxeproducedbyfissionandbetadecayratherthanneutroncapturesupsupxesupsupxeandsupsupxethathasnotcapturedaneutronallbetadecaytoisotopesofcaesiumfissionproducessupsupxesupsupxeandsupsupxeinroughlyequalamountsbutafterneutroncapturefissioncaesiumwillcontainmorestablesupsupcswhichhowevercanbecomecaesiumsupsupcsonfurtherneutronactivationandhighlyradioactivecssupsupcsthancssupsupcsspatialxenonoscillationslargethermalreactorswithlittlefluxcouplingbetweenregionsmayexperiencespatialpoweroscillationsbecauseofthenonuniformpresenceofxenonxenoninducedspatialpoweroscillationsoccurasaresultofrapidperturbationstopowerdistributionthatcausethexenonandiodinedistributiontobeoutofphasewiththeperturbedpowerdistributionthisresultsinashiftinxenonandiodinedistributionsthatcausesthepowerdistributiontochangeinanoppositedirectionfromtheinitialperturbationtheinstantaneousproductionrateofxenonisdependentontheiodineconcentrationandthereforeonthelocalneutronfluxhistoryontheotherhandthedestructionrateofxenonisdependentontheinstantaneouslocalneutronfluxthecombinationofdelayedgenerationandhighneutroncapturecrosssectionproducesadiversityofimpactsonnuclearreactoroperationthemechanismisdescribedinthefollowingfourstepsaninitiallackofsymmetryletsaytheaxialsymmetryincaseofaxialoscillationsinthecorepowerdistributionforexampleasaresultofsignificantcontrolrodsmovementcausesanimbalanceinfissionrateswithinthereactorcoreandthereforeintheiodinebuildupandthexenonabsorptioninthehighfluxregionxenonburnoutallowsthefluxtoincreasefurtherwhileinthelowfluxregiontheincreaseinxenoncausesafurtherreductioninfluxtheiodineconcentrationincreaseswherethefluxishighanddecreaseswherethefluxislowthisshiftinthexenondistributionissuchastoincreasedecreasethemultiplicationpropertiesoftheregioninwhichthefluxhasincreaseddecreasedthusenhancingthefluxtiltassoonastheiodinelevelsbuildupsufficientlydecaytoxenonreversestheinitialsituationfluxdecreasesinthisareaandtheformerlowfluxregionincreasesinpowerrepetitionofthesepatternscanleadtoxenonoscillationsmovingaboutthecorewithperiodsontheorderofabouthourswithlittlechangeinoverallpowerleveltheseoscillationscanchangesignificantlythelocalpowerlevelsthisoscillationmaygounnoticedandreachdangerouslocalfluxlevelsifonlythetotalpowerofthecoreismonitoredthereforemostpwrsusetandempowerrangeexcoreneutrondetectorstomonitorupperandlowerhalvesofthecoreseparatelyseealsoisotopesofxenonshutdownnuclearreactorreferencesfurtherreadinghyperphysicsphyastrgsueduhbasenucenexenonhtmlxenonpoisoningorneutronabsorptioninreactorsredirectxenonxenontrioxideimagewithunknowncopyrightstatusremovedimagexiapribbongifthumbpxfigribbondiagramofxiapcaspasecomplexlookingattwofoldaxishorizontalmagentaorangecaspasepromotercyanbluexiapmoleculesxlinkedinhibitorofapoptosisproteinxiapalsoknownasinhibitorofapoptosisproteiniapandbaculoviraliaprepeatcontainingproteinbircisaproteinthatstopsapoptoticcelldeathinhumansthisproteinxiapisproducedbyagenenamedxiapgenelocatedonthexchromosomerefnamepmidrefxiapisamemberoftheinhibitorofapoptosisfamilyofproteinsiapiapswereinitiallyidentifiedinbaculovirusesbutxiapisoneofthehomologousproteinsfoundinmammalstheproteinisalsocalledhumaniaplikeproteinhilpbecauseitisnotaswellconservedasthehumaniapsbirchiapandbirchiapxiapisthemostpotenthumaniapproteincurrentlyidentifiedrefnamereedrefdiscoveryneuronalapoptosisinhibitorproteinnaipgenenaipwasthefirsthomologtobaculoviraliapsthatwasidentifiedinhumanswiththesequencingdataofniapthegenesequenceforaringfingerdomainringzincfingerdomainwasdiscoveredatsitexqusingpcrandcloningthreeinhibitorofapoptosisdomainbirdomainsandaringfingerwerefoundontheproteinwhichbecameknownasxlinkedinhibitorofapoptosisproteinthetranscriptsizeofxiapiskbwithanopenreadingframeofkbxiapmrnahasbeenobservedinallhumanadultandfetaltissuesexceptperipheralbloodleukocytesthexiapsequencesledtothediscoveryofothermembersoftheiapfamilyimagewithunknowncopyrightstatusremovedimagexiapmrnagifthumbpxfigdomainorganizationschematicofxiapstructurexiapconsistsofthreemajortypesofstructuralelementsdomainsfirstlythereisthebaculoviraliaprepeatbirdomainconsistingofapproximatelyaminoacidswhichcharacterizesallinhibitorofapoptosisiapsecondlythereisaubadomainwhichallowsxiaptobindtoubiquitinthirdlythereisazincbindingdomainoracarboxyterminalringfingerbetweenthebirandbirdomainsthereisalinkerbirregionthatisthoughttocontaintheonlyelementthatcomesintocontactwiththecaspasemoleculetoformthexiapcaspasecomplexrefnamepmidreffunctionxiapstopsapoptoticcelldeaththatisinducedeitherbyviralinfectionorbyoverproductionofcaspasescaspasesaretheenzymesprimarilyresponsibleforcelldeathxiapbindstoandinhibitscaspasecaspaseandcaspasetheringdomainutilizeseubiquitinligaseactivityandenablesiapstocatalyzeubiquinationofselfcaspaseorcaspasebydegradationviaproteasomeactivityhowevermutationsaffectingtheringfingerdonotsignificantlyaffectapoptosisindicatingthatthebirdomainissufficientfortheproteinsfunctionwheninhibitingcaspaseandcaspaseactivitythebirdomainofxiapbindstotheactivesitesubstrategrooveblockingaccessofthenormalproteinsubstratethatwouldresultinapoptosisrefnamepmidrefcaspasesareactivatedbycytochromecwhichisreleasedintothecytosolbydysfunctioningmitochondriastudiesshowthatxiapdoesnotdirectlyaffectcytochromecxiapdistinguishesitselffromtheotherhumaniapsbecauseitisabletoeffectivelypreventcelldeathduetotnffasuvlightandgenotoxicagentsimagewithunknowncopyrightstatusremovedimagexiapinhibitiongifthumbpxfigschematicmodelofxiapinhibitionbysmacdiabloinhibitingxiapxiapisinhibitedbydiablohomologdiablosmacandhtraserinepeptidasehtraomitwodeathsignalingproteinsreleasedintothecytoplasmbythemitochondriasmacdiabloamitochondrialproteinandnegativeregulatorofxiapcanenhanceapoptosisbybindingtoxiapandpreventingitfrombindingtocaspasesthisallowsnormalcaspaseactivitytoproceedthebindingprocessofsmacdiablotoxiapandcaspasereleaserequiresaconservedtetrapeptidemotifrefnamegewiesrefclinicalsignificancederegulationofxiapcanresultincancerneurodegenerativedisordersandautoimmunityinthedevelopmentoflungcancerncihtheoverexpressionofxiapnotonlyinhibitscaspasebutalsostopstheactivityofcytochromecapoptosisindevelopingprostatecancerxiapisoneoffouriapsoverexpressedintheprostaticepitheliumindicatingthatamoleculethatinhibitsalliapsmaybenecessa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cumentssourcetargetxlifftargetsegmentunitunitidsegmentsourcexliffdatamanagersourcetargetxlifftargetsegmentunitfilexliffsyntaxhighlightxlifflegacyformatanxliffdocumentiscomposedofoneormorecodeltfilecodeelementseachcodeltfilecodeelementcorrespondstoanoriginalfileorsourceegdatabasetableacodeltfilecodecontainsthesourceofthelocalizabledataandoncetranslatedthecorrespondinglocalizeddataforoneandonlyonelocalelocalizabledataarestoredincodelttransunitcodeelementsthecodelttransunitcodeelementholdsacodeltsourcecodeelementtostorethesourcetextandacodelttargetcodeelementtostorethelatesttranslatedtextthecodelttargetcodeelementsarenotmandatorysyntaxhighlightlangxmltransunitidsourcexmllangencannotfindthefilesourcetargetxmllangfrfichiernontrouvtargettransunitsyntaxhighlighttheexamplebelowshowsanxliffdocumentstoringtextextractedfromaphotoshopfilepsdfileanditstranslationinjapanesesyntaxhighlightlangxmlxliffversionfileoriginalgraphicexamplepsdsourcelanguageenustargetlanguagejajptoolrainbowdatatypephotoshopheadersklexternalfileuidbbbbhrefgraphicexamplepsdsklsklphasegroupphasephasenameextractprocessnameextractiontoolrainbowdatetzcompanynameneverlandincjobidcontactnamepeterpancontactemailppanexamplecomnotemakesuretousetheglossaryisentyouyesterdaythanksnotephasephasegroupheaderbodytransunitidmaxbytessourcexmllangenusquetzalsourcetargetxmllangjajpquetzaltargettransunittransunitidmaxbytessourcexmllangenusanapplicationtomanipulateandprocessxliffdocumentssourcetargetxmllangjajpxlifftargettransunittransunitidmaxbytessourcexmllangenusxliffdatamanagersourcetargetxmllangjajpxlifftargettransunitbodyfilexliffsyntaxhighlightrelatedtoolsfilemanipulationandcheckingtoolstheokapiframeworkprovidesmultiplefiltersthatgeneratexliffdocumentsandvariouscomponentsthatusexlifftranslatetoolkitconvertsvariousfileformatstoxliffandprovidescheckingfilteringandmanipulationtoolsfortheformatmaxprogramscomproductsxliffcheckerhtmlxliffcheckerisanopensourcecrossplatformtoolthatverifiesthevalidityofxlifffilesagainstxmlgrammarsandspecificationssoftpediacomgetofficetoolsotherofficetoolsxlifftohtmlconvertershtmlxlifftohtmlconverterconvertsxlifffilestohtmltofacilitateproofreadingthebitbucketorgokapiframeworkxlifftoolkitokapixlifftoolkitisanopensourcelibrarytocreatereadmanipulatevalidateandwritexliffdocumenttheokapilynxappspotcomvalidationokapilynxwebpagevalidatesxliffdocumentsonlineeditorsclasswikitablesortablenameosfreedescriptioncafetrancomcafetranespressowindowsmacoslinuxlimitonmemoriesandglossariessizesmatecatcommatecatwebmatecatsupportsxlifffilesbothasaninputandoutputformatsdlxlifffilesaresupportedasinputfilesmemoqwindowsusingmqxliffforinteroperabilityandsupportsseveralflavoursofxliffmemsourcewebwindowsmacoslinuxlimitoffilesmxliffisitsnativeformatomegatwithomegatbentenbentenwindowsmacoslinuxcrossplatformandopensourcecattoolpootlewebwebbasedlocalisationplatformsdltradosstudiowindowssdlxliffisitsnativeformatsmartcatwebcloudbasedtranslationenvironmentswordfishtranslationeditorwindowsmacoslinuxxliffbasedcrossplatformcattooltransifexwebstartscomproductstranslationmemorytransitnxttransitnxtwindowsvirtaalwindowsmacoslinuxopensourcecattoolweblatewebwebbasedtranslationtoolwordfastwindowsmacoslibrariesonnovembermicrosoftxliffobjectmodelisopensourceongithubthisisanetlibrarythatcanbeusedtobuildlocalizationtoolsplatformsandsystemsseealsointernationalizationtagsetitssegmentationrulesexchangesrxtermbaseexchangetbxanxmlformatfortheexchangeofterminologydataanindustrystandardforterminologyexchangetranslationmemoryexchangetmxreferencesexternallinksoasisopenorgcommitteesxliffoasisxlifftechnicalcommitteewebsitexliffmailinglistslistsoasisopenorgarchivesxlifftclistlistsoasisopenorgarchivesxliffcommentcommentstotclistlistsoasisopenorgarchivesxliffusersuserslistmaxprogramscomarticlesxliffhtmlxmlinlocalisationusexlifftotranslatedocumentsmultilingualcomarticlesanintroductiontoxliffmultilingualarticlejunemicrosoftcomenustranslatormataspxmultilingualapptoolkitmatfrommicrosoftxwindowsystemmultipleissuesinfoboxorganizationnamelogoorglogopnglogosizepxlogoaltalttextseewpaltlogocaptionlogomapmottoformationtypegovernmentalorganizationgonongovernmentalorganizationngointergovernmentalorganizationigointernationalnongovernmentalorganizationingoetcheadquarterslouisvillekentuckylocationcoordscoordinatesoflocationusingacoordinatestemplateregionservedmembershiplanguageofficiallanguagesgeneralsecretarygeneralleadertitlecofounderleadernamejcstitesleadertitlecofounderleadernametylerallenkeypeoplebudgetnumstaffnumvolunteerswebsiteremarksformernameisagrassrootscampaignlocatedinlouisvillekentuckyitsstatedmissionistoadvocatefortherevitalizationoflouisvillethroughtheremovalofinterstateinkentuckyinterstatenbspialongtheriverfrontandtheadoptionofatransportationplanthatwillprovidelongtermbenefitstotheregionscitizensneighborhoodsenvironmentandeconomythemovementwishestoalterplansforlouisvillesinterstatesformallyreferredtoastheohioriverbridgesprojectwiththreemajorcomponentsbuildtheeastendbridgeascurrentlysetforthintheohiori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fromtoalongwithfranoisbayrouxandclaudeallgrehewasthepresidentofschoolinspectorsfromtohewasalsoaprofessorincomparativeliteratureattheparissorbonneuniversityparisivuniversityinhebecamemayorofprigueuxandwasreelectedbothinandhewasalsoelectedsenatorofdordogneininmayhebecameministerforschooleducationinjeanpierreraffarinscabinetthenonaprilministerforcooperationdevelopmentandfrancophonyhehasbeenamemberoftheaquitaineregionalcouncilsoffranceregionalcouncilsinceonjunehebecameafrenchambassadorfortheorganisationforeconomiccooperationanddevelopmentocdeinhewaselectedasmemberoftheacadmiedessciencesmoralesetpolitiquesetwassecrtaireperptuelofthisacademyfromuntilsincemayhehasbeentheministerofnationaleducationfranceministerofnationaleducationinfranoisfillonsgovernmentsinmarchhefailedtobereelectedasmayorofprigueuxinhecondemnedascriminalstatementsmadebypopebenedictxviwhichclaimedthatcondomspromoteaidswheninfacttheyhelpprotectagainstitdarcoswaselectedasanimmorteloftheacadmiefranaiseonjunepoliticalcareergovernmentalfunctionsministeroflaborsocialaffairsfamilyandsolidarityministerofnationaleducationministerofschooleducationministerofdevelopmentcooperationandfrancophonyelectoralmandatessenateoffrancesenatorofdordognebecameministerinregionalcouncilregionalcouncillorofaquitainesincereelectedinmunicipalcouncilmayorofprigueuxresignationreelectedindeputymayorofprigueuxreelectedinmunicipalcouncillorofprigueuxreelectedinagglomerationcommunitycouncilpresidentoftheagglomerationcommunityofprigueuxmemberoftheagglomerationcommunityofprigueuxawardsandhonoursxavierdarcosenteredtheacadmiedessciencesmoralesetpolitiquesacademyofmoralandpoliticalsciencesinandatthefrenchacademyinheisalsocommandorofthelgiondhonneurofficerofthenationalorderofmeritcommandoroftheacademicpalmandcommandoroftheartandletterdecorationbibliographyhistoiredelalittraturefranaiseapprochesovidiennesdelamortmrimerobertdesgrandscrivainsdelanguefranaisewithotherwriterslartdapprendreignorerdictionnairedesmythesfmininswithotherwriterslettretousceuxquiaimentlcoleencolldeuxvoixpourunecolewithotherwriterslcoledejulesferryprixlouispauwelsinltatetlesglisesltatetlesgliseslaquestionlaquetacitesesvritssontlesntresbrunoneveuinstitutdefrancelaescuelarepublicanaenfranciaprensasuniversitariasdezaragozarenhabyparluimmeencollinrplcoleformetelleencoredescitoyensavecaurliefilippettifrmeauxassocispeutonamliorerlcolesansdpenserplusavecvincentpeillonmagnardovideetlamortpufcollhorscollectionuneanthologiehistoriquedelaposiefranaisepufcollhorscollectiondictionnaireamoureuxdelaromeantiqueplonlaposiefranaiseeyrollescollmespassionshistoiredelalittraturefranaisehachetteoscaratoujoursraisonplonaugusteetsonsicleartlysjeanpierreangrmyditpierrejeanremyinstitutdefrancedictionnaireamoureuxdelecoleplonvirgilenotrevigiefayardreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxavierdarcosfrbiographiexavierdarcosbiographywebarchiveorgwebxavierdarcosfrofficialblogsuccessionboxbeforegillesderobientitleministryofnationaleducationfranceministerofnationaleducationyearsafterlucchatelexileinguyvillemultipleissuesxiaxiaowanborninbeijingchinaisapainterrefnamereifenscheidgermanyrefbiographyinxiagraduatedfromthethirdstudioofoilpaintingdepartmentofthecentralacademyoffineartsthefollowingyearhebecamearteditorforchinamachinerypublishingleavinginxiacurrentlylivesinbeijingworkingasaprofessorinthestagecraftdepartmentofthecentralacademyofdramaheisalsoamemberofthechinaoilpaintinginstitutebeijingartistsassociationandbeijingartsofoilpaintingcommissionexhibitionsxiaxiaowansoloexhibitionmuseumofcontemporaryartsmuseumofcontemporaryartsmocasingaporehyperdesignnbspthethshanghaibiennaleshanghaiartmuseumshanghaichinanewyorkasiaartfairnewyorkcitynewyorkusathendbiennaleofaustriaklagenfurtaustriamahjongnbspchinesischegegenwartskunstausdersammlungsigghamburgerkunsthallehamburggermanymahjongnbspchinesischegegenwartskunstausdersammlungsiggkunstmuseumbernkunstmuseumbernbernswitzerlandyellowrivernbspareviewofnewchineseoilpaintingnationalmuseumofchinabeijingchinahandinhandwiththenewcenturynbspthethirdexhibitionofchineseoilpaintingnationalmuseumofchinabeijingchinanbsppingyaointernationalphotographyartexhibitionpingyaochinaposersnbspgroupexhibitionofcourtyardgalleryartistscourtyardgallerybeijingchinaasiacontemporaryartexhibitiongwangjukoreaartofxiaxiaowantimegalleryqingdaochinasolohowdoyouseewithyourmindbodyxiaxiaowansworksonpapertodayartgallerybeijingchinasolotheinternationalsketchartchinaenglandaustraliavigorofthecenturynbspcontemporaryartofchineseartistschinamillenniummonumentbeijingchinaanxietythedrawnfiguretheuniversityofnewsouthwalescollegeoffineartsnewsouthwalesaustraliachengdubiennalechengduchinathcenturychineseoilpaintingexhibitionnationalmuseumofartbeijingchinathemediawavefestivalhungarylookingupschoenigalleryhongkongchinasolotherepetitionofbeginningchinachineseoilpaintingannualexhibitionbeijingmuseumofartchinagroupexhibitionindsseldorfdsseldorfgermanytheaprilexhibitionthegalleryofthecentralacademyoffineartschinatheannualexhibitionofworksoftheartistsnominatedbyart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thadryandreddishbrownappearanceprolongedwetnessonstrawberryleavescanexacerbatethisdiseasesoaircirculationandsunlightexposureareimportanttoprotectingthehostplantsthesesymptomsaresimilartoleafscorchandcommonleafspotsobecarefulwhenexaminingsymptomsofdiseasedplantsxanthomonasfragariaecitenotesupsupdarkpurplespotsscatteredontheleafsurfacearesymptomsofleafscorchandcommonleafspotbutnotangularleafspotfiletranslucentspotspngthumbeasilyvisibletranslucentspotswhenhelduptolightthisisindicativeofangularleafspotonastrawberryleafauthorannemiekschilderfilediseaseseverityonundersideofleafpngthumbsignificantdiseaseontheundersideofastrawberryleafauthorannemiekschilderdiagnosisplacesuspecteddiseasedleavesupagainstabrightlighttoseethetranslucentspotsassociatedwithxanthomonasfragariaexanthomonasfragariaecitenotesupsupbylookingfromthebacksideofinfectedleaveslightshouldpassthroughtheangularshapedlesionsandappearaslightercoloredpatchesdiseasecycletheprimarysourceofinoculumispreviouslyinfecteddebrisandnecroticplanttissueasthepathogenitselfcannotfreelysurviveinthesoilxanthomonasfragariaecitenotesupsupstrawberryplantsthatsufferfromsystemicinfectionunfortunatelyhavethebacteriaintheirvascularsysteminspringafterthecrownsofinfectedliveplantsoverwinterthevascularizedbacteriabecomeactiveandbegininducingsymptomsbacteriaoozesoutoftheleaflesionscausingthediseasetospreadwhenrainsplashesthebacteriaontoothersusceptibleplantsandentersthroughnaturalopeningsorwoundsxanthomonasfragariaecitenotesupsupmanagementchemicalcontrolsareineffectiveagainstthisdiseaseandtheuseofcoppercontainingcompoundscancausephytotoxicityintheplantsitisbesttodestroyinfectedleavesplantsanddebrisimmediatelybyburningorburyingitculturalcontrolscanincludechoosingagrowingsitewithadequateaircirculationlowhumidityandmoderatedaytimetemperaturestopromotethedryingofplantleavesalsotrytolimitthesurroundingweedssothataircirculationisnotcompromisedanduseoverheadirrigationifavailableavoidharvestingormovingequipmentwhenfieldsarewettolimitwoundingonsusceptibleplantsalthoughtherearenocompletelyresistantcultivarsusinglesssusceptiblecultivarscanbeahelpfulpreventativemeasureallstarannapoliscavendishhoneoyeandkentaretheleastresistanttothediseaseandshouldbeplantedwithhighcautionrelativelyrecentstudiesbyturechecketalhaveshownheattreatmentstobesuccessfulindealingwithangularleafspottheyfoundthatthenumberoflivingxanthomonasfragariaewerereducedbyaminimumofsuphrefxanthomonasfragariaecitenotesupsupsupcfumlafterexposinginfectedplantstoheattreatmentsofsuposupcforhoursattemperaturesthishighthisbacterialpathogencanbekilledoninfectedplantsitisstillunclearhowthesetreatmentswouldbeconductedoncommercialscaleshoweversoothermodesofcontrolarebeinginvestigatedreferencesexternallinksbacdivedsmzdeindexphpsearchsubmitsearchtypestrainofxanthomonasfragariaeatbacdivethebacterialdiversitymetadatabasetaxoboxcolorlightgreynamexanthomonashortorumregnumbacteriumbacteriaphylumproteobacteriaclassisgammaproteobacteriaordoxanthomonadalesfamiliaxanthomonadaceaegenusxanthomonasbinomialxanthomonashortorumbinomialauthorityvauterinetalcausesbacterialleafspotandheadrotinlettuceexternallinksbacdivedsmzdestraintypestrainofxanthomonashortorumatbacdivethebacterialdiversitymetadatabasetaxoboxcolorlightgreynamexanthomonashyacinthiregnumbacteriumbacteriaphylumproteobacteriaclassisgammaproteobacteriaordoxanthomonadalesfamiliaxanthomonadaceaegenusxanthomonasbinomialxanthomonashyacinthibinomialauthoritywakkervauterinetalxanthomonashyacinthiisaspeciesofproteobacteriarefnamebergeygammageorgemgarritybergeysmanualofsystematicbacteriologyauflagespringernewyorkvolumetheproteobacteriapartbthegammaproteobacteriarefreferencesexternallinksbacdivedsmzdeindexphpsearchsubmitsearchtypestrainofxanthomonashyacinthiatbacdivethebacterialdiversitymetadatabasetaxoboxcolorlightgreynamexanthomonasoryzaeregnumbacteriumbacteriaphylumproteobacteriaclassisgammaproteobacteriaordoxanthomonadalesfamiliaxanthomonadaceaegenusxanthomonasbinomialxanthomonasoryzaebinomialauthorityishiyamaswingsetalxanthomonasoryzaeisaspeciesofproteobacteriathemajorhostofthebacteriumisricerefnamecabiandeppoeppoorgquarantinebacteriaxanthomonasoryzaexantordspdfxanthomonasoryzaebotgeneratedtitlerefthespeciescontainstwopathovarswhicharenoteuropeanxanthomonasoryzaepvoryzaexanthomonasoryzaepvoryzaeandxanthomonasoryzaeabbrtitlepathovarpvabbroryzicolarefnamecabiandeppoeppoorgquarantinebacteriaxanthomonasoryzaexantordspdfxanthomonasoryzaebotgeneratedtitlerefhostresistancegenexafromoryzalongistaminataisintegratedintothegenomeoforyzasativaforthebroadrangeresistanceofriceblightdiseasecausedbyxanthomonasoryzaepvoryzaereferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebplantpathiastateeduxgrxanthomonasgenomicsresourcewebbaseddatabaseandcommunicationforumtofacilitategenomicapproachestothestudyofxanthomonadstaxoboxcolorlightgreynamexanthomonasperforansregnumbacteriumbacteriaphylumproteobacteriaclassisgammaproteobacteriaordoxanthomonadalesfamiliaxanthomonadaceaegenusxanthomonasbinomialxanthomonasperforansbinomialauthorityjoneset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rbestbookitwasalsonominatedfortonyawardsforbestmusicalandbestbooktheustourofficiallybeganondecemberintheorangecountyperformingartscenterakoreanproductionhasopenedbackgroundthexanadufilmfilmonwhichxanaduisbasedbarelybrokeevenattheboxofficeandreceiveduniformlyunfavorablereviewsbutthexanadusoundtracksoundtrackwasacommercialhitaswereseveralofthesongssingularlyalthoughthefilmwasnominatedforsixgoldenraspberryawardsrazzieswinningoneforworstdirectoritbecameacultclassicannouncementsthatthefilmwouldbeadaptedasabroadwayshowdrewskepticismandevenderisionevenfromcarterbeanewhoadaptedthescriptaccordingtobeaneinrewritingthescriptforthemusicalhewasinfluencednotonlybythexanadufilmbutalsobythefantasyfilmclashofthetitansfilmclashofthetitanspromptinghimtoaddthesubplotinwhichkirasjealoussistermusesdoomhertofallinlovewithamortalincurringthewrathoftheirfatherzeushehasnotedthatthestagemusicalfocusesmoreonthegreekmythologyplotlinesbuthasalotofparodyreferencestothemoviethescoreretainsthehitsfromthefilmandalsoincludesnewarrangementsbyericsternofimaliveelectriclightorchestrasongimalivemagicolivianewtonjohnsongmagicsuddenlyanddancinaswellasintegratingtwoclassicelectriclightorchestrasongsstrangemagicandevilwomanelectriclightorchestrasongevilwomanplusfarrarshaveyouneverbeenmellowsonghaveyouneverbeenmellowproductionsworkshopproductionsthemusicalwasfirstgivenaworkshopproductionandbackersauditionattheminettalanetheateringreenwichvillagenewyorkcityinjanuaryfeaturingperformancesbyjanekrakowskitonyrobertsactortonyrobertsandcheyennejacksonreadingsofthestageversionhadpreviouslybeenheldonaprilandaugustatnewworldstagesinmanhattanrefnamepbillteaserefkrakowskiandjacksonwerecastintheirrespectiveleadingrolesofcliokiraandsonnymaloneforthebroadwayrunbutbotheventuallydroppedoutjanecitedhertvshootingscheduleonthenbcshowrockwhilejacksoncitedpostproductioncommitmentsforhisfilmhysteriashowingxanadubroadwayproductionxanadubeganpreviewsonbroadwaytheatrebroadwayonmayatthehelenhayestheatreandopenedonjulytheproductionwasdirectedbychristopherashleyandchoreographedbydanknechtgeswithsetsbydavidgallolightingbyhowellbinkleycostumesbydavidzinnsoundbytrichardfitzgeraldandcarlcassellaandprojectionsbyzacharyborovaythekeyproducerswererobertahrenstarasmithandbrianswibeltheproductionincludedaconsiderableamountofskatingforthecharacterskiraandsonnyandthesetextendedovertheorchestrapitpartlyintotheaudiencetheshowwaspresentedpartiallytheatreintheroundintheroundwithsomeaudiencemembersseatedonbenchesonthestagelikeseveralotherrecentbroadwayshowsasmallcastwasusedandtherelativelyshortshowminuteswasplayedwithoutintermissionjamescarpinellowascastassonnyandplayedtheroleduringmayandjunepreviewstheactorinjuredhisfootrollerskatingduringarehearsalonjunerefnamecarpinelloinjuryrefcastmembersandrewardandcurtisholbrookalternatedintheroleofsonnyuntilcarpinellosreplacementcheyennejacksonassumedtheroleonjunetheopeningnightcastincludedjacksonassonnymalonekerrybutleraskiratonyrobertsactortonyrobertsasdannymaguireandjackiehoffmanandmarytestaasevilmusesisterspartofanewplottwistintroducedinthebroadwayversionolivianewtonjohnstarofthefilmandcomposerjohnfarrarattendedonopeningnightandjoinedthecastonstageduringthecurtaincallwhoopigoldbergreplacedhoffmanforasixweekrunonjulytheproductionclosedonseptemberafterpreviewsandperformancesustourthetouropenedatthelajollaplayhouseinsandiegocaliforniaonnovemberandplayeduntildecemberachicagorunoftheproductionbeganinjanuaryprecedingtheusnationaltourthechicagorunendedonmarchandtheproductionranintokyoforamonthelizabethstanleyplayedkiraandmaxvonessenportrayedsonnyinthelajollachicagoandtokyorunsoftheproductionthenewusnationaltouropenedondecemberincostamesacaliforniawithstanleyandvonessenotherproductionstheproducersofxanadulicensedtheexclusivekoreanlanguagerightstotheshowtotintinentertainmentfortwoyearsaproductioninseoulopenedinitstarredsuperjuniormembersheechulandkanginrotatingintheroleofsunnyandplayedfromonseptembertonovemberatdoosanartcenterthephilippineproductionofxanaduwasmountedbyatlantisproductionswhostagedthemusicalbeginningseptemberwithrachelalejandroandfelixriveraintherolesofcliokiraandsonnyrespectivelytheaustralianproductionopenedonmarchinabigtopcircusbigtopcalledthegrandxanadumarqueeinthemelbournedocklandstherolesofcliokirasonnydannyzeuscalliopeaphroditeandmelpomenemedusawereplayedbychristiewhelansamludemanjohnmcternanactorjohnmcternansusanannwalkerandcherinepeckrespectivelyalondonproductionopenedatthesouthwarkplayhousetheatreinoctoberproducedbydavidianltdthisproductionaddedolivianewtonjohnspopularhitphysicalolivianewtonjohnsongphysicalasydneyaustraliaproductioncommencedperformancesonmayatthehayestheatretheproductiondirectedandchoreographedbynathanmwrightstarredjaimehadwencliokiraainsleymelhamsonnyrobthomasdannywithjaydewestabyfrancinecainjamesmaxfielddionbilioskayhoyosandcattyhamiltonmusicaldirectionwasbyandrewbevisandtheproductionwasproducedbymatthewhendersonmatthewmanagementtheshowwasstagedattheamericantheatercompanyinchicagoillinoisforsevenweeksintheshowalsohada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releaseithowevernotonlydoesheoutranklintermsofdivinityxuanwualsodatesbacklongerinhistorythanldongbinputtingthisclaiminsuspectheisusuallyseatedonathronewiththerightfootsteppingonthesnakeandleftlegextendedsteppingontheturtlehisfaceisusuallyredwithbulgingeyeshisbirthdayiscelebratedonthethirddayofthethirdlunarmonthcultinindonesiainindonesiaalmosteverytaoismtaoisttemplesprovidesanaltarforxuantianshangdithestorystatesthatthefirsttemplethatworshipedhimwasatempleatwelahantownjeparacentraljavaandthetemplesthatwasbuiltinhonorofhimarethetempleatgerajenandbugangansemarangcitycentraljavahisfestivaliscelebratedannuallyeverythethdayndmonthofchinesecalendartheworshipersofchenfuzhenrenespeciallyattikliongtiantemplerogojampibanyuwangiregencyeastjavabelievethatxuantianshangdiistheirpatrondeitythatswhytheyputhisaltarattherightsideofchenfuzhenrensaltarinthemiddleroomofthetemplewhichisalwaysreservedforthemaindeitypopularcultureintheclassicnoveljourneytothewestxuanwuwasakingofthenorthwhohadtwogeneralsservingunderhimblacktortoiseatortoisegeneralandasnakegeneralthiskinghadatempleatwudangmountainsinhubeithusthereisatortoisemountainandasnakemountainontheoppositesidesofariverinwuhanthecapitalofhubeiinrecenttimesxuanwuisacentralcharacterinthepopularurbanfantasyseriesbykyliechanthedarkheavenstrilogyandthejourneytowudangtrilogyseealsoheidigodheidiblacktortoiseorturtlethechinesemythologicalfigureandastronomicalsymbolknownbythesamenamereferencesgujeolpangujeolpanpupuplatterpupuplattersasukekoujiberlinwallguzhengplanetboxbeginnamexobplanetboximageimageexoplanetcomparisonxobpngcaptionsizecomparisonofxobwithjupiterplanetboxstarstarxoconstellcamelopardalisradecdistlydistpcclassfvplanetboxorbitsemimajorperiodeccentricityinclinationargperitperittransitsemiampplanetboxcharactermassradiusplanetboxdiscoverydiscoverydatemaydiscoverersxoprojectdiscoverymethodtransitbrradialvelocitydetectionmethodsorbitallightvariationsdiscoverysitexotelescopemauihawaiidiscoverystatuspublishedxobisanexoplanetwithabouttimesthemassofjupiterandanorbitarounditsparentstarinaboutdaysrefnamespacespacecomscienceastronomyoddplanethtmloddballplanetpuzzlesastronomersspacecomreftheradiusofthisobjectistimesthatofjupiterastronomersannouncedtheirdiscoveryonmayattheamericanastronomicalsocietyinhonoluluhawaiiitsdiscoveryisattributedtothecombinedeffortofamateurandprofessionalastronomersworkingtogetheronthexoprojectusingatelescopelocatedonthehaleakalasummitinhawaiirefnameindiatimesofindiaindiatimescomhealthsciencespaceoddityastronomersdiscovergiantplanetarticleshowcmsspaceoddityastronomersdiscovergiantplanetthetimesofindiarefdubbedanoddballplanettheplanetstandsoutfromoverotherextrasolarplanetsasthemostmassiveplanetfoundincloseproximitytoastaryettheorbitissignificantlyellipticalinsteadofcircularaswouldbeexpecteditisalsoconsideredatransitingplanetpassinginfrontofitsparentstarduringeachorbititisthethirdsuchplanettobefoundbythexoprojectwhichwasspecificallycreatedtolocatethemorbitalinclinationmeasurementsoftherossitermclaughlineffectallowadeterminationoftheanglebetweentheplanetsorbitalplaneandtheequatoroftheparentstarinitialreportssuggestedthisanglewasverylargeatdegreeswhichissignificantlylargerthanthatoftheothertransitingplanetsforwhichthismeasurementhasbeenmadetheauthorscautionedthatsystematicerrorsystematiceffectsmayhaveaffectedthemeasurementsandalaterdeterminationbyanindependentgroupofastronomersdeterminedareducedvalueofdegreesthisvalueishoweverstilllargerthanthemisalignmentbetweenthesunsequatorandtheorbitalplaneofjupiterwhichisonlythemisalignmentmayindicatethatinthepastanencounterwithanotherplanetaltereditsorbitkickingitoutoftheplaneoftheplanetarysystemanotherplanetarysystemthatmayhavealsoundergonesuchplanetplanetinteractionsisupsilonandromedaedebatethereiscurrentlyadebateovertheclassificationofthisobjectaseitheraplanetorabrowndwarfoneoftheleadingastronomersinthisdiscussionischristopherjohnskrullwhoindicatedthatthedebateisstillquitelivelythisisnotparticularlyunusualorstrangeasitwouldnotbethefirstofmanybrowndwarfsorbitingmotherstarsthelightcurvethatbettermatchthesteepnessofingressandegressimpliesaplanetaryradiusofandamassofseealsoxotelescopereferencesreflistrefsrefnamegaiawebvizustrasbgfrvizbinvizieroutaddsourceitgasrecnogaiadatareleasecatalogentryrefrefnamehiranorefrefnamekrullrefrefnameromanvizierustrasbgfrviziervizierconstellationshtxvizierqueryformrefrefnamewinnrefrefnamewinnrefexternallinksnorwegianforskningnoromfartromforskningstubkjempeplanetifartakjempeplanetifartaforskningnoinfoboxschoolnamexavieruniversitypreparatoryschoolnativenamexavierpreplatinnameimageimagesizecaptionlocationstreetaddressmagazinestreetcityneworleansstatelouisianazipcodecountryusacoordinatesschoolnumberschoolboarddistrictauthorityreligionromancatholicdenominationoversightaffiliationsuperintendenttrusteefounderstkatharinedrexelpresidentjoesphpeychaudjrheadofschoolheadteacherheadlabelheadchairpersonprincipalcheryllynbranchedeanadministratorrectorchaplainramonaragasdirectorcustodianstaffrankingfacultyteachingst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hefirstgiantpandatobereleasedintothewildafterbeingbredandraisedincaptivitybornatthewolonggiantpandaresearchcenterinthesichuanprovincexiangxiangenduredathreeyeartrainingregimenintendedtoequiphimwiththeskillsnecessarytosurviveinthewildfittedwitharadiocollaruponhisreleaseinaprilthefiveyearoldmalewastrackedeachmonthtocheckhismovementsandfeedinghabitsdespitethisextensivepreparationxiangxiangwasfounddeadlessthanayearafterhisreleasethexinhuanewsagencyannouncedthepandasdeathmayoverthreemonthsaftertheincidentoccurredcitingtheneedforafullinvestigationasthereasonforthedelayofficialsfromtheresearchcenterdeterminedthatafallfromthetreeswastheprobablecauseofdeathscratchesonxiangxiangsbodysuggestthathewasprobablybeingpursuedbyotherpandaswhenhefellreferencessocratesthexoprojectisaninternationalteamofamateurandprofessionalastronomerstaskedwithidentifyingextrasolarplanetstheyareledbypetermcculloughofthespacetelescopescienceinstituterefnamespacedailyspacedailycomreportsastronomerscatchplanetbyunusualmeanshtmlastronomerscatchplanetbyunusualmeansspacedailyrefitisprimarilyfundedbynasanasasoriginsprogramandthedirectorsdiscretionaryfundofthespacetelescopescienceinstituterefnameeurekalerteurekalertorgpubreleasesruxspphpxobsupersizedplanetoroasisinthebrowndwarfdeserteurekalertrefrefnamehubblesitehubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleasesfullastronomersuseinnovativetechniquetofindextrasolarplanethubblesiterefdutiespreliminaryidentificationofpossiblestarcandidatesstartsatthehaleakalatelescopeinhawaiibyateamofprofessionalastronomersoncetheyidentifyastarthatdimsslightlyfromtimetotimetheinformationisforwardedtoateamofamateurastronomerswhotheninvestigateforadditionalevidencesuggestingthisdimmingiscausedbyatransitingplanetonceenoughdataiscollecteditisforwardedtotheuniversityoftexasataustinuniversityoftexasmcdonaldobservatorytoconfirmthepresenceofatransitingplanetbyasecondteamofprofessionalastronomersequipmentmcculloughandhisteamemployedarelativelyinexpensivetelescopecalledanxotelescopemadefromcommercialequipmenttosearchforextrasolarplanetsthistelescopeconsistsoftwomillimetertelephotolenstelephotocameralensesandresemblesbinocularsinshapeitstandsonthesummitofthehaleakalvolcanoinhawaiitheirfirstdiscoveryofajupitersizedplanetorbitingasunlikestarlightyearsfromearthintheconstellationcoronaborealisxobwasreportedmaynewswisecomarticlesviewonnewswisediscoveriesxobxobxobxobxobxobreferencesexternallinksstsciedupmccxothexoprojectwebsitekhozhakhmedbersanovzalpabersanovaselahkaysericaesareaantiochredirectxianjiaotonguniversityinfoboxuniversitynamexianjiaotongliverpooluniversitynativenameimagenameimagesizeimagealtcaptionsealofxianjiaotongliverpooluniversitylatinnamemottomottolangmottoengestablishedmayclosedtypeprivateuniversityprivateaffiliationendowmentbudgetofficerinchargechairmanprofessorjianhuawangchancellorpresidentprofessorwenquantaoprofessoryouminxiexecutivevicepresidentprofessorminzhuyangprofessordavidgoodmandryimindingsuperintendentprovostvicechancellorrectorprincipaldeandirectorheadlabelheadacademicstaffcspringadministrativestaffstudentscspringundergradpostgraddoctoralothercitysuzhoustateprovincejiangsucountrychinacoorcampusurbanareaurbanformernamesfreelabelfreecolorscoloursbluewhiteathleticssportsnicknamemascotaffiliationsuniversityofliverpoolxianjiaotonguniversitywebsitexjtlueducnenlogofootnotesxianjiaotongliverpooluniversitychinesepinyinxnjiotnglwpdxeshortxjtluisaninternationaljointuniversitybasedinsuzhoujiangsuchinafoundedinandresultingfromapartnershipbetweentheuniversityofliverpoolandxianjiaotonguniversityitisthefirstsinobritishjointventurebetweenresearchleduniversitiestheuniversityprimarilyfocusesonsciencetechnologyengineeringarchitectureandbusinesswithasecondaryfocusinenglishlanguageenglishrecognisedbythechineseministryofeducationasanonprofiteducationalinstitutionstudentsarerewardedwithauniversityofliverpooldegreeaswellasadegreefromxjtlutheteachinglanguageisenglishlanguageenglishhistoryonseptemberxianjiaotonguniversityandtheuniversityofliverpoolsignedacooperativeagreementtosetupxjtluconstructiononthenewuniversityscampusstartedinaugustandtheuniversitywasofficiallyinauguratedonmaymorethanundergraduatesenrolledinthefirstyearthisnumberhasincreasedtoatotalofstudentsoncampusandafurtherattheuniversityofliverpoolonprogrammesxjtlusfirstbatchofstudentsgraduatedinaugustwithpercentcontinuingtheirstudiesoverseasonmastersordoctorateprogrammestenpercentofwhomwenttostudyatuniversitiesrankedintheworldstoptenbasedontheuniversityrankingchartbythetimesdecembersawxjtluinvestsixmillionrmbinresearchforacademicperformancebyjanuaryxjtluheadedthelistoftopsinoforeigncooperativeuniversitiesinchinainavisittotheuniversityonseptemberukministerofstateforuniversitiesscienceresearchandinnovationjojohnsonmpcalledxjtluanextraordinaryachievementfundingthegovernmentcompanysuzhoueducationdistrictinvestigationsipedihasfundedmuchofxjtlusdevelopmentandcontinuestoplayalargeroleinitssuccesssipedihasalreadyspentaroundbillionrmbonxjtlumainlyonfundingfacilitiessuchasbuildingsandlaboratoriescontextanumberofbritishuniversitieshavesetupsatellitecampusesandjointventuresinchinaincludingtheuniversityofnottinghamningbochinaunncanoverseascampusoftheuniversityofnottinghamsituatedinthecityofningboandthedufesurreyinternationalinstitutesurreyinternationalinstitutedufeanacademicpartnershipinstitutionbetweenuniversityofsurreyanddongbeiuniversityoffinanceandeconomicsdufeindalianinchinawasthethirdmostpopulardestinationforuktnestudentsaftermalaysiaandsingaporeandtherearealmostuktnestudentsinchinaamericanuniversitieshavealsosoughtapresenceinchinanewyorkuniversityshanghainyushanghaiisthethirddegreegrantingcampusestablishedbynewyorkuniversityafternewyorkcityandabudhabiestablishedininpartnershipwitheastchinanormaluniversityofshanghaihoweversuchstrategieshaveprovencontroversialareporteditedbyannafazackerleycautionedbritishuniversitiesthattheymustacquireamorethoroughunderstandingofchinesehighereducationpolicyiftheyweretosucceedinbuildingsuccessfulstrategicalliancesoverthelongtermcampuslocationthecampusissituatedinsuzhouindustrialparknbspkmeastofthehistoriccenterofsuzhouandnbspkmwestofshanghaiwithyearsofrichhistoryandculturesuzhouhassustainedanaverageannualeconomicgrowthrateofmorethanpercentsincethebeginningofchinasreformandopeningupperioditslocalgdpbeingrankedasthefourthlargestinchinajustafterbeijingshanghaiandguangzhousuzhouindustrialparkisthelocationformorethaninternationalcompaniesmorethanofwhicharefortunecompaniesincludingsiemensagsiemenssamsungandnokiasuzhouindustrialparkishometomorethanexpatriateworkerssituatedintheheartofthecomplexxianjiaotongliverpooluniversityformspartofthatinternationalcommunitythenewxjtlucampustobeconstructedinthecityoftaicangisproposedthatitwillopeninnorthcampusitscampushasbeendevelopedintwophasesthefirstphasefocusedonthenorthcampuswhichwascompletedinautumntheoverallcampusplanwasdesignedbytheamericanarchitecturefirmperkinsandwillperkinswilltheuniversitysiconiccentralbuildingwasinauguratedinautumnanddesignedbythebritishasianarchitecturefirmaedasitwasnominatedintheworldarchitecturefestivalsouthcampustheseconddevelopmentphasefocusesonthesouthcampuswherebuildingstartedinsummerthefirstphaseofthesouthcampuswasopenedtothepubliconjulyasamajorpartoftheuniversitysthanniversarycelebrationsarchitecturallyitcontraststhenorthcampusandfeaturesmoderndesignsthatcomplementthesurroundingareabritisharchitectsbdpwereresponsibleforthedesignofthesouthcampusleadershipxjtlusboardofdirectorsoverseestheuniversitysgovernanceandtheseniormanagementteamleadsthestrategicdirectionanddaytodayoperationsinaugustprofessorxiyouminascholarinmanagementwasappointedastheexecutivepresidentofxianjiaotongliverpooluniversityheisalsoprovicechancelloroftheuniversityofliverpoolacademicsxjtluoffersarangeofdegreeprogrammesincludingbachelorsdegreesmastersdegreesandphdwithmanyofthesehavingachievedaccreditationbyprestigiousinternationalbodiesconfirmingtheuniversityscommitmenttohighlevelinternationaleducationthedepartmentofarchitecturesundergraduatedegreeprogrammebengarchitectureisvalidatedbytheribaroyalinstituteofbritisharchitectsribathemasterofarchitecturaldesignmarchdeshasreceivedcandidatecoursestatusforvalidationatpartlevelbytheribaroyalinstituteofbritisharchitectsribainthedepartmentofbiologicalsciencesundergraduatebscbiosciencesisaccreditedbytheroyalsocietyofbiologyroyalsocietyofbiologyrsbibsscurrentlyhaseightundergraduateprogrammesandelevenpostgraduateprogrammesinthefieldsofmanagementeconomicsfinanceaccountingfinanceandbusinesstheinternationalbusinessschoolsuzhouibssatxjtluwasestablishedinjanuarybyprofessorsarahdixonandisaccreditationbytheaacsbassociationtoadvancecollegiateschoolsofbusinessaacsbinternationalitalsohasassociationofcharteredcertifiedaccountantsaccacharteredinstituteofmanagementaccountantscimacpaaustraliaandicaewaccreditationandrecognitionawardsindezemberxjtluwasgiventhetitleofmostinfluentialsinoforeignhighereducationinstitutioninchinaatthefourthchinaeducationannualgalasincethefoundationofthedepartmentofarchitectureatxianjiaotongliverpooluniversityxjtluinitsstudentshavewonanumberofimportantawardsincludingathirdprizeintheprestigiousctbuhtallbuildingstudentdesigncompetitionarchitecturestudentswereawardedalreadyfourtimesattheideersearthquakesafedesigncompetitionintaiwanandtwiceatthenationalarchitecturaleducationsymposiumatwhichannuallythebestdesignstudioworksfromschoolsofarchitectureacrosschinaareawardedresearchresearchcentershavebeenestablishedatxjtlutosupportresearchanddevelopmentincooperationwithsuzhouindustrialparkthelocalgovernmenthasfundedxjtlumillionrmbannuallyforresearchinternationalstudentsintherearearoundinternationalstudentsattheuniversitytoencouragestudentsfromtheuniversityofliverpooltospendtimestudyingatthexjtlucampustheliverpoolacukstudyundergraduategoabroadyearinchinayearinchinaprogrammeallowsundergraduatestudentstospendoneyearatxjtlufollowingxjtlusbachinastudiesdegreeclassesxjtlualsohasanumberofopportunitiesforxjtlueducnenstudywithusvisitingandexchangevisitingandexchangestudentsfromuniversitiesaroundtheworld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ssedifnotfoughtinthebattleofsalamisinbcwhichsavedtheatheniansandbegantoforcebackthepersianinvadersxanthippuswaselectedtothepositionofeponymousarchonthefollowingyearbcshowingtheesteeminwhichhewasthenheldatthattimealargeforceofpersianinfantrystillremainedingreeceandathenswasstillunderthreathealsosucceededthemistoclesascommanderoftheathenianfleetthatyearrefnamesmithsmithdictionaryofgreekandromanbiographyandmythologyvpagerefwhilearistideswasgivencommandofthelandforcesitremainsunclearwhythemistoclesafterhisbrilliantvictoryatsalamisdidnotretainhispositionbattleofmycalexanthippusgreatestmilitaryaccomplishmentwashiscommandoftheatheniannavalforcesatthedecisivebattleofmycaleagainsttheachaemenidempirepersianswhichwasfoughtoffthecoastoflydiainasiaminorunderthecommandofleotychidasofspartatheremainsofthepersianfleetthathadsurvivedthebattleofsalamiswerestationedattheislandofsamoswhentheydiscoveredthattheywerebeingpursuedbythegreekfleettheyabandonedsamosandsailedtotheoppositeshoreundertheslopesofmycalemountmycalewheretheybeachedtheirshipsandretreatedinlandtosetupadefensivefortthegreekforceslaunchedanattackonthemwithxanthippusleadinghisatheniancontingentontheleftflankgreekgeneralsfoughtonthefrontlinesasanexamplefortheirmenxanthippusmenhadeasierterraintocrossthantheotherflanksotheyengagedincombatwiththepersiansfirstandfoughtferociouslytoearnallthecredittheybrokethroughthelineandsentthepersiantroopsrunningtotheirfortforsafetybuttheathenianswereabletobreachthewallandwhentheotherflankjoinedthemtheysettoslaughteringtheenemyaftertheroutthegreeksledbyxanthippusandleotychidaswentbacktothebeachandsetfiretothepersianshipseffectivelydestroyingthepersianfleetherodotusclaimsthisbattleoccurredonthesamedayasthebattleofplataeawherearistidesledtheatheniancontingentunderthecommandofthespartanpausaniasgeneralpausaniasanddefeatedthepersianlandforceswiththesetwodecisivebattlesthewarwaswonandathenswasnowsafesiegeofsestusafterthebattleofmycalethespartanssuggestedthatthedefenceoftheioniancoloniesofasiaminorshouldbeabandonedsinceitwouldbedifficulttoprotectthemfromthenearbypersiansxanthippushoweverrefusedtoconsidertheproposalathenswasthemothercityofmanyoftheioniancoloniesandshefeltadeepkinshipwiththemthatdemandedtheircommondefencesothegreekfleetsailedtothehellesponttodestroythepersianpontoonbridgetherebutwhentheydiscoveredithadalreadybeendestroyedthespartanswithdrewandheadedhomewhilexanthippusledtheremainingforceonanassaultuponsestusinthethracianchersonesewhichhadbeencapturedbythepersiansandleftunderthechargeofapersiangovernorartayctessestuscontrolledtheeuropeansideofthehellespontandalltheshippingtradethatpassedsinceathenswasverydependentuponimportedgrainthismadetradewiththeblackseaofstrategicimportanceandxanthippuswasdeterminedtobringtheseshippinglanesbackunderathenianprotectionafterawintersiegeartayctesandhissonattemptedtoescapebuttheywerecapturedartayctesofferedtalentmeasurementtalentstoxanthippustosparehislifeahugesumbutxanthippusrefusedartayctessonwasstonedtodeathinfrontofhisfatherandthenartaycteshimselfwascrucifixioncrucifiedthatherodotusendshisaccountofthegreatwarwithpersiawiththisrelativelyminoraffairhasledsomescholarstoimplythatthehistorianwishedtoendonanotethatflatteredxanthippussonpericleswhowasoneofherodotuspatronslegacyxanthippusreturnedtoathensaherohediedafewyearslaterbutpericleshissonwouldgoontobuilduponthefamilyglorytransformingathensintothegreatestcentreoflearningartandarchitectureingreecewhileleadingthecityintobattleagainstherrivalspartareferencesexternallinksxandrosinfoboxsportspersonimageimagesizecaptionbirthdatebirthplacefujianprovincechinaheightweightcountrysportathleticseventtriplejumpcoachhighestrankingpbmedaltemplatesupdatedaugustxielimeibornjuneisaprchinachinesetriplejumpershewonthesilvermedalattheworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticsworldjuniorchampionshipsandgoldmedalsattheasianchampionshipsinathleticsasianchampionshipsandtheathleticsattheasiangamesasiangamesshealsocompetedattheiaafworldindoorchampionshipsworldindoorchampionshipswithoutreachingthefinalshethenfinishedeighthattheworldchampionshipsinathleticsworldchampionshipsandtheiaafworldindoorchampionshipsworldindoorchampionshipsherpersonalbestjumpismetresachievedinseptemberinurumqicompetitionrecordcolspanrepresentingrowspanasianindoorathleticschampionshipsasianindoorchampionshipstehraniranbgcolorgoldstasianindoorathleticschampionshipsresultstriplejumpmworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticsworldjuniorchampionshipsgrossetoitalybgcolorsilverndworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticswomenstriplejumpmsmallwindnbspmssmallrowspanasianathleticschampionshipsasianchampionshipsincheonsouthkoreabgcolorgoldstasianathleticschampionshipswomenstriplejumpmathleticsattheeastasiangameseastasiangamesmacaubgcolorsilverndmrowspaniaafworldindoorchampionshipsworldindoorchampionshipsmoscowrussiathqiaafworldindoorchampionshipswomenstriplejumpmathleticsattheasiangamesasiangamesdohaqatarbgcolorgoldstathleticsattheasiangameswomenstriplejumpmworldchampionshipsinathleticsworldchampionshipsosakajapanthworldcham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retrieveshisownweaponphoenixforcecomicsphoenixtheresurrectedformerxmanjeangreyafinalbattlebetweenthexmenandthebrotherhoodensuesandwolverinemustacceptthatinordertostopgreyhewillhavetokillherjosswhedonsastonishingxmenstorygiftedfeaturingamutantcurewassuggestedfortheprimarystorymatthewvaughncameonboardasdirectorinfebruarybutleftduetotherushedproductionschedulebrettratnerwaslaterhiredasdirectorinjuneprincipalphotographybeganinaugustinvancouvercanadaandendedinjanuarythefilmwasreleasedonmayxmenoriginswolverineaprequelandaspinoffmediaspinofffocusingonthecharacterwolverineandhisrelationshipwithhishalfbrothersabretoothcomicsvictorcreedaswellhistimewithstrykersteamxcomicsteamxbeforeandshortlyafterhisskeletonwasbondedwiththeindestructiblemetaladamantiumdavidbenioffwashiredtowritethescreenplayforthespinofffilmwolverineinoctoberhughjackmanbecameproduceraswellasstarandworkedwithbenioffonthescriptratnerwasnegotiatedbythestudiototakethehelmofwolverineafterdirectingxmenthelaststandbutnoagreementwasmadeinjulygavinhoodwashiredasdirectorprincipalphotographybeganinjanuaryinqueenstownnewzealandandendedinmaythefilmwasreleasedonmayxmenfirstclasssetprimarilyinduringthecubanmissilecrisisthefilmfocusesontheoriginsofandrelationshipbetweencharlesxavierprofessorxanderiklehnsherrmagnetoandtheirrespectiveteamsofmutantsthexmenandthebrotherhoodproducerlaurenshulerdonnerfirstthoughtofaprequelbasedontheyoungxmenduringtheproductionofxandlaterproducerkinbergsuggestedtothcenturyfoxanadaptationofthecomicbookseriesxmenfirstclasscomicsxmenfirstclassthefilmsupersededaplannedxmenoriginsmagnetoandthewritersguildofamericawestwritersguildofamericawgascreenwritingcreditsystemarbitrationstillcreditedmagnetowritersheldonturnerforthefilmsstoryprincipalphotographybeganinaugustinlondonenglandandendedindecemberthefilmwasreleasedonjunethewolverinesetaftertheeventsofxmenthelaststandthefilmfeatureswolverineheadingtojapanforareunionwithasoldiernamedichiryashidawhoselifehesavedyearsbeforewolverinemustdefendthemansgranddaughtermarikoyashidafromallmannerofninjaandyakuzaassassinschristophermcquarriewhowentuncreditedforhisworkonxmenwashiredtowritethescreenplayforthesecondwolverinefilminaugustdarrenaronofskywaschosentodirectthefilmthoughbowedoutstatingtheprojectwouldkeephimoutofthecountryfortoolongjamesmangoldwaslaterchosentodirectthefilmmarkbombackwasthenhiredtorewritemcquarriesscriptprincipalphotographybeganinaugustinsydneyaustraliaandendedinnovemberthefilmwasreleasedonjulyxmendaysoffuturepastsetyearsaftertheeventsofthewolverinethefilmfeaturesthecastoftheoriginalxmentrilogyandxmenfirstclassthestoryinspiredbychrisclaremontandjohnbyrnecomicsjohnbyrnestheuncannyxmencomicbookstorylinedaysoffuturepastfeatureswolverinegoingbackintimetotopreventanassassinationthatifcarriedoutwillleadtothecreationofanewweaponssystemcalledthesentinelcomicssentinelsthatthreatenstheexistenceofmutantsandpotentiallyallofhumanitymatthewvaughnwasattachedtodirectthefilmbutleftinoctobertofocusonthefilmkingsmanthesecretservicesingerwhodirectedthefirsttwoxmenfilmsandproducedxmenfirstclassreplacedvaughnasthedirectorofthefilmthescreenplaywaswrittenbykinbergprincipalphotographybeganinaprilinmontrealcanadaandendedinaugustadditionalfilmingtookplaceinmontrealinnovemberandfebruarythefilmwasreleasedonmaydeadpoolinthefilmformerspecialforcesoperativedeadpoolwadewilsonissubjectedtoanexperimentthatleaveshimwithnewabilitiesheadoptsthealteregodeadpooltohuntdownthemanwhonearlydestroyedhislifeinmaymarvelstudiosattemptedtoproduceadeadpoolfilmaspartofadistributiondealwithartisanentertainmenthoweverbymarvelwasdevelopingthefilmwithnewlinecinemadavidsgoyerwassettowriteanddirectandcourtedactorryanreynoldsfortheleadrolebutlostinterestwithinmonthsinfavorofotherprojectsaftertheopeningweekendsuccessofxmenoriginswolverineinmayfoxlentdeadpoolouttowriterswithdonneractingasaproducerrhettreeseandpaulwernickwerehiredtowritethescriptinjanuaryrobertrodriguezwassentadraftofthescreenplaythefollowingjunebutdidnotpursueitandadambergdirectoradambergemergedasatopcontendertodirectinaprilvisualeffectsspecialisttimmillerdirectortimmillerwashiredtodirectprincipalphotographybeganinmarchinvancouvercanadaandendedinmaythefilmwasreleasedonfebruarytobothcriticalandcommercialsuccessxmenapocalypsesetafterxmendaysoffuturepastapocalypsecomicsensabahnurthefirstmutantawakensafterthousandsofyearsdisillusionedwiththeworldashefindsitherecruitsateamofmutantstocleansemankindandcreateanewworldorderoverwhichhewillreignmystiquecomicsravenwiththehelpofprofessorxmustleadthexmentostopapocalypseandsavemankindfromdestructionindecembersingerannouncedtheupcomingxmenfilmtitledxmenapocalypseasequeltoxmendaysoffuturepastdirectedbysingerfromascriptbysimonkinbergdanharrisandmichaeldoughertythefilmwassaidtofocusontheoriginofthemutantskinbergsaidthatitwilltakeplaceinandwillcompleteatrilogythatbeganwithxmenfirstclassprincipalphotographybeganinaprilinmontrealcanadaandendedinaugustthefilmwasreleasedonmayinnorthamericaloganinloganandprofessorcharlesxaviermeetayounggirlnamedxlauraatesttubedaughterofwolverinewhoisbeinghuntedbythereaverscomicsreaversledbydonaldpiercebynovemberthcenturyfoxhadbegunnegotiationsforthetreatmentforathirdwolverinesolofilmwithdirectorjamesmangoldanddonnerattachedtoproducemangoldsaidthatitwouldbeinspiredbyotherwolverinestoriesfromthecomicbooksanditwouldbemadeafterxmenapocalypseinmarchdavidjameskellywashiredtowritethescriptinaprilmichaelgreenwritermichaelgreenwashiredtoworkonthefilmsscriptprincipalphotographycommencedinmayandthefilmwasreleasedonmarchthefilmmarkedbothhughjackmanandpatrickstewartsreturnaswolverineandcharlesxavierrespectivelyupcomingfilmsclasswikitableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncenterwidthscopecolfilmscopecolusreleasedatescopecoldirectorscopecolscreenwritersscopecolproducersscoperowstyletextalignleftdeadpoolstyletextalignleftdavidleitchdirectordavidleitchrhettreesepaulwernickandryanreynoldssimonkinbergryanreynoldsandlaurenshulerdonnerscoperowstyletextalignleftxmendarkphoenixstyletextalignleftcolspansimonkinbergsimonkinbergbryansingerhutchparkerandlaurenshulerdonnerscoperowstyletextalignleftthenewmutantsfilmthenewmutantsstyletextalignleftjoshboonedirectorjoshboonejoshbooneandknateleesimonkinbergkarenrosenfeltandlaurenshulerdonnerdeadpoolinseptemberkinbergsaidthatasequelfordeadpoolwasindevelopmentbythereleaseofdeadpoolthcenturyfoxgreenlitthefilmwithrheeseandwernickreturningtowriteandmillerbeinglookedattoreturnasdirectorashewasworkingonthescriptatthetimehoweverinoctobermillerleftthefilmduetocreativedifferenceswithreynoldsandwasreplacedbydavidleitchfilmmakerdavidleitchinnovemberasthedirectorinfebruarydrewgoddardhadjoinedasacreativeconsultanttoworkonthescriptwithreynoldsrheeseandwernickfilmingcommencedinjuneinvancouverforamayreleasedarkphoenixinfebruarykinbergwasinearlynegotiationstodirectthefilmfromascriptwrittenbyhiminjuneofthesameyearitwasannouncedthatthefilmwouldbedirectedbykinbergfilmingcommencedinjuneinmontrealcanadaandendedinoctoberofthesameyearthefilmwillbereleasedonfebruaryrefnametwentynineteenrefthenewmutantsinmayjoshboonedirectorjoshboonewashiredtodirectandwriteafilmadaptationofnewmutantsfilmthenewmutantscomicbookseriesactingasaspinofftothexmenfilmsitiscowrittenbyknategwaltneyscottneustadterandmichaelhweberwithdonnerandkinbergproducingbymarchpreproductionhadstartedboonesaiditisahorrorfilminvolvingtheyoungmutantsmarvelcomicsmutantsescapingafacilityinwhichtheyarebeingheldagainsttheirwillfilmsindevelopmentgambitinoctoberjoshzetumerwashiredtowritethescreenplayforafilmaboutthecharactergambitcomicsremylebeaugambitbasedonthetreatmentbycomicbookwriterchrisclaremontinjunerupertwyattwasthenhiredtodirectbutleftinseptemberduetoscheduleconflictsinnovemberdouglimanwasinfinalnegotiationstodirectthefilmhoweverinaugustlimanlefttheprojecttodirectjusticeleaguedarkliveactionjusticeleaguedarkthefilmwillstarchanningtatumintheleadrolewhiledonnerkinbergtatumandreidcarolinareattachedasproducerskinbergstatedthatfilmingwillstartinearlywiththeintentbeingthatthefilmwillbethestartofmultipleinstallmentsfocusingongambitinaugusttatumstatedthatthescriptwasintheprocessofbeingrewrittenbyoctobergoreverbinskihadsignedonasdirectorwhilezetumercontinuedtoworkonthescriptinjanuaryverbinskidepartedthefilmduetoschedulingissuesfilmingwillcommenceinneworleansrefnamereleasedatesrefuntitledxforcefilminjulyjeffwadlowwashiredtowriteanddirectafilmadaptationofthexmenspinoffcomicbookseriesxforcemarkmillarthecreativeconsultantforthcenturyfoxsmarvelcomicsbasedfilmsatthetimestatedthatthefilmwouldfeaturefivecharactersasprotagonistsafterthereleaseofdeadpoolryanreynoldssaidthatdeadpoolwouldappearinthefilmbymaysimonkinbergwasintheprocessofrewritingthescriptinfebruaryjoecarnahanhadsignedonasdirectoraswellasacowriterwithreynoldsbyseptemberofthesameyeardrewgoddardwasattachedtowriteanddirectkinbergreynoldsanddonnerwillproducethefilmprincipalphotographyisscheduledtobegininoctoberuntitledthirddeadpoolfilmathirddeadpoolfilmwasannouncedtobeindevelopmentbynovemberuntitledthenewmutantssequelsindecemberboonestatedthathepitchedtothcenturyfoxforanewmutantsspinofffilmencompassedthreefilmsthatwouldbuilduponeachotherandthexmenfranchiseinoctoberboonesaidthattherewillbesequelstothenewmutantsstartingwithasecondfilmthatwouldfeaturewarlocknewmutantswarlockandkarmacomicsxianmanhkarmajoiningtheteamheaddedthateachfilmwillexploreadifferentstylewithinthehorrormoviegenreuntitledxfilminfebruaryjamesmangoldstatedthatwiththeintroductionoflauraxinloganthereisapossibilitythatthecharacterwillappearinfuturefilmslaterthatmonthkinbergsaidthatafilmforlaurakinneyxisindevelopmentrefnameperrisrefrefnameflickeringmythcomrefbyoctoberofthesameyearthescriptwasbeingcowrittenbyjamesmangoldandcraigkyleuntitledmultiplemanfilmbynovemberafilmcenteringaroundmultiplemanjamesmadroxmultiplemanisindevelopmentwithjamesfrancostarringasmadroxwhileallanheinbergisattachedasscreenwriterwithkinbergandfrancoascoproducersuntitledkittyprydefilminjanuarytimmillersignedontodirectakittyprydefilminfebruarybrianmichaelbendiswashiredtowritethescriptotherprojectsinfebruarykinbergstatedthatthcenturyfoxhasbeenfocusingondevelopingideasforfuturemutantmarvelcomicsmutantbasedteamsthatcouldexpandthefilmseriesheaddedthatthealphaflightandtheexilesmarvelcomicsexilesarecharactersbeingdevelopedforfilmadaptationnotedonotaddthedatesforthenewfoxsmarvelfilmsannouncedasthereisnoindicationthattheyarexmenfilmsmarvelcinematicuniverseindecemberthewaltdisneycompanyenteredanproposedacquisitionofstcenturyfoxbydisneyacquisitiondealwithstcenturyfoxincludingthefilmrightsforthexmendisneysceobobigerstatedthatthestudiointendstointegratethexmenintothemarvelcinematicuniverserecurringcharactersblockquoteclasstoccoloursstyletextalignjustifywidthfloatcenterpaddingpxdisplaytablelistindicatorsthissectionshowscharactersthatwillorhaveappearedinmorethantwofilmsintheseriesanemptydarkgreycellindicatesthecharacterwasnotinthefilmorthatthecharactersofficialpresencehasnotyetbeenconfirmedaindicatesaroleasayoungerversionofthecharacteranindicatesaroleasanolderversionofthecharacteraindicatesanuncreditedroleaindicatesacameoroleaindicatesavoiceonlyroleanindicatesanappearancethrougharchivalfootageblockquoteonlyputcharactersthathaveappearedorsettoappearinmorethanfilmsrowspancharactercolspanfilmxmenxxmenbrthelaststandxmenoriginsbrwolverinexmenbrfirstclassthewolverinexmendaysbroffuturepastdeadpoolxmenbrapocalypselogandeadpooldarkphoenixthenewbrmutantspyromarvelcomicsjohnallerdycebraligncenteralexanderburtonaligncentercolspanaaronstanfordcolspanstylebackgrounddddmystiquecomicsravendarkhlmebraligncentercolspanrebeccaromijnstylebackgrounddddaligncenterjenniferlawrencehrhrstylebackgrounddddaligncenterjenniferlawrencestylebackgrounddddaligncenterjenniferlawrencecolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterjenniferlawrencecolspanstylebackgrounddddicemancharacterrobertbobbydrakebraligncentercolspanshawnashmorecolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncentershawnashmorerefnameannashawnellenrefcolspanstylebackgrounddddjeangreyjeangreybraligncentercolspanfamkejanssenaligncenterfamkejanssenhrcolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterfamkejanssenaligncenterfamkejanssenstylebackgrounddddaligncentersophieturnerrefnamesophietyeshipprefcolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncentersophieturnercolspanstylebackgrounddddwolverinecharacterjameshowlettloganbraligncentercolspanhughjackmanaligncenterhughjackmanhraligncenterhughjackmanaligncentercolspanhughjackmanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterhughjackmanaligncenterhughjackmanrefnamestewarthughrefcolspanstylebackgrounddddjubileecomicsjubilationleebraligncenterkatrinaflorencealigncentercolspankeawongcolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterlanacondorcolspanstylebackgrounddddmagnetocomicseriklehnsherrbraligncenterianmckellenhraligncentercolspanianmckellenstylebackgrounddddaligncentermichaelfassbenderhraligncenterianmckellenaligncenterianmckellenhrmichaelfassbenderstylebackgrounddddaligncentermichaelfassbenderhrcolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncentermichaelfassbendercolspanstylebackgrounddddmoiramactaggertcolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenteroliviawilliamsstylebackgrounddddaligncenterrosebyrnecolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterrosebyrnecolspanstylebackgrounddddroguecomicsmariebraligncentercolspanannapaquincolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterannapaquincolspanstylebackgrounddddquicksilvercomicspetermaximoffbrcolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterevanpetersstylebackgrounddddaligncenterevanpeterscolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterevanpetersrefnamedpcastrefcolspanstylebackgrounddddbeastcomicshenryhankmccoybrstylebackgrounddddaligncenterstevebacicaligncenterkelseygrammerstylebackgrounddddaligncenternicholashoultstylebackgrounddddaligncenternicholashoulthrstylebackgrounddddaligncenternicholashoultcolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenternicholashoultcolspanstylebackgrounddddstormmarvelcomicsororomunroebraligncentercolspanhalleberrycolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterhalleberrystylebackgrounddddaligncenteralexandrashippcolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenteralexandrashippcolspanstylebackgrounddddpsylockecolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncentermeilingmelanoncolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenteroliviamunncolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenteroliviamunncolspanstylebackgrounddddkittyprydealigncentersumelakayaligncenterkatiestuartaligncenterellenpagecolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterellenpagecolspanstylebackgrounddddcolossuscomicspiotrpeterrasputinbraligncenterdonaldmackinnonaligncentercolspandanielcudmorecolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterdanielcudmorealigncenterstefankapiicolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterstefankapiirefnamestefanryanrefcolspanstylebackgrounddddwilliamstrykerwilliamstrykeriistylebackgrounddddaligncenterbriancoxactorbriancoxhrstylebackgrounddddaligncenterdannyhustoncolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterjoshhelmanhrstylebackgrounddddaligncenterjoshhelmancolspanstylebackgrounddddhavokcomicsalexanderalexsummersbrcolspanstylebackgrounddddaligncenterlucastillstylebackgrounddddaligncenterlucastillstylebackgrounddddaligncenterlucastillcolspanstylebackgrounddddcyclopsmarvelcomicsscottsummersbraligncentercolspanjamesmarsdenaligncentertimpocockcolspanstylebackgrounddddali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eadpoolreviewsreviewsaxmenapocalypsereviewsreviewsaloganreviewsreviewsawesleymorrisofthebostonglobepraisedthefirstthreexmenfilmsasmorethanacashguzzlingwhambanghollywoodfranchisethesethreemoviessportphilosophyideasatelethonloadofcausesandahighlyelasticusversusthemallegorymorrispraisedxmenthelaststandforputtingtheheroesofamightysummerblockbusterinararemortalpositionrealismatthistimeofyearhowunorthodoxrogerebertgavethefilmsmostlypositivereviewsbutcriticizedthemfortheamountofmutantsstatingtheirpowersaresovariousandillmatchedthatitshardtokeepthemallonthesamecanvasthefirsttwofilmswerehighlypraisedduetotheircerebralcerebraltonehoweverwhendirectorbryansingerlefttheseriesmanycriticizedhissuccessorbrettratnercolincolvertofthestartribunefeltsingerssensitivitytothediscriminationthemesmadethefirsttwoxmenfilmssurprisinglyresonantandsoulfulforcomicbasedsummerextravaganzassingerisadeptatjugglinglargecastsofthreedimensionalcharactersratnermakesshallowunimaginativebangupsjamesberardinellifeltxmenthelaststandisntastautorsatisfyingasxmenbutitsbetterconstructedandbetterpacedthantheoriginalxmenthedifferencesinqualitybetweenthethreeareminorhoweverdespitethechangeindirectorsthereseemstobeasinglevisiondaviddenbyofthenewyorkerpraisedtheliquidbeautyandthepoeticfantasyofsingersworkbutcalledratnersfilmacrudesynthesizerofcomedyandactiontropessingersthirdfilmintheseriesxmendaysoffuturepastwasalsohighlypraisedalonsoduraldeofthewrapfeltthatsingerkeepsthingsmovingalongbrisklyenoughthatyoucanjustgoalongwiththerideofsuperherostuffwithoutgettingboggeddownthexmenfilmswerewellreceivedbyfansofthecomicbooksbuttherewascriticismofthelargecastandthelimitedscreentimeforallofthemrichardgeorgeofignpraisedthedepictionsofwolverineprofessorxmagnetojeangreystormwilliamstrykermystiquebeastandnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerhowevergeorgethoughtmanyoftheyoungerxmencharacterssuchasrogueicemanpyroandkittyprydewereadjectivelessteenagersandwasdisappointedbycyclopscharacterizationheobservedthefilmmakerswerebigfansofsilenthenchmenduetothesmallrolesofthevariousvillainousmutantssuchasladydeathstrikerefnamegeorgerefspidermandirectorsamraimisaidhewasafanoftheseriesparticularlysingersfilmsfilmhistoriankimnewmanalsotonallycomparedbatmanbeginstosingersfilmscriticshavealsorespondedwelltodeadpoolandloganloganfilmloganreceivedanacademyawardnominationforbestadaptedscreenplaylegacyrichardgeorgeofignstatedthatthesuccessofthefirstxmenfilmpavedthewayforcomicbookfilmadaptationssuchasthespidermaninfilmspidermanseriesfantasticfourfilmfantasticfourvforvendettafilmvforvendettaandsingerssupermanreturnschrishewittofempirefilmmagazineempiremagazinecalledthefirstxmenfilmasthecatalystforfilmsbasedonmarvelcomicscharactersstatingsingersmovieisthecatalystforeverythingthatscomesincegoodandbadwithoutittheresnomarvelstudioscomicbookwritermarkmillarsaidthatsingersxmenrevolutionizedsuperherofilmshomemediareleasethcenturyfoxhomeentertainmentreleasedthefirsttenfilmsondvdbluraydiscblurayanddigitalcopydigitaldownloadthefilmswerealsoreleasedonvhsdvdandblurayboxsetsclasswikitablestylewidthtitleformatreleasedatefilmsclassunsortablexmendoublepackvhsnovemberxmenxxmencollectionrowspandvdnovemberxmenfilmxmenxxmentrilogyoctoberxmenxxmenthelaststandtheultimateheroescollectionoctoberdaredevilfilmdaredevilelektrafilmelektrafantasticfourfilmfantasticfourxmenmarvelheroesmaydaredevilelektrafantasticfourfantasticfourriseofthesilversurferxmenxxmenthelaststandxmentrilogyblurayaprilxmenxxmenthelaststandxmenquadrilogyrowspandvdblurayoctoberxmenxxmenthelaststandxmenoriginswolverinexmentheultimatecollectionoctoberxmenxxmenthelaststandxmenoriginswolverinexmenfirstclassxmenandthewolverineadamantiumcollectionrowspandecemberrowspanxmenxxmenthelaststandxmenoriginswolverinexmenfirstclassthewolverinexmentheadamantiumcollectionxmenexperiencecollectionrowspanbluraymayxmenxxmenthelaststandxmenfirstclasswolverinedoublefeatureoctoberxmenoriginswolverinethewolverinexmenthecerebrocollectionnovemberxmenxxmenthelaststandxmenoriginswolverinexmenfirstclassthewolverinexmendaysoffuturepastxmenfilmcollectionaprilxmenfirstclassxmendaysoffuturepastxmenbeginningstrilogyoctoberxmenfirstclassxmendaysoffuturepastxmenapocalypsexmencollectionrowspannovemberxmenxxmenthelaststandxmenfirstclassxmendaysoffuturepastxmenapocalypserefnamebluraycomrefxmenuniversefilmbundlexmenxxmenthelaststandxmenoriginswolverinexmenfirstclassthewolverinexmendaysoffuturepastdeadpoolxmenapocalypsewolverinemoviecollectionjanuaryxmenoriginswolverinethewolverineasofmaythedvdandbluraysalesofthefirstsixfilmsintheunitedstatesearnedmorethanmillionreferencesexternallinksthcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturyxinyiroadalsocalledndblvdisaneastboundonewayarterialformingaonewaycoupletwiththenearbyrenairoadrdblvdconnectingthezhongzhengdistrictwiththexinyidistrictintaipeitaiwanitswesternterminusisattheeastgateofwallsoftaipeitaipeisformercitywallattheintersectionofzhongshanroadketagalanboulevardandrenairoadneartheeasterntermiusthereisanewinterchangewiththenewxinyiexpresswayanewhighwayconnectingxinyiroadinthexinyidistricttonationalhighwayinthemuzhadistrictxinyiroadisknownforthelocationoftheoriginaldintaifungrestaurantwhichisfamousforitstaiwanesedumplingsandasthelocationofthetaipeiskyscraperinrecentyearslandscapedmediansseparatingtraffichavebeenaddedalongwithacontraflowbusrapidtransitlanethexinyilinetaipeimetroxinyilineoftaipeimetrorunsunderneathxinyiroadseealsolistofroadsintaiwanreferencestimelineofthefarfuturekairouanmedinaquarterttouanstavrosxarchakosstavrosxarchakosinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexitostypegreatestartistdonchezinacoverxitosjpgreleasedinmusicrecordedgenrereggaetonlengthlabeldlnproducerreviewslastalbumlivefrommiamibrthisalbumxitosbrnextalbummylifedonchezinaalbummylifebrtracklistingtratraremixnuevochezidomversindominicanadueodelasgirlysnomevoyainterponerbienguillaodegangsterremixboconsealasiyovolvieraanacermandamientoslizaumarovalizaumarovaxmtcforexplicitmultithreadingcisasharedmemoryparallelprogramminglanguageitisanextensionofthecprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagewhichstrivestoenableeasypramlikeprogrammingbasedontheexplicitmultithreadingparadigmitisdevelopedaspartoftheumiacsumdeduvishkinxmtxmtpramonchipvisionbyaresearchteamattheuniversityofmarylandcollegeparkledbydruzivishkinthephilosophyofxmtcandthewholexmtprojectisthatparallelprogrammingisahardintellectualtaskandtheapproachofbuildingahardwaresystemfirstandthenfiguringouthowtoprogramthemhasnothadmuchsuccessforthatreasonarobustalgorithmictheoryandareasonablyeasyhardwareabstractionshouldbethespecificationsthatguidehowtobuildanewparallelarchitectureandprogramminglanguageforparallelalgorithmsthealgorithmictheorythathasthelargestbodyofliteratureiscalledpramparallelrandomaccessmachinethisisnotacoincidencesincepramisanaturalwayinwhichtothinkalgorithmicallyinparallelintheearlystheprammodelwasdeemedunrealisticbecausethehardwareabstractionitwasbasedoncouldnotbeimplementedbecauseoflowinterchipbandwidthandhighlatencynowthatmultipleprocessorscanbeputonasinglechiptheselimitationsarenolongerpresentthexmtarchitecturetakesadvantageofthisexcessonchiprealestatetoimplementapramabstractionthexmtclanguageisamodestextensionofcandaworkinprogressthebasicpremiseisthattheprogrammerisresponsibleforexposingalltheavailableparallelismwhilethissoundssimpleandmanyearlierapproachessharethisidealinpracticeiftheprogrammerdefinestoolargeanumberofparalleltasksandthetasksareshorttheprogramwillperformverypoorlythewayaroundthatistocombineshortparalleltasksintoalongeronewhichisusuallytheresponsibilityoftheprogrammerinxmtcitispossibleforthelanguagetodothatautomaticallyliftingtheburdenfromtheprogrammersoftwarereleaseofsourceforgenetprojectsxmtcxmtcpramlikeprogrammingallowsexperimentingwithxmtcprogrammingonstandardcomputersfebruaryjanuaryfebruarymarchaprilmayjunejulyaugustseptemberoctobernovemberdecemberjanuarymarchaprilmayjunejulyaugustseptemberoctobernovemberdecemberjanuaryfebruarymarchaprilmayjunejulyaugustseptemberoctobernovemberdecemberjanuaryfebruarymarchaprilmayjunejulyaugustseptemberoctobernovemberdecemberesckeyredirectcategoryshellxanthosisisayellowishdiscolorationofdegeneratingtissuechemicaltissuebiologytissuesespeciallyseeninmalignantneoplasmscanbedifferentiatedclinicallyfromjaundiceasthescleraearecolouredyellowinjaundicebutarenotdiscolouredinxanthosisotherusesfruitfarmingxanthosisoryellowsisamidthcenturytermforstrawberrymildyellowedgevirusadiseaseinstrawberriescausebythestrawberryaphidthediseaseisprevalentthroughouttheamericasmeatindustryxanthosisisabrownpigmentationofskeletalmusclesskeletalandheartmusclesofcattletheconditionisparticularlyseeninolderanimalsandinsomewastingdiseasesprevalentinayrshirecattleandtheircrossesrefcollinsdshueyrjgraceysmeathygienebooksgooglecoukbooksidxfdwbqaaqbajlpgpadqxanthosispgpavonepageqxanthosisffalsepagejohnwileysonsretrievedfebruaryreftriviaitwasthechampionshipwordusedinthescrippsnationalspellingbeereferenceschinesewikipediataxoboxnameamericandaggernematoderegnumanimaliaphylumnematodenematodaclassisenopleasubclassisenopliaordodorylaimidasuperfamiliadorylaimoideafamilialongidoridaesubfamiliaxiphineminaegenusxiphinemaspeciesxamericanumbinomialxiphinemaamericanumbinomialauthoritynathancobbcobbxiphinemaamericanumamericandaggernematodeisaspeciesofplantpathologyplantpathogenicnematodesitisoneofmanyspeciesthatbelongstothegenusxiphinemaitwasfirstdescribedbynathancobbnacobbinwhofounditonbothsidesoftheunitedstatesontherootsofgrasscornandcitrustreesrefnamecobbcobbnanewnematodegenerafoundinhabitingfreshwaterandnonbrackishsoilsjwashacadscirefnotonlyisxiphinemaamericanumknowntovectorplantvirusesbutalsoxamericanumhasbeenreferredtoasthemostdestructiveplantparasiticnematodeinamericaandoneofthefourmajornematodepestsinthesoutheasternunitedstatesrefnamechristiechristiejrsomenewnematodesofcriticalimportancetofloridagrowersprocsoilscisocflarefrefnamethornethornegprinciplesofnematologymcgrawhillnewyorkprefrefnamewangwangsgergerichrwickizerskimklocalizationoftransmissibleandnontransmissiblevirusesinthevectornematodexiphinemaamericanumphytopathologyrefmorphologyandanatomymultipleimagealignleftwidthfootermorphologyofxiphinemaamericanumimagealtcaptioncharacteristicodontostyleimagealtcaptionmalespiculesthelengthoftheadultxiphinemaamericanumrangesfromtomillimetersthedaggernematodeischaracterizedbyamicrometremodontostylewhichisusedfordeeppenetrationofroottipswithitsspearlikestyletanatomystylettheodontostyleisconnectedtotheliningofthecheilostomebyafoldedmembranecalledtheguidingringtheguidingringisattachedtoaflangedodontophorefemalesthebodyisusuallyinanopencconformationtheshapeofthebodytaperstowardstheextremitiesthetworingsoftheodontophorearelocatedmapartthexiphinemaamericanumesophagusisdorylaimoidwithanenlargedposteriorportionthatoccupiesroughlyofitstotallengththeesophaguscontainsamuscularbulbwhichismlongandmwidethevalvebetweentheesophagusandtheintestineisenwiktionaryorgwikiamorphousamorphoustheovariesnormallyoccurinpairsandareamphidelphicandrelexedtheprerectumofxamericanummeasuresmlongwithaenwiktionaryorgwikirectumrectumthatisroughlythesamelengthasthebodydiameterattheanusthetailcontainspairsofcaudalporesisconoidandcurvesdorsallywithasubacuteterminusmalesthemaleshaveasimilaroverallconfigurationasthefemalesbutareslightlysmallerinlengthmalesofxamericanumhoweverarerarelyfoundinnaturethemalehasdiorchicenwiktionaryorgwikitesticletestesthatareconnectedtothecloacawithoneanteriorbranchandoneposteriorbranchitiscommontofindmorecoilintheposteriorregionthemalesalsohavepairedspiculenematodespiculesbutlackagubernaculumnematodeanatomygubernaculumandbursalifecycleidentifyingxiphinemaamericanumasaseparatespecieshasbeenadifficulttaskbecauseofoverlappingmorphologicalaspectshoweverdifferencesinthelifecyclesofxamericanummaydifferentiateitfromotherspeciesfindingsmayalsosuggestthattwosubgroupsofxamericanumshouldbemadeduetothefindingofeitherorjuvenileorganismjuvenilestagesmeasurementsofthefunctionalandreplacementodontostylesallowsforthedeterminationofthecurrentstageindevelopmentrefnamehalbrendthalbrendtjmbrowndjfaspectsofbiologyanddevelopmentofxiphinemaamericanumandrelatedspeciesjournalofnematologyrefcompoundingtheissueofdeterminingthelifecycleofxamericanumistheirdifficultywithbeinggrowninmicrobiologicalculturecultureorgreenhouseconditionsithasbeensuggestedthatthisisduetoxamericanumssensitivitytomoisturetensiontemperaturefluctuationphysicalhandlingoroxygendeprivationrefnamelownsberrylownsberrybfmaggentiarsomeeffectsofsoiltemperatureandsoilmoistureonpopulationlevelsofxiphinemaamericanumphytopathologyrefrefnamegriffingriffingdbarkerkreffectsofsoiltemperatureandmoistureonsurvivalandactivityofxiphinemaamericanumproceedingsofthehelminthologicalsocietyofwashingtonrefrefnamevangundyvangundysdstolzylhszuszkiewiczjerackhamrlinfluenceofoxygensupplyonsurvivalofplantparasiticnematodesinsoilphytopathologyreffieldevidencetakenoverayearobservationperiodindicatesthatxamericanumaremostlikelykselectedtheymostlikelyhavealonglifespanandalowreproductionrateotherresultshavesuggestedthatxamericanumcanliveaslongasyearsreproductionbyfertilizationfromamaleisrareifnotnonexistentduetothelackofmalexamericanumindividualsandthereforefemalesreproduceparthenogenesisparthogeneticallyallofthestagesofxamericanumoccurinthesoilwithnoparticularstageasanimportantsurvivalstageinplaceswithlowwintertemperatureshowevertheeggistheprimarysurvivalstructurerefnamegriesbachgriesbachjamaggentiarthemorphometricsofxiphinemaamericanumsensulatoincaliforniarevuedenmatologierefhostrangexamericanumisavirtuallynonspecificplantnematodecausingittohaveoveronehundreddifferenthostbiologyplanthoststhemostcommonplanthostsinfectioninfectedbyxamericanumarecommonweedsandgrassesstrawberrystrawberriessoybeansoybeansforesttreessprucepineetcperennialorchardsandgrapesthisbroadhostrangeisduetothegeneticdiversitywithinthexamericanumspeciesforacompletelistofthehostrangeofxamericanumvisitthewebarchiveorgwebplpnemwebucdavisedunemaplexnemabasenematodehostrangeresultsaspxngenusnspecxiphinemaamericanumnemaplexhostdatabasedistributionxamericanumisfoundwidelythroughoutmostoftheworldandisfoundonallofthecontinentsexceptforcontinentsantarcticatheregionwiththehighestpopulationofxamericanumisthoughttobetheeasternunitedstatesthestateswiththehighestpopulationoftheamericandaggernematodearearkansascaliforniapennsylvaniarhodeislandandvirginiarefnamerobbinsrobbinsrtdistributionofxiphinemaamericanumandrelatedspeciesinnorthamericajournalofnematologyrefothercountrieswherexamericanumisfoundincludeaustraliabelizebrazilchileguatemalaindiajapankoreademocraticpeoplesrepublickorearepublicmexiconewzealandpakistanpanamasouthafricasrilankauruguayandareasofthecaribbeanaswellrefnametarjantarjanacvariationwithinthexiphinemaamericanumgroupnematodalongidoridaenematologicarefthisspeciesofnematodeisalsofoundtobesensitivetosoilphandtheyarefoundmostfrequentlyinsoilswithaphoforhigherrefnamenortonnortondchoffmannjkdistributionofselectedplantparasiticnematodesrelativetovegetationandedaphicfactorsjournalofnematologyaprilreffeedinghabitsxamericanumisaplantparasitethatlivesentirelyinthesoilandisattractedtoyounggrowingrootsduetosourcesinkdynamicsthesenematodesaremigratoryectoparasitetypesectoparasitesandallofthelifestagesoftheamericandaggernematodefeedattheroottipsofplantssinceitisamigratoryectoparasitetheyremainoutsidetherootorotherfeedingareasandfeedonepidermisbotanyepidermalcellsoroncellsdeeperintherootthisectoparasitismallowsthenematodetomovefreelytodifferenthoststhroughoutitslifecyclethisnematodeisconsideredtobeanobligateparasiteitcansurvivewithinplantdebrishoweveritneedslivingplanttissuetofeedoncethenematodearrivesataroottipitfeedsbypuncturingseveralsuccessivelayersoftheplantscellswithitsodontostylewhilepenetratingthenematodesecretesenzymesthatresultincellhypertrophyandthickeningthenematodeisthenabletobeginextractingthecellscytoplasmthefeedingperiodofxamericanumcanlastanywherefromseveralhourstoseveraldayswiththeaveragebeingaroundhoursateachfeedingsitealongtheplantsrootswhilefeedingitiscommonforthenematodestoremainstillwiththeirbodieseitheroutstretchedorcurledandfollowingthefeedingperiodtheymoveslowlyalongthelengthoftherootwiththeirstyletremainingprotrudedandinsearchofanewfeedingsiteunlikesomespeciesofnematodestheobservationoffoodpassingintothegutofxamericanumisnotseenalthoughthenematodesarenonspecificintheirxiphinemaamericanumhostrangehostrangetheygenerallyfeedonplantsthatareinpoorerconditionforashorteramountoftimerefnamecohncohneobservationsonthefeedingandsymptomologyofxiphinemalongidorusonselectedhostrootsjournalofnematologyrefsymptomsandeconomicimportancethesymptomsthatplantsexhibitinresponsetothepathogenicityofxiphinemaamericanumaresimilartothoseofothermigratoryectoparasiticnematodesofrootsitiscommontoseepoorgrowthandorstuntbotanystuntingoftheplantchlorosisyellowingorwiltingofthefoliageandreducedrootsystemswhichcanincluderootnecrosislackofroottypesofrootsfeederorsecondaryrootsandoccasionaltuftsofstubbyrootletsyoungshortleavedpinusclassificationyellowpinetreeswithmoderateswellingofrootswithclustersofshortstubbybrancheswerethefirstdemonstrationofxamericanumpathogenicityinxamericanumcanalsocausesevereeffectsonfoliagesometimescausingchlorosisandcompletedefoliationasseenonguatemalancoffeetreesthedaggernematodecausesthedevitalizationofroottipsandoverallrootdeathwhentheyfeedattheroottipsandrootsidesofstrawberryplantsreddishbrownlesionsthatturnblackandnecroticwithtimeresultatthesitesoffeedingandresultinreducedrootsystemsandstuntedtopsxiphinemaamericanumislistedasacratedpestincaliforniaduetoitswidexiphinemaamericanumhostrangehostrangeofcaliforniacropscratedpestsarewidespreadandareofknowneconomicorenvironmentaldetrimentaccordingtocdfacagovphppsipcencycloweediawinfoweedratingshtmthecaliforniadepartmentoffoodandagricultureduetoxamericanumsdifficultyinmaintaininghighpopulationsinfrequentlytilledsoilsseexiphinemaamericanumcontrolcontrolthedaggernematodeismainlyaneconomicproblemonbiennialplantbiennialandperennialcropsratherthanannualcropsexceptfordamagetoemergingseedlingsviraltransmissionthenematodexiphinemaamericanumisanimportanttransmissionofplantvirusestransmitterofvariousplantvirusesincludingtomatoringspotvirustomatoringspotnepovirustomrsvtobaccoringspotvirustobaccoringspotnepovirustrsvpeachrosettemosaicviruspeachrosettemosaicnepovirusprmvandcherryraspleafviruscherryraspleafnepoviruscrlvrefnamebreecebreecejrhartwhapossibleassociationofnematodeswiththespreadofpeachyellowbudmosaicvirusplantdiseasereporterrefrefnamefultonfultonjptransmissionoftobaccoringspotvirusbyxiphinemaamericanumphytopathologyabstrrefrefnameimleimlefpsamsonrwstudiesonaringspottypeofvirusandtomatophytopathologyabstrrefrefnamenylandnylandglownsberrybfloweskmitchelljfthetransmissionofcherryraspleafvirusbyxiphinemaamericanumphytopathologyreftobrsvisawidespreadnepovirusinannualcropsinnorthamericathatinfectstobaccosoybeanblueberryappleashautumncrocusblackberrycherrydogwoodelderberrygrapevinespearmintandinwisconsinhasaneconomicallyimportantimpactoncucurbitaceaecucurbitsrefnamebrownbrowndjfhalbrendtjmrobbinsrtvraintctransmissionofnepovirusesbyxiphinemaamericanumgroupnematodesjournalofnematologyreftomrsvisanothernepovirustransmittedbyxamericanumandisgenerallyaproblemwithperennialplantsincludingapplegrapevineraspberrystrawberrybirdsfoottrefoildogwoodelderberryhydrangeasorchidsandredcurrantsitisalsoaproblemsomeannualplantsincludingtomatoandcucumberapplecherryandpeachtreesinthepacificcoaststatesoftheunitedstatesareinfectedbycrlvprmvcausessubstantialdamagetoprunussppgrapevineandblueberryinthegreatlakesareamuchlikethebroadxiphinemaamericanumhostrangehostrangeofxamericanumthenepovirusestransmittedbythisnematodedoaswelltheyalsohavethecapabilityoffruitseeddisseminationdisseminationinwindblownseedsaswellasremainingharboredinnaturalreservoirsincludingweedsinparallelteststomrsvhasbeenshowntotransmitmoreefficientlythantrsvprimarilythevirusesresideintheregionsofthestyletextensiontheanterioresophageallumenandrarelyintheesophagealbulbtrsvhasbeenshowntoprefertheareasofthestyletextensionandanterioresophageallumenwhereasthetomrsvisfoundmainlyinthetriradiatelumenoftheesophagealbulbthedifferentlocationsofviralbindingsitesfortrsvandtomrsvaccountforthecapabilityofdualtransmissionofbothvirusesbecausethedifferentvirusesarentcompetingforbindingsitestrsvparticlescanbeliberatedintotheplantduringfeedingbythedorsalanatomydorsalandsubventralglandsecretionstomrsvismainlyliberatedbythesecretionsofthesubventralglandsduetoitslocationinthetriradiatelumenthesefactsmayaccountforthedifferencesintheexperimentallydeterminedtransformationefficiencybetweentomrsvandtrsvorlesspreviousworkattemptingtoidentifyvirusbindingsitesandreleasewasdifficultwithoutthedevelopmentofimmunoflourescenceimmunoflourescentlabelingcontrolcontroloftheamericandaggernematodepresentsproblemsbecausexamericanumishardtocompletelyremovenematicidesgenerallyremoveuptoofthenematodesinsoilhoweverthethatremaincanreproduceasexualreproductionasexuallyandthevirusesthattheycarrycanstillinfecttherootsofyoungplantsthereforetoeliminatethenematodesnematicidesshouldbeusedalongwithhavingabaresoilfieldforatleastayearperiodthisensuresthatthexamericanumhasnofoodsourceattheendofthisyearperiodthenematodesshouldbeeradicatedrefnamehalbrendthalbrendtjmallelopathyinthemanagementofplantparasiticnematodesjournalofnematologymarchrefthesprayingofnematicidesalsocausesplantstoreleaseallelopathicallelopathicchemicalsthesechemicalsthenkillthenematodesbyactivesuppressionbecausetheyaretoxictothenematodecroprotationisanotherformofcontrolforxamericanumithasbeenshownthatcertainnonhostplantsmaydenythenematodepopulationanadequatefoodsourceforreproductionandthusgreatlyreduceitspopulationinthesoilthisistermedpassivesuppressionxamericanumcanonlytravelviasurfacerunoffrunoffandindampsoilthereforeifsoilsarekeptdryenoughthenematodescanbelocalizedandquarantinedrefnamegriesbachgriesbachjamaggentiarvectorcapabilityofxiphinemaamericanumsensulatoincaliforniajournalofnematologyrefadditionallyifsoilistillagetilledfrequentlyxamericanumwilllikelynotbeinhighenoughofapopulationdensitytocauseanynoticeablesymptomsinitshoststhereisalsoevidenceofxamericanumplantdiseaseresistanceresistanceandtoleranceseenincertainspeciesofgrapesthatappearedtobebetteradaptationadaptedtotheparasiterefnamemckenrymckenrymvanwarsanematodeandgraperootstockinteractionsincludinganimprovedunderstandingoftolerancejournalofnematologyseprefreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebplpnemwebucdavisedunemaplextaxadatagshtmnemaplexuniversityofcaliforniaxiphinemaamericanumtaxoboxnamexiphinemabakeriregnumanimaliaphylumnematodenematodaclassisenopleasubclassisenopliaordodorylaimidasuperfamiliadorylaimoideafamilialongidoridaesubfamiliaxiphineminaegenusxiphinemaspeciesxiphinemabakeribinomialxiphinemabakeribinomialauthoritysynonymssmallsmallxiphinemabakeriisaplantpathogenicnematodeinfectingcaneberriesseealsolistofcaneberriesdiseasesreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebplpnemwebucdavisedunemaplextaxadatagshtmnemaplexuniversityofcaliforniaxiphinemabakeritaxoboxnamexiphinemabrevicolleregnumanimaliaphylumnematodenematodaclassisenopleasubclassisenopliaordodorylaimidasuperfamiliadorylaimoideafamilialongidoridaesubfamiliaxiphineminaegenusxiphinemaspeciesxbrevicollebinomialxiphinemabrevicollebinomialauthoritylordelloanddacostaxiphinemabrevicolleisaplantpathogenicnematodeinfectingmangoesseealsolistofmangodiseasesreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebplpnemwebucdavisedunemaplextaxadatagshtmnemaplexuniversityofcaliforniaxiphinemabrevicolletaxoboxnamexiphinemadiversicaudatumregnumanimaliaphylumnematodaclassisadenophoreasubclassisenopliaordodorylaimidasuperfamiliadorylaimoideafamilialongidoridaesubfamiliaxiphineminaegenusxiphinemaspeciesxdiversicaudatumbinomialxiphinemadiversicaudatumbinomialauthorityxiphinemadiversicaudatumisanamphimiticectoparasiticnematodespeciesrefnameevansevansktrudgilldlwebsterjmplantparasiticnematodesintemperateagriculturerefthisspecieshasacharacteristicallylongstyletcapableofpenetratingintoahostsvasculartissuerefnamenemaplexplpnemwebucdavisedunemaplextaxadatagshtmxiphinemadiversicaudatumatnemaplexuniversityofcaliforniareftheyhaveawidehostrangewithsomeoftheextensivelystudiedonesbeingstrawberryhopsandraspberryduetotheireconomicimportancerefnamewhiteheadwhiteheadagplantnematodecontrolrefthedirectrootdamagecausedthroughpenetrationneartheroottipandformationofgallsisasecondaryconcernwhencomparedwiththedamagecausedbyvectoringthearabismosaicvirusthevirusattachestotheinteriorcuticleliningandcanbetransferredfrominfectedtouninfectedroottissueasthenematodefeedsandshedshistoryxiphinemadiversicaudatumwasinitiallycharacterizedinbymicoletzkyithadbeenspeculatedthatthexiphinemaspecieswerepathogenictoplantssincexiphinemaamericanumwasfirstidentifiedinbynathancobbtheexperimentalproofforthiswasprovidedbysteinerandandchristiebintheconnectionbetweenxiphinemadiversicaudatumandtheformationofrootgallsonhostplantswasprovedusingrosesandstrawberriesbothofwhichareknownhostcropsrefnameschindlerschindlerafparasitismandpathogenicityofxiphinemadiversicaudatumandectoparasiticnematodenematologicaiirefrefnameschindlerbschindlerafbraunajpathogenicityofanectorparasitenematodexiphinemadiversicaudatumonstrawberriesnematologicaiirefdistributionxiphinemadiversicaudatumislocatedthroughouttheworldincludingcaliforniaitislocatedinmorethaneuropeancountriessouthafricacanadausaaustraliaandnewzealandmorerecentinformationonthelocationsofarabismosaicvirusimpliesthatthelistabovecouldbemoreextensivethanthatwhichiscurrentlyavailablerefnamecabicabiorgdmpdloadmodulereviewpagereviewidsitexiphinemadiversicaudatumcabirefmorphologyxiphinemadiversicaudatumarelargenematodesmmmminlengththeyhavealongprotrusibleodontostylewhichisaroundnbspmmlongandcapableofpenetratingintoahostsvasculartissuethelongstyletissimilartolongidorusbutisdistinguishablebyposteriorbasalflangesandamoreposteriorguidingringthanisobservedinlongidorusxiphinemahaveatwopartesophaguswhichdoesnotcontainametacorpusamodificationintheposteriorendoftheesophagusformsamuscularposteriorbulbwhichcangenerateapumpingactionsimilartothatofametacorpusinotherplantparasiticnematodesthelumenofesophagealbulbcontainsductswhichallowforthepassageofsecretionsfromtheesophagealglandslifecycleandreproductionxiphinemadiversicadautumareamphimiticnematodeswithmalesbeingasabundantasfemaleseggsarelaidsinglyinthinwaterlayersinthesoilandarenotpartofaneggmassafterthefirststagejuvenileemergesfromtheeggtherearemoltsallofwhichoccurinthesoilalllifestagesexcludingeggsarecapableofsurvivinguptoyearswithoutahostplantfemaleshavebeendocumentedtoliveuptoyearswithoutahosteggsdonothatchbelownbspcandtypicallydonotsurvivethewinterhostparasiterelationshipxdiversicaudatumlikemanyotherspeciesofdaggernematodehasawidehostrangewithsomeofthemoreextensivelystudiedonesincludingstrawberrieshopsandrosesotherdocumentedhostsincludegrapevineraspberryappleasparaguscabbagecarrotcherryredcloverpeachthenematodeitselfinflictsdirectdamagetoplantsrootsasitpenetratesatitspreferredfeedingsitejustbehindtheroottipitslongstyletenablesittoreachintothevascularsystemoftheplantcausinglocalnecrosisandhypertrophythisfeedingactionpromptstheformationofgallsonlateralrootsinturnleadingtoastuntedrootsystemabovegroundsymptomsmaynotalwaysbepresentinlowlevelinfectionsbutcouldincludereducedvigorandchlorosisofleavesitisoftennotjustthepresenceofnematodesthatisaconcernbutitistheirabilitytoserveasavirusvectorinthiscaseforthearabismosaicvirustheodontophoreandesophagusarelinedwithcuticlewhichhasbeenshowntoretainvirusparticlesasamonolayertheseparticlescanthenbeshedwiththecuticularliningasthenematodeprogressesthroughitsnormallifecyclethevectoringcapabilityofxdiversicaudatumhasbeenshowntobespecifictoarabismosaicvirusasnoparticleswereabsorbedbythecuticularliningwhenfeedingonplantsinfectedwithgrapevinefanleafvirusorraspberryringspotvirusinfectionwitharabismosaicvirusonnaturalhostsincludesmosaicsmottlingchloroticringspotsandsometimesnecrosisrefnameictvictvdbbiomirrorcnictvdbhtmarabismosaicvirusatinternationalcommitteeontaxonomyofvirusesrefmanagementtheectoparasiticnatureofxdiversicaudatummakesmanagementproblematicasthenematodecanleavetherootatanypointinthelifecycleandcaneitherreinfectthesamecropormigratetoadifferentonealonglifecycleandwidehostrangemakeitseemimpracticaltoutilizefallowingorcroprotationmethodstheuseofnematicidessuchasddandmethylbromideatnbsplbsqfthavebeenshowntobesuccessfulatlimitingthenumbersofnematodesandthereforelimitingthespreadofarabismosaicvirusalesseramountofnematicidewasshowntobesuccessfulifitwasappliedinthewintermonthsbutwaslesssuccessfulifappliedinthesummernematicideapplicationiseconomicallyappropriateonlandthatwillbeusedtogeneratehighvaluecropsrefnameharrisonharrisonbdetaltheuseofnematicidestocontrolthespreadofarabismosaicvirusbyxiphinemadiversicaudatummicolannalsofappliedbiologyrefnematicideshavehoweverbeenshowninrecentyearstohaveadetrimentalaffectonnontargetorganismsincludinghumansaswellasincreasingenvironmentalpollutionastudycarriedoutinpalmoilplantationsinsouthsumatraindonesiademonstratedadeclineinxiphinemadiversicaudatumpopulationstreatedwithnematicideandchitinformulationwhencomparedtonematicideuseonlyreferencesexternallinksplpnemwebucdavisedunemaplextaxadatagshtmnemaplexuniversityofcaliforniaxiphinemataxoboxnamecaliforniadaggernematoderegnumanimaliaphylumnematodenematodaclassisenopleasubclassisenopliaordodorylaimidasuperfamiliadorylaimoideafamilialongidoridaesubfamiliaxiphineminaegenusxiphinemaspeciesxindexbinomialxiphinemaindexbinomialauthoritythorneandallenxiphinemaindexcaliforniadaggernematodeisaspeciesofplantparasiticnematodeshistoryamajorpestofgrapesthecaliforniadaggernematodeprovidedthefirstexampleofanematodeactingasavectorforaviralplantdiseaseithasspreadtomultiplecontinentswherethereisviticultureproductiondescriptionxiphinemaindexisamigratoryectoparasitethatprimarilyfeedsontheroottipsofgrapesvitisviniferathebodyofafemaleisaroundnbspmmlongandtheodontostyleisapproximatelynbspumlongthereisathickcuticlewiththinstriationsacrossthebodythefemalehasoneortwoovariesthataretypicallypairedmalesandfemalesbothhavedorsallyroundedtailsthatareshortrefnamevanzylvanzylsmaviviermawalkerxiphinemaindexanditsrelationshiptograpevinesareviewsajofenologyandviticulturevolnoreffeedingonasusceptiblehostcausestherootstuntingandtipgallingfurthermoreitisavectorofthegrapevinefanleafvirusotherhostsofthisparasiteincludefigapplerosepistachioaswellasseveralothersrefnameucdreflifecycleandreproductionthefemalesofthisspecieslaytheireggsinthesoilnearpotentialhoststhefirstmoltdoesnotoccuruntilhoursafterhatchingthefollowingmoltsoccurinsixdayintervalsafterandcompletealifecyclewithindayshoweveralifecycleofseveralmonthshasalsobeenreportedthenematodecanreproducebyparthenogenesisandthusonefemalecanreproduceanentirepopulationthenematodesurvivesprimarilyintheeggstagealthoughotherstagescansurviveinthesoilforuptothreeyearsxiphinemaindexcausesbothmechanicalandphysiologicaldamageandmaycauseterminalswellingandnecrosisontherootsofitssusceptiblehostsdistributionxiphinemaindexhasbeenfoundtointhefollowingregionsargentinaaustraliachilefrancegermanygreecehungaryiraniraqitalynorthafricaportugalsouthafricaspainturkeyandusaincaliforniaitistypicallyfoundinthenorthbutcansometimesreachasfarsouthaskerncountycaliforniadaggernematodecansurvivesoiltemperaturesofnbspctonbspcbutlongtermexposuretocoldkillsthenematodevectorofgrapevinefanleafvirusgrapevinefanleafvirusgflvthecauseoffanleafdegradationisthemostdestructiveviraldiseaseofgrapesworldwidexiphinemaindexwasdiscoveredtobeavectorofthisdiseaseinthesitcausesyellowmosaicandbandsontheleavesandmayresultinanreductioninfruitsetcausinghugeeconomiclossesitisspreadbycontaminatedseedandthegraftingofinfectedrootstocksinanearlyexperimentitwasshownthatcaliforniadaggernematodesinoculatedwithgflvwerestillinfectiveaftereightmonthsitisspeculatedthatthetwopathogensevolvedtogethersincethereisevidencethatthepresenceofgflvgivesasurvivaladvantagetoxindexandnototherspeciesofnematodesinamorerecentstudyitwasshownthatgflvpersistsinjuvenilesofxindexforoverfouryearsasdeterminedbyrtpcrmanagementinfectedrootsshouldberemovedfromthevineyardandanonhostshouldbegrownforseveralyearsifpossiblehistoricallythispesthasbeenmanagedbytheuseofchemicalfumigantssuchasdichloropropeneandmethylbromidetherearefewpostplantchemicaloptionstomanagethispestthesefumigantsmustbeapplieddeeplyinthesoiltobeeffectiveasthenematodecanresidedeeplyinthesoilandthusresistattemptstoeradicateitcompletelyrootstocksthatarebredforresistancetobothgflvandxindexhaveproventobeeffectiveatmanagingthediseaseaneffectiverootstockmustberesistanttoboththevirusandthenematodehotwatertreatmentsofrootstockstobeplantedensurestherewillbelittlechanceoftheintroducingthediseaseintothefieldpreventingtheintroductionofinfectedplantorsoilmaterialisessentialtomanagebothxindexandgflvreferencesexternallinksplpnemwebucdavisedunemaplextaxadatagshtmnemaplexuniversityofcaliforniaxiphinemaindextaxoboxnamexiphinemainsigneregnumanimaliaphylumnematodenematodaclassisenopleasubclassisenopliaordodorylaimidasuperfamiliadorylaimoideafamilialongidoridaesubfamiliaxiphineminaegenusxiphinemaspeciesxiphinemainsignebinomialxiphinemainsignebinomialauthorityxiphinemainsigneisaplantpathogenicnematodeinfectingteatheyareknowntoinfectcacaotreecacaotreesrefnamearefdistributiontheyareknowntoliveinthephilippinesitalsoresidesinchinawhereitisthemostcommonofallofthexiphinemanematodesrefnamebrefcharacteristicsthereisagreatdealofinterspeciesvariationwithinthexiphinemainsignepopulationgenerallyvariationsareduetooratleastcorrelatewithgeographicalorclimatedifferencesseealsolistofteadiseasesreferencestaxoboxnamexiphinemarivesiregnumanimaliaphylumnematodenematodaclassisenopleasubclassisenopliaordodorylaimidasuperfamiliadorylaimoideafamilialongidoridaesubfamiliaxiphineminaegenusxiphinemaspeciesxrivesibinomialxiphinemarivesibinomialauthoritydalmassoxiphinemarivesiisaplantpathogenicnematodeinfectingcaneberriesandfruittreesseealsolistofapplediseaseslistofapricotdiseaseslistofcaneberriesdiseaseslistofpeachandnectarinediseasesreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebplpnemwebucdavisedunemaplextaxadatagshtmnemaplexuniversityofcaliforniaxiphinemarivesitaxoboxnamexiphinemavuitteneziregnumanimaliaphylumnematodenematodaclassisenopleasubclassisenopliaordodorylaimidasuperfamiliadorylaimoideafamilialongidoridaesubfamiliaxiphineminaegenusxiphinemaspeciesxvuittenezibinomialxiphinemavuittenezibinomialauthorityluclimaweischerandfleggxiphinemavuitteneziisaplantpathogenicnematodeinfectingappleandpearseealsolistofapplediseaseslistofpeardiseasesreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebplpnemwebucdavisedunemaplextaxadatagshtmnemaplexuniversityofcaliforniaxiphinemavuitteneziinfoboxartistbgcolourednamexanthusrussellsmithimagexanthusrussellsmithphotocircacroppedjpgimagesizepxcaptionxanthusrussellsmithcircabirthnamebirthdatebirthplacephiladelphiapennsylvaniadeathdatedeathplaceglensidepennsylvanianationalityfieldmarinepaintertrainingpennsylvaniaacademyofthefineartsmovementworksthemonitorandthemerrimackunionleagueofphiladelphiabrthekearsargeandalabamaunionleagueofphiladelphiapatronsinfluencedbyinfluencedxanthusrussellsmithfebruaryphiladelphiapennsylvaniadecemberglensidepennsylvaniawasanunitedstatesamericanmarinepainterbestknownforhisillustrationsoftheamericancivilwarbiographyborninphiladelphiapennsylvaniathesonofpainterswilliamthompsonrussellsmithandmarypriscillawilsonhewaseducatedathomebyhismotherwhoalsogavehimdrawinglessonsbetweenandheaccompaniedhisparentsandsistermaryrussellsmithonthefamilystourofeuropeafterreturninghomehestudiedchemistryattheuniversityofpennsylvaniabeforeenrollingatthepennsylvaniaacademyofthefineartsheservedintheunitedstatesnavyduringtheamericancivilwarhelpingtomaintaintheblockadeofcharlestonsouthcarolinahesawlittleactionandsketchedhundredsofshipsinavarietyofmediaincludingpencilandoilpaintbothforofficialpurposesandforhisownpleasurehisfatherbuiltasuburbanvillaedgehillinglensidepennsylvaniaacouplemilesoutsideofphiladelphiathatincludedalargeartistsstudioinsmithmarriedmarybinderthedaughterofawealthyphiladelphialumberdealerthesmithssettledatedgehillwheretheyraisedtheirthreechildrenmaryrussellpollyxanthusrusselljrandgeorgerussellsmithalsomaintainedastudioatchestnutstreetinphiladelphiaforoverthirtyyearsandpainteduntilhisdeathatageselectedworkssmithdidnotactuallyparticipateinmostofthebattlesheillustratedinsteadhegenerallyconsultedthosewhowerepresentattheengagementshisfirstmajorworkthemonitorandthemerrimackoiloncanvasxnbspinchesxnbspcmunionleagueofphiladelphiawascriticallyacclaimedhispaintingsweresometimesmassivefinalassaultuponfortfishernorthcarolinaoiloncanvasxnbspinchesxnbspcmpennsylvaniaacademyofthefineartsismorethanfeetwidetherearesevenknownversionsofthefamousjunenavalbattlebetweentheusskearsargeusskearsargeandthecssalabamaconfederateshipalabamaeachauniquecompositionsinkingoftherebelcruiseralabamabytheusskearsageoiloncanvasxinchesxcmcollectionoftheartfundincatthebirminghammuseumofartgiftofregionsbankthesinkingofthealabamacoiloncanvasxnbspinchesxnbspcmprivatecollectionbattlebetweenkearsargeandalabamacoiloncanvasxnbspinchesxnbspcmmarinersmuseumnewportnewsvirginiathekearsargeandalabamaoiloncanvasxnbspinchesxnbspcmunionleagueofphiladelphiaapopularattractionatthecentennialexpositionthecloseoftheengagementoiloncanvasxnbspinchesxnbspcmdebraforcefineartincnewyorkcitybattleofthekearsargeandalabamawatercoloronpaperxnbspinchesxnbspcmmorrismuseumofartaugustageorgiathesinkingofthecssalabamaoiloncanvasdimensionsunknownfranklindrooseveltpresidentiallibraryandmuseumhydeparknewyorkcommissionedbyformerassistantsecretaryofthenavyfranklindrooseveltsmithspaintingsandsketcheswereusedtoillustratealargenumberofcivilwarhistoriesincludingthebiographyhewroteofhisformercommandingofficeradmiralsamuelfrancisdupontexamplesofhisworkareattheusnavalacademyinannapolismarylandandtheusnavalhistoricalcenterinwashingtondcothersareinthecollectionsofthemetropolitanmuseumofartthemuseumoffineartsbostonthecolumbusmuseumofartthedelawareartmuseumthecolumbiamuseumofartandtheaddisongalleryofamericanarthisunpublishedautobiographyanunvarnishedtalealongwithhisfamilypapersarepreservedinthearchivesofamericanartatthesmithsonianinstitutiongalleryfilegoslinzouavethregimentprivatebyxanthussmithjpggoslinzouavathregimentprivatewatercoloronpaperunitedstatesarmycenterofmilitaryhistorywashingtondcfileussnorwichjpgussnorwichgraphiteonpaperusnavalhistoricalcenterwashingtondcfileussmetacometbyxanthusrussellsmithcroppedjpgussmetacometatpensacolafloridaaugustgraphiteonpaperusnavalhistoricalcenterwashingtondcfilefinalassaultuponfortfishernorthcarolinabyxanthussmithjpgfinalassaultuponfortfisherpennsylvaniaacademyofthefineartsphiladelphiapennsylvaniafilebattleofmobilebaybyxanthussmithcroppedjpgbattleofmobilebayaugustusnavalacademyannapolismarylandfilebattleofkearsargeandalabamabyxanthussmithjpgbattleofthekearsargeandalabamamorrismuseumofartaugustageorgiafileusnavynxthisartworkdepictsthesinkingoftheconfederateshipcssalabamajpgthesinkingofthecssalabamafranklindrooseveltpresidentiallibraryhydeparknewyorkgalleryreferencesjameslouisfisherxanthussmithcivilwarpaintermathesisuniversityofdelawarebarbaramcnewthefuryandterriblebeautynavalhistorymagazinenavalhistoryrobertwilsontorchiaxanthussmithandthecivilwarexhibitioncatalogueschwarzgalleryphiladelphiapaaprilrobertwilsontorchiathesmithsschwarzgalleryphiladelphiapajanuaryexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebcahoonmuseumorgmaritimeartworkphpcunardsteamerparthialeavingbostonharborfromcahoonmuseumcontuitmawebarchiveorgwebtfaoicommimijpgfarragutpassingthefortsbelowneworleansfromphiladelphiahistorymuseumphiladelphiapawebarchiveorgwebharvardartmuseumsorgartsearchsearchapiaggregationfieldartistsearchxanthussmithfieldtitlesearchfieldartistsearchfieldtitlesearchfieldobjectnumberfielddatebeginfielddateendfielddepartmentfieldclassificationfieldtechniquefieldcenturyfieldperiodfieldculturefieldcreationplacefieldsubjectgolandscapesketchesfromharvarduniversityartmuseumartmuseumprincetonedusearchcollectionskeysxanthussmithtitleopcontainstitledisplaynameopddisplaynamexanthussmithinvnocreditlineopdcreditlineyearrangeopoverlapsyearrangebvaluedye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ntedwithfrustrationatherownbodyandthelimitationsplacedonherbysocietyafterherfatherwalksinonthesexualexperiencebetweenhisdaughterandalvaroherealizeshischildisnowoldenoughtomakeherowndecisionaboutherlifeandhersexualidentityandseeksadvicefromatransgendermanthathehadreadaboutinnewspapersyearsbeforethemanexpresseshisappreciationthatalexsparentschosenottomakethedecisionforheratbirthbycastratingherandallowedhertomakeherowndecisionnowalexsfatheriscomfortedbythisconversationandreturnstoalexrecognizingthatsheisoldernowandmustmakeherowndecisionlaterinthemoviethreeboysfromthevillagesexuallyassaultalexbyforciblypullingdownherpantstoseehergenitalsalexisembarrassedandashamedbythisencounterperpetratedbythefriendsofvandoherexfriendandlikelyformerromanticpartnernstorrealizesthatreportingthistothepolicewouldcausethewholevillagetoknowaboutalexsconditionhoweveralexdecidesthatitdoesnotmatteralexalsodecidesthatshedoesnotwanttoresumetakingmedicinesorhaveanoperationwhenaskedbyherfatherwhethershewantedtochoosetobeeithermaleorfemalealexreplieswhatifthereisnothingtochoosethroughoutthefilmtherearemultipleacknowledgementsoftheaudiencescuriosityaboutalexsgenitalsthisisseenthroughtheactionsofothercharactersonscreenmostnotablythegroupofboyswhoassaultalexwhilesheisonthebeachattheendofthefilmlvaroandhisfamilyaregettingreadytoboardtheboattotakethembacktobuenosairesthereisstilltensionbetweenthemaftertheirlastencounterinthewoodslvarowalksawayfromhisfamilytogositbehindaseawallonthebeachwithalexforafewmomentsheshowsherthathehasstartedwearingtheturtletagthatshehadgivenhimpreviouslyheasksifhewilleverseeheragainandshetellshimthatshedoesnotthinkthathewilltheyeachadmittohavingfalleninlovewitheachotherbutwhenalvarotriestokissalexshepusheshimawayscarredfromherexperienceonthebeachwiththethreeboyssheaskshimifheregretsnotseeingheragainornotgettingtoseeitmoreshepushesdownherpantstoshowlvarohergenitalsandtheaudiencewatchesatlvaroashelooksatalexthecameralingersonlvarosfaceashelooksatalexsgenitalsandtheaudienceismadeawarethatstateofalexsgenitalswillnotbemadeknowntothemlvarosfathergrabshimandalexsitsagainstthewallforafewmomentscryingbeforeshereturnstoherfamilytheendingshotisofalexandherfamilyleavingtheirguestsattheboatandwalkingdowntheboardwalkalexgrabsherfathershandandslingsitacrosshershoulderbeforethecamerapanstoashotoftheoceanfocusingonthedistanttransitioninglinebetweentheskyandseacastricardodarnasnstorkrakenvaleriabertuccelliassulikrakeninsefronasalexkrakenmartnpiroyanskyaslvarocarolinapelerittiaserikaguillermoangelelliasjuancsartroncosoaswashingtonjeanpierrereguerrazasestebanailnsalasasrobertalucianomartnnbileasvandolucasescarizassaulthemesthegeneticmakeupofsexisathemethatisbroughtupnumeroustimeswithinthisfilmalexssituationisveryuniqueinthatshewasbornasanintersexindividualintersexmeansthatapersonwasbornwithsomesortofsexualvariationthatisevidentineithertheirchromosomesgonadshormonesgenitalsetcinthiscasealexhasboththefemaleandmalesexualorgansasaresultalexconstantlyquestionsherselfintermsofwhethersheidentifiesaseitheraboyoragirlandwhethersheisattractedtoboysorgirlsthereforealexsuncertaintyofselfidentificationisanotherthemethatappearswithinthisfilmanoftenoverlookedthemeforxxyisnestorsunconditionalloveforhisdaughteralexthemoviedepictshowhermothersuliinvitesherbestfriendsfamilytostaywithhersothehusbandramirocanoperateonalextomakeherbethedaughtersulihasalwaysdreamtofontheotherhandnestorwroteabookaboutalexsconditionxxywhichtookcountlesstimethemoviealsodoesntsayifhewasabiologistbeforeorafteralexwasbornbutitsapossibilityhebecameabiologistafteralltheinformationheresearchedwhentheydiscoveralexhadbothmaleandfemalesexualpartsnestoralsotellsthestoryofhowwhenalexwasbornsuliwasterrifiedandworriedaboutalexbuthestillsawherperfectthewaysheisheneverpressuredhertomakeadecisionaboutherownbodywhereassulitriedtotakecontrolofalexsbodyafewtimessuliwantedtooperaterightwhenalexwasbornbutnestorcalmedherdownandtalkedheroutofithemayseemabsentmindedthroughoutthemoviebecausehedidntknowalexstoppedtakinghermedicinetodiminishhermasculineattributeswhensulipointeditouttohimbutthatmaynotbewhatthedirectorwastryingtodepictitspossiblehewastryingtoshowhowsuliwasobsessedwithalexbeingthedaughtershedreamtofwhereasnestoralreadysawalexperfectanywaywhethershewastakingthemedicineornotofcoursenestorwastakenbackafterseeingalexandalvarohavingsexbutwhatparentwouldntbetakenbackbyseeingtheirkidhavesexforthefirsttimeanotherexampleofnestorsunconditionallovewaswhenhestoodupforalexaftershebrokeherexbestfriendsnoseandtheotherfatherwasmakingfunofalexnestorwasproudofhisdaughterneverembarrassederinmiskelllistsofthebackseatdriverreviewscomweekendmoviesfivereasonstowatchxxyfivereasonstowatchxxyandoneisitdiscussestheimpactontheparentsandthedifferencesbetweennestorsandsuliswayofraisingalexreceptionthefilmreceivedgenerallyfavorablereviewsfromcriticsthefilmcriticsaggregaterottentomatoesreportedofcriticsgavethefilmapositivereviewbasedonreviewswithanaveragescoreofthecriticalconsensusisthissharpdirectorialdebutbyluciapuenzotreatsthechallengingsubjectofintersexwithintelligenceandsensitivitymetacriticwhichassignsastandardizedscoreoutofratedthefilmbasedonreviewsindicatinggenerallyfavorablereviewsrogerebertgavethefilmstarsofoutinesefronalsoreceivedmuchcriticalacclaimforherperformanceinthisfilmefronwontheawardforbestactressatthecartagenafilmfestivalaswellasthreeotherawardssheisalsocitedbyinternetportalciudadcomarasoneofthemostinterestingarisingactressesofbuenosairesshehasbeenpraisedfordepictingthecharacterofalexasabalancedcombinationofmaleandfemalewithoutleaningtoofartowardsoneortheotherseealsoklinefeltersyndromeintersexhermaphroditereferencesexternallinksgeneticorginformationaboutxxyandklinefeltersyndromecapitaltaxoboxcolorlightgreynamexanthomonasampelinaregnumbacteriumbacteriaphylumproteobacteriaclassisgammaproteobacteriaordoxanthomonadalesfamiliaxanthomonadaceaegenusxylophilusbinomialxanthomonasampelinabinomialauthoritypanagopoulossynonymsxanthomonasampelinabrerwiniavitivoratypestrainncppbcomfurtherinfocfmncppbnoncppbbrwebarchiveorgwebscdlandcareresearchconzspecimenicmpicmpxylophilusampelinussynxanthomonasampelinaanderwiniavitivoraisaspeciesofproteobacteriamanyofwhichcauseplantpathologyplantdiseasesitisavailablefromthenationalcollectionofplantpathogenicbacteriancppbintheunitedkingdomandotherinternationalculturecollectionssuchasinternationalcollectionofmicroorganismsfromplantsicmpinnewzealandandlmginbelgiumxylophilusampelinuswasknownasxanthomonasampelinauntilitwasrenamedinbycgpanagopoulosthetypestrainwasisolatedonmarchbycgpanagopoulosfromgrapevinevitisviniferavarsultanaingreeceandwasdepositedintothencppbinfromwhereithasbeendistributedtootherculturecollectionsforresearchanddiagnosticreferencematerialpublishedreferencestotheorganismcurrentlyincludepanagopouloscgannlsinstphytopathbenakinstheorganismisagramvelongrodwithmyceliallikegrowthwhengrownonagarreferencessokuonchinacentraltelevisionxuefeiyangxeniatownshipgreenecountyohioemaarpropertiesxichisamexicomexicancityandmunicipalitiesofguanajuatomunicipalitylocatedinthenortheastregionofthestateofguanajuatothemunicipalityisentirelywithinthesierragordarangeandhasanareaofsquarekilometresofthesurfaceofthestateitisborderedtothenorthbythestateofsanluispotostotheeastbyatarjeatothesouthbythestateofquertaroandsantacatarinaguanajuatosantacatarinaandtothewestbyvictoriaguanajuatovictoriathemunicipalityhadapopulationofinhabitantsaccordingtothecensusinprehispanictimestheareawasknownasmaxichorsisterhoodofmygrandmotherbythemostlychichimecainhabitantsthemunicipalpresidentofxichanditsmanysmalleroutlyingcommunitieswhichincludesanmigueldelascasitaselaguacateelguamchilelmilagrolaspalomasandmesndesantarosareferenceskatsurafunakoshithepillowbookinfoboxmountainnamexuelianfengothernamesnowlotuspeakelevationmelevationrefrefnamepeaklistpeaklistorgwwlistsultraschinahtmlchinaiisinkiangxinjiangpeaklistorgretrievedrefrefnameaajkazuotukushimaxuelianfengtienshanamericanalpinejournalprefprominencemprominencerefsmallbrlistofpeaksbyprominencerankedthsmalllistingultraprominentpeakultramapchinareliefmapcaptionlocationinchinalabelpositionbottomlocationxinjiangchinarangetianshancoordinatescoordinatesreffirstascentaugustbymotochirofujitahidekisakaimikiosuzukietuonishikawahiroshikojiritakuokatoreijitakahashikazuotukushimaeasiestroutesnowicerockclimbxuelianfengxuelianpeakorsnowlotuspeakchineseisoneofthemajormountainsofthetianshanmountainrangeitliesinxinjiangprovincechinaabouteastnortheastofjengishchokusuthehighestpeakintherangeitisnotableforitslargesteepreliefabovethenearbyvalleysandforitslargetopographicprominenceitisrankedthintheworldbythismeasurethepeakhastwosummitswiththemainbeingthenorthsummitatthesouthsummithasanelevationofthetokaisectionofthejapanesealpineclubmadefourexpeditionstoxuelianfenginandwiththelastbeingsuccessfulinascendingthemainsummittheexpeditionascendedthesouthsummitandjunctionpeakanothersubpeaktothesouthofthemainsummitwithelevationandcameclosetobutdidnotreachthemainsummitseealsolistofultrasofcentralasianoteshassimessaoudhassimessaoudtangpyelonephritisxanthogranulomatouspyelonephritisnottobeconfusedwithxavierdelamarreafrenchscholarofcelticlinguisticsxavierdelamareistheformerregionalleaderofscientologyforthesoutheasternportionoffrancehewasconvictedoffraudonnovemberandjailedhereceivedaneighteenmonthsentencewhilefourothermembersaccusedoffraudviolenceandillegallypracticingmedicineweregivensuspendedsentencesofsixmonthstoayearreferencesexternallinksguardiancoukinternationalstoryhtmlgulfairinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexeniatownshipsettlementtypeciviltownshiptownshipnicknamemottoimagesimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagimagesealmapsimagemapmaphighlightingxeniatownshipclaycountyillinoissvgmapsizemapcaptionlocationinclaycountyimagemapmapofillinoishighlightingclaycountysvgmapsizepxmapcaptionclaycountyslocationinillinoislocationsubdivisiontypelistofsovereignstatescountrysubdivisionnameunitedstatessubdivisiontypeusstatestatesubdivisionnameillinoissubdivisiontypelistofcountiesinillinoiscountysubdivisionnameclaycountyil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llensteinworldwariorganisationonmobilisationonmobilizationonaugustthecorpswasrestructuredstcavalrybrigadewaswithdrawntoformpartofthestcavalrydivisiongermanempirestcavalrydivisionandthethcavalrybrigadewasbrokenupanditsregimentsassignedtothedivisionsasreconnaissanceunitsdivisionsreceivedengineercompaniesandothersupportunitsfromthecorpsheadquartersinsummaryxxcorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsheavyartillerybatteriesgunspioneercompaniesandanaviationdetachmentclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthinitialwartimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxcorpsrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanrdinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentstinfantryregimentstjgerbattalionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthfieldartillerybrigaderdfieldartilleryregimentndfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthdragoonregimentstcompanythpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainstmedicalcompanyrowspanstdivisiongermanempirestdivisionrowspanndinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentndinfantryregimentrowspanstfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthdragoonregimentndcompanythpioneerbattalionrdcompanythpioneerbattalionstdivisionalpontoontrainndmedicalcompanyrdmedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspaniibattalionthfootartilleryregimentthaviationdetachmentthcorpspontoontrainthtelephonedetachmentthpioneersearchlightsectionmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtoiicorpsgermanempiremctiicorpscombatchronicleonmobilisationxxcorpswasassignedtothetharmygermanempiretharmytodefendeastprussiawhiletherestofthearmyexecutedtheschlieffenplanoffensiveinaugustittookpartinthebattlesofbattleofgumbinnengumbinnenbattleoftannenbergtannenbergandfirstbattleofthemasurianlakesstmasurianlakesimmediatelyafterstmasurianlakesitjoinedtharmygermanempiretharmyinlowersilesiawhereitfoughtatthebattleofthevistulariverbymayitwasbackwiththarmyandonmaythecommanderofxxcorpsgeneraloftheartillerygermanygeneralderartilleriefriedrichvonscholtzwasmadecommanderofthearmywhileretainingsimultaneouscommandofhiscorpsonseptembertheheadquartersoftharmywasdissolvedonseptemberxxcorpswasupgradedtoformarmeegruppescholtzlaterarmeeabteilungdarmeeabteilungscholtzaspartofthearmyoftheniemenxxcorpswasreformedfromarmeeabteilungdonseptembercommandersthexxcorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitabledatesnamenotesoctobertooctobergeneraloftheartillerygermanygeneralderartilleriefriedrichvonscholtzheadquartersupgragedtoarmeeabteilungdarmeeabteilungscholtzseptembertoendofwargeneralleutnantviktoralbrechtheadquartersreformedfromarmeeabteilungdarmeeabteilungdglossaryarmeeabteilungorarmydetachmentinthesenseofsomethingdetachedfromanarmyitisnotunderthecommandofanarmysoisinitselfasmallarmyarmeegruppeorarmygroupinthesenseofagroupwithinanarmyandunderitscommandgenerallyformedasatemporarymeasureforaspecifictaskheeresgruppeorarmygroupinthesenseofanumberofarmiesunderasinglecommanderseealsoarmeeabteilungdarmeeabteilungdgermanarmyorderofbattleeightharmygermanarmyorderofbattleorderofbattleattannenberggermaneightharmyorderofbattleattannenberglistofimperialgermaninfantryregimentslistofimperialgermanartilleryregimentslistofimperialgermancavalryregimentsreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlasthaythornthwaitefirstphilipjyeartitletheworldwaronesourcebookpublisherarmsandarmourisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefmultipleissuesxuzaisiflfourteenthcenturywasayuandynastychinesepoetinsanqustylehiscourtesynamewasdekeheissaidtohaverelishedsweetstherebyadoptingthepennametianzhaisweetsstudyhissonxushanchangalsoachievedreputationtheelderxuwasatleastaminorfigureinofficialdomholdingtherankofcircuitsubofficialfunctionaryforjiaxinginzhejianghishomecitypoemsthinkingofancienttimesatganlutowersandhallsoftheoldtemplebytheriverautumncolorsslipintothewatergreengrassbytheruinedwallfallenleavesbytheemptyporticogreenmossbythehalfhiddenstairsthestrangergoessouthasthesundipswestwardtherivertowardtheeastmagnoliablossomsstayasthemonksquestionforwhommooredatnightonanautumnriverasthesunsetstenthousandpointsofeveningcrowswestwindfloweringreedsonthebanksoftherivertheboatismooredbyarivertavernandthatromanticcourtministerinhisdreamofgreenskirtsaluteontherivernearchangmountainhillsfarawayhillscloseallablurofbluegreenconfus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lservicefollowingtheoutbreakofthefirstopiumwarxuwasappointedcircuitintendantofacoastalprefectureinfujianprovincewherehewitnessedthewarwithhisowneyesanexperiencethatconvincedhimthatchinaneededtolearnmoreaboutthewestaftertheopiumwarxujiyuwascloselyassociatedwithgrandcouncilqingdynastygrandcouncilormujanggasappeasementfactionintheimperialcourtandhewasresponsibleforcarryingoutmujanggaspoliciesinthesouthinxuwasappointedgovernoroffujianprovincewherehetookchargeofmanagingtheopeningoftwoportsthathadbeenopenedasaconsequenceofthetreatyofnanjinginfuzhouxujiyufrequentlymetwithforeignresidentswhoprovidedhimwithinformationontheworldoutsidechinatheascensionofthexianfengemperorinandthesubsequentoustingofthemujanggafactionfromthegovernmentwouldreversethefortunesofxujiyuinhewasdismissedfromhispostonaccountofhismishandlingthecaseofshenkuangszuincidentandhewasforcedtoretiretohishomeprovincewherehestayedforalmostadecadeandahalfxusfortunesagainchangedafterempressdowagersempressdowagercixicixiscoupdtatinandafouryearslaterxuwasbroughtbackintoservicefirstworkinginthenewlyestablishedforeignofficethezongliyamenandlaterbeingputinchargeofthelanguageschooltongwenguaninxuretiredtohishomeprovincewherehediedfouryearslaterduringtheculturalrevolutionxustombwasreportedlysmashedandtheclothesonhiscorpsestrippedoffaccordingtoareportinstatecontrolledmediascholarlyworkduringhistenureinfujianprovincexujiyuhadtheopportunitytointeractwithanumberofwesternerswhohadjustarrivedintheprovincesuchastheamericanmissionarydavidabeelandthebritishconsularofficialsrutherfordalcockandgeorgetradescantlayfatherofhorationelsonlayxucollectedinformationonthewestbothfrommissionaryliteratureinchineseandfromhisdirectcontactwithwesternersinhisofficialbusinessthisinformationwasthebasisofhisashortaccountofthemaritimecircuityinghuanzhileinalthoughthisworkislesserknownthantheillustratedtreatiseonthemaritimekingdomspublishedinbyhiscontemporaryweiyuanashortaccountwasmoresystematicinitsdescriptionofwesterngeographytheseworksbyxuandweiironicallywereinitiallymoreinfluentialinjapanthanintheirowncountrywhereweisbookwentoutofprintandxuswasreprintedinandwasalsorepublishedinjapaneventuallythesebookschangedthesinocentricviewofthegeographicalworldinanexcerptaboutgeorgewashingtonfromashortaccountwasinscribedonthestonedonatedtothewashingtonmonumentbyagroupofchinesechristiansthestoneandtheinscriptioncanbeseenatthebaseofthewashingtonmonumenttodayafactthatwasmentionedbypresidentclintonsspeechinchinasourcesdrakefredwamidnineteenthcenturydiscoveryofthenonchineseworldmodernasianstudiesnocitebooktitlethecambridgehistoryofchinalatechinglasthaofirstyenpinglastwangfirsterhmineditorlastfairbankeditorfirstjohnkingeditorlinkjohnkingfairbankeditorlasttwitchetteditorfirstdeniscrispinisbnseriescambridgehistoryofchinavolumeurlbooksgooglecombooksidpefwaxphdnicyearpublishercambridgeuniversitypressrefharvbkbaiducomviewhtmbaidubaikearticleonxujiyuinchinesewebarchiveorgwebxujiyucnstudiesofxujiyuinchinesefurtherreadingdrakefredwchinachartstheworldhschiyandhisgeographyofcambridgemaeastasianresearchcenterreferencesmusaalsadrkarmicmahjongwomansesameoilmakersokuonxarrfossinfoboxartistdiscographyartistxtcimagextcukcroppedjpgcaptionstudiosinglesbsidescompilationlivevideomusicvideostributextcreleasedoriginalalbumsandoversinglemusicsinglesforvirginrecordsbetweenandtheysignedtocookingvinylfortheirfinaltwoalbumsinandstudioalbumsclasswikitablestyletextalignleftrowspanyearrowspanstylewidthpxalbumdetailscolspanpeakchartpositionsstylewidthpxrowspanmusicrecordingsalescertificationcertificationsbrsmalllistofmusicrecordingsalescertificationssalesthresholdssmallstylewidthemfontsizeukalbumchartukbrstylewidthemfontsizeariachartsausbrrefnameausaustralianchartpeakstopkentmusicreportpeakstojunenbthekentreportchartwaslicensedbyaustralianrecordingindustryassociationariabetweenmidandjunetopariachartsariachartpeaksfromjunemayorofsimpletonariachartpeakorangeslemonsariachartpeaktopariachartpeaksfromjanuarytodecemberrefstylewidthemfontsizerecordingindustryassociationofnewzealandnzbrrefnamenewzealandchartsrefstylewidthemfontsizesverigetopplistanswebrrefnameswedishchartsrefstylewidthemfontsizebillboardusbrrefnamebillboardchartstitlechartstatsxtcpublisherbillboardcomaccessdaterefrowspanwhitemusiclabelsvirginrecordsstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncentergolabelsvirginstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterdrumsandwireslabelsvirginstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncentermusiccanadacangoldcanadarefnamemusiccanadamusiccanadacomgpsearchresultaspxcertifiedawardssearchmusiccanadaretrievedonnoteuserneedstoenterxtcinthesearchfieldartistinthesearchbyfieldandclickthegobuttonselectmoreinfonexttotherelevantentrytoseefullcertificationhistoryrefblackseaxtcalbumblacksealabelsvirginstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterbri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twareinterfacebutisdesignedforthemicrosoftxinputinterfacelibraryalthoughmanypcvideogamessupportthexinputlibrarysomegamesmightnotworkwiththiscontrollerlayoutastandardxboxcontrollerfeatureselevendigitalbuttonstwoanalogtriggerstwoanalogsticksandadigitaldpadtherightfaceofthecontrollerfeaturesfourdigitalactionsbuttonsagreenbuttonredbuttonbluebuttonandamberbuttonthelowerrighthousestherightanalogstickinlowerleftisadigitaldpadandontheleftfaceistheleftanalogstickbothanalogstickscanalsobeclickedintoactivateadigitalbuttonbeneathinthecenterofthecontrollerfacearedigitalstartbackandguidebuttonstheguidebuttonislabelledwiththexboxlogoandisusedtoturnontheconsolecontrollerandtoaccesstheguidemenuitisalsosurroundedbytheringoflightwhichindicatesthecontrollernumberaswellasflashingwhenconnectingandtoprovidenotificationstheleftandrightshoulderseachfeatureadigitalshoulderbuttonorbumperandananalogtriggerimagexboxcontrolleriijpgthumbleftxboxguidebuttonsmallnowikinowikiwirelesscontrollersalsofeatureanadditionalconnectbuttonlocatedbetweenthebumperstofacilitatesyncingwiththeconsolesmallimagecontrollersvgcenterpxbuttonlayoutofawirelessxboxcontrollerstandardcolorswiredcontrollersareonlyavailableinwhiteandblackxboxscolorschemehoweverwirelesscontrollersareavailableinnumerousdifferentcolorsincludingwhitecontrollerswerebundledwiththearcadeandproconsolesalsosoldseparatelyblackcontrollerscamewiththeelitetomatchthecasealsosoldseparatelydarkbluecontrollerswerereleasedinoctoberusonlylightbluecontrollerswerereleasedinoctobereuropeandjapanonlypinkcontrollerswerealsoreleasedinoctoberblacksandwhitescontrollersarebundledwithxboxsconsolesthesedifferfromtheiroriginalcounterpartsinthattheyarecompletelyonecolorratherthanwithgreyaccentstheguidebuttonhasamirrorlikefinishandtheanalogsticksanddpadarecolormatchedthebottomedgeofthiscontrolleralsofeaturesaglossfinishtomatchthexboxsnbspgbcasedesignscontrollersalsoreplacethemicrosoftbrandingabovethechargingportwithanxboxlogogalleryfilexboxwiredcontrollerjpgcenterwhitexboxwiredcontrollercenterfilexboxwirelesscontrollerwhitejpgcenterwhitexboxwirelesscontrollercenterfilexboxcontrollerblackjpgcenterblackxboxwirelesscontrollercenterfilegreenxboxcontrollerjpgcentergreenxboxwirelesscontrollercenterfilexboxredcontrollerjpgcenterredxboxwirelesscontrollercenterfilexboxpinkcontrollerjpgcenterpinkxboxwirelesscontrollercentergallerylimitedandspecialeditioncolorsspartancontrollerhalospartangreencontrollerswereincludedwiththehalospecialeditionxboxsystemsreleasedinseptemberlimitededitionspartanandbrutecontrollerswerereleasedinseptembertwoversionswereavailableeachofwhichfeaturehalothemedartworkwitheitheraspartanorbrutedesignfromartisttoddmcfarlaneeachversionofthecontrolleralsoincludedamasterchieffigurineadifferentfigurewasincludedwitheachversionredlimitededitioncontrollerswerereleasedinseptemberthecontrollerfeaturesblackaccentswiththedpadanalogstickstriggersandpartsofthecasingallchangedtoblackinsteadtotheusualgrayitcomesbundledwithaplaychargekitwitharedrechargeablebatterypacktheredcontrollerisalsoincludedwiththelimitededitionresidentevilxboxeliteconsolereleasedinmarchgreenlimitededitioncontrollerswerereleasedinmidoctoberineuropeasiaandlatinamericathegreencontrollerhasadirectionpadwithwayfunctionalityinsteadofthewaydirectionpadusedonallpreviouscontrollersthiscontrollerwasreleasedalongsideproevolutionsoccerdragondesignlimitededitionwhiteandblackcontrollerswerereleasedinoctoberandareavailableonlythroughwalmartandsamsclubthecontrollerfeaturesablackdragonandothersymbolsonawhitebackgroundalongwithawhitedpadandblackanalogsticksitcomesbundledwithablackwiredheadsetcontrollerhaloodstspecialeditioncontrollerswerereleasedinseptemberinacollectorspackincludingthehaloodstgamethepackwasoriginallyexclusivetogamestopandretailedforusinnorthamericaradioactivedesignexclusivecontrollerswerereleasedinoctoberandareavailableexclusivelyatgamestoporinaustraliaatebgamesthedesignfeaturesacarbonblackpadwitharedradioactivesignradiationsymbolemanatingfromtherightanalogsticktheleftanalogstickisblackandtherightanalogstickanddpadareredthiscontrollerwasannouncedatmajornelsonswebsiteandissaidtobelimitededitionalthoughthepackagingmakesnoreferencetothisitcomesbundledwithaplaychargekitwithablackrechargeablebatterypackhaloreachspecialeditioncontrollersaretobereleasedonseptembercoincidingwiththegamesreleasethecontrollerisbasedaroundtheblacksdesignblackanalogsticksdpadbatterypacketcglossyblackfrontshinyguidebuttonwiththematteblackshellreplacedwithasatinsilvershellwhichalsofeaturesacustomdesignbasedonthegameitwillbeavailableseparatelyandwiththexboxspecialeditionshaloreachspecialeditionconsolebundlewhichwillcomebundledwithtwoofthecontrollersfableiiispecialeditioncontrollerswerereleasedonoctoberweeksbeforethereleaseoffableiiiitselfthecontrollerisbasedaroundtheblacksdesignblackanalogsticksdpadetcglossyblackfrontshinyguidebuttonandfeaturesacustomgoldcoloredshellandartworkitalsocomesbundledwithanexclusivedownloadabletattoosetforusewithinthegamebluecontrollerswerereleasedinabundlewithcallofdutyghostsandblackopsiiandagbbluexboxandboththeconsoleandthecontrollerhadarcticblueaccentsandwasreleasedonoctoberexclusivelyatwalmartforalimitedtimetransformingdpadcontrollerstransformingdpadspecialeditioncontrollerswerereleasedintheusonnovemberandineuropeduringfebruarythemainfeatureofthiscontrollerisadpadthatcanberotatedtoadapttotheusersgameplaybecomingeitherapluswayoradiskwaydpadthecontrolleralsofeaturesnewconcaveanalogsticktopsandgreytonefacebuttonsabxandythemainshellofthecontrollerismattesilverwithglossblackaccentstriggersbumpersandbothfrontandrearpanelsliketheblacksdesignandamatteblackbatterypackthiscontrollercomesbundledwithamatteblackxboxaccessoriesplayandchargekitimprovedplaychargekitofferinguptohoursofplayitisnotavailablesanstheplayandchargekitthecodenameforthecontrollerduringdevelopmentwasaberdeengearsofwarlimitedcollectorseditioncontrollerswerereleasedonseptembertocoincidewiththelaunchofgearsofwarthecontrollersaremetallicredwithablackinfectedomensymbolandfeatureatransformingdpadunlikethetransformingdpadspecialeditioncontrollerthegearsofwarlcecontrollerfeaturesthestandardcoloredfacebuttonsandanalogsticktopsfoundonothercontrollerscallofdutymodernwarfarelimitededitioncontrollerswerereleasedonnovemberinnorthamericaaustralasiaandtheemeaeuropemiddleeastandafricaregionitfeaturescustommodernwarfareartworkpredominantlymattegreyatransformingdpadandthesameconcaveanalogsticktopsfoundontheoriginaltransformingdpadcontrollerallnonfacebuttonsaswellastheanalogsticksareblackrefnamemwgbaccessdatepublishermicrosoftworkmajornelsoncomrefstarwarscpolimitededitioncontrollerswerereleasedinaprilaspartofalimitededitionstarwarsconsolebundletheblackpanelatthefrontofthecontrolleralsofeatureswiringartworkresemblingthepartsofcpothatarenotcoveredingoldplatingintheoriginalstarwarsmovieschromeseriesspecialeditioncontrollerswerereleasedinmaythesecontrollersfeaturestandardcoloredfacebuttonshalolimitededitioncontrollerswerereleasedinnovemberrefnamehaloreftwodifferentcontrollersareavailablehalobrandedlimitededitionexclusivecontrollersinspiredbythegamewillcomebundledwiththelimitededitionhaloconsoletwoareincludedthesefeatureaglowingbluexboxguidebuttoninsteadofthetraditionalgreenglowunschalolimitededitioncontrollerswerereleasedinnovemberthesefeaturetheunitednationsspacecommandunscemblemonadarkgreytranslucentcaseandalsofeaturetheglowingbluexboxguidebuttonblackscontrollerswithatransformingdpadconcaveanalogsticksandbundledwithaplayandchargekitwerereleasedinoctobertombraiderlimitededitioncontrollerswerereleasedinearlymarchtocomplementthelaunchoftombraidervideogametombraiderthecontrollersareredandfeatureatwolayercolorfinishwithlaseretchingtocreatearealisticandtactilewarnappearanceinspiredbylarasclimbingaxefromthegamethecontrollersalsocomebundledwithadownloadabletokenforanxboxexclusiveplayabletombraidercharacternonretailcolorslaunchteameditioncontrollerswerebundledwiththexboxxboxlaunchteameditionxboxlaunchteameditiongivenexclusivelytomembersofthexboxlaunchteambymicrosoftinnovemberthesewhitewirelesscontrollersfeaturegreenaccentsatthefrontinplaceofthestandardgreyyellowcontrollerswereincludedwiththelimitededitionthesimpsonsmoviexboxsystemsannouncedinmayandgivenawayasprizesinspecialeventsandpromotionsorangecolouredliveturnsfivecontrollerswerereleasedinnovemberandweregivenawaytoselectedmembersofthemediaguidebuttonthexboxcontrollerhasaguidebuttoninthecenterofitsfacethatprovidesanewfunctionalitythisbuttonissurroundedbyaringoflightsdividedintofourquadrantsthatprovidegamerswithdifferenttypesofinformationduringgameplayforinstanceduringasplitscreenmultiplayermatchaparticularquadrantwilllightuptoindicatetoaplayerwhichpartofthescreenheorsheisplayingonatthattimeinthiscasewhentheuserpushesthebuttonheorsheaccessesthexboxguideamenuwhichprovidesaccesstofeatureslikemessagingfriendsdownloadingcontentvoicechatandcustomizingsoundtrackswhilestayinginthegametheguidebuttonalsoallowsuserstoturnoffthecontrollerortheconsolebyholdingthebuttonforafewsecondsratherthansimplypressingitaccessoriesrechargeablebatterypackimagexboxbatteryforwirelesscontrollerjpgthumbleftpxbatterypackplayandchargecableandquickchargertherechargeablebatterypackisanickelmetalhydridenickelmetalhydridenimhbatterypackwhichprovidesuptohoursofcontinuousgamingforthewirelesscontrolleritisrecommendedinplaceofdisposableaabatteryaabatterieswhichdifferslightlyinvoltageandhavehigherdisposalcostsfinancialandenvironmentalitshipsaspartofandcanbechargedbythexboxaccessoriesplayandchargekitplaychargekitandthexboxaccessoriesquickchargekitquickchargekittofullychargethebatterypacktakesapproximatelyhourswiththequickchargekittheplaychargekittakeslongeranddependsonwhetherthecontrollerisbeingusedanupgradedhourversionisincludedwithtransformingdpadcontrollerswirelessgamingreceiverimagexboxwirelessreceiverpngthumbrightpxthewirelessgamingreceiverforwindowsthewirelessgamingreceiversoldascrossfirewirelessgamingreceiverintheukallowswirelessxboxaccessoriessuchaswirelessgamepadsracingwheelsandheadsetstobeusedonawindowsbasedpcthedeviceactsinasimilarmannertoanxboxallowinguptocontrollersandheadsetsatatimetobeconnectedtothereceiverthedevicehasafootmeterrangeandasixfootmeterusbcableitisspecificallydesignedtoworkwithgamesbearingthegamesforwindowslogobutwillfunctionwithmostgamesthatpermitastandardpcgamepadtheofficialxboxwebsitenotedthattheadapterwillworkwithallfuturewirelessdevicesmessengerkitthemessengerkitconsistsofawiredxboxheadsetandasmallkeyboardknownasthechatpadthechatpadconnectstothefrontofthecontrollerandmaybeusedforanystandardtextinputontheconsoleitisnotcurrentlycompatiblewiththewirelessgamingreceivernongamingusestheunitedstatesnavyhasannouncedthatitplanstousexboxcontrollerstocontrolperiscopesonnewvirginiaclasssubmarinevirginiaclasssubmarinesforbothcostandfamiliarityreasonsreceptionthexboxcontrollerreceivedpositivereviewswhenitwasreleasedbeforethenasignstatedtheoriginalxboxcontrollerwashugeuglycheapanduncomfortableandconcludedtobeanabominationmanyoftheseproblemswerecorrectedwithmicrosoftsreleasesofthexboxcontrollersandthenthexboxcontrollerigncreditedthexboxcontrollerforitsbeingoneofthemostergonomicallycomfortableconsolecontrollersarounditwasalsopraisedforitsimprovedbuttonplacementitsfunctioninglogoasabuttonandmicrosoftschoiceofbottommountingheadsetportsasopposedtotopmountingthemsoastominimizesnaggedwireproblemsseealsokinectsixaxisdualshockplaystationmovewiiremotelistofxinputenabledgamesreferencesbathroomwallloquatinfoboxpersonnamexujingzongbrimageimagesizealtcaptionbirthdatebirthplacexianshaanxideathdateageddeathplacexianshaanxiothernamesfatherxushanxinspousechildrenoccupationstatesmanxujingzongseptembercourtesynameyanzuposthumouslyknownasdukegongofgaoyangwasachineseofficialwhoservedasachancellorofthetangdynastychancellorinthetangdynastyalliedwithemperorgaozongoftangemperorgaozongswifewuzetianempresswulaterknownaswuzetianxujingzongwasexceedinglypowerfulthroughoutmostofgaozongsreignearlylifexujingzongwasborninduringthereignofemperorwenofsuiemperorweninthesuidynastyhisancestorshadservedasofficialsofthesoutherndynastiesduringthesouthernandnortherndynastiesperiodforgenerationsandclaimedtobeoriginallyfromgaoyangcommanderyroughlymodernbaodingbeforemovingsouthoftheyangtzeriverinlightofthejindynastyjindynastyslossofthenorthxujingzongsfatherxushanxinwasservingasanemissaryofchenshubaothelastemperorofthechendynastytoemperorwenwhosesuidynastythenruledthenorthinwhensuidestroyedchentoendthesouthernandnortherndynastiesperiodandreunifychinaemperorwenwasimpressedwithxushanxinsprofoundsadnessratherthanabjectsubmissionatthefallofhisstateandmadehimanofficialinhisownadministrationduringthesuidynastyxujingzonghimselfwassaidtobeknowledgeableofliteratureinhisyouthandafterpassingtheimperialexaminationwasmadeascribeathuaiyangcommanderyroughlymodernzhoukouhenanhewassoonmadealowlevelofficialintheimperialadministrationofemperorwenssonemperoryangofsuiemperoryanginwithvirtuallytheentiresuistateengulfedbyagrarianrebellionsagainstemperoryangsrulexushanxinandxujingzongwereatjiangduinmodernyangzhoujiangsuwithemperoryangandhisotherofficialswhenemperoryangwaskilledinacoupledbythegeneralyuwenhuajiyuwenwasinitiallyplanningtosparexushanxinbutafterxushanxinpubliclyrefusedtosubmittohimbydancinginhispresencethenconsideredasignofthanksgivingandsubmissionyuwenexecutedhimxujingzongsubmittedtoyuwenbydancingandwassparedhisexacttravelsafteremperoryangsdeathwerenotclearalthoughitisknownthathelaterservedtherebelrulerlimisuidynastylimithedukeofweiasasecretaryalongwiththefuturetangchancellorweizhengbeforeeventuallybecomingasubjectofthetangdynastywhichemergedvictoriousfromthecivilwarsnearandaftertheendofsuisuislastemperoremperoryangsgrandsonyangtongposthumouslyhonoredxushanxinbyposthumouslymakinghimthedukeofgaoyangatitlethatxujingzongwouldeventuallyreceivefromtangduringemperorgaozusreignitisnotclearwhatxujingzongsactivitieswereinitiallyafterbecomingasubjectofthetangdynastythenunderthereignofemperorgaozuoftangemperorgaozubutitisknownthatinbywhichtimetanghadprevailedovermostbutnotallofitsrivalsinitscampaigntoreunifychinaaftersuiscollapsexuwassettobesenttolianprefectureroughlymodernhuaianjiangsutoserveasitsprefectschiefadvisorwhenemperorgaozussonemperortaizongoftanglishimintheprinceofqinhearingthathewasliterarilytalentedkepthiminthecapitaltoserveasamemberofhisliterarystaffatamansionwhereheretainedthebestliterarytalentandservedthemwiththebestfoodandwinexualsocarriedthetitleofcensusofficerofsongzhouduringthistimebutappearedtonotreporttosongzhouatallduringemperortaizongsreignineightyearsafterlishiminhadsucceededemperorgaozuasemperorasemperortaizongxujingzongwasmadeanimperialscholarresponsibleforeditingimperialhistoryaswellasamidlevelofficialatthelegislativebureauofgovernmentzhongshushenginafteremperortaizongswifeempresszhangsundiedtheofficialswereobservingaperiodofmourningandrotatinginwatchinghercasketwhenxuseeingthattheofficialtakingthatparticularshiftouyangxunwasexceedinglyuglyinappearanceburstoutinlaughterandwasaccusedbytheimperialcensorfordisrespecthewasdemotedtothepostofmilitaryassistantofthecommandantathongprefectureroughlymodernnanchangjiangxieventuallyhewasrecalledtothecapitaltobeinchargeofimperialsuppliesandcontinuedtoalsoserveintheroleofeditingimperialhistoriesinheassistedthechancellorfangxuanlingineditingandthensubmittingimperialhistoriesforemperorsgaozusandtaizongsreignsandforhiscontributiontotheprojectwascreatedthebaronofgaoyanggivenanawardofsilkandpromotedtobetheactingdeputyheadoftheexaminationbureauofgovernmentmenxiashenghewasalsosoonmadeajunioradvisortoemperortaizongscrownprinceemperorgaozongoftanglizhiinemperortaizongwasonthecampaignagainstgoguryeowhenthechancellorcenwenbenwhowasinchargeofthelegislativebureauandwritinghisedictsdiedsuddenlyemperortaizonghadleftlizhiatdingprefectureroughlymodernbaodinghebeitobeinchargeoflogisticsassistedbyanumberofofficialsledbythechancellorgaoshilianandxuwasamemberoflizhisstaffthereaftercenssuddendeathemperortaizongsummonedxutothefrontandputhiminchargeofwritingtheedictsandmadehimactingdeputyheadofthelegislativebureauafteremperortaizonghadamajorvictoryoverthemaingoguryeoforceshehadxudraftanedictannouncingthevictoryandhepraisedxuforthebeautyofthelanguagethatxuuseddespitethevictoryhoweveremperortaizongscampaignwouldeventuallyendinfailureashewasunabletocaptureanshiinmodernanshanchinaanshanliaoningagainstthefiercedefensesbythegoguryeogenerallaterknowninkoreanpopularstoriesasyangmanchunlateratxussuggestionstaffmembersoflizhiselderbrotherandpredecessorascrownprincelichengqianwhowasdeposedininlightofdiscoveriesthathehadplottedtooverthrowhisfatherwhohadbeenlongbannedfromcivilservicehadtheireligibilityrestoredduringemperorgaozongsreigninemperortaizongdiedandlizhisucceededhimasemperorgaozongaspartofthereshufflingoftheimperialgovernmenttheministerofceremoniesyuzhiningwasmadechancellorandxutookoveryuspostasministerofceremoniesaroundthistimehoweverhewasaccusedofimproperlyacceptinganexcessiveamountofbridepricetogivehisdaughterinmarriagetoasonoffengangapowerfulregionalofficialandchieftainofthelocalpeopleinmodernguangdongandforthisperceivedimproprietywasdemotedtothepostofprefectofzhengprefectureroughlymodernzhengzhouhenaninhewasrecalledtothecapitaltoserveastheministerofarmorysuppliesandinwasrestoredtohisoldpostofministerofceremoniesmeanwhileemperorgaozongswifeempresswanggaozongempresswanghadlostherfavorwiththeemperorwhonowfavoredwuzetianconsortwuandhewantedtodeposeempresswangandreplaceherwithconsortwuthechancellorsexceptlishijilijiwereallopposedwiththeharshestoppositioncomingfromchusuilianghanyuanandlaijixubecameanallyofconsortwualongwiththeotherofficialsliyifucuiyixuanandyuangongyuxutriedtogetthemostpowerfulofthechancellorsemperorgaozongsmaternalunclezhangsunwujitojointheirpartyaswellbutzhangsunwhilenotoutwardlyopposingconsortwusascensionrepeatedlyshowedimplicitdisapprovalandrefusedtojoinconsortwuscausehefurtherrepeatedlyrebukedxudrawingxusresentmentlaterindespitesevereoppositionfromchuhanandlaiemperorgaozongdeposedempresswangandherallyconsortxiaogaozongconsortxiaoandreplacedempresswangwithconsortwuempresswangandconsortxiaowerelatercruellykilledatempresswusinstigationduringthecontroversychangeofempressesxupubliclyendorsedthemovestatingthatitwasnooneelsesbusinessiftheemperorwantedtochangeempressesanditwaspartlyduetoxuswordsthatemperorgaozongsresolvewashardenedandhefurtherdemotedchuoutofthecapitalinadditiononceempresswangwasdeposedxusubmittedapetitiontohavehonorsposthumouslygiventoherfatherwangrenyourescindedinlatexualsoproposedthatthecrownprincelizhongbornofconsortliuwhowasoflowbirthandthereforeproposedascrownprincebyempresswangwhowasherselfsonlessinasshehopedthathewouldbegratefulbedeposedandreplacedwithempresswuseldestsonlihonginemperorgaozongagreedanddemotedlizhongtothetitleofprinceofliangcreatinglihongcrownprinceinsteadinfollowingempresswusdirectionsxuandliyifuaccusedhanandlaiwhowerestillchancellorsatthispointbuthadbasicallylostpowerofconspiringwithchutorebelhanlaiandchuwereallmadeprefectsofdistantprefecturesandorderedtobepermanentlybanishedfromthecapitallaterthatyearxuwasmadeshizhongtheheadoftheexaminationbureauandapostconsideredoneforachancellorinhewasmadezhongshulingtheheadofthelegislativebureauandalsoapostconsideredforachancellorhewasalsopromotedtothegreatertitleofdukeofgaoyangbyempresswuwithherpowersfirmbegantoseekfurthervengeanceagainstthoseshefelthadslightedherandherprimetargetwaszhangsunandyuatthattimeamannamedlifengjiehadaccusedthelowlevelofficialsweijifangandlichaoofconspiracyandemperorgaozongputxuandxinmaojianginchargeoftheinvestigationsxuusedvariousinterrogationtacticsincludingtorturetocausezhangsuntobeimplicatedandxucitingtheexampleofyuwenhuajiinformedemperorgaozongthatzhangsunwasabouttorebelandshouldbeimmediatelyexpelledfromthecapitalemperorgaozongaftersomehesitationagreedwithoutoncemeetingwithzhangsuntogethissideofthestoryexilinghimtoqianprefectureroughlymodernsoutheasternchongqingxuthenimplicatedchuwhohaddiedearlierinhanlaiandyuintheallegedplotaswellchuspostswereposthumouslyremovedandhanlaiandyuwereremovedfromtheirpostschussonschuyanfuandchuyanchongwerekilledontheirwaytoexileseveralofzhangsunsrelativeswerealsoexiledlaterthatyearxurevisedtherankingsofvariousclanspromotingempresswuswuclantothehighestrankinfallemperorgaozongfurtherorderedlijixuxingrenyaxiangandluchengqingtoinvestigatezhangsunsplotagainxuinresponsesentyuantoqianprefecturetoforcezhangsuntocommitsuicidealsoapparentlyatxussuggestionemperorgaozongorderedtheexecutionsofhanandempresswangsmaternaluncleliushitangdynastyliushiwhohadalsobeenexiledinemperorgaozongmadexuanadvisortothenewcrownprinceaswellasdefactochancellorofthefirstclasswhilecontinuingtoexerciseactualauthorityoverthelegislativebureaulaterthatyearpartiallyatxusinstigationfellowchancellorxuyushiwasremovedfromhispostontheaccountthatxuyushihadfailedtoreportonhissonxuziranscausingdamagetoprivatepropertymerelypunishingxuziranhimselfbycaninghiminemperorgaozongangryoverempresswusgriponpowersecretlydiscussedwiththechancellorshangguanyithepossibilityofdeposingherbutthediscussionswerediscoveredbyempresswuandemperorgaozonginfearblamedshangguanforeverythingatempresswusinstigationxujingzongsubmittedanaccusationstatingthatshangguanwhohadpreviouslyservedonlizhongsstaffwasconspiringwithlizhongandtheeunuchwangfushengwhohadalsopreviouslyservedonlizhongsstaffandwhohadreportedtoemperorgaozongthatempresswuhadengagedinwitchcraftshangguanhissonshangguantingzhiandwangwereexecutedwhilelizhongwasforcedtocommitsuicideinatxusrequestemperorgaozongallowedhimtoretirehediedinandwasburiednearemperortaizongstombcriticismofxujingzongandcontroversyoverposthumousnametraditionalhistoriansbothduringxujingzongsowntimesandinposteritycriticizedxuseverelyintheaftermathsofhisdeathoneoftheimperialofficialsinchargeforawardingposthumousnamesyuansigusuggestedgivinghimtheunflatteringposthumousnameofmiumeaninguntruestatingthathedeservedthatposthumousnamebecausehehadgivenadaughtertofengangssoninexchangeforalargebridepriceandbecausehehadexiledhisownsonxuangtothemodernguangdongregionxujingzongafterhiswifesdeathhadmarriedhiswifesservantgirlladyyuashisnewwifeconsideredanimproperactinthosedaysduetothedifferencesinsocialstationnotknowingthatxuanghadbeencarryingonanaffairwithladyyuanaffairthattheycontinuedevenafterxujingzongmarriedherwhenxujingzongdiscoveredthishedivorcedladyyuandaccusingxuangofalackoffilialpietyexiledhiminsteademperorgaozongorderedfurtherdiscussionandatthesuggestionoftheministerofceremoniesyangsijingxuwasgiventheposthumousnameofgongreverentlaterhistorianscriticismofxuwereoftenonhistwistingofhistoryasahistoriantheypointedoutthathewasresentfuloffengdeyiwhowaschancellorduringthereignofemperorgaozuandearlyinthereignofemperortaizongbecausefenghadwitnessedthecoupatjiangduandhadpopularizedxusdisgraceinacoupletthatstatedwhenyushijiwaskilledyushinankneeledandaskedtodieinhissteadwhenxushanxinwaskilledxujingzongdancedtoavoiddeathlaterafterfengsdeathandxuwasinchargeofwritinghistoryhewroteahighlycriticalbiographyoffenginordertopayfengbackotherinstancesofxustwistingofhistorythatwerenotedincludedaftermarryinganotherdaughtertothesonofthegeneralqianjiulongagaininexchangeforalargebridepriceheoverlyexaggeratedqianscontributionstoemperorgaozussuccessrankingamongwithmuchgreatercontributorsliuwenjingandzhangsunshundeafterhavinghissonmarryadaughterofyuchibaolinheinflatedthecontributionsofyuchibaolinsfatheryuchigongandhidyuchigongsfaultsincludingattributingemperortaizongspoemodetoapowerfulphoenixatributetozhangsunwujitobeinsteadatributetoyuchigongthegeneralpangxiaotaiwhosecontributionsinemperorgaozongscampaigntoconquergoguryeoinwereminimalwasinsteadmadeouttobeamajorcontributorduringthecampaignafterpanggavexuamajoramountoftreasuregenerallyitwasbelievedthatxuoftenalteredthehistoricalrecordsofemperorsgaozusandtaizongsreignsbasedonpersonallikesanddislikesaswellitwashowevernotedthatxuwasamajorcontributortomanyimportantimperiallycommissionedworksnotesandreferencesoldbookoftangvolzhsnewbookoftangvolzhszizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhszhszhszhstsuipokouicfrancxuorxumayrefertoscienceandtechnologyxunitsymbolxuaunitoflengthapproximatelyequaltopmsupsupmusedforxrayandgammaraywavelengthspsaxuengineaseriesofpetrolenginesfrompsauniversitiesxavieruniversityincincinnatiunitedstatesxavieruniversityoflouisianaunitedstatesxiamenuniversityxiamenfujianchinaxinjianguniversityrmqixinjiangchinaotherusesxucurrencyaformersubdivisionofthevietnamesedongxustateastateduringthezhoudynastyofancientchinaxusurnameoneoftwochinesesurnamesortransliteratedasxuinenglishxuanameforthekunggroupofbushmenmayalsorefertothekunglanguageorthekungpeoplexugodthecreatorgodofthekungxuacharactersoffinalfantasyviiiminorseedmembersminorcharacterinthegamefinalfantasyviiixuintelligenceorganisationaclandestineintelligenceorganisationinoccupiednorwayduringworldwariiseealsohsudisambiguationxusurnamezhredirectxandybosonsalexandresarnesnegroxmadvancedcrewservedweaponeurojetejrollsroycexgxsgiwasthesilicongraphicssgiimplementationofthexwindowsystemxserverforitsirixbasedgraphicalworkstationsandserversxsgiwasreleasedinwithirixonthesgiindigoworkstationh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orthkoreanacademiccommunityandsomepartofthesouthkoreanacademiccommunitythehandynastysannexationofthekoreanpeninsulahavebeendeniedproponentsofthisrevisionisttheoryclaimthatthefourcommandariesofhanactuallyexistedoutsideofthekoreanpeninsulaandplacethemsomewhereinliaodongcommanderychinainsteadaccordingtothistheorythexuantucommanderywassaidtobelocatedinshenyangthesehypothesesaredictatorialintheacademiccommunityofnorthkoreawhichissupportedbytheamateurhistoricalenthusiastsinsouthkoreabutthistheoryisnotrecognizedatallintheacademiccirclesoftheunitedstateschinaandjapanrefgroupnotehanchinesebuiltfourcommanderiesorlocalmilitaryunitstorulethepeninsulaasfarsouthasthehanriverwithacoreareaatlolangnangnanginkoreannearpresentdaypyongyangitisillustrativeoftherelentlesslydifferenthistoriographypracticedinnorthkoreaandsouthkoreaaswellasbothcountriesdubiousprojectionbackwardofkoreannationalismthatnorthkoreanhistoriansdeniedthatthelolangdistrictwascenteredinkoreaandplaceditnorthwestofthepeninsulapossiblynearbeijingtheyplaceitnorthwestofthepeninsulapossiblynearbeijinginordertodeemphasizechinasinfluenceonancientkoreanhistoryimmediatelyafterdestroyingwimanchosnthehanempireestablishedadministrativeunitstorulelargeterritoriesinthenorthernkoreanpeninsulaandsouthernmanchuriabutwhenemperorwuconqueredchosonallthesmallbarbariantribesinthenortheasternregionwereincorporatedintotheestablishedhancommanderiesbecauseoftheoverwhelmingmilitarymightofhanchinadespiterecentsuggestionsbynorthkoreanscholarsthatlelangwasnotachinesecommanderythetraditionalviewwillbeadheredtoherelelangwasoneoffourcommanderiesnewlyinstitutedbythehandynastyinbcintheformerregionofchaoxianofthesefourcommanderiesonlytwolelangandxuantusurvivedsuccessivereorganizationsanditseemsthateventhesehadtheirheadquartersrelocatedonceortwicenorthkoreanscholarshoweveradmitthatasmallnumberofitemsinthesetombsresemblethosefoundinthearchaeologicalsitesofhanchinatheseitemstheyinsistmusthavebeenintroducedintokoreathroughtradeorotherinternationalcontactsandshouldnotbyanymeansbeconstruedasabasistodenythekoreancharacteristicsoftheartifactsfoundinthepyongyangareachineseforcessubsequentlyconqueredtheeasternhalfofthepeninsulaandmadelolangnearmodernpyongyangthechiefbaseforchineserulechinesesourcesrecallhowchinausednotonlymilitaryforcebutalsoassassinationanddivideandconquertacticstosubduechosnanddividetheterritoryintofourcommanderiesthewayoflifemaintainedbytheeliteatthecapitalinthepyongyangareawhichisknownfromthetombsandscatteredarchaeologicalremainsevincesaprosperousrefinedandverychineseculturethechinesehavingconqueredchosonsetupfouradministrativeunitscalledcommanderiesthelelangcommanderywaslocatedalongthechongchonandtaedongriversfromthecoasttotheinteriorhighlandsthreeothercommanderieswereorganizedxuantulintunandzhenfanlintunandoriginallyxuantuwerecenteredontheeastcoastofnorthernkoreazhenfanwasprobablylocatedintheregionsouthoflelangalthoughthereissomeuncertaintyaboutthisafteremperorwusdeathinbcearetrenchmentbeganunderhissuccessoremperorchaobceinbcelintunwasmergedintoxuantuandzhenfanintolelangaroundbcexuantuwasrelocatedmostprobablyinthetonghuaregionofmanchuriaandpartsofoldlintunmergedintolelanglateradaifangcommanderywascreatedsouthoflelanginwhatwaslaterhwanghaeprovinceinnorthernkorealelangwasthemorepopulousandprosperousoutpostofchinesecivilizationhanchinaresumesitsefforttosubduekorealaunchingtwomilitaryexpeditionsthatbringmuchofthepeninsulaunderchinesecontrolitsetsupfourcommanderiesinconqueredkoreathelatterassociatedwithhanchinaareimportantastheirdiscoverypermitsustoinfertheexistenceofrelationsbetweenthehancommanderiesandthesamhansocietiestheweijicompiledplacestheyemaekinthekoreanpeninsulaatthetimeofthehancommanderiesinthefirstcenturybcgivingthemaspecificallykoreanidentityatleastbythattimeinbcmostofthekoreanpeninsulawasdividedintofourhancommanderiesthemostimportantofwhichwaslelangnortheastwardsemperorwusforcesconquerednorthernkoreainbcandestablishedfourcommandheadquarterstherenangnangcommanderycenteredaroundpyeongyangwasestablishedwhenemperorwuofhanchinaattackedgojoseoninbcandwasundertheruleofweifromweiisthecountrythatdestroyedthelaterhandynastynorthkoreanhistoriographyfromthesonwardhasstressedtheuniqueevensuigenerisnatureofkoreancivilizationgoingbacktooldchosnwhosecapitalwanggmsngisnowlocatedintheliaoriverbasininmanchuriaratherthannearpyongyangnangnangthenwasnotachinesecommanderybutakoreankingdombasedintheareaofpyongyangbchanarmiesinvadewimanchosonchinesecommanderiesaresetupacrossthenorthofthepeninsulathechinesecommanderiesdidnotextendtothesouthernhalfofthepeninsulastretchingperhapsasfarsouthasthehanriveratthegreatestextentbuttheydidreachthenortheastcoasthethendividedthecountryintomilitarydistrictsofwhichthemostimportantwasthatoflolangorlaklangwithheadquartersnearthemodernpyongyangtombexcavationsinthisareahaveproducedmuchevidenceoftheinfluenceofhancivilizationinnorthernkoreaunderemperorwutihanchinaextendedherinfluenceintokoreaandinbcthepeninsulabecameapartofthechineseempirewithfourdependentprovincesunderthechinesechargeinsouthernmanchuriaandnorthernandcentralkoreathechineseestablishedfourcommanderieswhichweresubdividedintoprefecturesthehandynastycreatedfouroutpostsinkoreatocontrolthatportionofitsborderinthecorridorbetweenthepeninsulaandnortheastchinathechinesehandynastyestablishedfourcommanderiesthatruledoverpartsofthepeninsulaandmanchuriamuchasmodernimperialpowersgovernedtheircoloniestheterritorialextentofthefourchinesecommanderiesseemstohavebeenlimitedtotheareanorthofthehanriverrefmapsgalleryfilehangunhyeonpngfourcommanderiesofhanwithjinkoreanstatejininbcfileancientkoreataihougunpngfourcommanderiesofhaninadgalleryseealsofourcommanderiesofhanlelangcommanderylintuncommanderyzhenfancommanderydaifangcommanderycanghaicommanderynotesreferencesxuezongzhengbornisachinesehistorianrefnameeisenbergrefadirectorofancienthistoryattheinstituteofhistoryinchineseacademyofsocialsciencesxinjiangacademyofsocialsciencesandaprofessorofhistoryatxinjiangnormaluniversityborninjinanshandonghegraduatedwithahistorydegreefrompekinguniversityinspecializinginfrontierpoliciesofancientchinaandthehistoryofcentralasiahepublishedseveralbooksinchinesepublicationsahistoryofturksbeijingchinesesocialsciencespressastudyofwesternboundarysfrontierpoetryinthepastdynastieslanzhoudunhuangliteratureandartpressanxiandbeitingprotectoratesharbinheilongjiangeducationpressriseanddeclineoftubokingdombeijingnationalitiespressthepronunciationofthehanandjindynastiesandthetoponymoftheancientwesternregionjournalofxinjianguniversityxinjiangshistoricaleventslistedindivanilugatitturkjournalofxinjianguniversityastudyonmultilateralrelationsamongthetibetanuighurandkarlukonthecontendinthewesternregionsafteranandshisrebellionsofthetangdynastyahistoryofonoqkhansinthelatewesternturksjournalofxinjiangnormaluniversitytheroyalgarandthetibetansubjectedwesternturkicregimeswiththediscussionaboutthecontendbetweentangdynastyandthetibetaninthewesternregionchinasborderlandhistoryandgeographystudiesfromshuletojiashizhilixinjiangacademyofsocialsciencesreferencesdrugboxverifiedfieldschangedwatchedfieldschangedverifiedrevidiupacnamedimethylphenylpropanamineimagexylopropaminesvgchiralityracemicmixtureclinicaldatatradenamepregnancycategorylegalcascheduleilegalukclassblegalstatusrxonlyroutesofadministrationoralpharmacokineticdatabioavailabilitymetabolismeliminationhalflifeexcretionidentifiersindexlabelindexlabelcasnumberrefcasnumbercasnumberrefcasnumberatcprefixnoneuniirefuniidbvjiatcsuffixpubchemdrugbankrefdrugbankchemspideridrefchemspideridsmilesccccccccccncstdinchirefstdinchischnchhhhstdinchikeyrefstdinchikeyzszuwpreripubmuhfffaoysanchemicaldatachnmolecularweightgmolxylopropamineperhedrinesaninalsoknownasdimethylamphetamineisastimulantdrugofthesubstitutedphenethylaminephenethylamineandsubstitutedamphetamineamphetamineclasseswhichwasdevelopedandmarketedasanappetitesuppressantinthesxylopropaminewasbrieflysoldasthesulfatesaltbutitwasnotwidelymarketedotherrelatedamphetaminederivativessuchasdimethylamphetaminewerealsoinvestigatedforthesamepurposehoweverthesedrugshadnegativesideeffectssuchashighbloodpressureandwerenotverysuccessfulmainlyduetotheintroductionofalternativedrugslikephenterminewhichhadsimilarefficacybutfewersideeffectsxylopropaminewasalsoreportedashavinganalgesicandantiinflammatoryeffectsbutitssideeffectprofileresultedinitneverbeingfurtherdevelopedfortheseapplicationsseealsomethamphetaminedimethylamphetaminedimethylmethcathinonemethylamphetaminemethylmethamphetamineindanylaminopropanereferencestheheroiclegendofarslanmarswilliamsyasserabedrabboyasserabedrabboprophetsandmessengersinislamjesusinislampogromhougangschoolsxuezongzhengredirectxuantucommanderyinfoboxrollercoasternamexpressplatformimagexpresswalibihollandjpgcaptionxpressplatformpreviousnamessupermantheridelocationwalibihollandsectionhollywoodthemainstreettypesteeltypelaunchedopenedaprilstatusoperatingmanufacturervekomamodellaunchedrollercoasterlsmlaunchdesignertrackliftlsmcostcapacitylengthftheightftdropftinversionsspeedmphdurationsecondsangleaccelerationmphinsecondsrestrictioninrcdbnumbercoordinatesxpressplatformisasteelrollercoastersteelrollercoasteratwalibihollandinbiddinghuizennetherlandsitwaslaunchedassupermantherideinaprilthenamewaschangedtoxpressintheseasonofandtoxpressplatforminitisthefirstlaunchedrollercoasterlsmcoasterineuropetherideafterthetrainrollercoastertrainhasbeenlockedandcheckeditslowlyadvancesoutofthestationtothelaunchareathetraingoesthroughatunnelwherethepassengerswaituntilthecountdownstartsafterthecountdownthetrainswhichexistoutofacrossinrowsforatotalofriderspertrainareacceleratedfromnbspmphinsecondsitfirstclimbsintoaseaserpentrollwhichisainversionelementthenthetrainplungesintonumerousturnsandhelixesandtherdinversionacorkscrewthetrainthenpassesinthroughamidcoursebrakerunmakesafewturnsthentravelsintothefinalbrakerunwhenthefinalbreakruniscompletedthecargoesintothestationwheretheunloadingprocessbeginsridefactspassengertrainsonecoloredredsilveronecoloredpurplesilverinversionsoverlsmsovertheshoulderharne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ofessorofgeographyattheuniversityofparissorbonneandawidelyacknowledgedauthorityonpoliticalgeographyfromwhenhebegantopublishmonographsandarticlesduringhisfirstfieldworkinazerbaijaniranazerbaijanandlaterinthealborzregionofirantohismonumentalandhighlyacclaimedlesnationsduprophteandminoritsenislamhehasmaintainedhisdeepinterestinpersianempirepersiaandtheiraniancivilizationhewasalsoacontributortoencyclopdiairanicasubmittingarticlesrangingfromabadantoboundariescholeradaryaearthquakesfaminesandaseriesofforthcomingarticlesongeographyabibliographyofdeplanholswiderangingpublicationsuptohasbeencompiledandpublishedbyprofessordanielballandingeographiehistoriqueetculturelledeleuropehommageauprofessorxavierdeplanholbyjeanrobertpittereferencesdeletedimageremovedimagexiaotaoshengsblowingwhistlejpgthumbrightpxdetailfromxiaotaoshengsoilpaintingblowingwhistlexcmcaxiaotaoshengbornisachinesepeoplechinesepaintingpainterwhospecializesinportrayingchineseculturethroughhiswesternculturewesternstyleoilpaintingscalledeastinwestpaintingsheisaclassipainterandprofessorandcurrentlythevicedirectorofthesichuanprovincesichuanprovincialartmuseumartmuseumheisamemberofthechinaartistsassociationrefnamexiaoxiaotaoshengeastandwestnatureandhumanityworldexhibitiontourbookletsichuanliangyouprintingcoltdrefxiaosartworkswereintroducedtothepublicbychinacentraltelevisionchinacentraltelevisioncctvsichuantvandchengdutvmostofhisawardwinningpaintingshadbeenselectedfornationalexhibitionsinchinaandabroadincludingtheinternationalartscityparisindecemberandatthesouthlobbyoftheunitednationssecretariatnewyorkinjanuarythepublicationsabouthisworknamelycollectionofsketchesbyxiaotaoshengandcollectionofoilpaintingsbyxiaotaoshenghadbeenincludedinthecollectionsoftheuslibraryofcongressnewyorkcityscolumbiauniversitylibraryandthechineseuniversityofhongkonghisworkshadalsobeenpublishedinartmagazinesinchinajapanhongkongtheunitedstatesandcanadareferencesinfoboxsinglenamexxlcoverartistkeithandersonalbumthreechordcountryandamericanrockrollreleasedjulyformatrecordedgenrecountrymusiccountrylengthlabelaristanashvillewriterbobdipierobrkeithandersonproducerjeffreysteelelastsinglepickinwildflowersbrthissinglexxlbrnextsingleeverytimeihearyournamebrmiscxxlisasongcowrittenandrecordedbyamericancountrymusicartistkeithandersonitwasreleasedinjulyasthesecondsinglefromthealbumthreechordcountryandamericanrockrollthesongreachedonthebillboardmagazinebillboardhotcountrysongschartthesongwaswrittenbyandersonandbobdipieromusicvideoavideoforthesongwasmadeandfeaturesacameofrommtleycredrummertommyleechartperformanceclasswikitablesortablealignleftchartaligncenterpeakbrpositionreferencestibetommanipadmehumthreechordcountryandamericanrockrollxfilmxichlazarevidynastyxelibriwasafashionorientedrangeofmobilephonescreatedbysiemensmobileinearlytwocollectionseachconsistingofbizarrelydesignedphoneswerereleasedbeforethexelibriprojectwasdroppedduetopoorsalesinaprilthefirstspaceonearthqxelibritocollectionwithitsstartrekinfluenceswasdesignedinhousebysiemenswhilstthesecondfashionextravaganzaqxelibritocollectionwascontractedouttoideodesignalthoughthephonesweredesignedbytopdesignersmarketedasfashionaccessoriesandsoldatahighpricethedesignswerestrangeandquitedetachedfromwhatafashionandstyleconsciousconsumerwouldbelookingforinamobilephonexelibriphonesalsolackedarecognizablebrandnamethehighlyregardedsiemenslogoonlyappearedonthebatterycoverofthephonesexpensiveadvertisingandwellplacedsalesstandsindepartmentstoresdidnothingtohelpthesalesfiguresofthexelibrirangealthoughontheoutsidethedesignswereeyecatchingandexperimentalthetechnologyinsidethephoneswasnothingmorethanlowendunsophisticatedsiemensmodelswhichlackedallbutthemostbasicfeaturesvoiceandsmsthiswhencoupledwithstrangekeypaddesignmadethephonesquitedifficultandcumbersometouseexternallinksvisionmobilecomblogbangolufsenandellepickupwherexelibrifailedbangolufsenandellepickupwherexelibrifailedvisionmobilephonearenacomhtmlsthemostbizarrephoneswehaveeverseenarticleahtmlthemostbizarrephoneswehaveeverseenphonearenacomgsmarenacomresultsphpsquicksearchyessnamexelibrigsmarenaxelibrisearchtowersfressaysstrategicmanagementreportonxelibriluxuryphonesfromsiemenspdfstrategicmanagementreportonxelibriluxuryphonesfromsiemensinfoboxfirearmcartridgenameimagejpgimagesizepxcaptionoriginusatyperifleservicehistoryserviceusedbywarsproductionhistorydesignerdesigndatemanufacturerproductiondatenumbervariantsspecificationsissispecsparentcasetyperimlessbottleneckbulletneckshoulderbaserimdiarimthickcaselengthlengthriflingprimerlargerifleballisticperformanceissiballisticsbwbtypespvelenbwbtypespvelenbwbtypespvelenbwbtypevelenbwbtypevelentestbarrellengthbalsrcspeerreloadingmanualrefnamespeeratkspeerppreftheisawildcatcartridgebasedontheitallowsheaviercaliberbulletstobeusedfromthenonbeltedcasethisisabetterchoiceforheavybodiedgamesuchasmooseelkandbrownbearthanthecaliberbulletsbecamemorewidelyavailableaftertheintroductioninthelatesofthewinchestermagnumcartridgefrequentlychamberedinthewinchestermodelriflethemaintainsmuc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yarchitectureunifiedmemoryarchitecturethismemoryisproducedbyeithersamsungorqimondathexboxhasanextensiveamountofbandwidthcomputingbandwidthincomparisontoitscompetitionhoweverthisstatisticincludestheedramlogictomemorybandwidthandnotinternalcpubandwidthstheedraminternallogictoitsprimarystorageinternalmemorybandwidthisnbspgbsthehighbandwidthisusedprimarilyforzbufferingalphablendingandspatialantialiasingantialiasingitsavestimeandspaceonthegpudiebetweentheedramdieandthegpudataistransferredatnbspgbsthememoryinterfacebushasabandwidthofnbspgbsandthesouthbridgecomputingsouthbridgeabandwidthofnbspmbsaudioandvideoallgamesmadeforthexboxarerequiredtosupportatleastdolbydigitalsurroundsoundtheconsoleworkswithoveraudiochannelsandindependentdecompressionchannelsusingbitprocessingforaudiowithsupportfornbspkhzbitsoundsoundfilesforgamesareencodedusingmicrosoftsxmaaudioformatanmpegdecoderisincludedfordvdvideoplaybackvcorwindowsmediavideowmvisusedforstreamingvideoandothervideoiscompressedusingvcatnonhighdefinitiontelevisionhdntscandpalresolutionsorwmvhdthexboxalsosupportshandhmpegvideosunliketheoriginalxboxvoicecommunicationishandledbytheconsolenotbythegamecodeallowingforcrossgamecommunicationthereisnovoiceechotogameplayersonthesameconsolevoiceonlygoestoremoteconsolesinitiallytherewerenodigitalvideooutputssuchasdigitalvisualinterfacedviorhighdefinitionmultimediainterfacehdmionthexboxinsteadhdqualityoutputcouldonlybeproducedoverypbprcomponentvideousedbyboththercacomponentcableandthejapanesedterminalcableandlatervgaviaasoftwareupdateanhighdefinitionmultimediainterfacehdmiportwasintroducedtothexboxbyjulywiththeintroductionoftheelitemodelallxboxstockkeepingunitskuscurrentlymanufacturedfeatureanhdmiportawidearrayofstandarddefinitiontelevisionsdtvandhighdefinitiontelevisionhdtvresolutionsaresupportedbytheconsolehardwareuptopaftertheoctobersoftwareupgraderefnamemajordashboardupdaterefwhilemostgamesarerenderednativelyatpthevideofromallgamescanbeimagescalingscaledbythehardwaretowhateverresolutiontheuserhassetintheconsolessettingsfromintscandipalallthewaytophdtvdvdstorageearlyproductionrunsofthexboxareequippedwithaxdvddrivecapableofamaximumreadrateofnbspmbsthereisanewdrivebyliteongamesarestoredonstandarddvdduallayerrecordingduallayerdvdromswithnbspgigabytegbontheolderxgdxboxgamediscbutthenewerxgddiscscontainnbspgbofusablespaceavailableforgamecontenttheoptiontoapplyaregionallockouttogamesisavailabletopublishersalthoughdvdregioncodesarealwaysenforcedformoviesmicrosofthasimplementedmethodstopreventhackingthroughthedrivelaterdrivemodelshavetheexternaldebugtriggeringremovedandblackhardglueaddedtocoverallthechipandcontrollerpinsthedriveisabletoreadbothdvdranddvdrwinadditiontobeingabletoplaydvdvideooutoftheboxfeatureoutoftheboxunlikeitspredecessorwhichrequiredthepurchaseofanvideogameaccessoryaddonremotethesystemisalsocapableofplayingstandardcdsalongwithcdrcdrwrwredbookaudiocdstandardcddacdromxacdextrawindowsmediaaudiowmacdmpcdandjpegphotocdrefnamexboxspecsrefsomeusersreportedproblemswiththediscdriveaswhenauserchangestheconsolesorientationtheinserteddiscmaybrushagainstthedrivespickupassemblyandincurscratchestoittheusersmanualadvisesagainstchangingtheconsolespositionwhilethereisadiscinthedriveotherusersreportexperiencingdiscscratchingduringnormalhorizontalusageannouncedatconsumerelectronicsshowcesandfirstpubliclyshownateanxboxhddvdplayerexternalhddvddrivewasreleasedinnorthamericaonnovemberforusandinjapanonnovemberforintheukfranceandgermanythehddvddrivewasreleasedforthedriveplayshddvdmoviesalthoughallxboxgameswillremainonthedvdformatmicrosofthadnoplanstoincludeaninternalhddvdplayerinfuturexboxdesignsthedriveconnectstothexboxviausbandcontainstwointegratedusbportsonthereargamescannotbeplayedonthehddvddrivemicrosofthassincediscontinuedthehddvdaddonsincetheformatwasofficiallydroppedbytoshibarefnamemicrosoftreflistofdvddrivesclasswikitablestylemarginemautowidthstylewidthmanufacturersstylewidthmodelstylewidthfirmwareversionsstylewidthnotestoshibasamsungstoragetechnologycorporationtoshibasamsungtshmsbrmsrowspanhitachilgdatastoragehitachilggdrlbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrflfkdlnxboxsaalitebritephilipsliteondigitalsolutionsformerlyliteonitphilipsbenqdigitalsolutionsakabenqphilipsvadcbrcbrcnewfwaftersystemupdateversioncrowspanliteondgdscbrcvbrcvbrcbrcnewfwaftersystemupdateversioncdgdsxboxsbrbrbrbrbrnewfwaftersystemupdateversiondgdsxboxsabrbrharddrivestoragethexboxusesstandardserialatasataharddiskdriveshddsheldwithincustomenclosurestheseunitshaveacustomconnectortofacilitateconnectiontothexboxandthedrivesthemselvesfeaturecustomfirmwaremakingstandalonedrivesincompatiblethedrivesaredetachablemakingitpossibletomovedatafromoneconsoletoanotherandtoupgradethesizeofdriveonaconsoletheharddrivesthemselvesaremanufacturedbyvariouscompaniesincludingfujitsuseagatetechnologyseagatesamsunghitachiandwesterndigitalcertainwesterndigitalharddiskdrivescanbemodifiedwithaprogramcalledhddhackrtobeusedwiththexboxtheoriginalproconfigurationofthesystemcamewithanbspgbharddrivewhichwasalsoavailabletopurchaseseparatelyforthecoremodelandlaterthearcademodelwhichdidnotincludeahddthiswasupgradedtonbspgbinseptemberandthenbspgbhddwasalsomadeavailableatretailinaprilmicrosoftreleasedtheeliteconsolewhichincludedablacknbspgbhddagreynbspgbdrivewasalsolatermadeavailableatretailinnovembermicrosoftreleasedthesupereliteconsoleasabundlewiththehighlyanticipatedgamecallofdutymodernwarfarethisconsolewaslikethetypicalblackelitebutwithcallofdutygraphicsaddedandforthefirsttimeincludedanbspgbharddrivewhichholdsuptonbspgbofdataaftersysteminformationisstoredthiswasfollowedbyvariousothernbspgbspeciallimitededitionbundlesnostandardnonspecialeditionconfigurationoftheoriginalconsoleeverincludedanbspgbdrivebuttheywerelatermadeavailableatretailinjunemicrosoftannouncedanewversionoftheconsolethexboxswhichusedanewformfactorforitsnbspgbharddrivesassuchoriginalstyleharddrivescannotbeusedinxboxsconsolesandviceversawithoutmodificationinjunemicrosoftannouncedaspeciallybrandedgearsofwarlimitedcollectorseditionxboxsconsoletocoincidewiththelaunchofgearsofwaratnbspgbtheincludedharddriveisthelargestavailableforwiththeoriginalxboxmodelrefnamegearsconsoleaccessdatepublishermicrosoftrefinaugustmicrosoftannouncedandreleasedanewgbharddriveforthexboxsconsolemodelrefnameigngbharddriverefcurrentlythelargestharddriveavailablefororwithanyxboxmodelapproximatelynbspgbofanbspgbdriveisreservedforsystemusenbspgbofthatportionisreservedforgametitlecachingandotherharddrivespecificelementsingamesthatsupporttheharddriveandanadditionalnbspgbisreservedforusebythexboxbackwardscompatibilitysoftwarethisleavesjustundernbspgboffreespaceroundeddowntonbspgbinthedashboardforsavinggamefilesxboxlivearcadedownloadablecontentandmediafilessuchasmusicandvideosimilarfiguresapplytootherharddiskdrivesizesotherindependentcompanieshavemanufacturednbspgbharddrivesusinghackedfirmwaresincemanyoftheseallegedlyinfringetrademarksofmicrosoftincludingthemicrosoftlogoxboxlogoandthelikenessoftheremovableharddiskdrivedesignnetworkingallversionsofthexboxcomewithabuiltinethernetnetworkadapterproprietaryusbwifinandgadapterscanbepurchasedseparatelythexboxsorslimhasbuiltinwirelessnbspnnbspghznetworkingmotherboardsmicrosoftavoidsoutrightannouncementsofnewmotherboardproductionrunsandtheirsubsequentappearanceinthemarketinpartduetounevendistributioncausingbuyersremorseandtopreventpurchaserdelayhoweverseveralmajorandmanyminormotherboardrevisionsareintroducedinanattempttobuildsystemsmorecheaplyandthusincreaseprofitsandasahappysideeffecttoallowthemtoruncoolerwhileconsuminglesspowernotethatthereisnocleardividebetweentheappearanceofmotherboardrevisionsinretailduetoindividualstockproductiondistributionandrotationitmaybecomedifficulttofindspecificversionsthepowerconnectorsonthebackofthesesystemsincorporateakeyingsystemthatwillpreventplugginganewerlowerratedpowersupplyintoanoldersystemwhichneedsmorepowerthekeyingsystemdoeshoweverallowolderpowersuppliestobeconnectedtonewersystemsasthisposesnoproblemtheinitialmotherboardversionwasknownasxenonandusedanbspwattpowersupplyandlackedanhighdefinitionmultimediainterfacehdmivideoportthezephyrrevisionwaslargelythesameasidefromtheadditionofthehdmiportandanimprovedgpuheatsinkthefalconincorporatedanewernbspnmcpunbspnmgpuandedramanditrequiredlesspowersoitcamepackagedwithanbspwattpowersupplyjasperreleasedlateaugustorearlyseptemberusedbothanbspnmcpuandgpuaswellasornbspmbofonboardflashmemorythiswastohelprunathenrecentdashboardupdatewithouttheadditionofthisinternalmemoryaharddiskdriveormemorycardisrequiredthejasperrevisionrequiredevenlesspowerandsothepowersupplywasalsoreducedtowattsxboxsintroducedanewmotherboardversioncalledtrinitywithanbspnmintegratedxenonprocessorcpuxenosgraphicschipgpuandedramieallinthesamechippackageinasecondmodelofthexboxsmotherboardhasbeenreleasedknownascoronawhichintegratesthehanachipintothesouthbridgechiplistofrevisionsclasswikitablestylemarginemautowidthstylewidthcodenamestylewidthcpustylewidthgpustylewidthedramstylewidthhdmistylewidthpowersupplystylewidthinproductionstylewidthdatereleasedstylewidthnotesxenonnbspnmnbspnmnbspnmnbspwnovemberoriginalreleaseconsolepowerconsumptionwzephyrnbspnmnbspnmnbspnmnbspwaprilintroducedhdmiportimprovedgpuheatsinkfalconnbspnmnbspnmnbspnmnbspwseptemberintroducednbspnmcpunbspnmgpuandnbspnmedrampowerconsumptionloweredconsolepowerconsumptionvaorwopusnbspnmnbspnmnbspnmnbspwjulyavailableasareplacementforxenonmotherboardswhichhavebeensentintomicrosofttechrepaircentersconsolepowerconsumptionwjaspernbspnmnbspnmnbspnmnbspwseptemberintroducednbspnmgpuintroducedonboardflashbasedmemoryfurtherreducedpowerconsumptionconsolepowerconsumptionwkronosjaspervnbspnmnbspnmnbspnmnbspwseptemberintroducednbspnmedramintroducednewrfmodulenewstylegpukronosrevisioneliminatedtheeproblemfromearlierjaspermodelstrinitycolspannbspnmsmallcombinedchipsmallnbspwjunemotherboardredesignusedinthexboxslimtwoversionsonewithnbspgbonboardstorageonewithoutconsolepowerconsumptionwcoronacolspannbspnmsmallcombinedchipsmallnbspwaugustnomorehanachipincludesbothxboxslimandeversionswinchestercolspannbspnmsmallcombinedchipsmallnbspwaugustcoronamotherboardrevisionnamedwinchestermotherboardpatchesresetglitchhackreleasedwithgbconsolebundlesconnectivitytoaccessoriesthexboxfeaturesthreeusbportstwoonthefrontoneonthebackthenewxboxnbspshoweverhasfiveusbportstwoonthefrontthreeinthebackalongwithadedicatedkinectporttheseareusedforconnectionofaccessoriessuchaswiredxboxcontrollercontrollersthewirelessnetworkingadapterthexboxlivevisionxboxlivevisioncameraandusbstoragedevicesalthoughthenumberofwiredcontrollersislimitedbythenumberofportsuptofourmaybeusedthroughtheuseofausbhubthexboxalsofeatureswirelessconnectivityofaccessoriesviaaproprietarynbspghzradiosystemthisismainlyusedtoconnecttheofficialwirelesscontrollersbutisalsousedforotherdevicessuchasthewirelessracingwheelandxboxwirelessheadsetwirelessheadsetswiththeexceptionofsomerhythmgamecontrollersandthefanateccsrwheelthiswirelessconnectivityislimitedtofirstpartymicrosoftaccessoriesthexboxcanconnecttoxboxliveovertheinternetthroughthebuiltinmegabitethernetconnectororanoptionalieeewirelessnetworkadapterthesecanalsobeusedtoconnecttwoconsolestogetherdirectlyforlocalareanetworklanplayonsupportedgamesoriginalstyleconsolesalsohavetwofrontmountedmemorycardslotsforthesystemsproprietarymemoryunitthesecanbeusedtotransferprofileandgamedatafromonexboxtoanothermemoryunitsuptonbspmbareavailablefrommicrosoftthearcademodelformerlycamewithanbspmbmemoryunitbutwiththejaspermotherboardrevisionofseptemberthearcademodelbegantoincludenbspmbofbuiltinflashmemorythiswaslaterincreasedtonbspmbthememorycardslotswerereplacedwithusbportsonthenewerxboxsmodelstheuniversalmediaremotecanbeusedtocontrolseveralfunctionsoftheconsoleincludingthewindowsmediacenterfunctionsifconnectedtothenetworkitcommunicateswiththeconsoleviainfraredthroughareceiverportonthefrontoftheconsoleallstandardcontrollersforthesystemfeatureanbspmmheadsettrsconnectorjacktoallowtheuseofwiredheadsetsforvoicechattingtheyalsofeatureacustomusbconnectorwhichiscurrentlyonlyusedforconnectionofthechatpadkeyboardaccessoryvariousotheraccessoriesfortheconsoleexistsuchasdecorativefaceplatestochangethephysicalappearanceoftheconsolephysicalappearancethephysicaloutlineoftheoriginalstylexboxisnbspmillimetremmnbspnbspmmnbspnbspmmnbspinchinnbspnbspinnbspnbspinheightnbspwidthnbspdepthrefnameofficialtechspecssupportxboxcomsupportenusnxehardwarespecificationsconsolespecificationsaspxrefwhenplacedhorizontallyandissimilarincomparisonofcomputerformfactorsformfactortoitspredecessoritisslightlyslimmerineverydimensionandisslightlyconcavewhiletheoriginalxboxwasnoticeablyconvexitcomesasstandardineitherblackorwhitewithothercolorsavailableaslistofxboxretailconfigurationsspecialeditionsitwasdesignedbyastrostudiosincooperationwithhersexperimentaldesignlaboratoryinjunearedesignoftheconsoleknownasthexboxswasannouncedthisversionoftheconsoleretainsthesamebasicshapebutisnoticeablysmallerandmoreangularthantheoriginalversionitcomesasstandardineithermatteorglossyblacklikeitspredecessorothercolorsareavailableasspecialeditionsthefrontoftheconsolefeaturesaringoflightthatdisplaysfourilluminatedquadrantsineitherredorgreenexcepttheredesignedconsolewhichonlyhasgreenlightswhenthelightsturnredtheconsolehasencounteredanxboxtechnicalproblemserrorwiththenumberofsectorsilluminatedinformingtheuserwhatcategorytheerrorfallsintosincetheredesignoftheconsoleremovedtheredledsthiserrorreportingsystemisnolongerusedtheoriginalxboxweighsapproximatelynbspkilogramkgnbsppoundmasslbaboutnbspgramsheavierthanthenewxboxthenewversionweighsinatnbspkgnbsplbsrefnamehollisterrefpowersupplytheconsoleusesanexternalpowersupplywithanbspampereanbspvoltvornbspanbspvalternatingcurrentacinputanddirectcurrentdcoutputratedatnbspwattwdependingonrevisionanestimatednbspwofpowerareusedwhiletheolderversionsofconsoleareinsleepmodestandbymodegivingayearlyusageofapproximatelynbspwatthourkwhthenewversionusesaroundwwhileinstandbysavingtheconsolesizeandweightthepowersupplydisplacesnbspcubicmetrecmxboxpowersuppliesaredesignedwithkeysintheplugtobeforwardsbutnotbackwardscompatableforexampleawattsupplywouldfitandworkonawattconsolebutnottheotherwayaroundseealsoxboxtechnicalproblemsreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebblogsmsdncomxboxteamdefaultaspxxboxdevelopmentteamblogxistmmswedishmbunkerdefeatmunitioninfoboxvideogametitlexpertsimagexpertsfrontjpgcaptionnorthamericancoverartdeveloperabalonepublishersegareleaseddesignerglynandersongenrebeatemupmodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayerplatformssegagenesisxpertsisasidescrollingbeatemupfightingactionvideogameproducedbysegasegaofamericaandreleasedonlyinnorthamericaforthesegagenesisinitisaspinoffofeternalchampionsstarringtheassassinshadowyamotowhoisdepictedinherdesignfrometernalchampionschallengefromthedarksideoneofthemosthighprofileofthelastwaveofgenesisgamesitwasheavilypannedbycriticsashavingdullgameplayandpoorcontrolgameplaythefemaleninjashadowleadsagroupoffellowxpertsinsabotageandothervariousmissionsallthreecharactershavecharacterspecificspecialmoveswithdifferingattributesalongwiththreeuniquetorturemoveswhichareusedtointerrogatevariousenemiesplayersareabletoswitchcharactersmidgameinordertocarryoutdifferenttasksplotthegamesplotisbasedonanalternatetimelineinwhichshadowyamotowasnotkilledbytheblackorchidininsteadsheformedavigilantegroupinthegameagroupofterroristtookoveranunderseaweaponsfactoryunlesstheunitednationsgiveintotheirdemandstheterroristswilldetonateathermonucleardevicethatwilldestroyearthshadowandthexpertsembarkonamissiontoavertthecrisisreceptionthefourreviewersofelectronicgamingmonthlyfoundtheconceptofcontrollingthreecharactersatonceinrealtimetobeexcitingbutarguedthatanypotentialfunisruinedbytherepetitivenessofboththeactionandthemissionsandrewbaranelaboratedonthemissionseventhoughtheyarenameddifferentthingsandfoundindifferentareasalltheyreallyconsistofityoustandinginfrontofsomethingpressingabuttonandwaitingforthatcharactertofinishtheyscoredthegameaoutofgreasygusofgamepropannedthegameaswellcitingmoronicenemyaipoorcontroluglyanimationsrepetitivemissionsandunoriginalsoundeffectsareviewerfornextgenerationmagazinenextgenerationcommentedthatassolidasthepremiseofxpertsistheexecutionandgamedesignranksamongtheworstinrecentmemorycontrolofthegamescharactersisslowandunresponsivewithmostofthegameplaycenteredaroundinepthandtohandcombatandstandingatcontrolpanelswhilecommandsarebeingprocessedhefurthercriticizedtheabsenceofabilitiesthatplayershadcometotakeforgrantedsuchasjumpingandmovingwhileholdingaweaponthegraphicswereinhisassessmentaboveaverageforagenesisgamebutnowherenearasgoodastoystoryvideogametoystoryorearthwormjimhegavethegameoneoutoffivestarsreferencesexternallinksmobygamescomgamexpertsxpertsatmobygamesindavosxiaderenbornjuneisachinesepoliticianhehassinceservedasthepoliticsofliaoningchairmanofthepeoplespoliticalconsultativeconferenceofliaoningprovincepreviouslyxiahasalsoservedasthedeputycommunistpartysecretaryofliaoningprovinceandthepartysecretaryofdalianmajoracademicworkseconomicdevelopmentandmoneysupplypublishedbychinafinancialpublishinghouseinmoneyandbankingatextbookusedbythepeoplesbankofchinafortheninthfiveyearplanpeoplesrepublicofchinaninthfiveyearplanpublishedbychinafinancialpublishinghousefinancereviewpublishedbydongbeiuniversityoffinanceandeconomicspressinmarchhonorablementionsrowancallickinthebookthepartyforeverinsidechinasmoderncommunistelitechapterdoingbusinessinterviewsxiaderenaboutbusinessdevelopmentindalianchinathomaslfriedmaninthebooktheworldisflatchapterwhileiwassleepingsectionthemonitorisburninginterviewsxiaderenabouteducationjapanesecorporationsandsoftwaredevelopmentindalianchinaexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebenglishdlgovcnmayorsupervmidgroupidnameresumeofficialresumedlgovcngovmayorresumevmdsciddidchineselanguageofficialresumereferencesxiangkhouangprovincemariobrosredirectshokonakagawajerryyangpokerplayerspeciesboxnamexenohylaeugenioiimagestatusddstatussystemiucntaxonxenohylaeugenioiauthoritycaramaschisynonymsxenohylaeugenioiisaspeciesoffroginthefamilyhylidaeendemismendemictobrazilitsnaturalhabitatsaresubtropicalortropicaldryforestsmoistsavannasubtropicalortropicaldryshrublandintermittentfreshwatermarshesandrockyareasitisthreatenedbyhabitatlosssourcessilvanodpimentabiucnredlistorgsearchdetailsphpallxenohylaeugenioiwebarchiveorgwebiucnredlistorgiucnredlistofthreatenedspeciesdownloadedonjulyspeciesboxnamexenohylatruncataimagestatusntstatussystemiucntaxonxenohylatruncataauthorityizecksohnsynonymsxenohylatruncataisaspeciesoffroginthefamilyhylidaeendemismendemictobrazilitsnaturalhabitatsaresubtropicalortropicalmoistshrublandandintermittentfreshwatermarshesitisthreatenedbyhabitatlossthisfrogisuniqueamongamphibiansinthatitistheworldsonlyfruiteatingfrogfruiteatingbehaviorisintrinsicwithfruitmakingupasignificantpercentageofthefrogsdietssourcesjzoolimmortaladmiralyisunsinaeogaestationseoulstationxinxinmingnorthkoreajeonginjisejongthegreatjeongdojeonunicodehangulconsonantandvoweltablesxerophytesiberiachonghaibridgeautomatictaxoboximagexenophrysacerasjpgimagecaptionxenophrysacerastaxonxenophrysauthorityalbertclggnthergntherxenophrysisagenusofamphibiansinthemegophryidaefamilytheyarefoundinsoutheasternasiaincludingchinaandnortheasternindiatoborneothegenushasbeenfoundtobestronglypolyphyleticandawaitingabettersolutiontheyhavebeenincludedfamilymegophrysrefnamefrostrefforthemomentbeingtheyarelistedundertheiroldgenusinwikipediaofxenophrysbrachykolosconservationofthexenophrysspeciesthattheinternationalunionforconservationofnaturehasevaluatedmostareeitherdatadeficientorofleastconcernhoweveronespeciesisconsideredendangeredspeciesendangeredxenophrysbrachykolostwoothersarevulnerablespeciesvulnerablexenophrysgiganticaandxenophrysnankiangensisandsixarenearthreatenedspeciesbeforemovingthemtomegophrysthefollowingspecieswereincludedinxenophrysxenophrysacerassmallboulengersmallperakhornedtoadxenophrysacutasmallwanglijinsmallxenophrysancraesmallmahonyteelingbijusmallxenophrysauralensissmallohlerswananddaltrysmallauralhornedtoadxenophrysbaluensissmallboulengersmallkinabaluhornedtoadxe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insectsmightoptimizetheirmatelocatingactivitythroughmethodsoftheidealfreedistributionidealfreedistributiontheoryforspeciessuchasxvaripunctatherearepatchesofdifferentqualityarisingfromthecontinuousbutvariableinputofmatesearchingfemalesoverafternoonsandflightseasonsattractivepheromonethelargemalemesosomalglandofxvaripunctaproducesvolatilecomponentscalledpheromoneswhichareattractivetofemalesthelargemesosomalglandisseasonallyactiveandoverwinteringmaleshavenodetectablescentoftheattractantwhichfurthersupportstheevidenceofitactingasanattractivemechanismxvaripunctamarkthecentralareaoftheirterritorieswiththepheromonesthreeobservationsweremadethathelpedformthisconclusionflyingbeesoccasionallybrushagainstleavesortwigstowardsthecenterthelandandwalkbehavioroccursatthefocalareainvolvingtheapplicationofthepheromonechemicalfemalesflytoandpauseonnonfloweringplantsthathadbeenthefocalareaofthemalewheretheattractantwasplacedsitefidelitytherearevariousfactorsthataffectxvaripunctafidelityratessecondmaledensityaffectssitefidelityastheratioofrivalstosuitableterritoriesrisescompetitionforterritorialcontrolincreaseswhichleadstofrequentturnoverincontrastiftherearefewreplacementsforterritoryownerstherewillbeevidenceofincreasingsitefidelityforxvaripunctatheprevalenceofdaysofverylowterritorialoccupationandafewdaysofhighmaledensityinlekmatinglekconditionsresultedindecreasingfidelityanotheraspectoftheenvironmentthataffectssitefidelityisthequalityofterritorialsitesfinallyfluctuatingordecliningterritoryvalueshouldreducetheextentofsitefidelitytheextenttowhichfemaleterritorialpreferencesremainconstantthroughoutthematingseasonwillbeveryimportantinterritoryvaluewecanexpectmalestoabandonterritoriesattimeswhentheynolongerhavethepotentialtoproduceoffspringitisalsoconceivablethatinxvaripunctathequalityofthemalessexpheromonemaybeakeyfeaturedetermininghissexualattractivenessinterestinglymostmalesofxvaripunctadidnotexhibitsitefidelitywhilefewmalesexhibitedstrongattachmenttotheiroriginalsitesfemalebehaviorvirginfemalesmaymakeexploratoryforagingflightsandbeattractedtovisualandolfactorysignalsmalesmayrelyonsimilarcuesratherthanonactualfoodcollectionbyfemaleswhenchoosingtheirterritoriesfemalematesearchingbehaviormightinvolvewaitingforthemaleatthefloweronwhichshediscovershismarkingsoradirectedflighttowardamarkedspotfromadistancematingbehaviornonresourcebasedterritorialityevolvedfromfoodsourceterritorialityasaresponsetoalowdensityofbeestheprobabilityofasinglemaleencounteringfemalesisverylowandtheproductionofattractantsbythemalewouldbeadvantageoustobothsexestheattractantsmaybesignalssuchasloudbuzzingbythemaleandtheadditionofanodortotheflowersthemalesmayusethesesignalswhenpatrollingalongextendedpathsorhoveringataspecificsiteatthispointrealmaledominancepolygynybeginsformalesmayproducequantitativelyorqualitativelyindividualpheromonalsignalsthatmayreflecttheirfitnessandthefemalecouldreactcorrespondinglybyselectingamongthemalestheuseofpheromonalsignalsallowsmalestorelocatetheirterritoriesfromresourcesitestoprominentsitessuchashilltopsvariousprotrusionsortreesatthispointpheromonesmaydirectthefemaleintotheterritoryfoundedbymalesshortrangemarkingofthesignalbythefemalebeeattractsthemtomaleterritoryjustbeforecopulationcallscopulationwilloccurcompetitionamongmalesfornonresourcesitesmayleadtoadaptationsthatcontinuetoevolveuntilonemalehasanadvantageovertheothersocialbehavioramongthexylocopatherehavebeenvariousformsofsocialityidentifiedinonespeciesasolitaryfemalecreatedanestandmadeabroodconsistingofthreecellstheoldestdaughterguardedthenestwhilethemotherpreparedasecondbroodoftwotofourbeesthenthemotherdiedandthefemaletookoverthemothersdutiesofbroodinginanotherspeciesaperiodofinactivitywasobservedtwiceayearwithactivitycontinuingthereafterifthecolonyconsistedofanactivemotherandheroffspringtherewasfourtosixweeksofcohabitationthatallowedthemothertomakeafewbroodcellswhilethedaughterswerestillunmatedinatwofemalenestwhichcouldinvolvesisterscohabitationlastedfromfivetofourteenweeksandbroodproductionwasmorethantwicethatinmatrifilialnestsinanotherspeciescertainadultscompetedforpositioninginthenestopeningbecausethefirstbeestoreturntothenestreceivethemostcareandresourcesguardingthereforecanbeconsideredasideeffectofcompetitioninabouthalfoftheneststhemothersucceededinraisingatleastoneadditionalbroodbutintheotherhalfthedaughterbecamedominantinthelattercasethemothereithercouldbeforcedtoleaveorcouldremainasaguardonemotherremainedaguardforthreeconsecutivebroodswhileevictedmothersmayestablishsuccessfulnestselsewherexylocopaspecieshavevarioussocialbehavioranddependingonthespeciesthesocialbehaviordiffersgreatlythermoregulationxylocopavaripunctamaintainthoraxthoracictemperaturesoftodegreescelsiuswhiletravelingthroughenvironmentswithtodegreescelsiussincethethoracictemperatureisnotconstantthebeesarethermoregulatingthereisphysiologicaltransferoflargeamountsofheattotheabdomenandtotheheadduringpreflightwarmingandthoracicheatingthetemperatureincreaseoftheheadisduetopassiveconductionwhiletheabdomenisduetophysiologicalheattransferthroughoutthebodyinconclusionthermoregulationinvolvesastrongrelianceonconvectivecoolingthroughincreasedflightspeedcarpenterbeeshavelargeheadswhichpresentalargersurfaceareaforconvectivecoolingtheabdomenisalsowellsuitedforrapidconvectiveheatlossbecauseitisflatteneddorsoventralanduninsulatedphysiologicalheattransfertoheadorabdomenwouldnotbeapparentfrombodytemperaturesduetotherapidconvectivecoolingespeciallyathighairtemperatureswhenflightspeedincreasesxylocopahavecirculatoryanatomylikehoneybeesandbumblebeeslikebumblebeestheyhaveanaorticloopthroughtheflightmusclesthatactsasacoolingcoilallowingheattransfertothebloodheadandabdomenhoweverlikehoneybeestheiraortaisalsocoiledinthepetiolebotanypetioletopreventheattransfertotheabdomenalargepartofthethermoregulationduringflightinxylocopainvolvesforcedconvectionasaresultofchangesinflightspeedwithactiveheattransfertotheabdomenandevaporativeheatlossfromtheheadathightemperaturesuseofwatercarpenterbeesingestexcesswaterduringnectarforagingorrobbingneverthelesstheirhemolymphismoderatelyconcentratedandtheurineisverydilutethissuggeststhationsratherthanwatermaybelimitingforcarpenterbeesthishypothesisissupportedbythefactthatbeesexcretewaterbeforeandduringflightalsotheyoftenengageinwaterevaporationfromingestednectarduringtheflightstingonlythefemalesofthespecieshaveastingerandwillnormallystingonlywhenprovokedpollinationflowersarethesolesourceoffoodandwaterforthebeesthebeeshavelonglifespansandinhabitawidevarietyofgeographicalrangeswhichallowstovisitanumberofdifferentplantsthebeesalsohaveapatternofvisitingcertainplantsatvarioustimesthroughoutthedayintermsofacquiringthenectarfromtheflowersthebeesusetwotechniquesfirsttheyobtainnectarbyreachingforthesourcefromwithinorupontheflowerusingitslimbshoweveriftheflowernectaristoodeepwithintheflowerandcannotbeaccessedthebeesusenectarrobbingnectartheftorrobberyimbibingthenectarthroughaslittheymakeinthebaseofthepetalstostealthenectarsomeflowersprotectthemselvesfromrobberywithadaptivestructuressuchasstrongplantwallsorbyproducingextrafloralnectaryextrafloralnectarwhichisvisitedbyantsthatinhibitthebeesfromrobbingthenectarantguardscanonlybeeffectiveforcertainbeespeciestocollectpollentheyactivelybushofftheiranthersonthepetalsorbyusingthebuzzpollinationmethodwhichthepollenisreleasedfromantherfollowingvibrationoftheindirectflightmusclesofthebeecarpenterbeespollinatepassiflorapassionflowerbothintheirnativehabitatsandincommercialsettingsinterestinglytheyprovidebetterpollinationthanhoneybeesforthepassionflowerforsomespeciestheirforagingactivityledtoanincreaseintomatoweightbyrelativetoacombinationofwindandinsectpollinationthisefficiencyofpollinationbythecarpenterbeesinpollinatingtomatoesisdrasticallyimprovedbytheirabilitytobuzztheantherswhichisuniquetothecarpenterbeesinastudydoneinisraelhoneydewmelonspollinatedbyxylocopapubescensxpubescensrelativeofxvaripunctawasthreetimeshighercomparedtohoneybeepollinationasaresultonecanclearlyseetheimportancethesebeescanhavecommerciallyinproducingbetterfruitsaswellcarpenterbeesareimportantpollinatorsofcottoninpakistanindiaandegyptaswellxvaripunctaiscomparedfavorablywithhoneybeesaspollinatorsofcottoninfieldcagesintheunitedstatesenemiesthexylocopaslargesizeandabilitytostorehighenergyfoodsmakesthemanattractivetargetforenemiestheenemiesincludedifferentpredatorsandparasitesthepredatorsincludeantstermitesandinsectivoresthefollowingarejustsomeofthenumerouspredatorshumansbaboonsorioleswrenscorvusgenuscrowswoodpeckerssquirrelstermitesandantsadditionallysomeparasitesincludeasilidaebombyliidaeconopidaeencyrtidaeevaniidaeleucospidaeperilampidaetorymidaeandlaelapidaebecausemostxylocopaspeciesarenotasaggressivethedefenseisprimarilycarriedoutbybuildingwellconstructedcellpartitionsblockingnestentranceinvariouswayscoveringthecellpartitionswithliquidsubstancesorexpellingalltheprogenyofanestthathasbeendisturbedhumanimportancecarpenterbeesarenotoriousfordamagingmanmadewoodenstructuresleadcablesfiberglassinsulationandstyrofoamdespitetheirlargesizeandwidespreaddistributiontheydonotcauseseveredamagebecauseoftheirslowdevelopmentreuseofnestsandpreferenceofspeciestodevelopintreesratherthaninstructuraltimberthecarpenterbeesareessentialduetotheirpollinationabilityofvariousspeciesofflowerstheirlargebodysizemakesthemthenaturalpollinatorsoflargeflowerssuchaspassifloraandluffaspeciesandofotherfruitsandvegetablesinabrazilianstudyasinglecarpenterbeepollinatedasmanypassifloraflowersasanentirecolonyofhoneybeesamajorreasonforthefailureofattemptedxylocopautilizationinpollinationhasprobablybeenthatnofoodsourceswereavailabletothebeesoncethecroptobepollinatedwasnolongerinbloomhoweverthelargecarpenterbeeshavethepotentialtobecomeanimportantaidinagriculturalsystemsespeciallywherehoneybeesarenotaseffectivebeforeagriculturalbenefitscanbegainedfromcarpenterbeesthemanagementofsemiwildpopulationsmustfirstbeachievedreferencesextensibleapplicationmarkuplanguageinfoboxartistdiscographyartistxaviernaidooimagenaidoopopakademiejpgstudiostudiolinkstudi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roftheboardofdirectorsofthepuertoricanbarassociationprbaandchairedthefederalaffairscommitteeoftheprbaandhispanicnationalbarassociationhelivesandworksinnewyorkandismarriedhasadaughterandcontinuestostronglyadvocateonpuertoricanmattersandforequalityfortheuscitizensoftheterritoryofpuertoricorefnamenydailynewsrefinmayhewasinvitedtotestifybeforethewhitehousetaskforceonpuertoricoonthesubjectofeconomicdevelopmentstrategiesfortheislandandtheinextricablerelationshipbetweeneconomicdevelopmentandstatusrefnamestatementbeforewhitehousetaskforceonpuertoricorefmrromeuexplainedthattheislandscolonialstatushasservedasfertilegroundforfederaltaxsubsidiestothepharmaceuticalandmanufacturingindustryforrevenuesrealizedandpatentsheldintheusterritorybutthattheexceptionsnolongerincreasejobcreationmrromeuadvocatedextensionofawageandjobbasedtaxcreditinsteadofrevenuebasedcorporatetaxsubsidyandextensionofempowermentzonestatustoallofpuertoricopublicofficexavierromeuchairedthehnbagovernmentalaffairscommitteeinthatcapacityinheledthenationalcoalitionthatbroketherepublicansenatesholdonjudgesoniasotomayorsnominationtotheunitedstatescourtofappealsforthesecondcircuitrefnamefedjudgefrombronxpromotedbysenaterefmanagedthepassageofthepuertoricoselfdeterminationbillthroughthehouseofrepresentativesonmarchthefirsttimethatadefinitionbasedfederalbillpassedthehouseofrepresentativesmanagedthepassageofasenseoftheussenateresolutionendorsingselfdeterminationforpuertoricoandsecuredtheextensionandincreaseoftherumtaxrebatetotheusterritoryofpuertoricoobtainedextensionoftheresearchanddevelopmenttaxcredittopuertoricomrromeubecamesecretaryofcommerceandeconomicdevelopmentwhilealsoholdingthepositionofexecutivedirectorofthepuertoricoindustrialdevelopmentcompanypridcoheledpridcotoayearhighbannerinthefollowingkeymetricsforthecompanyjobcommitmentscapitalinvestmentmillionnewbusinesseshighestsincenewpayrollmillionlowestrealestatevacancyrateinyearslowestnumberofbusinessclosuressincerefnamepridcologrospromocionalesrefmrromeualsoledpassagethroughtheussenateoftheircsectionawagebasedtaxbenefitforpuertoricounderhisstewardshipmajorinitiativesincludedthepuertoricotransshipmentportthepuertosiliconbarriotechnologyincubatorcreationofthepartnershipinfrastructureforthefollowingscienceandtechnologyclustershealthbiotechnologypharmamanufacturingelectronicsanditnewstrategyandincentivesforthetextileandapparelindustriesmrromeuiscurrentlyapracticingattorneyinnewyorkcitypoliticalpersecutionmrromeuaswellasotherprostatehoodadvocateswasthesubjectofpoliticallymotivatedauditsandinvestigationsrelatedtohisgovernmentworkfalseandbaselessallegationsregardingtheuseofcreditcardsforpersonalexpensesandthemanagementofthepuertoricoindustrialincentivesfundfundweredismissedaslackinganymeritbytheethicscommissionofpuertoricoindismissingtheallegationswithprejudicetheethicscommissionconcludedthatmrromeuactedfullyinaccordancewiththenormsapplicabletotheuseofcreditcardsbycompanyofficialstheethicscommissionsimilarlydismissedwithprejudiceascompletelyunfoundedallallegationsrelatedtothemanagementofthefundspecificallytheethicscommissionfoundwithoutmeritallreferralsfromthesocalledcomisinindependientedeciudadanosparaevaluartransaccionesgubernamentalesalsoknownastheblueribboncommitteeorbrcanantistatehoodstarchamberestablishedviaexecutiveorderbyformergovernorsilacalderonoftheantistatehoodpopulardemocraticpartypdpandexclusivelycomposedofprivatesupportersandformerandfuturemembersofthepdpthepuertoricolegislatureformallyfoundthebrctobeapartisanentitycreatedwiththesolepurposeofpersecutingmembersofthenewprogressivepartythepuertoricocomptrollerauditorandthepuertoricoethicscommissionalsopubliclycriticizedthebrcrefnamecomentariosdelcontralorsobreelblueribboncommitteerefthepuertoricolegislatureconcludedthatincreatingthecommissionthegovernmentofsilacaldernblockquoteprivatizedpoliticalpersecutionandpoliticalprofilingusingsecretdeliberationswhichrepresentedtheofficialreincarnationandinstitutionalizationofideologicalandpoliticalpersecutioninpuertoricothisphantasmrepresentedthebroadestandbasestpoliticalandideologicalpersecutioncampaignwitnessedinpuertoricosincethedarktimesofthegagorderblockquoteromeusubsequentlysuedpridcoforviolationofhiscivilrightsandhascontinuedtopressforredressofhiscivilrightsrefnameassociatedpressrefthepuertoricojusticedepartmentfiledacaseagainstmrromeuclaimingnegligencethecasehassincebeenfullydismissedasbaselesshonorsandrecognitionsthepuertoricoinstitutelifetimeachievementawardnationalhispaniccorporateachieverswesternhemisphereachieveroftheyearfranktorrescommitmenttodiversityawardassociationofjudgesofhispanicheritagehonorablefelipentorresawardforoutstandinglatinoattorneyoftheyearreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebhaverfordedupublicationsfallromeuhtmhaverfordalumniprofilexefemayrefertoxefetvatelevisionstationservingthelaredonuevolaredometropolitanareaxefeamaradiostationservingthelaredonuevolaredometropolitanareathislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringte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steriouspersonfromthewildernessreceivetheirrewardadeedtotherightofownershipofthevalleyabovethedamdespitethedismallookingrewardthegroupsoonrealizethankstoxybersinputthatavaultofsomesortislocatedtherehoweverwhentheytrytogetintheyfindthemselvesinneedofapasscodejustasprincessroselyngivesthegroupherwordtheywillnotbeattackedherfathercomesinpursuitofxyberhowevertheenemyfleetledbyqueentataniaappearsandfightingbreaksoutwhentataniasplaneisshotdownjackrescuesherandthetwoestablishanallianceagainstrenardlinecolorepisodelisttitlequeentataniaoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummarywhileaboardqueentataniasbattleshipthehmsindependencetofightkingrenardsforcesjackfacessomeskepticismfromcrewmembersthatheisontheirsideasheencountersaccusationsofbeingaspyduetohishazyconnectionswithrenardsdaughtersabotagebecomesapparentontheshipasabombgoesoffunfortunatelyitwentoffrightwhenjackwasabouttoinsertxyberintotheshipandsoheisblamedfortheincidentjackisthenlockedawayduetoqueentataniafearingthemoralofhersoldiersgoingdownthankstothecurrentincidentsrevolvingaroundjackhoweverbothjackandxyberknowthattherealspyandsaboteurisrunninglooseontheshipundetectedlinecolorepisodelisttitleheartoftheancientsoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummaryusingthecoverofabattlebetweentataniaandrenardsforcesjackandhisbandenteranoldrailwaysysteminhopesofdiscoveringanswersforthevaultbyrelyingondatafromtheindependencehowevertheydiscoveranoldplaceknownastheheartoftheancientsthatisasecretundergroundgardenflourishingwithplantlifewiththenewlyfoundcropsthereishopefortheupperworldtothriveontheironcedesolatefieldswiththesenewplantsseedsunfortunatelymicksgreedinessforagemsetsoffaboobytrapandthegroupisforcedtorunawayfromagiantrobotwhiletryingtofendoffattacksfromrenardandhisforcestokeepthemfromgettingxyberlinecolorepisodelisttitlerenardsdaughteroriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummarythesearchforinformationonhowtoopenthevaultleadsjackanaikiraandxyberdeepintokingrenardsdomainhoweverthedatabanktheyareinsearchofisonthegiantcommandshipthatkingrenardandhisdaughterroselynarecurrentlyinduetoitbeingherbirthdayandherwantingtobewithherfatherforthedaytheprincessnoticesjacknearbyandisinstantlyannoyedbyanaspresencesoshefollowsthemastheysecretlyentertheshipshethenconfrontsthemabouttheirpresenceandjacktellsherthatherfatherisevilanaandroselynproceedtogetintoasmallverbalbattlebuttroopsalertedbyxybersaccessintothedatabasearrivetoarrestjacksgrouphoweverroselynbelievesinjacksintentionsandpromisestohidexypertopreventherfatherfromgettinghimbutbitsofthetruthaboutherfatherspurherintowantingtoknowmoretoknowifonceandforallifitistruelinecolorepisodelisttitletriooriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummaryjackandhisalliesinvestigatesomethingthatkingrenardhasbeenworkingonthatprincessroselynnoticedxyberandikiraidentifywhattheyfindtobeastheringofthunderadestructiveweaponofelectricitythatmustnotformacompleteringandfallintomachestroshandsjackwithxyberanakondaandroselynaregiventhetasktoinfiltratetheareaanddestroytheweaponsfocuslenshoweveranaandroselynsdislikeforoneanothercausethemtoarguenonestopandrefusetoworktogetherdrivingjackcrazywiththeirbickeringandsnideremarkslinecolorepisodelisttitlethegoldenmasqueradeoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummarywhilelookingforacodekeyinafortressbelongingtokingrenardsfortressjackmickandwillyfindanoldplanewreckwheremickdiscoversatreasuremaptothegoldenidoloftereuswhilexyberprotestsahuntforthetreasuremickandjackignorehimandgoanywayswithwillysilentlytaggingalonghowevertheyrunintoanoldfriendofmicksnamedslickwhoworksforrenardbutdoesplunderingonthesidehelearnsofthetreasuremapandthetwosidesjoinforcestosearchbutxyberdoesnottrustslickeventuallytheyfindthecaveofthegoldenmasqueradebutthingsarenotgoingtobeeasylinecolorepisodelisttitlethenewkingdomoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummaryjackrecoversanartifactknownastheseedoflighthowevertheteamstartstofallapartaseveryonebeginstofightduetonothavingonecommongoalmickistiredofbeingshotatandnotgettingarewardwhileikiratriestoactasthepeacemakerbutendsupbuttingheadswithanakondawhoinsultseveryonecausingjacktoretreatwithxybertothinkofaplantouniteeveryonetogethereveryoneheadstothenewvalleyinhopesofrechargingtheseedoflightandreunitingunderasinglegoalitistheretheymanagetoresurrectanantimachinatechnologybarrieraforcefieldthatdoesnotallowanythingmachinamadeinlinecolorepisodelisttitleikirassecretoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummaryduringamissionintothemachinatunnelstoobtainakeythatwillallowjackandhisbandaccesstoanyofthetunnelswithoutalertingtheenemyjackopensadoorthatexposesomemachinatunnelratstothesunlightcausingthemextremepainuponcloserinspectionbyxyberherevealsaviraldiseasewithintheirbodiesthatliterallyburnsitswayoutwhenitshosthasbeenexposedtosunlightikiraseemstroubledandupsetaboutjudgmentalremarksaboutthemachinabeingmonstersduringthenightikirastealsthekeyfromjackandtakesoffforthemachinatunnelsleadingtheotherstotakeoffafterhimfearinghehasturnagainstthemhoweverikirareturnstothemachinatorevealthetruthxyberdiscoveredthattheyarenotcursedbutinfectedwithavirusbutmachestrocapturesikiraandrevealsheknowsofthesunlightcurethetruththencomesoutthatikiraismachinalinecolorepisodelisttitlegroundzerooriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummaryqueentataniasforcesarecaughtinapincerattackduetoafalsemessagejackinterceptedanxioustomakethingsrightandsavethemjackgoesonasolomissionintokingrenardscamptolocatewherethedeviceforthejammingsignaliscomingfrominordertoallowcaptainmontandtocontactthehmsindependencehoweverrenardsrailcannonisnowcompletemakingtheindependencetheperfecttargetpracticeasitattemptsarescuemissionforcaptainmontandsmenrenardisnotconcernedwiththelossofhisownmenwhoarecaughtinthelineoffireattheindependenceandxyberrealizesthateveryoneinrangeoftheblastisongroundzeroitisnowaracetocountertheattacklinecolorepisodelisttitletheastralhandpartoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummarywithkingrenardsrailcannoncompletedheusesvariousplacesastargetpracticebutfindsouthehasrunoutofstrontiteexplosiveforthemissileswordhasitthatcryptsinthekingdomofelderahastheneededsubstancefortunatelyprincessroselynoverhearsandrelaysthenewstojackwhosegroupgoesofftodefendelderaoncetheretheymeetaboynamedchristopherwhosegrandfatheralbionisthekingofelderabutfindoutthekingdomhasfallentoverysimplemeansunabletoputupmuchofafightagainstrenardsforcesbutthemythoftheastralhandbringshopetosavethekingdomifjackandtheotherscansolvetheriddletofinditfirstlinecolorepisodelisttitletheastralhandpartoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummarytrappedonthebottomoftheseawiththeastralhandjackwithxyberanaandikiratrytoreachthesurfacewhileelsewheremickandwillydotheirbesttodefendelderawhencorneredbyrenardstroopsadisguisedmissthorpeandroselyncometotheduosrescuemuchtomicksdelightunfortunatelychristophergetscapturedbyrenardsgeneralboastsabouttheastralhandtotheenemytobuythemtimewillysacrificeshimselftotakedowntheenemyandjackmanagestounleashaskyislandwhilefightingkingrenardbutholdsbackduetoapacthemadewithroselyntonotkillherfatherintheendwillyisrevealedtobealiveandjackandxyperhavegainedthefinalcodetoopenthevaultbutmachestromanagestochanneltheremainingenergyheneedsintothechamberofhuntersawakeninganewforceathiscommandlinecolorepisodelisttitlebalanceofpoweroriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummarythehuntershavebeenunleashedbutmachestroandrenardarenttheonlyoneswithnewtoysjackandhisfriendsfinallyopenedthevaultatthenewvalleytoojacksslowlygatheringthepeopleandweaponsforakingdomofhisownbutwhathappenswhenrenarddecidestoattacklinecolorepisodelisttitleanakondaschoiceoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummaryanakondastartsactingstrangelyduringaraidononeofrenardsconvoysitseemstherestroubleinherhomelandandevenatthisdistanceshecansenseitnotonlythatbutanothermemberofhertribeshowsuplookingforhelpandwhatdoesjackthinkofthisnewcomerletsjustsayitsnotprettylinecolorepisodelisttitleinfestationoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummarywhilehuntingforamagneticdisruptorintheruinsofanancientcitythegangfindssomethingelseentirelysomethingsurprisinghowevermachestroisplottingasperusualsothisfindmayhavedireconsequenceslinecolorepisodelisttitleghostoftheancientsoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummarywhileontherunfromrenardjackandcompanydiscoveranoldfortressbelongingtothelegendarykingdragarlookingforsomethingtochaserenardoffjackfindsastrangeandpowerfulsuitofarmorbutputtingitonisonethingcontrollingitissomethingelseentirelymaybeheshouldhavelistenedtoxyberthistimelinecolorepisodelisttitlemaroonedoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummaryrenardattacksthenewvalleyagainandthistimehesbroughtalongsomethingspecialanewmachinafighterplanewithenoughpowertofaceoffagainstjacksspiderfighterbutwhentheirweaponscrossthespiderfighterrevealsanewpowersendingitandthemachinaplanespinningthroughspaceandtimenowjackxyberikiraandthemachinapilotsarestuckwhoknowswhereandtheonlywaybackistoworktogetherlinecolorepisodelisttitletherailcannonoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummarywithrenarddestroyingtataniaskingdomcitybycityaraidontherailcannonisinordercanourheroessabotagethegiantweaponevenwhilemickflirtswithmsthorpethroughthewholetriplinecolorepisodelisttitleeyeofdarknesspartmachestrosplanoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummaryafterbeingconstantlyoutmaneuveredbyjackandcompanyrenardfinallydiscovershehasaspybutwhytryandcapturethespywhenyoucanusethemtoyouradvantageinsteadthingsareabouttogosouthforourheroesratherquicklyhowwilltheygetoutofthisonelinecolorepisodelisttitleeyeofdarknesspartwithoutxyberoriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummaryxybersfallenintoenemyhandsbuthesnotexactlybeingcooperativemachestroslackeycanfixthatthoughxybersnottheonlyoneintroublehoweverroselynsbeencapturedtoocanjackstillmanagetosavethedayevenwithoutthexybershelplinecolorepisodelisttitleeyeofdarknesspartthedueloriginalairdateprodcodeepisodenumbershortsummaryrenardisgoneandnowtheresonefinalbattletobewonbeforetheworldknowspeacebutcanjacktakeonmachestroandstillcomebackaliveyoullhavetowatchtofindoutlinecolorreferen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sreorganisationwesterndesertforcewasonceagainredesignatedasxiiicorpsandbecamepartofthenewarmythecorpsremainedpartoftheeightharmythroughouttherestofthenorthafricancampaignwhichfinallyendedinmaystillpartoftheeightharmyxiiicorpsnowundercommandofmilesdempseymilescdempseythentookpartinthealliedinvasionofsicilyinjulybynowithadthethinfantrydivisionunitedkingdomthandthnorthumbrianinfantrydivisionthinfantrydivisionsundercommandnowwiththestcanadiandivisionstcanadianinfantryandthinfantrydivisionunitedkingdomthinfantrydivisionsxiiicorpstookpartinthealliedinvasionofitalyexecutingoperationbaytownonseptemberpartoftheitaliancampaignworldwariiitaliancampaignxiiicorpsthenfoughtastherightwingoftheeightharmyalongtheadriaticcoastuntiltheendofparticipatinginthemororivercampaigninmayxiiicorpsnowcommandedbysidneykirkmanwasshiftedtotheleftcentreofthealliedfrontduringthebattleofmontecassinofourthbattleofmontecassinoxiiicorpselementscomposedofthetharmoureddivisionunitedkingdombritishtharmoureddivisionthinfantrydivisionunitedkingdombritishthinfantrydivisionandthinfantrydivisionindiathindianinfantrydivisionwithsupportingfirefromthestcanadianarmouredbrigademadeasuccessfulstronglyopposednightcrossingofthegariglianoandrapidoriversandbrokeintotheheartofthegermandefensesinthelirivalleythisvictorywasofenormoussignificanceasitcollapsedorbypassedthegermandefensesofwinterlinegustavlineandledtothecaptureofromeonaugustxiiicorpswastransferredtotheunitedstatesarmynorthusfiftharmytobecomeitsrightwingrefnameobxiiiordersofbattlecomunitsunitsuperiorsunixordersofbattlecomxiiicorpsrefunderthefiftharmyxiiicorpswithbritishtharmoureddivisiontharmoureddivisionsouthafricathsouthafricanarmoureddivisionthindianinfantrydivisionstinfantrydivisionunitedkingdombritishstinfantrydivisionandstcanadianarmouredbrigadeundercommandfoughtintheapenninemountainstobreakthegothiclineonjanuaryxiiicorpsreturnedtotheeightharmyxiiicorpscommandednowbyjohnhardingstbaronhardingofpethertonjohnhardingwastheleftwingofeightharmyinthespringoffensiveinitalywhichendedinmaywiththesurrenderofaxisforcesinitalyndnewzealanddivisionoperatingwiththecorpsconfrontedyugoslavtroopsattriesteenteringandcapturingthecitythecorpsrestoredorderinthestriferiddencityandenforcedthemorganlinefrommaytomidxiiicorpsassignmentsclasswikitablestartendsuperiorbodyjanfebhqbritishtroopsegyptsepaugbritisheightharmyaugjanusfiftharmyjanmaybritisheightharmygeneralofficerscommandingcommandersincludedlieutenantgeneralwalternorriscongrevewaltercongrevehenryhugheswilsonwhohadbeenliaisingwithgrandquartiergnralfrenchgqgduringthenivelleoffensivebutnowwithoutajobdeclinedhaigsofferofxiiicorpslieutenantgeneralfrederickmccrackenmarchaprillieutenantgeneralbeauvoirdelislejunfeblieutenantgeneralrichardoconnoraprseplieutenantgeneralnoelberesfordpeirsesepfeblieutenantgeneralalfredreadegodwinaustenreadegodwinaustenfebauglieutenantgeneralwilliamgottaugdeclieutenantgeneralbrianhorrocksdecdeclieutenantgeneralmilesdempseydecmarlieutenantgeneralsidneykirkmanmarmaylieutenantgeneraljohnhardingstbaronhardingofpethertonjohnhardingseealsolistofbritishempiredivisionsinthesecondworldwarreferencesbibliographyheathcotetathebritishfieldmarshalspenswordbooksltdrobbinssimonbritishgeneralshiponthewesternfrontdefeatintovictoryroutledgexiaowadegileshsiaoistherankheldbyfieldofficersinthemilitaryofboththepeoplesrepublicofchinaandtherepublicofchinathepeoplesliberationarmyusesfourgradeswhiletherepublicofchinausesonlythreewiththerankequivalenttothefourthbeingtreatedasageneralofficerrankthisdifferenceisfoundinothermilitariesaswellforexampleinthebritisharmyabrigadierisconsideredafieldofficerwhiletheequivalentrankintheunitedstatesarmybrigadiergeneralisconsideredageneralofficertheplausethesameranknamesforallservicesprefixedbyhaijunnavalforceorkongjunairforcewhiletherocdoesthesameforenlistedranksandcompanygradeofficersithasdistinctnamesforthehighernavalranksclasswikitablerankliteralbrtranslationarmybrtranslationnavybrtranslationplabrgroundforcebrinsigniaplabrnavalforcebrinsigniaplabrairforcebrinsigniarocarmybrinsignianatobrrankbrequivalentdaxiaograndfieldofficerseniorcolonelcommodorenoequivalentofshangxiaobrshanghsiaoseniorfieldofficercolonelcaptainofzhongxiaobrchunghsiaomiddlefieldofficerlieutenantcolonelcommanderofshaoxiaobrshaohsiaojuniorfieldofficermajorlieutenantcommanderofseealsoranksofthepeoplesliberationarmyranksofthepeoplesliberationarmynavyranksofthepeoplesliberationarmyairforcerepublicofchinaarmedforcesrankinsigniacagayandeorothetruththexfilesmaheshbabumaheshbaburedirectcategoryshelltubavbenjamininfoboxmusicalartistseewikipediawikiprojectmusiciansnamexperienceimagecaptionimagesizebackgroundgrouporbandoriginberlingermanygenrepopmusicpopbrsynthpopbrtrancemusictrancebrworldmusicethnopopyearsactivepresentlabelweabrpolydorbrmajorrecordspresentassociatedactsxperiencewebsitexperiencedewwwxperiencedecurrentmembersmanjawagnerpresentbrmatthiasuhlepresentbralexanderkaiserpresentpastmembersclaudiauhlexperienceisaeurodancebandfromberlingermanytheirmusicstylevariesbetweensy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hbestprospecthehitforthecolumbuscatfishthatseasoninheplayedfortheverobeachdodgersinandandwasrankedbybaseballamericaasthebestdefensiveoutfielderintheentiresinglealevelinheplayedforthedoubleajacksonvillesunshittingwithhomersandstolenbasespaulwasselectedtothesouthernleaguebaseballsouthernleaguemidseasonallstarteamheplayedinthearizonafallleagueaftertheseasonandwaspromotedtothelasvegassandplacedonthedodgersmanrosterfortheseasonhehitwithlasvegasthatseasoningameshebegantheseasonwiththeaaaalbuquerqueisotopesandthenonmaypaulwascalleduptothelosangelesdodgerstoreplacemannyramirezwhowassuspendedfortestingpositiveforperformanceenhancingdrugspaulmadehismajorleaguedebutthesamedaygroundingintoadoubleplayinhisoneatbatasapinchhitteragainstthewashingtonnationalshisfirstmajorleaguehitwasagainstthesanfranciscogiantsthreedayslaterandhehithisfirsthomerunagainstthefloridamarlinsonmayshortlyafterwardshewassidelinedbyastaphinfectionandplacedonthedisabledlistwhilerehabbingatthedodgerscomplexinarizonahethensufferedanankleinjuryandspenttherestoftheyearonthedaydisabledlistpaulappearedingameswiththedodgersinthankstoasuccessionofinjuriestoramirezhehitoverthatperiodbeforehewasreturnedtotheminorsheappearedingameswiththeisotopesduringtheseasonhittingingamesbutalateseasoninjurymadehimunavailableforaseptembercalluphebegantheseasonwiththedodgersinbutafterheappearedingamesandhadhitsinatbatspaulwasdesignatedforassignmentonaprilpittsburghpiratesonaprilhewasclaimedoffwaiversbythepittsburghpirateswiththepiratesheappearedingameshittingwithstolenbasespaulwasdesignatedforassignmentonnovemberthepiratesreleasedpaulonnovemberwashingtonnationalsondecemberhesignedaminorleaguecontractthatincludedaninvitationtospringtrainingwiththewashingtonnationalshewasgrantedhisreleaseinjulycincinnatiredspaulsignedaminorleaguecontractwiththecincinnatiredsonjulyhewasassignedtothetriplealouisvillebatstheredsselectedhiscontractonjulyhebecameafreeagentondecemberafterbeingnontenderedbytheredsbaltimoreoriolespaulsignedaminorleaguecontractwiththebaltimoreoriolesonindecemberarizonadiamondbackspaulsignedaminorleaguecontractwiththearizonadiamondbacksonaugustonaugusthiscontractwasselectedfromthetriplearenoaceshewasreleasedonaugustphiladelphiaphilliesonnovemberpaulsignedaminorleaguecontractwiththephiladelphiaphillieshewasreleasedonmarchdelfinesdelcarmenonmaypaulsignedwiththedelfinesdelcarmenofthemexicanbaseballleaguehewasreleasedonjunetexasrangersonjulypaulsignedaminorleaguedealwiththetexasrangersbaseballtexasrangershewasreleasedonfebruarysouthernmarylandbluecrabsonfebruarypaulsignedwiththesouthernmarylandbluecrabsoftheatlanticleagueofprofessionalbaseballreferencesexternallinksfnmmmaokonggondolaliquefiedpetroleumgastenattendantsxindynastyinfoboxfilmnamextrowatchtheskiesimagextrodvdjpgimagesizecaptionimageentertainmentdvdcoverdirectorharrybromleydavenportproducerharrybromleydavenportbrjamiebeardsleywriterdarylhaneynarratorstarringrobertculpbrandrewdivoffbrdarylhaneybrjimhanksmusicharrybromleydavenportcinematographyeditingdistributorimageentertainmentdvdsmallusasmallreleasedruntimemincountryunitedkingdomlanguageenglishbudgetgrossxtrowatchtheskiessometimescreditedasxtrowatchtheskiesisthethirdfilminthelowbudgetbritishsciencefictionhorrorfilmhorrorxtroseriesplotforyearsthegovernmenthassuccessfullycoveredupveryrealproofofufosbutwhenagroupofmarinesisdispatchedtoadesertedislandtheyuncoverunsettlingevidenceoldfilmsdocumentingbrutalmedicalexperimentsonalienstheyalsouncoveralonesurvivingalienoutforrevengeandamilitaryintelligenceplottosacrificethemandconcealexistenceoftheencountertheshroudofmysteryisabouttobeliftedcastjmarvincampbellasbiberdouglascavanaughaswolfrobertculpasmajorguardinohomemediathefilmhasbeenreleasedondvdtwicethefirstdvdwasreleasedinbyimageentertainmentwhocoincidentallywouldreleasethefirsttwoentriesinthextroseriesondvdyearslaterinthefilmwasreleasedyetagainondvdbyshowcaseentertainmentbothdvdsarenowdiscontinuedreferencesexternallinkschristogramthefollowingisadiscographyofunitedkingdomukpopmusicpopproductionhousexenomaniaputtogetherbywriterandproducerbrianhigginsproducerbrianhigginsmembersofthexenomaniawritingandproductionteamincludenickcolergisellesommervilleniarascarlettmirandacooperwhosharescowritingcreditsinnearlyallxenomaniawrittentrackslisacowlingtimpowellandmattgrayxenomaniaalsohastheirowninhousedjandremixertonylamezmatheydidhaveasecondgravitasbuttherehasbeennocommerciallyreleasedgravitasremixessincethelastoneofthesearemixofwakemeupgirlsaloudsongwakemeupbygirlsaloudproductiondiscographysclasswikitableyearartistsongalbumaligncenterrowspanrowspandanniiminoguealliwannadodanniiminoguesongalliwannadorowspancolspangirldanniiminoguealbumgirlheavencanwaitifitmovesdubititsamazingmovinupkeepupwiththegoodtimessaintetiennebandsaintetiennestormtrooperindragcontinentalalbumcontinentalaligncentercherbelievechersongbelievebelievecheralbumbelieveaoriginalproductionfinalversionproducedbymarktaylorandbrianrawlingsclasswikitableyearartistsongalbumaligncenterrowspanrowspanmirandacoopermoonbabyher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tachmentclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthinitialwartimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxviiicorpsrowspanstdivisiongermanempirestdivisionrowspanstinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanndinfantrybrigadethfusilierregimentstinfantryregimentrowspanstfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentrdfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthuhlanregimentstcompanystpioneerbattalionstdivisionalpontoontrainstmedicalcompanyrdmedicalcompanyrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethlifeguardinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthinfantrybrigadethlifeinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentstfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthdragoonregimentndcompanystpioneerbattalionrdcompanystpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainndmedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspanibattalionrdfootartilleryregimentthaviationdetachmentthcorpspontoontrainthtelephonedetachmentstpioneersearchlightsectionmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtoiicorpsgermanempiremctiicorpscombatchronicleonmobilisationxviiicorpswasassignedtothetharmygermanempiretharmyformingpartofthecentreoftheforcesfortheschlieffenplanoffensiveinaugustitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarservinginthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppekronprinzrupprechtonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontcommandersthexviiicorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitabledatesranknamemarchtoaprilgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieoskarvonlindequistmaytoseptembergeneralleutnanthermannvoneichhornseptembertojanuarygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriededovonschenckjanuarytoaugustgeneralleutnantviktoralbrechtaugusttoendofthewargeneralleutnantgnthervonetzelseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlefourtharmygermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontlistofimperialgermaninfantryregimentslistofimperialgermanartilleryregimentslistofimperialgermancavalryregimentsreferencesinfoersterweltkriegphpuinfoarmeekorpsxviiiarmeekorpschronikclausvonbredowbearbhistorischerangundstammlistedesdeuschenheeresgnterwegnerstellenbesetzungderdeutschenheerebiblioverlagosnabrckbdbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlasthaythornthwaitefirstphilipjyeartitletheworldwaronesourcebookpublisherarmsandarmourisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexiistroyalsaxonarmycorpsbrxiiikniglichschsischesarmeekorpsabbreviationxiiakimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandostartdateenddatecountrybrbranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonmobilisationincommandstructuregarrisondresdengarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesfrancoprussianwarbattleofgravelottebattleofsedansiegeofparissiegeofparisworldwaribattleofthefrontiersanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexiistroyalsaxonarmycorpsxiiakwasakingdomofsaxonysaxoncorpslevelcommandoftheroyalsaxonarmysaxonandgermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmiesbeforeandduringworldwarithecorpswasformedastheroyalsaxoncorpsonaprilandheadquarteredindresdeninitiallyitcommandedtherddivisiongermanempirestroyalsaxoninfantrydivisionindresdenandthethdivisiongermanempirendroyalsaxoninfantrydivisioninleipzigafterthexixndroyalsaxoncorpswassetuponaprilastheheadquartersforthewesternpartofthekingdomofsaxonyxiicorpswasmaderesponsiblefortheeasternpartofthekingdomthecorpswasdisbandedwiththedemobilisationofthegermanarmyafterworldwarifrancoprussianwarduringthefrancoprussianwarthecorpsfoughtinthebattleofgravelottethebattleofsedanandthesiegeofparissiegeofparisorderofbattleduringthefrancoprussianwartheorganizationofthexiiroyalsaxoncorpsonaugustatthebeginningofthefrancoprussianwarwasasfollowscommandergeneralcrownprincealbertofsaxonybrchiefofthegeneralstaffltcolfriedrichvonzezschwitzrddivisiongermanempirerdstroyalsaxoninfantrydivisionltgeneralprincegeorgeofsaxonythdivisiongermanempirethndroyalsaxoninfantrydivisionmajgeneralerwinnehrhoffvonholderbergsaxoncavalrydivisionmajorgeneralfranzgrafundedlerherrzurlippeweienfeldthroyalsaxonfieldartilleryregimentcolbernhardoskarvonfunckethroyalsaxonpioneerbattalionltcolkarlhugoklemmthroyalsaxontrainbattalionltcoledmundschmalzbetweenthewarsonaprilanothersaxondivisionwasformednddivisiongermanempirendrdroyalsaxoninfantrydivisionheadquarteredinbautzenandassignedtothecorpsasthegermanarmyexpandedinthelatterpartofthethcenturythexixndroyalsaxoncorpswassetuponaprilinleipzigasthegeneralkommandoheadquartersforthewesternpartofthekingdomofsaxonydistrictsofleipzigchemnitzandzwickauittookovercommandofthdivisiongermanempirethndroyalsaxondivisionandthenewlyformedthdivisiongermanempireththroyalsaxondivisionthereafterxiicorpswasresponsiblefortheeasternpartofthekingdomthecorpswasassignedtothegermanarmygermanempirearmyinspectorateiiarmyinspectoratewhichformedthepredominantlysaxonrdarmygermanempirerdarmyatthestartofthefirstworldwarpeacetimeorganisationthepeacetimecorpsofthegermanarmyguardsixxiiiiibavarianhadareasonablystandardisedorganisationeachconsistedoftwodivisionmilitarydivisionswithusuallytwoinfantrybrigadesonefieldartillerybrigadeandacavalrybrigadeeacheachbrigadenormallyconsistedoftworegimentsoftheappropriatetypesoeachcorpsnormallycommandedinfantryfieldartilleryandcavalryregimentstherewereexceptionstothisrulevcorpsgermanempirevvicorpsgermanempireviviicorpsgermanempireviiixcorpsgermanempireixandxivcorpsgermanempirexivcorpseachhadathinfantrybrigadesoinfantryregimentsiicorpsgermanempireiixiiiroyalwrttembergcorpsxiiixviiicorpsgermanempirexviiiandxxicorpsgermanempirexxicorpshadathinfantryregimenticorpsgermanempireivicorpsgermanempireviandxvicorpsgermanempirexvicorpshadardcavalrybrigadesocavalryregimentstheguardscorpsgermanempireguardscorpshadinfantryregimentsinbrigadesandcavalryregimentsinbrigadeseachcorpsalsodirectlycontrolledanumberofotherunitsthiscouldincludeoneormorefootartilleryregimentjgermilitaryjgerbattalionpioneermilitarypioneerbattaliontrainmilitarytrainbattalionclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthpeacetimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsgarrisonrowspanxiistroyalsaxoncorpsrowspanrddivisiongermanempirerdstroyalsaxondivisionrowspanthstroyalsaxoninfantrybrigadethstroyalsaxonlifegrenadiersdresdenstndroyalsaxongrenadiersemperorwilliamkingofprussiadresdenrowspanthndroyalsaxoninfantrybrigadethroyalsaxonschtzenfsiliersprincegeorgedresdenndthroyalsaxoninfantryfreibergsaxonyfreibergrowspanrdstroyalsaxonfieldartillerybrigadethstroyalsaxonfieldartillerydresdenknigsbrckththroyalsaxonfieldartillerydresdenrowspanrdstroyalsaxoncavalrybrigadestroyalsaxonguardsheavycavalrydresdenthstroyalsaxonuhlansemperorfrancisjosephofaustriakingofhungaryoschatzrowspannddivisiongermanempirendrdroyalsaxondivisionrowspanrdthroyalsaxoninfantrybrigadendrdroyalsaxoninfantrykingludwigiiiofbavariazittaurdthroyalsaxoninfantrybautzenrowspanththroyalsaxoninfantrybrigadeththroyalsaxoninfantrydresdenththroyalsaxoninfantrykamenzrowspanndrdroyalsaxonfieldartillerybrigadethndroyalsaxonfieldartillerybautzenththroyalsaxonfieldartillerypirnarowspanndrdroyalsaxoncavalrybrigadethstroyalsaxonhussarskingalbertgroenhainthrdroyalsaxonhussarsbautzenrowspancorpstroopsrowspanthstroyalsaxonjgerbattalionfreibergsaxonyfreibergthndroyalsaxonjgerbattaliondresdenthndroyalsaxonfootartillerydresdenthstroyalsaxonpioneerbattalionpirnathstroyalsaxontrainbattaliondresdenbischofswerdathroyalsaxontelegraphbattaliondresdendresdendefencecommandbrlandwehrinspektiondresdenworldwariorganisationonmobilisationonmobilizationonaugustthecorpswasrestructuredrdcavalrybrigadewaswithdrawntoformpartofthethcavalrydivisiongermanempirethcavalrydivisionandthendcavalrybrigadewasbrokenupanditsregimentsassignedtothedivisionsasreconnaissanceunitsdivisionsreceivedengineercompaniesandothersupportunitsfromthecorpsheadquartersinsummaryxiicorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsheavyartillerybatteriesgunspioneercompaniesandanaviationdetachmentclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthinitialwartimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxiistroyalsaxoncorpsrowspanrddivisiongermanempirerdstroyalsaxondivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethlifegrenadierregimentstgrenadierregimentrowspanthinfantrybrigadethschtzenregimentndinfantryregimentrowspanrdfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthhussarregimentstcompanythpioneerbattalionrddivisionalpontoontrainstmedicalcompanyrdmedicalcompanyrowspannddivisiongermanempirendrdroyalsaxondivisionrowspanrdinfantrybrigadendinfantryregimentrdinfantryregimentthjgerbattalionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanndfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthhussarregimentndcompanythpioneerbattalionrdcompanythpioneerbattalionnddivisionalpontoontrainndmedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspanibattalionthfootartilleryregimentthaviationdetachmentthcorpspontoontrainthtelephonedetachmentthpioneersearchlightsectionmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtoiicorpsgermanempiremctiicorpscombatchronicleonmobilisationxiicorpswasassignedtothepredominantlysaxonrdarmygermanempirerdarmyformingpartoftherightwingoftheforcesfortheschlieffenplanoffensiveinaugustonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontitwastransferredtothendarmygermanempirendarmyonseptemberandtothetharmygermanempiretharmyonedaylateritwouldlaterserveunderthetharmygermanempiretharmyandtherdarmyagainitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinarmeeabteilungbarmeeabteilungbheeresgruppeherzogalbrechtvonwrttembergattheextremesouthernendofthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontcommandersthexiicorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknamefebruarygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriecrownprincealbertofsaxonyaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieprincegeorgekingofsaxonygeorgofsaxonymarchgeneralleutnantmaxvonhausenaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriecrownprincefrederickaugustusiiiofsaxonyfriedrichaugustusofsaxonyoctobergeneralleutnanthermannvonbroizemseptembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriekarlludwigdelsaaprilgeneralleutnanthorstedlervonderplanitzseptembergeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavalleriehanskrugvonniddajulygeneralleutnantmaxleutholdglossaryarmeeabteilungorarmydetachmentinthesenseofsomethingdetachedfromanarmyitisnotunderthecommandofanarmysoisinitselfasmallarmyarmeegruppeorarmygroupinthesenseofagroupwithinanarmyandunderitscommandgenerallyformedasatemporarymeasureforaspecifictaskheeresgruppeorarmygroupinthesenseofanumberofarmiesunderasinglecommanderseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlethirdarmygermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontlistofimperialgermaninfantryregimentslistofimperialgermanartilleryregimentslistofimperialgermancavalryregimentsroyalsaxonarmyreferencesranglistederkniglichschsischenarmeefrdasjahrppnbspbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlasthaythornthwaitefirstphilipjyeartitletheworldwaronesourcebookpublisherarmsandarmourisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexixndroyalsaxonarmycorpsbrxixiikniglichschsischesarmeekorpsabbreviationxixakimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandostartdateenddatecountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonmobilisationincommandstructuregarrisonleipziggarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaribattleofthefrontiersanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexixndroyalsaxonarmycorpsxixakwasakingdomofsaxonysaxoncorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmybeforeandduringworldwariasthegermanarmyexpandedinthelatterpartofthethcenturyandearlypartofthethcenturythexixarmycorpswassetuponaprilinleipzigasthegeneralkommandoheadquartersforthewesternpartofthekingdomofsaxonydistrictsofleipzigchemnitzandzwickauittookovercommandofthdivisiongermanempirethndroyalsaxondivisionfromxiistroyalsaxoncorpsandthenewlyformedthdivisiongermanempireththroyalsaxondivisionitwasassignedtothegermanarmygermanempirearmyinspectorateiiarmyinspectoratewhichformedthepredominantlysaxonrdarmygermanempirerdarmyatthestartofthefirstworldwaritwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppeherzogalbrechtvonwrttembergonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontpeacetimeorganisationthepeacetimecorpsofthegermanarmyguardsixxiiiiibavarianhadareasonablystandardisedorganisationeachconsistedoftwodivisionmilitarydivisionswithusuallytwoinfantrybrigadesonefieldartillerybrigadeandacavalrybrigadeeacheachbrigadenormallyconsistedoftworegimentsoftheappropriatetypesoeachcorpsnormallycommandedinfantryfieldartilleryandcavalryregimentstherewereexceptionstothisrulevcorpsgermanempirevvicorpsgermanempireviviicorpsgermanempireviiixcorpsgermanempireixandxivcorpsgermanempirexivcorpseachhadathinfantrybrigadesoinfantryregimentsiicorpsgermanempireiixiiiroyalwrttembergcorpsxiiixviiicorpsgermanempirexviiiandxxicorpsgermanempirexxicorpshadathinfantryregimenticorpsgermanempireivicorpsgermanempireviandxvicorpsgermanempirexvicorpshadardcavalrybrigadesocavalryregimentstheguardscorpsgermanempireguardscorpshadinfantryregimentsinbrigadesandcavalryregimentsinbrigadeseachcorpsalsodirectlycontrolledanumberofotherunitsthiscouldincludeoneormorefootartilleryregimentjgermilitaryjgerbattalionpioneermilitarypioneerbattaliontrainmilitarytrainbattalionclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthpeacetimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsgarrisonrowspanxixndroyalsaxoncorpsrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethndroyalsaxondivisionrowspanthrdroyalsaxoninfantrybrigadeththroyalsaxoninfantrydbelnththroyalsaxoninfantrywurzenleisnigrowspanththroyalsaxoninfantrybrigadeththroyalsaxoninfantrykinggeorgeleipzigththroyalsaxoninfantryprincejohngeorgeleipzigrowspanthndroyalsaxonfieldartillerybrigadeththroyalsaxonfieldartilleryleipzigththroyalsaxonfieldartillerywurzenrowspanthndroyalsaxoncavalrybrigadethndroyalsaxonhussarsqueencarolagrimmathndroyalsaxonuhlansleipzigrowspanthdivisiongermanempireththroyalsaxondivisionrowspanththroyalsaxoninfantrybrigadeththroyalsaxoninfantrycrownprincechemnitzstthroyalsaxoninfantrychemnitziiibnglauchaurowspanththroyalsaxoninfantrybrigaderdthroyalsaxoninfantryzwickauththroyalsaxoninfantryplauenrowspanththroyalsaxonfieldartillerybrigadendrdroyalsaxonfieldartilleryriesaththroyalsaxonfieldartilleryriesarowspanththroyalsaxoncavalrybrigadecarabiniersndroyalsaxonheavycavalrybornagermanybornastrdroyalsaxonuhlanschemnitzrowspancorpstroopsrowspanthroyalsaxonmachinegunabteilungleipzigndndroyalsaxonpioneerbattalionriesathndroyalsaxontrainbattalionleipzigchemnitzdefencecommandbrlandwehrinspektionchemnitzworldwariorganisationonmobilisationonmobilizationonaugustthecorpswasrestructuredthcavalrybrigadewaswithdrawntoformpartofthethcavalrydivisiongermanempirethcavalrydivisionandthethcavalrybrigadewasbrokenupanditsregimentsassignedtothedivisionsasreconnaissanceunitsdivisionsreceivedengineercompaniesandothersupportunitsfromthecorpsheadquartersinsummaryxixcorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsheavyartillerybatteriesgunspioneercompaniesandanaviationdetachmentclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthinitialwartimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxixndroyalsaxoncorpsrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethndroyalsaxondivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthjgerbattalionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthuhlanregimentstcompanyndpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainstmedicalcompanyrdmedicalcompanyrowspanthdivisiongermanempireththroyalsaxondivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentstinfantryregimentrowspanthinfantrybrigaderdinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadendfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthhussarregimentndcompanyndpioneerbattalionrdcompanyndpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainndmedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspaniibattalionthfootartilleryregimentthaviationdetachmentthcorpspontoontrainthtelephonedetachmentndpioneersearchlightsectionmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtoiicorpsgermanempiremctiicorpscombatchronicleonmobilisationxixcorpswasassignedtothepredominantlysaxonrdarmygermanempirerdarmyformingpartoftherightwingoftheforcesfortheschlieffenplanoffensiveinaugustonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontitspenttheentirewaronthewesternfrontitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppeherzogalbrechtvonwrttembergcommandersthexixcorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitabledatesranknamemarchtoaprilgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieheinrichleovontreitschkeapriltonovembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriealexandergrafvitzthumvoneckstdtnovembertonovembergeneraloftheartillerygermanygeneralderartilleriehansvonkirchbachnovembertojulygeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavalleriemaximilianvonlaffertaugusttoaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieadolphvoncarlowitzaugusttoendofthewargeneralleutnantkarlluciusseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlethirdarmygermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontlistofimperialgermaninfantryregimentslistofimperialgermanartilleryregimentslistofimperialgermancavalryregimentsroyalsaxonarmynotesreferenceswebarchiveorgwebinfoersterweltkriegphpuxixarmeekorpschronikclausvonbredowbearbhistorischerangundstammlistedesdeutschenheeresgnterwegnerstellenbesetzungderdeutschenheerebiblioverlagosnabrckbdfurtherreadingcitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlasthaythornthwaitefirstphilipjyeartitletheworldwaronesourcebookpublisherarmsandarmourisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperi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alsooperatesinternationallybothineuropeandtheusaaswellasamonthlynightintheukssecondcitybirminghamandhasothereventstooinxxllaunchedamonthlyeventinglasgowopinionpollsinmagazinessuchasgaytimesthepinkpaperandboyzmagazineboyzregularlyputxxlinthetoptwonightclubsinlondonxxlwasalsothetitlesponsorofthemarkkendallbinghammemorialtournamentbinghamcupinnewyorkintheclubexpandedandalsodiversifiedthebrandbylaunchingnewnightsextendingitsappealfarbeyondthecoreaudienceinamesbecamethegaypromoteroftheyearaccordingtothelondonboyzmagazinereaderspollandwasnamedasagayiconinlondonsqxbritishmagazineqxmagazineintheboyzawardsxxlwasvotedbestclubwithtwoofthexxldjsjoeegganddavidrobsonappearinginthetopmostpopulardjstherearecurrentlyfourresidentdjsatxxlalexloganfromjoeeggfromdavidrobsonfromandpaulmorrellfromloganandmorrellplaycontemporaryhouseanddancemixeswithatribaledgeinthemainroomoccasionallyjoinedbymarkameshimselfeggandrobsonplayaneclecticsetofcontemporaryandretropoprockindiesoulrbbashmentanddiscointhesmallerroomknownasthefurloungeinitwasannouncedthatregularguestdjswouldplayinthemainroomrotatingonamonthlybasisinbetweentheweeklyresidentssessionsthesedjsarecurrentlythehoxtonwhoresbeganresidencyjulymotoblancobeginningsummercircuitlegendwaynegfromautumnandpaganowhofirstguestedinthesummerofchristianmwasamainroomresidentfromuntilhisdeparturetopursueothermusicalprojectsonaugustthpreviousresidentdjsincludeandyalmightyleonardoglovibesjonbyrnestuartstylekamishakeandotherspreviousguestdjshaveincludedphilmarriottcahillmarkloverushthefreemasonspaulscottfunkybearmartindaviduraniachrisbroganandothersxxlhasasisterclubcalledfusionthatallowsamixedcrowdofgaystraightandtransgenderthatoperatesmanlyduringtheuksbankholidayperiodsxxlalsoopensonwednesdaynightsfrompmtoaminascaleddowncapacitymarkameslaunchedhisxxlappinearlyasafreedatingappthoughapplecomcriticismsinjunetheukgaypressreportedoncommentswrittenbymarkamesonhisfacebookpageinwhichhestatedthathewouldboycottmuslimbusinessesheissuedanunreservedapologyreferencesexternallinksxohmwasthebrandnamesprintnextelsprintnextelcorporationwasusingtopromoteitswimaxservicescurrentlylabelledbysprintcorporationsimplyasgsprintwasthefirstserviceproviderintheunitedstateswithitspartnerclearwiretoannouncethebuildingofawimaxmobilewimaxmobilewimaxnetworkthexohmwimaxmobileinternetinitiativeearnedthebestofwimaxworldawardforindustryinnovationchicagobaltimoreandwashingtondcwashingtondcservedasinitialtestmarketswithbostonphiladelphiaanddallastofollowbeforenationwiderollouthoweversprintannounceddelaysofthesoftlaunchatthecellulartelecommunicationsinternetassociationctiaxohmlaunchedofficiallyonseptemberinbaltimoreandwasdeployedinothermarketsinandassprintgxohmwasmergedwithclearwiresprintownsofthefirmwithexclearwireshareholdersowningandaconsortiumofcomcasttimewarnerintelgoogleandbrighthousenetworksbrighthouseowningthenewfirmwasnamedclearwsjondecemberclearwireannouncedthatxohmwillbephasedoutinxohmwillbereplacedbythejointsprintclearwirebrandclearamilliondollarwimaxprojectfundedbytaxpayersinnewyorkcityleasesaghzghzbandformunicipalapplicationsthenydoitthasmanyformermembersofnextelthatareimplementingthissolutiontoimprovemunicipalresourceapplicationsthesystemhasgreatprospectsforcommercialapplicationswithclearwirewhichisalsorunonanbspghzplatformonaprilsprintannouncedtoitscustomersviaemailthattheywillceaseoperatingthecleargwimaxnetworkandclearwireexpediencenetworkonnovemberatamestreferencesdmitrykozonchukxishanseniorhighschoolendoftransmissioncharacterredirectshellinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexiiiroyalwrttembergarmycorpsbrxiiikniglichwrttembergischesarmeekorpsabbreviationxiiiakimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandostartdateenddatecountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonmobilisationincommandstructuregarrisonstuttgartgarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesaustroprussianwartauberbischofsheimfrancoprussianwarbattleofwrthbattleofwrthbattleofsedansiegeofparissiegeofparisworldwaribattleofthefrontiersracetotheseabattleofmontsorrelanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelimagewuerttembergerbeiwoerthjpgthumbwrttembergtroopsattackatbattleofwrthwrththexiiiroyalwrttembergarmycorpsxiiiakwasacorpsofthegermanarmygermanempireimperialgermanarmyitwaseffectivelyalsothearmyofthekingdomofwrttembergwhichhadbeenintegratedinintotheprussianarmycommandstructureashadthearmiesofmostgermanstatesthecorpswasoriginallyestablishedasthewrttembergcorpscommandkorpskommandoinitbecamethexiiiarmycorpswhenitwasintegratedintotheprussiannumberingsystemondecembershortlyafterthefrancoprussianwaraustroprussianwarthecorpssawactionintheaustroprussianwaronthelosingaustriansideastheroyalwrttembergdivisionoftheviiigermanfederationarmycorpsviiideutschenbundesarmeekorpsitwasunabletostopaprussianadvanceintonorthwrttembergattauberbischofsheimbutthisbattlewasnotimportantinthewarfrancoprussianwarinthefrancoprussianwarofthecorpsservedundertheheadquartersstaffofthewrttembergfielddivisionofthecombinedwrttembergbadenarmycorpsthewrttembergfielddivisionsawactioninthebattlesofbattleofwrthwrthandbattleofsedansedanandinthesiegeofparissiegeofparispeacetimeorganisationthecorpstwodivisionswerethethdivisiongermanempirethandthdivisiongermanempireththepeacetimecorpsofthegermanarmyguardsixxiiiiibavarianhadareasonablystandardisedorganisationeachconsistedoftwodivisionmilitarydivisionswithusuallytwoinfantrybrigadesonefieldartillerybrigadeandacavalrybrigadeeacheachbrigadenormallyconsistedoftworegimentsoftheappropriatetypesoeachcorpsnormallycommandedinfantryfieldartilleryandcavalryregimentstherewereexceptionstothisrulevcorpsgermanempirevvicorpsgermanempireviviicorpsgermanempireviiixcorpsgermanempireixandxivcorpsgermanempirexivcorpseachhadathinfantrybrigadesoinfantryregimentsiicorpsgermanempireiixiiixviiicorpsgermanempirexviiiandxxicorpsgermanempirexxicorpshadathinfantryregimenticorpsgermanempireivicorpsgermanempireviandxvicorpsgermanempirexvicorpshadardcavalrybrigadesocavalryregimentstheguardscorpsgermanempireguardscorpshadinfantryregimentsinbrigadesandcavalryregimentsinbrigadeseachcorpsalsodirectlycontrolledanumberofotherunitsthiscouldincludeoneormorefootartilleryregimentjgermilitaryjgerbattalionpioneermilitarypioneerbattaliontrainmilitarytrainbattalionclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthpeacetimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsgarrisonrowspanxiiiroyalwrttembergcorpsrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanstinfantrybrigadethstwrttemberggrenadiersqueenolgastuttgartththwrttemberginfantryemperorfrederickkingofprussiastuttgartrowspanndinfantrybrigadestrdwrttembergoldwrttemberginfantryludwigsburgndthwrttembergfusiliersemperorfrancisjosephofaustriakingofhungaryheilbronniibnatmergentheimrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethndwrttembergfieldartilleryprinceregentluitpoldofbavarialudwigsburgththwrttembergfieldartilleryludwigsburgrowspanthcavalrybrigadethstwrttembergdragoonsqueenolgaludwigsburgthndwrttembergdragoonskingbadcannstattstuttgartcannstattrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanrdinfantrybrigaderdthwrttemberggrenadierskingcharlesulmththwrttemberginfantrykingwilliamiweingartenwrttembergweingartenrowspanthinfantrybrigadethndwrttemberginfantryemperorwilliamkingofprussiaulmththwrttemberginfantryulmwaiblingenththwrttemberginfantrytbingeniibnatschwbischgmndrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethstwrttembergfieldartillerykingcharlesulmbadcannstattstuttgartcannstattthrdwrttembergfieldartilleryulmrowspanthcavalrybrigadethstwrttemberguhlanskingcharlesulmwiblingenabbeywiblingenthndwrttemberguhlanskingwilliamiludwigsburgrowspancorpstroopsrowspanthwrttembergpioneerbattalionulmthwrttembergtrainbattalionludwigsburgstuttgartdefencecommandbrlandwehrinspektionstuttgartinadditiontheththwrttemberginfantrygranddukefrederickofbadenwasstationedatstrasbourgstraburgaspartofxvcorpsgermanempirexvcorpsworldwariorganisationonmobilisationonmobilizationonaugustthecorpswasrestructuredthethinfantryregimentwasassignedtothethreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisioninxivreservecorpsgermanempirexivreservecorpsthethcavalrybrigadewaswithdrawntoformpartofthethcavalrydivisiongermanempirethcavalrydivisionandthethcavalrybrigadewasbrokenupanditsregimentsassignedasreconnaissanceunitstothedivisionsthetwodivisionsreceivedengineercompaniesandothersupportunitsfromthecorpsheadquartersinsummaryxiiicorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsheavyartillerybatteriesgunspioneercompaniesandanaviationdetachmentclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthinitialwartimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxiiiroyalwrttembergcorpsrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanstinfantrybrigadethgrenadierregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanndinfantrybrigadestinfantryregimentndfusilierregimentrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthuhlanregimentstcompanythpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainstmedicalcompanyrdmedicalcompanyrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanrdinfantrybrigaderdgrenadierregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthuhlanregimentndcompanythpioneerbattalionrdcompanythpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainndmedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspanibattalionthfootartilleryregimentthaviationdetachmentthcorpspontoontrainthtelephonedetachmentthpioneersearchlightsectionmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtoiicorpsgermanempiremctiicorpscombatchronicleonmobilizationinthecorpswassubordinatedtothetharmygermanempiretharmyandsawactiononthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontitwastransferredtothetharmygermanempiretharmyduringtheracetotheseainoctoberthecorpsheadquartersformedcorpsfabeckwhichbytheendofthemonthhadbecomeaprovisionalarmygroupcommandingxvcorpsgermanempirexvcorpsiiroyalbavariancorpsiibavariancorpsandcorpsurachinnovemberthexiiiarmycorpswastransferredfromthetharmytothetharmygermanempiretharmyontheeasternfrontworldwarieasternfrontbythecorpshadreturnedtothewesternfrontandwassubordinatedtothetharmygermanempiretharmyunderarmygroupcrownprincerupprechtfromapriltomarchthecorpscommandedgroupcaudryanotherprovisionalcommandinseptemberittookovercommandofgroupebeneunderarmygroupdukealbrechtofwrttembergandcommandedgroupebeneuntilwarsenditwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinarmeeabteilungcheeresgruppegallwitzonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontwrttembergmountainbattalionindraftsfromthewrttemberglineregimentswereusedtoformawrttembergmountainbattalionwhichbecameapartofthealpenkorpsgermanempirealpenkorpsdivisioninthiswastheunitinwhichtheyoungerwinrommeldistinguishedhimselfontheromaniananditalianfrontswinningthepourlemriteimperialgermanequivalentofthevictoriacrossatthebattleoftheisonzoincommandersthexiiicorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitabledatesranknameuptooctoberfrederickfrancisiigranddukeofmecklenburgschwerinoctobergeneralleutnantwolflouisferdinandvonstlpnageldecembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieferdinandemilkarlvonschwartzkoppenjanuarygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriehansferdinandvonschachtmeyermaygeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavalleriegustavhermannvonalvenslebenoctobergeneralleutnantwilhelmvonwoelckernmarchgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieoskarvonlindequistmarchgeneralleutnantludwigvonfalkenhausenludwigfreiherrvonfalkenhausenmarchgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriekonradvonhugoaprilgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriejosephvonfalloisfebruarygeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavalleriealbrechtdukeofwrttembergmarchgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriemaxvonfabeckmarchgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterietheodorvonwattertheodorfreiherrvonwattermarchgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriehermannvonstaabsmaygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterietheodorvonwattertheodorfreiherrvonwatterseealsoarmyofwrttemberggermanarmyorderofbattlefiftharmygermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfronthistoryofwrttemberglistofimperialgermaninfantryregimentslistofimperialgermanartilleryregimentslistofimperialgermancavalryregimentsreferencesbibliographyclausvonbredowbearbhistorischerangundstammlistedesdeutschenheeresrommeleinfanteriegreiftanvoggenreiterpotsdamcitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlasthaythornthwaitefirstphilipjyeartitletheworldwaronesourcebookpublisherarmsandarmourisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefjefferyinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexivarmycorpsbrxivarmeekorpsabbreviationxivakimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesseptembermarchbrjulycountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonmobilisationincommandstructuregarrisonkarlsruhegarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesfrancoprussianwarbattleofvillersexelbattleofthelisaineworldwaribattleofthefrontiersbattleofmulhousebattleofpasschendaeleanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexivarmycorpsxivakwasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmybeforeandduringworldwariitwaseffectivelyalsothearmyofthegrandduchyofbadenwhichinhadbeenintegratedintotheprussianarmycommandstructureashadthearmiesofmostgermanstatesbothdivisionsandthebulkofthecorpssupportunitswerefromthegrandduchythecorpswasestablishedinafterthesiegeofstrasbourgitwasassignedtothegermanarmygermanempirearmyinspectoratevarmyinspectoraterefnamecronrefwhichbecamethetharmygermanempiretharmyatthestartofthefirstworldwaritwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarrefnamecronrefaspartofthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppedeutscherkronprinzonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontrefnamecoxreffrancoprussianwarasiegecorpswasformedtobesiegesiegeofstrasbourgstrasbourgduringthefrancoprussianwarunderthecommandofgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieaugustvonwerderafterthefallofstrasbourgthesetroopswereformedintoanewxivcorpsbytheallhighestcabinetorderallerhchstekabinettsorderakoofseptemberwerderdefeatedthefrenchatdijonandatnuitsandproceededtobesiegesiegeofbelfortbelfortgeneralcharlesdenisbourbakiassembledanarmyintendingtorelievebelfortleadingtothebattleofvillersexelonjanuarybourbakiattackedwerderalongthebattleofthelisainelisaineriverhoweverafterathreedaybattlehewasrepelledandhisarmyretreatedintoswitzerlandxivcorpswasdisbandedinmarchreformationafterthepeacetreatythexivcorpswasreestablishedonjulyalmostexclusivelywithtroopsfromthegrandduchyofbadenitwasassignedtothegermanarmygermanempirearmyinspectoratevarmyinspectoratebutjoinedthetharmygermanempiretharmyatthestartofthefirstworldwarpeacetimeorganisationthepeacetimecorpsofthegermanarmyguardsixxiiiiibavarianhadareasonablystandardisedorganisationeachconsistedoftwodivisionmilitarydivisionswithusuallytwoinfantrybrigadesonefieldartillerybrigadeandacavalrybrigadeeacheachbrigadenormallyconsistedoftworegimentsoftheappropriatetypesoeachcorpsnormallycommandedinfantryfieldartilleryandcavalryregimentstherewereexceptionstothisrulevcorpsgermanempirevvicorpsgermanempireviviicorpsgermanempireviiixcorpsgermanempireixandxivcorpseachhadathinfantrybrigadesoinfantryregimentsiicorpsgermanempireiixiiiroyalwrttembergcorpsxiiixviiicorpsgermanempirexviiiandxxicorpsgermanempirexxicorpshadathinfantryregimenticorpsgermanempireivicorpsgermanempireviandxvicorpsgermanempirexvicorpshadardcavalrybrigadesocavalryregimentstheguardscorpsgermanempireguardscorpshadinfantryregimentsinbrigadesandcavalryregimentsinbrigadeseachcorpsalsodirectlycontrolledanumberofotherunitsthiscouldincludeoneormorefootartilleryregimentjgermilitaryjgerbattalionpioneermilitarypioneerbattaliontrainmilitarytrainbattalionclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthpeacetimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsgarrisonrowspanxivcorpsrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethstbadenlifegrenadierskarlsruhethndbadengrenadiersemperorwilliamimannheimiibnatheidelbergrowspanthinfantrybrigadethhohenzollernfusiliersprincecharlesantonofhohenzollernrastattthrdbadeninfantrymargraveludwigwilliamrastattrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethstbadenfieldartillerygranddukekarlsruhethrdbadenfieldartillerykarlsruherowspanthcavalrybrigadethstbadenlifedragoonskarlsruhestndbadendragoonsbruchsalschwetzingenrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadeththbadeninfantryfreiburgimbreisgauththbadeninfantryemperorfrederickiiikonstanzrowspanthinfantrybrigadeththbadeninfantryprincewilliammulhousemlhausenelsandthbadeninfantrymulhousemlhausenelsaiibnatmllheimrowspanthinfantrybrigadeththbadeninfantrylahriibnatvillingenththbadeninfantryoffenburgiiibnatdonaueschingenrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethndbadenfieldartilleryrastattththbadenfieldartilleryfreiburgimbreisgaurowspanthcavalrybrigadendrdbadendragoonsprincecharlesmulhousemlhausenelsathmountedriflesthjgerzupferdemulhousemlhausenelsarowspancorpstroopsrowspanthbadenfootartillerystraburgmllheimthbadenpioneerbattalionkehlthtelegraphbattalionkarlsruhefreiburgimbreisgauthairshipbattalionmannheimmetzlahrfriedrichshafenthbadentrainbattaliondurlachkarlsruhedefencecommandbrlandwehrinspektionkarlsruhethbadenfootartillerywaspartiallygarrisonedinstraburgaspartofxvcorpsgermanempirexvcorpsandmllheimaspartofxivcorpsinadditiontheththbadenfieldartillerywasstationedinlahrandneubreisachaspartofxvcorpsworldwariorganisationonmobilisationonmobilizationonaugustthecorpswasrestructuredthethcavalrybrigadewaswithdrawntoformpartofthethcavalrydivisiongermanempirethcavalrydivisionandthethcavalrybrigadewasbrokenupanditsregimentsassignedtothedivisionsasreconnaissanceunitsthedivisionsreceivedengineercompaniesandothersupportunitsfromthecorpsheadquartersunusuallythecorpsretaineditsthinfantrybrigademakingitthestrongestactivecorpsonmobilisationinsummaryxivcorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsheavyartillerybatteriesgunspioneercompaniesandanaviationdetachmentclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthinitialwartimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxivcorpsrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethlifegrenadierregimentthgrenadierregimentrowspanthinfantrybrigadethfusilierregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthjgerzupferderegimentndcompanythpioneerbattalionrdcompanythpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainndmedicalcompanyrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentndinfantryregimentrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspannddragoonregimentstcompanythpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainstmedicalcompanyrdmedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspaniibattalionthfootartilleryregimentthaviationdetachmentthcorpspontoontrainthtelephonedetachmentthpioneersearchlightsectionmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtoiicorpsgermanempiremctiicorpscombatchronicleattheoutbreakofworldwarithecorpswasassignedtothetharmygermanempiretharmyontheleftoftheforcesthatexecutedtheschlieffenplanandfoughtinthebattleofthefrontiersinseptemberitwastransferredtothetharmygermanempiretharmyfromnovembertomarchthecorpstookcommandofgrouphardaumontofthetharmygermanempiretharmyinmarchitwastransferredtotherdarmygermanempirerdarmyandtookcommandofgroupprosnesinmayitwastransferredtothetharmygermanempiretharmyscontrolandtookcommandofgroupdixmudeduringthisperioditfoughtinthebattleofpasschendaeleitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewaraspartofthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppedeutscherkronprinzonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontcommandersthexivcorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitabledatesranknameseptembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieaugustvonwerderaprilgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriehugovonobernitzaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriesigismundvonschlichtingjanuarygeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavallerieadolfvonblowjanuarygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriemaxvonbockundpolachseptembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieernstvonhoiningenernstfreiherrvonhoiningengenhueneaugustgeneralleutnanttheodorvonwattermarchgeneralleutnantkarlheinrichvonhnischaugustgeneralleutnantmartinchalesdebeaulieuseptembergeneralleutnantalfredvonbckmannnovembergeneralleutnantfriedrichvongontardseealsoarmeeabteilungbgermanarmyorderofbattleseventharmygermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontlistofimperialgermaninfantryregimentslistofimperialgermanartilleryregimentslistofimperialgermancavalryregimentsreferencesbibliographyclausvonbredowbearbhistorischerangundstammlistedesdeutschenheerescitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlasthaythornthwaitefirstphilipjyeartitletheworldwaronesourcebookpublisherarmsandarmourisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefranfilmredirectcategoryshellemoticonemoticonemoticonlistofemoticonsgavriilpribylovsdssigmaserieswillingborotownshipnewjerseyinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamextypealbumartistkristeenyoungcoverkristeenyoungxjpgreleasedaugustrecordeddecembergenreglamrockindiepopalternativerocklengthlabeltvpiselfreleasedproducertonyviscontireviewslastalbumbreasticlesbrthisalbumxbrnextalbumtheorphansbrxisthefourthstudioalbumbykristeenyoungitisthemedaroundvariousreversalsofandthoughtsonthetencommandmentsthealbumwasproducedbytonyviscontiandengineeredbymariojmcnultyatstudioblookingglassstudiositfeaturesbabyjeffwhiteondrumsdavidmatosonguitarandaduetwithplacebobandplacebosbrianmolkoonnoothergodtracklistingnoothergodwithbrianmolkocommitadulterykillitliecoldstealgoddamnyouyouscenestersyesterdaysfuturemaniownthebestofallthingsmytvdevilgirlcreditsreadbydavidmatosnoothergodreferencesradepeoplepervertedjusticechemboxverifiedfieldschangedverifiedrevidimagefilexylobiosepngimagesizepxiupacnamerrrtrihydroxysrsrtrihydroxyoxanyloxypentanalothernamessectionchemboxidentifierschemspideridrefchemspideridstdinchirefstdinchischochhhtmsstdinchikeyrefstdinchikeysqnrkwhrviaklprszzqxbvsaninchischochhhtmsinchikeysqnrkwhrviaklprszzqxbvsancasnorefcasnopubchemsmilescchchchchoochcochchcoooooomeshnamexylobiosesectionchemboxpropertiesformulacsubsubhsubsubosubsubmolarmassgmolappearancedensitymeltingptboilingptsolubilitysectionchemboxhazardsmainhazardsflashptautoignitionptxylobioseisadisaccharideofxylosemonomerswithabetabondbetweenthemreferencesinfoboxsoftwarenamexwaxoperatingsystemlinuxdevelopermarkhillsprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecrefnametestxwaxorgdeveltipshtmlxwaxdevelopmentguidelinesretrievedreflicensegnugeneralpubliclicensewebsitexwaxorgxwaxdigitalvinylsystemforlinuxlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatereleasedxwaxisanopensourcevinylemulationsoftwareitwasinitiallydevelopedinasproprietarysoftwareinmayxwaxwaslicensedunderthegnugeneralpubliclicensemakingitthefirstopensourcesoftwareofthiskindunlikethesoftwaresuppliedwithsomeproprietarypackagesforvinylemulationxwaxishardwareindependentnotablyitcanbeusedwiththeaudiodeviceandtimecoderecordingssuppliedwiththescratchliveprogramandolderversionsofthetraktorscratchprogramandtheaudiointerfacesuppliedwiththefinalscratchversionsoriginalfinalscratchthexwaxsourcecodeisusedtodecodetimecodesforvinylemulationsoftwarevinylcontrolinmixxxandisalsous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isedtungsspecialforcesinarmyuniformsandusedthemtoattackthebuddhiststherebycausingthegeneralpublicandsouthvietnamsusalliestoblamethearmydiminishingthegeneralsreputationsandabilitytoactasfuturenationalleaderssoonaftermidnightonaugustnhusmenattackedthepagodasusingautomaticfirearmsgrenadesbatteringramsandexplosivescausingwidespreaddamagesomereligiousobjectsweredestroyedincludingastatueofgautamabuddhainthetmpagodainhuwhichwaspartiallyleveledbyexplosivestempleswerelootedandvandalizedwiththeremainsofveneratedmonksconfiscatedinhuviolentstreetbattleseruptedbetweengovernmentforcesandriotingprobuddhistantigovernmentciviliansinitiallythengfamilyclaimedthatthearmyhadcarriedouttheraidssomethingtheirusalliesinitiallybelievedhoweverthiswaslaterdebunkedandtheincidentpromptedtheunitedstatestoturnagainsttheregimeandbeginexploringalternativeleadershipoptionseventuallyleadingtodimsoverthrowinacoupinsouthvietnamitselftheraidsstokedwidespreadangerseveralhighrankingpublicservantsresignedanduniversityandhighschoolstudentsboycottedclassesandstagedriotousdemonstrationsresultinginfurthermassincarcerationsasmostofthestudentswerefrommiddleclasspublicserviceandmilitaryfamiliesthearrestscausedfurtherupsetamongthengfamilyspowerbasebackgroundinsouthvietnamwherethebuddhistmajoritywasestimatedtocomprisebetweenandpercentofthepopulationinmanyofficersinthearvnhadconvertedtocatholicisminthebeliefthattheircareerprospectsdependedonitandmanywererefusedpromotioniftheydidnotdosorefnameggettlemanpprefadditionallythedistributionoffirearmstovillageselfdefensemilitiasintendedtorepelvietcongvitcngguerrillaswasdonesothatweaponswereonlygiventocatholicsrefnamesvrefsomecatholicpriestsranprivatearmiesandinsomeareasforcedconversionslootingshellinganddemolitionofpagodasoccurredsomebuddhistvillagesconvertedenmassetoreceiveaidoravoidbeingforciblyresettledbydiemsregimethecatholicchurchwasthelargestlandownerinthecountryandtheprivatestatusthatwasimposedonbuddhismbythefrenchwhichrequiredofficialpermissiontoconductpublicactivitieswasnotrepealedbydimthelandownedbythechurchwasexemptfromlandreformandcatholicswerealsodefactoexemptfromthecorvelaborthatthegovernmentobligedallothercitizenstoperformpublicspendingwasdisproportionatelydistributedtocatholicmajorityvillagesunderdimthecatholicchurchenjoyedspecialexemptionsinpropertyacquisitionandinhededicatedthecountrytothevirginmarythevaticanflagwasregularlyflownatmajorpubliceventsinsouthvietnamrefnamecrusaderefararelyenforcedlawnbspknownasdecreenumbernbspwasinvokedinmaytoprohibitthedisplayofreligiousflagsthisdisallowedtheflyingofthebuddhistflagonvesakthebirthdayofgautamabuddhatheapplicationofthelawcausedindignationamongbuddhistsontheeveofthemostimportantreligiousfestivaloftheyearasaweekearliercatholicshadbeenencouragedtodisplayvaticanflagsatagovernmentsponsoredcelebrationfordiemsbrotherarchbishoppierremartinngnhthcthemostseniorcatholicclericinthecountryonmayinhuacrowdofbuddhistsprotestedagainstthebanonthebuddhistflagthepoliceandarmybrokeupthedemonstrationbyfiringgunsatandthrowinggrenadesintothegatheringleavingninepeopledeaddimsdenialofgovernmentalresponsibilityfortheincidentnbspheinsteadblamedthevitcngnbspaddedtotheangeranddiscontentofthebuddhistmajoritytheincidentspurredaprotestmovementagainstthereligiousdiscriminationoftheromancatholicdominateddimregimeresultinginwidespreadlargescalecivildisobedienceamongthesouthvietnamesepublicpersistingthroughoutmayandjunethisperiodofpoliticalinstabilitywasknownasthebuddhistcrisistheobjectivesoftheprotestswastohavedecreenumberrepealedandtoforcetoimplementreligiousequalityonjuneabuddhistmonkthchqungcselfimmolatedindowntownsaigonimageswereshownbynewsoutletsacrosstheworldembarrassingdimsgovernmentandbringingnegativeglobalattentionafewdayslaterundermountingamericanpressuredimsignedthejointcommuniquewithseniorbuddhistleadersmakingvariousconcessionstothebuddhistswhointurnagreedtostopthecivilunrestandreturntonormalliferefnamehalhalberstampprefneitherthengfamilynorthebuddhistswerehappywiththeagreementhoweveranditfailedtosolvethedisputebothsidesaccusedtheotheroffailingtoupholdtheirobligationsthegovernmentaccusedthebuddhistsofcontinuingtovilifythemindemonstrationswhilethebuddhistsaccuseddimofstallingandnotactingonhiscommitmentstoreligiousreformandcontinuingtodetainarrestedbuddhistdissidentsthedemonstrationsandtensioncontinuedthroughoutjulyandaugustwithmoreselfimmolationsandanaltercationknownasthedoublesevendayscufflenowikinowikibetweensecretpoliceandamericanjournalistsreportingonabuddhistprotestxlithehubofbuddhistactivisminsaigonwasthexlipagodabuiltinthelatesitwasthelargestbuddhisttempleinthecapitalandwaslocatedinthecitycentermanymonksfromoutsidesaigonnbspincludingprominentbuddhistleadersnbsphadcongregatedatxlisincethedisputebegananditwasusedasavenueforpressconferencesmediainterviewspublicationofpamphletsandtoplanandorganizemassdemonstrationsrefnamejjacobsprefatthetimengnhnhuwasknowntofavoranevenharderlineagainstthebuddhistsnhuwastheyoungerbrotherofpresidentdimandhismainconfidantandwasregardedastherealpowerbehindthengfamilysrulenhuhadmadestatementscallingforthesuppressionoftheproteststhroughhisenglishlanguagenewspaperthetimesofvietnamnickturnerjournalistnickturnerofreutersapproachednhuandinterviewedhimabouttheserumorsnhusaidthatifthebuddhistcrisiswerenotresolvedhewouldstageacoupdemolishxliintwohoursandheadanewantibuddhistgovernmentthenewswaspromptlypublishedwhichtheamericanembassylargelydisregardedpurportedlyunconvincedastonhusseriousnessrefnamehalhalberstamprefinthemeantimenhupreparedthearmyoftherepublicofvietnamspecialforcescommandedbycolonellquangtungnbspwhotookhisordersdirectlyfromnhuandnottheseniorgeneralsnbspfortheraidsanamericantrainedoutfitcreatedtofightthevietcongvitcngthespecialforceswerebetterequippedbettertrainedandbetterpaidthantheregulararmybutwereusedbythengfamilyasaprivatearmyforrepressingdissidentsandprotectingtheirruleratherthanfightingforthenationalinterestassuchtheyspentthemajorityoftheirtimeinsaigonwardingoffcoupattemptstungbroughtmorespecialforcesintosaigonbringingthetotalfromtwotofourbattalionsinthecapitalrefnamejjacobsprefonsundayaugustthebuddhistsstagedamassprotestatxliattractingaroundpeopleundeterredbyrainavietnamesejournalistsaidthatitwastheonlyemotionalpublicgatheringinsouthvietnamsincedimsrisetopoweralmostadecadeearlierdavidhalberstamofthenewyorktimesspeculatedthatbynotexploitingthelargecrowdbystagingaprotestmarchtowardsgialongpalaceorothergovernmentbuildingsthebuddhistsweresavingtheirbiggestdemonstrationforthescheduledarrivalofnewusambassadorhenrycabotlodgejrthefollowingweekasagovernmentattackonxliwasanticipatedhalberstamconcludedthatthebuddhistswereplayingafastanddangerousgameplanningontheeveningofaugusttenseniorarvngeneralsmettodiscussthesituationregardingthebuddhistunrestanddecidedmartiallawwasneededtheywantedtodispersethemonkswhohadgatheredinsaigonandotherregionalcitiesandreturnthemtotheiroriginalpagodasintheruralareasrefnamejjonesprefnhusummonedofthegeneralstogialongpalaceonaugustforconsultationstheypresentedtheirrequestformartiallawanddiscussedhowtodisbandthegroupsofmonksandtheirsupportersfromthetemplesinsaigonnhusentthegeneralstoseediemthepresidentlistenedtothegroupofsevenledbygeneraltrnvnnthegroupalsoincludedarmychiefgeneraltrnthinkhimandgeneralnguynkhnhcommanderoftheiicorpssouthvietnamiicorpsinthecentralhighlandsvietnamcentralhighlandskhimandkhnhweretwooftheofficerswhowereresponsibleforhelpingtoputdownthesouthvietnamesecoupattemptattemptedcoupagainstdiminalsopresentwasnsbrotherinlawgeneralcaotrcommanderoficorpssouthvietnamicorpswhichoversawthenorthernmostregionaroundhuandgenerallvnkimheadofthemilitaryacademytrandkimwerefavoritesofthedimregimegeneraltnthtnhabrashparatrooperwhowasalsosouthvietnamsyoungestevergeneralcommandedtheiiicorpssouthvietnamiiicorpssurroundingsaigongeneralhuynhvancaohunhvncaowasthecommanderoftheivcorpssouthvietnamivcorpsinthemekongdeltaandtheonlyoneoftheseptetwhowouldprovenottohavebeeninvolvedinthelaterplottingagainstdimrefnamehhammerprefnhandcaocontrolledthetwocorpsregionsclosesttosaigonandthereforethetwoareasmostcrucialinthesuccessorfailureofacoupcaohadusedtheseventhdivisionsouthvietnamseventhdivisionofhisivcorpstostormthecapitalintosavedimtrnvnnclaimedcommunistshadinfiltratedthemonksatxliandwarnedthatarvnmoralewasdeterioratingbecauseofthecivilunrestandconsequentdisruptionofthewareffortheclaimeditwaspossiblethatthebuddhistscouldassembleacrowdtomarchongialongpalacehearingthisdimagreedtodeclaremartiallaweffectiveonthenextdaywithoutconsultinghiscabinetandtroopswereorderedintosaigontooccupystrategicpointsdonwasappointedastheactingchiefofthearmedforcesinplaceofgenerallvntwhowasterminallyillwithcancerandreceivingmedicaltreatmentabroadnclaimeddimwasconcernedforthewelfareofthemonksallegedlytellingthegeneralsthathedidnotwantanyofthemhurtthemartiallaworderswerethensignedandauthorizedbyntherealpurposeofnaskingformartiallawwastomaneuvertroopsinreadinessforacoupandhehadnoconcreteplanstosendtheregulararmyintothepagodasnhusidesteppedhimandtooktheopportunitytodiscreditthearmybyusingtungsspecialforcesandthecombatpolicetoattackthepagodasrefnamekkarnowprefnhtheofficermosttrustedbythengfamilywastheonlygeneralwhowasgivenadvancenoticeoftheraidsrefnamehalhalberstamprefwiththeapprovalofdimnhuusedthedeclarationofmartiallawtoorderarmedmenintothebuddhistpagodasnhuchoseatimewhenheknewtheamericanembassywasleaderlessfredericknoltinghadreturnedtotheunitedstatesandhissuccessorlodgewasyettoarriveasthehighcommandofthearvnworkedcloselywithamericanmilitaryadvisersdeployedinthecountrynhuusedthecombatpoliceandtungsspecialforceswhotooktheirordersdirectlyfromhimthemenweredressedinstandardarmyuniformssuchasparatroopattirenhusmotivewastoavoidresponsibilityforaviolentoperationnbspwhichwouldangerthevietnamesepublicandtheamericanleadershipinfalselyimplicatingthearmyintheattacksnhuintendedtodenttheconfidenceofthevietnamesepopulaceandtheamericansintheseniorofficerswhowereplottingagainsthimnhuevidentlyhopedthebuddhistmajorityandtheamericanswouldblamethearmyfortheraidsandbecomelessinclinedtosupportacoupbythegeneralsinthepastnhustacticsinplayingthegeneralsagainstoneanotherhadkeptconspiratorsoffbalanceandthwartedcoupattemptstheraidswerenotunexpectedasthebuddhistshadpreparedthemselvesfortheattacksashadjournalistswhowerewatchingmilitaryinstallationsforsignsofmovementraidssaigonthebuddhistsinsaigonwereawarethataraidonthepagodaswasimminentbuddhistrelativesofspecialforcesandcombatpolicepersonnelhadtippedoffthemonksandbuddhistswholivednearpagodashadobservedthemmoveintotheregionintheleadupamericanjournalistsweretippedoffandtraveledthroughsaigontovisitthepagodasaheadoftheraidsthepagodashadbeenlockedbythemonksinpreparationfortheattacksandthedoorswerebarricadedwithfurniturethemonkstoldmembersoftheuspresscorpsinsaigonthattheraidswerecomingallowingthemtobemorepreparedfortheeventthantheusembassyrefnamepprochnauprefintheafternoonbeforetheraidstrucksfilledwithsoldiersheadedpasttheofficesofmediaoutletsfromwherethejournalistssawthemdestinedforthenquangpagodamoretroopswereseencongregatingatpoliceheadquartersreadytoboardtrucksmovingtowardsxlitheamericanmadetruckshadbeenprovidedaspartoftheusmilitaryaidprogramforsouthvietnamlateatnighttheconvoysarrivedandsurroundedxlifromseveralsidescausingatrafficjaminthecitycenterseveralthousandpersonnelwereestimatedtohavebeenpresentjournalistswereinformedassoonastheattacksbeganevenasnhusmencutcommunicationslinesandrushedtoxlirefnamepprochnauprefsquadsofspecialforcesandcombatpoliceflattenedthegatesandsmashedtheirwayintothepagodaataroundonaugustasxlisbrassgongwasstrucktosignaltheattacknhusmenwerearmedwithpistolssubmachinegunscarbinesshotgunsgrenadesandteargastheredberetedspecialforceswerejoinedbytruckloadsofsteelhelmetedcombatpoliceinarmycamouflageuniformsmonksandnunswhobarricadedthemselvesbehindwoodenshieldswereattackedwithriflebuttsandbayonetsthesoundofthepagodasgongwaslargelymaskedbythatofautomaticweaponsfireexplodinggrenadesbatteringramsshatteringglassandhumanscreamingtungsmenchargedforwardinavshapedriotformationaccordingtohalberstamtheyprancedintothepagodalookingsomethinglikeasmartfootballteamcominguptothelineofscrimmageintheendittookaroundtwohourstocompletetheraidsbecausemanyoftheoccupantshadentrenchedthemselvesinsidethevariousroomsinanticipationoftheattacksanddoorshadtobeunhingedtoreachthemaccordingtojournalistneilsheehanwhowasatthescenetheraidonxlilikethoseonthepagodaselsewhereinsouthvietnamwasflawlesslyexecuteditremindedmeofascenefromamovieofthefrenchresistancethescenewhenthegestapoarriveattheresistancehideoutinparisrefnameshesheehanprefwilliamprochnausaidthatusingtheeliteguardagainstthebuddhistswasanalogoustousingspecialforcesunitedstatesarmygreenberetstoputdownnegroprotestsathomeitwasoutrageousrefnamepprochnauprefonemonkwasthrownfromabalconydowntothecourtyardsixmetersbelownhusmenvandalizedthemainaltarandconfiscatedtheintactcharredheartofthchqungcwhichhadfailedtoburnduringhisrecremationhoweversomeofthebuddhistswereabletofleethepagodawithareceptaclecontaininghisashestwomonksjumpedthebackwallofxlitoenterthegroundsoftheadjoiningunitedstatesagencyforinternationaldevelopmentusaidmissionwheretheyweregivenasylumdespitethepresenceoftroopsbehindthepagodawallswhoopenedfirewithautomaticweaponsonanymonkswhotriedtofleebyjumpingthefencerefnameshesheehanprefthchtnhkhittheyearoldbuddhistpatriarchwasseizedandtakentoamilitaryhospitalontheoutskirtsofsaigonwholaterwouldbecomealeaderoftheunifiedbuddhistchurchofvietnamexplainedtheproteststrategyafterbeingreleasedfollowingthedeposalofdimhewasaskedwhythebuddhistleadershadnotfledtoavoidarresthesaidthatwehaddonenothingwrongthereforewecouldnotfleeifwehaditwouldhavebeenanadmissionthatwewereguiltyhutheviolencewasworseinhuwheretheapproachofgovernmentforceswasmetbythebeatingofbuddhistdrumsandcymbalstoalertthepopulacethetownsfolklefttheirhomesinthemiddleofthenightinanattempttodefendthecityspagodasattudampagodatmthetempleofbuddhistprotestleaderthchtrquangmonksattemptedtoburnthecoffinofamonkwhohadselfimmolatedrecentlygovernmentsoldiersfiringmriflesoverranthepagodaandconfiscatedthecoffintheydemolishedastatueofgautamabuddhaandlootedandvandalizedthepagodatheythensetoffanexplosionlevelingmuchofthepagodamanybuddhistswereshotbeheadedconfiscatedandclubbedtodeathrefnamejacobsraidsjacobspprefthemostdeterminedresistancetothedimregimeoccurredoutsidethediupagodaastroopsattemptedtostretchabarbedwirebarricadeacrossabridgeleadingtothepagodathecrowdtoreitdownwiththeirbarehandstheprotestersfoughttheheavilyarmedmilitarypersonnelwithrockssticksandtheirbarefiststhrowingbacktheteargasgrenadesthatwerefiredatthemafterafivehourbattlethemilitaryfinallywoncontrolofthebridgebydrivingarmoredcarsthroughtheangrycrowdatsunrisethedefenseofthebridgeanddiuleftanestimateddeadandwoundedtentruckloadsofbridgedefendersweretakentojailandanestimatednbsppeoplewerearrestedinthecityseventeenoftheprofessorsathuuniversitywhohadresignedearlierintheweekinprotestagainstthedismissaloftherectorcaovnlunacatholicpriestandopponentofngnhthcarchbishopthcelderbrotherofdimandnhuwerealsoarrestedtheraidswererepeatedincitiesandtownsacrossthecountrythetotalnumberofdeadanddisappearedwasneverconfirmedbutestimatesrangeuptoseveralhundredatleastwerearrestedusreactionandsanctuaryformonkstheunitedstatesbecameimmediatelyembroiledintheattacksfollowingtheescapeofthetwomonksoverthebackwallofthexlipagodaintotheadjacentusaidcompoundsaigonspolicechiefdisguisedasamemberofnhusrepublicanyouthcordonedoffthebuildingheorderedallvietnameseinsidetoleavetheareaandthreatenedtostormthebuildingwhentheamericansdeniedhimentryforeignministervuvanmauvvnmurushedtothescenetostopanyphysicalconfrontationbutdemandedtheamericansturnoverthemonkswilliamtrueheartthedeputyoftherecentlyrelievedusambassadornoltingarrivedatthebuildingastheleadingamericandiplomatinvietnaminthetransitionperiodbetweenambassadorstrueheartrefusedtotakeactionuntilhereceivedinstructionsfromwashingtonbutwarnedmuagainstviolatingthediplomaticimmunityoftheusaidofficestrueheartknewthathandingoverthemonkswouldimplyamericanapprovaloftheregimesactiontheconfrontationsoondieddownandtheusstatedepartmentorderedtrueheartnottoreleasethetwomonksandtoregardtheusaidbuildingasbeingequivalenttotheembassymoremonkswentontofindsanctuaryintheusembassywhichbecameknownasthebuddhisthiltonrefnamejjonespreflodgewasinhonoluluforlastminutebriefingswithnoltingwhennewsfilteredthroughofthepagodaraidshewasgivendirectionstoproceeddirectlytosaigonandarrivedaftersunsetonaugustinthemeantimethestatedepartmentdenouncedtheraidsasadirectviolationbythevietnamesegovernmentofassurancesthatitwaspursuingapolicyofreconciliationwiththebuddhistsonaugustlodgesfirstfulldayinsaigonhevisitedthetwomonkswhohadtakenrefugeintheusaidbuildingandorderedthatvegetarianfoodbemadeavailableforthemthemeetingwasameansofshowingwhereamericangovernmentpolicystoodontheattacksagainstthebuddhistsrefnamehhammerprefdimreactionaltaportraitofamiddleagedmanlookingtotheleftinahalfportraitprofilehehaschubbycheekspartshishairtothesideandwearsasuitandtieatonaugustpresidentdimbroadcastastatementonradiosaigoninwhichhesaidunderarticleoftheconstitutionideclareastateofsiegethroughoutthenationalterritoryiconferuponthearmyoftherepublicofvietnamtheresponsibilitytorestoresecurityandpublicordersothatthestatemaybeprotectedcommunismdefeatedfreedomsecuredanddemocracyachievedundermartiallawthearmywasgivenblankchequeblanketsearchandarrestpowersandwasempoweredtobanallpublicgatheringsenforceacurfewrestrictpressfreedomandstopthecirculationofallprintedmaterialandotherdocumentsharmfultopublicorderandsecuritygovernmentsourcesclaimedthatinxlinquangandvarioustheravadapagodassoldiershadfoundmachinegunsammunitionplasticexplosiveshomemademinesdaggersandvitcngdocumentsitwaslaterdiscoveredthattheyhadbeenplantedtherebynhusmenrefnamejjonespprefafewdayslatermadamenhuacatholicconvertfrombuddhismsaidinaninterviewthattheraidswerethehappiestdayinmylifesincewecrushedthebnhxuyninandassailedthebuddhistsascommunistsrefnamehalhalberstamprefonaugustgeneralnhheldapressconferenceinwhichheaccusedtheamericansoftryingtolaunchacoupinsouthvietnamandtookcreditfortheraidsdespitetunghavingbeenthechiefmilitaryofficerinchargerefnamekkarnowprefconfusionoverculpabilityandarmydenialsthedrivingforcebehindthegovernmentassaultonthebuddhistsappearedtohavecomefromseniormilitarycommandersactingwithoutconsultingtheciviliangovernmentimmediatelyaftertheattacksposterswereerectedacrosssaigonundertheaegisofarvnbutthelanguagewasrecognizedasthatofnhuthesecretaryofstatenguynnhthuanandinteriorministerbivnlngwerecaughtoffguardbytheattackstheinitialperceptionwasthatthemilitaryestablishmenthadsuddenlycrackeddownonthebuddhistsbecausetheyweredeemedtobeathreattothewareffortthegovernmentpropagatedatheorywhichheldthatthemilitaryfeltcompelledtotakeactionafterprobuddhiststudentunrestonaugustinhustudentprotestorshadturnedonanarvnofficerafterhefiredintheirdirectiontheattackswereprecededbyalargerallyatxliduringwhichsomemonkshadcalledfortheoverthrowofthedimregimeanddenouncedtheantibuddhiststatementsofthedefactofirstladymadamenhuhoweverobserversdismissedgovernmentclaimsthattheraidswerespontaneousdimhadlongdistrustedhisgeneralsandfrequentlyplayedthemagainsteachotherinadivideandruledivideandconquerstrategytoweakenanychanceofacoupattemptthearmyalsocontainedsubstantialnumbersofsoldiersofbuddhistbackgroundsthusheighteningskepticismthattheywouldhaveattackedthepagodasandmonksinsuchaviolentmannerthesynchronizedmilitaryoperationsthroughoutthecountrythespeedatwhichbannerswereerecteddeclaringthearvnresolvetodefeatcommunismanddoctoredpropagandaphotospurportingtoshowvietcongvitcnginfiltrationofthebuddhistssuggestedthattheactionswerelongpremeditatedinanattempttomaintainsecrecyspecialprintingpresseshadproducedpropagandamaterialsonlyhoursbeforetheraidstheinitialgovernmentlinewasthattheregulararmyhadtakentheactionsarvnradiobroadcastsboretheinfluenceofnhusabrasivetoneindirectingtherepublicanyouthtocooperatewiththegovernmentnhuaccusedthebuddhistsofturningtheirpagodasintoheadquartersforplottingantigovernmentinsurrectionsheclaimedthebuddhistintersectcommitteeoperatedunderthecontrolofpoliticalspeculatorswhoexploitedreligionandterrorismlodgebelieveddimremainedincontrolbutthatnhusinfluencehadrisentounprecedentedlevelshethoughtthatnhusdivideandconquertacticshadsplitthemilitaryintothreefactionsrespectivelyledbygeneralsnandnhandcoloneltungnwasbelievednottohavetheallegianceofnhandtungwhotooktheirordersdirectlyfromgialongpalacethetwoloyalistshadsupportfromvariousprodimelementslodgepredictedthatifthearmydeposeddimfightingcouldbreakoutwithinthearvnrefnamejjonesprefinitiallytheamericanembassybelievedthengfamilysclaimsthattheregulararmywasresponsiblefortheraidsthevoiceofamericawhichwaswidelylistenedtoinsouthvietnamastheonlynondimistnewssourceinitiallyairednhusversionofeventsmuchtothedismayofthegeneralstheamericanmediathoughtotherwiseandbegantodebunkthistheorypointingoutthatthengfamilyconstantlysoughttounderminethearmyandthatmadamenhusjoyovertheeventssuggestedthefamilyhadneithercededpowernorhadtheirhandsforcedbythemilitaryfurthermoretheyidentifiednhusaidesatthesitehisidiosyncraticstyleintheannouncementssupposedlymadebythearvnandthefactthatthearmyhadlittlemotivetoattackthebuddhiststhenewyorktimesprintedtwoversionsoftheraidsonitsfrontpageonebydavidhalberstamimplicatingnhufortheattacksandanotherwiththeofficialgovernmentversionrefnamehalhalberstamprefsheehanofunitedpressinternationalalsoclaimednhuwasresponsiblefortheattacksandforeignjournalistshadtosmuggletheirstoriesoutbyaskingpeopleleavingthecountryattheairporttocarrydocumentsforthematthetimesheehanandhalberstamwereonangfamilyhitlistalongwithpoliticaldissidentsbecauseoftheirexposesoftheregimeshumanrightsabusesandfollowingtheraidstheysleptatthehomeofjohnmecklinausofficialrefnamepprochnaupreftheyalsoreceivedinformationthatthengosweregoingtoplantbombsintheirofficesandblamethedeathsonthecommuniststhecentralintelligenceagencyciawentontoreportthatarvnofficersresolutelydeniedanyinvolvementinthepagodaraidstheyheldthattungsspecialforceshaddisguisedthemselvesinarvnuniformsbeforeattackingthepagodasfurtherunsubstantiatedrumorshadspreadwithinthearmythattheamericanswhotrainedthespecialforceshadhelpedtoplantheattackthearvnleaderswereunsureofhowtoproceedanddoncalledastaffmeetingonthemorningofaugusttodiscussimpendingdemonstrationsagainsttheraidsbyuniversitystudentsandtheangerofjuniorarvnofficersaboutthepagodaattacksgeneralduongvanminhdngvnminhnotedthattheongoingpresenceofarmedmilitarypersonnelhadalienatedsocietybycreatinganauraofsuppressionlaterinthedaynprivatelymetwithciaagentlucienconeinandreiteratedthattheamericansweremistakeninbelievingthatthearvnwasresponsibleninsistedthatdiemremainedincontrolalthoughnhuhadtoapproveallofthegeneralsmeetingswithdimninsistednhuhadorchestratedtheraidsfearingthatthegeneralshadtoomuchpowerheassertedthatnhuusedthecoverofmartiallawtodiscreditthegeneralsbydressingthespecialforcesinarvnuniformsninsistedthathewasunawareoftheplansandwasatjointgeneralstaffheadquarterswithkhimwhenhereceivedaradiomessageinforminghimoftheassaultspolicecommissionertrnvntusupportedbytungsmenwereinchargeoftheoperationatgroundlevelandbythetimedonarrivedthemissionhadbeencompletedkhimhadhisownmeetingwithrufusphillipsattheusembassyhebitterlyconfidedthatnhuhadtrickedthearmyintoimposingmartiallawandbecominghispuppetkhimassertedthatnhnandtheothergeneralswerenotawareoftheraidsinadvanceandrevealedthatthearmsandexplosivesthatnhuclaimedwerefoundinthepagodashadbeenplantedasaresultthevietnamesepeopleexpressedangeratthearmyandtheirusbackersstrengtheningnhuspositionrefnamejjonesprefmartiallawandriotsfollowingtheraidstensionswerehighinthestreetsofthecitiespolicewereorderedtoshootthosewhodefiedthetocurfewandtroopsinfullcamouflagebattledressguardedeverymajorintersectionandbridgewithautomaticweaponsbearingfixedbayonetstheemptypagodaswereringedbytroopsandarmoredcarsalloutgoingnewswascensoredforcingreporterstosmuggletheircopyoutwithtravelersflyingtoforeigncountriesthetelephonelinesinthehomesandofficesofallusmilitaryandembassystaffweredisconnectedtheheadoftheusaidmissionjoebrantwasstoppedandsearchedwhilecommutingtoworkandotheramericanofficialshadtheirmeetingswithvietnameseofficialsandapplicationsforpermitstotravelafterthecurfewhoursdelayedtheusmilitaryadvisersinthecountryweregivenorderstostayintheirhomesandallleavewascanceledthepagodaraidsprovokedwidespreaddisquietamongthesaigoneseatmidnightonaugustgeneralsnnhandkhiminformednhuthatstudentdemonstrationswereplannedforthreeconsecutivedaystheyrecommendedthatschoolsbeclosedbutwhennhutookthemtoseedimthepresidentrefusedtoclosetheeducationalinstitutionsdimdecidedthestudentsnotusuallyknownforpoliticalactivismstudentsatsaigonuniversityboycottedclassesandriotedwhichwasmetwitharrestsimprisonmentandtheclosureofthecampustheseeventswererepeatedathuuniversitywhichwaslikewiseshutdownwhenhighschoolstudentsfollowedtheleadoftheireldersanddemonstrateddimhadthemarrestedaswelltwoofthedetainedstudentswereparadedatapressconferenceinwhichtheyfalselyadmittedtobeingcommunistswhohadbrainwashedtheirentireschoolhavingbeentorturedtoforcetheirconfessionattrungvuonganelitegirlshighschoolthestudentshungupbannersattackingdimandthenhuswhilestudentsfromthecorrespondingboysschoolsbecameviolentsmashingschoolwindowsanderectingbannersthatinsultedmadamenhuinexplicitlanguagemorethanstudentsfromsaigonsleadinghighschoolmostofthemchildrenofpublicservantsandmilitaryofficersweresenttoreeducationcampstheresultwasthatmanyarmyofficersandseniorcivilservantshadtolobbytohavetheirchildrenoryoungersiblingsreleasedfromjailcausingafurtherdropinmoraleamonggovernmentandmilitaryofficialsrefnamehalhalberstamprefinmoreextremecasesbrawlsbrokeoutbetweenpoliceofficersarrestingstudentsandthestudentsparentsmanyofwhomweremilitaryofficersandorpublicservantsrefnameshesheehanprefpicturedleftwithlyndonjohnsonresignedtheirdiplomaticpostsanddisownedherafterthepagodaraidsaltamiddleagedladywearingalightcoloureddressandwithshorthairfluffyatthefrontsitsatadinnertablesmilingtotherightisatalleroldermaninadarksuitstripedtieandlightshirtwhoisturninghisheadtothelefttalkingtoheramaninasuitisvisiblestandinginthebackgroundforeignministervvnmuresignedshavinghisheadlikeabuddhistmonkinprotestmuhaddecidedtoleavethecountryforareligiouspilgrimagetoindiaandthediplomaticandpresscorpsassembledattheairporttoseehimoffheneverarrivedasthengfamilyhadhimarrestedtrnvnchngtheambassadortotheunitedstatesandfatherofthedefactofirstladymadamenhuresignedinprotestalongwithallbutoneofthestaffmembersattheembassytranvanchuongmadamechngnbspwhowassouthvietnamsobserverattheunitednationsnbspresignedandspokeofmassexecutionsandareignofterrorunderdimandnhushepredictedthatifdimandthenhusdidnotleavevietnamthentheywouldbekilledinsomesortofuprisingvoiceofamericaannouncedthatchnghadresignedinprotestagainstthengfamilyspoliciesbutthiswasdeniedbythesaigongovernmentwhichassertedthechngshadbeensackeddimbureaucratsclaimedchngslasttelegramhadbeensocriticaloftheregimethatitwasdeterminedtobeinadmissibleinformandsubstanceandthatafteryearsofprivatelycomplainingabouthisambassadordimdismissedhimvietnamesecivilservantsalsobecamemorereluctanttodotheirjobsespeciallyinconjunctionwithamericanadviserstheyreasonedthatastheamericanswerefundingtungsmentheymusthavebeeninvolvedintheattackschangeinuspolicyoncetheusgovernmentrealizedthetruthaboutwhowasbehindtheraidstheyreactedwithdisapprovaltowardsthedimregimetheamericanshadpursuedapolicyofquietlyandprivatelyadvisingthengstoreconcilewiththebuddhistswhilepubliclysupportingthepartnershipbutfollowingtheattacksthisroutewasregardedasuntenablefurthermoretheattackswerecarriedoutbyamericantrainedspecialforcespersonnelfundedbytheciaandpresentedlodgewithafaitaccomplitheusstatedepartmentissuedastatementdeclaringthattheraidswereadirectviolationofthepromisetopursueapolicyofreconciliationonaugustthekennedyadministrationsentcabletolodgeattheembassyinsaigonmarkingachangeinamericanpolicythemessageadvisedlodgetoseektheremovalofthenhusfrompowerandtolookforalternativeleadershipoptionsifdimrefusedtoheedamericanpressureforreformastheprobabilityofdimsideliningthenhuswasseenasvirtuallynilthemessageeffectivelymeantthefomentingofacoupthevoiceofamericabroadcastastatementblamingnhufortheraidsandabsolvingthearmyofresponsibilityrefnamehalhalberstamprefawarethattheamericanswouldneitheropposeacoupnorrespondwithaidcutsorsanctionsthegeneralssouthvietnamesecoupdeposedthengbrotherswhowerearrestandassassinationofngnhdimarrestedandassassinatedthenextdaynovembernotesreferencesxpomayrefertofriskydingoepisodesinterpolxpologisticsthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellxinanxizezongjuneyuanqucountyyuanqushanxidecemberbeijingwasachineseastronomyastronomicalhistorianheisbestknownforfindinginancientchinesehistoryareferencetoganymedemoonganymedebeingvisibletothehumaneyebyancientastronomergandebeforeitwasofficiallyrecognisedbythewesthewasamemberofthechineseacademyofsciencesandanawardeeoftheastronomyprizecareerxigraduatedfromtheastronomydepartmentofzhongshanuniversityinzhongshanandbeganacareerinthechineseacademyofsciencesinwhichhespentallofhislifeasaprofessorheconductedresearchandsupervisedstudentsbeginninginattheuniversitysinstituteforhistoryofnaturalsciencehealsoservedasthedirectorofthisinstitutefromtohestudiedancientnovaerecordedinchinesekoreanandjapaneseannalsandinrewrotethisintoamoderndaycatalogueanalysingtheirsignificancetoradioastronomythiswasreprintedinintheunitedstatesandisconsideredanimportantreferenceworktoastronomicalscholarsworldwideinthesxiundertookresearchfortheunearthedastronomicalmaterialsatmawangduiandcameacrossavaluableancientchartwhichillustratedtypesofcometsxiwaselectedmembertheinternationalacademyofhistoryofscienceinandofinternationaleurasianacademyofsciencesininhebeganstudyingcelestialphenomenonrecordsinanefforttoaccuratelypinpointdatesforhistoricaleventspublishingachronologicaltableinnovemberinamainbeltasteroidwasnamedafterhimxuwaspresidentofchinesesocietyofhistoryofscienceand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ageouspositionsimayiwillnotdaretocomeandattackmeonceyouarriveillhavenoworrieshowevereightdayslaterwhensimayisarmyhadarrivedmengdawrotetozhugeliangagainiplottedarebellionwithineightdayssimayisarmyhasreachedmycitywhatgodspeedisthatmengdawasbasedinshangyongacityinxinchengwhichwassurroundedonthreesidesbywatersohesetupwoodenbarrierstodefendhimselfsimayisforcescrossedthewatersdestroyedthebarriersandarrivedjustoutsideshangyongsimayithensplituphisarmytoattackmengdafromeightdirectionssimayitemptedmengdasnephewdengxianandsubordinatelifuintosurrenderingwhichtheydidsobyopeningshangyongsgatesaftersixteendaysofsiegemengdawascapturedandexecutedandhisheadwassenttotheweicapitalluoyangaftermathsimayiandhisarmycapturedoverprisonersofwarandtheyreturnedtowanshenyihadbeeninweixingforalongtimeandhadbeenbehavingarrogantlyhehadseveralofficialsealscarvedanddistributedwithoutproperauthorisationwhenheheardofmengdasfatehebecameapprehensivemanyotherofficialsintheregionpresentedsimayiwithgiftsandcongratulatedhimonhisvictorysimayisentamessengertotauntshenyisoshencametomeetsimayiwhoquestionedhimaboutthedistributionofunauthorisedofficialsealsbutreleasedhimlatersimayialsorelocatedthehouseholdsfrommengdasterritorytoyouzhouyouprovinceinnorthernchinatheshugeneralsyaojingzhengtaandothersledtheirmennumberingoverandsurrenderedtoweisimayitravelledtothecapitalluoyangtomeettheweiemperorcaoruiwhoconsultedhimonhowtocounterinvasionsfromeasternwuandthenorderedhimtoreturntothegarrisonatwaninromanceofthethreekingdomstherebellionwasmentionedinchapterofthehistoricalnovelromanceofthethreekingdomsinwhichsomefictitiouselementswereintroducedfordramaticeffectthenovelsaccountmengdainvitedshenyitheadministratorofjinchengandshendantheadministratorofshangyongtojoinhimintherebellionshenyiandshendanpretendedtoagreeastheyweresecretlyplanningtohelptheweiarmywhenitarrivedtosuppresstherevolttheyliedtomengdathatthepreparationswereinsufficientandmengbelievedthemsimayismessengerliangjiarrivedatxinchengandliedtomengdathatsimahadledanarmytowardschangantodealwithaninvasionbyshuhanmengdawaspleasedandhethrewafeastforliangjiandthensawliangoutofthecityhethengaveorderstoshenyiandshendantorebelonthefollowingdayhoweverjustthenhereceivedreportsthatanarmyhadarrivedoutsidethecitymengdarushedtothecitywallandsawthatthearmywascommandedbyxuhuangaveteranweigeneralxuhuangcalledformengdatosurrenderbutmengfiredanarrowwhichhitxuintheforeheadmengdasarchersthenrainedarrowsonxuhuangsmenforcingthemtoretreatxuhuangdiedfromhisarrowwoundthatnightattheageofbyeastasianagereckoningandhisbodywasplacedinacoffinandsenttoluoyangforburialbythensimayismainarmyhadshowedupoutsidexinchengandcompletelysurroundedthecitythefollowingdaymengdasawshenyiandshendansforcesarrivingandhethoughtthattheyhadcometohelphimheopenedthegatesandledhismenouttoattacksimayibutshenyiandshendanshoutedathimyourebeldonttrytoescapequicklyacceptyourdeathmengdasensedtroubleandattemptedtoretreatbackintothecitybuthissubordinateslifuanddengxianhadbetrayedhimanddeniedhimentryshendanapproachedtheexhaustedmengdaandkilledhimandmengsmensurrenderedsimayienteredxinchengandrestoredpeaceandordertothecityhereportedhisvictorytotheweiemperorcaoruiwhoaskedformengdasheadtobesenttoluoyangshenyiandshendanwerepromotedandorderedtoaccompanysimayitodealwiththeshuinvasionwhilelifuanddengxianweretaskedwithguardingxinchengandshangyonghistoricityhistoricallyshenyiandshendanwerenotinvolvedintherebellionthereisalsonoevidencethatxuhuangparticipatedinsuppressingtherevoltthesanguozhididnotprovidemuchdetailsonhisdeathitsimplystatedthathediedinthefirstyearofthetaiheerainthereignofcaoruiinpopularculturetherebellionisfeaturedasaplayablestageinthekoeivideogamedynastywarriorsxtremelegendsinwhichitisknownasthebattleofxincastletheplayercanonlyplayontheweisideascaopisimayiorxuhuangandmustdefeatmengdatowinthestageiftheplayerisfastenoughthestagecanbecompletedbeforeshureinforcementsarrivetohelpmengdanotesreferenceschenshouchenshourecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhifangxuanlingfangxuanlingbookofjinjinshuluoguanzhongluoguanzhongromanceofthethreekingdomssanguoyanyipeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhuthexujiahuitowerisasupertallskyscraperundergoinggroundpreparationsinshanghaichinaitwasdesignedbytheatlantabasedfirmjohnportmanassociatesincifbuiltitwouldhavebeenthesecondtallestbuildinginshanghaiaftertheshanghaiworldfinancialcenteritwouldhavefloorsandstandatmetersornbspftexternallinksemporiscomenwmbuidxujiahuitowershanghaichinaxujiahuitoweronemporisxmenevolutionxmenevolutionmetresrelayprojectxanaduprojectxanaduxaverianbrothersgainesvillefloridanothingtolosefilmkhtiskopjextremegroupxtremegroupbellcharacterredirectshellxtremegroupinfoboxgermanlocationimagephotoimagecoawappenvonxheimpngcoordinatesimageplanxheimindausvgstaterheinlandpfalzdistrictvulkaneifelverbandsgemeindehillesheimelevationareapopulationstandpostalcodeareacodelicencedaugemeindeschlsseldivisionsadresseverbandburgstraebrhillesheimwebsiteuexheimdewwwuexheimdemayoraloisreinarzxheimisanortsgemeindeamunici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iinalbaniahacettepeskhacettepeandordusporinturkeyismailyscismailyinegyptnkzagrebincroatiaandmostrecentlysepahanisfahanfcsepahaniniranclubcareerearlycareersukajisaproductofthevllazniaacademyandinhewaspromotedtothefirstteamattheageofjusttheseasonwashisfirstinprofessionalfootballandhemadeleagueappearancesscoringgoalalongthewayhelpingvllazniafinishthinthetableinthealbaniancupsukajmanagedtograbgoalsinthethrashingofkftrbunipuktrbunipukinthendroundofthecupvllazniareachedthesemifinalsthatseasonbutwereeventuallyknockedoutbykftiranatiranaafteraaggregatelosshewasthenloanedouttokfelbasanielbasanifortheseasoninordertogainsomemorefirstteamexperiencebutsukajfounditdifficulttocompetewiththemoreexperiencedstrikersattheclubandonlymanagedtofeatureinleaguegameswithoutscoringbuthedidwinthealbaniansuperligathatseasonwithelbasanihereachedthealbaniancupsemifinalsagainbutdidnotscoreinanygameduringhisloansukajreturnedtovllazniainandimmediatelyestablishedhimselfinthefirstteamandwasinstrumentalinhelpingvllazniafinishrdintheleaguewithgoalsingameshealsoscoredgoalsinthecupwherevllazniawerenarrowlyknockedoutinthequarterfinalsthroughtheawaygoalruleagainstfkpartizanitiranapartizanitiranaoverallhescoredgoalsintheseasonduringtheseasonvllazniaplayedintheintertotocupwheresukajmadehisfirsteuropeanappearanceinthereturnlegofthestroundagainstnkzagrebbutafterwastingchanceshewassubstitutedbythecoachmireljosaforvioresinsinaniinthethminutevllazniawerethendrawnagainstturkeyturkishclubtrabzonsporinthenextroundwherevllazniawerebeatenonaggregatewithsukajonlyplayingthefirstlegashewasdroppedtothebenchbyjosaforthereturnlegintheleaguevllazniahadadifficultseasonfinishingonlythdespitesukajscoringgoalsingameshissidedidhowevermanagetowinthealbaniancupwiththehelpofgoalsbysukajincludingthewinninggoalinthefinalagainstkftiranahisgoaltallyreachedfortheseasonandhewonhisfirsttrophywithvllazniaintheuefacupqualificationsukajscoredawaygoalsagainstsloveniansidenkkoperinthefirsthalfofthewinhisgoalsputvllazniathroughtothesecondroundasthendlegfinishedgoallessandhissideweredrawnagainstitalyitaliangiantsnapolifcnapolisukajsdoubleinsloveniaearnedhisteamtheirfirstwinthecompetitionintheirgamesplayedandsukajgainedtherecordofbecmingthefirstevervllazniaplayertoscoremorethanonegoalinaeuropeangameheplayedhislastgamefortheclubbeforemovingabroadinthefirstlegofthenextroundagainstnapoliwherevllazniawereoutclassedandbeatenathomegenlerbirliihisdeparturefromvllazniashkodrwasannouncedonaugusttheclubwhoactuallysecuredhissignaturewasgenlerbirliiskgenlerbirliiwhoaretheparentclubofhacettepehewasloanedtohacettepeuntiltheendoftheseasonafterbeingunabletobreakintothefirstteamhewasloanedbacktohishomelandofalbaniaheonlystartedgamesbutmadeotherappearancesoffthebenchvllazniashkodronhisfirstmatchbackhewasabletogetahattrickinthematchagainstbesakavajhelpingtheteamtowinthematchintheothermatchesthatseasonhescoredanothergoalsordusporafteranuneventfulspellinturkishtopflightsukajjoinedfellowturkishsideordusporbysigningatwoyearcontracthemadehisclubdebutonaugustbyappearingasasecondhalfsubstituteinthehomedefeattoaltayskaltaytwogoalsinnineappearanceswerenotenoughtoimpresstheclubdirectorswhoterminatedhiscontractinjanuaryismailyinjanuarysukajsignedacontractwithismailyscismailyforthesecondpartofseasonnkzagrebsukajsignedathreeyearcontractwithcroatiansidenkzagrebonjulyafteritwaswidelybelievedthathewouldjoinvllazniaonceagainheonlymadefiveleagueappearancesandscoredonegoalbeforetermingatinghiscontractinjanuaryvllazniashkodrsukajreturnedtohisfirstclubvllazniashkodrbysigningatwoyearcontractonjuneontheopeningdayofthealbaniansuperligahescoredahattrickagainstkflailaitosecureawinforhissidedespitevllazniatrailingthegameafterminutessukajsgoalscameintherdthandndminuteofthegamesepahaninjanuarysukajcompletedhistransfertoiranproleaguesidesepahanfcsepahanbysigninganmonthdealduringthesecondpartofpersiangulfcupseasonhemanagedtoscoreonlytwogoalsintenappearancessukajwonhisthirdtrophywithsepahaninmayafterhisclubsecuredtheleaguetitleintheverylastweekafterbeatingsaipafcsaipawheresukajfeaturedinthelastminutesaftertheendoftheseasontheclubsdirectorsdecidednottorenewhiscontractleavinghimasafreeagentpartizanitiranahereturnedtoalbaniainthesummerofandafterbeinglinkedwithahostofalbaniansuperligasidesincludinghisformerclubkfvllazniashkodrvllazniashkodrhesignedaoneyearcontractwithpartizanitiranaonjulyintheopeningmatchofalbaniansuperligaagainstkflailaiatqemalstafastadiumsukajscoredagoalwithfreekickinthethminutetosecurehissideonepointsukajwasoneofthetopformplayersintheleagueashescoredagoalineachofhisfirstsevenmatchesfortheteamforhisperformanceshewasawardedalbaniansuperligaplayerofthemonthforalbaniansuperligaoctoberrefnamepotmrefafterthathesufferedagoaldroughtasonlynettedonceafteroctoberwhichwasagainstkftrbunipuktrbunipukondecemberondecemberheimmediatelygotsentoffagainstkfsknderbeukorsknderbeukorforanaltercationwithrenatoarapionlysecondsaftercomingintothepitchhewasbannedformatchesbythedisciplinarycommitteeofalbanianfootballassociationafaheplayedhisfirstmatchincomingoffthebenchtoscoreinthethminuteagainstflamurtarivloronfebruarywithleaguegoalssukajwasthesecondhighestscorerinthealbaniansuperligafortheseasononlysixgoalsbehindgoldenbootwinnerhamdisalihionjunesukajsignedanewcontractwithpartizanitiranakeepinghimattheclubuntilhoweverheannouncedhisdeparturefromtheclubeightdayslaterafterbeingtoldthathewasnotonthenewcoachsplansforthenewseasonperakfaonjunesukajjoinedmalaysiasuperleagueclubperakfaonamonthcontractworthperseasonhemadehiscompetitivedebutwiththeteaminthematchdayagainstfeldaunitedfcfeldaunitedonjulyplayingminutesinaawaydrawthreedayslatersukajopenedhisscoringaccountinamalaysiacupgroupstagegroupcmalaysiancupgroupcmatchagainstpdrmfapdrmwhichendedinahomedefeatthenhescoredhisfirstgoalsintheleagueinhisthirdappearancenettingabraceinawinatpahangfapahangfourdayslaterduringthenextcupmatchagainstjohordarultazimfcjohordarultaziminwhichsukajopenedthescoreinthethminutehesufferedamajorinjurywhichforcedhimtoleavethematchpartizanitiranareturnfollowinghisdeparturefromperaksukajreturnedtopartizanitiranainjanuarytotrainwiththesquadinordertomaintainhisformonjanuarysportingdirectorgenctomorristatedthatsukajwillbepartoftheteamthetransferwasmadeofficialonjanuarywiththeplayersigninguntiltheendoftheseasonduetoinjurysukajmissedfebruaryandhalfofmarchhemadehisreturndebutlateronmarchbyenteringasasecondhalfsubstituteforrealdofiliinawinoverkorabipeshkopihisfirstscoresheetcontributionscameonaprilinthematchdayagainstkfteutadurrsteutadurrswherehescoredinthelastmomentstosealthewinsukajwasagaindecisivefortheteamfivedayslaterwhereheenteredasasubstituteagainstthekftiranapartizanitiranarivalrycityrivalstirananettingalateheaderforawinwhichkeptpartizanistitlehopesaliveitwashisfourthtiranaderbygoalsukajfinishedthesecondpartofalbaniansuperligaseasonbymakingappearancesallofthemassubstitutecollectingminutesaspartizanifailedtowinthechampionshiponceagainfinishingrunneruptofkkuksikuksionjunesukajsignedanewoneyearcontractsukajcontinuedhiscooperationwithpartizaniforanotherseasonanddespitesufferinganinjuryinjunehewasstillincludedintheteamfortheuefaeuropaleaguequalifyingphaseandplayoffroundfirstqualifyingrounduefaeuropaleaguefirstqualifyingroundagainstpfcbotevplovdivbotevplovdivhestartedinthefirstlegatselmanstrmasistadiumonjunenettinginsideminuteswithashootoutsidethezoneinaneventuallossthenheplayedinthefinalminutesinthesecondlegaspartizanilostandwaseliminatedfromthecompetitionsukajchancestoplaywerereducedundernewmanagermarkiulianoastheitalianpreferredtheformationassociationfootballeelineupwithonecenterforwardmeaningthatsukajwouldmakespacetonewlyacquirededgaranievenwiththeinjuryofanisukajwasforcedtomakespacefortheyoungsterbardhihescoredhisfirstdomesticgoaloftheseasononoctoberatteutadurrsnettingapenaltykicktogivehissidethefirstleaguewinofseasonsukajfoundthenetagainfourdayslaterwherehescoredtheopenerinahomewinversuslufttarigjirokastrhewashoweverreplacedinthethminuteduetoaninjuryfollowingtheexaminationsitwasconfirmedthatsukajwouldbesidelinedformonthhereturnedonactionamonthlaterasalatesubstituteinalossatkflailaisukajreturnedtothescoresheetaftermorethanamonthonnovemberwherehenettedthelonegoalinthematchversuskspogradecipogradecivalidforthefirstlegofalbaniancupsecondroundalbaniancupsecondroundsukajlefttheclubinlatedecemberduetolimitedplayingtimevllazniashkodrreturnonjanuaryvllazniashkodrannouncedtohaveacquiredsukajsservicesonacontractuntilmayhisfirstgoalscameonfebruaryinformofabraceinthewinatabdurrahmanrozahaxhiustadiumversusthefellowrelegationstrugglerskflushnjalushnjainternationalcareerafterenjoyingasuccessfulundercareerwithalbanianationalunderfootballteamalbaniasuteamsukajwascalledupbythencoachariehaanforthefriendlyagainstazerbaijannationalfootballteamazerbaijaninbakuonnovemberhemadehisseniordebutinthismatchbyappearingasasubstituteinthelastminutesofthematchwhichfinishedinadrawcareerstatisticsclubrefnamesoccerwayrefclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterclubstatisticsrowspanclubrowspanseasoncolspanleaguecolspancupcolspancontinentalcolspantotaldivisionappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalsappsgoalsrowspankfvllazniashkodrvllazniashkodralbaniansuperligarowspanalbaniansuperligacolspanalbaniansuperligacolspanalbaniansuperligarefgrouploweralphaallappearancesinuefaintertotocuprefalbaniansuperligarefgrouploweralphanameuelallappearancesinuefaeuropaleaguerefcolspantotalrowspankfelbasanielbasaniloanalbaniansuperligarowspanalbaniansuperligacolspanrowspangenlerbirliiskgenlerbirliisperligrowspansperligcolspanrowspanhacettepeskhacettepeloansperligrowspansperligcolspanrowspankfvllazniashkodrvllazniashkodrloanalbaniansuperligarowspanalbaniansuperligacolspanrowspanordusporloantfffirstleaguerowspantfffirstleaguecolspanrowspanismailyscismailyloanegyptianpremierleaguerowspanegyptianpremierleaguecolspanrowspannkzagrebcroatianfirstfootballleaguerowspancroatianfirstfootballleagueprvahnlcolspanrowspankfvllazniashkodrvllazniashkodralbaniansuperligarowspanalbaniansuperligacolspanalbaniansuperligacolspantotalrowspansepahanfcsepahaniranproleaguerowspaniranproleagu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gsystemkbsshappysundayxmanbecamethelastprogramsouthkoreastopmcsyoojaesukandkanghodongworkedtogetherformateachseasonwasdividedintotwoepisodesairinginconsecutiveweeksthefirstseasonwasdividedintosixepisodeswiththreechancestofindthexmanthesecondandthirdseasonwasdividedintofourepisodeswithtwochancesasofthefourthseasonchallengersonlyhadonechancetwoepisodestofindthexmanthevariouscelebritiesweredividedintotwoteamswithoneledbykanghodongkangteamandthesecondbytheothermainmcyoojaesukservedastheshowsmediatorandmainmcatthestartofeachepisodeonecelebritywouldbechosenbytheproducertobethexmanwhosemainmissionwastodisruptteamworkinhisorherteamandpurposelythrowchallengeswhilekeepinghisorheridentityasecretwinningteamsofeachmissionwouldbeawardedsouthkoreanwonmillionactualamountswereundisclosedafterearlierseasonsafterallthemissionsthegueststhenvotedonwhotheythinkisthexmanthecelebrityparticipantwhowaschosenwasthendigitallyfingerprintedtoseeiftheotherschosecorrectlyiftheotherschosecorrectlyanymoneyearnedbytheteamswasdonatedtocharityunderthenamesofthevariousguestsiftheyfailedtofindthexmanthexmanwasconsideredtohavesucceededandthemoneydonatedtocharitywasgivenunderthexmansnamemissionsxmanhasfeaturedmanymissionsthathavebecomeverypopularwiththegeneralaudiencemissionsconsistedofvariousphysicalandmentalgamesthatchangedeveryfewmonthshiddenbegintitlelistofmissionstitlestylebackgroundccccffmainmissionsteamhorseridingseasonatraditionalkoreangamewhereahorseisformedadefendingteamofmenbentdownsupportingeachotherwithamanstandingatthefronttheheadtheotherattackingteamwilljumpontothehorsetryingtostayonthehorseuntilallmembersareonthedefendingteammustsupporttheotherteamwithoutcollapsingifallmembersareonthehorsethenthefirstmemberinlineandtheheadwillplayrockpaperscissorstodecidethewinnertonguetwistersrelayseasonallmembersofateammustcorrectlysaytonguetwistersinrelayinacertaintimelimitrunballooncouplequizseasonaquizofquestionsusuallyrelatingtotheguestsofthatseasonusingcouplesnewmarriagesarebeautifulseasoncouplesofeachteammustcompleteanobstaclecoursethefastestofcourseseasonagamewheretwomembersfaceoffinaskingeachotherembarrassingquestionsandtheopponentmustsayofcourseamemberlosesiftheyareunabletosayofcourseorareknockeddownbytheiropponentthiswasanorderdecidinggamefortonguetwistersrelayfromseasoncouplesandwarriorsforeverseasonacoupleeventwheremaleandfemalemembersofeachteampairupandplaygamesperformancesanddancesareusuallyinvolvedintheselectionroundduringseasonandasurvivalelementwasaddedwhererightafteramaleperformshewillchoosewhohewantstobehispartnerifsheacceptstheyimmediatelybecomecouplesbutshecanstillchangehermindifanothermalechoosesherafterwardsteamchickenfightseasonatraditionalkoreangamewhereteamswillchickenfightwhereyoustandononelegandtrytoknockyouropponentswhilegrabbingontotheotheranklethiswasasecondarymissioninseasonteamgofightingseasonteamsarestandingonaraisedplatformandmustpushtheotherteamoffthiswasawarmupgameinseasonsurvivalskybridgeseasontwoteamsmusteliminatetheopposingteamusingonlyaskybridgetogetbetweenthiswasawarmupgameinseasonsecondarymissionsbabywarriorsseasonamemberofeachteamwearsasumowrestlerlikesuitandneedstopushtheopposingmemberoutoftheringcatchlovesballseasoncouplesmustshootaballfromtheirmouthandcatchitwhoisitseasonteamsmustguesswhoontheotherteamiscarryingapumpkinwheretheotherteamiscarryingfakepumpkinsaswellbalancebeamfightseasonamemberofeachteamstandonabalancebeamwithpansontheirhandsandmustpushtheopposingmemberoffloveschopsticksseasoncouplesmustmaneuveragiantpairofchopsticksandmovepotstoafartherstandletsstudyseasonteamsmustmemorizetheorderoffiftycountriesinfiveminutesandalternaterecitingthemcorrectlypiggybacktoyhammersseasonamemberofeachteamispiggybackedbyanothermemberoftheirteamandmustbreaktheotherpiggybackedopponentsballoonattachedtotheirheadwithatoyhammernewspapergameseasoncouplesmuststandwithinanewspaperasitgetssmallereachroundteamtelepathyseasonteamsmustpullatableclothfromunderasetofdinnerwareandnothaveanyoftheitemsmoveinsuccessionliongrasshopperrelaysimilartonewmarriagesarebeautifulamemberofeachteamdressedineitheralioncostumerepresentingkangteamoragrasshoppercostumerepresentingyuteammustcompleteanobstaclecoursethefastestlovemessageseasoncouplesmustsendamessagetoeachotherusingonlyactionsteamfeetfeetseasonteamsmusthaveadesignatednumberoffeetstandingonthegroundthiswasanorderdecidingmissioninseasonandamainmissioninseasonteamcatchthetailseasontheheadfirstmemberoftheteammustcatchthetaillastmemberoftheotherteamwhilekeepingtheteamconnectedtoeachotherthiswasamainmissioninseasonhighjumpseasonmalesandfemalesofeachteamcompeteinhighjumpseparatelysurvivalpushoverseasonamemberofeachteammustpusheachotheroverusingonlytheirhandsqueenbeechickenfightingseasonthesameasteamchickenfightatraditionalkoreangamewhereteamswillchickenfightwhereyoustandononelegandtrytoknockyouropponentswhilegrabbingontotheotherankleexceptteamsmustattackprotectthequeenfromfallinghugyourloveseasoncoupleswhereamemberofeachteamisconnectedwithanelasticbeltandtheothermemberisateitherendwithaballoonthememberconnectedtotheelasticbeltmustgettotheballoonandbreakitfirstbyhuggingskeweredrelayseasonteamsareconnectedtoeachotherinanoutfitandracetoaturningpointandbackflyfrypanseasonagamewhereamemberofateamcallsoutthenameofamemberontheotherteamandanumberthatmembermustsaytheirnamecorrespondingtothenumbergivenfollowingarhythmandpatternthiscontinuesuntilsomeonemakesamistakeandfrypansflyandhittheheadsoftheirteamteamhulahoopseasonallmembersofeachteammustsuccessfullyjumpthroughahulahooprollingatthemteamballoondodgeballseasoneachteammustthrowaballataballoonattachedtoanopposingmembersbuttandbreakitinsuccessiongrabthebeltofyudoseasonamemberofeachteammusttakethebeltoffoftheopposingmemberendurepaterseasonamemberofeachteammuststaywithinadesignatedareaforfivesecondstowintouchtouchwrestlingseasonthesameasendurepaterexcepttheyareabletochangeoutwithanothermemberbytouchingthemorderdecidingwarmupgamessurvivalchickenfightseasonatraditionalkoreangamewhereteamswillchickenfightwhereyoustandononelegandtrytoknockyouropponentswhilegrabbingontotheotheranklethisdiffersfromthemainmissionasitwasplayedonevsoneonasurvivalbasisfrogsurvivalgomusinbuttpushingseasonamemberofeachteammustpushtheopposingmembersbuttandknockthemoverinfrogbuttpushingmemberskneeldowninafrogpositionandareabletomovewithinadesignatedareainsurvivalbuttpushingitisplayedasateamingomusinbuttpushingmembersgrabthegomusinunderneathandmustbreaktheballoonattachedtotheopponentswaistsurvivalpulltheropeseasonamemberofeachteamhasaropewrappedaroundbothwaiststheymustpulltheropeintheirfavortomaketheopponentfallsurvivalxmanxseasonamemberofeachteamshoutsxmanandpointseithertotheleftorrightinfrontoftheopponentsfacetheopponentsheadneedstomovetotheoppositedirectiontalkfightseasonsimilartoofcourseamemberofeachteammustverballyattacktheiropponenthandpushoverseasonthesameassurvivalpushoveramemberofeachteammustpusheachotheroverusingonlytheirhandsscaryhandwrestlingseasonamemberofeachteamholdseachothershandandwrestleeachothersurvivalfootwrestlingseasonamemberofeachteamissittingwiththeirhandsundertheirlegsandmustpushtheopposingmemberoveroroutoftheringtoyhammerturnturnseasonamemberofeachteammustfollowacircleusingtheirkneesandmusthittheopposingmemberwithatoyhammersurvivalhandkerchiefwrestlingseasonamemberofeachteammustpullthehandkerchiefthatisheldbetweenbothmemberskneesawayfromtheopponentcushionpushingseasonthesameashandpushoverexceptthemembersaresittingontopofapileofcushionslosewrestlingseasonamemberofeachteamwrestleeachotherbutwinbylosingintraditionalkoreanwrestlingssireumsurvivalrelaytakeoffstockingsseasonteamsmustracetotakeofftheirstockingsheadarcheryseasonmemberswearahatwithascoreboardandmustthrowaballandtrytolanditinthecenterflysuperboardseasonamemberofeachteamstandonanunbalancedsuperboardandmustpushtheopponentoverindiandanceseasonamemberofeachteammustdancetomusicandthenstepontheballoonsattachedtotheopponentsfeetstretchyourlegsseasonamemberofeachteammuststretchtheirlegstodesignatedpointsthememberthatcanstretchfarthestandsupportitselfwillwinbuttpushkoongseasonsimilartobuttpushingamemberofeachteammustpushtheopposingmembersbuttattemptingtoknockthemoverthengrabthetowelunderneathcatchthegomusinseasonamemberofeachteammusttosstheirgomusincatchitandbreaktheballoonontheopposingmembersbuttfirstbucketpunchpunchseasonamemberofeachteamstandinmetalbucketsandpushknocktheopposingmemberovertakeofftherubberglovesseasonamemberofeachteammustgrabtherubberglovesofftheopposingmemberfirstbecarefulofthecoldseasonamemberofeachteammustgrabthescarfofftheopposingmemberfirstapplegameseasonamemberofeachteammustknockoffanappleattachedtoahelmetwithaswordteambuttwrestlingseasonsimilartobuttpushingteamswillgraduallyaddmembersthroughoutroundsandmustpushtheotherteamsbuttandknockthemovertailbitestailseasonsameasteamcatchthetailtheheadfirstmemberoftheteammustcatchthetaillastmemberoftheotherteamwhilekeepingtheteamconnectedtoeachotherexceptthenumberofmembersincreaseseachroundspecialmissionsthesemissionswereplayedduringaspecialeventteamgofightinginwaterseasonteamsarestandingonafloatingplatformonwaterandmustpushtheotherteamoffteamwatersplashseasonteamsmustaccumulatemorewaterthroughcollectingsplashesofwatercreatedbyitsmembersdivingintoapoolhotspringramswarseasonamemberofeachteammustgrabthetowelofftheopposingmembersheadfirstfloatingcanoeseasonteamsmustsuccessfullybalanceonafloatingplatformtogethertheteamwiththefastesttimewillwinfloatarmwrestlingseasonamemberofeachteammustarmwrestleeachotherintowateronafloattingtingtengtengricetablegameseasonidenticaltoflyfrypanexceptthelosingteamhitstheirheadonaricetableinsteadoffrypansworldcupjustkickitseasoninsupportofthefifaworldcupmembersmustshootintoagoaltheteamwiththemostgoalswillwincatchuptomichellewieseasonagamecompetingagainstmichellewiewheremembersmustshootgolfballstohitgongsforpointshitthetargetseasonagamecompetingagainstmichellewiewheremembersmustshootgolfballstohitpanelsforpointschallengepenaltyshootoutseasoninsupportofthefifaworldcupmembersmustshootmoreintoeachothersgoalstowinworldcupvaultingcompetitionseasonteamsmustattempttojumphigherthanpreviousattemptsxmansreenactmentxseasonteamsmustcorrectlyactoutscenesfromfamousdramastheteamwhosuccessfullyactsoutallsceneswillwindduidduibbangbbangbusgameseasonsimilartoflyfrypanmembersareonabusandcallsoutanopposingmembersnameanumberandacommandwhethertogetonoroffthatmemberanditscorrespondingnumberofmembersinlinewilleithersayhelloorgettingoffandthemembercalledwillcalloutthenextmemberifacommandwasnotcalledthenthecorrespondingnumberofmembersinlinewillsaythepreviouscommandanyonewhomakesamistakeasetofskeletonswilldropinfrontoftheirteamknowyourmultiplicationseasoneachmemberfacesoffagainstmcyuinmultiplicationtheteamthatwinsagainstmcyuwillwinifbothteamswinaspecialroundisplayedbetweenthetwoteamsswimcaprelayseasonamemberofeachteamswimtotheotherendtoretrieveaswimcapunderwaterputitonandreturnfirstnewxmanmissionsdodgeballkingxxseasonsimilartotraditionaldodgeballteamsattempttothrowaballateachotherandareeliminatediftheballtouchesthemiftheballiscaughtthenaneliminatedmembermayreturntoplaythegameendswhenallmembersofateamareeliminatedfromseasontheruleschangedtotouchdodgeballwhereamaximumoffiveteammembersplayatatimeandmayswitchoutwithothermembersbytouchingthemcatchingaballnolongerbringsbackaneliminatedplayerthereisalsoasafezoneinthecenterofeachteamscourtwhereaplayerwillnotbeeliminatedeveniftheyarehitbytheballaslongastheyareinthatcirclehandseparatelipsseparatetogetherdisagreeingseasoneachteamfacesoffagainstmcyuindividuallywheretheymustsayanumberfromonetofiveandshowadifferentnumberoffingersandcontinuedoingsountilsomeonemakesamistaketheteamthatwinsagainstmcyuwillwinifbothteamswinaspecialroundisplayedbetweenthetwoteamsstarbattlecoldheartedoxoxseasonamemberofeachteamperformstoapanelofsevencoldheartedjudgescomposedofshowstaffmembersofvaryingageandgenderwhojudgebasedontheirpersonalpreferencetheindividualwiththehighestscoresteamwillwinifbothteamshaveamemberwiththesamehighestscoretheteamwiththemosthighestscoreswillwinrookiebattlecoldheartedoxoxseasonsameasstarbattlecoldheartedoxexceptfeaturingtherookiesofthatseasonandtheyarejudgedbytheirseniorsfromtheoppositeteamthismissionwasincorporatedintostarbattlecoldheartedoxinfutureseasonsthestairsofpossibilityseasonadecidingdiscussionmissiontodeterminewhoismostlikelytobethexmanmcyuasksquestionsrelatingtothatseasonstopicifachallengerbelievestheypersonallyagreetothatquestiontheystepupthestairsofpossibilityattheendofthequestionswhoeverisstandingonthetopofthestairsofpossibilityisastrongxmancandidatedontaskenvelopesseasonasuspiciondiscussionmissiontodeterminewhoismorelikelytobethexmanchallengerswritequestionstothefinalxmancandidatespriortothismissionandarehiddenindiscreetenvelopesthefinalxmancandidateschooseanenvelopeandanswersthequestionwhichmayhelptheteamleaderdecidewhoismostlikelytobethexmanchallengethreewordedpoemsseasonagamewheretwomembersfaceoffusingtheopponentsnameasthefirstwordinthethreephrasestoattackeachotheramemberlosesiftheyareunabletocomeupwithaphraseusingthenameorareggedbytheiropponentwrestlingkingxxseasonaspeciallunarnewyearmissionwherememberswrestleeachotherintraditionalkoreanwrestlingssireumthismissionisdividedintothreegroupsfemalesyoungboysandoldboysonlytheoldboysdivisionplayswithaclothwrappedaroundbothmemberswaistandmustpullitintheirfavortomaketheopponentfallhostsyoojaesukmainhostseasonyooteamteamleaderkanghodongkangteamteamleaderkimjedongnovembernovemberkimteamteamleaderseasonmainhostgonghyungjindecembermaygongteamteamleaderparkkyunglimmayaprilparkteamteamleaderleehyukjaemayaprilleeteamteamleaderlistofepisodestriviakimjedongwastheonlymconxmantohavehisteamnamewritteninhanjaasopposedtothetraditionalhangulthismaybebecausethehangulforkangandkimareveryclosetooneanothertheoriginalteamnameskangandyoowereactuallymeantinhanjaforasinstrongandasintenderrepresentingkanghodongandyoojaesukrespectivelybutweredisregardedoncekimjedongbecameteamleaderwhenidentifyingwhoisxmanifthesuspectwasxmanthescreenreadidenticalifthesuspectwasnotxmanitwouldreaddiscordantandcarbondioxidewouldbesprayedintheformofanxinfrontofthesuspectstartinginseasonthecoupleeventtookplaceinadifferentsetresemblingaforestthefingerprintceremonytookplacethereaswellbutlackingascreeninwhichidenticalwouldberepresentedbyfireworksanddiscordantwasstillrepresentedbyxcarbondioxideoriginallysuspectswereidentifiedcorrespondingtothenumberofvotesreceivedbutafterearlierseasonsafterincorrectlyidentifyingxmanheshewassimplyrevealedbymcyooinordertosavetimeawardsandachievementsclasswikitablealignleftwidthpxyearalignleftwidthpxawardsaligncenteralignleftsbsentertainmentawardsdecemberkoreanwaveprogramawardxmangrandawarddaesangkanghodongreferencesexternallinkstvsbscokrgoodsundayxmanofficialhomepagetvsbscokrxmannewxmanofficialhomepagexmanshowtkxmanfansiteprimeministersofficialresidencejapanprimeministersofficialresidencejapanprimeministersofficialresidencejapanfebruaryincidentsadaoarakitomiichimurayamanationaldietshintaroishiharajapanesecommunistpartykomeitonobutakamachimurakeizobuchikiichimiyazawat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riptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxalazakungisavillageinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexangzhaothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxangzhaisavillageinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexardongothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxardongisavillageinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexarmaothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangtibetanlanguagetibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypetownshipmottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinatibetpushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetautonomousregionpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregionsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamenagquprefecturesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamelharicountysubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxarmaalsosharmaxiamaorxiamaxiangisasmalltownandtownshipleveldivisionoflharicountyinthenagquprefectureofthetibetautonomousregioninchinaitliesalongthesroadnorthwestoflharitownandsouthwestbyroadofnagchutownrefnamegmrefasofithadapopulationofaboutrefnamecfreftheprincipaleconomicactivityisanimalhusbandrypastoralyakgoatsheepandsoonadministrativedivisionsthetownshipleveldivisioncontainsthefollowingvillagespoercangvillagegongxivillagelangqingvillageazhaikuvillagementangkuvillagechuiqianvillagejiarenvillagetakongvillagejiageivillagechuiqiongvillageduolavillagenaicangvillagexiamavillageseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetreferencesinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexarsingmaothernamenativenametranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfoshargsingmatranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxarsingmastandardtibetantibetanisatownandadministrativecenterinyadongcountyinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexaxaothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxaxaisavillageinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexayagothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxayagisavillageinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexenkyerothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxnkyrxinjixiangisatownshipofbaingoincountytibetautonomousregionpeoplesrepublicofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexexungothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxexungisavillageinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexiazayuothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxiazayuisavillageinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetforthehistoricalchinesegeneralwithstylenamexingbaseeganninginfoboxsettlementofficialnamexingbaothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishnicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionleftpushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetableattemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlelistofethnicgroupsinchinaethnicgroupspopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxingbaisavillageinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementnamexinrongtibetothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypelistofsovereignstatescountrysubdivisionnamechinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxinrongisavillageinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexobandoothernameshopadonativenametranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxobandoisatowninthechamdotibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofthetibetautonomousregioninfoboxsettlementofficialnamexogngaothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxogngaisavillageinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexoiothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangtibetanlanguagetibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinatibetpushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesforthevietnamesericedishseexixoiisavillageinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexoisarothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotal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nginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusereftagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxungmaiisavillageandtownshipinthetibetautonomousregionofchinaseealsolistoftownsandvillagesintibetinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexungqenothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypefortownorvillageleaveblankforthedefaultcitymottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontyperegionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountylevelcountysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypehumansettlementnearbysettlementsdistancesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulat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vatarisnowrequiredbythexboxliveservicetwoyearslatermicrosoftlaunchedanewdashboardsetforthereleaseofthemicrosoftkinectaddingafreshnewuserinterfacewithatouchofsilverbutinlateasystemupdateagaincamewithacompletenewuserinterfacewithametrodesignlanguagemetrostyledesigninspiredbywindowsphonethemanyenhancementsthatwereincludedwiththisupdatepushedthesystemtoamoremodernizedinterfaceandimprovedfeaturesthatpushedtheenvelopeforsocialgamingandmediarefnameuirefmultimediafeatureswhilethexboxconsoleisprimarilydesignedtoplaygamesjustlikeothervideogameconsolesitcanbeusedasamediaplayersoftwaremediaplayertoosimilartotheplaystationfromsonyxboxhasmediacentercapabilitiesbuiltinsoitisrelativelyeasytosetupwiththexboxuserscanalsocopyvideosdirectlytotheharddriveorplayviaausbsticktherearetwowaystowatchvideosonxboxthefirstistodownloadvideosfromthexboxlivemarketplacesomeofthesevideosareavailableforfreewhileothershavetobepaidmicrosoftisincontrolofwhatvideosareavailablethroughthexboxlivemarketplacethesecondistostreamvideosfromawindowsmediacenterpcbyusingxboxasamediacenterextenderinthiswayusersareincontrolofwhatvideostheywanttowatchhowevertherearerestrictionsonwhatkindofvideotheycanplaybackmorespecificallyitonlysupportsplaybackofdvrmsmpegmpegandwmvvideoseveryxboxcanplaydvdmoviesoutoftheboxusingthebuiltindvddrivewithnoadditionalpartsnecessaryalthoughtheusermaycontroleverythingwithanoptionalremotethereareotherimprovementstotheexperienceonthexboxovertheoriginalxboxtooincludingtheabilitytoupscaletheimagesoitwilllookbetterprogressivescanisanotherfeatureofthedvdoutputinthexboxthatproducessmootheroutputwhenplayingmoviesontelevisionsthatsupporthighdefinitionalthoughusingadedicateddvdplayerwouldofferevenmorefeaturesandsoundqualitybackwardcompatibilitythexboxsystemsoftwareincludesbuiltinsoftwareemulationsupportforthexboxconsoleoriginalxboxgamesystemsoftwareemulationisachievedwithdownloadablevideogameconsoleemulatoremulationprofileswhichrequireaharddrivenotalloriginalxboxgamesaresupportedthelastreportedupdatetothecompatibilitylistwasinandsupporthassincebeendiscontinuedforaddingnewtitlestherearemorethantitlesonthelistwhichcoversmostofthebignametitlesandasarequirementforbackwardscompatibilitytheusershavetohaveaharddrivefortheirxboxspecificallyanofficialmicrosoftbrandxboxharddriveincontrastxboxssuccessorthexboxoneconsolewasnotbackwardcompatibleatlaunchbutafterapplyingthenovembernewxboxoneexperiencesystemupdateitalsosupportsaselectgroupofxboxgamesusingasoftwareemulatorsimilartoxboxsbackwardcompatibilityfeaturehowevertherearealsonotabledifferencesbetweenthewaysoftheiremulationsunlikexboxsemulationoftheoriginalxboxbyxboxonesemulationofthexboxgamesdonothavetobespecificallypatchedbutinsteadneedtoberepackagedinthexboxoneformatrefnamevergebwcompatibilityrefxboxlivepreviewprogramstartingwiththenxedashboardinnovemberlarryhrybknownonxboxliveasmajornelsonandotherteammembershostedanewsegmentusingmicrosoftconnecttoallowmembersofthexboxlivecommunitytogetachancetohaveapreviewofthenextdashboardsmallbugfixesminorimprovementswerenotincludedinthepreviewprogramitwaslimitedtomajorreleasesnxekinectmetroreleasedinnovemberofsomeyearsinthepreviewprogramreturnedinaugustratherthannovemberforasummerupdatethepreviewprogramincentiveenrollmentstartedineithermarchapriloraugustseptemberdependingonwhenamajordashboardreleasewasbeingplannedapplicantswerenotifiednolaterthanweeksaftertheenrollmentdatewiththenewpreviewprogramdashboardlaunchingontheirconsolesasearlyashoursafteracceptancethepreviewprogramisbyinvitationonlyuserscanbeinvitedbytheirfriendsbyusingtheinvitefriendspageinthexboxpreviewdashboardappiftheirfriendsarealreadyintheprogramthexboxpreviewdashboardappistheplaceforpreviewparticipantstogivefeedbackabouttheprogramgetthelatestnewschangeconsoleenrollmentsettingsandreportproblemsifusersdecidethattheydontwanttogetpreviewupdatesanymoretheycanoptoutinthexboxpreviewdashboardappalldetailsforthepreviewprogramcanbelocatedonthexboxofficialwebsitehistoryofupdatesthefirstversionofthexboxsystemsoftwarewasreleasedonnovemberasshippedintheoriginalxboxconsolesalthoughtheversionnumberedwasavailableatproductlaunchoverthecourseofnextafewyearssawthecontinuousupdatesofthesystemsoftwarewhileearlyupdatessuchasversionreleasedonoctoberaddedsupportsforpvideooutputandtheexternalhddvddriveattachmentversionreleasedonnovemberwasthefirstmajorupgradeofthesystemsoftwaretitledthenewxboxexperiencethathadaddedmanynewfeaturesincludingacompletelyredesignedguiitincludedchangesinthemenusystemfeaturingamoredstylevibewithmoreoptionsandsectionsnewsoundeffectsmenusonlynotificationsoundsremainthesamesupportforandresolutionsletterboxedovervgahdmiandwhenusingdviaswellastheabilitiestopreviewthemesbeforesettingthemtodisablenotificationsnewmessageschatrequestsetcormutethenotificationsoundandtochangetoqwertykeyboardinplaceofalphabeticalkeyboardsubsequentsystemsoftwareupdatesafterthismajorupgradecontinuedtoaddalthoughusuallynumericallysmallernewfeaturesormakeotherchangesincludingbugfixesanexampleofthenewfeaturesintroducedinversionreleasedonaugustwastheadditionofdisplaydiscoverytoallowconsoletooverridefactorysettingsforhdtvresolutionsandrefreshratesaswellasdiscoveringthebestpossibleresolutionandrefreshratesthatthehdtviscapableofdisplayingselectedhdtvsversionreleasedonnovemberalsoaddedfeaturessuchastheabilitytoinstallgameupdatestothehddselectgamesonlyandavisualrefreshtoincorporateelementsofmicrosoftsmetrodesignlanguagemetrodesignstyleitalsofeaturedanewbootscreenanimationwithredesignedxboxorbandribbonsnewantipiracyschemetonewlyreleasedgameswasalsoaddedinthisversionlaterupdatedtoantipiracyintheversionreleasedonjulyversionreleasedondecemberintroducedaredesignedinterfaceandafreshnewtakeonaplatformthathashadmorethanhalfadecadeofchangesandenhancementsthereleasesaftertheversionreleasedoctoberweretypicallyminorusuallybugfixesorasamandatoryupdatethatpreparedforsubsequentgrowthoftheservicebutthesystemsoftwareisstillbeingconstantlyupdatedbynowversionhistorydonotcutandpastecontentfrommicrosoftwebsiteasthisisablatantcopyrightviolationparaphraseandedititusingthewebsiteasasourcethistableisatableofversionspleasedonotincludepubliclyunreleasedversionschangeswithunspecifiedreleasedatespleasedonotlistbugsortechnicalissueswithbuildstheyareinevitableinbetareleasesandmaybepatchedatanytimethankyoupleaseaddnonmicrosoftsourcesaswikipediacontentisbestbackedupbynonfirstpartysourcesandreferencesthisinvisiblemessagehasbeencopiedfromthewindowsversionhistoryarticletowarneditorsnottoviolatealltherulessetupbythewikipolicyofwpnotchangelogseealsoxboxapplicationsnongamesoftwareapplicationsdesignedtorunonthexboxplatformwindowsphoneafamilyofmobileoperatingsystemsdevelopedbymicrosoftforsmartphonesasthereplacementsuccessortowindowsmobileandzuneothergamingplatformsfrommicrosoftxboxonesystemsoftwaretheoperatingsystemfortheeighthgenerationhomevideogameconsolexboxoneothergamingplatformsfromtheeighthgenerationofvideogameconsolesnextgenerationnintendodssystemsoftwareasetofupdatablefirmwareversionsandsoftwarefrontendonthenintendodsfamilyofvideogameconsolesplaystationsystemsoftwaretheupdatablefirmwareandoperatingsystemoftheplaystationplaystationvitasystemsoftwaretheofficialupdatablefirmwareandoperatingsystemfortheplaystationvitaandplaystationtvknowninasiaasplaystationvitatvwiiusystemsoftwaretheofficialfirmwareversionandoperatingsystemfornintendoswiiugameconsolenintendoswitchsystemsoftwaretheofficialfirmwareversionandoperatingsystemfornintendoswitchgamingconsoleothergamingplatformsfromseventhgenerationofvideogameconsolesthisgenerationnintendodsisystemsoftwareasetofupdatablefirmwareversionsandasoftwarefrontendonthenintendodsiincludingitsxlvariantvideogameconsoleplaystationsystemsoftwaretheupdatablefirmwareandoperatingsystemoftheplaystationplaystationportablesystemsoftwaretheofficialfirmwarefortheplaystationportablewiisystemsoftwareasetofupdatablefirmwareversionsandasoftwarefrontendonthewiivideogameconsolereferencesexternallinksxboxcomencaxboxwhyxboxaboutthexboxsupportxboxcomenusxboxconsolesystemupdateoperatingsystemxboxoperatingsystemversionsandsystemupdatesnavboxestitlelinkstorelatedarticleslistswsetxboxlivebeaconsxboxxboxsupportwithxboxwindowsinfoboxalbumnamextypestudioartistkylieminoguecoverkyliexcoverpngborderyesreleasedrecordedmayauguststudiocollapsiblelisttitlevarioustitlestylefontweightnormalfontsizepxbackgroundtransparenttextalignleftplainlistechostudiosbrsmalllosangelescaliforniasmallemipublishingstudiosolympicstudiossleeperstudiosstanleyhousestudiosbrsmalllondonenglandsmalljonasjebergstudiobrsmallcopenhagendenmarksmallmagneticstudiosbrsmallibizaspainsmallmurlynmusicgroupmurlynstudiosbrsmallstockholmswedensmallgenreflatlistdancepopelectropoplengthlabelparlophoneproducerflatlistbloodshyavantguychamberscutfathercathydennisfreemasonsbandfreemasonscalvinharrisjonasjebergkishmauvegregkurstinbiffcorichardbiffstannardegwhitelastalbumbodylanguagekylieminoguealbumbodylanguagebrthisalbumxbrnextalbumaphroditealbumaphroditebrmiscsinglesnamextypestudiosingleheartskylieminoguesongheartssingledatenovembersinglewowkylieminoguesongwowsingledatefebruarysingleinmyarmskylieminoguesonginmyarmssingledatefebruarysinglealliseesingledatemarchsingletheonekylieminoguesongtheonesingledatejulyxisthetenthstudioalbumbyaustraliansingerkylieminogueitwasreleasedonnovemberbyparlophoneitisherfirstreleasesincethegreatesthitscompilationultimatekylieandherfirststudioalbumsincebodylanguagekylieminoguealbumbodylanguageworkonthealbumbeganfollowingminoguesgradualrecoveryfrombreastcancerandsubsequentradiationtherapyradiotherapytreatmenthercancerwhichwasdiagnosedinmayresultedinthepostponementofshowgirlthegreatesthitstourmidwaythroughitsrunminogueshowgirlthehomecomingtourresumedthetourinlateinthemidstofrecordingxandwascompletedlaterinthefollowingyearthealbumintroducednewamericanandeuropeanproducersincludingbloodshyavantguychamberscalvinharrisandfreemasonsxhasreceivedpositivereviewsfrommusiccommentatorsmanycriticshadcommendedtheproductionminoguesinnovativewritingandmanybelievedthatitwasatruewelcomebacktothepopscenehoweveruponreleasesomecriticsweredividedwhetherthealbumwasacomebackalbumandsomenotedthefillersandthemeinconsistencycommerciallyxwasasuccessinminoguesnativeaustraliathealbumdebutedatnumberoneontheaustralianalbumschartbecomingherfirstnumberonealbumsincebodylanguagekylieminoguealbumbodylanguageandwascertifiedplatinumbytheaustralianrecordingindustryassociationariaintheunitedkingdomthealbumpeakedatnumberfourbeingheldoffbyartistswestlifeshaynewardwhichwasthehighestdebutingalbumthatweekandleonalewisitgainedahigherpositionthanherlastrecordandwascertifiedplatinumbythebritishphonographicindustrythealbumachievedstrongchartinginternationallypeakinginsidethetopincountriesincludingaustriagermanyirelandtaiwanandfranceheartskylieminoguesongheartswasreleasedastheleadsinglefromxthesongreceivedmixedreviewspraisingthetoneandproductionwhilecriticizingthelackofcommercialappealandmemorabilitythesongwasacommercialsuccesspeakinginsidethetopincountriesincludingaustraliaandspainpeakingatnumberoneinbothterritoriesitalyukraineswedenandtheunitedkingdomtwosingleswerereleasedonandfebruaryrespectivelywowkylieminoguesongwowwasreleasedinaustraliaeuropeandtheunitedstateswhileinmyarmskylieminoguesonginmyarmswasreleasedineuropethefirstwaspositivelyreceivedandachievedchartsuccesswhilethelatterdidnothavethesimilarchartprogressionalliseeandtheonekylieminoguesongtheonewerereleasedasdigitalsinglesthefirsttopromotethealbumintheunitedstatesandthelatterreleasedineuropexwaspromotedbythekyliexconcerttourwhereshetraveledaroundeuropeoceaniasouthamericaasiaandsouthafricathetourreceivedfavorablereviewsfromcriticsandwasacommercialsuccessmakingitminoguesmostexpensivetouratthetimeduetominogueslackofsuccessinnorthamericashetraveledthereinforhertourforyouformetopromotethealbumthealbumwasnominatedforabritawardsbritawardforinternationalalbuminaswellasagrammyawardsgrammyawardforgrammyawardforbestdanceelectronicaalbumbestelectronicdancealbuminminoguesfifthgrammyawardnominationaccordingtothetimesthealbumhadsoldonemillioncopiesworldwideasofdecemberbackgroundandwritingwhilerecoveringinmelbourneminoguebeganwritinglyricstowardstheendofhercancertreatmentinmidhavingnotworkedonanymusicforthepreviousyearinspiredbythinkingaboutthethingsshewantedtodoonceherrecoverywascompleteandofherdoubtsaboutreturningtohercareershewrotelyricswhichwouldlaterformthebasisofcosmicandnomorerainavisittotaprobanealsoproducedasongwhichminoguepennedtitledextraordinarydayduetotherecoverytimefollowinghercancerxwasthefirstalbumminoguehadconsciouslypreparedfortherecordingofhavingpreviouslybeenengagedformuchofhercareerinanendlesscycleofrecordreleaseandtourshehadworriedaboutnothavingsunginsometimeandwhetherornotshecouldperformsosoonafterhercancertreatmentminoguestartedworkontheprojectinmayonlybreakingfortheresumptionoftheshowgirltourattheendoftheyearoncethetourwasfinishedshereturnedtothestudiotocompletethealbumfeelingthatcompletingitwasapersonalgoalshehadsetthetitleofthealbumxisareferencetothefactthatthisisminoguestenthstudioalbumwithxbeingtheromannumeralforthenumberitwaslaterstatedinaninterviewonherofficialwebsitethattheoriginaltitleofthealbumwasmagneticelectricalsothetitleofabonustrackbutbecauseduringtheproductionperiodfansontheforumshadbeenreferringtoitasalbumxxseemedtominoguetheobviousnameforthealbumrecordinginitialsessionsinnewyorkwithjakeshearsandbabydaddyofscissorsisterswouldresultinwhitediamondandsinginginmysleepbeforeminoguesettleddownwithherlongstandingcowritersbiffcorichardstannardjulianpeakeandpaulharrisinbrightontoworkonanumberoftracksthiscollaborationprovedveryproductivewithstarsfallforyourufflemyfeathersandidontknowwhatitisbeingwrittenduringthebiffcosessionsscottishmusiciancalvinharrisworkedwiththeteamoninmyarmskylieminoguesonginmyarmswhilestannardbroughtinatrackhehadsourcedtitledtheonekylieminoguesongtheonewhichhecoproducedwithrussellsmallandjameswiltshireoffreemasonsbandfreemasonsstannardalsoworkedwithstuartcrichtonontellitlikeitisdavemorgansimpleboyrobdavismusicianrobdavisonetoonemartinharringtonashhowesandhannahrobinsongiveuptoloveminogueencounteredsongwriterguychambersatafunctionwhoofferedherasonghehadwrittenoverthepreviousfouryearsandbuiltaroundasampleofsergegainsbourgandbrigittebardotsbonnieandclydesergegainsbourgandbrigittebardotsongbonnieandclydecathydennisjoinedminogueinfurtheringthetrackwhichbecamesensitizedshehadalsowrittenanumberofsongsforminoguesalbumincludingonecowrittenwithproducermarkronsonentitledboysboysboysoncethesessionsforthealbumhadgotunderwayparlophonesartistsandrepertoirearteamsentoutwritingandproductionbriefstoalargenumberofartistsproducersandsongwriterssomeofthemwellregardedsomeupandcomingandsomeunknownrequestingdemosubmissionsforminogueandherteamtohearminoguecontinuedtoworkwithagrowingnumberofartistsonhernewmaterialharrisreturnedtotheprojectwithheartbeatrockloveattacklikeloveandwhatsitgonnatakesessionswithscottishmusicianmyloresultediniminthemoodforloveandspellofdesirewhileundergroundlondongroupkishmauveproducedtwooftheirownsongsforminogueheartskylieminoguesongheartsandlosec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llybecomepuprefectureroughlymodernyunchengshanxiyunchengshanxihisgrandfatherxuedaohengwasahighlevelofficialofsuidynastybeforebeingexecutedinduetojealousythatemperoryangofsuihadforhisliterarytalentandasaresultxueyuanchaosfatherxueshoudeclinedtoserveundersuidynastyandeventuallyjoinedtherebellionbythegeneralemperorgaozuoftangliyuaninservingunderliyuanssonemperortaizongoftanglishiminafterliyuanfoundedtangdynastyinasitsemperorgaozuxueshoucontinuedtoservelishiminasasecretaryandadvisorbutdiedfairlyearlyinstillduringemperorgaozusreignatagehewasbestowedvarioushonorsinafterlishiminbecameemperorinasemperortaizongxueyuanchaoinheritedthetitlebaronoffenyininwhichxueshouhadbeencreatedforhiscontributionsinthecampaignagainstliuheitawhenhegrewolderhebecameknownforhisstudiousnessandwritingabilityemperortaizongwasimpressedbyhimandhadhimmarryladyhejingthedaughterofemperortaizongsbrotherliyuanjihewasmadeanattendanttoemperortaizongscrownprinceemperorgaozongoftanglizhiandparticipatedindraftingtheofficialhistoryofjindynastyjindynastythebookofjinduringemperorgaozongsreignafteremperortaizongdiedinlizhitookthethroneasemperorgaozonghemadexueyuanchaoanimperialattendantheoftensubmittedsuggestionstoemperorgaozongastoproperrelationswithhissubjectofficialsandthevariouscurrentaffairsandemperorgaozongwasimpressedbythemhewassoonmadeamidlevelofficialatthelegislativebureauofgovernmentzhongshushengandanimperialscholarcontinuingtobeinchargeofwritingimperialhistoriesitwassaidthatthelegislativebureauhadalargeflatrockthatxueyuanchaosgrandfatherxuedaohenghadoftenusedasatableonwhichtodraftvariousregulationsandwheneverxueyuanchaosawithewouldshedtearsforhisgrandfatherinonaccountofhismothersdeathxueyuanchaoleftgovernmentalservicetoobserveaperiodofmourninginhereturnedtogovernmentalserviceashuangmenshilangthedeputyheadoftheexaminationbureauofgovernmentmenxiashengaswellasastaffmemberforemperorgaozongscrownprincelizhongbythispointxuewasknownnotonlyforhisliterarytalentbuthisabilitytofindcapablepeopleandrecommendthemforgovernmentserviceamongthepeopleherecommendedwerelaterkeyofficialsrenxigugaozhizhouguozhengyiwangyifangandmenglizhenlaterthoughhewassentoutofthecapitalchangantoserveastheprefectofraoprefectureroughlymodernshangraojiangxionaccountofillnessinorhebecamedongtaishilangthedeputyheadofthelegislativebureauwhichbythistimewasrenameddongtaiinthechancellorliyifuwasremovedfromofficeandexiledtoxiprefectureroughlymodernliangshanyiautonomousprefecturesichuanandaccordingtoregulationsexileswerenotallowedtoridehorsesonthewaytotheplaceofexilexuemadearequestthatlibegivenahorseandoffendedtheemperorindoingsoandwasdemotedtobetheprefectofjianprefectureroughlymodernziyangsichuaninanotherchancellorshangguanyiwasexecutedforopposingemperorgaozongspowerfulwifewuzetianempresswulaterknownaswuzetianandasxueoftenexchangedcorrespondenceswithshangguanxuewashimselfremovedfromofficeandexiledtoxiprefectureearlyinemperorgaozongsshangyuaneratherewasageneralpardonandxuewasallowedtoreturntochanganandwasmadeanimperialadvisorwiththeexaminationbureauinhebecamezhongshushilangthedeputyheadofthelegislativebureauwhichbythistimehadchangeditsnamebacktozhongshushengandlaterthatyearhereceivedthedesignationtongzhongshumenxiasanpinmakinghimachancellordefactoalsothatyearhewascommissionedbyemperorgaozongtogoonatourofthehebeicircuitroughlymodernhebeitoexaminetheprefectsinthecircuitaroundthattimetherewasanoccasionwhenemperorgaozongwasonahuntwhenhehadnonhanchinesehantribalchiefsattendthehuntarmedwithweaponsxuesubmittedasecretpetitionadvisingagainstitontheaccountofdangerousnessandemperorgaozongwastouchedbytheconcernheshowedfromthatpointonheofteninvitedxuetosharemealswithhimandtheimperialprincesemperorgaozongimpressedwithxuestalentingovernancealsomadethecommenttohimgiventhatyouareatzhongshushengidonotneedalargenumberofpeoplethereinwhenemperorgaozongsthencrownprincelixianprincelixianwasaccusedoftreasonemperorgaozongputxuealongwithpeiyanandgaozhizhouinchargeoftheinvestigationsafterwhichlixianwasdeposedandreplacedwithhisbrotheremperorzhongzongoftanglizheinxuewasmadezhongshulingtheheadofthelegislativebureauandapostconsideredoneforachancelloraswellasamemberoflixinsstaffinwhentherewasamajorfamineintheguanzhongregioniethechanganregionemperorgaozongleftchangantotakeupresidenceattheeasterncapitalluoyangandheleftlizheinchargeofthecapitalassistedbyxueandfellowchancellorsliurenguiandpeiemperorgaozongtoldxuethatlizhewasstillyoungandneededcounselxuethereafterrecommendedanumberofofficialsincludingthelaterimportantofficialszhengzuxuandengxuantingandcuirongtoberesidentscholarsatlizhespalaceandheoftensubmittedadvicetolizhecounselinghimagainstfrequentlyspendingtimeinhuntingemperorgaozongheardofthisandawardedhimwithsilkandthensummonedhimtoluoyanginxuesufferedathroatillnessthatrenderedhimunabletospeakandheofferedtoretireemperorgaozongallowedhimtoretireandbestowedonhimthehonorifictitlejinziguangludaifuhediedinwinteraroundthesametimethatemperorgaozonghimselfdiedandwasburiedwithhonorsnearthetombofemperorgaozongnotesandreferencesoldb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efrefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnamedurrantrefperdefinitionmostgarrattlocomotivesaretanklocomotivegarrattlocomotivetankenginessincetheycarryalltheirwaterandfuelinonboardwatertanksandcoalbunkersinsteadofinaseparatetenderthethreeknownexceptionswerealltanklocomotivecombinationstankandtenderenginesandwereallgarrattsrefnamesarhnovespitaliertjdaywajthelocomotiveinsouthafricaabriefhistoryofrailwaydevelopmentchapterviisouthafricanrailwayscontinuedsouthafricanrailwaysandharboursmagazinenovemberpprefclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedsortablestylemarginemautofontsizetextaligncentergarrattproductionlistallmanufacturersrefnamegarrattbuildersbrefrefnamegarrattbuildersorefgaugerailwayclassworksnounitsyearbuildersierraleonegovernmentbeyerpeacockkenyaugandarailwayecbeyerpeacockkenyaugandarailwayecbeyerpeacockkenyaugandarailwayecbeyerpeacockantofagastachiliboliviarailwaybeyerpeacockcordobacentralrailwayargentinaebeyerpeacockkenyaugandarailwayecbeyerpeacocktanganyikarailwaygabeyerpeacockwardeptkenyaugandarailwayheavybeyerpeacockwardeptburmalightbeyerpeacockkenyaugandarailwayecbeyerpeacockburmarailwaysgebeyerpeacockangolaluandarailwaycflbeyerpeacockantofagastachiliboliviarailwaybeyerpeacockeastafricanrailwaysbeyerpeacockeastafricanrailwaysbeyerpeacockeastafricanrailwaysbeyerpeacockeastafricanrailwaysbeyerpeacockeastafricanrailwaysbeyerpeacockcfdafriqueoccidentalefranaisefrancobelgefrancecfdafriqueoccidentalefranaisefrancobelgefrancecfdafriqueoccidentalefranaisefrancobelgefranceeastafricanrailwaysfrancobelgefranceredeferrovariadonoroestebrazilhenschelkenyaugandarailwayecnblplmalgeriayatfrancobelgefrancequeenslandgovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardclydetasmaniangovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardclydequeenslandgovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardclydewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardclydetasmaniangovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardclydewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardclydequeenslandgovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardislingtonwesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardislingtonwesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysasgcltbcaaustralianstandardislingtonwesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardmidlandjunctionwesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysasgcltbcaaustralianstandardmidlandjunctionqueenslandgovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardnewportwesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardnewportwesternaustraliangovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardnewportaustralianportlandcementasgcltbaustralianstandardnewporttasmaniangovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardnewportqueenslandgovernmentrailwaysasgcltbaustralianstandardnewportangolabenguelarailwaycfbabeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysglbeyerpeacockemubayrailwaytasmaniabeyerpeacockangolabenguelarailwaycfbbbeyerpeacocknigerianrailwaysbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysglbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgmbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgeabeyerpeacockqueenslandgovernmentrailwaysbgbeyerpeacockangolabenguelarailwaycfbcbeyerpeacockangolabenguelarailwaycfbcbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgmabeyerpeacockangolabenguelarailwaycfbcbeyerpeacockangolabenguelarailwaycfbdbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgmabeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgmabeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysbeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysabeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgmabeyerpeacockcfmoambiqueduhainesaintpierrecfdubascongoakatangaduhainesaintpierrequeenslandgovernmentrailwaysbgfrancobelgefrancesouthaustralianrailwaysfrancobelgefranceangolamoamedesrailwaycfmhenschelcfmoambiquehenschelsouthafricanrailwaysgmahenschelsouthafricanrailwaysgohenschelsouthafricanrailwaysgmahenschelangolaluandarailwaycflkruppsouthafricanrailwaysgmanblsouthafricanrailwaysgmanblsouthafricanrailwaysgmanbliranianstaterailwaybeyerpeacocksovietrailwaysyabeyerpeacockbuenosairespacificrailwayargentinabeyerpeacockbuenosairesgreatsouthernargentinabeyerpeacockbuenosairespacificrailwayargentinabeyerpeacockbengalnagpurrailwayindiapbeyerpeacockusageangolaallthreemainrailwaysystemsinangolausedgarrattlocomotivesthebenguelarailwaycaminhodeferrodebenguelacfbwasthelargestuserwithlocomotivesbuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanybetweenandsixclassalocomotivesweredeliveredinfollowedbyfourteenclassblocomotivesininandeighteenclassclocomotivesfollowedandtenclassdlocomotivesweredeliveredinandsixclasslocomotiveswerebuiltfortheluandarailwaycaminhosdeferrodeluandacflbybeyerpeacockinsixclasslocomotivesbuiltforgaugeweredeliveredtothesamesystembykruppfriedrichkruppaginthethirdsystemthemomedesrailwaycaminhosdeferrodemomedescfmboughtsixclasslocomotivesfromhenschelsoninaustraliafourclassesofgarrattlocomotivesenteredserviceinaustraliabetweenandallongaugebeyerpeacockandcompanybuiltthreelocomotivesfortheemubayrailwayintasmaniaintheaustralianstandardgarrattwasdevelopedinaustraliaduringthesecondworldwarwhentheharoldwinthropclappcommonwealthlandtransportboardcommonwealthlandtransportboardcltbcommissionedchiefmechanicalengineerfrederickmillsengineerfrederickmillsofthewesternaustraliangovernmentrailwayswagrtodesignthelocomotiveasanemergencymeasureoutofanintendedlocomotiveswerebuiltbythemidlandrailwayworkshopsnewportworkshopsislingtonrailwayworkshopsislingtonworkshopsandclydeengineeringbetweenandtheinitialallocationwaslocomotivestothequeenslandrailqueenslandgovernmentrailwaysqgreightlocomotivestothetasmaniangovernmentrailwayslocomotivestothewagrandonetothefyansfordcementworksrailwayofaustralianportlandcementsomeofthelocomotiveslatermigratedfromtheqgrandwagrwheretheywereunpopularwithcrewstoothersystemssuchasthesouthaustralianrailwaysandtheemubayrailwayrefnameobergobergleonlocomotivesofaustraliasydneynewsouthwalesreedrefthirtybgclasslocomotiveswerebuiltforthequeenslandgovernmentrailwaysintenbybeyerpeacockandtwentybysocitfrancobelgefrancobelgealsobuilttensouthaustralianrailwaysclassclasslocomotivesforthesouthaustralianrailwaysinkenyatanganyikaandugandatheeastafricanrailwaysearformedinbymergingthekenyaandugandarailwaysandharbourskenyaandugandarailwayswiththehistoryofrailtransportintanzaniatanganyikarailwaystooperaterailwaysinkenyatanganyikaandugandaoperatedthelargestandmostpowerfulsteamlocomotiveonthiswastheoilfiredearclassgarrattofwhichwerebuiltintwobatchesbybeyerpeacockandcompanyintheclasshadthereputationofbeingamongstthelargestandmostpowerfulsteamlocomotivesintheworldwithadiameterboilerandatractiveeffortofalthoughgarrattlocomotivesoperatedinallthreeterritoriestheclassonlyworkedinkenyaandlatterlysolelyonthelinebetweennairobiandmombasathelastonewaswithdrawnfromregularserviceinrefnamehollingsworthrefsouthafricafiveclassesofdoublemountainlocomotivesthreeofwhichweretankandtendergarrattswereacquiredbythesouthafricanrailwayssarbetweenandduringandthesarplacedeightsouthafricanclassglclassglgarrattlocomotivesinservicebuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanytospecificationspreparedbychiefmechanicalengineercmecolonelfrcollinsdistinguishedserviceorderdsotheirtractiveeffortofatboilerpressuremadethemthemostpowerfulsteamlocomotivesinserviceanywhereinthesouthernhemisphereatthetimetheywereoriginallyemployedonthedurbantocatoridgesectionofthenatalmainlineuntilelectrificationbetweendurbanandpietermaritzburginsawthemtransferredtothegruellingcoaltrainrunbetweenglencoeandvryheidthisworkentailedtheregularhaulageoftonsupgradientsofintaxingtheclassglevenmoreheavilythantheworkforwhichitwasdesigneddespitethistheymaintainedaneffectiveservicealongthislineuntilitselectrificationinafterwhichtheyspenttheirfinalworkingyearsoperatingonthelinefromstangertoempangeniduringandthesarplacedsixteensouthafricanclassgmclassgmgarrattsbuiltbybeyerpeacockingoodstrainserviceonthelinefromjohannesburgviakrugersdorpandzeerusttomafekingaftertheinitialdesignsbycmewajdaywererejectedbythechiefcivilengineerbecausetheweightontheleadingandtrailingbogiesexceededtheacceptablelimitforrailthewatercapacityofthefrontwatertankwasreducedtowhiletherearbunkerwasredesignedtocarrynowaterandwithacoalcapacityoftonsthemeagrewatersupplywasaugmentedbysemipermanentlycouplingaspeciallybuiltcapacitysouthafricantypexwatertendertypexwatertendertothelocomotiveineffectsincegarrattlocomotiveshadhithertobeenconsideredastankenginesbecausetheycarryalltheirwaterandfuelonboardthisarrangementintroducedthetankandtendergarrattinallotherrespectsthedesignfollowedthatoftheheavyclassglgarrattduringandthesarplacedfiftysouthafricanclassgeaclassgeagarrattsinservicetheorderforfiftylocomotiveswasthelargestsinglegarrattordereverplacedwithbeyerpeacockdesignedbycmedrmmloubserasadevelopmentofthesouthafricanclassgeclassgelocomotiveitwasthefirstsargarratttohavestreamlinedwatertanksandcoalbunkersmeantforgoodstrafficonlightrailonbranchlinesthegeawassuperheatedandhadwalschaertsvalvegearitwastheonlypostwarsargarratttobewithoutamechanicalstokerandalsooneofthelargestdesignsofgarratttobehandfiredbetweenandsouthafricanclassgmaclassgmabranchlineandclassgmammainlinegarrattsenteredservicethiswasthemostnumerousgarrattclassintheworldadevelopmentoftheclassgmtheclassesgmaandgmamwereidenticalandtheirwaterandcoalcapacitiescouldbeadjustedtosuitbyinstallingorremovingplatesinthecoalandwaterspacestheycouldeasilybeconvertedbackandforthbetweenthetwoversionsandoftenwereliketheclassgmitwasatankandtendergarrattandthewatersupplywasaugmentedbysemipermanentlycouplingacapacitytypexorcapacitysouthafricantypexwatertendertypexwatertendertothelocomotivedesignedunderthesupervisionofcmelcgrubbtheywerebuiltbythreemanufacturersbyhenschelsonhenschelandsonbybeyerpeacockandbynorthbritishlocomotivecompanysubcontractedbybeyerpeacockalsoinsouthafricanclassgoclassgolightbranchlinegarrattsenteredservicedesignedundergrubbssupervisiontooperateonlighterrailstheywerebuiltbyhenschelindesignandgeneralappearancetheclassgowasverysimilartotheclassgmawiththechiefdifferencesaimedatreducingweightsuchasasmallerboilerwithareduceddiameterasmallerfireboxandgrateareaandahalftonsmallercapacitycoalbunkertheonepiececaststeelframeandengineunitswereidenticaltothatoftheclassgmaexceptthatthecylindershadbeenlinedandsleevedtoreducetheborefromt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sexylitoldehydrogenasexdhrespectivelywereintroducedinscerevisiaebymeansofgeneticengineeringrefnamepmidrefxrcatalyzetheformationofxylitolfromdxyloseandxdhtheformationofdxylulosefromxylitolsaccharomycescerevisiaeandnaturallyfermentdxylulosethroughthepentosephosphatepathwayinanotherapproachbacterialxyloseisomeraseshavebeenintroducedintoscerevisiaethisenzymecatalyzethedirectformationofdxylulosefromdxylosemanyattemptsatexpressingbacterialisomeraseswerenotsuccessfulduetomisfoldingorotherproblemsbutaxyloseisomerasefromtheanaerobicfunguspiromycessphasproveneffectiveoneadvantageclaimedforscerevisiaeengineeredwiththexyloseisomeraseisthattheresultingcellscangrowanaerobicallyonxyloseafterevolutionaryadaptationstudiesonfluxthroughtheoxidativepentosephosphatepathwayduringdxylosemetabolismhaverevealedthatlimitingtherateofthisstepmaybebeneficialtotheefficiencyofethanolfermentationfermentationtoethanolmodificationstothisfluxthatmayimproveethanolproductionincludedeletingthephosphogluconatedehydrogenasegndgeneortheglucosephosphatedehydrogenasezwfgenesincethepentosephosphatepathwayproducesadditionalnadphduringmetabolismlimitingthisstepwillhelptocorrectthealreadyevidentimbalancebetweennadphandnadcofactorsandreducexylitolbyproductformationanotherexperimentcomparingthetwodxylosemetabolizingpathwaysrevealedthatthexipathwaywasbestabletometabolizedxylosetoproducethegreatestethanolyieldwhilethexrxdhpathwayreachedamuchfasterrateofethanolproductionoverexpressionofthefourgenesencodingnonoxidativepentosephosphatepathwayenzymestransaldolasetransketolaselribulosephosphateepimeraseribulosephosphateepimeraseandribosephosphateketolisomeraseledtobothhigherdxyluloseanddxylosefermentationratetheaimofthisgeneticrecombinationinthelaboratoryistodevelopayeaststrainthatefficientlyproducesethanolhowevertheeffectivenessofdxylosemetabolizinglaboratorystrainsdonotalwaysreflecttheirmetabolismabilitiesonrawxyloseproductsinnaturesincedxyloseismostlyisolatedfromagriculturalresiduessuchaswoodstocksthenthenativeorgeneticallyalteredyeastswillneedtobeeffectiveatmetabolizingtheselesspurenaturalsourcesvaryingexpressionofthexrandxdhenzymelevelshavebeentestedinthelaboratoryintheattempttooptimizetheefficiencyofthedxylosemetabolismpathwayreferencesdimitrioskamberosmyungwhunchungdonghyeklimlosrosregionlosrosregiontakeshikaneshiroredirectcategoryshellryukyuanpeopleryukyuanpeopleourukrainepeoplesselfdefensebloclaborthanksgivingdayhousewithchimaerashousewithchimaeraswadysawhorodeckitaxoboxnamexenoporadoceratinaefossilrangeimageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassiscephalopodasubclassisammonoideaordogoniatitidasubordotornoceratatinasuperfamiliaprionocerataceaefamiliasporadoceratidaesubfamiliaxenoporadoceratinaesubfamiliaauthoritydieterkornkornsubdivisionranksgenerasubdivisionerfouditesxenosporadocerasxenoporadoceratinaeisoneoftwosubfamilybiologysubfamiliesofthesporadoceratidaefamilyamemberofthegoniatitidaorderbiologyordertheyareanextinctionextinctgroupofammoniteammonoidwhichareshelledcephalopodsrelatedtosquidsbelemnitesoctopusesandcuttlefishandmoredistantlytothenautiloidsreferencespaleodborgcgibinbridgeplthepaleobiologydatabaseaccessedontransponderaeronauticsemergencycodesinfoboxweaponismissileyesnamexsmimagecaptionorigintypecruisemissileusedbymanufacturerconvairunitcostproductiondateserviceengineweightpoundmasslbkgtolbkglengthftinmdiameterwingspanftmtomspeedmachnumbermachtomachvehiclerangeceilingftmaltitudeftmfillingnoneguidancedetonationlaunchplatformzerolengthgroundlaunchertheconvairxsmwasasubsonicjetpoweredgroundlauncheddecoycruisemissiledevelopmentinmarchtheunitedstatesairforcereleasedgeneraloperationalrequirementgorwhichcalledforalongrangedecoymissiletoincreasetheeffectivenessofstrategicaircommandbombersbyconfusingandsaturatinganairdefensesystemmultiplexsmmissileswouldbegroundlaunchedfromstrategicaircommandbaseslocatedintheunitedstatesfiftypercentofthedeployedxsmmissileswouldbelaunchedwithinthefirsthourafteranalertandtheremainingmissileswouldbelaunchedonehourlatertherequirementcalledforpercentofthedecoymissilestoarriveatthetargetareawithinthexsmwastoflyatspeedofatleastmachatanoperatingaltitudeofnbspftmwithapayloadofnbsplbnbspkgafterflyingthexsmwouldsimulationsimulatetheperformanceofthebstratojetorbstratofortressoverthefinalofflightstudycontractswereawardedtoconvairandfairchildaircraftmanufacturerfairchildinjulybytheunitedstatesairforceundertheprojectdesignationmxaccordingtousafrecordsthedesignationxsmwasproposedforthemxmissilebutneveractuallyapprovedtheconvairmxdesigncalledforanonmetallicfuselagewithsweptwingsandavtailradarreflectorswerelocatedinthefuselageandonpodspositionedonthewingtipstosimulationsimulatetheradarreturnofastrategicbomberbomberdevelopmentofthexsmwassuspendedindecemberwhenfairchildaircraftmanufacturerfairchildwasawardedacontractbytheusaftodevelopthexsmgoosevariantsmxoriginalusairforceprojectdesignatorxsmdesignationreservedforprototypesoperatorunitedstatesairforceseealsoaircontentrelatedsimilaraircraftadmtaldbgmggroundlaunchedcruisemissilemgm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ebutjuneaustinwatsonbornseptemberisanamericanprofessionalwrestlingprofessionalwrestlerandyoutubercurrentlysignedtowweonthesmackdownwwebrandsmackdownbrandundertheringnamexavierwoodsheispartofthenewdayprofessionalwrestlingthenewdayalongwithbigewrestlerbigeandkofikingstonwheretheyareformertwotimewwesmackdowntagteamchampionshipsmackdowntagteamchampionstheyarealsoformertwotimewwerawtagteamchampionshiprawtagteamchampionswiththeirsecondreignbeingthelongesttagteamtitlereigninwwehistoryhepreviouslyworkedfortotalnonstopactionwrestlingtnaasconsequencescreedandwasalistoftnaworldtagteamchampionsonetimetnaworldtagteamchampionshiptnaworldtagteamchampionwithjaylethalaslethalconsequenceshehasalsoworkedfornwaanarchyandotherindependentcircuitindependentpromotionsundertheringnameaustincreedearlylifewatsonwasbornincolumbusgeorgiahegraduatedfromsprayberryhighschoolinlaterthatyearhebeganstudyingpsychologyandphilosophyatfurmanuniversityingreenvillesouthcarolinahegraduatedwithamastersdegreeinpsychologyandabachelorsdegreeinphilosophyprofessionalwrestlingcareerearlyyearsandnwaanarchywhileattendingfurmanuniversitywatsonbegantrainingforacareerinprofessionalwrestlingandinbeganwrestlingparttimewithrobadonisultimatechristianwrestlingpromotionwhileinthegreenvillesouthcarolinabasedworldwrestlingcouncilhedevelopedhisaustincreedglossaryofprofessionalwrestlingtermsggimmickwhichisbasedheavilyonthecharacterapollocreedfromtherockyfilmseriesrockyseriesrefnameslamrefduringhistimeinnwaanarchycreedwaspartofatagteamcalledawesomeattractionwithhaydenyoungthepairhadoneofthelongesttitlereignsinthepromotionshistoryafterdefeatingjusticeservedjasonjusticeandmikefreeincorneliageorgiaonaprilincreedwonnwasmostpopularwrestlervotedforbythenwafansonjulycreeddefeatedmurderonetobecomethefirstdeepsouthheavyweightchampionshipdswheavyweightchampionfollowingthepromotionssplitfromworldwrestlingentertainmentwwetotalnonstopactionwrestlingxdivisioncreedappearedattotalnonstopactionwrestlingsboundforgloryboundforglorypayperviewlistoftnapaypervieweventseventteamingwithronkillingsasthereplacementforpacmanjonesadampacmanjonescreedwrestledunderthenamerasheedluciusconsequencescreedhisunionwithronkillingswasdubbedtruthandconsequenceswhichwasacombinationofkillingsnicknamethetruthandcreedsnicknameconsequencesaswellasaplayonwordsonthetruthorconsequencesgameshowofasimilarnameonoctoberitwasreportedthatcreedhadsignedacontractwithtnathesigningwasreportedwhencreedappearedontheradioshowtrashtalkingradioonoctoberwithtommycairoandsabianhissigningwasalsoconfirmedlateratanwaanarchyshowwherecreedwaspresentedwiththecontractbytnabookingdirectorbillbehrensfollowingboundforglorycreedwasnotseenontnatelevisionformonthsafterkillingsaskedforandwaslatergrantedhisreleasefromthecompanyonfebruarycreedwrestledinalistofprofessionalwrestlingtermsdarkmatchdarkmatchbeforeagainstalloddsagainstalloddsheteamedwithsonjayduttdefeatingtherocknraveinfectiononthemarchepisodeofimpacttvseriesimpactapromovideowiththewordspreparetofacetheconsequencesshowedcreedtrainingandannouncedthathewouldmakehisreturnatthelockdownlockdownpayperviewonaprilthefollowingweekthereturndatewaschangedtoaprilontheaprilepisodeofimpactcreedmadehisinringreturnanddefeatedjimmyraveoftherocknraveinfectionthusqualifyingfortheprofessionalwrestlingmatchtypesxscapematchxscapematchatlockdownduringthematchcreedeliminatedsharkboybutwaslatereliminatedbycurrymancreedlaterwrestledinthefirsteverprofessionalwrestlingmatchtypesthundercageterrordomematchatsacrificesacrificewhichwaswonbyfrankiekazariankazathardjusticehardjusticecreedfacedpeteywilliamsforthetnaxdivisionchampionshipxdivisionchampionshipbutlostafterinterferencefromshawndaivarisheikabdulbashirontheseptemberepisodeofimpacttvseriesimpacthewonanumberonecontendersmatchagainstbashirfortherighttofacewilliamsagainatnosurrendernosurrenderforthexdivisiontitlehoweverthematchwaslaterchangedtoatriplethreatafterbashirrepeatedlyattackedcreedandultimatelybashirwonthematchandthexdivisiontitleatboundforgloryivonoctobercreedwasdefeatedbybashirinanothermatchforthexdivisionchampionshiplethalconsequencesontheoctoberepisodeofimpactcreedalongwithsamoajoeajstylesjaylethalpeteywilliamsericyoungwrestlerericyoungodbwrestlerodbandthemotorcitymachinegunsformedafactionofyoungerwrestlersknownasthetnafrontlinethefrontlinetoopposethemaineventmafiaonjanuaryfellowfrontlinememberlethalchosecreedtocashinhisfeastorfiredbriefcasewithandthepairwonthetnaworldtagteamchampionshipworldtagteamchampionshipfromthechampionsbeermoneyincbobbyrooderobertroodeandjamesstormcreedandlethalwentontobenamedlethalconsequencesacombinationoftheirrespectivenamesbeermoneyincregainedtheirtitlesinathreewaymatchjustthreedayslateratgenesisgenesisforthenextfewmonthscreedandlethalteamedwiththemotorcitymachinegunstotryandunmasksuicidewrestlingsuicideontheoctoberepisodeofimpactcreedandlethalwerepartofamanladdermatchforafuturexdivisiontitlematchduringthematchamazingredwhoendedupwinningthematchperformedaprofessionalwrestlingthrowshurricanranadriverhurricanranadriverwhichcausedcreedtoprojectilevomitafterhisheadhitthematwatsonwasreleasedfromtnaonmarchnewjapanprowrestlingonaprilnewjapanprowrestlingannouncedwatsonunderhisconsequencescreedringnameasaparticipantinthefirstsuperjtagtournamentonmaycreedandhispartnerkotaibushiwereeliminatedfromthetournamentinthefirstroundbytheteamofkeijitakayamagedoandyujirokushidakushidacreedreturnedtonewjapanonjuneteamingupwithiwgpheavyweightchampionshipiwgpheavyweightchampiontogimakabeandtomoakihonmainthejsportscrownopenweightmantagtournamentonjulycreeddefeatedbrianmilonasnickdinsmoreugeneandtommasociampatowineastcoastwrestlingassociationsecwasupertournamentsupertournamentrefnamesuperrefrefnamepwisuperrefworldwrestlingentertainmentwwedevelopmentalterritoriesonjulyitwasannouncedthatwatsonhadsignedadevelopmentalcontractwithworldwrestlingentertainmentwwewatsonusinghisrealnamemadehisdebutforwwesfarmteamprofessionalwrestlingdevelopmentalterritoryfloridachampionshipwrestlingonjulyinatagteammatchwhereheandpercywatsonweredefeatedbybrodusclayandcamachowrestlerdonnymarlowfollowingthiswoodsbeganperformingasasinglescompetitorthroughoutandthoughwithoutmuchsuccessafterwwerebrandingrebrandeditsdevelopmentalterritoryfcwintonxtwwebrandnxtrefnamefcwtonxtrefwoodsmadehisteleviseddebutontheoctoberepisodeofwwenxttvseriesnxtwithalosstoadamroseleokrugerwhilepickingupwinsonnxtoverthelikesofricardorodriguezwrestlerellocalandjakecarterwrestlerjakecarterwoodsbeganusingthegimmickofafanboyofspopularculturespopularculturethatsawhimimplementhisglossaryofprofessionalwrestlingtermslegitlegitimatefandomofmightymorphinpowerrangersdragonballdragonballzdragonballzandotherspopcultureintohismatchesandattirehestoppedusingthisgimmickoncehewascalleduptowwesmainrosterteamingwithrtruthinjanuaryonthenovemberepisodeofwwerawrawwoodsmadehismainrosterdebutasheteamedwithfellowtnaalumnusandformertagteampartnerronkillingsrtruthtodefeatmbdrewgallowaydrewmcintyreandjindermahalrefnamevsmbrefthefollowingweekonrawwoodsdefeatedheathslaterinhissinglesdebutmatchwhilebeingaccompaniedbyrtruthandthefunkadactylsnaomiwrestlernaomiandcameronwrestlercameronrefnamevsslaterrefonthenovemberepisodeofwwesmackdownsmackdownwoodsbeganafeudprofessionalwrestlingfeudwithbrodusclayafterclaytookoffensetowoodsusinghisentrancemusicandthefunkdactylsashisvaletslaterthatnightwoodssufferedhisfirstlosswhenheandrtruthlosttotonsoffunkclayandmattbloomtensairefnamevstonsoffunkrefonthedecemberepisodeofrawwoodsandrtruthdefeatedtonsoffunkinarematchonthedecemberepisodeofrawwoodslosttoclayonthedecemberepisodeofmaineventwoodsandrtruthdefeatedtonsoffunktoendthefeudonthejanuaryepisodeofmaineventwoodsandtruthfacedtherealamericanscesarowrestlerantoniocesaroandjackswaggerinalosingeffortatwrestlemaniaxxxwoodscompetedintheandrthegiantandrthegiantmemorialtrophymemorialbattleroyalprofessionalwrestlingbattleroyalinalosingeffortwoodsandrtruthbeganafeudwithrusevwrestleralexanderrusevandweredefeatedbyhiminsinglesencountersafteralossinaonhandicapmatchtorusevatextremerulesextremeruleswoodsandtruthquietlyseparatedwoodsfailedtowinamanwweunitedstateschampionshipunitedstateschampionshipbattleroyalinmayawwechampionshipwweworldheavyweightchampionshipladdermatchqualifyingbattleroyalinjuneandamanbattleroyalforthevacantwweintercontinentalchampionshipintercontinentalchampionshipatbattlegroundbattlegroundthenewdaypresentandbigewrestlerbigeasthenewdaywrestlingthenewdayinonthejulyepisodeofrawafterbigewrestlerbigeandkofikingstonsufferedanotherlossasateaminarecentstringofdefeatswoodscamedowntoaddressthemhewentontostatethattheycouldnotgetaheadbykissingbabiesandshakinghandsandthatnowistheirtimeandofferedtoformastableprofessionalwrestlingstabletheduoacceptedwoodsofferandonthenextdaysmaineventwoodsmanagedbigeandkingstontoadecisivevictoryoverheathslaterandtitusoneilonthejulyepisodeofmaineventwoodsfilledacommentaryrolewhileheandhisgroupobservedamatchwrestledbythewwerawtagteamchampionshipwwetagteamchampionstheusosnewdaythentemporarilyseparatedasontheaugustepisodeofsmackdownbothbigeandkingstonrevertedtowrestlingsinglesmatcheswithnosignormentionoftheothertwomembersofthegroupwoodsalsojoinedthebroadcastteamalongsiderichbrennanonaugustepisodeofwwesuperstarssuperstarsdespitebeingdisbandedonwwetelevisionbigekingstonandwoodscontinuedtheirallianceathouseshowsontheseptemberepisodeofsmackdownwoodscompetedinanintercontinentalchampionshipcontenderbattleroyalwhichwaswonbycesarowrestlercesaroonthenovemberepisodeofrawwwebeganairingvignetteprofessionalwrestlingvignettesforwoodsbigeandkingstonasfaceprofessionalwrestlingfacecharacterswiththestablebilledasthenewdayprofessionalwrestlingthenewdaythenewdaymadetheirinringdebutonthenovemberepisodeofsmackdowninawinningeffortagainsttitusoneilheathslaterandcurtisaxelatwrestlemaniawoodscompetedintheandrthegiantmemorialbattleroyalwherehewaseliminatedbyeventualwinnerthebigshowontheaprilepisodeofrawnewdaystarteddevelopingheelprofessionalwrestlingheeltraitsastheywouldstartinterferingwiththeothersmatchestohelpeachothergainunfaircompetitiveadvantageswoodsespeciallywouldtrashtalkwiththeiropponentsandthecrowdduringmatchesatextremerulesextremerulesbigeandkingstondefeatedtysonkiddandcesarotowinthewwerawtagteamchampionshipwwetagteamchampionshipafteradistractionfromwoodswoodswasthengivenashareofthetitleandthetriodefendedthetitlesunderthethefabulousfreebirdsfreebirdrulefreebirdrulekingstonandbigeretainedtheirtitlesinrematchesonbothsmackdownandatpaybackpaybackwithwoodsinterferinginbothmatchesateliminationchambereliminationchamberthenewdayretainedthetitleinthefirstevertagteameliminationchambereliminationchambermatchwhereallthreememberswereallowedtocompeteatmoneyinthebankmoneyinthebankwoodsandbigelostthetitlestotheprimetimeplayerstitusoneilanddarrenyoungbigeandkingstonwouldalsoloseintheirchampionshiprematchatbattlegroundbattlegroundnewdaywouldwinthetitlesforasecondtimeaftertheydefeatedtheprimetimeplayerstheshiningstarswrestlinglosmatadoresandtheluchadragonsinatagteamfatalwaymatchatsummerslamsummerslamthenextnightonrawafterbigeandkingstondefeatedtheluchadragonstheywereattackedbythereturningthedudleyboyzdudleyboyzwhichendedwithwoodsbeingputthroughatablewithadontheseptemberepisodeofrawnewdaydefeatedtheprimetimeplayersinatitlematchsettingupadefenseagainstthedudleyboyzatnightofchampionsnightofchampionswhichnewdaylostbydisqualificationbutretainedthetitleontheseptemberepisodeofrawwoodsansweredjohncenaswweunitedstateschampionshipunitedstateschampionshipopenchallengewherecenaretainedbydisqualificationafterkingstonandbigeattackedhimthedudleyboyzappearedafterwardstosavecenathisledtoanimpromptusixmantagteammatchbetweenthenewdayagainstcenaandthedudleyboyzwherethenewdaywerevictoriousafterkingstonpinneddvondudleydvonatlivefrommsglesnarvsbigshowmadisonsquaregardenthenewdaylostanothertitlematchbydisqualificationbutwoodswasputthroughatablewithadagainathellinacellhellinacellthenewdayretainedthetitlesafterkingstonpinnedbubbaraydudleybubbaraynewdaywouldthendefendthetitleattlctablesladdersandchairstlcinatriplethreatladdermatchagainsttheusosandtheluchadragonsretainingthetitleinapriltheyhadanothersuccessfultitledefenseagainsttheusosatroyalrumbleroyalrumbleatfastlanefastlanenewdayturnedintofanfavouritesasthecrowdwasstartingtogetbehindthemandtheystartedafeudtheleagueofnationsprofessionalwrestlingleagueofnationsnewdayretainedthetitlesatroadblockmarchroadblockafterdefeatingtheleagueofnationsprofessionalwrestlingleagueofnationssheamusandwadebarrettkingbarrettthenightafternewdaywhichwasrepresentedwithwoodsandbigeonceagaindefeatedothermembersofleagueofnationsrusevandalbertodelriotoretainthetitleallthreemembersofthenewdaywouldthenfacetheleagueofnationsatwrestlemaniawheretheywouldloseinanontitlematchthenewdaythendefendedtheirtagteamchampionshipsatextremerulesextremerulesagainstthevaudevillainsaftertheywonacontenderstournamentatpaybackpaybackwherethenewdayretainedtheirtitlesrefnameerrefonjuneatthemoneyinthebankmoneyinthebankpayperviewthenewdaysuccessfullyretainedtheirtitlesagainstthevaudevillainsenzoandcassandgallowsandandersonkarlandersonandlukegallowsinafatalfourwaytagteammatchonjulyatthewwedraftwoodsalongwithhisfellownewdayteammateswasdraftedtorawthreedayslateronjulywoodsalongwithkingstonandbigebecamethelongestreigningwwetagteamchampionsinhistorybreakingtherecordofdayspreviouslysetbypaullondonandbriankendrickaftersmackdownestablishedthewwesmackdowntagteamchampionshipsafterthebrandsplitthetitlesheldbythenewdaywererenamedthewwerawtagteamchampionshipsatwweclashofchampionsthenewdaydefeatedlukegallowsandkarlandersonontheseptembereditionofrawduetowoodsusingtheirtrombonetoassaultkarlandersongallowsandandersonreceivedarematchbutweredefeatedagainontheoctoberepisodeofrawthenewdayrevealedthattheyweremadecaptainofteamrawfortheprofessionalwrestlingtagteammatchtypeseliminationtagteammatchesonsurvivorseriestagteameliminationmatchatsurvivorseriessurvivorseriesonnovemberbuttheywerethefirstteameliminatedalthoughteamrawstillwentontowinthematchonthenovemberepisodeofrawthenewdaysuccessfullyretainedtheirtitlesagainstteamrawssolesurvivorscesaroandsheamusthefollowingweektheydefeatedtheclubforanothersuccessfultitledefenserefnamerawrefatroadblockendofthelinenewdaylosttherawtagteamchampionstocesaroandsheamusendingtheirrecordbreakingchampionshipreignatdaysthenewdaywereunsuccessfulinregainingthetitlesduringalaterrematchthenewdaywouldthengoontohostwrestlemaniathenightafterwrestlemaniathenewdayweredefeatedbythedebutingtherevivalprofessionalwrestlingrevivalafterwhichtherevivalwouldattackkingstonthenewdayalsolostthefollowingweekandhavesincebeendraftedtosmackdownduringthewwesuperstarshakeupthenewdaydebutedontalkingsmackthepostshowforsmackdownliveonmayhowevertheydidnotwrestleormakeanappearanceonsmackdownliveitselfonmaythenewdayappearedonsmackdownliveandannouncedtheywouldbechallengingtheusosforthewwesmackdowntagteamchampionshipatmoneyinthebankmoneyinthebankwhichtheywonbycountoutmeaningthenewdaywonthematchbutnotthetitlesinarematchthefollowingmonthatbattlegroundbattlegroundwoodsmadethepinforthenewdaytowinthesmackdowntagteamchampionshipthisalsomarkedthefirsttimethatwoodsscoredapinfallvictorytowinachampionshipinwweatsummerslamonaugustthenewdaylostthesmackdowntagteamtitlestotheusoslaterinaugustwoodssufferedakneeinjuryandhadtobehelpedtothebackstageareainkeepingwithhiscomedicrolewoodsstillappearedwiththerestofthegroupbutnowsportingabracearoundhislegontheseptembereditionofsmackdownthenewdaydefeatedtheusostoreclaimthetitlesthenewdaylosttheirsmackdowntagteamtitlestotheusosatthehellinacellpayperviewonrdoctoberseditionofrawthenewdayalongwithothertalentofsmacdownambushedrawsuperstarstheyagainappearedonthnovemberseditionofrawinthecrowdwhichledtodistractionofsethrollinsdeanambroseandcostingthemthewwerawtagteamchampionshiptagtitlesonnovembertheditionofsmackdowntheshieldprofessionalwrestlingtheshieldledanattackwithrawsuperstarsandinvadedsmackdownsimilartotheoneledbysmackdownandattackedeveryoneincludingnewdayatsurvivorseriessurvivorseriesthenewdaylosttotheshieldonthedecembereditionofsmackdownlivegeneralmanagerdanielbryanrevealedanmantournamentforthevacantwweunitedstateschampionshipunitedstateschampionshipincludingwoodsandaidenenglishwoodswoulddefeatenglishhoweverhewouldloseinthesemifinalstojindermahalnewdayfailedtoregainthetitlesfromtheusosatclashofchampionsclashofchampionsinafatalwaytagteammatchalsoinvolvingtheteamofrusevwrestlerrusevaidenenglishandchadgablesheltonbenjaminwoodsenteredtheroyalrumbleroyalrumblematchatnumberbutfailedtowinthematchafterbeingeliminatedbymahalpersonallifewatsonhasadoctorofphilosophyphdineducationalpsychologyfromcapellauniversitywatsonslifewasspotlightedalongwithadamroseandcoreygravesonespnsespecialonwwetitledbehindthecurtainwhichairedmaywatsonisanavidfanofvideogameshehasatattooofthewingcrestfromthelegendofzeldaseriesonhisleftforearminwatsonunderhisaustincreedmonikerstartedayoutubechannelcalledupupdowndownwhereheinvitesfellowwweperformersgamingpersonalitiesfriendsandgueststoplaygameshealsohasatwitchtvtwitchaccountundertheusernameaustincreedhewontheannualwwektournamentinfollowingdolphzigglerscallouttobroniesinseptemberwatsonrevealedhimselftobeabronythefollowingmarchwatsonwasfeaturedplayingtambourineandtromboneonthepostmodernjukeboxcoverofwhatislovemusicvideoinwatsonmadehisvoiceactingdebutasthecharactervincentmensahintheplaystationvideogamereadonlymemorieshealsopublishedthebookofbootyshakeitloveitneverbeitwithfellownewdaymembersbigeandkofikingstoninwrestlingfinishingmovesdonotchangetheorderofthemovesastheycomplywithwikipediasmanualofstyleasxavierwoodscultureshockddtprofessionalwrestlingdivingddtdivingddtlimitbreakprofessionalwrestlingaerialtechniquesropewalkropewalkdivingprofessionalwrestlingaerialtechniquesdivingelbowdropelbowdroplostinthewoodsprofessionalwrestlingthrowsinvertedstompfacebreakerinvertedstompfacebreakerprofessionalwrestlingattacksshiningwizardshiningwizardhomerunddtprofessionalwrestlingtornadoddttornadoddtrefnametrionforefasaustincreedconsequencescreedactaustincreedtestcreeddtprofessionalwrestlingholdshammerlockhammerlockddtprofessionalwrestlinglegsweepddtlegsweepddtcutterprofessionalwrestlingtkofiremanscarrycuttermontifistorefnameowowrefprofessionalwrestlingattackspunchthreelefthandedpunchesfollowedbysplitgymnasticssplitsfollowedbyahookboxingrighthandedhookrefnamewayrefsignaturemovesasxavierwoodsdropkicksometimesdropkickfrontdropkickfrontddtprofessionalwrestlingflowingddtflowingddttoakneelingopponentprofessionalwrestlingthrowsheadscissorstakedownheadscissorstakedownhesitationdropkicktoanopponentprofessionalwrestlingattackshangmandrapedonthemiddleropehonorrollprofessionalwrestlingattacksrollingthunderrollingthunderprofessionalwrestlingattacksclotheslineclotheslinewiththeatricshadoukenfireballpunchprofessionalwrestlingattackspalmstrikedoublepalmthrusttotheopponentschestprofessionalwrestlingattacksbackhandchopknifeedgechopsasaustincreedconsequencescreeddonotchangetheorderofthemovesastheycomplywithwikipediasmanualofstyleprofessionalwrestlingthrowsarmdragarmdragpiledriverprofessionalwrestlingbacktobellypiledrivercradlebacktobellypiledriverprofessionalwrestlingaerialtechniquesdivingfistdropdivingfistdroprefnamecagerefprofessionalwrestlingthrowsgorillapressgutbustermilitarypressdoublekneegutbusterrefnamebfgivrefhookboxingrighthandedhookprofessionalwrestlingattacksrollingthunderrollingthunderprofessionalwrestlingattacksclotheslineclotheslineprofessionalwrestlingaerialtechniquestransitionmovesspringboardprofessionalwrestlingthrowsonehandedbulldogonehandedbulldogrefnameaprilrefsuplexswingingfishermansuplexswingingcradlesuplexrefnamewayrefwithjaylethaldoubleteamfinishingmovescutterprofessionalwrestlingtkofiremanscarrycuttercreedfollowedbyaprofessionalwrestlingaerialtechniquesdivingelbowdropdivingelbowdroplethalrefnamelockrefdoubleteamsignaturemovesprofessionalwrestlingthrowsgorillapressmilitarypresslethalandprofessionalwrestlingaerialtechniquesspringboardbulldogspringboardprofessionalwrestlingthrowsonehandedbulldogonehandedbulldogcreedcombinationprofessionalwrestlingdoubleteammaneuverssuplexflyingattackcombinationverticalsuplexlethala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rnoldarnoldthejudgesdecidedthatxtwasmoreaggressivesoarnoldalostthejudgesdecisionroundvsbehemothxterminatorusedaflipperinsteadofanaxeinthisfighttheywononajudgesdecisionroundvswildthingxterminatorpushedwildthingintosirkillalotscpzwildthingthenpushedxtintoshuntanddeadmetalscornerpatrolzoneswildthingthenflippedxterminatorandbentoneofitsselfrightingspikesintheprocessthehouserobotsthensawedandaxedthembeforesirkillalotdumpedxtintothepitofoblivionwinnerwildthingextremeallstarsvschaoschaosimmediatelyflippedxterminatorbutxtselfrightedxterminatorthenaxedchaosandpushedthemaroundbutchaosflippedxterminatoragainandnowtheyareunabletoselfrightrefbotcountsxterminatoroutwinnerchaosvengeancevspanicattackpanicattackturnedxterminatoroverandduetoaspikethatwasattachedtothefrontitcouldntselfrightpanicattackpressedthepitbuttonandrolledxterminatorbackonitswheelsxterminatorthendroveontopofpanicattacksliftingforksandpanicattackslowlypushedxterminatorintothepitwinnerpanicattackmayhemvscataclysmicvariabotvspanzerwraththerewasanaxeattackbetweencataclysmicvariabotandxterminatorinthebeginningbutpanzerslammedintocatalysmicvariabotandknockedouttheirremovablelinkxterminatorthenpushedpanzerdownthepitwinnerxterminatorannihilatorvspussycatvssplintervsthermidorvshypnodiscvsarnoldarnoldtermineggeralltheaxerobotsgangeduponhypnodiscsplintereventuallypushedthermidorintothecornerpatrolzonethermidorlookedifitmighthavebeenimmobilisedshuntcomesinforthekillxterminatorattackedhypnodiscbutsplinteraxedxterminatorandstartedtopushthemaroundrobotseliminatedsofarthermidorannihilatorvspussycatvssplintervshypnodiscvsarnoldarnoldtermineggerpussycatknockedtheremovablelinkoutofxterminatorsirkillalotthenpushedxterminatorontothefloorflipperxtwasimmobilisedandoutoftheannihilatorrobotseliminatedsofarthermidorxterminatorseriesroundvsimmortalisxterminatorwasturnedoverandtheycouldntselfrightrefbotmovedinandallowedxttoselfrightxterminatorthenattackedtherefbotforsomereasonbeforeattackingimmortaliswithitsaxeimmortaliswasthenimmobilizedandshuntpushedthemintothepitxterminatorgoesthroughtotheheatsemifinalroundvscorkscrewthiswasaclosebattlecorkscrewsweaponwasntworkingandxterminatorusedtheaxetopenetratethecorkscrewhandleontopofcorkscrewbutxterminatorsufferedfromabatteryfailuretowardstheendofthefightsocorkscrewcauseddamagetoxterminatorwinnercorkscrewseriesroundvsscorpionvsbarbaricresponsevsrobochickenspiritofscorpionrobochickenandbarbaricresponsewasallateachotherfromthebeginningwhilexterminatorstayedoutoftheactionxterminatorthenslammedbarbaricresponseonthearenasidewallxterminatorthenuseditsscooptogoodeffectoverturningrobochickenandpushingthemintodeadmetalscpztheycouldntselfrightspiritofscorpionwasimmobileaswellsorobochickenandscorpionareeliminatedxterminatorandbarbaricresponsegoesthroughtoroundroundvsmegahurtsxterminatorimmediatelymovedinandattackedmegahurtswiththeaxemegahurtsalsouseditsflippertogetunderneathxterminatorandpushitintothecpzbutxterminatorranawayandthehouserobotsmrpsychoandgrowlerstartedtoattackmegahurtsthejudgesdecidedthatxterminatorgoesthroughtotheheatfinalroundvsfirestormtheyrebothateachotherfromthebeginningbutfirestormgavexterminatorabigflipandxtcouldntselfrightsincetheysufferedfromweaponproblemsmeanwhilefirestormhadagoatshuntandflippedhimaswellwinnerfirestormseriesxterminatorenteredthisserieswithaverticalflywheelinplaceoftheaxeliftingarmroundvsdiabolusvstsunamivsmajortomthisfightwasveryquickdiaboloussimplynudgedmajortomandmajortomsheadfelloffveryshortlyaftertsunamiejectedmajortomoutofthearenaxterminatorbasheddiabolousandthetopcoverwasloosenedandthentsunamishotitgreatheightdiabolouslandedoutofthearenaandthetopcoverfelloffdiabolusandmajortomareeliminatedroundvskillercarrotkillercarrotsustainedalotofdamagehereitwasflippedoverandoverandtheflipperwasthenimmobilisedkillercarrotwasflippedoverandoveragainthenkillercarrotnudgedthepitreleasebutkillercarrotjusttwitchedaroundinthesameareaandxterminatorbuttedkillercarrotoutofthearenawinnerxterminatorroundvstsunamitsunamiflippedxterminatorrightfromthestarttsunamitriedtogetthemoutofthearenaandsuccessfullygotitonthewallbutxterminatordrovebackinandflippedtsunamiwiththeflywheeltsunamiselfrightedeasilyxterminatorthenrolledtsunamioverandovertsunamirighteditselfagainxterminatorflippedthemagainandtsunamiwasnowsmokingandxterminatorflippeditoveratthepitreleasethebackpanelontsunamiwascomingoffandxterminatorthrewtsunamioutofthearenawinnerxterminatorroundvsstagroxterminatorhitstagroimmediatelyanddamagedtheflippersxterminatorthenflippedstagrooverandoverxterminatorthenchoppedoffpartofoneofthewheelsofstagroandthenceasewascalledwinnerxterminatorroundvsbulldogbreedbulldogbreedjustwasnotmadetobattlexterminatortheflipperwasbuckledthetopcovercameoffthehydraulicramwasdisabledandsirkillalotdamagedbulldogbreedxterminatormovesontothegrandfinalroundvstyphooneverytimexterminatortouchedtyphoonxterminatorwasdeflectedoffanddamagedthewallwassmashedinthisfightbytyphoonsothefightwasstoppedthefightwasthenrestartedandthistimexterminatorwasimmobilisedwinnertyphoonr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posissarcomaassociatedherpesvirusandepsteinbarrvirusreactivationfromlatencyendoplasmicreticulumstressresponsexbpispartoftheendoplasmicreticulumerstressresponsetheunfoldedproteinresponseuprconditionsthatexceedcapacityoftheerprovokeendoplasmicreticulumendoplasmicreticulumstresserstressandtriggertheunfoldedproteinresponseuprasaresultbindingimmunoglobulinproteingrpisreleasedfromiretosupportproteinfoldingrefnamepmidrefireoligomerisesandactivatesitsribonucleasedomainthroughautoselfphosphorylationactivatedirecatalysestheexcisionofanucleotideunconventionalintronfromubiquitouslyexpressedxbpumrnainamannermechanisticallysimilartopretrnasplicingremovalofthisintroncausesaframeshiftinthexbpcodingsequenceresultinginthetranslationofaaminoacidkdaxbpsisoformratherthantheaminoacidkdaxbpuisoformmoreoverthexbpuxbpsratioxbpunsplicedxbpsplicedratiocorrelateswiththeexpressionlevelofexpressedproteinsinordertoadaptthefoldingcapacityoftheertotherespectiverequirementsrefnamepmidrefclinicalsignificanceabnormalitiesinxbpleadtoaheightenederstressandsubsequentlycausesaheightenedsusceptibilityforinflammatoryprocessesthatmaycontributetoalzheimersdiseaserefnamepmidrefinthecolonanatomycolonxbpanomalieshavebeenlinkedtocrohnsdiseaserefnamepmidrefasinglenucleotidepolymorphismcginthepromoterregionofxbphasbeenexaminedforpossibleassociationswithpersonalitytraitsnonewerefoundrefnamepmidrefinteractionsxbphasbeenshowntoproteinproteininteractioninteractwithestrogenreceptoralpharefnamepmidrefseealsounfoldedproteinresponsereferencesbajiquankrasnoyarskkraigeorgymalenkovsondhilimthongkulsondhilimthongkulazovredirectcategoryshellseaofazovseaofazovseaofazovbrusselsregimeobriverredirectcategoryshellindusriverredirectcategoryshellindusriverindusriverredirectcategoryshellindusriverxrayspectrometryjournaldnarepairproteinxrccisaproteinthatinhumansisencodedbythexrccgenerefnamepmidreffunctionthisgeneencodesamemberoftherecaradrelatedproteinfamilythatparticipatesinhomologousrecombinationtomaintainchromosomestabilityandrepairdnadamagethisgenefunctionallycomplementschinesehamsterirssfarepairdeficientmutantthatexhibitshypersensitivitytoanumberofdifferentdnadamagingagentsandischromosomallyunstableararemicrosatellitepolymorphisminthisgeneisassociatedwithcancerinpatientsofvaryingradiosensitivityrefnameentrezrefthexrccproteinisoneoffivehomologybiologyparalogyparalogsofradincludingradbradlradcradlraddradlxrccandxrcctheyeachshareaboutaminoacidsequenceidentitywithradandeachotherrefnamepmidreftheradparalogsareallrequiredforefficientdnadoublestrandbreakrepairbyhomologousrecombinationanddepletionofanyparalogresultsinsignificantdecreasesinhomologousrecombinationfrequencyrefnamechunreftwoparalogsformacomplexdesignatedcxradcxrccfourparalogsformasecondcomplexdesignatedbcdxradbradcraddxrccthesetwocomplexesactattwodifferentstagesofhomologousrecombinationaldnarepairthecxcomplexactsdownstreamofradafteritsrecruitmenttodamagesitesthecxcomplexassociateswithhollidayjunctionresolvaseactivityprobablyinaroleofstabilizinggeneconversiontractsthebcdxcomplexisresponsibleforradrecruitmentorstabilizationatdamagesitesthebcdxcomplexappearstoactbyfacilitatingtheassemblyorstabilityoftheradfunctionradnucleoproteinfilamentinteractionsxrcchasbeenshowntoproteinproteininteractioninteractwithradcrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefepigeneticdeficiencyincancerthereisanepigeneticsepigeneticcauseofxrccdeficiencythatappearstoincreasecancerriskthisistherepressionofxrccbyoverexpressionofezhproteinincreasedexpressionofezhleadstoepigeneticrepressionofradparalogsincludingxrccandthusreduceshomologousrecombinationalrepairezhisthecatalyticsubunitofpolycombrepressorcomplexprcwhichcatalyzesmethylationofhistonehatlysinehkmeandmediatesgenesilencingoftargetgenesvialocalchromatinreorganizationrefnamepmidrefezhmrnaisupregulatedonaveragefoldinbreastcancerandbetweentoofbreastcancershaveoverexpressedezhproteinrefnamepmidrefinteractivepathwaymapseealsoxrccreferencesfurtherreadingxtarllcisacommercialsatelliteoperatorexclusivelyprovidingservicesinthexbandfrequencyrangewhichisthecommunicationscornerstoneoftodaysmilitarydiplomatichumanitarianandemergencydisasterresponseoperationsaprivatelyownedandoperatedcompanyxtarsupportsthecriticalsatellitecommunicationsneedsofgovernmentsaroundtheworldthroughitstwoxbandpayloadsthextarsatellitesweredesignedandbuiltbyprivatefinancingloralspacecommunicationsincownsthemajorityshareitcurrentlyoperatesfromashburnvawithitshighpowerednbspmhztranspondersandglobalfixedandsteerablebeamsxtarprovidesovergbofsecurexbandcapacitywithcoveragefromdenvereasttosingaporethesystemcanaccommodatemassivewidebanddatarequirementsandprovidesoverlappingcoveragewithregionalredundancyforincreasedserviceandreliabilityxtarbandwidthisnotapplicationspecificitcansupportandtransmittoanyoneoftheprimaryarchitecturesusedbygovernmentagenciestodayincludingfixedtofixedtacticaltotacticalreachbackbroadcastandairborneplatformssatellitefleetthextarfleetusesthehostedpayloadmodelanapplicationthatisbecomingincreasinglyusedbyusand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cetoposeidontheearthshakerthespecificnamezoologyspecificnamemeansforwardslopingingreekinrecognitionoftheanteriorslopingofthevertebralarchneuralarchthisunusualcharacteristicalongwithitsotherdistinctivefeaturespromptedtheauthorstoerectthenewgenuspaleobiologylikeothersauropodsxenoposeidonwouldhavebeenalargequadrupedalherbivorereferencesexternallinksnewsbbccoukhisciencenaturestmfossilisnewfamilyofdinosaurbbcnewsmiketaylororgukdinoxenodescriptionofthefossilbymiketaylorsvpowwordpresscomxenoposeidonweekdayintroducingxenooneofseveralpostsonxenoposeidonatsvpowblogpentelmuhammadziaulhaqpakistantelevisioncorporationegyptianarabictheosxephemjalalaldinalialsaghirchinesecivilwarchinesecivilwarshangdangcampaignlonghaicampaigndingtaocampaignzhengtaicampaignliaoshencampaignliaoshencampaignliaoshencampaignsiegeofchangchunsiegeofchangchunyejianyingyejianyingchenyimarshalchenyimarshalhelonghelongduyumingpingjincampaignpingjincampaignbattleofguningtoubattleofdengbuislandbattleofnanaoislandbattleofdongyinwanshanarchipelagocampaignalexandrafeodorovnaalixofhessebattleofnanpngislandbattleofnanriislandbattleofdalushanislandsjamessoongfebruaryincidentfebruaryincidentfebruaryincidentisatypeofwheelarrangementforamonorailsteamlocomotivehistorythismostunusualwheelarrangementwasonlyusedforspecialisedmonorailslistowelandballybunionrailwaythelartiguemonoraillocomotivesusedonthelistowelandballybunionrailwaywereofwheelarrangementalthoughtheyalsorequirednonloadbearingguidewheelstheselocomotiveswerebuiltbythehunsletenginecompanyleedsinpatialastatemonorailtrainwaysimagemonorailsteamtrainjpgthumbpatialamonoraillocomotiveattheindiannationalrailwaymuseumfourlocomotiveswerebuiltwiththiswheelarrangementinforthepatialastatemonorailtrainwaysamonoraillineinpatialaindiatheyhaddoubleflangeddrivingwheelsandthelocomotiveshadanoutriggerwheelthatranonthegroundthebuilderwasorensteinkoppelofberlinonelocomotiveispreservedinworkingorderattheindiannationalrailwaymuseumnewdelhirefnameexpressrefalsointherussiannotationthatcountsaxlesinsteadofwheelsisidenticaltowhytenotationwhytesreferenceskutelephonenumbersinbahraininfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamenativenameofficialnamesettlementtypedistrictprcdistrictimageskylinegoldinfinanceunderconstructionjpgimagealtimagecaptiongoldinfinanceunderconstructionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptioncoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypedirectcontrolledmunicipalitiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinamunicipalitysubdivisionnametianjinsubdivisiontypetownshipleveldivisionssubdivisionnamesubdistrictsbrtownssubdivisiontypesubdivisionnameestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypedistrictseatseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometresareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmelevationftpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsiteblanknamesectianjindistrictmapblankinfosecfootnotesxiqingdistrictisadistrictintianjinpeoplesrepublicofchinahistorythecurrentxiqingareacameintoexistenceinthemidandlatetangdynastyinnorthernsongsongdynastyperiodthisareawastheborderofsongandliaoliaodynastyinmingdynastythisareawasundercontrolofjinghaicountyandwuqingcountyhejianfuinqingdynastyitwasgovernedbytianjinfuinafterthefoundingofrepublicofchinathisareawasnamedtianjincountyzhiliprovinceafteritbecameaspecialareaofhebeiprovinceandyangliuqingbecameitscenterofgovernanceinthisareabecamepartoftianjinmunicipalityinitgotitsnamexijiaoquwestsuburbinitwasnamedxiqingdistrictgeographyxiqingdistrictislocatedinthesouthwestoftianjinmunicipalityontheeastborderinghongqiaodistrictnankaidistricthexidistricttianjinhexidistrictandjinnandistricttothesouthacrosstheduliujianriverfacingjinghaidistrictonthewestborderingwuqingdistrictandbazhoucitybazhouhebeitothenorthsharingziyariverwithbeichendistrictadministrativedivisionstherearesubdistrictchinasubdistrictsandtownchinatownsinthedistrictrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdaterefclasswikitablenamechineselanguagechinesesimplifiedchinesecharactershanyupinyinpopulationareakmsupsupliqizhuangsubdistrictlqzhungjidoxiyingmensubdistrictxyngmnjidoyangliuqingtownyngliqngzhnjingwutownjngwzhnzhangjiawotownzhngjiwzhnwangwenzhuangtownwngwnzhungzhnzhongbeitownzhngbizhnxinkoutownxnkuzhndasitianjindasitowndszhnd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publishedbymarvelcomicsinincomicsitwaswrittenbychrisclaremontdrawnbyjuansantacruzandinkedbyraulfernandezthestoryfeaturedtheteamsnewexcaliburandexilesmarvelcomicsexilespublicationhistorytheeventsoftheminiseriestakeplacefollowingnewexcaliburthelastissueofthatseriesandbetweentheissuesofexilesandduetoaminordelayinpublishingnewexcaliburwasactuallyreleasedoneweekafterxmendiebytheswordthisminiseriesservedasaconclusiontobothexilesmarvelcomicsexilesvolandnewexcaliburthoughcaptainbritainandsomeofnewexcaliburcontinueonincaptainbritainandmipartofthesecretinvasioncrossovereventexileswaslaterrestartedasnewexilesusreleasedatesexilesoctobernewexcaliburoctoberissueoctoberissueoctoberissuenovemberissuedecemberissuedecemberexilesdecemberplotissuetheswordisdrawnthestorystartswithallofthemembersofnewexcaliburcelebratingtheirrecentdefeatofalbioncaptainbritainanswersthedoorandissurprisedthatitishissisterpsylockebecausehebelievedherdeadaftershedefeatedtheshadowkingshetellshimthatshewaspartoftheexilesforawhileandsheintroducesherteammatethunderbirdcomicsexilesthunderbirdtocaptainbritainthunderbirdwandersthroughthepartyandwhennocturnetaliawagnernocturneseeshimshejumpsonhimandgiveshimakisswhileexpressinghersurprisethathesalivethisisbecausethelasttimeshesawhimhewaslyinginabedapparentlybraindeathbraindeadwhileshewaspregnantwithhischildpsylockeexplainstocaptainbritainwhattheexilesdoandheisslightlyoffendedbecauseprotectingthemultiversemarvelcomicsmultiverseissomethingthatheastheleaderofthecaptainbritaincorpsisinchargeofandhewasangrythatsomeoneelsehadtakenoverthejobmostofthefirstissuefocusesonmadjimjaspersjamesjaspersheisdealingwiththefactthathehadbeenkilledbyfurymarvelcomicsthefuryacreatureofhisowncreationbutsomehowheisstillaliveheisapproachedbymerlynmarvelcomicsmerlynforadealbutbeforethedealisexplainedtheirmeetingisinterruptedbythreemembersofthecaptainbritaincorpsjasperiseasilyabletodefendhimselfandheturnstwoofthecaptainsintogreencreaturesresemblingthefurythethirdcaptainiskilledbyoneofthefurylikecreaturesafterthebattleisovermerlynproposesanalliancebetweenthetwoofthemthereisaonepageinterludewhereromacomicsromatellssaturnynetosummonthecaptainbritaincorpsandpreparethemforbattlebecausethetimehascometofacetherealitythatallthingsmdashperhapsevenallpeoplemdashareultimatelyfiniteandmustsomedaycometotheirendbackatthepartypetewisdomgivesdazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlerabrandnewmotorcyclethunderbirdandnocturnehavealongconversationastheyrestarttheirintimaterelationshiprelationshipandcaptainbritaingoestoansweranotherknockatthedoorwhereheisstabbedbyrougemortwhoisaccompaniedbymultiplefiguresinblackmilitarygearissuefirstbloodthesecondissuestartswithpsylockeattackingrougemortinretaliationforattackingcaptainbritainpsylockeisabletohitrougemortnumeroustimesbuttheydonotseemtoaffectherandrougemortisabletosendpsylockeflyingwithahardhitsagecomicssageandthunderbirdjoininandareabletoeasilydefeatthehenchmeninblackwhilenocturnegetsalloftheciviliansoutoftheclubnocturnetriestopossessrougemortbutherarmorpreventsthatfromhappeninghowevercaptainbritainisbleedingprofuselybecausethestabwoundisveryclosetohisheartdazzlerusesherpowertocreateablindingflashoflightasadiversionsonewexcaliburandthetwoexilescanallbeteleportedtothepanoptichroninthepanoptichronnocturneisreunitedwithherfriendskevinsydneytheexilesmorphandblinkcomicsblinkwhoareextremelyhappytoseeherdazzlerisreunitedwithlongshotmarvelcomicslongshotbuthismemoryhasbeenerasedbymojocomicsmojosohedoesnotrememberthattheyaremarriedbecauseofthisdazzlercontemplatesjumpingtoherdeathbutmystiquecomicsexilesmystiqtalksheroutofdoingsosageisabletoworkwiththecomputerofthepanoptichrontohelpsavecaptainbritainslifeandbringhimtoastableconditionshadowcatexilescatchecksromasheadquarterstoseewhatishappeningtotherestofthecaptainbritaincorpsandtheissueendswiththeentirecorpsattackingjamesjasperandhistwofurylikemonstersissuewhenfallsadreamissuestartsafewmomentsbeforethelastsceneofissuethecaptainbritaincorpsarepreparingtofightandromatellsthemthattheyarefightingtoprotectallrealityitisrevealedthatjamesjaspersisnotnecessarilywhoheappearstobeandthatmerlynwasdrivenmadbyhisjobofprotectingtheomniverseandnowheisattackingtoregainwhathebelievesromaunjustlystolefromhimthecaptainbritaincorpsattacksandgiveseverythingtheyhavetheyaremakingprogressagainstjaspersarmyoffuriesbutthefuriesareabletokillmanyofthecorpssaturynejoinsthefightandisabletoseverelyhurtjaspersandasheisabouttoretaliatesomeoftheexilesjointhefightblinksabretooththunderbirdandmorphstartateamattackthatappearstobebeatingjaspersmeanwhilerougemortattacksthebodyguardsofromabutdazzlerappearstoprotecthermeanwhilecaptainbritainisstrugglingtostayalivesocatvisitsanalternatedimensionsetofxmennightcrawlerstormandcolossuswhoareverygifteddoctorspsylockeandsagefightwithpetewisdomaboutlettingalbionfreesothathecanhelpinthefightreluctantlywisdomagreesissuewhenisbornthenightmarepsylockesageandwisdomgotocrossmoreandcometoanagreementwithalbionthathewillhelpthembutnottrytoescapeafterwardsdazzlerfightsrougemortandthejanissariesthisisthenameforthesoldiersinblackwithrougemortthatisfinallyrevealedwhilelongshotleadsromatoasecureareaalongthewaytheyareambushedbymorejanissariesandsagejoinsthefighttohelplongshotdefeatthemunfortunatelyromaisstabbedduringthefightalsolongshotsfeelingsfordazzlerstarttoreturnbuthedoesnotunderstandwhysincehismemoriesarestillnottherelongshothelpsdazzlerdefeatrougemortbuttheyarebothknockedoutbymerlynthefightagainstjaspersisnolongergoingwellandjaspersiswinningheisstartingtotrytoturnmorphintoafurybutalbionarrivesjustintimetobreakthatupalbionisabletolandsomeheavyblowsbutitseemstohavenoeffectthenjaspersslowlyturnsintotheoriginalfuryandkillsalmostallofthefewremainingmembersofthecaptainbritaincorpsthefinalpageoftheissueshowscaptainbritainreadytojointhefightissuedawnofanewdaycaptainbritainbattlesthefuryshakingromasstarlightcitadelapartandtrappingalbionandtheexilesromaonthevergeofdyingtransfersherknowledgeintosagesbrainnearlydrivinghermadmerlynfindsromaandkillsherpsylockethenfightsmerlynandeasilygainstheupperhandalbionaidscaptainbritaininbattlingthefuryblinkteleportsafullquillofjavelinsintothefurydisassemblingithoweverasmallpieceofthefuryentersmerlynthroughawoundgivenbylongshoteveryonecornersmerlynwhoretreatslongshotleavestheexilestolivewithdazzlersaturnynechoosesalbiontoleadthecaptainbritaincorpssinceheisatougherwarriorshedismissescaptainbritaintellinghimtostaywithhisearthsayingitisjusttoodangerouspsylockefindssagewhoisbarelycoherentandsaneafterthedatatransfersheendsupleavingwiththeexilestellingpsylockethatthewrongpeoplecouldgettheirhandsonthedataifshewentbacktoearthpsylocketellscaptainbritainthatsheisstayingwiththeexilessayingthatxavierhastoomanyxmenthathedoesnotknowwhattodowithallofthemandhewillnotneedhernocturnealsoreturnstotheexilestobewiththunderbirdthedavecockrumelderlycoupleatthepanoptichrondepartstellingpsylockethatsheandhercrewhavetoguardthemultiversenowtheyvanishandeveryonewatchesasromaisabouttobeburiedcollectededitionstheserieshasbeencollectedasatradepaperbackcomicstradepaperbackxmendiebytheswordmarchexilesarecollectedinexilesvolstartingoverfebruarynewexcaliburarecollectedinnewexcaliburvolumebattleforeternitydecemberreferencesexternallinksxmendiebytheswordxmendiebytheswordxmendiebytheswordxtremeyahooxtrayahooxtraolpcxoxuanzhoudistrictwinterolympicschemboximagefilexantocillinsvgimagesizeimagefilexantocillinfromxtaldballspngimagefilexantocillinfromxtaldvdwpngiupacnamezzdiisocyanobutadienediyldiphenolothernamesxanthocillinxophthocillinsectionchemboxidentifierscasnopubchemchemspideridchemblsmilescnccccccccocccccccconcuniirefuniiexipcsectionchemboxpropertieschnoappearanceyellowcrystalsdensitymeltingptcmeltingptnotesdecomposesboilingptsolubilitysectionchemboxhazardsmainhazardsflashptautoignitionptxantocillininternationalnonproprietarynameinnalsoknownasxanthocillinxorophthocillinwasthefirstreportednaturalproductfoundtocontaintheisocyanidefunctionalgroupitwasfirstisolatedfrompenicilliumnotatumbyrotheinrefcitejournalauthorwrothetitlevorlufigemitteilungbereineneuesantibiotikumjournalpharmazievolumeyearpagesrefandsubsequentlyfromseveralothersourcesrefcitejournalauthorpauljscheuertitleisocyanidesandcyanidesasnaturalproductsjournalaccountsofchemicalresearchvolumeyearissuepagesdoiararefrefnamepmidrefseealsoquestiomycinareferencesxaverhrmannellipsisellipsisqiangbapuncoglisburntelephoneexchangecodelisburntelephoneexchangecodelisburntelephoneexchangecodexboxlivelistofsupportingharrypottercharactersxenophiliuslovegooduyghurstaxoboxnamewoodyastersimagexylorhizatortifoliajpgimagecaptionxylorhizatortifoliaregnumplantaeunrankeddivisioangiospermsunrankedclassiseudicotsunrankedordoasteridsordoasteralesfamiliaasteraceaetribusastereaegenusxylorhizagenusauthoritythomasnuttallnuttsynonymsrefrefnameudixoniplantcollaborativeorgcompositaewebdefaultaspxpagenamedetailstabnumnameidefadefddecefflanncedglobalcompositaechecklistrefsynonymsmachaerantherasectxylorhizasmallnuttcronquistddkecksmallxylorhizaisagenusoffloweringplantsintheasteraceaesunflowerfamilyareknownaswoodyastersthesearedaisylikewildflowersusuallyhavingbluetopurpleorwhiteheadbotanyrayflowerswithyellowcentersofdiscfloretswoodyastersarenativetowesternnorthamericaspeciesxylorhizacognatameccawoodyastercaliforniaimperialcountycaliforniaimperialriversidecountycaliforniariversidecountiesxylorhizaconfertifoliahenrievillewoodyasterutahkanecountyutahkanewaynecountyutahwaynegarfieldcountiesxylorhizacronquistiicronquistswoodyasterutahkanegarfieldcountiesxylorhizafrutescensbajacaliforniaxylorhizaglabriusculasmoothwoodyasterwyomingutahdaggettcountyutahdaggettcountycoloradorouttcountycoloradorouttmoffatcountycoloradomoffatcountiesmontanacarboncountymontanacarboncountysouthdakotahardingcountysouthdakotahardingbuttecountysouthdakotabuttefallrivercountysouthdakotafallrivercountiesxylorhizaorcuttiiorcuttsastercaliforniaimperialcountycaliforniaimperialsandiegocountycaliforniasandiegocountiesxylorhizatortifoliamojavewoodyastercalifornianevadautaharizonaxylorhizavenustacharmingwoodyasterutahcoloradone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easedonseptemberthevariousremixedonthefourformatsareallproducedbylaurentboutonnatandbertrandchtenetitwasfarmersfirstsinglecoveronwhichshedidnotappearthesecondwaslaterlhistoiredunefecestanotherremixnamedukremixhasbeendoneaboutayearlateronrverscdmaxibyricharddekkardasforthejxlremixitwasproducedbythenetherlandsdutchmusicianjunkiexlandfeaturesonthecompilationremixeslyricsandmusicxxlisafeministsonginwhichfarmersingslovethatallgirlsneedandclaimsitwiththesamepowerofaprayerforthefirsttimethemessageofhersongisnotuniversalsinceitisexclusivelyforwomensheevokesallkindsofwomenbourgeoishomelessromanticpessimisticfeministsantiabortiongreatladiesprostitutestranssexualsstarswomenwhoaresufferingornotfromtheaidsvirusrefnameledictionnairepcachincachinpprefthenameofthesongisareferencetothelargestsizeintheunitedstatesamericanreadytowearunlikemostofthelyricsinsongswrittenbyfarmerthoseofxxlaregenerallyeasytounderstandthesonghasveryrocksonoritiesmadebyguitaristjeffdahlgrenelectricguitarsareultrapresenttherhythmismoreaggressiverefnamephnomnalechuberrechuberreppreffromitsbeginningitsrhythmicisverydrivemusicvideohookedatthefrontofthelocomotiveusedinrichardattenboroughsfilmchaplinfilmchaplinwearsadressmadebyfashiondesignerthierrymuglerunlikefarmerspreviousmusicvideosthisonewasnotdirectedbylaurentboutonnatbutbymarcusnispelthisrequiempublishingproductioncostabouteuroseurosaccordingtojournalistbenotcachinandwasshotfortwodaysoneforfarmertheotherfortheextrasinfillmorecaliforniaonthefillmoreandwesternrailwayinaugustafteranideabyfarmerthevideoshowsalocomotivebeingdrivenathighspeedthistrainwasalsousedinarichardattenboroughsfilmchaplinfilmchaplinwhichisfrequentlyinterpretedasasymbolofthesexualintercourseproduceranouknoraexplainedthatsomedifficultiesweremetfortheshootingtheideaofputtingtheartisthanginginfrontofamovingtrainitwasunthinkablebecausetheunitedstatestheyareastickleronsecurityissuesthusitwasnecessarytosignreleasestoallowthefilmingmoreoverfarmerwasburnedherselftwiceduringtheshootingfortheshootingthesingerremainedhungonthislocomotivefornearlyfivehoursunderadegreetemperatureandwasscaredbecauseitransometimesveryquicklysheworeadressmadebythefrenchfashiondesignerthierrymuglernotrickswereusedandaccordingtoauthorerwanchuberrethestagingisfirmlyphotographicbutthereisnoscreenplayinthevideofarmerappearsmuchmoreglamorousandsophisticatedwomanthanbeforeandproudlyproclaimsherfemininityitpremieredonseptemberonmetropolemshotinblackandwhitethevideofeaturesfarmerhungonatthefrontofamovinglocomotivefilmedinanorangefruitorangegrovenaturegrovetheseimagesalternatewiththoseofthetrainpassengerswhoareverydifferentfromeachothersocialoriginraceagemaritalstatustheactionprobablytakesplaceintheunitedstatesinthemidtwentiethcenturyasevidencedbythesetsandcostumesliveperformancesandcoverversionsthesongwasneverperformedontelevisionbutontheandconcertsthesongwasthelastoneoftheconcertliveatbercyitbeganwiththesoundofatrainandthescenewasfumigatedthenfarmerraisedonahoistworeanindentedblackoutfitandherdancersworepantsandagoldensleevelessshirttanktopthesongwasscheduledforthemyleniumtourtourmyleniumtourbutwasfinallyrejectedduringtheseriesofconcertsthehallwasfullybluewhenxxlwasperformedthesingeraskedtheaudiencetoclaptheirhandsandattheendofthesongtherefrainwasrepeatedbyfarmerandtheaudiencethesongwasperformedonthetourandfarmerworeaglitteringshortdresswithredcapewithhoodatonepointshecaressesherguitaristsfromthetorsountilthecrotchinthetimelesstourxxlwasperformedasthethsongofthesetlistthisversionhadamelancholicintrowithsamplesofatonjamaisfromheralbummonkeymeandafterthefirstversethesongturnedintotheoriginalonewhilerotatinglightslitupthecrowdandthestagemylneworeablacksuitwithawhiteshirtandblacktieandblackhighheeledshoesinthistourmylneaskedthecrowdtosingthechorusofthesongbacktoheronlyinfewdatesthesongwasparodiedinbylefestivalroblsunderthetitlelamourenlandwascoveredbyrejaneininbelgiansingerjonatancerradamadeacomebackinhissingingcareerwithanacousticcoverversionofxxlinlesenfoirsrecordedacoverofthesongfortheiralbumlacrisedenerfsthesingersonthisversionareamelbentgrgoireboissenothlnesegaraloriesingerlorierenanluceandlmfortheverseschartperformancesonseptemberthesingleentereddirectlytonumberoneonfrenchtopsingleschartrecordingforthesingleherthirdtopchartingsinglehoweverthesinglefellquicklythenextweeksitremainedforfiveweeksinthetoptenandweeksinthecharttopinbelgiumwalloniathesinglerankedontheultratopchartforweeksfromoctobertojanuaryitwentstraightintothetoptenandreachedapeakofnumberthreefortwononconsecutiveweeksittotaledsevenweeksinthetoptenrefnameultratoprefandwasthethbestsellingsingleofrefnameultratoprefxxlstayedonswisssingleschartfortenweeksfromoctobertodecemberincludingapeakedatnumberonnovemberthendroppedthispeakpositionremainsforfarmerherhighestplacementinswitzerlandrefnamehitparaderefformatsandtracklistingsthesearetheformatsandtracklistingsofsinglereleasesofxxlrefnametracksrefcdsingleblackcdwithwhitewritingcdsinglegiltcdcdsinglejapanlongboxrefnamejcdrefcdsinglepromojapanlongboxtracklisttitlexxlnotesingleversionlengthtitlexxlnotenovoiceremixeditlengthcdmaxicrystalcasecdmaxidigipacktracklisttitlexxlnotesingleversionlengthtitlexxlnotedistordeddancemixlengthtitlexxlnoteextralargeremixlengthtitlexxlnotenewremixeditlengthcdmaxigermanyrefnamegcdreftracklisttitlexxlnotesingleversionlengthtitlexxlnoteextralargeremixlengthtitlexxlnotenewremixeditlengthtitlexxlnotedistordeddancemixlengthtitlexxlnotesingledancemixlengthmaxitracklisttitlexxlnoteextralargeremixlengthtitlexxlnotedistordeddancemixlengthcdsinglepromorefnamepcdrefcdsinglepromowithoutsleevetracklisttitlexxlnotesingleversionlengthcdsinglepromogermanytracklisttitlexxlnotegermanradioeditlengthtitlexxlnotesingleversionlengthvhspromorefnamevhsreftracklisttitlexxlnotevideolengthofficialversionsclasswikitablewidthborderversionlengthalbumremixedbyyearcommentalbumversionaligncenteraligncenteranamorphosebrlesmotsmylnefarmeralbumlesmotsaligncenteraligncentersmallseetheprevioussectionssmallsingleversionaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterlaurentboutonnataligncenternovoiceremixeditaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterlaurentboutonnatbertrandchtenetaligncenteritisaninstrumentalversionwitharemixedmusicmoretechnoanddancemusicdanceandinwhichfarmersingsonlyxxlextralargeremixaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterlaurentboutonnatbertrandchtenetaligncentertherearemanyvoicesatthebeginningandseveralsighsitisarockandtechnoversiondevotedtothediscothqueschorusarechangeddistordeddancemixaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterlaurentboutonnatbertrandchtenetaligncenterthisversionaddsdancesonoritieswithnumeroussighsnewremixeditaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterlaurentboutonnatbertrandchtenetaligncenterthisversionaddsdancesonoritieswithnumeroussighssingledancemixaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterlaurentboutonnatbertrandchtenetaligncenterthisversionissimilartothenovoiceremixeditnewremixeditgermanyaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterlaurentboutonnatbertrandchtenetaligncenterthisisthesameversionthanthenewremixeditbutlongergermanradioeditaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterlaurentboutonnatbertrandchtenetaligncentertheintroductionisshortenedandelectricguitararrangementbeginsverypromptlymusicvideoaligncenteraligncentermusicvideosiimusicvideosiiiiialigncenteraligncenterukremixaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterricharddekkardaligncenterthisisatechnoversionliveversionbrsmallrecordedinsmallaligncenteraligncenterlivebercyaligncenteraligncenterthesongbeginswiththesoundofalocomotiveanditsrollingthenisfollowedbytheintroductionwithmorerocksoundsthanonthealbumsmallseetoursmalljxlremixaligncenteraligncenterremixesaligncenterjunkiexlaligncenterthisisadiscoversionwithamusicalintroductionliveversionbrsmallrecordedinsmallaligncenteraligncenteravantquelombrealigncenteraligncentersmallseeavantquelombrebercytoursmallliveversionbrsmallrecordedinsmallaligncenteraligncenternontouraligncenteraligncenterthisversionissimilartotheoneattheavantquelombrebercyconcertseriessmallseemylnefarmerentournesmallcreditsandpersonnelthesearethecreditsandthepersonnelastheyappearonthebackofthesinglemylnefarmerlyricslaurentboutonnatmusicmixingbertrandchtenetmixingrequiempublishingeditionscomnbdesignchartsweeklychartsclasswikitablesortableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncenterscopecolchartscopecolpeakbrpositionscoperoweuropeeuropeanhotsinglesscopecolchartscopecolpeakbrpositionyearendchartsclasswikitablesortableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncenterscopecolchartscopecolpositionscoperowbelgiumultratopwalloniascoperowbelgiumfrancophoneultratopwalloniascoperowfrancesnepreleasehistoryclasswikitableregiondateformatrowspanfrancebelgiumswitzerlandaugustpromocdsinglevhsrowspanseptembercdsinglecdmaximaxijapancdsinglegermanyoctobercdmaxireferencesnoteswithanaspectratioofalsoknownasisandisplayaspectratioaspectratiomostlyusedforcomputerdisplaysandtabletcomputersthewidthofthedisplayistimesitsheightthisratioisclosetothegoldenratiomathvarphimathwhichisapproximatelyhistorycomputerdisplayslcdcomputerdisplaysusingtheratiostartedtoappearinthemassmarketfrombyhadbecomethemostcommonaspectratioforlcdmonitorsandlaptopdisplayssincehoweverhasbecomethemainstreamstandarddrivenbythepstandardforhighdefinitiontelevisionandlowermanufacturingcostsrefnamedisplaysearchrefrefnameengadgetrefstylefloatrightborderpxsolidcccbackgroundfffmarginleftemmargintopemvsdivstyleborderpxsolidheightpxwidthpxbackgroundyellowdivstyleborderpxsolidheightpxwidthpxbackgroundredorbrhdvideostandarddivindustrymovestowardsfromtountilaboutmostcomputermonitorshadadisplayaspectratioaspectratioandsomehadbetweenandmonitorswithaspectratiosbecamecommonlyavailablefirstinlaptopsandlateralsoinstandalonemonitorssuchdisplayswereconsideredtobebettersuitedforproductiveusessuchaswordprocessingandcomputeraideddesigninovertookasthemostsoldaspectratioforlcdmonitorsatthetimealsohadofthenotebookmarketandwasthemostcommonlyusedaspectratioforlaptopshoweverhadashortreignasthemostcommonaspectratioindustrymovestowardsfromaroundtherewasarapidshiftbycomputerdisplaymanufacturerstotheaspectratioandbyhadalmostdisappearedfromnewmassmarketproductsaccordingtonetapplicationsbyoctoberthemarketshareofdisplayshaddroppedtolessthanpercenttheprimaryreasonforthismovewasconsideredtobeproductionefficiencysincedisplaypanelsfortvsusetheaspectratioitbecamemoreefficientfordisplaymanufacturerstoproducecomputerdisplaypanelsinthesameaspectratioaswellareportbydisplaysearchalsocitedanumberofotherreasonsincludingtheabilityforpcandmonitormanufacturerstoexpandtheirproductrangesbyofferingproductswithwiderscreensandhigherdisplayresolutionresolutionshelpingconsumerstoadoptsuchproductsmoreeasilyandstimulatingthegrowthofthenotebookpcandlcdmonitormarkettheshiftfromtowasmetwithamixedresponsethelowercostofcomputerdisplaysalongwiththeirsuitabilityforgamingandmoviesandtheconvenienceofhavingthesameaspectratioindifferentdeviceswasseenasapositiveforthisreasonsomeconsidereddisplayslesssuitableforproductivityorientedtaskssuchaseditingdocumentsorspreadsheetsandusingdesignorengineeringapplicationstabletstabletcomputertabletsstartedtoenjoymainstreampopularitybeginninglateearlyandremainpopulartopresentdayaspectratiosfortabletstypicallyincludeandtabletshavecausedashiftinproductionawayfrompurelyaspectratiosandaresurgenceofproductivityaspectratiosincludingandinplaceofmediaaspectratiosandultrawidescreenformatsislesssuitedforlaptopspcmonitorsandtabletstheformatremainswidelypopularinthetvandsmartphoneindustrieswhereitismoresuitedmanyandroidoperatingsystemandroidtabletshaveaspectratiobecauseaspectratioissuitableforreadingbooksandpapersizemanypapershaveanaspectratioclosetoegisopapersusetheaspectratiotheipadusesaaspectratioforsimilarreasonsbothformatscomesignificantlyclosertoemulatingtheaspectratioofapapermillimetersorinchesandhasbeenattributedtothesuccessofandtabletscommonresolutionsthisisalistofcommonresolutionswiththeaspectratioclasswikitablesortablestandardwidthheightwxgagraphicswxgawxgawsxgawuxgawqxgaseealsodisplayaspectratiodifferentaspectratiosforcomputermonitorsaspectratioimagecomputerdisplaystandardreferencesxdisambiguationgamesmongkutmongkutxdisambiguationonechildpolicyonechildpolicynortheastarearevitalizationplannortheastarearevitalizationplanchinawesterndevelopmentchinawesterndevelopmentchinawesterndevelopmentriseofcentralchinaplanriseofcentralchinaplanchineseeconomicreformnationalitylawofthepeoplesrepublicofchinanationalitylawofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxfachulalongkornramaiiixavanteshtickxwindowselectionunstripedgroundsquirrelxorcipherxbandisamusicalbandthatrepresentedsloveniaforthefirsttimeattheeurovisionsongcontesttheirsingercolemorettisangthesongtihdeevendanwhichfinishedinndplacesuccessionboxbeforenonebrsmallfirsttimeentrysmalltitlesloveniaintheeurovisionsongcontestyearsafterdarjavajgerbrwithprisluhnimixoprojectxakriabtaxoboxnamexolotremaimagexolotremanotataexbinneyjpgimagewidthpximagecaptionxolotremanotatafromwilliamgbinneywgbinneyregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliapolygyridaegenusxolotremagenusauthorityrafinesquexolotremaisagenusorsubgenusundertriodopsisofairbreathinglandsnailsterrestrialanimalterrestrialpulmonategastropodmollusksinthefamilypolygyridaeshelldescriptionpilsbrycharacterizedtheshellofxolotremawhichheconsideredtobeasubgenusthustriodopsesinwhichtheinnermarginofthebasalliphasalongbladelikelamellaterminatingatanotchwhereitjoinstheoutherarcoftheliptheembryonicwhorlsarecoveredwithcloseretractiveradialstriaesubobsoleteintfosterispeciesspecieswithinthegenusxolotremaincludexolotremanotataxolotremaobstrictaxolotremacarolinensisxolotremafosteribotnoticenewspeciesgoherereferencesfrankwestdeadrisinginfoboxmagazinetitlelogomagazinelogojpglogosizepximagefilemagazinedecemberjpgimagesizedefaultstouserthumbnailsizeifnosizeisstatedimagealtcoverofsdecemberissueimagecaptioncoverofsdecemberissueeditordanielbroganeditortitlepresidenteditorinchiefpreviouseditorphotographercategoryfrequencymonthlycirculationfounderdanielbroganfoundedfirstdatecompanypublishinginccountryunitedstatesbaseddenvercoloradolanguageenglishwebsiteissnoclcisthecitymagazineindenvercoloradodenvercoloradopublishedbypublishingincmakingitthelargestlocalmagazineincoloradoitisamemberofthecityandregionalmagazineassociationcrmarefnamecrmamembersrefhistoryandprofilethemagazinewasfoundedinbydanielbroganaformerreporterandcolumnistforthechicagotribunerefnamemeetedscomabouteditorsphpmeettheeditorsofmagazineofficialwebsiteaccessedjanuaryreflikeothercityandregionalmagazinescoversdiningentertainmentandspecialeventsaswellaslocalandregionalpoliticsitsdailyblogofthelatestnewsgossipandcommentaryfromthemilehighcityiscalledelevatedvoicesofficialwebsiteannualcoverstoriesincludethetopofthetownawardswithtopratingsinawiderangeofproductsservicesstoresshopsandcommunityfeaturestopdoctorslistingtopratedphysiciansbyspecialtyandtoprestaurantsofficialwebsiteinthemagazinebrokethenewsthatjohnhickenlooperapopularlocalbarownerwasconsideringarunformayorandlaterendorsedhickenlooperwhowasthene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sstownshootoutbrawlleadtotheteamlosingoftheirnextgamesxavierreboundedfromthisuglyincidentandreachedmackssecondncaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentsweetsixteeninxavierjoinedthenewlyreconstitutedbigeastconferencefollowingbigeastconferencerealignmentbigeastconferencerealignmentxavierbecameoneofthenewmembersofthenewteambigeastconferencebigeastwiththecatholicdepaulbluedemonsdepaulgeorgetownhoyasgeorgetownmarquettegoldeneaglesmarquetteprovidencefriarsprovidencesetonhallpiratessetonhallstjohnsredstormstjohnsandvillanovawildcatsvillanovaplusbutlerbulldogsbutlerandcreightonbluejayscreightonxavierfinishedtheirfirstseasoninthebigeastwitharecordoftofinishbigeastplayinatieforthirdplacetheyreceivedabidtothencaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaatournamentbutlostinthefirstroundfirstfourthexaviermusketeersmensbasketballteamseasonalsosawareturntothencaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentsweetsixteenforthemusketeersfromtoxaviermadefivesweetsixteenstiedforthirdinthenationoverthatspanbehindonlylouisvillecardinalsmensbasketballlouisvilleandmichiganstatespartansmensbasketballmichiganstatethexaviermusketeersmensbasketballteamteamfinishedsecondinthebigeastconferencemensbasketballseasonbigeasttovillanovawildcatsmensbasketballteamvillanovaxaviershighestfinishinthebigeastandadvancedtothesecondroundofthencaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaatournamentinmackledxaviertoaseasonandgotthethseedinthewestandadvancedtotheeliteeightbydefeatingthseedmarylandrdseedfloridastateandndseedarizonaintheeliteeighttheylosttogonzagamackswinsconcludingtheseasonplacedhimsecondinwinsinxavierhistorybehindpetegillentravissteeleeraonmarchmackwasnamedtheheadcoachatthelouisvillecardinalsmensbasketballuniversityoflouisvillefourdaysaftermackleftxavierforlouisvillelongtimexavierassistantcoachtravissteelewasnamedheadcoachofthemusketeersseasonbyseasonresultscbbyearlyrecordsubheadnameharrygilliganconferenceindependentstartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameharrygilliganoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnameharrygilliganoverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnamejosephameyerjoemeyerconferenceindependentstartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejoemeyeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnamejoemayeroverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnameclemcroweconferenceindependentstartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameclemcroweoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameclemcroweoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameclemcroweoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameclemcroweoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameclemcroweoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameclemcroweoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameclemcroweoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameclemcroweoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameclemcroweoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameclemcroweoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnameclemcroweoverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamenobasketballduetoworldwariioverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubheadnameedburnsconferenceindependentstartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnameedburnsoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnameedburnsoverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnamelewhirtconferenceindependentstartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamelewhirtoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamelewhirtoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamelewhirtoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamelewhirtoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamelewhirtoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnamelewhirtoverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnamenedwulkconferenceindependentstartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamenedwulkoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamenedwulkoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamenedwulkoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamenedwulkoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamenedwulkoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamenedwulkoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnamenedwulkoverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnamejimmccaffertyjamesmccaffertyconferenceindependentstartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejamesmccaffertyoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasonnitnitchampionscbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejamesmccaffertyoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejamesmccaffertyoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejamesmccaffertyoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasonncaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaafirstroundcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejamesmccaffertyoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamejamesmccaffertyoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnamejamesmccaffertyoverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnamedonrubergconferenceindependentstartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamedonrubergoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamedonrubergoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamedonrubergoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamedonrubergoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnamedonrubergoverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnamegeorgekrajackconferenceindependentstartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamegeorgekrajackoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamegeorgekrajackoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamegeorgekrajackoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamegeorgekrajackoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnamegeorgekrajackoverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnamedickcampbellconferenceindependentstartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamedickcampbelloverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamedickcampbelloverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnamedickcampbelloverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnametaybakerconferenceindependentstartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnametaybakeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnametaybakeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnametaybakeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnametaybakeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnametaybakeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnametaybakeroverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnametaybakeroverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnamebobstaakconferencemidwesterncityconferencestartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamebobstaakoverallconferenceconfstandingthpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipconferenceseasonnamebobstaakoverallconferenceconfstandingstpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamebobstaakoverallconferenceconfstandingthpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipconferencetournamentseasonnamebobstaakoverallconferenceconfstandingtndpostseasonncaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaaopeningroundcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamebobstaakoverallconferenceconfstandingrdpostseasonnitnitquarterfinalscbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipseasonnamebobstaakoverallconferenceconfstandingthpostseasoncbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnamebobstaakoverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnamepetegillenconferencemidwesterncollegiateconferencestartyearendyearcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipconfbothseasonnamepetegillenoverallconferenceconfstandingstpostseasonncaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaafirstroundcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipconferencetournamentseasonnamepetegillenoverallconferenceconfstandingtrdpostseasonncaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaasecondroundcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipconfbothseasonnamepetegillenoverallconferenceconfstandingstpostseasonncaatournamentncaafirstroundcbbyearlyrec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ingthpostseasonncaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaaeliteeightcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipconferenceseasonxaviermusketeersmensbasketballteamnamechrismackoverallconferenceconfstandingstpostseasonncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentncaasecondroundpollcbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnamechrismackoverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordsubheadnametravissteeleconferencebigeaststartyearendyearpresentcbbyearlyrecordentrychampionshipconferenceseasonxaviermusketeersmensbasketballteamnametravissteeleoverallconferenceconfstandingpostseasonpollcbbyearlyrecordsubtotalnametravissteeleoverallconfrecordcbbyearlyrecordendoverallsourcehomecourtcintascenterxavierplaysitshomegamesatthecintascenteraseatmultipurposearenathatopenedinthecintascenteristheteamsfifthhomesiteasofaprilthemusketeershavecompiledarecordsincemovingtoitsoncampushomeinrefnamemediaguidexavierbasketballmediaguidexavierathleticdepartmentprefxavierenjoyedamarkatcintascenterduringtheitsfirstperfectrecordforaseasonatcintascentercintascentercontinuestobeoneofthebesthomecourtadvantagesinthencaaandwasnamedthetoughestplacetoplayoneasportsncaabasketballthroughtheseasoncintascenterhashostedfansforxavierhomegamesandthemusketeershaveaveragedfansbetterthancapacitypergameduringthattimetheseasonmarkedthehighestaverageattendanceincintascenterhistorywithalmostcapacityclasswikitablesortablesortableborderstylewidthseasonrecordpctgamesattendanceaverageselloutschartdatacincinnatigardensthemusketeersplayedtheirfinalseasonatcincinnatigardensinlocatedmilesfromthexaviercampusthegardenswasthehomecourtforthexaviermusketeerssinceseasonthexaviermensteamplayedallofitsregularseasongamesoffcampusatthecincinnatigardensforyearsbeginningwiththeseasonandendingwithannitgameagainstmarquetteintheseasontheonlyexceptionwasagameagainstfloridainternationalthatwasplayedatschmidtfieldhouseonjanuaryxaviercompiledanimpressiverecordaftermovingtothegardensintheseasonincludinginitsfinalseasonschmidtfieldhousepriortomovingtothecincinnatigardensintheseasonxaviercalledschmidtfieldhousehomelocatedonthewestsideofthexaviercampusxaviercompiledanimpressiverecordatthefieldhouseuntilopeningcintascenterthemensbasketballteamhadonlyplayedoneregularseasongameoncampussinceearlyintheseasonxavierscoredaschoolrecordpointtotalinawinoverfloridainternationalonsaturdayjanuaryotherhomecourtsthemusketeershavealsousedriverfrontcoliseumandthefenwickclubpostseasonncaatournamentresultsthemusketeershaveappearedinthencaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentncaatournamenttimestheircombinedrecordisclasswikitablealigncenterncaauniversitydivisionbasketballtournamentfirstroundmoreheadstateeaglesmensbasketballmoreheadstatelaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnopreliminaryroundnoalcornstatebravesbasketballalcornstatelaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundnoalabamacrimsontidemensbasketballalabamalaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundbrsecondroundnomissouritigersmensbasketballmissouribrnodukebluedevilsmensbasketballteamdukewbrlaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundnokansasjayhawksmensbasketballteamkansaslaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundnomichiganwolverinesmensbasketballteammichiganlaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundbrsecondroundbrsweetsixteennokansasstatewildcatsmensbasketballkansasstatebrnogeorgetownhoyasmensbasketballteamgeorgetownbrnotexaslonghornsmensbasketballtexaswbrwbrlaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundbrsecondroundnonebraskacornhuskersmensbasketballnebraskabrnoconnecticuthuskiesmensbasketballteamconnecticutwbrlaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundbrsecondroundnoneworleansprivateersmensbasketballneworleansbrnoindianahoosiersmensbasketballteamindianawbrlaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundnogeorgetownhoyasmensbasketballteamgeorgetownlaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundbrsecondroundnovanderbiltcommodoresmensbasketballvanderbiltbrnouclabruinsmensbasketballteamuclawbrlaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundnowashingtonhuskiesmensbasketballwashingtonlaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundnonotredamefightingirishmensbasketballnotredamelaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundbrsecondroundnohawaiirainbowwarriorsbasketballhawaiibrnooklahomasoonersmensbasketballteamoklahomawbrlaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundbrsecondroundnotroytrojansmensbasketballtroystatebrnomarylandterrapinsmensbasketballteammarylandwbrlaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundbrsecondroundbrsweetsixteenbreliteeightnolouisvillecardinalsmensbasketballteamlouisvillebrnomississippistatebulldogsbasketballmississippistatebrnotexaslonghornsmensbasketballteamtexasbrnodukebluedevilsmensbasketballteamdukewbrwbrwbrlaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentnofirstroundnonogonzagabulldogsmensbasketballteamgonzagalaligncenterncaadivisionimensbasketballtournamentn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ramaticallyintheearlydaysoftheculturalrevolutionyangwasaredguardschinaredguardinhunanwhowaspartoftherebelfactionshengwulianonbehalfofthegroupyangwrotewhatprobablybecomethemostinfluentialarticleoftheculturalrevolutionyangcontendedthattheessentialconflictinchinawasbetweenthenewredcapitalistclassconsistingofccpcadresandtheirfamiliesandthemassesofthechinesepeoplethiswasashockinganddaringdeviationfromtheorthodoxmaoistviewthatconflictinchinawasessentiallybetweenmaoandhisenemiesyangsessaywasreadbyhundredsofthousandsofchineseduringtheculturalrevolutionitcouldnotbereadopenlyandwaspassedsecretlybetweentrustedfriendsprovokinglivelydebateacrosschinasogreatwashisinfluencethatsomemembersofthesdemocracymovementinchinaviewedyangxiaokaiastheforerunnerofthethinkinggenerationimprisonmentandreleasemaopersonallydenouncedyangasacounterrevolutionaryinyangwasarrestedandsenttoprisonforyearsatonepointyanglearnedthathewasscheduledtobeexecutedthoughfortunatelythisnevereventuatedneverthelessdistraughtbyhersonstreatmentyangsmotherchensucommittedsuicidewhileinprisonyangmanagedtolearnenglishandcalculushelearntfromanddeeplyadmiredafellowprisonerwhohappenedtobeamathematicsprofessorandadevoutchristianbutyangdidnotconvertyetatthattimewhenhewasreleasedxiguanghisoriginalnamefrombirthchangedhisnametoxiaokaiyanghischildhoodnicknamesothathecouldfindajobprofessionalcareeryanggainedadmissiontotheinstituteofeconomicsatthechineseacademyofsocialscienceswiththehelpofeconomistyuguangyuanthenthedeputydirectoroftheacademyyuadmittedhimasastudentofmathematicaleconomicshelaterjoinedhunanuniversityandpublishedtwohighlyinfluentialbooksoneconomicshethenstudiedatprincetonuniversitywhereheobtainedaphdineconomicsrefnamereferenceamonasheduaunewsmonashmemostoriesvalehtmlvaleprofessorxiaokaiyangmonashmemobotgeneratedtitlereffollowinghisstudyatprincetonyangacceptedapostdoctoralfellowshipatyaleuniversityinhemovedtoaustraliaandtookupapositionaslectureratmonashuniversityhequicklygainedwidespreadinternationalattentionpublishingnumerousenglishlanguagearticlesandbookshewasmadeseniorlecturerinreaderinandwasawardedapersonalchairineconomicsininhewaselectedfellowoftheaustralianacademyofsocialscienceshewastwicenominatedforthenobelprizeineconomicsandhecollaboratedwithsomeoftheworldsleadingeconomistsincludingyewkwangngandjeffreysachsthelatterofwhomstatedthatyangisoneoftheworldsmostpenetratingandexactingeconomictheoristsandoneofthemostcreativemindsintheeconomicsprofessioninnobelprizewinnerprofessorjamesmbuchanansaidthatinmyviewthemostimportantandexcitingresearchineconomicsintheworldisdoneatmonashanditisdonebyxiaokaiyangyangwasaneoclassicaleconomistheispraisedbyhiscolleaguesforhavingclearedupmanyunhelpfuldigressionsineconomicwritingandreturningthedisciplinetothefundamentalinsightsofadamsmithillnessandreligiousconversionyangwasdiagnosedwithlungcancerinseptemberdoctorspredictedthatitwouldkillhimsoonbuthelivedmoreyearsthaninitiallyexpectedinyangconvertedtochristianityandmadeitpublicbecomingamemberoftheanglicanchurchsixmonthslaterhewasbaptizedandwroteasecondtestimonyabouthisnewbeliefinthebiblehediedonjulysurvivedbyhiswifeandthreechildrenhiseventfullifeisdescribedinhismemoircaptivespiritsprisonersoftheculturalrevolutionlegacyyangsmajorcontributionatthetimeofhisdeathwasthedevelopmentofinframarginaleconomicswhicharethosediscretedecisionsthatdictatefuturepathdependencieshewasaprolificauthorineconomicsbutyangsimultaneouslywrotealargebodyofinfluentialpoliticalessaysinchineseincludingabestsellingbookhechampioneddemocracydecentralizationofchinesepoliticalpowerandprivatizationofthechineseeconomywhenhediednanfangzhoumosouthernweekendthemostinfluentialreformistmagazineinchinapublishedalongobituarypraisingyanganddiscussingthepervasiveimpactofhiswritingsreferencesfurtherreadingklausmehnertpekingandthenewleftathomeandabroadberkeleycenterforchinesestudiesthisbookfocusesalmostentirelyonyangswritingsoftheculturalrevolutionxiaokaiyangandsusanmcfaddencaptivespiritsprisonersoftheculturalrevolutionoxforduniversitypressxiaokaiyangsmemoirsreviewjournalscambridgeorgactiondisplayabstractfrompageonlineaidfragmentxiaokaiyangandjeffborlandamicroeconomicmechanismforeconomicgrowthjournalofpoliticaleconomypjstororgpsspxiaokaiyangandyewkwangngspecializationandeconomicorganizationanewclassicalmicroeconomicframeworknorthhollandxiaokaiyangendogenousvsexogenouscomparativeadvantageandeconomiesofspecializationvseconomiesofscalejournalofeconomicspspringerlinkcomcontenthxnpxiaokaiyangeconomicsnewclassicalversusneoclassicalframeworksnewyorkblackwellbooksgooglecombooksidynqakyecsourcegbsnavlinkssdescriptionandchapterpreviewbooksgooglecombooksidynqakyecprintsecfindpgpronepageqffalsevonepageqffalselinksacomprehensivetreatiseofxiaokaiyangseconomicthoughtxiaokaiyangetaledaninframarginalapproachtotradetheoryvworldscientificbooksgooglecombooksidtpdydlglsclrsourcegbsnavlinkssdescriptionandscrollablecontentsbooksgooglecombookshlenlridtpdydlglscoifndpgpronepageqffalsevonepageqffalselinkpapersincludecoauthoredbyyangpresidentialpalacenanji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ttedsuicidebyhangingnotesandreferencesoldbookoftangvolpartwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwtanhtmnewbookoftangvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwntanhtmzizhitongjianvolszhszhsxaitongmoincountyxaitongmoincountypiaseckixnottobeconfusedwithnaktsangtowninthehaadistrictofsouthwesternbhutaninfoboxsettlementnamexainzaothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishtranslitlangstandardtibetantibetantranslitlangtypetibetanscripttibetantranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypewylietransliterationtranslitlanginfoshanrtsardzongtranslitlangtypepronunciationininternationalphoneticalphabetipatranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetibetanpinyinofficialnbsptranscriptionnbspprctranslitlanginfoxainzatranslitlangtypethdlsimplifiedphonetictranscriptionthdltranslitlanginfoshentsatranslitlangtypeothertranscriptionstranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoshnzhxintranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypetownshippeoplesrepublicofchinatownmottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinatibetpushpinlabelpositionthepositionofthepushpinlabelleftrighttopbottomnonepushpinmapcaptionlocationwithintibetpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamechinasubdivisiontypeautonomousregionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaregionsubdivisionnametibetautonomousregiontibetsubdivisiontypeprefecturechinaprefecturesubdivisionnamenagquprefecturesubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountysubdivisionnamexainzacountypoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefenterimperialifimperialmetricisdesiredareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationblanktitlenationalitiesofchinamajornationalitiespopulationblanktibetanpeopletibetanpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmipopulationblanktitlechineselanguageregionaldialectpopulationblankstandardtibetantibetanlanguagegeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxainzaalsonaktsangxainzatownorshantsaisatownandtownshipleveladministrativeunitandseatofshentsacountyorxainzacountynagquprefecturetibetautonomousregionchinaitcoversanareaofsquarekilometresandinhadatotalpopulationofaboutthemainoccupationisanimalhusbandrymainlyyakgoatandsheeprearingrefnamehudongrefvillagesthetownshipleveldivisioncontainsthefollowingsettlementsgasangduoneighborhoodrongsaiduoneighborhoodnachanagqunachaluopuqiangrongqubuyongzhuwomarennaduofootnotesreferencesdorjegyurmefootprinttibethandbooktheditionbathukexternallinksarchiveistibetmagazinenetenglishmagazineimagesjpgphotoofxainzatownamguulanamguulanmigrationperiodspearanglosaxongarruneredirectcategoryshellxanthinedehydrogenasewesternclawedfrogredirectmmfrenchgeneralairbornetransportxcgdnarepairproteinxrccisaproteinthatinhumansisencodedbythexrccgenerefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefrefnameentrezreffunctionthisgeneencodesamemberoftherecaradrelatedproteinfamilythatparticipatesinhomologousrecombinationtomaintainchromosomestabilityandrepairdnadamagethisgeneisinvolvedintherepairofdnadoublestrandbreaksbyhomologousrecombinationanditfunctionallycomplementschinesehamsterirsarepairdeficientmutantthatexhibitshypersensitivitytoanumberofdifferentdnadamagingagentsthexrccproteinisoneoffivehumanhomologybiologyparalogyparalogsofradincludingradbradlradcradlraddradlxrccandxrcctheyeachshareaboutaminoacidsequenceidentitywithradandeachotherrefnamepmidreftheradparalogsareallrequiredforefficientdnadoublestrandbreakrepairbyhomologousrecombinationanddepletionofanyparalogresultsinsignificantdecreasesinhomologousrecombinationfrequencyrefnamechunrefxrccformsafourpartcomplexwiththreerelatedparalogsbcdxradbradcraddxrccwhiletwoparalogsformasecondcomplexcxradcxrccthesetwocomplexesactattwodifferentstagesofhomologousrecombinationaldnarepairthebcdxcomplexisresponsibleforradrecruitmentorstabilizationatdamagesitesthebcdxcomplexappearstoactbyfacilitatingtheassemblyorstabilityoftheradfunctionradnucleoproteinfi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rvocaldagrattlertheirfirstsinglewasapunkrockpunkversionoftommyleonettitommyleonettismycityofsydneyarrangedbygoodingthepromovideorecordedatthesheratonhotelinaroomthebeatleshadoccupiedduringtheiraustraliantourfeaturedthefourbandmembersinbedtogetherthesinglereceivedmuchindependentradioairplaybutwasnotacommercialsuccessitisoneofthesinglesstoredinasmallwoodenboxbybritishdjjohnpeelthatisthesubjectofthetelevisiondocumentaryjohnpeelsrecordboxskylabsonoftelstarwrittenbygoodingandrendallreceivedradioairplayasatapeinmiditwasneverreleasedasasingleanddidnotappearoneitherofthexlcapristwoalbumsthesongdoesfeatureonlatercompilationalbumsfeaturingindependentbandsoftheperiodtheirnextsingleworldwarthreeoctoberproducedbyhunterwaswrittenbypigottandhunterrendalllefttoformhoodooguruslehoodoogurusinjanuaryhelaterbecameamusicvideodirectorandthenasecondunitdirectorforthelattertwomatrixseriesmovieshewasreplacedbyhunterguitarmichaelchirnsidebassjoinedandersonlefttobereplacedbymichaelfarmerdrumsbarryblacklerdrumsalsojoinedwhereishankfirstalbumwaswhereishankmarchproducedbyhuntergoodingwrotetenofthefourteentracksincludingtwowithpigotthankinthetitlewasagermanshepherdownedbyrendallhankwenttoliveonafarmatnambuccaheadstoscawasthenameoftheirlandladyscatanditwaschasedupatreebyhankthusthealbumtitlewhereishankisapunonastvadforachocolatebarwheresgeorgetheresponseisgoneforatoscaweedssecondalbumwasweedsoctoberproducedbyhunterpigottandhunterwrotesixsongsincludingthesingleigloosandgoodingwrotesixsongshunterreturnedtodragonlateandxlcaprisdissolvedingoodingbrieflyjoinedtacticsandresumedscreenwritinghealsowrotethesuccessfulcountrywesternstagemusicalkingofcountryposterartstreetposterartfeaturingxlcaprisincludetobyzoatesscreenprintxlcaprisforthebsideofsingleredbikinirunawaycalledktelcitygoodingandhasthebandonthebonnetofacarcrashingintoatvgameshowandpaulworsteadsscreenprintssettlementdancescarletxlcaprisandxlcaprissettlementbeginningofschoolholidaydancebothalbumcoverswerecreatedbykentwhitmorediscographyalbumswhereishankaxlerecordsreleasedmarchrecordedbychristostudioproducedbytoddhuntertracklistingworldwarjohannapigotttoddhunterfatboyintheswimmingpooltimgoodingredbikinirunawaygoodingpigottrefrigeratortowngoodingevelynpigottheymarvopoliceexhibitgoodingbuttonbgoodingonthebeachgoodingsharkhorrorgoodingparramattaroadgoodinghiriseheartpigottgoodingjokshoutgoodingrudolphisleyronaldisleyokellyisleyjrouesthankrendallweedsaxlerecordsreleasedoctoberproducedbyhuntertracklistingtokyopigotthunterigloospigotthunterquietworldpigotthunterkillerseasgoodinggeographygoodingcountrytowngoodingampgoodingspiritofprogressakaghosttraingoodingpoorexcusegoodingpleaseexcusemeivegottolookaftermycarakacarpigottsmallscreencowboypigotthunterdarkstarpigotthunterlunapigotthuntersinglesmycityofsydneytommyleonettiroberttroupdeadbudgiesrendallworldwarpigotthunterdustygoodingoctoberredbikinirunawaygoodingpigottktelcitygoodingapriliglooselevatordeadbudgiesgoingcheepincludedmarchunterasendupofthebeegeesearlysreferencesxinanorxinanmayrefertothefollowinglocationsinchinaxinanxinanshantoutowninchenghaidistrictshantouguangdongxinanshanweiguangdongxinanxiapucountyfujianxinanzhangpingtowninfujianxinansichuantowninmianzhuxinansubdistrictfoshaninsanshuidistrictfoshanguangdongxinansubdistrictjiexiushanxixinansubdistrictjinzhonginyucidistrictjinzhongshanxixinanthefollowingentriesarewrittenasunlessotherwisenotedxinancountyhenanbaoancountyformerlyxinancountyhistoricalregionofguangdongxinanstationstationonshenzhenmetrosubdistrictsxinansubdistrictshenzheninbaoandistrictxinansubdistrictmudanjiangindongandistrictmudanjiangheilongjiangxinansubdistrictqitaiheinxinxingdistrictqitaiheheilongjiangxinansubdistrictshuangyashaninbaoshandistrictshuangyashanheilongjiangxinansubdistrictwuxiinbinhudistrictwuxijiangsuxinansubdistricthuichunjilinxinansubdistrictjilincityinlongtandistrictjilincityxinansubdistrictanqiushandongxinansubdistrictqingdaoinhuangdaodistrictxinansubdistrictquzhouinkechengdistrictquzhouzhejiangtownsxinanlaiancountyanhuixinanluaninyuandistrictluananhuixinanmaominginhuazhouguangdongxinanguangxiinpingguocountyxinanguizhouinanlongcountyxinanlangfanginbazhoucityxinanzhengdingcountyhebeixinanwuyangcountyhenanxinanlinliisatownsofchinatowninlinlicountyhunanhunanprovincexinanguannancountyjiangsuxinanxuzhouinxinyijiangsuxinanchanglingcountyjilinxinaninnermongoliainuradfrontbannerxinanhaiyangshandongxinanjiangyousichuanxinanyibininpingshancountysichuanxinantianjininbaodidistrictxinanzhejiangindeqingcountyzhejiangdeqingcountytownshipsxinantownshipanhuiinqimencountyxinantownshipjilininshulanxinantownshipyunnaninmojianghaniautonomouscountyinfoboxtelephoneareacodetrunkcodeareacodeareanameconsettnumberformatxxxxxxcountryunitedkingdomcodedescriptorareacodecountrycallingcodeconservationyesrefnameofcomrefactivedatephonedayaprilpreviouscodesareaservedconsettbrstanleycountydurhamstanleycodeslistlistofdiallingcodesintheunitedkingdomlocatormapthetelephonenumbersintheunitedkingdomnationaldiallingcodeforconsettintheunitedkingdomt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eisautomaticallymaintainedbyproteinboxbotseetemplatepbbcontrolstostopupdatespbbsummarysectiontitlesummarytextxylosyltransferasexteccatalystcatalyzesthetransferofudpxylosetoserineresidueswithinxtrecognitionsequencesoftargetproteinsadditionofthisxylosetothecoreproteinisrequiredforthebiosynthesisoftheglycosaminoglycanchainscharacteristicofproteoglycanssuppliedbyomimreferencesfurtherreadingpbbfurtherreadingcitationsthepbbcontrolstemplateprovidescontrolsforproteinboxbotpleaseseetemplatepbbcontrolsfordetailspbbcontrolsupdatepageyesrequiremanualinspectionnoupdateproteinboxyesupdatesummaryyesupdatecitationsyesxistxinactivespecifictranscriptisannoncodingrnarnageneonthexchromosomeoftheeutheriaplacentalmammalsthatactsasamajoreffectorofthexinactivationprocessrefnameentrezrefitisacomponentofthexinactivationchromosomalcomponentxicxchromosomeinactivationcentrealongwithtwootherrnagenesjpxgenejpxandftxgeneftxandtwogeneproteingenestsxandcnbpthexistrnaalargekbinhumansrefnamepmidreftranscriptisexpressedontheinactivechromosomeandnotontheactiveoneitisprocessedinasimilarwaytomrnasthroughrnasplicingsplicingandpolyadenylationhoweveritremainsuntranslatedithasbeensuggestedthatthisrnageneevolvedatleastpartlyfromaproteincodinggenethatbecameapseudogenerefnamedurreftheinactivexchromosomeiscoatedwiththistranscriptwhichisessentialfortheinactivationxchromosomeslackingxistwillnotbeinactivatedwhileduplicationofthexistgeneonanotherchromosomecausesinactivationofthatchromosomefunctionxinactivationxinactivationisanearlydevelopmentalbiologydevelopmentalprocessinmammalianfemalesthattranscriptionallysilencesoneofthepairofxchromosomesthusprovidingdosageequivalencebetweenmalesandfemalesseedosagecompensationtheprocessisregulatedbyseveralfactorsincludingaregionofchromosomexcalledthexinactivationcenterxicthexistgeneisgeneexpressionexpressedexclusivelyfromthexicoftheinactivexchromosomethetranscriptisalternativesplicingsplicedbutapparentlydoesnotencodeaproteinthetranscriptremainsinthecellnucleusnucleuswhereitcoatstheinactivexchromosomealternativelysplicedtranscriptvariantshavebeenidentifiedbuttheirfulllengthsequenceshavenotbeendeterminedthefunctionalroleofthexisttranscriptwasdefinitivelydemonstratedinmousefemaleescellsusinganovelantisensetechnologycalledpeptidenucleicacidpnainterferencemappinginthereportedexperimentsasinglebpantisensecellpermeatingpnatargetedagainstaparticularregionofxistrnapreventedtheformationofxiandinhibitedcissilencingofxlinkedgenestheassociationofthexiwithmacrohistonehaisalsodisturbedbypnainterferencemappingrefnamebeletskiirefxinactivationprocessoccursinmiceevenintheabsenceofthisgeneviaepigeneticsepigeneticregulationbutxistisrequiredtostabilizethissilencingrefnamekalantryrefgenelocationthehumanxistrnageneislocatedonthelongqarmofthexchromosomethexistrnageneconsistsofconservedrepeatswithinitsstructureandisalsolargelylocalizedinthenucleusthexistrnageneconsistsofanaregionwhichcontainsrepeatsseparatedbyurichspacersthearegionappearstocontaintwolongstemloopstructuresthateachincludefourrepeatsrefnamepmidrefanorthologofthexistrnageneinhumanshasbeenidentifiedinmicethisorthologisakbxistrnagenethatisalsolocalizedinthenucleushowevertheorthologdoesnotconsistofconservedrepeatsthegenealsoconsistsofanxistinactivationcenterxicwhichplaysamajorroleinxinactivationrefnameleejtdavidowlswarshawskdreftranscriptorganizationaregionthexistrnacontainsaregionofconservationcalledtherepeatareparegionthatcontainsuptoninerepeatedelementsitwasinitiallysuggestedthatreparepeatscouldfoldbackonthemselvestoformlocalintrarepeatstemloopstructureslaterworkusinginvitrobiochemicalstructureprobingproposedseveralinterrepeatstemloopstructuresarecentstudyusinginvivobiochemicalprobingandcomparativesequenceanalysisproposedarevisionoftherepastructuremodelthatincludesbothintrarepeatandinterrepeatfoldingfoundinpreviousmodelsaswellasnovelfeaturesseefigureinadditiontoitsagreementwiththeinvivodatathisrevisedmodelishighlyconservedinrodentsandmammalsincludinghumanssuggestingfunctionalimportanceforrepastructurealthoughtheexactfunctionofthereparegionisuncertainitwasshownthattheentireregionisneededforefficientbindingtothesuzproteincregionthexistrnadirectlybindstotheinactivexchromosomethroughachromatinbindingregionofthernatranscriptthexistchromatinbindingregionwasfirstelucidatedinfemalemousefibroblasticcellstheprimarychromatinbindingregionwasshowntolocalizetothecrepeatregionthechromatinbindingregionwasfunctionallymappedandevaluatedbyusinganapproachforstudyingnoncodingrnafunctioninlivingcellscalledpeptidenucleicacidpnainterferencemappinginthereportedexperimentsasinglebpantisensecellpermeatingpnatargetedagainstaparticularregionofxistrnacausedthedisruptionofthexitheassociationofthexiwithmacrohistonehaisalsodisturbedbypnainterferencemappingxinactivationcentrexicthexistrnagenelieswithinthexinactivationcentrexicwhichplaysamajorroleinxistexpressionandxinactivationthexicislocatedontheqarmofthexchromosomexqxicregulatesxistincisxinactivationwheretsixanantisenseofxistdownregulatestheexpressionofxistthexistpromoterofxicisthemasterregulatorofxinactivationxinactivationplaysakeyroleindosagecompensationtsixantisensetranscriptthetsixantisensegeneisatranscriptofthexistgeneatthexiccenterthetsixantisensetranscriptactsincisregulatoryelementcistorepressthetranscriptionofxistwhichnegativelyregulatesitsexpressionthemechanismbehindhowtsixmodulatesxistactivityincisispoorlyunderstoodhoweverthereareafewtheoriesonitsmechanismonetheoryisthattsixisinvolvedinchromatinmodificationatthexistlocusandanotheristhattranscriptionfactorsofcellpotencypluripotencypluripotentcellsplayaroleinxistrepressionrefnamesennercebrockdorffnrefregulationofthexistpromotermethylationthetsixantisenseisbelievedtoactivatednamethyltransferasesthatdnamethylationmethylatethexistgenepromoterpromoterinreturnresultingininhibitionofthexistpromoterandthustheexpressionofthexistgenemethylationofhistonelysinehkproducesanactivechromatinstructurewhichrecruitstranscriptionfactorsandthusallowsfortranscriptiontooccurthereforeinthiscasethetranscriptionofxistdsrnaandrnaiadsrnaandrnaipathwayhavebeenalsoproposedtoplayaroleinregulationofthexistpromoterdicerisanrnaienzymeanditisbelievedtocleavetheduplexofxistandtsixatthebeginningofxinactivationtosmallnucleotidernaswhichhavebeentermedxirnasthesexirnasarebelievedtobeinvolvedinrepressingxistontheprobableactivexchromosomebaseduponstudiesastudywasconductedwherenormalendogenousdicerlevelsweredecreasedtowhichledtoanincreaseinxistexpressioninundifferentiatedcellsthussupportingtheroleofxirnasinxistrepressiontheroleandmechanismofxirnasisstillunderexaminationanddebatetsixindependentmechanismspluripotentcelltranscriptionalfactorspluripotentstemcellsexpresstranscriptionfactorsnanogoctandsoxthatseemtoplayaroleinrepressingxistintheabsenceoftsixinpluripotentcellsxistisrepressedwhereamechanismhasbeenproposedthatthesetranscriptionfactorscausesplicingtooccuratintronatthebindingsiteofthesefactorsonthexistgenewhichinhibitsxistexpressionastudywasconductedwherenanogorocttranscriptionfactorsweredepletedinpluripotentcellswhichresultedintheupregulationofxistfromthisstudyitisproposedthatnanogandoctareinvolvedintherepressionofxistexpressionpolycombrepressivecomplexpolycombrepressivecomplexprcconsistofaclassofpolycombgroupproteinsthatareinvolvedincatalyzingthetrimethylationofhistonehonlysinekwhichresultsinchromatinrepressionandthusleadstotranscriptionalsilencingxistrnarecruitspolycombcomplexestotheinactivexchromosomeattheonsetofxcisuzisacomponentoftheprcandcontainsazincfingerdomainthezincfingerdomainisbelievedtobindtothernamoleculetheprchasbeenobservedtorepressxistexpressionindependentofthetsixantisensetranscriptalthoughthedefinitemechanismisstillnotknowndosagecompensationxinactivationplaysakeyroleindosagecompensationmechanismsthatallowforequalexpressionofthexandautosomalchromosomessomemethodsinvolvedindosagecompensationtoinactivateoneofthexchromosomesfromoneofthesexesaretsixantisensegenednamethylationanddnaacetylationhoweverthedefinitemechanismofxinactivationisstillpoorlyunderstoodifoneofthexchromosomesisnotinactivatedorispartiallyexpresseditcouldleadtooverexpressionofthexchromosomeanditcouldbelethalinsomecasesturnerssyndrometurnerssyndromeisoneexampleofwheredosagecompensationdoesnotequallyexpressthexchromosomeandinfemalesoneofthexchromosomesismissingorhasabnormalitieswhichleadstophysicalabnormalitiesandalsogonadaldysfunctioninfemalesduetotheonemissingorabnormalxchromosometurnerssyndromeisalsoreferredtoasamonosomyxconditionxinactivationcyclexistexpressionandxinactivationchangethroughoutembryonicdevelopmentinearlyembryogenesistheoocyteandspermdonotexpressxistandthexchromosomeremainsactiveafterfertilizationwhenthecellsareinthetocellstagexisttranscriptsareexpressedfromparentxchromosomexpineverycellcausingthatxchromosometobecomeimprintedandinactivatedsomecellsdevelopintopluripotentpluripotentcellstheinnercellmasswhenthebalstocyteformedandwheretheimprintisremovedwhichleadstothedownregulationofxistandthusreactivationoftheinactivexchromosomerecentdatasuggeststhatxistactivityisregulatedbyanantisensetranscripttheepiblastcellsarethenformedandtheybegintobedifferentiatedandthexistisupregulatedfromeitherofthetwoxchromosomesandatrandominicmbutthexistismaintainedinepiblastanxisinactivatedandthexistalleleisturnedoffintheactivexchromosomeinmaturingxxprimordialgermcellsxistisdownregulatedandxreactivationoccursonceagaindiseaselinkagemutationsinthexistpromotercausefamilialskewedxinactivationskewedxinactivationinteractionsxistgenehasbeenshowntoproteinproteininteractioninteractwithbrcarefnamepmidrefrefnamepmidrefseealsoxinactivationdosagecompensationtsixgenetsixreferencesfurtherreadingexternallinksncbinlmnihgovnuccorencbixistentrylncrnadborgxistlncrnadbxistentryxystusarchitecturaltermaratusphaenomenaredirectcategoryshelltelephonenumbersinicelandieczhengzhouxinzhenginternationalairportchampionexbeyondthefrontiercouncilfornationalsecuritycouncilfornationalsecurityredirectcategoryshellcouncilfornationalsecuritycouncilfornationalsecurityredirectcategoryshelljammuandkashmirjammuandk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collectionofstreamxmachineswhichareimplementedasseparatemodulesthentestedbottomupateachintegrationstagethetestingmethodguaranteesthatthetestedcomponentsarecorrectlyintegratedrefnameipholfipateandmholcombeanintegrationtestingmethodthatisprovedtofindallfaultsinternationaljournalofcomputermathematicspprefthemethodologyovercomesformalgdelsincompletenesstheoremrelationshipwithcomputabilityundecidabilitylimitationsbyrequiringthatcertaindesignfortestprinciplesarefollowedduringspecificationandimplementationtheresultingscalabilitymeansthatpracticalsoftwarerefnamebogholkbogdanovandmholcombeautomatedtestsetgenerationforstatechartsindhutterwstephanptraversoandmullmannedsappliedformalmethodsfmtrendsboppardgermanylecturenotesincomputersciencepprefandhardwarerefnamevansalimvanakcompletefunctionaltestingofhardwaredesignsphdthesisuniversityofsheffieldrefsystemsconsistingofhundredsofthousandsofstatesandmillionsoftransitionshavebeentestedsuccessfullymotivationmuchsoftwaretestingismerelyhopefulseekingtoexercisethesoftwaresysteminvariouswaystoseewhetheranyfaultscanbedetectedtestingmayindeedrevealsomefaultsbutcanneverguaranteethatthesystemiscorrectoncetestingisoverfunctionaltestingmethodsseektoimproveonthissituationbydevelopingaformalspecificationdescribingtheintendedbehaviourofthesystemagainstwhichtheimplementationislatertestedakindofconformancetestingthespecificationcanbevalidatedagainsttheuserrequirementsandlatermathematicalproofproventobeconsistentandcompletenesslogiccompletebymathematicalreasoningeliminatinganylogicaldesignflawscompletefunctionaltestingmethodsexploitthespecificationsystematicallygeneratingtestsetswhichexercisetheimplementedsoftwaresystemexhaustivelytodeterminewhetheritconformstothespecificationinparticularfullpositivetestingconfirmsthatalldesiredbehaviourispresentinthesystemfullnegativetestingconfirmsthatnounintendedbehaviourispresentinthesystemthisleveloftestingcanbedifficulttoachievesincesoftwaresystemsareextremelycomplexwithhundredsofthousandsofstatesandmillionsoftransitionswhatisneededisawayofbreakingdownthespecificationandtestingproblemintopartswhichcanbeaddressedseparatelyscalableabstractspecificationsmikeholcombefirstproposedusingsamueleilenbergstheoreticalxmachinemodelasthebasisforsoftwarespecificationinthelatesrefnameholmholcombexmachinesasabasisfordynamicsystemspecificationsoftwareengineeringjournalpprefthisisbecausethemodelcleanlyseparatesthecontrolflowofasystemfromtheprocessingcarriedoutbythesystematagivenlevelofabstractionthesystemcanbeviewedasasimplefinitestatemachineconsistingofafewstatesandtransitionsthemorecomplexprocessingisdelegatedtotheprocessingfunctionsonthetransitionswhichmodifytheunderlyingfundamentaldatatypexlatereachprocessingfunctionmaybeseparatelyexposedandcharacterizedbyanotherxmachinemodellingthebehaviourofthatsystemoperationthissupportsadivideandconquerapproachinwhichtheoverallsystemarchitectureisspecifiedfirsttheneachmajorsystemoperationisspecifiednextfollowedbysubroutinesandsoforthateachstepthelevelofcomplexityismanageablebecauseoftheindependenceofeachlayerinparticularitiseasyforsoftwareengineerstovalidatethesimplefinitestatemachinesagainstuserrequirementsincrementallytestablespecificationsgilbertlaycockfirstproposedaparticularkindofxmachinethestreamxmachineasthebasisforthetestingmethodtheadvantageofthisvariantwasthewayinwhichtestingcouldbecontrolledinastreamxmachinethefundamentaldatatypehasaparticularformxoutmeminwhereinisaninputstreamoutisanoutputstreamandmemistheinternalmemorythetransitionsofastreamxmachinearelabelledwithprocessingfunctionsoftheformmeminoutmemthatistheyconsumeoneinputfromtheinputstreampossiblymodifymemoryandproduceoneoutputontheoutputstreamseethestreamxmachineassociatedarticleformoredetailsthebenefitsfortestingarethatsoftwaresystemsdesignedinthiswayareobservableateachstepforeachinputthemachinetakesonestepproducinganoutputsuchthatinputoutputpairsmaybematchedexactlythiscontrastswithotherapproachesinwhichthesystemrunstocompletiontakingmultiplestepsbeforeanyobservationismadefurthermorelayeredstreamxmachinesofferaconvenientabstractionateachlevelthetestermayforgetaboutthedetailsoftheprocessingfunctionsandconsiderthesubsystemjustasasimplefinitestatemachinepowerfulmethodsexistfortestingsystemsthatconformtofinitestatespecificationssuchaschowswmethodrefnamechowtschowtestingsoftwaredesignmodelledbyfinitestatemachinesieeetransactionsonsoftwareengineeringpprefspecificationmethodwhenfollowingthestreamxmachinemethodologythefirststageistoidentifythevarioustypesofdatatobeprocessedforexampleawordprocessorwillusebasictypescharacterkeyboardinputpositionmousecursorpositionandcommandmouseormenucommandtheremaybeotherconstructedtypessuchastextcharacterasequenceofcharactersselectionpositionpositionthestartandendoftheselectionanddocumenttextselectionbooleanthetextapossibleselectionandaflagtosignalifthedocumenthasbeenmodifiedhighlevelspecificationthetoplevelspecificationisastreamxmachinedescribingthemainuserinteractionwiththesystemforexamplethewordprocessorwillexistinanumberofstatesinwhichkeystrokesandcommandswillhavedifferenteffectssupposethatthiswordprocessorexistsinthestateswritingselectingfilingeditingweexpectthewordprocessortostartintheinitialwritingstatebuttomovetotheselectingstateifeitherthemouseisdraggedortheshiftkeyishelddownoncetheselectionisestablisheditshouldreturntothewritingstatelikewiseifamenuoptionischosenthisshouldentertheeditingorfilingstateinthesestatescertainkeystrokesmayhavedifferentmeaningsthewordprocessoreventuallyreturnstothewritingstatewhenanymenucommandhasfinishedthisstatemachineisdesignedandlabelledinformallywiththevariousactionsthatcauseittochangestatetheinputmemoryandoutputtypesforthetoplevelmachinearenowformalisedsupposethatthememorytypeofthesimplewordprocessoristhetypedocumentdefinedabovethistreatsadocumentasatextstringwithtwopositionsmarkingapossibleselectionandaflagtoindicatemodificationsincethelastsavecommandamorecomplexwordprocessormightsupportundoableeditingwithasequenceofdocumentstatesdocumenttextselectionwhicharecollapsedtoonedocumenteverytimeasavecommandisperformedsupposethattheinputtypeforthemachineisincommandcharacterpositionthisrecognisesthateveryinteractioncouldbeasimplecharacterinsertionamenucommandoracursorplacementanygiveninteractionisatuplebutsomeplacesmaybeemptyforexampleinsertawouldrepresenttypingthecharacterawhilepositionwouldmeanplacingthecursorbetweencharactersandandselectwouldmeanselectingthetextbetweenthecurrentcursorpositionandtheplacebetweencharactersandtheoutputtypeforthemachineisdesignedsothatitispossibletodeterminefromtheoutputwhichprocessingfunctionwasexecutedinresponsetoagiveninputthisrelatestothepropertyofoutputdistinguishabilitydescribedbelowlowlevelspecificationifasystemiscomplexthenitwillmostlikelybedecomposedintoseveralstreamxmachinesthemostcommonkindofrefinementistotakeeachofthemajorprocessingfunctionswhichwerethelabelsonthehighlevelmachineandtreattheseasseparatestreamxmachinesinthiscasetheinputmemoryandoutputtypesforthelowlevelmachineswillbedifferentfromthosedefinedforthehighlevelmachineeitherthisistreatedasanexpansionofthedatasetsusedatthehighlevelorthereisatranslationfrommoreabstractdatasetsatthehighlevelintomoredetaileddatasetsatthelowerlevelforexampleacommandselectatthehighlevelcouldbedecomposedintothreeeventsmousedownmousemovemouseupatthelowerlevelipateandholcombementionseveralkindsofrefinementincludingfunctionalrefinementinwhichthebehaviouroftheprocessingfunctionsiselaboratedinmoredetailandstaterefinementinwhichasimplestatespaceispartitionedintoamorecomplexstatespaceipateprovesthesetwokindsofrefinementtobeeventuallyequivalentrefnameipflorentinipatetheoryofxmachineswithapplicationsinspecificationandtestingphdthesisdepartmentofcomputerscienceuniversityofsheffieldrefsystemsareotherwisespecifieddowntothelevelatwhichthedesignerispreparedtotrusttheprimitiveoperationssupportedbytheimplementationenvironmentitisalsopossibletotestsmallunitsexhaustivelybyothertestingmethodsdesignfortestconditionsthestreamxmachinemethodologyrequiresthedesignertoobservecertaindesignfortestconditionsthesearetypicallynottoodifficulttosatisfyforeachstreamxmachineinthespecificationwemustobtainminimalspecificationthespecificationmustbeaminimalfinitestatemachinethismeansthatthestatemachineshouldnotcontainredundantstatesthatisstatesinwhichtheobservabletransitionbehaviourisidenticaltothatinsomeotherstatedeterministicspecificationforeachstateofthemachineatmostoneoftheprocessingfunctionsshouldbestreamxmachinethestreamxmachineenabledforthecurrentmemoryandnextinputvaluethisensuresthattherequiredbehaviourtobetestedispredictabletestcompletenesseachprocessingfunctionmustbeexecutableforatleastoneinputwithrespecttoallmemorystatesthisensuresthattherearenodeadlockswherethemachineisblockedbythecurrentstateofmemorytoensuretestcompletenessthedomainofafunctionmaybeextendedwithspecialtestinputsthatareonlyusedduringtestingoutputdistinguishabilityitmustbepossibletodistinguishwhichprocessingfunctionwasinvokedfromitsoutputvaluealoneforallmemoryinputpairsthisensuresthatthestatemachinecanbedecoupledfromtheprocessingfunctionstoensureoutputdistinguishabilitythecodomainofafunctionmaybeextendedwithspecialtestoutputsthatareonlyrelevantduringtestingaminimalmachineisthemachinewiththefeweststatesandtransitionsforsomegivenbehaviourkeepingthespecificationminimalsimplyensuresthatthetestsetsareassmallaspossibleadeterministicmachineisrequiredforsystemsthatarepredictableotherwiseanimplementationcouldmakeanarbitrarychoiceregardingwhichtransitionwastakensomerecentworkhasrelaxedthisassumptiontoallowtestingofnondeterministicmachinesrefnameipholfipateandmholcombetestingnondeterministicxmachinesinwordssequencesgrammarslanguageswherebiologycomputersciencelinguisticsandmathematicsmeetvoliiedscmartinvideandvmitranakluwerreftestcompletenessisneededtoensurethattheimplementationistestablewithintractabletimeforexampleifasystemhasdistantorhardtoreachstatesthatareonlyenteredaftermemoryhasreachedacertainlimitingvaluethenspecialtestinputsshouldbeaddedtoallowmemorytobebypassedforcingthestatemachineintothedistantstatethisallowsallabstractstatestobecoveredquicklyduringtestingoutputdistinguishabilityisthekeypropertysupportingthescalabletestingmethoditallowsthetestertotreattheprocessingfunctionsassimplelabelswhosedetailedbehaviourmaybesafelyignoredwhiletestingthestatemachineofthenextintegrationlayertheuniqueoutputsarewitnessvalueswhichguaranteethataparticularfunctionwasinvokedtestingmethodthestreamxmachinetestingmethodassumesthatboththedesignandtheimplementationcanbeconsideredasacollectionofstreamxmachinesforeachpairofcorrespondingmachinesspecimpthepurposeoftestingistodeterminewhetherthebehaviourofimpthemachineoftheimplementationexactlymatchesthebehaviourofspecthemachineofthespecificationnotethatimpneednotbeaminimalmachineitmayhavemorestatesandtransitionsthanspecandstillbehaveinanidenticalwaytotestallbehavioursitmustbepossibletodriveamachineintoallofitsstatesthenattemptallpossibletransitionsthosewhichshouldsucceedandthosewhichshouldbeblockedtoachievefullpositiveandnegativetestingseeabovefortransitionswhichsucceedthedestinationstatemustalsobeverifiednotethatifspecandimphavethesamenumberofstatestheabovedescribesthesmallesttestsetthatachievestheobjectiveifimphasmorestatesandtransitionsthanspeclongertestsequencesareneededtoguaranteethatredundantstatesinimpalsobehaveasexpectedtestingallstatesthebasisforthetestgenerationstrategyistsunschowswmethodfortestingfinitestateautomatachosenbecauseitsupportsthetestingofredundantimplementationschowsmethodassumessimplefinitestatemachineswithobservableinputsandoutputsbutnodirectlyobservablestatestomapontochowsformalismthefunctionssubisubonthetransitionsofthestreamxmachinesaretreatedsimplyaslabelsinputsinchowstermsandthedistinguishingoutputsareuseddirectlylateramappingfromrealinputsandmemorymeminischosentotriggereachfunctionaccordingtoitsdomaintoidentifyspecificstatesinimpchowchoosesacharacterizationsetwthesmallestsetoftestsequencesthatuniquelycharacterizeseachstateinspecthatiswhenstartinginagivenstateexercisingthesequencesinwshouldyieldatleastoneobservabledifferencecomparedtostartinginanyotherstatetoreacheachstateexpectedinspecthetesterconstructsthestatecovercthesmallestsetoftestsequencesthatreacheseverystatethiscanbeconstructedbyautomaticbreadthfirstexplorationofspecthetestsetwhichvalidatesallthestatesofaminimalimpisthencmathotimesmathwwheremathotimesmathdenotestheconcatenatedproductofthetwosetsforexampleifcabandwcdthencmathotimesmathwacadbcbdtestingalltransitionstheabovetestsetdetermineswhetheraminimalimphasthesamestatesasspectodeterminewhetheraminimalimpalsohasthesametransitionbehaviourasspecthetesterconstructsthetransitioncoverkthisisthesmallestsetoftestsequencesthatreacheseverystateandthenattemptseverypossibletransitiononcefromthatstatenowtheinputalphabetconsistsofthelabelsofeveryfunctioninletusconstructasetoflengthtestsequencesconsistingofsinglefunctionschosenfromandcallthissubsubthetransitioncoverisdefinedaskcodecodecmathcupmathcmathotimesmathsubsubthiswillattempteverypossibletransitionfromeverystateforthosewhichsucceedwemustvalidatethedestinationstatessothesmallesttestsettsubsubwhichcompletelyvalidatesthebehaviourofaminimalimpisgivenbytsubsubcmathotimesmathwmathcupmathcmathotimesmathsubsubmathotimesmathwthisformulacanberearrangedastsubsubcodecodecmathotimesmathsubsubmathcupmathsubsubmathotimesmathwwheresubsubisthesetcontainingtheemptysequenceifimphasmorestatesthanspectheabovetestsetmaynotbesufficienttoguaranteetheconformantbehaviourofreplicatedstatesinimpsosetsoflongertestsequencesarechosenconsistingofallpairsoffunctionssubsuballtriplesoffunctionssubsubuptosomelimitsubksubwhenthetesterissatisfiedthatimpcannotcontainchainsofduplicatedstateslongerthankthefinaltestformulaisgivenbytsubksubcodecodecmathotimesmathsubsubmathcupmathsubsubmathcupmathsubksubmathotimesmathwthistestsetcompletelyvalidatesthebehaviourofanonminimalimpinwhichchainsofduplicatedstatesareexpectedtobenolongerthankformostpracticalpurposestestinguptokorkisquiteexhaustiverevealingallstaterelatedfaultsinreallypoorimplementationsapplicationsreferencestiantanbuddhatiantanbuddhaxrayastronomyxrayastronomyyearromannumeralsmcccxlvwasacommonyearstartingonsaturdaylinkwilldisplaythefullcalendarofthejuliancalendaritwasayearinthethcenturyinthemidstofaperiodinhistoryoftheworldworldhistoryoftenreferredtoasthelatemiddleagesduringthisyearontheasiancontinenttheseveraldivisionsoftheoldmongolempirewereinastateofgradualdeclinetheilkhanatehadalreadyfragmentedintoseveralkingdomsstrugglingtoplacetheirpuppetemperorsovertheshellofanoldstatethechagataikhanatewasinthemidstofacivilwarandoneyearfromfallingtorebellionthegoldenhordetothenorthwasbesieginggenoagenoesecoloniesalongthecoastoftheblackseaandtheyuandynastyinchinawasseeingthefirstseedsofaresistancewhichwouldleadtoitsdownfallsoutheastasiaremainedfreefrommongolpowerwithseveralsmallkingdomsstrugglingforsurvivalthesiamesedynastyinthatareavanquishedthesukhothaikingdomsukhothaiinthisyearintheindonesiaindonesianarchipelagothemajapahitempirewasinthemidstofagoldenageundertheleadershipofgajahmadawhoremainsafamousfigureinindonesiakingdomofenglandenglandandfranceinthemiddleagesfrancewereengagedintheearlystagesofthehundredyearswarwiththebattleofauberochefoughtinnorthernfranceinoctoberofthisyearintheiberianpeninsulaalfonsoxiofcastileagainbesiegedthemuslimcityofemirateofgranadagranadaaspartofthereconquistabutwithoutsuccesstheholyromanempireunderlouisivholyromanemperorlouisivtookcontrolofhollandandthesurroundingareagrantingtheselandstohiswifemargaretiicountessofhainautinamovewhichangeredmanyofhisprinceshollandwasalsointhemidstofthefrisohollandicwarsengagingwiththefrisiansonseptemberinthebattleofwarnsitalyinthemiddleagesitalywhichatthetimewasdividedintoseveralkingdomssawseveralpowerstrugglesincludingthebattleofgamenariointhenorthandtheassassinationofandrewdukeofcalabriainthekingdomofnaplesinnortherneuropeswedishpeopleswedescontinuedearlystagesoftheiremigrationtoestoniawhichwouldcontinueinthecomingdecadesestonianrulersalsomanagedtocrushthestgeorgesnightuprisinginafteratwoyearstrugglethegrandduchyoflithuaniachangedhandsfromjaunutistohisbrotheralgirdasinarelativelybloodlessshiftofpowerandlithuaniacontinueditsskirmisheswithitsnorthernestonianneighborthemainforcesinthebalkansinthewereserbiainthemiddleagesserbiasecondbulgarianempirebulgariaandthebyzantineempirestefanuroivduanofserbiaproclaimedhimselftsarofthenewserbianempireandcontinuedhiseffortsatexpansionquicklyconqueringalbaniaandothersurroundingareaswithintheyearthebyzantinesthoughpowerfulwereinastateofdeclinewithanbyzantinecivilwarofongoingcivilwarbetweenemperorsjohnvpalaiologosandjohnvikantakouzenosalthoughinthetidebegantoturntowardthelatteratthesametimethezealotsofthessalonicazealotcommuneinthessalonicaenteredamoreradicalphaseturksclashedwithbyzantinesserbsandcypriotsatseaandintheislandsofchiosandimbrosthebyzantineempiresprecarioussituationatthistimeisevidencedbythefactthattheydidnothaveenoughsoldierstoprotecttheirownbordersbuthiredmercenariesfromtheserbsandtheottomanturkseventsonlyincludejanuarylouisivholyromanemperorlouisivssonlouisvitheromanmarriescunigundealithuanianprincessjanuarytheturksattacksmyrnamarchthemiracleofthehostoccursascommemoratedinamsterdammarchguydechauliacobservestheplanetssaturnjupiterandmarsconjoinedintheskyunderthesignofaquariusandasolareclipseonthesamedaythissignisinterpretedasforebodingbymanyandchauliacwilllaterblameitfortheblackplaguerefnamepgsasinbktdppgsasinbktdprefrefnamehorroxrosemarypghorroxrosemarytheblackdeathmanchestermanchesteruniversitypresspgrefapriledwardiiiofenglandoffersdefianceofphilipvioffranceaprilbattleofgamenariothelombardsdefeatthecapetianhouseofanjouangevinsinthenorthwestregionofpresentdayitalyjustsoutheastofturinmaytheturksledbyumurbegsailfromasiaminortothebalkanpeninsulaandraidbulgarianterritoryrefnameioannescantacuzenuspioannescantacuzenushistoriarumprefjulybattleofperitheoriontheforcesofmomchilautonomousruleroftherhodopemountainsrhodopearedefeatedbytheturkishalliesofjohnvikantakouzenosrefnamenicephorusgregoraspnicephorusgregorasbyzantinahistoriaprefseptemberhollandcountyofhainauthainautandzeelandareinheritedbylouisivholyromanemperorandremainpartoftheimperialcrowndomainuntilseptemberandrewdukeofcalabriaisassassinatedinnaplesdinaversaseptemberbattleofwarnsthefrisiansdefeattheforcesofhollandunderwilliamivcountofhainautinthemidstofthefrisohollandicwarsoctoberenglishvictoryatthebattleofauberocheingasconydecembertheenglishtakeaiguillonlotetgaronneaiguilloningasconyonlyincludeasiawesternasiathecountryofgeorgiacountrygeorgiahadbeenstrugglingforindependencefromtheilkhanatesincethefirstantimongoluprisingstartedinundertheleadershipofdavidviofgeorgiakingdavidnarinwhoinfactwagedhiswarforalmostthirtyyearsfinallyitwasgeorgevofgeorgiakinggeorgethebrilliantwhomanagedtoplayonthedeclineoftheilkhanatestoppedpayingtributetothemongolsrestoredtheprestatebordersofgeorgiaandreturnedtheempireoftrebizondintogeorgiassphereofinfluencethusingeorgiawasinthemidstofgoldenageofindependencethoughitsleaderwoulddieoneyearlatertrebizondhadreacheditsgreatestwealthandinfluenceduringthelongreignofalexiosiioftrebizondalexiosiiafterwardshoweveritsufferedaperiodofrepeatedimperialdepositionsandassassinationsfromtheendofalexiosiisreignuntilthefirstyearsofalexiosiiioftrebizondalexiosiiisfinallyendinginsixyearsintohisruletheempirehoweverneverfullyrecovereditsinternalcohesioncommercialsupremacyorterritoryitsrulerinmichaeloftrebizondmichaelmegaskomnenoswascrownedemperoroftrebizondinafterhissonjohniiioftrebizondjohniiiwasdeposedhewasforcedtosignadocumentwhichgavethegranddukeandhisministersalmostallpowerintheempirepromisingtoseektheircounselinallofficialactionsthisconstitutionalexperimentwasshortlivedhoweverbecauseofoppositionfromthepeopleoftrebizondtheywereinfuriatedtoseetheemperorstrippedofhiseffectiveauthorityandroseupinrevoltagainsttheoligarchymichaelswiftlytookadvantageofhisopportunitytoregainpowerandarrestedandimprisonedthegranddukeinhealsosenthissonjohntoconstantinopleandthenadrianoplewherehewastobekeptprisonertopreventhimfrombecomingafurtherfocusforthediscontentednoblesoftrebizondmongolkhanatesthemongolempirehadbecomefracturedsincethelatethcenturyafterthedeathofkublaikhaninithadalreadybeendividedintofourkhanatestheyuandynastytheilkhanatethegoldenhordeandthechagataikhanateilkhanatetheilkhanatehadbeendecliningrapidlysincewhenabusaidbahadurkhanabusaiddiedwithoutanheirsincethenvariousfactionsincludingthechobanidsandthejalayiridshadbeencompetingfortheilkhanthronehassankuchakachobanidprincewasmurderedlateinsurgansonofsatibegthesisterofabusaidfoundhimselfcompetingforcontrolofthechobanidlandswiththelaterulersbrothermalekashrafandhisuncleyagibastiwhenhewasdefeatedbymalekasrafhefledtohismotherandstepfatherthethreeofthemthenformedanalliancebutwhenhasanbuzurgjalayiriddecidedtowithdrawthesupporthepromisedtheplanfellapartandtheyfledtodiyarbakrsurganwasdefeatedagaininbymalekasrafandtheyfledtoanatoliacoinagedatingfromthatyearappearsinhasankeyfhesnkayfainsatibegsnamethisisthelasttraceofhersurganmovedfromanatoliatobaghdadwherehewaseventuallyexecutedbyhasanbuzurgsatibegmayhavesufferedthesamefatebutthisisunknowngoldenhordeinthegoldenhordemadeasecondattempttolaysiegeonthegenoesecityoffeodosiyacaffakaffaanearlierattempthadfailedbecausekaffawasabletogetprovisionsacrosstheblackseathesiegewouldfailinthefollowingyearasthemongolswerestruckwiththeblackplagueandforcedtoretreatthissiegeisthereforenotedasoneofthekeyeventsthatbroughttheblackplaguetoeuropethekingdomofhungarysawthethreatofthegrowingpowerofthegoldenhordeandassuchinitbeganacampaignagainstthetatarsandthehordeintheareawhatwouldbecomeafewyearslatermoldaviaandrewlackfithevoivodeoftransylvaniaandhisszkelywarriorswerevictoriousintheircampaigndecapitatingthelocaltatarleaderthebrotherinlawofthekhanatlamandmakingthetatarsfleetowardthecoastalareachagataikhanateamirqazaghandwastheleaderoftheqaraunastribeatthelatestandthepowerfuldefactorulerofthechagataikhanatechagataiulusinherevoltedagainstqazankhanibnyasaurqazankhanbutwasunsuccessfulthefollowingyearhewouldtryagainandsucceedinkillingthekhanwiththistheeffectivepowerofthechagataikhanswouldcometoanendthekhanateeventuallydevolvedintoalooseconfederationoftribesthatrespectedtheauthorityofqazaghanalthoughheprimarilycommandedtheloyaltyofthetribesofthesouthernportionoftheulushedidnotclaimthekhanshipbutinsteadcontentedhimselfwithhistitleofamirandconferredthetitleofkhanonpuppetsofhisownchoosingfirstdanishmendjiandthenbayanquljoinedforcesrebellioustotheyuandynastyinthislaterledtohisbecomingthefirstemperorofthemingdynastyyuandynastybytheyuandynastyinchinawassteadilydecliningchinesepeasantsupsetwiththelackofeffectivepoliciesbythegovernmentwhentheywerefacingdroughtsfloodsandfamineswerebecomingrebellioustheyellowriverfloodedinjinanintheriverhadfloodedpreviouslyinandintherewasalsoconflictbetweentherulersofthedynastyhongwuemperorzhuyuanzhangwasaboutyearsoldinhisparentsandbrothershaddiedofplagueorfamineorbothinrefnamehuangrayhuanghuangraychinaamacrohistoryarmonknewyorklondonmesharpeincrefandhejoinedabuddhistmonasteryinheleftthemonasteryandjoinedabandofrebelshewouldleadaseriesofrebellionsuntilheoverthrewtheyuandynastyandbecamethefirstemperorofthemingdynastyinjapanandindiainindiamuhammadbintughluqwasreigningasdelhisultanatesultanofdelhiinthisyearsawarevoltofmuslimmilitarycommandersinthedaulatabadareainbengalontheeasternborderofthesultanateageneralnamedllyascapturedeastbengalandunderhimbengalwasagainunitedheestablishedhiscapitalatgaurinsouthernindiahariharaihadfoundedthevijayanagaraempireinafterthedeathofhoysalaveeraballalaiiiduringabattleagainstthesultanofmaduraiinthehoysalaempirehadmergedwiththegrowingvijayanagaraempireinthesefirsttwodecadesafterthefoundingoftheempirehariharaigainedcontrolovermostoftheareasouthofthetungabhadrariverandearnedthetitleofpurvapaschimasamudradhishavaramasteroftheeasternandwesternoceansthejaffnakingdomwhichencompassedthesoutherntipofindiaandpartsofsrilankawasconstantlyinconflictwithbothvijayanagaraandthesmallerkottekingdomofsouthernsrilankaduringthistimefromtotwocourtsclaimedthethroneofmuromachiperiodjapanthiswasknownasthenanbokuchorthenorthernandsoutherncourtsperiodinthenortherncourtemperorgomurakamiclaimedthethroneinthesoutherncourtemperorkmyclaimedthethronesoutheastasiainsoutheastasiasukhothaikingdomsukhothaichangedhandstoanewsiamesedynastyinabuddhistworkthetraibhumikathawascomposedbythekingofsiaminthesameyearthesukhothaiemperoralsowroteasimilarbuddhistworkthetriphumphraruangbothworksdescribesoutheastasiancosmologycosmologicalideaswhichstillexisttodaylifeissaidinthesebookstobedividedintolevelsofexistenceseparatedbetweenthreeworldsangkorwasinaperiodofdeclineforcedtodevotemuchofitsresourcestoskirmisheswiththesukhothaiandsiamesewhichleftchampafreetoattackivitandopenedthewayforlopburitospringupallofwhichhappenedrightaroundthisyearabuddhistcolonyalsoexistedtothewestinthemonkingdomsmonempirewhichstruggledtomaintainitsexistenceinthefaceoftheislamicdelhisultanatetothewestandthemongolchinesetothenorththemajapahitempirewhichoccupiedmuchofthelistofislandsofindonesiaindonesianarchipelagowasruledbyempresstribhuwanawijayatunggadewiduringtribhuwanasrulethemajapahitkingdomhadgrownmuchlargerandbecamefamousintheareagajahmadareignedatthetimealongwiththeempressasmahapatihprimeministerofmajapahititwasduringtheirruleinthatthefamousmuslimtravelleribnbattutavisitedsamudraintheindonesianarchipelagoaccordingtobattutasreportonhisvisittosamudratherulerofthelocalareawasamuslimandthepeopleworshipedasmuslimsinmosquesandrecitedthekoranmanyislamictradersandtravelershadalreadyscatteredthemselvesalongthemajorcitiesandcoastssurroundingtheindianoceanbythistimewesterneuropehundredyearswarbythehundredyearswarbetweenfranceandenglandhadbeengoingonforonlyabouteightyearstheenglishclaimedtherighttothefrenchthroneandthefrenchrefusedtoberuledbyforeignersonoctoberthefrenchandenglishmetinoneofthemanybattlesfoughtinthiswarthebattleofauberocheearlierintheyeartheareahadbeentakenfromthefrenchbyanenglishcavalrythefrenchretaliatedbybesiegingthecastleatauberochebutenglishreinforcementsarrivedandcaughtthefrenchoffguardduringtheireveningmealthebattleendedinanenglishvictorythissetthestageforenglishdominanceintheareaforseveralyearsprevioustothisthefrenchhadbeenhavingsuccessandtheenglishhadevenofferedatreatybutwiththisbattlealongwiththeenglishhenryofgrosmontstdukeoflancasterearlofderbysoverrunningoftheagenaislosttwentyyearsbeforeinthewarofsaintsardosandangoulmeaswellastheforcesinbrittanyundersirthomasdagworthalsomakinggainsthetideturnedsomewhatinthisyearanewmachinewasintroducedtothiswarincannonribaldisastheywerethencalledarefirstmentionedintheenglishprivywardrobeaccountsduringpreparationsforthebattleofcrcybetweenandwarofsuccessionakindofsideconflicttothehundredyearswarwasthewarofthebretonsuccessionaconflictbetweenthehousesofbloisandmontfortforcontroloftheduchyofbrittanythefrenchbackedbloisandtheenglishbackedmontfortinwhatbecameaminiatureofthewiderconflictbetweenthetwocountriesthehouseofbloishadlaidsiegetothetownofquimperinearlyandcontinuedintoduringthesummerandautumnofthemontfortistpartyhadfallenaparteventhosewhohadbeenjohnofmontfortsstaunchestalliesnowconsidereditfutiletocontinuethestruggleitthereforematteredlittlethatinmarchjohnfinallymanagedtoescapetoenglandwithnoadherentsofnoteofhisownhewasnowlittlemorethanafigureheadforenglishambitionsinbrittanyedwardiiidecidedtorepudiatethetruceinsummerayearbeforeitwasduetorunoutaspartofhislargerstrategyaforcewasdispatchedtobrittanyunderthejointleadershipofthewilliamdebohunstearlofnorthamptonearlofnorthamptonandjohnofmontfortwithinaweekoftheirlandinginjunetheenglishhadtheirfirstvictorywhensirthomasdagworthoneofnorthamptonslieutenantsraidedcentralbrittanyanddefeatedcharlesofbloisatcadoretnearjosselinthefollowupwaslessimpressivefurtheroperationsweredelayeduntiljulywhenmontfortattemptedtherecaptureofquimperhowevernewshadreachedthefrenchgovernmentthatedwardsmaincampaignhadbeencancelledandtheywereabletosendreinforcementsfromnormandywithhisstrengthenedarmycharlesofbloisbrokethesiegeroutedmontfortfledbacktohennebontwherehefellillanddiedseptembertheheirtothemontfortistcausewashisyearoldsonjohnvdukeofbrittanyjohnduringthewinternorthamptonfoughtalongandhardwintercampaignwiththeapparentobjectiveofseizingaharbouronthenorthsideofthepeninsulaedwardiiihadprobablyplannedtolandherewithhismainforceduringsummerhowevertheenglishachievedverylittlefortheireffortsnorthernbrittanywasjoannaofdreuxhomeregionandresistanceherewasstifftheonlybrightspotfortheenglishwasvictoryatthebattleoflarochederrienwherethesmalltownwascapturedandagarrisoninstalledunderrichardtoteshamdatedcircaothereventsalsoinenglandinjoanofenglandprincessjoanwasbetrothedtopedroofcastilesonofalfonsoxiofcastileandmariaofportugalqueenofcastilemariaofportugalshewouldnevermarryhimhoweverbutwoulddieoftheblackplagueonherjourneytospaintomeethimspainmeanwhilecontinueditsstruggletoregainmuslimterritoryontheiberianpeninsulainthatsameyearalfonsoxiattackedgibraltarasapartofthereconquistabutwasunabletoconqueritinmuhammudvwasmadeitsrulertheyorkminstercathedralthelargestgothicarchitecturegothiccathedralinnortherneuropewascompletedinthisyearaswellitremainsthelargestintheregiontothisdayenglandwasstillrecoveringfromfrenchoccupationuntilallschoolinstructionhadbeeninfrenchratherthanenglishbesidesthewarofsuccessionandthehundredyearswarfrancewasinthemidstofaninterestingperiodseveraldecadesearliertheromanpapacyhadmovedtoavignonandwouldnotreturntoromeforanotheryearstheavignonpapacywasthenruledbypopeclementviwhowasaidingthefrenchintheirwaragainsttheenglishwithchurchfundsalsointheyearthefamousnotredamecathedralinpariswascompletedafternearlytwocenturiesofplanningandconstructiononmarchamannamedguydechauliacobservedastrangeastronomicalsigntheplanetssaturnjupiterandmarsconjoinedintheskyunderthesignofaquariusthatsamedaytheareaexperiencedasolareclipsethissignwasinterpretedasforebodingbymanyandchauliacwouldlaterblameitfortheblackplaguewhicharrivedlessthanfiveyearslatercentraleuropekilledininthefrisohollandicwarsholyromanempireonjanuaryemperorlouisivholyromanemperorlouisivssonlouisvitheromanmarriedcunigundealithuanianprincessbesidesthismovetheemperorcontinuedhispolicyofexpansionbyconferringcountyofhainauthainauthollandzeelandandfrieslanduponhiswifemargaretofhollandafterthedeathofwilliamiicountofhainautwilliamivatthebattleofwarnsthehereditarytitlestotheselandsownedbymargaretssisterswereignoredthiswidenedadividewhichhadalreadybeengrowingbetweenhimselfandthelayprincesofgermanywhodislikedhisrestlessexpansionpolicyhisactionsinthisyeareventuallyledtoacivilwarwhichwascutshortbyhisdeathbystroketwoyearslateronmarchaeucharisticmiracleoccurredinamsterdamnowcalledthemiracleofthehostitinvolvedadyingmanvomitinguponbeinggiventheholysacramentandlastritesinhishomethehostwasthenputinthefirebutmiraculouslyremainedintactandcouldberetrievedfromthefireinonepiecewithouttheheatburningthehandofthepersonthatretrieveditthismiraclewaslaterofficiallyrecognisedassuchbytheromancatholicchurchandalargepilgrimagechapelwasbuiltwherethehousehadstoodeveryyearthousandsofcatholicstakepartinthestilleomgangorprocessiontotheplaceofthemiraclehollandmeanwhilewasinthemidstofthefrisohollandicwarsasthecountofhollandcountsofhollandcontinuedtheireffortstoconquernearbyfrieslandinthebattleofwarnsinwilliamiicountofhainautwilliamivcountofhollandpreparedamilitaryactiontoconquermiddlefrisiacrossingthezuiderzeewithalargefleetandwiththehelpoffrenchandflanderscountyflemishknightssomeofwhomhadjustreturnedfromcrusadehesetsailinenkhuizentogetherwithhisunclejohnofbeaumontandlandednearstavorenandlaaxumandplannedtousethesintodulphusmonasterynearstavorenasafortificationthehollandicknightsworearmourbuthadnohorsesastherewasntenoughroomintheshipswhichwerefullofbuildingmaterialsandsupplieswilliamstroopssetfiretotheabandonedvillagesoflaaxumandwarnsandstartedtoadvancetowardsstavoreninthecountrysidearoundwarnsthehollandiccountwasattackedbythelocalinhabitantswiththeirheavyarmourtheknightswerenomatchforthefuriousfrisianfarmersandfishermenastheyfledtheyenteredaswampwheretheyweredecisivelybeatentheircommanderwilliamivofhollandwaskilledandwassucceededbyhissistermargaretofhollandwifeoflouisivwhenjohnofbeaumontheardwhathadhappenedheorderedaretreatbacktotheshipstheywerepursuedbythefrisiansandmostdidnotmakeitbackcountwilliamsdeathinthisbattlepavedthewayforthehookandcodwarsandseptemberthedayofthebattleremainsanationalholidayinfrieslandtodayitalythebattleofgamenariofoughtonaprilwasadecisivebattleofthewarsbetweentheguelfscapetianhouseofanjouangevinsandghibellineslombardylombardsittookplaceinnorthwestitalyinwhatisnowpartofthecomunecommuneofsantenaaboutnbspkmsoutheastofturinreforzadagoultwassentinthespringofbyjoannaiofnaplesjoannaofanjouviceroytonorthernitalyinhopesofputtinganendtothewarwiththemontferratmargravateofmontferratreforzaconqueredalbapiedmontalbaandbesiegedgamenarioacastleintheneighbourhoodofsantenalombardylombardghibellinesformedanantiangevinallianceheadedbyjohniimarquessofmontferratonaprilheconfrontedreforzadagoultandbattlewasjoinedthemeetingwasbriefandbloodyinitiallyuncertaintheoutcomewasavictoryfortheghibellineswhorecoveredthebesiegedfortressanddealtasevereblowtocapetianhouseofanjouangevininfluenceinpiedmonttocelebratehisvictoryjohnbuiltanewchurchinastiinhonourofsaintgeorgenearwhosefeastdaythebattlewaswonsaintgeorgeheldaspecialplaceforthemenofchivalryofthemedievalbecausehewasthesaintthatkilledthedragonandwasthereforeheldinawarriorcultintheaftermathpiedmontwaspartitionedbetweenthevictorsjohnreceivedalbaacquitermeivreaandvalenzaluchinoviscontirulerofmilanluchinoviscontireceivedalessandriaandthehouseofsavoyrelatedtothepalaiologosofmontferratreceivedchieritheangevinslostalmostcompletecontroloftheregionandmanyformerlyfrenchcitiesdeclaredthemselvesindependentthedefeatoftheangevinswasalsoadefeatforangevinsupportedmanfredvmarquessofsaluzzoandthecivilwarinmargraveofsaluzzothatmargraviatewasendedatgamenariopossiblyinvolvedinanassassinationinandrewdukeofcalabriawasassassinatedbyconspiracyinhehadbeenappointedjointheirwithhiswifejoaniofnaplesjoanitothethroneofnaplesbythepopethishoweversatillwiththeneapolitanpeopleandnoblesnorwasjoancontenttosharehersovereigntywiththeapprovalofpopeclementvijoanwascrownedassolemonarchofnaplesinaugustfearingforhislifeandrewwrotetohismotherelizabeththathewouldsoonfleethekingdomsheintervenedandmadeastatevisitbeforeshereturnedtohungaryshebribedpopeclementtoreversehimselfandpermitthecoronationofandrewshealsogavearingtoandrewwhichwassupposedtoprotecthimfromdeathbybladeorpoisonandreturnedwithafalsesenseofsecuritytohungarythusinhearingofthepopesreversalagroupofnobleconspiratorsprobablyincludingqueenjoandeterminedtoforestallandrewscoronationduringahuntingtripataversaandrewlefthisroominthemiddleofthenightandwassetuponbytheconspiratorsatreacherousservantbarredthedoorbehindhimandasjoancoweredintheirbedaterriblestruggleensuedandrewdefendinghimselffuriouslyandshriekingforaidhewasfinallyoverpoweredstrangledwithacordandflungfromawindowthehorribledeedwouldtainttherestofjoansreignothereventsinitalyinincludeambrogiolorenzettispaintingofamapoftheworldforthepalaceatsienathepaintinghassincebeenlostbuttheinstrumentswhichheusedtomakeitstillsurvivegivinginsightsintomapmakingtechniquesofthedaytheperuzzifamilyabigbankingfamilyandprecursortothemedicifamilywentbankruptinandinflorencewasthesceneofanattemptedstrikebywoolcombersciompiafewdecadeslatertheywouldriseinafullscalerevoltinveronamastinoiidellascalabegantheconstructionofhisscaligertombsscaligertombanarchitecturalstructurestillstandingtodayswedenandlithuaniawhogainedtheduchyoflithuaniafromhisbrotherininswedenandstatesborderingthebalticseatheoldestsurvivingmanuscriptfromthefirstswedishlawtobeputtopaperisfromcalthoughearlierversionsprobablyexistedthelawwascreatedfortheyoungtownstockholmscustomlawcustomsbutitwasalsousedinldseandprobablyinafewothertownsaswellnotownwasallowedtousethelawwithouttheformalpermissionbytheswedishkingitsusemayhavebecomemorewidespreadifithadnotbeensupersededbythenewtownlawbykingmagnusivofswedenmagnuserikssonthetermbjarkeylawswashoweverusedforalongtimeformagnuserikssonslawinvariouslocationsrecordsalsoexistfortheemigrationofswedestoestoniainthisyearearlymentionsofswedesinestoniacameinandwhenanestonianmonasteryinpadisesoldthelaoklaestateandsuurpakriislandtoagroupofswedesduringthethcenturyththroughthcenturythcenturieslargenumbersofswedesarrivedincoastalestoniafromfinlandwhichwasunderswedishcontrolandwouldremainsoforhundredsofyearsoftensettlingonchurchownedlandmarkedtheendofaseriesofskirmishesbeguninthestgeorgesnightuprisingtherebellionwhichwasbythistimelimitedtotheislandofsaaremaawasstifledinaftertherebelliondenmarksolditsdomainsinestoniatotheteutonicorderinthefightinghadstartedasaprotestbyindigenousestonianstodanishandgermanrulepartsofestoniasuchasthecityofvalgaestoniavalgasufferedraidsfromthenearbylithuanianrulersinlithuaniaingrandduchyoflithuaniagranddukejaunutiswasdeposedbyhisbrothersverylittleisknownaboutyearswhenjaunutisruledexceptthattheywerequitepeacefulyearsastheteutonicknightswereledbyineffectiveludolfknighoweveraconcretestimulusmighthavebeenamajorreiseplannedbytheteutonicknightsinrefnamekiauparefbalkansinthebyzantinecivilwarofbyzantinecivilwarcontinuedhavingexploitedtheconflicttoexpandhisrealmintomacedoniaregionmacedoniafollowingtheconquestofserresstefanuroivduanofserbiaproclaimedhimselftsaroftheserbsandromansbytheendoftheyearhisserbianempireincludedallofmacedoniaexceptforthessalonicaandallofalbaniaexceptfordyrrhachiumheldbythecapetianhouseofanjouangevinsthefirstknownlineofserbiantextwritteninthelatinalphabetisdatedtothisyearserbiawasrecognizedasthemostpowerfulempireinthebalkansforthenextseveralyearsthebyzantinecivilwaralsoallowedtheemergenceofalocalquasiindependentprincipalityintherhodopemountainsrhodopeheadedbythebulgarianbrigandmomchilwhohadswitchedhisallegiancefromjohnvikantakouzenostotheregencyinconstantinopleonjulythearmyofumurbegtheturkishemirateofaydinemirofaydinandkantakouzenoschiefallybattleofperitheorionmetanddefeatedmomchilsforcesatperitheorionmomchilhimselfwaskilledinthebattleonjunealexiosapokaukosthedrivingforcebehindtheconstantinopolitanregencyandmaininstigatorofthecivilwarwasmurderedhisdemiseledtoawaveofdefectionstothekantakouzenistcampmostprominentlyhisownsonjohnapokaukosthegovernorofthessalonicaheplottedtosurrenderthecitytokantakouzenosandhadtheleaderofthezealotsacertainmichaelpalaiologoskilledthezealotshoweverreactedviolentlyinapopularuprisingledbyandreaspalaiologostheyoverpoweredapokaukosandkilledorexpelledmostofthecitysremainingaristocratstheeventsaredescribedbydemetriuscydonesinthegreekislandofchiosfelltothegenoesegiustinianithegenoesealsosackedthecityofdvigradinistriainthissameyearaquileianpatriarchshadforsometimefoughtfiercelyagainstvenetianswhichhadalreadygainedconsiderableinfluenceonthewestcoastofistriaitwasduringtheseconfrontationsthatthetownfellanatolianpeninsulainhughivofcyprusjoinedaleaguewithrepublicofveniceveniceandtheknightshospitallerwhichburntaturkishfleetinsmyrnaandcapturedthecityinthealliesdefeatedtheturksatimbrosbylandandseabuthughcouldseelittlebenefitforhiskingdomintheseendeavorsandwithdrewfromtheleaguemeanwhileumurbegtransformedthebeylikofaydnoluintoaseriousnavalpowerwithbaseinizmirandposedathreatparticularlyforvenetianpossessionsintheaegeanseathevenetiansorganizedanallianceunitingseveraleuropeanpartiessanctauniocomposednotablyoftheknightshospitallerwhichorganizedfiveconsecutiveattacksonizmirandthewesternanatoliancoastlinecontrolledbyturkishstatesinbetweenitwastheturkswhoorganizedmaritimeraidsdirectedataegeanislandsrefciteweburlletuunlsolisanptejospdfvgpdfarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebletuunlsolisanptejospdfvgpdfdeadurlyesarchivedateapriltitleveniceandtheturcomanbegliksofmenteeandaydnsectionvofottomanvenetiandiplomaticstheahdnamesauthordrhanstheunissenpublisherleidenuniversitylocationnetherlandsdateaccessdatedfrefjohnxivsparkedthecivilconflictwhenheconvincedtheempressthatjohnvsrulewasthreatenedbytheambitionsofkantakouzenosinseptemberwhilstkantakouzenoswasinthracekalekasdeclaredhimselfasregentandlaunchedaviciousattackonkantakouzenoshissupport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sportationandcommunicationsitsmainfunctionistoimproveperceptibilityoftrafficsignalsforpedestriansotherthanretainingthegeneralconceptofgoatgreenstopatredfeaturesofacountdowntimerandthewalkinganimationofxiaolrenareaddeddesignguidelinestheanimatedpedestriansignstestdrivenbythetaipeicitygovernmentwerebuiltalongtheseguidelineswalkinganimationthegreenwalkingsignalisconstructedbysevendifferentlyshapedandpositionediconsandthewalkingorrunningmovementsarearesultofpersistenceofvisionthelittlegreenmanmovesintwoorthreedifferentvelocitiesslowfastandoccasionallyextremelyfastwhenthesignturnsgreenthelittlegreenmanwouldfirstmoveslowlyafteracertaindurationoftimeusuallysecondsleftonthecountdowndisplaydependingonwidthofpedestriancrossingtheanimationwouldstartmovingatafasterspeedwhenthereisonlytensecondslefttocrossthestreettheanimationwouldmoveatitsfastestspeedandflickercountdowndisplaywhenthesignturnsgreentheotherwindowshowstheamountoftimeleftbeforethesignturnsredagainitisusuallyallottedaspecifictwodigitsecondstocountdowntozerobecausethereareonlytwodigitsonthedisplayiftheallotteddurationoftimeexceedssecondsthedisplaywouldonlystartcountingdownwhentherearesecondsleftuntilthesignturnsredinadditiontheandfiguresonthedisplayaredesigneddifferentlyfromconventionaldigitalnumbersthetopbarofandthebottombarofareeliminatedthenumbersareyelloworgreenwhencountingdownthegreenlightsandredwhenotherwiseredstandingfigurewhenthesystemsendsoutastopwalkingsignaltothedevicethecountdowndisplayoriginallyonthetopwindowbecomesreplacedbyaredstandingfigurethebottomwindowpreviouslyshowingthewalkinganimationbecomesacountdowndisplayinredtestingandlaunchfromtheendoftomarchtaipeicityhallsetthreeexperimentalcountdownpedestriansignalsatsunyatsenmemorialhallguangfusrddaanforestparkxinshengsouthrdandvieshowcinemassongzhirdallweremadewithsimilarconceptsbutdifferentdesignsthethreecountdownpedestriansignalsweresponsoredbynongovernmentalorganizationsintaiwanatstartofxiaolrendeviceattheintersectionofsongzhirdandsongshourdwasadoptedbytaipeicityhallaftertherunoffonmarchtaipeicityhallnotonlyofficiallystartedusingxiaolrenattheintersectionbutalsodecidedtousethissignalasthemodelofallthepedestriansignalsintaipeiandstartedreplacingprevioussignalsbytheendoftherewerealreadyintersectionsamongallthewiththreecoloredtrafficlightsatwhichtherewereretrofittedxiaolrensintaipeiandoverinyearxiaolrensignalhasbeenincludedinthetrafficsignsmarkingandlightsinstallationrulesamendedbytheministryoftransportationandcommunicationsrepublicofchinaaccordingtotaipeicitytrafficengineeringofficesstatisticstherewereoriginallightbulbpedestriansignalsallwerereequippedwithledlightsignalsuntiltheendofthereequippedonesandthenewlybuiltonesadduptoledcountdownpedestriansignalsintaipeicityprevalencefeaturingafriendlysmileinducingdesignofpersonifiedanimationthelittlegreenmanhasbeenondutysinceguardingmorethanathousandintersectionsintaipeicitylateritsfootprintspreadfurthertonewtaipeicitytaoyuantaiwantaoyuanhsinchutaichungtainanandkaohsiungnowitcanbeseenislandwideaswellasoverseaswithitsubiquitouspresencethelittlegreenmanhasbecomepartofthefolkcultureamusingvisitorsfromabroadandinspiringcommercialideasasidefrompedestriansignalstrafficlightsarenowequippedwithcountdowntimerstootherewereredlightandgreenlighttimersbutthelatterweremostlytakendownduetotheaccidentstheyinducedbyencouragingdriverstospeedupasthegreenlighttimersendedasforredlighttimerstheycannotonlyinformthetimeremainsforwaitingbutalsomakethedriversfocusontheirownsignalinsteadofgreenlightoftheotherdirectionthisreducesclashesbetweencarsthatstarttooearlyandcarsthatrunyellowlighturbanlegendthereareanumberofurbanlegendsassociatedwiththexiaolurenintaiwanwiththemostpopularversionbeingthatthefigurewillfalldowneverystepsorwhenthetrafficbecomestoobusyotherurbanlegendsarethatthexiaolurenwouldturnsidewaysorwalkupsidedownfromtimetotimetofoolthepedestrianscontroversymingshiunchangthechiefmanagerofeucertechasprotestedthroughacouncilmanclaimingthathewastheinventorofthelittlegreenmansincetheministryoftransportationcommunicationproclaimedthatthedeviceisanaggregativecreationandthusshouldbepublicpropertychanghasstatedhiswilltoresorttothelawseealsolittlegreenmendisambiguationreferencesexternallinksbookscomtwexepprodbooksfilephpitembookinfoboxanimangaheadernamexkaiimagexkaicoverjpgimagesizepxcaptionxkaienglishcoverjakanjijaromajigenreactiongenreactioninfoboxanimangaprinttypemangaauthorasamitohjohpublisherhomeshapublisherendemographicshjomangashjomagazineeyescomicsfirstlastvolumesvolumelistxkaiisajapaneseshjomangabyasamitohjohitwasserializedinthelistofmangamagazinesmangamagazineeyescomicspublishedbyhomeshaandthechapterswerecollectedintotwotankbonxkaiwaslicensedforreleaseinenglishbytokyopopxkaiisnotexplicitlyyaoishnenaishnenaibutthemaincharactersometimesseduceshistargetsinordertogetclosetothemandinthesecondvolumethemaincharactersharesanintimatekisswithamalechildhoodfriendstoryplotsummaryduringthedaykaitoworksasafloristinarundownflowershopbutheisactuallyanassassinationassassintryingtomakeen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thoutbundlesandyinyangxchangealternativereprinteditionwithoutbundlesnovelsparadigmnovelspublishedfollowingtitlesxchangebymarikoshimizuxchangebysakimurakamixchangebysakimurakamireferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebpeachprincesscompeachprincesshscrowdcojpcrowdwebsitejapaneseieckogoroakechifuruhataninzaburyotsuyakaidantheringedogawaranpogodzillagamerarodanmothramechagodzillaultraqinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamedoubleprairieimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelthreelargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodtwosmalltrailingwheelsthreelargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodandonesmallleadingwheelcaptionimagegbnoatvoorbaaisepjpgaltcaptionsouthafricanrailwayssouthafricanclassgbclassgbequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyccccfrenchspanishturkishswissfromsrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountryaustralialocomotivetasmaniangovernmentrailwayslclasslclassrailwaytasmaniangovernmentrailwaysdesignerbeyerpeacockandcompanybuilderbeyerpeacockandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementisanarticulatedlocomotiveusingapairofpowerunitsbacktobackwiththeboilerandcablocomotivecabsuspendedbetweenthemthewheelarrangementhasasinglepairofleadingwheelsinaleadingtruckfollowedbythreecoupledpairsofdrivingwheelsandapairoftrailingwheelsinatrailingtrucksincethetypewasoftencalledtheprairietypethecorrespondinggarrattandmodifiedfairlietypeswereusuallyknownasadoubleprairieoverviewthewheelarrangementwasusedongarrattfairlielocomotivemodifiedfairlieanduniongarrattlocomotivesgarrattlocomotivesthewasthesecondmostnumerousgarrattwheelarrangementtobebuiltwithaltogetherexamplesconstructedbybeyerpeacockandcompanybpanditslicenseesmostofthemwerebuilttoandtheornarrowgaugesnonewerebuilttothebutseveralwerebuilttoandgaugesrefnamegarrattbuildersbrefrefnamegarrattbuildersorefthefirstexamplesofthetypeweretwotasmaniangovernmentrailwayslclasslclassgarrattsbuiltforthetasmaniangovernmentrailwaysinthiswheelarrangementalsoincludedthefinalgarrattstobebuiltbybpsevensouthafricanclassnggsouthafricanclassngglocomotivesinclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedsortablestylemarginemautofontsizegarrattproductionlistallmanufacturersgaugerailwayclassworksnounitsyearbuildersouthafricanrailwaysnggbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysnggbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysnggbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysnggfrancobelgebelgiumsouthafricanrailwaysngghanomagsouthafricanrailwaysngghanomagsouthafricanrailwaysngghanomagsouthafricanrailwaysngghanomagsouthafricanrailwaysngghunslettaylorsouthafricanrailwaysnggjohncockerillnepalgovernmentrailwaybeyerpeacocknepalgovernmentrailwaybeyerpeacocksierraleonegovernmentrailwaybeyerpeacocksierraleonegovernmentrailwaybeyerpeacocksierraleonegovernmentrailwaybeyerpeacocksierraleonegovernmentrailwaybeyerpeacocksierraleonegovernmentrailwaybeyerpeacockgreatwesternofbrazilarmstrongwhitworthlaroblarailwayspainbabcockwilcoxspainassambengalrailwayindiatbeyerpeacocktransandinerailwayargentinaebeyerpeacockmineradesierramineraspaineuskaldunaspainlaroblarailwayspainhanomagcgdefcatalanesspainstleonardbelgiumcgdefcatalanesspainstleonardbelgiumsouthafricanrailwaysgbbeyerpeacocknatalnavigationcollieriessouthafricabeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysggbeyerpeacockdundeecoalcokeltdsouthafricabeyerpeacocktranszambeziamoambiquenyasalandebeyerpeacockconsolidatedmainreefminesouthafricabeyerpeacocktasmaniangovernmentrailwaystasmaniangovernmentrailwayslclasslbeyerpeacocknewcapecentralrailwaysouthafricagbeyerpeacocktranszambeziamoambiquenyasalandebeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgbbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgcbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgdbeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgdbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgdbeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysbeyerpeacockguayaquilquitorailwayecuadorbeyerpeacockriotintorailwayspainbeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysbeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysabeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysabeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgcakruppsouthafricanrailwaysgcakruppsouthafricanrailwaysgdalinkehofmannnorthwesternrailwayindiagasbeyerpeacockceylongovernmentrailwaycbeyerpeacocksopaulorailwaybrazilrbeyerpeacockceylongovernmentrailwaycabeyerpeacockmodifiedfairlielocomotivesthemodifiedfairliewasfirstintroducedinsouthafricawhenthesouthafricanrailwayssarexperimentedwithamodifiedtypeoffairlielocomotiveinordertocomparetheconcepttothatofthegarrattlocomotiveintermsofactualperformanceandmaintenancerequirementsinessencethemodifiedfairliewasanadaptationofthesouthafricanclasskmkitsonmeyerconceptitwassimilarinappearancetoagarrattbutwiththeboilercabcoalandwaterbunkersallmountedonasinglerigidframewhichpivotedontheengineunitswiththepivotcenterslocatedapproximatelyatthecentreoftherigidwheelbaseofeachengineunitinthegarrattdesignbycomparisonthecoalandwaterbunkersaremounteddirectlyontheengineunitsandswivelwiththemwhiletheboilerfireboxandcabaremountedonarigidframewhichissuspendedbetweenthetwoengineunitsrefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnamefairliefairlielocomotivethefairlielocomotiverefrefnamedurrantrefuniongarrattlocomotivestheuniongarrattwasahybridlocomotivepartgarrattandpartmodifiedfairliedesignedandbuiltforthesarbymaffeicompanymaffeiinmunichgermanythefrontendofthelocomotivewasofatypicalgarrattarrangementwithawatertankmountedonthefrontengineunitsframewhiletherearendwasconstructedinthemodifiedfairliefashionwiththecoalbunkermountedonarigidextensionofthelocomotivesmainframeandwiththepivotingrearengineunitpositionedbeneaththecoalbunkerusagesierraleonethesierraleonegovernmentrailwayacquiredaltogethergaugegarrattlocomotivesfrombpbetweenandsevenweredeliveredinandsixmorefollowedinandandfourteenmoreinandanothertwoweredeliveredtothesierraleonedevelopmentcorporationinalsofrombpsouthafricathelargestuserofthetypewasthesouthafricanrailwayssarwhooperatedlocomotivesofthiswheelarrangementspreadoverfifteenclassesofthesetenclasseswerecapegaugelocomotivesandfiveclasseswerenarrowgaugelocomotivestwoofthenarrowgaugelocomotiveswerelaterrebuilttoimprovecoalcombustionandreclassifiedcapegaugethelocomotivesofthesarenteredservicebetweenandnoinasingleexperimentalsouthafricanclassgbclassgbgarrattenteredservicefollowedbysixmoreindesignedandbuiltbybptheyweresuperheatedwithbelpairefireboxesplateframesandwalschaertsvalvegearinthenewcapecentralrailwaynccrplacedtwogarrattsinservicebuiltbybpintothedesignoftheclassgbtheywerealsosuperheatedwithplateframesandwalschaertsvalvegearbutheavierandwithlargercylindersinwhenthenccrwasamalgamatedintothesarthetwogarrattsweredesignatedsouthafricanclassgkclassgkrefnamehollandrefinasingleexperimentalsouthafricanclassfcclassfcmodifiedfairlieenteredservicedesignedandbuiltbynorthbritishlocomotivecompanynblithadwalschaertsvalvegearaplateframeandwassuperheatedrefnamenblnorthbritishlocomotivecompanyworkslistcompiledbyaustrianlocomotivehistorianbernhardschmeiserrefinandsixsouthafricanclassgcclassgcgarrattsenteredbranchlineservicetheywerebuiltbybpinandweresuperheatedwithbelpairefireboxesplateframesandwalschaertsvalvegearrefnamediagrambooksouthafricanrailwaysandharbourslocomotivediagrambookgaugesteamlocomotivesaugustasamendedrefnoinasinglesouthafricanclassggclassgggarrattenteredserviceitwasadevelopmentoftheclassgbwithlargedrivingwheelsforfastpassengerserviceonmainlinedutiesbuiltbybpitwassuperheatedwithaplateframeabelpairefireboxandwalschaertsvalvegeartheclassggwastheonlygarrattonthesartobeintendedprimarilyforpassengerworkinginandfourteensouthafricanclassgdclassgdgarrattsenteredbranchlineservicemarginallylargerandmorepowerfulthantheirpredecessorclassgcandwithahigheraxleloadingtheywerebuiltbybptheyweresuperheatedandhadplateframesbelpairefireboxesandwalschaertsvalvegearinfoursouthafricanclassfdclassfdmodifiedfairliesenteredservicedesignedandbuiltbynblintheyhadwalschaertsvalvegearplateframesandweresuperheateduniongarrattintensouthafricanclassuclassuuniongarrattlocomotiveswereplacedinservicethelocomotivesdesignedandbuiltbymaffeiweresuperheatedandhadwalschaertsvalvegearandbarframesinandsouthafricanclassgcaclassgcagarrattsenteredbranchlineservicetheywerebuiltbykruppfriedrichkruppagofesseningermanytothesamespecificationsastheclassgcbutwithbarframesroundtoppedfireboxesandwithwatertanksandbuiltupcoalbunkersofadifferentshapeliketheclassgctheyweresuperheatedandhadwalschaertsvalvegearinfivesouthafricanclassgdaclassgdagarrattsenteredbranchlineservicetheywerebuiltbylinkehofmannlinkehofmannwerkeaginbreslaugermanytothesamespecificationsastheclassgdalsosuperheatedandwithwalschaertsvalvegearbutwithbarframesdifferentlyshapedcoalandwaterbunkersandroundtoppedfireboxesnarrowgaugethesouthafricannarrowgaugelocomotivesenteredservicebetweenandtwowererebuiltinandandreclassifiedintwosouthafricanclassnggclassngggarrattsenteredservicethesmallestgarrattstoseeserviceinsouthafricaorderedfrombpintheirconstructionwassubcontractedtobelgianlocomotivebuilderssocitfrancobelgetheyweresuperheatedwithoutsideplateframeswalschaertsvalvegearandroundtoppedfireboxesrefnamediagramsouthafricanrailwaysandharboursnarrowgaugelocomotivediagrambookgaugesarmechanicaldeptdrawingofficepretorianovemberrefinandtwelvesouthafricanclassnggclassngggarrattsenteredserviceonthelangkloofandhardingkwazulunatalhardingnarrowgaugelinesdesignedandbuiltbyhanomaghannoverschemaschinenbauaghanomaginconsultationwiththesarthetypewastobecomethestandardnarrowgaugegarrattinsouthafricaforthenextfortyyearstheyweresuperheatedwithoutsidebarframesandroundtoppedfireboxesandwithanextremelycompactarrangementofwalschaertsvalvegeartheleadingwheelswerearrangedasconventionalponytruckswhiletheinnertrailingwheelswerebuilttotheglsdorfaxleglsdorfsystemwhichallowedtheaxlesomelateralmovementinasinglelightsouthafricanclassnggclassngggarrattenteredservicebuiltbyhanomaginitwassimilartobutslightlylargerthanthealsosuperheatedbutwithlargerborecylindersanoutsidebarframeandaroundtoppedfireboxbetweenandsouthafricanclassnggclassngggarrattswereplacedinservicespreadoverfiveordersfromthreemanufacturersitwasalmostidenticaltotheclassnggbutwithallleadingandtrailingwheelsfittedwithrollerbearingaxleboxesandarrangedasponytrucksjohncockerillcompanysocitanonymejohncockerillofbelgiumdeliveredfourinanotherwerebuiltbybpinandthelastsevenbeingthelaststeamlocomotivestobebuiltbybpthefinaleightlocomotivesinwerethelastnewsteamlocomotivestobeorderedbythesarandwerebuiltbyhunslettayloringermistontransvaalprovincetransvaalinandtwoclassngggarrattswererebuiltbythealfredcountyrailwaytoincorporateagasproducingcombustionsystemgpcsandwerereclassifiedtosouthafricanclassnggaclassnggatherebuildingwasdonebymechanicalengineerphilgirdlestoneusingtechnologysimilartothatusedbymechanicalengineerdavidwardaleinthecreationofthesouthafricanclassclassreddevilinrefnamegirdlestoneinformationsuppliedbyphilgirdlestonerefrefnameacrnggarefsouthernrhodesiawithaltogetherlocomotivesofthiswheelarrangementallbuiltbybpthesecondlargestuserofthegarrattwastherhodesiarailwaysrrofsouthernrhodesiawhichalsooperatedinnorthernrhodesiaandmozambiqueintwelvethclassgarrattswereorderedbythebeiraandmashonalandandrhodesiarailwaysbmrtheywerebasedatumtaliinsouthernrhodesiatoworkthedifficultsectionofthebeiramozambiquebeiralineintomozambiquebetweenumtaliandvilamachadointheselocomotiveswerereplacedonthisdutybythclassgarrattsafterwhichtheyweremainlybasedathararesalisburyinsouthernrhodesiauntiltheirwithdrawalfromservicethethclassalsooperatedinnorthernrhodesiawithacouplebeingallocatedforshortperiodstolivingstonezambialivingstonetwolocomotiveswerealsohiredouttotherhokanacorporationcoppermineatnkanainkitwenorthernrhodesiathesetwolocomotiveswereeventuallypurchasedbythemineonecomingtoatragicendinwhenitstruckalorryloadedwithexplosivesatalevelcrossingcausingmanydeathssincethetraincarriedminersgoingonshiftinanopenwagonrefnamedurrantsmokedurrantaethesmokethatthundersstedharareafricanpublishinggrouprefrefnamepattisonpattisonrgthunderingsmokestedilminstersomersetsablepublishinghouserefinthesuccessofthethclassledtoanimprovedversionbeingorderedbyrrwhichthebmrhadnowbecomewhileofthesamewheelarrangementandsimilarpoweroutputasthethclasslocomotivesthesesixteenhadamongstotherimprovementsbarinsteadofplateframesandroundtoppedinsteadofbelpairefireboxestheseweredesignatedthethclassandallofthemwereinitiallyallocatedtoumtalitoreplacethethclassgarrattsonthelinetovilamachadoinmozambiquefromsomeoftheclassweretransferredforbranchlineworkinsouthernrhodesiaatthesalisburybulawayoandgwelodepotsinoctoberthebeiralineinmozambiquewastakenoverbythestateownedmozambiqueportsandrailwayscaminhosdeferrodemoambiquecfmatthesametimethecfmpurchasedanumberoflocomotivesfromrrincludingeightthclassgarrattswhichcontinuedtoworkonthebeiralinefromthenewdepotatgondoladistrictgondolainmozambiqueinrrorderedamodernisedversionofthethclassforbranchlineworkinsouthernrhodesiatherewereeighteenofthemandtheyweredesignatedtheaclassfromtheywererefurbishedforshuntingworkreceivingrollerbearingsonthedrivingandcoupledaxlesandinmanycaseslargerwatertanksandcoalbunkersbythisclassnowontherosterofthenationalrailwaysofzimbabwestillsawoccasionalserviceonbulawayoshuntdutiesreferencesthereforesignmartinmillionvoicesagainstcorruptionpresidentchenmustgospeciesboxnamedragonsnakerefnamereptilereportrefimagegonionotusplumbeusdiscoveriesinaustraliajpgimagecaptiongonionotusplumbeussynxenodermusjavanicusfromjohnlortstokesdiscoveriesinaustraliagenusxenodermusspeciesxnbspjavanicusauthorityjohanreinhardtreinhardtxenodermusisagenusofcaenophidiansnakesitisamonotypicgenuscontainingonlyxenodermusjavanicusalsoknownasthedragonsnakejavantuberclesnakejavanmudsnakeorroughbackedlittersnakerefnameemblrefitisconsideredtoberarethoughnoconservationeffortsareactivethesnakeisfullynocturnalandsubsistsonadietoffrogsdragonsnakeslayseveralclutchesofeggseachyearintherainyseasonoctoberfebruaryhabitatthedragonsnakesnaturalrangeisthailandburmaandindonesiadragonsnakeshavebeenknowntooccuratextremesfromsouthernmyanmarsouthwardtosundalandsumatrajavaandborneoalthoughdragonsnakesonlyexistinmyanmarinmarginalnumbersbehaviourbreedingdragonsnakesundergoreproductionbyeggthedragonsnakeisnotconsideredtobeaparticularlyprolificbreedersleepdragonsnakesarenocturnaldietdragonsnakessubsistmainlyonfrogshumaninteractiondragonsnakesexhibitapeculiarpropertywhenencounteringperceivedthreatsthisactioninvolvedstiffeningfromheadtotoeandstraighteningintoalinedragonsnakesareknowntodiewhenplacedintocaptivityconservationstatusdragonsnakesarenottheobjectofanyconservationendeavoursatthistimereferencesexternallinkssnakesarelongblogspotcomdragonsnakeshtmldragonsnakesatlifeisshortbutsnakesarelongxenodermusinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamedoubleatlanticimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelstwolargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodtwosmalltrailingwheelstwolargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodandtwosmallleadingwheelscaptionimagealtcaptionequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalybbfrenchspanishturkishswissfromthesrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountryaustralialocomotivetasmaniangovernmentrailwaysmclasstgmmclassrailwaytasmaniangovernmentrailwaysdesignerbeyerpeacockandcompanybuilderbeyerpeacockandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementaisagarrattarticulatedlocomotivethewheelarrangementiseffectivelytwolocomotivelocomotivesoperatingbacktobackwitheachpowerunithavingfourleadingwheelsontwoaxlesinaleadingbogiefourpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsontwoaxlesandtwotrailingwheelsononeaxleinatrailingtrucksincethetypeisusuallyknownasanatlanticthecorrespondinggarratttypeisoftenreferredtoasadoubleatlanticoverviewthewasnotacommongarrattwheelarrangementonlytenwerebuiltallbybeyerpeacockandcompanytheownerofthegarrattpatentclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedsortablestylemarginemautofontsizetextaligncentergarrattproductionlistallmanufacturersrefnamegarrattbuildersbrefgaugerailwayclassworksnounitsyearbuildertasmaniangovernmentrailwaystasmaniangovernmentrailwaysmclassmbeyerpeacockentreriosrailwayfcerargentinabeyerpeacockargentinenortheasternfcnarbeyerpeacockusageargentinaeightlocomotiveswerebuiltforargentinatorunonfivewerebuiltfortheentrerosrailwayferrocarrilentrerosfcerinanotherthreewerebuiltfortheargentinenortheasternrailwayferrocarrilnordesteargentinoargentinenortheasternrailwayfcnarinafternationalizationinalltheselocomotiveswererosteredonthegeneralurquizarailwayferrocarrilgeneralurquizafcguaustraliathefirstgarrattlocomotivestobebuilttothewheelarrangementwereapairoftasmaniangovernmentrailwaysmclassmclasspassengerlocomotivesforthegaugetasmaniangovernmentrailwaysinaustraliaintheywereacquiredtohaulexpresspassengertrainsbetweenlauncestontasmanialauncestonandhobartrefnametasmaniarailtasmaniacomlocogarrattshtmgarrattlocomotivestgrklmgclassesebrbeyergarrattandasgtypesaccessedonoctoberrefthetwomclassenginesweretheonlyeightcylindergarrattlocomotivesintheworldtheyweredifficulttomaintainanddespitetheirhaulageabilitiesandspeedbothwerewithdrawnfromservicesometimeafterthearrivaloftherclasspacifictypesinbothlocomotiveswerescrappedandcutupinthelatesreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamedoublemikadoimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelfourlargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodtwosmalltrailingwheelsfourlargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodandonesmallleadingwheelcaptionimageclassgenojpgaltcaptionsouthafricanclassgesarclassgecequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyddddfrenchspanishturkishswissfromsrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrysouthafricalocomotivesouthafricanclassgesarclassgerailwaysouthafricanrailwaysdesignerbeyerpeacockandcompanybuilderbeyerpeacockandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementaisanarticulatedlocomotiveusingapairofpowerunitsbacktobackwiththeboilerandcablocomotivecabsuspendedbetweenthemthewheelarrangementhasasinglepairofleadingwheelsinaleadingtruckfollowedbyfourcoupledpairsofdrivingwheelsandapairoftrailingwheelsinatrailingtrucksincethetypewasknownasmikadothecorrespondinggarrattandmodifiedfairlietypeswereusuallyknownasdoublemikadooverviewthewheelarrangementwasusedbygarrattandfairlielocomotivemodifiedfairlielocomotivesgarrattlocomotivesthedoublemikadowasthefourthmostcommongarratttypewithexamplesconstructedbuiltbygarrattpatentownerbeyerpeacockandcompanybpandthirtybuiltbyothersunderlicenseonlytensixforchileandfourforperuwerebuilttoninetywerebuilttoforanumberofdifferentafricanrailwaysforspainsixteenwerebuilttogaugeclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedsortablestylemarginemautofontsizetextaligncentergarrattproductionlistallmanufacturersrefnamegarrattbuildersbrefrefnamegarrattbuildersorefgaugerailwayclassworksnounitsyearbuildercffrancoethiopienlibyaansaldoitalywardeptindiaburmabeyerpeacockroyalstaterailwaysofthailandhenschelroyalstaterailwaysofthailandhenschelsierraleonedevelopmentcorpbeyerpeacocksierraleonedevelopmentcorpbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgebeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgebeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysbeyerpeacocksouthafricanrailwaysgebeyerpeacocksierraleonedevelopmentcorpbeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysbeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysbeyerpeacockwardeptcongogoldcoastrhodesiabeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysbeyerpeacockcentralofperubeyerpeacocknitraterailwayschilebeyerpeacocknitraterailwayschilebeyerpeacockcentralofperubeyerpeacockcentralofaragonspainbabcockwilcoxspainrenfespainbabcockwilcoxspainmodifiedfairlielocomotivesthesouthafricanrailwayssarwherethemodifiedfairlieconceptwasconceivedasapossiblealternativetothegarrattwastheonlyuserthemodifiedfairliewasessentiallyanadaptationofthesouthafricanclasskmkitsonmeyerconceptitwassimilarinappearancetoagarrattbutwiththeboilercabcoalandwaterbunkersallmountedonasinglerigidframewhichpivotedontheengineunitswiththepivotcenterslocatedapproximatelyatthecentreoftherigidwheelbaseofeachengineunitinthegarrattdesignbycomparisonthecoalandwaterbunkersaremounteddirectlyontheengineunitsandswivelwiththemwhiletheboilerfireboxandcabaremountedonarigidframewhichissuspendedbetweenthetwoengineunitsrefnamehollandrefrefnamepaxtonbournerefrefnamefairliefairlielocomotivethefairlielocomotiverefusagesouthafricabetweenandthesarplacedeighteensouthafricanclassgeclassgegarrattsinserviceallbuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanybpbetweenandthefirstsixenteredserviceinandprovedsosuccessfulthatasecondorderfortenwasplacedinanothertwolocomotivesenteredserviceinallofthemhadbelpairefireboxeslocomotiveframeplateframesplateframeswalschaertsvalvegearandweresuperheatedthelocomotivewasanenlargementofthesouthafricanclassgdclassgddoubleprairieandwasdesignedasaheavygoodslocomotiveforuseonlightrailtheywerethefirsteightcoupledgarrattstobebuiltforthesarandonatractiveeffortbasisatthetimeoftheirintroductiontheywerethemostpowerfullocomotivesoperatingonlighttrackinafricaandthesouthernhemisphererefnamediagrambooksouthafricanrailwaysandharbourslocomotivediagrambookgaugesteamlocomotivesaugustasamendedrefrefnamedurrantrefnocinthesarplacedtensouthafricanclasshfclasshffairlielocomotivemodifiedfairliedoublemikadosinservicefollowedbyaneleventhoneinthelocomotivewasdesignedbythesarunderthedirectionofcolonelfrcollinsdistinguishedserviceorderdsosarchiefmechanicalengineerfromtoandwasbuiltbyhenschelsoninandhencethedesignationofclasshfforhenschelfairliedesignedformainlineworkitwasthemodifiedfairlieequivalentoftheclassgegarrattwhichwassimilarinbothsizeandmechanicalrespectsithadwalschaertsvalvegearalocomotiveframebarframesbarframeandwassuperheatedwitharoundtoppedfireboxrefnamehenschelhenschellieferlistehenschelsonworkslistcompiledbydietmarstresowreftheclasshfprovedtobeapowerfullocomotivebutitwaslesssuccessfulthanitsgarrattequivalentthepivotbearingsweresubjecttoquiterapidwearsincetheycarriedaconsiderableadditionalloadcomparedtothoseonthegarrattasaresultofthewaterandcoalbunkerswhichweremountedonthemainframeinsteadofontheengineunitsthisresultedinincreasedmaintenanceandasaconsequenceincreasedoperatingcostnomorelocomotivesofthemodifiedfairliedesignwereacquiredbythesarreferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnameimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofsixdrivingwheelsintwotrioseachtriojoinedbycouplingrodscaptionimagesarklassekmjpgaltcaptioncgrkitsonmeyercgrkitsonmeyernoequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyccfrenchspanishturkishswissfromthesrussianfirsttankengineversiondateccountryunitedkingdomlocomotivefairlielocomotivedoublefairlielocomotivedoublefairlierailwaydesignerrobertfrancisfairliebuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefittotalenginemassasadhesiveweightmaindrawbackdriverisolatedfromfiremanfirsttenderengineversiondatecountrycapecolonycapeofgoodhopelocomotivecgrkitsonmeyercgrkitsonmeyerrailwaycapegovernmentrailwaysdesignerkitsonandcompanybuilderkitsonandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesrepresentsthewheelarrangementofanarticulatedlocomotivewithtwoseparateswivellingengineunitseachunitwithnoleadingwheelssixpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsonthreeaxlesandnotrailingwheelsthearrangementiseffectivelytwolocomotivesoperatingbacktobackandwasusedongarrattfairlielocomotivedoublefairlielocomotivedoublefairliemeyerlocomotivemeyerandcgrkitsonmeyerkitsonmeyerarticulatedlocomotivesasimilararrangementexistsformalletlocomotivemalletsteamlocomotivesonwhichonlythefrontengineunitswivelsbutthesearereferredtoasintheunitedkingdomthewhytenotationofwheelarrangementwasalsousedfortheclassificationofelectricanddieselelectriclocomotiveswithsiderodcoupleddrivingwheelsoverviewthewheelarrangementwasusedongarrattdoublefairliemeyerandkitsonmeyerlocomotivesalthoughinsomecasesdoublefairlieswiththisarrangementwerealsoreferredtoasgarrattlocomotivesthewasararegarrattmodelbeyerpeacocktheownerofthegarrattpatentonlybuilttwoofthistypetogaugeforthebuthidaungmaungdawtramwayinburmabelgianbuildersocitanonymestleonardofligecityligeconstructedforthebelgiancongoandtwofortheroadsidetramwaysofthebelgiansncvhanomagcommencedtheconstructionofasinglelocomotivewhichwascompletedbyhenschelforthelimburgtramwayinthenetherlandsthislastwastheonlyinsidecylindergarratttobebuiltrefnamegarrattbuildersbrefrefnamegarrattbuildersorefclasswikitablesortablestylemarginemautofontsizegarrattproductionlistallmanufacturersgaugerailwayclassworksnounitsyearbuildercfducongostleonardbelgiumcfducongostleonardbelgiumcfducongostleonardbelgiumcfducongostleonardbelgiumbuthidaungmaungdawtramwayburmabeyerpeacocksncvbelgiumtypestleonardbelgiumsncvbelgiumtypestleonardbelgiumlimburgtramwaythenetherlandsltmhanomaghenschelkitsonmeyerlocomotivesinkitsonandcompanyofleedsbuiltamodifiedmeyerarticulatedlocomotiveofthiswheelarrangementfortheanglochileannitrateandrailwaycompanythereafterthekitsonmeyertypewaswidelyusedinsouthamericaparticularlyonthecolombianandchileanrailwaysthefourwhichwerebuiltforsouthernafricawerenotsuccessfulrefnamepaxtonbournerefusagebelgiancongobetweenandbelgianlocomotivebuilderssocitanonymestleonardofligeconstructedgarrattlocomotivesforthegaugecompagnieducfducongointhebelgiancongothelocomotivesweredeliveredinfourbatchesoneintwelveineightinandthelastteninirelandcrasiompairireannnoccgenerallyknownasthecinoccturfburnerwasaprototypearticulatedsteamlocomotivedesignedbyoliverbulleidthelocomotivesharedsomeofthecharacteristicsofbulleidspreviousattempttodevelopamodernsteamlocomotivethesrleaderclasssouthernrailwaysleaderclassthelocomotivehadarelativelyshortcareerandwasneverusedinfrontlineservicesouthafricainthecapegovernmentrailwayscgrplacedasingleexperimentalcgrfairliedoublefairliesidetanklocomotiveinserviceonthecapeeasternsystemworkingoutofeastlondonbuiltbyavonsideenginecompanyitwasthefirstarticulatedlocomotivetoenterserviceinsouthafricaandalsothefirstlocomotivetobeequippedwithwalschaertsvalvegearaftersomeshortcomingswerebroughttotheattentionofthelocomotivebuildersaseconddoublefairliewhichincorporatedtheseimprovementswasdeliveredandplacedinserviceinrefnamedulezrefrefnameabbottabbottrowlandasthefairlielocomotivestedsouthdevonhousenewtonabbotdevondavidcharlesnewtonabbotpprefrefnamehollandrefthekitsonmeyertypewastriedoutbythreerailwaysinsouthernafricainkitsonpersuadedthecgrthebeiraandmashonalandrailwaybmrandthecentralsouthafricanrailwayscsartotrytheirnewkitsonmeyerarticulatedsteamlocomotiveincgrkitsonmeyeronelocomotivewasdeliveredtothecgrandtwotothebmrandinonetothecsarunlikeagarrattbothengineunitsontheselocomotiveswerearrangedwiththecylindersaftofthecoupledwheelsallthreerailwaysfoundtheirkitsonmeyerstobepoorsteamersandasbuiltnoneoftheselocomotiveshadalongservicelifethethreecgrandbmrlocomotiveswereallscrappedbyinthecsarmodifieditssouthafricanclasskmclassmlocomotivebyreducingthediameterofthecylinderstobringthemwithintherangeoftheboilerssteamgeneratingcapacitywhilethisreducedthelocomotivestractiveeffortitimproveditsperformancesufficientlytoallowittosurviveinservicelongerthantheotherthreeinitwasassimilatedintothesouthafricanrailwaysanddesignatedclasskmrefnamesarrenumberclassificationofsarengineswithrenumberinglistsissuedbythechiefmechanicalengineersofficepretoriajanuaryppreprintedinaprilbysatsmuseumrrefunitedkingdomtheonlysteamlocomotiveexampleofthistypeofengineintheunitedkingdomwasthesrleaderclassleaderitwasoriginallycommissionedbythesouthernrailwayuksouthernrailwaybutitwascompletedbybritishrailwaysinthelocomotivewasaclassofexperimentalarticulatedlocomotivearticulatedsteamlocomotiveproducedintheunitedkingdomtothedesignoftheinnovativeengineeroliverbulleidtheleaderwaseffectivelyameyerlocomotivesincebothsetsofdriverswerearticulateditwasbuiltinanattempttoextendthelifeofsteamtractionbyeliminatingmanyoftheoperationaldrawbacksassociatedwithexistingsteamlocomotivesrefnamedaylewisdaylewistheleaderlocomotivereftheconfigurationwasalsoappliedtodieselelectriclocomotiveswhenbritishrailcreatedthebritishrailclassclassinthiswasdonebypermanentlycouplingtwobritishrailclassclassdeshuntingenginesasmasterandslaveunitsthelatterwithitscabremovedinnorthamericanterminologythisisreferredtoasacowcalfcowandcalfarrangementthemodificationcameaboutbecauseofaneedtoprovidemorepowerfulshuntinglocomotivesforthetinsleymarshallingyardreferencesexcessxiaolangdidamxiaolangdidaminfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamedoubleporterimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheelfourlargedrivingwheelsintwopairseachpairjoinedbycouplingrodsandonesmalltrailingwheelcaptionimagealtcaptionequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalybbbbfrenchspanishturkishswissfromthesrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountrybrazillocomotiveqclassrailwaysopaulorailwaycompanysopaulorailwaydesignerbeyerpeacockandcompanybuilderbeyerpeacockandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementisanarticulatedlocomotiveusuallyofthegarratttypethewheelarrangementiseffectivelytwolocomotivesoperatingbacktobackwiththeboilerandcablocomotivecabsuspendedbetweenthetwopowerunitseachpowerunithastwoleadingwheelsononeaxlefourpoweredandcoupleddrivingwheelsontwoaxlesandnotrailingwheelssincethetypeissometimesknownasaporterthecorrespondinggarratttypewouldbereferredtoasadoubleporterasimilarwheelarrangementexistsformalletlocomotivemalletlocomotivesbutisreferredtoasoverviewthiswasthesecondrarestgarrattwheelarrangementonlyfivelocomotiveswereconstructedtothisarrangementfourofwhichwerebuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanybpthefourbplocomotivescomprisedthreeforthesopaulorailwaycompanysopaulorailwayofbrazilinandoneforthegaugeceylongovernmentrailwaycgrinthecgrclasshcgrsclasshonemorewasbuiltinbythesopaulorailwayforitsownuseonclasswikitablecollapsiblesortablestylemarginemautofontsizegarrattproductionlistallmanufacturersrefnamegarrattbuildersbrefrefnamegarrattbuildersorefgaugerailwayclassworksnounitsyearbuilderceylongovernmentrailwayhbeyerpeacocksopaulorailwaycompanysopaulorailwaybrazilsopaulorailwaysopaulorailwaybrazilqbeyerpeacockusagebrazilceylonthesingleclasshgarrattenteredserviceontheceylongovernmentrailwaysinitwasusedinmixedtrafficworkingontheudapussellawarailwayuntilthesthelocomotivewasoccasionallyoperatedonthekelanivalleylineitwaswithdrawnfromserviceinandwasscrappedinrefnamerailrefreferencestencodeklonoadoortophantomileinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamedoublecolumbiaimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramofonesmallleadingwheeltwolargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodtwosmalltrailingwheelstwolargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodandonesmallleadingwheelcaptionimagealtcaptionequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalybbbbfrenchspanishturkishswissfromthesrussianfirsttankengineversiondatecountrybrazillocomotiverailwayleopoldinarailwaydesignerbeyerpeacockandcompanybuilderbeyerpeacockandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttenderengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirsttruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementtheisagarrattarticulatedlocomotivethewheelarrangementiseffectivelytwolocomotivesoperatingbacktobackwiththeboilerandcablocomotivecabsuspendedbetweenthetwopowerunitseachpowerunithasasinglepairofleadingwheelsinaleadingtruckfollowedbytwocoupledpairsofdrivingwheelswithasinglepairoftrailingwheelsinatrailingtrucksincethetypeissometimesknownasacolumbiathecorrespondinggarratttypecouldbereferredtoasadoublecolumbiaoverviewthiswastherarestofallgarratttypeswithonlyoneclassoffourlocomotivesconstructedtothiswheelarrangementitmostlikelyevolvedfromthedoubleportergarrattwiththetrailingwheelsaddedoneachengineunittoimprovestabilityatspeedclasswikitablestylemarginemautofontsizegarrattproductionlistallmanufacturersrefnamegarrattbuildersbrefgaugerailwaynumbersworksnounitsyearbuilderleopoldinarailwaybrazilbeyerpeacockandcompanybeyerpeacockusagebrazilallfourlocomotiveswerebuiltinbybeyerpeacockandcompanyfortheleopoldinarailwayinbrazilthelocomotiveswereallocatedenginenumbersintherangefromtoonthatsystemreferencesninjainfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamedoublebalticimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelsthreelargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodfoursmalltrailingwheelsthreelargedrivingwheelsjoinedbyacouplingrodandtwosmallleadingwheelscaptionimagebfdnrzvictoriafallsjpgaltcaptionrhodesiarailwaysthclasszimbabweanthclassnoikolohornbillequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyccfrenchspanishturkishswissrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountrysudanlocomotivesudanrailwaysclassclassrailwayrailtransportinsudansudanrailwaysdesignerbeyerpeacockandcompanybuilderbeyerpeacockandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementtheisagarrattarticulatedlocomotivethewheelarrangementiseffectivelytwolocomotivesoperatingbacktobackwiththeboilerandcablocomotivecabsuspendedbetweenthetwoengineunitseachengineunithastwopairsofleadingwheelsinaleadingbogiefollowedbythreecoupledpairsofdrivingwheelsandtwopairsoftrailingwheelsinatrailingbogiesincethetypeisusuallyknownasabalticthecorrespondinggarratttypecouldbereferredtoasadoublebalticoverviewthewasthefifthmostcommongarrattwheelarrangementwithlocomotivesconstructedbygarrattpatentownerbeyerpeacockandcompanybeyerpeacockbetweenandandtenundersubcontractfrombeyerpeacockbybelgiumbelgianmanufacturersocitfrancobelgeinonlythreerailwaysystemsusedthiswheelarrangementthesewerethesudanrailwayswithtenlocomotivesofthesudanrailwaysclassclassandtherhodesiarailwaysnowthenationalrailwaysofzimbabwewhoownedsplitbetweenoftherhodesiarailwaysthclassthclassandoftheaclassthesudaneselocomotiveswerelatersoldtorhodesiawhointurnsubsequentlysoldthemtocaminhosdeferrodemoambiqueclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedsortablestylemarginemautofontsizetextaligncentergarrattproductionlistallmanufacturersrefnamegarrattbuildersbrefrefnamegarrattbuildersorefrefnamedurrantweltdurrantaegarrattlokomotivenderweltbirkhuserverlagrefgaugerailwayclassworksnounitsyearbuildersudanrailwaysbeyerpeacocksudanrailwaysbeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysthbeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysthbeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysthbeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysabeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysabeyerpeacockrhodesiarailwaysafrancobelgefranceusagemozambiqueintenexsudaneseclasslocomotiveswerepurchasedbythecaminhosdeferrodemoambiquefromtherhodesiarailwayswhohadacquiredthemfromsudancandusedthemastheirthclassinmozambiquetheywereusedonthebeirarailwayfromtheportcityofbeiramozambiquebeiratotherhodesiannowzimbabweanborderatumtalinowmutaretheyremainedinuseintothesbuttheirultimatepostcivilwarfateisunclearandallofthemarepresumedtohavebeenscrappedsouthernrhodesiatherhodesiarailwaysrrrhodesiarailwaysthclassthclasswasthesecondmostnumerousclassofgarrattlocomotiveswithlocomotivesbuiltonlythesouthafricanclassgmasouthafricanclassgmadoublemountainwasmorenumerousatlocomotivesthethclasswasadevelopmentoftherrthclassgarrattstomeetarequirementforalocomotivewithalargerdrivingwheeldiameterforhigherspeedtrainserviceonthemorelevelpartsoftherailwayafterexaminingthesudanrailwaysclasstherrsettledonadesignwiththesamewheelarrangementandthesamediameterdrivingwheeldiameterasthatofthesudanesedoublebalticsinitiallyfourlocomotiveswereorderedinandhavingprovedtheirworthafurtherseventylocomotiveswereorderedinfivebatchesafterthesecondworldwarthelastfortylocomotivesweredesignatedastheaclasssincetheyhadboilerswiththeratedpressureincreasedfromsudantengarrattlocomotivesofthesudanrailwaysclasswerebuiltintwobatchesforthesudanrailwaysbybeyerpeacockinandtheyweretheonlygarratttypesonthesudanrailwaysandwereusedontheportsudantoatbaraandatbaratowadmadaniroutesuntiltheyweremaderedundantbydiesellocomotivesintheywerethensoldtotherhodesiarailwayswheretheyweredesignatedthclassandusedalongsidetherrsthandaclassesinalltenlocomotivesweresoldtothecaminhosdeferrodemoambiquereferencesinfoboxsteamwheelarrangementnamedoublemastodonimagewheelarrangementsvgaltdiagramoftwosmallleadingwheelseightlargedrivingwheelsintwofoursomeseachfoursomejoinedbycouplingrodsandtwosmalltrailingwheelscaptionimagebeyergarrattjpgaltcaptionbengalnagpurrailwayclassnnoequivalentclassificationshatnoteuicgermanyitalyddfrenchspanishturkishswissfromsrussianfirstknowntankengineversiondatecountryindialocomotivebnrclassnrailwaybengalnagpurrailwaydesignerbeyerpeacockandcompanybuilderbeyerpeacockandcompanyevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntenderengineversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackfirstknowntruetypeversiondatecountrylocomotiverailwaydesignerbuilderevolvedfromevolvedtomainbenefitmaindrawbackunderthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementtheisagarrattarticulatedlocomotivethewheelarrangementiseffectivelytwolocomotivesoperatingbacktobackwiththeboilerandcablocomotivecabsuspendedbetweenthetwoengineunitseachengineunithastwopairsofleadingwheelsinaleadingbogiefollowedbyfourcoupledpairsofdrivingwheelsandnotrailingwheelssincethetypeisknownasamastodontypethecorrespondinggarratttypewouldbereferredtoasadoublemastodonasimilarwheelarrangementexistsformalletlocomotivemalletlocomotivesbutisreferredtoasoverviewthewasthefifthrarestgarrattwheelarrangementwithatotaloflocomotivesconstructedusageallthegarrattswerebuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanyforthegaugebengalnagpurrailwayinindiathefirstsixteenweredesignatedbnrclassnclassnandweredeliveredinwhiletenmorearrivedinandweredesignatedclassnmthelocomotiveshadbelpairefireboxesandpistonvalvesteamenginepistonvalvestwoofthetypesurvivebothofclassnnoisstagedatkharagpurworkshopwhilenoisondisplayatthenationalrailmuseumnewdelhinationalrailmuseuminnewdelhirefnamegarrattsurvivorsrefclasswikitablecollapsiblesortablestylemarginemautofontsizetextaligncentergarrattproductionlistallmanufacturersrefnamegarrattbuildersbrefrefnamegarrattbuildersorefgaugerailwayclassworksnounitsyearbuilderbengalnagpurrailwayindianbeyerpeacockbengalnagpurrailwayindianmbeyerpeacockreferencesthefiendwithtwentyfacesthefiendwithtwentyfacesthefiendwithtwentyfacesmolonlabegingatetsudkimkyunghobetatakeshikitanosanmaakashiyatamoritamorikinichihagimotokinichihagimotochosukeikariyachosukeikariyathedriftersjapanesebandthedriftersjapanesebandkenshimuramasatoshihamadahitoshimatsumotomakarsankrantiredirectcategoryshellmakarsankrantiredirectcategoryshellshtencomingofagedaycomingofagedaykatsurabunshivipartyofsocialjusticehayashiyasanpeiiudosuzukiudosuzukiteruyoshiuchimurakiyotakananbarateruyoshiuchimurayoshimotokogyomanamikonishitortoisematsumotoyukonakazawatakayukiyamadagacktgacktgacktkiyoshimaekawashinichimorifrinkazanhikarugenjithetaleofgenjismapdisambiguationmasahironakaitsuyoshikusanagigoroinagakishingokatorichemboxverifiedfieldschangedwatchedfieldschangedverifiedrevidreferencerefnamemerckmerckindextheditionrefimagefilexanthurenicacidpngimagesizepxpindihydroxyquinolinecarboxylicacidothernamesxanthuricacidbrxanthurenatebrhydroxykynurenicacidbrdihydroxyquinaldicacidsectionchemboxidentifierscasnorefcasnopubchemchebirefsmilesoccccoonccocccceinecschemspideridrefchemspideridinchichnochhhhinchikeyfbzonxhggphhiyuhfffaoyaestdinchirefstdinchischnochh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egacytheacolytescomicsacolyteshaveretrievedprofessorxsbodywhichisbeingkeptalivebykarimashapandaromegasentinelexoduscomicsexodushealsprofessorxaviersdamagedmindwhilemagnetocomicsmagnetoarrivesandclasheswithhisformerdisciplesmeanwhilesunspotandsebastianshawcomicssebastianshawareclashingwithinthehellfireclubcomicshellfirecluboveraniteminshawspossessionexoduslosesabattletoxavierontheastralplanewhothengoeshisownwaytorepairhismindgambitcomicsgambitlatercomestodefendhimfrommembersoftheassassinsguildtogethertheylearntheguildsothertargetsincludingjuggernautcomicsjuggernauthazardmarvelcomicshazardandshawroguecomicsrogueisalsowanderingtheworlditsoonbecomesapparentthatthetargetsarelinkedbytheirconnectionstomistersinisternathanmilburyandtheblackwombprojectsinisterspsychicessencestrikesoutatthemandapparentlytakescontrolofxaviersbodywhilegambitandshawbattletheassassinsxforcethenewxforceconsistingofwolverinexwarpathandwolfsbanearesentafterthepurifiersmarvelcomicspurifiersbycyclopstheysoondiscoverthatwolfsbanesfatherreverendcraigishelpingthemtheyhavealsorebuiltbastioncomicsbastionwhoisusingmagustechnarchymagustocreateachoirofantimutantleadersincludingdonaldpierceleperqueencameronhodgeandthereanimatedformsofwilliamstrykerstevenlangcomicsstephenlangbolivartraskandgraydoncreedwolfsbaneiswoundedafterbeingcapturedbythepurifiersandinjectedwithalargedoseofherointheteamtakehertoarchangelandelixircomicselixirwhohelpherbutshethensavagelyattacksarchangelrippingoffhiswingsandtakingthemtocraigusingapocalypsestovirusinthembastioncreatesseveralmetalwingedpurifiersarchangelalsogrowsbackhismetalwingsandregainshisblueskinhoweverheproceedstoattackhisteammateswolverinemeanwhileinhisowntitlewolverinehasalsobeensentaftermystiquecomicsmystiquebycyclopstopunishherforherroleinxmenmessiahcomplexmessiahcomplexashetracksherwolverineremembershisownhistorywithhereversincetheymetinheeventuallycatchesherandmanagestofatallywoundherafterabrutalbattlehoweverherefusestokillherandinsteadleavesheragunshemanagestosurviveandreturninmanifestdestinycablecablehasanewtitlewhereheisinthefuturetryingtoprotectthemutantbabywhileheisbeingpursuedbybishopcomicsbishopwhodesirestokillthechildtopreventhisdarkfuturefromoccurringcablehasrecentlyencounteredamucholdercannonballinthefuturewhosaysthatthefourofthemarethelastremainingmutantscannonballdefendscableandthebabyasthetimetravelequipmentisdamagedbutiskilledbybishophoweverhissacrificehasboughtcablesometimetoescapefreecomicbookdayissuethefreecomicbookdayissuefocusesonpixiecomicspixieasshereturnstoheroldlifeinwaleshoweverherinvestigationintoseveralmissingpeopleleadsherintoconflictwiththengaraicyclopsemmafrostbeastcolossusnightcrawlerandwolverinecometoheraidandsheisofferedaplaceamongthenewxmenteamforminginsanfranciscoaftertheydefeatthengaraidemonslimitedseriesinthexmendividedwestandlimitedseriesseveralcharactersareexploredmostlythosewholeftthexmengentlecomicsgentlereturnstowakandamarvelwakandabutisshunnedbyhispeopleevenhisownmotherduetohisrussianfatherhefindsheprefersthenewxmenscompanyeventhoughtheyannoyedhimandusinghispowershasputhislifeatfurtherriskanolecomicsanoleeventhoughhesacceptedinhishometownrejectshisnormallifewhenherealizesthathisexperienceswiththexmenhavelefthimtooviolentnorthstarmarvelcomicsnorthstarcomestohelphimadjustbutanoleleaveshisfamilypunchesnorthstarandclaimsthexmenruinedtheirlivesbynotlettingthemdonormalteenagethingsscalphuntermarvelcomicsscalphunterismakingalivingatadinerinthedesertwhenheisconfrontedbynightcrawlerwhohadappearedtokillhimbutdecidednottoasscalphunterismerelyacloneheinsteadtellshimtoredeemhimselfandaskforforgivenessbeforegodasfaithiswhatwillstophimbeingsoullessscalphunterislaterseenwearingacrosstakingtheadvicetohearthuskcomicshuskistakingcannonballbackhomewhentheystopforlunchcannonballdeliberatelygetsintoabarfightwithseveralmembersofthecabotfamilyquestionedbyhissisterherepliedthatheneededadangerroomhefliesoffleavinghuskbehindtoworryabouthismentalstatehellionmarvelcomicshellionawakensinacivilianhospitalwherehewastransferredemmafrosttellshimthatthexmenarenomoreandsoheseeksanotherfiguretofollowmagnetomagnetorejectshisservicebuttellshimtobereadyasmutancysnextwarmightcomesoonerthanhethinksbeastcomicsbeastreturnstotheruinedmansionwherehedestroysallofthexmensfilesonmutantsaroundtheworldhealsoremovesalloftheiradvancedtechnologyhefinallytakesmarthajohanssonnogirlwithhimandtheyleavetheruinsbehindmagikcomicsmagikisinhercastleinlimboandrecountsthatshewasanimpatientchildandplotstogethersoulbackatfirstsheplanstouseherbloodstonemedallionbutchangeshermindafterrememberingthelivesitruinedinsteadbyrememberingherrelationshipswithshadowcatandcolossusshetriestoreclaimhersoulthroughlovesheteleportstothemansionbutseesitinruinssadandangrysheresolvestofindthemissingpiecesofhersoulthroughthesufferingofthosethathavewrongedherinsteadforgecomicsforgereturnstotheeaglesnestruinedafterthebattlebetweencablecomicscableandbishopcomicsbishophestartstorepairthedamagewhenbishopreturnsandtakeshimoutwhenhereawakenshefindsthatbishophasstolenaroboticarmandallthenotesoncablestimetraveldevicehetriestorewritethenotesbutfailsduetoatimeparadoxheinsteadstartstosecuretheeaglesnestagainstfurtherattacktopreventhimselffrombeingvulnerableagainhavokcomicshavokisonaprisonplanetinshiarspacelisteningtothetorturedscreamsofpolariscomicspolarischodandrazalongknifevulcanmarvelcomicsvulcanappearsonamonitorandtauntshimbytellinghimtheeventsofmessiahcomplexhesaysthebabyandallofmutantkindshopeislosthavokdestroysthemonitorandsaysthatifonebabycanbebornsocananothermeaningthatthereisalwayshopedaniellemoonstarisrelaxingatherhomeinthemountainswhensurgecomicssurgearriveshavingrunallthewaytheresurgetellsdaniellewhathashappenedandhowshebelievesheractionsledtohellionsinjuriesdaniellesharesherexperiencesasanewmutantwithsurgeandrevealsthatthingswillalwaysgetbetterlikethedawningofanewdaysurgerepliesthateverydayhasasunsetissuesthefollowingissueshavebeenconfirmedtoberelatedtothestorylinerefnamefulllistnewsaramacommarvelnewxmendividedsolicitationshtmldividedwestandchecklistreffebruaryuncannyxmenrefnameuncxmenmarvelcomcatalogiduncannyxmenrefxmenlegacyrefnamexmenlegmarvelcomcatalogidxmenlegacyrefxforcerefnamexforcemarvelcomcatalogidxforcerefxfactorrefnamexfactormarvelcomcatalogidxfactorrefwolverinerefnamewolvmarvelcomcatalogidwolverinerefmarchuncannyxmenrefnameuncxmenmarvelcomcatalogiduncannyxmenrefxmenlegacyrefnamexmenlegmarvelcomcatalogxmenlegacyxmenlegacyrefcablerefnamecablemarvelcomcatalogidcablerefxfactorrefnamexfactormarvelcomcatalogidxfactorrefxforcerefnamexforcemarvelcomcatalogidxforcerefwolverinerefnamewolvmarvelcomcatalogidwolverinerefaprilxmendividedwestandbookofrefnamedividedmarvelcomcatalogiddividedwestandrefuncannyxmenrefnameuncxmenmarvelcomcatalogiduncannyxmenrefxmenlegacyrefnamexmenlegmarvelcomcatalogidxmenlegacyrefxfactorrefnamexfactormarvelcomcatalogidxfactorrefyoungxmenrefnameyounxmenmarvelcomcatalogidyoungxmenrefxforcerefnamexforcemarvelcomcatalogidxforcerefcablerefnamecablemarvelcomcatalogidcablerefwolverinerefnamewolvmarvelcomcatalogidwolverinerefmayxmendividedwestandbookofuncannyxmenxmenlegacyxfactoryoungxmenxforcecablewolverinejuneuncannyxmenxmenlegacyxfactoryoungxmencablejulyxmenlegacyyoungxmenxforcecableaugustyoungxmenxforcereferencesexternallinkslifelockinfoboxalbumnamexitostypegreatestartistalejandraguzmncoveralejandraguzmanexitosjpgaltreleasedaprilrecordedvenuestudiogenrelatinpoprockmusicrockrockenespaollengthlabelfonovisaproducerprevtitlesoyalejandraguzmanalbumsoyprevyearnexttitleellascantanasnextyearxitosisacompilationalbumbymexicansingeralejandraguzmnitwasreleasedbyherformerrecordlabelfonovisaandincludesfifteentracksrecordedbyherfromtotracklistingtracklisttitleeternamentebellawriterjosramnfloreslengthtitlellamaporfavorwritergianpietrodifelisattifloreslengthtitlehacerelamorconotrowriterdifelisatticonsueloaranglengthtitlesoytuyamiamorwriterraydavieslengthtitlediquesidiquenowriterconsueloarangolengthtitledametuamorwriterrichiecordelljoeylevinelengthtitleluzdelunawriterlorisceronimiguelblascofloreslengthtitledontbecruelnoseascruelwriterelvispresleyotisblackwelllengthtitlecuidadoconelcoraznwriterfloreslengthtitleungritoenlanochewriterconsueloarangolengthtitleicantgetnosatisfactionsatisfaccinwritermickjaggerkeithrichardslengthtitlemecuestamuchoamartewriterdifelisatticonsueloarangolengthtitlereinadecorazoneswriterfloreslengthtitleguantedesedawritermiguelblascofloreslengthtitlerosasrojaswriterfloreslengthpersonnelalejandraguzmnnbspvocalscorkyjamesnbspacousticguitarbasselectricguitarfengxiaogangbambooshootredirectcategoryshellbambooshootredirectcategoryshellbambooshootbambooshootshchumeshubaijiumaotaimaotaimaotaimaotaigiantpandaxiaolongbaothexfilesiwanttobelievegreenteagreenteagreenteablackteamahjongrcatshellmahjongrcatshellmahjongrcatshellkoreanairchinaairlineslongmarchrocketfamilylongmarchrocketfamilycathaypacificsickmanofasiasickmanofasiajapanairsystemsingaporeairlinesasianaairlinesyokohamachinatownoolongoolongoolongoolongdisambiguationoolongcommandconquerredalertmultiplayerthexxiiidemarzogroupwasoneoftheblackshirtsblackshirtunitssenttospainduringthespanishcivilwartomakeupthecorpotruppevolontariecorpsofvolunteertroopsorctvthisunitwasattachedtothendccnndivisionfiammenereduringthebattleofguadalajarainmarchfollowingthatdefeatitwassenttovizcayainaprilwiththeflechasnegrasmixedbrigadeandgroupsofctvcorpsartillerybattleofguadalajaramarchindependentgroupxxiiimarchconsoleenricofranciscithgrupodebanderasconsolefrancescogidonibanderatorostsenioremariobertonibanderabisontestseniorefiorentinibanderabufalostseniorepierobolognabatteryengineersectionthgrupodebanderasconsoleenricofranciscibanderalupiseniorenellobrogibanderaimplacabilesenioredipucciobanderaardentestseniorespangarobatteryengineersectionvizcayaaprilagrupacinxxiiidemarzoconsoleenricofranciscithbatteryivgrupodebanderasbanderabufalobanderabisontebanderatorobatterymortarplatoonvgrupodebanderasbanderaimplacabilebanderaardentebanderalupibatterymortarplatooncarabinieriplatoonbanderadecomplementotheblackshirtcamicien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tedeathplacespousecuizhengknownforcivilrightsadvocacyoccupationlegalscholarreligionalmamaterlanzhouuniversitypekinguniversityxuzhiyongbornisachinesecivilrightsactivistandformerlyalectureratthebeijinguniversityofpostandtelecommunicationshewasoneofthefoundersofthengoopenconstitutioninitiativeandanactiverightslawyerinchinawhohelpedthoseunderprivilegedheisthemainfounderandiconofthenewcitizensmovementchinanewcitizensmovementinchinainjanuaryhewassentencedtofouryearsinprisonforgatheringcrowdstodisruptpublicorderrefnamebbcbbccouknewsworldasiachinachinacourtsentencesxuzhiyongtofouryearsinjailbbcnewsjanuaryrefpersonallifexuwasborninminquancountyhenanprovinceinheismarriedtocuizhengajournalisttheirdaughterwasbornonjanuarywhilexuwasinadetentioncenterfacingtrialcareerandactivismxureceivedhisbacheloroflawdegreefromlanzhouuniversityinanddoctoroflawdegreefrombeijinguniversityinthegongmengerainhewaselectedtothehaidiandistricthaidiandistrictpeoplescongressasanindependentpoliticsindependenthewonthereelectioninhoweverintheelectionxusnamewaspulledoffthecandidatelistbuthestillgatheredmorethanvotesoutofvotersinhisdistrictunlikeotherhumanrightsactivistsxufirmlyandcarefullypushedhiscallsforpoliticalchangeandsocialjusticeinexistinglawsandhisgrouphasbeenregardedasrelativelycautiousandconservativeinhisrecentinterviewbeforehisarresthedescribedhisdreamcquoteiwishourcountrycouldbeafreeandhappyoneeverycitizenneednotgoagainsttheirconscienceandcanfindtheirownplacebytheirvirtueandtalentsasimpleandhappysocietywherethegoodnessofhumanityisexpandedtothemaximumandtheevilnessofhumanityisconstrainedtotheminimumhonestytrustkindnessandhelpingeachotherareeverydayoccurrencesinlifethereisnotsomuchangerandanxietyapuresmileoneveryonesfacexuzhiyongchinadigitaltimesnetbrotherchineseactivistheldfortaxevasionchinadigitaltimesthegongmengincidentinjulyhewasarrestedathishomeanddetainedbychineseauthoritiesonchargesoftaxevasionatthesametimexuscolleaguezhuangluwasalsoarrestedbyauthoritiesrefnamereleasereftheopenconstitutioninitiativewhichxucofoundedwasfinedmillionrenminbirmbonjulyfordodgingtaxesandwasshutdownbytheauthoritiesbydeclaringitillegalxuzhiyongwasreleasedonbailonaugusttheaustraliannewspapertheagereportedthatthereleaseofxuzhuangandanotherchinesedissidentilhamtohtiwasinpartduetopressureonbeijingfromtheadministrationofamericanpresidentbarackobamarefnameagecitenewsauthorjohngarnautworktheageurltheagecomauworldobamabehindreleaseofchineseactivistsewhihtmltitleobamabehindreleaseofchineseactivistsaccessdateaugustlocationmelbournedaterefpostgongmengeraandthenewcitizensmovementaftergongmengwasshutdownxuzhiyongandsupportersadoptedthenamecitizenstocontinuetheircauseinmayxuformallyestablishedthenewcitizensmovementandnewcitizensspiritasthehighlevelconceptoftheiractivisminxuzhiyongwasplacedunderhousearrestformorethanthreemonthsbeforebeingformallyarrestedonaugusthistrialstartedonjanxuandhislawyerzhangqingfangremainedsilentthroughoutthetrialexceptforhisclosingstatementtoprotesttheviolationofbasiclegalprocedurexusclosingstatementwascutshortbythejudgebutthetextwascirculatedontheinternetandraisedtremendoussupportonjanuaryxuwassentencedtofouryearsinprisonforgatheringcrowdstodisruptpublicorderxuislistedinstopglobalthinkersbyforeignpolicyrefnameforeignpolicyrefprominentwritingsandspeechesxuzhiyongsclosingstatementincourtjanchineserfifreaeabeaebebfebbebebaadeeafdefbcaeceeebbaebaeaaebcbeacebcbebchinesechinachangeorgforfreedomjusticeandlovemyclosingstatementtothecourtenglishtranslatedbychinachangeorgthelasttenyearschinasrightsmovementthroughtheworkofgongmengxuzhiyongblogspotcomblogposthtmlchinesechinachangeorgthelasttenyearsenglishtranslatedbychinachangeorgatriptongabathetibetanprefectureinnorthernsichuanprovincewheremanytibetanshaveselfimmolatedoverthelastfouryearsorsoashorterversionoftheessaywaspublishedinthenewyorktimesindecemberxuzhiyongblogspotcomblogposthtmlchinesechinachangeorgngabaenglishtranslatedbychinachangeorgnewcitizensmovementamanifestopublishedonmayxuzhiyongblogspotcomblogposthtmlchinesechinachangeorgchinaneedsanewcitizensmovementxuzhiyongseaebebfebbcontroversialessayenglishtranslatedbychinachangeorgseealsoweiquanmovementnewcitizensmovementchinareferencesexternallinksxuzhiyongblogspotcomxuzhiyongsblogspotpageinchineseplusgooglecomxuzhiyongsgooglepageverifiedwebarchiveorgwebxuzhiyongorgxuzhiyongorgxuzhiyongssupporterpagenewyorkercomonlineblogsevanosnoswhereisxuzhiyonghtmlwhereisxuzhiyongthenewyorkerjulytwittercomgongmengocigongmengopenconstitutioninitiativeontwitterfreexuzhiyongblogspotcomfreexuzhiyongnewsblognytimescomworldasiachinahtmlrscpsqxuzhiyongstcsechinesepublicinterestlawyerchargedamidcrackdownthenewyorktimesaugustdemickbarbarabeijingfreeslegalactivistxuzhiyonglosangelestimesaugustlatimescomnewsnationworldnationlafgchinadissidentsaugstoryyoutubecomwatchvrkdnvacgfeaturerelatedchinesexuzhiyongradiocoahuilaradiocoahuilaradiocoahuilaradiocoahuilaradiocoahuilaradiocoahuilatwostationsinmexicobearthecallsignxhpchbotharepartofstateradioandtelevisionservicesxhpchtvinpi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lbeitwithdifferentsectorsandalienlifepresenttheterranracearefaraheadoftheotherracestechnologicallybutremaincautiousalmosttothepointofxenophobiasometerransbegintointegratewiththecommonwealthsectorsandadialogueformsbetweengovernmentsduringaroutinepatrolinthesolarsystemtheplayeriscalledtobattleintheneptunesystemwherexenonareattackingusingspecialbeaconstheywereabletojumpdeepintothesolarsystemwithoutuseofajumpgateduringthebattleasmallunmannedaerialvehicledronestealsinformationfromaterranstationanddeliversittoanargonshipintheplutosectorwhichusesajumpdrivetoescapethesolarsystemtheplayeristaskedwithinvestigatingtheoddactivityofthexenonwhoappeartobeunderinfluenceoftheunknowncharacterthexenonandpiratefactionsarefoundtobecoordinatingattackstoraidshipsforvaluableresourcesnewshipsbegintoappearwhichresembletheoriginalformofterraformersattackingshipsoftheboronracetheplayeraidsthedeliveryofterraformerwreckagetoterranscientistswhodeducethattheseshipsareremakesbasedoncommonwealthtechnologycaptainrobertpearleanundercoverterranoperativehasvaluableinformationabouttheoriginoftheseterraformershipsbuthehasbeendiscoveredandarrestedbyargonforcestheplayermeetsupwithfellowterranagentpatriciaheywoodtorescuepearlefromanargonmilitarysectorwhenpearlehasrecoveredheaccompaniestheplayeronamissiontosplitspacewheretheterraformersarerumouredtobebuiltamakeshiftmobilefactoryisdiscoveredandcapturedbyterranforcesandseveralsplitscientistsarecapturedunderinterrogationoneofthescientistsmentionsthenamealdrinaldrinwasacolonyoftheterransestablishedbeforetheterraformerwarthecolonistsmanagedtoshutdowntheirjumpgateandsafeguardtheirterraformersfromthesoftwareerroraldrinwaspresumedlostduringthewarascientistfromtheoriginalterraformerprojectnamedmartinwintershadsurvivedthecenturiesbycryogenicallyfreezinghimselfindeepspaceherediscoveredtheexistenceofaldrinandsettoworktorecreatetheterraformerprojectusingthepreservedterraformersinthatsectortheterranslaunchanoffensivebyreverseengineeringajumpbeacontojumpafleettoaldrintheyfindaterraformercpushipundercontrolofwintersandthealdrinpeoplesuppressedduetowintersinfluenceontheterraformersafleetofxenonshipsjoinsthebattleagainsttheterransdefendingwintersaboardingpartysuccessfullytakescontrolofthecpushipandwintersagainmakesanescapetheplayeristaskedwithescortingaldrindignitariestotheearthtorusmakingtheearthsectoropentotheplayerfouradditionalplotlinesareavailablefortheplayertopursueeachisfullyvoicedandunlocksseveraluniquefeaturesandassetsdevelopmentxterranconflictisastandaloneexpansionofxreunionbasedinthesameuniverseandusingthesameenginexreunionhadseveralpopularfanmademodcomputergamingmodsthemostpopularofwhichwasnamedthextendedmodthemodwascreatedbyateamofartistsmusiciansandmoddersandaddednewcontentandfunctionalitytothegamextmreceivedattentionfromegosoftwhointerviewedmembersoftheteamandhostedthemodforfuturedownloadsxterranconflicthasseveralassetsusedbythextmmodandseveralmembersofthextmteamworkedcloselywithegosofttodevelopthegamefollowingtheannouncementofthegameseveralscreenshotsandvideosweremadeavailableshowinggameplaynewfeaturesandcontentateasertrailerforxterranconflictwasmadeavailableonemonthafterthegamewasannounceditfeaturedseveralnewshipsstationsweaponsystemsandgraphicaleffectsterranshipswhichwerefirstseeninxreunionsfinalemadeanappearanceinthistraileraseriesoffourinformativegameplayvideoswereslowlyreleasedthroughoutthecourseofdevelopmenttheyweretitledaftereachofthegamesmaingameplaypremisestradefightbuildandthinkthesevideosfeaturedanarrativeintroducingseveralnewfeaturesinterranconflictthefirstvideoentitledbuildwasmadeavailableonjulyfocusingonstationconstructionandplayerprogressionthisvideorevealstheexistenceofnewstationsandshipclassesaswellasanewgameplayfeaturetocontrollargenumbersofshipsthisvideoconfirmsthattheplayerheadquarterswhichwasintroducedinxreunionversionisavailableinxterranconflictadeveloperblogwasmadeavailabledocumentingseveralexperienceswiththegamedevelopmentbyseveralteammembersanxtmandxterranconflictdeveloperbobbywilkinsonknowninthexcommunityassyklonwasthefirsttopostdetailingsomenewaspectsofthegamereleasethegamewasannouncedashavinggonegoldonseptemberthereleasewasthenpushedbacktwiceduetoproductiondelaysfinallyfallingonoctobertwoweeksaftertheinitialreleasedateofoctobersomecopiesofterranconflicthadbecomeavailableseveraldaysbeforethereleasedatethesteamversionwasactivatedonthethtocoincidewiththereleaseofthefirstupdatethereleaseversionwasegosoftlaterconfirmedthatashippingerrorhadcausedthisxterranconflictversionwasreleasedinnorthamericaonaprilxgameseriesxgoldxgoldthebundlepackcontainingxterranconflictandxreunionwasreleasedonaprilupdatesthefirstupdateforxterranconflictbroughtmanyimprovementsonoctoberegosoftreleasedthefirstpatchforthegameawholenewmissiontoscanforvaluableasteroidsenabledmousecontrolinexternalviewmodewhenatargetislostthenearestenemyistargetedautomaticallyimprovedboardingcrewfunctionalityvariousimprovementsintheuserinterfaceaswellasseveralotherimprovementsandfixesversionwasavailabletosteamusersassoonasthegamewasactivatedwhereasseveraldvdusersplayedwithversionforseveraldaysbeforetheupdatewasavailabletheupdateaddedanewmissionimprovedseveralfeaturesandfixedvariousissuesondecemberegosoftreleasedasecondpatchupdatingthegametoversionandondecembertheyreleasedathirdpatchupdatingthegametoversionitwasannouncedfromegosoftanopenbetaonjanuaryforversionofterranconflictwhichwasavailabletoforummemberswhohavevolunteeredtobepartofthedevelopernetworkcontainsawholenewmissionnewstationsandnewsectorsitwasmadeavailablefordownloadaprilduetoapackingerrorawasmadeavailableshortlyafterinitialreleasetofixaproblemonjunetheyreleasedthesixthpatchupdatingthegametoversionandonoctoberitwasaseventhpatchreleasedupdatingthegametoversionthispatchalongwithnumerousfixesandimprovementsremovedthetagscopyprotectionegosofthasreleasedaneighthpatchonaprilupdatingthegametoversionthispatchintroducedachievementswiththesteamsoftwaresteamclientbeforereleaseofvalvecorporationvalveenabledxterranconflictdvduserstoregistertheirgameonsteamsotheycouldalsousetheachievementsystemalsobroughtnumerousfixesandimprovementsafterthiseightpatchreleasedegosoftonjunetheninthpatchanditupdatingthegametoversionthiswasfollowedonjunebythepatchversionfixingseveralminorissuesegosoftreleasedthetenthpatchonoctoberupdatingthegametoversionitbringsanewplotmissioncalledbalanceofpowerwhichwasspeciallydevelopedasafeatureforthexsuperboxalsofeaturedintheupdateisarewardfortheoperationfinalfuryplotupdatealsofeaturesthedeadisdeadgameplaymodeforxterranconflictwhichisonlyavailabletoplayerswhoplaythroughthesteamclientafurtherupdatewasreleasedonaprilforthewindowsversionandonmarchforthemacosxversionalastupdatewasreleasedonaprilthaddingcontrollersupportandprovidingbugfixesdigitalrightsmanagementuntiltheremovalofdigitalrightsmanagementintheupdatexterranconflictusedtagsascopypreventionforthedvdversionsofthegamethedvdwasrequiredtobeinthedrivetostartthegameforonlinedistributionversionofthegameincludingsteamthenumberofinstallationswaslimitedtomachinesmoreactivationswereavailablebycontactingeitheregosoftorvalvereceptionvideogamereviewstitlexterranconflictaggregatorsgrrefnamegrrefmcrefnamemetacriticscorerefreviewersallgamerefnameallgamerefignrefnameignreviewrefrevgamesharkrevscorebrefnamegamesharkreviewrefrevgamevortexrevscorerefnamegamevortexreviewrefonreleasexterranconflictwasgenerallywellreceivedbycriticsandscoredverywellonreviewaggregatorwebsitesincludingaoutofonmetacriticaongamerankingsallgameawardeditoutofandsaidxterranconflictcontinuesgermandeveloperegosoftslongrunningseriesofspacecombatgamesinwhichplayersfightmanageanintergalacticcorporationandexplorethexuniverseinanattempttoreturnhometoearthignrevieweditandgaveoutofpossiblepointsgordgoblesreviewalsospokewellofthegamescontentsimultaneouslypraisingthegameplayandthedepictionofthelifeofanentrepreneurialspacemancriticismincludedslowframerateonhighsettingshighlearningcurveinconvenientcontrolslackofmultiplayerbadvoiceactingandpoorstoryalthoughthecriticsmentionthattheseverityofmostofthefrustrationswerenoticeablyreducedwhencomparedtopreviousgamesofthexseriesseealsolistofpcgamesreferencesexternallinkspleasedonotaddmassesoflinkshereonlyadddatabaseorinformationsitesorofficialsitesnotfansitesorunofficialcommunitiespleaseseethetalkpagexwikicomxwikiengxtcnetxtcmapinteractivemapoftheuniversexterranconflictdexspieleseriexterranconflictziusudrainfoboxfrenchcommunenamexaintraycommunestatuscommunesoffrancecommunearrondissementniortcantonautizegrayinseepostalcodemayorbernardberniertermintercommunalitycommunautdecommunesvaldegtinecoordinateselevationmelevationminmelevationmaxmareakmpopulationpopulationdatexaintrayisacommunesoffrancecommuneinthedeuxsvresdepartmentsoffrancedepartmentinwesternfranceseealsocommunesofthedeuxsvresdepartmentreferenceswebarchiveorgwebinseefrenhomehomepageaspinseeormayrefertojapaneseryajapaneseunitofweightandcurrencyusingkobanjapanesegoldcoinkoreanyangthecurrencyofkoreabetweenandlingortaelachineseunitofweightandcurrencyusingsilveringotscalledsyceezhxraycrystaltruncationrodfebruaryxterranconflictxterranconflictxingrongjietraditionalchinesepinyinxingrongjiendashnovemberwasanarmyfoundinggeneralinchinaxingwasborninheipeichinaandstartedhiscareerinthearmyinasamissioncommanderofthedefendgroupwhichjoinedthechineserepublicarmyinduringthesecondsinojapanesewarxingservedinthefollowingcapacitiesworkedasthecaptainofjiwestguerrillasservedascommandchiefofstaffandcommanderofthethirddetachmentyujichiefofstaffoftheantijapanesevolunteerarmiesantijapanesevolunteerarmytaihangfifthmilitaryregionchiefofstaffofthemilitarysubdistrictchiefofstaffofthethmilitarysubdistrictduringthewarofliberationxingservedinthefollowingcapacitiesdistrictchiefofstaffofthefifthmilitaryregionofdahengchiefofstaffofthesixthcolumnjinjilushufieldarmybrigadecaptainofcentralplainsareamilitaryuniversitycommanderofthethdvivsionafterthefoundingofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxingbecamethecommanderoftherdcorpscommanderofthemilitarysubdistrictofeastsichuanfulingmilitaryregionprofessortacticaltrainersanddeputydirectorofthetrainingdepartmentofthenanjingmilitaryacademymilitaryattacheofsocialistrepublicofvietnamembassycommanderofshaanximilitarydistrictinxingwaspromotedtotherankofmajorgeneralthefirstgroupofgeneralsinchinahewaslistedoneofthefoundinggeneralsinchinaduringhiscareerxingwasawardedthemedaloffreedomofindependentandtheindependentliberationmedaltaelredirectcategoryshellryredirectcategoryshellimkwontaeknicholastsececiliacheungceciliacheungshipcaptainandcrewdanielwachsmannredirectcategoryshellxjkennedyxoexperiencexsexoexperiencexsexoexperiencexterranconflictdrugboxverifiedfieldschangedverifiedrevidiupacnamechlorondimethylphenylhydroxysulfamoylbenzamideimagexipamidesvgimagexipamideballspngclinicaldatatradenamedrugscompregnancyauabbbcdxpregnancyusabcdxpregnancycategorycontraindicationlegalaussssssssorunscheduledlegalcascheduleiiiiiiivvviviiviiilegalukgslppomcdorclassabclegalusotcrxonlyscheduleiiiiiiivvlegalstatusrxroutesofadministrationoralpharmacokineticdatabioavailabilityproteinboundmetabolismglucuronideeliminationhalflifetohoursexcretionrenalandbiliaryidentifiersiupharligandcasnumberrefcasnumberatcprefixcatcsuffixbaatcsupplementalpubchemdrugbankrefdrugbankuniirefuniiseynueckeggrefkeggdchemblrefchemblchemspideridrefchemspideridstdinchirefstdinchischclnoschhhhhstdinchikeyrefstdinchikeymtzbbnmlmnbnjluhfffaoysanchemicaldatachemicalformulachclnosmolecularweightgmolsmilesccccccccncoccccccoclsoonxipamideisasulfonamidediureticdrugmarketedbyelilillyandcompanyelilillyunderthetradenamesaquaphoringermanyandaquaphorilinaustriaitisusedforthetreatmentofoedemaandhypertensionmechanismofactionlikethestructurallyrelatedthiazidediureticsxipamideactsonthekidneystoreducesodiumreabsorptioninthedistalconvolutedtubulethisincreasestheosmolarityinthelumenanatomylumencausinglesswatertobereabsorbedbythecollectingductsthisleadstoincreasedurinaryoutputunlikethethiazidesxipamidereachesitstargetfromtheperitubularsidebloodsideadditionallyitincreasesthesecretionofpotassiuminthedistaltubuleandcollectingductsinhighdosesitalsoinhibitstheenzymecarbonicanhydrasewhichleadstoincreasedsecretionofbicarbonateandalkalizestheurineunlikewiththiazidesonlyterminalrenalfailurerendersxipamideineffectiverefnamearzneistoffprofilerefusesxipamideisusedforcardiacoedemacausedbyheartfailureacutedecompensationdecompensationofheartfailurerenaloedemachronicrenaldiseasebutnotwithanuriahepaticoedemacausedbycirrhosisasciteslymphoedemahypertensionincombinationwithchronicrenaldiseasepharmacokineticsafteroraladministrationnbspmgofxipamideareresorbedquicklyandreachthepeakplasmaconcentrationofnbspmglwithinanhourthediureticeffectstartsaboutanhourafteradministrationreachesitspeakbetweenthethirdandsixthhourandlastsfornearlyhoursonethirdofthedoseisglucuronidationglucuronidizedtherestisexcreteddirectlythroughthekidneyandthefaecesthetotalplasmaclearanceismlminxipamidecanbefiltratedbyhaemodialysisbutnotbyperitonealdialysisdosageinitiallynbspmgitcanbereducedtonbspmgtopreventarelapsethelowesteffectivedoseisnbspmgmorethannbspmghavenoadditionaleffectsadverseeffectsmorethanofallpatientshypokalaemiawhichcanleadtonauseamuscularweaknessorcrampsandecgabnormitiestohyponatraemiawhichcanleadtoheadachenauseadrowsinessorconfusionorthostatichypotensioninitiallyincreaseofureauricacidandcreatininewhichcanleadtoagoutattackinpredisposedpatientstoallergicreactionsoftheskinhyperlipidaemialessthanhaemorrhagicpancreatitisacuteinterstitialnephritisthrombocytopenialeucopeniacontraindicationsanuriapraecomaandcomahepaticumhypovolemiahyponatremiahypokalemiahypercalcemiagoutsulfonamidemedicinesulfonamidehypersensitivitypregnancylactationperiodinteractionsnotrecommendedcombinationsxipamidelowerstherenalclearanceoflithiumpharmacologylithiumwhichcanleadtolithiumintoxicationrefnameaustriacodexrefthisinteractionisclassifiedasmediumrefnamearzneimittelinteraktionenrefcombinationsrequiringspecialprecautionstheproductinformationrequestsspecialprecautionsforthesecombinationstheantihypertensiveeffectcanbeincreasedbyaceinhibitorsbarbituratesphenothiazinestricyclicantidepressantsalcoholetcclassifiedasminornsaidscanreducetheantihypertensiveanddiureticeffectsxipamideincreasestheneurotoxicityofhighdosesofsalicylatesclassifiedasminortoxicityofcardiacglycosidesisincreasedduetohypokalemiaandhypomagnesemiaclassifiedasminorantiarrhythmicagentsclassesiaandiiiphenothiazinesandotherantipsychoticsincreasetheriskoftorsadesdepointesduetohypokalemiainteractionsnotincludedintheproductinformationxipamidecanreducetheeffectofantidiabeticsclassifiedasminorbanneduseinsportonjulycyclistfrnkschleckwasremovedfromthetourdefrancebyhisteamradioshacknissanafterhisasamplereturnedtracesofxipamidereferencesdmitrymedvedevredirectcategoryshelldmitrymedvedevredirectcategoryshellinfoboxboxeramateurnamexaviernolimageimagesizecaptionfullnamexaviernolnicknamesnationalityweightclasswelterweightclubvgasaintmaurdesfosssbirthdatebirthplacelesabymespointepitredeathdatedeathplaceheightweightmedaltemplatesxaviernoelbornjulyinlesabymespointepitreguadeloupeisafrenchwelterweight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rtedtobeanenlargedhwithunderwingenginesbuttheprojectwascanceledinbeforethebomberwentintoproductiondevelopmentoriginallyproposedbyxianaircraftindustrialcorporationxianaircraftfactoryinjuneasaenginedversionofxianhakahidesignbeguninfebruaryaftertheproposalwasgrantedbythestateinpeoplesliberationarmyairforceplaafissuedadditionalrequirementofincorporatingcapabilityagainstseatargetsandformallyjointtheprojectbytheendofthefirstsamplewascompletedandthemaidenflightwasfollowedinjanuarytheaircraftwasabletoclimbfasterthanhandtherangeisalsoincreasedbyathirdtonbspkmmoreweaponscouldbecarriedincludingbombsofvarioussizessizingfromnbspkgtothemassivetononesthebombbaywassizedatnbspmeterxnbspmeterxnbspmetercapableofholdingamaximumoftonsofordnanceieofthetonbombsthoughtoachievemaximumrangethepayloadhadtobegreatlyreducedtotonsnuclearbombscouldalsobecarriedaswellasantishipandlandattackmissilesandinthelatterconfigurationatotalmissilesarecarriedoneundereachwingandathirdsemiburiedinthebombbaythepermanentweaponoftheaircraftisatailgunmountincorporatingatwinnbspmmgunthecrewtotaledseatedintwoseparatepressurizedcompartmentspilotmissioncommandercopilotflightengineernavigatorobserverandbombardierflightmechanicwereseatedintheforwardpressurizedcompartmentwhiletheelectronicswarfarecommunicationofficerandtailgunnerassistantcommunicationofficerseatedinthepressurizedcompartmentinthereartheavionicsoftheaircraftborrowedheavilyfromthereverseengineeringsimilaramericansystemsobtainedfromcapturedorshotdownunitedstatesofamericaamericanaircraftprovidedbynorthvietnamduringafterthevietnamwarvariantsxianhiprototypeofxianhpoweredbyrollsroycespeymkenginesoriginallypurchasedasspareenginesforhawkersiddeleytridentboughtpreviouslybychinaprogramfirstbeguninandmaidenflightwasmadeinwithstatecertificationreceivedinthefollowingyearandthedesignationsubsequentlychangedtoxianhsomewherebetweenandasitwaspreparedtoenterseriesproductionincomparisontotheoriginalhthefuselageislengthenedandtheenginesarerearrangedtobecarriedinindividualpodsunderthewingsferryrangeisincreasedtonbspkmwithstandardpayloadandcombatradiusisincreasedtoovernbspkmwithnuclearpayloadxianhfollowonofxianhiwhichreplacedtherollsroycespeymkengineswithfourwsjtypeturbofanstoreduceoperationalcostandtosimplifylogisticshoweverthiswasnotenoughtosavetheprogramandduringmassivemilitarydownsizingintheschinacancelledtheprograminbeforethestartofthescheduledproductionabackupdesignusedsixprattandwhitneyjtdturbofansnonewerebuiltinternetspeculationhasdescribedthehbomberasanewadvancedchinesestealthaircraftbutitisunlikelythatchinahassuchanaircraftinservicespecificationsaircraftspecificationsifyoudonotunderstandhowtousethistemplatepleaseaskatwikipediatalkwikiprojectaircraftpleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsplaneorcopterplanejetorpropjetrefnowfilloutthespecspleaseincludeunitswhereappropriatemaincomesfirstaltinparenthesesifanitemdoesntapplylikecapacityleaveitblankforadditionallinesendyouraltunitswitharightparenthesisandstartanewfullyformattedlinebeginningwithanasteriskcrewlengthmainmeterslengthaltfeetspanmainmetersspanaltfeetheightmainmetersheightaltfeetareamainmareaaltftemptyweightmainkgemptyweightaltlbloadedweightmainkgloadedweightaltlbmaxtakeoffweightmainkgmaxtakeoffweightaltlbenginejetshenyangwsjtypeofjetturbofansnumberofjetsthrustmainknthrustaltlbmaxspeedmainkmhmaxspeedaltmphcruisespeedmainkmatlowtomediumaltitudekmathighaltitudecruisespeedaltmilesatlowtomediumaltitudemilesathighaltituderangemainkmwithtonpayloadrangealtmilesferryrangemainkmferryrangealtmilescombatradiusmainkmcombatradiusaltmilesceilingmainmceilingaltftclimbratemainmsclimbratealtftminloadingmainloadingaltthrustweightmoreperformancegunsbrnrcannonsinmannedtailturretbombskglboffreefallweaponsreferencesthehankyorehxiejunxiejunnforceinfoboxdamnamexiangjiabadamimageimagecaptionnameofficialdamcrossesjinshariverlocationyunnandamtypegravitydamlengthdamheightdamwidthbasespillwaytypespillwaycapacityconstructionbegannovemberopeningstatusocostownerresnamerescapacitytotalrescatchmentressurfaceresmaxdepthplantoperatorchinayangtzepowerplantturbinesmwmwmegawattmwfrancistypeplantcapacitymegawattmwplantannualgentwhplantcommissionplantdecommissionlocationmapchinalocationmapcaptioncoordinateswebsiteextrathexiangjiabadamisalargegravitydamonthejinshariveratributaryoftheyangtzeriverinyunnanprovinceandsichuanprovincesouthwestpeoplesrepublicofchinachinathefacilityhaseightfrancisturbinesfourwithacapacityofmwandfourratedattotallinganinstalledcapacityofxiangjiabadamischinasthirdbiggesthydropowerstationfollowingthreegorgesdamandxiluodudamconstructionstartedonnovemberanditsfirstgeneratorwascommissionedinoctoberthelastgeneratorwascommissionedonjulytheoutputofthegeneratingstationisconnectedtoanbspkvhvdclinkthexiangjiabashanghaihvdcsystemwhichtransmitsmuchofthepowertoshanghaiseealsolistofpowerstationsinchinareferencesinfoboxdamnamexiaowandamimageimagecaptionnameofficialdamcrosseslocationdamtypearchdoublecurvaturedamlengthdamheightdamwidthcrestdamwidthbaserefnamespecsrefplanthydraulicheadmaxdamvolumed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urdsthatclaimedthelivesofhundredsofthousandsofpeopletheunreportsthatalthoughchristianscompriselessthanofiraqspopulationtheymakeupnearlyoftherefugeesfleeingiraqmorethanofiraqichristianshavealreadyleftthecountrysinceiraqschristiancommunitynumberedmillionintheearlysatthestartofiraniraqwarbutastheinvasionofiraqinvasionhasradicalizedislamicsensibilitieschristianstotalnumbersslumpedtoaboutofwhomliveinbaghdadfurthermorethemandaeansmandaeanandyazidicommunitiesareattheriskofeliminationduetoethniccleansingbyislamismislamicextremistsamayarticlenotesthatintheprevioussevenmonthsonlypeoplefromiraqhadbeengrantedimmigrationtotheunitedstatesasylumforrefugeesrefugeestatusintheunitedstatesisraelonfebruarytheunitednationscommitteeontheeliminationofracialdiscriminationwillconsiderthereportsubmittedbyisraelunderarticleoftheinternationalconventionontheeliminationofallformsofracialdiscriminationthereportstatesthatracialdiscriminationisprohibitedinisraelthestateofisraelcondemnsallformsofracialdiscriminationanditsgovernmenthasmaintainedaconsistentpolicyprohibitingsuchdiscriminationcaputithisreportwaschallengedbyseveralreportssubmittedtothecommitteebyotherbodiesmostofwhicharefrommuslimstrongorarabmajoritysovereignstatestatesadalahthelegalcenterforarabminorityrightsinisraelanarabadvocacygrouphasallegedthatthestateofisraelpursuesdiscriminatorylandandhousingpoliciesagainstarabscitizensofisraelandthattheneedsofarabscitizensofisraelaresystematicallydisregardedthroughoutjewishisraelisocietyandparticularlyamongtheyouthantiarabsentimenthasspikedmanifestingitselfintheformofrisinghatecrimespublicopinionpollsandhatefulcommentsfromhighprofileknessetmembersthenewspaperhaaretzhasprominentlywrittenletsfaceitisraelhasaracismproblemjordanracismissometimesmanifestedinfootballwheresomepeopleintheaudiencecausefactiousaffairssincejordaniansusuallysupportalfaisalyfootballclubandpalestinianssupportalwehdatlebanonlebanonhasbeenaccusedofpracticingapartheidagainstpalestinianresidentsrefnametoamehpostiikhaledabutoamehjpostcommiddleeastarticleaspxidwherestheinternationaloutcryagainstarabapartheidmarchjerusalempostrefrefnamemcohnmartinreggcohnthestarcomopinioneditorialopinionarticlecohnnotallapartheidiscreatedequalnotallapartheidiscreatedequalthestarmarchrefrefnamemassoudadiamassoudtheguardiancomcommentisfreemayfightinginlebanonleftinlebanontheguaradianmayrefrefnameleedspscleedspalestinesoidaritycampaignleedspscorgukpjunerefaccordingtohumanrightswatchinparliamentpassedalawprohibitingpalestiniansfromowningpropertyarighttheyhadfordecadeslebaneselawalsorestrictstheirabilitytoworkinmanyareasinlebanoneliminatedabanonpalestiniansholdingmostclericalandtechnicalpositionsprovidedtheyobtainatemporaryworkpermitfromthelaborministrybutmorethanhighlevelprofessionsremainofflimitstopalestiniansfewpalestinianshavebenefitedfromthereformthoughinonlyofmorethanpermitsissuedtononlebanesewereforpalestinianscivilsocietygroupssaymanypalestinianschoosenottoapplybecausetheycannotaffordthefeesandseenoreasontopayaportionoftheirsalarytowardthenationalsocialsecurityfundsincelebaneselawbarspalestiniansfromreceivingsocialsecuritybenefitsrefnamehrwhumanrightswatchhrworgennewslebanonseizeopportunityenddiscriminationagainstpalestinianslebanonseizeopportunitytoenddiscriminationagainstpalestiniansremoverestrictionsonowningpropertyandworkingjunerefinpalestiniansweregrantedthesamerightstoworkasotherforeignersinthecountryomanomanisocietyislargelytribaltwooftheseidentitiesaretribalismandibadismthethirdidentityislinkedtomaritimetradethefirsttwoidentitiesarewidespreadintheinteriorofomantheseidentitiesarecloselytriedtotraditionasaresultoflengthyperiodsofisolationthethirdidentitywhichpertainstomuscatandthecoastalareasofomanisanidentitythathasbecomeembodiedinbusinessandtradeconsequentlythethirdidentityisgenerallyseentobemoreopenandtoleranttowardsothersthustensionbetweensocioculturalgroupsinomanisocietyexistsmoreimportantlyistheexistenceofsocialinequalitybetweenthesethreegroupsaccordingtotheciaomanspopulationprimarilyconsistsofarabsarabbalochpeoplebaluchidesisouthasianindianpakistanisrilankanbangladeshiandethnicgroupsofafricaafricanethnicgroupsrefnamepoprefthedescendantsofservanttribesandslavesarevictimsofwidespreaddiscriminationomanwastheoneofthelastnationsonearthtoabolishslaveryinitisbelievedthatmigrantworkersinomanaretreatedbetterthaninotherarabstatesofthepersiangulftheplightofdomesticworkersinomanisataboosubjectrefnametaboorefeverydaysanindianmigrantinomancommitssuicidetherehasbeenacampaignurgingauthoritiestocheckthemigrantsuicideratepalestinevariouspalestinianorganizationsandindividualshavebeenregularlyaccusedofbeingantisemetichowardgutmanbelievesthatmuchofmuslimhatredofjewsstemsfromtheongoingarabisraeliconflictandthatpeacewouldsignificantlyreduceantisemitismsaudiarabiaracismagainstforeignersnoncitizensracisminsaudiarabiaagainstlaborworkerswhoareforeignersmostlyfromdevelopingcountriesasiansmaidshavebeenpersecutedvictimsofracismanddiscriminationinthecountryforeignworkershavebeenrapedexploitedunderorunpaidphysicallyabuseddiscriminationagainstthehistoricallyurbanizedsaudicitizensofnontribalistnonbedouinoriginsorhadarlitciviltherecanbealotofdiscriminationtowardsthesaudicitizensofnonbedouinoriginsorhadarlitcivilorurbansuchaspeoplefrommedinaandtaifinthehijazareaaswellaspeoplefromjeddahmeccaandyanbuinthetihamahareawherepeoplearemoremixedandhaveamultiethnicmakeupthiswasduetotheareabeingtheonlyinthepeninsulawhichhadopentradeandconnectionswiththeoutsideworldthetribalsaudibedouinsdiscriminateagainstthesaudisofnonbedouinoriginshadarbycallingthemtarshbaharliterallymeaningseatraveleratermwhichdatesbacktothefallofthekingdomofhejazintosaudihandsthehadarwhoareknownfortheirdistinctivehijaziarabicdialectconsideredthemselvestobemuchmoresophisticatedandcivilizedwhilethebedouinconquerorssawthemselvesasbeingmoreraciallypureandthusrespondedbycallingthemtarshbaharhijziessometimesanswerbackbysimplycallingbedouinsbedouinsorsometimessoroobaslangtermforbedouinbackwardorsavagethesaudisofnonbedouinoriginsarenotusuallyallowedintothemilitaryserviceswhichmightbeforhistoricalreasonstherearehowevermanyexceptionstherearenolawsinstatedagainstracisminsaudiarabiaandsincethegovernmentisofatribalistbedouinbackgroundonecansafelysaythatdiscriminationandracismissometimesinstitutionalizedinsaudiarabiareligiousorsectarianformsofdiscriminationdiscriminationfueledbyreligioussentimentisquitecommoninsaudiarabiathemostprominentisthediscriminationagainsttheshiasectofislamminorityintheeasternandsouthernregionsofsauditheshiaaredisenfranchisedbynotbeingallowedintothemilitaryandforbiddentoholdkeypositionsingovernmentaswellthisisincontrastwithhadarwhohavealongtraditionofholdingkeypositionsinthegovernmentwhichdatesbacktotheearlydaysofthesaudiconquestofthekingdomofhejazthesufisectsofsunniislamwhicharepresentintihamahandhijazarealsonotexemptfromharassmentfromthestrictmainstreamwahabbisectoneneednotstressthatthereisadiscriminationagainstnonmuslimsusuallywesternforeignersingeneralthisusuallygoesunnoticedastheirnumbersarequitenegligibleincomparisontootherminoritiestribalismortribevstribeanotherformofdiscriminationistribalismtribeagainsttribeorfavoritismofonesowntribetoothersthishappensamongsaudiesofbedouintribalistbackgroundthisformofdiscriminationhasrootsinthevicioustribalwarsandconflictswhichpredatedsaudiarabiaantisemitismtherewereseveralcasesofantisemitisminsaudiarabiaandiscommonwithinreligiouscirclesmediaofsaudiarabiasaudiarabianmediaoftenattacksjewsinbooksnewsarticlesattheirmosquesandwithwhatsomedescribeasantisemiticsatiresaudiarabiangovernmentofficialsandstatereligiousleadersoftenpromotetheideathatlistofconspiracytheoriesantisemiticconspiracytheoriesjewsareconspiringtotakeovertheentireworldasproofoftheirclaimstheypublishandfrequentlycitetheprotocolsoftheeldersofzionasfactualrefnamecmipksaedumeorgreportshtmcmipreportthejewsinworldhistoryaccordingtothesauditextbooksthedangerofworldjewrybyabdullahaltallpparabichadithandislamicculturegradepprefseealsoantiarabismantisemitisminthemiddleeastislamophobiaracismbycountryracisminthearabworldreferencesexternallinksiraniancomdayihamidseptemberracismindexhtmlokimaracisttheiraniannytimescomopinionihtedeltahawyhtmlracismthearabworldsdirtysecretthegriocomopinioncleanyourplateifitphpracisminthemiddleeastdeservesourattentionborisshpilevskyxetaramxegloamxeojnamxejamamxeetchamxecopaamhongjunlaozuxenacamxetlaamhiroyamamotohiroyamamotoinfoboxtelevisionshownamexperimentalimagegenrechildrensgameshowpresenterortisdeleysmallsmallbrsimongrantsmallsmallstarringhollywilloughbysmallsmallbrjanefarnhamsmallsmallcountryunitedkingdomlanguageenglishnumseriesnumepisodesruntimeminutescompanyinitialkidsdistributorendemolukchannelbbconepictureformatfirstairedlastairedxperimentalisachildrensgameshowthatairedonbbconefromjanuarytomarchitisfirsthostedbyortisdeleyinandthenhostedbysimongrantinformatseriesteamsoffromdifferentschoolswouldbattleinvariousscienceexperimentsandtheobjectivewastogetinstorndontheleaderboardthenthetoptwoattheendoftheserieswouldcompetetobecomechampionsseriestherewasthestudioaudiencewhohadtoguesstorightoutcomesoftheexperimentswithanaborcoptiontheaudiencedesignsarealsoputtothetestforreallifesituationstransmissionsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterseriesstartdateenddateepisodesjanuaryapriljanuarymarchreferencesexternallinksderekfishertheshotlistofnumbersfractionalnumbershideuntilitcanbeattendedtoinfoboxprecolumbiansitenameimageimagesizepxaltcaptionpushpinmapmapcoordinatesmapcaptionlocationwithinmapsizecountryregionmunicipalitynearesttownculturefirstoccupiedperiodconqueredbyabandonedresponsiblebodyrestoredbydaterestoreddatesexcavatedarchaeologicalbodiesnotablearchaeologistsarchitecturalstylesnumberoftemplesnumberofmonumentsinscriptionsxpuhilpronouncedpuilalsoxpujilisamayacivilizationmayaarchaeologicalsitelocatedinthemexicanstateofcampecheinthevicinityofthemoderndaytownofxpujiltheareasurroundingxpuhilalongmexicanfederalhighwayfederalhighwayisrichwithothermayasitesincludingbecanandcalakmulimageproskouriakoffstructureiatxpuhiljpgthumbpxrecons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rygokukokugikanhanshinkoshienstadiumkoshienkorakuenkorakuenstadiummeijijingustadiummeijijingustadiummeijishrinekawasakistadiummuallaqatfourgentlemenredirectcategoryshellxsallapocalypsethetwelvexamortheextensibleaccessmethodisacomputerstoragestoragestandardizationstandarddevelopedandmaintainedbythestoragenetworkingindustryassociationsniaitisintheprocessofbeingratifiedasanansistandardxamisanapiforfixedcontentawarestoragedevicesxamreplacesthevariousproprietaryinterfacesthathavebeenusedforthispurposeinthepastcontentgeneratingapplicationsnowhaveastandardmeansofsavingandfindingtheircontentacrossabroadarrayofstoragedevicesxamissimilarinfunctiontoafilesystemapisuchastheposixfileanddirectoryoperationsinthatitallowsapplicationstostoreandretrievetheirdataxamstoresapplicationdatainxsetobjectsthatalsocontainmetadatabasicconceptsthestandardxamapiconsistsofallofthethreeprimaryobjectsandtwosecondaryobjectsthatanapplicationcanmanipulatetostoreandretrievedatathefirstprimaryobjectthatapplicationsdealwithtostoreandretrievedataiscalledanxsetitistheobjectthatisthecontainerforboththedataandtheassociatedmetadataxsetmetadatagoesbeyondthetypicalsystemmetadataandaddsfieldsforretentionandotherdatamanagementpoliciesapplicationscanalsoaddtheirownusermetadataaswellthisisakeyrequirementinthefixedcontentstoragemarketanyofthemetadatainthexsetcanbequeriedforlaterinordertofindthexsetxamalsohasthenotionofasystemthatwillcontainthexsetsthisabstractedstoragesystemiscalledanxsystemthexsystemobjectisalsothefactoryforxsetobjectsviacreateandopenmethodsanygivenapplicationmayhaveaccesstoanynumberofxsystemstoragedevicessothereisaneedtocreatexsystemobjectsforeachsystemweneedtoaccessthisisdonethroughanobjectcalledthexamlibrarythexamlibrarymanagesalltheconnectionstothestoragedevicesandactsasafactoryforxsystemobjectsthexsystemobjectthatisreturnedfromthecodeconnectcodeoperationcanbeusedtotalktothestoragedevicealloftheseobjectshavepropertieswhichareaccessedinthesamewaythesepropertiescanbeofseveraldifferenttypesandcanbecreatedatruntimexamprovidesawaytodothisinatypesafemannerwiththexiteratorsecondaryobjectthexiteratorcancontainallpropertiesorjustasubsetthosehavinganamestartingwithaprefixfinallyanxstreamisasecondaryobjectthatcancontaintheactualcontentassociatedwithanxsetxstreamshaveoperationstoreadandwritethecontentusingvariousmeansbothsynchronouslyandasynchronouslythetypeofdataanxstreamholdscanbeanyvalidmimetypexamspecificationthexamstandardiscomposedofanarchitecturespecificationandlanguagebindingsforboththecandjavalanguagethelatestversionofthespecificationscanbefoundatthesniaorgforumsxamtechnologyspecssniasitethestandardisbeingupdatedandrevisedbythesniafixedcontentawarestoragefcastechnicalworkgrouptwghagenblankensteinandphilippniechziolcochairmanxamsdkthesniahasalsoproducedopensourcereferenceimplementationsofcandjavaxamlibrariesaswellasavendorinterfacemodulevimthatcanworkontopofanyfilesystemthesniasoftwareisbeingupdatedandrevisedbythexamsdktechnicalworkgrouptwgmaikschnherrengineerandtorstenheuercochairmanseealsostoragenetworkingindustryassociationcontentaddressablestoragereferencesexternallinkssniaorgforumsxamxaminitiativeprovidesgoodmaterialbothattheoverviewanddetaillevelsniaorgforumsxamtechnologysoftwarexamsdkdownloadanopensourcereferenceimplementationoftheapigroupsgooglecomgroupxamdevelopersgroupxamdevelopersgroupprovidesinformationtoassistdevelopersworkingwithxamginkgobilobaredirectcategoryshellbrownricebrownricesimaqianginkgobilobasainyabulisayyidelcidxunlaisanarchaeologicalsiteintyhdistrictofhanoinearancienthngintheredriverdeltainnorthernvietnamexcavationsthereyieldedanumberofcoffinscontainingrelicsofthebronzeagengsnculturerefnamehhighamprefxuanlaislocatedonlyashortdistanceofnbspkmfromchucanbothformerlyinhtyprovincethesevencoffinsexcavatedatthesitewereuncoveredinandshowabasiclevelofsimilaritytothoseatchaucanbutwithsomedifficultiesaccordingtoareportbyvietnamesearchaeologistsphamquocquanandtrinhcandiscoverythediscoveryofchinesecoinsofwangmanginthearealedarchaeologiststoconcludethattheburialsitemusthavebeenduringorafterthexindynastywhichwasinexistencefromcetocetheburialstyleofthecoffinsfoundatxuanlaaresimilartothatofchaucanwiththebodytypicallybeingplacedinawoodencoffinwiththeburialgoodsbeingplacedbesidethebodybesidethedeceasedsanklesandbeyondtheskullawidevarietyofwoodenobjectswasalsofoundamongtheburiedcoffinswhichwoodensculpturesofhumanfiguresbeingfoundburialwasunearthedwithawoodentrayintheankleregioninadditiontothepresenceoftwobronzesocketedaxeheadthreeaxehaftsawoodenstickandashaftofbamboofourpotteryobjectsandchinesecoinswerefoundnexttothelefthandinburialtheskullwasplacedonabronzevesselandawoodensculptureofahumanhadbeenplacedbesidetheleftshoulderofthedeceasedalargewoodentrayofcircularshapewasplacedoverthekneesofthedeadalongsidewhichstoodabronzethapvaselikeobjectthevesselwasnbspcmtallandwasdecoratedwiththreerowsofspiralandgeometricpatternsasocketedpediformaxemadeofbronzewasplacedbesidethelefthandofthedeadburialincludedthreesmallringfootedpotteryvesselsinsidethecoffinthreemoresuchvesselswereplacedoutsidethecoffininfrontofthepositionoftheheadtheheadofthedeceasedwasplacedonagroupofsocketedironspadeswhichwerealmostidenticaltothosefoundinyingshanlingthereweremoresuchspadeslyingbesidetheleftelbowforatotalofninesuchobjectsinsidethecoffinasocketedbronzespearheadandanotherarrowheadwerefoundnexttothelefthandandawoodendiskwasplacedbetweenthekneecapsofthedeadacircularlacqueredboxwasplacednexttotherightankleinburialnineironspadesandavarietyofotherartefactssuchasawoodenaxehafteightcoinsthreepotteryvesselsawoodendiscthreewoodencontainersandaxeheadabronzebowlwasalsofoundnexttotheskullrefnamehhighamprefalthoughthesitecontainedironhoesandaxesfromtheironagethatwasprecededbythebronzeageandthesitewasdatedtobelateamongthedongsonbronzeagesitestheamountofbronzewhichisexpectedtoincreaseasthebronzeagedevelopedwasmuchsmallerthanthatfoundatvitkhthesitealsolacksthevarietyofweaponryandceremonialaccoutrementsfoundatotherdongsonsitesnodrumshalberdsdaggersorploughshareswereuncoveredatthesitewhichleadscholarstobelievethatxuanlawasaprovincialcentreofthengsnculturengsncivilisationratherthananepicentreofcultureandwealthnotesreferenceskimjunsuseoulrcatshellincheoninternationalairportincheoninternationalairportincheonbusandaegugwangjucheonanxianhenginnxianhengtavernorxianhenghotelisahistoricchinesecuisinerestaurantlocatedinshaoxingzhejiangprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinahistorytheoriginalrestaurantwasfoundedinduringthereignoftheguangxuemperoroftheqingdynastybutclosedafterafewyearsrefnamemingpaorefitwasmentionedbywriterluxuninhisworkkongyijiwiththerestaurantsituatedinafictionalisedversionofshaoxingrefnamegodistgodistchinagodistcnhistoryshtmlgodistcnhometownofluxunxianhenghotelreopeningretrievedonrefthemoderninnopenedtothepubliconseptembertocommemoratethethanniversaryofluxunsbirthdaytherestaurantisknownformaintainingtheclassicshaoxingwinetraditionthathasbeenaroundsincethechinesedynastydynastictimesthoughitshouldnotbeconfusedasapossiblebirthplaceofthewinesinceithadbeenaroundformanydynastiesbeforetherestaurantseealsobianyifangquanjudereferenceschoudenshibiomaniftikharmuhammadchaudhryzafarullahkhanjamaliyukhoeyukhoejeonfoodjeonfoodxboxliveindiegamesabbreviatedasxbligandpreviouslycalledxboxlivecommunitygamesabbreviatedasxblcgarevideogamescreatedbyindividualdevelopersorsmallteamsofdevelopersreleasedonmicrosoftsxboxlivemarketplaceforthexboxthegamesweredevelopedusingmicrosoftxnaanddevelopedbyoneormoreindependentdevelopersthatareregisteredwithapphubunlikexboxlivearcadetitlestheseweregenerallyonlytestedwithinthelocalcreatorcommunityhadmuchlowercostsofproductionandgenerallywerelessexpensivetopurchasetheservicewasreleasedtowidespreadusealongsidethenewxboxexperienceandoverrefnamemarketplacerefgameshavebeenreleasedontheservicemanyreceivingmediaattentionallindiegamescurrentlyrequiretheusertobeloggedintotheirxboxliveaccounttoinitiatethestartupofeachgameindiegameswerenotavailableinaustraliaduetotherequirementforallgamestoberatedbytheaustralianclassificationboardandtheprohibitiveexpensesinvolvedthexboxliveindiegamesprogramdidnotcontinuewiththereleaseofthexboxoneandthemarketplaceforthesegameswasshutteredinoctoberhistoryinitialtoolsforthedevelopmentofgamesonthexboxplatformwerebundledinthexnagamestudioexpressreleasedindecemberasameansofintroducingnewerprogrammerstothestepsingameprogrammingaclosedbetaofcommunitygameswasintroducedonmaylimitedtopremiummembersofthexnacreatorsclubcommunitygameswereintroducedwiththenewxboxexperienceonnovemberuponthereleaseofxnamicrosoftchangedthegamestoxboxliveindiegameswithhopesthatitwillhelpincreasetheunderstandinganddiscoverabilityofusercreatedgamesafterthefourthquarterdashboardupdateintheindiegamestabonthemarketplacewasmovedtothespecialtyshopssectionofthedashboardawayfromwhereregularxboxlivearcadetitleswouldbeshownindependentdevelopersthatpublishedthroughtheindiegameservicewereconcernedthatthismovereducedthevisibilityofthegamesleadingtolowersalesandfewerincentivestodevelopfortheseriesmicrosoftstatedthatthemovewasdesignedtobenefitindependentgamedevelopershighlightingsuchgamesthroughthespecialtyshoptabhoweverwithinaweekmicrosoftquietlyrevertedthischangemovingtheindiegamestabbacktothemaingamemarketplacesectionrefnamexbligmovebackrefcurrentlythemostsuccessfulgameonxbligisdigitaldnagamescastleminercastleminerzcastleminerzwhichwasthefirsttitleontheservicetoreachonemillionpaiddownloadsrefnamemillionsellerrefgamedevelopmentxboxliveindiegamesweredevelopedundercertaindistributionrestrictionsthebinarydistributionpackagemustbenolargerthanmegabytembupgradedfromtheoriginalmbasofjanuaryrefnamehnyxbligrefthegamesarepricedatormicrosoftpointsapproximatelyusandrespectivelygameslargerthanmbpreviouslylargerthanmbmustbepricedatleastmicrosoftpointsasofthejanuaryupdatepriortotheaugustupdatethepricingstructurewassetatormicrosoftpointsapproximatelyusandrespectivelyrefnamexnafaqrefaneightminutetrialperiodisenforcedforindiegamesafterwhichiftheplayerhasnotyetpurchasedthegamethegamewillendandinformthemtheyneedtopurchasethefullversiontokeepplayingthedevelopershavenocontroloverthistrialperiodthislimitwasinitiallyfourminutesbutfeedbackfromplayersanddevelopersextendedthetrialperiodxbligtitleslacksomeofthefeaturesfoundinxblagamesxbliggamesdonothaveachievementvideogamingachievementsorleaderboardsnoraretheylistedonaplayersgamercardhoweversuchgamescanbeintegratedwithotherpartsofthexboxliveexperienceincludingusingmultiplayersupportgameinvitationsandgameinformationonfriendlistsxnaalsoincludessupportforpartychatandavatarxboxlivexboxliveavatarsrefnamegamasutraxnarefxbligdeveloperswereonlyallowedtopublishuptoeighttitlesbutasofjanuarythelimithasbeenraisedtotwentyindiegameswerecreatedandaddedtothexboxliveservicebyafourstepprocessrefnamehawkinsgamasutrarefcreategamesarewrittenincsharpprogramminglanguagecorvisualbasicnetusingthemicrosoftxnaxnagamestudioframeworkallowingthedeveloperstodebugandtesttheirgameinternallybeforereleasethefinalcodeiscompiledintoasinglebinarypackagesubmissionthedeveloperuploadstheirbinarytotheapphubwebsiteduringwhichtheycanspecifymetadataforthegamesuchasthetargetregionforreleasethecosttheywishtoofferthegamemediaforthegamethatcanbedisplayedinthemarketplacescreensandsuggestedcontentratingsforthegameplaytestinitiallynotpartofthebetaprogramforindiegamestheplaytestphaseallowsfordeveloperstoallowthegametobeplayedbypremiummembersoftheapphubforaweekgivingthemfeedbackwhichtheycanusetorevisetheirsubmissionspriortothepeerreviewprocesspeerreviewindiegamesmustundergopeerreviewbeforetheyarereleasedtotheservicetheseareperformedbyotherdevelopersontheindiegamesservicewhoreviewthegameforunacceptablecontentgameinstabilityandotherfactorsthatwouldbedetrimentalforwidereleaseontheservicethoughthesereviewersdonotattempttoqualifythequalityofthegameitselfreviewersalsoprovidedsuggestedcontentratingsforthegamessimilartothesubmissionphasegamesrequiremultipletrustedreviewsbeforetheyarereleasedrejectedgamescanberesubmittedusingfeedbackprovidedbythereviewerswhentheprogrammovedoutofbetaphasewhichwaslimitedtotheunitedstatesandintowidedistributioncoveringbothnorthamericaandwesterneuropethepeerreviewprocesswasamendedtoincludeadditionalreviewforgamesthatsupportmultiplelanguagesreleasegamesthatpassthepeerreviewarereleasedontotheservicedevelopersreceiveofsalesofthegamewithmicrosoftretainingtherighttoanadditionalofthesalesiftheyhavedecidedtomarketthegamefurtherrefnamegamerbytessalesrefhoweveruntiltheyhaveworkedouthowtofactorinthebenefitsofthemarketingeffortsmicrosofthaspromisedtomaintainthesplitforallgamesrefnamexnahistoryrefwithanaugustupdatetothexboxlivesystemxboxliveindiegamessupporteduserratingsafeaturewhichwasalsoappliedtoothercontentinthexboxlivemarketplacemostxbliggameshadbeendevelopedbystudentsorhobbyistdeveloperswhohaveinvestedaminimalamountofmoneyincludingtheyearlyfeefortheapphubmembershiptodeveloptheirgamesanothergametechnokittenadventurewasdevelopedbyasmallerdeveloperxmonoxwhothenpartneredwithdesignstudioelitegudztorelaunchthegamewithgameplayimprovementsandportstomobiledeviceswhiledistributingforxbligwasrelativelyeasygamesontheplatformoftenmadeverysmallearningscomparedtootherplatformspromptingmanyindiedeveloperstomoveonfromthexboxplatformzeboydgameswhodevelopedbreathofdeathviiandcthulhusavestheworldforxbligportedthegamestomicrosoftwindowsaboutayearandahalflaterwithinsixdaysoftheirreleaseonthesteamsoftwaresteamplatformthewindowsversionsalesroughlyhadsurpassedthepreviousyearandahalfsalesfromxbligpromotionsdevelopershadcometogethertopromotexboxliveindiegameswithcommunitydrivenpromotionsfeaturingselectgamescalledtheindiegamesuprisingtherehadbeenfouruprisingstheindiegameswinteruprisingwhichtookplaceduringdecemberandtheindiegamessummeruprisingwhichtookplaceduringaugustandtheindiegamesuprisingiiiwhichtookplaceduringseptemberonseptembertheuprisingreturnedwithatributepageshowcasingdevelopersthatgottheirstartonxbligandarenowworkingonprojectsforxboxoneplaystationandwiiuthankstotheplatformendofserviceasmicrosofttransitionedfromthexboxtothexboxonethexboxliveindiegamesprogramwasnotbroughtovertothenewplatformthexnasoftwarewasdiscontinuedinandinseptembermicrosoftemaileddevelopersoutliningtheendoflifeofthexboxliveindiegamesprogramtheindiegamesmarketplacewasoriginallyscheduledtobeshutteredonseptemberusersthathadalreadypurchasedthesegamescouldcontinuetoplayanddownloadthetitleshoweverduetoplayerdemandmicrosoftextendedtheshutdowndateuntiloctobernotablegamesnoteallgameslistedheremusthaveanexistingarticleapplejackvideogameapplejackavaglidebiologybattleblocksthatmattercarneyvaleshowtimecastleminerchusdynastyflotillavideogameflotillafortresscraftimadeagamewithzombiesinitimaedagamwthzmbesnitkodugamelabsnopsattackzombiedefensesolartechnokittenadventurethemostaddictingsheepgametotalminerunicornmakeoutmaniaweaponofchoicevideogameweaponofchoicexenominerreferencesexternallinksmarketplacexboxcomgamesxboxindiegameslistofxboxliveindiegameswebarchiveorgwebcreatemsdncomapphubkudzukudzuredirectcategoryshelldodifayedxiaogangmayrefertopeoplewiththegivennamefengxiaogangchinesefilm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songreenetrailsincludesxeniastationohiobikewaysnetxeniahtmohiobikewaysxeniastationxeniakohusnewspublicationsfilesmeetmehtmxeniacommunityschoolswebarchiveorgwebcixeniaohusindexphppageparkscityofxenialistofparksincludingxeniastationwebarchiveorgwebcixeniaohusindexphppagephotosofthebikepathcityofxeniagalleryforxeniastationwebshangrilahotelsandresortsmasayoshisonmasayoshisonromanabramovichlakshmimittalpakistanmuslimleaguejinnahzhangyinentrepreneursociedadedeturismoediversesdemacaudamecrazyrainbowxenosagaepisodeiixiaozhizhongdiedjulyrefnamedeaththechroniclesofemperorxuanzongoftangemperorxuanzongsreignintheoldbookoftangindicatedthatxiaoalongwithcenxiwerearrestedandbeheadedonthesamedaythatemperorxuanzongcarriedoutthesuppressionofprincesstaipingspartyjulyanaccountagreedwithbythenewbookoftangalbeitinmuchtersertermsandthezizhitongjianadoptedthisaccountseeoldbookoftangvolnewbookoftangvolandzizhitongjianzhsvolhoweverxiaosbiographiesinboththeoldbookoftangandthenewbookoftangindicatedthatwhenheheardofemperorxuanzongssuppressionhefledintothehillsandwasarrestedandexecutedseveraldayslaterseeoldbookoftangvolandnewbookoftangvolrefwasanofficialofthechinesetangdynastyandwuzetianszhoudynastyservingasachancellorduringthereignsofwuzetianssonsemperorzhongzongoftangemperorzhongzongandemperorruizongoftangemperorruizongandgrandsonsemperorshangoftangemperorshangandemperorxuanzongoftangemperorxuanzonghewasknownforhiswillingnesstopointoutcorruptioninhighlevelofficialsbutwaslaterhimselfimplicatedasapartisanofthepowerfulprincesstaipingemperorszhongzongsandruizongssisterandexecutedinwhenemperorxuanzongsuppressedprincesstaipingspartybackgrounditisnotknownwhenxiaozhizhongwasbornbutitisknownthathisfamilywasfromyiprefectureroughlymodernlinyishandonghisfamilytraceditsancestrybacktoxiaozhuothefatherofliusongsempressdowagerxiaowenshouthestepmotherofliusongsfoundingemperoremperorwuofliusongwhoselinethenservedasofficialsforliusonganditssucceedingsoutherndynastiessouthernqiliangdynastyandchendynastyxiaozhizhongsgreatgrandfatherxiaodeyanservedasthedeputyheadofthearchivalbureauduringtangdynastyandxiaozhizhongsgrandfatherxiaoshenandfatherxiaoanjiealsoservedasofficialsbutinlesserpositionsinhisyouthxiaozhizhongsuccessivelyservedasthesheriffofyijueandluoyangcountiesbothpartsofthetangeasterncapitalluoyangwhichlaterservedasthecapitalforwuzetianszhoudynastyononeoccasionwhenhewassettomeetafriendatanintersectiontherewasasuddensnowstormandthepeoplearoundhimallscatteredtolookforcoverbutxiaobelievingthatheneededtokeephiswordtothefriendstayedattheintersectionuntilthefriendappearedatonepointduringwuzetiansreignhewasmadejianchayushialowlevelimperialcensorwhenhebecameknownfordaringtofileanindictmentagainstthechancelloroftangdynastychancellorsuweidaoonchargesthatsuhadillegallyseizedlandfromhisneighborsandsuwasremovedfromhispositionxiaobecamewellknownforthisindictmentandbegantodevelopareputationforbeingwillingtoindictpowerfulpeopleforcrimesonanoccasionwhenhissuperiorthechiefimperialcensoryushidaifulichengjiastatedtothecensorshowcanitbethatyouindictpeoplewithoutinformingmenoneoftheothercensorsdaredtorespondbutxiaorespondedinthepasttherewasnosupervisoramongcensorsthecensorsaresupposedtoserveastheearsandtheeyesoftheemperorofchinasonofheavenandwhattheysubmitshoulddirectlyreachtheemperorifwehavetoreceiveapprovalfromthechiefimperialcensorthenwhatwouldhappenwhenthechiefimperialcensoristheonewhoistobeindictedliturnedawayembarrassedduringemperorzhongzongssecondreignandemperorshangsreigninwuzetianwasoverthrowninacoupandhersonandcrownprinceemperorzhongzongoftanglixianaformeremperorwhomshehadremovedinwasrestoredasemperorzhongzongemperorzhongzongscousinwuzetiansnephewwusansiwhowasalsotheloverofemperorzhongzongswifeempressweitangdynastyempressweisoonbecameexceedinglypowerfulandxiaozhizhongbecameamemberofwusansispartyonaccountofthathewaspromotedtobeyushizhongchengthedeputychiefimperialcensorandwithwusansissupporthecontinuedtobewillingtoindictpowerfulpeopleincludinglichengjiazhuqinminganddouxijiehewassoongiventheadditionalresponsibilityasdeputyministerofcivilserviceaffairsandcontinuedtoserveasdeputychiefimperialcensoraswellagainwithwusansissupportitwassaidthatheselectedofficialswithoutoutsideinfluenceandrefusedalllobbyingandbribesinemperorzhongzongssonlichongjunthecrownprincebornofaconcubinewasangryatinsultsrepeatedlythrownathimbyhissisterliguoertheprincessanleandherhusbandwuchongxunwusansissonandliguoersrepeatedattemptstobecomecrownprincesstodisplacehimheroseinrebellionandkilledwusansiandwuchongxunandthenmarchedontothepalaceseekingtoarrestempressweiliguoerandanotherconcubineofemperorzhongzongsshangguanwanerconsortshangguanwanerwhoalsohadanaffairwithwusansibutwassoondefeatedandkilledinflightintheaftermathoflichongjunsrebelliontherewereinvestigationsintoanyonewhomighthaveconspiredwithlichongjunthechancellorszongchukeandjichunaalignedwithempressweihadthecensorranzuyongaccuseemperorzhongzongsbrotheremperorruizongoftanglidantheprinceofxiangandsisterprincesstaipingofhavingconspiredwithlichongjunemperorzhongzongrequestedxiaotoinvestigatebutxiaoweepingrespondedemperorzhongzongacceptedxiaoswordsandtooknofurtheractionsonthematterlaterintheyearhemadexiaohuangmenshilangthedeputyheadoftheexaminationbureaumenxiashengandalsogavexiaothedesignationtongzhongshumenxiasanpinmakingxiaoadefactochancelloratthattimepowerfulpersonswereoftenablenotonlytogettheirfamilymembersandfriendsmadeofficialsbutfurtherbemadeofficialsnearthecapitalchanganxiaosubmittedapetitionaskingemperorzhongzongtostopthepracticeandhavethepowerfulpeoplesfamilymembersandfriendsbesentouttotheprefecturessothatpeoplewithoutpowerfulconnectionswouldhaveachancetobepromotedemperorzhongzongdidnotaccepthissuggestioninxiaowasmadeshizhongtheheadoftheexaminationbureauandapostconsideredoneforachancellorandwasalsoresponsibleforeditingtheimperialhistorylaterintheyearhewasmadezhongshulingtheheadofthelegislativebureaustillachancelloratthattimezongandjiwereorganizingafactioninsupportingempressweiandotherchancellorsweijuyuanyangzaisiandlijiaotangdynastylijiaowentalongwithwhatthispowerfulfactionwantedtodoxiaoalonedidnotdosoandwasmuchpraisedinpopularopinionforthisandemperorzhongzongoncecommentedamongthechancellorszhizhongcaresaboutmethemostneverthelessxiaogavehisdeceaseddaughterinachineseghostmarriageposthumousmarriagetoempressweisdeceasedbrotherweixunandalsomarriedadaughtertoasonofempressweisunclecuiconglionthedayoftheweddingemperorzhongzongpresidedonthexiaosideandempressweipresidedonthecuisideleadingtoapopularcommentthesonofheavenisgivingawayadaughterandtheempressistakinginadaughterinlawsometimeduringemperorzhongzongsreignxiaowasalsocreatedthedukeofzaninemperorzhongzongdiedsuddenlyadeaththattraditionalhistoriansbelievedtobeapoisoningbyempressweiandliguoersothatempressweicouldeventuallybecomeemperorlikewuzetianandliguoercouldbecomecrownprincessmeanwhilethoughemperorzhongzongssonbyanotherconcubineemperorshangoftanglichongmaotheprinceofwenwasnamedemperorasemperorshangbutempressweiretainedpowerasempressdowagerandregentxiaoremainedchancellorlessthanamonthlaterprincesstaipingandlidanssonemperorxuanzongoftanglilongjitheprinceoflinziroseinrebellionkillingempressweiandliguoerlidanbecameregentoveremperorshangxiaouponhearingofempressweisdeathwenttothetombwherehisdaughterandweixunwerejointlyburiedanddugouthisdaughterscasketstillhewasconsideredamemberofempressweispartyandwassettobepunishedbutprincesstaipingspokeonhisbehalfandhewasonlydemotedtobetheprefectofxuprefectureroughlymodernxuchanghenanduringemperorruizongssecondreignseveraldayslaterlidantookthethronehimselfasemperorruizongandemperorshangwasdeposedandagaintookthetitleofprinceofwenalmostimmediatelyxiaozhizhongwasrecalledtoagainserveaszhongshulingbutlaterintheyearwasagaindemotedtobeaprefecturalprefectthistimetojinprefectureroughlymodernlinfenshanxihewassaidtobeaneffectivegovernorwhileservingthereitwassaidthatwhenamemissarysentbytheeasterntujuekhanashinamochuowentthroughjinprefecturewhileonthewaytochanganandsawxiaohewassurprisedbyxiaosappearanceandstatedtoanotherpersonheshouldbeservingthesonofheavenwhyishehereataprefecturewhileatjinprefecturexiaosentmessagestoprincesstaipingwhobynowwasinarivalrywithlilongjiwhomemperorruizongcreatedcrownprinceofferingtojoinherfactionandprincesstaipingalsobelievedthatbecauseoneofxiaossonsdiedinthecouphemightberesentfulandshemightbeabletousethattoheradvantageinatherrecommendationxiaowasrecalledtoserveastheministerofjusticexingbushangshuitwassaidthathisbrotherinlawjiangqinxuwarnedhimthatsidingwithprincesstaipingwasdangerousbuthepaidnoheedtojiangswarningsonanotheroccasionwhenhecameoutofprincesstaipingsmansionhehappenedtoencountersongjingwhowasatonepointacensorservingunderhimandsongsemijokedthisisnotwhatweexpectofyouprofessorxiaosongreferredtohimasprofessorasheassongssupervisorwouldhavebeenonetoinstructsongonproperproceduresxiaorespondedinthemanneronewouldtowardastudentyoumrsongspeakcapablyhoweverhedidnottakesongswarningeitherduringemperorxuanzongsreignlaterinemperorruizongpassedthethronetolilongjiwhotookthethroneasemperorxuanzongbutemperorruizongcontinuedtowieldactualpowerastaishanghuangretiredemperoratprincesstaipingsurgingxiaozhizhongwassoonmadetheministerofcivilserviceaffairslibushangshuandinspringwasmadezhongshulingagainandagaincreatedthedukeofzansoonthereaftertheworkxingzuxiluwhichcompiledthefamilytreesofprominentclanseditedbyxiaodouhuaizhenweizhigucuishiluxiangxianliucongxujianandliuzhijiliuzixuanwascompletedandallofthemwereawardedwithsilkbyitwassaidthatprincesstaipingdoucenxixiaocuialongwithotherofficialsxuejilijintheprinceofxinxingagrandsonoflideliangacousinoftangsfounderemperorgaozuoftangemperorgaozuliyoujiayingfutangjunthegeneralschangyuankailiciandliqinandthemonkhuifanwereplottingtooverthrowemperorxuanzongitwasfurthersaidthattheydiscussedwiththeladyinwaitingladyyuantopoisonthegastrodiaelatathatemperorxuanzongroutinelytookasanaphrodisiacwhenthisallegedplotwasreportedtoemperorxuanzongbyweiemperorxuanzongwhohadalreadyreceivedadvicefromwangjuzhangyuetangdynastyzhangshuoandcuiriyongtoactfirstdidsoheconvenedameetingwithhisbrotherslifantheprinceofqiliyetheprinceofxueguoyuanzhenalongwithanumberofhisassociatesthegeneralwangmaozhongtheofficialsjiangjiaoandlilingwenhisbrotherinlawwangshouyitheeunuchcourtofficialeunuchgaolishiandthemilitaryofficerlishoudeanddecidedtoactfirstonjulyemperorxuanzonghadwangmaozhongtakesoldierstotheimperialguardcamptobeheadchangandlicithenjialiyouxiaoandcenwerearrestedandexecutedaswellitwassaidthatxiaowasthriftyinhislivingstyleandfreeofcorruptionbutdidlittletogivehiswealthtoothersortohostguestsandthereforehissalariesweresavedwhenhewasexecutedhehadconsiderablepropertiesthatwereconfiscatednotesandreferencesoldbookoftangvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwtanhtmnewbookoftangvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwntanhtmzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhshashimaislandtrinitychurchantarcticaxgridstarrondissementofparisndarrondissementofparisrdarrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparismayrefertothepostalcodeorzipcodeofthefollowingplacestexascarrolltontexascarrolltonparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementbasilicateaccetturatauragilalseealsofortheyearseetimelineofthefarfuturetharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparistharrondissementofparisinfoboxofficeholdernamexushoushengnativenameofficecommunistpartysecretaryofhunantermstartmarchtermendaugustpredecessorzhouqiangsuccessordujiahaobirthdatejanuaryagedbrrudongcountyjiangsuchinapartycommunistpartyofchinaxushoushengbornjanuaryisachinesepoliticianheistheformercommunistpartysecretaryofhunanprovincehepreviouslyservedasthegovernorofhunanandgansuprovincesrefnamexinhuarefbiographyxuwasborninrudongcountyjiangsuhejoinedthecommunistpartyofchinainoctoberandisanalumnusofsoutheastuniversitythoughitisnotclearwhenhegraduatedhebeganworkingforthepartyinthegranssrootsfirstasacommuneleaderthenheadoftherevolutionarycommitteeofhishometownshipthendeputygovernorofhishomecountyinoctoberhebecamecountygovernorofrudongtheninwaselevatedtopartychiefindecemberhebecamemayoroflianyungangandinjulybecamepartychiefofsuqianthefirstpersontoholdthispositionaftersuqianwasestablishedasaprefecturelevelcityheenteredthejiangsuprovincialpartystandingcommitteeindecemberascendingtosubprovinciallevelattheageofheoversawpovertyreductionandruralaffairsworkhewastransferredfromjiangsutogansuinseptemberwhenhewasappointedtoheadthegansuprovincialorganizationdepartmentinjanuaryhewasnamedexecutivevicegovernorofgansuxushoushengwasthenappointedasgovernorofgansuinjanuaryhewasreelectedbythegansuprovincialpeoplescongressonjanuaryasgovernorofgansuxuwasresponsibleforthepersonnelenvironmentalpolicyenvironmentaleconomicpoliticalandforeignpolicyoftheprovincethegovernorshiprankssecondintheprovincebehindthecommunistpartyofchinaprovincialcommitteesecretaryinhebecameprovincialpartychiefinaugusthewasrelievedofhispositionaspartychiefofhunanonseptemberhewasappointedavicechairofthenationalpeoplescongressagricultureandruralaffairscommitteereferencesximnezximenezorjimnezaspanishfamilynamemayrefertopeopledavidximenesbritisharmyofficermagistrateandberkshirelandownerfranciscojimneztecamachalcogovernorfranciscojimnezacolonialgovernoroftenochtitlaninthesfranciscojimneztejadabornaspanishsoccerplayerfranciscoximenesdetexadandashthethgrandmasteroftheknightshospitallerfortnximnezdiedspanishsailorwholedamutinyduringanearlyexpeditionalongthecoastofmexicofranciscoximnezndashaspanishcatholicpriestknownforhisconservationandtranslationofthepopolvuhjosximnezndashaspanishorganistandcomposerjuanximenezandhisfathermiguelximnezartistspanishrenaissancepaintersjuanximnezcerdnndashalawyerandlegaltheoristjusticiamayorofthekingdomofaragonmarianadiazximenezbornaneasttimoreseathletewhospecialisesinthemarathonmiguelalbertoflanginiximnezndashauruguayanpoliticalfiguremiguelximnezbornauruguayanfootballerstrikercurrentlyplayingforclublibertadofparaguaymorrisximeneswasacaptaininthebritisharmyandberkshirelandownerotherpedroximnezavarietyofgrapegrowninspainandatypeofsherryximenescrosswordcompilerpseudonymofderricksomersetmacnuttximenezfatiohouseahistoricpropertyrepresentingaboardinghousefromthefloridaterritoryperiodseealsojimnezdisambiguationavariantofximnezgimnezavariantofximnezxrayscatteringtechniquesxhalredirectcategoryshellxhalnotgonnagetusinfoboxfrenchcommunenamexonruptlongemercommunestatuscommunesoffrancecommunecaptionthecentreofxonruptattheendofwinterimagecoatofarmsblasonxonruptlongemersvgimagexonruptjpgregionlorrainedepartmentvosgesarrondissementsaintdidesvosgescantongrardmerinseepostalcodemayormichelbertrandtermintercommunalitycommunautdecommunesdeshautesvosgescoordinateselevationminmelevationmaxmareakmpopulationpopulationdatewebsitexonruptfrxonruptlongemerisacommunesoffrancecommuneinthevosgesdepartmentvosgesdepartmentsoffrancedepartmentingrandestinnortheasternfrancepointso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toabandontheoperationthecondorlegionwasexhaustedandwaseventuallywithdrawnfromthefrontneverthelessfrancoorderedtheattacktobecontinuedandvalenciabecapturedbyjulybythebeginningofjulythenationalistsreinforcedthefrontwiththreedivisionsofthecorpotruppevolontariectvledbygeneralmariobertiandfourdivisionsofgeneraljossolchagasturiacorpsfurthermorethenationalistshadninehundredcannonandfourhundredaircraftinthisfrontandhadjustreceivedaboutitalianmediumbombersbrsmsmopposingthenationaliststherepublicanshadthesixarmycorpspalaciosxvicorpsgarciavallejosxviividalsxixduransxxandibarrolasxxiiaswellasgemessgroupaandromerosgroupbofgeneralleopoldomenndezsfieldarmyarmyofthelevanteonjulygarciavalioattackedfromcastellnbuthewasstoppedbytherepublicanforcesledbycolonelduranandgeneralmenendezatthesierradeespadanthefinalpushofthenationalistoffensivebeganonjulytothewestsolchagascorpsmovedsouthfromteruelwithvarelascorpsandtheitalianctvontheirflanktotheeastandthegarciavalioformationtriedtoadvancedownthecoastrefnameautogeneratedbeevorantonythebattleforspainthespanishcivilwarpenguinbookslondonprefaftersomedeterminedresistanceatmoraderubielosandsarriontherepublicanlineinthesierradeltorocrumbledthenationaliststhenadvancednbspmilesalongafrontoftwentymileswideuntiltheywerestoppedbythexyzlinefortificationsrunningeastandwestfromviverintothesierradeespadanbattlebetweenjulyandjulythedefensesheldbytworepublicancorpsledbycolonelsernestogemesandcarlosromeroweresuccessfulinhaltingthenationalistadvancethenationaliststriedtobreaktherepublicandefenseswithwavesofinfantryandintensebombingraidsbuttherepublicandefendersthroughtheuseofwellplannedtrenchesandprotectedlinesofcommunicationwereabletoinflictheavycasualtiesonthenationalistsaboutcasualtiessufferingrelativelyfewthemselvesonlycasualtiesonjulytheoffensivewashaltingandtherepublicanoffensiveinthenorthonjulythebattleoftheebropreventedanyfurtherassaultsonthelinebydrawingawayeightnationalistdivisionsandtheirheavyartillerythenationalistoffensiveendedlessthannbspkmfromvalenciaaftermathaccordingtobeevorthedefenseofthexyzlinewasafargreatervictoryfortherepublicthanthebattleofguadalajarathenationalistsoccupiedtheprovinceofprovinceofcastellncastellonbutfailedtooccupyvalenciaandsufferedheavycasualtiestherepublicanarmyhadtimetoreorganizeandtoplantheassaultacrosstheriverebrofurthermoretherepublicanforcesincataloniahadtimetorearmwiththeweaponsreceivedacrossthefrenchfrontierreopenedinmarchnotessourcesbeevorantonythebattleforspainthespanishcivilwarpenguinbookslondonprestonpaulthespanishcivilwarreactionrevolutionrevengeharperperenniallondonthomashughthespanishcivilwarpenguinbookslondoncitebooklastthomasfirsthughauthorlinkhughthomashistorianyeartitlethespanishcivilwarpublisherharperandrowlocationnewyorkisbnexternallinkstimecomtimemagazinearticlehtmltimemagazinejunebrazenattacktimecomtimemagazinearticlehtmltimemagazinejulywarinspainontovalenciatimecomtimemagazinearticlehtmlpromoidgoogleptimemagazineaugustballoonsburstabubakribnmujhidxomayrefertoxonbanextrasolarplanetorbitingthestarxostarxonintheconstellationlynxconstellationlynxxostarabinarystarsystemwiththreeexoplanetsintotalolpcxoadesignstudyoftheonelaptopperchildcomputerkoreaaerospaceresearchinstitutekoreaaerospaceresearchinstitutexpythonnewsreaderchicagoloopchicagoloopchicagoloopxiaomingxiongtraditionalchineseisthepennameofwuxiaomingngsiumingalsoknownassamshashaisaveteranhongkonggayrightactivistandoneofthefirstauthorstostudythehistoryofhomosexualityinchinabiographyxiaomingxiongwasbornininhongkongtochineseparentsemigratedfromthemainlandchinamainlandhisfatherownedawoodcuttingfactorybutwentbankruptduringthesecondsinojapanesewarsecondworldwarwhenthejapaneseoccupationofhongkongjapaneseoccupiedhongkongxiaomingxiongfinishedhighschoolattheageofsixteenandwenttotheunitedstatesforuniversityeducationinhisarrivalatlouisianaandlateraustintexascoincidedwiththeadvanceofthesexualrevolutionthroughoutthewesternworlditwastherethathemetfellowstudentswhoselflabeledthemselvesasgayandcameacrossthefirstwaveofgayliberationwritingsaftergraduationxiaomingxiongbrieflyreturnedtohongkongbutwenttoruralnewyorkstatenewyorkintopursuegraduatestudyingeologyhisattentionwashoweverquicklydivertedtothevibrantpoststonewallriotsstonewallnewyorkcityintheyearthatfollowedheexploredfirsthandvariousaspectsofthenewurbangaylifestyleinterviewingfirstgenerationsofgaybookshopownersgayparentshomosexualsfromdifferentracesetcinjunexiaomingxiongtravelledtothewhitehouseaspartofadelegateforgayrightsrepresentingasianamericanstherehemetwithasecretaryofjimmycarterandraisedconcernsregardingtheunitedstatesimmigrationproceduresattheendofxiaomingxiongreturnedtohistoryofcolonialhongkongssbritishcolonialhongkongwherehomosexualactswerestillillegalandpunishablebylifeimprisonmenthewasquicktodiscovertheoneandonlylocalundergroundgaybaratthetimethedatelinethroughthetheneditorofthecitymagazinetherehemetawealthychinesemerchantwhoagreedtofinancexiaomingxiongforhisfirstgayliberationchinesepublicationachinesegaysmanifestothiswasfollowedbytheundergroundnewsletterpinktriangleandthebooktwentyfivequestionsabouthomosexualitythepublicsreactionsalsoearnedxiaomingxiongacolumnspaceinthecitymagazineallowinghimtoopenlydisseminateinformationandadvicesonhomosexualityaftermorethanfiveyearsofpreparationsthecomprehensivethehistoryofhomosexualityinchinawaspublishedinjustbeforetheannouncementofthesinobritishjointdeclarationbibliographynonfictionthehistoryofhomosexualityinchinachineserevisedbookletsachinesegaysmanifestochinesetwentyfivequestionsabouthomosexualitychinesethirtyquestionsabouthomosexualitychinesenewsletterpinktrianglechineseseealsohomosexualityinchinatransgenderinchinareferenceschicagoloopchicagoloopxiaxuexmemorysegmentationtelephonenumberinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxviiarmeekorpsdatesaugustmaycountrybranchgermanarmywehrmachtarmytyperolesizecorpscommandstructuregarrisonnicknamepatronmottocolorsmarchmascotbattlesworldwariibattleofthenetherlandsbattleofbelgiumbattleoffranceoperationbarbarossabattlesofrzhevbattleofsmolenskoperationbagrationeastpomeranianoffensivevistulaoderoffensivenotablecommandersanniversariesthexxviicorpsorxxviiakwasaninfantrycorpsinthegermanarmyitfoughtinseveralnotableactionsduringworldwariithecorpswasoriginallyraisedinaugustinwehrkreisviiwartimeserviceorganisationseptemberthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtththinfantrydivisionwehrmachtththinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthandthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionsduringseptemberthexxviicorpswasusedtoscreenthedutchgermanborderorganisationjuneththinfantrydivisionwehrmachtththinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthandthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionsthecorpsparticipatedinnazigermanysbattleoffranceinvasionoffranceaspartofarmygroupcinmayitcrossedthesouthernnetherlandsandbelgiumtowardsroubaixwhereithelpedinsurroundingthefrenchfirstarmyfrancestarmylaterinthecampaignitattackedfromtheeastbankoftherhinetowardscolmaritthenremainedonoccupationdutiesineasternfranceuntilthefollowingyearorganisationnovemberthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtththinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthandndinfantrydivisionwehrmachtndinfantrydivisionskampfgruppegruppelandgrafpartsofthpanzerdivisionwehrmachtthandthpanzerdivisionwehrmachtthpanzerdivisionsthexxviicorpsdidnottakepartintheinitialstagesofoperationbarbarossabutwastransferredtothetharmywehrmachtnintharmyarmygroupcentreforoperationtyphoontheattackonmoscowonthearmysnorthflankitadvancedtowardstverkalininbutbydecemberhadbeenforcedtoretreatintothebattlesofrzhevrzhevsalientorganisationearlynovemberthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthndinfantrydivisionwehrmachtndthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtththinfantrydivisionwehrmachtththstinfantrydivisionwehrmachtstandthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionsheavyartilleryandassaultgundetachmentsthecorpssufferedheavylossesduringintheseriesofdefensivebattlesaroundrzhevitsorganisationchangedseveraltimesduringthisperiodbutincludeduptoeightinfantrydivisionsatvariouspointsalongwiththeremainderofarmygroupcentreitwasorderedtoevacuatetherzhevsalientthefollowingyearinoperationbffelorganisationjulyndinfantrydivisionwehrmachtndththandthinfantrydivisionsintheautumnofthecorpsnowassignedtotharmywehrmachtfourtharmytookpartinthedefenceagainstthesovietoffensiveoperationsuvorovaroundsmolenskbythenextyearithadbeenpushedbacktopositionseastoforshaorganisationjunethpanzergrenadierdivisionwehrmachtthpanzergrenadierdivisionthsturmdivisionthinfantrydivisionwehrmachtthinfantrydivisionduringthecorpswaspositionedinthesectorofthestrategicallyimportantminskmoscowroadnearorshahavingbeenspeciallyreinforcedforthepurposeinlatejunethesovietscommencedtheirsummeroffensiveoperationbagrationthexxviicorpswasattackedbyforcesoftherdbelorussianfrontandtookheavycasualtiesbypassedbyabreakthroughofsovietforcestothenorththecorpsfounditselfencircledintheforestseastofminskanddespiteabreakoutattemptonjulyspearheadedbythethpanzergrenadierdivisionwasalmostentirelydestroyedthecorpscommandergeneralpaulvlckerswascapturedaswerethecommandersofthethandthdivisionshanstrautandgntherklammtthecorpsanditsstaffwashurriedlyreconstructedinjulyaugustfromreplacementunitsanddeployedontheeastprussianbordertherebuiltxxviicorpswastransferredtondarmywehrmachtsecondarmyfacingthesovieteastprussianoffensiveduringthecourseoftheoffensiveitwasencircledonthebalticseabalticcoastatdanzigandagaindestroyeddisbandedthestaffwasevacuatedandtransferredtothereconstructedrdpanzerarmythirdpanzerarmytheremnantsofthecorpseventuallysurrenderedtotroopsoftheunitedstatesofamericausarmyonmaynorthofludwigslustcommandersaugustgeneralkarlrittervonpragernovembergeneralalfredwgerdecemberlieutenantgeneraleccardfreiherrvongablenzjanuarygeneraljoachimwitthftjulycolonelgeneralwalterweifebruarylieutenantgeneralkarlburdachjunegeneralpaulvlckersjulygeneralhelmuthpriewehrmachtgeneralhelmuthprieoctobergeneralmaximilianfelzmannaprilgeneralwalterhrnleinreferenceslexikonderwehrmachtdegliederungenkorpsxxviikorpsrhtmgermanlanguagearticleatwwwlexikonderwehrmachtderetrievedfebruarysubjectbarportalmilitaryofgermanyportalworldwariishaolinhatnoteandxxredirectherefortheyearsseethmillenni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normaldistributionsizeofshiftvarchartschartforapairedxbarandschartsvgvarcentermathbarsfracsumimsqrtfracsumjnleftxijbarbarxrightnmmathvarupperlimitmathbbarsmathvarlowerlimitmathbbarsmathvarstatisticmathbarsisqrtfracsumjnleftxijbarxirightnmathmeanchartxbarchartforapairedxbarandschartsvgmeancentermathbarxfracsumimsumjnxijmnmathmeanlimitsmathbarxpmabarsmathmeanstatisticmathbarxifracsumjnxijnmathinstatisticalprocesscontrolstatisticalqualitycontrolthemathbarxmathandschartisatypeofcontrolchartusedtomonitorvariableandattributeresearchvariablesdatawhensamplesarecollectedatregularintervalsfromabusinessprocessbusinessorlistofindustrialprocessesindustrialprocessthechartisadvantageousinthefollowingsituationsthesamplesizeisrelativelylargesaynxbarandrchartmathbarxmathandrchartsaretypicallyusedforsmallersamplesizesthesamplesizeisvariablecomputerscanbeusedtoeasetheburdenofcalculationthechartactuallyconsistsofapairofchartsonetomonitortheprocessstandarddeviationandanothertomonitortheprocessmeanasisdonewiththexbarandrchartmathbarxmathandrandshewhartindividualscontrolchartindividualscontrolchartsthemathbarxmathandschartplotsthemeanvalueforthequalitycharacteristicacrossallunitsinthesamplemathbarximathplusthestandarddeviationofthequalitycharacteristicacrossallunitsinthesampleasfollowsmathssqrtfracsuminleftxibarxrightnmaththenormaldistributionisthebasisforthechartsandrequiresthefollowingassumptionsthequalitycharacteristictobemonitoredisadequatelymodeledbyanormaldistributionnormallydistributedrandomvariabletheparametersandfortherandomvariablearethesameforeachunitandeachunitisindependentofitspredecessorsorsuccessorstheinspectionprocedureissameforeachsampleandiscarriedoutconsistentlyfromsampletosamplethecontrollimitsforthischarttypearemathbbarsmathlowerandmathbbarsmathupperformonitoringtheprocessvariabilitymathbarxpmabarsmathformonitoringtheprocessmeanwheremathbarxmathandmathbarsfracsumimsimmatharetheestimatesofthelongtermprocessmeanandrangeestablishedduringcontrolchartsetupandasubsubbsubsubandbsubsubaresamplesizespecificunbiasedestimationofstandarddeviationantibiasingconstantstheantibiasingconstantsaretypicallyfoundintheappendicesoftextbooksonstatisticalprocesscontrolaswiththexbarandrchartmathbarxmathandrandshewhartindividualscontrolchartindividualscontrolchartsthemathbarxmathchartisonlyvalidifthewithinsamplevariabilityisconstantthustheschartisexaminedbeforethemathbarxmathchartiftheschartindicatesthesamplevariabilityisinstatisticalcontrolthenthemathbarxmathchartisexaminedtodetermineifthesamplemeanisalsoinstatisticalcontrolifontheotherhandthesamplevariabilityisnotinstatisticalcontrolthentheentireprocessisjudgedtobenotinstatisticalcontrolregardlessofwhatthemathbarxmathchartindicateswhensamplescollectedfromtheprocessareofunequalsizesarisingfromamistakeincollectingthemforexampletherearetwoapproachesclasswikitabletechniquedescriptionusevariablewidthcontrollimitseachobservationplotsagainstitsowncontrollimitsasdeterminedbythesamplesizespecificvaluesnsubisubofasubsubbsubsubandbsubsubusecontrollimitsbasedonanaveragesamplesizecontrollimitsarefixedatthemodestatisticsmodalormostcommonsamplesizespecificvalueofasubsubbsubsubandbsubsubseealsoxbarandrchartmathbarxmathandrchartshewhartindividualscontrolchartreferencesxwindowsystemprotocolsandarchitectureseppukuseppukuseppukuwakizashiwakizashianathemaranmaranmanegimamagisternegimagilovehinaaliencreatureinalienfranchisexenawarriorprincessbookredirectbattleofxiapiinfoboxpersonnamexbsaintineimagesaintinejpgimagesizecaptionsaintineengravingbytiennegabrielbocourtbocourtbirthnamejosephxavierbonifacebirthdatejulybirthplaceparisdeathdatedeathplaceparisothernameoccupationplaywrightnovelistyearsactivespousesignatureimagecoverofantoinebyxbsaintinejpgthumbrightuprightcoverofantoinexavierbonifacesaintinejulyjanuarywasatheatreinfrancefrenchdramatistandnovelistbiographyhewasbornjosephxavierbonifaceinparisininheproducedavolumeofpoetryinthemanneroftheromanticismromanticistsentitledpomesodesptresinappearedpicciolaanovelaboutthecountdecharneyapoliticalprisonerinpiedmontitalypiedmontwhosereasonwassavedbyhiscultivationofatinyflowergrowingbetweenthepavingstonesofhisprisonyardthisstoryisamasterpieceofthesentimentalkindandhasbeentranslatedintomanyeuropeanlanguagesrefnamebritannicatheencyclopdiabritannicaadictionaryofartssciencesliteratureandgeneralinformationthedrefthenovelearnedhimrenownandcametoberegardedasaclassicoffrenchliteraturerefnamegarnettgarnettrichardedtheinternationallibraryoffamousliteratureselectionsfromtheworldsgreatwritersancientmedievalandmodernwithbiographicalandexplanatorynotesandcriticalessaysbymanyeminentwritersvolxlondonthestandardprefheproducedmanyothernovelsnoneofstrikingindividualitywiththeexceptionofseulinliteraturewhichpurportedtobetheauthenticrecordofalexanderselkirkonhisdesertislandsaintinewasaprolificdramatistandcollaboratedinmorethanpieceswitheugnescribeandothersusuallyunderthenameofxavierhecowrotethestorywhichwastoformthebasisforvincenzobellinibellinisoperaipuritanihediedinparisinselectedwork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erdevelopmentxbladeswasoriginallypublishedunderthenameonibladeasapcexclusiveonnovemberinrussiabycpublishingonfebthsouthpeakgamesannouncedthatxbladeswouldalsobereleasedonseventhgenconsoleslateonibladewasdevelopedbygaijinentertainmentasthefirstactionanimestylegameinrussiaandusesthedagorenginejamesseamanmanagingdirectorattopwareinteractivewasquotedassayingourgoalwastocreatestylisticcharactersandartworkandtomixthatbombasticvisualstylewithlightningfastactiontheresultisakillertitlethatgamersandanimationfanswontbeabletoputdownreceptionvideogamereviewstitlexbladesgrmcrefnamemetacriticrefignrefnameignreviewrefelectronicgamingmonthlycallsitsleadcharacterayumiatypicalsassyscantilycladsmarttalkingbadgirlwhoprovesonceandforallthatabikinithongcombinationissuitablearmorfortakingonhordesofjustaboutanythinggamedailyfeaturedayumiasoneoftheiralmostfamoushottiespleasedwithherartisticdepictionyetdissatisfiedwithboththegameandherpersonalityxbladesreceivedaveragetonegativereviewsgarneringaratingonmetacriticignreviewernateahearnscoredxbladesabeingdispleasedwiththerepetitivehackandslashgameplaymediocrespecialeffectsannoyingcontrolsandweakartificialintelligenceaigustvchannelgsxplayratedthegameoutofsayingavoidavoidavoiditalsoreceivedoneofxplaysgoldenmulletawardsasoneoftheworstgamesoftheyearthatsameyearinthecategoryofgamethatsoundslikexplaywhenyousayitfasttheynotedthatthemaincharactersonlypoweristhatshedoesnotwearpantsitwassomewhatofatombraiderknockoffaswellastakingcertaingameplayelementslikeswitchingfromswordandgunattacksduringbattlefromdevilmaycryaccordingtothemthewholegameseemedlikesomethingyoudexpecttogetfromanamateurteenagergamecreatortheyalsonotedthatthegameusestheoverusedimthebestthereislinethegamewasalsomentionedinzeropunctuationwhengrahamstarkofloadingreadyrunaspartofanunskippablezeropunctuationcrossovermadeabriefnegativereviewnotingboththesimilaritiestopreviousgamesgodofwarfranchisegodofwarandheavenlyswordaswellastheuseoffemaleanatomyitwasalsothesubjectofunskippablethefollowingweekmakinglightofthegamesstilteddialogueandconfusingchronologyintheopeningcutscenedownloadablecontentthreelevelsalreadypackagedontheplaystationversionofthegamewerereleasedonxboxlivemarketplaceattheendofmarchastheskylevelsceooftopwareinteractivethegamesleaddesignerhasstatedthatanexpansionpackforxbladesisbeingdevelopedthoughnoinformationaboutwhatthepackwillcontainhasbeenreleasedseealsobladesoftimereferencesexternallinkstopwarecomtopwareinteractivewebsitexbladescomofficialwebsiteonibladeruofficialrussianwebsitexianhenginnxianhenginntonkorishinobueshakuhachishimedaikoyamatogotoyamatogotodialecticscanneraccessnoweasyxsanenorthamericanxbvalkyrienorthamericanxbvalkyriehughesxfgasralhajjzengziwuchangdistrictwuchangdistrictxfilmkongriverinfoboxaflbiographynamexaviertannerimagebirthdatebirthplacedeathdatedeathplaceoriginalteamwodongafootballclubwodongaovensmurrayfootballleagueomflheightcmweightkgpositionstatsendyearsclubnorthmelbournefootballclubnorthmelbournegamesgoalsyearsclubmelbournefootballclubmelbournegamesgoalsgamesgoalstotalcareerhighlightsxaviertannerbornmayisaformeraustralianrulesfootballaustralianrulesfootballerwhoplayedwithnorthmelbournefootballclubnorthmelbourneandmelbournefootballclubmelbourneintheaustralianfootballleaguevictorianfootballleaguevflacentremantannerwasrecruitedtothevflfromwodongaintheovensmurrayfootballleagueheplayedinnorthmelbournespremiershipsideandtheirlosinggrandfinalthefollowingseasonaftermanagingexactlygameshejoinedhisoldcoachronbarassiatmelbourneinandspentthelasttwoseasonsofhiscareerwiththemtanneriscurrentlytheassistantprincipalatwanganuiparksecondarycollegeinsheppartonsheppartonvictoriatannersfathergeraldtannerplayedonegameforrichmondfootballclubrichmondinvflseasonreferencesinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexxvtypecompilationartistvaderbandvadercoverxxvvaderalbumjpgcaptioncoverartbyjacekwiniewskireleasedmayrecordedjulymarchhertzstudiobiaystokgenredeathmetalthrashmetallanguageenglishpolishlanguagepolishlengthlabelregainrecordsregainmysticproductionmysticavalonmarqueeproducerwojtekandsawekwiesawscylastalbumimpressionsinbloodbrthisalbumxxvbrnextalbumnecropolisalbumnecropolisbrmiscsinglesnamexxvtypecompilationsinglevsingledatejanuaryalbumratingsrevaboutcomrevscorerevallmusicrevscorerevblabbermouthrevscorerevterazrockrevscorexxvisthethanniversarycompilationalbumbypolandpolishdeathmetalbandvaderbandvaderitwasreleasedinbyregainrecordsthealbumisacollectionofrerecordedsongsfromearliervaderalbumsfromtheultimateincantationuptothebeastvaderalbumthebeastthespecialeditionincludesthreebonustracksandabonusthirddvdwithanoldandrarelivevhscontainingfootagefromthroughoutthebandscareerxxvwasrecordedbetweenjulyandmarchathertzstudioinbiaystokpolandproducedbywojtekandsawekwiesawscythealbumisthelastvaderreleasethatfeaturesguitaristmaurycystefanowiczmaurycymauserstefanowiczanddrummerdariuszbrzozowskidariuszdaraybrzozowskiandtheonlystudiorecordingwithbassistmarcinnowakmusicianmarcinnovynowakthereleasewasprecededbythesinglevreleasedonjanuaryam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dashachancelloroftangdynastychancellorduringemperorgaozongsreignndashwasacousintohisgrandfatherxuexingchengxuexingchengwasacountymagistrateandxuejisfatherxuerenweiwasnotrecordedwithanyofficialtitleshoweveritisknownthatxuejismotherwasadaughterofthefamedchancellorweizhengxuejipassedtheimperialexaminationsatonepointalthoughthedateisnotknownlateinthereignofemperorgaozongswifewuzetianheservedasanimperialattendantalongwithherloverszhangyizhiandzhangchangzongandseveralofficialswithliterarytalentsincludingjixutianguidaolijiongxiuandyuanbanqianduringemperorzhongzongssecondreignasofthesecondreignofemperorgaozongsandwuzetianssonemperorzhongzongoftangemperorzhongzongxuejiwasservingaszhongshusherenamidlevelofficialatthelegislativebureauofgovernmentzhongshushengatthattimehissecondcousinxueyaowasservingattheexaminationbureaumenxiashengandbothofthemwereknownfortheirliterarytalentlaterinemperorzhongzongsreignheservedasjianyidaifuanimperialadvisorandalsoservedasanimperialscholaratzhaowenpavilionashisgrandfatherweizhengshouseholdheldmanyimportantliteraryandartisticworkshehadaccesstomanycalligraphicworksofyushinanandchusuiliangandhefollowingtheirstylewasawellknowncalligrapherhimselfhewasalsoanaccomplishedpainteratthattimeemperorzhongzongsbrotheremperorruizongoftanglidantheprinceofxiangwasalsoacalligrapherandhebecameacquaintedwithxueaspartofthisrelationshiphemarriedhisdaughterprincessxianyuantoxuessonxueboyangduringemperorshangsreignandemperorruizongssecondreigninemperorzhongzongdiedsuddenlyadeathtraditionalhistoriansbelievedtobeapoisoningcarriedoutbyhispowerfulwifeempressweitangdynastyempressweiandherdaughterliguoertheprincessanlesothatempressweicouldbecomeemperorlikewuzetianandliguoercouldbecomecrownprincessmeanwhileemperorzhongzongssonbyaconcubineemperorshangoftanglichongmaotheprinceofwenwasnamedemperorasemperorshangbutempressweiretainedpowerasempressdowagerandregentlessthanamonthlateremperorzhongzongssisterprincesstaipingandnephewemperorxuanzongoftanglilongjitheprinceoflinzilidanssonroseinrebellionandkilledempressdowagerweiandliguoerlidanhimselfaformeremperorwasrestoredtothethroneasemperorruizongdisplacingemperorshangoneofthechancellorsthatemperorruizongcommissionedwaszhongshaojingwhosesupporttolilongjiwasinstrumentalduringthecouphoweverzhongwasnotfromaprominentclanandhadbeenalowlevelofficialpreviouslyandthisdrewresentmentfromofficialsfromestablishedclansxuewhohadbeenmadedeputyministerofworshiptaichangshaoqingandhadbeeninchargeofdraftingimperialedictsalongwithsutingsuggestedtozhongthathedemonstratemodestybyofferingtoresignsomethingoftendonewhenhighlevelofficialsarecommissionedandmostlydoneceremoniallyandwhenzhongdidxueenteredthepalaceandpersuadedemperorruizongtoaccepttheresignationsubsequentlyxuewasmadezhongshushilangthedeputyheadofthelegislativebureaugiventhedesignationcanzhizhengshimakinghimachancellordefactosoonhoweverherepeatedlyarguedwithanotherchancellorcuiriyongwithxueaccusingcuiofflatteringwusansiandcuiaccusingxueofflatteringzhangyizhiandzongchukeemperorruizongtiredoftheirbickeringremovedbothofthemfromtheirchancellorpostswithxuebecomingzuosanqichangshiasenioradvisorattheexaminationbureauduringemperorxuanzongsreignmeanwhilethegovernmentbecamedividedbetweenthepartiesofprincesstaipingandlilongjitowhomemperorruizongpassedthethroneinandwhotookthethroneasemperorxuanzongafteremperorxuanzongsenthronementhoweverhisstruggleswithprincesstaipingcontinuedasshecontinuedtoinfluencepoliticsthroughemperorruizongwhoretainedpowerastaishanghuangretiredemperorbyitwassaidthatprincesstaipingdouhuaizhencenxixiaozhizhongcuishixuealongwithotherofficialslijintheprinceofxinxingagrandsonoflideliangacousinoftangsfounderemperorgaozuoftangemperorgaozuliyoujiayingfutangjunthegeneralschangyuankailiciandliqinandthemonkhuifanwereplottingtooverthrowemperorxuanzongitwasfurthersaidthattheydiscussedwiththeladyinwaitingladyyuanpoisoningthegastrodiaelatathatemperorxuanzongroutinelytookasanaphrodisiacwhenthisallegedplotwasreportedtoemperorxuanzongbyweizhiguemperorxuanzongndashwhohadalreadyreceivedadvicefromwangjuzhangyuetangdynastyzhangshuoandcuiriyongtoactfirstndashdidsoheconvenedameetingwithhisbrotherslifantheprinceofqiliyetheprinceofxueguoyuanzhenalongwithanumberofhisassociatesthegeneralwangmaozhongtheofficialsjiangjiaoandlilingwenhisbrotherinlawwangshouyitheeunuchcourtofficialeunuchgaolishiandthemilitaryofficerlishoudeanddecidedtoactfirstonjulyemperorxuanzonghadwangmaozhongtakesoldierstotheimperialguardcamptobeheadchangandlicithenjialiyouxiaoandcenwerearrestedandexecutedaswelldouandprincesstaipingcommittedsuicideemperorruizongyieldedpowerstoemperorxuanzongandnolongeractivelyparticipatedinpolicydecisionsthereafterxuewasarrestedandimprisonedatthejailofwanniancountyoneofthecountiesmakingupthecapitalchanganandorderedtocommitsuicidehissonxueboyangwassparedonthebasisthathewastheemperorsbrotherinlawbutwasexiledandhecommittedsuicideinexilenotesandreferencesoldbookoftangvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwccwtanhtmnewbookoftangvolwebarchiveorgwebefcdpansysuedutwcc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potadeiawhichisgoingtobeattackedlinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlealtaredstatesdirectedbymichaellevinewrittenbychrismanheimoriginalairdateshortsummaryxenarescuesayoungboyontherunfromhisfatherwhowantstosacrificehimlinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitletiesthatbinddirectedbycharlessiebertwrittenbyadamarmusnorakayfosteroriginalairdateshortsummaryanoldwarriorclaimingtobexenasfathercomplicatesherrescueofagroupofslaveslinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlethegreatergooddirectedbygaryjoneswrittenbystevenlsearsoriginalairdateshortsummaryxenagetspoisonedandgabriellemusttakeherplaceinfightingawarlordandprotectingavillageandthemerchantsalmoneusroberttreborakalordseltzerlinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlecallistodirectedbytjscottwrittenbyrjstewartoriginalairdateshortsummaryablondewomancalledcallistohudsonleickkillsinnocentpeoplestatingthatsheisxenawarriorprincessandtherealxenaandgabrielletrytostopherthetwoalsomeetforthefirsttimeawarriorwannabecalledjoxertedraimilinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitledeathmaskdirectedbystewartmainwrittenbypeterallanfieldsoriginalairdateshortsummaryxenafinallyconfrontscortesethewarlordwhoburnedhervillageandturnedherintoawarriorlinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitleisthereadoctorinthehousedirectedbytjscottwrittenbypatriciamanneyoriginalairdateshortsummarywhenxenaandgabrielletakeawoundedandpregnantephinytoahealingtempleinthemiddleofacivilwarxenaisforcedtotakeoverashealerwhenthepriestswouldratherpraythanactlinecoloronlyincludedvdreleasethedvdreleaseofseasononewasreleasedbyanchorbayentertainmentintheusonseptemberrefnamedvdrefafterithadcompletedbroadcastontelevisionaswellaseveryepisodefromtheseasonthedvdreleasefeaturesbonusmaterialincludingdeletedscenesbloopersandbehindthescenesfeaturettesbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylemarginembackgroundfffborderpxaaasolidbordercollapsecollapsefontsizestylebackgroundefefefcolspanthecompletefirstseasonvaligntopaligncenterwidthcolspansetdetailsrefnamedvdsrefwidthaligncenterspecialfeaturesvaligntopcolspanalignleftwidthepisodesminutesdiscsetsurroundsoundlanguagesenglishdolbydigitalrowspanalignleftwidthdirectorandactorbiographiesseriestriviaxenachroniclesseasononephotogallerydirectaccessscreensxenascreensavercolspanaligncenterreleasedatesaligncenterukaligncenterusaaligncenteraligncenterjunealigncenteraprilaligncenteroctoberreferencesexternallinksimdbcomtitlettepisodesseasonxenawarriorprincessseasonatimdbimdbcomwebarchiveorgwebtvcomxenawarriorprincessshowepisodehtmlxenawarriorprincessseasonattvcomsongshanxindianlinesummerolympicsurmiaurmiaurmiaurmiaemoticongrummanctraderletemygdoniaracesofstarcraftxelnagaconfucianismconfucianismlimitedexpresslimitedexpresschexpresswaygabysxtraordinaryfilesyonseiuniversitykoreauniversitykimchiseoulnationaluniversityxibaryonguangzhouguangdongshenzhentaipeitaipeiwuhanshenyangshenyangchangchunchangchunharbinjinanjinanchongqingcaisurnameredirectcategoryshellchaeredirectcategoryshellmmtokarevcaisurnameinfoboxtelevisionseasonshownamexenawarriorprincessseasontypeseasonseasonnumberbgcolourbbaeimagefilexdvdjpgcaptionseasondvdcoverstarringcountryunitedstatesnumepisodesnetworkusanetworkfirstairedseptemberlastairedmayepisodelistlistofxenawarriorprincessepisodesthesecondseasonofthetelevisionseriesxenawarriorprincesscommencedairingintheunitedstatesandcanadaonseptemberconcludedonmayandcontainedepisodesthesecondseasonairedintheunitedstatesontheusanetworktheseasonwasreleasedondvdasasixdiscboxedsetunderthetitleofxenawarriorprincessseasononseptemberbyanchorbayentertainmentproductioncrewproducedbylizfriedmanandericgruendemanncinematographywasmadebydonaldduncancinematographerdonaldduncaneditingbyrobertfieldfilmeditorrobertfieldcastingdirectedbydianarowanproductiondesignmadebyrobertgilliesmusicianrobertgilliescostumedesignbyngiladicksonphilchittywastheconstructionmanagerkatelangsculptornoncreditandrogermurraythepropsdesignernoncreditspecialeffectsbybrendondureyvisualeffectsbykevinblankphilcarbonaroandannatkatchdennisthompsonwasinchargeofthecameraandelectricaldepartmentandsimoneknightwasinchargeofcostumesreceptionthesupervisingsoundeditorjasonschmidwontheonehourseriessoundeditingawardatthemotionpicturesoundeditorsgoldenreelawardsfortheseasonsfourthepisodegirlsjustwannahavefunepisodesonlyincludeepisodetablebackgroundbbaeoverallseasontitledirectorwriterairdateepisodesepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitleorphanofwardirectedbycharlessiebertwrittenbystevenlsearsoriginalairdateshortsummaryxenameetssolanthesonshegavetothecentaurstoraisexenabattlesdagninewhohasusedthepoweroftheixionstoneixionwasthefatherofcentaurstotransformhimselfintothemostpowerfulcentaureverknownlinecolorbbaeepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlerem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ethregimentthdivisionofthefourthfrontarmyledbyfuturemarshallxuxiangqianhisdeputyinthethdivisionthcorpswhichxulaterledinchenxilianlaterrosetoserveonthepolitburostandingcommitteeduringthegreatproletarianculturalrevolutionbytheageofxushiyoucommandedtheredthcorpsofthefourthfrontarmyeightmonthsafterthefirstfrontarmyabandonedthejiangxisovietandembarkedonthelongmarchitmetupwithzhangguotaosfourthfrontarmyinjuneatmaogongsichuanzhangfavoredconsolidatingpowerinsichuanwhereasmaozedongwantedtocontinueontogansuandningxiatoreceiveaidfromthesovietunionthecompromisedecisionwastoconveneaconferenceinjulyatmaoergaidespitesupportfromliubochengzhudeandothercommandersmaowouldnotbeconvincedasaresultthefourthfrontarmywasdividedintoaleftcolumnunderliuzhuandzhangandarightcolumnunderxuxiangqianxushiyouatthetimecommandedacavalryregimentthesecondfrontarmyunderhelongandrenbishiandxiaokessixthfrontarmylinkedupwiththefourthfrontarmyinjuneagaindividingtheirforceshelongtookthesecondonanorthwardlinetowardgansuwhilezhangledhisforcessomewhatwestofthatlinetheresultwasthatzhangsfourthfrontarmywasbatteredbynationalistandwarlordtroopsandarrivedinyenaninpoorshapeinoctoberzhangwasforcedtosubmittomaosleadershipinthefirsthalfofjustpriortotheformalbeginningofthesinojapanesewarthepurgeofzhangguotaoandhisclosestofficerssparkedturmoilwithinthepartycadetsofthefourthfrontarmystudyingatthecounterjapanesemilitaryandpoliticaluniversitykangdaincludingxuconfrontedthepartyleadershipoveraccusationsthatzhangwasdisloyalinxuxiangqianledelementsofthethdivisionincludingxushiyouandhanxianchuintowesternshandongtorecruitnewsoldiersxushiyouwentontoserveasdeputycommanderofthethbrigadethdivisionineasternshandongandexpandedhisforcesintothetharmyofmarshallchenyicommunistchenyisthirdfieldarmyoneofhiskeydeputiesduringthewarwasniefengzhiwhowouldlatercommandthechinesepeoplesvolunteersairforceduringthekoreanwarxuremainedinshandonguntilinthefallofxucommandedtheeastfrontarmycorpsofchenyiseastchinafieldarmylatertherdfieldarmyhispoliticalcommissartanzhenlinwasoneofthemostpowerfulfiguresineastchinatheytookjinaninseptemberregionalpowerattheendofthewarxusforcesfoundthemselvesinshanghaiandhebecameamemberoftheeastchinamilitaryandadministrativecommitteeunderchenyiandsuyuasthekoreanwarunfoldedhemovedintoshandongassumingaseatonthelocalgoverningcommitteeandthepostofmilitarydistrictcommandertoconfrontwhatwasthoughttobetheriskofanamericanlandingonchinesesoilinshandongheworkedcloselywithgumuandkangshengalthoughxudidnotserveinkoreahisunitsdidinhisthandthcorpsreturnedfromkoreatothenanjingmilitaryregionwheretheyprovidedthepowerbasehewouldenjoywellintothesxuservedascommanderofthenanjingmilitaryregionfirstundereastchinamilitaryandadministrativecommitteechairmanraoshushiandthenfortenyearswithgangoffourmemberzhangchunqiaoashispoliticalcommissarthisassignmentwasthesinglelongesttenureofanymilitaryregioncommanderonrecordamonghisdeputiesduringtheswerefutureregionalleaderssungshilunwangbichengandtanqilongasthearmedforceswerecalledintorestoreadministrativecontrolhebecamechairmanofthejiangsuprovincerevolutionarycommitteeandccpfirstsecretaryinthelongdelayedmilitaryregionreshuffleinitiatedunderdengxiaopingxuwasrotatedtocommandtheguangzhoumrxuandpoliticalcommissarweiguoqingprovidedprotectionfordengxiaopinginwhenthefutureparamountleaderwaspurgedbythegangoffourfollowingthedeathofzhouenlaixuwasalsocommanderinchiefforthechineseforcesinthesinovietnamesewarincentralpowerafterbeingelectedanalternatememberofthethcentralcommitteeinxushiyouservedinthepolitburooftheththandthccpcentralcommitteeshewasaviceministerofnationaldefenseandamemberofthenationaldefensecouncilfromhewasalsoamemberofthemilitaryaffairscommissioninseptemberxubecametheonlymilitaryofficernamedafoundingvicechairmenofthecentraladvisorycommissionpersonallifeandimportanteventsxushiyoumarriedthreetimeshisfirstwifewasatraditionalruralwomanthesecondwifelimingzhenwasmarriedtohimintheeyuwanborderregionhistthirdandthelastwifetianpuwasmarriedtohiminshandongduringthesecondsinojapanesewarbothlimingzhenandtianpuaremembersofthepeoplesliberationarmytiandiedonjuneinseptemberxujoinedthechinesecommunistyouthleagueandgotowuhantoparticipateinthenationalrevolutionaryarmydivisiongroupinaugusthejoinedtheredarmyservedforredmountainareadivisionteamsquadinnovemberhewastheplatoonleaderofredarmydivisionteamplatooninhewasappointedabattalionregimentcommanderofdivisioninaprilheservedforredarmyregimentdivisioninjulyhewasappointeddeputyarmyandchairmanofredjundivisionredarmycommanderheparticipatedinthelongmarchinnovemberhestudiedinredarmycollegewhentheyreachednorthernshaanxiinhewasdeputyministerofadministrativeaffairsantijapanesemilitaryandpoliticaluniversityinjunehewasthedeputybrigadecommanderofbrigadedivisionoftheeighthroutearmyinoctoberhewasinthenorthernbureauofthecpccentralcommitteeinseptembercolumnoftheeighthroutearmyrdbrigadeofshandonginfebruaryhewasthechiefofstaffofshandongcolumninhewasappointedmemberofshandongshandongmilitaryregioncommanderoftheregionalpartycommitteeduringtheliberationwarheservedasregionalpartycommitteemembersshandongshandongmilitaryregioncommanderhewasthecommanderofthethcolumneastfieldarmycorpsshandongcorpscommanderandwasonpartycommitteeinmarchmemberofshandongmilitaryregiondeputycommanderafterthefoundingoftheprchewasthemilitaryregiondeputycommanderofshandongbranchofthecpccentralcommitteefromdecembertohewasonthehuadongmilitarycommitteefromjanuarytohewasoncpccentralcommitteeshandongbranchcommissionfordisciplineinspectionfromapriltohewasshandongmilitaryregioncommanderfromdecembertohewasthedeputysecretaryofshandongbranchcpccentralcommitteefromapriltoheservedascommanderofnointhechinesepeoplesvolunteerscorpsfromjulytohewasontheeastcpccentralcommitteeboardfromfebruarytohewasdeputycommanderofmilitaryregionnomilitarypartycommitteesecretaryhuadongregionfromoctobertohewasappointeddeputychiefofstaffoftheplafrommarchtohewasappointedcommanderofmilitaryregionpartysecretarypartysecretaryofnanjingmilitaryregionfromoctobertohewasonshanghaibureauofthecpccentralcommitteefromseptembertohewasappointeddeputydefenseministerfromfebruarytosecretaryofthecpccentralcommitteeeastchinabureaufrommarchtohewasappointeddirectorofjiangsuprovincialrevolutionarycommitteefrommarchhewasappointedprovincialrevolutionarycommitteeofthepartyscoreteamleaderfromdecembertohewasoncpcjiangsuprovincialcommitteefromapriltohewasthememberofthecpccentralmilitarycommissionthecpccentralcommitteepoliticalbureaufromjanuarytoheservedasamemberofthestandingcommitteeofcpccentralmilitarycommissionfromdecembertohewasguangzhoumilitaryregioncommandermilitarydistrictnopartysecretaryaprilonwardsfromseptembertocpccentralcommitteehewasthedeputydirectorofadvisorycommitteestandingcommitteesessiondefensecommitteenothnationalpeoplescongressthethcpccentralcommitteealternatemembersmembersthcentralcommitteepoliticalbureaumemberofthecentraladvisoryboardofelectedmemberofthestandingcommitteeanddeputydirectorinseptemberhewasawardedtherankofgeneralanhonormedalanorderofindependenceandfreedommedalaliberationmedalonoctoberhediedinnanjingnotesintheinternetprotocolversiontheaddressisanonroutablemetaaddressusedtodesignateaninvalidunknownornonapplicabletargetthisaddressisassignedspecificmeaningsinanumberofcontextsasahostaddressusesincludeawaytospecifyanyipvaddressatallitisusedinthiswaywhenconfiguringserversiewhenbindinglisteningsocketsthisisknowntotcpprogrammersasinaddranybindbindstoaddressesnotinterfacestheaddressahostclaimsasitsownwhenithasnotyetbeenassignedanaddresssuchaswhensendingtheinitialdhcpdiscoverpacketwhenusingdhcptheaddressahostassignstoitselfwhenaddressrequestviadhcphasfailedprovidedthehostsipstacksupportsthisthisusagehasbeenreplacedwiththeapipamechanisminmodernoperatingsystemsawaytoexplicitlyspecifythatthetargetisunavailablerefciteweburltoolsietforghtmlrfctitlecabledevicemanagementinformationbasefordataovercableserviceinterfacespecificationdocsiscompliantcablemodemsandcablemodemterminationsystemsquoteifeithersyslogtransmissionisinhibitedorthesyslogserveraddressisnotanipvaddressrefinthecontextofserverscanmeanallipvaddressesonthelocalmachineifahosthastwoipaddressesandandaserverrunningonthehostisconfiguredtolistenonitwillbereachableatbothofthoseipaddressesasadefaultrouteinthecontextofroutingisusuallyusedwithanetworkmaskofzeroasthenetworkaddressofthedefaultroutethiswilloftenbeexpressedasorthismatchesalladdressintheipvaddressspaceandispresentonmosthostsdirectedtowardsalocalrouterinipvinipvtheallzerosaddressistypicallyrepresentedbyreferencesinthenotationisusedtodesignatexxbeinganythingfromtoquotethishostonthisnetworkmustnotbesentexceptasasourceaddressaspartofaninitializationprocedurebywhichthehostlearnsitsownipaddressexternallinksciteweburltoolsietforghtmlrfctitlespecialuseipvaddressespublisherinternetengineeringtaskforceietfxiadynastyxkcdrcatshellwadalabbasxocommunicationsconstantinepcavafymmmannlicherschnauerovertonesingingxbiabattleofthebeamskhazarlankaranfktsarmaximiliantaxoboximagexantholinusspjpgimagecaptionxantholinusspregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordobeetlecoleopterafamiliarovebeetlestaphylinidaesubfamiliastaphylininaetribusxantholininigenusxantholinusgenusauthoritydejeansubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxantholinusisagenusofthebeetlefamilyrovebeetlestaphylinidaetherovebeetlestheycanbefoundthroughouttheworldrefnamerosarosaspscielobrscielophppidsscriptsciarttextsecondrecordofbioluminescenceinlarvaeofxantholinusdejeanstaphylinidaexantholininifrombrazilrevbrasentomolrefmostarenativetothepalearcticecozoneandsomehavebeenintroducedspeciesintroducedtonorthamericarefnamebrunkebrunkeaandcgmajkancbinlmnihgovpmcarticlespmctheadventivegenusxantholinusdejeancoleopterastaphylinidaestaphylininaeinnorthamericanewrecordsandasynthesisofdistributionaldatazookeysrefthelarvaeofatleastsomespeciesarebioluminescencebioluminescentthereareaboutspeciesinthisgenusspeciesincludexantholinusappenninicolasteelxantholinusbaeticusbordonixantholinusbalearicuscoiffaitxantholinusbonomettoibordonixantholinusbordoniicoiffaitxantholinusbulgaricuscoiffaitxantholinuscer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arlyitwaspushedtoanundisclosedandtentativedateatthemojavespaceportinmayxcorannounceddevelopmentofthelynxhadbeenhaltedwithlayoffsofapproximatelyonethirdofthestaffthecompanyintendstoconcentrateondevelopmentoftheirliquidhydrogenrocketundercontractwithunitedlaunchallianceinsteadfollowingthebankruptcyofxcoraerospaceintheassetsofthecompanyweresoldtothenonprofitorganizationbuildaplanewhichwillfocusoneducationratherthansuborbitalflighthistoryxerusinxcorproposedthexeruspronunciationzerussuborbitalspaceplaneconceptitwastobecapableoftransportingonepilotandonepassengeraswellassomesuborbitalspaceflightscientificexperimentsscienceexperimentsanditwouldevenbecapableofcarryinganupperstagewhichwouldlaunchnearapogeeandthereforewouldpotentiallybeabletocarrysatellitesintolowearthorbitlowearthorbitrefnamesdcspacecombusinesstechnologytechnologyxcorxerushtmlspacecomxcorzeroesinonxerusspacecomaccessedrefaslateasxcorcontinuedtorefertotheirfuturetwopersonspaceplaneconceptasxerusrefnamesdcrefasearchofthespacecomsiterevealsaboutahalfdozenmentionsofxerusoverthoseyearslynxthelynxwasinitiallyannouncedonmarchwithplansforanoperationalvehiclewithintwoyearspassengerswhohadhopedtomakeflightsinthelynxincludedthewinnersfromtheaxebrandaxeapollospaceacademyaasaaxeapollospaceacademyworldwideperfumecontestandjustindowdofworcestermassachusettswhowonmetrointernationalmetrointernationalsraceforspacenewspapercontestthepassengerticketwasprojectedtocostrefnamepopmechrefasofdecemberkayakcomwasreportedlysellingticketsforflightsonthexcorlynxstartingininmaythecompanyhalteddevelopmentofthelynxspaceplaneandpivotedcompanyfocustowarddevelopmentitsloxlhenginetechnologyparticularlyonafundedprojectforunitedlaunchalliancethecompanylaidoffmorethanpeopleofthepersonsonboardpriortomayrefnamesnrefdescriptionthelynxwasintendedtohavefourliquidrocketenginesattherearofthefuselageburningamixtureofloxrpkeroseneeachengineproducingofthrustrefnameawrefmarkiprototypemaximumaltitudeprimaryinternalpayloadsecondarypayloadspacesincludeasmallareainsidethecockpitbehindthepilotoroutsidethevehicleintwoareasintheaftfuselagefairingaluminumloxtankspeedofascentrefnameassrefgforcegatmosphericentryreentryloadingmarkiiproductionmodelmaximumaltitudeprimaryinternalpayloadrefnamessmmarchrefsecondarypayloadspacesincludethesameasthemarkirefrefnitrousoxidefuelblendnontoxicnonhydrazinereactioncontrolsystemrcsthrusterstypenxcoraerospacethermoplasticpolymerdevelopmentnonburniteloxcompositeoverwrappedpressurevesselcompositetankmarkiiithelynxmarkiiiwasintendedtobethesamevehicleasthemarkiiwithanexternaldorsalmountedpodofandwastobelargeenoughtoholdatwostagecarriertolaunchamicrosatellitespaceflightmicrosatelliteormultiplenanosatellitesintolowearthorbitlynxxrkenginethexrkisapistonpumpfedloxrpengineusinganexpandercyclerocketexpandercyclethedevelopmentprogramofthexcorlynxkloxrpkeroseneenginereachedamajormilestoneinmarchintegratedtestfiringsoftheenginenozzlecombinationdemonstratedtheabilityofthealuminumnozzletowithstandthehightemperaturesofrocketengineexhaustrefnamesatnewsnozzlerefinmarchunitedlaunchallianceulaannouncedtheyhadenteredintoajointdevelopmentcontractwithxcorforaflightreadycryogeniclhloxupperstageupperstagerocketengineseexcoraerospacexcorfulaliquidhydrogencupperstageenginedevelopmentprojectxcorulaliquidhydrogenupperstageenginedevelopmentprojectthelynxkefforttodevelopanewaluminumalloyenginenozzleusingnewmanufacturingtechniqueswouldremoveseveralhundredpoundsofweightfromthelargeengineleadingtosignificantlylowercostandmorecapablecommercialandfederalgovernmentoftheunitedstatesusgovernmentspaceflightsrefnameawrefairframeitwasreportedinthatthemarkiairframecoulduseacarbonfiberreinforcedpolymercarbonepoxyestercompositematerialcompositeandthemarkiiacyanateestercarboncyanatewithasuperalloynickelalloyforthenoseandleadingedgeatmosphericentrythermalprotectionsystemsthermalprotectionmarkibuildtheflighttestflightarticlelynxmarkiwasclaimedasbeingfabricatedandassembledinmojavecaliforniamojavebeginninginmidrefnameparefthecockpitofthelynxmadeofcarbonfibreanddesignedbyadamworkscoloradowasreportedasbeingoneoftheitemsthathelduptheassemblyrefnamesmithsonianbelforemichaelnovemberairspacemagcomspaceexplorationthelynxsleaphtmlcypagethelynxsleapcanasuborbitalspaceshiphelpxcorreachorbitairspacemagazinesmithsonianretrievedoctoberrefatthestartofoctoberthecockpitwasattachedtothefuselagetherearcarrythroughsparwasattachedtothefuselageshortlyafterthanksgivingatthebeginningofmaythestrakeswereattachedtotheairframethelastmajorcomponentthewingswereexpectedtobedeliveredinlateinfebruarythefirstprototypewasdescribedasawinglessshellinxcorsnovembernewsreporttheystatedthateventhoughtheprogrammadegreatforwardprogressintegratingthevehiclestructuralelementsduringandearlytheprogressonthecontrolsurfaceelementslaggedindesigninanefforttopreventpotentialreworkresultingfromimplementingdesignsnotyetmaturethelynxfabricationwaspausedsoourengineeringteamhasgonebacktothedesignboardtestprogramtestsofthexrkmainenginebeganininfebruaryitwasreportedthatenginetestswerelargelycompleterefnametsrrefandthevehicleaerodynamicdesignhadcompletedtworoundsofwindtunneltestingathirdandfinalroundoftestswascompletedinlateusingascalesupersonicwindtunnelmodeloflynxinoctoberxcorclaimedthatflighttestsofthemarkiprototypewouldstartinhoweverbyjanuarytechnicalhurdlesledthecompanytostatethattheyhadnotassignedanewprojecteddatefortestflightsrefnamemrtrefconceptofoperationsnasasrlvprograminmarchxcorsubmittedthelynxasareusablelaunchvehicleforcarryingresearchpayloadsinresponsetonasassuborbitalreusablelaunchvehiclesrlvsolicitationwhichisapartofnasasflightopportunitiesprogramrefnamenasarefnocontractforprovidingthiswaseverannouncedcommercialoperationsaccordingtoxcorthelynxwasintendedtoflyfourormoretimesadayandwouldhavealsohadthecapacitytodeliverpayloadsintospacethelynxmarkiprototypewasexpectedtoperformitsfirsttestflightinxcorhadplannedtohavethelynxsinitialflightsatthemojavespaceportmojaveairandspaceportinmojavecaliforniaoranylicensedspaceportwithameternbspftrunwaymediareportsinanticipatedthatbytheendofthelynxwasexpectedtobeginflyingsuborbitalspacetourismflightsandscientificresearchmissionsfromanewspaceportonthecaribbeanislandofcuraaohoweverthecompanystatedinjanuarythattheyhadnotassignedanewprojecteddatefortestflightsandadateforthelaunchofcommercialoperationscouldnotbeanticipatedbecauseitlackedanypropulsionsystemotherthanitsrocketenginesthelynxwouldhavetobetowedtotheendoftherunwayoncepositionedontherunwaythepilotwouldhaveignitedthefourrocketenginestakeoffandbeginasteepclimbtheengineswillbeshutoffatapproximatelyfeetnbspkmandmachnumbermachthespaceplanewouldthencontinuetoclimbunpowereduntilitreachedanapogeeofapproximatelyfeetnbspkmthespacecraftwouldhaveexperiencedalittleoverfourminutesofweightlessnessbeforereenteringtheearthsatmospheretheoccupantsofthelynxwereintendedtohaveexperienceduptofourtimesnormalgravityduringreentryafterreentrythelynxwouldhaveglideddownandperformedanunpoweredlandingthetotalflighttimewasprojectedtolastaboutminutesthelynxwasexpectedtobeabletoperformflightsbeforemaintenancewasrequiredorbitaloutfitterswasreportedlydesigningpressuresuitsforxcoruserefnamesuborbitalrefinorbitaloutfittersreportedthattheyhadcompletedatechnicalmockupofthelynxcraftitselfasofthesuccessortothemarkiimighthavebeenatwostagefullyreusableorbitalvehiclethattookoffandlandedhorizontallydevelopmentcostprojectionsinmarkiproductionwasprojectedtocostandthemarkiiaroundseealsoprivatespaceflighteadsastriumspacetourismprojectrocketplanexpspaceshiptwonewshepardxcorezrocketmarkixracerxcormarkixracerreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxcorcomproductsvehicleslynxsuborbitalhtmllynxsuborbitalspacecraftpageamericaspacecompxcorslynxreusablelaunchvehicleapproachescompletionamericaspacenovemberinfoboxnflplayernamexavieromonimageimagesizecaptionnumberpositionrunningbackbirthdatebirthplacesandiegocaliforniadeathdatedeathplaceheightftheightinweightlbshighschoolbeatricehighschoolbeatricenecollegenorthwestmissouristatebearcatsfootballnorthwestmissouristatedraftyeardraftrounddraftpickpastteamsbuffalobillsseattleseahawksnewyorkjetssanfranciscoersclevelandbrownsdenverbroncospastteamsnoteyeshighlightstimesallmidamericaintercollegiateathleticsassociationmiaamiaamostvaluableplayernorthwestmissouristateuniversitynorthwestbearcatsmclubhalloffamestatlabelrushingyardsstatvaluestatlabelrushingaveragestatvaluestatlabelrushingtdsstatvaluenflomopfroomonxaxavieromonbornfebruaryisaformeramericanfootballrunningbackwhoplayedinthenationalfootballleaguehewasdraftedbythebuffalobillsinthesixthroundofthenfldraftheplayedcollegefootballatnorthwestmissouristatebearcatsfootballnorthwestmissouristateomonwasalsoamemberoftheseattleseahawksnewyorkjetssanfranciscoersclevelandbrownsanddenverbroncosearlylifeomonwasborninsandiegocaliforniaandattendedbeatricehighschoolinbeatricenebraskabothhisbrothersdiedwhenomonwasachildwhenomonwashelostabrothertoadrunkdriverandatageanotherbrothercommittedsuicidehoweverhelearnedhehadahalfbrotherduringthelatterpartofwhowasadefensivetackleforthesandiegochargersogemdinwagbuothetwometforthefirsttimeduringthepreseasonduringthewarmupsofagamebetweentheirrespectiveteamstheersandchargersnwagbuohassincebeenreleasedbythechargersandsignedbythecarolinapantherswhileomonhasmovedontothedenverbroncospracticesquadalongwiththisbrotheromonhasalsodiscoverednwagbuosfullsiblingsgeraldanddarlenethelatterofwhomisavolleyballplayerforboisestateduringhissophomoreyearhetoldaselectgroupoffriendsthatsomedayhewouldbeannflrunningbackrefnameespnrefcollegecareerinomonsfreshmanyearherushedtheballtimesforyardsandtouchdownswithanaverageofyardsacarryhewentovertheyardmarktimesincludingatonepointforstraightgamesomonrecordedtwoyardgamesalsoincludingyardsagainstcentralmissouristatexavierrumbledforyardsoncarriesagainstpittsburgstateattheannualfallclassicatarrowheadstadiumhisyardtouchdownrunagainstmissourisoutherntiedforthelongestrunfromscrimmageinschoolhistoryhealsowasthefirstfreshmaninnorthwesthistorytosurpasstheseasonrushingyardsmarkomonsseasonpointstieddavidjanseninforthemostpointsbyanonkickerinschoolhistoryhisawardsincludehonorablementiongazetteanddfootballcomallamericanrunningbacksecondteamdaktronicsallsouthwestregionpickatrunningbackandfirstteamallmiaaoffensiveselectionatrunningbackinomonssophomoreyearherushedtheballtimesforyardsandtouchdownsanaverageofyardsomoncarriedthebearcatstothednationaltitlegamewhichtheylostheendedtheseasonthinthecountryinrushingyardspergamestinallpurposeyardsandthinscoringomonwentfivestraightgameswithatleastyardsandrushedforanaverageofpergameomoninjuredhisankleagainsttrumanstatewhichkepthimoutfortwoweeksuponhisreturnhetotaledrushesofoveryardsincludingayardrunagainstwashburnheaccountedforthreescoresrushingversuspittsburgstateatthefallclassicatarrowheadstadiumduringthepostseasonomonhadacareerhighyardsoncarriesinthewinagainstangelostatehisawardsincludedaktronicsallsouthwestregionsecondteamoffensesecondteamallmiaapickanddonhansensfootballgazettehonorablementionteamthebearcatswenttothencaadchampionshipgameeveryyearfromtheywoninprofessionalcareerbuffalobillsomonmadethebuffalobillsfinalmanrosterfortheseasonastheteamsrdstringbackhesawverylimitedactionduringtheregularseasononlyamassingcarriesforyardsinhehadcarriesforyardsbeforebeingwaivedonnovemberseattleseahawksomonwassignedtotheseattleseahawkspracticesquadonnovembernewyorkjetsonseptemberthenewyorkjetssignedomontotheirpracticesquadfollowingthedepartureofrunningbackchaunceywashingtononoctoberthejetsreleasedhimfromtheirpracticesquadsanfranciscoersomonwasaddedtotheerspracticesquadondecemberandsignedtoareservefuturecontractfortheseasononjanuaryafterparticipatingintheteamssummertrainingcampandpreseasongamesomonwasreleasedbyersonseptemberthefollowingdayhewassignedtotheerspracticesquadhewasreleasedfromthepracticesquadseptemberclevelandbrownsomonwassignedtotheclevelandbrownspracticesquadonseptemberdenverbroncosthedenverbroncossignedomontotheirpracticesquadonnovemberafteramassingyardsrushingandatouchdownoncarriesinthenflpreseasonomonwaswaivedbythebroncosonaugustreferencesexternallinksbuffalobillscomteamrosterxavieromonedcdcfcabebuffalobillsbiowebarchiveorgwebseahawkscomteamrosterxavieromonaaaaccabbbbeseattleseahawksbioacpmaplestoryxalapaellipsisinmathematicalnotationredirectshellhegemonyiqritiqritrikiyakoyamaxiangqixxxstateoftheunionxxxstateoftheunioniwmississippiriverbridgexianhlibailibailibailibailibailibaichianghsiaoyenchianghsiaoyensouthwestcayswallowreefkolenedelkovskiredirectcategoryshellinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexorcisttypestudioartistxraidedcoverxorcistraidedjpgreleaseddecemberrecordedgenregangstaraphorrorcoregfunkwestcoasthiphoplengthlabelblackmarketrecordsproducerxraidedcedsingletonwilliecharleslastalbumpsychoactivebrthisalbumxorcistbrnextalbumunforgivenxraidedalbumunforgivenbrxorcististhesecondalbumbyrapperxraideditwasreleasedondecemberforblackmarketrecordsinaninterviewxraidedstatedthathemadethealbumwhileontrialonetrackonthealbumbeginswitharecordingofacollectcallfromxraidedwhichidentifieshimasaninmateinsacramentocountyjailreceptioninfangorianameditasaniconichorrorcorealbumtracklistingopenthacasketiaintdeadyetrecognizefeatbabereglunasiccbodycountfeatdamissescollectcallcheckyourbitchblazeupwannagethighfeatlunasiccunxplainabledeucetolifeunfukwitablefeatdamissesbaberegliquorniggaztriggazfeatbrothalynchhungsicxdonedealfeatdamissesbrainzwitamaskonfeatdamisseschopahkillahoelunasiccmobrainzreferencesxboxlivedeehsubarbiehsuvalenhsumavisheefitnawordxcoraerospaceshavianalphabetikanaakanalistofminorplanetsinfoboxplanetminorplanetyesbackgroundffcenamexanthusimagexanthusmarpngimagesizecaptionorbitdiagramofxanthusasofmarchdiscoveryrefdiscovererhenryeholthenryholtandnormangthomasdiscoverysitepalomarobservatorydiscoveredmarchmpcnamexanthusaltnamesfbmpcategorynearearthobjectapolloasteroidapolloorbitrefepochjanuaryjuliandayjdaphelionperihelionsemimajoreccentricityperiodjulianyearastronomyyrjulianyearastronomydinclinationascnodemeananomalydegreeangleargperidimensionskmalbedospectraltypeabsmagnitudemeanmotiondayrotationmeanradiuskilometrekmobservationarcdaysyruncertaintymoidxanthusprovisionaldesignationisanasteroidclassifiedasnearearthobjectofthelistofapolloasteroidsapollogroupapproximatelykilometersindiameteritwasdiscoveredonmarchbyastronomershenryeholthenryholtandnormangthomasnormanthomasatthepalomarobservatoryincaliforniareferencesreflistrefsrefnamejpldatarefexternallinksssdjplnasagovsbdbcgisstrxanthusjplsmallbodydatabasebrowseronxanthuswebarchiveorgwebtrsnewjplnasagovdspacebitstreampdfbenneretalradardetectionofnearearthasteroidsatenadonisegerxanthusandqnlistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetsinfoboxplanetminorplanetyesnamexosabackgrounddddimageimagesizecaptiondiscoveryrefthinspdiscoveredmaydiscoverercyriljacksonastronomercjacksondiscoverysiteunionobservatoryjohannesburgobsmpcnamexosaaltnamesjcnamedafterxhosapeoplebrmpcategorymainbeltthinsporbitrefthinspepochseptemberjuliandayjduncertaintyobservationarcyrdaysaphelionastronomicalunitauperihelionausemimajoraueccentricityperiodjulianyearastronomyyrdaysmeananomalydegreeanglemeanmotiondayinclinationascnodeargperidimensionskmbrkmrotationhourhbrhbrhbrhalbedobrspectraltypestypeasteroidsthinspabsmagnitudexosaprovisionaldesignationisastonyasteroidandlistofslowrotatorsminorplanetsslowrotatorfromthemiddleregionoftheasteroidbeltapproximatelykilometersindiameteritwasdiscoveredonmaybyenglishbornsouthafricanastronomercyriljacksonastronomercyriljacksonatthejohannesburgobservatoryinsouthafricaitisnamedforthexhosapeopleorbitandclassificationthestypeasteroidasteroidorbitsthesunatadistanceofnbspastronomicalunitauonceeveryyearsandmonthsdaysitsorbithasanorbitaleccentricityeccentricityofandanorbitalinclinationinclinationofdegreeanglewithrespecttotheeclipticxosasobservationarcbeginswithitsofficialdiscoveryobservationasnoprecoveriesweretakenandnoprioridentificationsweremadephysicalcharacteristicsslowrotatorinfalllightcurvephotometrybybriandwarnerbrianwarnerandatthepalomartransientfactoryrevealedthatxosaisalistofslowrotatorsminorplanetsperiodsofhoursslowrotatorwithanotablylongrotationperiodofandhoursandabrightnessvariationofandmagnitudeastronomymagnituderespectivelyitalsoseemstobeinanonprincipalaxisrotationnparcolloquiallycalledastumblinghoweverobservationsareinsufficienttodeterminethebodystumblingortoruleoutanontumblingstatettheseobservationssupersededpreviousperiodsobtainedinanddiameterandalbedoaccordingtothesurveycarriedoutbynasaswidefieldinfraredsurveyexplorerwithitssubsequentneowisemissionxosameasureskilometersindiameteranditssurfacehasanastronomicalalbedoalbedoofwhilethecollaborativeasteroidlightcurvelinkassumesastandardalbedoforstonyasteroidsofandcalculatesadiameterofkilometersusinganabsolutemagnitudeofnamingthisminorplanetwasnamedafterthexhosapeoplexhosaformerlyspelledxosaabantuethnicgroupofnativepeopleinsoutheastsouthafricaandwhocameintoearlycontactwiththewhitesettlerstheofficialnamingcitationwaspublishedbytheminorplanetcenterbeforenovemberreferencesreflistemrefsrefnamejpldatacitewebtypelastobstitlejplsmallbodydatabasebrowserxosajcurlssdjplnasagovsbdbcgisstrpublisherjetpropulsionlaboratoryaccessdatejunerefrefnamespringercitebooktitledictionaryofminorplanetnamesxosalastschmadelfirstlutzdpublisherspringerberlinheidelbergpagedateurllinkspringercomreferenceworkentryisbnaccessdatejanuaryrefrefnamempcxosacitewebtitlexosajcworkminorplanetcenterurlminorplanetcenternetdbsearchshowobjectobjectidaccessdatejanuaryrefrefnamempccircularsarchivecitewebtitlempcmpompsarchiveworkminorplanetcenterurlminorplanetcenternetiauecsmpcarchivempcarchivetblhtmlaccessdatejanuaryrefrefnamegenevaobscitewebtitleasteroidsandcometsrotationcurvesxosalastbehrendfirstraoulpublishergenevaobservatoryurlobswwwunigechbehrendpagecouhtmlaccessdatejanuaryrefrefnamelcdbcitewebtitlelcdbdataforxosapublisherasteroidlightcurvedatabaselcdburlminorplanetinfophpgeneratealcdefpagelocalphpastinfocxosaaccessdatejanuaryrefrefnamemasierocitejournaldisplayauthorsfirstjosephrlastmasierofirstaklastmainzerfirsttlastgravfirstjmlastbauerfirstrmlastcutrifirstclastnugentfirstmslastcabreradatenovembertitlepreliminaryanalysisofwiseneowisebandcryogenicandpostcryogenicobservationsofmainbeltasteroidsurladsabsharvardeducgibinbibquerybibcodeapjlmjournaltheastrophysicaljournallettersvolumeissuepagebibcodeapjlmdoilarxivaccessdatejanuaryrefrefnamerobinsonacitejournalfirstlelastrobinsonfirstbdlastwarnerdatemarchtitleacollaborativeworkonthreeasteroidlightcurvesmarionbilkisxosaurladsabsharvardeducgibinbibquerybibcodempburjournaltheminorplanetbulletinvolumepagesbibcodempburaccessdatejanuaryrefrefnamestechercitejournalfirstgeorgelaststecherfirstlylelastfordfirstnatalielastbianchifirstbriandlastwarnerfirstlarrylastrobinsondateoctobertitleontheperiodofxosaurladsabsharvardeducgibinbibquerybibcodempbusjournaltheminorplanetbulletinvolumeissuepagesissnbibcodempbusaccessdatejanuaryrefrefnamewarnericitejournalauthorwarnerbrianddateapriltitleasteroidlightcurveanalysisatthepalmerdivideobservatoryseptemberdecemberurladsabsharvardeducgibinbibquerybibcodempbuwjournaltheminorplanetbulletinvolumeissuepagesissnbibcodempbuwaccessdatejanuaryrefrefnamewaszczakcitejournaldisplayauthorsfirstadamlastwaszczakfirstchankaolastchangfirsteranolastofekfirstrusslastlaherfirstfranklastmascifirstdavidlastlevitanfirstjasonlastsuracefirstyuchilastchengfirstwinghuenlastipfirstdaisukelastkinoshitafirstgeorgelastheloufirstthomasalastprincefirstshrinivaslastkulkarnidateseptembertitleasteroidlightcurvesfromthepalomartransientfactorysurveyrotationperiodsandphasefunctionsfromsparsephotometryurladsabsharvardeducgibinbibquerybibcodeajwjournaltheastronomicaljournalvolumeissuepagebibcodeajwdoiarxivaccessdatejanuaryrefendofreflistexternallinksminorplanetobservercompdolcahtmlightcurveplotofxosapalmerdivideobservatorybriandwarnerbdwarnerminorplanetinfophplcdbsummaryqueryphpa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ldnotdefeattheminoneofxuessubordinateslijintheprefectofyanprefectureinmodernbeijingmadefalseaccusationsagainstxuetothechancellorliuyouqiuliurecommendedthegeneralsunquantoreplacexueemperorruizongthusmadesunthecommandantatyouprefectureandmovedxuetobethesecretarygeneralatbingprefectureroughlymoderntaiyuanshanxitheoverlyaggressivesunwassubsequentlydefeatedandcapturedbythexchieflidabuwiththelossofnearlytheentirearmylidabudeliveredhimtoqapaghanqaghanwhobeheadedhimduringemperorxuanzongsreignlaterinemperorruizongpassedthethronetohissonemperorxuanzongoftanglilongjithecrownprinceandlilongjitookthethroneasemperorxuanzonginduringamajorexaminationoftroopsafteremperorxuanzongorderedthechancellorguoyuanzhenexiledandtheofficialtangshaoforfailingtogetthearmiesintoproperorderduringtheexaminationthegeneralswereshockedandpanickingwiththeexceptionofxueneandjiewanemperorxuanzongwasimpressedwiththemandpraisedthemgreatlyinxueproposedanambitiousplantogetthekhitanpeoplekhitanxandxtoresubmittotangbelievingthatitcouldbeaccomplishedbydefeatingthekhitanandreestablishingliuchenginmodernchaoyangliaoningemperorxuanzonghimselfwantedtotakevengeanceforsunquansdefeatanddespiteoppositionbythechancelloryaochongemperorxuanzongapprovedofxuesplanfurtherhegrantedxuethestatusoftongziweihuangmensanpinmakinghimachancellordefactoandcommissionedhimwithmentoattackthekhitanassistedbydubinkeandcuixuandaoxuelaunchedtheattackinsummerdespiteduswarningsthatthesummerheatmadeitadifficulttimeforsoldierstobewearingarmorandbearingheavyfoodburdensasxueadvancedhefellintoakhitantrapandkhitanforcescrushedtangforcesatancasualtyratexuewasabletofleewithsomecavalrysoldiersandkhitansoldiersinsultedhimbyreferringtohimasgrandmotherxueafterthedefeatxueblamedthedefeatoncuiandeightnonhanchinesehanofficersemperorxuanzongorderedthemexecutedatyouprefecturebutsparedxueandonlyremovedhimfromallofhisofficesonlyduwasnotpunishedinfallforcesofthetibetanempireunderthegeneralsboddargyasandwetrisigshangnyendbaskhrigzigszhangnyenattackedlanprefectureroughlymodernlanzhougansuemperorxuanzongcommissionedxueasanactinggeneralandhadhimdefendagainstthetibetanattackassistedbythegeneralguozhiyunandtheofficialwangjuntangchancellorwangjunxueengagedtibetanforcesatwujieinmoderndingxigansuanddefeatedtibetanforcesemperorxuanzongrestoredxuesgeneralrankandcreatedhimthedukeofpingyanginemperorxuanzongfurthermadexuethecommandantatliangprefectureroughlymodernwuweigansutoprepareforpotentialattacksfromashinamochuoemperorxuanzongsoonalsocommissionedxueasthecommandinggeneralofthesoldiersintheshuofangregionroughlymodernyinchuanningxiaassistedbyduandtheofficiallyanzuotoattackthegktrksalthoughwhetherthearmywasactuallylaunchedornotwasunclearafterqapaghanqaghanwaskilledinanattackagainstthebayegutribeinmanygtrkvassalssurrenderedtotangandgtrkfellintoastateofconfusionthereafterhoweverqapaghansnephewbecamebilgekhaganandaskhagantriedtorestrengthenthegtrkstateinwintersomeofthegtrkswhosurrenderedtotangrebelledandfledbacknorthundertheleadershipofxiediesitaiandaxilanemperorxuanzongcommissionedxuetogivechasebutbeforexuecouldarrivewangandguoalreadydefeatedtherebelsinbattlealthoughtherebelswereneverthelessabletodisengageandgetbacktogtrksoonthereafterxueretiredhediedinnotesandreferencesoldbookoftangwebarchiveorgwebsidneyluonetaahtmvolnewbookoftangwebarchiveorgwebsidneyluonetaahtmvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhshaedongsimplifiedchinesemeaningeastmayrefertoazumanameajapanesesurnameandgivennamedngachinesesurnamedongfilmdongfilmachinesedocumentaryfilmseealsohigashikudisambiguationforvariousdistrictsinjapandonggudisambiguationforvariousdistrictsinsouthkoreadisambiguationeastmountaindisambiguationeastseahaidonghaedongjakyungantillesmonkeydeviceindependentfileformatainthewhytenotationfortheclassificationofsteamlocomotivesbywheelarrangementisalocomotivewithfourleadingwheelsatthefrontofthelocomotivefourdrivingwheelsaxlesfixedinarigidframeandsixtrailingwheelsnormallymountedinatrailingtruckanexampleofthiswheelarrangementwasthethuilelocomotiveotherequivalentclassificationsareuicclassificationbalsoknownasgermanclassificationitalianclassificationandfrenchclassificationliferuinernippojishothecontinuingadventuresoftherollingstoneswindowsxpservicepackwindowsxpservicepackanouarbrahemxmachineprunusyedoensisredirectcategoryshellinfoboxreligionnamechurchofxuanyuanbrxunyunjiohuimagefilexuanyuanismsvgimagewidthpxothernamessmallwayofxuanyuanhuangdiismsmalltypeconfucianchurchmainclassificationchinesesalvationistreligionscripturefourbooksandfiveclassicsfounderwanghanshengfoundeddatefoundedplacetaiwanwebsitehuangdicultureorginhuanglingcountyhuanglingyananshaanxiattheidealsacredcentreofchinaxuanyuandaowayofxuanyuanalsoknownasxuanyuanismorhuangdiismisaconfucianismconfucianchinesefolkreligionfolkreligionofchinawhichwasfoundedintaipeitaiwaninthefounderwaswanghanshengalegislatorthechurchofxuanyuanaimstorestorethenationalreligionofarchaicprehandynastychinawithyellowemperorhuangdiastheuniversalgodtheologyandpracticesthechurchofxuanyuansubsumesallthewaysofworshiptolocal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sociationfootballstrikerstrikercurrentclubcaosasunaosasunaclubnumberyouthyearsyouthclubscdatlticobalearesatlticobalearesyouthyearsyouthclubsdeportivodelacoruadeportivolacoruayearsclubsdeportivodelacoruabdeportivobcapsgoalsyearsclubsdeportivodelacoruadeportivolacoruacapsgoalsyearsclubsudvecindariovecindarioloancapsgoalsyearsclubsnewcastleunitedfcnewcastleunitedcapsgoalsyearsclubsracingdesantanderracingsantanderloancapsgoalsyearsclubsdeportivodelacoruadeportivolacorualoancapsgoalsyearsclubscrdobacfcrdobacapsgoalsyearsclubsrcdmallorcamallorcaloancapsgoalsyearsclubsmuangthongunitedfcmuangthongunitedcapsgoalsyearsclubscaosasunaosasunacapsgoalsnationalyearsnationalteamspainnationalunderfootballteamspainunationalcapsnationalgoalsclubupdatemarchnationalteamupdatefranciscojimneztejadabornjuneknownasxiscoisaspanishprofessionalassociationfootballfootballerwhoplaysasaforwardassociationfootballstrikerstrikerforcaosasunaaftermakinganameforhimselfwithdeportivodelacoruadeportivohesignedinwithnewcastleunitedfcnewcastleunitedbuthecouldonlyamassofficialappearancesfortheclubduringhisspellonegoalalsobeingloanedseveraltimesduringhiscontractheleftthelatterinjanuaryandreturnedtohiscountrygoingontospendfourseasonswithcrdobacfcrdobaandwinningpromotiontolaligainsegundadivisinxiscoparticipatedwithspainnationalunderfootballteamspainattheuefaeuropeanunderchampionshipeuropeanunderchampionshipclubcareerdeportivoaproductofdeportivodelacoruasyouthranksxiscowasborninpalmamajorcabalearicislandsandhemadehislaligadebutonaprilagainstrealsociedadhisfirstandsecondgoalarrivedalsolaligathatseasoninaawaydrawagainstrealzaragozaonmayinlaligaafteraseasonlongloanatsegundadivisinsudvecindarioxiscoemergedasatopflightstrikerscoringfivegoalsintwomatchesahattrickinahomewinagainstrealmurciaonmarchaddingtwoatracingdesantandersameresultthefollowingweeknewcastleunitedonseptemberxiscosignedfornewcastleunitedfcnewcastleunitedforareportedinitialfeeofpoundsterlingmillionalthoughthefeecouldhaveeventuallyrisentomillionsubjecttoconditionshemadehisdebutfortheclubinthehomedefeatagainsthullcityafchullcityonseptemberscoringinthegamehoweverhefeaturedrarelyduringpremierleaguetheseasonbeingonlyseventhchoicebehindmichaelowenobafemimartinsmarkvidukapeterlvenkrandssholaameobiandandycarrollafteronlyfourmonthsnewcastleunitedattemptedtosellxiscoonlytobeblockedbyfifawhodidnotallowforaplayertoberegisteredforthreeclubsinoneseasoninfebruaryhestatedhehadnotmadeamistakebymovinginsistinghewouldeventuallysucceedafternewcastlepremierleaguewererelegatedxiscostatedthathewasntsurewhethertostayattheclubandeventuallywassignedonloanbyracingsantanderonaugustinalaligaseasonlongmovetwoweekslaterhemadehisdebutforthecantabriansduringadrawatatlticomadridhavingcomeonasasubstituteassociationfootballsubstituteforalexandregeijoforthefinaltwentyminuteshoweverhewasreplacedbytonimoralbeforethefinalwhistleinjuredhenettedhisfirstgoalforracingonjanuarythesecondinawinovercdtenerifeonjanuaryincopadelreythequarterfinalsofthecopadelreyhecontributedtotheirawaytriumphagainstcaosasunaonaggregatemanagerchrishughtonsaidthatxiscoremainedinhisfirstteamplansupontheplayersreturntothemagpiesinjulywiththelatterstatingherefusedtogiveuponhisfutureattheclubhecameoffthebenchonaugustinanimpressivehomewinagainstastonvillafcastonvillasettingupcarrollforhishattrickinthethminuteafterreceivingaejectionsportsredcardforanofftheballincidentinareserveteamreservesgamehewassuspendedforthreematchesandfailedtoappearfortheteaminthefollowingmonthsfindinghimselfbehindameobicarrolllvenkrandsandnilerangeronjanuaryxiscoreturnedtoformerclubdeportivoonloanuntiltheendoflaligatheseasonbeingintermittentlyusedandalsosufferingteamrelegationhehadbeenpreviouslylinkedwithamovetorealzaragozaandamovebacktosantanderduringthewintertransferwindowonaugusthereturnedtotheclubinthesamepredicamentxiscofeaturedsparinglyduringthesegundadivisinsecondlevelseasonduetoinjuriesonmayhoweverhescoredarguablythemostimportantgoalofthecampaignhelpingdeportivocomefrombehindtowinitathomeagainstsdhuescaandsealpromotionwithoneroundremainingaschampionsinthesummerxiscorevealedhecouldleavenewcastlebutoptedtostayeventuallyonoctoberhefeaturedforthereservesforthefirsttimesinceinawinagainstastonvillafcastonvillasreservesscoringahattrickagainststokecityfcstokecitytwoweekslaterforthesamecompetitionamonthlaterhewasincludedinthefirstteamsquadaheadofauefaeuropaleaguematchagainstclubbruggekvxiscoscontractwasterminatedwithimmediateeffectonjanuaryafterleavingnewcastlehewasnamedbythenewcastleeveningchronicleasoneoftheclubsworststrikerscrdobaafterhisreleasexiscoreturnedtohiscountrybyjoiningcrdobacfinthesecondleveluponarrivinghespokeofhishopestorevivehiscareerwhilsthelpinghisteamhemadehisdebutforhisnewclubonmarchcomingonasasubstituteandscoringagoalinadefeatatfcbarcelonabxiscoappearedregularlyfortheandalusiansduringthesegundadivisincampaignscoringtengoalsastheyreturnedtothespanishtopflightafterayearabsenceonjanuaryafterfeaturingsparinglyhewasloanedtorcdmallorcauntiljunelateryearsonjulyafteraoneseasonspellatthailandsmuangthongunitedfcmuangthongunitedfcxiscosignedatwoyearcontractwithcaosasunainternationalcareerxiscomadehisspainnationalunderfootballteamspainunderdebutinaexhibitiongamefriendlyagainstenglandnationalunderfootballteamenglandonfebruaryinwhichhehadashothitthefootoftheposthescoredhisfirstgoalinthecategoryagainstgeorgianationalunderfootballteamgeorgiaduringtheuefaeuropeanunderchampionshipqualificationuefaeuropeanchampionshipqualifiersaddingtohistallybynettingagainstrussianationalunderfootballteamrussiawithasubtlefinishalsoduringthatstageofthecompetitionxiscoaddedanothergoalonoctoberinaovertimesportsextratimewinagainstswitzerlandnationalunderfootballteamswitzerlandhelpingspainqualifyforuefaeuropeanunderchampionshipthefinalswherehedidnotscorehonoursdeportivosegundadivisinsegundadivisinmuangthongunitedthaipremierleaguethaipremierleaguethaileaguecupthaileaguecupthailandchampionscupthailandchampionscupreferencesexternallinkscanaldeportivocomservletesirisservletsequipoaccionveridpersonaidequipodeportivoofficialprofiledeportivolacorunacomsquadxiscohtmldeportivoarchivesblogmallorquinistawordpresscomexiliadosxiscojimenezbioatblogmallorquinistainfoboxmartialartistnamexhavitbajraminativenameimageimagesizecaptionbirthnameothernamesthegentlemannationalityswisspeopleswissbirthdatebirthplacedumoshsocialistautonomousprovinceofkosovosapkosovosocialistfederalrepublicofyugoslaviasfryugoslaviafightingoutoflittauswitzerlanddeathdatedeathplaceheightweightweightclassheavyweightstyleseidokaikanseidokaratekickboxingrankblackbeltinseidokaikanseidostanceorthodoxteamteamandybrchakurikigymbrteambajramitrainerandyhugbrmichaelthompsonkaratekamichaelthompsonbrpeteraertsbrreneroozeyearsactiveboxwinboxkowinboxlossboxkolossboxdrawboxnckickboxwinkickboxkowinkickboxlosskickboxkolosskickboxdrawkickboxncotheroccupationspousechildrenrelativesstudentsuniversityurlupdatedjunexhavitbajramibornoctoberisanalbanianswissformerkickboxingkickboxerwhocompetedintheheavyweightdivisionaseidokaikanseidokaratepractitionerandandyhugstudentbajramibuiltupanundefeatedrecorddomesticallybeforehewasrecruitedbykwherehewonthekbravestournamentandfinishedasrunnerupintwoothertournamentsheisalsoatwotimemuaythaiworldchampionhavingwontheinternationalsportkarateassociationiskaworldsuperheavyweighttitleinandthewknworldsuperheavyweightstrapinearlylifeaalbaniansinkosovokosovaralbanianbajramiwasbornindumoshsocialistfederalrepublicofyugoslaviasfryugoslavianowkosovoinherelocatedtoswitzerlandwherehebeganpracticingseidokaikanseidokarateandeventuallykickboxingcareerkcareerbajramitransitionedfromfullcontactkaratetokickboxingunderthetutelageoffellowkaratekaturnedkickboxersandyhugandmichaelthompsonkaratekamichaelthompsonandamassedanundefeatedrecordfightingdomesticallybeforebeingrecruitedbytheworldspremierkickboxingpromotionkininhispromotionaldebutbajramienteredintoaonenighteightmantournamentheldonmayatkfightnightinzurichheneededanextensionroundtogetpastmatteominonzieinthequarterfinalsandwastheneliminatedfromthetournamentinthesemiswhenhisboutwithrobvanesdonkwasstoppedbythedoctorinthefirstroundthestoppagewascontroversialasbajramiclaimedtohavebeenhitbyanillegalelbowstrikeelbowfromvanesdonkandrefusedtoreturntohisfeetpromptingthedoctortodeemhimunabletofighthewasbackinactionjustoveramonthlaterwhenhefoughttoafiverounddrawwithkirkwoodwalkeratkdreaminnagoyajapanonjulybeginninghiscampaignonmayatkfightnightinzurichbajramiwentupagainstcarlbernardobrotherofthegreatmikebernardoandstoppedthesouthafricanwithakickinroundonejustfifteendayslaterinfukuokajapanbajramiwasamongtheeightfightersbattlingitouttowinthetournamentatkbraveshedefeatedsiniaandrijaevibytechnicalknockoutinthequarterfinalswhenhisopponentwasnotallowedcontinueontheadviceofthedoctorandthenfacedmirkocrocopatthesemifinalstagetheboutwasruledadrawattheendoftheregulationthreeroundsandsoanextensionroundwasaddedtodecidethewinnerafterwhichbajramiwasgiventhenodbyallthreejudgesadvancingtothefinalshefacedanotherclosefightagainstlloydvandamsbuttookaunanimousdecisionafteranextraroundonceagaintowinthetournamentandqualifyforthekworldgrandprixthegatheringoftheworldssixteenbestheavyweightsatthekworldgrandprixopeningroundinosakajapanonoctoberbajramihadhisfirstofthreemeetingswithdutchlegendernestohoostlosingbyunanimousdecisionaftergoinginthefirsthalfoftheyearwithadecisionlosstostefanlekoatkthemillenniuminosakaonaprilandapointswinoversamirbenazzouzatkfightnightinzurichonjunebajramiwasinvitedtocompeteinthekgrandprixeuropeinzagrebcroatiaonseptemberhewasabletogopastbelgianduopeterbamoshiandmarcdewitrespectivelybeforebeingstoppedwithadevastatinghighkickbyjrgenkruthinthefinalfollowingthesuddenpassingofhistrainerandyhuginaugustbajramirelocatedtothenetherlandstotrainunderpeteraertsandreneroozeatchakurikigymduringhistimetrainingatchakurikihiskaratebasedstyleshiftedtotakeonnumerousmuaythaitechniquesonmarchhelostanotherdecisiontoernestohoostathothandlesimplythebestinamsterdamnetherlandstheninanotherrematchhebestedsamirbenazzouzbydecisionforthesecondtimeatthekworldgrandprixinnagoyaonjulywasaquietyearforbajramiashecompetedjustonceunderthekbanneralbeittakingthreefightsinonenightatthekworldgrandprixpreliminarycroatiaonaprilinzagrebaftertkoingdraganjovanovikickboxerdraganjovanoviatthequarterfinalstagehetookaunanimouspointsvictoryoversiniapulyakinthesemisgoingupagainstfellowswissbasedkaratekapetarmajstoroviinthetournamentfinalbajramilostbydecisionafteranextraroundwasneededtoseparatethepairbajramireturnedtotournamentactiononmayatthekworldgrandprixinbaselheavengedhislosstojrgenkruthbytakinganextensionroundsplitdecisionovertheswedeatthefirstroundbutwastheneliminatedbytheeventualtournamentwinnerjerrelvenetiaaninthesemishebouncedbackwithadecisionwinoverfamiliarfoesiniapulyakincroatiaonseptemberonmarchbajramiwascrownedtheinternationalsportkarateassociationiskaworldsuperheavyweightnbspkgnbsplbmuaythaichampionwhenhebeataustraliaspetergrahamkickboxerpetergrahambydecisioninhisbirthcityofpristinakosovoreturningtojapanforthefirsttimeinalmostthreeyearsbajramilosttoernestohoostonpointsforthethirdtimeatthekworldgrandprixinsaitamajusttwentyonedayslatertheninwhatwouldbehislastevermatchinkbajramitookaunanimousdecisionvictoryovermartinholmatthekworldgrandprixinnagoyaonjunepostkdespiterackingupthirteenvictoriesinkbajramisruninthepromotioncametoanendinonseptemberhelosttovitaliakhramenkoviadecisionafterfiveroundsoffightinginbaselswitzerlandhethenwentinwithasplitdecisionwinoverjamesphillipskickboxerjamesphillipsandalossatthehandsofkarlglyschinskybajramidroppedadecisiontopolishaustralianmuaythaistylistpaulslowinskiinswitzerlandonmaybutfolloweditupwithathirdroundkowinovertumelomaphuthainsouthafricafivemonthslatertosetuparematchwithslowinskionnovemberinmacauwiththevacantworldmuaythaicouncilwmcworldsuperheavyweightnbspkgnbsplbchampionshiponthelinethistimeafteragruellingfiveroundbattleinwhichbajramisustainedmultiplegashestotheheadslowinskiwasawardedthedecisionandwalkedawaywiththebeltwasanothermixedyearforhimheknockedoutalessandrodambrossiointhefirstroundatthenightoffighterseventinbernswitzerlandbutthendroppedadecisiontogiantrussianalexanderustinovinmoscowamonthlaterbajramifoughtpetarmajstoroviforthesecondtimeonfebruaryinswitzerlandandgothisownbackonthecroatianwinningthedecisionafterthreeroundshethentkoddnieltrkinnovemberofthatyearinsurseeswitzerlandbeforefinishingamericanmikeshepherdwithahighlightreelhighkickonjuneinthesamecityheendedtheyearwithacontroversialdefenceofhisiskaworldtitleonnovemberinpristinakosovoagainstfellowkveteranfreddykemayokemayowasdockedapointinthefourthroundforaheadbuttandthejudgesscoredtheboutasplitdrawafterthefinalbellondecemberbajramibecameaworldchampionforthesecondtimewithathirdroundlowkickstoppageofdawidtrlkainzurichtotaketheworldkickboxingnetworkwknworldsuperheavyweightnbspkgnbsplbmuaythaibeltinwhatisgenerallyconsideredtobeabiasedhometowndecisionbajramidefendedhisiskastrapagainstindianchallengersinghjaideepinlucerneonjulyhewasflooredbyjaideepinroundonebutreceivedalongcountandwasabletorecoverhewasthenexpectedtomakeareturntokandfightdanielghiatthekworldgrandprixinnanjingfinalonoctoberhowevertheeventwascancelledduetothepromotionexperiencingseverefinancialproblemsbajramimadethethirddefenceofhisiskaworldtitlebyknockingouttakenoriondawithahighkickinthefourthroundoftheircontestinlucerneonjunesinceheisinarelationshipwithrudinamagjistarichampionshipsandawardskickboxingkkbraveskbravestournamentchampionshipkgrandprixeuropekgrandprixeuroperunnerupkworldgrandprixpreliminarycroatiakworldgrandprixpreliminarycroatiarunnerupinternationalsportkarateassociationiskaworldsuperheavyweightnbspkgnbsplbmuaythaichampionshipworldkickboxingnetworkwknworldsuperheavyweightnbspkgnbsplbmuaythaichampionshipworldindependentpromotersunionwipukingoftheringworldsuperheavyweightchampionshipworldkickboxingassociationwkaeuropeansuperheavyweightthaiboxingchampionshipboxingrecordclasstoccolourswidthstyleclearbothmarginemautofontsizetextaligncentercolspanstylebackgroundaaaspanstylecolorwhiteboxingrecordspanvaligntopdivclassnavframedivclassnavheadstylebackgroundwhitespanstylecolorblackwinskoslossesdrawsspandivdivclassnavcontentstyletextalignleftdisplaycollapseclasswikitablewidthaligncenterbgcolordddddddateresultopponenteventlocationmethodroundtimerecordaligncenterbgcolorccffccwinalignleftsandorbaloghemmenbrckeswitzerlanddecisionunanimousaligncenterbgcolorccffccwinalignleftalexandrumaneazurichswitzerlanddecisionunanimousaligncenterbgcolorccffccwinalignleftsamsonmahlangucapetownsouthafricadecisiondivdivlegendkickboxingrecordclasstoccolourswidthstyleclearbothmarginemautofontsizetextaligncentercolspanstylebackgroundaaaspanstylecolorwhitekickboxingrecordspanvaligntopdivclassnavframedivclassnavheadstylebackgroundwhitespanstylecolorblackwinskoslossesdrawsspandivdivclassnavcontentstyletextalignleftdisplaycollapseclasswikitablewidthaligncenterbgcolordddddddateresultopponenteventlocationmethodroundtimealigncenterbgcolorccffccwinalignlefttakenoriondalucerneswitzerlandkolefthighkickstylebackgroundwhitecolspanaligncenterbgcolorccffc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onnumberbgcolourimagefilexenadvdjpgcaptionseasondvdcoverstarringcountryunitedstatesnumepisodesnetworkusanetworkfirstairedseptemberlastairedmayepisodelistlistofxenawarriorprincessepisodesthefourthseasonofthetelevisionseriesxenawarriorprincesscommencedairingintheunitedstatesandcanadaonseptemberandconcludedonmayandcontainedepisodesthefourthseasonairedintheunitedstatesontheusanetworktheseasonwasreleasedondvdasatendiscboxedsetunderthetitleofxenawarriorprincessseasononjunebyanchorbayentertainmentthewaywaswithdrawnfrombroadcastpriortoitsairinginresponsetothisdecisionafanpetitionwascirculatedonlineandtheepisodewasairedepisodesonlyincludeepisodetablebackgroundoverallseasontitledirectorwriterairdateepisodesepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitleadventuresinthesintradepartdirectedbytjscottwrittenbyrjstewartroberttapertoriginalairdateshortsummaryaftergabriellesdeathxenagoestohadeslookingforherhetellshersheisintheamazonlandofthedeadwhiletherexenadiscoversanoldallyaltihasenslavedthesoulsofanamazontribexenastopstoteachtheamazonshowtofightbackagainstaltilinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitleadventuresinthesintradepartdirectedbytjscottwrittenbyrjstewartroberttapertoriginalairdateshortsummaryasxenapreparestheamazonstofightbacksheremembersheralliancewithaltiandherbetrayalmeanwhilealtiplaguesxenawithdisturbingvisionsofherandgabriellebeingcrucifiedlinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitleafamilyaffairdirectedbydougleflerwrittenbylizfriedmanchrismanheimoriginalairdateshortsummaryxenaandjoxerreunitewithgabrielleinpoteidaiabuthopeisposinginherplaceandhastakenthefamilyhostagemeanwhilesheraisesherchildquotthedestroyerquotxenaandgabrielletrickthebeastandthewoundedcreaturemistakinghopeforgabriellekillsherlinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitleinsicknessandinhelldirectedbyjoshbeckerwrittenbyadamarmusnorakayfosteroriginalairdateshortsummaryxenagabrielleandjoxerhavetostopthescythianarmyfromattackingsomevillagesxenaandgabriellearestruckdownwithliceandmoldyfeetjoxersavesthedaybygivingthearmyfoodpoisoninglinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitleagooddaydirectedbyrickjacobsonwrittenbystevenlsearsoriginalairdateshortsummarywhencaesarandpompeybringtheirwartogreecexenajoinsupwithagreekmercenaryandthecountrypeopleinordertotricktheromansintobattlingeachotherthusleavinggreecereasonablyunharmedlinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitleataleoftwomusesdirectedbymichaelhurstwrittenbygillianhorvathoriginalairdateshortsummaryinatownwheredancingisbannedxenaandgabriellefindtaraabouttobewhippedforbreakingthelawwhiletheregabriellewithstandstheurgetodancewhilexenagetsautolycustohelpbringdancebacktothetownlinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlelockedupandtieddowndirectedbyrickjacobsonwrittenbyroberttaperthilarybaderjoshbeckeroriginalairdateshortsummaryxenaisarrestedforanoldmurderandsentencedtospendtherestofherlifeatsharkislandprisonxenabelieveshertimeprisonwillhelpatoneforherpastbutwithgabrielleshelptheydiscoverthatthevictimsurvivedandisnowtheprisonwarderlinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlecrusaderdirectedbypaullynchdirectorpaullynchwrittenbyrjstewartoriginalairdateshortsummaryxenaandgabriellemeetnajaraawomanwhofightsevilandconvertspeopletoquotturntothelightquotxenatriestoleavegabriellewithherfearingthevisionsthataltishowedherxenalaterdiscoversthatnajarakillsanyonewhorefusestoconverttoherwaylinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlepastimperfectdirectedbygarthmaxwellwrittenbystevenlsearsoriginalairdateshortsummarywhilexenatriestoprotectgabriellefromtheeventsthatoccurredinhervisionsheisconfrontedbyherpastandlearnsthatanopposingarmysleaderisthewomanwhohelpedhergivebirthandalsokilledboriasyearsearlierlinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlethekeytothekingdomdirectedbybrucecampbellwrittenbyericamorrisoriginalairdateshortsummaryjoxerautolycusandmegteamuptostealathenascrownandababyholdsthekeytoitslocationbutaprophecysaysifthekeyisusedthebabywillbenomorelinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitledaughterofpomiradirectedbypatricknorriswrittenbylindamcgibneyoriginalairdateshortsummarymanyyearsagovanessawaskidnappedbythehordenowxenagoesofftorescueheroncereturnedtoherfamilytheydiscoverthatshewasnotbeingheldasaslavebuthadbeenadoptedbytheleaderofthehordesherevealsthatsheregardherselfaspomirathehordesrealnameandnotgreekthroughherxenaandtheotherslearnthatthepomiraarenotsavageslinecolorepisodelistsublistxenawarriorprincessseasonepisodenumberepisodenumbertitleiftheshoefitsdirectedbyjoshbeckerwrittenbyadamarmusnorakayfosteroriginalairdateshortsummaryprincessalesiahasrunawayfromhomebecauseshedoesnotlikehernewstepmotherxena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dlocalalbanianstoformagroupoffighterswhooccupiedgostivarintheautumnofgermanyoccupiedallofalbaniaafteritalywascapitulatedtheballikombtarmadeadealwiththegermansandformedacollaborationistgovernmentintiranawhichcontinueditswarwiththelncandyugoslavpartisansxhemhasaandhisbattalionwasincorporatedintotheballikombtarhasasvictoriesinbattlesledtohiselevationasthecommanderoftheballikombtarinmacedoniahoweverbothyugoslavandalbanianpartisansconfrontedtheballistforceswhenmaqellarmidwaybetweendebarandpeshkopiwasrecapturedbythefifthpartisanbrigadethegermanswiththeassistanceofthehasasballistslaunchedanattackfromdebardefeatingthepartisansfiqridinexhemhasaandhysnidemaaswellasthreegermanmajorsdirectedmilitarycampaignsagainstthealbanianandyugoslavpartisanshasawasacloseacquaintanceofmefailshehuandwouldoftensendtroopsfromgostivarandtetovotoaidhimdeathyugoslavpartisansfaceddifficultywhenfightinghasathisresultedintheyugoslavpartisansbribingacloseassociateofxhemtoassassinatehimonmayhasawaskilledbyacloseassociateithasbeenrumoredthattheassociatewashisbrotherinlawaccordingtoanotherversionfromballicofightershewaspoisonedalwaysfromhisclosecollaboratorsonbehalfofoznaonaprilwhendeadhisheadwascutoffandsentasproofingostivarwhereitstayedfortwodaysballimembersmanagedtoretrieveitinordertostopthepostmortemhumiliationlegacyhasawasoneofthemostfamousballistcollaborationwiththeaxispowersduringworldwariialbaniaaxispowerscollaboratorsinworldwariienverhoxhacommunistleaderofalbaniahadagreatdislikeofhasaandtheballistmovementhewasreferredasatraitorbycommunisminalbaniaalbaniancommunistsinmehmetshehuswordspeopleofkicevoshouldknowthattheironlywayforsalvationistoimmediatelyjoinforceswiththemacedonianpartisansandtocutoffandcondemnthetraitorsasxhemmefailetcinthemacedonianalbanianspoliticalpartynewdemocracyrepublicofmacedonianewdemocracyproposedforamonumentofhasatobebuiltingostivaronehasbeenerectedinhisbirthplacethevillageofsimnicainreferencesxhemhasasherylwudunnsherylwudunnattockacuteaccentinfoboxscientistnamexavierdesouzabriggsimageimagesizecaptionbirthdatebirthplacemiamifloridadeathdatedeathplaceresidencebrooklynnyusacitizenshipnationalityusethnicityfieldsworkplacesmassachusettsinstituteoftechnologyalmamaterstanforduniversitybrharvarduniversitybrcolumbiauniversitydoctoraladvisorrobertcrainacademicadvisorsherbertgansdoctoralstudentsnotablestudentsknownforauthorabbrevbotauthorabbrevzooinfluencesherbertgansgeorgsimmeldavidellwoodmarkgranovetteraliceamsdenjosephstiglitzgeorgegalsterjohndeweywilliamapgarwebduboisdouglasmasseyinfluencedawardssignaturefootnotesspousecynthiaxavierdesouzabriggsbornisanamericansociologysociologistandplannerknownforhisworkonsocialcapitalciviccapacityandcommunitybuildingaswellastheconceptofthegeographyofopportunitywhichaddressestheconsequencesofhousingsegregationalongracialandeconomiclinesforthewellbeingandlifeprospectsofthedisadvantagedheisaformermemberofthemitfacultycurrentlyservingasvicepresidentofthefordfoundationinjanuarybriggswentonapublicserviceleavefrommitappointedbypresidentbarackobamatobecomeassociatedirectorofthewhitehouseofficeofmanagementandbudgetatombheoversawpolicyandbudgetforsixcabinetagencieshousingandurbandevelopmenttreasurycommercetransportationjusticeandhomelandsecurityaswellasthesmallbusinessadministrationgeneralservicesadministrationandotheragencieshereturnedtothemitfacultyinaugustinjanuaryhewentonleaveanewtojointhefordfoundationhewasprofessorofsociologyandurbanplanninginthedepartmentofurbanstudiesandplanningatthemassachusettsinstituteoftechnologymitheisalsoaformerfacultymemberofharvarduniversityskennedyschoolofgovernmenthewasapresidentialappointeeintheclintonadministrationservingasaseniorpolicyofficialattheusdepartmentofhousingandurbandevelopmentprofessionallifeinnewyorkcitybriggshelpeddevelopthenowwidelyemulatedqualityoflifeplanningapproachtoneighborhoodrevitalizationandinhisworkwiththecomprehensivecommunityrevitalizationprograminthesouthbronxwonthepresidentsawardoftheamericanplanningassociationhebeganhisteachingcareeratharvardintookaleavetoworkintheclintonadministrationfromtoreturnedtoharvardandinmovedtomithewasalsoafacultyaffiliateoftheurbaninstitutealeadingnonpartisanpolicyresearchorganizationinwashingtondcbriggsresearchcentersoneconomicopportunityracialandethnicdiversityanddemocraticproblemsolvingincitiesworldwidehisdissertationfocusedonthesocialnetworksofpooryoungpeopleexaminedthecontroversialdesegregationofpublichousingfollowingalandmarkcivilrightslawsuitinyonkersnewyorklaterthesubjectofanhbominiseriesshowmeaherothewidelycitedstudydistinguishedtheroleofsocialsupportandsocialleverageasdistinctresourcesforeconomicmobilityandstatusattainmentinsimpletermsforgettingbyasopposedtogettingaheadinhewasamartinlutherkingjrvisitingscholaratmithiseditedbookthegeographyofopportunitybrookingsanalyzedthesingularroleofsegregationasamericahasbecomemoreraciallyandethnicallydiverseandatthesametimemoreeconomicallyunequalthebookarguedthatsignificantresponsestosegregationremainrareandsuspectinamericanpoliticsandculturealsothattheseresponsesconsistofeithercuringsegregationbychanginghousingpatternsiechangingwherepeopleliveormitigatingitssubstantialeconomicandsocialcostsbychangingthelinksbetweenplaceofresidenceandexposuretorisksandresourcesratherthanchanginghousingpatternsthemselvestheeditedvolumealsoincludedtheleadingresearchonracialattitudestowardracialintegrationintegrationbycamillecharlesracialdiscriminationinhousingmarketslinksbetweensmartgrowthinlandusepolicyandhousingaffordabilityandsegregationandotherkeytopicsthebookwonthetopbookawardinplanninginthepauldavidoffawardasecondbookdemocracyasproblemsolvingciviccapacityincommunitiesacrosstheglobemitpressoffersanaccountoftransformativechangeandthepoliticsofreformintheusbrazilindiaandsouthafricaitalsooffersanalternativetheoryofthefunctionsandformsofdemocracyfocusingoncitiesandgroundedincoreconceptsoflearningandbargainingaccountabilityandstakeholderparticipationinfluencedbyamericaneducatorandpoliticalphilosopherjohndeweythisworkarguesthatlearningandbargainingareinfactthetwincapacitiesessentialtocollectiveproblemsolvingandshowstheconditionsunderwhichitispossibletocultivateandadvancebothbriggsisthefounderoftwoonlinetoolsforselfdirectedlearninginthefieldofcivicleadershipandlocalproblemsolvingthecommunityproblemsolvingprojectmitsponsoredbytheannieecaseyfoundationandworkingsmarterincommunitydevelopmentsponsoredbythemacarthurfoundationinheandcoauthorssusanpopkinandjohngoeringpublishedmovingtoopportunitythestoryofanamericanexperimenttofightghettopovertyoxforduniversitypresstheculminationofmorethanadecadeofworkonhousingopportunityandtheeffectsofhighriskneighborhoodsonpoorchildrenandtheirfamiliesandfocusedonsurprisingresultsofoneofamericasmostambitioushousingexperimentsthebookwonthelouisbrownlowawardfromthenationalacademyofpublicadministrationunitedstatesnationalacademyofpublicadministrationmtounderscoresthealarmingimpactsofaquietcrisisofunaffordablehousingparticularlyinamericasmosteconomicallysuccessfulurbanregionswhereincreasesinhousingpricesespeciallyrentssubtantiallyoutstripincreasesinwagesespeciallyforlowerwageworkersandtheirfamiliesthebookalsodispelsmythsaboutaccesstosocialcapitalofferinganargumentabouttheweaknessofstrongtiesthecostofdurabletiestoriskyrelativesinparticularechoingandextendingsociologistmarkgranovettersinfluentialthesisonthestrengthofweaktiesthebookalsoquestionsdominantassumptionsaboutindividualchoiceandchoicedrivensocialpolicydirectlyrespondingtoclaimsofbehavioraleconomicssuchasthoseinthebooknudgebooknudgebyrenownedlegalscholarcasssunsteinandnobeleconomistrichardthalenthismixedmethodresearchonfamiliesandregionsinthecontroversialmtoexperimentworkinfluencedtheseminalresearchofeconomistsrajchettylawrencefkatzlawrencekatzandothersexaminingthedeclineandthedriversofeconomicmobilityinamericabriggshasbeenanadvisertotherockefellerfoundationandtheworldbankandwasamemberoftheaspeninstitutesroundtableoncommunitychangeheservedasanexpertwitnessforthenaacplegaldefenseandeducationfundincivilrightslitigationhisviewsandresearchhaveappearedinthenewyorktimesbostonglobesaloncomnationalpublicradioandothermajormediapersonallifeborninmiamifloridabriggsspenttheearlypartofhislifeinnassaubahamaswherehisfamilywithrootsintheblackseminolenationbrazilandeuropehaslivedsincetheearlythcenturyhismotherangelawasthedaughterofbillaranhanassauscrownlandsofficerduringthesandhisfatherwasanoutislanddoctorraisedbyhismotherbriggsmovedbacktotheusinseveralyearsafterthebahamassecuredindependencefromunitedkingdombritaininmiamiheattendedbelenjesuitpreparatoryschoolacatholichighschoolwithstrongtiestocubaandthecubanamericancommunityhelaterreceivedabsinengineeringfromstanforduniversityworkedwiththeinnovativeplanningfirmofmooreiacofanogoltsmaninberkeleycaandwonarotaryinternationalrotaryscholarshiptostudyeducationandcommunitydevelopmentinbrazillivinginsalvadorbahiainheearnedamasterinpublicadministrationmpafromharvarduniversityinheearnedaphdinsociologyandeducationfromcolumbiauniversitywherehestudiedunderrobertcrainherbertganscharleskadushinandotherscholarswhileastudentatstanfordbriggsdesignedandtaughtthesecondversionoftheunseenamericacourseapioneeringapproachindemocraticexperientialeducationandjoinedwithdavidlempertandotherstopublishabookonthisalternativeapproachtoeducationkeypublicationsreferencesexternallinksarchiveissapmiteduresourcesportfoliobriggsprofileofxavierbriggsfromthemitschoolofarchitectureandplanningplanningresearchcomxavierdesouzabriggsonfailedurbanpolicyandproposalstoteardownhudxavierbriggsonfailedurbanpolicyandproposalstoteardownhudinfoboxtelevisionseasonshownamexenawarriorprincessseasontypeseasonseasonnumberbgcolourcaimagefilexenadvdjpgcaptionseasondvdcoverstarringcountryunitedstatesnumepisodesnetworkusanetworkfirstairedoctoberlastairedjuneepisodelistlistofxenawarriorprincessepisodesthesixthandfinalseasonofthetelevisionseriesxenawarriorprincesscommencedairingintheunitedstatesandcanadaonoctoberandconcludedonjuneandcontainedepisodesthesixthseasonairedintheunitedstatesontheusanetworktheseasonwasreleasedondvdasatendisc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ogrammingbeganagaininwithnewtelecoursesandradioschoolprogramsradioeducacinintheseventiesdefineditselfasthethirdpossibilityinradiolaterceraposibilidadenlaradiowhichreferredtoitsattempttostrikeabalancebetweenthepopularnatureofcommercialstationsandtheoverlystuffynatureofuniversityradiosuchasradiounamatthetimeitalsoemphasizedthesortsofradioprogramsthathadgonebythewaysidewhenstationsbeganmerelyplayingrecordedmusicinradioeducacinwasformallyconstitutedasaseparatesubsidiaryofthesepbyacuerdowhichoutlinedthegoalsofthestationassupportingopeneducationandteachingthebroadcastofprogramsofculturalandcivicinterestandairingprogrammingtoraisetheculturalawarenessofthepopulationunderthemanagementofmiguelngelgranadoschapanewnewsanddiscussionprogramswereaddedinanattempttocreatemorebalancewiththemusicalprogrammingingranadoschapaajournalistbytradeoptedtoleavehisgovernmentjobbeingreplacedbyjosantoniolvarezlimawhileprogrammingbecamemoresoberandinstitutionalwithmoretimeforeducationalprogramsandshorternewscastsradioeducacinalsobeganhourbroadcastsandreturnedtoshortwavewithxeppmbroadcastingonkhzinthemeterbandwhenlvarezlimalefttoseekandlaterwinelectiontothechamberofdeputiesinhewasreplacedultimatelybyhctormurillocruzwhosoughttoincreasetheconnectionbetweenradioeducacinandotherinstitutionaloutletssuchasnotimexprogrammingfromthenewinstitutomexicanodelaradioimerandotherstateinstitutionsandevencommercialadvertisingforthestateownedairlineaeromxicosomethingnormallyproscribedfornoncommercialpermitstationsallofthiscamewithamuchincreasedemphasisontalkprogramminggoingfromanevenbalanceintocomprisingpercentofthebroadcastdaybyoctoberbythetimetheeightiesweredrawingtoacloseradioeducacinhadlostmusicalaudiencestonewfmstationssuchasxhsonfmrockandxewfmwfmbeenedgedoutinnewsanddiscussionprogrammingbyjosgutirrezvivsmonitoronxeredamxeredandxhredfmxhredoneofmexicosfirstlongformnewscastsandseenitsonceuniquestylebeadoptedbyotherculturalstationsthankstoradioeducacinsremittotrainothernoncommercialbroadcastersmoregenerallytheshadseenadramaticshiftinaudiencelisteningfromamtofminafterthreeyearsunderalejandromontaoluisernestopiorozcobecamethenewdirectorofradioeducacinbeginningthelongesttenureinthestationshistoryreemphasizingabalancebetweentalkandmusicprogrammingwithnewentertainmentandinformationorientedshowsamongtheprogramsproducedduringtheperiodwereshowsaimedatwomenthosedealingwithhealthandpioneeringprogrammingforthegaycommunityhelmedbyactortitovasconcelosadditionallyradioeducacinsnewscaststookonthenamepulsoinabidtomakethemmorerecognizableonthestationlidiacamachoranradioeducacinfromtobeingreplacedbyvirginiabellobelloresignedinandwasreplacedbyantoniotenorioexpansionanewagencyandfmmigrationoneoftheconsistentproblemsfacedbyradioeducacininrecentdecadesisthedifficultyithasfacedinmovingfromamtofminalargegovernmentplanwasputinplacetomoveasmanyamradiostationsaspossibletofmhoweverinmexicocitythefmbandwasalreadyconsideredfullbecausemexicostillrequiredstationspacingofkhzintwiceinandagaininradioeducacinpetitionedtelecommunicationsregulatorstogiveitanfmfrequencyonjanuarywithmexicosminimumstationspacingreducedtokhzandanewprocesstomigrateamradiostationsinsomelargecitiesradioeducacinmadeanotherpetitionandthistimeitwasgrantedxhepfmisscheduledtosignoninthesecondhalfofanotherprocessofexpansionhasbegungeographicallyinradioeducacinappliedforfmradiostationsathermosillomoreliaandmridayucatnmridathefirstofthestationstobeawardedwasthemridastationinxhyrefmnowknownasradioeducacinsealkukulknbeganoperationstheotherapplicationsremainedassuchforyearsindecemberthehermosillostationxhflofmwasawardedwhenthefederaltelecommunicationsinstituteclearedabacklogofoldpermitapplicationsforradiostationsinthatcitythemoreliastationhasyettobeawardedanothermajorchangeinthesrelatedtogovernmentstructureondecemberthesecretariatofculturewascreatedabsorbingculturerelatedunitsfromotheragenciesincludingradioeducacinandcanalreferencesexternallinksradioeducacionedumxxeepamradioeducacinmdashofficialsiteradioeducacionedumxlibrorepdfradioeducacinlahistoriarecientetestimoniosyremembranzasmdashpageofficialbookaboutthehistoryofradioeducacinandxeepphimaiacercrataegifoliumredirectcategoryshellaztecaaztecaunocabeiribritainplacenamexxpetrozavodskairportlabanbiblefmcxrhsiungfengxmgrenadelauncherinfoboxweaponnamexmimageautomaticgrenadelaunchergifimagesizecaptionoriginunitedstatestypeautomaticgrenadelaunchertypeselectionisrangedyesservicehistoryserviceusedbyusarmyusmcusafwarsvietnamwarproductionhistorydesignerdesigndatemanufactureraerojetordnancemanufacturingcompanyunitcostproductiondatenumbervariantsgeneralspecificationsspeclabelweightkglengthmmrangedweaponspecificationscartridgexmmcaliberbarrelsactionrecoilraterpmvelocityrangemaxrangefeedrounddrummagazinesightsironthexmisamountedautomaticmmgrenadelauncherheavilybasedonthemamachinegunandthemgrenadelauncherbutfedfromanammocanitwasusedinthevietnamwarasatripodmountedcrewservedweaponandasaweaponmountedonvariousvehiclesandaircrafttheammunitioncanisterheldmmroundsandtheautomaticlaunchersrateoffi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sonysplaystationandnintendosgamecubeitwasalsothefirstconsoleproducedbyanamericancompanysincetheatarijaguarceasedproductioninannouncedinthexboxgraphicallypowerfulcomparedtoitsrivalsfeaturedastandardpersonalcomputerpcsnbspmhzintelpentiumiiiprocessoritwasalsonotedforitspclikesizeandweightandwasthefirstconsoletofeatureabuiltinharddiskinnovembermicrosoftlaunchedxboxliveafeebasedonlinegameonlinegamingservicethatenabledsubscriberstodownloadnewcontentandconnectwithotherplayersthroughabroadbandconnectionrefnamenelsonrefunlikeotheronlineservicesfromsegaandsonyxboxlivehadsupportintheoriginalconsoledesignthroughanintegratedethernetporttheservicegavemicrosoftanearlyfootholdinonlinegamingandwouldhelpthexboxbecomearelevantcompetitortoothersixthgenerationconsolesthepopularityofblockbustertitlessuchashalocontributedtothepopularityofonlineconsolegamingandinparticularfirstpersonshootersdespitethisandbeinginsecondpositionaheadofnintendosgamecubeandsegasdreamcastsalesofthexboxwerealwayswellbehindsonysplaystationxboxssuccessorthexboxwaslaunchedinnovemberthexboxwassoondiscontinuedbeginningwithmicrosoftsworstperformingmarketjapaninothercountrieswouldfollowsuitinrefnamestoryofxboxvgrefthelastxboxgameineuropewasxiaolinshowdownreleasedinjuneandthelastgameinnorthamericawasmaddennflreleasedinaugustsupportforoutofwarrantyxboxconsoleswasdiscontinuedonmarchsupportforxboxliveontheconsoleendedonaprilhistoryinfourengineersfrommicrosoftsdirectxteamkevinbachusseamusblackleytedhaseanddirectxteamleaderottoberkesdisassembledsomedelllaptopcomputerstoconstructaprototypemicrosoftwindowsbasedvideogameconsoletheteamhopedtocreateaconsoletocompetewithsonysupcomingplaystationwhichwasluringgamedevelopersawayfromthewindowscomputingplatformplatformtheteamapproachededfriestheleaderofmicrosoftsgamepublishingbusinessatthetimeandpitchedtheirdirectxboxconsolebasedonthedirectxgraphicstechnologydevelopedbyberkessteamfriesdecidedtosupporttheteamsideaofcreatingawindowsdirectxbasedconsolerefnameseattletimesrefrefnameseattletimesrefduringdevelopmenttheoriginaldirectxboxnamewasshortenedtoxboxmicrosoftsmarketingdepartmentdidnotlikethexboxnameandsuggestedmanyalternativesduringfocustestingthexboxnamewasleftonthelistofpossiblenamestodemonstratehowunpopularthexboxnamewouldbewithconsumershoweverconsumertestingrevealedthatxboxwaspreferredbyfarovertheothersuggestednamesandxboxbecametheofficialnameoftheproductrefnamegamasutrarefitwasmicrosoftsfirstvideogameconsoleaftercollaboratingwithsegatoportmicrosoftwindowscewindowscetothedreamcastconsolemicrosoftrepeatedlydelayedtheconsolewhichwasfirstmentionedpubliclyinlateduringinterviewswithmicrosoftsthenceobillgatesgatesstatedwewantxboxtobetheplatformofchoiceforthebestandmostcreativegamedevelopersintheworldthexboxwasofficiallyannouncedatthegamedevelopersconferenceonmarchaudienceswereimpressedbytheconsolestechnologyatthetimeofgatessannouncementsegasdreamcastsaleswerediminishingandsonysplaystationwasjustgoingonsaleinjapanrefnamexboxtimelinerefgateswasintalkswithsegaslatechairmanisaookawaaboutthepossibilityofxboxcompatibilitywithdreamcastgamesbutnegotiationsfellapartoverwhetherornotthedreamcastsseganetonlineserviceshouldbeimplementedthexboxwasofficiallyunveiledtothepublicbygatesandguestprofessionalwrestlerdwaynejohnsontherockatconsumerelectronicsshowcesinlasvegasvalleylasvegasonjanuarymicrosoftannouncedxboxsreleasedatesandpricesathistoryoftheelectronicentertainmentexpoeinmaymostxboxlaunchtitleswereunveiledatemostnotablyhalocombatevolvedanddeadoraliveduetotheimmensepopularityofgamingconsolesinjapanmicrosoftdelayedthereleaseofthexboxineuropetofocusonthejapanesevideogamemarketalthoughdelayedtheeuropeanreleaseprovedtobemoresuccessfulthanthelaunchofthexboxinjapansomeofmicrosoftsplansprovedeffectiveinpreparationforitslaunchmicrosoftacquiredbungieandusedhalocombatevolvedasitslaunchtitleatthetimegoldeneyevideogamegoldeneyeforthenintendohadbeenoneofthefewhitfirstpersonshooterfpsgamestoappearonaconsoleaswellastitlessuchasperfectdarkandmedalofhonorvideogamemedalofhonorhalocombatevolvedprovedagoodapplicationtodrivethexboxssalesinmicrosoftmadethesecondplaceslotinconsolessoldinnorthamericathexboxliveservicegavemicrosoftanearlyfootholdinonlinegamingandwouldhelpthexboxbecomearelevantcompetitortoothersixthgenerationconsolespromotionintheindependenttelevisioncommissionitcbannedatelevisionadvertisementforthexboxintheunitedkingdomaftercomplaintsthatitwasoffensiveshockingandinbadtasteitdepictedamothergivingbirthtoababyboywhoisfiredlikeaprojectilethroughawindowagingrapidlyashefliesthroughtheairtheadvertisementendswithanoldmancrashlandingintohisowngraveandthesloganlifeisshortplaymorediscontinuationandsuccessorsthexboxssuccessorthexboxwasofficiallyunveiledannouncedonmayonmtvitwasthefirstnextgenerationsystemtobeannounceditwasreleasedinnorthamericaonnovembernvidiaceasedproductionofthexboxsgpuinaugustwhichmarkedtheendofbrandnewxboxproductionthelastxboxgameineuropewasxiaolinshowdownvideogamexiaolinshowdownreleasedinjuneandthelastgameinnorthamericawasmaddennflreleasedinaugustsupportforoutofwarrantyxboxconsoleswasdiscontinuedonmarchsupportforxboxliveontheconsoleendedonaprilthexboxsupportslistofxboxgamescompatiblewithxboxalimitednumberofthexboxsgamelibraryiftheplayerhasanofficialxboxharddrivexboxgameswereaddedupuntilnovemberxboxgamesavescannotbetransferredtoxboxandtheabilitytoplayxboxgamesthroughxboxlivehasbeendiscontinuedsinceaprilitisstillpossibletoplayxboxgameswithsystemlinkfunctionalityonlineviaboththeoriginalconsoleandthexboxwithtunnelingsoftwaresuchasxlinkkaiitwasannouncedatethatthexboxonewouldbegainingsupportforlistofxboxgamescompatiblewithxboxonealimitednumberofthexboxsgamelibraryhardwarethexboxwasthefirstvideogameconsoletofeatureabuiltinharddiskdriveusedprimarilyforstoringgamesavesandcontentdownloadedfromxboxlivethiseliminatedtheneedforseparatememorycardsalthoughsomeolderconsolessuchastheamigacdusedinternalflashmemoryandothersliketheturbografxcdmegacdsegacdandsegasaturnhadfeaturedbuiltinbatterybackupmemorypriortoanxboxusercouldrippingripmusicfromredbookaudiocdstandardstandardaudiocdstotheharddriveandthesesongswereusedforthecustomsoundtracksinsomegamesthexboxwasthefirstgamingproducttofeaturedolbyinteractivecontentencodingtechnologywhichallowsrealtimedolbydigitalencodingingameconsolespreviousgameconsolescouldonlyusedolbydigitalduringnoninteractivecutsceneplaybackthexboxisbasedoncommoditypchardwareandismuchlargerandheavierthanitscontemporariesthisislargelyduetoabulkytrayloadingdvddvdromdriveandthestandardsizenbspinchharddrivethexboxhasalsopioneeredsafetyfeaturessuchasbreakawaycablesforthecontrollerstopreventtheconsolefrombeingpulledfromthesurfaceuponwhichitrestsseveralinternalhardwarerevisionshavebeenmadeinanongoingbattletodiscouragemoddinghackerscontinuallyupdatedmodchipdesignsinanattempttodefeatthemtocutmanufacturingcostsandtomakethedvdromdrivemorereliablesomeoftheearlyunitsdrivesgavediscreadingerrorsduetotheunreliablethomsondvdromdrivesusedlatergenerationunitsthatusedthethomsontgmdvdromdrivesandthephilipsvaddvdromdriveswerestillvulnerabletofailurethatrenderedtheconsoleseitherunabletoreadnewerdiscsorcausedthemtohalttheconsolewithanerrorcodeusuallyindicatingaprogrammedinputoutputpiodirectmemoryaccessdmaidentificationfailurerespectivelytheseunitswerenotcoveredundertheextendedwarrantyinmicrosoftandnvidiaenteredarbitrationoveradisputeonthepricingofnvidiaschipsforthexboxrefnameeetimeschipdisputerefnvidiasfilingwiththeussecuritiesandexchangecommissionsecindicatedthatmicrosoftwasseekingamilliondiscountonshipmentsfornvidiasfiscalyearmicrosoftallegedviolationsoftheagreementthetwocompaniesenteredsoughtreducedchipsetpricingandsoughttoensurethatnvidiafulfillmicrosoftschipsetorderswithoutlimitsonquantitythematterwasprivatelysettledonfebruarythexboxincludesastandardavcablewhichprovidescompositevideoandmonauralorstereophonicsoundstereoaudiototvsequippedwithrcaconnectorrcainputseuropeanxboxesalsoincludedanrcajacktoscartconverterblockaswellasthestandardavcableannbspmbremovablesolidstatedrivesolidstatememorycardcanbepluggedintothecontrollersontowhichgamesavescaneitherbecopiedfromtheharddrivewheninthexboxdashboardsmemorymanagerorsavedduringagamemostxboxgamesavescanbecopiedtothememoryunitandmovedtoanotherconsolebutsomexboxsavesaredigitallysigneditisalsopossibletosaveanxboxliveaccountonamemoryunittosimplifyitsuseonmorethanonexboxtechnicalspecificationsitscentralprocessingunitcpuisabitnbsphertzmhzcustomintelpentiumiiicopperminemicroprocessorcopperminebasedprocessorithasanbspmhzbitgtlfrontsidebusfsbwithagbsbandwidththesystemhasnbspmebibytembunifiedddrsdramwithagbsbandwidthofwhichgbsisusedbythecpuandgbsissharedbytherestofthesystemrefnameanandtechrefitsgraphicsprocessingunitgpuisnvidiasnbspmhzcomparisonofnvidiagraphicsprocessingunitscomparisontableconsolegpusnvaithasafloatingpointperformanceofgflopscapableofgeometrycalculationsforuptoatheoreticalmillionverticessecondithasapeakfillrateofpixelmegapixelssecondcapableofrenderingatheoreticalmillionpixeltrianglessecondwithbandwidthlimitationsithasarealisticfillrateofmegapixelssecondwithzbufferingdistancefogfoggingalphablendingandtexturemappinggivingitarealworldperformanceofmillionpixeltrianglessecondcontrollersthexboxcontrollerfeaturestwoanalogsticksapressuresensitivedirectionalpadtwoanalogtriggersabackbuttonastartbuttontwoaccessoryslotsandsixbitanalogactionbuttonsagreenbredxblueyyellowandblackandwhitebuttonsthestandardxboxcontrolleralsonicknamedthefattyrefnamenicknamerefandlaterthedukerefnamenicknamerefwasoriginallythecontrollerbundledwithxboxsystemsforallterritoriesexceptjapanthecontrollerhasbeencriticizedforbeingbulkycomparedtoothervideogamecontrollersitwasawardedblunderoftheyearbygameinformerinaguinnessworldrecordforthebiggestcontrolleringuinnessworldrecordsgamerseditionandwasrankedthesecondworstvideogamecontrollereverbyigneditorcraigharristhecontrollerscodenamedakebonoasmallerlighterxboxcontrollerwasoriginallythestandardxboxcontrolleronlyinjapandesignedforuserswithsmallerhandsthecontrollerswaslaterreleasedinotherterritoriesbypopulardemandandbyreplacedthestandardcontrollerinthexboxsretailpackagewiththelargeroriginalcontrollerremainingavailableasanaccessorysoftwareoperatingsystemthexboxrunsacustomoperatingsystemwhichisbasedonthewindowsarchitecturekernelcomputingkernelitexposesapplicationprogramminginterfaceapissimilartoapisfoundinmicrosoftwindowssuchasdirectdthesystemsoftwaremayhavebeenbasedonthewindowsntkernelbutithasmodifiedlogfilestheuserinterfaceforthexboxiscalledthexboxdashboarditfeaturesamediaplayerapplicationsoftwaremediaplayerthatcanbeusedtoplaymusiccdsripcdstothexboxsbuiltinharddriveandplaymusicthathasbeenrippedtotheharddriveitalsoletsusersmanagegamesavesmusicanddownloadedcontentfromxboxliveandletsliveuserssigninandmanagetheiraccountthedashboardisonlyavailablewhentheuserisnotwatchingamovieorplayingagameitusesmanyshadesofgreenandblackfortheuserinterfacetobeconsistentwiththephysicalxboxcolorschemewhenthexboxwasreleasedintheliveservicewasnotonlineyetsothedashboardslivefeaturewasunusablexboxlivewasreleasedinbutinordertoaccessitusershadtobuythexboxlivestarterkitcontainingaheadsetaudioheadsetasubscriptionandsupplementalwhilethexboxwasstillbeingsupportedbymicrosoftthexboxdashboardwasupdatedvialiveseveraltimestoreducecheatingandaddfeaturesgamesxboxsbestsellinggameimagehasnorationaleforthisarticlethexboxlaunchedinnorthamericaonnovemberpopularlaunchgamesincludedhalocombatevolvedprojectgothamracingvideogameprojectgothamracinganddeadoraliveallthreeofthesegameswouldgoontoselloveramillioncopiesintheusalthoughtheconsolegainedstrongthirdpartysupportfromitsinceptionmanyearlyxboxgamesdidnotfullyuseitspowerfulhardwareuntilafullyearafteritsreleasexboxversionsofcrossplatformgamessometimescamewithafewadditionalfeaturesandorgraphicalimprovementstodistinguishthemfromthepsandgamecubeversionsofthesamegamethusnegatingoneofthexboxsmainsellingpointssonycounteredthexboxforashorttimebytemporarilysecuringplaystationexclusivesforhighlyanticipatedgamessuchasthegrandtheftautograndtheftautoseriesandthemetalgearseriesmetalgearsolidseriesaswellasnintendofortheresidentevilseriesresidentevilseriesnotablerdpartysupportcamefromsegawhoannouncedangameexclusivitydealattokyogameshowsegareleasedexclusivessuchaspanzerdragoonortaandjetsetradiofuturewhichmetwithastrongreceptionamongcriticsinandseveralhighprofilereleaseshelpedthexboxgainmomentumanddistinguishitselffromthepsmicrosoftpurchasedrarecompanyrareresponsibleformanynintendohitgamestoexpandtheirstpartyportfoliorefnameigncomrefthexboxliveonlineservicewaslaunchedinlatealongsidepilottitlesmotogpmechassaultandtomclancysghostreconseveralbestsellingandcriticallyacclaimedtitlesforthexboxsoonfollowedsuchastomclancyssplintercellandstarwarsknightsoftheoldrepublictaketwointeractivesexclusivitydealwithsonycomputerentertainmentsonywasamendedtoallowgrandtheftautoiiianditsgrandtheftautosequelstobepublishedforthexboxmanyotherpublishersgotintothetrendofreleasingthexboxversionalongsidethepsversioninsteadofdelayingitformonthssawthereleaseofhighlyratedexclusivesfablevideogamefableandninjagaidenvideogameninjagaidenbothofthesegameswouldbecomebighitsforthexboxlaterthatyearhalowasreleasedandbecamethehighestgrossingreleaseinentertainmenthistorymakingovermillioninitsfirstdayandbecamethelistofbestsellingvideogamesxboxbestsellingxboxgameworldwiderefnamehalosalesrefhalobecamexboxlivesthirdkillerapplicationkillerappaftermechassaulttomclancysrainbowsixravenshieldtomclancysrainbowsixtomclancysrainbowsixthatyearmicrosoftmadeadealtoputelectronicartsspopulartitlesonxboxlivetoboostthepopularityoftheirservicebydespitenotablefirstpartyreleasesinconkerlivereloadedandforzamotorsportvideogameforzamotorsportmicrosoftbeganphasingoutthexboxinfavoroftheirnextconsolethexboxgamessuchaskameoelementsofpowerandperfectdarkzerowhichwereoriginallytobedevelopedforthexboxbecamexboxlaunchtitlesinsteadthelastgamereleasedonthexboxwasmaddennflonaugustservicesonnovembermicrosoftlauncheditsxboxliveonlinegamingserviceallowingsubscriberstoplayonlinexboxgameswithothersubscribersaroundtheworldanddownloadnewcontentdirectlytothesystemsharddrivetheonlineserviceworksonlywithabroadbandinternetconnectionapproximatelysubscriberssignedupwithintwomonthsofxboxliveslaunchinjulymicrosoftannouncedthatxboxlivehadreachedmillionsubscribersinjulymembershipreachedtwomillionandbyjulythereweremorethanmillionsubscribersbymaythenumberhadballoonedtomillioncurrentsubscribersonfebruaryitwasreportedthatxboxlivesupportfortheoriginalxboxgameswouldbediscontinuedasofaprilserviceswerediscontinuedonschedulebutagroupofgamerscontinuedtoplayforalmostamonthafterwardsbysimplyleavingtheirconsolesonconnectedtohalosalesclasswikitablestylefloatrightmarginememregionlistofbestsellinggameconsolesunitssoldbrsmallasofmaysmallfirstavailablenorthamericamillionnovembereuropemillionmarchasiapacificmillionfebruaryworldwidemillionnaonnovemberxboxlaunchedinnorthamericaandquicklysoldoutitslaunchinthatregionwassuccessfulsellingmillionunitsthreemonthsafterlaunchwhichishigherthanitssuccessorxboxaswellasthegamecubeplaystationwiiuandeventheplaystationandwiithexboxhassoldmillionunitsworldwideasofmayaccordingtomicrosoftthisisdividedouttomillionunitssoldinnorthamericasixmillionunitsineuropeandjusttwomillionunitssoldinasiaaustraliaandnewzealandthexboxwasalmostalwaysbehindtheplaystationintermsofsalesalthoughinaprilthexboxoutsoldthepsintheusdespitelaggingfarbehindtheplaystationssalesthexboxwasoverallasuccessespeciallyinnorthamericakeepingasteadysecondplaceinthegenerationsalesjapandespiteastrongpromotioninjapanthecountrysawverypoorsalesasofnovembersomeanalystsalreadybelievedthatthexboxwouldhavetroublecompetingwithsonyandnintendobeforeitsjapaneselaunchclaimingthatthexboxwouldbecompetingagainstitslocalcounterpartsandthattheconsoledoesnotfitwellwithjapanesesocietyegconsolesizeaswellasthelackofjapaneseappealinglaunchtitlessuchasroleplayinggamesfortheweekendingaprilthexboxwasbyfaroutsoldbyitssonyandnintendorivalsaswellasthewonderswanandeventhepsonepsoneinnovemberthexboxchiefinjapansteppeddownleadingtofurtherconsultationsaboutxboxsfuturewhichhadbythensoldjustunitsinthecountrysinceitsfebruarylaunchfortheweekendingjulythexboxsoldjustunitswhichwassopoorthateventhepsoneoutsolditbyfourthexboxdidhoweveroutsellthegamecubefortheweekendingmaydespitemicrosoftsstrugglessomejapaneseappealinggameswerereleasedexclusivelyforthexboxsuchasdeadoraliveorninjagaidenwhichhugelycontributedtothesalesofxboxinjapanitssuccessorxboxsoldmillionunitsasoffebruarymoddingthepopularityofthexboxaswellasintheunitedstatesitscomparativelyshortdaywarrantyinspiredeffortstocircumventthebuiltinhardwareandsoftwaresecuritymechanismsapracticeinformallyknownasmoddingreferencesexternallinkspleasefollowwikipediapolicyonexternallinksthatcanbefoundonthepagewpelifyouhavealinkthatyouwantaddedpleaseusethetalkpagetoexplainwhyyoufeelitshouldbeincludedinthearticledoingsowillletothereditorsunderstandwhatyouaredoingandwillpreventmisunderstandingsfromturningintorevertsnohackingnavboxestitlelinkstorelatedarticleslistinfoboxmusicalartistnameximenasarianaimageximenasarianajpgbackgroundsolosingerbirthnameximenasarianariverabirthdatebirthplaceguadalajarajaliscomexicooriginmexicocitymexicoinstrumentvocalspianogenrepopmusicpoprockmusicrocklatinpopoccupationsingersongwriteractoryearsactivepresentlabelwarnerbrosrecordswarnerbrosassociatedactsnatalialafourcadejulietavenegasjorgedrexleromarrodrguezlpezwebsiteximenasarianariverabornoctoberisamexicomexicansingersongwriterandactressinshereceivedcriticalacclaimandagrammynominationforherdebutalbummediocrealbummediocreearlylifeximenasarianawasborninguadalajaramexicotoproducerdirectorfernandosarianaandscreenwritercarolinariverawhichwasproducedbyherfatherrefnameimdbhmrefsarianawaseducatedatthefermattamusicacademyacademiademusicafermattaaperformingartsschoolandedronacademyaprivatemultilingualschoolbothlocatedinmexicocityactingcareershebeganheractingcareeratasthevillainmarielainthepopularmexicantelenovelaluzclaritaherfinalappearanceinatelenovelawasinthedramagotitadeamorasenriquetavaletinainniasmalandmarianaintheblockbusterfilmamartedueleallofwhichweredirectedbyherfatherandwrittenbyhermothershealsoappearedinashortfilmcalleddepasoininximenasarianaactedinthemoviedosabrazosandwasreleasedondvdinlatedirectedbyherbrothersebastiansarianareturnedtoactingappearingintheshortfilmgonzaloalongsidealfonsoherrerainmaytelevisionappearancesinseptembershewasrevealedasoneofthejudgesfortherealitytalentshowcompetitionmexicotienetalentothemexicanversionofamericasgottalenttheprogramairsweeknightsontvaztecainmexicobeginningonoctoberrefnamependulorefmusiccareerdebutalbummediocresarianashowedaninterestinmusicfromanearlyageatseventeenafterearningascholarshipforafiveweekprogramattheberkleecollegeofmusicshecomposedthreesongsforthesoundtrackofthemexicanmovieamartedueleshealsoplayedthepartofmarianainthefilmlatersheperformedastheleadvocalistinfeliznocumpleaosamexicanfunkjazzpoprockbandthatsheformedalongsideoldfriendsfromtheacademiademusicafermattashecaptivatedaudiencesbysingingeltristeoriginallyperformedbymexicaniconjosjosduringatelevisedperformanceherfirstsoloalbummediocrealbummediocrewasreleasedonfebruarybywarnermusicgroupthealbumwasrecordedinbuenosairesargentinaanduruguayximenawrotemostofthesongsonthealbumandrevealedinvenuszinessummercoverstorythatlearningthelanguageofmynationalitywassomethingireallywantedtoachievesoithoughtmaybeifididaspanishalbumitwouldbeagoodchallengeonmarchmediocrewascertifiedgoldbyamprofonforsellingmorethancopiesrefnameamprofonrefrefnameeluniversalrefsarianawouldlaterreceivefurtherachievementwhenmediocrereachedplatinumstatusinmexicoforsellingmorethancopiesrefnametodomusicaymasrefthemusicvideosforvidasparalelasnormalandnovuelvomaswereallshotinicelandvidasparalelaswasdirectedbypablodvilarefnamerockcomrefinlatejunebritishelectronicgroupmetronomystatedthattheywerefascinatedwithherdebutalbummediocreandproducedaremixoflatinahermusicvideoforthesecondsinglenovuelvomswaspremieredasanexclusivevideoonjulyinmtvlatinamericamtvmexicothealbumreceivedcriticalpraiseinbothlatinamericaandtheunitedstatesitearnedaratin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financeofchinabiographyxianghuangchengwasborninwujiangdistrictsuzhouwujiangjiangsuprovinceofchinainfebruaryhejoinedcommunistpartyofchinainhegraduatedfromthedepartmentofchineseliteratureatshandonguniversityinandisasenioreconomistdeputyministeroffinancememberofthepartyscommitteedeputyministeroffinancevicesecretaryofthepartyscommitteedeputydirectorofstateadministrationoftaxationvicesecretaryofthepartyscommitteedeputydirectorofstateadministrationoftaxationsecretaryofthepartyscommitteeministryoffinanceofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaministeroffinancedirectorgeneralofthenationalsocialsecurityfundshewasamemberofthandthcentralcommitteeofcommunistpartyofchinaheiscurrentlythechairmanofchinadevelopmentinstituteinshenzhenreferencesxiachengzirailwaystationisarailwaystationlocatedinxiachengzitownmulingcityheilongjiangprovinceofchinaprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinaitisastationofsuifenherailwaynbspkmtoharbinstationandnbspkmtosuifenhestationitisalsothestartingstationofchengjirailwaynbspkmtothedestinationjixistationxiachengzistationwasbuiltinwithoriginalnamexiaochengzistationnowitisafourleverstationunderhairbinrailwaybureauwithrailspassbyinfoboxweaponnamexmlightweightcalibermachinegunimagepeoxmcaliberlmgjpgimagesizecaptionoriginunitedstatestypeheavymachineguntypeselectionisrangedyesservicehistoryserviceusedbywarsproductionhistorydesignergeneraldynamicsdesigndatemanufacturergeneraldynamicsunitcostproductiondatenumbervariantsgeneralspecificationsspeclabelweightwithoutxmtripodrefnamepdfreflengthmmpartlengthwidthheightcrewrangedweaponspecificationscartridgebmgcartridgeweightactionrecoiloperationrateroundsperminuteorroundsperminutesustainedvelocityrangemaxrangefeedmbeltfirearmbeltsightsmodifiedmmachinegunopticbuisthexmlightweightcalibermachinegunlwmgwasadevelopmentalbmgcaliberbeltfedheavymachinegunrefnamepeosoldierwebarchiveorgwebpeosoldierarmymilfactsheetspmswswcswlwpdfxmonpeosoldierrefdevelopmentbeganinandwascancelledindesignthexmweighedaboutlesslighterhadlessrecoilthanthemandhadagreaterrateoffirethanthefailedpreviousattempttoreplacethemthexmthexmdidhoweverhaveaconsiderablyslowerrateoffirethanthemthexmalsohadimprovementstousersafetyandwaseasiertodisassemblethexmwasspunoutfromthecancelledxmadvancedcrewservedweaponxmandwasdevelopedbygeneraldynamicstoaugmentthembrowningmachinegunmgeneraldynamicsreceivedamillioncontractfortheweaponitwasexpectedtobedeployedstartingattheendoffiscalyeardelayscauseditsplanneddeploymenttobepushedtoorthexmwascancelledinjulywiththearmyusingthemoneyallocatedtoupgradetheirmmachinegunstothemaversionnotesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebpeosoldierarmymilfactsheetspmswswcswlwpdfxmonpeosoldierdefenseupdatecomnewscastnewsnewslwmghtmfarewellmaducewelcomelwmgbotgeneratedtitlestrategypagecomhtmwhtweaparticlesaspxmadeucegoesbacktothedrawingboardfromstrategypageworldgunsrumachinemgehtmlwonmodernfirearmsjaipurredirectcategoryshellrajasthanhamidkarzairedirectcategoryshellhamidkarzairedirectcategoryshellsevernyredirectcategoryshellrubleredirectcategoryshellinfoboxfileformatnameextensiblemodeldataformaticonlogoscreenshotcaptionextensionmimetypecodeuniformtypemagicownerreleasedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatejulygenrescientificdataformatcontainerforhdfcontainedbyextendedfromextendedtostandardurlxmdforgxmdfextensiblemodeldataformatisalibraryprovidingastandardformatforthegeometricdatastorageofrivercrosssectionsdgeometricmodeldthreedimensionalspacedstructuredgridstructuredandunstructuredgridunstructuredmeshesgeometricpathsthroughspaceandassociatedtimedataxmdfuseshdfforcrossplatformdatastorageandcompressionitwasinitiatedinengineerresearchanddevelopmentcentererdcanddevelopedatbrighamyounguniversityapiincludesinterfacesforcprogramminglanguageccandfortrananoverviewoftheformatwaspublishedbytheerdcinabinaryformatwaschosenforthedatainordertoimproveperformanceanddatastorageascomparedwithmoretraditionalasciigridsthegroupconsideredboththenetcdfandhdfdataformatsandchosehdfbecauseithasmoreflexibilityfordatastoragecompressionanddataminingitalsosupportsdatafoldersanddatastructuresmakingitmorecustomizablethemodelingformatisusedbyhydrologicmodelingsoftwaresuchastuflowseealsocgnscomputationalfluiddynamicsgeneralnotationsystemcgnsreferencesinfoboxfileformatnameextensibledatamodelandformaticonlogoscreenshotcaptionextensionttxmfttttxdmfttmimetypecodeuniformtypemagicownerreleasedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedategenrescientificdataformatcontainerforcontainedbyextendedfromextendedtostandardurlxdmforgxdmfextensibledatamodelandformatisalibraryprovidingastandardwaytoaccessdataproducedbyhighperformancecomputinghpccodesdataformatreferstotherawdatatobemanipulatedthedescriptionofthedataisseparatefromthevaluesthemselvesitdistinguishesthemetadatalightdataandthevaluesthemselvesheavydatalightdataisstoredusingxmlheavydataistypicallystoredusinghdfsosomeinformationisstoredredundantlyinbothxmlandhdfapythonprogramminglanguagepythoninterfaceexistsformanipulatingbothlightandheavydataparaviewvisitandensightvisualizationprogramsareabletoreadxdmfexternallinksxdmforginde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ardmandarinmandarinpronunciationofvariouschineselanguagechinesenamesitmayrefertopeoplexihedeityxiheachinesesolardeityplacesxihecommanderyaformercommanderyofimperialchinaaroundfenyangshanxixihedistrictadistrictinfuxinliaoningchinaxihecountyacountyingansuchinatownsxihechongqingintongliangcountychongqingchinaxiheyongjingcountyinyongjingcountygansuchinaxihedabucountyindabucountyguangdongchinaxiheshaoguaninwujiangdistrictshaoguanguangdongchinaxiheguangxiinmengshancountyguangxichinaxiheheilongjianginkeshancountyheilongjiangchinaxihesuizhouinzengdudistrictsuizhouhubeichinaxihexiaoganinxiaonandistrictxiaoganhubeichinaxihehunaninxinhuacountyhunanchinaxihejiangsuinhuaiandistricthuaianjiangsuchinaxihejilininshulanjilinchinaxiheshaanxiinpinglicountyshaanxichinaxiheshandonginzichuandistrictziboshandongchinaxihechengduinlongquanyidistrictchengdusichuanchinatownshipsxihetownshipguizhouinmeitancountyguizhouchinaxihetownshipfenyanginfenyangshanxichinaxihetownshipyangchengcountyinyangchengcountyshanxichinaxihetownshipnanbucountyinnanbucountysichuanchinaxihetownshipxidecountyinxidecountysichuanchinafoodandbioprocesstechnologyfoodandbioprocesstechnologyfoodandbioprocesstechnologyschweizersgsinfoboxpoliticiannamexiaokenativenamenativenamelangzhhansimagefilexiaokejpgborderimagesizecaptionxiaokeinofficevicechairmanofthecentralmilitarycommissionvicechairmanofthechinesepeoplespoliticalconsultativeconferencecppccalongsidetermstartseptembertermendmarchblanknamechairmanofthecentralmilitarycommissionnamedatadengxiaopingbirthdatejulydeathdatebirthplacejiahecountyhunanhunanprovinceqingdynastyqingempiredeathplacebeijingpartycommunistpartyofchinaalmamaterplaceofburialnicknameallegiancebranchpeoplesliberationarmyserviceyearsrankjiangrankgeneralcommandssixtharmygroupunitbattlesencirclementcampaignslongmarchndsinojapanesewarndsinojapanesewarchinesecivilwarawardsorderofbayifirstclassmedalorderofindependenceandfreedomfirstclassmedalorderofliberationchinafirstclassmedalmaodunliteratureprizelaterworkauthorxiaokejulyoctoberwasageneralofthechinesepeoplesliberationarmyformervicechairmanofthecppccaswellasprincipaloftheuniversityofmilitaryandpoliticsbiographyearlylifexiaowasborninjiahecountyhunanprovinceofchinahejoinedthenationalrevolutionaryarmyandparticipatedthenorthernexpeditioninhejoinedthecommunistpartyofchinainandfoughtinnanchanguprisinghewenttojinggangshanandwasrecruitedtotheredfourtharmymilitarycareerbetweenhewasappointedasfirsttocommandoftheredarmysfifthdivisionthenitseightharmyandlatersixtharmygroupfightinginmanybattlesresistingthenationalistsencirclementcampaignsinaugustheledthesixtharmygroupoutwestofthejiangxisovietaspathfindersforwhatwastobecomethelongmarchamonghisunitwasfuturemajorgenerallizhenfemalegenerallizhenrefnamebiorefthesixthcorpssubsequentlyjoinedforcesunderhelongtobecomethesecondfrontarmytheycofoundedxiangechuanqiansovietdistrictinjulyhewasappointedtodeputycommandofthesecondfrontarmyandyangchengwunearthefrontlinesduringthechinesecivilwarinfollowingtheoutbreakofthesecondsinojapanesewarxiaowasappointedsecondincommandofthethdivisionofthefamouseighthroutearmydeputycommanderofthejinchajimilitaryregionandcommanderofjireliaomilitaryregionhewasmadelieutenantgeneralinthenationalrevolutionarmyoftherepublicofchinainaprilhewaspromotedtobecomechiefofstaffofthefourthfieldarmyleadingthemintobattleinhengbaoguangdongandguangxiandelsewhereafterthedeclarationofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxiaowasappointeddirectorofthemilitarytrainingdepartmentundercentralmilitarycommissioninnovemberhewasappointeddeputydirectorofthetrainingsupervisiondepartmentanddirectorofbattletrainingonseptemberhewasmadeafullgeneralofplarankingfirstonthelistofseniorgeneralsxiaohadboththemilitaryrecordandexperiencetobeappointedagrandgeneralduetohispasthonorandexperienceinsteadhewasawardedgeneralthoughrankednothiswasprobablybecauseheusedtosupportzhangguotaowhowantedtofoundanothercentralcommunistgovernmentandhedidnotgetalongverywellwithhelonginthepastinhewaspromotedtothedirectoroftrainingsuperintendencedepartmentaswellasthesecretaryofcpcscommitteethereinxiaocameunderpoliticalattackforsocalleddogmatismandwasdismissedfromallpoststhisattackwasledbythenministerofdefensepengdehuaisoontohavepoliticaltroublesofhisownfollowingthelushanconferencereflectinginlateryearsonthestruggleshewassubjectedtoxiaowroteihadbeeninthepartymorethanthirtyyearshadtakenpartinthenorthernexpeditionthenanchanguprisingthesouthernhunanuprisingthestruggleinjinggangshanthelongmarchthemancanbestruckdownbuthishistorywillstandsomeyearslaterpengsenthisnephewtoapologisetoxiaoforthetreatmentthelatterhadreceivedxiaohimselfwasmagnanimousrealisingpengsactionshadbeendictatedbythetenorofthetimesinjanuaryhewasappointedprincipaloftheuniversityofmilitaryandpoliticsmadedeputyministerofdefenceprincipalofmilitaryacademyandafirstpoliticalcommissarinseptemberhewasappointedasoneofthevicechairmenofthefifthnationalpoliticalconsultativeconferenceduringthetiananmensquareprotestsoftiananmensquareprotestsofspringxiaokejoinedministerofdefensezhangaipingandfiveotherretiredgeneralsinopposingthepeoplesliberationarmyattiananmensquareprotestsofenforcementofmartiallawbythearmyinbeijinggeneralxiaowasalsoanotedauthorhewroteafictionalisedaccountofhisexperiencesleadingthesixthredarmygroupinabreakoutofthenationalistsfifthencirclementcampaignbloodontheluoxiaomountainsforwhichhewasawardedtheprestigiousmaodunliteratureprizehisotherworksincludethebooksidelightsontheredarmyofzhumaohediedinbeijingonthemorningofoctoberdespiteseveralenglishnewssourcesgivinghisageatthetimeofhisdeathasaccordingtoallchinesenewssourceshewasactuallyreferencesexternallinksthechinabeatblogspotcomlastgeneralofredarmyhtmlthelastgeneraloftheredarmybyedjocelynadetailedbiographylistofdeathnotecharactersterumikamitaxoboxnamedarkbarredtwinspotcarpetimagexanthorhoeferrugatajpgregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliageometridaegenusxanthorhoespeciesxferrugatabinomialxanthorhoeferrugatabinomialauthoritycarlalexanderclerckclerckxanthorhoeferrugatathedarkbarredtwinspotcarpetisamothofthegenusxanthorhoeinthefamilygeometridaeithasaholarcticdistributiondistributioneuropeeasttotherussianfareastsiberiatibetandchinasouthtothecaucasusturkeyalsoinnorthamericaalaskatonewfoundlandandsouthtonorthcarolinaandcaliforniadescriptionthenametypicalformofferrugataasfiguredbyclerckandwelldescribedbylinnehasthemedianbandreddishorpurplishthedistalareaveryweaklymarkedexceptthecostalpatchandtwodarkspotsbetweentheradialsoftenalmostentirelywhiteorwhitishanaberrationabunidentariahawisaverycommonandveryinterestingaberrationwhichhasbeenprovedbymyveryextensivebreedingexperimentsandthoseofdrdraudttobeanalmostperfectmendelianrecessiveitdiffersinhavingthemedianbandblacknotreddishabcoarctataprouthasthemedianbandgreatlynarrowedonlynbspmminwidththerestofthemarkingsofteninpartobsoletebilbainensisfuchsfrombilbaosaidtobealocalraceisdescribedassmallernarrowerwingedthedistaledgeofthemedianbandmoredistinctlybiangulateidoubtitsvaliditystupidaalphfromissykkultibetwcentralchinaetcisratherlargerwithwhiterhindwingotherwisesimilartoabunidentariabiologythelarvaefeedonspeciesofgaliumstellariacampanulaandcirsiumreferencesexternallinksukmothsorgukspeciesxanthorhoeferrugatadarkbarredtwinspotcarpetupukmothslepidopteraeushowphpideuropeanbutterfliesandmothslepiforumdelepiwikiplxanthorhoeferrugatalepiforumdetaxoboxnameredtwinspotcarpetimagexanthorhoespadiceariajpgimagewidthpxregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodasubphylumhexapodaclassisinsectaordolepidopteraunrankedfamiliamacrolepidopterasuperfamiliageometroideafamiliageometridaesubfamilialarentiinaetribuscidariinitribusauthoritygenusxanthorhoespeciesxspadiceariabinomialxanthorhoespadiceariabinomialauthoritymichaeldenisdenisignazschiffermllerschiffermllerxanthorhoespadiceariatheredtwinspotcarpetisamothofthegenusxanthorhoeinthefamilygeometridaedistributionithasapalearcticrangefromirelandthroughnortherneuropetheneasttosouthernsiberiadescriptiontheforewingisstronglymarkedwithlinesmuchmixedwithferruginousochreousinthedistalareaoratleastinthevicinityofthegeminatedarkspotsthemedianbanddifferentlyshapedoftenofabrighterorlighterredlesspurplishneverblackthehindwingdarkerdistallythanproximallytheundersurfacestronglymixedwithochreousitisveryvariableabconfixariahschhasthemedianbandnarrowedandthedistalareasomewhatweaklymarkedratheruniformlyochreouslivinarialahisprobablyasstaudingerindicatesaveryextremeaberrationwiththreadlikemedianbandandbroadlydarkeneddistalareaabgeorgimeisslisanextraordinarydarkbrownaberrationwiththemedianbandonlyindicatedbyanarrowdarkproximalbarandanarrowdarkdistalonethelatteronlydistinctcostallyabdeletatafuchsisnearlyunicolorousgreytheforewingwithreddishtingebasallyandalongthecostalmargintromsoensisfuchsisaprevalentformathighelevationsandhighlatitudesbutscarcelyafixedgeographicalracemedianbandpalersometimesalmostobsoletethelineswhichtraverseitremainingdistincttypicalspadiceariaincludingtheabovedescribedaberrationsinhabitsthegreaterpartofeuropeexceptsomesouthernlocalitiesandisalsofoundinsiberiatunkaandsajanasiaticastgrfromthetarbagataidistricttoissykkulisaverydistinctraceorpossiblyseparatespecieswiththegroundcoloursomewhatyellowishrathercopiouslyespeciallyinthedistalareamarkedwithdarkeryellowishthebasalandmedianareasoftheforewingverydullreddishtoblackishthelattermuchstraighteredgedthanintheotherformstheproximalhalfofthehindwingratherstronglydarkenedbiologythelarvafeedsonspeciesofplantagoandvacciniummyrtillusreferencesexternallinksukmothsorgukspeciesxanthorhoespadiceariaredtwinspotcarpetupukmothslepidopteraeushowphpideuropeanbutterfliesandmothslepiforumdelepiwikiplxanthorhoespadicearialepiforumdetaxoboxnameflamecarpetimagexanthorhoedesignatajpgimagewidthpxregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodasubphylumhexapodaclassisinsectaordolepidopteraunrankedfamiliamacrolepidopterasuperfamiliageometroideafamiliageometridaesubfamilialarentiinaetribuscidariinitribusauthoritygenusxanthorhoespeciesxdesignatabinomialxanthorhoedesignatabinomialauthorityjohannsiegfriedhufnagelhufnagelxanthorhoedesignatatheflameca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obicattacksagainstimmigrantsingeneralpromptedanumberofforeigngovernmentstobeginrepatriatingtheircitizensxenophobiainsouthafricabeforeattacksagainstmozambicanandcongoleseimmigrantsbetweenandtheendofhostilitiesinthatcountryanestimatedtomozambiquemozambicansfledtosouthafricawhilenevergrantedrefugeestatustheyweretechnicallyallowedtosettleinthebantustansorblackhomelandscreatedduringtheapartheidsystemtherealitywasmorevariedwiththehomelandoflebowabanningmozambicansettlersoutrightwhilegazankuluwelcomedtherefugeeswithsupportintheformoflandandequipmentthoseingazankuluhoweverfoundthemselvesconfinedtothehomelandandliablefordeportationshouldtheyofficiallyentersouthafricaandevidenceexiststhattheirhostsdeniedthemaccesstoeconomicresourcesrefnamejonnysteinbergrefunrestandcivilwarlikewisesawlargenumbersofdemocraticrepublicofthecongocongolesepeopleemigratetosouthafricamanyillegallyinandsubsequentstudiesfoundindicationsofxenophobicattitudestowardstheserefugeestypifiedbythembeingdeniedaccesstotheprimaryhealthcaretowhichtheyweretechnicallyentitledxenophobiainsouthafricaafterdespitealackofdirectlycomparabledataxenophobiainsouthafricaisperceivedtohavesignificantlyincreasedaftertheelectionofablackmajoritygovernmentinrefnamereferenceafromforeignnativestonativeforeignersexplainingxenophobiainpostapartheidsouthafricamichaelneocosmoscodesriadakarrefaccordingtoastudypublishedbythesouthernafricanmigrationprojectsampblockquotetheafricannationalcongressancgovernmentinitsattemptstoovercomethedividesofthepastandbuildnewformsofsocialcohesionembarkedonanaggressiveandinclusivenationbuildingprojectoneunanticipatedbyproductofthisprojecthasbeenagrowthinintolerancetowardsoutsidersviolenceagainstforeigncitizensandafricanrefugeeshasbecomeincreasinglycommonandcommunitiesaredividedbyhostilityandsuspicionblockquotethestudywasbasedonacitizensurveyacrossmemberstatesofthesouthernafricandevelopmentcommunitysadcandfoundsouthafricansexpressingtheharshestantiimmigrantsentimentwithofsouthafricansinfavourofacompletebanonforeignentryandinfavourofstrictlimitationsonthenumberspermittedbycontrastthenexthighestproportionofrespondentsinfavourofacompletebanonimmigrationwereinneighbouringnamibiaandbotswanaatforeignersandthesouthafricanpoliceserviceastudybythecentreforthestudyofviolenceandreconciliationcsvrofattitudesamongstpoliceofficersinthejohannesburgareafoundthatofrespondentsbelievedthatmostundocumentedimmigrantsinjohannesburgareinvolvedincrimedespitetherebeingnostatisticalevidencetosubstantiatetheperceptionsuchviewscombinedwiththevulnerabilityofillegalimmigrationinsouthafricaillegalaliensledtoabuseincludingviolenceandextortionsomeanalystsarguedrefciteweburlisscozapubscrimeqnomasukuhtmltitletargetingforeignersxenophobiaamongjohannesburgspoliceauthorthembamasukupublisherinstituteforsecuritystudiescrimequarterlynoaccessdateseptemberdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebisscozapubscrimeqnomasukuhtmlarchivedatejunerefinamarchmeetingwithhomeaffairsministernosiviwemapisanqakulaarepresentativeofburundianrefugeesindurbanclaimedthatimmigrantscouldnotrelyonpoliceforprotectionbutinsteadfoundpolicemistreatingthemstealingfromthemandmakingunconfirmedallegationsthattheyselldrugsrefciteweburliolcozaindexphpsetidclickidartidvnctitlepolicepreyonrefugeesclaimspublisherindependentonlineaccessdateseptemberreftwoyearsearlieratasimilarmeetinginjohannesburgmapisanqakulahadadmittedthatrefugeesandasylumseekersweremistreatedbypolicewithxenophobicattitudesrefciteweburliolcozaindexphpsetidclickidartidvnctitleministerslamstreatmentofrefugeesbycopspublisherindependentonlineaccessdateseptemberrefviolencebeforemayaccordingtoahumanrightswatchreportimmigrantsfrommalawizimbabweandmozambiquelivinginthealexandragautengalexandratownshipwerephysicallyassaultedoveraperiodofseveralweeksinjanuaryasarmedgangsidentifiedsuspectedundocumentedmigrantsandmarchedthemtothepolicestationinanattempttocleanthetownshipofforeignersrefnamehrwcitewebtitlethousandsfleesafricaattackspublisherbbcrefrefnameallafricaciteweburlallafricacomstorieshtmltitlesouthafricaxenophobicrageleavestrailofhavocingautengpublisherallafricacomaccessdatemayrefthecampaignknownasbuyelekhayagobackhomeblamedforeignersforcrimeunemploymentandsexualattacksrefciteweburlcsvrorgzaindexphpoptioncomcontenttaskviewiditemidtitlesouthafricaburningthewelcomematpublishercentreforthestudyofviolenceandreconciliationaccessdateseptemberdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebcsvrorgzaindexphpoptioncomcontenttaskviewiditemidarchivedatedecemberrefinseptemberamozambicannationalandtwosenegalesecitizenswerethrownoutofatraintheassaultwascarriedoutbyagroupreturningfromarallythatblamedforeignersforunemploymentcrimeandthespreadofaidsrefciteweburlcsvrorgzadocsforeignersriseofviolentpdfformatpdftitlecreatingthenationtheriseofviolentxenophobiainthenewsouthafricaauthornahlavaljipublishercentreforthestudyofviolenceandreconciliationaccessdateseptemberrefinsevenforeignerswerekilledonthecapeflatsoverafiveweekperiodinwhatpolicedescribedasxenophobicmurderspossiblymotivatedbythefearthatoutsiderswouldclaimpropertybelongingtolocalsrefciteweburliolcozaindexphpclickidsetidartidctxtitlexenophobicattackssevendieinonemonthpublisherindependentonlineaccessdateseptemberrefinoctoberresidentsofthezandspruitinformalsettlementgavezimbabweancitizenstendaystoleavetheareawhentheforeignersfailedtoleavevoluntarilytheywereforcefullyevictedandtheirshackswereburneddownandlootedcommunitymemberssaidtheywereangrythatzimbabweanswereemployedwhilstlocalsremainedjoblessandblamedtheforeignersforanumberofcrimesnoinjurieswerereportedamongsttheaffectedzimbabweansrefciteweburliolcozaindexphpsetidclickidartidctztitleragingmobevictszimbabweansburnshomespublisherindependentonlineaccessdateseptemberrefinthelastweekofandfirstweekofatleastfourpeopleincludingtwozimbabweansdiedintheolievenhoutboschsettlementafterforeignerswereblamedforthedeathofalocalmanshacksbelongingtoforeignersweresetalightandlocalsdemandedthatpoliceremoveallimmigrantsfromthearearefciteweburlcapearguscozaindexphpfsectionidfarticleidtitlearrestedaftermoredieintshwaneforeignerriotspublishercapeargusaccessdateseptemberrefinaugustsomalirefugeesappealedforprotectionaftersomalitraderswerekilledinjulyofthatyearandmoreinaugusttheimmigrantsbelievedthemurderstobemotivatedbyxenophobiaalthoughpolicerejectedtheassertionofaconcertedcampaigntodrivesomalitradersoutoftownshipsinthewesterncaperefciteweburliolcozaindexphpsetidclickidartidvnctitlesomalisturntohrcasmurdertollsoarspublisherindependentonlineaccessdateseptemberrefattacksonforeignnationalsincreasedmarkedlyinlateanditisbelievedthattherewereatleastadozenattacksbetweenjanuaryandmaythemostsevereincidentsoccurredonjanuarywhentwosomaliasomalishopownersweremurderedintheeasterncapetownsofjeffreysbayandeastlondonsouthafricaeastlondontheninmarchwhensevenpeoplewerekilledincludingzimbabweanspakistanisandasomalinationalaftertheirshopsandshacksweresetalightinatteridgevillenearpretoriarefnametimesrefmayriotsinfoboxmilitaryconflictconflictsouthafricariotspartofthehistoryofsouthafricaimagemapofsouthafricasvgimagesizepxcaptionmapofsouthafricadatemayplacegautengdurbanbrmpumalangabrsouthafricaresultpeopledeadseveralhundredinjuredvoluntarydeportationofimmigrantstohomecountriesdestructionofimmigrantownedpropertyspreadofviolenceonmayaseriesofriotsstartedinthetownshipofalexandragautengalexandrainthenortheasternpartofjohannesburgwhenlocalsattackedmigrantsfrommozambiquemalawiandzimbabwekillingtwopeopleandinjuringothersrefnamebbccitenewsurlnewsbbccoukhiworldafricastmtitlesouthafricanmobkillsmigrantspublisherbbcaccessdatemaydatemayrefsomeattackerswerereportedtohavebeensingingjacobzumascampaignsongumshiniwamiinthefollowingweekstheviolencespreadfirsttoothersettlementsinthegautengprovincethentothecoastalcitiesofdurbanrefcitenewsurlnewsbbccoukhiworldafricastmtitlesouthafricaattacksreachdurbanpublisherbbcaccessdatemaydatemayrefandcapetownattackswerealsoreportedinpartsofthesoutherncapempumalangathenorthwestsouthafricanprovincenorthwestandfreestatesouthafricanprovincefreestatepopularoppositiontoxenophobiainkhutsongingautengandthevariousshacksettlementsgovernedbyabahlalibasemjondoloinkwazulunatalsocialmovementswereabletoensurethattherewerenoviolentattacksthewesterncapeantievictioncampaignalsoorganisedagainstxenophobiapallojordanarguesthatactivegrassrootsinterventionscontainedthelastwaveofxenophobiacausesareportbythehumansciencesresearchcouncilsouthafricahumansciencesresearchcouncilidentifiedfourbroadcausesfortheviolencerelativedeprivationspecificallyintensecompetitionforjobscommoditiesandhousinggroupprocessesincludingpsychologicalcategorisationprocessesthatarenationalisticratherthansuperordinatesouthafricanexceptionalismorafeelingofsuperiorityinrelationtootherafricansandexclusivecitizenshiporaformofnationalismthatexcludesothersrefciteweburlhsrcaczadocumentphtmltitleviolenceandxenophobiainsouthafricadevelopingconsensusmovingtoactionpublisherhumanscienceresearchcouncilaccessdateoctoberdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebhsrcaczadocumentphtmlarchivedatenovemberrefasubsequentreporttowardstolerancelawanddignityaddressingviolenceagainstforeignnationalsinsouthafricacommissionedbytheinternationalorganisationformigrationfoundthatpoorservicedeliveryoraninfluxofforeignersmayhaveplayedacontributingrolebutblamedtownshippoliticsfortheattacksrefciteweburlthetimescozanewsarticleaspxidtitlepoliticsplayedpartinxenophobicchaospublisherthetimesaccessdatemarchrefitalsofoundthatcommunityleadershipwaspotentiallylucrativeforunemployedpeopleandthatsuchleadersorganisedtheattacksrefciteweburlnewscomnewssouthafricanewshtmltitlelocalleadersincitedxenophobiapublishernewsaccessdatemarchdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebnewscomnewssouthafricanewsccchtmlarchivedatemarchdfreflocalleadershipcouldbeillegitimateandoftenviolentwhenemergingfromeitherapoliticalvacuumorfiercecompetitionthereportsaidandsuchleadersenhancedtheirauthoritybyreinforcingresentmenttowardsforeignersrefciteweburldispatchcozaarticleaspxidtitlepowerstrugglesblamedforthexenoviolencepublisherthedailydispatchaccessdatemarchdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebdispatchcozaarticleaspxidarchivedatejunerefaftermathsuspectswerearrestedinconnectionwiththeviolenceninemonthsaftertheattacksindividualshadbeenconvictedandfoundnotguiltyinconcludedcourtcasescaseshadbeenwithdrawnandwerestillbeingheardrefciteweburlthetimescozanewsarticleaspxidtitlexenophobiacasesmustbefinalisedpublisherthetimesaccessdatemarchrefoneyearaftertheattacksprosecutorssaidthatpeoplehadbeenconvictedcaseshadbeenwithdrawnbecausewitnessesorcomplainantshadleftthecountrycaseswereunderwayorreadyfortrialandhadbeenreferredforfurtherinvestigationrefciteweburlthetimescozanewsarticleaspxidtitleanniversaryofxenoattackspublisherthetimesaccessdatemayrefinmayoneyearaftertheattackstheconsortiumforrefugeesandmigrantsinsouthafricacormsasaidthatforeignersremainedunderthreatofviolenceandthatlittlehadbeendonetoaddressthecausesoftheattackstheorganisationcomplainedofalackofaccountabilityforthoseresponsibleforpublicviolenceinsufficientinvestigationsintotheinstigatorsandthelackofapublicgovernmentinquiryrefciteweburlbusinessdaycozaarticlestopstoriesaspxidbdatitlexenophobicviolencehasendedbutforeignersstillfeelunsafepublisherbusinessdayaccessdatemayrefrefugeecampsandreintegrationquestiontentsatarefugeecamponolifantsfonteinmidrandjohannesburgafterbeinghousedintemporaryplacesofsafetyincludingpolicestationsandcommunityhallsforthreeweeksthosewhofledtheviolenceweremovedintospeciallyestablishedtemporarycampsconditionsinsomecampswerecondemnedonthegroundsoflocationandinfrastructurehighlightingtheirtemporarynaturethesouthafricangovernmentinitiallyadoptedapolicyofquicklyreintegratingrefugeesintothecommunitiestheyoriginallyfledandsubsequentlysetadeadlineinjulybywhichtimerefugeeswouldbeexpectedtoreturntotheircommunitiesorcountriesoforiginafteranapparentpolicyshiftthegovernmentvowedthattherewouldbenoforcedreintegrationofrefugeesandthatthevictimswouldnotbedeportedeveniftheywerefoundtobeillegalimmigrantsinmayoneyearaftertheattacksthecityofcapetownsaiditwouldapplyforanevictionordertoforceremainingrefugeestoleavetworefugeecampsinthatcityrefciteweburlthetimescozanewsarticleaspxidtitlecapetownwantstoevictrefugeespublisherthetimesaccessdatemaydeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebthetimescozanewsarticleaspxidarchivedatemayrefdomesticpoliticalreactiononmaythenpresidentthabombekiapprovedarequestfromthesouthafricanpoliceservicesapsfordeploymentofsouthafricannationaldefenceforcearmedforcesagainsttheattacksingautengitisthefirsttimethatthesouthafricangovernmenthasorderedtroopsouttothestreetsinordertoquellunrestsincetheendofapartheidinseveralpoliticalpartiesblamedeachotherandsometimesotherinfluencesfortheattacksthegautengprovincialbranchoftheanchasallegedthattheviolenceispoliticallymotivatedbyathirdhandthatisprimarilytargetingtheancforthesouthafricangeneralelectiongeneralelectionsreferringtopublishedallegationsbyonerioterthathewasbeingpaidtocommitviolentactsagainstimmigrantsmanzinisaidthattheviolencewasbeingstokedprimarilywithinhostelfacilitiesbyathirdpartywithfinancialincentiveshelenzilleleaderoftheofficialoppositionpartythedemocraticalliancesouthafricademocraticalliancedapointedtoinstancesofcrowdsofrioterssingingumshiniwamiasongassociatedthenpresidentoftheancjacobzumaandnotedthattheriotersalsohailedfromtherankandfileoftheafricannationalcongressyouthleagueancyouthleaguesheallegedthatzumahadpromisedyearsbeforetohissupporterstotakemeasuresagainsttheimmigrationofforeignnationalstosouthafricaandthatzumasmostrecentcondemnationoftheriotsanddistancingfromtheantiimmigrationplatformwasnotenoughofaseriousinitiativeagainsttheparticipationoffellowpartymembersintheviolencebothzilleandtheparliamentaryleaderofthedasandrabothaslammedtheancforshiftingtheblameconcerningtheviolencetoathirdhandwhichisoftentakeninsouthafricanpostapartheidpoliticaldiscourseasareferencetoproapartheidorallegedlyproapartheidorganisationszumainturncondemnedboththeattacksandthembekigovernmentsresponsetotheattackszumaalsolamentedtheusageofhistrademarksongumshiniwamibytheriotersrefnameumshiniwamirefsecretarygeneralgwedemantashecalledforthecreationoflocalcommitteestocombatviolenceagainstforeignerszillewasalsocriticisedbyfinanceministertrevormanuelforbeingquotedinthecapeargusassayingthatforeignerswereresponsibleforabulkofthedrugtradeinsouthafricainkwazulunatalprovincebhekiceleprovincialcommunitysafetyministerblamedtheinkathafreedompartyanationalistzulupoliticalpartyforstokingandcapitalisingontheviolenceindurbanbothceleandpremiersbundebeleclaimedthatifpmembershadattackedatavernthatcateredtonigerianimmigrantsenroutetoapartymeetingtheifpwhichisbasedprimarilyinthepredominantlyethnicallyzulupeoplezulukwazulunatalprovincerejectedthestatementsandhadonmayengagedinanantixenophobiameetingwiththeafricannationalcongressancradicalgrassrootsmovementsandorganisationscameoutstronglyagainstthexenophobicattackscallingthempogromspromotedbygovernmentandpoliticalpartiessomehaveclaimedthatlocalpoliticiansandpolicehavesanctionedtheattacksattheytimetheyalsocalledfortheclosureofthelindelarepatriationcentrewhichisseenasanexampleofthenegativewaythesouthafricangovernmenttreatsafricanforeignersgrassrootsgroupslikeabahlalibasemjondoloandthesouthafricanunemployedpeoplesmovementalsoopposedthelatestroundofxenophobicattacksinrefnametandfonlinecomtandfonlinecomdoipdfthelanguagesofxenophobiainpostapartheidsouthafricareviewingmigrancyforeignnessandsolidarityagendacamalitanaickerrefinternationalreactiontheattackswerecondemnedbyawidevarietyoforganisationsandgovernmentleadersthroughoutafricaandtherestoftheworldtheofficeoftheunitednationshighcommissionerforrefugeesexpressedconcernsabouttheviolenceandurgedthesouthafricangovernmenttoceasedeportationofzimbabweannationalsandalsotoallowtherefugeesandasylumseekerstoregularisetheirstayinthecountrymalawibeganrepatriationofsomeofitsnationalsinsouthafricathemozambicangovernmentsponsoredarepatriationdrivethatsawtheregistrationofatleastindividualsattacksincapetowninlatemayreportsemergedregardingapossibleresurgenceofxenophobicrelatedactivityandtheorganisingofattacksinthewesterncapereportsofthreatsandsecretmeetingsbylocalbusinessmensurfacedingugulethukhayelitshaandphilippicapetownsamoramachelinphilippionceagainemergingasaflashpointingugulethureportsemergedofsecretmeetingsbylocalbusinessmendiscussingwhattodoaboutsomalishopkeeperstheantievictioncampaignbroughttheseissuestotheopenbyorganisingaseriesofantixenophobiameetingsattemptingtofindtherootcauseofthecrisisinnovemberacommunityofzimbabweanfarmworkerswasforciblyevictedfromtheirhomesintheinformalsettlementsofdedoornsagrapefarmingtowninthewesterncapenopersonswerephysicallyassaultedbuthomesweretrashedandlootedandthisledtothebiggestdisplacementofforeignnationalssincemaythezimbabweanswerethenhousedinadisplacedpersonscampwheresomeremainedforayearuntilitwasclosedresearchersidentifiedtheroleofawardcouncillormpumelelolubisiinincitingtheattackinpossiblecollusionwithinformallabourbrokerswhohadfinancialinterestsingettingridoftheirzimbabweancompetitorssouthafricanworkersalsoaccusedfarmersofemployingthezimbabweansatlessthanminimumwagefarmersandzimbabweanworkersdeniedthisrefmisagojpviolencelabourandthedisplacementofzimbabweansindedoornswesterncapeforcedmigrationstudiesprogrammigrationpolicybriefrefinthepresscarriednumerousarticlesclaimingthattherewouldbemassiveplannedxenophobicviolenceattheendofthefootballworldcuphoweverthisdidnothappeninjulytherewerenewattacksinpartsofcapetownandinbotshabelointhefreestatefortresssouthafricasouthafricasbordershavebeenmilitarisedaccordingtochristophermcmichaelthissharedstatecorporateprojectofbuildingupafortresssouthafricaalsorevealsadeeplyentrenchedseamofxenophobiainwhichundocumentedmigrantsandrefugeesfromafricancountriesarepaintedasasecurityriskakintoterrorismandorganisedcrimeparliamentarydiscussionsonbordersecurityarerifewithclaimsthatforeignnationalsareattemptingtodrainsocialgrantsandeconomicopportunitiesfromcitizensthepackagingofillegalimmigrationasanationalsecuritythreatwhichoftenreliesonunsubstantiatedclaimsabouttheinherentcriminalityofforeignnationalsprovidesanofficialglossondeeplyentrenchedgovernmentalxenophobiainwhichafricanimmigrantsaretargetsforregularharassmentroundingupandextortionbythepolicethisnormalisationofimmigrantsasfiguresofresentmentmayalsofueloutbreaksofxenophobicviolenceattacksinattacksagainstsomalientrepreneurscapetownonmayyearoldabdinasirmahmoudgoodwasstonedtodeaththeviolencewascapturedonamobilephoneandsharedontheinternetrefnamealjarefthreesomalipeoplesomalishopkeepershadbeenkilledinjuneandthesomaligovernmentrequestedthesouthafricanauthoritiestodomoretoprotecttheirnationalsamongthosemurderedweretwobrotherswhowereallegedlyhackedtodeaththeattacksledtopublicoutcryandworldwideprotestsbythesomalidiasporaincapetownrefnameforeignmreflondonandminneapolissouthafricanforeignministermaitenkoanamashabaneexpressedthegovernmentsstrongestcondemnationoftheviolencewhichhasrecentlyseenlootingandthedeathofasomalishopkeepersomaliprimeministerabdifarahshirdonhasexpressedconcernforthesafetyofsomalisinsouthafricacallingonthegovernmenttheretointervenetostopviolenceagainstsomalipeopleafterdeadlyattacksinpretoriaandportelizabethonjuneasomalinationalinhisswasreportedlystonedtodeathandtwootherswereseriouslyinjuredwhentheangrymoboflocalsattackedtheirshopinextensionlateonsaturdaythreemoresomaliswerewoundedfromgunshotsandshopswerelootedafteranotherroundofxenophobicviolenceagainstsomalientrepreneursinaprilsomaliasgovernmentannouncedthatitwouldevacuateitscitizensfromsouthafricarefnamefeptecfsrefaprilattacksinapriltherewasanupsurgeinxenophobicattacksthroughoutthecountrytheattacksstartedindurbanandspreadtojohannesburgzulupeoplezulukinggoodwillzwelithinihasbeenaccusedoffuellingtheattacksbysayingthatforeignersshouldgobacktotheircountrieslocalslootedforeignersshopsandattackedimmigrantsingeneralforcinghundredstorelocatetopolicestationsacrossthecountrythemalawianauthoritiessubsequentlybeganrepatriatingtheirnationalsandanumberofotherforeigngovernmentsalsoannouncedthattheywouldevacuatetheircitizensmorethanpeoplewerearrestedrefnamehundredsrefonaprilaphotographerfromthesundaytimesjamesoatwayphotographedabrutalattackonamozambicanmanthemanemmanuelsitholediedfromhiswoundsfoursuspectswerearrestedwithindaysofthepublicationofphotographsintheaprileditionofthesundaytimessouthafricathesundaytimesofthemurderofmozambicanstreetvendoremmanuelsitholeinalexandragautengalexandratownshipthepreviousdaysitholesnameisnotincludedintheofficiallistofsevenvictimskilledintheaprilattacksincludinganethiopianamozambicanabangladeshiazimbabweanandthreesouthafricanswhowereallkilledinkwazulunataldespitethegovernmentsinsistencethatsitholesmurderwasnotxenophobicthesouthafricannationaldefenceforcesandfwasdeployedinalexandratownshipfollowingthepublicationoftheimagesonaprilseveralthousanddemonstratorsmarchedthroughcentraljohannesburgtoprotestagainstaspateofdeadlyattacksonimmigrantstheysangsongsdenouncingxenophobiaandcarriedbannersthatreadweareallafricansasmigrantworkerscrowdedbalconiesshoutingtheirsupportoctoberattacksinoctoberthereweresustainedxenophobicattacksingrahamstownintheeasterncapeitasreportedthanmorethanpeopleweredisplacedandmorethanshopsandhomeslootedandinsomecasesdestroyedaltogetherintheseattacksmuslimswerespecificallytargetedthegrahamstownxenophobicattacksthattookplaceonoctoberandcoincidedwiththefeesmustfallprotestatrhodesuniversitylastedforseveraldaystheattackswereinstigatedbythetaxidriversprotestswherethedriverswereprotestingovertheterriblestateofroadstheriseincrimeandrumoursofmurderscommittedbyforeignerstheirdemandswerethatthemayoroughttodosomethingabouttheirgrievancestheirgrievanceswerenotaddressedbythemayoronoctobertaxidriversattackedspazashopsownedbypakistanisomalibangladeshiandethiopianresidentsofgrahamstowntherewasamobilisationofpeoplebythetaxidriverswiththeaimofattackingandlootingshopsownedbyforeignerstherewasarumourthatinsinuatedthatforeignerswereresponsiblefortherampantmurdersintownthatanarabmanhadkilledandmutilatedwomenaroundtownandthatthepolicehadnotdoneanythingtoaddresstheserumoursgrahamstownresidentsinthetownshipswereangryatthepolicefornotdoinganythingtodispeltherumoursdespitehavingbeenwarnedbythecouncillorsthattheresidentsmightenduptakingthelawintotheirownhandsthusitwastheserumoursthatincitedtheattacksonforeignersontherdofoctoberthemakanamunicipalityheldatownmeetingatcityhallthemeetingwasfocusedonhowthemunicipalityandthesouthafricanpolicewouldpacifytheresidentsandaddressthesituationduringthatmeetingtherewasnorepresentativefromthepoliceandoneofthewardcouncillorsfurtherlegitimizedtheattacksthroughxenophobicsentimentscentredonnotgivingforeignersaplatformtohavetheirownshopstheattackscontinuedwithtaxidriverstransportinglootersforfreeaccordingtotheresidentsofgrahamstownrefnamespaceandcitizenshipingrahamstownpohallorancontestedspaceandcitizenshipingrahamstownsouthafricajournalssagepubcomdoiabsrefreportsfromtheresidentsallegethatthepolicesattitudeswerethatofindifferencewithsomeparticipatinginthelootingthepolicingoftheattackswaselitistastherewasalineonbeaufortstreetwhichpointedoutwherelootingwouldbetoleratedandwhereitwouldnotbethuslootingwasallowedinthetownshipandnottoleratedintownthepoliceonlypacifiedthesituationandrestoredorderafteraweekofattacksandlootingthexenophobicattacksingrahamstowndifferedfromtheusualxenophobicattacksinsouthafricaastheonesingrahamstownweremostlytargetedatmuslimsthemainreasonwhymuslimsweretargetedwasmainlyduetotherumourthatanarabmanwasresponsibleforthemurderofwomeninthetownseemorerhodesuniversitygrahamstownfeesmustfallmarikanamuslimsexternallinkszabalazanetoneyearafterthegrahamstownriotsagainstforeigntradersattackshurtworkingclassandpooronlycapitalistsandpoliticiansbenefitiolcozanewscrimecourtsxenophobicviolencerocksgrahamstowntshwaneriotsfromjuneawaveofriotshitthecityoftshwanemetropolitanmunicipalitycityoftshwanealthoughtheriotsweresparkedbypoliticaldiscontentwithintheancsomaliantiimmigrationprotestonfridaythefebruaryalargescaleandofficiallysanctionedantiimmigrantprotestwasorganisedandheldinthepretoriaprotestersmarchedtotheforeignministryandhandedapetitiontogovernmentrepresentativesprotestersaccusedimmigrantsoftakingjobsfromsouthafricanscausingcrimereactionssouthafricansmallbusinessdevelopmentministerlindiwezulusaidthatforeignbusinessownerscannotexpecttocoexistpeacefullywithlocalbusinessownersunlesstheysharetheirtradesecretsaccordingtozuluforeignbusinessownershadanadvantageoversouthafricanbusinessownersduetomarginalisationunderapartheidtheycannotbarricadethemselvesinandnotsharetheirpracticeswithlocalbusinessownerszulusaidrefnamebdseclinrefthecommentsweremetwithwidespreadcriticismaninquirybythecompetitioncommissionthecountrysantitrustregulatorhasindicatedthatadifferenceinperformancebetweenforeignandlocalbusinessownershascreatedaperceptionthatforeignersaremoresuccessfulthanlocalswhilethereisnothingwrongwithexaminingthedynamicsofcompetitiontheinsinuationthatforeignbusinessownersweretoblameforthedeclineofsouthafricanownedsmallbusinesswasworryingvanyagastrowaresearcherfromtheafricancentreformigrationinjohannesburgpublishedacasest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etaversionofxgridwasreleasedinjanuaryrefnamesimplerefseveralorganizationshaveadoptedxgridinlargeinternationalcomputingnetworksoneexampleofanxgridclusterismacresearchsopenmacgridwherescientistscanrequestaccesstolargeamountsofprocessingpowertoruntasksrelatedtotheirresearchanotherwasthenowdefunctxgridstanfordprojectwhichusedarangeofcomputersonthestanforduniversitycampusandaroundtheworldrefnamexgridstanfordreftoperformbiochemicalresearchrefnamexgridstanfordprojectrefinaprereleasepromotionalpiecemacworldcitedxgridamongtheunixfeaturesinthingstoknowabouttigercallingithandyifyouworkwithhugeamountsofexperimentaldataorrendercomplexanimationsafterxgridsintroductionininfoworldnotedthatitwasapreviewgradetechnologywhichwoulddirectlybenefitfromthexservegslaunchlaterthatyearinfoworldcommentatorephraimschwartzalsopredictedthatxgridwasanopeningmoveinapplesentryintotheenterprisecomputingmarketapplediscontinuedxgridwithosxvmountainlionalongwithdependentservicessuchaspodcastproducerprotocolimagexgridprotocolsvgpxthumbleftxgridprotocolthexgridprotocolusesthebeepnetworkframeworktocommunicatewithnodesonthenetworkthesystemsinfrastructureincludesthreetypesofcomputerswhichcommunicateovertheprotocoloneistheclientwhichcommunicatesthecalculationnextisthecontrollerwhichstartsandwiktionarysegregatesegregatesthecalculationfinallytheagentsprocesstheirownallocatedpartofthecalculationacomputercanactasoneorallthreeofthesecomponentsatthesametimethexgridprotocolprovidesthebasicinfrastructureforcomputerstocommunicatebutisnotinvolvedintheprocessingofthespecifiedcalculationwithinthexgridprotocolthreetypesofmessagepassingmessagescanbepassedtoothercomputersonthesameclustercomputingclusterrequestsnotificationsystemnotificationsandreplyrepliesrequestsmustberespondedtobytherecipientwithareplynotificationsdonotrequireareplyandrepliesareresponsestosentmessagestheyareidentifiedbytheirnametyperequestnotificationreplyandcontentseachmessageisencapsulatedinabeepmessagebeepmsgandisacknowledgedonreceiptbyanemptyreplyrpyxgriddoesnotleveragebeepsmessagereplyinfrastructureanyreceivedmessagewhichrequiresaresponsemerelygeneratesanindependentbeepmessagecontainingthereplythexgridmessagesareencodedasdictionariesofkeyvaluepairswhichareconvertedtoxmlbeforebeingsentacrossthebeepnetworkarchitecturethearchitectureofthexgridsystemisdesignedaroundajobbasedsystemthecontrollersendsagentsjobsandtheagentsreturntheresponsestheactualcomputationthatthecontrollerexecutesinanxgridsystemisknownasajobthejobcontainsallthefilesrequiredtocompletethetasksuccessfullysuchastheinputparametercomputerscienceparameterscomputerfiledatafilesdirectoryfilesystemsdirectoriesexecutablesandorshellscriptsthefilesincludedinanxgridjobmustbeabletobeexecutedeithersimultaneouslyorasynchronouslyoranybenefitsofrunningsuchajobonanxgridislostoncethejobcompletesthecontrollercanbesettonotifytheclientofthetaskscompletionorfailureforexamplebyemailtheclientcanleavethecomputernetworknetworkwhilethetasksarerunningitcanalsomonitorthejobstatusondemandbyinformationretrievalqueryingthecontrolleralthoughitcannottracktheongoingprogressofindividualtasksrefnamexgridchapsecrefthecontrolleriscentraltothecorrectfunctionofanxgridasthisnodeisresponsibleforthedistributionsupervisionandcoordinationoftasksonagentstheprogramrunningonthecontrollercanassignandreassigntaskstohandleindividualagentfailuresondemandthenumberoftasksassignedtoanagentdependontwofactorsthenumberofagentsonanxgridandthenumberofprocessorsineachnodethenumberofagentsonanxgriddetermineshowthecontrollerwillassigntasksthetasksmaybeassignedsimultaneouslyforalargenumberofagentsorqueuedforasmallnumberofagentswhenanodewithmorethanoneprocessorisdetectedonanxgridthecontrollermayassignonetaskperprocessorthisonlyoccursifthenumberofagentsonthenetworkislowerthanthenumberoftasksthecontrollerhastocompletexgridislayeredupontheblocksextensibleexchangeprotocolbeepanietfstandardcomparabletohttpbutwithafocusontwowaymultiplexedcommunicationsuchasthatfoundinpeertopeernetworksbeepinturnusesxmltodefineprofilesforcommunicatingbetweenmultipleagentsoverasinglenetworkorinternetconnectionrefnamexgridpdfrefinterfaceimagexgridadmintooljpgthumbleftxgridadministrationtoolwhileitispossibletoaccessxgridfromthecommandlinethexgridgraphicaluserinterfaceaprogrambundledwithmacosxserverandasofmarchavailableonlineisamuchmoreefficientwayofadministeringanxgridsystemoriginallythexgridagentwasincludedinallmacosxvmacosxversioninstallationsbuttheguiwasreservedforusersofmacosxserverthisdecisionlimitedtheeffortsofthecomputercommunitytoembracetheplatformeventuallyapplereleasedthemacosxserveradministrationtoolstothepublicwhichincludedthexgridadministrationapplicationbundledwithmacosxserverrefnamemacosxhintsrefdespitethelackofagraphicalcontrollerinterfaceinthestandardnonservermacosxdistributionitispossibletosetupanxgridcontrollerviathecommandlineinterfacecommandlinetoolscodexgridctlcodeandcodexgridcodeoncethexgridcontrollerdaemoncomputersoftwaredaemonisrunningadministrationofthegridwithapplesxgridadmintoolispossiblesomeapplicationssuchasvisualhubprovidedxgridcontrollercapabilitythroughtheiruserinterfacesrefnamevisualhubrefseealsoxgridplastickicomanxgridprimergivesrecreationalusesofxgridcondorhighthroughputcomputingsystemnotesredirectxkeyboardextensionnicolaiavasilievvladimirvasilievdancerkshatriyaredirectcategoryshellcentralacademyofdramayilonglakenationradiowalescomplementsettheoryinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexenogearsoriginalsoundtracktypesoundtrackartistyasunorimitsudacoverxenogearsostjpgaltareddishabstractartworkdottedwithvarioustinysymbolstheshadowofalargexoccupiesitslefthalfreleasedmarchrecordedgreenbirdstudiotokyobrwestlandstudiodublinbrradiostudiosofiagenrevideogamemusictraditionalmusicmusicofirelandirishmusiclengthlabeldigicubeproduceryasunorimitsudareviewslastalbumtobalnomusictobalnooriginalsoundtrackbrthisalbumxenogearsoriginalsoundtrackbrnextalbumcreidbrmiscextraalbumcoveruppercaptionalternativecovertypesoundtrackcoverxenogearsostlimitedjpgaltadarkredabstractartworkdottedwithvariousgreysymbolsgoldcoloredcirclesandrectanglesarescatteredthroughoutandalargevividredxoccupiesitsrighthalflowercaptionthelimitededitionofthesoundtrackfeaturesadifferentillustrationonakeepcaseformatthexenogearsoriginalsoundtrackistheofficialsoundtracktosquarecosquaresroleplayingvideogamexenogearsitwascomposedbyyasunorimitsudaandcontainstracksincludingabulgarianlanguagebulgarianchoirchoralsongandtwopiecesperformedbytheirishpeopleirishsingerjoannehoggthoughthegamewasreleasedinbothjapanandnorthamericathealbumwaspublishedinjapanexclusivelyasacompactdisccdsetonmarchthesoundtrackwascomposedwithstrongtraditionalmusictraditionalandmusicofirelandirishmusicinfluenceswhilethelyricsforthevocaltrackswerewrittenbythegamesdirectortetsuyatakahashianditsscenariowritermasatokatothesoundtrackreachedinjapanandwasgenerallywellreceivedbycriticsthoughsomedisagreedonwhetherthealbumcanbefullyappreciatedbynonplayerstwoarrangementarrangedversionsofthesoundtrackcreidandmyththexenogearsorchestralalbumwerealsoreleasedbymitsudaaremasteredversionoftheoriginalalbumxenogearsoriginalsoundtrackrevivaldiscthefirstandthelastwasreleasedbysquareenixalongwithapairofconcertsthecomposeralongwithjoannehoggreprisedtheirrolesforthesoundtracktoxenogearsnowikinowikisspiritualsuccessorspiritualprequelxenosagaepisodeixenosagaepisodeiderwillezurmachtintributealbumswerealsoproducedbyfanscreationcontextxenogearsentereddevelopmentinandwasreleasedinthegamesdirectortetsuyatakahashididnotinitiallythinkmusicwasallthatimportantcomparedtographicsbuteventuallyacknowledgeditsimportancewhenherealizeditcouldstronglyenhancetheexpressivityoftheimagestakahashiexplainedthatwithoutmitsudasmusichewouldnothavebeenabletoachievehisgoalsfortheprojectrefnamelinernotesrefthedevelopmentteamwantedtohaveawesternworldwesternsingercontributetothescoremitsudainitiallyhaddifficultiesfindinganartistthatmatchedhisvisionirishmusicwasnotwellknowninjapanatthetimebutmitsudafeltthatacelticboomwasabouttohitthecountryhispredictionwouldlaterturntruewiththepopularityoftheamericanfilmtitanicfilmtitanicandtheirishstepdanceirishstepdancingshowriverdancerefnamepoweruprefstarsoftearsoneofthesongsincludedonthesoundtrackalbumdidnotappearinthefinalversionofthegameitwasoriginallyintendedtoplayinacutsceneatthestartofthegamealongwiththemainstaffcreditsthescenehoweverwasremovedforpacingissuesasitwouldhavemadethecombinedopeningmovieandintroductionsceneslastroughlytenminutesanothersongonthesoundtracksmalltwoofpiecesscreechingshardswasthefirstendingthemewithsunglyricstoeverappearinagamedevelopedbysquarecosquarecompositionandwritingthescorecontainsinstrumentaltracksinadditiontoachoirchoraltrackandtwosongsaccordingtomitsudathemusicofxenogearsbelongstothetraditionalmusicgenrethoughhefirstdescribeditasstemmingfromaworldofhisownimaginingratherthananyspecificcountryhehasalsoclaimedastrongmusicofirelandirishorcelticmusicinfluencemitsudafeltthatcomposingforthegamewasverydifficultduetotheunfamiliarityofmostjapanesewithforeigntraditionalsbutexpressedhiswishforlistenersofthesoundtracktoopenuptomusicfromallovertheworldhismusicalapproachwastoinsertcelticinfluencesintoeasytolistentopopularmusicpoptracksratherthanmakingeitherdensecelticmusicorsimplebackgroundmusictheopeningmovieofthegamewasproducedbeforethecorrespondingtrackdarkdawnwasandmitsudahadtorearrangehiscompositionafterrealizingsomepartswereoutofsynchwiththeframesbyaboutaminuteandahalfthechoraltracktitledthebeginningandtheendwasperformedbyavoicechoirnamedthegreatvoicesofbulgariaandfeatureslyricswrittenbytetsuyatakahashihislyricsweretranslatedfromjapanesetoenglishthentobulgarianlanguagebulgarianfortherecordingjoannehoggsanginenglishonstarsoftearsandsmalltwoofpiecesscreechingshardsthelattertookmitsudaanawfullylongamountoftimejusttocomposethedemomusicdemoversionmasatokatowrotetheoriginallyricsforthetwosongsandhoggarrangedthemsothattheywouldfitthemelodiesbetterandsoundmorecelticaswithmostofhisprevioussoundtracksmitsudacomposedamusicalboxarrangementofoneofthemainthemesinxenogearsnowikinowikicasethetrackdistantpromiseisthemusicalboxversionofsmalltwoofpiecesrefnameaevlossrefrecordingtheinstrumentaltracksofthescorewereprogrammedwiththeplaystationsoundmoduleintokyojapanwhilethebeginningandtheendwasrecordedliveinsofiabulgariahoggssongswererecordedintwodaysindublinirelandintheyfeaturedtheriverdancemusiciandavyspillaneonlowwhistlewhentitanicpremieredinnovembermitsudanoticedcoincidentalsimilaritiesbetweenthefilmsendingsongcelinedionsmyheartwillgoonandtheirishthemedmusichewascomposingforxenogearshefeltirritatedanddevotedhimselftocompletethesoundtracksrecordingbeforetitaniccameoutaswithsomeofhisprevioussoundtracksmitsudawouldstayinthejapanesestudioforlongamountsoftimeandregularlyfallasleepfromoverworkwhilesomemelodieswouldfirstcometohiminhisdreamssuchasthatoftiesofseaandflamesthecomposercollapsedduringthesoundtrackmasteringprocessduetoexhaustionandhadtobetakentothehospitalbyambulancethescoreinvolvedintotalnearlyahundredpeopleatonepointthemusicstaffconsideredaddingsoundeffectsandvoicenarrationsintothesoundtrackalbumbuttheideawasscrappedinfavourofnormalrenditionsofthegamesmusicreceptionlistenfilenamejoannehoggsmalltwoofpiecesoggtitlesmalltwoofpiecesscreechingshardsdescriptionsecondsamplefromtheendingsongperformedbyjoannehoggformatoggthealbumreachedonthejapanoriconchartssoundtrackcentralfeltthatmitsudacreatedamasterpieceinxenogearswhilerpgfanthoughtitwasmostcertainlyhisgreatestachievementreviewersdisagreedwhetherthealbumcouldonlybeenjoyedbyxenogearsplayersorifitcouldbeappreciatedbyawideraudienceseveralreviewersnotedthediversityofstylespresentinthescoresoundtrackcentralthoughtitwasasuperbmixofepicadventureandtraditionalthemeswhilesquareenixmusiconlineappreciatedthemeldingoffuturisticethnicandreligiousthemesfeelingthattherecurringchantingsoundeffectsmadeeverythingsoundcoherentcriticsalsonoticedsimilaritiesbetweensomemelodiesandmitsudaspreviousworkchronotriggerthoughreviewersfeltthatthoseofxenogearsweremorewidelybasedandhadadistinctivecelticsoundtheemotionaltrackswereconsideredthestrongestpartofthescoreandwerepraisedfortheirabilitytomusicallyreflectthevariouslocalesandcharactersseeninthegametheopeningtrackdarkdawnwassimilarlylaudedforshowcasingalltheinfluencesofthesoundtrackinasinglecompositionthebattlethemesweredescribedasaweakerareaandwerecalledeithereffectiveorrepetitivewithsquareenixmusiconlinenotingthatmitsudahasneverbeenverygoodatcomposinginterestingbattletrackstocriticismduetoitsrelianceonsynthchoralsoundeffectsratherthanaclearmelodytheendingsongsmalltwoofpieceswasreceivedpositivelyandasmitsudapredictedcomparedtomyheartwillgoonlegacywhileinirelandmitsudaalsoworkedwithspillaneandmairebreatnachanothermusicianfromriverdancetorecordanarrangementarrangedalbumofxenogearstitledcreidandreleasedinaprilthearrangedalbumfeaturesinstrumentalandvocaltracksfromthesoundtrackarrangedinamoredominantcelticstylestarsoftearsandsmalltwoofpiecesappearonthealbumastwowingsandmbiusrespectivelyandaresunginjapanesebytetsukotechiehonmaasecondarrangedalbumtitledmyththexenogearsorchestralalbumwasreleasedonfebruaryforthegamesthanniversaryaremasteredversionofthesoundtracktitledxenogearsoriginalsoundtrackrevivaldiscthefirstandthelastwasreleasedonblurayonapriltheremasterswereoverseenbymitsudaandthealbumcontainsanewarrangedtrackbymitsudafeaturingavocalperformancebyirishchoralensembleannarefnamerevivalrefcontemporaneouswiththealbumreleaseaconcertofmusictitledxenogearsthanniversaryconcertthebeginningandtheendwasperformedbythexenogearsconcertspecialbandorchestrajoannehoggandannaonaprilandatthemaihamaamphitheaterinurayasujapanrefnamethconcertrefinmitsudacomposedthescoretomonolithsoftsxenosagaepisodeixenosagaepisodeiderwillezurmachtthespiritualsuccessorspiritualprequeltoxenogearsalsodirectedbytetsuyatakahashijoannehoggreturnedtosingthesoundtracksvocalthemeswhiletheinstrumentaltrackswereperformedbythelondonphilharmonicorchestramonolithsoftdidnotaskmitsudaandhoggtoreprisetheirrolesforxenosagaepisodeiiepisodeiiandxenosagaepisodeiiiepisodeiiihoweveratributealbumtitledxenogearslightanarrangedalbumwaspublishedinlimitedquantitiesbythefangrouponeupstudiosinthealbumfeaturestracksarrangedfromthexenogearsscoreandperformedwithacousticinstrumentssuchaspianofluteguitarandviolinthealbumwasoriginallytitledxenogearsshaketheivoriesandmeanttofeaturepianoarrangementsonlybeforeabroadermultiinstrumentalballadmusicballadapproachwaschosenoneupstudioslicensedtheuseoftheoriginalmusicfromsquareenixanotherunofficialalbumofremixestitledhumansgearswasproducedasadigitalalbumbyoverclockedremixonoctoberconsistingoftracksontwodiscsrefnamehgreftracklistingdisconetracklistlyricscreditsyestitledarkdawnnotelengthtitlestarsoftearsouttakelyricsmasatokatolengthtitletiesofseaandflamesnotelengthtitleourvillageisnumberonenotelengthtitlevalleyfromwherethewindisbornnotelengthtitledistantpromisenotelengthtitlesteelgiantnotelengthtitleblackmoonforestnotelengthtitlewheretheeggsofdreamshatchnotelengthtitleslumbershortversionnotelengthtitledaziltownofscorchingsandsnotelengthtitlelongingnotelen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huntersandfarmersbecauseatthetimetherewasnotawidevarietyofchoiceinfirearmsorcalibersandcivilianswereprohibitedfromowninganymilitarycalibersoncedevelopedthepopularityofthecartridgeincreasedrapidlyforseveralreasonstheneckeddownwildcatversionofthewasfoundtobequiteaccurateandsuitableforsmalltomediumlargegameandalsobecauseofthehugesurplusofcheapexmilitaryfirearmsavailableforconversionfactoryammunitionwasavailablefromthemidtolatesuntilthemidsuntilthepopularityofthecartridgehadfinallybeensupersededbyotherpopularcaliberstodaythestillhasasmallfollowinginaustraliabutmostlyitisconsideredanimportantpieceofaustralianfirearmandhuntinghistoryoverviewthewasverypopularforanumberofreasonsonebeingthatthecaliberwasbettersuitedtosmallgamethanthetherifleswerecheapandplentifulandinnewsouthwalesownershipofmilitarycartridgeswasgunpoliticsinaustraliafederationandtheriseofregulationinthethcenturyseverelyrestrictedseveralversionsexistedbutmostweresimplyneckeddownandslightlytrimedalthoughleeenfieldswerethemostcommonconversionofotherriflesmostlysuitedtorimmedcartridgessuchaspatternenfieldpenfieldmartinienfieldwinchestermodelandwinchestermodelwinchesterswereoftenseenaswellasgewehrandswedishmausermausersinaustraliathebuiltonaleeenfieldactionwasbyfarthemostpopularmodelnotonlybecauseofitseasyavailabilityfrommilitarysurplusstocksbutalsobecauseoftheleeenfieldroundmagazinewhichalmostallmoderncenterfireriflesstillhavenotmatchedfactoryammunitionwasproducedbythesupercartridgecompanyriverbrandimiandsportcosomeusingnewinternalballisticsinternalprimingboxerprimedcasessingleflashholeandprimerhasanvilothersusingmilitaryinternalballisticsinternalprimingberdanprimedcasesdoubleflashholecartridgeandprimerhasnoanvilfactorycartridgesarefareasiertoreloadoncefiredincomparisontomilitarycartridgesbecausemilitarycartridgeshaveacrimpedinberdanprimerberdenprimedcartridgesalsohaveadoubleflashholemakingtheirremovaldifficultbecausethestandarddecappingdieonlyhasasingledecappingpincasesareformedbyneckingdownstandardbritishbrasswithafulllengthsizingdiebritishbrassisavailablefromremingtonfederalwinchestersellierbellotprvipartisanamongstothersreloadingdiesarestillavailablefromaustraliancompanysimplexinsingletwoandthreediesetsawidevarietyofprojectilesinareavailablefromgrgrainweightbyquiteafewmanufacturerssuchashornadyspeersierranoslerandremingtoninhollowpointsoftpointandballistictiphoweverduetothestandardtwistratiooftheriflingprojectileweightsarelimitedbeforeaccuracyandstabilityoftheprojectilearereducedgenerallymostshootersofthewillnotuseanythingovergrainshoweverandgrainprojectilesseemtohavethebestperformanceonpaperandinthefielduntilrecentlyfactoryammunitionwasnolongercommerciallyavailablecheckwithyourpreferredgunshopinaustraliaforavailabilitysoallammunitionforthewashandloadedloaddataisavailablefromadiswebsiteorloaddatabookletornickharveysreloadingmanualtheditionforcurrentpropellantsterminalballisticstheranksslightlyaheadoftherobertsforitsvelocitiesandlessthanweatherbymagnumthebelowdataisratedasamaximumloadinadisreloaddatahowevernickharveysreloadingmanualsuggeststheseasstartingloadstobeworkedupfromadihasmorethanlikelycoveredthemselvesfrompossibleliabilitybygivingconservativeloadsasamaximumlesspressurelongerlifefortherifleitisagoodideatouseachronographwhendevelopinganewloadandtoshootfiveshotgroupsofeachtestloadingtothesameaimpointlookingforwhichpowderamountgivesthesmallestgroupovermormdistancefromabenchrestitisstronglyrecommendedthatloadsbeginatlessandworkedupingrainincrementsstoppingwhensignsofexcessivepressureorhotloadssuchasdifficultextractionflattenedprimersandcuppedfiringpinindentationsoccurforanygivenrifleanaccurateloadmaynotnecessarilybethequickestusingadihpropellantmaximumloadrecommendedbyadirefnameautogeneratedadipowderscomauhandloadersrifleaspcalibrewarningadipowdershandloadersguidebotgeneratedtitlerefgrainprojectilewithgrainsofhwillproducevelocitiesaroundfpsgrainprojectilewithgrainsofhwillproducevelocitiesaroundfpsusingadipropellantmaximumloadrecommendedbyadigrainprojectilewithgrainsofwillproducevelocitiesaroundfpsgrainprojectilewithgrainsofwillproducevelocitiesaroundfpsthereareconversionchartsonlinethatwillalsohelpifyoudonotuseadipowdersseealsobritishleeenfieldlistofriflecartridgessporterisingreferencesprofessorscubeinfoboxradiostationnamexeavamimagecitysanpedrotlaquepaquejaliscomexicoareaguadalajarajaliscobrandingcanalsloganairdateoctoberconcessionfrequencynbspkhzformatpowerwattsdaytimebrwattsnighttimeclassbcallsignmeaningalfredovzqueztellosisterstationsxeabcaamownerorganizacineditorialmexicanaabcradiolicenseemxicoradiosadecvwebcastwebsitecanalcommxcanalcommxxeavamisaradiostationservingtheguadalajarajaliscoguadalajarajaliscomexicoareabrandedascanalthestationbroadcastsonamambroadcastingamhistoryxeavreceiveditsfirstconcessioninitwasownedbyalfredovzqueztelloexternallinksreferencesxfiregameshowxyzgameshowkiboissmoduleheiseiperioddjiboutifordfalconaustraliaxhbcfmtaxoboxfossilrangeearlycarboniferousimageregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodasubphylumchelicerataclassisxiphosu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estingplacerestingplacecoordinatesothernamesresidencecitizenshipnationalityfieldsbiophysicalchemistrybropticalimagingbrgenomicsworkplacesharvarduniversitybrpekinguniversitypatronseducationbscinchemistryfrompekinguniversitybrphdinphysicalchemistryfromucsandiegothesistitleorthesistitleandthesistitlethesisurlorthesisurlandthesisurlthesisyearorthesisyearandthesisyeardoctoraladvisoracademicadvisorsdoctoralstudentsnotablestudentsknownforsinglemoleculeenzymologybrcoherentramanimagingbrsinglecellgenomicsinfluencesinfluencedawardsalbanymedicalcenterprizealbanyprizeinmedicineandbiomedicalresearchbrpeterdebyeawardinphysicalchemistrybrellisrlippincottawardbrbiophysicalsocietyfoundersawardauthorabbrevbotauthorabbrevzoospouseorspousespartnerorpartnerschildrensignaturefilenameonlysignaturealtwebsitefootnotesprofessorxiaoliangsunneyxieborninbeijingchinaisconsideredafoundingfatherofsinglemoleculebiophysicalchemistryandsinglemoleculeenzymologyhereceivedhisbscinchemistryfrompekinguniversityinandhisphdinphysicalchemistryphysicalchemistryinfromuniversityofcaliforniasandiegouniversityofcaliforniaatsandiegoafterabriefpostdoctoralappointmentatuniversityofchicagohejoinedpacificnorthwestnationallaboratorywhereherosefromseniorresearchscientisttochiefscientistinhebecamethefirsttenuredprofessoratharvarduniversityamongchinesescholarswhocametotheunitedstatessincethereforminchinaasapioneerofsinglemoleculeexperimentsinglemoleculebiophysicalchemistrycoherentramanscatteringmicroscopyandsinglecellsequencingsinglecellgenomicshemademajorcontributionstotheemergenceofthesefieldsfurthermorehehasmadesignificantadvancesonmedicalapplicationsoflabelfreeopticalimagingandsinglecellgenomicsinparticularhisinventionsinsinglecellgenomicshavebeenusedininvitrofertilizationinvitrofertilizationtobenefithundredsofcouplesinchinabyavoidingthetransmissionofgeneticdisordersinglegenedisordermonogenicdiseasestotheirnewbornscurrentlyxieisthemallinckrodtprofessorofchemistryandchemicalbiologyatharvarduniversityheisalsothedirectorofbiodynamicsopticalimagingcenterbiopicsinceandthedirectorofbeijingadvancedinnovationcenterforgenomicsicgsincebothatpekinguniversityasofaprilxiehaspublishedoverpapersmorethanfortyofhisstudentsandpostdoctorateshavebecomeprofessorsatmajoruniversitiesaroundtheworldandtwoarecofoundersofstartupcompaniesprofessorxiescurrentresearchinterestsincludethefollowingscientifictechnologicalandmedicalareasscientificsinglemoleculeenzymologysinglemoleculebiophysicalchemistrygeneexpressionandgeneregulationregulationepigeneticsmechanismofcelldifferentiationandreprogrammingchromosomestructureanddynamicsandgenomicinstabilitytechnologicalsinglemoleculeimagingsinglecellgenomicscoherentramanscatteringmicroscopydnasequencingmedicalpreimplantationgenetictestingininvitrofertilizationinvitrofertilizationandearlycancerdiagnosishonorsandawardsmemberofthenationalacademyofmedicinealbanymedicalcenterprizepeterdebyeawardinphysicalchemistryamericanchemicalsocietyfellowoftheopticalsocietyofamericanihdirectorspioneerawardellisrlippincottawardopticalsocietyofamericaandsocietyforappliedspectroscopychemrochestereduhowecurrentphpharrisonhoweawardrochestersectionoftheamericanchemicalsocietyamericansocietyformicrobiologyfellowoftheamericanacademyofmicrobiologybiophysicalsocietybiophysicalsocietyfoundersawardmemberoftheunitedstatesnationalacademyofsciencesnationalacademyofsciencesernestorlandolawrenceawardfellowoftheamericanphysicalsocietybertholdleibingerzukunftspreisforappliedlasertechnologyfellowoftheamericanacademyofartsandscienceswillislambwilliselambawardforlasersciencesandquantumopticsfellowofbiophysicalsocietyfellowoftheamericanassociationfortheadvancementofsciencenihdirectorspioneerawardsacklerprizeraymondandbeverlysacklerprizeinthephysicalscienceswilliamcoblentzcoblentzawardselectedliteraturesinglecellgenomicsgeneexpressionandregulationsinglemoleculeenzymologycoherentramanimagingsinglemoleculeimagingreferencesexternallinksbernsteinharvardeduhomepageofthexiegroupatharvardimagexiaguanviewjpgthumbgeneralviewofxiaguanxiaguansmallpinyinpsmallnbspxigunpostalromanizationformerlyknownashsiakwanisatownchinatownatthesouthernendoferhailakeindaliprefectureyunnanchinaxiaguanhasapopulationofandisthemoderncentreofthedalicitycountylevelcityofdalixiaguanhasbeentheprincipalpointofentryfortheregionsincethecreationoftheburmaroadandhasbecomethemajorcityandindustrialcentreofthecountyaswithmostcountyseatsinchinaxiaguanisoftenreferredtobythecountynamedalitodistinguishitfromthecountyseponymousdalitownitissometimescallednewdaliordalinewtownitisaboutkmsouthofdalicityolddalibybusasofanewnewdalicitycenterisnowbeingbuiltontheeastsideoferhailaketransportationxiaguanisconnectedtokunmingandmyanmarbythehangruiexpresswaygwithlijiangbythedaliexpresswaygandwithdalioldtowndalisoldtownbychinanationalhighwayhwyseealsodalicountyyunnanreferencesxplorinternationalreftechnologytrendsxplordirectionssurveydrkeithdavidsonphdedpenterprisejournalexampleofxplorindustryresearchontransactiondocumentsandlaserprintingtrendsesjcomarti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cialandmunicipallevelduringtheyearsxdgrouphasmadeprogressinthekeytechnicalfieldofextremehighvoltageuniversalpowertransmissionanddistributionequipmentinresearchinganddevelopinglineproductsforkvpowernetworkanddevelopedkvgiscouplecutoffpottypebreakersisolatingswitchesandtransformersofkvreactorslightningarrestersetcaschinasexperimentalresearchestablishmentofhighvoltageintensecurrentandlargecapacityacdcxdgroupssubordinateresearchinstitutionshavebecomenotonlythememberoftheinternationalelectrotechnicalcommissioniecandinternationalconferenceonlargehighvoltageelectricsystemscigrebutalsothespecifiedadministrativedepartmentofiecinchinaandtherelevantinternationalsecretariatinrecentyearsaccordingtotheneedsofthenationalkeyprojectsandmarketxdgrouphasbeencontinuouslyintensifyingresearchandtechnicalreformsthereforeithasaccomplishedmorethanitemsofnewkeyproductsdevelopedbyitselfamongwhichitemsreachedinternationalmostadvancedlevelitemsreachednationalmostadvancedlevelitemswonnationalscientificandtechnicalawardsitemswonprovincialorministerialscientificandtechnicalawardsaswellaspatentswereauthorizedanditemsgotthecopyrightofcomputersoftwareactingastheheadofpowertransmissionanddistributionequipmentproductionindustryinchinaxdgrouppromotesthetechnologyofpowertransmissionanddistributionequipmentinchinaandprovidingkeyequipmentfornationalkeyengineeringprojectsitonceprovidedcompletesetsofpowertransmissionanddistributionequipmentandservicesforournationalkeyengineeringprojectsoneafteranothersuchaschinasfirstkvandkvhighvoltagedctransmissionengineeringthefirstkvextrahighvoltageactransmissionengineeringthefirstkvhighvoltagedctransmissionengineeringthefirstkvextrahighvoltagedctransmissionengineeringthefirstkvextremehighvoltagedctransmissionengineeringthefirstpowersupplynetworkfromthenorthwesttothenorthchinabacktobackdctransmissionengineeringthreegorgesprojectandwesteastelectricitytransmissionprojectamongthemtheproductsliketransformersofkvreactorslightningarresterscapacitorvoltagetransformersandisolatingswitchesofkvhavebeenoperatedsuccessfullyinkvmodelprojectsinthenorthwestchinasfirstkvdoublecutoffpotstylebreakershasbeenputintooperationatyinchuaneasttransformersubstationbesidesxdgroupfirstdevelopedandstoredrelevanttechnologiesofackvanddckvextremehighvoltageproductsinchinaprovidedsuchproductsaskvgisreactorscapacitorvoltagetransformerslightningarrestersgroundswitchesinsulatoretcforthemegavoltmodellinesoutheastshanxinanyangjingmenmodelprojectandsuchproductsastransformersvalvescapacitorlightningarrestersetcforthemegavoltmodellineyunnanguangzhoukvextremehighvoltagedctransmissionprojectontheinternationalmarketsxdgroupsproductsandtechnologyhavebeenexportedtomorethancountriesandregionsandsucceededinenteringthemarketsofsomedevelopedcountriesandregionssuchasgermanyamericasingaporehongkongetcbusinessareasatpresentchinaxdgroupownsoverwhollyownedenterprisesorholdingenterprisesincludinglargeormediumkeyproductionenterprisesandresearchinstitutionsincludingnationaltestingcentersithasmorethanemployeesandoverofthemareengineersandtechnicianschinaxdgroupsmainbusinessincludestheresearchanddevelopmentdesignproductionsalesandexaminationsofpowertransmissionanddistributionandcontrolequipmentrelevantequipmenttechnologyandserviceinacompletesetengineeringcontractingetcitscorebusinessistheproductiontheresearchanddevelopmentandtheexaminationsofhighvoltageextrahighvoltageandextremehighvoltageacdcpowertransmissionanddistributionequipmentitsleadingproductsincludekvandabovevoltagelevelofhighvoltageswitchesgisgcbisolatingswitchesgroundswitchestransformerspowertransformersconvertertransformersreactorssmoothingreactorsshuntreactorspowercondensersinstrumenttransformerscvtctptinsulatorspowersubstationelectricporcelainproductscompositeinsulatorproductscannulazincoxidearrestersdirectcurrenttransportationvalvesetcchinaxdgroupistheproductionbaseofhighvoltageextrahighvoltageandextremehighvoltageacdcpowertransmissionanddistributionequipmentandotherelectricalproductsaschinasexperimentalresearchestablishmentofhighvoltageintensecurrentandlargecapacityacdcxdgroupssubordinateresearchinstitutionshavebecomenotonlythememberoftheinternationalelectrotechnicalcommissioniecandinternationalconferenceonlargehighvoltageelectricsystemscigrebutalsothespecifiedadministrativedepartmentofiecinchinaandtherelevantinternationalsecretariatwindfarmasitsfirstmajorwindpowerprojectxdwillassistuzbekistaninconstructingwindfarmsamemorandumofunderstandingmouhasbeensignedwithuzbekenergothecountrysgoverningbodyforenergytoconductafeasibilitystudyontheestablishmentofwindfarmshistorychinaxdgroupwasestablishedinjulyonthebasisofprojectsofthekeyconstructionprojectsinthefirstfiveyearplanithasdevelopedtobealargesizeenterprisegrouptakingresearchinstitutionsandbackboneenterprisesasitscoreaswellasmergingresearchdevelopmentproductiontradeandfinanceasanorganicwholeinbeingapprovedbythestateadministrationforindustryandcommerceofthepeoplesrepublicofchinachinaxdgroupwasestablishedformallywithxdcompanyasitsparentcompanyinxdcompanybecametheonlycentralenterpriseofthepowertransmissionanddistributionindustryunderthesupervisionofthestatepropertymanagementcommissionofthestatecouncilonmaybeingapprovedbythestateadministrationforindustryandcommerceofthepeoplesrepublicofchinachinaxdcompanyformallychangeditsnametobechinaxdgroupanddecidedtonameitchinaxdgroupforshortthecompanyhassuppliedtonationalengineeringprojectssuchaschinasfirstkvandkvhighvoltagedctransmissionengineeringthefirstkvextrahighvoltageactransmissionengineeringthefirstkvhighvoltagedctransmissionengineeringthefirstkvextrahighvoltagedctransmissionengineeringthefirstkvextremehighvoltagedctransmissionengineeringthefirstpowersupplynetworkfromthenorthwesttothenorthchinabacktobackdctransmissionengineeringthreegorgesprojectandwesteastelectricitytransmissionprojectamongthemtheproductsliketransformersofkvreactorslightningarresterscapacitorvoltagetransformersandisolatingswitchesofkvhavebeenoperatedsuccessfullyinkvmodelprojectsinthenorthwestchinasfirstkvdoublecutoffpotstylebreakershasbeenputintooperationatyinchuaneastsubstationbesidesxdgroupfirstdevelopedandstoredrelevanttechnologiesofackvanddckvextremehighvoltageproductsinchinaprovidedsuchproductsaskvgisreactorscapacitorvoltagetransformerslightningarrestersgroundswitchesinsulatoretcforthemegavoltmodellinesoutheastshanxinanyangjingmenpilotprojectandsuchproductsastransformersvalvescapacitorlightningarrestersetcforthemegavoltmodellineyunnanguangzhoukvextremehighvoltagedctransmissionprojectontheinternationalmarketschinaxdgroupsproductsandtechnologyhavebeenexportedtomorethancountriesandregionsandsucceededinenteringthemarketsofsomedevelopedcountriesandregionssuchasgermanyamericasingaporehongkongetcafuturegrowthareathecompanyhasfocusedinonisbreakthroughinextremehighvoltageuniversalpowertransmissionanddistributionequipmentledthewayinchinainresearchinganddevelopinglineproductsforkvpowernetworkandsucceededindevelopingkvgiscouplecutoffpottypebreakersisolatingswitchesandtransformersofkvreactorslightningarrestersetcreferencesexternallinksxdcomcnstructureengindexhtmofficialsitexdcomcnofficialsiteportsmouthsquarecasablancayamatopeoplefilipinosinjapaninfoboxcompanynamextepinternationalholdingslimitedbrlogoxteplogosvgtypepubliccompanytradedasfounderareaservedpeoplesrepublicofchinakeypeoplechairmandingshuipoindustrysportsfootweargenreproductsathleticfootwearservicesrevenueoperatingincomenetincomeownernumemployeesparentdivisionssubsidfoundationlocationcityincorporatedhongkongbrcnofficexiamenfujianbroriginalofficequanzhoufujianlocationcountrychinalocationsloganhomepagextepcomhkxtepinternationalholdingslimitedxtepinternationalholdingslimitedisapubliclytradedsportswearactivewearsportswearfirmheadquarteredinhongkongandxiamenfujianchinaitisengagedinthedesignproductdevelopmentdevelopmentmanufactureandsalesofathleticshoesandsportinggoodsunderthextepbrandhistoryxtepwasfoundedinquanzhoufujianchinainbydingshuipoitwaslistedonthehongkongstockexchangeinjuneraisingusmillionintheofferingonjanuaryxtepreleasedapressstatementconfirmingtheyhadsecuredafiveyearkitsponsorshipdealwortharoundmwithenglishpremierleagueclubbirminghamcityfcbirminghamcitybirminghamcityfcbirminghamsvicechairmanpeterpannuhailedthedealasthebiggestsponsorshiptheclubhasacquiredandstatedthatxteparebigplayersinthesportswearmarketinchinaandthispartnershipwillexpandthebirminghamcityfcbrandinthefareastonjulyxtepannouncedafiveyearcooperationagreementwithspanishlaligaclubvillarrealcfforakitsponsorshipdealthebirminghamcitydealwasscrappedinjunehoweverafterdisputesoversupplyproblemsandunauthoriseduseoftheclubsintellectualpropertybyxtepsponsorshipsathleticsjustingatlinchristophercastronetofootballplayersbimalmagarclubteamshongkongrangersfcreferencesexternallinksxtepcomhkxtepinternationalholdingslimitedredirectxtepredirectxtepredirectxtepxorxmayrefertoxabrandofbeerbywadworthbreweryxorsixtimesinmultiplicationsaabxszdxnietoperzpiperxseepiperpaalbertahighwayxseelistofalbertaprovincialhighwaysamhxamodelofboeingahseealsoxdisambiguationmultipleissuesxmldocumentstypicallyrefertoexternalentitiesforexamplethepublicandorsystemidforthedocumenttypedefinitiontheseexternalrelationshipsareexpressedusinguristypicallyasurlshoweveriftheyareabsoluteurlstheyonlyworkwhenyournetworkcanreachthemrelyingonremoteresourcesmakesxmlprocessingsusceptibletobothplannedandunplannednetworkdowntimeconverselyiftheyarerelativeurlstheyreonlyusefulinthecontextwheretheywereinitiallycreatedforexampletheurlxmldtddocbookxxmlwillusuallyonlybeusefulinverylimitedcircumstancesonewaytoavoidtheseproblemsistouseanentityresolverastandardpartofsimpleapiforxmlsaxorauriresolverastandardpartofjaxparesolvercanexaminetheurisoftheresourcesbeingrequestedanddeterminehowbesttosatisfythoserequeststhexmlcatalogisadocumentdescribingamappingbetweenexternalentityreferencesandlocallycachedequivalentsexamplecatalogxmlthefollowingsimplecatalogshowshowonemightprovidelocallycacheddtdsforanxhtmlpagevalidationtoolforexamplesourcelangxmlxmlversiondoctypecatalogpublicoasisdtdentityresolutionxmlcatalogvenoasisopenorgcommitteesentityreleasecatalogdtdcatalogxmlnsurnoasisnamestcentityxmlnsxmlcatalogpreferpublicpublicpublicidwcdtdxhtmlstrictenuridtdxhtmlxhtmlstrictdtdpublicpublicidwcdtdxhtmltransitionalenuridtdxhtmlxhtmltransitionaldtdpublicpublicidwcdtdxhtmlenuridtdxhtmlxhtmlflatdtdcatalogsourcethiscatalogmakesitpossibletoresolvettwcdtdxhtmlstrictentttothelocalurittdtdxhtmlxhtmlstrictdtdttsimilarlyitprovideslocalurisfortwootherpublicidsnotethatthedocumentaboveincludesadoctypethismaycausetheparsertoattempttoaccessthesystemidurlforthedoctypeiettoasisopenorgcommitteesentityreleasecatalogdtdttbeforethecatalogresolverisfullyfunctioningwhichisprobablyundesirabletopreventthissimplyremovethedoctypedeclarationthefollowingexampleshowsthisandalsoshowstheequivalentttltsystemgtttdeclarationsasanalternativetottltpublicgtttdeclarationssourcelangxmlxmlversioncatalogxmlnsurnoasisnamestcentityxmlnsxmlcatalogsystemsystemidworgtrxhtmldtdxhtmlstrictdtduridtdxhtmlxhtmlstrictdtdsystemsystemidworgtrxhtmldtdxhtmltransitionaldtduridtdxhtmlxhtmltransitionaldtdsystemsystemidworgtrxhtmldtdxhtmldtduridtdxhtmlxhtmlflatdtdcatalogsourceusingacatalogjavasaxexamplecatalogresolversareavailableforvariousprogramminglanguagesthefollowingexampleshowshowinjavaasimpleapiforxmlsaxparsermaybecreatedtoparsesomeinputsourceinwhichthettorgapachexmlresolvertoolscatalogresolverttisusedtoresolveexternalentitiestolocallycachedinstancesthisresolveroriginatesfromapachesoftwarefoundationapachexercesbutisnowincludedwiththesunjavaruntimesimplycreateattsaxparserttinthenormalwayusingfactoriesobtainthexmlreaderandsettheentityresolvertothestandardonettcatalogresolverttoranotherofyourownsourcelangjavafinalsaxparsersaxparsersaxparserfactorynewinstancenewsaxparserfinalxmlreaderreadersaxparsergetxmlreaderfinalcontenthandlerhandlerfinalinputsourceinputreadersetentityresolvernewcatalogresolverreadersetcontenthandlerhandlerreaderparseinputsourceitisimportanttocallthettparsettmethodonthereadernotonthesaxparserseealsooasisopenorgcommitteesdownloadphpxmlcatalogspdfxmlcatalogsoasisstandardversionoctoberjavasuncomwebservicesdocsjaxbcataloghtmlxmlentityanduriresolverssunxmlcatmgrsourceforgenetxmlcatalogmanagerprojectonsourceforgemanichaeismmanichaeisminfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsthatmaybeavailableseethetableatinfoboxsettlementforallfieldsanddescriptionsofusagebasicinfonamexinluoothernamenativenamenicknamesettlementtypedistrictprcdistricttotaltypetosetanonstandardlabelfortotalareaandpopulationrowsmottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinafujianpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinfujianpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovinceofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamefujiansubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamelongyanseattypeseatpartstypepartsstylelistforlistcollforcollapsedlistparaforparagraphformatdefaultislistifuptoitemscollifmorethanpartspartstextorheaderforpartslistppetcuptopforseparatepartstobelistedpoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitlecpcsecretaryleadernameleadertitlemayorleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateestablishedtitleestablisheddatefoundernamedforareaareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldswithmeasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonunitconversionareawaterkmareawaterpercentareaurbankmareametrokmareablanktitleareablankkmelevationelevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmelevationftelevationmaxmelevationmaxftelevationminmelevationminftpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmautoforautomaticcalculationanydensityfieldmaycontainautopopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmpopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmautopopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationdensityblankkmgeneralinformationtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetcoordinatesareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetelephonenumbersinchinablanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefjxinluogovcnfootnotesxinluodistricthakkachinesehakkasnlkhisadistrictoflongyanfujianprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinawithapopulationofapproximatelylongyanminisspokenwidelybutstandardchinesemandarinistheprimarylanguageforeducationandbusinessreferencesexternallinksfjxinluogovcnwebsiteofthedistrictgovernmentwebarchiveorgwebfujiangovcnbmddsxgklythtmfujianpopulationstatisticshijabwuduwuduwuduayahchibetaphiforgreekletterredirectxomglextensibleopenmunicipalgeodatalanguagei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herexauislocatedisamultiethnicareaseealsolistofuniversitiesinxinjianglistofuniversitiesinchinareferencesinfoboxuniversitynamexinjiangmedicaluniversitynativenameimagenameburhanpngimagesizepxcaptionmottoassiduousdiligentdevotedcreativeestablishedtypepublicuniversitypublicpresidenthalmuratupurcityrmqicountryundergradpostgradfacultycampusurbanareaurbanacreswebsitexjmueducnwwwxjmueducnxinjiangmedicaluniversityxmuformerlythexinjiangmedicalcollegeisamedicalschoolmedicaluniversityinrmqithecapitalofthexinjianguyghurautonomousregionofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaitwasratificationratifiedbythenationalministryofeducationinandentitlemententitledbyjiangzeminthecurriculumplacesaparticularemphasisonmedicinemanagementandlinguisticswiththeuniversityfacilitatingspecialtiesforundergraduateeducationundergraduatestudentsandspecialtiesforacademiceducationoverstudentshavebeeneducatedatxmurefnameaboutxinjiangrefinstudentswereenrolledattheuniversitywithpeopleemployedinteachingpositionsxmuisatthebaseofcarphillinnortheastrmqiandconsistsofacampusthatisovermillionsquarefeetandsaudiembassyrepresentativesalehalsagrihistoryembassyinbeijingchairmanmaozedongandpremierofthepeoplesrepublicofchinapremierzhouenlaiorderedtheministryofhealthofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatoworkwiththeministriesofthesovietunionsovietunionministryofforeignaffairstobuildanewmedicalcentreinxinjiangcityofdihuanowthecityofrmqithedecisionwasbaseduponinstructionsprovidedbysaifuddinazizixmuwasfoundedbyincorporatingthetraditionalchinesemedicinecollegeofxinjiangmedicaluniversitywiththexinjiangmedicalcollegebeforeincorporationxinjiangmedicalcollegewasamongstkeyprojectsaidedbytheformersovietunionduringthefiveyearplansofchinafirstfiveyearplanandbeganrecruitingnewstudentsinduringitsyearsofexistencexmuhasreceivedattentionfromnationalandinternationalleadersincludingchinesecommunistpartyofficialsandotherprefecturelevelcityprovincialandurbanfiguresacrosschinasealthesealemblemsealofxinjiangmedicaluniversitywascreatedinandcertifiesofficialpaperworkissuedbystaffuseofthesealisoverseenbytheadministrationoftheuniversityanditssecurityisgovernedbytheuniversitysconstitutionstructureandcompositionpresentlyxmucompriseseightmedicalandalliedcollegesthemedicalcollegepublichealthcollegetraditionalmedicinecollegebasicmedicalsciencescollegepharmacycollegenursestrainingcollegecontinuingeducationcollegeandvocationalcollegerefnamefrontrefxmustudentscanattainthedoctorofmedicinemddegreeaftersuccessfulcompletionofasevenyearcoursexinjiangmedicaluniversityisaffiliatedwithallhospitalsintheregionandasofmanagesclinicalmedicineclinicalpracticeclinicalpositionsthroughoutthesecentrestheforemostaffiliatedhospitalfacilitatesclinicalteachinginternshipplacementsfordoctorofphilosophyphdstudentsasevenyeartrainingprogramforpostgraduateeducationpostgraduatestudentsandsupervisionofinternationalstudentsfacultyintheteachingfacultyconsistedofprofessorsandassistantprofessorsandemployeesinotherrolestheuniversityhasinstitutedsupervisorypositionsfordoctorateandmastersstudentscampusthecampushasanumberofbuildingsfromthelaterussianarchitecturerussianerainxinjiangxinjiangmedicaluniversitycampushasbeencompletelyupdatedandmodernizedandalibrarycanteenshospitalsandtrainingcentresareincludedfacilitiestheexperimentallaboratoriesincludemodernbioinformationprocessingsystemsandmodelslibrarysaudiarabiaintheuniversitybuiltanewlibrarybuildingwhichnowcoversmsupsupandhasovernbspmillionbookstherearemorethanperiodicalsandjournalsavailableinchineseandotherlanguagessixbookdatabaseshavebeenintroducedandthereisaconnectiontopartnersharvardmedicalinternationalslibrarydatabasethelibraryseatsmorethaninthereadersareaandoverintheelectroniclibraryaccessareaclasswikitablefloordistributionfirstfloormainreadersareaantitheftcomputedsystementryelectroniclcdsmainborrowingandlendingcounterforstudentssecondfloorforeignlanguagesdepartmentthirdfloornewspapersjournalswesternmedicinechinesemedicinesocialsciencesfourthfloorforeignlanguagesreferencebookschineseandwesternliteraturefifthflooronlinebookdatabasecontrolroomharvarduniversitymedicalelibrarycentersixthfloorofficeofthelibrarianandconferenceroomeveryfloorhasacentralareaofreadingfordailyreadersthefifthandsixthfloorshavededicatedthesisareasfordoctoralstudentsinternationaleducationcollegetheinternationaleducationcollegeofthexinjiangmedicaluniversityhasrecruitedmedicalstudentssinceasofaprilmorethanstudentswerestudyingatthecollegeandthereareoverfacultymembersinjanuarythegovernmentofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaannouncedascholarshipprogramthatseekstoawardstudentswhoperformwellinthefacultyofsciencesfscpremedicaldegreethestudentsarerequiredtostudyclinicalmedicineinchineseforsixyearsandapassingscoreonthehanyushuipingkaoshihskbandoraboveistobeattainedbyscholarshipholderswithinoneyearofadmissionsubjectarrangementduringthefirsttwoyearsofstudythecurriculumincludesbasictheoreticalsubjectssuchasanatomyphysiologyhistologyembryologybiochemistryandorganicchemistryorganicandinorganicchemistryclinicalsubjectswhichbegininthethirdyearincludegynecolo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wouldlosedivisionsandbrigadestothewesternbordernotablyinfantrydivisionwouldbemovedtookarapakistanokaraandforatimeitwouldhaveonlyonedivisionwaronterrorismthewaronterrorbeganandonceagainthecorpsbegantoundertakedutyonthewesternborderscatchingandneutralisingalqaedaandtalibanoperativesalthoughithasnotbeeninvolvedtosuchanextentasthexicorpstheoperationscontinuetothisdaystandofftheformationwouldinearlybemovedtotheeasternborderforthefirsttimeinitshistoryasthethreatofwarwithindialoomedthecorpspurposewastoprovidereinforcementtovcorpsinthethardesertitwouldreturntoquettainjustintimetofaceanewchallengebalochrebellioninthebalochistanconflictrestartedtheformationwasinvolvedinputtingdowntheinsurrectionincollaborationwithlocalsecurityforcesandbywiththekillingofakbarbugtitherebellionwasmoreorlesssuppressedlistofcommandersclasswikitablesortableborderwidthcolspancommanderxiicorpstenureinofficelieutenantgeneralasimsaleembajwaseptemberpresentclasswikitablelieutenantgeneralaamerriazoctoberseptemberlieutenantgeneralnasserkhanjanjuaseptemberoctoberlieutenantgeneralalamkhattakoctoberseptemberlieutenantgeneraljavedziaapriloctoberlieutenantgeneralkhalidshameemwynneaprilaprillieutenantgeneralhamidrabnawazoctoberaprillieutenantgeneralshahidhamidseptemberoctoberlieutenantgeneralabdulqadirbalochoctoberseptemberlieutenantgeneralmushtaqhussainoctoberoctoberlieutenantgeneraltariqpervaizmayoctoberlieutenantgeneralsaranjamkhanmaylieutenantgeneralziaullahkhanjanuarylieutenantgeneralabdulwaheedkakaraugustjanuarylieutenantgeneralsyedzakiralizaidimayaugustlieutenantgeneralkhushdilkhanafridimayorbattheformationscompositionhaschangedonseveraloccasionsinthepastandlikeallformationsonthewesternborderithasreceivedreinforcementsforthewaronterrorhoweveritspresentcompositionisthoughttobehqxiicorpsquettardinfantrydivisionquettastinfantrydivisionquettainfantrybrigadeturbatarmouredbrigadekhuzdarexternallinksglobalsecuritywebsiteorbatcomreferencesgurugranthsahibguruarjanredirectcategoryshellsayanatharrondissementofparisinfoboxradiostationimageimageafanfmlogopngpxnamexssouthwalesformatcontemporaryhitradiocityneathporttalbotsloganneathporttalbotshitmusicstationfrequencymhzneathneathvalleysmhzporttalbotbrsmallrdspscodexssmallownerneathporttalbotbroadcastingcicwebsitexswalescomxssouthwaleswebcastxswalescommsaudioplayerlistenlivexswasacommunityradiostationservingtheneathporttalbotcountyboroughthestationwasownedandoperatedbyneathporttalbotbroadcastingcicandprovidedarangeofdanceandalternativemusictogetherwithinformationservicesprimarilyfortoyearoldsfromstudiosinthewaterstreetbusinesscentreinporttalbothistoryafanfmwasestablishedinandwentontorunfiverestrictedservicelicencersltrialbroadcastsbeforebecomingtheuksfirstnewcommunityradiostationfollowingtheinitialtrancheofaccessradiotrialstationsbytheawardoflicencecrbytheukbroadcastregulatorofcominaprilafanfmbegantesttransmissionsonmhzonaprilandwasofficiallylaunchedatpmonaprilthestationcompleteditssecondcoveragephasewhenitlauncheditstransmitteronmhzfortheneathandneathvalleysareaonthursdayoctobertherewereplansforextendingcoveragetotheremainderoftheneathporttalbotareaviaaseriesofrelaytransmittersthestationalsostreamedonlineviaitswebsitewithakbitsmpfeedafanfmwasrebrandedasxswalesonjanuaryinordertorepositionitselfasneathporttalbotshitmusicstationcompletewithanewlogoaudioimagingwebsiteandalaunchedschedulethestationendedliveprogrammingontuesdaydecemberandceasedbroadcastingadaylaterreferencesexternallinksxswalescomofficialwebsiteinfoboxsoftwarenamexmarksdeveloperlastpassmarvasolincbrsmalllogmeinsmallreleasedplatforminternetexplorergooglechromemozillafirefoxandsafariwebbrowsersafarilanguagedonotforgetyoursourcegenrebrowsersynchronizerandbrowserextensionlicenseproprietarysoftwareproprietarycommercialsoftwarewebsiteauthormitchkaportoddagulnickpennycampbelldavidloftesnessxmarksformerlyfoxmarksisabookmarksynchronizationaddonmozillaaddonforwebbrowserstheaddonwasdevelopedbysanfranciscobasedcompanyfoxmarkslaterrenamedxmarkswhichwasfoundedinbymitchkaporandwasacquiredbylastpassindecemberrefnamelastpassacquiresxmarksreflastpassannouncedonmarchthatthexmarksservicewouldbeshutdownonmayrefnamerefoverviewthexmarksbrowsersynchronizerbookmarksynchronizerwasanextensionforfirefoxmozillafirefoxinternetexplorergooglechromeandsafariwebbrowserapplesafarionosxandthatsynchronizesdbookmarksbetweencomputersitcouldalsosynchronizepasswordsopentabsandbrowsinghistoryfirefoxonlyoperawebbrowseroperasupporthasnotbeendirectlyimplementedasofbutthechromeextensionisavailableinoperaviaaworkaroundasofaprilitwasoneofthemostpopularfirefoxaddonsattainingoverdownloadsperweekandalmostmilliontotaldownloadscompanyhistoryinmarchfoxmarkswasrelaunchedunderanewnameandservicecalledxmarksxmarksincludedmanynewfeatureslikesuggestedtaggingbookmarksonseptemberitwasannouncedthatduetothecompanyscurrentfinancialprojectionsresultingfromitspurelyvoluntarydonationsfundingbasisinjanuaryxmarkswouldbeentirelydiscontinuingitsserviceonseptemberxmarksceojamesjoaquinnotedthathehadbeenpleasantlysurprised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tofthewormitwasexecutedapproximatelysaturdayjunutcandfinishedonsunjunutcsincethesocialwebsitethatwastargetedwasnotparticularlyactivecomparedtootherpopularxsswormtargetstheworminfectedatotalofprofileswithinroughlyhoursthewormwasfoundafewhoursbeforeitwassuccessfullyremovedandbasedondatathatwasrecordedduetothewormsoriginalintentforresearchpurposesthewormwasabletoinfectuninfectedprofilesaftertheyweresanitizedforcefullybydevelopersofjustintvthewormwassanitizedoncemoreafterthevulnerabilitywaspatchedanditwasabletoberemovedeasilyhoweverthisshowstheabilityforthewormtoadaptandspreadevenaftercounterattackotherparticularfactorswhichareindicatedbythegraphsanddatareleasedbyattackersincludesocialactivityandlackofnewuninfectedusersduringperiodsoftimeorkutbomsabadowormorkutasocialnetworkingsitewasalsohitbyaxssworminfectedusersreceiveascrapcontainingthewordsbomsabadoportugueselanguageportuguesehappysaturdaygooglehasyettocommentonthesituationreferencesseealsobrowsersecurityinternetsafetyinternetsecuritytaxoboxnamexyleboriniimagexyleborinadiversityjpgimagecaptiontopleftamasabeetleamasaspbrtoprighteccoptopterusspinosusbrcentersampsoniusspbrbottomleftxylosandrusursabrbottomrightcoptoborusfragilisregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordobeetlecoleopterafamiliacurculionidaesubfamiliascolytinaetribusxyleborinitribusauthoritysubdivisionranksgenusgenerasubdivisionseveralseeselectedgeneratextxyleboriniareatribebiologytribeofambrosiabeetlesalternativelycalledsubtribexyleborinaoftribescolytinihighlyspecializedweevilsofthesubfamilyscolytinaemuchoftheambrosiabeetlefaunaineurasiaandtheamericasconsistsofxyleborinispeciessomexyleboriniarenotoriousinvasivespeciesmostgenusgeneraaresmallorevenmonotypicandcontaindozenspeciesthetypegenusxyleborusbeetlexyleboruscontainsoverspeciesbutitisanunnaturalgroupingofunrelatedspecieskeyfortheworldgeneraofxyleboriniavailablethroughanorthcarolinastateuniversitywebsitegeneraamasabeetleamasasmallleasmallambrosiodmussmallhopkinssmallsometimesincludedinxyleborusambrosiophilussmallhulcrcognatosmallarixyleborussmallhopkinssmallbeaveriumsmallhulcrcognatosmalldiuncussmallhulcrcognatosmallcnestussmallsampsonsmallcoptoborussmallhopkinssmallcoptodryassmallhopkinssmallcryptoxyleborussmallschedlsmallcyclorhipidionsmallhagedornsmallincludesterminalinusdryocoetoidessmallhopkinssmalldryoxylonsmallbrightrabagliasmalleccoptopterussmallmotschulskysmalleuwallaceasmallhopkinssmalloftenincludedinxyleboruszootaxahadrodemiussmallwoodsmallleptoxyleborussmallwoodsmallmicroperussmallwoodsmallpseudowebbiasmallbrownesmallsampsoniussmalleggerssmallschedliasmallbrownesmallstreptocranussmallschedlsmalltaphrodasussmallwoodsmalltaurodemussmallwoodsmalltheoborussmallhopkinssmallwebbiasmallhopkinssmallxyleborinussmallreittersmallzootaxaxyleborusbeetlexyleboruspossiblyparaphyleticwithcyclorhipidionxylosandrussmallreittersmallzootaxareferencesfootnotesgenuslistfrompeetxyleboriniwebarchiveorgwebxyleborinitamuedubrowsephpgenuslistretrievedjuleleftheroupolinahachinesepeopleinjapanchinesepeopleinjapanannakournikovainfoboxfileformatnamexbapiconextensionttxbapttmimeapplicationxmsxbaptypecodeuniformtypeownergenrepackagemanagementsystemfilearchivecontainerforsoftwarepackageinstallationsoftwarepackagecontainedbyextendedfromzipfileformatzipextendedtostandardxamlbrowserapplicationsxbappronouncedexbaparewindowspresentationfoundationxbapapplicationsthatarehostedandruninsideawebbrowsersuchasmozillafirefoxfirefoxorinternetexplorerhostedapplicationsruninapartialtrustsandboxcomputersecuritysandboxenvironmentandarenotgivenfullaccesstothecomputersresourceslikeopeninganewnetworkconnectionorsavingafiletothecomputerdiskandnotallwindowspresentationfoundationwpffunctionalityisavailablethehostedenvironmentisintendedtoprotectthecomputerfrommalwaremaliciousapplicationshoweveritcanalsoruninfulltrustmodebytheclientchangingthepermissionstartinganxbapfromanhtmlpageisseamlesswithnosecurityorinstallationpromptalthoughoneperceivestheapplicationrunninginthebrowseritactuallyrunsinanoutofprocessexecutablepresentationhostexemanagedbyacommonlanguageruntimevirtualmachineintheinitialreleaseofnetframeworknetframeworkxbapsonlyranininternetexplorerwiththereleaseofnetframeworknetframeworkspwhichincludesanxbapextensiontheyalsoruninmozillafirefoxrefciteweburlxbaporgtitlewhatisxbappublisherxbaporgpagehomepageaccessdatequotexbapxamlbrowserapplicationisanewwindowstechnologyusedforcreatingrichinternetapplicationswithafileextensionxbaptoberuninsidetheinternetexplorertheyarerunwithinasecuritysandboxtopreventuntrustedapplicationsfromcontrollinglocalsystemresourcesrefxbaplimitationsxbapapplicationshavecertainrestrictionsonwhatnetframeworknetfeaturestheycanusesincetheyruninpartialtrusttheyarerestrictedtothesamesetofpermissiongrantedtoanyinternetzoneapplicationnearlyallstandardwpffunctionalityhoweveraroundisavailabletoanxbapapplicationthereforemostofthewpfuserinterfaceuifeaturesareavailablerefciteweburlmsdnmicrosoftcomenuslibraryaaaspxtitlewpfpartialtrustsecuritypublishermsdnaccessdatequoteforxb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nzhuangelementaryschoolguangfutemplereferenceslistofluckystaralbumsmottekesailorfukuredirectcategoryshellxeerpronouncederisthetraditionallegalsystemofsomaliaandoneofthethreesystemsfromwhichformalsomalilawdrawsitsinspirationtheothersbeingcivillawlegalsystemcivillawandshariaislamiclawitisbelievedtopredateislamalthoughitwasinfluencedbyislamandretainsmanyofthefaithsconservativeelementsunderthissystemelderadministrativetitleeldersknownasthexeerbegtiserveasmediatorjudgesandhelpsettlecasestakingprecedentandcustomintoaccountrefnamelegalaffairsorgissuesseptemberoctoberscenelombardsepoctmsplegalaffairsbotgeneratedtitlerefxeerispolycentriclawpolycentricinthatdifferentgroupswithinsomalisocietyhavedifferentinterpretationsofxeerandcustomlawcustomaryasitisbasedonestablishedprecedentandsomalicustomsapplicationofxeersomalisocietyistraditionallystructuredaroundaclanbasedsystemsubdividedintosubclansandthenlineagesandfinallydiyyagroupsthesegroupsareboundtogethereitherbyfamilytiesorcontractxeerjusticeusuallyrevolvesaroundthelattergroupsasthesearethesmallestinthesegroupseachmemberisresponsibleforthecrimesofanotherandmustaccordinglybearsomefractionofanydecidedpunishmentwithinthissystemonlythevictimorimmediatefamilyofavictimcanbringcriminalproceedingstoxeermediationifthevictimisamanhisfatherbrothersorunclescanbringcomplaintsforwardifthevictimisawomancomplaintscanbebroughtforwardbythemeninherfamilyorthemeninherhusbandsfamilyinxeercrimesaredefinedintermsofbeingtransgressionsagainstpropertyrightsjusticeisdirectedintheformofmaterialcompensationtothevictimiftheaccusedisfoundguiltysomeformofmaterialrestitutionmustbepaidifrestitutioncannotbegivenadiyyaretributionisduemeasuredintermsoflivestockusuallyhealthyfemalecamelstobepaidtothevictimorthevictimsfamilythereisnoconceptofimprisonmentunderxeerinsomecaseseldersmayadvisethatneithersideseeksrestitutionorretributiontheverdictisenforcedbythevictimsfamilyorelsebyallablebodiedclansmenwithintheareawhereintheverdictistobeexecutedrefnamesomaliaatraditionoflawbynicolagladitzrefxeerjudgesaremadeupoftheheadsofextendedfamiliesthesefamilyheadsarechosenfortheirknowledgeoflawandwisdombutotherthanthatthereisnoformaltrainingandeachjudgeisallowedtoformulatetheirowndoctrinesandlegalprinciplesmultiplejudgesarechosentopresideovereachcasebytheinvolvedpartieswiththisdelegationbeingcalledanergoineachcasethegoalistoreachconsensusbetweenthepartieswitharbitrationtraditionallytakingplaceunderalargetreeandthemediatorsaskingeachofthepartiestorelinquishitsfatetotherulingofthejudgesinmoderntimesmeetinghallsareoftenusedasopposedtosittingunderatreeeachpartyhastherighttoappointarepresentativetospeakonitsbehalfwhilearecorderloudlyrepeatsanyimportantpointsthataremadeifafactisdisputeditsveracitymustbeobtainedbythetestimonyofthreewitnessesifthiscannotbedoneanoathmustbeswornshouldproceedingsbecomeheatedthepresidingjudgemayorderarecesswhereinbothpartiesdiscussissuesrelatingtothecaseinsmallinformalgroupsoncethemediationhasbeendecidedanappealmayberequestedalthoughthismustbeagreedtobyallpartiesprinciplesofxeerdifferentgroupswithinsomalisocietyundertakeoralagreementswitheachothertodefinexeerlawdespitethisinformalnaturethereisaseriesofgenerallyacceptedprinciplesagreementsandideasthatconstitutexeerreferredtocollectivelyasxissiadkaadaythesearethepaymentofdiyyalivestockusuallyhealthyfemalecamelsbythecollectivegroupclansubclanlineageordiyyagroupfromwhichanoffenderoriginatesascompensationforthecrimesofmurderbodilyassaultthieveryrapeanddefamationofcharactergiventothevictimorvictimsfamilytheprotectionofvulnerableorrespectedmembersofsocietysuchastheelderlywomenchildrenpoetsguestsandreligiouspeopleobligationstothefamilysuchasthepaymentofadowrytoabridetherightsofawidowwidowertomarrythedeadwifessisterandtheinheritanceofawidowbythedeadmansbrotherthepunishmentsforelopementthedivisionanduseofnaturalresourceslikewaterandlandseealsocustomarylawcustomarylegalsystemsadatmalaysethnicgroupmalaysofnusantaraanglosaxonlawenglandgadaaoromopeopleoromoaqsaqalcentralasiacoutumefrancecustomaryaboriginallawaustraliaearlygermaniclawearlyirishlawirelandfrithborhkanunalbanialegesinterbrettosetscottoslawsofthebretsandscotsscotlandmedievalscandinavianlawspashtunwaliandjirgapashtunpeoplepashtunsofpakistanandafghanistansmritiandcraindiaurfarabworldislamiclawvlachlawromanianswelshlawwalesreferencessourcesabdilemahdicustomarydisputeresolutioninsomaliaafricanconflictpeacebuildingreviewvolumenumbergladitznicolasomaliaatraditionoflawmichaelvannottenvannottenmichaelthelawofthesomalisastablefoundationforeconomicdevelopmentinthehornofafricaexternallinksmisesorglibraryrulelawwithoutstateinfoboxchineselanguagesingerandactorseewikiprojectchineselanguageentertainmentnamexiefeiimagexiefeijpgcaptionxiefeimemberofthejuryatvesoulinternationalfilmfestivalofasiancinemafestivalinternationaldescinmasdasiefranceinchinesenametradchinesenamesimpchinesenamepinyinchinesenamexifioriginpeoplesrepublicofchinabirthdatebirthplaceyananshaanxioccupationfilmdirectorscreenwriteryearsactivespresentspouse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corpsmilitaryheadquartersheadquartershqarrivedattheportofsalonikaonnovemberbutthecommanderofthebritishsalonikaforcebsftookxiicorpsstafftoestablishhisownhqondecemberthewarofficesanctionedtheestablishmentoftwocorpswithinthebsfandwilsonreformedxiicorpsafteraperiodholdingthedefensivepositionknownasthebirdcagearoundsalonikaxiicorpsmovedupcountryinjulytakingoverformerfrenchpositionsbutonlypartwasinvolvedinthefightingduringthesummerandautumnxiicorpswasselectedtoattackthebulgarianarmyfirstworldwarbulgarianpositionswestoflakedoiraninapriltheareatobeattackedwasadefendersdreambeingatangledmassofhillscutbynumerousravineswilsonplannedathreestageoperationtocapturethethreelinesofdefencesprecededbyashortintensebombardmentthebsfscommandergeorgemilnesirgeorgemilnedecidedthathismanpowerwastoolimitedandreducedthistoasmallerassaultonthefirstdefencelineonlyprecededbyathreedaybombardmenttoneutraliseenemybatteriesanddestroytrenchesandbarbedwirethisofcourselosttheelementofsurpriseandthebulgarianswerewellawareofwhatwascomingonlythreebrigadeswereengagedbutthecasualtieswerehighandlittlegroundwasgainedinasecondattacktwoweekslatertheassaulttroopsmanagedtocrossnomanslandnomanslandbutitwasdifficulttogetinformationbacktohqsandsomecompaniessimplydisappearedthisbattleofdoiranstbattleofdoiransecondbattlebybulgarianreckoninghadbeenafailureandwithmanytroopsbeingwithdrawntoothertheatresxiicorpsdidnotgetanotheropportunitytolaunchamajorattackuntilseptemberonthatdaywithtwobrigadesofnddivisionandthegreekseresdivisionxiicorpsfailedtotakepipridgeandthegrandecouronnethefollowingdaytheattackwasrenewedwithabrigadefromthdivisionunitedkingdomthdivisionsupportedbytheremnantsofnddivisiontheseresdivisionandthefrenchndregimentofzouavesoncemoretheattackfailedwithheavycasualtieshoweverthebattleofdoiranndbattleofdoiranhadserveditspurposebydrawingbulgarianattentionawayfromgenfranchetdespereyfranchetdespereysmainfrancoserbianthrustwhichbrokethroughthebulgarianlinesfurtherwestonseptemberthebsfwasorderedtopursuetheretreatingbulgarianswithxiicorpsintheleadbulgariasignedanarmisticewithbulgariaarmisticewiththealliesonseptemberbutxiicorpscontinuedtoadvanceacrossbulgariatowardstheturkishfrontieruntiltheottomanempireottomanturksalsosignedthearmisticeofmudrosonoctoberxiicorpsoccupiedpartsofeuropeanturkeyandwilsonwasappointedgocalliedforcesgallipoliandbosporusonfebruaryxiicorpsceasedtoexistwilsonbecomingcommanderalliedforcesturkeyineuropebritishsalonikaarmyandbritisharmyoftheblackseafirstworldwarorderofbattleorderofbattlemarchnddivisionunitedkingdomnddivisionthdivisionunitedkingdomthdivisionthndlondondivisioncorpstroopsstlothiansandborderhorsesecondworldwarhomedefencexiicorpswhichwasformedinwaspartoftheunitedkingdomshomeforcesintheearlypartoftheworldwariisecondworldwaritwasbasedatbroadwaterdowninroyaltunbridgewellsinkentlieutenantgeneralunitedkingdomlieutenantgeneralbernardmontgomerysirbernardmontgomerywasitscommanderfromapriluntilaugustwhenhewassenttoegypttotakecommandoftheeightharmyunitedkingdombritisheightharmyorderofbattlejuneoctoberthlondoninfantrydivisionstlondoninfantrydivisionrenamedthlondoninfantrydivisionnovemberthinfantrydivisionunitedkingdomthinfantrydivisionroyalartillerythnorthmidlandarmyfieldregimentroyalartillerythndwestlancashirearmyfieldregimentroyalartillerythmediumregimentroyalartillerynorthwesteuropexiicorpsnowcommandedbylieutenantgeneralneilritchiewasdesignatedasoneofthefollowupcorpsofthesecondarmyunitedkingdombritishsecondarmycommandedbylieutenantgeneralmilesdempseymilescdempseyandwassenttonormandyfranceaspartofoperationoverlordshortlyafterthealliesofworldwariialliedinvasionofnormandyinjuneinjulycorpshadbeenincontinuousexistencesincejunesoitwasnotformedinjulyittookovercommandofthetroopsholdingthesecondbattleoftheodonodonvalleyareainjulypreviouslyundercommandoflieutenantgeneralrichardoconnorrichardnoconnorsviiicorpsunitedkingdomviiicorpsxiicorpsthentookpartinadiversionaryactionintheareapriortooperationgoodwoodjulyandwastheninvolvedinthefightingsouthwardsoutofthisareainaugustxiicorpswasthelastassignmentofthethstaffordshireinfantrydivisionpriortothedivisionsdisbandmentduetoasevereshortageofmanpowerinlateaugustxiicorpssupportedtheleftflankofxxxcorpsunitedkingdomxxxcorpsduringoperationmarketgardeninseptemberbutlikeviiicorpsontherightflankstruggledtomatchthepaceofxxxcorpsrapidadvancethisleftxxxcorpsflanksexposedtogermancounterattacksonitslinesofcommunicationxiicorpslaterwentontofightintherestofthecampaignduringoperationblackcockandlaterinthewesternalliedinvasionofgermanyinvasionofgermanyorderofbattlejunebrgeneralofficercommandinggeneralofficercommandinglieutenantgeneralneilritchiebrcorpstroopssttheroyaldragoonsthantitankregimentroyalartillerythdurhamlightinfantrylightantiaircraftregimentroyalartillerythsurveyregimentroyalartilleryxiicorpstroopsroyalengineersxiicorpssignalsroyalcorpsofsignalsattachedformationsrdwessexinfantrydivisionrdwelshinfantrydivisionrdarmygrouproyalartillerythfieldregimentrathmediumregimentraththwestlancashiremediumregimentrathmediumreg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arnivoresderivewaterfromtheirpreysmeatandbloodinsectivoressuchastheaardwolfatypeofhyenaandthesoutherngrasshoppermousearethuslargelyindependentfromfreewaterrefnamemaresaardwolfrefxerocolesobtainalargepercentageoftheirwaterfromthemetabolismmetabolicprocessesusedtobreakdowntheirfoodthewatergainedfromfatisnearlytwicetheamountgainedfromcarbohydratesastheformercontainsmorehydrogenwhichdeterminestheamountofwaterproducedthewatergainedfrommetabolismismorethanenoughtooffsetthewaterlostfromevaporationinthelungswhichincreasesduetotheneedforoxygentobreakdownfoodthermalregulationmorphologyxerocolessuchasthelepusharehavelargeearsthathelpthemkeepcoolwhentheearsstandupbloodflowincreasestothenumerousvesselsthereandheatisdissipatedrefnamebiomimicryrefhoweveratthecapeharenearabudhabiabudhabiuaesitsintheshadeanddrapesitsearsoveritselfaserectingtheminsuchweatherwouldabsorbmoreheatrefnameabudhabirefdesertanimalshavelessfatthantheirnondesertcounterpartsasfatwouldactasinsulationsoretainingheatwhatfattheydohaveislocalizedsuchasinthecamelshumportheplainsbisonbisonsneckintermsoffurhoweverdesertanimalshavethickinsulatingcoatsthatimpedetheconductionofheattowardsthebodythecoatsarenotuniformlydistributedbutratherleavesparselycoveredpatchescalledthermalwindowsattheaxillagroinscrotumandmammaryglandsheatcanbedissipatedfromthermalwindowsviaconvectionandconductionheatconductionsimilarlydesertbirdshavelessfeathersontheunderwingandflankanatomyflankheatstressinducessomebirdstoraisetheirwingsincreasingthesurfaceareaofexposedskinbirdsadjusttheirfeatherstocreateordissipateaninsulatinglayerastypifiedbytheostrichathightemperaturestheostrichelevatesitslongdorsalanatomydorsalfeatherstocreateabarrieragainstsolarradiationwhileallowingairtomoveacrosstheskinssurfaceinthecoolnightsthefeatherslowerandinterlocktrappinganinsulatinglayerabovetheskinoftenbaskinthesuntoregulatebodytemperatureburrowsmostsmallxerocolesliveinburrowstoavoidthedesertheatrefnamemaresiguanarefectothermsalsouseburrowsasameanstokeepwarminthecolddesertnightsasectothermsareusuallysmallandunabletostoretheirownbodyheattheyquicklytakeontheexternaltemperatureoftheenvironmentwhichnecessitatescontrolledmicroenvironmentsforexamplewhilereptilesareabletooperateattemperaturesexceedingoptimatheybecomesluggishwhencoldassuchtheyspendtheirnightsinburrowsorcreviceswheretheycreatewarmenvironmentsbyquicklygeneratingmetabolicheatcircadianrhythmsalldesertrodentsexceptgroundsquirrelsandchipmunksarenocturnalamphibiansareusuallynocturnalaswellwhilemanyotherxerocolesarediurnalitydiurnalbutreduceactivityatmiddayandincreaseinthemorningsandeveningssomexerocoleschangetheiractivitypatternsdependingontheseasonnocturnalantsforexamplebecomediurnalduringcolderperiodsrefnamemaresactcyclesrefmanyxerocolesespeciallyrodentsestivateinthesummerbecomingmoredormantsomedesertamphibiansestivateundergroundforoverayearatatimeunlikehibernationwhichleadstoastateoftorporestivationinduceslethargyandcangounnoticedinsomeanimalsiftheirbodytemperatureisnotmeasuredprotectionfromthesunscurriesfromoneshadyspottothenextheholdshiswideflattailoverhisbacktoprovideshadexerocolesareusuallylightandsandyincolorasameanstoreflectsolarradiationandreduceheatabsorptionsomechangecolorwiththeseasonstoreflectmoresunlightinthesummeraddaxeschangefromgraybrowntonearlywhitemostdesertlizardsalsohaveablackperitonealliningintheirabdominalcavitytoabsorbuvradiationandpreventitfromdamaginginternalorgansshadeundershrubberyprovidesrestingspotsfordiurnallizardsnestingsitesforbirdsaswellastemporaryoasesfordiurnalrodentswhoskirtamongshadyspotslargeanimalssuchascamelsandcarnivoresalsospendthehottestpartsofthedayundershadeprotectionfromsanddesertanimalssuchasthecameladdaxandkangaroorathavelargefeettopreventthemfromsinkinginthesandthefennecfoxhasextrafuronthesolesofitsfeettogiveittractionandprotectitfromthehotsandrefnameseaworldrefmostanimalsinaridenvironmentsareslenderwithlonglegsgivingthemthespeedastheytravellongdistancesforfoodandwaterrefnamecloudsleyrefthethreemainvulnerabilitiesagainstthesandarethroughtheeyesearsandnosetokeepsandoutoftheirearsmammalssuchasthecamelandthesandcathavelonghairsprotrudingfromthemspeedxerocoleshavingtotravellongdistancesforfoodandwaterareoftenadaptedforspeedandhavelonglimbsfeetthatpreventthemfromsinkinginthesandandareoverallslenderinformasthereislittlecovertoprotectthemfrompredatorsdesertanimalsalsousespeedasadefensemechanismforexampleadesertjackrabbitcanrunmuchfasterthanacoyoteassuchanordinarywolforcoyotewillnotattempttochasehimfortheyrealizethehopelessnessofitknownxerocolesthefollowinganimalsareknownxerocolesaardvarkaardwolfacanthodactylusaddaxafricanleopardafricanlionafricansavannahareafricanwilddogamericanbadgeramericanblackbearankolewatusiarabianleopardarabianoryxarabianwolfarizonabarkscorpionarabianwildcatarmadillogirdledlizardbactriancamelbarbarysheepbigbrownbatbigfreetailedbatblacktailedjackrabbitbobcatburrocactuswrencairospinymousecalifornialeafnosedbatcaliforniamyotiscapegroundsquirrelcapeharecaracalcavemyotiscerastescerastescerastesvipe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hwererecordedfromjanuarytoaprilinmagnanimousstudiowithchristosharbolasandtitoskaryotakisassoundengineersthealbumshitswerevrohopoiosdeneheitelosenaparaxenotragoudistovrahoallazeiprosopaithlipsiandtheexplosivesongrobotmiamatiasanvrohiwasthegroupsfinestalbumandprobablytheirmostimportantartisticreleasewiththisreleasethebandmadecleartheirintentiontoexperimentinmoreelectronicsoundpathsandvasilisgountaroulisplayedtheleadingroleinthebandscompositioninwhichallthememberstookpartasforthelyricspavlospavlidishadbeenlyricallymatureandstartedcomposingsongspoemssuchasmonoautoandstovrahoinaninterviewinhestatedwhatwasofmyinterestfromthebeginningwasabandthatgiventhesuccesswouldgofurtherwhenwemettogetherwiththeguysisawthatwewereagoodgroupwithunpredictabledevelopmentnowinthethirddiscmaterialtheworkistotalandtheideasjumpoutfromeverywhereduringthesameyearthebandcontinuedtheirconcertsingreeceandcypruswiththeclimaxeventofvyronasfestivalwherearecordofpeoplewasgatheredinthefalloftheyearafteraninvitationfrommtvtheyappearedinhqclubinlondonthiswastheirfirstappearancewithoutpanostolioswholeftthebandandwasreplacedbytakiskanellosofmodeplagalinperaapotispoleistisasfaltoubecameplatinumandmiamatiasanvrohibecamegoldtheirappearancesinrodonathensandmylosthessalonikiweresoldoutinjulytheyappearedinrockwavefestivalandinseptembertheyopenedtherollingstonesconcertinathenspavlospavlidisstatedtheideaofsinginginfrontofpeopleiscrazywhenwefinishedthestonesmanagertoldmeyouareamongthefewbandsthatescapedthebottlesinourtourswehaveaspecialstafftocleanthestagefromthebottlesthatarethrowntothesupportgroupstodaythestaffwillrestwheniaskedhimwhichbandshadalsoescapedthebottleshetoldmesomeofthebandsicanrecallarethesmashingpumpkinsandredhotchilipeppersbythefalloftheyearthebandrevisitedgreatbritainandappearedinhaciendamanchestertakiskanelloscouldnotfollowthebandsfullscheduleandgavehisplacetogiannismitsisintheeptrofigiatathiriawasreleasedbyvirginrecordsitcontainedsongswhichwererecordedfromapriltomayinagrotikonstudioownedbynikospapazoglouinthessalonikiwithchristosmegasassoundengineerthesesongswereindicativeofthebandsdoublesounddirectionontheonehandcalmandatmosphericalcompositionsdiastimoploiaandhathikaandontheotherhandexplosivedancingrhythmsandelectronicsoundstrofigiatathiriaandtoraarhizokaithymamaiinfactthissinglewastheprecursoroftheirnextandfinalstudioalbumthatwouldbereleasedayearlaterinthemeantimethebandcontinuedtheirliveappearanceswithsuccesskostaspantelisalsojoinedthebandinthebandsfourthandlaststudioalbumenaskyklosstonaerawasreleasedbyvirginrecordsthealbumcontainedsongswhichwererecordedfrommaytojuneinmagnanimousstudiowithchristosmegasandmartinekmanassoundengineersthemostrecognisablesongsofthealbumareiteleutaiaforatiperimenounonavagossanesenahartinosouranosandparememazisouthebandslasthitearlierthatwinterpavlospavlidiswenttoamorgoswherehecreatedmostofthesongsthatappearedinthealbuminthehomestudiothathehadcreatedenaskyklosstonaerawasprobablythemostdividedcreativelyalbumofthebandasthecontradictorymusicaldirectionsthathadbeenfollowedinthepreviousalbumwerebecomingclearerasaresultstronganddancingsongssuchastiperimenouncoexistedwithslowalmostwhisperingcompositionssuchasonavagosdespitetheseminorproblemsthebandseemedthatitwascrossingitsmostmatureperiodtestifyinganalbumthatdidnotprobablyhadtheintegrityandtheexuberanceofmiamatiasanvrohiorthemomentumofxessalonikibutcouldbemaintainedonahighlevelandwastheproductofanallthathadworkedwithitssoundallthoseyearsandclosingitscareerwasstillcreativeandunpredictableduringthefollowingyearsthebandcontinueditssuccessfulconcertsthroughoutgreeceplayingnewsongswhileasixthmembernikoskyriakopouloswhoplayedthepercussionandsungthebackingvocalsjoinedthelineuptheclimateseemedtobepositiveandanewcreativeperiodseemedtohaveopeneddespitethenewplansofthegroupthebreakupwasnearinthebandslivealbumwasreleasedbyvirginrecordsthealbumcontainedsongswhichwerepresentedliveinconcertsthatwereplayedfromfebruarytonovemberandwererecordedbythemobilerecordingunitofpolytroponandoctalonestudioswithchristosmegasmakispelopidaskostasvamvoukasargyrispapageorgiougiorgoskazantzisandvageliskalarasassoundengineersallofthesongscamefrompreviousworksofthegroupexceptforanewonegrandhotelattheendofthesongpavlidiscanbeheardsayingthankyouthisisthefirsttimeweareplayingitlivewasanalbumthatattemptedtorecordtheexplosiveclimatethatwasprevailingduringthebandsconcertsandconfirmthegroupsreputationasadynamiclivebandinthisalbumwerealsorecordedtheimprovisationalfeelingandtheevolutionofthebandssoundallthoseyearsthiscouldbeseenonthesongsfromtheirtwofirstalbumswhicharealmostunrecognisableitshouldalsobementionedthatthealbumdoesnotcontainthegroupsbighitssomethingthatintentionallyhappenedinordertoviewsongsthatthebandlovedbuthadlivedintheshadowofthebigcommercialsuccessesespeciallyliomenopagotowasthoughttobeanoverplayedsonglivewasthebandsvaledictoryalbumandwasdedictedtothosewhowerewithusallthosenightsbythefallofxylinaspathiabrokeupandthebandmembersfolloweddifferentmusicaldirectionstheirworkcontinuestoberecogniseda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withinphilipsresearchbackgroundthexetalwasconceivedinatphilipsresearchwhenresearchersinvestigatedpossibilitiesforcombiningacmosimagesensorwithpowerfulimageprocessinglogicsincecmosimagesensorscontrarytoccdsensorscanbeproducedusingthesamemanufacturingprocessasprocessorsbothcouldbecombinedinasingleintegratedcircuiticwiththeimagesensorandimageprocessingcombinedonthesamedieintegratedcircuitdieitisessentiallypossibletoparallelizeimageprocessinguptothelevelwhereeachpixelhasitsdedicatedimageprocessinglogicinsuchadesigntheimagesensorwouldbeintheupperlayersoftheicwhiletheimageprocessingwouldbedoneinthelowerlayerssoimagedatawouldbetransferredfromonelayertotheotherinsteadofthroughexternalpinsorwiresadditionallythereisinherentparallelcomputingparallelisminimageprocessingalgorithmsmanyalgorithmsdothesameprocessingoneverypixelimageprocessingisthereforeasuitabledomainforamassivelyparallelapproachusingansimdarchitecturealthoughmassivelyparallelcomputingmassiveparallelismisnotanewideaearlierexamplesincludeilliacivandgoodyearmppthexetalwasoneofthefirsttoapplythisapproachtoimageprocessinginitialdesignthefirstdesigncombinedaqvgaimagesensorwithlinebasedadconverteradconversioninthisdesigntheanaloguepixelvaluesofthesensorwereconvertedlinebylineinsteadofpixelbypixelforeverylinetherewereadconverterseachadconverterisconnectedtoadedicatedprocessingelementpetodoimageprocessingthisparalleldesignmeantthatacompletelineofpixelscouldessentiallybeprocessedinasingleclockcyclethisparallelismwasalsoappliedtothememoryarchitecturewhereeachprocessingelementcouldaccessapixelfromasocalledlinememorysimulationsofthisdesignshowedthatthedigitalpepartofthechipcausednoiseontheadconvertersontopofthatcmossensorsatthetimewereproducedusingananometernmprocessusingmetallayersfewlayerswereusedsoastolimitheightvariationsinthesensorsurfacewhichcouldcauseartifactsforlogicgatediscretelogicthenmprocesswasmorecommonalsomorelayerswereuseddevelopmentofthecmossensorandtheimageprocessorthereforecontinuedindependentlyxetaltheimageprocessorresultingfromthiswasthexetalfirstproducedinitwasmanufacturedusinganmprocessandwasdesignedtorunatmhzwithpesandlinememoriessinceeachofthepescanperformoneoperationperclockcycletherawperformanceatthisclockrateclockspeedisgopssupsupoperationspersecondasaresultcombinedwithacmosimagesensoratqvgaresolutionrunningatframerateframespersecondthexetalcouldessentiallyperformoperationsperpixelduringtestingitturnedoutthexetalcouldevenbeclockeduptomhzmorethandoubletheoriginalspecificationresultinginarawperformanceofovergopsmoreoveritachievedthisperformanceatverylowpowerconsumptionwattitwassoondiscoveredthatwiththeselevelsofperformanceitwaspossibletodomuchmorethanjustimageprocessingtheresearchteamcreateddemonstrationswhichshowedthatxetalwascapableofrunningcomputervisionalgorithmssuchasobjectrecognitionandtrackingincludingaselfplayingpinballpinballmachineairguitarairdrummingandrobocuprobotsreferencesxetalalowpowerhighperformancesmartcameraprocessorbykleihorstetalpublishedintheieeeinternationalsymposiumoncircuitsandsystemsvolumemaragaazerbaijanforthevillageinkhachmazrayonseezeyxurobainfoboxsettlementofficialnamexanobanativenamepushpinmapazerbaijanpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanrayonsubdivisionnamekhojavendrayonkhojavendleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareatotalkmareafootnotespopulationasofpopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmtimezoneazerbaijantimeaztutcoffsettimezonedstazerbaijantimeaztutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationmareacodewebsitexanobaisavillageinthekhojavendrayonofazerbaijanreferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexhseynlisettlementtypemunicipalitynativenamepushpinmapazerbaijanpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanrayonsubdivisionnameyardymlirayonyardymlileadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareatotalkmareafootnotespopulationasofpopulationtotalpopulationfootnotespopulationdensitykmtimezoneazerbaijantimeaztutcoffsettimezonedstazerbaijantimeaztutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationmareacodewebsitexhseynliisavillageandmunicipalityintheyardymlirayonofazerbaijanithasapopulationofreferencesinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexuramanativenamepushpinmaprepublicofartsakhpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanrayonsubdivisionnamezangilanrayonzangilanleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareatotalkmareafootnotespopulationasofpopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmtimezoneazerbaijantimeaztutcoffsettimezonedstazerbaijantimeaztutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationmareacodewebsitexuramaalsokhuramaisavillageinthezangilanrayonofazerbaijanrepublicofartsakhreferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexanmmmdlisettlementtypemunicipalitynativenamepushpinmapazerbaijanpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanrayonsubdivisionnamezardabrayonzardableadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareatotalkmareafootnotespopulatio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intheeastfromthekhanagahvillageontheleftbankofthealinjachayriverrefnameanasrefetymologythenameofthexangahkhanqahkhanagahisrelatedwithcommonnameofkhanqahkhanagahwhichweregiventothesanctuarysacredplaceandthebuildingsbuiltaroundtheholygravesortothebuildingsownedbythepilgrimsthekhanagahmeansplacefordervishesandwerebuiltonthesacredplacesthetombsofthesheikhkhorasanfazlullahnaimiastarabadifazlullahnaimiinthejulfaregionthekhojasayyidinthelerikdistrictlerikregionsaresuchakhanagahshistoricalandarchaeologicalmonumentsalinjachayarchitecturalcomplexlincayxangahthekhanegahofalinjachaythearchitecturalcomplexofthemiddleagesinthekhanagahvillageofjulfarayononthebankofthealinjachayriverfromthecomplextillthepresentdayspreservedthetombmosquepillarsoftheunknownmonumentandtheruinsofanotherbuildingthebasisofthealinjachaykhanagahcomplexconsistsfromthesquaretombwhichwasbuiltbyapersonnamedlalabeyontheinscriptionofthetombhasbeenleftnameofthearchitectjamaleddinbutthepartwhichwasthedateofbuildingwasdestroyedhoweverinthecommunistnewspaperdatedaugustshowsthatthealinjachaykhanagahexistsincethethcenturythetromptheconepartatthearchitecturearchshapedconstructiongirdleontheuppercornersofthetombinalargesizegivesanarchaiclooktotheitsinteriorthetrompsiseightpointedstalakitdecorativedetailintheformoffigureoftheprismshapedinthearchitectureinstallationispassingtoasixteenangledthatthismakeuptheseatofthetentshapeddomedomeofthetombwasdestroyedtherectangularboardswhichconditionallycalledalteronbothsidesoftheentranceofthekhanageharedecoratedwithvividlyornamentsandinscriptionsofreligiouscontentthesearethemostbeautifulexamplesofplasticcarvingonthegypsumthearchitecturalelementsofthetombsentrancearchissimilartothedetailsofthemmnxatunmominekhatunmausoleummausoleumintheitsconstructionbesidethebrickwerealsousedtheturquoiseglazedtilethemosquewhichwasbuiltadjacenttothetombsarchdividedintosixsectionswiththetwosupportingandeachsectioniscoveredwithadomeintheinscriptionofthemosqueisshownthatitwasbuiltinahbytheorderofanunknownwomaninthoroughlyreconstructionandrestorationworkswerecarriedoutkhanagahikhanagahitheplaceoftheresidenceofthemiddleagesinthewestofthevillageofkhanagahinthejulfadistrictontherightbankofthealinjachayrivertheremainsofthebuildingandedificewerediscoveredsurfacematerialsconsistsoffragmentsofglazedandunglazedclaypotsthesurfaceoftheunglazedpotspitcherjugpotaftafatypecontainerswerecoatedwithalayeroftransparentcoatingfromtheoutsideisdecoratedwithcarvedgeometriclinestheglazedcontainerscupplateetcinagenerallyfromtheinsideweredecoratedwithrichgeometricandfloraldepictionsaccordingtothefindingsitissupposedthatthekhanagahsettlementbelongstotheththcenturieskhanagahiikhanegahiitheplaceofresidenceofthemiddleagesinthenortheastofthevillageofkhanagahinthejulfarayonontheleftbankofthealinjachayriveritisinthevalleysurroundedbymountainsonallsideswasrecordedinitsareaishectaresattheplaceofresidencewhichwascompletelydestroyedremainedtheovalorrectangularpitsthesurfacematerialsconsistsoftheremainsofbuildingsthefragmentsofclaypotinthepinkcoloredinduringtheexplorationresearchworksfromthewestsideonthehillwasidentifiedtheculturallayertheareawasdestroyedasaresultoferosionfromherearecollectedashesbonesfragmentsofpotteryetcthealinjachayarchitecturalcomplexislocatedinthecenteroftheplaceofresidencethemonumentisbelongstotheththcenturieskhanagahnecropoliskhanagahnecropolisthearchaeologicalmonumentofthemiddleagesinthenortheastofthevillageofkhanagahinthejulfarayonthenecropoliscurrentlyisdividedintotwopartswiththestonewallwhichwasbuiltaroundthealinjachayarchitecturalcomplexthegravesarealmostdestroyedthemajorityofthemdiffersforitsgravestonessomeofthemareinscriptionsinarabicinthepastontheseveralofthegravesfromthespecifictypeofmarbleoftheonyxweremasterfullymadeacheststoneforthegravesitiskeptatthenakhchivanstatehistorymuseumtherewerefoundthesamplesofmaterialculturewhichistypicalforthemiddleagesthekhabagahnecropolisbelongstotheththcenturiesreferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexurssettlementtypemunicipalitynativenamepushpinmapazerbaijanpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanautonomousrepublicsubdivisionnamenakhichivanautonomousrepublicnakhchivansubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanrayonsubdivisionnameordubadrayonordubadleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareatotalkmareafootnotespopulationasofpopulationtotalpopulationfootnotespopulationdensitykmtimezoneazerbaijantimeaztutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationmareacodewebsitexursalsokhursandkhurstisavillageandmunicipalityintheordubadrayonofnakhichivanautonomousrepublicnakhchivanazerbaijanitislocatedinthenearoftheordubadnurguthighwayinthenorthwestfromthedistrictcenteritspopulationisbusywithgardeningbeekeepinganimalhusbandrytherearesecondaryschoolclubandamedicalcenterinthevillageithasapopulationofrefnameanasrefetymologytheresearchersbelievethatthisnameisavariantoftheethnonymofgorusaccordingtothesourcesinthethcenturythegoruslaroneofthecattlebreedertribeswerepartofthetribesofqizilbashafterbeensettledapartoftheminshirvanbythesafaviddynastysafavidshahstheyhavespreadtothedifferentzonesreferencesthesecretofthegoldenflowerinfoboxsettlementnamexmahmudsettlementtypemunicipalitynativenamepushpinmapazerbaijanpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanautonomousrepublicsubdivisionnamenakhichivanautonomousrepublicnakhchivansubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanrayonsubdivisionnamebabekrayonbabekleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareatotalkmareafootnotespopulationasofpopulationtotalpopulationfootnotespopulationdensitykmtimezoneazerbaijantimeaztutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationmareacodewebsitexmahmudalsoeyxmahmudshikhmakhmudshykhmakhmudandsheikmahmudisavillageandmunicipalityinthebabekrayonofnakhichivanautonomousrepublicnakhchivanazerbaijanitislocatedinthenearofthenakhchivanshahbuzhighwaykminthenorthfromthedistrictcenterontherightbankofthenakhchivanchayriveritspopulationisbusywithgraingrowingvegetablegrowinghorticulturepoultryandanimalhusbandrytherearesecondaryschoolmusicschoollibraryculturehousekindergartentwomosqueandamedicalcenterinthevillageithasapopulationofrefnameanasrefetymologythevillagetookitsnamefromthesacredplaceofshykhmahmudwhichlocatedintherethetoponymoftheshykhmahmudisadistortedformofthenameofsheikhmahmudshikhmahmudnecropolisshikhmahmudnecropolisisanarchaeologicalmonumentofancientagesnearthesamenamedvillageofthebabekregionitwasdiscoveredbychanceduringafarmworksinintheexcavatedravinewasfoundoflayersofashandfragmentsofclaypotstheskeletonwhichlayontheitsrightsideinthefourcorneredformgravewasorientedfromnorthtosouthatthewrappedpositiondarkblueglassbeadswerefoundfromherefromgravesoftheshikhmahmudnecropoliswerediscoveredthepiecesofpinkgreenandblueglassjarsthecollectedmaterialsweregiventothenakhchivanstatehistorymuseumaccordingtothefindingstheshikhmahmudnecropolisbelongstothestrdcenturiesrefnameanasrefreferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexlillisettlementtypemunicipalitynativenamepushpinmapazerbaijanpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanautonomousrepublicsubdivisionnamenakhichivanautonomousrepublicnakhchivansubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanrayonsubdivisionnamebabekrayonbabekleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareatotalkmareafootnotespopulationasofpopulationtotalpopulationfootnotespopulationdensitykmtimezoneazerbaijantimeaztutcoffsettimezonedstazerbaijantimeaztutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationmareacodewebsitexlillialsokhalilliandkhalillyisavillageandmunicipalityinthebabekrayonofnakhichivanautonomousrepublicnakhchivanazerbaijanitislocatedintheleftsideoftheordubadnakhchivanhighwaykminthenorthfromthedistrictcenterontherightbankofthenakhchivanchayriverontheplainitspopulationisbusywithgraingrowingvegetablegrowingpoultryandanimalhusbandrytherearesecondaryschoollibraryclubandamedicalcenterinthevillageithasapopulationofrefnameanasrefetymologythenameofthevillageisrelatedwiththenameofthexlillilrtribethexlillilrkhalillilerwhichwaspartofthekaytribeofturkicoriginwasmovedfromtheturkestanwesternturkestaninthethirteenthcenturysomeofthemlivedintheshirvanregionreferencesxmangavideogamesinfoboxsettlementnamexalxalsettlementtypemunicipalitynativenamepushpinmapazerbaijanpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanautonomousrepublicsubdivisionnamenakhichivanautonomousrepublicnakhchivansubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofazerbaijanrayonsubdivisionnamebabekrayonbabekleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareatotalkmareafootnotespopulationasofpopulationtotalpopulationfootnotespopulationdensitykmtimezoneazerbaijantimeaztutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationmareacodewebsitexalxalalsoxalxalandkhalkhalisavillageandmunicipalityinthebabekrayonofnakhichivanautonomousrepublicnakhchivanazerbaijanitislocatedkminthenorthfromthedistrictcenterontheleftbankofthenakhchivanchayriveronthefoothillareaitspopulationisbusywithgardeninggraingrowingpoultryandanimalhusbandrytherearesecondaryschoollibraryclubmosqueandamedicalcenterinthevillageithasapopulationofrefnameanasrefetymologyintheancientsourcesthenameofthexalxalkhalkhalcitytheruinsofthecityislocatedintheterritoryoftheyuxarskiparaupperaskiparavillageoftheqazakhdistrictthewinterresidenceofrulerofthecaucasianalbaniaalbaniacaucasianismentionedabouttheeventsofthefifthcenturyintheiranareexistthekhalkhalcitytheneighborhoodofkhalkhalandthekhalkhalkucheksettlementinthenineteenthcenturyintheerivangovernorateerivanprovincehavebeenregisteredthetwomountainscalledxalxallkhalkhallyandthemountainxalxalkhalkhalinthegeorgiacountrygeorgiaaccordingtoresearchersthetoponymisrelatedwiththewordofxalxalwhichuseindialectsoftheazerbaijanasthemeaningoftheaplacewhichsurroundedwiththefencetokeepthecattleintheopenairreferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexoksettlementtypemunicipalitynativenamepushpinmapazerbaijanpushpi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asawellknowngeneralduringthereignofemperorgaozongoftangandhisfatherxuechuyuservedasageneralaswelldespitexuesongscomingfromadistinguishedlineageitwassaidthathepaidnoattentiontopropertymanagementandfellintopovertyitwasalsosaidthathewasstrongandcapableinridingandarcherybutpaidnoattentiontostudiesduringtheanshirebellionwhenthegeneralanlushanroseagainsttheruleofemperorgaozongsgrandsonemperorxuanzongoftangemperorxuanzonginxuesongservedansrebelyananshiyanthefirstsolidhistoricalreferencetohimwasinwhenanlushanssonandsuccessoranqingxuwasbesiegedbytangforcesinyechinayechengandforcedtosendxuetoseekoutaidfromhisfathersoldsubordinateshisimingshieventuallydiddefeattangforcesandliftthesiegeatyechengbutthenkilledanqingxuhimselfandtookoverastheemperorofyananditappearedthatxuecontinuedtoserveundershisimingatthatpointaftertheanshirebellionbytheanshirebellionhadbeenputdownbytangforceswithshisimingssonandsuccessorshichaoyicommittingsuicideatthattimexuewasdefendingyechengforshisimingandhealongwithseveralotherkeyyangeneralstianchengsilibaochenzhangzhongzhiandlihuaixiansubmittedtotangthetangimperialregimethenundertheruleofemperorxuanzongssonemperorsuzongoftangemperorsuzongwashesitanttodisplacetheminfearthattheywouldstartanotherrebellionsoattheurgingofthegeneralpuguhuaientheywereallowedtoremainattheircurrentpostsandxuewasmadethemilitarygovernorjiedushiofzhaoyicircuitheadquarteredinmodernanyanghenancontrollingthesixprefecturesaroundyechengitwassaidthatxuegovernedzhaoyicircuiteffectivelyandthatthepeoplewerecomfortedafterthelengthywarfareitwassaidhoweverthathegrewincreasinglyindependentofthetangimperialgovernmentalongwithzhangwhosenamehadbeenchangedtolibaochenatthatpointtianlizhengjilihuaiyulihuaixianandliangchongyieachincontrolofseveralprefecturesxuewascreatedtheprinceofgaopingandlatertheprinceofpingyanghediedinandwasinitiallysucceededbyhissonxuepingwhohoweveralmostimmediatelygaveuptheposttoxuesongsbrotherxueetianwhocontrolledtheneighboringweibocircuitheadquarteredinmodernhandanhebeiwhowantedtoexpandhisterritorythenattackedzhaoyiandforcedxueetofleetiantookcontroloffourofthesixzhaoyiprefecturesandthetangimperialgovernmentretainedcontroloftheothertwoeventuallymergingitwithnearbyzelucircuitheadquarteredinmodernchangzhishanxishangxiandmaintainingthezhaoyinameforthemergedcircuitreferencesoldbookoftangwebarchiveorgwebsidneyluonetaahtmvolnewbookoftangwebarchiveorgwebsidneyluonetaahtmvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhsaxerophilerefciteencyclopediatitlexeroencyclopediathenewoxfordamericandictionaryeditionnddatepublisheroxforduniversitypressincrefisanextremophileextremophilicorganismthatcangrowandreproduceinconditionswithalowavailabilityofwateralsoknownaswateractivitywateractivityasubwsubismeasuredasthehumidityaboveasubstancerelativetothehumidityabovepurewaterawxerophilesarexerotolerantmeaningtolerantofdryconditionstheyoftencansurviveinenvironmentswithwateractivitybelowtypicallyxerotoleranceisusedwithrespecttomatricdryingwhereasubstancehasalowwaterconcentrationtheseenvironmentsincludeariddesertsoilsthetermosmotoleranceistypicallyappliedtoorganismsthatcangrowinsolutionswithhighsoluteconcentrationssaltssugarssuchashalophilesthecommonfoodpreservationdryingfoodpreservationmethodofreducingwateractivitiesmaynotpreventthegrowthofxerophilicorganismsoftenresultinginfoodspoilagesomemoldandyeastspeciesarexerophilicmoldgrowthonbreadisanexampleoffoodspoilagebyxerophilicorganismsexamplesofxerophilesincludetrichosporonoidesnigrescensrefcitejournalauthorhockingadauthorpittjititletrichosporonoidesnigrescensspnovanewxerophilicyeastlikefungusjournalantonievanleeuwenhoekdatedecembervolumeissuepagespmiddoibfrefandcactuscactiseealsoxerocolexerophytereferencesmayrefertotheyearinthethmillenniumpostalcodeshenleybeachhenleybeachsouthtennysonsouthaustraliatennysonairflightsspanairflightthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitbeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellisanexampleofaxerophyteaxerophytefromancientgreeklanguagegreekxerosdryphutonplantisaspeciesofplantthathasadaptationstosurviveinanenvironmentwithlittleliquidwatersuchasadesertoraniceorsnowcoveredregioninthealpsorthearcticpopularexamplesofxerophytesarecactuscactiandpineappleplantsthestructuralfeaturesmorphologybiologymorphologyandfundamentalchemicalprocessesphysiologyofxerophytesarevariouslyadaptedtoconservewateralsocommonlytostorelargequantitiesofwaterduringdryperiodsotherspeciesareabletosurvivelongperiodsofextremedrynessordesiccationoftheirtissuebiologyplanttissuestissuesduringwhichtheirmetabolismmetabolicactivitymayeffectivelyshutdownplantswithsuchmorphologicalandphysiologicaladaptationsarerefnamecigbtxeromorphicthecambridgeillustratedglossaryofbotanicaltermsmichaelhickeyclivekingcambridgeuniversitypressrefintroductionmultipleimageimagehaberlearhodopensisjpgwidthaltlinkthumbtimecaptionhaberlearhodopensisimageramondaserbicajpgwidthaltlinkthumbtimecaptionramondaserbicaakaserbianphoenixflowerfooterthestructuraladaptationsofthesetworesurrectionplantsareverysimilartheycanbefoundonthegroundsofbulgariaandgreeceplantsabsorbwaterfromthesoilwhichthenevaporatesfromtheirshootsandleavesthisprocessisknownastranspirationindryenvironmentsatypicalmesophyticplantwouldevaporatewaterfasterthantherateofwateruptakefromthesoilleadingtowiltingandevendeathxerophyticplantsexhibitadiversityofspecializedadaptationstosurviveinsuchwaterlimitingconditionstheymayusewaterfromtheirownstorageallocatewaterspecificallytositesofnewtissuebiologyplanttissuestissuegrowthorloselesswatertotheatmosphereandsochannelagreaterproportionofwaterfromthesoiltophotosynthesisandgrowthdifferentplantspeciespossessdifferentqualitiesandmechanismstomanagewatersupplyenablingthemtosurvivecactuscactiandothersucculentplantsucculentsarecommonlyfoundindesertswherethereislittlerainfallotherxerophytessuchascertainbromeliaceaebromeliadscansurvivethroughbothextremelywetandextremelydryperiodsandcanbefoundinseasonallymoisthabitatssuchastropicalforestsexploitingnicheswherewatersuppliesaretoointermittentformesophyticplantstosurvivelikewisechaparralplantsareadaptedtomediterraneanclimateswhichhavewetwintersanddrysummersplantsthatliveunderarcticarcticconditionsalsohaveaneedforxerophyticadaptationssincewaterisunavailableforuptakewhenthegroundisfrozensuchastheeuropeanresurrectionplantshaberleahaberlearhodopensisandramondaserbicainanenvironmentwithveryhighsalinitysuchasmangroveswampsandsemidesertswateruptakebyplantsisachallengeduetothehighsaltionlevelsbesidesthatsuchenvironmentsmaycauseanexcessofionstoaccumulateinthecellswhichisverydamaginghalophytesandxerophytesevolvedtosurviveinsuchenvironmentssomexerophytesmayalsobeconsideredhalophyteshoweverhalophytesarenotnecessarilyxerophytesthesucculentxerophytezygophyllumxanthoxylumforexamplehavespecialisedproteintransportersintheircellswhichallowstorageofexcessionsintheirvacuoletomaintainnormalcytosolcytosolicphandioniccompositiontherearemanyfactorswhichaffectwateravailabilitywhichisthemajorlimitingfactorofseedgerminationseedlingsurvivalandplantgrowththesefactorsincludeinfrequentrainingintensesunlightandverywarmweatherleadingtofasterwaterevaporationanextremeenvironmentalphandhighsaltcontentofwateralsodisruptplantswateruptaketypesofxerophytessucculentplantsstorewaterintheirstemsorleavestheseincludeplantsfromthecactaceaefamilywhichhaveroundstemsandcanstorealotofwatertheleavesareoftenvestigialityvestigialasinthecaseofcactiwhereintheleavesarereducedtospinesortheydonothaveleavesatalltheseincludethecperennialwoodyplanthaloxylonammodendronwhichisanativeofnorthwestchinanonsucculentperennialssuccessfullyendurelongandcontinuousshortageofwaterinthesoilthesearehencecalledtruexerophytesoreuxerophyteswaterdeficiencyusuallyreachesoftheirfreshweightasaresultofwhichthegrowthprocessofthewholeplantishinderedduringcellelongationtheplantswhichsurvivedroughtareunderstandablysmallandweakephemeralplantephemeralsarethedroughtescapingkindandnottruexerophytestheydonotreallyenduredroughtonlyescapeitwiththeonsetofrainfalltheplantseedsgerminatequicklygrowtomaturityflowerandsetseedietheentirelifecycleiscompletedbeforethesoildriesoutagainmostoftheseplantsaresmallroundishdenseshrubsrepresentedbyspeciesoffaboideaepapilionaceaesomeinconspicuousasteraceaecompositaeafewzygophyllaceaeandsomegrasseswaterisstoredinthebulbsofsomeplantsoratbelowgroundleveltheymaybedormantduringdroughtconditionsandarethereforeknownasdroughtevadersshrubswhichgrowinaridandsemiaridregionsarealsoxeromorphicforexamplecaraganakorshinskiiartemisiasphaerocephalaandhedysarumscopariumareshrubspotentinthesemiaridregionsofthenorthwestchinadesertthesepsammophileshrubsarenotonlyedibletograzinganimalsintheareatheyalsoplayavitalroleinthestabilisationofdesertsanddunesrefnamerefbushesalsocalledsemishrubsoftenoccurinsandydesertregionmostlyindeepsandysoilsattheedgesofthedunesoneexampleisthereaumuriasoongoricaaperennialresurrectionsemishrubcomparedtootherdominantaridxerophytesanadultrsoongoricabushhasastrongresistancetowaterscarcityhenceitisconsideredasuperxerophytesimportanceofwaterconservationifthewaterpotentialorstrictlywatervapourpotentialinsidealeafishigherthanoutsidethewatervapourwilldiffusiondiffuseoutoftheleafdownthisgradientthislossofwatervapourfromtheleavesiscalledtranspirationandthewatervapourdiffusesthroughtheopenstomatatranspirationisnaturalandinevitableforplantsasignificantamountofwaterislostthroughthisprocesshoweveritisvitalthatplantslivingindryconditionsareadaptedsoastodecreasethesizeoftheopenstomatalowertherateoftranspirationandconsequentlyreducewaterlosstotheenvironmentwithoutsufficientwaterplantcellsloseturgorthisisknownasplasmolysisiftheplantlosestoomuchwateritwillpassitspermanentwiltingpointanddieinbrieftherateoftranspirationisgovernedbythenumberofstomatastomatalapertureiethesizeofthestomaopeningleafareaallowingformorestomatatemperaturedifferentialtherelativehumiditythepresenceofwindorairmovementthelightintensityandthepresenceofawaxycuticleitisimportanttonotethatwhilstitisvitaltokeepstomataclosedtheyhavetobeopenedforgaseousexchangeinrespirationandphotosynthesismorphologicaladaptationsmultipleimagewidthfooterthecactuscereusperuvianuslookssuperficiallyverysimilartoeuphorbiavirosaduetoconvergentevolutionimagecereusperuvianscroppedjpgaltcaptioncereusperuvianusimageeuphorbiavirosajpgaltcaptioneuphorbiavirosaxerophyticplantsmayhavesimilarshapesformsandstructuresandlookverysimilareveniftheplantsarenotverycloselyrelatedthroughaprocesscalledconvergentevolutionforexamplesomespeciesofcactimembersofthefamilycactaceaewhichevolvedonlyintheamericasmayappearsimilartoeuphorbiaswhicharedistributedworldwideanunrelatedspeciesofcaudiciformsplantswithswollenbasesthatareusedtostorewatermayalsodisplaysomesimilaritiesunderconditionsofwaterscarcitytheseedsofdifferentxerophyticplantsbehavedifferentlywhichmeansthattheyhavedifferentratesofgerminationsincewateravailabilityisamajorlimitingfactorthesedissimilaritiesareduetonaturalselectionandecoadaptationastheseedsandplantsofeachspeciesevolvetosuittheirsurroundingreductionofsurfaceareaxerophyticplantscanhavelessoverallsurfaceareathanotherplantssoreducingtheareathatisexposedtotheairandreducingwaterlossbytranspirationandevaporationtheycanalsohavesmallerleavesorfewerbranchesthanotherplantsanexampleofleafsurfacereductionarethethornsspinesandpricklesspinesofacactuswhiletheeffectsofcompactionandreductionofbranchingcanbeseeninthebarrelcactusbarrelcactiotherxerophytesmayhavetheirleavescompactedatthebaseasinabasalrosettewhichmaybesmallerthantheplantsflowerthisadaptationisexhibitedbysomeagaveanderiogonumspecieswhichcanbefoundgrowingneardeathvalleyformingwatervapourrichenvironmentsomexerophyteshavetinyhairsontheirsurfacestoprovideawindbreakandreduceairflowtherebyreducingtherateofevaporationwhenaplantsurfaceiscoveredwithtinyhairsitiscalledtomentosestomataarelocatedinthesehairsorinpitstoreducetheirexposuretowindthisenablesthemtomaintainahumidenvironmentaroundtheminastillwindlessenvironmenttheareasundertheleavesorspineswheretranspirationtakesplaceformasmalllocalisedenvironmentthatismoresaturatedwithwatervapourthannormalifthisconcentrationofwatervapourismaintainedtheexternalwatervapourpotentialgradientnearthestomataisreducedthusreducingtranspirationinawindiersituationthislocalisationisblownawayandsotheexternalwatervapourgradientremainslowwhichmakesthelossofwatervapourfromplantstomataeasierspinesandhairstrapalayerofmoistureandslowsairmovementovertissuesreflectivefeaturesarevisiblycoatedwithapowderywhitewhichistheepicuticularwaxthecolorofaplantorofthewaxesorhairsonitssurfacemayservetoreflectsunlightandreducetranspirationanexampleisthewhitechalkyepicuticularwaxcoatingofdudleyabrittoniiwhichhasthehighestultravioletlightuvreflectivityofanyknownnaturallyoccurringbiologicalsubstancecuticlesmanyxerophyticspecieshavethickplantcuticlecuticlesjustlikehumanskinaplantscuticlesarethefirstlineofdefenseforitsaerialpartsasmentionedabovethecuticlecontainswaxforprotectionagainstbioticcomponentbioticandabioticcomponentabioticfactorstheultrastructureofthecuticlesvariesindifferentspeciessomeexamplesareantizomamiersianaispotnatureorgcommunitiessouthernafricaspeciesdictionaryhermanniadisermifoliahermanniadisermifoliaandgaleniagaleniaafricanawhicharexerophytesfromthesameregioninnamaqualandbuthavedifferentcuticleultrastructuresinterestinglyamiersianahasthickcuticleasexpectedtobefoundonxerophytesbuthdisermifoliaandgafricanahavethincuticlessinceresourcesarescarceinaridregionsthereisselectionforplantshavingthinandefficientcuticlestolimitthenutritionalandenergycostsforthecuticleconstructioninperiodsofseverewaterstressandstomataclosurethecuticleslowwaterpermeabilityisconsideredasoneofthemostvitalfactorinensuringthesurvivaloftheplanttherateoftranspirationofthecuticlesofxerophytesistimeslowerthanthatofstomataltranspirationtogiveanideaofhowlowthisistherateoftranspirationofthecuticlesofmesophytesisonlytotimeslowerthanstomataltranspirationphysiologicaladaptationstherearemanychangesthathappenonthemolecularlevelwhenaplantexperiencesstresswheninheatshockforexampletheirproteinproteinmoleculestructuresbecomeunstableunfoldorreconfiguretobecomelessefficientmembranestabilitywilldecreaseinplastidswhichiswhyphotosynthesisisthefirstprocesstobeaffectedbyheatstressrefnameturnbullclsobplantstressrefdespitethemanystressesxerophyteshavetheabilitytosurviveandthriveindroughtconditionsduetotheirphysiologicalandbiochemistrybiochemicalspecialtiesiscalledchalklettuceforitsobviousstructuresthisxerophytehasfleshysucculentleavesandiscoatedwithchalkywaxwaterstoragesomeplantscanstorewaterintheirrootstructurestrunkstructuresstemsandleaveswaterstorageinswollenpartsoftheplantisknownassucculenceaswollentrunkorrootatthegroundlevelofaplantiscalledacaudexandplantswithswollenbasesarecalledcaudiciformsproductionofprotectivemoleculesplantsmaysecreteresinsandwaxesepicuticularwaxontheirsurfaceswhichreducetranspirationexamplesaretheheavilyscentedandflammableresinsvolatileorganiccompoundsofsomechaparralplantssuchasmalosmalaurinaorthechalkywaxofdudleyapulverulentainregionscontinuouslyexposedtosunlightuvrayscancausebiochemicaldamagetoplantsandeventuallyleadtomutationdnamutationsanddamagesinthelongrunwhenoneofthemainmoleculesinvolvedinphotosynthesisphotosystemiiphotosystemiipsiiisdamagedbyuvraysitinducesresponsesintheplantleadingtothebiosynthesissynthesisofprotectantmoleculessuchasflavonoidsandmorewaxflavonoidsareuvabsorbingandactlikesunscreenfortheplantheatshockproteinheatshockproteinshspsareamajorclassofproteinsinplantsandanimalswhicharesynthesisedincellsasaresponsetoheatstresstheyhelppreventproteinunfoldingandhelprefolddenaturedproteinsastemperatureincreasesthehspproteinexpressionalsoincreasesevaporativecoolingevaporativecoolingviatranspirationcandelaytheeffectsofheatstressontheplanthowevertranspirationisveryexpensiveifthereiswaterscarcitysogenerallythisisnotagoodstrategyfortheplantstoemploystomataclosuremostplantshavetheabilitytoclosetheirstomataatthestartofwaterstressatleastpartiallytorestrictratesoftranspirationtheyusesignalsorplanthormonehormonessentupfromtherootsandthroughthetranspirationstreamsincerootsarethepartsresponsibleforwatersearchinganduptaketheycandetecttheconditionofdrysoilthesignalssentareanearlywarningsystembeforethewaterstressgetstooseveretheplantwillgointowatereconomymodeascomparedtootherplantsxerophyteshaveaninvertedstomatalrhythmduringthedayandespeciallyduringmiddaywhenthesunisatitspeakmoststomataofxerophytesareclosenotonlydomorestomataopenatnightinthepresenceofmistordewthesizeofstomatalopeningorapertureislargeratnightcomparedtoduringthedaythisphenomenonwasobservedinxeromorphicspeciesofcactuscactaceaecrassulaceaeandliliaceaeastheepidermisbotanyepidermisoftheplantiscoveredwithwaterbarrierssuchasligninandwaxycuticlesthenightopeningofthestomataisthemainchannelforwatermovementforxerophytesinaridconditionsphospholipidsaturationthecellmembraneplasmamembraneofcellsaremadeupoflipidmoleculescalledphospholipidstheselipidsbecomemorefluidwhentemperatureincreasessaturatedlipidsaremorerigidthanunsaturatedonesieunsaturatedlipidsbecomesfluidmoreeasilythansaturatedlipidsplantcellsundergobiochemicalchangestochangetheirplasmamembranecompositiontohavemoresaturatedlipidstosustainmembraneintegrityforlongerinhotweatherifthemembraneintegrityiscompromisedtherewillbenoeffectivebarrierbetweentheinternalcellenvironmentandtheoutsidenotonlydoesthismeantheplantcellsaresusceptibletodiseasecausingbacteriaandmechanicalattacksbyherbivoresthecellcouldnotperformitsnormalprocessestocontinuelivingthecellsandthusthewholeplantwilldiexanthopyllcyclelightstresscanbetoleratedbydissipatingexcessenergyasheatthroughthexanthophyllxanthophyllcyclexanthophyllcycleviolaxanthinandzeaxanthinarecarotenoidmoleculeswithinthechloroplastscalledxanthophyllsundernormalconditionsviolaxanthinchannelslighttophotosynthesishoweverhighlightlevelspromotethereversibleconversionofviolaxanthintozeaxanthinthesetwomoleculesarephotoprotectivemoleculesunderhighlightitisunfavourabletochannelextralightintophotosynthesisbecauseexcessivelightmaycausedamagetotheplantproteinszeaxanthindissociateslightchannellingfromthephotosynthesisreactionlightenergyintheformofphotonswillnotbetransmittedintothephotosyntheticpathwayanymorecammechanismmultipleimageimagepineappleplantjpgwidthaltlinkthumbtimecaptionpineapplepineappleplantimageaeoniumhaworthiijpgwidthaltlinkthumbtimecaptionaeoniumhaworthiiakahaworthspinwheelfooterplantsutilisingthecrassulaceanacidmetabolismcamphotosyntheticpathwayaregenerallysmallandnonwoodystomataclosurenotonlyrestrictsthemovementofwateroutoftheplantanotherconsequenceofthephenomenonisthatcarbondioxideinfluxorintakeintotheplantisalsoreducedasphotosynthesisrequirescarbondioxideasasubstratetoproducesugarforgrowthitisvitalthattheplanthasaveryefficientphotosynthesissystemwhichmaximisestheutilisationofthelittlecarbondioxidetheplantgetsmanysucculentxerophytesemploythecrassulaceanacidmetabolismorbetterknownascamphotosynthesisitisalsodubbedthedarkcarboxylationmechanismbecauseplantsinaridregionscollectcarbondioxideatnightwhenthestomataopenandstorethegasestobeusedforphotosynthesisinthepresenceoflightduringthedayalthoughmostxerophytesarequitesmallthismechanismallowsapositivecarbonbalanceintheplantstosustainlifeandgrowthprimeexamplesofplantsemployingthecammechanismarethepineappleagaveamericanaandaeoniumhaworthiialthoughsomexerophytesperformphotosynthesisusingthismechanismthemajorityofplantsinaridregionsstillemploythecsubsubandcsubsubphotosynthesispathwaysasmallproportionofdesertplantsevenuseacollaboratedcsubsubcampathwaydelayedgerminationandgrowththesurroundinghumidityandmoisturerightbeforeandduringseedgerminationplayanimportantroleinthegerminationregulationinaridconditionsanevolutionarystrategyemployedbydesertxerophytesistoreducetherateofseedgerminationbyslowingtheshootgrowthlesswaterisconsumedforgrowthandtranspirationthustheseedandplantcanutilisethewateravailablefromshortlivedrainfallforamuchlongertimecomparedtomesophyticplantsresurrectionplantsandseedsplantindormancyreflourisheswhenitsrootsareplacedinabowlofwaterresurrectionplantsareephemeralplantephemeralspeciesduringdrytimestheseplantslookdeadbutareactuallyalivesomexerophyticplantsmaystopgrowingandgodormantorchangetheallocationoftheproductsofphotosynthesisfromgrowingnewleavestotherootsrefnameunmreftheseplantsevolvedtobeabletocoordinatelyswitchofftheirphotosyntheticmechanismwithoutdestroyingthemoleculesinvolvedinphotosynthesiswhenwaterisavailableagaintheseplantswouldresurrectfromthedeadandresumephotosynthesisevenaftertheyhadlostmorethanoftheirwatercontentastudyhasfoundthatthesugarlevelsinresurrectionplantsincreasewhensubjectedtodesiccationthismaybeassociatedwithhowtheysurvivewithoutsugarproductionviaphotosynthesisforarelativelylongdurationsomeexamplesofresurrectionplantsincludetheanastaticaanastaticahierochunticaplantormorecommonlyknownastheroseofjerichoaswellasoneofthemostrobustplantspeciesineastafricathecraterostigmapumilumseedsmaybemodifiedtorequireanexcessiveamountofwaterbeforegerminatingsoastoensureasufficientwatersupplyfortheseedlingssurvivalanexampleofthisisthecaliforniapoppywhoseseedsliedormantduringdroughtandthengerminategrowflowerandformseedswithinfourweeksofrainfallleafwiltingandabscissionifthewatersupplyisnotenoughdespitetheemploymentofotherwatersavingstrategiestheleaveswillstarttocollapseandwiltduetowaterevaporationstillexceedingwatersupplyleaflossabscissionwillbeactivatedinmoreseverestressconditionsdroughtdeciduousdroughtdeciduousplantsmaydroptheirleavesintimesofdrynessthewiltingofleavesisareversibleprocesshoweverabscissionisirreversiblesheddingleavesisnotfavourabletoplantsbecausewhenwaterisavailableagaintheywouldhavetospendresourcestoproducesnewleaveswhichareneededforphotosynthesismodificationofenvironmenttheleaflitteronthegroundaroundaplantcanprovideanevaporativebarriertopreventwaterlossaplantsrootmassitselfmayalsoholdorganicmaterialthatretainswaterasinthecaseofthearrowweedplucheasericeamechanismtableclasswikitablesortablemwcollapsiblewidthbordermechanismadaptationexamplesrowspanwateruptakeextensiverootsystemacaciaprosopisrowspanwaterstoragesucculentplantsucculencekalanchoeeuphorbiafleshytuberraphionacmerowspanreducewaterlosssurfaceareareductionbarrelcactusbasalrosetteeriogonumcompositumsunkenstomataandhairspinenassauviafalklandicabromeliadswaxyleafsurfaceopuntiapricklypearmalosmalaurinadudleyapulverulentanocturnalstomatateaplantalfalfabrachychitondiscolorquercustrojanacamphotosynthesiscactuspineapplepineappleplantagaveamericanaaeoniumhaworthiisansevieriatrifasciatascurledleavesespartograssrowspandormancyandreducedphotosynthesisresurrectionplantsramondanathaliaeramondamyconihaberleahaberlearhodopensisanastaticacraterostigmapumilumdormantseedseschscholziacalifornicacalifornianpoppyleafabscissioncoastalsagescrubwiliwiligeoffroeadecorticansusesisaversatilexerophyteallpartsoftheplantcanbeusedeitherforaestheticsforconsumptionorintraditionalmedicinelanddegradationisamajorthreattomanycountriessuchaschinaanduzbekistanthemajorimpactsincludethelossofsoilproductivityandstabilityaswellasthelossofbiodiversityduetoreducedvegetationconsumedbyanimalsinaridregionswherewaterisscarceandtemperaturesarehighmesophyteswillnotbeabletosurviveduetothemanystressesxerophyticplantsareusedwidelytopreventdesertificationandforfixationofsanddunesinfactinnorthwestchinatheseedsofthreeshrubspeciesnamelycaraganakorshinskiiartemisiasphaerocephalaandhedysarumscopariumaredispersedacrosstheregiontheseshrubshavetheadditionalpropertyofbeingpalatabletograzinganimalssuchassheepandcamelshscopariumisunderprotectioninchinaduetoitbeingamajorendangeredspecieshaloxylonammodendronandzygophyllumxanthoxylumarealsoplantsthatformfixeddunesamorewellknownxerophyteisthesucculentplantagaveamericanaitiscultivatedasanornamentalplantpopularacrosstheglobeagavenectarisgarneredfromtheplantandisconsumedasasubstituteforsugarorhoneyinmexicotheplantssapisusuallyfermentedtoproduceanalcoholicbeveragetherearemanyxerophyticplantswhichproducecolourfulvibrantflowersandisusedfordecorationandornamentalpurposesingardensandinhomesalthoughtheyhaveadaptationstoliveinstressfulweatherandconditionstheseplantsthrivewhenwellwateredandintropicaltemperaturesoneinfamousexampleisneriumoleanderapoisonousplantfoundinsmallnumbersinthesaharaandcancausediseaseamuchsaferalternativephloxsibiricaisrarelyseenincultivationanddoesnotflourishinareaswithoutlongexposuretosunlightastudyhasshownthatxerophyticplantswhichemploythecrassulaceanacidmetabolismcammechanismcansolvemicroclimateproblemsinbuildingsofhumidcountriesthecamphotosyntheticpathwayabsorbsthehumidityinsmallspaceseffectivelymakingtheplantsuchassansevieriatrifasciatasanaturalindoorhumidityabsorbernotonlywillthishelpwithcrossventilationbutloweringthesurroundinghumidityincreasesthethermalcomfortofpeopleintheroomthisisespeciallyimportantineastasiancountrieswherebothhumidityandtemperaturearehighmultipleimageimagebatalhaneriumoleanderjpgwidthaltlinkthumbtimecaptionbeautifulbutdeadlytheneriumoleanderplantontheleftwastakenduringportugalsautumnwhiletheoneontherightwastakenduringsummerinitalyimagefliederbaumjpgwidthaltlinkthumbtimecaptionherbalextractsfromplantsofthecraterostigmagenusaretraditionallyusedbykenyannativesasremediestoreduceinflammationandtorelievepainrelatingtothemuscleandjointshoweverscientificresearchonthispracticerevealedthattheseherbalextractscouldcausehyperglasiarecentyearshasseeninterestsinresurrectionplantsotherthantheirabilitytowithstandextremedrynessthemetabolitessugaralcoholsandsugaracidspresentintheseplantsmaybeappliedasnaturalproductsformedicinalpurposesandinbiotechnologyduringdesiccationthelevelsofthesugarssucroseraffinoseandgalactinolincreasetheymayhaveacrucialroleinprotectingthecellsagainstdamagecausedbyreactiveoxygenspeciesreactiveoxygenspeciesrosandoxidativestressbesideshavingantioxidantpropertiesothercompoundsextractedfromsomeresurrectionplantsshowedantifungalantifungalandantibioticsantibacterialpropertiesaglycosidefoundinhaberlearhodopensiscalledmyconosideisextractedandusedincosmeticcreamsasasourceofantioxidantaswellastoincreaseelasticityofthehumanskinalthoughthereareothermoleculesintheseplantsthatmaybeofbenefititisstillmuchlessstudiedthantheprimarymetabolitesmentionedaboveseealsoaridforestresearchinstituteafrihalophytehydrophyteinternationalcenterforagriculturalresearchinthedryareasinternationalcropsresearchinstituteforthesemiaridtropicskinetictheoryraunkirplantlifeformxeriscapingxerocolereferencesfurtherreadingexternallinksdroughtsmartplantscomdroughtsmartplantswebarchiveorgwebcssaincorgcactusandsucculentsocietyofamericaxeriscapingisgardendesignlandscapingandgardeningthatreducesoreliminatestheneedforsupplementalwaterfromirrigationitispromotedinregionsthatdonothaveeasilyaccessibleplentifulorreliablesuppliesoffreshwaterandisgainingacceptanceinotherareasasaccesstowaterbecomesmorelimitedxeriscapingmaybeanalternativetovarioustypesoftraditionalgardeningrefnameusatodayrefinsomeareastermsaswaterconservationwaterconservinglandscapesdroughttolerantlandscapingandsmartscapingareusedinsteadplantswhosenaturalrequirementsareappropriatetothelocalclimateareemphasizedandcareistakentoavoidlosingwatertoevaporationandsurfacerunoffrunoffthespecificplantsusedinxeriscapingdependupontheclimatexeriscapingisdifferentfromnaturallandscapingbecausetheemphasisinxeriscapingisonselectionofplantsforwaterconservationnotnecessarilyselectingnativeplantspublicperceptionofxeriscapinghasfrequentlybeennegativeasmanyassumethatthesetypesoflandscapesareuglyexpansesofcactusandgravelhoweverstudieshaveshownthateducationinwaterconservationpracticesinthelandscapecangreatlyimprovethepublicsperceptionofxeriscapingrefnameperceptionsrefetymologyandsimilartermsdenverwatercoinedthetermxeriscapeinbycombininglandscapewiththegreekprefixxerofromxerosmeaningdrythetermzeroscapingorzeroscapingissometimessubstitutedforxeriscapingduetophoneticsimilaritywhenusedseriouslyzeroscapingusuallyreferstoadifferenttypeoflowwaterlandscapingthatisoftendevoidornearlydevoidofplantsbecausethetermwasderivedfromthegreekrootxerosxeriscapingissometimesmisspelledxeroscapingadvantagesareoneofthelowwaterconsumingplantsusedinxeriscapingloweredwaterconsumptionconsumptionofwaterxeriscapedlandscapescanreducewateruseormorecomparedtoregularlawnlandscapesrefnamecoloradowaterwisexeriscapecoloradowebmaycoloradowaterwiseorgxeriscapecoloradorefmakesmorewateravailableforotherdomesticandcommunityusesandtheenvironmentreducemaintenanceasidefromoccasionalweedingandmulchingxeriscapingrequiresfarlesstimeandefforttomaintainrefnamemccrackencitewebauthormccrackenmaureentitlexeriscapeanintroductionurlmastergardenersmecklenburgorgxeriscapeanintroductionhtmlthereasonfortheerstwhilepermanentdeadlinktagasinwhereerstwhilemeanspriortotheaprileditwhichwaswhenthiscommentwasaddedthereasonwasbecausethehtmlsuffixhadsomehowbeenleftoutortakenoutomittedorremovedarchivedateaprilarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebmastergardenersmecklenburgorgxeriscapeanintroductionhtmldeadurlnoatthistimepublishermastergardenersofmecklenburgcountyncmeckelburgcountycooperativeextensionpartofthenorthcarolinacooperativeextensionserviceseenorthcarolinastateuniversitycollegeofagricultureandlifesciencesncsucollegeofagandlifesciencesdatefebaccessdatenovrefxeriscapeplantsinappropriateplantingdesignandsoilgradingandmulchingtakesfulladvantageofrainfallretentionlesscosttomaintainxeriscapingrequireslessfertilisersandequipmentparticularlyduetothereducedlawnareasreducedwasteandpollutionlawnclippingscancontributetoorganicwasteinlandfillsandtheuseofheavyfertiliserscontributestourbanrunoffpollutionlegalissuesomehomeownersassociationshavestrictrulesrequiringacertainpercentageoflandtobeusedaslawnsbuttheseruleseitherhavebeenorareintheprocessofbeingoverturnedinmanyareasprinciplesoriginallyconceivedbydenverwaterthesevendesignprinciplesofxeriscapinghavesinceexpandedintosimpleandapplicableconceptstocreatinglandscapesthatuselesswatertheprinciplesareappropriateformultipleregionsandcanserveasaguidetocreatingawaterconservinglandscapethatisregionallyappropriateandsincetheywereconceivedforhomeownerstheyareeasytoimplementplananddesigncreateadiagramdrawntoscalethatshowsthemajorelementsofthelandscapeincludinghousedrivewaysidewalkdeckorpatioexistingtreesandotherelementsrefonceabaseplanofanexistingsitehasbeendeterminedthecreationofaconceptualplanbubblediagramthatshowstheareasforturfperennialbedsviewsscreensslopesetcisundertakenoncefinishedthedevelopmentofaplantingplanthatreinforcestheareasintheappropriatescaleisdonesoilamendmentmostplantswillbenefitfromtheuseofcompostwhichwillhelpthesoilretainwatersomedesertplantsprefergravelsoilsinsteadofwellamendedsoilsplantsshouldeitherfitthesoilorsoilshouldbeamendedtofittheplantsefficientirrigationxeriscapecanbeirrigatedefficientlybyhandorwithanautomaticirrigationsprinklersprinklersystemzoneturfareasseparatelyfromotherplantsandusetheirrigationmethodthatwaterstheplantsineachareamostefficientlyforgrassusegeardrivenrotorsorrotaryspraynozzlesthathavelargerdropletsandlowanglestoavoidwinddriftspraydriplineorbubbleremittersaremostefficientforwateringtreesshrubsflowersandgroundcoversifwateringbyhandavoidoscillatingsprinklersandothersprinklersthatthrowwaterhighintheairorreleaseafinemistthemostefficientsprinklersreleasebigdropsclosetothegroundwaterdeeplyandinfrequentlytodevelopdeeprootsneverwaterduringthedaytoreducewaterlosttoevaporationwiththeuseofautomaticsprinklingsystemsadjustthecontrollermonthlytoaccommodateweatherconditionsalsoinstallarainsensortoshutoffthedevicewhenitrainsappropriateplantandzoneselectiondifferentareasinayardreceivedifferentamountsoflightwindandmoisturetominimizewaterwastegrouptogetherplantswithsimilarlightandwaterrequirementsandplacetheminanareathatmatchestheserequirementsputmoderatewateruseplantsinlowlyingdrainageareasneardownspoutsorintheshadeofotherplantsturftypicallyrequiresthemostwaterandshrubperennialbedswillrequireapproximatelyhalftheamountofwaterdrysunnyareassupportlowwateruseplantsthatgrowwellinourclimateplantingavarietyofplantswithdifferentheightscolorandtexturescreatesinterestandbeautymulchmulchkeepsplantrootscoolpreventssoilfromcrustingminimizesevaporationandreducesweedgrowthorganicmulchessuchasbarkchipspolepeelingsorwoodgrindingsshouldbeappliedtonbspinchesdeepfibermulchescreateawebthatismoreresistanttowindandrainwashoutinorganicmulchessuchasrocksandgravelshouldbeappliedtonbspinchesdeepsurroundingplantswithrockmakestheareahotterlimitthispracticelimitedturfareasnativegrasseswarmseasonthathavebeencultivatedforturflawnssuchasbuffalograssandbluegramacansurvivewithaquarterofthewaterthatpoabluegrassvarietiesneedwarmseasongrassesaregreenestinjunethroughseptemberandstrawbrowntherestoftheyearnativegrassescoolseasonsuchasbluegrassandtallfescuearegreenestinthespringandfallandgodormantinthehighheatofthesummernewcultivarsofbluegrasssuchasreveilleandtallfescuecanreducetypicalbluegrasswaterrequirementsbyatleastpercentfinefescuescanprovidesubstantialwatersavingsandisbestusedinareasthatreceivelowtrafficorareinshadylocationsusetheappropriategrassandlimittheamountofgrasstoreducethewateringandmaintenancerequirementsmaintenancealllandscapesrequiresomedegreeofcareduringtheyearturfrequiresspringandfallaerationalongwithregularfertilizerfertilizationeverytoweekskeepthegrassheightatnbspinchesandallowtheclippingstofalltreesshrubsandperennialswillneedoccasionalpruningtoremovedeadstemspromotebloomingorcontrolheightandspreadmuchoftheremovedplantmaterialcanbeshreddedandusedincompostingpileslawnsoneofthemajorchallengestothepublicacceptanceofxeriscapingistheculturalattachmenttoturfgrasslawnsoriginallyimplementedinenglandlawnshavebecomeinsomeregionsasymbolofprosperityorderandcommunityintheunitedstatesturfgrassesaresocommonthatitisthesinglemostirrigatedcropbysurfaceareacoveringnearlydespitethehighwaterfertiliserandmaintenancecostsassociatedwithlawnstheyhavebecomethenormsocialnorminmosturbanandsuburbanareaseveniftheyarerarelyusedforrecreationalpurposesorotherwisexeriscapedlandscapesofferanalternativetotheoveruseofturfgrasslawnsbutarenotwidelyacceptedbecauseofpreconceivednotionsofwhatitmeanstoxeriscapexeriscapingcanincludelawnareasbutseekstoreducethemtoareasthatwillactuallybeusedratherthanusingthemasadefaultlandscapingplanseealsoclimatefriendlygardeningdrylandfarminggardeninginternationalcenterforagriculturalresearchinthedryareasnativeplantnaturallandscapingrainwaterharvestingsustainablefarmingsustainablegardeningsustainablelandscapearchitecturewildlifegardenmasanobufukuokareferencesadditionalsourcesmysanantoniocomrealestatearticlexeriscapinggainsfavoramonglawnexpertsphpxeriscapinggainsfavoramonglawnexpertssanantonioexpressnewsbotgeneratedtitleuniversityofarizonacooperativeextensionbulletinazamwuaorgplantslandscapeplantsforthedesertclimateamwualandscapewithstylecomlandscapewithstylecomamwuaexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxeriscapelandscapingorgxeriscapelandscapingdroughtsmartplantscomdroughtsmartplantsaustinnativelandscapingcomxeriscapetexasnativeplantsfordroughttoleranlandscapinginaustintexasxeriscapeplantsforcentraltexaswebarchiveorgwebbacktonativesorgnativelandscapeshtmbacktonativesrestorationacirvinecaliforniaawwaorgreso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theworldtoswitchtoxmlincludingquotesaroundattributevaluesandslashesinemptytagsandnamespacesallatoncedidntworkthelargehtmlgeneratingpublicdidnotmovelargelybecausethebrowsersdidntcomplainsomelargecommunitiesdidshiftandareenjoyingthefruitsofwellformedsystemsbutnotallitisimportanttomaintainhtmlincrementallyaswellascontinuingatransitiontoawellformedworldanddevelopingmorepowerinthatworldbrtheplanistocharteracompletelynewhtmlgroupunlikethepreviousonethisonewillbecharteredtodoincrementalimprovementstohtmlasalsoinparallelxhtmlitwillhaveadifferentchairandstaffcontactitwillworkonhtmlandxhtmltogetherwehavestrongsupportforthisgroupfrommanypeoplewehavetalkedtoincludingbrowsermakersdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebdigcsailmitedubreadcrumbsnodearchivedatedfrefthecurrenthtmlworkingdraftsaysspecialattentionhasbeengiventodefiningclearconformancecriteriaforuseragentsinanefforttoimproveinteroperabilitywhileatthesametimeupdatingthehtmlspecificationstoaddressissuesraisedinthepastfewyearsianhicksoneditorofthehtmlspecificationcriticisingtheimproperuseofxhtmlinisamemberofthegroupdevelopingthisspecificationandislistedasoneofthecoeditorsofthecurrentworkingdraftrefnamehtmlwdciteweburlworgtrhtmltitlehtmlavocabularyandassociatedapisforhtmlandxhtmlauthorianhicksonauthordavidhyattdateaccessdaterefsimonpietersresearchedthexmlcomplianceofmobilebrowsersrefnamezcorpanciteweburlsimonhtmlorgarticlesmobileresultstitleresultsofmobiletestsauthorsimonpietersaccessdaterefandconcludedtheclaimthatxhtmlwouldbeneededformobiledevicesissimplyamythversionsofxhtmlxhtmlusedthexhtmltransitionaldoctypeandsyntaxthoughitwasnotservedasxhtmldecembersawthepublicationofawcworkingdraftentitledreformulatinghtmlinxmlthisintroducedvoyagerthecodenameforanewmarkuplanguagebasedonhtmlbutadheringtothestrictersyntaxrulesofxmlbyfebruarythenameofthespecificationhadchangedtoxhtmltheextensiblehypertextmarkuplanguageandinjanuaryitwasofficiallyadoptedasawcrecommendationrefnamexhtmlciteweburlworgtrrecxhtmltitlexhtmltheextensiblehypertextmarkuplanguagewcrecommendationjanuarypublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdatereftherearethreeformaldocumenttypedefinitiondtdsforxhtmlcorrespondingtothethreedifferentversionsofhtmlxhtmlstrictisthexmlequivalenttostricthtmlandincludeselementsandattributesthathavenotbeenmarkeddeprecatedinthehtmlspecificationxhtmlstrictisthedocumenttypeusedforthehomepageofthewebsiteoftheworldwidewebconsortiumxhtmltransitionalisthexmlequivalentofhtmltransitionalandincludesthepresentationalelementssuchascodecentercodecodefontcodeandcodestrikecodeexcludedfromthestrictversionxhtmlframesetisthexmlequivalentofhtmlframesetandallowsforthedefinitionofframesethtmlframesetdocumentsacommonwebfeatureinthelatesthesecondeditionofxhtmlbecameawcrecommendationinaugustrefnamexhtmlseciteweburlworgtrrecxhtmltitlexhtmltheextensiblehypertextmarkuplanguagesecondeditionpublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdaterefmodularizationofxhtmlxhtmlmodularizationmodularizationprovidesanabstractcollectionofcomponentsthroughwhichxhtmlcanbesubsettedandextendedthefeatureisintendedtohelpxhtmlextenditsreachontoemergingplatformssuchasmobiledevicesandwebenabledtelevisionstheinitialdraftofmodularizationofxhtmlbecameavailableinaprilandreachedrecommendationstatusinaprilrefnamemodularizationciteweburlworgtrrecxhtmlmodularizationtitlemodularizationofxhtmlwcrecommendationaprilpublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdaterefthefirstmodularxhtmlvariantswerexhtmlandxhtmlbasicinoctobermodularizationofxhtmlwassupersededbyxhtmlmodularizationwhichaddsanxmlschemawcxmlschemaimplementationitwasitselfsupersededbyasecondeditioninjulyrefnamemodularizationciteweburlworgtrrecxhtmlmodularizationtitlexhtmlmodularizationsecondeditionwcrecommendationjulypublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdaterefxhtmlmodulebasedxhtmlxhtmlevolvedoutoftheworksurroundingtheinitialmodularizationofxhtmlspecificationthewcreleasedafirstdraftinseptemberrecommendationstatuswasreachedinmayrefnamexhtmlciteweburlworgtrrecxhtmltitlexhtmlmodulebasedxhtmlwcrecommendationmaypublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdaterefthemodulescombinedwithinxhtmleffectivelyrecreatexhtmlstrictwiththeadditionofrubycharacterrubyannotationelementscoderubycodecoderbccodecodertccodecoderbcodecodertcodeandcoderpcodetobettersupporteastasianlanguagesotherchangesincluderemovalofthecodenamecodeattributefromthecodeacodeandcodemapcodeelementsandinthefirsteditionofthelanguageremovalofthecodelangcodeattributeinfavourofcodexmllangcodealthoughxhtmlislargelycompatiblewithxhtmlandhtmlinaugusttheworkinggroupissuedaformalnoteadvisingthatitshouldnotbetransmittedwiththehtmlmediatyperefnamexhtmlmediaciteweburlworgtrnotexhtmlmediatypestitlexhtmlmediatypeswcworkinggroupnoteaugustpublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdaterefwithlimitedbrowsersupportforthealternatecodeapplicationxhtmlxmlcodemediatypexhtmlprovedunabletogainwidespreaduseinjanuaryasecondeditionofthedocumentxhtmlmediatypessecondeditionwasissuedrelaxingthisrestrictionandallowingxhtmltobeservedascodetexthtmlcoderefnamexhtmlmediaciteweburlworgtrnotexhtmlmediatypestitlexhtmlmediatypessecondeditionwcworkinggroupnotejanuarypublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdatethisdocumentsupersedesthehtmlcompatibilityguidelinesoriginallyfoundinxhtmlappendixcrefasecondeditionofxhtmlwasissuedonnovemberwhichaddressesvariouserrataandaddsanxmlschemaimplementationnotincludedintheoriginalspecificationitwasfirstreleasedbrieflyonmayasaproposededitedrecommendationrefnamexhtmlseciteweburlworgtrperxhtmltitlexhtmlmodulebasedxhtmlsecondeditionpublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdaterefbeforebeingrescindedonmayduetounresolvedissuesxhtmlbasicsinceinformationappliancesmaylacktheresourcecomputersciencesystemresourcestoimplementallxhtmlabstractmodulesthewcdefinedafeaturelimitedxhtmlspecificationcalledxhtmlbasicitprovidesaminimalfeaturesubsetsufficientforthemostcommoncontentauthoringthespecificationbecameawcrecommendationondecemberrefnamexhtmlbasicciteweburlworgtrrecxhtmlbasictitlexhtmlbasicwcrecommendationdecemberpublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdaterefofalltheversionsofxhtmlxhtmlbasicprovidesthefewestfeatureswithxhtmlitisoneofthetwofirstimplementationsofmodularxhtmlinadditiontothecoremodulesstructuretexthypertextandlistitimplementsthefollowingabstractmodulesbasebasicformsbasictablesimagelinkmetainformationobjectstylesheetandtargetrefciteweburlworgdtdcomparisonhtmltitlexhtmlflavorscomparisonspublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdaterefxhtmlbasicreplacesthebasicformsmodulewiththeformsmoduleandaddstheintrinsiceventspresentationandscriptingmodulesitalsosupportsadditionaltagsandattributesfromothermodulesthisversionbecameawcrecommendationonjulythecurrentversionofxhtmlbasicissecondeditionnovemberinwhichthelanguageisreimplementedinthewcsxmlschemawcxmlschemalanguagethisversionalsosupportsthecodelangcodeattributexhtmlprintxhtmlprintwhichbecameawcrecommendationinseptemberisaspecializedversionofxhtmlbasicdesignedfordocumentsprintedfrominformationappliancestolowendprintercomputingprintersrefnamexhtmlprintciteweburlworgtrrecxhtmlprinttitlexhtmlprintwcrecommendationseptemberpublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdaterefxhtmlmobileprofilexhtmlmobileprofileabbreviatedxhtmlmporxhtmlmpisathirdpartyvariantofthewcsxhtmlbasicspecificationlikexhtmlbasicxhtmlwasdevelopedforinformationapplianceswithlimitedsystemresourcesinoctoberalimitedcompanycalledthewirelessapplicationprotocolforumbeganadaptingxhtmlbasicforwapthesecondmajorversionofthewirelessapplicationprotocolwapforumbasedtheirdtdonthewcsmodularizationofxhtmlincorporatingthesamemodulesthewcusedinxhtmlbasicexceptforthetargetmodulestartingwiththisfoundationthewapforumreplacedthebasicformsmodulewithapartialimplementationoftheformsmoduleaddedpartialsupportforthelegacyandpresentationmodulesandaddedfullsupportforthestyleattributemoduleinthewapforumwassubsumedintotheopenmobileallianceomawhichcontinuedtodevelopxhtmlmobileprofileasacomponentoftheiromabrowsingspecificationxhtmlmobileprofiletothisversionfinalizedintheomaaddedpartialsupportforthescriptingmoduleandpartialsupportforintrinsiceventsxhtmlmpispartofvoftheomabrowsingspecificationnovemberrefnameomabrowsingarchiverefxhtmlmobileprofilethisversionfinalizedfebruaryexpandsthecapabilitiesofxhtmlmpwithfullsupportfortheformsmoduleandomatextinputmodesxhtmlmpispartofvoftheomabrowsingspecificationmarchxhtmlmobileprofilexhtmlmpfinalizedonseptemberusesthexhtmlbasicdocumenttypedefinitionwhichincludesthetargetmoduleeventsinthisversionofthespecificationareupdatedtodomlevelspecificationsietheyareplatformandlanguageneutralxhtmlthexhtmlworkinggroupconsideredthecreationofanewlanguagebasedonxhtmlifxhtmlwascreateditwouldincludewaiariaandcoderolecodeattributestobettersupportaccessiblewebapplicationsandimprovedsemanticwebsupportthroughrdfathecodeinputmodecodeattributefromxhtmlbasicalongwiththecodetargetcodeattributeforspecifyingframingworldwidewebframetargetsmightalsobepresentthexhtmlwghadnotbeencharteredtocarryoutthedevelopmentofxhtmlsincethewcannouncedthatitdoesnotintendtorecharterthexhtmlwgrefnamexhtmlfaqrefandclosedthewgindecemberthismeansthatxhtmlproposalwouldnoteventuatexhtmlbetweenaugustandjulythewcreleasedeightworkingdraftsofxhtmlanewversionofxhtmlabletomakeacleanbreakfromthepastbydiscardingtherequirementofbackwardcompatibilitythislackofcompatibilitywithxhtmlxandhtmlcausedsomeearlycontroversyinthewebdevelopercommunityinsteadxhtmlanditsrelateddocumentswerereleasedaswcrecommendationsandcertificationswcnotesrefnamexhtmlnoteciteweburlworgtrnotexhtmltitlexhtmlwcworkinggroupnotedecemberpublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdaterefrefnamexhtmlwgnotesciteweburlworgnewsentrytitlexhtmlworkinggroupdocumentspublishedaswcnotespublisherworldwidewebconsortiumdateaccessdaterefnewfeaturestohavebeenintroducedbyxhtmlincludedhtmlformsweretobereplacedbyxformsanxmlbaseduserinputspecificationallowingformstobedisplayedappropriatelyfordifferentrenderingdeviceshtmlframesweretobereplacedbyxframesthedomeventsweretobereplacedbyxmleventswhichusesthexmldocumentobjectmodelanewlistelementtypethecodenlcodeelementty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ngimplementationsdialectsinfluencedbyxsltxpointerinfluencedxmlschemawcxmlschemaxformsoperatingsystemlicensewebsitexpathxmlpathlanguageisaquerylanguageforselectingnodecomputersciencenodesfromanxmldocumentinadditionxpathmaybeusedtocomputevaluesegstringcomputersciencestringsnumbersorbooleandatatypebooleanvaluesfromthecontentofanxmldocumentxpathwasdefinedbytheworldwidewebconsortiumwcrefnametimelinehistoryciteweburldblabntuagrbikakisxmlandsemanticwebwcstandardstimelinehistorypdftitlexmlandsemanticwebwcstandardstimelinedaterefoverviewthexpathlanguageisbasedonaxmltreetreerepresentationofthexmldocumentandprovidestheabilitytonavigatearoundthetreeselectingnodesbyavarietyofcriteriainpopularusethoughnotintheofficialspecificationanxpathexpressionisoftenreferredtosimplyasanxpathoriginallymotivatedbyadesiretoprovideacommonsyntaxandbehaviormodelbetweenxpointerandxsltsubsetsofthexpathquerylanguageareusedinotherwcspecificationssuchaswcxmlschemaxmlschemaxformsandtheinternationalizationtagsetinternationalizationtagsetitsxpathhasbeenadoptedbyanumberofxmlprocessinglibrariesandtoolsmanyofwhichalsooffercascadingstylesheetscssselectorsanotherwcstandardasasimpleralternativetoxpathversionsthereareseveralversionsofxpathinusexpathwaspublishedinxpathinwithasecondeditioninxpathinandxpathinhoweverxpathisstilltheversionthatismostwidelyavailablexpathbecamearecommendationonnovemberandiswidelyimplementedandusedeitheronitsowncalledviaanapifromlanguagessuchasjavaprogramminglanguagejavacsharpprogramminglanguagecpythonprogramminglanguagepythonorjavascriptorembeddedinlanguagessuchasxsltxprocxmlschemawcxmlschemaorxformsxpathbecamearecommendationonjanuarywithasecondeditionpublishedondecemberanumberofimplementationsexistbutarenotaswidelyusedasxpaththexpathlanguagespecificationismuchlargerthanxpathandchangessomeofthefundamentalconceptsofthelanguagesuchasthetypesystemthemostnotablechangeisthatxpathisbuiltaroundthexqueryandxpathdatamodelxdmthathasamuchrichertypesystemeveryvalueisnowasequenceasingleatomicvalueornodeisregardedasasequenceoflengthonexpathnodesetsarereplacedbynodesequenceswhichmaybeinanyordertosupportrichertypesetsxpathoffersagreatlyexpandedsetoffunctionsandoperatorsxpathisinfactasubsetofxquerytheysharethesamedatamodelxqueryandxpathdatamodelxdmitoffersacodeforcodeexpressionthatisacutdownversionoftheflworexpressionsinxqueryitispossibletodescribethelanguagebylistingthepartsofxquerythatitleavesoutthemainexamplesarethequeryprologelementandattributeconstructorstheremainderoftheflworsyntaxandthecodetypeswitchcodeexpressionxpathbecamearecommendationonaprilthemostsignificantnewfeatureissupportforfunctionsasfirstclassvaluesfordetailsaboutwhatsnewaboutxpathseexpathisasubsetofxqueryandmostcurrentimplementationsaprilexistaspartofanxqueryenginexpathbecamearecommendationonmarchthisversionaddsnewdatatypesmapsandarrayslargelytounderpinsupportforjsonimagexpathexamplesvgpxthumbxpathexpressionappliedtoanxmlfilesyntaxandsemanticsxpaththemostimportantkindofexpressioninxpathisalocationpathalocationpathconsistsofasequenceoflocationstepseachlocationstephasthreecomponentsanaxisspecifiersaxisanodetestsnodetestzeroormorepredicatespredicatesanxpathexpressionisevaluatedwithrespecttoacontextnodeanaxisspecifiersuchaschildordescendantspecifiesthedirectiontonavigatefromthecontextnodethenodetestandthepredicateareusedtofilterthenodesspecifiedbytheaxisspecifierforexamplethenodetestarequiresthatallnodesnavigatedtomusthavelabelaapredicatecanbeusedtospecifythattheselectednodeshavecertainpropertieswhicharespecifiedbyxpathexpressionsthemselvesthexpathsyntaxcomesintwoflavorstheabbreviatedsyntaxismorecompactandallowsxpathstobewrittenandreadeasilyusingintuitiveandinmanycasesfamiliarcharactersandconstructsthefullsyntaxismoreverbosebutallowsformoreoptionstobespecifiedandismoredescriptiveifreadcarefullyabbreviatedsyntaxthecompactnotationallowsmanydefaultsandabbreviationsforcommoncasesgivensourcexmlcontainingatleastsourcelangxmlabcbasourcethesimplestxpathtakesaformsuchascodeabccodethatselectscelementsthatarechildrenofbelementsthatarechildrenoftheaelementthatformstheoutermostelementofthexmldocumentthexpathsyntaxisdesignedtomimicuriuniformresourceidentifierandfilepathunixstyleunixstylefilepathsyntaxmorecomplexexpressionscanbeconstructedbyspecifyinganaxisotherthanthedefaultchildaxisanodetestotherthanasimplenameorpredicateswhichcanbewritteninsquarebracketsafteranystepforexampletheexpressioncodeabcodeselectsthefirstchildcodecodewhateveritsnameofeverybelementthatitselfisachildorotherdeeperdescendantcodecodeofanaelementthatisachildofthecurrentcontextnodetheexpressiondoesnotbeginwithacodecodenotethatthepredicatecodecodebindsmoretightlythanthecodecodeoperatortoselectthefirstnodeselectedbytheexpressioncodeabcodewritecodeabcodenotealsoindexvaluesinxpathpredicatestechnicallyproximitypositionsofxpathnodesetsstartfromnotascommoninlanguageslikecandjavaexpandedsyntaxinthefullunabbreviatedsyntaxthetwoexamplesabovewouldbewrittencodechildachildbchildccodecodechildadescendantorselfnodechildbchildpositioncodehereineachstepofthexpaththeaxisegcodechildcodeorcodedescendantorselfcodeisexplicitlyspecifiedfollowedbycodecodeandthenthenodetestsuchascodeacodeorcodenodecodeintheexamplesaboveaxisspecifiersaxisspecifiersindicatenavigationdirectionwithinthetreerepresentationofthexmldocumenttheaxesavailableareclasswikitablefullsyntaxabbreviatedsyntaxnotescodeancestorcodecodeancestororselfcodecodeattributecodealigncentercodecodecodeabccodeisshortforcodeattributeabccodecodechildcodecodexyzcodeisshortforcodechildxyzcodecodedescendantcodecodedescendantorselfcodealigncentercodecodecodecodeisshortforcodedescendantorselfnodecodecodefollowingcodecodefollowingsiblingcodecodenamespacecodecodeparentcodealigncentercodecodecodecodeisshortforcodeparentnodecodecodeprecedingcodecodeprecedingsiblingcodecodeselfcodealigncentercodecodecodecodeisshortforcodeselfnodecodeasanexampleofusingtheattributeaxisinabbreviatedsyntaxcodeahrefcodeselectstheattributecalledcodehrefcodeincodeacodeelementsanywhereinthedocumenttreetheexpressionanabbreviationforselfnodeismostcommonlyusedwithinapredicatetorefertothecurrentlyselectednodeforexamplecodehseealsocodeselectsanelementcalledcodehcodeinthecurrentcontextwhosetextcontentiscodeseealsocodenodetestsnodetestsmayconsistofspecificnodenamesormoregeneralexpressionsinthecaseofanxmldocumentinwhichthenamespaceprefixcodegscodehasbeendefinedcodegsenquirycodewillfindallthecodeenquirycodeelementsinthatnamespaceandcodegscodewillfindallelementsregardlessoflocalnameinthatnamespaceothernodetestformatsarefindsanxmlcommentnodeegcodenowikicommentnowikicodefindsanodeoftypetextegthecodehelloworldcodeincodekhellomworldmkcodefindsxmlprocessinginstructionssuchascodephpechoacodeinthiscasecodeprocessinginstructionphpcodewouldmatchfindsanynodeatallpredicatespredicateswrittenasexpressionsinsquarebracketscanbeusedtofilterhigherorderfunctionfilteranodesetaccordingtosomeconditionforexamplecodeacodereturnsanodesetallthecodeacodeelementswhicharechildrenofthecontextnodeandcodeahrefhelpphpcodekeepsonlythoseelementshavingancodehrefcodeattributewiththevaluecodehelpphpcodethereisnolimittothenumberofpredicatesinastepandtheyneednotbeconfinedtothelaststepinanxpaththeycanalsobenestedtoanydepthpathsspecifiedinpredicatesbeginatthecontextofthecurrentstepiethatoftheimmediatelyprecedingnodetestanddonotalterthatcontextallpredicatesmustbesatisfiedforamatchtooccurwhenthevalueofthepredicateisnumericitissyntacticsugarforcomparingagainstthenodespositioninthenodesetasgivenbythefunctioncodepositioncodesocodepcodeisshorthandforcodeppositioncodeandselectsthefirstcodepcodeelementchildwhilecodeplastcodeisshorthandforcodeppositionlastcodeandselectsthelastcodepcodechildofthecontextnodeinothercasesthevalueofthepredicateisautomaticallyconvertedtoabooleanwhenthepredicateevaluatestoanodesettheresultistruewhenthenodesetisthuscodepxcodeselectsthosecodepcodeelementsthathaveanattributenamedcodexcodeamorecomplexexampletheexpressioncodeahtmllangenhrefhelpphptargetcodeselectsthevalueofthecodetargetcodeattributeofthefirstcodeacodeelementamongthechildrenofthecontextnodethathasitscodehrefcodeattributesettocodehelpphpcodeprovidedthedocumentscodehtmlcodetoplevelelementalsohasacodelangcodeattributesettocodeencodethereferencetoanattributeofthetoplevelelementinthefirstpredicateaffectsneitherthecontextofotherpredicatesnorthatofthelocationstepitselfpredicateorderissignificantifpredicatestestthepositionofanodeeachpredicatetakesanodesetreturnsapotentiallysmallernodesetsocodeahrefhelpphpcodewillfindamatchonlyifthefirstcodeacodechildofthecontextnodesatisfiestheconditioncodehrefhelpphpcodewhilecodeahrefhelpphpcodewillfindthefirstcodeacodechildthatsatisfiesthisconditionfunctionsandoperatorsxpathdefinesfourdatatypesnodesetssetsofnodeswithnointrinsicorderstringsnumbersandbooleanstheavailableoperatorsaretheandoperatorsusedinpathexpressionsasdescribedaboveaunionoperatorwhichformstheunionoftwonodesetsbooleanoperatorsandandorandafunctionnotarithmeticoperatorsdivdivideandmodcomparisonoperatorsthefunctionlibraryincludesfunctionstomanipulatestringsfunctionstomanipulatenumbersfunctionstogetpropertiesofnodesfunctionstogetinformationabouttheprocessingcontexttypeconversionfunctionssomeofthemorecommonlyusefulfunctionsaredetailedbelownodesetfunctionsreturnsanumberrepresentingthepositionofthisnodeinthesequenceofnodescurrentlybeingprocessedforexamplethenodesselectedbyanxslforeachinstructioninxsltreturnsthenumberofnodesinthenodesetsuppliedasitsargumentstringfunctionsconvertsanyofthefourxpathdatatypesintoastringaccordingtobuiltinrulesifthevalueoftheargumentisanodesetthefunctionreturnsthestringvalueofthefirstnodeindocumentorderignoringanyfurthernodesconcatenationconcatenatestwoormorestringsreturnscodetruecodeifcodescodestartswithcodescodereturnscodetruecodeifcodescodecontainscodescodeexamplecodesubstringabcdefcodereturnscodebcdcodeexamplecodesubstringbeforecodereturnscodecodeexamplecodesubstringaftercodereturnscodecodereturnsnumberofcharactersinstringallleadingandtrailingwhitespacecomputersciencewhitespaceisremovedandanysequencesofwhitespacecharactersarereplacedbyasinglespacethisisveryusefulwhentheoriginalxmlmayhavebeenprettyprintformattedwhichcouldmakefurtherstringprocessingunreliablebooleanfunctionsnegatesanybooleanexpressionevaluatestotrueevaluatestofalsenumberfunctionsconvertsthestringvaluesofallthenodesfoundbythexpathargumentintonumbersaccordingtothebuiltincastingrulesthenreturnsthesumofthesenumbersusageexamplesexpressionscanbecreatedinsidepredicatesusingtheoperatorscodenowikinowikicodeandcodenowikinowikicodebooleanexpressionsmaybecombinedwithbracketscodecodeandthebooleanoperatorscodeandcodeandcodeorcodeaswellasthecodenotcodefunctiondescribedabovenumericcalculationscanusecodenowikidivnowikicodeandcodenowikimodnowikicodestringscanconsistofanyunicodecharacterscodeitempricediscountcodeselectsitemswhosepriceattributeisgreaterthantwicethenumericvalueoftheirdiscountattributeentirenodesetscanbecombinedunionsettheoryunionedusingtheverticalbarcharacternodesetsthatmeetoneormoreofseveralconditionscanbefoundbycombiningtheconditionsinsideapredicatewithcodeorcodecodevxorywzcodewillreturnasinglenodesetconsistingofallthecodevcodeelementsthathavecodexcodeorcodeycodechildelementsaswellasallthecodewcodeelementsthathavecodezcodechildelementsthatwerefoundinthecurrentcontextsyntaxandsemanticsxpathexamplesgivenasamplexmldocumentsourcelangxmlxmlversionencodingutfwikimediaprojectsprojectnamewikipedialauncheditionseditionlanguageenglishenwikipediaorgeditioneditionlanguagegermandewikipediaorgeditioneditionlanguagefrenchfrwikipediaorgeditioneditionlanguagepolishplwikipediaorgeditioneditionlanguagespanisheswikipediaorgeditioneditionsprojectprojectnamewiktionarylauncheditionseditionlanguageenglishenwiktionaryorgeditioneditionlanguagefrenchfrwiktionaryorgeditioneditionlanguagevietnameseviwiktionaryorgeditioneditionlanguageturkishtrwiktionaryorgeditioneditionlanguagespanisheswiktionaryorgeditioneditionsprojectprojectswikimediasourcethexpathexpressionwikimediaprojectsprojectnameselectsnameattributesforallprojectsandwikimediaeditionsselectsalleditionsofallprojectsandwikimediaprojectsprojecteditionseditionlanguageenglishtextselectsaddressesofallenglishwikimediaprojectstextofalltteditionttelementswherettlanguagettattributeisequaltoenglishandthefollowingwikimediaprojectsprojectnamewikipediaeditionseditiontextselectsaddressesofallwikipediastextofalltteditionttelementsthatexistunderttprojectttelementwithanameattributeofwikipediaimplementationscommandlineinterfacecommandlinetoolsxmlstarleteasytousetooltotestexecutexpathcommandsontheflylibxmlxmllintlibxmlraptorxmlserverfromaltovasupportsxpathandbasicsmallpavukxmlprocessorforqmbasicsmallcprogramminglanguagecclibxmlcorefilingcomopensourcepathanhtmlpathanpugixmlorgpugixmlsednadatabasesednaxmldatabasevtdxmlxalanxqillasourceforgenethomepagexqillafreepascaltheunitxpathisincludedinthedefaultlibrariesimplementationsfordatabaseenginesvirtuosouniversalserveropenlinkvirtuosojavaprogramminglanguagejavasaxonxsltsupportsxpathxpathandxpathaswellasxsltxqueryandxpathbasexalsosupportsxpathandxqueryvtdxmlsednadatabasesednaxmldatabasebothxmldbandproprietarycodegooglecompquixpathquixpathastreamingxmlstreamingopensourceimplementationbyinnovimaxxalandomjthejavaprogramminglanguagejavapackagehasbeenpartofjavastandardeditionsincejavaviathejavaapiforxmlprocessingtechnicallythisisanxpathapiratherthananxpathimplementationanditallowstheprogrammertheabilitytoselectaspecificimplementationthatconformstotheinterfacejavascriptgithubcomilinskyjqueryxpathjqueryxpathpluginbasedongithubcomilinskyxpathjsopensourcexpathimplementationinjavascriptgithubcomfontoxmlfontoxpathfontoxpathopensourcexpathimplementationinjavascriptcurrentlyunderdevelopmentnetframeworkinthesystemxmlandsystemxmlxpathnamespacessednadatabasesednaxmldatabaseperllibxmlxmllibxmllibxmlphpsednadatabasesednaxmldatabasepythonprogramminglanguagepythonthedocspythonorglibraryxmletreeelementtreehtmlelementtreexmlapiinthepythonstandardlibraryincludesdocspythonorglibraryxmletreeelementtreehtmlxpathsupportlimitedsupportforxpathexpressionslibxmlamarasoftwareamarasednadatabasesednaxmldatabaselxmldelxmlscrapyrefciteweburldigitaloceancomcommunitytutorialshowtocrawlawebpagewithscrapyandpythontitlehowtocrawlawebpagewithscrapyandpythonaccessdatenovemberlastdukefirstjustindateseptemberwebsitedigitaloceanquoteselectorsarepatternswecanusetofindoneormoreelementsonapagesowecanthenworkwiththedatawithintheelementscrapysupportseithercssselectorsorxpathselectorsarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebdigitaloceancomcommunitytutorialshowtocrawlawebpagewithscrapyandpythonarchivedateoctoberrefrubyprogramminglanguagerubylibxmlnokogirisoftwarenokogirischemeprogramminglanguageschemesednadatabasesednaxmldatabasesqlmysqlsupportsasubsetofxpathfromversiononwardspostgresqlsupportsxpathandxsltfromversionontclthetdomgithubiotdompackageprovidesaverycompletecompliantandfastxpathimplementationincuseinschemalanguagesxpathisincreasinglyusedtoexpressconstraintsinschemalanguagesforxmlthenowinternationalorganizationforstandardizationisost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sshanghaicooperationorganisationshanghaicooperationorganisationshanghaicooperationorganisationshanghaicooperationorganisationshanghaicooperationorganisationinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxibombercommandimagethbombardmentgroupnorthfieldguamjpgimagesizepxcaptionthbombardmentgroupnorthfieldguamdatesmarchjulycountryunitedstatesallegiancebranchunitedstatesarmyairforcestyperolecommandandcontrolsizecommandstructuremascotbattlesnbspworldwariiasiaticpacificcampaignnotablecommandersanniversariesthexxibombercommandxxibcwasaunitofthetwentiethairforceinthemarianaislandsforstrategicbombingduringworldwariithecommandwasestablishedatsalinamunicipalairportsmokyhilllistofunitedstatesarmyairfieldsaafkansasonmarchafteraperiodoforganizationanditsassignedgroupsreceivingtheirbsuperfortressaircraftthecommandtransferredfirsttopetersonairforcebasepetersonfieldcoloradothendeployedtothecentralpacificbeingheadquarteredatharmonairforcebaseharmonfieldguaminthemarianaislandsitsassignedunitsengagedinverylongrangebombardmentoperationsprimarilyagainstjapanuntilmidjulyhistorythemarianaschainofislandsconsistingprimarilyofsaipantinianandguamwereconsideredasbeingidealbasesfromwhichtolaunchbsuperfortressoperationsagainstjapantheislandswereaboutmilesfromtokyoarangewhichthebscouldjustaboutmanagemostimportantofalltheycouldbeputonadirectsupplylinefromtheunitedstatesbyshipinaugustmajorgeneralhaywoodshanselljrwasdirectedtotakeovercommandoftheorganizationrefnamemarshallmarshallchesterwarbirdhistorybsuperfortressmotorbooksinternationalrefseriousplanningforthemovementofthexxibombercommandsbsfromtheirsecondairforcetrainingbasesinkansastonewlyconstructedcombatairfieldsonsaipantinianandguambeganinapriltheconstructionanddefenseoftheairfieldswouldbetheunitedstatesnavysresponsibilityaswouldlogisticalsupportbeforethebscouldbeginoperatingagainstjapanfromthemarianastheislandsfirsthadtobetakenawayfromthejapanesethisbeganwithbattleofsaipansaipanonjunewhenafourdaynavalandairbombardmentoftheislandbeganonjuneunitedstatesmarineunitsstormedashorefollowedadaylaterbyarmyunitsafterseveralweeksofheavyfightingduringwhichoveramericanandjapaneseliveswerelosttheislandwasfinallydeclaredsecureonjulytheseizureofsaipanenabledinvasionsofbattleofguamguamandbattleoftiniantiniantoproceedwhichwereattackedonandjulyrespectivelythemarinecorpsandtheunitedstatesarmythinfantrydivisionsthregimentalcombatteamlandedonguambyaugusttheislandwassecuredtinianwasassaultedonjulyandbyaugustitwassecuredairfieldconstructionconstructionofthebairfieldsonsaipanbeganalmostimmediatelyevenwhilethefightingwasstillgoingonnavalconstructionbattalionsncbtheseabeesbeganconstructionataformerjapaneseairstripcalledaslitothiswaslaterrenamediselyfieldafternavycommanderroberthiselyunfortunatelyhisnamewasmisspelledandtheincorrectversionstucktheseabeesdidnotmeettheirschedulebutcameverycloseinalittleoverthreemonthstheyhadbuiltasupportbaseandairfieldonsaipancapableofsupportingthebsofthedbombardmentwingandtheirlogisticalsupportunitsrefnamemannmannrobertathebsuperfortressacomprehensiveregistryoftheplanesandtheirmissionsjeffersonnorthcarolinamcfarlandcompanyrefontiniantheseabeesbuiltthelargestbomberbaseevernorthfieldtiniannorthfieldthethnavalconstructionbrigadebuiltfourfootrunwaysforthethbombardmentwingandallrequiredinfrastructurethenwenttothewestendoftheislandandatwestfieldtinianwestfieldlaiddowntwofootrunwaysforthethbombardmentwingonguamthethncbbuiltnorthfieldguamnorthfieldforthethbombardmentwingandnorthwestfieldguamnorthwestfieldforthethbombardmentwinginitialboperationsbsuperfortressdroppingpoundhighexplosivebombsoverjapannotethehighwindsinthejetstreamscatteringthebombsmakingprecisionbombingineffectivefromhighaltitudesthefirsttolandoniwojimamarchbsuperfortressesthedbombardmentwingwasorderedtothemarianasratherthantothechinaburmaindiatheatercbitheaterafteritstrainingwithsecondairforceinkansasthefirstbarrivedatiselyfieldsaipanonoctoberbynovemberoverbswereatiselyfieldthexxibombercommandwasassignedthemissionofdestroyingtheaircraftindustryofjapaninaseriesofhighaltitudedaylightprecisionattackshowevergeneralhansellwasfullyawarethathiscrewsstilllackedthenecessaryexperiencetocarryoutsuchmissionsinlateoctoberandearlynovemberaseriesoftacticalraidswerecarriedoutastrainingexercisesforthecrewsonoctoberbsattackedlightlydefendedjapaneseinstallationsonchuuklagoontrukthesubmarinepensattrukwerethetargetandfoursuperfortresseshadtoabortbecauseoftheusualengineproblemsandcombatformationswerescrappythebombingresultsweremediocrewithonlynineplanesbombingtheprimarytargetandonlyafewbombshittingitthesametwogroupsreturnedtotrukonoctoberwithevenfewerbombslandingonthetargetthethirdtryonnovemberwasbriefedasaradarbombingmissionagaintheresultswereindifferentwithbombsscatteredalloverthegeneraltargetareaawarethattherewasnowanewthreatjapaneseaircraftbasedoniwojimastagedajapaneseairattacksonthemarianaislandslowlevelraidoniselyfieldonnovemberdamagingseveralbsonthegroundretaliatorystrikeswereorderedagainstthetwoenemyairfieldsoniwojimaonandnovemberwiththethbombardmentgroupthandthbombardmentgroupsdispatchedtobombairfieldstherebuttheresultswereonceagainpoorasinthexxbombercommandoperationmatterhornbombingcampaignfromindiathebswereindangerofbeingdissipatedintacticalmissionsandeventhesewerenotallthatsuccessfulinordertoproperlyplanmissionstojapanuptodatereconnaissancephotosoftheproposedtargetswereneededotherthaninformationwhichwasusedduringthedoolittleraidintherewasscantinformationaboutthelocationsofjapaneseindustryespeciallytheaircraftindustryonnovembertwodaysafterarrivingonsaipanadphotoreconnaissancesquadrondprsfasuperfortressphotoreconnaissanceconfiguredbtookoffboundfortokyothedprswasattachedtothedbombwingtheaircraftnovemberreconnaissancesortieoverjapanflewovertokyoatfeetforminutestakingpictureafterpictureafewfightersmadeituptothecameraplanesaltitudebutdidnotattackthesephotosalongwithotherintelligencegavethexxibombercommandthelocationsofthejapaneseaircraftmanufacturingplantsandenabledmissionplannerstoplanmissionsforthecombatcrewstoattackinhonorofhismissiontheaircraftwasnamedtokyorosethedprscontinuedtoflysingleplanemissionstojapantakinghighaltitudeprestriketargetplanningphotosandpoststrikedamageassessmentphotosthelossesincurredbythedprsinthistypeofactivitywererelativelylightseldomwerethejapaneseabletogetfightersuptofeetintimetointerceptthephotoshipsrefnamebirdsallbirdsallstephensuperfortresstheboeingbaircraftspecialsseriessquadronsignalpublicationssteditionrefallfourgroupsofthedbombwingweresentontheirfirstmissiontojapanonnovemberwithplanesairbornethetargetwasthenakajimaaircraftcompanynakajimaaircraftengineplantatmusashinotokyomusashinointhearsenalsectoroftokyoalsoforthefirsttimethebencounteredthejetstreamwhichwasahighspeedwindcomingoutofthewestatspeedsashighasnbspmphatpreciselythealtitudesatwhichthebomberswereoperatingthiscausedthebomberformationstobedisruptedandmadeaccuratebombingimpossiblebecauseofthejetstreamwindsandbadweatheronlyplanesattackedtheprimarytargetthemajoritydroppedtheirbombsonthesecondarytargetofthetokyodocksthegroupreturnedtomusashinoonthethandclosedoutnovemberwitharaidonthetokyoindustrialareaanddocksthepacepickedtipthenextmonthwithareturntomusashinoondecemberagainpoorbombingresultswereachievedwiththehighspeedjetstreamwindsscatteringthebombdropsandtheaircraftintheformationwiththeresultofnotmuchdamagetotheenemybeingdonedecembersawplanesattackingtheiwojimaairfieldsmotoyamanosandthenitwasbacktoattackingjapanhittingnagoyaonanddecembertheairfieldsoniwojimawererevisitedondecemberandtokyothefinaltargetofthemonthondecemberinadditiontothewingstrikesdecembersawtheinitiationofanothertypeofsingleplanemissiontheweatherstriketheseweremissionstojapantocollectweatherdataanddropnuisancebombsonjapanesecitiesagainthesewerehighaltitudemissionswithsurprisinglylowlossesthedprslosttwoplanesindecemberoutoftheweatherstrikemissionsflownindecembertherewereonlythreelossesduringthesametimeperiodtherdwinglostplanestoallcausesonthesixmultiplaneraidsbythewingasawholethepacecontinuedtoquickenforthedinjanuarymusashinoonjanuarycostsixplanesnagoyaonjanuaryanotherfiveoneweatherstrikeoutofflownwaslostonjanuarybuthelpwasonthewayasnewbsfromtheunitedstateswerearrivingalmostdailyandnewgroupswerearrivinginthemarianasthethbombardmentwingoperatingfromtiniansentplanestopaganislandpaganislandonjanuaryanothertotrukonandjanuarytoattacktheiwojimaairfieldsonjanuarythirtythreemorereturnedtoiwojimaonjanuarythethsthandthgroupsjoinedintheattackonkobeonfebruarywhileonfebruarytheirsistergroupsthethandthmadetheirinitialtrainingmissionagainstthewenomoenislandairfieldontrukunitedstatesmarineslandedoniwojimafebruarywithamissiontoseizetheislandandfornavyseabeestoutilizethejapaneseairfieldstobuildemergencylandingairfieldsforxxistbombercommandaswellasfighterairfieldsforviifightercommandonmarchthebattleofiwojimawasdeclaredoverandtheislandsecuredalthoughmoppingupcontinueduntiljuneconstructionbattalionsextendedandtransformedtheformerjapanesefieldstoaccommodatebsandthefirstaafunitsmovedinduringthebeginningofmarchbincendiaryoperationsthehighaltitudebombingraidsonjapancarriedoutbythecommandwerenotcausingalargeamountofdamagetothetargetsprimarilyduetothejetstreamwindsovertheislandsthefailureofthecommandtosuccessfullycarryoutitsmissionwascausingsevereproblemsbothwiththeunitedstatesdepartmentofwarwardepartmentinwashingtonwhichhadplannedtoeliminatethejapaneseindustrialbasebythesamestrategicbombingtechniqueswhichwerebeingcarriedoutineuropealsogeneralhaparnoldandtheaafcommandstaffwhichwereawareofthemanhattanprojectandplannedonusingthebtodroptheatomicbombswereconcernedthatthebwouldbeunabletocarryoutthathighlysecretmissionsincelittleprogressinthebombingcampaignwasbeingmadegeneralarnoldrecalledgeneralhansellandmovedgeneralcurtislemayfromtheinactivatingxxbombercommandinindiatotakeoverxxibombercommandonsaipangenerallemayarrivedinthemarianasonjanuarygenerallemayhadanalyzedthestructureofthejapaneseeconomywhichdependedheavilyoncottageindustrieshousedincitiesclosetomajorindustrialareasandissuednewordersonfebruaryhisplanwastodestroythefeederindustriesthatwouldsloworhalttheflowofvitalcomponentstothecentralmanufacturingplantsanddisorganizetheproductionofweaponsvitaltojapanlemaydecidedtodothisbyusingincendiarydeviceincendiarybombsratherthanpurelyhighexplosivebombswhichwoulditwashopedcausegeneralconflagrationsinlargecitiesliketokyoornagoyaspreadingtosomeoftheprioritytargetsinadditionlemayhadconcludedthattheeffectsofthejetstreamcloudcoverandhighoperatingaltitudesweretoblameforthefailureofthebraidstodoanysignificantdamagetothejapanesewarindustrytheinitialraidsagainstjapanhadtakenplaceathighaltitudesinordertostayaboveantiaircraftfireandtheeffectivealtitudeofdefendingfighterslemaysuggestedthathighaltitudedaylightattacksbephasedoutandreplacedbylowaltitudehighintensityincendiaryraidsatnighttimetheaircraftwouldattackindividuallywhichmeantthatnoformationassemblyoverthebaseatthestartofthemissionoralongthewaywouldbeneededthiswouldextendtherangeoftheaircraftandallowthemtoreachtargetsinnorthernhonshuandhokkaidothethbombardmentgroupthandthbombardmentgroupsjoinedintheattackontokyoonfebruaryasdidthethbombardmentwingsthbombardmentgroupflyingoutofnorthfieldguamnorthfieldguamwiththesenewtacticsatotalofbsparticipatedinthebombingoftokyomarchoperationmeetinghouseraidontokyoonthenightofmarchwitharrivingoverthetargettheraidwasledbyspecialpathfindercrewswhomarkedcentralaimingpointsitlastedfortwohourstheraidwasasuccessbeyondgenerallemayswildestexpectationstheindividualfirescausedbythebombsjoinedtocreateageneralconflagrationwhichwouldhavebeenclassifiedasafirestormbutforprevailingwindsgustingatwhenitwasoversixteensquaremilesofthecenteroftokyohadgoneupinflamesandnearlypeoplehadbeenkilledfourteenbswerelostthebwasfinallybeginningtohaveaneffectonthenightofmarcheightsquaremilesofosakawentupinflamesonmarchthreesquaremilesofkobeweredestroyedandonmarchinareturnvisittonagoyathreemoresquaremilesweredestroyedthisdestructiveweekhadkilledoverjapaneseciviliansatthecostofonlybslostamonthlateronaprilthethbombardmentwingsremainingtwogroupsthethbombardmentgroupthandthbombardmentgroupthjoinedintheattackonthehodagayachemicalworksinkoriyamawiththeadditionofthethandththexxibombercommandnowhadthreewingstwelvegroupsthirtysixsquadronsofbseachattheirdisposalinmaythethbombardmentwingcompleteditsmovefromindiatotinianaddingfourmoregroupstothexxibombercommandinaprilgenerallemaygavenewordersformoreincendiaryraidsthistimeaircraftenginefactoriesatmusashinotokyomusashinoandnagoyaweretobehitbuturbanareasintokyonagoyaosakakawasakikanagawakawasakikobeandyokohamawerealsotobeattackedonaprilbsstrucktheaircraftenginecomplexatnagoyadestroyingaboutpercentofthatfacilityfivedayslaterbsdestroyedthenakajimafactoryatmusashinotokyomusashinothejapaneseaircraftengineindustryessentiallyceasedtoexistafterthistimeonaprilbsburnedoutelevenmoresquaremilesoftokyosevenmorebswerelostonjunethebsattackedkobewithsucheffectivenessthatthecitywascrossedoffthetargetlistasnotworthrevisitingbytheendofthemonththesixmajorcitiesonlemayslisthadallbeeneffectivelydestroyedlatemaysawthearrivalofthefirstofthethbombardmentwingwhosebbplaneswereequippedwiththenewanapqeagleradartheantennaforthisradarwasanfootwingshapedunitmountedundertheforwardfuselagetheantennasweptadegreearcalongtheflightpathoftheplaneandahigherfrequencyxbandsignalgaveamuchimprovedradarscopepicturethethhadbeentrainedforlowaltitudenighttimepathfindermissionsbetweenjuneandaugusttheycarriedoutaseriesoffifteenstrikesagainstoilproductionfacilitieswhichessentiallyshutdownthejapaneseoilindustrythebbswerealsostrippedofmuchdefensivegunneryaddingcapacityforadditionalincendiaryorhighexplosivebombsbynowthebraidswereessentiallyunopposedbyjapanesefightersinlatejunebcrewsfeltsufficientlyconfidentthattheybegantodropleafletswarningthepopulationofforthcomingattacksfollowedthreedayslaterbyaraidinwhichthespecifiedurbanareawasdevastatedbymasscarpetbombingbytheendofjunethecivilianpopulationbegantoshowsignsofpanicandtheimperialcabinetfirstbegantoconsidernegotiatinganendtothewarhoweveratthattimethejapanesemilitarywasadamantaboutcontinuingontothebitterendinjunethexxandxxibombardmentcommandsweregroupedundertheusstrategicairforcesinthepacificusastafunderthecommandofgeneralcarlaspaatzthehistoryofxxibombercommandterminatedonjulyonthatdatethecommandwasredesignatedheadquartersandheadquarterssquadrontwentiethairforcethisredesignationbroughttoanendthexxibombercommandasaseparateestablishmentasitwasabsorbedintotheinternalorganizationalstructureoftwentiethairforceandwasplacedunderthecommandofusastaflineageconstitutedasxxibombercommandonmarchandactivatedthesamedayinactivatedjulyassignmentssecondairforcemarchdecembertwentiethairforcedecemberjulybasesassignedsalinamunicipalairportsmokyhillaafkansasmarchjunepetersonafbpetersonfieldcoloradojuneoctoberharmonairforcebaseharmonairfieldguammarianasislandsdecemberjulyunitsassignedthbombardmentwingbasedatwestfieldtinianwestfieldtinianmarchjulythethwasthefirstbsuperfortresswinginitiallybasedinindiawithxxbombercommandinaprilitbegancombatmissionsfromtinianinearlymayitprimarilyflewmissionsoverurbanareasofjapandroppingincendiarybombsoverwideareastodestroyjapaneseindustryandmilitarycapabilitythbombardmentgrouptrianglesthbombardmentgrouptrianglendbombardmentgrouptriangleuthbombardmentgrouptriangleidbombardmentwingbasedatiselyfieldsaipanaugustjulythedwasthesecondbwingusedasatrainingorganizationbysecondairforceuntildeployedtothepacifictheateritbegancombatmissionsfromsaipaninlateoctobertheprimarymissionofthedwasthefirebombingofjapanflyinglowlevelnightmissionsdroppingincendiarybombsoverwideareastodestroyjapaneseindustryandmilitarycapabilitythbombardmentgroupaoverblacksquareoveraircraftnumberlaterlargeanumbermovedtoempanagethbombardmentgrouptoverblacksquareoveraircraftnumberlaterlargetnumbermovedtoempanagethbombardmentgroupvoverblacksquareoveraircraftnumberlaterlargevnumbermovedtoempanagethbombardmentgroupzoverblacksquareoveraircraftnumberlaterlargeznumbermovedtoempanagethbombardmentwingbasedatnorthfieldtiniannorthfieldtiniandecemberjulythethparticipatedinthefirebombingraidsbutitsprimarymissionwastheoperationstarvationminingofjapanesesealanesitbegancombatmissionsfromtinianinearlyfebruarytheminingoperationwasconceivedbytheunitedstatesnavyatthetimeitwasconsideredasecondarymissionbutlateranalysisrevealedthatithadadevastatingeffectjapanwasanislandnationhighlydependentonimportsespeciallyfuelandfoodtheoperationresultedinimportsbeingreducedbyalmostthiscausedenormousshortagesthbombardmentgroupcirclerlaterloverblacktrianglethbombardmentgroupcirclexlaterxoverblacktrianglethbombardmentgroupcircleelatereoverblacktrianglethbombardmentgroupcircleklaterkoverblacktrianglethcompositegroupvaryingtailcodescirclerlatercirclefwdarrowthethusedothergroupmarkingstohelpconcealitselfsmallnotethcompositegroupreporteddirectlytothairforceccsmallthbombardmentwingbasedatnorthfieldguamnorthfieldguamjanuaryjulythethbegancombatmissionsfromguaminlatefebruaryitparticipatedinthefirebombingbutthefirsttendayblitzresultinginthearmyairforcesrunningoutofincendiarybombslikehersisterwingstheththenflewconventionalstrategicbombingmissionsusinghighexplosivebombsthbombardmentgroupsolidblacksquarewhitemthbombardmentgroupsolidblacksquarewhiteothbombardmentgroupsolidblacksquarewhitepthbombardmentgroupvhsolidblacksquarewhitekthbombardmentwingbasedatnorthwestfieldguamnorthwestfieldguamapriljulythefifthandlastbwingtobeassignedtoxxibombercommandthegroupsofthethwereequippedwiththefastbbsuperfortressvariantarmedonlywitharadarcontrolledtailturretandfittedwitheagleradaritsmissionwasthedestructionofthejapanesepetroleumindustryitbegancombatmissionsfromguaminjunethbombardmentgroupdiamondbstbombardmentgroupdiamondystbombardmentgroupdiamondldbombardmentgroupdiamondhseealsoreferencesmaurermaurerairforcecombatunitsofworldwariimaxwellafbalabamaofficeofairforcehistoryinfoboxfootballleaguenamextremesoccerleagueimagextremesoccerleaguepngpixelscountryconfedfoundedfirstfoldeddivisionsteamsfeedspromotionrelegationlevelsdomestcupleaguecupconfedcupchampionsdetroitignitionseasonmostchampsmostcapstopgoalscorertvwebsitecurrentthextremesoccerleaguexslwasanindoorsoccerleaguethatbeganplayindecemberfourteamsfromtheformermajorindoorsoccerleaguemajorindoorsoccerleagueparticipatedinthefirstxslseasonthechicagostormdetroitignitionmilwaukeewaveandnewjerseyironmenotherformermislteamsjoinedthenationalindoorsoccerleagueorprofessionalarenasoccerleaguethexslofficiallylaunchedonseptemberwithapressconferenceinmilwaukeewisconsinbrianloftinwasthexslscommissionereachteamplayedagameschedulebeginningindecemberandendinginlatemarchtherewerenoplayoffsondecemberthexslannouncedthatbrinebrandbrinewouldsupplythetriumphxastheofficialmatchballcitinggreatrecessioneconomictroublethexslfoldedinjulyalthoughtheleagueofficiallycalleditaoneyearhiatustheleagueneverresumedplayteamsclasswikitablestylewidthstylewidthteamstylewidthstadiumstylewidthcitystylewidthfoundedstylewidthjoinedxslstylewidthafterxslfoldedchicagostormsearscentrehoffmanestatesillinoischicagoilchicagoareaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterjoinedultimatesoccerleagueusldetroitignitioncompuwarearenaplymouthmichigandetroitmichigandetroitareaaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterfoldedmilwaukeewaveuscellulararenamilwaukeewisconsinaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterjoinednationalindoorsoccerleaguenislnewjerseyironmenprudentialcenternewarknewjerseyaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterfoldedxslchampionsclasswikitableseasonchampionrunnerupdatewonnotesxtremesoccerleagueseasondetroitignitionnewjerseyironmenmarchseasonchampionshipaverageattendanceclasswikitableyeargamestotalaverageseasonsgamestotalaveragebgcolorccccffxtremesoccerxperiencethextremesoccerxperiencexslsparentcompanyheldvstournamentsbeachsoccertournamentsstreetsoccertournamentsandfreestylejugglingcompetitionstheleaguealsoofferedafantasyseasontofanssimilartofantasysportfantasyfootballreferencesreflistcolwidthemrefsrefnamedetfrefrefnamebergrefrefnameusatrefrefnamemijsrefrefnameusinfrefinfoboxcompanylogoxbrlsvgnamexbrlinternationalinctypeconsortiumgenrefoundationfounderaicpaaicpaamericaninstituteofcertifiedpublicacc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mperorsuzongwhobythispointwasfearfuloflifuguorefusedonthebasisthathedidnothavethesupportoftheofficialslifuguotriedtopersuadetheseniorofficialpeimiantorecommendhimemperorsuzongtoldxiaothatifanimportantofficialiesomeonelikepeirecommendedlifuguohewouldnolongerhavetheexcusetorefuselifuguosrequestwhenxiaosubsequentlydiscussedthiswithpeipeisresponsewassurelyiwillnotdothismyarmcanbecutoffbeforehecanbechancellorsubsequentlylifuguowasnotabletobechancellorwhileemperorsuzongwasalivemuchtolifuguosresentmentandlifuguobelievedxiaotoberesponsibleinlifuguoaccusedxiaoofbeingpowerhungryandrepeatedlyrequestedemperorsuzongtoremovexiaoemperorsuzongapprehensiveoflifuguoremovedxiaofromhischancellorpositionandmadehimtheministerofriteslibushangshureplacinghimwithyuanzaiatlifuguosrecommendationduringemperordaizongsreignemperorsuzongdiedshortlyafterandhewassucceededbyhissonemperordaizongoftangemperordaizongwhotookthethroneafterlifuguoprevailedinabloodyconflictwithemperorsuzongswifeempresszhangtangdynastyempresszhanginwhichempresszhangandemperordaizongsbrotherlixitheprinceofyuewerekilledlifuguowasbrieflycompletelyincontrolandyuanzaiinordertoflatterhimaccusedxiaoofcrimesxiaowasdemotedtobethemilitaryadvisortotheprefectofxiaprefectureinmodernyichanghubeihediedwhilestillatxiaprefecturehisgrandsonsxiaomianandxiaofanglaterservedaschancellorsaswellduringthereignsofemperormuzongoftangemperormuzongandemperorxizongoftangemperorxizongrespectivelynotesandreferencesoldbookoftangwebarchiveorgwebsidneyluonetaahtmvolnewbookoftangwebarchiveorgwebsidneyluonetaahtmvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhssackograndeacroportxscanrefertothefederalaviationadministrationfaacodeforranchoverdeairporttheformerfederalaviationadministrationfaacodeforsackograndeacroportthecodeisnowxmasatoshiwakabayashimaebashirymlinetakasakistationpttpubliccompanylimitedolofpalmestreetlistoflatinscriptdigraphsxufoenemyunknownchrysanthemumteaxtheunheardmusicisarockumentaryfilmdirectedbywtmorganaboutthelosangelespunkbandxamericanbandximagewithinadequaterationaleremovedimagextheunheardmusicjpgthefilmstarsjohndoemusicianjohndoeexenecervenkabillyzoomanddjbonebrakeinthelatesanewsoundburstuponthelosangelesmusicscenethemusicmadebyafourpersonrockbandwiththeenigmaticnameofxplayinginclubslikethewhiskyagogowhiskyandthestarwoodxsetanewstandardfordrivingforcefulsongsthatbothcriticsandthepublicfeltrevolutionizedthecaliforniasoundxtheunheardmusictakeslongdetailedandoftenfunnylookatthisscenebutfocusesonthegroupthatcriticshavesingledoutastheleaderoftheundergroundpackxtheunheardmusicwasfilmedbyangelcityproductionsbetweenandinaroundlosangelespostproductionwascompletedalmostfiveyearstothemonthaftershootingbeganthefilmwasreleasedondvdandbluraythroughmvdondecemberspecialfeaturesincludefootageofjohndoeandexenecervenkaindiscussionaswellasaninterviewwithangelcitythecompanybehindthefilmaliveouttakeandatrailerforthefeaturearealsoincludedonthediscsongsinorderofperformancelosangelesyearoneweredesperatebecauseidobeyondbackcomebacktomesoulkitchenwhitegirltheonceovertwicemotelroominmybedtheunheardmusicrealchildofhelljohnnyhitrunpauleneimustnotthinkbadthoughtstheworldsamessitsinmykissthehavenotsexternallinksxthebandcombandswebsiterockshockpopcomforumscontentphpxtheunheardmusicxtheunheardmusicdvdreviewatrockshockpopinfoboxsoftwarenamexaoslogoscreenshotxaospngcaptiondeveloperreleasedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedateprogramminglanguageoperatingsystemcrossplatformlanguageenglishgenrefractalgeneratingsoftwarelicensegplwebsitexaosisaninteractivefractalfractalgeneratingsoftwarezoomerprogramitallowstheusertocontinuouslyzoominoroutofafractalinrealtimexaosislicensedundergnugeneralpubliclicensegpltheprogramiscrossplatformandisavailableforavarietyofoperatingsystemsincludinggnulinuxmicrosoftwindowswindowsmacosxbeosandothersxaoscanshowthemandelbrotsetpowerandtheoctofractalthreetypesofmichaelbarnsleybarnsleysfractalsthenewtonfractalorderandphoenixfractalandmagnetandxaoscandisplayjuliasetsfromselectedfractalpartsxaosalsoallowsuserstoentercustomformulasxaosiscapableofdisplayingfractalsasasciiartusingaalibwhichincombinationwithbeingbuiltonfreelyavailablegnutoolsallowsittorunalmostanywhereaninteractivehelpandananimatedintroductiontofractalsareincludedtheintroductiondealsintenchapterswithdifferentformulaspresentedinthesoftwareandtheirfeatureshubikaalgorithmxaoswasoriginallyjustapoorlywrittenmandelbrotvieweruntiljanhubikaaddedefficientzoomingusingatechniquesometimescalledthexaosalgorithmorhubikaalgorithmatthetimefractalzoommovieswereproducedbycompletelyrecalculatingeachframeeventhoughtheynaturallyhadmuchoftheirareaincommonwitheachotherthismadeinteractivezoomingimpossiblewithoutverypowerfulcomputersfurthermoreunlessevenmoreprocessingisusedinordertodospatialantialiasingantialiasingrecalculatingeveryframeproducesatwinkleeffectassmallbrightareashitandthendisappearbetweenpixelsrefnamealgorithmsrefyetallowingtheusertozoomratherthanjumpasinfractintseemedlikethemostnaturalwaytointeractwithfractalsinordertocreateaninteractivezoomhubikaneededtofindawaytosavethecalculationswhichwerealreadymadeitwouldtakeuptoomuchmemorytosaveeverypixelevercalculatedsothehubikaalgorithmonlysavesthepreviousframeandratherthanrememberingthelocationofeachpixelitcankeepthemalignedinrowsandcolumnsandrememberthoseinsteadthemostdifficultpartofthexaosalgorithmwaschoosingwhichsavedrowsandcolumnstodrawwheredoingthiswrongresultsindistortedimagesyetitmustbedonequicklytobeusefulafterseveraldifferentheuristicsweretriedeventuallytheproblemwastreatedasanoptimizationproblemtheremainingrowsandcolumnsarecoloredinthesameastheclosestrowcolumnandarefreshlycalculatedasthecpugetstimetodosothisisacarefulbalancebetweenkeepingthezoomgoingandincreasingthelevelofdetailcalculatingareaswheretheimageisbeingzoomedtoisputatahigherprioritysincethesewillbeonthescreenthelongestandthisislikelywheretheuserislookinganywayzoomingoutthereverseoccursandthepriorityisontheedgesthehubikaalgorithmcanalsobeappliedtozoominginonotherimageswherethepixelsarecalculatedandhasbeenusedinothersoftwaresuchasthertzmecomplexfunctiongraphingprogramandotherfractalzoomersreferencesexternallinksmichaelkatsidisxmenoriginswolverinealibabagroupxsdrliholtsvillenewyorkthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellaltamontnewyorkbernenewyorkclarksvillealleganycountynewyorkabaurigaeinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxixtacticalaircommandimagefgpukjpgimagesizepxcaptionrepublicpdsofthedfightersquadronthfightergroupdatescountryunitedstatesallegiancebranchunitedstatesarmyairforcestyperolefightercommandandcontrolsizecommandstructurecurrentcommandergarrisonceremonialchiefcoloneloftheregimentnicknamepatronmottocolorsmarchmascotbattlesnotablecommandersanniversariesthexxixtacticalaircommandxxixtacisaninactiveunitedstatesairforceunititslastassignmentwaswiththeninthairforcebasedatweimargermanyitwasinactivatedonoctoberduringworldwariithemissionofthecommandwastosupporttheunitedstatesnintharmywithtacticalairsupportthroughoutitseasterlyadvancefromitsformationonseptemberuntilvedayhistorytheunitwasformedinenglandduringasxxixairsupportcommandixasctheprimarymissionofthecommandwastoprovidetacticalcloseairsupportoftheunitedstatesnintharmygroundforcestointerdictconcentrationofenemyforcesattackcommunicationsandammunitiondumpsandharasstheenemysretreataswellasprovidingreconnaissancetobombingsupportitwasredesignatedasxxixtacticalaircommandxxixtacinaprilinenglandanditsmissioninitiallywasattackingenemyforcesinoccupiedfranceandthelowcountriesinpreparationforthenormandyinvasioninjunetargetsincludedbridgesroadsrailroadsandenemyinterceptoraircraftbothonthegroundaswellasinairtoaircombattheunitwasdeployedtofranceinjulyandinitiallysupportedfirstunitedstatesarmyfirstandunitedstatesarmycentralthirdarmyunitswhilenintharmybuiltupforcesinenglandwhennintharmywasmovedintofranceinearlyseptemberthecommandprovidedtacticalairsupportinthefinalreductionofthegermanforcesholdingoutinthefrenchportofbrestfrancebrestafterthesurrenderofthetownfifteendayslaternintharmywassenteasttotakeitsplaceinthelineitcameintothelineinbetweenthirdandfirstarmyinnovembernintharmywasshiftedtotheveryleftflankoftharmygroupitundertookoperationstoclosethefrontuptotheroerriverdecembersawtheopeningofthelastgreatgermanoffensiveofthewarthebattleofthebulgeduringthefiercecombatitattackedenemytargetsinthenorthernrheinlandduringtherhinelandcampaignandoperationgrenadewhichwasthesouthernprongofapincerattackcoordinatedwithcanadianfirstarmysoperationveritablewiththepurposeofclosingthefrontuptotherhineriverbymarchtherhinehadbeenreachedinallsectorsofnintharmysfrontitwasnotuntilaftermarchthatnintharmyunitsfirstcrossedtherhineitselfxxixtacticalaircommandattackedgroundtargetsintheruhrprovidingairsupportasalliedgroundforcesencircledenemyforcesintheruhrpocketessentiallyendingorganizedenemyresistanceinwesterngermanynintharmyhalteditsadvanceattheelberiverinlateaprilthewingengagingtargetsofopportunityinenemycontrolledareasuntilcombatwasendedonmaytheunitremainedineuropeafterthewaraspartofunitedstatesairforcesineuropeperformingoccupationdutyandthedestructionorshipmenttotheunitedstatesofcapturedenemycombatequipmentitwasdemobilizedingermanyandtheorganizationwasinactivatedonnovemberlineageconstitutedasxxixairsupportcommandonnovemberactivatedonnovemberredesignatedxxixtacticalaircommandondecemberinactivatedonnovemberdisbandedonoctoberassignmentsunitedstatesairforcescentralninthairforcenovembernovembercomponentsdfighterwingworldwariidfighterwingdecembernovemberthfightergroupoctobernovemberthfightergroupattachedjanuaryjunethfightergroupfebruaryseptemberthfightergroupoctoberjanuarythfightergroupfebruaryjulythfightergroupfebruaryoctoberdtacticalreconnaissancegroupoctobernovemberstationsrafmiddlewallopaafenglandnovemberjulylesoubeauxfrancejulycanisyfranceaugustbrusselssouthcharleroiairportcharleroiairfieldabelgiumseptemberverviersbelgiumoctoberbrhlnorthrhinewestphaliabrhlgermanymarchweimarairfie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nexperiencelevelsthisisraisedsimplybyusingtheitemforexampleswordsbyattackingarmorbybeinghitmagicbycastingthespellandsooninthissenseahighlydevelopeddaggerwillbemoreeffectivethanabrandnewlongswordhoweverahighlydevelopedswordwillbefarmoreusefulthanamaxedoutdaggersoitisvitaltoupgradeequipmentenemiesinaforwardthinkingmovexanaduhasalimitednumberofenemiesineachareatodeterexperiencepointpowerlevelingpowerlevelingthisrequirestheplayertothinkaheadabouthowhehandlestheenemieshowtobestgetthemostexperienceoutofthemandtokeepkarmafromgettingtoohighthisisafactorthatmustbejuggledwithweaponexperienceiftheplayerdefeatsallenemiesusingadaggerthenupgradestoaswordandproceedstofighttheareasbosstheplayerwillbeatadisadvantageandshouldhaveeitherkeptthehighlydevelopeddaggerorboughttheswordearlyonsoastolevelitupwiththefinitenumberofencountersintheareabosseseveryareagenerallyhasatleastonebossthoughitisnotalwaysrequiredtofightthembossescanbeextremelydifficultifunpreparedluckilythegamesavesitselfbeforeenteringabossfightmoneyandfoodenemieswilldropvariousitemsbutmostcommonlywilldropmoneyorfoodtypicallyinsmallquantitiesinthebeginningofthestorymoneyisimportantforupgradingequipmentandbuyingitemsfoodisvitaltheprotagonistslowlyeatshissupplyoffoodastimepassesinthegamethisslowlyhealshealthgaminghitpointsaswelliffoodrunsouthitpointswillbegindroppingatarapidpaceandthemusicwillgetprogressivelymoreandmoremusicaltuningtuningpracticeoutoftuneuntilmorefoodisfoundorboughtortheprotagonistdiesitemstherearefewchancestopurchaseitemsinthegamemostimportantlythehiddenshopattheverybeginningjustbeforeenteringthecavesasxanadufeaturesseveralwaystofinishthegametheitemshopmaybenearworthlessorabsolutelyvitaltotheplayerdependingonhowoneplanstoprogressitemscanalsobefoundinchestsandindungeonareasorbyenteringasecretcodenameatthecharactercreationareaattheoutsetsavingthegamesavesitselfatcertainpointssuchasrightbeforeabossfightorafterleavingabuildingtheplayercanmanuallysaveusingthecommandqkeystrokeorequivalentdependingonthesystemwhichcostsgoldthesegasaturnremakedidawaywiththisbyaddingasavecommandinthestatusmenusequelsxanaduhasalargesetoffollowupsdespiteitbeingtechnicallyasequelitselftodragonslayervideogamedragonslayerxanaduscenarioiianexpansionpackscenarioiiwasasequelreleasedinthatrequiredtheplayerstillhavetheoriginalxanadudisksaftercreatinganewcustomxanaduscenarioiidisktheplayerneedstoinserttheoriginalxanadudiskcreateacharacterasdoneintheoriginalxanaduandtheninsertthescenarioiidiskwhenpromptedplayerswererewardedwithavastsequeltotheoriginalfeaturinganewsoundtrackacomplexshoppingtradingsystemyetmorecomplexdeepmapsandnewencounterswithbossesthegamewasnonlineargameplaynonlinearallowingtheelevenlevelstobeexploredinanyorderfaxanaduanihonfalcomfalcomlicensedhudsonsofthudsonproducedsidescrollingvideogamesidescrollingplatformadventureforthenintendoentertainmentsystemoneofthefewearlyfalcomtitlestobereleasedinnorthamericaitsnameisacombinationofnintendoentertainmentsystemfamicomandxanadurevivalxanaduanecpcpcremakeproducedbyfalcomfeaturesahighresolutiongraphicalupgradewhilestillmaintainingthefeeloftheoriginalwithupgradedmusicaswellaneasymodewasreleasedinconjunctionwithrevivalxanaduiilaterrevivalxanaduiiremixapcsemiremakeofscenarioiithoughithasacompletelydifferentsoundtrackandnewmapslegendofxanadulegendofxanaduiifalcomclassicsasegasaturncompilationfeaturingremadeversionsofysseriesysdragonslayervideogamedragonslayerandxanadumanythingswerealteredincludinganeasiertounderstandsaturnmodeandagraphicstyleverysimilartorevivalxanaduwithalargerpalettecomputingcolorpaletterevivalxanadumemorialgamesaportofrevivalxanadutowindowswindowsbydeveloperunbalanceaswithmostnonfalcomproducedlicensesitisslightlyshoddyportwiththemusicbeingrecordedasnonloopingwavfilesthefastertempobattlesongsliterallyspeduptoahigherpitchinsteadofaswiftertempoandsoundeffectsbeingplayedataveryloudvolumethegraphicsarealsooverlycolorfulnesssaturatedcomparedtothenecpcpcversionxanaducompletereprinteditionacommemorativepictureperfectreprintoftheoriginalversiondowntothesoftplasticcaseandmanualasidefromthegamebeingoncdrominsteadoffloppydiskdiskettereleasedformicrosoftwindowswindowscdromusingprojecteggsemulatorsystemitnowgoesforhighpricesononlineauctionauctionsitesxanadunextreleasedinformicrosoftwindowswindowsandinanunexpectedmoveforfalcomthengagedevicengagethewindowseditionisinalmosteveryaspectsuperiorandfeaturesacompletelynewstorycharactersandgameplaysystemhintsoftheoriginalxanaducanbefeltthroughoutthegamexanadunextisadeparturefromfalcomstypicalstyleofthemidsandwasdarkerandmoresomberthantheirupbeatandchibilookofthetimetokyoxanadureleasedinfortheplaystationvitamovieaxanaduoriginalvideoanimationovawasreleasedininconjunctionwiththemsxversionofthegameandamangatitledxanaduthelegendofdragonslayertheplotwasexpandedandalteredwiththemaincharacternowhavinganamefiegandseveralnewcastmembersthenewplotelementsincludedseveralsciencefictionthemesforexamplefiegisastcenturysoldierfromthenearfuturewhoisdroppedintoxanaduafterabloodysurpriseambushinthebeginningofthestoryasoundtracktothemoviewasreleasedongramophonerecordrecordcompactcassettecassetteandcompactdiscshortlythereafterthemangafollowstheplotofthemovieandwasdrawnbytsuzukikazuhikowhoalsodidworkonnihonfalcomfalcomsysseriesysandsorceriantitlesitwasrepublishedasapartserialwebcomicbyfalcomforthereleaseofrevivalxanaduonthefalcomwebsitewithaccompanyingmusicandanenglishtranslationmusicinitsoriginalpcreleasexanadufeaturesasmallbuteffectiveselectionofmusiccomposedbytoshiyatakahashimostnotablythehypnoticlavalsepourxanaduatriplemetretimewaltzwithadistinctivehauntingmelodyaspedupversionisusedforthebattlescenestheinsideareasofbuildingsaswellasbossvideogamingbossencountershaveseparatesongsaswelltopromotethereleaseofthegamejapaneseheavymetalbandanthembandanthemreleasedanlpwithtwoimagesongsappropriatelytitledxanaduthemsxversionsofthegamewhichwerereleasedinhaveadifferentscorexanaduscenarioiianexpansionpackandsequelfeaturedamuchlargersetofsongsandasawholematchestheoverallhighqualityoffalcomssongwritingabilitiesduringthelatersthesoundtrackwascomposedbytakahitoabeandyuzokoshirowhowouldcomposethemusicformanyoffalcomslatertitleskoshiroscompositionsfortheopeningthemeandseveraldungeonsweretakenfromthedemotapehehadfirstsenttofalcomattheageofrevivalxanaduandrevivalxanaduiitwolooseremakesmadebyfalcominthesfeaturetheirownuniquesoundtracksaswellalsocomposedbykoshiroandabeasidefromxanadunextandlegendofxanadunoxanadutitleshavereceivedafullindependentsoundtrackoriginalsoundtrackoncompactdiscanoddmoveforfalcomthisislikelyduetoitsreleasebeingveryearlyinfalcomslifebeforetheyhadestablishedareputationhoweverasoundtrackwasreleasedforbothxanaduandxanaduscenarioiionavinylrecordalbumtitledxanaduanthemselectionsfromxanadunowikinowikismusiccanbeheardinvariousfalcomalbumsandinalloverxanaduwasreleasedfeaturingarrangedversionsofxanaduandscenarioiinowikinowikissoundtrackbeingplayedbyamusicalensemblerockandpopbandsrockbandcombinedwithaliveorchestraandsynthesizersthemainthemeofthexanadufranchiselavalsepourxanaduhasbeenfeaturedinthepcandpcversionsofxanaduandremixedintoseveralaudiotracksinxanadunextlegacyxanaduwasapioneerinthegameindustryandreceivedcriticalpraisefromjapanesegamingmagazinesandalargefanbasetodateaccordingtofalcomitslistofbestsellingpcgamessalesrecordofovercopiessoldinjapanhasyettobebrokenbyanyroleplayingpcgamepersonalcomputergamereleasedinthatcountryrefnameeltonlinerefhowevertokihironaitooftesofthassaidthatthefirsthydlidealsoanactionrpglikexanadusoldonemillioncopiesacrossallcomputerformatswhencombiningthesalesmatchingthefamicomssalesofalsoonemillioncopiesinjapantheinfluenceofxanaduandespeciallyitspredecessorhasbeenfeltinmanygamesdevelopedbyfalcomandevenotherdevelopmenthouseswhichhavecopiedthelookandfeelysseriesysfeaturedasimilarbutquickerandmorecomplexbumpsystemforcombatusedinysiancientysvanishedysiysiiancientysvanishedthefinalchapterysiiandysivsfcpcewhilesomeofthelaterdragonslayergamesdragonslayerjrromanciaromancialegacyofthewizarddragonslayerivandsorcerianallhadsimilarsidescrollingvideogamesidescrollingviewpointsitshouldbementionedhoweverthatthisbumpsystemdidnotstartwithxanaduitselfbutratherwithitspredecessortheoriginaldragonslayerseveralsmallercompaniescopiedthebumpsystemmostlyinobscurenecpcpctitlesdragonslayerlaidthefoundationsfortheactionroleplayinggamegenreinfluencingfutureserieslikehydlideysandthelegendofzeldaxanadualsowasreleasedbeforetheaforementionedtitleswiththeexceptionofhydlidewhichwasreleasedbetweentheoriginaldragonslayerandxanadubutfeaturedthoseinfluencesnonethelessaheavyemphasisonpuzzlevideogamepuzzlesolvingequipmentthatchangetheplayercharactersvisibleappearancefoodthatisconsumedslowlyovertimeandisessentialforkeepingtheplayercharacteralivemagicthatcanbeusedtoattackenemiesfromadistanceandtrainingfacilitiestoimprovevariousstatisticsitalsointroducedaplatformgameplatformerstylesidescrollingvideogamesidescrollingviewincludingtheabilitytojumpthesidescrollingviewisusedduringexplorationandswitchestotheoverheadviewofitspredecessorduringbattlewhilecertainroomsalsouseanoverheadviewthegamesinfluencealsoextendedbeyondactionrpgswiththewaythegamereworkedtheentiregamesystemconsideredaninfluenceonfinalfantasywhichwoulddothesameforeachofitsinstallmentsxanaduscenarioiireleasedinitwasalsononlineargameplaynonlinearallowingthelevelstobeexploredinanyorderxanaduistheonlytitlefalcomhasgivenacompletecommemorativerereleaseinitsoriginalspackagingandisconsideredoneoffalcomsmilestonesifnottheirdefiningtitlealthoughthathasbeencompletelyandquicklysupersededbytheysseriesastheirflagshipfranchisebackwhenitwasreleasedfordecadestocomeuntiltodaytoagenerationoffansthoughtheyhadvariousdegreesofsuccesswitholdertitlesxanaduwasfalcomsbreakthroughthatbroughtthemintothespotlightcancelledlocalizationandlawsuitoriginsystemsfounderandultimaseriesultimaseriescreatorrichardgarriottflewintotokyotohaveameetingwithnihonfalcomabouthavingoriginreleasexanaduintheusaswellashavingfalcomhelpwithreleasingaportofultimaivquestoftheavatarinjapanhoweverxanaducontainedartworkdirectlylifted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lovakiafallgrncasegreentheinvasionofczechoslovakiatobecarriedoutbyoctoberjunejunejunendashyellowriverfloodcreatedbythenationalistgovernmentincentralchinabreachingembankmentsduringtheearlystageofthesecondsinojapanesewarinanattempttohalttherapidadvanceofjapaneseforcesthefloodskillatleastcoveranddestroythousandsofsquarekilometersoffarmlandandshiftsthemouthoftheyellowriverhundredsofkilometerstothesouthjunendashfiredestroysbuildingsinludzalatviajunendashlszlbrpatentstheballpointpeninbritainjunendashitalynationalfootballteamitalybeatshungarynationalfootballteamhungarytowinthefifaworldcupworldcupjunendashheavyweightboxingchampionjoelouisknocksoutmaxschmelinginthefirstroundoftheirrematchatyankeestadiumyankeestadiuminnewyorkcityjunethecivilaeronauticsactissignedintolawformingthecivilaeronauticsauthorityasanindependentagencyintheunitedstateswitheffectfromaugustmarinelandoffloridamarinelandopensnearstaugustinefloridajunendashameteoriteexplodesaboutabovetheearthnearchicorapennsylvaniajunendashdrdouglashydeiselectedthefirstpresidentofirelandjulyjulyndashthemauthausenconcentrationcampisbuiltinaustriajulyndashthesouthafricanpressassociationisestablishedwithofficesincapetownjohannesburgdurbanbloemfonteinandpretoriajulythesteamlocomotivelnerclassamallardmallardsetstheworldspeedrecordforsteambyreachingnbspmphonthelondonandnortheasternrailwaythelastreunionoftheblueandconfederatestatesofamericagraycommemoratesthethanniversaryofthebattleofgettysburgingettysburgpennsylvaniajulyndashthenoninterventioncommitteereachesanagreementtowithdrawallforeignvolunteersfromthespanishcivilwartheagreementisrespectedbymostinternationalbrigadesrepublicanforeignvolunteersnotablybythosefromenglandandtheunitedstatesbutisignoredbythegovernmentsofgermanyanditalyjulyndashtheevianconferenceevianconferenceonrefugeesisconvenedinfrancenocountryineuropeispreparedtoacceptjewsfleeingpersecutionandtheunitedstateswillonlytakejulyndashhowardhughessetsanewrecordbycompletingahourairplaneflightaroundtheworldjulyndashwrongwaycorrigantakesofffromnewyorkostensiblyheadingforcaliforniahelandsinirelandinsteadjulyndashbritainrejectedaproposalfromitsambassadorinberlinnevilehendersonforafourpowersummitonczechoslovakiaconsistingofbritainfrancegermanyandtheussrlondonwouldundernocircumstancesaccepttheussrasadiplomaticpartnerjulyndashfirstascentoftheeigernorthfacejulyagreekcoupdtatattemptrevoltagainsttheioannismetaxasdictatorshipisputdowninchaniagreecehawaiiclipperdisappearswithsixpassengersandninecrewenroutefromguamtomanilajulyndashthefirsteverissueofthebeanochildrenscomicispublishedinbritainaugustaugustndashinthefaceofoverwhelmingjapanesemilitarypressurechiangkaishekwithdrawshisgovernmenttochungkingaugustndashlordruncimansentbynevillechamberlainarrivesinpragueonhisruncimanmissionmissionofmediationinthesudetenlanddisputeaugustndashatasecretsummitwithhisleadinggeneralshitlerattacksgeneralbecksargumentsagainstfallgrnwinningthemajorityofhisseniorofficersovertohispointofviewaugustthethousandislandsbridgeconnectingtheunitedstateswithcanadaisdedicatedbyuspresidentfranklindrooseveltcolonelgeneralludwigbeckconvincedthathitlersdecisiontoattackczechoslovakiawillleadtoageneraleuropeanwarresignshispositionaschiefofthearmygeneralstaffinprotestewaldvonkleistschmenzinarrivesinlondonlookingforbritishsupportforanantinaziputschusingtheloomingcrisisoverthesudetenlandasapretexthisprivatemissionisdismissedbynevillechamberlainasunimportantchamberlainreferstovonkleistasajacobitebuthefindsasympatheticifpowerlessaudienceinwinstonchurchillaugustndashhitlerhostingadinneronboardtheoceanlinerpatriainkielbaytellstheregentofhungaryadmiralhorthythatactionagainstczechoslovakiaisimminentandthathewhowantstositatthetablemustatleasthelpinthekitchenareferencetohorthysdesignsoncarpathianrutheniaaugustndashgeneralbeckleavesofficeaschiefofthegeneralstaffheisreplacedbygeneralfranzhalderaugustndashlordruncimansmissiontomitigatethesudetenlandcrisisbeginstobreakdownbritishprimeministernevillechamberlainrecallsthebritishambassadornevilehendersonfromberlintoinstructhendersontosetupapersonalmeetingbetweenchamberlainandhitleraugustndashwinstonchurchillstillbelievingfranceandbritainmeantohonortheirpromisestodefendczechoslovakiaagainstnaziaggressionsuggestsinapersonalnotetonevillechamberlainthathismajestysgovernmentmaywanttosetupabroadinternationalallianceincludingtheunitedstatesspecificallymentioninguspresidentfranklindrooseveltaspossiblyreceptivetotheideaandthesovietunionseptemberseptemberndashtheeuropeancrisisovergermandemandsforannexationofthesudetenlandsudetenborderlandofczechoslovakiabecomesincreasinglysevereseptemberndashsovietambassadortobritainivanmaiskycallsonwinstonchurchilltellinghimthatsovietforeigncommissarmaximlitvinovhasexpressedtothefrenchchargdaffairesinmoscowthatthesovietunioniswillingtofightovertheterritorialintegrityofczechoslovakiaseptemberndashduringtheceremonymarkingtheunveilingofaplaqueatpointedegravefrancecelebratingfrancoamericanfriendshipamericanambassadorwilliamchristianbullittjrwilliambullittinasp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elgrahamchristieformerbritishmilitaryattachinberlinistoldbycarlfriedrichgoerdelerthatthemobilizationoftheroyalnavyhasbadlydamagedthepopularityofthenaziregimeasthegermanpublicrealizesthatfallgrnczechoslovakiafallgrnislikelytocauseaworldwarmunichagreementgermanitalianbritishandfrenchleadersagreetogermandemandsregardingannexationofthesudetenlandinczechoslovakiatheczechoslovakgovernmentislargelyexcludedfromthenegotiationsandisnotasignatorytotheagreementtherepublicofhatayisdeclaredinsyriaseptemberndashnevillechamberlainreturnstobritainfrommeetingwithadolfhitleranddeclarespeaceforourtimeoctoberoctoberndashtheimperialjapanesearmylargelyoverrunsguangzhoucantonoctoberndashgermantroopsmarchintothesudetenlandthepolishgovernmentgivestheczechgovernmentanultimatumstatingthatzaolzieregionmustbehandedoverwithintwentyfourhourstheczechshavelittlechoicebuttocomplypolishforcesoccupyzaolzieoctobertiberiasmassacretiberiasmassacrearabraidersmurderjewishimmigrantsdisgustedwithnevillechamberlainsconductatmunichduffcooperresignshispostasfirstlordoftheadmiraltywithhisresignationformaldebatebeginsintheparliamentoftheunitedkingdomonthemunichagreementbutwithchamberlainatthepeakofhispopularitytherecanbelittledoubthismajestysgovernmentwillreceiveavoteofconfidenceoctoberndashproductionofthejeffersonnickelbeginsintheunitedstatesreplacingthebuffalonickellaststruckinaprilthenewnickelisreleasedonnovemberoctoberndashtherepublicanforcesinthespanishcivilwarbeginwithdrawingtheirforeignvolunteersfromcombatasagreedonjulyoctoberedvardbenepresidentofczechoslovakiaresignsnuremberglawsinnazigermanyjewspassportsareinvalidatedandthosewhoneedapassportforemigrationpurposesaregivenonemarkedwiththeletterjjudejewrefnameyadvashemyadvashemorgyvenholocaustaboutcrucialyearaspwtmcidwikinazigermanyandthejewsthefatefulyearontheyadvashemwebsiterefoctoberndashthebluewaterbridgeopensconnectingporthuronmichiganandsarniaontariooctoberndashwinstonchurchillinabroadcastaddresstotheunitedstatescondemnsthemunichagreementasadefeatandcallsuponamericaandwesterneuropetoprepareforarmedresistanceagainsthitleroctoberndashthegermangovernmentexpelspolishjewslivingingermanythepolishgovernmentacceptsandrefusesadmittancetotheremainingwhoareforcedtoliveinthenomanslandonthegermanpolishfrontieroctoberndashindirectcontraventionoftherecentlysignedmunichagreementadolfhitlercirculatesamonghishighcommandasecretmemorandumstatingthattheyshouldpreparefortheliquidationoftherestofczechoslovakiaandtheoccupationofklaipdaregionmemeloctobertheminimumwageisestablishedbylawintheunitedstatesfrenchforeignministergeorgesbonnetcarriesoutamajorpurgeoftheministryofforeignaffairsandinternationaldevelopmentfranceministryofforeignaffairsdismissingorexilinganumberofantiappeasementofficialssuchaspierrecomertandrenmassigliatafriendlyluncheoninberchtesgadengermanforeignministerjoachimvonribbentroptellsjzeflipskithepolishambassadortogermanythatthefreecityofdanzigmustreturntogermanythatthegermansmustbegivenextraterritorialrightsinthepolishcorridorandthatpolandmustsigntheanticominternpactoctoberdupontannouncesanameforitsnewsyntheticyarnnylonjewswithpolishcitizenshipareevictedfromnazigermanyoctoberndashorsonwellesradioadaptationofthewaroftheworldsradiodramathewaroftheworldsisbroadcastcausingpanicinvariouspartsoftheunitedstatesoctoberndashgreatdepressioninanefforttotryrestoreinvestorconfidencethenewyorkstockexchangeunveilsapointprogramaimedtoupgradeprotectionfortheinvestingpublicnovembernovembernightofbrokenglassnovemberndashhorseracingseabiscuitdefeatswaradmiralbyfourlengthsintheirfamousmatchraceatpimlicoracecourseinbaltimorenovemberndasharisingfromthemunichagreementhungaryisfirstviennaawardawardedthefelvidekregionofsouthslovakiaandruthenianovemberndashatapublicmeetingineppingessexeppingwinstonchurchillnarrowlysurvivesanattemptbyfellowconservativeandconstituentsircolinthorntonkemsleytoremovehimfromparliamentnovemberndashernstvomraththethirdsecretaryatthegermanembassyinparisisassassinatedbyherschelgrynszpannovemberndashholocaustndashkristallnachtingermanythenightofbrokenglassbeginsasnazismnaziactivistsandsympathizerslootandburnjewishbusinessestheallnightaffairseesjewishbusinessesdestroyedsynagoguesburnedjewskilledandatleastjewishmenarrestednovemberontheeveofarmisticedaykatesmithsingsirvingberlinsgodblessamericaforthefirsttimeonherweeklyradioshowismetinnbecomesthesecondpresidentofturkeynovemberndashcellbayarformsthenewgovernmentofturkeythgovernmentcelalbayarhadservedtwiceasaprimeministernovemberndashfrenchfinanceministerpaulreynaudbringsintoeffectaseriesoflawsaimingatimprovingfrenchproductivitythusaimingtoundotheeconomicweaknesseswhichledtomunichandundoesmostoftheeconomicandsociallawsofthepopularfrontnovemberbritainformallyrecognisesitalyscontrolofethiopiainreturnmussoliniagreestowithdrawtroopsfromspainlsdisfirstsynthesizedbyalberthofmannfromergotamineatthesandozlaboratoriesinbaselthefirstreportedattackofthehalifaxslashermasshysteriaincidentinenglandnovemberndashtradeunionmemberselectjohnllewisasthefirstpresidentofthecongress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nesistelekinesisandtelepathyjamesmarsdenascyclopsmarvelcomicsscottsummerscyclopsamutantwhoisxavierssecondincommandandthexmensfieldleaderaswellasaninstructorattheinstituteheisengagedtojeangreyhispowersincludeastrongredbeamofforceshootingfromhiseyeswhichisonlyheldincheckbysunglassesoraspecializedrubyquartzvisorwhichalsoenableshimtocontrolthestrengthofthebeamtofirewhenincombatbrucedavisonasrobertkellycomicssenatorrobertkellyanantimutantpoliticianwhowishestobanmutantchildrenfromschoolsusingamutantregistrationactheiskidnappedbymagnetoinatestofhismutationmachinewhichcauseshisbodytoturnintoaliquidlikesubstancehediesbeforejeancouldsavehimrebeccaromijnrebeccaromijnstamosasmystiquecomicsravendarkhlmemystiquemagnetosmutantloyalsecondincommandwhoseemscompletelyfacilewithrespecttomoderntechnologyherpowersincludealteringhershapeandvoiceandmimickinganyhumanbeingwhichisalmostsecondarytoherroleastheperfectsoldierrayparkastoadcomicsmortimertoynbeetoadaveryagilemutantandhenchmanofmagnetohispowersincludeaprehensiletongueaslimysubstancethathespitsontoothersandenhancedagilitytylermaneassabretoothcomicsvictorcreedsabretoothabrutalandsadisticcanadianmutantmercenaryandhenchmanofmagnetohispowersincludeaferociousfelinelikenatureenhancedanimallikesensesfangsandhealingabilitiessimilartowolverinesandclawsextendingpasteachfingerannapaquinasroguecomicsmariedancantorogueamutantseventeenyearoldgirlforcedtoleaveherhomeinmississippiwhensheputsherboyfriendintoacomabykissinghimherpowersincludeabsorbinganyonesmemorieslifeforceandinthecaseofmutantspowersthroughphysicaltouchadditionallyshawnashmoreappearedinaminorroleasicemancomicsbobbydrakeicemanamutantstudentatxaviersschoolforgiftedyoungsterswhotakesalikingtoroguehispowersincludegeneratingicedavidhayterstanleeandtomdesantomakecameoappearancesgeorgebuzathevoiceofbeastcomicsbeastinxmentvseriesxmentheanimatedseriesappearedasthetruckdriverwhodropsrogueoffatthebaratwhichwolverinefightsandalexanderburtonaspyromarvelcomicspyrogambitcomicsgambitwasconsideredforoneofthestudentsatthexmansionsingerrememberedwethoughtaboutgambitastheyoungboyonthebasketballfieldbutthefeelingwasthatifhehasthebasketballandthenreleasesitanditexplodedthenpeoplewouldbelikewhatswrongwiththosebasketballsrefnamearchiverefkevinfeigehadacameoasaweaponxtechbuthisscenesdidnotmakethefinalcutofthefilmproductiondevelopmentmarvelcomicswritersandchiefeditorsgerryconwayandroythomaswroteanxmenscreenplayinwhenorionpicturesheldanoptiononthefilmrightsbutdevelopmentstalledwhenorionbeganfacingfinancialtroublesthroughoutandstanleeandchrisclaremontwereindiscussionswithcarolcopicturesforanxmenfilmadaptationwithjamescameronasproducerandkathrynbigelowdirectingastorytreatmentwaswrittenbybigelowwithbobhoskinsbeingconsideredforwolverineandangelabassettbeingconsideredfortheroleofstormthedealfellapartwhenstanleepiquedcameronsinterestonaspidermaninfilmcarolcopicturesspidermanfilmcarolcogoingbankruptandthefilmrightsrevertingtomarvelindecembermarveldiscussedsellingthepropertytocolumbiapicturestonoavailmeanwhileaviaradproducedthexmentvseriesanimatedxmentvseriesforfoxkidsthcenturyfoxwasimpressedbythesuccessofthetvshowandproducerlaurenshulerdonnerpurchasedthefilmrightsfortheminrefnamegenrefbringingandrewkevinwalkertowritethescriptwalkersdraftinvolvedprofessorxavierrecruitingwolverinecharacterwolverineintothexmenwhichconsistsofcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsjeangreyicemancomicsicemanbeastcomicsbeastandwarrenworthingtoniiiangelthebrotherhoodofmutantswhichconsistedofmagnetocomicsmagnetosabretoothcomicssabretoothtoadcomicstoadjuggernautcomicsjuggernautandtheblobcomicsblobtrytoconquernewyorkcitywhilehenrypetergyrichandbolivartraskattackthexmenwiththreetallsentinelcomicssentinelsthescriptfocusedontherivalrybetweenwolverineandcyclopsaswellasthelattersselfdoubtasafieldleaderpartofthebackstoryinventedformagnetomadehimthecauseofthechernobyldisasterthescriptalsofeaturedthexcopterandthedangerroomwalkerturnedinhisseconddraftinjunelaetakalogridisjohnloganwriterjohnloganjamesschamusandjosswhedonwerebroughtonforsubsequentrewritesoneofthesescriptskepttheideaofmagnetoturningmanhattanintoamutanthomelandwhileanotherhingedonaromancebetweenwolverineandstormmarvelcomicsstormwhedonsdraftfeaturedthedangerroomandconcludedwithjeangreydressedasthephoenixforcecomicsphoenixrefnamewhedoninfocusrefaccordingtoentertainmentweeklythisscreenplaywasrejectedbecauseofitsquickwittedpopculturereferencingtonerefnameoutrefandthefinishedfilmcontainedonlytwodialogueexchangesthatwhedonhadcontributedmichaelchabonpitchedasixpagefilmtreatmenttofoxinitfocusedheavilyoncharacterdevelopmentbetweenwolverineandjubileecomicsjubileeandincludedprofessorxcyclopsjeangreynightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerbeasticemanandstormunderchabonsplanthevillainswouldnothavebeenintroduceduntilthesecondfilmfoxconsideredbrettratnerasdirectorandofferedthepositiontorobertrodriguezbutheturneditdownfollowingthereleaseoftheusualsuspectsbryansingerwaslookingtodoasciencefictionfilmandfoxofferedhimalienresurrectionbutproducertomdesantofelthewouldbemoreappropriateforxmenbydecembersingerwasinthedirectorspositionwhileedsolomonwashiredtowritethescriptinaprilandsingerwenttofilmaptpupilfilmaptpupilfoxthenannouncedachristmasreleasedateinlatethebudgetwasprojectedatmillioninlatesingeranddesantosentatreatmenttofoxwhichtheybelievedwasperfectbecauseittookseriouslythethemesandthecomparisonsbetweenxavierandmagnetoandmartinlutherkingandmalcolmxunliketheotherscriptstheymaderoguecomicsrogueanimportantcharacterbecausesingerrecognizedthathermutationwhichrendersherunabletotouchanyonewasthemostsymbolicofalienationsingermergedattributesofkittyprydeandjubileeintothefilmsdepictionofroguemagnetosplottomutatetheworldleadersintoacceptinghispeopleisreminiscentofhowconstantineisconversiontochristianityendedthepersecutionofearlychristiansintheromanempiretheanalogywasemphasizedinadeletedsceneinwhichstormteacheshistoryrobertkellycomicssenatorkellysclaimthathehasalistofmutantslivingintheunitedstatesrecallsjosephmccarthyssimilarclaimregardingcommunistsfoxwhohadprojectedthebudgetatmillionrejectedthetreatmentwhichtheyestimatedwouldhavecostmillionmorebeastnightcrawlerpyromarvelcomicspyroandthedangerroomhadtobedeletedbeforethestudiogreenlightedxmenfoxheadthomasrothmanarguedthatthiswouldenhancethestoryandsingerconcurredthatremovingthedangerroomallowedhimtofocusonothersceneshepreferredelementsofbeastparticularlyhismedicalexpertiseweretransferredtojeangreysingeranddesantobroughtchristophermcquarriefromtheusualsuspectsandtogetherdidanotherrewritedavidhaytersimultaneouslyrewrotethescreenplayreceivingsoloscreenplaycreditfromthewritersguildofamericawhilesingeranddesantoweregivenstorycreditthewgaofferedmcquarrieacreditbuthevoluntarilytookhisnameoffwhenthefinalversionwasmoreinlinewithhaytersscriptthanhiscastingrussellcrowewassingersfirstchoicetoplaywolverinebutheturneditdowninsteadrecommendinghisfriendactorhughjackmanforthepartjackmanwasanunknownactoratthetimewhileanumberofmoreestablishedactorsofferedtheirservicesfortherolewithsingercastingdougrayscottpartofscottscontractincludedasequelbutbackedoutduetoschedulingconflictswithmissionimpossibleinearlyoctoberandwasinjuredinamotorbikeaccidentjackmanwasthencastthreeweeksintofilmingbasedonasuccessfulauditionglenndanzigwasinvitedbythcenturyfoxtoauditionfortheroleofwolverineashisheightandbuildcloselyresemblethatofthefilmsprotagonistasdescribedintheoriginalcomicbookshoweverhedeclinedduetoschedulingconflictswithhisbandkeanureevesgarysinisemelgibsonaaroneckhartjeanclaudevandammeviggomortensenedwardnortonandbobhoskinswerealsoconsideredfortheroleofwolverinejeriryanwasintherunningfortheroleofmystiquepatrickstewartwasfirstapproachedbysingertoplayxavieronthesetofconspiracytheoryfilmconspiracytheorywhichwasdirectedbyxmenexecutiveproducerricharddonnerfilmingtheoriginalstartdatewasmidwiththereleasedatesetforchristmasbutfoxmovedxmentojunestevenspielberghadbeenscheduledtofilmminorityreportfilmminorityreportforreleaseinjunebuthehadchosentofilmaiartificialintelligenceandfoxneededafilmtofillthevoidthismeantthatsingerhadtofinishxmensixmonthsaheadofschedulealthoughfilminghadbeenpushedbackthereleasedatewasthenmovedtojulyfilmingtookplacefromseptembertomarchintorontoandinhamiltonontariocasalomaroythomsonhallandmetrohallwereusedforxmansioninteriorswhileparkwoodestatelocatedinoshawaeastoftorontowaschosenforexteriorsspencersmithparkinburlingtonontariodoubledforlibertyislandrefnameignlocationsrefpostproductionwashecticwithshulerdonnersayingthatwehadtolockpictureandscoreandeditsometimesatthesametimerefnamelatmusicrefdesignandeffectsthefilmmakersdecidednottoreplicatethexmencostumesasseeninthecomicbookstanleeandchrisclaremontsupportedthisdecisionclaremontjokedyoucandothatonadrawingbutwhenyouputitonpeopleitsdisturbingproducercowritertomdesantohadbeensupportiveofusingtheblueandyellowcolorschemeofthecomicsbutcametoconcludethattheywouldnotworkonscreentoacknowledgethefancomplaintssingeraddedcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopslinewhatwouldyoupreferyellowspandexwhenwolverinecomplainsaboutwearingtheiruniformsduringfilmingsingernotedthatdurableblackleathermademoresenseforthexmentowearasprotectiveclothingandshulerdonneraddedthatthecostumeshelpedthemblendintothenightoakleyincprovidedtheredlensedglasseswornbycyclopsacustomizedversionofthecompanysownxmetaljulietwolverinesclawsrequirednocastofhughjackmanshandsandwerebuiltsohecouldeasilyputthemonandtakethemoffforsafetyreasonsproductionhadinsistedthattheybeattachedatalltimesunderafullprostheticsleevebutdesignergordonsmithrefusedtodoitproductionalsoinsistedonrealmetalbladeswhichsmithalsorefusedtodomakinginjectionmouldedplasterbladesinsteadhundredsofpairswerebuiltforjackmanandhisstuntdoublesrebeccaromijnstamosworeindividualsiliconeprostheticsonherbodytoportraymystiqueonlytheedgesweregluedtherestwereselfstickingtheprostheticswerebuiltflatandwrappedherbodytheywereinternallycoloredwithfoodcoloringandneededadditionalmakeuporpainttheoriginalagreedtoandtesteddesignwastocolorherskinwithcosmeticgradefoodcoloringaswellbutatthelastminutebryansingerinsistedonpaintingherskintolookopaqueasinthecomicbookwhichaddedsixhourstothemakeupmakingtheordealverydifficultforhertherewerealsonofacilitiesprovidedtoexhaustpaintfumesduringoneofcanadascolderwintersromijnreflectedihadalmostnocontactwiththerestofthecastitwaslikeiwasmakingadifferentmoviefromeveryoneelseitwashellinthelatescomputergeneratedimagerywasbecomingmorecommonlyusedsingervisitedthesetsofstarwarsepisodeithephantommenaceandtitanicfilmtitanictounderstandpracticalanddigitaleffectsfilminghadstartedwithoutaspecialeffectscompanyhireddigitaldomaincinesitekleiserwalczakconstructioncohammerheadproductionmatteworlddigitalcoreandpopwereallhiredindecembervisualeffectssupervisormikefinkadmittedtohavebeendissatisfiedwithhisworkonxmenindespitenearlybeingnominatedforanacademyawardforvisualeffectsacademyawardrefnamefxfxvisualeffectsthcenturyfoxrefdigitaldomainstechnicaldirectorseanccunninghamandleadcompositingcompositorclaashenkemorphingmorphedbrucedavisonintoaliquidfigureforkellysmutationscenecunninghamsaidthereweremanydigitallayerswaterwithoutrefractionwaterwithmurkinessskinwithandwithouthighlightsskinwithgooinitwhenrenderedtogetherittookhoursperframetheyconsideredshowingkellysinternalorgansduringthetransformationbutthatseemedtoogruesomeaccordingtocunninghamrefnamedomainrefmusicsingerapproachedjohnwilliamstocomposethefilmscorebutwilliamsturneddowntheofferbecauseofschedulingconflictsthensingersetonhisusualcomposerjohnottmanhoweveroncefoxpushedxmenfromdecembertojulyottmanscommitmenttodirecturbanlegendsfinalcutmadehimunabletoworkwithsingermichaelkamenwaseventuallyhiredgiventhefilmwasonlycompletedshortlybeforeitspremierekamenwrotethescoretothefinishedsceneswhichweresenttohimjustasworkwasdoneonthemsingeraskedhimnottouseanysongsinthesoundtrackashedidntwanttodatethemovieduetokamensunfamiliaritywiththecomicsheonlytriedtorepresentbryansingersfilmictonethathesmadeforacomicbookaquiteseriousmoviewhichisaboutthecapacityofhumanitytocategorizepeoplebyracereligionortypeandprejudicepeopleagainstthembasedontheirinnatecharacteristicscharacterspecificthemeswerewrittentoidentifythesecharactersasyougothroughthefilmbecausetheyrenotalwaysclearforinstancemystiquesmotiffocusedonthecelloaskamenfounditaveryeroticsoundinginstrumentplayedinthesoundtrackasshewasdisguisedaswolverineduetotimerestrictionstheproducersscrappedtheiroriginalplantorecordthescoreinlondonanddiditinlosangeleskamensfirstdraftofthescorehadbeendescribedashavinganabundanceofthemesandrichorchestrationsduringearlyrecordingsessionsproducerlaurenshulerdonnerexpressedherdissatisfactionwithkamensmusicandforcedhimtorewritetheentirescorebyusinglessthemesandmoreelectronicelementsinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexmenoriginalmotionpicturesoundtrackcoverxmensoundtrackjpgtypesoundtrackreleasedrecordedgenrefilmscorelengthminuteslabeldeccarecordsdeccaartistmichaelkamenlastalbumfrequencyfilmfrequencybrthisalbumxmenbrnextalbumbandofbrothersminiseriesbandofbrothersbrmiscextrachronologyartistxmenfilmseriesxmensoundtracktypesoundtrackthisalbumxmenbrnextalbumxfilmmusicxbrtracklistingcollapsedheadlineextracolumntotallengthallwritingalllyricsallmusicwritingcreditslyricscreditsmusiccreditstitledeathcamplengthtitleambushlengthtitlemutantschoollengthtitlemagnetoslairlengthtitlecerebrolengthtitletrainlengthtitlemagnetostandsofflengthtitlethexjetlengthtitlemuseumfightlengthtitlethestatueoflibertylengthtitlefinalshowdownlengthtitleloganandroguelengthreleasemarketingfoxbroadcastingcompanyairedaspecialentitledmutantwatchtopromotethemoviethatpartiallyincludesinuniversescenesofasenatehearingfeaturingsenatorrobertkellythisfeaturettewasincludedasabonusfeatureonsomeofthevideoreleasesonjunemarvelpublishedacomicbookprequeltoxmenentitledxmenbeginningsrevealingthebackstoriesofmagnetorogueandwolverinetherewasalsoacomicbookadaptationbasedonthefilmaconsolevideogamexmenmutantacademywasreleasedonjulytotakeadvantageofthefilmsreleasefeaturingcostumesandothermaterialsfromthefilmtheatricalrunxmenhaditspremiereatellisislandonjulytwodaysbeforeawideopeninginnbsptheatersinnorthamericaitwouldalsodebutinaustraliathatweekendtotakeadvantageoftheschoolholidayswhilemostotherterritorieswouldgetthefilminaugustrefnameausvarietycomfilmnewsxtraordinarybowxtraordinarybowrefmarvelstudioswasdependingonxmenssuccesstoigniteotherfranchisepropertiesspidermaninfilmspidermanfantasticfourfilmseriesfantasticfourhulkfilmhulkanddaredevilfilmdaredevilxmengrossedmillionintheunitedstatesandcanadaandmillioninotherterritoriesforaworldwidetotalofmillionagainstaproductionbudgetofmillionbecomingtheeighthighestgrossingfilmofdomesticallyandninthworldwideinnorthamericaxmenopenedonfridayjulyandmademilliononitsopeningdayandhavingthehighestgrossingopeningweekendforasuperherofilmsurpassingbatmanforeversmillionanonsequelandajulyreleasesurpassingmeninblacksmillionthesuccessofxmenalongsidebladefilmbladestartedareemergenceforthelistoffilmsbasedoncomicscomicbookandsuperherofilmgenrecriticalresponsexmenreceivedpositivereviewsfromcriticsbasedonreviewscollectedbyrottentomatoeswerepositivewith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llingmusicalbumreleasedinworldwidethealbumhassoldovermillioncopiesworldwidethealbumspawnedthesinglemusicsinglesspeedofsoundsongspeedofsoundfixyoutalkcoldplaysongtalkthehardestpartcoldplaysongthehardestpartwhatifandwhiteshadowsbackgroundcoldplayannounceddetailsaboutxyinmarchwhilethealbumwasbeingrecordedtheirinitialplansweretostayoutofthepubliceyethroughouttheyearleadsingerchrismartinstatedwereallyfeelthatwehavetobeawayforawhileandwecertainlywontreleaseanythingthisyearbecauseithinkpeopleareabitsickofusthisplanwasnotcarriedoutbecauseofthepressuretheirsecondalbumarushofbloodtotheheadhadinducedbuttheyweretryingtomakethebestthingthatanyonehaseverheardpriortotheannouncementmartinleadguitaristjonnybucklandandbritishrecordproducerkennelsonbritishrecordproducerkennelsonhadstartedrecordingdemomusicdemoswhileinchicagoillinoisthebandthenenteredalondonstudioinjanuaryrefnameorshoskienterrefrecordingthebandspentallofproducingxythereleasedalbumisthethirdversionofwhichthebandhadproducedduringtheirlatesessionsandsomehaveevenconsidereditastheirfifthalbumduetoconstantchangesintracklistsandrerecordingsrefnamemontgomerythirdrefthebandmemberswerenotsatisfiedwiththeoutputoftheirinitialsessionswithnelsonwhohadproducedthebandsprevioustwoalbumsparachutesalbumparachutesandarushofbloodtotheheadtheinitialsetreleasedatewaslatebutwaslaterpushedbacktojanuaryasthenewtargetdatewasapproachingthebandagaindiscardedsongswhichtheydeemedflatandpassionlesssixtysongswerewrittenduringthesesessionsfiftytwoofwhichwereditchedthebandstartedrehearsingthesongsforaplannedtourbutfeltthesongssoundedbetterlivecomparedtotheirrecordedversionswerealizedthatwedidntreallyhavetherightsongsandsomeofthemwerestartingtosoundbetterbecausewewereplayingthemthantheydidonrecordsowethoughtwebettergobackandrecordthemagainguitaristjonnybucklandhassaidthatthebandhadpushedthemselvesforwardineverydirectioninmakingthealbumbuttheyfeltitsoundedliketheyweregoingbackwardscomparedtotheirearlierworksrefnamebrandlesoundrefattemptingtoperfecttheirworkcoldplayhadtostepitupafewnotchesandworkhardatittogetitrightthebandchosedantonsupplewhomixedthebulkofarushofbloodtotheheadtooverseetheproductionofxyfinallythebandwassettledwiththesongsquareonewhichmartinhasdescribedasacalltoarmsandapleatoeachofthemnottobeintimidatedbyanythingoranyoneelseoncefinishedthebandfeltliketheycoulddotheirownsongsandnothavetothinkofanyoneelsesdemandsduringthismonththebandwasintothefinalweeksofproductionandhadputthefinishingtouchesonthetracksdrummerwillchampionlateradmittedthatcoldplaydidnotrushtocompletethealbumbecausetheprospectoftouringagainwassodauntingthatwefeltweshouldtakeourtimeandalsowewantedtomakesurethatitwasthebestitcouldpossiblybeaccordingtohimthebandhadnodeadlinewhichallowedthemnottofeelpressuredintofinishingsomethingonceaproperdeadlinewasimposedontothebandtheybecamemoreproductivethaninprevioussessionsatthisjuncturethebandhadwrittenaboutorsongscompositionmusictousethemainrifffromcomputerloveforthetracktalkthemusicofxyconsistsofmultilayeredproductionwithheavyelectronicinfluencesfeaturingtheextensiveuseofsynthesizersynthesizersmusicalcharacteristicsthatcontributetothealbumsmultilayeringandgrandiosityincludetempofasttemposdynamicdrumpatternsdistortionmusicdistortedguitarriffsanddrivingbasslinescoldplayhasalsocitedvariousotherinfluencesinthealbumthegermanelectronicmusicpioneerkraftwerkisevidentonthesongtalkcoldplaysongtalkwhichborrowstheriffisthesamebutitsnotanactualsampleitssynthesizerhookfromscomputerlovekraftwerksongcomputerlovewiththeriffinsteadbeingcreatedbyelectricguitarasmentionedbeforealsopresentislargeelectronicmusicalinfluencesfromsomeofthelikesofenglishmusiciansdavidbowieandbrianenoenowhowouldlaterproducevivalavidaordeathandallhisfriendsandmyloxylotoalsoplayedbackingsynthesizeronthetrackslowandwhiteshadowsthefirstsinglespeedofsoundsongspeedofsoundalsotakesinspirationfromthedrumbeatofenglishsingersongwriterkatebushssongrunningupthathillaccordingtojonparelesofthenewyorktimeswhowroteacontroversialarticleextensivelycriticizingthealbumthebandattemptstocarrythebeautyofclocksacrossthealbumborrowingsomeofitsfeaturestosongslikespeedofsoundrefnameparelescasereftheopeningtracksquareonealsofeaturesthefamousmotiffromalsosprachzarathustrastraussalsosprachzarathustraknownbetterasthetitlethemeofstanleykubrickstanleykubrickssciencefictionfilmaspaceodysseyfilmaspaceodysseythethreenotesequenceisreplicatedinthesongbydistortedguitarriffswithabackingsynthesizeraddedformusicaltexturethesequencealsotransitionsasapartofthesongschorusshowcasingchrismartinstrademarkfalsettovoicefixyoufeaturesanorganandpianosoundthesongstartswithahushedelectricorganballadincludingmartinsfalsettothesongthenbuildswithbothanacousticguitarandpianosoundthesoundthenshiftswithaplaintivethreenoteguitarlineringingthroughabringingrhythmupbeattempoitsinstrumentationisvariedwiththesoundofchurchstyleorganshoveringthroughoutthebackgroundpianonotesacousticandelectricguitarriffsdrumsbassguitarandasingalongchorusthehardestpartfeaturesafasterpianoballadsoundandstar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revqmagazineqrevscorerefnameqmagazinerefrevrollingstonerevscorerefnamesannehrollingrefrevspinmagazinespinrevscorebrefnamespinrefrevthevillagevoicerevscorebrefnamechristgaurefxyreceivedgenerallypositivereviewsfrommusicjournalismmusiccriticsatmetacriticwhichassignsastandardscorenormalizedratingoutoftoreviewsfrommainstreamcriticsthealbumreceivedanweightedmeanaveragescoreofbasedonreviewsnmedescribeditasconfidentboldambitiousbungedwithsinglesandimpossibletocontainandaddedthatitreinforcescoldplayasthebandoftheirtimeqmagazineqmagazinefounditsubstantiallymorevisceralandemotionallyrewardingexperiencethanbothitspredecessorsjameshunterofthevillagevoicesaidthatitisremarkablyaccomplishedfreshandemotionaluncutmagazineuncutassertivelycalleditanexceptionalpoprecordspinmagazinespinmagazinesmikaelwoodpraisedcoldplayforrecastingtheirnerdystudentbritpopasimportantrockmusicwithouthavingtocompromisemartinsunpretentioussongwritingstyleinhisreviewforallmusicstephenthomaserlewinepraiseditasagoodrecordcrispprofessionalandassuredasonicallysatisfyingsequeltoarushofbloodtotheheadstatingitasimpeccableandastrongaccomplishedalbuminalessenthusiasticreviewforentertainmentweeklydavidbrownejournalistdavidbrownefeltthatcoldplaysattemptatmoregrandiosemusicworksonlypartofthetimeeventhoughhefoundtheirefforttomaturecommendablerhyannonrodriguezfromkludgemagazinekludgewrotethatthealbumfeelsalittleforceddescribingtheoverallsoundsasovertlyweakalexispetridiswritingintheguardiansaidthatsomeofthesongsaremostlybeautifullyturnedbutmarredbylyricsthataresodevoidofpersonalitythattheysoundlesslikesonglyricspitchforkwebsitepitchforksjoetangaricalleditblandbutneveroffensivelistenablebutnotmemorablemojomagazinemojowrotethatthealbumisawashwithclichesnonsequitursandcheapexistentialismattimesitallbecomesnighonunbearableinanegativereviewforthevillagevoicerobertchristgaunamedxydudofthemonthandcalledcoldplayapreciseblandandbanalbandgivingthealbumabgradethebandhasreceivedsomecriticismfromsomemusiccriticsforthesimilaritiesbetweentheleadsinglespeedofsoundsongspeedofsoundandclockssongclocksoneofthebandsmostpopularsongstodatekelefasannehofrollingstonemagazinewaslesscontentedwithxywritingitissomethinglessexcitingcomparedtoarushofbloodtotheheadthatwasanervybidforbignesssannehnotesthatthealbumisthesoundofablownupbandtryingnottodeflateandasurprisingnumberofsongsherejustnevertakeflightdespitesuchhecomplimentsthealbumforfeaturinglovelyballadsthatsoundwellcoldplayishaccoladesthealbumearnedthebandseveralawardsinitwonthebestbritishalbumaccoladeatthebritawardsandinternationalalbumoftheyearatthejunoawardswhichcoldplaysharedwithamericanhiphopgrouptheblackeyedpeasxyhadscoredcoldplaytheirthirdconsecutivemercuryprizenominationitwasalsonominatedforbestrockalbumatthethgrammyawardsbutlosttoushowtodismantleanatomicbombxywasvotedthendbestalbumoftheyearinthevillagevoicesannualpazzjopcriticspollforontheotherhandxywasvotedthesecondmostoverratedalbumevermadeinabbcpublicpollcommercialperformancelisboaportugalduringthetwistedlogictournovemberxywasacommercialsuccessineuropethealbumdebutedatnumberoneontheukalbumschartmakingitcoldplaysthirdconsecutivenumberonedebutwithsalestotallingthesecondlargestopeningsalesweekinukhistoryatthetimeitiscurrentlythefourthhighestsalesweekbehindtakethatoasisbandoasisandadelesingeradeletodatethebritishphonographicindustrybpihascertifiedthealbumeighttimesplatinumthealbumplacedatnumbernineonthelistofunitedkingdomsnbspbiggestsellingalbumsofthestnbspcenturypublishedbythebritishtradepapermusicweekasoffebruarythealbumhadsoldcopiesintheukmakingitthesecondbestsellingcoldplayalbumbehindarushofbloodtotheheadtheamericanpresshaveconsideredxyalandmarkachievementofcoldplayxyalsoemergedasthebiggestsellingdebutunderrockgenretherecordingindustryassociationofamericariaahassincecertifiedthealbumthreetimesplatinumforaccumulatedshipmentsofoverthreemillionunitsincanadathealbumdebutedatandsoldcopiesinitsfirstweekmakingitthebiggestsellingdebutofincanadaitendedupbeingcertifiedplatinumindecemberforshippingofcopiesaltogetherthealbumemergedassbestsellingalbumworldwideaccumulatingovernbspmillionnbspunitsdespitetheaggregatethreepercentfallofsalesaccordingtoemibytheendofitsoldmillioncopiesrefnamecashmerereftracklistingonthebackcoverthetracklistisseparatedintotwopartsxandywithtrackslabeledasxthroughxandtrackslabeledythroughytracklistingheadlinexallwritingchrismartinjonnybucklandguyberrymanandwillchampionexceptwherenotedtitlesquareonelengthtitlewhatiflengthtitlewhiteshadowslengthtitlefixyoulengthtitletalkcoldplaysongtalknotewritersmartinbucklandberrymanchampionralfhtterhtterkarlbartosbartosemilschultschultlengthtitlexylengthtracklistingheadlineytitlespeedofsoundsongspeedofsoundlengthtitleamessagelengthtitlelowlengthtitlethehardestpartcoldplaysongthehardestpartlengthtitleswallowedinthesealengthtitletwistedlogiclengthtitletilkingdomcomenotehiddentracklengthtotallengthtracklistingheadlinebonustrackstitlehowyouseetheworldnoteonlyavailableinsomejapanfirstpresslengthtoureditiondvdtocoincidewithcoldplaystourofa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otherworkerswouldhavetoleavethepenstockandgetfireextinguishersfromoutsidetheythenhadtoreenterthenowsmokefilledtunnelwhilethefirespreadtoothercontainersofmekandothermaterialaroundthesprayplatformthetrappedworkersretreatedupasteepsectionofthetunnelduetopoorvisibilitythicksmokeandotherfumesworkerswithfireextinguisherswereunabletoreachthefireanditcontinuedtoburntheworkerstrappedbythefirewereuninjuredintheexplosionandmaintainedradiocontactuntilpmemergencyresponseclearcreekemergencycommunicationscenterfirstreceivedwordoftheincidentatpmafteranrpicontractornotifiedxcelabouttheincidentandthexcelemployeecalledfirstresponderswereimmediatelydispatchedbutwerenottoldthatthefirewasinaconfinedspacenorthatspecializedequipmentbyhighlytrainedrescuerswouldbeneededaftertheenormityoftherescuewasrecognizedlocalfirstrespondersrequestedthehelpofalargesuburbandenverfiredepartmenttheyalsorequestedaminerescueteamfromclimaxmolybdenumcompanyshendersonminebothagencieswereoveranhourawaylocalrespondersincludingabackcountryrescueteammadeasingleattempttoenterthetunnelusingbreathingapparatusandanatvconditionswerestillveryhazardousinthetunnelincludingtoxicfumesandblacksmokereducingvisibilitytozerotherescuerswereforcedtoturnbackattemptstolowerbreathingapparatusaradioandotherequipmenttothetrappedworkerswerealsomadeultimatelythehendersonminerescueteamwouldmakeentryintothetunnelandconfirmboththatthefirewasoutandthatfiveworkersweredeaddonalddejaynesdupreeholtjamesstpetersgaryfosterandanthonyaguirreasphyxiatedrefnamekumarrefthefoursurvivingworkersweretransportedtoadenverhospitalwheretheywerealltreatedandsubsequentlyreleasedinrecognitionofthetragiceventcoloradostategovernorbillritterlatertraveledtogeorgetowntomeetwiththefamiliesofthedeceasedtheuschemicalsafetyandhazardinvestigationboardhascompletedaninvestigationintothisincidentrefnamecbsreportxcelenergycompanyfirecsbgovassetsxcelenergyreportfinalpdfrefinvestigationandaftermathinvestigationthecasewasinvestigatedbytheuschemicalsafetyandhazardinvestigationboardandaformalreportwasreleasedonaugusttheinvestigationwashamperedbyxcelandrpirefusingtofurnishtestimonyevidenceandresponsetoquestionsfromtheinvestigatingboardmanyrpimanagersinvokedtheirfifthamendmenttotheunitedstatesconstitutionfifthamendmentrightfromselfincriminationindeeddespitethechemicalsafetyboardhavingafederalmandatetoinvestigateandreportabouttheaccidentxcelenergywenttocourttoblockthereleaseofthereportsayingitwouldbedetrimentaltotheircourtcasexcelenergyalsoleakedaconfidentialdraftofthereporttothemediabeforetheofficialreportwasreleasedrefnamecsbletterrefamongthefindingsoftheinvestigationmekwasthesourceoftheflashfirebothxcelandrpiknewinadvanceoftheneedtouseaflammablesolventinsidethepenstockdespitethepenstockhavingverylimitedegressroutesventilationandverydangerousworkingconditionsneitherxcelnorrpitreatedthetunnelasapermitrequiredconfinedspaceasrequiredbyoshaneitherxcelnorrpistrainingandsafetyprogramswereadequateforthetaskofworkinginthepenstockbothxcelandrpihadpriortotheaccidentidentifiedasinglepointofegressasamajorsafetyconcernyetdidnothingaboutittheemergencyactionplanofcallingwasinadequateasthelocalemergencyserviceproviderswerenotequippednortrainedtorespondtoanemergencyinaconfinedspacexcelenergydidnotfollowtheirownguidelineswhenselectingrpiasacontractorforthejobrpireceivedasafetyratingofzeroandshouldhavebeenexcludedfromcontentionbutprovedtobethelowestbidderxcelwasawareoflifethreateningworkingconditionsatthesiteyetdidnothingaboutitallegationshavebeenmadethatrpidestroyedevidencelogbooksetcatthejobsiterefnameingoldrefcriminalcaseagainstxcelenergyandrpicoatingonjunefederalprosecutorsopenedtheirchargesthatxcelenergywascriminallyliableforthedeathsofthefiverpiworkersonjunethejuryfoundxcelenergynotguiltyrefnamedenverpostingoldjohnxcelenergyfoundnotguiltyindeathsoffiveworkersincoloradodenverpostcomnewscirefthecontractorrpicoatinghadalonghistoryofcitationsfrombothfederalandstateagenciesthecompanyhadaccumulatedfinestotalingfromninetyincidentssincemostofthefinesstemmedfromunsafeworkingconditionssuchasaworkerwhowascrushedbyaworkplatformwhileworkingontheisanfranciscobaybridgerefnamecbsveigaalexxcelcontractorrpicoatinghadsafetyissuescbsreftheseninetyincidentswereaccumulatedwhilethecompanywasoperatingunderthenameofrobisonpreziosoincoftheninetyfineableincidencestwentysevenwereviolationsconsideredseriousbytheoccupationalsafetyandhealthadministrationosharefnamenyfroschdancontractorinfatalfirehadbeenfinedthenewyorktimesnytimescomuscoloradohtmlrorefsloginrefondecemberrpicoatingpleadedguiltytoworkplacesafetyviolationsandpaidmillioninacashsettlementthecompanytookresponsibilityforthedeathsoffiveworkersandtheinjuriestothreethispleadealpreventedacivillawsuitandsubjectedrpitofurthermonitoringforworkplacesafetyviolationsreferencesaxanthineoxidaseinhibitorisanysubstancethatenzymeinhibitorinhibitstheactivityofxanthineoxidaseanenzymeinvolvedinpurinemetabolisminhumansinhibitionofxanthineoxidasereducestheproductionofuricacidandseveralmedicationsthatinhibitxanthineoxidaseareindicationmedicineindicatedfortreatmentofhyperuricemiaandrelatedmedicalconditionsincludinggoutrefnamepmidcitejournalvauthorspacherpnivorozhkinaszabctitletherapeuticeffectsofxanthineoxidaseinhibitorsrenaissancehalfacenturyafterthediscoveryofallopurinoljournalpharmacolrevvolumeissuepagesdatemarchpmidpmcdoiprurlrefxanthineoxidaseinhibitorsarebeinginvestigatedformanagementofreperfusioninjuryxanthineoxidaseinhibitorsareoftwokindspurineanaloguesandotherspurineanaloguesincludeallopurinoloxypurinolrefnamepmidcitejournalvauthorsiwanagatkobayashidhirayamammaedattamaiititleinvolvementofuricacidtransporterinincreasedrenalclearanceofthexanthineoxidaseinhibitoroxypurinolinducedbyauricosuricagentbenzbromaronejournaldrugmetabolismanddispositionvolumeissuepagesdatedecemberpmiddoidmdurldmdaspetjournalsorgcgipmidlookupviewlongpmidrefandtisopurineothersincludefebuxostatrefnamepmidcitejournalvauthorsbeckermaschumacherhrwortmannrletaltitlefebuxostatanovelnonpurineselectiveinhibitorofxanthineoxidaseatwentyeightdaymulticenterphaseiirandomizeddoubleblindplacebocontrolleddoseresponseclinicaltrialexaminingsafetyandefficacyinpatientswithgoutjournalarthritisandrheumatismvolumeissuepagesdatemarchpmiddoiartreftopiroxostatandinositolsphyticacidandinositolmyoinositolinexperimentsnumerousnaturalproductshavebeenfoundtoinhibitxanthineoxidaseinvitroorinmodelanimalsmousemiceratstheseincludethreeflavonoidsthatoccurinmanydifferentfruitsandvegetableskaempferolmyricetinandquercetinrefnamepmidcitejournalvauthorsselloumlreichlsmllermsebihilarnholdjtitleeffectsofflavonolsonthegenerationofsuperoxideanionradicalsbyxanthineoxidaseandstimulatedneutrophilsjournalarchivesofbiochemistryandbiophysicsvolumeissuepagesdatenovemberpmiddoiabbiurlrefmoregenerallyplanarflavonesandflavonolswithahydroxylgroupinhibitxanthineoxidaserefnamepmidcitejournalvauthorsnagaoasekimkobayashihtitleinhibitionofxanthineoxidasebyflavonoidsjournalbiosciencebiotechnologyandbiochemistryvolumeissuepagesdateoctoberpmiddoibbburlrefanessentialoilextractedfromcinnamomumosmophloeuminhibitsxanthineoxidaseinmousemicerefnamepmidcitejournalvauthorswangsyyangcwliaojwzhenwwchufhchangsttitleessentialoilfromleavesofcinnamomumosmophloeumactsasaxanthineoxidaseinhibitorandreducestheserumuricacidlevelsinoxonateinducedmicejournalphytomedicinevolumeissuepagesdateaugustpmiddoijphymedurlrefthenaturalproductpropolisfromselectedsourcesinhibitsxanthineoxidaseinratsthespecificsubstanceresponsibleforthisinhibitionhasnotbeenidentifiedandthegeneralityofthesefindingsisunknownrefnamepmidcitejournalvauthorsyoshizumiknishiokantsujittitlexanthineoxidaseinhibitoryactivityandhypouricemiaeffectofpropolisinratslanguagejapanesejournalyakugakuzasshivolumeissuepagesdatemarchpmiddoiyakushiurljoijlcjstgojpjstjstageyakushifrompubmedlangenformatrefanextractofleavesofpistaciaintegerrimaalsoinhibitsxanthineoxidaseatalevelthatappearstomeritfurtherresearchrefnamepmidcitejournalvauthorsahmadnsfarmanmnajmimhmiankbhasanatitlepharmacologicalbasisforuseofpistaciaintegerrimaleavesinhyperuricemiaandgoutjournaljethnopharmacolvolumeissuepagesdatemaypmiddoijjepurlrefinfolkmedicinethetreeferncyatheaspinulosaformerlyalsophilaspinulosahasbeenusedforgoutbutitsmostactivecomponentcaffeicacidisonlyaweakinhibitorofxanthineoxidaserefnamepmidcitejournalvauthorschianghcloyjlufjtitlexanthineoxidaseinhibitorsfromtheleavesofalsophilaspinulosahooktryonjournaljournalofenzymeinhibitionvolumeissuepagesyearpmiddoiurlrefordersofmagnitudeloweractivitythanflavonolsreferencesinfoboxaircraftbeginnamexianmodernarkmaimagexianmalebourgetjpgcaptionxianmamockupatparisairshowinfoboxaircrafttypetypeturbopropairlinermanufacturerxianaircraftindustrialcorporationundertheaviationindustrycorporationofchinadesignerfirstflightplannednovintroducedplannedretiredstatusprimaryusermoreusersproducednumberbuiltunitcostdevelopedfromvariantswiththeirownarticlesthexianmamaformodernarkisatwinenginemediumrangeturbopropairlinercurrentlyunderdevelopmentbyxianaircraftindustrialcorporationoftheaviationindustrycorporationofchinaavicdevelopmentwhentheaircraftwasfirstannouncedinitwaspresentedasaseataircrafthoweverwhenamodeloftheaircraftwasshownatthezhuhaiairshowitwastoutedascapableofofferingseatsinabreastconfigurationokayairwaysandjoyairwereannouncedaslaunchcustomersfortheaircraftandtobeinvolvedwithitsdevelopmentwhichhadbeenduetomakeitsmaidenflightinnovemberrefnamechinadailydecrefbylatetherewereordersfortheseataircraftwithpurchaseagreementswithcustomersincludingjoyairokayairwaysandcambodiabayonairlinesthefirstprototypehadbeenduetobeassembledinwithamaidenflightinandcertificationscheduledforavicplanstoapplyforairworthinesscertificationwiththeunitedstatesfederalaviationadministrationandtheeuropeanaviationsafetyagencysotheplanecanenterthewesternmarketindecemberdowtypropellerswasselectedforarpropellerderivativeinjanuaryavicsaidstructuralandstrengthtestsallowedtoreleasewingflapsandforwardfuselagetechnicalspecificationsandmanufacturingofitsflapsandcargodoorhadbeguninxianandshenyangrespectivelymaidenflightistarg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rmitsatthesametimeonoctoberoneforxhmaptvonchannelandtheotherforxhopatvonchannelxhmapandxhopawereprimarilyintendedtoimprovetheavailablelocaltelevisionserviceintownthoughtheyeachbroadcastatapowerofwattstherewasnonationaltelevisionserviceinmonclovawhentheywereawardedxhopaeventuallydisappearedxhmapmeanwhilecycledthroughvariousprogrammingsourcesovertheyearsitcarriedgalavisintelemundoandbothimevisinnetworksatvarioustimesultimatelythestationbeganrebroadcastingxhrcgtvfromsaltilloonaugustminersfromtheunionseizedxhmaptvandshutthestationdowntheysoughttoregaincontrolofthestationandhopedtomodernizeitsantiquatedtransmissionequipmenttheminersalsoallegedthatthepresidentandsecretaryofthecomitproantenaparablicahadmadeadealtoallowthestationtorebroadcastxhrcgafterthestationsprogrammingsourcechangedagaintochannelonthelocalcablesystemoperatedbyncleoradiotelevisinacompanyofrolandogonzleztrevionrtownedthecablesystemthechannelandlocalfmstationsxhwgrfmandxhemffminafterthearrestofgonzleztreviointheunitedstatesonmoneylaunderingchargesxhmapwentofftheairinxhmapmigratedtodigitaltelevisiononphysicalchannelasaztecawasassignedvirtualchannelnationwidevirtualchannelwasgiventoxhmaptobroadcastinmayxhmaprelaunchedascanalwithalocalscheduleofprogramstherelaunchedxhmapexposeditselftocriticismthatitwasbeingruncommerciallyeventhoughitisanoncommercialstationrefnamezreftheconcessionaireclaimedthathiradierhuertamedranoformerminersunionleaderwasmakingmoneyoffthesaleofadvertisementsonxhmapnotereferencesftsechinaaindexxeyrimliinfoboxbroadcastcalllettersxhcgatdtstationlogostationslogantucanalyourstationstationbrandingcanalradioytelevisindeaguascalientesdigitaluhfvirtualaffiliationsoperatorfoundedairdatedecemberlocationaguascalientescityaguascalientesaguascalientescallsignmeaningxhcerrodelosgallostransmitterlocationformercallsignsformerchannelnumbersanalogsbranalogownerdireccingeneralderadioytelevisindeaguascalientesrytalicenseeaguascalientesgobiernodelestadodeaguascalientesnetworkformeraffiliationseffectiveradiatedpowerkwclasssisterstationsxhnmfmxhrtafmcoordinateshomepagebroriginallivestreamcomaguascalientescanallivestreamxhcgatdtchannelisatelevisionstationinaguascalientescitymexicoitwasestablishedinwiththesupportoftheinstitutoculturaldeaguascalientesitispartofradioytelevisindeaguascalientesthepublictelevisionandradiobroadcasterforthestatehistoryaguascalientesfirstbeganoperatingastateruntelevisionserviceonnovemberthelocaltransmitterforthetelevisindelarepblicamexicananetworklaterreorganizedintoimevisinonchannelwasusedtobroadcasttelevisinculturaldeaguascalientesfortwohoursadaytheoriginalstudioswerelocatedintheteatromorelosandusedequipmentoriginallypurchasedtobroadcastthesummerolympicsthismadeitoneofthefirstsuchregionalproductionfacilitiesintegratedintotrmimevisintheotherswhichlaunchedinthelatesandearlysservedasthebaseforthecreationofstatenetworksacrossthecountryonoctoberthestategovernmentmadeitsfinalbroadcastsonchannelandthenextyearitreceivedthepermitforxhcgatvonchannelwhichalsobeganoperatingfromnewstudiosalongsidestateownedradiostationxhnmfmxenmamitisoperatedbyradioytelevisindeaguascalientesradioandtelevisionofaguascalientesasaninternationallyrecognizedculturalchannelwithanemphasisonaguascalientescontentandlocaltelevisionproductionitsstatedmissionistocommunicatetoinformtoeducatetoentertainandpromotehumandevelopmentthestationprovideseightyhoursaweekofeducationalandculturalprogrammingmuchofitviatheinstitutopolitcniconacionalscanaloncemexicocanaloncenationaleducationalnetworkinxhcgaappliedforauthorizationtobuildadigitaltelevisionstationxhcgatdtchannelwhichcametoaironmayxhcgabeganbrandingaschannelindecemberduringpartsofandxhcgaprogrammingwasheardontheradioonxhnmfmteleradiowhichsignedoninaugustdigitaltelevisionxhcgaisauthorizedtobroadcastatelevisionserviceknownasagstvondigitalsubchannelinactualitythisstationisuaatvthetelevisionserviceoftheuniversidadautnomadeaguascalienteswhichbeganbroadcastingoverxhcgaonaugustseealsotelevisionstationsinaguascalientesreferencesslavkamanevainfoboxethnicgroupgroupxhosabramaxhosaimagecaptionpopulationcensuspopplaceeasterncapebrwesterncapebrgautengbrfreestateprovincefreestatebrkwazulunatalbrzimbabwebrlangsxhosalanguagexhosamanyalsospeakzululanguagezuluenglishlanguageenglishandorafrikaansrelstraditionalafricanreligionschristianityrelatedzulupeoplezuluswazipeopleswatiandsouthernndebelepeoplesouthernandnorthernndebelepeoplethexhosapeopleorareabantupeoplesbantuethnicgroupofsouthernafricamainlyfoundintheeasterncapeeasternandwesterncapesouthafricaandinthelasttwocenturiesthroughoutthesouthernandcentralsouthernpartsofthecountrythereisasmallbutsignificantxhosamfengucommunityinzimbabweandtheirlanguageisixhosaisrecognisedasalanguagesofzimbabwenationallanguagethexhosapeoplearedividedintoseveraltribeswithrelatedyetdistinctheritagesthemaintribesaregcalekakaphaloamagcalekarharhabeamarharhabeimidangeimidushaneandamandlambeinadditionthereareothertribesfoundnearoramongstthexhosapeoplesuchasthembupeopleabathembubhacapeopleamabhacaabakobhoshaandamaqwathithataredistinctandseparatetribeswhichhaveadoptedthexhosalanguageandthexhosawayoflifethenamexhosacomesfromthatofalegendaryleaderandkingcalleduxhosathereisalsoafringetheorythatinfactthekingsnamewhichhassincebeenlostamongstthepeoplewasnotxhosabutthatxhosawasanamegiventohimbythesanpeoplesanandwhichmeansfierceorangryinkhoisanlanguagesthexhosapeoplerefertothemselvesastheamaxhosaandtotheirlanguageasisixhosapresentlyapproximatelymillionxhosaaredistributedacrossthecountryandthexhosalanguageissouthafricassecondmostpopuloushomelanguageafterthezululanguagetowhichxhosaiscloselyrelatedthepreapartheidsystemofbantustansdeniedxhosassouthafricancitizenshipbutenabledthemtohaveselfgoverninghomelandsnamelytranskeiandciskeinowbothapartoftheeasterncapeprovincewheremostxhosaremainmanyxhosaliveincapetownekapainxhosaeastlondoneasterncapeeastlondonemontiandportelizabethebhayithemajorityofxhosaspeakersapproximatelymillionlivedintheeasterncapefollowedbythewesterncapeapproximatelymilliongautengthefreestateprovincefreestatekwazulunatalnorthwestsouthafricanprovincenorthwestmpumalangathenortherncapeandlimpopohistorythexhosaarepartofthesouthafricanngunipeoplengunimigrationwhichslowlymovedsouthfromtheregionaroundtheafricangreatlakesgreatlakesdisplacingtheoriginalkhoisanhuntergatherersofsouthernafricaxhosapeoplewerewellestablishedbythetimeofthenetherlandsdutcharrivalinthemidthcenturyandoccupiedmuchofeasternsouthafricafromaroundtheportelizabethareatolandsinhabitedbyzuluspeakerssouthofthemoderncityofdurbanthexhosaandwhitesettlersfirstencounteredoneanotheraroundsomerseteastintheearlythcenturyinthelatethcenturyafrikanersafrikanertrekboersmigratingoutwardsfromcapetowncameintoconflictwithxhosapastoralistsaroundthegreatfishriverregionoftheeasterncapefollowingxhosawarsmorethanyearsofintermittentconflictfromtothexhosaswereforcedeastbythebritishempireinthethirdfrontierwarintheyearsfollowingmanytribesfoundinthenortheasternpartsofsouthafricawerepushedwestintoxhosacountrybytheexpansionofthezulukingdomzulusinkwazulunatalnatalasthenorthernngunipeoplenguniputpressureonthesouthernnguniaspartofthehistoricalprocessknownasthemfecaneorscatteringthexhosaspeakingreceivedthesescatteredtribesandassimilatedthemintotheirculturalwayoflifeandfollowedxhosatraditionstheamaxhosacalledthesevarioustribesfengupeopleamamfengumeaningwanderersandweremadeupoftribessuchastheamabhacabheleamabhelehlubipeopleamahlubihouseofdlaminiamaziziandrhadebethesenewcomerscametospeakxhosaandaresometimesconsideredtobexhosaxhosaunityandabilitytoresistcolonialexpansionwastobeweakenedbythefaminesandpoliticaldivisionsthatfollowedthehistoryofthecapecolonyfromtoxhosacattlekillingmovementandfaminecattlekillingmovementofhistoriansnowviewthismovementasamillennialismmillennialistresponsebothdirectlytoalungdiseasespreadingamongxhosacattleatthetimeandlessdirectlytothestresstoxhosasocietycausedbythecontinuinglossoftheirterritoryandautonomysomehistoriansarguethatthisearlyabsorptionintothewageeconomyistheultimateoriginofthelonghistoryoftradeunionmembershipandpoliticalleadershipamongxhosapeoplethathistorymanifestsitselftodayinhighdegreesofxhosarepresentationintheleadershipoftheafricannationalcongresssouthafricasrulingpoliticalpartytheabelunguandamamoloclansamongxhosaspeakingpeoplethesetwoclansarepartofthexhosaspeakingcommunityofsouthafricahowevertheseclansaredescendantsofenglishandasiancastawayswhowereshipwreckedandstrandedontheeasterncoastalareasnearportstjohnsofsouthafricaduringtheperiodoftotheirforebearsafterbeingstrandedhadtointegratewiththelocalsmarryandmatewiththemthusexplainingtheexistenceoftheabelunguandamamoloclansbackgroundoftheabelunguclanthereareaccountsofshipwrecksfullofwhitecastawaysthatoccurredandalongtheeasterncoastofsouthafricahavingnomeansofreturninghomethesecastawaysdecidedtosettleonthecoasttheabelunguclanismostlytracedtothreewhitecastawayscalledjekwahatuandbadiwhoweregiventheseindigenousnamesaftertheyintegratedandmarriedtheindigenouspeopleintheeasterncoastofsouthafricathesethreemenaretheoneswhohavebeenvisiblethroughoralandwrittenhistoricalaccountsalthoughtheyarenottheonlypeoplewhomtheclanoriginatesfromthereareseveralotherforebearstheabelungufoundatxorarivermouthintheeasterncapearelinkedtoawomancalledbessiewhoissaidtohavebeenanenglishcastawayaccordingtooralandwrittenhistorythestoryofbessieawhitewomanbelievedtohavebeenanenglishcastawaystrandedontheshoresoflambasiinsouthafricashemarriedintotheamatshomanefamilytochiefmatoyissonshewasgivenaxhosanamegqumaxhosapeopledistinctivelyrememberherasthiswasoneoftheroyalfamiliesinthatareawhichexplainswhyherstoryisrecordedinbothoralandwrittenhistorychiefmatoyissonlaterdiedwithoutanheirarelativeofmatoyissonnamedxwebisaalsoknownassangotookthepositionofbeingchiefandalsomarriedbessietheyhadthreesonsandadaughterhencetheexistenceoftheabelunguclantheirskineyecolorandhairtextureseparatedthemfromtherestoftheotherclansoriginsofamamoloclanoralhistoryclaimsthatboththeprogenitorsofamamolowereofasianpeopleasiandescentthustheyarelinkedtobhatiaandpitaastheirnonafricanforebearslegendhasitthatthepeoplewhomatedwiththeindigenouspeopleintheeasterncoastalareaofsouthafricaarrivedinstrangeshipscarryingmeninwhiteheaddressesandlongflowingrobesitisreportedthattheyarrivedwaybeforethearrivaloftheeuropeansthenameamamoloaccordingtoxhosampondooralhistorywasgiventothisclanbecausetheirprogenitorscouldonlysayandknewonewordofxhosamoloamamolodespitetheirasianancestralrootsaresaidtoconsiderthemselvespartofabelunguastheyhaveintegratedthemselvesintotheirwesternculturalwaystheychromosomenoncombiningregionofynrynrynoncombiningregionofychromosomeanalysishashelpedtocorrelatebothoralandwrittenhistoryclaimshencethosewhoseemtohavedescendedfrombhatiasharedthesameyhaplogrouprwhichiscommonacrosseuropeandasiapitasdescendantssharedahaplogroupqcommonlyfoundinasiathusoneorbothoftheamamoloprogenitorswereofasianoriginsthenryanalysisontheabelunguclanshowshowmostofthemareofeuropeandescentwithregardstotheychromosomerefwaysofknowingthehistorybiologyandoraltraditionofbomvanaandmpondoclandescendedfromnonafricanforebearsscienceandsocietyinafricaconferencestellenboschseptemberjanethaywardkalisdepartmentofanthropologywaltersisuluuniversitymthathareflanguagespeechareaingreenxhosaisanagglutinativetonelinguisticstonallanguageofthebantulanguagesbantufamilywhilethexhosascalltheirlanguageisixhosaitisusuallyreferredtoasxhosainenglishwrittenxhosausesalatinalphabetbasedsystemxhosaisspokenbyaboutofthesouthafricanpopulationandhassomemutualintelligibilitywithzuluespeciallyzuluspokeninurbanareasmanyxhosaspeakersparticularlythoselivinginurbanareasalsospeakzuluandorafrikaansandorenglishamongitsfeaturesthexhosalanguagefamouslyhasfifteenclicksoundsoriginallyborrowedfromnowextinctkhoisanlanguagesoftheregionxhosahaseighteenclickconsonantspronouncedatthreeplacesinthemouthaseriesofdentalclickswrittenwiththelettercaseriesofalveolarclickswrittenwiththeletterqandaseriesoflateralclickswrittenwiththeletterxthereisasimpleinventoryoffivevowelsaeiousomevowelshowevermaybesilentinotherwordstheycanbepresentinwrittenlanguagebuthardlyaudibleinspokenlanguagethishappensespeciallyattheendofthewordthisisbecausethetoneofmostxhosawordsislowestattheendfolkloreandreligiontraditionalhealersofsouthafricaincludedivinersamagqirhathisjobismostlytakenbywomenwhospendfiveyearsinapprenticeshiptherearealsoherbalistsamaxhweleprophetsizanuseandhealersinyangaforthecommunitythexhosashaveastrongoraltraditionwithmanystoriesofancestralheroesaccordingtotraditiontheleaderfromwhosenamethexhosapeopletaketheirnamewasthefirstkingofthenationoneofxhosasdescendentsnamedphalogavebirthtotwosonsgcalekakaphalotheheirandrarabekaphaloasonfromtherighthandhouserarabewasagreatwarriorandamanofgreatabilitywhowasmuchlovedbyhisfathergcalekawasameekandlistlessmanwhodidnotpossessallthequalitiesbefittingofafuturekingmatterswerealsocomplicatedbygcalekasinitiationasadivinerwhichwasaforbiddenpracticeformembersoftheroyalfamilyseeingthepopularityofhisbrotherandfearingthathemightonedaychallengehimforthethronegcalekaattemptedtousurpthethronefromhisfatherbutrarabewouldcometohisfathersaidandquelltheinsurrectionwiththeblessingofhisfatherwhoprovidedhimretinueandalsoaccompaniedhimrarabewouldleavethegreatplaceandsettleintheamatholemountainsregionrarabethroughhismilitaryprowesssubjugatedvarioustribeshefoundintheregionandwouldbuylandsfromthekhoikhoitoestablishhisownkingdomtheamaxhosawouldfromthenonbesplitintotwokingdomsunderthesenioramagcalekaandthejunioramarharhabetheamarharhabebranchoftheamaxhosaisundertheleadershipoftheregentqueennoloyisosandileaahnoloyisodaughterofcyprianbhekuzulukasolomonkingcyprianbhekuzulunyangayezizwekasolomonandsistertothecurrentreigningzulumonarchgoodwillzwelithinikabhekuzulutheamagcalekaarecurrentlyundertheleadershipkingmpendulosigcawuaahzwelenkowhowascrownedkingofamaxhosaonmayrefnameeveryculturecomeveryculturecomwcrwandatosyriaxhosahtmlxhosaarticleateveryculturecomrefthekeyfigureinthexhosaoraltraditionistheimbongipluraliimbongiorpraisesingerimbongitraditionallyliveclosetothechiefsgreatplacetheculturalandpoliticalfocusofhisactivitytheyaccompanythechiefonimportantoccasionstheimbongizolanimkivaprecedednelsonmandelaathispresidentialinaugurationinimbongispoetrycalledimibongopraisestheactionsandadventuresofchiefsandancestorsthesupremebeingiscalleduthixooruqamatainxhosatraditiontheancestorsactasintermediariesbetweenthelivingandgodtheyarehonouredinritualsinordertobringgoodfortunedreamsplayanimportantroleindivinationandcontactwithancestorstraditionalreligiouspracticefeaturesritualsinitiationsandfeastsmodernritualstypicallypertaintomattersofillnessandpsychologicalwellbeingchristianmissionariesestablishedoutpostsamongthexhosainthesandthefirstbibletranslationwasinthemidspartiallydonebyhenryharedugmorexhosadidnotconvertingreatnumbersuntilthethcenturybutnowmanyarechristianparticularlywithintheafricaninitiatedchurchessuchasthezionchristianchurchsomedenominationscombinechristianitywithtraditionalbeliefsritesofpassagethexhosaareasouthafricanculturalgroupwhoemphasisetraditionalpracticesandcustomsinheritedfromtheirforefatherseachpersonwithinthexhosaculturehashisorherplacewhichisrecognisedbytheentirecommunitystartingfrombirthaxhosapersongoesthroughgraduationstageswhichrecognisehisgrowthandassignhimarecognisedplaceinthecommunityeachstageismarkedbyaspecificritualaimedatintroducingtheindividualtotheircounterpartsandalsototheirancestorsstartingfromimbelekoaritualperformedtointroduceanewborntotheancestorstoumphumothehomecomingfrominkwenkweaboytoindodaamantheseritualsandceremoniesarestillpracticedtodaybutmanyurbanisedxhosapeopledonotfollowthemrigidlytheulwalukoandintonjanearealsotraditionswhichseparatedthistribefromtherestofthengunitribestheseareperformedtomarkthetransitionfromchildtoadulthoodzulusonceperformedtheritualbutkingshakastoppeditbecauseofwarinthesinitwasreintroducedbykinggoodwillzwelithinizulunotasacustombutasamedicalproceduretocurbhivinfectionsthistopichascausedargumentsandfightsamongxhosaandzuluseachsideseesitselfassuperiortotheotherbecauseitpracticesorforsakessomecustomsalltheseritualsaresymbolicofonesdevelopmentbeforeeachisperformedtheindividualspendstimewithcommunityelderstoprepareforthenextstagetheeldersteachingsarenotwrittenbuttransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationbyoraltraditionthexhosaclannamesizidukoclanforinstancewhichmattersmosttothexhosaidentityevenmorethannamesandsurnamesaretransferredfromonetotheotherthroughoraltraditionknowingyourisidukoisvitaltothexhosasanditisconsideredashameanduburhanukalackofidentityifonedoesntknowonesclanthisisconsideredsoimportantthatwhentwostrangersmeetforthefirsttimethefirstidentitythatgetssharedisisidukoitissoimportantthattwopeoplewiththesamesurnamebutdifferentclanareconsideredtotalstrangersbutthesametwopeoplefromthesameclanbutdifferentsurnamesareregardedascloserelativesthisformstherootsofubuntuhumankindnessabehavioursynonymoustothistribeasextendingahelpinghandtoacompletestrangerwheninneedubuntugoesfurtherthanjusthelpingoneanotheritissodeepthatitevenextendstolookingafterandreprimandingyourneighbourschildwheninthewronghencethesayingittakesavillagetoraiseachildonetraditionalritualthatisstillregularlypracticedisthemanhoodritualasecretritethatmarksthetransitionfromboyhoodtomanhoodulwalukoafterritualcircumcisiontheinitiatesabakwethaliveinisolationforuptoseveralweeksofteninthemountainsduringtheprocessofhealingtheysmearwhiteclayontheirbodiesandobservenumeroustaboosinmoderntimesthepracticehascausedcontroversywithovercircumcisionandinitiationrelateddeathssinceandthespreadofsexuallytransmittedinfectionsincludinghivviathepracticeofcircumcisinginitiateswiththesamebladeinmarchacontroversialminiseriesdealingwithxhosacircumcisionandinitiationritesdebutedonsouthafricanbroadcastingcorporationtitledumthunziwentabatheserieswastakenofftheairaftercomplaintsbytraditionalleadersthattheritesaresecretandnottoberevealedtononinitiatesandwomeninjanuarythewebsiteulwalukocozaulwalukocozawasreleasedbyadutchmedicaldoctoritfeaturesagalleryofphotographsofinjuredpeniseswhichsparkedoutrageamongsttraditionalleadersintheeasterncapethesouthafricanfilmsandpublicationsactfilmandpublicationboardruledthatthewebsitewasscientificwithgreateducativevalueaddressingasocietalproblemneedingurgentinterventiongirlsarealsoinitiatedintowomanhoodintonjanetheytooaresecludedthoughforashorterperiodfemaleinitiatesarenotfemalegenitalmutilationcircumcisedotherritesincludetheseclusionofmothersfortendaysaftergivingbirthandtheburialoftheplacentalexpulsionafterbirthandumbilicalcordnearthevillagethisisreflectedinthetraditionalgreetinginkabayakhoiphiliterallywhereisyournaveltheanswertellssomeonewhereyoulivewhatyourclanaffiliationisandwhatyoursocialstatusisandcontainsawealthofculturalinformationmostimportantlyitdetermineswhereyoubelongritualssurroundingumtshatoxhosamarriagexhosamarriageumtshatoisonethatisfilledwithanumberofcustomsandritualswhichrelatetotheupkeepofxhosatraditionalpracticestheseritualshavebeenpracticedfordecadesbythexhosapeopleandhavebeenincorporatedintomoderndayxhosamarriagesaswellthepurposeofthepracticesistobringtogethertwodifferentfamiliesandtogiveguidancetothenewlywedcouplethroughoutrefnamemiddelburgeccozamiddelburgeccozapageculturerefukuthwalwatostartofftheproceduresthemaleintendingtomarrygoesthroughukuthwalwawhichentailshimchoosinghisfuturebrideandmakinghisintentionsofmarriageknowninmoderndaythemanandwomanwouldmostlikelyhavebeenincourtshiporarelationshippriortoukuthwalwadecadesbeforeukuthwalwawouldentaillegalbridalabductionwherethemancouldchooseawomanofhislikingtobehisbrideandgointonegotiationswiththefamilyofthebridewithoutherknowledgeorconsentshewouldhavetoabidetothemarriageaspertraditionisidukofollowingukuthwalathemanwillthenbeindiscussionwithhisparentsorrelativestoinformthemofhischoiceinbrideduringthisdiscussiontheclannameisidukoofthewomanwouldberevealedandresearchedifitwerefoundthatthewomanandthemansharethesameclannametheywouldnotbeallowedtoproceedwiththemarriageasitissaidthatpeoplewiththesameclannameareofthesamerelationandcannotbewedikhazioncediscussionswiththefamilyarecompleteandsatisfactoryinformationaboutthewomanisacquiredthenthefamilyofthemanwillproceedtoappointmarriagenegotiatorsitistheseverynegotiatorsthatwilltraveltothefamilyofthewomantomakeknownthemanandhisintentionsoncethenegotiatorsreachthefamilyofthewomantheywillbekeptinthekraalinkundlaofthewomansfamilyifthefamilydonotpossessakraaltheywillsimplybekeptoutsidethehouseholdastheywillnotbeallowedtoenterthehouseholdwithouttheacknowledgementandacceptanceofthewomansfamilyitisherewheretheloboladowrynegotiationswillbeginthefamilyofthewomanwillgivethemabridepriceandadateforwhichtheymustreturntopaythatpricethebridepriceisdependentonnumerousthingssuchasherlevelofeducationthewealthstatusofherfamilyincomparisontothatofthemansfamilywhatthemanstandstogaininthemarriageandtheoveralldesirabilityofthewomanthepaymentofthebridepricecouldbeineithercattleormoneydependingonthefamilyofthewomanthemodernxhosafamilieswouldratherprefermoneyasmostaresituatedintheurbancitieswheretherewouldbenospacenorpermitsforlivestockuponreturnofthemansfamilyonthegivendatetheywillpaythebridepriceandbringalonggiftsofofferingsuchaslivestockandalcoholicbeveragesiswazitobedrunkbythefamilyofthebrideoncethelobolafromthemansnegotiatorsisacceptedthentheywillbeconsideredmarriedbythexhosatraditionandthecelebrationswouldcommencetheseincludeslaughteringofthelivestockasagratefulgesturetotheirancestorsaswellaspouringaconsiderableamountofthealcoholicbeveragesonthegroundofthebrideshouseholdtogivethankstotheirancestorsthegroomsfamilyisthenwelcomedintothefamilyandtraditionalbeerumqombothiwillbepreparedforthegroomsfamilyasatokenofappreciationfromthebridesfamilyukuyalwatosolidifytheirunitythefamilyofthebridewillheadtothegroomshouseholdwheretheelderswilladdressherwithregardstohowtocarryherselfanddressappropriatelyathernewlyfoundhouseholdthisiscalledukuyalwafurthermoreanewnamewillalsobegiventoherbythewomenofthegroomsfamilyandthisnamesignifiesthebondofthetwofamiliestraditionaldietthexhosasettledonmountainslopesoftheamatolaandthewinterbergmountainsmanystreamsdrainintogreatriversofthisxhosaterritoryincludingthekeiandfishriversrichsoilsandplentifulrainfallmaketheriverbasinsgoodforfarmingandgrazingmakingcattleimportantandthebasisofwealthtraditionalfoodsincludebeefinyamayenkomolambfoodmuttoninyamayegushaandgoatmeatinyamayebhokwesorghummilkoftenfermentedmilkfermentedcalledamasipumpkinsamathangamieliemealmaizemealsampumngqushobeansiimbotyivegetableslikerhabewildspinachreminiscentofsorrelimvomvothesweetsapofanaloeorikhowaamushroomthatgrowsaftersummerrainsxhosacuisineiinkobepeeledofffreshmaizegrainsandboileduntilcookeditiseatenasasnackpreferablywithsaltisophicornwithbeansorpeassoupumleqwaadishmadewithfreerangechickenfoodchickenumngqushoadishmadefromwhitemaizeandsugarbeansastaplefoodforthexhosapeopleumphokoqocrumblepapumqombothiatypeofbeermadefromfermentedmaizeandsorghumumvubosourmilkmixedwithdrypapcommonlyeatenbythexhosaumbhakoaloafofbreadcommonlymadewithhomemadedoughnormallyroundfrombakingpotsumfinowildspinachcabbagecalledimifinospinachmixedwithmealiemealumqaadishmadeofpumpkinandmieliemealmaizemealumxoxoziapumpkinthatiscookedbeforeitisfullyripenedamacebaslicesofunpeeledpumpkinsthatarecookedinplentyofwaterumcukufermentedporridgeamarhewusourslightlysoftthanporridgeitselfmixedwithdrypapumphokoqoandwaspopularinthesamarhewusoftandsourporridgeartsandcraftstraditionalcraftsincludebeadworkweavingwoodworkandpotterytraditionalmusicfeaturesdrumsrattleswhistlesflutesmouthharpsandstringedinstrumentsandespeciallygroupsingingaccompaniedbyhandclappingtherearesongsforvariousritualoccasionsoneofthebestknownxhosasongsisaweddingsongcalledqongqothwaneperformedbymiriammakebaasclicksongbesidesmakebaseveralmoderngroupsrecordandperforminxhosamissionariesintroducedthexhosatowesternchoralsingingnkosisikeleliafrikapartofthenationalanthemofsouthafricaisaxhosahymnwritteninbyenochsontongathefirstnewspapersnovelsandplaysinxhosaappearedinthethcenturyandxhosapoetryisalsogainingrenownseveralfilmshavebeenshotinthexhosalanguageucarmenekhayelitshaisamodernremakeofbizetsoperacarmenitisshotentirelyinxhosaandcombinesmusicfromtheoriginaloperawithtraditionalafricanmusicittakesplaceinthecapetowntownshipofkhayelitshaxhosabeadworkbeadsaresmallroundobjectsmadeofglasswoodmetalnutshellboneseedandthelikeswhicharethenpiercedforstringingbeforeglassbeadswereintroducedpeopleusednaturalmaterialstomakebeadsxhosapeoplereliedonthesanpeoplesantosellbeadstothemthroughtradeorbarterexchangexhosapeoplewouldgivehemptothesaninexchangeforbeadsthebeadsmadebythesanweremadeoutofostricheggshellswhichwerechippedtosmallsizeboredandpolishedandstrungintosinewsproducingthemtookalongtimesotheywerescarcehighlypricedvaluedandindemanditisrecordedthatitwasonlyinthesthattheportugueseintroducedglassbeadsthroughtraderefnameautorefxhosabeadworkanditssymbolismadornmentsserveaparticularpurposeacrossdifferentculturesassocialmarkerstheyareusedtoascertainwhereonebelongstowithregardstoidentityhistoryandgeographicallocationtheyrevealpersonalinformationwithregardstoageandgenderandsocialclassassomebeadsweremeanttobewornbythoseofroyaltybeadworkcreatesasenseofbelongingandculturalidentityandtraditionshencepeopledrawtheirculturalwaysoflivingandmeaningsasxhosapeopleusethemassocialmarkersxhosapeoplebelievethatthebeadsalsocreatealinkbetweenthelivingandtheancestorsasdivinersusethemduringritualsthusbeadshavesomespiritualsignificancesocialidentitiesmarkerswithregardstoagegendergrademaritalstatussocialrankorroleandthespiritualstatecanbeascertainedthroughxhosabeadworksymbolicreferencesaredrawnfromthebeadsthroughthecolourpatternformationandmotifshoweveritoughttobetakenintocognisancethatsomeofthesemessagesarelimitedtoacertaingrouporbetweentwopeopleinxhosaculturebeadsrepresenttheorganisationalframeworkofthepeopleandtheritesofpassagethatpeoplehavegonethroughasthebeadsarerepresentativeofthestagesofoneslifemotifsonthebeadsoftenusedincludetreesdiamondsquadrangleschevronstrianglescirclesparallellinesthatformapatternthatisexclusivetocertainagegroupsalthoughthebeadworkhassomeculturalsignificancewithcertainmotifshavingexclusivemeaningsthecreatorofthebeadworkhascreativecontrolandcancreateanddrawmeaningfromindividualpreferencethusthemeaningsdrawnfromthebeadworkarenotrigidlysetamongtheabathembuxhosaclanaftercircumcisionthemenworeandstillwearskirtsaturbansandawidebeadcollarawaistcoatlongnecklacesthroatbandsarmbandsleggingsandbeltsarepartofhisregaliathedominantcoloursinthebeadworkarewhiteandnavybluewithsomeyellowandgreenbeadssymbolisingfertilityandanewliferespectivelyxhosapeopleregardwhiteasthecolourofpurityandmediationwhitebeadsarestillusedasofferingstospiritsortothecreatoramagqirhadivinersusewhitebeadswhencommunicatingwiththeancestorsthesedivinersalsocarrywiththembeadedspearswhichareassociatedwiththeancestorsthatinspirethedivinerbeadedhornsandcalabashestoholdmedicinalproductsorsnuffamagezaaveilmadeofbeadsisalsopartoftheirregaliatheyusethesebeadsbyswayingtheminsomeoneseyessoastoinduceatrancelikestateinkciyoisabeadedskirtthatservesasagarmentcoveringthepubicarearefnamebidwellwinschierstheophilusrefamongthepondopeoplexhosaclanthebeadsareturquoiseandwhiteincolourthisskirtiswornduringavirginitytestingceremonyamongxhosapeopleundergoingtheirritesofpassageintowomanhoodimpempeisawhistlethathasanecklaceonitthewhistlesymbolisesonesintroductiontoteenagehoodxhosabeadworkandotherculturalbeadworkshaveculturaltiesbutnowadaysbeadsarealsowornasfashionpiecestooeitherasculturalappreciationorappropriationtheuseofculturalbeadworksasfashionpiecesmeansthatanyonecanwearthesepieceswithouthavingtobelongtothatculturalgroupxhosasinmodernsocietyxhosapeoplecurrentlymakeupapproximatelyofthesouthafricanpopulationthexhosaarethesecondlargestculturalgroupinsouthafricaafterthezuluspeakingnationsahistoryorgzaarticlexhosaunderapartheidadultliteracyrateswereaslowasandstudiesestimatedtheliteracyleveloffirstlanguagexhosaspeakersatapproximatelytherehavebeenadvancessincethenhowevereducationinprimaryschoolsservingxhosaspeakingcommunitiesisconductedinisixhosabutthisisreplacedbyenglishaftertheearlyprimarygradesxhosaisstillconsideredasastudiedsubjecthoweveranditispossibletomajorinxhosaatuniversitylevelmostofthestudentsatwaltersisuluuniversityanduniversityoffortharespeakisixhosarhodesuniversityingrahamstownadditionallyofferscoursesinisixhosaforbothmothertongueandnonmothertonguespeakersthesecoursesbothincludeaculturalstudiescomponentprofessorrusselhkaschulaheadoftheschooloflanguagesatrhodeshaspublishedmultiplepapersonxhosacultureandoralliteraturetheeffectsofgovernmentpoliciesduringtheyearsofapartheidcanstillbeseeninthepovertyofthexhosawhostillresideintheeasterncapeduringthistimexhosamalescouldonlyseekemploymentintheminingindustryassocalledmigrantlabourerssincethecollapseofapartheidindividualscanmovefreelyafterthebreakdownofapartheidmigrationtogautengandcapetownhasbecomeincreasinglycommonespeciallyamongstruralxhosapeoplenotablexhosaseealsolanguagesofsouthafricasouthafricantranslatorsassociationxesibelandamafufunyanalobolacustomarylawinsouthafricaabathembureferenceswebarchiveorgwebsouthafricainfoessinfosaglancedemographicscensusmainhtmresultsofthesouthafricancensusnotethatthefigurementionedonthispageisbaseduponthenumberofpeoplespeakingxhosalanguagexhosaastheirhomelanguagewhichmaybegreaterorlessthanthetotalnumberofpeopleclaimingxhosadescentinadditionseveralmillionpeopleinthejohannesburgsowetoregionspeakxhosaorzululanguagezuluasasecondorthirdlanguageforamajorityofthesethetwolanguagesbecomedifficulttodistinguishunsurprisinggiventheextremeclosenessoftheirlinguisticrelationshipreaderjafricaabiographyofthecontinentvintagebooksnewyorkcitynewyorknyunitedstatesofamericakaschularusselltheheritagelibraryofafricanpeoplexhosanewyorktherosenpublishinggroupincexternallinksafricanholocaustnetpeopleofafricahtmxpeopleofafricarhiorgzaindexphprefarticlesdordartidxhosahistoryandsocietywebarchiveorgwebstatssagovzacensusdigiatlasindexhtmldigitalcensusatlassacredtextscomafrxftxhosafolkloreacollectionofxhosafolklorecollectedingooglecomintlxhxhosagooglegoogleinterfaceinxhosacommonswikimediaorgwikicommonswikilovesafricaenwikilovesafricasiadbarrezhenghemotorwaysinserbiazhenghezhenghezhenghezhengheredirectcategoryshellzhoumanextremeultravioletamotorwayserbianicholasmarrnicholasmarriraqiamateurradiosocietycaoxueqinimageagilentpnaxadvanceddesignsystemjpgthumbagilentengineerdemonstratesxparameterfunctionalityatieeeieeemicrowavetheoryandtechniquessocietymttsieeemttsinternationalmicrowavesymposiuminternationalmicrowavesymposiumbostonmajunexparametersareageneralizationofscatteringparameterssparametersandareusedforcharacterizingtheamplitudesandrelativephaseofharmonicsgeneratedbynonlinearcomponentsunderlargeinputpowerlevelsxparametersarealsoreferredtoastheparametersofthepolyharmonicdistortionphdnonlinearbehavioralmodeldescriptionxparametersrepresentanewcategoryofnonlinearsystemnonlinearnetworkanalysiselectricalcircuitsnetworkparametersforhighfrequencydesignnonlinearvectornetworkanalyzersaresometimescalledlargesignalnetworkanalyzersrefcitejournalauthordrjanverspechtdatedecembertitlelargesignalnetworkanalysisjournalieeemicrowavemagazinevolumeissuepagespublisherieeeurljanverspechtcompdflsnaieeemicrowavemagazinepdfaccessdatemaydoimmwrefxparametersareapplicabletobothlargesignalmodellargesignalandsmallsignalmodelsmallsignalconditionsforlinearandnonlinearcomponentstheyareanextensionofscatteringparameterssparametersrefcitejournalurlmwjournalcomarticleasphhidartitleedafocusmaytranscriptofinterviewofdaviderootbymicrowavejournaleditordavidvyeonaprilthjournalmicrowavejournaldateaprilaccessdatemayrefmeaningthatinthelimitofasmallsignalxparametersreducetosparameterstheyhelpovercomeakeychallengeinrfengineeringnamelythatnonlinearelectricalimpedanceimpedancedifferencesfrequencymixerharmonicmixingandnonlinearreflectioneffectsoccurwhencomponentsarecascadedunderlargesignaloperatingconditionsthismeansthatthereisanonlinearandassuchnontrivialrelationshipbetweenthepropertiesoftheindividualcascadedcomponentsandthecompositepropertiesoftheresultingcascadethissituationisunlikethatatdirectcurrentdcwhereonecansimplyaddthevaluesofresistorsconnectedinseriesxparametershelpsolvethiscascadingproblemifthexparametersofasetofcomponentsaremeasuredindividuallythexparametersandhencethenonlineartransferfunctioncanbecalculatedofanycascademadefromthemcalculationsbasedonxparametersareusuallyperformedwithinaharmonicbalancesimulatorenvironmentrefciteweburlkeysightcommaineditorialjspxccuslcengckeynididtitlekeysightnvnaxparameterssimulationinadsthenewparadigmfornonlinearmeasurementsmodelingandsimulationwithadspdfmbonthexparametersmmicdesignseminarpageaccessdatejulyrefdevelopmentxparametersweredevelopedandintroducedbyagilenttechnologiesasfunctionalityincludedinnanonlinearnetworkanalyzerelectricalvectornetworkanalyzerrefciteweburlagilentcomaboutnewsroompresreldecemhtmltitleagilenttechnologiesannouncesbreakthroughinxparameternonlinearmodelgenerationforcomponentsusedinwirelessaerospacedefenseindustriesxparametersenablemodelgenerationfromsimulationormeasurementforfastdevelopmentdatedecemberaccessdatemayrefrefciteweburlkeysightcomfindnvnatitlekeysightnapnaxseriesmicrowavenetworkanalyzermhztoghzaccessdatejulyrefandthewadvanceddesignsysteminxparametersaretheparametersofthepolyharmonicdistortionmodelingworkofdrjanverspechtrefcitejournalurlusersskynetbejanverspechtworkblackboxpowertransistorsinmmcpdftitleblackboxmodellingofpowertransistorsinthefrequencydomainauthordrjanverspechtjournalconferencepaperpresentedattheinmmcduisburggermanydateoctoberaccessdatemaypdfkbrefrefnamevrcitejournalurljanverspechtcompdfphdieeemicrowavemagazinepdftitlepolyharmonicdistortionmodelingauthordrjanverspechtauthordrdaviderootjournalieeemicrowavemagazinevolumeissuedatejunepagespublisherieeeaccessdatemaydoimmwpdfmbrefanddrdaviderootnotesreferencestwoportnetworkexternallinkscpliteratureagilentcomlitwebpdfenpdffundamentallychangingnonlinearmicrowavedesignbydavidvyeeditormicrowavejournalvolnomarchpagexparameterseightprovincesofkoreaturnedataxoboximagexanthiaicteritiajpgimagewidthpximagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodasubphylumhexapodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamilianoctuidaegenusxanthiaspeciesxicteritiabinomialxanthiaicteritiabinomialauthorityjohannsiegfriedhufnagelhufnagelsynonymsxanthiaicteritiathesallowisamothofthefamilynoctuidaeitisfoundinthepalearcticecozoneeuropeexceptforthefurthestsouthandeasttocentralasiakoreaandjapanthewingspanisnbspmmthemothissimilartothepinkbarredsallowxanthiatogatabutthemedianfasciausuallydiffersinsomecasesitismissingcompletelyinothersthewingsshowaverysmallannularspottechnicaldescriptionandvariationforewingpaleyellowmarkingsthesameasinxanthiatogatabutthecloudoncostabeyondsubmarginallinethecostalendofthemedianshadeandthesubbasalcostalblotchprominentlydarkbrownthedarkblotchatbaseofreniformwithapalecentrethefringeyellowheadandshoulderspaleyellowhindwingwhitishflavescensespisanunicolorousforminwhichallthebrownlinesandshadingareabsentthelinesandedgesofthestigmatabeingsometimesrepresentedbyslenderfaintrufouslinesthelowerendofthereniformstigmaaloneremainingdeepbrownandthefringesreddishbrownanint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gainstitemperordezongrespondedthathehadalreadydecidedtoheadtofengxiangbutonxiaosobjectionwillremainatfengtianforonemoredaythenextdaynewsarrivedthatzhusformersubordinatelichulinhadmutiniedkilledzhangandtakenoverfengxiangsoonthereafterxiaowasmadetheministerofcivilserviceaffairslibushangshuandgiventhedesignationtongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshimakinghimachancellordefactoalongwithliucongyiandjianggongfuduringchancellorshipzhuciwhoclaimedthetitleofemperorofhisnewstateofqinwassoonputtingfengtianundersiegealthoughfengtianwassavedbythemajortanggenerallihuaiguangononeoccasionwhenxiaoandlumetemperordezongtogetherluwasmerelyflatteringemperordezongandfollowingeverythingthatemperordezongsaidandxiaostatedluqiswordsarewrongfulthissurprisedemperordezongandafterthemeetingwasoverhetoldhisattendantsxiaofuviewsmelightlyinspringwhilehewasstillatfengtianhecommissionedxiaofutobetheexaminerofthesoutherncircuitsoftheempireandsenthimoutonamissiontosurveythosecircuitsinordertogetxiaoawayfromhimwhenliucongyiandmanyotherofficialsaskedthatxiaobekeptattheimperialgovernmentemperordezongssuspicionswerefurtherarousedthatxiaohadinducedtheseotherofficialsintospeakingonhisbehalfalthoughhedidnotinvestigatethematterfurtherbylatethegenerallishengtangdynastylishenghaddestroyedzhusregimeallowingemperordezongtoreturntochanganxiaohadalsoreturnedfromhismissionandhesuggestedtoemperordezongthatchenshaoyouthemilitarygovernorofhuainancircuitheadquarteredinmodernyangzhoujiangsuwhohadsubmittedtolixilieduringthetimeemperordezongwasawayfromchanganbereplacedbyweigaoafengxiangofficerwhohadresistedlichulinemperordezongagreedhoweverxiaowassoonsurprisedwhenliucongyistatedtohimmaqinxuaneunuchwhoservedasimperialmessengerinformedmethattheemperorwantedmetodiscusswithyoulordyourproposalandthencarryitoutwithoutinforminglimianandluhantangdynastyluhantwootherchancellorswhoservedwithxiaoandliucanyoutellmewhatyourproposalwasxiaofindingitinappropriatethatemperordezongwaskeepingsecretsawayfromlimianandluasfellowchancellorsstatedrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefwhenliuinformedemperordezongaboutthisemperordezongwasdispleasedxiaoseeingthathehadlosttheemperorsfavorofferedtoresigninwinteremperordezongremovedhimfromhischancellorpositionandmadehimamemberofthestaffofthecrownprinceemperorshunzongoftanglisongafterchancellorshipinascandalinvolvingprincessgaothedaughterofemperorsuzongandthusaunttoemperordezongandthewidowofxiaofuscousinxiaoshengwhosedaughterwasthewifeandcrownprincetolisongunfoldedasshewasfoundtohavehadalargenumberofyoungloversandshewasfurtheraccusedofusingwitchcraftthescandalnearlycausedlisongtoberemovedfromhiscrownprincepositionandforcedhimtodivorcecrownprincessxiaoandthescandalalsoenvelopedthexiaohouseholdemperordezongstillresentfulofxiaofulethimkeephisrankbutexiledhimtoraoprefectureinmodernshangraojiangxiitwassaidthoughthatxiaowasnotdistressedandmadenocomplaintshediedinwhilestillatraoprefecturehisgrandsonxiaozhitangdynastyxiaozhilaterservedasachancellorduringthereignofemperoryizongoftangemperoryizongnotesandreferencesoldbookoftangsidneyluonetaahtmvolnewbookoftangwebarchiveorgwebsidneyluonetaahtmvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhstakionsenstationinfoboxvideogametitlexmenoriginswolverineimagexmenoriginsvideogamejpgcaptioncoverartusedforplaystationwindowsandxboxversionsdeveloperravensoftwarepublisheractivisiondirectorproducerdesignerprogrammerartistwritermarcguggenheimcomposerpaulhaslingerengineunrealenginereleasedmaygenrehackandslashactionadventuregameactionadventuremodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayerplatformsmicrosoftwindowsbrnintendodsbrplaystationbrplaystationbrplaystationportablebrwiibrxboxxmenoriginswolverineisainvideogaminghackandslashactionadventuregamelooselybasedonthexmenoriginswolverinefilmofthesamenamethegamereleasecoincidedwiththereleaseofthefilmonmayfortheplaystationxboxmicrosoftwindowswindowswiiplaystationnintendodsandplaystationportablethegamewasdevelopedprimarilybyravensoftwarethroughtheuseofunrealengineunrealengineunrealenginetechnologyamazeentertainmentdevelopedthewiiandpsportsandgriptonitegamesdevelopedthepspanddsportsxmenoriginsalongwithmostothergamespublishedbyactivisionthathadusedthemarvellicencewasdelistedandremovedfromalldigitalstorefrontsonjanuarygameplayxmenoriginstakesinfluencesfromgamessuchasgodofwarfranchisegodofwaranddevilmaycrywithathirdpersonperspectiverefnamegiantbombmultireftheuncagededitionalsofeaturesalargeamountofbloodandgoreenemiescanbedismemberedinseveralwaysinadditiontothegraphicdisplayofwolverineshealingfactorrefnamegamespotrefcombatreliesonthreeoptionslightattacksheavyattacksandgrabsanotherformofattackisthelungewhichallowswolverinetoquicklyclosethedistancetoanenemywolverinecanalsousetheenvironmenttohisadvantagesuchasbyimpalingfoesonspikesduringcombatwolverinesragemeterbuildsupandwhenfullallowshimtousemoredevastatingattacksliketheclawspinandaberserkermodewhichincreaseswolverinesclawstrengthuntilhisragemeteremptiesrefnamedevblogqarefexperiencexpiscollectedfromdefeatingenemiesdestroyingelementsandaccumulatingcollectiblesthexpisusedtolevel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kineticenergystevenblumasdeadpoolwadewilsonthemercwithamouthwadeisahighlytrainedmercenarywhowastheannoyanceoftheteamweaponxideadpoolthealteredwadewilsonisthemutantkillerhewasgivenahealingfactorteleportationandopticblastpowersandhadhismouthforcedshutstrykeralsohadadamantiumbladessurgicallyimplantedintohisarmsannagravesasmystiquecomicsravendarkholmeafemalemutantwithshapeshiftingabilitiesandaciaoperativewhowasworkinginconjunctionwithstrykersteaminafricashelaterencounterswolverinewhentheybotharesearchingforwraithsheiswraithsloverandthemotherofnightcrawlercomicshischildbumperrobinsonasbolivartraskdrbolivartraskcreatorofthesentinelshekidnapswraithtousehiminhisstudyofthemutantgeneforsentinelprogramminghishandiscutoffbywolverinehelaterreplacesitwithaprosthetichandinthefutureasshowninthegameheappearstobetheonedirectingthesoldiersattackingwolverineinanattempttocapturehimdevelopmentinmayravensoftwaresetupadevelopersblogrefnamedevbloggeneralrefblurstudiowhoalsoworkedwithravenonxmenlegendsiiriseofapocalypseandmarvelultimateallianceprovidedallofthecomputergeneratedimagerycgicutscenesforthegamerefnamedevblogblurreffromjanuarytomarchthedeveloperspublishedalargenumberofdscreenshotsthemusicforthegamewascomposedbypaulhaslingerrefnamedevblogqarefravenworkedwithpublisheractivisiontoprovideeastereggmediaeastereggsfromothergamestobefoundsuchasthelichkingsswordfromworldofwarcraftwrathofthelichkingrefnamekotakueggrefandthecakementionedinthegameportalvideogameportalrefnamekotakueggrefdownloadablecontentinjuneactivisionreleaseddownloadablecontentforthexboxandplaystationversionsfeaturingcustomcombatarenaladderchallengeandenvironmentalsimulatorreceptionvideogamereviewswidthmgrdsxpcpspspspwiirefnamegamerankingswiirefmcdsxpcpspspspwiirefnamemetacriticwiirefdestructxrefnamedestructoidreviewrefeurogpsxrefnameeurogamerreviewrefgipsrefnamegameinformerreviewrefgameproxrefnamegameproreviewrefgamerevbrefnamegamerevreviewrefgspotpcpsrefnamegamespotreviewrefgspypsrefnamegamespyreviewrefgtgamezonepcbrpsgbxignaudspspspwiirefnameignwiireviewrefnpwiioxmxtheuncagededitionversionreceivedgenerallypositivereviewswhereasotherversionsofthegameattainedmostlymixedtonegativereviewsingeneralstrongpointshasbeenidentifiedintheviolenceconsistentwiththecomicversionofthecharacterandtheaestheticvaluewhereastheshortnessofthecampaignthelackofreplayvalueandtherepetitivenessofactionhavebeencriticizedignsgregmillerstatedtheuncagededitionversionofthegameisanawesomeguiltypleasuredespitecriticismsoffightsrepetitivenessmillerappreciatedthecinematicofthegameaswellitsbloodysightsoverallthevisualsreceivedamixedreviewfromignstatingthegamelooksgreatsometimesandshoddyothertimesmillerfurthercriticizedthattheonlynoteworthysoundsarehughjackmansvoiceandtheclawssoundwhilstthegamewasmarkedwithanoverallgoodthepsandwiiweremarkedrespectivelybadandpoortheshortcomingsofthetwoportslayamongothersinthegenerallackofmusicduringfightspoorcontrolsandbadtexturesthedifferentreceptionbasedonthegameportwasconfirmedbythereviewaggregatorsgamerankingsandmetacriticwhiletherankingforpcpsandxboxonbothaggregatorswasaroundthenintendodsplaystationsandwiisrankingsstoodsignificantlybehindwiththepspportrankedaroundthemiddlegamespotgavethegameapraisingthevarietyofenemiesthebrutalactionandtherepresentationofwolverinespoweryetcriticizingthepoorreplayvalueandthedisappointingbossfightsoverallthegamewasdefinedoneofthebettermovietieinsreleasedrecentlydestructoidsreviewwhichgavethegameafocusedonsimilarpointsbyfindingfaultwithbossfightspoorreplayvalueandsloppyplotandidentifyingasstrongpointsthequalityoftheaestheticandthebrutalactioneurogamergavethegameabystatingxmenoriginsmaybeunapologeticallyviolentbutitsalsounapologeticallyrepetitiveanditstheoneapologythatneedstobemadegameinformereventhoughdisapprovedtherepetitivenessstatedthatthegameisnearlyimpossibletoputdowngameprostatedthatitsrepetitivegameplaymundanepuzzledesignandeyetwitchingplatformingsegmentsreallycutsintooriginsfunandyetforfansofthefranchiseitsasolidtitlethatsworthplayingthroughaccoladesinthescrewattackscrewattackstoptopmoviebasedgamestheuncagededitionofthisgamecameinsixthatthespikevideogameawardsspikevideogameawardsthegamewasawardedthebestcastawardaswellashughjackmanreceivingthebestperformancebyahumanmaleawardaswolverineinignstopfavoritewolverinegamestheuncagededitionofthegamecameinfirstingamespynowikistopbestsuperheropcgamestheuncagededitionofthegamecameintenthreferencesexternallinksdongguandongguanhongkongcantonesehongkongcantonesehongkongcantonesebracketparenthesesxmenoriginswolverinevideogamekuzukilayimtenthfederalelectoraldistrictofchihuahuaxaliscoktokhochetstatmillioneromoldgamesversionredirectcategoryshellapetallistofxboxaccessoriesmayrefertoacommentcomputerprogrammingindicatorinseveralprogramminglanguagesincludingccandjavatherootdirectorypathcomputingpathindomainostheoperatorforintegerdivisioninpythonprogramminglanguagepythontheemptypatterninperlwhichevaluatesthelastsuccessfullymatchedregularexpressionthelogicaldefinedoroperatorinperlcalledthenullcoales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australiansevennetworkchannelsevensoapoperahomeandawayplayedbydavidjonesrobertsthecharacterdebutedonscreenduringtheepisodeairingonnovemberjonesrobertswascastintheroleafterpreviouslyauditioningfortherolesoffourothercharactersxavierhasbeenportrayedasacaringcharacterwhohashadtolookafterhisfamilymanyofhisstorylineshavebeencentredonhisrelationshipwithrubybucktonxavierdepartedonjulybutmadeabriefreturnfromaprilforthefuneralofhismotherginaaustinginacastingauditionswereheldandactorjonesrobertswascastintherolejonesrobertshadpreviouslyauditionedfortherolesofhenryhunterhomeandawayhenryhunterlucasholdendrewcurtishomeandawaydrewcurtisandgeoffcampbellandstatedthatreceivingtheroleofxavierwasallthemoreawesomebecausehehadtowaitforsuchalongtimewhilstsurfinghisagenttoldhimhehadtheroleoverapayphoneandjonesrobertsaddsigotallexcitedandstartedjumpingaroundiranuptoacoupleofpeopleisawthatiknewandjuststartedscreamingrefnamedjrrefdevelopmentcharacterisationtheserialsofficialwebsitedescribexavierstatingxaviersnotyourtypicalteenheshadittougherthanmostinfacthehasntreallybeenallowedaproperchildhoodxavierhashadtocareforhisfamilyalotofthetimeofthistheystatetheresponsibilityofmanofthehousefellonxaviersshouldersandhehasdutifullyplayedthatroleeversincehehasadeeploveandincrediblepatiencewithbrendanaustinhomeandawaybrendankainokeeffewhoistwentybutwithamentalcapacityofafouryearoldjonesrobertsdescribesxavieraddingwhenwefirstmetxavierwethinkheisabitofaratbagbutwhenwegettoknowhimandhisfamilywediscoverhismuckingabouthasbeenhisreleaseandescapefromhisfamilyresponsibilitiesrefnameamyrefxavierchoosestojointhepoliceforceafterheleavesschoolhefeelsthatjoiningtheforcewillallowhimtheopportunitytohelpotherpeoplesomethingthathehasalwaysdonehimselfrefnamesbsrefrelationshipsxavierstartsaromancewithrubybucktonrebeccabreedsbutrubyisseenhavingtoimpresshimafterxavierinitiallyshowsherlittleinterestspeakingofxaviersattitudebreedsstateshesachallengeshehadtoworkforhimandthereissomethingmysteriousandnaughtyabouthimbutdeepdownsheknowsheisloyalanddecentrefnamekjhrefhelaterstartsdatingaprilscotthomeandawayaprilscottrhiannonfishoffishthisstatesiknowaprilwouldliketheretobealittleromancebetweenherandxavierhoweverthereareafewobstaclessheencountersalongthewaysoitsreallyaquestionofwhetherhesgoingtomanuprefnamefsarefinjanuaryawriterfortvweekobservedthatwithsparksalreadyflyingbetweenxavierandsashabezmeldemiharmanitlookedliketheywouldbecomehomeandawaysnewestcoupleoverthecomingmonthswhenanupsetsashaistauntedbysomesummerbayhighstudentsinthedinerxaviersticksupforherbecausehefeelsitistherightthingtodotheythencreateafriendshipbuttheirromancetakesawhiletodevelopassashaisquitestrongwilledjonesrobertsstatedwhenshearrivedinthebaytheywereclashingheadsnonstopbutxavierlikesthataboutthegirlshesbeenwiththeyveallbeenreallyfieryandhealwaysfindsitagoodchallengetotryandmatchthemdepartureduringtheepisodebroadcastonjulyxavierwasseenleavingsummerbaytoliveingoulburnpermanentlytheactorthankedfansfortheirsupportwritingjustwantedtosaythankstoallmyfansoutthereforyourcontinuedsupportthroughouttheyearstrulywouldntbewhereiamwithoutyouguysfollowingsoniatoddsdeparturefromhomeandawayinjonesrobertsreturnedtofilmfuneralscenesforhercharacterandxaviersmotherginaaustinginastorylinesxavierarrivesinsummerbayatapartyhetakesdrugsandmeetsrubyrubylikesxavierandstartspursuinghimafterafewdateswithrubyhersistercharliebucktoncharlieestherandersonaustralianactressestherandersonfindsdrugsinhiscoathiscousinjackholdenhomeandawayjackholdenpaulobriendecidestosendhimhomexavierreturnsforjacksfuneralalongwithhismotherginaaustinginasoniatoddandbrotherhugobernardcurryxavierandhugodonotgetonandherevealshisresentmentforhimbecauseheleftthefamilytocopewiththeirtroublesandbrendansconditionalonerubywasdelightedbyhisreturnandtriedtopickupwheretheyleftoffherejectsherandrevealshehasagirlfriendfreyaduricsophiehensserheeventuallydumpsfreyaforrubybutsheturnsupandwinshimbackandthenforceshimtoselldrugsattheschoolfreyakisseshugoinviewofxavierandplantsdrugsonxavierrubytriestoridofthembutcharliecatchesherbelletaylorjessicatoveythenexposesfreyaasthesupplierrubythenborrowsmoneyfromromanharrisconradcolebyshethengivesittofreyatoleaveforgoodwhichshedoesthisupsetsxavierandherealisesthatheshouldbewithrubyafteralljaifernandezjordanrodrigueshelpsthepairreconciletheirrelationshipbrendancomestostayafterginabreaksheranklexavierinitiallyhidesbrendanfromhisfriendsbuttheysoonrealiseheneedshelpwithlookingafterhimhugomakesitclearhedoesntwanttolookafterhimandpalmshimoffonxaviermarthamackenziejodigordonofferstolookafterhimwhilstinhercareherunsoffandhidesxavierfindshimbutastartledbrendancatapultsarockthroughapassingbluecarwindowinthecarisleahpattersonbakeradanicodemouandromantherockhitsromanintheheadandleahcrashesthecarxaviertriestoprotectbrendanbutginahandshimintothepolicebutromanrefusestopresschargeshisfeudwithhugoescalatesuntilhugoisattackedbyasharkhetriestomakethingsbetterxavieraccidentallyinjuresjaiwithagunatthefarmrubyloseshervirginitytoxavieronlytobecaughtbytheirfamilyr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heditsfinalreportintotheaccidentoneofthecontributingcauseswasincorrectmaintenanceprocedureswhichallowedwatertoentertheangleofattackaoasensorsthewaterthenfrozeinflightrenderingthesensorsinoperativeandthusremovingtheprotectiontheyprovidedfromtheaircraftsflightmanagementsystemtheprimarycauseoftheaccidentwasthatwhenthecrewattemptedanimprovisedtestoftheaoawarningsystemwhichwasnotfunctioningduetotheblockedsensorstheylostcontroloftheaircraftsomeoftheaircraftscomputersreceivedconflictinginformationandoperatedindegradedmodewheresomeprotectionswerenotavailablemorepreciselytwooutofthreeangleofattacksensorshavebeenfrozenandrenderedinoperativesystemlogichasbeendesignedtorejectsensorvalueswhichdeviatesignificantlyfromtheothersinthisspecificcasethisprincipleledtotherejectionofthesingleoperativeangleofattacksensorandtotheacceptanceofthetwofaultyoneswhichprovidedsimilarvaluesbuthadbeenstucksincecruiseflightthisinturnledtoerraticlimitspeedscomputationsmoreoverstallwarninginnormallawwasnotpossiblealltheaboveresultedindegradedfunctionalityofautomatedsystemssomestallprotectionfunctionswerenotavailablehoweverstallwarningwasstillavailableandhadbeentriggeredduringthelastphaseoftheflightrefnamemaydaythekillingmachinemaydaycanadiantvseriesmaydaydocumentarytvseriesrefthecrewwasunawarethattheaoasensorswereblockedbuttheyalsodisregardedtheproperspeedlimitsfortheteststheywereperformingresultinginastallflightstallfivesafetyrecommendationsweremaderefnamefinalrefdatecoincidencethenewzealandheraldremarkedonthedatecoincidencewithanotherairnewzealandcrashduetodifferingtimezonesthecrashofflighttoccurredinthemorningofnovembernewzealandtimeyearstothedayafterairnewzealandflightcrashedintomounterebusinantarcticakillingallonboarddramatisationthestoryoftheaccidentwasfeaturedonthethirteenthseasonofcanadiantelevisionshowmaydaycanadiantvseriesmaydayanepisodeentitledlistofmaydayepisodesseasonimperfectpitchsimilareventsaeroperflightairfranceflightairindiaflightbirgenairflightseealsoairfranceflightlistofaccidentsandincidentsinvolvingtheairbusafamilyaccidentsandincidentsinvolvingtheairbusafamilyalufthansaflighttwoangleofattacksensorsjammedintheirpositionsreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebbeaaeroenenquetesperpignanperpignanphpaccidentonapproachtoperpignanbureaudenqutesetdanalysespourlascuritdelaviationcivilewebarchiveorgwebbeaaeroenenquetesperpignanperpignanphparchivebureaudenqutesetdanalysespourlascuritdelaviationcivilewebarchiveorgwebbeaaeroenenquetesperpignanperpignanphparchivewebarchiveorgwebbeaaerodocspadlaeenpdfdlaeenpdfinterimreportwebcitationorgzlrcgreurlbeaaerodocspadlaeenpdfdlaeenpdfarchivewebcitationorgzlrcgreurlbeaaerodocspadlaeenpdfdlaeenpdfarchivewebarchiveorgwebbeaaerodocspadlaenpdfdlaenpdffinalreportwebcitationorgzhujwdurlbeaaerodocspadlaenpdfdlaenpdfarchivewebcitationorgzhujwdurlbeaaerodocspadlaenpdfdlaenpdfarchivewebarchiveorgwebbeaaerodocspadlaepdfdlaepdfinterimreportwebcitationorgzlrktrljurlbeaaerodocspadlaepdfdlaepdfarchivewebcitationorgzlrktrljurlbeaaerodocspadlaepdfdlaepdfarchivewebarchiveorgwebbeaaerodocspadlapdfdlapdffinalreportwebcitationorgzhufsgurlbeaaerodocspadlapdfdlapdfarchivewebcitationorgzhufsgurlbeaaerodocspadlapdfdlapdfarchiveskybraryaeroindexphpnonrevenueflightsaccidentsandincidentsduringnonrevenueflightsskybrarykarldominikinuktitutsyllabicstsarinaredirectcategoryshelltsarinapatriarchtikhonofmoscowdonskoymonasterydanilovmonasterydanilovmonasterybalchugbalchugyeslambinladinxinjiangmedicaluniversityiranhostagecrisisbookofjoshuakolkatametronammametrouljincountychawangdistrictamphoeinfoboxvideogametitlexplorapetergabrielssecretworldimagexplorajpgcaptioncoverartdeveloperrealworldmediasmallasubsidiaryofrealworldstudiossmallpublishermacplaymodessingleplayerdesignerpetergabrielreleaseddecembermacintoshgenremusicvideogamemusicgameplatformsmacintoshcdipersonalcomputerpcxplorapetergabrielssecretworldorsimplyxploraisamusicalcomputergamedesignedbymusicianpetergabrielsummarythegamewasintendedtopromotehisalbumuspetergabrielalbumusandthesuccessofxplorawouldprompthimtoreleaseasimilarmusicallythemedinteractivegameentitledevevideogameeveinasthesecondofhispetergabrielwomadandotherprojectspostwomadprojectsthegamewasfirstreleasedformacintoshinfollowedbywindowsinandcdiininwhichtheprojectwascompletedincollaborationwithbrilliantmediaundergabrielsownlabelrealworldrecordsthegameplayconsistsofanumberofsubgamessuchasscavengerhuntsslidingpuzzlesetcininteractivemodetheplayermaywatchvideointerviewswithpetergabrielandcanexplorebriefsummariesofanumberofmusiciansgabrielhasperformedwithinthepastastheplayercompletespuzzlesandaccomplishesgoalsnewareasofthecdareunlockedfeaturingnewcontentfortheplayertoexplorereceptioncomputergamingworldsaidinmarchthatwhilethebackstagefootagewasinterestingexplorerswillhavethemostfunremixingtheirownpetergabrielmusicvideosandjoininginonjamsessionsmultimediaisamuchabusedtermbutthisbeautifulworkdeservesthetitlerefnamecgwcitemagazinelastfirstdatemarchtitletakingapeekdepartmenturlcgwmuseumorggalleriesindexphpyearpubidmagazinecomp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oursestyleborderbottomsolidpxgraybordertopsolidpxgrayvaligntopwidthlobbystyleborderbottomsolidpxgraybordertopsolidpxgrayvaligntopwidthcustomerserviceshopsvendingmachinesatmsstyleborderbottomsolidpxgrayrowspanvaligntoplbrplatformsplatformlineguangzhoumetrospanstylebackgroundcolorspanstylecolorwhitelinespanspantowardsfenghuangxincunstationfenghuangxincunsmallchanggangstationchanggangsmallstyleborderrightsolidpxblackborderleftsolidpxblackbordertopsolidpxblackborderbottomsolidpxblacktextaligncentercolspansmallislandplatformdoorswillopenontheleftsmallstyleborderbottomsolidpxgrayplatformstyleborderbottomsolidpxgraylineguangzhoumetrospanstylebackgroundcolorspanstylecolorwhitelinespanspantowardswanshengweistationwanshengweismallsunyatsenuniversitystationsunyatsenuniversitysmallreferencesguangzhoumetrolineyesmineralnyevodytaipeisongshanairporttaipeisongshanairporttaipeisongshanairportonechildpolicyimagexochitecatljpgthumbrightuprightthepyramidofflowersbehindamonolithicbasinontheserpentbuildingatxochitecatlxochitecatlisaprecolumbianarchaeologicalsitelocatedinthemexicanstateoftlaxcalanbspkmsouthwestoftlaxcalatlaxcalatlaxcalacityrefnameinahinahbulletindtiinahgobmxindexphpoptioncomcontenttaskviewiditemidhallazgosenxochitcatlmayaccesseddecemberrefrefnamearqueomexserrapuchedelatorrewebarchiveorgwebarqueomexcompdfssnguiaviajerospdfcacaxtlayxochitcatlguadeviajerosrefxochitecatlunlikeothercontemporarysitesappearstohavebeenapurelyceremonialcentreforapopulationdispersedthroughthesurroundingcountrysideratherthanthecentreofanurbanareaetymologyxochitecatlisformedfromtwonahuatlwordsxchitlflowerandtecatlpersonhencethepersonofflowersorthelineageofflowersrefnameinahmoralesgmezreflocationxochitecatlislocatedinadominantpositionuponthesummitofanbspkmwideextinctvolcanothatformsarangeofhillsthatrisesapproximatelymetersabovethefloorofthepueblapueblapueblatlaxcalavalleythesocalledatlachinonativitasxochitecatlblockwhichislocatedinthecentreofthevalleyxochitecatlhasclearviewsacrossthesurroundingvalleystotheneighbouringvolcanoesofpopocatepetliztaccihuatlandmatlalcueitlvolcanolamalinchetheriversatoyacriveroaxacaatoyacandzahuapanflowclosetothesitethesiteisthefocalpointofanareadistinguishedbyitshighagriculturalproductivitysometimesnamedthemesoamericanmesopotamiabecauseofitsfertilelandsbetweentheriversatoyacandzayapanxochitecatlliesnbspkmwestofandwithinsightofthecontemporaryclassicperiodsiteofcacaxtladistinguishedbyitsfamouspaintedmuralsinmayaarchitecturemayastylexochitecatlislocatedmnorthofthemoderntownofxochitecatitlaandthesamedistancetothesoutheastofatoyatencohistorypreclassicperiodaroundbcduringthemiddlepreclassicperiodtheconstructionofxochitecatlwasbegunwiththeconstructionofthepyramidofflowersthespiralbuildingandtheserpentbuildingintheperiodfrombctobcfurtherstructureswereaddedtotheseexistingbuildingsbytheperiodspanningbctoadxochitecatlhadbecomethecentreofapowerfulchiefdomexercisingcontroloveralargeportionofwesterntlaxcalafrombctobcthepyramidofflowerswasgreatlyexpandedandfurthermodificationstookplaceattheserpentbuildingthesitewasabandonedinapproximatelyadafteraneruptionofpopocatepetlvolcanoepiclassicorlateclassicperiodbetweenadandadxochitecatlwasreoccupiedwhenpartsofthesitewerereusedasasecondaryceremonialcentrewithintheextendedurbanareaofcacaxtlatheplatformofthevolcanoeswasbuiltandthepyramidofflowersbecamethecentreofritualactivityincludingthesacrificeofchildrenaboutadbothxochitecatlandcacaxtlawereabandonedalthoughthereisevidenceofcontinuedritualactivityinthepostclassicperiodrefnameinahwebarchiveorgwebgobiernodigitalinahgobmxzonasarqueologicastodashtmezahtmlxochitecatlatinahrefmodernhistorymajorexcavationswereundertakenatthesiteinbymaricarmenserrapuchewiththegoalofexploringtheprincipalstructuresaroundthesitecoreinthecourseoftheseinvestigationstwoobsidianuseinmesoamericaobsidianworkshopswereuncoveredinthepyramidofflowersbuildingeandtheserpentbuildingbuildingesitedescriptiontheceremonialcentreofxochitecatlliesaroundtwoplazassurroundedbytheprinciplestructuresaroundthemainplazaarelocatedthepyramidofflowerstheserpentbuildingandtheplatformofthevolcanoesthewesternplazaisborderedbythespiralbuildingthepyramidofflowerspirmidedelasfloresinspanishdesignatedasbuildingethisstructurewasbuiltduringthemesoamericanchronologypreclassicperiodbutshowsevidenceofuserightuptothespanishcolonizationoftheamericasspanishcolonialperiodthebaseofthepyramidmeasuresmetersbymetersasimilarsizetothatofthepyramidofthemooninteotihuacaninsidewerefoundtheburialsofmorethanchildrenandoneadultaccompaniedbyofferingsbeadsofgreenstoneweredepositedinthemouthsofsomeofthechildreninordertoaccompanythemontheirjourneytotheunderworlduponthestairwaygivingaccesstotheupperpartofthebuildingweredepositedofferingsthatincludedmorethanclayfigurinesandstonesculpturesrepresentingbothhumansandanimalsthedistinguishingfeatureofthefigurinesisthegreatquantityoffiguresthatrepresentfemalesfrominfancyrightthroughtooldageincludingbabiesrichlydressedwomenandpregnantwomensomefigurinesrepresentwomenwithanopeningintheabdomencontainingrichlydressedbabiesothersshowmotherscarryingtheirchildrenintheirarmsorupontheirbacksthefigurinesarerichlydetailedgivingaglimpseofthedailyattireinprecolumbiantimessomeofthewomenrepresentedarewearingpleatedskirtsorskirtsdecoratedwithgeometricdesignssuchaslinesstripescirclesanddotssomefigurineswearblousesquezquemetlwhicharesimilarlydecoratedsomeofthewomenwearcolouredbowsintheirhairwhileothersareadornedwithfourorfivepetalledflowersastairwayascendsthepyramidbeforeitstandtwolargemonolithicbasinsonemeasuringmetersindiameterfoursculptureswerefounddepositedinthelargerbasinasculptureofatoadasculptureofamythologicalserpentdisgorgingahumanfacefromitsopenjawsandtwosculpturesofhumanfacesduringexcavationsonthepyramidofflowersmorethantwohundredgreyblackandgreenobsidianprojectilepointswererecoveredtogetherwithhundredsoffragmentsofthesamestonemorethantwentystonesculptureswerealsorecoveredthemajorityofwhichweremutilatedtheseincludeanimalsculpturessuchasacanineanamphibianandamonkeytherearealsoanthropomorphicandmythologicalsculpturessuchasasculpturethatrepresentsafleshlesshumanfacewiththebodyofarattlesnakeandhasbeenlinkedbyinvestigatorswithlocalfolkloreofthegoddessxochitlwhotakestheformofabeautifulwomanbutwhocantransformintoasnakeeachyearonseptemberthesunrisesdirectlyfromthemouthofthelamalinchevolcanoasseenfromthesummitofthepyramidofflowersthisdatecoincideswiththeannualfestivalatnearbysanmiguelelmilagrojustundernbspkmawaytotheeasttheserpentbuildingedificiodelaserpienteinspanishdesignatedasbuildingethisbuildingdatesfromaroundbcinthepreclassicperiodandmeasuresmetersbymetersamonolithicstonebasinmeasuringmetersacrossandnbspcmhighisfoundontopofthestructureamutilatedstelawasdepositedinsidebearingthecarvingofasnakesfangsandforkedtonguetothenorthofthiswerefoundtwostonesculpturesoneofamandressedasajaguarandtheotherofamanwithpronouncedforeheadandlipsholdingasceptreorstaffinhisrighthandaroomwasbuiltatgroundlevelagainstthewestsideoftheserpentbuildinglargeamountsofworkedobsidianwerefoundinthenortheastcornerofthisbuildingindicatingthatitwasprobablyusedasaworkshopitemsfoundincludecoresstonechippingsknivesprojectilepointsandscrapersaswellasbonetoolsandantlersassociatedceramicremainswereusedtodatethesefindstothelatepreclassicbcadoriginallytheserpentbuildingwasasquarestructurewiththeonlymeansofaccessbeingastairwayonthenorthsidelaterthebuildingwasexpandedtotheeastwiththeadditionofanotherplatformatthesametimethenorthstairwaywasblockedoffandanewstairwaywasbuiltusingtepetatecoveredwithmudthespiralbuildingedificiodelaespiralinspanishdesignatedasbuildingethiscircularsteppedpyramidliesonthewesternsideoftheceremonialcentreandwasbuiltaroundbcinthepreclassicperiodduetoitslocationonthehillsidethewesternsideofthepyramidhasmorelevelsthantheeasternsidenotraceofinternalstructureswasfoundduringexcavationtheinteriorofthestructureconsistingofvolcanicashthebuildinghasnostairwaygivingaccesstothetopitwasclimbedbyfollowingthespiralformofthebuildingitselfachristiancrosswasplacedontopofthestructureinadaboutyearsafterthespanishconquestandremainsinplacetothisdaytwoburialswerefoundinthestructurewhichwasprobablyatempletoehecatlthegodofwindtheplatformofthevolcanoesbasamentodelosvolcanesinspanishdesignatedasbuildingethisstructureliesinthemiddleofthecentralplazaandisorientednorthsouththebuildingmeasuresmetersalongitsnorthsouthaxisandismeterswideconstructionbeganinthemiddlepreclassicthebuildingwasthenreusedduringtheclassicperiodthusproducingtwophasesofarchitecturemorethantwohundredfigurinesrepresentingthefemaleformwererecoveredfromthisstructureduringthesbygermanarchaeologistbodospranzofparticularinterestwasafigurinerepresentingaflayedfemaleandidentifiedasthegoddesstlazolteotltheearliestphaseofconstructionincludingtheeastandweststairwaysisbuiltfromtepetateoverlaidwithmudthesecondphasereusedtheearlierstonewallswhichwerethencoveredwithstuccoasatteotihuacanthisbuildingdeviatesdegreesfrommagneticnorththisisparticularlyevidentwiththeearlierconstructionphasealootedofferingconsistentwiththeintermentoftheremainsofhumaninfantswasfoundintheupperpartofthisplatformxochitecatlisinthecareoftheinstitutonacionaldeantropologaehistorianationalinstituteofanthropologyandhistoryandisopentothepublicseealsocacaxtlalistofmesoamericanpyramidsnotesreferencesmoralesgmezdavidantonioxochitcatltlaxcalaminiguideinstitutonacionaldeantropologaehistoriamexicohirthkennethgobsidiancraftproductionatcacaxtlaxochitcatltlaxcalafamsiserrapuchemaricarmenanddelatorremanuelwebarchiveorgwebarqueomexcompdfssnguiaviajerospdfcacaxtlayxochitcatlguadeviajerosinarqueologamexicanavolxnojulyaugustppnbspexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebarqueomexcompdfssnguiaviajerospdfguidetocacaxtlaandxochitcatlatarqueologamexicanawebarchiveorgwebgobiernodigitalinahgobmxzonasarqueologicastodashtmezahtmlxochitecatlatinahfamsiorgreportsobsidiancraftproductionatcacaxtlaxochitcatlatfamsixochitecatlxaltocanxmastimeinfoboxstationnamexingangdongnativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationguangzhousymbolmetrosymbollocationsymbolsymbollocations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titleimagexmenkingbreakerjpgimagesizedefaultcaptionbrartbybrandonpetersonschedulemonthlyformatlimitedseriescomicsminiserieslimitedyscififirstsuperheroymultigenreypublishermarvelcomicsstartmofebruarystartyrendmomayendyrissuesmaincharteamstarjammersbrshiarwriterschristopheryostartistspencillersdustinweaverinkersjaimemendozaletterersjoecaramagnacoloristsnathanfairbairneditorsdanielketchumbrnicklowecomicsnicklowebrjoequesadacreativeteammonthcreativeteamyearcreatorstpbroadtowarofkingsisbnsubcatxmenlimsubmarvelcomicssortxmenkingbreakerxmenkingbreakerisafourissuecomicbooklimitedseriescomicsminiseriesstarringstarjammersthestarjammersandpublishedbymarvelcomicstakingplaceinmarvelsmainshareduniversethemarveluniversetheserieswaswrittenbychristopheryostwithpencilsbydustinweaveritwasannouncedatthefanexpoitbeganindecemberandendedinmarchoutlinethestoryfeaturesthestarjammersandtheshiaranditssetimmediatelyaftertheconclusionoftheminiseriesemperorvulcanvulcanhassethissightonconqueringtherestoftheuniverseinthenameoftheshiarempiretheseriesfollowshisexpansionistplansandattemptsbythestarjammershavokcomicshavokrachelsummerslilandraneramanikorvuscomicskorvusandotherstostophimfailingintheirattemptstheyfleetoenlisttheaidofthekreetheeventsnarratedinthecomicbookservedasaleadtowarofkingsinmarchcollectededitionstheserieswillbecollectedintoatradepaperbackcomicstradepaperbackwarofkingsroadtowarofkingscollectsxmenkingbreakersecretinvasionwarofkingsandwarofkingssagapagesjunereferencesexternallinksteeyihjiaseverskyxpredirectcategoryshellhappybellydouglasxpredirectcategoryshellzhangdeguangchavalityongchaiyudhxxxredirectcategoryshellkpchenperseveranceofthesaintsliueliueliueoiketerionliuexubeihongxubeihongxubeihongxinxiangmedicaluniversityislocatedatxinxiangcityinthenorthernpartofhenanprovinceofchinaxinxiangmedicaluniversityhasavastcampuswithaboutundergraduatestheforeignstudentsprogrammeofxinxiangmedicaluniversityundertheinternationaleducationinstituteofxxmuhasbeenrunningsuccessfullyattheuniversitysincemorethanforeignstudentsfromnepalandindiahavealreadygraduatedfromtheuniversitysincetherearemorethanforeignstudentspursuingwesternmedicinestudiesatthiscollegebackgroundaprovincialpublicmedicaluniversityxinxiangmedicaluniversityhasbeeninoperationsinceandbeengrantedrecognitionbytheworldhealthorganizationwhosincelocatedinxinxiangcitytheuniversityliesnorthofyellowriverandfacesthetaihangmountaininthesouthbeijingguangzhoubeijingzhuhairailwayandxinxiangherailwayallmeetxinxiangcitywhichliesatdegreeseastlongitudeanddegreesnorthlatitudekilometersfromzhengzhouxinzhenginternationalairportzhengzhouinternationalairporttheuniversitywasbuiltonaprofoundculturalinheritancewithalonghistorywhichpredecessorcanbetracedbacktothewesternmedicalclinicbyabritishmissionaryintotallythereareoverstudentsamongthemthereareundergraduatespostgraduatesadulteducationstudentsforeignstudentspresentlytherearestaffincludingprofessionalsamongthemtherearemoreteachershonoredasnationalcandidatesofnewcenturyprojectfortraininghundredsofthousandsofpersonswithabilityandinnovationnationalstatesubsidiesnationalexcellentteacheretcnowtherearedepartmentswhichcovermedicineliteraturesciencetechnologymanagementandsoontwentythreespecialtiesnamelysurgerypsychiatrypediatricsappliedpsychologymentalillnessandmentalhealthetchavebeenestablishedasmastersdegreesubjectstwentyonespecialtiesnamelymedicineforensicsanesthesiapediatricsrehabilitationscienceinformationmanagementformedicineneurologysciencepsychologyenglishlanguageformedicalsciencesandengineeringofmedicalbiologyareforundergraduatestheuniversityhasdepartmentsonepostdoctoralresearchstationandresearchinstitutesfortuberculosisophthalmologyandmentaldiseasesetctheuniversitycampuscoversmillionmamongwhicharchitecturalareasaremillionmtheteachingequipmentisworthmillionyuanrmbamodernlibrarywasbuiltwithaboutthousandbooksfacilitatedwithanexchangeplatformamongacademicorganizationsfrombothdomesticandforeignlibrariesananatomicspecimenmuseumwasbuiltandcollectedaroundathousandspecimenstheuniversityhasfivemedicaljournalsissuedpubliclytodomesticandabroadjournalofxinxiangmedicaluniversityjournalofophthalmicrecentadvancesjournalofappliedclinicalpediatricsandjournalofclinicalpsychosomaticdiseasesinordertomeetthenecessityofrunningthisuniversityfouraffiliatedhospitalswerebuiltwithatotalbedsandteachinghospitalsandmorethanteachinginternbasesaswellwehaveestablishedsoundcooperationwithmanylargehospitalscoveringbeijingshanghaiguangzhouwuhanjinanandsoonteachinghospitalsthefirstaffiliatedhospitalislocatedweihuicountyhenanprovincewhichoriginatedfromthechristianhuiminhospitalfoundedinitisanaaacomprehensivehospitalcombiningmedicaltreatmentteachingandscientificresearchwithmorethanbedsthesecondaffiliatedhospitalalsocalledthementalhealthhospitalofhenanprovinceistheonlyaaaprovincialmentalhospitalcombiningmedicaltreatmentteachingscientificresearchpreventionandjudicialforensicidentificationamongthesethesectorofpsychiatryisprovinciallyemphasizedasakeyclinicsectorthishospitalisalsotheprovincialresea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lagermusicandclassichitsaswellasothermusicalgenresofalessdemandingnaturesomeofthestationshoweversuchasradioobersterreichdoalsobroadcastacertainnumberofclassicalmusicprogrammesaswellasculturalandfeatureitemssimilartothoseairedonthenationwidechannelhistoricallyoneofthelongestrunningprogrammeswasthedailyautofahrerunterwegsmotoristsunderwayeditionsofwhichwerebroadcastbetweenandthepopularityofthisprogrammemeantthatitwasbroadcastnationwidebyalltheregionalstationsupuntilthesmanyprogrammesweredominatedbypopularfolkmusicvolkstmlichemusikleadingtothenetworkoftenbeingderogatorilyreferredtoashousewivesradiointheperiodprecedingthetimewhenprivatecommercialradiostationswerefinallyallowedtobroadcastinaustriaatfirstregionallyonlyanumberofthestationsbegangivingtheirplaylistsamoreinternationalflavourthenewregionalprivateradiostationsfortheirparttriedtogainmarketsharebyfocusingonacontemporaryhitradioformatcompetingmorewithorfsnationwidehitradiothanwiththestationsthepubliclyfundedradiostationswiththeirconsiderablygreaterfinancialandstaffresourceswerebetterabletoholdontotheirmarketsharenotonlyintheradiosectorbutalsoinnewsjournalismasawholewiththeexceptionofworldnewsbroadcastingnewscoverageallregionalradiostationsproducetheirowncontenthoursadaywithalotofregionalcontentregionalnewsgenerallybroadcasteveryhalfhourdetailedjournalslandesrundschauetcreportsandserviceelementsensurehighlistenerloyaltymusicprogrammingischosenthroughbasedonmanycriteriaandismostlymadeupofoldiesclassichitsandeventraditionalvolksmusikthebalancebetweendifferentgenresvariesbetweenthestationssomeconcentrateonoldieswhileothersmainlyplaygermanschlagerandfolksymusicduringthenighteachradiostationbroadcastsitsownnonstopmusicprogramwhichisonlyinterruptedforthenewsupuntilthemidsallradiostationshadthesameframingprogrammewhichonlygotinterruptedforafewhoursforregionalcontentthiscollectiveradiowasfirstcalledsterreichregionalbutwaschangedduringitslateryearstosterreichtoexpanditsprogrammetheregionalstudioscontributedtheirownprogramssuchasautofahrerunterwegsturnieraufderschallaburgtournamentattheschallaburgcastleschallaburgandotherformatsaftertheintroductionofcomputerstoradiobroadcastinginthelatesproductioncostsweresignificantlyreducedwhichallowedtheorftofullyregionalizeitsradiothenamesterreichwaseliminatedcompletelyasallregionalradiostationsnowcarrythenameoftheirstateinfoboxsettlementseethetableatinfoboxsettlementforallfieldsanddescriptionsofusagebasicinfonamexalpatlahuacsettlementtypemunicipalitymexicomunicipalityothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishnicknamemottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizepximagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizepxmapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapmexicothenameofalocationmapasperenwikipediaorgwikitemplatelocationmappushpinlabelpositionabovepushpinmapsizepushpinmapcaptionlocationinmexicolocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofmexicostatesubdivisionnameguerrerosubdivisiontypemunicipalseatsubdivisionnamexalpatlahuacsubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionareawaterkmareatotalsqmiarealandsqmiareawatersqmiareawaterpercentareaurbankmareaurbansqmiareametrokmareametrosqmiareablanktitleareablankkmareablanksqmipopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmpopulationdensitymetrosqmipopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmpopulationdensityurbansqmipopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmigeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxalpatlahuacisoneofthemunicipalitiesofguerreroinsouthwesternmexicothemunicipalseatliesatxalpatlahuacthemunicipalitycoversanareaofnbspkminthemunicipalityhadatotalpopulationofreferencesinfoboxsettlementseethetableatinfoboxsettlementforallfieldsanddescriptionsofusagebasicinfonamexochihuehuetlansettlementtypemunicipalitymexicomunicipalityothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishnicknamemottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizepximagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizepxmapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapmexicothenameofalocationmapasperenwikipediaorgwikitemplatelocationmappushpinlabelpositionabovepushpinmapsizepushpinmapcaptionlocationinmexicolocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofmexicostatesubdivisionnameguerrerosubdivisiontypemunicipalseatsubdivisionnamexochihuehuetlansubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionareawaterkmareatotalsqmiarealandsqmiareawatersqmiareawaterpercentareaurbankmareaurbansqmiareametrokmareametrosqmiareablanktitleareablankkmareablanksqmipopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmpopulationdensitymetrosqmipopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmpopulationdensityurbansqmipopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmigeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxochihuehuetlanisoneofthemunicipalitiesofguerreroinsouthwesternmexicothemunicipalseatliesatxochihuehuetlanthemunicipalitycoversanareaofnbspkminthemunicipalityhadatotalpopulationofreferencesinfoboxsettlementseethetableatinfoboxsettlementforallfieldsanddescriptionsofusagebasicinfonamexochistlahuacamunicipalitysettlementtypemunicipalitymexicomunicipalityothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishnicknamemottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizepximagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizepxmapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapmexicothenameofalocationmapasperenwikipediaorgwikitemplatelocationmappushpinlabelpositionabovepushpinmapsizepushpinmapcaptionlocationinmexicolocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofmexicostatesubdivisionnameguerrerosubdivisiontypemunicipalseatsubdivisionnamexochistlahuacasubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionareawaterkmareatotalsqmiarealandsqmiareawatersqmiareawaterpercentareaurbankmareaurbansqmiareametrokmareametrosqmiareablanktitleareablankkmareablanksqmipopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmpopulationdensitymetrosqmipopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmpopulationdensityurbansqmipopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmigeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxochistlahuacamunicipalityisoneofthemunicipalitiesofguerreroinsouthwesternmexicothemunicipalseatliesatxochistlahuacathemunicipalitycoversanareaofnbspkmasofthemunicipalityhadatotalpopulationofthemunicipalityasseatthetownofxochistlahuacaisthelocalgovernmentofcommunitieswhichcoveraterritoryofkmsupsupitbordersthemunicipalitiesoftlacoachistlahuacaandometepecwiththestateofoaxacatothesouthandeastthesealofthemunicipalityhasaflowercalledalajanidointhecenteralongwithgeometricdesignswhichrepresenttheweavingofamuzgowomenthemunicipalityhascommunitiesthelargestcommunitiesaftertheseatareguadalupevictorialoslirioselcarmenandarroyograndeotherimportantcommunitiesincludeplanmagueycabezadearroyonuevollanodelcarmenloslirioselsantiagoplandepiernaplanlagartoguadalupevictoriatierracoloradaarroyogentelindavistaarroyoguacamayaarroyopjaroarro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guageisrelatedtomixteclanguagemixtecitispossibletheymigratedalongwiththesepeoplefromthenorthandseparatedouttothisregiontoescapeinterethnicviolencetheamuzgonameforxochistlahuacaissuljatherearesomemestizoswhichliveprimarilyintheseatrefnamecdigobrefculturemostofthemunicipalitysculturalheritageisbasedonthatoftheamuzgosasthelargestcommunityofthisethnicitychildrenfromthemunicipalityhavebeengatheringindigenousoralstoriesforrecordingaspartoftheconcursonationaldenarracionesoralesenlenguasindgenasnationalcontestfororalnarrationsinindigenouslanguagesjuanairiabthmoctezumatapiawonthecontestinrefnamerescatanrefmostofthepopulationisclassifiedascatholicalthoughthereisasmallbutgrowingpercentageofprotestantsprotestantismwasintroducedtotheregionbythesilinternationalinstitutolingisticodeveranointhescatholicbeliefsaregenerallyasyncretismwithamuzgoonesonthefeastdayofsaintmarkwhichcomesatthebeginningoftherainyseasonchickensaresacrificedoverasetofbluerockswhichrepresentthunderandlightningthisisinpetitionforabundantrainandcropsforthecominggrowingseasontheendofthegrowingseasonandharvestaremarkedbythefeastdayofthearchangelmichaelonseptembertraditionalmedicinemenandhealingarestillpreferredbymanyasillnessisgenerallyconceivedofasspiritualotherimportantfestivalsincludecarnivalandthefeastdayofthevirginofguadalupeondecemberinthecommunityofcozoyoapanthefeastdayofsaintsebastianonjanuaryisimportantmostwomenandevenmenweartraditionalclothingmadewitheithercommercialorhandwovenfabricindustrialweavinghasmadehandweavingobsoleteexceptforspecialtygarmentsorforthosemadeforsalecooperationwithgovernmentanduniversityinstitutionshasallowedtheweaverstocreatenewitemsanddesignsincludingpantsbathrobesskirtsandmorehoweverthehuipilremainsthemostcommonandmostsoughtafteritemeventhoughtheytendtosellbettertoforeignbuyersthanmexicanonesasforeignerstendtoappreciatetheeffortthatgoesintotraditionalweavingrefnamedesdeanrefthetraditionaldietofthemunicipalityisbasedoncornandotherlocallygrownproductschocolateisgenerallyconsumedasabeverageespeciallyduringspecialeventssuchasweddingstamalesareafundamentalpartofthedietandcomeinavarietyofformsandfillingssuchassweetcornporkchickenfreshwatershrimpandmoreonelocaldishiscalledthecabezadeviejooroldmansheadandthereisatypeofsweetenedtortillacalledaticasohistorythereisevidencethatxochislahuacawasthecapitalofanamuzgodominionwhichwassubjectinparttothemixtecprovinceofayacastlawhentheaztecsarrivedinthethcenturywhileayacastlawassubjugatedtheamuzgoswerenevercompletelyordirectlyunderthecontroloftheaztecshoweverbecauseofaztecdominationoftheareathenamexochistlahuacacomesfromnahuatlandmeansplainofflowersthisisalsothecaseforamuzgowhichmeanswheretherearebooksprobablyreferringtothexochistlahuacasroleasanadministrativecentermuchoftheamuzgoconcentrationinthisregionisduetothedisplacementofthesepeoplefromthecoastfirstbymixtecexpansionthenbyspanishdominationlastlyescapedslavesandtheirdescendentscametodominateformeramuzgolandsespeciallyinwhatisnowcuajinicuilapathecommunityofcozoyoapanwasfoundedbydisplacedamuzgosinthecolonialperiodfromwhatisnowsannicolsincuajinicuilapatheareawasconqueredbypedrodealvaradoinafterthespanishconquestoftheaztecempirespanishconquestmanyindigenousinguerrerodiedofdiseaseandwarleavingtheamuzgosasoneofonlyfourethnicgroupstosurviveinxochistlahuacahadapopulationofaboutbutinthiswasdowntoamuzgosbeforerecoveringlaterinthecolonialperiodtheamuzgoswereintegratedintocolonialruleviaevangelizationinthetownwasnamedanadministrativeandreligiouscentersimilartoitsroleintheprehispaniceraduringthethcenturyitwassubjecttooaxacaoaxacaoaxacacitythencalledantequerathenitbecamepartofthepueblaprovinceinthethcenturyitbecamepartofthechilapadelvarezchilapadioceseunderpueblaandinitlostitsstatusasareligiouscenterduringthemexicanwarofindependencevicenteguerreroandhistroopspassedthroughtheareainstoppingatthecerroverdetoreorganizeandsupplyfromthecolonialperiodthroughthethcenturytheamuzgoslostcontroloftheirlandspayingrenttospanishlordssuchasguillermohachointheamuzgosbegantofighttoregaincontrolwiththexochistlahuacaejidoestablishedinonhectaresthisejidowasrecognizedasthexochistlahuacamunicipalityinintheejidomunicipalityreceivedhectaresmoreterritoryforatotalofhectarestodayinhurricanepaulineoneoftheworstcyclonestohitmexicospacificcoastcausedheavyrainleavingthemunicipallystrandedbythelossofroadsrefnamearrasarefsincethelatterthcenturythepoliticalsituationinxochistlahuacahasbeenunstableitiscomplicatedbythefactthattherearetwoauthoritiestraditionalindigenouscouncilsmostlyamuzgoandtheconstitutionalmunicipalgovernmentdominatedbymestizostheamuzgocouncilusuallyconsistsofeldersselectedfortheirparticipationinthecommunityespeciallythesponsorshipofreligiousfestivalsaswellasfamilytiesthemunicipalauthoritiesaredominatedbymestizosbecauseoftheircommandofspanishandgreatertiestotheoverallmexicanculturethishascausedtensionbetweenthetwogroupswhichhasbeencomplicatedbyconvertstoprotestantismwhorejectthetraditionalcouncilsandindependentpoliticalmovementsespeciallysincethesintheearlysthepoliticalsituationwasparticularlyvolatilewiththemunicipalpresidentaceadethrocharefusingtorecognizecertaintraditionalauthoritiesinagroupofamuzgostookoverthemunicipalpalacetoprotestthisactionspurredthecreationofthefrentecvicoindgenadexochistlahuacaandthefrentecomunitariodexochistlahucawhichhavehadinfluenceinbothpoliticalandsocialissuessentimentsamongtheamuzgoshaverunparticularlyagainstthepartidorevolucionarioinstitucionalpripoliticalpartywhichdominatedmunicipalpoliticsfordecadesandmostlyinfavornowtowardsnationalactionpartymexiconationalactionpartypansincebothtraditionalandmunicipalauthoritieshaverecognitionbutthesituationremainsuneasyrefnamecelebranrefonmarchaguerrerooaxacaearthquakeearthquakewascenteredverynearthemunicipalityaffectingitandmostoftherestofthecostachicaregionitwasthestrongestinmexicosincethemexicocityearthquakeearthquakerefnamefuerterefoverfifteencommunitiesinthemunicipalitysufferedmoderatedamageincludinglargecracksandseparatedwallsinanumberofcommunitychurchesandlandslidescoveringroadsrefnameconocerrefgeographyandenvironmentthetownandmunicipalityislocatedsoutheastoftheguerrerocapitalofchilpancingoitispartofthecostachicaregionofthestatewhichextendsfromacapulcototheoaxacaborderthemunicipalitystraddlesthesierramadredelsurandtheflatterareasthatreachdowntowardsthepacificoceanaboutoftheterrainofthemunicipalityismountainousandruggedmostlyinthenorthwithsmallmountainrangesknownaspajaritosandmalinaltepecwhichreachaboutmetersabovesealevelthetwomostimportantelevationsarethecerroverdeandthecerrodeaguaaboutisflatandsemiflatwiththerestbeingsmallvalleysandriverbanksthemainriveristhesantacatarinawhichseparatesthemunicipalityfromthestateofoaxacaotherimportantriversincludethepuenteandthesanpedroorxochistlahuacarivertheseriverswithyearroundflowprovidepotablewaterformostoftheareaspopulationintownssuchastresarroyoslamontaaelpjaroelchacalelaguacamayaellagartoandarroyocaballootherriversincludeatotonilcoverdemujertotolefierropjaroandlagartotherearealsomanystreamswhichflowyearroundaswelltheclimateissemimoistwithtemperaturerangesbetweenhotsemihotandtemperatedependingonaltitudetlacoachistlahucaborderarethecoolesttheaverageannualtemperatureiscaverageannualrainfallisbetweenandnbspmmperyearwithadefinedrainymaytooctoberanddrynovembertoaprilseasonwhichareagriculturallyandculturallyimportantmostoftheterritoryisusedforeitheragricultureorlivestocktherearesomeareaswithforesttherearetwomaintypesofwildvegetationinthemunicipalitythefirstrunsalongthenorthsideofthesierramadedelsurwheretherearemixedforestswithvariousspeciesoftreesincludingoakandmahoganyonthesouthsidethereislowgrowthrainforestunderfifteenmetersofheightwithmuchoftheareasfruitgrowingtakesplacemanyofthetreeslosetheiratleastsomeoftheirleavesduringthedryseasonmuchoftheareashabitathasbeendegradedbutthereisstillsomewildlifesuchasraccoonsbadgersfoxeswildboardeerwildcatsandanumberofreptileandbirdspeciessocioeconomicsthemunicipalityincludingitsseathasaveryhighlevelofsocioeconomicmarginalizationitisthefourthpoorestinthestateofguerreroandthesixteenthpoorestinmexicomostoftheseareconstructedwithadobeandthatchinsteadofmoremoderncinderblockandbrickespeciallyoutsidethemunicipalseatmostareoneortworoomsandsomearesimplestructuresmeanttobeoccupiedduringthegrowingseasonmosthomesinthemunicipalitylackoneormoreservicessuchasrunningwaterelectricityanddrainagealmostwithdirtfloorsalmostearnlessthanminimumdailywagemigrationoutofthemunicipalityislowbutitisgrowingmostaremenwhogotoacapulcochilpancingootherstatesinmexicoandsometotheunitedstatesthismigrationisbothseasonalandpermanentwomenwhomigrateusuallystayinmexicoandworkasdomesticsthereisanilliteracyrateofalmostaboutdonotcompletebasiceducationoneimprovementisthataccesstohealthservicesrosefromlessthanfifteenpercentintooverintheeconomyisbasedonsubsistenceagriculturelivestockamuzgotextileshandcraftsespeciallytextilesandceramicsandsomecommercenewerproductsincludethemakingofcheeseandpiloncillomostoftheproductswhicharesoldoutsideofthemunicipalitygotothemestizomarketsinometepectheseincludecashcropssuchasorangesmameydisambiguationmameysugarcanejicamaandpiloncilloalongwithhandcrafteditemssuchastextilesandfireworkseconomicactivityisgenerallyassignedbygenderwithmendoingthefarmingandlivestockraisingandwomendoingdomesticchoresandweavingthemaineconomicactivityinxochistlahuacaisagricultureagricultureismostlyoftheslashandburnvarietywithmostlandheldcommunallythemostimportantcropsarecornbeanssesameseedandhibiscusfollowedbysquashchilipepperstomatoescottonandcacaobeanscacaoimportantcashcropsincludemangossapotestamarindhibiscusamaranthspearminttomatoesandpotatoesmostisgrownonthesouthsideofthemunicipalitytherehasbeenagrowingindustryofcattleraisinganddairyproductssuchascheeseforsaletosurroundingmunicipalitiesespeciallyometepectheforestasanumberoftropicalhardwoodspecieswhichareusedtomakefurniturewithanannualharvestofaboutmperyearaboutofthepopulationisdedicatedtoindustrymostlywomenwhoweaveweavingandotherhandcraftsplayanimportanteconomicroleasinmanycasesfarmingisnotenoughtomeetsubsistenceneedsmostofthecommerceisinthemunicipalseatandincludesshopssellingsewingsuppliesgroceriesfarmingsuppliesandfoodstandsthereissometourismbypeoplewhocometoseethetextilesreferencesinfoboxsettlementseethetableatinfoboxsettlementforallfieldsanddescriptionsofusagebasicinfonamexochihuehuetlansettlementtypemunicipalseatandcityothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishnicknamemottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizepximagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapmexicothenameofalocationmapasperenwikipediaorgwikitemplatelocationmappushpinlabelpositionabovepushpinmapsizepushpinmapcaptionlocationinmexicolocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofmexicostatesubdivisionnameguerrerosubdivisiontypemunicipalitysubdivisionnamexochihuehuetlanmunicipalityxochihuehuetlansubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionareawaterkmareatotalsqmiarealandsqmiareawatersqmiareawaterpercentareaurbankmareaurbansqmiareametrokmareametrosqmiareablanktitleareablankkmareablanksqmipopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmpopulationdensitymetrosqmipopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmpopulationdensityurbansqmipopulationblanktitleethnicitiespopulationblankpopulationblanktitlereligionspopulationblankpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmigeneralinformationtimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxochihuehuetlanisacityandseatofthexochihuehuetlanmunicipalitymunicipalityofxochihuehuetlaninthestateofguerrerosouthwesternmexicoclimatedivstylewidthweatherboxlocationxochihuehuetlnsinglelineyesmetricfirstyesjanrecordhighcfebrecordhighcmarrecordhighcaprrecordhighcmayrecordhighcjunrecordhighcjulrecordhighcaugrecordhighcseprecordhighcoctrecordhighcnovrecordhighcdecrecordhighcyearrecordhighcjanhighcfebhighcmarhighcaprhighcmayhighcjunhighcjulhighcaughighcsephighcocthighcnovhighcdechighcyearhighcjanmeancfebmeancmarmeancaprmeancmaymeancjunmeancjulmeancaugmeancsepmeancoctmeancnovmeancdecmeancyearmeancjanlowcfeblowcmarlowcaprlowcmaylowcjunlowcjullowcauglowcseplowcoctlowcnovlowcdeclowcyearlowcjanrecordlowcfebrecordlowcmarrecordlowcaprrecordlowcmayrecordlowcjunrecordlowcjulrecordlowcaugrecordlowcseprecordlowcoctrecordlowcnovrecordlowcdecrecordlowcyearrecordlowcprecipitationcolourgreenjanprecipitationmmfebprecipitationmmmarprecipitationmmaprprecipitationmmmayprecipitationmmjunprecipitationmmjulprecipitationmmaugprecipitationmmsepprecipitationmmoctprecipitationmmnovprecipitationmmdecprecipitationmmyearprecipitationmmunitprecipitationdaysmmjanprecipitationdaysfebprecipitationdaysmarprecipitationdaysaprprecipitationdaysmayprecipitationdaysjunprecipitationdaysjulprecipitationdaysaugprecipitationdayssepprecipitationdaysoctprecipitationdaysnovprecipitationdaysdecprecipitationdaysyearprecipitationdayssourceserviciometeorologiconacionalrefnamesmnciteweburlsmncnagobmxclimatologianormalesnormaltxttitleestadodeguerreroestacionxochihuehuetlanworknormalesclimatologicaslanguagespanishpublisherserviciometeorologiconacionalaccessdateaprildeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebsmncnagobmxclimatologianormalesnormaltxtarchivedatemarchrefdateaprildivreferencesinfoboxsettlementseethetableatinfoboxsettlementforallfieldsanddescriptionsofusagebasicinfonamexalpatlahuacsettlementtypemunicipalseatandcityothernamenativenameforcitieswhosenativenameisnotinenglishnicknamemottoimagesandmapsimageskylineimagesizepximagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapmexicothenameofalocationmapasperenwikipediaorgwikitemplatelocationmappushpinlabelpositionabovepushpinmapsizepushpinmapcaptionlocationinmexicolocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofmexicostatesubdivisionnameguerrerosubdivisiontypemunicipalitysubdivisionnamexalpatlahuacmunicipalityxalpatlahuacsubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamay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ththereleaseofhissecondcompilationalbumappetitefordestructionxzibitalbumappetitefordestructionfeaturingcentononetrackconsistingmostlyoftracksfromhisdreperiodandsongsthatdidntmakethecutforhisfifthstudioalbumweaponsofmassdestructionalbumweaponsofmassdestructionwhichwasreleasedindecemberenteringthechartsatintheusforthisalbumhereunitedwithcolumbiarecordsafterhavingpartedwayswithproducerandmentordrdrethealbummanagedtogogoldrefnameriaariaacomgoldandplatinumdataphpresultpagetablesearchresultsactiontitleweaponsofmassdestructionartistformatdebutlpcategorysexreleasedaterequestnotypelevellabelcompanycertificationdateawarddescriptioncatalognoasexrecidcharfieldgoldplatinummultiplatlevelcertdatealbumidafterbeforestartmonthendmonthstartyearendyearsortartistperpageweaponsofmassdestructionriaaretrievednovemberrefbutyetagainxzibitwasunhappywiththepromotionandbackingofhislabelclaimingthattheyweretryingtopromotehimlikejessicasimpsonleavingthelabelinangerandgoingindependenthissingleheynowmeanmugginfeaturingkerihilsonmarkedhislastchartsuccessonthebillboardhotpeakingatnumberwhilethesecondsinglemuthafuckafailedtochartasidefromhismusicandpimpmyridehestarredinthemoviefullclipalongsidebustarhymesgueststarredincsimiamiintheepisodecsimiamiseasontherapsheetreleasedaconcertdocumentarywithhisnewgroupeponymouslytitledstrongarmsteadyandhostedthemtveuropemusicawardsinromeinhecollaboratedwithshockrocklegendalicecooperonatrackentitledstandfromthealbumdirtydiamondsthisrepresentedcoopersfirsteverforayintorapmusicthisyearmarkshismostbusyonealsobeingfeaturedinthreevideogamesthechroniclesofriddickescapefrombutcherbaywherehelenthisvoiceandlikenesstothewardenabbottanddefjamfightfornyandnflstreetwherehewasaplayablecharacterthefollowingyearhemainlyfocusedonactinggettingrolesinthehollywoodblockbustersderailedfilmderailedoppositecliveowenandjenniferanistoninwhichheplayedasdexterxxxstateoftheunionaszekethatalsostarredfellowlarappericecubeandhoodwinkedwherehevoicedchieftedgrizzlyoppositeannehathawayglenncloseandpatrickwarburtoninhestarredinthedramagridirongangasmalcolmmooreandmadetwoguestappearancesintheanimatedsitcomtheboondockstvseriestheboondockstheyearalsosawthereleaseofhissixthstudioalbumfullcirclexzibitalbumfullcirclereleasedindependentlyonkochrecordsthealbumchartedatpositionbutwasacommercialflopsellingmerelycopiesintheusnoneofthethreesingleswereabletochartalthoughconcentrateclimbedatnumberingermanythealbumfeaturedkurupttpainandthegamerapperthegamewhomheassistedonhisalbumdoctorsadvocatewhereherappedonthetrackcaliforniavacationhealsoworkedontwovideogamesthatyeardefjamfightfornythetakeoverandpimpmyridevideogamepimpmyridetheyearsawhimhostingthefinalseasonofpimpmyrideonlyalthoughhecompetedinthegumballrallywherehelosthisdriverslicenseduetoaspeedlimitviolationpresentmusicalhiatusfocusonactingandnapalmrallylondonafterthecancellationofpimpmyrideinwasthefirstyearwherexzibitdidnotreleaseanalbuminhisformertwoyearcyclethoughstarringintwomoviesthexfilesiwanttobelieveasmosleydrummyandamericanvioletasdarrellhughesthisyearmarkedasignificantfinancialdownstepforhimearningmerelyopposedbyalmostoneyearpriorrefnamethedetroitnewsrefhewasalsofeaturedonthealkaholiksthaalkaholikslivefromrehabconcertfilmthatyearinheplayedthemobleaderbigfateintheacclaimedthebadlieutenantportofcallneworleansandreprisedhisroleasabbottintheenhancedremakeofsthechroniclesofriddickescapefrombutcherbaythechroniclesofriddickassaultondarkathenawhilesonyreleasedhisfirstgreatesthitsalbumentitledthegreatesthitseventhoughhisfinancialtroubleswereincreasedevenfurtherashehadtofileforbankruptcyinjulyandjanuaryalthoughbothattemptsweredismissedandhishousesandbelongingslienedinhehadaguestspotinthecrimeseriesdetroitintheepisodelistofdetroitepisodesroyalbubblesneedledrophealsohadtheroleofthejabberwockinmalicenwonderlandashortfilmbasedonthenovelaliceinwonderlandincludedontherereleaseoftheeponymoussnoopdoggalbumentitledmoremaliceafterhavinggueststarredthreetimesintheextrememakeoverhomeeditionseasonpreviousseasonhewasaddedtothepermanentcastofextrememakeoverhomeeditionwhereheisapartofthedesignteamafterafouryearhiatusheplannedtoreleasehisseventhstudioalbummmxinbutduetolabelissuesthealbumwasnotreleasedbytheendofyearinmarchheteamedupwithextrememusictoreleaseanewcompilationofmaterialtitledurbanammoxzibitproducedcomposedandperformedalltracksonthecompilationalbumcreatedprimarilyforprofessionalmusicusersandmusicsupervisorsinneedofmaterialfortheirmovietelevisionproductionsxzibitenlistedveterandirectormattalonzotoshootthevideosforthetwosingleswhicharetitledmanonthemoonandwhatitisbothfeaturingyoungdeinaprilheteamedupwithfredwreckandadilomarforasongonthemushroomcloudeffecthealsoappearedinthetvmovieweekendsatbellevueasanurseinlateanunsuccessfulpilotthatwasnotpickedupintheendonoctoberitwasannouncedthatthetitleofthealbumhasbeenchangedtonapalmrefnamehiphopdxcomrefonoctobernapalmwasreleasedandxzibitmadeanappearanceonthebetcypherinthebethiphopawardsonoctoberxzibitannouncedthecollateraldamagetourwiththefirstshowsincanadastartinginearlyno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ianguygurautonomousregionofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaitoccurredataminqapqalonjanuaryrefnamexinhuanetxinhuanetcomnewsxinhuanetcomenglishcontenthtmxinhuanetcommorethanpeopleaffectedinnwchinaearthquakeretrievedonreflocationtheepicenterwasatdegreesnorthlatitudeanddegreeseastlongitudeatadepthofnbspkmaccordingtothechinaearthquakeadministrationthequakeoccurrednbspkmfromtheregionalcapitalrmqidamagethequakemeasuredontherichterscaleonsundayithasaffectedmorethanpeopleandcausedhousecollapsesandotherdamageintotalpeopleintheqapqalxibeautonomouscountyxibeautonomouscountyofqapqalandzhaosucountywereaffectedtheyhavebeenrelocatedtoschoolsgovernmentbuildingsandtentssaidaregionalcivilaffairsdepartmentofficialnocasualtieshavebeenreportedsofaratotalofhousescollapsedandweredamagedthedirecteconomiclosswasestimatedatmillionchineseyuanyuanusmillionzodiacaccordingtothechinesezodiacthexinjiangearthquakeoccurredonthelastdayoftheratzodiacyearoftheratpreviouslytheyearoftheratzodiacratwasknownasanegativeyearforchinaincludingthesichuanearthquaketibetanunrestchinesemilkscandalmilkscandalandmanymoreeventsseealsolistofearthquakesinlistofearthquakesinchinareferencesxmiixpemayrefertowindowsxpembeddedmicrosoftsembeddedoperatingsystemxpeddbthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitbeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellxenocratesflstcenturyaancientgreekmedicinegreekphysicianofaphrodisiasinciliciawhomusthavelivedaboutthemiddleofthestcenturyashewasprobablyacontemporaryofandromachusphysicianandromachustheyoungergalensaysthathelivedinthesecondgenerationbeforehimselfformakinguseofdisgustingremediesforinstancehumanbrainsfleshliverurineexcrementetconeofhisworkswasentitledonusefulthingsfromlivingbeingsheisseveraltimesquotedbygalenandalsobyclementofalexandriaartemidorusplinytheelderplinyoribasiusatiusamidenusatiusandalexanderoftrallesbesidessomeshortfragmentsofhiswritingsthereisextantasynopsisofaworkonmarinecreaturespreservedbyoribasiusnotesreferencesavicaircrafttaxoboximagegeweihfrmigeholzkeulestaghornfungusxylariahypoxylonjpgimagewidthpxregnumfungidivisioascomycotaclassissordariomycetesordoxylarialesfamiliaxylariaceaegenusxylariaspeciesxhypoxylonbinomialxylariahypoxylonbinomialauthoritycarllinnaeuslrobertkayegrevillegrevsynonymsclavariahypoxylonsmalllsmallsphaeriahypoxylonsmalllchristianhendrikpersoonperssmallxylosphaerahypoxylonsmalllbarthlemycharlesjosephdumortierdumortsmallxylariahypoxylonisaspeciesoffungusinthegenusxylariaitisknownbyavarietyofcommonnamessuchasthecandlestickfungusthecandlesnufffunguscarbonantlersrefnameisbnreforthestagshornfungusrefnameurlxylariahypoxylonreftheascocarpfruitbodiescharacterizedbyerectelongatedblackbrancheswithwhitenedtipstypicallygrowinclustersondecayinghardwoodthefunguscancausearootrotincrataegushawthornandgooseberryplantsrefnameisbnreftaxonomyxylariahypoxylonwasfirstdescribedbycarllinnaeusinandthenlatermentionedbyhiminhisspeciesplantarumiithespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisderivedfromthegreeklanguagegreekwordshypomeaningbelowandxylonmeaningwooddescriptionfruitbodiesascocarpsarecylindricalorflattenedwithdimensionsoftalltimesnbspmmthicktheerectascocarpsareoftentwistedorbentandtypicallysparselybranchedofteninashaperesemblingastagsantlersspecimensfoundearlierintheseasoninspringmaybecoveredcompletelyinasexualsporesconidiawhichmanifestsitselfasawhitetograyishpowderydepositlaterintheseasonmatureascocarpsarecharcoalblackandhaveminutepimplelikebumpscalledperitheciaonthesurfacetheseareminuteroundedsporebearingstructureswithtinyholesorostiolesforthereleaseofsexualsporesascosporestheperitheciaareembeddedinthefleshoftheascocarpthestromawhichistoughelasticandwhitewithintheperitheciatheascusasciarenbsptimesnbspnbspmrefnameurlrogersmushroomsmushroompicturesmushroomreferencerefascosporesarekidneyshapedblackandsmoothwithdimensionsofnbsptimesnbspnbspmicrometremrefnameurlcaliforniafungixylariahypoxylonreftheasexualsporesconidiamitosporesareellipsoidinshapesmoothandhyalinerefnameurlxylariahypoxylonprchnilecgazistycandlesnufffungusrefedibilityalthoughnotpoisonousthesmallsizeandtoughtextureofthisfungusdeterconsumptionsimilarspeciesxylariapolymorphaisthickerandnotasbranchedasxnbsphypoxylonchemicalcompoundsavarietyofchemicalcompoundswithinvitropropertieshavebeenidentifiedinthisfungusthecompoundsxylarialaandbbothhavemoderatecytotoxicactivityagainstthehumanhepatocellularcarcinomacelllinehepgthepyronederivativecompoundsnamedxylaroneanddehydroxylaronealsohavecytotoxicactivityrefnamepmidrefseveralcytochalasinscompoundsthatbindtoactininmuscletissuehavebeenfoundinthefungusxnbsphypoxylonalsocontainsacarbohydratebindingproteinalectinwithauniquesugarspecificityandwhichhaspotentantineoplasticantitumoreffectsinvarioustumorcelllinesrefnamepmidrefseealsomedicinalmushroomsreferencesexternallinksmessiaheduoakesfungionwoodclubandcoralspeciespagesxylariahypoxylonhtmfungionwooddescriptionandphotosmullaitivumullaitivuinfoboxsettlem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dtostandardizethedataprocessesandrulesofbusinessreportingasawholealthoughmostimplementationsfocusonfinancialreportingxbrlglcansupportthedetailandintegratetoallmannersofreportingfinancialtaxsustainabilitystatisticsandotherwiseandcarrybothquantitativeandqualitativeinformationrelationtouncefactaccountingandsiethereareanumberofothereffortsthatseektostandardizepartsorallofthedatainanerpsystemalthoughmostfocusonthegeneralledgeramongstthecompetingcomplementaryeffortsinthespaceareuncefactoecdsaftstandardauditfileandsiefileformataccountinginterchangefileformatsxbrlglisanxmlfocusedformatuncefactisumlunifiedmodelinglanguagebasedwithstandardnaminganddesignrulestoconvertittoanxmlfileformatinswedentheelderdomesticallysiefileformatisataggedtextfileformatthexmltechnologyismuchbettersuitedtoworkwithmodernhtmlandwebbasedtechnologyandtoolsthexmlfilesareintherangetimeslargerthansiefilesontheharddiskduetotheneedsofthetaxcommunityinmanycountriesthestandardauditfileisgenericbutanexampleofaproprietaryxmlformatisprovidedthexmlformatabilitiessuchasvalidationcapabilitiesandthehugeactivitiesaroundxbrlanduncefacthavecreatedahugepotentialandexpectationsofmodernaccountingtechnologiesxbrlgliscertainlyformedfromitsoriginstheauditandfinancialreportingsocietiesintheusaandgloballyuncefactisworkingontradeadministrationthemeandaccountingistheterminalpointoftradeadministrationanditsfileformatisdesignedfromatradeadministrationpointofviewthestandardsiefromalocalswedishvendorsocietysmarketinterestsallthreefileformatsarehowevertransparentandindependentofanychartsofaccountsandtaxregulationsaccountinginformationinterchangeissuestheaccountingfilestandardstandoffisacommoninternationalaccountingfileformatpossibletherehasbeenquitesomefileformatdebatehoweverdifferencesinchartofaccountsbetweencountriesrepresentsamuchbiggercompatibilityproblemofinformationinterchangebetweenaccountingandfinancialreportsbetweenaccountingculturestaxregulationsalsomakehugedifferencesintheactualcontentofaccountingandfinancialreportinformationbetweencountriesthebasicissueisifitispossibletotransferaccountingdataovergovernmentalboundariesandthedatawouldbeunderstoodbythereceiverwillitbepossibleforsomeonetoreadabalancesheetwithaforeignchartofaccountsandunderstanditwillitmakeanydifferencetotransferitbycomputerfilesinstandardizedfileformatstheeucommissionhasspentlargeeffortsintothefieldoftaxadministrativeharmonisationandforinstanceisthemainintentionlatestversionoftheeuvatdirectivetoachievethisandtosupportelectronictradedocumentslikeelectronicinvoicesbetterincrossbordertradeespeciallywithintheeuropeanunionvalueaddedtaxareabutthereisstillahugewaytorealcompatiblechartsofaccountsandinternationalaccountinginformationinterchangeonequestionisifinternationaltradeagreementshavemuchvaluewithoutaglobalharmonisationinvattaxadministrativelegislationbetweentheagreeingpartstheeuagreementswithcountrieslikenorwaydonotincludevatunionmembershipandsogoodsarestuckincustomstolargecostsforvatdeclarationandadministrativelyitrequiresalotofworkworkandhaltingnothappeningwithintheeuvatunionwithglobalvatlegislationadministrativeharmonisationalotissuddenlypossiblemanynewinternationalfreetradeagreementsareininbargainstateprocurementbeingastandardorganisationornotanotherproblemistheeugovernmentprocurementregulationsindemandsofstandardsorganisationsspecificationsofrecognitionoftheprivatemarketeffortsfrommanyinitiativesbeingmadesofaritactuallystopsgovernmentaladministrationtotakepartcontributeandusetheworkbeingdonesofaruncefactisanofficialunstandardsorganisationbutuncefacthavebigproblemsfinalizingitsprojectandfewifanyunderstandthegeneralideaonhowtoapplyuncefactaccountinguncefactedificasbeingaskedcantdonttellthisisoneofthemainproblemsfortaxauthoritiestomakedemandsprovidingserviceforthecompaniesonelectronicinterchangeofdataaquestionishowlongtheworldcanaffordmodernprocurementhoweverxbrllooksforrecognitionasstandardsorganisationthebenefitofthedataproducerxbrlhasageneralproblembeingdesignedforthereceivingusersofinformationlikeauditsandanalysersanditdoesntlooktobeenoughreallyconvincingargumentsfortheinformationproducerscompaniesdoingtheactualaccountingtopayforthexbrlglfileproducingfeaturesincommercialsoftwareandwithoutsupportoftheinformationproducerstherewillbenodatafortheanalysersandauditsinxbrlglformatandsonomarketforcommercialsoftwareforthemeitherwhatdefinesaccountingboundariesandaccountingfilecontentsaccountingisoriginallymanualworkandpartsofithasbeencomputerisedusingaccountingcommercialsoftwarebutacommercialaspectofaccountingisitsboundariesandwhatshouldbeincludedinaccountingcommercialsoftwarefeaturepackagestheaccountingworkismakingaccountingvoucherswithentriesandthenchecktheentriesarerightthemajorcheckingtoolsarethebankaccountstatementstoandcashregisterliststoprovethateverymonetarytransactionisaccountedforintheaccountingstillthischeckingistoalargeextentmanualverylabourintensiveworkcomputersdomuchbettersecondlyprovingthatthereareevidencesforwhatthetransactionsconsistofbythevoucherdocumentationvouchersthatareincomingandoutgoinginvoicesandreceiptsinpracticeaphysicalvoucherfolderstilltheeuvatdirectiveandmanycountriesvatlegislationdemandskeepingphysicalpaperfoldersofvouchersmakingscannedvouchersnotthatsmoothtoworkwiththisdespitetheeucommissionhasavisionofelectronicvoucherssamelegislationmakesproblemswithelectronicinvoicesandintegrationwithaccountingsotherearestillmuchtosolveanotherwayoflookingitarethelegaldemandsandofalllegaldemandsofaccountingcomesfromvatlegislationwheretheeuvatdirectiveeuropeanunionvalueaddedtaxisthemostfullycoveringdocumentationbyitissobviousthatinvoicesandreceiptsaremorethanotherthingsaccountingdocumentsrequiredbythevatlegislationsecondlycivillawdocumentsandthirdlyasgeneraltradedocumentstheaccountingdocumentingrequiredbythevatlegislationisthemainregulatedpartactuallythemainregulatinglawoftheentireaccountingtomakebenefitsfortheproducerofthedataitismostlikelyinthisfieldintegrationandatomisationfeaturesarethatareworthpayingforbythepayingcustomerofcommercialsoftwareproducingaccountinginformationfileslikexbrlglsieanduncefacttodothatinvoiceswithaccountspayablesandaccountsreceivablesandbankaccountstatementscouldbeconsideredasaccountingdocumentsandincludedinastandardfileformatsolutionnoneofthepresentfileformatsdothelackofaccountingintegrationisalsothemostlikelyreasonforelectronicinvoiceformatsperformstillverylowmarketvolumesandprogressalsohereisslowmainlybecausetheelectronicinvoiceformatsarenotinfirstdesignedafteraccountingandvatlegislationdemandsbutinunregulatedtradedocumentperspectivesinterestingisthattherearenostandardfileformatsforbankaccountstatementsanditisnotaccordingtotheuncefactbankinggrouptbgintheinterestofthebanksbutforaccountingtohavemakingautomaticmatchingpossiblewithaccountinghoweveraninternationalstandardfileformatforbankaccountstatementswouldmakehugebenefitsindevelopinginternetbankingpageswithnewfeaturesbenefittingthebankcustomersespeciallyifintegrationwithastandardinvoicereceiptformatwouldbeincludedapplieduseinstructionsettobeunderstoodmakingacommercialsoftwaremarketpossiblexbrlglisalsowithoutanadditionaluseinstructionsetnottightclearenoughinofitsfileformatstillmakingitveryuncertaininhowtousexbrlglthatareadingpartywouldactuallyunderstandwhatdatainanexternalxbrlglfilereallystandsforthesituationislikeagreeingonusingacommonwritingalphabetwithoutagreeingonwhatlanguagetouseitforifsomeonesendsaletterinportugueseinlatinletterstoadutchmanoftenthedutchmandonotunderstandportugueseeventhoughhecanreadlatinletterswehavethesameproblemhereandwithnogeneralsolutionagreementsbetweeneverywritingandreadingusermustbemadeandthatisnotasmoothsolutiongettingvolumesandamarketforcommercialsoftwareanissuesieasavendororganisationisabletosolvebutastandardsorganisationethicsdonotallowuncefactorxbrltohandlesiecouldbeakeyplayerheresupplyinganappliedinstructionlayertoxbrlglanduncefactaccountingbutatthesieyearmeetingafterstudyingxbrlglforayearandarepresentativeofxbrlglinternationalpresentatthemeetingthemainmembersarguedwhoisthepayingcustomerandtheprojectofmakingasiexbrlglimplementationrunintothesandthereareanumberofarticlesinthebranchwouldpressaboutveryexpensivexbrlprojectswithverysparseresultsofvolumeusethecontradictionbetweenstandardsorganisationethicsandappliedtechnologyacommonimplementationinstructionsetissuesisahardthingtosolvetomakesuchprojectsmorelikelysuccessfulinsiesolvedtheissueforthesiefileformatasanonstandardsorganisationvendorsocietyallmembersbutonelargevendoragreedofacommonimplementationagreementincludinganimplementationinstructionsetmadeitavailableforallinthemarketallothernationalfutureandinternationalvendorsinthedomesticswedishaccountingrelatedcommercialsoftwaremarkethadtobycustomerdemandtofollowornotsellanyvolumesactuallytheexistenceofthecommonformatshowedthemarketverygoodargumentsforthedataproducingusersrealstrongbenefitsespeciallytheinteractivityindailyaccountingbetweenthecompanyaccountingconsultantandauditbeingveryrationalandbenefittedinpossibledailyinformationfeedbackbenefitsandfeaturesalmostimpossibletoconvincepayingcustomersarepossiblebeforethefeaturesareactuallyavailableandthisisahugecommercialproblemforxbrlglanduncefactsolvenotbeingavendorinterestgroupsocietyinterestingisthatthestartvisionofsiewasaboutthesameasxbrlexportfromaccountingofdatatotaxdeclarationcommercialsoftwarebutitispossibletofindspecialbenefitpointsdataforproducersandbyitmakethempaytogetthefeaturesoftheaccountingstandardfileformatbutitisahardcommercialdesignissuesiehoweverrefusetogointernationalandrefusemakefurtherdevelopmentstepsbecauselargemembersclaimattheyearmeetingtheycantseethepayingcustomerofexpensiveswdevelopmentprojectsthatwillcomeoutofitthereisageneralstandoffsituationinthismarketfieldandhowxbrlwillsolveitisthemajorfuturequestionxbrlinternationalsgloballedgertaxonomyframeworkxbrlglthefamiliarnameforxbrlinternationalsgloballedgertaxonomyframeworkisaseriesofmodulartaxonomiesdevelopedbyxbrlinternationalandaframeworkforitsextensionforrepresentingtheinformationfoundinatypicalenterpriseresourceplanningerpsystemusingxmlandthexbrlspecificationformalmodelsandxbrlglxbrlglisthemodelingofthesemanticsofinformationfoundinerpsystemsusingthexbrlspecificationadditionaleffortstoreusethesemanticofthegloballedgerusingothersyntaxesarealsobeingexploredtaxorganizationinterestinxbrlglxbrlglwasdesignedtobegenericandholisticandserveasabridgebetweentransactionspaceandreportingassuchithasgainedinterestfrommanysectorsincludingtaxadministratorsinoasisorganizationandtheorganisationforeconomiccooperationanddevelopmentoecdxbrlglhasbeenadoptedbytheturkishgovernmentforthestandardforelectronicbookkeepingfortaxpurposesxbrlgluniquelycantrackandreconcilethebooktaxdifferencesfoundindirecttaxationregimesincludingpermanentandtimingdifferencesseealsouncefactsiefileformatsaftexternallinksxbrlorggltaxonomybackgroundonxbrlglwebarchiveorgwebxbrlorgglfilesofficialrepositoryforxbrlgltaxonomyfilesanddocumentsgliphixnetgalapagosgloballedgerpracticesguideforstudyoasisopenorgcommitteesdownloadphpoasisxmlpositionpaperfortaxadministrationsvpdfoasistaxxmltechnicalcommitteesxmlpositionpaperfortaxadministrationsdocomgorgfinanceomgumlprofileforxbrlgloballedgerframeworkiphixnetiphixopensourcesupporttoolsforxbrlgledeftergovtrwebguestrevenueadministrationoftheturkishgovernmentandxbrlglalphabetsefileshtmalphabetabconversiondemoswbetweensieandxbrlglxbrleditexetokyozeirishikaiorjpcommonpdftaxaccuntantitschoolpdffuturestoryofxbrlglbyjapanesecertifiedpublictaxaccountantyoutubecomwatchvomawpoqwanimationofxbrlglforjapanesecertifiedpublictaxaccountantndgoyaawardsruralcommunevietnamstarboxbeginnameleonisstarboximageimagelocationmarkimagecancerconstellationmapsvgaltfloatcenterwidthlabelpositionrightmarkredcirclesvgmarkwidthmarklinkleoxycaptionlocationofleoniscircledstarboxobserveconstellleoconstellationleoepochjinternationalcelestialreferencesystemicrsradecappmagvstarboxcharacterclassknbspiiibvubvariablestarboxastrometryradialvpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnoteabsmagvstarboxdetailmassradiusluminositytemperaturemetalfegravityrotationalvelocityagegyrstarboxcatalognamesbayerdesignationleoflamsteeddesignationleobonnerdurchmusterungbdhenrydrapercataloguehdhipparcoscataloguehipharvardrevisedcataloguehrsmithsonianastrophysicalobservatorycataloguesaostarboxreferencesimbadksileoxileonisleoleonisisasolitarystarinthezodiacconstellationofleoconstellationleoithasanapparentvisualmagnitudeofandisfaintlyvisibletothenakedeyethedistancetothisstarasdeterminedbystellarparallaxparallaxmeasurementsisroughlynbsplightyearsthisisanevolvedktypestarktypegiantstarwithastellarclassificationofknbspiiiatanageofaroundfourbillionyearsithasexpandedtotimesthesolarradiusradiusofthesunandshineswithtimesthesolarluminositysunsluminositytheeffectivetemperatureofthestarsstellaratmosphereouteratmosphereisinthegeneralcatalogueofvariablestarsitislistedasasuspectedvariablestarwithamaximummagnitudeofreferencesreflistrefsrefnamevanleeuwencitationtitlevalidationofthenewhipparcosreductionlastvanleeuwenfirstfjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesdatearxivbibcodeaavdoipostscriptrefrefnameeggencitationlasteggenfirstojtitlespacevelocityvectorsforstarswithpropermotionandradialvelocityjournalroyalobservatorybulletinvolumeyearbibcodergobepostscriptrefrefnamemassarotticitationdisplayauthorslastmassarottifirstalessandrolastlathamfirstdavidwlaststefanikfirstrobertplastfogelfirstjeffreytitlerotationalandradialvelocitiesforasampleofhipparcosgiantsandtheroleofbinarityjournaltheastronomicaljournalvolumeissuepagesdatejanuarydoibibcodeajmpostscriptrefrefnamesoubirancitationdisplayauthorslastsoubiranfirstclastbienaymfirstolastmisheninafirsttvlastkovtyukhfirstvvtitleverticaldistributionofgalacticdiskstarsivamrandavrfromclumpgiantsjournalastronomyandastrophysicsdatevolumeissuepagesbibcodeaasdoiarxivpostscriptrefrefnamefamaeycitationdisplayauthorslastfamaeyfirstblastjorissenfirstalastlurifirstxlastmayorfirstmlastudryfirstslastdejonghefirsthlastturonfirstctitlelocalkinematicsofkandmgiantsfromcoravelhipparcostychodatarevisitingtheconceptofsuperclustersjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumepagesdatedoibibcodeaafarxivastrophpostscriptrefrefnamecgcvscitationdisplayauthorslastsamusfirstnnlastdurlevichfirstovlastgoranskijfirstvplastkazarovetsfirstevlastkireevafirstnnlastpastukhovafirstenlastzharovafirstavtitlecombinedgeneralcatalogueofvariablestarsgcvsdateurlsaimsusugcvsgcvsaccessdatepostscriptvizieronlinedatacatalogcdsarcustrasbgfrvizbincatcatbfgcvsbgcvsrefrefnamemermilliodcitationlastmermilliodfirstjctitlecompilationofeggensubvdatatransformedtoubvunpublishedpublishersimbaddatebibcodeegubvmpostscriptrefrefnamesimbadcitesimbadtitleksileourlsimbadustrasbgfrsimbadsimididentksileoaccessdatepostscriptrefexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebastrostudioorgxhipphphipxileonisinwebarchiveorgwebastrostudioorgconstellationsphpconleohipparcosstarsinleobaidumythicalcreaturesbaidumythicalcreaturesgrassmudhorsecircuittotallimitationkandeliaobovatakandeliaobovatakhramortluxiaofengximenchuixueeabfeebebaaglassfleetjetstarasiaairwaysjetstarasiaairwaysqupaitheslipalbumxrayfilterredirectx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eftwristandacartilageabnormalityinhisrightkneeonjulyhenryresignedwiththelakerstoareportedoneyearmillioncontractonoctoberhenrysagentsannouncedthathewouldbeseekingasecondopinionfollowinghisaprilkneesurgeryaswellastravellingtogermanyforregenokinetreatmentonnovemberhewasreassignedtothelosangelesdfendershewasrecalledthenextdayonnovemberhewasreassignedtodfendersandagainrecalledadaylateronnovemberhewasruledoutfortherestoftheseasonafteranmrirevealedarupturedleftachillestendonthathesufferedatpracticeondecemberhewaswaivedbythelakerssantacruzwarriorsonoctoberhenrysignedwiththegoldenstatewarriorshewaswaivedjustfourdayslateronnovemberhewasacquiredbythesantacruzwarriorsofthenbadevelopmentleagueasanaffiliateplayerofgoldenstateonfebruaryhemadehisdebutforsantacruzinalosstotheriograndevalleyvipersrecordingpointsfourreboundsoneassistandtwoblocksinminutesoklahomacityblueonseptemberhenrysignedwiththemilwaukeebucksbutwaslaterwaivedbytheteamonseptemberpriortotrainingcamponnovemberhewasacquiredbytheoklahomacitybluecareerstatisticsnbaregularseasonalignleftalignleftmemphisgrizzliesseasonmemphisalignleftalignleftneworleanshornetsseasonneworleansalignleftalignleftneworleanshornetsseasonneworleansalignleftalignleftlosangeleslakersseasonlalakersalignleftalignleftlosangeleslakersseasonlalakersclasssortbottomstyletextaligncentercolspancareerpersonallifehenryisachristianitychristianhenryhasspokenabouthisfaithsayingiunderstandtheworldisnotallaboutmeiwanttoleadpeopletojesuschristdothebesticanandmakelifeworthwhilelifeisaboutotherthingsitshelpingpeopleoutandbeingaservanttoeverybodyelsehenrywasborninghentbelgiumwherehisfatherplayedprofessionalbasketballintheearlyshisolderbrothercjhenrywaspickedwiththethpickinthefirstroundofthemajorleaguebaseballfirstyearplayerdraftafterstrugglingwithbaseballcjwenttocollegeandreturnedtobasketballreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebkuathleticscomsportsmbaskblmtthenryxavierhtmlxavierhenryatkuathleticscomxunthylthyscryedysukekurodaxelaobisashredirectcategoryshellxlrconnectorxldkeyedvariantxeriscapingbohdankhmelnytskybohdankhmelnytskycossackhetmanatecossackhetmanatebattleofpoltavaredirectmikhailmorgulistestdriveoffroadkhgromxinganhawiyealternativespellingforhawadlewhichhasbeenmergedandredirectedtohawiyesergeifedorovnotocxwasatwopartabstractartexhibitionheldinseptemberoctoberinmoscowthefiveartistswhoseworkwasshownwerealeksandraeksterlyubovpopovaalexanderrodchenkovarvarastepanovaandalexandervesnintheypresentedhighlyabstractedgeometricworkthatrejectedexpressionistformsofpaintingcommonbeforetheworldwariandpretendedtobetheendordeathofartrodchenkopresentedthreecanvasesofasinglecolourredyellowandbluehesawthathisformalresearchintoconstructivismartconstructivismhadreachedcompletionatthispointandclaimedthathehaddemonstratedtheendofpaintinglyubovpopovashowedcanvassesalmostbarepuzzlingviewersandprovokinghailfromthecriticsherflightfrompaintinginfluencedwassilykandinskymarkrothkoandadreinhardtrefnameaarefpopovaherselfdidnotregardherworksastheendonthecontraryshewroteallpiecespresentedhereshouldberegardedasmerelypreparationsforconcreteconstructionalexandervesninpresentedfivevesninscataloguecoverinparticularistypicalofhisbookandadvertisingartoftheperiodnumbersintwolinesxandareoffsetagainstthebaselinebutthisirregularityisdisguisedbyangledlinesdissectingthespacerefnamekmkhanmagomedovprefcataloguesoftheexhibitionwerehanddrawnbytheartistsandcontainedoriginalartworkthathasneverbeendisplayedpubliclyatleasttenuniquealbumssurviveinrussiatodatetheshowwasreconstructedininlondonstatetategallerymoderncriticsremaindividedoverthequestionofwhetherdeathofpaintingwasagenuinestatementofmodernartorindeeditwasadeadendwithnofuturereferencessourcesdyspanieeedyspanmizuhostationantarcticakishokurokawatonglipublishingtaxoboxnamexanthoparmeliachlorochroaimagexanthoparmeliachlorochroajpgimagewidthpxregnumfungidivisioascomycotaclassislecanoromycetesordolecanoralesfamiliaparmeliaceaegenusxanthoparmeliaspeciesxchlorochroabinomialxanthoparmeliachlorochroabinomialauthorityedwardtuckermantuckhalesynonymscenterparmeliachlorochroabrsmalltucksmallcenterxanthoparmeliachlorochroacommonlyknownasthetumbleweedshieldlichenorgroundlichenisafolioselichenfolioselichenintheparmeliaceaefamilyitisnotfixedtoasubstrateandblowsaroundinthewindfromlocationtolocationhabitatandrangethislichenisabundantonthehighplainsofwyomingrefnameisbnrefecologicalinteractionsithasbeenimplicatedinthepoisoningofdomesticsheepandcattleinwyomingduringthesithasalsobeenimplicatedinthepoisonningofelkinrefnamepderefithasbeenusedasaremedyforimpetigobythenavajopeoplenavajorefnameurlxanthoparmeliachlorochroarefdescriptionthislichenhasathallusthatisfolioseorleafyinappearancereferencesexternallinksindexfungorumorgnamesnamesrecordasprecordidindexfungorumxinjiangspeciesboxtaxonxiurenbagrusgigasauthorityzhaoyahuizhaolanjiahulanzhangchunguangzhangxiurenbagrusgigasisaspeciesofcatfishofthefamilyamblycipitidaeforadetaileddescriptionofthespeciesincludingreferencesseethearticlexiurenbagrusspeciesboxstatusddstatussystemiu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evulnerablegroupsespeciallyinthefieldsofhousingandeducationspecialschemesincludetheconstructionofconcretecumcishousesinpoorareasorabolitionoffeesforthepurchaseoflandfinancialsupportisgiventotheneedychildrenwhoattendschooldaycarecentresarecreatedinspecificareasgenerallyallstudentsofformandformarenowentitledtoownatabletfishermeninvolvedinlowscalefisheriesareencouragedtoenrollinaquacultureprojectstheyalsobenefitofvatrefundontheirequipmentandboatsthisisalsothecaseforsmallplantershonduvalhasalsobeenveryactiveinpromotingyouthemploymentandmeasureshelaunchedayouthemploymentprogrammeinwhichhasalreadyemployedmorethanyouthsupporttosmesisanotheraspectwhichheisverysensibletoespeciallywithregardstoaccesstofinancehehasintroducedaspecialschemewiththepartnershipofcommercialbanksmoreimportantlyhonduvalhasgearedtheeconomysafelywithmauritiusmaintainingsoundeconomicfundamentalsasthegrowthisagainstalloddsatandinflationundercontrolatunemploymentrateisattotalinvestmentsforistotallingrsbillioninhissuccessivebudgetshonduvalhasemphasisedontheimportanceoftechnologyvariousmeasureshavebeenintroducedtoincreaseinternetpenetrationandtheuseoftechnologyatschoolinentreprisesathomeandinvariouspublicservicesepaymentisnowarealityatthemauritiusrevenueauthoritytabletsandwifihavebeenintroducedatschoolhonduvalsvisionistomakemauritiusmovietowardsahigherwageeconomythecountryisalreadyarenownedfinancialcenterofexcellenceandtheministeroffinancehassparednoeffortstoimproveitslegalframeworkhehasalsogivenimpetustonewsectorsbyintroducingframeworksforthefilmindustryandbunkeringservicesbutthetrademarkofhonduvalisundeniablyhisafricanpolicyandhiscontinuouseffortstopromotemauritiusasagatewaytothecontinentforinvestmentpromotionalactivitiessupporttoentreprisesnetworkingandtraininghehaslaunchedtheafricancentreofexcellenceinwhichprovidesinformationencouragesnetworkingandfacilitatesprojectsinafricaprojectsarealreadyongoingandothersareinthepipelinethemauritiusafricafundhasbeenlaunchedthisyeartoonstimulatemauritianinvestmentintoafricatheexportguaranteeschemeforexportorientedenterprisestoinvestinafricaasministeroffinanceduvalhastwicebeenvotedasafricanfinanceministeroftheyearbyafricainvestorandaswellasafricanfinanceministeroftheyearbyafricanleadershipmagazineininhehasbeenchosenaschairmanglobaladvisoryboardbyafricanleadershipnetworkhealsoreceivedthedistinguishedforeignbusinessleadershipawardbythevillanovabusinessschooloftheuniversityofvillanovainphiladelphiausaininoctoberhehasbeenelevatedtotherankofcommandeurdelordrenationaldeletoileequatorialebypresidentalibongoondimbaofgabonafricansarealsoencouragedtotakeadvantageofwhatmauritiushastoofferwithspecificschemesfortrainingaboveallvisarequirementshavebeenwaivedforoutofafricancountrieswhichisatestimonyofmauritiusintentiontoplayamajorroleastheperfectmeetingpointinafricahonxlduvalismarriedtomariejenniferduvalandisfatherofthreechildrenstephanieduvalalexandreduvalandadrienduvalhonoursandawardsduvalwasappointedasorderofthestarandkeyoftheindianoceangrandcommanderofthestarkeyoftheindianoceanonthelabourdayofbythepresidentsiraneroodjugnauthandthususestheprefixhonandpostnominalgcskgrandcommanderofthestarandkeyoftheindianoceangcskrepublicofmauritiuscommandeurdelordrenationaldeletoileequatorialedelarpubliquegabonaisedistinguishedforeignbusinessleadershipawardbythevillanovabusinessschooloftheuniversityofvillanovainphiladelphiausaafricanfinanceministeroftheyearbyafricanleadershipmagazineafricanfinanceministeroftheyearbyafricainvestorafricanfinanceministeroftheyearbyafricainvestorsouthernafricaneconomicdevelopmentchampionawardbyafricanleadershipmagazinespecialcommendationfromthegeorgialegislativeblackcaucususachairmanglobaladvisoryboardafricanleadershipnetworksincechairmanofpublicaccountscommitteepacreferenceslistoftheheavenswordanddragonsabercharacterstheyuandynastyeecdxiaozhaoorxiaozhaomayrefertolistoftheheavenswordanddragonsabercharacterspersianmingcultxiaozhaoafictionalcharacterinthenoveltheheavenswordanddragonsaberxiaozhaocrateracraterontheplanetmercurylistoftheheavenswordanddragonsabercharactersmiscellaneouscharacterstvchannellistofthebookandtheswordcharacterslistofthebookandtheswordcharacterslistofthebookandtheswordcharactersalexeyxdeathstarxfabiangottliebvonbellingshausenariehsharonacertainmagicalindexacertainmagicalindexlistofswordstainedwithroyalbloodcharactersmaincharacterslistofswordstainedwithroyalbloodcharactersmaincharacterslistofdemigodsandsemidevilscharactersothersturtlesaresurprisinglyfastswimmersthmillenniumelmerfuddlistofthesmilingproudwanderercharactersthesunmoonholysecteaeceaeekamenrybolovmoroalbumredirectcategoryshellxaviermarademunibeeidiquezsamueldyerbanpomuseumredirectxliveinlosangelesredirectcategoryshelllistoforganisationsinwuxiafictionredirectxliveinlosangelesredirectcategoryshellxliveinlosangelesxeroxtowerwinterolympicsdenshaotokoacademinakahamamanjirlixuemeiharelfactorialinfoboxsettlementseethetableatinfoboxsettlementforallfieldsanddescriptionsofusagenamexmutebasettlementtypemunicipalitiesofangolamunicipalityandt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ivershinanorivershimantoriverpetitioningchinathexafwasanexperimentalradarsetconstructedinwhichsurvivedworldwariiasahistoricalartifactandisnowplacedonexhibitatthenationalelectronicsmuseumhistoricalelectronicsmuseumlocatedinlinthicummarylandcreationanddevelopmentthexafanexperimentalradarsetthatresultedfromseveralyearstechnicalprogressbythenavalresearchlaboratorynrlwasconstructedinfollowingalatefebruarydecisiontoexperimentallyinstallaradarsetonacapitalshipmajorwarshipoperatingatnbspmhzmeterwavelengthatapowerofkilowattsthexaffeaturedabedspringlikeantennaradioantennaaboutfeetsquarethiswasmountedinarotatingyokethatallowedittoscanaroundthehorizonandtoelevatetokeeptheradiobeamparalleltothesurfaceofthewaterwhentheshiprolledthislargeantennaandyokehadtobestrongenoughforseaservicewhileremainingaslightaspossibletoavoidexcessivetopsideweightaccordinglythebrewsteraeronauticalcorporationthenalsobuildingthenavysfirstmonoplanefighteraircraftcarrierfighterthebrewsterbuffalofabuffalowasgiventhejoboffabricatingasuitableduraluminstructurethexafstransmitterradioreceiverreceiverandotherequipmentwerefabricatedbythenrltestingwhendevelopmentandconstructionwerecompletethexafwasinstalledonthebattleshipussnewyorkbbnewyorkthisworkwiththeantennamountedatopthebridgenauticalpilothousedisplacingalargecoincidencerangefinderopticalrangefinderwhichwasmovedtothetopoftheshipsnoinchgunturretwascompletedindecemberduringnearlythreemonthsofconstantoperationaveragingalmosttwentyhoursdailyasnewyorkparticipatedinwintermaneuversandbattlepracticeinthecaribbeanthexafsperformanceandreliabilityexceededexpectationsitdetectedaircraftuptonauticalmilesnmawayandshipsouttonbspnmtheradarwasalsoemployedfornavigationandinnavalartillerygunnerypracticegivingveryaccuraterangeandazimuthdirectionallowingforaccuratetargetingofenemyvesselsanddetectionofnearbylandorobstructionsevenatnightorinthefoguseandevolutionattheconclusionofthesetestsnewyorkscommandingofficerrecommendedinstallationofradarinallaircraftcarrierswhosehugecostmilitaryvalueandvulnerabilitytosurpriseairattackwasverywellunderstoodwhilethecommanderoftheatlanticsquadroncommentedthexafequipmentisoneofthemostimportantmilitarydevelopmentssincetheadventofradiolaterinthexafwasreengineeredandplacedinproductionbythercaradiocorporationofamericarcadesignatedcxamradarcxamsixoftheseproductionmodelsweredeliveredinandinstalledonanaircraftcarrierabattleshipandfourcruisersanimprovedversioncxamwithasimplifiedantennawasproducedingreaternumbersbythetimetheunitedstatesenteredworldwariiindecembertheuseofradarintheunitedstatesnavyusnavywasrapidlyexpandingonexhibitthexafradarsantennasurvivedworldwariiasahistoricartifactforseveraldecadesinthemiddleandlatertwentiethcenturyitwasexhibitedinwillardparkclosetothewashingtonnavyyardswaterfronthowevertheoutdoorenvironmentcontributedtoseriousdeteriorationintheantennasconditionanditwasplacedinstorageinthemidsinmayitwasloanedtothenationalelectronicsmuseumhistoricalelectronicsmuseumlocatedinlinthicummarylandwhereitistoberestoredandagainplacedonpublicexhibitreferenceswebarchiveorgwebhistorynavymilphotosweapsenradarusxafhtmusnavyshipboardradarsxafthisarticleincludestextfromthepublicdomainsushmitasenxrflistofastronomyacronymsxxrayflashmayrefertoxrayflashastronomybriefartificialproductionofxraysthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellbeggarssectxmastimexuepingfebruaryrefnamebtoldbookoftangzhsvolpartrefcourtesynametantuformallythedukeofhanwasageneralofthehistoryofchinachinesetangdynastywhosefatherxuesongruledzhaoyicircuitthenheadquarteredinmodernanyanghenansemiindependentlyfromtheimperialgovernmentafterxuesongsdeathxuepingdeclinedthesoldiersrequestforhimtotakeoverzhaoyicircuitandfledtoimperialterritorysubsequentlyhehadalongcareerasageneraloftheimperialarmiesbackgroundandcareerunderemperorsdaizongdezongandshunzongxuepingwasborninduringthereignofemperorxuanzongoftangemperorxuanzongwhenhewasduringthereignofemperorxuanzongsgrandsonemperordaizongoftangemperordaizonghewasmadetheprefectofciprefectureinmodernhandanhebeioneoftheprefecturesthenundertheruleofhisfatherxuesongthemilitarygovernorjiedushiofzhaoyicircuitaformergeneraloftherebelyananshiyanstateoftheanshirebellionwhosubmittedtotangdynastyruleintheaftermathsofyanscollapsebutwhothereafterruledzhaoyicircuitsemiindependentlyfromtheimperialgovernmentrefnamebtoldbookoftangvolrefwhenxuesongdiedinthesoldiersdemandedthatxuepinginheritthecommandofthecircuitxuepinginitiallypretendedtoagreebutthenyieldedthecommandtohisunclexueeandinthemiddleofthenighttookhisfatherscasketandfledbacktohisfathersancestralhomeofjiangprefectureinmodernyunchengshanxiyunchengshanximeanwhileafterxuepingcompletedhisperiodofmourningforhisfatheremperordaizongmadehimageneraloftheimperialguardswherehestayedforoveryearscareerunderemperorsxianzongandmuzonglaterduringthereignofemperordaizongsgreatgrandsonemperorxianzongoftangemperorxianzongthechancelloroftangdynastychancellorduhuangchangbelievedthatxuepingwastalentedandrecommendedhimtobetheprefectofruprefectureinmodernpingdingshanhenanandxuegovernedwithdistinctionbyxuewasreferredtoasamajorgeneraloftheimperialguardswhenhewasmadethemilitarygovernorofyichengcircuitheadquarteredinmodernanyanghenanintheaftermathsofthedeathofthewarlordtianjiantianchengsisgrandsonthemilitarygovernorofweiboaspartoftheimperialmaneuveringtotrytocontrolweibowhilexuepingwasatyichenghedealtwiththeissueofyellowriverfloodinghiscircuitasyichengscapitalhuaprefecturewasjusttwolilengthliaboutonekilometerawayfromtheyellowriverandoftensufferedfromcatastrophicfloodsxuepingconductedsurveysandfoundtracesoftheoldyellowriverbedafterajointpetitionhemadewithtianhongzhengwhobecamethemilitarygovernorofweibotheydugintotheoldriverrouteforliaboutsevenkilometerstodivertsomeofthewaterfromthenrouteoftheyellowriverandthusdecreasingthethreatoffloodingforyichengxuewasatyichengforsixyearsbeforebeingrecalledtoagainserveasageneraloftheimperialguardsbutwassoonsentbacktoyichengtoagainserveasmilitarygovernorinafteremperorxianzongdestroyedthewarlordlishidaowhoruledpinglucircuitheadquarteredinmoderntaianshandongemperorxianzongdividedpingluintothreecircuitswiththecircuitthatkeptthepinglunamehavingitsheadquartersmovedtoqingprefectureinmodernweifangshandonghemadexuethemilitarygovernorofpingluitwasbecausexuewasfamiliarwiththecustomsoftheregionnorthoftheyellowriverandhisfaithfulnesstotheimperialgovernmentthatwheninbywhichtimeemperorxianzongssonemperormuzongoftangemperormuzongwasemperorliuzongthemilitarygovernoroflulongcircuitheadquarteredinmodernbeijingwhichhadalsolongbeenruledindependentlyfromtheimperialgovernmentsurrenderedlulongtoimperialcontrolliurecommendeddividinglulongintothreecircuitswithxuetheformerchancellorzhanghongjingandtheofficiallushimeitakingthecommandsofthethreecircuitsalthoughliusrecommendationswerenotheededandthecommandoflulongwasgiventozhangwithonlyasmallportioncarvedoutandgiventolulaterinthelulongsoldiersrebelledagainstzhangandarrestedhimandsoonthereafterthechengdecircuitheadquarteredinmodernshijiazhuanghebeisoldiersalsorebelledandkilledtianwhohadbeentransferredtochengdeintheaftermathstheimperialgovernmentwagedanultimatelyunsuccessfulcampaignagainstlulongandchengdeandduringthecampaigntherebelsthreateneddiprefectureinmodernbinzhoushandongofpinglusneighboringhenghaicircuitheadquarteredinmoderncangzhouhebeixuesenthisofficerlishuzuotohelpdefenddiprefecturebutwhenwangjitheprefectofdiprefecturedidnotsupplythepinglusoldierstotheirsatisfactionthesoldiersmutiniedandsupportedtheofficermatingfuastheirleaderandreturnedtoqingprefecturetoattackitatthattimeqingprefecturehadfewtroopsandcouldnotdefendagainsttheattackbutxueexpendedboththecircuittreasuryandhisownwealthtohiresomesoldiersandwiththesesoldiershedefeatedandkilledmacareerunderemperorsjingzongandwenzongxuepingremainedatpingluforsixyearsanditwassaidthathepreparedthetroopswellandtaxedinafairmannerwheninduringthereignofemperormuzongssonemperorjingzongoftangemperorjingzongxuewassettogotothecapitalchangantopayhomagetoemperorjingzongandremaintheretheresidentsweresaidtobesosaddenedthattheytriedtoblockhiswaytostophimfromleavingwhenhearrivedatchanganhewasbrieflymadetheministerofcensushubushangshuandactingzuopusheoneoftheheadsoftheexecutivebureauofgovernmentshangshushenginamonthhoweverhewascommissionedasthemilitarygovernorofhezhongcircuitheadquarteredinmodernyunchengandactingsikongoneofthethreeexcellenciesinaftertwoprefectureswereaddedtohiscircuithewasfurthermadeactingsitualsooneofthethreeexcellencieshistitlewasalsochangedtodukeofhanherequestedretirementinandwasallowedtodosohediedinandwasgivenposthumoushonorsnotesandreferencesoldbookoftangzhsvolnewbookoftangzhsvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhsthelastwordfilmparadornsrichaphantelephonenumbersinsanmarinotelephonenumbersinvaticancityxyphosiaxyphosiaxyphosiaxyphosiaxyphosiaxyphosiataxoboxregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordoflydipterafamiliaulidiidaesubfamiliaulidiinaetribuspterocallinigenusxanthacronagenusauthoritysubdivisionrankssubdivisionxanthacronaisagenusofpicturewingedfliesinthefamilyulidiidaespeciesxanthacronabipustulataxbipustulataxanthacronaphyllochaetaxphyllochaetaxanthacronatripustulataxtripustulataxanthacronatuberosaxtuberosaxanthacronaypsilonxypsilonreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordoflydipterafamiliaulidiidaegenusxanthacronaspeciesxbipustulatabinomialxanthacronabipustulatasubdivisionrankssubspeciessubdivisionxanthacronabipustulataisaspeciesofulidiidorpicturewingedflyinthegenusxanthacronaofthefamilyulidiidaereferencestaxoboximagesunirabicoloragobicoloredsallowmothjpgimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordoflydipterafamiliaulidiidaegenusxanthacronaspeciesxphyllochaetabinomialxanthacronaphyllochaetasubdivisionrankssubspeciessubdivisionxanthacronaphyllochaetaisaspeciesofulidiidorpicturewingedflyinthegenusxanthacronaofthefamilyulidiidaereferencestaxoboximageima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aperforexampleyoucouldidentifypapersdescribinghoxgenesandlimityourresultstoonlypaperswhichusedmorpholinosanatomyanddevelopmentimagesfatemapsandvideoscommunitylinkjobslabswhichstudyxenopusprotocollistidentifyclonesantibodiesproceduresstockcentrethenationalxenopusresourcemaintainsfrogstocksoffersadvancedresearchtrainingnobelprizeinxenopusresearchnobelprizeinphysiologyormedicinethenobelprizeformedicineorphysiologywasawardedtojohnbgurdonandshinyayamanakaonoctoberfornuclearreprogramminginxenopusimportancegurdonsexperimentschallengedthedogmaofthetimewhichsuggestedthatthenucleusofadifferentiatedcelliscommittedtotheirfateexamplealivercellnucleusremainsalivercellnucleusandcannotreturntoanundifferentiatedstatespecificallyjohngurdonsexperimentsshowedthatamatureordifferentiatedcellnucleuscanbereturnedtoitsimmatureundifferentiatedformthisisthefirstinstanceofcloningofavertebrateanimalexperimentgurdonusedatechniqueknownasnucleartransfertoreplacethekilledoffnucleusofafrogxenopuseggwithanucleusfromamaturecellintestinalepithelialthetadpolesresultingfromtheseeggsdidnotsurvivelongpastthegastrulationstagehoweverfurthertransformationofthenucleifromthesexenopuseggstoasecondsetofxenopuseggsresultedinfullydevelopedtadpolesthisprocesstransferofnucleifromclonedcellsisreferredtoasserialtransplantationxenopusresearchutilizingxenbasetoolstoprovideexamplesofhowxenbasecouldbeusedtofacilitateacademicresearchtworesearcharticlesarebrieflydescribedbelowgeneticscreensformutationsaffectingdevelopmentofxtropicalisthispaperusesxenbaseresourcestocreateandcharacterizemutationsinxenopustropicalisgodaetalperformedalargescaleforwardgeneticsscreenonxtropicalisembryostoidentifynovelmutationsdefectswerenotedandputintodifferentcategoriesasfollowseyeearneuralcrestpigmentdwarfaxialgutcardiovascularheadcardiovascularplusmotilityandcirculationfurtherstudieswereperformedonthewhitehartmutantwhawhichdoesnothavenormalcirculatingbloodthexenopusmolecularmarkerresourcepagewasusedtodesignamicroarrayexperimentwhichcomparedwildtypenormalcirculationandwhamutantxtropicalisanalysisofmicroarraydatarevealedthatgeneshadsignificantchangesinexpressionwithgenesinvolvedinhemoglobinandhemebiosynthesisbeingthemostaffectedconsistentwiththeobservationthatwhamayhavearoleinhematopoiesishighefficiencytranscriptionactivatorlikeeffectornucleasetalensenableffunctionalanalysisbytargetedgenedisruptioninxenopuslaevisembryosthepaperbysuzukietaldescribestheuseofarelativelynewgeneknockdowntechniqueinxlaevistraditionallyantisensemorpholinooligonucleotideshavebeenthemethodofchoicetostudytheeffectsoftransientgeneknockdowninxenopusincomparisontomorpholinoswhichdisruptgeneexpressionbyinhibitingtranslationalmachinerytalensdisruptgeneexpressionbybindingtodnaandintroducingdoublestrandedbreaksxenbasewasutilizedtoobtainpubliclyavailablesequencesfortyrosinasetyrandpaxneededfortalendesignknockdownofbothpaxandtyrwashighlyefficientusingtalenssuggestingthatgenedisruptionusingtalensmaybeanalternativeorbettermethodtouseincomparisontoantisensemorpholinosseealsoflybasewormbasemousegenomeinformaticszfindictybasereferencesreflistrefsinfoboxfilmnamefilmimagelindachristianrotterdamjpgaltseewpaltcaptionlindachristianattheopeningnightinrotterdamdirectorarthurdreifussproducerjooplandrwriterarthurdreifussbrdityoorthuysstarringmusicdolfvanderlindencinematographyeduardvanderendeneditingdickvisserstudionfmdistributorreleasedruntimeminutescountrynetherlandslanguagedutchbudgetnlgestimatedgrossnlgnetherlandsfilmisadutchfilmbyarthurdreifussstarringlindachristianericschneiderandbobdelangeitisthedebutofactresslindavandyckcastlindachristianasellenmartensbobdelangeasinspectorstroomerericschneideraspeterhartmanwimvandenbrinkasmartenswimdehaasasvandijkrudiwestasinspectorhoflandgerarddegrootasantonsmitlindavandyckasmarijketeddyschaankassaleswomanlexgoudsmitasmaxlouisborelassellerblomexternallinksxamandkhomaniheartlandinfoboxfootballclubclubnamexerezfootballclubimagexerezfcgiffullnamexerezfootballclubnicknamexerecistasfoundeddissolvedgroundestadiodomecqjerezdelafronterajerezandalusiaspaincapacitychairmanjosmanueldomecqmanagerleagueseasonpositionpatternlapatternbthickwhitestripespatternraleftarmddbodyddrightarmddshortsddsocksddpatternlapatternbvneckpatternrapatternshpatternsosocksleftarmffffffbodyffffffrightarmffffffshortssocksffffffpatternlapatternbvneckpatternrapatternshpatternsosocksleftarmffbodyffrightarmffshortsffffffsocksffxerezfootballclubwasaspanishfootballleagueteamsspanishfootballteamfromjerezdelafronteraandalusiaspainfoundedinbysirthomasspencerreimanaworkerfromwilliamshumberthistoryimagejerezcfxerezfcjpgpxleftthumbshieldasjerezcffoundedininisrefoundedafterthewarwasrenamedjerezclubdeftbolinxerezfcandcdjerezmergedinxerezcdbackgroundxerezfootballclubxerezcdxerezclubdeportivopresentclubdeportivojerezseasonsxerezfcclasswikitablestylebackgroundfffaseasondivisionplacecopadelreystylebackgroundffffffstylebackgroundffffffstylebackgroundffffffstylebackgroundefefefstylebackgroundffffffstylebackgroundffffffstylebackgroundffffffstylebackgr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entlyfoundonallofthemainhawaiianislandsandinthemarianaislandsintropicalagriculturexsonorinahasbeenusedasalistofcropplantspollinatedbybeespollinatorofpassifloraedulisaspeciesofpassionfruittaxonomyfredericksmithassistantinthezoologicaldepartmentofthebritishmuseumandmemberofthecounciloftheentomologicalsocietyoflondonfirstidentifiedxsonorinainuntilitwasthoughtthatxsonorinacamefromthesundaislandsinapaperpublishedthatyeardescriptionthemalebeesaregoldenbrownincolorandlackastingerfemalesarelargeandblackwithalengthofapproximatelynbspinchthefemalecanstingifangrybutsheisconsideredshywhileshelooksimpressivexsonorinararelystingshumansrefnamenishidarefcarpenterbeevenomiscomposedofproteinswhichcanproduceinsectstingallergyallergiessomeindividualsmustbestunginatleasttwoseparateinstancesbeforeanallergicreactiondevelopsitisunknownifpeopleallergictohoneybeevenomarealsoallergictocarpenterbeevenomrefnamescottrefsmithfirstdescribedthespeciesinamonographpublishedbytheroyalentomologicalsocietyoflondonentomologicalsocietyoflondoninblockquotefemalemdashblackheadandthoraxcloselyandmoderatelypuncturedthemesothoraxsmoothimpunctateandshiningonthediskmetathoraxroundedbehindabdomenshiningratherfinelypuncturedmostcloselysoatthesidesabovethepubescenceentirelyblackexceptthatontheanteriortarsibeneathwhichisferruginoustheclawsofthetarsiferruginouswingsfuscohyalinewithadarkercloudbeyondtheenclosedcellsandadornedwithabrightpurpleandcopperyiridescencelengthtentoelevenlineshabmdashsundaislandsblockquotedistributionaccordingtoentomologistpauldhurdjritisunknownwhenandhowxsonorinamanagedtoreachthehawaiianislandslocatedinthepacificoceanmorethanawayfromtheclosestlandfallinnorthamericahawaiisgreatdistancefromtheamericasisthoughttohavebeentoolargefornaturalbiologicaldispersaltosucceedhurdsuggeststhatitislikelyhumansaidedxsonorinainitsarrivaltohawaiitodaythespeciescanbefoundonallofthemainhawaiianislandsfollowingthecolonizationofhawaiixsonorinawasadventivespeciesintroducedintothemarianasislandschinajapanandtheunitedstatesthespecieshasalsobeenreportedinmidwayatolljavanewguineaandthephilippineshurdobservesthatinrecenthistoryonlytwospeciesinthegenusxylocopahavesuccessfullycolonizedpacificarchipelagoseastoftheamericasthroughnaturalbiologicaldispersalorwithhumanhelpthisisoutofatotalofmorethanidentifiedspeciesinnorthandsouthamericaofwhichcanbefoundinbrazilalonethetwospeciesincludexylocopadarwiniifoundinthegalpagosislandswestofsouthamericawiththemainlandofecuadorastheclosestlandmassandxylocopaclarionenisfoundonclarinislandintherevillagigedoislandsfromthecoastofmexicoxclarionenisisthoughttobemostcloselyrelatedtoxylocopavaripunctalifecycleentomologistjulianryatesiiioftheuniversityofhawaiiatmanoadescribesthelifecycleofxsonorinainhawaiibehaviortheforagingbehaviorofxsonorinainvolvesaquickseriesofmovementsbetweenflowersinastudyofbeebehaviorbyethelmvillalobosandtoddeshellyusingasystasiagangeticachinesevioletxsonorinavisitedflowersperminuteandspentanaverageofsecondsateachflowerusuallyflyingtowardstheflowerfromthefrontlandingonthepetalsandmovingtothebottomofthepetalcorollacorollafloralrobberyoccurswhenthecarpenterbeemakesperforationsnearthebaseofthetubularcorollaoftheflowertoobtainnectarbutdoesnotpollinatetheflowerinreturninhawaiiandniueislandxsonorinahasbeenusedintropicalagricultureasalistofcropplantspollinatedbybeespollinatorofpassifloraedulisaspeciesofpassionfruitnotesreferenceshurdjrpauljstororgpssthecarpenterbeesoftheeasternpacificoceanicislandshymenopteraapoideajournalofthekansasentomologicalsocietyallenpressleongmarkkhgracejkennethhdlhandlenetoccurrenceanddistributionofbeeshymenopteraapidaeofpublichealthimportanceontheislandofoahuproceedingsofthehawaiianentomologicalsocietyfredericksmithentomologistsmithfrederickbooksgooglecombooksidpfqkaaaaiaajhlenxmonographofthegenusxylocopalatrltransroyalentomologicalsocietyoflondonentomologicalsocietyoflondonfurtherreadingakamineetalhdlhandlenetpassionfruitcultureinhawaiiagriculturaleconomicscircularaechonoluluhiuniversityofhawaiigerlingdannestingbiologyandflowerrelationshipsofxylocopasonorinasmithinhawaiihymenopteraanthophoridaepanpacificentomologistpacificcoastentomologicalsocietyhurdjrpaulessigberkeleyedudocumentsciscispdfthecarpenterbeesofcaliforniahymenopteraapoideabulletinofthecaliforniainsectsurveyberkeleyuniversityofcaliforniapressnishidatoshiyukiecologyofthepollinatorsofpassionfruittechnicalbulletinhonoluluhiuniversityofhawaiicollegeoftropicalagriculturehawaiiagriculturalexperimentstationperkinsrclhymenopteraaculeataindavidsharpfaunahawaiiensisfaunahawaiiensisorthezoologyofthesandwichhawaiianisleslondoncambridgeuniversitypressppnbsptenoriojoannmgordonmnishidawhatsbuggingmeidentifyingandcontrollinghouseholdpestsinhawaiihonoluluhiuniversityofhawaiipressppnbsptimberlakephhdlhandlenetidentityofthehawaiiancarpenterbeeofthegenusxylocopahymenopteraproceedingsofthehawaiianentomologicalsocietyxixcorpsunionarmyxivcorpsunionarmyxiiicorpsunionarmyxiicorpsunionarmyxicorpsunionarmyxcorpsunionarmyxvcorpsunionarmyxvicorpsunionarmyxviic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tructionsethistoryfmahistoryinmarchamdexplicitlyrevealedinthedescriptionofthepatchforthegnubinutilspackagethatamdzenzenitsthirdgenerationxarchitectureinitsfirstiterationznverzenversionwillnotsupporttbmfmaxopandlwpinstructionsdevelopedspecificallyforthebulldozerfamilyofmicroarchitecturesintegervectormultiplyaccumulateinstructionstheseareintegerversionofthefmainstructionsettheseareallfouroperandinstructionssimilartofmaandtheyalloperateonsignedintegersclasswikitableinstructiondescriptionrefnameamdapivrefoperationcodevpmacswwcodecodevpmacsswwcodemultiplyaccumulatewithsaturationwordtowordxwordsaabbwordsccwordsrrrabcrabccodevpmacswdcodecodevpmacsswdcodemultiplyaccumulatewithsaturationlowwordtodoublewordxwordsaabbdoublewordsccdoublewordsrrrabcrabccodevpmacsddcodecodevpmacssddcodemultiplyaccumulatewithsaturationdoublewordtodoublewordxdoublewordsaabbdoublewordsccdoublewordsrrrabcrabccodevpmacsdqlcodecodevpmacssdqlcodemultiplyaccumulatewithsaturationlowdoublewordtoquadwordxdoublewordsaabbquadwordsccquadwordsrrrabcrabccodevpmacsdqhcodecodevpmacssdqhcodemultiplyaccumulatewithsaturationhighdoublewordtoquadwordxdoublewordsaabbquadwordsccquadwordsrrrabcrabccodevpmadcswdcodecodevpmadcsswdcodemultiplyaddaccumulatewithsaturationwordtodoublewordxwordsaabbdoublewordsccdoublewordsrrrababcrababcintegervectorhorizontaladditionhorizontaladditioninstructionsaddsadjacentvaluesintheinputvectortoeachothertheoutputsizeintheinstructionsbelowdescribeshowwidethehorizontaladditionperformedisforinstancehorizontalbytetowordaddstwobytesatatimeandreturnstheresultasvectorofwordsbutbytetoquadwordaddseightbytestogetheratatimeandreturnstheresultasvectorofquadwordssixadditionalhorizontaladditionandsubtractioninstructionscanbefoundinsssebuttheyoperateontwoinputvectorsandonlydoestwoandtwooperationsclasswikitableinstructiondescriptionoperationcodevphaddbwcodecodevphaddubwcodehorizontaladdtwosignedunsignedbytestowordbytesaawordsrrraaraaraacodevphaddbdcodecodevphaddubdcodehorizontaladdfoursignedunsignedbytestodoublewordbytesaadoublewordsrrraaaaraaaacodevphaddbqcodecodevphaddubqcodehorizontaladdeightsignedunsignedbytestoquadwordbytesaaquadwordsrrraaaaaaaacodevphaddwdcodecodevphadduwdcodehorizontaladdtwosignedunsignedwordstodoublewordwordsaadoublewordsrrraaraaraacodevphaddwqcodecodevphadduwqcodehorizontaladdfoursignedunsignedwordstoquadwordwordsaaquadwordsrrraaaaraaaacodevphadddqcodecodevphaddudqcodehorizontaladdtwosignedunsigneddoublewordstoquadworddoublewordsaaquadwordsrrraaraacodevphsubbwcodehorizontalsubtracttwosignedbytestowordbytesaawordsrrraaraaraacodevphsubwdcodehorizontalsubtracttwosignedwordstodoublewordwordsaadoublewordsrrraaraaraacodevphsubdqcodehorizontalsubtracttwosigneddoublewordstoquadworddoublewordsaaquadwordsrrraaraaintegervectorcomparethissetofvectorcompareinstructionsalltakeanimmediateasanextraargumenttheimmediatecontrolswhatkindofcomparisonisperformedthereareeightcomparisonpossibleforeachinstructionthevectorsarecomparedandallcomparisonsthatevaluatetotruesetallcorrespondingbitsinthedestinationtoandfalsecomparisonssetsallthesamebitstothisresultcanbeuseddirectlyinvpcmovinstructionforavectorizedconditionalmoveclasswikitableinstructiondescriptionimmediatecomparisoncodevpcombcodecomparevectorsignedbyteslessthancodevpcomwcodecomparevectorsignedwordslessthanorequalcodevpcomdcodecomparevectorsigneddoublewordsgreaterthancodevpcomqcodecomparevectorsignedquadwordsgreaterthanorequalcodevpcomubcodecomparevectorunsignedbytesequalcodevpcomuwcodecomparevectorunsignedwordsnotequalcodevpcomudcodecomparevectorunsigneddoublewordsfalsecodevpcomuqcodecomparevectorunsignedquadwordstruevectorconditionalmovevpcmovworksasbitwisevariantoftheblendinstructionsinsseforeachbitintheselectorselectsthesamebitinthefirstsourceandselectsthesameinthesecondsourcewhenusedtogetherwiththexopvectorcomparisoninstructionsabovethiscanbeusedtoimplementavectorizedternarymoveorifthesecondinputisthesameasthedestinationaconditionalmovecmovclasswikitableinstructiondescriptioncodevpcmovcodevectorconditionalmoveintegervectorshiftandrotateinstructionstheshiftinstructionsheredifferfromthoseinsseinthattheycanshifteachunitwithadifferentamountusingavectorregisterinterpretedaspackedsignedintegersthesignindicatesthedirectionofshiftorrotatewithpositivevaluescausingleftshiftandnegativerightshiftrefnamenewinstructionsrefintelhasspecifiedadifferentincompatiblesetofvariablevectorshiftinstructionsinavxclasswikitableinstructiondescriptioncodevprotbcodepackedrotatebytescodevprotwcodepackedrotatewordscodevprotdcodepackedrotatedoublewordscodevprotqcodepackedrotatequadwordscodevpshabcodepackedshiftarithmeticbytescodevpshawcodepackedshiftarithmeticwordscodevpshadcodepackedshiftarithmeticdoublewordscodevpshaqcodepackedshiftarithmeticquadwordscodevpshlbcodepackedshiftlogicalbytescodevpshlwcodepackedshiftlogicalwordscodevpshldcodepackedshiftlogicaldoublewordscodevpshlqcodepackedshiftlogicalquadwordsvectorpermutevppermisasingleinstructionthatcombinesthessseinstructionpalignrandpshufbandaddsmoretobothsomecompareitthealtivecinstructionvpermittakesthreeregistersasinputthefirsttwoaresourceregistersandthethirdtheselectorregistereachbyteintheselectorselectsoneofthebytesinoneofthetwoinputregistersfortheoutputtheselectorcanalsoapplyeffectsontheselectedbytessuchassettingittoreversethebitorderandrepeatingmostsignicatingbitalloftheeffectsortheinputcaninadditionbeinvertedthevppermilpdandvppermilpsinstructionsaretwosourceversionsofthevpermilpdandvpermilpsinstructionsinadvancedvectorextensionsavxwhichmeanslikevppermtheycanselectoutputfromanyofthefieldsinthetwoinputsclasswikitableinstructiondescriptioncodevppermcodepackedpermutebytecodevppermilpdcodepermutetwosourcedoubleprecisionfloatingpointcodevppermilpscodepermutetwosourcesingleprecisionfloatingpointfloatingpointfractionextractiontheseinstructionsextractsthefractionalpartoffloatingpointthatisthepartthatwouldbelostinconversiontointegerclasswikitableinstructiondescriptioncodevfrczpdcodeextractfractionpackeddoubleprecisionfloatingpointcodevfrczpscodeextractfractionpackedsingleprecisionfloatingpointcodevfrczsdcodeextractfractionscalardoubleprecisionfloatingpointcodevfrczsscodeextractfractionscalarsingleprecisionfloatingpointcpuswithxopadvancedmicrodevicesamdheavyequipmentprocessorsbulldozermicroarchitecturebulldozerbasedprocessorsqpiledrivermicroarchitecturepiledriverbasedprocessorsqsteamrollermicroarchitecturesteamrollerbasedprocessorsqexcavatormicroarchitectureexcavatorbasedprocessorsincludingvseealsoadvancedvectorextensionsavxcvtinstructionsetcvtfmainstructionsetfmassexreferenceskhuysubarucorporationzhouxiaochuanvarunainfoboxcomicsinothermediawikipediawikiprojectcomicscodenamethexmenimagefilenameformatonlyimagesizedefaultcaptioncreatorsstanleebrjackkirbysourcemarvelcomicsdebutuncannyxmenxmendebutmoseptemberdebutyrnovelsxmendarkmirrorbrxmenmutantempiresagabooksscienceofthexmenfilmsgenerationxfilmgenerationxbrxmenfilmxmenbrxfilmxbrxmenthelaststandbrxmenoriginswolverinebrxmenfirstclassbrthewolverinefilmthewolverinebrxmendaysoffuturepastbrdeadpoolfilmdeadpoolbrxmenapocalypsebrloganfilmloganbrdeadpoolbrxmendarkphoenixbrgambitfilmgambittvxmenprydeofthexmentheprydeofthexmenbrxmentvseriesxmenbrxmenevolutionbrwolverineandthexmentvserieswolverineandthexmenbrlegiontvserieslegionbrthegiftedtvseriesthegiftedplaysmusicradioscoresgamesrpgvideosubcatxmenthexmenisafictionalsuperheroteamcreatedbymarvelcomicsthatappearincomicbooksandotherformsofmediatelevisionanimationsthexmenmadetheirfirstanimatedappearanceonthemarvelsuperheroestvseriesinwithprofessorxcommandingtheoriginalxmenlineupofcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsbeastcomicsbeastjeangreymarvelgirlwarrenworthingtoniiiangelandicemancomicsicemanrefnamescorchrefinthisepisodethexmenarenotreferredtoasthexmenbutratherasthealliesforpeacerefnamegoldmanrefsthexmengueststarredinseveralepisodesofspidermanandhisamazingfriendsstartingwithaflashbackintheoriginoficemanxmenmembersunfirecomicssunfireappearedinalaterepisodeteamingupwiththeamazingfriendsthexmensnextappearancewasinafirestarisbornwhichincludedappearancesfromprofessorxstormmarvelcomicsstormangelcyclopswolverinecharacterwolverineandjuggernautcomicsjuggernautthexmenreturnedthefollowingseasoninthexmenadventurewithappearancesfromprofessorxcyclopskittyprydespritestormnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlercolossuscomicscolossusandthunderbirdcomicsthunderbirdinmarvelproductionsproducedahalfhourxmentelevisionpilotpilotepisodetitledxmenprydeofthexmenitrelatedthestoryofkittyprydesfirstadventurewithprofessorxcyclopsstormwolverinecolossusnightcrawleranddazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlerastheyfoughtagainstmagnetotheemmafrostwhitequeenjuggernauttheblobcomicsblobpyromarvelcomicspyroandtoadcomicstoadtheserieswasneverpickedupbutthesingleepisodeairedinfrequentlyinbroadcastsyndicationsyndicationduringthemarvelactionuniverseseriesandwasreleasedonvideoinsinfoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxlaunchedanxmentvseriesxmenanimatedserieswiththerosterofcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopswolverinecharacterwolverineroguecomicsroguestormmarvelcomicsstormbeastcomicsbeastgambitcomicsgambitjubileecomicsjubileejeangreyandprofessorxwithkevinsydneymorphmakingoccasionalappearancesthetwopartpilotepisodenightofthesentinelsbeganafiveseasonseriesendinginthexmengueststarredonspidermantvseriesspidermaninepisodesthemutantagendaandmutantsrevengewhenspidermanseeksprofessorxshelpstormwouldlatergueststarinthesecretwarsarcincyclopsjeangreygambitwolverinestormandjuggernautalongwiththebenreillyscarletspidermadecameosinthefantasticfourtvseriesfantasticfourseriesinnightmareingreensinthewbtelevisionnetworkthewbnetworklaunchedxmenevolutionwhichportrayedthexmenasteenagersattendingaregularpublichighschoolinadditiontothexavierinstitutetheseriesendedinafteritsfourthseasontheshowfocusedoncyclopsjeangreyspykestormsnephewstormwolverineroguebeastshadowcatandnightcrawlerinthexmenandmutantkindwerementionedinanepisodeoftheshortlivedcgiseriesspidermanthenewanimatedseriesthepartypeterparkerisquotedassayingibetthexmengettogotopartiessoonafterheisambushedbyagroupofcopsoneofthemcallinghimamutantcomicsmutantfreakinminimatesreleasedashortanimatedbrickfilmxmendarktideondvdwithaboxsetoffiguresthestoryinvolvedthexmenbattlingthebrotherhoodofmutantsbrotherhoodatanoilplatformoilrigtheteamconsistsofcyclopsjeangreyarchangelwolverinethebeastxavierandstormthebrotherhoodteamismystiquecomicsmystiquemagnetoandjuggernautwolverineandthexmentvserieswolverineandthexmendebutedintheunitedstatesonjanuaryitfeaturedwolverineemmafrostcyclopsthebeaststormshadowcaticemanroguenightcrawlertheangeljeangreyandprofessorxtheshowwascancelledafterjustoneseasonthexmenappearedoncartoonnetworksthesuperherosquadshowsaspartofamarvelanimefourseriescollaborationbetweenthejapanesemadhousecompanymadhouseanimationhouseandmarvelthexmenandwolverinebothstarredintwoseparateepisodeanimeseriesthatpremieredinjapanonanimaxandintheunitedstatesongustvchannelginthexmenseriesdealswiththexmencomingtojapantoinvestigatethedisappearanceofarmorcomicsarmortheantagonistsaretheumencomicsumenliveactioninoctobermarveltelevisionannouncedthatfxtvchannelfxhadorderedapilottitledlegiontvserieslegiontheseriestellsthestoryoflegionmarvelcomicsdavidhallerwhoisdiagnosedasschizophrenicbutfollowingastrangeencounterisconfrontedwiththepossibilitythatthevoiceshehearsandthevisionsheseesmightberealrefnamehellfirecreatorsleavingrefitpremieredinfebruarythegiftedtvseriesthegiftedisafoxseriesthatfocusesontwoparentswhodiscovertheirchildrenpossessmutantpowersforcedtogoontherunfromahostilegovernmentthefamilyjoinsupwithanundergroundnetworkofmutantsandmustfighttosurviverefnamegiftedrefmotioncomicsmarvelproducedmotioncomicsbasedonastonishingxmenreleasingthemonhuluitunestheplaystationstoreandothervideoservicestheseanimatedepisodeswerereleasedondvdthroughshoutfactoryithasbeenannouncedthatmarvelknightsanimationwillcontinueanimatingjosswhedonandjohncassadaysrunstartingwiththesecondstorylineoftheseriesastonishingxmendangerousthetitlesintheseriesincludeastonishingxmengiftedastonishingxmendangerousaprilastonishingxmentornaugustastonishingxmenunstoppablenovemberfilmsswolverineatmadametussaudsthexmenfilmseriesincludestensuperherofilmsthefirstthreefocusontheconflictbetweenprofessorxinothermediafilmsprofessorxavierandmagnetocomicsmagnetowhohaveopposingviewsonhumanitysrelationshipwithmutantmarvelcomicsmutantswhilexavierbelieveshumanityandmutantscancoexistmagnetobelievesawariscomingwhichheintendstofightandwinthcenturyfoxboughtthefilmrightstothecharactersinatthatpointmarvelwasnearingbankruptcyandcouldmakesuperherofilmssotheysoldthefilmrightsafternumerousdraftsbryansingerwashiredtodirectxmenfilmxmenforareleasesingerreturnedforthesequelxfilmxbutleftthefranchisetodirectsupermanreturnssingerwasoffereddirectingpositionsforotherxmenfilmsbutdeclinedcitingschedulingconflictsbrettratnerdirectedxmenthelaststandforareleasecriticspraisedsingersfilmsfortheirdarkrealistictoneandtheirfocusonprejudiceasasubtextalthoughratnersfilmwasmetwithmixedreviewsitoutgrossedbothofitspredecessorstwospinoffmediaspinoffsweresetbeforetheoriginalthreefilmsxmenoriginswolverinedirectedbygavinhoodwasreleasedonmayandxmenfirstclassdirectedbymatthewvaughnwasreleasedinjuneothermoviesincludeafurtherwolverinespinoffthewolverinefilmthewolverinedirectedbyjamesmangoldsetinjapanwasreleasedinjulyandxmendaysoffuturepastasequeltoboththeoriginaltrilogyandxmenfirstclasswithsingerreturnedtodirectwasreleasedinthespinoffdeadpoolfilmdeadpoolwasreleasedonfebruaryandasequeltodaysoffuturepasttitledxmenapocalypsewasreleasedonmayawolverinesequeltitledloganfilmloganwithmangoldreturningwasreleasedonmarchsetintheyearasequeltodeadpooltitleddeadpoolisscheduledforreleaseonjuneasequeltoapocalypsetiltedxmendarkphoenixisscheduledforreleaseonfebruaryanotherspinofftitlednewmutantsfilmnewmutantsisscheduledforreleaseonaugestagambitcomicsgambitfilmissetforareleasedateoffebruarydirectedbygoreverbinskianadaptationofxforceisalsoindevelopmentwithjeffwadlowwritinganddrewgoddarddirectingxforceandjoshboonedirectorjoshboonesettodirectandcowritethescreenplaywithknategwaltneyfornewmutantsmarvelstudioslaunchedthemarvelcinematicuniverseinfocusedonavengerscomicstheavengersandtheirrelatedcharacterswhosefilmrightstheystillownedmarvelwasthenboughtbydisneyinbutcouldnotusethexmenortheirrelatedcharactersquicksilvercomicsquicksilverandthescarletwitchwereanoddcaseastheyhadstrongtieswithboththeavengersandthexmenthestudiosnegotiatedadealsothattheycouldbothusetheirownversionsofthecharactersondecemberdisneyannounceditsintenttoacquirestcenturyfoxsfilmandtelevisionstudiosincludingthefilmrightstothexmenfranchisedisneyceobobigerlaterconfirmedthatthexmenwouldbeintegratedintothemcualongsidethefantasticfouranddeadpoolstatingwerealsolookingforwardtoexpandingthemarvelcinematicuniversetoincludexmenfantasticfouranddeadpoolvideogamesearlyxmengamesthefirstxmenvideogamewasreleasedbyjoshtoevsandljnforthenintendoentertainmentsystemandwastitledtheuncannyxmenvideogametheuncannyxmenthatsameyearacomputergamewasreleasedcalledxmenmadnessinmurderworldanothertitlexmeniithefallofthemutantswasreleasedtheyearafterkonamicreatedanxmenarcadegamexmenarcadegameinwhichfeaturedsixplayablexmencharacterscolossuscomicscolossuscyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsdazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlernightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerstormmarvelcomicsstormandwolverinecharacterwolverineinthexmenteamedwithspidermanforspidermanxmenarcadesrevengereleasedforthesupernintendoentertainmentsystemsupernessegagenesisgenesisgamegearandgameboythefollowingyearssawthegamesxmengamesmasterslegacyandxmenmojoworldreleasedforthesegagamegearthexmenmadeafewappearancesinspidermanenterelectroprofessorxandroguerunadangerroomsimulationfortheplayertotraininbeastappearsinthefirstleveltodemonstratethecontrollerfunctionstotheplayerinthessegareleasedtwoxmenvideogamesforitsgenesisxmenvideogamexmenandxmenclonewarswolverinestarredinasologameinforboththesupernesandgenesistitledwolverineadamantiumragethatsameyearthexmenappearedinthexmenmutantapocalypsegameforthesupernesxwolverinesrevengewasastealthactiongameforthesixthgenerationofvideogamesstarringwolverineastheonlyplayablecharacterfightinggamesthexmenarefeaturedinmanydanddfightinggamesinorderofreleasexmenchildrenoftheatomvideogamexmenchildrenoftheatommarvelsuperheroesvideogamemarvelsuperheroesxmenvsstreetfightermarvelsuperheroesvsstreetfightermarvelvscapcomclashofsuperheroesmarvelvscapcomxmenmutantacademymarvelvscapcomnewageofheroesxmenmutantacademyxmennextdimensionmarvelvscapcomfateoftwoworldsultimatemarvelvscapcommarvelcontestofchampionsmarvelfuturefightfilmbasedgamestocoincidewiththereleaseofthethirdfilmactivisionreleasedxmentheofficialgamewhichfilledingapsbetweenxfilmxxmenunitedandxmenthelaststandsuchasexplainingnightcrawlersabsencexmenlegendsandmarvelultimatealliancexmenlegendsanditssequelaregamesthatfeaturedmultiplexmenasplayablecharactersdeadpoolicemanstormandwolverineareplayableinthemajormarvelvideogamemarvelultimatealliancecolossusisplayableonthexboxwiiandpsversionsofthegameandjeangreyisplayableonthegbaversioncyclopsjeangreynightcrawlerprofessorxandpsylockeappearasnpcsonallversionswhilethebeastforgekarmaanddrmoiramactaggertwerementionedbydifferentcharactersinadditionduringacutscenethebeastcolossuscyclopsgambitmagnetoprofessorxavierpsylockeandshadowcatwereseendefeatedbydoctordoomalongsidethehulkcomicshulkxboxownerswerelaterabletodownloadeightnewplayablecharactersforthegameincludingxmenheroesandvillainscyclopsmagnetonightcrawlerandsabretoothinmarvelultimatealliancewolverinedeadpoolicemanstormgambitandjeangreyarefeaturedasplayablecharacterswhilecyclopsandpsylockeareexclusivetopspspandwiiwhilecolossusappearsasannpcinthebriefingthatfollowsthewakandaincidentcaptainamericaandironmanmentionthattheotherxmenmembershavebeenabsorbedintothefoldpsylockecablemagnetoandthejuggernautwerelateraddedasdownloadablecharactersformarvelultimatealliancebooksscienceofthexmenbylincyacoandkarenhaberexplainshowdifferentsuperpowerswouldworkandhowsuchabilitieswouldaffectthepeoplethathavethemthemutantsfeaturedincludequicksilvercomicsquicksilverwolverinecharacterwolverineshadowcatandnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerseveralxmennovelshavebeenpublishedclasswikitablestylewidthwidthtitlewidthauthorwidthpublisherwidthisbnwidthreleasedatewidthnotesthemarvelsuperheroesstyletextaligncenterlenweinbrmarvwolfmanbreditorsstyletextaligncenterpocketbooksstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteraugustpocketbooksseriesshortstorycollectionincludesstoriesfeaturingtheavengerscomicsavengersdaredevilmarvelcomicscharacterdaredevilthexmenandthehulkcomicshulkxmencyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsandjeangreyphoenixstyletextaligncenterpaulmantellbraveryhartstyletextaligncenterrandomhousestyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteroctoberyoungadultnovelbasedoncomicsbyscottlobdellxmensabretoothcomicssabretoothunleashedstyletextaligncentervickikamidastyletextaligncenterrandomhousestyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteroctoberyoungadultnovelbasedoncomicsbylarryhamaandfabianniciezaxmenmutantempirebookonesiegestyletextaligncenterchristophergoldenstyletextaligncenterberkleybooksberkleyboulevardbpmcstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncentermayfirstinmutantempiretrilogyisfollowedbymutantempirebooktwosanctuarytheultimatexmenstyletextaligncenterstanleeeditorstyletextaligncenterberkleyboulevardbpmcstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenteroctobershortstorycollectionxmenmutantempirebooktwosanctuarystyletextaligncenterchristophergoldenstyletextaligncenterberkleyboulevardbpmcstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenternovembersecondinmutantempiretrilogyisfollowedbymutantempirebookthreesalvationxmenmutantempirebookthreesalvationstyletextaligncenterchristophergoldenstyletextaligncenterberkleyboulevardbpmcstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncentermaythirdinmutantempiretrilogygenerationxcomicsgenerationxstyletextaligncenterscottlobdellbrelliotsmagginstyletextaligncenterberkleyboulevardbpmcstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterjunexmensmokeandmirrorsstyletextaligncenterelukibesshaharstyletextaligncenterberkleyboulevardbpmcstyletextaligncenterstyletextaligncenterseptemberxmenempiresendstyletextaligncenterdianeduanestyletextaligncenterputnambpmchardbackberk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milardistancefromsayillyingdirectlybetweenthetwositesitconsistsofthreemaingroupsinavalleyofthepuuchillsinyucatnstateyucatnstaterefnametoscanohernndezptoscanohernndezhuchimherreraprefaregionofkarstlimestoneformingtheonlymajortopographytopographicalfeatureofthepeninsulatheclosesttownisoxkutzcababouttothenortheastthesitedatesfromthemesoamericanchronologylatetoterminalclassicperiodsandwassitedinanareasuitableforagricultureinmesoamericaagriculturerestorationatxlapakandothernearbyarchaeologicalsiteswascarriedoutinthefirsthalfofthethcenturybythemexicaninstitutodeantropologiaehistoriainstituteofanthropologyandhistoryfurtherarchaeologicalinvestigationwascarriedoutinunderthedirectionofcsarasenzthesitethesitecoreislocatedintheflatvalleybottomwhileinthesurroundinghillstheremainsofperishablestructureshavebeenfoundthemainfeatureofgroupisthepalacewhichconsistsofnineroomswithdecoratedfacadesanotherpalaceislocatedingroupitisdecoratedwithcolumnsthearchitectureisanexampleoftheostentatiousstyleoftheclassicorfluorescentpuucincommonwiththenearbysitesofsayillabnakabahmayasitekabahanduxmaltypicalofthisstylearethehighlydecoratedupperportionsofthebuildingsthatextendabovetheceilingheightthedecorationsatxlapakarewellpreservedandincludemasksoftheyucatecmayaraingodchaacnotesreferencesbeginbiblioformatifindentparamisusedplsuseacoloninsteadofasteriskforbulletmarkersinthereferenceslistendbiblioformatstylekkakdugixmenoriginswolverinebodhisattvabodhisattvabodhisattvabodhisattvabodhisattvacodeaudiostandardxihutownshipisaruraltownshiptaiwantownshipinmiaolicountytaiwangeographyxihuissurroundedbymiaolicityonitseasthoulongmiaolihoulongtothenorthtongxiaomiaolitongxiaotothewestandtongluomiaolitongluotothesouthinjanuaryitspopulationwasestimatedatrefnamepopciteweburlmlhrmiaoligovtwxlsgetfilemphpscripttitletranstitlejanuarypopulationstatisticdownloadslanguagechinesedatejanuarywebsitemlhrmiaoligovtwpublishermiaolicountygovernmenthouseholdregistrationserviceaccessdaterefadministrativedivisionsthetownshipcomprisesninevillageserhugaopuhutungjinshilongdongsanhusihuwuhuandxiaputouristattractionsmatsurocksculpturewuzhuoliuartandculturalhallreferencesmmokhotsksubprefecturehidakasubprefectureurakawahokkaidoiburisubprefecturemuroranhokkaidomatsumaeclanmatsumaehokkaidohiyamasubprefectureishikarisubprefecturesilmidosilmidokitahiroshimahokkaidoishikarihokkaidoeniwahokkaidokamikawasubprefecturekushirosubprefecturenemurosubprefecturekurilislandsdisputekurilislandsdisputechuangguandongchuangguandongiturupiturupiturupethicsredirectcategoryshellmainlandtravelpermitfortaiwanresidentsmainlandtravelpermitfortaiwanresidentsmainlandtravelpermitfortaiwanresidentsmainlandtravelpermitfortaiwanresidentshongkongreentrypermitoshimasubprefecturerumoisubprefectureshiribeshisubprefecturesorachisubprefecturesyasubprefecturetokachisubprefectureybarihokkaidosunkynumaquasinationalparkunionofsovereignstatesunionofsovereignstatesseikantunnelseikantunnelunionofsovereignstatesredirectcategoryshelltokyotakarazukatheatertakarazukarevueleehyorigangnamdistrictgangnamdistricttaleinthedarknessinterkoreansummitsinterkoreansummitsinterkoreansummitsinterkoreansummitsnomotherlandwithoutyouinfoboxfootballbiographynamexavitorresimagexavitorresjpgimagesizecaptiontorresplayingwithlevanteudlevanteinfullnamexaviertorresbuiguesbirthdatebirthplacexbiaspainheightpositionmidfielderdefensivemidfielderdefensivemidfieldercurrentclubclubnumberyouthyearsyouthclubsvillarrealcfvillarrealyearsclubsvillarrealcfbvillarrealbcapsgoalsyearsclubsalicantecfalicantecapsgoalsyearsclubsfcbarcelonabbarcelonabcapsgoalsyearsclubsfcbarcelonabarcelonacapsgoalsyearsclubsmlagacfmlagacapsgoalsyearsclubslevanteudlevanteloancapsgoalsyearsclubsgetafecfgetafecapsgoalsyearsclubsrealbetisbetiscapsgoalsyearsclubssportingdegijnsportinggijncapsgoalsyearsclubscapsgoalstotalcapstotalgoalsclubupdateaprilxavierxavitorresbuiguesbornnovemberisaspanishprofessionalassociationfootballfootballerwhoplaysforaustralianclubperthgloryfcasamidfielderdefensivemidfielderdefensivemidfielderformedatfcbarcelonabarcelonahewentontoamasslaligatotalsofgamesandsixgoalsduringeightseasonswiththatclubmlagacfmlagalevanteudlevantegetafecfgetaferealbetisbetisandsportingdegijnclubcareerearlyyearsborninxbiaprovinceofalicantealicantevalenciancommunitytorresplayedhisyouthcareerattwoclubsincludingvillarrealcfwherehefinishedhisformationinhemadehisprofessionaldebutatanotherclubintheregionalicantecfinthesegundadivisinbsegundadivisinbbarcelonainthesummertorressignedforfcbarcelonaspendingthevastmajorityofhistwoyearspellwithfcbarcelonabthereserveteamwhichhehelpedreturntothethirdlevelinterceradivisinhisdebutcampaignasthecataloniacatalanswerecoachedbyyoungpepguardiolatorresmadehislaligadebutonmayappearingforthelaligaalreadycrownedchampionsinaawaylossagainstrcdmallorcaafterthematchtheplayersaidthathewasverygratefultoguardiolapromotedtofirstteammanagerintheprevioussummerforgivinghimanopportunitytoplayinthemainsquaditwouldbethefirstoftwoappearancesmlagaonjunemlagacfsignedtorresonafreetransfe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dlercgovtradecargosecuritycarrierssecurityfilingplusprgmcttplusprgmpptprogramretrievedmarchreforusinganautomationsystemprovidedbycompanieswhichoffererpsystemtohelpmanageelectronicfilingrequirementsofcustomsofothercountriessuchasintegrationpointsapamberroadtosubmittheappropriateproductinformationreferencesresourcesdhsgovusdepartmentofhomelandsecuritycbpgovuscustomsandborderprotectioncbpgovbordersecurityportsentrycargosecurityimportersecurityfilinguscustomsandborderprotectionimportersecurityfilinghomepageisfresourcehqcomblogimportersecurityfilingwhatistibagroupcomestransitarioconsolblogxiisfimportsecurityfilingtheisfinspanishpaulatsuinallurjaffnadistrictkeerimalaipaiksunyuppaiksunyuptaegeukmayrefertochinesetaijiphilosophykoreantaegeukseealsotaijidisambiguationkoreanpeoplesarmyairandantiairforcechongjinchongjineastkoreabayeastkoreabayeastkoreabayeastkoreabaychandongjasportsclubchandongjasportsclubkigwanchasportsclubkigwanchasportsclubkigwanchasportsclubpyongyangcitysportsclubpyongyangcitysportsclubxyzaffairinfoboxfileformatnamexzextensionxzmimeapplicationxxzuniformtypeorgtukaanixzarchivemagicxfdzxzxownertukaaniorgthetukaaniprojectlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatefreeyesurlinfoboxsoftwarenamexzutilstitlexzutilslogoimagenameisenoughlogocaptionlogosizelogoaltscreenshotimagenameisenoughcaptionscreenshotsizescreenshotaltcollapsibleauthordeveloperthetukaaniprojectreleaseddiscontinuedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdatefrequentlyupdateddonotincludethisparameterunlessyouknowwhatitdoesstatusprogramminglanguageoperatingsystemplatformsizelanguagelanguagecountdonotincludethisparameterunlessyouknowwhatitdoeslanguagefootnotegenrelicensepublicdomainwithsomeportionsunderlgplalexawebsitestandardasofxzisalosslesscompressionprogramandfileformatwhichincorporatesthelempelzivmarkovchainalgorithmlzmalzmacompressionalgorithmsthesearethesamecompressionformatsusedbythezipprogramanditscommandlineversionzippziphowevercodexzcodehasadifferentfileformatwhichisnotcompatiblewiththecodezcodeformatusedbyzipnotablyxzcompressesabytestreamandinitselfhasnoknowledgeoffilesormuchoftheirmetadataforthatamultifilecontainerliketttarcomputingtarttttcpiottwillhavetobeusedwhilethemultifileawarecodezcodelackssupportforunixlikefilesystemmetadatarefnamelinuxgazetterefhistoryalthoughtheoriginalzipprogramwhichimplementslempelzivmarkovchainalgorithmlzmacompressionisabletoproducesmallfilesatthecostofspeeditalsocreateditsownuniquearchiveformatwhichwasmadeprimarilyforwindowsanddidnotsupportunixfunctionalityimplementationanimplementationofthexzfileformatisfreelyavailableonlineasxzutilsitislicensedunderthetermsofthegnulessergeneralpubliclicensegnulgplandgnugeneralpubliclicensegnugplwiththebulkofthesoftwareegliblzmainthepublicdomainstartingfromindecemberthecommandlineprogramcodexzcodesupportsmultithreadedoperationswhichwereonlyavailableinaforkcalledcodepxzcodepreviouslyversionofgnutarsupportsusingthissoftwaretohandlexzfilestransparentlyfreebsdtarhassupportedxztransparentlysincerreleasedonaprilziphassupportedxzsincesversionbetastablesincesandwinrarsinceversionusesxzhasgainednotabilityforcompressingpackagesinthegnugnucoreutilitiescoreutilsprojectdebianoperatingsystemdebianfamilyofsystemsdebfileformatopensusefedoraoperatingsystemfedoraarchlinuxslackwarefreebsdgentoolinuxgentoognomeandtexliveaswellasbeinganoptiontocompressacompiledlinuxkernelinmarchkernelorgannouncedtheuseofxzasthedefaultcompressedfileformatfordistributingkernelarchivefilesseealsoxzutilslzipreferencesexternallinksnongnuorglzipxzinadequatehtmlxzformatinadequateforlongtermarchivingxzxzorxzcanrefertoxzalosslessdatacompressionfileformatoftenwithfileextensionxzxzutilsasetoffreelosslessdatacompressorsincludingthecommandxzyamahaxzamotorcycleproducedcxztauriabinarystarsystemintheconstellationtaurusxzatypeofpsaxenginepsaxautomobileengineinfoboxsoftwareauthorlassecollindeveloperthetukaaniprojectlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedaterefciteweburlmailarchivecomxzdeveltukaaniorgmsghtmltitlexzutilsdatewebsitexzdevelpublisherlassecollinaccessdaterefoperatingsystemcrossplatformprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecgenredatacompressionlicensemostsourcecodepublicdomainsoftwarepartsofsubsystemsundergnulessergeneralpubliclicensegnulgplvgnugeneralpubliclicenseversiongnugplvgnugeneralpubliclicenseversiongnugplvwebsitexzutilspreviouslylzmautilsisasetoffreesoftwarefreecommandlineinterfacecommandlinelosslesscompressionlosslessdatacompressorsincludinglempelzivmarkovchainalgorithmlzmaandxzforunixlikeoperatingsystemsandfromversiononwardsmicrosoftwindowsxzutilsconsistsoftwomajorcomponentsxzthecommandlinecompressoranddecompressoranalogoustogzipliblzmaalibrarycomputingsoftwarelibrarywithanapplicationprogramminginterfaceapisimilartozlibvariouscommandshortcutsexistsuchaslzmaforxzformatlzmaunxzforxzdecompressanalogoustogzipgunzipandxzcatforunxzstdoutanalogoustogzipzcatxzutilscancompressanddecompressboththexzandlzmafileformatsbutsincethelzmaformatisnowlegacysystemlegacyxzutilscompressesbydefaulttox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ploitationinindustryoronthelandandadvancecauseforajustsocietyhecontinuestoorganisecommunitiesintoafricanworkingclassorganisationsinpursueoftheirrevolutionaryaspirationsinaspresidentofpanafricanistyouthcongresspaycosbusisotravelledtozimbabweforthesouthernafricapanafricanyouthsummitinzimbabweheservedaninterimchairmanofjohanneburgregioninthepacofazaniainandthenchairedthetshwaneregionfromthiswasbeforebeingelectedtothepositionofdeputypresidentstudentactivismstudentactivismthroughstudentchapteroftheblackmanagementforumpanafricaniststudentorganisationandpanafricaniststudentmovementpasmaofazaniahasdeeplyinvolvedsibusisointhestruggleforbroadtransformationofpedagogyandepistemologyininstitutionsoflearninginorderforthemtobeaccessibletotheafricanworkingclassimprovequalityofcontentendorsesocialistvaluesandespouseafricanorientedcurriculumitisinpursuitofuncontaminatededucationthatheisinvolvedinlobbyingsouthernafricanuniversitiesandgovernmentstointroduceafricanstudiesinmainstreameducationsystemheistaskedwithdutyofdirectingthereparationsworkthroughtheworldtribunalonreparationsforafricaandafricanpeoplepaycopresidencysbusisowaselectedpresidentofpanafricanistyouthcongresspaycoinsbusisoaspresidentofpanafricanistyouthcongresspaycoontheeveofthejunecommemorationincalledonthethenpresidentoftherepublicofsouthafricathabombekitocreatetheyouthministrywhichwillhaveasolemandateofattendingtoyouthaffairsthisistheofficialpositionofpanafricanistyouthcongresspaycointhiscallhealsohighlightedthefailureofyouthstructuressuchasthenewyorkcityanduyfsbusisoaspresidentalsoparticipatedinlocalandnationaldiscourcesoneofthemajorissueswasthatofnamechangeweretherulingafricannationalcongressancwaschangingthenamesoftownsandstreetshoweverinkwazulunataltheafricannationalcongressancdecideditwasprematuretobepreoccupiedwithnamechangesinthatprovincesbusisospokeagainthepositionoftheafricannationalcongressancclaimingthatitwassouthafricansresponsibilitytoensurethateverlastingmonumentsofourheroesarebuiltthroughinfrastructurenamingandourrealidentitycomesthroughthenamesofourtownsandcitieswhileapresidentforpanafricanistyouthcongresspaycosbusisocontinuedtohaveinterestinstudentactivismhisengagementinstudentissueswasmostlythroughpanafricaniststudentmovementofazaniapasmaheeverynowandthencommenentedandgotinvolveddirectlyafterthesouthafricannationalmatriculationexamresultsreleasesbusisohintedtheneedforstudentstobetaughtinthelanguageoftheirchoiceonnovemberandsbusisoaspresidentofpanafricanistyouthcongresspaycoattendedtheafricanpeoplessolidaritydayinphiladelphiapainthiseventsbusisowasalsoaspeakerheopenedhispresentationbyquotingnigerianleadernnamdiazikiweweareindependentineverythingneutralinnothingstatingthatintheafricanstrugglethereisnomiddlegroundbetweenliberationandimperialistimposedviolencewearefacedwithtwooptionsdemocracyandterrordemocracyisnotelectionsitisnoteventherighttospeakdemocracyispowerdemocracyispowerlyingtherighthandssibusisoopenedhislastcongressaspresidentofpanafricanistyouthcongresspaycoinatdurbanwherethenewleadershipofpanafricanistyouthcongresspaycowaselectedinthiscongressunderthememobilizingyouthpowertobuildsocialismandafricanunityemphasisedtheneedtostrengthenourafricanworkingclassmovementtowrestlepowerfromimperialistforcesbybeinginvolvedinallmattersaffectingafricaandafricanseverywhereafricansocialistinternationalasisbusisoisamemberoftheinternationalcentralcommitteeoftheafricansocialistinternationalsbusisoaspanafricanistyouthcongresspaycopresidenthostedthepresidentofafricansocialistinternationalasichairmanomaliyeshitelainhistourtosouthafricaotheractivitiesprofessionalmembershipssbusisohasbeenamemberofvariousprofessionalbodiesincludingthesouthernafricaninstituteofindustrialengineeringinternationalcouncilonsystemsengineeringgautengboardofblackmanagementforumandestateagencyaffairsboardbusinessoperationshealsooperatedatcorporatelevelofcompaniesinsteelmanufacturingretailandcommunicationsectorsheisinvolvedinleadershipofvariousworkercontrolledcommercialinitiativesoperatinginazaniaandzimbabwewithinterestinfacilitymanagementpropertylogisticsriskmanagementmanagementconsultancyandmicroenterprisefinancecommunityservicessbusisoservedasamemberofcommunitypolicingforumthatistaskedwithcommunityoversightofsouthafricanpoliceservicewithintentionofstoppingpolicecorruptionpreventionofpolicebrutalityensuringfairdistributionofresourcewithconsciousbiastoworkingclassareasandcombatcrimesdirectedtotheafricanworkerssbusisoisandhasbeeninvolvedinprotractedcampaignsagainstevictionsinvariousinformalsettlementswiththecityofjohannesburgandcityoftshwanecontroversiesthememorandumagainsttheusretaliatorystrikesinafghanistaninoctoberasaprovincialorganizerforpanafricanistyouthcongresspaycoingautengleadingaboutprotesterswhoconvergedontheunionbuildingsinpretoriapaycoprovincialorganisersibusisoxabahandedthememorandumtoforeignaffairsspokesmanronniemamoepathememorandumwasagainsttheusretaliatorystrikesinafghanistanoneofthewarsagainstterrorismbyamericainafghanistancostoffreedomvscostofsubmissioninadocumentprepa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rtingxerocanautomaticallyimportbankandcreditcardstatementsitoffersafreeapithatenablescustomersandrdpartysoftwarevendorstointegrateexternalapplicationswithxerooverrdpartysoftwarevendorshavebuiltxeroaddonsxeroalsosupportsmultipletaxratesandcurrenciesitalsoincorporatesapayrollfeatureforusersintheaustralianandunitedstatesmarketsadditionallyuserscanaccesslocalteamsinnewzealandaustraliaeuropeandtheunitedstatesrefnamesmithdummiesxerorefallfinancialdataisstoredinthecloudonaunifiedledgeraccountingsingleunifiedledgerallowinguserstoworkinthesamesetofbooksregardlessoflocationoroperatingsystemfastcompanymagazinefastcompanyfeaturedthesoftwaresuidesigninaarticlestatingthatthedesignissimpleandmakesiteasyforuserstogetanatglanceideaofrealtimefinancialsituationsrefnamefastcoinforefinxeroreleasedthexerotouchmobileappsforiosandandroiddevicesallowinguserstoissueinvoiceswhileonsitewithclientsrefnamesmithxerodummiesrefonaugustxeroannouncedtheyarepartneringwithpaypaltoallowinvoicestobepaidviapaypaldirectlyfromtheinvoiceawardsandrecognitioninxeroreceivedtheoverallpartnersolutionoftheyearforsmallbusinessandalsofeaturedaspartofamicrosoftcasestudythecompanywastherecipientoftwowebbyawardsinincludingthepeopleschoiceawardforbankingbillpayrefnamewebbyxerorefitwasrecognizedagainwithawebbyinforwebservicesapplicationsitreceivedafastcompanyinnovationbydesignawardinandwasrecognizedasoneofthesmartfinancialappstosolvesmallbusinessaccountingchallengesbyyfsmagazineinadditionalawardsinincludedtheawesomeapplicationawardfromthesleetergroupandthenewzealandcompanyoftheyearfromhitechinjunexerotoppedtheforbesmagazinemostinnovativegrowthcompanieslistalsointhecompanywasnamedoneofmacworldsrecommendedonlinebusinessaccountingappsinjanuaryxerohasbeencrownedbestaccountingsoftwareinthecloudswaveawardswithascoreofseealsocomparisonofaccountingsoftwarereferencesexternallinksxerocomofficialsiteinfoboxpersonnamexavierdolanimagexavierdolancannesjpgcaptiondolanatthecannesfilmfestivalbirthnamexavierdolantadrosbirthdatebirthplacemontrealquebeccanadanationalitycanadiannationalitylawcanadianoccupationyearsactivepresentnotableworksikilledmymothermommyfilmmommyparentsmanueltadrosbrgenevivedolanspouseawardslistofawardsandnominationsreceivedbyxavierdolanfulllistxavierdolantadrosbornmarchisacanadianactordirectorscreenwritereditorcostumedesignerandvoiceactingvoiceactorhebeganhiscareerasachildactorincommercialsbeforedirectingseveralartfilmarthousefeaturefilmshefirstreceivedinternationalacclaiminforhisdebutfeatureikilledmymotherjaitumamrewhichpremieredatthecannesfilmfestivalinthedirectorsfortnightdirectorsfortnighthehaswonlistofawardsandnominationsreceivedbyxavierdolanmanyawardsforhisfilmworkincludingthejuryprizecannesfilmfestivaljuryprizeatthecannesfilmfestivalformommyfilmmommyandthegrandprixcannesfilmfestivalgrandprixatthecannesfilmfestivalforitsonlytheendoftheworlditsonlytheendoftheworldearlylifedolanwasbornandraisedinmontrealquebeccanadaheisthesonofgenevivedolanaquebecoisteacherandmanueltadrosanegyptianborncoptsincanadacopticcanadianactorandsingerwithstrongtiestothequebecoisentertainmentindustrycareerearlyfilmsdolanattractedinternationalattentionwithhisdirectorialdebutikilledmymotherjaitumamrewhichhewrotedirectedproducedandstarredinattheageofusingfundsfromhisextensiveworkasachildactorhereportedlybeganwritingthescriptwhenhewasyearsoldrefnameradiocanadarefhesaidinaninterviewwithcanadiannewspaperlesoleilquebeclesoleilthatthefilmwaspartlyautobiographicalrefnamelesoleilrefthefilmwasatfirstfinancedsolelybydolanbutwhenneedformoremoneyaroseheaskedtelefilmcanadatelefilmandthesodecforsubsidieseachturnedhimdownfordifferentreasonssodecwhohadlovedtheprojectbutrefusedtofinanceitbecauseitwassubmittedtoatoocommercialdepartmentencourageddolantosubmititagaininmoreappropriateindiedepartmentwhichhedidindecembersodecgavehimasubsidyinallthefilmcostaroundcanadiandollarcaddolansaidthatthesystemtoacquirefundingisanobsoletefinancingmechanismthatholdsthecreativeassetsofquebechostageinxpxleftthefilmpremieredatthedirectorsfortnightprogramofthecannesfilmfestivalwhereitreceivedaneightminutestandingovationandwonthreeawardstheartcinemaawardthesacdprizeforscreenplayandtheprixregardsjeunesrefnamemailrefitalsowonalumiresawardlumireawardandfourjutraawardsincludingbestfilmbestscreenplayandmostsuccessfulfilmoutsidequbecbeatingoutdenisvilleneuvesfilmpolytechniquefilmpolytechniqueinwhatwasdeemedanupsetdolanlatersaidthatthefilmwasflawedandpeterbrunetteofthehollywoodreportercalleditasomewhatunevenfilmthatdemonstratesagreatdealoftalentbrunettealsocalledthefilmfunnyandaudaciouswhileallanhunterofscreeninternationalsaidthatitpossessedthestingofshrewdlyobservedtruthrefnamecanencrefthefilmreceivedtheclaudejutraawardnowknownasthecanadianscreenawardforbestfirstfeatureatthegenieawardsgeniesandthetorontofilmcriticsassociationawardeddolantheinauguraljayscottprizeforemergingtalentikilledmymotherwasnamedoneofcanadastoptenfeaturesoftheyearbythetorontointernationalfilmfestivaltiffandchosenascanadasofficialentryforbestforeignlanguagefi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placedinabitfieldreducingtheproblemtoencodingthehighbitswhichareintherangeoftothethreeoperandformplacesthelowregisternumbersinthelowinstructionbitsthehighbitsofeachregisternumberarecombinedinbaseintoanumberbetweenandusingabcandstoredintheremainingbitsthetwooperandformusestheunusedcombinationsinthebitfieldoperandaisnotusedandthebitfieldforitslowbitsisreassignedonebitisusedforanadditionalopcodebitandtheotherisusedasanadditionalcombinationregisterspecifierdoublingthenumberofavailablecombinationstoandallowingallcombinationsofbctoberepresentedthisisdoneinamannersimilartobiquinarycodeddecimalthecombinationmoduloisstoredinthebitfieldasbcnbspmodnbspandthebitquotientbcisstoredininstructionbitmarkedwithanasteriskinthetableaboveoneoperandinstructionsusethetenthcombinationvaluewithallbitssetandplacetheregisternumberintheavailablebitsonlyoperandcisspecifiedandthehighbitsarestoredinthebfieldfinallytheoneoperandencodingwitharegisternumberormorethebfieldcontainsbinaryisalsousedtoencodezerooperandinstructionsthetwoloworderbitsofthecfieldareavailableforadditionalopcodebitsbringingthetotaltoafewinstructionsusetheregistercfieldvalueasasmallimmediateconstantoruseittoselectoneofconvenientbitshiftconstantsorlessfrequentlyusedinstructionsareencodedinbitsbitinstructionsalloworbitimmediateoperandssuchasfarbranchesuptosixregisteroperandsforexamplelongmultiplywhichhasfoursourceandtwodestinationoperandsandadditionalopcodespaceforrarelyusedinstructionsonebitimmediateopcodepfixopcodeisusedtoaddanadditionalbitstotheorbitimmediateinthefollowinginstructiononethreeoperandopcodeeopropcodeisreservedforanadditionaloperandsprefixitsoperandsareusedalongwiththoseofthefollowinginstructionwordtoproduceadditionalbitinstructionswithuptosixoperandsthisisalsousedforrarelyusedthreeandtwooperandinstructionsinsuchcasestheeoprspecifiesallthreeortwooperandsandthefollowinginstructionwordisazerooperandinstructioninthetwooperandcasetheextraopcodebitintheleadingeoprisusedprogrammingmodelsequentialprogrammingmodeleachthreadhasaccesstogeneralpurposeregistersrrinadditiontherearespecialpurposeregistersthesplrlinkregisterstoresthereturnaddresscpconstantpoolpointstoapartofmemorythatstoresconstantsanddpdatapoolpointstoglobalvariablesinadditiontothosethereareanotherregistersthatstorethepckernelpcexceptiontypeexceptiondataandsavedcopiesofallthoseincaseofanexceptionorinterruptrefcitewebtitlexmosxsarchitectureformatpdfurlxmoscompublishedxmosxsarchitectureauthordavidmaypublisherxmosfreeregistrationrequiredreftheinstructionsetisaloadstorearchitectureloadstoreinstructionsetalmostallinstructionsexecuteinasinglecycleifaninstructiondoesnotneeddatafrommemoryforexamplearithmeticoperationstheinstructionwillprefetchawordofinstructionsbecausemostinstructionsareencodedinbitsandbecausemostinstructionsarenotloadsorstoresatypicalnumberisloadsampstoresotherinstructionsrefcitebookauthorjurijilcauthorborutrobiauthortheoungereryeartitleprocessorarchitecturepublisherspringerisbnreftheinstructionprefetchprefetchmechanismcanstayaheadoftheinstructionsstreamthisactslikeaverysmallinstructioncachebutitsbehaviourcanbepredictedatcompiletimemakingtimingbehaviouraspredictableasfunctionalbehaviourinstructionsthataccessmemoryalluseabaseregisterspdpcppcoranygeneralpurposeregisterinasinglebitinstructionathreadcanaccessuptowordsrelativetothestackpointerreadorwritewordaccessonlyuptowordsrelativetothedatapointerreadorwritewordaccessonlyuptowordsrelativetotheconstantpointerreadonlywordaccessonlyuptowordsrelativetoanygeneralpurposeregisterreadandwritewordaccessonlyanindexedwordusinganytwogeneralpurposeregistersanindexedbitquantityusinganytwogeneralpurposeregistersanindexedbyteusinganytwogeneralpurposeregisterslargersectionsofmemorycanbeaccessedbymeansofextendedinstructionswhichextendtheaboverangestokbytesthisschemeisdesignedinordertodenselyencodethecommoncasesfoundinmanyprogrammingpatternsaccesstosmallstackframesasmallsetofglobalsandconstantsstructuresandarraysaccesstobitfieldsthathaveanoddlengthisfacilitatedbymeansofsignandzeroextendinstructionsallcommonarithmeticinstructionsareprovidedincludingadivideandremainderwhicharetheonlyinstructionsthatarenotsinglecyclecomparisoninstructionscomputeatruthvalueorintoaregisteravoidingtheuseofflagsmanyinstructionshaveanimmediateversionthatallowsasingleoperandwithavalueofbetweenandinclusiveencodingmanycommoncasessuchasiiinthecaseofbitoperationssuchasshifttheimmediatevalueencodescommoncasesextrainstructionsareprovidedforreversingbitsandbytescountleadingzerosdigitalsignalprocessingandlongintegerarithmeticthebranchinstructionsincludeconditionalandunconditionalrelativebranchesabranchusingtheaddressinaregisterisprovidedarelativebranchwhichaddsascaledregisteroperandtotheprogramcounterisprovidedtosupportjumptablesbranchestouptoinstructionsdistanceareencodedinasinglewordtheprocedurecallinginstructionsincluderelativecallscallsviatheconstantpoolindexedcallsviaadedicatedregisterandcallsviaaregistermostcallswithinasingleprogrammodulecanbeencodedinasingleinstructionintermodulecallingrequiresatmosttwoinstructionsitisuptothecalleetosavethelinkregisterifitisnotaleaffunctionasingleinstructionextendsthestackandsavesthelinkregisterdualissuemodeavailableonxsenablesoneshortloadstoreorbrancginstructiontobepairedwithoneshortresourceinstructionshortarithmeticinstructionscanbepairedwithanyinstructionthisenablesinnerloopsthatforexampletransferdatafrommemorytoiotobehalvedinlengthbyissuingtheloadinstructiontogetherwiththeaddinstructionandthechangetothecountertogetherwiththebranchinstructionparallelprogrammingmodelthexsinstructionsetisdesignedtosupportbothmultithreadingandmulticorecomputationstothisextentitsupportschannelcommunicationtosupportdistributedmemorycomputationsandbarriersandlockstosupportsharedmemorycomputationsathreadinitiatesexecutionononeormorenewlyallocatedthreadsbysettingtheirinitialregistervaluescommunicationbetweenthreadsisperformedusingchannelsthatprovidefullduplexdatatransferbetweenchannelendsthisenablesamongstotherstheimplementationofcommunicatingsequentialprocessescspbasedlanguageslanguagesbasedonthepicalculustheinstructionsetisagnosticastowhereachannelisconnectedtowhetherthatisinsideacoreoroutsidethecorechannelscarrymessagesconstructedfromdataandcontroltokensbetweenthetwochannelendsthecontroltokenscanbeusedtoencodecommunicationprotocolschannelendshaveabufferabletoholdsufficienttokenstoallowatleastonewordtobebufferedifanoutputinstructionisexecutedwhenthechannelistoofulltotakethedatathenthethreadwhichexecutedtheinstructionispauseditisrestartedwhenthereisenoughroominthechannelfortheinstructiontosuccessfullycompletelikewisewhenaninputinstructionisexecutedandthereisnotenoughdataavailablethenthethreadispausedandwillberestartedwhenenoughdatabecomesavailableathreadcanwithasingleinstructionsynchronisewithagroupofthreadsusingabarriersynchronisationalternativelyathreadcansynchroniseusingalockprovidingmutualexclusioninordertocommunicatedatawhenusingbarriersandlocksthreadscaneitherwritedataintotheregistersofanotherthreadortheycanaccessmemoryofanotherthreadprovidedboththreadsexecuteonthesamecoreifsharedmemoryisusedthenthecompilerortheprogrammermustensurethattherearenoraceconditionsthexsarchitecturehasaprioritymodethatenablesthreadstoruninhighprioritylowprioritythreadsareguaranteedprogressbuthighprioritythreadsareguaranteedathreadcyclewhentheyarereadytoexecuteioandtiminginstructionsthexsarchitectureiseventdrivenithasaninstructionthatcandispatchanexternaleventcomputingeventsinadditiontotraditionalinterruptsiftheprogramchoosestouseeventsthentheunderlyingprocessorhastoexpectaneventandwaitinaspecificplacesothatitcanbehandledsynchronouslyifdesirediocanbehandledasynchronouslyusinginterruptseventsandinterruptscanbeusedonanyresourcethattheimplementationsupportscommonresourcesthataresupportedareportsforexternalinputandoutputtimersthatallowtimingtoareferenceclockchannelsthatallowcommunicationandsynchronizationbetweenthreadswithinacoreandthreadsondifferentcoreslockswhichallowcontrolledaccesstosharedmemoryandsynchronizerswhichimplementbarriersynchronizationsbetweenthreadsreferencesexternallinksxmoscomxmoswebsitefreeregistrationrequiredtoaccessdocumentsetcmingorainfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexiajiangcountynativenamenativenamelangzhsettlementtypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountyimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinapushpinlabelxiajiangpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinjiangxicoordinatescoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamejiangxisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamejiansubdivisiontypesubdivisionnameestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameareafootnotesareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareawaterpercentareanoteelevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxiajiangcountyisacountyofjiangxiprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinaitisunderthejurisdictionoftheprefecturelevelcityofjiandemographicsthepopulationofthedistrictwasinnotesandreferencesseealsoexternallinksxiajianggovcngovernmentsiteinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexingancountynativenamenativenamelangzhsettlementtypecountiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountyimageskylinexinganstationjpgimagealtimagecaptionxinganrailwaystationimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemaplocationofxingansvgmapaltmapcaptionthelocationofxinganinjianandjiangxipushpinmapchinapushpinlabelxinganpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinjiangxicoordinatescoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamejiangxisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamejianestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatjinchuantowngovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricareafootnotesareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareawaterpercentareanoteelevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonetimeinchinachinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocoderegistrationplatedwebsitefootnotesxingancountyisanadministrativedistrictoftheprovincesofchinaprovinceofjiangxipeoplesrepublicofchinaitisunderthejurisdictionoftheprefecturelevelcityofjianitlocatesinthenortheastofjianwithatotalareaofsquarekilometersitspopulationwasatthecensushistoryxingancountywassetupinyearbceitisoneoftheancientcountiesinjiangxiprovinceinthechinesecharacternamewaschangedfromtoadministrationxinganhasjurisdictionovertownstownshipsandstaterunfarmorforestryareastheseatofthecountylocatesatthejinchuantowndemographicsthepopulationofthecountywasinatthecensusthepopulationwasplacesofinterestsdayangzhousitenotesandreferencesreflistrefsrefnamecitypoprefxwindowsystemlistofxmentvseriesepisodeskenichithemightiestdisciplekryukovthirteenthvancliburninternationalpianocompetitionrogovxaviercortsrochaisamexicomexicanarchitectandurbanplannerhewasalsorectoroftheuniversidadnacionalautnomademxicounamforashorttimehewasbornintampicobiographycortsgraduatedinarchitectureandlaterinurbanplanningattheescuelanacionaldearquitecturaoftheunamhecontinuedhisstudiesinlistofcollegesanduniversitiesinfranceparisafterhetaughtattheunaminhebecamesecretarygeneraloftheunamandwasinterimsunampresidentfromtoofnovemberfromtohewasdirectorofsitiosymonumentosdelpatrimonioculturaloftheconacultaaswellaspresidentoftheacademianacionaldearquitectosheisemeritusprofessorofthecollegeofarchitectureoftheunamexternallinksiaiwebiaispkberlindedbsetttlmatnomattclkikttrmcorteesrochaxavierxaviercortsrochaintheiberoamericaninstituteacataloguexaviercortsrochaxaviercortsrochaxaviercortsrochaxuyanginfoboxfootballbiographynamexuyangbrimagefullnamexuyangbirthdatebirthplaceshenyangliaoningchinaheightpositionmidfielderfootballmidfieldercurrentclubclubnumberyouthyearsyouthclubsbayifootballteamyearsyearsyearsyearsyearsclubsbayifootballteamclubsbeijingguoanclubsshenzhenrubyfcshenzhenpinganloanclubsshandonglunengclubsbayifootballteamcapsgoalscapsgoalscapsgoalscapsgoalscapsgoalstotalcapstotalgoalsnationalyearsnationalteamchinanationalfootballteamchinanationalcapsnationalgoalspcupdatejuneutcntupdatejuneutcxuyangbornjunewasaformerchinachineseinternationalassociationfootballfootballwhoplayedasamidfielderfootballmidfielderafterhisretirementasaplayerheworkedasafootballcoachforbeijingbaxybeforehebecameafootballpunditexpertpunditforcctvcctvsportschannelbiographyclubcareerfollowinginthefootstepsofhisfatherxuyangwouldbeginhisfootballcareerwhenhejoinedthebayiyouthteamattheageoftwelveandshowedaruthlesselegancewithinmidfieldasastrongandincreasinglyconfidentyoungplayerhellbreakintotheseniorteaminandstartoutasarightmidfielderwhilehestayedwiththeclubforseveralfurtherseasonsandevenhelpedtheteamfinishthirdduringtheleagueseasonhefeltthathisplayingtimewaslimitedandthatitwasbetterforhimtodevelopsomewhereelseondecemberheaskedforatransferrequestandwouldtransfertobeijingguoanatthebeginningoftheleagueseasonhoweverinjuryinhisdebutseasonsawhistimelimitedwhenshenxiangfubecameheadcoachofbeijingxuyangfinallyshowedhispotentialasacreativemidfielderandwasquicklycalleduptothechinesenationalteamatthebeginningoftheleagueseasonxuyangwasatthepeakofhiscareerandhewasexpectedtomovetochongqinglifanbeforeshandonglunenghijackedhimforchineseyuanyuanhismoveturnedouttobeadisappointmentandxuyangtriedtogetamoveawayfromtheteamwithareturntobayifootballteambeinghispreferreddestinationduetohisattemptsatamoveawayshandongheldhimtohiscontractandxuyangdecidedtoretirefromfootballbeforeheturnedthirtyinternationalcareerxuyangmadehisinternationalseniordebutinafriendlyagainstyugoslavianationalfootballteamyugoslaviaonmarchwherehecameonasasubstituteforliweifenginadefeatdespitethisdefeatthechineseheadcoachboramilutinovikeptonplayinghiminseveralfurtherfriendliesinpreparationfortheafcasiancupandwouldevenincludehiminthesquadthatwenttothetournamentduringthecompetitionmilutinovipreferredlitieinmidfieldbecauseofhisbetterstrengthanddefendingandxuonlygotachancetoplayinonegamethroughoutthecompetitionagainstkorearepublicnationalfootballteamkorearepublicinthethirdplaceplayoffgamewherechinalostreferencesexternallinksblogsinacomcnxuyangblogxuyangsblogatsinacomteamchinafreehostiacomenplayerphpidxuyangchinesestatsatteamchinacsldatasportssohucomplayerphpregnummpplayerstatsatsohucominfoboxmedicalconditionnewsynonymsspinalmuscularatrophywitharthrogryposisnamexlinkedspinalmuscularatrophytypeimagexlinkedrecessivesvgcaptionthisconditionisinheritedinanxlinkedrecessivemannerpronouncefieldsymptomscomplicationsonsetdurationtypesc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bdivisiontypesubdivisionnamepoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitlemunicipalpresidentleadernamecarlosgonzlezgonzlezleadertitleforplaceswithsaybothamayorandacitymanagerleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateareaareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmallfieldsdealingwithameasurementsaresubjecttoautomaticunitconversionarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonautomaticunitconversionareawaterkmareatotalsqmiarealandsqmiareawatersqmiareawaterpercentareaurbankmareaurbansqmiareametrokmareametrosqmiareablanktitleareablankkmareablanksqmipopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmpopulationdensitymetrosqmipopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmpopulationdensityurbansqmipopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationdensityblankkmpopulationdensityblanksqmigeneralinformationtimezonenorthamericancentraltimezonecentralstandardtimeutcoffsettimezonedstnorthamericancentraltimezonecentraldaylighttimeutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmelevationftareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfoblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxonacatlninfullxonacatlndevicencioisatownandmunicipalitiesofmexicostatemunicipalityinmexicostatemexicostateinmexicothemunicipalitycoversanareaofnbspkmasofthemunicipalityhadatotalpopulationofsanfranciscoxonacatlncoloniasanfranciscoxonacatlndevicencioislocatedinthemunicipalityofxonacatlnrefcitewebtitlecoloniasanfranciscoxonacatlndevicencioxonacatlnestadomxicoworkvivemxaccessdateurlvivemxcomcolsanfranciscoxonacatlanhtmrefetymologyaccordingtotheenciclopediadelosmunicipiosdemxicopublishedbythemexicangovernmentthenamexonacatlnisnahuatllanguagenahuatlinoriginandmeansamongtheonionsonioninnahuatlisxonacatlrefnameemmarchiveisinafedgobmxworktemplatesenciclomexicompiosahtmenciclopediadelosmunicipiosdemxicoxonacatlnrefhistorythedateofthetownsfoundationisnothistoricallyrecordedhoweveritwasconqueredinbyaxaycatlduringtheconquestofthevalleyoftolucamexicotolucathetownfelltotheinvadingspanishforcesintheindependenceofmexicoincontributedtothetownsprosperitythetownwasoriginallyassignedtopartofanothermunicipalitybutcelsovicenciohernndezadvocatedforitsmunicipalstatusinthestateofmexicoslegislatureultimatelysuccessfullyandmunicipalstatuswasconferredonoctoberafterwardpoliticalpowerwasheldbyafewdominatedbythevicenciofamilyuponcelsovicenciosdeathonfebruarythecitygovernmentproclaimedtherenamingofthetowntoxonacatlndevicenciothecityhallwasbuiltfromtoreferencesthebignightbatheimagexenophilusnurembergchroniclejpgrightthumbxenophilusdepictedasamedievalscholarinthenurembergchroniclexenophilusthcenturybcofchalcidicewasapythagoreanismpythagoreanphilosopherandmusicianwholivedinthefirsthalfofthethcenturybcaulusgelliusrelatesthatxenophiluswastheintimatefriendandteacherofaristoxenusandimpliesthatxenophilustaughthimpythagoreandoctrinehewassaidtohavebelongedtothelastgenerationofpythagoreansandheistheonlypythagoreanknowntohavelivedinathensinthethcenturybcrefnamehahmdavidehahmtheoriginsofstoiccosmologypageohiostateuniversitypressrefwelearnfromdiogeneslartiusthataristoxenuswrotethatwhenxenophiluswasonceaskedbysomeonehowhecouldbesteducatehissonxenophilusrepliedbymakinghimthecitizenofawellgovernedstateaccordingtopseudolucianaristoxenusissupposedtohavesaidthatxenophiluslivedyearsxenophilusenjoyedconsiderablefameintherenaissanceapparentlybecauseofplinytheelderplinysclaimthathelivedyearswithouteverbeingsicknotessandaraparknathanrosenborispodolskygimyusingimyusinuchiclansuprovincesuperjuniorsuperjuniormoldovansxinjiangmultipleissuesinfoboxcompanynamexencoffeelogoxenlogorefreshingmomentpngpnglogosizepxtypecoffeehousefoundationfounderlocationcitylocationcountrylocationhongkonglocationsareaservedkeypeopleindustryrestaurantsbrretailcoffeeandteabrretailretailbeveragesproductscoffeeteasmoothieschocolatedrinkspaninosandwichpaninisandwicheshealthylunchfairtradeproductsownernumemployeescaptionqualityhealthyecofriendlyfairhomepagexencoffeecomfootnotesintlxencoffeeisanindependentsiphoncoffeebarinhongkongxencoffeesfirstcoffeeshopwasinquarrybayxencoffeeserveshighlyselectivecoffeevarietiesfromafricaindonesiacentralandsouthamericasxencoffeewasawardedbestfairtradecafeinhongkongforitseffortasapioneerinpromotingfairtradeproductslikechocolatefromghanaorganiccoffeefromethiopianyirgacheffeandtherainforestofguatemalainhongkongtimeoutcompanytimeoutmagazinehongkongeditionhasselectedxencoffeeasoneofhongkongsbestcoffeespotsxencoffeehasalsobeencoveredinmycoffeeguidewrittenbymoseschanacoffeegeekandcelebrityinhongkonghelenchowtheheadsiphonistofxencoffeewasawardedthetitleofworldsiphonistbythespecialtycoffeeassociationofjapanscajtohonorherachievementassecondru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hideuforthechinauchampionscupandtheteamwonthechampionshipafterthetournamenthereturnedtohongkongsidecitizenagainwithwangxuanhongcitizenxudeshuaimadehisdebutinhongkonginthehongkongfirstdivisionleagueseasonhisfirstdomesticleaguematchwasonoctoberagainstkitcheesckitcheeheexpresseddisappointmentaboutalwaysbeingusedasasubstitutehewentbacktodalianoverthesummerwherehemadefiveappearancesinthehongkongfirstdivisionleagueseasonxudeshuaiestablishedhimselfasaregularfirstteamplayermakingappearancesinleaguematcheshehelpedcitizentowinthehongkongfacuphongkongfacupduringwhichheappearedineverygamethiswasthefirsttopleveldomesticcupwonbycitizensincetheclubsfoundinginthisearnedhimanofficialtransfertocitizeninsummerxudeshuaiwasappointedasoneofthecaptainassociationfootballvicecaptainvicecaptainsofcitizeninhestartedtwomatchesascaptaininthehongkongfirstdivisionleagueseasonhefinishedtheseasonwithgoalsinmatcheshewasnamedlistofhongkongtopfootballershongkongtopfootballersoftheyeardespitemanytransferrumoursregardingxudeshuaiinwintercitizenfootballdepartmentdirectorpuihowangsaidthatxudeshuaiisanotforsaleitemattheclubinahongkongseniorchallengeshieldseniorshieldmatchonboxingdayinxudeshuaiandfungkaihongverballyabusedtherefereegarywongpoonafteracontroversialdecisionxudeshuaireturnedintheleaguematchagainstsunheiscsunheionmarchcomingonasasubstituteatthethminuteforcitizenteammatewongyiufuandscoredagoalduringsecondhalfinjurytimexudeshuainamedlistofhongkongtopfootballershongkongtopfootballersoftheyearagainafterseasonintheceremonychairmanofsouthchinaaasouthchinastevenlosaidxudeshuaibecameamemberofhisteamintheseasonrefnamescaatakungpaocomhknewswfhtmtakungpaojunerefsouthchinaonseptemberxudeshuaisignedwithsouthchinaaasouthchinaonjunesincehebelievesitissuitabletimeforhimtostartanewcareerinabigclublikedsouthchinaatyearsofagehisfirstofficialmatchforsouthchinawasahongkongfirstdivisionleagueweekleaguematchonseptembertheleaguematchagainstsunheiscsunheionseptemberisthethofficialmatchofxudeshuaiscareerinthematchhetookacornerkickwhichwasconvertedintothefirstgoalbychansiukiaftertheasiangamesxudeshuaireturnedtotheclubbutheplayedinanewrolemidfielderdeeplyingplaymakerdeeplyingplaymakertosparetherightwingerpositionforleewailimintheleaguematchagainstkitcheesckitcheeondecemberxudeshuaiwassentoffforachallengeonjorditarrsfootballerjorditarrsxudeshuaiwasblamedbythefansafterthematchhongkongseniorchallengeshieldsemifinalmatchesheldatchristmasinandoneoftwoisthefirstgameofxudeshuaiaftersuspensionhewasthestartingplayeroftheteaminthesemifinalmatchagainstsunheiinahongkongleaguecupleaguecupquarterfinalmatchonjanuaryxuscoredattheminutebyapassfromlaunimyatunluckilyxuwasinjuredandsubstitutedattheminutesohemissedhongkongseniorchallengeshieldfinalthefinalofseniorchallengeshieldfurthermoresouthchinalostthefinalbypenaltyshootoutassociationfootballpenaltyshootouttohisformerclubcitizentwomonthslaterxumadehisleaguedebutafterinjuryonmarchinadefeattoformerclubcitizenbutsouthchinalostthederbybygoalsonaprileventhoughxudeshuaicameonthefieldattheminutesouthchinahaswonhongkongleaguecupleaguecupandhongkongfacupfacupintheseasonbutfailedinafccupqualifyingxudeshuaiplayedoverminutesinleaguematchlessthanlastseasonincitizenandscoredgoalsnewcoachjnkocianappointedxudeshuaiasamidfielderboxtoboxmidfielderboxtoboxmidfielderandplayedasoneofplaymakerswithcaptainlihaiqiangbuthecouldnothaveagoodperformanceafteradownturnofsouthchinaxureturnedtoplayasarightwingerandhescoredinthehongkongseniorchallengeshieldshieldmatchwhichdefeatedshamshuiposashamshuipoironicallyxuhadamistakewhichcausefongpaklunscoredattheminuteinthisgameinaleaguegameagainsttaipofcwofootaipoondecemberxudeshuaiscoredbyanassistmadebychansiukiandmadeanassistforchansiukiitledsouthchinatowinthegamebygoalsinlunarnewyearsouthchinaheldafriendlyfourteammidseasontournamentchinesenewyearasianchallengecupandxuplayedbothsemifinalandthirdplacematchintheeventhoweversouthchinagotthefourthplaceinfollowingdaysoftheseasonsouthchinawaseliminatedinhongkongleaguecupandhongkongfacupalsobykitcheescforthehongkongfirstdivisionleaguexufinishedhissecondseasonwithsouthchinaasrdplaceintheleagueandfailedinafccupqualifyingagainastheresultxuleftfromsouthchinaaftertheseasonpegasustswpegasusreformedafterseasonandrenamedassunpegasusxuhadagreedtermswiththepegasusforhistransferandthecoachchanchihongclaimedthatxuwouldbealeaderoftheteameventhoughheisjustayoungplayerintheteamxuhadmoreopportunitiesinhishabitualpositiontherightmidfieldsohisperformancebecamebettermuchrefnametpnewssinacomhknewshtmlmingpaoaprilrefhoweverpegasusrankedthethintheleaguetableofthehongkongfirstdivisionleaguefirstdivisionafterweekthemidoftheseasonxuscoredtheequaliserinaleaguematchagainstsoutherndistrictrsasoutherndistrictonjanuaryandearnedavaluablepointintheirracetoonceagainescapefromfirstdivisionleaguerelegationpegasusmadeconsecutivegamesundefeatedafterthismatchbeforethenewterritorieslocalderbyderbyinhongkongfacupfacupagainsttaipofcwofootaiposomemediainhongkongbelievexuwaouldbethepegasusskeytowinningthematchasexpectedxuscoredtheonlygoalinthethminuteofthestlegfacupmatchpegasusfinallybeattaipoandadvancedtothefinalofthefacupkitcheexudeshuaijoinedkitcheesckitcheefromfellowfirstdivisionclubsunpegasusfcsunpegasusforanundisclosedfeeonmaysincekitcheequalifiedforafccupafccupknockoutstagequarterfinalsquarterfinalsandtheteamwouldstrengthentheirsquadwithlocalplayerinternationalcareerchinaujiaxiuquanwasappointedasheadcoachofchinanationalyouthfootballteamforpreparingolympicgamesandhestartedhisplanningafterfifaworldyouthchampionshipheselectedxudeshuaifortrainingsectionforafournationminitournamentgrandroyalchallengecupgrandroyalchallengecupinburmainxudeshuaiwascalledupbythechinanationalunderfootballteambetweenandaprilinforafournationminitournamentthtorneiointernationaldoportoinportugalhescoredagoalinthematchagainstportugalnationalunderfootballteamportugalrefnamechnunewspublishsinacomhksinacnhtmlsinacomsinaaprilrefhealsowascalleduptochinasusquadforthegameagainstjapannationalunderfootballteamjapansunationalteamonaprilbuthedidnotenterthematchasofnovemberclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstylefontsizetextalignleftaligncentercolspanchinauappearancesandgoalsbgcolorccccccaligncenterdatevenueopponentresultscoredcompetitioncolspanaprilestdiodorioaveviladocondeportugalaligncenteraligncenterthtorneiointernationaldoportoaprilcomplexodesportivodeazevidorebordosaportugalaligncenteraligncenterthtorneiointernationaldoportoaprilestdiodoleafcleadapalmeiraportugalaligncenteraligncenterthtorneiointernationaldoportohongkongorangeinfriendlyhongkongagainstindianationalfootballteamindiainalthoughxudeshuaiwasborninmainlandchinaheplayedinhongkongcontinuouslyfortwoyearsheiseligibleforthehongkongnationalfootballteamhewasselectedbygoranpaulianddejanantoniforthehongkongteamattheendoftoprepareforafcasiancupqualificationhisfirstgamewasafriendlyagainstmacaunationalfootballteammacauwherehongkongachievedawinrefnamemauhkfacomincludesfilesboarddetailsphpnewsidhongkongfootballassociationnovemberrefhestarredintheguangdonghongkongcupscoringhisfirstgoalforhongkongbyadirectfreekicktohelphongkongsecureavictoryathomeandaaggregatewinovertheguangdongrepresentativeteamxudeshuaimissedtheeastasianfootballchampionshipsemifinalcompetitioneastasianfootballchampionshipsemifinalcompetitionbecausenewhongkongheadcoachkimpangonmanagerofsouthchinaaasouthchinaselectedonlysouthchinaplayersatthehongkongfootballassociationsinvitationthisarouseddiscontentbyhongkongsupportersbutdidnotresultinanychangeinthecompositionofthesquadkimpangonselectedxudeshuaifortwoafcasiancupqualifyingmatchesagainstjapannationalfootballteamjapaninoctoberandnovemberhoweverhedidnotappearineithermatchandhongkonglostbygoalstozerointhesetwomatchesinjanuaryhemissedtheafcasiancupqualifyingmatchesagainduetohispeoplesrepublicofchinapassportchinesepassportrequiringavisatoenterbahrainimmigrationxudeshuaiwasselectedbyyanlikkinfortheguangdonghongkongcupxudeshuaiscornerkickassistedjuliusakosahtoscorethefirstgoalinthefirstleghongkongwonthefirstleginthesecondleghongkongexperienceddifficultywithxudeshuaimissingthematchduetoillnessandakosahbeingsentoffwitharedcardduringthematchhongkongsubsequentlylostthematchxuwasalsoamemberofthehongkongsquadfortheeastasianfootballchampionshipfinalcompetitioneastasianfootballchampionshipfinalcompetitionbecauseofhisperformanceinthefootballattheeastasiangameseastasiangamesneverthelessxudeshuaididntstartinthefirstgameagainstkorearepublicnationalfootballteamsouthkoreaandcameontothefieldonthethminuteafterhongkonghadalreadygivenupfourgoalsheplayedinthestartinglineupinthesecondgameagainstjapanxudeshuaihitadangerouslookingdirectfreekickcaughtbyseigonarazakiinsecondhalfhongkongalsolostbygoalshewastedascoringopportunityduringfirsthalfofthegameagainstchinaprnationalfootballteamchinahongkongteamhadreconditionbeforehongkongfirstdivisionleagueseasonandhongkongcoachtsangwaichungselectedxudeshuaiforthetrainingsessionhemissedfriendlyagainstindianationalfootballteamindiasincewasselectedforlongtengcupinkaohsiungtaiwanhongkongfootballassociationenteredthehongkongteaminthelongtengcuporganisedbychinesetaipeifootballassociationtopreparefortheasiangamesxudeshauiwasselectedforasamemberofthesquadthefirstmatchforhongkongwasagainstphilippinesnationalfootballteambutheavyraincausedthegametobeabandonedxudeshuaiscoredthesecondgoalofthematchintherematchplayedonoctoberhescoredagoalagaininthenextgameagainstmacaunationalfootballteamonoctoberhealsoplayedinthelastmatchofthetournamentandhongkongdrewwithchinesetaipeinationalfootballteamhongkongbecamethefirstwinnersofthelongtengcupattheendoftheseasonxuwasrecalledforthefriendlyagainstmalaysiainsiusaiwansportsgroundbuthelefttheteamduetoinjuryafterayearleavexuwentbacktohongkongteamforguangdonghongkongcuphewasastartupplayerinthestleggameondecemberbuthewastightlymarkedbycantoneseanddidnotmakeanyscoreandassistcaretakercoachliuchunfailetfastspeedjaimesmckeetaketheplaceofxuinthendleginthematchanythingdidnotbechangedandhongkongstilldrewwithguangdongrepresentativeteamguangdongteamxuwascomeoffbeachatminuteandhongkongwonbypenaltyshootoutassociationfootballpenaltyshootouthavingsteppeddownassouthchinaplayerinthisseasonxuwasdroppedcompletelyfromthehongkongnationalteamselectedbynewcoacherniemerrickmerrickclaimedthathewaslookingtogoinadifferentdirectionwiththeteamalthoughmerrickeventuallyoptedtoemploystrikerjaimesmckeeintherightsideonmarchkimpangonannouncedthatxuwouldberecalledtothehongkongsquadfortheafcasiancupqualificationagainstvietnamnationalfootballteamvietnaminthematchxuwassenttothepatchinthethminutehemadesomecrosspassesandlongrangeshootsduringthegamebutdidnotcreateanychangeandhongkongwonthevietnamteambyonegoalinthehongkongteamtrainingsessionbeforefriendlymatchagainstphilippinesnationalfootballteamphilippinesteamonjunekimpangonexplaintheweddingofxuisreasonthatxuwasnotinthesquadandhewouldbeanimportantmemberofhongkongteaminasiancupqualificationrefnameweddingpapertakungpaocomresfilebbpdftaikungpojunerefasofmarchclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstylefontsizetextalignleftaligncentercolspanhongkongappearancesandgoalsbgcolorccccccaligncenterdatevenueopponentresultscoredcompetitioncolspannovembermacauuststadiummacaualigncenteraligncenterfriendlymatchfriendlystylebackgroundcolorcffjanuaryyuexiushanstadiumguangzhouchinaguangdongrepresentativeteamguangdongaligncenteraligncenterguangdonghongkongcupstylebackgroundcolorcffjanuarymongkokstadiumhongkongguangdongrepresentativeteamguangdongaligncenteraligncenterguangdonghongkongcupjanuaryhongkongstadiumhongkongaligncenteraligncenterfriendlymatchfriendlyjanuaryhongkongstadiumhongkongaligncenteraligncenterafcasiancupqualificationjanuaryalimuhesenstadiumsanaayemenaligncenteraligncenterafcasiancupqualificationcolspanstylebackgroundcolorcffdecembersiusaiwansportsgroundhongkongguangdongrepresentativeteamguangdongaligncenteraligncenterguangdonghongkongcupstylebackgroundcolorcffjanuaryzhaoqingsportscenterzhaoqingchinaguangdongrepresentativeteamguangdongaligncenteraligncenterguangdonghongkongcupfebruaryolympicstadiumtokyoolympicstadiumtokyojapanaligncenteraligncentereastasianfootballchampionshipfebruaryolympicstadiumtokyoolympicstadiumtokyojapanaligncenteraligncentereastasianfootballchampionshipfebruaryolympicstadiumtokyoolympicstadiumtokyojapanaligncenteraligncentereastasianfootballchampionshipmarchhongkongstadiumhongkongaligncenteraligncenterafcasiancupqualificationcolspanoctoberkaohsiungnationalstadiumkaohsiungtaiwanaligncenteraligncenterlongtengcupoctoberkaohsiungnationalstadiumkaohsiungtaiwanaligncenteraligncenterlongtengcupoctoberkaohsiungnationalstadiumkaohsiungtaiwanaligncenteraligncenterlongtengcupcolspanstylebackgroundcolorcffdecemberhongkongstadiumhongkongguangdongrepresentativeteamguangdongaligncenteraligncenterguangdonghongkongcupstylebackgroundcolorcffjanuaryhuizhouolympicstadiumhuizhouchinaguangdongrepresentativeteamguangdongaligncenterpenaltyshootoutfootballpsoaligncenterguangdonghongkongcupcolspanmarchmongkokstadiummongkokhongkongaligncenteraligncenterafcasiancupqualificationcolspanaligncentercolspandataoftwomatchesaremissingbronseptemberbronseptemberbroctobermongkokstadiummongkokhongkongaligncenteraligncenterfriendlymatchfriendlynovembertaipeimunicipalstadiumtaipeitaiwanaligncenteraligncentereaffeastasiancuppreliminaryroundeaffeastasiancuppreliminarynovembertaipeimunicipalstadiumtaipeitaiwanaligncenteraligncentereaffeastasiancuppreliminaryroundeaffeastasiancuppreliminarynovembertaipeimunicipalstadiumtaipeitaiwanaligncenteraligncentereaffeastasiancuppreliminaryroundeaffeastasiancuppreliminarystylebackgroundcolorcffdecemberhuizhouolympicstadiumhuizhouchinaguangdongrepresentativeteamguangdongaligncenteraligncenterguangdonghongkongcupstylebackgroundcolorcffjanuarymongkokstadiummongkokhongkongguangdongrepresentativeteamguangdongaligncenteraligncenterguangdonghongkongcuphongkongueastasiangamesinthegoldmedalmatchofthefootballtournamentattheeastasiangamessincexudeshuaiwasyearsoldinhongkongnationalunderfootballteamhongkongeastasiangamesfootballteamcoachkimpangonselectedhimforthefootballattheeastasiangameseastasiangamesondecemberhescoredagoaltocapahistoricvictoryoverkorearepublicnationalfootballteamkorearepublichehadawonderfulperformanceinthesemifinalmatchagainstkoreadprnationalfootballteamkoreadprondecemberinthefinalxudeshuaimadeanassistforchansiukitoscoreinthesecondhalfthegoalgavetheteamadrawandsubsequentlyhongkongdefeatedjapannationalunderfootballteamjapaninapenaltyshootoutassociationfootballpenaltyshootoutasiangamesinseptemberhongkongnationalunderfootballteamhongkongasiangamesfootballteamwasformedbytsangwaichungforasiangamesxudeshuaiwasoneofthemembersoflastplayersfortheasiangamesheplayedalltheminutesinthefirstgameofthetournamentdrewwithunitedarabemiratesnationalunderfootballteamunitedarabemiratesonnovemberinthesecondgamewonuzbekistannationalunderfootballteamuzbekistanonnovemberxudeshuaihadhighsetnumberofshootsofthehongkongandmadethecornerbeforewinninggoalhemadeanassistforauyeungyiuchunginfirsthalfofthelastgroupstagematchagainstbangladeshnationalunderfootballteambanglades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sercampaignofcluesandhintsduringthemonthpriortoitsreleaseonmarchtheclueswerehiddeninthemenupadandvideosinthecentralmeetingpointthegamelastedatotalofweeksfromitsreleasexiandallofthecorrespondingspaceswereexclusivetotheeuropeanandnorthamericanversionsofplaystationhomethoughtherewerealsowebsitesvideosprintedmediaandliveeventswhichwereaccessibletoanyoneinseptemberitwasreportedthatthenumberofvisitstothexispacesincludingtheonesafterxiscompletionhadexceededmillionvisitsasequelxicontinuumwasreleasedindecemberhistoryearlyhistoryxistartedattheedinburghinteractivefestivalacoupleofyearsagofromsayspatrickoluanaighthefounderofndreamsisawatalkfrompeteedwardswhorunshomeforsonycomputerentertainmenteuropesonyhomeseemedreallyexcitingandithoughtitwouldbereallycooltohaveanargsomethingintheretograbpeoplesattentionandtomakethemwanttocomeinicameinanddidapitchtophilharrisonandthehometeamtheysaidwowwereallylikeitrefnameedgerefoneofthegamesdevelopersrevealedthatittookmonthsforndreamstodevelopxithedeveloperalsorevealedthatachallengeofxiwasthatitwasliveandtheyhadtochangethingsinthegamebecauseoftheplayerstakingpartinthegameinrealtimethelaunchofxiamonthbeforethegamesofficialreleaseonmarchcluesandhintswereseenintheusersmenupadandinvideosinthecentralmeetingpointofhomethemenupadiswhereusersaccessdifferentthingssuchaspersonalsettingsthecluesandhintswerefoundinthenewsandlatestupdatesectionsofthemenupadthefirstcluetoappearinthenewssectionwasjessareyoutherexiisalmostreadythiscluefirstappearedonfebruaryineuropeandonfebruaryinnorthamericathefirstvideoappearedonfebruaryinhomesbowlingalleynorthamericaandhomesquareeuropeandfeaturedabigblackmonolithbearingthegreekcapitalletterxiandthegraffitiversionofthexilogomorespecificallytheonethatwaslocatedineuropeshomesquarethemonolithwaslaterrevealedtobeabigblackdoorinthehubofxithedoorremainedlockeduntilthefinaldaysofthegamebetweenfebruaryandmarchthereweremanycluesandvideosreleasedinhomehintingatthenatureandlaunchdateofxithelastcluetoldtheusersthatthegraffitilogowhichhadappearedineuropeshomesquareandnorthamericascentralplazawouldteleportplayerstothehubanewhomespacethatactedastheinformationcentreforthegamexihadbeguninearnestwhenusersfirstaccessedthehubtheyexperiencedaflythroughtourwiththevoiceofthomofferingaguidedtourofthespaceandabriefintroductiontothegamesstoryheisamemberofthealphaafkalphatesterswhohadhelpedtobuildhomeandoneofhiscolleaguesjesshasgonemissingafterthomsintroductiontheuserwasgiventhechancetooptinoroutiftheyoptedinthomgavethemtheirfirsttaskthisintroductionremainedthesameforallplayersnomatterwhatdatetheystartedthegamesynopsisthefirsttaskwastofindscatteredpiecesofthealphaafksymbolwithinthehubcollectingtheseunlockedaweblinktothealphaafkclanwebsitewhichthomthentolduserstoaccessviatheonlinegetawayfoundinthehubthomguidedtheusersthroughasimpleoddoneoutpuzzleaftersolvingthepuzzleandenteringtheanswerintotheholopadinthehubusersacquiredthefirstoffragmentsuserswerealsoinvitedtotalktostaplerarobotwhoexplainedeachoftheoptionalexpeditionsthatofferedbutterfliesthefirstbutterflyexpeditionaskeduserstonamejesssfavoritebandtheautomaticwhichcouldbediscoveredbyreadingthroughtheblogpostsoncafeconmiguelcomtheblogofanotheralphaafkmembertheusersthenneededtoinputtheanswerintotheholopadtoreceivethefirstofbutterfliesinitiallyonlyonefragmentandonebutterflywereavailablenewfragmentsandbutterfliesweremadeavailableeveryfewdaysasthexispaceswereupdatedfragmentswerewonbyplayingminigamessolvingpuzzlesandsearchingforcluesinhomeandintheassociatedxiwebsitesallfragmentswererequiredtocompletexithebutterflyexpeditionswereentirelyoptionaltoughersidequeststhatoftencalledforcooperationandcollaborationbetweenplayersintherealworldthegamesstoryfollowedjesssstruggletoprotectasecretprojectsheddevelopedcodenamedxiitsnatureremainedunclearthroughoutthegamethoughhintsandspeculationsuggesteditwassomeformofadvancedtechnologythemainantagonistwasacorporationcalledveilcorpwhichclaimedjesshadbeendevelopingxiforthemuntilsheabscondedthisstorywasrevealedthroughtextchatconversationsbetweenthealphaafktestersvideosfromjessblogspuzzlestheveilcorpwebsiteandinformationdiscoveredbyplayersatliveeventsoncetheusershadobtainedallfragmentswhichwasfirstpossibleonjunetheywereabletopassthroughthemonolithinthehubandexperiencethegamesconclusionthisrestrictionwasliftedhourslaterasthealphaafkenabledanyplayertopassthroughthemonolithiftheywishedregardlessofhowmanyfragmentstheyhadaccumulatedimmediatelyafterpassingthroughthemonolithplayerswerepromptedwithamessageaskingtheuseriftheywantedtocompletexiorreturntothehubiftheychosetocompletexitheywerepromptedwithanothermessagewarningthemthatiftheycontinuedxitheywillnolongerbeabletoaccessthexispacesafterdefinitivelychoosingagaintocompletexitheusersweretakentothewhitehallatthispointtheplayerwasgivenadilemmareleasexiordestroyxitheplayerhadtochooseonewayortheotherbasedonlyonthepatchyinformationtheyhadlearnedaboutxifromthevariousbiasedsourcesduringthegameavideowasthenshowncorrespondingtothechoicetheymadeineithercasetheoutcomewasunpleasantreleasexianditturnsouttobeavirusthatbringsdownthebankingsystemcausesglobalchaosbutperhapsresetsthehumanraceonamoresustainablecoursedestroyxianditturnsouttohavebeenanantispywarevirusdesignedtoprotecttheprivacyoftheworldscitizensandbydestroyingittheplayerhadallowedveilcorptotaketotalcontrolofbusinessgovernmentandallpersonalfreedomsafterthevideotheplayerwastakendeeperintothewhitehallwheretheymetavideorealisticversionofjessorratherjessicawhoexplainedthatthiswholegamewasarecruitmentexercisetoattractandidentifypeoplewithparticularskillsspanningtherealandvirtualworldssheneededtofindpeoplewhocanmakedifficultdecisionsinunclearsituationsparticularlywhenitcomestoguidinghowtheworldusestechnologyinfuturetheplayerwasthenpresentedwithasummaryoftheirperformancethroughoutthegamebeforejessicahintsthatshellbeintouchagainwhenthetimeisrightdependingontheirperformancetheplayerwasgivenoneormoredigitalrewardstokeepintheirhomeapartmentthexitrophywasforsimplycompletingthegamethexifragmentmastertrophywasforcompletingxiwithallfragmentsandthexifragmentcollectortrophywasforcompletingxiwithatleastfragmentsthexibutterflymastertrophywasforcompletingxiwithallbutterfliesandthexibutterflycollectortrophywasforcompletingxiwithatleastbutterflieslocationstherewereatotalofphysicalspacesinxithewhitehallwasntaphysicalspacethatuserscouldwalkfreelyineachspaceservedapurposeincompletingxieachminigameineachspaceeitherunlockedafragmentorabutterflysomeoftheweirdmarkingsonthewallsinsomeofthespaceswereusedforacoupleofthechallengestheonlyspacesthatarenowavailableinhomearetheximuseumformerlyxialumnihubthealphazonespacesandthealphazonespacesclasswikitablenameofspacefeaturesthehubwasaccessedbytheteleportthatwasfoundinthecentralplazahomesquareuserscouldnolongeraccessthisspaceiftheycompletedxibutinsteadtheycouldaccessthexialumnihubholopadaccessedentercodeholomaildisplayfragmentsdisplaybutterfliesandrateavatarstapleraccessedtheexpeditionsonlinegetawayaccessedmessageboardvideovaultmiguelsblogwebbrowseralphaafkwebsitejessandveilcorpcomscreentoldwhatsnewviewweeklyrecapscreenunregisteryourselffromxiletusersunregisterfromthegameteleportsandaccessedalphazonesandthemonolithdoortothewhitehalldoortogobacktocentralplazahomesquarealphazonegametestareawasaccessedbyteleportinthehubaftercompletingxiitwasaccessedbyteleportinthexialumnihubnowaccessedviateleportintheximuseumhexoplisstandardorexpertaracewithminigamesrejectedzombiemallpollensushihatsuangrymountainandpointofsaleuserhavetobeattheracewithinminutesstandardorminutesexpertscoreboarddoorformaximumtiltlobbydoorforadventurelobbyteleportbacktothehubxialumnihubaftercompletingxinowximuseumalphazonemaximumtiltlobbyaccessedbythedoorcalledmaximumtiltlobbyinthegametestareamaximumtiltstandardorexpertminigamewithfourhoverbikesscoreboardtutorialscreendoortogobacktogametestareaalphazoneadventurelobbyaccessedbythedoorcalledadventurelobbyinthegametestareatwotextbasedminigamescavernofthebanditkingstandardandcorruptedexpertdoortogobacktogametestareaalphazonelightanddarkwasaccessedbyteleportinthehubnolongeraccessibleaftercompletingxithegoodaquariumminigameuserswereafishandhadtoswimthroughthetankcollectingfoodwithoutgettingharmedbyotherfishtheevilaquariumminigamesameasthegoodaquariumexceptwithmoreharmfulfishpuzzleshortcircuitusershadtoconnectthebatterysendstogetherinthreevariantsoftheminigamepuzzlebinarybulbsusershadtoturnonaseriesoflightsintenroundswithinthetimelimitofeachroundpuzzlefirefliesusershadtomatchthefirefliescorrectorderthattheylitupinfourteenroundspuzzleflashlightjigsawusershadtosolvefourroundsofjigsawpuzzlesinthedarkandusetheflashlighttoseeifitwascorrectpuzzleshadowmatchusershadtomatchthecharacterswiththecorrectshadowsinfourroundsteleportbacktothehubalphazoneentranceandteammazewasaccessedbyteleportinthehubwasnolongeraccessibleaftercompletingxinowaccessiblebyteleportintheximuseumteamworkmazeusershavetouseteamworktogetthroughthemazeentertheghostmazedoortotheghostmazeentertheriddlemazedoortotheriddlemazeentertheexpertmazedoortotheexpertmazeteleportbacktothehubnowximuseumalphazoneghostmazeaccessedbythedoorcalledentertheghostmazeinentranceandteammazetheghostmazeusershavetomaketheirwaythroughthemazewithouttouchingaghostiftheytouchaghosttheyhavetostartoverdoortogobacktoentranceandteammazealphazoneriddlemazeaccessedbythedoorcalledentertheriddlemazeinentranceandteammazeriddlemazeusershavetomaketheirwaythroughthemazesolvingriddlesiftheyincorrectlyanswerariddletheyhavetostartoverhoweveriftheyhavecorrectlyansweredoneriddleandincorrectlyansweredanothertheydonothavetoreanswerthecorrectlyansweredriddledoortogobacktoentranceandteammazealphazonetheexpertmazeduringxiitcouldonlybeaccessedbyhavingthethbutterflynowitcanbeaccessedfreelybythedoorcalledentertheexpertmazeinentranceandteammazeexpertmazeusershavetomaketheirwaythroughthemazebyusingtherulesofthepreviousthreemazesteamworkdodgingghostandansweringriddlesinthisonemazedoortogobacktoentranceandteammazehomemaintenancewasaccessedbythemanholecoverthatwasfoundinthecentralplazahomesquarenolongeraccessibleaftercompletingxiopenlockerhadidentforwilliamjohnsonenterpadlockcodethecodereceivedfromstaplerhadtobeenteredherepickuptheenvelopeletterfromthomsecurityterminalsnewstaffregistrationserverfileoptimiserelevatorpowercircuitcolourcodeentrythreeterminalslockedtherewerethreecodesforthethreelockedterminalsthatwhenunlockedrevealedinformationcontrolsusershadtoassemblearobotusingacranebydroppingtherobotpartsdownachuteinfourlevelscalltheelevatortookuserstopartyatjesssapartmentpartyatjesssapartmentwasaccessedbycalltheelevatorinhomemaintenancejessscustomizedsummerhouseitisnowpurchasableasapersonalspaceforusersintheximuseumshopoftheximuseumlabeledxipartyhousepicturesafebehinditthatneedsacodevideoscreenpaulballardmusicvideonotavailableinpersonalspaceversionflyerforthepartyandtherewasasecretcodethatwastobeenteredintotheholopaddoortogobacktohomemaintenancenotavailableinpersonalspaceversiondoortogotocentralplazahomesquarethewhitehallwasaccessedthroughthemonolithinthehubonjunenolongeraccessibleaftercompletingxitheendofxireleasexiordestroyxiusersmetjessaftercompletingusersreceivedtheirxitrophiesxitrophyforcompletingxixifragmentmastertrophyforcompletingxiwithallfragmentsxifragmentcollectortrophyforcompletingxiwithatleastfragmentsxibutterflymastertrophyforcompletingxiwithallbutterfliesxibutterflycollectortrophyforcompletingxiwithatleastbutterfliesximuseumbrformerlyxialumnihubxialumnihubcouldonlybeaccessedbycompletingxiwasaccessedbytheteleportthatwasfoundinthecentralplazahomesquarewasaddedtotheworldmapnownavigatoronjulybutremovedfromhomeonapriluserscouldnolongeraccessthehubiftheycompletedxipieceofpaperattopofstairsonatableusekeypadpanelatthetopofthestairsoneteleporttookuserstoalphazonegametestareaviewxislideshowxilogoslideshowoftheweeksofxiviewscreenshowedhowxistartedandtheeventsovertheweeksalumnihubgetawayaccessedwebbrowserxicreditsmiguelsblogandalumnipuzzlesitebycompletingthexialumnichallengeusersreceivedaxialumnitshirtdoortogobacktocentralplazahomesquareximuseumlaunchedondecemberxialumnihubisnowcalledximuseumtwoteleportsaccessesalphazoneandalphazoneximuseumshopxirelateditemsanditemsfromndreamsthexiquizaquestionquizaboutxiviewxislideshowxilogoslideshowoftheweeksofxiviewscreenshowshowxistartedandtheeventsovertheweeksfragmentstherewereatotaloftwentyfourfragmentsthattheusershadtoobtainthroughvariouspuzzlesandminigamesthroughouthomeandsomepuzzlesintherealworldthefragmentsaredifferentpiecesofapictureofthelogoofxiwhichwereviewableintheholopadunderdisplayfragmentsthefragmentswerethemainobjectivesofxifortheuserstocompleteinadditiontoobtainingthesixthfragmentusersalsoreceivedaxitshirtfortheiravatarclasswikitablefragmentnamepuzzlenamerequirementslocationinitiationoddoneoutassemblealphaafklogofrompaperthehubpostcardspostcardsidentifypicturesjessthroughtheonlinegetawayhexoplishexoplistestsixminigameswithinsixminutesalphazonegametestareamaximumtiltmaximumtiltmaximumtiltlobbyplaymaximumtiltalphazonemaximumtiltlobbycavernsofthebanditkingcavernsofthebanditkingplaycavernsofthebanditkingalphazoneadventurelobbymiguelssecretmiguelsblogfindoutmiguelsbirthdaymiguelsblogthroughtheonlinegetawayavatarsavatarspassthesecuritybarrierunderthemanholehomemaintenancecrazycranecontrolsplaytheminigamecontrolshomemaintenancebalancetheblocksserverfileoptimisermatchupcolouredblockshomemaintenancesecurityterminalthelostnoteimportantinfosearchforanotevideovaultthroughtheonlinegetawaydeepwaterthegoodaquariumtheevilaquariumplaybothminigamesalphazonelightanddarkthedarknessshortcircuitbinarybulbspuzzlesandalphazonelightanddarktheenlightenmentfirefliesflashlightjigsawshadowmatchpuzzlesandalphazonelightanddarkzoomzoomaddnumbersdisplayedinimagesjessthroughtheonlinegetawaypowerupelevatorpowercircuitpowertheelevatorshomemaintenancesecurityterminallistencarefullylistencarefullylocateacodepartyatjesssapartmentmagicmarkermagicmarkerlocateacodepartyatjesssapartmentbetweenthelinesbetweenthelineslocateacodeveilcorpcomthroughtheonlinegetawayteamworkteamworkmazeuseteamworktocompletethemazealphazoneentranceandteammazefaceyourdemonsghostmazecompletethemazewithouttouchingtheghostsalphazoneghostmazeriddledriddlemazecompletethemazebysolvingriddlesalphazoneriddlemazescavengerhuntscavengerhuntlocatenumbersandsolveamathematicalequationjessredbullairraceshoppingcomplexbowlingalleyeasportscomplexfarcrytrainstationresistancestationthefinaltotalthefinaltotalfigureoutthebinarycodeonthemonoliththehubbutterfliesthebutterflieswereoptionalincompletingxiandwerefortheuserswhowantedarealchallengethereweretwentyinallstaplerwastherobotthattoldtheuserswhattheymustdoorwheretogoinordertoobtainthebutterfliesthebutterflieswereviewableintheholopadunderdisplaybutterfliesclasswikitablebutterflynamequestnamerequirementslocationnymphaliscalifornicagettingtoknowmefindoutjesssfavouritebandthehubspeyeriadianaaforeignlanguageidentifypicturesjessthroughtheonlinegetawayagraulisvanillaethebigpictureanalyseadocumentvideovaultthroughtheonlinegetawayeightbillboardsscatteredthroughouteuropedircennaklugiicoordinationidentifylocat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rectxiangkhouangprovincesekongforbiddencitykupalanightkupalanightkupalanightredirectanthisneseastxujingstationredirectjulyrmqiriotssiomaragirnthexualaewereanativeamericanpeoplewholivedalongthebanksofthegreatkanawhariverinwhatistodaywestvirginiaandinthewesternmostcountiesofvirginiathecherokeeexpandingfromthesouthseizedtheseregionsfromthemduringtheyearstoseealsojoaracherawpeoplesourceseckertallanwthatdarkandbloodyrivernewyorkbantambookspxviiithexopentransportinterfacextiisanopengroupspecificationfornetworkapplicationprogrammingpresentinunixsystemvoperatingsystemsitprovidesopensystemsinterconnectionositransportlayerserviceswithprotocolindependencealthoughopengroupconsidersthisspecificationwithdrawnanimplementationispartofthestandardprogramminginterfacesonmodernunixsystemvoperatingsystemswhereitisimplementedusingthestreamscharacterinputoutputmechanismoverviewthexopentransportinterfaceisaspecificationthatdefinesanindependenttransportserviceinterfacefornetworkapplicationsprogramsusingxticanberunoveravarietyoftransportproviderssuchasthetransmissioncontrolprotocoltcpxeroxnetworksystemsxnssystemsnetworkarchitecturesnaxasynchronoustransfermodeatmoranyothertransportlayerproviderthatfunctionatlayeroftheosimodelxtiprovidessimilarfunctionalityastheberkeleysocketsinterfacehoweveritisprotocolindependentincontrasttothesocketinterfacewhichisheavilybiasedtowardtheinternetprotocolsuiteinternetprotocolsrefnamegoodheartrefitisbasedontheunixsystemvtransportlayerinterfacetliwhichisatransportservicedefinitionadheringtotheopensystemsinterconnectionosimodelxticonsistsofacooperatingstreamsmodulelinklibraryapplicationprogramminginterfaceapiheaderfilesandtherulesandrestrictionselaboratinghowxtiprocessesworkandinteractprotocolindependencextiisprotocolindependenthoweverapplicationsstillneedtobeawareofthedesiredtransportsysteminordertoselectitapplicationscanachievethistransportprotocolindependenceusingthenetworkselectionfacilitiesalsoprovidedbythextitlilibrarylibnslsocketstoxtitliequivalentsthisisstillunclearneedstoberephrasedalthoughxtitliissimilartothebsdsocketinterfaceneitherisincludedorincludestheotheroneandseveralfunctionshavingthesamerolehavedifferentbehaviorboththetliandbsdsocketsinterfacesinunixsvrandsvroperatingsystemsreleasesareimplementedusingthesameunderlyingstreamstransportserviceinterfacethefollowingtableshowsapproximateequivalencebetweentheposixxtiandsocketsinterfacesclasswikitableborderxtitliinterfacesocketinterfacesamesemanticstopensocketyesexcepttopencanperformtgetinfoonopensocketpairtgetinfotgetprotaddrgetsocknamegetpeernameyesbuttgetprotaddrcanperformbothcallsinonetbindbindlistenyesexcepttbindcanbindandlisteninasingleoperationtoptmgmtgetsockoptsetsockoptyesexcepttoptmgmtcanobtaindefaultvaluesandnegotiatevaluesgetsockoptandsetsockoptcanonlysetandretrievecurrentvaluestunbindbindyesbindingtoafunspecunbindsasockettclosecloseyesexceptforconnectedendpointstclosealwaysresultsinabortivedisconnectwhereasclosesometimesresultsinorderlyreleasetgetstatetsynctalloctfreetlookselectgetsockoptselectandgetsockoptsoerrorcannotprovidealloftheindicationsprovidedbytlookterrorperroryesexceptxtiusesterrnoinadditiontoerrnoandcanindicatebothtransporterrorsandunixsystemerrorststrerrorstrerroryestconnectconnecttbindisneededbeforetconnecttrcvconnectselecttrcvconnectisequivalenttoaselectonasocketsetononblockuponwhichaconnectwasissuedtlistentaccepttsnddisacceptacceptcannotrefuseaconnectionwhereasaconnectionreceivedwithtlistencansubsequentlybeacceptedwithtacceptorrefusedwithtsnddistsndtsndvsendsendtosendmsgyesbuttsndandtsndvcanonlybeusedforconnectionmodetransporttrcvtrcvvrecvrecvfromrecvmsgyesbuttrcvandtrcvvcanonlybeusedforconnectionmodetransporttsnddiscloseshutdownafterissuingtsnddisaprogramcancontinuetolistenforrequestsorreestablishconnectionwithtconnectfunctionwhileclosefreesthesocketfiledescriptortocontinuecommunicationanewconnectionneedstobeestablishedbyissuingagainsocketandbindlistenorconnecttrcvdisenotconneconnresetepipesigpipeyesexceptsocketsreceivesthedisconnectasanerrororsignaltsndreltsndreldatashutdownyesbutshutdownisnotcapableofsendingdatawiththeorderlyreleasetsndreldatacansenddatawithorderlyreleasetsndrelonlyshutsdownthesendingdirectiontrcvreltrcvreldatatsndudatatsndvudatasendmsgyesbuttsndudataandtsndvudatacanonlybeusedportablyforconnectionlessmodedatatrcvudatatrcvvudatarecvmsgyesbuttrcvudataandtrcvvudatacanonlybeusedportablyforconnectionlessmodedatatrcvuderrreadwritereadwritextitlineedstopushtirdwrmodulebeforecallingreadwritefunctionstoascertainthepropersequenceoflibraryfunctioncallsxtitliusesstateindicatorsinasimilarmannertothesocketsapihoweversomesocketapifunctionscanbecalledfrommultiplestatesegsendmsgfromunboundstateonconnectionlesssocketconnectfromunboundstateonconnectionorientedsocketwhereasxtiapifunctionscanonlybeissuedfromaspecificandcorrespondingstateegtbindmayonlybeissuedfromtheunboundstatetconnectonlyfromtheboundstatextitliasynchronousmoderealtimextienduserapplicationwillusextiinterfaceasynchronouslyotherwisetherearenoguaranteesabouthowlongacallwaitingfordatawillblockthesetoffunctionsisthesameassynchronouscallsbutwheninitializingtransportendpointononblockparameterisprovidedxtiasynchronousmodepermitsenduserapplicationbenotifiedaboutvariouseventsoffilehandlesconnectionsindicationsrequestsnewdatatimeoutsxtirefinestlixtirefinestliprovidingadditionalerrormessagesadditionaleventstomanageflowcontrolandsimplifiesfunctionsparametersxtialwaysopenstransportendpointsasreadwritealsoxtichecksthevalueofqlentopreventblockingindefinitelywhenapplicationissuetlistenadditionalutilityfunctionshavebeenaddedtstrerrorandtgetprotaddrimplementationsthextilibraryisfoundinunixsystemvbutalsohasportsforothersystemssuchasopenssforlinuxnotesreferencesprogramminginterfacesguidesunmicrosystemsincseptembercitebooklastgoodheartfirstbernyauthorjamescoxtitlethemagicgardenexplainedtheinternalsofunixsystemvreleaseyearpublisherprenticehalllocationenglewoodcliffsnjisbnrefciterefgoodheartcitedocumentauthoropengrouptitlenetworkingservicesxnsissueeditionissuevolumexnsissuecdateseptemberpublishertheopengrouplocationberkshireukworkxopencaespecificationisbnrefciterefxnscitedocumentauthoropengrouptitlenetworkingservicesxnsissueeditionissuevolumexnsissuecdatefebruarypublishertheopengrouplocationberkshireukworkcaespecificationisbnrefciterefxnscitebookauthoropengrouptitlenetworkingservicesxnsissuedrafteditionissuedraftvolumexnsyearpublishertheopengrouplocationberkshireukworkcaespecificationisbnrefciterefxnscitebooklastragofirstsatitleunixsystemvnetworkprogrammingyearpublisheraddisonwesleylocationreadingmassisbncitebooklaststevensfirstwrichardtitleunixnetworkprogrammingyearpublisherprenticehalllocationenglewoodcliffsnjisbnrefharvcitebooklaststevensfirstwrichardtitletcpipillustratedtheprotocolsyearpublisheraddisonwesleylocationreadingmassisbnrefharvcitebooklastwaitefirstmitchelltitleunixpapersforunixdevelopersandpowerusersyearpublisherhowardwsamscompanylocationindianapolisisbnrefharvexternallinksopengrouporgbookstorecatalogchtmnetworkingservicesxnsissuetheopengroupjanuaryopengrouporgissuertheissuerofxtitechnicalstandardwebarchiveorgwebredbooksibmcomabstractsgghtmlopenintroductiontonetworkingtechnologieswebclicknetroalexandruiancuxtitarbzconnectionsorientedexampleofatcpcommunicationsusingxtiinterfacejatransportlayerinterfacechinafuturecombatsystemsmannedgroundvehiclesnonlineofsightcannonrussellmooreandiiirdtymeoutinfoboxwrestlingpromotionnamexwrestlingallianceimagexwaprofessionalwrestlingpngcaptionacronymxwaestablishedfoldedstyleprofessionalwrestlingbrsportsentertainmentlocationsudburysuffolkunitedkingdomfoundergreglambertownerdannreadparentsisterprowrestlingeveformerlywebsitexwaukcomxwaisabritishprofessionalwrestlingpromotionbasedintheenglishsoutheasttownofsudburysuffolkdealingprimarilyintheprofessionalwrestlingindustrythexwawasformedinmarchfollowingthedemiseofthefrontierwrestlingalliancewhengreglambertformedthenewpromotionfromitsashesandcontinuestorunquarterlyeventsinmorecambeusingfwatitlessomeformerfwatalentandalotofnewlocaltalentxwasbusinessfocusisonprofessionalwrestlinghistoryformationandclosurefollowingtheclosureofthefrontierwrestlingalliancefwaafterfwavipwukfinalfrontiersatorpingtonhallskentonmarchgreglambertcalledapressconferenceannouncingthathewasunhappywiththecircumstancesofthefwasdefeatblamingrobbiebrooksideforinterferingandcostingflashbarkertheprofessionalwrestlingmatchtypeslosingpromotionmustclosematchwithipwrepresentativemartinstonewrestlermartinstonelambertstatedthatheintendedtostartanewpromotionthexwainrealitylamberthadwantedtochangethenameofthepromotionfromfwatoxwasohecouldrunthepromotionasastorylinebasedfamilyfriendlyproductcentredonitsbritishstarsratherthanthemoreprofessionalwrestlingintheunitedstatesamericanindiestylecompanygearedtowardsyoungadultsandwithaheavyrelianceonoverseasimportswhichthefwahadalwaysbeeninsummerlambertandhisbusinesspartnermarkkayagreedtoputipwukoverinapromotionversuspromotionfeudtogiveipwaboostandalsotogiveastorylinereasonforthedemiseofthefwasotheycouldmakeacompletelyfreshstartthenewpromotionwasnamedxwabecauseitwascloseenoughtotheoriginalnametoensuresomesemblanceofcontinuityfortheirregularfansinmorecambelambertsaidwhenthepromotionwasformedthatthexwastoodforhighqualitybritishwrestlingfeaturingthecreamofukwrestlingtalentonshowsinthebestukwrestlingvenuethemorecambedomeinfrontofthehottestcrowdinukwrestlingandalsostoodforthedesiretokeepthenameofthefwaalivetothisendlambertandkaycontinuedstorylinesinmorecambewheretheyleftoffwhentheypromotedthefirsteverxwashowxwawarontheshoreonaprilthelastfwabritishheavyweightchampionshipfwabritishheavyweightchampionrobbiebrooksidewasrecognisedasfwabritishheavyweightchampionshipxwabritishheavyweightchampionfwaflyweightchampionshipfwaflyweightchampionrossjordanwasnowrecognisedasbritishflyweightchampionshipxwabritishflyweightchampionhoweverotherformerfwatitlesdidnotfallunderthebannerofthexwathexwahasalsocontinuedwithnamesofliveeventsthatwereformerlyusedbythefwasuchasvendettagoldrushandwarontheshoreonaprilatxwawarontheshorevformerfwaownertheshowstealeralexshanemadehisreturntothemorecambedomeafterathreeandahalfyearabsenceinananglebritishheavyweightchampionsamslamhandedalextheoldfwaheavyweighttitlebeltwhichthexwahadcontinuedtouseasitsmaintitlebelteversincethexwawasformedinexchangeshanehandedslamthebrandnewxwatitlebeltthisanglewasconceivedsoshanecouldonceagaintakepossessionofthefwatitlebeltaheadofthereformationofthefwawhichwasannouncedaweekafterwardandalsotopassthetorchtoslaminjulythexwalostaninterpromotionalfeudtothenorthwestpromotiongrandprowrestlingafterxwarostermemberjoeyhayesturnedonhisxwateammatesrockstarspudjackclarkejynxandxwabritishheavyweightchampionjohnnypheregivingthegpwteamvictoryinthefinaleliminationtagteamcontestthebetrayalofjoeyhayesandsubsequentlossofhissecondinterpromotionalfeudleadtogreglambertspiralintodepressioncancelallfuturexwaeventsandvacatingallxwachampionshipbeltsinordertosavethemfromappearingonlesserpromotionseventsthecancellationofxwaeventsledtofansnationwidelaunchingbringbackthexwafacebookgroupspagesandpetitionsinordertoconvincethepowerslamjournalisttobringbackoneoftheuksleadingprofessionalwrestlingpromotionsbuttonoavailrevivalpresentonaugustgreglambertreleasedavideoofatelephoneconversationbetweenhimandanunnamedpersonthatrevealedhehadsoldthexwaonandthatthepromotionwasreturningonoctobertheconversationendedwithlambertstatingnottomessitupforhellbewatchingonoctoberxwareleasedavideoofkayleerayissuinganopenchallengeforxwapleasedontdieonnovemberincolchesteronoctoberthesuicidalsuicidalsuicidaljimmyhavocansweredthechallengebutaddedthestipulationofnorulesonoctoberxwareturnedtothedelphicentreinsudburysuffolkfortheirfirsteventinyearsfeaturedonthisshowwasanmantournamentforthethenvacantbritishheavyweightchampionshipxwaxwabritishheavyweightchampionshipwithmartinstonewrestlermartinstonedefeatinglocomikemasondougwilliamswrestlerdougwilliamsdefeatingjimmyhavocdamianoconnordefeatingsamslamnaylorandjamescastledefeatinglordgideongreyinacasketmatchafterthecasketmatchadissatisfiedjimmyhavocattackedjamescastletakinghimoutofthetitlepictureandenteringhimselfbackintothefourwayfinalinnontournamentactionprowrestlingevechampionshipprowrestlingevechampionnikkistormdefeatedkayleerayafterinterferencefromjimmyhavocinthefourwayfinalforthexwabritishheavyweightchampionshipdamianoconnordefeatedjimmyhavocafterkayleerayreturnedthefavourbyinterferinginhismatchrefnamewrestleropesukwordpresscomxwawrestlingrevivalresultsnewchampionrefattheirnexteventpleasedontdieonnovemberattheliquidandenvynightclubincolchesteressexnikkistormsuccessfullydefendedherprowrestlingevechampionshipprowrestlingevechampionshipagainstpollyannadamianoconnoralsosuccessfullydefendedhisbritishheavyweightchampionshipxwaxwabritishheavyweightchampionshipagainstbothpaullondonandmartinstonewrestlermartinstoneandkayleeraydefeatedjimmyhavocinanorulesmatchonnovemberxwamadeitsdebutattheevokenightclubinchelmsfordessexforweneedaherodamianoconnordefendedthebritishheavyweightchampionshipxwaxwabritishheavyweightchampionshipagainstchrisheroandrhiaoreillywontheprowrestlingevechampionshipfromnikkistorminanodqmatchrefnamerefxwareturnedtothedeplhicentreinsudburysuffolkonfebruaryforgoldrushdamianoconnorvsjamescastleforthexwabritishheavyweightchampionshipendedinanocontestafterjimmyhavocattackedbothmenwithachairrhiaoreillysuccessfullydefendedtheprowrestlingevechampionshipagainstnikkistormandjimmyhavocwonthegoldrushrumbleforafuturechampionshipmatchrefnamereftrainingcentrethexwaopeneditsfirsttrainingcentreatregentparkstudiosmorecambeinjanuarytheheadtrainerwasformerlydeadlydamonleighwhohassteppedbackfromtrainingduetoresponsibilitiesinhisworkasapolicecommunitysupportofficertrainingatthemorecambeschoolisnowheadedupbydaveraynewhoalsoteachesatthemanchesterbasedfutureshockschoolthecentresarepartofthebritishwrestlingcouncilasecondtrainingschoolopenedinipswichsuffolkinaprilunderthemanagementofdannreadandheadtrainerashedvdsthexwareleaseditsfirsteverdvdxwawarontheshorevonjulyfeaturingcommentarybygreglambertandstallionmostrecentlytheyhavereleasedtheeventpleasedontdieontodvdwhichisavailableatshowsorthroughtheirfacebookstorechampionshipscurrentchampionsbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylemarginememembackgroundfcfdffborderpxaaasolidbordercollapsecollapsefontsizechampionshipcurrentchampiondatewoneventpreviouschampionbritishheavyweightchampionshipxwaxwabritishheavyweightchampionshiprhiaoreillyfebruaryxwaeveequalfightscaranoirxwafrontiersportschampionshipsimongrimmrefnamerefjulyxwavacantrefnamerefprowrestlingevechampionshipsammiijaynemayprowrestlingevebabeswithpowernightrhiaoreillybritishflyweightchampionshipxwaflyweightchampionshipvacantjulyxwavsgpwvendettajamescurtinspudotheraccomplishmentsbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylemarginememembackgroundfcfdffborderpxaaasolidbordercollapsecollapsefontsizeaccomplishmentlatestwinnerdatewongoldrushcaranoirmarchbestofthenorthwestdeclanoconnorjulyseealsoprofessionalwrestlingintheunitedkingdomlistofprofessionalwrestlingpromotionsintheunitedkingdomreferencesexternallinksinfobox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anunusedsubstituteinintersvictoryovergenoacfcgenoaatsansirohemadehisdebutforinteronjanuaryplayinginthelastminutesasasubstituteforfellownewsigninglukaspodolskishaqirimadehiscoppaitaliadebutinamatchagainstucsampdoriasampdoriainthecoppaitaliaroundofroundofonjanuaryscoringthefirstgoalofthematchandhelpingtheteamtoawintoprogressintothecoppaitaliaquarterfinalsquarterfinalsshaqiriscoredhisfirstserieagoalonfebruaryinaawaywinagainstatalantabcatalantafourdayslaterheregisteredhisfirsteuropeantournamentgoalforinterscoringtheopenerfromazdravkokuzmanoviassistinauefaeuropaleagueuefaeuropaleaguedrawawaytocelticfccelticstokecityinjulystokeagreedanbspmillionfeetosignshaqiributthedealfellthroughwhenhedidnotagreetothemovebeforeadeadlineimposedbytheclubthedealwasrevivedamonthlaterhoweverwithshaqiriagreeingtopersonaltermsandundergoingmedicalsonaugustshaqiricompletedhismovetostokeforaclubrecordfeeofnbspmillionnbspmilliononafiveyeardealhemadehisdebutelevendayslaterinadrawwithnorwichcityfcnorwichcityatcarrowroadassistingmamebiramdioufsheadedgoalwithafreekickondecembershaqirirecordedhisfirstgoalsforstokeafirsthalfbraceinawinatevertonthesecondofthesetwogoalswasahalfvolleyovertimhowardfrombojankrkibojanspassshaqiriscoredayardfreekickagainstmiddlesbroughfcmiddlesbroughontheopeningdayofthestokecityfcseasonseasonhoweveracalfinjuryruledhimoutforthenextsixweeksreturningtothesideonseptemberagainstwestbromwichalbionfcwestbromwichalbionwhereheprovidedtheassistforjoealleninadrawshaqiriscoredtwolongrangegoalsagainsthullcityafchullcityonoctoberbecomingthefirststokeplayertoscoretwogoalsfromoutsidetheboxinapremierleaguegamehescoredanotherlongrangestrikealsoagainsthullonaprilwhichwasnamedasstokesgoaloftheseasonshaqirimadeappearancesinstokecityfcseasonasstokefinishedinthpositioninmarchwithstokebattlingagainstrelegationshaqiricourtedcontroversywithaninterviewforswissmagazineschweizerillustrierteinwhichhesaidtherewasalackofqualityinhisstoketeammatesandthateventhepresenceofronaldinhowouldnotimprovetheteaminternationalcareerguardingtheballfromthechallengeofjulianbaumgartlingershaqirimadehisdebutfortheswitzerlandnationalunderfootballteamswissunderssideonnovemberinawinagainsttheturkeynationalunderfootballteamturkishundersideinauefaeuropeanunderchampionshipqualificationgroupuefaeuropeanunderchampionshipqualifierhescoredhisfirstgoalforthemonjuneintheuefaeuropeanunderchampionshipunderchampionshipopeninggameagainstthedenmarknationalunderfootballteamdanishunderteamshaqiriwaspromotedtotheswitzerlandnationalfootballteamswissseniorteaminmakinghisdebutonmarchinafriendlylossagainsturuguaynationalfootballteamuruguayhewasincludedinthefifaworldcupworldcupsquadafterreceivingasurprisecallupfrommanagerottmarhitzfeldshaqiriscoredhisfirstgoalforthemonseptemberalongrangeleftfootedshotinalossagainstenglandnationalfootballteamenglandinauefaeuroqualifyinggroupgeuroqualifierhenettedahattrickinanothereuroqualifieronseptemberasswitzerlandcamefrombehindtobeatbulgarianationalfootballteambulgariaswitzerlandalsotriedtoselecthimtoparticipateinthefootballatthesummerolympicsmenstournamentolympicfootballtournamentbutheoptedtostayathisnewclubforpreseasontrainingonseptembershaqirididnotsingtheswissnationalantheminaworldcupqualifieragainsthisancestralalbanianationalfootballteamalbaniainlucerneanddidnotcelebratewhenhescoredtheopeninggoalofawinheworebootswiththeflagsofkosovoalbaniaandswitzerlandforthematchinjuneshaqiriwasnamedinswitzerlandssquadforthefifaworldcupintheteamsopeningmatchshaqiriwasnamedmanofthematchbyfifaasthenatidefeatedecuadornationalfootballteamecuadorheearnedthesametitleameretendayslaterintheswissteamsthirdandfinalgroupmatchscoringahattrickagainsthondurasnationalfootballteamhondurastoensureswitzerlandaspotinthefifaworldcuproundofroundofwheretheylosttoargentinashaqiriscoredthreetimesintheswissteamsuefaeuroqualifyingsuccessfulqualificationcampaignforuefaeurowithallofhisstrikescomingagainstlithuanianationalfootballteamlithuaniaherecordedabraceonnovemberinawinovertheminstgallenandinthereversefixturethefollowingjunehenettedanthminutewinnerinavictoryinthefinaltournamentinfrancehestartedallfourofswitzerlandsmatchesastheyreachedthelastequalisingwithabicyclekickfromtheedgeofthepenaltyareaastheydrewwithpolandnationalfootballteampolandinsainttiennehescoredagaininthepenaltyshootoutbutthepoleswonnonethelesswhenaskedwhetherhisbicyclekickwasthebestgoalofhiscareershaqiritoldareporteryoudontknowmeverywellobviouslyialwaysscorenicegoalsfollowingswitzerlandsfirstgameateuroshaqirideclaredhewouldswitchallegiancetokosovonationalfootballteamkosovoiftheirmanagerwouldmakehimcaptaininreactiontoswissmanagervladimirpetkovisdecisiontoomithimfromthatpositionalthoughalreadyaninternationalfortheswissfifaruleswouldpermitshaqiritorepresentkosovowhojoinedthefederationearlierthatyearstyleofplayshaqiriplaysasamidfielderwingerrightwingerandfifasofficialwebsitedescribeshimasunpredictableontheballadeptwithbothfeetclinicalinfrontofgoalandpossessingexcellentvisionandthemagicdwarfpersonallifeshaqiriisamuslimshaqiriwasch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gesoriginateindifferentcommunitiesxsltisstrongerinitshandlingofnarrativedocumentswithmoreflexiblestructurewhilexqueryisstrongerinitsdatahandlingforexamplewhenperformingrelationaljoinsversionsxsltappearedasarecommendationinwhereasxqueryonlybecamearecommendationinearlyasaresultxsltisstillmuchmorewidelyusedbothlanguageshavesimilarexpressivepowerthoughxslthasmanyfeaturesthataremissingfromxquerysuchasgroupingnumberanddateformattingandgreatercontroloverxmlnamespacesrefnamekayrefrefnameeisenbergrefrefnamesmithrefmanyofthesefeatureswereplannedforxqueryrefnamexqueryrefanycomparisonmusttakeintoaccountthefactthatxsltandxsltareverydifferentlanguagesxsltinparticularhasbeenheavilyinfluencedbyxqueryinitsmovetostrongtypingandschemaawarenessstrengthsandweaknessesusabilitystudieshaveshownthatxqueryiseasiertolearnthanxsltespeciallyforuserswithpreviousexperienceofdatabaselanguagessuchassqlthiscanbeattributedtothefactthatxqueryisasmallerlanguagewithfewerconceptstolearnandtothefactthatprogramsaremoreconciseitisalsotruethatxqueryismoreorthogonalinthatanyexpressioncanbeusedinanysyntacticcontextbycontrastxsltisatwolanguagesysteminwhichxpathexpressionscanbenestedinxsltinstructionsbutnotviceversaxsltiscurrentlystrongerthanxqueryforapplicationsthatinvolvemakingsmallchangestoadocumentforexampledeletingallthenoteelementssuchapplicationsaregenerallyhandledinxsltbyuseofacodingpatternthatinvolvesanidentitytemplatethatcopiesallnodesunchangedmodifiedbyspecifictemplatesthatmodifyselectednodesxqueryhasnoequivalenttothiscodingpatternthoughinfutureversionsitwillbepossibletotacklesuchproblemsusingtheupdatefacilitiesinthelanguagethatareunderdevelopmentrefnamexqueryupdaterefxquerylackedanykindofmechanismfordynamicbindingorpolymorphismthishasbeenremediedwiththeintroductionoffunctionsasfirstclassvaluesinxquerytheabsenceofthiscapabilitystartstobecomenoticeablewhenwritinglargeapplicationsorwhenwritingcodethatisdesignedtobereusableindifferentenvironmentsxsltofferstwocomplementarymechanismsinthisareathedynamicmatchingoftemplaterulesandtheabilitytooverriderulesusingcodexslimportcodethatmakeitpossibletowriteapplicationswithmultiplecustomizationlayerstheabsenceofthesefacilitiesfromxquerywasadeliberatedesigndecisionithastheconsequencethatxqueryisveryamenabletostaticanalysiswhichisessentialtoachievethelevelofoptimizationneededindatabasequerylanguagesthisalsomakesiteasiertodetecterrorsinxquerycodeatcompiletimethefactthatxsltusesxmlsyntaxmakesitratherverboseincomparisontoxqueryhowevermanylargeapplicationstakeadvantageofthiscapabilitybyusingxslttoreadwriteormodifystylesheetsdynamicallyaspartofaprocessingpipelinetheuseofxmlsyntaxalsoenablestheuseofxmlbasedtoolsformanagingxsltcodebycontrastxquerysyntaxismoresuitableforembeddingintraditionalprogramminglanguagessuchasjavaprogramminglanguagejavaseexqueryapiforjavaorcsharpprogramminglanguagecifnecessaryxquerycodecanalsobeexpressedinanxmlsyntaxcalledxqueryxthexqueryxrepresentationofxquerycodeisratherverboseandnotconvenientforhumansbutcaneasilybeprocessedwithxmltoolsforexampletransformedwithxsltstylesheetsrefnamexqueryxrefextensionsandfutureworkwcextensionstwomajorextensionstothexqueryweredevelopedbythewcxqueryandxpathfulltextxqueryupdatefacilitybothreachedrecommendationstatusasextensionstoxquerybutworkontakingthemforwardtoworkwithxquerywasabandonedforlackofresourcesworkonxquerywaspublishedasarecommendationonaprilandxqueryisarecommendationasatfebruaryascriptingproceduralextensionforxquerywasdesignedbutnevercompletedtheexpathcommunitygroupdevelopsextensionstoxqueryandotherrelatedstandardsxpathxsltxprocandxformsthefollowingextensionsarecurrentlyavailablepackagingsystemfilemodulebinarymodulewebapplicationsthirdpartyextensionsjsoniqisanextensionofxquerythataddssupporttoextractandtransformdatafromjsondocumentsjsoniqisasupersetofxqueryitispublishedunderthecreativecommonslicensecreativecommonsattributionsharealikelicensetheexqueryprojectdevelopsstandardsaroundcreatingportablexqueryapplicationsthefollowingstandardsarecurrentlyavailablerestxqfurtherreadingqueryingxmlxqueryxpathandsqlxmlincontextjimmeltonandstephenbuxtonmorgankaufmannxquerythexmlquerylanguagemichaelbrundageaddisonwesleyprofessionalxqueryfromtheexpertsaguidetothewcxmlquerylanguagehowardkatzedaddisonwesleyanintroductiontothestylusstudiocomxqueryflworhtmlxqueryflworexpressiondrmichaelhowardkaymichaelkaywcxquerycommitteeimplementationspopularimplementationsclasswikitablesortablenamelicenselanguagexqueryxqueryxqueryxqueryupdatexqueryfulltextbasexbsdlicensejavaexistlgpljavamarklogiccommercialcsaxonxsltsaxonhemozillapubliclicensejavasaxonxsltsaxoneecommercialjavazorbaxqueryprocessorzorbaapachelicensecotherimplementationsdocsoraclecomcdedoceoxhhtmoraclexqueryforhadoopdocsoraclecomdatabaseadxdkadxjxqjhtmoraclexqueryprocessorforjavaaltovacomraptorxmlhtmlraptorxmlserveraltovasxsltandxqueryenginegithubcomsirixdbsirixsirixxquerywithversioningextensionsxqillasourceforgenethomepagexqillaxqillaxqueryimplementationdblabntuagrbikakissparqlxqueryhtmlsparqlxquerysparqltoxquerytransl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chaeologistsconditionownershipmanagementpublicaccesswebsitenotesthexiaohelittlerivercemeteryalsoknownasrdeksnecropolisreferstoabronzeageburialsitelocatednearthedriedoutlopnurlakeinxinjiangwesternchinaitisanoblongsanddunefromwhichmorethanwellpreservedmummiesburiedinairtightoxhidebagshavebeenexcavatedthemummiestheearliestofwhichdatefromaroundyearsagoappearcaucasoidgeneticanalysishoweverrevealedanadmixtureofpopulationfromboththewestandeastwithpaternallineagesbeingexclusivelywesteurasianandmaternallineagesamixtureofeastandwesteurasiantheentirexiaohetombcomplexcontainsabouttombsaboutofwhichhavebeenlootedbygraverobbersrefciteweburlchinaorgcnenglishfeaturesarchaeologyhtmtitleburialsitefromthebronzeagelopnurxinjiangpublisherwwwchinaorgcnaccessdaterefthexiaoheremainscontainsthelargestnumberofmummiesfoundatanysinglesiteintheworldtodatenohumansettlementhasbeenfoundnearthetombcomplexthebodieswerethereforelikelytohavebeentransportedfromelsewhereforburialatthissitearchaeologydiscoveryandearlyexcavationsalocalhunternamedrdekfoundthesitearoundlaterinpartlywithrdekshelpswedishexplorerandarcheologistfolkebergmanlocatedthesitewhichhenamedrdeksnecropolisthetombcomplexappearedasasmallovalmoundandthetopoftheburialmoundwascoveredwithaforestoferectwoodenpostswhosetopshadbeensplinteredbystrongwindsoarshapedwoodenmonumentsandwoodenhumanfigureswerefoundatthesitethecoffinswereassembledoverthebodieswhichhadbecomemummifiedbergmanexcavatedburialsandrecoveredapproximatelyartifactsthatweretransportedbacktostockholmbergmannotedthesurprisingresemblanceintheclothingespeciallythefringedloinclothstobronzeagegravefindsindenmarkbutdismissedanydirectconnectionlaterrediscoveryandexcavationsinoctoberanexcavationprojectorganizedbythexinjiangculturalrelicsandarchaeologyinstitutebeganatthesiteatotaloftombshavebeenuncoveredsincetheendofandexcavationshaverevealedhundredsofsmallertombsbuiltinlayersinacoffinwrappedwithoxhideintheshapeofaboatwasfounditcontainedaremarkablyintactmummyofayoungwomanwhichcametobecalledthebeautyofxiaoherefciteweburlchinaorgcnenglishfeaturesarchaeologyhtmtitlesilkroaddocumentaryunearthslatestfindingspublisherchinaorgcnaccessdaterefdescriptionofthetombseachtombismarkedbyaverticalpoplarpostneartheupperendofthecoffinaskullorhornofanoxmaybesuspendedfromtheposttheendsofthepostscanbeeithertorpedoshapedoroarshapedrepresentingthephallusandvulvarespectivelythemaleburialsweremarkedwiththeoarshapedpostswhilethefemaleburialsweremarkedwiththephallicpostsbowsandarrowswerefoundwiththemaleburialsthepostsandcoffinsmaybepaintedredeachcoffinismadeoftwomassivepiecesofplankassembledoverthebodyresemblinganoverturnedboatandthencoveredwithcowhidesafewspecialtombscontainingfemaleshaveanextrarectangularcoffinontopcoveredwithlayersofmudsmallmasksofhumanfacesandwoodenhumanfiguresmayaccompanytheburialstwigsandbranchesofephedrawereplacedbesidethebodyrefnamemairrefgeneticstudiesinyearstheremainsofintotalindividualsfoundatthexiaohetombcomplexwereanalyzedforydnaandmtdnamarkersgeneticanalysesofthemummiesshowedthatthematernallineagesofthexiaohepeopleoriginatedfrombotheastasiaandwesteurasiawhereasthepaternallineagesalloriginatedfromwesteurasiarefnamegeneticsrefmitochondrialdnaanalysiswhichrevealsthematernalancestryshowedthatmaternallineagescarriedbythexiaohepeopleincludedwesteurasianhaplogroupshaplogrouphmtdnahhaplogroupkmtdnakhaplogroupumtdnahaplogroupuuhaplogroupumtdnahaplogroupuuhaplogroupumtdnahaplogroupuuehaplogrouptmtdnatandhaplogrouprmtdnareastasianhaplogroupshaplogroupbmtdnabhaplogroupdmtdnadandhaplogroupgmtdnagahaplogroupsofmostlikelycentralasianorsiberianoriginhaplogroupcmtdnahaplogroupccandhaplogroupcmtdnahaplogroupccaswellastypicallysouthasianhaplogroupshaplogroupmmtdnadistributionmandhaplogroupmmtdnamaccordingtoacommentpostedonjulybyoneofstudycoauthorsprofhuizhouxiaohehaplogroupraydnaralineagesbelongedtoaspecificallyeuropeanbranchratherthanthemorecommoncentralasianhaplogrouprarzraabrzseealsolistofbronzeagesitesinchinaloulankingdomkrorainacharklikancientsettlementcharkliktarimmummiesniyatarimbasinniyamiranchinareferencesliteraturefolkebergmandsrniiacjptoyobunkoviiibvpagehtmlenarchaeologicalresearchesinsinkiangespeciallyinthelopnorregionreportsfromthescientificexpeditiontothenorthwesternprovincesofchinaundertheleadershipofdrsvenhedinscientificexpeditiontothenorthwesternprovincesofchinapublicationthulestockholmsvenhedinundfolkebergmanhistoryofanexpeditioninasiadsrniiacjptoyobunkoehevpagehtmlenreportspublicationpartiiistatensetnografiskamuseumstockholmfolkebergmantravelsandarchaeologicalfieldworkinmongoliaandsinkiangadiaryoftheyearsinsvenhedinundfolkebergmanhistoryofanexpeditioninasiapartivgeneralreportstravelsandfieldworkreportspublicationstatensetnografiskamuseumstockholmvhmairtherediscoveryandcompleteexcavationofrdeksnecropolisinjournalofindoeuropeanstudiesnopnbspalfriedwieczorekundchristophlindursprngederseidenstraesensationelleneufundeausxinjiangchinareissengelhornmuseenmannheimtheissstuttgartexternallinksdownloadablearticleevidencethatawesteastadmixed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aomanannouncedthatsheleftheygirltopursuehercareerasamodelineelinmodellingagencyinhsiaomanalongwiththefiveothertopmodelswhoturnedyearsoldestablishedcutegirlmodelcutegirlandreleasedtheirfirstalbumcutefantasyphotobookcutefantasydramaclasswikitableyearchanneltitleroleformosatelevisionftvbrstartaiwanbrownsugarmacchiatohsiaomanasherselfwoocomonlineshowherecomesbrownsugarhsiaomanstartaiwanthelegendofbrownsugarchivalrieswaveamplifierpublictelevisionserviceptsdeathgirlpeipeihappymichelinkitchengunghayfatchoytvshowthemesongslollipopflollipopheygirlgroupheygirlkuchabrownsugarmacchiatoheygirlhelloaiqingfengbrownsugarmacchiatolollipopflollipopheygirlgroupheygirlheitangxiubrownsugarmacchiatoreferenceskskagakudokuhonjiyuuenoshoutaimuhammadmansuruddinxingshaninfoboxsettlementnamenativenamesettlementtypedistrictprcdistrictimageimagesizeimagecaptionimagemapchinahegangxingshanpngmapsizepxmapcaptionlocationofxingshandistrictinhegangimagemaplocationofhegangprefecturewithinheilongjiangchinapngmapcaptionlocationofhegangcityinheilongjianglatdlatmlatslatnslongdlongmlongslongewsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameheilongjiangsubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamehegangsubdivisiontypesubdivisionssubdivisionnameseattypedistrictseatseatxingshanroadareatotalkmelevationmelevationftpopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationnotepostalcodewebsitepopulationtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetthedistrictprcdistrictofxingshanpinyinxngshnqisanadministrativesubdivisionoftheprovincesofchinaprovinceofheilongjiangpeoplesrepublicofchinachinaitisunderthejurisdictionoftheprefecturelevelcityofhegangnotesandreferencesinfoboxsettlementnamenativenamesettlementtypedistrictprcdistrictimageimagesizeimagecaptionimagemapchinahegangxiangyangpngmapsizepxmapcaptionlocationofxiangyangdistrictinheganglatdlatmlatslatnslongdlongmlongslongewsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameheilongjiangsubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamehegangsubdivisiontypesubdivisionssubdivisionnameseattypedistrictseatseatzhenxingroadareatotalkmelevationmelevationftpopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationnotepostalcodewebsitepopulationtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetthedistrictprcdistrictofxiangyangpinyinxingyngqisanadministrativesubdivisionoftheprovincesofchinaprovinceofheilongjiangpeoplesrepublicofchinachinaitisunderthejurisdictionoftheprefecturelevelcityofhegangnotesandreferencesthedistrictprcdistrictofxinganpinyinxngnqisanadministrativesubdivisionoftheprovincesofchinaprovinceofheilongjiangpeoplesrepublicofchinachinaitisunderthejurisdictionoftheprefecturelevelcityofhegangnotesandreferencesuschinastrategicandeconomicdialogueuschinastrategicandeconomicdialoguemovementforthereorganizationofthecommunistpartyofgreeceredirectcategoryshellxanthikaorxandikawasanancientmacedonianannualfestivalshortlybeforethevernalequinoxinthemonthxanthikoscontainingaspringpurificationmarchofthearmybetweenthetwohalvesofasacrificeddogwhichisassociatedwiththeassimilationofthenewyearsephebosephebesintothearmyaccordingtoafragmentofpolybiustheymakeofferingstoxanthusmythologyxanthusasaheroandperformapurificationofthearmywithhorsesfullyequippedtherewasalsoaspartanmilitaryfestivalofyouthswhosacrificedadogtoenyaliusreferencessourcespolybiusromeandthehellenisticworldbyfrankwilliamwalbankpagemacedonianinstitutionsunderthekingsbymiltiadeschatzopoulospagesancientmacedoniancalendarnantashowtheadventuresofoktyabrinamishkiversusyudenichthedevilswheelgoldwindfrancescobartolomeorastrellifrancescobartolomeorastrelliplatonzubovinfoboxsettlementnamenativenamesettlementtypedistrictprcdistrictimagegovernmentofxiangyangdistrictjiamusijanjpgimagesizepximagecaptiongovernmentofxiangyangdistrictjiamusiimagemapchinajiamusixiangyangpngmapsizepxmapcaptionlocationofxiangyangdistrictinjiamusilatdlatmlatslatnslongdlongmlongslongewsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameheilongjiangsubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamejiamusisubdivisiontypesubdivisionssubdivisionnameseattypedistrictseatseatguangfuroadnoareatotalkmelevationmelevationftpopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationnotepostalcodexwebsitepopulationtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetthedistrictprcdistrictofxiangyangpinyinxingyngqisanadministrativesubdivisionoftheprovincesofchinaprovinceofheilongjiangpeoplesrepublicofchinachinaitisunderthejurisdictionoftheprefecturelevelcityofjiamusiandhasinhabitantsaccordingtothefifthnationalpopulationcensusofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacensusitstotalfertilityratewaschildrenperwomanwhichisthelowesttfrrecordedanywhereintheworldinrecordedhistorynotesandreferencesseealsoexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxyqzfjmsgovcngovernmentsitexmmnewtonwanischolarondolkiminouchinitsukumadezuttohashitteyukumokshafutarinorocketvladimirvoroninpetrulucinschipetrulucinschixrayastronomysatellitesrossixraytimingexplorerminabcountygweilunmeigweilunmeianthonywonghongkongactorjackkaobluegatecrossingbluegatecrossingredirectxiitacticalaircommandredirectpiswiprologxpcehalushkohamoirryuotaryuotatsonshimazakihitominojuuninkazenikienaidesuzukimagoichisuzukimagoichiborisshpislujanfrynssyndromekhooteckpuatxrayemissionoccursfrommanycelestialspherecelestialobjectstheseemissionscanhaveapatternoccurintermittentlyorasatransientastronomicaleventinxrayastronomymanysourceshavebeendiscoveredbyplacinganxrayastronomydetectorsxraydetectorabovetheearthsatmosphereoftenthefirstxraysourcediscoveredinmanyconstellationsisanxraytransienttheseobjectsshowchanginglevelsofxrayemissionusnavalresearchlaboratorynrlastronomerdrjosephlaziostatedrefnamelazioreftheskyisknowntobefulloftransientobjectsemittingatxandgammaraywavelengthsthereareagrowingnumberofrecurrentxraytransientsinthesenseoftravelingasatransienttheonlystellarxraysourcethatdoesnotbelongtoaconstellationisthesunasseenfromearththesunmovesfromwesttoeastalongtheeclipticpassingoverthecourseofoneyearthroughthetwelveconstellationsofthezodiacandophiuchusexoticxraytransientsfieldofviewthelowerimagequadrantrepresentsazoomedinviewscpfisorwasanastronomicalobjectofunknowntypediscoveredonfebruaryintheconstellationbotesrefnamensrefduringasurveyofgalaxyclusterclwiththehubblespacetelescopesadvancedcameraforsurveyswidefieldchannelrefnamebarbaryreftheeuropeanxraysatellitexmmnewtonmadeanobservationinearlyaugustwhichappearstoshowanxrayglowaroundscpfrefnamenaturereftwoordersofmagnitudemoreluminousthanthatofsupernovaerefnamegansickerefnovaorsupernovamostastronomicalxraytransientsourceshavesimpleandconsistenttimestructurestypicallyarapidbrighteningfollowedbygradualfadingasinanovaorsupernovagrojrefnamesimbadrefisanxraynovaandblackholecandidatethatwasdiscoveredbythebatseinstrumentonthecgrosatelliteonaugrefnameharmonrefrefnamepaciesasrefduringtheoutburstitwasobservedtobestrongerthanthecrabnebulagammaraysourceouttophotonenergiesofaboutkevrefnamelingreftransientbinaryxraysourcextejisatransientbinaryxraysourcelocatedintheconstellationaraconstellationarathebinaryperiodisdrefnameoroszrefsoftxraytransientsoftxraytransientsarecomposedofsometypeofcompactobjectprobablyaneutronstarandsometypeofnormallowmassstarieastarwithamassofsomefractionofthesunsmasstheseobjectsshowchanginglevelsoflowenergyorsoftxrayemissionprobablyproducedsomehowbyvariabletransferofmassfromthenormalstartothecompactobjectineffectthecompactobjectgobblesupthenormalstarandthexrayemissioncanprovidethebestviewofhowthisprocessoccursrefnamecorcoranrefsoftxraytransientscenxandaplxwerediscoveredbyhakuchojapansfirstxrayastronomysatellitexraybursterxrayburstersareoneclassofxraybinaryxraybinarystarsexhibitingperiodicandrapidincreasesinluminositytypicallyafactoroforgreaterpeakedinthexrayregimeoftheelectromagneticspectrumtheseastrophysicalsystemsarecomposedofanaccretionastrophysicsaccretingcompactobjecttypicallyaneutronstaroroccasionallyablackholeandacompaniondonorstarthemassofthedonorstarisusedtocategorizethesystemaseitherahighmassabovesolarmassesorlowmasslessthansolarmassxraybinaryabbreviatedaslmxbandhmxbrespectivelyxrayburstersdifferobservationallyfromotherxraytransientsourcessuchasxraypulsarsandsoftxraytransientsshowingasharprisetimesecondsfollowedbyspectralsofteningapropertyofcoolingblackbodyblackbodiesindividualburstsarecharacterizedbyanintegratedfluxofsupsupergsrefnamelewinrefgammaraybursteragammarayburstgrbisahighlyluminosityluminousflashofgammaraysthemostenergeticformofelectromagneticradiationgrbwasagrbdetectedonfebatutcpriortothiseventgrbshadonlybeenobservedatgammawavelengthsforseveralyearsphysicistshadexpectedtheseburststobefollowedbyalongerlivedafterglowgammarayburstafterglowatlongerwavelengthssuchasradiowavesxraysandevenvisiblelightthiswasthefirstburstforwhichsuchanafterglowwasobservedrefnameschillingrefatransientxraysourcewasdetectedwhichfadedwithapowerlawslopeinthedaysfollowingtheburstthisxrayafterglowgammarayburstafterglowwasthefirstgrbaftergloweverdetectedrefnamecostareftransientxraypulsarsforsometypesofxraypulsarsthecompanionstarisabestarthatrotatesveryrapidlyandapparentlyshedsadiskofgasarounditsequatortheorbitsoftheneutronstarwiththesecompanionsareusuallylargeandveryellipticalinshapewhentheneutronstarpassesnearbyorthroughthebecircumstellardiskitwillcapturematerialandtemporarilybecomeanxraypulsarthecircumstellardiskaroundthebestarexpandsandcontractsforunknownreasonssothesearetransientxraypulsarsthatareobservedonlyintermittentlyoftenwithmonthstoyearsbetweenepisodesofobservablexraypulsationsaxjisatransientaccretingmillisecondxraypulsarthatisintermittentinadditionxraybursterxrayburstoscillationsandquasiperiodicoscillationsinadditiontocoherentxraypulsationshavebeenseenfromsaxjmakingitarosettastoneforinterpretationofthetimingbehavioroflowmassxraybinarylowmassxraybinariessupergiantfastxraytransientssfxtsthereareagrowingnumberofrecurrentxraytransientscharacterizedbyshortoutburstswithveryfastrisetimestensofminutesandtypicaldurationsofafewhoursthatareassociatedwithobsupergiantsandhencedefineanewclassofmassivexraybinariessupergiantfastxraytransientssfxtsthesunasanxraytransientthequietsunalthoughlessactivethanactiveregionsisawashwithdynamicsmechanicsdynamicprocessesandtransientastronomicaleventtransienteventsbrightpointsnanoflaresandjetsrefnameaschwandenrefacoronalmassejectioncmeisanejectedplasmaconsistingprimarilyofelectronsandprotonsinadditiontosmallquantitiesofheavierelementssuchasheliumoxygenandironplustheentrainingcoronalclosedmagneticfieldregionssmallscaleenergeticsignaturessuchasplasmaheatingobservedascompactsoftxraybrighteningmaybeindicativeofimpendingcmesthesoftxraysigmoidansshapedintensityofsoftxraysisanobservationalmanifestationoftheconnectionbetweencoronalstructureandcmeproductionrefnamegopalswamyrefthefirstdetectionofacoronalmassejectioncmeassuchwasmadeondecbyrtouseyoftheusnavalresearchlaboratoryusingthethorbitingsolarobservatoryosorefnamehowardrefearlierobservationsofcoronaltransientsorevenphenomenaobservedvisuallyduringsolareclipsesarenowunderstoodasessentiallythesamethingthelargestgeomagneticperturbationresultingpresumablyfromaprehistoriccmecoincidedwiththefirstobservedsolarflareintheflarewasobservedvisuallybyrichardchristophercarringtonandthegeomagneticstormwasobservedwiththerecordingmagnetographatkewgardensthesameinstrumentrecordedacrotchetaninstantaneousperturbationoftheearthsionospherebyionizingsoftxraysthiscouldnoteasilybeunderstoodatthetimebecauseitpredatedthediscoveryofxraysbywilhelmconradroentgenroentgenandtherecognitionoftheionospherebyarthuredwinkennellykennellyandheavisidetransientxraysfromjupitersnorthernauroraeshowingthemainauroralovalthepolaremissionsandthespotsgeneratedbytheinteractionwithjupitersnaturalsatellitesunlikeearthsauroraewhicharetransientandonlyoccurattimesofheightenedsolaractivityjupitersauroraearepermanentthoughtheirintensityvariesfromdaytodaytheyconsistofthreemaincomponentsthemainovalswhicharebrightnarrownbspkminwidthcircularfeatureslocatedatapproximatelyfromthemagneticpolesthesatelliteauroralspotswhichcorrespondtothefootprintsofthemagneticfieldlinesconnectingtheirionosphereswiththeionosphereofjupiterandtransientpolaremissionssituatedwithinthemainovalsrefnamepalierrefrefnamebhardwajreftheauroralemissionsweredetectedinalmostallpartsoftheelectromagneticspectrumfromradiowavestoxraysuptokevdetectingxraytransientsthexraymonitorofpsolwinddesignatednrlorxmonwasacollaborationbetweenthenavalresearchlaboratoryandlosalamosnationallaboratorythemonitorconsistedofcollimatedargonproportionalcounterstheinstrumentbandwidthofkevwasdefinedbythedetectorwindowabsorptionthewindowwasnbspmmberylliumandtheupperleveldiscriminatortheactivegasvolumepmixturewasnbspcmdeepprovidinggoodefficiencyuptokevcountswererecordedinenergychannelsslatcollimatorsdefinedafovofxfwhmforeachdetectorthelongaxesofthefovswereperpendiculartoeachotherthelongaxeswereinclineddegreestothescandirectionallowinglocalizationoftransienteventstoaboutdegreethegranatphebusphebusexperimentrecordedhighenergytransienteventsintherangenbspkevtonbspmevitconsistedoftwoindependentdetectorsandtheirassociatedelectronicseachdetectorconsistedofabismuthgerminatebgocrystalnbspmmindiameterbynbspmmthicksurroundedbyaplasticanticoincidencejacketthetwodetectorswerearrangedonthespacecraftsoastoobservepisteradianstheburstmodewastriggeredwhenthecountrateinthetonbspmevenergyrangeexceededthebackgroundlevelbystandarddeviationsineitherorsecondstherewerechannelsovertheenergyrangerefnamenasarefalsoonboardthegranatinternationalastrophysicalobservatorywerefourgranatwatchwatchinstrumentsthatcouldlocalizebrightsourcesinthetokevrangetowithinusingarotationmodulationcollimatortakentogethertheinstrumentsthreefieldsofviewcoveredapproximatelyoftheskytheenergyresolutionwasfullwidthathalfmaximumfwhmatnbspkevduringquietperiodscountratesintwoenergybandstoandtonbspkevwereaccumulatedfororsecondsdependingononboardcomputermemoryavailabilityduringaburstortransienteventcountrateswereaccumulatedwithatemporalresolutiontimeresolutionofspersthecomptongammarayobservatorycgrocarriestheburstandtransientsourceexperimentbatsewhichdetectsinthekevtomevrangeimagewindjpgthumbpxrightthewindsatelliteisthefirstofnasasglobalgeospacescienceggswindwaslaunchedonnovatfirstthesatellitehadalunarswingbyorbitaroundtheearthwiththeassistanceofthemoonsgravitationalfieldwindsapogeewaskeptoverthedayhemisphereoftheearthandmagnetosphericobservationsweremadelaterinthemissionthewindspacecraftwasinsertedintoaspecialhaloorbitinthesolarwindupstreamfromtheearthaboutthesunwardsunearthequilibriumpointlthesatellitehasaspinperiodofsecondswiththespinaxisnormaltotheeclipticwindcarriesthetransientgammarayspectrometertgrswhichcoverstheenergyrangekevmevwithanenergyresolutionofkevmevedeltaethethirdusthirdsmallastronomysatellitesmallastronomysatellitesaswaslaunchedonmaywithmajorscientificobjectivesdeterminebrightxraysourcelocationstoanaccuracyofarcsecondsstudyselectedsourcesovertheenergyrangekevandcontinuouslysearchtheskyforxraynovaeflaresandothertransientphenomenaitwasaspinningsatellitewithpointingcapabilitysaswasthefirsttodiscoverxraysfromahighlymagneticwdbinarysystemamherdiscoveredxraysfromalgolandhzandsurveyedthesoftxraybackgroundkevtenmawasthesecondjapanesexrayastronomysatellitelaunchedonfebtenmacarriedgoddardspaceflightcentergsfcdetectorswhichhadanimprovedenergyresolutionbyafactorofcomparedtoproportionalcountersandperformedthefirstsensitivemeasurementsoftheironspectralregionformanyastronomicalobjectsenergyrangekevkevgasscintillatorproportionalcounterunitsofnbspcmsupsupeachfovdegfwhmkevtransientsourcemonitorkevindiasfirstdedicatedastronomysatellitescheduledforlaunchonboardthepslvinmidastrosatwillmonitorthexrayskyfornewtransientsamongotherscientificfocusesseealsoexplorationalxrayastronomyxxraysourcexrayastronomyxrayastrophysicalsourcesreferencesexternallinksspacemiteduhetehetehighenergytransientexplorerbatsemsfcnasagovbatsebatseburstandtransientsourceexplorerinfoboxeconomistnamexaviergabaixschooltraditioncolorimageimagesizecaptionbirthdatebirthplacedeathdatedeathplacenationalityfrancefrenchinstitutionharvarduniversitybrnewyorkuniversitybrmitfieldmacroeconomicsalmamaterharvarduniversitybrecolenormalesuprieuredoctoraladvisorrobertbarroacademicadvisorsdoctoralstudentsnotablestudentsinfluencedcontributionsawardssignaturefilenameonlyrepecprefixerepecidpgaxaviergabaixbornaugustisafrenchpeoplefrencheconomistcurrentlythepershingsquareprofessorofeconomicsandfinanceatharvarduniversityhehasbeenlistedamongthetopyoungeconomistsintheworldbytheeconomistrefnametheeconomistrefheholdsabainmathematicsfromtheecolenormalesuprieureaswellasadoctorofphilosophyphdineconomicsfromharvarduniversitygabaixmostlyresearchesassetpricingbehavioraleconomicsandmacroeconomicshehasmanynotableandhighlyoriginalresearchcontributionsonanumberofsubjectsinfinancialeconomicsincludingthelevelofcompensationofcorporateexecutivesandbehaviorallyinfluenceddecisionmakinganditsinfluenceonassetmarketbehaviourinsomeofhisworkhehasmadeuseofaxiombasedmodelsoftheshapesofthetailsofprobabilitydistributionsahallmarkofprofessorgabaixsresearchstyleishispropensitytotakeunexpecteddirectionshepreviouslyheldapositionasassociateprofessorofeconomicsatthemassachusettsinstituteoftechnologyboundedrationalitygabaixcontinuestoworkonboundedrationalityhispaperpagessternnyueduxgabaixpapersbrnkpdfabehavioralnewkeynesianmodelwascalledthemostinterestingmacroeconomictheorypaperinyearsbybloombergviewinanarticletitledbloombergcomviewarticlesansweringthehardestquestionineconomicsansweringthehardestquestionineconomicsthearticlegoesontosuggestthattheworkheraldsaseachangeinthewaymacroeconomictheorygetsdonerecognitiongabaixwasawardedtheamericanfinanceassociationfischerblackprizetheawardisgiventoayoungresearcherwhosebodyofworkbestexemplifiesthefischerblackhallmarkofdevelopingoriginalresearchthatisrelevanttofinancehewasthewinnerofthegermnberncerprizebernacerprizetothebesteuropeaneconomistunderworkinginmacrofinanceforhisoriginalresearchcontributionsinfinancialandbehavioraleconomicsincludingtheconsequencesofseeminglyirrationalbehavioronassetmarketsandhisanalysisofthelevelofcompensationofcorporateexecutivesinhewasawardedtheprixdumeilleurjeuneconomistedefranceaprizeawardedyearlytoafrencheconomistunderfortyyearsofagewhohascombinedrecognizedexpertisewithactiveparticipationinpublicdebateinhewasoneoftherecipientsofthelagrangeprizeforresearchoncomplexsystemstogetherwithladaadamicaspecialistinsocialnetworksanalysisrefnamepremiolagrangerefreferencesexternallinksnberorgauthorsxaviergabaixnberpagefuturecombatsystemsmannedgroundvehiclesthexfilesfranchisethexfilesfranchiseamonggreystonesseptemberattacksjulylondonbombingsnellbandredirectcategoryshellanaximanderbulgoginegorojiyaizushizuokaarenaxglidetaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumfungidivisioascomycotaclassisincertaesedisordoincertaesedisfamiliaincertaesedisgenusxylogonegenusauthorityarxtnilssontypespeciesxylogonesphaerosporatypespeciesauthorityarxtnilssonsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxylogoneisagenusoffungiintheascomycotaphylumtherelationshipofthistaxontoothertaxawithinthephylumisunknownincertaesedisandithasnotyetbeenplacedwithcertaintyintoanyclassorderorfamilythisisamonotypicgenuscontainingthesinglespeciesxylogonesphaerosporaseealsolistofascomycotageneraincertaesedislistofascomycotageneraincertaesedisreferencesexternallinksindexfungorumorgnamesgenusrecordasprecordidindexfungorumtaxoboximagexylobotryumpatjpgimagecaptionxylobotryuminecuadorthefruitbodiesdevelopedinthewaterfromawoodysubstrateregnumfungidivisioascomycotaclassisincertaesedisordoincertaesedisfamiliaincertaesedisgenusxylobotryumgenusauthoritypattypespeciesxylobotryumandinumtypespeciesauthoritypatsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxylobotryumisagenusoffungiintheascomycotaphylumtherelationshipofthistaxontoothertaxawithinthephylumisunknownincertaesedisandithasnotyetbeenplacedwithcertaintyintoanyclassorderorfamilyseealsolistofascomycotageneraincertaesedislistofascomycotageneraincertaesedisreferencesexternallinksindexfungorumorgnamesgenusrecordasprecordidindexfungorumtaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumfungidivisioascomycotaclassisincertaesedisordoincertaesedisfamiliaincertaesedisgenusxenomyxagenusauthoritysydtypespeciesxenomyxadisseminatatypespeciesauthoritysydsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxenomyxaisagenusoffungiintheascomycotaphylumtherelationshipofthistaxontoothertaxawithinthephylumisunknownincertaesedisandithasnotyetbeenplacedwithcertaintyintoanyclassorderorfamilythisisamonotypicgenuscontainingthesinglespeciesxenomyxadisseminataseealsolistofascomycotageneraincertaesedislistofascomycotageneraincertaesedisreferencesexternallinksindexfungorumorgnamesgenusrecordasprecordidindexfungorumxuerenenglishthescholarwasaninfluentialchineseindependentintellectualjournalthatranfromtoinordertoworkaroundcensorshipconditionsinthechinesepublishingindustrythatmakeitmoredifficultforperiodicalstogetapprovalthanbooksxuerenwaspublishedasaseriesinthelatterformatotherjournalsthathavetakenthesameapproachincluderespublicachinesemagazinerespublicaandhorizonschinesemagazinehorizonsscholarchaohuawanglocatesxuerensoriginsintheselfexaminationofintellectualsintimatelyinvolvedinthefermentoftheeightiescofounderwanghuicharacterizeshisandhiscolleaguesmotivationssimilarlybutwithoutacriticalapproachtowardimportedtheoriesinacademeasaprimarycomponentoftheirintellectualprojectandwithmoreofaneyetowarddirectlysociallyrelevantgoalsaccordingtohimxuerenwascreatedtofacilitateaneffortbyyoungintellectualstoreconsidermodernchinesehistoryinthewakeofthefailureofthedemocracymovementaprocessofreflectionthathoweverwanghuistatesthatxuerendidnotpursueanyparticularacademicagendaexampletableofcontentsthepageseventhissueofxuerenmayprintedthefollowingtableofcontentsinenglishthoughallarticleswereinchineseclasswikitablepagetitleauthoronimmanuelkantkantsculturalphilosophyhongqianhongqianarationallifewangweihongqianandottoneurathfandainanmorityschlikoncontentandformhanlinheacommentaryontheeasternflowofwesterngeographyduringthelateqingdynastyqingguoshaunglintranslingualpracticethediscourseofindividualismbetweenchinaandthewestlydiahliucaiyuanpeisphilosophyofgenderequalityxiaxiaohongpekinguniversityfacultyliushipeisresearchonchineseacademichistorywuguangxingtheissuesraisedduringthedebatebetweenxiongshiliandliangshumingjinghaifengthevijnavdaschoolandtheconceptofhetuluozhaoanewlookattheoriginsoftibetanculturewangxiaodunastudyofthedaggeraxewiththebibinginscriptionsfoundatjingmenluozhaothemoswordandthemilitaryaffairsofthegreattangempirelijinxiuthebagueightpartessayandclassicalchineseproseofthemingdynastymingandqingchenpingyuanontheadherentsofthemingdynastyzhaoyuanontherelationshipbetweenchangzhouwomanscultureandtheyanghuschoolwriterscaohonginsearchofnewmodelsforresearchonchinaliudongreachingoutfromtraditiontheconnectionbetweenpeaceandpoliticalorderhehuaihongthefateofthedoctrineoftwocategoriesoftruthfromtheseventeenthcenturytothepresentxuyouyutheoryandpracticeastudyofthehistoryofphilosophicalthinkingzhangrulunsongseeyeolandthezhuzischooloftheleedynastyinkoreachenlaiogyusoraiandhisinnovationstojapaneseconfucianismwangzonghiangznotesonacademichistoryresearchbreakingawayformsicthecycleofthehanandsongschoolschenshaomingabriefaccountoftherevivalofthexunzischoolduringthemidqingyanghuacritiqueofxiaoyangsthelawofcausalityhistoricismandautonomychenlianseealsodushuajournalofwhichwanghuiintellectualwanghuiwouldbecomeeditorinandwhichhadbeeninthemidtolateeightiesakeypopularizeroftheimportedtheoriestowhichxuerensfoundingwasinpartareactionnotesxurimayrefertoxurijiangxichinaxurisichuanchinathislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitbeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellxurialsoknownaskuangsinkwangsinshangjaoshangjaohsienshangjaoshihorshangraoisapopulatedplaceinjiangxichinaseealsoshangraoreferencesxuriisapopulatedplaceinsichuanchinaseealsogarzcountyreferencesxuxcabisapopulatedplaceinyucatnstateyucatnmexicoseealsoyaxunareferenceszhurongjizhurongjixizhongxunxizhongxunxizhongxunweiguoqingweiguoqingyuqiulixylogonexenomyxahushihhushihyanglinwatermarginyanglinhungyanyankygunkanhobonichihobonichitelegonusinternationalmanagementinstituteofsaintpetersburgredirectcategoryshellinternationalmanagementinstituteofsaintpetersburgsomethingawfulthexfilesfandomhyderabadxjapanyotareminaminowariazatakenogazatobishimashindentobishimamuraamagunaichikenminamiasomizunoumarerusatohakusuikgenstationamirkhaninfoboxtelevisionepisodetitleimagecaptionseriesmillenniumtvseriesmillenniumseasonepisodeairdatenovemberproductioncwriterglenmorganbrjameswongproducerjameswongdirectordavidnutterguestsbrittanytipladyasjordanblackmillenniumjordanblacksamandersonasagentjackpiersonrobertlewisasagentsullivanjoechrestasraymonddeeshirokanagawaasagenttakahashiwilliammacdonaldasagentnolanrogerbarnesasagentsmithderylhayesasofficermarkstantonprevthejudgemillenniumthejudgenextkingdomcomemillenniumkingdomcomeseasonarticlemillenniumseasonepisodelistlistofmillenniumepisodesisthefifthepisodeofthemillenniumseasonfirstseasonoftheamericancrimegenrecrimethrillergenrethrillertelevisionseriesmillenniumtvseriesmillenniumitpremieredonthefoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxnetworkonnovembertheepisodewaswrittenbyglenmorganandjameswongproducerjameswonganddirectedbydavidnutterfeaturedguestappearancesbysamandersonhirokanagawaandjoechrestmillenniumgroupconsultantfrankblackcharacterfrankblacklancehenriksenisapproachedbythefederalbureauofinvestigationfbiwhenaseriesofbombsaredetonatedinwashingtondcblacksinvestigationsoonrevealsthattheculpritseekstobeseenasaherosettingoffexplosionsinordertorescuepeoplefromthescenesleavingblacktotrackdownthefamehungrybomberbeforemorepeoplearekilledwasoneofmanycollaborationsbetweennuttermorganandwongwiththethreehavingworkedtogetheronseveraltelevisionseriespreviouslytheepisodeopenswithareferencetoexistentialismexistentialistphilosopherjeanpaulsartreandfeaturedhenriksenperformingallofhisownstuntsplotoutsideabarinwashingtondcraymonddeesjoechrestcallsonapayphonehesaysnothingsimplytypingthenumbersonthephoneskeypadlaterhewatchesthebarfromaparkinggaragenearbymasturbatingasthebombhehasleftinsidedetonatesmillenniumgroupconsultantfrankblackcharacterfrankblacklancehenriksenwatchestheaftermathoftheexplosiononthenewsknowingthatthegroupwillaskforhisassistancewiththecasedeesisamongtherescuersseenonthebroadcastblacktravelstodcandmeetsupwithfellowgroupmemberpeterwattsmillenniumpeterwattsterryoquinnthetwojointhefederalbureauofinvestigationfbitaskforceinvestigatingthebombingledbyspecialagentspiersonsamandersonandtakahashihirokanagawawattsandblackquicklydismissseveralfalseclaimsofresponsibilitybyterroristgroupsblacklistenstothecallleftbydeesdeducingthatthenumbersdialledspellthewordkaboomonatelephonekeypadblackandthefbiinvestigatethecrimesceneblacknotonlyrealisesthebombersproficiencywithexplosivesbutisabletoworkoutthatheviewedthebombingfromtheparkinggarageinabininthegaragetheyfindatissuecoveredindeessemenblackinformsthefbithatthebomberissmartenoughtobeabletotapintotheirphonecallsandvolunteerstobaithimintoeavesdroppingonhismobilephoneblacksdeductioniscorrectandasheattemptstostalldeesonthephonewhilethefbitracethecallherealisesfromdeeslanguagethatthebomberisseekingtobecomefamousthroughhisactionsdeesinformsthefbithathehasplannedanotherbombingforthenextmorningthefbitaskforcerushtolocatethebombtracingthephonecalltoasmallsectionofthecitythatmighthouseitscanningtheareablacknoticesanotherparkinggarageoppositeanofficeblockandattemptstohavethebuildingevacuatedhoweverdeeshasplantedasecondbombwhichdetonatesfifteenminutesearlywhileblackisinsidethebuildinghoweverheispulledtosafetybyastrangerwhoisinterviewedonthenewsfollowingtheexplosionraymonddeesblackcomestoinahospitalbedtendedtobyhiswifecatherineblackmillenniumcatherineblackmegangallaghersheexplainstohimwhathashappenedandturnsontheeveningnewstoshowhimtheinterviewwithhisrescuerhoweverwatchingdeesspeakblackquicklyrealisesheisthebomberthefbilocatedeeshomebuthiselectronicsurveillancehadalertedhimlongbeforeandhehasescapedbeforetheyevenarrivehoweverasblacksitsinhiscarhereceivesacallfromdeeswhohasboobytrappedthecarthefbiareabletomonitorthiscallwithdeesequipmentdeestellsblackthattheywillbothsoonbefamouslettingblackknowthathehasaremotedetonatorforthecarsexplosivesbeforehecanuseitheiskilledbyapolicemarksmanwhenblackscarissearcheditisclearitwasneverriggedwithanythingdeeshadplannedthewholethingknowingthathewouldbekilledasnewsreportsspreadconcerningthebombersidentityandhisdeathatthehandsofthepoliceblackseesthatdeeshasachievedthefamehelongedforproductionwasdirectedbydavidnutterwhohaddirectedbothpilotmillenniumpilotandgehennamillenniumgehennapreviouslyandwouldalsodirectloinlikeahuntingflamelaterintheseasonrefnameseasonbookrefnuttermorganandwonghadallpreviouslycollaboratedonbothmillenniumsistershowthexfilesandthemorganandwongcreatedseriesspaceaboveandbeyondrefnameaboverefgueststarhirokanagawawhoportraysfbispecialagenttakahashihasappearedseveraltimesinmillenniumsistershowthexfilesinthethexfilesseasonsecondandthexfilesseasonfourthseasonsaswellasinthexfilesspinoffseriesthelonegunmentvseriesthelonegunmenrefnamejimmybondrefkanagawawouldalsomakeseveralmoreappearancesonmillenniumactinginunrelatedrolesintheepisodesthetimeisnowmillenniumthetimeisnowrefnametimenowrefhumanessencerefnameessencerefandbardothodolmillenniumbardothodolrefnamebardoreftheepisodealsofeaturedaguestappearancebywilliammacdonaldasfbiagentnolanmacdonaldwouldlaterreappearinthemillenniumseasonthirdseasonepisodethroughaglassdarklymillenniumthroughaglassdarklyrefnamedarklyreflancehenriksenperformedallhisownstuntsinthisepisodehavingbeenintroducedtoactingbyastuntmanfriendofhistheepisodeopenswithaquotefromfrenchexistentialismexistentialistphilosopherandwriterjeanpaulsartreiamresponsibleforeverythingexceptmyveryresponsibilitywhichwastakenfromthetreatisebeingandnothingnesssarteswritingechoesthemotivationsofthecharacterofraymonddeeswithauthornegengenotingthatbothbelievedthatjustbecausetheindividualwasincapableofchangingdestinyalonewasnoreasonforhimtostoptryingbroadcastandreceptionwasfirstbroadcastonthefoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxnetworkonnovemberandearnedanielsenratingofmeaningthatroughlyofalltelevisionequippedhouseholdsweretunedintotheepisodetheepisodereceivedmixedtopositivereviewsfromcriticstheavclubzackhandlenratedtheepisodeabfindingthattheepisodescatandmousechasebetweenblackanddeeswaswellconstructedandexcitinganddrawingcomparisonsbetweentheepisodeandthefilmsevenfilmsevenhoweverhefeltthattheendingwaspoorandthatmegangallaghersportrayalofcatherineblacklettheepisodedownrefnameavcthexfilesmillenniumtvclubfirstzacklasthandlenpublishertheavclubdateoctoberaccessdateseptemberrefbillgibronwritingfordvdtalkratedtheepisodeoutoffindingthatthefocusontechnologicalinvestigativetechniqueswasdecidedlydullandthatalthoughtheepisodespremisewasinitiallyinterestingitgrewderivativeafterawhilerefnamedvdtalkrefrobertshearmanandlarspearsonintheirbookwantingtobelieveacriticalguidetothexfilesmillenniumthelonegunmennotethattheepisodespremiseisthefirstintheseriestoplayitentirelystraightavoidingblacksparanormalabilitiesshearmanandpearsonratedtheepisodefourandahalfstarsoutoffivedescribingitasnotonlyachillingstudyofonemansmadnessbutanindictmentuponthemodernobsessionwithcelebritythisinterpretationhasalsobeenechoedbymarkpizzatoinhisworkinnertheatresofgoodandevilpizzatoclaimsthattheepisodereflectsthemediasmelodramaticfetishizingofvillainsandheroesshowingthebombernotonlyasavulgarmasturbationonanistbutalsoasfrankssaviorandamartyrtothemassaudiencefootnotesreferencesexternallinksinfoboxtelevisionepisodetitleimagecaptionseriesmillenniumtvseriesmillenniumseasonepisodeairdatenovemberproductioncwriterglenmorganbrjameswongproducerjameswongdirectorthomasjwrightguestskristenclokeaslarameanschristianhoffasmatthewprinestevenrankinassheriffjohncaycecolleenrennisonasjessicacayceprevthecurseoffrankblacknextthehandofstsebastianseasonarticlemillenniumseasonepisodelistlistofmillenniumepisodesistheseventhepisodeofthemillenniumseasonsecondseasonofthetelevisionintheunitedstatesamericancrimegenrecrimethrillergenrethrillertelevisionseriesmillenniumtvseriesmillenniumitpremieredonthefoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxnetworkonnovembertheepisodewaswrittenbyglenmorganandjameswongproducerjameswonganddirectedbythomasjwrightfeaturedguestappearancesbykristenclokeandchristianhoffmillenniumgroupoffenderprofilerfrankblackcharacterfrankblacklancehenrikseninvestigatestheabductionofabusfullofschoolchildrenrequiringthehelpoffellowgroupmemberspeterwattsterryoquinnandlarameansclokeashetracksamanpreparingforathirdworldwarfeaturedseveralminorgueststarswhowouldlaterreturntotheseriesaswellasthesecondappearancebyrecurringactorcloketheepisodewasviewedbyapproximatelymillionhouseholdsinitsinitialbroadcastandreceivedamixedresponsefromtelevisioncriticsplotinbrokenbowoklahomamatthewprinechristianhoffintentlywatchesseveraltelevisionssimultaneouslyscrawlinghisreactionsacrosseveryinchofhisfloorashefinisheswritingheexperiencesavisionofthefuturenuclearwaranditsbarrenaftermathlatermillenniumgroupoffenderprofilersfrankblackcharacterfrankblacklancehenriksenandpeterwattsterryoquinninvestigatethedisappearanceofabusfullofschoolchildrentheybelievethedriverwasalsoavictimandnotresponsibletheymeetwiththelocalsheriffjohncaycestevenrankinwhohasdredgedthebusfromalakeitisemptybutinsideblackexperiencesthesamevisionasprinehealsofindspainttransferontheexteriorindicatingtheperpetratorwasdrivingawhitevanafalsepositiveresultsaspoliceapprehendstormchasingstormchasersinadifferentvanwhowarnthataviolenttornadoisapproachingprineisbehindthekidnappingandforcesthechildrenanddriverintoanundergroundbunkerheandhisaccomplicecountthehostagesrealizingthatthereisonelesschildthantheyhadanticipatedblackandcaycerealizethistooandracetothehomeofthechildwhohadnottakenthebusthatmorningtheyarriveintimetoapprehendprineasheattemptedtosnatchthechildandtakehimintocustodyblackbelievesprineisnotdrivenbymaliceheandwattsusetheresourcesofthemillenniumgrouptofindhishomediscoveringthedensewritingsacrosshisfloorstheylearnthatprinebelievesathirdworldwarisimminentandtookthechildrenashebelievesoneofthemisdestinedtobringpeaceduringthistimewishingtoprotectthischildwhenhelearnswhichoneitisdestinedtobeblackseeksaidfromanothergroupmemberlarameanskristenclokewhoisabletoobserveprinesbehaviouraltellsforclueswheninterviewinghimthiscoupledwithanalysisofsoilfromhisclothingpointstothechildrenbeingheldinanaluminiumquarrytheinvestigatorsrushtothequarrywhereprinesaccompliceengagestheminafirefighthowevertheadvancingtornadoforcesthemtotakecoveritkillsprineandliftstherooffromtheentombingbunkeritsubsidesasquicklyasitarrivedandthechildrenemergesafelyfromthewreckageblacksensesthatcaycesdaughtermaybetheprophesiedpeacemakeritturnsoutthatthetornadodestroyedtheschoolwherethechildrenwouldhavebeeniftheywerentabductedandthatprinehadsavedtheirlivesproductionwaswrittenbyfrequentcollaboratorsglenmorganandjameswongproducerjameswongtheduowouldpenatotaloffifteenepisodesthroughouttheseriesrunrefnameseasonbookrefwrightwouldalsogoontodirectmillenniumthexfilesmillenniumtheseriesfictionalcrossovercrossoverepisodewithitssistershowthexfilesrefnamemillenniumxfilesreftheepisodefeaturesthesecondappearanceofkristenclokeasmillenniumgroupmemberlarameansclokehadfirstportrayedthecharacterinmonstermillenniummonsterandwouldlastappearinthesecondseasonfinalethetimeisnowmillenniumthetimeisnowseveraloftheepisodesminorgueststarswouldappearagainlaterintheseriesbillmarchantwhoportrayedprinesaccomplicereappearedinanunrelatedroleinthethirdseasonepisodecollateraldamagemillenniumcollateraldamagewhilekurtevanswhoplayedasheriffsdeputyresurfacedindarwinseyealsointhethirdseasonbroadcastandreceptionquoteboxwidthembgcolorcdbfquoteiwishthatoneoftheseepisodeswouldeventuallymakeeveryideainitsheadcometogetherinsteadofseeminglikearandomcollectionofinterestingfactsandcoolknowledgelikeoneofthoseoldreadersdigestfunfactscompendiumsassembledintotvepisodeformsourcetheavclubtoddvanderwerffwasfirstbroadcastonthefoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxnetworkonnovembertheepisodeearnedanielsenratingofduringitsoriginalbroadcastmeaningthatofhouseholdsintheunitedstatesviewedtheepisodethisrepresentedapproximatelyhouseholdsandlefttheepisodetheeightyfourthmostviewedbroadcastthatweekrefnameratingsreftheavclubtoddvanderwerffratedtheepisodeabfindingitsfinalacttobepowerfulandentertaininghoweverhebelievedthattheepisodesufferedfromapooropeningactandwascriticalofwhathesawasapoorperformancebygueststarstevenrankinrefnameavcthexfilesmillenniumtvclubworktheavclubfirsttoddlastvanderwerffdateaprilaccessdateoctoberrefbillgibronwritingfordvdtalkratedtheepisodeoutoffeelingthattheepisodespoliceproceduralelementsdidnotmeshwellwithitstheologicalthemesgibronfeltthattheplotsresolutionwasoverlycontrivedbutpraisedthechemistrybetweentheleadactorshighlightinghenriksenandclokeinparticularrefnamedvdtalkrefrobertshearmanandlarspearsonintheirbookwantingtobelieveacriticalguidetothexfilesmillenniumthelonegunmenratedthreeandahalfstarsoutoffiveshearmanfelttheepisodewasasuccessfulblendoftheinvestigativeplotstructureusedinthefirstseasonwiththethemesofreligiouseschatologyintroducedinthesecondseasonhoweverhebelievedthattheplotranoutofsteambythefinalactsacrificingengagingdramaforaccuratebutdrypsychologynotesfootnotesreferencesexternallinkssidiouldcheikhabdallahivasilylivanovalexandergalichwriterhatsukaichihiroshimaeroticdancehitsperdayperwikipediamostmissedarticlesvaginahitsperdayperwikipediamostmissedarticlesnohiroshimamiyajimahiroshimaxraypulsarchineseslavescandalcuesportsxinhairevolutionxinghaicountypinyinxnghixiniscountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountyunderthejurisdictionofhainantibetanautonomousprefectureqinghaiprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinaxinghaihasanareaofsquarekilometersandapopulationofpostalcodeareacodesettlementsziketantownwenquanxinghaicountytsigorthangrefnamehrwrefseealsolistofadministrativedivisionsofqinghaireferencesxzqhorgquhuaqhxhhtmexternallinksqhxinhuanetcomxhxzfwqhtmxinhuanetxinghaicountywebsitexinghaicountyacademyofkoreanstudieskinokuniyabunzaemoninfoboxgreekdimosnamexylokeranamelocalperiphwestgreeceperiphunitelisregionalunitelismunicipalitypyrgoselispyrgosmunicunitiardanospopcommunitypopulationasofareaelevationcoordinatespostalcodeareacodelicencewebsiteimageskylinecaptionskylineelevationminelevationmaxxylokeraisavillageinthemunicipalunitofiardanoselisregionalunitelisgreeceinithadapopulationofitisnbspkmwestofvounargonbspkmeastofalpochorielisalpochoriandnbspkmnorthwestofpyrgoselispyrgospopulationclasswikitableyearpopulationseealsolistofsettlementsinelisexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebgtpgrlocpageaspidxylokeraatthegtptravelpagesreferencesxylokeraxylokeraredirectxiitacticalaircommandmingpaomingpaomediachineseinternationalmediachineseinternationalratkomladixunleixunleixunleikankanexgirlfriendbandexgirlfriendchoedeokgeunchoedeokgeunxiandistrictisadistrictprcdistrictofmudanjiangcityinheilongjiangprovincenortheastchinanotesandreferencesjapanesewikipediasongxiuyanyangchuantangmotherfilmvalentinamatviyenkoyuryluzhkovredirectcategoryshellmeteorshowertvseriesesporteclubexvdenovembrojaruleinternetculturetaxibluestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumfungidivisioascomycotasubdivisiopezizomycotinaclassisleotiomycetesordorhytismatalesfamiliarhytismataceaegenusxyloschizongenusauthoritysydtypespeciesxyloschizonweirianumtypespeciesauthoritysydsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxyloschizonisagenusoffungiwithintherhytismataceaefamilythegenuscontainstwospeciesrefnamedictionarythrefreferencesexternallinksindexfungorumorgnamesgenusrecordasprecordidxyloschizonatindexfungorumruienruienxnikitazotovsouthjeollaprovinceabenohirafuemperorkanmuxianinternationaltradelogisticsparkhowdarkthenightsareontheblackseainfoboxsettlementnamenativenameofficialnamesettlementtypeadministrativecommitteeadministrativezonepostalcodepostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodeimageskylineimagemaplocationofxinlinwithinheilongjiangchinapngmapcaptionlocationofthedistrictinheilongjiangoutlineinredandintheprcpinpointsu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tsofthehuiandzheschoolsitsmainlyconsideredasamodernschoolofsealartearlyimportantartistsfromthisschoolareqianshoutiewuhufanzhhuangbaoyuebaijiaomagongyuqinbomohuajianzhuhongdawuzhongjiongtanglinzechenziliqinkangxiangwuyouqianjintiezhizhicianlaichushenghoufuchangandgaoluoyuanestablishmentofthesocietybeforetheestablishmentofthesocietythereweremanylocalorsmallsizedorganizationsorartistsgroupsexistingespeciallyinzhejiangandshanghaihoweveritwasnotformallyregisterednorrecognizedbythegovernmentnonofficialthesealartistsfromdifferentschoolsandplacesfirstfoundedthexilingsealsocietyasalargenationalandacademicsocietyoflearningresearchandartinthefirstboardofdirectorsincludeddingrenwangshiwuyinandyemingthefirstpresidentofthesocietywaswuchangshuozhafamousscholarcalligraphistpaintersealmakerandwriterfromthehaischoollistofpresidentswuchangshuomahengzhzhangzongxiangshamenghaizhaopuchuqigongartistqigongcurrentsituationtheheadquartersofthesocietyarelocatedonthewesternsideofgushanhillzhinhangzhouzhejiangprovincegushanhillisanislandinthenorthofwestlakefromthetopofthehillpeoplecangetaveryniceviewofthelakeandenjoyitsbeautifullandscapestothenortheastofgushanisthefamousbaicausewayzhnamedafterbaijuyiafamouspoetandgovernorofhangzhoutothewestisthexilingbridgethesocietyhasseveralmuseumsofsealsandsealrelatedartsonthemountainitalsoownsmanyoldbuildingsmainlybuiltduringthemingandqingdynastiesthereisalsoapoolandseveralcavesonthemountaineveryyearartistsgettogethertheretodiscussarttheartistsaremainlyfromjapanchinasouthkoreahongkongtaiwanandsingaporetherearealsomanyexhibitionsandactivitiesonthemountainannuallythefamouschinaacademyofartisalsonotfarfromthesiteofthesocietythezhongshanparkofhangzhouisquitenearbythesocietyanditsfacilitiesarenowlistedasoneofthemajorsitetobeprotectedforitshistoricalandculturalvalueatthenationallevelmajorsitesprotectedatthenationallevelofchinagalleryfilehangzhouxilingyinshejpgfilehangzhouxilingyinshejpgfilehangzhouxilingyinshejpgfilehangzhouxilingyinshejpgfilehangzhouxilingyinshejpggalleryseealsoepigraphysealeastasiasealcuttingandsealengravingsealscriptandsealsculpturereferencesreflistrefsrefnamehsirefrefnamexseginhangzhoucomhangzhoupxilingsealengravingsocietythanniversaryserialexhibitionsrefexternallinksxlyscnofficialwebsiteofxilingsocietywebarchiveorgwebchinatourcnhangzhouthexilingsealengraversocietyhtmthexilingsealengraverssocietywebarchiveorgwebpandaadventurescomdshtmxilingsealengraverssocietywebarchiveorgwebmildchinacomhangzhouattractionshangzhouxilingyinshehtmlhangzhouxilingyinsheintroductionlistofthereturnofthecondorheroescharactersmongolempirewhitegoldwarinparadisetsaishengbaitsaishengbaimountishizuchitariqazizxxtariqaziztariqazizxianmatokacompanytokacompanytokacompanychristmastreepacketmabramsareacodeinfoboxsoftwaretitlexvnclogoreleasedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedateprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecgenrexwindowmanagerlicensebsdlicensesbsdwebsitexvncallowstheconsolekeyboardandmouseonanxterminaltobeusedtocontrolanotherconsolerunningavncserveritalsoprovidesancillaryfunctionslikeclipboardsharingthesoftwarewasdevelopedinbyfredrikhubinettebasedonsourcecodefromxxandvirtualnetworkcomputingvncproblemsusingxvncwithwindowswindowshasafeatureturnedonbydefaultwheremovingthemouseovertheshowdesktopbuttoninthetaskbarturnsondesktoppeekwhichshowsthedesktopeverytimethemousemovesoverthatbuttonxvncbydefaultmovesthemousetothelowerrightcornerwhentheremoteusermovestheirmouseawayfromthetargetwindowsdesktopthisisoverthatbuttononadefaulttaskbarlayoutwhichmakesthewindowsonthescreenbehiddeneverytimewhichisannoyingknownsolutionstogetaroundthisyoucandisablethedesktoppeekinthesettingsforthetaskbarmerabhejacomhowtoenabledisabledesktoppeekinwindowsthereisalsoamodifiedversionofxvncwhichhasoptionstogetaroundthisproblemgithubcommariovilasxvncseealsocomparisonofremotedesktopsoftwarexxexternallinksfredrikhubbenetxvnchtmlxvnchomepagefreebsdorgcgimancgiqueryxvncmanpathfreebsdportsreleasexvncmanpagehostedatfreebsdorgyemenyementaizibbalhudaydahxgamesdthemoviexgamesdthemoviexgamesdthemoviexgamesdthemovieinfoboxmusicalartistseewikipediawikiprojectmusiciansnameximagexfullbandjpgcaptionxinfrontofthegorillaroominbrfromleftericrohrerericaltontodfuhskellymitchellkenwoodingimagesizebackgroundgrouporbandgenrerockmusicrockpunkrockpunkoriginbellinghamwashingtonusstatewashingtonunitedstatesyearsactivendashlabelpaneserecordsengramrecordsirsrecordssubpoprecordsnewsoulrecordsassociatedactspastmemberskellymitchellbrericaltonbrtimlollarbrerikrohrerbrtoddfuhsbrkenbroadfootxisanamericanrockbandformedinbellinghamwashingtonusstatewashingtoninbyleadsingerkellymitchellguitaristericaltonbassplayertimlollarkeyboardisterikrohreranddrummertoddfuhstheyarebestknownasoneofthemostsuccessfulalternativebandsoperatingoutofseattleduringtheyearsthroughleadinguptotheseattlegrungeexplosionandfortheircultclassicsongvaporizedhistoryxsrisetosuccessbeganinbecauseoftheiruniquesoundingoriginalsongsdubbedmelodicpunkbyrockcriticdainadarzinofdesperatetimesandthenewyorkrockerthebandquickly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issedfromthegroupshortlyafterthealbumsreleasethexxcontinuedtoplayasatrioonaprotractedconcerttourthathelpedincreasetheirfanbasereputationinthepressandconfidenceasperformerstherecordprovedhighlyinfluentialinsubsequentyearsasitsdistinctivestylisticelementswereincorporatedbymanyindependentmusicindiebandsandtopsellingpopmusicpopactsinxxwasrankednumberonnmemagazinesnmesthegreatestalbumsofalltimelistofthegreatestalbumsofalltimebackgroundwhilestudentsatsouthlondonselliottschoollondonelliottschoolinchildhoodfriendsromymadleycroftandoliversimformedthexxwithjamiexxjamiesmithandbariaqureshicroftandsimplayedguitarandbassrespectivelyandduetedasthebandsvocalistswhilesmithprogrammingmusicprogrammedelectronicbeatmusicbeatsfortheirsongsandqureshidoubledasakeyboardistandadditionalguitaristduringlatenightscroftandsimeithersharedlyricswitheachotherthroughinstantmessagingorrehearsedquietlywithsmithandqureshiintheirbedroomssotheywouldnotdisturbtherestofthehouseholdthexxweregreatlyinfluencedbyamericancontemporaryrbrbproducerssuchastheneptunesandtimbalandwhoseminimalmusicminimalistproductionsincorporatedvocalharmonyvocalharmoniesclappingpercussionunconventionalsamplingmusicsamplesandpronouncedbeatsthebandcoveredaaliyahshotlikefirewomackwomacksteardropswomackwomacksongteardropsandotherpastrbhitswhentheyperformedliveandrecordedtheirdemomusicdemosafterpostingthedemosontheirmyspacepagethexxdrewtheinterestofyoungturksrecordlabelyoungturksanimprintlabelofxlrecordingstheysubmittedthedemostoxlsheadofficeatladbrokegroveandweresubsequentlysignedtoarecordingcontractthegroupworkedwithproducerssuchasdiploandkwestonosuccessbeforetheywereintroducedtoaudioengineerrodaidhmcdonaldbythexxsmanagercaiuspawsonwhogavehimthreecdsofdemostitledearlydemosrecordedinrehearsalspaceandwhatproducersdidwrongmcdonaldwasimpressedbytheintimatequalityanduseofsilenceonthedemoswhichbothheandthebandfeltmayhavechallengedotherproducerswhowantedtoincorporatetheirindividualtastestheydworkedwithaboutfourotherproducersbeforethenthathadandnodiscredittothemiguesstheydseenalotofspacetoaddakindofstampontherewasalotofemptyspaceinthexxsmusiceventhenintheearlydemosbutwejustfoundthatthebeststuffwasthemostsparserecordingandproductiontheguitarsheplayedonthealbumatthebehestofxlownerrichardrussellxlrecordingsrichardrussellthexxrecordedtheirdebutalbumatthelabelssmallinhouserecordingstudioxlrecordingsxlstudioxlstudiomakingthemthefirstacttorecordthereitwasoncetheheadofficebuildingsreargaragebeforerusselltransformeditatthebeginningofintoamakeshiftwritingrehearsalanddemospaceforxlsartistsmcdonaldwasassignedinseptembertomanageandproperlyequiptheroomwhichhelikedbecauseitwassoundproofandisolatedfromtherestoftheofficesoitwasntlikeyouwereworkingintherecordcompanyspresencecroftontheotherhandcalleditaprettyconfinedspacethesizeofabathroomoverthenextfewmonthsmcdonaldandpawsonpreparedabudgetforthelabeltofundthestudiospreliminarysetupwhichwouldhaverecordingequipmentspecificallysuitedforthexxincludingamodestlysizedmixingconsolesoundboardidealforrecordingasmallgroupthexxstartedtorecordthealbumindecemberwithmcdonaldwhoaudioengineerengineeredthesessionstheywouldusuallyrecordatnightafterxlsstaffhadleftwhichcroftsaidmadeitfeelisolatedandquitecreepytoreproducethesoundhehadheardonthebandsdemosmcdonaldhadthemwritedowntheirinstrumentssettingsandtestdifferentareasofthestudiotodeterminewhereheshouldrecordeachmembersimwhoplayedafenderprecisionbassprecisionbassmanufacturedintheswasoftenrecordedinthehallwayoutsidethestudiowithafenderbassmanoneofseveralamplifiersmcdonaldexperimentedwithforxxsomeofqureshiandcroftsguitarswerealsodoneinthehallwayqureshiplayedagibsonsgwithafenderhotroddeluxeorbluesdeluxeamplifierwhilecroftplayedanepiphonelespaulonmostofthealbumandagibsonesonafewsongsforherleadguitarpartscroftusedadelaypedalandarolandmicrocubeamplifierwithareverberationreverbsettingwhichmcdonaldfeltwouldbestreplicatehericyechofilledsoundonthedemosafteralltheinstrumentalelementshadbeenmultitrackrecordingtrackedcroftandsimrecordedtheirvocalstogetherrarelysingingbackuptooneanotheronanyofthesongsmcdonaldbelieveditwasimportantforthesingersbeinsyncandsharethesamementalstateormoodwhenperformingfulltakesofsongssomeofwhichhesaidbenefitedfromwhentheywerebothquitetiredandemotionalhehadcroftandsimsingintogeorgneumannneumannmicrophonesonmostofthesongsinordertomaketheirvocalssoundasintimateandconversationalaspossiblethemicrophoneswereamongthemoreexpensiveitemsheborrowedforthestudiospreliminarysetupsoxlwouldnotbeoverwhelmedwithacostlybudgetphotographedindespitemcdonaldscloseinvolvementthexxhadbeenencouragedtoselfproducetheiralbumbyrussellhebelieveditwouldremainfaithfultoboththebandsdistinctivelivesoundandthediyethicpracticedatxlsinceitsbeginningsasaravemusicravelabelsmithwaschosenbytherestofthegrouptoproducexxheusedlogicprologicrecordingsoftwareonhismacproandoftenworkedlatenightsinanearbyconferenceroomwhiletheyrecordedinthestudiowithdraftsofhisbeatssmithproducedrhythmtrackswithanmusicproductioncenterakaimpcsamplerwhichheoccasionallyaudiosignalprocessingprocessedthrougharolandreandothereffectsunitshealsocreatedclicktracksfortherestofthebandtokeeptimingwhentheyrecordedtheirindividualpartsafterthosepartshadbeenrecordedherefinedandincorporatedhisbeatsintothesongsforthreetofourweekscrofttrustedthatsmithwhodidnotwanttoconcealanyimperfectionsbyoverproducingxxwouldmakeitpracticalforthemtoperformliveratherthanlayerthesongswithseveralguitarorvocalelementsmostofxxwasrecordedfromlatedecembertolatejanuarybeforemcdonaldandsmithbegananexhaustiveaudiomixingrecordedmusicmixingprocesswhichlastedtwoweeksforeachsongtheymixedoneortwotracksofeachinstrumentandusedwavesaudiocomponentstoequalizationaudioequalizetherecordingshavingenjoyedhowthedemoscapturedunintendedbackgroundnoisessuchasstreetsoundsmcdonalddeliberatelyleftcertainsoundsthatwouldhaveotherwisebeenunwantedinthefinalmixiwantedittosoundlikepeopleinaroomratherthanthispolishedkindofperfectcrystallinethingheexplaineditwasallthesmalldetailsthatwereallylikedinfebruarythegroupwroteandrecordedfantasyshelterthexxsongshelterandinfinitybeforefinishingxxpossiblybymonthsendaccordingtomcdonaldthealbumslinernotescreditedthefinaldateofrecordingasaprilsimsanghisvocalsforinfinityonthesideofthestudiooppositefromcroftafterhismicrophonehadbeenunintentionallymovedtherewhichresultedinadistantsoundingvocalexchangeonthesongwhilerecordingshelteramechanicalpartfromtheguitaramplifierloosenedandcausedittomakeaclatteringsoundwhichmcdonaldandthexxchosetoretainitwasjustlikethismissingpieceofpercussionthatthetrackneededmcdonaldrecalledmusicandlyricslistenposleftfilenamethexxheartskippedabeatsampleoggtitleheartskippedabeatdescriptionheartskippedabeatruminatesonalostromanticconnectionovershortguitarfiguresandaclappingrhythmthesongsonxxweredevelopedaroundaframeworkofbasslinesandbeatswhileincorporatingsimpleguitarriffsformelodyrhythmandtexturemusictexturetheirmelodicnoteswereseparatedbyrestmusicrestscroftsaidthebandsstyleofinstrumentationhadbecomedefinedbythelimitedequipmenttheyoriginallyusedmyguitarsoundprettymuchcamefromdiscoveringtherewasreverbonmylittlepracticeampandreallylovingthemooditcreatedtheloudestsongintrothexxsongintrowasalargelyinstrumentalrecordingwithdoubletrackingdoubletrackedbeatsdistortedkeyboardnonlexicalvocablesinmusicnonlexicalvocablesandaguitarriffsongssuchascrystalisedandvcrsongvcrbeganwithamelodicostinatoandsomeunderstatedsoundsincludingaxylophoneonthelatterbeforeleadingtoquietlysungversescroftandsimexchangedversesoncrystalisedwhilebackedbythesoundofdrumstickclicksandbasslinesbeforethebeatwasheardontheausterelyarrangednighttimecroftsangitsfirsttwominutesoveronlyguitarandbassbeforeitsbeatdevelopedfantasywashighlightedbyashoegazingguitarsoundwhilemcdonaldobservedapredominantrbelementrussellfeltthexxsmusicevokedtheearlyhiphopmusichiphoprecordshelistenedtowhenhewasyoungastheywereoftenlimitedtovocalssamplesandbeatsmusicjournalistshoweverinferredfromxxthattheirinfluenceswerealternativerockactssuchasportisheadbandportisheadyoungmarblegiantsandcocteautwinsthelastofwhichcroftsaidshehadneverheardbeforethealbumwasreleasedthescotsmandescribedxxasaminimalistmelancholicindiepoprecordthatdrawsonelementsfromelectronicaandrbaswellasthecureandotheralternativegroupsaccordingtosarahbodenoftheobserverthealbumsunadorneddreampoplovesongsarereminiscentofcocteautwinsandmazzystarbecausetheyfeaturelowtemposmoodymelodiesandrhythmsinfluencedbyrbanddubsteptheirarrangementshavewhatneilmccormickcalledaverybritishindustrialaspectsomewhatsimilartothedubmusicdubinflectedpostpunksoundofenglishproducermartinhannettandhisworkwiththebandjoydivisionbothcroftandsimsaidtheircombinationofseeminglydisparateinfluencescouldhavebeenattributedtothevarietyineachbandmembersmusiccollectiononxxcroftandsimtouchedonthemesoflovedesireandlossintheirsongwritingwhichcroftsaidhasalwaysbeenbasedaroundemotionsrightfromthestartmyfavouritesongsareusuallyquitesadandithinkheartbreakissomethingthatsomanypeoplecanconnectwithlikecroftsimsaidhewrotemuchofhislyricsatnightwhenhisemotionsranabithigherbecauseoftheirreservedpersonalitiesrobertchristgaubelievedtheyreliedonalowkeyvulnerablestyleandtradedideasaboutintimacyascontemporariescomradesprospectsloversexloversandfriendsaccordingtonmemagazinesemilymackayallofthesongsdealtwiththeconsumingemotionsassociatedwithfirstloveincludingthetacitintimacyonvcrtheyearningexpressedonheartskippedabeatandtheprematureaffectionwarnedofoncrystalisedpetradavisfromthequietusarguedthatthethematiccruxofxxwasinthesuccessionofsongsfromislandsthexxsongislandstosheltereachofwhichsawaradicalshiftinperspectiveonasimilarperhapsasinglelovestorythealbumsromannumeraltitlereferredtoeachofthebandmembershavingturnedyearsoldbythetimexxwasreleasedbecauseoftheiragemanycriticsinterpretedthesongsasnocturnaldepictionsofadolescentlustphilipsherburnewroteinspinmagazinespinthatxxbrimmedwithayounglustoftenfoundinrockmusicandrecordingssuchasfantasyandshelterexpressedajadedyearningparticularlyinalyricfromthelattersongcanimakeitbetterwiththelightsturnedoncroftvehementlydeniedthiswewerewritingthesesongswhenwewereicanhonestlysayiveneverthoughtthisisaboutmysexlifecroftandsimwhowerebothgaydidnotintendforthesongstobeheardasromanticduetsshesaidtheyweresingingpasteachotherratherthantoeachotherhavingcombinedtheirindividuallywrittenlyricstheycouldnotdefinitelyexplainwhattheirsongswereaboutalthoughcroftsaidsimslyricsresonatedwithhernonethelessandenjoyedthepersonalinterpretationitofferedyoucanputthemintoyourownlifesheexplainedlikeohthisismysongtheromanticsituationssimwroteofhadbeeninspiredbyotherpeopleihadntreallyhadanyrelationshipstobeworkingoffbutihadahugeinterestinlifeandlookingatotherpeoplesrelationshipsaroundmehesaidpromotioncrystalisedwasreleasedasthexxsdebutsingleonaprilandhelpedbuildinterestamonglistenersandjournalistsitwaspartofaseriesofsinglesfromxxwhichincludedbasicspaceonaugustislandsonoctoberandvcronjanuarytheydidnotreceivesignificantairplayonbbcradiointheunitedkingdomandothermediaoutletsbelievedthexxdidnotwarrantstrongattentiononeeditorfromnmesaidatthetimethatthebandwasnotidealfortheirmagazinesfrontcoverintheunitedstatesthegroupbenefitedfromthewordofmouthmarketingofblogsbeginningwhentheyperformedsixconsecutivesoldoutshowsatnewyorkcityclubssuchaspianosclubpianosandthemercuryloungemonthspriortothealbumsreleaseseveralofthesongsfromxxwerelicensedbyxltotelevisionprogramsintheukandnorthamericaintrobecamewidelyusedasthememusicintelevisionincludingsportshighlightsepisodesofseriessuchaslaworderandcoldcaseanadvertisementforattandbbcscoverageoftheunitedkingdomgeneralelectionbritishgeneralelectionalongwiththeirproductplacementplacementintelevisionsongsfromtherecordwereusedbynorthamericanchainstoressuchasstarbucksandurbanoutfittersasbackgroundmusicattheirlocationsaccordingtomccormickthesemarketingstrategieshelpedthexxdevelopenoughmediapresencetogarneroverhalfamillionsalesaroundtheworldwithouteverhavinganythingasvulgarasahitkrischenxlsartistsandrepertoirearseniorvicepresidentbelievedtheexposurewasdesiredandnecessaryforpromotinganalbumthatwasnotdrivenbypopradioalthoughthebandrealisedtheirmusichadtobemarketedsomehowcroftexpressedreservationsaboutputtingourmusiconeverythingjusttoputittoanythingjustforthesakeofmoneyreleaseandreceptionalbumreviewsadmmcrevallmusicrevscorerevtheavclubrevscorearevthedailytelegraphrevscorerevtheguardianrevscorerevtheirishtimesrevscorerevmsnmusicrevscorearevnmerevscorerevpitchforkwebsitepitchforkrevscorerevrollingstonerevscorerevthesundaytimesrevscorexxwasreleasedbyyoungturksinaugusttowidespreadcriticalacclaimaccordingtoalexispetridisitwasthemostacclaimedalbumoftheyearandatmetacriticwhichassignsastandardscorenormalizedratingoutoftoreviewsfrommainstreampublicationsitreceivedanweightedarithmeticmeanaveragescoreofbasedonreviewscriticsparticularlypraisedthegroupssoundonthealbumsimonpricewroteintheindependentthattheywerebeinguniversallylaudedfortheiratmosphericindierockandrightlysothedailytelegraphsjackarnholdregardeditasoneofthisyearsmostbeautifulandoriginaldebutalbumsinareviewforthenewyorkersashafrerejonesremarkedthatxxrewardedrepeatedlistensbecauseofthebandsdisciplinedplayingwhilemarkedwardsofthesundaytimessaiditsucceededwithsimplebutverynearperfectpopsongsallmusicsheatherpharescalledtheinstrumentationimpeccableandsaidshewasimpressedbyhowpoisedandrefinedsuchayounggroupsoundedintheirishtimesjimcarrolljournalistjimcarrollsaidtheexceptionalchemistryofcroftandsimsmelancholicduetswasthehighlightofthisdropdeadgorgeousdreampopsymphonymatthewcolefromslantmagazinebelievedtheirrapportgaveanemotionalweighttothemusicwhichhesaidsoundedtimelessandcapableofappealingtobothindependentmusicindieandpopulartasteschristgauwritinginmsnmusicwassomewhatmoreimpressedbythemusicthanbythelyricsalthoughhesaidtheunderlyingforcebehindthesingerscharminglyminimalistsongswasaspiritualdimensionofferedbytheirabilitytoshiftroleswithouteverseeminghostilecoldorevenunsupportiveinalessenthusiasticreviewjoncaramanicaofthenewyorktimesfeltthesingersweretoodisengagedandreticenttorevealanygenuineemotionthoughtheyresingingtoeachotheritrarelyfeelsintimatehewrotemoreliketwoshyteenagerseyescastdownwardawkwardlytalkingtothegroundintheopinionofpopmatterscriticbenschumertheconsistentsongstructurepopularmusicstructuresandtemposofthesongsmadethemsoundsomewhatmonotonousonwhatwasanotherwiseaffectingnocturnalmoodpiececonverselyjoshuaerrettfromnownewspapernowfoundthemusicandsingingmesmerizingbutlamentedthelyricswhichhedeemedemotionallyimmatureandoverwroughtbytheendofxxhadappearedonseveralcriticslistsoftheyearsbestalbumsitwasrankedsecondbynmesixthbyuncutmagazineuncutthirdbypitchforkwebsitepitchforkninthbyrollingstoneandfourthbychicagotribunecriticgregkottheguardiannamedittheyearsbestrecordintheirannualcriticspollandtimjonzethenewspaperseditorhaileditasnotonlythesoundofbutalsoadistinctivemusicalstatementofthelikewemaynevergettohearagainitalsofinishedseventhinthevillagevoicespazzjoppollofamericancriticsandthirdinhmvspollofpollsanannuallistcompiledbybritishmusicretailerhmvandcollatedfrombestalbumnominationsmadebyjournalistsintheenglishandirishmusicpressindecadeendlistsofthegreatestrecordsfromthesthesundaytimesanditssisterpaperthetimesrankedxxseventyseventhandthirtiethrespectivelytherecordwasalsoincludedintheeditionofrobertdimerysmusicreferencebookalbumsyoumusthearbeforeyoudieinseptemberofthatyearxxwonthemercuryprizeanannualawardgiventothebestalbumfromtheukandirelandbeforethenominationsshortlisthadbeenannouncedbookmakersandcriticsconsideredthexxasfavoritesandpredictedtheywouldwinoverthemorehighprofileartistscorinnebaileyraepaulwelleranddizzeerascalmccormickoneofthecriticswhopredicteditsvictoryexplainedthatitseemedtherecordthatmostrepresentedbritainwithitscharminglyintimatestyleanduniquetakeonmodernpoptastesxxwasnotanimmediaterecordchartchartsuccessbuteventuallybecameasleeperhititdebutedatnumberontheuksofficialalbumschartandsoldcopiesinthefirstweekafteritwasreleasedwhileintheunitedstatesitdidnotcharthigherthannumberonthebillboardbillboardthealbumsoldsteadilyforthenextweeksuntiljulywhenitsannouncementasamercuryprizenomineeledtoasharpincreaseinsalesandajumpfromnumbertoonthebritishchartbythenithadsoldmorethancopiesintheukandcopiesintheunitedstatesxxremainedinthetopoftheofficialalbumschartintheweeksleadinguptothemercuryprizeceremonyimmediatelyafteritswinthatweekitclimbedfromnumbertoonitshighestweeklysalescopiesandreachedatotalofcopiessoldaccordingtomccormickitstriumphisarareexampleofthemercuryprizedoingmusicloversaserviceintheusthealbumreachedsalesofcopiesbyjunewithconsistentweeklysalesduringitsfirsttwoyearsofreleasewhichtimemagazinetimemagazinesmelissalockersaidwasquiteafeatinaneraofmusicpiracystreamingmediamediastreamingandyoutubewidthalignleftstylepaddingpxborderpxalthoughxxhadbeenhighlyanticipatedbyxlthealbumssuccessexceededexpectationsinthepressmcdonaldsaidtheirdirectionandsoundwouldhavebeenentirelydifferenthadexpectationsbeenhighercroftwasbaffledbytheacclaimgiventowhatsheviewedasanalbumtheyhadmadeforthemselvessimhadmixedfeelingsaboutitssuccessandbelieveditcouldaffecthissongwritinginthefuturethisalbumwasdonewithnoexpectationsnooneknewwhowewerewheniwaswritingthesongsididntthinkanyoneotherthanromyorjameswouldeveractuallyhearthemnowiknowsomanypeoplewillimightfeelihavetobeabitmoreprivateatthemercuryprizeceremonyhesaidthetimesinceitsreleasehasfeltlikeahazebutthattheeventservesasamomentofclarityintheiracceptancespeechthebandannouncedtheywouldusetheprizemoneytobuildtheirownstudiowheretheysubsequentlywroteandrecordedtheirsecondalbumcoexistalbumcoexistwhencoexistdebutedinseptemberxxwasstillonthebritishchartatnumberandhadsoldcopiesintheukthefollowingyearitwasrankednumberonnmesthegreatestalbumsofalltimenmeslistofthetopalbumsofalltimeandnamedthethgreatestdebutrecordbyrollingstonewhofounditsmusicradicalasanexerciseinrestraintintheartfuluseofspaceandsilenceduringpopularmusicsperiodofmaximalisminsubsequentyearsxxprovedhighlyinfluentialasmanyindiebandsandmainstreampopactsincorporatedtherecordsdistinctivemusicalcharacteristicsintotheirownsongspetridislaterwrotethattohissurprisemuchofsbestsellingsinglessoundedoddlybutirrefutablylikethealbumyoucanhearitsmutedechoingguitarsoneverythingfromthechainsmokersdontletmedownthechainsmokerssongdontletmedowntoshawnmendesstitchessongstitchestozaralarssonslushlifezaralarssonsonglushliferyantedderwhowrotehitsongsforsuchtopsellingsingersasbeyonctaylorswiftandarianagrandesaidthexxshauntingnessontherecordgetsreferencedinatleasteveryotherwritingsessionbyjanuaryxxhadreachedcopiessoldintheuktouringinaugustafterxxwasreleasedthexxtouredeuropeandnorthamericathroughtheendoftheirfirstshowinaugustwasathoxtonhallinlondonwhichsimrecalledwasattendedbyonlypeoplewhenpitchforkspositivereviewofthealbumelicitedgreaterinterestamongamericanlistenersthexxwerebookedasthesupportingactforthefriendlyfiresstouroflargerclubvenuesintheusthedifficultiesoftouringearlyonexacerbatedthegrowingtensionsbetweenqureshiandtherestofthegroupwhichculminatedinherdismissalafteradifficultstayatanoctobermusicfestivalinnewyorkitwasreportedthatshehadbecomefatiguedandleftthegroupaftertheycancelledseveralconcertssimdisputedthosereportsandsaidherdeparturehadbeenthebandsdecisionwevegrownuptobeverydifferentpeopleitwasntworkinganymoremusicallyorasafriendshipcrofttoldnmeinnovemberiguesspersonaldifferenceswouldbethestandardwaytosayitiguessitsjusttheintensityofbeingontourthingsaresomuchheightenedratherthanfindareplacementforqureshithexxcontinuedtotourasasmallerlineupofguitarbassandpercussiontheyalsoreducedtheiralreadyminimalistarrangementsforsongsinconcertalthoughsimjokinglysaidsmithneedsanotherfewarmssohecanworkeverythingafterqureshisdepartureintheirshowscroftabandonedplayingsolosandchordsinfavoroflessdefinedfiguremusicfiguresandmotifmusicmotifswhilesmithperformedbeatsandambientmusicambientsoundsfromhissynthpadasanaccompanimenttocroftandsimsplayingbecausetheirstylehadbeensuitedtothesmallvenuestheyfirstplayedthexxfocusedmoreontheproductionvalueoftheirconcertsandperformingforlargeraudienceswhileontourtheydressedindarkclothingandilluminatedthestagewithlightboxesdisplayingtheirxshapedwhiteonblacklogoindecemberwithagrowingfanbasethexxmadecommitmentstomoreconcertsandextendedtheirtourforthealbumtheyintermittentlytouredformonthsincludingmostofthatyeartheyembarkedontheirfirstustourandplayedhighprofilefestivalssuchassouthbysouthwestcoachellavalleymusicandartsfestivalcoachellaandbonnaroomusicfestivalbonnaroocroftrecalledtheirshowatcoachellawheretheyperformedforpeoplethatwasthemomentwheniwaslikeohmygodithinkpeoplemightbeintothistheywerealsoasupportingactforfellowenglishgroupflorenceandthemachinebytouringfrequentlythexxbroadenedtheirreputationamonglistenersandthepressinmarchtheyplayedtwoconsecutivenightsattheshepherdsbushempireinlondontocapacitycrowdsandappearedonthecoverofnmewhoproclaimedthemthemostunderratedbandinbritaininaprilandmaytheytouredthesouthernusandjapanwhichcroftsaidwasmostdemandingpartofthetourbecausenoneofushadbeenawayfromhomecontinuouslyforsolongtheywereaccompaniedduringthissixweekperiodbyphotographerjamiejamesmedinawholaterpublishedhisphotosofthegroupinhisbookthetouristwhileontourthexxacclimatedthemselvestotheincreasedattentionandbecameconsiderablymoresociableandconfidentassimrecountedifyoudhaveputmeonstageatlondonsshepherdsbushempireafewyearsagoidhaverunawayicouldnthavedoneitweusedtobeterrifiedinjunethebandplayedtheglastonburyfestivalinsomersetandaccordingtojournalistjuderogersdisplayedanewfoundconfidencethroughtherestoftheirsummerandpostmercuryprizeautumnconcertscroftwouldsingmoreboldlysimdevelopedanonstageswaggerandsmithbeganexperimentingwithdifferentrhythmsandtexturestracklistingtracklistingalllyricsoliversimandromymadleycroftallmusicbariaqureshijamiexxjamiesmithsimandcroftexceptwherenotedtotallengthtitleintrothexxsongintrolengthtitlevcrsongvcrlengthtitlecrystalisedlengthtitleislandsthexxsongislandslengthtitleheartskippedabeatlengthtitlefantasynotelyricsbysimlengthtitleshelterthexxsongshelternotelyricsbycroftmusicbysmithsimandcroftlengthtitlebasicspacelengthtitleinfinitylengthtitlenighttimelengthtitlestarslengthtracklistingheadlineitunesstorebonustrackcollapsedyestitlehotlikefirenoteaaliyahcoverlengthtracklistingheadlinelimiteddeluxevinyleditionbonustrackcollapsedyestitlevcrnotematthewdearremixlengthtracklistingheadlineroughtraderecordsroughtradelimitededitionbonusdisccollapsedyestitledoyoumindnotekylacoverlengthtitlehotlikefirenoteaaliyahcoverlengthtitleteardropsnotewomackwomackcoverlengthtracklistingheadlinevinyleditioncollapsedyestitleintrolengthtitlevcrlengthtitlecrystalisedlengthtitleislandslengthtitleheartskippedabeatlengthtitlehotlikefirenoteaaliyahcoverlengthtitlefantasylengthtitleshelterlengthtitlebasicspacelengthtitleinfinitylengthtitlenighttimelengthtitlestarslengthpersonnelcreditsareadaptedfromthealbumslinernotesthexxromymadleycroftnbspguitarvocalsoliversimnbspbassvocalsjamiexxjamiesmithnbspbeatsmusicproductioncentermpcproductionmixingbariaqureshinbspkeyboardsguitarthexxnbspphotographydesignadditionalpersonnelrodaidhmcdonaldnbspmixingengineeringnileshpatelnbspmasteringphilleenbspartdirectiondesignchartsweeklychartsclasswikitablesortableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncenterscopecolchartscopecolpeakbrpositionscoperowbillboardamericanalbumschartscoperowindependentalbumsamericanindependentalbumschartscoperowariachartsaustralianalbumschartscoperowaustriatopaustrianalbumschartscoperowultratopbelgianalbumschartflandersscoperowbelgianalbumschartwalloniascoperowukalbumschartbritishalbumschartscoperowukindiechartbritishindiealbumschartscoperowcanadianalbumschartscoperowsinochartchinesealbumschartscoperowtracklistendanishalbumschartscoperowmegachartsdutchalbumschartscoperoweuropeantopalbumseuropeanalbumschartscoperowtheofficialfinnishchartsfinnishalbumschartscoperowsyndicatnationaldelditionphonographiquefrenchalbumschartscoperowgfkentertainmentgermanalbumschartscoperowifpigreecegreekalbumschartscoperowirishalbumschartscoperowirishindependentalbumschartscoperowofficialnewzealandmusicchartnewzealandalbumschartscoperowvglistanorwegianalbumschartscoperowscottishsinglesandalbumschartsscottishalbumschartscoperowproductoresdemsicadeespaaspanishalbumschartscoperowsverigetopplistanswedishalbumschartscoperowswisshitparadeswissalbumschartyearendchartsclasswikitablesortableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncenterscopecolchartscopecolpositionscoperowbelgianalbumschartflandersclasswikitablesortableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncenterscopecolchartscopecolpositionscoperowamericanindependentalbumschartscoperowbritishalbumschartscoperowbelgianalbumschartflandersscoperoweuropeanalbumschartscoperowfrenchalbumschartcertificationssalesamountsalesrefsalesamountsalesrefreleasehistoryclasswikitablesortableplainrowheadersscopecolregionscopecoldatescoperowaustraliarowspanaugustscoperowgermanyscoperowirelandscoperowunitedkingdomaugustscoperowunitedstatesoctoberseealsolistofirishindependentalbumschartnumberonealbumsoflistofnumberonehitsoffrancelistofukindiechartnumberonealbumsofreferencesbibliographyauthoranonyearaissuedecemberurlhotpresscomhmvnewsanimalcollectivetophmvsannualpollofpollshtmltitleanimalcolle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lhisdeathonmayfilesreleasedafterhisdeathshowedthathehadbeenrecruitedbythecentralintelligenceagencyciawhilelivingintheunitedstatesearlylifexhaferibrahimdevawasborninkosovskamitrovicamitrovicakosovovilayetottomanempireonfebruaryhewastheseventhsonofibrahimdevaawoodmerchantfromakovicapriortothebalkanwarsheattendedagermanlanguageschoolinsalonikaafterwardshestudiedcommerceatrobertcollegeanamericanprivateboardingschoolinistanbulsarnavutkyneighbourhoodhegraduatedinandtravelledtoegyptwherehebrieflyworkedforabankinalexandriasufferingfromrheumatismheleftegyptandsoughttreatmentinaustriahestudiedforestryinviennabeforereturningtomitrovicainandsettingupalumberbusinessthatlasteduntilworldwariithekingdomofitalyinvasionofalbaniainvadedthekingdomofalbaniaalbaniankingdomonaprilanddeposeditsmonarchkingzogiafterwardstheyalbaniankingdomreestablishedthealbanianstateasaprotectorateofthekingdomofitalybydevawasthefirstkosovoalbanianpoliticalleadertodeclarehimselfreadytocollaboratewiththegermansintheeventoftheaxisinvasionofyugoslaviahavingbeenincontactwiththeabwehrthegermanmilitaryintelligenceforsometimehemethermannneubacherthegermanspecialrepresentativeforsoutheasterneuropeinbelgradepriortotheinvasionandhadgiventhelatterhissupporttheaxispowersinvadedthekingdomofyugoslaviaonaprilafterwardsthecountrywasdismantledandthewehrmachtestablishedtheterritoryofthemilitarycommanderinserbiaunderamartiallawmilitarygovernmentofmilitaryoccupationoccupationtheterritoryincludedmostofserbiaproperwiththeadditionofthenorthernportionofkosovoandthebanatbanatalbaniankingdomitalianalbaniawasexpandedtoincludeadjacentpartsofyugoslaviaincorporatedmainlyfromtheyugoslavsubdivisionsofthekingdomofyugoslaviabanovinasbanovinasregionalsubdivisionsofvardarbanovinavardarandmoravabanovinamoravamostofkosovowasannexedtoalbaniaandinthebeginningalbanianslivingthereenthusiasticallywelcomedtheitalianoccupationalthoughofficiallyunderitalianrulethealbanianscontrolledtheregionandwereencouragedtoopenalbanianlanguageschoolswhichhadbeenbannedbytheyugoslavgovernmenttheitaliansalsogavetheinhabitantsalbaniancitizenshipandallowedthemtoflytheflagofalbaniaalbanianflaglaterthatyeardevaworkedwiththeballikombtarandthegermanstoestablishaprogermanalbaniangovernmentinkosovolinkedtothealbaniannationhequicklybecametheballikombtarsmostpowerfulfigureinstructingmemberstofollowamilitantinterpretationofislamthemostcapablekosovoalbanianpoliticianofthewarhewasthenappointedheadofthelocaladministrationingermanoccupiedmitrovicaafterthecapitulationofitalydevaandbedripejaniassistedbythegermanemissaryfranzvonschweigersetupthesecondleagueofprizrenonseptembertheleaguewhoseaimwastodefendthebordersofgreateralbaniadeclaredjihadholywaragainstslavsgypsiesandjewsandsoughttocreateanethnicallycleansedgreateralbaniabetweenanddecembersoldiersofkosovoregimentcommandedbydevasurroundedpeandcommittedmassmurderoflocalserbsandmontenegrinskillingatleastpeopledevasubsequentlyplacedthenewlyestablishedunitsofballikombtarunderthecommandofthegermanstogetherwithpejaniandibrahimbiakiualandownerfromelbasanhelaterhelpedcreateanationalcommitteeoftwentytwoalbanianandkosovoalbanianleaderswhichdeclaredalbaniaindependentandwhichelectedanexecutivecommitteeunderbiakiutoformaprovisionalgovernmentonnovemberdevawasappointedministeroftheinteriorinthetiranagovernmentofrexhepmitrovicaandcollaboratedwiththegermanstoopposethespreadofcommunistforcesinthenortheffectivelygivinghimdirectcommandovertheforcesofthenewgovernmentonfebruarypoliceunitsunderhisauthoritymassacredresidentsoftiranasuspectedofbeingantifascistslaterdevabeganrecruitingkosovoalbanianstojointhestwaffenmountaindivisionofthessskanderbegstalbanianinmayhevisitedgermanywithagoagajthealbanianministerofnationaleconomyonjunemitrovicasgovernmentwasdissolvedanddevalosthispositionasministeroftheinteriorhewasthenappointedleaderofthesecondleagueofprizrenandtookchargeofantipartisanoperationsaroundthetowninseptemberwiththealliesofworldwariialliedvictoryinthebalkansimminentdevawasalsoinvolvedinalastditchattempttosetupananticommunistgovernmentinkosovoandreceivedlargecachesofweaponsandammunitionfromssgeneraljoseffitzthumandneubachersspecialrepresentativekarlgstottenbauerheandhismenalsoengagedincollectingfoodandradioequipmentfromwithdrawinggermansoldiersandattemptedtopurchasefurtherweaponsfromtheminordertoorganizeafinalsolutionoftheslavicpopulationofkosovonothingcameofthisasthepowerfulyugoslavpartisanspreventedanylargescaleethniccleansingofslavsfromoccurringaccordingtogermanreportsfromnovemberdevahadaforceofaboutarmedmenathisdisposalhistorianjozotomasevichwritesthatthisnumberislikelyexaggeratedbutconcedesthatlargegroupsofkosovoalbanianswereactiveintheregionatthetimeexileanddeathasthewarinalbaniadrewtoaclosedevafledtocroatiaandthentoaustriaindecemberwherehewasresettledwiththehelpofthereichforeignministryasthegermansevacuatedalbaniaandkosovotherehejoinedotheranticommunistalbaniansinexileandtookcareoftheailingrexhepmitrovicafromlateuntilearlyhelivedinwesternaustriaatasafedistancefromsovietforcesindevamovedviaitalytodamascusinsyriawherehehelpedpublishanexilenewspaperentitledbashkimiikombitinheimmigratedtotheunitedstatesandbrieflylivedinnewyorkandbostoninhemovedtocalaverascountycaliforniaandworkedasanassistantsupervisoratthemailingdepartmentofstanforduniversityinpaloaltountilhisretirementininhisyearsinexiledevaledthethirdleagueofprizrenandplayedanactiveroleinorganizinganticommunistresistancehediedonmayagedfilesreleasedafterhisdeathshowedthatdevawasoneofsuspectedfascistwarcriminalsrecruitedbythecentralintelligenceagencyciaduringthecoldwarnotesreferencesbookscitebooklastbideleuxfirstrobertlastjeffriesfirstiantitlethebalkansapostcommunisthistoryyearpublisherroutledgelocationlondonenglandisbnurlbooksgooglecomidjrhoksupecrefharvcitebooklastbreitmanfirstrichardlastgodafirstnormanjwlastnaftalifirsttimothylastwolfefirstrobertyeartitleusintelligenceandthenazispublishercambridgeuniversitypresslocationcambridgeisbnurlbooksgooglecabooksidgnkbynipyccprintsecfrontcoverrefharvcitebooklastelsiefirstrobertauthorlinkrobertelsieyeartitleabiographicaldictionaryofalbanianhistorypublisheribtaurislocationlondonisbnurlbooksgooglecabooksidpgfgwjxuzgcprintsecfrontcoverrefharvcitebooklastfischerfirstberndjrgenauthorlinkberndjrgenfischeryeartitlealbaniaatwarpublisherpurdueresearchfoundationlocationwestlafayetteindianaisbnurlbooksgooglecabooksidvtznaaaamaajrefharvcitebooklastfrankfirstchaimeditorlastpeterseneditorfirsthanschristianeditorlastsalzborneditorfirstsamuelyeartitleantisemitismineasterneuropehistoryandpresentincomparisonpublisherpeterlanglocationbernswitzerlandurlbooksgooglecabooksidksqltghpsacprintsecfrontcoverisbnrefharvcitebooklastjudahfirsttimauthorlinktimjudahtitlekosovowarandrevengeyearpublisheryaleuniversitypresslocationnewhavenconnecticutisbnurlbooksgooglecabooksidsvfnafnucrefharvcitebooklastmeierfirstviktoryeartitleyugoslaviaahistoryofitsdemisepublisherroutledgelocationnewyorkisbnurlbooksgooglecabooksidlrcdrutcprintsecfrontcoverrefharvcitebooklastpearsonfirstowenyeartitlealbaniainthetwentiethcenturyahistoryalbaniainoccupationandwarvolumepublisheribtaurislocationlondonisbnurlbooksgooglecabooksidpknunczocprintsecfrontcoverrefharvcitebookfirstraphaellastlemkinauthorlinkraphaellemkintitleaxisruleinoccupiedeuropeyearpublisherthelawbookexchangelocationclarknewjerseyisbnurlbooksgooglecombooksidyinwoywcrefharvcitebooklastrametfirstsabrinapyeartitlethethreeyugoslaviasstatebuildingandlegitimationpublisherindianauniversitypresslocationbloomingtonindianaisbnurlbooksgooglecombooksidftwleqiocrefharvcitebooklastsimeunovifirstdraganlastdolnikfirstadameditorlastcrosseditorfirstsharyleditorlastkenteraeditorfirstsavoeditorlastnationeditorfirstrcraigdisplayeditorseditorlastvukadinovieditorfirstradovanyeartitleshapingsoutheasteuropessecuritycommunityforthetwentyfirstcenturytrustpartnershipintegrationchaptersecuritythreatsofviolentislamistextremismpublisherpalgravemacmillanlocationbasingstokeenglandisbnurlbooksgooglecabooksidxmomyyeulucrefharvcitebooklasttomasevichfirstjozoauthorlinkjozotomasevichyeartitlewarandrevolutioninyugoslaviaoccupationandcollaborationpublisherstanforduniversitypresslocationstanfordcaliforniaisbnurlbooksgooglecombooksidfqusgevfemcprintsecfrontcoverrefharvcitebooklastyeomansfirstroryeditorlastblamireseditorfirstcyprianeditorlastjacksoneditorfirstpaulyeartitleworldfascismahistoricalencyclopediavolumepublisherabccliolocationsantabarbaracaliforniaisbnurlbooksgooglecabooksidnvdrzsvaucrefharvjournalscitejournallasthehnfirstpaulnyeartitleserbiacroatiaandgermanycivilwarandrevolutioninthebalkansjournalcanadianslavonicpapersvolumeissuepagespublisheruniversityofalbertajstorrefharvexternallinkshydroprojectjapaneseencephalitishsiaohungjenstarboxshortnamexztauriconstelltaurusconstellationtaurusradecappmagvabsmagvabsolutemagnitudejohnsoncousinsvsystemdistlydistpcclassnamesguidestarcataloggscnbspsimbadxztauaricnssearchstringforlinktoaricnsepesearchstringforlinktoextrasolarplanetsencyclopaediaxztauriisabinarysystemapproximatelylightyearsawayintheconstellationtaurusconstellationtaurusthesystemconsistsoftwottauristarsorbitingeachotheraboutbillionkilometersapartroughlythesamedistanceasplutoisfromthesunthesystemmadenewsinwhenasolarflaresuperflarewasobservedinthesystemgallerygallerymodenolineswidthspxheightspxfileheicatifhubblespacetelescopehubbleimageofxztaurifilehsaanimatedgifgifananimationofthesuperflareinthesystemgalleryreferencesexternallinkscitewebtitlemoviesfromhubbleshowthechangingfacesofinfantstarsurlhubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleasesdateseptemberworkhubblesitepublishernasaaccessdateaugustconstellationguidecomxztaurixztauriatconstellationguideisotopesofxenonxenonyodhpersoarabicyeredirectcategoryshellyangkueimeiwangyuwensihunglunginfoboxvideogametitlexataxdeveloperpixelpainterspublisherpixelpaintersreleasedgenreshootemupmodessingleplayerplatformsmsdosxataxisashootemupcomputergameproducedbypixelpaintersformsdosandreleasedassharewareinplotitisthethcenturyandaftercenturiesofpeaceadisarmedhumanityisunderattackbyanalienforceknownasthexa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rthamericanboletesclaimedthathefailedtoconsistentlyfindornamentationonthesporesofmaterialhecollectedandpreferredtoretainthespeciesinboletusinitwasmovedtothegenusxerocomellusthespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetzelleriwaschosenbymurrilltohonorprofessorsanfordmyronzellermycologistatoregonstateuniversityzelleraccompaniedmurrillinhisseattleexpeditionanddiscoveredthefirstspecimensofthemushroomdescriptionthepileusmycologycapistypicallybetweenindiameterinitiallyconvexbutflatteningsomewhatinmaturityitisfleshywithanunevenvelvetysurfaceanddarkbrowntonearlyblackthemarginofthecapisapalecreamcoloryoungspecimensarecoveredbyagrayishbloomthetubesthatcomprisetheundersurfaceofthecapthehymeniumareuptolongandangularyellowbecomingdirtyyellowandfinallygreenishyellowthereareporespermillimeteronthehymeniumsurfacetheydonotchangecolorwhenbruisedalthoughtheymayturnslightlybrownishwhenexposedtotheairforatimethetramamycologyfleshisyellowtodirtyyellowuptothickandinconsistentlybruisesbluewhencutorbrokenthestipemycologystemisuptotallthickandswollentowardthebasethestemsurfaceisredoryellowishwithredlinesoftenwhiteoryellowatthebaseandsolidthatisnothollowwithfibrousfleshinmaturitythestemagestoyellowishredtodarkredthesporeprintisolivebrownonesourcenotesthatcreatingasporeprintmayresultinalotofyellowjuiceonthepaperthebasidiosporessporesareellipsoidellipsoidinshapesmoothandhavedimensionsofbynbspmicrometremalthoughoccasionallytherewillbesomegiantsporeswithlengthsofuptonbspmthebasidiathesporebearingcellsarebynbspmandfoursporedthecystidiaareroughlycylindricalandthinwalledwithdimensionsofbynbspmtherearenoclampconnectionspresentinthehyphaethefruitbodytissuestainsagreenishcolorwhenadropofammoniasolutionisappliededibilityxerocomelluszelleriisanediblemushroomediblespeciesalthoughcareshouldbetakentoensurethatspecimenscollectedforconsumptionarefreeofflylarvaeinhisbookediblemushroomsmichaelkuogavethemushroomanedibilityratingofmediocrethereisnodistinguishableodorandthetasteisalternatelydescribedaspleasantmildorslightlyacidictheoriginalspeciesdescriptionnotedthatthetexturewasslightlymucilaginousthemushroomissuitableforpreservingordryingorasafillertoaddbulktoadishitisharvestedandsoldcommerciallyinlocalmarketsinbritishcolumbiacanadasimilarspeciestheredcrackedboletexerocomelluschrysenteronhasanolivebrowncapthatcracksexposingfleshthatagestopinkishredboletelluschrysenteroidesfoundonlyineasternnorthamericahasavelvetytosmoothdarkreddishbrowncrackedcapwithpaleexposedfleshfruitbodydevelopmentusainzellerpublishedastudyofthedevelopmentofthemushroommadepossiblebytheprolificfruitingofthefungusinseattleinthefallofdevelopmentwasstudiedbyexaminingthinsectionsoftissuesindifferentstagesofdevelopmentandthedifferentiationoftissuesandstructuresfollowedbyusingstaininghistologicalstainsthegrowthformofxerocomelluszelleriiscalledgymnocarpicmeaningthatthehymeniumappearsanddevelopstomaturityinanexposedstatenotenclosedbyanyprotectivemembraneinthistypeofdevelopmentthecapisformedfromhyphaeatthetopofthestemandsubsequentlyexpandsbygrowthalongthemarginsthehymeniumformslaterbeneaththecapinadirectionawayfromthecenterthemushroomsoriginateasminutefruitbodiescalledpinsduetotheirshapefromayellowmyceliumthatformsamatandtendstoengulfpineneedlesthepinstypicallynbspmmindiameterlengthenverticallyuntiltheyareroughlythreeorfourtimeslongerthantheyarethickuntilthispointthefruitbodyisahomogenousmassoftissueitdifferentiatessimultaneouslyintocapandstemalongacleavageplaneanaxisalongwhichanycelldivisionoccursfromtheoutsideinwardwhichgivesrisetodeepfurrowencirclingthefruitbodythehymeniumisformedintheroofofthisfurrowgrowinginwardandupwardfromtheoutsideedgethecapdevelopsfromtheuppersectionofthisdivisionthestemfromthelowerhabitatanddistributionthisspeciesgrowssolitarilyorinsmallgroupsonthegroundorinforestfloorforestduffinmatureconiferousforestsoccasionallyabundantongrassyedgesoftheforestrarelyonbadlydecayedconiferlogsitisanmycorrhizatypesofmycorrhizaectomycorrhizalmushroommeaningthatthefungalhyphaeformsheathsaroundtherootletsofcertaintreesexchangingnutrientswiththeminamutualismbiologymutualisticrelationshipthefungusassociateswithalderpopuluspoplarandotherhardwoodsandhasbeenshowninmicrobiologicalculturelaboratoryculturetoformectomycorrhizaewithwesternhemlocktsugaheterophyllahoweverthefungusmayhavesaprobictendenciesasithasbeennotedtogrowundercaliforniaredwoodsometimesintherottedwoodofoldtrunksatreenotknowntoformmycorrizhaeitisknowntoformlongrhizomorphsaggregationsofhyphaethatresemblerootsandhasbeennotedtobemoreabundantinsiteswithburiedwoodthanwithoutinbritishcolumbiaitoccursfromsummertoearlywinteralthoughitalsoappearsinfrequentlyinearlyspringincaliforniathemushroomoftenfruitsaftertherainyperiodinautumnthroughtomarchoraprilthedarkcoloringofthecapmakethisspeciesdifficulttonoticeunlessaglimpseoftheyellowhymeniumisobtainedfruitbodiesareeatenbytheamericanshrewmolexerocomelluszelleriisdistributedinnorthamericainthepacificnorthwestsouthtocaliforniaandmexicoinmexicoithasbeenreportedinhighaltitudecloudforestsofmexicanbeechfagu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countrybritishrajbritishindiaallegiancebranchbritishindianarmytyperolesizecorpscommandstructuregarrisonequipmentcommanderscurrentcommanderceremonialchiefcoloneloftheregimentnotablecommandersnoelberesfordpeirsebrwilliamslimstviscountslimwilliamslimbrphilipchristisoninsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbolcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorsmarchmascotbattlesanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonoursthexvcorpswasacorpssizedformationofthebritishindianarmywhichwasformedinbritishrajindiaduringworldwariiittookpartintheburmacampaignandwasdisbandedaftertheendofthewarworldwariiwhenjapanenteredthewaranddrovebritishindianandchineseforcesfromburmainearlyxvcorpswasformedfromtheassamandbengalpresidencydistricthqonmarchtodefendbengalunderthecommandofeasterncommandindiaeasternarmywhichinturnwascontrolledbyindiacommandghqindiathecorpsbadgewasanarrangementofthreevssignifyingfifteeninromannumeralsinblackonaredbackgrounditsfirstcommanderwaslieutenantgeneralnoelberesfordpeirseonjuneberesfordpeirsewasappointedtocommandindiassoutherncommandindiasoutherncommandanarmyleveladministrativehqandlieutenantgeneralwilliamslimformercommanderofthedisbandedburmacorpstookoverxvcorpsatthispointxvcorpshqwasatbarrackpurnearcalcuttathecorpshadthemultiplerolesofdefendingbengalandorissaindiaorissafromjapaneseinvasionmaintaininginternalsecurityoverawideareaofeasternindiaandtrainingitsrawunitsinjulyeasternarmytookoverdirectcontrolofoperationsintheburmesecoastalprovinceofarakanamovewhichinhindsightprovedtobeunwiseandxvcorpshqwastransferredtoranchiinbiharwithatrainingandinternalsecurityroleonaprilxvcorpswashastilysummonedtochittagongtoresumecontrolofoperationsinarakanwhereajapanesecounterattackhaddrivenbackthebritishandindiantroopsitprovedtoolatetorestorethesituationwiththeexhaustedtroopsandthecorpsfellbacktotheindianfrontierbeforethemonsoonhaltedoperationsonoctoberslimwaspromotedtocommandeasternarmywhichsubsequentlybecamebritishfourteentharmyhisreplacementwaslieutenantgeneralsirphilipchristisonunderfourteentharmyxvcorpsresumedtheadvanceinarakantowardstheendoftheyearintheearlymonthsofthecorpsgainedthefirstsignificantsuccessagainstthejapaneseinthesoutheastasiawhentheydefeatedajapaneseoffensiveinanengagementwhichcametobeknownasthebattleoftheadminboxaftercapturingthedefendedareaofthemayurangeoperationsinthearakanwerecurtailedtoallowresourcestobeconcentratedonthecentralfrontinassamfourteentharmysubsequentlyconcentratedontheadvanceintobattleofcentralburmacentralburmaxvcorpswasremovedfromfourteentharmyanddirectlysubordinatedtoalliedlandforcessoutheastasiasothatthecorpscouldconductanindependentcampaignthrougharakananddownthecoastofburmawhenthegeneraloffensivebeganinlatexvcorpscapturedakyabislandwithavitalairfieldlaunchedamphibiousflankingmovestointerceptanddefeattheretreatingjapanesetroopsandsubsequentlycapturedtheburmeseportoftaungupandtheislandsofbattleoframreeislandramreeandchedubafinallyunitsofthecorpsmountedoperationdraculaanamphibiousassaultonyangonrangoontheburmesecapitalrangoonwasfoundtohavebeenabandonedbythejapanesefollowingthecaptureofrangoonxvcorpswasagainsubordinatedtofourteentharmyandwaswithdrawnfromburmatoprepareforoperationzipperanamphibiousassaulttorecapturebritishmalayamalayahowevertheoperationwasovertakenbythejapanesesurrenderandxvcorpswasdisbandedonoctoberitsheadquarterswasredesignatedhqnetherlandseastindiescommandthenetherlandseastindiescommandwentontoconductoperationsinjavaincludingthebattleofsurabayareferencesxiaocountyxigangmayrefertothefollowingplacesinmainlandchinaortaiwanxigangdistrictdalianxigangdistricttainanruraltownshipintainancountytaiwanxigangroadsubdistricthaigangdistrictqinhuangdaohebeixigangtownshipfusongcountyjilintownsxigangshandongintengzhoucitywrittenasxiganghebeiinhaigangdistrictqinhuangdaoxigangjiangxiinxiushuicountytriplezerobattleofrennellislandmultipleissuesdeletedimageremovedimagexerochorejpgrightpxxerochoreisanexercisetoassessresearchneedsandpolicychoicesinareasofdroughtfoundedbyeuropeancommissionunderthefpthemeenvironmentincludingclimatechangeclimatechangeanditisaimedatassistinginthedevelopmentofaeuropeandroughtpolicyinaccordancewiththeeuwaterframeworkdirectiveeuwfdbackgroundandobjectivesinrecentyearslargepartsofeuropesufferedfromextremedroughtaphenomenonthatmaybecomemorefrequentandmoresevereasaconsequenceofclimatechangeifnotaddressedproperlythesocioeconomicandenvironmentalimpactsofdroughtswillbehugetoinformeuropeandroughtandclimateadaptationpoliciesthexerochoreassessestheexistingknowledgeaboutthephysicalcausesintensityspatialandtemporalpatternsofdroughtsandtheirsocialenvironmentalandeconomicimpactsfurthermoreitdevelopsacatalogueofdemandandsupplysidepoliciestomanagedroughtstothisendaseriesofexpertworkshopsroundtablediscussionsandstakeholdersconsultationwillbeorganisedacoregroupwillsynthesisethecollectedknowledgeandproduceguidancedocumentsfordroughtmanagementthexerochoresaobjectivesaretosynthesizeknowledgeonpastcurrentandfuturedroughteventstocompilearoadmapthatprovidesashorttolongtermvisiononresearchneedsandstepsforwardtowardssupportingtheimplementationofdroughtmanagementplanstoprovideinformationonpossibleimpactsofdroughtsandguidanceforstakeholdersintheareaofplanningimplementationandscenariostofurtherextendanddevelopthedroughtnetworkestablishedaspartoftheeuropeandroughtcentreedctoassesstheinternationalinsideandoutsideofeuropestateoftheartinresearchrelatedtodroughtstolinkupwithnoneuexpertsthroughnetworkpartnersandmembersoftheexternaladvisoryboardtoensurethatthesynthesisroadmapandguidancetostakeholdersincludesbackgroundfromotherleadingcontinentsegusacanadaaustraliaandtoencouragethemtobecomememberoftheextendededctoinitiatealonglastingplatformbeyondthisprojectthroughthenetworkthatcommunicatesdroughtrelatedresearchandpolicymakingwithintheresearchcommunitywatermanagerspolicymakersandthewiderpublicorganizationofworkthexerochoresaisbasedontheinvolvementofpartnerscorepartnersandawidergroupofalreadyidentifiedpartnersasnetworkpartnerscontributingtothereviewandsynthesisalsobeingopentomoreexpertsonavoluntarybasistheareaaddressedbenefitsfrombroadeningtheinformationcollectionasmuchaspossiblebykeepingtheeffortforcoordinatingthesynthesisdevelopmentinreasonablelimitsthexerochoresaisrelatedtofivemainareascorrespondingtoworkpackageswpaddressingsectoralkeytopicsforthefinalsynthesisasixthworkpackagedealswiththemanagementofthesawpthefivemainareasworkpackagestobecoveredarewpnaturalsystemclimateandhydrologyincludingphysicalcausesspatialandtemporaldevelopmentofhistoricdroughtsanthropogenicinfluencesinclalsoimpactofclimatechangeondroughtdevelopmentofbasicelementsforearlywarningsystemsforecastingofdroughtwpeconomicandsocialimpactsofdroughtsandofresearchactionstakentomitigateandtoadapttotheeffectsofdroughtsinclprovidingguidanceforstakeholderswpenvironmentalimpactsofdroughtsandofresearchactionstakentomitigateandtoadapttotheeffectsofdroughtsinclprovidingguidanceforstakeholderswpanappraisalofexistingdroughtassociatedpoliciesandtheresearchneedstodevelopaneudroughtpolicypaneuropeanscalewpimplicationsofdroughtpoliciesforintegratedwatermanagementattheregionalandnationalleveltheoutcomeofthewpsprovidethenapossibilitytointegratedroughtmanagementbothtoitsdriverscausesandimpactsaswellastopossibleconsequencesofdroughtmanagementwpthelinkofthedroughtmanagementtowpdroughtpolicyisdualfirsttoimposeurgentfieldsofactioninpolicymakingbutconsideringatthesametimeconstraintsandrestrictionsasdiscussedunderwppartnersthexerochoresupportactionareimplementedbyaconsortiumofcorepartnerstheconsortiumcompositionensuresinterdisciplinaryandmultiplicityofskillsinordertoallowtheachievementofthemultifacetedprojectobjectivesandensureasuccessfulimplementationoftheoutreachstrategybyreachingallthedifferenttargetgroupsaddressedbytheprojectactivitiestheprojectnetworkconsistsofoverorganizationsincludingresearchinstitutesuniversitiesministrieswatermanagementorganizationsstakeholdersconsultantsinternationalorganizationsandprogrammesthexerochoreconsortiumexperiencedinthedifferentfieldsthatleadtowardaeuropeandroughtpolicyiswellbalancedasfourmaindifferentpartnertypesarerepresentedinternationalrecognisedresearchcentresfeemwmcnerccemacrefjrctheinvolvedinternationalresearchcentrescontributetolongterminteractionswithnationalandinternationalmeteorologicalservicesandwillsupportthexerochoreroadmaponappliedprojectsandconsultingtheseresearchcentresenablesufficientconsiderationofpracticalneedsandrequirementsforprivatesectormarketswithintheroadmaptowardseudroughtpolicyacademicinstitutionswuuiontuatheinvolvementofthesetypeofinstitutionstogetherwithsimilarnetworkpartnerswillensurethattheveryfirstoutcomeofongoinginternationalacademicresearchondifferentdroughtissuesthatiscarriedoutbyphdstudentsandpostdocsegaquastresswatchwillbeintegratedintheroundtablediscussionsthateventuallywillleadtothexerochoreroadmapforfutureresearchnationalauthoritiesmattmmmatheinvolvednationalauthoritiescontributetothexerochoreprojectbyinteractionswithnationalandinternationalhydrometeorologicalservicesandwillsupporttheroadmapinconsiderationofinstitutionallinksandrequirementsfromnationalauthoritiesandgovernmentalorganisationsinternationalorganisationjrciucntheinvolvementofinternationalorganisationscontributestotheembeddingofinternationalngosandsupporttopolicymakingateuandinternationallevelinconsiderationofenvironmentalaspectsandsustainabledevelopmenteventsxerochorefirstworkshopondroughtandnaturalsystemclimateandhydrologynoordwijkerhoutthenetherlandsjunexerochoresecondworkshoponsocioeconomicandenvironmentalimpactsofdroughtsveniceoctoberxerochorefinalconferenceonsupportingdroughtpoliciesineuropebrusselsfebruaryparticipationislimitedtospaceavailabilityreferencesexternallinksfeemprojectnetxerochoreisorokuyamamotojinichikusakaxiejiajidistrictxviiicorpsgermanempirexframesisanxmlformatforcombiningandorganizingwebbaseddocumentstogetheronasinglewebpagethroughtheuseofframessimilarlytohtmlframesxframescanbemadeusefulthroughitspowertocreateacontentframethatisscrollablewhileotherframessuchassidebarmenustheheaderandfooterremaininplaceonthep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yinggamesystemaswellbackgroundanddevelopmentinthespringoftracyhickmanmethowardtayleratthelifetheuniverseeverythingsymposiumatbrighamyounguniversitytracyandhissoncurtishickmancurtishadbeenworkingonabookaboutradicalgametechniquesforoverthreeyearsbuthadbeenunabletosecureagamepublisherfortheirworkafterdiscussionswithhowardtaylerandhiswifeandpublishingpartnersandratayleritwasdeterminedthatthebookcouldbeproducedthroughtaylersownpublishingimprintduetotherequirementsofhavingthebookreadyforreleasebythefollowingaugustboththewritersandhowardastheartistfortheprojectlaunchedintoproducingboththeartandaviabletextwithinthespaceoftwomonthsthedeadlinesweremadeandthebookwasproducedanddeliveredontimeforitsreleaseatgenconheldinaugustofthatsameyearcontentsthebookiswrittenasthoughfromtheperspectiveofasecretsocietyofgamemasterspassingonancientsecretsofroleplayinggamesbeginninginbabyloniantimesandextendingtothepresentwithinthesatirethetextoffersadviceonperformancetechniquesadventuregamedesignandclassicalstorystructureschapterisbeinganxdmrightforyouchapterwelcometothecultchapteritsabouttheplayerschapterstoryiseverythingchapterdesigningforstorychapterselddirchapterthoushaltpreparechapterallthegamesastagechapterlivingthroughtherevolutionchapteratmospherechapterdevilstouchchapterwondersofthegodschapterkillerbreakfasttogochapterhowyouplaythegamechapterthexdbasicgamechapterthexdadvancedplayersguidechapterxddungeonmasteryhandbookchapterxdcreaturecodexappendicesseealsotracyhickmanhowardtaylerroleplayinggamereferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxtremedungeonmasterycomxdmofficialwebsitemayrefertoawhytenotationclassificationofsteamlocomotivewassermanaminorplanetbcadceinthethcenturyxandchurchofscientologyvswedenwasacasedecidedbyeuropeancommissionofhumanrightsinfactsinthechurchofscientologyofswedenplacedanadvertisementforanemeterinitsperiodicaltheconsumeragencyswedenconsumerombudsmanactinguponcomplaintsrequestedmarketcourtaninjunctionprohibitingtheuseofcertainpassagesintheadvertisementnamelythatitwasaninvaluableaidtomeasuringmansmentalstateandchangesinitthecourtgrantedtheinjunctionandthechurchspetitionwasrejectedbythesupremecourtdecisionthecommissiondeclaredtheapplicationinadmissibleconcerningarticleoftheeuropeanconventiononhumanrightsconventionfreedomofreligionitmentionedthatthemarketcourtdidnotpreventthechurchfromsellingtheemeterorevenadvertisingitforsaleassuchandstatedthattheconceptcontainedinthefirstparagraphofarticleconcerningthemanifestationofabeliefinpracticedoesnotconferprotectiononstatementofpurportedreligiousbeliefwhichappearassellingargumentsinadvertisementsofapurelycommercialnaturebyareligiousgroupthereforefoundingnointerferencewithchurchsrightsconcerningarticlefreedomofexpressionthecommissionfoundaninterferencewithapplicantsrightshoweveritfoundtheinterferencenecessaryinademocraticsocietystatingthatthetestofnecessityinthesecondparagraphofarticleshouldthereforebealessstrictonewhenappliedtorestraintsimposedoncommercialideascomparedwithpoliticalideasthecasewasalsosignificantsincethecommissionrecognisedinitsdecisiontherightofachurchtopetitiononbehalfofitsmemberschangingthepreviouspracticeseealsochurchofscientologyvswedenscientologyandthelegalsystemexternallinkscmiskpechrcoeinttkpviewaspactionopendocumentidportalhbkmsourceexternalbydocnumbertablefafdfbbfcdeaecomhrdecisiondukeyanshengkungtsuichangmountfujimountfujimountfujiignacioscoccomamikonotojablonskiabakumovredirectcategoryshellabdulovredirectcategoryshellabramovredirectcategoryshellabramowiczredirectcategoryshellagafonovredirectcategoryshellaksakovaksyonovalexandrovredirectcategoryshellalexeyevaliyevandreyevanokhinantonovdisambiguationredirectcategoryshellaristovarsenyevdisambiguationartamonovartemyevartyomovafanasyevmultipleissuesinfoboxcomicsstoryarcwikipediawikiprojectcomicstitleimagexmensecondcomingcomicjpgimagesizecaptioncovertoxmensecondcomingpublishermarvelcomicsstartmomarchstartyrendmojulyendyrcrossoverysuperheroytitlescablecomicscablevolnewmutantsvolbruncannyxmenbrxforcevolbrxmenlegacybrxmenthesecondcomingmaincharteamxmenbrnewmutantsbrcablecomicscablebrhopesummerscomicshopesummersbrcyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsbrnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerbrroguecomicsroguebrbastioncomicsbastionbrdonaldpiercewriterscraigkylebrchristopheryostbrmattfractionbrzebwellsbrmikecareywritermikecareyartistspencillersdavidfinchcomicsdavidfinchbrterrydodsonbribraimrobersonbrgreglandbrmichaelchoicomicsmikechoiinkerslettererseditorscoloristsracheldodsonbrsoniaobacktpbhardcoverisbncatxmensortkeysecondcomingsecondcomingisacrossoverfictioncrossoverstorylinepublishedbymarvelcomicsthatranthroughthemostofthexmencomicbooksfrommarchtojulypublicationhistorysecondcomingwasthefinalpartofatrilogyofstoriesthatbeganwithxmenmessiahcomplexmessiahcomplexandcontinuedinmessiahwarintendedasaconclusiontocablecomicscableseffortstosavehopesummerscomicshopefrombishopcomicsbishopwhohashuntedthesocalledmutantmessiahsinceherbirththeseriesalsobuildsontheutopiacomicsutopianationxandnecroshastorylinesofinthexmenbooksthestorycenterso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tethesentinelstherevelationofthepreviouslysecretxforceteamcausesdismayamongstthexmenwhowereunawarethattheteamexistedorwasmurderingpotentialthreatstomutantscyclopsthensendsallbattleworthymutantstotheportalandtellsthemtoprepareforanotherattackstepfordcuckoosthestepfordcuckoosinformcyclopsthatanotherwaveofsentinelsarearrivingcolossusnamorrockslidecomicsrockslideanddustcomicsdustgetreadytofightcableinitiatesthejumpandxforceleavesthistimelinethexmenthenengagethenimrodsinbattlesallaroundthecityandonutopiaanimrodapproachesutopiaandbreachesitsouterwallcyclopsquicklyshutsdownseverallevelsofthecomplexexceptforthosemostcrucialandtheresultingexplosionfromdoingsodestroysthenimrodwithinthecitystormmarvelcomicsstormsurgecomicssurgeicemanpsylockeandfantomexmanagetodestroyseveralnimrodsbetweenthemthroughcoordinatedeffortswhileattheportofoaklandnamorfightsseveralmorebyhimselfbutcallsinforassistanceasfivemoresuddenlyappearthoughatlowpowerafterarecentcomamagnetocomicsmagnetodefendstheislandagainstahordeofnimrodstobuybeasttimetotreatthewoundedinthefuturexforcefightsitwayintoasentinelprocessingcentrewherecyphertakesovertheprogrammingofmastermoldandtheyshutdownallofthenimrodsinboththepresentandfuturetheirmissioncompletedxforceretrievescableandcypherandmakestheirwaytothetimeportaltoescapebacktothepresentunfortunatelyintheensuingchaosxisbrutallyburnedwhensheattemptstocrossthroughthetimeportalthemembersofxforcecometotheconclusionthatonlyinorganicmatterisabletopassthroughtheportalwithnootheralternativecablesacrificeshimselftoholdtheportalopenandallowtheotherstoreturnhomebackinthepresentasallofthenimrodshavesuddenlyshutdownthexmenareseenstaringinshockandattemptingtounderstandwhathashappenedoutsideofthedomebastionappearswiththereanimatedgraydoncreedandstephenlangcommentingthatwhilethenimrodsaregonemutantkindisstilltrappedandthathewilldealwiththeremainingmutantshimselfafterwitnessingcablessacrificehopemanifestsvariousxmenpowerssuchasarmorcomicsarmorspsionicarmorandcolossussorganicsteelandkillslangandcreedwiththeassistanceofthexmensheeradicatesbastionandshattersthedomesurroundingthecityatacelebratorybonfireemmafrostemmanoticestheflamesaroundhopetaketheshapeofthephoenixandthistriggersaflashbacktothesisterhoodstorylinewherejeanfreedherfromladymastermindsillusionandtoldhertoprepareseizedwithterroremmarunstocyclopstowarnhimhoweverbeforeshecancyclopstellsherthatcerebrahasfoundfivenewmutantstransoniccomicstransonicvelocidadcomicsvelocidadoyacomicsoyaprimalcomicsprimalandkenjiuedozerothathaveappearedaroundtheglobetieinsandoneshotsaspartofthecrossoveranumberoftieinminiseriesandoneshotswerereleasedrevelationsxfactorwrittenbypeterdavidanddrawnbyvalentinedelandrothisstoryarcstartingwithissuefeaturesthereanimatedleaderofthemutantresponsedivisionbolivartraskashetriestokilleverymemberofxfactorinvestigationsxfactorrevelationshellboundwrittenbychrisyostanddrawnbyharveytolibaoandsandufloreathethreeissueminiseriesfeaturesmagikbeingbanishedtolimbobyaweaponisedspellwheresheisconspiredagainstbyanoldenemycannonballcomicscannonballleadsateamwhichincludesnorthstarmarvelcomicsnorthstartrancecomicstrancedazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlergambitcomicsgambitpixiexmenpixieandanolecomicsanoleonamissiontorescueherrevelationsblindsciencewrittenbysimonspurrieranddrawnbypauldavidsoncomicspauldavidsonandfrancisportelathisoneshotfeaturesmembersofthexclubtryingtounravelatrapsetbybastionaftermathafterleavingthexmenduetocyclopsmoremilitantstyleofleadershipbeastheadstolatomeetupwithhisgirlfriendabigailbrandwhostandshimuponlytomeetupwithmollyhayesoftherunawaysthetwodiscussextinctionfaithandlivinglifetoitsfullesthopeisatthebaxterbuildingwithdrnemesisandroguereceivingaphysicalfrommrfantasticaswellasconversingwithhissonfranklinrichardsfantasticfourfranklinrichardsupongivinghopeacleanbillofhealthreedsuggeststhathopetrytolocateherfamilyinanattempttolearnmoreaboutwhoshereallyisonthewaybacktoutopiahopeinsistsondoingjustthatcyclopstakessometimeofftogohuntinginthesavagelandduringwhichheencounterscaptainamericasteverogerswhosuggeststhatcyclopsbringthexmenoutoftheshadowsandintothelightasheroesrogersarrangestohavethepresidentawardscottthepresidentialmedaloffreedomwhichswaysthepeopleofsanfranciscotowelcomethexmenbackduringacelebrationonutopiacyclopssneaksawaytotalktohopeinanattempttodiscussastrategyofdealingwiththefivelightshopebecomesagitatedathisexpectationsandjustwantstofindherfamilyscottrealizinghismistreatmentofhopedecidesthathelldealwiththelightsandsendateamtoescorthopetoalaskamuchtoherdelightthestorylinespanoffanewongoingseriesgenerationhopecomicsgenerationhopethatfocusesonthefivelightsclasswikitablenewseriescancelledseriesuncannyxforcexforcedakendarkwolverinedarkwolverinewolverinecomicbookwolverinewolverineoriginswolverinethebestthereiswolverineweaponxnamornamorthefirstmutantcablecomicscablexmenvolxmenvolhopesummerscomicsgenerationhopexreadingorderthecomicbooksinvolvedincludeissuesofnewmutantsuncannyxmenxforcecomicsxforceandxmenlegacywithcoverdatesstartinginaprilaswellasaoneshotcomicstwoshottitledxmensecondcomingpublishedbymarvelcomicsreleasedinmarchmarchchapterxmensecondcomingaprilchapteruncannyxmenchapternewmutantschapterxmenlegacychapterxforcemaychapteruncannyxmenchapternewmutantschapterxmenlegacychapterxforcejunechapteruncannyxmenchapternewmutantschapterxmenlegacyjulychapterxforcechapterxmensecondcomingadditionalbooksfebruaryprologuexmensecondcomingprepareaprilcablerenameddeadpoolandcablereleasedwithchapterxmensecondcomingrevelationsxfactorcomicsxfactorreleasedwithchaptermayxmensecondcomingrevelationshellboundreleasedwithchapterxmensecondcomingrevelationsxfactorreleasedwithchapterxmensecondcomingrevelationsblindsciencereleasedwithchapterjunexmensecondcomingrevelationshellboundreleasedwithchapterxmensecondcomingrevelationsxfactorreleasedwithchapterjulyxmensecondcomingrevelationshellboundreleasedwithchapteruncannyxmenheroicagecomicstheheroicagereleasedwithchapterxmenphoenixforcehandbookcollectededitionsthecomicbooksarebeingcollectedintotradepaperbackcomicssinglevolumesxmensecondcomingcollectssecondcomingpreparexmensecondcominguncannyxmennewmutantsxmenlegacyandxforcepageshardcoveroctoberxmensecondcomingrevelationscollectsxmenhopexmenblindsciencexmenhellboundandxfactorpagesreferencesexternallinksguangzhouinternationalfinancecenterguangzhouinternationalfinancecenterchenxitongchenxitongliximingliximinginfoboxcompanynamexsenstechnologiesbvlogologoxsenssvglogosizepxcaptiontypefoundationlocationcityenschedelocationcountrynetherlandskeypeoplenumemployeesindustrymotioncaptureahrsinertialmeasurementunitproductsrevenueoperatingprofithomepagexsenscomwwwxsenscomxsenstechnologiesbvorxsensisasupplierofdmotioncaptureproductsbaseduponminiaturememsinertialsensortechnologythecompanyhascreatedintellectualpropertyinthefieldofmultisensordatafusionalgorithmscombininginertialsensorswithaidingtechnologiessuchasgpsmotioncapturerfpositioningrfpositioningandbiomechanicalengineeringbiomechanicalmodelingxsensisafairchildsemiconductorcompanydeliveringpowersolutionsforthemobileindustrialcloudautomotivelightingandcomputingindustriesxsenshasofficesinenschedeheadquarterthenetherlandsandlosangelescaliforniahistorythecompanywasfoundedinbycasperpeetersandperslyckebothuniversityoftwentegraduatesfollowingworkinmeasurementoftheperformanceofathletestheyspecializedinsensortechnologiesandsensorfusionalgorithmsthecompanydevelopedinertialmeasurementunitsorahrsmtiseriesandmtxandhumanmovementmeasurementsystemsacompletewirelesssystemmtwkitthesuccessorofthexbuskitinxsensintroducedaninertialmotioncapturesystemcalledmovenrenamedxsensmvnininxsensacquiredutellusaspinofffromtelecomcompanyericssonseurolabspecializinginapplicationsofultrawidebandrftechnologyinxsenswasacquiredbyfairchildsemiconductorandbecomingpartofonsemiconductorininnovmcubeacquiresxsensfromonsemiconductorprojectsxsensparticipatesinresearchprojectslikefreemotionwhichfocusesonthedevelopmentofambulatorymethodsusingonlybodywornsensorsformotionanalysisxsensalsoparticipatedintheprojectmuflywhichproposesthedevelopmentandimplementationofthefirstfullyautonomousmicrohelicoptercomparableinsizeandweighttoasmallbirdmatrisanotherprojectxsensparticipatedinisaeuropeanconsortiumtodevelopamarkerlesssolutionforrealtimesixdegreesoffreedomtrackingforaugmentedandmixedrealityapplicationsotherprojectsaremcimpulsefocusingonsensordataprocessingandmilepostonindoorpositioningsystemindoornavigationsincexsensisafullpartnerofkneemoinitialtrainingnetworkitnforkneeosteoarthritisresearchfundedthroughtheeuropeancommissionsframeworkprogrammeasanindustrialpartneritsroleistodevelopmethodstoestimatekneejointloadingusinginertialmotioncaptureproductionsxsensproductsarewidelyknownforuseinfilmgameliveentertainmentandadvertisingknownproductionsthatwerecreatedwiththehelpofxsensproductsarebatmanvssupermanantmanfifalovehasnolabelstedandjustcausetheleviathansomelikeitbotreferencesbazhenovbazinbalabanovredirectcategoryshellbalandinbaninbaranovredirectcategoryshellbaranowskibezrukovbelinskybelovberezinbelousovblokblokhinbobkovbobrovbogdanovbogolyubovredirectcategoryshellbogomolovbodrovbokbolshakovbondarchukredirectcategoryshellalexanderborodinbocharovbrezhnevsurnameredirectcategoryshellbudanovbulgakovbuninsurnameburydisambiguationbykovbychkovxuanhuadistrictinfoboxsettlementnamexiahuayuannativenamepostalcodetypepostalcodesettlementtypedistrictchinadistrictimageskylinexiahuayuanzhanjpgimagemappngmapcaptionlocationofthecountysubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincesubdivisionnamehebeisubdivisiontypeprefecturesubdivisionnamezhangjiakouareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautolatnslatdlatmlatslongewlongdlongmlongselevationftelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetwebsitexhyggzycomxiahuayuandistrictisadistrictofzhangjiakouhebeichinaadministrativedivisionssubdistrictschengzhensubdistrictmeikuangsubdistricttownshipshuayuantownshipzhangjiakouhuayuantownshipxinzhuangzitownshipdingfangshuitownshipduanjiabaotownshipreferencesexternallinksxhyggzycomofficialwebs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hunterfirstrundatelastrundatedispositionpreservedatthepowerhousemuseumsydneylocomotiveisapreservednewsouthwalessteamlocomotiveitisatwocylindersimplenoncondensingcoalfiredsuperheatedtenwheelexpresspassengersteamlocomotiveitisoneofthefourpclasslaternewsouthwalescclasslocomotivecclasslocomotivesthathavebeenpreservedconstructionwasbuiltbybeyerpeacockandcompanybeyerpeacockcoinmanchesterenglandinenteringserviceaspitwasrenumberedasintherenumberingschemeistheonlysurvivingmemberofitsclasswithanoriginallowframeinservicethelocomotivewasfirstintroducedintoservicepaintedblackinasasaturatedlocomotivewithslidevalvesitwasusedforexpresspassengertrainsinmidalongwithotherpclassesitwasconvertedtoasuperheatedlocomotivewithnewcylinderandsteamchestcastingsthatincorporatedpistonvalvesitwasreleasedfromworkshopsinseptemberandpaintedmaroonanditreceivedthenameplatehunternamedforthemainriverinthehunterregionhuntervalleyitonlycarriedthisnameplateuntillocomotivenewsouthwalescclasslocomotivereceiveditinandtookoverthenewcastleflyernortherncommerciallimitedexpresstonewcastlerailwaystationnewsouthwalesnewcastlethenameplatewaspreservedbytrainworksrailwaymuseumrailtransportmuseumnswrtmnewreproductionnameplateshavebeencastandplacedbackonthelocomotivewasusedextensivelywithcarriagesetscubandcubfornortherncommercialexpressworkatthisperiodafterbeingreplacedinfromthisworkitcontinuedtoworkallmanneroftrainsfromexpresstocountrymixedandshuntingworkitremainedmaroonandbasedatbroadmeadowlocomotivedepotfromuntilafterwhichitrevertedtoblackliverywasoverhauledandmodifiedmanytimesduringitslongandcontinuousservicelifethelocowaswithdrawnfromserviceinandwasmovedtotheenfieldlocomotivedepotwiththerestofthepreservedlocomotivesownedbynswrtmlachlanvalleyrailwayandothermuseumsinitwastowedtothirlmerenewsouthwalesthirlmereforstoragetillwhilstinstorageatthirlmerertmvolunteerswirebrushedandrepainteditblackrestorationtowedtotheformereveleighrailwayworkshopsininathoroughrestorationcommencedmostoftheoverhaulwascarriedoutbyadedicatedteamoftradesmenworkingasvolunteersandseveralconservatorsfromthepowerhousemuseumthisteamalsoworkedonrestoringreturnedtosteamhavingitsfirsttrialrunfromeveleightopenrithrailwaystationsydneypenrithandreturnontheeveningofjulyitthenworkedthreeothertrialrunswithonetospringwoodrailwaystationspringwoodandtwotogosfordrailwaystationgosfordpreservationonseptemberwaspubliclyrelaunchedbackintoserviceandmadethreerailtransportinnewsouthwalesmainlinesteamrunstobankstownrailwaystationbankstowncelebratingitsreturntosteamafteranabsenceofoveryearsofftherailssincethenhasworkedtourstotherobertsonsrailwaystationfairaspecialchartertohurstvillerailwaystationhurstvillestationandanswrtmtriptothezigzagrailwayalongwithandafterthistripwastransferredtothenswrtminsubsequentyearsthelocomotivehastakenpartinthehuntervalleysteamfestsgreattrainracefromnewcastletomaitlandthetareeandgloucesternewsouthwalesgloucesterrailwaycentenaryandsydneygreattrainexpoatcentralrailwaystationsydneycentralstationearlyfebruaryitwasannouncedthatwouldpartinanlachlanvalleyrailwaytourtothequberhythmnrailfestivalinjuneeonmarchandalburysteamweekendonmarchgallerygalleryimagenswgrlocomotiveattareerailwaycentenaryjpglocomotivewithnswpremierbarryofarrellimagenswgrlocomotiveajpglocomotivehunternameplateimagenswgrlocomotivedjpgthirlmerefestivalofsteamimagenswgrlocomotivebjpgtareerailwaycentenaryshuntingimagenswgrlocomotivecjpgtareerailwaycentenaryrunaroundfilesteamfestjpgattendsherfirsthuntervalleysteamfestgalleryreferencesexternallinkspowerhousemuseumcomcollectionlocophpofficialrecordatthepowerhousemuseumpowerhousemuseumcomcollectionsteamlocomotivesphppowerhousemuseumssteamlocomotivesxynotyromeretzvitalyginzburgstrategicmissiletroopsstrategicmissiletroopsredirectcategoryshelladvancedprogrammableinterruptcontrollerxapicredirectcategoryshellnakhichevanondonnakhichevanondonmartirossaryandonhostoblastalexanderkolchakorderofsaintannaxbelnortheasternchinesecuisinenortheasternchinesecuisineerhuaerhuaerhuaerhuadunganlanguagedunganlanguagedunganlanguagedunganlanguagedunganlanguagekarimzianirimetablerimetablemiddlechinesetseretelitsulukidzeinfoboxpersonnamexiuzelanbirthdatedeathdatexiuzelanfebruarywasataiwanesearchitectborninyuanlinghunanduringworldwariisheattendedthearchitecturedepartmentofnationalcentraluniversityinchongqingnowsoutheastuniversityschoolofarchitectureinsheenteredthetaiwanrailbureaushetookchargeofthedepartmentofgenerallogisticsandengineeringasanassistantengineerinshetookchargeofyangmingshanschungshanbuildingasdesignerandconsequentlyachievedataiwanesearchitectureprizeoftaiwansfirstfemalearchitectrepresentativeworksbanqiaostationchungshanbuildingtaipeiwomensteacherjuniorcollegeviatorhighschoolchurchlanyanggirlsmiddleschoolauditoriumbanqiaoseniorhighschoolchungshangirlsmiddleschoolauditoriumtaipeijingmeigirlsschoollibraryandadminbuildingchihshanjuniorhighschoolwufengelementaryschoolnationalchiayigirlsseniorhighschoolhuweiseniorhighschoolnationalchunghsingseniorhighschoolhualiennormaluniversitylibrarysunmoonlaketeachershalltaichungteachershallyangmingseniorhighschooltaipeimingdejuniorhighschoolreferencesnewserbdemocracydemocraticserbpartymontenegroliberalallianceofmontenegroliberalallianceofmontenegroredirectcategoryshellserbpeoplespartypeoplessocialistpartyofmontenegroredirectcategoryshellwarrenworthingtoniiiinfoboxlocomotivenamepowertypesteamimagesteamfestjpgcaptionatthehuntervalleysteamfestinaprilbuildereveleighrailwayworkshopsserialnumberbuilddatemarchwhytetypeuicclasschgaugeleadingdiameterdriverdiameterfueltypecoalfuelcaptonswatercapgallonsoperatorclassnewsouthwalescclasslocomotiveclocomotiveisatwocylindersimplenoncondensingcoalfiredsuperheatednewsouthwalescclasslocomotiveexpresspassengersteamlocomotivetheonlycclassleftinexistenceandisoperationaltheclassiscommonlyreferredtoasnanniesornaughtynanniesduetotheirpreclassdesignationofnnconstructionwascompletedbythenewsouthwalesgovernmentrailwayseveleighrailwayworkshopsinmarchinserviceonenteringserviceasoneofthemembersofthennclassitwasallocatedroadnumberbeingrenumberedinintheearlysitwasoneofthreecspaintedoxfordbluetooperatethecavesexpressthroughoutitsservicelifeitreceivedthevariousmodificationsmadetotheclassandwasrebuiltwithnewframesandcabinjulywhentheclasssufferedfromframecrackingafteritsrebuildreceivedalinedgreenpaintschemeinreceivedacommonwealthengineeringbuilttenderfromascrappedstandardgoodslocomotivetoincreaseitscoalandwatercapacitydemiseandpreservationwaswithdrawnfromserviceinandretainedforpreservationbeingplacedinthecustodyofthenewsouthwalesrailtransportmuseumwhereitremainedoperationaluntilitreceivedanoriginaltypecclasstendertabnowhichcamefromlocomotivewiththenswrtmrelocatingonjuneithaulednewsouthwaleslaterclasslocomotiveandnewsouthwaleszclasslocomotivefromenfieldlocomotivedepotenfieldtothirlmerenewsouthwalesthirlmereandwasthenwithdrawnrestorationintheboilerclothingwasremovedforassessmentoftheboilerandinrestorationtooperationbeganinearnestduringaspareclassboilernumbercwasalsoretrievedfromstaticuseattheoldeveleighrailwayworkshopsandisnowstoredatthirlmerecompletionoftherestorationwasachievedinearlyafteragovernmentgrantfornewboilertubesthepreviousdeepblueliverywasreplacedbyunlinedblacktoreflectthelocomotivesappearanceinlateryearsofitsservicelifeasnotedabovedidnotcarrycavesexpresscoloursinregularserviceinitscurrentrebuiltformwithnewframesandcabinthisformitcarriedfirstlinedgreenandthenunlinedblackinjulyanoverhaulcommencedtoconductrepairsonthetendertankduetoitspoorconditionwhenthetankwasremovedhighamountsofcorrosionwasdiscoveredintheframesofthetenderrenderingthelocomotiveinoperablealargerinspectionofthelocomotivethenoccurredleadingfurtherissuestobeuncoveredaccordingtothetransportheritagenewsouthwalesfleetmanagertherestorationofrepresentsthemostcomprehensiveoverhaulofanyofthethnswsteamlocomotivefleettherepairsdonetothelocoduringtherestorationincludeheavyboilerrepairsinthefireboxreplacementofthesuperheaterelementreplacementofthetendertanknewtenderunderframesreconditioningofthetenderbogiesnewcrankpinsandtyresnewaxleboxesrebuildofthelocomotivesleadingbogierebuildoftheenginedragboxaircompressorrestorationreplacementoftheboilercladdingrepairstothefiremanssidecylindercastingandnewfrontcylindercoversasofmarchhascompletedheroverhaulandhasbeenunveiledatthethirlmerefestivalofsteamreferencesxuejiyeborninindalianliaoningisachinesepaintingpainterandsculptorhegraduatedfromguangzhouacademyoffineartsinandcurrentlylivesandworksinbeijingxuejiyeandhisworkhavebeenfeaturedinvariousartexhibitionsbothinchinaandabroadincludingtheguangdongartmuseumnationalgalleryofindonesiakunstvereinmanneimetcexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebtheministryofartcomministryofartwebpagelihuiworkhtmlxuejiyeattheministryofartkunstmagazinberlindemagazinyourviewxuejiyefeaturedatkunstmagazinberlincriticizelincriticizeconfuciuscriticizelincriticizeconfuciusleechiennawuhanincidentdowntothecountrysidemovementdowntothecountrysidemovementnanjieivanserovningdeningdeningdeningdenanpingchebotaryovcherepanovcherkasovchernovchernyshyovchesnokovantonchekhovredirectcategoryshellchistyakovinfoboxfootballbiographynamexaviertomasfullnameimagexaviertomasjpgbirthdatebirthplacenantuafranceheightcurrentclubhamiltonacademicalfchamiltonacademicalclubnumberpositiondefenderfootballcentraldefenderyouthyearsyouthclubsyearsclubsfcgueugnoncapsgoalsyearsclubsrodezafloancapsgoalsyearsclubstoursfctourscapsgoalsyearsclubsolympiakosvoloucapsgoalsyearsclubslevadiakosfclevadiakosgoalscapsyearsclubstoursfctourscapsgoalsyearsclubslevadiakosfclevadiakoscapsgoalsyearsclubsmaccabipetahtikvafcmaccabipetahtikvacapsgoalsyearsclubsbneiyehudatelavivfcbneiyehudatelavivcapsgoalsyearsclubsfclausannesportlausannesportcapsgoalsyearsclubshamiltonacademicalfchamiltonacademicalcapsgoalsnationalyearsnationalteamnationalcapsnationalgoalsmanageryearsmanagerclubspcupdatemarchutcntupdatexaviertomasbornjanuaryinnantuaainisafrenchprofessionalassociationfootballfootballerwhocurrentlyplaysforscottishpremiershipclubhamiltonacademicalfchamiltonacademicalhesignedforfclausannesportlausannesportinjanuarythenmovedtoscottishclubhamiltonacademicalfchamiltonacademicalsixmonthslatertomaswassentoffinhisleaguedebutforhamiltonandashdefeatataberdeenfcaberdeenonaugustreferencesexternallinksfootballdatabaseeufootballjoueursxaviertomasenhtmlxaviertomasprofileatfootballdatabaseasusdemocraticunionforintegrationredirectcategoryshellykanykanykansergeyzhukovinfoboxlocomotivenamepowertypesteamimageatmaitlandsteamfestjpgcaptionatthehuntervalleysteamfestinaprilbuilderbeyerpeacockandcompanybeyerpeacockcoserialnumberbuilddatewhytetypetuicclasscntgaugeleadingdiameterdriverdiametertrailingdiameterlocoweightfueltypecoalboilerpressurefireareatotalsurfacesuperheatertypenonecylindercounttwooutsidecylindersizetractiveeffortoperatornewsouthwalesgovernmentrailwaysoperatorclasssnewsouthwalescclasslocomotiveclocomotiveisatwocylindersimplenoncondensingsaturatedcoalfiredbaltictypesteamnewsouthwalescclasslocomotivecclasstanklocomotiveforthenewsouthwalesgovernmentrailwaysbuiltinbybeyerpeacockandcompanyconstructionbuiltinbybeyerpeacockandcompanymanchesterwasoneoflocomotivesofthenewsouthwalescclasslocomotivesclassofttanklocomotivesbuiltspecificallytohandletheincreasingvolumeofsuburbantrafficinsydneyparticularlyonthesteeplygradedmainnorthernrailwaylinenorthernnorthshorerailwaylinenorthshoreandillawarrarailwaylineillawarralinesthesclasswaslaterreclassifiedasthecclassinandgivennewrunningnumbersinthexxseriesfollowingtheelectrificationofthesydneysuburbannetworkofthecclasslocomotiveswereconvertedintonewsouthwalesctclasslocomotivecttenderlocomotivesbetweenandandwhichwereusedtoreplaceolderandlargelyobsoletelocomotivesthenworkingonthelightlylaidcountrybranchlinesthroughoutnewsouthwalestheremainingenginesnotconvertedwereusedonoutersuburbanservicesinsydneynewcastlenewsouthwalesnewcastleandwollongongwhileothersendedupassistingonlocaltrainsinsuburbanareasandshortcountrytripsinserviceenteringserviceinasswasusedinitiallyonsuburbandutiesaroundsydneyitreceiveditspresentnumberofinaspartofthereclassificationoftheslocomotivesintothecclassfollowingthedisplacementofthecclassfromsydneysuburbanservicebythenewelectrictrainswasemployedonlocalsuburbanservicesfromsydneynewcastleandwollongongfromonwardsandotherswerealsoemployedincarriageshuntingdutiesatcentralrailwaystationsydneysydneycentralalongwithothermembersofitsclasspreviouslytwonewsouthwaleszclasslocomotivezclassstsaddletanklocomotiveshadbeenemployedonthisdutybutelectrificationofthecarriagesidingsatsydneycentralinmeantthatitwastooriskytousethemsincethewaterinletontheengineswatertankswasontopofthesaddletankassidetanklocomotivesthecclasshadnosuchsafetyrestrictionsandsotheyalsotookuptheseadditionaldutieswasalsooutstationedatotheryardswhichrequiredlargeshuntinglocomotivesandisrecordedashavingworkedatsuchlocationssuchasbathurstrailwaystationnewsouthwalesbathurstdemiseandpreservationandonthequeensbirthdayweekendinwiththearrivalofnewdiesellocomotivesinthesandtheothermembersofthecweredeemedtobesurplustorequirementswaswithdrawnsometimeinthefebruaryandsoldtothelachlanvalleyrailwayatparkesnewsouthwalesparkesinitwasthenrelocatedtotheforbesnewsouthwalesforbesvintagevillagealongwithnewsouthwaleszclasslocomotiveandnewsouthwalesadclasslocomotiveitwassubsequentlypurchasedatauctioninnovemberbybarrytullochfollowingthepurchaseitwasmovedbyroadandrailtocowralocomotivedepotondecemberbarrytullochwiththehelpofianmacdonaldandmanylikemindedenthusiastsrestoredtoarunningconditionitleftcowraonjanuaryandcametosydneyviahardenrailwaystationhardentoitsnewhomeateveleighrailwayworkshopsrestorationcontinuedonmanyancillaryitemsthroughoutaswellasextrarefinementstoequipittorunexcursiontrainswithsreturntosteamittravelledovermanypartsofnswitattendedtheaussteameventinmelbournetravellingsouthinthecompanyofzwassupposedtohaveleftgoulburnrailwaystationgoulburnboundformelbourneearlyonoctoberbutfailedwithahotaxleboxthatpreventeditfromdepartingontimethelocomotivewasrepairedandlaterthatdayransouthtojoinatalburyrailwaystationalburyonoctobertocontinuethejourneytomelbourneonanotheroccasionwasoneofthreelocomotivesselectedtorunatripleheadedexcursionfrommaitlandrailwaystationmaitlandtosydneywiththereturnrunfromthehuntervalleysteamfestthelocoranwithandlnerclassaflyingscotsmanflyingscotsmanduringonthequeensbirthdayweekendofassistedandfromvalleyheightsrailwaystationvalleyheightstokatoombarailwaystationkatoombaontheingradesbetweenandsawmostofitsworkwithlimitedattendingtheannualhuntervalleysteamfestatmaitlandandthirlmeresfestivalofsteamaswellasrunningenthusiastspecialstokiamarailwaystationkiamagosfordrailwaystationgosfordmossvalerailwaystationmossvaleandotherlocationsinthesydneyareaduringwhichitwassometimespairedwithandithasalsoworkedwithttandnewsouthwalesdclasslocomotiveduringthistimethelocomotivewasbasedattheeveleighworkshopshometolimitedwherebarryianandasmallbandofvolunteersattendedtorunningmaintenanceandstatutoryexaminationsinmaywassoldbybarrytullochtoboydmunrowhodecidedtomovethelocomotivetocanberratobekeptwiththerestofhiscollectioninjulythelocomotivewasthenplacedinopenstorageinthesidingsbehindthecanberrarailwaymuseumthisdecisionhasbecomehighlycontentiousamongtherailenthusiastgroupsofnswandactwhobelievethelocomotivehasbeenabandoneddespiterequiringsomemaintenanceandcosmeticattentionithasbeenconfirmedbytheaustraliansteamwebsitethatisstillnominallyoperationalalthoughthetonneyearoldsteamlocomotivehasnotbeenusedforsometimehasalsoappearedontelevisiononatleastoneoccasionitsmostrecentwaswhenitappearedbrieflyinoneepisodeofseriesoftheblockaustraliantvseriestheblockduringwhichitalmostranthecouplesoversincetheirmagicdoorsplacedthemrightontheentrancetosydneycentralstationthiswasachievedusingbluescreentechnologyandfootageofapproachingtheplatformbibliographyreferencesnegimamagisternegimagidongminlimgreensofserbiaallianceofindependentsocialdemocratsredirectcategoryshellallianceofindependentsocialdemocratsdemocraticpartyofserbiaserbpeoplesradicalpartythisarticleisapartofwikipediawikiprojectaircraftandwikipediawikiprojectbiographymilitaryinfoboxmilitarypersonnamexavierjeanmarielouismoissinacimagecaptionbirthdateoctoberdeathdatejuneplaceofburiallabelplaceofburialbirthplacebrivelagaillardefrancedeathplacecolleslescondeplaceofburialcoordinatesnicknameallegiancefrancebranchaviationserviceyearsrankmarchaldeslogisunitescadrillecommandsbattlesawardsmdaillemilitairecroixdeguerrerelationslaterworkmarchaldeslogisxavierjeanmarielouismoissinacwasaworldwariflyingacecreditedwithsevenaerialvictoriessourcesofinformationreferencesshanghaifrenchconcessionshwafinancialcrisistreatyofwanghiatreatyofwanghiaheqinglianheqinglianhongkongleftistriotshongkongleftistriotsincidentchingcheongtaiwanesemandarintaiwanesemandarintaiwanesemandarintaiwanesemandarintaozhutaozhuxiangzhongfaxiangzhongfaapameacariosaxiangzhongfaapameaunitashaposhnikovshapiroapameavulgarisshubinshuvalovshuyskyshulginmurderofmarwaelsherbinimusicoftherepublicofmacedoniaserbdemocraticpartyserbdemocraticpartyredirectcategoryshellserbianradicalpartyofrepublikasrpskaredirectcategoryshellmetaelementlilanqinglilanqingvicepremierofthepeoplesrepublicofchinavicepremierofthepeoplesrepublicofchinawuxueqianwuxueqianchairmanofthecommunistpartyofchinachairmanofthecommunistpartyofchinaltusbridgeltusbridgegongbeiportofentryportasdocercoportasdocercolingjihualingjihuanossasenhoradeftimamacaunossasenhoradeftimamacauzhangzuojizhangzuojizhouyouguangstjohnsuniversityshanghairongyirenrongyirensoongailingsoongailingserbianradicalpartyofrepublikasrpskaredirectcategoryshellserbianradicalpartyofrepublikasrpskaxenophonofancientcorinthcorinthsonofthessaluswasavictorattheancientolympicgamesolympicgamesbothinthestadionrunningracefootraceandintheancientolympicpentathlonpentathloninthetholympiadbchisfamilybelongedtothestockoftheoligaethidaeandwasoneoftherulingfamiliesofcorinthpindarstholympicodecelebrateshisdoublevictoryreferencestheextantodesofpindartranslatedbyernestmyersbooksgooglecombooksidozqcxxjimcpgpadqxenophonofcorinthvonepageqxenophonofcorinthffalsepagebockhanddissenonpindaricdiodxipausivedbekkerathenxiiipnbspjinchinesejinchinesexenotropicmurineleukemiavirusrelatedvirusxuyangxenophonsonofeuripideswasoneoftheatheniangeneralstowhompotidaeasurrenderedlaterinthesameyearbcxenophonandtwoothergeneralsledanexpeditionagainstthechalkidianleaguechalcideansandbottiaeansatthebattleofspartolosbutwerecompelledtoretreatintopotidaeareferencesjonehristovskiinfoboxprogramminglanguagenamexclogoparadigmconcurrentprogrammingconcurrentparallelprogrammingparalleldistributedprogrammingdistributedmulticoreprocessormulticorerealtimecomputingrealtimeimperativeprogrammingimperativeyeardesignerdeveloperlatestreleaseversionxyzlatestreleasedatetypingstrongtypingstrongstatictypingstaticimplementationsxccdialectsinfluencedbycprogramminglanguagecoccamprogramminglanguageoccamcommunicatingsequentialprocessescspinfluencedoperatingsystemlicensewebsitefileextxcincomputersxcisaprogramminglanguageforrealtimeembeddedparallelprocessorstargetedatthexmosxcorexsxcoreprocessorarchitecturerefcitebookauthordavidmaytitlethexmosxsarchitectureisbnurlxmoscomdownloadpublicthexmosxsarchitecturexapdfaccessdaterefxcisanimperativelanguagebasedonthefeaturesforparallelismandcommunicationinoccamprogramminglanguageoccamandthesyntaxandsequentialfeaturesofcprogramminglanguagecrefcitebooktitleprogrammingxconxmosdevicesauthordouglasrwattisbnpublisherxmoslimitedurlxmoscomdownloadpublicxcprogrammingguidexbpdfaccessdaterefitprovidesprimitivefeaturesthatcorrespondtothevariousarchitecturalresourcesprovidednamelychannelendslocksportsandtimersincombinationwithxcoreprocessorsxcisusedtobuildembeddedsystemswithlevelsofiorealtimeperformanceandcomputationalabilityusuallyattributedtofieldprogrammablegatearraysfpgasorapplicationspecificintegratedcircuitasicdevicesintroductionarchitecturalmodelanxcprogramexecutesonacollectionofxcoretileseachtilecontainsoneormoreprocessingcoresandresourcesthatcanbesharedbetweenthecoresincludingioandmemoryalltilesareconnectedbyacommunicationnetworkthatallowsanytiletocommunicatewithanyothertileagiventargetsystemisspecifiedduringcompilationandthecompilerensuresthatasufficientnumberoftilescoresandresourcesareavailabletoexecutetheprogrambeingcompiledfeaturesofxcthefollowingsectionsoutlinethekeyfeaturesofxcparallelismstatementsinxcareexecutedinsequenceastheyareincsothatintheexecutionofsourcelangcfgsourcethefunctionttgttisonlyexecutedoncetheexecutionofthefunctionttftthascompletedasetofstatementscanbemadetoexecuteinparallelusingattparttstatementsothatsourcelangcparfgsourcecausesttfttandttgtttobeexecutedsimultaneouslytheexecutionofparallelstatementonlycompleteswheneachofthecomponentstatementshavecompletedthecomponentstatementsarecalledtasksinxcbecausethesharingofvariablescanleadtoraceconditionsandnondeterministicbehaviourxcenforcesparalleldisjointnessdisjointnessmeansthatavariablethatischangedinonecomponentstatementofattparttmaynotbeusedinanyotherstatementparallelstatementscanbewrittenwithareplicatorinasimilarfashiontoattforttloopsothatmanysimilarinstancesofataskcanbecreatedwithouthavingtowriteeachoneseparatelysothatthestatementsourcelangcparsizetiiifisourceisequivalenttosourcelangcparffffsourcethetasksinaparallelstatementareexecutedbycreatingthreadsontheprocessorexecutingthestatementtaskscanbeplacedondifferenttilesbyusingattonttprefixinfollowingexamplesourcelangcparontilefparsizetiiiontilecoreigsourcethetaskttfttisplacedonanyavailablecoreoftileandinstancesofthetaskttgttplacedoncoresandoftiletaskplacementisrestrictedtothettmainttfunctionofanxcprogramconceptuallythisisbecausewhenanxcprogramiscompileditisdividedupatitstoplevelintoseparatelyexecutableprogramsforeachtilecommunicationparalleltasksareabletocommunicatewitheachotherusinginterfacesorchannelsinterfacesaninterfacespecifiesasetoftransactiontypeswhereeachtypeisdefinedasafunctionwithparameterandreturntypeswhentwotasksareconnectedviaaninterfaceoneoperatesasaserverandtheotherasaclienttheclientisabletoinitiateatransactionwiththecorrespondingserverwithsyntaxsimilartoaconventionalfunctioncallthisinteractioncanbeseenasaremoteprocedurecallforexampleintheparallelstatementsourcelangcinterfaceivoidfintxinterfaceiiparselectserverifintxprintfreceiveddnxbreakifclientsourcetheclientinitiatesthetransactionttfttwiththeparametervaluefromtheinterfacettitttheserverwaitsonthetransactionasacaseintheeventhandlingselectstatementandrespondswhentheclientinitiatesitbyprintingoutamessagewiththereceivedparametervaluetransactionfunctionscanalsobeusedfortwowaycommunicationbyusingreferenceparametersallowingdatatobetransferredfromaclienttoaserverandthenbackagaininterfacescanonlybeusedbytwotaskstheydonotallowmultipleclientstobeconnectedtooneserverthetypesofeitherendofaninterfaceconnectionoftypetareserverinterfacetandclientinterfacetthereforewheninterfacetypesarepassedasparametersthetypeofconnectionmustalsobespecifiedforexamplesourcelangcinterfacetivoidsserverinterfacetivoidcclientinterfacetiparsicisourcetransactionfunctionsinaninterfacerestrictserverstoreactingonlyinresponsetoclientrequestsbutinsomecircumstancesitisusefulforaservertobeabletotriggeraresponsefromtheclientthiscanbeachievedbyannotatingafunctionintheinterfacewithnoparametersandavoidreturntypewithttnowikinotificationslavenowikitttheclientwaitsonthenotificationtransactioninaselectstatementfortheservertoinitiateitacorrespondingfunctioncanbeannotatedwithttnowikiclearsnotificationnowikittwhichiscalledbytheslavetoclearthenotificationinthefollowingsimpleexamplesourcelangcpphighlightinterfaceivoidfintxnotificationslavevoidisreadyclearsnotificationintgetvalueinterfaceiiiparforsizetiiiserverselectifintxiisreadybreakigetvalueintdatadatabreakintdclientselectiisreadydigetvaluebreakifclientsourcewhenclientinitiatesthetransactionfunctionttftttheservernotifiesclientviathetransactionfunctionttisreadyttclientwaitsfortheservernotificationandtheninitiatesttgetvaluettwhenitisreceivedsothatitiseasiertoconnectmanyclientstooneserverinterfacescanalsobedeclaredasarraysaservercanselectoveraninterfacearrayusinganindexvariableinterfacescanalsobeextendedsothatbasicclientinterfacescanbeaugmentedwithnewfunctionalityinparticularclientinterfaceextensionscaninvoketransactionfunctionsinthebaseinterfacetoprovidealayerofadditionalcomplexitychannelscommunicationchannelsprovideamoreprimitivewayofcommunicatingbetweentasksthaninterfacesachannelconnectstwotasksandallowsthemtosendandreceivedatausingtheinttttandoutttttoperatorsrespectivelyacommunicationonlyoccurswhenaninputismatchedwithanoutputandbecauseeithersidewaitsfortheothertobereadythisalsocausesthetaskstosynchroniseinthefollowingsourcelanggochancintxparccxsourcethevalueissentoverthechannelttcttandassignedtothevariablettxttstreamingchannelsastreamingchanneldoesnotrequireeachinputandmatchingoutputtosynchronisesocommunicationcanoccurasynchronouslyeventhandlingthettselectttstatementwaitsforeventstooccuritissimilartotheoccamprogramminglanguagealternationprocessinoccameachcomponentofaselectisaneventsuchasaninterfacetransactionchannelinputorportinputseeioandanassociatedactionwhenaselectisexecuteditwaitsuntilthefirsteventisenabledandthenexecutesthateventsactioninthefollowingexamplesourcelangcselectcaseleftvoutvbreakcaserightvoutvbreaksourcetheselectstatementmergesdatafromttleftttandttrightttchannelsontoanttoutttchannelaselectcasecanbeguardedsothatthecaseisonlyselectediftheguardexpressionistrueatthesametimetheeventisenabledforexamplewithaguardsourcelangccaseenableleftvoutvbreaksourcethelefthandchanneloftheaboveexamplecanonlyinputdatawhenthevariablettenablettistruetheselectionofeventsisarbitrarybuteventprioritycanbeenforcedwiththettnowikiorderednowikittattributeforselectstheeffectisthathigherpriorityeventsoccurearlierinthebodyofthestatementtoaidincreatingreusablecomponentsandlibrariesselectfunctionscanbeusedtoabstractmultiplecasesofaselectintoasingleunitthefollowingselectfunctionencapsulatesthecasesoftheaboveselectstatementsourcelangcselectmergechanendleftchanendrightchanendoutcaseleftvoutvbreakcaserightvoutvbreaksourcesothattheselectstatementcanbewrittensourcelangcselectmergeleftrightoutsourcetimingeverytilehasareferenceclockthatcanbeaccessedviatimervariablesperforminganoutputoperationonatimerreadsthecurrenttimeincyclesforexampletocalculatetheelapsedexecutiontimeofafunctionttfttsourcelangctimertuinttstartendtstartftendprintfelapsedtimeusnendstartcyclespersecsourcewherecyclespersecisdefinedtobethenumberofcyclespersecondtimerscanalsobeusedinselectstatementstotriggereventsforexampletheselectstatementsourcelangcpptimertuintttimeselectcasetwhentimeraftertimevoidactiontobeperformedafterthedelaybreaksourcewaitsforthetimerttttttoexceedthevalueoftttimettbeforereactingtoitthevalueoftttttisdiscardedwiththesyntaxttvoidttbutitcanbeassignedtoavariablettxttwiththesyntaxttintxttiovariablesofthetypeportprovideaccesstoiopinsonanxcoredeviceinxcportscanhavepoweroftwowidthsallowingthesamenumberofbitstobeinputoroutputeverycyclethesamechannelinputandoutputoperatorsttnowikinowikittandttnowikinowikittrespectivelyareusedforthisthefollowingprogramcontinuouslyreadsthevalueononeportandoutputsitonanothersourcelangcppincludexshinportpxsportaoutportqxsportbintmainvoidboolbwhilepbqbsourcethedeclarationofportsmusthaveglobalscopeandeachportmustspecifywhetheritisinputtingoroutputtingandisassignedafixedvaluetospecifywhichpinsitcorrespondstothesevaluesaredefinedasmacrosinasystemheaderfilettxshttbydefaultportsaredrivenatthetilesreferenceclockhoweverclockblockresourcescanbeusedtoprovidedifferentclocksignalseitherbydividingthereferenceclockorbasedonanexternalsignalportscanbefurtherconfiguredtousebufferingandtosynchronisewithotherportsthisconfigurationisperformedusinglibraryfunctionsporteventsportscangenerateeventswhichcanbehandledinselectstatementsforexamplethestatementsourcelangcselectcasepwhenpinseqvvoidprintfreceivedinputdnvbreaksourceusesthepredicatettwhenpinseqtttowaitforthevalueontheportttptttoequalttvttbeforetriggeringtheresponsetoprintanotificationporttimingtobeabletocontrolwhenoutputsonaportoccurwithrespecttotheportsclockoutputscanbetimestampedortimedthetimestampedstatementprepvcountprecausesthevaluettvtttobeoutputontheportttpttandforttcounttttobesettothevalueoftheportscounterincrementedbyoneeachreferenceclockcyclethetimedoutputstatementprepcountvprecausestheporttowaituntilitscounterreachesthevalueofttcountttbeforethevaluettvttisoutputmultiplexingtasksontocoresbydefaulteachtaskmapstoonecoreonatilebecausethenumberofcoresislimitedeightincurrentxcoredevicesxcprovidestwowaystomapmultipletaskstocoresandbetterexploittheavailablecoresservertasksthatarecomposedofaneverendingloopcontainingaselectstatementcanbemarkedascombinablewiththeattributettnowikicombinablenowikittthisallowsthecompilertocombinetwoormorecombinabletaskstorunonthesamecorebymergingthecasesintoasingleselecttasksofthesameformascombinableonesexceptthateachcaseoftheselecthandlesatransactionfunctioncanbemarkedwiththeattributettnowikidistributablenowikittthisallowsthecompilertoconverttheselectcasesintolocalfunctioncallsmemoryaccessxchastwomodelsofmemoryaccesssafeandunsafesafeaccessisthedefaultinwhichchecksaremadetoensurethatmemoryaccessesdonotoccuroutsideoftheirboundscheckingboundsmemoryaliasingcomputingaliasesarenotcreateddanglingpointersarenotcreatedtheseguaranteesareachievedthroughacombinationofadifferentkindsofpointercomputerprogrammingpointersrestrictedaliasingmovablestaticcheckingduringcompilationandruntimechecksunsafepointersprovidethesamebehaviouraspointersincanunsafepointermustbedeclaredwiththettunsafettkeywordandtheycanonlybeusedwithinttunsafettregionsadditionalfeaturesreferencesxcprovidesreferencesthataresimilartoreferencecthoseincandarespecifiedwiththettttsymbolafterthetypeareferenceprovidesanothernameforanexistingvariablesuchthatreadingandwritingitisthesameasreadingandwritingtheoriginalvariablereferencescanrefertoelementsofanarrayorstructureandcanbeusedasparameterstoregularandtransactionfunctionsnullabletypesresourcetypessuchasinterfaceschannelendsportsandclocksmustalwayshaveavalidvaluethenullablequalifierallowsthesetypestohavenovaluewhichisspecifiedwiththettttsymbolforexampleanullablechannelisdeclaredwithprechancprenullableresourcetypescanalsobeusedtoimplementoptionalresourceargumentsforfunctionsthettisnullttbuiltinfunctioncanbeusedtocheckifaresourceisnullmultiplereturnsinxcfunctionscanreturnmultiplevaluesforexamplethefollowingfunctionimplementstheswapoperationsourcelangcintintswapintaintbreturnbasourcethefunctionswapiscalledwithamultipleassignmentprexyswapxypreexampleprogramsmulticorehelloworldsourcelangcincludestdiohincludeplatformhvoidhellointidchanendcinchanendcoutifidcinintprintfhellofromcoredidifidcoutintmainvoidchancparintiiiontileihelloicicireturnsourceuartloopbacksourcelangccopyrightcxmosltdallrightsreservedthissoftwareisfreelydistributableunderaderivativeoftheuniversityofillinoisncsaopensourcelicensepostedinlicensetxtandatgithubxcorecomincludexshincludeplatformhdefinenumbytesdefinebitratedefinebittimexstimerhzbitrateoutporttxdxsporthinportrxdxsportivoidtxbyteoutporttxdintbyteunsignedtimeoutputstartbittxdtimeoutputdatabitsforintiiitimebittimetxdtimebyteoutputstopbittimebittimetxdtimeholdstopbittimebittimetxdtimecharrxbyteinportrxdunsignedbytetimewaitforstartbitrxdwhenpinseqvoidtimetimebittimeinputdatabitsforintiiitimebittimerxdtimebyteinputstopbittimebittimerxdtimevoidreturnbyteintmainchartransmitbbbcharreceivetxddriveporthighinactivetobeginparforintiinumbytesitxbytetxdtransmitiforintiinumbytesireceiveirxbyterxdreturnsourcetodocomparisonwithccomparisonwithoccamlanguagerevisionscurrentimplementationhistoricalinfluencesthedesignofxcwasheavilyinfluencedbytheoccamprogramminglanguagewhichfirstintroducedchannelcommunicationalternationportsandtimersoccamwasdevelopedbydavidmaycomputerscientistdavidmayandbuiltonthecommunicatingsequentialprocessesformalismaprocessalgebradevelopedbytonyhoareseealsooccamprogramminglanguagecprogramminglanguagecommunicatingsequentialprocesseslistofconcurrentandparallelprogramminglanguagesreferencesseewikipediafootnotesonhowtocreatereferencesusingtagswhichwillthenappearhereautomaticallyfurtherreadingthexmosprogrammingguidewebarchiveorgwebxmoscomsupportxtoolsdocumentationsubcategoryprogrammingincandxccomponenthtmlxmoscomdownloadpublicxmosprogrammingguidedocumentationepdfpdfthexcspecificationwebarchiveorgwebxmoscomsupportxtoolsdocumentationsubcategoryprogrammingincandxccomponenthtmlxmoscomdownloadpublicxcspecificationxcpdfpdfexternallinksxmoscomxmoswebsitexcorecomofficialxmoscommunitygithubcomxcorexcoreopensourceprojectongithubiraqigeekcomanintroductiontoxmosxclanguageanintroductiontoxmosxclanguagelistofolympusproductsmsdhoniinternetcensorshipinchinatechnicalimplementationchinanextgenerationinternetchinanextgenerationinternetcaogangchuancaogangchuandaixianglongdaixianglongyuyoujunyuyoujunjinrenqingjinrenqingxiexurenxiexurenxiexurenpartyofdemocraticprogressredirectcategoryshellserbnationalallianceserbnationalallianceredirectcategoryshellpartyofdemocraticprogresspartyofdemocraticprogressredirectcategoryshellsecretariatofthecommunistpartyofchinasecretariatofthecommunistpartyofchinademocraticpeoplesalliancepolitburoofthecommunistpartyofchinapolitburoofthecommunistpartyofchinachinatimeshappinessrealizationpartykuomintangrevolutionarycommunistleaguenationalcommitteerainbowandgreensdainiinclubliberalleaguejapannewsocialistpartyofjapansportsandpeacepartypeoplesnewpartykariyushiclubkariyushiclubpoliticalgroupofokinawarevolutionxgamesxvmotoxokinawasocialmasspartyokinawasocialmasspartyredirectcategoryshellokinawasocialmasspartyredirectcategoryshellchineseyouthpartypeasantpartytaiwantaiwanindependencepartyhakkapartytaiwansolidarityuniontaiwanfarmerspartythirdsocietypartytaiwannumberonepartytaiwanconstitutionassociationhomepartytaiwandefensealliancenewpartytaiwannonpartisansolidarityuniondemocraticprogressivepartysandstonenightlizardxantusiagracilisthesandstonenightlizardaspeciesofnightlizardjapanrevolutionarycommunistleaguerevolutionarymarxistfactionjapanrevolutionarycommunistleaguesocialistleaguevperedxmenmisfitsisanoriginalenglishlanguagemangaversionofthexmenstorycreatedbydaveromanrainatelgemeierandartbyanzupublishedinitisownedbybothdelreymangaandmarvelcomicsmarvelthebookisthestoryofkittyprydeandhertimeatxaviersschoolforgiftedyoungstersthebookappearedonthenewyorktimesbestsellerlistforpaperbackgraphicnovelsforatleastfiveweeksplotkittyprydehasalwaysbeenanoutcastatschoolespeciallywhenhermutantgeneskickinshortlyaftersheisvisitedbyateacheratxaviersschoolforgiftedyoungsterswhenkittyarrivesattheschoolshefindssheisthefirstfemalestudentattheschooltheonlyothergirlsbeingtheteachersjeangreyandororomunroestormmarvelcomicsstormsheistakeninbythehellfireclubagroupofhotheadedmutantssettingsthestorytakesplaceatxaviersschoolforgiftedyoungstersxmansiontheareasshownarethedangerroomcafeteriagirlswingandclassroomscharacterskittyprydethemaincharacterofxmenmisfitskittyfeelslikesheisanoutcastevenaftershebeginsattendingxaviersschoolsheisamutantwhohasthepowertowalkthroughanythingherpowerskickinduringschoolonedaysheisgivenascholarshiptoxaviersschoolbyeriklehnsherrmagnetocomicsmagnetosheisthefirstfemalestudentofxaviersschoolonherfirstdayatschoolshemeetsbobbyicemancomicsicemanwhoactsverycoldtoherandsheistakeninbythemembersofthehellfireclubherfamilyownsthefamilyrestaurantprydeofchicagoshehastwosisterssarahandlindsayagedandshehastwopiercingsonherrightearpyrojohnallerdyceastudentatxaviersschoolheisamemberofthehellfireclubandkittysexboyfriendheisamutantwithpoweroverfirehehasasnobbishattitudeandseesmutantsasthesuperiorracehelovestocausetroubleandisextremelyprotectiveofkittypyroisdefinitelyahotheadedguywhoisnormallymeantoanyoneoutsidethehellfireclubhegoesbypyroinsteadofhishumannamebobbyicemancomicsicemanthefirststudentkittyisintroducedtowhensheenterstheschoolheactsprettycoldaroundherandmosteveryoneelsesaveforafewcertainpeopleheisamutantwiththepowerovericeheisverydifferentfrompyroeventhoughhegivesoffacoldattitudeheisnicerthanpyrohedoesnotseethemutantsasasuperiorraceandthisisshownbecausehestilluseshisrealnamehemayactcoldtokittybuthedoeslikeheralotespeciallyaftershetriestoprotecthimduringtheschooltriptonewyorkmagnetocomicsmagnetoaphysicsteacheratxaviersschoolandanalphamutantwhohasthepowerovermetalheistheonewhogavethescholarshiptokittyinthebeginningheseesmutantsasthesuperiorraceandbelievesthatallmutantsshouldgobytheirmutantnameandabandontheirmortalonesheisthemaincontributortothehellfireclubwhoagreewithhisphilosophyhetendstostrayfromhislessonsinphysicsandmoretowardhisphilosophyandpoliticsespeciallyonmutantrightswhenkittyhasherfirstclasswithhimhetellshertocallhimmagnetoshesaysmagneatoxavierprofessorxthefounderofxaviersschoolheisanalphamutantwhocanreadpeoplesmindsinthebeginningoftheseriesxaviercanwalkbutafteratriptonewyorklosestheabilityheseesthehumansandmutantsasequalsmostofthemutantsattheschoolseethewayhedoesheisgoodfriendswithmagnetoangelwarrenkennethworthingtoniiianotherstudentatxaviersschoolwhoashismutantnamestateshasangelwingsheistheleaderofthehellfireclubandisveryconceitedandegotistichesalsoanincredibleflirtandhardlyknowswhatnomeansassoonashemeetskittyhebeginsflirtingwithherandaskshertobehisgirlfriendbutsheturnshimdownheboaststhatcountlessgirlswouldthrowthemselvesonacrossformehavokhavokcomicsalexsummersheisthebrotherofscottsummersandanotherstudentatxaviersschoolheisamutantwiththepowerofshootingdestructiveplasmablastsheisamemberofthehellfireclubandhateshisbrotherscottheliketherestofthemembersofthehellfireclubhateshumansandthinksthatmutantsarebetterthusthrowingawayhishumannameandtakinghismutantonehelosescontrolonthetriptonewyorkcausingxaviertolosehisabilitytowalkforgecomicsforgeheisyetanothermemberofthehellfireclubwiththepowerovermechanicsheseemstobethegroupsmosttechnicalguyandbecomesreallyclosewithkittywhichpyrodespiseskittyviewshimasthebrothersheneverhadlongshotmarvelcomicslongshothishumannameisvinceandhetooisamemberofthehellfireclubhecanshootanythingwithperfectaimasshownwhenheshootsacornsathumanrightsprotestershehasthesamephilosophyastheothermembersoftheclubabouthumansandmutantsquicksilvercomicsquicksilveranothermemberofthehellfireclubheisveryfastandalsosharestheclubsphilosophyalthoughnotmuchisknownabouthimatthistimekurtnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawleramutantattheschoolwiththepoweroftransportationhisappearanceisblueskinpointedearsandatailalongwithmarkingsalloverhisbodyheiskittysfirsttrainingpartneringymclassheandkittybecomegoodfriendsrightawayfredblobcomicsafriendofkittysheisreallynicetoherbutcangetonsomepeoplesnerveswhenhedoesnotthinktheybecomefriendsrightawayscottsummerscyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopscomicsastudentatxaviersschoolandhavoksbrotherhefiresopticblastsoutofhiseyesthoughhedoesnothavethebestcontrolyetsohewearsspecialglassesheandhisbrotherdonotexactlyseeeyetoeyeheagreeswithxaviersphilosophyunlikehavokwhoagreeswithmagnetosheandkittyarefriendsandhesstrictlyvegangambitcomicsgambitheisneverintroducedbutshowsupseveraltimesthroughoutthefirstvolumeheisagreatcookandthatishowkittyfirstmeetshimtheymeetwhensheislookingtosneakasnackafterhidingfromthehellfireclubgambitwasinthekitchenmakingadessertandletshertryonehebecomesanacquaintanceofkittymsmunroestormcomicssheistheenvironmentalteacheratxaviersschoolandhasthepoweroverweathershetakesontheappearancepunkstormsportingamohawkandwearingverypunklikeclothingsheisagoodfriendofxaviersbeastcomicsbeastheisneverintroducedbynamebutheteachesmathattheschoolheseemstodislikepyroalotduetopyrosattitudeprofessorrasputincolossuscomicsthehistoryteacheratxaviersschoolnotmuchhasbeentoldabouthimyetjeangreysheisonlymentionedtobeoutscoutingothermutantsfortheschoolinthefirstvolumeshecanalsobeseenontheplaqueofteachersonpagesabretoothvictorcreedshownasasortofservanttothehellfireclubhisonlyappearancebeingintheluncheonkittyisdraggedtoearlyinthemangaheretainsabeastlikeappearanceafteractingabitrudetokittyheisscoldedbylongshotcomenowsabretoothisthatanywaytobehaveinfrontofaladysabretoothbrightensupbysayingcareforsomefonduemissvolumesvolumechapteronekittysfirstdayattheschoolgettingacceptedintothehellfireclubandmakingnewfriendschaptertwokittysshownalltheprivilegesofbeingamemberofthehellfireclubandalsoherfirstdayingymclasssheandpyroareanofficialcouplechapterthreethetriptonewyorkandhavoklosingcontrolepilogueforvolumekittygoinghomeforwinterbreakreferencesndcenturysocialistmarketeconomysocialistmarketeconomychinesesovietrepublicchinesesovietrepublicludingbridgeludingbridgedongshanislandcampaigndongshanislandcampaignhongkongshenzhenwesterncorridorshanghaijiaotonguniversityshanghaijiaotonguniversityluoyixiuluoyixiujapanesegeneralgovernmentbuildingseouljapanesegeneralgovernmentbuildingseouljapanesegeneralgovernmentbuildingseouljapanesegeneralgovernmentbuildingseoulpeoplesarmedpolicepeoplesarmedpolicehuaguofenghuaguofengredirectcategoryshellgeneralconfederationoftradeunionsstoryofspringnewdemocracypartyofchinanewdemocracypartyofchinaapameacariosaajustrussiaapameaindocilisshchedrinshcherbakovliberaldemocraticpartyofrussiaredirectcategoryshellimageillojpgthumbpxxraysstartatnmandextendacrosstheelectromagneticspectrumtonmoverwhichearthsatmosphereisopacityopticsopaqueanxrayastronomysatellitestudiesxrayemissionsfromcelestialobjectsaspartofabranchofspacescienceknownasxrayastronomysatellitesareneededbecausexradiationisabsorbedbytheearthsatmospheresoinstrumentstodetectxraysmustbetakentohighaltitudebyballoonssoundingrocketsandsatellitesadetectorisplacedonasatellitewhichisthenputintoorbitwellabovetheearthsatmosphereunlikeballoonsinstrumentsonsatellitesareabletoobservethefullrangeofthedispersionopticsxrayspectrumunlikesoundingrocketstheycancollectdataforaslongastheinstrumentscontinuetooperateforexamplethechandraxrayobservatoryhasbeenoperationalformorethanfifteenyearsactivexrayobservatorysatellitessatellitesinusetodayincludethexmmnewtonxmmnewtonobservatorylowtomidenergyxrayskevandtheintegralsatellitehighenergyxrayskevbothwerelaunchedbytheeuropeanspaceagencynasahaslaunchedtheswiftgammarayburstmissionswiftandchandraobservatorychandraobservatoriesoneoftheinstrumentsonswiftistheswiftpsueduxrtswiftxraytelescopexrtimagegoesfirstimagepngthumbpxthissxiimageofthesunwasafirsttestoftheimagertakenonaugustatutcthegoesspacecraftcarriesonboardasolarxrayimagertomonitorthesunsxraysfortheearlydetectionofsolarflarescoronalmassejectionsandotherphenomenathatimpactthegeospaceenvironmentrefnamenoaagoesrefitwaslaunchedintoorbitonjuneatgmtfromcapecanaveralairforcestationspacelaunchcomplexspacelaunchcomplexbatthecapecanaveralairforcestationonjanuarytherussianfederalspaceagencysuccessfullylaunchedthekoronasfotonwhichcarriesseveralexperimentstodetectxraysincludingthetesistelescopespectrometerfianwithsphinxsoftxrayspectrophotometerisrolaunchedthemultiwavelengthspaceobservatoryastrosatinoneoftheuniquefeaturesofastrosatmissionisthatitenablesthesimultaneousmultiwavelengthobservationsofvariousastronomicalobjectswithasinglesatelliteastrosatobservesuniverseintheopticalultravioletlowandhighenergyxrayregionsoftheelectromagneticspectrumwhereasmostotherscientificsatellitesarecapableofobservinganarrowrangeofwavelengthbandtheitalianspaceagencyasigammarayobservatorysatelliteastrorivelatoregammaadimaginileggeroagilespacecraftagilehasonboardthesuperagilekevhardxraydetectoritwaslaunchedonaprilbytheindianpslvcrefnameitalianwaderefasoftxraysolarimagingtelescopeisonboardthegeostationaryoperationalenvironmentalsatellitegoesweathersatellitelaunchedusingadeltaivfromcapecanaverallcbonmayrefnamewadegoesrefhowevertherehavebeennogoessxiimagessincedecemberalthoughtheastroesuzakuxrayspectrometerthefirstmicrocalorimeterinspacefailedonaugustafterlaunchonjulythexrayimagingspectrometerxisandhardxraydetectorhxdarestillfunctioningpastxrayobservatorysatellitespastobservatoriesincludesmartwhichcontainedanxraytelescopeformappinglunarxrayfluorescencerosattheeinsteinobservatorythefirstfullyimagingxraytelescopetheadvancedsatelliteforcosmologyandastrophysicsascaobservatoryexosatandbepposaxuhurusatelliteuhuruwasthefirstsatellitelaunchedspecificallyforthepurposeofxrayastronomycopernicusorbitingastronomicalobservatorycopernicuswhichcarriedanxraydetectorbuiltbyuniversitycollegelondonsmullardspacesciencelaboratorymadeextensivexrayobservationsastronomicalnetherlandssatelliteanscouldmeasurexrayphotonsintheenergyrangetokevarielwasdedicatedtoobservingtheskyinthexraybandhighenergyastronomyobservatoryheaoscannedthexrayskyoverkevmevhakuchowasjapansfirstxrayastronomysatelliteisrosirsplaunchedinwiththeindianxrayastronomyexperimentixaeonboardwhichaimedtostudythetimevariabilityandspectralcharacteristicsofcosmicxraysourcesandfordetectionoftransientxraysourcesixaeinstrumentsconsistedofthreeidenticalpointedmodeproportionalcountersppcsoperatedintheenergyrangekevfovofxandeffectiveareaofcmandanxrayskymonitorxsmoperatingintheenergyrangekevarrayoflowenergyxrayimagingsensorsthearrayoflowenergyxrayimagingsensorsalexisfeaturedcurvedmirrorswhosemultilayercoatingsreflectandfocuslowenergyxraysorextremeultravioletlightthewayopticaltelescopesfocusvisiblelightthelaunchofalexiswasprovidedbytheunitedstatesairforcespacetestprogramonapegasusrocketpegasusboosteronaprilthespacingofthemolybdenummoandsiliconsilayersoneachtelescopesmirroristheprimarydeterminantofthetelescopesphotonenergyresponsefunctionalexisoperatedforyrosoimageososmallgifpxthumbthethirdorbitingsolarobservatoryosocarriedahardxrayexperimenttokevandanmitgammarayinstrumentmevbesidesacomplementofsolarphysicsinstrumentsthethirdorbitingsolarobservatoryosowaslaunchedonmarchintoanearlycircularorbitofmeanaltitudenbspkminclinedattotheequatorialplanedeactivatedonjunefollowedbyreentryonaprilitsxrtconsistedofacontinuouslyspinningwheelsperiodinwhichthehardxrayexperimentwasmountedwitharadialviewthexrtassemblywasasinglethinnaitlscintillationcrystalplusphototubeenclosedinahowitzershapedcsitlanticoincidenceshieldtheenergyresolutionwasatkevtheinstrumentoperatedfromtokevwithchannelsosoobtainedextensiveobservationsofsolarflaresthediffusecomponentofcosmicxraysandtheobservationofasingleflareepisodefromscorpiusxthefirstobservationofanextrasolarxraysourcebyanobservatorysatelliteamongtheextrasolarxraysourcesosoobservedwereluytenuvcetiyzcanisminorisevlacertaeandadleonisyieldinguppersoftxraydetectionlimitsonflaresfromthesesourcesrefnametsikoudirefesrobirisimageesrobsmallgifpxthumbiriswasmainlyintendedtostudyxrayandparticleemissionsfromthesunhoweveritiscreditedwithsomeextrasolarobservationsesrobiriswasthefirstsuccessfulesrosatellitelaunchiriswaslaunchedonmayhadanellipticalorbitwithinitiallyapogeenbspkmperigeenbspkmandinclinationwithanorbitalperiodofminutesthesatellitecarriedseveninstrumentstodetecthighenergycosmicraysdeterminethetotalfluxofsolarxraysandmeasuretrappedradiationvanallenbeltprotonsandcosmicrayprotonsofspecialsignificanceforxrayastronomyweretwoxrayinstrumentsonedesignedtodetectwavelengthsnbspnmconsistingofproportionalcounterswithvaryingwindowthicknessandonedesignedtodetectwavelengthsnbspnmconsistingofproportionalcounterswiththinmylarwindowsrefnameheasarcbrefwavelengthdispersivexrayspectroscopywdsisamethodusedtocountthenumberofxraysofaspecificwavelengthdiffractiondiffractedbyacrystalwdsonlycountsxraysofasinglewavelengthorwavelengthbandinordertointerpretthedatatheexpectedelementalwavelengthpeaklocationsneedtobeknownfortheesrobwdsxrayinstrumentscalculationsoftheexpectedsolarspectrumhadtobeperformedandwerecomparedtopeaksdetectedbyrocketmeasurementsrefnamemewerefearlyxraydetectingsatellitesimagepolarlinedrawingjpgthumbpxthepolarsatellitelinedrawingisthesistershipofthewindspacecraftwindsatellitetheglobalgeospacescienceggspolarsatellitepolarsatellitewasanasasciencespacecraftlaunchedatestonfebruaryaboardamcdonnelldouglasdeltaiirocketfromlaunchpadwatvandenbergairforcebaseinlompoccaliforniatoobservetheearthspolarmagnetospherepolarisinahighlyellipticalorbitataninclinationwithanorbitalperiodofhrsitgathersmultiwavelengthimagingincludingxrayoftheauroraastronomyauroraandmeasurestheentryofplasmaphysicsplasmaintothepolarmagnetosphereandthegeomagnetictailtheflowofplasmatoandfromtheionosphereandthedepositionofparticleenergyintheionosphereandupperatmospherepolarmissionoperationswereterminatedatedtonaprilrefnamepolarsatrefimageastrongifthumbpxtheastronspacecraftisbasedonveneraalatersatelliteoftheintercosmosseriesintercosmoslaunchedonmarchaspartoftheintercosmoscoronasiinternationalprojectmayhaveconductedxraystudiesofthesunonmarchatutctheastronspacecraftastronspacecraftislaunchedintoanorbitaroundtheearthwithanapogeeofnbspkmallowingittomakeobservationswithanonboardxrayspectroscopeoutsidetheearthsumbraandradiationbeltobservationsofherculesxaremadefromtoinbiththeprolongedlowstateoffstateandhighonstaterefnamesheffercitejournaldisplayauthorsauthorshefferekauthorkopaevaifauthoraverintsevmbauthorbisnovatyikogangsauthorgolynskayaimauthorgurinlsauthordyachkovavauthorzenchenkovmauthorkurtvgauthormizyakinataauthormironovaenauthorsklyankinvaauthorsmirnovasauthortitarchuklgauthorshamolinvmauthorshafereyauthorshmelkinaaauthorgiovannelliftitlexraystudiesoftheherculesxpulsarwiththeastronsatellitejournalsovietastrtrazhurndatejanfebvolumeissuepagesbibcodesvasrefbhaskarawasthesecondindianspaceresearchorganizationisrosatelliteitwaslaunchedonjunewithamodifiedssskeanirbmplusupperstagefromkapustinyarinthesovietunionasecondaryobjectivewastoconductxrayastronomyinvestigationsbhaskarawaslaunchedonnovemberfromkapustinyarlikeitspredecessoralsoinsizemassanddesignmayhaveconductedxrayastronomyinvestigationsorbitingsolarobservatoryosowaslaunchedonjunewhileososprimaryobjectivewastoobservethesunfourinstrumentswerededicatedtoobservationsofothercelestialxraysourcesbrighterthanafewmillicrabasensitivityofofthecrabnebulasourcemcrabosoceasedoperationsonoctoberimagesignegifthumbpxthesignespacecraftisoperatedbythecentredetudespatialedesrayonnementstoulousefrancesignelaunchedonjunewaspartofthesovietunionsintercosmosprogramalmostfromthebeginningofsatellitexraystudiesthesovietunionbeganplacingalargenumberofsolarxraysatellitesintoorbitincludingthoseoftheintercosmosseriesthethirdusthirdsmallastronomysatellitesmallastronomysatellitesaswaslaunchedonmaywithmajorscientificobjectivesdeterminebrightxraysourcelocationstoanaccuracyofarcsecondsstudyselectedsourcesovertheenergyrangekevandcontinuouslysearchtheskyforxraynovaeflaresandothertransientphenomenaitwasaspinningsatellitewithpointingcapabilitysaswasthefirsttodiscoverxraysfromahighlymagneticwdbinarysystemamherdiscoveredxraysfromalgolandhzandsurveyedthediffusexraybackgroundsoftdiffusexraybackgroundsoftxraybackgroundkevtoconductexperimentsinxrayastronomyandsolarphysicsamongotherstheindianspaceresearchorganizationisrobuiltaryabhatasatellitearyabhataitwaslaunchedbythesovietuniononaprilfromkapustinyarapowerfailurehaltedexperimentsafterdaysinorbitfollowingonthesuccessofuhurusatelliteuhurusasnasalaunchedthesecondsmallastronomysatellitesasitwaslaunchedfromthesanmarcoplatformoffthecoastofkenyaafricaintoanearlyequatorialorbitimagethordeltaasmallgifthumbpxthesatelliteslaunchedwiththethordeltarocketsystembecameknownasthetdsatellitestdawassuccessfullylaunchedonmarchfromvandenbergairforcebasemarchineuropetdawasputinanearlycircularpolarsunsynchronousorbitwithapogeenbspkmperigeenbspkmandinclinationitwasesrosfirstaxisstabilizedsatellitewithoneaxispointingtothesuntowithintheopticalaxiswasmaintainedperpendiculartothesolarpointingaxisandtotheorbitalplaneitscannedtheentirecelestialsphereeverymonthswithagreatcirclebeingscannedeverysatelliterevolutionafteraboutmonthsofoperationbothofthesatellitestaperecordersfailedanetworkofgroundstationswasputtogethersothatrealtimetelemetryfromthesatellitewasrecordedforaboutofthetimeaftermonthsinorbitthesatelliteenteredaperiodofregulareclipsesasthesatellitepassedbehindtheearthcuttingoffsunlighttothesolarpanelsthesatellitewasputintohibernationformonthsuntiltheeclipseperiodpassedafterwhichsystemswereturnedbackonandanothermonthsofobservationsweremadetdawasprimarilyauvmissionhoweveritcarriedbothacosmicxrayandagammaraydetectortdareenteredonjanuarytocontinuetheintensivexrayinvestigationofthesunandthediffusexraybackgroundcosmicxraybackgroundosowaslaunchedonseptemberosomadethefirstobservationofsolargammaraylineemissionduetoelectronpositronannihilationatkevfromasolarflareinaprilcosmoswaslaunchedbytheussrintoearthorbitonjuneandrecoveredjulytheorbitcharacteristicsapogeeperigeeinclinationnbspkmnbspkmandrespectivelyitwasamilitarysatelliteonwhichxrayastronomyexperimentshadbeenaddedtherewasascintillationspectrometersensitivetoxrayskevwithafieldofviewinadditiontherewasanxraytelescopewhichoperatedintherangekevcosmosdetectedseveralxraysourceswhichwerecorrelatedtoalreadyidentifieduhurusatelliteuhurupointsourceslikethepreviousvelasatellitesthevelasatellitevelanucleartestdetectionsatelliteswerepartofaprogramrunjointlybytheadvancedresearchprojectsoftheusdepartmentofdefenseandtheusatomicenergycommissionmanagedbytheusairforcethetwinspacecraftvelasatellitevelaaandbvelaaandbwerelaunchedonaprildatafromthevelasatelliteswereusedtolookforcorrelationsbetweengammarayburstsandxrayeventsatleastgoodcandidateswerefoundgbandgbthexraydetectorsfailedonvelaaonmarchandonvelabonjanuaryosowaslaunchedonaugustimagevelabjpgthumbpxvelaabsatellitessitinthecleanroomattrwinctrwthetwosatellitesaandbareseparatedafterlaunchonmaythevelasatellitesaandblaunchedonmayareresponsibleforsignificantdiscoveriesofgammarayburstsandastronomicalxraysourcesincludingvosowaslaunchedonjanuaryandlasteduntiljulyitwasthethsatelliteputintoorbitaspartoftheorbitingsolarobservatoryprogramthisprogramwasintendedtolaunchaseriesofnearlyidenticalsatellitestocoveranentireyearsolarcyclethecircularorbithadanaltitudeofnbspkmandaninclinationofthespinrateofthesatellitewassthedataproducedaspectrumofthediffusebackgroundovertheenergyrangekevcosmoswaslaunchedaprilandcontainedanxrayexperimentorbitcharacteristicsnbspkmataninclinationoftheorbitalperiodwasminutesitwasintendedprimarilytoperformsolarstudiesbutdiddetectsomenonsolarxrayeventsitreenteredtheatmosphereonjuneogowaslaunchedonmarchthesatelliteprimarilydevotedtoearthobservationwasinahighlyellipticalinitialorbitwithanbspkmperigeeandanbspkmapogeetheorbitalinclinationwasthesatellitetookminutestocompleteoneorbittheenergeticradiationsfromsolarflaresexperimentwasoperationalfrommarchjuneprimarilydevotedtosolarobservationsitdetectedatleastcosmicxrayburstsintimecoincidencewithgammarayburstsseenbyotherinstrumentsthedetectorwasanbspcmthicknaitlcrystalwithanbspcmsupsupareadatawereaccumulatedintoenergyrangesofandkevthedataweresampledforsecondsonceeverysecondsthefourthsuccessfulorbitingsolarobservatoryosowaslaunchedonoctobertheobjectivesoftheososatelliteweretoperformsolarphysicsexperimentsabovetheatmosphereandtomeasurethedirectionandintensityovertheentirecelestialsphereinuvxandgammaradiationtheosoplatformconsistedofasailsectionwhichpointedinstrumentscontinuouslytowardthesunandawheelsectionwhichspunaboutanaxisperpendiculartothepointingdirectionofthesailwhichcontainedexperimentsthespacecraftperformednormallyuntilasecondtaperecorderfailedinmayosowasputintoastandbymodeinnovemberitcouldbeturnedononlyforrecordingspecialeventsinrealtimeonesucheventoccurredonmarchduringasolareclipsethespacecraftbecametotallyinoperableondecemberthefirstusasatellitewhichdetectedcosmicxrayswasthethirdorbitingsolarobservatoryorosolaunchedonmarchitwasintendedprimarilytoobservethesunwhichitdidverywellduringitsyearlifetimebutitalsodetectedaflaringepisodefromthesourcescoxandmeasuredthediffusexraybackgrounddiffusecosmicxraybackgroundsolarxrayburstswereobservedbyosoandaneffortwasmadetomaptheentirecelestialspherefordirectionandintensityofxradiationimagegalacticradiationandbackgroundsatellitejpgthumbpxthisisadisplaymodelofthegalacticradiationandbackgroundgrabsatellitewhichcarriedtwosetsofinstrumentssolradandtattletaleogothefirstoftheorbitinggeophysicalobservatoryorbitinggeophysicalobservatoriesogoswassuccessfullylaunchedfromcapekennedyonseptemberandplacedintoaninitialorbitofnbspkmatinclinationasecondaryobjectivewastodetectgammarayburstsfromthesunintheenergyrangekevmevtheexperimentconsistedofcsicrystalssurroundedbyaplasticanticoincidenceshieldonceeverysecondsintegralintensitymeasurementsweremadeineachofenergychannelswhichwereequallyspacedoverthemevrangeogowascompletelyterminatedonnovemberalthoughthesatellitedidnotachieveitsgoalsduetoelectricalinterferenceandseculardegradationsearchingbackthroughthedataafterthediscoveryofcosmicgammarayburstsbythevelasatellitesrevealedthedetectionofoneormoresucheventsintheogodatathefirstinaseriesofsuccessfullylaunchedorbitingsolarobservatoryorbitingsolarobservatoriesosolaunchedonmarchhadasitsprimarymissiontomeasuresolarelectromagneticradiationintheuvxrayandgammarayregionsthesolarradiationsatelliteprogramsolradwasconceivedinthelatestostudythesunseffectsonearthparticularlyduringperiodsofheightenedsolaractivityhitomisatellitehitomiformerlyknownasastrohwasajapanesesatellitewhichattemptedtoreflythemicrocalorimeterthatfailedonthesuzakumissionalongwithhardxrayandsoftgammainstrumentsitlaunchedsuccessfullyonfebruaryhoweverspacecraftcontrollerslostcommunicationswithhitomionmarchanddeclaredthespacecraftlostaprilproposedfuturexrayobservatorysatelliteserositaandartxcamongthecontractsnegotiatedinaugustatthemaksinternationalaviationandspacesalontherewasanagreementsignedbytherussianfederalspaceagencyroscosmosandthegermanaerospacecenterdlrthecontractdetailsthecreationoftheorbitalastrophysicsobservatoryspectrumxgammasxginitiallyplannedtobelaunchedinaccordingtomikhailpavlinskydeputyheadofthespaceresearchinstitutespithetotalprojectcostnearsmillionundertheagreementgermanywillprovidethemainofthetwoxraytelescopeserositawhilerussiawillinstallitonitsplatformpreparethespacecraftandtakecareofallrelatedissuesrussiawillalsoinstallanadditionaltelescopeartxconthisplatformthenewobservatorywillhelpscientistsperformanallskyscansurveyathenaadvancedtelescopeforhighenergyastrophysicswasselectedinasasecondlargemissionofthecosmicvisionprogrammerefnamelmissionrefitwillbeonehundredtimesmoresensitivethanthebestofexistingxraytelescopesrefnamebbcathenabuildrefsolarorbiterthesolarorbitersolowillapproachtosolarradiitoviewthesolaratmospherewithhighspatialresolutioninvisiblexuvandxraysthenominallyyrmissionwillbefromanellipticalorbitaroundthesunwithperihelionaslowasauandwithincreasinginclinationusinggravityassistsfromvenusuptomorethanwithrespecttothesolarequatortheorbiterwilldeliverimagesanddatafromthepolarregionsandthesideofthesunnotvisiblefromearthrefnamesolarorbiterrefthelaunchdateifselectedcouldbejanastrohinjulytherewerediscussionsbetweenjaxaandnasaonlaunchingasatellitetoreplacethehitomitelescopelostinthelaunchgoalisinternationalxrayobservatoryinternationalxrayobservatoryixowasacancelledobservatoryaresultofthemergingofnasasconstellationxandesajaxasxeusmissionconceptsitwasplannedtofeatureasinglelargexraymirrorwithamsupsupcollectingareaandangularresolutionandasuiteofinstrumentationincludingawidefieldimagingdetectorahardxrayimagingdetectorahighspectralresolutionimagingspectrometercalorimeteragratingspectrometerahightimingresolutionspectrometerandapolarimeterconstellationxconstellationxwasearlyproposalthatwassupersededbyixoitwastoprovidehighresolutionxrayspectroscopytoprobematterasitfallsintoablackholeaswellasprobethenatureofdarkmatteranddarkenergybyobservingtheformationofclustersofgalaxiesseealsoxraytelescopelistofxrayspacetelescopesarticlesballoonsforxrayastronomyreferencespeoplessocialistpartyofmontenegroserblistpartyofserbradicalsdemocraticpartyofunityyugoslavleftredirectcategoryshellimageillojpgthumbpxxraysstartatnmandextendacrosstheelectromagneticspectrumtonmoverwhichearthsatmosphereisopacityopticsopaquexrayastronomydetectorsareinstrumentsthatdetectxraysforuseinthestudyofxrayastronomyxrayastronomyisanobservationalbranchofastronomywhichdealswiththestudyofxrayemissionfromcelestialobjectsxradiationisabsorbedbytheearthsatmospheresoinstrumentstodetectxraysmustbetakentohighaltitudebyballoonssoundingrocketsandsatellitesxrayastronomyispartofspacesciencexrayastronomydetectorshavebeendesignedandconfiguredprimarilyforenergyandoccasionallyforwavelengthdetectionusingavarietyoftechniquesusuallylimitedtothetechnologyofthetimedetectionandimagingofxrayssimageofsaturnleftandhubblespacetelescopehubbleopticalimageofsaturnrightsaturnsxrayspectrumissimilartothatofxraysfromthesunaprilxraysspandecadesinwavelengthnbspnmpmfrequencyphzehzandenergykevintermsoftemperatureevkthusxraystokevcorrespondtosupsuptosupsupkfromtonanometersnmabouttokevtheyareclassifiedassoftxraysandfromnbspnmtonbspnmabouttokevashardxraysclosertothevisiblerangeoftheelectromagneticspectrumistheultravioletthedraftisostandardondeterminingsolarirradiancesisodisrefnameisorefdescribestheultravioletasrangingfromnbspnmtonbspnmthatportionclosesttoxraysisoftenreferredtoastheextremeultravioletextremeultravioleteuvorxuvwhenaneuvphotonisabsorbedphotoelectriceffectphotoelectronsandsecondaryelectronsaregeneratedbyionizationmuchlikewhathappenswhenxraysorelectronbeamsareabsorbedbymatterrefnamehenkerefthedistinctionbetweenxraysandgammarayshaschangedinrecentdecadesoriginallytheelectromagneticradiationemittedbyxraytubeshadalongerwavelengththantheradiationemittedbyradioactiveatomicnucleusnucleigammaraysrefnamefeynmanrefrefnamelannunziatarefrefnamegrupenrefalthoughthemoreenergeticxraysphotonswithanenergygreaterthankevattoajcanpenetratetheearthsatmosphereairatleastfordistancesofafewmeterstheearthsatmosphereisthickenoughthatvirtuallynoneareabletopenetratefromouterspaceallthewaytotheearthssurfacetheywouldhavebeendetectedandmedicalxraymachineswouldnotworkifthiswasnotthecasexraysinthetokevtoajrangewheremostcelestialsourcesgiveoffthebulkoftheirenergycanbestoppedbyafewsheetsofpaperofthephotonsinabeamofkevajxraysareabsorbedbytravelingthroughjustnbspcmofairtodetectxraysfromtheskyxraydetectorsmustbeflownabovemostoftheearthsatmospheretherearethreemainmethodsofdoingsosoundingrocketflightsballoonsandsatellitesproportionalcountersaproportionalcounterisatypeofgaseousionizationdetectorthatcountschargedparticleparticlesofionizingradiationandmeasurestheirenergyitworksonthesameprincipleasthegeigercountergeigermllercounterbutusesaloweroperatingvoltageallxrayproportionalcountersconsistofawindowedgascellrefnamepropcountrefoftenthiscellissubdividedintoanumberoflowandhighelectricfieldregionsbysomearrangementofelectrodesanindividualmediumenergyproportionalcounteronexosathadafrontwindowofberylliumwithaluminizedkaptonfoilforthermalprotectionafrontchamberfilledwithanargoncosubsubmixturearearchamberwithxenoncosubsubandaberylliumwindowseparatingthetwochambersrefnamehoffreftheargonportionofthedetectorwasoptimizedforkevandthetotalenergyrangesforbothdetectorswaskevandkevrespectivelytheusportionoftheapollosoyuzmissionjulycarriedaproportionalcountersystemsensitivetoandkevxraysthetotaleffectiveareawasmsupsupandtherewasafwhmcircularfovthefrenchgranattournesoltournesolinstrumentconsistedoffourproportionalcountersandtwophotodetectoropticaldetectorstheproportionalcountersdetectedphotonsbetweennbspkevandnbspmevinafovthevisibledetectorshadafieldofviewoftheinstrumentwasdesignedtolookforopticalcounterpartsofhighenergyburstsourcesaswellasperformingspectroscopyspectralanalysisofthehighenergyeventsrefnamenasarefxraymonitorsystemmonitoringmonitoringgenerallymeanstobeawareofthestateofasystemadevicethatdisplaysorsendsasignalfordisplayingxrayoutputfromanxraygeneratingsourcesoastobeawareofthestateofthesourceisreferredtoasanxraymonitorinspaceapplicationsonapolloinorbitabovethemoonforexampleanxraymonitorwasusedtofollowthepossiblevariationinsolarxrayintensityandspectralshapewhilemappingthelunarsurfacewithrespecttoitschemicalcompositionduetotheproductionofxrayfluorescencesecondaryxraysrefnameadlerrefthexraymonitorofpsolwinddesignatednrlorxmonwasacollaborationbetweenthenavalresearchlaboratoryandlosalamosnationallaboratorythemonitorconsistedofcollimatedargonproportionalcounterstheinstrumentbandwidthofkevwasdefinedbythedetectorwindowabsorptionthewindowwasnbspmmberylliumandtheupperleveldiscriminatortheactivegasvolumepmixturewasnbspcmdeepprovidinggoodefficiencyuptokevcountswererecordedinenergychannelsslatcollimatorsdefinedafovoffwhmforeachdetectorthelongaxesofthefovswereperpendiculartoeachotherthelongaxeswereinclinedtothescandirectionallowinglocalizationoftransienteventstoaboutthecentersofthefovscoincidedandwerepointedbelowthescanequatorofthewheelinordertoavoidscanningacrossthesunthespacecraftwheelrotatedonceeverysecondsthisscanratecorrespondstoeverymillisecondsmscountsweretelemeteredinormsbinstominimizesmearingthecollimatorresponsetheinstrumentparametersanddatayieldimpliedapointsourcesensitivityofufuinonedaysoperationufusupsupergcmsupsupskeveachdetectorwasaboutoftheareaoftheuhurusatelliteuhuruinstrumenttheinstrumentbackgroundatlowgeomagneticlatitudeswascountssofthisbackgroundcountsscomesfromthediffusexraybackgrounddiffusecosmicxraybackgroundwiththerestbeinginstrumentalassumingaconservativedatareturnthenetsourcedutycycleinscanningmodewassupsupimplyingasourceexposureofsecondsperdayforabackgroundofcountsstheerrorindeterminingthefluxfromagivenskybinwasthencountssoraboutufuafterdayalimitingsensitivityofufuwasobtainedbycombiningbothdetectorsacomparableerrorexistedinthefluxdeterminationformoderatelybrightgalacticsourcessourceconfusionduetothefovprojectedalongthescandirectioncomplicatedtheobservationofsourcesinthegalacticbulgeregionapproximatelylbscintillationdetectorascintillatorisamaterialwhichexhibitsthepropertyofluminescencerefnameleorefwhenexcitedbyionizingradiationluminescentmaterialswhenstruckbyanincomingparticlesuchasanxrayphotonabsorbitsenergyandscintillateiereemittheabsorbedenergyintheformofasmallflashoflighttypicallyinthevisiblerangeimagesgcatscintgrisnoiretblancjpgpxthumbscintillationcrystalsurroundedbyvariousscintillationdetectorassembliesthescintillationxraydetectorxcaboardvelasatellitevelaaanditstwinvelasatellitevelabconsistedoftwonbspmmthicknaitlcrystalsmountedonphotomultipliertubesandcoveredbyanbspmmthickberylliumwindowelectronicthresholdsprovidedtwoenergychannelskevandkevrefnameconnerrefinfrontofeachcrystalwasaslatcollimatorprovidingafullwidthathalfmaximumfwhmapertureoftheeffectivedetectorareawasnbspcmsupsupsensitivitytocelestialsourceswasseverelylimitedbythehighintrinsicdetectorbackgroundthexraytelescopeonboardosoconsistedofasinglethinnaitlscintillationcrystalplusphototubeassemblyenclosedinacsitlanticoincidenceshieldtheenergyresolutionwasatkevtheinstrumentoperatedfromtokevwithchannelresolutionosocarriedacsicrystalscintillatorthecentralcrystalwasnbspcmthickhadasensitiveareaofnbspcmsupsupandwasviewedfrombehindbyapairofphotomultipliertubestheshieldcrystalhadawallthicknessofnbspcmandwasviewedbyphotomultipliersthefieldofviewwastheenergyrangecoveredwaskevtherewereenergychannelsthefirstcoveringkevandtheothersequallyspacedfromtokevinflightcalibrationwasdonewithansupsupamsourcethegranatphebusphebusexperimentrecordedhighenergytransienteventsintherangenbspkevtonbspmevitconsistedoftwoindependentdetectorsandtheirassociatedelectronicseachdetectorconsistedofabismuthgerminatebgocrystalnbspmmindiameterbynbspmmthicksurroundedbyaplasticanticoincidencejacketthetwodetectorswerearrangedonthespacecraftsoastoobservepisteradianstheburstmodewastriggeredwhenthecountrateinthetonbspmevenergyrangeexceededthebackgroundlevelbystandarddeviationsineitherorsecondstherewerechannelsovertheenergyrangethegranatkonusbkonusbinstrumentconsistedofsevendetectorsdistributedaroundthespacecraftthatrespondedtophotonsofnbspkevtonbspmevenergytheyconsistedofsodiumiodidenaitlgammaspectroscopyscintillationdetectorsscintillatorcrystalsnbspmmindiameterbynbspmmthickbehindaberylliumbeentrancewindowthesidesurfaceswereprotectedbyanbspmmthickleadlayertheburstdetectionthresholdwasnbsptimesnbsptonbsptimesnbspergscmdependingontheburstspectrumandrisetimespectrumspectraweretakenintwochannelpulseheightanalyzersphasofwhichthefirsteightweremeasuredwithnbspstimeresolutionandtheremainingwithvariabletimeresolutionsdependingonthecountratetherangeofresolutionscoveredtonbspskvantcarriedthehexeorhighenergyxrayexperimentwhichemployedaphoswichdetectorphoswichofsodiumiodideandcaesiumiodideitcoveredtheenergyrangekevwithafovfwhmeachoftheidenticaldetectorshadageometricareaofnbspcmsupsupthemaximumtimeresolutionwasmsmodulationcollimatorinelectronicsmodulationistheprocessofvaryingonewaveforminrelationtoanotherwaveformwithamodulationcollimatortheamplitudeintensityoftheincomingxraysisreducedbythepresenceoftwoormorediffractiongratingsofparallelwiresthatblockorgreatlyreducethatportionofthesignalincidentuponthewiresancollimatorneutronxrayandgammaraycollimatorsxraycollimatorisadevicethatfiltersastreamofxrayssothatonlythosetravelingparalleltoaspecifieddirectionareallowedthroughminoruodapresidentoftokyouniversityofinformationsciencesinventedthemodulationcollimatorfirstusedtoidentifythecounterpartofscoxinwhichledtothemostaccuratepositionsforxraysourcesavailablepriortothelaunchofxrayimagingtelescopesrefnamecominskyrefsascarriedmodulationcollimatorskevandslatandtubecollimatorsuptokevrefnamesmalerefonboardthegranatinternationalastrophysicalobservatorywerefourgranatwatchwatchinstrumentsthatcouldlocalizebrightsourcesinthetokevrangetowithinusingarotationmodulationcollimatortakentogethertheinstrumentsthreefieldsofviewcoveredapproximatelyoftheskytheenergyresolutionwasfullwidthathalfmaximumfwhmatnbspkevduringquietperiodscountratesintwoenergybandstoandtonbspkevwereaccumulatedfororsecondsdependingononboardcomputermemoryavailabilityduringaburstortransienteventcountrateswereaccumulatedwithatemporalresolutiontimeresolutionofspersthereuvenramatyhighenergysolarspectroscopicimagerrhessiexplorerimagessolarflaresfromsoftxraystogammarayskevtomevitsimagingcapabilityisbasedonafouriertransformtechniqueusingasetofrotationalmodulationcollimatorrotationalmodulationcollimatorsxrayspectrometerosohadonboardagraphitecrystalxrayspectrometerwithenergyrangeofkevfovthegranatgranatartsartsxrayspectrometercoveredtheenergyrangetonbspkevfovtheinstrumentconsistedoffourdetectorsbasedonspectroscopyspectroscopicmwpcsmakinganeffectiveareaofnbspcmatnbspkevandnbspcmatnbspkevthetimeresolutionwasmicrosecondsthexrayspectrometeraboardiseewasdesignedtostudybothsolarflaresandcosmicgammarayburstsovertheenergyrangekevthedetectorprovidedfulltimecoveragefovforekevtimeresolutionofmsandabsolutetimingtowithinmsitwasintendedtobeapartofalongbaselineinterferometrynetworkofwidelyseparatedspacecrafttheeffortswereaimedprimarilyatdeterminingtheoriginoftheburststhroughprecisedirectionalinformationestablishedbysuchanetworktheexperimentconsistedofcylindricalxraydetectorsaxenonfilledproportionalcountercoveringkevandanaitlscintillatorcoveringkevtheproportionalcounterwasnbspcmindiameterandwasfilledwithamixtureofxenonandcarbondioxidethecentralpartofthecounterbodywasmadeofnbspmmthickberylliumandservedasthexrayentrancewindowthescintillatorconsistedofanbspcmthickcylindricalshellofnaitlcrystalsurroundedonallsidesbynbspcmthickplasticscintillatorthecentralregionnbspcmindiameterwasfilledbyaquartzlightpipethewholeassemblywasenclosedexceptforoneendinanbspcmthickberylliumcontainertheenergychannelresolutionandtimingresolutioncouldbeselectedbycommandssenttothespacecrafttheproportionalcountercouldhaveuptochannelswithsresolutionthenaiscintillatorcouldhaveuptochannelsandsresolutionccdsmostexistingxraytelescopesusechargecoupleddeviceccddetectorssimilartothoseinvisiblelightcamerasinvisiblelightasinglephotoncanproduceasingleelectronofchargeinapixelandanimageisbuiltupbyaccumulatingmanysuchchargesfrommanyphotonsduringtheexposuretimewhenanxrayphotonhitsaccditproducesenoughchargehundredstothousandsofelectronsproportionaltoitsenergythattheindividualxrayshavetheirenergiesmeasuredonreadoutmicrocalorimeterscalorimeterxraymicrocalorimetermicrocalorimeterscanonlydetectxraysonephotonatatimebutcanmeasuretheenergyofeachtransitionedgesensorstesdevicesarethenextstepinmicrocalorimetryinessencetheyaresuperconductingmetalskeptascloseaspossibletotheirtransitiontemperaturethisisthetemperatureatwhichthesemetalsbecomesuperconductorsandtheirresistancedropstozerothesetransitiontemperaturesareusuallyjustafewdegreesaboveabsolutezerousuallylessthankelvinkseealsoxraytelescopearticlesreferencesistheblackboardboldsletteritcanrefertothenspherendimensionalspheresupnsupthealgebraofsedenionsfumiodemuralistofseriesintegratedcircuitsnationalstadiumtokyoneinfoboxartistbgcolourednamexurbancollectiveimageimagesizecaptionbirthnamebirthdatebirthplacenewyorkcityizmiristanbuldeathdatedeathplacenationalityturkeyturkishfieldconceptualarttrainingmovementworkspatronsinfluencedbyinfluencedawardsxurbancollectivestylizedasxurbancollectiveisaninternationalartcollectivefoundedincoremembersofthegroupareguvenincirliogluandhakantopalwhosetransatlanticcollaborationstooktheformofmediaprojectsandinstallationsxurbancollectivesprojectsinstigatethequestioningexaminationanddiscussionofcontemporarypoliticstheoryandideologyutilizingdocumentaryphotographyvideonewmediaandtextthecollectivefocusesspecificallyonareasofregionalconflictsmilitaryspatialconfinementurbansegregationandneoliberalexclusionstrategiesinseptemberxurbancollectivemembersconcludedtheircollaborationtofocusontheirpersonalprojectsartisticresearchandproductionmembersguvenincirligioglustudiedarchitecturephotographyandarttheoryphdandhasexhibitedsincethesingroupshowsandhasheldonepersonexhibitionsinnewyorkankaraistanbulsarajevosofiaandotherlocationsworkingmostlywithphotographyphotomechanicalmaterialsandnewmediasincehewasalecturerinartanddesigninvariousschoolsinturkeyincludingbilkentuniversityankaraandistanbulbilgiuniversityandiscurrentlyafacultymemberateconomyuniversitysfacultyofartanddesigninizmirhakantopalisanartistandscholarlivingandworkinginnewyorkcityheisagraduatefacultyattheschoolofvisualartsfineartsdepartmentandteachingatthenewmediaandartdesigndepartmentsatsunyspurchasecollegetrainedasacivilengineerbshecontinuedhisstudiesingenderandwomensstudiesmsandsociologymahereceivedhisphdinsociologyfromthenewschoolforsocialresearchnewyorkwithaconcentrationofurbansociologyandsociologyofartshisdissertationtitlednegotiatingurbanspacecontemporaryartbiennialsthecaseofneworleansinhewastheguesteditorofthearteeastquarterlyjournalssilenceissuefinishedadocumentaryfilmprojectonamajorlatethcenturyaustrobavariansculptorfranzxavermesserschmidtcommissionedbyneuegalerienewyorktopalisworkingonanupcomingbookprojectabouttheideaofcollateraldamageandcondolencepaymentsinglobalizedwarssupportedbyprinceclausfundoverthelastdecadexurbancollectivecollaboratednumerousotherculturalproducersincludingalidemirelmehmetalizelgnatifaknelifakitaknglserenjillianmcdonaldblentztrkandmahiryldrmexhibitionsxurbancollectiveexhibitedinternationallyincludingprojectsininstitutionssuchasthethvenicebiennialthethinternationalistanbulbiennialpsmomaapexartexitartandzkmcenterforartandmediakarlsruhexurbancollectiveparticipatedinthepoliticalminimalshowcuratedbyklausbiesenbachmomanewyorkmostrecentlyxurbancollectiveisexbititedattbaviennathenationalcontemporaryartmuseumathensandarteristanbulandparticipatedinroundtablethethgwangjubiennalewhichtookplaceseptembernovemberingwangjukoreareferencesexternallinksxurbannetcollectiveswebsitehakantopalinfohakantopalswebsitexurbannetnotiononcollectivityindexhtmlxurbancollectivespositionpaperoncollectivityturbulenceorgworksknitindexhtmknitatturbulenceorgflick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tdoespreparingtheirstudentsfornationalandinternationalcompetitionsuniversitystudentsworkalongfulltimeteacherspreparingthestudentswhichisaratheruncommonwayofpreparingusedonlyinafewcroatianschoolsandafewmoreschoolsinthebalkansrefnamexvggodisnjiplanrefamongmostnotableinternationalresultsaremultiplesuccessesbothinteamandsingleeventsatinternationalolympiadininformaticsrefnameindhrvatskiinformaticarirefinternationalmathematicalolympiadrefnameindhrvatskigimnazijalcirefinternationalphysicsolympiadrefnamemetsrednjoskolcirefinternationalastronomyolympiadrefnamezvjiaorefinternationaljuniorscienceolympiadrefnamenovoskarznanjarefalsonotedinthelocalmediaarguablyevenmorethanthemoreimportantsuccessesmentionedabovewerethesuccessesinamericancomputerscienceleaguecontroversiallypaintedinthemediaastriumphofknowledgeoverwealthrefnamevjepobjedaznanjarefrefnamejutucenicimiocarefrefnameacsrefmostofthestudentsparticipatingintheinternationalandtoptiernationalcompetitionscomefromthepubliclyfundednationalprogramcooperationbesidescooperatingwithmanygovernmentalandnongovernmentalorganizationsdealingwitheducationinzagrebtheschoolisnotedforitslongstandingfriendshipwithsecondgymnasiumiigimnazijainmariborsloveniathestudentsofsecondgymnasiumparticipatedintheschoolcelebrationsinwiththeperformanceofthemusicalwewillrockyoumusicalwewillrockyoualsotheschoolrunsanexchangeandcooperationprogramwithkasetsartuniversitylaboratoryschooloneofthemorenotableschoolsinbangkokthailandrefnamexvgsuradnjarefalumniasfifteenthgymnasiumspecializesinmathematicsandcomputerscienceitisunderstandablethatmostalumnioftheschoolcontinuetheirstudiesatthefacultyofelectricalengineeringandcomputingandatthefacultyofscienceattheuniversityofzagrebsomeofthemcontinueworkinginthescienceindustryafteruniversitygraduationtherearemanyalumniworkingataforementionedfacultiesrangingfromteachingassistantstoacademicssuchasmarkotadiaprofessoratthedepartmentofmathematicsbrankojerenwhowastheministerofscienceandtechnologyofcroatiainthemidninetieswhoisalsocurrentlyaprofessoratfacultyofelectricalengineeringandcomputingisalsoanalumnusoftheschoolmanyofmiocgraduateswentabroadeitherimmediatelyafterfinishinghighschoolorlaterperhapsthemostnotablescientistwhograduatedfrommiocismarinsoljaiaphysicistcurrentlyresidingintheunitedstatessomelaterreturnedtocroatiabutcontinuedworkinginternationallysuchasbojanagrovirefnamemedbojanzagrovicrefasalumnicultureisnotwelldevelopedinthebalkansitisdifficulttocomposeacompletelistofnotablealumnioffifteenthgymnasiumespeciallyinareasotherthansciencebesidesdeniskuljiaknownpoliticalcolumnistandreporterfromzagrebsomenationaltvpersonalitiesandactorsalsograduatedfromfifteenthgymnasiumexamplesincludefilipbrajkoviamarbukviwhograduatedintheinternationalbaccalaureateprogramrefnamemalamarbukvicrefanddomagojnovokmetwhoactedasahostforthecelebrationoftheschoolheldininvatroslavlisinskiconcerthallrefnamehrtvoditeljijutrareffootballplayernikokranjaralsograduatedfrommiocrefnamejutmiocutrecekrilorefheisprobablythemostnotablesportspersonknowntobeanalumnusoftheschoolandrejkramarialsoaprofessionalfootballerfromzagrebisexpectedtograduatefromtheschoolinrefnamesposkromnikramaricrefreferencesabaddonliuxianghurdlerliuxianghurdlerdynasticcycledynasticcyclexeropotamoumonasteryinfoboxtelevisionshownamexfactorimagesizecaptioncreatorsimoncowellpresenterheikkipaasonenbrjukkarossibrileuusivuoribrviivipumpanenjudgesmichaelmonroesmallsmallbrsaaraaaltosmallsmallbrsuvitersniskasmallsmallbrmikaelgabrielsmallsmallbrlindabravasmallsmallbrrennekorppilasmallsmallbrgugikokljuschkinsmallsmallvoiceslanguagefinnishlanguagefinnishnetworkmtvfirstairedlastairedpresentnumepisodesnumseriesproducerwebsitemtvfixfactorsuomixfactoristhefinlandfinnishversionofthexfactorxfactorashoworiginatingfromtheunitedkingdomitisatelevisionmusictalentshowcontestedbyaspiringpopsingersdrawnfrompublicauditionsthefirstseasonconcludedinmayonjuneitwasrevealedthattheshowwouldberevivedforasecondserieswhichbeganairinginjudgescategoriesandtheirfinalistsineachseasoneachjudgeisallocatedacategorytomentorandchoosesthreeactstoprogresstotheliveshowsthistableshowsforeachseasonwhichcategoryeachjudgewasallocatedandwhichactsheorsheputthroughtotheliveshowskeywinningjudgecategorywinnersareinboldeliminatedcontestantsinsmallfontthereisnoneedtolinkthesenamesagainperwpoverlinkclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterstylewidthscopecolseasonstylewidthscopecollindabravastylewidthscopecolrennekorppilastylewidthscopecolgugikokljuschkinstylewidthrowspanscoperowonegroupsbrsmallenchantbrsoulsistersbrfearlessoversbrsmallnormajohnleenatirronenbryrjnsalmelabrchristianpalinbgcolorbfffcsbreliashmlinenbrsmallsamulitaskinenbrmerjaniekkastylewidthscopecolseasonstylewidthscopecolmichaelmonroestylewidthscopecolsaaraaaltostylewidthscopecolsuvitersniskastylewidthscopecolmikaelgabrielscoperowtwogroupsbrsmallgbrsanagirlsbrtikaliljegrenbrsmallfannyfalkoversbrhannamaariatuomelabrsmallhenrialeksipietilinenboysbrraidamiribrsmallviktorioangelovseriessummaryscategorybrboyscategorybrgirlscategorybroverscate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ancisbaconfrankauerbachanddavidbombergchristopherbarkersonofgeorgebarkerandelizabethsmartauthorelizabethsmartwholivedupstairsfromswiftintheguardianonmanyoccasionsthroughtheearlysixtieswritersandpainterssuchasdavidgascoynepaddykavanaghrobertsrobertmacbrydemacbrydeandrobertcolquhouncolquhounandpaddyswiftwouldgatheratwestbourneterraceinpaddingtonourfamilyhomeatthattimetheycameforeditorialdiscussionsabouttheirpoetrymagazinexelizabethsmartcanadianauthorelizabethsmarttheeditorsofxmagazinepatrickswiftanddavidwrightwouldmeetatherflatinthebeginningofthesixtiestodointerviewsandelizabethsometimesofferedherdrawingroomasasortofofficewheretheywouldhammerouttheireditorialstheartistcraigieaitchisonpaintercraigieaitchisonrecalledbeinginterviewedtherebypaddyswiftandelizabethwrotetheirwordsdownincludingthebitsfromthepubwheretheyadjournedafterwardstheeditorspatrickswiftwasanirishpainterdavidwrightasouthafricanbornpoettheymetinlondonininthesmallbarofthedukeofwellingtonatthecornerofwardourandoldcomptonstreetthiswasthenthefavouredrendezvousoftheartisticsetofpoetsandpaintersthatmadeupsohosocietyitwasatthispointthatswiftandwrightfirstdiscussedtheideaofcreatinganewliterarymagazineaquarterlywhichwouldpublishwritingonartisticissuestheyfelttobeofimportancedavidwrightblockquoteimetswiftintoquotehiswordsthebohemianjungleofsohowherepractitionersofartsandletterswerethickonthegroundthoughnotprofessorsoftheseactivitiesandinasensexwasborninthatbohemianjungleasocietywhichasinowrealizewasasextraordinaryasitwasshortlivedblockquotedavidwrighthadworkedforthesundaytimesandeditednimbusliterarymagazinenimbusinswifthadcontributedtonimbusaswellasirishartperiodicalsenvoyareviewofliteratureandartenvoyandthebellmagazinethebellxvolumeonenumberonevolumetwonumberthreevolumeonenumberonenovembergeorgebarkerpoetgeorgebarkercircularfromamericaanthonycroninthenotionofcommitmenthughmacdiarmidtwopoemssongoftheserapimreflectionsinaslumpatrickswiftunderthepseudonymjamesmahonofficialartandthemodernpainterfrankauerbachfragmentsfromaconversationsamuelbeckettlimagerobertpingetsimultaneouslypatrickkavanaghtwopoemslivinginthecountrylecturehallanthonycroninunderthepseudonymmartingerardisyournovelreallynecessarysteviesmithtwopoemsthelastturnofthescrewthoughtsaboutapersonfromporlocknikoshadjikyriakosghikasghikacontemporaryrelationsbetweenpaintingsculpturearchitecturealbertogiacomettithedreamthesphinxandthedeathoftrendaumalafundamentalexperimentdavidgascoynerememberingthedeadonthemarginreproductionsofpaintingsbyfrankauerbachandadrawingbyalbertogiacomettivolumeonenumbertwomarchanthonycroninrmstitanicgeorgebarkerpoetgeorgebarkerhowtorefuseaheavenlyhouseborispasternaknovemberdaysmichelsaintdenismichelstdenisrememberingtwofriendsmatthewsmithpaintermatthewsmithandalbertcamusanthonycroninunderthepseudonymmartingerardgoodbyetoallthatachildsguidetotwodecadesmaryhutchinsonmemberofthebloomsburygroupmaryhutchinsonkaleidoscopeofchildhoodfrcharlesalbertcingriacharlesalbertcingriagreenwoodanddrymichaelandrewsartistmichaelandrewsnotesandpreoccupationsoskarkokoschkalettredevoyagepoetsonpoetryihughmacdiarmidvernonwatkinspatrickkavanaghsteviesmithonthemarginreproductionsofdrawingsbymichaelandrewsartistmichaelandrewsoskarkokoschkaandrenauberjonoispainterrenauberjonoisandofapaintingbymichaelandrewsvolumeonenumberthreejunebrianhigginspoetbrianhigginsfivepoemsandtwopoemsrobertgravesnovemberthaddresspatrickkavanaghtheflyingmomentdavidbombergthebombergpapersnlhansgompertshagompertshuntingtoliveandrmassondissonancesmarieriefstahlnordlingeronreadingmarcelproustabiographygeorgebarkerpoetgeorgebarkerviiibeatitudestodenverpatrickswiftprolegomenontogeorgebarkerdavidwrightpoetdavidwrightadamateveningpoetsonpoetryiijulessupervielleyvesbonnefoyhenrithomasphilippejaccottetaletterfromderekhillpainterderekhillonthemarginreproductionsofpaintingsbydavidbomberganddrawingsbyandrmassonvolumeonenumberfouroctoberezrapoundconversationsincourtshipverseisaswordunpublishedletterschsissonsixpoemscharlesmarowitznewwaveinadeadsearobertnyegoingtothedogscraigieaitchisonpaintercraigieatchisonfragmentsfromaconversationthreepaintingsanthonycroninaquestionofmodernitylucianfreudtwopaintingschsissonchristopherhommssundaydinnernoelstocktheseriousartistpatrickswiftunderthepseudonymjamesmahonthepainterinthepressoscarmiloszovdelmiloszthehymnofunderstandinganthonycroninunderthepseudonymmartingerardmolloybecomesunnamablerobertpingetlejardinlerecyclgeorgepaintergeorgedpainterareplytommeriefstahlnordlingeronthemarginvolumetwonumberonemarchaforewordtovolumetwochsissonunderthepseudonymwilliampatontheprofessionoflettersordownwithcultureclairemcallisterdefenceandadmonitionmalcolmquantrilldeathofanopportunitygeorgebarkerpoetgeorgebarkeriiiromanodeshelenlessoreanoteonthedevelopmentoffrancisbaconspaintingfrancisbaconartistfrancisbaconsevenpaintingschsissonnaturalhistorygeoffreyhilltwosonnetsjohnmcgaherntheendorthebeginningoflovedannieabsethemagiciannlhansgompertshagompertshuntingtoliveiirobertnyeperseusinphilistiamirandarothschildtwopoemsgeoffreyha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pnbspnbspgrshinjiangmyrsynjyngshowflagpxejzhdunganpspsinkiangjsangoengysngungcipojsinkiongbucsnggingteosingkianghsnkingaltnamexinjianguyghurautonomousregionpspsinkianguyghurautonomousregionstpbpmfnbspnbspnbspbrnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspbrnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspnbspwhsinsupsupchiangsupsupweisupsupwusupsuprhsupsuptzsupsupchihsupsupchxbbsupsupmigrshinjiangweiwueeltzyhjyhchiumyrsynjyngwiwrdzjrchywuupojteobuchxejzhdunganmonmongmonruigulyuyysgsusyrusrusrsinczjanlangkazakhlangcontentbrlangkyrgyzlangcontentbrlangoiratlangcontentbrzuungarorderstunderthehandynastyxinjiangwasknownasxiyumeaningwesternregionsbetweenthendcenturybceandndcenturycethehandynastyestablishedtheprotectorateofthewesternregionsorxiyuprotectorateinanefforttosecuretheprofitableroutesofthesilkroadthewesternregionsduringthetangdynastytangerawereknownasqixiqireferstothegobidesertwhilexireferstothewestthetangdynastyhasestablishedtheprotectorategeneraltopacifythewestoranxiprotectorateintocontroltheregionduringtheqingdynastythenorthernpartofxinjiangdzungariawasknownaszhunbudzungarpeopledzungarregionandthesoutherntarimbasinwasknownashuijiangmuslimfrontierbeforebothregionsweremergedandbecametheregionofxiyuxinjianglatersimplifiedasxinjiangthegeneralregionofxinjianghasbeenknownbymanynamesinearliertimesincludingwesternregionskhotankhotaychinesetartaryhightartaryeastchagatayitwaseasternpartofchagataikhanatemoghulistanlandofthemongolskashgariaaltishahrthesixcitiesofthetarimlittlebokharaandserindiaduetoindianculturalinfluencethecurrentnamexinjiangwhichliterallymeansnewfrontierornewborderlandwasgivenduringtheqingdynastyaccordingtochinesestatesmanzuozongtangsreporttotheemperorofqingxinjiangmeansanoldlandnewlyreturnedorthenewoldlandthetermwasalsogiventoothersimilarareaforinstancepresentdayjinchuancountywasknownasjinchuanxinjianginthesamemannerpresentdayxinjiangwasknownasxiyuxinjiangandgansuxinjiangespeciallyforpresentdayeasternxinjiangthenameeastturkestanwascreatedbyrussiansinologisthyacinthbichurinhyacinthtoreplacethetermchineseturkestanineastturkestanwasusedtraditionallytoonlyrefertothetarimbasininthesouthasmodernxinjiangareawithdzungariabeingexcludedinxinjiangprovincewasrenamedxinjianguyghurautonomousregionthenamethatwasoriginallyproposedwassimplyxinjiangautonomousregionsaifuddinazizithefirstchairmanofxinjiangregisteredhisstrongobjectionstotheproposednamewithmaozedongarguingthatautonomyisnotgiventomountainsandriversitisgiventoparticularnationalitiesasaresulttheadministrativeregionwouldbenamedxinjianguyghurautonomousregiondescriptionturpanprefectureandhamiprefectureredandsouthernxinjiangthetarimbasinbluexinjiangconsistsoftwomaingeographicallyhistoricallyandethnicallydistinctregionswithdifferenthistoricalnamesdzungarianorthofthetianshanmountainsandthetarimbasinsouthofthetianshanmountainsbeforeqingdynastyqingchinaunifiedthemintoonepoliticalentitycalledxinjiangprovinceinatthetimeoftheqingconquestindzungariawasinhabitedbysteppedwellingnomadictibetanbuddhismtibetanbuddhistdzungarpeoplewhilethetarimbasinwasinhabitedbysedentaryoasisdwellingturkicspeakingmuslimfarmersnowknownastheuyghurpeopletheyweregovernedseparatelyuntilthenativeuyghurnameforthetarimbasinisaltishahrtheqingdynastywaswellawareofthedifferencesbetweentheformerbuddhistmongolareatothenorthofthetianshanandtheturkicmuslimareasouthofthetianshanandruledtheminseparateadministrativeunitsatfirsthoweverqingpeoplebegantothinkofbothareasaspartofonedistinctregioncalledxinjiangtheveryconceptofxinjiangasonedistinctgeographicidentitywascreatedbytheqinganditwasoriginallynotthenativeinhabitantswhovieweditthatwaybutratheritwasthechinesewhoheldthatpointofviewduringtheqingrulenosenseofregionalidentitywasheldbyordinaryxinjiangpeopleratherxinjiangsdistinctidentitywasgiventotheregionbytheqingsinceithaddistinctgeographyhistoryandculturewhileatthesametimeitwascreatedbythechinesemulticulturalsettledbyhanandhuiandseparatedfromcentralasiaforoveracenturyandahalfinthelatethcenturyitwasstillbeingproposedbysomepeoplethattwoseparatepartsbecreatedoutofxinjiangtheareanorthofthetianshanandtheareasouthofthetianshanwhileitwasbeingarguedoverwhethertoturnxinjiangintoaprovincexinjiangisalargesparselypopulatedareaspanningovermillionkmsupsupcomparableinsizetoiranwhichtakesupaboutonesixthofthecountrysterritoryxinjiangbordersthetibetautonomousregionandindiaslehdistricttothesouthandqinghaiandgansuprovincestothesoutheastmongoliatotheeastrussiatothenorthandkazakhstankyrgyzstantajikistanafghanistanpakistanandindiatothewesttheeastwestchainofthetianshanseparatedzungariainthenorthfromthetarimbasininthesouthdzungariaisadrysteppeandthetarimbasincontainsthemassivetaklamakandesertsurroundedbyoasesintheeastistheturpandepressioninthewestthetianshansplitformingtheilirivervalleyhistorypleasedonotaddmajorcontentstothisarticlewithoutdiscussingonthetalkpagefirstpleasespellcheckyourcontributionsandreviewthegrammarearlyhistoryandthehandynastyhanempirecaadaccordingtojpmalloryandvictorhmairthechinesedescribetheexistenceofwhitepeoplewithlonghairorthebaipeopleintheshanhaijingwholivedbeyondtheirnorthwesternborderthewellpreservedtarimmummieswithcaucasoidfeaturesoftenwithreddishorblondhairtodaydisplayedatthermqimuseumanddatedtothendmillenniumbchavebeenfoundinthesameareaofthetarimbasinvariousnomadictribessuchastheyuezhisakaandwusunwereprobablypartofthemigrationofindoeuropeanlanguagesindoeuropeanspeakerswhoweresettledineasterncentralasiapossiblyasfarasgansuatthattimetheordoscultureinnorthernchinaeastoftheyuezhiisanotherexampleyetskeletalremainsfromtheordosculturefoundhavebeenpredominantlymongoloidbythetimethehandynastyunderemperorwurbcwrestledthewesternregionsofthetarimbasinawayfromitspreviousoverlordsthexiongnuitwasinhabitedbyvariouspeoplessuchasprotoindoeuropeansindoeuropeantochariansinturfanandkuchaandindoiraniansindoiraniansakapeoplescenteredaroundshulekingdomkashgarandkingdomofkhotankhotannomadicculturessuchastheyuezhirouzhiaredocumentedintheareaofxinjiangwherethefirstknownreferencetotheyuezhiwasmadeinbcbythechineseguanzhonginhisworkguanzitextguanziguanziessayshedescribedtheyshornishasapeoplefromthenorthwestwhosuppliedjadetothechinesefromthenearbymountainsalsoknownasyushiingansuthesupplyofjadefromthetarimbasinfromancienttimesiswelldocumentedarchaeologicallyitiswellknownthatancientchineserulershadastrongattachmenttojadeallofthejadeitemsexcavatedfromthetomboffuhaooftheshangdynastymorethanpieceswerefromkhotaninmodernxinjiangasearlyasthemidfirstmillenniumbctheyuezhiengagedinthejadetradeofwhichthemajorconsumersweretherulersofagriculturalchinaintherdcenturytraversedbythenorthernsilkroadthetarimanddzungariaregionswereknownasthewesternregionsitwasinhabitedbyvariouspeoplesincludingindoeuropeanmigrationsindoeuropeantochariansinturfanandkuchaandindoiraniansindoiraniansakapeoplescenteredaroundshulekingdomkashgarandkingdomofkhotankhotanatthebeginningofthehandynastybcadtheregionwassubservienttothexiongnuapowerfulnomadicpeoplebasedinmodernmongoliainthendcenturybcthehandynastymadepreparationsforhanxiongnuwarwaragainstxiongnuwhenemperorwuofhandispatchedtheexplorerzhangqiantoexplorethemysteriouskingdomstothewestandtoformanalliancewiththeyuezhipeopleinordertocombatthexiongnuasaresultofthesebattlesthechinesecontrolledthestrategicregionfromtheordosloopordosandgansuhexicorridorcorridortolopnortheysucceededinseparatingthexiongnufromtheqiangpeopleqiangpeoplestothesouthandalsogaineddirectaccesstothewesternregionshanchinasentzhangqianasanenvoytothestatesintheregionbeginningseveraldecadesofstrugglebetweenthexiongnuandhanchinaoverdominanceoftheregioneventuallyendinginchinesesuccessinbchanchinaestablishedtheprotectorateofthewesternregionsatwuleinearmodernbayingholinmongolautonomousprefectureluntaitooverseetheentireregionasfarwestasthepamirmountainswhichwouldremainundertheinfluenceandsuzeraintyofthehandynastywithsomeinterruptionsforinstanceitfelloutoftheircontrolduringthecivilwaragainstwangmangraditwasbroughtbackunderhancontrolinadduetotheeffortsofthegeneralbanchaothewesternjindynastyjindynastysuccumbedtosuccessivewavesofinvasionsbynomadsfromthenorthatthebeginningofthethcenturytheshortlivedkingdomsthatrulednorthwesternchinaoneaftertheotherincludingformerliangformerqinlaterliangsixteenkingdomslaterliangandwesternliangsixteenkingdomswesternlingallattemptedtomaintaintheprotectoratewithvaryingdegreesofsuccessafterthefinalreunificationofnorthernchinaunderthenorthernweiempireitsprotectoratecontrolledwhatisnowthesoutheasternregionofxinjianglocalstatessuchasshulekingdomshuleyutiancountyxinjiangyutianguiziandqiemocontrolledthewesternregionwhilethecentralregionaroundturpanwascontrolledbygaochangremnantsofastatenorthernliangthatonceruledpartofwhatisnowgansuprovinceinnorthwesternchinanmanonabactriancamelsancaiceramicstatuettetangdynastyduringthetangdynastyatangcampaignsagainstthewesternturksseriesofexpeditionswereconductedagainstthewesternturkickhaganateandtheirvassalstheoasisstatesofsouthernxinjiangemperortaizongscampaignagainstxiyustatescampaignsagainsttheoasisstatesbeganunderemperortaizongoftangemperortaizongwiththetangcampaignagainstkarakhojaannexationofgaochanginrefnamewechslerrefthenearbykingdomofkarasahrwastangcampaignsagainstkarasahrcapturedbythetanginandthekingdomofkuchawasconquestofkuchaconqueredinrefnameskaffrefthetangdynastythenestablishedtheprotectorategeneraltopacifythewestoranxiprotectorateintocontroltheregionduringthedevastatinganshirebellionwhichnearlyledtothedestructionofthetangdynastytibetanempiretibetinvadedthetangonawidefrontfromxinjiangtoyunnanitoccupiedthetangcapitalofchanganinfordaysandtookcontrolofsouthernxinjiangbytheendofthecenturyatthesametimetheuyghurkhaganatetookcontrolofnorthernxinjiangaswellasmuchoftherestofcentralasiaincludingmongoliaasbothtibetandtheuyghurkhaganatedeclinedinthemidthcenturythekarakhanidkhanatewhichwasaconfederationofturkictribessuchasthekarlukschigilsandyaghmasrefnamesvatreftookcontrolofwesternxinjianginthethcenturyandthethcenturymeanwhileaftertheuyghurkhaganateinmongoliahadbeensmashedbythekirghizinbranchesoftheuyghursestablishedthemselvesingaochangqochakarakhojaandbeshbaliknearthemoderncitiesofturfanandurumchithisuyghurstateremainedineasternxinjianguntilthethcenturythoughitwassubjecttoforeignoverlordsduringthattimethekarakhanidsconvertedtoislamtheuyghurstateineasternxinjiangremainedmanichaeismmanichaeanbutlaterconvertedtobuddhisminremnantsoftheliaodynastyfrommanchuriaenteredxinjiangfleeingtherebellionoftheirneighborsthejurchenstheyestablishedanewempiretheqarakhitaiwhichruledoverboththekarakhanidheldanduyghurheldpartsofthetarimbasinforthenextcenturyalthoughkhitanandchineseweretheprimarylanguagesofadministrationtheempirealsoadministeredinpersiananduyghurlanguageuyghurislamisationofxinjiangthehistoricalareaofwhatismoderndayxinjiangconsistedofthedistinctareasofthetarimbasinanddzungariaandwasoriginallypopulatedbyindoeuropeantocharianstocharianandiranicsakapeopleswhopracticedthebuddhistreligiontheturfanandtarimbasinswerepopulatedbyspeakersoftocharianlanguageswitheuropoidmummiesfoundintheregiontheareawassubjectedtoislamicisationatthehandsofturkicmuslimstheculturalchangewascarriedoutinthethandthcenturiesbytwodifferentturkickingdomsthebuddhistuyghurkingdomofqochoandthemuslimkarlukskarlukkarakhanidkhanatehalfwayinthethcenturythesakabuddhistkingdomofkhotancameunderattackbytheturkicmuslimkarakhanidrulermusaandinwhatprovedtobeapivotalmomentintheislamicisationofthetarimbasinthekarakhanidleaderyusufqadirkhanconqueredkhotanaroundrefnamemillwardrefprofessorjamesamillwarddescribedtheoriginaluyghursasphysicallymongoloidgivingasanexampletheimagesinbezeklikthousandbuddhacavesbezeklikattempleoftheuyghurpatronsuntiltheybegantomixwiththetarimbasinsoriginaleasterniranianpeoplesiranianinhabitantsthemodernuyghursarenowamixedethnicgroupofeastasianmongoloidandeuropoidcaucasianpopulationsrefnamefindleyrefmongolperiodfouroiratmoghulistanqaradelaftergenghiskhanunifiedmongoliaandbeganhisadvancewesttheuyghurstateintheturpanurumchiareaoffereditsallegiancetothemongolsincontributingtaxesandtroopstothemongolimperialeffortinreturntheuyghurrulersretainedcontroloftheirkingdombycontrastgenghiskhansmongolempireconqueredtheqarakhitaiinduringtheeraofthemongolempiretheyuandynastyviedwiththechagataikhanateforruleovertheareawiththelattertakingcontrolofmostofthisregionafterthebreakupofthechagataikhanateintosmallerkhanatesinthemidthcenturytheregionfracturedandwasruledbynumerouspersianizedmongolkhanssimultaneouslyincludingtheonesofmoghulistanwiththeassistanceofthelocaldughlatemirsuigurstanlaterturpanandkashgariatheseleadersengagedinwarswitheachotherandthetimuridempiretimuridsoftransoxaniatothewestandtheoiratstotheeastthesuccessorchagatairegimebasedinmongoliaandinchinainthethcenturythedzungarsestablishedanempireovermuchoftheregionthemongoliandzungarwasthecollectiveidentityofseveraloiratsoirattribesthatformedandmaintainedoneofthelastnomadicempiresthedzungarkhanatecoveredtheareacalleddzungariaandstretchedfromthewestendofthegreatwallofchinatopresentdayeasternkazakhstanandfrompresentdaynorthernkyrgyzstantosouthernsiberiamostofthisareawasonlyrenamedxinjiangbythechineseafterthefallofthedzungarempireitexistedfromtheearlythcenturytothemidthcenturytheturkicmuslimsedentarypeopleofthetarimbasinwereoriginallyruledbythechagataikhanatewhilethenomadicbuddhistoiratmongolindzungariaruledoverthedzungarkhanatethenaqshbandisufikhojaturkestankhojasdescendantsoftheislamicprophetmuhammadhadreplacedthechagatayidkhansastherulingauthorityofthetarimbasinintheearlythcenturytherewasastrugglebetweentwofactionsofkhojastheafaqiwhitemountainfactionandtheishaqiblackmountainfactiontheishaqidefeatedtheafaqiwhichresultedintheafaqkhojainvitingthethdalailamatheleaderofthetibetanpeopletibetanstointerveneonhisbehalfinthethdalailamathencalleduponhisdzungarbuddhistfollowersinthedzungarkhanatetoactonthisinvitationthedzungarkhanatethenconqueredthetarimbasininsettinguptheafaqikhojaastheirpuppetrulerafterconvertingtoislamthedescendantsofthepreviouslykingdomofqochobuddhistuyghursinturfanfailedtoretainmemoryoftheirancestrallegacyandfalselybelievedthattheinfidelkalmuksdzungarpeopledzungarsweretheoneswhobuiltbuddhistmonumentsintheirarearefnamegibblewisrefqingdynastytheturkicmuslimsoftheturfanandkumuloasesthensubmittedtotheqingdynastyofchinaandaskedchinatofreethemfromthedzungarstheqingacceptedtherulersofturfanandkumulasqingvassalstheqingdynastywagedwaragainstthedzungarsfordecadesuntilfinallydefeatingthemandthenqingmanchueightbannersbannermencarriedoutthedzungargenocidenearlywipingthemfromexistenceanddepopulatingdzungariatheqingthenfreedtheafaqikhojaleaderburhanuddinandhisbrotherkhojajihanfromtheirimprisonmentbythedzungarsandappointedthemtoruleasqingvassalsoverthetarimbasinthekhojabrothersdecidedtorenegeonthisdealanddeclarethemselvesasindependentleadersofthetarimbasintheqingandtheturfanleadereminkhojacrushedtheirrevoltandchinathentookfullcontrolofbothdzungariaandthetarimbasinbythemanchupeoplemanchuqingdynastyofchinagainedcontrolovereasternxinjiangasaresultofadzungarqingwarlongstrugglewiththedzungarsthatbeganinthethcenturyinwiththehelpoftheoiratnobelamursanatheqingattackedyiningcityghuljaandcapturedthedzungarkhanafteramursanasrequesttobedeclareddzungarkhanwentunansweredheledarevoltagainsttheqingoverthenexttwoyearsqingarmiesdestroyedtheremnantsofthedzungarkhanateandmanyhanchineseandhuimovedintothepacifiedareasthenativedzungarpeopledzungaroiratmongolssufferedheavilyfromthebrutalcampaignsandasimultaneoussmallpoxepidemiconewriterweiyuandescribedtheresultingdesolationinwhatisnownorthernxinjiangasanemptyplainforseveralthousandliunitliwithnooiratyurtexceptthosesurrenderedithasbeenestimatedthatoftheormoredzungarsweredestroyedbyacombinationofdiseaseandwarfareandittookgenerationsforittorecoverhanandhuimerchantswereinitiallyonlyallowedtotradeinthetarimbasinwhilehanandhuisettlementinthetarimbasinwasbanneduntiltheafaqikhojarevoltsmuhammadyusufkhojainvasioninwhentheqingrewardedthemerchantsforfightingoffkhojabyallowingthemtosettledownrobertmichellnotedthatinthereweremanychineseofalloccupationslivingindzungariaandtheywerewellsettledintheareawhileinturkestantarimbasintherewereonlyafewchinesemerchantsandsoldiersinseveralgarrisonsamongthemuslimpopulationrefnamemichellbooksgooglecombooksidsvaaaaayaajpgpamartinprefafterqingreconquestofxinjiangreconqueringxinjiangfromthetajikpeopletajikadventureryaqubbeginthelatestheqingdynastyestablishedxinjiangnewfrontierasaprovinceinformallyapplyingtoitthepoliticalsystemsoftherestofchinaanddroppingtheoldnamesofzhunbudzungarregionandhuijiangmuslimlandafterxinjiangwasconvertedintoaprovincebytheqingtheprovincialisationandreconstructionprogramsinitiatedbytheqingresultedinthechinesegovernmenthelpinguyghursmigratefromsouthernxinjiangtootherareasoftheprovinceliketheareabetweenqitaiandthecapitalwhichwasformerlynearlycompletelyinhabitedbyhanchineseandotherareaslikermqitachengtabarghataiyilijinghekurkarausuruoqianglopnorandthetarimriverslowerreachesitwasduringqingtimesthatuyghursweresettledthroughoutallofxinjiangfromtheiroriginalhomecitiesinthewesterntarimbasinrepublicofchinainxinjiangintheqingdynastywasreplacedbytherepublicofchinarepublicofchinayuandahuathelastqinggovernorofxinjiangfledoneofhissubordinatesyangzengxintookcontroloftheprovinceandaccededinnametotherepublicofchinainmarchofthesameyearthroughmachiavellianpoliticsandcleverbalancingofmixedethnicconstituenciesyangmaintainedcontroloverxinjianguntilhisassassinationinafterthenorthernexpeditionofthekuomintangthekumulrebellionandotherrebellionsaroseagainsthissuccessorjinshurenintheearlysthroughoutxinjianginvolvinguyghursotherturkicgroupsandhuimuslimchinesejindraftedwhitemovementwhiterussianstocrushtherevoltinthekashgarregiononnovembertheshortlivedselfproclaimedfirsteastturkistanrepublicwasdeclaredaftersomedebateoverwhethertheproposedindependentstateshouldbecalledeastturkestanoruyghuristanrefnamefeenerrmichaelfeenerislaminworldculturescomparativeperspectivesabccliorefrefnamecfcrreftheregionclaimedbytheetrintheoryencompassedkashgarprefecturekashgarkhotanprefecturekhotanandaksuprefectureaqsuprefecturesinsouthwesternxinjiangthehuipeoplechinesemuslimkuomintangthdivisionnationalrevolutionaryarmydestroyedthearmyofthefirsteastturkestanrepublicatthebattleofkashgarbringingtherepublictoanendafterthechinesemuslimsexecutedthetwoemirsoftherepublicabdullahbughraandnurahmadjanbughrathesovietunioninvadedtheprovinceinthesovietinvasionofxinjianginthexinjiangwartheentireprovincewasbroughtunderthecontrolofnortheasthanpeoplehanwarlordshengshicaiwhoruledxinjiangforthenextdecadewithclosesupportfromthesovietunionmanyofwhoseethnicandsecuritypoliciesshenginstitutedinxinjiangthesovietunionmaintainedamilitarybaseinxinjiangandhadseveralmilitaryandeconomicadvisorsdeployedintheregionshenginvitedagroupofchinesecommuniststoxinjiangincludingmaozedongsbrothermaozeminbutinfearingaconspiracyshengexecutedthemallincludingmaozemininthenthepresidentoftherepublicofchinapresidentandpremieroftherepublicofchinapremierofchinachiangkaishekwasinformedofshicaisintentionofjoiningthesovietunionbysovietsdecidedtoshifthimoutofxinjiangtochongqingastheministerofagricultureandforestmorethanonedecadeofshengserahadstoppedhoweverashortlivedsovietbackedsecondeastturkestanrepublicwasestablishedinthatyearwhichlasteduntilinwhatisnowilikazakhautonomousprefectureilitarbagatayandaltaydistrictsinnorthernxinjiangmodernchinapeoplesrepublicofchinaduringtheilirebellionthesovietunionbackeduyghurseparatiststoformthesecondeastturkistanrepublicndetriniliregionwhilethemajorityofxinjiangwasunderrepublicofchinarepublicofchinakuomintangcontrolthepeoplesliberationarmyincorporationofxinjiangintothepeoplesrepublicofchinaenteredxinjianginandthekuomintangcommandertaozhiyuesurrenderedtheprovincetothemfiveetrleaderswhoweretonegotiatewiththechineseovertheetrssovereigntydiedinanaircrashininsovietairspaceoverthekazakhsovietsocialistrepublictheautonomousregionoftheprcwasestablishedonoctoberreplacingtheprovinceinthefirstmoderncensusinchinawastakeninuyghurswerecountedasofxinjiangstotalpopulationofmillionalthoughxinjiangasawholeisdesignatedasauyghurautonomousregionsincemorethanofxinjiangslandareaaredesignatedautonomousareasfornativenonuyghurgroupsthemodernuyghurpeopleexperiencedethnogenesisespeciallyfromwhentheprcofficiallyrecognizedthatethniccategoryinoppositiontothehanofformerlyseparatelyselfidentifiedoasispeoplessouthernxinjiangishometothemajorityoftheuyghurpopulationaboutninemillionpeoplethemajorityofthehanpopulationofxinjiangwhichismostlyurbanareinnorthernxinjiangthissituationhasbeenfollowedbyanimbalanceintheeconomicsituationbetweenthetwoethnicgroupssincethenorthernjungharbasindzungariahasbeenmoredevelopedthantheuyghersouthsincethechineseeconomicreformchinaeconomicreformfromthelateshasexacerbatedunevenregionaldevelopmentmoreuyghurshavemigratedtoxinjiangcitiesandsomehanshavealsomigratedtoxinjiangforindependenteconomicadvancementincreasedethniccontactandlaborcompetitioncoincidedwithuyghurterrorisminthepeoplesrepublicofchinaseparatistterrorismfromthessuchasthermqibusbombingsinuyghurscomprisedofxinjiangspopulationbutonlyofrmqispopulationdespitehavingofxinjiangspopulationrmqiaccountsforoftheregionsgdpandmanyruraluyghurshavebeenmigratingtothatcitytoseekworkinthedominantlightindustrylightheavyindustryheavyandpetrochemicalindustrieshansinxinjiangaredemographicallyolderbettereducatedandworkinhigherpayingprofessionsthantheiruyghurcohabitantshansaremorelikelytocitebusinessreasonsformovingtormqiwhilesomeuyghursalsocitetroublewiththelawbackhomeandfamilyreasonsfortheirmovingtormqihansanduyghursareequallyrepresentedinrmqisfloatingpopulationthatworksmostlyincommerceselfsegregationwithinthecityiswidespreadintermsofresidentialconcentrationemploymentrelationshipsandasocialnormofendogamyinuyghursconstitutedamajorityinthetarimbasinandamerepluralityinxinjiangasawholeinrecentyearsxinjianghasbeenafocalpointofethnicandothertensionsrefnamecacirefrefnamegunaratnarefrecentincidentsincludethexinjiangraidathwartedsuicidebombingattemptonachinasouthernairlinesflightandthexinjiangattackwhichresultedinthedeathsofsixteenpoliceofficersfourdaysbeforethesummerolympicsbeijingolympicsculturallyxinjiangmaintainspubliclibrarypubliclibrariesandmuseumscomparedtononeofeachinandxinjianghaslistofnewspapersinthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxinjiangnewspapersinlanguagesupfromnewspapersinaccordingtoofficialstatisticstheratiosofdoctorsmedicalworkersmedicalclinicsandhospitalbedstopeoplesurpassthenationalaverageandimmunizationrateshavereachedadministrativedivisionsxinjiangisdividedintothirteenadministrativedivisionsofchinaprefecturallevelprefectureleveldivisionsfourprefecturelevelcityprefecturelevelcitiessixprefecturesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprefecturesandfiveautonomousprefecturesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaautonomousprefecturesincludingthesubprovincialautonomousprefectureofiliwhichinturnhastwoofthesevenprefectureswithinitsjurisdictionformongolkyrgyzpeoplekyrgyzkazakhskazakhandhuiminoritiesthesearethendividedintodistrictscountylevelcitiescountiesandautonomouscountieseightofthecountylevelcitiesdonotbelongtoanyprefectureandaredefactoadministeredbythexinjiangproductionandconstructioncorpssubleveldivisionsofthexinjianguyghurautonomousregionisshownintheadjacentpictureanddescribedinthetablebelowclasswikitablestylemarginemautoemautowidthfontsizesmallertextaligncentercolspanadministrativedivisionsofxinjiangcolspanstylefontsizelargerscopecolrowspanscopecolrowspanadministrativedivisioncodesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinadivisioncodescopecolrowspanenglishnamescopecolrowspanuyghurlanguageuyghurscopecolrowspanuyghurlatinyziqilatinyziqibrsasmgncromanizationsasmgncscopecolrowspansimplifiedchinesechinesescopecolrowspanpinyinscopecolrowspanareainkmsupsuprefnamenjtranstitleshenzhenstatisticalyearbookurlsztjgovcnnjindexcehtmwebsiteshenzhenstatisticwebsztjgovcnaccessdatelanguagezhrefscopecolrowspanpopulationscopecolrowspanseatscopecolcolspandivisionsscopecolwidthdistrictchinadistrictsscopecolwidthcountiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountiesscopecolwidthautonomouscountiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaautcountiesscopecolwidthcountylevelcityclcitiesstylefontweightboldbgcolorgreynbspxinjianguyghurbrautonomousregionshinjanguyghuraptonomrayonibrxinjanguyuraptonomrayonixnjingwiwrzzhqrmqirmqirmchishehiribrrmqixiriwlmqshtianshandistrictbgcolorgreybgcolorgreykaramayqaramayshehiribrkaramayxiriklmyshkaramaydistrictbgcolorgreybgcolorgreybgcolorgreyturpanturpanshehiribrturpanxiritlfnshgaochangdistrictbgcolorgreybgcolorgreyhamicityhamiqumulshehiribrkumulxirihmshyizhoudistricthamiyizhoudistrictbgcolorgreychangjihuiautonomousprefecturechangjihuibrautonomousprefecturesanjixuyzuaptonomoblastibrsanjihuyzuaptonomoblastichngjhuzzzhzhuchangjibgcolorgreybortalamongolautonomousprefecturebortalamongolbrautonomousprefecturebrtalamongghulaptonomoblastibrbrtalamongulaptonomoblastibrtlmnggzzhzhubolexinjiangbolebortalabgcolorgreybgcolorgreybayingolinmongolautonomousprefecturebayingolinmongolbrautonomousprefecturebayingholinmongghulaptonomoblastibrbayinolinmongulaptonomoblastibyngulngmnggzzhzhukorlabgcolorgreyaksuprefectureaqsuwilayitibraksuvilayitiksdqaksuxinjiangaksubgcolorgreybgcolorgreykizilsukirghizautonomousprefecturekizi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rirrigationsothattheriveroftendisappearsinthedesertinsteadofreachingthelaketowhosebasinitnominallybelongsthisisthecaseevenwiththemainriverofthetarimbasinthetarimrivertarimwhichhasbeendammedatanumberoflocationsalongitscourseandwhosewatershavebeencompletelydivertedbeforetheycanreachtheloplakeinthedzungarianbasinasimilarsituationoccurswithmostriversthathistoricallyflowedintolakemanassomeofthesaltlakeshavinglostmuchoftheirfreshwaterinflowarenowextensivelyusefortheproductionofmineralsaltsusedeginthemanufacturingofpotassiumfertilizersthisincludestheloplakeandthemanaslaketimeofficiallyxinjiangisonthesametimezoneastherestofchinabeijingtimeutchoweverbeingroughlytwotimezoneswestofthecapitalsomeresidentslocalorganizationandlocalgovernmentfollowanothertimestandardknownasxinjiangtimeutcthedivisionfollowsethniclineswithhantendingtousebeijingtimeanduyghurstendingtousexinjiangtimethisisseenasaformofresistancetothecentralgovernmentrefnamehanrefbutregardlessofpreferenceinwhichtimestandardmostbusinessesandschoolsopenandclosetwohourslaterthantheirequivalentsinotherregionsofchinadesertsdesertsincludegurbantnggtdesertalsoknownasdzoosotoynelisentaklamakandesertkumtagdeserteastoftaklamakanmajorcitiesduetothewatersituationmostofxinjiangspopulationliveswithinfairlynarrowbeltsthatarestretchedalongthefoothillsoftheregionsmountainrangeswhereirrigatedagriculturecanbepractiseditisinthesebeltswheremostoftheregionscitiesarefoundrmqiturpankashgarkaramayghuljashihezihotanatushaksuxinjiangaksukorlaclimategenerallyasemiaridordesertclimatekppenclimateclassificationkppenbskorbwkrespectivelyprevailsinxinjiangtheentireregionismarkedbygreatseasonaldifferencesintemperatureandcoldwintersduringthesummertheturpandepressionusuallyrecordsthehottesttemperaturesnationwidewithairtemperatureseasilyexceedinginthefarnorthandatthehighestmountainelevationshoweverwintertemperaturesregularlydropbelowcontinuouspermafrostistypicallyfoundinthetianshanstartingattheelevationofaboutmabovesealeveldiscontinuousalpinepermafrostusuallyoccursdowntombutincertainlocationsduetothepeculiarityoftheaspectgeographyaspectandthemicroclimateitcanbefoundatelevationsaslowasmborderingregionspoliticssecretariesofthecommunistpartyofchinacpcxinjiangcommitteewangzhengeneralwangzhenwangenmaolongshujinsaifuddinaziziwangfengpoliticianwangfengwangenmaosonghanliangwanglequanzhangchunxianchenquanguochairmenofthexinjianggovernmentchairmanofthexinjianggovernmentbetweenandsaifuddinazizilongshujinsaifuddinaziziwangfengpoliticianwangfengismailamattmrdawamatabdulahatabdulrixitismailtiliwaldinurbekrishohratzakirhumanrightsissuehumanrightswatchhasdocumentedthedenialofduelegalprocessandfairtrialsandfailuretoholdgenuinelyopentrialsasmandatedbylawegtosuspectsarrestedfollowingethnicviolenceinthecityofrmqisriotseconomyinxinjiangtraditionallyanagriculturalregionxinjiangalsohaslargedepositsofmineralsandpetroleumoilxinjiangsnominalgdpwasapproximatelybillionrenminbirmbusbillionasofwithanaverageannualincreaseofforthepastfouryearssouthernxinjiangwithnonhanpopulationhasanaveragepercapitaincomehalfthatofxinjiangasawholeinjulychinadailyreportedthatagricultureandfishingxinjianghaslongbeenamajorareaofirrigatedagriculturebytheagriculturallandareaoftheregionisthousandkmsupsupormillionhaofwhichmillionhaisarablelandinthetotalcultivatedlandrosetomillionhawiththecropproductionreachingmilliontonstraditionallywheatwasthemainstaplecropoftheregionmaizewasgrownaswellmilletwasfoundinthesouthwhileonlyafewareasinparticularaksuxinjiangaksugrewricerefnamehannrefbythelatethcenturycottonbecameanimportantcropinseveraloasesnotablykhotanyarkantcountyyarkandandturpansericultureisalsopracticedxinjiangisnationallyknownforitsfruitsandproduceincludinggrapesmelonspearswalnutsparticularlyfamousarehamimelonsandturpanraisinsthemainlivestockoftheregionhavetraditionallybeensheepmuchoftheregionspasturelandisinitsnorthernpartwheremoreprecipitationisavailablebuttherearemountainpasturesthroughouttheregionduetothelackofaccesstotheoceanandlimitedamountofinlandwaterxinjiangsfishresourcesaresomewhatlimitednonethelessthereisasignificantamountoffishinginlakeulungurandlakebostenandintheirtyshriveralargenumberoffishpondshavebeenconstructedsincethestheirtotalsurfaceexceedinghectaresbythesinthetotaloftonsoffishwasproducedinxinjiangofwhichcamefromaquacultureinchinaaquacultureinthepastthelopnurloplakewasknownforitsfisheriesandthearearesidentsfortheirfishingculturenowduetothediversionofthewatersofthetarimriverthelakehasdriedoutminingandmineralsinthelatethcenturytheregionwasnotedforproducingsaltsodaboraxgoldjadeandcoaltheoilandnaturalgasgasextractionindustryinaksuxinjiangaksuandkaramayisboomingwiththewesteastgaspipelineconnectingtoshanghaitheoilandpetrochemicalsectoraccountforofxinjiangslocaleconomycontainingoverafifthofchinascoalnaturalgasandoilresourcesxinjianghasthehighestconcentrationoffossilfuelreservesofanyregioninthecountryforeigntradexinjiangsexportsamountedtobillionusdwhileimportsturnedouttobebillionusdinmostoftheoverallimportexportvolumeinxinjiangwasdirectedtoandfromkazakhstanthroughalapasschinasfirstborderfreetradezonehorgosfreetradezonewaslocatedatthexinjiangkazakhstanbordercityofhorgoshorgosisthelargestlandportinchinaswesternregionandithaseasyaccesstothecentralasianmarketxinjiangalsoopeneditssecondbordertrademarkettokazakhstaninmarchthejeminaybordertradezoneeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentzonesbolebordereconomiccooperationareashihezibordereconomiccooperationareatachengbordereconomiccooperationarearmqieconomictechnologicaldevelopmentzoneisnorthwestofrmqiitwasapprovedinbythestatecouncilasanationalleveleconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentzonesitisfromthermqiinternationalairportfromthenorthrailwaystationandfromthecitycenterwuchangexpresswayandnationalroadpassesthroughthezonethedevelopmenthasuniqueresourcesandgeographicaladvantagesxinjiangsvastlandrichinresourcesborderseightcountriesastheleadingeconomiczoneitbringstogethertheresourcesofxinjiangsindustrialdevelopmentcapitaltechnologyinformationpersonnelandotherfactorsofproductionrmqiexportprocessingzoneisinurumuqieconomicandtechnologydevelopmentzoneitwasestablishedinasastatelevelexportprocessingzonermqinewhitechindustrialdevelopmentzonewasestablishedinanditistheonlyhightechdevelopmentzoneinxinjiangchinatherearemorethanenterprisesinthezoneofwhicharefortunecompaniesithasaplannedareaofanditisdividedintofourzonesthereareplanstoexpandthezoneyiningbordereconomiccooperationareaculturedemographicshistoricalpopulationstitlehistoricalpopulationrefnamecensusrefrefnamecensusrefrefnamecensusrefrefnamecensusrefrefnamecensusrefrefnamecensusreftheearliesttarimmummiesdatedtobcareofacaucasoidphysicaltypeeastasianmigrantsarrivedintheeasternportionsofthetarimbasinaboutyearsagowhiletheuygherpeoplesarrivedafterthecollapseoftheorkonuygherkingdombasedinmoderndaymongoliaaroundtheyearmuslimturkicpeoplesinxinjiangincludeuyghursuzbekskyrgyzpeoplekyrgyztatarsandthekazakhsmuslimiranianpeoplesincludepamirichinapamirisandthetajiksofxinjiangsarikoliswakhipeoplewakhisoftenconflatedaspamirisandmuslimsinotibetanpeoplessuchasthehuichinesehuiotherprclistofchineseethnicgroupsethnicgroupsintheregionincludehanchinesehansmongolsoiratsdaursdongxiangsrussiansxibepeoplexibesandmanchusaroundrussiansinchinarussianimmigrantswerelivinginxinjianginthehanchineseofxinjiangarrivedatdifferenttimesfromdifferentdirectionsandsocialbackgroundstheyaredescendantsofcriminalsandofficialswhohadbeenexiledfromchinaproperduringthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthandfirsthalfofthethcenturiesdescendantsoffamiliesofmilitaryandcivilofficersfromhunanyunnangansuandmanchuriadescendantsofmerchantsfromshanxitianjinhubeiandhunananddescendantsofpeasantswhostartedimmigratingintotheregioninsomeuygherscholarsclaimdescentfromboththeturkicuyghersandthepreturkictochariansortokharianswhoselanguagewasindoeuropeanlanguagesindoeuropeanandrelativelyfairskinhairandeyesaswellasothersocalledcaucasoidphysicaltraitsarenotuncommonamongtheminthereweremalesgrowthrateofandfemalesgrowthrateofthepopulationoverallgrowthratewaswithofbirthrateandmortalityratetheqingbeganmigrationtoxinjiangaprocessofsettlinghanhuianduyghursettlersintonorthernxinjiangdzungariastartinginthethcenturyatthestartofthethcenturyyearsaftertheqingreconquesttherewerearoundhanandhuichineseinnorthernxinjiangandsomewhatmorethantwicethatnumberofuyghursinsouthernxinjiangacensusofxinjiangunderqingruleintheearlythcenturytabulatedethnicsharesofthepopulationashanchinesehanandturkicpeoplesturkicwhileitdramaticallyshiftedtohananduyghurinthecensushoweverasituationsimilartotheqingerademographicswithalargenumberofhanhadbeenrestoredbywithhananduyghurandssawthemexperienceasharpdeclineasapercentageofthetotalpopulationthoughtheyroseonceagainintheperiodsofstabilityfollowingwhichsawxinjiangincreaseitspopulationfrommillionandfromalowofinthehanbegantoreturntoxinjiangbetweenthenandwheretheycomprisedofthepopulationuyghursimilarlytoqingtimesadecadelateratthebeginningofthechineseeconomicreforminthedemographicbalancewasuyghurandhanthishasnotchangeddrasticallyuntilthelastcensusinwiththeuyghurpopulationreducedtorefnamehrwbrefmilitarypersonnelarenotcountedandethnicminoritiesofchinanationalminoritiesareundercountedinthechinesecensusasinmostcensuseswhilesomeoftheshifthasbeenattributedtoanincreasedhanpresenceuyghurshavealsoemigratedtootherpartsofchinawheretheirnumbershaveincreasedsteadilyuyghurindependenceactivistsexpressconcernoverthehanpopulationchangingtheuyghurcharacteroftheregionthoughthehanandhuichinesemostlyliveinnorthernxinjiangdzungariaandareseparatedfromareasofhistoricaluyghurdominancesouthofthetianshanmountainssouthwesternxinjiangwhereuyghursaccountforaboutofthepopulationrefnamedepartmentofdepartmentofpopulationsocialscienceandtechnologystatisticsofthenationalbureauofstatisticsofchinaanddepartmentofeconomicdevelopmentofthestateethnicaffairscommissionofchinaedstabulationonnationalitiesofpopulationcensusofchinavolsbeijingnationalitiespublishinghouserefingeneraluyghursarethemajorityinsouthwesternxinjiangincludingtheprefecturesofkashgarprefecturekashgarhotanprefecturekhotankizilsukirghizautonomousprefecturekizilsuandaksuprefectureaksuaboutofxinjiangsuyghursliveinthosefourprefecturesaswellasturpanprefectureturpanprefectureineasternxinjianghanarethemajorityineasternandnorthernxinjiangdzungariaincludingthecitiesofrmqikaramayshiheziandtheprefecturesofchangjihuiautonomousprefecturechangjyibrtalamongolautonomousprefecturebortalabayingholinmongolautonomousprefecturebayingholinilikazakhautonomousprefectureiliespeciallythecitiesofkuytunkuitunandkumulprefecturekumulkazakhsaremostlyconcentratedinilikazakhautonomousprefectureiliprefectureinnorthernxinjiangkazakhsarethemajorityinthenorthernmostpartofxinjiangclasswikitablesortablestylefloatrighttextalignrightstyletextaligncentercolspanethnicgroupsinxinjiangbrrefnationalitiesofchinanationalitypopulationpercentagestyletextalignleftuyghursuyghurstyletextalignlefthanchinesehanstyletextalignleftkazakhskazakhstyletextalignlefthuichinesehuistyletextalignleftkyrgyzpeoplekirghizstyletextalignleftoiratsmongolsbrdongxiangpeopledongxiangsbrdaursstyletextalignleftpamirichinapamirisstyletextalignleftxibepeoplexibestyletextalignleftmanchustyletextalignlefttujiapeopletujiastyletextalignleftuzbeksuzbekstyletextalignleftrussianstyletextalignlefthmongpeoplemiaostyletextalignlefttibetanpeopletibetanstyletextalignleftzhuangpeoplezhuangstyletextalignlefttatarstyletextalignleftsalarpeoplesalarstyletextalignleftotherclasswikitablesortablestyletextalignrightstyletextaligncentercolspanmajorethnicgroupsinxinjiangbyregioncensusbrpprefectureapautonomousprefectureplcprefecturelevelcitydaclcdirectlyadministeredcountylevelcityuyghurshanchinesehankazakhsothersstyletextalignleftxinjiangstyletextalignleftrmqiplcstyletextalignleftkaramayplcstyletextalignleftturpanturpanprefecturenbspstyletextalignlefthamiprefecturekumulprefecturestyletextalignleftchangjihuiautonomousprefecturechangjiapwujiaqudaclcstyletextalignleftbrtalamongolautonomousprefecturebortalaapstyletextalignleftbayingholinmongolautonomousprefecturebayingholinapnbspstyletextalignleftaksuprefecturearalxinjiangaraldaclcstyletextalignleftkizilsukirgizautonomousprefecturekizilsuapnbspstyletextalignleftkashgarkashgarprefecturenbsptumushukedaclcnbspstyletextalignleftkhotankhotanprefecturenbspstyletextalignleftilikazakhautonomousprefectureiliapstyletextalignleftkuytunkuitundaclcstyletextalignleftformeriliprefecturestyletextalignlefttachengprefecturestyletextalignleftaltayprefecturestyletextalignleftshihezidaclcvitalstatisticsclasswikitablesortablestyletextalignrightyearaveragebrpopulationlivebirthsdeathsnaturalchangecrudebirthratebrpercrudedeathratebrpernaturalchangebrperreligionpiechartcaptionreligioninxinjiangaroundlabelislamvaluecolorgreenlabelchinesefolkreligionchinesereligionsbuddhismorirreligionnotreligiousvaluecolorclabelchristianityvaluecolordodgerbluethemajorreligionsinxinjiangareislamamongtheuyghursandthehuichineseminoritywhilemanyofthehanchinesepracticechinesefolkreligionstaoismconfucianismandbuddhismaccordingtoademographicanalysisoftheyearmuslimsformoftheprovincespopulationrefnameislamminjunqingthepresentsituationandcharacteristicsofcontemporaryislaminchinajismordoorsdoshishaacjpduarrepositoryirrpdfislambyprovincepagedatafromyangzongdestudyoncurrentmuslimpopulationinchinajinanmuslimrefchristianityinxinjiangisthereligionofofthepopulationaccordingtothechinesegeneralsocialsurveyofrefnamewangchinageneralsocialsurveyreportbybaylorirtdlorgbaylorirbitstreamhandlewangthesispdfsequencexiuhuawangprefamajorityoftheuyghurmuslimsadheretosunniislamofthehanafischoolofjurisprudenceormadhabalargeminorityofshiasalmostexclusivelyofthenizariismailisevenersritesarefoundinthehighermountainsofpamirmountainspamirandtianshaninthewesternmountainsthepamirsalmosttheentirepopulationofpamiripeoplepamiristajiksofxinjiangsarikolisandwakhipeoplewakhisarenizariismailishiainthenorthinthetianshanthekyrgyzpeoplekyrgyzandkazakhsaresunniafaqkhojamausoleumandidkahmosqueinkashgarareamongthemostimportantislamicsitesinxinjiangeminminaretisakeyislamicsiteinturfanbezeklikthousandbuddhacavesisamajorbuddhistsitegallerymodepackedheightspxstyletextalignleftimageserindiangroupjpgheroicgestureofthebodhisattvaexampleofththcenturyterracottagrecobuddhistartlocalpopulationswerebuddhistfromtumxukxinjiangimagebezekliksogdianmerchantsjpgsogdianpeoplesogdiandonorstothebuddhathcenturyfrescowithdetailbezeklikeasterntarimbasinimageulumuqijpgamosqueinrmqiimagepeoplesportinginsnowbyastatueofgoddessguanyininwujiaquxinjiangjpgpeoplesportinginsnowbyastatueofgoddessguanyininwujiaqugallerygallerymodepackedheightspxstyletextalignleftimagebuddhisttempleinmidongurumqixinjiangjpgtempleofthegreatbuddhainmidongdistrictmidongrmqiimagefushoufortuneandlongevitytaoisttempleattianchiheavenlylakeinfukangchangjixinjiangjpgtaoisttempleoffortuneandlongevityattheheavenlylakeoftianshaninfukangchangjihuiautonomousprefectureimagekashgarapakhhojadjpgthetombofafaqkhojanearkashgarimagekashgarmezquitaidkahdjpgidkahmosqueinkashgarlargestmosqueinchinagallerymediathexinjiangnetworkingtransmissionlimitedoperatestheurumqipeoplebroadcastingstationandthexinjiangpeoplebroadcastingstationbroadcastinginstandardchinesemandarinuyghurlanguageuyghurkazakhlanguagekazakhandmongolianlanguagemongoliantherewereminoritylanguagenewspaperspublishedinxinjiangincludingtheqapqalnewstheworldsonlyxibelanguagexibelanguagenewspaperrefnamexinhuarefthexinjiangeconomicdailyisconsideredoneofchinasmostdynamicnewspapersforatimeafterthejulyrmqiriotsjulyriotsauthoritiesplacedrestrictionsontheinternetandtextmessaginggraduallypermittingaccesstostatecontrolledwebsiteslikexinhuasuntilrestoringinternettothesamelevelastherestofchinaonmayasreportedbythebbcnewschinastrictlycontrolsmediaaccesstoxinjiangsoreportsaredifficulttoverifysportsxinjiangishometothexinjiangguanghuiflyingtigersprofessionalbasketballteamofthechinesebasketballassociationandtoxinjiangtianshanleopardfcafootballteamthatplaysinchinaleagueonethecapitalrmqiishometothexinjianguniversitybaseballteamanintegrateduyghurandhangroupprofiledinthedocumentaryfilmdiamondinthedunestransportationroadsinaccordingtothexinjiangtransportationnetworkplanthegovernmenthasfocusedconstructiononstateroadalarhotandeserthighwaystateroadqingshuiriverlineyininghighwayandstateroadaswellasotherroadstheconstructionofthefirstexpresswayinthemountainousareaofxinjiangbegananewstageinitsconstructiononjulythehighwaylinkingsayramlakeandguozivalleyinnorthernxinjiangareahadcostbillionyuantheexpresswayisdesignedtoimprovethespeedofnationalhighwayinnorthernxinjiangtheprojectstartedinaugustandseveralstageshavebeenfullyoperationalsincemarchoverconstructionworkershavebeeninvolvedthemlongguozivalleycablebridgeovertheexpresswayisnowcurrentlybeingconstructedwiththemainpilefoundationsalreadycompletedhighwaynationalhighwayxinjiangsectionconnectsxinjiangwithchinaseastcoastcentralandwesternasiaplussomepartsofeuropeitisakeyfactorinxinjiangseconomicdevelopmentthepopulationitcoversisaroundoftheoverallinxinjiangwhocontributehalfofthegdpintheareathezulfiyaabdiqadirheadofthetransportdepartmentwasquotedassayingthatrenminbirmbhadbeeninvestedintoxinjiangsroadnetworkinaloneandbythistimetheroadscoveredapproximatelynbspkmrefnametsrefrailmultipleimageperrowalignrightdirectionhorizontalheaderheaderalignleftrightcenterheaderbackgroundfooterfooteralignleftrightcenterfooterbackgroundwidthimageurumqisouthstajpgwidthcaptionrmqisouthrailwaystationimagekashgarstationkashgarcityxinjiangchinajpgwidthcaptionkashgarrailwaystationimagelanxinrailwaytrainjpgwidthcaptionlanzhouxinjiangrailwayimagejpgwidthcaptionsouthernxinjiangrailwayxinjiangsrailhubisrmqitotheeastlanzhouxinjiangrailwayaconventionalandlanzhouxinjianghighspeedrailwayahighspeedraillinerunsthroughturpanandhamicityhamitolanzhouingansuprovinceaejinhamirailwaythirdoutlettotheeastconnectshamiandinnermongoliatothewestthenorthernxinjiangrailwaynorthernxinjiangrunsalongthenorthernfootslopesofthetianshanrangethroughchangjishihezikuytunandjinghecountyjinghetothekazakhstankazakhborderatalashankouwhereitlinksupwiththeturkestansiberiarailwaytogetherthenorthernxinjiangandthelanzhouxinjianglinesformpartoftheeurasianlandbridgetranseurasiancontinentalrailwaywhichextendsfromrotterdamonthenorthseatolianyungangontheeastchinaseathesecondrmqijingherailwayprovidesadditionalrailtransportcapacitytojinghefromwhichthejingheyininghorgosrailwayheadsintotheilirivervalleytoyiningcityyininghuochengandkhorgosasecondrailbordercrossingwithkazakhstanthekuytunbeitunrailwayrunsfromkuytunnorthintothejunggarbasintokaramayandbeitunnearaltaycityaltayinthesouththesouthernxinjiangrailwaysouthernxinjianglinefromturpanrunssouthwestalongthesouthernfootslopesofthetianshanintothetarimbasinwithstopsatyanqitownyanqikorlakuqacountykuqaaksuxinjiangaksumaralbexicountymaralbexibachuartuxandkashgarfromkashgarthekashgarhotanrailwayfollowsthesouthernrimofthetarimtohotanwithstopsatshulecountyshuleaktoyengisarshacheshacheyarkantkargiliktownyechengkarghilikmoyucountymoyukarakaxthermqidzungariarailwayconnectsrmqiwithcoalfieldsintheeasternjunggarbasinthehamilopnurrailwayconnectshamiwithpotashpotassiumsaltminesinandaroundlopnurthegolmudkorlarailwayunderconstructionasofaugustwouldprovideanoutlettoqinghairailwayskhunjerabrailwaytopakistanandkyrgyzstanhavebeenproposedeastturkestanindependencemovementhasbecomeasymboloftheeastturkestanindependencemovementsomefactionsinxinjiangprovinceadvocateestablishinganindependentcountrywhichhascausedtensionandethnicstrifeinthexinjiangprovincethexinjiangconflictisanongoingseparatistconflictinthenorthwesternpartofchinatheseparatistmovementclaimsthattheregionwhichtheyviewastheirhomelandandrefertoaseastturkestanisnotpartofchinabutwasinvadedbychinainandhasbeenunderchineseoccupationsincethenchinaassertsthattheregionhasbeenpartofchinasinceancienttimestheseparatistmovementisledbyethnicallyuyghurmuslimundergroundorganizationsmostnotablytheeastturkestanindependencemovementagainstthechinesegovernmentaccordingtotheasiapacificcenterforsecuritystudiesthetwomainsourcesforseparatisminthexinjiangprovincearereligionandethnicityreligiouslytheuyghu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ativeelementsfromsciencefantasybothfantasyandsciencefictionthegamefeaturesnavigationthroughanopenworldsplitintozonessidequeststiedtopartymembersaffinityandarealtimeactionbasedbattlesystemwhichincorporatesthemaincharactersabilitytoseeglimpsesofthefuturexenobladechroniclestakesplaceonthefrozenbodiesoftwowarringtitansthebionisandthemechonisthepeopleofbionisincludingthehumanlikehomsareinaperpetualwarwiththemechonmachineraceofmechoniskeytothehomseffortsinfightingthemechonarmyisthemonadoaswordsaidtohavebeenwieldedbythebionisduringanattackonhiscolonythemainprotagonistshulkdiscovershisabilitytowieldthemonadoandhesetsoutonaquestforrevengewithhisbestfriendreynwithothersjoininginasthegameprogressestheconceptforxenobladechroniclesoriginatedinjunewhenthegamesexecutivedirectorandleadwritertetsuyatakahashivisualizedandthenconstructedamodeloftwogiantgodsfrozeninplacewithpeoplelivingontheirbodiesdevelopmentbeganinunderthetitlemonadothebeginningoftheworldthoughitwaseventuallyrebrandedwithitscurrenttitleinhonoroftakahashispreviousworkthescriptwasworkedonbytakahashianimewriteryuichirotakedaandinhousenintendowriteryuriehattorithemusicwashandledbysixdifferentcomposersincludingfirsttimerandleadcomposermanamikiyotaandindustryveteransyokoshimomuraandyasunorimitsudawiththelatterwritingtheendingthemethegamewasannouncedinunderitsoriginaltitleandreleasedinjapanthefollowingyeardespitereleasingineuropeitsnorthamericanreleaseremainedunconfirmeduntildecemberduringwhichtimeafancampaigncalledoperationrainfallhaddrawnconsiderableattentiontothegameuponreleasethegamereceivedcriticalacclaimasoneofthebestrecentroleplayinggameswhileitsportwaspraisedforsuccessfullyrecreatingthegameinportableformitalsometwithcommercialsuccessinbothjapanandthewestaspiritualsuccessorbythesamedevelopmentteamforthewiiuxenobladechroniclesxwasreleasedinnoexactdatesperwpvgdateasequelforthenintendoswitchxenobladechronicleswasreleasedinnoexactdatesperwpvgdategameplaythataffordtheplayerahighdegreeoffreedomtoexplorexenobladechroniclesplaysasaroleplayingvideogamerpgwheretheplayercontrolsonecharacteroutofapartyroleplayinggamespartyofthreeusingthewiiremoteandwiinunchuknunchukortheclassiccontrolleradayandnighttimecycleexistsinthegamewiththetimeofdayoftenaffectingingameeventsquestsenemystrengthsanditemavailabilityforinstancestrongerenemytypesappearatnightwhiletimeflowsautomaticallyandadaycyclerepeatsabouteverytenminutesinrealtimeplayerscanadjusttheingameclocktothedesiredtimeatanypointthegamealsosupportsasavedgamesaveanywherefeaturewhereplayerscansaveatanypointoutsidebattlethegamealsocontainsanewgameplusnewgamemodewhichpullsovermuchoftheplayersprogressfromtheirfirstplaythroughintofutureplaythroughsexplorationquestvideogamingquestcompletionandquestvideogaminggatherquestsitemcollectionarelargepartsofthegameplaytheplayerisencouragedtoexplorethelargeenvironmentswhichgenerallyallowtheplayertovisitwhatevercanbeseeninthehorizonwhileexploringtheplayermaychoosetotakeonsidequestsfromvariousnonplayercharactersthatinhabitthegamesworldastheycommonlyinvolvelocatingcertainitemsorquestvideogamingkillrequestskillingacertainnumberofenemycharacterswhenthenecessaryrequirementsarefulfilledsomeofthequestsarecompletedautomaticallywithouttheplayerneedingtomanuallynotifyingamecharactersofitscompletionitemcollectionplaysaroleinthegameintheformofthegamescollectopaediaasidefromthecollectopaediatherearealsoethercrystalstobefoundfromfallenenemiesorethercrystaldepositswhichgivetheplayeraccesstoamultifacetedgemcraftingminigameallowingforthecreationofgemsthatmayincreasebattlestatswhenequippedmanyingamesystemsaffectthegeneralflowofgameplaytheaffinitysystemtrackstherelationshipsbetweencharactersandlocationsinthegamelocationaffinitytrackstheinterpersonalrelationshipsbetweenallofthegamesnamedcharactersdepictingtowhichdegreetheygetalongwithoneanotherandatownsgeneralperceptionoftheplayerscontrollablepartycompletingquestscanalterperceptionofthecharactersandopenupadditionalstorysequencestheseaffinitiescanberaisedbyhavingcharactersparticipateinbattletogethergivinggiftsorusingthehearttoheartsystemthesehearttoheartsareintimatemomentsbetweentwocharactersthatcanshowmoreofacharacterspersonalityhistoryorthoughtsandcanbeinitiatedbyhavingacertainlevelofaffinitybetweenthemtheaffinitysystemtiesintohowefficientcharactersworktogetherinbattleandgemcraftingthegamealsohasanextensivecustomizationsystemwhichincludeschangingthecharactersoutfitsandweaponsthesechangesaredirectlyreflectedinthegameappearinginthefieldandevenduringscriptedcutscenesbattlesystemxenobladechronicleshasatimekeepingsystemsingamesrealtimerealtimeactionroleplayinggameactionbasedbattlesystemwheretheplayermanuallymovesthecurrentleadcharacterinrealtimeandpartymemberswillautoattackwhenenemiesentertheirattackradiusbothpartymembersandenemieshaveafiniteamountofhealthpointsandattacksdepletethisvaluecombatiswonwhenallenemieslosetheirhpbutthegameislostiftheplayerscharacterlosesalltheirhpandhasnomeansofbeingrevivedhealthmayberestoredbytheplayerbyusinghealingartsinbattleortheplayermayletcharactershpregenerateautomaticallyoutsideofbattlewinningbattlesearnstheplayerexperiencepointswhichallowsthecharacterstogrowstrongerbylevelingupandlearningnewartsartsforeachcharactermustbesetbytheplayerontheirrespectivesetupcalledabattlepaletteoutsidebattlesrefnameupbattlerefseveralothersystemsarepresenttoaffecttheflowofbattlethepartygaugeslowlyfillsaspartymemberssuccessfullylandhitsontheenemyplayersandfillingthegaugeallowstheplayertochainmultipleattackstogetherforextradamageallpartymembershaveanaggroringaroundthemaswellthemoreactionsacharacterperformsthelargeritgrowslargeraggroringsleadenemiestofocustheireffortsonthatrespectivecharacterleadingtoastrategicaspectofluringanddivertingattentionofenemieseachcharacterhasatensiongaugewhichrepresentsacharactersmoraleatitshighestpointcharactershaveahighprobabilityofdealingacriticalblowandlesschanceofmissinganenemythegamesvisionsystemwheremaincharactershulkcanseeglimpsesofenemiesfutureattacksalsofactorsintobattleswithknowledgeofanenemyspotentiallydangerousattacktheplayercanpreventitfromhappeningbyalertingateammateallowingtheplayertoactivateoneoftheirartsorbyusinganartoftheirowntostoptheattackthevisionsystemistiedtothepartygaugewhichisfilledbyboostingteammoraleusingartswithspecialeffectsandavoidingordealingcriticalhitsthethreetieredgaugegraduallydepletesoutsideofbattleandonetierisneededtoeitherrevivecharactersoralertateammatetoavisionwhenallthreetiersarefullthepartycanexecuteachainattacksynopsissettingandcharactersthesettingofxenobladechroniclesoriginatedinaworldthatwasnothingbutendlessoceanuntiltwogreattitanicgodsthebionisandthemechonisandinthejapaneseversioncameintoexistencethetwogodsfoughtatimelessbattleuntilwithonefinalstrikeonlytheircorpsesremainedforeverlockedincombatintheeonsfollowingtheirbattlethegodsbecamethehomeofmultipleformsoflifethebionisishometoorganiclifeformsmostprominentlythehumanoidhomswhoarevirtuallyidenticaltohumansbothinappearanceandbiologythediminutiveandfurrynoponandthelistofavianhumanoidsavianhumanoidhighentiawhoselifespansspancenturiesconverselythemechonisishometothemechanicalhumanoidmachinawhoselifespansspanseveralmillenniathegamesmaincharacterisshulkayounghomsscientistwholivesinthesettlementofcolonyonbionisduringanattackbymachinawarriorscalledmechonshulkcomesintopossessionofthemonadoduringhisjourneyshulkisjoinedbyreynoneofshulkschildhoodfriendsandheadstrongmemberofthedefenceforcedunbanaformerwielderofthemonadoandthebrotherofshulksotherchildhoodfriendfiorawhoalsojoinsshulksharlaamedicandsniperfromcolonymeliaantiquacrownprincessofthehighentiaandahighentiahomhybridandrikiamemberofthenoponwhoischosenastheheroofhisvillageotherimportantcharactersincludezanzagodofthebionisandthegamesmainantagonistladymeynethgoddessofthemechonisdicksonshulksmentormumkharacowardlysoldierwhofoughtalongsidedunbanandwishedtowieldthemonadoforhimselfegilselfproclaimedleaderofthemachinaandalvisamysteriousmanwhoaidsshulkonhisjourneyplotthegamesopeningdetailseventsoneyearpastwhendicksondunbanandmumkharwerefightingamechonarmymumkhardesertsandintheprocessofdefeatingthemechonthemonadoparalyzesdunbansrightarminthepresentshulkstudiesthemonadoincolonywheredunbanandfioralivecolonyissoonattackedbyagroupofmechonledbyaspecialfacemechoncalledmetalfacedunbanisalmostkilledwhenheattemptstousethemonadoagainpromptingshulktouseithewieldsitwitheaseandreceivesvisionsofthefuturefromitwhilethemechonaredrivenbackmetalfaceprovesimmunetothemonadoandkillsfiorabeforefleeingswearingrevengeagainstmetalfaceshulksetsouttogetherwithreyntheymeetsharlafromthedecimatedcolonyandworktofreeitfrommechonoccupationtheyreunitewithdunbanontheirjourneyshortlythereafterguidedbyavisionfromshulkthegrouptraveltothehighentiacapitaltogainentrytoprisonislandjoinedbymeliaandrikishulkalsomeetsalviswhoisrevealedtoshareshulksabilitytowieldthemonadogainingentrytheyencounterzanzaabeingwhocreatedthemonadoandwhooffersshulktheabilitytodestroythefacemechonrevealedtobehumansinsidemechonmechsthoughshulkacceptsandthemonadoisgrantedtheabilitytodestroyhumanszanzaiskilledbymetalfaceandanothermechoncalledfacenemesisduringanattackonthecapitalduringtheensuingbattlefacenemesisisdamagedtorevealarecreatedandamnesiacfioracontrollingitwhileinitiallydisheartenedbythisshulkisralliedbyhiscomradesandsetsoutinpursuitofmetalfaceandfioraduringapeacefulencounterwithfiorametalfaceattacksthemagainrevealingitselftobemumkharegilthenintervenesspiritingfioraawayonthewaytothemechonisthepartyfaceoffagainstanddefeatmumkharwhoisimpaledasaresultofhisownattackandthenplummetstohisdeaththepartythenfaceoffagainstegilandfioraintheresultantfightshulkandfioraareseparatedfromthegroupduringtheirtimetogethershulksuccessfullyawakensfiorasmemoriesandlearnsthatanotherbeingwascontrollingherbodyreunitingwiththegrouptheymeetupwithafriendlymachinanamedvaneaandherpeoplethemachinasherevealsthatthebionisandmechoniswereinitiallyatpeacebeforethebionisgodzanzalaunchedanunprovokedattackforcingthemechonisgoddessmeynethinthebattlethatforgedthetwolandstowoundhimenoughforthehighentiatoentraphimsincethebattleayearbeforeegilhasbeenworkingonhisowntoconvertthelifeofbionisintomechontorenderthemonadouselessasitfeedsofftheetherfoundinallhomsgoingtofaceegilfioraistakenoverbytheotherpresencemeynethwhorevealthatafterbeingwoundedinthefightwithzanzashewenttosleepbeforebeingdrawntofiorabyherloveforshulktheyreachegilashereactivatesthemechonisandbeginsanattackonthebionisintentondestroyingthebionisasrevengeforthedecimationithadcausedtothemachinathousandsofyearsagodespitefightinghimshulkmanagestomakehimseethattheybothwishforareturntopeaceanddeclinestheopenopportunitytokillegiluponthelattersdefeatatthispointdicksonappearsandshootsshulkrevealinghimselfasadiscipleofzanzawhoemergesfromshulksbodyandreclaimsthemonadoinsidewhichhistrueformlayhisgiantformthatfoughtmeynethsandthatthepartypreviouslymethavingbeenashellofthemonadowielderbeforedunbanpossessedbyhimtheyrevealthatzanzaresidedinsideshulksbodyafterheandotherswerekilledtryingtotakethemonadoandshulkhasbeenpreparedbydicksonuptonowtotakecontrolofthemonadoandeventuallyawakenzanzaegilandmeynethbothattemptstofightzanzabutareoverpoweredandmeynethsmonadoisstolenbyzanzaasthepartyescapesegilattemptstofightoncemorebutzanzadestroysbothhimandthemechonisintheaftermathofthemechonisdestructionpurebloodedhighentiabegintransformingintotelethiabeingswhoseonepurposeistopurgebionisoflifethepartyishelplessbeforethetelethiabutthetelethiaareattackedbyasquadronofhighentiahoweverthehighentiaministerofresearchlorithiaisrevealedtobeadiscipleofzanzareleasingethertotransformthehighentiasquadronintotelethiawhilethepartygrievesforshulkshulkawakensthankstoalvisandmanagestodefeatatelethiaraidoncolonybutalvisisrevealedtobethethirddiscipleofzanzathoughshulksuspectsanulteriormotivemakingtheirwaytoprisonislandtheydefeatloritheaandthendicksonthepartythentravelstofacezanzawhodeclaresthelifeofbionisassimplyhisfoodandvesselsandwithbothmonadosheintendstorecreatetheworldashehasbeforedestroyingthecurrentworldandbotheveryoneandeverythinginitintheprocesszanzathenoffersshulkthechancetobecomehisnewdiscipleshulkrejectstheofferandduringtheensuingbattleproducesathirdmonadopromptedbyalvisthespiritofthemonadowhobetrayszanzashulkuseshismonadotodestroyzanzaalvisthenshowsshulkzanzasoriginsbothzanzaxenobladechroniclesthennamedklausandmeynethwereoriginallyhumanscientistsfromearthworkingonanexperimenttocreateanewuniverseaboardaspacestationklaussobsessivedesirescausedtheexperimenttoendindisasterobliteratingtheuniverseandcausingzanzaandmeynethtoberebornasgodsinthenewuniverseafterthenewuniversescreationzanzaandmeynethcreatedlifeintheirimageandzanzacreatedthecycleofbionisoutoffearthathewouldeventuallydieashiscreationsforgotofhisexistenceandseeklifebeyondbionisalvisfurtherexplainstoshulkthathewasoriginallytheadministrativecomputerofthestationwiththecurrentuniversethreatenedwithdeathfromzanzasactionsalvisasksshulknowagodtodecidehowhewillremaketheuniverseshulkwishesforaworldwithoutgodswhereeveryonecandecidetheirownfatesinthenewuniversethesurvivorsofbionisandmechonisbuildanewsettlementandlivepeacefullytogetherfioraisrestoredtoherhomsformandbothsheandshulkoptimisticallylookforwardtoalvispartingpromiseofendlessworldsandracesofpeoplebeyondtheirowndevelopmentandyasuyukihonnefromaconceptbytakahashithismodelbecamethestartingpointforthedevelopmentofxenobladechroniclesxenobladechronicleswasdevelopedbyjapanesedevelopmentcompanymonolithsoftwithtetsuyatakahashiformingtheoriginalconceptandservingasthegamesexecutivedirectortakahashihadpreviouslyworkedinthesonxenogearsthenonthexenosagatrilogyafterfoundingmonolithsoftinxenosagawasintendedtobeasixpartseriesbutlowcommercialperformancesforcedtheplannedxenosagaseriestobehalvedtheinitialconceptforxenobladechroniclesofpeoplelivingonthebodiesofgiganticgodscametotakahashiinjunestruckbyhisideaheimmediatelycommittedittopaperandshowedthedrafttootherseniorstaffwhowerefavorablyimpressedoneofthemanexecutivecalledyasuyukihonnethoughtitwouldmakeagooddmodelandboughtmaterialstocreateitconstructionbeganinjulyduringthisperiodyoungerstaffactedasmodelartmodelssothattakahashicouldestablishwhichpartsofthegodsbodiescouldbeusedashabitableandnavigableenvironmentsinvariousposesrefnameninxenwiidevrefrefnameninxenwiistoryrefafterthemodelsconstructiontakahashidecidedtocombinethemodelsconceptwithanunrelatedstoryideawhichbecamethebasisforanewgameafterpositivefeedbackfromstafftakahashilatersaidthatoneofthemainreasonsfordevelopingthegamewastobolsterteammoraleafterthecommercialfailureofthexenosagagamestheteamfirstshowedtheirproposaltonintendopriortothefinaldevelopmentstagesofdisasterdayofcrisisdevelopmentbeganoverfouryearspriortoitsreleasewiththefirstprototypesforthegamebeingdevelopedinaprilitwasatthispointthatcodirectorgenkiyokotawasbroughtinbynintendotohandleanysystemrelatedissuesduetohispreviousexperiencewithrpgsatthebeginningofdevelopmentthegamewasgoingtobeastandalonetitleunrelatedtothexenoseriesbearingthetitlemonadothebeginningoftheworldlaterthennintendopresidentsatoruiwatahadthetitlechangedtoitscurrentonetohonorbothtakahashisprevioustitlesandtheefforthewasinvestinginxenobladechronicleswhendescribingthetitlesmeaningtakahashidescribedxenoasmeaningdifferentnatureoruniquenesswhilethebladepartwascloselytiedtothenarrativeparticularlythegamesendingakeyelementofthegamefortakahashiwascreatinganidealbalancebetweengameplayandstorysomethingthathefeltwaslackinginotherjrpgswhichfocusedtoomuchonstorythemechanicofshulkgettingglimpsesofthefuturebecamethefoundationoftheentirebattlesystemtakahashibrieflyexperimentedwithaturnbasedbattlesystemthatincorporatedthefeaturebutitdidnotworkoutinaseparateissuetakahashidecidedagainstatransitionbetweentheenvironmentandabattlearenaashefeltsuchatransitionwouldnegativelyinterrupttheflowofgameplaythegamefeaturesafullyopenworldwhichwasdescribedbytakahashiasoverwhelminglikeanmassivelymultiplayeronlineroleplayinggamemmorpgdescribingtheworldsizeasbeingroughlyequivalenttothejapanesearchipelagoinadditiontothisthenumberandlengthofcutsceneswascutdownsignificantlyfromthosepresentinthexenosagagameswithtakahashiconsideringsuchadevelopmentmethodashavingbecomeadeadendthewishforanexpansiveworldalsobecametiedupwiththewishtorewardplayersforexplorationwhichentailedthecreatingofahugeamountofcontentcreationsuchasitemsandaccessoriesthegameplaywasinfluencedbothbypreviousjapaneserpgsandwesternrpgsrefnamejoyinterviewrefwhentheteamranintodifficultiestakahashiwenttonintendoinadeflatedstatetosuggestnumerousmeansofmeetingthegamesprojecteddeadlineyamagamirejectedalloftakahashisproposalsandinsteadinsistedtheteampersistwiththeirvisionsayinghewouldpersuadenintendotocontinuesupportingthemscenariothescenariowascreatedbytakahashiyuichirotakedaandyuriehattoritakahashiwasresponsibleforcreatingthemainconceptbutashewasgoingtobedirectorandexecutiveproducerhewasunabletoalsotakeonfullscriptwritingdutiessoheaskedtakedatobehispartnerincreatingthescenariotakedawasawriterforanimewhohadpreviouslycollaboratedwithtakahashionadaptationsofthexenosagaepisodeifirstxenosagagameinadditiontowritingthescriptforxenosagaiiithenintendodsremakeofxenosagaandxenosagaepisodeiiitssequeltakahashideliberatelychosesomeoneoutsidethevideogameindustryashewantedadifferentperspectiveonthestoryspacinghattoriwasbroughtinduringtheearlydevelopmentstagesduetoherexperiencewithscenariosfornintendogameswhichenabledhertolookattakahashiandtakedasscenariofromanobjectiveviewpointakeyelementinthescenariowascontrastingsensesofscalewhichtakahashidescribedascontrastingtherealmsofthemicroandthemacrowhilethemainstorythemeswerecharactersembarkingonagreatandevolvingjourneyandovercomingapredeterminedfuturedespitetheirearlierworktogetheritwasthefirsttimetakahashiandtakedaweresointimatelyinvolvedinaprojecttakedafoundworkingontheprojectmoredifficultthanheinitiallyanticipatedhisstandardwritingformwasfortheanimeseriesformatwhichwaslimitedtominuteepisodeswithxenobladechroniclesthevolumeofstoryandwritingworkwasmuchlargerandofferedmorefreedomfordramaticexpressionconverselyhispreviousexperienceenabledtakahashitoeasilyplanthestructureandschedulingforthegameduringtheinitialwritingstagestakahashididnotgivepreciseinstructionstotakedaheinsteadgavearoughoutlinethattheyworkedontogetherthentheypassedthedevelopingscriptbetweenthemselvesalongwithproducersshingokawabataandkohkojimatoironoutroughelementstakahashicomparedittoplayingagameofcatchsomethinghewasunusedtodoingforhisgamescenariostheendingunderwentrevisionswhiletakahashiandtakedafelttheyhadcreatedafairlyexplanatoryendinghattoristillfeltunsatisfiedafterasecondlooktakahashiandtakedarealizedthatitwouldappearperplexingforsomeoneoutsidethewritingprocesssotheyrewroteittobemoreplayerfriendlythefinalscriptcontainedalargeamountofdialoguethesheervolumewhichincludeddialoguespokeninbattlemadeforadifficultexperiencewhilerecordingduetoalltheefforttakahashiwasemphaticthatasmuchofitaspossiblebeusedalthoughhesometimesfeltthattherewastoomuchintheendsomedialogueneededtobecutastestersfeltthatthecharacterstalkedtoomuchtakahashisoverallwritingstylewasmadedeliberatelymorematureandsubduedthanothergameswithinthegenreoneoftheelementsthatwasofgreatconcerntobothtakahashiandtakedawasthemainprotagonistshulktakahashihadnoticedthatinthemajorityofrpgsthemainprotagonistwasalltooeasilydislikedevenifothercharactersbecamefanfavoritesconsequentlyoneofthemainprioritieswastomakeshulkasappealingaspossibletoplayersduringthisprocessitwassuggestedthatshulkbeasilentprotagonistbuttherewasageneralwishfromthestaffforhimtospeakinadditiontothistakahashineededtoconfronttheproblemfacedinanyrpgwithvoicedcharacterswhichwasdevelopingthemsuitablyandwritingappropriatedialoguebetweenthemthecompanioncharacterrikiwascitedbytakedaasafavoriteofhisonpaperrikisoundedanunlikablecharacterbuthisvoiceandappearanceactedasacounterbalancetohisremarksoneofthesceneswherehattorihadinputwasascenebetweenshulkandfiorawhichshowcasedtheirconnectiontheoriginalscenehadshulktouchingfiorascheekwhichharrorifeltwouldlookcreepycomingoutofthebluethescenewasalteredsoshulktouchedherhandinsteadoneoftheearlyconceptstakedasuggestedwasthatoneofthemainprotagonistspartywouldbetraythemandbecomethefinalbossbuttakahashirejectedthisideaashefeltitwouldruncountertoplayerexpectationduringthecourseofitsdevelopmentthestoryunderwentsomanyrevisionsthattakahashiforgotwhathisoriginalconceptwasalthoughthebasicframeworkremainedintactthroughoutmusictheoriginalscoreforxenobladechronicleswascomposedbysixpeoplemanamikiyotamusicproductiongroupacecomposedoftomorikudohiroyochicoyamanakaandkenjihiramatsuyokoshimomuraandyasunorimitsudarefnamexenolinersrefrefnameupmusicrefaswithotherpartsofdevelopmenttakahashiwasdeeplyinvolvedconstantlyrejectingpiecesduetowhathefeltwasnotfittingforthegameheadmittedthatthiswasduetoearlysampleshehadgiventheteamforhisvisionforthemusicwhichtheyhadfollowedtoofaithfullyforhislikingattakahashisrequestnobuouematsusrecordlabeldogearrecordsassistedwithproductionrefnameninxenwiimusicrefthemusicteamwasledbyshimomurawhowasinitiallyveryconfusedbytheoddnamingoftracksalongwithgettingtheopportunityofusingsoundsnotnormallyusedinhercompositionssuchaselectricguitarskiyotahadonlypreviouslydonesuperficialworkonvideogametitlessheaccepteddogearrecordsofferforhertocomposemusicacewasrecommendedtotakahashibydogearrecordskiyotahandledenvironmentaltrackswhileacewasinchargeofbattletracksinadditiontoothermusicalpiecestheteamsmaingoalwastocreatemusicthatwentbeyondthetypicalsoundofrpgsinhindsightyamanakaattributedtheharmonyofthesixcomposersworkstotakahashisorganizationandoveralldirectionthefinalscorecontainedaroundninetytracksoneofthehardesttracksforshimomurawasanineminutetrackthattakahashirequestedtomatchwithamoviescenelaterhesaidthetrackneededtochangemidwaythroughessentiallynecessitatingthecreationoftwoconjoinedthemesthemajorityofthegamesmusicwaswrittenbykiyotaandaceshimomuracreatedeleventracksthemusicwasrecordedatburnishstonerecordingstudiosintokyoamongthemusicianswereviolinistsyumanabeandmasahikotodothechorusworkwasprovidedbyyamanakakiyotaandmasaokooritheendingthemebeyondtheskywaswrittenbymitsudaandsungbyjapanesesingersarahlainnalsoknownunderthenamesarahlinhewasbroughtinduetohispreviousexperiencewiththesoundtracksofxenogearsandthefirstxenosagagameandduetotakahashislongworkingrelationshipwithhimwhenmitsudawascontactedtheprojectwasnearingcompletionwithverylittledevelopmentandcompositionworkleftdespitethisbeforecreatingthemainthememitsudaaskedifhecouldreadthescriptwhichwasmuchlargerthanheanticipatedthetrackcausedmuchstresstomitsudawhowastaskedtocreatethegamesmostimportantsongwhichneededtoincorporateboththediversityoftheentirerestofthesoundtrackandmeshwithtakahashisgrandvisionfortheendingofthegametakahashialsopersonallywrotetheoriginaljapaneselyricsforthetrackthelyricsweretranslatedintoenglishbylisagomamotorefnameotsstaffmonolithsoftxenobladeoriginalsoundtracklinernotesinjapaneseppdogearrecordsjunederpgameostcomalbumsxenobladeoriginalsoundtrackscansretrievedondecemberrefanofficialsoundtrackalbumforthegamexenobladeoriginalsoundtrackwasreleasedbydogearrecordsonjuneitenteredtheoriconchartsatandremainedinthechartsforfiveweeksuponreleasethealbumreceivedpraisefromcriticswhilemultiplecriticsweresurprisedthatshimomuraandmitsudascontributionswerelesssubstantialthanoriginallythoughttheyfoundthemajorityofthemusiccomposedbykiyotaandacetobeenjoyablebeyondtheskyalsoreceivedunanimouspraiserefnamerpgfostrefreleasexenobladechronicleswasfirstannouncedattheelectronicentertainmentexpounderitsoriginaltitleitsofficialtitleandreleasewindowwerenotannounceduntilthebeginningofalongsidetheannouncementofthelaststorythegamereleasedinjapanonjuneoverayearafteritsjapanesereleaseitwasconfirmedforreleaseineuropeanterritoriesunderthetitlexenobladechroniclesthisversionincludedboththeenglishandjapanesevoicetracksaccordingtoadamhowdenshulksvoiceactorhewasnotgivenmuchinformationpriortohisauditionandwasnevergiventhefullscriptduringrecordingaccordingtohimthetranslatedscriptneededtobealteredassomelinescameoutaslongerorshorterthanthejapaneseoriginalsandhewastoldtogiveshulkaneutralbritishaccentedvoiceconcerningthegameslocalizationtakahashistatedthatwhilesomeminorchangesweremadeintheenglishversionsofthegamelikesomesoftwarebugbugfixesminoradjustmentstogameplaybalanceandslightrewritingofsomewrittencontentnoneofthechangesledtoanysignificantdifferencesinitiallyplannedforreleaseonseptemberitwasreleasedtwoweeksearlyonaugustinadditiontothestandardeditionaspecialeditionwithaclassicwiicontrollerwasalsoreleaseditwaslaterrereleasedineuropeonthewiiusnintendoeshoponaugustdespitebeingconfirmedforaeuropeanreleasexenobladechroniclesdidnothaveaconfirmationofanorthamericanreleaseadditionallythegamewasabsentaltogetherfromelectronicentertainmentexpoamajormediumforpromotingupcominggamesinnorthamericainaninterviewonthefrenchtelevisionstationnolifetvchannelnolifemathieuminelthemarketingmanagerofnintendofrancestatedthatnintendoofeuropehaddesiredtoshowthegameatitbutnintendoofamericawouldnotallowitsparkingspeculationthatitwouldnotbereleasedinnorthamericarefnamenwrnonarefinresponsetothisadedicatedfancampaignwaslaunchedcalledoperationrainfallitsgoalwastoraisefanawarenessofthesituationsfeltbythreewiirpgsxenobladechroniclesthelaststoryandpandorastoweramongthecampaigntacticsusedbyoperationrainfallwereemailsorganizedcampaignsonlinepetitionsphonecallsandmessagesonnintendosfacebookandtwitteraccountsoneofthemostnotableeffortswasacalltopreorderthegameviatheoriginalmonadobeginningoftheworldplaceholderonamazoncomtheireffortsresultedinxenobladechroniclesbecominginthesitespreordergamingchartsbeatingthelegendofzeldaocarinaoftimedandtheplaystationbundleforcallofdutyblackopsthecampaignalsoreceivedsupportfrommistwalkerthedevelopersofthelaststoryandxenogearsandxenosagawritersorayasagatakahashilaterstatedthattheydevelopedthegameassumingthatitwouldbereleasedoverseasrefnamexenogamespotrefinthemonthsfollowingtheseactivitiesnintendoofamericaofficiallystatedthattherewerenocurrentplanstoreleasethethreeaskedforgamesinnorthamericadespiteacknowledgingthegreatdemandforthetitlesrumorseventuallyemergedthatthetitlewouldseeanorthamericanreleasewhenitwaslistedonthewebsiteofgamingretailergamestopsoonafterthisnintendoofficiallyannouncedthatthegamewouldbereleasedintheregionitwasreleasedinnorthamericaasanexclusivetonintendosamericanstoreandgamestopswebsiteandstorestheeshopversionreleasedfornorthamericafromaprilxenobladechroniclesdaportforthenewnintendodscalledxenobladechroniclesdwasreleasedworldwideinaprilitfeaturesstreetpassfunctionalityaswellascompatibilitywiththeshulkamiibotheportwasoriginallyannouncedinaugustalongsidethenewnintendodstheportwasdevelopedbymonstergamesafrequentcollaboratorwithnintendoonwellreceivedportstheywererequestedforthejobbynintendoasthestaffatmonolithsoftwerealreadyworkingonthenextxenobladetitledevelopmentontheportstartedbetweenautumnandwinterandwasfacedwithconsiderableproblemsastheprocessingpowerofthewiiwasgreaterthanthedsthenewdsincreasedpowermadetheportpossibleanditsbuttonlayoutmeantthattheoriginalwiiclassiccontrollerbuttonlayoutcouldbeusedwithoutadjustmentaspartofthealterationsmadetothetitlemuchoftheonscreeninformationwasmoveddowntothebottomtouchscreensoastodeclutterthetopscreenwhilethelayoutwascarefullyarrangedsoastomaintainthefeeloftheoriginalasmuchaspossiblerefnamenindsinterviewreftomaintainframerateandtheseamlesstransitionsbetweenenvironmentsunspecifiedtechnicaltrickswereusedtheyalsoworkedhardtoincludedcapacitydespitetheresultanttechnicaldifficultiesthemostdifficultpartofthedevelopmentwasgettingthegamesscaletoworkwithinthenewhardwarethisentailedthecreationofanewgraphicsenginewithacustomvisibilitycullingandcomplexlevelofdetailsystemsalloftheenvironmentswererebuiltandoptimizedforthenewsystemwhilekeepingtheoriginalaestheticintactthereasongivenforportingthegametothenewdsratherthanthewiiuhomeconsolewasthatthelengthofthegamecouldbeintimidatingforthemoderngamerwhowasbecomingmoreusedtoonthegoquickgamingsessionstheportwasoriginallygoingtobedevelopedfortheoriginalnintendodsbutinitialtestingshowedthattheoriginalplatformlackedthememoryandpowertoeffectivelyrunthegamehearingaboutthenewdsitwasdecidedtouseitsincreasedprocessingpowertorealizethegamesambitionreceptioncriticalreceptionvideogamereviewswidthmmcwiismallreviewssmallrefnamemcwiirefbrnewdssmallreviewssmallrefnamemcdsrefedgerefnameedgereviewrefeurogwiirefnameeuroreviewreffamrefnamefamreviewrefgiwiinewdsrefnamegireviewdsrefgameprorefnamegproreviewrefgspotwiinewdsrefnamegsreviewdsrefgradarwiinewdsrefnamegradreviewdsrefgtmrefnamegtmreviewrefgtrefnamegtreviewrefignwiinewdsrefnameignreviewdsrefjoystiqrefnamejoyreviewrefngrefnameningreviewrefonmrefnameonmreviewrefpalgnrefnamepalgnreviewrefcustomreviewersrevdigitalspyrevscorewiinewdsrefnamedigireviewdsrefrevrpgamerrevscorewiinewdsrefnamerpgreviewdsrefrevrpgfanrevscorerefnamerpgfreviewrefsinceitsreleasexenobladechronicleshasreceivedcriticalacclaimearningperfectscoresfromdigitalspyjoystiqgameproandrpgamerandnearperfectscoresfrommostothervideogamingwebsitesandmagazinesthegamescoredontheaggregatesitemetacriticbasedonreviewsthegamehadthefourthhighestrankingonmetacriticforallvideogamesreleasedintyingwiththatgamecompanysjourneyvideogamejourneythestorywascitedbymanyasbeinginnovativeandenjoyabledespiteafairlystandardpremisewhileitsopennaturewasseenasawelcomechangeforthegenreigncritickezamacdonaldsaidthatshehadbeenshockedoutofexpectingjapaneserpgstobesimilartothelinearandstorydrivenfinalfantasyxiiiitsbattlesystemandhandlingofquestsalsoreceivedpraisewiththelatterbeingseenasagreatimprovementforthegenreduetoitsuserfriendlyworkingstheonepointthatgenerallydrewcriticismwerethegraphicswithmultiplecriticsdisappointedthattheylackedthepolishofothercontemporaryconsolesigneurogamerandedgemagazineedgemagazinecitedthegameasatriumphantcomebackforthejrpgandaprimeexampleofthegenrethebattlesystemandtoadegreeitsgeneralgameplaywasfavorablycomparedbymultiplecriticstothatusedinfinalfantasyxiithenewdsportalsoreceivedapositivereceptionscoringonmetacriticbasedonreviewstheportwasgenerallyreceivedsimilarpraisetotheoriginalxenobladechroniclesmanypointsofpraiseregardingitsgameplayandstoryweresharedwithitsoriginalreleasewhilenewpraisewasgiventothefactthatanrpgofitsscalehadbeensuccessfullyportedtotheplatformatalldespitethiscriticscitedthegraphicaldowngradeandlacklusterimplementationofdeffectsasdetrimentalfactorsgenerallyresultinginlowerscoresfortheportwhencomparedtotheoriginalgameawardsatthejapangameawardsxenobladechroniclesreceivedtheexcellenceawardinignsbestofawardsthegamewasnamedbestwiiwiiugameandawardedwithbestwiiwiiustoryitwasalsonominatedinthebestoverallroleplayinggameandbestoverallstorycategoriesinrpgfansgameoftheyearawardsthatsameyearitwasnamedbesttraditionalrpgandwasarunnerupforbestcombatandbestrpglosingbothtomasseffectitwasalsoawardedthesitesreaderschoicebestrpgawardwithofreadersvotesgoingtoxenobladechroniclesbeatingshinmegamitenseipersonapersonagoldenpersonagoldentotheawardinrpgamersbestofawardsitwasnamedastheyearsbestrpgalongwithearningawardsforbeststoryandbestmusicatthegoldenjoystickawardsthegamewasnominatedinthebestrpgcategoryalthoughitlosttotheelderscrollsvskyrimslantmagazinenameditasgameoftheyearinsalesduringitsopeningweekxenobladechroniclesreachedthetopofjapanesegamingchartssellingunitsbytheendofthegamehadsoldovercopiesmakingittheeighthbestsellingwiigameoftheyearandeventuallyreachedalmostunitsbytheendofxenobladechroniclesdfaredbelowparsellingmerelycopiesinitsfirstweekinjapanroughlyjapanesecopieshadbeensoldbytheendofjuneintheukchartsthegamedebutedatbecomingthethirdbestsellingnintendoproductofthatweekaccordingtonpdgroupfiguresthegamesoldunderfailingtoenterthetoptenhowevernintendostatedthatthegamewasthefifthbestsellingplatformexclusivethatweeklegacysinceitsreleasethecharacterofshulkhasbeenfeaturedasaplayablecharacterinsupersmashbrosfornintendodsandwiiusupersmashbrosfornintendodsandwiiuanentryinnintendosgamingcrossovercrossoverfightinggameseriessupersmashbrosbeingplayableinbothversionsfiorawaslaterfeaturedasaplayablecharacterinthecrossovergameprojectxzonerepresentingthexenoseriesalongsidexenosagacharacterkosmosoppositemetalfaceasanenemycharacterusingexperienceearnedfromdevelopingxenobladechroniclesandlisteningtofeedbackonthegametakahashiandtheteambeganworkonaspiritualsuccessorforthewiiutitledxenobladechroniclesxitwasfirstannouncedinandeventuallyreleasedworldwideinasequelforthenintendoswitchxenobladechronicleswasreleasedworldwideindecembernotesreferencesexternallinksshaoyangshaoyangxbowmayrefertoktmxbowanaustrianmakeofcarxbowshipbuildinganewdesignofshipsbowcrossbowthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellxbowdeadsoulsmagickaitoanfalgenocidethecampaignredirectcategoryshellalfatihaibnkathirxorgserveryodokcountykangcholhwankangcholhwanthechosunilboarkadykotsperfectdarkppchinanationalhighwayschinanationalhighwayshokkienchangdeokgunggyeongbokgungsunyatsentaiwanstraittaiwanstraitchanggyeonggungdeoksugunggyeonghuigungkoreanregionalcuisinekoreanregionalcuisinesarathfonsekasarathfonsekaapjabdulkalamapjabdulkalamnationalanthemofrussiaapiosesukhoisuchengdujchengdujemoticonchannelstyleredirectcategoryshelltaxoboximagestarrxylosmahawaiiensejpgregnumplantaeunrankeddivisioangiospermsunrankedclassiseudicotsunrankedordorosidsordomalpighialesfamiliasalicaceaegenusxylosmaspeciesxhawaiiensebinomialxylosmahawaiiensebinomialauthoritybertholdcarlseemannseemrefnameitisrefsynonymsdrypetesforbesiismallsherffsmallrefnamecfthrefxylosmahawaiienseisaspeciesoffloweringplantinthewillowfamilysalicaceaethatisendemismendemictohawaiicommonnamesincludehawaiibrushhollyrefnameitisrefmauaandaemauionlyrefnamebishoprefdescriptionxylosmahawaiienseisasmalldeciduoustreereachingaheightofthealternateellipticalleafleavesarelongwideandproducedonthinpetiolebotanypetiolesinlengthyoungleavesarebronzegreenreddishorcoppercoloredwithredveinsagingtoshinydarkgreenontopandslightlyshinygreenonbottomtwigsareinitiallydarkredandmaturetoadarkbrownracemeslongareproducedatthebasesofnewleavesorthebackofleavesthedioeciousflowersaregreenishorreddishandindiameterfemaleplantsproduceabundantberrybotanyberriesinthesummerandfallthataredeepredwhenripeandaboutindiameterhabitatmauacanbefoundinhawaiiantropicaldryforestsdryhawaiiantropicalrainforestsmixedmesicforestsmixedmesicandoccasionallyhawaiiantropicalrainforestswetforestswetforestsatelevationsofreferencesexternallinksxylosmahawaiienseanolisoculatusmersenneprimezhouenlaiwanganshipurplemountainobservatorylovepluszerkalnayastruyaredirectcategoryshellxgamessnocrossgrandinintaxoboximagexylosmaflexuosaberriesjpgstatusgstatussystemtncstatusrefrefnametncrefregnumplantaeunrankeddivisioangiospermsunrankedclassiseudicotsunrankedordorosidsordomalpighialesfamiliasalicaceaegenusxylosmaspeciesxflexuosabinomialxylosmaflexuosabinomialauthoritycarlsigismundkunthkunthwilliamhemsleybotanisthemslsynonymsflacourtiaflexuosasmallkunthsmallrefnamegrinrefxylosmaflexuosacommonlyknownasbrushhollyorcoronillabrushhollyisathornsspinesandpricklesspinyshrubusuallyreachingaheightofbuta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emorialtothethronememorialtocaoruiasfollowswangsithesupervisorofthemastersofwritingisadiligentandaccomplishedseniorofficialhoweverheisnotasgoodasxinpiinvirtueandstrategyirecommendxinpitoreplacewangsiafterreadingbiguismemorialcaoruisoughtliufangandsunzisopinionstheysaidyourmajestychosewangsibecauseyousawthatheisapracticalandhardworkingpersonwhodoesntcarehowothersseehimxinpimayhaveagoodandvirtuousreputationbutheistoostraightforwardanddomineeringyourmajestyshouldcarefullyconsiderthisissueagaincaoruieventuallydidnotreplacewangsiwithxinpiandinsteadpromotedxinpitoserveasministeroftheguardsadvisingcaoruiagainsthisconstructionprojectsduringhisreigncaoruistartedlabourintensiveextravagantpalaceconstructionrenovationprojectswhichtookaheavytollonthecommonpeoplewhowererecruitedaslabourersfortheprojectsxinpiwroteamemorialtothethronememorialtourgecaoruitostoptheprojectsihopethatyourmajestywillconsiderthebiggerpicturecaoruirepliedbyworkingontheseprojectswhileeasternwuandshuhanhaveyettobevanquishediamprovidingopportunitiesforoutspokenandfameseekingpeopletovoicetheiropinionsitshouldbethecollectiveresponsibilityofthepeopletoconstructandmaintaintheimperialcapitaloftheempirebybuildingagranderimperialcapitalnowiamactuallyhelpingtoreducetheburdenonfuturegenerationsthiswasthemostbasicapproachthatxiaoheadoptedwhenheoversawtheconstructionoftheimperialcapitalofthehandynastyyouasanimportantfigureintheimperialcourtshouldknowthisverywellcaoruialsowantedtoflattenthetopofmountmangdanglocatednorthofpresentdayyongchenghenanandbuildaterraceonitsothathecouldviewmengfordpresentdaymengjincountyhenanfromtherewhenxinpiheardaboutithewrotetotheemperorheavenandeartharemeanttobeastheyareifthelandishighthenitshouldbehighifthelandislowthenitshouldremainlowattemptingtomodifythegeographywillnotonlybegoingagainstnaturebutalsoawasteofmanpowerandresourcesaswellasaheavyburdenonthepeoplebesidesifweturnthehillsandmountainsintoflatlandswewillhavenonaturalbarrierstoprotectuswhentheriverfloodscaoruiheededxinpisadviceanddroppedhisidearesponsetozhanghesdeathinaftertheweigeneralzhanghewaskilledinanambushwhilepursuingshuforcesafterthebattleofmountqicaoruilamentedhisdeathandtoldallhisofficialswelostzhanghebeforeweevenconquershuwhatwillbecomeofmygeneralschenqunremarkedzhanghewasindeedagreatgeneralhewasapillarofourstatealthoughxinpiagreedthatzhanghesdeathwasahugelossforweihebelievedthatontheinsidetheweiforcesshouldnotfeeldemoralisedandontheoutsideshowtheirenemythattheyhadbecomeweakerwithoutzhangheherebukedchenqunlordchenhowcanyousaythistowardstheendofthejiananerawheneveryonesaidtheempirecouldntdowithoutcaocaoemperorwutherulingdynastystillchangedandcaopiemperorwenreceivedthemandateofheavenduringthehuangchueraeveryonealsosaidthatwecouldntdowithoutemperorwenbuthestillpassedawayandhismajestycametothethronesurelytheempirehasmoretalentsthanjustonezhanghechenqunrepliedwhatxinpisaidisalsotrueanamusedcaoruiquippedlordchenyouarereallygoodatchangingyourstancethefifthcenturyhistorianpeisongzhiarguedthatxinpimadeaninappropriatecomparisonbetweenzhangheandtheweiemperorsbecausegeneralsandemperorswereofdifferentsocialstatusandhenceshouldnotbeseeninthesamelightinpeisongzhisopinionxinpishouldhaveinsteadcomparedzhanghewithotherweigeneralssuchaszhangliaohealsopointedoutthecomparisondidnotreflectwellonxinpiwhowasknownforbeingoutspokenanduprightbecausehecameclosetodegradingthestatusoftheweiemperorsbymakingsuchacomparisonbattleofwuzhangplainsinthebattleofwuzhangplainstookplacebetweenweiandshuforceswhowererespectivelyledbysimayiandzhugeliangwhenthesituationcametoastalematesimayiwhoheldthepositionofgeneralinchiefwrotetocaoruitoseekpermissiontoengagetheenemycaoruideniedhimpermissionlaterasthestalematedraggedoncaoruibecameworriedthatsimayiwoulddefyordersandattacktheenemysoheappointedxinpiasmilitaryadvisertothegeneralinchiefgrantedhimanimperialsceptreasymboloftheemperorsauthorityandsenthimtothefrontlinetoensurethatsimayifollowedordersandstayedincampxinpicarriedouthistaskwellandnoonedaredtodisobeyhimtheweiluerecordedthatsimayiwantedtoorderhistroopstoattackaftertheshuforcesgoadedandprovokedhimnumeroustimeshoweverxinpiusedtheimperialsceptretoorderthemtoremainincampandrefrainfromengagingtheenemyalthoughsimayiwasunhappyaboutithehadnochoicebuttodefertoxinpiafterzhugeliangdiedofillnessduringthestandoffxinpiwasrecalledbacktoserveasministeroftheguardsagaininthecentralgovernmentdeathxinpidiedonanunknowndatebuttheaustraliansinologistrafedecrespignyestimatedthathediedaroundtheweigovernmenthonouredhimwiththeposthumousnameposthumoustitlemarquissuwhichmeansseriousmarquisdescendantsxinpissonxinchanghadthecourtesynametaiyongheinheritedhisfatherspeerageasthemarquisofyingdistrictandservedasanofficialintheweigovernmentherosetothepositionofadministratorofheneicommanderyaroundpresentdayjiaozuohenanduringthexianxieratheshiyurecordedthathelaterbecametheministeroftheguardslikehisfatherxinpialsohadadaughterxinxianyingwhomarriedyangdanseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsnotesreferenceschenshouchenshourdcenturyrecordsoftheth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ntuallyregaineditsindependenceandformedaconfederationofstatesthatbecamepowerfulenoughtochallengethezhouempireforsupremacyoverthezhongyuancentralplainabletoconsolidateitsruleoveraterritorythatstretchedfromhubeiinthesouththrougheasternhenannorthernanhuiandjiangsuasfarnorthassouthernshandongxusconfederationremainedamajorpoweruntiltheearlyspringandautumnperioditreacheditsapogeeinthemidthcenturybcexpandingitsinfluenceasfaraszhejianginthesouthbythattimehoweverxusconfederationbegantobreakupasresultofinternalunrestasitspowerwanedxuwasincreasinglythreatenedbyneighboringstateslosingcontroloverthehuairivertochustatechureducedtoitsheartlandxuwaseventuallyconqueredbywustatewuinbchistoryoriginandzhouruleandyellowriverduringthelegendaryxiadynastyaccordingtotherongchengshibambooslipsfromthewarringstatesperiodtheyugongfromthehandynastyandvariousothersourcesyuthegreatdividedtheworldintothenineprovinceschinanineprovincesinprehistorictimesoneofthemxuprovincexutheyuanhexingzuanatangdynastycompilationofinformationontheoriginsofchinesesurnamesaswellasthetongzhibooktongzhiasouthernsongdynastyhistoricalbookalsostatethatyuenfeoffedruomugrandsonofthechinesemythologymythologicalemperorofchinaemperorzhuanxuaslordofxuaroundbcinturnthexupeoplesweresupposedtoberuomusdescendantsfurthermoreitwasclaimedthisxustateorprovincehadoriginallyoccupiedtheentireareabetweenthehuaiandyellowrivernocontemporaryevidenceexiststoverifythisinformationandtheoldestliterarysourcesavailabletheoraclebonesoftheshangdynastydonotmentionsuchanempireasresultthestoriesofxusfoundationremainlegendaryneverthelessarchaeologicalexcavationshaveproventhattheareaaroundmoderndayxuzhouincludingthelaterheartlandofxuwasamajortradinghubandculturalcentrefortheyangshaocultureyangshaodawenkouculturedawenkouandlongshanculturessincetherdmillenniumbcoraclebonesandlaterhistoricalrecordsbothindicatethatthexuzhouareawasoccupiedbytheindigenousdapengstatedapengkingdomsincethemiddleshangdynastyapowerfulpolitydapengwaseventuallydestroyedbytheshangunderkingzhouofshangkingdixininturnxusexistenceisfirstreliablyreportedbytheyizhoushuforbconlyafewdecadesafterdapengsfallitremainsunknownifthesetwopolitieswererelatedinanywayatthetimeofitsfirstrecordedappearancexuwasalreadyapowerfulhuayidistinctionyistatethatwasprobablylocatedinsoutheasternshandongornorthwesternjiangsubesidesthisstateanumberofsmallxuenclavesexistedinwesternshandongrefnamebookidukeyiniisecondyearreflikethedongyistatesatpugustatepuguandyandongyiyanxuparticipatedintherebellionofthethreeguardsagainstthedukeofzhoualthoughithadnoknowndirectrelationtothethreecompetingpartiesralphdsawyerspeculatesthatxujoinedtherebelsbecauseitdidnotwantedtoalienateitsneighboringstatesthathadcofoundedtherebelalliancetherebelseventuallylostthewarandasresultthehuairivervalleywasinvadedandsubjugatedbythezhouroyalarmyinbctowhatextentxuwasalsodefeatedduringthatcampaignremainsunclearreportsinthezuozhuanandthebambooannalsmakeitlikelythatxuforcescontinuedtoresisttheimplementationofzhoupowerinsoutheasternshandongafterthefoundationoflustateluxuandotherhuaiyistateletsreportedlyattackedthenewzhoustateuntilboqindefeatedthemafterwardsthexustateappearstohavebeenlargelypacifiedandbecameavassalofthezhoudynastyinthispositionitwasstronglyinfluencedbythezhoucultureandalsoservedaslinktothedynastyssouthernmostallywustatewudespitethatxuremainedsomewhatdefiantandmoveditscoreareafurthersouthintonorthernanhuiinordertoescapetheconstantpressurefromthezhoudynastyinthenorththexuenclavesinwesternshandongevencontinuedtoopenlyresistbutmostofthemweredestroyedbyluandsongstatesongovertimerisetopowerafteritssubjugationthestateofxuwasforcedtoremainavassalofthezhoudynastyforalmostonehundredyearstheturningpointcameinthemidthcenturybcaroundbcthezhoudynastylostadisastrouszhouchuwarwaragainstchustatechuthisdefeatappearstohavethrownthedynastyintochaosbasedonarchaeologicalfindingsedwardlshaughnessyevenspeculatesthatthezhoudynastywassoweakenedthatitlargelyretreatedtoitscapitalarealeavingmostofitsempiretofendforitselfbuildinguponthistheorymanfredfrhaufbelievesthatthehuaiyiamongthemxuregainedtheirindependenceasconsequenceofthisgeneralzhouretreatregardlessofwhetherthiswasthecasebybcxuandthehuaiyihaddefinitelyregainedtheirindependenceaslordyanofxumanagedtounitethirtysixdongyiandhuaiyistatesunderhisleadershipdeclaredhimselfkingandproceededtoinvadethezhouempirethereasonsforthisinvasionareunknownbutfrhaufspeculatesthatitwasapreventivestriketopreventthezhoufromrestoringtheirdominationoverthehuaiyiwhilesawyerconsidersitpossiblethatthexueitherwantedtoplunderthezhouroyaldomainoraimedtosupplantthezhouruleandestablishtheirowndynastythecourseandscaleoftheinvasionareequallycontroversialbasedondifferentinterpretationsofbronzeinscriptionsandhistoricaltextsitisevendisputediftherewasjustoneortwoinvasionsgenerallyagreedhoweveristheresultoftheattackseventhoughthezhouforceshadeventuallysucceededindrivingtheinvadersbacktheycouldnotsubjugatethehuaiyiagainandwereforcedtoacknowledgetheirindependenceinapeacetreatyifrecordsinthebookofthelaterhanprobablybaseduponearlytextsofthebambooannalsaretobelievedxuwasparticularlystrengthenedbythewarrecognizingthathecouldnotdefeatthehuaiyikingmuofzhourecognizedkingyanofxuasoverlordoveralargeconfederationthatcoveredmostofthehuairivervalleyandregionssouthofitasresultxubecamethenewmajorpoweroftheeastandaseriouspoliticalrivaltothezhoudynastythezuozhuansuggeststhatthisconfederationalsoincludedtheremainingxuenclavesinwesternshandonginthecourseofitspoliticalascentxusculturalinfluencebegantospreadasfarastheyangtzedeltaregionapogeexumaintaineditsdominanceoverthesoutheastafterkingmusdeathwhilethearmisticeprovedinadequatetoensurepeacethemilitarycontestbetweenthehuaiyiandzhoukingdomneverreallystoppedandeventhoughthelatterincreasinglysufferedfrominternaldisorderandevenchaositremainedaformidableadversaryforxusconfederationkingliofzhouledseveralcampaignsagainstthestatesofthehuairiversuchasjiaoandyuinturnthehuaiyiconfederationunderxubeganamassivecounteroffensiveinbcaimingtoconquerthenorthchinaplainandtodestroythezhouruleovertheeastalliedwithehourebelliousrulerofestateeandthedongyistatesthehuaiyibroughtthezhoudynastytothebrinkofdestructiontheirforcesevenreachedtheluoriverhenanluoandyiriverhenanyirivervalleysthreateningorevenplunderingthedynastyscrownlandroyaldomaineventuallyhowevertheantizhoualliancecollapsedafterthedestructionofebyzhouloyalistsandxuwasdrivenbackwarwasrenewedunderkingxuanofzhouwhoaimedtorestabilizeandrestorethezhoukingdomenlistingthemilitaryaidofseveralloyaliststatesofshandonghelaunchedamassivecampaignagainstthexuledhuaiyicoalitioninbceventuallyclaimingtohavewonagreatvictorytheclassicofpoetryevenboastedblockquotepoemtheregionofhsxuisshakenwithoutinterruptionittremblesinterrortheregionofhsasbeforetherollingandtheburstsofthundertheregionofhstremblesforterrorpoemblockquotenotwithstandingtheseclaimsxuansexpeditionprobablydidnotresultinatotalvictoryasxudoesnotappeartohavebeenseverelyweakenedduringthisperioditismorelikelythatthewarendedwithaminorzhouvictoryorapeacetreatywithtributessentbythehuaiyitokingxuanforhisremainingreignaccordingtotheyugongxusentpheasantplumefeatherplumesandsoundingstonesasregulartributesdespitexuansrestorationattemptsthezhoudynastysroyalpowerlargelycollapsedinbcusheringintothespringandautumnperiodinitiallyxunotonlyretaineditspowerduringthisneweraofwarfareandchaosbutprobablyfurtherexpandedintothesouthxubronzesfromtheearlyspringandautumnperiodwerefoundinsouthernjiangsuandnorthernzhejiangindicatingthestatesinfluenceinorpossiblyevencontrolovertheseregionsaroundthistimehoweverxualsobegantosufferfromseriousinternalunrestresultinginthegradualdisintegrationofitsconfederationseveralpolitiessecededthexuenclavesofwesternshandongalignedthemselveswiththestateoflustateluinbctheshupeoplesformedindependentstatesrefandsouthwesternanhuithesestatesshouldnotbeconfusedwithshustateshuofsichuanthestateofzhoulaioccupiedthemiddlehuairivervalleyconflictwiththenorthernstatesdespiteitsconfederationsendthexukingdomstillheldconsiderablepowersothatthedukesyinanddukehuanofluhuanoflutriedtoremainongoodtermswiththexupeoplestheirsuccessordukezhuangofluontheothersideconsideredtheremainingxutribesofshandongathreatandstartedawartoeliminatethembythattimetheonlyremainingnorthernxuenclaveofanysignificancewascenteredatcaocountycaozhouholdingthelocalmarshesfromwherethechiriverhanshuichiriveroriginatedaccordingtothezuozhuanthecontinuedraidingactivitiesofthecaozhouxuwereresponsibleforthewardukezhuangwasabletogainthemilitaryassistanceofsongstatesongzhengstatezhengandmostimportantlythepowerfulstateofqistateqiontheothersidethexuofshandongalliedwiththexukingdomqifirstattackedthexuofshandonginbcbutfailedtosubduethemintheqiledcoalitionlaunchednotonlyanotherassaultoncaozhoubutalsoinvadedxusterritoryinthehuairivervalleywhilethelatterstateremainedundefeatedthecaozhouxuweredestroyedandwiththemthelastremnantsofxuruleinshandongwarswithchuanddeclinecssimagecropimagestatesofzhoudynastypngbsizecwidthcheightotopoleftdescriptionamapshowingtheremainingrumpstateofxubetweenitsmorepowerfulneighborsbeginninginbcthestateofchubegantoexpandintothehuairivervalleycausingseverallocalhuaiyipolitiessuchastheshustatestoallywithitinordertoprofitfromitsmilitaryassistanceinresponsetothisaggressiveexpansionintoitsheartlandthexukingdombegantocooperatewithchusnorthernenemiesandoccupiedoneofthenowhostileshustatesinbcchuretaliatedinbcandlaunchedaninvasionofxudukehuanofqihegemonofchinaatthattimeorganisedanallianceofqilusongchenstatechenweystateweyzhengstatezhengcaostatecaoandxtoaidxutheysentanexpeditiontorelievethesmallkingdombuttheantichualliancewasdecisivelydefeatedduringthebattleofloulinrefnamebookvdukexixvfifteenthyearrefwhileitwasnotdestroyedandcontinuedtofightforitsindependencexuwasseverelyweakenedmarkingthebeginningofitsfinaldeclinewithxusdeclineotherstatesofthehuairiverbegantogrowinpowerinitsdirectvicinitythestateofzhongligrewintooneofthemostimportantregionalstatesoftheriversmiddlereachessometimebetweenandbcitsrulerlordbaidefeatedxuinbattleinbcxuanditsallyqiinvadedyingshiinluanavassalstateofchuaccordingtozuoqiumingthisexpeditionwasundertakenbyqiintheinterestofxutoavengethedefeatofxubychuatloulinrefnamebookvdukexixviiseventeenthyearrefafterbcchuforcedtheremainingstatesalongthemiddlehuairiverintovassalagedestroyinganyofthemthatcontinuedopenresistanceitalsoconcludedapactwithwuandyuestateyuewhichkeptthemfromwooingtheshustatesforaquartercenturyasresultchubecametheunchallengedrulerofmostofthehuairivervalleysothatxuincreasinglyfellunderchusinfluenceaswelldespitethistheextremelyweakenedkingdomcontinuedtoconspirewithotherstatesagainstchurefnamebookxdukezhaoxvisixteenthyearrefinbcxuundertookacampaignagainstjustatejuinshandongrefnamebookvidukewenviiseventhyearrefchusdominanceoverthehuairivervalleywasbrokeninbcwhenwulaunchedalargescalewesternoffensiveduringwhichxuwasalsoattackedbywuforcessincebcxubecameinclinedtosideagainstchuwithwuinordertoregainitsfullindependencewithkingyichuinwinterbckinglingofchuledanotherarmytobesiegeandconquerxuscapitalinordertoprepareaninvasionofwurefnamebookxdukezhaotwelfthyearrefthesiegelasteduntilthenextsummerwhenziaolaunchedacoupatyingchuyingandtookcontrolofchusgovernmentkinglingsarmythenalmostcompletelydesertedhimwhiletheremainingloyaltroopsbrokeoffthesiegeofxuandbegantoretreattochuonlytobeoverwhelmedanddestroyedbyanarmyofwuatyuzhangrefnamebookxdukezhaoxiiithirteenthyearrefinbcdukejingofqiwantedtorestoreqisoldhegemonyandlaunchedaninvasionofxuinsteadofresistingxusrulersimplysubmittedandpaidtributetothedukesothatthelatterreturnedtoqiwithoutanyfightingzuoqiumingbelievedthistobeasignofthesmallstatesincreasingweaknessastheynolongerhadaleaderamongthemcapableofresistinginvaderswhoweredevoidofprinciplefallandlegacyeventuallyxubecameinvolvedinasuccessiondisputeofwuinbcwhenitshelteredprinceyanyufromhisnephewkinghelofwuaidedbythefamousmilitarystrategistsuntzuhelorderedhistroopstoraiseembankmentsonthehillssoastolaythekingdomscapitalunderwateralthoughchusentanarmytorelievexuthesituationinthebesiegedcitybecameunbearablesothatzhangyuwentforthwithhiswifetopersonallysurrendertokinghelherebyxuwasextinguishedcastbyyintheyaoyinofficialinchargeofsacrificeofxuwhowasexiledintheyuestateyuekingdomunearthedinshaoxingitscharacterinscriptionrecordsyinsambitiontorestorethevanquishedxukingdomafterxusfallzhangyuhisfamilyandhismostloyalofficerswereallowedtogointoexiletochuonthewaytheymetchusarmyandwereescortedtothecityofyiwherezhangyutookresidencedespiteitsendxucontinuedtoexertamajorinfluenceintheregionespeciallysinceexilesfromthefallenstatesettledinalargeareabronzeartifactsinscribedbyxudonorswerefoundatsitesassociatedwithbothyuestateyueandwubutsomewereevenfoundatjingancountyjinganinnorthwesternjiangxianareacommonlyconsideredavirtualnomanslandinhabitatedbyunassimilatedpopulationsthosefoundatwusitesanddatedtothetimeafterxusdestructionwereprobablywarbootytradinggoodsortokensofpoliticalormarriagealliancethexubronzesfromshaoxingintheyuekingdomhowevercanreliablyidentifiedwithexilesitsdonoryinhadbeentheyaoyinofficialinchargeofsacrificeofxuandstatedononedingvesseldinghisambitionstorestorehishomestateaninscriptiononahalberdofakingofyueiseveninterpretedbysomescholarsastoaidthexustateinwhichcasetheyuegovernmentitselfdesiredtherestorationofxuthisinterpretationishoweverstronglydisputedwithmanyscholarssuchaspengyushangreadingthewordsasthenameofthekingculturewhilecontemporaryandlaterwrittenrecordsgenerallyconsideredthepeopleofxutobepartofthehuaiyiorbarbariansofthehuairiveritremainsunclearifthehuaiyiweredefinedontheirpoliticaloppositiontothezhoudynastyorasharedcultureandcommonethnicityneverthelessseveralsinologistssuchasdonaldbwagnerconstanceacookandbarrybblakeleyconsideritlikelythatthehuaiyiwereaspecificpeopledistinctfromothergroupssuchasthedongyiofshandongandthenanyiofthemiddleyangtzearchaeologicalexcavationsseemtocorroboratethisassumptionastheyindicatethatthexupeopleshadadistinctindigenousculturewhichhadevolvedfromlocalneolithicoriginsaspartofthehuaiyithexupeopleswerepartofahighlydevelopedbronzecultureinfactthehuaiyiappearedasusersofbronzeandcopperwhoproducedmetalweaponsvesselsandbellssincetheywerefirstattestedbyzhousourcesintheeleventhcenturybcxuisalsocommonlyassociatedwiththelargerwuyueculturalareaonwhichitexertedagreatinfluenceinthispositionitactedasanintermediaryforthenorthernzhouculturebutalsoconveyeditsowndistincttechniquesandideastotheyangtzedeltaregionasthepeopleofxuwerenotofshangorzhouorigintheyprobablyspoketheirownlanguagewhichmighthavebeenrelatedtothelargelyunknownyuelanguagestothesouthneverthelessthexueliteswerewellversedinoldchinesethelinguafrancaofthetimeusingittoinscribetheirbronzevesselsbesidesoldchinesescriptthebirdwormsealscriptbirdsealscriptwasalsousedthisscriptwasverypopularinsoutheasternchinaandhadevolvedfromthesealscriptoftheshangdynastystillnotcompletelydeciphereditremainsunclearifitwasafullfledgedwritingsystemorhadamoresymbolicpurposeericafoxbrindleyspeculateshoweverthatregardlessofthescripttextswereonlywritteninoldchinesexuinastronomyxuisrepresentedwiththestarthetaserpentisinasterismleftwallheavenlymarketenclosureseechineseconstellationnotesreferencesbibliographycitebooklastshaughnessyfirstedwardlchapterwesternzhouhistoryeditormichaelloeweeditoredwardlshaughnessyauthorlinkedwardlshaughnessyrefharvtitlethecambridgehistoryofancientchinafromtheoriginsofcivilizationtobcurldatepublishercambridgeuniversitypresslocationcambridgeisbnpagescitebooklastwalkerfirstrichardlouisauthorlinkrefharvtitlethemultistatesystemofancientchinaurldatepublishershoestringpresslocationhamdenconnecticutisbnpagepagescitebooklastlifirstfengauthorlinklifengsinologisteditoraxelmengesrefharvtitlelandscapeandpowerinearlychinathecrisisandfallofthewesternzhoubcurldatepublishercambridgeuniversitypresslocationcambridgeisbnpagepagescitebooklastfoxbrindleyfirstericaauthorlinkeditorrefharvtitleancientchinaandtheyueperceptionsandidentitiesonthesouthernfrontiercbceceurldatepublishercambridgeuniversitypresslocationcambridgeisbnpagepagescitebooklastdengfirstyinkeauthorlinkeditorrefharvtitlehistoryofchinaurldatepublisherchinaintercontinentalpresslocationbeijingisbnpagepagescitejournalurltitletheexcavationofthetombofbailordofthezhonglistatelastanhuiprovincialinstituteofculturalrelicsandarchaeologyandbengbumuseumfirstlastfirstdatejunejournalchinesearchaeologydoicharpmidpublisherwalterdegruyterissuevolumelocationberlinbostonpagesrefharvcitejournalurltitlespringandautumntombnoatshuangdunbengbucityanhuilastkanfirstxuhanglastzhoufirstqunlastqianfirstrenfaeditorniclasvogtdatejournalkaoguarchaeologydoipmidpublisherissuevolumelocationpagesrefcitebooklastmillerfirstharryauthorlinkeditorrefharvtitlethegongyangcommentaryonthespringandautumnannalsafulltranslationurldatepublisherpalgravemacmillanlocationnewyorkcityisbnpagepagescitebooklastvonfalkenhausenfirstlotharchapterthewaningofthebronzeagematerialcultureandsocialdevelopmentsbceditormichaelloeweeditoredwardlshaughnessyauthorlinkrefharvtitlethecambridgehistoryofancientchinafromtheoriginsofcivilizationtobclanguageurldatepublishercambridgeuniversitypresslocationcambridgenewyorkcitymelbourneetalisbnpagepagescitebooklastcookfirstconstancealastmajorfirstjohnschaptereditoreditorauthorlinktitledefiningchuimageandrealityinancientchinalanguageurldatepublisheruniversityofhawaiipresslocationhonoluluisbnpagesrefcitejournalurllucianuchicagoedublogswuhungfilesartofxuzhouaregionalapproachpdftitletheartofxuzhouaregionalapproachlastwufirsthunglastfirstdatejournalorientationsdoipmidpublisherissuevolumelocationhongkongpagesrefharvcitebooklastbergetonfirstuffeauthorlinkeditorrefharvtitletheevolvingvocabularyofothernessinpreimperialchinafrombelligerentotherstoculturalothersurldatepublisheruniversityofsoutherncalifornialocationlosangelesisbncitebookeditorlastcheneditorfirsthaorefharvtitlezhejiangprovincialmuseumurldatepublisherzhejiangprovincialmuseumlocationhangzhouisbncitejournalrefharvlastpengfirstyushangtitletranstitleinterpretingtheinscriptiononkingchaixuofyuesgedaggeraxeurlcssncnkgxzmkgppdfjournalkaogulanguagechineseyearissuepagescitebookeditorlastmilburneditorfirstoliviarefharvtitleurbanizationinearlyandmedievalchinagazetteersforthecityofsuzhouurldatepublisheruniversityofwashingtonpresslocationseattleisbncitebooklastmasperofirsthenriauthorlinkhenrimasperotranslatorlastkiermantranslatorfirstfrankajreditorrefharvtitlechinainantiquityurldatepublisheruniversityofmassachusettspresslocationamherstmassachusettsisbncitebooklastzhangfirsthanmoauthorlinkeditorrefharvtitlemodelsofauthorshipandtextmakinginearlychinaurldatepublisheruniversityofcalifornialocationlosangelesisbncitebooklastlifirstfengchaptertransmittingantiquitytheoriginandparadigmizationofthefiverankseditordieterkuhneditorhelgastahlauthorlinklifengsinologistrefharvtitleperceptionsofantiquityinchinesecivilizationurlacademiaedutransmittingantiquitytheoriginandparadigmizationofthefiveranksdatepublisheruniversityofwrzburglocationheidelbergisbnpagescitebooklastwagnerfirstdonaldbauthorlinkrefharvtitleironandsteelinancientchinaurldatepublisherbrillpublisherslocationleidennewyorkcitycologneisbnpagepagescitebooklastfrhauffirstmanfredwchapterchinasltesterreiseberichtdasmutianzizhuaneditormechthildleutnereditorklausmhlhahneditorizabellagoikhmanauthorlinkrefharvtitlereiseninchinesischergeschichteundgegenwarterfahrungenberichtelanguagegermanurldatepublisherharrassowitzverlaglocationwiesbadenisbnpagepagescitebooklastshaughnessyfirstedwardlauthorlinkedwardlshaughnessyrefharvtitlesourcesofwesternzhouhistoryinscribedbronzevesselsurldatepublisheruniversityofcaliforniapresslocationberkeleycaliforniaberkeleylosangelesoxfordisbnpagepagescitebooklastsawyerfirstralphdauthorlinkrefharvtitleconquestanddominationinearlychinariseanddemiseofthewesternchouurldatepublisheramazoncomcreatespaceindependentpublishingplatformlocationisbnpagepagescitejournalurltitleaninscribedearlyeasternzhoufouinthearthurmsacklercollectionlastsofirstjennyfeditordatejournalartibusasiaedoipmidpublisherartibusasiaepublishersissuevolumelocationpagesrefharvxvgymnasiumlaricitrinmultipleiss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sthefacilitywasovertakenandthesignaldisruptedmetropolitanpolicethepolicedidnotrepresscitizensduringcarmonasinterimpresidencythefilmdistortstherealitywithmanipulatededitingprivatetelevisionattackedprivatetvstationswereattackedbygovernmentsupportersthedocumentarysaysthechannelshaddecidednottobroadcastinformationaboutchavezsreturntopowerphilgunsonwritinginthecolumbiajournalismreviewsaysoftherevolutionwillnotbetelevisedtheyomitkeyfactsinventotherstwistthesequenceofeventstosupporttheircaseandreplaceinconvenientimageswithothersdredgedfromarchivesreceptionbriananelsonwhowrotethesilenceandthescorpionthecoupagainstchavezandthemakingofmodernvenezuelasaysxrayofalieincludesablowbyblowoftherevolutionsmanipulationsvenezuelaseluniversalcaracaseluniversalwhichonthemorningofaprilwhentheremovalofchavezfromofficeappearedasuccessheadlinedunpasoadelanteastepforwardsaidintheethicsoftherevolutionwillnotbetelevisedwinninginternationalacclaimforthegovernmentversionofeventsshouldbeexaminedandsaysthefilmhasconceptualerrorsmanipulatededitingomissionofcrucialinformationhalfliesandpureliesandthatxrayofaliedeconstructstheseinaccuraciesrefnameestrenanrefacclarksaysthefilmaccuratelyuncoversthemendacityandtendentiousnessoftherevolutionwillnotbetelevisedrefnameclarkrefvarietymagazinevarietysaystherevolutionwillnotbetelevisedisaprochavistdocuaddingthatxrayofalieexposesthemanipulationbehindtherevolutionaccordingtohumanrightswatchthevenezuelangovernmentallegationshaveneverbeenexaminedincourtandthexraydocumentaryaccusesbartleyandobriainofomissionsanddistortionbartleyandbriainsaythatitisnotinsignificantthatschalkhasledthewellresourcedcampaignlinkedtotheoppositiontodiscreditandsuppressthefilmrefnamerespondbartleykimbriaindonnachamayjunewhosrightthefilmmakersrespondcolumbiajournalismreviewrefreferencesseealsovenezuelancoupdtatattemptllagunooverpasstherevolutionwillnotbetelevisedfilmpuentellagunoclavesdeunamasacrefurtherreadingcitejournaltitleframingtherevolutioncirculationandmeaningoftherevolutionwillnotbetelevisedauthorschillernaomidoijournalmasscommunicationandsocietyvolumeissuedateoctoberpagesexternallinksenglishsubtitleswecyrillicqujingiriloneprunetincalycosinpseudobaptigeninlithophanesocialuteoneisoflavonemawlidalbarzanjalpinumisoflavonekaranjinredirectinchsinglextortgjrykyotoprizehanxiaopenginfoboxstationnamexiaonanmennativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationshanghaisymbolmetrosymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagexiaonanmenstationjpgaltcaptionstationplatformmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressshanghaicountrychinacoordinatesoperatorshanghainometrooperationcoltdlineplatformsislandplatformnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructuredisabledcodeopeneddecemberclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxiaonanmenisastationonlineshanghaimetrolineoftheshanghaimetroaspartofthelinesphaseeasterlyextensionitbeganoperationondecemberreferencesshanghaimetrolineyescentaureidinbrickellinermaninsantinflavonolthexiahuayuannorthrailwaystationisarailwaystationofbeijingzhangjiakouintercityrailwaythatislocatedinpeoplesrepublicofchinathexuanhuanorthrailwaystationisarailwaystationofbeijingzhangjiakouintercityrailwaylocatedinpeoplesrepublicofchinainfoboxstationnamexinjinannativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationcnsymbolcrhcheckthisvaluemovetosymboladdsymbolrailifthereisalsoaclassicspeedrailwaywhichservesthisstationremovethiscommentafterwardssymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagealtcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddresscountrychinacoordinatesoperatorlineshijiazhuangjinanhighspeedrailwayplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructuredisabledcodeopenedclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesslinetemplatesthexinjisouthrailwaystationisarailwaystationofshijipassengerrailwaylocatedinpeoplesrepublicofchinalistofdemigodsandsemidevilscharactersquercetagetincorganizationxmutebaxmutebachengyiphilosopherchengyiphilosopherdengshikoustationdengshikoustationgoogolmitsumielectricnozomusahashifujielectricasahikaseitakedapharmaceuticalcompanyguoxinxinnilgirimountainrailwayxclassdakshinakannadaxushaoyangbornfebruaryisaprchinachinesediscusthrowerherpersonalbestismetresachievedinoctoberinshijiazhuangshewasborninshandongshewasverysuccessfulasateenagerasshewonthegoldmedalattheworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticsworldjuniorchampionshipsandthesilvermedalattheworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticsworldjuniorchampionshipsherpersonalbestasateenagerwasmetresachievedinoctoberinbangkokrefnamebiorefinshewonthebronzemedalsattheasianathleticschampionshipsasianchampionshipsandattheathleticsatthesummeruniversiadesummeruniversiadeattheasianathleticschampionshipsasianchampionshipsshewonthegoldmedalshealsocompetedattheworldchampionshipsinathleticswomensdiscusthrowworldchampionshipswithoutreachingthefinalcompetitionrecordcolspanrepresentingworldjuniorchampi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onsandotherelectronsaugerelectronshaveenergiesofhundredsofelectronvoltsthesecondariesgeneratedbyandoutnumberingtheaugerandprimaryphotoelectronsarethemainagentsforresistexposuretherelativerangesofphotoelectronprimariesandaugerelectronsdependontheirrespectiveenergiestheseenergiesdependontheenergyofincidentradiationandonthecompositionoftheresistthereisconsiderableroomforoptimumselectionreferenceofthearticlewhenaugerelectronshavelowerenergiesthanprimaryphotoelectronstheyhaveshorterrangesbothdecaytosecondarieswhichinteractwithchemicalbondswhensecondaryenergiesaretoolowtheyfailtobreakthechemicalbondsandceasetoaffectprintresolutionexperimentsprovethatthecombinedrangeislessthannbspnmontheotherhandthesecondariesfollowadifferenttrendbelowevthelowertheenergythelongerthemeanfreepaththoughtheyarenotthenabletoaffectresistdevelopmentastheydecayprimaryphotoelectronsandaugerelectronseventuallybecomephysicallyindistinguishableasinfermidiracstatisticsfromsecondaryelectronstherangeoflowenergysecondaryelectronsissometimeslargerthantherangeofprimaryphotoelectronsorofaugerelectronswhatmattersforxraylithographyistheeffectiverangeofelectronsthathavesufficientenergytomakeorbreakchemicalbondsinnegativeorpositiveresistslithographicelectronrangexraysdonotchargetherelativelylargemeanfreepathnbspnmofsecondaryelectronshindersresolutioncontrolatnanometerscaleinparticularelectronbeamlithographysuffersnegativechargingbyincidentelectronsandconsequentbeamspreadwhichlimitsresolutionitisdifficultthereforetoisolatetheeffectiverangeofsecondarieswhichmaybelessthannbspnmthecombinedelectronmeanfreepathresultsinanimageblurwhichisusuallymodeledasanormaldistributiongaussianfunctionwhereblurthatisconvolvedwiththeexpectedimageasthedesiredresolutionapproachestheblurthedoseimagebecomesbroaderthantheaerialimageoftheincidentxraystheblurthatmattersisthelatentimagethatdescribesthemakingorbreakingofbondsduringtheexposureofresistthedevelopedimageisthefinalreliefimageproducedbytheselectedhighcontrastdevelopmentprocessonthelatentimagetherangeofprimaryaugersecondaryandultralowenergyhigherordergenerationelectronswhichprintasscanningtunnelingmicroscopestmstudiesprovedcanbelargetensofnmorsmallnmaccordingtovariouscitedpublicationsbecausethisrangeisnotafixednumberitishardtoquantifylineedgeroughnessisaggravatedbytheassociateduncertaintylineedgeroughnessissupposedlystatisticalinoriginandonlyindirectlydependentonmeanrangeundercommonlypracticedlithographyconditionsthevariouselectronrangescanbecontrolledandutilizedchargingxrayscarrynochargebutattheenergiesinvolvedaugerdecayofionizedspeciesinaspecimenismoreprobablethanradiativedecayhighenergyradiationexceedingtheionizationpotentialalsogeneratesfreeelectronswhicharenegligiblecomparedtothoseproducedbyelectronbeamswhicharechargedchargingofthesamplefollowingionizationisanextremelyweakpossibilitywhenitcannotbeguaranteedtheionizedelectronsleavingthesurfaceorremaininginthesampleareadequatelybalancedfromothersourcesintimetheenergytransfertoelectronsasaresultofionizingradiationresultsinseparatedpositiveandnegativechargeswhichquicklyrecombineduepartlytothelongrangeofthecoulombforceinsulatingfilmslikegateoxidesandresistshavebeenobservedtochargetoapositiveornegativepotentialunderelectronbeamirradiationinsulatingfilmsareeventuallyneutralizedlocallybyspacechargeelectronsenteringandexitingthesurfaceattheresistvacuuminterfaceandfieldelectronemissionfowlernordheiminjectionfromthesubstratetherangeoftheelectronsinthefilmcanbeaffectedbythelocalelectricfieldthesituationiscomplicatedbythepresenceofholespositivelychargedelectronvacancieswhicharegeneratedalongwiththesecondaryelectronsandwhichmaybeexpectedtofollowthemaroundasneutralizationproceedsanyinitialchargeconcentrationeffectivelystartstospreadoutthefinalchemicalstateofthefilmisreachedafterneutralizationiscompletedafteralltheelectronshaveeventuallysloweddownusuallyexceptingxraystepperschargingcanbefurthercontrolledbyfloodgunorresistthicknessorchargedissipationlayerseealsophotolithographyextremeultravioletlithographyelectronbeamlithographyionbeamlithographynotesyvladimirskybooksgooglecombooksidpzlfupdchkcpgpalithographyinvacuumultravioletspectroscopyiiedsjasamsonanddledererchppacademicpressantonybourdillonandyulivladimirskyxraylithographyusxraylithographyonthesweetspotuhrlsanjoseperestroikanobuyukihiyamawellingtonkooniketaschoniatestaxoboximageregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamilianolidaesubfamiliachloephorinaegenusxanthodesgenusauthorityguenesubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxanthodesisagenusofmothsofthenolidaefamilyspeciesxanthodesalbagosmallfabriciussmallxanthodesamatasmallwalkersmallxanthodescongenitasmallhampsonsmallxanthodesdinarodessmallhampsonsmallxanthodesdohertyismallswinhoesmallxanthodesembolosciasmallturnersmallxanthodesgephyriassmallmeyricksmallxanthodesinterseptasmallguenesmallxanthodestabulatasmallswinhoesmallxanthodestransversasmallguenesmallreferencesfunetfipubscibiolifeinsectalepidopteraditrysianoctuoideanoctuidaebagisarinaexanthodesindexhtmlxanthodes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ngrailwaybureauchinarailwaycorporationitwasbuilttoallowtrainlinesthatpassthroughxiamentocontinuetothesouthwestratherthanendinginxiamenatxiamenrailwaystationduetothisadvantageitisnowbiggerthanxiamenrailwaystationstructureservicehistorytheconstructionofthenewxiamenstationstartedonjulynewxiamenstationwasrenamedxiamennorthstationonaprilxiamennorthstationopenedonaprilasnewxiamenstationlocatedonthemainlandinjimeidistrictwasrenamedxiamennorthstationthestationpreviouslyknownasxiamennorthstationlocatedinthenorthernpartofxiamenislandinhulidistrictneartheairportwasrenamedgaoqirailwaystationzhgaoqirailwaystationisstillinoperationastheterminalstationforseveralcomparativelylowspeedklandnoletterseriestrainsthetwostationsarelocatedontheoppositesidesofthenarrowstraitseparatingxiamenislandfromthemainlandandshouldnotbeconfusedthefirstlineofxiamenmetrowillconnectxiamennorthrailwaystationwithislandpartofcityinlinesandwillcometothestationlateralsoseealsoxiamenrailwaystationnearbystationreferencesinfoboxstationnamexiamennativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationcnsymbolrailcheckthisvalueremovethiscommentafterwardssymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagejpgaltcaptionsouthernentryofxiamenrailwaystationmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddresszhanqianlusimingdistrictxiamenfujiancountrychinacoordinatesoperatornanchangrailwaybureaubrchinarailwaycorporationlineyingxiarailwayplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsplainlistbusterminalstructuredisabledcodeopenedclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesslinetemplatesxiamenrailwaystationisarailwaystationlocatedinxiamenfujianpeoplesrepublicofchinachinaontheyingxiarailwaywhichoperatedbynanchangrailwaybureauchinarailwaycorporationlocatedinthesouthwesternpartofxiamenislandneardowntownxiamenxiamenrailwaystationisadeadendterminalstationstructureservicexiamenrailwaystationisanexceptionfromthetypicalarrangementofrailservicesinfujianscitiesinthatitcombinesbothtraditionalpassengertrainsandhighspeeddseriesonesatasingledowntownlocationsincethishasbeenthesouthernterminalofthefuzhouxiamenrailwayfuxiawithfrequentdseriestrainsdepartingtofuzhouviaquanzhourailwaystationquanzhouandothercoastalcitiessomeofthemcontinuingnorthtowenzhouningbohangzhouandshanghaihongqiaorailwaystationshanghaihongqiaoonjunethenewlongyanxiamenrailwaylongxiaopenedaswellwithfrequentdseriestrainsconnectingxiamenwithlongyanwithstopsinzhangzhouandnanjingcountynumerousconventionalkseriestrainsconnectxiamenwithmajorcitiesthroughoutchinasinteriortheyhavetraditionallyleftthecityviatheyingtanxiamenrailwayalthoughsomethosewithdestinationsinsouthernchinamayhavebeennowswitchedtothefasterlongxialinehistorythestationopenedonaprilintheupgradeconstructionforthestationbegantheprojectwillincreasethenumbersoftracksfromtoplatformsfromtowiththerebuildofthemainbuildingofthestationinordertorelievecrowdingnearbystationsgaoqistationformerlyknownxiamennorthnearthenorthwesterncornerofxiamenislanditservesasaterminalforafewconventionaltrainslocaltransportationxiamenbrthasastopoutsideoftherailwaystationxiamenmetrowillcometoxiamenrailwaystationinreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebxmhczcomxiamenrailwaystationofficialwebsitewebarchiveorgwebqqipcomtrainfujianxiamenhtmxiamentrainschedulexiamenrailwaystationxianganrailwaystationinfoboxfilmnameimageimagesizecaptiondirectorbillrossivbrturnerrossproducerbillrossivbrturnerrosswriternarratorstarringmusiccinematographyeditingbillrossivdistributorreleasedruntimeminutescountryunitedstateslanguageenglishbudgetgrossprecededbyfollowedbyisadocumentaryfilmmadebyfirsttimedirectorsandbrothersbillrossivandturnerrossthefilmisabouttheeverydaylifeofthesmalltownsidneyohiosidneyohioandthepeoplelivinginitthetitlecomesfromthetownszipcodepostalcodepremieredatthesouthbysouthwestfilmfestivalwhereitwonthegrandjuryprizeitwontherogerandchazeberttruerthanfictionawardattheindependentspiritawardsjeannettecatsoulishasdescribedthefilmasfollowsabeguilingsliceofmidwesternimpressionismdropsinontheresidentsofsidneyohiotoobservetheirlunchesandhaircutstrialsandtransgressionsreferencesexternallinkspbsorgindependentlenssiteforindependentlensonpublicbroadcastingservicepbsxzexistenzisanoutofprinttradingcardboardgametcbgbestdescribedasacollectiblecardgametradingcardgamewithagameboardxzisagameinthefantasyandsciencefictiongenresbasedonastoryaboutafictivehappeninginthenearfutureeverymonthsanewsetwillbeintroducedthereleaseofthesecondsetactiispoilsofwarisplannedfortheendofmaythegameplayinvolvestheuseofplayingcardsandmovementoffantasycreaturesacrossthegameboardallcreaturesinthegamereferredtoassummonsarerepresentedbypawnsxzisacompetitivestrategygamewithtournamentsandchampionshipsthatcanbeplayedbytoplayerssingleplayplayerversusplayermultiplayindividualplayersandteamplayplayersversusplayersplayersversusplayersxzisdesignedandpublishedinbythedutchcompanyquantuummagicbvthebasicsetiscalledactitheneweraadvizedminimumageexternallinksxzcomofficialwebsiteboa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edyinghisdeathyearisnotknownprobablybeforethenextmilitarygovernortookofficenotesandreferencesnewbookoftangzhsvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhsxxzinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexviarmycorpsnativenamegeneralkommandoxvimotarmeekorpsimagealtcaptiondatesfebruaryfebruarybroctobermaycountrycountriesallegiancebranchgermanarmywehrmachtarmytyperolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottocolorsorcolourscolorslabelorcolourslabelmarchmascotanniversariesequipmentequipmentlabelbattlesdisbandedmaycommanderscommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelnotablecommandersinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexviarmycorpsthcorpswasacorpsinthegermanarmyduringworldwariithexvimotorizedcorpswasactivatedasaheadquartersformotorizedunitsinfebruaryinberlinthexvicorpswasassignedtothetharmywehrmachttharmyinthegermaninvasionofpolandandtoarmygroupbduringthebattleoffranceinvasionoffranceduringthefrenchcampaignthecorpsfoughtatthebattlesofbattleofhannuthannutandbattleofgemblouxgemblouxonfebruarythecorpsheadquarterswasinactivatedinordertoformthethpanzergroupinjulygeneralkommandozbvkleffelwasorganizedasanadhoccorpsheadquarterssubordinatedtothetharmywehrmachttharmyinnorthernrussiaonoctoberthisheadquarterswasmadepermanentanddesignatedthexviarmycorpsassuchthecorpsremainedundertharmycommanduntilthesurrenderofthetharmyincourlandinmayareaofoperationsxvimotorizedcorpspolandseptemberbelgiumandnorthernfrancemaytojunexviarmycorpsnorthernrussialatviacourlandcommandersgeneralobersterichhoepnerfebruarytofebruarygeneralderkavalleriephilippkleffeljulytooctobergeneralleutnanthorstvonmellenthinoctobertonovembergeneralderkavalleriephilippkleffelnovembertodecembergeneralderinfanterieernstantonvonkrosigkdecembertomarchgeneralleutnantgottfriedwebergeneralgottfriedwebermarchtomaynotesandsourcesgeorgtessinverbndeundtruppenderdeutschenwehrmachtundwaffenssvolumeosnabrckbiblioverlagsubjectbarportalmilitaryofgermanyportalworldwariixviarmycorpswehrmachtjiaotonguniversitythexinyichangxingrailwayorxinchangrailwayalsoknownasthexinchanglineisasingletrackrailroadineasternchinabetweenthecitiesofxinyijiangsuprovinceandchangxingcountyinzhejiangzhejiangprovinceitrunsnorthsouththroughtheentirelengthofjiangsuprovinceandthenortherntipofzhejiangmajorcitiesalongrouteincludehuaianhuaianyanchenghaiancountyhaianjingjiangjiangyinandyixingincludinganbspkmspurfromhaiancountyhaiantonantongthexinchangrailwayisnbspkmintotallengthhistorythexinchangrailwaywasthefirstrailwaytobebuiltinjiangsuprovincenorthoftheyangtzeriverconstructionbeganinseptemberandtheentirelinewascompletedinaprilpassengerandfreightservicecommencedonjulyaconnectiontonantongasectionofthenanjingqidongrailwaywasaddedinroutethexinchangrailwayconnectsthelonghairailwaylonghaiandjiaozhouxinyirailwaysinthenorthandwiththeningqirailwaynanjingnantongjinghurailwaybeijingshanghaixuanhangrailwayxuanchenghangzhourailwaysinthesouththexinchanglineistheonlymajorinlandraillineinchinatouseariverrailferryferryastherailwayhasnobridgeortunnelcrossingattheyangtzerivertrainsmustbeferriedacrosstheriverfromjingjiangonthenorthernsideoftheriverterminalattojiangyinonthesouthernsideterminalatapairofferriesmaketripsperdayacrosstherivernotesxyleborusmayrefertoxyleborusbeetlexyleborusbeetleagenusofbarkbeetlesxyleboruslichenxyleboruslichenagenusoflichensthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswelltaxoboxnamexyleborusregnumfungidivisioascomycotaclassislecanoromycetesordolecanoralesfamiliastereocaulaceaegenusxyleborusgenusauthorityrichardcharrisrcharrisdouglasladdladdtypespeciesxyleborussporodochifertypespeciesauthorityrichardcharrisrcharrisdouglasladdladdxyleborusisagenusoflicheninthestereocaulaceaefamilyofthelecanoralesorderthegenusismonotypicandcontainsthesinglespeciesxyleborussporodochiferfirstreportedinandfoundintheozarksinmissourireferencesrawyaateyalateefaalgaoodkhunjerabpasskhunjerabpassfusanosukegotflameofreccanobuyukianzaimountosorezwithswashtailshimokitapeninsulaswithswashtailinfoboxstationnamexiantaoxinativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationcnsymbolrailcheckthisvalueremovethiscommentafterwardssymbollocationcnsymbolcrhsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagejpgaltcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressxiantaohubeicountrychinacoordinatesoperatorwuhanrailwaybureaubrchinarailwaycorporationlinehanyirailwayplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructuredisabledcodeopenedclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesslinet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angemperoryizongbackgroundandearlycareeritisnotknownwhenxiahouziwasbornhisfamilywasfromqiaoinmodernbozhouanhuiandclaimedancestryfromthespringandautumnperiodstateqihenanqibutlittleisknownabouthistraceableancestryexceptforhisfatherxiahoushenfengwhoservedasasupervisoryofficialattheministryofritesxiahouzihadatleasttwoolderbrothersxiahouminandxiahoujingandatleasttwoyoungerbrothersxiahoufeiandxiahouaoxiahouzipassedtheimperialexaminationsinthejinshiclassinduringthereignofemperorjingzongoftangemperorjingzonghesubsequentlyservedonstaffsofvariousregionalgovernorsbeforelatersuccessivelyservingastheprefectofwuprefectureinmodernjinhuazhejiangandtheprefectofjiangprefectureinmodernyunchengshanxihewaslaterrecalledtothecapitalchangantoserveasanadvisoryofficialwiththetitlejianyidaifuandlaterasanimperialattendantjishizhonginbywhichtimeemperorjingzongsuncleemperorxunzongoftangemperorxunzongwasemperorxiahouwasmadethedeputyministerofjusticexingbushilanginhemadeshangshuyouchengoneofthesecretariesgeneraloftheexecutivebureauofgovernmentshangshushengandgiventhehonorifictitleofshangzhuguorefnamebtoldbookoftangzhsvolrefsoonthereafterhewasalsomadethedeputyministerofcensushubushilangandthedirectoroftaxationafteremperorxunzonghadinitiallyofferedthepositiontothemayorofjingzhaomunicipalityiethechanganregionweiaobutweideclinedrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolreffirstchancellorshipinbywhichtimexiahouziwasreferredtoasthedeputyministerofdefensebingbushilangandthedirectorofthesaltandironmonopoliesemperorxunzonggavexiahouthedesignationtongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshimakinghimachancelloroftangdynastychancellordefactoafteremperorxunzongdiedinandwassucceededbyhissonemperoryizongoftangemperoryizongemperoryizongcontinuedtohavexiahouserveaschancellorandmadehimmenxiashilangthedeputyheadoftheexaminationbureauofgovernmentmenxiashenghealsocreatedxiahouthemarquessofqiaorefnamenbtnewbookoftangzhsvolrefinwhenagrarianrebelqiufuoverranzhedongcircuitheadquarteredinmodernshaoxingzhejiangitwasatxiahousrecommendationthatemperoryizongcommissionedthegeneralwangshitangdynastywangshitosuppressqiusrebellionanditwassaidthatitwaswithxiahousfullsupportthatwangwasfullysuppliedandwasabletodefeatqiuinlateaftertheendoftheqiurebellionxiahouwasmadethemilitarygovernorjiedushiofxichuancircuitheadquarteredinmodernchengdusichuancontinuingtokeepthetongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshititleasanhonorarytitlerefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefsecondchancellorshipinbywhichtimexiahouziwasreferredtoastheformermilitarygovernorofxichuanhewasmadezuopusheoneoftheheadsoftheexecutivebureauandchancelloragainwiththedesignationtongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshiitwasatxiahousrecommendationthatinthegeneralgaopianwascommissionedtorecaptureannaninmodernhanoivietnamfromkingdomofnanzhaodaliforceslateinxiahouwasagainremovedfromhischancellorpositionandmadethemilitarygovernorofhezhongcircuitheadquarteredinmodernyunchengaftersecondchancellorshipinwhenxiahouziwasapparentlystillgoverninghezhongandbywhichtimehewasreferredtobythetitleofdukeofqiaocommanderydaliforcesmadeamajorincursionintoxichuancircuitemperoryizongblamingxiahoufornothavingfortifiedxichuansdefenseswhilegoverningxichuanissuedanedictrebukingxiahouandrelievingxiahoufromhispostasmilitarygovernorofhezhongxiahouwasmadeanadvisortothecrownprincewithhisofficeattheeasterncapitalluoyangitwassaidthatxiahoudiedsoonthereafterbutthedateisnotknownnotesandreferencesoldbookoftangzhsvolnewbookoftangzhsvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhsviktormedvedchukthistooshallpassnorthshoretowerssabilkuttabofkatkhudamosqueofmuhammadalivaligovernoralmuizzlidinallahalmansurbillahabuyazidbenihammadfortalmansurredirectxinyuanrealestatehangzhousouthrailwaystationxiaoshanrailwaystationisarailwaystationofhangyongpassengerrailwaylocatedinzhejiangpeoplesrepublicofchinaxinyunorthrailwaystationisarailwaystationofhangchangkunpassengerrailwaylocatedinjiangxipeoplesrepublicofchinaxiangtannorthrailwaystationisarailwaystationofhangchangkunpassengerrailwaylocatedinhunanpeoplesrepublicofchinaxinhuasouthrailwaystationisarailwaystationofhangchangkunpassengerrailwaylocatedinhunanpeoplesrepublicofchinaxupusouthrailwaystationisarailwaystationofhangchangkunpassengerrailwaylocatedinhunanpeoplesrepublicofchinainfoboxstationnamexiuyingrailwaystationbrtypestyleimagenorthsideviewofxiuyangstatoinjpgimagesizeimagecaptionaddresscoordinateslinehainaneasternringrailwayotherstructureplatformdepthlevelstracksparkingbicyclebaggagecheckopenedclosedrebuiltelectrifiedadacodeownedzonesmartcardnamesmartcardstatusformerpassengerspassyearpasspercentpasssystemmpassengersservicesmaplocatorxiuyingrailwaystationisarailwaystationofhainaneasternringrailwayservingthexiuyingdistrictlocatedinhainanpeoplesrepublicofchinathestationiscurrentlynotinoperationexternallinksxinzhaeastrailwaystationisareservedrailwaystationofshanghainanjingintercityrailwaylocatedinjiangsupeoplesrepublicofchinaxiashurailwaystationisarailwaystationofshanghainanjingintercityrailwaylocatedinjiangsupeoplesrepublicofchinaxianlinrailwaystationisarailwaystationofshanghainanjingintercityra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bitatthemangroveforesthelpsstabilizingthealluviumalluvialsoilaswellasfunctioningasfloodprotectionandplayinganimportantroleindifferentbiochemicalcyclesaquaticplantspecieshavebeenrecordedcertainspeciesofseaweedinparticularareofhigheconomicvalueoverspeciesofbenthosandzooplanktonshrimpfishcraboystersetchavealsobeenidentifiednatureconservationactivitiesinxunthynationalparkscorezonethereisaportionofunoccupiedlandusedforshrimpfisheryshrimprearingpondsaboutextensivefarmingpondsneartheredriverandextensiveclamrearingareasapartofthesandyplainneartheendofconngantentsandhutspitchedtolookaftersuchpondswerebuiltwithoutplanningthelandinthebufferzonecanbedividedintoseveralcategoriesincludingresidentiallandagriculturalfarminglandaquaculturelandmangrovesandflatsandafewmangroveareasalongtherivercanalsmostoftheareasinbaitrongandconnganxunthysbufferzonehavebeendividedintopondstoraiseshrimpsandcrabsthisactivitygrewexponentiallyinthestheculturingseasonismaytojanuaryapriltodecemberlunarcalendarduringtheoffseasonsomelocalpeoplecultureyellowthreadseaweedforcommercialpurposeshuntingofbirdsandotheranimalsisprohibitedandhasdecreasedneverthelesssuchillegalactivitiesarestillpresentitisalsoforbiddenforthefarmerstograzetheirwaterbuffalobuffaloesinthecorezonetopreventtheoverexploitationofthegivennaturalresourcesthereareprojectslikethemushroomclubwhichaimtocreatealternativelivelihoodsalsothenationalparkhasthetasktoraiseawarenessinthecommunitiesofthebufferzonetocareabouttheenvironmentandtoprotectitonalongtermbasistoachievethisgoalthenationalparkstartedsomeeducationalactivitieswhichincludeannuallessonsinninelocalsecondaryschoolsinthefuturetherewillalsobeaprojectconcerningthesolidwastemanagementinthebufferzoneatthemomentwasteisnotseparatedandsimplythrownawayscientificresearchsinceitisaveryimportantnaturalsiteinsoutheastasiaxunthynationalparkhasbeensubjecttomanybothvietnameseandinternationalscientificresearchesaccordingtothenationalparktherehavebeenwrittenmorethanthesisphdthesestensofmasterandhundredsofresearchpapersbystudentsfromovervietnameseuniversitiesnongovernmentalorganizationsalsoconductedresearchbeforeimplementingnewprojectswhichusuallyarerelatedtotheconservationbiologyconservationofenvironmentortosustainabledevelopmentespeciallyinthecorezonetherearemanyprojectsregardingconservationasthereisnohumanactivityallowedinthisareatheaimistoprotectthemangrovesmigratorybirdsotheraquaticandterrestrialspeciesandthewetlandecosysteminitsentiretyinthebufferzonethefocusofscientificresearchliesonthedevelopmentofsustainableandenvironmentallyfriendlyalternativelivelihoodsandthepromotionofenvironmentalprotectionalsothereisstilltheneedtofindmechanismswhichendfightsbetweenlocalinterestsandtheparkpoliciesprojectsconcerningthecomanagementofclampcultureareafirststeptosolvingthoseproblemsinthewholeareatherearealsoprojectswhichfocusonbuildingcapacitybothforthestaffofthenationalparkandforthelocalcommunitytoreducethecurrentpressureonthenaturalresourcesoftheparkoneproblemofanyscientificresearchconcerningtheparkisthemissinglongtermbasismostoftheprojectsareconductedbyoutsiderswhosometimesfailtomeetthegivenneedsfurthermorethereisnodatabaseinthenationalparkwhichcollectsallresearchthatisevermadesothatalotofbasicinformationneedstobecollectedrepeatedlysocioeconomicbackgroundoverviewaccordingtostatisticdataofthegiaothydistrictpeoplescommitteefromtheyearthereareinhabitantslivinginthefivebufferzonecommunesgiaothiengiaoangiaolacgiaoxuanandgiaohaibelongingtothenationalparktheaveragepopulationdensitydensityofpopulationvariesbetweenandpeoplepersquarekilometerduetomorethanonepercentpopulationgrowtheveryyearitisstillrisingthelocalinhabitantsearnmostoftheirincomebyagriculturalactivitiesmainlybycultivatingriceoftheaverageincomeisgainedthiswaytheproductivitybeingnbspkgricepercapitaperannumbecauseofunfavourablechangesinnatureagriculturallandisshrinkingyearbyyearcreatingalackoflandforagriculturalproductionextensionwhilethiseconomicfieldhasthereforereacheditscapacitiesthesecondmostimportantonestillisseentohaveahighpotentialinfisheriescameupforofafamilysincometherewerehectareofaquaculturepondsinthebufferzonewiththeannualgrowthrateofthemarinebusinessbeingthissectorisinfastexpansionandisseentohaveahighereconomicturnoverthantraditionalagricultureontheothersideclamrearingforexamplecanhaveahighfinancialreturnbutalsoneedsbiginvestmentsandputsahighpressureontheenvironmentasthewaterqualityisendangereditcanbeseenthatsomeaquaculturalpondsstopmakinganyprofitaftersomeyearsandputtheownerintoaverydifficultfinancialsituationhusbandrymakesupoftheannualincomeitcanimprovethedailylifeofinhabitantsandproduceorganicfertilizerneededforagriculturalactivitiessincetheveterinariannetworkatitspresentstatusisnotcapableofdealingwithmajordiseasesafurtherincreaseinthissectorisnotpossiblenewindustriesandtechniquesbelongingtothesectorofservicesandtrademeetahighdemandandhaveabigpotentialforthefuturenowmakinguponlyoftheaverageincomethefieldofindustryandhandicraftisunderdevelopedandonlyresponsibleforthereasonsforthiscanbefoundinmissingeducationandapoormaterialbasethelaboursourceisstructuredaccordingtotheaverageincomeofallinhabitantsareworkinginthesectorofagricultureinfisheriesinfieldsoftradingandservicesandinthesectorofindustryhandicraftandconstructionitcanbeseenthatthesectoroffisheriesismoreprofitablethantraditionalagricultureitisalsoamorestableemploymentpeopleworkingonthericefieldsareunemployedbetweenthetwoharvestscreatingmorepressureontheresourcesofthenationalparkbyexploitingitsresourcesinthistimethegeneralrateofunemploymentdeclinedfromtointheperiodfromtobutsinceofallresidentsinthebufferzonegrowtheirownriceahighnumberofworkersdependsontheagriculturalseasoninxunthydistrictthereareprimaryandsecondaryschoolstudentsandhighschoolstudentswhileeverychildgoestoprimaryschoolandalsovisitthesecondaryschoolthenumberofhighschoolstudentsisstillverylowalsoinonlyofallinhabitantsweretrainedlabourersfurthermoretherearestillproblemscausedbythepoorinfrastructurealltheresidentshaveelectricitybutthewatersupplymanlystillreliesoncollectedrainwatersincehalfoftheinhabitantsusewaterwelldrilledwellsanddrivenwellsbutonlytoofthosehavecleanwaterthelowlivingstandardandinfrastructurealsocanbeseenasthereasonfortheunstableandspontaneousproductionandthemissingknowledgeandexperienceofmarketbusinesswhichalsocauseseconomicdifficultiesbecausethereisnopossibilityoffurtherincreasingagricultureandthenumberofinhabitantsisrisingthepressureontheresourcesofthenationalparkisgrowingbesidestheinvestmentinaquaculturethemangrovemangroveforestsareapossibleresourceresearchesbythenongovernmentalorganizationcentreformarinelifeconservationandcommunitydevelopmentmcdhaveshownthatmorethanhalfoftheannualincomeofanaboveaveragefamilyreliesonmangroveswhilepoorfamiliesrelymoreontraditionalcultivationandhusbandryandonlygainonefifthoftheirannualincomebymangrovestoreducethepressureonthenationalparkandlowerthepovertylevellevelofpovertywhichstillliesbetweenandalternativelivelihoodsmustbecreatedandsupportedalternativelivelihoodsinordertocreatealternativeincomegeneratingsourcestoreducethepressureonthenaturalresourcesofthenationalparkandtogeneratesustainableemploymentpossibilitiestherearedifferentprojectsforthebufferzoneitishopedthatthehumanencroachmentontheenvironmentcanbedecreasedthiswaysolvingsomeofthemostsevereproblemslikedeforestationtheuseofsmallnetfishingbycatchfishingandelectricfishinguncontrollableshrimppondmakingandillegalhuntingthefocusoftheprogramtocreatealternativelivelihoodsliesonguaranteeingtechnicalandfinancialsupportincooperationwithnumerouslocalandinternationalorganizationsbothgovernmentalandnongovernmentalsomeofthemostimportantonesbeingmcdcorinasiaandthewetlandsallianceprogramwaponthefinancialleveltheparkmainlyinvestsinthelocalinfrastructurebuildingforexampleroadsacommunitycenterofenvironmentaleducationandpublichealthcentersthegoalofgainingawarenessonecologicalissuesandcreatingasustainabledevelopmentmainlyistriedtoreachbytechnologysupportthetransferoftechnologytothelocalpopulationincludestheteachingoftechniquestogrowmushroomskeepbeesandmaintainextensiveshrimpfarmsbecauseitisseenasanextremelyeffectiveservicesectorcommunitybasedecotourismisstimulatedtheprojectofthemushroomclubstartedinbeforegrazingbuffaloesinthecorezonewereamajorproblemastheyweredestroyingtheforestthefightbetweentheparkpoliciesandlocalinterestswastriedtosolvebycreatingmushroomcultureasanalternativelivelihoodwiththesupportofcorinasiaandwapthexunthynationalparkmushroomclubwasestablishedthiswaynotonlyjobsregardlessofgenderandagewerecreatedtheverycommonopenfieldricestrawburningwasalsoreducedsincethestrawisnowusedashumusforthemushroomsinthefuturethereistheplantofinallyusethericestrawasorganicfertilizerinagricultureafteroneyearthemushroomclubhadmemberswhonotonlyworkedtogetherbutalsostartedtoorganizesmallsocialeventslikethemushroomcookingcontestforthehealthofthecommunityinnovembertheprojectisanimportantemploymentpossibilitybetweentheharvestsnowbeingthexunthynationalparkmushroomandservicecooperationitalsohasanimprovedlegalstatusthegrownmushroomsaresoldinthesurroundingcommunesandinhanoionthelongbinmarketandthesouthmarketincaseofthehoneybeegrouptheprojectsaimwastostructurepreviousactivitiesofhoneybeekeepingagroupwascreatedwhichnowaccordingtothenationalparkcanworkmoreeffectivelytogethertherebyincreasingthenumberofbeecagesandhoneyproductionandgainingahigherincomethefieldofecotourismstillseessomedifficultiessinceitisanewmodelinvietnamandmissinginfrastructuresareanobstacleforpotentialvisitorsnowtheparkhastheplantoslowlyupgradefacilitiesservicesandmarketinguntiltheyearguestroomsarealreadyavailablethreenewbigguesthouseswillbefinishedinmanagementuntiltheyeartheparkhadaverypoormanagementsituationtherewereonlyfivestaffmemberswithlimitedtechnicalandprofessionalcapacitiesthegiveninfrastructureandfacilitieswereinsufficientsinceinstitutionalarrangementswereunclearthenationalparkwasnotabletoimplementmonitoringactivitieswhichcouldhavehelpedstoppingoverexploitationquicklybesidestheoverlappingmanagementresponsibilitiestherewasaconstantfightbetweenlocalinterestgroupswhoselivelihoodsdependonthenaturalresourcesandtheboardofdirectorsmanagementboardwhichwantedtodecreasethehighrateofexploitationongovernmentalleveltherewasalackofcoordinationandcooperationtoimplementeffectivemanagementmechanismssincethesituationhasimprovedanewofficeincludingdifferentfunctionroomsandanaturalmuseumwasbuiltandcannowmeetthegivendemandforinfrastructuralandtechnicalcapacitiesonthelevelofhumanresourcestherewererecruitedmorestaffmembersfromdifferentprofessionssuchastourismforestryaquacultureandbiologynowtherearenotonlypeopleworkingintheofficethestaffalsoparticipatesregularlyinworkshopsandtrainingprogramstoimprovethereskillsinfieldsofenvironmentaleducationecotourismandcommunitydevelopmenttheinstitutionallevelisstillachallengeassuccessfulstorycantheprojectofcomanagingclamculturebeseennowthexunthynationalparkmanagementboardlocalcouncilsandclamfarmerscooperatesothatclamsareharvestedundercontrolandresponsibilitiesandrightsofeachsideareclearlydefinedtheongoingtaskofstrengtheningitsinstitutionalcapacityisveryimportantforthenationalparkforexamplethereisstilltheneedtoknowaboutthelanduserightsintheareatohavebasicinformationwhichthencanbeusedtomanagethegivenresourcesandactivitiessincetherearealotofagenciesandorganizationswhichsomehowhaveaninfluenceonorresponsibilityfortheparkthereistheneedtoorganizeandstructurealltheintereststokeepastrictparkpolicyandavoidoverlappingresponsibilitieswhichpreventthemanagementboardfromsucceedingwithitsplansatthemomentthereisawiderangeofresponsibleorganizationslocalgovernmentalauthoritiesstateagenciesthexunthynationalparkmanagementunitasaspecialagencyinternalagencieslikethecourtthepublicsecurityandthearmylocalassociationswhichbecomemoreandmoreimportantcompaniesrelatedtocreditfinancecreditandbankingreligiousorganizationsandplayingaveryimportantroleinternationalorganizationsincludingnongovernmentalorganizationsaneffectivemanagementhastoimplementallthesedifferentplayersthepresentmanagementactivitieshoweverstilllackeffectivenessinthefuturethemaintaskforthenationalparkwillbethestrengtheningofitsowninstitutionalstatusreferencesnotesbibliographytheramsarregionalcentereastasiawiseuseworkshopandtrainingsessiononwetlandmanagementseptemberchangnyeongsouthkoreapnbspvuonquocgiaxunthycorinasiathewetlandsalliancesidabuildinglocalcapacitiesforsustainableresourcemanagementinxunthynationalparkvietnamphanthianhdaophannguyenhonglexuantuantranminhphuongnguyenhuuthoxunthynationalparksocioeconomicsmercmcdhanoivietnamphannguyenhonglexuantuanphanthianhdaoxunthynationalparkbiodiversitymercmcdhanoivietnamexternallinksvuonquocgiaxuanthuyorgvnwebsiteofxunthynationalparkwebarchiveorgwebbirdlifeindochinaorgbirdlifebirdwatchxuanthuyhtmlcompletelistofbirdsbybirdlifeindochinaxinjiangjadavpuruniversityformationassociationfootballstrokeorderstrokeorderredirectcategoryshellstrokeorderstrokeorderstrokeorderstrokeordersantkydensantkydentsutayajzaburjippenshaikkusabursakaichinesepidginenglishchinesepidginenglishmmtelephonenumbersinugandaxiicorpsidumishmilanguagevladimirdmitrievichnabokovposhekhonyeyaroslavloblastbracketencodingindigitalmediaredirectcategoryshelltaiwaistationmamorumiyanoisaiasmatiabachinauniversityofpetroleumchinauniversityofpetroleumpanjinpanjinmengjianzhuluoganluoganuniversityofscienceandtechnologybeijinguniversityofscienceandtechnologybeijingzhangzilinzhangzilinxenophanesalbumonewaytrafficnoentrysignsredirectcategoryshellwarningsignroadconditionsredirectcategoryshellgeelyinfoboxmusicalartistseewikipediawikiprojectmusiciansnamextripxoriginfukuokajapangenrerockmusicrockbackgroundgrouporbandyearsactivelabelspeeddiskwebsitecurrentmembersyoshitobrkbrenapastmembersrucchibryukinebrshougobrchobixtripxprevnameisajapanesevisualkeirockmusicrockbandthatisactiveontheindiescenetheirfirstliveperformancewasinoctoberandjunesawthereleaseoftheirfirstminialbumlineupcurrentmembersvocalsyoshitoguitarkdrumsenaexmembersbassrucchireturnedoncetothebandandleftagainonaprilbassyukineexmemberofmistqruelandleftbandonseptemberguitarshougoexmemberofleftbandonjulybasschobileftbandonjulyhistoryoriginallyfromfukuokathebandhassuccessfullycompletedseveraltourssincetheirinceptionbutsawanumberofchangesforthebandyukinedepartedxtripxduetohispersonaldifferencesinmusichecontinuedtoplaywiththebandupuntilseptemberwhenheleftforgoodbyoctoberrucchitheirpreviousbassistreturnedtotheirlineupintheyreleasedtheirfirstsongafterthereunionentitleddreamcatcherwhichwasspeciallylimitedtocopiesandsoldattheirfreeshowonnewyearsevetheyreleasedasingletogetherentitledreevolutioninaprilxtripxdecidedtopackupandheadtotokyoforseekbetteropportunitiesfortheirmusiconfebruarytheyreleasedtheirmaxisingletitledinnovationreismwhichreachedontheoriconsingleschartitreachedontheoriconindiessingleschartanothersingledisturbdabordertypebwasreleasedonmarchandpeakedatontheoriconchartonmaytheyannouncedthatchobiandshougowereleavingduetomusicaldifferencesaftertheirconcertattakadanobabaareaonjulythebandwentonhiatusimmediatelyafterthatonaprilxtripxannouncedarevivalco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copticalreconstructionmicroscopystochasticopticalreconstructionmicroscopystorminfluencesinfluencedawardsmacarthurfellowsprogramacsawardinpurechemistrymaxdelbruckprizesacklerprizenasawardinmolecularbiologyauthorabbrevbotauthorabbrevzoospouseorspousespartnerorpartnerschildrensignaturefilenameonlysignaturealtwebsitefootnotesxiaoweizhuangbornjanuaryisachineseamericanbiophysicistandthedavidbarnoldjrprofessorofscienceprofessorofchemistryandchemicalbiologyandprofessorofphysicsatharvarduniversityandaninvestigatoratthehowardhughesmedicalinstitutexiaoweizhuangisbestknownforherworkinthedevelopmentofstochasticopticalreconstructionmicroscopystochasticopticalreconstructionmicroscopystormrefnamerustrefrefnamebatesrefrefnamehuangrefasuperresolutionfluorescencemicroscopymethodandthediscoveriesofnovelcellularstructuresusingstormearlylifeandeducationzhuangsfatheriszhuanglixianwhoisaprofessorofuniversityofscienceandtechnologyofchinaustchermotheriszhurenzhiwhoisalsoaprofessorofustczhuanggraduatedfromtheuniversityofscienceandtechnologyofchinaustcwithabsinphysicsinsheobtainedherphdinphysicsfromtheuniversityofcaliforniaberkeleyinandconductedherthesisresearchunderthesupervisionofdryuenronsheninshewasachodorowpostdoctoralfellowinthelaboratoryofdrstevenchuatstanforduniversityshestartedherfacultypositioninthedepartmentofchemistryandchemicalbiologyanddepartmentofphysicsatharvarduniversityinresearchzhuangslaboratoryinventedstochasticopticalreconstructionmicroscopystochasticopticalreconstructionmicroscopystormasinglemoleculebasedsuperresolutionfluorescencemicroscopymethodthezhuanglaboratorydemonstratedthreedimensionalsuperresolutionimagingwithstormthezhuanglaboratoryalsodiscoveredseveralphotoswitchabledyemoleculesusingstormzhuangandcolleagueshavestudiedavarietyofbiologicalsystemrangingfromsinglecellorganismstocomplexbraintissuesthesestudiesledtothediscoveryofnovelcellularstructuressuchastheperiodicmembraneskeletonsintheaxonsofneuronsandprovidedinsightsintomanyothercellularstructuresthezhuanglaboratoryinventedasinglecelltranscriptomeimagingmethodmerfishmultiplexederrorrobustfluorescenceinsituhybridizationwhichallowsnumerousrnaspeciestobeimagedandquantifiedinsinglecellsintheirnativecontextzhuangandcolleaguesusedsinglemoleculefrettostudybiomoleculesandmolecularcomplexesanddevelopedsinglevirustrackingmethodstostudyviruscellinteractionshonorsandawardshonorarydoctoratedelftuniversityoftechnologypittsburghanalyticalchemistryawardlennartnilssonawardkarolinskainstituteswedendoctorofphilosophyhonoriscausastockholmuniversityforeignacademicianofthechineseacademyofsciencesnasawardinmolecularbiologymemberamericanacademyofartsandsciencesmembernationalacademyofsciencesfellowamericanphysicalsocietyfellowamericanassociationfortheadvancementofsciencesacklerprizemaxdelbruckprizecoblentzawardacsawardinpurechemistrysloanfellowshipdavidandlucilepackardfoundationmacarthurfellowsprogrambeckmanyounginvestigatorsawardrefnamerecipientsearchrefreferencesspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxenodontaparentauthoritywarnrefnamewarwarnanewandlittleknownmolluscafromicelandandscandinaviapartsarsiapagerefspeciesbogasoniauthoritywarnsynonymsrefsynonymsxenodontaisagenusofseasnailsdeepsealimpetsmarineoceanmarinegastropodmollusksinthefamilybiologyfamilybathysciadiidaerefnamewormsgenusrefspeciesspecieswithinthegenusxenodontaincludexenodontabogasoniwarnrefnamewormsrefdistributioneuropeanwatersreferencesexternallinksspeciesboximagexanthoporessagjpgstatusstatussystemstatusreftaxonxanthoporessaauthoritygiuseppeoliviolivisynonymsalpheustinctorsmallwebersmallnomennudumcancerporessasmallolivismallcancertinctorsmallfabriciussmallxanthorivulosasmallrissosmallsynonymsrefnbsprefnamewormsrefxanthoporessathejaguarroundcrabisaspeciesofcrabfromtheeasternatlanticoceanitisoneoffourspeciesinthegenusxanthodescriptionthejuvenilesofxanthoporessaarecrypticallycolouredascamouflageamongtheepibiontsontheleavesofposidoniawithavariablecarapacecolourwhichcanbeyellowishreddishbrownordarkgreywithpatchesofothercolourusuallywhitethepereiopodsareusuallybandedwithdarkbrownorblackbandsalternatingwithwhiteortranslucentstripesorspotsalthoughthefifthpereiopodisbrighterandoftenunmarkedtheadultsareuniformlydarkgreyincolourandtheyleavetheseagrassbedsformoreopenrockysubstratesrefnamebedinirefdistributionxanthoporessaisdistributedthroughouttheblackseaandthemediterraneanseaandintothewarmerpartsofthenortheasternatlantictothecanaryislandsbiologythelarvaeofxanthoporessagothroughzoealandmegalopalstagewhichistypicalofmostoftherelatedspeciesofcrabsinthesubfamilyxanthinaethedurationofeachzoealstagelasteddaysandthemegalopastagelastedanaverageofdayswiththefirstjuvenilecrabstagebeingreachedafterdaysintheblackseaxporessaiscommonneartheshorelineatdepthsoflessthanmitismainlyfoundstonesonsubstratesofpebbleandcrushedrockitisrareontheothersubstratesandmayoccurdowntomindepthrefnamecorrefreferencescampaignnikolaiyezhovbuddhadebbhattacharjeejyotibasuxianshuiriverariverinsichuanprovincesouthernchinageographythexianshuiriverhasthreeriversourcesth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wasachievedthroughcollaborationwithteamxoredthiscollaborationbeganindecemberandcametofruitioninjanuarybysuccessfullyintegratingtheteamxoredteamxoredtrainerengineintoxbmcxboxxbmcxboxcanruntrainerswiththefollowingfileextensionsetmandxbtfxlinkkaixboxliveonlinegamingalternativexbmcxboxpreviouslyhadaxlinkkaifrontendintegratedtocontrolthatclientbutthathasbeenremovedinmorerecentbuildsaudioandvideoplaybackhandlingxbmcxboxcanbeusedtoplayviewallcommonmultimediaformatshoweveritcannotplaybackmostnativepandpvideofilesduetoxboxhardwarelimitationsxmbcxboxcanupscaletheresolutionofmanystandarddefinitionvideosxbmcxboxmultimediaplaybackcoresxbmcxboxusestwodifferentmultimediavideoplayercoresforvideoplaybackthefirstcoredubbeddvdplayerisxbmcsinhousedevelopedvideoplaybackcorewithsupportfordvdvideodvdvideomoviesandisbasedonlibmpegandlibmadformpegdecodingyetffmpegformediacontainerdemuxingsplittingaswellasdecodingotheraudioformatsrespectiveaudiodecodingishandledbylibaforacfilteracaudiodecodingandlibdtslibdcafordtssoundsystemdtsaudioalsoincludedissupportfordvdvideoprogramminginterfacedvdmenusthroughlibdvdnavanddvdreadonerelativelyunusualfeatureofthisdvdplayercoreisthecapabilitytoontheflypauseandplaydvdvideomoviesthatarestoredinisoimageisoandimgdvdimagesordvdvideoifovobbupbupimagesevendirectlyfromuncompressedrarfileformatrarandzipfileformatziparchivesfromeitherlocalharddrivestorageornetworksharestoragethesecondvideoplayercoreforvideoplaybackisaportedversionoftheopensourcecrossplatformplayermplayerwhichtodayisonlyusedasabackupplayerinxbmcxboxmplayerwhichisknownforplayingpracticallyallcommonmediaformatsandxbmcxboxhandlesallcodecsandcontainerformatdigitalcontainersnormallysupportedbymplayerwhichisallffmpegsupportedcodecsandalsoseveralexternaloneswiththehelpofproprietarydynamiclinklibrarydllfilesthethirdcorepaplayerabbreviatedfrompsychoacousticaudioplayeronlysupportsaudioplaybackpaplayerwasalsodevelopedbythexbmcteambeforetheprojectssplitinthepaplayersupportsmorecodecsthanmplayerandisthereforethedefaultaudioplaybackcoresomefileformatsthatdontworkwithmplayerplaywithpaplayerandtherearelessbugsegthevisualisationbuginmplayerwherevisualisationsbreakafterafilehasbeenplayedafterthepreviousxbmcxboxsitewentdownthewikiwaslostsothereisnorecordforsupportedfiletypesforpaplayerinxbmcxboxhoweverxbmcorghasapageonwikixbmcorgtitlepaplayerpaplayersupportedformatsprogramminganddevelopmentxbmcxboxisasoftwareapplicationprogrammedincxbmcxboxusesdirectxmicrosoftdirectxmultimediaframeworkanddirectdrenderingasthexboxconsolexboxdoesnotsupportopenglthexboxdevelopmentkitxboxsdkxboxdevelopmentkitakaxdksoftwaredevelopmentkitwithlibrarycomputinglibrariesisrequiredtocompilercompilexbmcxboxalsorequiredtocompileandcomputerprogrammingprograminxbmcxboxistheoldermicrosoftvisualstudionetversionaccordingtomicrosoftitisacommonmisconceptionthatthexboxconsolexboxusesamodifiedwindowskernelcomputingkernelinsteadtheyclaimthatthexboxoperatingsystemwasbuiltfromscratchbutimplementsasubsetofwindowsapistheideathatitdoesindeedrunamodifiedcopyofthewindowskernelstillpersistsinthecommunityhoweverwhatisknownforsureisthatthexboxskernelworkslikeabiosandiswinbasedbutdoesnothavealloftheresourcesorcapabilitiesofafullmicrosoftwindowswindowsntbasedoperatingsystemforexampleneitherdirectshowwindowsregistryregistrynordynamiclinklibrarydllarenativelysupportedonthexboxandbecauseoftheconstraintsonthehardwareandenvironmentofthexboxallsoftwaredevelopmentofxbmcxboxforthexboxisfocusedonreservingthelimitedresourcesthatexistthemainhindranceofwhichistheamountofavailablerandomaccessmemoryramatanyonetimexbmcxboxsoftwareandrelatedxboxhardwarelimitationsuniversaldiskformatudfuniversaldiskformatfilesystemlimitationxbmcxboxonlysupportsudfversiondesignedfordvdvideomediawhichhasamaximumfilesizeofnbspgbmeaningifyouburnadvdmediainanewerudfversionwithavideothatislargerthangbxbmcwillnotbeabletoplaythatfilesamegoesforudfisohybridformatsakaudfbridgeformatworkaroundburnallyourcddvdmediainisoformatwhichisthemostcommonstandardforrecordingcddvdsunfortunatelyisohasagigabytegbgigabytefilesizelimitationwhichcannotbebypassedthexboxbuiltinharddriveisformattedinfatxfatxfileallocationtableforxboxwhichhasagbmegabytefilesizelimitationandonlysupportsfilefoldernamesuptocharactersamaximumofintotalfilestructurecharacterdepthandamaximumnumberoffilesfoldersinasinglesubfolderplusintherootofeachpartitionthemaximumnumberoffilesfoldersisfatxalsodoesnotsupportallstandardasciiasciicharactersinfilefoldernamesforexamplexbmcwillautomaticallytrytorenameanyfilesfoldersyoutransfertothexboxaccordingtotheselimitationsnoneofthesefilesizeandfilenameissuesarexbmcbugsasthelimitationsareinthexboxitselfworkaroundstoreyourfilesfoldersonyourcomputeroranetworkattachedstoragenetworkattachedstoragenasdevicewhichsupportsservermessageblocksmbcifsftporupnpandsharethemoveralocalareanetworklocalareanetworkinsteadtheusbflashdriveusbkeydrivekeydrivesmemorykeysreaderwriterclasscomputerscienceclassusedbyxbmcforxboxcurrentlyhasafewlimitationsaswellitislimitedtousbflashdrivesandhar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hisdisplayofdevotionemperoryizongpraisedhimforhisadvicebutdidnotfollowitinhewasputinchargeoftheimperialexaminationsforthatyearandsubsequentlyservedsuccessivelyasthedeputyministerofriteslibushilanganddeputyministerofcensushubushilanghelaterservedforfouryearsasthemilitarygovernorofyichengcircuitheadquarteredinmodernanyanghenanandtheprefectofyichengscapitalhuaprefectureashuaprefecturewassituatedontheyellowriveritoftensufferedfromfloodingxiaocarriedoutamajorprojectmovingthecourseoftheyellowrivertoanoldmorestablecourseemperoryizongpraisedhimfortheprojecthewasthenrecalledtobetheministerofdefensebingbushangshuandthedirectoroffinanceshethenservedsometimeastheministerofcivilserviceaffairslibushangshuandinthatcapacityselectedofficialsforcommissionshewassaidtobefairandcapableinthatcapacityattheendofthexiantongeraheagainbecameministerofdefenseanddirectoroffinancesduringemperorxizongsreigninbywhichtimeemperoryizonghaddiedandbeensucceededbyhisyoungsonemperorxizongoftangemperorxizongxiaofangwhowasthenreferredtoaszuopusheoneoftheheadsoftheexecutivebureaushangshushengwasmademenxiashilangthedeputyheadoftheexaminationbureauandgiventhedesignationtongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshimakinghimachancellordefactohewassubsequentlygiventhehonorifictitleofsikongoneofthethreeexcellenciesandcreatedthemarquessoflanlinghediedinnotesandreferencesoldbookoftangzhsvolnewbookoftangzhsvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhsandreivoznesenskybityugriverspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxyroptilaspeciespeltastesauthorityedwardmeyrickmeyricksynonymsoxyptiluspeltastessmallmeyricksmallxyroptilapeltastesisamothofthefamilypterophoridaeitisfoundinaustraliaoriginaldescriptionexternallinksenvironmentgovaubiodiversityabrsonlineresourcesfaunaafdtaxaxyroptilapeltastesaustralianfaunaldirectoryflickrcomphotosdhobernimageatflickrwebarchiveorgwebwikitrinorgauplumemothsxyroptilapeltastesmeyrickxyroptilapeltastesattrinwikispeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxyroptilaspecieselegansauthorityvasilynkovtunovichkovtunovichpetryaustjuzhaninustjuzhaninxyroptilaelegansisamothofthefamilypterophoridaeitisfoundinnortheasternnewguineaandaustraliareferencesexternallinksspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxyroptilaspecieskurandaauthorityvasilynkovtunovichkovtunovichpetryaustjuzhaninustjuzhaninxyroptilakurandaisamothofthefamilypterophoridaeitisfoundinsouthernsulawesiandaustraliareferencesexternallinksspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxyroptilaspeciesuluruauthoritykovtunovichustjuzhaninsynonymsxyroptilauluruisamothofthefamilypterophoridaeitisfoundinwesternaustraliaglucogallinaugustustitleaugustaredirectcategoryshelllogothetestoudromoualexiosikomnenosnikephorosdiogenesconstantinediogeneshanasakeruseishneneightcloudsrisingscrappedprincessxorgfoundationxutilsangeliclayerpalatalnasalalveolopalatalconsonantalveolopalatalconsonantredirectshellpalatallateralapproximanttiananmensquareprotestsofkerokeroacegundamacemonthlyshnenaceshizuokaairportsocialistdemocraticfederationjapanmiamigunsmagikanoubeyamaguchikusunokiyamaguchikudamatsumineyamaguchimaxmatsuuratatsumiyodaeugenitindhabihahcangzhoucangzhoucangzhoucangzhoulijianglijianglijiangkanamemolijiangoldtownoflijiangoldtownoflijiangtibetanplateauyunnanguizhouplateauyunnanguizhouplateaulincanglincanglincanglincangnorthamericanxfrapierxylopiaaromaticaredirectcategoryshellseichmatsumotonorthamericanxbvalkyriehajinxenotransplantationsrnathanluciferchujapansoccerleaguelockheedxpchainlightningkaipingkaipingrobinlinokiahanlinacademymangiferinnorthiwojimataxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladecaenogastropodabrcladehypsogastropodabrcladelittorinimorphasuperfamiliacypraeoideafamiliaovulidaesubfamiliasimniinaegenusxandarovulasubgenusspeciesxapertabinomialxandarovulaapertabinomialauthoritygeorgebrettinghamsowerbyiisowerbysynonymsrefsynonymssimniaapertasmallgeorgebrettinghamsowerbyiisowerbysmallxandarovulaapertaisaspeciesofseasnailamarinegastropodmolluskinthefamilybiologyfamilyovulidaetheovulidscowryalliesorfalsecowriesrefnamewormsrefdescriptiondistributionreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladecaenogastropodabrcladehypsogastropodabrcladelittorinimorphasuperfamiliacypraeoideafamiliaovulidaesubfamiliasimniinaegenusxandarovulasubgenusspeciesxhyalinabinomialxandarovulahyalinabinomialauthoritylorenzfehsesynonymsrefsynonymssimniahyalinasmalllorenzfehsesmallxandarovulahyalinaisaspeciesofseasnailamarinegastropodmolluskinthefamilybiologyfamilyovulidaetheovulidscowryalliesorfalsecowriesrefnamewormsrefdescriptiondistributionreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladecaenogastropodabrcladehypsogastropodabrcladelittorinimorphasuperfamiliacypraeoideafamiliaovulidaesubfamiliasimniinaegenusxandarovulasubgenusspeciesxxanthochilabinomialxandarovulaxanthochilabinomialauthoritytokubeikurodakurodasynonymsrefsynonymsxandarovulaxanthochilaisaspeciesofseasnailamarinegastropodmolluskinthefamilybiologyfamilyovulidaetheovulidsco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lassimagexmenfirstclassmovieposterjpgaltthexmenandthehellfireclubwalktowardstheviewerfromlefttorighttheyarebeastprofessorxmagnetoemmafrostmoiramctaggerthavokmystiqueazazelangelsalvadoreandsebastianshawthebackgroundanditsreflectiononthefloorformanxcaptiontheatricalreleaseposterdirectormatthewvaughnproducerplainlistlaurenshulerdonnerbryansingersimonkinberggregorygoodmanscreenplayplainlistashleyedwardmillerzackstentzjanegoldmanmatthewvaughnstoryplainlistsheldonturnerbryansingerbasedonstarringplainlistdonotchangethiscastthisisaccordingtothecreditblockontheposterjamesmcavoymichaelfassbenderrosebyrnejanuaryjonesoliverplattkevinbaconpostercreditsorderismcavoyfassbenderbyrnejonesplattandbaconseeforexampleimpawardscomxmenfirstclassverxlghtmlorarchiveatarchiveisimpawardscomxmenfirstclassverxlghtmlmusichenryjackmancinematographyjohnmathiesoncinematographerjohnmathiesoneditingplainlistleesmitheditorleesmitheddiehamiltonstudioplainlistmarvelentertainmentlaurenshulerdonnerthedonnerscompanybadhatharryproductionsduneentertainmentingeniousmediaingeniousfilmpartnersdistributorthcenturyfoxreleasedruntimeminutesustheatricalreleasecountryunitedstateslanguageenglishbudgetnbspmilliongrossmillionrefnamemojorefxmenfirstclassstylizedonscreenasxfirstclassisaamericansuperherofilmbasedonthexmencharactersappearinginmarvelcomicsitisthefifthinstallmentinthexmenfilmseriesxmenfilmseriesitisbothaprequelandarebootfictionsoftrebootofthefranchiseaswellasthefirstinstallmentoftheprequelseriesthefilmwasdirectedbymatthewvaughnandproducedbybryansingerthestoryissetprimarilyinduringthecubanmissilecrisisandfocusesontherelationshipbetweenprofessorxprofessorcharlesxavierjamesmcavoyandmagnetocomicseriklehnsherrmagnetomichaelfassbenderandtheoriginoftheirgroupsthexmenandthebrotherhoodofmutantsrespectivelyastheydealwiththehellfireclubcomicshellfireclubledbysebastianshawcomicssebastianshawkevinbaconwhoisbentonworlddominationthefilmcostarsrosebyrnejanuaryjonesandoliverplattthefilmalsointroducesnewactorstotheseriesincludingnicholashoultandjenniferlawrencewholikemcavoyandfassbenderreimaginepopularcharactersfromthefranchisebeastcomicsbeastandmystiquecomicsmystiquethatwerealreadyestablishedintheoriginaltrilogyproducerlaurenshulerdonnerfirstthoughtofaprequelbasedontheyoungxmenduringtheproductionofxfilmxandlaterproducersimonkinbergsuggestedtothcenturyfoxanadaptationofthecomicseriesxmenfirstclasscomicsxmenfirstclassthoughthefilmdoesnotfollowthecomiccloselysingerwhohaddirectedbothxmenfilmxmenandxbecameinvolvedwiththeprojectinbuthecouldonlyproduceandcowritefirstclassduetootherprojectsmatthewvaughnwhowaspreviouslyattachedtobothxmenthelaststandandthorfilmthorbecamethedirectorandalsowrotethefinalscriptwithhiswritingpartnerjanegoldmanfirstclassovertookaplannedmagnetoprequelthatentereddevelopmenthellandthewritersguildofamericawestwritersguildofamericawgascreenwritingcreditsystemarbitrationgaveastorycredittomagnetowritersheldonturnerfirstclassenteredproductioninaugustwithprincipalphotographyconcludingindecemberandadditionalfilmingfinishinginapriljustafewweeksbeforethefilmspremiereinjunethetightscheduleprovedachallengetothesixcompaniesresponsiblefortheextensivevisualeffectswhichincludedcomputergeneratedsetsanddigitaldoublesfortheactorslocationsincludedoxfordthemojavedesertandgeorgiausstategeorgiawithsoundstageworkdoneinbothpinewoodstudiosandthethcenturyfoxstagesinlosangelesthedepictionofthesdrewinspirationfromthejamesbondinfilmjamesbondfilmsoftheperiodfirstclasswasaboxofficesuccessbecomingtheseventhhighestgrossinginthefilmseriesandreceivedpositivereviewsfromcriticsandaudienceswhopraisedthefreshrevivalofthefranchiseaswellasitsactingscreenplaydirectionactionsequencesvisualeffectsandmusicalscoreasequeltitledxmendaysoffuturepastwasreleasedinmaywithsingerreturningasdirectorandvaughnascowriteranothersequelxmenapocalypsewasreleasedonmayathirdsequelxmendarkphoenixisscheduledtobereleasedonfebruaryplotperwpfilmplotplotsummariesforfeaturefilmsshouldbebetweenandwordsininagermancampsinoccupiedpolandduringworldwariinazideathcampnazismnaziscientistklausschmidtwitnessesayoungmagnetocomicseriklehnsherrbendametalgatewithhismindwhenheisseparatedfromhismotherinhisofficeschmidtorderslehnsherrtomoveacoinonhisdeskandkillstheboysmotherwhenlehnsherrcannotingriefandangerlehnsherrsmagneticpowermanifestskillingtwoguardsanddestroyingtheroommeanwhileatamansioninwestchestercountynewyorkchildtelepathytelepathprofessorxcharlesxaviermeetsyoungshapeshiftermystiquecomicsravenwhosenaturalformisblueskinnedandscalyoverjoyedtomeetsomeonedifferentlikehimselfheinviteshertolivewithhisfamilyashisfostersisterinlehnsherristrackingdownschmidtwhilexaviergraduatesfromtheuniversityofoxfordinlasvegascentralintelligenceagencyciaofficermoiramactaggertfollowsusarmycolonelhendryintothehellfireclubcomicshellfireclubwheresheseesschmidtnowknownassebastianshawcomicssebastianshawwithmutanttelepathemmafrostcycloneproducingriptidecomicsriptideandteleportationteleporterazazelmarvelcomicsazazelthreatenedbyshawandteleportedbyazazeltothejointwarroomhendryadvocatesdeploymentofnuclearmissilesinturkeycountryturkeyshawanenergyabsorbingmutantwhosepowershavedeagedhimlaterkillshendrymactaggertseekingxaviersadviceonmutationtakeshimandraventotheciawheretheyconvincedirectorheisonlycreditedasmcconeinthefilmmcconethatmutantsexistandshawisathreatanotherciaofficersponsorsthemutantsandinvitesthemtothesecretdivisionxfacilitymactaggertandxavierfindshawaslehnsherrisattackinghimandrescuelehnsherrfromdrowningwhileshawescapesxavierbringslehnsherrtodivisionxwheretheymeetyoungscientistbeastcomicshankmccoyamutantwithprehensilefeetwhobelievesravensdnamayprovideacurefortheirappearancexavierusesmccoysmutantlocatingdevicecerebrotoseekrecruitsagainstshawxavierandlehnsherrrecruitstripperangelsalvadorecabbiedarwincomicsarmandomuozarmyprisonerhavokcomicsalexsummersandrunawaybansheecomicsseancassidytheyallcreatenicknamesandravendubsherselfmystiquewhenfrostmeetswithasovietgeneralinthesovietunionussranduseshertelepathicpowerstopretendtohavesexwithhimxavierandlehnsherrcapturefrostanddiscoverthatshawintendstostartworldwariiithatwilltriggermutantascendencyandtheextinctionofthehumanraceazazelriptideandshawattackdivisionxkillingeveryonebutthemutantswhomshawinvitestojoinhimsalvadoreacceptswhensummersandmuozretaliateshawkillsmuozinmoscowshawcompelsthegeneraltohavetheussrcubanmissilecrisisinstallmissilesincubawearingahelmetthatblockstelepathyshawfollowsthesovietfleetinasubmarinetoensurethemissilesbreakausblockaderaventhinkingmccoyisattractedtoherinhernaturalformtellshimnottousethecurewhenshelaterattemptstoseducelehnsherrbytakingtheformsofvariouswomenlehnsherrtellshersheisbeautifulassheisinhernaturalmutantformmccoyusesthecureonhimselfbutitbackfiresgivinghimbluefurandleonineaspectswithmccoypilotingthemutantsandmactaggerttakeajettotheblockadelinewherexavieruseshistelepathytoinfluenceasovietsailortodestroytheshipcarryingthemissilesandlehnsherruseshismagneticpowertoliftshawssubmarinefromthewateranddeposititonlandduringtheensuingbattlelehnsherrseizesshawshelmetallowingxaviertoimmobilizeshawlehnsherrtellsshawhesharesshawschosenpeopleexclusivistviewofmutantsbuttoavengehismotherkillsshawoverxaviersobjectionsbyforcingthenazicoinfromhischildhoodthroughshawsbrainfearingthemutantsbothfleetsfiremissilesatthemwhichlehnsherrturnsbackinmidflightmactaggerttriestostoplehnsherrbyshootinghimbuthedeflectsthebulletsoneofwhichhitsxavierinthespinelehnsherrrushestohelpxavieranddistractedallowsthemissilestofallharmlesslyintotheoceanpartingwithxavierovertheirdifferingviewsontherelationshipbetweenmutantsandhumanslehnsherrleaveswithsalvadoreazazelriptideandmystiquelaterawheelchairboundxavierandhismutantsareatthemansionwhereheintendstoopenaschoolmactaggertpromisesnevertorevealhislocationandtheykisswhentheykissxavieruseshispowersanderasestheirmemoriesfromhermindelsewherelehnsherrfreesfrostfromconfinementcastandjamesmcavoyatapressjunketaltmichaelfassbenderandjamesmcavoysitinfrontofthexlogoforxaviersschooljamesmcavoyasprofessorxcharlesxavierprofessorxthetelepathicmutantleaderandfounderofthexmenheisaclosefriendoferiklehnsherruntiltheirdifferingviewsofmutantkindsplaceinhumanitycreateaschismbetweenthemmcavoywasvaughnstopchoiceforxavierandafterbeingcastauditionedwitheveryactorconsideredformagnetototesttheduoschemistrymcavoysaidhedidnotreadcomicbooksasachildbutaddedthathewasafanofthexmentvseriesxmencartoonsfromtheageofwhilehedescribestheoldercharlesxavierasamonkaselflessegolessalmostsexlessforceforthebettermentofhumanityandmortalityhesaysthattheyoungerxavierisaverydifferentpersonitsquitefunbecausethecompleteoppositeofthatisanegofueledsexedupselfservingdudeandnotgoingtoofarwithitbuthesdefinitelygotanegoandhesdefinitelygotasexdriveaswellvaughnstatedthatsinceheconsideredthatprofessorxwasabitofapioussanctimoniousboringcharacterandhesgottoomuchfuckingpowerthescriptwouldmakeyoungxaviermoreinterestingbymakinghimmoreofaroguewhowouldbecomemoreresponsibleashismissionoffindingmoremutantswentonlaurencebelcherasyoungcharlesxaviermichaelfassbenderasmagnetocomicseriklehnsherrmagnetoamutantcapableofmanipulatingandgeneratingelectromagneticfieldshebecomesxaviersfriendandallyuntiltheirphilosophicaldifferencescreateaschismbetweenthemfassbenderhadauditionedforanearliermatthewvaughnprojectandthedirectorhadrememberedhimandsentfassbenderthexmenscriptthoughfassbenderknewlittleofthesuperheroteamhebecameinterestedinthepartafterreadingthescriptandfamiliarizinghimselfwithmagnetointhecomicbooksfassbenderwhoconsideredlehnsherrasamachiavelliancharacterwhoisneithergoodnorevilwatchedsirianmckellensperformancestogettheflavorofmagnetobutultimatelychosetopaintanewcanvaswiththecharacterjustgoingmyownwayandworkingwithwhateverisinthecomicbooksandthescriptrefnamefassbenderinterviewrefvaughnsaidlehnsherrisstraightupcoolheshansolowhileprofessorxisobiwankenobirefnameextrefrefgroupnotetheonscreencreditsspellthecharactersnameaslensherrhoweverpreviousxmenfilmsthefilmsofficialwebsiteandmarvelcomuniversemagnetomagnusthemarvelcomicswebpageforthecharacterspellthenamelehnsherrrefbillmilnerasyoungeriklehnsherrrosebyrneasmoiramactaggertaciaagentwhobefriendsxavierandlehnsherrbyrnesaidshewasunfamiliarwithboththecomicsandthefilmseriesexceptforwhatajuggernautofafilmitwastheactresswascastlateintoproductionrefnameisbyrnerefwhichhadalreadybegunbythetimeshewaspickedfortherolemactaggertwasdescribedbybyrneasawomaninamansworldshesveryfeistyandambitiousyouknowshesgotatoughnessaboutherwhichilikedrefnamemlbyrnerefjenniferlawrenceasmystiquecomicsravendarkhlmemystiqueashapeshiftingmutantwhoischarlesxavierschildhoodfriendandadoptivesisterafterthedramaticwintersbonelawrencesoughtfirstclasstodosomethingalittlelighterdespitehavingnotseenanyofthexmenfilmstheactresswatchedthemandbecameafanwhichledhertoaccepttheroleaswellasdidtheprospectofworkingwithvaughnmcavoyandfassbenderandfelttheirportrayalswereverycontrastingfeelingherswassweetandnaivewhileromijnwassultryandmeantheactresswentonadietandhadtoworkoutfortwohoursdailytokeepinshapeandformystiquesblueformlawrencehadtoundergoaneighthourmakeupprocesssimilartothatofromijnontheotherfilmsthefirstdaywithmakeupevencausedblisterstoappearonlawrencesupperbodymorganlilyasyoungravendarkhlmewiththeactresswearingasliponbodysuitandfacialapplianceswhichonlytookonehourandahalftoapplyassubjectingachildactortotheextensivemakeupwasimpracticalrebeccaromijnasadultravendarkhlmeabriefuncreditedcameowhichvaughnaddedasaninjokethescripthasravenbecomingbrigittebardotormarilynmonroelikeanoldersexiconofthosetimesjanuaryjonesasemmafrostanextremelystrongmutanttelepathwhocanalsochangeherentirebodyintoharddiamondformationdiamondformwhichgrantshersuperhumanstrengthstaminapsionicimmunityanddurabilityatthecostofusinghertelepathicabilitiessheisamemberofthehellfireclubpriortojonescastingaliceevewasthesubjectofwhatvarietymagazinevarietycalledwidespreadinternetreportsthatevewassettoplayemmafrostalthoughnodealwasinplacerefnamejanuaryjoinsrefjonesacceptedtheroletogetsomethingdifferentfromherjobinthetvseriesmadmenwhilediscoveringthatliketheshowfirstclasswassetinthestheactressconsideredthatfrostssosofarfrombettydraperbettyandfrommadmenandittakesplaceinthattimebutitdoesntfeellikeaperiodmovietheactressdescribedtherevealingcostumesofthecharacterasinsanesayingshesgotquitethebodwhichisveryintimidatingtheactressstatedthatshedidonlyalimitedexerciseroutinetokeepinshapeasimapetitepersonsoididntwanttogointoastrictworkoutandeatingregimenicholashoultasbeastcomicshenryhankmccoybeastageniusscientistwhohasmutantabilitiessimilartothoseofthegreatapesheattemptstocurehimselfofwhathebelievestobephysicallydebilitatingaspectsofhismutationonlytobetransformedintoafrighteninglookingbluefurredapemanwithleonineattributesdespitehisnewappearanceheiskindandcaringatheartbroadwayactorbenjaminwalkeractorbenjaminwalkerwaspreviouslycastasbeastbuteventuallyturneddowntheroletostarinthebroadwaymusicalbloodybloodyandrewjacksonhoultwaschosenforbeinggentlewithacapabilityofbeingfierceandadmittedtobeingbothanxmenfanandenthusiasticonbothreturningtotheactiongenreaftersclashofthetitansfilmclashofthetitansandworkingwiththefilmscasttheactorhadtousemakeupthattookfourhourstoapplywhenhankbecomesthebeastwhichincludeamaskcontactlensesafurrymusclesuitandfaketeethasvaughnwantedbeasttolookmoreferalthantheversionkelseygrammerplayedinxmenthelaststandtheredesignwentthroughvarioustestswhichtriedtomakebeastnotresembleanyparticularanimalbutstilllooklikehoultaswellaswithafurrybodyoliverplattasmaninblacksuitacentralintelligenceagencyciaagentandheadofdivisionxagovernmentagencyworkingwiththexmenvaughnhadconsideredhisfrienddexterfletcherforthepartbutthestudiofeltthecasthadtoomanybritishactorsandfletcherhimselfdeclinedtodirectwildbillfilmwildbilljasonflemyngasazazelmarvelcomicsazazelamutantwhohastheabilitytolistofsuperhumanfeaturesandabilitiesteleportationteleportandisalsoamemberofthehellfireclubflemyngwhohadpreviouslybeenconsideredforbeastinthelaststandsaidhedidnotwantmoremakeupheavyrolesafterplayingcalibosinclashofthetitansbutmadeanexceptionforazazelashelikedworkingwithvaughnduetothecoldwarsettingflemyngtriedtoimplythatazazelisrussiantopartlyexplainhispleasureinkillingciaagentstheactorspenteightweekswithfighttrainingparticularlywithswordsandhadtoundergoafourhourmakeupprocesswhichlikemystiquewasdesignedbyspectralmotionbutdidnotincludeazazelstailwhichwascomputergeneratedshulerdonnerconsideredthattheproblemswiththeshadeofredonazazelsskinsomelookedlikethedevilsomelikeamanwearingredpaintwasovercomebyaddingscarsthatmadehimmorehumaneyesbrighterthanflemyngsownandablackmaneofhairthatseemedtotieeverythinginlucastillashavokcomicsalexsummershavokamutantwhohastheabilitytoabsorbenergyanddischargeitasblaststheproducerstoldtillhisauditionservedforbothhavokandbeastandtheactorrepliedthatdespitehislifelongdreamofplayingasuperheroiknowyoullkillmebutifigetbeastimnotinthemovieimnotgoingthroughthatmakeupedigathegiasdarwincomicsarmandomuozdarwinamutantwiththeabilityoflistofsuperhumanfeaturesandabilitiesinfictionpersonalphysicalpowersreactiveevolutiongathegibecameinterestedinaroleinthexmenfilmsafterseeingxfilmxandhadpreviouslyauditionedforagentzeroinxmenoriginswolverinehereadforbansheewhileauditioningforfirstclassandonlylearnedhewasplayingdarwinafewdayspriortotheshootgathegiworkedoutandenteredaneatingregimetogetinshapeandalsoresearchedthecomicsabouthischaracterallofdarwinstransformationsgettinggillsturninghisskinintoconcreteweredonethroughcomputergraphicswithacomputergeneratedversionofgathegithatcouldseamlesslyblendinandoutofthehumanformkevinbaconassebastianshawcomicssebastianshawaformermutantnaziscientistandtheleaderofthehellfireclubcomicshellfireclubasecretsocietybentontakingovertheworldhehasthepowerofabsorbingandredirectingkineticandradiatedenergyproducerlaurenshulerdonnersaidbaconwasconsideredforshawforbeinganactorwhocouldconveyavillainwithdifferentshadesthatsnotalwaysclearthathesthebadguybaconacceptedtheroleashewasafanofvaughnskickassfilmkickassandlikedboththecharacterofshawandthescriptwhichhedescribedasafreshlookatthefranchisebutalsothecomicbookmoviesingeneraltheactorconsideredthatshawwasasociopathtowhomthemoralityoftheworlddidnotapplywithproducersimonkinbergaddingthatbaconportrayedhimassomebodywhoinhismindistheheroofthemoviebaconalsosaidthatasidefromthekindofevilsideiportrayedhimaskindofahughhefnertypevaughndiscardedshawslookfromthecomicsashefelthewouldlooklikeanaustinpowersfilmseriesaustinpowersvillainrefnamehitfixrefcaleblandryjonesasbansheecomicsseancassidybansheeamutantcapableofemittingincrediblystrongultrasonicscreamssonicblastssonicburstsandsonicwavesusedinvariouswaysincludingasameansofflightjonesauditionedwithoutknowingwhatxmencharacterhewasupforsayingheauditionedbecauseitwasasuperherothatfithisbiotypeivegotredhairandfrecklesimnotgonnabebatmanrobincomicsrobinorspidermantheactoralsostatedthatthescriptdefinedthecharactermorethanthecomicsasbansheewentthroughvariousreinventionsinprintgivenbansheegetsinvolvedwithmactaggertinthecomicsjonesalsotriedtolookatherjustalittlebitdifferentlyyouknowwhenicanzokravitzasangelsalvadoreamutantwithdragonflywingswhicharetattooedonherbodyandpossessesacidicsalivathemakeupteamtookfourhourstoapplyangelswingtattooonkravitzandthevisualeffectsteamhadtoerasethetattooincasethescenerequiredangelwiththecomputergeneratedwingstodepictflightkravitzstoodonelevatedplatformsandwasdangledonwiresattimesfromahelicoptertoallowforvariedcameraanglesmattcravenasjohnamcconeciadirectormcconeadirectorofthecialexgonzlezactorlexgonzlezasriptidecomicsjanosquestedriptideamutantmemberofthehellfireclubwiththeabilitytocreatepowerfulwhirlwindsfromhishandsandbodyfirstclassmarksthefirstenglishlanguagefilmforgonzlezwhoauditionedwhiletakingenglishclassesinlondonheenjoyedplayingavillainasmostofhisfilmrolesinspainwereforgoodguysandcomparedriptidesrespectableandpolitepersonalitywhichcansuddenlybedroppedtoperformfierceattackstoahurricaneinatranslationofaportugueselanguageinterviewheisquotedassayingwheniseeahurricanefromfaritiscalmtheonlythingicanseeisakindoftubebutfrominsideupcloseitisreallydangerousradeerbedijaasrussianaspercreditsnotsovietgeneralahighrankingsovietmilitaryofficialduringtheearlysglennmorshowerascolonelhendryausarmyofficercoercedbythehellfireclubothercastmembersincludeannabellewallisasamyayoungwomanwithheterochromiairidumheterochromiadoncreechasciaagentstrykerfatherofmajorwilliamstrykeracharacterwhoappearsinxxmenoriginswolverinexmendaysoffuturepastandxmenapocalypserefnamemtveasterrefmichaelironsideraywisejamesremarbrendanfehrandaleksanderkrupaalsoportrayedsmallrolesinthisfilmhughjackmanrepriseshisroleaswolverinecharacterloganwolverineinanuncreditedcameoinabardismissinganapproachbyxavierandlehnsherrtojointhemjackmansaidheacceptedtheoffertoappearbecauseitsoundedperfecttomeparticularlyforwolverinebeingtheonlycharacterwithaswearwordxmencreatorstanleewhoappearedinthefirstandthirdmovieandregularlycameosinothermarvelbasedmoviesexplainedthathewasunabletoparticipateinfirstclassbecausetheyshotittoofarawayproductiondevelopmentduringtheproductionofxfilmxproducerlaurenshulerdonnerhaddiscussedtheideaofafilmfocusingontheyoungxmenwiththecrewwhichwasmetwithapprovaltheconceptwasrevivedduringtheproductionofxmenthelaststandoneofthelaststandswriterszakpennwashiredtowriteanddirectthisspinoffbutthisidealaterfellthrougharoundthesametimeindecemberthcenturyfoxhiredscreenwritersheldonturnertodraftaspinoffxmenfilmandhechosetowritemagnetopitchingitasthepianistfilmthepianistmeetsxmenaccordingtoturnerthescripthepennedwassetfromtofollowingmagnetotryingtosurviveinauschwitzconcentrationcampauschwitzhemeetsxavierayoungsoldierduringtheliberationofthecamphehuntsdownthenaziwarcriminalswhotorturedhimandthislustforvengeanceturnshimandxavierintoenemiesinaprildavidsgoyerwashiredtodirectthefilmwouldtakeplacemostlyinflashbacknarrativeflashbackswithactorsintheirtwentieswithianmckellensoldermagnetoasaframingdevicerefnamegoyerrefandsomeusageofthecomputergraphicscomputergeneratedfaceliftappliedtohimintheprologueofxmenthelaststandmckellenreiteratedhishopetoopenandclosethefilmthemagnetofilmwasplannedtoshootinaustraliaforareleasebutitwasdelayedbythewritersguildofamericastrikeasproducersimonkinbergreadthecomicseriesxmenfirstclasscomicsxmenfirstclasshesuggestedstudiothcenturyfoxtoadaptitkinberghoweverdidnotwanttofollowthecomictoomuchashefeltitwasnotfreshenoughintermsofstorytellingconsideringthemtoosimilartotwilightnoveltwilightandjohnhughesdirectorjohnhughesmoviesandalsobecausetheproducerswantedanadaptationthatwouldintroducenewcharactersshulerdonnerlatersaidthattheoriginalideawastogreenlightfirstclassdependingonthesuccessofxmenoriginsmagnetothatprojectwasseekingapprovaltofilminwashingtondcandbydecembergoyersaidfilmingwouldbeginifxmenoriginswolverinewassuccessfulthestorywasmovedforwardtoandinvolvesxavierandmagnetobattlingavillaininjoshschwartzwashiredtowritethescreenplaywhiledecliningthepossibilityofdirectingxmenfirstclassfoxlaterapproachedbryansingerdirectorofxmenfilmxmenandxinoctoberinianmckellenconfirmedthathewouldnotbereprisinghisroleasmagnetointheoriginsmoviecitinghisageandshulerdonnerstatedthatthemoviemightneverbemadestatingitwasatthebackofthequeueinthestudiosprioritiesbothdonnerandbryansingerhavestatedthatmagnetowouldnotbeproducedastheplotofxmenfirstclasssupersededthestoryoftheplannedfilminadditiontomossashleyedwardmillerandzackstentzwerehiredtorewritethescriptmillercomparedittonallytosingersworkonthefirsttwoxmenfilmsthepaircenteredthefilmonxavierandmagnetosrelationshipandwrotetheothercharactersandstorylinesintermsofhowtheyfitinthetensionbetweenerikandcharlessingerdroppedoutofthedirectorspositioninmarchduetohiscommitmenttoajackthegiantslayerjackthegiantkilleradaptationheformalizedhisdutiesfromdirectortoproducerrefnamedeadlinereftheproducerslistedvariouspossibledirectorsbutatfirstdidnotconsidermatthewvaughnbecausehestartedworkingonthelaststandbeforebackingoutafterseeingvaughnssatiricalsuperherofilmkickassfilmkickasskinbergdecidedtocontactvaughntoseeifhewouldbeinterestedinfirstclasswhenfoxofferedvaughnthechancetorebootxmenandputyourstampalloverithefirstthoughtthestudiowasjokingbutacceptedafterdiscoveringthatitwastobesetinthesvaughnsignedonassingersreplacementinmayandfoxsubsequentlyannouncedajunereleasedatethecharacterofsunspotcomicssunspotwasalsocutasthedirectorfeltthatwedidnthaveenoughtimeormoneytomakethecharacterworkvaughnandgoldmanconsideredincludingmentionstothecivilrightsmovementbutultimatelythedirectorfeltthatihadenoughpoliticalsubplotinthismovievaughnstatedthathisbiggestconcernwastobothmakeerikandcharlesfriendshipbelievablegiventheshorttimespanofthefilmandonhowthecharacterofmagnetowasbuiltshawwasthevillainbutnowyoureseeingallthoseelementsofshawgoingintomagnetoanactionscenethatwastohavebeensetinadreamsequencewithrevolvingroomswasscrappedafterthereleaseofinceptiondescribinghisthoughtprocesstowardsthematerialvaughnsaidhewasmotivatedbyunfinishedbusinesswithmarvelhavingbeenpreviouslyinvolvedwiththeproductionofbothxmenthelaststandandthorfilmthorvaughndeclaredthathewasmoreenthusiasticaboutfirstclassthanthelaststandduetonotbeingconstrainedbythepreviousinstallmentsandhavingtheopportunitytostartfreshwhilenoddingtowardsthesuccessfulelementsfromthosefilmsvaughncomparedfirstclasstobothbatmanbeginswhichrestartedafranchisewithanunseenapproachandthestartrekfilmstartrekfilmwhichpaidhomagetotheoriginalsourcematerialwhiletakingitinanewdirectionwithafreshyoungcastregardingcontinuityvaughnsaidhisintentionwastomakeasgoodafilmthatcouldstandonitsowntwofeetregardlessofalltheotherfilmsandalsothatcouldrebootfictionrebootandstartawholenewxmenfranchiserefnameslashfilmrefgoldmanaddedthefilmwaskindofanalternatehistoryforthexmensayingthatwhilerebootingthewritersdidnotwanttogofullyagainstthecanonfictioncanonofthexmentrilogycomparingtothevariousapproachesthecomichadinoverfiftyyearsofpublicationthefilmalsorescuesacentralconceptinthecomicsthefactthatradiationisoneofthecausesofgeneticmutationinthexmenfictionaluniverseandincorporatesitinthestorylineresurrectingtheconceptwhichwentunusedinthelastyearsaswritersinthecomicsmorerecentlyhaveattributedthephenomenonofmutationmostlytoevolutionandnaturalselectionfilmingservedasthexmansionaltamansionsurroundedbytreesandhedgesprincipalphotographybeganonaugustinoxfordenglandwhichincludedstaldatesoxfordstaldatesstreetandsomeoftheuniversityofoxfordsbuildingsandlastedfortwodayspalmtreeswereplantedintotheislandssandsothatitwouldlookmorelikeatropicalbeachbutthecoldweathercausedmanyofthepalmtreestobecomebrownordieonlydaysintotheshootnecessitatingsignificantdigitalcolorcorrectionfromthevisualeffectsteamadditionallocationshootingtookplaceinrussiaasectionoftheplotissetintheargentinecoastalcityofvillagesellbutwasfilmedinanotherprovinceofthecountrywithnobeachbutwithmountainsinsteadwashingtondcthemojavedesertandfoxssoundstagesinlosangelesalsoservedaslocationstheenglefieldhouseinberkshireservedasthexmansionandhaditsinteriordecorationadaptedtoresemblethewaythemansionlookedinthepreviousfilmsboththesubmarineandtheblackbirdcomicsxjetwerebuiltonhydraulicsetssothattheycouldberotatedforthevehiclesmovementsprincipalphotographyendedindecemberbutadditionalfilmingprimarilyincaliforniaatlosangelesandlongbeachcalifornialongbeachcontinuedintoaprilleavingonlythreetofourweeksforpostproductionbeforethefilmsscheduledpremiereinjunerefnamevesrefthetightscheduletomeetthereleasedateledvaughntodeclarethathehadneverworkedundersuchtimepressurerefnamestressrefthefilmcostapproximatelynbspmilliontoproducewithouttaxbreakswiththeeventualcostaroundnbspmillionrefnamemcclintockrefthessettingofxmenfirstclasstechnologicallyinspiredbythejamesbondfilmseriesjamesbondfilmsofthateraalsoaddedtotheinternationalfeelofthecharactersatthesametimevaughntriedtodothebloodyhardbalancingofmodernandantiquetorecreatethesinwayitwasnotsoalientothekidsthatitlookedlikeaperiodpiecethedirectoralsotriedtodepicttheerastillinarealisticwayparticularlythatsmisogynymisogynistvibewithwomeninskimpysuitsandmctaggertsreliabilityasaciaagentbeingquestionedvaughnsaidheshotthefilminawayitresembledtheproductionsoftheswithverytraditionalframingandcameramovementwhenitneedstomovenotjustthrowingitaroundandwhizzbangandusingtheanamorphicformattocreateawidescreenexperiencewhichisemblematicofsmoviessuchasthejamesbondfilmsthedirectorhadtohirefivecinematographerswithsolecreditbeinggiventojohnmathiesoncinematographerjohnmathiesonwhocamehalfwaythroughtheshootanddidfortyfivepercentfiftyfivepercentofthefilmandfourassistantdirectorstosuccessfullyconveythelookhewantedforthefilmvisualeffectssupervisormattjohnsonaddedthatforthelightingofthedigitalinteriorofcerebrokeepingwiththesvibeweputinsomeoldschoolelementssuchaslensflareandchromaticaberrationandpurplefringingedgefringingrefnamecinefexreftheaestheticsofthedecadewerealsoinvokedbydesignerssimonclowesandkylecooperofprologuefilmswhowereresponsiblefortheendcreditsandtriedtodosomethingthatcouldbedonewithtraditionalopticalthecreditsanimationdepictsdnastrandsthroughsimplegeometricshapesdrawinginspirationfrombothsaulbassandmauricebindersworkinthebondfilmstheoriginstorymadethexmencostumesresembletheonesintheoriginalcomicswhilestillbeingfunctionalwiththeyellowpartsresemblingkevlarandthebluelookinglikeballisticnylonandresemblingapparelinboththefabricsandthespaceagefashionthecostumestriedtoconveythecharacterpersonalitiesforinstancexavierworelooseclothesandemmafrostscostumeswerewhiteandshimmerymagnetoscostumeatthefilmsendingalsocloselyresembledtheoriginalversionfromthecomicsandthreeversionsofhishelmetweremadetwotofitfassbendersheadandoneforbaconsrefnameatomrefeffectsfirstclassemployedvisualeffectsshotsrhythmhueswasresponsibleforemmafrostmystiqueandangelaswellassetextensionscinesitehandledazazelthevisualsforcerebroandenvironmenteffectslumapicturesdidbansheehavokanddarwinmovingpicturecompanydidbeastriptideandthescenewhereshawsyachtisdestroyedandheescapesinasubmarinedigitaldomaincreatedsebastianshawspowersandwetadigitalwasresponsiblefortheclimacticbattleincubatheoverallcoordinationwasprovidedbyvisualeffectsdesignerjohndykstrawhosaidthebiggestdifficultywasthetightscheduleitwasslightlylessthanayearandiveneverdoneanythinglikethatbeforespidermanfilmseriesspidermanwasfrequentlytwoyearsbritishcompanydmaxemployedspecialdscannerstodigitizedataofthesetsandactorswhichwouldbeusedbytheeffectscompaniesthisallowedforcomputergeneratedsetssuchasthemirrorednuclearreactorwheremagnetobattlesshawforwhichtheeffectsteamusedthemirrormazefightinenterthedragonasareferenceandthedomedwallsofcerebrodigitalmodelsofwashingtonandmoscowwerealsocreatedbasedonphotographsoftheactualcitieswiththerussianoneinparticularhavingvehiclesandmilitaryhardwarebasedonvideosofaredsquareandadigitalarmydoinganactualsovietstylemilitarystepmarchwiththeexceptionofscenesfeaturingtheactorsonshipsshotonasmallbridgenauticalbridgesetandthexjetdoneonasetreplicatingthefronttwothirdsoftheaircraftwhichwasmountedatoparollerwheelsoitcouldbespunthenavalbattlewasentirelydigitalfeaturingasimulatedoceanandhighresolutiondmodelsofthexjetshawssubmarineandwarshipsthedesignsweremostlybasedonrealvehicleswiththejetbeingamodifiedsrblackbirdthesubmarineacombinationofvariousmodelsfromthesandsandreplicasoftheactualusandussrfleetsinthesthoughafewwerenotinserviceinaparticularsovietcruiserwasalargerversionofthekrestaiclasscruiserkrestaiandkrestaiiclasscruiseriileadingwetatodubitthekrestaiiipracticaleffectswerestillusedwheneverpossiblesuchashavingonlocationmostoftheobjectsyoungerikthrowsafterhismothersdeathactorsandstuntmendangledfromwiresandrealexplosionsandlighteffectsasreferenceforhavoksbeamswhileinthecomicsshawsabsorptionpowerwasdepictedbyhavinghimgrowuptotentimeshisoriginalsizefirstclassinsteaddoeswhatcompanydigitaldomaincalledakineticechowhereadigitalkevinbaconwouldberippleddeformedandattimesmultipliedinrepeatediterationsthatappearinashortperiodtoseeshawdisplaceanddeforminakineticandorganicwayaccordingtodykstrathebiggestproblemwithfrostsdiamondbodywasdepictingitwithoutlookinglikeshewasmadeofjelloorthepolygonmeshpolygonmodelofahumanbeingthemorphedfrostwhichthevisualeffectstriedtomakelookmorelikeafacetedcrystalthanglasswasrotoscopingrotomatedintojonesinthelivea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randcorrespondingmoreorlesswithhunanprovincexiaoxiangislessaprecisegeographicentitythanaconceptxiaoxiangisusedinthegenreofxiaoxiangpoetryofclassicalchinesepoetryandinliteratureforsymbolicpurposesinpartbecausethiswasasignificantareawhichatleastthroughthesongdynastysongdynasticerachinawasstillconsideredawildplacefullofmalariabarbariansandwildbeastsindeedformuchofearlychinesehistorythisareabelongednottochinabuttotheindependentstateofchubeginningatleastwithquyuaninthethirdcenturybcethisregioncametosymbolicallyrepresenttheunjustexileofatalentedministerorgovernmentofficialbyanunappreciativekingoremperorthefollowingquotesuccinctlydescribestheauthorswhohelpedshapetheliteraryimageofthexiaoxiangandtheirfeelingsinthatregardthenamexiaoxiangcomesinpartfromthenameofthexiangriverwhichrisesinthemountainsofguangxiandflowsintodongtinglakethereisamodernxiaoriverwhichisatributaryofthexiangriverandjoinsitnearpresentdaycitiesofyongzhouandchangshahoweverthenamexiaoxiangpredatesthebestowingofthatnameonthexiaoriveroriginallytheadjectivexiaomeaningclearanddeepwasusedtodescriptivelyforthexiangriverthexiaoxiangregionisthesomewhatimaginativelocationofthevariouseponymousandhighlysymboliceightviewsofxiaoxiangseriesofeightpaintingsandorpoetryversesseealsocangwucountychangshachustatechuciclassicalchinesepoetrydongyuandongtinglakeeightviewsofxiaoxianghunanmiluoriverquyuanshnanshunchineseleaderspottedbambooxiangriverxiangrivergoddessesxiaoriverxiaoxiangpoetryyongzhounotesreferencesthehauntedschoolthehauntedschoolredirectthehauntedschoolredirectthehauntedschoolprivateuseareaschinesepicfilelisaoillustrpngpiccapxiangrivergoddessesxiangjunpoemnumberofintheninesongssectioninanannotatedversionofchucipublishedundertitlelisaoattributedtoquyuanandillustratedbyxiaoyuncongclxiangrivergoddessespxingshushnthexiangshuishenorxiangrivergoddessesaregoddessesorspiritsandsometimesgodsofthexiangriverinchinesefolkreligionthexiangflowedintodongtinglakethroughtheancientkingdomofchustatechuwhosesongsintheirworshiphavebeenrecordedinaworkattributedtoquyuanaccordingtoasomewhatlatertraditionthexianggoddessesweredaughtersoftheemperoryaowhowerenamedehuangfairyradianceandnyingmaidenbloomwhoweresaidtohavebeenmarriedbyhimtohischosensuccessorandeventuallyemperorshunchineseleadershunasasortoftestofhisadministrativeabilitiesthenlatertheybecamegoddessesafterthedeathoftheirhusbandlegendofthespottedbamboothespotsthatappearonthestemsofcertainbambooslegendarilyfirstappearedonthebamboogrowingbythexiangrivercausedbythetearswhichfelluponthemshedbythetwoxiangrivergoddessesmourningthedisappearanceandpresumeddeathoftheirbelovedhusbandtheemperorandheroshuntherearevariousversionsofthismythologicalstorybutaccordingtooneversioninthelastyearofhisreignshundecidedtotourthecountryofthexiangriverareaaccordingtoanotherversionhewasengagedinamilitaryexpeditionversusthemiaopeoplemiaouponhissuddendeathduringthisjourneyinthewildernessofcangwucountycangwuneartheheadwatersofthexiangriverinthejiuyimountainssometimestranslatedasdoubtingmountainbothofhiswivesrushedfromhometohisbodyorinanotherversiontolookforitbutwereunabletofinditandthentheyweptbytheriverfordaystheircopioustearsfallinguponthebamboosbytheriverstainedthempermanentlywiththeirspotsthefirstqinemperorandxiangjunaccordingtosimaqiansrecordsofthegrandhistorianhistorychannalsoftheqinshihuangfirstqinemperorinthethyearofhisreignbcetheqinemperorwentonanexcursionwishingtovisittheholymountainofmounthenghunanhengthesouthernmostofthesacredmountainsofchinafivesacredmountainsofchinainpresentdayinhunanhoweverwhileattemptingtotraveltherebyboattheemperorsuddenlyencounteredagreatwindwhichnearlypreventedhissafelyreachinglandmuchlessreachinghisdestinationtheincidenttookplaceneartheshrineofxiangjunonjunshanislandxiangshanuponinquiringaboutidentityofxiangjuntheemperorlearnedthatthenamereferredtothedaughtersofyaoandthewivesofshunwhowereburiedatthislocationbeforereturninghomebythedifferentwupasslandroutetheenragedemperororderedconvictlaborerstocutdownallofthetreesonthismountainandthentopainttheentiremountainredpartofthereasonfortheqinemperorsfurywasthatthexianggoddesseswerepatrondeitiesofhisoldenemiesofthechustatekingdomofchuthecolorredwasintendedtosymbolizethecoloroftheclothingmandatedforconvictedcriminalsculturethexiangrivergoddessesordeitieshavebeenreferencedinclassicalchinesepoetryasfarbackastheearlysouthernanthologythechucichuciattributedtoquyuanseealsochinesegodsandimmortalsbamboochinesemythologydongtinglakeeightviewsofxiaoxiangfourtreasuresofthestudyxiaoxiangxiangriverjunshanislandnotesreferencesdavidhawkessinologisthawkesdavidtranslatorandintroductionquyuanetalthesongsofthesouthanancientchineseanthologyofpoemsbyquyuanandotherpoetslondonpenguinbooksadegarahalliadegarahallikimhyongjikkimhyongjikkimsongaekimsongaetaedonggangguyoktaedonggangguyokbajininfoboxcompanynamexmgstudioinclogofoundationdefunctjunefounderraysharmalocationcitytorontolocationcountrycanadaindustrymobilegamemobilegamingproductshomepagexmgstudiowasamobilegamesdeveloperbasedintorontocanadarefnamen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writtenrecordsplacethefirstincursionsagainstzhouunderthenamexirongtribexirongwesternronginbcinbcthefourteenthyearofreignofkingliofzhouthexianyunreachedthezhoucapitalhaojingapparentlythewesternrongandxianyunwerethesamepeopleherenamedinthefirstcasebyagenerictermmeaningwarliketribesofthewestandinthesecondcasebytheiractualethnonymthexianyunattackedagaininbcthefifthyearofreignofkingxuantheirmilitarytacticscharacterizedbysuddenattackscouldonlyhavebeencarriedoutbyhighlymobiletroopsmostlikelyonhorsebacksomescholarsrelatetheappearanceofthexianyuntotheappearanceofscythiansandcimmeriansmigratingfromthewestalthoughthereisnodefiniteevidencethattheywerenomadicwarriorsaduoyoubronzedingvesseldingvesselinscriptionunearthedinnearxiantellsthatcbcxianyunforcesattackedajinggarrisoninthelowerordosloopordosregiondrawingazhoumilitaryresponseitindicatedthatlikethezhouthexianyunfoughtonhorsedrawnchariotscontemporaryevidencedoesnotindicatethattheincreasedmobilityofthexianyunisrelatedtotheemergenceofmountednomadsarmedwithbowsandarrowslaterchineseannalscontainanumberofreferencestothexianyunsuchasbysimaqiancbceyingshaoceweizhaothreekingdomsweizhaoceandjinzhuolaterdthcenturycewithoutgivingspecificargumentstheystatedthatxunyuorxianyunweretermsthatdesignatednomadicpeoplewholaterduringthehandynastyweretranscribedasxiongnuthisviewwasalsoheldbythetangdynastycommentatorsimazhencthcenturycewangguoweiasaresultofphoneticalstudiesandcomparisonsbasedontheinscriptionsonbronzeandthestructureofthecharacterscametotheconclusionthatthetribalnamesguifangxunyuxianyupeoplexianyuxianyunrongpeoplerongbeididiandfivebarbarianshugivenintheannalsdesignatedoneandthesamepeoplewholaterenteredhistoryunderthenamexiongnuonthelinguisticaffiliationofthenorthernpastoralnomadictribeswiththexiongnuthebookofweistatedataroundcethatreftheexacttimeperiodwhenthenamehunhadthephonetizationxianyunremainsdeterminedonlyvaguelysimaqianstatedthatintheearlierprehistoricperiodthehunswerecalledhuandronginthelateprehistoricperiodtheywerecalledxunyuintheliterateperiodstartingwiththeyindynastybctheywerecalledguifanginthezhoudynastyzhouperiodbctheywerecalledxianyunstartingfromtheqindynastyqinperiodbcthechineseannalistscalledthemxiongnureferencesseealsolistofpastchineseethnicgroupsmongolsbeforegenghiskhancheryfotonmotorfotonmotorkinglongkinglongnanjingautomobilenanjingautomobiledongfengmotorgroupdongfengmotorgroupdongfengautomobilecompanydongfengautomobilecompanydongfengpeugeotcitrondongfengpeugeotcitronjianglingmotorsjianglingmotorsmasamikuwashimadinglingdinglingtielepeoplemisssophiasdiarydongfengnengdidongfengnengdidemocraticsocialistpartyjapandemocraticsocialistpartyjapantatsuokawabataseijimaeharanewfraternitypartykanseinakanotakakodoikiyomitsujimotomuneosuzukisupremecourtofjapansupremecourtofjapaninfoboxtrainbackgroundnameimagemetrowagonjpgimagesizecaptioninteriorimageinteriorcaptionserviceonwardmanufacturermetrovagonmashfactorymetrovagonmashfamilyreplacedyearconstructionyearservicerefurbishmentsinceyearscrappednumberconstructionnumberbuiltnumberservicenumberpreservednumberscrappedformationfleetnumberscapacitypassengersoperatormoskovskymetropolitendepotsmoscowmetrobrmpdzamoskvoretskoyebrmpdpechatnikilinesmoscowmetrobrbrcarbodytrainlengthcarlengthwidthheightfloorheightplatformheightentrylevelorstepartsectionsdoorsmaxspeedweightaccelerationdecelerationtractionenginepoweroutputtransmissionauxpowersupplyhvacelectricsystemcollectionmethoduicclassaarwheelsbogiesbrakessafetycouplingmultipleworkinggaugeyauzaisasubwaycarmodelusedbythemoscowmetrotheoriginsofthedesigngobacktoandthefirsttrainwasbuiltinproductionofyauzahassincebeendiscontinuedduetoongoingreliabilityissueshistorythejauzasubwaycarstheautomatedtraincontrolsystemvityazwasdevelopedbyjscresearchinstituteofinstrumentthemtikhomirovinatthepolezhaevskayasubwaystationrussianpresidentborisyeltsinprimeministervschernomyrdinandmoscowmayoryuriluzhkovattendedtheceremonymarkingthedebutofthenewtrainsconsistingofleadandintermediatecarsnumberedthenewcarsdeviatedsignificantlyfromthetraditionaldesignthebodyismadeofstainlesssteelpaintedinayellowgraycolorschemeasopposedtothetraditionalbluecolorschemeusedonpreviousmodelstheleadcarshadadistinctivemoderndesignatthecabendotherimprovementsincludedtheadditionofceilingfansasopposedtoairductsusedontheolderseriescarscabairconditioningandheatingsystemsmorestandeeroomincreasingthecapacityofeachcarbypeoplebiggercabandanewdesignofthetruckstheoriginaldesignfeaturedpaddedbenchseatsmatchingthecontoursofthehumanbackhoweverthisdesignwassoondroppedandsubsequentmodelswerebuiltwiththestandardantivandalplasticseatsthecarshaddctypetractionmotorspercarandathyristorpulsecontrolsystemdevelopedbyaecdynamoaswellasregenerativebreakingrecyclingenergybackintothethirdrailallowingthecarstooperatesmootherquieterandmoreefficientlythemaximumdesignspeedwasincreasedtonbspkmhvsnbspkmhfortheandearlierclassesofcarsduethecarsfeaturedanautomaticsprinklersystemthatwouldinstantlyformawatercloudinsidethecarintheeventofafirehowevertherearealsofireextinguishersineachcarinlateanewexperimentalversionofyauzacameoutequippedwithdinamomadeactractionmotorstestswerecarriedoutinthesuburbanringvniizhtsherbinkasincethereisnothirdrailatthetestsitethetrainwastemporarilyfittedwithapantographtocollectpowerfromoverheadwireswhichweresettoprovidevofcurrentunfortunatelythecarshavenotbeencompletelytroublefreeoftennumerousmechanicalorstructuraldifficultieswereencounteredtheyauzatrainsoperateregularlyonthekakhovskayaandlublindmitrovlinestrainsbuiltbetweenandonkakhovskayalineandtrainsbuiltinonlyublinskodmitrovskayalinenofurtherproductionrunsweremadeandthemoscowmetrochoseinsteadtopurchasemoremandbrandnewmodelstherestoftheserviceonthelublindmitrovlineisprovidedbymandktrainsitisplannedtoeventuallytransferallcarstothekakhovskayalineseveralsurpluscarsremainedonmetrovagonmashjscmetrovagonmashpropertyuntilbeforebeingscrappedtogivespacefortheongoingproductionofthefuturecarsandonecarremainedstoredinthekrasnayapresnyametroyardkrasnayapresnyadepotpriortodisposalinaugustgallerygalleryfilemetrowagonjauzajpgmetrowagonfileyauzametrowagoninteriorjpgsalonviewgalleryexternallinksoldmosmetrorupagespagephpidpagemetrowagonmashruhtmvagonmetrorupassengerhtmlmetrotrainsnarodruiayzahtmmetrotrainsmetromostcomalbhtmyauzaphotoonmetromostcomfotometroruyauzaphotoonfotometroruxavierpascualoperationbadroperationbadrinfoboxsoftwarenamexrumerlogoscreenshotcaptionauthordeveloperreleasedlatestreleaseversionelitelatestreleasedateoctoberlatestpreviewversionlatestpreviewdateoctoberoperatingsystemmicrosoftwindowsplatformlanguageenglishrussianczechgermanpolishgenreautomatedforumblogguestbookpostingtoollicenseproprietarysoftwareproprietarywebsitebotmasterlabsnetxrumerxrumerisapieceofsoftwaremadeforspammingonlineforumsandcommentsectionsitismarketedasaprogramforsearchengineoptimizationandwascreatedbybotmasterlabsitisabletoregisterandposttoforumsforumspamwiththeaimofboostingsearchenginerankingstheprogramisabletobypasssecuritytechniquescommonlyusedbymanyforumsandblogstodeterautomatedspamsuchasaccountregistrationclientdetectionmanyformsofcaptchasandemailactivationbeforepostingtheprogramutilisessocksandhttpproxyserverproxiesinanattempttomakeitmoredifficultforsysopadministratorstoblockpostsbysourceipandfeaturesaproxycheckingtooltoverifytheintegrityandanonymityoftheproxiesusedinadditionthesoftwarecanavoidthesuspicionsofinternetforumforumadministratorsbyfirstregisteringtomakeapostintheformofaquestionwhichmentionsthespamproductwherecanigetbeforeregisteringanotheraccounttopostaspamlinkwhichmentionstheproductthesideeffectoftheseinnocentlookingpostsisthathelpfulforumvisitorsmaysearchonasearchengineeggooglefortheproductandthemselvespostalinktohelpoutthusbolsteringtheproductsgooglerankingwithoutfallingafoulofforumpostingpoliciesthesoftwareisalsocapableofavoidingdetectionbymakingpostsinofftopicspamandoverflowsectionsofforumsthusattemptingtokeepitsactivitiesinhighactivitylowcontentareasofthetargetedforumhoweverthereareotherplatformsusedtospamtowhichincludeswebsitecommentspammethodofoperationxrumeriscapableofpostingtoblogsandguestbooksinadditiontoitsmainroleasanautomatedforumpostingtoolitcanalsocreateforumprofilescompletewithsignatureinanattempttoavoidalertingforumadministratorswithanyofftopicforumpoststhesoftwareisalsoabletogatheranddecipherartificialintelligencesuchassecurityquestionsiewhatisoftenusedbyforumsuponregistrationsincethelatestversionofxrumerthesoftwareiscapableofcollectingsuchsecurityquestionsfrommultiplesourcesandismuchmoreeffectiveindefeatingthemhelperprogramhreferisalsoincludedthissoftwareisusedtoautomaticallyparseresultsfromsearchenginesincludinggoogleyahoobingsearchenginebingandyandexforforumsandblogsthatcanthenbeusedasatargetlistforthemainxrumerapplicationaccordingtotheregisterasofoctoberxrumercandefeatcaptchasofhotmailandgmailthisenablesthesoftwaretocreateaccountswiththesefreeemailserviceswhichareusedtoregisterinforumsthatitpoststoxrumeralsopostsslowlyinitiallyinanattempttoavoiddetectionbypostingunnaturallyfastbetweenandxrumernolongerrecognizedhotmailandgmailcaptchasduetoachangeincaptchaformatusersofxrumercouldonlydefeatsuchcaptchasutilizingexternalhumancaptchaservicesdefenseswebmastersoftopicalforumsfaceanongoingbattleagainstxrumersoftwareusersofwhicharealmostalwaysinviolationofforumtermsofserviceandorhavenointerestintheactualforumtopictheusersofthesoftwarehavecreatedanentireindustrywhosesolepurposeistoprotectinternetsitesagainstusersofxrumerforumadministrationtasksagainstxrumerareoftenaconstantdailyeffortwhichincludeidentifyingnewuseraccountsthatarefromxrumerusersdeletingpoststhreadscreatedbythesoftwareanddeletingdisablingtheuseraccountstheeasiestmethodtodefeatxrumeristosimplyrequirethefirstpostofanynewforummemberorblogpostertobeapprovedbeforeitcanappearthereareseveralresourcesthathelpblockforumspamwhichreferencereportsofforumspambyusernameandipaddressifauseriphasappearedinthesiteslistsitishighlylikelythatitisablackhatuserofxrumercommondefensiveactionsbywebmastersaretoinstituteipaddressipbasedpostingbansonsubnetworksusedbythespammersthespammessagesinaforumtypicallytaketheformoflinkspamwhichwilloftenbeincludedinoldertopicsandprivatemessagespmsleavingthenewerthreadsandpostedmessagesclearofapparentspammersspamsophisticatedspammerswillcopypostsfromotherareasofthesitegivingtheappearanceofavalidontopicreplythebestcluethatitisaspammeristhatthelinksintheuserprofilearecompletelyunrelatedtotheforumtopicandthepostedmessageswhileseeminglywithinthegeneraltopicoftheforumwillbenonsequitursandoutofplacewithinthetopicthreadalternativelythespammerspostgenericiamexcitedtobeginpostingandcontributingheremessagesthatarecontentneutralthedamagecausedtoforumsisclassifiedinseveralareasfirstandforemosttheadmintimetocleantheforumsecondtheserverbandwidthtoaccommodatethespampostingsthirdthestoragerequirementsattheforumserverforthespammessagesthataredevoidofcontentfourththealienationandirritationaboutseeingspambytheforumcommunityfifththeoffensetoinnocentforummembersiftheirpostsaremistakenasspamortheiraccountssuspendedinerrorforsuspectedspammingandsixthbutperhapsthemostimportanttheloweringoftheinformationtonoiseratiooftheforumwhichdiminishesthevalueoftheforumskewingusageactiveuserstatisticsusedtodetermineadvertisingratesemailaccountcreationasperthelatestupdatetoxrumerthesoftwareisabletoautomaticallyregisteremailaccountsonmailrurussianipaddressesonlyandgmailsupportforcreatingemailaccountsinanautomatedfashiononhotmailandaolhavebeencompletelyremovedthetechniqueemployedbyxrumertobypassthecaptchaprotectioningmailandmailruisaveragingacaptchaisachallengeresponsetestfrequentlyusedbyinternetservicesinordertoverifythattheuserisactuallyahumanratherthanacomputerprogramcommonlycaptchasaredynamicallycreatedimagesofrandomnumbersandorletterstheseimagesaredistortedinsomewaysothatthehumaneyecanstillrecognizethembutwiththegoaltomakeautomaticrecognitionimpossiblecaptchasareusedbyfreemailservicestopreventautomaticcreationofahugenumberofemailaccountsandtoprotectautomaticformsubmissionsonblogsforumsandarticledirectoriesasofnovemberxrumerhasonceagaincrackedrecaptchaandisabletosuccessfullyposttoforumsblogsthatuseitaveragingisacommonmethodinphysicstoreducenoiseininputdatatheaveragingattackcanbeusedonimagebasedcaptchasifthefollowingconditionsaremetthepredominantdistortioninthecaptchaisofnoiselikenatureitispossibletoextractaseriesofdifferentimageswiththesameinformationencodedinthemaveragingofaseriesofimagescanbeusedtoimproveimagequalityreducedistortionorimprovesignaltonoiseratiosotosayofcaptchasandhencetomakethemmoreeasilyrecognizablebyocropticalcharacterrecognitionsystemsthefactthatnoiseandpayloadbehavedifferentlyonreloadisexploitedthisallowstheprogramtoseparatethemandhencedefeatthecaptchawithouttheneedforasophisticatedalgorithmreferencesexternallinksspeciesboximageimagecaptiontaxonxyroptilacolluceoauthoritygielisdevossynonymsxyroptilacolluceoisamothofthefamilypterophoridaeitisknownfromnewguineareferencessouthernmediacorporationsouthernmediacorporationcommonwealthgamestetraschalisinfoboxschoolnamexavierhighschoollogomottothetruthwillsetyoufreecityalburystatenewsouthwalespostcodecountryaustraliacoordinatestypeprivateschoolprivatesecondaryschoolsecondarycatholiceducationinaustraliacatholicpatronfrancisxavierestablishedrefnamehistoryreffounderbrotherjohnhenrythornbersistergwendalivermorestatusopenprincipalgavindykesrefnameexecutiverefteachingstaffgradesenrolmentapproxcoloursgreengoldbrhomepagexavierhighschoolalburynewsouthwalesalburyisacatholicsecondaryschoollocatedwithinthenewsouthwalescityofalburyaustraliaxavierhighschoolissupportedandpartiallyfundedbythecatholicschoolsofficedioceseofwaggawaggacontinuingalonghistoryofcatholiceducationintheregionformingfromtheamalgamationofstjosephscollegeforgirlsandtheaquinasboyscollegeintodatetheschoolhostsoverstudentsacrossyearlevelstheprincipaloftheschoolismrgavindykeswiththeschoolmottoreadingthetruthwillsetyoufreeadirectreferencetothegospelofgospelofjohnjohnversehistoryandamalgamationcatholicismcatholicschoolinginthealburyregionhasexperiencedalongandsuccessfultraditiondatingbacktowhereinthesistersofmercysistersofmercyestablishedstbrigidscollegeonasmallblockoflandownedbystpatricksparishinsouthalburyinpatricianbrothersopenedaschoolforboysinanadjacentblockinolivestreetalsoownedbystpatricksparishthisschoolforboyswasreinauguratedbythecongregationofchristianbrotherschristianbrothersinthesameyearstbrigidscollegewasredevelopedandrenamedstjosephsladiescollegeforthemajorityofadecadethesistersofmercyandchristianbrothersdeliveredcatholicbasededucationtothousandsofstudentsacrosstheareaallteachingduringthistimeperiodwasperformedbyclergyofthechurchlinkingcloselywithstpatricksparishinanortherncampusoftheboyscollegewasestablishedinfallonstreetnorthalburythesiteofthepresentdayxavierhighthisestablishmentwasnamedaquinascollegeintheboysandgirlsschoolswereamalgamatedtocreateacoeducationalsystemunderthenamexavierhighschoolnamedafterstfrancisxavierthecampusesremainedseparateduntiljanuarywhereintheschoolunitedtosharetheredevelopednortherncampusthesiteofthepresentdayschoolrefnametimelinereftheschoolpromotesitshistorytothestudentbodywithmanyofthehouseswithintheschoolnamedaftertheaforementionedcollegestodaytheschoolemploysoverteachersteachingstaffinadditiontonumeroussupportstaffandseveralvolunteersadditionallycontinualredevelopmentoffacilitiesandstructuralexpansioniscurrentlyinprogresstoaccommodatetheincreasingnumberofenrolledstudentsattheschoolfacilitiesxavierhighschoolhasundergoneconsiderabledevelopmentsinceitsestablishmentresultinginahostofeducationalfacilitiesavailableforstudentsincludingaseatartscentrecompletewithelevatedstagestagelightingandaudioboothvisualartsroomssoundproofmusictuitionroomsassistinginprivatestudywithrecordingequipmentafullysurfacedindoorstadiumcateringforarangeofindoorsportsincludingbasketballandindoorsocceraswellaspdhpepracticalclassesaresurfacedoutdoorsoccerbasketballcourtandaccesstolargesportingovalsfullyequippedsciencelaboratoriesandlaboratorypreparationroomcomputerroomsofferinginternetaccessandarangeofsoftwareprogramsarecentlyconstructedlibrarywithfullrangeoffictionalandnonfictionalreferencematerialscomputerbaysandseminarroomfullyequippedhospitalitykitchensmodernindustrialtechnologyworkshopcateringforarangeofindustrialandvetbasedsubjectsatextilesroomarecentlyrefurbishedrelandscapedquadranglearchitecturequadrangleaccesstoadevelopingwetlandandrainwaterrecyclingfacilityarecentlyconstructedblockofclassroomsandcentralcomputerroomrecentlyconstructedstudentlockercabinetlockerbaysandtoiletfacilitiesxavierhighschooliscurrentlyundergoingstagedevelopmentwhichpresentlyincludesanexpansionoffoodtechnologyandhospitalityfacilitiestoincludeafullcommercialkitchenconstructionofgenerallearningspacesacoveredoutdoorlearningareaandnewwalkwayswithworkexpectedtobecompletedbytheendofhousesxavierhostsanannualhousecupcompetitionbetweenthehousegroupsofxavierhighschoolwithpointsawardedforhouseachievementandparticipationinsportingcarnivalsandeventsfundraisinginterhousetriviaandnoveltyeventssuchasmelbournecupcommelbournedcupdcarnivalmelbournecupdaycelebrationsthehousecupwinnersforwereaquinashouseledbyhousecoordinatorjogleesonandhousecaptainthomasfreemanandjuliarossitereachhouseisbrieflydescribedbelowoutliningofthehouseleadersforaquinasenlightenmentthroughlearningfaiththroughunderstandingnamedafterstthomasaquinasandaquinascollegeaquinasisrepresentedbythecolourmaroonclarkpersistencetaskcompletionfitnessworkingjoyfullynamedaftermrsthelmaclarkthefirstlayteacherofstjosephsladiescollegeclarkisrepresentedbythecolourgolddynangentlenessinnerstrengthstrivingforexcellencepreservingwhatisgoodnamedinhonourofbrotherdynanapioneerofaquinascollegedynanisrepresentedbythecolourredjosephsimplicityloveofworkcouragefaithtraditionallyjosephisnamedinhonourofjosephfatherofjesusjosephthefatherofjesuschristinadditiontorecognisingstjosephsladiescollegejosephisrepresentedbythecolourwhiteloretoholyplaceinthewayofmarylovingandthoughtfulloretomarcheloretohouseisnamedafterthevillagewhereinthehouseofmarythemotherofjesusissituatedandisrepresentedbythecolourbluemackillopfaithbraveryandstrengthforthrightandbattlingadversitymackillopisnamedinhonourofsistermarymackillopwhowascannonisationcanonisedasthefirstsaintborninaustraliamackillopisrepresentedbythecolourgreenmcauleyworkingwithothersleadershipdignityofallpeoplecourageandcompassionmcauleyhouseisnamedaftercatherinemcauleyfounderofthesistersofmercyandisrepresentedbythecolourpurplericetodotoleadandlearnworkingforothersricehouseisnamedafteredmundignatiusriceedmundriceadvocatefordisadvantagededucationandinspirationforthechristianbrothersandisrepresentedbythecolourorangesportsandextracurricularinadditiontoafocusonacademiaandcatholiceducationxavierhighschoolisrepresentedinanumberofsportsportingactivitiesincludingschoolbasedathleticsswimmingandcrosscountrycarnivalsbissalevelindividualandteamsportsccclevelindividualandteamsportsarangeofstatelevelandnationalindividualandteamsportssportsfocusedonatxavierhighschoolprimarilyincludeaustralianrulesfootballsoccerbasketballswimmingsportswimmingathleticssportathleticscrosscountryrunningfieldhockeyhockeygolfrugbyleaguerecfootytouchfootballandcricketextracurricularranatxavierhighschoolencompassbutarenotlimitedtoblooddonationthroughthelocalvampireshieldrotaryinternationalrotarydebatinglocalmocktrialsmusicmusicalperformanceeveningsartexhibitionsmusicalsstageproductionsandinvolvementinanzacdayservicessupportinglegacyinadditiontoinvolvementinculturaleventssuchasthelotelanguagesotherthanenglishfestivalseealsoalburyhighschoolalburyreferencesexternallinkswebcsowwcatholiceduauschoolsalburyandsouthwestregionalcentrestabiddefaultaspxxhswwcatholiceduauourschoolhistorywebxhswwcatholiceduauhebeitelevisionhebeitelevisionheilongjiangtelevisionstationheilongjiangtelevisionstationyunmenwenyanautomatictaxoboxtaxonxyroptilaauthoritymeyricksubdivisionsubdivisionranksspeciessynonymspseudoxyroptilasmallhorismallxyroptiliasmallbigotsmallmisspellingxyroptilaisagenusofmothinthefamilypterophoridaespeciesxyroptilaaeneasmallsmallxyroptilaafricanasmallsmallxyroptilacaminitessmallsmallxyroptilacolluceosmallsmallxyroptiladohertyismallsmallxyroptilaeleganssmallsmallxyroptilafalciformissmallsmallxyroptilafulbaesmallsmallxyroptilairinasmallsmallxyroptilakurandasmallsmallxyroptilamaklaiasmallsmallxyroptilamarmariassmallsmallxyroptilamasaiasmallsmallxyroptilamonomotapasmallsmallxyroptilanaiwashasmallsmallxyroptilaoenophanessmallsmallxyroptilaoksanasmallsmallxyroptilapeltastessmallsmallxyroptilaruvenzorismallsmallxyroptilasiamismallsmallxyroptilasomasmallsmallxyroptilasybyllasmallsmallxyroptilaulurusmallsmallxyroptilavariegatasmallsmallxyroptilavaughanismallsmallxyroptilazambesismallsmallxyroptilachinaeducationtelevisionchinaeducationtelevisionhunanbroadcastingsystemhunanbroadcastingsystembluecliffrecordredirectcategoryshellchinaxinhuanewsnetworkcorporationchinaxinhuanewsnetworkcorporationnyogensenzakixinjiangtelevisionxinjiangtelevisionxinjiangtelevisionyuanwukeqinhuangboxiyunbaizhanghuaihaimazudaoyilinjiyixuanxinjiangtelevisionmiyakomakihuangtingjianaugustechapdelainemacauasiasatellitetelevisionmacauasiasatellitetelevisionsanriooshinarmenianalphabetxavierhighschoolalburybirthdaycaketosashimizukchiyasushiakimotochoeyonggonarmycommandersquidgirlguiyangschoolfukeshguojinlongcheungpotsaiheyingqinzhengyichingshihchichobitsthexmmodularhandgunsystemmhscompetitionwasaunitedstatesarmyandunitedstatesairforcecompetitionforanewservicepistolthemodularhandgunsystemwassolicitedbyarequestforproposalsinseptemberrefnamerefandisanticipatedtobethenextusmilitarystandardsidearmreplacingtheberettaberettammpistolandthesigsauerppmsigsauermtheunitedstatesmarinecorpsusmarinecorpsalsoparticipatedintheprogramtohaveinputonsourceselectionbutlikelywillnotordertheresultingweaponuntiltheircurrentpistolslifecyclesendinthemidsrefnamemctimesrefthecompetitionwasfirstannouncedinbutmultipledelayspushedthesolicitationdeadlinetofebruarysigsauersentrywasdeclaredthewinneronjanuarywithplanstobeginfieldingbeforetheendoftheyearthexmandxmversionsofthesigsauerpwerechosenforthefullsizeandcompactpistolversionstheyareconfigurabletoreceivesuppressorsandeventhoughthemmwaschosenrefnamereftheycanbeadaptedtofireothercaliberssuchassigandswallweaponsareplannedtobedeliveredinaperiodofyearsrationalethemainreasonfortheprogramisthesameasthempistolcoltmareplacementbytheberettampreviouslythepistolswereattheendoftheirservicelifeandwearingoutallfirearmshaveafinitelifecyclewhilepartssuchasthebarrelgripsspringspinsandotherscanbereplacedtheframecannotandeventuallybecomesunserviceabletheminservicesincethelatesisapproachingthislimitexamplesinserviceareshowingsignsofterminalwearandratherthanreplacingthemwithnewlybuiltmsthearmydecidedtooptforanewweapontoaddressdesignweaknessesrefnameoutdatedweaponsrefspecialforcesusepistolsmoreoftenandreachtheendofthemsserviceliferelativelyquicklyandregulartroopsarealsoreachingtheirhandgunslifecycleendthroughsheeragespecialoperatorshaveoptedforothersidearmslikethesigsauerpandsigsauerppmpunitedstatesnavysealsnavysealsaswellastheglockmmparabellumglockunitedstatesarmyrangersarmyrangersandmpistolmdeltaforceconventionalsoldiershaveproblemswithmfeaturesorperceivedlackthereofincludingnoaccessoryrailorsuppressorattachmentanergonomicallypoorgripaheavytriggerpullpoorsafetyselectorplacementandanopenslidethatletsindebrisandcancauseamalfunctionrefnameparsonsrefrequirementstheunitedstatesarmyusarmyinitiallyrequiredthemhstobemoreeffectiveaccurateandreliablethanthempistolthemhsrequirementcalledforanoncaliberspecificweaponwithmodularfeaturestoallowfortheadaptionofdifferentfirecontroldevicespistolgripsandalternatemagazinefirearmsmagazineoptionstheweaponwillfitvarioushandsizesandwillmounttargetingenablersusingpicatinnyrailsthenewweaponwillincorporatedetectionavoidancebyhavinganonreflectiveneutralcolorandwillbeoperablewithasuppressorinplacerefnamefutureinitiativesrefinjanuarythearmyreleasedarequestforinformationrequestforinformationrfitoassessavailablehandguntechnologiesandussmallarmsindustrialproductioncapacityforthemodularhandgunsystemtheannouncementseeksinformationonpotentialimprovementsinhandgunperformanceintheareasofaccuracyanddispersionouttometersterminalperformancemodularityreliabilityanddurabilityinallenvironmentsthehandgunshouldhaveapercentormorechanceofhittinginainchcircleouttometersconsistentlythroughouttheweaponslifetimeergonomicdesignshouldminimizerecoilenergiesandcontrolshotdispersionfeaturesincludebutarenotlimitedtocompatibilitywithaccessoryitemstoincludetacticallightslasersandsoundsuppressorsfullambidextrouscontrolsarerequiredandtherewasinterestinergonomicdesignsthatcouldbecontrolledbyfemaleshooterstherewasnospecificcaliberbutterminalballisticsatmetersthroughcminchesofballisticgelatinballisticsgelwillassesslethalitycomparedtommparabellummmmfullmetaljacketbulletfmjroundsspecificinterestwasgiventopistolsthatcanaccommodatehigherchamberpressuresoverpercentgreaterthansportingarmsandammunitionmanufacturersinstitutesaamispecificationforthecartridgewithoutdegradationofreliabilitytherficallsformeanroundsbetweenstoppagesmeanroundsbetweenfailuresandaroundservicelifemanufacturersareaskedtoprovideproductioncapacityestimatesonminimumandmaximummonthlyratesaswellastheleadtimestoachievethoseratesestimatedpricingwasrequestedforquantitiesoftohandgunsrefnamepotentialmhsrefdevelopmenttherequirementforthenewpistoloriginatedwiththemhsprograminitiatedbytheunitedstatesairforceairforceinithasreceivedjointrequirementsoversightcounciljrocvalidationthemhsprogramwastoselectacommercialofftheshelfhandguninfiscalyearfytestingwastobecompletedbyfyandtypeclassificationwasexpectedinfytestingandevaluationofreplacementpistolswereexpectedtobegininearlythenewpistolwillalsobecarriedbymoresoldiersnamelysquadandteamleadersathreeyeartestandevaluationwilldetermineifacommercialofftheshelfcontendercanreplaceallmsaswellastheconcealablesigsauerppmmtheprogramwasinconjunctionwiththeairforcetheunitedstateshousecommitteeonarmedserviceshousearmedservicescommitteewaspushingtoupgradethemratherthanpursueanewprogramprojectofficersbelievedbuyinganewpistolwouldbecheaperthanimprovingandmaintainingthemandoffersdesignsthatoutperformitthethreeyearengineeringmanufacturinganddevelopmentemdphasewilltestavarietyofcapabilitiesincludingaccuracydispersioncompatibilityandcorrosionresistancepistolswillbetestedinextremeweatherandextremecombatconditionsthearmyheldanindustrydayforthemhsonjulytheprogramlookedtoreplacetheentirehandgunsystemwhichincludesthegunammoholsterandsomeotherpartsduetothepoorreceptionofthemmnatocartridgeincombatzoneslikeiraqandafghanistantheprogramwasanopencalibercompetitiontoevaluatelargerroundsliketheswandacpormorepowerfulroundslikethesigorfnmmalthoughtheobjectivewasforaroundwithbetterterminalballisticstheargumentforadoptingalargerbullethasdisadvantagesthefederalbureauofinvestigationfbiandcertainpoliceforceshavereversedearlierdecisionstoreplacetheirnbspmmpistolswithoneschamberedforswbecausetheheavierbulletandgreaterrecoilcausedexcessivewearandframedamagelawenforcementpersonnelhavefoundthatevenmarginallylargerpistolroundsarestilltoounderpoweredtokillapersonwithoneshotandthatsmallerroundsallowforbettershotplacementwhenfiringrapidlyberettahassubmittedchangesandproductimprovementstothemsystemliketheberettammaupdatemaacceptedbytheusmarinecorpsinbutthearmyhasmaintainedthatthemsystemdoesnotmeettheirmhsrequirementsrefnameharderhittingrefthemhscompetitionwasplannedtobelaunchedinjanuarywiththereleaseofafinalsolicitationsomestandardpistolswillbeorderedaswellascompactversionswithdeliveriestobegininothermilitaryservicesparticipatingintheprogrammayorderanadditionalsystemspreviouslyheldindustrydaysallowedinterestedcompaniestosuggestwaysandideasthatthearmycanimprovetheplanandprocesssomeofwhichwereadoptedintotheprogramtestfiringsinsimulatedcombatscenarioswillbeperformedbyovermilitarypersonnelfromallservicestoprovidefeedbackontheperformanceofeachcandidatesystemrefnamekituprefindecemberberettaannouncedtheberettammaupdatemawhichwassubmittedviaanengineeringchangeproposalecpinaccordancewiththetermsofthecurrentmcontractamodifiedversionoftheexistingberettammaupdatemathenewmodelfeaturesathinnergrippicatinnyrailmilstdaccessoryrailremovabletritiumsightsthreadedbarrelandasandresistantroundmagazineproducedinadarkearthtonecolorberettaclaimslikelycostsavingsoverthestandardmmodelandmeetingalmostalloftheenhancedhandgunrequirementsrefnameberettasanswerreflaterthatmonththearmydecidednottoevaluatethemainfavorofpursuingthemhsprogramwithoutaskinganyquestionsabouttheupgradedpistolorrequestingasamplearmyweaponsofficialsmaintainthatthemdesigndoesnotmeetrequirementsandacostbenefitanalysisdeterminedtheoldfleetwouldcostmoretoreplaceandrepairthanbuyinganewservicepistolberettaclaimsmaupgradefeaturesfixmostofthecomplaintsandcouldbesoldforlessthanthecostofpreviousmversionsthecompanyhassuggestedadualpathstrategytoevaluatecommerciallyavailableoptionswhilesimultaneouslyevaluatingimprovementsrefnamemarejectedrefrequestforproposalthearmydelayedthemhsrfpuntilafterjanuarytoallowforimprovementstotherfpasaresultoffeedbackreceivedfromindustryrefnamearmydelayreftheseconddraftsolicitationforthexmwasreleasedonjunefollowingthedefensedepartmentsdecisiontoallowuseofspecialpurposeammunitiontestingofthreeversionswasplannedtobeconductedthroughfullrateproductionwouldbegininwithstandardpistolsmforthearmyreplacingtheberettamforotherservicesandcompactmversionsforsoldiersreplacesigsauerppmsigsauermrefnamearmytimesberettarefinadeparturefromanoveronecenturyoldbattlefieldpracticealegalreviewfromthepentagonhasallowedthearmytoconsiderexpandingandfragmentingammunitionsuchashollowpointbulletsforthexmthoughnotasignatorytothehagueconventionsofandhagueconventionthatbarredbulletswithexposedleadtipsorexpandingroundsonthebattlefieldtheushasgenerallyobservedtheagreementalthoughithasreservedtherighttousethebullettypewhereitsawaneedsuchascriminalinvestigationscommandmilitarypoliceandspecialforcesthearmyclaimsexpandingusetoregulartroopssupportstheinternationallawprinciplesofpreventingexcessivecollateraleffectssinceexpandingbulletstransfermostoftheirenergyintoatargetandusuallydonotpassthroughabodyandthatlegalstandardshavechangedsincetheconventioninaneraofasymmetricwarfaresomecomplaintsabouttheminvolveitsmmfmjroundhavinginsufficientstoppingpowersoamovetoexpandingbulletscouldallowmorelethalitywithoutswitchingtoadifferentcaliberrefnamehollowpointrefarmycontractingcommandreleasedtheofficialmhsrfponaugustthemaximumprogramvalueofthexmcontractcouldbeworthuptomillionrefnamerefthecompetitionwasopencalibertoallowsubmissionschamberedinlargerroundsthesolicitationdoesnotspecificallymentionexpandingbulletusebutitalsodoesnotprohibititeachmanufacturercansubmittwogunammunitioncombinationsiftheyaredifferingcalibersinterestedvendorshaduntillatejanuarytosubmitbidsoneyearaftertherfpwasoriginallyplannedtobereleasedrefnamemiltimesrefcompetitorstwelvepistolswereenteredintothecompetitionrefnamejanesrefrefnametfbdownselectrefberettadidnotentertheimprovedberettammaupdatemainsteadcompetingwiththeirnewberettaapxapxstrikerfiredpistoleskzbrojovkauherskbrodczczvariantsandderivativespmhsandpmhschamberedinmmparabellummmnatoandswfnherstalenteredapolymerframedstrikerfiredpistolapparentlybasedonthefnfnsandfromwhichthefnwasdevelopedrefnametfbrefrefnamettagrefglockgesmbhglockglockmmparabellummhsandglockmmparabellummhschamberedinmmparabellummmnatoglockswglockmhsandglockswmhschamberedinswrespectivelykrissusaannounceditsentryintotheprogramusingavariantoftheirsphinxsystemssphinxpistolssphinxsdpchamberedinmmparabellummmnatorefnamekrissusaconfirmrefrefnamewhatcaliberrefsigsauersigsauerppmhsamodifiedversionofthepsmithwessonsmithwessonmpmpmincooperationwithgeneraldynamicsgeneraldynamicsordnanceandtacticalsystemsrefnamegdswteamuprefstiinternationalstianddetonicsdetonicsdefensestxrefnameddstiallyrefsturmrugercodesignedapistolseriestherugeramericanpistolbasedonthespecificationsofthemhsbutultimatelydeclinedtoformallysubmitanyvariantofitforconsiderationadownselectiontothreeweaponsystemswasexpectedtobemadeinaugustleadingthewayintoaninemonthproductionverificationtestpvtprogramfollowingthesuccessfulconclusionofthepvtapreferredbidderwasintendedtobeselectedaheadoflowrateinitialproductionandfirstdeliveriestousarmedforcesmhscontractawardedtosigsauerdeletedimageremovedthearmytimesreportedonjanuarythatthecontractforthenewushandgunhadbeenawardedtosigsauersigsauerinconjanuaryseveralnewssourcesattheshotshowaswellassigsauerhavestatedthatthesigsauerphasbeenchosenasthewinnerofthemillioncontractforbothfullsizedmandcompactmmodelsthemmversionofthepistolwaschosenwiththecontractallowingthegovernmenttopurchasexmfullmetaljacketfmjandxmspecialpurposespammunitionandtrainingroundsanarmypressreleasestatedthearmydeterminedthatthismhsfullsizehandguncompacthandgunammunitionandancillarycomponentswasthebestvalueintermsofitsperformancecapabilitythetermsandconditionsofthevendorsproposalandpriceintroductionintoservicenovemberthestairbornedivisionreceivedthefirstofthemhandgunsandgearthatgoalongwithitrefyoutubecomwatchvjiuuyagymusarmystairbornefirethemmhssigsauerprefpostintroductiontestinginjanuarythedirectoroperationaltestandevaluationpublisheditsreportonthetestingofthexmwhichhighlightedsomedeficienciesnotablytheweaponinitiallyperformedpoorlyindroptestscausingadischargewhendroppedthisissuewasfixedbyreplacingthetriggergroupwithcomponentslighterinweightadditionallytheweaponperformedpoorlywithballmunitionscausingseveraldoubleejectionsandstoppagestheanalysisofthisproblemisstillongoingtheweaponperformedwellinotherfieldswiththeexceptionofthemeanroundsbetweenstoppagefailurewhichisrelatedtothepreviouslynotedissuelegalchallengesshortlyafteronfebruaryglockfiledaprotestofthecontractawardwiththegovernmentaccountabilityofficethegaodeniedthebidprotestonjuneadditionallysteyrarmsincofaustriasuedsigsauerinusdistrictcourtforthenortherndistrictofalabamaclaimingpatentinfringementseealsojointcombatpistolyoutubecomwatchvjiuuyagymusarmystairbornefirethemmhssigsauerpreferencesrhuschinensisredirectcategoryshellmagicalcirclegurugurumaggardenmonthlycomicblademonthlycomicavaruscomicblademasamunedigallicacidinfoboxvideogametitlexmendestinyimagexmendestinycoverxjpgdevelopersiliconknightspublisheractivisionproducerdoughederwritermikecareywritermikecareyengineunrealengineplatformsflatlistnintendodsplaystationxboxwiireleasednintendodsplaystationxboxbrwiibrgenreflatlistbeatemupactionroleplayinggameactionroleplayingmodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayerxmendestinyisanactionroleplayinggameactionroleplayingvideogamebasedonthexmencomicbookseriesitwasdevelopedbysiliconknightswrittenbymikecareywritermikecareythewriterofthexmenlegacycomicbookseriesrefnamebuzzfocusrefitwaspublishedandreleasedbyactivisionforthenintendodsplaystationxboxandnintendowiiconsolesrefnamegamespotrefalongwithmanyothergamespublishedbyactivisionthathadusedamarvellicensexmendestinywasdelistedandsubsequentlyremovedfromalldigitalstorefrontsonjanuaryrefnamechiengrefrefnamefutterrefthegameandanothergametoohumanwererecalledandhadtheirunsoldcopiesdestroyedduetolegalissuesbetweensiliconknightsandepicgamesoverthegamesuseofunrealenginecoderefnamegamesradarrefrefnamexboxachievementsrefrefnameeurogamerrefgameplayinxmendestinyplayersareputintherolesofnewmutantswhochoosetojoineitherthexmenorthebrotherhoodofmutantsfromtheretheymakedecisionsfortheultimatedestinyoftheircharacterxmendestinyplacesanemphasisontheplayersfreedomofchoiceasopposedtoamoretraditionallineartypeofgameplaythiswassupportedbyquotesintheofficialpressreleasetheallneworiginalvideogamecastsplayersasnewmutantrecruitsinarichbranchingstorylinethatfeaturesadeepelementofchoiceandgivesplayersultimatecontroloftheirdestinythroughoutthegameplayerscollectpowerenhancementscalledxgeneseveryxgenecanunlockthreetypesofabilitiesoffensivedefensiveandutilityxgenescanbemixedandmatchedastheplayerseesfitforauniqueexperiencerefnameofficialwebsitepowersrefsomeretailerspackagedthegamewithexclusivepreorderbonusesthosewhopreorderedonamazoncomreceivedanearlyunlockcodeforemmafrostsoutfitandxgenesbestbuyofferedanearlyunlockcodeofjuggernautcomicsjuggernautscostumeandxgenesandgamestopspreorderingcustomersreceivedhavokcomicshavokssuitandxgenesrefnamecomicbookresourcesrefplotxmendestinyisbasedinsanfranciscowhichhasbeendividedintohumanandmutantmarvelcomicsmutantareasduetoaconflictbetweenthetwogroupsatthestartofthegametheplayerchoosesfromoneofthreemutantcharacterswhohavebeencreatedforthegamethegameallowsfortheplayertodecidewhichmutantsbecometheiralliesandenemiesthroughchoicesmadeinthecourseofthestoryrefnamecavgpreviewrefthegamebeginsatapeacerallyheldinsanfranciscoinmemoryofthedeceasedprofessorxbythemutantresponsedivisionschiefluisreyesthingsquicklytakeaturnfortheworseastherallyisattackedbyanantimutantextremistgroupcalledthepurifiersmarvelcomicspurifierswhoaretakingmutantsaliveandnotkillingthemastheyusuallydoimmediatelyafterthelatentmutantpowersoftheplayerscharacterareawakenedandhesheisforcedtodefendciviliansintheareafromthepurifierstheplayerscharacterthenmeetswithmutantsfromboththexmenandbrotherhoodofmutantsandmakesthechoiceofjoiningeithergroupastheygoaftercameronhodgeleaderofthepurifiershodgeiswearingasuitofpowerarmorandpersonallyjoinsthehuntformutantswhilemanycharacterswonderwhythepurifiersarecapturingmutantsaliveinsteadofkillingthemtheplayercharactereventuallycornershodgeontopofabuildingthefightistheninterruptedbymagnetocomicsmagnetoaccusedbyreyesofattackingtherallywhodropsthegoldengatebridgeontopofthecombatzonetheplayerscharacterissavedbynightcrawlercomicsnightcrawleratthelastsecondandisteleportedtochinatownsanfranciscochinatownwherehesheistaskedwithfindinggambitcomicsgambitwholeftthexmenafterthedeathofprofessorxandiscurrentlyoperatinganightclubinchinatownaftermeetinggambitheaskstheplayertohelphimraidapurifierwarehousewhichcontainstechnologythatthepurifiersuseagainstmutantsaftertheraidgambitgivestheplayerthelocationofthesecretundergroundlabwherepurifiersareholdingcapturedmutantsatthelabtheplayermeetsseveralcapturedmutantssuchasquicksilvercomicsquicksilversurgecomicssurgeandcolossuscomicscolossuswiththeirhelptheplayereventuallydefeatssublimemarvelcomicsjohnsublimeandtheumencomicsumenagroupofantimutantsoldierswhoexperimentonmutantsanddraintheirpowersfortheirownusageandsavesthecapturedmutantsactingoninformationgainedbythexmentheplayergoestoasecretundergroundbaseusedbyhodgeandthepurifiershesheeventuallyfindshodgewhoisnowwearingamorepowerfulsuitofpowerarmorcontainingdrainedmutantpowershodgeclaimsthatthepowersdrainedfrompixiexmenpixieandcalibancomicscalibanwillenablethemtofindandcaptureanymutantthatthepurifierswanthealsosaysthatheisbeinghelpedbysomeothergrouporpersonafterthefighthodgefallsfromageneratortowertohisapparentdeathdependingontheplayerschoicebetweenthexmenorthebrotherhoodofmutantsheshegoestoeithercyclopsmarvelcomicscyclopsormystiquecomicsmystiquewiththenewfoundinformationandistaskedwithfindingpixieandcalibanwiththeaidofforgecomicsforgetheplayereventuallyfindscalibanandrealizesthatthepersonwhoispullingthestringsisbastioncomicsbastiontherobotwhokilledprofessorxbeforebeingdestroyedbymagnetobastionsomehowsurvivedanduploadedhimselftothemrdsatelliteitisrevealedthatreyesalsoworksforhimwithcalibanshelptheplayerfindspixiebutthehelicoptercarryingherisshotdownbyalaserbeamandcrashestheplayerattemptstorescuepixiefromthewreckagebutisunabletobeforethehelicopterexplodesandkillsherimmediatelyafterregardlessoftheplayerschoicessofarmagnetoaccusescyclopsofshootingdownthehelicopterandalongsidejuggernautcomicsjuggernautattacksbothcyclopsandtheplayerafterthefightmagnetogrudginglygivestheplayerachancetojointhebrotherhoodandhesheisforcedtomakeanimportantdecisionregardlessofwhichsidetheplayerchooseshesheistaskedtofindandneutralizereyeswhoseemstohavemindcontrolpowerstoinfluencehumansandevenothermutantsreyesplanstoamplifyhispowerwithbastionssatellitesohecancontrolallhumansandmutantsonearthafterfightingseveralalliedmutantsandsavingthemfromreyesmindcontroltheplayereventuallyfindsthebroadcastingtowerusedbyreyesandshutsdownthesignalwiththeaidofcyclopsandmagnetohoweverbastiondownloadshimselfintoreyeswhoisnowwearinganevenmorepowerfulversionofthepowerarmorthathodgewaswearingandtakescontrolofhismindbastionalsosendsseveralsentinelrobotstojointhefightaftertheplayerdefeatsreyesandhissentinelsreyessurrendershimselftotheauthoritiestowhichtheplayerrespondsthattheyeitherthexmenorthebrotherhoodaretheauthoritiesnowtheendingdependsonwhichsidetheplayerchosetojoinattheendofchapterifheshesidedwiththexmencyclopstheplayerandtherestofthexmenareseenwatchingovertheruinsofsanfranciscoandpromisingthattheywillcreateaworldwheremutantsandhumanscanlivetogetherinpeacecyclopssaysthattheresanotherstormcomingthatmightbeworsethantheonestheyvealreadyenduredbeforetellingtheplayerthatitisgoodtoknowthathesheiswiththemifheshesidedwiththebrotherhoodofmutantsmagnetoandtheplayerareseenwatchingovertheruinsofsanfranciscowithmagnetodeclaringtheformationofamutantonlynationandsayingthathewillteachtheplayerhowtosurviveinaworldthatdespisesmutantsdevelopmentsiliconknightsdevelopedthegameincollaborationwithactivisionafterbeinggreenlightedinanonymoussourcesclaimingtobeformeremployeeshaveclaimedthatthedevelopmentteamwassplitbetweenxmdandeternaldarknesscanceledsequeleternaldarknesswithmanagementindifferenttowardxmendenisdyackthefounderofsiliconknightshasrespondedstatingthattheprojectbudgetwasdrasticallyreducedduetomarvelsacquisitionbydisneyhehasassertedthattheperceptionofindifferencehadtodowithresourcesatthedeveloperbeingreallocatedinresponsetotheshiftinbudgetthedeveloperswerenotinformedofthereducedbudgetsoastomaintainmoralereceptionvideogamereviewsgrpsxwiidsrefnamegrdsrefmcpsxwiidsrefnamemcdsrefdestructeuroggigameprorefnamegameprorefgspotwiigtgbignwiibrdsjoystiqnpwiibrdsrefnamenprefoxmrevthedigitalfixrevscorerevtheescapistmagazinetheescapistrevscorexmendestinyreceivedgenerallynegativereviewswithmostpointingoutthebuttonmashingcombatlackofconsequencestochoicesandoveralllackofpolishgamerankingsandmetacriticgaveitascoreofandoutofforthedsversionandoutoffortheplaystationversionandoutofforthexboxversionandandoutofforthewiiversionjoystiqnowapartofengadgetcriticizedthesluggishgameplayandshortstorystatingthegamefeelsunfinishedandgavethexboxversionstarsoutofendingthereviewwithatleastyoucanquicklymoveontosomethingmorepleasurablelikeburyingabelovedfamilypetrefnamejoystiqrefgamesradaralthoughpraisingthefanserviceofthegameechoedthesentimentofthegamefeelingunfinishedcallingitmediocreandcitingthegraphicsbeingsimilartoanhdremakeofalastgengameandalthoughthebossbattlesreceivedsomepraisethemajorityofthefightingwasconsidereddullandrepetitiveawardingthegamestarsoutofhowevergameinformergavethegameaoutoftheypraisedthefulfillmentoffantasyformutantloversthatthisgameprovidesaswellasreplayvaluedespitethequestionablegraphicsrefnamegirefreferencesexternallinksnikktochigileagueofsocialdemocratsiclasssubmarineiclasssubmarinexmsatelliteradiokshkaidtakichibaisumidistrictmountusuhakuchbridgetsuyamasinsonhosinsonhowangyoucaipaeknamsunpaeknamsunxiaoqianghirokiazumakashiharanarakouqianzhilideyutaxoboxnamexeropictastatusimagexeropictaderbentinajpgimagecaptionxeropictaderbentinasmallkrynickismallregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxeropictagenusauthoritymonterosatoxeropictaisagenusofsmallairbreathinglandsnailspulmonategastropodmollusksinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesdistributionthedistributionofthegenusxeropictaincludessoutheasterneuropetoneareastandnortheasternafricaspeciesinthisgenushavenotyetbecomeestablishedintheusabuttheyareconsideredtorepresentpotentiallyseriousthreatsaspestorganismpestsinvasivespecieswhichcouldnegativelyaffectagriculturenaturalecosystemshumanhealthorcommercethereforeithasbeensuggestedthatthesespeciesbegiventopnationalquarantinesignificanceintheusadescriptionthegastropodshellshellisalwayswhitewithbrownspiralbandstheshellismediumsizedtosmallwithasubdepressedtosubconoidalspiremolluscspiretheumbilicusmolluscumbilicusisopenreproductivesystemthereisapresenceoftwosymmetricaldartsacsandtwolongaccessorysacswhicharealwayslongerthanthedartsacstherearebranchedmucusglandsaroundthevaginaandpenisiswithpenialappendixatitsbasepenisisinnervatedfromtherightcerebralganglionspeciesspecieswithinthegenusxeropictaincludexeropictaakrotiricagittenbergerrefnameablistanimalbaseunigoettingendezoowebservletanimalbaselistspeciestaxongenusspeciesingenusxeropictaanimalbaseaccessedoctoberrefxeropictaderbentinakrynickixeropictakrynickiikrynickitypespeciesxeropictaledereripfeifferxeropictamesopotamicamoussonxeropictasmyrnocreticagermainxeropictavestalispfeiffergalleryxeropictavestalisjoppensisjpgxeropictavestalisjoppensisgalleryreferencesthisarticleincorporatespublicdomaintextfromthereferencerefnameabanimalbaseunigoettingendezoowebservletanimalbasehomegenusidgenussummaryforxeropictaanimalbaselastmodifieddecemberaccessedoctoberrefexternallinksyoshifumihibakonagaokakynagaokakykyotofukuharakyshishigataniincidentshis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factorxfactorwebsiteseasonxfactorshanttvcomhomehtmlxfactorwebsiteseasonfacebookcompagesxfactorarmeniaxfactorfacebookhyakiraharaguchinorthjiangyangroadstationnorthjiangyangroadstationmacedoniansignlanguagekimjonguntaxoboxnamexanthomonascampestrispvcampestrisdomainbacteriaphylumproteobacteriaclassisgammaproteobacteriaordoxanthomonadalesfamiliaxanthomonadaceaegenusxanthomonasspeciesxanthomonascampestrisxcampestristrinomialxanthomonascampestrispvcampestristrinomialauthoritydowsondyeetaltypestrainncppbcomfurtherinfocfmncppbnoncppbsynonymsbacilluscampestrissmallpammelsmallbrpseudomonascampestrissmallpammelsmithsmallbrbacteriumcampestrissmallpammelchestersmallbrphytomonascampestrissmallpammelbergeysmallbrxanthomonascampestrissmallpammeldowsonsmallblackrotcausedbythebacteriumxanthomonascampestrispvcampestrisxccisconsideredthemostimportantandmostdestructivediseaseofcrucifersinfectingallcultivatedvarietiesofbrassicasworldwiderefnamenetherlandsalvarezamblackrotofcrucifersinslusarenkoajfraserrssvanloonlcedsmechanismsofresistancetoplantdiseasesdordrechtthenetherlandskluweracademicpublisherspprefrefnamecontinuingrefthisdiseasewasfirstdescribedbybotanistandentomologistharrisongarmaninlexingtonkentuckyusinsincethenithasbeenfoundinnearlyeverycountryinwhichvegetablebrassicasarecommerciallycultivatedhostinfectionbyxcccanoccuratanystageoftheplantlifecyclecharacteristicsymptomsofblackrotcausedbyxccarevshapedchlorotictonecroticlesionsextendingfromtheleafmarginsandblackeningofvasculartissuesthepathogenthrivesinwarmandhumidclimatesandisrapidlydisseminatedinthefielduseofcleanseedcroprotationandotherculturalpracticesaretheprimarymeansofcontrolofblackrothoweverindevelopingcountriessuchasthoseinsouthandeasternafricablackrotremainsthegreatestimpedimenttocabbagecultivationduetounreliablecleanseedmultiplecroppingsannuallyandhighsusceptibilityofpopularlocalcultivarstothediseasehostsandsymptomsmembersoftheplantfamilybrassicaceaecruciferaewhichincludescabbagebroccolicauliflowerkaleturnipoilseedrapemustardradishandthemodelorganismarabidopsisthalianaareaffectedbyblackrothostinfectionbyxcccausesvshapedchlorotictonecroticfoliarlesionsvascularblackeningwiltingstuntedgrowthandstemrotsymptomsasthepathogenproceedsfromtheleafmarginstowardstheveinswaterstressandchloroticsymptomsdevelopduetoocclusionofwaterconductingvesselsbybacterialexopolysaccharidesandcomponentsofdegradedplantcellwallsthedarkeningofvasculartissuesfollowingbacterialinvasiongivestheblackrotdiseaseitsnamelesionsproducedbyxccmayserveasportalsofentryforothersoftrotpathogenssuchaspectobacteriumcarotovorumformerlyerwiniacarotovoraandpseudomonasmarginalisthesesymptomsmaybeconfusedwithfusariumwiltofcabbagefusariumyellowscausedbythefungusfusariumoxysporumfspconglutinansincontrasttoblackrotinwhichthepathogeninvadesleafmarginsandcauseschlorotictonecroticsymptomsthatprogressdownwardsintheplantfusariumwiltsymptomsfirstdevelopinthelowerportionsoftheplantandmoveupwardsfurthermoreleafveinsinvadedbyxccturnblackcomparedtothedarkbrownveindiscolorationfoundinfusariumwiltsymptomsofblackrotmayvarywidelyamongdifferentspeciesofcrucifersoncauliflowerxccinfectionviastomatescausesblackorbrownspecksscratchedleafmarginsblackveinsanddiscoloredcurdsadditionallytheseverityofsymptomsandaggressivenessofthediseasevariesbetweendifferentstrainsofthexccpathogentheisolatescanbedifferentiatedintoracesbasedonthereactionofseveralbrassicalinesafterinoculationaracestructureincludingracestowasfirstproposedinarevisedclassificationmodelwithraceswasproposedinandmorerecentlythemodelwasexpandedtoincludenineracesdiseasecyclebrtheprimarysourceofinoculumisxccinfectedseedduringgerminationtheseedlingbecomesinfectedthroughtheepicotylandcotyledonsmaydevelopblackenedmarginsshrivelanddropthebacteriaprogressthroughthevascularsystemtotheyoungstemsandleaveswherethediseasemanifestsasvshapedchlorotictonecroticlesionsextendingfromtheleafmarginsunderhumidconditionsbacteriapresentinguttationdropletscanbespreadbywindrainwatersplashesandmechanicalequipmenttoneighboringplantsthenaturalrouteofinvasionbyxccisthroughthehydathodesthoughleafwoundscausedbyinsectsandplantrootsmayalsobeportalsofentryoccasionallyinfectionsoccurthroughstomatahydathodesprovidethepathogenadirectpathfromtheleafmarginstotheplantvascularsystemandthussystemichostinfectioninvasionofthesutureveinleadstoproductionofxccinfectedseedxcccansurviveinplantdebrisinsoilforuptoyearsbutnotmorethanweeksinfreesoilbacteriapresentinplantdebriscanserveasasourceofsecondaryinoculumenvironmentwarmandwetconditionsfavorplantinfectionbyxccandthedevelopmentofdiseasefreemoistureisrequiredforhostinvasionconsideringthatthenaturalrouteofinfectionisthroughthehydathodestheoptimumtemperaturerangeforbacterialgrowthandhostsymptomdevelopmentisbetweentonbspcaslowerrateofgrowthisobservedattemperaturesaslowasnbspcanduptonbspchoweverinfectedhostsaresymptomlessbelownbspcmanagementmanagementofblackrotreliesheavilyonculturalpracticesbruseofcertifieddiseasefreeseedsandtransplantshotwatertreatmentofnoncertifiedseedschemicaltreatmentswithsodiumhypochloritehydrogenperoxideandhotcupuricacetateorzincsulfatemayalsobeusedcontrolofinsectscroprotationwithnoncruciferousplantsyearsremovalofcropdebrisafterharvestcontrolofcruciferousweedsthatmayserveasreservoirforthepathogensanitationegcleanequipmentavoidingworkinwetfieldsetcthedevelopmentanduseofblackrotresistantcultivarshaslongbeenrecognisedasanimportantmethodofcontrolbutinpracticehashadlimitedsuccessresistancetothemostimportantpathogenicracesofxccisrareinboleraceaegcabbagebroccolicauliflowerthemostcommonandpotentiallyusefulsourcesofblackrotresistanceoccurinotherbrassicagenomesincludingbrapabnigrabnapusbcarinataandbjuncearesistantortolerantcabbagecultivarsareavailableandincludebratlantisblueboybravobroncoceciledefenderdynastygladiatorguardianhancockramadasignificanceeconomicimpactcabbagecultivationisamultibilliondollarindustryworldwidereflectingitsvalueasavegetablecropsourceofvegetableoilcomponentoffoddercropforlivestockfeedandingredientincondimentsandspicesinthecabbagecropintheusexceedmmtonsblackrotisconsideredthemostimportantdiseaseofcabbageandothercrucifersbecausexccinfectionsmaynotbecomeapparentuntilthewarmsummermonthswellafterplantingthepathogenspreadsrapidlyandlossesduetothediseasemayexceedinwarmwetclimatestheimportanceofusingdiseasefreeseedandortransplantsishighlightedbythefactthatasfewasthreeinfectedseedsincancauseblackrotepidemicsinafieldintransplantbedsaninitialinfectionlevelofcanrisetoinjustthreeweeksinfactmorerecentworkindicatesthatspreadcanbemuchmorerapidthanthiswithoverheadgantryirrigationspreadofthepathogengreatlyexceededsymptomspreadtotheextentthatinoneexperimentalmostofthetransplantswereinfestedinablockofmoduletraysapproxplantssixweeksaftersowingfromasingleprimaryinfectormodellingoftherateofspreadintransplantsindicatesthatthewidelyusedtolerancestandardforseedhealthtestingshouldberevisedtobiotechnologyxanthanxanthanisanexopolysaccharideproducedbyxcccommerciallyproducedxanthanisusedasathickeningfoodadditiveandlubricantamongstotherindustrialapplicationsgenomicsthegenomesofthreexccstrainsatccbandhavebeenfullysequencedandarepubliclyavailablereferencespaokfcredirectcategoryshellspeciesboximagexeronemajpgimagecaptionpoorknightslilyflowergenusxeronemaspeciescallistemonauthoritywrbolivxeronemacallistemonisaspeciesoffloweringplantendemictothepoorknightsislandsandtarangaislandinthenorthofnewzealandrefnamernzpcnorgnzfloradetailsaspidxeronemacallistemonfcallistemonnzpcnorgnzfloradetailsaspidxeronemacallistemonfbracteosarefitwasdiscoveredinandhasacommonnamepoorknightslilytheplantislistedasvulnerableintheiucnredlistofplantsrefnameredbooksgooglecombooksidxiladyyesicpgpaiucnredlistofthreatenedplantsprefbutasofoctoberisnotlistedintheiucnredlistiucnredlistofthreatenedspeciesrefnameiucniucnredlistorgiucnredlistorgandsearchforxeronemacallistemonrefetymologythecommonnameoftheplantoriginatesfromthepoorknightsislandsonwhichitwasdiscoveredtheislandsinturnweresonamedbecauseoftheirsimilarityinshapetothefrenchtoastpoorknightspuddingabreadbaseddishpopularatthetimeoftheirdiscoverybyeuropeansstructurethegreenplantstemstalksofxeronemacallistemonstartgrowingverticallytheythenturnsidewaysshowingredflowerstippedwithorangepollenandresembleagiantbottlebrushortoothbrushhabitatxeronemacallistemonusuallygrowsonrhyoliteseacliffsandrockyoutcropsandsometimesinforestitrequiresmuchwaterandispollinatedbybirdsandbutterfliesarelatedspeciesxeronemamooreiisfoundontheislandsofnewcaledonianbspkmtothenorthwestgrowthplantsgrowfromfreshfallingseedsalthoughtheygerminateeasilyitmighttakeyearsforthemtogrowintothefloweringsizetheyflowerbetweenseptemberanddecemberpeakinginoctoberspringinnewzealandreferencesindianrupeesignredirectshelleyeseyesseektruthfromfactsdaizhennierongzhennierongzheneyeseyesluobaomingluobaomingxinwenlianboxinwenlianboxinwenlianboxanderxiaoxixiomaraorisaletterofthelatinscriptformedbytheadditionofaninvertedbreveaccentabovetheilatinlettericharmapanamelatincapitalletteriwithinvertedbrevebnamelatinsmallletteriwithinvertedbrevealhakimbiamrallahalazizbillahsuiningsuiningsuiningsuiningresolutenunavutsenkakuislandssenkakuislandssenkakuislandsblissfulencounterzengakurensumitomomitsuibankingcorporationhiroakishukuzawaseijihiraothousandcharacterclassictheogallinsundaolinsundaolinarmillariasichuanesedialectssichuanesedialectswongshiklingwongshiklingqinjiweitongmenghuitongmenghuiwangshiweimayinchuworldmasterpiecetheaternipponanimationmaxinehongkingstongracillariawanglequanwanglequanchongqinggangtrialschongqinggangtrialsbrookbernacchireformclubofhongkongreformclubofhongkongreformclubofhongkonghenryhuhenryhuchengyutungchengyutungcheungkongholdingscheungkongholdingsbakumantakeshiobatatsugumiohbahanamarukindergartenseijimizushimatelephonenumbersinafghanistanleucippusxenophonmentougoudistrictmentougoudistrictpinggudistrictpinggudistricthuairoudistricthuairoudistrictdaxingdistrictdaxingdistrictchangpingdistrictchangpingdistrictshunyidistrictshunyidistrictfangshandistrictfangshandistrictshijingshandistrictshijingshandistrictfengt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nowebbasedinstallerorimportfeaturesinseptemberthefirstbetawasmadeavailabletoallactivecustomersonnovemberthefirststablereleaseofxenforowasmadeavailablereleasehistoryclasswikitableversionreleasedatenotablechangescolspanlatestreleasemarchinitialreleasejulynovemberthreadprefixesrtletcmayjulytemplatemodificationsystemroutefiltersroutechangingpostedithistoryandloggingjulymarchcustombbcodesgoogletwitterregistrationuserchangeloggingmultiquoteetcoctoberseptemberselectivequotingsitemapxmlgenerationthreadreplybanscustomhelppagespollimprovementsnewprofilepostfeaturesetcaugustaugustthreadtaggingresponsiveadmincontrolpaneltwostepverificationfloatingnoticesprofilepostcommentimprovementsetcmarchnovembernewuserinterfaceemojisupportwhatsnewsectionetcmarchreferencesexternallinkspleasedonotaddanymoreexternallinkspleasedonotaddanymoreexternallinkstaizhoujiangsutaizhoujiangsusuqiansuqiansuqiansuqianjingdezhenjingdezhenjingdezhenpingxiangpingxiangjiujiangjiujiangxinyuxinyuyingtanyingtanyingtanyingtanganzhouganzhouganzhouganzhoujianyichunjiangxiyichunjiangxifuzhoujiangxifuzhoujiangxifuzhoujiangxifuzhoujiangxishangraoshangraoshangraoshangraosipingjilinsipingjilinliaoyuanliaoyuanliaoyuanliaoyuantonghuatonghuamatsubarasurnamesongyuanbaichengbaichengyanbiankoreanautonomousprefectureyanbiankoreanautonomousprefecturemayrefertothefollowinglocationsineastasiabaishanprefecturelevelcityinjilinchinahakusanishikawaacityinishikawajapanpaektumountaininchineseastratovolcanoonthechinanorthkoreaborderandthetallestmountaininthelatternationmounthakuaninactivevolcanoonthebordersofgifufukuiandishikawaprefecturesinjapaninfoboxraillineboxwidthnamexianchengdubrhighspeedrailwaybrcolorlogochinarailwayhighspeedsvglogowidthpxlogoaltimagexianchengdurailroadsvgimagewidthpximagealtcaptiontypesystemstatusinoperationlocalexianbrchengdustartxiannorthrailwaystationxiannorthendchengdurailwaystationchengdustationsroutesdailyridershipridershipopendecembercloseowneroperatorchinarailwayhighspeedcharacterdepotstocklinelengthtracklengthtracksgaugeoldgaugeloadgaugeminradiusmaxinclineracksystemroutenumberelectrificationspeedkmhelevationwebsitemapmapstatecollapsedchinesetitlexichengpassengerdedicatedlinestpxchngkynzhunxinorderstxianchengduhighspeedrailwayorxianchengdupassengerdedicatedlineisadoubletrackdualtrackrailwayelectrificationsystemelectrifiedhighspeedrailinchinahighspeedraillineinwesternchinabetweenxianandchengduthislinewhichcommencedoperationsondecemberrunsnbspkmthroughshaanxiandsichuanprovincesandaccommodatestrainstravelingatspeedsuptonbspkmhtraveltimebetweenthetwoprovincialcapitalswasreducedfromtolessthanthreehourstheprojectwasapprovedbythestatedevelopmentandplanningcommissioninoctoberconstructionofthesichuansectionoftherailwaystartedonnovemberandoftheshaanxisectiononoctoberthelinetraversestheruggedqinmountainsqinanddabamountainsandconnectstheguanzhongguanzhongplainswiththesichuanbasinthelineconstitutespartofthebeijingkunmingpassagewayroutethehighspeedraillineconnectsxianintheweirivervalleyhanzhonginthehanriveryangtzerivertributaryhanrivervalleyandguangyuanjiangyouandchengduinthesichuanbasinintheqinmountainsithasnbspkmoftunnelsincludingsixovernbspkminlengththerailwaypassesunderecologicallysensitiveareasincludingthetaibaishanandhanzhongcrestedibisprotectedareasofchinanationalnaturereserveswhicharehometotheendangeredspeciesendangeredgiantpandagoldensnubnosedmonkeytakinandcrestedibisovermuchofitslengththexianchengdupassengerdedicatedlinelargelyparallelsexistingrailwaystheyangpingguanankangrailwayinsouthwesternshaanxibetweenhanzhongandtheyangpingguanjunctionandthebaojichengdurailwayinsichuanfromyangpingguantochengduhoweverthesectionfromxiantohanzhongcrossingintunnelsundertheqinmountainsfollowsanentirelynewdirectroutehighspeedrailreformsmeantdirectchengdulanzhouandchongqingxianserviceswoulduseacombinationofxianchengduhighspeedrailwayandchongqinglanzhouhighspeedrailwayfromwheretheymetatguangyuanthiswouldnegatetheneedtobuildaseparatedirectchongqingxianorchengdulanzhoulineshoweverwiththeannouncementoftheexpandedhighspeedrailgridthetwooriginallyplannedlineswerereinstatedinthemasterplanhistorynovthexianchengduhighspeedrailwayprojectreceivedapprovalfromthestatedevelopmentandplanningcommissionrefnameautogeneratedbusinessweekcomapfinancialnewsdjsshtmchinaplanshighspeedraillinkforchengduxianaprefrefnameautogeneratedchinesechinanewscomcncjshtmlrefnotestaekwondoxiangqiattheasiangamesmensindividualstandardmuradiemosquefatihmosquedurrsanshananshanfushunfushunfushunfushunbenxinazireshamosquebenximirahorimosquesoftwareflowcontrolsoftwareflowcontrolfuxinfuxinliaoyangliaoyangliaoyangtelelkamosqueliaoyangpanjinpanjintielingtielingtielingtielinghuludaohuludaohuludaohuludaobackspaceenterkeyredirectcategoryshellclockmosqueenterkeyredirectcategoryshellinsertkeyredirectcategoryshellnonbreakingspaceredirectshellunderlineredirectcategoryshellunderlineredirectcategoryshellemphasistypographyredirectcategoryshellcomposekeyredirectcategoryshellbreakkeyredirectcategoryshellbreakkeyredirectcategorys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belidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexcorpsoftheottomanempireturkishlanguageturkishncukolorduoronuncukolorduwasoneofthecorpsoftheottomanarmyitwasformedintheearlythcenturyduringottomanmilitaryreformsformationorderofbattlewithfurtherreorganizationsoftheottomanarmytoincludethecreationofcorpslevelheadquartersbythexcorpswasheadquarteredinerzincanthecorpsbeforethefirstbalkanwarinwasstructuredassuchxcorpserzincanthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethinfantrydivisionerzincanthinfantryregimenterzincanthinfantryregimenterzincanthinfantryregimenterzincanthriflebattalionyementhfieldartilleryregimenterzincanthdivisionbanderzincanstinfantrydivisionottomanempirestinfantrydivisionerzincanstinfantryregimentsiirtndinfantryregimentbitlisrdinfantryregimentsivasstriflebattalionerzincanstdivisionbanderzincanndinfantrydivisionottomanempirendinfantrydivisionelazmamuratlazizthinfantryregimentdiyarbakrdiyrbekirthinfantryregimentmamuratlazizthinfantryregimentdersimndriflebattalionerzncanndfieldartilleryregimenterzincannddivisionbandmamuratlazizunitsofixcorpsthcavalryregimenterzincanthcavalryregimentdiyrbekirthengineerbattalionerzincanthtransportbattalionerzincanmedicaldetachmenterzincanbalkanwarsorderofbattlejanuaryonjanuarytheprovisionalxcorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksondefeatindetailtheottomanarmyinthebalkanswestportpraegerprefxcorpsstinfantrydivisionottomanempirestdivisionndinfantrydivisionottomanempirenddivisionmamuretlazizredifdivisionthfieldartilleryregimentindependentschneiderartillerybattalionmountainhowitzerbattalionthcavalryregimenttribalcavalrydivisiontrainsandammunitioncolumnsorderofbattlemarchonmarchthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksondefeatindetailtheottomanarmyinthebalkanswestportpraegerprefxcorpsthraceunderthecommandofthechataldjaarmythinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionstinfantrydivisionottomanempirestdivisionamasyaredifdivisionindependentcavalrybrigadeorderofbattlejulyxcorpsgallipoliarmythinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionstinfantrydivisionottomanempirestdivisionazizinfantrydivisionworldwariorderofbattleaugustnovemberateaprillatesummerjanuaryaugustinnovemberlateaprillatesummerjanuaryaugustthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxcorpscaucasusthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionstinfantrydivisionottomanempirestdivisionndinfantrydivisionottomanempirenddivisionsourcesinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexicorpsbronbirincikolorduimagecaptiondatescountryottomanempireallegiancebranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisonvanturkeyvanelazmamuratlazizgarrisonlabelequipmentequipmentlabelnicknamepatronlistofsultansoftheottomanempiresultansoftheottomanempiremottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlescaucasuscampaignworldwaribrbattleofsarikamishanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersmirlivagalippasinlergalippashabrmirlivaabdlkerimpelimiabdlkerimpashabrcolonelmiralayselhattindilselhattindilbeyoctoberrefnamegenelkurmaytcgenelkurmayharptarihibakanlyaynlartrkistikllharbinekatlantmenvedahastkademlerdekikomutanlarnbiyografilerigenkurmaybakanlbasmeviankaraprefinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexicorpsoftheottomanempireturkishlanguageturkishncikolorduoronbirincikolorduwasoneofthecorpsoftheottomanarmyitwasformedintheearlythcenturyduringottomanmilitaryreformsformationwithfurtherreorganizationsoftheottomanarmytoincludethecreationofcorpslevelheadquartersbythexicorpswasheadquarteredinvanthecorpsbeforethefirstbalkanwarinwasstructuredassuchxicorpsvanrdinfantrydivisionottomanempirerdinfantrydivisionvanthinfantryregimentvanthinfantryregimentbakalethinfantryregimentdoubayaztbayezitrdriflebattalionvanrddivisionbandvanthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethinfantrydivisionmustinfantryregimentmundinfantryregimentmalazgirtrdinfantryregimentarkarakilisethriflebattalionyementhdivisionbandmuunitsofixcorpsrdcavalryregimentvanstfieldartillerybattalionvanthtransportbattalionvanndmountainartillerybattalionbordercompaniesxbalkanwarsorderofbattlejulyxicorpscaucasusthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionworldwariorderofbattleaugustnovemberaprillatesummerjanuaryaugustinaugustnovemberlateaprilsummerjanuaryaugustthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxicorpscaucasusthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionrdinfantrydivisionottomanempirerddivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionsourcesmadibakainfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexiicorpsbronikincikolorduimagecaptiondatescountryottomanempireallegiancebranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisonmosulmusulgarrisonlabelequipmentequipmentlabelnicknamepatronlistofsultansoftheottomanempiresultansoftheottomanempiremottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesanniversariesdecorationsbattl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miralayselhattinkseoluselhattinbeyinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexiiicorpsoftheottomanempireturkishlanguageturkishnckolorduoronnckolorduwasoneofthecorpsoftheottomanarmyitwasformedintheearlythcenturyduringottomanmilitaryreformsformationorderofbattlewithfurtherreorganizationsoftheottomanarmytoincludethecreationofcorpslevelheadquartersbythexiiicorpswasheadquarteredinbaghdadthecorpsbeforethefirstbalkanwarinwasstructuredassuchxiiicorpsbaghdadthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethinfantrydivisionbaghdadthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentvicinityofbaghdadthinfantryregimentbaghdadthriflebattalionnajafthfieldartilleryregimentbaghdadthdivisionbandbaghdadthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethinfantrydivisionbasrathinfantryregimentbasrathinfantryregimentamarabaghdadthinfantryregimentalmuntafiqmntafikthriflebattalionvicinityofbaghdadfieldartillerybattalionbaghdadunitsofxiiicorpsthcavalrybrigadebaghdadrdcavalryregimentbaghdadthcavalryregimentbaghdadthcavalryregimentbaghdadthmountainartillerybattalionbaghdadthengineercompanybaghdadthtelegraphcompanybaghdadthtransportbattalionbaghdadbordercompaniesxworldwariorderofbattleaugustinaugustthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxiiicorpsmesopotamiathinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattlenovemberinnovemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxiiicorpsmovingtothirdarmyottomanempirethirdarmythdivisionorderofbattlelatesummerinthelatesummerofthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxiiicorpsmesopotamiathinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattlejanuaryinjanuarythecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxiiicorpsmesopotamiathdivisionndinfantrydivisionottomanempirenddivisionorderofbattleaugustdecemberinaugustdecemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxiiicorpsmesopotamiandinfantrydivisionottomanempirenddivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattleaugustjanuaryjuneseptemberinaugustjanuaryjuneseptemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxiiicorpsmesopotamianddivisionthdivisionaftermudrosorderofbattlenovemberinnovemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxiiicorpsmesopotamianddivisionthdivisionorderofbattlejanuaryinjanuarythecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxiiicorpsmesopotamiadiyrbekirnddivisionsalurthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionmardinstinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthcavalryregimentsourcesinfoboxfootballbiographynamexaviergilimagefullnamefrancescxaviergilsnchezbirthdatebirthplaceandorradeathdateheightpositiondefenderassociationfootballdefendercurrentclubfcsantacolomaclubnumberyouthyearsyouthclubsyearsyearsyearsyearsclubsfcandorraclubsfcsantacolomaclubsfcandorraclubsfcsantacolomacapsgoalsnationalyearsnationalteamandorranationalfootballteamandorranationalcapsnationalgoalsmanageryearsmanagerclubsfrancescxaviergilsnchezbornmaycommonlyknownasxaviergilisanandorranassociationfootballfootballerwhocurrentlyplaysforfcsantacolomaandandorranationalfootballteamandorranationalteaminternationalcareergilmadehisdebutonaugustcomingonasasubstituteforjustoruizinafriendlymatchdefeatagainsticelandnationalfootballteamicelandhehasbeencappedthreetimesnationalteamstatisticsclasswikitablestyletextaligncentercolspanandorranationalfootballteamandorranationalteamyearappsgoalstotalreferenceshaidonghaidonghaibeitibetanautonomousprefecturehaibeitibetanautonomousprefectureoldagehaibeitibetanautonomousprefectureoldagehainantibetanautonomousprefectureinfanthainantibetanautonomousprefecturehuangnantibetanautonomousprefecturehuangnantibetanautonomousprefecturehuangnantibetanautonomousprefecturehuangnantibetanautonomousprefecturehuangnantibetanautonomousprefecturehuangnantibetanautonomousprefectureconstructionworkergologtibetanautonomousprefecturegologtibetanautonomousprefecturegologtibetanautonomousprefectureprincessnamahagetenguputtoextraterrestriallifeimpskullyushutibetanautonomousprefectureyushutibetanautonomousprefecturehaiximongolandtibetanautonomousprefecturehaiximongolandtibetanautonomousprefecturehaiximongolandtibetanautonomousprefecturedancelipstickmanicuremassagehairstylebarberspolesyringetabletpharmacykissloveletterringjewell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aysichuanshustateorshuhanastatethatexistedduringthethreekingdomsperiodinchinesehistorychenghanalsonamedlatershuoneofthesixteenkingdomswesternshualsonamedqiaoshuoneoftheunitsoftheeasternjinperiodformershuoneofthedivisionsofthefivedynastiesandtenkingdomsperiodlatershuoneofthedivisionsofthefivedynastiesandtenkingdomsperiodanabbreviationformodernsichuanprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinaseealsoshudisambiguationgansuredirectcategoryshellgansuredirectcategoryshellelalshaanbeishaannanshaannaninfoboxsportscompetitioneventeventwomensindividualstandardgamesasiangamesimagecaptionvenueguangzhouchessinstitutedatecompetitorsnationsgoldtangdangoldnocchnsilverwanglinnasilvernocchnbronzegaoyipingbronzenoctpeprevnextthecompetitionofthewomensindividualstandardxiangqitookplaceattheguangzhouchessinstitutebetweennovemberandnovemberattheasiangamesschedulesmallalltimesarechinastandardtimeutcsmallclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterwidthdatewidthtimewidtheventsaturdaynovemberroundsundaynovemberroundmondaynovemberroundtuesdaynovemberroundwednesdaynovemberroundthursdaynovemberroundfridaynovemberstylebackgroundffffccroundresultslegendbgbergersystemroundclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizealignrightwidthredwidthscorealignleftwidthblackalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftroundclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizealignrightwidthredwidthscorealignleftwidthblackalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftroundclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizealignrightwidthredwidthscorealignleftwidthblackalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftroundclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizealignrightwidthredwidthscorealignleftwidthblackalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftroundclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizealignrightwidthredwidthscorealignleftwidthblackalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftroundclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizealignrightwidthredwidthscorealignleftwidthblackalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftroundclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizealignrightwidthredwidthscorealignleftwidthblackalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftalignleftaligncenteralignleftsummaryclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterrowspanwidthrankrowspanwidthathletecolspanroundrowspanwidthtotalrowspanwidthbgwidthwidthwidthwidthwidthwidthwidthalignleftalignleftalignleftalignleftalignleftalignleftalignleftalignleftreferencesasianxiangqiorggagwomenresultsrenghtmroundasianxiangqiorggagwomenresultsrenghtmroundasianxiangqiorggagwomenresultsrenghtmroundasianxiangqiorggagwomenresultsrenghtmroundasianxiangqiorggagwomenresultsrenghtmroundasianxiangqiorggagwomenresultsrenghtmroundasianxiangqiorggagwomenresultsrenghtmroundasianxiangqiorggagresultspdffullrankingtableinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexvcorpsbronbeincikolorduimagekriegsfrsorgefrdietrkischentruppeningalizienjpgimagesizecaptiondatesrefnamekocaelirefcountrysmallsmallbrsmallallegiancebranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelequipmentequipmentlabelnicknamepatronlistofsultansoftheottomanempiresultansoftheottomanempiresmallsmallbrturkishcitizenshipcitizensoftheturkeyrepublicofturkeysmallsmallmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesgallipolicampaignworldwaribreasternfrontworldwarieasternfrontworldwaribrbrusilovoffensivegaliciafrontanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersmirlivaerichpaulweberweberpashaaprilbrcolonelmiralayyakupevkisubayakupevkibeymaynovembermirlivacevatobanlcevatpashanovemberaugustmiralayahmetfevzibigahmetfevzibeybrmirlivamehmetalipashabrmirlivaalirzasedesalirzapashabrmirlivakzmkarabekirkzmkarabekirpashamarchjunerefnamegenelkurmaytcgenelkurmayharptarihibakanlyaynlartrkistikllharbinekatlantmenvedahastkademlerdekikomutanlarnbiyografilerigenkurmaybakanlbasmeviankaraprefinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexvcorpsoftheottomanempireturkishlanguageturkishncikolorduoronbeincikolorduwasoneofthecorpsoftheottomanarmyitwasformedduringworldwarisoldiersofthexvcorpswhofoughtonthegaliciaeasterneuropegaliciafrontanddiedareburiedatthebudapestturkishmemorialcemeterywithinthenewpubliccemeterybudapestnewpubliccemeteryinbudapesthungaryelevengravesareofunknownsoldiersworldwarieasternfrontthexvcorpsfoughtwithdistinctioninseveralengagementstheirfirstcombatengagementwasonseptemberonseptembertherussiansattackedthexvcorpswithemphasisonthestregimentbutwereforcedbackandcounterattackedbytheottomansottomancasualtiesonthesetwodayswerewhilerussiancasualtiestotaledwhichstabilizedthexvcorpssectionofthefrontforthenexttwoweeksonseptembertherussianslaunchedanotherattackbutwererepulsedagainturkishcasualtieswerewhilerussiancasualtieswereunknownbutpresumablymuchhigheronoctobertherussiansrenewedtheiroffensivewitharegimentattackonthesouthernpartoftheottomanlinetheytookcevatbeyhillafterheavylossesbutweresoonforcedbackagainottomancasualtiesonthosetwodayswerecomparedtorussiancasualtiesrefnameturkeyswarcomturkeyswarcomcampaignsgaliciahtmlturkeyinthefirstworldwargaliciarefnovemberanddecemberpassedwithoutanyseriousfightingwiththerussiansinearlynovemberthetacticalsituationontheturkishsectorofthefrontwassofavorablethatthegermanswithdrewtheirledabordetachmentslargescalerussianattacksoccurredthroughoutdecemberbuttheturksrepulsedthemwithoutanylossofgroundturkishcasualtieswerearoundinnovemberanddecemberoveralllossesfornumberedkilledwoundedandcapturedhavingsufferedheavycasualtiesinseptemberdecemberthexvcorpswasreplenishedwithfreshtroopsfromturkeyatthestartofthestrengthofthexvarmycorpsrosetomenwithanothermentraininginregimentaldepotsbytheendofjanuarythecorpswasalsosignificantlyreinforcedwithnewunitswhichenhanceditsfightingefficiencysuchasartillerybatteriesintelligenceandlabordetachmentsanaircraftcompanyaballoondetachmentafieldbakerycompanytransportationunitsandaveterinaryhospitalonjanuarysuccessfulturkishcommandersandtroopsweredecoratedwiththegermanironcrossonfebruaryinashowofsolidaritybrigadiergeneralcevatpaapaidavisittokaiserwilhelmhimselfrefnameericksonpericksonprefonthemorningofmarchtherussianspreludedathreedivisionattackonapartoftheturkishsectorwithheavyartillerybombardmenthowevertherussianshadlaunchedanattackwhilethexvcorpsoccupiedtheverydefensiblehighgroundoverlookingzlotalpiarivervalleyandrepulsedtherussiansasimilarattackwasrepulsedinaprilmaypassedwithoutfurtherincidentbutneartheendofjunetherussiansrenewedtheoffensivethefightingcontinuedtointensifyandonjulytherussiansattemptedtodislodgetheturkswithgasshellsbyjulythefightinghadmostlysubsidedrussianlossesinthejunejulyoffensivewerewhiletheturkishlosseswerereportedasfromjunetojulyalonerussianlossesinthemarchandaprilattacksareunknowninearlyaugusttheturkishgeneralstaffdecidedtowithdrawthexvcorpsfromgaliciaandredeployittopalestineandbyseptemberthefinalunitsofthexvcorpshadbeentransportedtoconstantinoplebythattimethexvarmycorpshadinflictedwellovercasualtiesontheopposingrussianforcesandheldtheirsectorofthelineagainstatleastfivemajorattackswhilesimilarlysizedaustrohungarianformationsfoldedtosimilarattacksaroundthesametimeevenwithgermanbackupgermangeneralerichvonfalkenhaynclaimedinhismemoirsthattheturkswereanuncommonlyvaluableassettothesouthernarmyandallowedthegermanstomarshalltroopselsewhereinlinewiththeireconomyofforcemissionhoweverlimanvonsandersarguedthattheexperiencedandwellequippedtroopsofthexvcorpscouldvebeenbetterusedinthemiddleeasterntheaterasinthesameyearwherethexvcorpsscoreditssuccessesingaliciatheottomanssufferedaseriesofcatastrophicdefeatsagainsttherussiansandbritishbackintheirownterritorylosingerzincaninthecaucasusandgazainpalestinerefnameericksonpericksonpreftheottomanxvarmycorpssustainedoveralllossesofaroundingaliciaorderofbattleaprilinaprilthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxvcorpsgallipolirdinfantrydivisionottomanempirerddivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattleaugustinaugustthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxvcorpsgaliciacommandercolonelmiralayyakupevkisubayakupevkibeythinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisioncommanderlieutenantcolonelkaymakamefikakerefikbeychiefofstaffbinbaltfbeythinfantryregimentottomanempirethinfantryregimentcommandermajorbinbahayribeyndinfantryregimentcommanderbinbarfatbeythinfantryregimentcommanderkaymakamsaipbeymachinegundetachmentsxthcompanyofthethcavalryregimentartilleryregimentcommanderbinbaziyandbattalionofthartilleryregimentstbattalionofthartilleryregimentthengineercompanyofrdengineerbattalionthmedicalcompanysignaldetachmentthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisioncommanderkaymakamyasinalhashimiyasinhilmibeychiefofstaffcaptainismailhakkstinfantryregimentcommanderkaymakambahaattinbeyndinfantryregimentcommanderbinbanazmibeyrdinfantryregimentcommanderbinbaahmetmuhtarbeymachinegundetachmentsxthcompanyofthcavalryregimentthartilleryregimentcommanderbinbasleymanavnibeythengineercompanyofthengineerbattalionorderofbattledecemberindecemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxvcorpsgaliciacommandermirlivacevatobanlcevatpashathinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisioncommanderkaymakamsedatdoruersedatbeythinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisioncommanderkaymakamyasinhilmibeyorderofbattleaugustinaugustthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxvcorpssyriathdivisionthdivisionorderofbattlejanuaryjuneinjanuaryjunethecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxvcorpsanatolianoneorderofbattleseptemberinseptemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxvcorpsanatoliastinfantrydivisionottomanempirestdivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionaftermudrosorderofbattlenovemberinnovemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxvcorpsanatoliastdivisionthdivisionorderofbattlejanuarykzmkarabekirkzmkarabekirpashaininjanuarythecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxvcorpscaucasuserzurumrddivisiontortumthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionerzurumthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthcaucasianinfantrydivisionottomanempirethcaucasiandivisionhasankalepresentdaypasinlererzurumpasinlerthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthcaucasianinfantrydivisionottomanempirethcaucasiandivisionvanturkeyvanthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentafterthewarafterservinginvariouscitiesandmissionsduringturkishrepublicperiodxvcorpshasdisbandedandreformedasinfantrydivisiononsourcesseealsoeasternfrontturkeyexternallinksankaramszgovpltrikiliisbirligipolonyakulturuvebilimipolonyaturkiyeturklergalcyadatrklergaliyadaembassyoftherepublicofpolandinankarainfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexvicorpsbronaltnckolorduimagecaptiondatescountryottomanempireallegiancebranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelequipmentequipmentlabelnicknamepatronlistofsultansoftheottomanempiresultansoftheottomanempiremottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommanderscolonelmiralayhanskannengiesserkannengiesserbeybrmirlivamustafakemalatatrkmustafakemalpashaaugustmarchrefnamegenelkurmaytcgenelkurmayharptarihibakanlyaynlartrkistikllharbinekatlantmenvedahastkademlerdekikomutanlarnbiyografilerigenkurmaybakanlbasmeviankaraprefinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexvicorpsoftheottomanempireturkishlanguageturkishnckolorduoronaltnckolorduwasoneofthecorpsoftheottomanarmyitwasformedduringworldwariformationsorderofbattleaugustdecemberinaugustdecemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxvicorpscaucasusthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattleaugustinaugustthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxvicorpscaucasusthdivisionthdivisionsourcesinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexviicorpsbronyedincikolorduimagecaptiondatescountryottomanempireallegiancebranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisonsmyrnaizmirgarrisonlabelequipmentequipmentlabelnicknamepatronlistofsultansoftheottomanempiresultansoftheottomanempiremottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesoccupationofsmyrnaanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommanderscolonelmiralayselhattindilselhattindilbeydecembernovembermirlivanureddinpashanurettinpashanovemberdecembermiralayselhattindilbeydecemberjanuarymirlivanureddinpashajanuarymarchbralinadirpashamarchmayinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexviicorpsoftheottomanempireturkishlanguageturkishncikolorduoronyedincikolorduwasoneofthecorpsoftheottomanarmyitwasformedduringworldwaribalkanwarsorderofbattleoctoberonoctoberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksondefeatindetailtheottomanarmyinthebalkanswestportpraegerprefxviiprovisionalcorpsthraceunderthecommandoftheeasternarmyottomanempireeasternarmysamsunredifdivisioneregliredifdivisionsmyrnaredifdivisionorderofbattleoctoberonoctoberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksondefeatindetailtheottomanarmyinthebalkanswestportpraegerprefxviiprovisionalcorpsthraceunderthecommandofthesecondeasternarmyottomanempiresecondeasternarmysamsunredifdivisioneregliredifdivisiontrabzonredifdivisiononnovemberthexviiprovisionalcorpswasinactivatedrefnameericksonedwardjericksondefeatindetailtheottomanarmyinthebalkanswestportpraegerprefworldwariorderofbattlexviicorpsgallipolithinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattlexviicorpssmyrnanoneaftermudrosorderofbattlenovemberinnovemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxviicorpssmyrnapresentdayizmirthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattlejanuaryinjanuarythecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxviicorpssmyrnacommandernureddinpashathinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionsmyrnandinfantryregimentrdinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionaydnthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentorderofbattlemayonmaythecorpswasstructuredasfollowsxviicorpssmyrnacommanderalinadirpashathdivisionsmyrnacommanderhrrembeyndinfantryregimentayvalkcommanderalietinkayaalibeyrdinfantryregimenturlaizmirurlacommanderkzmbeythinfantryregimentsmyrnathdivisionaydncommanderefikakerefikbeythinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentsourcesinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexviiicorpsbronsekizincikolorduimagecaptiondatesbrjuneastherightwinggroupofthethirdarmyottomanempirethirdarmyseptemberasthexviiicorpsrefnameeffectivenessedwardjericksonottomanarmyeffectivenessinworldwariacomparativestudyroutledgeprefcountryottomanempireallegiancebranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelequipmentequipmentlabelnicknamepatronlistofsultansoftheottomanempiresultansoftheottomanempiremottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesmesopotamiancampaignworldwarianniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommanderscolonelmiralaymehmetalibeybrmiralayhalilkuthalilbeybrmiralaykzmkarabekirkzmkarabekirbeyaprilaprilmiralayevketgalatalgalatalevketbeyinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexviiicorpsoftheottomanempireturkishlanguageturkishncikolorduoronsekizincikolorduwasoneofthecorpsoftheottomanarmyitwasformedduringworldwaribalkanwarsorderofbattleoctoberonoctoberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksondefeatindetailtheottomanarmyinthebalkanswestportpraegerprefxviiiprovisionalcorpsthraceunderthecommandofthesecondeasternarmyottomanempiresecondeasternarmyyozgatredifdivisionankararedifdivisionaydinredifdivisionworldwariorderofbattlejunethecorpswasformedastherightwinggroupofthemahmutkamilmahmutkmilpashasthirdarmyottomanempirethirdarmyonjuneandcommandedbyhalilkuthalilbeyinarearrangementofoperationalfieldcommandsmahmutkmilpasharedesignedthisunitastheprovisionalhalilcorpsrightwinggroupcaucasuscampaigncaucasuscommanderlieutenantcolonelkaymakamhalilkuthalilbeymirlivakerimpashaabdlkerimpashasincejulystexpeditionaryforceottomanempirestexpeditionaryforcecommanderkaymakamaliihsansbisaliihsanbeythexpeditionaryforceottomanempirethexpeditionaryforcecommanderkaymakambekirsamignsavbekirsamibeythinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisioncommanderkaymakamkzmzalpkprlkzmbeyorderofbattlelatesummeronseptembertheprovisionalhalilcorpswasredesignatedasthexviiicorpsoftheottomanarmyinlatesummerthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxviiicorpsmesopotamiacampaignmesopotamiathinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattlejanuaryinjanuarythecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxviiicorpsmesopotamiathdivisionstinfantrydivisionottomanempirestdivisionorderofbattleaugustinaugustthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxviiicorpsmesopotamiathinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionthdivisionstdivisionndinfantrydivisionottomanempirenddivisionorderofbattledecemberindecemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxviiicorpsmesopotamiathdivisionstdivisionnddivisionorderofbattleaugustjanuaryinaugustjanuarythecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxviiicorpsmesopotamiathinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionstdivisionnddivisionorderofbattleseptemberinnovemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxviiicorpsmesopotamiathdivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionsourcesinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexixcorpsbrondokuzuncukolorduimagecaptiondatescountryottomanempireallegiancebranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelequipmentequipmentlabelnicknamepatronlistofsultansoftheottomanempiresultansoftheottomanempiremottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersmirlivaabdullahpashacolonelmiralayselhattindilselhattindilbeyoctoberdecemberrefnamegenelkurmaytcgenelkurmayharptarihibakanlyaynlartrkistikllharbinekatlantmenvedahastkademlerdekikomutanlarnbiyografileriprefinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexixcorpsoftheottomanempireturkishlanguageturkishncukolorduorondokuzuncukolorduwasoneofthecorpsoftheottomanarmyitwasformedduringworldwariformationsorderofbattleaugustjanuaryinaugustjanuarythecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxixcorpsgallipolithinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattlejuneseptemberinjuneseptemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxixcorpsgallipolinonesourcesinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxcorpsbryirmincikolorduimagecaptiondatescountryottomanempireallegiancebranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelequipmentequipmentlabelnicknamepatronlistofsultansoftheottomanempiresultansoftheottomanempiremottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesmacedonianfrontworldwarimacedonianfrontworldwaribrsinaiandpalestinecampaignworldwaribrbattleofjerusalembattleofjerusalembrbattleofmegiddobattleofmegiddoanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersmirlivaabdulkerimpashabrmirlivaalifuatcebesoyalifuadpashajunejunerefnamegenelkurmaytcgenelkurmayharptarihibakanlyaynlartrkistikllharbinekatlantmenvedahastkademlerdekikomutanlarnbiyografilerigenkurmaybakanlbasmeviankaraprefinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxcorpsoftheottomanempireturkishlanguageturkishncikolorduoryirmincikolorduwasoneofthecorpsoftheottomanarmyitwasformedduringworldwariworldwariorderofbattledecemberindecemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnamekadroismetgrglonyllkharbinkadrosubalkanbirincidnyaveistikllharbitrktarihkurumuprefrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxxcorpsmacedonianfrontworldwarimacedonianfrontcommandermirlivaabdlkerimpelimiabdlkerimpashathinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisioncommandercolonelmiralaymahmutbelimahmutbeywithdrawntoturkeyonmarchthinfantryregimentcommanderlieutenantcolonelkaymakamadilbeythregimentcommandermajorbinbaalirzabeythregimentcommanderkaymakamschierholzthartilleryregimentcommanderbinbambehetbeythinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisioncommanderkaymakamkrnailigkberkkrnailibeychiefofstaffcaptainlandyzbatevfikbyklolutevfikbeywithdrawntoturkeyinmaythinfantryregimentcommanderkaymakamakifbeythinfantryregimentcommanderbinbanedimbeythinfantryregimentcommanderkaymakamservetbeythartilleryregimentcommanderbinbasadkbeyorderofbattleaugustinaugustthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxxcorpssyriapalestinecommanderwasalifuatcebesoythinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattlejuneseptemberinjuneseptemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxxcorpspalestinethinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionrdinfantrydivisionottomanempirerddivisionaftermudrosorderofbattlenovemberinnovemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxxcorpssyriastinfantrydivisionottomanempirestdivisionrdinfantrydivisionottomanempirerddivisionorderofbattlejanuaryinjanuarythecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxxcorpsanatoliaerelikonyaerelirdinfantrydivisionottomanempirerddivisionafyonrdinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrdinfantryregimentthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionereelithinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentsourcesseealsomacedonianfrontworldwarimonastiroffensiveinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxicorpsbryirmibirincikolorduimagecaptiondatescountryottomanempireallegiancebranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelequipmentequipmentlabelnicknamepatronlistofsultansoftheottomanempiresultansoftheottomanempiremottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommanderscolonelmiralaynureddinpashanurettinbeyoctobernovemberrefnamegenelkurmaytcgenelkurmayharptarihibakanlyaynlartrkistikllharbinekatlantmenvedahastkademlerdekikomutanlarnbiyografilerigenkurmaybakanlbasmeviankaraprefinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxicorpsoftheottomanempireturkishlanguageturkishncikolorduoryirmibirincikolorduwasoneofthecorpsoftheottomanarmyitwasformedduringworldwariworldwariorderofbattleaugustjanuaryjuneinaugustjanuaryjunethecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxxicorpsgallipolithinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattleseptemberinseptemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxxicorpsgallipolithinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionaftermudrosorderofbattlenovemberinnovemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxxicorpsaydnthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionsourcesinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxiicorpsbryirmiikincikolorduimagecaptiondatesseptembercountryottomanempireallegiancebranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelequipmentequipmentlabelnicknamepatronlistofsultansoftheottomanempiresultansoftheottomanempiremottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlessinaiandpalestinecampaignworldwaribrbattleofmegiddobattleofmegiddoanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommanderscolonelmiralayfriedrichfreiherrkressvonkressensteinbrmiralayrefetbeleinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxiicorpsoftheottomanempireturkishlanguageturkishncikolorduoryirmiikincikolorduwasoneofthecorpsoftheottomanarmyitwasformedduringworldwariformationsorderofbattleaugustinaugustthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxxiicorpspalestineregionpalestinerdinfantrydivisionottomanempirerddivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionrdinfantrydivisionottomanempirerddivisionorderofbattlejanuaryjuneinjanuaryandjunethecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxxiicorpspalestinerddivisionthdivisionthinfantrydivisionottomanempirethdivisionorderofbattleseptemberinseptemberthecorpswasstructuredasfollowsrefnameericksonedwardjericksonordertodieahistoryoftheottomanarmyinthefirstworldwargreenwoodpressprefxxiicorpspalestinethdivisionthdivisionsourceshonbasholistofthedeerandthecauldroncharactersweixiaobaoandhisfamilyredirectercoercoupekremlinruredirectshellkremlinruredirectshellharatandenredirectcategoryshellharahinduismhariaungsansuukyiredirectcategoryshellkyauksekyauksemandalayregionmyanmarredirectcategoryshellbagananandatemplemojibakebaybayinbaybayinredirectcategoryshellinfoboxfilmnameimagefilmjpgaltcaptiondirectordanielgrouproducerpierregendronproducerpierregendronwriterclaudelalondestarringclaudelegaultbrrobertnayloractorrobertnaylorbreugniebeaudrymusiccinematographybernardcoutureeditingvalriehrouxstudiozoofilmsdistributorlesfilmsequinoxereleasedruntimeminutescountrycanadalanguagefrenchbudgetcadmilliongrossisacanadiandramafilmdirectedbydanielgrouandwrittenbyclaudelalondeitpremieredatthefestivaldunouveaucinmainmontrealthestoryinvolvesatenyearoldboycalledtommyintheministryofyouthprotectionandrehabilitationquebecyouthprotectionsysteminquebecsynopsisfollowsseveralchildpsychiatristsincludingclaudelegaultsgillesastheyattempttobreakthroughthebrittleexteriorofaseriouslyilltemperedyoungboyrobertnaylorthemoviecapturestheunpleasantrealityoflifewithinahalfwayhouseforjuveniledelinquentscastcastlistalbertkwanasmliclaudelegaultasgillesrobertnayloractorrobertnaylorastommymartindubreuilasluclebeaureceptionthefilmwonthemainawardofmannheimheidelbergatthethinternationalfilmfestivalmannheimheidelbergattheinternationalfilmfestivalbratislavathefilmwonthefiprescijuryawardandthestudentjuryawardforhisroleastommyrobertnayloractorrobertnaylorwontheawardforbestactorclaudelegaultwonprixjutraforbestactorwhatthecriticssaidinareviewforthegazettemontrealthegazetteinmontrealbrendankellycalledthefilmgrippingandpraisedtheperformancesofclaudelegaultsogoodasgillesandrobertnaylorarevelationhenotedhoweverthatduetothenatureofthestorythefilmwasnotmuchfuntowatchreferencesreflistrefsrefnameiffcitationtitlewinnersofiffbratislavaannouncedworkofficialwebsitepublisherinternationalfilmfestivalbratislavaurliffbratislavaskindexphpidlaccessdatenovemberrefrefnamekellycitationlastkellyfirstbrendantitlereviewworkthegazettemontrealthegazettelocationmontrealpublisherpostmedianetworkdateoctoberurlmontrealgazettecomentertainmentmovieguidereviewstoryhtmlaccessdatenovemberrefexternallinkshararedirectcategoryshellshandongpeopleshandongpeopleleehuanleehuanvalrianandlaurelinexavierinstituteofmanagementbhubaneswarhiroshiharakanesukejisaburoohwigjinaleksismosqueognsanlsoytitleofalbumbythisartistplanetsymbolsuranusredirectshellclosedcaptioningclosedcaptioningshogishogipenangstatelegislativeassemblyacetosyringoneheihetengchonglineheihetengchonglinesilleuksainfoboxpersonnamexinyuzhangimagemaxzhjpgimagesizepxcaptionbirthdatebirthplaceordoscityordosinnermongoliaothernameslaixizhangoccupationengineersoftwaredeveloperinternetexpertsponsorofglobalinformationfreemovementawardsbusinessplancompetitionemergingartistsawardalmamatereastchinauniversityoftechnologybrchineseacademyofsciencesbrsouthchinauniversityoftechnologyspousenationalitybrknownforpromotechinesedemocracymovementsponsorofglobalinformationfreemovementtechnicalexpertofteardownthechinanetworkberlinwallxinyuzhangbornmarchinordoscityordosinnermongoliaisacomputersoftwareengineerhewasateacherintheinnermongolianormaluniversityservedasaleaderofthecomputerintegratedmanufacturingsystemcimsresearchofficeoftheguangzhoucityproductivitycentergeneralmanageroftheheyidigitaltechnologycoltdtianjintheforeignexpertsincomputerscienceoftheningbouniversityoftechnologychairmanoftheninbotianmeitechnologycohehasbeeninvolvedindecemberchinademocracymovementandjunethchinademocracymovementpersonalexperiencebeforetheageofxinyuzhangwasonhisprimaryandsecondaryschoolstimeinhangjinqierdosinnermongoliaasyoungintellectualsintheperiodtojumpthequeueheworkedastheproductionteamleaderprivateprimaryschoolteacheraftertheculturalrevolutioninchinainheattendedthefirstsessionoftheuniversityentranceexaminationhewasadmittedbytheeastchinachemicalengineeringinstituteinshanghaiandgraduatedafteryearsonmarchhewasassignedtotheinnermongolianormaluniversityduringthisperiodinadditiontoteachinghealsohadparticipatedthenegotiationsofimportedequipmentprocurementfortheschooltestingcenterinhewasadmittedtothejointtrainingplanofgraduatestudentsbydepartmentofmaterialsofzhejianguniversityandthechineseacademyshanghaiinstituteofopticsandfinemechanicsduringthisperiodhecreatedafluxmethodofcrystalgrowthequipmentsystemaftergotmastersdegreecertificateinhewasemployedasanengineeroftheelectronicengineeringdepartmentofshenzhenuniversityspecializinginresearchonphaseconjugatemirrorsinfiberopticsysteminordertolearnmoreaboutcomputertechnologymrchangwasadmittedtothesouthchinauniversityoftechnologyasaphdstudentinspecializingincomputerintegratedmanufacturingsystemcimsapplicationsintheceramicindustryduringthisperiodhehasdevelopednumerousapplicationsoftwaresystemsformanygovernmentdepartmentsinguangzhoucityinmrzhangemployedastheleaderofguangzhouinstituteofcomputerapplicationcimsresearchofficeandgeneralmanagerofguangzhoucashregistercompanyandgeneralmanagerofguangdongandsanmeicompanyheemigratedtocanadainandhewasnaturalizedasacanadiancitizeninduringthisperiodhemainlyengagedincomputersoftwaredevelopmentandcomputertechnologyservicesinxinyuzhangwasemployedasgeneralmanageroftianjinheyidigitaltechnologycoltdinhewasemployedasgeneralmanagerofguangzhoujiacomputertechnologycoltdinseptemberofthisyearhewasemployedasaforeignexpertofningbouniversityoftechnologyandreturntocanadainduringthethreeyearsinningboheservedasgeneralmanageroftianmeitechnologycoltdandservedasprojectleaderofhightechprojectforningbomunicipalscienceandtechnologycommitteeandservedasexpertinenterpriseinformationtechnologyforningbomunicipaleconomiccommitteeandotherdutieshesuccessfullycompletedhightechprojectsofningbomunicipalcommitteeofscienceandtechnologymobileofficeserviceplatformsystembasedonthreedimensionaldigitalenterprisemapinteractivenetworkmonitoringondemandsystembasedonthreedimensionalvirtualrealityandmultipointsgasleaksensornetworkearlywarningsystembasedonnanosensingchiphehadwonthechinaningbotechnologybusinessplancompetitionemergingartistsawarddevelopedmanyapplicationsystemsforexampleposandwebposintegratedsystemsformedicinestorethenanogassensorbasedonlbstechnologygandmanufacturingenterprisegisvisualizationintegratedinformationservicemanagementsystemmrxinyuzhanghasgotthefirstresultsofmeritbasedfundingfromthenationalhumanresourcesforforeignstudentsofscienceandtechnologyprojectactivitiesinbrmrzhanghadactivelyparticipatedinthestudentdemocracymovementinshanghaichinaandshanghaisolidarityactivitiesforbeijingtiananmensquaredemocracymovementininmrzhangbravingtheriskofarresttooktheguangmingdailyclippingcollectionapriljunaboutthetiananmendemocracymovementfromguangzhoutothevancouvercanadapresentedmrwangdandissidentwangdanwhowasvisitingvancouvercanadaatthattimehopedforhelphimworktopromotethecauseofdemocracyinchinainhelaunchedtheglobalinformationfreemovementanddevelopedthewebsiteglobalinformationfreemovementinthesameyearastechnicaldirectorhecompleteddesignandprogrammingofthewebsiteelectronicsweeklychinatalkchinatalkwebsiteisaemagazinewebsitewhichsponsoredbymryangjianlieducationundergraduateeastchinauniversityoftechnologybrmszhejianguniversityandchineseacademyofsciencesshanghaiinstituteofopticsandfinemechanicsbrdoctorsouthchinauniversityoftechnologymainarticlecimstlpcimsseealsochinesedemocracymovementcharterreferencesexternallinksgifreecomglobalmovementforfreeinformationsiteecomskycommillionpassengersinvestmentinformationsitewebarchiveorgwebmaxzhcomxinyuzhangpersonalwebsiteprodigixmongolconquestofthejindynastypeoplesliberationorganisationoftamileelamtiexidistricttiexidistricttiexidistricttiexidistrictyanglingyanglingyanglingdistrictyanglingdistrictinfoboxairlineairlinexojetlogoxojetlogosmallblkpnglogosizeicaoxojcallsignexojetfoundedfleetsizedestinationsheadquartersbrisbanecaliforniaunitedstateskeypeoplebradstewartchairmanceobrmarklongevpcfobrjameshendersonpresidentcommercialoperationsbrgreggslowchiefclientofficerwebsitexojetcomiataaochubsfocuscitiesfrequentflyerloungeparentnumemployeesxojetisanondemandprivatejetchartercompanybasedinbrisbanecaliforniawithaoperationscenteratmcclellanairfieldnearsacramentocaliforniaandsalesofficeslocatedinnewyorkcitynewyorkandnewportcaliforniaxojetoffersprivatejetcustomersaccessviajetcardprogramsandfractionalownershipinthesamemarketascompetitorsnetjetsandflexjetxojetistheonlybusinessaviationcompanytorankfirstorsecondinalloftheargusplatinumsafetyratingcategorieshistoryxojetwasfoundedinasaprivatejetchartercompanywithcustomerspurchasingasetnumberofflighthourstouseperyearsimilartofractionalownershipfromthecompanystartedtooperatefixedpriceonewaychartersbetweenmajorcitiesintheunitedstatesatfirstbetweentheeastandwestcoastsbutlaterextendedtoothercitiesasofjuneitwasplanningtoopenanadditionalsalesofficeinpalmbeachfloridaandintroducenewandupdatedpreferredandeliteprogramsthatwillcontinuethecompanysfocusonincreasingthebrokeragepartofitsbusinessitcurrentlyhasapproximatelycustomersinitstwoprogramsinjulyxojetlaunchedselectaccessanewlevelitalsoaddedlightandmidsizetypejetstoitseliteaccessprogramandinstitutedmembershipandmonthlyfeesinaugustxojetsaidithadopenedanofficeinpalmbeachtoexpanditsbrokeragebusinessindecemberxojetsaidithadexpandedexpandeditssafetyprogramsandsupportinresponsetocontinuedstronggrowthinvestorsxojetisownedandcontrolledbytpgcapitalandmubadalatwooftheworldslargestprivatecapitalinvestorsinfebruaryxojetsaidithadretainedperellaweinbergpartnerstoexplorefinancialoptionsincludingapossiblesaleormergerfleetxojetownsandoperatesbombardierchallengerandcessnacitationxjetsthroughapartnerprogramxojethasaccesstoaboutondemandprivateaircraftavailabletypesincludethehawkerhawkerxphawkerhawkerxpandgulfstreamvservicesthecompanyoffersanumberofprivatejetcharterprogramsthatallowcustomerstochoosetheirarrivalanddeparturepointsthenbookiftheflightisavailableoruseafixedpricecharteronpredefinedrouteswhenavailablereferencesexternallinksxojetcomxojettaxoboximageimagewidthpxstatuslcstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylumchordatechordataclassisactinopterygiiordoperciformesfamiliaclinidaegenusxenopoclinusspeciesxkochibinomialxenopoclinuskochibinomialauthorityjamesleonardbrierleysmithjlbsmithsynonymsxenopoclinuskochitheplatannaklipfishisaspeciesofclinidfoundalongthecoastofsouthafricawhereitoccursonsandysubstratesintheintertidalzoneneartokelpbedsatdepthsoffromitcanreachamaximumlengthoffishmeasurementtlreferencestaxoboximageimagewidthpxstatuslcstatussystemiucnstatusrefregnumanimaliaphylumchordatechordataclassisactinopterygiiordoperciformesfamiliaclinidaegenusxenopoclinusspeciesxleprosusbinomialxenopoclinusleprosusbinomialauthorityjamesleonardbrierleysmithjlbsmithsynonymsxenopoclinusleprosustheleprousplatannaklipfishisaspeciesofclinidfoundalongthecoastofsouthafricafromtheorangerivertoalgoabayitcanbefoundonsubstratesofsandgravelorpebblesitcanreachamaximumlengthoffishmeasurementtlreferencesexternallinksfishbaseorgphotospicturessummaryphpidwhatspeciesillustrationyekaterinagamovayunjutempleyunjutemplemasaakiendohnshunshuirrawaddydeltaayeyarwadyregionyangonregionxytemwinchesterwinchesterstefanlazarevixinsheyangisaseniorresearchscientistatnationalphysicallaboratoryunitedkingdomnationalphysicallaboratorybestknownasadeveloperofvariousheuristicalgorithmsforengineeringoptimizationheobtainedadphilinappliedmathematicsfromoxforduniversityhehasgiveninvitedkeynotetalksatseascetbiomaandmendelconferenceonsoftcomputingmendelalgorithmshecreatedthefireflyalgorithmcuckoosearchbatalgorithmandflowerpollinationalgorithmthesealgorithmshavebecomeimportanttoolsinartificialintelligencemachinelearningneuralcomputingandengineeringapplicationssincemorethanpeerreviewedresearchpaperscitedthefireflyalgorithmandorcuckoosearchinadditionthevanflandernyanghypothesiswasderivedfromhiscollaborationwithtomvanflanderntoexplainthegravityvariationsduringthesolareclipseofmarchsolareclipseandthistheoryisrelatedtothewellknownallaiseffectandotherphenomenaseealsoheuristicalgorithmallaiseffectreferencesreflistrefsrefnamefireflycitebooktitlenatureinspiredmetaheuristicalgorithmslastyangfirstxsyearpublisherluniverpressrefrefnamecuckoocitebooktitlecuckoosearchvialvyflightsinworldcongressonnaturebiologicallyinspiredcomputingnabiclastyangfirstxslastdebfirstsyearpublisherieeepublicationusapagesreffurtherreadingyangxsnatureinspiredoptimizationalgorithmselsevieroraoxacukobjectsuuidbdccfeadbefulltextofyangsdoctoralthesismathematicalmodellingofcompactionanddiagenesisinsedimentarybasinsoxfordresearcharchiveadmonitionsscrollllianglliangxeraxiaozhaoxhosar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edbyxaverschwarzenbergereineliebeinafrikatvfilmdirectedbyxaverschwarzenbergertvfilmdirectedbyxaverschwarzenbergersisiminiseriessisitvfilmdirectedbyxaverschwarzenbergerreferencesexternallinksoroxylumindicumredirectcategoryshellliujianchaomazhaoxumazhaoxuchenzhenggaochenzhenggaochenpuruchenpurucaokuncaokunrepublicofchinadisambiguationrepublicofchinadisambiguationrepublicofchinadisambiguationsohjaipilsohjaipilkimchaekraoshushikimwonbongyananfactionraoshushiautumnharvestuprisingautumnharvestuprisingvoicedpalatalstopsennyjikenryakutamagawaaqueductemergencytelephonenumberphilippinesemergencytelephonenumberemergencytelephonenumberdenosumabinfoboxmobilephonenamesonyericssonxperiaplayimagesonyxperiaplayopenfljpgimagesizepxcaptionxperiaplayintheopenpositionmanufacturersonymobilecommunicationssonyericssonseriesxperiasonyericssonxperiagenerationcarrierifdeviceisavailablefromonetwoorthreecarrierslistthemusebrbetweenentriesotherwisevariousnetworksgsmgprsedgeumtsumtscdmaevdoreleasedavailableaprileurmaynadiscontinuedpredecessorsonyericssonxperiaproxperiaprobrplaystationportableasagamingdevicesuccessorsonyericssonxperiarayxperiaraybrplaystationvitaasagamingdevicerelatedxperiasbrxperiautypesmartphoneformmobilephoneformfactorssliderslidersizehbrwbrdweightrefnameofficialspecsplaystationcertifiedandroidmobileaccessdatepublishersonyericssondeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebsonyericssoncomcwsproductsmobilephonesoverviewxperiaplayverizonccuslcenarchivedateaugustrefosandroidoperatingsystemandroidgingerbreadcpunbspghzqualcommsnapdragonsystemonchipsnapdragonsmsmgpuimageonrenamingtoadrenoadrenomemorymegabytembstoragembmemorycardsecuredigitalmicrosdcarduptonbspgigabytegbbatterymahinputtouchscreenbraccelerometerbrtouchpadbrtimesbuttonsbrsmalldpadlrselectstartmenutimesbackhomesearchvolumepowersmalldisplaytftlcdtouchscreennbsptimesnbspppinbspfwvgamcolorsrearcameramegapixelmppwithstockospwithupdatefrontcameravganbsptimesnbspnbspmpmediaformatsringtoneconnectivityuniversalserialbusmicrousbsarheadwkggbrbodywkggbrhotspotwkgghacmtthexperiaplayisasmartphonewithelementsofahandheldgameconsoleproducedbysonyericssonwiththemarketsharefordedicatedhandheldgameconsolesdiminishingintothesduetotherapidexpansionofsmartphoneswithcheapdownloadablegamessonyattemptedtotackletheissuewithtwoseparatedevicesadedicatedvideogameconsolewithelementsofasmartphonecalledtheplaystationvitaandasmartphonewithelementsofahandheldconsolethexperiaplayoriginallyrumoredtobeaplaystationphonethedeviceshedtheplaystationbrandinginfavorofthexperiabrandrunningontheandroidoperatingsystemandroidoperatingsystemonfebruaryatmobileworldcongressmwcitwasannouncedthatthedevicewouldbeshippinggloballyinmarchwithalaunchlineupofaroundsoftwaretitlesrefnameengadgetstreamaccessdatepublisherengadgetrefhardwarethedeviceisahorizontallyslidingphonewithitsoriginalformresemblingthesonyericssonxperiaxxperiaxwhilethesliderbelowresemblesthesliderofthepspgothesliderfeaturesadpadinanindentedareaontheleftsideasetofstandardplaystationbuttonsandinanindentedareaontherightalongrectangulartouchpadinthemiddlestartandselectbuttonsinanindentedareaonthebottomrightcorneramenubuttononthebottomleftcornerandtwoshoulderbuttonslandronthebackofthedevicethedevicefeaturesanbspghzqualcommsnapdragonsystemonchipsnapdragonprocessoraqualcommadrenogpuatftlcddisplaywitharesolutionofnbsptimesnbspfwvgacapableofcolorsamegapixelcameranbspmbrandomaccessmemoryramnbspmbinternalstorageandamicrousbconnectoritsupportssecuredigitalmicrosdcardsincontrasttothepspconsoleswhichusememorystickvariantsandtheplaystationvitawhichusesacustomproprietaryflashstoragemediumrefnamepsphoneaugrefsoftwarethedevicerunsontheandroidandroidgingerbreadoperatingsystemrefnameengadgetnovrefwithearlyprototypesrunningandroidrefnameengadgetzeusrefthedeviceiscompatiblewithandroidsoftwaredownloadedfromthegoogleplaystorewithsomegamesfeaturingoptimizationforusewiththedevicesadditionalgamingcontrolsincludingthevideogamestreamingserviceonliveplaystationmobilethedeviceissaidtofeaturegamesgraphicallywithintherangeofsimilarportabledevicesandplaysthesegamesviaanapplicationknownasplaystationmobileitchangestheinterfaceofthedevicefromthatofaphonetothexrossmediabarcloselyresemblingthatoftheplaystationportablethepricesofthegameswereexpectedtobeunderusconsiderablylowerthantheplaystationportablespricerangeoflessthanuspergamerefnameinvitationrefhistorydevelopmentrumorsreportsofaplaystationsmartphonehaveexistedasearlyaswhensonycomputerentertainmentfiledapatentforaplaystationphonerumorsofsuchadeviceresurfacedagaininwhenasonyericssonexecutiveannouncedthattheyweredevelopingadeviceforgamingandplanstousethexrossmediabarinitsdevicesinjuneheadofsonycomputerentertainmentsonycomputerentertainmenteuropedavidreevesdeniedtheexistenceofsuchadevicesayingthathehadnoknowledgeofsuchadevicebeingdevelopedduringthegamesconventionpeterahnegardanexecutiveatsonyericssonfurtherfueledrumorsofaplaystationphonewhenaskedaboutthedevicehesaidthatitsobviouslysomethingthatwerelookingatbutrightnowicantreallycommentintheearlytheofficialsonymagazinereportedthatanewpspstylephoneisapparentlyindevelopmentinearlyitwasreportedthatplansforaplaystationphonehasbeencancelledassonywereunwillingtolicensetheplaystationbrandtosonyericssonunlesssonywouldproducethehandsetindependentlythissubsequentlypromptedafalloutbetweensonyandsonyericssoninmayrumorsofsuchadevicearoseonceagainwhenthenheadofsonyericssonhidekikomiyamatoldthefinancialtimesinaninterviewthataspartofhisrecoveryplanforsonyericssonhewouldliketocombinetheplaystationbrandwiththeirphonessimilartohowtheyhadcreatedthewalkmanandcybershotlinesofmobilephonesinjunenihonkeizaishimbunthenikkeireportedthatsonyericssonweredevelopingacellphonegamegearhybridasacompetitortoappleincapplesiphonecombiningthefunctionalityofamobilephoneandahandheldgamingdevicerefnamenikkeirefimagessurfaceinearlythewallstreetjournalreportedthatsonywasgettingreadytoreleaseasmartphoneabletodownloadandplayvideogamesthefirstsoliddetailsaboutthephonecameviaengadgetinaugustreportingmanyleakeddetailsaboutthedeviceincludingthatitrunsandroidoperatingsystemandroiditisaslidingphonewithabuttonconfigurationsimilartothepspgowithsometechnicalspecificationspicturesofthedevicewereleakedtotheinternetwhenengadgetreleasedpicturesofaprototyperunningandroidapspgolikeformfactorwithatouchpadandmicrosdcardsupportseveralsiteshoweverhavequestionedthelegitimacyoftheimagesofthedeviceinquestionthoughengadgethasrebukedthesetheoriesandshowntheirproventrackrecordofleakeddeviceswhichincludetheipadmacbookairandthenexusonemoreimagesofthedevicewerereleasedbyengadgetonoctobershowingthedevicerunningandroidoperatingsystemandroidfroyoandshowingitsmodelaszeusitaddsthatthereareseveralofthesedevicesininternaltestingstageswithatleastonedevicerunningandroidgingerbreadrefnameengadgetoctrefavideoshowingthedeviceinthewildingreecewasleakedondecemberitshowedthedevicerunningandroidandreportedthatthedevicesfinalnamewouldbethesonyericssonzthoughthishasnotbeenconfirmedbymultiplesourcestwodayslatermorevideoswereleakedtheywerefarclearershowingthedeviceclearlywithaplaystationicononthephonewhichdisplaysaxrossmediabarthemedinterfacewhenselectedonjanuaryengadgetpublishedmorephotosofwhatseemstobethefinaldesignforthedeviceasitbearsboththeplaystationandxperiabrandswhichwerentontheprototypesonjanuaryavideoshowingthedeviceplayingoriginalplaystationconsoleplaystationgameswasreleasedthoughitisunclearwhetherthegameswerebeingplayedthroughofficialsoftwareoranemulatoroftheoriginalplaystationconsoleonjanuaryachinesewebsitereleasedpicturesofwhatlookedlikethedevicedisassembledwiththepartsspreadoutandthecasingremovedofficialannouncementonfebruarysonyericssoncreatedaneventforthexperiaplayontheirfacebookpageinlatejanuaryorearlyfebruaryashortenedversionofanadvertmadeforairingduringthesuperbowlwasleakedonseveralwebsitesonfebruarythedevicewasofficiallyannouncedwiththebroadcastoftheversionofthisadrefnameseverinoaccessdatepublisherplaystationlifestylenetfirstanthonylastseverinorefonfebruarymoredetailswerereleasedbysonyericssonreleasethephonewasinitiallyannouncedashavingamarchreleasetimeframehoweverthefinalreleasedateslippedintoaprilwhenthedevicewasreleasedintheukintheusthexperiaplaywasinitiallyavailableonlyontheverizonwirelessverizonnetworkuntilthereleaseofthexperiaplaygonattmobilityattrefnamedaviesrefinmexicoitwasavailablethroughtelcelintheunitedkingdomukcarriersounitedkingdomovodafoneorangetelecommunicationsorangetmobileandhutchisongthreehaveconfirmedthattheyweretostockthehandsetrefnameukcarriersaccessdatepublishertdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebtcomnewssonyericssonxperiaplayconfirmedforthreeinukarchivedatefebruaryrefincanadathedevicewascarriedexclusivelybyrogerswirelessandroidupdatesonseptembersonyericssonconfirmedthatthexperiaplayandallxperiaphonesreleasedinwouldreceiveanupdatetoandroidicecreamsandwichhoweveronmayitwasstatedthatfollowingbetatestinganddiscussionswithdevelopersthexperiaplaywouldnotreceiveanupdatetoandroidcitingstabilityconcernsemulationandhomebrewsincethexperiaplayrunsonandroidthedevicemayinstallappsforplayinghomebrewvideogameshomebrewgamesitiscommonlyusedtorunemulatorsforoldergamesystemssuchasatarimamecommodoresnessegadreamcastgameboyadvancenintendodssonyplaystationportableandmanyothersseealsolistofandroiddevicesngagedevicengagesonytabletsreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebsonyericssoncomcwsproductsmobilephonesoverviewxperiaplayverizonccuslcenviewoverviewofficialwebsiteacersieboldianumredirectcategoryshellintadatakasawarachibakensakumoritaakikodmotokensakumoritaakihikonoroyoshihiromuraikeijiyamadaikuokabashimamakinonobuakiurakanetakeyamamototatsuopoliticiandodeskadenkiyosiitjomyongrokjomyongrokinabemiekimkinamkimkinamzhengjunzhengjunguchangweiguchangweiguangdongsoutherntigersguangdongsoutherntigerswangshipengwangshipengxraypulsarbasednavigationburendalistofgalaxyangelcharactersluxiolecrewredirectcategoryshellcambodianpeoplespartylulanlulancentralforeignaffairscommissioncentralforeignaffairscommissionloessplateauloessplateaudemocraticpartycypruskenzabureuchikoehimeimportantcu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tczesawmozilandkubawojewdzkiwilljointhejudgespanelandonjanuarywebportalplejadaplrevealedthatmajasablewskawouldbethethirdjudgesincethefirstnewsaboutpolishversionofxfactorwasreleasedmanywebportalsandjournalshavespeculatedonthemakeupofthejudgespanelonnovemberpolishgossipwebpagepudelekplreportedthatkubawojewdzkinataliakukulskapatrycjamarkowskasingerandpiotrmetzpopularmusicjournalismmusicjournalisthadbeenofferedtojointhejudgespanelafewdayslaterpartymagazinereportedthatedytagrniakwouldappearasajudgeontvnpolandtvnsnewestshowitquotedapersonconnectedwithtvnpolandtvnedytawillserveasajudgeinnewshowwhichtvnispreparingforspringhowevertherewasnoconfirmationifthementionedshowwasxfactorondecembersuperexpressrevealedthatpiotrmetzandprzemysawnieuyamusicmanagermusicmanagersmanagerarefinalisingtheircontractsondecemberewawojciechowskaeditorinchiefofconnectedwithtvnpolandtvnwebsiteplejadaplrevealedondziedobrytvnthataccordingtoherknowledgemajasablewskaedytagrniakgrniaksmusicmanagermusicmanagersmanagerandkubawojewdzkihadbeenofferedtoserveasthejudgesshealsoaddedthatthethirdpersontojointhepanelwouldbeamanondecemberpudelekplreportedthatkubawojewdzkiwojewdzkisablewskaandmetzhadalreadysignedtheircontractselbietazapendowskaformerjudgeonidolpolandidolwasalsothoughttojointhepanelthoughshedeniedtheserumoursmyfriendscallmeandgratulateandidontknowforwhatnobodyfromtvnpolandtvngavemeanyoffersshesaysinaninterviewwithacelebritymagazinetakiejestyciethejournalrevealedthatthefinaldecisionshadnotbeenmadeyetastvnpolandtvnsprogrammedirectoredwardmiszczakwasinhospitalhoweverhewassaidtohavekubawojewdzkiandmajasablewskaashisfavoritestakiejestycietalkedtoapersonconnectedwithtvnpolandtvnwhoreportedthatmanycelebritiesandtheirmanagerscalledthenetworkorthedirectorandofferedthemselvesasperfectcandidatesforthejudgessomeofthemarereadytoworkfornothinghesaidtomaszlubertrobertgawliskirobertjansonandrobertkozyraweresaidtobeinterestedinajudgingrolekrzysztofkasakasowskihasevenpublishedhisofferonlineirecommendmyhumblepersonasaperfectjudgeonxfactorihavediscoveredmanytalentsonjanuarysuperexpressrevealedthatallthejudgesplacementshadbeenalreadyfilledonthenextdayjournalfaktreportedthatczesawmozilwaslikelytojudgexfactoralongsidekubawojewdzkiczesawmozilmozilwastoconfirmthisonfacebookbywritingandifiknockthetvatonsundayitdoesntmeanthatdaybeforeididntplayinyourvillageicountonsupportandthisallisbecauseoftheseauntswhowatchmeontvtoolittlethisismyindependencehowevertheofficialconfirmationhasnotbeengivenyetonjanuarywirtualnemediaplreportedthatczesawmozilhadalreadysignedhiscontractwebsitealsoinformedthatkubawojewdzkiwastojointhepanelthoughhehadnotsignedthecontractyetthenameofthethirdjudgewasstillunknownthewebsitesnewswasquotedbywebportalonetplwhichisconnectedwithtvnpolandtvnaddingthatthechannelhadnotconfirmedityetonjanuaryczesawmozildementedtherumoursabouthisparticipationinxfactoronfacebookhoweveronthenextdayheconfirmedondziedobrytvnthathewouldjudgexfactoralongsidekubawojewdzkipresenteronjanuaryjarosawkuniarconfirmedondziedobrytvnthathewouldhosttheshowuntiltheconfirmationmanynewspapersandwebportalshadspeculatedonwhowouldhosttheshowmediaplreportedthataccordingtounofficialinformationmarcinprokopandszymonhoowniaafamousduoofhostsofmamtalentpolandsgottalentwerethoughttotakepartintalkswiththeproducersonjanuarypopularjournalsuperexpressreportedthattwotvnpresentersjarosawkuniarandmarcinebrowskiwerefightingforthepresentingrolebothofthemarehostsofmorningshowporanektvnyougetupandyouknowthejournaladdedthatbartoszwglarczykhostoftvnpolandtvnsmorningshowdziedobrytvnandcohostofthefinalepisodeoffirstseriesoftopmodelzostamodelkpolandsnexttopmodelwasalsotakenintoaccountsuperexpressquotedapersonconnectedwithtvnpolandtvninmyopinionthefinalbattlemaybebetweenkuniarandebrowskiitisnotacoincidencethatthelatterhasbeenrecentlyonairmoreoftenhehasevenhostedthenewyearseveprogrammeontvnhoweveraccordingtounofficialsourcesebrowskiwastorefusetheofferonjanuarywirtualnemediaplconfirmedthatjarosawkuniarwasoneofthecandidatesthenewswasalsoquotedbyonetplfinallykuniarwaspresentatthepreauditioninwarsawpolandwarsawonjanuarywhichsuggestedthatpreviousrumoursweretrueonnovemberitwasannouncedthatkuniarwouldnotbebacktopresenttheseriesduetopersonalreasonsandhiscommitmentstotvnondecemberpatriciakazadiwasconfirmedasthenewpresenteritwasreportedthatmarcinprokopszymonmajewskiandagnieszkaszulimhadalsobeeninrunningfortherolejudgescategoriesandtheirfinalistsineachserieseachjudgeisallocatedacategorytomentorandchoosesthreeactstoprogresstothelivefinalsthistableshowsforeachserieswhichcategoryeachjudgewasallocatedandwhichactsheorsheputthroughtothelivefinalskeywinningjudgecategorywinnersareinboldeliminatedcontestantsinsmallfontclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterstylewidthpxscopecolseriesstylewidthpxscopecolkubawojewdzkistylewidthpxscopecolmajasablewskastylewidthpxscopecolczesawmozilstylewidthpxscopecolrowspanscoperowxfactorpolandseriesonesbrsmallmichaszpakbradaszulcbrmatsmeguennismallgroupsbrsmalldziewczynybrsweetrebelsbravocadosmallstylebackgroundb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newiththepowertosendherbacktorealitytheplayercontrolsxenawhocanrunjumpclimbandswimxenacanalsouseitemssuchasmaplesyrupandkeysatotalofitemscanbefoundthroughoutthegameandarestoredinaninventoryscreentheplayercanequipuptotwoitemsxenashealthisrepresentedbyheartshealthcanbeincreasedbyfindingheartcontainersthroughoutthegamethegamefeatureslevelsthegamecanbegamelinkcablelinkedupwithherculesthelegendaryjourneysvideogameherculesthelegendaryjourneysallowingtheplayertoplayasherculeswhoiscapableofaccessingsecretlevelsrefnamegbcrefdevelopmentandreleaseuniversalinteractivestudiosdevelopedtheplaystationversionuniversalcreatedseveralnewcharactersspecificallyforthegameincludingkalabraxandtheamazonbirdwomenuniversalalsocreatedoverdifferentanimationsforthecharacterofxenatoensuresmoothmovementsinthegameinadditionthefacesofthetelevisionshowsactresseslucylawlessxenaandreneeoconnorgabrielleweretexturemappedintothegametheplaystationversionwaspublishedbyelectronicartsonoctoberfollowingthepremiereofthetelevisionshowsfifthseasonrefnametflrefinnovembertitussoftwareannouncedthatithadacquiredtherightstoproducevideogamesbasedonthetelevisionshowinmaytitusannouncedthatagameboycolorversionofxenawarriorprincesswasscheduledforreleaseattheendofsummerreceptiontheplaystationversionofxenawarriorprincessholdsapercentratingongamerankingsbasedonreviewsofficialusplaystationmagazineratedtheplaystationversionoutofrefnamemetarefwhilenintendopowerratedthegameboycolorversionaoutofjoefielderofgamespotgavetheplaystationversionaratingofoutofandcriticizedthefactthatxenaisdefenselesswhileusingherchakramweaponfielderalsonotedthatthegamescharactersalllookveryblockyandthebackgroundsarebasicandsparsefieldersaidthegamesplatformjumpingandpuzzlesolvingsectionswerenotfunbecauseofthegamespoorcamerasystemthecamerahasamindofitsownattimesswingingthiswayandthatinsomesituationswhiletakingtoolongtocatchuptoyourcharacterinothersontopofthatthecontrolsthatletyouadjustthecameramanuallyfeelbackwardandtheperspectiveshiftstooslowlytobemuchuseintoughsituationsyoullflyeasilythroughthistitleifyoucanfindthemotivationtoattemptitthehardesttasksbeingthosesetbyworkingwiththecamerafielderultimatelyconcludedthatthegamefeelsasthoughitsdeveloperswerefocusedsointentlyonmakingthetitlecarrymassappealthatintheendtheresultisawatereddownthinsorrystateofagamebarelydeservingofarentalletaloneapurchaselikexenasticktothetvshowandputthisoneouttopasturerefnamegsrefdeanaustinofignratedtheplaystationversionaoutofandnoteditsoutdatedgraphicsbutpraiseditsdesignandthepacingofitsmusicaswellasthechakramcallingitbyfarthemostinnovativepartofthegameaustinalsowrotethelevelsareinvolvedbutnotparticularlydeepandtheoveralltimeofplayisanissueonlyxenacouldhavesomuchskinexposedrunningaroundinsnowcoveredmountainlevelsitsashamethatgabriellewasnotusedmoreasabasecharacteragamethatfeaturedtwoplayercooperativeplaycontrollingbothxenaandgabriellewouldhavebeenmostwelcomeaustinalsocomplainedofwarpingandcameraclippingproblemsthatoccurthroughoutthegamethesetwoproblemsimpactgameplayatinopportunetimesnottomentiontheexcessivepopuprefnameignrefjasonwhiteofallgamegavetheplaystationversionstarsoutofandwrotethecharactersandbossesareaverageasfarasappearancegoesandthegameitselfisntveryinventivehardcoregamerswillfindthisokaytorentbutmostdiehardxenafanswilllovethisgamewhitenotedthatthegameplayisextremelybasicwhileyoucanwanderanywhereonthescreenthegameitselfisastrictlinearadventureifyoudontbeatalltheenemiesnorcompletewhatevertaskisaskedofyouthenyoucantmoveonxenawalksalongapavedpaththroughouttheadventuresortofyellowbrickroadishyouwalkdownthepathfightthebadguysgetakeyandgothroughagatethisisprettymuchhowthegameplaysthewholetimetherearepainfullylongloadtimesbetweenlevelsabitofslowdownoccurswhenxenafightstoomanyenemiesatoncewhichletsoneortwoofthemgetinafreeshotwhileyourelefttryingtofacethemwhitealsowrotethereareonlytworealdownsidestothegametherearesomanymovestousethatyouneedafewextrafingerstopressallthebuttonssoyoucanseeallhermovestheotheristhatinordertoperformsimpletaskslikejumpingyouneedtouseacertainbuttoncombinationotherwiseyoullendupgoingpastorcomingupjustshortofyourmarktheonethingmissingisthatyoucanonlyattackoneenemyatatimeveryunxenalikerefnameagrefjulesgrantofepdailytheelectricplaygroundgavethegameaoutofandwrotethatitaccuratelyrecreatestheatmosphereofthetelevisionseriesandusessomeofthesamecharactersthisgameisalwaysfastandfuriousandtheenvironmentsparticularlytheoutdoorareasareunmatchedontheplaystationgrantcriticizedthegamescamerasystemwritingcameraworkisalwaysastickyiteminrdpersonperspectivegamesinxenabecauseofthespeedofthemeleecombatandthedegreeactionthecameragetstobearealproblemhowevergrantwrotethatthecameraissueswerenotoverlyirritatinggrantnotedtheveryshortandfocussedlevelsaswellasthedifficultyofthefinalbossbattlewhichwaslargelyduetocameraissuesreferencesexternallinksxenawarriorprincessvideogamexenforoshutianlituepredirectxmcdteyaragivennamenancyajramassalanasrialinekhalafmountemeiemeishancityleshangiantbuddhaleshangiantbuddhaspeciesboxtaxonxanthorrhoeamacronemanamebottlebrushgrasstreeimagetowlersbaywildflowerjpgimagecaptionkuringgaichasenationalparkaustraliaauthorityfmuellexbenthxanthorrhoeamacronemaisaforestplantinthegenusxanthorrhoeafoundincoastalregionsofeasternaustralianorthofsydneythetrunkofthisgrasstreeisundergroundthecommonnameisthebottlebrushgrasstreetheplantfeaturesyellowflowersresemblingthoseofbanksiaorcallistemonbottlebrusharoundnbspcmlonghoweverthefloweringstemcanbeuptotwometreslongdependingonfirestheplantflowersfromjulytoaugusttheglossyleavesaretonbspmmwidetriangularincrosssectionwithgroovesandribstheleavesareroughlikesandpapertotoucharoundtheleafmarginsthespecificepithetcomesfromthelatinforlongthreadreferringtothefloweringstemreferencesradicalbeyondgoodevilvideogamemoonkookhyunmaowenlongmaowenlongharbinengineeringuniversityharbinengineeringuniversitythethirteenchairsharbinengineeringuniversityharbinengineeringuniversityprojectxboxliveprogramsinfoboxcometnamexximagediscoverernrpogsondiscoverydatedecemberdesignationspogsonscometepochsemimajorperihelionastronomicalunitaurefnamekreutzkreutzhfcajbpprefaphelioneccentricityperiodinclinationlastpdecembernextpabsmagnitudexxoccasionallyreferredtoaspogsonscometwasaprobablecometaryastronomicalobjectseenfrommadrasnowchennaiondecemberandbyastronomernrpogsonpogsonbelievedtheobjecttobethelostcometbielabutsubsequentorbitalcalculationshavesuggestedthatthiswasunlikelyrefnamekronkkronkgcometographyacatalogofcometsvolumecambridgeuniversitypressprefneitherbielascometnorpogsonsobjecthavebeenrecoveredsinceandtheepisoderemainsoneofthemostpuzzlinginsolarsystemastronomydiscoverypogsonsobservationsweretriggeredbyagreatmeteorshowerlaterknownastheandromedidsseenonnovemberitsradiantwasobservedtobelocatedinapartoftheskywhichbielascometlastseeninhadbeenpredictedtocrossinseptemberanditwasspeculatedthatitmightbeassociatedwiththecometasaresulttheastronomerernstfriedrichwilhelmklinkerfuessentatelegramtopogsonatthemadrasobservatorystatingthatbielatouchedearthonthsearchnearthetacentaurirefnameanpogsonnronlinelibrarywileycomdoiasnaabstractmadrasobservationsofbielascometastronomischenachrichtenvrefpogsonbegansearchingforthecometataroundamlocaltimeontherdaftercloudyweatherhadhamperedobservationsfortwonightsthecloudsbrokeupforaperiodofaroundtenminutesandathespottedanobjectevidentlycometaryatthefirstglancewhichherecordedascircularbrightwithadecidedcometarynucleusnucleusheidentifiedittohissatisfactionasbielascometbycomparingitsrateofmotionagainstbackgroundstarsonthefollowingmorninghemadefurtherobservationsunderbetterconditionsstatingthattheapparentcometnowhadashorttailthemorningofthethwascloudyandpogsonimmediatelydispatchedseverallettersnotinghisobservationsandgivingthreedetailedpositionsalthoughadmittinghehadfailedtospotthesecondofthetwocometaryheadsseenonthepreviousobservedreturnofcometbielaanalysispogsonsobservationquicklyattractedacademicattentiontheamateurastronomerltcolgeorgelyontupmanwritinginthejanuarymonthlynoticesnotedproblemswithboththepositionsofpogsonscometcomparedtothatofbielaandtheweekdifferencebetweenpogsonsobservationsandtheprojectedorbitofbielahoweverheconcededthatthedifferenceininclinationcouldbeexplainedifpogsonhadseenthesecondarycometofbielaontherdandtheprimaryonthethanumberoforbitsweresubsequentlypublishedforpogsonsobjectbykarlbruhnsandheinrichkreutzandbutbeingbasedononlythreepositionsareratherspeculativerefnamekronkkronkprefiftheobjectseenbypogsonwasacometithasnotbeendetectedsincetheirishastronomerwilliamhenrystanleymonckwaslatertosuggestthatthecometsofpogsonandbielamaybelongtothesamefamilyandmaycooperateinproducingthesamediffusedmeteorshowerrefnamemonckmonckwhsarticlesadsabsharvardedufullpaspmhtmlpogsonscometandthebielanmeteorspublicationsoftheastronomicalsocietyofthepacificvolnoprefhewasalsotosuggestthatapossiblecometseenbyjamesbuckinghamonnovemberrefnamebuckinghamseebuckinghamsupposedobservationofbielascometmaythinmonthlynoticesoftheroyalastronomicalsocietyvolspbuckinghamsearchingforbielascometusinganephemerisprovidedbyjohnrussellhinddescribedhavingfoundtworoundvapourybodiesinapproximatelytherightpositionhoweverhindlatercommunicatedtohimthathethoughttheobservationmighthavebeenoftwonebulaerefmighthavebeenthesameobjectasthatseenbypogsonandsuggestedanreturnwhichdidnotoccurrefnamekronkkronkprefpatrickmoorewaslatertocommentofpogsonsobservationsthathewasahighlyexperiencedobserversothereseemslittleroomforerrorontheotherhanditisinconceivablethatthecometwasbielasitmusthavebeenanotherquiteunconnectedmerelyhappeningtolieinthesameregionoftheskyanalmostincrediblecoincidencerefnamemooremoorepguidetocometsjamesclarkeprefthewriteramdeguillemindescribedthiscoincidenceasaverystrikingimightalmostsayromanticepisodeinastronomicalhistoryrefnameguilleminguilleminatheworldofcometstransljglaishermarstonsearlerivingtonprefaspogsonwastheonlyobserverbriangmarsdenmarsdenscataloguesdonotlisttheobjectalthoughgarywkronkkronkincludesitseealsolostcometreferencesharbintaipinginternationalairportharbintaipinginternationalairportjiuzhaigouj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typeasthetlvtagorexplicitwherethetagisusedinaconstructedtlvthatwrapsthebasetypetlvthedefaulttaggingstyleisexplicitunlessimplicitissetatasnmodulelevelsuchtagshaveadefaultclassofcontextspecificbutthatcanbeoverriddenbyusingaclassnameinfrontofthetagtheencodingofachoicevalueisthesameastheencodingofavalueofthechosentypetheencodingmaybeprimitiveorconstructeddependingonthechosentypethetagusedintheidentifieroctetsisthetagofthechosentypeasspecifiedintheasndefinitionofthechosentypethefollowingtagsarenativetoasnclasswikitabletypesuniversalclassrowspannamerowspanvaluebrencodingscolspantagnumberdecimalhexadecimalendofcontenteocaligncenterprimitivealigncenteraligncenterbooleanaligncenterprimitivealigncenteraligncenterintegeraligncenterprimitivealigncenteraligncenterbitstringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncenteroctetstringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncenternullaligncenterprimitivealigncenteraligncenterobjectidentifierobjectidentifieraligncenterprimitivealigncenteraligncenterobjectdescriptoraligncenterbothaligncenteraligncenterexternalaligncenterconstructedaligncenteraligncenterrealfloataligncenterprimitivealigncenteraligncenterenumeratedaligncenterprimitivealigncenteraligncenteraembeddedpdvaligncenterconstructedaligncenteraligncenterbutfutfstringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncentercrelativeoidaligncenterprimitivealigncenteraligncenterdaligncenteraligncenteraligncenterealigncenteraligncenteraligncenterfsequenceandsequenceofaligncenterconstructedaligncenteraligncentersetandsetofaligncenterconstructedaligncenteraligncenternumericstringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncenterprintablestringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncenterituttstringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncentervideotexstringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncenteriastringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncentercoordinateduniversaltimeutctimealigncenterbothaligncenteraligncentergeneralizedtimealigncenterbothaligncenteraligncentergraphicstringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncentervisiblestringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncenterageneralstringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncenterbuniversalcharactersetuniversalstringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncenterccharacterstringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncenterdbmpstringaligncenterbothaligncenteraligncentereencodingtheidentifieroctetsencodetheelementtypeasanasntagconsistingoftheclassandnumberandwhetherthecontentsoctetsrepresentaconstructedorprimitivevaluenotethatsometypescanhavevalueswitheitherprimitiveorconstructedencodingsitisencodedasormoreoctetsclasswikitablestyletextaligncentercolspanoctetcolspanstyleborderleftsolidaaapxoctetonwardsstyleborderleftsolidaaapxrowspancolspantagclassrowspanpccolspanstyleborderrightsolidaaapxtagnumbercolspancolspanstyleborderleftsolidaaapxmorecolspantagnumberintheinitialoctetbitencodeswhetherthetypeisprimitiveorconstructedbitencodetheclassofthetypeandbitsencodethetagnumberthefollowingvaluesarepossibleclasswikitableclassvaluedescriptionuniversalthetypeisnativetoasnapplicationthetypeisonlyvalidforonespecificapplicationcontextspecificmeaningofthistypedependsonthecontextsuchaswithinasequencesetorchoiceprivatedefinedinprivatespecificationsclasswikitablepcvaluedescriptionprimitivepthecontentsoctetsdirectlyencodetheelementvalueconstructedcthecontentsoctetscontainormoreelementencodingslongformwheretheidentifierisnotuniversalitstagnumbermaybetoolargeforthebittagfieldsoitisencodedinfurtheroctetstheinitialoctetencodestheclassandprimitiveconstructedasbeforeandbitsarethetagnumberisencodedinthefollowingoctetswherebitofeachisiftherearemoreoctetsandbitsencodethetagnumberthetagnumberbitscombinedbigendianencodethetagnumbertheleastnumberoffollowingoctetsshouldbeencodedthatisbitsshouldnotallbeinthefirstfollowingoctetlengthoctetstherearetwoformsofthelengthoctetsthedefiniteformandtheindefiniteformclasswikitablefirstlengthoctetrowspanformcolspanbitsdefiniteshortcolspanlengthindefinitecolspandefinitelongcolspannumberoffollowingoctetsreservedcolspandefiniteformthisencodesthenumberofcontentoctetsandisalwaysusedifthetypeisprimitiveorconstructedanddataareimmediatelyavailablethereisashortformandalongformwhichcanencodedifferentrangesoflengthsnumericdataisencodedasunsignedintegerswiththeleastsignificantbitalwaysfirsttotherighttheshortformconsistsofasingleoctetinwhichbitisandbitsencodethelengthwhichmaybeasanumberofoctetsthelongformconsistofinitialoctetfollowedbyormoresubsequentoctetscontainingthelengthintheinitialoctetbitisandbitsexcludingthevaluesandencodethenumberofoctetsthatfollowthefollowingoctetsencodeasbigendianthelengthwhichmaybeasanumberofoctetsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterlongformexamplelengthcolspanoctetcolspanstyleborderleftsolidpxaaaoctetcolspanstyleborderleftsolidpxaaaoctetstyleborderleftsolidpxaaastyleborderleftsolidpxaaalongformcolspanlengthoctetscolspanstyleborderleftsolidpxaaacontentoctetsindefiniteformthisdoesnotencodethelengthatallbutthatthecontentoctetsfinishatmarkeroctetsthisappliestoconstructedtypesandistypicallyusedifthecontentisnotimmediatelyavailableatencodingtimeitconsistsofsingleoctetinwhichbitisandbitsarethenidentifieroctetsendofcontentsoctetsmustterminatethecontentoctetscontentsoctetsthecontentsoctetsencodetheelementdatavaluenotethattheremaybenocontentsoctetshencetheelementhasalengthofifonlytheexistenceoftheasnobjectoritsemptinessistobenotedforexamplethisisthecaseforanasnnullvaluecerencodingcercanonicalencodingrulesisarestrictedvariantofberencodingberforproducingunequivocaltransfersyntaxfordatastructuresdescribedbyabstractsyntaxnotationoneasnwhereasbergiveschoicesastohowdatavaluesmaybeencodedcertogetherwithderencodingderselectsjustoneencodingfromthoseallowedbythebasicencodingruleseliminatingrestoftheoptionscerisusefulwhentheencodingsmustbepreservedeginsecurityexchangesderencodingderdistinguishedencodingrulesisarestrictedvariantofberencodingberforproducingunequivocaltransfersyntaxfordatastructuresdescribedbyabstractsyntaxnotationoneasnlikecerencodingcerderencodingsarevalidberencodingsderisthesamethingasberwithallbutonesendersoptionsremovedderisasubsetofberprovidingforexactlyonewaytoencodeanasnvaluederisintendedforsituationswhenauniqueencodingisneededsuchasincryptographyandensuresthatadatastructurethatneedstobedigitallysignedproducesauniqueserializedrepresentationdercanbeconsideredacanonicalformofberforexampleinberabooleandatatypebooleanvalueoftruecanbeencodedasanyofnonzerobytevalueswhileinderthereisonewaytoencodeabooleanvalueoftruethemostsignificantderencodingconstraintsarelengthencodingmustusethedefiniteformadditionallytheshortestpossiblelengthencodingmustbeusedbitstringoctetstringandrestrictedcharacterstringsmustusetheprimitiveencodingelementsofasetareencodedinsortedorderbasedontheirtagvaluederiswidelyusedfordigitalcertificatessuchasxberceranddercomparedthekeydifferencebetweentheberformatandthecerorderformatsistheflexibilityprovidedbythebasicencodingrulesberasexplainedaboveisthebasicsetofencodingrulesgivenbyituxforthetransferofasndatastructuresitgivessendersclearrulesforencodingdatastructurestheywanttosendbutalsoleavessenderssomeencodingchoicesasstatedinthexstandardalternativeencodingsarepermittedbythebasicencodingrulesasasendersoptionreceiverswhoclaimconformancetothebasicencodingrulesshallsupportallalternativesareceivermustbepreparedtoacceptalllegalencodingsinordertolegitimatelyclaimbercompliancebycontrastbothcerandderrestricttheavailablelengthspecificationstoasingleoptionassuchcerandderarerestrictedformsofberandservetodisambiguatetheberstandardcerandderdifferinthesetofrestrictionsthattheyplaceonthesenderthebasicdifferencebetweencerandderisthatderusesdefinitivelengthformandcerusesindefinitelengthforminsomepreciselydefinedcasesthatisderalwayshasleadinglengthinformationwhilecerusesendofcontentsoctetsinsteadofprovidingthelengthoftheencodeddatabecauseofthiscerrequireslessmetadataforlargeencodedvalueswhilederdoesitforsmallonesinordertofacilitateachoicebetweenencodingrulesthexstandardsdocumentprovidesthefollowingguidancecriticismsofberencodingthereisacommonperceptionofberasbeinginefficientcomparedtoalternativeencodingrulesithasbeenarguedbysomethatthisperceptionisprimarilyduetopoorimplementationsnotnecessarilyanyinherentflawintheencodingrulestheseimplementationsrelyontheflexibilitythatberprovidestouseencodinglogicthatiseasiertoimplementbutresultsinalargerencodeddatastreamthannecessarywhetherthisinefficiencyisrealityorperceptionithasledtoanumberofalternativeencodingschemessuchasthepackedencodingruleswhichattempttoimproveonberperformanceandsizeotheralternativeformattingruleswhichstillprovidetheflexibilityofberbutusealternativeencodingschemesarealsobeingdevelopedthemostpopularofthesearexmlbasedalternativessuchasthexmlencodingrulesandasnsoapinadditionthereisastandardmappingtoconvertanxmlschematoanasnschemawhichcanthenbeencodedusingberusagedespiteitsperceivedproblemsberisapopularformatfortransmittingdataparticularlyinsystemswithdifferentnativedataencodingsthesimplenetworkmanagementprotocolsnmpandldapprotocolsspecifyasnwithberastheirrequiredencodingschemetheemvstandardforcreditanddebitcardsusesbertoencodedataontothecardthedigitalsignaturestandardpkcsalsospecifiesasnwithbertoencodeencryptedmessagesandtheirdigitalsignatureordigitalenvelopemanytelecommunicationsystemssuchasisdntollfreecallroutingandmostcellularphoneservicesuseasnwithbertosomedegreefortransmittingcontrolmessagesoverthenetworkgsmtaptransferredaccountproceduresnrtrdenearrealtimeroamingdataexchangefilesareencodedusingbergsmworldcomusingbillingpotentialshtmlbycomparisonthemoredefinitederencodingiswidelyusedtotransferdigitalcertificatessuchasxseealsokerberosprotocolkerberospackedencodingrulesperxstructureddataexchangeformatsdxfserializationreferencesexternallinksftprsasecuritycompubpkcsasciilaymanascrsasalaymansguidetoasubsetofasnberandderituintrectrecxitutxisoiecituintrectrecxitutxisoiecituintrectrecxitutxisoiecisoiecrsasecuritycomrsalabsnodeaspidpkcsopenmucorgasnjasnjavaasnberencodingdecodinglibraryatopenmucorglgpllicensedgithubcomfgrossephpasnphpasnphpasnberencodingdecodinglibraryatgithubgpllicensedgithubcomglobalsignasnjsasnjsjavascriptasnberenco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hatgoesagainsteverythingtheybelieveinherfatherleonisaleadingmemberofthenewworldorderandbettyherselfisinhidingfromthemwhenbettymeetsxiiisheconvinceshimtojointheveilstartingachainofeventsthatareexploredinseasonbettyseducesxiiiandbecomeshisloveraswellasxiiisshebecomespregnantfromtheirsexualrelationshipalthoughshedoesntknowwhichofthemisthefatherdespiteherfugitivestatusfollowingthedisbandingoftheveilandbattlesagainstxucorporationandthenewworldorderitselfbettyisdeterminedtoprotectherchildfromtheforcespursuingthemasoftheseasonfinalesheisinhidingwithxiiiandbarnabisinsouthamericastuarttownsendasvictorgongxiiiseasonanexactphysicaldoubleofxiiivictorisanoperativeofxucorporationworkingtodeveloptheweathermodificationweathercontrollinghearpeprojecttothepointheperformsterroristbombingsandassassinationsintheunitedstatestounderminetheirgovernmentsattemptstoopposexuseeminglyapsychoticandhomicidaldoppelgngeroftherealxiiivictorisshowntohavedeeperreasoningbehindhisactionsheissecretlyusingxuinhisefforttobattlethenewworldorderthatapparentlycreatedhimxiiiandcountlesspreviouscloneswhoservedthemandtheirpurposeswhilestilltakingordersfromleonbarnowskyhehassecretlybrokenfreetobringdowntheirempireanotherobjectivefromhisactionswastogetxiiitoremembertheiragreementtoworktogetheragainsttheorderintheseasonfinaleavirtualrealitybattletothedeathbetweenxiiiandvictorresultsinhisvirtualdeathandhearpeisdestroyedbuthisrealfateisneverdeterminedandhisstatusremainsunknownvirginieledoyenasirinasvetlanovaseasonastrongsexyandruthlessrussianmercenaryirinaworksaswallysheridansoperativehuntingfortherenelcoweaponandsoregularlyclasheswithxiiiirinafeelsnoemotionaboutthelineofworkshehaschosenlethalwithaknifegunorhandtohandcombatshekillswheneverthepriceisrightintheseasonfinaleirinaisshotandkilledbyxiiitedathertonaspresidentwalterwallysheridanseasontheformerpresidentoftheunitedstatessheridanisthesecondmemberofhisfamilytoholdthatofficefollowinghissistersallywhowasassassinatedaneffortsheridanmastermindedtogaintheofficeforhimselfatthestartoftheseriessheridanhadbeenblackmailedintoresigningbycarringtonbutevenoutofofficesheridanispullingstringsandmakingdealshebelieveswillresultinmakingtheunitedstatesastrongernationsheridanisambitiouswellconnectedandhashisownreasonsforfollowingxiiiduringtheromannumeralconspiracysheridanwastherepublicanpartyunitedstatesrepublicangovernorofnorthcarolinaandwaspresentattheassassinationofhissisterpresidentsallysheridaninsheridancampaignedforthepresidencyinclaimingtotakeuphissisterslegacyandultimatelywontheelectionandsupervisedtheefforttocaptureoreliminatetheremainingmemberssheridanwassworninasthenationsthpresidentonjanuaryintruthxiiiandhisgovernmentalliesrealizedtoolatethatsheridanhimselfwasthemastermindbehindtheconspiracytwoyearsfollowingtheeventsoftheminiseriessheridanisrevealedtohaveactuallyleftthepresidencyhavingbeenblackmailedintoresigningduringthespringofbyhisdemocraticpartyunitedstatesdemocraticvicepresidentoftheunitedstatesvicepresidentbencarringtonafterthreateninghimwithevidencethatsheridanhadhissisterkilledsohecouldtakeofficedespiteretirementwhichsheridancitedasduetoadiagnosiswithachronicconditionchronicheartproblemsheridanremainslargelypopularwiththepublicandafterjoiningforceswithrainergerhardttolocateandretrievetherenelcoinformationweaponinexchangeforthefundingandsupportheneedstoregainpowerandhavingalreadybeensteadilydiscreditingcarringtoneventuallycomesforwardandannounceshisbidforreelectionforthepresidentialelectionsagainstcarringtonsheridanlikehisoperativeirinasvetlanovaattemptstogainxiiistrusthavingarrangedtheefforttogethimoutoftheeasterneuropeeasterneuropeanblacksiteaswellasaidhiminhiseffortsofuncoveringhistrueidentityultimatelyhoweversheridanisestablishedasanenemyofxiiianddedicatedtoeliminatinghimasinhiseyesxiiiisendangeringhisefforttoregainpowersheridanwasdelightedtolearnhehadasonwithcarringtonsdaughterkimbeforeherdeathintheminiseriesandthisknowledgeincreaseshisdesiretoregainthepresidencyintheseasonfinalesamuelamosconfrontssheridaninhishomeandattemptstobluffhimintoshootinghimselfinanefforttoderailhisplanstogetbackinpowersheridancalmlyrefusesandtheyshooteachotherinseasonitisrevealedsheridanwaskilledbyamosforwhichhehasbeenremovedfromhispositionwithhisdeathformergovernorofalaskaalaskagovernorharriettraymorebecametherepublicannomineeforpresidentbydefaultshelaterwonthegeneralelectioninnovemberbyamassivelandslideoverthedemocraticincumbentcarringtonsheridanwasburiedathispresidentiallibrarypresidentiallibraryincharlottenorthcarolinacharlottenorthcarolinapaulinonunesasdcifrankgiordinoseasonthedirectorofthecentralintelligenceagencydirectoroftheciaunderpresidentbencarringtonandimmediatesubordinateofsamuelamosgiordinoheadsuptheinvestigationintoxiiiandthemysteriousmissionsofhispastifhehastohellmakedealsandcrosslinestotrackjonesandxiiifollowingtheircluestowardsamysteriouspowerthreateningtheveryfabricoftheamericangovernmenttherenelcoweapontheheadoftheciaislaterrevealedassheridansmoleintheciahavingoriginallybeenappointedbyhimandmaintainshisloyaltyinexchangeforopportunitiesforpoweralongsidesheridangiordinowasexposedandgoesroguewithamostakingovertheciadirectlyinhisplaceafterheattemptedtokidnapsheridansillegitimatesonwithkimrowlandrogerforleveragexiiithrewgiordinofromamovingtraintohisdeathbuthisbodywasnotfoundingridkavelaarsaspresidentharriettraymoreseasontheformergovernorofalaskaandcurrentpresidentoftheunitedstatestraymorewastherepublicannomineefollowingthedeathofformerpresidentwallysheridaninseasonwhowascampaigningtoreclaimtheovalofficehimselfatthetimeforpresidentintheelectionssheisambitiousruthlesssexuallymanipulativeandaperfectmatchforamoswithwhomsheishavinganaffaircarringtonisdismayedwhentraymorewinsthegeneralelectioninalandslidebutrefusestocedepowertothepresidentelectnotbelievingsherecognizesthedangerofhearpetraymorebattlescarringtonfortheofficeuntiltheendofseasonwhenherforcesstormcarringtonsbunkerbeneaththewhitehouseandimprisonhimharriettraymoreissworninasthenationssecondfemalepresidentonjanuarykristiangusasmischamartinseasonajournalistreportingontheeventsoftheseriesdemorebarnesaschiefofstaffmartinreynoldsseasonwhitehousechiefofstaffchiefofstafftopresidentcarringtonreynoldsisaloyalaidetohispresidentwhilecompletelyawareofhiscrumblingsanityhisdevotiontohisleadercomesfrombeingatruepatriotandasoldierheiscarringtonspraetorianguardinhisefforttomaintainpowerlongenoughagainstpresidentelecttraymoretodestroyhearpewoledaramolaasmozambiqueseasonaloyalmemberoftheveilmozambiquehidesabrilliantmindbehindamountainofmuscleitshardtosaywhathesdevotedtomorethemovementorbettyheremainsbettyandxiiisloyalcompanionduringtheirtimeasfugitivesfollowingthesynequanonbombingheiswillinglykilledbyxiiiduringsinglecombatafterthegroupisimprisonedbyxucorporationtogivetheothersachanceatfreedomcaterinamurinoassamanthasamtaylorseasontheownerofanewyorkcitynewyorkphotoshopsamisloyalandpassionateaswellascleverandstrongwilledduringtheromannumeralconspiracysamherselfonthelineforxiiiandalmostendedupinprisonwhenxiiidisappearedshethoughthewasdeaduntilonedayastrangerwalkedintohershopitwasxiiicomingbackintoherlifeandonceagainturningitupsidedownhavingalreadyhelpedxiiiinhiseffortstoexposetheconspiracytwoyearsagoshealsoagreestoaidhiseffortsofuncoveringhistrueidentityafterashorttimesamandxiiisuccumbedtotheirfeelingsandbecameloverssheisshotandkilledbyirinaduringanarrangedrobberybutthetruthwasultimatelyfoundoutandxiiikilledirinainrevengebruceramsayasmaxvargasseasonfounderandleaderoftheveilvargaswasachileanschileanrevolutionarydeeplycommittedtoprotectingtheworldfromglobalizationheisimprisonedbytheusgovernmentafterthesynequanonbombingwithxiiisassistancehoweverxiiiandhisallieslaterrescuehimvargasisrevealedasanoperativeofthenewworldorderandleavesthegrouptoexposetheotherstothemonlytobecapturedandsentintothewhitehousebyxiiiinasuicidebombingthatkillshimtomberengerasrainergerhardtseasonamysteriousbillionairewhohasgranddesignstoreshufflethebalanceofpowerinternationalrelationsbalanceofworldpowereducatedsophisticatedandworldlygerhardtisahighpoweredindustrialistwhichputshiminaprimepositiontoaffectinternationaleventsheworkswithwallysheridantosecuretherenelcoweaponforhisplansinexchangeforsupportingsheridanseffortstoregainpowerheiskilledintheseasonfinalewhenxiiitoretaketherenelcoweaponfromhimshootshimdeadjackyangactorjackyangaswinslowwongseasonanoperativeofxucorporationandrivalofvictorheiskilledintheseasonfinaleinanexplosionsetoffbyvictorafterhewaspreparedtotakecontrolofhearpeawayfromhimlisaberryasgrierseasonanoperativeofthenewworldorderworkingdirectlyforleonbarnowskyaaronashmoreasdillonmastersseasonacomputergeniuswithaniqoffthechartsdillonwasthrownoutofmassachusettsinstituteoftechnologymitforhackingthephysicsdepartmentscomputersandrevisingmostoftheacceptedtheoremstheywereworkingfromwhiletheythrewhimoutofschooltheyalsokeptusinghisrevisionsthreeyearsagojonesbusteddillonandmadeadealwithhimhestaysoutoftheciacomputersystemandshedoesnttosshiminjailabondofsortswasformedandthesedaysjonesstillreachesouttodillonwhensheneedshightechoffthebooksdillonisbrilliantbutwithhisbrilliancecomesaquirkinessandahealthystreakoflarcenywhichmeansthatjonesandxiiineverknowexactlyhowfartheycantrusthimintheseasonfinaleheisbadlyinjuredbyirinahisfateisleftunknownhochowasterrancepongseasontheceoofthechinachineseconglomeratexucorporationheisboththechineseequivalentandnemesisofsamuelamoswhosecretlyemploysvictortoleadthedevelopmentofhearpeheislaterarrestedandimprisonedafterbettymurdersainingandframespongforthecrimeallowinghertousurppongspositionrobramsayasbarnabisseasonacomputergeniusandcomicbookgeekbarnabisisrecruitedbyxiiiandhisalliesintheireffortstodestroyhearpeanddefeatvictorasoftheseasonfinaleheisinhidingwithxiiiandbettyinsouthamericatararoslingasheikeseasongerhardtsloyalsubordinateandintermediarywithsheridanmatthewbennettasmaxserleseasonaformerciaoperativeandusarmytechnicalordnanceofficerserleistheonlyothersurvivingoperativefromtherenelcomissionandasearchforhimbyxiiithegovernmentandsheridanandgerhardtsoperativesisthefocusofseasonheisfinall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estraveltochicagoinsearchofrobertsimonsoneoftheotheragentssenttobreakintotheplantincostaverdedesperatetofindoutwhatreallywentonthereandinsearchoftheinformationhiddenintheothertwowatchesheknowsaboutxiiiisfrustratedtolearnthatsimonsdisappearedtwoyearsagoevenworsexiiissearchseemstohaveattractedtheattentionofotherswhoarelookingfortheinformationfromthewatchesincludingthelethalirinaintheendxiiifindsoutwhatreallyhappenedtosimonsandattemptstorecoveroneofthewatchesthetrickwillbetokeephimselfjonesandsimonsdaughteralivelongenoughtoaccomplishitlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlehuntingpartybrunepartiedechassedirectedbyalaintasmawrittenbygrantrosenbergoriginalairdatealtdatejuneviewersaugustauxshortsummarywhenirinaapproachesxiiiwithaproposalforhimtohandoveroneofthewatchesinreturnfortheidentityofthemanwhokilledsamxiiimakesadealwiththedevillinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlethebankjobbrbraquagelarussedirectedbyleerosedirectorleerosewrittenbydenismcgrathoriginalairdatealtdatejuneviewersseptemberauxshortsummaryxiiiishotonthetrailofnowexposedciadirectorgiordinoandtrackshimtoasafedepositboxinmoscowwheregiordinohassecretedmoneydocumentsandblackmailmaterialsincaseofanemergencyxiiiandjonesplanadaringbankrobberytogettogiordinosstashbeforehedoesbutonbreakinginfindmoremysteriesthananswerswhatxiiifindsoutisthatkeepingtheteamheputtogetherinonepiecemightbeharderthanheeverthoughtintheendxiiimayhavetoletthedeadlygiordinogetintotheboxsotheycanfindoutwherehisnextmovewilltakehimandthatmovemightprovefataltoxiiiandjoneslinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlethetrainbrlenlvementdirectedbystevedimarcowrittenbycharlesheitoriginalairdatealtdatejuneviewersseptemberauxshortsummaryfollowinggiordinoashemakesuseofthemysteriousinformationfromhisburnboxxiiiandjonesfindthemselveslookingforayoungboywhoseparentsgiordinohasbrutallymurderedastheychasegiordinoandtheboytoasecretmeetingonatraintravellingacrosscanadatheylearnthestunningtruthaboutwhotheboyreallyistheyalsolearntheearthshakingconsequencesofgiordinoorthemysteriousgerhardtcontrollinghimeventuallyxiiiwillhavehislongawaitedconfrontationwithgiordinofromwhichonlyoneofthemwillwalkawaylinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlethebunkerbrlebunkerdirectedbykengirottiwrittenbypetermohanoriginalairdatealtdatejuneviewersseptemberauxshortsummaryfrominformationxiiiandjoneslearnedfromtheboygiordinokidnappedtheytraveltomontanathesiteofadecommissionedblastchamberfullofdeadlytrapsandpotentiallythehidingplaceofmaxserleandtheinformationfromthefinalwatchmaxoneoftheconspiratorsinthecostaverdemissionandadangerousparanoiachaswalledhimselfintheblastchamberhavingtrickeditoutwithdeadlytrapsitsuptoxiiiandjonestofighttheirwaythroughtheinstallationtogettomaxandconvincehimofwhoxiiireallyisbeforeirinaandherteamofmercenariescangettherefirstlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlethekeybrlacldirectedbyalaintasmawrittenbygrantrosenbergoriginalairdatealtdatejulyrefnamecaeprefviewersseptemberauxshortsummaryhavingretrievedthefinalwatchfrommaxserlexiiifitsthepiecesoftheencryptedfiletogethertofindthatitrequiresapasswordasamosandhisteamtrytopreemptivelytakebacktheinformationbeforexiiicanuseitxiiianddillonworkfranticallytobreakthepasswordthroughoutthisxiiirealizesthatthemysteriousgerhardthasledhimthroughthefacetsofhispreviouslifeforareasonthepasswordissomewhereinwhathesreexperiencedoverthelastweeksofhisquestintheendunlesshebreaksthecodeintimetheforcesthatshapehisdestinymaycheatxiiioutoftheanswershesodesperatelyneedslinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlerevelationbrrvlationsdirectedbyclarkjohnsonwrittenbydenismcgrathoriginalairdatealtdatejulyrefnamecaeprefviewersoctoberauxshortsummarygerhardthasstolentheinformationweaponfromxiiiandisbentonusingittoundermineworldpowerstohisbenefitxiiiandjonesenlistdillontohelpthemtrackgerhardtsoperationstopariswheregerhardthasastrongholdbutinparisxiiimustfighthiswaythroughthelayersofprotectionthatgerhardthassetuptofindgerhardtsbaseofoperationsfinallyxiiiandgerhardthavetheirconfrontationastheychasethroughthestreetsofparisastheyworkthroughtheirfinalmeetingthefateoftheinformationweaponofxiiislifeandthefutureofsocietyitselfwillhanginthebalancelinecolorseasonafteraperiodofsomeuncertaintyatwitterannouncementondecemberbystuarttownsendtheactorwhoplaysxiiistatedtheserieswasrenewedforasecondseasonthesecondseasonconsistsofepisodeswithrogeravaryasshowrunneritpremieredinfranceonoctoberoncanalwheretwotothreeepisodeswereshownonmondaynightsforaperiodofsixweeksitisexpectedtoberebroadcastonmtvchannelminclasswikitableplainrowheadersstylewidthbackgroundfffmarginrightstylebackgroundffcolorfffseriesbrthisistheepisodenumberwithintheentireseriesstylebackgroundffcolorfffseasonbrthisistheepisodenumberwithinthecurrentseasonstylebackgroundffcolorffftitlestylebackgroundffcolorfffdirectedbystylebackgroundffcolorfffwrittenbystylebackgroundffcolorffffranceairdatestylebackgroundffcolorfffcanadianairdatestylebackgroundffcolorfffusairdateepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlephoenixdirectedbyalaintasmawrittenbyrogeravarydavidmartinezwriterdavidmartinezoriginalairdatealtdateaprilauxmarchshortsummaryhavingbeenbetrayedbyhiscountryxiiitrustsnooneheisbelieveddeadandlivesoffthegridstumblinguponanantiglobalizationprotesthemeetsthebeautifulbettybarnowskyandthroughherreluctantlybecomesinvolvedwiththeveilaradicalactivistgroupledbytheenigmaticmaxvargaswhenitseemsthatxiiigoesmadandcommitsheinouscrimeshisoldenemiestraintheirsightsonhimlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlerampagedirectedbyalaintasmawrittenbyrogeravaryoriginalairdatealtdateaprilauxaprilshortsummaryheadquartersofthemultinationalsynequanonarebombedresultinginthedeathofinnocentsauthoritiesandthemediaholdtheveilandxiiiresponsibleandlabelthemasterroristsxiiiiscapturedandtorturedbyamysteriousfigurewhoseemstoknowhimintimatelylinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitledefenderdirectedbyduaneclarkwrittenbydenismcgrathpeterrowleyoriginalairdatealtdateaprilauxaprilshortsummaryontheeveoftheamericanelectionxiiiishuntedbypowerfulenemiesthegovernmentwhichnowrealizeshewasneverterminatedsynequanonclamouringforrevengeforthebombingoftheirheadquartersandbythemysteriousfigurewhoisafterasetofequallymysteriousletterswhileevadingthesefactionsxiiiseekstounravelthemysterybehindtheletterslinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitletempestdirectedbyrobertliebermanwrittenbychristinarayoriginalairdatealtdateaprilauxaprilshortsummarycaughtinthepermanentstormsurroundingariellaislandxiiiisshipwreckedposingasafishermanheisbefriendedbydrwestlundwhoholdscriticalinformationabouttheletterstheagingscientistandhisdaughtergalehidexiiifromthesynequanonsecurityforcesholdingthemprisoneronthemainlandharriettraymorewinsthepresidentialelectionbutcarringtonrefusestoleaveofficelinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlejoustdirectedbybrucemcdonalddirectorbrucemcdonaldwrittenbydenismcgrathoriginalairdatealtdatemayauxaprilshortsummaryxiiiandamosgrapplephysicallyandmentallyastheytrytouncoverthetruthbehindthebombingofsynequanonsheadquartersfueledbygriefandrageamostorturesxiiisbodyandattemptstomanipulatehismindxiiistrivestoprovehisinnocenceandescapefromamostwistedgrasplinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlegauntletdirectedbydavidwinningwrittenbydavidmartinezoriginalairdatealtdatemayauxmayshortsummaryxiiicrashesanultraexclusivebirthdaypartytofindthefinalletterthehostofthepartyandtheowneroftheletterisarussianoligarchwithapenchantforcollectingexpensiveitemssuchasrareweaponsandbeautifulwomenandusingtheformeronthelatterpartofhiscollectionincludesoneoftheteslalettersandxiiifindsheisnttheonlypersonwhoscomelookingforitlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlebreakoutdirectedbyracheltalalaywrittenbykarenmcclellanoriginalairdatealtdatemayauxmayshortsummaryxiiibettyandmozambiquerushtofreevargasbeforehesdeportedtoguantanamoastheybelievehemusthaveinformationabouttheletterssynequanonstestsoftheirnewesttechnologyhaveunforeseencataclysmicresultslinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlemousetrapdirectedbyracheltalalaywrittenbyrogeravaryoriginalairdatealtdatemayauxmayshortsummarybettyandxiiibothquestiontherealityoftheirsituationsconcealinghistrueidentityxiiisailstochinasearchingtheshipforthefinalletterwhichhasbeenhiddensomewhereonboardbettyisabductedanddeliveredtoherfatherinlondonwhoclaimsthatherexperienceswithxiiiandtheveilhavebeennothingbutthenarcoticinducedhallucinationsofarunawaylinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlepongdirectedbydavidwinningwrittenbychristinarayoriginalairdatealtdatejuneauxmayshortsummaryxiiiisdeliveredintothehandsofxucorporationwhobelievehimtobevictorgongalsoknownasxiiiwhilexiiiallowsthedeceptiontocontinueheisplaguedbymemoriesthatforcehimtoquestionhistrueidentitypresidentcarringtonimposesastateofmartiallawhaltingthetransferofpowertoharriettraymorelinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitleblackwidowdirectedbypascallaugierwrittenbydavidmartinezoriginalairdatealtdatejuneauxmayshortsummaryxucorporationgivesxiiithefaceofagentvictorgongxiiiwhichonlyintensifieshisstruggleswithidentitybettyplotsrevengeagainstherfatherbytryingtosabotagehiseffortsinchinacarringtonwatcheshisempirecrumblearoundhimlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlepunchoutdirectedbydavidwufilmmakerdavidwuwrittenbykarenmcclellanoriginalairdatealtdatejuneauxjuneshortsummaryxiiiisthrownintothepitanundergrounddungeonwhereprisonersareforcedtofighttothedeathinmatchesbroadcastliveonlinexiiitriestorallytheprisonerswhichincludeamosmozambiqueandgrierwhilestayingalivelongenoughtoattemptanescapexiiiandbettymastermindahostiletakeoverofxucorporationlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitleberzerkdirectedbybrucemcdonaldwrittenbygalaavaryoriginalairdatealtdatejuneauxjuneshortsummaryxiiibettyandamosescapefromthepitandintoshanghaibutaretrappedinamysteriousandsinisterriotthathasspontaneouslyformedaroundthemthirteenyearoldyenboiandhisfatherpinghelpthemfindandfighttheirwaythroughthechaoswithaccesstoanavysealhelicopteramosleadsthemtowardstheextractionpointcarringtonispushedfurtherintothebunkerbytraymoresforcesandmakesalastditchefforttorallysupportlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumberrtitlebattlezonedirectedbyduaneclarkwrittenbyjohnsmithoriginalairdatealtdatejulyauxjuneshortsummarythesafetyoftheworldisatstakethechinesehearpeisnowfullyoperationalwiththehelpofbettyandbarnabisxiiitriestodestroyhearpewhilexiiiattemptstounleashitsdestructiveforceaterrifyingarrayofnaturaldisastersontheunitedstatesbutonlyonemanwilltriumphonlyonemanwillsurvivemakinghislaststandinthebunkercarringtoncontemplatesextrememeasureslinecolorreferencesexternallinkstaxoboxregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliasesiidaesubfamiliasesiinaegenusxenosesgenusauthorityjohnhartleydurrantdurrantsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionseetextxenosesisagenusofmothsinthesesiidaefamilyspeciesxenosesmacropussmalldurrantsmallreferencesbluehousejapanesechinagarrisonarmyshirinebadiredirectcategoryshellxboxsystemsoftwareanimationmagicchinadevelopmentbankchinadevelopmentbankeurasiacontinentalbridgepassagewayinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexudunnativenameothernamesettlementtypeadministrativedivisionsofsomalilanddistrictimageskylineimagecaptionimageflagimagesealnicknamemottoimagemaphudundistrictpngmapcaptionpushpinmapsomalilandpushpinlabelpositionbottompushpinmapcaptionlocationinsomalilandsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofsomalilandregionsubdivisionnamesoolsomalilandsoolestablishedtitleestablisheddateseattypecapitalseatxudungovernmenttypegovernmentfootnotesleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricareafootnotesareatotalkmarealandkmelevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmpopulationnotetimezoneeastafricatimeeatutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstpostalcodetypepostalcodeareacodewebsitefootnotesxudundistrictisadistrictinthenorthernsoolsomalilandsoolregionofsomalilanditscapitalliesatxudunsomalilandxuduntownsinthedistrictincludexananleygorofleymugalsomalilandmugulwaharlarshejdhanshiletuurcanoodgoddhuubxaaballasboholsomalilandboholandlasacardinreferencesstatoidscomysohtmldistrictsofsomaliayangtzefreshwaterdolphinexpeditionscoutassociationofhongkongministryoffinanceofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaministryoffinanceofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaministryoffinanceofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaministryoffinanceofthepeoplesrepublicofchinainfoboxsettlementofficialnamexudunothernamenativenamenicknamesettlementtypetownmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmapsomalilandpushpinlabelpositionbottompushpinmapsizepushpinmapcaptionlocationinsomalilandsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofsomaliaregionsubdivisionnamesoolsomaliasoolsubdivisiontypeadministrativedivisionsofsomaliadistrictsubdivisionnamexudundistrictxudungovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareamagnitudeunitprefmetricareafootnotesareatotalkmarealandkmpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmtimezoneeastafricatimeeatutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstcoordinateselevationfootnoteselevationmelevationftpostalcodetypepostalcodeareacodeblanknameblankinfowebsitefootnotesxudunhudunisatowninthenorthernsoolsomaliasoolregionofsomalilandoverviewthecenterofthexudundistrictthesettlementlieskilometresnorthbyroadfromtheprovincialcapitaloflasanodlocalcontrolisdisputedbetweensomalilandpuntlandandkhatumostateformerlyhbmsscorhoggaankabadbaadadaiyomideyntassceducationxudunhasanumberofacademicinstitutionsaccordingtothepuntlandministryofeducationthereareprimaryschoolsinthexudundistrictamongthesearexudunprimarylafweynehololandkulaalrefnamemoeppsrefsecondaryschoolsintheareaincludexudunsecondaryrefnamemoepssrefnotesreferencesmaplandiacomsomalianugaalxudunxudunmaplandiaworldgazetteergeographicorggeographicnamesnamephpunifidcsomaliaxudunsomaliamountpotalakaredirectcategoryshellmountpotalakaredirectcategoryshellinfoboxmusicalartistnamexmasprojectimagecaptionimagesizebackgroundgrouporbandoriginfrankfurthessengermanygenreheavymetalmusicheavymetalpowermetalthrashmetalspeedmetalyearsactivelabelsharkrecordscreamrecordscrazylifemusiccurrentmembersattentiondonotadddeceasedoranyothernotationtoanyofthebandmembersperthetemplatesguidelinesandreasgeremiabradrianhahnbrdavifhofmannbrstefanarnoldxmasprojectwasasupergroupmusicsupergroupformedinbyanumberofgermanheavymetalmusicianstheyreleasedanepandthreealbumswhichexplorethesubjectofchristmashistoryxmasprojectwasformedininfrankfurthessengermanybyjrgmichaelralphhubertmartinborkreinerkelchfrankfrickeandyclassenthomasederaxelrudipellsabinaclassenpeavywagnerpeterwagnerreentfrhlichandthorstenbergmannwebarchiveorgwebarchaicmagazinecomshowbandphpbidtheirfirstreleasewasanextendedplayepbanginaroundthechristmastreewhichwasfollowedthesameyearbytheirfirstalbumxmasprojectintheyreleasedtheirsecondalbumxmasprojectvoliiunderadifferentlineu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narubainfoboxcompanynamexoomcorporationlogoxoomlogosvglogosizepxtypeelectronicfundstransfermoneytransferindustrybankingfatepredecessororpredecessorssuccessororsuccessorsfoundeddefuncthqlocationsanfranciscocaliforniahqlocationcountryusareasservedchinaindiabangladeshguyanapakistanmexicoaustraliagermanyandthephilippineskeypeopleproductsparentpaypalincdivisionssubsidwebsitefootnotesxoomcorporationalsoxoomapaypalserviceisadigitalelectronicfundstransfermoneytransferorremittanceproviderthatallowsconsumerstosendmoneypaybillsandreloadmobilephonesfromtheunitedstatestocountriesincludingchinaindiabangladeshguyanapakistanmexicoaustraliagermanyandthephilippinesthecompanywasfoundedinisbasedinsanfranciscocaandhasanofficeinguatemalacityguatemalaxoomwasanindependentpubliccompanypubliclytradedcompanyandwasinitiallybackedbyventurefirmsincludingsequoiacapitalnewenterpriseassociatessiliconvalleybanksvbcapitalandfidelityventuresrefnamexoominvestorsrefonjulypaypalannouncedthatitintendedtospendashareincashoraboutbilliontoacquirexoomcorporationrefnamexoomacquiredbypaypalrefthedealclosedinnovemberrefnamepymntsrefmoneytransferservicesxoomoffersmoneytransferservicesprimarilyfromonepersontoanotherinmanycountriesworldwidemoneyissentsecurelythroughadesktopandmobilesiteaswellasamobileappmoneysentbyxoommaybereceivedincashatbanksandvariousotherbusinessesdependingontherecipientslocationaswellasbydeposittobankaccountsuserspayfortheserviceusingfundspaidbydirectdebittotheirusbankaccountacreditcardoradebitcardthexoomfeevariesbasedonthemethodofpaymentpaymentbydirectdebittoabankaccountistheleastexpensivewhilethefeepaymentsbyadebitcardorcreditcardaremuchhigherandarebasedinpartontheamountbeingsentxoomacknowledgesthatitalsomakesmoneyonthecurrencyexchangebuttheexchangeratesarefavorabletomanyotheralternativestheserviceemploysavarietyofmethodstoassuretheintegrityofusersaccountsaswellastopreventfraudandmoneylaunderingthesemethodsincludeidentityverificationandlimitsontheamountsthatcanbetransferredonperdaypermonthandperdayperiodgenerallyspeakingtheselimitsmakeitdifficultorimpossibletousexoomforsubstantialpaymentsinadditionbanksorbusinessesmayimposetheirownlimitsontheamountssomeonemayreceiveinagivenperiodoftimexoommobilereloadcustomerscanusexoomtorechargeprepaidmobilephonesinselectcountriesxoombillpayanddepositfeaturescustomerscanusexoomtopayelectricitytelephonegasandmorebillsinselectforeigncountrieswiththexoombankdepositserviceconsumerscansendmoneydirectlytobankaccountsinvariouscountriesandthecompanyalsoofferscashpickupservicestoselectforeigncountriesaswellsomecountriesalsoofferhomedeliveryservicesthirdpartycertificationsxoomiscertifiedbytrusteasalicenseeofthetrusteprivacysealprogramisanaccreditedbusinessofthebetterbusinessbureauandoperatesitswebsiteusingtheverifiedbyverisignsealrefnamexoomhomepagereffundingonseptemberxoomclosedafirsteseriesroundoffinancingformilliononmarchxoomclosedanfseriesroundoffinancingformillionthecompanypublicofferingwentpubliconfebruaryindustryreviewsinjunexoomwascitedinastudybytheinteramericandialogueofremittanceserviceprovidersashavingthehighestconsumersatisfactionratingsintransparencyofthefeetransparencyoftheforeignexchangeandvalueinmarchandinseptemberxoomwaslistedinthewallstreetjournalsannualnextbigthinglistlistofthemostpromisingventurebackedcompaniesinoctoberinafollowupsurveybytheinteramericandialogueofremittanceserviceprovidersfortheustolatinamericamarketxoomreceivedthetopscoreusingavarietyoffactorsincludingcountriesservedfeesfxnetworkandinclusivenessacquisitionbypaypalonjulypaypalannouncedthatitplannedtoacquirexoomcorporationpaypalintendedtospendashareincashtoacquirethepubliclytradedxoomoraboutbillionthedealclosedinnovemberthemovestrengthenedpaypalsinternationalbusinessgivingitaccesstoxoomsmillionactiveuscustomersthatsentaboutbillioninthemonthsendingonmarchtopeopleincountriesseealsosequoiacapitalxoomwebhostingtheoriginalownerofxoomcomreferencesexternallinksxoomcomxoomcomofficialwebsitexoomcomsendmoneynowxoomlocationsxoomcashpickuplocationsxoomcombillpayxoombillpayxoomcommobilereloadsxoommobilereloadancientgreekcuisinebreadredirectcategoryshellxoomcorporationwindowsxpprofessionalxeditionxanderrbsonxaviervalimschuelterbornmayinpedroosrioisabrazilianassociationfootballfootballerteamsclubatlticopearolpearolatenasdesancarlosloanclubatlticopearolpearoltacuarembfctacuarembesporteclubepelotaspelotastitlesclubatlticopearolpearoltorneoaperturaanduruguayanleaguereferencesbdfacomarjugadoresxavierrobsonhtmlprofileatbdfayoshiomikamizhushijiechinesezodiacpsychiatristirabuseriesxboxliveindiegamesxboxliveindiegamesbazhoucitybazhoucitybazhoudistrictbazhoudistrictthechineselanguagechinesecharactersmeaningthreeriversmayrefertojapanmikawaprovinceaformerpartitionofjapanmikawaanjstationmainlandchinasanhehebeicountylevelcityinlangfanghebeisanhesubdistrictchengduinxindudistrictchengdusichuantownsnamedsanhesanhedapucountyguangdongsanhefeixicountyanhuisanhehaiyuancountyningxiasanhehongzecountyjiangsusanhetownlongnaninwududistrictlongnangansusanheyanlin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vathykshetramxyrielmanabatalexeystakhanovvladimirleninalexeystakhanovxaviunitypartysouthossetiainfoboxncaateamseasoncoachrankaprankhcyearndmodebasketballyearprevyearnextyearteamxaviermusketeersimagexaviermusketeerslogosvgimagesizeconferenceatlanticconferencedivisionshortconferencearecordconfrecordheadcoachchrismackbasketballchrismackasstcoachpatkelseyasstcoachorlandoransonasstcoachtravissteelestadiumarenacintascenterchampionatlanticregularseasonchampionsbowltourneyncaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaatournamentbowltourneyresultsecondroundthexaviermusketeersmensbasketballteamrepresentedxavieruniversitycincinnatixavieruniversityinthencaadivisionimensbasketballseasoncollegebasketballseasonthiswasheadcoachchrismackbasketballchrismackssecondseasonatxavierthemusketeerscompetedintheatlanticconferencemensbasketballseasonatlanticconferenceandplayedtheirhomegamesatthecintascentertheyfinishedtheseasoninaplaytowintheregularseasonconferencechampionshipthemusketeerslostinthequarterfinalsoftheatlanticmensbasketballtournamentatournamenttodaytonflyersmensbasketballteamdaytontheyreceivedanatlargebidinthencaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaatournamentasaseedwheretheylostinthesecondroundtomarquettegoldeneaglesmensbasketballteammarquettepreviousseasonthexaviermusketeersmensbasketballteammusketeersfinishedthencaadivisionimensbasketballseasonseasoninaplaytowinashareoftheregularseasonchampionshiptheylostinthesemifinalsoftheatlanticmensbasketballtournamentatournamenttorichmondspidersmensbasketballteamrichmondthemusketeersreceivedanatlargebidasaseedtothencaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaatournamentwheretheydefeatedminnesotagoldengopherswomensbasketballteamminnesotaandpittsburghpanthersmensbasketballteampittsburghbeforelosingtokansasstatewildcatsmensbasketballteamkansasstateinthesweetsixteenpreseasonthiswasheadcoachchrismackbasketballchrismackssecondseasonatxavieronoctoberthemusketeerswerepickedbyotheratlanticcoachestofinishsecondintheleaguestandingsandreceivedthreefirstplacevotestuhollowaywasnamedtotheallconferencesecondteamwhiledantejacksonwasnamedtothedefensiveteamjaybilasofespnnamedxavierthetopteamintheatlanticandpraisedthecoachingjobchrismackbasketballchrismackdidinhisinitialseasonrostersourceclasswikitablestylefontsizestylebackgroundeeestylebackgroundeeenamestylebackgroundeeeheightstylebackgroundeeeweightlbsstylebackgroundeeepositionstylebackgroundeeeclassstylebackgroundeeehometownstylebackgroundeeepreviousteamsjordanlathamforwardbasketballffrbaltimoremdunitedstatesusbaltimorecitycollegehighschoolbaltimorecitycollegehsmarklyonsguardbasketballgsoschenectadynyunitedstatesusbrewsteracademyjaycantyguardbasketballgforwardbasketballffrjamestonncunitedstatesusoakridgemilitaryacademybradredfordguardbasketballgjrfrankenmuthmiunitedstatesusfrankenmuthhskevinfeeneyguardbasketballgsrmonticelloilunitedstatesusmonticellohsjohnnymazzaguardbasketballgjrcincinnatiohunitedstatesusstxavierhighschoolcincinnatistxavierhsandrewtaylorforwardbasketballfjrtoledoohunitedstatesusstjohnsjesuithighschoolandacademystjohnsjesuithsjustinmartinforwardbasketballffrbeckleywvunitedstatesusmountainstatejeffrobinsonforwardbasketballfsoindianapolisinunitedstatesuslawrencenorthhighschoollawrencehsjamelmcleanforwardbasketballfsrhamptonvaunitedstatesusbethelhighschoolhamptonvirginiabethelhsdantjacksonguardbasketballgsrgreenfieldohunitedstatesusmcclainhighschoolgreenfieldohiomcclainhskennyfreasecenterbasketballcjrmassillonohunitedstatesusperryhighschoolmassillonohioperryhsjoehughesforwardbasketballfsrindianapolisinunitedstatesuscathedralhighschoolindianapoliscathedralhstuhollowayguardbasketballgjrhempsteadtownnewyorkhempsteadnyunitedstatesusharmonycommunityschoolschedulecolspanstylebackgroundcolorffffffexhibitioncbbscheduleentrydatetimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentnorthernkentuckynorsenorthernkentuckyoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnaticincinnatiohgamenameattendtvscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatetimepmwllnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentbellarmineuniversitybellarmineoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenameattendtvscoreovertimerecordcolspanstylebackgroundcolorffffffregularseasoncbbscheduleentrydatetimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentwesternmichiganbroncosmensbasketballwesternmichiganoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenameattendtvfoxsportsohiofsohioscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatetimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentipfwmastodonsmensbasketballipfwoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenameattendtvfsohioscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatetimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralyesrankopponentiowahawkeyesmensbasketballteamiowaoppranksitestadiumsportsandfitnesscentersitecitystsaintthomasusvirginislandssaintthomasvigamenameparadisejamtournamentparadisejamfirstroundattendtvscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatetimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralyesrankopponentsetonhallpiratesmensbasketballsetonhalloppranksitest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ieldfacilitytensionsamongtheagentsarehighduetopoorcommunicationduringthefightthisconcernsreyeswhodecidestodoublecrosscoulsonandsecuretheforhergovernmenttogethertheagentsdeviseaplantoactivatetheweaponblowingaholeinthebusthedropinpressureopenstheinteriordoorsallowingtheagentstosubduethesoldiersatthefacilityreyesandhermenareincarceratedandtheislaunchedintothesuninarockettheteamwatchthelaunchtogethercelebratingtheircombinedeffortswhilewardagreestosuperviseskyesshieldtrainingskyesecretlyconfirmsherallegiancetothehacktivistgrouptherisingtideinanendtagshielddirectornickfuryscoldscoulsonforthedamagecausedtotheplaneduringthefightandexpresseshisdoubtsoverskyesloyaltyproductiondevelopmentandcastinginjunesamuelljacksonexpressedinterestinappearingintheshowasshielddirectornickfuryhisrolefromthelistofmarvelcinematicuniversefilmsmcufilmswhichledtohiscameoappearanceattheendofthisepisodeexecutiveproducerjephloebsaidtherewereobviouslyanumberofplacesthatwethoughtnickfurywouldhaveabigimpactontheshowbutthemorewetalkedaboutitthemorewewantedtogethiminveryearlysothatitwouldkindofchristentheshowlegitimizeitinitsownwayitwasachallengefortheshowrunnerstokeepjacksonscameoasurpriseduetothisageoftweetsandspoilersinoctobermarvelrevealedthattheepisodewouldbetitledandwouldbewrittenbyexecutiveproducersmaurissatancharoenjedwhedonandjeffreybellwithdavidstraitondirectingthereleaseconfirmedthatmaincastmembersclarkgreggmingnawenbrettdaltonchloebennetiaindecaesteckerandelizabethhenstridgewouldstarasphilcoulsonmelindamaygrantwarddaisyjohnsonskyeleofitzandjemmasimmonsrespectivelyandthattheguestcastwouldincludeleonorvarelaandcarloslealascamillareyesandanarchaeologistrespectivelymusiccomposerbearmccrearyhadalargerorchestratoworkwithonthanhedidwithpilotallowinghimtocomposeamuchmoretraditionalandattimesgrandiosescorehoweverhealsooptedtoexpandhissynthesizerusetobebeefierandmoreaggressivethesouthamericansettingalsoallowedanethniccomponenttoenterthescorewithfrequentmccrearycollaboratorsmbgordyandchrisblethplayingtribalsoundingdrumsandethnicwoodwindsrespectivelyguitaristedtrybekalsorecordedfortheepisodeplayingmultiplesouthamericanguitarsincludingtimpleandcharangomarvelcinematicuniversetieinsthetitularweaponispoweredbythetesseractthemacguffinofcaptainamericathefirstavengerandmarvelstheavengersandwasmadebyhydraafictionalorganizationthatalsoappearedincaptainamericathefirstavengeritisstatedintheepisodethatthelastobjectofunknownoriginthatshieldencounteredwasahammerreferringtotheweaponmjolnirmjlnirwhichcoulsondiscoveredduringtheeventsofthoralsocoulsonreferstoskyeasaconsultantwhichshieldclassifiedironmantonystarkasduringironmanmarvelstheavengersandthemarveloneshotmarveloneshotstheconsultanttheconsultantreleasebroadcastwasfirstairedintheunitedstatesonabconoctoberitwasairedalongsidetheusbroadcastincanadaonctvtelevisionnetworkctvwhileitwasfirstairedintheunitedkingdomonchannelonoctoberitpremieredonthesevennetworkinaustraliaonoctoberhomemediatheepisodealongwiththerestofagentsofshieldsfirstseasonwasreleasedonblurayanddvdonseptemberbonusfeaturesincludebehindthescenesfeaturettesaudiocommentarydeletedscenesandablooperreelonnovembertheepisodebecameavailableforstreamingonnetflixreceptionratingsintheunitedstatestheepisodereceivedapercentshareamongadultsbetweentheagesofandmeaningthatitwasseenbypercentofallhouseholdsandpercentofallofthosewatchingtelevisionatthetimeofthebroadcastitwaswatchedbymillionviewersthecanadianbroadcastgainedmillionviewersthefourthhighestforthatdayandthetwelfthhighestfortheweektheunitedkingdompremierehadmillionviewersandinaustraliathepremierehadmillionviewersincludingmilliontimeshiftingtimeshiftedviewerswithinaweekofitsreleasetheepisodewaswatchedbymillionusviewersabovetheseasonaverageofcriticalresponsemtvcomgaveapositivereviewsayingiftonightsinstallmentisanyindicationthecastwillsoonbeabletosupporttheirownweightmakecoulsonproudandaudiencessitupandpayattentionandcomparingitpositivelytotarzantheepicadventurestarzanbeastmastertvseriesbeastmasterandmutantxtvseriesmutantxterrischwartzofzapitalsogaveaparticularlypositivereviewpraisingboththeconnectionstothefilmsincludingjacksonscameoandtheinternaldevelopmentoftheshownamelythatofthecharacterskyeandtheteamasawholedancaseyofnerdistindustriesnerdistcalledastrongsecondepisodewhichmanagedtocoursecorrectfromsomeofthemisstepsofthepilothepraisedthesolidmixofactioncharacterdevelopmentandhumorandconcludedthattheepisodewasgenuinelyenjoyabletelevisionericgoldmanofignscoredtheepisodeoutofcomparingitpositivelytotheateamandindianajonesfranchiseindianajonespraisingitsselfawarenessjacksonscameoandthedevelopmentofcoulsonscharacterbutcriticizingthelackofdevelopmentfortheothercharactersspecificallyfitzandsimmonsoliversavaoftheavclubcalledtheepisodeanadequatehourofactionadventuretelevisionbutthefirstminutesaremissingthesparkofthefinalpostcreditssceneseeingroomforimprovementforallthecastmembersandconcludingthattheshowfallssomewherebetweenfireflytvseriesfireflyanddollhousetvseriesdollhouseonthespectrumofwhedontvinfluencesgraemevirtueoftheguardiancalledgreggagentsofshieldsgreatestassetfindingthejacksoncameotobeathrillbutthatplotwisethingsperhapsstillfeelalittleinconsequentialthehollywoodreportersmarcbernardinpraisedthescaleoftheepisodedescribingitascomingoutofthegatelikeablockbusterbutcriticizeditsambitionsaskingshouldntthisshowbewellnuttieragentsofshieldneedstounhingeitselfbutgoodandnotjustbeaproceduralhealsosingledoutskyeandmayasbeingunfocusedandunderdevelopedrespectivelyascharactersandhefeltthejacksoncameogavethewholethingachargethatintruthitdidntreallyearnjimsterankoknownforhisworkonnickfuryagentofshieldfoundtheepisodetobesmootherthanpilotalthoughmoreformulaichecriticizedtheplotandcharactersbutpraisedjacksonscameoasanelectrifyingreminderofwhattheseriescouldandshouldbereferencesreflistemrefscontinuityrefnamejacksonimimrefrefnamejacksonthorcaptfaavengersrefrefnamemarvelcontinuityrefcastingrefnamejacksonrefrefnameloebcastingrefrefnamepreviewrefmusicrefnamemusicrefreleaserefnamehomemediarefrefnamenetflixrefratingsrefnameratingsrefrefnamecanadarefrefnameukrefrefnameaustraliarefrefnamedvrrefrefnameavgratingsrefreviewsrefnamemtvrefrefnamezapitrefrefnamenerdistrefrefnameignrefrefnameavclubrefrefnameguardianrefrefnamehollywoodrefrefnamesterankorefrefnamebelloctrefexternallinksarchiveisabcgocomshowsmarvelsagentsofshieldepisodeguideatamericanbroadcastingcompanyabcgiantbarrelspongeredirectmuhammadalbukhariibntaymiyyahhassanalturabifermatslasttheoremxindongaisanethnologicaltermcreatedasacommonlabelforfoursmallethnicgroupsexistingintheextremesoutheastofangolathecussombukushuthedilicoordiricothesambioandthemaxicothesepeoplesliveinthatregionwhichtodayisthecuandocubangoprovincetogetherwithothersmallgroupsbelongingtotheowambopeopleovamboganguelaandsanpeoplesanthexindongapeoplesarelivingonpettysubsistenceagriculturekeepingsmallanimalsandtheoccasionalhuntingandorfishingreferencesfurtherreadingmariafischthembukushuinangolaahistoryofmigrationflightandroyalrainmakingcolognerdigerkppeverlagmovablenumelillakirstengillibrandkirstengillibrandsouthsudaninfoboxvideogametitlexmanimagexmanatarijpgcaptioncoverartdeveloperuniversalgamexpublisheruniversalgamexdesigneralanrobertsprogrammerhkpoonreleasedgenreadultvideogameadultactionmodessingleplayervideogamesingleplayerplatformsatarixmanisapornographypornographicvideogamemadefortheataribyuniversalgamexdesignedbyalanrobertsfilmmakeralanrobertsandprogrammedbyhkpoonthisgamewasinvideogamingreleasedinithasnothingtodowiththesimilarlynamedmarvelcomicsmarvelscomicbookseriesentitledxmenitistheonlytitlemadebyuniversalgamexithadfacedprotestfromwomensgroupswhenitwasfirstreleasedandmostretailersdeclinedtocarryitoriftheydidbuyershadtobeyearsoldtopurchasethegameoritwaskeptwiktionaryunderthecounterunderthecounteritcouldalsobepurchasedviamailorderandanadinvitingsuchpurchasesappearedinatleastonegamingmagazineafullpageadcanbefoundinthejulyissueofvideogamingillustratedconsequentlyasofitisveryhardtofindthegameinntscformathoweverthegameinpalformatiseasiertosourcetherehavebeenreportsthatthereareonlytwentytofortyfivecartridgesinexistencegameplayinthegametheplayercontrolsanakedmaninalabyrinththeobjectiveistoreachthedooratthecenterofthelabyrinthavoidingscissorscrablousecrabsorteethclearingthechallengetheplayerentersabonusstagesimulatingasexualintercoursebetweenamanandawomanreferencesexternallinksatariagecomsoftwarepagehtmlsoftwarelabelidatariagexmanwithboxcartridgeandotherinformationequalitymathematicsredirectshellfinklmaroufalbakhitsamirrifaiblackneckedstorknickeldefensenickeldefenseluoxuejuanluoxuejuanspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesacrusbmnhefemaleupjpgtaxonxylophanesacrusauthorityrothschildjordansynonymsxylophanesacrusisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfrompanamacostaricaandhondurasthewingspanisnbspmmwithfemalesbeinglargerthanmalesitissimilartoxylophanescyrenebutmoregreenadultsareonwingyearroundincostaricainhondurasadultshavebeenrecordedinmaylarvaehavebeenrecordedfeedingonpsychotriachiriquinapsychotriamonteverdensispsychotriapanamensispsychotrianervosaandpavoniaguanacastensisreferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesadaliabmnhemaleupjpgtaxonxylophanesadaliaauthorityherbertdrucedrucesynonymscalliommaadaliasmalldrucesmallxylophanesadaliaisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfrompanamacostaricanorthtosoutheasternbelizeandmexicointhesouthitrangesasfarasecuadorthewingspanisnbspmmthefemalesarelargerthanthemalesitissimilartoxylophanesdepuisetiandxylophanesploetzibuttheundersideofthebodyandwingsismoregoldenyellowandthelinesontheforewinguppersidearemoredistinctadultsareonwinginjanuaryinecuadorandpossiblylongerelsewherelarvaehavebeenrecordedfeedingonpsychotriapanamensispsychotrianervosaandpavoniaguanacastensisreferencesspeciesboximagexylophanesaglaormhntcutumuaramasaopaulobrasilmaledorsaljpgimagecaptionxylophanesaglaormaledorsalmhntimagexylophanesaglaormhntcutumuaramasaopaulobrasilmaleventraljpgimagecaptionxylophanesaglaomaleventralmhnttaxonxylophanesaglaorauthorityjeanbaptisteboisduvalboisduvalsynonymschoerocampaaglaorsmallboisduvalsmallxylophanesaglaoris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eapicalpatchonthecostathefourthpostmedianlineiswelldevelopedandtheareabetweenthisandthefifthpostmedianlineisdarkorangethehindwinguppersideisdarkbrownandthemedianbandisvariableinwidthanddarkorangethereareatleasttwogenerationsperyearthelarvaeprobablyfeedonrubiaceaeandmalvaceaespeciesreferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesdepuisetibmnhefemaleupjpgtaxonxylophanesdepuisetiauthorityjeanbaptisteboisduvalboisduvalsynonymseucheryxdepuisetismallboisduvalsmallxylophanesdepuisetiisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfrombrazilandisprobablyalsopresentinparaguayitissimilartoxylophanesadaliaandxylophanesploetzitheuppersideisolivegreentheabdomenhastworowsoffeeblebrowndotsdorsallyeachsidehasarowofpalegoldenapicaldotsthereareatleasttwotothreegenerationsperyearthelarvaeprobablyfeedonrubiaceaeandmalvaceaespeciesreferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesdocilismhntcutlachacanchaboliviamaledorsaljpgimagecaptionxylophanesdocilismaledorsalmhntimagexylophanesdocilismhntcutlachacanchaboliviamaleventraljpgimagecaptionxylophanesdocilismaleventralmhnttaxonxylophanesdocilisauthorityarthurgardinerbutlerbutlersynonymschaerocampadocilissmallbutlersmallxylophanesdocilisisamothofthefamilysphingidaedistributionitisfoundthroughoutmuchofsouthamericaincludingecuadorboliviaargentinaandperudescriptionthewingspanisnbspmmitissimilartoxylophanesamadisbuttheforewingoutermarginisstraightertheabdomenhasadistinctdorsalmedianlinethereisaprominentdarkgreenalmoststraightpostmedianlineontheforewinguppersideandavestigialdentatesubmarginallinebasaltothesubmarginalrowoftheveinspotsgallerymodepackedxylophanesdocilismhntcuttinalandiaecuadorfemaledorsaljpgfemaledorsalxylophanesdocilismhntcuttinalandiaecuadorfemaleventraljpgfemaleventralgallerybiologythereareatleasttwogenerationsperyearinperuwithadultsonwinginfebruaryandagainfromjulytoaugustadultshavebeenrecordedinfebruaryandnovemberinargentinathelarvaeprobablyfeedonrubiaceaeandmalvaceaespeciesreferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesdoliusjhfemaleupedijpgtaxonxylophanesdoliusauthorityrothschildjordansynonymsxylophanesdoliusisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfromecuadorandboliviathewingspanisaboutnbspmmformalesfemalesarelargeritissimilartoxylophaneshydratainforewingshapebutthegroundcolourisbrownandtherearedifferencesinpatterntheabdomeniswithoutbasallateralpatchesthelateralstripesarepalegoldenyellowandthedorsalmedianlineisnarrowandflankedbytwodiffuselinesweaklyemphasizedbyspotsontheposteriormarginsofthetergitesthebaseoftheforewinguppersideispalegreyalthoughthemiddlethirdisbrownwithaconspicuoussmalldiscalspotimmediatelybeyondwhicharetwoorthreeshortdarkerbrownlongitudinaldashesthedistalthirdisyellowishgreythebasalhalfoftheforewingundersideisbrownandthedistalpartisyellowirroratedwithbrowntheapexhasaconspicuousbrownpatchthereisalsoabrownpatchonthetornusthemarginalareabetweenthesetwopatchesispalerandyellowsuffusedwithorangethehindwinguppersideisdarkbrownthepalemedianbandispoorlydevelopedandoftensuffusedwithblackoverthedistalhalfthelarvaeprobablyfeedonrubiaceaeandmalvaceaespeciesreferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophaneselaramhntdosjpgimagecaptionxylophaneselaramhntimagexylophaneselaramhntventrejpgimagecaptionxylophaneselaraventralsidemhnttaxonxylophaneselaraauthorityherbertdrucedrucesynonymsdarapsaelarasmalldrucesmallchaerocampaeliciussmallmschlersmalltheretraperviridissmallrothschildsmallxelophaneselarasimulanssmallraymundodasilvasmallxylophaneselaraisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfromparaguaysurinamvenezuelaboliviaandbraziltheuppersideofthewingsandbodyareolivegreenandthedistalmarginoftheforewingisstronglyexcavatebelowthefalcateapexthenconvexthedorsalscalesoftheantennaearebasallybrowndistallycreambeforetheapexthethoraxisunicoloroustheabdomenhasathindarkerolivegreenisholivemediallinedorsallytheundersideoftheabdomeniswhitishgreytheforewinguppersidehasasmallconspicuousblackdiscalspotthepostmedianlinesarestraightandobliquethefirsttothirdlinesarefaintthefourthismuchstrongerandthefifthisnotdistinctexceptapicallythesubmarginallineisfaintandhighlightedbyarowoffaintveinspotsthebaseoftheforewingundersidehasagreyishblacktriangularpatchthatjustentersthediscalcellthepostmedianlinethatcorrespondstothefourthlineoftheuppersideisconspicuousandaccentuatedbyadotatthecostatheapicallineisindistinctthebasalhalfofthehindwinguppersideisblackandthemedianbandisbuffsuffusedwitholivegreenthehindwingundersidehasaweakpalegreymedianlinethepostmedianlineisrepresentedbyarowofelongateveinspotsadultsareonwingfrommarchtoaprilandagaininaugustinboliviathelarvaeprobablyfeedonrubiaceaeandmalvaceaespeciesreferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesepaphusmhntcutpetitesmontagnestortuesguyanedorsaljpgimagecaptionxylophanesepaphusmhntimagexylophanesepaphusmhntcutpetitesmontagnestortuesguyaneventraljpgimagecaptionxylophanesepaphusventralsidemhnttaxonxylophanesepaphusauthorityjeanbaptisteboisduvalboisduvalsynonymschoerocampaepaphussmallboisduvalsmalltheretraboettgerismallrothschildsmallxylophanesepaphusisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisfoundfromfrenchguianapossiblyasfarsouthasargentinaitissomewhatsimilartoxylophanesobscurusbutgenerallypalerandwithapinkishtintoveralltheforewingsareshorterandbroaderandlessexcavatebelowtheapextheforewinguppersideissimilartoxylophanesobscurusbutpalerbrownthedarkpatchdistaltothediscalspotissmallertransversenarrowlyovalandlessthanhalfthewidthofthatofxylophanesobscurustheconspicuouspostmedianlineisslightlyconcaveandrunningtotheapexadultsareprobablyonwingyearroundthelarvaepossiblyfeedonpsychotriapanamensispsychotrianervosaandpavoniaguanacastensisreferencesmaanandsheelaspeciesboximagexylophanesfalcobmnhefemaleupjpgimagecaptionfemaleimagoimageflickrggallicexylophanesfalcojpgimagecaptionlarvataxonxylophanesfalcoauthorityfranciswalkerentomologistwalkersynonymschaerocampafalcosmallwalkersmallchaerocampafugaxsmallboisduvalsmallchaerocampamexicanasmallerschoffsmallxylophanesfalcoisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisfoundfromhondurasandguatemalanorththroughmexicotosouthernarizonaandwesterntexasitisgenerallyfoundinoakwoodlandandalongstreamsidesdescriptionthewingspanisadultsaresimilartoxylophanesmonzonibutgenerallypalerwithalessdiffusepatternandmorefalcateforewingstheabdomenhaslongpalehairlikescalestheforewinguppersideispalebrownbeigefromthebasetotheapexwithscatteredblackscalesrestrictedtotheleadingedgeanteriortothediscalspotthebaseofthewinghasapalepurplesuffusionandtracesoftwomedianlinesrunningfromtheinnermarginthereisafullcomplementoffivedarkbrownpostmedianandtwosubmarginallinesallsharplydefinedandconvergingtotheapexitislesscontrastinglypatternedthanxylophanesmonzonithehindwinguppersidegroundcolourispalebrownandthemedianbandconsistsoftwothinstraightdarkbrownlinesthesubmarginalbandispresentandofsimilarcolourandwidthtothetwomedianlinesbutitisdistinctlydarkerthanthegreymarginalbandecologythelarvaepossiblyfeedonbouvardiaglaberrimathereisasinglelargeeyeonthethoraxandsixwhitecirclesdownthesideofthecaterpillartherearealsoextensivebandsofwhitedotsgirdlingtheabdomenadultsareonwingfromjunetoseptemberinarizonaandcontinuouslyinthetropicsreferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesfasslibmnhefemaleupjpgtaxonxylophanesfassliauthoritybrunogehlengehlensynonymsxylophanesfassliisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfromboliviaitissimilartoxylophanesrothschildibutthediscalspotontheforewinguppersideislargerthedeeperolivegreenshadingatthebaseisabsentandthedarkergreenovalpatchdistaltothediscalspotissmallerthepinkcolorationofthefringeoftheinnermarginfromthebasetothepostmedianlineisvisibleonlyoncloseexaminationorwiththeuseofamagnifyingglassthelarvaeprobablyfeedonrubiaceaeandmalvaceaespeciesreferencesxidmlextensibleinstrumentationdataexchangemarkuplanguageisanopenstandardxmltailoredfortheaerospaceindustryxidmldescribeshowdataisacquiredprocessedandpackagedfortransmissionstorageorreproductiontheprimaryobjectiveofxidmlistostoreandexchangecomplexinstrumentationinformationbetweenmultiplevendorsandusergroupsgatheringthousandsofparameterstaxonomytherearefivemajorcomponentswithinxidmlparametersinstrumentspackageslinksandalgorithmseachwiththeirownsubsetofmetadataparametersparametersdescribeallthereistoknowaboutavaluebeingmeasuredexamplesofthetypeofmetadataassociatedwithaparameterincludenameuniquelyidentifiestheparameterdataformatformatusedtoencodethesampleddataexamplesincludeoffsetbinaryandbinarycodeddecimalunitunitofmeasurementoftheparameterexpressedrelativetosiunitslongdescriptiondetaileddescriptionofaparametershortdescriptionbriefdescriptionoftheparametersizeinbitsnumberofbitsusedtoencodethesampleddataitisalsopossibletodecomposeaparameterintosubparametersandtodescribethemeaningofeachsubparameterforexampleabitirigtimecodeirigtimeparameteristypicallybrokenupintohighlowandmicrotimecomponentsinstrumentsinstrumentsarethephysicalhardwareusedindataacquisitionanddescribehowftidevicesareconfiguredallinstrumentssharethefollowingcommonmetadatanameuniquelyidentifiestheparametermanufactureridentifiesthedevicemanufacturerpartreferenceuniquelyidentifiesthetypeofdeviceserialnumberuniquelyidentifiesaspecificdevicedeviceconfigurationdeviceconfigurationisdescribedusingzeroormoresettingssettingsarethosevaluesthataffectthebehaviorofadeviceinanacquisitionnetworksettingsconsistofnamethisisthenameofthesettingdevicevendorspublishtheallowedvaluesforsettingsusingxdefmlexamplesofsettingsincludefiltercutoffandexcitationamplitudevaluethisisthevalueassociatedwithsettingdevicevendorspublishtheallowedvaluesandothervalueconstraintsusingxdefmlpackagespackagesdescribehowdataistransmittedorstoredallpackagesmusthavegloballyuniquenamesexamplesoftransmissionpackagesincludeirigchapterpcmframedefinitionsmilstdmessagedefinitionsandethernetpacketdescriptionsanexamplestorageformatistheirigchapterdatastoragedescriptionallpackagessharethesamecommonstructurepropertiescontainsstructuralandotherheaderinformationcontentdescribesthepayloadcontentofapackagespecificallywhatparametersaretransmittedhowoftentheyaretransmittedandwheretheyarelocatedwithinthepackagesourcedefineswhereapackageoriginatesdestinationdescribesthedestinationofapackageallpackagesalsoincludethefollowingdatanameuniquelyidentifiesapackagepackageratenumberoftimestheapackageissentorreceivedasecondexternallinkslinksdescribethephysicalconnectionsbetweeninstrumentsexamplesoflinksincludeanethernetconnectionbetweentwonetworkeddevicesandanrflinkbetweenanaircraftandagroundstationcardinapcalllinkshaveagloballyuniquenamenameuniquelyidentifiesalinktypedefinesthetypeoflinkegethernetanethernetconnectionandarincaconnectiontoanarincbuspackagesdescribeswhatpackagesarebeingtransmittedonalinkinadditiontothesequencingofthisdataonalinkoptionalalgorithmsalgorithmsdescribehowdataisprocessedexamplesincludepolynomialsusedtolinearizedataandanalgorithmusedtoextractasubsetofbitsfromaparameterbeforetransmissionallalgorithmshaveagloballyuniquenamenameuniquelyidentifiesanalgorithminputsinputparameterstoanalgorithmoutputsparametersoutputbyanalgorithmthesemanticsofhowanalgorithmprocessesandgeneratesdataisdescribedinthebodyofthealgorithmoriginstheuseofxmlhasbecomeincreasinglycommonintheflighttestindustryasameansofautomatingtranslationtasksandfacilitatinginteroperabilitybetweensystemsxidmlwascreatedwiththeaimofaddressingthespecificrequirementsencounteredinaerospaceapplicationsaxidmlcommitteeensurevendorindependenceandensuresxidmlremainsrelevantintothefuturerevisionsxidmlhasundergoneanumberofrevisionsinresponsetocommunityfeedbackandrequirementsitiscurrentlyatversionwhichintroducedseveralmajorchangessinceversiontheseincludefewerschemasforsimplificationtomakeiteasiertoprocessbysoftwareandreducethelikelihoodoffuturechangestotheschemaadditionallyanoptionalcomplementaryschemacalledxdefmlhasbeenaddedthatfacilitatesinstrumentsetupandvalidationreferencesexternallinksxidmlorgxidmlorgspeciesboxnameimagetaxonxylophanesfernandeziauthoritychacinclavijodemarmelssynonymsxylophanesfernandeziisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfromcolombiaandvenezuelathelengthoftheforewingsisnbspmmitissimilartoxylophanestersaxylophanestersatersaandxylophanesrestabutdiffersinitsdarkmonotonousappearancetheheadandthoraxaredarkbrowntobrownblackdorsallythedorsalscalingoftheantennaisdirtywhitetheabdomenisashbrowndorsallywithfivedarklongitudinallinesthebasalblackpatchesarepresentlaterallystripesarepalerrustbrowntheforewinguppersidegroundcolourisashbrownandthepostmedianlinesareindistinctthefourthlineismostprominentthehindwinguppersideisasinxylophanestersatersabutthemedianbandconsistsofarowofcreamcolouredspotsthelarvaeprobablyfeedonrubiaceaeandmalvaceaespeciesreferencesspeciesboxnameimagetaxonxylophanesferotinusauthoritybrunogehlengehlensynonymsxylophanesferotinusisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfromvenezuelathelengthoftheforewingsisaboutnbspmmitissimilartoxylophanestersaxylophanestersatersabutdiffersintheolivegreengroundcolourandamedianbandonthehindwinguppersideconsistingofsmallbrownspotsthehindwingisslightlybroaderandapicallymoreroundedtheuppersideoftheantennaeisscaleddarkgreybecomingpalerdistallytheforewinguppersideisasinxylophanestersatersabutthegroundcolourisolivegreenthehindwinguppersideisalsoasinxylophanestersatersabutthemedianbandspotsaresmallerandaslongastheyarewideadultshavebeenrecordedfromoctobertonovemberinamazonasatelevationsofmetersbutareprobablyonwingyearroundthelarvaepossiblyfeedonpsychotriapanamensispsychotrianervosaandpavoniaguanacastensisreferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesfosteribmnhefemaleupjpgtaxonxylophanesfosteriauthorityrothschildjordansynonymsxylophanesisaonnanussmallraymundodasilvasmallxylophanesfosteriisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfromparaguaybutisprobablyalsofoundinargentinathelengthoftheforewingsisaboutnbspmmformalesandnbspmmforfemalesitissimilartoxylophanesturbatadifferencesintheforewinguppersidearetwoshortdashesdistaltothediscalspotwhichareblurredintoadiffusepatchthefirstandsecondpostmedianlinesaremergedintoabroadbandattheinnermarginofthewinggraduallydivergingtowardstheapexbutdisappearinglaterthefourthandfifthpostmedianlinesareparallelatfirstbutdivergentlaterandthendisappearingthefourthlineisrepresentedonlybyveindotsadultsareprobablyonwingyearroundthelarvaepossiblyfeedonpsychotriapanamensispsychotrianervosaandpavoniaguanacastensisreferencesspeciesboxnameimagetaxonxylophanesfurtadoiauthorityjeanhaxairehaxairesynonymsxylophanesfurtadoiisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfrombrazilthelengthoftheforewingsisaboutnbspmmthereareprobablyatleastthreegenerationswithadultsrecordedinjuneandoctoberthelarvaeprobablyfeedonrubiaceaeandmalvaceaespeciesreferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesfusimaculabmnhemaleupjpgtaxonxylophanesfusimaculaauthorityrfeldersynonymspergesafusimaculasmallrfeldersmallxylophanesfusimaculaniepeltismallgehlensmallxylophanesfusimaculaisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisfoundfrombraziltocolombiaandboliviaadultsaresimilarincolourandpatterntoxylophanesundataandxylophaneszurcheributcanbedistinguishedbytheentirenotcrenulatedoutermarginoftheforewingfurthermorethefirstsecondandfourthpostmedianlinesareconspicuousstronglycrenulatedandmoreobliquedelineatinganarrowrectangularpalepurplegreypatchadultsareprobablyonwingyearroundthelarvaepossiblyfeedonpsychotriapanamensispsychotrianervosaandpavoniaguanacastensisreferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesgermengermenmhntcutmalemexicodorsaljpgimagecaptiondorsalmhntimagexylophanesgermengermenmhntcutmalemexicoventraljpgimagecaptionventralmhnttaxonxylophanesgermenauthoritywilliamschausschaussynonymscalliommagermensmallschaussmallxylophanesgermenbrevissmallclarksmallxylophanesgermenisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfrommexicocostaricaguatemalaandisfoundfromvenezuelatoboliviathewingspanisnbspmmtheforewinghasacrenulatedoutermargintheforewinguppersidegroundcolourisolivegreengreythetransverselinesareindistinctthebasalandtwoantemedianlinesarecurvedoutwardfromtheinnermarginandthenbacktowardsthecostathethreepostmedianbandsarerunningtransverselyacrossthewingdistaltowhichmaybeavariablydevelopedpalerpatchandanorangebrownpatchadultsareprobablyonwingyearroundthelarvaefeedonpsychotriacorreaepsychotriaelatapsychotriaeurycarpaandexostemamexicanumandpossiblyotherrubiaceaespeciessubspeciesxylophanesgermengermenmexicocostaricaguatemalaxylophanesgermenyurakanosmalllichysmallvenezuelatoboliviareferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesgodmanijhmaleupedijpgtaxonxylophanesgodmaniauthorityherbertdrucedrucesynonymschoerocampagodmanismalldrucesmallxylophanesgodmaniisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfrompanamaitismostsimilartoxylophanesrhodinabuttheoutermarginoftheforewingisscallopedtheapexmorefalcateandthetornusmorepronouncedtheforewinguppersideisalsosimilartoxylophanesrhodinabutthepatternismorevariegatedthebasalmostpostmedianbandissinuateandtheareadistaltothelongitudinalbandisconspicuouslypalerthantherestofthewingthehindwingisnarrowerthaninxylophanesrhodinaadultsareprobablyonwingyearroundthelarvaeprobablyfeedonpsychotriacorreaepsychotriaelatapsychotriaeurycarpaandexostemamexicanumandpossiblyotherrubiaceaespeciesreferencesspeciesboximagexylophanesguianensismhntdosjpgimagecaptionxylophanesguianensismhntimagexylophanesguianensismhntventrejpgimagecaptionxylophanesguianensismhnttaxonxylophanesguianensisauthoritywalterrothschildrothschildsynonymstheretraguianensissmallrothschildsmallxylophanesguianensisisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisfoundfromfrenchguianasouthwesttoboliviaitissimilartoxylophanesceratomioidesbuttheoutermarginoftheforewingmarginismuchmorestronglyscallopedandthedorsallinesoftheabdomenareasinxylophanesxylobotesthecostaoftheforewinguppersidehasseveralconspicuoussubapicalandapicalblackspotsthelargestsubapicalspotisquadratemostdistalantemedianlinesandmostbasalpostmedianlinesmeetoninneredgeoftheforewinguppersidethepostmedianlinesareclearlyvisiblewithinthepostmedianareatheyarealmoststraightexcepttowardtheinneredgeofthewingthepalebrownexcavatedareaontheoutermarginofthepostmedianbandisnarrowrectangularandnotwelldefinedduetothevisiblepresencewithinitofthethirdfourthandfifthpostmedianlinesthepalebandsofthehindwinguppersideareintermediateincolorationbetweenthoseofxylophanesceratomioidesandxylophanesxylobotesthereareprobablymultiplegenerationsperyearthelarvaepossiblyfeedonpsychotriapanamensispsychotrianervosaandpavoniaguanacastensisreferencesmariasharapovaspeciesboxnameimagexylophanesgundlachiibmnhemaleupjpggenusxylophanesspeciesgundlachiiauthoritygottliebaugustwilhelmherrichschfferherrichschaffersynonymschaerocampagundlachiismallherrichschffersmallxylophanesgundlachiiisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfromcubaitissimilartoxylophanesirrorataboththeuppersideofthebodyandforewingsaredeepgreenwhilethehindwingsaredarkbrownthelarvaeprobablyfeedonrubiaceaeandmalvaceaespeciesreferencesspeciesboxnameimagexylophaneshannemannihannemannibmnhemaleupjpgimagecaptionxylophaneshannemannihannemannitaxonxylophaneshannemanniauthorityclosssynonymsxylophanessericussmallgehlensmallxylophaneshojedasmallgehlensmallxylophaneshannemanniisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfrommexicoguatemalanicaraguacostaricaandpanamaandfurthersouththroughecuadortoperuandboliviathewingspanisnbspmmitissimilartoxylophanesgermenbuttheoutermarginoftheforewingissmoothexceptforsomespecimensfromperuandboliviainwhichtheoutermarginmaybeslightlycrenulateandsomewhatconcavethereareprobablyatleastthreegenerationsperyearadultshavebeenrecordedyearroundincostaricathelarvaepossiblyfeedonpsychotriapanamensispsychotriacorreaepsychotriahorizontalispsychotriaeurycarpapsychotriaelataandpsychotrianervosapalicoureapadifoliacoussareaaustinsmithiiandthaliageniculatathelarvaehaveeyespotsbutthesearebarelynoticeableinthesecondinstarandusuallydonotbecomeevidentuntilthethirdorfourthinstartheyhaveaverybroadtailsubspeciesxylophaneshannemannihannemannixylophaneshannemannipacificasmallcadiouhaxairesmallpacificregionofmexicoreferencesxylophaneshannemannixylophaneshannemannispeciesboxnameimagexylophaneshaxaireibmnhemaleupjpgtaxonxylophaneshaxaireiauthoritycadiousynonymsxylophaneshaxaireiisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfromfrenchguianaandvenezuelathelengthoftheforewingsisnbspmmitismostsimilartoxylophanesdoliusbutlargerandwithamarkedlydifferentpatterntheantennaeareshortonlyreachingtheforewingd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ritycadiouxylophaneskiefferiisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfromcolombiadescriptionitissimilartoxylophanesaristorbutmorerobusttheouteredgeoftheforewingisstraightertheforewinguppersidegroundcolourisdeeprichbrownandthefirstandfourthpostmedianlinesarefartheraparttheuppersideofthebodyisdeeprichbrowntheforewingundersideisbrownalthoughthebasalareaisdarkbrowngreythesecondpostmedianlineisheavysinuateandcontinuousreachingtheinnermarginthedarkmarginalareaisrelativelyclosetothepostmedianareaandisdelineatedbyagreylinethatispartlytoothedtheanalareaofthehindwingundersideisbrightyellowadultsareprobablyonwingyearroundthelarvaeprobablyfeedonrubiaceaeandmalvaceaespeciesreferencesopenbackunroundedvoweladarcoreytaylorxiangchongmayrefertoxiangchongwatermarginafictionalcharacterinthewatermarginxiangchongthreekingdomsshuhangeneralofthethreekingdomsperiodthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswelltheinseintamilmurasuxueyinglimichancellorweizhengtheheadoftheofficeofstrategicservicesosswilliamjosephdonovanwilliamdonovancreatedthexcounterespionagebranchintoprovideliaisonwithandassistthebritishinitsexploitationoftheultraprogramsintelligenceduringworldwariidonovanmodeledthecounterespionagebranchonbritishcounterespionagethexestablishedseparatelinesofcommunicationforitselfasaselfcontainedunitrefnamenaftalirefbytheendofworldwariithexhaddiscoveredaroundaxisagentsrefnamemcintoshrefoverviewbackgroundwiththebeginningofworldwariitheofficeofthecoordinatorofinformationheadedbywilliamdonovanwassplitandtheofficeofstrategicservicesosscreatedonjunethefederalbureauofinvestigationfbiandofficeofthecoordinatorofinteramericanaffairsfurtherlimitedtheossbyrestrictingitfromoperatinginthewesternhemispherexbecametheossliaisonwiththebritishopenedthedoorsofultratoossexploitationandoperatedthroughouteuropeandtheworldatitspeakattheendofthewarthexbranchhadpersonnelinitsofficerefnamechbrefmissionsthemissionsofthexbranchweretocollectinformationonespionageandsubversiveactivitiesoftheenemyanalyzeprocessandexchangethisintelligencemaintainoperationssecurityoperationalsecuritymeasuresfortheossandpreventinfiltrationoftheossbyenemyintelligenceservicescooperateandgivetimelyintelligencetounitedstatesandalliedintelligenceservicescreateforeignareasubversivepersonalityliststodisseminatetocommandersandintelligencepersonneldonovanalsoestablishedstrongcommunicationandsharingbetweenthesecretintelligenceandxbranchesheadditionallyallowedthexbranchtousefieldrepresentativesincoordinationwiththestationchiefandoutlinedthatthexwouldmaintainseparatecommunicationlinesliaisonsandrecordsxhaditsmainbaseforeuropeanoperationsinlondonbutmaintainedliaisoninwashingtondcwithotheragenciesincludingthefbistatedepartmentstaffmilitarygandofficeofnavalintelligencespecialunitsspecialcounterintelligenceunitsthexcreatedspecialcounterintelligencecounterintelligenceunitssciunitstopasscounterintelligenceinformationbetweenthearmyandtheosstheseunitsexistedbetweensecretintelligenceservicebritishmiandthebritishmilitaryaswellsciunitsworkedunderstaffcounterintelligenceciofficersandassistedmilitarycistaffinamultitudeofareasincludingonthefrontlinestheyadvisedmilitarystaffonselectingcitargetsdistributingcounterintelligencecounterespionageceinformationprotectingsourcesandinterrogatingcapturedsuspectsxofficershandledcollectingandexploitingenemyintelligenceaswellassupplyinginformationonaxisintelligenceagenciestoarmystaffthroughoutthetheaterofoperationstheyalsoservedaschannelsbetweendifferentarmyheadquartersandreceivedspecialtrainingfortheirtaskswatchlistunitthewatchlistunitdisseminatedinformationonagentssuchastheircovernamesaddressesandmaildropsitmaintainedliaisonswiththeofficeofcensorshipuscensorshipofficebritishimperialcensorshipandfrenchcensorshipitalsopassedinformationonenemymethodsofsecretcommunicationinsuranceunittheinsuranceunitsmaintaskwastoinvestigateenemyintelligencesuseofinsuranceasacoverforitsactivitiescounterespionagesmugglingunitthecounterespionagesmugglingunitwasintendedtocoordinateinformationonsmugglingactivitiesbutneverbecameeffectiveduetolowstaffingartlootinginvestigationunittheartlootinginvestigationunitaliuworkedunderthedirectionofthelondonofficeandwascreatedintomonitorfundingforgermansubversiveactivitiesinthepostwarperiodtheunitspecificallyattemptedtocollectinformationonactivitiesandplansoftheenemybylookingatindividualsthatdisposedofstolenworksofartandotherhighvalueitemsthealiuwascreatedbydonovanattherequestofjusticeowenrobertschairmanoftheamericancommissionfortheprotectionandsalvageofartisticandhistoricmonumentsinwarareastherobertscommissionandhadtenmembersdrawnmainlyfromtheartworldincludingdejamessplautjamessplauttheodorerousseauslanefaisonjrcharlessawyerjohnphillipsandottowittmaninthealiudraftedaseriesofreportsdetailingtheactivitiesofpeopleinvolvedinartlootingoperationsxranoperationsthroughouteuropeaswellasinnorthafricainplacessuchasalgeriaandprovidedintelligenceforlargescaleoperationssuchasoperationdragoonoperationanvildragoonapostnormandylandingsddaylandingineuropeinitsoperationsxusedofficersfromothernationsincludingspainandcanadainpositionsashighasunitchiefsxoperationsalsoinvolvedfeedingfalseorharmlessinformationtocontrolledagentsinthefieldtheheadofeuropeanxoperationswasnormanholmespearsonitalyxofficersprimarymissioninitalywastoeliminateforeignservicesintheareaalthoughtheyalsoreceivedtrainingondoublingandcontrollingagentswhichtheregularmilitarycounterintelligencelackedjamesjesusangletonwasassignedtotheromedetachmentofxinwiththemissionofturningaroundthefalteringoperationswithinasixweektimeframeintheendhewouldmoveupfromromechieftotheheadofallsecretoperationsinitalyforthestrategicservicesunitafterthewaroneofangletonskeycontributionsinromewashisdevelopmentofabookofinformationwithconceptsfromultrathatcouldbegiventononultraofficerswiththisinformationtheycouldfishthroughpowsandsuspectsandthendisseminatetheinformationmorewidelyonceithadbeenfoundinalowersecurityclearancesituationiesecretvicetopsecretanotherimportantcontributiontooperationsinitalywasangletonscultivationofrelationshipsandliaisonswithforeignintelligenceserviceshedevelopedacontactinitalysroyalnavycapitanodifregatacarloresiocodenamedsaltyinwhichyieldedimportantinformationasthewarwentonangletonrananotheragentjkinitalyssecretintelligenceservicefromthesummerofonthisagentsuppliedtheallieswithimportantinformationandcorroborationofotheragentssuchassaltyfranceoperationsinfrancewerevariedxofficerslikebettylussierhelpedsetupafrenchspanishcounterintelligenceunitinnicelatersheworkedonoperationsinwhichofficersblendedinwithlocalcommunitiesinfrancetosearchoutnazicollaboratorsandstaybehindagentsenemyagentswereoftengivenclandestineradiosetstocommunicatealliedmovementsxmonitoredandtrackedsignalsfromtheseradiostotheirsourcesandattemptedtoturntheusersintodoubleagentsforthealliesasinthecaseofgordonmerrickaformerfrenchlieutenantspyingforthegermansinperpignancommunistpenetrationoftheossalthoughcounterintelligencewasitsmissionthexfocusedoneuropemorethantheossitselftheossemployedsovietsympathizersandspiesinitsofficesinwashingtondcaswellasothernoncommunistspiessuchasdonavansaideduncanleeduncancleethecommunistsalsopenetratedossoperationsinchinaparticipatinginthetrainingcampsinadditiontoworkingasclericalstaffandhousekeepersreferencesfurtherreadingcutlerrichardwcounterspymemoirsofacounterintelligenceofficerinworldwariiandthecoldwarpotomacbooksincallenwelshdullesdullesallenthesecretsurrenderharperandrowkatzbarrymforeignintelligenceresearchandanalysisintheofficeofstrategicservicesharvarduniversitypresslussierbettyintrepidwomanbettylussierssecretwarnavalinstitutepressmaochunyuossinchinayaleuniversitypresschristofmauchmauchchristoftheshadowwaragainsthitlercolumbiauniversitypressjosephepersicopersicojosepherooseveltssecretwarfdrandworldwariiespionagerandomhouserooseveltkermitwarreportoftheosswalkerpublishingcompanyinclistofjapanesesupercentenarianstasematsunagayintsanginvertedbrevethexeroswashingmachineisanewkindoflaundryclotheswashingmachinewashingtechnologythatcleanslaundryusingprimarynylonpolymerbeadsandverylittlewaterthemachinereleasesnylonpolymerbeadsintoamaincompartmentwherelaundryiswashedthesebeadsaresmallandsuperabsorbentwhichallowsthemtogothroughclothingtoabsorbdirtandstainsthistechnologyisinventedbyuniversityofleedsprofessorstephenburkinshawwhocurrentlyhaspartnershipwithxerosltdinperfectingthistechnologytechnologythewashingmachinecleansusingnylonpolymerbeadsandonetenthofthewaterusedbytraditionalwashingmachineinsteadofcleaningclotheswithwaterthemachineusesreusablenylonforitscleaningprocessnylonpolymerbeadsaremoreabsorbentthanwaterwhichallowsthemtoabsorbstainsrightintotheircorethewashingmachinecreatesahumidconditionintheclothescompartmentthisprocesscausesthepolymerchainsinthenylontoseparateslightlymakingthebeadsabsorbentthebeadsthenabsorbandlockthestainsintheircoreprocessfirstlaundryisinsertedintothecompartmentofthemachinethemachinethenreleasesnylonpolymerbeadsandwatercontainingdetergentontothegarmentsthewashingcyclebeginsandthebeadsbegintoabsorbstainsafterthecycleendsthenylonpolymerbeadsarethenseparatedbyadrumindrumseparationprocessthatisprojectedtoremoveofthebeadsanyremainingbeadscaneitherbeshakenofforremovedwiththeuseofavacuumwandincludedwiththepurchaseofthemachineinventordeveloperthewashingmachinessystemisbasedonprofessorstephenburkinshawsresearchburkinshawspenthistimeattheuniversityofleedsfocusingonthestructureofnylonpolymerbeadshediscoveredthatnylonisthebestmaterialforabsorbingtinyparticlesandtogetherwithhisteamofresearcherscameupwiththeconceptofusingnylonbeadstoremovestainsfromclothesprofessorstephenburkinshawandhisteamofresearchersarecurrentlyinpartnershipwithxerosltdandareplanningtocommerciallyproducewaterlesswashingmachinesbytheendofrefnamegizmagrefrefnamebrighthubrefenvironmentalandenergycostsaccordingtoxerosltditstechnologyuseslesswaterthantheconventionalwashingmachinewhileafrontload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sherthecouncilonforeignrelationsdateaccessdaterefdamconstructionwasreportedtohavebegunonmarchafterchkarnchangannouncedonapriltheysignedausbillioncontractwiththexayaburipowercompanypreliminaryconstructionroadsbridgessupportfacilitieshadacceleratedinthepriorfewmonthscambodiasgovernmentimmediatelyreactedtotheannouncementthreateningtotakelaostointernationalcourtiftheychosetobuilditunilaterallylaosannouncedahalttoconstructiononmayduetocomplaintsfromneighborsandenvironmentalgroupsdescriptionthexayaburidamhasbeenproposedonasiteupstreamofvientianeanddownstreamofjinhongthelastdamofachinesecascadeofsevendamsincludingfourexistingandthreeplanneddamsintermsofenergysupplyitwouldbethethirdlargestprojectamongthoseconsideredfordevelopmentonthemainsteminthelowermekongbasinthexayaburidamwouldbelongandhighwitharatedhydraulicheadofrefnameteamciteconferencetitlexayaburihydroelectricpowerprojecturlmrcmekongorgdownloadpresentationssedimentmonitoringsteamconsultingsayaburihydroelectricityprojectpdfpublishermekongrivercommissionconferencethemrcregionalworkshopondischargeandsedimentmonitoringandgeomorphologicaltoolforthelowertoolforthelowermekongbasinauthorteamconsultingengineeringauthormanagementcoltdlastauthorampyesdateformatpdfaccessdatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebmrcmekongorgdownloadpresentationssedimentmonitoringsteamconsultingsayaburihydroelectricityprojectpdfarchivedatejulyrefrefnamevoacitenewstitlelaodamraisesalarmamongconservationistsurlvoanewscomkhmerenglishnewslaodamraisesalarmamongconservationistshtmlpublishervoakhmerfirstsoeunglastsophatdateaccessdatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebvoanewscomkhmerenglishnewslaodamraisesalarmamongconservationistshtmlarchivedatedecemberrefsittingattheheadofadrainagebasincatchmentareaitwouldcreateareservoirwithgrossstoragecapacityandasurfaceareaofthereservoirwouldreachindepthandstretchbetweenthedamwouldfeatureanavigationlockandtwofishladderfishpassesrefnamedeveloperciteweburlxayaburicombookfliphtmltitlefeasibilitystudyxayaburihydroelectricpowerprojectlaopdrauthorteamconsultingengineeringauthormanagementcoltdcolencolastauthorampyespublisherxayaburipowercompanylimiteddateaccessdatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebxayaburicombookfliphtmlarchivedateaugustrefthepowerplantwouldhousesevenmegawattmwkaplanturbinegeneratorsandonemwkaplanturbinegeneratoraroundpercentofproducedelectricitythesevenmwgeneratorswouldbeexportedtothailandthroughaplannedlongtransmissionlinefromthexayaburidamtoloeiprovinceinthailandifthefinalinvestmentdecisionismadethedamsconstructionwouldtakeeightyearsanditwouldcostapproximatelyusnbspbillionitcouldbecomeoperationalbyrefnamechkarnchangrefsomepeoplequestionwhetherthedamwillfunctioninthelongtermbecauseitsreservoirmaybefilledwithsiltateamofinternationalsedimentexpertsengagedbythemekongrivercommissionmrclookedatthisquestionandconcludedthatapropersedimentmanagementplanandredesignofsedimentpassingstructurewillminimizesedimenttrappingthedeveloperstatedithasacceptedthemrcsconclusionsandadopteditsrecommendationsonsedimentmanagementdevelopersengineersandfinancierstheprojectisdevelopedbyxayaburipowercompanylimitedasubsidiaryofthethaiconstructioncompanychkarnchangpubliccompanylimitedchkarnchangpubliccompanyisalsotheleadingcontractorfortheprojectasyndicatedloanofbillionthaibahtusbillionatthemarchexchangerateisprovidedbysixthaibanksbangkokbankkasikornbankthegovernmentownedkrungthaibanksiamcommercialbanktiscobanktiscoandtheexportimportbankofthailandeximbankthailandselectricityutilityelectricitygeneratingauthorityofthailandegathasagreedtopurchasepercentofthedamselectricityrefnameirnreftheengineeringfirmforthedamisthefinnishcompanypyrypyrycarriedoutacomparisonbetweentheoriginaldesignofthedamandtherecommendationsofthemekongrivercommissionabodythatbringstogetherallriparianstatesofthelowermekongandthathascarriedoutastrategicenvironmentalassessmentfortheimpactoftheplannedcascadeofdamsonthemekonginthatcomparisonpyryrecommendedimprovingthesustainabilityofthedamincludingadditionalenvironmentalstudiesinstallationofadditionalfishladdersandothermeasurestoimprovefishmigrationaswellastechnicaldesignmodificationstoimprovethesedimentandnutrientshandlingafterthispyrywascontractedtomodifythedesignandtosupervisethedamsconstructionwithoutawaitingtheresultsoftheunspecifiedadditionalenvironmentalstudiescriticspointoutthatanalyzingtheenvironmentalimpactofadaminherentlyconstitutesaconflictofinterestwiththemorelucrativedesignandsupervisionofthedampyrystatedandevenguaranteedthatthedamsenvironmentalimpactscouldbemitigatedastatementforwhichitwasseverelycriticizedimpactaccordingtointernationalriversthedamsconstructionwouldcausearoundnbsppeopletoberesettledandmorethannbsppeoplelivinginthedamsareawouldexperienceimpactsduetothelossofagriculturallandandriverbankgardensbringanendtogoldpanningintheriverandprovidelessaccesstotheforestresourcesoftheluangprabangrangethexayaburidamwouldalsohaveasignificanteffectonthebiodiversityoftheriverecosystemandthefisherieswithinthelargermekongriverbasinaccordingtoaworldwildlifefundwwfreportthexayaburidamwoulddrivethealreadycriticallyendangeredmekonggiantcatfishpangasianodongigastoextinctionbecausethemekongisauniqueandparticularlycomplexecosystemthathoststhemostproductiveinlandfisheriesintheworldthestakesarehighfortheconstructionofsuchadamaccordingtoastudyconductedbywwfandtheunfoodandagricultureorganizationandcoordinatedbytheworldfishcentertherearefishspecieswhosespawningandmigratorypatternswouldbeaffectedbyamainstreamdamthischangeinfishbiodiversityandabundancewouldgreatlyaffectthetensofmillionsofpeopleinthegreatermekongsubregionwhodependontheriverfortheirfoodandlivelihoodaccordingtophnompenhbasedworldfishcenterthisdamagetofisheriescannotbemitigatedbyfishpassesandreservoirsrefnameirinirinnewsirinnewsorgreportaspxreportidlaosdecisionexpectedoncontroversialmekongdamfebruaryrefastrategicenvironmentalassessmentcommissionedbythemekongrivercommissionmrcrecommendsayeardeferralofallmekongmainstreamdamsincambodialaosthailandandvietnamandcallsforfurtherstudiesaccordingtoamrcspokeswomanconstructionofthexayaburidamwillresultinirreversibleenvironmentalimpactsthemrcwarnsthatifxayaburiandsubsequentschemeswentaheaditwouldfundamentallyunderminetheabundanceproductivityanddiversityofthemekongfishresourcesmiltonosbornevisitingfellowatthelowyinstituteforinternationalpolicywhohaswrittenwidelyonthemekongwarnsthefuturescenarioisofthemekongceasingtobeabounteoussourceoffishandguarantorofagriculturalrichnesswiththegreatriverbelowchinabecominglittlemorethanaseriesofunproductivelakesrefnametheaustralianrefnoneofthemitigationmeasuresforfishandsedimentpassageincludedinthedamscurrentdesignhavebeentestedatthisscaleorinthisenvironmentnowhereinthetropicshasasuccessfulfishpassagebeenbuiltforadamthesizeofxayaburisaiddrericbaranoftheworldfishcentreinphnompenhitisunreasonabletoassumethattheproposedfishpassageoptionswillbeefficientwhentheyareneitherbasedonsuccessfulexperienceinasimilarcontextnoronastudyofthelocalspeciesfishareastapleofthedietinlaosandcambodiawitharoundpercentofthecambodianpopulationsannualproteinintakecomingfromfishcaughtinthemekongriversystemwithnoalternativesourcetoreplacethemdamswouldalsorestricttheflowofwateroveragriculturalareaslinkedtotherivernotesreferencesmekongrivercommissionthefactsproposedxayaburihydropowerprojectpriorconsultationprocessmrcmekongorgnewsandeventsconsultationsproposedxayaburihydropowerprojectpriorconsultationprocessexternallinksbangkokpostcomnewslocalmrcnationsinvitedtovisitdammrcnationsinvitedtovisitdamsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiisfishpassageprinciplestobeconsideredformediumandlargedamsthecasestudyofafishpassageconceptforahydroelectricpowerprojectonthemekongmainsteminlaostaxoboxnameimagexylophanesneoptolemusmhntcutdosamatescatemacoveracruzmexicomaledorsaljpgimagewidthpximagecaptionmaledorsalimagewidthpximagexylophanesneoptolemusmhntcutdosamatescatemacoveracruzmexicomaleventraljpgimagecaptionmaleventralregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliasphingidaegenusxylophanesspeciesxneoptolemusbinomialxylophanesneoptolemusbinomialauthoritypietercramercramersynonymssphinxneoptolemussmallcramersmallchaerocampabrasiliensissmallschaufusssmallchaerocampatrilineatasmallwalkersmallxylophanesneoptolemustrinitatissmallclosssmallxylophanesneoptolemusisamothofthefamilysphingidaerepartitionitisfoundfromtrinidadandsurinamtovenezuelaandnorthwesternbrazilitisprobablypresentinmuchofsouthamericadescriptionitissimilartoxylophanesloeliaandxylophaneslibyabuthasadeeperredcolorationofthemedianbandofthehindwinguppersidethemesothoraxandmetathoraxhaveapalegreymedialbandthatcontinuesontotheabdomenasapairofthinlinesenclosingadarkerolivegreenorbrownmedianlinethefirstandfourthpostmedianlinesontheforewingsisnarrowandcontinuousfromtheinnermargintotheapextheareabetweentheselinesisyellowcontrastingwiththepinkishcolorationoftherestofthewingthereisablacksubapicaldotwhichisgenerallyverysmallthemedianbandonthehindwinguppersideisbrightredandrelativelybroadtaperingtowardsandreachingoralmostreachingthecostagallerymodepackedxylophanesneoptolemusmhntcutdosamatescatemacoveracruzmexicofemaledorsaljpgfemaledorsalbrcollmhntxylophanesneoptolemusmhntcutdosamatescatemacoveracruzmexicofemaleventraljpgfemaleventralbrcollmhntgallerybiologyadultsareprobablyonwingyearroundreferencesspeciesboxnameimagetaxonxylophanescthulhuauthorityhaxairevagliasynonymsxylophanescthulhuisamothofthefamilysphingidaeitisknownfromlowlandrainforestinguatemalaandcostaricathewingspanisnbspmmitissimilartoxylophanesneoptolemusbutdistinguishablebytheoverallbrightercolourandthemoreacutelyfalcatetipoftheforewingapureblackbasalareatothehindwingandagoldenyellowbandbetweenthefirstandfourthpostmedianlinesontheforewingundersideadultsareonwingyearroundincostaricathelarvaefeedonludwigiaplantludwigiaspeciestheyhaveasnakelikeappearancetheheadandthethreethoracicsegmentscanberetractedintoabdominalsegmentonewhichisswollenandadornedwithapairoflightringedgreyeyespotsreferencesspeciesboxnameimagetaxonxylophanesbalcazariauthorityhaxairevagliasynonymsxy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tmostpractitionersjustassumeitwaswrittenbydailongbangsomeresearchersofmartialartsbelievethatitwasactuallywritteninshanxiduringthefinalyearsofthethcenturyinadditionhistoricalmemoirsandscholarlyresearchpapersonlymentionzhoutongarcherzhoutongteachingyuearcheryandnotspearplayyuehistoricallylearnedspearplayfromchenguangwhowashiredbytheboyspaternalgrandfatheryaodawengbeginninginthelatemingeraandjijikejilongfengstimeevidencefortheartshistorygrowsfirmerjilongfengalsoknownasjijikeisthefirstpersonwhichallagreehadbothexistedandpracticedtheartjilongfengscontributionstotheartaredescribedinthejiclanchroniclespinyinjishijiapuliketheprefacethechroniclesdescribesxingyiquanasamartialartbasedonthecombatprinciplesofthespearthechronicleshoweverattributesthisstylisticinfluencetojihimselfwhowasknownasthedivinespearpinyinshnqingforhisextraordinaryskillwiththeweaponnowadaysmanybelievethatthestylejilongfengwastaughthadbeenshaolinxinyibaastylewhichstillexiststodayandbearsminuteresemblancetoxinyiliuhequanjilongfengreferredtohisartasliuhethesixharmoniesareferencetothemosthighlydevelopedspearstylepracticedinthelatemingmilitarysomespeculatethatduringthatperiodinthedevelopmentofthearteitherjilongfengorsomeofhisstudentshadaconnectionwithmonksatthefamousshaolintempleonsongmountainthereexistsamartialartcalledxinyibawhichisstilltaughtatthegenerallocationofthetempleandbearsafewsimilaritiestoxingyirelatedstylessomeclaimthatshaolinxinyibahadbeentaughttotheshaolinmonksbyjilongfengslinewhileothersholdtheviewthatjilongfengwastaughtmartialartsbythemonksfromjilongfengtheartwaspasseddowntocaojiwufromcaojiwutheartsplitintoitstwobiggestbranchesonebranchcamedownfromcaosstudentmaxueliandbecamexinyiliuhequananartstillwidelypracticedtodaywhichcomparedtootherlineageshavenotundergonemanychangesoverthegenerationstheotherbranchthatcamedownfromcaojiwuwasthroughhisotherstudentdailongbangthelatterpassedtheartintothedaiclanwhichhadmademanychangestoitmixingitwithseveralartsandskillsthathadalreadyexistedinthedaifamilytheartremainsinthedaiclantothisdaybuthasalsospreadelsewhereinchinaandaroundtheworldtheartremainedfairlyobscureuntilliluonengalsoknownaslinengranlearnedtheartfromthedaifamilyinthethcenturyitwasliluonengandhissuccessorswhichincludeguoyunshensongshirongcheyizhailiuqilanandlitaihewhowouldpopularizexingyiquanacrossnorthernchinaitisknownthatliluonengwasproficientinothermartialartsbeforestudyingdaiclansxinyisomeclaimhisoriginalartwasqimenquanperhapshisfamilysstylewhileothersbelieveheactuallystudiedtongbeiquanandgongliquanlicametostudyunderthedaifamilyeitherbecauseheheardoftheirfameinthemartialartsandbusinessormaybeassuggestedbyothersafterhavingfoughtandlosttoapractitioneroftheirartitisgenerallyagreedhethensettledintheareaoftheirvillageandgrewandsoldvegetableswhichearnedhimthenicknamelilaonongoldfarmerlibutalsorespectablefarmerliinitiallymembersofthedaiclanrefusedtoteachhimbutheeventuallywonovertheirtrustandhewastaughtbydaiwenxiongguoweihanorbothafterlearningdaixinyiforanumberofyearsperhapsoveradecadelileftthedaiterritoriesandtraveledacrossshanxiandhebeiprovincesteachingformanyyearshisownelaborationontheartnowcalledxingyiquannoreasonswereeverrecordedforthemanychangeslimadetotheartbuttherearethosewhoclaimthatliwishedtocompetewiththedaiclansfameperhapsbecauseofsomegrudgeliandmanyofhisstudentsandgrandstudentswerefamousforofferingbodyguardandcaravanescortservicesrecenthistorythandstcenturiesacondensedversionofxingyiquanwastaughttochineseofficersatthemilitaryacademyatnanjingduringthesecondsinojapanesewarforclosecombatclosequarterscombatthisincludedarmedtechniquessuchasbayonetandsabredrillsalongsideunarmedtechniquessunlutangalaterexponentoftheartbecamefamousintheearlythcenturyforhisskillschieflyinthebeijingandtianjinareasandforthemartialbookshehadwrittenabouttheneijiainternalartsduringsunlutangslifetimeandmartialcareerheandseveralofhiscontemporariesbegantoclassifyxingyitogetherwithtaijiquantaijiquanandbaguazhangbaguazhangaswudangchuanwudangmartialartsstylesunalsoexchangedknowledgewithhisfriendandcolleaguefuchensungfuzhensongwhosubsequentlytookthisbranchofthearttosouthernchinaafterithadbeenmostlypracticedinthenorthernpartsofthecountryforcenturieslatermanyothershavespreadtheartacrosschinaandtheworldyiquanyiquanwhichhadbeenevolvedfromxingyiquanbywangxiangzhaibecameespeciallywidespreadduringthethcenturyinchinaandacrosstheworldfollowingtheculturalrevolutioninchinasomexingyiformshavebeenadaptedtofittheneedsofmodernpractitionersofthecompetitivesportofwushusportwushuthismeantthatvariousmovementformsfromtheartwereadaptedtoacompetitiveformatinwhichtheemphasiswasputonaestheticsandflowerymovementsratherthanonfightingthestyleisnonethelessrelativelyrareinwushucompetitionsbecauseallwushupractitionersmustcompeteinseveralmandatoryeventswhichmakexingyianonmandatoryartasecondarypriorityinwushucompetitivecirclesastherehadneverbeenasingleorganizationalbodygoverningtheteachingoftheartseveralvariantstylesandsubstylesdevelopedalthoughtherearexingyiquanthexingyiclassicsimportanttextsintheartclassicaltextswhichincludespecificencodedinstructionsandgeneralguidelinesforpracticemanyoftheseareignoredbymostmodernpractitionersandinterpretedindifferentwaysbythosewhofollowtheirinstructionthisisdepictedinthexingyiquanlineagechartlineagechartfurtherdownthispageasaresultoverthedecadesandespeciallyoverthelastfewdozenyearsbranchesofthearthaveconsiderablydifferentiatedanddivergedthistrendwasstrengthenedbyxingyiquancrossinfluenceswithothermartialartscrossinfluencesvariousxingyiteachershadfromothermartialartsandmartialartistsandthespreadofxingyitothewesternworldtheartbegantobetaughtinthewestsomewherealongthesshoweveritonlyrosetoprominenceamongmartialartscommunitiesworldwideduringthefirstdecadeofthestcenturycurrentlyitisstillnotwellknownamongthegeneralpubliconeexplanationforthissituationisthatunlikeothertraditionalorientalmartialartsxingyiwasnotanotablestyleinmovieswhichbecamepopularinthewestandthoughamodifiedwushuversionofitappearedintheonefilmtheonestarringjetlithiswasnottoldorhintedtotheviewersaspartofthatfilmsscriptarguablythemostcommonxingyiquanlineageinthewesttodayisoftheyizongbranchrefnameluodexiurefwhichcamedownfromzhangjunfengmanyofzhangsstudentsandgrandstudentssuchaskennethfishmartialartisthungihsiangsudongchenluodexiuhsuhungchixuhongjiandothershavebeenteachinghisxingyitowesternerssincethesespeciallyamericansthisbranchbecamethemostpopularbecausetaiwanwasopentowesternersduringthethcenturywhilethroughoutmostofthatcenturythecommunistregimeonmainlandchinadidnotallowwesternerstovisitregularlyandthuspeoplewerenotexposedtobranchesoftheartfromthemainlandcontrarytopopularbeliefspreadbysometaiwaneseteachersthearthadnotdiedoutonthemainlandbutwassimplyinaccessibletooutsidersforseveraldecadesproofofthisisthatmanylineagesoftheartdiscussedandreferencedonthispagehadsurvivedthegreatleapforwardandtheculturalrevolutionanotherpopulartaiwanesebranchinthewestiswangshujinslineagewhichwaschieflytransmittedbyhisstudentwangfulaitherearealsoseverallineagesfromtianjinwhicharenowadaystaughtinthewestnamelyincanadaandisraellinesofdaixinyiandxinyiliuhearestillrareinthewestandcanbesaidtoevenberelativelyrareinchinathoughtheyarenotatriskofbecomingextinctintheunitedstatesdaixinyiistaughtbylitailiangandseveralofhisstudentsyiquanontheotherhandhasbecomeexceedinglypopularinthewestbeingtaughtinmanyschoolsespeciallyineuropetherearenostatisticsastothenumberofpractitionersinanyoftheseartsineitherchinaorothercountriesdisputedhistoryancientchinesetextslikethosewhichmakeupthexingyiclassicsoftencontaincharacterswhosemeaningsareobscureorhavedisappearedcompletelyfromthechineselanguagespecializedtermswhichdescribehistoricallyspecificconceptsnamesofancientweaponsforexamplearecommonlyinterpretedwithregardsfortheirclosestmodernlinguisticequivalenttheresultscanbeproblematicproducingtranslationswhicharelinguisticallycorrectbutinconsistentwithinafightingormartialcontexttherecognizedfounderofbaguazhangdonghaichuanwasreputedtohavefoughtguoyunshenwithneitherabletodefeattheotherthoughitispossiblethattheyweretrainingtogetheritwouldhavebeencontroversialatthetimefordonghaichuantohavestudiedunderguoyunshensincedongwastheolderofthetwothemostneutralviewpointwouldbetosaythattheytrainedtogetherwhichmayexplainthestylisticsimilaritiesbetweenbaguazhangandthexingyiquanmonkeyshapebrucekumarfrantzisfrantzisrefnamefrantzisrefarguesthatthisencounternevertookplaceandthatguoanddonghadlittlecontactwitheachotherfrantzisarguesthataxingyibaguaexchangewasmorelikelytohaveoccurredintianjincwherexingyimasterslicunyiandzhangzhaodongbaguamasterchengtinghuaandfourotherxingyiandbaguateacherslivedtogetherfrantzispnbspsunlutangstatesinhisautobiographythatthelegendaryfightbetweenguoyunshenanddonghaichuanneverhappenedthebookstatesthatthetruthofthematteristhatguoyunshenactuallyfoughtoneofhisolderxingyibrothersandlostsunlutangwasastudentofbothguoyunshenandchengtinghuasothisstanceonthesubjectseemstobeoneofthemostaccuratetreatingthestoryofdonghaichuanandguoyunshenasallegoryhoweverrevealsacommontrainingprotocolamongxingyiquanandbaguazhangpractitionersoftenbecausebaguazhangrequiressignificantlymoretimeforapractitionersskilltomatureitisacceptabletolearnxingyiquanfirstorsimultaneouslysuchapractitionerdevelopsatacticalvocabularythatismorereadilyapparentthanthecorebaguazhangmovementsforcontroversiesconcerningtheteachingofonepersonbyanotherreadunderxingyiquanlineagechartlineagechartfurtherdownthisarticlebranchesofxingyiquanfromcaojiwutheartsplitintotwobranchesmafamilysxinyiliuhequandaifamilysliuhexinyiquanthesetwobranchessurvivetothisdaylaterliluonengdevelopedxingyiquanoutofthedaifamilybranchfromliluonengstimeonwardthearthasbeensaidtohavethreemaindevelopmentalbranchesshanxiincludingthesongfamilysubbranchhebeimostcommonlypracticedxingyiquanandthebranchyiquanyiquanevolvedfromhenananalternativenameformafamilysxinyiliuhequanhowevertheidentificationofthreeseparatebranchesistenuousbecauseoftheextensivecrosstrainingthatoccurredacrosstheirlineagesthissuggeststhatthebranchesdidnotevolveinisolationthusdilutinganymajordifferencesbetweenthemshanxiprovincechinayearthestudentbeingdemonstrateduponislatemasteryangsdisciplesudanjeffersschoolsoftheshanxibranchhaveanarrowerstancelighterfootworkandtendtobemoreevasivetheyemphasizethedevelopmentofrelaxationbeforethepracticeofintentionyischoolsofthehebeibranchemphasizexingandyibeforedevelopingahigherlevelofrelaxedstructureandhaveaslightlydifferentevasivefootworkschoolsofthehenanbrancharetypicallythemostaggressiveofthethreethehenanbranchisknownasthemuslimbranchbecauseitwashandeddownwithinthemuslimcommunityinluoyangtowhichitsfoundermaxuelibelongedhenanbranchissometimesreferredtobypractitionersasxinyiliuhequaninsteadofsimplyxingyiquanthismaybeattributedtothefactthatthemuslimcommunityofchinawashistoricallyaveryclosedcultureinordertoprotectthemselvesasaminoritythusretainingtheolderadditiontothenameofxingyiliuhemeanssixharmoniesandreferstothesixharmoniesofthebodythreeexternalharmonieswristsankleselbowskneesshouldershipsthreeinternalharmoniesxinyiyiqiqiliiespiritoremotionalmindxinharmoniseswithyourintentionyiintentionharmoniseswithyourbreathandphysicalmomentumqibreathandphysicalmomentumharmonisewithyourphysicalstrengthlithatcontributetocorrectposturethisisnottobeconfusedwiththeseparateinternalartliuhebafaboththeshanxiandhebeibranchesuseatwelveanimalsystemwithfiveelementswhilethehenanbranchusestenanimalsdependingonthelineageitmayormaynotusefiveelementsduetothehistoricalcomplexityandvaguenessofthelineagesitisuncertainwhichbranchwouldconstitutetheauthenticxingyiquaninallofthefollowingsectionsunderthisparagraphischieflydiscussedtheartofxingyiquanthathadcomedownfromliluonengthesesectionsarenotrepresentativeofdaixinyiquanorliuhexinyiquanliuhexinyiquancharacteristicsandprinciplesxingyiquanfeaturesaggressiveshockingattacksanddirectfootworkmostofthetrainingandfootworkarepracticedonstraightlinesthelinearnatureofthearthintsatboththemilitaryoriginsandtheinfluenceofspeartechniquealludedtoinitsmythologythegoalofthexingyiexponentistoreachtheopponentquicklyanddrivepowerthroughtheminasinglebursttheanalogywithspearfightingisusefulherethisisachievedbycoordinatingonesbodyasasingleunitandtheintensefocusingofonesintentyiandcoordinatedpowerjinutilizingtightcirclesusuallyinaforwarddirectionissuingexplosivepowerinxingyiisreferredtoasfajinthesametermusedinmanyothertraditionalchinesemartialartsdespiteitshardangularappearancecultivatinghardandsoftmartialartssoftneijininternalstrengthisessentialtoachievingpowerinxingyiquanalsotheadvancedpractitioneralwayscontainstightspiralswithinhismovementssoeventheseeminglydirectandlinearonesarecircularonaverysmallscalesuchcirclesandspiralsalsoexistinothermartialartsbutxingyilikesouthernprayingmantismartialartsouthernprayingmantislikestokeepthemsmallerthanothersefficiencyandeconomyofmovementarethequalitiesofaxingyistylistanditsdirectfightingphilosophyadvocatessimultaneousattackanddefensetherearefewkicksexceptforextremelylowfootkickswhichavoidsthehazardsofbalanceinvolvedwithhigherkicksandsomemidlevelkicksandtechniquesareprizedfortheirworkingwithinkeyprinciplesratherthanaestheticvaluexingyiquanfavoursafightingstancecalledsntshliterallythreebodiespowerreferringtohowthestanceholdstheheadtorsoandfeetalongthesameverticalplaneasazhanzhuangmethodthisstanceistrainedlowerthoughusuallyheldshorterandhigherinactualfightingintrainingsantiismoreoftentrainedatmiddlelowheightslikeotherneijiainternalartsmuchofthetraininginxingyiquanisdoneinslowmotionthisistrueforalmostallthemovementsintheartthoughthemajorityofthemcanandarealsotrainedexplosivelyoverviewoftheartanditstrainingmethodszhanzhuangthisisageneralnamegiventopostureswhichoneholdsinplaceforprolongedperiodsoftimeanywherebetweenminutesandhourstheseposturesarerelatedtoposturesusedinactualfightingandaresometimesidenticaltotheminitiallytheseposturesaretaughtasstatictrainingstancesafterashortamountoftimethoughthepractitionerwouldbetaughthowtomovethemusclesandconnectivetissuesonaminutelevelfromtheinsideofthebodymakingthesestancesverydynamicinternallyandmorechallengingtotrainthemostcommonzhanzhuangamongallxingyischoolsissantishiitisthestancedemonstratedbysunlutanginthepictureatthebeginningofthearticleothercommonstancesarehunyuanzhuangwujizhuangfuhuzhuangxianglongzhuangandtheirmanyvariantstherearemanyreasonsfortrainingzhanzhuangamongthemareingeneralitisthesimplestmethodtoworkonthetrainingofonesintentyitheyareusedtodeveloponesmartialstructureonecanlearnthebodilyalignmentsoftheartandperfecttheminamorerelaxedstatecorrectbreathingcanbetrainedmoremethodicallywhileholdingzhanzhuangtherearecertainhealthbenefitsinvolvedinsuchtrainingsometeachersconsiderzhanzhuangtobethemostimportantpracticeinxingyiwhereasothersneglecttotrainandteachthemaltogethertheuseofthesantishizhanzhuangasthemaintrainingmethodinxingyidatesbacktoliluonengthefounderofmodernversionoftheartindaixinyithecentralandmostimportanttrainingmethodiscalledsquattingmonkeyadynamicmovementexerciseratherthanastaticpostureheldinplaceinthegengjishandengyunfengroselitraditionthephrasesantiissometimesreplacedbycentralequilibriumstancesincetheszhanzhuanghasbecomemoreandmorepopularinothermartialartsmanyofwhichsuchassomeschoolsofchenstyletaijiborrowedthesemethodsfromxingyischoolsothermartialartssometimeshadtheirownzhanzhuangmethodsbeforehandtodaytheposturehunyuanzhuanginparticularhasbecomeamainstayofmanystylesitsspreadprobablyowingtothegrowingpopularityofyiquanplowsteppingalsocalledfrictionsteppingmocabuthisexerciseismeanttoingraininthepractitionerthecorrectforwardsteppinghabitsandmethodsofxingyiwhicharedifferentfromthoseofotherartsthoughsimilartothosefoundinsomestylesofbaguazhangplowsteppingisaprecursortoxingyischickensteppingwhichisthefasterandmoreexplosivesteppingmethodintheartinyiquanplowsteppinghadbeenreplacedwithmudsteppingshilimojininmanylineagesthereisanintermittentstagebetweenthestationaryzhanzhuangandthemorecomplexfiveelementsthoughthisstagemightalsobetaughtfollowingthefiveelementsthetwonamesaboveareinterchangeableforafewexercisesdevelopedtofulfillthatpurposeshilimovementsarebasicallysimplifiedversionsofthemoreadvancedbodymechanicsandcirclesfoundinthefiveelementsandtheanimalstheirfocusisontrainingonesstructureandyiandcanbethoughtofaszhanzhuanginmovementtheyareusuallytrainedveryslowlyonemovementatatimerepeatingthesamemovementformanyminutesonendthemoreadvancedpractitionermanyalsospontaneouslylinkupandflowbetweendifferentshilimovementsortrainthemmoreexplosivelywithfajininyiquantheoriginalfiveelementsandanimalshaveallbeencondensedandrefinedintoformsofshiliwhichreplacethemasthecoreexercisesinthearttogetherwithzhanzhuangtherealsoexistsincertainlineagesatypeofshilidrillcalledsibupangenitoriginatedfrombaguazhangandisaformoftightcirclewalkingencirclingasmallsquareratherthanacirclethemainpurposesofitistotrainevasivesteppingandstretchthehipandgroinregionsthekuafiveelementshapeswxngxingyiusesmovementscalledfiveelementschinesethefiveclassicalchineseelementstometaphoricallyrepresentfivedifferentstatesofcombatalsocalledthefivefistsorfivephasesthefiveelementsarerelatedtotaoistcosmologyalthoughthenamesdonotliterallycorrespondtothecosmologicaltermsthesefivemovementsmakethebaseoftheartuponwhichallfurthercombativeknowledgeandskillisbuiltuponmostschoolswillteachthefiveelementsbeforethetwelveanimalsbecausetheyareeasierandshortertolearnthougheventuallymoredifficulttomasterthefiveelementsdonotappearinhenanxinyiliuhequanthoughsimilarmovementsandmethodsexistinthatartscurriculumstylemarginautobordercellspacingcellpaddingspanstylefontsizethefiveelementsofxingyiquanspanstylebackgroundcccwidthpxstylebackgroundcccwidthpxchineselanguagechinesestylebackgroundcccwidthpxpinyinstylebackgroundcccwidthpxstylebackgroundcccchoppingaligncenteraligncenterpaligncentermetallikeanaxechoppingdownandoverdrillingaligncenteraligncenterzunaligncenterwaterdrillingforwarddiagonallyliketwowavescrashingintoeachothercrushingaligncenteraligncenterbngaligncenterwoodlikeanarrowshotdirectlyforwardexplodingaligncenteraligncenterpoaligncenterfireexplodingoutwardlikeacannonballwhilecoveringatthesametimecrossingaligncenteraligncenterhngaligncenterearthcrossingacrossthelineofattackwhileturningoveroriginallyfromtianjindemonstratingavariationofbengquanoneofthefivefistswuxingofxingyiquaneachofthefiveelementmovementshasmanyvectorsofmovementcontainedwithinittogethertheyareusedtoexplorealltheusefulwaysthroughwhichonecouldadvanceonastraightlineeachoftheelementsmaybeusedasazhanzhuanginitselfandinsomeschoolsthisisencouragedacommonsayingoriginatingfromthexingyiclassicsisthehandsdonotleavetheheartandtheelbowsdonotleavetheribsthisismostevidentinthefiveelementssomexingyipractitionersalsousethefiveelementsasaninterpretativeframeworkforreactingandrespondingtoattacksthisfollowsthefiveelementtheoryageneralcombatformulawhichassumestwotypesofcyclicinteractionsandthreetypesofadverseinteractionsthetwocyclicinteractionsarethemutualnourishmentconstructiveandmutualrestraintdestructivecyclestheadversereactionsarelesserknownandrarelytrainedbutexistfromtheunderstandingthatnothingwouldexistifthemutualnourishmentandrestraintcyclesexistedalonetheadversereactionsaremutualoverrestraintoverwhelmingdestructiveinteractionmutualreverserestraintreversalofthedestructivecycleandmutualburdeningunbalancingorreversaloftheconstructivecyclepractitionersabidingbytheseconceptstraintoreacttoandexecutespecifictechniquesinsuchawaythatadesirablecyclewillformbasedontheseinteractionsofthefiveelementtheorywheretoaimwheretohitandwithwhattechniqueandhowthosemotionsshouldworkdefensivelyisdeterminedbywhatpointofwhichcycletheyseethemselvesineachoftheelementshasmanyvariantapplicationsthatallowittobeusedtodefendagainstalloftheelementsincludingitselfsoanysetsequencesareultimatelyentirelyarbitraryinrealcombatbutpresentaframeworkfordevelopingamorepracticalskillthedestructivecycleisoftentaughttobeginnersasitisgenerallyeasiertovisualizeandconsistsofeasierapplicationsanimalshapesshrxngxingyiquanisbasedontwelvedistinctanimalshapesofwhichtenanimalsaremorecommonseetablebelowpresentinallregionalandfamilystylestheseanimalmovementsemulatethetechniquesandtacticsofthecorrespondinganimalratherthanjusttheirphysicalmovementsmanyschoolsofxingyiquanhaveonlysmallnumberofmovementsforeachanimalthoughsometeachextendedsequencesofmovementsstylemarginautobordercellspacingcellpaddingspanstylefontsizethetencommonanimalsspanstylebackgroundcccwidthpxstylebackgroundcccwidthpxchineselanguagechinesestylebackgroundcccwidthpxpinyinstylebackgroundcccbearaligncenteraligncenterxingrowspaninxingyithebearandeaglecombinemeaningthatthebearandeagletechniquesareoftenusedinconjunctionwitheachotherthereisabirdcalledthemountainhawkeaglebeareaglewhichcoversthecharacteristicsofbothformstheeagleisapiquanvariationitmimicsthedownwardclawingactionofthisbirdeaglealigncenteraligncenteryngsnakealigncenteraligncentershincludesbothconstrictorandvipermovementstigeraligncenteraligncenterhfeatureslungingwithopenhandedclawingattacksmimickingthepounceofatigerchinesedragondragonaligncenteraligncenterlngtheonlymythicalanimaltaughtexceptinthosefamilysystemswherethefenghuangphoenixisoneoftheanimalsinsomelineagesitispracticedseparatelyfromtigerbecausetheyaresaidtoclashthisisaminorityopinionchickenaligncenteraligncenterjmimicsthepeckingmovementofachickenandtheflappingofitswingsthisformalsomimicsthequickandaggressivecombatstyleoftheroosterhorsealigncenteraligncentermcombinationofpiandhengmovementsthatmimicstheactionofarearingahorseswallowaligncenteraligncenterynfollowstheswiftandrandommovementsoftheswallowbyrotatingpositionandcirclingtheenemywithstrongbutquickfootmovementmayrefertothepurpleswamphennortherngoshawkgoshawkaligncenteraligncenteryothiscanmeansparrowhawkthoughthemorecommonwordforsparrowhawkusedtobezhnwhichhasfallenfromuseovertheyearsthechinesewordforgoshawkcoversboththenortherngoshawkgoshawkandtheeurasiansparrowhawksparrowhawknoteinsomelineagesthisanimalistranslatedtomeanthegrouseorsmallpheasantaswellasthephoenixamongotherthingstrainstheabilitytopenetratebetweentheopponentslimbsandbodywithstrikesortakedownsmonkeyaligncenteraligncenterhuperformedwithlightagileandsimplestrikingcombinedwithparryinganddeceptionofdistancestylemarginautobordercellspacingcellpaddingspanstylefontsizeotheranimalsthatmaybepresentinaparticularlineagespanstylebackgroundcccwidthpxstylebackgroundcccwidthpxchineselanguagechinesestylebackgroundcccwidthpxpinyinstylebackgroundccccranebirdcranealigncenteraligncenterhchinesealligatorcrocodilealigncenteraligncentertutheanimalitismeanttorepresentistheyangtzeriveralligatorsometimesreferredtoasawaterskimminginsectorwaterlizardinotherlineagesthisanimalrepresentsthechineseostrichchinaexpatcomblogerniewaschinesephoenixactuallyostrichhtmlwhichsomesourcesspeculatecouldactuallybethesourceofthechinesephoenixasianparadiseflycatchertaialigncenterbrsmallseenotesmallaligncenteraflycatcherbirdnativetoasiaduetoitsraritythetwocharactersmaybetranslatedasostrichdovehawkorevenphoenixmythologyphoenixthecorrectchinesecharacterforthisanimalisnottwothischaracterisnotintheearlierversionsoftheunicodestandardsonotallcomputersarecapableofdisplayingitforfurtherinformationunihanfechecktheunihandatabaseforcompletedataonthischaracterturtlealigncenteraligncentergurepresentsthesnappingturtlewhichusesquickheadsnappingmotionstocatchfishsomeschoolswillteachthisincombinationwithtucrocodileconsideringthemtobethesameanimalbazigongthesearefightingcombinationsthatexistinsomelineagesofthearttheyemphasizedirectcombatapplicabilityandelaboratefurtheronthemovementsvectorsandpowersexploredandtrainedwiththefiveelementssometimesthereexisttwovariationsforthebazigongoneforgongfudevelopmentandanotherforactualfightingusagetheremightalsoexistinalineagealinkingformforallcombinationstheeightbazigongarezhncuttingdownseveringjiinterceptingguwrappingkucarryingtioliftingraisingdngpushingupwardslngleadingandyncloudlinkingformsadditionallytothefivefistsandanimalshapesmanylineagesemploythetrainingofseveraladditionalmovementformsfromahandfultoafewdozensomeofthemorecommonformsarepartnerformswhichsimulatecombatscenariosoncetheindividualanimalshapesaretaughtastudentisoftentaughtananimallinkingformshierxinglianhuanwhichconnectsallthetaughtanimalstogetherinasequencesomestyleshavelongerormultipleformsforindividualanimalssucheighttigerformshuxingbashiotherformsoftenlinkmovementsfromthefivefiststhedifferentanimalshapesorbothandcommonlyincludeadditionalmovementsandtechniquesnotfoundelsewheretherealsoexistabazigonglinkingformandmanyweaponsformsweaponsxingyiquanemphasizesacloserelationshipbetweenthemovementsofarmedunarmedtechniquesthistechnicaloverlapaimstoproducegreaterlearningefficiencytraditionallyxingyiwasanarmedartstudentswouldtraininitiallywiththespearprogressingtoshorterweaponsandeventuallyemptyhandedfightingthisgraduallychangedthroughoutthethcenturyastheemphasisinmosttraditionalchinesemartialartsshiftedfromtheuseofweaponstofightingemptyhandedweapondiversityisgreatinmanylineageswiththeideabeingthatanexperiencedxingyifighterwouldbeabletopickupalmostanyweaponavailableoranobjecttouseassuchirrespectiveofitsexactlengthweightandshapecommonweaponsintheartqiangspearspearthisisthemostsynonymousweaponwiththeartspearsareusuallymetersinlengththoughthoseovermeterslongaremeantsolelyforincreasingtrainingintensityandchallengeandhistoricallypeoplewouldnotcommonlyfightwithspearsthatlargethefivefistsofxingyihavevariationswhicharetrainedwiththespearjianchinesestraightsworddaoswordchinesesabrelesscommonweaponszhanmadaolargesabreusedbyinfantryagainstmountedopponentslonggunstaffstaffshortstaffatmaximumlengthyoucouldholdbetweenthepalmsofyourhandsateachendtechniqueswiththisweaponmayhavebeenusedwithaspearthathadbeenbrokenneedlesmuchlikeadoubleendedrondeldaggerrondelgrippedinthecentreonthebattlefieldthiswouldmostlyhavebeenusedlikeitswesternequivalenttofinishafallenopponentthroughweakpointsinthearmourhalberdfuyuehalberdsofvarioustypeschickensickleschickensabresicklethisweaponwassupposedlycreatedbyjilongfengandbecamethespecialweaponofthestyleitsalternatenameisbindingflowerwaistcarrythexingyiclassicsavarietyofimportanttextshavesurvivedthroughouttheyearsoftencalledclassicssongsortheoriesthesetextsuseintentionallyvaguelanguagetodescribetheprinciplesandmethodsofpracticeinliuhexinyiquandaixinyiquanandxingyiquantheyarelessrelevanttomoremoderninterpretationsoftheseartssuchasyiquaninthepastthesetextwerecopiedbyhandandwerekeptsecretthefollowingisalistofthemostcommonlyreferredtoclassicaltextsclassicofunificationclassicoffightingclassicofsteppingclassicofsixharmoniesmuchofthesetextscanbereadinenglishbelowisapictureofonebookcontainingtheclassicswhichbelongstolibofromshijiazhuangateacherwhoclaimstobeadescendantofliluonengthefounderoftheartthisbookistitledwumuquanputhethreestagesoftrainingpowerjininxingyigenerallyspeakingitisacceptedthatinxingyiatleastinhebeiderivedlineagestherearethreestagestoapractitionersdevelopmentofpowerandoverallskillthesethreestagesdevelopandchangeinparalleltoallothertrainingmethodsanddictatethequalityofonestrainingmethodsthefollowingisadescriptionofthesethreestagesatranslationofclassictextsrefnamehuangstrefbydevlinghorrinekmingjincleartoseejinthestrengthandformmustbestrongpreciseandclearextendoutwardwithforcewhenputtingoutforceitmustpassthroughpenetratepierceconnectbepliantferociousroundfirmhaveashakingcuttingstrengthanddeliverexplosiveforcepracticeanddrillthehandtechniquestodeveloptheexternalelementsandtheelbowstodeveloptheinternalelementsadvancingandretreatingwithbentlegsasifwadingthroughmudtangnireferstothepracticeandintentofplowmudsteppinglikewalkingwhileplowingthroughmudthisisthestageofmingjinanjinhiddenjinonemusthavealreadygraspedandhaveastrongfoundationinthemingjinstagethenyoucanstartonthesecondstagenowwhenusingstrengthyoucontainitanddontrevealitontheoutsidestoreupxubutdontemitfadeliberatelystoreupyourjinthepowertofaemitisheldbackbutnotreleasedtotheopponentthisfeelsverypowerfulandstrangeandthenyoucanemitthisiscalledtreadingonthiniceandthefeelingislikewhenwalkingonanicedoverlakeandneverknowingwhenorifyouregoingtobreakthroughtheicethisisthestageofanjinhuajintransformingjinthisisconsideredthehigheststageofpracticeyoumusthavealreadygraspedthestagesofmingjinandanjinandhaveaverystrongfoundationinthemyoushouldhavealotofexperienceinfightingasyoumustknowthatthisstageisshejicongrensameasintaijiquangiveupyourselfandcomplywiththeopponentusezhanliannianandsuistickylinkadheringandcomplyingeverywhereyouneedtobeemptyandnotexertingstrengththewholebodymustbeblendingandsmoothhunyuansmoothroundnessandnotstartingandstoppingthisistheskilloftheopponentdoesnotknowmeialoneknowtheopponentatanytimeplaceormomentyoucanemitfabutonlyemittingforceattheprecisemomentthisisthehuajingstagefamouspractitionersofxingyiquansincethevalidityoflineagesareoftencontroversialthislistisnotintendedtorepresentanylineagenamesarepresentedinalphabeticalorderusingpinyinromanizationstylemarginautobordercellspacingcellpaddingfamousfiguresstylebackgroundcccwidthpxnamestylebackgroundcccwidthpxchineselanguagechinesestylebackgroundcccwidthpxothernamesstylebackgroundcccnotesbuxuekuanaligncenteraligncenterfamousdiscipleofcheyizhaicaojiwualigncenterreportedtohavewonfirstplaceintheimperialmartialexaminationssometimeinthethorthcenturystudentofjijikeandteacherofthedaifamilyfromhimtheartsplitintothetwolinesofdaixinyiandliuhexinyiquancheyonghongaligncenteraligncentercheyizhaifirstdisciplekaimenofliluonengchuguitingaligncenterdiscipleoflicunyihemasteredxingyibaguaandtaijidailongbangaligncenterfirststudentoftheartfromthedaifamilywastaughtbycaojiwufuchensungaligncenteraligncenterchiefinstructorofbaguazhangatthenanjingcentralgoushuinstitutewasgoodfriendswithsunlutangandexchangedmartialartsskillswithhimguoyunshenaligncenterafamousstudentofliluonengalegendarytalereportshimashavingbeenincarceratedforkillingamanwithhisbengquanandwhenconfinedtoaprisoncellonlybeingabletopracticethetigershapemovementsduetohishandsbeingtiedbychainshanmuxiaaligncenteraligncenterstudentofzhangzhaodongfamousnorthernpractitionerwhotraveledsouthtotraininshanxiaswellgreatpatriotandnationalherowhodefeatedawellknownrussianwrestlerandstrongmaninaduelthathas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eineitheracircleortightsquaresortrianglesthelatterpracticereferredtoassibupangenfourstepbaseencirclementchengtinghuaafamousstudentofbaguafounderdonghaichuanissaidtohavetaughthisbaguatomanyxingyimastersincludinggaoyishenggengjishanandsunlutangofwhomiswrittenintheparagraphsbelowgaoyishengsgaostylebaguazhanggaostylebaguazhanghasincorporatedalotofmaterialfromxingyiquanandhislineageknownasyizongincludestheteachingofbothartssunlutangoneofthemostfamouspractitionerofxingyiinthethcenturyhadlearntchengstylebaguazhangandwuhaostyletaijiquantaijiquanaftermanydecadesofpracticingxingyihethenlaterwenttodevelophisownuniqueformsofbaguaandtaijiwhichwereheavilyinfluencedbyhisformerexperiencetraininginxingyimanymartialartslinesnotablythatofchenstyletaijiquantaijiquanfromchenvillagehavebeguntopracticethezhanzhuangpostureknownashunyuanzhuangorchengbaozhuanginrecentdecadestheoriginofthatpostureinmoderntimesisprobablyeitherxingyiquanoryiquanasitisbasicintheartspracticescontrarytosomemodernhypothesisproposedbykaratepractitionersxingyiwasnotcreatedbasedonbajiquananddidnotinfluencegreatlythedevelopmentofokinawankarateratherokinawankaratewasmostheavilyinfluencedbysouthernchineseartsthisiswellsubstantiatedinhistoricalkarateliteraturesuchasintheworksofpatrickmccarthysenseiculturalaspectsofxingyirelationshipwithchineseculturelikealltraditionalchinesemartialartsxingyitoofeaturesastrongbondtothemilitaryreligiousphilosophicalandculturaltraditionsofchinaxingyisweaponsaremostlyoneswhichwereusedonchinesebattlefieldsthroughoutthecenturieswiththedaosworddaoandspearbeingthemostprominentmembersofthatgroupmanyconsiderthestyletohaveoriginallybeenamilitaryartasopposedtoasportlikeboxingoranurbanselfdefensesystemlikewingchunxingyisfiveshapesfiveelementsareaborrowedconceptfromtraditionalchinesemedicinewhichisturnhadborrowedthemfromdaoismtheanimalshapeswereinfluencedinpartbythechinesezodiacthedragonzodiacdragonbeingthechinesemythicalanimalbegetsitssupposedphysicaldescriptionandattributesfromchineselorelikeallneijiaartsxingyiisheavilyinfluencedbydaoismitscombatmeditationmethodszhanzhuangexistedinsimilarformsindaoismbeforebeingintegratedintomartialartsinlatercenturiesthewholetheorybehindusingsoftnesstoovercomehardnessandsimilarideashavetheiroriginsinthedaodejingdaoistconceptsarereadilyimplementedintoactualtraininginthepracticeofxingyithiscanbediscernedinthefollowingparagraphbysunlutangbeforetrainingthereisnothoughtorintentionnofigureorimagenoselforothersonlyqiexistsinthechaosofthebodythestateiscalledwujiinxingyiwithoutknowingtheprincipleofinversemotionpeoplealwaysrigidlyadheredtotheprincipleofthedirectmotionnaturehencetheinternalqiisrestrainedandthingscannotbeproperlyrealizedduetoanobscuremindthatcausesthebodytobeweaktheydonotknowtheprincipleofhealththatextremeyangleadstoyinandextremeyinleadstodeathhoweversagescanbeversedinthewayofinversemotionandcontroltherelationbetweenyinandyangmanagetheprincipalofcreationdirectliangyianothernameforyinandyanggraspthekeypointsandgobacktotheprenatalfromthepostnatalrealmtosettleattheoriginalpositionasthebodybecomesanintegralunititswayisnothingmorethantheprincipleofstretchingandcontractingasinpostnatalwuxingandbaguaboxingthisiscalledthegenerationofqifromwujipopularcultureappearancesinmoderntimesxingyiquanhasbeenfeaturedinvariousmediathroughtheyearsinthedeadoraliveseriesdeadoraliveseriesofvideogamesgenfuandeliotemploythestylewhileinthetekkenserieswangjinreiusesxingyiquanwhilemichellechangandherdaughterjuliachangusexingyimixedwithwrestlingandotherchinesemartialartsinthemortalkombatseriesshaokahnemploysxingyiquanaswellastaitsuchangquanjetliperformedamodernwushuadaptationofxingyiintheactionmovietheonefilmtheoneseenusedbytheherosevilalternatedimensionalselfinamultiverseinthemangaseriesnegimathetitlecharacterstudiesxingyiaspartofhischinesemartialartstrainingxingyiaswellasxinyiliuhequanarealsofeaturedinthemangaserieskenjimangakenjiseealsobaguazhangbaguazhangliuhebafaneijiataijiquanyiquanreferencesfurtherreadingxingyilianhuanquanlicunyitranslatedbyjosephcrandalltranslatedexternallinkscookdingskitchenblogspotcoiltheworldofmartialartsthathaslonghtmlatranslationofchaptersfromlizhongxuansbookonxingyiquanpracticeandhistorychinafrominsidecommaxyxyxylhhistoryhtmlxinyiliuhequanthesecretartofchinesemuslimspartonebriefhistorymacromediaxresinfoboxradiostationimagexlogolowresjpgnamexetrafmcitytijuanabajacaliforniaareasandiegotijuanabrandingxsloganeverythingalternativeairdateinradiofrequencymegahertzmhzformatalternativerocklanguageamericanenglishenglisherpwattshaatmetersclassccallsignmeaningextraoperatorlocalmediasandiegollcownercomunicacinxersasadecvsisterstationsxhitzfmxhrmfmwebcastplayerlistenlivecolistenlivewebsitexcomxcomxetrafmfmbroadcastingfmbrandedxandsometimesidentifiedasxtrafmisanenglishlanguagemexicanownedborderblasteralternativerockmusicradiostationstationbroadcastingfromtijuanabajacaliforniaonnbspmhzthestudiosareinsandiegosmiramesaareathestationisoneofthreeoutletsprogrammedbylocalmediasandiegollcwhotookovertheoperationsofxetrafmfrom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honsundayeveningsbeginningatpmpacifictimenotablestaffmarcocollinsnowatkexplaniminellarecklesserikthompsonnowatvnarratorreferencesexternallinksxcomtheofficialwebsiteyoutubecomwatchvuvlflbglhiaudioofxidsfromxetrafmozakikydissopteragoodmorningfilmdreamsfilmredirectcategoryshellmmnatoredirecthughesxffnmmmmmakarovinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsthatmaybeavailableseethetableatinfoboxsettlementforallfieldsanddescriptionsofusagebasicinfonamenativenamenicknamesettlementtypeprefecturelevelcityimagesandmapsimageskylinebaishiparkjpgimagesizeimagecaptionbaishiparkimageflagimagemaplocationofxiangtanprefecturewithinhunanchinapngmapsizemapcaptionlocationofxiangtancityjurisdictioninhunanimagemapmapsizemapcaptionimagedotmapdotmapsizedotmapcaptiondotxdotypushpinmapchinahunanpushpinlabelpositionbottompushpinmapcaptionlocationofthecitycentreinhunanpushpinmapsizelocationsubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovinceofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehunansubdivisiontypesubdivisionnameseattypeseatpartstypepartsstylelistforlistcollforcollapsedlistparaforparagraphformatdefaultislistifuptoitemscollifmorethanpartspartstextorheaderforpartslistppetcuptopforseparatepartstobelistedpoliticsgovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitlemayorleadernamewuqixiuleadertitlecommunistpartyofchinapartysecretaryleadernamechensanxinleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitlesettledestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedtownestablisheddateestablishedtitleincorporatedcityestablisheddateestablishedtitleestablisheddatefoundernamedforareaareamagnitudeuseonlytosetaspecialwikilinkareafootnotesareatotalkmarealandkmseetabletemplateinfoboxsettlementfordetailsonunitconversionareawaterkmareawaterpercentareaurbankmareaurbansqmiareametrokmareametrosqmiareablanktitleareablankkmareablanksqmielevationelevationfootnotesforreferencesusetagselevationmelevationftelevationmaxmelevationmaxftelevationminmelevationminftpopulationpopulationasofcensuspopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmautoforautomaticcalculationanydensityfieldmaycontainautopopulationmetropopulationdensitymetrokmautopopulationurbanpopulationdensityurbankmautopopulationblanktitlepopulationblankpopulationdensityblankkmgeneralinformationtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetcoordinatesareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypeenterzipcodepostcodepostcodepostalcodepostalcodeareacodewebsitefootnotesxiangtanisaprefecturelevelcityinhunanprovincechinathehometownsofseveralfoundingleadersofthechinesecommunistpartyincludingmaozedongliushaoqiandpengdehuaiareinthexiangtanprefectureaswellasthehometownsofqingdynastypainterqibaishischolargeneralzengguofanandtennisplayerpengshuaigeographyxiangtanislocatedonthelowerreachesofthexiangriveretymologythenamexiangtanisderivedfromlocalgeographythoughthereareseveralexplanationsforitsoriginvarysomewhatindetailsinanycasexiangreferstothexiangriverwhiletanisachinesetermthatmeansdeeppoolspecificallyoneproducedbyamovingcurrentorwaterfalltaninriversgenerallyareplaceswherethecurrenteddyfluiddynamicseddiesonereasoningisthatthecitywasbuiltbyalargeeddyinabendofthexiangriverandwasthuscalledxiangtananothermorelikelystorysaysthenameoriginatedinthexiangzhoueddytodaycalledthezhaoeddythezhaoeddyisanancientwhirlpoollocatedinadeepsectionofthexiangrivernearthetraditionalborderbetweenxiangtanandchangshaandisnamedforkingzhaoofzhouwhoissaidtohavediedtherehistorypremingdynastyrelicsfromthedaxicultureindicatethatpeopleinhabitedthexiangtanareaintherdmillenniumbcshangdynastybronzewareshavebeenfoundintheregionaswellastombsfromthewarringstatesperiodduringthethreekingdomsperiodthekingdomofeasternwubuiltacityinthewestofmodernxiangtancityandorganizedthehengyangcommanderyarounditinthetangdynastyorganizedtheareaasxiangtancountycenteredatmodernyisuriverbythetimeofthenorthernsongdynastyxiangtansgoodaccesstobothlandandwatertraderouteshadestablisheditasthemajorcommercialcenteroftheregionmingandqingdynastiesxiangtanprosperedthroughoutthemingdynastyandqingdynastyuponaneconomicfoundationoftradinginriceandtraditionalchinesemedicinalingredientsandwassometimesreferredtoaslittlenanjingorgoldenxiangtanpriortothesecondopiumwarxiangtanwasacentraltransferpointforimportandexportgoodsgoingtoandfromportsinguangzhoucantonshanghaiandwuhansupportedbyapproximatelyinhabitantspopulationasofithadinhabitantsofwhomlivedinthebuiltupareaurbandistrictsplusxiangtancountytogetherwiththefouradjoiningurbandistrictsofzhuzhouitsbuiltupareaishometoinhabitantsinthecitywasnamedchinastoptenlivablecitiesbychinesecitiesbrandvaluereportwhichwasreleasedatthebeijingsummitofchinacitiesforumreligionsincethicityistheepiscopalseeoftheapostolicprefectureofxiangtansiangtansiangtanensislatinaprediocesanlatinritecatholicjurisdictiononterritorysplitofffromthethenapostolicvicariateofchangshanowitsmetropolitanitisexemptiedirectlydependentontheholyseenotpartofanyecclesiasticalprovinceanditsmissionaryromancongregationfortheevangelizationofpeop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zmimitakesalikingtogeorgeandbecomesoneofhisgoodfriendsinssadiedunhillfromsavannahgeorgiareplacesmizmimiasdchslibrarianshehasrunawayfromherabusiveandpsychotichusbandjohnnybecomesjakesloverandfianceshetravelstorenotogetadivorcefromjohnnybuthetracksherdowntojodieandholdsherhostagetolurejakejakefreessadiewhoisseverelydisfiguredduringtheordealjohnnycommitssuicidejakeandsadiereconcileandsadieendsuphelpingjakepreventoswaldfromshootingkennedysheiskilledintheconfrontationatthetexasbookdepositorybutcomesbacktolifeoncejakeresetsthetimelinebygoingthroughtheportalshesurvivesjohnnysrampagewithoutjakeshelpandisstillaliveinaprilellendockertymizellieanexperienceddchsteacherwhoreplacesdekesimmonsasprincipalbecomesagoodfriendofsadieandgeorgeandadmiresthelatterasateacherbutistroubledwhenshediscovershisteachingreferencesarefakeshebecomesangryathisrefusaltotellsadiewhatheisuptobutremainsjakesallywhenheandsadieareinjuredhistoricalleeharveyoswaldaformerexpatriatetothesovietunionlivinginaseriesofsqualidresidencesinthedallasfortworthareawithhiswifeandchildoswaldwhoisvocalabouthissupportforcommunistcausesisdepictedasanilltemperedlonerwhoactsoutofaselfabsorbeddesireforfameinthealternatetimelineoswaldsattempttokillkennedyisthwartedbyjakeandsadieandheiskilledbyoutsidefireinhissnipersnestatthetexasschoolbookdepositorymarinaoswaldportermarinanikolayevnaprusakovaasovietimmigrantandoswaldswifemarinaisdepictedasbeingavictimofherhusbandsphysicalandverbalabuseaswelltheabuseofoswaldsdomineeringmothermargueritesheisdepictedasaverysexuallyattractivewomangeorgedemohrenschildtasovietexpatriatewhobecomesafriendofoswaldsincitingthewouldbeassassinwithhyperbolicpoliticalrhetoricjakeeventuallyrealizeshoweverthatdemohrenschildtisanapoliticaleccentricwhomerelyfindsoswaldamusingjakeposesasagovernmentagentandthreatensdemohrenschildtintoendinghisassociationwithoswaldjamesphostyjamespatrickhostyanfederalbureauofinvestigationfbiagentwhointerrogatesjakefollowingtheassassinationattempthostyeventuallyallowsjaketoleavedallasmostlyoutofadesiretoavoidresponsibilityforhispreviousfailuretoproperlyinvestigateoswaldmalcolmperryphysicianmalcolmoliverperryadoctorwhotreatsjakeafterhisbeatinginreallifeperrytreatedpresidentkennedyaswellasoswaldotherhistoricalcharactersdepictedinthebookincludepresidentjohnfkennedyandfirstladyjacquelinekennedyonassisjacquelinekennedywhooffertheirgratitudetojakeduringtelephonecallsfollowingtheassassinationattemptinthealternatetimelineafterthefailedassassinationkennedyisreelectedinunitedstatespresidentialelectionanddiesingeorgewallacecurtislemayandhuberthumphreyoccupytheovalofficeafterkennedyfinisheshissecondtermronaldreagandefeatshumphreyintheunitedstatespresidentialelectionelectionhillaryclintonispresidentwhenjakediscoversthedystopiaoflegendarytexasmusiciandougsahmisportrayedasayoungmanplayingwithhisbandattheweddingreceptionfordekeandmimiincriticalreceptionthereviewsforhavebeengenerallypositivewiththenewyorktimesselectingthenovelasoneofitstopfivefictionbooksoftheyearandthelasvegasreviewjournalcallingkingsbestnovelinmorethanadecadethereviewaggregatesitemetacriticjudgedoutofreviewsaspositivewithfourmixedandtwonegativenprbookcriticalancheusefoundnofaultwiththestructurecommentingiwouldnthavekingchangeasinglepageusatodaygavethenovelfouroutoffourstarsnotingthenovelretainsthesuspensefultensionofkingsearlierworksbutisnotofthesamegenrethenovelisnottypicalstephenkingjanetmaslinofthenewyorktimesalsocommentedonthegenrechangeandpacingbutfeltthewriterhasbuiltthenarrativetightlyenoughforthereadertosuspenddisbeliefthepagesofflybyfilledwithimmediacypathosandsuspenseittakesgreatbrazennesstogoanywherenearthissubjectmatterbutittakesgreatskilltomakethisstoryevenremotelycrediblemrkingmakesitalllookeasywhichissurelyhisbooksfanciesttrickthereviewinthehoustonchroniclecalledthenoveloneofkingsbestbooksinalongtimebutoverlongnotingasisusuallythecasewithkingslongerbookstheresalotofselfindulgentfatinthatcouldhavebeentrimmedthereviewinthebangordailynewscommentedthatthenovelisanotherwinnerbutprovidednocriticalreviewoftheplotconstructionlevgrossmaninreviewingthenovelfortimemagazinetimecalledthenoveltheworkofamastercraftsmanbutcommentedthatthewiresgoslackfromtimetotimeandthebookwandersfromgenretogenreparticularlyinthemiddlemorepointedlylosangelestimesbookcriticdavidulincalledthenovelamisguidedeffortinstoryandwritingulinsprimarycriticismistheconceitofthestorywhichrequiresthereadertofollowtwoplotlinessimultaneouslyhistoricalfictionbuiltuponthekennedyassassinationaswellasthetaleofatimetravelingenglishteacherwhichaddsapageloadtothenovelthatulinfoundexcessiveawardsandhonorslosangelestimesbookprizemysterythrilleradaptationonseptemberitwasannouncedthatatvseriesbasedonthenovelwaspickedupbyhulujamesfrancowaschosentostarasthecharacterofjakeeppingtheseriespremieredonpresidentsdayfebruaryandwasmetwithmostlypositivereviewsseealsojohnfkennedyassassinationinpopularculturereferencesexternallinksnytimescomopinionastephenkingthrillerwhatmotivatedoswaldhtmlrastephenkingthrillerwhatmotivatedoswald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enthebirdsanctuaryandthebotanicalgardentheparksinformationcenterhasdisplaysrelatedtothefloraandfaunaoftheareaalthoughtheparkisownedbythecityitismanagedbyaprivatecivilassociationcalledthepatronatodelparqueecolgicodexochimilcoasociacincivilwiththeaimofmakingtheparkselfsustainingeconomicallythereisanentrancefeeoftwentypesosandbicyclesatvsandboatsavailabletorentrefnamefaltanterefoneoftheparksfunctionsistoprovideshelterforwildlifethemosticonicspeciestoxochimilcoistheaxolotlasalamanderspeciesconsideredtobeanincarnationofagodbytheaztecsbecauseofitsabilitytoregrowcertainbodypartsthisanimalishighlyendangeredandisnolongerfoundwildinthecanalsofxochimilcoitiskeptfromextinctionthroughtheeffortsoforganizationssuchasumbralaxochiatlwhichworksinconjunctionwiththeinstitutodebiologadelauniversidadnacionalautnomademxicounamthesehavefacilitiesattheparkotherresearchfacilitiesincludeameteorologystationandalaboratorytotestthesoilandwatermoresuccessfulhasbeenthepreservationofareastohostbirdspeciesboththosethatliveintheareayearroundandthosewhomigratehereinthewintermanyareseenonthelargelakecalledhuetzalenmigratorybirdscanbeseenintheareastartinginoctoberbutthebesttimetoseethemisbetweendecemberandaprilregisteredbirdsincludesparrowsquiscalusgracklesstorkshummingbirdseaglesheronsmoorhensandegretstherearespeciesofducksbothnativeandmigratoryanothermigratorybirdseeninthewinteristhegreategretwhichgrowstouptoameterinheightsomerarebirdsthathavebeenseenhereincludethecommonkestreltheospreyandcertaintypesofowlthemostcommonlyobservedmigratoryspeciesistheamericanwhitepelicanwhichwasnotseenintheareabeforethelakeandcanalswererestoredhoweverthisspecieshasonlybeenseeninnumberssincetheswithreportedasofthesebirdsmigrateherefromcanadaandthenorthernusonedrawbackoftheparkisitslackofmatureshadetreesastheywereplantedwhentheparkwasfoundedinthestheparksecologyremainsindangerfrompollutionassociatedwithurbansprawlthewateriscontaminatedbysewageandhouseholdgarbagedamagingfloradrivingawaywildlifeandriskingthehealthofsurroundingresidentsthecuemancoplantmarketthexochimilcoplantmarketalsocalledthecuemancomarketsitsonanextensionofhectaresofparklandnearthemainentranceoncanalnacionalwhereitcrossestheanilloperifricoanilloperfericoorientehoweveronlyaboutstallsareactivesellingpointstherestareemptyorusedforstoragethemostimportantrelatedproductsmadeandsoldatthemarketareflowerpotsandvasesasthegrowingofornamentalplantsisarelativelynewphenomenonforxochimilcosoisthemakingofthesewaresmanycraftsmentaughtthemselveshowtocreatethemmostaremadefromtraditionalceramicsbutsomearemadewithothermaterialsincludingrecycledonesmostaremadebythesellersthemselvesandpaintedinbrightcolorsandordecoratedwithpebblescrystalsandotheritemsinadditiontotheplantvendingareasthereisacactusgardenandareaswithrestaurantsthemarkethasatleastsevenstandsthatservebeerwithoutthenecessarypermitsandhavebeenaccusedofsellingtounderagestudentsfromthethreeuniversitiesandprepasneartheareauniversidadautnomametropolitanauamxochimilcomonterreyinstituteoftechnologyandhighereducationmexicocityitesmccmandcolegiodebachilleresanumberattractstudentpatronsbyplayingpopularmusiconlargeloudspeakersthesestandsareparticularlypopularwithstudentsonfridaysrefnameunbarrefalthoughtheinstallationofthemarketandothermoneymakingoperationshaveproventobesuccessfulthisplantmarketdidhavefinancialandoperatingdifficultiesinthefinancialdifficultieswereassociatedwithlossesinthefundsdestinedforimprovementsandrepairsonereasonforthiswasthatmanyofthestallshadnotyetbeenrentedanotherproblemwasongoingdisputesbetweenplantsellersandthethenmanagerofthemarketwhichrequiredinterventionbyboroughauthoritieshistorymuchoftheareaoftheparkhasbeenchinampalandsincetheprehispanicperiodxochimilcoisoneoffewareasleftinthevalleyofmexicothatstillhasasignificantnumberofchinampastheareawasdeclaredabiologicalreservebythemexicangovernmentinandaworldheritagesiteinbyunescountiltheparklandhadbeenprivatelyownedhowevertheareahadbeenseverelydegradedwithlakesandcanalsgoingdryandthesalinityandpollutionoftheremainingwatermakingfarmingnearlyimpossiblethepollutionwasprimarilycomingfromthebuenaventurariverwithcarriedwithitdirtywaterfromotherriversinthesouthofthecitybythesthesechinampafarmershadbeenprohibitedfromgrowinganyedibleplantsontheirlandsthecityandfederalgovernmentsconceivedandbegantoimplementaplantosavemexicocitysremainingchinampascalledthexochimilcoecologicalrescueplanplanderescateecolgicodexochimilcothecenterofwhichwastheestablishmentoftheparkthegoaltheprojectistorestorethechinampaecosystemheretowhatitwasduringtheaztecempireandthenpreserveitthatwaytheareawasrechargedwithtreatedwatertoreinvigorateandcreatemuchofthesurfacewaterthatistheretodaynativevegetationwasbroughtinbybiologistsandbotaniststorestoresoilsmuchofthesanitarydebrisfromthemexicocityearthquakeearthquakeandsoilsdugfromthebuildingofthemexicocitymetrometrowasbroughtinafterfiveyearsofworktheparkwasopenedtothepublicineightyearsafteritsestablishmentitalreadyhadtreesandotherkindsofplantsoverhectareshoweverexpropriationofthelandwasfoughtbythechinampaownersforyearsafteritoccurredthemostproblematictimefortheparkwasineightyearsafteritsopeningdespitemajorinvestmentsandeffortsintorestorationtherewerestillveryseriouscontaminationproblemsandanumberofejidolandsthathadbeenappropriatedinthesweregivenbacktoownersbythecourtsthesetbackcausedanumberoflocalorganizationstodenouncetheprojectasafailureanddemandthatthenmexicocitymayorandrsmanuellpezobradorinvestigaterefnamefracasorefsincethentheparkhasmanagedtosurviveandbeselfsustaininghoweverseriousenvironmentalproblemscontinuetoplaguethatparkandtherestofchinampalandsinxochimilcopollutionofthewatersinthelakesandcanalscontinuetobeseriousassewageandhouseholdgarbagefindsitswayintothewaterhoweverthemostpressingproblemisinvasionsofchinampalandbyillegalsettlementsinandfamilieswhohadbeenswindledintoillegallybuyinglandsintheparklosttheirhomesastheywereevictedrefnamemexvenicerefreferencesabudhabimediaxitosenvivoakiramutxombiemayrefertoxombiesazombienovelbywaltergreatshellxombieflashcartoonxombierocketxombiebandthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellfactorxspanishtvseriessyrtisnationalpeoplescongressnationalpeoplescongressxxxxfactorarmeniantvseriesxirongthexalnenetufffootprintsareageologicalacademiccontroversyconcerningadiscoveryofmarkingsinageologicallayerinthevalsequillobasinescuencadelvalsequillosouthofthecityofpuebladelosngelespueblamexicowhichwereoriginallyinterpretedtobehumanandanimalfootprintsthelayerwasvariouslydatedtoyearsbeforepresentbpormillionyearsbpbothdatessignificantlybeforethecurrentlyaccepteddatefortheprehistoricmigrationandsettlementoftheamericasfromasiasettlementoftheamericasastudyarguesthatthemarksweremadebyrecentminingactivitiespasttheoriestheclovispeoplewereatonetimeconsideredtobethefirstinhabitantsoftheamericasmigratingintotheareayearsbphowevertoolsbonestructuresgeneticsandlanguagesindicatethattheearlyamericanswerefrommanyoriginsandtherehavebeensomesitesdatedtoyearsbprefnamemarkdarrenfmarksilviagonzlezdavidhuddartharaldbhneldatingofthevalsequillovolcanicdepositsresolutionofanongoingarchaeologicalcontroversyincentralmexicojournalofhumanevolutionvolpagesrefmethodologycarbondatingtechniqueswereusedimplicationsofthediscoveryimplicationsofthefindbygonzlezetalarethatothercolonisationdatesthatarelongbeforeclovisneedtobereevaluatedasitisraretofindhumanandanimalprintsthesecouldaddtotheliteratureandexperienceoffootprintsgonzlezetalrecommendedafurtherstudycouldbeundertakenonthexalnenemarkingsthexalnenemarkingscouldshedlightonthecontroversiallydatedvalsequillogravelsmegafaunaremainswhicharemostlymineralisedandcannotberadiocarbondateddirectlyifthexalnenefootprintsarepartofamigrationroutethepotentialroutecouldbemappedandfurtherstudiesundertakentofindmoreevidenceofhumancolonisationoftheamericasatthistimerefnamegonzlezsilviagonzlezdavidhuddartmatthewrbennettandalbertogonzlezhuescahumanfootprintsincentralmexicoolderthanyearsquaternarysciencereviewsvolpagesrefrebuttalrenneetalusedargonargondatingandpaeleomagneticdatasuggestingthatthelayerinwhichthefootprintsarepreservedismillionyearsoldratherthantheyearssuggestedbygonzlezetalrennesuggestedthemarkswerepickmarksfromnearbyminingoperationsrefnamerennepaulrrennejoshuamfeinbergmichaelrwatersjoaquinarroyocabralespatriciaochoacastillomarioperezcampaandkimbknightageofmexicanashwithallegedfootprintsnaturevoldecemberpageseerefasaresultofthiswhiletheeditordecidedtopublishtheoriginalpaperwithapostscriptpointingotherstorennespapersomecoauthorsofthegonazalezpaperdecidedtowithdrawtheirnamesfromthepublicationrefnamerosejamesroseeditorialquaternarysciencereviewsvolpagesreflaterresearchgonzalezinitiallyfeltthatthefootprintmarkscouldbedifferentiatedfromoldquarrymarksargonargondatingmaybecontaminatedbyolivineincludingolderargonxenocrystsandphenocrystswereremovedinalaterdatingoftheashmaterialbymarketalwhichconfirmedrennesproposedageforthexalnenetuffareexaminationofwhetherthefeatureswerefootprintswasconductedbymorseetalacomparisonwithothermarkingsthoughttobefootprintswasundertakenfromvariousspeciesofhumansandinvaryingsubstratesandagesrefnamemorsesaritaamymorsematthewrbennettsilviagonzalezdavidhuddarttechniquesforverifyinghumanfootprintsreappraisalofpreclovisfootprintsincentralmexicoquaternarysciencereviewsvolumeissuesseptemberpagesrefthissuggestedthatthemarksweremadebyrecentminingactivityusingpicksthepicksproduceaspallingeffectwhichremovesmaterialmorewidelyaroundthepointofimpactsaysmorseactualpickmarksarevisibleinthequarrybutthisspallingseemstohavecausedtheprintlikedepressionswiththeirmidfootdeeppointssilviagonzalezhasdefendedherthesisandtriedtoputitinthemoregeneralcontextofothermexicansitesseealsohueyatlacoreferencesreferenceseemstobeadeadlinkandisearchedthesiteandcouldnotfindthearticleortheauthororareferencetoapublicationwiththatdatereferenceanditsreferringsentencewithmodificationshouldcomebeforethesectioncit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esidentnelsonmandelaparticipatedintheclosingceremonyreferencesexternallinksthexixinternationalaidsconferencewasaconferenceheldinwashingtondcfromtojulyatthewalterewashingtonconventioncenterrunbytheinternationalaidssocietythemethethemeoftheconferenceisturningthetidetogetherthemeaningofthethemeisthatbecauseofrecentadvancesinhivtreatmentandpreventionandincreasedevidencethatitispossibletoscaleupinterventionscommunitieshavenewopportunitiestochangethehistoricalcourseofhivinfectionspeakerstheconferencefeaturedmanyleadersinfieldsrelatingtohivclasswikitablesortablecolspanstylebackgroundcolorcceeeeplenarysessionspeakersscopecoldayscopecolspeakerscopecolcountryscopecolrolescopecoltalkingpointsrowspanmondayanthonysfaucinationalinstituteofallergyandinfectiousdiseasespublichealthimplementationphillwilsonblackaidsinstituteendingaidsintheunitedstatessheilatlouunaidsaccountabilityforachievingtargetsrowspantuesdayjaviermartinezpicadoaidsresearchinstituteirsicaixaeradicatingthevirusandagendaforacurenellymugouniversityofnairobiandkenyattanationalhospitalimplementationsciencebernhardschwartlnderunaidsthecostsofnecessarypolicyandsocietalchangesrowspanwednesdaybartonhaynesdukeuniversityhumanvaccineinstitutedevelopmentofanhivvaccinecheweluounicefaidsandyouthlindahscruggscommunityrepresentativeanagendaforwomengeetaraoguptaunicefchangingtheaidsservicesforwomenrowspanthursdaypaulsemugomaglobalforumonmsmandhivmenwhohavesexwithmenandhivcheryloversmonashuniversitypublichealthandharmreductiondebbiemcmillantransgenderhealthempowermentdrugusingpopulationsgottfriedhirnschallworldhealthorganizationtestingandtreatmentrowspanfridayanthonyharriesinternationalunionagainsttuberculosisandlungdiseasetuberculosisandhivjudithcurrieruniversityofcalifornialosangelesnoncommunicablediseasesandhivyoganpillaydepartmentofhealthsouthafricasouthafricandepartmentofhealthintegrationofhivserviceswithgeneralhealthservicesresponseofhostcitytheinternationalaidssocietyformallyannouncedthatwashingtondcwouldhosttheconferenceonfebruaryonfebruarymayorvincentcgrayannouncedthecreationofthemayorscommissiononhivaidswhichisacityboardwhichhasthemissiontopromotetreatmentandhivpreventiongraystatedthattheconferencewouldbringmilliontothecityasdelegatesstayedinhotelsateinrestaurantsandenjoyedcityentertainmentreferencesexternallinksthexviiiinternationalaidsconferencewasheldinviennaaustriafromjulyconferencethemethethemeoftheconferencewasknowledgeandcommitmentforactiontheinternationalaidssocietyselectedthisthemetoemphasizetheneedforthegeneralcommunityandpublicandprivatesectororganizationsscientistsandsocialworkerstocommittousetheknowledgegainedthroughscienceandexperiencetakeactionprotesttheconferenceopenedwithunsecretarygeneralbankimoonpointingoutthatfundingbyricheconomiesforpoorcountriesfightinghivaidswasreducedtobilliondollarsfrombilliondollarsinthecountriescutfundingbecauseofthelatesfinancialcrisiskimoonstatedthatsomegovernmentsarecuttingbackontheirresponsetoaidsthisshouldbeacauseforgreatconcerntousallwemustensurethatourrecentgainsarenotreversedintheunitedstatesthepoliticalconcernwastogiveaidtosavethemostnumberoflivesattheleastcostandtherewasadebatewhicharguedthatmorepeoplecouldbesavedbydivertingmoneywhichhadformerlybeencommittedtofightinghivtoinsteadtreatingdiarrheaandrespiratorydiseaseattheviennaconferenceprotesterswereassertingthatinanycasehivpreventionandaidstreatmentwereprioritiesprotestersaccusedbarackobamaofrenegingoncommitmentstofundtheglobalcampaignagainstaidspepfardirectorericgoosbywasthetargetofsomeoftheseprotestsdesmondtutustatedthathewassaddenedbyobamasdecisiontospendlessthanhepromisedtotreataidspatientsinafricathewhitehouserespondedbypointingoutthattheunitedstateshadprovidedofallfundsworldwideforfightingaidsindevelopingcountriesandbysayingthattheattackonaidsmustbecomprehensiveandincludefactorsotherthaneffortsdirectedagainsthivhighlightsunaidsandstoptbpartnershiprecognizedthatworldwidemostpeoplewithhivultimatelydieoftuberculosisandtheyannouncedaprogramwhichhadthegoalofreducingtheperyeardeathrateduetohivandtbtohalfbytheworldhealthorganizationwhoreportedthattherewerelargedisparitiesinavailabilityofcarebetweeneasterneuropeandwesterneuropeandnotedthatincreasesininfectionwereincreasingmorerapidlyintheeastthanthewesttheunitednationsdevelopmentprogrammeundevelopmentprogramandtheasiapacificcoalitiononmalesexualhealthpresentedastudylinkingthecriminalizationofhomosexualitytoanincreaseinasiashivinfectionratesreferencesexternallinksglobalhealthkfforgaidskaiserglobalhealthconferencecoveragewebarchiveorgwebhealthgaporgpressaidshtmlinkstomanymediasourceslibyancrisispresentinfoboxsongnamexxplosiveartistdrdrefeaturinghittmanrapperhittmankuruptnatedoggandsixtwoalbumdrdrealbumreleasednovembersmallunitedstatesussmallformatcdsinglecdrecordedgenrewestcoasthiphopgangstarapgfunklengthlabelaftermathentertainmentaftermathinterscopewriterdrdrenatedoggkuruptproducerdrdremelmantrackslolointrothewatcherfuckyoudrdresongfuckyoustilldrebigegosxxplosivewhatsthedifferencesongwhatsthedifferencebaroneligh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edwiththecommonprefixofthevaluesinitssubtreeandtypicallytheleftchildaddsatotheendoftheprefixwhiletherightchildaddsathebinaryrepresentationofanintegerbetweenandmnbspminusnbspuseslogsubsubnbspmbitssotheheightofthetrieisolognbspmallvaluesinthexfasttriearestoredattheleavesinternalnodesarestoredonlyiftheyhaveleavesintheirsubtreeifaninternalnodewouldhavenoleftchilditstoresapointertothesmallestleafinitsrightsubtreeinsteadcalledadescendantpointerlikewiseifitwouldhavenorightchilditstoresapointertothelargestleafinitsleftsubtreeeachleafstoresapointertoitspredecessorandsuccessortherebyformingadoublylinkedlistfinallythereisahashtableforeachlevelthatcontainsallthenodesonthatleveltogetherthesehashtablesformthelevelsearchstructurelsstoguaranteetheworstcasequerytimesthesehashtablesshouldusedynamicperfecthashingorcuckoohashingthetotalspaceusageisonnbsplognbspmsinceeachelementhasaroottoleafpathoflengtholognbspmoperationslikevanemdeboastreesxfasttriessupporttheoperationsofanorderedassociativearraythisincludestheusualassociativearrayoperationsalongwithtwomoreorderoperationssuccessorandpredecessorfindkfindthevalueassociatedwiththegivenkeysuccessorkfindthekeyvaluepairwiththesmallestkeylargerthanorequaltothegivenkeypredecessorkfindthekeyvaluepairwiththelargestkeylessthanorequaltothegivenkeyinsertkvinsertthegivenkeyvaluepairdeletekremovethekeyvaluepairwiththegivenkeyfindfindingthevalueassociatedwithakeykthatisinthedatastructurecanbedoneinconstanttimebylookingupkinlsswhichisahashtableonalltheleavessuccessorandpredecessortofindthesuccessororpredecessorofakeykwefirstfindasubksubthelowestancestorofkthisisthenodeinthetriethathasthelongestcommonprefixwithktofindasubksubweperformabinarysearchonthelevelswestartatlevelhwherehistheheightofthetrieoneachlevelwequerythecorrespondinghashtableinthelevelsearchstructurewiththeprefixofkoftherightlengthifanodewiththatprefixdoesnotexistweknowthatasubksubmustbeatahigherlevelandwerestrictoursearchtothoseifanodewiththatprefixdoesexistasubksubcannotbeatahigherlevelsowerestrictoursearchtothecurrentandlowerlevelsoncewefindthelowestancestorofkweknowthatithasleavesinoneofitssubtreesotherwiseitwouldntbeinthetrieandkshouldbeintheothersubtreethereforethedescendantpointerpointstothesuccessororthepredecessorofkdependingonwhichonewearelookingforwemighthavetotakeonestepinthelinkedlisttothenextorpreviousleafsincethetriehasheightolognbspmthebinarysearchforthelowestancestortakesolognbsplognbspmtimeafterthatthesuccessororpredecessorcanbefoundinconstanttimesothetotalquerytimeisolognbsplognbspminserttoinsertakeyvaluepairkvwefirstfindthepredecessorandsuccessorofkthenwecreateanewleafforkinsertitinthelinkedlistofleavesbetweenthesuccessorandpredecessorandgiveitapointertovnextwewalkfromtheroottothenewleafcreatingthenecessarynodesonthewaydowninsertingthemintotherespectivehashtablesandupdatingdescendantpointerswherenecessarysincewehavetowalkdowntheentireheightofthetriethisprocesstakesolognbspmtimedeletetodeleteakeykwefinditsleafusingthehashtableontheleavesweremoveitfromthelinkedlistbutrememberwhichwerethesuccessorandpredecessorthenwewalkfromtheleaftotherootofthetrieremovingallnodeswhosesubtreeonlycontainedkandupdatingthedescendantpointerswherenecessarydescendantpointersthatusedtopointtokwillnowpointtoeitherthesuccessororpredecessorofkdependingonwhichsubtreeismissinglikeinsertionthistakesolognbspmtimeaswehavetowalkthrougheverylevelofthetriediscussionwillardintroducedxfasttrieslargelyasanintroductiontoyfasttrieswhichprovidethesamequerytimewhileusingonlyonspaceandallowinginsertionsanddeletionsinolognbsplognbspmtimeacompressiontechniquesimilartopatriciatriescanbeusedtosignificantlyreducethespaceusageofxfasttriesinpracticebyusinganbinarysearchonesidedsearchexponentialsearchbeforethebinarysearchoverthelevelsandbyqueryingnotonlythecurrentprefixxbutalsoitssuccessorxnbspnbspxfasttriescananswerpredecessorandsuccessorqueriesintimeolognbsplognbspdeltawheredeltaisthedifferencebetweenthequeryvalueanditspredecessororsuccessorreferencesseeenwikipediaorgwikiwikipediafootnotesonhowtocreatereferencesusingtagswhichwillthenappearhereautomaticallyreflistrefsrefnamepaperwillardcitejournallastwillardfirstdanetitleloglogarithmicworstcaserangequeriesarepossibleinspacethetanyearjournalinformationprocessinglettersvolumeissuepagesissndoipublisherelsevierrefrefnamepaperkementsietsidiscitationlastkementsietsidisfirstanastasioslastwangfirstmintitleprovenancequeryevaluationwhatssospecialaboutitseriesproceedingsofthethacmconferenceoninformationandknowledgemanagementyearpagesrefrefnamepaperbosecitationlastbosefirstprosenjitauthorlinkjitboselastdouebfirstkarimlastdujmovifirstvidalasthowatfirstjohnlastmorinfirstpattitlefastlocalsearchesandupdatesinboundeduniversesseriesproceedingsofthendcanadianconferenceoncomputationalgeometrycccgyearpagesurlcccgcaproceedingspaperpdfrefrefnamenotesschulzciteweburlcoursescsailmiteduspringscribelecpdfaccessdatetitlelecturenotesfromlectureofadvanceddatastructuresspringfirstandrlastschulzfirstpaullastchristianodaterefexternallinksopen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iusherlatehusbandandthefatherofxerxesthespiritofdariusrisesandshetellshimoftheirsonsmisadventureandwhatprecededitatossafromshoretoshorehebridgedthehellespontghostofdariuswhatcouldhechainthemightybosphorusatossaevnsosomegodassistinghisdesigntheghostofdariusgoesontolamentwithwhatawingedcoursetheoracleshastetheircompletionwiththelightningsspeedjoveonmysonhathhurledhisthreatendvengeanceyetiimploredthegodsthatitmightfallintimeslateprocessbutwhenrashnessdrivesimpetuousonthescourgeofheavenupraisedlashesthefuryforwardhencetheseillspourheadlongonmyfriendsnotweighingthismysonwithallthefieryprideofyouthhathquickenedtheirarrivalwhilehehopedtobindthesacredhellesponttoholdtheragingbosphoruslikeaslaveinchainsanddaredtheadventrouspassagebridgingfirmwithlinksofsolidironhiswondrouswaytoleadhisnumeroushostandswelldwiththoughtspresumptuousdeemdvainmortalthathispowershouldriseabovethegodsandneptunesmightandwasriotthisthephrensyofthesoulbutmuchifearlestallmytreasuredwealthfalltosomedaringhandaneasypreyaeschyluswasanathenianplaywrightwhohadfoughtinthebattleofsalamisandwitnessedtherethedestructionofthepersianfleetdardanellesthesurfacecurrenttothemediterraneanflowsatanaveragespeedofknotunitknotsbutvariesaccordingtowinddirectionswhichmayalsocausethewaterleveltorisebysomethereisansubsurfacecurrentsundercurrentintheoppositedirectionbillsandpointsmaycauseeddiesandshoalsatpresentthenarrowestpartofthedardanellesbetweenanakkaleandkilitbahirisaboutnbspkmyardswideandhasamaximumdepthofithasthestrongestcurrentandinshippingitisconsideredthemostdifficultpartofthedardanellesanakkalewasbuiltduringtheearlyottomanempireonthealluvialgravelfandepositedbyariverinwinteroftenatorrentdescendingfromthenearbymountainsandrecentlytamedbytheatikhisardamyearsagothisalluvialfanmaynothaveprotrudedintothestraitasitdoestodayabydosthetownmentionedbyherodotuswasnorthofanakkaleontheasiaticshorenearnaraburnuformerlynagarathereareshoalstothesouthandtothewestofnarapointbutthedepthinthecenterofthestraitisasmuchasthecurrentisrunningatmorethanknbuttherearelargeeddiesaroundnarapointlocationofthetwobridgesthebridgeslocationbetweenabydosandtheoppositeshorenearsestosasindicatedbyherodotusisacceptedbymanyhistoriansthebritishmajorgeneralfrederickbartonmauriceonavisittotheareainconsideredabeachfurthernorthtobetheonlyacceptablelocationforabridgefromamilitarypointofviewbuttherethedistanceacrossismorethannbspkmyardsthepresentlynarrowestpartatanakkaleappearstobebeyondallquestionmostprobablyitwasnotthatnarrowthenandtherewasaconstantdangeroftheuntamedriverbecomingtorrentialatveryshortnoticeandwashingawaywhateverwasinitsreachtwobridgeswerenecessarybecausethenarrowroadsinthechersoneserequiredthattheverylongcolumnofthetroopsandthesupplycolumnmarchedinparallelinordertoavoidthattheheadofthecolumnwasleftwithoutfoodandwatershipsherodotusisclearintellingusthatonlypentecontersandtriremesieonlynavalvesselswereusedforthebridgesapparentlythisisacceptedbyallhistorianshoweveritdoesnotmakesensetouseexpensivenavalshipsforataskwhichwouldbebetterfulfilledbysimpleandcheapermerchantvesselswithalargerbeamnauticalbeamdeepercenterofgravityandhigherfreeboardnauticalfreeboardthelowestoarportsofatriremewereaboutnbspcmabovethewaterlineandwerenormallyfittedwithleathersleevesanaspectwhichdoesnotreallyqualifythemasabridgecarriershipscarryingabridgeshouldallhavethesameheightinordertoprovideaflatbridgedeckandthusonemayassumethatthebridgeconsistedonlyofpentecontersifnotofcommercialshipsandthatthelargerandhighertriremeswereonlyusedoneithersideofthepassagewaysanchorspontoonbridgesacrossriversareusuallyheldinpositionbyanchorsfastenedtothebowandsternofeachboatandthusatafirstglanceherodotusdescriptionappearstobecorrecthoweverthedepthofthestraitisnotmentionedatallinhishistoriesmodernhistoriansdomentionthedepthbutdonotdiscussitanywhereasaproblemforanchoringthelengthofanchorropesmustbeseveraltimesthedepthofwaterinordertopreventdamagetotheshipcausedbyajerkinganchorropeandtopreventtheanchorfromdraggingalongtheseabedshipsinthecenterofthestraitwouldthushavehadtouseanchorropeswithalengthofseveralhundredmeterseachthetotalofshipswouldnotonlyhaverequiredheavyanchorsbutalsosomenbspkmofanchorropesonemayquestionwhetheratthattimeitwouldhavebeenpossibletomanufacturesuchhugeamountswithinarelativelyshorttimeevenifironanchorsexistedalreadythenrefnameautohammondprefitisunlikelythattheironmanufacturingwascapabletoproducesometonnesofironanchorsinadditiontheanchorageisnotsafethelongropescannotpreventtheshipsfromswingingandcollidinginparticularwheneddiesaddtotheconfusionandlongropesgetentangledlastbutnotleastitseemstobeimpossibletofindtherightpointsfordroppingtheanchorssothattheirlonglineswouldholdtheshipsproperlylinedupacrossthestraitifoneadherestotheshipsbeinganchoredasdescribedbyherodotusonehastotakeintoaccountthateachbridgetogetherwiththespacerequiredfortheanchorropeswouldhaveoccupiedastripuptomwidehowevertheshoreatabydoswouldnothavebeenwideenoughtoaccommodatetwosuchbridgesthereisafurthertechnicalpointtheadditionofanchorsandofcablesreachingfromshoretoshoreprovidesaddedholdingpowertotheshipsonlyintheoryieiftheshipstensionontheanchorropesandonthecablesisexactlyequalbutinpracticeitisnotpossibletotunethemtosuchadegreeespeciallynotundertheinfluenceofchangingwindscurrentseddiesandundercurrentsbutthenthewholeloadhastobebornebyeithertheropesorthecableswithouttheotherslackonecontributinganythingtothehorizontalloadbearingcapacityoftheinstallationthereforethereappearsnoalternativebuttoassumethattheshipswereheldinplacebythelongcablesonlyandthatanchorswereusedonlytemporarilytoholdshipsinshoalwatersuntiltheywereattachedtothecableslengthofthebridgesthelengthofsevenstadiaorsomemasindicatedbyherodotusistooshortinanyeventatabydosthedistancebetweentheshoresissomemyetthebridgeswouldhavebeenlongeriftheycouldnotbekeptinpositionbyanchorsbecauseofthedepthofthestraittheymusthavebeenheldbycablesreachingfromshoretoshorenomatterwhetherbyasinglelongcableorbyaseriesofcablesbecauseofthecurrentandthelateralwindforcestheywouldhavedescribedalargecurveallowingforasortofhorizontalsagofthecablesinordertopreventthetensiontoincreaseindefinitelysimilartothecurvesofthemaincablesinmodernsuspensionbridgesthecableswouldhavebeensometolongerthanthedistancebetweentheshoresplussomelengthsforfasteningthemonshoreandontheshipsthisresultsinthelengthofthesecablesexceedingifthebeamofapenteconteristakentobethebridgeconsistingofshipsspreadacrossmwouldshowgapsofsomeiftheopeningsmadebytriremesaredisregardedagapofmseemstobereasonabletheotherbridgeconsistingofshipsinasimilarconfigurationwouldthenhavealengthofneartowhichappearsreasonableforabridgesituatedsomedistancetothenortheastofnagarapointwidthofthebridgesrespectivetotheroadsherodotusdoesnotgiveanyindicationofthewidthofthebridgesoroftheroadspassingoverthemoneassumesthewidthofgreekroadstohavemeasuredbetweenalargerbridgewouldnothaveanypositiveeffectsincetheroadattheendofthebridgecouldnottakeupallthearrivingmassesfurthermorelargepontoonbridgesappeartorollmoredistinctlythannarrowonesandthehorsesnervousfromtheoutsetgetevenmorefrightenedcablestheordersmadeinthepreparatoryphasetoproducecablesforthebridgesarementionedbyherodotusinarathercasualwaylikeordersforlargerquantitiesofstandardmerchandiseonlywhenhedescribesthebridgesrebuiltafterthestormhegivesasingleindicationsayingthattheweightofthecablesmadeofwhiteflaxwasonetalentpercubitwhatroughlytranslatesintonbspkgnbspcmornbspkgpermeterusingvariousmethodsofconversiononearrivesatdiametersbetweenandnbspcmbetweenandnbspinchescablesweighingthatmuchcannotbehandleditisalmostimpossibletobendcableswithsuchadiameterortoreelthemonacabledrumwhichprobablydidnotyetexistatthattimeortoputthemintoanyothertransportableconditionbollardsofseveralmetersindiameterwouldhavebeennecessaryinordertofastenthesecableswithoutbreakingthemherodotusappearstotalkaboutundividedcablesreachingfromshoretoshorehoweverasinglecableofmwouldhaveweighedtonnesandeventodaycouldnotbetransportedbyanypracticalmeanssincesuchcablesorropescannotbehandledandthereforehavenopracticalfieldofapplicationitcannotbeassumedthatanyropemakerinantiquityhaseverproducedsuchacablethataloneissufficienttodiscardtheoccasionalopinionthattheropeshadbeenproducedanddeliveredinmanageablelengthsandhadbeensplicedtogetheronthespottheideaofthecableshavingbeenproducedontheshipsalreadylinedupforthebridgedoesnotappeartobefeasibleeitherifsuchropesneverhadbeenproduceditismorethanunlikelythatthepersiangeneralstaffwouldhavereliedonatotallyunknownmethodofproductiontobeexecutedonswayingshipstobuildbridgesofvitalimportanceforthewholecampaigninparticularsinceeverybodyinvolvedwasawarethatanyfailurecouldresultinhisbeingbeheadedbesidesropemakingrequiresacertaintensionofthestrandsandoftheropeforthisreasonithasbeenassumedthatinitiallyduringtheperiodofropeproductiontheshipswouldhavebeenmoorednexttoeachotherinordertowithstandthetensionoftheropemakingtakingplaceacrossthemonemayimaginethisprocedurebeingexecutedacrossthreeorfourshipsbutwithanylargernumberofshipsinopenwaterseveredamagetotheshipsandseriousdisruptionsoftheropemakingmustbeanticipateditseemsimpossibletotightencablesofsuchenormouslengthsbywindlassesasdescribedbyherodotusthusthereappearstobenoalternativebuttoassumethattheshipshavebeenmooredonetotheotherinalongcurvebyanumberofropesofnormalcommercialqualityasusuallyproducedatthattimeandthatgapsofsomemetershavebeenleftbetweentheshipsinthiscontextitdoesnotmatterwhetheralengthofropejustextendedfromoneshiptothenextoneorwhetheritreachedacrossseveralshipsitalsodoesnotmatterwhetheritwassufficienttodothemooringbyusingjustoneropeatthebowandatthesternifanumberofropeswerenecessarytheywouldhavebeenplacedclosetoeachotherpayingattentiontotensionsontheseropesbeingequalinordertoavoidentanglingtheseropesliketheparallelwiresinthemaincablesofmodernsuspensionbridgesmighthavebeenwrappedbysomesortofsheetsorropesthiswouldhavegiventhemtheappearanceofoneextremelythickandheavycableasdescribedinthehistoriesaccordingtoherodotustheropeswerenotonlyusedasmooringropesbutalsosupportedthewoodenlogsformingthebridgedeckwhichisaratherunusualmethodofconstructionsailorscarefullypreventropesfromchafingorfrombeingpressedbyhardobjectsandthustrytoavoidearlydeteriorationoftheropestheconstantmovementoftheshipscausedbywavesandbythemarchingtroopsandtheheavyloadsofthesoldiersandoftheearthcoveringthelogsputtingpressureonthestretchedropeswouldhaveledtoanearlyfailureoftheropesinadditionthissetupwouldnothaveallowedtohaveaflatandevenbridgedecktheropesinbetweentheshipswouldhavesaggedundertheloadoftheearthandofthepeoplewhichwouldhavecausedaconstantupanddownoftheroadontoptheearthwouldhaveaccumulatedinthecenterofthesagsandthusincreasedthelocalloadontheropestherewasnonecessityforthisconfigurationthespacebetweentheshipsbeingonlythreemetersthegapcouldeasilyhavebeenbridgedbythelogsputfromoneshiptothenextandparalleltotheropesthiswouldhavebeenabetterbasisfortheroadandwouldnothavehadanybadinfluenceontheropesbridgedeckwoodenlogsthebridgedeckwasmadeofwoodenlogswhichmusthavehadathicknessofatleastsincesawmillsdidnotyetexistthelogsmusthavebeensplitandroughlyaxedtreetrunksonebridgewouldhaveusedupsolidcubicmeterstheotheronesomesolidcubicmeterswhichaddsuptoatotalofsolidcubicmetersofwoodatanaveragespecificweightoftmthiscorrespondstoatotalweightoftonnesbrushwoodthepurposeofthebrushwoodcoveringthelogsremainsunclearperhapsitwasmeanttokeeptheearthonthebridgeearthpavementinrecentmoderntimesamerewoodenbridgedeckonapontoonbridgewasconsideredperfectlysatisfactoryincertaindenselyforestedpartsoftheusandofcanadahoweverwoodenroadshavebeencoveredbyalayerofearthtoprotectthewoodfromdeterioratingwhichappearstohaveprovidedsomecomfortforthehorsesandcarriagesthestampedearthmusthavehadathicknessofatleastnbspcmotherwiseitwouldhavebeenbrokenupimmediatelyunderthehorseshoovesloadassumptionsabridgedeckofmshipswithabeamofmandagapofmtothenextshipresultinasurfaceareaofxmtobebornebyeachshiptheweightofasquaremeterismadeupofnbspkgoflogsandnbspkgofearthaddinguptonbspkgasaresulteachshiphadtocarrymxnbspkgmnbspkgplustheweightofxpersonswithluggageaddinguptonbspkgthusatotalweightofsometonneswhichappearstobeareasonableloadfortheshipsofthattimescreensthescreenswhichherodotustellsustohavebeensetuponeithersideofthebridgetoblockthehorsesviewonthewaterareimaginedtohavebeentallconstructedoutoftreelimbsandwithsmallerlimbsandotherplantswoventhroughthesepolesinordertomakeasolidwallonlyonesuchscreenonthebridgeofmwouldthushavehadanareaofsomemevenduringaverygentlebreezethestructuralloadwindloadsonthishugeareacouldnothavebeencontrolledbythemeansavailableatthattimepontoonbridgesofthelastcenturieshaveshownthatitisentirelysufficienttohavesimpleguardrailsmadeofwoodenlatticesorropesinordertokeepthehorsesonthebridgeopeningsforshipsthethreeopeningsforthepassageofsmallshipsprobablyhavebeenmadebyinsertinghighertriremesintothelineofpentecontersorcommercialvesselssimilartorampsleadinguptohigherbridgedecksthecableswouldhavebeenliftedbyracksfittedtothetriremesandgraduallyincreasinginheightastheshipscouldeasilyunsteptheirmastsaclearanceofaboutmetersabovethewaterlevelshouldhavebeensufficientformerchantshipstopassunderneathwhenwindscausedtheloadonthecablestoincreasethetriremeswouldhavebeenpusheddeeperintothewaterbutthiswasonlytemporaryaslongasthewindlastedstormdamagealthoughherodotusappearstobeclearinsayingthattheinitialbridgesweredestroyedbyastormherodotusverylittleinformationcanbederivedfromthisphraseitislefttospeculationwhetherandtowhatextentshipscablesropesandlogswererecoveredsavedrepairedandreusedontheotherhandthereisnoindicationofatotallossandthatallelementsofthebridgeshadtobeprocuredagainthepreparationofthebridgeslastedmonthsifnotyearsthereforereplacementdeliveriesofshipscablesropesandlogswouldhavetakenatleastsomemonthsrefnameparstimescomparstimescomhistoryherodotuspersianwarspolymniahtmlreftheinitialplacementofthewoodenlogsandtheearthcovermustinitiallyhavetakenseveraldaysevenifoneassumesthatnoreplacementdeliverieswerenecessaryandthatallitemscouldhavebeenrepairedthoserepairsmusthavetakenseveraldaysduringthistimethearmywaitingattheshorewouldhavegotintoaveryserioussituationsincetheprovisionsoffoodfodderandwaterhadnotbeencalculatedtocopewithaprolongedstayitistobenotedinherodotushistorythatnosoonerthefirstbridgesarementionedinasingleshortphrasethantheyaretoldtohavebeendestroyedwhereastheconstructionofthereplacementbridgesisreportedalmostineverylittledetailbutwithoutawordaboutthetimeconsumedinthisexercisethismayleadtotheassumptionthatthebridgestoldtohavebeendestroyedbyastormwereusedbyherodotusonlyasapretextforhisvividdescriptioninalldetailsofanoutburstofrageofthegreatkingxerxesandeventoquotehisfuriousspeechinfullnotesreferencesjstororgpsshammondnicholasgltheconstructionofxerxesbridgeoverthehellespontthejournalofhellenicstudiesdigitizationatjstornotgenerallyaccessibleuirunisaaczabitstreamhandledissertationpdfsequencebarkerpeterfrederickfromthescamandertosyracusestudiesinancientlogisticsdissertationuniversityofsouthafricanovemberbooksgooglecombooksidhnqaaaacaajprintsecfrontcoverdqhandbuchpontonnierwissenschaftenhleneifugtowlbnotqaqczcasaxoibookresultctresultresnumvedccqaewaavonepageqhandbuchpontonnierwissenschaftenffalsehoyervonjohannghandbuchderpontonnierwissenschafteninabsichtihreranwendungzumfeldgebrauchmanualofthepontooneeringsciencesinviewoftheirapplicationinthefieldtomeedverlagvonjohannambrosiusbarthleipzigdigitizationongooglebooksarchiveorgstreamblackseapilotdaoffigoogpagenmodeupunitedstateshydrographicofficetheblackseapilotthedardanellesseaofmarmarabosporusandseaofazovpublishedbygovtprintoffdigitizationonarchiveorginfoboxalbumnamexeyetypealbumartistroscoemitchellcoverxeyejpgaltreleasedrecordedfebruaryvenuestudiogenrejazzlengthlabelblacksaintsoulnoteblacksaintproducergiovannibonandrinichronologyroscoemitchellprevtitlesnurdymcgurdyandherdancinshoesprevyearnexttitleroscoemitchellandthesoundandspaceensemblesnextyearxeyeisanalbumbyjazzsaxophonistroscoemitchellandthesoundensemblerecordedinfortheitalianblacksaintsoulnoteblacksaintlabelrefnameblacksaintrecordsdiscographyjazzrealitiesblogspotcomblacksaintdiscographythisislabelhtmlblacksaintrecordsdiscographyaccessedmayrefreceptiontheallmusicreviewbyronwynnawardedthealbumstarsstatingthisisntamonghismostintenseorcombativedatesbutmitchellandthesoundensemblearestillwellworthhearingrefnameallmusicwynnrallmusiccomalbumxeyerallmusicreviewaccessedmayrefalbumratingsrevallmusicrevscorerevtherollingstonejazzrecordguiderevscorerefnamersjrgcitebooklastswensonfirstjeditorauthorlinkyeartitletherollingstonejazzrecordguidepublisherrandomhouserollingstonelocationusaisbnxpagesreftracklistingallcompositionsbyroscoemitchellcutoutsforquintetnbspjojarnbspxeyenbspvariationsonafolksongwritteninthesixtiesnbsprecordedatbarigozzistudioinmilanoitalyonfebruarypersonnelroscoemitchellnbspsopranosaxophonealtosaxophonehughraginnbsppiccolotrumpettrumpetflugelhornaspencerbarefilednbspguitarjaribushahidnbspdoublebassbasscongastanitabbalnbsppercussionreferencesxenotimesaihakudistricttottoricollagenaseclostridiumhistolyticumxiaguandalicityinfoboxtelevisionepisodeimagexcopspngaltamaninasheriffsuniformistalkingtoamanwithblackhairdressedinbrownjacketthefilmqualityisdeliberatelylowqualitycaptionfoxmuldertalkingtodeputywetzelaboutthemonstertheepisodewasfilmedinthesamestyleastherealitytelevisionseriescopstvseriescopsseasonthexfilesseasonepisodetitlexcopsseriesthexfilesguestsjudsonmillsasdeputykeithwetzelperlawalterasmrsguerrerodeefreemanassergeantpauladuthielombardoboyarasdeputyjuanmolinasolomoneversoleasrickyjwsmithasstevecurtiscasedymariaceledonioaschantaragomezfrankierayascrackheadtarakarsianascoronersassistantdanielemmettascameramanjohnmichaelvaughnassoundmanwritervincegilligandirectormichaelwatkinslengthminutesproductionabxairdatefebruaryprevclosurethexfilesclosurenextfirstpersonshooterthexfilesfirstpersonshooterseasonarticlethexfilesseasonepisodelistlistofthexfilesepisodesxcopsisthetwelfthepisodeofthethexfilesseasonseventhseasonoftheamericansciencefictiontelevisionseriesthexfilesdirectedbymichaelwatkinsandwrittenbyvincegilligantheinstallmentservesasamonsteroftheweekstoryastandaloneplotunconnectedtothemythologyofthexfilesoverarchingmythologyofthexfilesoriginallyairedintheunitedstatesbythefoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxnetworkonfebruaryxcopsreceivedanielsenratingofandwasseenbynbspmillionviewerstheepisodeearnedpositivereviewsfromcriticslargelyduetoitsuniquepresentationaswellasitsuseofhumorsinceitsairingtheepisodehasbeennamedamongthebestepisodesofthexfilesbyseveralreviewersthexfilescentersonfederalbureauofinvestigationfbispecialagentsfoxmulderdavidduchovnyanddanascullygillianandersonwhoworkoncaseslinkedtotheparanormalcalledxfilesmulderisabelieverintheparanormaltheskepticalscullywasinitiallyassignedtodebunkhisworkbutthetwohavedevelopedadeepfriendshipinthisepisodemulderandscullyareinterviewedforthefoxrealitytelevisionprogramcopstvseriescopsduringanxfilesinvestigationmulderhuntingwhathebelievestobeawerewolfdiscoversthatthemonsterterrorizingpeopleinsteadfeedsonfearwhilemulderembracesthepublicityofcopsscullyismoreuncomfortableaboutappearingonnationaltelevisionxcopsservesasafictionalcrossoverwithcopsandisoneofonlytwoxfilesepisodestobeshotinrealtimemediarealtimeinwhicheventsarepresentedatthesameratethattheaudienceexperiencesthemgilliganwhowasinspiredtowritethescriptbecauseheenjoyedcopspitchedtheideaseveraltimestoseriescreatorchriscarterscreenwriterchriscarterandtheserieswritingstaffreceivingamixedreceptionwhenthecrewfeltthattheshowwasnearingitsendwiththeconclusionoftheseventhseasongilliganwasgiventhegreenlightgreenlightbecauseitwasseenasanexperimentinthetraditionofthereallifecopsprogramtheentireepisodewasshotonvideotapeandfeaturedseveralmembersofthecrewofcopstheepisodehasbeenthematicallyanalyzedforitsuseofpostmodernismanditspresentationasrealitytelevisionplottheepisodebeginswiththestandardopeningcreditsequenceoftherealitytelevisionprogramcopstvseriescopsanditsthemesongbadboysinnercirclesongbadboyskeithwetzeljudsonmillsadeputywiththelosangelescountysheriffsdepartmentisaccompaniedbyacopsfilmcrewatwillowparkcaliforniaafictionalhighcrimedistrictoflosangeleswetzelvisitsthehomeofmrsguererroperlawalterwhohasreportedamonsterintheneighborhoodwetzelexpectingtofindadogfollowsthecreaturearoundacornerbutrunsbackscreamingforthecrewtofleetheyreturntowetzelspolicecarbutbeforetheycanescapeitisoverturnedbyanunseenentitywhenbackuparrivesonthesceneaninjuredwetzelclaimsthatheencounteredgangmembersthepolicesoondiscoverandsurroundfoxmulderdavidduchovnyanddanascullygillianandersonbelievingthemtobecriminalsbeforetheyrealizethatthepairarefederalbureauofinvestigationfbiagentsmulderandscullyclaimthattheyareinvestigatinganallegedwerewolfthatkilledamanintheareaduringthelastfullmoonaccordingtomuldertheentitythattheyaretrackingonlycomesoutatnightscullyisirritatedbytheconstantpresenceofthecopscrewbutmulderisenthusedattheprospectofparanormalproofbeingpresentedtoanationaltelevisionaudiencetheagentsandthepoliceinterviewmrsguerrerowhodescribesthemonstertorickysolomoneversolasketchartisttomulderssurprisemrsguerrerodescribesnotawerewolfbutthehorrormovievillainfreddykruegerrickyexpressesafearofbeingaloneinthedangerousneighborhoodandisfoundashorttimelaterwithseriousslashesinhischestmulderandscullyfindapinkfingernailatthescenethegroupalsomeetssteveandedyjwsmithandcurtiscacouplewhowitnessedtheincidentbutdidnotseerickysattackersayingthatitappearedhewasbeingattackedbynothingscullyshowsthecouplethefingernailwhichtheyidentifyasbelongingtochantaragomezmariaceledonioaprostitutewhentheagentstrackdownchantarawhosefaceispixelizationpixelatedsheclaimsthatherpimpattackedrickyandfearsthathewillkillhershepleadswiththeagentsforprotectionmulderandscullyhavewetzelguardchantarawhiletheyassistthepoliceintheraidofacrackcocainecrackhousethetwoaredrawnbackoutsidewhenwetzelencounterstheentitywildlyshootingatitinsideapolicecartheagentsfindchantarawithherneckbrokenwhenmulderquestionswetzelheadmitsthathethoughthesawthewaspmanamonsterhisolderbrothertoldhimaboutwhenhewasakidthoughotherdeputiesexpressskepticismmulderfindsflattenedbulletsindicatingtheyphysicallyimpactedsomethingthoughnotraceisfoundofwhattheystruckmulderformulatesatheorythattheentityshapeshifterchangesitsformtocorrespondwithitsvictimsworstfearswetzelrickyandchantaraallexpressedfearshortlybeforetheirruninswiththeentityitwasvisibletothembutnottootherstheagentsthinkthatsteveandedymaybetheentitysnexttargetbecausetheywereinthevicinityofrickysattacktheyheadtotheirhouseonlytofindthecoupleinthemiddleofanargumentafteredyexpressesfearofaseparationfromstevethecouplereconcilesbasedonthissituationmulderproposesthattheentityignoredsteveandedybecausetheydidnotexhibitmortalfearmulderbelievesthattheentitytravelsfromvictimtovictimlikeacontagionathisrequestscullyperformsanautopsyonchantarasbodyatthemorgueduringtheprocedureaconversationbetweenscullyandthecoronersassistanttarakarsiancausesthelattertopanicaboutahantavirusoutbreaktheentitysuddenlykillsherwiththediseasewhenmulderdiscussesthedeathwithscullyherealizesthatwetzelisindangerofbeingrevisitedbytheentitytheagentsandpolicereturntothecrackhousewheretheentityhastrappedaninjuredwetzelinanupstairsroomtheagentsareunabletoentertheroomuntildawncomeswhentheentitydisappearsandspareswetzelslifeaftertheincidentisoverscullyexpresseshersympathiestomulderthatbeingfilmedbyanationaltelevisioncrewdidnotprovidethepublicexposuretoparanormalphenomenathathehadhopedmulderremainshopefulnotingthatitallcomesdowntohowtheproductioncreweditsthefootagetogetherrefnamexcopsplotshapiroshapiropprefproductionconceptionandwritingintheshowsthexfilesseasonseventhseasonafterithadbeenvetoedseveraltimesbeforeuprightthumbrightaltamanwithwhitehairislookingandsmilingatthecameravincegilliganwhowrotetheepisodewasinspiredbycopswhichhedescribesasagreatsliceofamericanacarterwasconcernedthattheconceptwastoogoofyandspotnitzworriedthatshootingexclusivelyonvideotapewouldbetoochallengingastheserieswouldbeunabletocutandeditthefinalproductduringtheshowsthexfilesseasonseventhseasoncarterrelentedmanycriticsandfansbelievederroneouslythattheseventhseasonofthexfileswouldbetheshowslastgilligannotedthatthelongerwevebeenontheairthemorechanceswevetakenwetrytokeeptheshowfreshnbspithinkcarterappreciatesthatxcopswasnotgilligansfirstattemptatwritingacrossoveralmostthreeyearsbeforehehadbeenworkingonascriptthatwouldinvolveastorybeingpresentedbyrobertstackofunsolvedmysterieswithunknownactorsplayingmulderandscullythisscriptwaslaterabortedandrewrittenasthethexfilesseasonfifthseasonepisodebadbloodthexfilesbadbloodrefnameothercrossmeislermeislerprefgilliganreasonedthatbecausemulderandscullywouldappearonanationallysyndicatedtelevisionseriestheepisodesmainmonstercouldnotbeshownonlyhintedatgilliganandthewritingstaffappliedmethodspreviouslyusedinthepsychologicalhorrorfilmtheblairwitchprojecttoshowaslittleofthemonsteraspossiblewhilestillmakingtheepisodescaryduringthecrackhousescenerealswatteammemberswerehiredtobreakdownthedoorsactorjudsonmillslaterexplainedthatbecausetherewerefewcameramenandowingtothemannerinwhichtheepisodewasfilmedpeoplejustbehavedasifwewererealcopsihadothercopswavingandgivingtheirsignalsorheadsupthewaytheydoamongstthemselvesitwasquitefunnyfilmingandpostproductionxcopswasfilmedinvenicelosangelesveniceandlongbeachcaliforniawhenmembersofthexfilesstaffaskedcopsproducerjohnlangleyaboutapotentialcrossoverthecrewofcopslikedtheideaandofferedtheircompletecooperationgilliganwaseveninvitedtotheshootingofanepisodeinspiredbycopswatkinsdirectingstylewasuniqueforthisepisodewatkinsfilmedsomeofthesceneshimselfinadditiontotheshotscaughtbytheusualcameraoperatorsofthexfileshealsobroughtinbertramvanmunsteracameramanforcopstoshootscenestogivethefinishedproductanauthenticfeelinanattemptatrealismotherstaffmembersfromcopsparticipatedintheproductiondanielemmetandjohnmichaelvaughntwocopscrewmemberswerefeaturedduringtheepisodesclimaxduringrehearsalswatkinskeptthecamerasawayfromthesetsothatwhenfilmingcommencedthecameramensunfamiliaritywouldcreatetheunscriptedfeelofadocumentarytelevisionseriesdocumentaryinadditionacopseditorwasbroughtintoinsertthebluroverthefacesofbystanderstheepisodewasoneoftwoxfilesepisodestotakeplaceinrealtimemediarealtimewhereineventsarepresentedatthesameratethattheaudienceexperiencesthemtheotherbeingthethexfilesseasonsixthseasonepisodetrianglethexfilestrianglebothwatkinsandmillslikenedthefilmingoftheepisodetolivetheatertheformernotedinasenseweweredoingtheaterweweredoinganactorhalfofawholeactinonetakeandersoncalledtheperformancefuntoshootandhighlightedscullygettingpissedoffatthecameracrewasherfavoriteparttoplayshefurthernotedthatitwasinterestingtomaketheadjustmenttoplayingsomethingmorerealthanyoumightplayfortelevisionalthoughfilmedtocreatetheillusionthateventsoccurredinrealtimetheepisodeemployedseveralcameratricksandeffectsfortheopeningshotasurreptitiouscuthelpedtoreplaceactorjudsonmillswithastuntpersonwhenthecopcarisoverturnedbythemonsterusuallyanepisodeoftheseriesrequiredtofilmcutsbutxcopsonlyrequiredduringpostproductionaminorargumentbrokeoutbetweenvincegilliganandthenetworkoriginallygilligandidnotwantthexfileslogotoappearatanytimeduringtheepisodehestressedthathewantedxcopstofeellikeanepisodeofcopsthathappenedtoinvolvemulderandscullythenetworkfearingthatpeoplewouldnotunderstandthatxcopswasactuallyanepisodeofthexfilesvetoedthisideaacompromisewasreachedwhereintheepisodewouldopenwiththecopsthemesongbutthenormalxfilescreditswouldscrollafteranopeningsceneinadditionthebumperbroadcastingcommercialbumperswouldfeatureredandbluelightsflashingacrossthexfileslogowhiledialogueisheardinthebackgroundinasimilarfashiontothecopslogothemesseveralcriticssuchasmkeithbookerhavearguedthatxcopsisanexampleofthexfilesdelvingintothepostmodernismpostmodernschoolofthoughtpostmodernismhasbeendescribedasastyleandconceptintheartsthatischaracterizedbytheselfconscioususeofearlierstylesandconventionsandthemixingofdifferentartisticstylesandmediaaccordingtobookertheepisodehelpstoidentifytheseriesaspostmodernduetoitscumulativesummaryofmodernamericancultureorinthiscasetheshowsmergingwithanotherpopulartelevisionseriesrefnamestrangetvbookerbookerpreftheepisodealsoservesasanexampleoftheseriesselfconsciousnessintermsofitsstatusasafictionaltelevisionshowaccordingtojeremybutlerinthebooktelevisionstyletheepisodealongwithmanyotherfoundfootagetypemoviesandshowshelpstosuggestthatwhatisbeingpromotedaslivetvisactuallyaseriesofeventsthathavealreadyunfoldedinthepastrefnamestylebutlerbutlerpreffurthermorewhiletheepisodeiswrittenandperformedinaselfreflexiveandhumoroustonetherealtimeaspectsofxcopsheightensthesenseofrealismwithintheepisodeandmakestheresultcomeacrossashyperrealisticrefnamerealityfriedmanfriedmanprefthissenseofrealismisfurtherheightenedbythenearlackofmusicintheepisodeasidefromthetitlethememarksnowssoundtrackisnottobeheardsarahstegallproposedthattheepisodeworksontwoseparatelayersonthetopmostsuperficiallayeritfunctionsasanoutrightparodymimickingboththestylingsofthexfilesaswellascopsontheotherlayershenotesthatitsaseriouslookatvalidationthroughouttheepisodemulderisattemptingtocapturethemonsteroncameraandexposeittoanationalaudienceallofthewitnessestothemonsterfunctionasunreliablenarratorsahispanicwomanwithahistoryofmedicationsahomosexualdramaqueenaprostituteaterrifiedmorgueattendantanddeputywetzelstegallarguesthatallofthesecharactersarefromthewrongsideofthetracksandwouldnotbeacceptedletalonebelievedbyaplacidmiddleclasssocietyintheendtheonlyreliablewitnessisthecamerabutstegallpointsoutthatthecamerasuspiciouslyneverquitemanagestofindthemonsterfurthermoreshereasonsthatmuldersbiggestfearisnotfindingthemonstertobackthisideaupshepointsoutthatmuldernotonlyfailstofindwhatheislookingforbuthealsofailsbeforealiveaudiencebroadcastandreceptionxcopswasfirstbroadcastintheunitedstatesonthefoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxnetworkonfebruaryrefnamedvdotherskimmannersetaltypebookletpublisherthcenturyfoxhomeentertainmentrefwatchedbynbspmillionviewersaccordingtothenielsenratingssystemitwasthesecondhighestratedepisodeoftheseasonafterthesixthextinctionthexfilesthesixthextinctionitreceivedanielsenratingofwithashareamongviewersmeaningthatnbsppercentofallhouseholdsintheunitedstatesandnbsppercentofpeoplewatchingtelevisionatthattimetunedintotheepisoderefnamecompshapiroshapiroprefitoriginallyairedintheunitedkingdomonskyonjunereceivingviewersmakingitthechannelsthirdmostwatchedprogramforthatweekrefnamebarbnoteinformationisinthesectiontitledwemayjunelistedunderskyrefonmayxcopswasreleasedondvdaspartofthecompleteseventhseasonboxsetreceivedpraisefromcriticslargelyduetoitsuniqueformataswellasitsuseofhumoruprightthumbrightaltamanwithblackglassesandablackmustacheandbeardissmilingatthecameraheiswearingablackshirtinitialcriticalreactiontotheepisodewasgenerallypositivealthoughafewreviewersfeltthattheepisodewasagimmickericminkofthedailynewsnewyorkdailynewsdescribeditasniftyandexceptionallycleverwhilenotingthatthexfileshasntexactlysmokedthisseasonkinneylittlefieldfromtheorangecountyregistercalledxcopsastandoutepisodefromtheseventhseasonstegallpraisedtheepisodeandlikenedtheepisodesmonstertothemagicalcreaturesinharrypotterboggartsboggartfromtheharrypotterseriesstegallwroteofvincegilligantophonorsmustgotovincegilliganwhoseworkonthexfilesisconsistentlythesharpestandmostconsistentrefnamestegallreftomkessenichinhisbookexaminationsgavetheepisodealargelypositivereviewhecalledtheentryoneofthemostentertainingepisodesoftheseasonandminutesofpurefunrefnamekesskessenichkessenichprefrichrosellfromdigitallyobsessedawardedtheepisodeoutofstarsandwrotethatsomemightviewitasastuntbuthavingmulderandscullybepartofaspotoncopsparodycompletewithfullbadboysbadboysintroisjustbrilliantstuffnotallreviewswerepositivekennethsilberfromspacecomgavetheepisodeanegativereviewandwrotexcopsisawearisomeepisodewatchingtheagentsandpolicerepeatedlyrunthroughthedarkenedstreetsoflosangelesafteranunseenanduninterestingfoeevokesmerelyasenseoffutilitytheuseoftheformatofthefoxtvshowcopsprovidessometransientnoveltybutlittledramaorhumorcontemporaryreviewshavepraisedtheepisodeasoneoftheshowsbestinstallmentsrobertshearmanandlarspearsonintheirbookwantingtobelieveacriticalguidetothexfilesmillenniumthelonegunmenratedtheepisodefourstarsoutoffiveshearmanandpearsonalsowrotepositivelyofthefauxdocumentarystylelikeningittotheblairwitchprojectzackhandlenoftheavclubawardedtheepisodeanaandcalleditwittyinventiveandintermittentlyspookyfurthermorehandlenfeltthattheshowusedthecopsformattothebestofitsabilityandthatmanyofthesceneswerehumorousstartlingoracombinationofbothsinceitsairingxcopshasappearedonseveralbestoflistsmontrealsthegazettemontrealthegazettenamedittheeighthbestxfilesepisodewritingthatitpushedtheshowtonewpostmodernheightsrobbrickenfromtoplessrobotnameditthefifthfunniestxfilesepisodeandstarpulsedescribeditasthefunniestxfilesepisodewritingthatwhentheseriesdidcomedyitwasprobablythefunniestdramaeverontelevisionugonamedtheepisodesmainantagonistasoneofthegreatesttopxfilesmonstersnotingthatthecreatureisaperfectmonsteroftheweekifonlybecausethemonsterinquestionisalivingbreathingmetaphoraneverseenspecterthatshiftstofitthefearsofthepersonwitnessingitnarinbaharfromsfxmagazinesfxnamedtheepisodeoneofthebestscifitvmockumentariesandwrotewhetheryouseethisasabrilliantlypostmodernmergingoffactandfictionorshamelesscrosspromotionoftwoofthefoxnetworksbiggesttvshowsthereslotsofnodstotherealcopsshowinthisepisodebaharpraisedthescenefeaturingtheterrifiedladytellingmulderthatfreddykruegerattackedhercallingthescenethebestinjokeandapplaudedthetwoseriescohesionrefnamesfxthexfilesxcopsurlsfxcoukbestscifitvmockumentariesaccessdatejulynewspapersfxmagazinesfxdateseptemberarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebsfxcoukbestscifitvmockumentariesarchivedateseptemberdeadurlyesdfmdyallrefnotesreferencesofthexfilespublishertraffordpublishinglocationbloomingtonindianabloomingtoninyearisbnrefkessenichexternallinkstvcomshowsthexfilesxcopsxcopsattvcomluchengqingxiheancienttombsatlongtoumountainancienttombsatlongtoumountainancienttombsatlongtoumountainxianghuamayrefertoxianghuaxichuancountytowninhenanxianghuachongmingcountytowninchongmingcountyshanghaixiangchineseorhunanesechaixianghuacharacterinthesoulseriesoffightinggamesproducedbynamcodanzhoudialectadialectofyuechinesecantonesearounddanzhouhainanxiangyantemplekosuketakahashibamyankanonwakeshimaxifengyuhongdistrictyuhongdistrictrussiahashadthreeadaptationsofthesingingcompetitionthexfactorunderthreedifferenttitlessekretuspekhawhichwasairedfromonrtrrussiartrfaktorawhichpremieredonaprilonrussiasuccessorofrtrglavnayastsenawhichpremieredonjanuaryonrussiaxcomemailgamesxmlprofessionalpublisheramarcrinumyoshitsugutatekawastarayamasrainfoboxbeernamexxxxgoldimagecaptionbrewerycastlemaineperkinsstyleamidstrengthlagerwhichisalsoalowercarbohydratecarbbeeryearabvfgibuxxxxgoldisoneofthemanybeersmanufacturedintheaustralianstateofqueenslandbycastlemaineperkinsandisoneofaustraliasmostpopularbeersxxxxgoldisalsoproducedintheboagsbreweryinlauncestontasmaniaxxxxgoldisasponsorofthequeenslandbullsandtheqldsaactntcricketassociationsxxxxgoldpreviouslysponsoredtheaustralianvsupercarschampionshipseriesfromtoaswellastheprofessionalbullriderspbraustralianbranchhistoryvictoriabitter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toremainsolelyasanonexecutivedirectorontheseptembertheyannouncedthatnegotiationswerebeingconcludedbetweentheprincipalbondholdersandthecompanyforarestructuringthatwouldseethebondholdersexchangeofthevalueoftheoutstandingbondsbeingexchangedforoftheenlargedsharecapitalofthecompanythecompanyadvisedthatshouldtheshareholdersnotsupporttheproposedrestructuringthebondholderwouldlikelypursueenforcementactionagainstthecompanyprivateshareholderswerevocalintheirsupporttovotedownanyproposalandontheoctoberthecompanyannouncedthatthebondholderswereplanningtoinstructthebondtrusteetopetitionthecourtinthebritishvirginislandsrequestingtheappointmentofaliquidatortothecompanyasaconsequenceofthisplannedactionthedirectorsofthecompanyrequestedtheimmediatesuspensionofthetradingonaimofsharesthepetitiontoplacethecompanyintoliquidationwasheardbytheeasterncaribbeansupremecourtinthebritishvirginislandsondecemberreservesthecompanyownsastakeinthebentleyheavyoilfieldlicensepblockbandastakeinlicensepblocksabandhtheselatterblockscontainfourprospectschadwickcartwrightcammandclementthatarecurrentlythesubjectofadetailedtechnicalevaluationbeingcarriedoutbyazinorcatalystunderthetermsofthelicenseagreementlicensepisduetoberelinquishedattheendofunlessthelicenserequirementsfordrillordrophavebeenfulfilledpriortothatdateanreservesassessmentreportevaluatestheamountofrecoverableoilpppinthefirstandsecondstageproductionareasanditsnetassetvaluethemostrecentstatementofreservesdatadatedmarchshowstheprobabilisticforecastofmeanoilinplacepetroleuminitiallyinplaceforthebentleyfieldofwithppandpoilreservesforthebentleyfieldofandrespectivelybasedonaninitialnbspyearproductionperiodthenpvvaluationaftertaxwasstatedasapproximatelynbspbillionnbspbillionandnbspbilliononappandpbasisrespectivelythecompanydelistedfromthelondonstockexchangeonnovemberfollowingonfromtheresignationofitsnominatedadvisorontheoctoberreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebrnspdflondonstockexchangecomrnsgpdfmaterialchangereportbeingincredirectmagnetocomicsxinshixinshixinshitaketomiokinawaxmlsignaturepornoiseextraxmmxandraxiaoxixinchengtownxinchengtownshipxianghuaxinxingtownshipxldbtelltamerrussianfascistpartyduskytetrakaspectacledtetrakamasanobufukuokacedillaredirectcategoryshellcedillacedillacedillacedillardcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturythcenturyxinmixinzhengshinminnomichisecuritydescriptorredirectrevivechinasocietyinfoboxlanguagenamexuanzhouwunativenamestatespeoplesrepublicofchinaregionsouthernanhuiandborderingareasspeakersmilliondatereffamilycolorsinotibetanfamchineselanguagechinesefamwuchinesewuisoexceptiondialectglottoxuanglottorefnamexuanzhoulinguaaaadctaigaoaaaddtongjingaaadeshilingtogethercomprisingpartsofremnantwestwuorxuanzhouxuanzhouwuisawesternbranchofwuchinesespokeninandaroundxuanchenganhuiprovincethedialecthasdeclinedsincethetaipingrebellionwithaninfluxofmandarinspeakingimmigrantsfromnorthoftheyangtzeriverdialectsxuanchengdialectisrepresentativeoldxuanchengdialectxuanchengtongjingdialecttongjingtonglingdialectjingcountydialectfanchangdialectetcshilingshitaidialectlingyangdialectetctaigaotaipingdialectgaochundialectetcreferencesshaozhoutuhuaxuanzhouwudialectsxuanzhouwudialectsxiangchinesekalashnikkalashnikobsoleteandnonstandardsymbolsintheinternationalphoneticalphabettheslitheringshadowcubehypercubetoshiwodokoeightwheeldrivexxxxxboeingxbredirectcategoryshellnebojapavkovixtrimxtrenerxtrimxtrenerxtrimxtrenerarecatanninbkfutottorimorihirohigashikunitaxoboximageimagecaptionstatuscrstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylumchordataclassisamphibiaordofroganurafamiliapipidaegenusxenopusspeciesxlenduensisbinomialxenopuslenduensisbinomialauthorityevansgreenbaumkusambacartertobiasmendelkelleyxenopuslenduensisthelenduplateauclawedfrogisaspeciesoffroginthepipidaefamilyendemictotheorientaleprovinceofthedemocraticrepublicofthecongoreferencesheegnernumberxiaolimengbornisachineseamericanstatisticianandthewhipplevnjonesprofessorofstatisticsatharvarduniversityhereceivedthecopsspresidentsawardinhehaswrittennumerousresearchpapersaboutmarkovchainmontecarloalgorithmsandotherstatisticalmethodologyfromtomengwasthechairofharvardsdepartmentofstatisticswherehehelpedcreateinnovativenewstatisticscoursesdesignedtogivestudentsamorepositiveimpressionofthesubjectheeditedthejournalsbayesiananalysisfromtoandstatisticasinicafromtoonaugustxiaolimengwasappointeddeanofharvardgraduateschoolofartsandsciencesgsasmengreceivedhisbscfromfudanuniversityinandhisphdinstatisticsfromharvarduniversityinhewaselectedafellowoftheinstituteofmathematicalstatisticsinandoftheamericanstatisticalassociationinreferencesexternallinksstatisticsfasharvardedupeoplexiaolimengxiaolimengshomepagelatiniotaredirectcategoryshellwanzaismallhengqinandgreathengqinislandsplibasiccobolpascalprogramminglanguageaplprogramminglanguageaptprogramminglanguagecareacodemmtalesofxilliaunitprefixunofficialprefixesxianjhxiashangzhouchronologyprojectxiashangzhouchronologyprojectumekenjirxaviercolleriportaisasociologistandjournalisthewasborninvalenciaspainhegothisphdfromyaleuniversityanduniversitatautnomadebarcelonainhereceivedtheseymourmartinlipsetawardfromprincetonuniversityandinhewasawardedyalessussmandissertationprizehetaughtatyalegeorgetowneuropeademadriduabuniversitatpompeufabraupfubalacantandesadehesauthorofaboutthirtypublicationsamonghisrecentbookscnonsociolgicandanlisidorganitzacionsexternallinksdialnetuniriojaesservletextautcodigobibliografiadexaviercollerdialnetxaviercolleriportainfoboxcompanynameximinclogotypeprivatefoundationsloganbeforetheideathereisyoulocationcitysanfranciscocalifornialocationcountryunitedstatesareaservedgloballyindustryitservicesbrwirelessservicesproductsximadbrsmartximximcomsmartautomationteambrmqttximximcommqttbuddyservicesmobileapplicationdevelopmentbrsocialnetworkapplicationdevelopmentbrqualityassuarancebritconsultingbritrecruitingbrsmarthomeautomationsystemdevelopmentnumemployeessmallsmallhomepageximximcomwwwximximcombrsmartximximcomsmartximximcombrmqttximximcommqttximximcomxtrainformationmanagementincorporatedximincisanitconsultingsoftwareandsystemintegrationproviderheadquartersheadquarteredinsanfranciscowithoffshoredevelopmentcenteroffshoredevelopmentcentersineasterneuropeitisamediumsizeyearsoldsiliconvalleybasedcompanywithalargefocusonthemobilewirelessdevelopmentqualityassuranceservicesandsmarthomeautomationhomeautomationsystemdevelopmentamongtherecentprojectsofsmartautomationteamismqttbuddymobileclientonandroidandiosforcontrollingiotdeviceshistorythecompanywasfoundedinitisheadquarteredinsanfranciscoandhasoffshoredevelopmentcentersinmoscowsaintpetersburgobninskulyanovskkazankalugaminskandgomelximoffshoresoftwaredevelopmentandtestingservicesisanoverseasextensionofximlongstandingusbasedservicesximincprovidesstrategicconsultingapplicationdevelopmentintegrationandtestingservicesinitsfirstyearsofserviceximengagedinprojectssupportingindependentsoftwarevendorisvsandoemsaswellasendusersinvariousverticalsincludingwirelessmobilefieldinximinccreatedthefirstoffshorecenterinmoscowlaterinnovemberaresearchanddevelopmentcenterwasopenedinobninskatownknownasthefirstsciencecityinrussiaboastingscientificresearchinstitutesincludinghighlyacclaimedstatescientificcentersintherussianfederationmoscowbranchconsistedoftwodepartmentsqualityassuranceandsoftwaredevelopmentandhaddifferentsectionspartedaccordingtoprojectsubjectsjavatechnologysectioninordertoimplementprojectswithuseofjeejsejmexsltmobilephonetechnologysectionintendedforccapplicationsforpocketcomputersandsmartphonesunderandroidoperatingsystemandroidioswindowsmobileandcrossplatformapplicationdevelopmentmobilecommunicationtechnologysectionthattookapartinthemainopenwaveproductmanufactureinfebruarythecompanyopenedthefirstamericansoftwarequalityassuranceschoolinmoscowprimarilyitwasaimedatqaandsoftwaretestingximincwantedtoinvestineducationandresearchanddevelopmentabroadandnottohirecontractorstocompleteprojectsoffshorebuttohavetheirownemployeesrefnamerussianschoolpassestestsdtimescomlinkrussianschoolpassestestbydavidrubinsteinsdtimesrefinximincintroducedremotemobileapplicationtestingserviceximtermedthisnewbundledservicetheremotetestinglabandfocusedonsolutionsrelatedtomobilewirelessandeaithecompanydidnotpositionitselfasapureoffshorecompanyximhaditsownfocusratherthantryingtodooutsourcingprojectsingeneralinaugustximdecidedtoexpandintodevelopmentofitsownproductsforawiderangeofmobileplatformsximadximadfocusesprimarilyonmobilegamesandentertainmentdevelopmentthedivisionbuildsmobileapplicationsunderitsownbrandanumberofapplicationssuchaspopularbubblebirdspandasvsninjasandbraincubehavebeenrecognizedastopapplicationsinavarietyofapplicationstoresbothplatformspecificandcrossplatformximdevelopmentqaandportingteamshavecompletedportingofximadappsoniosappleiosiphoneipadwindowsmobilewindowsphonejmegooglesandroidoperatingsystemandroidplatformblackberrysymbianpalmwebosjointinnovationlabjilflashlitetechnologyfocuswirelessplatformswindowscepocketpcjmesymbianblackberryandpalmnetworktechnologiesgsmcdmadigitalampstdmawirelesslanradiofrequencyrfandbluetoothmobiledatatechnologiessmsmultimediamessagingservicemmsgprswirelessapplicationprotocolwapandgcharityximincisabusinesspartnerofacharitableorganizationjewishboardoffamilyandchildrensservicesoneoftheoldestandlargestfamilyserviceinstitutionsintheunitedstatesreferencesexternallinksximximcomximincofficialwebsiteparallelgeometryredirectshellpowerplayersuperjoyiiiinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexicorpsgrandearmeimagecaptiondatescountryfirstfrenchempirebrancharmytypearmycorpssizetwotofivedivisionscavalryartillerybattlesnapoleonicwarsnotablecommandersaugustemarmontbrpierreaugereaubrjacquesmacdonaldthexicorpsofthegrandearmewasthenameofafrenchmilitaryunitthatexistedduringthenapoleonicwarsinduringthewarofthefifthcoalitiongeneralofdivisionaugustemarmontsarmyofdalmatiawasrenamedthexicorpsnapoleonbonaparteemperornapoleonihelditinreserveatthebattleofwagramintheunitwasreconstitutedduringtheinvasionofrussiaandplacedundermarshaloffrancemarshalpierreaugereauitdidnotfightinanybattlesandinsteadservedacollectionpointforreservesinspringitwasreorganizedandplacedunderthecommandofmarshaljacquesmacdonaldthecorpsfoughtatbattleoflutzenlutzenbattleofbautzenbautzenbattleofkatzbachthekatzbachbattleofleipzigleipzigandbattleofhanauhanauinstillundermacdonaldtheunitfoughtatbattleofbarsuraubebarsuraubeandseveralminoractionsinordersofbattlexicorpsinaprilxicorpsgeneralofdivisionaugustemarmontchiefofstaffgeneralofbrigadejacquesantoineadriendelortrdsquadronofthethchasseurschevalregimentstdivisiongeneralofdivisionjosephhliedsirperruquetdemontrichardcgunscoloneljeanlouissoyethlightinfantryregimenttwobattalionsthlineinfantryregimenttwobattalionsgeneralofbrigadejeanmarieaugusteaulnaydelaunaythinfantryregimenttwobattalionsstinfantryregimenttwobattalionsartillerythcompanyofthendfootartilleryregimentsixpoundcannonsnddivisiongeneralofdivisionbertrandclauselcgunsgeneralofbrigadealexisjosephdelzonsthlightinfantryregimenttwobattalionsrdlineinfantryregimenttwobattalionsgeneralofbrigadegilbertbacheluthlineinfantryregimentthreebattalionsartilleryrdandthcompaniesofthethfootartilleryregimentsixpoundcannonsandtwoinchhowitzerseachcorpsartilleryreservegeneralofbrigadelouistirletgunsthcompanyofthethfootartilleryregimentsixpoundcannonsndcompanyofthendfootartilleryregimentsixpoundcannonsandtwoinchhowitzersththththandthcompaniesofthestitalianartilleryregimentsixpoundcannonseachthandthcompaniesofthendfootartilleryregimentsixpoundcannonseachaveragebattalionstrengthwasapproximatelybrsourcexicorpsinnovemberxicorpsmarshalpierreaugereauthinfantrydivisiongeneralofdivisiontienneheudeletdebierrestprovisionaldemibrigadendlightinfantryregimentthbattalionthlightinfantryregimentthbattalionthlightinfantryregimentthbattalionthprovisionaldemibrigadethlightinfantryregimentthbattalionstlightinfantryregimentthbattalionthlightinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentstbattalionrdlineinfantryregimenttwocompaniesthlineinfantryregimentonecompanythprovisionaldemibrigadethlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthprovisionaldemibrigadethlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentrdbattalionthprovisionaldemibrigadethlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentrdbattalionthprovisionaldemibrigadethlightinfantryregimentthbattalionthlightinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionstinfantrydivisiongeneralofdivisionjosephlagrangesoldierjosephlagrangethprovisionaldemibrigadethlineinfantryregimentthbattalionrdlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthprovisionaldemibrigadethlightinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionndmditerraneregimentrdbattalionthprovisionaldemibrigaderdlineinfantryregimentrdbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthprovisionaldemibrigadethlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionndinfantrydivisiongeneralofdivisionpierrefranoisjosephduruttebrigadesunknownbelleisleregimentndrdandthbattalionsislederregimentndrdandthbattalionswalcherenregimentndrdandthbattalionsstmditerraneregimentstandndbattalionsndmditerraneregimentstndandthbattalionsrdinfantrydivisiongeneralofbrigadefranoisdtrsstbrigadeneapolitansroyalcalabrianregimentnaplesregimentmarinebattalionndbrigadeneapolitansprincelucienregimentgardevlitesregimentthinfantrydivisiongeneralofdivisioncharlesantoinemorandstbrigaderdlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentrdandthbattalionsthlineinfantryregimentthbattalionthlineinfantryregimentrdandthbattalionsndbrigadethwestphalianinfantryregimenthessianlightinfantryregimentthducalsaxoninfantryregimentthbattalionsourcexicorpsinoctoberxicorpsmarshaljacquesmacdonaldstinfantrydivisiongeneralofdivisionfranoisrochledrudesessartsstbrigadegeneralofbrigadephilibertfressinetthprovisionallineinfantryregimentthreebattalionsthprovisionallineinfantryregimentthreebattalionsndbrigadegeneralofbrigadefranoisnizarddheninwestphalianthlineinfantryregimenttwobattalionswestphalianlightinfantryregimentonebattalionrdbrigadegeneralofbrigademacdonaldneapolitanthlightinfantryregimenttwobattalionsneapolitanelitebattaliondivisionalartillerywestphalianfootbatterysixgunswestphalianfootbatterysixgunsfrenchfootbatteryeightgunsthinfantrydivisiongeneralofdivisiontiennemauricegrardstbrigadegeneralofbrigadegeorgeshippolytelesenescalthlineinfantryregimentthreebattalionsthlineinfantryregimentfourbattalionsndbrigadegeneralofbrigadecarlozucchigeneralcarlozucchiitalianndlightinfantryregimenttwobattalionsitalianthlineinfantryregimentfourbattalionsdivisionalartillerycaptainmarullieritalianfootbatteryeightgunsitalianhorsebatterysixgunsthinfantrydivisiongeneralofdivisionhenrifranoismariecharpentierstbrigadegeneralofbrigadefranoismartinvalentinsim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ideogamereviewsmcgspotignrevgamefrontrevscorerevgamestarrevscorerevpcgamesmagazinepcgamesrevscorethegamehasbeenreceivednegativelybycriticsholdingthescoreofonmetacriticindicatinggenerallyunfavorablereviewsasofmarchxrebirthhasreceivedpatchessincereleasehoweverthegameiswidelyregardedasbeingadisappointmentfollowingfromprevioussuccessesintheseriesrefnamemcrefonaprilxrebirthbecameavailabledeliveringanumberofpatchfixesandgameplayimprovementsegosoftreleasedthefirstdownloadablecontentdownloadablecontentdlcforxrebirthondecemberentitledtheteladioutpostincludingahostoffixesandimprovementstothebasegamerefnamepcgamercomrefthisupdatedeliveredexclusivelyforthebitplatformbroughtthereleasetoversiontheteladioutpostdlcfeaturesanewsystemcontainingtwosectorsonthedayssurroundingandduringtheweeksfollowingtheupdateegosoftdeliveredanumberofvideotutorialstoyoutubecoveringmanycommonfacetsofgameplayseealsolistofpcgamesreferencesexternallinkspleasedonotaddmassesoflinkshereonlyadddatabaseorinformationsitesorofficialsitesnotfansitesorunofficialcommunitiespleaseseethetalkpageargonopediaorgargonopediathexserieswikipleasedonotaddmassesoflinksheretrytoonlyadddatabaseorinformationsitesorofficialsitesnotfansitesorunofficialcommunitiespleaseseethetalkpagefansitesithasbeenagreeduponbydifferenteditorsonthediscussionpagethattherewillbenofansitelistingonthispageifyoufeelthisisinappropriatepleaseprotestonthediscussionpageanyfansitelinksaddedwithoutdiscussionwillberemovedmodsitesarecreatedbyfansthusarefansitesbydefinitiondexspieleseriexrebirthxiamenairxiamenairxiamenairredirectxiamenairredirectgreatmosqueofxianmayumimoriyamamasahikokmuraamaritorayasutraditionalchinesejapaneselanguagejapaneseandkoreanhanjaorsimplifiedchinesemayrefertochinahedongdisambiguationjapankatdistricthokkaidintokachisubprefecturesouthkoreahadongcountyofsouthgyeongsangprovincexcopsthelittlefairythelegendofswordandfairytaxoboxnamexeraimageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumchordatechordataclassisinsectaordophasmatodeafamiliapseudophasmatidaetribusanisomorphinigenusxeragenusauthorityludwigredtenbacherredtenbachersubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionseetextsynonymsxeraisastickinsectgenusinthefamilypseudophasmatidaespecieslistxeraapolinarixeradebilisxeramagdalenaeconlehennemanngutierrzcolombiamagdalenaxeratenaenseconlehennemanngutierrzcolombiacundinamarcareferencesexternallinksglobalspeciesorgntaxaxeraonglobalspeciesorgxerawalkingstickredirectxerophytexmenfirstclassxinhuasubdistrictxinhuaroadsubdistrictorxinhuaavenuesubdistrictmayrefertonumerouslocationsinthepeoplesrepublicofchinaanhuixinhuasubdistrictfuyanginyingdongdistrictbeijingxinhuasubdistrictbeijingintongzhoudistrictgansuxinhuaroadsubdistrictjinchanginjinchuandistrictguangdongxinhuasubdistrictguangzhouinhuadudistrictxinhuasubdistrictmaominginmaonandistrictxinhuasubdistrictshaoguaninwujiangdistrictguizhouxinhuasubdistrictduyunxinhuaroadsubdistrictguiyanginnanmingdistrictguiyanghebeixinhuaavenuesubdistrictzhangjiakouinqiaoxidistrictxinhuaroadsubdistrictchengdeinshuangqiaodistrictxinhuaroadsubdistrictrenqiuxinhuaroadsubdistrictshijiazhuanginxinhuadistrictheilongjiangxinhuasubdistrictbolicountyxinhuasubdistrictdaqingindatongdistrictxinhuasubdistrictharbinindaolidistrictxinhuasubdistrictmudanjianginaimindistricthenanxinhuasubdistrictjiaozuoinjiefangdistrictxinhuasubdistrictkaifenginguloudistrictxinhuasubdistrictnanyanghenaninwanchengdistrictxinhuasubdistrictzhumadianinyichengdistrictxinhuaavenuesubdistricthebiinheshandistrictxinhuaroadsubdistrictgongyixinhuaroadsubdistrictxinmixinhuaroadsubdistrictxinzhenghubeixinhuasubdistrictjianghandistrictinwuhanxinhuaavenuesubdistrictxiaoganinxiaonandistrictinnermongoliaxinhuasubdistrictbayannurinlinhedistrictxinhuasubdistrictwuhaiinhaibowandistrictxinhuaavenuesubdistrictulanqabinjiningdistrictjilinxinhuasubdistrictbaichengintaobeidistrictxinhuasubdistricthuadianxinhuasubdistrictmeihekouxinhuasubdistricttumenliaoningxinhuasubdistrictchaoyangliaoninginlongchengdistrictxinhuasubdistrictfushuninfuchengdistrictxinhuasubdistrictliaoyangintaizihedistrictxinhuasubdistrictshenyanginhepingdistrictxinhuasubdistrictwafangdianxinhuasubdistrictzhuangheningxiaxinhuaavenuesubdistrictyinchuaninxingqingdistrictshaanxixinhuaroadsubdistrictxianinyanliangdistrictshandongxinhuasubdistrictdezhouindechengdistrictxinhuaroadsubdistrictlinqingshanghaixinhuaroadsubdistrictshanghaiinchangningdistrictshanxixinhuaavenuesubdistrictdatonginchengquxinhuasubdistrictjinzhonginyucidistrictxhemalkondiwasanalbanianpoliticianandmayoroftiranafromthroughreferencesjusticeministrydeepthroatthexfilesepisodexcelenergycabincreekfirexanthorrhoeaxanthorrhoeaarborealistofdigimonfusioncharactersteamxrosheartdadagaxhakaisthesurnameoftwoswissalbanianfootballplayingbrothersgranitxhakabornplaysforarsenalandswitzerlandtaulantxhakabornplaysforbaselandalbaniathislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremoving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rnedwithidentifyingapotentialpopstarorstargroupandsingingtalentappearancepersonalitystagepresenceanddanceroutinesareallimportantelementsofthecontestantsperformancesintheinitialliveshowseachactperformsonceinthefirstshowinfrontofastudioaudienceandthejudgesusuallysingingoveraprerecordedbackingtrackdancersarealsocommonlyfeaturedactsoccasionallyaccompanythemselvesonguitarorpianoeachliveshowhashadadifferentthemeeachcontestantssongischosenaccordingtothethemeaftereachacthasperformedthejudgescommentontheirperformanceheateddisagreementsusuallyinvolvingjudgesdefendingtheircontestantsagainstcriticismarearegularfeatureoftheshowoncealltheactshaveappearedthephonelinesopenandtheviewingpublicvoteonwhichacttheywanttokeeponcethenumberofcontestantshasbeenreducedtofiveseasonorsixseasoneachactwouldperformtwiceintheperformancesshowthiscontinuesuntilonlythreeactsremaintheseactsgoontoappearinthegrandfinalwhichdecidestheoverallwinnerbypublicvoteresultsbeforetheresultsareannouncedtheresultsshowoccasionallybeginswithagroupperformancefromtheremainingcontestantshoweverthesongisprerecordedandthecontestantsmimeduetoproblemswiththenumberofmicrophonesthetwoactspollingthefewestvotesarerevealedboththeseactsperformagaininafinalshowdownandthejudgesvoteonwhichofthetwotosendhometheywereabletopicknewsongstoperforminthefinalshowdowndoubleeliminationtookplaceinsomeoftheresultsshowwherethebottomthreeactswererevealedandtheactwiththefewestvoteswasautomaticallyeliminatedandthetwowiththenextfewestvotesperformedinthefinalshowdownasnormaltiesarepossibleastherearefourjudgesvotingonwhichofthetwotosendhomeintheeventofatietheresultgoestodeadlockandtheactwhocamelastinthepublicvoteissenthometheactualnumberofvotescastforeachactisnotrevealednoreventheorderhoweveratwistoccurredinseasontwowheretherankingsoftheactsbasedonthepublicvotefortheweekwererevealedaftertheeliminationsontheshowoncethenumberofcontestantshasbeenreducedtofourtheactwhichpolledthefewestvotesisautomaticallyeliminatedfromthecompetitionthejudgesdonothaveavotetheironlyroleistocommentontheperformancesinthefinalepisodethethreeremainingactssingtwosongsincludingoneperformedwithaninvitedmusicstartheviewerschoosethewinnerbysmsvotingorphoningthewinnerwillreceiveapriceoftwistsseasonthefinalsconsistoftwoshowsduringthefirsteachactperformsoneorlaterintheseriestwiceandthesecondshowistheresultsshowwherethepublicvotethejudgesmentoracategorywheretheyareresponsibleforthreefinalactseachduringthefirstlivebroadcasteachofthecontestantsperformonesonginfrontofastudioaudienceandthejudgesusuallyallthecontestantssinglivetoabackingtracksomeperformancesareaccompaniedbychoreographyandinstrumentsafterthesongthejudgescommentontheperformanceandoftenthereissomecompetitionbetweenthejudgesviewsthelinesforvotingopensimmediatelyafterallthecontestantshaveperformedwhentherearejustoractslefttheformatchangesalittlewithtwosongsperformedbyeachactthreeactsremainuntilthegrandfinalwherethepublicvotealonechoosesthewinneroftheseriesseasonowingtotheadditionoffourwildcardcontestantstwoactswereeliminatedfromtheseriesfirstresultsshowthethreeactswiththefewestvoteswereannouncedasthebottomthreeandtheactwiththefewestpublicvoteswasthenautomaticallyeliminatedtheremainingtwoactsthenperformedinthefinalshowdownforthejudgesvotesseasontheliveshowsunderwentachangeinthisseasoninthefirstthreeliveshowseachcategorywillhaveitsownfinalshowdowntheresultofwhichisdecidedsolelybyitsmentortheoutcomeofthefourthshowwillonlyrelyonthepublicvoteandwillhavetwoeliminationsoneofwhichwillhappenhalfwaythroughoftheshowwhenthevotingwillhavebeenfrozenthusthefinalwillhavefourcontestantsnotthreeasinpreviousseasonstwoofthefinalistswillbeeliminatedhalfwaythroughthefinalshowwhenthevotingwillhavebeenfrozenthewinnerisstilldeterminedbythepublicvoteseasontheliveshowswillhaveachangeinthisseasononlyfourliveshowswilltakeplaceinthefirsttwoliveshowseachcategorywillhaveitsownfinalshowdowntheresultofwhichisdecidedsolelybyitsmentortheoutcomeofthethirdshowwillonlyrelyonthepublicvoteandwillhavetwoeliminationsoneofwhichwillhappenhalfwaythroughoftheshowwhenthevotingwillhavebeenfrozenthefinalwillhavefourcontestantstwoofthefinalistswillbeeliminatedhalfwaythroughthefinalshowwhenthevotingwillhavebeenfrozenthewinnerisstilldeterminedbythepublicvoteseasonsummarycontestantinthescategorybrcontestantintheundersorboyscategorybrcontestantintheoversorgirlscategorybrcontestantintheoversortheoverscategorybrcontestantinthegroupscategoryclasswikitablestylefontsizewidthscopecolseasonscopecolstartscopecolfinishscopecolwinnerscopecolscopecolscopecolscopecolscopecolscopecoljudgesscoperowstylebackgroundfeedroandreileonteandreileontestylebackgroundcefealinvduvastylebackgroundcefeiulianvasilestylebackgroundfeedmihaimorarrowspanrzvansimionbrdanioilorangeromaniaorangebrbrscoperowseptemberdecemberstylebackgroundcefetudorturcustylebackgroundfeedioanaanuastylebackgroundcefenataliaselegeanstylebackgroundcefeparaziiicheloorowspanorbitgumorbitprofessionalrowspanbrbrparaziiichelooscoperowseptemberdecemberstylebackgroundffeeflorinristeistyle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knowingthataustriawouldnotextraditedesertersduringthefollowingyearsheledarestlesslifehewanderedaboutinaustriaswitzerlandkingdomofbavariabavariabadensigmaringenandwrttembergbeggingorfindingcasualworkasafarmworkerfarmhandappearancexaverhohenleiterisreportedtohavebeenoversixfoottallhisbodywasmuscularandhispostureandgaitrevealedtheformersoldierhisfacewassuntannedandhehadverywhiteteethhisfacewasengulfedbythicksideburnsandagoateehishairwaspitchblackdanglingdowninbraidshencehisnicknameschwaazvereblackxaverhealsoworefinelyengravedearringsthegangxaverhohenleiterwastheleaderofagangofoutlawswhosenumberfluctuatedovertimeitscorehoweverconsistedofanumberofpersonsbothmaleandfemalemariajosephatochtermanncalleddiegnzburgersephegnzburgsephebornateppishofennowpartofthemunicipalityofaltenmnsterwasthecommonlawmarriagecommonlawwifeofxaverhohenleitertogethertheyhadasonxaverhohenleitersbrotherulrichcalledderurleyearsoldatthetimeofhisarresthadpreviouslybeenamemberoftherosenberggangalsoactiveinupperswabiaduringthesameperiodandwaspartnertoagathagebhardwhosenicknamewasschwarzeagathblackagathashewaspartofatrioofwomencalleddrecketepartiedirtypartymichaelfriedrichludwigklumpderschnefritzhandsomefritzwasbornininseewaldbesenfeldandwasassociatedwiththeresiajepplerbornintheaustriancoastalcityoftriesteinjosephantonjungcalleddercondeerthepeddlerpedlarduetohisparentshavingbeentravellingmerchantsfromwhatwastobecometherhineprovinceandcreszentiatochtermanncalleddiegnzburgercreszenzgnzburgcreszenzsisterofmariajosephatochtermannformedanothercouplewithinthegangshewasalsopartofthedrecketepartiedirtypartyaswascrescentiagebhardnicknameddrecketecrescensdirtycrescentiaandagnesgebhardcalleddrecketeagnesdirtyagnesthefirstgirlfriendofulrichhohenleiteraswellaskatharinagebhardcalleddiedrecketemutterthedirtymothermotherofagathaagnesandcrescentiagebhardothermembersofthegangwerefidelissohmdereinugigefideleoneeyedfidelefranzmerkleweberenfranzweaverfranzbornininbellershausennowpartofthemunicipalityofdiebachinmiddlefranconiasebastiankellermanncalledbastewhowasfromburgauchristianmaucheratailorfrombumannshausennowpartofthemunicipalityofschwendibadenwrttembergschwendiandhencenicknamedbometshauserschneiderlebumannshausentailorottilahunsingervettersottlfromseekirchandfidelisgindeledickerrotermetzgerfatredbutcherbornininergetsweilernowpartofthemunicipalityoffronreutevariousothervagrantswerepartofthegangeachforashortperiodoftimebeforerelocatinggettingarrestedorjoiningothercriminalgangscrimesthecrimesperpetratedbyhohenleiterandhisgangweremostlyarsonburglaryrobberyextortionandthefttheypredominantlytargetedisolatedfarmssmallholdingshamletplacehamletsandgristmillmillstheirlootmostlyconsistingoffoodanimalsmoneyandclothesaftercommittingcrimeshohenleiterandhiscompanionsretreatedintothedensewoodswheretheyhadabasenearostrachoccasionallyresurfacingatdisreputablecountryinnsthefirstreportedincidentsattributedtohohenleiterandhisgangwasthetorchingofamillclosetothevillageofbetzenweilerondecemberthesamenighttheyalsoattemptedtoburgletheschultheimayorofneufrashousehowevertheyweredisturbedandleftwithoutanylootduringtheycommittedseveralburglariesinthehamletsofunterweilerandwaldbeurenbothinthevicinityofostrachaswellasinsteinhausenanderrottumbellamontrobbingthemeatofawholepigclothestothevalueofsouthgermanguldenguldensmorethanlitresofbrandypoundsoflardandbreadworthguldensinthegangalsostoleapigweighingthreehundredweightfromanisolatedfarmsteadnearuttenweileroffingenduringthisrobberyfirearmswereusedtoscareoffthefarmerwhowantedtointerveneandpreventthelossofhispigafewdayslaterthegangraidedanisolatedfarmargenhardterhofinthevicinityoftettnanginordertostealmoneyfromanoldwidowwhowasrumouredtobeinthepossessionofguldenstheythreatenedthewomantoshootherifshewouldnotsurrenderthemoneythishavingnoeffecttheybegantotorturethevictimbycuttingfirstherclotheswithaknifeandthenbeatingherupwhereuponthewomanfaintedthegangthenproceededtoclearthehouseofallmoveableandeasilytocarryitemsmostlyfoodbrandybeddingsandlinenworthmorethanguldensofactualmoneytheyonlyfoundthreereichsthalerandtwoguldensthevictimwasthenboundandshovedthroughatrapdoorintothebasementcellaronhearingthattherobbersweredepartingthewomanmanagedtoescapeonlytobecaughtbytwomembersofthegangwhohadstayedbehindtoguardtheretreatoftheothersandwasoncemoreassaultedboundandlockedupinthecellareventhoughthevictimfreedherselfagainandmanagedtoalertneighboursoftherobberytheordealseemedtohavebeentoomuchforhersothatshediedthreemonthslaterintheautumnofthegangperpetratedarobberywhichwaslatercalledthetheftoftheoxinbootsafarmerhadharnessedanoxandahorsetohiscartandleftthemattheedgeofaforestwhilsttryingtoretrievewoodfromtheforesthohenleiterandmerklenoticingtheunguardeddrivinghorseteamsteamuntiedtheoxandafterhavingleditawaysomedistancepulledbootsoverthehoovesoftheanimalnottoleaveanytracesbehindinthegangcommittedseveralmoreburglariesathokirchhttenreutewherethebootywashundredweightsofmeatworthguldensandatguggenhausenwendenreutewheretheymanagedtostealgoodstothevalueofguldensfivehundredweightsofmeatflourlardandatinplateduringaburglaryinillmenseeillwangenthegangsbootywaspoundsofcheesebreadbrandyatableclothandapairofbootsthissummaryisnotexhaustiveandonlyexemplaryofthecriminalactsperpetratedbyschwaazvereandhispartnersincrimearrestanddeathintheearlymonthsofthelaubbachmhleamillnearostrachhadbeenplaguedsixtimesbyhohenleiterandhisgangeachtimetheyweretryingabreakininordertogetprovisionedwithfoodafterunsuccessfullytryingtopreventburglariesbypatrollingtheareaforestersfromknigseggwaldchangedtacticsandlaidanambushatthemillinordertocatchhohenleiterandhisgangonaprilveriandhisgangattemptedanotherrobberyatthemillduringwhichtheywerecaughtintheactbytheforestersthecriminalsfirstescapedintothewoodsbutwerepursuedbytheforesterslaterontheforesterssurprisedthegangwhowerehavingamealintheforestandaftersomeshotswerefiredarrestedmostofthemwhilstsomemanagedtofleeonlytobearrestedbyabadenpatrolthreedayslaterwhoincarceratedthelotofthemonlyjosephantonjungthepedlarmanagedtoescapeandjoinedtherosenbergergangthearrestedpersonsweretakentobiberachandimprisonedatvariouslocationswithinthecitysomewereheldatthewhitetowerwhereasothersweretakentothesocalledseelhausanoldbuildingoriginallyownedbybeghardsandbeguinesbeguinestheninthepossessionofthecitywhichhadironbarredwindowsonthegroundfloorxaverhohenleiterhoweverwasincarceratedintheehingentowerehingerturmtogetherwithsomeofthewomenofhisganghohenleiterwaslockedupinacellwithasuspectfromanotherbandofrobbersbothwereboundupinheavychainsthechainsledthroughaholeinthewalltoachimneyuponwhichtheyweresecurelyfastenedfourofhohenleiterscompanionsmanagedtoescapefromcaptivityonlytobecaughtafterfourweeksontherunnearkileggintheallgufranzmerkleremainedafugitivefromthelawforsomeconsiderabletimeandwasonlyarrestedininbadeninvestigationsbytheauthoritiescommencedinmayandlasteduntilxaverhohenleiterhoweverneverstoodtrialontheeveningofjulyahugethunderstormmovedoverbiberachlightningstrucktheehingentowerandwhenthedoorsoftheprisonwereopenedthicksmokebillowedoutofthecellwherehohenleiterwasheldandxaverhohenleiterwasfoundlyingdeadonhispalletfurniturepallethavingbeenstruckbylightningwhenhisbodywascarriedoutsidehisclothescaughtfireanyattemptstorevivehimprovedfutileashisinjuriesweretooseveretherightsideofhischestdowntohisloinswasentirelyburnttheinnersideofhisrightupperarmwastornupandtheskinfromhiselbowdowntohishandhadcompletelydisappearedaninvestigationconsequentlycarriedouttodeterminethecauseofdeathofthearrestantconcludedthatlightningfirststrucktheweathervanesmashedthetimberrooftrussesrooftrussestoppledthechimneyandwentdownthechimneychaseshatteringthefireplacesonthetopandthirdfloorwithoutharminganyoftheinmatesimprisonedtherehoweveritstruckhohenleiterwithfullforcetheironchainfunctioningasaelectricalconductorconductorthebodyofxaverhohenleiterwasburiedinthecemeteryofthepoorhouseonjulythegravehassincebeenlevelledfateofothermembersofthegangxaverhohenleitersbrotherulrichderurlediedoftuberculosisincustodyinbeingyearsofagefidelegindeletheredbutcheralsodiedoftuberculosisonmaywhilstawaitingtrialhehadbeentransferredtogotteszelljailformerlyanunneryduetohisillnesstheremainingaccusedweresentencedinmarchjosephantonjungthepedlarandfidelissohmoneeyedfidelebothreceivedalifesentencejosephantonjungreceivedaroyalpardoninanddiedinellwangennowpartofrotanderrotinmichaelfriedrichludwigklumphandsomefritzwassenttojailforyearshediedinprisoninsebastiankellermanbastewasalsosentencedtoyearschristianmaucherthebumannshausentailorwentdownforfouryearsottiliahunsingervettersottlwassentencedtosixmonthsimprisonmentwhereastheotherwomenofthegangreceivedjailsentencesbetweentwoandthreeandahalfyearsfranzmerkleweaverfranzwasnotapprehendeduntilandinhewassentencedtothreeandahalfyearsimprisonmentwhichhewastospendinaworkhouseafterhisreleaseheseemedtohavebeenunabletostayoutoftroublesincecourtrecordsfromconstanceshowthatthecourtthereaskedfortheassistanceofthewrttembergcourtinulmonthematterofaninvestigationagainstmerklewhostoodaccusedofcriminalactsatthecourtinconstancelegacyxaverhohenleiterandhisgangwerethelastrepresentativesofbanditryinupperswabiasowidespreadandcommonduringtheancientregimeliteratureinhisvolumepoemsgedichtepublishedinswabianpoetgustavschwabwroteapoemtitledpsalmangeklopftdaswetteruntersturmzubiberachamsnderturmaboutthedeathofhohenleiterachildrensbooktitledderschwarzeverieinewahrerubergeschichteausnapoleonischerzeittheblackxaveratruerobbersstoryfromnapoleonictimeswaspublishedinbyelkeknittelthebookretellsthelegendssurroundingtherobberutilisingtheoriginalfilesoftheinvestigationaswellassurvivingcourtrecordsmusicravensburgbandgslzbrreleasedasonginwhichthelifeoftheschwarzevereisportrayedgrachmusikoffabandfrombadschussenrieddedicatedasongtoschwaazvereontheircdquasilebtothersoonafterhisdeathlegendsaboutschwaazveribegantoevolvetheselegendswereakintootherlegendsaboutnotoriouscriminalsbyusingsimilarliterarytopostopoiandaslateasthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturythefigureofschwaazverewasstillusedasabogeymanfigureinupperswabianfolkloreinacarnivalingermanyswitzerlandandaus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alljsmallnbspwongsaasmallsmallnbspyellowsandswasusuallyincludedthenortheasternareafromthestwharftotaipinggatewascalledsmallpsmallnbspshngxgunsmalljsmallnbspsoengsaigwaanandthesouthwesternareastretchingtohuangshawasknownassmallpsmallnbspxixgunsmalljsmallnbsphaasaigwaaninmodernguangzhouthepreservationdistrictofxiguanisformallydefinedzhngshnqlandzhngshnblanditseasternboundaryismiddleandsouthrenminroadsrnmnzhnglandrnmnnnlitssouthandwestreachthezhujiangpearlriverrefnamepreserverefthiscoversanareaofandincludestheareaofformershamianunitedwiththemainlandthroughlandreclamationhistorythesuburbsoutsideguangzhoustaipinggatecametobecalledxiguanduringthemingdynastyminglistofchinesedynastiesdynastyththcenturyovertimetheyexpandedtofillthefieldsbetweenthewalledcityandthepearlrivertheareawasadministeredaspartofnanhaicountyitwasknownforitslovelinessdngcunxqionnfbipnandladiesinxiguangentlemenindongshandistrictguangzhoudongshanandriffraffonhenanislandhenanonfebruaryxiguanwasremovedfromnanhaicountyandunitedwithguangfutoformanenlargedguangzhouonoctobertheliwandistrictgovernmentapprovedapreservationplanforxiguanstraditionalarchitectureandculturecultureapartfromitsconnectiontoguangdongslingnanandcantonesepeoplecantoneseculturexiguanisfamedwithinchinaasthesiteofwesternlearningspreadingeastzhsmallpsmallnbspxxudngjinsmalljsmallnbspsaihokdungzimtherearevarietiesofcustomsinxiguanwhicharecomparativelywellconservedamongdistrictsinguangzhoucustomsduringthechinesenewyearontombsweepingdayandqixifestivalchinesevalentinesdayduringthemidautumnfestivalandatthedongzhifestivalwintersolsticearemoreorlessthesameasthoseinotherplacesinguangzhouduringthedragonboatfestivalsomemaleresidentsrowdragonboatstheareascultureiscelebratedindongshanshaoyessongmissxiguanxiguanxiaojieandliaoweilisalbumxiguanxiguanisthesettingofthemainlandchinesechinesetelevisiondramadramasexoticwivesandlocalhusbandswailaixifubendilangandturbulentxiguanfengyuxiguanandthehongkonghongkongtelevisiondramadramaspointofnoreturntvseriespointofnoreturnandwheneasterlyshowersfallonthesunnywestarchitecturexiguanresidenceswhichusedtobetheresidencesofwealthybusinessmenarethetypicalrepresentativeofvernaculardwellingsinxiguanzhutongbambootubehousesaretraditionalhousesthatarerichincharacteristicsoflingnanageographicalareareferringtolandsinthesouthofchinasfiverangeswhicharetayuqitiandupangmengzhuyuechengthisregioncoverstheguangdongguangxihunanandjiangxiprovincesofmodernchinaandnorthernvietnamtheyarerelativelycruderandnarrowerthanaxiguanwestcustomshousethewidthofthistypeofhouseisshortandthedepthislongthewlratiovariesfromtotheroomsarearrangedfromfronttobackwithskylightsasintervalsthustheshapeofabambootubeventilationdrainageandtrafficaremainlydependentontheskylightsandtheroadwayiethelongerthehouseisthemoreskylightsarerequiredtheyappeartobeonestorybutsincetheycanreachaheightofmeterstheyalwayssetfloorlevelsandstairwayswithinthehousestonesareusedtoconstructthebaseofawallandbricksareusedasthebodyofeachwalltheyalwayshaveagableawoodenframeandatiledroofsomepeopleclaimthatarcadesinxiguancorrelatecloselytotheresidencesofancientpeoplelivinginnanyuetheyareconsideredasthetraceofbaiyuestilthouseontheotherhandsomepeopleinsistthatarcadesarestructuresbuiltinwhenstreetswereextendedandroadswereconstructedonalargescaleinguangzhoutheirdesignisdeemedtohavederivedfromancientgreecearcadesconnecthousesandmakealongpathforpedestrianstokeepoutwindrainandtheglareofsunshinearcadesseemtobeexactlydesignedfortheclimateinguangzhouandmeanwhilemakesitmuchmoreconvenientforstorestodisplaytheirgoodsandattractcustomersthiskindofstructurehasalwaysbeenthemainfeatureofguangzhouscommercialatmosphereandhasbecomethesignofguangdongstreetorcantonstreetinotherplacessuchasjinlingdongluinshanghaiarcadesinguangzhoufirstappearedintheareaaroundsacredheartcathedralofguangzhousacredheartcathedralonyidelulaterotherbusinessquartersinguangzhouimitatedtheexamplesuchasshangxiajiuzhongshanluenningluandrenminnanlubuildingsonshamiancanbedividedintofourcategoriesbaroquenewbaroqueneoclassicalarchitectureneoclassicalverandahandgothicarchitecturepseudogothicduringtheendofthenineteenthcenturyandearlytwentiethcenturyalongthechangdilongriverbankandxidiwestriverbankofthepearlriveringuangzhoulargeofficeandcommercialbuildingswereconstructedwhichreflectedthepopularnewclassicalarchitecturalstyleofthenineteenthcenturywesterncountriesandhavealsoretainedthearchitecturalfeaturesofthegrecianandromantimescuisinedelicacieswhichhaveearnedthetitleofchinesefamousfoodareasfollowspeanutsesamefilledcakeofronghuateahouseshuangpinaiandmilkwithgingerjuiceofnanxinshrimpwontonofouchengjijidicongeeofwuzhanjigingerjuicemilkcustardtartofqingpingrestaurantsweetheartcakeoflianxianglouteahousericenoodlerollwithbeefofyinjiandgooseliverjiaoziboileddumplingsofjinzhonggedelicacieswhichhaveearnedthetitleofguangzhoufamousfoodareasfollowsmilkwithgingerjuiceofxinghualouteahousemilkpasteoffenghuangsesamepastesweetdumplingsofrongdesachimaofsatangjisampancongeesaltypancakeofdechangstuffedglutinousricedumplingandburstlaughingdeepfriedpastryballofliangyingjiwhitesugarlunjiaocakeofguohuacoconuticecreamandgrassjellyofshunjibingshithechinesecharacterjiisoftenusedinarestaurantssignageoftenfollowingtheownersnameforinstancekaijiisnamedforitsowneryejiankaidoubleskinmilkindaliangsubdistrictfoshandaliangshundedistrictshundeownsamostfamousreputationthefounderofnanxincomesfromshundeandsetupashopinguangzhouinthenameisactuallyderivedfromthecookeryandtastewhenitiscookeditappearsastherearetwoskinsforthemilkoriginallyinguangzhouthemostfamousonewouldbenanxinstorebutitsnowcombinedwithotherfamoussnacktobesolditlooksasthewhitejellyandwithsweettastecoconuticecreamofshunjibingshiisawellknownxiguansnacktherestaurantwasestablishedbyastreethawkernamedlushuninthescoconutjuiceextractedfromfreshcoconutmeatdilutedmilkeggsandrefinedwhitesugararetheingredientsthedelicaciesofshunjihavebeentastedbyheadsofforeignstatesandhonoredguestssuchasnorodomsihanoukfromcambodiainthesandssincetherestauranthasacquiredthetitleofguangzhoufamousfoodkaijiislocatedonlongjindongluitsownerisyejiankaiandheisjokinglycalleddoushakaibecauseoftherestaurantsfoodkaijistangyuansweetdumplingsservedwithgreenbeansoupandvanillagreenbeansoupclearawaydinersheatandtoxicmaterialandearnahighreputationinguangzhoutheshopisyesgrandfatherslegacyshrimpwontonnoodleofouchengjiisfamousthesoupservedwiththisdelicacyisthedoublestewedsoupmadeofshrimproeflounderandpigbonesfreshporkshrimpandeggsareusedinstuffingofthewontonsthewontonwrapperissothinthatwontonsappearcarneousafterbeingcookedthoroughlythuscalledglasswontonsjidicongeeofwuzhanjialternativelycalledsanyuanjidicongeehasbeenfamoussincerepublicofchinalocatedinwenchangxiangtherestaurantisfamousforitsvarietyofcongeejidithecongeeinparticularthiscongeecontainsdriedbeancurdstickgingkoandflounderthecongeeisalsocalledsanyuanjidicongeeforthereasonthatthenumbersofitsingredientsineachbowlnamelyporkballsporkliverslicesandporkintestineslicescorrespondrespectivelytothenumbersofzhuangyuanbangyanandtanhuawuzhanjisjidicongeeearnedthetitleofchinesefamousfoodinricenoodlerollwasoriginatedbythehexianguanrestaurantinpantangduringthesecondsinojapanesewarandithasbeenamustinguangzhousrestaurantsricenoodlerollwithbeefofyinjiisthemostfamoustypericemilkissteamedintoricepelliclewithmeatsmashfilletandporkliveronitandthepellicleisrolledandthencutapartsampancongeecomesfromlitchibayitiscalledsampancongeebecauseitwassoldbytankapeopleonsampansitsingredientsusedtobeonlyriverprawnsandslicesoffishnowithasbecomeacommonlyseensnackandhasgraduallybecomeadishservedinrestaurantsandhotelsitsingredientsareunceasinglyupdatedwithsaltedjellyfishpeanutsandfriedvermicellieducationelementaryschoolsxiguanpeizhengprimaryschoolxianjidongprimaryschoolsanyuanfangprimaryschoolliuhualuprimaryschooldongfengxilunoprimaryschooldongfengxilunoprimaryschoolxihualuprimaryschoolxinglongluprimaryschoollongjinxiluprimaryschoolhuiyuannanprimaryschoolxilaixiprimaryschoolaffiliatedprimaryschoolofguangzhounormalschoolliwanlexianfangprimaryschoolshamianprimaryschoolguangyaliprimaryschoolliwanbaoyuanzhongyueprimaryschoolwenchangxiangprimaryschoolbaohuaprimaryschoolludixiprimaryschoolmingxingliprimaryschoolhuangshadadaoprimaryschoolrenminzhongluprimaryschoolzhoumenprimaryschoolshuangqiaoprimaryschoolliwanexperimentalschoolhuancuiyuanprimaryschoolzhongshanbaluprimaryschoolguangyaprimaryschoolhuanshixiluprimaryschoollongjinprimaryschoolbaohuapeizhengprimaryschoolliwanhuaqiaoprimaryschoolliwanxihualuprimaryschoolzhujiluprimaryschoolyaohuaprimaryschoolwenchangprimaryschooljinyanliprimaryschoolhighschoolsguangdongguangyamiddleschoolguangzhounomiddleschoolguangzhouvocationalschoolofearlychildhoodeducationguangzhounomiddleschoolguangzhounomiddleschoolguangzhouxiguanforeignlanguageschoolformermiddleschoolguangzhounomiddleschoolguangzhouxieheseniorschoolformerguangzhounormalschoolguangzhoumeihuamiddleschoolformerguangzhounomiddleschoolguangzhounomiddleschoolguangzhounomiddleschoolguangzhounomiddleschoolemergedintopeiyingmiddleschoolguangzhouchenjiagengmemorialmiddleschoolformerguangzhounomiddleschoolguangzhounomiddleschoolliuhuamiddleschoolguangzhounanhaimiddleschoolformerguangzhounomiddleschoolguangzhounomiddleschoolclosedafterwardsbecamethecampusofxianjidongprimaryschoolguangzhounomiddleschoolxiguanpeiyingmiddleschoolguangzhounomiddleschoolemergedintoguangzhounanhaimiddleschoolguangzhouliwanmiddleschoolformerguangzhounomiddleschooltransportationschenclanacademystationhistoricallycreeksandcanalsformedthemainarteriesoftransportationintheareawithguangzhousurbanizationinchinaurbanizationmostofthesehavebeenfilledandpavedorbuiltoverthepresentareasmajorroadsarerenminroadintheeastonthesiteofguangzhousoldmoatandcitywallszhongshanroadinthenorthanddongfenghuanshinananandkangwangroadsandhuangshaavenuethepearlriveriscrossedbythezhujiangbridgezhujiangandrenminbridgesandthezhujiangtunnelalocalfeaturearesurvivinggranitestreetsandlaneswhichwereusedaroundthexiguanresidencesxihuaniswellconnectedtotheguangzhoumetrolineguangzhoumetrolinestopsatthechenclanacademystationchenclanancestralhallchangshoulustationchangshouroadandhuangshastationhuangshalineguangzhoumetrolinestopsatzhongshanbastationzhongshanbaxichangstationxichangandxicunstationxicunlineguangzhoumetrolinestopsattheculturalparkstationculturalparkhuangshastationhuangshaandruyifangstationruyifanglineguangzhoumetrolinestopsatthechenclanacademystationchenhallhualintemplestationhualintempleandculturalparkstationculturalparkandlineguangzhoumetrolinestopsatzhongshanbastationzhongshanbaseealsoliwandistrictwestguanyongzhzhnotesreferencesfurtherreadinglwgovcnpeoplesgovernmentofliwandistrictguangzhoucityresearchintocantoneseteachingpronunciationbymokchiuhunghongkongeducationpublishinghouseeditionexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebbbscantoneseasiaviewthreadphptidextrapagexiguanaccentscantoneseasiacantoneseassociationwebarchiveorgwebyueyunetcantoneseguildhallwebarchiveorgwebcantonesecultureorgpageheadlineindexaspxcantoneseculturecommunicationassociationxiguanxiguanmasaharufukuyamaxintertwiningalbertlujantelevisintabasqueatelevisintabasqueaxlipagodaxlipagodaraidsshimoinadistrictnaganofujikawaguchikoyamanashiminamitsurudistrictyamanashicharacterencodingsinhtmlxmlcharacterreferencesxmenapocalypsebeermeasurementstrengthfrxxxbirexiangjingartistislandgamesxiangyinroadstationinfoboxshipimageshipimagehmsdiligencearfjpgshipcaptionarhmsdiligenceaxanthustypedestinedfortheroyalnavymarchinfoboxshipclassoverviewnamexanthusclassbuildersbethlehemfairfieldshipyardoperatorsunitedstatesnavyroyalnavyclassbeforeclassaftersubclassesbuiltrangeincommissionrangetotalshipsbuildingtotalshipsplannedtotalshipscompletedtotalshipscancelledtotalshipsactivetotalshipslaiduptotalshipslosttotalshipsretiredtotalshipspreservedinfoboxshipcharacteristicshideheaderheadercaptionshiptypeauxiliaryshiprepairshipshipdisplacementtonsshiplengthfeetinchesshipbeamfeetinchesshipdraughtshipdraftfeetshippropulsionhoovenowensrentschlercoverticaltripleexpansionscrewratedatshpshipspeedknotsshiprangeshipcomplementshipsensorsshipewshiparmamentcalibergundualpurposeguncalibergunaagunsboforsmmnavalmmboforsaagunsoerlikonmmcannonmmoerlikonaagunsshiparmorshipaircraftshipaircraftfacilitiesshipnotesthexanthusclassrepairshipswereaclassoffiveauxiliaryshipsbuiltfortheusnavyunitedstatesnavyandroyalnavyshipsoftheclassservedinadiverserangeofenvironmentsinvaryingcapacitiesduringbothworldwariiandthekoreanwarxanthusclassshipswereincommissionbetweendescriptiononfebruarytheunitedstateschiefofnavaloperationscnofleetadmiralunitedstatesfadmernestjkingauthorizedtheconstructionoffivevesselsinresponsetoabritishroyalnavyeroyalnavyrequestforseveralheavydutyrepairshipfleetrepairshipstheseshipsweretohavebeenconstructedintheunitedstatesandlatertransferredtobritainunderthelendleaselendleaseagreementdesignandconstructionxanthusclassvesselswerefirstlaiddowninmidbybethlehemfairfieldshipyardunderamaritimecommissioncontracttheseshipswereoriginallyintendedaslibertyshipshulldesignecscwhichatthetimewerealsounderconstructionforbritaininsteadfiveofthepartiallycompletedlibertyshiphullswererequisitionedforconversionintorepairshipsitwassoonrealizedthatthelibertyshiphullandconfigurationwouldnotbesuitablefortheroleofrepairshipsubstantialmodificationwasnecessaryinordertoensureoperatingefficiencyandfunctionalityaplanningcommissioninvestigatingtheproblemdecidedthatthemodificationswouldbebasedoffthedesignofsargtyperepairshipswhichhadalreadyseensubstantialserviceinthepacificconstructionproceededwithinitialhullalterationsandarmamentbasedofftheluzonclasstheluzonclassrepairshipusstutuilaargusstutuilaargwasselectedastheconversiontemplateitwasquicklyrealizedthatconversionbasedultimatelyofftheluzonwouldnotbeentirelysuccessfulbecausebritishconfigurationrequirementsfortheshipsdifferedsubstantiallyfromtheluzondesignacompleteoverhauloftheinternalconfigurationandthuscompletelynewplansfortheinternalconfigurationwerenecessaryeachremainedinbethlehemfairfieldshipyardformostoftheconstructionprocessatapproximatelycompletiontheshipsweretransferredtotheconversiondocksfourofthefiveshipsremainedinmarylandandwereconvertedbythemarylanddrydockcompanytheothershiparwassenttobethlehemsimpsonyardinbostonmassachusettswhileallfiveshipswereintendedfortheroyalnavyonlytwoweredeliveredtheotherthreewereexpropriatedbytheusnavysometimepriortocompletionandweregiventhexanthusclassdesignationoperationalhistoryxanthusclassvesselsprovidedadiverserangeofauxiliaryrepairfunctionsforboththeusandbritishnaviesamericanflaggedshipsservedinthepacificwiththeusnavyrepairingshipsdamagedinthefinalbattlesagainstjapantheseshipscontinuedtheirroleafterthewarbyprovidingsupportfortheoccupationofjapanalliedoccupationofjapanbritishflaggedshipsservedintheatlanticwiththeroyalnavyrepairingbothaircraftanddestroyersbeforebeingreturnedtotheunitedstatesshortlyfollowingthewarsendoneshipusslaertesusslaertesalsoservedinthekoreanwarhmsassistancefarhmsassistancefhmsassistancewaslaiddowninmayanddeliveredtotheroyalnavyonjanuarytheshipservedinbritishhomewatersasanaircraftdepotandrepairshipshewasreturnedtousnavyandtransferredtothenationaldefensereservefleetinhmsdiligencefarhmsdiligencefhmsdiligencewaslaiddowninjuneandtransferredtobritaininsheservedasadestroyerrepairvesseluntilreturningtousnavyinshewassubsequentlytransferredtonationaldefensereservefleetussxanthusarussxanthusussxanthuswaslaiddowninjunelaunchedinjulyandfinallycommissionedinmayshearrivedatpearlharboronjulyandbrieflyservedintherepairroleonaugustxanthussailedforalaskawhereshewastojoinforcesmassingfortheplannedassaultonthejapaneseheldkurilislandstheinvasionnevertookplaceandinsteadxanthuswassenttojapanwheresheservedastheflagshipoftaskgroupxanthuslateroperatedoutofokinawauntiljanuaryinfebruaryxanthussailedforchinawhereshesupportedamericannavalactivitiesshewaswithdrawninaprilofthatyearandsenttothenationaldefensereservefleetinjamesrivervirginiausslaertesarusslaertesarusslaerteswaslaiddowninaugustlaunchedinseptemberandcommissionedinmarchshewassenttothenavalfacilitiesateniwetokenewetakatollwhereshespentfourmonthsrepairingbattledamagedshipsfromthereshesailedtookinawawhereshespentonlyaweekbeforesettingcoursefortheunitedstateslaertesservedseveralmonthsasapreinactivationrepairshipinbremertonwashingtonandsandiegocaliforniabeforebeingdecommissionedandenteringthepacificreservefleetlaerteswasrecommissionedondecemberinresponsetotheoutbreakofhostilitiesinkoreasheoperatedfromthejapaneseportofsasebonagasakisaseboandthekoreanportofpusanrepairingthebattledamagedshipsoftheunitedstatesseventhfleetussdionysusarussdionysusarussdionysuswaslaiddowninseptemberlaunchedinoctoberandcommissionedinaprilsheoperatedfromenewetakatollandtokyobaybetweenjulyandseptembershewasrecommissionedinandjoinedtheunitedstatesfleetforcescommandatlanticfleetwheresherepairedshipsinpuertoricoandinportsalongtheeasternunitedstatesshipsoftheclassclasswikitableshipsofthexanthusclassnamebuilderlaiddownlaunchedcommissionedfatehmsassistancefhmsassistancebethlehemfairfieldmayjunesoldforscrappinghmsdiligencefhmsdiligencebethlehemfairfieldjunejulysoldforscrappingussxanthusarussxanthusbethlehemfairfieldjunejulymaysoldforscrappingusslaertesarusslaertesbethlehemfairfieldaugustseptembermarchsoldforscrappingussdionysusarussdionysusbethlehemfairfieldseptemberoctoberaprilsunkasartificialreeftriviatheclassandtheussxanthusleadshipwerenamedafterbaliusandxanthusxanthusoneofachilleshorseswhospokewithahumanvoiceseealsolistofsupportshipsoftheroyalnavylistofauxiliariesoftheunitedstatesnavywarinthepacificexternallinkspwencyclkgbudgecomxaxanthusclasshtmxanthusclassonthepacificwaronlineencyclopediaibiblioorghyperwarusnshipsshipsarhtmlrepairshipsoftheusnavysourcesinfoboxstationnamexizhinativenamenativenamelangzhtwsymbollocationtwsymbolrailsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagetrasijhihstationeastentrancejpgaltcaptionxizhistationfrontaddressxinyirdnoboroughxizhidistrictxizhinewtaipeicountrytaiwanlatitudelongitudedistancenbspkmfromkeelungoperatorplainlisttaiwanrailwaysadministrationlineplainlistborderdarkgraywestcoastlinetaiwanwestcoastlineplatformsconnectionsbusstopstructureelevateddisabledcodeclassificationtaiwanrailwaysadministrationlevelopenedoctoberoriginalbraprilelevatedstationpassengersxizhiisrailwaystationofthetaiwanrailwaysadministrationwestcoastlinetaiwanwestcoastlinelocatedinxizhidistrictnewtaipeitaiwanoverviewimagetraxizhistationplatformwestsectionjpgthumbrightpxxizhistationplatformsthestationhastwoislandplatformshistoryoctoberthestationopenedastsuitngkapierduringtaiwanunderjapaneserulejapaneserulethenamewaschangedtothenamewaschangedtothecurrentxizhistationaprilfollowingtheconstructionoftheelevatedstationthenewtracksandstationcameintoserviceaugustthestationbeginsacceptingeasycardaspaymentfortravelaroundthestationkeelungriverxizhidistrictofficexiufenghighschoolxizhioldstreetprovincialhighwaynotaiwanprovincialhighwaynoseealsolistofrailwaystationsintaiwanreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebservicetragovtwsijhihtraxizhistationredirectxenxiscoxingzhongroadstationxiaonanmenstationshanghaimetrosonyericssonxperiaxhamzaharankahamarabuddhaparkxxxixpanzercorpsxenaflyxoloprivateuseareasprivateuseareasprivateuseareasprivateuseareasprivateuseareasprivateuseareasprivateuseareasprivateuseareaszenitcameracameraswithttlmeteringandmthreadmountmetresrelayinfoboxofficeholdernamexiangjingyunativenameimagexiangjingyujpgcaptionordermemberofthecentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinatermstarttermendpredecessorsuccessornationalitychinachinesebirthdatebirthplacexupuhunandeathdatedeathplacealmamaterpartycommunistpartyofchinaxiangjingyuseptembermaywhoseoldnamewasxiangjunxianwasoneoftheearliestfemalemembersofthecommunistpartyofchinacpcwidelyregardedasapioneerofthefeminisminchinawomensmovementofchinaearlylifexiangjingyuwasborninxupuhunanprovinceonseptemberherfatherwasxiangruilingasuccessfulbusinessmanandhermotherwasdengyuguiwhodiedwhenxiangjingyuwasyoungshehastensiblingsxiangjingyusonebrotherxiangxianyuewhohadstudiedinjapanwasaleaderoftongmenghuitongmenghuiinwesthunanxiangxianyuefoundedaprimaryschoolinwenchanggeinxiangjingyuthennamedxiangjunxianattendedthisschoolbecauseoftheinfluenceofherbrotherandbecamethefirstgirlwhostudiedinaschoolintheoldchinaxiangjingyuwenttochangshainafterthedownfallofqingdynastywiththexinhairevolutionsherenamedherselfxiangjingyuandattendedthefirstprovincialwomensnormalschoolofhunanbutthenleftthisschoolandattendedzhounanwomensschoolinthisperiodxiangjingyuwasconcernedwithstateaffairswhenthehumiliatingtwentyonedemandswassignedsheandotherstudentsmadespeechesinthestreetshopingtowakethepatrioticenthusiasmofchinesepeopleaftergraduatingfromzhounanwomensschoolxiangjingyuwentbacktoherhometownshethoughtthateducationcouldrescuechinasoshefoundedxupuprimaryschoolunderthesupportofsomelocalprogressivesastheprincipalofthisschoolsheemployedsomeprogressiveyouthsasteacherswhatthedifferencewascomparedtomostotherschoolswasthatherschooltaughtnewknowledgeandnewideasatthebeginningtherewasonlyoneclassanddozensofstudentshoweverthenumbersofstudentsexpandedquicklyandreacheduptowhenthenewcitizensacademicassociationwasfoundedinhunanbymaozedongandcaiheseninaprilxiangjingyuwantedtomakeacareeroutsidesoxiangjingyuwenttobeijingandpaidavisittomrcaiyuanpeitheprincipleofpekinguniversityinbeijingxiangjingyumetwithcaihesenandhadagoodrelationshipwithhiminjulyxiangjingyuwasinvitedbycaihesentogotochangshaandcarryouthunansworkstudymovementinfranceondecemberxiangjingyucaihesencaichangcaihesensmotherandotherpersonswenttofranceandbecameparttimechinesestudentsxiangjingyuattendedthemontargiswomensuniversitywhenshestudiedinmontargisshereadmanyofkarlmarxmarxsworksanddevelopedabeliefinmarxismandcommunisminmayxiangjingyumarriedcaihesenwhenxiangjingyustudiedinfranceshewasconcernedwiththeconditionsoftheworldandchinaonmayshewroteaboutproblemswithwomensliberationandreforminglidazhaosmagazinenewyouthinthisarticleshevoicedtheopinionthatwomensliberationmustbecombinedwiththeremouldingofsocietyroadtorevolutioninparttimestudentswereexpelledfromfranceduetoapetitionforrightsofstudyandlivingxiangjingyuwentbacktochinainthesameyearinfebruaryxiangjingyuwasacceptedbychinesecommunistpartyandbecameoneoftheearliestfemalepartymembersinjulyshewaselectedasthefirstfemalememberoftheccpcentralcommitteeandbecamethefirstdirectorofthepartywomensbureaushetriedtoforgelinkswithfemalelaborersespeciallyinthesilkindustryxiangjingyuwroteanumberofarticlestoelaboratechinesewomensproblemsinthesearticlesshecalledforchinesewomentouniteandfightforliberationwiththeestablishmentoftheunitedfrontwiththeguomindanginxiangbecameeditorofaweeklysupplementtotherepublicandailyaguomindangnewspaperinjuneattherdnationalpeoplescongressxiangjingyuwaselectedasacentralcommitteememberagainandbecamethefirstsecretaryofthewomensmovementcommitteexiangdraftedthewomensmovementbillwhichwaspassedbythecongresswhichsaidoneofthekeytasksofthepartyswomensbureauwastogaininfluenceoverthegeneralwomensmovementincludingthegeneralsuffragegroupthewomensrightsalliancesomepartymemberscondemnedworkingwiththegroupbecauseitwasbourgeoisshewassometimescriticalofpatriarchalpracticeswithinthecommunistpartyinsheledastrikeinvolvingabouttenthousandfemaleworkersfromsilkfactoriesthenxiangjingyufoundedthecommitteeofwomensliberationandtrainedmanyfemalecadreswhothenbecameaforceagainstfeudalismandimperialisminjanuaryxiangjingyuwasonceagainelectedtothecentralcommitteenowforthethirdtimesheplayedakeyroleinthestrikesandprotestsofthemaythirtiethmovementofhoweverbecauseofanaffairwithcommunistpartymemberpengshuzhishewascriticizedbypartymembersaslackingmoralvirtueandwasforcedtoresignherpositiononthecentralcommitteeandasheadofthepartywomensbureauapoliticalsplitbetweenpengwhostronglysupportedpartychairmanchenduxiuandcaiwhowantedmorepoliticalautonomyalsoplayedintothesituationinoctoberxiangjinyuandcaihesenweresenttostudyinmoscoworientcommunistlaboruniversitywheretheirrelationshippermanentlyendedinmarchxiangjingyuwentbacktochinaonaprilchiangkaishekstartedhiscounterrevolutionarywarinshanghaiandxiangjingyudecidedtofleetowuhanandworkinthepropagandadepartmentofthefederationoftradeunionsofwuhanthewuhannationalgovernmentalsoexpelledthecommunistsinjulyregardlessofdangerxiangjingyustayedoninwuhaneditingthepartyjournalchangjiangandhelpingtheworkersmovementandundergroundpartydeathxiangjingyuwasarrestedinthefrenchconcessionsandeliinwuhanonmarchduetothebetrayalofmembersofhergrouptothepolicethefrenchofficialsturnedherovertotheguomindanginaprilonthefirstofmayofthesameyearxiangjingyuwasexecutedbyguomindangpolicenotesreferencesarchiveisbaikebaiducomviewhtmbaikebaidunewsxinhuanetcomziliaocontenthtmbaikebaiducomviewhtmseealsowomensrightschinainfoboxbroadcastcalllettersxhbzctdtstationlogostationslogancontigostationbrandingcanalvirtualdigitaluhffoundedaprillocationlapazbajacaliforniasurcallsignmeaningownerbajacaliforniasurgobiernodelestadodebajacaliforniasurformercallsignscoordinateseffectiveradiatedpowerkwhomepagexhbzctdtvirtualchannelknownonairascanalisaneducationalandpublictelevisionstationownedandoperatedbythegovernmentofthestateofbajacaliforniasurinlapazbaja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ampionshipsseealsolistoftabletennisplayersreferencesinfoboxtabletennisplayernamexientinghsientingimageimagesizecaptionfullnameeducationnationalityplayingstylebirthdatebirthplacedeathdatedeathplaceheightweightmedaltemplatesxientingalsohsientingisamaleformertabletennisplayerfromchinatabletenniscareerfromtohewonfourmedalsinsinglesdoublesandteameventsintheworldtabletennischampionshipsandseveralmedalsintheasiantabletennischampionshipsthefourworldmedalsincludedtwogoldmedalsinthemensteameventattheworldtabletennischampionshipsandthemenssinglesattheworldtabletennischampionshipsseealsolistoftabletennisplayerslistofworldtabletennischampionshipsmedalistsreferencesnavboxestitlexientingstitlestitlestylebackgroundeeeefflistxiaoshimiddleschooltatankthexanthianobeliskalsoknownasthexanthosorxanthusstelethexanthosorxanthusbilingualtheinscribedpillarofxanthosorxanthustheharpagussteleandthecolumnaxanthiacaisastelebearinganinscriptioncurrentlybelievedtobetrilingualfoundontheacropolisoftheancientlycianslyciancityofxanthosorxanthusnearthemoderntownofknkinsouthernturkeythethreelanguagesareancientgreeklycianlanguagelycianandmilyanlanguagemilyanthelasttwoareanatolianlanguagesandwerepreviouslyknownaslycianaandlycianbrespectivelyduringitsearlyperiodofstudythelycianeithercouldnotbeunderstoodorwasinterpretedastwodialectsofonelanguagehencethetermbilingualanothertrilingualfromxanthustheletoontrilingualwassubsequentlynamedfromitsthreelanguagesgreeklycianaandaramaiclanguagearamaictheyarebothfoursidedbothtrilingualthefindsitesaredifferentthekeyunequivocalwordsarebilingualletoonaramaiclycianbmilyantheequivocalwordsaresteletrilingualxanthusorxanthosthexanthusinscriptionmightrefertoanyinscriptionfromxanthusdiscoveryfirstinvestigationofxanthusthestelelayinplainsightforcenturiesthoughtheupperportionwasbrokenoffandtoppledbyanearthquakeatsometimeinantiquitywhilechartingthelyciancoastfrancisbeaufortthenacaptainintheroyalnavysurveyedandreportedontheruinsmostoftheruinsstoodatelevatedlocationstowhichnotevenamuletrailremainedreportsofthewhitemarbletombswhichwerevisibletotravellersattractedtheinterestofvictorianageexplorerssuchascharlesfellowsonsaturdayaprilsircharlesfellowsarchaeologistartistandmountaineermemberofthebritishassociationandmanofindependentmeansarrivedinanarabdhowfromconstantinopleattheportoftkrovasiteofancientphaselisonfridayhehadarrivedinconstantinoplefromenglandtoseekpermissiontoexploreaccordingtohimhewasbentonananatolianexcursionaroundlyciaalthoughhisjournalisinthefirstpersonitisclearfromthetextthatotherswerepresentandthathehadsomeequipmentwithhimhewasknownalsotothebritishmuseumandtotheroyalgeographicalsocietywithwhomhecollaboratedimmediatelyonhisreturntheottomanempirewasongoodtermswiththebritishempireduetobritishsupportoftheottomansduringtheirdefenceagainstnapoleontheygrantedpermissionandwouldcooperateinthesubsequentremovalofantiquitiestothebritishmuseumprogressalongthecoastwassoslowthatfellowsdisembarkedatkasobtainedsomehorsesandproceededtocrossakdaperhapsinfluencedbyhisinterestinmountaineeringclimbingthousandsoffeetfellowsobservedtombsandruinsovertheentireslopesofthemountainsthepartycutshortitsmountainclimbingscramblingdowntopateratoavoidbeingblownofftheslopesbyheavyprevailingwindsfrompateratheyrodeupthebanksofthexanthusandonaprilcampedamongthetombsoftheruinedcityfellowstooknoteoftheobeliskarchitectureandthemanyinscriptionsinexcellentconditionbuthedidnotlingertoexaminethemfurtheraftermakingapreliminarysurveyhereturnedtobritaintopublishhisfirstjournalandtorequesttheboardoftrusteesofthebritishmuseumtoasklordpalmerstonforeignsecretarytorequestafirmandecreefirmanfromtheottomanempirefortheremovalofantiquitieshealsosoughtthecollaborationofcolonelwilliammartinleakeanotedantiquarianandtravellerandwithothersincludingbeaufortwasafoundingmemberoftheroyalgeographicalsocietywhilewaitingforthefirmanfellowsembarkedforlyciaarrivinginxanthusagaininobeliskonhisreturnarmedwithbeaufortsmapandleakesdirectionsfellowswentinsearchformorelyciancitiesandfoundelevenmoreaccountinginallforofplinysheconcentratedoncoinsandinscriptionsonaprilhearrivedagainatxanthuswritingxanthusiamoncemoreatmyfavouritecityhenotedthatitwasundespoiledthatisthebuildingstonehadnotbeenreusedhesawcyclopeanwallsgatewayspavedroadwaystrimmedstoneblocksandaboveallinscriptionsmanyingreekwhichhehadnotroublereadingandtranslatingfellowsstatesthathehadseenanobeliskonhisprevioustripwhichhesaidhehadmentionedinhisfirstjournalifhediditwasnotinthepublishedversionoftheinscriptionhesaidasthelettersarebeautifullycutihavetakenseveralimpressionsfromthemhisintentwastoestablishtheformsoflycianlettersheobservedthatanearthquakehassplitofftheupperpartwhichliesatthefootasitweighedmanytonshecouldnotmoveitheexcavatedtheobeliskfromwhichithadbeensplitstillstandingbutembeddedintheearthandfoundthatitstoodonapedestaloftheletteringonithewrotethecharactersuponthenorthwestsidearecutinafinerandbolderstyleandappeartobethemostancientseeinganinscriptioningreekonthenortheastsideherealisedtheimportanceofthefindbuthedidnotsaywhyonlythatitwaswritteninthefirstpersonwhichmakesthemonumentitselfspeakxanthianmarblesinoctoberfellowsreceivedwordthatthefirmanhadbeengrantedthepreliminaryworkwasoverandeventsbegantomoverapidlythehmsbeaconcommandedbythomasgravescaptaincaptaingraveshadbeenreassignedtotransportobjectsdesignatedbyfellowsandfellowswastoboardtheshipinmaltahewroteimmediatelytothebritishmuseumofferingtomanagetheexpeditionhimselfgratisifhecouldreceivefreepassageandrationsonbritishnavalvesselstheofferwasacceptedimmediatelyandunconditionallyonceheboardedtheshipunforeseendifficultiesarosewiththefirmanandtheyfounditnecessarytovoyagetoconstantinopletheretheyreceivedafirmcommitmentfromthesultanthesublimeporteininterestedingrantingsuchdemandsinconsequenceofthesincerefriendshipexistingbetweenthetwogovernmentsanadditionalproblemwasthatthemuseumhadallocatednofundsfortheexpeditionfellowsofferedtopayforithimselftowhichnoanswerwasreceivedimmediatelyatthemouthofthexanthuscaptaingravesfoundnosafeanchoragemuchtofellowschagrinhewasforcedtoanchormilesawaybutheleftaflotillaofsmallboatsunderalieutenantforthetransportofthemarblestheflowofthexanthusaccordingtofellowswasgreaterthanthatofthethamestheboatscouldmakenoheadwayinthestrongcurrentswhichfellowsestimatedatnbspmphinsteadtheypulledtheboatsupstreamfromtheshorethelocalswereexceedinglyhospitablesupplyingthemwithfreshediblesandpertinentadviceuntiltheyroastedaboarfordinneronenightafterwhichtheywereanathematicforhavingeatenuncleanmeattheyreachedxanthusindecemberloadingbeganinjanuaryonsitetheywerelimitedastowhattheycouldcarryinsmallboatsthesceneforthenextfewmonthswasfrenziedwithfellowsdecidingadhocwhatwasbesttoremoverushingdesperatelytoprytheobjectsfromtheearthwhilethecrewscratedthemthelargestobjectswerethehorsetombandpartsoftheharpytombwhichtheyhadtodisassemblecuttingthemupwithsawstheobeliskswereunthinkablefellowscontentedhimselfwithtakingpapercastsoftheinscriptionswhichsenttothemuseuminadvancewerethesubjectofleakesfirstanalysisandpublicationinalltheycratedtonsofmaterialincaseswhichtheytransporteddownriverinmarchforloadingontotheshiptemporarilymooredforthepurposeinmaltafellowsreceivedafewpleasantsurprisesthemuseumwasgoingtopayfortheexpeditionfellowswasinvitedtostayonatthemuseumthemarblesbecameknownasthexanthianmarblesinscriptionsthesteleisanimportantarchaeologicalfindpertainingtothelycianlanguagesimilartotherosettastoneithasinscriptionsbothingreekandinapreviouslymysteriouslanguagelycianwhichonfurtheranalysisturnedouttobetwoluwianlanguageslycianandmilyanreferencingalthoughnotorientedonthecardinaldirectionsthestelepresentsfourfacesofcontinuoustextthataretraditionallydescribeddirectionallysoutheastnorthandwestinthatorderlikethepagesofabooktheyareconventionallyletteredabcanddthewholebookisinscriptiontamithetextofeachpagewasinscribedinlinesconventionallynumberedonethroughthenumberofthelastlineonthepagetherearethreepiecesoftextathroughcahistoricalsectionoflinesinlyciandescribingthemajoreventsinwhichthedeceasedwasinvolvedcthroughcalineepigramingreekinthestyleofsimonidesofceoshonoringthedeceasedcthroughdaparaphraseoftheepigraminmilyanthepillarsitsatopatombandtheinscriptioncelebratesthedeceasedachampionwrestlerlanguageinasectionlycianinscriptionsofappendixbofhissecondjournalfellowsincludeshistransliterationsoftamiwithremarksandattemptedinterpretationsheadmitstobeingabletodolittlewithithoweverhedoesnotesomecuriousanalogiesmightbeshowninthepronounsoftheotherindoeuropeanlanguagesindogermaniclanguageshehadalreadydecidedthenthatthelanguagewasindoeuropeanhehadwrittenthisappendixfromstudiesperformedwhilehewaswaitingforthefirmanintheconclusionswerenotreallyhishoweverhequotesaletterfromhislinguisticassistantdanielsharpetowhomhehadsentcopiesmentioninggeorgfriedrichgrotefendgrotefendsconclusionbasedonfivepreviouslyknowninscriptionsthatlycianwasindogermanicbynowhewasreferringtotheinscriptionontheobeliskatxanthushehadperceivedthatthedeceasedwasmentionedasarppagootedemsonofharpagosfromwhichthestelealsobecameknownastheharpagosstelefellowsidentifiedthisharpaguswiththeconqueroroflyciaanddatedtheobelisktobconthehistoricalharpagushisviewhasbeencalledtheharpagidtheorybyantonykeenseealsoxanthosanatolianlanguageslycianlanguagenotesreferencesexternallinkshudurhudurdrxiangmingchenisachinesesociologistandthefoundingdeananddirectorofthecenterforurbanandglobalstudiesandpauleraetherdistinguishedprofessorofglobalurbanstudiesandsociologyattrinitycollegeconnecticuttrinitycollegeinhartfordconnecticutchenwasborninbeijingandgraduatedfrombeijingforeignstudiesuniversityandreceivedhisphdinsociologyfromdukeuniversityhealsoholdsthepositionsofdistinguishedprofessoratfudanuniversityinshanghaiandhonoraryresearchfellowsattheinstituteofeconomicsofshanghaiacademyofsocialsciencesandtheicinstituteattheuniversityoftexasataustinhealsoservesonthecouncilforthecommunityandurbansociologysectionoftheamericansociologicalassociationselectworksbooksyuanrenxiangmingchenanddieterlppleedstheeraofglobalcityregionsinchineseshanghaifudanuniversitypressxiangmingcheneditorandauthorofintroductionandcoauthorofconclusionandthreeotherchaptersshanghairisingstatepowerandlocaltransformationsinaglobalmegacitychaptersminneapolisuniversityofminnesotapressjiamingsunandxiangmingchenedsempiricalapproachestourbansociologynewdelhiindoamericanbooksxiangmingchenasbordersbendtransnationalspacesonthepacificrimlanhammdrowmanlittlefieldpublisherszhouzhenhuachenxiangmingandhuangjianfuedsworldcitiesinternationallessonsandshanghaisdevelopmentinchineseshanghaishanghaiacademyofsocialsciencespressanthonymorumandxiangmingchentheworldofcitiesplacesincomparativeandhistoricalperspectiveoxfordblackwellpublishersjournalarticlesxiangmingchenandtomasdemedicitrinityclasstheinstantcitycomingofagetheproductionofspacesinchinasshenzhenspecialeconomiczoneurbangeographyxiangmingchenintroductionwhychineseandindianmegacitiescitycommunityxiangmingchenandjiamingsununtanglingagloballocalnexussortingoutresidentialsortinginshanghaienvironmentandplanningadowscottjamesbishopandxiangmingchenanexaminationoftherelationshipofemployeeinvolvementwithjobsatisfactionemployeecooperationandintentiontoquitinusinvestedenterprisesinchinainternationaljournaloforganizationalanalysisxiangmingchentaiwaninvestmentsinchinaandsoutheastasiagowestbutalsogosouthasiansurveyxxxvireferencestaxoboxnamexenastrapotheriumfossilrangemiocenemidlatemiocenefriasianhuayqueriantypicallylaventanbrimageregnumanimaliaphylumchordataclassismammaliaordoastrapotheriafamiliaastrapotheriidaesubfamiliauruguaytheriinaeextinctiongenusxenastrapotheriumextinctiongenusauthoritykraglievichsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionseetextsynonymsastrapotheriumchristisynastrapotheriumamazonensexenastrapotheriumisanextinctgenusofastrapotheriaastrapothereatypeofhoofedherbivorousmammalnativetosouthamericawhichlivedinthemiocenemiddletolatemioceneperiodtypicallyduringthelaventanstageitisamemberofthefamilyastrapotheriidaeinthesubfamilyuruguaytheriinaelargeastrapotheresequippedwithatrunklikenoseandprotrudingteethsimilartotheelephantsbuttheirtuskswerethecanineteethnottheincisorsxenastrapotheriumnamedafterthegreeklanguagegreekwordxenosstrangeaddtothegenusastrapotheriumlightningbeastwasagenuswidelydistributedinnorthernsouthamericaincontrasttootherspeciesofastrapothereswhichlivedintheareaofthesouthernconeofthecontinentitdifferedfromotherastrapotheresbyhavingtwolowerincisorsoneachsideofthejawandthetuskshaveapronouncedlongitudinalcurvaturealthoughtheirgeneralshapeandsizeareprobablyverysimilartoastrapotheriumwhoseweightwouldbetokilogramscomparabletothecurrentblackrhinorefnamejohnsonmaddenjohnsonscmaddenrhuruguaytheriineastrapotheresoftropicalsouthamericainkayrfmaddenrhcifellirlflynnjjedsvertebratepaleontologyintheneotropicsthemiocenefaunaoflaventacolombiasmithsonianinstitutionpresswashingtondcpprefspeciesseveralspeciesofxenastrapotheriumhavebeendescribedalthoughnoneisknownfromcompleteremainstheyaredistinguishedbyfeaturesoftheirteethandjawsandtheirgeographicalandtemporaldistributionthespeciescurrentlyrecognizedarexchrististehlinthefirstknownspeciesoriginallyclassifiedbystehlinasastrapotheriumchristiandlaterreclassifiedtothecurrentgenusitwasfoundinvenezuelanearzarazaguricozarazainthestateofguaricobasedonafulllowerjawxkraglievichicabrerabasedonseveralteethandsomejawsdiscoveredintheareaoflaventacolombialaventagrouphondavillaviejaformationinthedepartmentofhuilacolombiadatingfromthemiddlemioceneabouttomillionyearsdistinguishedbytheirlowertuskswhichweremorehorizontalandroundedincrosssectionthisspecieswascontemporarywithitsgreatrelativegranastrapotheriumxaequatorialisjohnsonmaddenbasedonapieceofrightlowerjawfoundintheriverburgayaintheprovinceofcaarprovincecaarecuadorinthebiblinformationmiddlemiocenemillionyearsagoitisdistinguishedbyitsmolartoothmolarwithbuccalandlabialcingulumtoothcingulumandthefirstmolartoothmolarwaslophodontandhadrootsthisspeciesisolderthanthefossilsoflaventacontemporarywithastrapotheriinaelikeastrapotheriumastrapothericulusandparastrapotheriumxchaparralensisjohnsonmaddenanotherspeciesknownfromcolombiawasfoundneartochaparralindepartmentoftolimainthetunformationearlymioceneitisdistinguishedbyitsgreatermolarareaahighmolarbuccalcingulumwithcaninesverysimilartothoseofxkraglievichixamazonensepaulacoutobasedonjawfragmentsfoundinthevicinityoftheriverbreupedrapintadabrazilalsofoundinthefitzcarraldarchinperuitisdistinguishedbythelargesizeofthethirdmolarcomparedtootherspeciesofxenastrapotheriumitwasclassifiedoriginallyinitsowngenussynastrapotheriumatuskassignedtothisspecieswasfoundinthezoneofacrebrazilacreinbrazilindepositsfromthelatemiocenewhichmakeitthemostrecentrecordfortheastrapotheresbutthisideahasbeenchallengedsincethefossilcouldnotbefromanastrapotherephylogenycladogrambasedinthephylogeneticanalysispublishedbyvallejoparejaetalshowingthepositionofxenastrapotheriumrefnamevallejoparejarefcladestylefontsizelineheighteoastrapostylopscladetrigonostylopscladetetragonostylopscladealbertogaudryacladescagliamammalscagliacladeastraponotusclademaddeniamammalmaddeniacladecomahuetheriumcladeparastrapotheriumcladela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nrailstationsxiangtangweststationasthesecondlargestfreightyardinchinaandxiangtangstationasalevelpassengerstationnationwiderefciteweburladvjxnewscomcntzjxpxxianghtmltitlearchivedcopyaccessdatejunedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebadvjxnewscomcntzjxpxxianghtmlarchivedateseptemberrefitalsohadtheonlycivilianairportjointmilitarycivilianinjiangxiprovincebeforenanchangchangbeiinternationalairportwenttooperationinseptembertherearegovernmentownedinstitutionsandaboutresearchersandtechniciansworkinghereinxiangtangbecameaprovincialleveldevelopmentzoneandboostedthemedicalchemicalclothingmaterialindustryandeducationgeographyitisfromthecityproperofnanchangtheelevationofxiangtangismabovetheseaganriverthemainriverintheprovinceandatributaryofyangtzeriverisjustawaytheareaofthetownishistorytheearliestremnantsofhumanhabitationinxiangtangarefoundinthemajinremnantsnearthevillageofshatanstonetoolsfromtheremnantsdatetotoyearsagoxiangtangareaasapartofnanchangwasfoundedinbcduringtheearlyhandynastythevillagewhichthetownwasnamedafterwassettledinqingdynastyinarailstationwasbuiltnearxiangtangvillageandsincethenthepresenttownwasformeddemographicsxiangtanghasanapproximatepopulationofpeopleandthecentralareaconsistsofpeoplemajorityofresidentsbelongtothehanchineseotherpeoplefromethnicminoritiessuchasuyghurpeopleuyghurarealsolivinganddoingbusinesstherexiangtangalsoconsistsofalargepopulationofstudentsandmilitaryforcesfromotherplacesthoughmostofthemareexpectedtoleaveafteroryearstheyarestillconsideredasresidentsandplayanimportantroleinthesocialandeconomicaspectsmoreovertheyareasignificantpartoftheyoungpeopleinthetownandsomeofthemevenstaywhentheygraduateoraredemobilizedadministrationxiangtangisdividedintoresidentcommitteesandvillagestheresidentcommitteesarezhenjiedongfengrdtongzhanrdjiefangrdwminzhurdeminzhurdtuanjierdtieluxincunxinjieandshucaithevillagesaretangsuhuangshanhetouhuangtangliangxihuangxixiluojiaxixincungufanggaotianjianxiahehuoqidingfangxiangtangnandianjingshanshatanandshanbeiculturemanycommunitieshavetheirownfestivalstothanktheguardandblessoftheirancestorsorprayforgoodfortunesuchasqiqiaofestivalingongsandfuscommunitiesingaotianvillagesummerfestivalingongscommunityinlinanandseptemberfestivalinfuscommunityinshuxithemostrenownedoneisthedenggunfestivalindengscommunityinhuangtangvillagetheycelebratethedayofthesettlementonjanthofchineselunarcalendareachyearthefestivalhasmorethanyearshistoryandcanbedatedtoqianlongerainqingdynastyonthatdayallpeoplefromdengsfamilywillgobacktotheirancestorshousesanderectamlongwoodenrodusingfishforksinthecenterofthevillageonthetopoftherodalanternwillbehangupthebigimageoffamilytreewillbedisplayedandthecelebrationwilllastforthreedaysitbecomesatownwidefestivalandtherearealotofpeoplefromnanchangattendingtoitpotteryisalocalartworkinnandianvillagepeoplemakefinepotterybyhandandtheskillsareinheritedthroughgenerationsanotherlocalproductisteacaninjingshanvillageeverytwoyearsapeasantssportgamesisheldandatownwidesportgamesisheldeveryfouryearsmilitaryforcesandcivilianshavejointpartiesonthearmysdayandspringfestivalthetraditionalentertainmentssuchaslunarcomedydragonlanternstiltsmythcosplayareperformedinpubliclocalspecialfooddingfangredcookedchickendingfangricewinexiaanredcookedgreymulletsjingshanbeanricecakesandfriedricepancakesxincunricenoddlesgufangnoddlesxiangtangorganicchickensoupnandianlotusrootshistoricalsitesliangxiqianfangremnantsshatanmajinremnantstianxiantemplewwiimassacrememorialhewanwellwwiimassacrememorialdeletedimageremovedaccentnanchangdialectisthegeneralnameoftheregionalspeechinnanchanganditsnearbyareaitisalsoanexampleofganchineseganwhichisspokeninmostpartofjiangxiandsomepartsofsurroundingprovincesthoughitislocatednearthecityofnanchangthexiangtangareahasaslightlydifferentspeechpatterncalledthexiangtangtuhuathedifferentpatternwasformedbecauseintheolddayspeopleusuallydidntmoveouttheirownvillagesunlesswomenmarriedtootherpeopleinneighborvillagesthetraditionalxiangtangtuhuahasfivephonemictoneslikenanchangdialecthoweveritemphasizesmoreoftenandheavieronthewordsbecauseofthisxiangtangtuhuasoundslouderandhardertherearealsoanumberofwordsandexpressionsonlyfoundinxiangtangtuhuatransportationxiangtangisservedbynanchangrailwayswhichusesxiangtangstationasthepassengerstationandxiangtangweststationasthefreightstationtherailwaysprovideconnectiontoalmostallmajorcitiesinthecountrybeijingkowloonrailwayshanghaikunmingrailwayandxiangtangputianrailwayrunacrossthetownxiangtangspublicbuslinesandtonanchangarethemainbusroutesittakesabouthoursonregularrouteorlessthanminutesusingfastroutetotravelbetweenxiangtangandnanchangthreenationalroutesggchinanationalhighwaygandwenhouhighwaypassbyxiangtangxiangtangairportisnowonlyamilitaryairportallpublicpassengerserviceshavebeenmovedtonanchangchangbeiinternationalairporteconomyxiangtangprovincialleveldevelopmentzoneinxiangtangbecameaprovincialleveldevelopmentzoneagriculturalproductioninxiangtangistraditionalpartofitseconomytheyieldofgrainwastonsintheyieldofvegetableinistonsthehuirenmedicalcompanyhasitsheadquartersandoneofthefactoriesinxiangtangwithmorethanlocalemployeesnikeincnikehasaclothingfactorynearthejiangxiclothinginstitutetowngovernmenthasintroducedprojectsandbillionrmbfundtoimprovetheindustrialstructuremanyofitsindustryrevolvesaroundclothingmanufacturingmetallurgytextilechemicalengineeringtraditionalchinesemedicinepharmaceuticalindustryinchinapharmaceuticalsandothersinxiangtangtogetherwithothertownsinnanchangcountywasawardednationaltopcountiesthegdpofxiangtanginwasbillionrmbbillionusdthetotalfinancialrevenuewasmillionrmbnowxiangtangisgrowingasoneofthemainfreighthubsinjiangxiprovincewhiletakingadvantageoftheconvenienceoftransportationeducationjiangxiclothinginstitutejiangxitechnologyinstituterailnursingschoolreferencesexternallinksbaikebaiducomalbumshtmlbaikexiangtangncgovcnnanchanggovernmentwebsitewebarchiveorgwebnanchangsetouristinformationnanchangbanglatelevisaregionaltelevisaregionaltelevisaregionaltelevisaregionalthekingthecommissionerthekingthecommissionergeorgianrailwaysmakedonskieleznicibaishazhouxlbermudaopendoublesxlbermudaopensinglesxiangxuesunheiseasonpamboschristodoulouxiachengzirailwaystationxingchengrailwaystationxiahuayuanrailwaystationtaxoboxnamexanthoparmeliananaimageimagecaptionregnumfungidivisioascomycotaclassislecanoromycetessubclassislecanoromycetidaeordolecanoralesfamiliaparmeliaceaegenusxanthoparmeliaspeciesxnanabinomialxanthoparmeliananabinomialauthoritysyokurokawakurokjohnalanelixelixjenjohnstonjjohnstsubdivisionrankssubspeciessubdivisionxanthoparmeliananaisalichenspeciesinthegenusxanthoparmeliafoundinwesternaustraliaseealsolistoflichensofwesternaustraliareferencesexternallinksxanthoparmeliananaalichenspeciesfoundinwesternaustraliaprivateuseareascanaloncemexicosistemapblicoderadiodifusindelestadomexicanosistemapblicoderadiodifusindelestadomexicanosistemapblicoderadiodifusindelestadomexicanosistemapblicoderadiodifusindelestadomexicanosistemapblicoderadiodifusindelestadomexicanosistemapblicoderadiodifusindelestadomexicanosistemapblicoderadiodifusindelestadomexicanocanaloncemexicosistemapblicoderadiodifusindelestadomexicanosistemapblicoderadiodifusindelestadomexicanosistemapblicoderadiodifusindelestadomexicanocanaloncemexicososjikangxxxholicamidsummernightsdreamwestsandxanthorrhoeapreissiixanthorrhoeapreissiixanthorrhoearesinosacityofcapitalsnkoalphabetredirectcategoryshellgrigoryyavlinskygrigoryyavlinskyinfoboxsoftwarenameeclipsextextlogoxtextlogopnglatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedategenresoftwareframeworklicenseeclipsepubliclicensewebsitextextisanopensourcesoftwareframeworkfordevelopingprogramminglanguagesanddomainspecificlanguagesdslsunlikestandardparsergeneratorsxtextgeneratesnotonlyaparserbutalsoaclassmodelfortheabstractsyntaxtreeaswellasprovidingafullyfeaturedcustomizableeclipsebasedidextextisbeingdevelopedintheeclipsesoftwareeclipseprojectaspartoftheeclipsemodelingframeworkprojectandislicensedundertheeclipsepubliclicensehistorythefirstversionofxtextwaspublishedinintheopenarchitecturewareprojectthelastversionreleasedundertheoawprojectwasversionsincethebeginningofxtexthasbeendevelopedateclipsesoftwareeclipseundertheeclipsemodelingprojectjoiningeclipsesoftwareeclipsesannualsimultaneousreleasextextreleasedversionjunejunejunejunedecembermayandseptembertheframeworkismainlydevelopedbythegermancompanyitemisrefnameitemisitemisretrievedfromitemiscomreffunctionalitytospecifyalanguagethedeveloperhastowriteagrammarinxtextsgrammarlanguagethisgrammardescribeshowaneclipsemodelingframeworkecoreecoremodelisderivedfromatextualnotationfromthatdefinitionacodegeneratorderivesanantlrparserandtheclassesfortheobjectmodelbothcanbeusedindependentlyofeclipsextextincludesfeatureswhichintegratewellwiththeeclipsebasedidesyntaxcoloringcodecompletionstaticanalysisoutlineviewsourcecodenavigationindexingcompareviewhoverscodefoldingrenamerefactoringxtextlanguagesandtheidearehighlyconfigurableasthelanguageinfrastructureandtheidearewiredupusingdependencyinjectionandguicethedefaultcomponentscanbeeasilyreplacedbybindingcustomizedonesinsteadsinceversionxtexthasfacilitatedthedevelopmentofdomainspecificlanguagesforthejavavirtualmachinereferringtoandcompilingtojavaartifactswithtightintegrationintoeclipsesjavadevelopmenttoolkitareusableexpressionlanguageslibraryenablesrichbehaviorwithinthedslacodegeneratorwritteninxtendprogramminglanguagextendcanbehookedinforanylanguageforjvmlanguagesitisenoughtomapthedslconceptstojavaartifactstogetholisticjavaintegrationanalternativeinterpreterisalsoavailableusesatthetimeofwritingthisarticlethextexthomepagelistedaroundcommercialandnoncommercialprojectsfromseveralapplicationdomainsusingxtextthegeneralpurposelanguagextendprogramminglanguagextendisalsobuiltwithxtextawardseclipsecommunityawardsmostinnovativenewfeatureoreclipseprojectsebastianzarnekowcommitereclipsecommunityawardstopcommittersvenefftingeprojectleadeclipsecommunityawardstopcommitterseealsojetbrainsmpsintentionalprogrammingreferencesbibliographyexternallinksinfoboxsoftwarenamexqjlogocaptiondeveloperjavacommunityp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querydatatypesttbooleanttttxsbooleanttttbytettttxsbytettttbytettttxshexbinaryttttdoublettttxsdoublettttfloatttttxsfloatttttintttttxsintttttlongttttxslongttttshortttttxsshortttttxsbooleanttttxsbytettttxsfloatttttxsdoublettttxsintttttxslongttttxsshortttttxsstringttttxsdecimalttttxsintegerttrowspanttxsdaytimedurationttifthettdurationttobjectsstateisttxsdaytimedurationttttxsyearmonthdurationttifthettdurationttobjectsstateisttxsyearmonthdurationttttxsdurationttifthettdurationttobjectsstateisttxsdurationttrowspanttxsdatettifthettxmlgregoriancalendarttobjectsstateisttxsdatettttxsdatetimettifthettxmlgregoriancalendarttobjectsstateisttxsdatetimettttxsgdayttifthettxmlgregoriancalendarttobjectsstateisttxsgdayttttxsgmonthttifthettxmlgregoriancalendarttobjectsstateisttxsgmonthttttxsgmonthdayttifthettxmlgregoriancalendarttobjectsstateisttxsgmonthdayttttxsgyearttifthettxmlgregoriancalendarttobjectsstateisttxsgyearttttxsgyearmonthttifthettxmlgregoriancalendarttobjectsstateisttxsgyearmonthttttxstimettifthettxmlgregoriancalendarttobjectsstateisttxstimettttxsqnamettttdocumentnodeelementxsuntypedttttdocumentnodeelementxsuntypedttttelementxsuntypedttttattributexsuntypedatomicttttcommentttttprocessinginstructiontttttextttknownimplementationsnativexmldatabasesthefollowingisalistofxmldatabasenativexmldatabaseswhichareknowntohavexqueryapiforjavaimplementationsmarklogicexistbasexsednadatabasesednaoracledatabaseoracleoraclecomtechnetworkdatabasefeaturesxmldboverviewindexhtmlxdbtaminotigerlogicrelationaldatabasesprogresssoftwaredatadirectprovidexqjadaptercomputingadaptersforrelationaldatabasesbytranslatingxquerycodeintosqlontheflythenconvertingresultsetsqlresultsetsintoaformatsuitableforxqjtoprocessfurtherthefollowingisacoupleofknownimplementationsoracledatabaseoracledbsmallnotxdbsmallibmdbmicrosoftsqlserveradaptiveserverenterprisesybaseaseibminformixinformixmysqlpostgresqlnondatabaseimplementationsthefollowingisalistofnondatabasexqueryprocessorswhichprovideanxqueryapiforjavainterfacetypicallyallowingqueryagainstdocumentsparsedfromxmlinfilestoreandheldinmemoryasdomorsimilartreessaxonxsltsaxonxsltandxqueryprocessorzorbathexqueryprocessorzorbamxqueryoraclexqueryprocessorlicensethespecificationismarkedascopyrightoracleallrightsreservedthespecificationcontainstwoseparatelicensesaspecificationlicenseandareferenceimplementationlicensethespecificationlicenseallowsfreecopyingofthespecificationprovidedthatcopyrightnoticesareretaineditalsograntsalicensetocreateanddistributeanimplementationofthespecificationprovidedthatitfullyimplementstheentirespecificationthatitdoesnotmodifyorextendanyinterfacesandthatitpassesthecompatibilityteststhisprovisionhascausedsomecontroversyfirstlyitisnotuniversallyacceptedthatimplementingapublishedspecificationissomethingthatrequiresalicensethatisthatcopyrightlawwoulddisallowthisintheabsenceofalicensesecondlythelicensedoesnotmeetthecriteriatoqualifyasanopensourcelicenseseeopensourcedefinitionbecauseofthebanonmakingextensionsandmodificationsthishasledsomeopensourceenthusiaststochallengewhetherxqjimplementationscaneverbeconsideredtrulyopensourcethelicenseforthereferenceimplementationisafairlyconventionalbsdstyleopensourcelicensereferencesexternallinksxqjnetjavadocjavadocforxqjcfosternetarticlesxqjtutorialxqjtutorialarchivexmlpragueczfilesxmlpragueproceedingspdfpagebuildingbridgesfromjavatoxquerycharlesfosterxmlpragueprezicomlviyahwtaxgebuildingbridgesfromjavatoxqueryprezipresentationbalisagenetproceedingsvolhtmlrennaubalisagevolrennauhtmljavaintegrationofxqueryhansjrgenrennaubalisagewikiorbeoncomformsdocdeveloperguideprocessorsxquerygeneratortocxqueryprocessorimplementationsorbeonformsusingxqjgithubcomspringsourcespringintegrationextensionstreemasterspringintegrationxqueryspringintegrationxquerysupportgithubcomfancelluxqsxqsxqueryforscalasitsontopofxqjligasgrgithubiointellijxqueryintellijxquerysupportpluginxqueryapiforjavainfoboxcompanynamexixentertainmentlogoxixentertainmentpnglogosizepxfoundationlocationlondonunitedkingdomkeypeoplesimonfullerindustryentertainmentindustryentertainmentproductsartistmanagementbrfilmandtelevisionproductionhomepagexixentertainmentcomxixentertainmentxixentertainmentisanentertainmentcontentandintellectualrightsorganisationbasedinnorthamericaandeuropethecompanywhichhasbeenvaluedatmillionwassetupbysimonfullerintocommerciallydevelopworldclassindividualsandentertainmentpropertieswithanestablishedsportingmusicorfashionpedigreethecompanyprovidesartistservicesthatincludemanagementtvmusicproductionsocialmediaengagementpublicrelationsentertainmentmarketinglegalandaccountingservicesandhasastaffoffiftywithofficesinlondonnewyorklosangelesandnashvillethecompanymanagesgerihalliwellannielennoxvictoriabeckhamdavidbeckhamandymurraysteventylercarrieunderwoodrefnameftrefdavidcooksingerdavidcookthespicegirlsaloeblacclisamariepresleyandrolandmouretandisinapartnershipwithjenniferlopezandmarcanthonyfortheirproductionqvivathechosenlewishamiltonwasmanagedbythecompanyfromearlyuntilnovemberwhilstbradleywigginswasmanagedbythemfromnovembertojanuaryinsimonfullerannouncedthatxixentertainmentwouldbetakingastakeinanewventurewithislandrecordsfounderchrisblackwellnamedblackwellfullerincreferencesmillionrosesxinyimainlandchinainfoboxprofessionalwrestlernamexflybirthnamejuanfranciscodomngueznamesjohnnybrjuanelmoscobrkumbiakidjohnnybrelmoscobrmoscodelamercedibrmoscoxflybrpierrothjrbrwinnersiibrxflyimageimagesizecaptionheightinmexicotheymeasureheightinmeterssothatshouldbefirstweightinmexicotheymeasureweightinkilogramssothatshouldbefirstbirthdatebirthplaceguadalajarajaliscodeathdatedeathplaceresidesbilledtrainerskaydebrtorerodebutoctoberretiredjuanfranciscodomnguezrefnamerecordxflyrefbornseptemberrefnamecagerefisamexicomexicanluchalibreluchadororprofessionalwrestlingprofessionalwrestlercurrentlyperformingundertheringnamexflyheisalsoknownastheoriginalmoscodelamercedmosquitoofthemercyanamewhichhassincebeengivenmoscodelamercedanotherluchadorheisbestknownforhisstintswiththeluchalibreaaaworldwideaaaprofessionalwrestlingpromotionpromotionthelatestwhilerepresentinglosperrosdelmalprofessionalwrestlingcareeraaadomnguezmadehisprofessionalwrestlingdebutforluchalibreaaaworldwideaaainoctoberasthemaskedmoscodelamercedmosquitoofthemercyonmaymoscodelamercedandfuerzaguerreradefeatedperroaguayoandperroaguayojrtowinthemexicannationaltagteamchampionshipmexicannationaltagteamtitletournamentyoungstarstagteamtournamentandthevacantmexicannationaltagteamchampionshiphoweverjusttwomonthslaterdomnguezleftthepromotionandthemoscodelamercedcharacterandhismexicannationaltagteamchampionshipweregiventomoscodelamercedanotherperformerindependentcircuitpresentafterhisdeparturefromaaadomnguezworkedundervariousringnamesandformultiplepromotionsinbothmexicoandtheunitedstatesincludingwwfworldchampionshipwrestlingwcwandextremechampionshipwrestlingecwwherehespentthreemonthsinthesummerofoftenworkingwithsupercrazytheformerhisteriaonnovemberdomnguezasmoscodelamercedlosthismasktoantifazdelnorteinaluchalibreluchasdeapuestasluchadeapuestasbetmatchdomnguezalsomadesporadicappearancesforaaainandasmemberofloskumbiakidsandlahermandadextremanowworkingundertheringnamexflydespiteabandoninghisoldgimmickdomngueztothisdayoftenwearsamoscodelamercedshirtduringhismatchesandmakeshisentranceswearinghisoldmaskindecemberxflyfoundanewhomeinperrosdelmalpromotionperrosdelmalproduccionesanewpromotionfoundedbyperroaguayojrwhooftenwrestlesaselhijodelperroaguayoxflywasquicklymadeintoamemberoflosperrosdelmalthemainstableinthepromotionledbyaguayoonfebruaryxflydefeatedcharlymansontowinthemexicannationalheavyweightchampionshiponnovemberxflyandbestiadefeatedtraumaiandtraumaiitobecomethefirstinternationalwrestlingleagueindependentwrestlingleagueinternationalwrestlingleaguechampionshipstagteamchampionsondecemberperrosdelmalproduccionescrownedtheirfirsteverchampionwhenxflydefeatedbestiacsmicopesadillaragdesupercrazytonyriveraturboandzumbitobecomethefirstperrosdelmalextremochampiononaugustxflybestiaanddamindefeatedlospsychocircuslostemerariosblackterrydurokandmachinandlosvillanoskortizvillanovraymendozajrandvillanoivinaprofessionalwrestlingmatchtypescagessteelcagematchtowininternationalwrestlingrevolutiongroupsiwrgiwrgintercontinentaltrioschampionshipintercontinentaltrioschampionshipmakingxflyaquintuplechampionrefnameiwrgtriosrefonoctoberiwlannouncedthatsincexflyandbestiahaddefendedtheiwltagteamchampionshipwithoutthepromotionsauthorizationtheywouldnolongerrecognizethetitlewhichwouldbereplacedbythenewiwlinternationaltagteamchampionshipondecemberxflybestiaanddaminlosttheiwrgintercontinentaltrioschampionshiptoloscaposjrciencarasjrelhijodemscaraaoandmscaraaojronfebruaryxflylostthemexicannationalheavyweightchampionshiptohctorgarzainasixwayeliminationmatchwhichalsoincludedelhijodelperroaguayorickybanderaselmesaseltexanojrandtoscanowrestlertoscanoafterquittinglosperrosdelmalxflybestiadaminandsupernovawrestlersupernovaannouncedonmarchthattheywereforminglafamiliadetijuanaagroupofindependentwrestlersmuchlikelosperrosdelmalwiththeexceptionthattheywerenotlookingtoformtheirownpromotionuponleavingperrosdelmalproduccionesxflyglossaryofprofessionalwrestlingtermsvacatedvacatedthepromotionsextremochampionshiponmarchiwrgwasofficiallyannouncedaslafamiliadetijuanasnewhomepromotiononmayxflyanddaminteamedwiththeheadhuntersprofessionalwrestlingheadhunteritodefeatloscaposjrandregaintheiwrgintercontinentaltrioschampionshiprefnameiwrgtriosrefonjunethethreewerestrippedofthetitleafterdaminmissedaniwrgeventduetotravelissuesonmarchxflyandeternowrestlereternorepresentedlafamiliadetijuanainiwrgsiwrglaguerradefamiliaslaguerradefamiliaswarofthefamiliestournamentlosingtolostraumastraumaiandtraumaiiinthefirstroundrefnameiwrgfamiliasgladiatoresrefrefnameiwrgfamiliasmediorefonjunexflylosthishairtodrcerebroinasteelcageprofessionalwrestlingmatchtypesstrapmatchbullterrierluchadeapuestasrefnameiwrgrefonaugustxflyandeternodefeatednegronavarroandtraumaitowintheiwrgintercontinentaltagteamchampionshiprefnameiwrgtageternoreftheylostthetitletolostraumasonseptemb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mentandintellectasanoblexinzhuialsohadaccesstoavarietyofimperialfoodsincludingvarioustypesofmeatwhichwerereservedfortheroyalfamilyandmembersoftherulingclassassheagedxinzhuisufferedfromanumberofailmentsthatwouldeventuallyleadtoherdeathalongsideanumberofinternalparasitesshealsohadcoronarythrombosisandarteriosclerosismostlikelylinkedtoexcessiveweightgainedduetoasedentarylifestyleafusedspinaldiscprobablycausedherimmensepainwhichcontributedtoadecreaseinphysicalactivityshealsosufferedfromgallstonesoneofwhichlodgedinherbileductandfurtherdeterioratedherconditionrefnamerauerrefatotalofmelonseedswerefoundinherstomachintestinesandesophagusitisinferredthatshediedinsummerwhenfruitsandmelonsripenthepresenceoffoodinherstomachalsoindicatesthatshediedwithintwotothreehoursaftereatingthemelonrefnamenopprefafteroutlivingherhusbandandpossiblyhersonxinzhuidiedaroundyearsofageinbceshewasburiedinanimmensetombatmawangduiinchangshawithmorethanitemsrangingfromdrinkandfoodvesselstosilkclothingandtapestriestofigurinesofmusiciansandmournersdiscoveryinworkersdigginganairraidshelterforahospitalnearchangshaunearthedthetombofxinzhuiaswellasthetombsofherhusbandandayoungmanwhoismostcommonlythoughttobehersonrefnamebonnmullerrefinthetombofxinzhuifourcoffinsofdecreasingsizesenclosedoneanotherthefirstandoutermostcoffinispaintedblackthecolorofdeathandtheunderworldallpaintedimagessealedinsidethiscoffinwerethusdesignednotforanoutsideviewerbutforthedeceasedandconcernthethemesofdeathandrebirthprotectionintheafterlifeandimmortalitythesecondcoffinhasablackbackgroundbutispaintedwithapatternofstylizedcloudsandwithprotectivedeitiesandauspiciousanimalsroaminganemptyuniverseatinyfigurethedeceasedwomanisemergingatthebottomcenteroftheheadendonlyherupperbodyisshownforsheisabouttoenterthismysteriousworldthethirdcoffinexhibitsadifferentcolorschemeandiconographyitisshiningredthecolorofimmortalityandthedecorativemotifsincludedivineanimalsandawingedimmortalflankingthreepeakedmountkunlunwhichisaprimesymbolofeternalhappinessinsidethistombontopofthefourthandinnermostcoffintheexcavatorsfoundapaintedsilkbannerabouttwometerslongyellowandblackfeathersarestuckonthecoverboardofthecoffinpeopleatthattimebelievedthatinordertoflyuptotheheavensandbecomeimmortaloneneedstogothroughafeatherizationphasewhichisgrowingfeathersonthebodymanytextsduringandbeforethattimementionedtheconnectionbetweengrowingfeathersandbecomingacelestialbeingacelestialbeingisevenreferredtoasafeatheredpersoninsometextsonecelestialbeingonnanyanghanstoneportraitsalsohasfeathersalloverthebodythefeathersstucktothecoffinwasexpressingthehopesthatxinzhuiwouldgrowfeathersonthebodyandentertheheavenstobecomeimmortalrefnamenopprefxinzhuisbodywasremarkablypreservedherskinwassoftandmoistwithmusclesthatstillallowedforherarmsandlegstoflexatthejointsallherorgansandbloodvesselswerealsointactwithsmallamountsofabobloodgroupsystemtypeabloodbeingfoundinherveinstherewashaironherheadwithawigpinnedwithahairclasponthebackofherheadtherewasskinonherfaceandhereyelashesandnosehairstillexistthetympanicmembraneofherleftearwasintactandherfingerandtoeprintsweredistinctthispreservationalloweddoctorsathunanprovincialmedicalinstitutetoperformanautopsyondecembermuchofwhatisknownaboutxinzhuislifestylewasderivedfromthisandotherexaminationsxinzhuisbodywassoakedinanunknownliquidthatwasmildlyacidicwithsomemagnesiuminitmorethanpreciousartefactswerefoundwithxinzhuisbodyinwesternhandynastyelaborateandlavishburialswerecommonpracticeonereasonwasthenotionofimperishabilityofthesoulitwasbelievedthatanotherworldexistedforthedeadandtheyneededfoodandaccommodationjustlikethelivingthereforetheconsecrationforthedeadshouldbethesameaswhatwasprovidedforthelivingandallthenecessitiesinlifeshouldbebroughtintothegraveforuseintheafterlifetheotherwastheemphasisonfilialpietyduringthattimeinhandynastyfilialpietyhadbecomeanimportantapproachtobecomeanofficialandelaborateandlavishburialsareasignificantwaytoshowfilialpietytoonesdeceasedparentsthesewereamongthemainreasonswhythereweresomanypreciousartifactsinxinzhuistombsignificancexinzhuisbodyandtombareconsideredoneofthemostimportantarchaeologicaldiscoveriesofthethcenturybesideshavingsomeofthebestpreservedhumanremainseverdiscoveredinchinathecontentsofxinzhuistombrevealedanincredibleamountofinformationaboutlifeinthehandynastythatwaspreviouslyunknownthediscoverycontinuestoadvancethefieldsofarchaeologyandscienceinthestcenturyparticularlyintheareaofpreservationofancienthumanremainsscientistsindevelopedasecretcompoundthatwasinjectedintoxinzhuisstillexistingbloodvesselstoassureherpreservationresearchatthehunanmuseumcontinuesinanefforttoperfectcorpsepreservationusingxinzhuiasthemaincandidateforsuchproceduresrefnamehpmrefseealsomawangduisilktextsnotesalthoughtraditionalliteratureassociatestheplayingoftheqinasbeingamasculineactivitycontemporarypaintingsandotherartifactsstronglysuggestthatwomenenjoyedplayingtheinstrumentaswellrefnamethompsonrefreferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexizhaotongothernamenativenametranslitlangchinesecharacterchinesetra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resubdivisionnameshijiazhuangsubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinadistrictsubdivisionnamexinhuadistrictshijiazhuangxinhuadistrictsubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamegovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmitimezonechinastandardtimeutcoffsetcoordinateselevationmelevationftpostalcodetypepostalcodeareacodewebsitefootnotesxinhuaroadsubdistrictisalistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhebeitownshipleveldivisionofxinhuadistrictshijiazhuangxinhuadistrictshijiazhuanghebeichinarefciteweburlxzqhorghtmlhescripttitlezhpublisherxzqhorglanguagechineseaccessdatejulydeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebxzqhorghtmlhearchivedateseptemberrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhebeireferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexiyuansubdistrictothernamenativenametranslitlangchinesecharacterchinesetranslitlangtypechinesecharacterchinesetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypesubdistrictmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmappushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinhebeipushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehebeisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnameshijiazhuangsubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinadistrictsubdivisionnamexinhuadistrictshijiazhuangxinhuadistrictsubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamegovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmitimezonechinastandardtimeutcoffsetcoordinateselevationmelevationftpostalcodetypepostalcodeareacodewebsitefootnotesxiyuansubdistrictisalistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhebeitownshipleveldivisionofxinhuadistrictshijiazhuangxinhuadistrictshijiazhuanghebeichinarefciteweburlxzqhorghtmlhescripttitlezhpublisherxzqhorglanguagechineseaccessdatejulydeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebxzqhorghtmlhearchivedateseptemberrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhebeireferenceseugeneoneginxunyuhydrangenolmartaxargayphyllodulcinxishuangbannagasaairportclasswikitablefloatrightbenzohomologatedadeninebenzohomologatedthyminebenzohomologatedcytosinebenzohomologatedguaninexdnaalsoknownasexpandeddnaorbenzohomologateddnaisasizeexpandednucleotidesystemsynthesizedfromthefusionofabenzenebenzeneringandoneofthefournaturalbasesadenineguaninecytosineandthymineinitiallysynthesizedasanenzymeprobebynelsonjleonardsgroupbenzohomologatedadeninewasthefirstbasesynthesizedlatererickoolerictkoolsgroupfinishedsynthesizingtheremainingthreeexpandednitrogenousbasebaseseventuallyfollowedbyydnawidednaanotherbenzohomologatednucleotidesystemandnaphthalenenaphthohomologatedxxdnaandyydnaxdnaismorestablewhencomparedtoregulardnawhensubjectedtohighertemperatureandwhileentirestrandsofxdnaydnaxxdnaandyydnaexisttheyarecurrentlydifficulttosynthesizeandmaintainexperimentswithxdnaprovidenewinsightintothebehaviorofnaturaldnabdnatheextendedbasesxaxcxgandxtarenaturallyfluorescencefluorescentandsinglestrandscomposedofonlyextendedbasescanrecognizeandbindtosinglestrandsofnaturaldnamakingthemusefultoolsforstudyingbiologicalsystemsxdnaismostcommonlyformedwithbasepairsbetweenanaturalandexpandednucleobasehoweverxnucleobasescanalsobepairedtogetheroriginsthefirstnucleotidetobeexpandedwasthepurineadeninenelsonjleonardandcolleaguessynthesizedthisoriginalxnucleotidewhichwasreferredtoasexpandedadeninexawasusedasaprobeintheinvestigationofactivesitesofadenosinetriphosphateatpdependentenzymesmorespecificallywhatmodificationsthesubstratechemistrysubstratecouldtakewhilestillbeingfunctionalrefnamerefalmosttwodecadeslatertheotherthreebasesweresuccessfullyexpandedandlaterintegratedintoanucleicaciddoublehelixdoublehelixbyerickoolerictkoolandcolleaguestheirgoalwastocreateasyntheticgeneticsystemwhichmimicsandsurpassesthefunctionsofthenaturalgeneticsystemrefnamerefandtobroadentheapplicationsofdnabothinlivingcellsandinexperimentalbiochemistryoncetheexpandedbasesetwascreatedthegoalshiftedtoidentifyingordevelopingfaithfulreplicationenzymesandfurtheroptimizingtheexpandeddnaalphabetrefnamerefsynthesisinbenzohomologatedpurinesxaandxgthebenzenebenzeneringisboundtothenitrogenousbasethroughnitrogencarbonncbondsbenzohomologatedpyrimidinesareformedthroughcarboncarbonccbondsbetweenthebaseandthebenzenethusfarxnucleobaseshavebeenaddedtostrandsofdnausingphosphoramiditederivativesastraditionaldnapolymerasepolymeraseshavebeenunsuccessfulinsynthesizingstrandsofxdnaxnucleotidesarepoorcandidatesassubstratesforbdnapolymerasesastheirsizeinterfereswithbindingattheactivesitecatalyticdomainattemptsatusingtemplatestrandtemplateindependentenzymeshavebeensuccessfulastheyhaveareducedgeometricconstraintforsubstratesterminaldeoxynucleotidyltransferasetdthasbeenusedpreviouslytosynthesizestrandsofbaseswhichhavebeenboundtofluorophoresusingterminaldeoxynucleotidyltransferasetdtuptomonomerscanbecombinedtoformadoublehelixofxdnahoweverthisoligomericxdnaappearstoinhibititsownextensionbeyondthislengthduetotheoverwhelminghydrogenbondinginordertominimizeinhibitionxdnacanbehybridizedintoaregularhelixrefnamerefrefnamerefreplicationforxdnatobeusedasasubstitutestructureforinformationstorageitrequiresareliablereplicationmechanismresearchintoxdnareplicationusingaklenowfragmentfromdnapolymeraseidnapolymeraseishowsthatanaturalbasepartnerisselectivelyaddedininstancesofsinglenucleotideinsertionhoweverdnapolymeraseivdnapolymeraseivdpohasbeenabletosuccessfullyusexdnaforthesetypesofinsertionswithhighfidelitymakingitapromisingcandidateforfutureresearchinextendingreplicatesofxdnaxdnasmismatchsensitivityissimilartothatofdnabdnastructureclasswikitablefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingalignnonestylemarginleftemaligncenteraligncenteradeninethyminecytosineguaninealigncenteraligncentersizeexpandedxasizeexpandedxtsizeexpandedxcsizeexpandedxgsimilartonaturalbasesxnucleotidesselectivelyassembleintoaduplexstructureresemblingbdnaxdnawasoriginallysynthesizedbyincorporatingabenzeneringintothenitrogenousbasehoweverotherexpandedbaseshavebeenabletoincorporatethiopheneandbenzothiophenebenzobthiopheneaswellxdnaandydnausebenzeneringstowidenthebasesandarethustermedbenzohomologatedanotherformofexpandednucleobasesknownasyydnaincorporatenaphthaleneintothebaseandarenapthohomologatedxdnahasariseofngstrmandatwistofsignificantlysmallerthanbdnawhichhasariseofngstrmandatwistofxdnanucleotidescanoccuronbothstrandseitheraloneknownasdoublyexpandeddnaormixedwithnaturalbasesorexclusivelyononestrandortheothersimilartobdnaxdnacanrecognizeandbindcomplimentarysinglestrandeddnaorrnasequencesduplexesformedfromxdnaaresimilartobasepairnaturalduplexesasidefromthedistancebetweenthetwosugarphosphatebackbonesxdnaheliceshaveagreaternumberofbasepairsperturnofthehelixasaresultofareduceddistancebetweenneighbournucleotidesnmrspectrareportthatxdnahelicesareantiparallelchiralitychemistryrighthandedandtakeanalkanestereochemistryanticonformationaroundtheglycosidicbondwithacendosugarpuckerhelicescreatedfromxdnaaremorelikelytotakeabhelixoveranahelixconformationandhaveanincreasedmajorgroovewidthbyngstrmwherethebackbonesarefarthestapartanddecreasedminorgroovewidthbyngstrmwherethebackbonesareclosesttogethercomparedtodnabdnaalteringgroovewidthaffectsthexdnasabilitytoassociatewithdnabindingproteinsbutaslongastheexpandednucleotidesareexclusivetoonestrandrecognitionsitesaresufficientlysimilartodnabdnatoallowbondingoftranscriptionfactorsandsmallpolyamidemoleculesmixedhelicespresentthepossibilityofrecognizingthefourexpandedbasesusingotherdnabindingmoleculespropertiesexpandednucleotidesandtheiroligomerichelicessharemanypropertieswiththeirnaturaldnabdnacounterpartsincludingtheirpairingpreferenceadenineawiththyminetcytosinecwithguaninegthevariousdifferencesinchemicalpropertiesbetweenxdnaanddnabdnasupportthehypothesisthatthebenzenebenzeneringwhichexpandsxnucleobasesisnotinfactchemicallyinertxdnaismorehydrophobehydrophobicthandnabdnaandalsohasasmallerhomolumohomolumogapdistancebetweenthehighestoccupiedmolecularorbitalandlowestunoccupiedmolecularorbitalasaresultofmodifiedsaturationchemistrysaturationxdnahashighermeltingtemperaturesthandnabdnaamixeddecamerofxaandthasameltingtemperatureofnbspcnbspchigherthanthesamedecamerofaandtandexhibitsanallornothingmeltingbehaviourconformationunderlabconditionsxdnaorientsitselfinthealkanestereochemistrysynconformationthisunfortunatelydoesnotexposethebindingfaceofthexdnanucleotidestofacetheneighbouringstrandforbindingmeaningthatextrameasuresmustbeappliedtoaltertheconformationofxdnabeforeattemptingtoformheliceshowevertheantiandsynorientationsarepracticallyidenticalenergeticallyinexpandedbasesthisconformationalpreferenceisseenprimarilyinpyrimidinesandpurinesdisplayminimalpreferencefororientationenhancedstackingstackingofthenucleotidesinanucleicaciddoublehelixdoublehelixisamajordeterminantofthehelixsstabilitywiththeaddedsurfaceareaandhydrogenavailableforbondingstackingpotentialforthenucleobasesincreaseswiththeadditionofabenzenespacerbyincreasingtheseparationbetweenthenitrogenousbasesandeithersugarphosphatebackbonethehelixsstackingenergyislessvariableandthereforemorestabletheenergiesfornaturalnucleobasepairsvaryfromtokjmolthisvarianceisonlykjmolforxdnaduetoanincreasedoverlapbetweenandexpandedstrandofdnaanditsneighbouringstrandtherearegreaterinterstrandinteractionsinexpandedandmixedhelicesresultinginasignificantincreaseinthehelixsstabilityxdnahasenhancedstackingabilitiesresultantfromchangesininterandintrastrandhydrogenbondingthatarisefromtheadditionofabenzenespacerbutexpandingthebasesdoesnotalterhydrogenscontributiontothestabilityoftheduplexthesestackingabilitiesareexploitedbyhelicesconsistingofbothxdnaanddnabdnainordertooptimizethestrengthofthehelixincreasedstackingisseenmostprominentlyinstrandsconsistingonlyofadenineaandxaandthyminetandxtasthyminetxahasstrongerstackinginteractionsthanthyminetadenineatheenergyresultantfrompyrimidinesrangesfromkjmoltherangeforpurinesisbetweenkjmolbyreplacingonenucleotideinadoublehelixwithanexpandednucleotidethestrengthofthestackinginteractionsincreasesbyexpandingbothnucleotidesresultsinaincreaseinstackingstrengthwhilexghasanoverallnegativeeffectonthebindingstrengthofthehelixtheotherthreeexpandedbasesoutweighthiswiththeirpositiveeffectsthechangeinenergycausedbyexpandingthebasesismostlydependentonthealkanestereochemistryrotationofthebondaboutthenucleobasescenterofmasscentersofmassandcenterofmassstackinginteractionsimprovethestackingpotentialofthehelixbecausethesizeexpandedbaseswidenthehelixitismorethermallystablewithahighermeltingtemperatureabsorptiontheadditionofabenzenespacerinxnucleobasesaffectsthebasesabsorptionelectromagneticradiationopticalabsorptionspectratimedependentdensityfunctionaltheorytddftappliedtoxdnarevealedthatthebenzenecomponentofthehighestoccupiedmolecularorbitalshomolumohomointhexbasespinstheabsorptiononsetatanearlierpointthannaturalnitrogenousbasebasesanotherunusualfeatureofxdnaabsorptionspectraistheredshiftedexcimersofxainthelowrangeintermsofstackingfingerprintsthereisamorepronouncedhypochromicityseeninconsecutivexathyminetbasepairsimplicationsofxdnasalteredabsorptionincludeapplicationsinnanoelectronicsnanoelectronictechnologyandnanobiotechnologythereducedspacingbetweenxnucleotidesmakesthenucleicaciddoublehelixhelixstifferthusitisnotaseasilyaffectedbysubstratechemistrysubstrateelectrodeandfunctionalnanoparticleforcesotheralterationstonaturalnucleotidesresultingindifferentabsorptionspectrawillbroadentheseapplicationsinthefuturerefnamereffluorescenceoneuniquepropertyofxdnaisitsinherentfluorescencenaturalbasescanbebounddirectlytofluorophoresforuseinmicroarrayanalysistechniquesmicroarraysinsituhybridizationinsituhibridizationandpolymorphismbiologypolymorphismanalysishoweverthesefluorescentnaturalbasesoftenfailasaresultofquenchingfluorescenceselfquenchingwhichdiminishestheirfluorescentintensityandreducestheirapplicabilityasvisualdnatagsthepiinteractionsbetweentheringsinxnucleobasesresultinaninherentfluorescenceinthevioletbluerangewithastokesshiftbetweennbspnmtheyalsohaveaquantumyieldintherangeofxchasthegreatestfluorescentemissionotherexpandedbasesafterthecreationofandsuccessfulresearchsurroundingxdnamoreformsofexpandednucleotideswereinvestigatedydnaisasecondsimilarsystemofnucleotideswhichusesabenzenebenzeneringtoexpandthefournucleobasenaturalbasesxxdnaandyydnausenaphthaleneapolycyclicmoleculeconsistingoftwohydrocarbonringsthetworingsexpandthebaseevenwiderfurtheralteringitschemicalpropertiesydnathesuccessandimplicationsofxdnapromptedresearchtoexamineotherfactorswhichcouldalternucleicaciddoublehelixbdnaschemicalpropertiesandcreateanewsystemforinformationstoragewithbroaderapplicationsydnaalsousesabenzenebenzeneringsimilartoxdnawiththeonlydifferencebeingthesiteofadditionofthearomaticityaromaticringthelocationofthebenzenebenzeneringchangesthepreferredstructureoftheexpandedhelixthealteredconformationmakesydnamoresimilartodnabdnainitsorientationbychangingtheinterstrandhydrogenbondsstabilityishighlydependentonthebasesrotationaboutthelinkbetweenthebaseandthesugarofthebackboneydnasalteredpreferenceforthisorientationmakesitmorestableoverallthanxdnathelocationofthebenzenespaceralsoaffectsthebasesgroovegeometryalteringneighbourinteractionsthebasepairsbetweenynucleotidesandnaturalnucleotidesisplanarratherthanslightlytwistedaswithxdnathisdecreasestheriseofthenucleicaciddoublehelixhelixevenfurtherthanachievedbyxdnawhilexdnaandydnaarequitesimilarinmostpropertiesincludingtheirincreasedstackinginteractionsydnashowssuperiormismatchrecognitionypyrimidinesdisplayslightlystrongerstackinginteractionsthanxpyrimidinesasaresultofthedistancebetweenthetwoanomericcarbonswhichisslightlylargerinydnaxdnastillhasstrongerstackinginteractionsinmodelhelicesbutaddingeitherxorypyrimidinestoanaturalnucleicaciddoublehelixdoublehelixstrengthenstheintraandinterstrandinteractionsincreasingoverallhelixstabilityintheendwhichofthetwohasthestrongestoverallstackinginteractionsisdependentonthenucleicacidsequencesequencextandytbindadenineawithsimilarstrengthbutthestackingenergyofycboundtoguaninegisstrongerthanxcbykjmolydnaandotherexpandedbasesarepartofaveryyoungfieldwhichishighlyunderstudiedresearchsuggestthattheidealconformationstillremainstobediscoveredbutknowingthatthebenzenelocationaffectstheorientationandstructureofexpandednucleobasesaddsinformationtotheirfuturedesignyydnaandxxdnadoublyexpandedornaphthohomologatednucleobasesincorporateanaphthalenespacerinsteadofabenzenebenzeneringwideningthebasetwiceasmuchwithitstworingedstructurethesestructuresknownasxxdnaandyydnaarengstrmwiderthannucleobasenaturalbasesandwereonceagaincreatedasaresultofleonardsresearchonexpandedadenineinadenosinetriphosphateatpdependentenzymesinnoliteraturewaspublishedonthesedoublyexpandedbasesfornearlythreedecadesuntilwhenthefirstxxgwasproducedbysharmalaitandwetmoreandincorporatedalongwithxxaintoanucleicaciddoublehelixnaturalhelixalthoughverylittleresearchhasbeenperformedonxxdnaxxpurineneighbourshavealreadybeenshowntoincreaseintrastrandstackingenergybyuptoasopposedtoinxpurinesxxpurineandpyrimidineinteractionsshowanoveralldecreaseinstackingenergiesbuttheoverallstabilityofbasepairduplexesincludingpyrimidinesandxxpurinesincreasesbymorethantwofoldthatofpyrimidinesandxpurinesusesxdnahasmanyapplicationsinchemicalandbiologicalresearchincludingexpandinguponapplicationsofnaturaldnasuchasscaffoldinginordertocreateselfassemblingnanostructuresascaffoldisneededasasortoftrellisarchitecturetrellistosupportthegrowthdnahasbeenusedasameanstothisendinthepastbutexpandedscaffoldsmakelargerscaffoldsformorecomplexselfassemblyanoptionxdnaselectricalresistivityandconductivityelectricalconductionpropertiesalsomakeitaprimecandidateasamolecularwireasitspiinteractioninteractionshelpitefficientlyconductelectricityitsletteralphabetadenineathyminetcytosinecguaninegxaxtxcxggivesitthepotentialtostoresupnsuptimesincreaseinstoragedensitywherenrepresentsthenumberoflettersinanucleicacidsequencesequenceforexamplecombiningnucleotidesofwithdnabdnayieldspossiblesequenceswhereasacombinationofthesamenumberofnucleotidescreatedwithxdnayieldspossiblesequencesadditionallyxdnacanbeusedasafluorescentprobeatenzymeactivesitesaswasitsoriginalapplicationbyleonardetalxdnahasalsobeenappliedtothestudyofproteindnainteractionproteindnainteractionsduetoxdnasnaturalfluorescencefluorescingpropertiesitcaneasilybevisualizedinbothlabandlivingconditionsxdnaisbecomingmoreeasytocreateandoligomerizeanditshighaffinitybindingtocomplementarydnacomplementarydnaandrnasequencesmeansthatitcannotonlyhelplocatethesesequencesfloatingaroundinthecellbutalsowhentheyarealreadyinteractingwithotherstructureswithinthecellxdnaalsohaspotentialapplicationsinassaysthatemployterminaldeoxynucleotidyltransferasetdtasitmayimprovereportersandcanbeusedasanchemicalaffinityaffinitytagforinterstrandbondingseealsodnarnadnasequencinggeneticengineeringnanobiotechnologynucleobasereferenceshubrispowerchanocanezhuevergreenmakcheungchingstephenwongkalokspeciesboximagestatusstatussystemdisplayparentsgenusxenocongerparentauthoritycharlestatereganreganspeciesfryeriauthorityreganrangemaprangemapcaptionxenocongerisagenusofeelsinthefamilythefamilychlopsidaefalsemoraysitcontainsthesinglespeciesxenocongerfryeriorfryersfalsemoraythecollectorwasjohnfryerentomologistjohnclaudfortescuefryerreferencesxenocongertrnhngothunberginolayanhuangzisunthunberginolbxtmxiethunberginolcajustrussiathunberginoldpermosboldtitleandwpsbeneitherthearticlestitlenorrelatedtextappearsinboldonjulyatbeijingtimeutconthestabusfireoccurredinxinyanghenancausingthedeathsofatleastpeoplerefnamehenankillsdozenscitenewsurlbbccouknewsworldasiapacifictitlechinabusfireinhenankillsdozenspublisherbbcnewsdatejulyaccessdaterefthefireoccurredonchinanationalhighwaywhichlinksbeijingtozhuhaiguangdongtherewerepassengersonboardrefnamewsjbusfirecitenewsurlonlinewsjcomarticlesbhtmltitlechinabusfirekillspublisherassociatedpressdatejulyaccessdaterefbutthebuswasdesignedtoholdonlypassengersrefnamecrowdedbuseruptscitenewsurlchinadailycomcncndycontenthtmtitledieascrowdedbuseruptsinflameslastliufirstxiangruipublisherchinadailydateaccessdaterefasthebuswasoverloadedsomepassengersweresleepingintheaisleatthetimeofthefirewhichbeganatamrefnamedeadcitenewsurlnewsxinhuanetcomenglishchinachtmtitledeadinbusfireincentralchinapublisherxinhuanewsagencyxinhuanewsdateaccessdaterefvoiceofamericainitiallyreportedthatthebuswascarryinghazardousgoodsrefnamevoanewscitenewsurlvoanewscomenglishnewsasiaeastpacificdeadinchinabusfirehtmltitledeadinchinabusfirepublishervoiceofamericadatejulyaccessdaterefsomeofthesurvivorsreportedhearinganexplosionatthebackofthevehiclewhenthefirestartedrefnamebbccoukcitenewsurlbbccouknewsworldasiapacifictitlechinabusfireinhenankillsdozenspublisherbbcnewsdatejulyaccessdaterefsixpeopleincludingthedriversurvivedandwerehospitalizedrefnamefeareddeadcitenewsurlarticlescnncomworldchinabusfirebusfirestatemediadeathtollspmworldtitlefeareddeadinchinabusfirepublishercnndatejulyaccessdaterefinaugustitwasconfirmedthatthefirewasstartedbythechemicalsbeingillegallytransportedonthebusseealsochengdubusfirexiamenbusfirereferencesexternallinksbaikecomwikiebaacefaeabefeaeaebdaebbeabeaonbaidubaikethunberginolethunberginolfthunberginolgpiinpopularculturehaiphongrusevlistofjapanesetypographicsymbolsotherspecialmarksrcatshellarrowsymbolnorbergeninnorbergeninvaloneicaciddilactonecedillatheinfineonxcfamilyisabitmicrocontrollerthatcanbefoundinautomotiveapplicationsincludingtransmissionshybridapplicationsdriverassistantsystemsandenginemanagementkeyfeaturesthexcfamilyusestheinfineonproprietarycbitinaversionwhichalsocontainsabitmacunitmacunitcorefrequencyrangesfromtonbspmhzembeddedflashfromnbspkbtonbspmbramuptonbspkbthemicrocontrollercontaininganvoltageregulatorembeddedvolta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notesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmitimezonechinastandardtimeutcoffsetcoordinateselevationmelevationftpostalcodetypepostalcodeareacodewebsitefootnotesxipingletownshipisalistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhebeitownshipleveldivisionofzhengdingcountyshijiazhuanghebeichinarefciteweburlxzqhorghtmlhescripttitlezhpublisherxzqhorglanguagechineseaccessdateaugustdeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebxzqhorghtmlhearchivedateseptemberrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhebeireferencesainupeopletaxoboxregnumbacteriaphylumproteobacteriaclassisgammaproteobacteriaordoenterobacterialesfamiliaenterobacteriaceaegenusxenorhabdusgenusauthoritythomaspoinarsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxenorhabdusbeddingiibrxenorhabdusbovieniibrxenorhabdusbudapestensisbrxenorhabduscabanillasiibrxenorhabdusdoucetiaebrxenorhabduseapokensisrefnamepmidrefbrxenorhabdusehlersiibrxenorhabdusgriffiniaebrxenorhabdushominickiibrxenorhabdusindicabrxenorhabdusinnexibrxenorhabdusishibashiibrxenorhabdusjaponicabrxenorhabduskhoisanaebrxenorhabduskoppenhoeferibrxenorhabduskozodoiibrxenorhabdusmagdalenensisbrxenorhabdusmauleoniibrxenorhabdusmiraniensisbrxenorhabdusnematophilabrxenorhabduspoinariibrxenorhabdusromaniibrxenorhabdusstockiaebrxenorhabdusszentirmaiibrxenorhabdusthuongxuanensisbrxenorhabdusvietnamensisxenorhabdusisagenusofmotilegramnegativebacteriafromthefamilyoftheenterobacteriaceaeithastheparticularitythatallthespeciesofthegenusliveinsymbiosiswithsoilentomopathogenicnematodesfromthegenussteinernemarefcitejournalvolumeissuepageseauthorjohnmchastonauthorgarretsuenauthorsarahltuckerauthoraaronwandersenauthorarchnabhasinauthorednabodeauthorhelgebbodeauthoralexanderobrachmanndisplayauthorsetaltitletheentomopathogenicbacterialendosymbiontsxenorhabdusandphotorhabdusconvergentlifestylesfromdivergentgenomesjournalplosoneaccessdatedatedoijournalponepmidpmcurldxdoiorgjournalponerefalthoughnofreelivingformsofxenorhabdushaveeverbeenisolatedoutsideofthenematodehostthebenefitsforthebacteriaarestillunknownhoweverithasbeendemonstratedthatthenematodecantestablishwithinhisinsecthostwithoutthebacteriarefnameogiercitejournalvolumeissuepageslastgaudriaultsfirstogierjcauthorpagssauthorbischgauthorchiapellohauthormdiguecauthorrouyzauthorteyssiercauthorvincentsauthortailliezpauthorguivaudanatitleattenuedvirulenceandgenomicreductiveevolutionintheentomopathogenicbacterialsymbiontspeciesxenorhabduspoinariijournalgenomebiologyandevolutionaccessdatedatedoigbeevupmidpmcurlgbeoxfordjournalsorgrefthetripartitexenorhabdusnematodeinsectinteractionrepresentsamodelsysteminwhichbothmutualismbiologymutualisticandpathogenesispathogenicprocessescanbestudiedinasinglebacterialspeciesinlaboratorysomespeciesarevirulentdirectlyinjectedwithintheinsecthostwhereasothersspeciesneedthenematodetopenetrateintotheinsectlifecycleinthenoninfestantstagenematodelivinginthesoilxenorhabdusspparecarriedinaspecializedregionoftheintestinetermedthereceptacleatthethirdstageofdevelopmenttheinfectivejuvenileijsinvadethehemocoelofsusceptibleinsecthoststhebacteriaarereleasedintheinsecthemocoelwheretheyovercometheinsectsdefensesystemsandproducenumerousvirulencefactorssuchashemolysinandcytotoxintheyparticipateinsuppressinginsectimmunityandkillingthehostthebacteriaproliferatetohighlevelsintheinsectcadaverandproducediverseantimicrobialcompoundsthatsuppressthegrowthofantagonisticmicroorganismsxenorhabdussppalsosecreteanarrayofexoenzymesthatstimulatemacromoleculardegradationtheproductsofwhichtogetherwiththebacteriathemselvesarethoughttoprovideanutrientbasefornematodegrowthandreproductionwhennematodenumbersbecomehighandnutrientsbecomelimitingintheinsectcadavernematodeprogenyreassociatewithbacteriaanddifferentiateintocolonizednonfeedingijsthatemergeintothesoiltoforagefornewhostsphylogenycommentedoutbecauseimagewasdeletedbiologicalpestcontrolthemutualisticassociationbetweenxenorhabdusandsteinernemarepresentaninsectidicalcomplexactiveagainstalargerangeofinsectpestsindeedthecomplexisusedinbiologicalpestcontrolandisveryefficientagainstinsectssuchasspodopteraexigualepidopteracydiapomonellalepidopteraleptinotarsadecemlineatacoleopterafamilytipulidaedipterathesebacteriainhabitthegutoftheostriniafurnacalisasiancornboreramothpestofmaizeineastasiaandkillsitwithinhoursxenorhabdusnematofilaisthemostwidelyusedspeciesinbiologicalcontrolinassociationwithsteinernemacarpocapseandsteinernemafeltiaethepathogenicityofthecomplexisspeciesspecificwhichmeansthatthecomplexcanonlybeactiveagainstaspecificrangeofinsectsthesteinernemaxenorhabdusassociationiscurrentlysoldasbiocontrolagentbyprivatecompanieslikebiobestsumiagroandbiosafeperspectivesastudycarriedoutbyfurganigalrefcitejournalvolumeissuepageslastwolfslfirstfurganigauthorbszrmnyieauthorfodoraauthormthfodoraauthorforstsauthorhoganjsauthorkatonazauthorkleinmgauthorstackebrandteauthorszentirmaiaauthorsztaricskaiftitlexenorhabdusantibioticsacomparativeanalysisandpotentialutilityforcontrollingmastisiscausedbybacteriajournaljournalofappliedmicrobiologyaccessdatedatedoijxurlonlinelibrarywileycomdoijxpdfrefsuggeststhattheantibioticcompoundsproducedbyxenorhabdustopreservetheinsectcadaverfromothersbacteriamaybeusedintheaimofcontrollingmastitiscausedbybacteriaindeedxenorhabdusbudapestensisxszentirmaiiandxnematofilaappeartobeefficientagainstpathogenssuchasstaphylocuccusaureusandescherichiacolireferencesbibliographygoodrichblairhclarkedjmutualismandpathogenesisinxenorhabdusandphotorhabdustworoadsforthesamedestinationmolecularmicrobiologydoijxsicardmalwhenmutualistsarepathogensanexperimentalstudyofthesymbiosesbetweensteinernemaentomopathogenicnematodesandxenorhabdusbacteriagenomebiologyandevolutiondoijxpilarfalphylogeneticrelationshipsofbacteriawithspecialreferencetoendosymbiontsandentericspeciestheprokaryotesppexternallinkscatalogueoflifeorgcolbrowsetreeidxenorhabduslistofspeciesnematodeunleduwormepnshtmnematodesasbiologicalcontrolagentsofinsectsnematodeunleduparasiticnematodeshomepagelvnduytlistofminorplanetsselecteddigitnumbersselecteddigitnumbersinsearchofspacemakedonskibrodxseriesannahazareyomarahinestrozalistofminorplanetsharahurharahurpyramidschemeharahurharahurharahurslobodansamardilistofminorplanetsyamaguchishimbunselecteddigitnumberspseudoexfoliationsyndromemuhammadiqbalinfoboxmobilephonenamexiaomimilogoxiaomilogosvglogosizepximagexiaomimjpgimagesizepxaltcaptionxiaomimibrandxiaomimanufacturerxiaomiseriescarriernetworksgsmwcdmacdmareleasedpleaseonlymakeitvisibleafteritreallyreleasedpricefullpriceatinitialreleaseavailablecountrycarrierdiscontinuedpredecessorsuccessorxiaomimisrelatedtypesmartphoneformsizehbrwbrdweightosoriginalmiuivandroidgingerbreadcurrentmiuivandroidjellybeancpuqualcommmsmmsmcdmaversionforchinatelecomsnapdragonsystemonchipsnapdragonsdualcoreghzsdualcoreghzformionesgpuadrenomemorygbramstoragememorycardbatterymahinputtouchscreendisplaysharpinclcdinpxxpxppimcolorstoshibaforpartallthelaterproductionextdisplayrearcameramegapixelsflenspfpsvideorecordingfrontcameramegapixelsmediaformatsringtoneconnectivitybluetoothavrcpadpobexwifibgnothersarhacreferencesxiaomimioftenreferredtoasxiaomiphoneisahighendandroidoperatingsystemandroidsmartphoneproducedbyxiaomithedeviceusesaqualcommsnapdragonsystemonchipsnapdragonsdualcorenbspghzasitscpuandanadrenoasitsgputhedeviceisinitiallysoldatapriceofwhenitwasreleasedthedevicereceivedmorethanpreordersinthefirsthoursondecemberthecompanyannouncedapartnershipwithchinesetelcochinaunicomtheplanwastoofferonemillioncustommimodelsatatunicomstoresonvarioustwotothreeyeartermcontractsxiaomiisshippedwithmiuipreinstalledbutalsosupportsstockandroidoperatingsystemandroidromsandotherrdpartyromimageromsandisinconsiderationtoaddmicrosoftswindowsphonetothephonespecificationshardwarethecasingofthexiaomimiismostlymadefromplasticwithsimcardslotslocatedinsidethemicrousbportislocatedatthebottomofthedevicewiththeaudiojacklocatedatthetopofthedevicethevolumekeyswerelocatedontherightsideofdevicemeanwhilethepowerkeywaslocatedatthetopofthedevicenearthetopofthedeviceareafrontfacingcameraandproximitysensorsthedeviceiswidelyavailableinwhitepinkblueyellowpurpleandgreycolorfinishesthedevicesdisplayisainchtftcapacitivetouchscreenwitharesolutionofppithemodelisoneoftwovariationsofthexiaomimixiaomicreatedbeforecreatingthexiaomimithedevicecomesamahbatterysoftwarethexiaomimishipswithandroidoperatingsystemandroidandxiaomixiaomismiuiuserexperienceupdatesupdatesforthexiaomimiisavailableinthreechannelsstabledeveloperanddailynewstablebuildsareusuallyavailableeverymonthwithmajorchangesbetweeneachupdatenewdeveloperbuildsareusuallyavailableeveryweekwithsmallbutsometimessignificantfeaturesaddedbetweeneachupdateandnewbetabuildsareusuallyavailableeverywednesdaysandusuallyonlycontainsmallfixesandoptimizationsbetabuildsareonlyavailabletosomebetatestersselectedonmiuimiuiscommunityforumstoupdatebetweenversionsusersusuallyuseanovertheairupdaterapplicationseealsoxiaomimiuicomparisonofsmartphonesreferencessuccessionboxtitlexiaomimiyearsbeforenoneafterxiaomimistelephonenumbersinfijitelephonenumbersinnauruzizhuchuangxinmmmausermmmausermmrmmrfmmstsmmmkrmmparabellummmgyurzammrmmmmrmmvhsemmvhsemmcbjmmlapuammmannlicherschnauermmfiratrophymmmmmasmmmasmmsakommfourniermmsharpehartmmrmmmausermmmausermmsmmshongkongjockeyclubmmsmmbrennekemmrmmmannlicherschnauermmmmwinchestermmdillonmmsuperautogmmmmrmmmauserlthnhtngivitminhmnggialongmmmagnuminchamericanekanammekanammwilsontacticalmmathensuniversityofeconomicsandbusinessneongenesisevangelionzizhuchuangxinmmzizhuchuangxinnguyntrungtrctrngnhphanxchlonghongcaokhidngvnngachampalistofairministryspecificationskhinhkerachvegasiciliavegasiciliakerachxldxenogenesisxiqiaoinfoboxfootballbiographynamexaviannunziataimagefullnamejavierfernndezannunziatabirthdatebirthplacesantacruzdetenerifespainheightpositionmidfielderwingerwingercurrentclubcfvillanovensevillanovenseclubnumberyouthyearsyouthclubscdtenerifetenerifeyears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tivevoicesintheworldoffreeculturemovementfreecultureandknowledgeparticipatedintheeventaseriesofworkinggroupsattheforumproducedauniquedocumentknownasthecharterforinnovationcreativityandaccesstoknowledgerefciteweburlelmundoeselmundonavegantehtmltitlepropuestasparainnovarenlareformadeleydepropiedadintelectualaccessdatemarchdatejanuarypublisherelmundorefwhichproposesaseriesofreformstothespanishintellectualpropertylegislationtelecomspackageandotherissuesrelatedtothecirculationofinformationandnetneutralitythecharterwassenttoathousandgovernmentsandpoliticalandsocialinstitutionsaroundtheworldinternationalbodiessuchastheeuropeanunioncommitteeoncultureandeducationandthegovernmentofbrazilthroughthedepartmentofdigitalculturesentofficialobserverstotheforumwebarchiveorgwebfcforumnetthesecondfcforumwasheldinbarcelonafromoctobertoandfocusedonthenewmodelsofsustainabilityinthedigitaleratwodocumentsweredraftedasaresultofthiseventthewebarchiveorgwebfcforumnetensustainablemodelsforcreativitydeclarationsustainablemodelsforcreativityandthefcforumnetensustainablemodelsforcreativityhowtomanualhowtomanualforsustainablecreativitythethirdeditionofthefcforumwasheldinbarcelonaonoctoberandunderthetitlenetworksforarevolutiondayonerevolvedaroundsustainablemodelsforcreativityinthedigitalagedaytwofocusedonchallengesandtoolsforthedefenceoftheinternetofsharingandofthecommunicationselforganisationanddefencetoolsinthecontextoftheglobalrevolutionwebarchiveorgwebfcforumnetentheeditionwasheldatarssantamnicaonoctoberanddayoneexploredthethemeofsustainablemodelsforthecreativesectoranddaytwowasdedicatedtodemocracyinthedigitalagewebarchiveorgwebfcforumnetenthefcforumtookplaceonoctoberandrevolvedaroundfourcorethemescreativitycultureandknowledgesustainablenewmodelsofaccessandproductiondatasciencethepotentialandlimitsofbigdatanetworkeddemocracyelectronicmoneyanddistributedcurrencystrengthsandweaknesseswebarchiveorgwebfcforumnetentheeditiontookplaceindifferentspacesanddatesnovemberatthebarcelonagrowthcenteronnetworkdemocracyandtechnopoliticsnovemberandatthebaudesigncollegeofbarcelonawithdifferentworkshopsandconferencesaboutdesigningtoolsandtheirrelationtoopenknowledgenovemberandatthebarcelonascenterofcontemporaryculturetheinfluencersafestivalaboutnonconventionalartcommunicationguerrillaandradicalentertainmentwebarchiveorgwebfcforumnetentheeditionunderthetitlefightersmakerstheseventheditionofthefcforumtookplaceonoctoberandandnovemberindifferentspacesinbarcelonaonoctobersalaconservasheldaseriesofworkinggroupsthatcametogetherroundthefollowingtopicslegislationoncopyrightandintellectualpropertynetneutralityfreedomofexpressionfreedomofinformationonoctoberthefcforummovedtothefarineradelclotculturalcenterwiththefollowingprogrammepressconferenceforjournalistsandattendeestointroducethecitizengroupagainstcorruptiontwoblocksofconferencesfocusingonthecrisisasascamandonsurveillancerepressiondataprotectionandcivillibertiesanotherworkinggrouponfreedomofexpressionfreedomofinformationfreedomofactionstateofaffairsandcoordinationofstrugglesinthespanishstateaseriesofworkshopsondigitalselfdefenseandtherighttoprivacyofcommunicationssuchastherighttoinformationandfreedomofexpressionaswellasaspecificworkshopforjournalistsconductedbythecentreforinvestigativejournalismnovemberwasthelastdaydedicatedtomakersbusinessmodelsandheldatthebaudesigncollegeofbarcelonadevolutionsummitthedevolutionsummitwascreatedasacivilsocietyresponsetotheeuropeanforumforculturalindustriesorganisedbythespanishministryofcultureincollaborationwiththechamberofcommerceofbarcelonawhichwasheldinbarcelonaonmarchandauthoritiesexpertsandlobbygroupsparticipatedintheforumwhichfocusedonfivecorethemesfinancingandtheculturalindustriesintellectualpropertyandroyaltiesmanagementstrategiesfortheinternationalisationofculturecultureandterritorialdevelopmentandtheprofilesandskillsforcultureindustryprofessionalstheforumforculturalindustrieslentcontinuitytotheinternationalconferenceoneconomyandcultureheldinmayandtookplacejustbeforetheinformalmeetingoftheministersofcultureoftheeuropeanuniononmarchwithintheframeworkofthespanishpresidencyoftheeuthedevolutionsummitwasacountersummitorganisedatthesametimetodemandamendmentstospainslawofsustainableeconomyknownastheantidownloadslawandanendtothemonopolyofcopyrightcollectingsocietiesduringthreedaysthedevolutionsummitorganisedinternetbroadcastsoftheproceedingsoftheforumforculturalindustriesandtheinformalmeetingofministersstagedconcertswithgroupswhousefreelicencesandcarriedoutactionssuchasthehandingoutmusicwithfreelicencestohairdressingsalonsandtheactionwewontcarrythebucketforanindustrythatrefusestoadapttorealityinwhichthecomedianleobassidressedupasaclownandtriedtogiveagiantinflatableducktotheeuropeanministersofculturedevolutionalsoorganisedviralcampaignsandprovidedinformationonthetopicsbeingdiscussedattheforumthroughsocialnetworksparentsarethepiratesscribdcomdoclospiratassonlospadresparentsarethepiratesisaselfpublishedcollectivebookconsistingofcontributionsbyfiftyauthorswhowereinvitedtowriteoril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opreceiversintheaccatthetimetheyfacedthemtoacombinedcatchesforyardsinthelastgameshewastargetedtimesandallowedjustcompletionsforyardswithtwointerceptionsandsevenpassbreakupshehelpedfloridastatesdefenseleadthenationinyardsallowedperplayranksecondnationallyintotaldefenseypgandrankinthetopsixnationallyinscoringdefenseppgrushingdefenseypgpassdefenseypgpassefficiencydefenseandopponentthreeandoutspergameheearnedthemrdependableskillawardattheteamsannualbanquetforthesecondstraightyearshortlyafterfsusvictoryovernorthernillinoishuskiesfootballteamnorthernillinoisintheorangebowlrhodesannouncedhisdecisiontoforgohisfinalyearofcollegiateeligibilityenteringthenfldraftididallicouldincollegeifiwastocomebackidontthinkmystatuswouldbegettinganybettersaidrhodesstatisticsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterrowspanyearrowspanteamcolspangamescolspantacklescolspaninterceptionscolspanfumblesggscombtotalastsackpdintydsavglngtdfffrncaadivisionifbsfootballseasonfloridastateseminolesfootballteamfloridastatencaadivisionifbsfootballseasonfloridastateseminolesfootballteamfloridastatencaadivisionifbsfootballseasonfloridastateseminolesfootballteamfloridastatecolspancareerprofessionalcareercomingoutoffloridastaterhodeswasprojectedasafirstroundselectioninthenfldraftbysportsillustratedrefnamebanksmockrefexternalmediavideonflcomvideosnflvideosapnflscoutingcombinexavierrhodesxavierrhodesnflcombineworkoutvideonflcomvideosnflvideosapnflscoutingcombinexavierrhodesxavierrhodesyarddashnflpredraftheightftheightinweightdashtensplittwentysplitshuttleconedrillverticalbroadftbroadinbenchwonderlicarmspanhandspannoteallvaluesfromnflcombinetheminnesotavikingsselectedrhodesinthefirstroundthoverallofthenfldrafthewasthefourthcornerbackselectedinandwasthehighestselecteddefensivebackfromfloridastatesinceantoniocromartiewastakenthoverallbythesandiegochargersinthenfldraftexternalmediavideonflcomvideosnfldraftapvikingsdraftxavierrhodesnovikingsdraftxavierrhodesthoverallvideonflcomvideosnfldraftapbuserlinkdnfldraftprofilexavierrhodesonjulytheminnesotavikingssignedrhodestoafouryearunitedstatesdollarmillioncontractthatincludesmillionguaranteedandasigningbonusofmillionrefnamespotracrefrhodesbegantrainingcampslatedasastartingcornerbackbutsawcompetitionfortherolefromjoshrobinsonheadcoachlesliefraziernamedrhodesthethirdcornerbackonthedepthchartbehindveteranschriscookamericanfootballchriscookandjoshrobinsonhewasalsoselectedtobethestartingnickelbackinnickelanddimepackageshemadehisprofessionalregularseasondebutandfirstcareerstartintheminnesotavikingsminnesotavikingsseasonopeneratthedetroitlionsdetroitlionsandrecordedthreesolotacklesintheirlossrhodesmadehisfirstcareertackleonwidereceivercalvinjohnsonafterasevenyardreceptioninthesecondquarteronoctoberrhodesrecordedaseasonhighsevensolotacklesduringalosstothegreenbaypackersgreenbaypackersinweekrhodesearnedhisfirststartasanoutsidecornerbackafterjoshrobinsonsustainedafracturedsternumthepreviousweekandwasexpectedtobesidelinedforamonthrhodesrecordedaseasonhighfourpassdeflectionsandmadefoursolotacklesduringatieatthegreenbaypackersgreenbaypackersondecemberrhodesmadethreesolotacklesandthreepassdeflectionsbeforeexitingthevikingslossatthebaltimoreravensbaltimoreravensaftersustaininganankleinjuryrefnamestatsrefhewassidelinedforthelastthreegamesoftheseasonweeksondecemberitwasannouncedthattheminnesotavikingsfiredheadcoachlesliefrazierafterfinishingfourthinthenfcnorthwitharecordhefinishedhisrookieseasoninwithcombinedtacklessoloandtenpassdeflectionsingamesandsixstartsrefnamecareerrefrhodesenteredtrainingcampslatedasoneofthestartingoutsidecornerbacksheadcoachmikezimmerofficiallynamedrhodesthestartertobegintheregularseasonalongwithcaptainmunnerlyninweekhetiedacareerhighwithfourpassdeflectionsandmadefivecombinedtacklesinthevikingsvictoryovertheatlantafalconsseasonatlantafalconsonnovemberrhodescollectedfourcombinedtacklesbrokeupapassandmadehisfirstcareerinterceptionoffapassbyjaycutleramericanfootballjaycutlerduringalossatthechicagobearsseasonchicagobearsinweekinweekrhodescollectedaseasonhighfivesolotacklesinthevikingslossatthemiamidolphinsmiamidolphinshispassdeflectionsledthevikingsdefenseandfinishedfourthamongallplayersintheleaguetheminnesotavikingsminnesotavikingsfinishedwitharecordbutwereabletoimproveseventhoverallinpassdefenseafterfinishingstthepreviousseasonrhodeswasjoinedbyterencenewmanandrookiefirstroundpicktraewaynesindefensivecoordinatorgeorgeedwardsamericanfootballgeorgeedwardsnamedrhodesthenooutsidecornerbackoppositeterencenewmantobegintheregularseasonhestartedtheminnesotavikingsminnesotavikingsseasonopeneratthesanfranciscoerssanfranciscoersandcollectedaseasonhighsevensolotacklesintheirlossonjanuaryrhodesmadethreesolotacklesapassdeflectionandinterceptedapassbyaaronrodgersduringavictoryatthegreenbaypackersgreenbaypackerstheminnesotavikingsfinishedtheirsecondseasonunderheadcoachmikezimmerwithanrecordandfirstinthenfcnorthonjanuaryrhodesstartedinhisfirstcareerplayoffgameandrecordedfoursolotacklesandtwopassdeflectionsduringalosstotheseattleseahawksseattleseahawksinthenfcwildcardgameonmaytheminnesotavikingsexercisedthefifthyearmillionoptiononrhodesrookiecontractheadcoachmikezimmerretainedxavierrhodesandterencenewmanasthestartingcornerbackstobegintheregularseasonwhilepreparingtoplayintheseasonopeneragainstthetennesseetitanstennesseetitansrhodessustainedakneeinjurywhilestretchingonthefieldhisinjurysidelinedhimforthefirsttwogamesweeksoftheseasononoctoberrhodesrecordedtwocombinedtacklesbrokeuptwopassesandinterceptedquarterbackelimanningduringavictoryagainstthenewyorkgiantsnewyorkgiantsonmondaynightfootballprofootballfocusrankedhimthinoverallgradesamongthequalifyingcornerbacksintheminnesotavikingsminnesotavikingswereunabletoqualifyfortheplayoffsafterfinishingthirdintheirdivisionwithanrecordrhodeswasrankedthethbestplayerinthenflonthenfltopplayersofonjulytheminnesotavikingssignedrhodestoafiveyearmillionextensionthatincludesmillionguaranteedandamillionsigningbonusheadcoachmikezimmernamedrhodesandtraewaynesthestartingcornerbackstostarttheregularseasononnovemberrhodesrecordedaseasonhighfivesolotacklestwopassdeflectionsandinterceptedapassbymatthewstaffordduringavictoryatthedetroitlionsdetroitlionsthefollowingweekhetiedhisseasonhighoffivesolotacklesinthevikingsvictoryattheatlantafalconsatlantafalconsinweekprofootballfocusgaverhodesanoverallgradeofrankinghimthamongallqualifiedcornerbacksintheminnesotavikingsminnesotavikingsfinishedatoptheirdivisionwitharecordandreceivedafirstroundbyeonjanuaryrhodesrecordedtwosolotacklesandtwopassdeflectionsduringthevikingswinagainsttheneworleanssaintsneworleanssaintsinthenfcdivisionalroundthevikingswereeliminatedfromtheplayoffsthefollowingweekafterlosingatthephiladelphiaeaglesphiladelphiaeaglesinthenfcchampionshipgameminnesotavikingsfranchiserecordsmostpassesdefensedbyarookielongestinterceptionreturnyardsnflcareerstatisticsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterrowspanyearrowspanteamcolspangamescolspantacklescolspaninterceptionscolspanfumblesggscombtotalastsackpdintydsavglngtdfffrnflseasonminnesotavikingsseasonminnflseasonminnesotavikingsseasonminnflseasonminnesotavikingsseasonminnflseasonminnesotavikingsseasonminnflseasonminnesotavikingsseasonmincolspantotalsrefnameespnrefreferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebseminolescomsportsmfootblmttrhodesxavierhtmlfloridastateseminolesbionodamecantabiletomokoninomiyaxudaxcertuniversaldatabaseapiisalibrarycomputinglibrarythatisusedandintegratedinmanypublickeyinfrastructurepkiproductsofdifferentvendorslikethekeoncaofrsalabsxudaisanapplicationprogramminginterfaceapithatenablesprogrammerstodeveloppkiapplicationsxudaisbestseenasatoolkitorlibraryofprogramsthatisolatesapplicationsfromthecomplexitiesofpkiitencapsulatessecuredatabaseaccessandstrongauthenticationviapublickeycertificatesandemploystransportlayersecuritysslndashlightweightdirectoryaccessprotocolldaptoqueryremotedatabasesusingcertificatespresentedduringanssltransactionxudawasbuilttousethecryptographyofothervendorsthisallowsvendorstoprovidecustomerswiththecryptographyoftheirchoiceincludingallpkcspkcscompliantsmartcardsandhardwaretokensxcertisaprivatelyheldcompanythatdevelopedanddelivereddigitalcertificatebasedproductsforsecuringebusinesstransactionsinfebruarythecompanywasacquiredbyrsalabsexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebpmdfprocesscomldapsurveyvendorxcertxcertsoftwareincxcertuniversaldatabaseapirsacompressreleaseaspxidrsaxcertacquisitionagreementfebruarybluewatersolutionscomservicescmservicesphprsacertificatemanageroverviewosamuakimotoxeroundwasaproviderofclouddatabasesoftwarelaunchedinrefnamebloomberginvestingbusinessweekcomresearchstocksprivatesnapshotaspprivcapidxeroundbloombergcombloombergcomretrievedrefandwasshutdowninmaythecompanywasfoundedbysharonbarkaiandgiladzlotkinzlotkinaformerresearchfellowatmitsloanschoolofmanagementrefnameacmdlacmorgauthorpagecfmidcolldldlacmtrkcfidcftokengiladzlotkinsscientificpublicationsdlacmorgacmdigitallibraryretrievedreffoundedfiveotherstartupsincludingradviewnasdaqrdvwisraelifinancialnewspaperglobesrankedthecompanyasoneofisraelsmostpromisingstartupsinrefnameglobesbatyafeldmanglobescoilserveenglobesdocviewaspdidfidclouddatabasecoxeroundraisesmglobescoilglobesretrievedrefxeroundsproductwasinitiallyusedbytelecommunicationsserviceprovidertelecomprovidersincludingtmobileinthecompanyaddedamysqlfrontendtoitsproductrefnamegigaomderrickharrisgigaomcomcloudforxeroundmysqlinthecloudknowsnoboundsforxeroundmysqlinthecloudknowsnoboundsgigaomcomgigaomretrievedrefmakingitapplicabletoamassmarketofmillionmysqlapplicationsrefnameforbesmysqlvictoriabarretarchiveisforbescommysqlmartenmickostechnologyenterprisetechmysqlhtmlwhyoraclewontkillmysqlforbescomforbescomretrievedreftheproductallowsmysqluserstoscaletheirdatabaseandachievehighavailabilityoncloudcomputingcloudplatformslikeamazonecrefnameregistertimothyprickettmorgantheregistercoukxeroundmysqldatabaseservicexeroundreinventsmysqlatopamazoncloudtheregistercouktheregisterretrievedrefthebetaversionoftheservicewasreportedtobeusedbyorganizationsrefnamecomputerworldjamesniccolaico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hesoftwaretimestampcommentscanbeaddedtoeverytimestampreportscanbefilteredbyprojectuserdateorbillingstatusacustomizablereporttomatchyourcorporateidentityisincludedversionsxperttimerprosingleuserprojecttimetrackingclientmanagerdocumentmanagerprojecthistorytodolistbillingmoduleadditionalcostreimbursableexpensesadditionalcostsynchronizationmoduleforandroidwindowsadditionalcostxperttimerenterprisemultiuserprojecttimetrackingclientmanagerdocumentmanagerprojecthistorytodolistbillingmoduleadditionalcostreimbursableexpensesadditionalcostsynchronizationmoduleandroidwindowsadditionalcostxperttimerbasicsingleuserprojecttimetrackingprojecthistorytimestampstodolistxperttimermobileprojecttimetrackingtodolistclientmanagementsynchronizationoptionwithxperttimerenterpriseproadditionalcostcallerdetectionadditionalcostpdfreportingwithsignatureoptionadditionalcostphotouploadtoserveradditionalcostandroidversionmobileuserscansynchronizedatabetweenthexperttimermobileandxperttimerproversiontheinterfaceisxtsyncserverwhichactsastheinterfacebetweenthetwodatabasesxperttimerisalsoastandaloneappsoitdoesnotdependonxperttimerproandcanbeuseditselfaswellrefnameandroidhandbuchcitewebauthorarehbergtitledasinoffizielleandroidhandbuchgermanurlamazondeinoffizielleandroidhandbuchzusammenarbeitdeutschsprachigenandroidforumdprefsrieutfqidsrpublisherarehbergyearaccessdateseptemberrefrefnamepressboxcitewebauthordstitletimeismoneymobiletimetrackingonandroidurlpresseboxcompressemeldungenxpertdesignsoftwareboxidpublisherpressboxyearaccessdatejulydeadurlyesrefrefnameandroidpitcitewebauthorjanaotitlexperttimertimetrackingurlandroidpitcomenandroidteststestxperttimertimetrackingpublisherandroidpityearaccessdatemarchrefreportsxperttimerincludespreconfiguredinstantreportsthatsupportcommonneedstoviewtimeandexpensedataseealsocomparisonoftimetrackingsoftwareprojectmanagementsoftwaresoftwareasaservicetimetrackingsoftwarewebapplicationreferencesexternallinksxperttimercomxperttimerprobasicwebsitexperttimermobilecomxperttimermobilewebsitexperttimertimetrackingcomcompanyblognewsupdatesbugfixingfiftyfiftyfiftyfiftyfiftyfiftyinfoboxcpunamexeonphiimageimagesizepxslowestfastestnumcoreslcachenbspkibibytekbpercorelcachenbspkibibytekbpercorecreatedtransistorsnanometernmtransistorstrigatebrnanometernmtransistorsfinfettrigatearchxextensionsadvancedvectorextensionsavxadvancedvectorextensionsavxadvancedvectorextensionssockpciexpresspciexsocklgabrandxeonphiareaseriesofxmanycoreprocessorsdesignedandmadeentirelybyinteltheyareintendedforuseinsupercomputersserversandhighendworkstationsitsarchitectureallowsuseofstandardprogramminglanguagesandapissuchasopenmpsinceitwasoriginallybasedonanearliergpudesignbyintelitsharesapplicationareaswithgpusthemaindifferencebetweenxeonphiandagpgpulikenvidiateslaisthatxeonphiwithanxcompatiblecorecanwithlessmodificationrunsoftwarethatwasoriginallytargetedatastandardxcpuinitiallyintheformofpciebasedaddoncardsasecondgenerationproductcodenamedknightslandingwasannouncedinjunethesesecondgenerationchipscouldbeusedasastandalonecpuratherthanjustasanaddincardsupercomputerusesxeonphiprocessorsinjunethetianhesupercomputeratthenationalsupercomputercenteringuangzhounsccgzwasannouncedrefnametopjunerefastheworldsfastestsupercomputerasofnovemberitisrefnametopnovemberrefitusesintelxeonphicoprocessorsandivybridgemicroarchitectureivybridgeepxeonprocessorstoachievenbsppetaflopsrefnameknightslandingjunerefhistoryclasswikitablecodenametechnologycommentsknightsferrynmofferedaspciecardderivedfromlarrabeeprojectknightscornernmderivedfrompcvectorprocessingunitfirstdevicetobeannouncedasxeonphiknightslandingnmabbrknlderivedfromsilvermontairmontintelatomavxknightshillnmcanceledknightsmillnmnearlyidenticaltoknightslandingbutoptimizedfordeeplearningbackgroundthelarrabeemicroarchitecturelarrabeemicroarchitectureindevelopmentsinceintroducedverywidebitsimdunitstoaxarchitecturebasedprocessordesignextendedtoacachecoherencecachecoherentmultiprocessorsystemconnectedviaaringbustomemoryeachcorewascapableoffourwaymultithreadingduetothedesignbeingintendedforgpuaswellasgeneralpurposecomputingthelarrabeechipsalsoincludedspecialisedhardwarefortexturesamplingrefcitationurlstanfordeduclasseeabstractsslidespdftitlesimdprogrammingwithlarrabeeauthortomforsythpublisherintelworkwwwstanfordedureftheprojecttoproducearetailgpuproductdirectlyfromthelarrabeeresearchprojectwasterminatedinmayrefcitationurlanandtechcomshowintelkillslarrabeegpuwillnotbringadiscretegraphicsproducttomarkettitleintelkillslarrabeegpuwillnotbringadiscretegraphicsproducttomarketauthorryansmithdatemaypublisheranandtechworkwwwanandtechcomrefanothercontemporaryintelresearchprojectimplementingxarchitectureonamanymulticoreprocessorwasthesinglechipcloudcomputerprototypeintroducedadesignmimickingacloudcomputingcomputerdatacentreonasinglechipwithmultipleindependentcorestheprototypedesignincludedcoresperchipwithhardwaresupportforselectivefrequencyandvoltagecontrolofcorestomaximizeenergyefficiencyandincorporatedameshnetworkingmeshnetworkforinterchipmessagingthedesignlackedcachecoherentcoresandfocusedonprinciplesthatwouldallowthedesigntoscaletomanymorecorestheteraflopsresearchchipprototypeunveiledisanexperimentalcorechipwithtwofloatingpointunitspercoreimplementingabitverylonginstructionwordvliwarchitectureinsteadofthexarchitecturetheprojectinvestigatedintercorecommunicationmethodsperchippowermanagementandachievednbsptflopsatnbspghzconsumingnbspwofpowerknightsferryintelsmanyintegratedcoremicprototypeboardnamedknightsferryincorporatingaprocessorcodenamedaubreyislewasannouncedmaytheproductwasstatedtobeaderivativeofthelarrabeeprojectandotherintelresearchincludingthesinglechipcloudcomputerrefnamezdinrefthedevelopmentproductwasofferedasapciecardwithinordercoresatuptonbspghzwithfourthreadspercorenbspgbgddrmemorybuiltatanbspnmprocessintheaubreyislecoreabitringbusbitbidirectionalconnectsprocessorstomainmemorysingleboardperformancehasexceedednbspgflopstheprototypeboardsonlysupportsingleprecisionfloatingpointinstructionsinitialdevelopersincludedcernkoreainstituteofscienceandtechnologyinformationkistiandleibnizsupercomputingcentrehardwarevendorsforprototypeboardsincludedibmsgihpdellandothersknightscornertheknightscornerproductlineismadeatanbspnmprocesssizeusingintelstrigatetransistorstrigatetechnologywithmorethancoresperchipandisintelsfirstmanycorescommercialproductrefnamethirefinjunesilicongraphicsinternationalsgiannouncedapartnershipwithinteltousethemicarchitectureinitshighperformancecomputingproductsinseptemberitwasannouncedthatthetexasadvancedcomputingcentertaccwilluseknightscornercardsintheirnbsppetaflopsstampedesupercomputerprovidingnbsppetaflopsofcomputepowerrefnametaccpressreleaserefaccordingtostampedeacomprehensivepetascalecomputingenvironmentthesecondgenerationintelknightslandingmicswillbeaddedwhentheybecomeavailableincreasingstampedesaggregatepeakperformancetoatleastnbsppetaflopsrefnamestampedeieeerefonnovemberintelshowedanearlysiliconversionofaknightscornerprocessoronjuneintelreleasedopensourcesoftwareanddocumentationregardingknightscorneronjuneintelannouncedatthehamburginternationalsupercomputingconferencethatxeonphiwillbethebrandnameusedforallproductsbasedontheirmanyintegratedcorearchitecturerefnameintelxeonphinamerefrefnameintelxeonphiplansrefrefnameeetimesxeonphinamerefrefnameengadgetxeonphinamerefrefnameeweekxeonphinamerefinjunecrayannounceditwouldbeofferingnbspnmknightscornerchipsbrandedasxeonphiasacoprocessorinitscascadesystemsinjunescalempannounceditwillprovideitsvirtualizationsoftwaretoallowusingknightscornerchipsbrandedasxeonphiasmainprocessortransparentextensionthevirtualizationsoftwarewillallowknightscornertorunlegacymmxinstructionsetmmxstreamingsimdextensionsssecodeandaccessunlimitedamountofhostmemorywithoutneedforcodechangesanimportantcomponentoftheintelxeonphicoprocessorscoreisitsvectorprocessingunitvputhevpufeaturesanovelbitsimdinstructionsetofficiallyknownasintelinitialmanycoreinstructionsintelimcithusthevpucanexecutesingleprecisionfloatingpointformatsingleprecisionspordoubleprecisionfloatingpointformatdoubleprecisiondpoperationspercyclethevpualsosupportsfusedmultiplyaddfmainstructionsandhencecanexecutespordpfloatingpointoperationspercycleitalsoprovidessupportforintegersthevpualsofeaturesanextendedmathunitemuthatcanexecuteoperationssuchasreciprocalsquarerootandlogarithmtherebyallowingtheseoperationstobeexecutedinavectorfashionwithhighbandwidththeemuoperatesbycalculatingpolynomialapproximationsofthesefunctionsonnovemberintelannouncedtwoxeonphicoprocessorfamiliesusingthenbspnmprocesssizethexeonphiandthexeonphipthexeonphipwillbecapableofnbspteraflopsofdoubleprecisionfloatingpointinstructionswithnbspgbsecmemorybandwidthatnbspwthexeonphipwillbecapableofnbspteraflopsofdoubleprecisionfloatingpointinstructionswithnbspgbsecmemorybandwidthatnbspwonjunethetianhesupercomputerwasannouncedbytopastheworldsfastesttianheusedintelivybridgexeonandxeonphiprocessorstoachievenbsppetaflopsitwasthefastestonthelistfortwoandahalfyearslastlyinnovemberrefnametoptianhecitewebtitletianhemilkywaypublishertoporgurltoporgsystemdatenovemberaccessdatemayrefdesignandprogrammingthecoresofknightscornerarebasedonamodifiedversionofpmicroarchitecturepcpcdesignusedintheoriginalpentiumthebasisoftheintelmicarchitectureistoleveragexlegacybycreatinganxcompatiblemultiprocessorarchitecturethatcanuseexistingparallelizationsoftwaretoolsprogrammingtoolsincludeopenmpopenclcilkcilkplusandspecialisedversionsofintelsfortrancandmathlibrariesdesignelementsinheritedfromthelarrabeeprojectincludexisawaysimultaneousmultithreadingsmtpercorebitsimdunitskblinstructioncachekbldatacachecoherentlcachekbpercoreandultrawideringbusconnectingprocessorsandmemorytheknightscornerinstructionsetdocumentationisavailablefromintelmodelsclasswikitablesortablerowspanxeonphibrxseriesrowspandesigbrnationrowspancoresbrthreadsbrcolspanclockmhzrowspanlbrcachecolspanmemoryrowspanpeakdpbrcomputebrgflopsrowspantdpbrwrowspancoolingbrsystemrowspanformfactorrowspanreleasedclassunsortablebaseclassunsortableturbocolspansystemcolspanchanbrnelscolspanabbrtitletotalmemorybandwidthbwabbrbrgbsrowspanxeonphixrowspansexrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanmbgbrowspandivstylewidthpximportantgddrnbspeccdivxrowspandivstylewidthpximportantdualnbspchanneldivrowspanrowspanrowspanbareboardrowspanpciexcardrowspangbxxeonphiascambgbxfanheatsinkjunexeonphipscpmbgbxpassiveheatsinkjunexeonphispbcspmbgbxpassiveheatsinkjunexeonphipscpmbgbxpassiveheatsinknovrowspanxeonphidscdrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanmbrowspangbrowspanxrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanbareboardrowspansffpincardrowspanjunebcdxeonphisepsepmbgbxpassiveheatsinkrowspanpciexcardnovxeonphisexsexmbgbxbareboardnovxeonphipscpmbgbxpassiveheatsinkxeonphixscxmbgbxbareboardxeonphiascambgbxfanheatsinkaprilxeonphidscdmbgbxbareboardsffpincardmarchxeonphipscpmbgbxpassiveheatsinkrowspanpciexcardjunexeonphixscxmbgbxbareboardjuneknightslandingcodenameforthesecondgenerationmicarchitectureproductfromintelintelofficiallyfirstrevealeddetailsofitssecondgenerationintelxeonphiproductsonjuneintelsaidthatthenextgenerationofintelmicarchitecturebasedproductswillbeavailableintwoformsasacoprocessororahostprocessorcpuandbemanufacturedusingintelsnanometernmprocesstechnologyknightslandingproductswillincludeintegratedonpackagememoryforsignificantlyhighermemorybandwidthknightslandingcontainsuptoairmontmicroarchitectureairmontatomcoreswithfourthreadspercoreusinglgasocketrefnametomshardwarexeonphitomshardwarecomnewsintelxeonphiknightslandinghtmltomshardwareintelxeonphiknightslandingnowshippingomnipathupdatetoojunerefsupportinguptonbspgboffarddrramandndashnbspgbofstackedneardmcdramaversionofthehybridmemorycubeeachcorehastwobitvectorunitsandsupportsavxsimdinstructionsspecificallytheintelavxfoundationalinstructionsavxfwithintelavxconflictdetectioninstructionsavxcdintelavxexponentialandreciprocalinstructionsavxerandintelavxprefetchinstructionsavxpfthenationalenergyresearchscientificcomputingcenterannouncedthatphaseofitsnewestsupercomputingsystemcoriwoulduseknightslandingxeonphicoprocessorsonjuneintellaunchedtheintelxeonphiproductfamilyxbasedontheknightslandingarchitecturestressingitsapplicabilitytonotjusttraditionalsimulationworkloadsbutalsotomachinelearningonnovemberthethlistoftopcontainedsystemsusingknightslandingplatformsthepciebasedcoprocessorvariantofknightslandingwasneverofferedtothegeneralmarketandwasdiscontinuedbyaugustthisincludedtheapandpcoprocessorcardsmodelsallmodelscanboosttotheirpeakspeedsaddingnbspmhztotheirbasefrequencywhenrunningjustoneortwocoreswhenrunningfromtothemaximumnumberofcoresthechipscanonlyboostnbspmhzabovethebasefrequencyallchipsrunhighavxcodeatafrequencyreducedbynbspmhzclasswikitablesortablerowspanxeonphibrseriesrowspansspecbrnumberrowspanmulticorecoresbrthreadscolspanclockmhzrowspanlbrcachecolspanmcdrammemorycolspanddrmemoryrowspanpeakdpbrcomputerowspanthermaldesignpowertdpbrwrowspanclassunsortablesocbrketrowspanclassunsortablereleasebrdaterowspanpartnumberclassunsortablebaseclassunsortableturboclassunsortablequantityclassunsortableabbrtitlebandwithbwabbrclassunsortablequantityclassunsortableabbrtitlebandwithbwabbrrowspanxeonphisrmebrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanmbrowspangbrowspangbsrowspangbrowspangbsrowspanbrgflopsrowspanrowspanstyletextaligncenterverticalaligncenterdivstylewidthpximportantsvlclgadivrowspanjunebrrowspanhjsrxbxeonphifsrxbhjrowspanxeonphisrmfbrowspanrowspanhjsrxbxeonphifsrxbhjrowspanxeonphisrmdbrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanmbrowspanbrgflopsrowspanrowspanhjsrxbxeonphifsrxbhjxeonphisrwybrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanmbrowspanbrgflopshjxeonphifsrwzbhjknightshillknightshillwasthecodenameforthethirdgenerationmicarchitectureforwhichintelannouncedthefirstdetailsatscitwastobemanufacturedinanbspnmprocessknightshillwasexpectedtobeusedintheunitedstatesdepartmentofenergyaurorasupercomputertobedeployedatargonnenationallaboratoryhoweveraurorawasdelayedinfavorofusinganadvancedarchitecturewithafocusonmachinelearningintelhasannouncedinnovemberthatknightshillhasbeencanceledinfavorofanotherarchitecturebuiltfromthegrounduptoenableexascalecomputingexascalecomputinginthefuturethisnewarchitectureinnowexpectedforthetermsexascalecomputingandhighperformancecomputinghpcgotmeanwhilelinkedbyinteltowardstheirowntermomnipatharchitectureopainpublicationsknightsmillknightsmillisintelscodenameforaxeonphiproductspecializedindeeplearninginitiallyreleasedindecembernearlyidenticalinspecificationstoknightslandingknightsmillincludesoptimizationsforbetterutilizationofavxinstructionsandenableswayhyperthreadinghyperthreadingsingleprecisionandvariableprecisionfloatingpointperformanceincreasedattheexpenseofdoubleprecisionfloatingpointperformancemodelsclasswikitablesortablerowspanxeonphibrseriesrowspansspecbrnumberrowspanmulticorecoresbrthreadscolspanclockmhzrowspanlbrcachecolspanmcdrammemorycolspanddrmemoryrowspanpeakdpbrcomputerowspanthermaldesignpowertdpbrwrowspanclassunsortablesocbrketrowspanclassunsortablereleasebrdaterowspanpartnumberclassunsortablebaseclassunsortableturboclassunsortablequantityclassunsortableabbrtitlebandwithbwabbrclassunsortablequantityclassunsortableabbrtitlebandwithbwabbrxeonphimbrowspangbrowspangbsrowspangbgbsrowspanstyletextaligncenterverticalalignbottomdivstylewidthpximportantsvlclgadivrowspanqxeonphimbgbsxeonphimbgbsprogramminganempiricalperformanceandprogrammabilitystudyhasbeenperformedbyresearchersrefnamecomprehensiverefinwhichtheauthorsclaimthatachievinghighperformancewithxeonphistillneedshelpfromprogrammersandthatmerelyrelyingoncompilerswithtraditionalprogrammingmodelsisstillfarfromrealityhoweverresearchinvariousdomainssuchaslifesciencesdeeplearningandcomputeraidedengineeringdemonstratedthatexploitingboththethreadandsimdparallelismofxeonphiachievessignificantspeedupscompetitorsnvidiateslaadirectcompetitorinthehighperformancecomputinghpcmarketamdradeonproandradeoninstinctamdradeoninstinctdirectcompetitorsinthehpcmarketseealsotexasadvancedcomputingcenterstampedesupercomputerincorporatesxeonphichipsavxcellmicroprocessorintelterascalereferencesexternallinksintelpagesintelcomcontentwwwusenprocessorsxeonxeonphidetailhtmlxeonphiproductfamilynbshowfirstusebyintelofbrandnameasofjunexmentvseriesxinzixinghirakataosakatoyonakaosakabookskinokuniyakodakumitakoyakitakoyakishinsaibashitonghuawritershikokunaotokannaotokanthelmaaoyamaeightconsciousnessesredirectcategoryshellgreenlaverjesuskingofthejewsredirectcategoryshellredirectpapilioxuthuskaruizawanaganovietnamesepeopleinjapanphongchihochiminhcitychnmxinghuahighschoolxxxchurchcomxwatchsoftwareinsularglistofminorplanetsportablenetworkgraphicseverybodydancetvseriesredirectcategoryshellnikoninfoboxfilmnamexcrossimagesizeimagexcrossfilmposterjpegborderaltcaptiondirectorkentafukasakuproducerwriterscreenplaystorybasedonnarratorstarringnaomatsushitabramisuzukibrshokonakagawabrmajuozawabrhiroyukiikeuchimusiccinematographyeditingstudiodistributorreleasedruntimeminutescountryjapanlanguagejapanesebudgetgrossisajapanesehorrorfilmdirectedbykentafukasakucastnaomatsushitaamisuzukishokonakagawamajuozawahiroyukiikeuchireferencesexternallinksjaxxrobertbudihartonoekatjiptawidjajaekatjiptawidjajaleeshinchengleeshinchengxboxliveprogramschiquibulcavesystemblochspaceredirectshellluciotanluciotanputerasampoernasukantotanotosukantotanotorachmanhalimprajogopangestuprajogopangestusudonosalimsusilowonowidjojoshengkunghuitsoikungposecondaryschoolkakazaikakazaikakazaikakazaikakazaikakazaikakazaikakazaikakazaikakazaikakazaikakazaikakazaikakazairedirectkakazairedirectkakazaitomytutorhistoricalkanaorthographynguyndynastymazdaisthedesignationforalowvoltagelownoiseavionicsvacuumtubepopularasapreamplificationtubeinguitaramplifierstheisamodifiedversionoftheaxandisusedtosoftenupaharshmodernampreferencesexternallinkstdslduncanampscomshowphpdesduncansampstdsltubemazeinfotagreviewsoftubespercentsignprophetsandmessengersinislamredirectcategoryshellgeoboxriverheadingnamenativenameothernameothernameothernamecategorynamesetymologynicknameimageimageshangraokuiwentajpgimagecaptionkuiwenpagodaandxinriverinshangraoimagesizecountrycountrychinastateregionjiangxiprovincedistrictmunicipalityfamilyparentyangtzeriverpoyanglaketributarylefttributaryrightcityshangraoyintanlandmarkriverlocationssourceyushanriversourcelocationhuaiyumountainssourceregionsanqingyushancountyyushansourcecountrysourceelevationsourcecoordinatessourcefengriversourcelocationtongbomountainsourceregionpuchengcountyfujianpuchengsourcecountrysourceelevationsourceconfluencesourceconfluencelocationxinzhoudistrictshangraosourceconfluenceregionsourceconfluencecountrysourceconfluenceelevationsourceconfluencecoordinatesmouthmouthlocationyugancountyyuganmouthregionmouthcountrymouthelevationcapitalcoordinatesmouthcoordinateslengthwidthdepthvolumewatershedwatershedrounddischargedischargenotedischargelocationdischargerounddischargemaxdischargeminfreefieldsfreefreetypemapsmapmapcaptionmapbackgroundmaplocatormaplocatorxmaplocatorywebsitewebsitecommonsfootnotesfootnotesthexinriverchinesepinyinxnjingwadegileshsinjiangflowsinyushancountyfromtheeasternedgeofjiangxiprovinceofcentralchinaintopoyanglakerefnamebrittthenewencyclopdiabritannicaencyclopdiabritannicachicagousvolprefrefnameoxfordoxfordatlasoftheworldoxforduniversitypressincnewyorknewyorkusrefrefnamenatgeonationalgeographicatlasoftheworldthednationalgeographicwashingtondcrefrefnamehammondhammondworldatlashammondworldatlascorpitalyrefsomewikipediamapsappeartocallthisthexiaorivergeographytheheadwatersatneareinthehuaishanmountainsinthenorthandeasternboundariesofitswatershedfromwhichtheriverflowswesttributariesincludetheyuyariverraorivernorthfengriverstoneriverluriversmallermountainstreamsthegeriverandthebaitariveritisnbspkmnbspmileslonganddrainsanareaofnbspkmsupsupnbspsqnbspmiwithaheavysedimentloadthexinriverbasinisboundedbythehuaiyumountainstothenorthandeastandbythewuyishantothesouthandeasthuanggangshanisnbspmtallthehighestmountaininjiangxiprovinceonthesouthernedgeofthebasinthemountainpassesoffenshuiguanandfenglingguanareonthesoutheasternedgeofthexinriverbasinshanandguanmeanmountainandpassinchineserespectivelythexinriverc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canomovementwhenchicanomentalkaboutmaintaininglafamiliaandtheculturalheritageoflarazatheyareinfacttalkingaboutmaintainingtheageoldconceptofkeepingthewomanbarefootpregnantandinthekitchenonthebasisofthesubordinationofwomentherecanbenorealunitytheonlyrealunitybetweenmenandwomenistheunityforgedinthecourseofstruggleagainsttheiroppressionanditisbysupportingratherthanopposingthestrugglesofwomenthatchicanosandchicanascangenuinelyunitemirtavidaltheunityoflarazaaccordingtothenewdictionaryofthehistoryofideastherearemanydefinitionsoffeminismandmanyscholarsnowassertthatthewordshouldbeusedinitspluralformtoencompasswomensvarioussociallocationsandtherearefourwayschicanafeminismcanbedistinguishedfromotherformshistorycultureintersectionalityandpoliticalcoalitionsrefnameautohurtadoadaandjessicamroachicanafeminismsnewdictionaryofthehistoryofideasedmaryanneclinehorowitzvoldetroitcharlesscribnerssonsgalevirtualreferencelibrarywebfebrefchicanahistoryisdifferentfromthatofotheramericanimmigrantgroupsbecausetheyhaveaclaimoforiginationtothesouthwestchicanoculturedeterminesthespecificwaysinwhichgenderandsexualityaredefinedinmexicanamericancommunitiesintersectionalityistheconceptthatchicanasbelongtomorethanoneoppressedgroupracegenderandclassandfinallythisintersectionalitymeansthatchicanascanjoinwithbutalsoberejectedbymanydifferentpoliticalcoalitionstheencyclopediaofraceethnicityandsocietyclaimsthatoneofthebestknownlatinafeministsisgloriaanzaldaauthorofnumerouswritingsincludingborderlandslafronterathenewmestizaasalesbianchicanawriteranzaldahasproducedworkthatshowstheclearintersectionalityofgendersexualityandthesocialconstructionofracialidentityoppressivechicanaarchetypesredefinedourladyofguadalupeourladyofguadalupelavirgendeguadalupethepatronsaintoftheamericaswasrecognizedbythecatholicchurchsoonaftershewasdiscoveredbyanindigenousmanjuandiegoaccordingtotheencyclopediaofglobalreligionduringandaftertheconquestcatholicismwasusedtojustifythephysicalemotionalandspiritualenslavementoftheindigenouspeoplewhoweredehumanizedandlivedwithouthopepopulartraditiontellsusthatinthemidstofthisdevastationourladyofguadalupewasviewedasamiraclethathelpedrestoreadyingpeoplesdignityanddesiretolivesheisgenerallyviewedasthemainsymbolofallcatholicmexicansourladyofguadalupesroleinchicanaliteratureinsomechicanasworksincludingthewellknownessayofcherremoragalovinginthewaryearslavirgendeguadalupesymbolizesthemalerepressionofwomenssexualityandindependencegloriaanzaldahasbeenattheforefrontofeffortstoreviseguadalupemovingawayfromthechasteperfectmothersanctifiedbytheromancatholicchurchtowardafeministbrownmothergoddesslamalinchethemythoflamalincheisthoughttohaveevolvedfromthestoryofdonamarinaorlamalinchedonamarinawastheindigenouswomanwhowasgiventohernncortsduringthespanishconquestoftheaztecempirespanishconquestofmexicolamalinchesroleinchicanaliteraturemanycontemporarychicanawritershavetakenonlamalincherewritingherstoryasoneofawomanwhohadlittlechoiceinherroleascortesinterpretershewassoldtohimasaslaveandwhoservedasamediatorbetweenthespanishandindigenouspeoplesrefnameautocarbonellanamariafromlalloronatogritonacoatlicueinfeministtalesbyviramontesandcisnerosmeliusnwebnovreflalloronatheweepingwomanthefolkloriclegendoflalloronaisastorythathasmanyvariantsgenerallythestoryinvolvesawomanwhoisscornedbyaloverandinafitofinsanityorrevengedrownsherownchildrenafterwardsheiscondemnedtowandertheearthmourningherchildrensheiscalledlalloronabecauseshecanbeheardcryingloudlyinthenightlamentingherlostchildrenlalloronasroleinchicanaliteraturefolklorescholarjoselimonarguesthatlalloronaisasymbolthatspeakstothecourseofgreatermexicanandchicanaohistoryanddoessoforwomeninparticularbutthroughtheidiomofwomenitalsosymbolizestheutopianlongingforequalityandjusticesandracisneroshasusedthismodernlalloronastorythatiswomanholleringcreektogiveavoicetotheviolatedlatinamotherwhostrugglesagainstdomesticviolenceandeconomicandemotionaldependencyonmentraditionallylalloronaisatreacherousfigureshekillsherownchildreninanactofultimatebetrayalsheisselfishshewouldratherkeepherloverthanherchildrensheisinsaneoftendepictedasacrazywomanneglectfulandabusivetoherchildrencarbonellinsomevariantsofthestoryshedoesntkillthechildrenbutsheabandonsthemsheisvengefulshekillsabandonschildrentoavengeherbrokenheartfinallysheisfoolishshekillsthechildrenandregretsdoingsoonlywhenitistoolatechicanawriterssuchassandracisnerosgloriaanzaldahelenamariaviramontesandanacastillohaveundertakentocreatenotonlyrichandimmenselyvariegatedaccountsofwomensexperiencebutalternativeversionsofchicanoculturelalloronalamalinchehasbeenrecreatedasawomanwhostandsagainstinjusticesinracegenderandclassinmodernlloronastoriesthemaleloversdishonestyisemphasizedheisrevealedasahusbandwhonotonlydeprivesherofbasiceconomicneedsbutisalsoaslobanemotionalinvalidanadultererandworstofallabattererlalloronaisnowaprotectivelovingmotherfigurestrongnotvictimizedcleofilasthemexicanprotagonistofwomanholleringcreekandotherstorieswomanholleringcreekregainshervoicebytransformingherselffromastereotypicallloronafigureaweepingvictimtoagritonaaholleringwarriortheseredefinitionsofchicanaarchetypesallowustoseeaculturallyspecificgenealogyrootedwithinpreconquestpreaztecfemininerepresentationstheyprovidechicanasoftodaywithrolemodelsthatcanbeusefultothemthesearestrongwomenresistanttoculturalracistandsexualmaledominationtheyarenotvoicelessvictimsfinalthoughtsaswritteninlatinoandlatinawriterschicanafeministtheoryandcriticismasabodyofanalysisisofrelativelyrecentvintageandlikealarcnmostscholarspointtotheactivistdaysofthesasthestartingpointforthisacademicfieldofstudyitisalsoimportanttonotethatmanyofthechicanawritersconsideredtobethefoundersofthestudyweremarginalizedintheacademicworldwhichwouldaccountforthestrongantiinstitutionalthreadandoppositionalrhetoricinmuchofthemostwellknownchicanafeministthoughtinotherwordschicanaliteratureisinfluencednotmerelybythepoliticsofthechicanomovementandmaleinterpretationoftheirwritingitisalsogreatlyinfluencedbytheattitudeoftheacademicworldimagesofmaternityandmotherdaughterrelationshipsarehighlyprevalentinchicanaliteraturefinallyanyreaderofchicanaliteraturecanseetheoppressionofitswritersnotonlybytheirwordsbutbyhowlittlerecognitiontheyreceiveevensomeofthemoreprolificchicanawritersarenotrecognizedwithawikipediapagethispageitselfisnottheworkofanexperiencedacademicandisthereforeclearproofthatchicanaliteraturehasyettoreceivethewidespreadacademicacceptanceasmanyotherformsofliteratureseealsogloriaanzaldasandracisneroscherriemoragaanacastillolornadeecervantessoniagutirrezpatmorabernicezamorafranciscafloresyolandalpeznormaalarcnrosariocastellanosadelaidadelcastilloenriquetalongeauxyvasquezchelasandovalmartacoteradorindamorenoannanietogomezbernicerinconreferencesexternallinkslibrarydukeedudigitalcollectionswlmpcwlmmschicanasspeakoutfulltextatdukeuniversityvivancosperezricardofpalgraveconnectcompcdoifinderradicalchicanapoeticslondonandnewyorkpalgravemacmillanxwindowsystemshigatsepeaceairportlistofminorplanetsprovisionalpeoplescommitteefornorthkoreapeoplesrepublicofkoreapeoplesrepublicofkoreakoreaunderjapaneserulekoreaunderjapaneseruleempireofjapanredirectcategoryshellkantarsuzukijinhanconfederacymityafominxiaoshanningborailwayolivianewtonjohnalbumxiaoquanmichaelzhangisaprofessorofdecisionsciencesandmanagerialeconomicsatthechineseuniversityofhongkongcuhkpriortothathewasanassistantprofessorassociateprofessorofinformationsystemsbusinessstatisticsandoperationsmanagementatthehongkonguniversityofscienceandtechnologyhkustbiographyheisagraduateofthetsinghuauniversitywhereheearnedabachelorofartsdegreeinenglishabachelorofengineeringdegreeincomputerscienceandamasterofsciencedegreeinmanagementaftergraduationheworkedasafinancialanalystandaninternationalmarketingmanagerinhestartedtopursuehisphddegreeatthemitsloanschoolofmanagementundertheguidanceofproferikbrynjolfssonprofjohnlittleacademicandprofchrysanthosdellarocashejoinedthehongkonguniversityofscienceandtechnologyinhewonthefranklinprizeforteachingexcellenceininhewasnamedaweilunfellowatthecollegeoffellowsofhkusthisresearchtopicsarerelatedtoitinfinancialmarketsdisclosuregovernanceonlineadvertisingwordofmouthpositionauctionssocialmediaincentivesandbiasesinformationenvironmentformanagersinvestorsandinformationgoodspricinginnovationincentiveslongtailhisresearchworkshavebeenacceptedbyprestigiousjournalssuchasamericaneconomicreviewmanagementsciencejournalmanagementinformationsystemsquarterlyinformationsystemsresearchandjournalofmarketingmichaelzhangwasacofounderofthemitbbsoneofthemostpopularonlinesocialnetworksforchinesespeakingpeopleintheusthewallstreetjournalreportedthisonlinecommunityinexternallinksmikezhangcommichaelzhangshomepageinfoboxlanguagenamexrcregioncanalastatesnewcaledoniaspeakersdatecensusrefefamilycoloraustronesianfammalayopolynesianlanguagesmalayopolynesianfamoceaniclanguagesoceanicfamsouthernoceaniclanguagessouthernoceanicfamnewcaledonianloyaltiesfamnewcaledonianlanguagesnewcaledonianfamsouthernnewcaledonianlanguagessouthernfamsouthsouthernnewcaledonianlanguagessouthsouthernfamxaracuuxaragureisoaneglottoxaraglottorefnamexaracuuxrcorkanalaisanoceaniclanguagesoceaniclanguagespokeninnewcaledoniaithasaboutspeakersrefnamerefxrcismostcommonlyspokeninthesouthcentralareaofnewcaledoniainandaroundthecityofcanalaandthemunicipalitiesofcanalathioandboulouparisxarchasastrictsvosentencestructurewithfewexceptionseffortstodeterminehowthelanguageevolvedtothepresenthasbeenmetwithdifficultyduetoxrcslackofreflexivepronounreflexivemarkersinestablishedprotooceanicformsxrchasbeentaughtsinceattheprimarylevelinthepopularkanakschoolepkorecolepopulairekanakcanalaonlyestablishmentofitskindstillexistinginthestudentscanthenjoinpubliceducationthelanguageisalsoofferedattheprivatecatholiccollegefrancisrougethioandpubliccollegecanalarefnamerefalphabetxrciswrittenwiththelatinalphabetcombinedwithmanydiacriticsanddigraphswithatotalofgraphemesthiswritingsystemwasdevelopedintheearlysbylinguisticslaboratorylacitolacitopreviouslymissionariesusedtotranscribethelanguageespeciallytoproduceversionsofthegospelsorcatechisminthesamehandwritingastheajilanguagerefnamerefclasswikitablestyletextaligncenteralphabetxrcgraphemeaaabbwcchdrowspancolspanpronunciationgraphemeeeefggwpronunciationgraphemeiiijkkwlmmwnngnypronunciationgraphemeoooppwrstrowspancolspanpronunciationgraphemeuuuvwxxwypronunciationphonologythelanguagehastwentysixconsonantphonemestenoralvowelssevennasalvowelsandseventeencorrespondinglongvowelscurrentresearchhasshownthattherearenumerousphonemiccontrastswhichleaveslittleroomforallophonicvariationxrchasconsonantssomeofwhicharenasalizedplosivesthatarequitetypicalofoceaniclanguagesclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterrowspancolspanlabialrowspandentalrowspanpostbralveolarrowspanpalatalcolspanvelarsmallplainsmallroundsmallplainsmallroundnasalmmnrowspansmallprenasalizedsmallbrplosivebbdppttkkfricativefxxsonorantvlrjwxrchasvowelsshortoralandnasalallofwhichcanbeelongatedclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterrowspancolspanfrontcolspancentralcolspanbackoralnasaloralnasaloralnasalhighiuhighmideolowmidlowaincomparisontootheroceaniclanguagesxrcsnounphrasestructureisalittledifferentmostofthevowelmodifiersinxrccomebeforetheheadsomearticlesthatfeaturethisincludeasingulardudualkpaucalandmmrpluralthereareseveraldifferentmorphemesforandwhicharejustexamplesofaquinarynumeralsystemclasswikitableduchxmbachandkrnrmbachandacaambachandthenumeralstyleofthelanguageallowsforfewnumeralclassifiersthatoftenonlyoccurassuffixestothenumberoneandasprefixestoalloftheothernumeralsinthelanguageclasswikitableminimalpairsiaefuoiuiexrcxaixacicccjaijawitwitasmsasamwsasimsimaakkenineikakaemmxwnxwnbumbombumubomuctacutaswtsuwtfaarifaareenglishortaropatchanyhowdidnthavetograndmothershellyouislandisprecedehowtodosuffocatesomnambulistfibertearexorciserequestorthographyxrcorthographyfollowsmanyofthesameprinciplesofmostothernewcaledonianlanguageswithvoicedlettersrepresentingprenasalizedsoundstheorthographicrepresentationsofconsonantsarefairlytransparentduetotheuseofonlyopensyllablesbeingpermitteddigraphsareusedforanumberofphonemesegbwgwandnyformbwngwandaspartofthefrenchinfluencechstandsforandsforthelargenumberofcontrastingvowelsandtheinclusionofvowelclustersandvowellengthmeanthataccentsandotherdiacriticshavetobeusedtorepresentvowelphonemesgrammarpronounsclasswikitablecolspanindependentsubjectobjectpossessiverowspansingulargunnnsupsupnrsupsupgkerrnirrrowspandualinclrrrrexclngngngnggugugugunuururururowspanpluralinclrrrrexclngngngngwrwrwrwrniiriririsupsupusedonlyinthepasttensesupsupusedwithcertaininalienablenounsnowikinowikiusedaftertheparticlerwithvowelassimilationegnearrnearyourknifeprepositionsxrchasatleastknownprepositionsatleasthalfreferringtodirectionorlocationthreeprepositionsexpresstypesofcomitativerelationshipspossessionlikemanyoceaniclanguagesxrcfeaturesindirectanddirectpossessionconstructionsthefollowingphrasesdemonstratethatinalienablenounsaredirectlypossessedwiththepossessorwhetherpronounornounbeingdirectlysuffixedtothepossessednounclasswikitableexampleexamplexrcnwrnxwprglossdaughtersgmoutheelenglishyourdaughtertheeelsmouthindirectpossessioncomesintwosyntactictypesvaryingbyfamiliarityandaclassificationsystemsevenpossessiveclassificationshavepossessivepronominalsuffixorarejoinedbythepossessednountheseclassifiersusuallyrefertofoodnnallomorphnnstarchyfoodsornkmeatornwnfoodtobechewedornxdrinksornwnytuberstobeplantedorharvestedornngandgoodspossessionsorngortherearealsothreeotherqualifiersincludingxortopicofstorytellingrworpassiveandrorgeneralinthesecasesthepossessednouncomesfirstfollowedbytheclassifierandthepossessorapronominalpossessordoesnotoccurasasuffixbutratherafreeformclasswikitableexampleexamplexrcnnrnnrnglosspossfoodisgfishfishpossgeneralisgenglishapproximatemyfishtoeatmypetfishmorphologythereareonlyafewformsofverbalmorphologyinxrctheseincludethenonproductivetransitivesuffixrithecausativefatheresultativestativemandtheintransitivizerwhiletransitivesuffixdoexisttheyarefewandfarbetweenleavingthelanguagetofollowastrictsvoformatformorphologicalmarkingclasswikitableexampleexamplexrcchaaxchifamgrnavavachaaxchifamgrnaglossonechildcausbreakpastglassdemglassdemonechildcausbreakpastenglishapproximateachildbrokethisglassthisglassachildbrokeittheexamplesalsoshowthattheobjectofasentencecanbetopicalizedbyfrontingthetransitivesuffixasinvamovingtothefrontofthesentenceinexampletwothereisalsoreduplicationwhichactslikeafunctionsintensifierwhilethereisasmallamountofverbalmorphologyeachverbphrasecancontainapreverbalsubjectmarkingpronounsubjectandpredicatephraseorderisunmarkedinxarctherearetentenseaspectmarkerssomearepreverbalotherspostverbalandoneormoremodifierscanbeincludedalsopreverbalorpostverbalclasswikitableexampleexamplexrcpadopwapiaripiangpadopwaglosscollectiveyoungfightreflexiveplfightreflexiveprepcollectiveyoungenglishapproximatetheyoungpeoplearefightingtheyrefightingeachothertheyoungpeopleareasseenaboveinexampleonepreverbalsubjectmarkersareunusedifthesubjectinanounphrasebuttherearecasedwhenthereisatopicalizedafterthoughtsubjectthatfollowstheverbasseeninthesecondexamplewherepadopwaappearsattheendratherthanthebeginningpolarinterrogativesalsoexistinxarcbutaremarkedbytheparticlekaethekaearticlefollowstheconstituentthatisthefocusoftheinterrogationclasswikitableexampleexamplexrcxwakaenamuxwanamukaeglosssgraininterrogpastyesterdaysgrainpastyesterdayinterrogenglishapproximatediditrainyesterdaywasityesterdaythatitrainedincomparisontomanyotheroceaniclanguagesoutsideofnewcaledoniaxarcusesunusualphrasestructurefornounsthemodifiersprecedetheheadandtheonlythingthatfollowsaredemonstrativesandmarkersoftotalityclasswikitableexamplexrcmbachxuupaxchnglossartplthreesmallcollectivechilddemenglishapproximatethosethreesmallchildrensubjectandpredicatephraseorderisunmarkedinxarccurrentstatuscurrentlyxrcisconsideredarecognizedteachinglanguageandcultureinnewcaledoniaitispredominantlyusedasthemainlanguageinthenoumaareathelanguageisnotconsideredanendangeredlanguagebyunescoduetoitbeingoneofthemostspokenlanguagesintheareawithmorethanofcanalaresidentsbeingabletospeaksomeformofitxrcisthefourthmostspokenlanguageinnewcaledoniakanakthereisateachingschoolinthecanalaareabutthemostusageofthelanguagehappensinthehomexrcisbeingtaughtinthecanalaareaduetotheepkorecolepopulairekanakthatwasfoundedbymarieadelenchrjordiitistheonlylanguagethatisbeingtaughtintheareaandistaughtinnurseryprimarytwosecondaryschoolsthiomaternalkouarevillageschoolandalsoincollegeandinkindergartensinlafoaandsarrameaexamplephrasesallenglishphrasesaretranslatedfromfrenchdoureguladaanjinaallbecauseofthatfatefuldaywketnamewijpnjfaxwataheaskedfornewscenxwatadbwakeketshewouldnotlistentowhatyousaidhistoryofafloweratraditionalxrcshortstoryaboutaflowerandagirlwhospeakswiththeflowerandhearitslifestoryclasswikitablexrcenglishkrfaaxwataprkwtowapurejkwiipurechaajkwiikwadepmenarwmwtoatoxuchaabwaakwtoxubwaakwdonnaataachaadonkwaaniireguladuruweiamwcheetpuuregulanregulawkilledkeeprtoxukwaadonnmwjrwkaxnkreguwxwirwxadechaawadaatoanchaawiaaxancuengariregulabwaakwnafpisitarankregularegulajkwiinanfaarikegmeieketmedongmketemwaakwadepmenadonweiaaaxafaarimugetarajniiorevenketnidonkudonaadakeredonfaadakmrxwdawkatoamenjkwiimwiriwnxadewnpoasiawnbarerwxtoachmwkbwarkupxwnrreenajkwiimwiriweaaaxawkiwitarachaakrwrchrknregulaknirurxaprxorureerxwriiregulamarajibwanmwnnmararegulakuxwneeregulaajinacokwathestoryofaflowerthevinefloweritisavineflowerthatthewindbroughtitissetonamountainonwhichgrewabanyantreecalledshelandedonherfootandtookroottheresheclimbedthetreeandtheredevelopedantlersthevinegrowsagainitborefruitonedaycameamanaleadermasterofthemountainhewentrummagingamongthethickfoliageofthevineandaskedwhereareyoufromshesaidicomefromfarawaythewindbroughtmeheretheleaderaskedagainwhatsyournameshetoldhimmynameisvictualsifedthemanthroughmytuberstheyearspassedandthevinegavetubersfruitsandmultiplieditwasthesurrogatemotherseveralyamvarietiesintriguedbythisvinethemandugatuberhedidcookfireandateithefoundhimagoodtasteandwasfullthatpleasedhimandhecultivatedthatswhytodaywegrowyamssoendsthisstorysmallchroniclenaaxrcasmallpoemabouttheskyandthelandofcanalaclasswikitablexrcenglishkodoregulanxakodoganxatoaamiagamadamingurupuremdrkodogankwmenuotoxunuiaagwiikrnwkamiachmginngedaawnmedegapwkweexwixitiregulaetnpwktxrcngexwdawnpwrbpcinvasiexwsutowapwrnagakmrnafaderegulatoamkwwsndwtoagaktngurukmrnguruapuunuiablueisthecoloroftheskyredisthecolorofblooddarkredisthehibiscusflowergreenisthecolorofleavesplantsandtreesinourforestsyellowisthecolorofthissunthatwarmsuseverydayorangeisthecolorofthefruitwhichiscelebratedeveryyearthefeastincanalaregionwhiteisthecoloroftheblankpageandoverseashappensbrownthewaterrisesandfloodinghappensblackisthecoloroftheoriginalpeoplejarikxkwkahistoryahistoricaltaleaboutatarofieldandthosewhotendeditclasswikitablexaracuuenglishjarikxkwkatenaxkwkanaxwinchaanmwxkwnmwxkwnanaafawjregulachaamnnyowtnmwxkwkeeretmnnyoweenaamararegulajarieenaamararegulachmwtjarinachaakamiachaakewamjarinawnaramregulawfniiregulajarikwereewnchaasaaregulasaaregulawttaamwnyregulaevenpabregulaefadefmregulapisiccueregulapabbwaregulawnfbwamnmwgtoaregulanriimaaffacuregulajarikwerewfwgxkwkanregulawblandfexwimiinpwktxrcbwatncentoanregularegulacuejariwnaramregulafetixunuincendxbwasaaxnkwtaanregulanxukndkwewmwbrticooregulablandtaranpwktcoojarikwerecentoanregucueeniyaaxnandkwtcooecikpurunynnregulatoaburupwariecenxorubarextowadbwaesemketenaegachocheetimwcrewblandtaramwcrnregulawillcentoanbareregulabwaefxwamwjawaketecenxoruxfaprukcikpururegulanynjariwtoaxajiewbrtaranpwktxajinwxaprregularegulacuejarikwerewgachocpabregulamfaaxwatablandreguladbwatoanachaaketemregulacuetonaketenawxoruxpabbwaregulapabregulampanyrwsaptbornteenagerregulariiffacuregulajaritianaxkwnejaewcuetonanatwsiacokwatarokathereusedtokasourcewhoseperipheryservedanoldtarofieldseveralspeciesofjariwereplantedthereinthesetwoplacesonedayoneofthesejarionenamedjarikwerethoughtoutshesentthenoneofhisdaughtersittookleaveofhismotherandofhisfamilywhogavehimhisblessingbecausejariwastoreturntohisfamilytoeventuallymarryhershewentonajourneytofindaplacewheresinstalljarikwereleftsosheleftandbeganitsmarchkashevisitedallcanalabutdidnotfindaplacetosettlejarithenthoughtofgoingtotheloyaltyislandsbutthiswasimpossiblebecausebeingayounggirlfreshwatersaltwaterwasnotprofitabletohimsheturnedhergazetothiothenwenttovisitbutshedidnotfoundwheresettleforfreshwaterthiowasbittershecrossedthecentralchainandreachedburupwaritheenvironmentdidnotsuithimbecausetheplacewashollowshewentdowntothecrcountrybutcouldnotsettlethereeithershethenwenttojawacountriesthemediumdoesnotalwayspleasedhimcrossingthecentralchainforthesecondtimejaricametoxajicountryshewenttoexplorethecountryandfoundwheretosettlejarithenreturnedtohisfamilyandtoldhisjourneyandinformedthemthatshehadfoundaniceplacetosettlehisfamilyhisparentsandbrothersandsistersgatheredhisthingsandwenttoleavethereinnejahisfamilytookhimthereandlefttherewhenshemultiplieditendpreviousdocumentationtherehavebeentwodictionarieswrittenonthexrclanguageinthelastonehundredyearsthemostfamousofwhichisclairemoysefauriesdictionarythexrclanguagethiocanalanewcaledoniaelementsofsyntaxthebookcontainsalargelycompletecollectionsofwordsfromthexrclanguagetranslatedintofrenchtheprestigelanguageofnewcaledoniathedictionaryalsocomeswithaforwardwrittenbytheauthoroutlininggrammarphonologyandsyntaxrulesandsomelanguagespecificrulesthesecondisanenglishxrclanguagedictionarywrittenbygeorgewilliamgraceinthatistitledcanaladictionarynewcaledoniareferencesomniglotcomwritingxaracuuhtmalphabetandpronunciationatomniglotexternallinksyoutubecomwatchvbpusfygdiwsinterviewwithmarieadlejordionherlanguagexrcsorosoroorgenvideosinxaracuunewcaledoniavideosonsorosoroparadisechascatalogparadisecorgaucollectionscmanopenaccesscollectionofrecordingsinxrcandxrgurlanguagexrgurmadebyclairemoysefauriethexinxiangyueshanrailwayorxinyuerailwayisarailroadinnorthchinanorthernchinabetweenyueshanstationofboaicountyandxinxiangtheentirelineinlengthislocatedinhenanprovinceandservesasamajorconduitfortheshipmentofcoalfromshanxiprovincehistorythehistoryofthexinxiangyueshanrailwaybeginswiththedaokouqinghuarailwayoftheearlythcenturyintheqinggovernmentgrantedaconcessiontobritaintobuildarailwaytotransportcoalinnorthernhenanprovincethelinecompletedinwasnbspkminlengthandspannedxuncountyxunhuaweihuijixinxianghuojiaxiuwuandqinyangcountiesthedaoqingrailwayenteredintooperationinandwasextendedfurtherwesttowardmengcountymoderndaymengzhouinworkstoppedatchenzhuanginduringthesecondsinojapanesewarthedaoqingrailwaywasseizedbytheinvadingjapaneseinfebruaryinthefalloftheeighthroutearmyledbychengenglaunchedrepeatedattackstosabotagetracksandhalttrafficonthelinetheoccupyingjapaneseforcesremovedtrackfromtheeasternsectionofthelinebetweendaokouandliyuantuntobuildthekaifengxinxiangrailwayinjanuarytheeighthroutearmylaunchedthebattleofdaoqingandaftermorethandaysoffightingdestroyedthexinxiangdaokousectionofthelineduringthechinesecivilwarjiaozuoandxinxiangwerecapturedbythepeoplesliberationarmyinmayandthewesternsectionofthedaokouqinghuarailwaywasrebuiltandrenamedthexinhuairailwayinsubsequentdecadesmostoftheformerlywesternsectionbecamethexinxiangjiaozuorailwayandjiaozuoliuzhourailwaythexinixiangjiaozuorailwayisnowknownasthexinxiangyueshanrailwaythexinyuerailwaywaselectrifiedfromtoindecemberconstructionbeganontheconstructionofasecondpairofdualtrackforthexinyuerailwayrailconnectionsxinxiangxinxiangyanzhourailwayyueshanstationyueshanjiaozuoliuzhourailwaytaiyuanjiaozuorailwayseealsolistofrailwaysinchinareferencesthathinhuprovincexinxiangyueshanrailwayxinxiangyueshanrailwayormayrefertopeoplebornjapanesefootballerplaceskawachiprovinceaoldprovinceofjapankawachidistricttochigiadistrictintochigiprefecturejapanminamikawachidistrictosakaadistrictinosakaprefecturejapancityhanoithecapitalcityofvietnamkawachiosakaaformercityinosakaprefecturejapankawachinaganoosakaacityinosakaprefecturejapantownkawachiibarakiatowninibarakiprefecturejapankawachitochigiaformertownintochigiprefecturejapankchihiroshimaaformertowninhiroshimaprefecturejapanvillagekawachiishikawaaformervillageinishikawaprefecturejapanliteraturehanoinovelakillmasterspynovelmusichanoalbumanindochinealbumkawachiondoagenreofjapanesemusicshipleadshipofherclassbattleshipduringworldwariatwoshipclassofdreadnoughtbattleshipsbuiltfortheimperialjapanesenavystationkchistationhiroshimaatrainstationinhigashihiroshimahiroshimaprefecturejapanseealsokawachidisambiguationkawauchidisambiguationkochidisambiguationkchistationdisambiguationdanangxinxiangyanzhourailwayhoalxinxiangyanzhourailwayxinxiangyanzhourailwaynquangpagodagiclmpagodagiclmpagodathexinxiangyanzhourailwayorxinyanrailwayisarailroadinnorthchinanorthernchinabetweenxinxianginhenanprovinceandyanzhouinshandongprovincethelineinlengthandbuiltinsectionsfromandservesasamajorconduitfortheshipmentofcoalfromshanxiprovincemajorcitiesandtownsalongrouteincludexinxianghezejiningandyanzhouhistorythexinxiangyanzhourailwaywasbuiltinsectionsoverthreeperiodsfromtothissectionwasdemolishedinbyjapaneseoccupyingforcesduringworldwariiandrebuiltinthejininghezesectioninlengthwa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oneofthemostvaluableprivatetechnologycompaniesintheworldthecompanysoldovermillionsmartphonesininaprilxiaomiannounceditwouldmakeitsmidevicesavailablethroughtwoofindiasmajorecommercesitesandthroughofflineretailersforthefirsttimeonaprilxiaomiceoleijunandvphugobarracametogethertoannounceanewsmartphonenamedxiaomimiimiiinindiathefirstphonetobelaunchedinindiabeforeanyothercountrythexiaomimibandwasalsolaunchedinthesameeventonaprilitwasreportedratantatahadacquiredastakeinxiaomionjunexiaomiannounceditsexpansionintobrazilwiththelaunchoflocallymanufacturedredmiredmiitisthefirsttimethecompanyassembledasmartphoneoutsideofchinaonfebruaryxiaomilaunchedthemismartphoneonmarchxiaomilauncheditsredminoteinindiaitwasagroundbreakingsmartphoneatthetimeinthebudgetsegmentandwaswellreceivedbyindiancustomersitmaderecordsalesontheyearandxiaomibrandnamecontinuedtogrowonmayxiaomilaunchedthemimaxshortlyafterstartingoperationsinbrazilthecompanyleftthecountryinthesecondhalfofinjulychineseartistsasliushishiwuxiuboandliuhaoranbecamethefirstambassadorsofxiaomisredmiseriesinchinainaugustxiaomienteredbangladeshviasolarelectrobangladeshlimitedrefciteweburlchinadailycomcnbusinesscontenthtmtitlechinasxiaomismartphoneslaunchedinbangladeshbusinesschinadailycomcnlastwebsitewwwchinadailycomcnaccessdaterefinseptemberxiaomiscellphonesbecameofficiallyavailableintheeuropeanunionthroughtheirpartnershipwithabcdataonfebruaryxiaomiofficiallylaunchedinpakistanandbroughtitsmiandredminotelineuptothecountryonaprilxiaomilaunchedmiitsflagshipphoneatthetimeinmayxiaomiopenedtwomihomestoresoneinbangaloreindiaandoneinbangladeshitisthefirstofseveralplannedfortheregiononmayxiaomireleasedmimaxonaugustnewmiuivalongsidemixhasbeenreleasedonaugustxiaomiopeneditsfirstflagshipmistoreinfaisalabadpakistanonseptemberxiaomireleasedxiaomimiamiawhichisthefirstandroidonesmartphoneundertheslogancreatedbyxiaomipoweredbygoogleintheeventkeynotexiaomistatedtheystartedworkingwithgoogleforthemiaandroidonesmartphonealmostsixmonthsagoanalternateversionofthephoneisalsoavailablewithmiuiandisknownasmixinseptemberxiaomireleasedxiaomimimixmimixinoctobertheeuropeanunioneusfirstmistorehasbeenopenedinathensgreeceonnovemberxiaomistartedoperatinginspainmakingavailablethemiaandmimixsmartphonesinqxiaomiovertooksamsungtobecomethenumberonesmartphonebrandinindiaxiaomihassoldmillionunitsduringthisperiodonfebruaryxiaomiopenedtheirfirstmistoreinthephilippinesinmarchatchinasannuallegislativesessioninbeijingxiaomiceoleijunannouncedthatxiaomihasalwaysbeenconsideringenteringtheusmarketandwilllaunchintheussmartphonemarketbylateorearlyxiaomialreadysellsassorteditemsintheussuchasbatterychargerpowerbanksandbluetoothspeakersonaprilxiaomilaunchedthemixsmodelwhichisasuccessorofmixonaprilxiaomilaunchedthemixasuccessorofxiaomimiamixonmayxiaomiwillopeninparisitsfirstfrenchstorebusinessmodelleijunxiaomisceosaidthatthecompanypricesthephonealmostatbillofmaterialsbillofmaterialpriceswithoutcompromisingthecomponentqualityandperformancecomparedtootherpremiumsmartphonesatfirsttoreduceoverheadcostsxiaomididnotownanyphysicalstoressellingexclusivelyfromitsonlinestoreinrecentyearstheyhaveopenedbrickandmortarstorestocombatthestrategiesofotherlowcostcompetitorsinchinesemarketsitalsodidawaywithtraditionaladvertisingandreliesonsocialnetworkingservicesandwordofmouthtopubliciseitsproductsbykeepingainventoryoptimizationtightcontroloveritsstockxiaomiisabletoplacecheaperbatchordersasdemanddictateslimitedavailabilityflashsalesensurethatsupplyneveroutstripsdemandandhelpspromoteitsproductsincontrasttraditionaloemsincurlargeupfrontproductionscostswhichmustberecoupedbysellingpricesinordertoshipphonessomeofwhichmaynotsellouttoretailersallaroundtheworldrefnametriggsrefxiaomisaythattheylistencloselytocustomerfeedbackhavingthemtestoutupcomingfeaturesthemselvesandbuildinganextensiveonlinecommunityrefnameleirefinpracticexiaomisproductmanagersspendalotoftimebrowsingthroughthecompanysuserforumsonceasuggestionispickedupitisquicklytransferredtotheengineersthereforefeaturescanturnfrommereconcepttoshippingproductswithinaweekthecompanythenshipsanewbatchofphonesouteveryweekontuesdayatnoonbeijingtimecontainingthenewsoftwarebuildsandpossibleminorhardwaretweaksxiaomicallsthisprocessdesignasyoubuildaccordingtothepatentlandscapereportpublishedindecemberbyapatentresearchandanalyticsfirmgreybservicesxiaomiownspatentswithmorethanofpatentsfiledacquiredafterthesurgeinnumberofpatentswasduetoaggressivepatentacquisitionlicensingdealswithmanycompaniesincludingbroadcomintelandmicrosoftthepatentacquisitionwasastrategicmovebyxiaomitostrengthenitsweakpatentportfolioalignedwithitsglobalexpansionplantocreateadefenceagainstpatentlawsuitsxiaomismascotisawhiterabbitwearinganushankaknownlocallyasaleifenghatinchinawitharedstarandaredscarfarounditsneckrefnameyoungpioneerredscarfrefrefnamecommunistarmyhatandyoungpioneerredscarfrefproductsxiaomisproductsaremanufacturedbyfoxconnandinventecxiaomimakesmanyproductsanditscoreproductsaresmartphonestvsandrouterssmartphonesmiuimiuiisastockandaftermarketandroidfirmwareforsmartphonesandtabletcomputersbasedontheopensourceandroidoperatingsystemandroidoperatingsystemitisavailableonxiaomidevicesaswellasdevicesmadebyothercompaniesitisxiaomisearliestknownproductthestableglobalvariantofblogsmartprixcomnewfeaturesofmiuiallinoneplacemiuihasstartedrollingoutaugustandmiuidevelopervariantwhichwouldrolloutasstableonnovemberisthelatestiterationofthisoperatingsystembasedonandroidandroidkitkatkitkatuptoandroidoreooreomiseriesxiaomisflagshipmobilehandsetlineisthexiaomimiseriesthemiusesamodifiedqualcommsnapdragonandwasfoundontesttobetheworldsfastestandroidsmartphoneaccordingtobenchmarkcomputingbenchmarktestingappsantutuquadrantandgeekbenchxiaomishowcaseditsceramicxiaomimimionfebruaryatmwcitisalsoequippedwithnfcandamobilepaymentfunctionmipaylaunchedinaprilonseptemberxiaomireleasedthemisandmisplusonnovemberxiaomireleasedthexiaomimimixmimixthemimixischaracterizedbyapercentscreentobodyratiowhichwasachievedbyremovingallthetopmountedsensorstheproximitysensorhasbeenreplacedbyultrasoundtheearpiecehasbeenreplacedwithapiezoelectricspeakerthatusesthemetalframetogeneratesoundandthefrontfacingcameraisrelocatedtothebottomxiaomismicsmartphonewaslaunchedonfebruaryclasswikitablesortablerowspanmodelrowspandisplaytyperowspandisplaysizerowspanresolutionrowspanreleasedaterowspanlongtermevolutiongltesupportrowspansystemonachipsystemonchiprowspanrandomaccessmemoryramrowspanusermemoryrowspanprimarycamerarowspanfrontcameracolspanoperatingsystemwhenreleasedavailableupdatexiaomimimibrthinfilmtransistortftfwvgaxnoqualcommsnapdragonqualcommsnapdragonsmsmxnbspghzgbgbsecuredigitalmicrosdmpxsonyimxsamsungskhmegapixelsmpxatmelatmxxxxmiuivandroidoperatingsystemandroidmiuivandroiddiscontinuedmiyoutheditiontftfwvgaxnoqualcommsnapdragonqualcommsnapdragonsmsmxnbspghzgbgbmicrosdmpxsonyimxsamsungskhnomiuivandroidmiuivandroiddiscontinuedmisbrtftfwvgaxnoqualcommsnapdragonsmsmxnbspghzgbgbmicrosdmpxsonyimxsamsungskhmpxatmelatmxxxxmiuivandroidmiuivandroiddiscontinuedxiaomimimiipspanelipsphdpnoqualcommsnapdragonssnapdragonsproapqxnbspghzgbgbmpxsonyimxsamsungskhmpxatmelatmxxxxrowspanmiuivandroidrowspanmiuiandroidrowspanxiaomimismisrowspanipsrowspanrowspanhdprowspanrowspannorowspanqualcommsnapdragonapqtxnbspghzrowspangbgbmpxsonyimxsamsungskhrowspanmpxatmelatmxxxxgbmpxsonyimxsamsungsklxiaomimismiaipshdpnoqualcommsnapdragonsplusmsmtxnbspghzgbgbmpxsonyimxsamsungskhmpxatmelatmxxxxmiuivandroidmiuiandroiddiscontinuedxiaomimimibripspfhdpnoqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzgbgbmpxsonyimxomnivisionovmpxomnivisionovxxxxmiuivandroidmiuiandroidmitegrabripsfhdpnonvidiategranvidiabrtegrabrxnbspghzgbgbmpxsonyimxomnivisionovmpxomnivisionovxxxxmiuivandroidmiuiandroidxiaomimimibripsfhdpyesgversionqualcommsnapdragonsnapdragonxnbspghzgbwdcmaversiongbgbgversiongbmpxsonyimxsamsungisocellskmmpxomnivisionovmiuivandroidmiuiandroidorwindowsmobilexiaomimiimiibripsfhdpyesqualcommqualcommsnapdragonsnapdragonxnbspghzxnbspghzgbgbmpxsonyimxsamsungisocellskmmpxomnivisionovmiuiandroidmiuiandroidrowspanxiaomimicmicbrrowspanipsrowspanrowspanfhdprowspanrowspanyesrowspanqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzxnbspghzgbgbrowspanmpxsonyimxsamsungisocellskmrowspanmpxomnivisionovrowspanmiuiandroidrowspanmiuiandroidgbgbmisipsfhdpyesqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzxnbspghzgbgbmicrosdmpxsonyimxsamsungisocellskmmpxomnivisionovmiuiandroidmiuiandroidrowspanmibrrowspanipsrowspanrowspanfhdprowspanrowspanyesqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzxnbspghzgbgbrowspanmpxsonyimxrowspanmpxomnivisionovrowspanmiuiandroidrowspanmiuiandroidrowspanqualcommsnapdragonnbspghznbspghzgbgbgbgbrowspanmisrowspanipsrowspanrowspanfhdprowspanrowspanyesrowspanqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzxnbspghzgbgbrowspanmpxsonyimxrowspanmpxomnivisionovrowspanmiuiandroidrowspanmiuiandroidgbgbrowspanmisplusrowspanipsrowspanrowspanfhdprowspanrowspanyesrowspanqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzxnbspghzgbgbrowspandualmpxsonyimxrowspanmpxomnivisionovrowspanmiuiandroidrowspanmiuiandroidgbgbmicipsfhdpyesxiaomisurgesxnbspghzxnbspghzgbgbmpxomnivisionovampxomnivisionovmiuiandroidmiuiandroidrowspanmixbrsmallxiaomimiamiaandroidonevariantsmallrowspanltpsrowspanrowspanfhdprowspanyesrowspanqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzrowspangbrowspangbmicrosdrowspanxmpxomnivisionovaovrowspanmpxsamsungskecolspanmiuiandroidcolspanandroidoneandroidrowspanmirowspanipsrowspanrowspanfhdprowspanrowspanyesrowspanqualcommsnapdragonbrxnbspghzxnbspghzgbrowspangbrowspanxmpxsonyimxsamsungisocellskmrowspanmpxsonyimxrowspanmiuiandroidrowspanmiuiandroidrowspangbgbrowspanmixrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanrowspanyesrowspanqualcommsnapdragonsnapdragonxghzxghzgbgbrowspanmpxmpxsonyimximxrowspanmpxcolspanrowspanmiuiandroidrowspangbgbgbminoteseriesinjanuaryinbeijingchinaxiaomiunveiledthexiaomiminoteprominoteandminoteprobothdeviceshaveainchdisplayanduseadualglassdesignwithadfrontanddrearglasstheminoteispoweredbyhardwaremorethanayearoldatlaunchtheminoteprohastheneweroctacorequalcommsnapdragonprocessoradrenogpunbspgblpddrramandltecatgivingitahigherperformancethantheminotewithapproximatelythesamebatterylifeclasswikita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forcegtxthgenintelcoreiprocessorgbssdtbhddprofessionalgamingkeyboardsmartbandsandsmartwatchesmibandthexiaomimibandmibandwasannouncedinaugustthemibandaresoldforhasareporteddaybatterylifecanactasanalarmclockandtracksyourfitnessandsleepthebandalsohastheabilitytounlockyourphonebasedonproximityinitiallyavailableinchinaitcannowbepurchasedinxiaomissevenmarketsinasiaandcourtesyofarecentextensionofitsmicomstorethefrancegermanyukusrefnamexiaomisellinuseuroperefwithmillionmibandshipmentsinthefirstquarterofxiaomibecametheworldssecondlargestwearablesmakeraccountingforoftheglobalmarketsharexiaomiannouncedthemibandinjunemibandfeaturesphotoplethysmogramppgsensorforaccurateheartratetrackingitalsousesanupgradedpedometeralgorithmforgatheringbetterfitnessandsleepdatathemibandshousingwasratedforipwaterresistanceclasswikitablemodeldisplayspecificationsxiaomimibandmibandbrledmulticolorpedometervibrationxiaomimibandxiaomimibandpulsemibandsbrledwhitepedometerheartratemonitorvibrationxiaomimibandmibandbroledmonochromaticwatchheartratemonitorpedometervibrationtouchpadmibandhrxeditionoledmonochromaticwatchpedometervibrationtouchpadamazfitonaugustxiaomiunveileditsfirstsmartwatchtheamazfitpacethelaunchpricewasrenminbirmbclasswikitablemodeldisplayspecificationsamazfitpacecircularmipxpixelstouchscreencpunbspghzrandomaccessmemoryrammbgbstoragewifigpsheartratemonitorpedometervibrationamazfitbipscreenxpixelstouchscreengpsheartratemonitorbarometerbluetoothnotificationsvibrationpedometeramazfitarcoledtouchscreenheartratemonitorpedometervibrationbluetoothamazfithealtholedheartratemonitorpedometervibrationbluetoothtouchpadekgamazfitcoripsxpixelsheartratemonitorpedometervibrationbluetoothtouchkeyamazfitstratosamazfitcircularipsxpixelstouchscreenrowspancpunbspghzrammbgbstoragewifigpsheartratemonitorpedometervibrationamazfitscircularipsxpixelstouchscreendsapphirecrystalsmarthomeproductsbloodpressuremonitorxiaomilaunchedasmartbloodpressuremonitoronseptemberinpartnershipwithihealthlabsofsiliconvalleyusaxiaomisaysthebloodpressuremonitoriseasytouseandmeetsallthenecessaryprofessionalmedicalstandardsandcertificationstheaccompanyingappcustomizedforxiaomismartphonestracksbloodpressureheartrateaveragepulseandotherparametersonarealtimechartthenmakesrecommendationsforimprovementairpurifierxiaomireleasedanairpurifierondecemberinbeijingthisdevicehasthecapabilitytocleanuptomsupsupofairinanhourthedeviceuseshepatechnologytoreducepollutingparticlesfromashighasppmtoacleanppmthedevicehasarealtimeairqualitymonitoruserscansynchtheairpurifierwithasmartphonetocontrolitremotelyreceiveairqualitydataandbealertedwhentheairfilterisdirtyrefnamepurifierrefyismartwebcamxiaomireleasedtheyialsocalledantsorxiaoyismartwebcamforcnyonoctoberithaspresolutionasuposupwideanglelenswithxzoomandtheabilitytomaketwowayvoicecallsactivatedandviewableviathesmartphoneitdoublesasbothawebcamforchattingandasecuritycamerawithrecordingcapabilitiesthecameraautomaticallyrecordswheneveritdetectsmovementinviewinjunexiaomilaunchedanightvisioneditionoftheyicamerawithanbspnminfraredsensoryiactioncameraxiaomibegansellingtheyiactioncameraforcnywhichwascreatedbyyitechnologyrefnamevergearefitcomeswithampsonyimxcqcsensorwhichcanrecordvideosatpandpitiswaterproofuptomwiththewaterproofcasesinceitbecameverypopularevenoutsidechinathroughitslowpriceandsamephysicaldimensionslikeproductsfromherothereexistssomeusermadetweaksforfeaturesincludeshootinginrawcustomizableisoandwhitebalancecomparedtothepopulargoprobrandofactioncamerasxiaomisyimotioncamerahaselectronicmotionstabilizationanintegratedlcddisplaydualmicrophonesbiggerbatteryslowmotionmodeandtimermodesmismartscalexiaomiannouncedthemismartscaleforcnyonmarchaccordingtoxiaomithesmartpersonalweighingscalemakesmeasurementsrangingfromnbspkgtonbspkgwithanbspgprecisionandshowsweightinkgandlbswhenpairedwiththemifitappwhichitselfpairswiththemibanduserscantracktheirweightandbodymassindexbmithemismartscaleisequippedwithbluetoothandiscompatiblewithbothandroidandiosthemakerofthescaleishuamiacompanyxiaomiinvestedinrefnamelucicrefrefnamehorwitzrefmiwaterpurifierxiaomiannouncedthemiwaterpurifierforcnyonjulyitsitsonakitchensurfaceandfilterswaterfordrinkingbyreverseosmosisxiaomisaysthepurifierisabletodispenselitresadaywithawaterproductionratethedevicealsopairswithasmartphoneandsendsrealtimedataonfiltereffectivenessandreminderstochangefilterstherdofthedeviceisdonebyyunmitechnologyapartofthemiecologicalsystemsmarthomekitxiaomiunveiledthesmarthomekitforcnyonjunethekitcontainsasetofsmartsensorsincludingthemultifunctiongatewaythedoorwindowsensorthemotiondetectorandthewirelessswitchwhichcanbecombinedtoachieveoverdifferentkindsoffunctionsforexamplethemotiondetectorcanbepairedwiththegatewaytoperformfunctionssuchasswitchingonalightatnightwhenitdetectsmotionthewindowsensorscanstartorstopaconnectedfanaswindowsareclosedoropenedinanotherexampleuserscansetthegatewayintoalertmodewiththeirsmartphonesastheyleavethehouseandthegatewaywouldthensendpushnotificationsandturnontheautomaticrecordingofayismartwebcamwhenthedoorwindowsensororthemotiondetectordetectsabnormalactivityninebotminibeingamajorinvestorinninebotachinesecompanythatacquiredtheselfbalancingscootermanufacturersegwayincsegwayxiaomireleasedaselfbalancingscootercalledninebotminiforcnyonoctoberitwasreleasedforchinesemarketonlythescooterhasamaximumspeedofkphnbspmphadegreeinclineclimbingcapabilityarangeofnbspkmonasinglechargeandarechargingtimeofthreehoursitweighskilogramsnbsplbsuserscanmonitorspeedcheckvehicleconditionupdatefirmwarereceivetheftalarmsandremotelycontrolthevehicleviaasmartphoneappthescootercanlearnandadapttousersdrivinghabitsforeuropeanmarketxiaomireleasedninebotminiproknownassegwayminiprointheusthisversionhasaslightlymodifieddesignandadifferentsteeringbarmaximumspeedofthisscooteriskphandarangeisnbspkmtherehavebeenseveralupdatestoitssoftwareapplicationhowevertheproductisplaguedwithfaultsandbugsthathaveyettobefixedlimitingitssalessuccessmiinductionheatingpressurericecookerxiaomilaunchedthemiinductionheatingpressurericecookerforcnyonmarchaccordingtoxiaomithepressurericecookerusesatmtoraisetheboilingpointofwatertoaroundresultinginthemostflavourfulriceuserscanusetheirsmartphonestoscanthebarcodeonthericepackagingwiththecookerautomaticallyadjustingitsmethodologytosuittheparticularricetypebrandoriginanduserpreferredsoftnessthecompanionappalsoincludesoptionstocooksteamedvegetablescrispyriceandcakesanduserscanlookuptherecipeandsetthecorrespondingheatingmethodthroughtheappthecompanyhadtodealwithaprcrisiswhennetizensfoundresemblancesbetweenthedesignofxiaomisricecookerandanearlierproductbymujileihadtoresponseinpublictosettlethedisputesmiroboticvacuumonaugustxiaomiannouncedthemirobotvacuumithassensorsincludinganultrasonicradarcliffradargyroscopeandaccelerometerthevacuumisequippedwithamahlithiumionbatterywhichallowsittovacuumforhoursononechargethiscoverssquarefeetoffloorspacemiwifithemiwifiisawirelessrepeaterannouncedbyxiaomiinmibodycompositionscaleonmarchxiaomilaunchedthebodycompositionscaleinindiaforrsunitedstatesdollarusdthescalemeasuresweightaswellasmusclemassfatandbmidronesxiaomireleasedadroneithasapcameraandakcamerarecognitionxiaomiisrankednumberonthelistofsmartestcompaniesbymittechnologyreviewwhichnotedinthepublicationthatthefastgrowingsmartphonevendorismaturingbeyonditsoriginalcutpriceapplemodelwithideaslikeflashsalesoveritsmobilemessagingplatformnointhelistofmostinnovativecompaniesbyfastcompanymagazinefastcompanyforreinventingthesmartphonebusinessmodelintheworldslargestmobilemarketandnointhelistofthemostinnovativecompaniescompiledbythebostonconsultinggroupxiaomisinnovativebusinessmodelhasbeencharacterizedasadisruptiveforcetotheexistingsmartphoneindustrybyanumberofcommentatorsrefnamefacerefstratecherywriterbenthompsonnotesinhisarticlexiaomisambitionrefnameambitionrefthatxiaomistargetconsumerbaseistheyoungpopulationofchinaespeciallycollegestudentsandyoungadultswhojustenteredtheworkforceastheygetplacesoftheirowntheywillneedtvsairpurifiersetcthingsthatxiaomisellsalongwiththesmartphoneshethennotesblockquotethisthenisthekeytounderstandingxiaomitheyrenotsomuchsellingsmartphonesastheyaresellingalifestyleandthekeytothatlifestyleismiuixiaomissoftwarelayerthattiesallofthesethingstogetherinfactyoucouldarguethatxiaomiisactuallythefirstinternetofthingscompanyunlikegooglegooglenestnestapplehomekitorevensamsungsmartthingsallofwhomareofferingsomesortofopensoftwaredevelopmentkitsdktotieeverythingtogetheranecessitygiventhatmostoftheircustomersalreadyhaveappliancesthatwontbereplacedanytimesoonxiaomiisintegratingeverythingitselfandsellingeverythingoneneedsonmicomtoafanbaseprimedtooutfittheirhomesfortheveryfirsttimeitsabsolutelyaverticalstrategythecompanyislikeappleafterallitsjustthattheproductofferingisfarbroaderthananythingevengenemunstercouldimaginetheservicesleijuntalksaboutmiuiandmicomespeciallyselltheproductsandtiethemalltogetherbuttheyareallxiaomiproductsintheendblockquoteguinnessrecordachievementxiaomicelebrateditsthbirthdayonaprilwiththemifanfestivalwhichincludesanonlineshoppingdaywithoffersanddiscountsxiaomimanagedtobreaktheworldrecordformostmobilephonessoldonasingleonlineplatforminhoursbysellinghandsetsthroughitsdirecttocustomerwebsitemicomnotablenewscomparisonswithappleincxiaomihasbeencomparedtotheamericancorporationappleincasreviewersfoundsomeofxiaomisphonesandtabletssimilarinappearancetoapplesrefnameamadeorefinadditionthehungermarketingmarketingstrategyofxiaomiisattimesdescribedasridingonthebackofthecultofapplerefnamenytrefitisreportedthatafterreadingabookaboutstevejobsincollegexiaomischairmanandceoleijuncarefullycultivatedastevejobsimageincludingjeansdarkshirtsrefnamenytimesrefandjobssannouncementstyleatxiaomisearlierproductannouncementsrefnamebusinessinsiderrefgiventheabovehewascategorizedasacounterfeitjobsinthecompanywassaidtobecounterfeitingapplesphilosophyandmindsetincriticsdebatedhowmuchofxiaomisproductswereinnovativerefnameautogeneratedrefandhowmuchoftheirinnovationwasjustreallygoodpublicrelationsotherspointoutthatwhiletherearesimilaritiestoappletheabilitytocustomizethesoftwarebaseduponuserpreferencesthroughtheuseofgooglesandroidoperatingsystemsetsxiaomiapartduringthemiunveilingconferenceinthepresentationslidesusedapplesiconiconemorethingslidebeforeintroducingthemibanditwastheonlyenglishlanguageslideinthewholepresentationxiaomihasbeenalsoknownfortheirhungermarketingtacticswhichapplealsousessoldoutinjustsecondsthiscommentiswhatanarticlesaidwhenxiaomireleasedtheirlatestsmartphoneminoteanditmademorepeoplefocusontheirnewproductwhenxiaomireleasesnewproductstheymaketheshortesttimerecordeverytimetheysoldoutthenewitemtheirnewproductsareonlyavailableforpurchaseontheirofficialwebsitepeoplewhopreregisteredcouldgetachancetomakeapurchasestateadministrationofradiofilmandtelevisionissueinnovemberxiaomissmartsettopboxstoppedworkingoneweekafterthelaunchduetothecompanyhavingrunafoulofchinasstateadministrationofradiofilmandtelevisiontheregulatoryissueswereovercomeinjanuaryhugobarrainaugustthecompanyannouncedthatitwashiringhugobarrafromgooglewhereheservedasvicepresidentofproductmanagementfortheandroidoperatingsystemandroidplatformbarrahasdeclinedtocommentonthetimingofthegooglerelationshipsandstatedthathehadbeenintalkswithxiaomiforoverayearpriortoannouncingthemovehewillbeemployedasvicepresidentofxiaomitoexpandthecompanyoutsideofmainlandchinamakingxiaomithefirstcompanysellingsmartphonestoexecutivesearchpoachaseniorstafferfromgooglesandroidteambarrasfocuswastohelpxiaomigrowinternationallybarraquithispositioninjanuaryhugobarranowjoinedfacebookandisthevpforthevirtualrealitysectionprivacyconcernsxiaomiscloudstorageservicemicloudstoresalltheuserdatainitsserverslocatedinchinatherewerealsoreportsthatxiaomiscloudmessagingservicesendssomeprivatedatalikecalllogsandcontactinformationtoxiaomiserversxiaomilaterreleasedamiuiupdatethatmadecloudmessagingoptionalnoprivatedataissenttoxiaomiserversifthecloudmessagingserviceisturnedoffasxiaomiclaimedinoctoberxiaomiannouncedthattheyaresettingupserversoutsideofchinaforinternationaluserscitingimprovedservicesandcompliancetoregulationsinseveralnationsrefnamemovingoutrefaroundthesametimetheindianairforceissuedawarningagainstxiaomiphonesstatingthattheywereanationalthreatastheysentuserdatatoanagencyofthechinesegovernmentrefnamechinesethreatrefinseptemberthijsbroeninkacomputersciencestudentsuspectedapreinstalledappnamedanalyticscoreinxiaomiphonesuponfurtherinvestigationthijsbroeninkreportedthroughablogpostthatanalyticscorecansenddeviceinformationincludingimeimacaddressmodelandotherparameterstoxiaomiservershealsorevealedxiaomiphoneshavingabackdoorcomputingbackdoorallowinginstallationofanyappwithoutuserapprovaltheveracityofhisclaimshasyettobeverifiedsalesnumbersthetaiwanesefairtradecommissionhadinvestigatedtheflashsalesandfoundthatxiaomihadsoldfewersmartphonesthanadvertisedindecemberseparateflashsaleswereinvestigatedinthoseflashsalesxiaomiclaimedthatthenumberofsmartphonesoldwasunitseachforthefirsttwosalesandunitsforthethirdonehoweverftchadinvestigatedtheclaimsandfoundoutthatxiaomionlysolddevicesinthefirstflashsaleunitsinthesecondoneandforthethirditwasfoundthatduringthefirstflashsalexiaomihadgivenpriorityfcodestopeoplewhocouldplacetheirorderswithouthavingtogothroughtheflashsalethusdiminishingthestockthatwaspubliclyavailabletheftcfinedxiaomitemporarybaninindiaondecemberthehighcourtofdelhigrantedanexparteinjunctionthatbannedtheimportandsaleofxiaomiproductsinindiathisinjunctionwasissuedinresponsetoacomplaintfiledbyericssoninconnectionwiththeinfringementofitspatentlicensedunderreasonableandnondiscriminatorylicensingfrandfairreasonableandnondiscriminatorylicensingthisinjunctionissuedbythehighcourtwasapplicableuntilfebruarythedateonwhichthehighcourtwasscheduledtosummonbothpartiesforaformalhearingofthecaseondecemberthedelhihighcourtgrantedpermissiontoxiaomitosellitsdevicesthatarerunningonaqualcommbasedprocessoruntiljanuaryfollowingthisxiaomiheldvarioussalesonflipkartincludingondecemberwiththissalethecompanyreceivedpresscoveragewhentheirflagshipxiaomiredminotegphonesoldoutinsecondsthejudgeextendedthedivisionbenchsinterimorderallowingxiaomitocontinuethesaleofqualcommchipsetbasedhandsetstillmarchotaremotecodeexecutiononjulyseveraltechnologynewssourcesreportedaseverevulnerabilityinthemiuifirmwaredevelopedbyxiaomithehacktargetedaflawinthemiuiotaovertheairupdatingsystemgallerygalleryfilexiaomimijpgxiaomimismartphonefilexiaomiyisportjpgxiaomiyisportwearablecamerafilexiaomipowerbankjpgxiaomipowerbankfilexiaomimixjpgxiaomimixphonegalleryseealsoadvancedmobilephonesystemcomparisonofhighdefinitionsmartphonedisplayscomparisonofmobilephonestandardscomparisonofsmartphoneslistofmobilephonestandardsmobilephoneindustryintheunitedstatessmartphonehungermarketingreferencesexternallinksxiaomiluckyairluckyairfordfalconxkinfoboxtoynamexploderzimagecommentedoutbecauseimagewasdeletedcaptionxploderzxgroundpoundertypetoyweapontoyguninventorcountryunitedstatescompanythemayagroupfromtopresentmaterialsplasticsmallgunssmallbrwatersmallpelletssmallwebsitexploderzcomsloganmoredistancemor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macdonaldbryanburkbridgetcarpenterstephenkingjjabramsproducerjosephbocciabrjamesfrancoeditordorianharrisamericancinemaeditorsacecinematographydavidkatznelsondanishsocietyofcinematographersdffbritishsocietyofcinematographersbscruntimeminutescameracompanyplainlistcarpenterbbadrobotproductionswarnerbrostelevisiondistributornetworkhulufirstairedlastairedwebsitehulucomproductionwebsitewarnerbroscomtvisanamericansciencefictionthrillergenrethrillerminiseriesbasedonthebookbystephenkingandconsistingofeightepisodesrefnametrailerreftheseriesisexecutiveproducedbyjjabramskingbridgetcarpenterandbryanburkandproducedbyjamesfrancowhoalsohasthemainroleitpremieredonhuluonfebruaryrefnamefutonpressrefandwasreceivedpositivelybycriticspremisejakeeppingjamesfrancoarecentlydivorcedenglishteacherfrommaineispresentedwiththechancetotravelbackintimetodallastexasinbyhislongtimefriendaltempletonchriscooperheisconvincedintogoingandattemptstopreventtheassassinationofjohnfkennedyassassinationofjfkinnovemberhoweverhebecomesattachedtothelifehemakesinthepastandthiscouldbehismissionsundoingcastandcharactersmainjamesfrancoasjakeeppingjamesjakeambersonchriscooperasaltempletonrefnamedeadlinecastrefsarahgadonassadiedunhilllucyfryasmarinaoswaldportermarinaoswaldgeorgemackayactorgeorgemackayasbillturcottedanielwebberactordanielwebberasleeharveyoswaldrecurringandguestcherryjonesasmargueriteoswaldkevinjoconnoractorkevinjoconnorastheyellowcardmantrknightasjohnnyclaytonjoshduhamelasfrankdunningjoannadouglascanadianactressjoannadouglasasdorisdunningnicksearcyasdekesimmonsjonnycoyneasgeorgedemohrenschildttonyapinkinsasmimicorcoranbrooklynsudanoaschristyeppingleonrippyasharrydunningjulietteangeloasbobbijillallnutbraedenlemastersasmikecoslawanthonycolonelloascliffordgregorynorthasgeneraledwinwalkergilbellowsasjamesphostyagenthostygranthamcolemanasbonnieraywilliamsmichaeloneillactormichaeloneillasarlisspriceannetteotooleasednapriceantonicoroneasjackrubybobstephensonactorbobstephensonassilentmikewilburfitzgeraldascaptainwillfritzconstancetowersasoldsadiemarshamasonasladywithcurlersepisodesepisodetablebackgroundoveralltitledirectorwriterairdateprodcodereleasedyepisodesepisodelistepisodenumbertitletherabbitholedirectedbykevinmacdonalddirectorkevinmacdonaldwrittenbybridgetcarpenteroriginalairdateprodcodexhrxshortsummarycafeowneraltempletonrevealsatimeportaltooctoberinhisclosettohisfriendenglishteacherjakeeppingdyingofcanceralasksjaketotravelbacktothesandpreventtheassassinationofjohnfkennedyalexplainshisownpastattemptsandmistakestojaketostopitnotinghisapparentonsetofcancerwasfromspendingextendedtimeinthepastarmedwithalsresearchjakegoestoandsurveilsakennedyintimatebelievedtobeleeharveyoswaldshandlerhefindsthatthepastispushingbackasaccidentsandincidentsmakeitdifficultforhimtoachievehisgoalshereturnstohislodgingstofindthemburningalsnotesnearlyalldestroyedandthelandladyssondeadhedecidestogiveupandreturntomainebutstopstotryandpreventamultiplemurderhehadheardaboutinthepresentlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumbertitlethekillfloordirectedbyfredtoyewrittenbyquintonpeeplesoriginalairdateprodcodexshortsummaryjakestartsanewlifeinandbeginshisinvestigationintothekennedyassassinationhetestshisabilitytoalterthepastbyattemptingtopreventthemurderofthefamilyofoneofhisfuturestudentsbytheirfatheranabusivealcoholicwhohadpreviouslykilledthesisterandherbabyofbillturcottewhodiscoversjakeisfromthefuturelinecolorepisodelistepisodenumbertitleothervoicesotherroomsdirectedbyjamesstrongdirectorjamesstrongwrittenbybriannelsonscreenwriterbriannelsonoriginalairdateprodcodexshortsummarywiththehelpofbillturcottejakemovestofortworthandfindsajobataschoolinthenearbytownofjodiewhereheformsaconnectionwithalibrariansadiedunhilljakeandbillsurveilleeharveyoswaldwhohasjustreturnedfromrussialinecolorepisodelistepisodenumbertitletheeyesoftexasdirectedbyfredtoyewrittenbyquintonpeeplesbridgettewilsonoriginalairdateprodcodexshortsummaryoswaldpracticesassemblinghissniperrifleandtakestheinfamouspicturewithitjakeandbillfollowoswaldandgeorgetoabrothelbutthingsgowrongmissmimiconfrontsjakeafterdiscoveringhesusingafakenameforcingjaketomakeupacoverstorysadieandjakesrelationshipistestedbythereturnofsadiesabusiveexhusbandjohnnyclaytonwhorefusestofinalizetheirdivorcesadiediscoversrecordingsofoswaldinthebasementofjakeshouselinecolorepisodelistepisodenumbertitlethetruthdirectedbyjamesfrancowrittenbybridgetcarpenteroriginalairdateprodcodexshortsummaryjakeandbillgetreadytodiscoverifoswaldactedaloneinshootinggeneralwalkerhowevertimeintervenesbydistractingbillwithanillusionofhissistermeanwhilejohnnydemandsjakecometosadieshousewhereheholdsbothhostagewithagunafterdisfiguringhereventuallyjakeandsadieblindandthenkilljohnnylateratthehospitaljakedecidestorevealtosadiethewholetruthaboutwhohereallyisandwherehesfromlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumbertitlehappybirthdayleeharveyoswalddirectedbyjohndavidcoleswrittenbybridgetcarpenteroriginalairdateprodcodexshortsummaryjakediscoversbillhasbecomeintimatelyinvolvedwithmarinaandhasbecomeoswaldsbestfriendbillrevealstooswaldthathisapartmentisundersurveillancefearingbillwillbecomethesecondshooterjakehashimcommittedtimebeginstopushbackbythreateningsadieslifeduringplasticsurgeryafterfindingoutthatoswaldisactingaloneandwithoutciabackingjakedecidestokilloswaldbeforehecanhesattackedbyhisbookieandhisthugsleavinghimunabletorememberanythinglinecolorepisodelistepisodenumbertitlesoldierboydirectedbyjameskentwrittenbybridgetcarpenterquintonpeeplesoriginalairdateprodcodexshortsummaryjakewakesfromhiscomajustdaysbeforetheassassinationdatesufferingfromamnesiasadietriestohelphimashestrugglestorememberwhatheneedstodotheyvisitbillattheasyluminthehopethathewilljogjakesmemoryhoweveraddledbyhistreatmentandjakesinsistencethattimetravelisrealbillcommitssuicidejakereliesonsadieshelptorecoverhismemoryjakehasfullrecallafteravisitwithoswaldinhishouselinecolorepisodelistepisodenumbertitlethedayinquestiondirectedbyjamesstrongwrittenbybridgetcarpenteroriginalairdateprodcodexshortsummaryduringtheeventsofnovemberjakeandsadiestruggleagainstthepastontheirwaytothefinalconfrontationwithoswaldjakestopsoswaldbutduringthescufflesadieiskilledjaketravelsbacktoonlytofindithasbecomeawastelandthroughharrydunninghelearnsthatafterjfkservedtwotermsgeorgewallacewaselectedpresidentwarbrokeoutandalthoughkennedyfoundedaseriesofrefugeecampsthereisgreatsufferingintheworldaresignedjaketravelsbacktooctoberthusresettingthetimelinewhereheimmediatelymeetssadieagainbutdecidesnottopursuearelationshipinordertosaveherlifeinthepresentjaketravelsbacktojodieandfindssadieinhersreceivingaprestigiouslifetimeachievementawardforherlifesworkjakesharesadancewithherlinecolorproductiondevelopmentinaugustbeforethenovelsreleaseitwasannouncedthatjonathandemmehadattachedhimselftowriteproduceanddirectafilmadaptationofwithkingservingasexecutiveproducerhoweverindecemberdemmeannouncedthathehadwithdrawnfromtheprojectafterdisagreeingwithkingoverwhattoincludeinthescriptonaprilitwasreportedthatwarnerbrostelevisionandjjabramsbadrobotproductionswereinnegotiationsfortherightstoadaptthenovelasatvseriesorminiseriesonseptemberitwasannouncedthatatvseriesbasedonthenovelwaspickedupbyhulucarolspierwouldbeaproductiondesignerthefirsttrailerfortheserieswasreleasedonnovemberkinghasexpressedinterestindevelopingasequelseriescastingjamesfrancowaschosentostarasthecharacterofjakeeppingrefnamejamesfrancorefafterreadingthenovelfrancocontactedkingabouttherightstoadaptittofilmonlytobetoldthatabramshadalreadyacquiredthemfrancowroteanessayaboutthebookforvicewhichwasnoticedbyabramsandtweetedabouthisdisappointmentatnotgettingthefilmrightswhichwasnoticedbybridgetcarpentersoonaftertheyofferedhimtheleadrolesarahgadonwascastfortheroleofsadiedunhillshewasinterestedintheroleinpartbecauseitgavehertheopportunitytoworkwithabramsfilmingfilmingbeganonjuneinhespelerontariofilmingduringjunealsotookplaceinguelphontarioaswellasinayrontarioayrontarioatthequeenstavernhamiltonontarioandinknowlesrestaurantindunnvilleontarioduringseptemberinearlyoctobertheproductionmovedtodallastofilmexteriorlocationsatdealeyplazaduringthistimethefilmingofvariousscenesduringrushhourcausedbumpertobumpertrafficinthesurroundingstreetsreceptiontheshowhasgarneredpositivereviewsfrommostcriticsbasedonreviewstheshowcarriesancertifiedfreshratingonreviewaggregatorwebsiterottentomatoeswheretheconsensusstatesthoughtheexecutionfeelsalmostasdatedastheperioditrepresentsgraduallyrevealsacompellingwellperformedseriesofeventsonmetacritictheshowhasaratingofoutofbasedonreviewssignifyinggenerallypositivereviewsjackmooreofgqcommentedthattheshowismoodyandsupernaturalwhilesomehowalsoremaininggroundedandfullofheartandlaudedfrancoastheshowsstandoutsayingwhatfrancogivesisavanityfreeindulgencefreeperformancethatfeelsliketheworkofanoldhollywoodlegenditsearnestandfullheartedalansepinwallalsoacclaimedfrancostatingfrancosarevelationasjakehesanimmenselytalentedactorandhesgotthestarqualityyouneedtocarrysomethingthiscrazyandthislongvickihymanofthenewarkstarledgerpraisedtheperformancesofjamesfrancofrancoandsarahgadongadonwritingtheirstirringromancecarrieswithitthesamewhiffofdoomaseppingsvisitstodealeyplazaandgiveswhatcouldbemerelyaninterestingandhandsomelymadetakeontheconspiracythrillergenremoretextureanddepthresonatingacrosstheagesrefnamehymanreviewrefhankstueverofthewashingtonpostwrotethatkingsworkdoesntalwayshappilytravelthroughtheportalconnectingthepagetothetvscreenbuthuluscoreswithanimpressivelystoutheartedeightpartadaptationofrefnamestueverreviewrefontheotherhandjeffjensenofentertainmentweeklyhadamoremixedreactionandcriticizedfrancosperformancecallingitlowwattanddisinterestedhewrotereachessomethoughtfulmovingconclusionsbutohwhatcouldhavebeenwithamoreengagedstarifonlytherewereatimemachinetofixthatmistakerefnamejensenreviewrefaccoladesclasswikitablesortableplainrowheadersstylebackgroundccctextaligncenterscopecolawardscopecolcategoryscopecolrecipientsandnomineesscopecolresultscopecolclassunsortablescoperowrdsaturnawardssaturnawardssaturnawardforbesttelevisionpresentationbesttelevisionpresentationstyletextaligncenterhomemediareleasewasreleasedondvdandblurayonaugustinregionthereleaseincludesalleightepisodesaswellasaspecialfeaturetitledwhenthefuturefightsbackwherekingabramscarpenterandfrancotalkaboutelementsoftheproductionthatturnedkingsnovelintoaneventseriesseealsolistoforiginalprogramsdistributedbyhulureferencesexternallinksperwpelminofficialchooseoneofficialwebsiteonlymayrefertoassassinationofjohnfkennedywhichoccurredonfridaynovembernoveltimetravelnovelbystephenkingtvserieshulutvseriesbasedonthestephenkingnovelfridayndofnovemberseenovembernovemberfridayseealsonovembernovembereriozancladoublemersennenumberlistofminorplanetsbelarusfyodorfyodorxviiicorpsinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexviiicorpsimagecaptiondatesworldwaricountryallegiancebranchbritisharmytypefieldcorpsrolesizecommandstructurefiftharmyunitedkingdomfiftharmycurrentcommandergarrisonnicknamepatronmottocolorsmarchmascotbattlesworldwarirefnamecorpsnetcorpshtmthebritishcorpsofrefhundreddaysoffensivebattlesofthehindenburglinebattleofpasschendaelesecondbattleofthesommebattleofthesommenotablecommandersanniversariesthexviiicorpswasabritishinfantryformationduringworldwariitwasreactivatedbrieflyincyprusduringworldwariiaspartofamilitarydeceptionhistorybritishxviiicorpswasformedinfranceinjanuaryunderlieutenantgeneralivormaxsesirivormaxseitpursuedthegermanforcestothehindenberglineandwasthenmergedintoviiicorpsunitedkingdomviiicorpsinjulyinduringworldwarthexviicorpswasbrieflyreactivatedasafictionalunitaspartofthecyprusdefenceplandeceptionhoweveritwaslaterrenamedxxvindiancorpsxxvcorpsgeneralofficerscommandingcommandersincludedjanuaryjulylieutenantgeneralivormaxsesirivormaxsereferencesxixcorpsinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexixcorpsimagecaptiondatesworldwaricountryallegiancebranchbritisharmytypefieldcorpsrolesizecommandstructuresecondarmyunitedkingdomsecondarmycurrentcommandergarrisonnicknamepatronmottocolorsmarchmascotbattlesworldwarirefnamecorpsnetcorpshtmthebritishcorpsofrefbattleofpasschendaelesecondbattleofthesommebattleofthesommeadvanceinflandersfinaladvanceinflandersnotablecommandersanniversariesthebritishxixcorpswasabritishinfantrycorpsduringworldwarihistorybritishxixcorpswasformedinfranceinfebruaryandfoughtatthebattleofpasschendaeleinautumninspringitwasdrivenbackmilesinfivedaysandfounditselfindisarraybynovemberthecorpsasanelementofsecondarmyunitedkingdomsecondarmywasoneofthemostnortherlybritishmilitaryformationsinfrancerefnameorbatorbatcomsitehistoryhistoricaluksecondarmyhtmlbritishsecondarmythnovemberreforderofbattleonnovemberpriortothearmisticethecorpswasonthesecondarmysleftwiththestdivisionontheleftthinthecentreandstontherightitwascomposedofthefollowingunitsthethdivisionhavingbeentransferredfromtheiicorpsunitedkingdomiicorpsonnovemberrefnameorbatnovrefstdivisionunitedkingdomstdivisionmajorgenerallawfordstdivisionunitedkingdomstdivisionmajorgeneralcampbellthdivisionunitedkingdomthdivisionmajorgeneralmarindencorpstroopsvxixheavytrenchmortarbatterycyclistbattalionxixcorpssignalcompanygeneralofficerscommandingcommandersincludedfebruarynovemberlieutenantgeneralherbertwattsreferenceslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetslistofminorplanetsxmencomicbooksolvamarginatadrimylastisxtourhongyingnovemberkazukiyaommdsmohammadasiflistofminorplanetsinfoboxtelevisionshownamexuanyuanswordscarofskyimagexuanyuanjianthescarintheskyjpgcaptionxuanyuanswordscarofskypromotionalpostershownamegenrewuxiabrromancefilmromancebrfantasybradventurebrcreatordeveloperwriterdirectorleekwoklapcreativedirectorpresenterstarringhugebrjiangjinfubrcecilialiubrtiffanytangbrglnezerbextiyargulinazhabrlingengxinjudgesvoicesyangmenglusunyehugenarratedthememusiccomposeropenthemekissuntiltheendoftimebyhugeendthemelovelikethisbyjeaniezhangcomposercountrychinalanguagemandarinnumseasonsnumepisodeslistepisodesproducerleekwoklapbrkarentsoiexecutiveproducereditorlocationchinacinematographycameraruntimecompanychineseentertainmentshanghaidistributorchannelhunanbroadcastingsystemhbspictureformataudioformatfirstrunfirstairedlastairedstatusprecededbyfollowedbyrelatedwebsiteproductionwebsitexuanyuanswordscarofskychineselanguagechineseisachinesetelevisionseriesadaptedfromxuanyuanswordaseriesofroleplayingvideogamesdevelopedbytaiwanesecompanysoftstarentertainmentincthetelevisionseriesisproducedbychineseentertainmentshanghaiandstarshugejiangjinfucecilialiutiffanytangglnezerbextiyargulinazhaandlingengxintheseriesairedonhunanbroadcastingsystemhbsfromjulyandrunsforepisodestheseriesbroketherecordtobecomethehighestratedweeklybroadcastdramabeforebeingsurpassedthreeyearslaterbythejourneyoffloweritalsogarneredbillionviewsonlinebecomingthethdramainhunantvsbroadcasthistorytoachievethefeatsynopsisinademperoryangofsuiemperoryangofthesuidynastyruleschinawithanironfistduringthisperiodofunrestlegendsforetoldofaredstarthatwouldopenthemarkoftheheavensandbringabouttheapocalypsetocombattheopeningofthemarkascionofroyaltywouldbebornandsealitwiththexuanyuanswordthehappygoluckyc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nhewasyounghewasasaltprivateerhisparentsnameswerelosttohistoryalthoughitisknownthathismotherwassurnamedzhouserviceunderyangxingmixuweninitiallydidnotdistinguishhimselfinyangxingmiscampaignsaswhiletherewereofficersunderyangwhowereconsideredtohavedistinguishedthemselvesledbyliuweiandtaoyaxuwasnotamongthemhisfirstknownactwhileservingunderyangwasinduringyangslengthystruggleagainstsunruforthecontrolofhuainancircuitheadquarteredinmodernyangzhoujiangsuwhenyangcapturedxuanprefectureinmodernxuanchenganhuiafteralengthysiegeitwassaidthattheotherofficersallhuntedforspoilsingoldandsilkbutonlyxufoundafoodsupplyandhadporridgecookedanddistributedtothehungrypeopleofxuanprefecturerefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefinwhenyangwhohadbythatpointtakenhuainanandwasservingasitsmilitarygovernorjiedushicapturedhaoprefectureinmodernchuzhouanhuithesoldierscapturedasevenyearoldchildwhomyanginitiallytookintohishouseholdhoweveryangsoldestsonyangwodislikedthechildandyangdecidedtogivethechildtoxuxunamedthechildemperorliezuofsoutherntangxuzhigaoxufirstdistinguishedhimselfinyangseyesinwhenyangwasplanningamajorcampaignagainstzhuwenzhuquanzhongthemilitarygovernorofxuanwucircuitheadquarteredinmodernkaifenghenanduringtheplanningmostofficersadvocatedusinglargeshipstoshipfoodsuppliesforthearmybutxuopposedpointingoutthatthecanalsthatwouldbeutilizedhadlongbeensiltedandwouldbedifficulttopassheinsteadadvocatingusingsmallboatsforeasypassagehewasnotlistenedtobutwhensubsequentlyyangsarmywashamperedbythefailureforlargeshipstoarrivewithfoodsupplieswhilesmallersupplyshipsweregettingthroughandforcedtowithdrawyangbecameimpressedwithxuanddecidedtogivehimgreaterresponsibilitiesrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefthefirstinstancewherexuwasrecordedtohavedistinguishedhimselfinbattlewasinwhenyangwasfacingrebellionsbyhissubordinatestianjunthemilitarygovernorofningguocircuitheadquarteredatxuanprefectureandanrenyithemilitaryprefectofrunprefectureinmodernzhenjiangjiangsuyanginitiallysentwangjingrenwangmaozhangtoattackanatrunprefecturebutwangcouldnotdefeatanhesentxutoreinforcewangsarmyandxuhadhissoldierschangeintoidenticaluniformsaswangsannotknowingthatreinforcementshadarrivedhadnoreservationsaboutreengagingwangsarmyandwasdefeatedbyxuhoweverrunprefecturedidnotfallatthistimehoweverxusrolebecameevenmoreprominentwhenlaterintheyearyangreceivedwordthathisbrotherinlawzhuyanshouthebrotherofhiswifeladyzhuhadagreedtojointiansandansrebellionandwassettorebelatshouprefectureinmodernluananhuievenbeforeladyzhuandthenissuinganordertosummonzhuyanshoubackfromshouprefectureunderthepretenseofentrustingtheaffairsofthecircuittohimzhuyanshoubelievedthistobetrueandreturnedtohuainanscapitalyangprefecturewherehewaskilledinanambushthatyanghadxulayforhimafterzhusdeathyangmadexuoneofhistwoguardcommandersinwhentaimengthegovernorguanchashiofxuanprefecturediedyangxingmicommissionedyangwotobethegovernorofxuanxuprivatelyspokewithyangwostatingrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefyangwobelievingxuwasadvisinghimoutofgoodfaithweptandthankedhiminwhenyangxingmibecameevenmoreillhewassetonsummoningyangwobackfromxuanprefectureandentrustingtheaffairsofthecircuittohimyangxingmissecretaryzhouyinhowevercitingyangwosfrivolousnessopposedinsteadsuggestingthatyangxingmientrustthecircuittoliuweiwithapromisefromliutotransferittoanothersonofyangxingmisxuandtheotherguardcommanderzhanghaowuzhanghaohoweveropposedzhousproposalpointingoutthatyanghadfoughttheseyearstoleavethestatetohisfamilywhenyangxingmisubsequentlyissuedanorderandorderedzhoutodispatchittoyangwozhoudidnotsenditforsometimewhenxuandyanfoundyangxingmisorderstillonzhousdesktheytookitandhaditdeliveredtoyangwowhosubsequentlyreturnedtoyangprefectureyangxingmisubsequentlydiedandyangwowiththetitleofprinceofhongnongbestowedbyemperorzhaozongsemissaryliyanwuliyantookoverthecircuitserviceunderyangwoafteryangwoannexedzhennancircuitheadquarteredinmodernnanchangjiangxiinhebecameincreasinglyarrogantandintolerantheexecutedzhouyinwhichcausedfeartopermeateamonghisstaffmembersdespitebeingstillinthemourningperiodforyangxingmihespenthistimedayandnightinfeastandgameswhenxuwenandzhanghaotriedtotearfullydissuadehimfromsuchbehaviorheangrilystatedtothemifyoubelievethatiamnotcapableenoughwhydoyounotkillmeandtakeoveryourselvesthiscausedthemtobefearfulaswelltheythusplannedtoactagainstyangwotheyfirstsentthreeofficerswhocommandedyangwospersonalarmywhichhebroughtbackfromxuanprefecturezhusiqingfansicongandchenfantojoinunderthegeneralqinpeiinqinsoperationstopacifyzhennanandthensentanofficerchenyoutoexecutethematqinscampunderfalsechargesoftreasonwhenyangwoheardofthishepreparedtokillxuandzhangbutbeforehecouldacttheyactedfirstinspringtheytookguardsundertheircommandintothemansionclaimingtobecarryingoutbingjianiecorrectionbyforcetheyexecutedagroupofyangwoscloseassociatesandthenwhilenotphysicallyactingagainstyangwohimselfeffectivelytookcontroloftheheadquartersifotherofficersdisagreedwiththemtheyfoundreasonstoexecutethoseofficersrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolreflaterinthepowerfulwarlordzhuwenzhuquanzhongthemilitarygovernorofxuanwucircuitheadquarteredinmodernkaifenghenanforcedemperorzhaozongssonandsuccessoremperoraioftangemperoraitoyieldthethronetohimendingtangandstartinganewlaterliangfivedynastieslaterliangwithzhuasitsemperortaizuyangwoalongwithlikeyongtheprinceofjinlimaozhentheprinceofqiandwangjianformershuwangjiantheprinceofshudidnotrecognizethenewlaterliangemperorasemperorandcontinuedtousethetangeranameoftianyouwithoutatangemperorhoweverhewasineffecttherulerofanewstateofhongnonghoweverxuandzhangremainedineffectivecontroloftheheadquartersandyangwowashopingtobutunabletoeliminatethemtheyconsideredtheirownpositionsprecarioushoweverandtheyresolvedtokillyangwodividethedomainbetweenthemselvesandthensubmittolaterliangonjunezhangsenthissubordinatejixiangintoyangwosmansionwithsoldiersunderzhangscommandandkilledhiminhisbedroomthereasonwhyonlyzhangssoldierswereusedwasthatxupointedoutthatiftheymixedsoldiersthesoldiersmaynotcooperatewitheachotherandzhangdidnotwanttoletxussoldiersconducttheassassinationzhangandxusubsequentlydeclaredthatyangwohaddiedofasuddenillnesswhenzhangposturedattakingovercommandofthedomainhoweveryankeqiuspokeupagainstitandsubsequentlyproducedadocumentwhichheclaimedtobefromyangwosmotherqueendowagershiladydowagershipleadingforallegianceoftheofficersbehindheryoungersonyanglongyanzhangrebuffedinhisattempttodirectlytakeoveracquiescedandallowedyanglongyantotakethethroneasthenewprinceofhongnongserviceunderyanglongyansubsequentlyzhanghaotriedtosendxuwenoutoftheheadquarterstobethegovernorofzhexicircuitheadquarteredinmodernzhenjiangjiangsubutyankeqiupersuadedxuandlichengsithedeputymilitarygovernorofhuainanthatzhangwasintendingtoeliminatethemandstartingbysendingxuoutofthecapitalxuthereafterfoundexcusestostayatyangprefectureafterzhangthenfailedinanassassinationattemptagainstyanyanandxuplottedtooverthrowhimxusubsequentlygottheofficerzhongtaizhangtojointheplotonthenightofjunezhongtookhissoldiersandenteredheadquarterskillingzhangandhiscloseassociatesxuthenblamedtheassassinationofyangwoonzhangaloneandeffectivelytookoverasyanglongyansregentasthesolecommanderoftheguardsheentrustedthemilitarymatterstoyanandthefinancialmatterstoluozhixianganditwassaidthatbothyanandluowerecapableattheirjobsallowinghongnongtobegovernedwellxuhimselfwassaidtobecalmresoluteandfrugalwhilehewasilliteratewhenhehadtoruleonlegalmattershewouldhaveothersreadthelegalpaperstohimbeforerulingonthemwithproperreasoningasofxuwasalsocarryingthetitleofdeputycommanderofthehuainanarmyxingjunfushiwhenhebelievingthatjinlingwasakeylocationtocontroltheyangtzeriverwithafleetgavehimselftheadditionaltitleofprefectofshengprefectureiejinlingbutsentxuzhigaotheretoactuallytakecommandofthefleettherelaterthatyearwhenweiquanfengtheprefectoffuprefectureinmodernfuzhoujiangxiwhohadnominallysubmittedtobothhongnongandlaterliangroseagainsthongnongandclaimedthetitleofmilitarygovernorofzhennanxuatyansrecommendationsentzhoubenagainstweisubsequentlyzhoudefeatedandcapturedweiallowinghongnongtotakefuprefectureunderactualcontrolinthehongongemissarytoqiandjintoannounceyangwosdeathwanquanganreturnedtoyangprefectureandannouncedthatlimaozhenhadinhiscapacityasrepresentativeofthetangemperorbestowedthetitlesofprinceofwuandzhongshulingonyanglongyanyanglongyanacceptedthosetitlesthereafterhongnongwasknownaswualsoinxusmotherladyzhoudiedwhentheofficerspreparedforherfuneraltheybuiltalargewoodenstatueandcovereditwithsilkintendingtoburnitasasacrificetothegodsxupointedoutthatthesilkcouldbegiventothepooranddidsoratherthanburningthesilkheformallyleftgovernmentalservicetoobserveamourningperiodforherbutshortlyafteryanglongyanformallyrecalledhimtogovernmentalserviceandmadehimthecommanderofthehuainanarmedforcesandgovernorofrunprefectureiethecapitalofzheximeanwhilexusholdonpowerbroughtresentmentfromanumberofyangxingmisoldofficersliuweiwhowasthenthemilitarygovernorofzhennantaoyawhowasthenthegovernorofsheprefectureinmodernhuangshananhuiliyuwhowasthenthegovernorofxuanprefectureandlijianwhowasthentheprefectofchangprefectureinmodernchangzhoujiangsuliyuwasparticularlyvocalinhisobjectionstoxusregencyinxutriedtohavexujiesoutherntangxujieconvinceliyutocometoyangprefecturetopayhomagetoyanglongyanbutliyuafterinitiallyagreeingrefusedandaccusedxuofmurderingyangwoafterxujieoffendedhimxuweninangerannouncedacampaignagainstliyuwithchaizaiyongcommandingthearmyagainstliyuandxuzhigaoservingaschaisdeputyhearrestedliyusyoungestsonwhowasservingasahuainanofficerandsentliyussontothefronttoshowtoliyuhethensenttheofficialheraotopersuadeliyutosurrenderafterliyudidsohoweverxuorderedchaitokillliyuandhisfamilyitwassaidthatafterthisincidenttheotherofficersdidnotdaretoopposexuanyfurtherrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefmeanwhilexuwashearingrumorsthatliuwasalsoplanningonresistinghimandpreparedforacampaignagainstliuliutriedtodeflectthesuspicionbyheadingtoyangprefecturealongwithtaotopayhomagetoyanglongyanxutreatedbothliuandtaowithrespectwithceremonialgreetingsthatwouldhavebeenduetoyangxingmiandfurthergrantedthemadditionaltitleshealongwithliuandtaothenvisitedliyanandrequestedthatliyanformallybestowonyanglongyanthetitleofprinceofwutomakeitevenmoreformalthanlimaozhenscommissionxuhimselfreceivedthetitlesofmilitarygovernorofzhenhaiiezhexiandthehonorarychancelloroftangdynastychancellordesignationoftongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshiaswellasthecommanderofhuainanarmedforceshethenreturnedliuandtaototheirpoststoshowthathedidnotsuspecttheminqianliutheprinceofwuyuewusneighbortothesoutheastsenthissonsqianyuanguanqianchuanguanqianchuanliaoandqianchuanyingtoattackchangprefecturexuhimselfwenttothefronttocombatwuyueforcesandrepelledthemlaterinthelaterlianggeneralwangjingrenlaunchedamajorattackagainstwuheadingforshouandluprefecturesxuandzhujinledthewuarmyagainsthimanddefeatedhiminflictinggreatcasualtiesonthelaterliangarmyrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefinxucommissionedhisoldestsonxuzhixunelderasdeputycommanderofthehuainanforcesandthenhadhimselfmadethecommanderoftheoperationsagainstwuyueaswellasactingshizhongstationinghimselfatrunprefectureandleavingxuzhixunatyangprefecturetogovernthegeneralaffairsofthestateeffectivelyservingasitsjuniorregentwhilehehimselfstillruledonmajormattersxuwenwasalsocreatedthedukeofqiinhemovedhisheadquarterstoshengprefectureandmovedxuzhigaotobethemilitaryprefectofrunprefectureoverthenextfewyearsxuzhixungainedadditionalpowersgraduallybutunknowntoxuwenwasactingarrogantlytowardotherofficersandeventowardyanglongyanformallyhissovereigninunhappythatzhujinwhocarriedthetitleofdeputysupremecommanderofallarmedforceswithyanglongyanhimselfcarryingthetitleofsupremecommanderofallarmedforcesandthereforeformallyagreaterpositionthanhisownheestablishedajinghuaicircuitatsiprefectureinmodernhuaianjiangsumakingzhuitsmilitarygovernortosendzhuoutofthecapitalzhuincensedpretendedtobereadytogivexuzhixunhisfavoritehorsewhenxuzhixunvisitedzhusmansiontoreceivethehorsezhuassassinatedhimbutzhussubsequentattempttogetyanglongyanonhissidefailedandwiththeguardscommandedbyxussubordinatezhaiqiansurroundinghimzhucommittedsuicidexuzhigaowhoserunprefecturewasjustacrosstheyangtzefromyangprefecturequicklyheadedforyangprefecturetocalmthecityxuwenhimselfsubsequentlyarrivedandbelievingthatliyanandthegeneralmizhichengtobecomplicitwithzhukilledthemhefurtherconsideredslaughteralloftheofficersthathesuspectedofbeinginleaguewithzhubutafterxuzhigaoandyanreportedtoxuwenhowxuzhixunsarrogancehadalienatedalloftheofficersxuwenstoppedpursuingthematterwithallhisothersonsstillyounghehadxuzhigaoremainatyangprefecturetoreplacexuzhixunasjuniorregentwhilehehimselfreturnedtoshengprefecturerefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefmeanwhilexuhadorderedthegeneralliuxintoattacktanquanbothemilitarygovernorofbaishengcircuitheadquarteredinmodernganzhoujiangxiwhonominallysubmittedtobothwuandlaterliangtotrytotakebaishengundercontrolliuwasabletorepelreliefforcesfromlaterliangsvassalswuyuechutenkingdomschusprincemayinandmintenkingdomsminsprincewangshenzhibutunabletocapturebaishengscapitalqianprefectureitselfinitiallyhethusmadeapeaceagreementwithtanwhenliureportedthistoxuhoweverxuwasincensedandaftergivingsoldierstoliussonliuyingyanstatedtoliuyingyanyourfatherisupstreamfromherebutcouldnotevencaptureonecitywithsoldierstimesthenumberofdefendersclearlyheintendstreasontakethisarmyandcommittreasonwithyourfatherwhenliuyingyanarrivedatliuxinscampandrelayedwhatxustatedliuxinbecamefearfulandagainputqianprefectureundersiegeqianprefecturefellandliutooktancaptiveallowingwutotakeoverbaishengmeanwhilexuunderadvicefromyankeqiuwhopointedoutthatwithlaterliangsufferingrepeatedlossesatthehandsoflikeyongssonandsuccessoremperorzhuangzongoflatertanglicunxuwhowasposturingatclaimingimperialtitleasanewtangemperorandthatwuwhichstillatthatpointremainedatangvassalneededtoassertitsownpoliticalindependencebegantotrytopersuadeyanglongyantoclaimimperialtitlefirstinyanglongyanwhilerefusingtoclaimimperialtitleclaimedthegreatertitleofkingofwuandbegantotakeonimperialtrappingsxuwenwasgiventhetitlesofprimeministerdachengxiangoverseerofallmilitarymattersduduzhongwaizongjunshisupremecommanderofthecircuitsmilitarygovernorofzhenhaiandningguoactingtaiweioneofthethreeexcellencieszhongshulingandprinceofdonghailaterintheyearwuyueagainlaunchedamajorattackonchangprefecturexupersonallyledthearmedforcesanddespitehisbeingillatthetimedefeatedwuyueforcesatwuxiandcapturedmanywuyuesoldiersintheaftermathsofthevictoryxuzhigaoadvocatedattackingandtryingtocapturesuprefectureinmodernsuzhoujiangsuhoweverxuwenstatingthathewantedthepeopletorestdecidedtoreleasethewuyuesoldiersandgetqianliutocommittoalongtermpeaceqianagreedandalsoreleasedpreviouslycapturedwusoldiersbacktowuitwassaidthatforthenextyearstherewasnowarfarebetweenwuandwuyuemeanwhilebothxuwenandyanglongyanwroteqiantotrytopersuadehimtodeclareindependencefromlaterliangaswelltonoavailmeanwhilexuheardthatyanglongyansyoungerbrotheryangmengthedukeoflujiangwaslamentingtheyangclanslossofpowerandbecameapprehensiveofyangmenghethussentyangmengoutofthecapitaltoserveasthemilitaryprefectofchuprefectureinmodernhuaianrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefitwassaidthatdespitehisdeclaringindependenceunderxusadviceyanglongyanwasactuallydispleasedaboutdoingsoandafterdoingsohebegantodrinkinexcessandbecameillinwithyanglongyanbecomingseriouslyillxuwenreturnedtoyangprefecturesomeofhissubordinatessuggestedthathetakethethronehimselfbutherejectedthesuggestioninsteadbypassingyangmengheissuedanorderinyanglongyansnamewelcomingyangmengsyoungerbrotheryangputhedukeofdanyangtoserveformallyasregentwhenyanglongyansubsequentlydiedyangputookthethroneaskingserviceunderyangpuinatxuwensurgingyangpuofferedsacrificestoheaventofurthershowhisstatusasanindependentrulerwhenofficialsobjectedthatsuchaceremonycosttoomuchmoneyxupointedoutthenecessityofitbutagreedthatthetraditionaltangceremoniesweretoowastefulandhadceremoniesconductedinamuchmorefrugalmannerinlicunxuclaimedimperialtitleastheemperoroftangestablishinglatertangasitsemperorzhuangzongwithlatertangandlaterliangpoisedforafinalconfrontationthenewlatertangemperorinvitedwuforcestojointlylaunchamajorattackagainstlaterliangwithhimxuinitiallyconsideredsendingafleetnorthbutnotcommitittobattleyetwaitingtoseewhichsidewouldprevailyankeqiupointedoutthatsuchapositionwouldbeuntenableiflaterliangthenaskedforaidashewouldthenhavetocommittoapositionanywayxuthusstoppedhisplanrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolreflaterintheyearlatertangforcescapturedthelaterliangcapitaldalianginasurpriseattacklaterliangslastemperorzhuzhenemperortaizussonandsuccessorcommittedsuicideendinglaterliangwhenlatertangnotifiedbothwuandformershuthenruledbywangjianssonandsuccessorwangzongyanofhisvictorybothstateswereterrifiedandxuinitiallycomplainedtoyanthatheshouldnothavedissuadedxufromthejointattackplanyanpointedoutthatlatertangsemperorzhuangzonghadgrownarrogantinhisvictoryandhadlostproperwaysofgovernancesohebelievedthatwithinafewyearsthelatertangemperorwouldlosehisreignmeanwhilewhenthelatertangemissarydeliveredemperorzhuangzongscommuniqueasanedictietreatingwuasasubordinatewuofficialsrefusedtoreceiveitemperorzhuangzongnotyetwantingtobreakwithwuinsteadresenthiscommuniqueasaletterietreatingwuasanequalstatethatstartedwiththegreetingoftheletteroftheemperorofthegreattangtothelordofwuwusreturncommuniquestartedwiththegreetingoftherespectfulletterofthelordofthegreatwutotheemperorofthegreattangtoshowrespectandyetequalityyanspredictionswouldcometrueinwhenemperorzhuangzongskillingofseveralgeneralsandinattentivenesstohissoldiersprovokedamajorrebellionledbyhisadoptivebrotherlisiyuanemperorzhuangzongwaskilledandlisiyuanthentookthethroneasemperormingzongrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefalsoinafterzhongtaizhangthenservingasthemilitaryprefectofshouprefecturewasaccusedofembezzlingfundsfromthesaleofofficialhorsesxuzhigaohadtheofficialwangrenreplacezhonganddemotedzhongtothepostofprefectofraoprefectureinmodernshangraojiangxixuwenhimselfhadzhonginterrogatedatjinlingbutwhenzhongrefusedtodefendhimselfreleasedhimxuzhigaowantedtofurtherpunishzhongbutxuwenpointingoutthatwithoutzhonghewouldhavediedatzhanghaoshandsrefusedratherhehadxuzhigaossonemperoryuanzongofsoutherntangxujingtongmarryempresszhongzhongsdaughtertotrytoresolvethehardfeelingsmeanwhilezhaiqianasxuwenscloseassociateandyangpuspalaceguardshadbeenkeepingaclosewatchonthekingwhenxuwenttopayhomagetoyangpuinyangpupolitelybutfirmlyobjectedtozhaisdoingsostatingthatwhileheknewthatxuwasloyaltowuzhaiwasactinginexcessofhisauthorityxuapologizedtothekingandinitiallyofferedtoputzhaitodeathyangpuinsteadsuggestedexilesozhaiwasexiledtofuprefecturerefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefinqianliuwasillandwenttohishometownyijinbaseinmodernhangzhoutorecuperateleavinghissonqianchuanguaninchargeoftheaffairsofstatexuwensentanemissarytowishhimwellandinitiallyqianliusattendantsadvisedhimnottomeetwiththewuemissaryqianliubelievingthatxuwasintendingtolaunchanattackifhewereseriouslyilldecidedtomeetwiththeemissarytoshowthathewasnotseriouslyillafterthemeetingxudecidednottoattackwuyuerefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefafterthedeathoflatertangsemperorzhuangzongandthesuccessionofemperormingzonggaojixingtheruleroflatertangsvassalstatejingnanturnedmoreindependentinheseizedhorsesthatemperormingzongwasawardingtomayinandofferedtosubmittowuasasubjectxudecidingthathavingjingnanasavassalwasimpracticalduetothelongdistancebetweenjingnanandwuproperwhereasjingnanwasclosetolatertangscapitalluoyangdeclinedtoacceptgaoasavassalthroughouttheyearsmanyofxusadvisorsincludingyanchenyanqianandxujiehadlongadvocatedhavingxuwenreplacexuzhigaoasjuniorregentwithoneofhisbiologicalsonsandtheoldestsurvivingamongthemxuzhixunyoungeralsohadlongrequestedtoreplacexuzhigaoxuwendidnothavethehearttodosoduetoxuzhigaosdiligenceandfilialpietyinhoweverxuwenmadeuphismindtodososohepreparedtoheadtojiangduieyangprefecturetopayhomagetoyangpuandpersuadeyangputoclaimimperialtitleandthencarryoutthereplacementashewasabouttodepartjinlinghoweverhegrewillsohewroteapetitionurgingyangputotakeimperialtitleandhadtheyoungerxuzhixunpreparetodeliverittojiangduandthenremaintheretotakexuzhigaosplacewhenxuzhigaoheardthisheknewhecouldnotresisthisfathersodraftedapetitionaskingtobemadethemilitarygovernorofzhennanhoweverbeforetheyoungerxuzhixuncouldarriveatjiangduxuwendiedforcingtheyoungerxuzhixuntoimmediatelyreturntojinlingandxuzhigaoremainedasregentyangpuposthumouslycreatedxuwentheprinceofqiafterxuzhigaoeventuallyseizedthewuthroneandestablishedsoutherntangwhilehechangedhisnametolibianhehonoredxuwenasemperorwuwiththetemplenameofyizurefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefpersonalinformationmotherladyzhoudiedwivesladybailadyliposthumouslyhonoredasempressmingdehonoredadoptivemotherofxuzhigaomajorconcubineladychenchildrenxuzhixunelderxzhxnkilledbyzhujinxuzhixunyoungerxzhxndiedprincekangofdonghaixuzhihuixuzhijiandiedxuzhizhenginitiallycreatedtheprinceofjiangcreatedlatertheprinceofweixuzhieinitiallycreatedtheprinceofraocreatedlatertheprincehuaiofliangprincessguangdewifeoflijianxunadoptivechildxuzhigaolateremperorliezuofsoutherntangunderthenamelibiannotesandreferencesnewhistoryofthefivedynastieszhsvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhszhszhszhszhszhszhszhszhszhszhszhszhsspringandautumnannalsofthetenkingdomsarchiveorgstreamcnpagenmodeupvolmoseschanbowielamcharmaineshehmaggieshiuqueeniechuelainejinangelatongchemboximagefilesectionchemboxidentifierscasnosectionchemboxpropertiesformulaxeclsubsubmolarmassgmolxenondichloridexeclsubsubisanoblegascompoundxenoncompoundsxenoncompoundandtheonlyknownstablechlorideofxenonthecompoundcanbepreparedbyusingmicrowavedischargestowardsthemixtureofxenonandchlorineanditcanbeisolatedfromacondensatetraponeexperimenttriedtousexenonchlorineandborontrichloridetoproducexeclsubsubbclsubsubbutonlygeneratedxenondichloriderefnamerefhoweveritisstilldoubtfulwhetherxenondichlorideisatruecompoundorasupermoleculecomposedofaxenonatomandachlorinemoleculeconnectedbyasecondarybondrefcitejournalauthorproserpiodavidemauthorhoffmannroaldauthorjandakennethctitlethexenonchlorineconundrumvanderwaalscomplexorlinearmoleculeyearvolumejournaljournaloftheamericanchemicalsocietyissuepagedoijaarefxenonmonochlorideisusedinexcimerlasersxesubsubclalsoexistsintheexcimerstaterefnamelorentsrefreferencesinfoboxcompanynamexdevelopmentllclogologoofxcompanysvglogosizepxtypesubsidiaryofalphabetinckeypeopleplainlistastrotellersmallchiefexecutiveofficerceocaptainofmoonshotssmallindustryresearchanddevelopmentproductsplainlistartificialintelligencecomputationalneurosciencehealthcarebiotechnologyservicesparentgooglebralphabetincpresentdivisionssubsidformernamegooglexfoundationplainlistfoundersflatlistsebastianthrunyokymatsuokaastrotellerlocationcitymountainviewcalifornialocationcountryunitedstateshomepagexcompanyxcompanyxanamericansemisecretresearchanddevelopmentfacilityfoundedbygoogleinjanuaryasgooglexoperatesasasubsidiaryofalphabetincxhasitsheadquartersaboutamileandahalffromgooglescorporateheadquartersthegoogleplexinmountainviewcaliforniarefnamebusinessweekrefrefnamenytimesrefworkatxisoverseenbyentrepreneurscientistastrotellerasceoandcaptainofmoonshotsonoctoberafterthecompleterestructuringofgoogleintoalphabetgooglexbecameanindependentalphabetcompanyandwasrenamedtoxprojectsxsmissionistoinventandlaunchmoonshottechnologiesthataimtomaketheworldaradicallybetterplaceamoonshotisdefinedbyxastheintersectionofabigproblemaradicalsolutionandbreakthroughtechnologywaymoselfdrivingcarwaymowasaprojectbygooglethatinvolvesdevelopingtechnologyfordriverlesscarsindecembergoogletransitionedtheprojectintoanewcompanycalledwaymohousedundergooglesparentcompanyalphabettheprojectwasledbygoogleengineersebastianthrundirectorofthestanfordartificialintelligencelaboratoryandcoinventorofgooglestreetviewthrunsteamatstanfordcreatedtheroboticvehiclestanleyvehiclestanleywhichwonthedarpagrandchallengeanditsprizefromtheunitedstatesdepartmentofdefenserefnamenytreftheteamdevelopingthesystemconsistedofengineersworkingforgoogleincludingchrisurmsonmikemontemerloandanthonylevandowskiwhohadworkedonthedarpagrandandurbanchallengesrefnamegooglereftheusstateofnevadapassedalawinjuneconcerningtheoperationofdriverlesscarsinnevadagooglehadbeenlobbyingfordriverlesscarlawsrefnamegccrefrefnameforbesrefrefnamenytrefthelicensewasissuedtoatoyotapriusmodifiedwithgooglesexperimentaldriverlesstechnologyrefnamestlicenserefgooglehadtestdriventheirfleetofvehiclesinautonomousmodeatotalofloonprojectloonisaprojectthataimstobringinternetaccesstoeveryonebycreatinganinternetnetworkofballoonsflyingthroughthestratosphereituseswirelessroutersinballoonsthatareaboveweatherandplanstogiveaccesstotheinternettothosewhocantreachitorareinneedofhelpwingprojectwingisaprojectthataimstorapidlydeliverproductsacrossacitybyusingflyingvehiclessimilartotheamazonprimeairconceptatthetimeoftheannouncementonaugustithadalreadybeenindevelopmentsecretlyatgoogleforabouttwoyearswithfullscaletestingbeingcarriedoutinaustraliatheflyingvehiclestakeoffverticallythenrotatetoahorizontalpositionforflyingaroundfordeliveryithoversandwinchespackagesdowntothegroundattheendofthetetherisasmallbundleofelectronicswhichdetectsthatthepackagehashitthegrounddetachesfromthedeliveryandispulledbackupintothebodyofthevehicledroppingthecargoorlandingwerefoundtobeunfeasibleasuserscompromisedthesafetyrefnamegrawarwickgrahamaviationweekcomtechnologygoogledetailsprojectwingunmannedpackagedeliveryrdgoogledetailsprojectwingunmannedpackagedeliveryrdaviationweekspacetechnologynovemberaccessednovemberonnovemberrefglassprojectglassisaresearchanddevelopmentprogrambygoogletodevelopanaugmentedrealityheadmounteddisplayhmdtheintendedpurposeofprojectglassproductswouldbethehandsfreedisplayingofinformationcurrentlyavailabletomostsmartphoneusersandallowingforinteractionwiththeinternetvianaturallanguageprocessingnaturallanguagevoicecommandsonegoogleglasscostsbargeinoctobertheexistenceoffourgooglebargeswasrevealedwiththevesselsregisteredunderthedummycorporationbyandlargetwoofthebargeshaveasuperstructurewhoseconstructionhasbeenkeptundertheutmostsecrecywhilespeculationsindicatetheycouldbeusedasmarketingforandstoresforgoogleglasshoweverthesearemerelyspeculationsothershavesuggestedthatitmightbeusedasafloatingdatacentergraduatedprojectsthegooglecontactlensasmartcontactlensthataimstoassistpeoplewithdiabetesbyconstantlymeasuringtheglucoselevelsintheirtearswasannouncedbygoogleonjanuaryrefnamegoogleblogrefthisprojectthenanodiagnosticsprojectrefnamewiredreftodevelopacancerdetectingpillandotherlifescienceseffortsarenowbeingcarriedoutbyverilygooglebrainisnowadeeplearningresearchprojectatgooglewhichstartedasanxprojectconsideredoneofthebiggestsuccessesrefnamenytimesbusinessrefthisoneprojecthasproducedenoughvalueforgoogletomorethancoverthetotalcostsofxaccordingtoastrotellerrefnamenytimesbitsrefwaymoseeabovedandelionwasspunoutasacompanynotunderthealphabetumbrellaaimingtosellgeothermalenergysystemstoconsumersgooglewatchgcamverilyprojectinsightprojecttangofluxdaydreamviewchroniclecompanychronicleexplorationscolumnslistcolwidthemfoghornaprojecttoproduceliquidhydrocarbonfuelforvehiclesusingseawaterasasourceofcarbondioxideextractedusingmembranetechnologyandalsoasasourceofhydrogenusingelectrolysistheprojectwaskilledbyxinandtheresultspublishedincalciferexploredusinglighterthanairvehiclestomovefreightatlowercostincountrieswithpoortransportationinfrastructureabandonedinduetothehighcostofprototypingandlimitedexpectedimpactotherprojectscolumnslistcolwidthemthewebofthingsawayofconnectingrealworldobjectstotheinternetlonglastingsmartphonebatteriesrefnamenytimesrefmaltaanenergystorageconceptthatusesaheatpumptochargebothhotsaltandcoldantifreezereservoirswhenrenewableenergyisavailableandthenusethetemperaturedifferencebetweenthereservoirstogenerateelectricityasneededatothertimesfsocfreespaceopticalcommunicationsaspinofffromlunethatuseslaserstocommunicatethroughtheairoverrelativelylongdistancesapilotprojectisplannedforandhrapradeshstateinindiaprojectsthatxhasconsideredandrejectedincludeaspaceelevatorwhichwasdeemedtobecurrentlyinfeasibleahoverboardwhichwasdeterminedtobetoocostlyrelativetothesocietalbenefitsausersafejetpackwhichwasthoughttobetooloudandenergywastingapproachinfebruaryastrotellerthexcaptainofmoonshotsgaveatedtalkinwhichhedescribedthexapproachtoprojectsunusualcharacteristicsoftheapproachincludedconstantlytryingtofindreasonstokilloffprojectsbytacklingthehardestpartsfirstandbothcelebratingandrewardingstaffwhenprojectswerekilledoffduetofailuresubsidiariesanumberofcompanieslistofmergersandacquisitionsbygooglehavebeenacquiredandmergedintoxcoveringadiverserangeofskillsincludingwindturbinesroboticsartificialintelligencehumanoidrobotsroboticarmsandcomputervisioninxacquiredmakanipowerauscompanywhichdevelopstetheredwingskiteswithmountedwindturbinesforlowcostrenewableenergygenerationinitacquiredproductdesignandmechanicalengineeringfirmgeckodesignwhosepreviousproductsincludedthefitbitactivitytrackerandlowcostcomputersasofxhasacquiredcompaniesamongthemareredwoodroboticsmekaroboticsbostondynamicsandjetpacrefnamerefinjunexsoldbostondynamicstosoftbankgroupcampusareporterfrombloombergbusinessweekvisitedthesiteinanddescribeditasordinarytwostoryredbrickbuildingsaboutahalfmilefromgooglesmaincampustheresaburblingfountainoutfrontandrowsofcompanyissuedbikeswhichemployeesusetoshuttletothemaincampusseealsoartificialintelligenceglossaryofartificialintelligencegooglelabsskunkworksprojectreferencesreviewsoflatesttechnicalreviewscomgooglexgooglexexternallinksxlrixavierschoolofmanagementinfoboxsettlementnamexindianothernamenativenametranslitlangchinesecharacterchinesetranslitlangtypechinesecharacterchinesetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxndinzhnnicknamesettlementtypesubdistrictmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmappushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinhebeipushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehebeisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnamexingtaisubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountysubdivisionnamerencountysubdivi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porteaststationstationbaoancenterstationstationxinanstationstationqianhaiwanstationterminalluohustationexitsclasswikitablestylewidthpxexitdestinationaligncenterexitaxinhuroadnxinanstroadebaoanshiyanschoolkaixuantownxinchengbordercheckpointaligncenterexitbxinhuroadnxinanstroadwzhongnangardenxinjinanyayuanaligncenterexitcxinhuroadnjiaanroadnobiarydomainxianteatownaligncenterexitdxinhuroadsjiaanroadroyalbayphaseialigncenterexitexinhuroadsxinanstroadcentralbloodcenterofbaoandistrictroyalbayphasereferencesexternallinksszmcnetpageserviceservicehtmlcodesiteshenzhenmetroxinanstationchineseszmcnetpageengstationshtmlxlcodeshenzhenmetroxinanstationenglishshenzhenmetrolineyesmazzarothxuzhixundiedwastheoldestbiologicalsonofxuwentheregentofthehistoryofchinachinesefivedynastiesandtenkingdomsperiodstatewutenkingdomswuheservedasthejuniorregentfromtohisdeathinwithhisfatherstationinghimselfatjinlingawayfromthecapitalguanglinginmodernyangzhoujiangsuxuzhixunsarrogancealienatedthewugeneralsandinafterheangeredthegeneralzhujinzhuassassinatedhimbackgrounditisnotknownwhenxuzhixunwasbornorwhohismotherwashewastheoldestknownbiologicalsonofxuwensitisnotknownwhetherxuwensadoptivesonemperorliezuofsoutherntangxuzhigaowasolderoryoungerthanhewaseventhoughitwasclearthatxuzhigaowasolderthantheyoungerxuzhixunitwassaidthatxuzhixuntriedtolearnmilitarystrategieswhenhewasyoungbutwasnotattentivetohisstudieshefavoredcombatgamesbotharmedandunarmedasinhisyouthxuwenhadalreadybecometheregentofwuhebasedonhisfathersstatuswascarryingoutimproperactionswithimpunityasjuniorregentinapparentlyinpreparationforhimselftobestationedoutsideguanglingxuwenmadexuzhixunwhowasthenaguardcommanderfortheheadquartersofwusprinceyanglongyanthedeputycommanderofthehuainancircuitheadquarteredatguanglingarmedforceslaterintheyearxuwenleftguanglingtotakeupadefensepostatrunprefectureinmodernzhenjiangjiangsuleavingxuzhixunatguanglingtogovernaffairsofthestatewithhehimselfonlyrulingonimportantmattersinthewuofficersmaqianandliqiutriedtostartacoupagainstxuzhixuntheyseizedyanglongyanandascendedatowerorderingthesoldierstoattackxuzhixunxuzhixunwasabouttofleewhentheofficialyankeqiuadvisedhimnottoarguingthatforhimtofleewouldcauseamassivepanicsoonreliefforceslaunchedbyxuwenfromrunprefecturecommandedbythegeneralzhujinarrivedwhenzhucalledouttothemutineersoldierstosurrendertheypanickedandfledmaandliwerecapturedandexecutedlateinemperorzhuangzongoflatertanglicunxutheprinceofjinwhosejinstatesharedacommonenemylaterliangfivedynastieslaterliangwithwurequestedthatjinandwuattacklaterliangsimultaneouslyanwuarmywaslaunchedwithxuzhixunandzhuincommandandtheyputlaterliangsyingprefectureinmodernfuyanganhuiundersiegeinspringthoughwiththelaterlianggeneralyuanxiangxianarrivingwithareliefforcethewuarmywithdrewovertheyearsasjuniorregentxuzhixungrewevenmorearrogantalienatingthewuofficialsandofficershewasevendisrespectfultoyanglongyanwhowasformallyhissovereignforexampleonceheputonaplaywithhimselfplayingthecharacterofanarmyofficerandwithyanglongyanplayingthecharacterofaservantfollowinghimaroundabjectlyhealsooncefiredslingshotsatyanglongyanwhentheybothwentonarivercruiseonyetanotheroccasionwhentheywerebothwatchingflowersatchanzhitemplexuzhixunwasdrunkandbecameveryinsultingtowardyanglongyansuchthattheprincebecamefearfulandbegantocrytheprincesattendantsquicklyputhimonaboatandleftthescenexuzhixuntriedtogivechaseandwhenhecouldnotcatchuptoyanglongyanhekilledsomeofyanglongyansattendantsoncewhenxuzhixunheardthatthegenerallidechenghadmanysinginggirlsinhishouseholdhesentademandtolithatthesinginggirlsbegiventohimwhenlirespondedthatthesesinginggirlsweretoooldforxuandthathewouldtrytofindyoungerandmorebeautifulonesforxuxurespondedtolismessengeronedayiwillkilllidechengandtakeevenhiswifetheseunlawfuldeedshoweverweresaidtobeunreportedtoxuwenasthestaffmemberswerefearfuloftheconsequencesofreportingrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefxuzhixunwassimilarlyarroganttowardhisadoptivebrotherxuzhigaonotacknowledginghimasatruebrotheronanoccasionwhenhegatheredthebrothersforafeastxuzhigaowasunabletoattendcausinghimtomaketheremarkthebeggardoesnotwantwinedoeshewantaswordonanotheroccasionwhenhewasfeastingwithxuzhigaohehadhisguardspreparetokillxuzhigaooncexuzhigaowouldgetdrunkhisyoungerbrotherxuzhijianwhowasfriendlywithxuzhigaosecretlysteppedonxuzhigaosfootduringthefeasttowarnhimandxuzhigaoleftthefeastpretendingtobegoingtothelatrinewhenxuzhixunrealizedthishesenthisguarddiaoyannengtotrytochaseafterxuzhigaobutdiaoaftercatchinguptoxuzhigaoandacknowledgingxuzhigaoreturnedclaimingtobeunabletocatchuptoxuzhigaoitwassaidthatamonghisstaffmembersonlydiaodaredtoadvisehimtochangehiswaysandthatthereasonwhythewuadministrationdidnotfallintocompletedisarraywasbecausexuzhijianwasassistinghiminpolicymattersinwhenxuwenmovedhisheadquartersfromrunprefecturetoshengprefectureinmodernnanjingjiangsuandwantedtomakexuzhigaowhohadbeentheprefectofshengthemilitaryprefectofrunxuzhigaowasinitiallyunhappyaboutnotbeinggivenxuanprefectureinmodernxuanchenganhuiinsteadxuzhigaosstrategistsongqiqiupointedouttohimthatxuzhixunsarrogancewouldsoonbringdisasterandthatrunbeingjustacrosstheyangtzeriverfromguanglinggavehimaperfectpositiontotakeadvantageofthisdeathbyxuzhixunwhothencarriedthetitlesofcommanderofallhuainancavalryandinfantrysoldiersmilitarygovernorjiedushiofchanghuacircuitthelocationofwhichwasnotrecordedinhistoryandthehonorarychancelloroftangdynastychancellordesignationtongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshihadalsoalienatedzhujinwhohadpreviouslytaughthimmilitarystrategiesononeoccasionxutriedtorapeoneofzhusservantgirlsfurtherzhuasaseniorgeneralwasatthatpointcarryingthehightitleofdeputysupremecommanderofthesoutheasterncircuitswithyanglongyanhimselfcarryingthetitleofsupremecommanderandthereforeformallycarriedahigherpositionthanxuxuwasdispleasedwiththisandthereforedecidedtosendzhuoutofthecapitalhethereforeestablishedajinghuaicircuitatsiprefectureinmodernhuaianandmadezhuthemilitarygovernorzhubecamehatefulofxuzhixunaswellbutoutwardlypretendedtocontinuetohonorxuzhixunaszhuwasoutwardlypreparingtoleavejiangduxuzhixunwenttobidhimfarewellzhuheldafeastforhimofferedhimwinehadzhusfavoriteconcubinecomeoutsidetogreethimandsingforhimandpresentedzhusfavoritehorseasagifttohimzhutheninvitedhimintothemiddleofzhusmansionwherezhuswifeladytaocameouttogreethimaswellasasignofrespectxuzhixunwaspleasedandtooknofurtherprecautionswhilezhualreadyhadhiseliteguardssurroundthehallasladytaobowedtoxuzhixunandhebowedbackzhustruckhimandashefelltothegroundzhuselitesoldiersenteredandcutoffhisheadafterzhutooktheheadandshowedthemtoxuzhixunssoldierstheyallfledhowevershortlyafterzhuwhofailedinhisattempttosolicityanglongyanssupportforthisactionwascorneredbysoldiersunderxuwensassociatezhaiqianandcommittedsuicidenotesandreferenceszizhitongjianvolszhszhsspringandautumnannalsofthetenkingdomsarchiveorgstreamcnpagenmodeupvolxuzhixundiedformallyprincekangofdonghaiwasthesecondbiologicalsonofxuwentheregentofthehistoryofchinachinesefivedynastiesandtenkingdomsperiodstatewutenkingdomswuhehadtriedtoduringxuwenslifetimedisplacehisolderadoptivebrotheremperorliezuofsoutherntangxuzhigaoasthejuniorregentbutwasunabletodosoafterxuwensdeathhetriedtocontendforcontrolofthewustatewithxuzhigaoasheinheritedthecommandofthelargearmyunderxuwenscommandbutwaslaterdetainedandstrippedofthecommandbyxuzhigaohelatercontinuedtoserveasageneralofthewustatebutwithoutsufficientpowertoagainchallengexuzhigaobackgrounditisnotknownwhenxuzhixunwasbornorwhohismotherwashewasthesecondoldestknownbiologicalsonofxuwensxuwensadoptivesonemperorliezuofsoutherntangxuzhigaowasolderthanhewasrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefitwassaidthatneitherhenortheelderxuzhixunhadanyrealregardforxuzhigaoasabrotherrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefduringxuwensregencythefirsthistoricalreferencetoxuzhixunwasinwhentheelderxuzhixunthenservingasthejuniorregentatwuscapitalguanglinginmodernyangzhoujiangsuwithxuwenstationedatshengprefectureinmodernnanjingjiangsuwasassassinatedbythegeneralzhujinwhothencommittedsuicideallofxuwenssonsexceptxuzhigaowhowasthenwerethensaidtobeyoungsoxuwenmadexuzhigaothejuniorregentreplacingtheelderxuzhixunsubsequentlyxusentrustedofficialyankeqiusuggestedreplacingxuzhigaowithxuzhixunbutxuwendidnotdosoovertheyearsyanandotherofficialsincludingchenyanqianandxujiesoutherntangxujiehadalsoadvocatedforxuwentoreplacexuzhigaowithabiologicalsonalthoughthehistoricalrecordsdidnotindicatethattheyrecommendedxuzhixunspecificallyxuzhixunhimselfhadalsolobbiedxuwenbutxuwenrespondednoneofyouhasmuchtalentasyourolderbrotherhoweverbybywhichtimexuzhixuncarriedthetitlesofcommanderofarmedforcesxingjunsimamilitarygovernorjiedushiofzhongyicircuitheadquarteredinmodernxiangyanghubeibutwhichwasthenundercontroloflatertangandhonorarychancelloroftangdynastychancellortongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshixuwenchangedhismindhewasplanningtoheadtoguanglingtorecommendtothenkingofwuyangputhatyangpuclaimimperialtitleandthenassignhistwosonstonewpostswithxuzhixunreplacingxuzhigaoasjuniorregenthoweverashewassettodepartshengprefecturehebecameillandheinsteadwrotehispetitionandsentxuzhixuntowardguanglingintendingtohavexuzhixunreplacexuzhigaoafterthepetitionweredeliveredxuzhigaohearingthisdecidedtoresignandrequesttobethemilitarygovernorofzhennancircuitheadquarteredinmodernnanchangjiangxihoweverwhenxuzhixunwasstillonthewayxuwendiedandxuzhixunhearingofxuwensdeathimmediatelyreturnedtoshengprefecturetoattendtotheaftermathsallowingxuzhigaotoforthetimebeingremainasregentafterxuwensdeathshortlyafterxuwensdeathyangpuperxuwensfinalrecommendationstookimperialtitlemeanwhilexuwenstitlesweresplitbetweenxuzhigaoandxuzhixunwithxuzhigaoassumingxuwenstitleasoverseerofallmilitarymattersduduzhongwaizongjunshiwhilexuzhixuntookonthetitleofdeputysupremecommanderofallcircuitszhudaofudutongwithxuwenhavingbeensupremecommanderbeforeandthatpostnowleftopenandmilitarygovernorofningguoheadquarteredinmodernxuanchenganhuiandzhenhaiheadquarteredinmodernzhenjiangjiangsucircuitswhichxuwenhadbeenhealsotookthegreaterhonorarychancellortitleofshizhongeventhoughxuzhigaoremainedincontrolofwusimperialgovernmentxuzhixunatjinlingieshengprefecturecontrolledthelargestarmyofthestateandhewieldingthatauthoritycontendedfordecisionmakingwithxuzhigaowhotriedtocurbxuzhixunsmilitarypowerforexampleinwhenxuzhixunsfatherinlawthegenerallijianthemilitarygovernorofwuchangcircuitheadquarteredinmodernwuhanhubeidiedxuzhixuntookoflijianssoldiersandkeptthemunderhiscommandwhilerecommendinglijianssonliyanzhongtosucceedlijianxuzhigaohoweverignoringxuzhixunsrecommendationsmadethegeneralchaizaiyongthemilitarygovernorofwuchangdrawingxuzhixunsiregivenxuzhixunsmilitarystrengthxuzhigaofearedhimbutxuzhixunsarrogancealienatedhisyoungerbrothersparticularlybothxuzhihuiandxuzhijianxuzhihuisecretlyreportedxuzhixunsactionstoxuzhigaowhilexuzhijianatguanglingparticipatedinxuzhigaosmachinationsagainstxuzhixunxujiewhohadpreviouslysupportedxuzhixunalsorealizedthatxuzhixunlackedtheproperabilitiestoleadandinsteadturnedhisallegiancetoxuzhigaomeanwhilexuzhixunwasnotcurbinghisactionsproperlyforexamplewhenqianliuthekingofwusneighborwuyuesentxuzhixungiftsofvesselsandsaddlesadornwithdragonsandphoenixeswhichonlythesovereigncouldusexuzhixunusedthemmakingnoattemptstoavoidmakingthemintoadisplayhiscloseassociatezhoutingwangpersuadedhimtoletzhoutakelargeamountsofwealthtoguanglingtotrytousethemtobribeotherhighlevelofficialstoturnfromxuzhigaoandtowardhimbutwhenzhouarrivedatguanglingzhousecretlypledgedallegiancetoxuzhigaothroughxuzhigaosassociatezhouzongandinformedxuzhixunsactionstoxuzhigaobutthenwhenhereturnedtojinlingalsoinformedxuzhigaosactionstoxuzhixuntryingtoplaybothsideslaterinxuzhixuntriedtosummonxuzhigaotojinlingtoattendaceremonywheretheywouldremovemourningclothesthattheyhadputonforxuwensdeathxuzhigaorefusedclaimingthatyangpuwouldnotlethimleavethecapitalmeanwhilezhouzongtoldzhoutingwangtoinformxuzhixunthathehadbeenaccusedofsevenmajorcrimesandshouldgotothecapitaltodefendhimselfxuzhixunbelievedzhoutingwangandthereforewenttoguanglingoncehearrivedtherexuzhigaodetainedhimanddidnotallowhimtoreturntojinlingsendingtheofficerkehoutoleadthejinlingforcesbacktoguanglingthusconsolidatingthecommandunderxuzhigaohimselfxuzhixunwaskeptatguanglingtotaketheofficeofarmycommandertongjunstillcarryingthetitleofmilitarygovernorofzhenhaicircuitthecommandofningguocircuitwenttoxuzhigaothebrothersthenhadaverbalconfrontationinwhichxuzhixunstatedwhenthedeceasedprinceiexuwenwhocarriedthetitleofprinceofdonghaileftthisworldyouolderbrotherwerehissonhowcoulditbethatyoudidnotattendtohisfunerealmattersxuzhigaorespondedyouhadasworddrawnintendedformehowcouldidaretogoyouareasubjectsohowcouldyouhaveriddenonimperialwagonsandwornimperialclotheswhenxuzhixunthenquestionedhimabouthisactionsxuzhigaorealizedthatzhoutingwangwasplayingbothsidessohadzhoutingwangexecutedlaterintherewasanincidentinwhichtraditionallyitwasbelievedthatxuzhigaotriedtopoisonxuzhixunxuzhigaohadheldafeastforxuzhixunandofferedhimwineinagoldgobletstatingmaymyyoungerbrotherliveathousandyearsxuzhixunsuspectingthatthewinewaspoisonedpouredhalfofthewineintoanothergoldgobletandofferedittoxuzhigaostatingiwishtolivefivehundredyearsapiecewithyouolderbrotherxuzhigaosexpressionchangedandinitiallywouldnotdrinkwhilexuzhixunwouldnotwithdrawhisofferandtheirattendantsdidnotknowwhattodohoweveranactornamedshenjiangaowalkedbythemandafterstatingsomehumorouswordsgrabbedthetwogobletsanddrankthewineinsidehimselfandthenleftwiththegobletswhenxuzhigaosecretlysentanantidotetoshenshouseitwastoolateshenhadalreadydiedafterthishoweverxuzhigaoappearedtohavemadenofurtherattemptsonxuzhixunslifeatsomepointitappearedthatxuzhigaoallowedhimtoreporttozhenhaiscapitalrunprefecturebuthedidnotspendmucheffortingoverningthecircuitinxuzhijianwhowasthenservingasthemilitarygovernorofzhennandiedyangpucommissionedxuzhixuntoreplacehimandalsocreatedhimtheprinceofdonghaionthewaytozhennanhemetxuzhijiansfunerealtrainandhewassaidtohavetouchedxuzhijianscasketandweptstatingyouyoungerbrotherintendedthisandihavenoregretsbuthowcanyoufacethedeceasedprinceintheunderworldrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefhediedinwhilestillservingatzhennanrefnamezztjzizhitongianzhsvolrefnotesandreferenceszizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhsspringandautumnannalsofthetenkingdomsarchiveorgstreamcnpagenmodeupvolinfoboxsettlementnamexiaoheothernamenativenametranslitlangchinesecharacterchinesetranslitlangtypechinesecharacterchinesetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypetownchinatownmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmappushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinanhuipushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameanhuisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnamechizhousubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountysubdivisionnameshitaicountysubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamegovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablis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coffsetcoordinateselevationmelevationftxincunisalistoftownshipleveldivisionsofanhuitownshipleveldivisionsituatedinfunancountyfuyanganhuichinaseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofanhuireferencesencyclopaediaislamicalistofwinlessseasonslistofwinlessseasonsxurongmayrefertoxuronggeneraldiedmilitarygeneralservingunderthewarlorddongzhuoxurongbadmintonretiredfemalebadmintonplayerfromchinaxustatewhosepeoplewerereferredtoasxurongbythezhoudynastythislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellarabicdiacriticssukunredirectcategoryshellhamzaarabicdiacriticskasrahredirectcategoryshellgagauzpeoplegeshesherabgyatsoxdrivexinjiangflyingtigersrosterxviiiarmycorpswehrmachtxreunionbeidixxvcorpsborjomiredirectcategoryshellperfectseasonperfectseasonperfectseasonxinghuahighschoolwasfoundedinanditsoriginalnamewasxinghuacountyjuniorhighschooltheschoolislocatedintheoriginalsiteofwenzhengcollegetheschoolhademployedwelltrainedteacherstoteachstudentwhichmadeitbecomewellknownasthekuanxingwuiaftertheantijapanesewartheschoolmovedtoatempleinxinghuajiangsuxinghuacityafterthenewchinawasfoundedinthejiangsuciviladministrationdecidedtonametheschooljiangsuxinghuaschoolinitwasrenamedxinghuahighschooljiangsuprovinceandbecameoneoftheprovincialfirstclasshighschoolsintheprovincialgovernmentclaimedtheschoolasamemberoftheprovincesfirstgovernmentrunschoolsinitwasacceptedasoneoftheprovincialkeyhighschoolsinjiangsuprovinceitreceivedthefirstfourstarhighschoolacceptanceinjiangsuprovincehistorytheschoolhistorycanbetracedbacktotheqingdynastywhenitwasandatthattimetheschoolwascalledwengzhenacademyinthegovernmentofjiangsuprovinceauthorizedtheschooltorenameasxinghuamiddleschoolinitwasawardedthereputationoffourstarlevelhighschoolthescaleoftheschooltheschoolhascoveredanareaofacresthefloorareaoftheconstructionbuildingsisaboutmandthegreenareaisaboutmtheregionofconstructionisrelativelyandrationalconcentratedincludingteachingbuildingsthegymnasiumthestudentapartmentsthedininghallsetcagroupofmodernbuildinggroupsstandamongthoseconstructionsforinstanceabridgeinmlengthcalledjingfanbridgetoshowadmirationtofanzhongyancrossestheeasternandthewesternpartofthecampusavarietyofnaturalandculturallandscapesexisttheteacherresourcestherearefiftyfourhighlevelclassesintheschoolnowthenumberofthestudentsismorethanandthenumberofthefacultiesismorethantheteachersintheschoolallhaveabachelordegreeorabovetherearethreespecialgradeteachersonewellknownprovincialgradeteachereightysevenseniorteachersandsixtyninesecondaryteachersintheschoolnowthefamouspeopleintheschoolxinghuahighschoolisafamousschoolwithcivilizationculturalheritageandrevolutionarytraditionandisalsoadynamicmodernschooltheschoolfellowsappeareverywhereandtalentsarewellknowninthewholeworldtherearefouralumnihavebeenvotedascommitteesofthechineseacademyofsciencesandtheheadmasterofacademyofsciencestherearemanyfamousschoolfellowsincludingjingyiniuyajiezhuchunfenliweirendepinglitonggongyuanshaowuchenzuqifangzhangyanactressyanzhangandsoonschoolslogansschoolmottohonestyandsincerityschoolspiritdiligencethinkingrealisticdisciplinereferencesxheducomwebarchiveorgwebtznewscnarticlejiaoyuxiaoyzthtmlhuqingyutangxinghuahighschoolhumaidbinrashidalnuaimiinfoboxsoftwarenamexerocoderxpoweroperatingsystemcrossplatformgenrerapidapplicationdevelopmentradtoolforgridcomputinglicensecommercialandotherswebsitewebarchiveorgwebxerosyscomxerocoderwascreatedwiththeopensourceprojectlazarusfreepascalandaimstobeadevelopmentenvironmentthatencapsulatesgridcomputingxerocoderincludesthecorelibrariestocreateliveapplicationsthatcanperformonagridcomputingsystemgridpoweredapplicationsareprogramsthataredistributedovermanycomputerserverorclientmachinesandexistinmanyinstancenodestheadvantageofthisdistributednodesystemisthatwhentheapplicationisusedthemosteconomicalnodeistriggeredtocompleteataskortoprovideacomputationresourceinoveralluptoenergycanbesavedcomparedtoregularapplicationsuniversitiessuchasistanbuluniversityuniversityofphoenixuniversityofbirminghamareusingthexerocoderideintheirlecturesaboutgridcomputingtechniquesbecauseahumanreadablecomputationalmapxmlfileisgeneratedbycompilerthatcanbeusedtoanalyzethegridcomputationtaskandprocesstheoreticallyxerocoderisacrossplatformdevelopmentidewhichprovidesavisualradrapidapplicationdevelopmentenvironmentforfreebsdwindowslinuxmacosxandmobiledevicesjamesleeguymountmeakanmountoakanxindixncnmayrefertothefollowinglocationsinchinaxincunhuiethnictownshiphuanghuahebeitownsxincunfunancountyanhuixincunlingshuicountyinlingshuiliautonomouscountyhainanxincunxinzhenghenanxincunchuxionginchuxiongcityyunnanxindixindiinstrumentinfoboxartistbgcolourednamexanthoshadjisoteriouimageimagesizealtcaptionbirthnamebirthdatebirthplacefamagustacyprusdeathdatedeathplacelimassolcyprusnationalitycypruscypriotfieldartsdesigntrainingmovementworkspatronsinfluencedbyinfluencedawardselectedwebsitexanthoshadji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llowedxubacktotanprefecturemasubsequentlymadexutheprefectofyueanddengtheprefectofhengprefectureinmodernhengyanghunanhoweverinyangxingmissonandsuccessoryangwosenttheofficerchenzhixintoattackyueprefecturechenexpelledxuandtookyueprefectureforhuainanrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefduringmayinsreignasprincekingofchuduringlaterlianginzhuquanzhonghademperorzhaozongssonandsuccessoremperoraioftangemperoraiyieldthethronetohimendingtangandstartinganewlaterliangfivedynastieslaterliangasitsemperortaizuhecreatedmayintheprinceofchuandthereaftermasterritorywasconsideredaseparatestateofchutenkingdomschuasavassaloflaterliangrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolreflaterinyangwowhohadrefusedtorecognizelaterliangandwhosedomainnowformedastateofwutenkingdomshongnongsentliucunchenzhixinandliuweitolaunchalargeattackonchumasentqinyanhuiandhuangfantoengagethemqinandhuangdefeatedandcapturedliucunandchenandliuweifledallowingqintorecaptureyueprefecturewherexuapparentlythenreturnedforlaterthatyearhewasreferredtoastheprefectofyueatthattimemawassendingqintoattackwuzheninconjunctionwithnikefuanofficersentbygaojixinggaojichangthelaterliangmilitarygovernorofjingnanleiyanweisbrotherandsuccessorleiyangongsoughtaidfromhongnongyangwosentthelingyeandliraototrytosaveleiyangongbutxulaidatrapforthemonthewayandcapturedthemwithouthongnongaidreachinghimleiwouldabandonhiscapitallangprefectureandfleetohongnongterritoryinmeanwhileafterthejointactiongaostationedforcesathankouinmodernwuhanandblockedoffmastributarycommunicationroutewithlaterlianglaterinmasentxutoattackjingnanreachingshatounearjianglinggaoinfearsuedforpeacerefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefinmasentyaoyanzhangtocaptureningyuancircuitheadquarteredinmodernyulinguangxiandpangjuzhaothemilitarygovernorofningyuansurrenderedtohimallowingchutotakecontrolofningyuanhoweverinliuyanemperorliuyanthemilitarygovernorofqinghaicircuitheadquarteredinguangzhouguangdongattackedningyuanmasentxuwithanarmyofsoldiersfromguiprefectureinmodernguilinguangxitoaidyaobutevenwithxusaidyaojudgedhispositionatningyuanscapitalrongprefecturetobeuntenableandthereforewithxushelptookthepeopleandthestoresatrongandwithdrewbacktochuproperallowingliuyantotakerongandgaomaomingguangdongrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefxulaterreturnedtoyueprefectureashewasdescribedastheprefectofyueduringanoperationinwhenthechuofficerwanghuanlaunchedasurpriseattackagainsthuangprefectureinmodernwuhanapartofwuchangruledbyhongnongwhosestatenamehadbeenchangedtowubythispointwangwasabletocapturethewuprefectofhuangmayeandpillagehuangbeforewithdrawingandwhenxuurgedcautionincasethewugarrisonatwuchangscapitaleprefecturewouldtrytointercepthimwangpointedoutthattheraidonhuangwascarriedoutinsurprisesuchthattheegarrisonwouldnotknowhowtoreactandwangwasabletowithdrawsafelyrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefduringlatertanginbywhichtimelaterlianghadfallentoanewlatertangtowhichmayinbecameavassalgaojichangwhohadchangedhisnametogaojixingbythispointbrokehisvassalrelationshipwithlatertangthelatertangemperorlisiyuanemperormingzongthussentthegeneralliuxuntoattackgaowhileorderingmatosendanarmyaswellmasentxudexunbuthadxusarmystopatyueprefectureandnotadvancefurtherandultimatelydidnotattackjingnanwithliuwhenliuwasforcedtowithdrawgaosdomainbecameeffectivelyanindependentstateofjingnanalsoknownasnanpingrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolreflaterinlisiyuancreatedmathegreatertitleofkingofchumakingmadejurethesovereignofhisowndomainmathereafterstructuredhisowngovernmentaftertheimperialgovernmentandhemadexuandyaoyanzhanghischancellorsrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolreflaterinwulaunchedamajorattackonyueprefecturecommandedbymiaolinandwangyanzhangmasentxutofacethemxusecretlysentwanghuanwithasmallerfleettogetbehindthewufleetandthenattackedthewufleetfrombothendstheresultwasamajorchuvictoryandbothmiaoandwangyanzhangwerecapturedsubsequentlythoughtotrytomakepeacewithwumasentbothmiaoandwangyanzhangbacktowuwhensendingthemoffatafeastxuwhohadbythispointhadbecomeconcernedthatmassonswerefightingoversuccessionrightsmadewhatwaslaterviewedasapropheticstatementmeanwhilegaoafterbreakingwithlisiyuansubmittedtowuandthewuemperoryangpuyanglongyansbrotherandsuccessorcreatedgaotheprinceofqinlisiyuanorderedmatoattackjingnanmasentxuandhissonmaxifantoattackjingnanwhenthetwoarmiesmetgaojixingsnephewgaocongsichallengedmaxifantosinglecombatbutthechuofficerliaokuangqicameoutandengagedgaocongsiinsteadkillinghimgaojixingthensuedforpeaceandxuandmaxifanwithdrewxuwassaidtohavediednotlongafterthejingnancampaignbuttheexacttimewasunknownxussonxukeqiongwouldplayamajordivisiveroleintheeventualstrugglebetweenmassonsmaxieandmaxiguangwhichhelpedtobringchusdownfallnotesandreferencesspringandautumnannalsofthetenkingdomsarchiveorgstreamcnpagenmodeupvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhszhszhszhszhszhszhshadjialixiaojingshencongwenxervtdtredirectcorcoranstadiumtsaochangxerxespontoonbridgeslactobacillussakeiexopolysaccharidebiosynthesisronnglindachungjoycetangmandywonginfoboxmedianamexqdcardimagedspkjpgtypememorycardcaptioncapacityovernbsptebibytetbencodingownercompactfl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ncetheoverseershipisshotdownandthepsionicartifactrecoveredthemassiveenemytempleshiprevealsitselfinlowearthorbitoverbrazilandstartscausingearthquakesevenasfarawayasxcomhqthereverseengineeringeffortsenablexcomtounlockanddeveloplatentpsionicpowersthatarepresentincertainhumanbeingsthusenhancingtheirhumansoldiersoutofthesepsychichumansoldiersthemostpowerfulbecomesthevolunteerusingthepsionicartifactrecoveredfromtheoverseerufototapintothealienspsychiccommunicationhiveanexperiencethatalsoincreaseshisorherpsionicstrengththisallowsthemtoattackandboardthetempleshiptoseekouttheuberetherealtheleaderofthealieninvasionduringthefinalbattleaboardtheshiptheuberetherealrevealsthatbecauseoftheirownfailuretoimprovetheirownracefurthertheyhavebeentestingandexperimentingonotherspeciesthroughouttheuniverseinanattempttoidentifyaraceworthyofbeingupliftsciencefictionupliftedsearchingforaracethatisstronginbothmindandbodythevariousspeciesofalientroopsthattheplayerhasencounteredhaveallbeenfailuresintheetherealsexperimentsbyallowinghumanstoobtaintheirtechnologyafewstepsatatimetheetherealsallowedhumanstoevolvetoafullerpotentialandbelievethathumanitymaybetheculminationoftheirsearchtofindtheperfectspeciestomoveonandprepareforwhatliesaheadavaguelywordeddestinythattheydonotdescribefurtherrefnameigncomrefafterslayingtheuberetherealthetempleshipbeginstocollapseintoablackholewhichwoulddestroytheearthduetoitscloseproximitywhilethepsionicallygiftedvolunteerurgestheotherxcomsoldierstorushbacktotheirtransportandescapethedoomedshipthevolunteerstaysbehindusingthepsychicgifttotakecontroloftheshipandflyitfurtherawayfromtheplanetfinallycausingittoselfdestructandsaveearththoughatcostofwhatwasthoughttobethevolunteersownlifeinjakesolomonleaddesignerofxcomrevealedthatthevolunteerinfactdidnotdieandinsteaddisappearedbeforethetempleshipexplodesgameplaymuchlikeitspredecessorxcomenemyunknowncaststheplayerasthecommanderofanelitemilitaryorganizationascommandertheplayerdirectstheirsoldiersinturnbasedtacticsturnbasedcombatmissionsagainstalienenemiesbetweenmissionstheplayerdirectstheorganizationsresearchandengineeringdivisionsincreatingnewtechnologiesandimprovingxcomsbaseofoperationsandmanagestheorganizationsfinancesrefnamejackreftheturnbasedtacticsturnbasedgroundcombatusesatopdownperspectivetopdowndcomputergraphicsdperspectivetheplayercontrolsasquadofbetweenoneandsixhumansoldiersorroboticunitsastheyhuntthealiensonthemapandattempttocompleteotherobjectivesdependentonthemissionmaplayoutsarenotrandomlygeneratedbutenemyplacementisfogofwarsimulationsandgamesfogofwarhidesthealiensandtheiractionsfromviewuntiltheplayerssoldiersareinrangeandhavelineofsightgaminglineofsightonthemandenemiesnormallydonotactatalluntilthesquadinitiallycomeswithinlineofsightsoldierscancarryitemsandperformspecialabilitiesuseoftheseitemsandabilitiesiscontrolledthroughatoolbaronthehudvideogamingheadupdisplayhudafewexamplesofabilitiesincludefiringonenemiesautomaticallyaftertheyemergelaunchingexplosivesandhealingalliessoldierscantakecoverbehindwallsandobjectsintheenvironmenttogainameasureofprotectionunitscanusesuppressivefiretodisadvantageenemiesanduseactivecamouflagetomaneuveraroundopponentscutscenesanddynamiccameramovementsemphasiseparticularlyexcitinggameplaymomentssuchaskillsequencesanduseofspecialabilitiesthegamesstrategyvideogamestrategyelementoccursbetweenmissionsxcomsundergroundheadquartersispresentedinaviewdubbedtheantfarmfromthisviewtheplayermanagesconstructionmanufacturingandresearchprojectsunderwayanddirectshowthescientistsandengineersuseresourcesrecoveredfrommissionsandreceivedfromxcomssponsorsaholographicviewoftheearthcalledthegeoscapeallowstheplayertokeeptrackofthesituationaroundtheworldorderingaircrafttointerceptufosanddispatchingsoldierstoengagealiensonthegroundthisalsoinfluencesthepaniclevelofxcomsmembernationsrespondingtosituationsincertainareasdecreasespanicandignoringthemresultsinariseinpanicandpotentialforthenationtopulloutofxcomtheantfarmalsoallowstheplayertoobservetheteamofsoldiersrrmilitaryrelaxingorexercisingatthebasesgymamemorialmemorialwalltosoldierskilledinactionisalsoviewablepassivebonusesareprovideddependingonwhichcontinenttheplayerchoosesforabaselocationtheplayercanbetterdetectalienactivitybylaunchingspysatellitesatellitesandpositioningthemoverterritoriesofinterestthegamecanbeplayedonhigherdifficultylevelsclassicinareferencetotheoriginalgameandimpossibleeachwiththeoptiontoenabletheironmanoptionwhichlimitsplayerstoasinglesavefileseparatelyforeachthegamealsofeaturesamultiplayervideogamemultiplayermodeforoneononetacticalbattlesplayersspendapredefinedpointsbudgetonassemblingasquadofuptosixhumansaliensoramixtureofbothhumanunitsarecustomizableintermsofweaponryarmorandgadgetsasimplifiedversionofthesingleplayerexperiencepointperksperksystemisalsopresentalienunitsmaynotbecustomizedbutpossesstheabilitiesofcorrespondingalienstypesinthesingleplayermodeofthegamepsionicspsioniccombatfromtheoriginalgameisretainedbutsomegameplayfeaturesoftheoriginalhavebeenremovedoradaptedthetimeunitssystemthealwaysvisiblegridmapandtheinventorysystemoftheoriginalhavebeenremovedtheinitialmissionphaseofdisembarkingfromthetransporthasalsobeenremovedmissionsnowbeginwithtroopsdeployedoutsidethecraftunlikeinthegameonlyonexcombaseexiststhelocationofwhichischosenatthebeginningofthegamealthoughtherearesomedifferencesintheinterfacebetweenplatformsunlikeothergamessuchasfiraxiscivilizationrevolutionthecontentisnotsimplifiedfortheconsoleversionsthepcversionfeaturesamousedrivenuserinterfaceuidevelopmentthegamewentintodevelopmentinearlyasaveryverybigbudgetprojectwithaboutteammembersledbyjakesolomonxcomenemyunknownwasdevelopedindependentlyofkmarinsxcomlaterrebrandedasthebureauxcomdeclassifiedandalthoughthetwogamesaresetinentirelydifferentuniversesthedevelopersofbothgameswereincontactwithoneanotherasintheexpansionenemywithinafterresearchingmelditsaysdrvahlendiscoveredsomerecordsfromtheswhichshowsthatmaybetheywereinthesameuniverseenemyunknownwasalsothefirsttitledevelopedbyfiraxisgamesnottofeaturethenameofsidmeierwhoservedasthedirectorofcreativedevelopmentbutwasnotdirectlyinvolvedinthegamesdevelopmentdaytodayrefnamesidrefthedesignersalsomadeaninternalboardgametohelpgetthefeelofthegamerighttheinterfaceteamwassplitintohalvestodevelopseparateguisforthepcandconsolereleasesallmembersofthedevelopmentteamplayedandfinishedtheoriginalenemyunknowngametheywererequiredtodosoiftheyhadnotalreadywhentheyjoinedtheteamrolandrizzowhohasbeenworkingwiththexcomseriessincethebeginningbecametheaudioleadforthegameandwastaskedwithreimaginingandupdatingjohnbroomhallsfamousoriginalmusicscorethecivilizationseriescivilizationseriesartdirectorgregfoertschwasgiventhetaskofreimaginingthelookofxcomreleasexcomenemyunknownwasfirstrevealedonjanuarybygameinformerthosepreorderingthepcversiononsteamalsoreceivedbonusitemsforvalvesteamfortressandafreecopyoffiraxisstrategygamecivilizationvthegamesplayablegamedemodemoversionwasreleasedonseptemberforsteamsoftwaresteamonoctoberforthexboxliveavailableforthegoldsubscribersofthexboxmarketplaceandonoctoberfortheplaystationnetworkeightcustompromotionalxcomenemyunknownarcademachinesarcadecabinetswereproducedinaugustbykgamesandbespokearcadesthemachineswereusedtoruntournamentsofthegameatvariousexhibitionsincludingilondonmcmexpoplayexpoandeurogamerexpowiththemachinesbeingawardedasprizesxcomenemyunknownwasreleasedinstoresonoctoberfornorthamericanconsumersandonoctoberforaustralianandeuropeanconsumersthegamewasreleasedfordigitaldistributionviasteamonoctoberrefnamesteamrefrefdependingontheconsumerstimezonesomeconsumersareabletopurchasesteamgamesadayearlierthantheofficialreleasedaterefonpctwoeditionswerereleasedanormaleditionandaspecialeditionwhichincludesavarietyofuniqueitemsincludinganartbookafoldoutposterofthexcomheadquartersanxcominsigniapatchandacollectionofdigitalbonusassetssuchasdesktopwallpaperssoundtrackandmorerefnamedaterefaneliteeditioncontainingallpreviouslyreleaseddlcwasannouncedasamacosxexclusivebyferalinteractiveonfebruaryandwasreleasedonaprilrefnameferalinteractivecomrefaniosportingportscheduledtobereleasedinthesummerofwasannouncedduringapaxeastpanelonmarchrefnameiosrefthegamewasreleasedonjuneattheappstoreiosappstoreforatthetimeoneofthemostexpensiveiosgameseverreleasedthegamewasavailabledigitallybetweenjuneandonthexboxaspartofxboxlivesgameswithgoldxcomenemywithinanexpansionpackxcomenemywithinwasreleasedworldwideonsteamandinretailstoresonnovemberrefnameexpanserefthepackretainsthecorestorylinebutaddsabroadvarietyofcontentincludingnewweaponsspecialmissionsandtheabilitytoenhancesoldiersviageneticengineeringorcyberneticimplantsbothofthoseoptionsconsumeanelusivesubstancecalledmeldthatcanbeobtainedduringbattlesreceptioncriticalreceptionvideogamereviewsaggregatorsgrpcxpsrefnamegrpsrefmciosbrxpcpsrefnamemcpsrefreviewersupavgrefnamevgchrisschillingvideogamercompcxcomenemyunknownreviewhtmlxcomenemyunknownreviewvideogamercomoctoberrefgtmrefnamegtmgamestmcoukreviewsxcomenemyunknownreviewxcomenemyunknownreviewcanfiraxisrecreatethestrategicperfectionofjuliangollopsoriginalxcomgamestmoctoberrefgtgspyrefnamegsrdanstapletonukpcgamespycompcxcomenemyunknownphtmlxcomenemyunknownreviewterrortensiontacticsandtriumphgamespyoctoberrefedgegspotegmrefnameegmjoshharmonegmnowcomarticlesreviewsegmreviewxcomenemyunknownegmreviewxcomenemyunknownegmnowoctoberrefeurogrefnameeurogrefgrefnamegrefigngirefnamegirefawardpubgamespyawardgameoftheyearrefnamegsarefawardpubgametrailersawardgameoftheyearrefnamegtarefawardpubgiantbombawardgameoftheyearawardpubkotakuawardgameoftheyearrefnamekotakurefawardpubmtvawardgameoftheyearrefnamemtvgotyrefawardpubnowgamerawardgameoftheyearawardpubpcgamerawardstrategygameoftheyearrefnamepcgrefxcomenemyunknowngreatlyimpressedthepublicandmediaatewhereitwonanumberofawardsfromavarietyofgamingpublicationssuchasthetitleofbeststrategygamefromgamespygameinformerignandmachinimathegamealsowonthetitlesbestpcgameandbeststrategygameintheegamecriticsawardsaprereleaseversionofxcomenemyunknownreceivedhighlypositivepreviewsbyamongothersplaystationofficialmagazineukplaystationofficialmagazineofficialxboxmagazineandrockpapershotgunthefullversionofthegamealsoreceivedahighpraisefromcriticsadambiessenerofgameinformercalleditasingularachievementthateverygamerdeservestoexperienceiandransfieldofplayukmagazineplaycalledthegameaphenomenalreimaginingofaclassictitleandaninstantclassicinitsownrightdanstapletonofgamespywroteiconsidertheturnbasedtacticalmasterpiecexcomufodefensetobethesinglebestvideogameevermadecompareddirectlytothatimpossiblyhighstandardfiraxisremakexcomenemyunknowndoesremarkablywellgamestmcalleditaworthyrebootfictionrebootofthefranchiseeasilythemostaddictivegamethisyearandoneofourfavouritefiraxisgameseverwiththefinalverdictofitbeingfreshyetauthenticastunningrebootjoshharmonofelectronicgamingmonthlyegmstatedthattosaythatxcomenemyunknownisaphenomenalremakewouldbesellingfiraxismonumentalaccomplishmentshortthedeveloperhasntjustmanagedtocapturethespiritoftheoriginaltheyvealsotweakedtrimmedandinnovatedenoughtodeliverthefreshestmostengagingstrategygameinrecentmemoryifnotevereurogamersreviewbyrichstantondescribedxcomenemyunknownasawinnerandafantasticgamethatbringsbackandrevitalisesaclassicalexrubensofgustvchannelgcalleditanexceptionallysolidreturnfortheseriesandonethateveryturnbasedtacticsfanshouldexperienceaddingthatevenifyouneverplayedtheoriginalxcomenemyunknownisturnbasedtacticsandmanagementatitsfinestandaperfectintroductiontothegenredavidhoughtonofgamerevolutionsaidthatdespiteitsflawsthegamefeelsliketherevivalofnotjustabrandbutagenrepolygonwebsitepolygonsrusspittscriticizedtheweirddichotomyofthegamesstrategycomponentbutpraisedthetacticalgameplaycallingitoneofthebestandmostartfullydesignedstrategygamesinrecentmemoryedwinevansthirlwellofofficialxboxmagazinestatedthatitisntjustxboxsfineststrategyexperienceitsalsoastrategygamewhichchangeshowyouthinkaboutstrategygamesrefnameoxmukrefthegamesdifficultyreceivedbothpraiseandconcerngsreviewnotedthattheextremedifficultyofthegamemightnotbewelcomedbyallplayersandofficialxboxmagazinedescribedthegameasreliablyunforgivingaccordingtoegmxcomhatesyouxcomwantsyoudeadandxcomwillseeyoudeadoverandoveragaingameinformercalleditoneofthemostchallengingintensegamingexperiencesofthisgenerationplaysreviewstateddyingisbackinfashionseveralreviewsalsocommentedonhowaddictivethegamecanbefortheplayerdavidhoughtonofplaystationofficialmagazinecalledxcomoneofthemostuniqueandendlesslycompulsivegamesoftheyearsofarerikkainofforbescalleditoneofthemostaddictivegamesiveeverplayedthatfallssomewherebetweenchocolateandcrackcocainecrackonthescaleofaddictivesubstancesallistairpinsofofdestructoidinpointingouthoweasilyonecouldbeabsorbedinthegametoldreaderstotaketheactofmewipingxcomfrommyharddriveashighpraiseitspeaksvolumesonhowaddictiveandreplayablexcomisinaretrospectivearticleabouttheoriginalfromalecmeerofeurogamercomparedbothgamescomingtoconclusionthatxcomandxcomarecompletelydifferentgamesbothingeniousandbothflawedintheirownwaysaccordingtochrisschillingofvideogamercomenemyunknownisrespectfulofjuliangollopsturnbasedstrategyclassicbutitsnotreverentialcharliehallofarstechnicawrotethatintheendthisisnotthexcomthateveryonewasexpectingitsmoreitsbetterifyouremerelylookingforahighlycompetentreskinoftheoriginalxcomkeepyoureyespeeledfortheupcomingxenonautsgollophimselfsaidgamestarrudecemberrefawardsmultiplepublicationsincludinggiantbombkotakumtvandgametrailersgavexcomenemyunknowntheiroverallgameoftheyearawardforgamespyalsogavexcomitsgameoftheyearawardachievementsgameoftheyearhightensionmakingturnbasedcoolagaincommentingthatfewgamescandeliverthethrillofvictoryandtheagonyofdefeatinthewaythatxcomdoesxcomenemyunknownwaschosenbythespiketvvideogameawardsasanomineeinthecategorybestpcgameatthethannualdicesummitdiceawardsitwasnominatedforthreeawardsincludinggameoftheyearandendedupwinningtwoforsstrategysimulationgameoftheyearandoutstandingachievementingameplayengineeringawardingthegameitstitleofstrategygameoftheyearpcgamerwroteitcanbeforgingplayermemoriesthatllliveaslongasyouplayandcareaboutgamessequelasequeltoxcomenemyunknownxcomwasreleasedonfebruaryitwasdevelopedbyfiraxisgamesandwasreleasedonmicrosoftwindowsosxandlinuxatreleaseitwasapconlygamethegametakesplaceyearsaftertheeventsofenemyunknownwiththealienshavingtakenoverthehumanracetheplayercontrolsasmallresistancemovementfightingagainstthealienconquerorsrefnamexcomprrefrefnamesequeltrailerrefseealsothedreamlandchroniclesfreedomridgeapreviousattemptofadremakeofufoenemyunknownbyjuliangollopreferencesexternallinksredirectdiehlaeronauticalxtchydrolightghulammuhammadabadthmillenniumthmillenniumthmillenniumthmillenniumthmillenniumnanchangjiujiangintercityrailwayingushlanguagechechenlanguagebeijingchengderailwayinfoboxicehockeyplayerimageimagesizebirthdatebirthplacefssenweimarrepublicgermanydeathdatedeathplacefssengermanyheightftheightinweightlbpositionforwardicehockeyforwardshootsplayedforevfssenicehockeybundesligabundesligabresvkaufbeurenicehockeybundesligabundesligantlteamfrgcareerstartcareerendxaverunsinnnovemberjan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ersentinelthreatforcesthemtostopfightingeachotherandjoinhopeandtheotheryoungmutantsinthebattleagainstthesentinelandthesentinelisfinallytakendownbuttheideologicaldifferencesbetweencyclopsandwolverinemakeswolverinedecidetoleaveutopiaandbringalongwhoeverwantstocomewithhimbothmeneventuallystartrecruitingtheirteammatessomemembersofthexmenleavewithwolverinewhilepartoftheteamstaysinutopiawithcyclopstitlesinvolvedprologuexmenpreludetoschismcoreminiseriesxmenschismtieinshopesummerscomicsgenerationhopegenerationhopeepiloguexmenregenesisoneshotcomicsoneshotreadingordermayxmenpreludetoschismxmenpreludetoschismjunexmenpreludetoschismxmenpreludetoschismjulyxmenschismxmenschismaugustxmenschismgenerationhopeseptemberxmenschismupuntilpagegenerationhopexmenschismfromafterpageoctoberxmenschismgenerationhopecollectededitionshardcoverclasswikitablewidthtitlematerialcollectedisbnxmenpreludetoschismxmenpreludetoschismxmenschismxmenschismandxmenregenesisgenerationhopeschismgenerationhopetradepaperbackclasswikitablewidthtitlematerialcollectedisbnxmenpreludetoschismxmenpreludetoschismxmenschismxmenschismandxmenregenesisgenerationhopeschismgenerationhopereferencesexternallinksmarvelcomcomicbookseventsxmenschismofficialpagesexchromosomedisordersalphabetanablasymbolxiaozuomayrefertoxiaozuohuiancountytowninhuiancountyfujianchinaxiaozuojingxingcountytowninhebeichinathislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellttxmenfirstclasscomicscherryblossominfoboxtelevisionshownamexfaktoriusimagexfaktoriuslogojpgnumseasonsrefnameautogeneratedfacebookcompagesxfaktoriusvinfoxfaktoriusfacebookbotgeneratedtitlerefwebsitetvmanijaltwebsitetitleofficialwebsitenetworktvlithuaniatvcountrylithuaniacreatorsimoncowelllanguagelithuanianlanguagelithuanianfirstairedoctoberlastairedpresentproducersauliusurbonaviiusdirectormindaugasmekauskaspresentermarijonasmikutaviiusbrmartynasstarkusjudgessauliusprsaitisbrsauliusurbonaviiusbrvytautasapranauskasbrrtaiogolevaitbrmarijonasmikutaviiusbrjustinaarlauskaitjazzubrandriusmamontovasrelatedthexfactorukbrthexfactortvseriesthexfactorseriesotherinternationalversionspictureformatisdtvchanneltvxfaktoriusisthelithuanianlanguagelithuanianversionofthexfactoraseriesoriginatingfromtheunitedkingdombasedonthethexfactoruktvseriesoriginalukshowtheconceptoftheseriesistofindnewsingingtalentsoloorgroupscontestedbyaspiringsingersdrawnfrompublicauditionstheseriesfirstairedonoctoberbasedonthethexfactorukoriginalukshowtheconceptoftheseriesistofindnewsingingtalentsoloorgroupscontestedbyaspiringsingersdrawnfrompublicauditionsthethirdseasonwillairseptemberseriessummarytodateoneserieshasbeenbroadcastassummarisedbelowcontestantinboyscategorybrcontestantingirlscategorybrcontestantinoverscategorybrcontestantingroupscategorybrcontestantinwildcardscategoryclasswikitablestylefontsizescopecolseriesscopecolstartscopecolfinishscopecolwinnerscopecolscopecolscopecolscopecolscopecolmainjudgesscoperowbgcolorffeegiedrvokietytbgcolorffffdrspbgcolorcefealeksandrametalnikovabgcolorffeesauliusurbonaviiusrowspanmarijonasmikutaviiusrowspanbrbrbrscoperowbgcoloreeffygimantasgeasbgcolorcefeandelaadamovibgcoloreeffaudriuspetrauskasbgcoloreeffrtaiogolevaitrowspanmartynasstarkusrowspanbrbrbrscoperowbgcolorffeemonikapundzitbgcoloreeffaleksasaugaitisbgcoloreeffthomastumosabgcolorffeejustinaarlauskaitjazzurowspanmartynasstarkusrowspanbrbrbrscoperowbgcolorffeeiglbernotaitytbgcolorffffdgoldenagebgcolorffeepaulinapaulauskaitbgcolorffeesauliusprsaitisrowspanmindaugasrainysmindaugasstasiulisscoperowbgcolorffffdbgcolorcefemonikajukeviitbgcolorffeejustbaradulinaitbgcolorffffdmarijonasmikutaviiusrowspanrowspanbrbrbrbrjudgescategoriesandtheirfinalistsineachserieseachjudgeisallocatedacategorytomentorandchoosesthreeactstoprogresstothelivefinalsthistableshowsforeachserieswhichcategoryeachjudgewasallocatedandwhichactsheorsheputthroughtothelivefinalskeywinningjudgecategorywinnersareinboldeliminatedcontestantsinsmallfontclasswikitablewidthserieswidthsauliusprsaitiswidthsauliusurbonaviiussamaswidthvytautasapranauskaswidthrtaiogolevaitaligncenterstyletextaligncentergroupsbrsmallrspbrfourrosesbrroxystylebackgroundbfffctextaligncentergirlsbrgiedrvokietytbrsmallugnvalinitbrkristinaradiukynaitstyletextaligncenterboysbrsmallmartynaskavaliauskasbrnojusbartakabrpetrasdaunysstyletextaligncenteroversbrsmallaleksandrametalnikovabrsauliusivickasbrjustasamantaswidthserieswidthsauliusprsaitiswidthsauliusurbonaviiussamaswidthmarijonasmikutaviiuswidthrtaiogolevaitaligncenterstyletextaligncentergirlsbrsmallievaerbinskaitbrneringagailiuaitbrvaivakalinauskaitstyletextaligncentergroupsbrsmallemaitukaibrbenjaminsbrsessstyletextaligncenteroversbrsmallandelaadamovibrskaistkurnueviitbregidijusiinasstylebackgroundbfffctextaligncenterboysbrygimantasgeasbrsmallaudriuspetrauskasbrdovydasburteinaswidthserieswidthsauliusprsaitiswidthsauliusurbonaviiussama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xbasketballwouldbeheldatthecommonwealthgamesinbirminghamenglandseealsobasketballatthesummerolympicsbasketballatthecommonwealthgamesfibaxworldchampionshipsfibaeuropexchampionshipsfibaxunderworldchampionshipsbigxbasketballleagueplayedmostlybyretirednbaplayersgusmackerxtournamentsheldintheunitedstatessincetwentyonebasketballtwentyoneavariationofbasketballwhereteamsmustscoreexactlypointstowinfastavariationofnetballwithashorterdurationofplayandfewerplayersthaninnormalnetballrugbysevensavariationofrugbyunionwithashorterdurationofplayandfewerplayersthaninnormalrugbylimitedoverscricketavariationofcricketwithmatchesoflimiteddurationbutwithfullsizedteamsreferencesreflistemrefsrefnamebktrefexternallinksfibaxcomofficialfibaxpagefibacomxfibasxsubpageplayfibaxcomxplaybyfibaolympicorginternationalolympiccommitteehomepageskylinehoopscomskylinehoopsxbasketballinfoboxtennisbiographynameximenahermosoimagecaptioncountryresidencebirthdatebirthplacepueblapueblamexicoheightturnedproretiredplaysrighthandeddoublehandedbackhandcareerprizemoneyunitedstatesdollarsinglesrecordsinglestitleswtaitfhighestsinglesrankingnoaprilcurrentsinglesrankingnojulyaustralianopenresultfrenchopenresultfrenchopenjuniorresultwimbledonresultusopenresultusopenjuniorresultdoublesrecorddoublestitleswtaitfhighestdoublesrankingnomaycurrentdoublesrankingnojulygrandslamsdoublesresultsaustralianopendoublesresultfrenchopendoublesresultfrenchopendoublesjuniorresultwimbledondoublesresultusopendoublesresultusopendoublesjuniorresultupdatedjulyximenahermosobornaprilisaprofessionaltennisplayerfrommexicoandmemberofthemexicofedcupteamonmarchshereachedherhighestwomenstennisassociationwtasinglesrankingofandherbestdoublesrankingwasondecemberrefcitenewstitleximenahermososbiographyatitftennisurlitftenniscomprocircuitplayersplayerprofileaspxplayeridworkitftenniscomdateaccessdaterefrefcitenewstitleximenahermososstatisticsatwtatoururlwtatenniscompageplayerstatshtmlworkwtatenniscomdateaccessdaterefcareerstatisticssinglesfinalsclasswikitablestylefontsizewidthstylebackgroundftournamentsstylebackgroundfeetournamentsstylebackgroundaddfadtournamentsstylebackgroundlightbluetournamentsstylebackgroundfffftournamentsclasssortablewikitablestylefontsizewidthoutcomewidthnowidthdatewidthtournamentwidthsurfacewidthopponentinthefinalwidthscoreinthefinalstylebackgroundffffbgcolorffaarunneruptenerifespainhardvictorialarrirestylebackgroundffffbgcolorfbwinnerjulytangermoroccoclayfatimaelallamistylebackgroundffffbgcolorffaarunnerupjulycasablancamoroccoclayyvonnecavallreimersstylebackgroundffffbgcolorfbwinnerseptemberportoraftigreecehardofrilankribgcolorffffbgcolorfbwinnerjuneamaranteportugalhardnuriaprrizasdazbgcolorffffbgcolorffaarunnerupjuneguimaraesportugalhardclothildedebernardistylebackgroundffffbgcolorffaarunnerupjunecoatzacoalcosmexicohardmarcelazacarasdoublesfinalsclasswikitablestylefontsizewidthstylebackgroundftournamentsstylebackgroundfeetournamentsstylebackgroundaddfadtournamentsstylebackgroundlightbluetournamentsstylebackgroundfffftournamentsclasssortablewikitablestylefontsizeoutcomenodatetournamentsurfacepartneropponentsinthefinalscorebgcolorffffbgcolorfbwinnermaybragaportugalclaydanielamozgallegosmartinababkovbrdavinialobbingerbgcolorffffbgcolorffaarunnerupseptemberlleidaspainclaygarbiemuguruzasofiakvatsabaiabravgustatsybyshevabgcolorffffbgcolorfbwinneroctoberlesfranquesesdelvallsspainclaygarbiemuguruzaefratmishorbrannazajastylebackgroundffffstylebackgroundffaarunnerupnovemberlamarsatunisiaclayivettelpezamandacarrerasbrsheilasolsonacarcasonastylebackgroundffffstylebackgroundfbwinnermaygrancanariaspainclayivettelpeznicoleclericobrmartinacaciottistylebackgroundffffstylebackgroundfbwinnermaytenerifespainclayivettelpezyukamoribrkaorionishistylebackgroundffffstylebackgroundffaarunnerupjunemontemoronovomunicipalitymontemoronovoportugalhardivettelpezandreagmizbramandacarrerasstylebackgroundffffstylebackgroundffaarunnerupjulycasablancamoroccoclayivettelpeznourabbsbragatabaraskastylebackgroundffffstylebackgroundffaarunnerupoctobermontegobayjamaicahardivettelpezjenniferbradytennisjenniferbradybrnikolahbnerovstylebackgroundffffstylebackgroundffaarunnerupaprilvicspainclayamandacarreraseugeniyapashkovabrisabellashinikovastylebackgroundffffstylebackgroundfbwinneroctobermexicocitymexicohardmarcelazacarasnikakukharchukbrjessicalawrencestylebackgroundffffstylebackgroundffaarunnerupaprilherakliongreececarpetolgaparresazcoitiavaleriapoddabrtamaraurovistylebackgroundffffstylebackgroundffaarunnerupmayantalyaturkeyhardbarbarabonicalexaguarachibrkateturvystylebackgroundffffstylebackgroundffaarunnerupmayantalyaturkeyharddaiananegreanuanitahusaribrfrancescapalmigianoworeferencesexternallinkslistofxmlmarkuplanguageslistofxmlmarkuplanguageslistofxmlmarkuplanguageschenghaoleungkwokhungxanthianobeliskkingxolotlxueyijudiedmayrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefrefnameassinocalsinicaedutwacademiasinicachinesewesterncalendarconverterrefcourtesynamexiyongorshizhanwasanofficialofthehistoryofchinachinesedynastytangdynastyandthesubsequentlaterliangfivedynastieslaterliangservingasachancelloroftangdynastychancellorduringlaterliangbackgrounditisnotknownwhenxueyijuwasbornhisfamilyclaimedancestryfromwenxiinmodernyunchengshanxiduringtangdynastyxueyijuhimselfwassaidtobeknownforeleganceandhandsomenesshealsoassociatedwithotherpeopleknownforintelligenceandeleganceandbecameknownasawriterofsomerenownhepassedtheimperialexaminationsinthejinshiclassduringtheqianfueraofemperorxizongoftanghethereafterservedinaprogressionoflowlevelofficiesintheimperialgovernmentsurveyorofbudgetarymattersduzhixunguanassistantatjixianinstituteshiyilowleveladvisoryofficialdianzhongshiyushiimperialcensorandqijusherenimperialchroniclerhelaterwasmadeanimperialscholarhanlinxueshialongwithlibuyuanwailangalowlevelofficialattheministryofriteslbuandputinchargeofdraftingimperialedictshewaslaterpromotedtobesixunlangzhongasupervisoryofficialattheministryofcivilserviceaffairslbunotedifferenttonethantheministryofriteswhenemperorxizongsbrotherandsuccessoremperorzhaozongoftangemperorzhaozongfledtheimperialcapitalchanganinashewasfearfulofanattackbythewarlordslimaozhenthemilitarygovernorjiedushioffengxiangcircuitheadquarteredinmodernbaojishaanxiandwangxingyuthemilitarygovernorofjingnancircuitheadquarteredinmodernxianyangshaanxixueinsteadofimmediatelyfollowingtheemperorinflightwasgatheringupfamilymembersandthereforedidnotcatchupwiththeemperorforthisreasonhewasremovedfromhisofficeshoweverhewasshortlyrecalledtotheimperialgovernmenttoserveaszhongshusherenamidlevelofficialatthelegislativebureauofgovernmentzhongshushengandagainbecameanimperialscholarhesubsequentlysuccessivelyservedasthedeputyministerofcensushubushilangandofdefensebingbushilangandbecamechiefimperialscholarhanlinxueshichengzhiwhenemperorzhaozongatthebehestofthechancelloroftangdynastychancellorcuiyinandthepowerfulwarlordzhuwenzhuquanzhongthemilitarygovernorofxuanwucircuitheadquarteredinmodernkaifenghenanslaughteredtheeunuchcourtofficialeunuchsinxuewasfoundtohavepaintedportraitsforsomeoftheslaughteredeunuchsincludinghanquanhuiandthereforewasexiledearlyinthetianyoueraoverlappingthereignsofemperorzhaozongandemperorzhaozongssonandsuccessoremperoraioftangemperoraibywhichtimezhuhadforcedtheimperialgovernmenttorelocatefromchangantoluoyanganedictwasissuedcommissioningxueasthedeputyministerofcivilserviceaffairslibushilangbutxuedidnotreporttoluoyangtotakeofficezhuwassaidtohaverespectedxueandthereforehadanotheredictissuedmakingxuetheministerofcivilserviceaffairslibushangshuxueapparentlyacceptedthisofficehewassubsequentlymadechiefimperialcensoryushidaifuinspringbywhichtimeitwasbecomingclearthatzhuwouldeventuallytakeoverthethroneemperoraisentxuetozhusheadquartersatkaifengdaliangtogreetzhuxuerequestedtomeetzhuasifhewereasubjectofzhusietreatingzhuasanemperorzhuinitiallydeclinedbutascendedstairsxuethenstatedrefnamezztjzizhitongjianzhsvolrefhethereforepursuanttoceremonydueanemperoratthetimedancedtoshowrespecttozhutowardthenorthzhuonlyturnedhisbodysidewaystoshowslighthumilityoncexuereturnedtoluoyanghereportedtoemperoraithatzhuwasreadytoacceptthethronesoemperoraipreparedtoyieldthethronetwomonthslaterwithagrandprocessionfromluoyangtodaliangxueinchargeofthesecondaryimperialsealsalongwiththechancellorszhangwenweiwhowastoannouncethepassageofthethronetozhuandyangshewhowastodelivertheprimaryimperialsealledtheceremonywherezhuacceptedthethroneendingtangandstartinglaterliangfivedynastieslaterliangwithzhuasitsemperortaizuitwassaidthatwhenemperortaizuheldafeastforthetangofficialswhoparticipatedintheceremonymosttangofficialswerehumiliatedanddidnotspeakbutxuesuxunandzhangyispokeinpraisingthenewemperorforhisaccomplishmentsduringlaterliangshortlyafterthedynastictransitionemperortaizumadexueyijuzhongshushilangdeputyheadofthelegislativebureauandgavehimthedesignationtongzhongshumenxiapingzhangshimakinghimachancellorhealsoservedasthedirectoroftaxationinhewasmademenxiashilangdeputyheadoftheexaminationbureaumenxiashengandputinchargeofeditingtheimperialhistoryhealsoservedasthedirectorofbudgethewaslatergiventheadditionaltitleofimperialscholarathongweninstituteanddirectorofsaltandironmonopoliesitwassaidthatduringhisyearsaschancellorhoweverhehadnoparticularaccomplishmentsinafteraccompanyingemperortaizuonacampaignagainstlaterliangsrivalstatelatertangjinhefellillanddiedshortlyafterreturningtoluoyanghewasgivenposthumoushonorsnotesandreferencesoldhistoryofthefivedynastieshistoryofthefivedynastieszhsvolnewhistoryofthefivedynastieszhsvolzizhitongjianvolszhszhscaltanissettageographyinfoboxattractionnamextremeswinglogouseonlythefilenamenotafullimagelinklogowidthdefaultispximagextremeswingjpgimagedimensionspxcaptionxtremeswinginfulloperationlocationvalleyfairstatusopensectionshouldbelinkedcostmillionsoftopenedopenedclosedpreviousattractionnorthernlightsifthereisanappropriatearticlethisshouldbelinkedreplacementifthereisanappropriatearticlethisshouldbelinkedcoordinatestypemanufacturerssworldwidedesignershouldbelinkedmodelscreaminswingthemeshouldbelinkedheightftdropftspeedmphgfo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aderandthesubstitutedcompanycommanderduringtheperiodofagrarianrevolutionarywarxuhadheldsuccessivelythepostofstaffofthearmyinthechineseworkersandpeasantsredarmypoliticalcommissarandcommanderofthedivisionalarmyregimentalcommanderofthendregimentoftheeighthdivisionalarmyofredarmycommanderofthedivisionalarmyregimentalcommanderofthethregimentofredarmyearlylifehewasbornonnovemberinchangshacountyhunanprovincehisformernameisxudehuahewenttotheprimaryschoolattheageofseveninhewenttothechangshanormaluniversityandactivelyparticipatedinthepatrioticstudentmovementinmayhejoinedthecommunistyouthleagueofchinaandinseptemberhejoinedthechinesecommunistpartyarmycareerinoctoberxuwassentbythecentralcommandtohonghurevolutionarybaseareasinfebruaryheparticipatedinaredarmyofworkersandpeasantsinchinassixtharmyhetookturnstoactasthearmychiefthepoliticalcommitteememberanddivisioncommanderandsoonhetookpartinopeningupthesovietareacenteredonhonghuandformanytimesjoinedthecountercampaignsagainstencirclementandsuppressioninthesovietunioninhesuccessivelyattendedtheinternationalleninismcollegeandorientallaborercommunistuniversitytostudyduringthesecondsinojapanesewarxuguangdareturnedtochinasuccessivelytookontheministerofantijapantrainingcollegetheprincipalofthethirdcollegeengagedinmilitarytheoryofmarxismcultivatedantijapancadreinjanuaryxuwasappointedastheministerofrevolutionarymilitarycommissionaswellasthecommunistpartysecretarygeneralstaffofthecentralcommitteeandyanantrafficcommanderairdefensecommandersincerelycommanderlaterthemilitarycommanderofindependentoftheeighthroutearmydivisionbrigademajorandthecommanderofjinsuimilitaryareandsecondcarriedoutguerrillawarfarecivilianandmilitaryleadershipinwuzhaishenchipartialshutareastrengthenedandexpandedtheantijapanbaseareasatthebeginningofthecommunisttakeoverheservedascommanderofthejinsuimilitaryregioncolumninaugustheledthenumbercolumncrosstheyellowriverchangingthemtobelongthenorthwestfieldarmylaternamedthefirstfieldarmyhealsotookpartinthebattleofshajiadianyanandqinginjanuaryhewasappointedcommanderjulyinthesameyearduringthebattlehumeiwhichwasagainstthekmthuzongheledthetroopstodetourbehindenemylinesbreaktheenemysretreatwhichmadeagreatcontributiontoensuringthewholevictorythenheledhisarmybysettingofftothewestconqueredthemainenemypositionsinnanshanandseizedtheyellowriverbridgeatlasttheywipedoutthewholeoftheenemywiththethcorpsandliberatedlanzhoulaterlifeinaprilxuguangdawasappointedasthecommanderandpoliticalcommissarofthechinesepeoplesliberationarmyarmoredunitshebegantobuildthearmoredcorpsstartedtoinvestigatenewdomestictankstypetanktypetanksandtypelighttanksinseptemberxubegantoserveaspresidentofthechinesepeoplesliberationarmyfightingvehiclesschoolatthesametimeinjanuaryheinspectedthekoreanwarfrontlineafterreturningtochinaheorganizedthetanksofchinesepeoplesvolunteersforcewhichenteredintocombatafterwardsininthechinesecommunistpartyoftheeighthnationalpeoplescongresshewaselectedasamemberofthecpccentralcommitteeinseptemberhewasappointedasdeputysecretaryofdefenseofthepeoplesrepublicofchinainfebruarykangshenglinbiaoandhelongwereengagedinamutinyxuguangdawaschargedasmutinychiefofgeneralstaffinjanuarytherebelssearchedthehouseofxuguangandthenillegallydetainedhiminjunexudiedattheageofyearsthrougheighteenmonthsoftrialpersecutioninjunethecentralmilitarycommissionissuedonthethfiletoprovehisinnosenceappraisalthechiefofthepropagandadepartmentofthehunanprovincialpartycommitteelujianpingexpressedgreatrespecttoxuguangdaandkindgreetingstotheirrelativeshesaidxuguangdawasaloyalcommunistfighteragreatproletarianrevolutionistandanoutstandingstrategisthemadegreatcontributionstothefoundingofthepeoplesrepublicofchinadevotinghiswholelifeandenergytothepartyandthepeoplehecontributedhimselftothenationalindependenceofchinaandtheliberationofthechinesepeoplelujianpingalsocalledonthepeopletotakexuguangdaasanexampleandtolearnfromhisnoblecharacterandpromotehisrevolutionaryspiritfamilyxuguangdassonxuqinxianalsobecameanofficerintheplainhewasservingastheheadofthebeijingbasedthgrouparmybutwasrelievedfromhispostforrefusingtouseforcetosuppressdemonstratorsandenforcemartiallawduringthetiananmensquareprotestsoftiananmensquareprotestshewasarrestedbutthenreleasedinwhenhewascourtmartialedandforcedtoretirefromthemilitarywithoutapensionrefmunrorobinandspiegelmickeybooksgooglecombooksidzzvirrkwocpgpadetainedinchinaandtibetadirectoryofpoliticalandreligiousprisonersasiawatchpretrievedaugustrefreferencesinfoboxmilitarypersonnamexiaojinguangimagefilexiaojingguangjpgcaptionofficialportraitofxiaojinguangbirthdatedeathdatebirthplacechangshahunanprovincechinadeathplacebeijingchinaplaceofburialplaceofburiallabelplaceofburialcoordinatesnicknamemangebirthnamexiaoyuchengallegiancebranchserviceyearsrankoneofthetenseniorcommandersoftheplaservicenumberunitcommandsbattlesbattleslabelawardsorderofbayifirstclassmedalorderofindependenceandfreedomfirstclassmedalorderofliberationchinaorderofliberationfirstclassmedalrelationslaterworksignaturexiaojinguangformernamexiaoyuchengnicknamemangejanuarymarchwasarevolutionaryandmilitaryleaderoneofthemainleadersoftheredarmyandthepeoplesliberationarmyandoneofthetenseniorcommandersoftheplafromtoxiaoservedasthedeputysecretaryofdefenseandfromtoasthevicechairmanofthefifthnationalpeoplescongressstandingcommitteeearlylifexiaowasbornintoapoorfamilyinchangshahunanprovinceattheageoftwohisfatherandgrandfatherdiedinquicksuccessioninxiaowasadmittedtothechangshachangjunhighschoolininfluencedbythemayfourthmovementxiaoandhisclassmatesjoinedstrikesparadesandtheboycottofjapanesegoodsinxiaojoinedtheresearchsocietyofrussiawithhisfriendrenbishiandlistenedtothespeechesoffamoussocialactivistsinhunanincludingmaozedongandheshuhenginaugustxiaoandrenjoinedtheforeignlanguagesocietyestablishedbytheshanghaicommunistgroupfortheyoungtostudyinrussiatheywenttothemoscoworientaluniversityinandbecamemembersofthefirstchinesestudentsgroupofthemoscoworientaluniversitywheretheystudiedkarlmarxsthecommunistmanifestovladimirleninsyouthleagueandnikolaibukharinscommunismabcxiaobecameacommunistpartymemberintwoyearslaterhereturnedtochinaandengagedintheworkersmovementinxiaowasofficiallyappointedastherepresentativeofthesixthdivisionofthesecondarmyofthenationalrevolutionaryarmyawardedtherankoflieutenantgeneralandparticipatedinthenorthernexpeditioninxiaomarriedzhuzhongzhiinwuhaninseptemberxiaowassenttothesovietuniontostudystrategicsencirclementcampaignsandthelongmarchafterreturningtochinainxiaotookupthepostofchiefofstaffanddirectorofthepoliticaldepartmentoffujianguangdongandjiangximilitaryregionandparticipatedinthecountercampaignagainstencirclementandsuppressioninxiaowasappointedpoliticalcommissarofthefifthcorpsofthecentralredarmyresponsibleforitsstrengtheningandtransformingitinasthecommanderoffujianandjiangxiprovincialmilitarydistrictxiaowasdefeatedinabattleinhuchuanjiangxitheleadersofleftismwangmingblamedxiaoforlosinglichuantotheenemyexpelledhimfromccpandsentencedhimtofiveyearsimprisonmentfortunatelyduetotheeffortofmaozedongandothersxiaojinguangwasreleasedtotheredarmyuniversityasateacherandparticipatedinthelongmarchwiththecentralredarmyowingtoxiaoscontributionindefendingthesecurityofthecentralcommitteeofpartyduringthezunyiconferencethepartycentralcommitteecorrectedtheerroneoustreatmentofxiaojinguangxiaowassoonappointedchiefofstaffofthethirdcorpsofthefirstredarmyinthethreearmiesconvergedinshaanxiwhichmeantthevictoryofthelongmarchxiaoasthecommanderofshaanxiandgansumilitarydistrictcontinuedtoconsolidatethecommunistsbaseareasecondsinojapanesewarinmarchxiaojinguangwastransferredtothecentralrevolutionarymilitarycommissioninyananwherexiaoworkedafulleightyearsonjulythemarcopolobridgeincidenttriggeredthesecondsinojapanesewarxiaoattendedtheluochuanmeetingfromaugusttoforthedefenseofthelocationofthecpccentralcommitteetheshanxigansuningxiaborderregionthecentralmilitarycommissionsetupinborderareastayforcesandalsotheeighthroutearmyrearheadqueartersfortheunifiedcommandandxiaowasappointeddirectorinthemeantimexiaoeliminatedthebanditstodefendthepartycentralcommitteetoconsolidateandexpandthestayforcesinaugusttheeighthroutearmyrearheadquearterswasrenamedtheeighthroutearmystaycorpsxiaowasappointedcommanderconcurrentlypoliticalcommissarlaterunderthecommandofthexiaostaycorpsdefensingtherivertheyellowriveroperatedmorethancombatsagainstthejapanesearmiesgivingtheenemyaheavyblowsuccessfullydefendedtheshaanxigansuningxiaborderregionthroughoutthewholestageofthesecondsinojapanesewaroutoftheclassnaturethekuomintangdiehardsfoughtnegativelyjapaneseandopposedpositivelycommunistinandneartheshaanxigansuningxiaborderregiontheyneverstoppedthemanufacturingoffrictioneventsinthestruggleagainstfrictionsxiaowasveryparticularaboutthepoliciesandstrategiestakentodistinguishbetweentheattitudestowardsthekuomintangdiehardsandcentristsstrugglingresolutelyagainstthediehardswhospecializesinthemanufactureoffrictionsandgainingactivelyoverthosekuomintanggeneralswhohadthefriendlycentristattitudeoncertainissuesinthemeantimeinthefaceofthekuomintangseconomicblockadexiaoledthebroadofficersofstaycorpswithmassesandsoldiersintheborderareastolaunchthegreatproductioncampaignwhichmadenanniwanagoodjiangnaninnorthernshanxithesongnanniwanisanaptreflectionofthissituationmaozedongoncesaidhumorouslyihavetoldyouthatinyananweeatbyrelyingonyouxiaointheyananrectificationmovementfromtoxiaostrengthenedthelearningandtheresearchinmilitarytheoriesandpublishedguerrillawarfareguidingessentialsclosecombattacticsandotherarticlesinmaystaycorpswasattachedtotheshanxigansuningxiashanxisuiyuanuniteddefencearmyinseptemberstaycorpscommandanduniteddefencearmycommandmergedwhilethenameofstaycorpscommandwasretainedinmayxiaoattendedthepartysseventhnationalpeoplescongressandwaselectedthealternatecpcmemberchinesecivilwarafterjapansurrenderedonaugustxiaojinguangtransferredtothedeputycommanderandthechiefofstaffoftheshandongmilitaryareaonarrivinginhenanxiaoreceivedatelegramofthecpccentralcommitteeandthenwenttoshenyangtookupthedeputycommanderandthechiefofstaffofthegeneralheadquartersofthenortheastpeoplesautonomousarmysoonrenamedthenortheastdemocraticunitedforcesatthattimethekmtattemptedtoseizethenortheastayearsresearchmadexiaoquitefamiliarwiththemilitaryformationofthenortheastinthesameyearxiaodraftedthefamousreportofthemilitaryformandforcessituationofthenortheastwarsinthenortheastwasjustaroundthecornerxiaovolunteeredtorushtosouthmanchuriawithchenyunafterthreemonthsoffightingtheliaodongmilitaryregioncommandwonallthebattlesindefendinglinjiangandrecoveredmorethanmajorcitiesandtownsadjacenttolinjianginclosecollaborationwiththenortheastdemocraticunitedforcesafterthisthekmtchangedfromtheoffensivestrategytothedefensivestrategyinthenortheastwhilethedemocraticunitedforcesfromdefensivetooffensiveatthattimechangchunhadaveryimportantstrategicpositioninmarchthenortheastfieldarmycutoffthebeiningandthezhongchangrailwaysthenchangchunwasisolatedinthesongliaoplainafterlotsofdiscussiontakingmaoscriticismandinstructionslinbiaodrewuptheprogramofinmonthstimecarryoutalongertermencirclingofchangchuninordertoannihilatetheenemyreliefforceandthentakethecitythemissionwasservedbyxiaothedeputycommanderofthenortheastfieldarmyandalsothecommanderofthefirstfrontlinecommandpostthroughshoutingourarmyspropagandainthepositioncarryingthepropagandaplacedinawoodenboxoverthemoatandothersimplemethodsourarmycreatedastrongpoliticalcampaignandachievedaremarkablesuccessthreemonthslaterthecitywasinamesszhouenlaiinducedpersonallyzhengdongguothedeputycommanderoftheheadquartersofbanditsuppressionofthenortheastandthecommanderofthefirstcorpsofthekmttocapitulateatlastzhengsurrenderedinnovembertheliaoningshenyangcampaigncametoanendandthewholenortheastwasliberatedlaterthatmonthxiaoledhistroopstoattendthebeipingtianjincampaignafterthebeipingtianjincampaignthepeoplesliberationarmywasonceagainreorganizedthefirstcorpsofthenortheastfieldarmywhichwascommandedbyxiaowasrenamedtheplasxiicorpsofthefourthfieldarmyattheendoffebruaryhavingreceivedtheordersofthemilitarycommissionofthecpccentralcommitteexiaoledhistroopstoleavebeijingmarchingalongthepinghanrailwaytocentralchinaallthewayxiaoledtheadvancecorpstoattackwithirresistibleforceaftertheliberationofwuhanxiaowasappointedthecommandofthecitygarrisoninmidjulythexiicorpswhichwascommandedbyxiaoandtheotherfourfieldarmiesliberatedyichangshashichangdeandthevastareasofhunanandjiangxiinearlyseptemberthemilitarycommissionofthecpccentralcommitteeissuedthecombatmissionagainstbaichongxiandsongxiliantroopsinthehengbaobattleseptembertooctoberwhichwasinitiatedaccordingtothemissionthearmyledbyxiaowiththearmyledbychengzihuaannihilatedmorethanenemyatthecostoffourthousandcasualtiesaftertheestablishmentoftheprcchangshahunanchinashortlyafterthefoundingofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaxiaowasinvitedtoestablishtheleadingorgansofpeoplesliberationarmynavyinjanuaryxiaowasappointedascommanderofthechinesepeoplesliberationarmynavyandalsoservedasthepresidentandpoliticalcommissarofthedaliannavalacademymeanwhilehewasinvolvedintheexpansionofthenavalaviationschoolandnavalartilleryschoolinaugustxiaohostedthenavymeetingtodeterminespecificguidelinesfortheearlyconstructionofthepeoplesliberationarmynavyfirstlytobuildamodernoffensiveanddefensiveforcewhichisoffshorelightagilecombatpowersecondlytocarryouttheattacksdestroyedontheseatheoryatthesametimexiaosetaboutestablishingthechinanorthseafleeteastseafleetandsouthseafleetwhichareinitiallythechinesemaritimedefensesystemsinapriladelegationledbyxiaovisitedthesovietrepublicforsolvingtheproblemofnavalweaponsandequipmentinxiaoadvocatedastrategyofthreedevelopstepsforthechinesenavalweaponsandequipmentasfollowsgatheringsupportforwholesetforeignmaterialsequipmentandtechnologydigestingandabsorbingforeigntechnologywithimitationandgraduallyachievingtheselfsufficiencydesigningbyourselvesusingdomesticmaterialsandequipmenttomakethenavyweaponsandequipmentinseptemberxiaowasappointedtoviceministerofdefenseofpeoplesrepublicofchinainjanuaryitisthefirsttimethatxiaolednavalforcesworkingwithgroundforcesandairforcestogetherinjointoperationsnearthecoastalislandsofthenationalisttroopstheyoccupiedyijiangshanislandinfebruarytheycaptureddachenislandyushanislandspishanislandinmarchheparticipatedinthereceptionofthesovietmilitaryequipmentinlshunkouinseptemberxiaogainedthemilitaryawardofthetenseniorcommandersoftheplaprimeauguststmilitarymedalprimeorderofindependenceandfreedommedaloffreedomandindependenceprimeliberalmedalatthesametimehealsoservedasthefirstcommitteememberofnationaldefensecommissionandwasreappointedconsecutivelyinjuneheattendedthefirstcongressofpartyrepresentativesandproposedthetheorythatourworkbaseontheexistingpowerandfocusontheairforcethesubmarineandthetorpedoboatinseptemberhewaselectedasamemberofthecentralcommitteeinseptemberxiaoledthesoldiersofnavyairforceandgroundforcetobombardjinmenislandfromhewasostracizedbylinbiaoinmarchxiaojinguangstillworkedasamemberofthethirdthenationalpeoplescongressinaugustthepeoplesliberationarmynavyengagedwithkmtspitcheringkmtsgunboatszhangjiangandjianmeninjanuaryxiaowascriticizedbyerrorandwasdeprivedofthepresidingworkofnavyinaftertheseptemberincidentxiaoreturnedtohisworkinthenavyandtookchargeofproducingnuclearpoweredsubmarinesincludingthenuclearsubmarineandmissilefloodingaircrafthoweveratthatmomenthewasundergreatduressandviolenceduetoculturalrevolutionandgangoffouroneofthelieseverperpetratedonhimwasthathewasthemanwhohadbeenonpirateshipbutmaozedongdeclaredthatxiaoisalifetimenavalcommanderwhenheisalivenoonecansubstituteinaugusthewaselectedasamemberofthethcentralcongressinheworkedasamemberofthethirdnationalpeoplescongressinoctoberxiaometwithmarshalyejianyingandsuggestedtoclearthegangoffourinaugusthewaselectedasamemberofthethcentralcongressinmaythecpccentralcommitteerehabilitatedxiaosunjustverdictandinthefollowingmonthhewaselectedasthevicechairmanofthefifthstandingcommitteeofnationalpeoplescongressinjanuaryxiaojinguangretiredfromthenavyleadershippositionsandtwoyearslaterheworkedasamemberoftheadvisorycommitteeofthecpccentralcommitteedeathxiaojinguangdiedinbeijingonmarchfromcoloncancerafterthefuneralhisashesweresubsequentlyscatteredatseaaccordingtohiswishesxiaowaseulogizedasagreatmarxistgreatproletarianrevolutionarymilitarystrategistoneofthemainleadersofpeoplesliberationarmynavyfamilywifezhuzhongzhidaughteroffamousrevolutionaryeducatorzhujianfanmarriedxiaoinsonsxiaoyongdingformerviceministerofministryoflightindustryxiaocenengformerdeputydirectorofthehainaneconomiccooperationdepartmentxiaozhuonengformergeneralmanagerofchinanationaloffshoretechnologycorporationhusbandoffamoussingerliguyixiaoboyingseniorofficerofplalieutenantgeneralxiaojilongpartysecretaryofbeijingstoneinscriptionartmuseumdaughtersxiaokaixiaonanreferencesexternallinkspaulnollcomkoreawararmygeneralxiaojinguanghtmlgeneralxiaojinguanginfoboxsettlementnamexinanothernamenativenametranslitlangchinesecharacterchinesetranslitlangtypechinesecharacterchinesetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypesubdistrictmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmappushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinfujianpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamefujiansubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnameningdesubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountysubdivisionnamexiapucountyxiapusubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamegovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmitimezonechinastandardtimeutcoffsetcoordinateselevationmelevationftxinanisalistoftownshipleveldivisionsoffujiantownshipleveldivisionsituatedinxiapucountyningdefujianchinarefciteweburlxzqhorghtmlfjtitlepublisherxzqhorglanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebxzqhorghtmlfjarchivedatemarchrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsoffujianreferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexiyuansubdistrictjinjiangfujianothernamenativenametranslitlangchinesecharacterchinesetranslitlangtypechinesecharacterchinesetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxiyunnicknamesettlementtypesubdistrictmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmappushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinfujianpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamefujiansubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnamequanzhousubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinadistrictsubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamegovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmitimezonechinastandardtimeutcoffsetcoordinateselevationmelevationftxiyuansubdistrictisalistoftownshipleveldivisionsoffujiantownshipleveldivisionofjinjiangfujianjinjiangcityquanzhoufujianprovincechinaseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsoffujianreferenceslatanoprosttimolollatanoprosttimololinfoboxfootballbiographynamexuxafullnamecssiolusrissardobirthdatebirthplacesopaulobrazilheightpositionmidfieldercurrentclubmirassolfutebolclubemirassolclubnumberyouthyearsyouthclubsassociaoatlticaflamengoflamengospyearscapsgoalsclubsmirassolfutebolclubemirassolyearscapsgoalsclubsmarliaatlticoclubemarliayearscapsgoalsclubsmirassolloanyearscapsgoalsclubsassociaoportuguesadedesportosportuguesaloanyearscapsgoalsclubsamricafutebolclubernamricarnloanyearscapsgoalsclubsvilanovafutebolclubevilanovaloanyearscapsgoalsclubsassociaoatlticaanapolinaanapolinaloanyearscapsgoalsclubssertozinhofutebolclubesertozinhoyearscapsgoalsclubsmarliayearscapsgoalsclubsespor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epatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwariwesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontfirstbattleofyprescommandersnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxiireservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxxiireservecorpswasformedinoctoberitwaspartofthefirstwaveofnewcorpsformedattheoutsetofworldwariconsistingofxxiixxviireservecorpsofrdthreservedivisionsplusthbavarianreservedivisionthepersonnelwaspredominantlymadeupofkriegsfreiwilligewartimevolunteerswhodidnotwaittobecalledupitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarstructureonformationonformationinoctoberxxiireservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsbutwasweakerthananactivecorpsreserveinfantryregimentsconsistedofthreebattalionsbutonlyhadamachinegunplatoonofmachinegunsratherthanamachineguncompanyofmachinegunsreservejgerbattalionsdidnothaveamachineguncompanyonformationthoughsomewereprovidedwithamachinegunplatoonreservecavalrydetachmentsweremuchsmallerthanthereservecavalryregimentsformedonmobilisationreservefieldartilleryregimentsconsistedofthreeabteilungabteilungengunandhowitzerofthreebatterieseachbuteachbatteryhadjustgunsratherthanoftheactiveandthereserveregimentsformedonmobilisationinsummaryxxiireservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachinegunplatoonsmachinegunscavalrydetachmentsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxiireservecorpsrowspanrdreservedivisiongermanempirerdreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadestreserveinfantryregimentndreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigaderdreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservejgerbattalionrdreservefieldartilleryregimentrdreservecavalrydetachmentrdreservepioneercompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservejgerbattalionthreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservepioneercompanycombatchroniclecommandersxxiireservecorpswascommandedthroughoutitsexistencebygeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavallerieeugenvonfalkenhaynprussianministerofwarprussianwarministererichvonfalkenhaynerichvonfalkenhaynsolderbrotherseealsoreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlastbuschefirsthartwigyeartitleformationsgeschichtederdeutscheninfanterieimerstenweltkriegbispublisherinstitutfrpreuischehistoriographielanguagegermancitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxiiireservecorpsbrxxiiireservekorpsabbreviationxxiiirkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesoctoberaugustcountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwariwesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontfirstbattleofyprescommandersnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxiiireservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxxiiireservecorpswasformedinoctoberitwaspartofthefirstwaveofnewcorpsformedattheoutsetofworldwariconsistingofxxiixxviireservecorpsofrdthreservedivisionsplusthbavarianreservedivisionthepersonnelwaspredominantlymadeupofkriegsfreiwilligewartimevolunteerswhodidnotwaittobecalledupitwasdissolvedonauguststructureonformationonformationinoctoberxxiiireservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsbutwasweakerthananactivecorpsreserveinfantryregimentsconsistedofthreebattalionsbutonlyhadamachinegunplatoonofmachinegunsratherthanamachineguncompanyofmachinegunsreservejgerbattalionsdidnothaveamachineguncompanyonformationthoughsomewereprovidedwithamachinegunplatoonreservecavalrydetachmentsweremuchsmallerthanthereservecavalryregimentsformedonmobilisationreservefieldartilleryregimentsconsistedofthreeabteilungabteilungengunandhowitzerofthreebatterieseachbuteachbatteryhadjustgunsratherthanoftheactiveandthereserveregimentsformedonmobilisationinsummaryxxiiireservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachinegunplatoonsmachinegunscavalrydetachmentsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxiiireservecorpsrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservejgerbattalionthreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservepioneercompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanstreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanndreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservejgerbattalionthreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservepioneercompanycommandersxxiiireservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameaugustgeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavalleriegeorgvonkleistdecembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriehugovonkathenjulygeneralleutnantarthurvongabainseealsoreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlastbuschefirsthartwigyeartitleformationsgeschichtederdeutscheninfanterieimerstenweltkriegbispublisherinstitutfrpreuischehistoriographielanguagegermancitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxivreservecorpsbrxxivreservekorpsabbreviationxxivrkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesoctoberpostnovembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaricommandersnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxivreservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxxivreservecorpswasformedinoctoberitwaspartofthefirstwaveofnewcorpsformedattheoutsetofworldwariconsistingofxxiixxviireservecorpsofrdthreservedivisionsplusthbavarianreservedivisionthepersonnelwaspredominantlymadeupofkriegsfreiwilligewartimevolunteerswhodidnotwaittobecalledupitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthestarmygermanempirestarmyheeresgruppedeutscherkronprinzonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontstructureonformationonformationinoctoberxxivreservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsbutwasweakerthananactivecorpsreserveinfantryregimentsconsistedofthreebattalionsbutonlyhadamachinegunplatoonofmachinegunsratherthanamachineguncompanyofmachinegunsreservejgerbattalionsdidnothaveamachineguncompanyonformationthoughsomewereprovidedwithamachinegunplatoonreservecavalrydetachmentsweremuchsmallerthanthereservecavalryregimentsformedonmobilisationreservefieldartilleryregimentsconsistedofthreeabteilungabteilungengunandhowitzerofthreebatterieseachbuteachbatteryhadjustgunsratherthanoftheactiveandthereserveregimentsformedonmobilisationinsummaryxxivreservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachinegunplatoonsmachinegunscavalrydetachmentsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxivreservecorpsrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanrdreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservejgerbattalionthreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservepioneercompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadestreserveinfantryregimentndreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigaderdreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservejgerbattalionthreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservepioneercompanycombatchroniclecommandersxxivreservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieeberhardvonclaerseptembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriefriedrichvongerokofficerfriedrichvongerokfebruarygeneralleutnantfelixlangerseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlastbuschefirsthartwigyeartitleformationsgeschichtederdeutscheninfanterieimerstenweltkriegbispublisherinstitutfrpreuischehistoriographielanguagegermancitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxvreservecorpsbrxxvreservekorpsabbreviationxxviirkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesoctoberpostnovembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaricommandersnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxvreservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxxvreservecorpswasformedinoctoberitwaspartofthefirstwaveofnewcorpsformedattheoutsetofworldwariconsistingofxxiixxviireservecorpsofrdthreservedivisionsplusthbavarianreservedivisionthepersonnelwaspredominantlymadeupofkriegsfreiwilligewartimevolunteerswhodidnotwaittobecalledupitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarintherdarmygermanempirerdarmyheeresgruppedeutscherkronprinzonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontstructureonformationonformationinoctoberxxvreservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsbutwasweakerthananactivecorpsreserveinfantryregimentsconsistedofthreebattalionsbutonlyhadamachinegunplatoonofmachinegunsratherthanamachineguncompanyofmachinegunsreservejgerbattalionsdidnothaveamachineguncompanyonformationthoughsomewereprovidedwithamachinegunplatoonreservecavalrydetachmentsweremuchsmallerthanthereservecavalryregimentsformedonmobilisationreservefieldartilleryregimentsconsistedofthreeabteilungabteilungengunandhowitzerofthreebatterieseachbuteachbatteryhadjustgunsratherthanoftheactiveandthereserveregimentsformedonmobilisationinsummaryxxvreservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachinegunplatoonsmachinegunscavalrydetachmentsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxvreservecorpsrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanstreservejgerbattalionthreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservepioneercompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadestreserveinfantryregimentndreserveinfantryregimentrowspanndreservejgerbattalionthreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservepioneercompanycommandersxxvreservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriereinhardfreiherrvonschefferboyadelseptembergeneralleutnantkarlsurennovembergeneralleutnantmanfredvonrichthofengeneralmanfredvonrichthofenmarchgeneralleutnantkonstanzvonheinecciusnovembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriehorstedlervonderplanitzdecembergeneralleutnantwilhelmgroenerfebruarygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriearnoldvonwincklerseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlastbuschefirsthartwigyeartitleformationsgeschichtederdeutscheninfanterieimerstenweltkriegbispublisherinstitutfrpreuischehistoriographielanguagegermancitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxvireservecorpsbrxxvireservekorpsabbreviationxxvirkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesoctoberpostnovembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwariwesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontfirstbattleofyprescommandersnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxvireservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxxvireservecorpswasformedinoctoberitwaspartofthefirstwaveofnewcorpsformedattheoutsetofworldwariconsistingofxxiixxviireservecorpsofrdthreservedivisionsplusthbavarianreservedivisionthepersonnelwaspredominantlymadeupofkriegsfreiwilligewartimevolunteerswhodidnotwaittobecalledupitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppedeutscherkronprinzonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontstructureonformationonformationinoctoberxxvireservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsbutwasweakerthananactivecorpsreserveinfantryregimentsconsistedofthreebattalionsbutonlyhadamachinegunplatoonofmachinegunsratherthanamachineguncompanyofmachinegunsreservejgerbattalionsdidnothaveamachineguncompanyonformationthoughsomewereprovidedwithamachinegunplatoonreservecavalrydetachmentsweremuchsmallerthanthereservecavalryregimentsformedonmobilisationreservefieldartilleryregimentsconsistedofthreeabteilungabteilungengunandhowitzerofthreebatterieseachbuteachbatteryhadjustgunsratherthanoftheactiveandthereserveregimentsformedonmobilisationinsummaryxxvireservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachinegunplatoonsmachinegunscavalrydetachmentsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxvireservecorpsrowspanstreservedivisiongermanempirestreservedivisionrowspanstreserveinfantrybrigaderdreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanndreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanrdreservejgerbattalionstreservefieldartilleryregimentstreservecavalrydetachmentstreservepioneercompanyrowspanndreservedivisiongermanempirendreservedivisionrowspanrdreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservejgerbattalionndreservefieldartilleryregimentndreservecavalrydetachmentndreservepioneercompanycommandersxxvireservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameaugustgeneralleutnantrowspanottovonhgelseptembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriemarchgeneralleutnantoskarvonwatterseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlastbuschefirsthartwigyeartitleformationsgeschichtederdeutscheninfanterieimerstenweltkriegbispublisherinstitutfrpreuischehistoriographielanguagegermancitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxviireservecorpsbrxxviireservekorpsabbreviationxxviirkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesoctoberfebruarycountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwariwesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontfirstbattleofypressecondbattleofypressecondbattleofchampagnebattleofthesommespringoffensiveeasternfrontworldwarieasternfrontcommandersnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxviireservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxxviireservecorpswasformedinoctoberitwaspartofthefirstwaveofnewcorpsformedattheoutsetofworldwariconsistingofxxiixxviireservecorpsofrdthreservedivisionsplusthbavarianreservedivisionthepersonnelwaspredominantlymadeupofkriegsfreiwilligewartimevolunteerswhodidnotwaittobecalledupitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarstructureonformationonformationinoctoberxxviireservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsbutwasweakerthananactivecorpsreserveinfantryregimentsconsistedofthreebattalionsbutonlyhadamachinegunplatoonofmachinegunsratherthanamachineguncompanyofmachinegunsreservejgerbattalionsdidnothaveamachineguncompanyonformationthoughsomewereprovidedwithamachinegunplatoonreservecavalrydetachmentsweremuchsmallerthanthereservecavalryregimentsformedonmobilisationreservefieldartilleryregimentsconsistedofthreeabteilungabteilungengunandhowitzerofthreebatterieseachbuteachbatteryhadjustgunsratherthanoftheactiveandthereserveregimentsformedonmobilisationinsummaryxxviireservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachinegunplatoonsmachinegunscavalrydetachmentsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxviireservecorpsrowspanrdreservedivisiongermanempirerdreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadestreserveinfantryregimentndreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigaderdreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservejgerbattalionrdreservefieldartilleryregimentrdreservecavalrydetachmentrdreservepioneercompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservejgerbattalionthreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservepioneercompanycombatchronicleformedofroyalsaxonarmysaxonandarmyofwrttembergwrttembergunitsintheearlystagesoftheworldwarifirstworldwarthecorpsappearedonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontinbelgiuminoctoberitwasassignedtothetharmygermanempiretharmycommandedbygeneralfeldmarschallalbrechtdukeofwrttembergwithwhichitparticipatedinthefirstbattleofypresinittookpartinthesecondbattleofypresandthesecondbattleofchampagneandininthebattleofthesommeinnovemberitwastransferredtotheeasternfrontworldwarieasternfrontinlateitreturnedtothewestinitiallyonbordersecuritydutiesonthedutchbelgianborderbeforereurningtotheflandersfrontinjanuaryittookpartinthespringoffensivefrommarchandcontinuedtobeengagedonthewesternfrontfortheremainderofthewarthecorpswasdissolvedinfebruarycommandersxxviireservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameaugustgeneralleutnantadolphvoncarlowitzoctobergeneraloftheartillerygermanygeneralderartillerierichardvonschubertaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieoskarvonehrenthaljunegeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavalleriehanskrugvonniddaseptembergeneralleutnantbernhardvonwatzdorfseealsoreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlastbuschefirsthartwigyeartitleformationsgeschichtederdeutscheninfanterieimerstenweltkriegbispublisherinstitutfrpreuischehistoriographielanguagegermancitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxxviiireservecorpsbrxxxviiireservekorpsabbreviationxxxviiirkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesdecemberpostnovembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaricommandersnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxxviiireservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxxxviiireservecorpswasformedindecemberitwaspartofthesecondwaveofnewcorpsformedintheearlystagesofworldwariconsistingofxxxviiixxxxireservecorpsofthndreservedivisionsplusthbavarianreservedivisionthepersonnelwaspredominantlymadeupofkriegsfreiwilligewartimevolunteerswhodidnotwaittobecalledupfrommarchtodecemberitwasknownasbeskidenkorpsbeskidscorpsthecorpswasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarintherdarmygermanempirerdarmyheeresgruppedeutscherkronprinzonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontstructureonformationonformationindecemberxxxviiireservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsbutwasweakerthananactivecorpsthedivisionswereorganisedastriangulardivisiontriangularratherthansquaredivisionsquaredivisionswiththreeinfantryregimentsratherthanfourbuthadabrigadeoftwofieldartilleryregimentsreserveinfantryregimentsconsistedofthreebattalionsbutlackedamachineguncompanyreservecavalrydetachmentsweremuchsmallerthanthereservecavalryregimentsformedonmobilisationreservefieldartilleryregimentsconsistedoftwoabteilungabteilungengunandhowitzerofthreebatterieseachbuteachbatteryhadjustgunsratherthanoftheactiveandthereserveregimentsformedonmobilisationinsummaryxxxviiireservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionscavalrydetachmentsfieldartillerybatteriesgunscyclistcompaniesandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxxviiireservecorpsrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentstreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservefieldartillerybrigadethreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentrowspanthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservecyclistcompanythreservepioneercompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadendreserveinfantryregimentrdreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservefieldartillerybrigadethreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentrowspanthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservecyclistcompanythreservepioneercompanycommandersxxxviiireservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknamedecembergeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavalleriegeorgvondermarwitzjulygeneralleutnantmaxhofmannseptembergeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavalleriemanfredvonrichthofengeneralmanfredvonrichthofenaugustgeneralleutnantarthurfreiherrvonlttwitzseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlastbuschefirsthartwigyeartitleformationsgeschichtederdeutscheninfanterieimerstenweltkriegbispublisherinstitutfrpreuischehistoriographielanguagegermancitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxxixreservecorpsbrxxxixreservekorpsabbreviationxxxixrkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesdecemberpostnovembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaricommandersnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxxixreservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxxxixreservecorpswasformedindecemberitwaspartofthesecondwaveofnewcorpsformedintheearlystagesofworldwariconsistingofxxxviiixxxxireservecorpsofthndreservedivisionsplusthbavarianreservedivisionthepersonnelwaspredominantlymadeupofkriegsfreiwilligewartimevolunteerswhodidnotwaittobecalledupitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarstructureonformationonformationindecemberxxxixreservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsbutwasweakerthananactivecorpsthedivisionswereorganisedastriangulardivisiontriangularratherthansquaredivisionsquaredivisionswiththreeinfantryregimentsratherthanfourbuthadabrigadeoftwofieldartilleryregimentsreserveinfantryregimentsconsistedofthreebattalionsbutlackedamachineguncompanyreservecavalrydetachmentsweremuchsmallerthanthereservecavalryregimentsformedonmobilisationreservefieldartilleryregimentsconsistedoftwoabteilungabteilungengunandhowitzerofthreebatterieseachbuteachbatteryhadjustgunsratherthanoftheactiveandthereserveregimentsformedonmobilisationinsummaryxxxixreservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionscavalrydetachmentsfieldartillerybatteriesgunscyclistcompaniesandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxxixreservecorpsrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservefieldartillerybrigadethreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentrowspanthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservecyclistcompanythreservepioneercompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservefieldartillerybrigadestreservefieldartilleryregimentndreservefieldartilleryregimentrowspanthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservecyclistcompanythreservepioneercompanycombatchronicleinthegermanoffensiveincourlandwasintendedtobeadiversionwhilethemaineffortwasmadefurthersouthbythetharmygermanempiregermantharmyandaustrohungariantharmyinthegorlicetarnwoffensivearmyoftheniemenarmeeabteilunglauensteinarmeeabteilunglauensteinarmydetachmentlauensteinwasformedbyupgradingxxxixreservecorpsoftharmygermanempiretharmyonaprilitwasnamedforitscommandergeneralleutnantottovonlauensteinwhoretainedsimultaneouscommandofxxxixreservecorpsitwasdirectlyunderthecommandofoberostobeastduetoitssuccessitwascontinuouslyreinforceduntilitwasraisedtothestatusofanfieldarmyarmyasthearmyoftheniemenonmaygeneralleutnantvonlauensteinremainedascommanderofxxxixreservecorpscommandersxxxixreservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknamedecembergeneralleutnantottovonlauensteinjulygeneralleutnantrowspanhermannvonstaabsdecembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriemarchgeneralleutnantpaulgrnertmaygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriehermannvonstaabsglossaryarmeeabteilungorarmydetachmentinthesenseofsomethingdetachedfromanarmyitisnotunderthecommandofanarmysoisinitselfasmallarmyarmeegruppeorarmygroupinthesenseofagroupwithinanarmyandunderitscommandgenerallyformedasatemporarymeasureforaspecifictaskheeresgruppeorarmygroupinthesenseofanumberofarmiesunderasinglecommanderseealsoarmyoftheniemenarmeeabteilunglauensteinarmeeabteilunglauensteinreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlastbuschefirsthartwigyeartitleformationsgeschichtederdeutscheninfanterieimerstenweltkriegbispublisherinstitutfrpreuischehistoriographielanguagegermancitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxxxreservecorpsbrxxxxreservekorpsabbreviationxxxxrkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesdecemberpostsnovembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaricommandersnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxxxreservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxxxxreservecorpswasformedindecemberitwaspartofthesecondwaveofnewcorpsformedintheearlystagesofworldwariconsistingofxxxviiixxxxireservecorpsofthndreservedivisionsplusthbavarianreservedivisionthepersonnelwaspredominantlymadeupofkriegsfreiwilligewartimevolunteerswhodidnotwaittobecalledupitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppekronprinzrupprechtonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontstructureonformationonformationindecemberxxxxreservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsbutwasweakerthananactivecorpsthedivisionswereorganisedastriangulardivisiontriangularratherthansquaredivisionsquaredivisionswiththreeinfantryregimentsratherthanfourbuthadabrigadeoftwofieldartilleryregimentsreserveinfantryregimentsconsistedofthreebattalionsbutlackedamachineguncompanyreservecavalrydetachmentsweremuchsmallerthanthereservecavalryregimentsformedonmobilisationreservefieldartilleryregimentsconsistedoftwoabteilungabteilungengunandhowitzerofthreebatterieseachbuteachbatteryhadjustgunsratherthanoftheactiveandthereserveregimentsformedonmobilisationinsummaryxxxxreservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionscavalrydetachmentsfieldartillerybatteriesgunscyclistcompaniesandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxxxreservecorpsrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadestreserveinfantryregimentndreserveinfantryregimentrdreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservefieldartillerybrigaderdreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentrowspanthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservecyclistcompanythreservepioneercompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservefieldartillerybrigadethreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentrowspanthreservecavalrydetachmentthreservecyclistcompanythreservepioneercompanycombatchroniclecommandersxxxxreservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknamedecembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriekarllitzmannaugustgeneralleutnantpaulgrnertseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlastbuschefirsthartwigyeartitleformationsgeschichtederdeutscheninfanterieimerstenweltkriegbispublisherinstitutfrpreuischehistoriographielanguagegermancitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxxxireservecorpsbrxxxxireservekorpsabbreviationxxxxirkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesdecemberpostnovembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaricommandersnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxxxireservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxxxxireservecorpswasformedindecemberitwaspartofthesecondwaveofnewcorpsformedintheearlystagesofworldwariconsistingofxxxviiixxxxireservecorpsofthndreservedivisionsplusthbavarianreservedivisionthepersonnelwaspredominantlymadeupofkriegsfreiwilligewartimevolunteerswhodidnotwaittobecalledupitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarstructureonformationonformationindecemberxxxxireservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsbutwasweakerthananactivecorpsthedivisionswereorganisedastriangulardivisiontriangularratherthansquaredivisionsquaredivisionswiththreeinfantryregimentsratherthanfourbuthadabrigadeoftwofieldartilleryregimentsreserveinfantryregimentsconsistedofthreebattalionsbutlackedamachineguncompanyreservecavalrydetachmentsweremuchsmallerthanthereservecavalryregimentsformedonmobilisationreservefieldartilleryregimentsconsistedoftwoabteilungabteilungengunandhowitzerofthreebatterieseachbuteachbatteryhadjustgunsratherthanoftheactiveandthereserveregimentsformedonmobilisationinsummaryxxxxireservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionscavalrydetachmentsfieldartillerybatteriesgunscyclistcompaniesandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxxxireservecorpsrowspanstreservedivisiongermanempirestreservedivisionrowspanstreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanstreservefieldartillerybrigadethreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentrowspanstreservecavalrydetachmentstreservecyclistcompanystreservepioneercompanyrowspanndreservedivisiongermanempirendreservedivisionrowspanndreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentstreserveinfantryregimentndreserveinfantryregimentrowspanndreservefieldartillerybrigadethreservefieldartilleryregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentrowspanndreservecavalrydetachmentndreservecyclistcompanyndreservepioneercompanyonmayinpreparationforthegorlicetarnowoffensivethecorpsconsistedofbattalionssquadronsmachinegunsandgunsthecorpswasorganizedasfollowsstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxxxireservecorpsrowspanstreservedivisiongermanempirestreservedivisionrowspanstreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanstreservefieldartillerybrigadethreservefieldartilleryregimentcannonlightfieldhowitzerbatteriesthreservefieldartilleryregimentcannonlightfieldhowitzerbatteriesrowspanstreservecavalrydetachmentthsquadronthdragoonregimentththreservepioneercompaniesrowspanndreservedivisiongermanempirendreservedivisionrowspanndreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentstreserveinfantryregimentndreserveinfantryregimentrowspanndreservefieldartillerybrigadethreservefieldartilleryregimentcannonlightfieldhowitzerbatteriesthreservefieldartilleryregimentcannonlightfieldhowitzerbatteriesrowspanndreservecavalrydetachmentthsquadronthuhlanregimentndreservepioneercompanystcompanythpioneerregimentndbattalionrdfootartilleryregimentbatteriesheavyfieldhowitzersrowspanattachedcmaustrohungarianhowitzerbatterygunscmaustrohungariancannonbatterygunsthbatterybavarianstreservefootartillerycmcannonsrdbattalionstfootartilleryregimentbtryscmmortarseachthlighttrenchmortardetachmentmortarsthlighttrenchmortardetachmentmortarsthmediumtrenchmortardetachmentmortarsthheavytrenchmortardetachmentmortarscommandersxxxxireservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknamedecembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriehermannvonfranoisjunegeneralleutnantarnoldvonwincklerseptembergeneraloftheartillerygermanygeneralderartilleriehansvongronauseealsoreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlastbuschefirsthartwigyeartitleformationsgeschichtederdeutscheninfanterieimerstenweltkriegbispublisherinstitutfrpreuischehistoriographielanguagegermancitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefkingkangofchurogerkwoksharonchanlouisyuenyoyochenkoniluiraymondchoactorfordfalconxcpeonidinoglucosidepeonidinoglucosidepetunidinoglucosideseverodvinskarkhangelskxilingfloppydiskinchfloppydiskfloppydiskinchfloppydiskmicrofloppyxtngmayrefertothefollowinglocationsinchinaxitangbeihaitowninyinhaidistrictbeihaiguangxixitangyueyangtowninyueyangloudistrictyueyanghunanxitangtowninjiashancountyzhejiangtaxoboximagexylotajakutorumpineleafwalkerjpgregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordoflydipterafamiliasyrphidaegenusxylotaspeciesxjakutorumbinomialxylotajakutorumbinomialauthoritybagachanovasynonymsxylotajakutorumisapalearcticspeciesofhoverflydescriptionboldsystemsorgindexphptaxbrowsertaxonpagetaxidexternalimagesfortermsseemorphologyofdipterabranterodorsalhairsonthehindfemoraallshorterthanhalfofthemaximumdepthoffemurlongerhairsconfinedtothebasalofthefemurlengthposterioranepisternumdustedbartschetalfigurethegenitaliaofjakutorumandthecloselysimilarxylotacaeruleiventrisrefbartschhnielsentrspeightmcdreappraisalofxylotacaeruleiventriszetterstedtwithremarksonthedistributionofthisspeciesandxjakutorumbagatshanovaineuropevolucellarefvanveenprovidesanidentificationkeydistributionfennoscandiasouthtothepyreneesanditalyirelandeastthroughcentraleuropetoeuropeanrussiaandontosiberiarefnamespeightrefgalleryxylotajakutorumffjpgxylotajakutorumfbjpggalleryreferencesxindiandistrictgeneralintelligencepresidencyinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexithedaysbeforetomorrowtypestudioartistlillianaxecoverlillianaxexithedaysbeforetomorrowgifreleasedjanuaryeuropebrfebruaryusastudiosoundlandingstudioscovingtonlouisianagenreheavymetalmusicheavymetalglammetallengthlabelafmrecordsafmeuropebrcmerecordsusaproducersteveblazelastalbumdeepredshadowsbrthisalbumxithedaysbeforetomorrowbrnextalbumxithedaysbeforetomorrowisanalbumbythehardrockbandlillianaxereleasedintracklistingallsongsbysteveblazeexceptthegreatdividebyblazeandrobhoveybabylondeathcomestomorrowgatherupthesnowthegreatdividetakethebulletbowyourheadcagedinsouldiseaselavaonmytonguemyapologiesangelsamonguseuropeanbonustrackyoubelongtomehiddenbonustrackpersonnelbriancjonesleadvocalssteveblazeleadguitarbackingvocalskeyboardssampoiteventrhythmguitarbackingvocalskeyboardsericmorrisbassguitarkenkoudelkadrumsxtravaganzaisanadoptedsurnamenotablepeoplewiththesurnameincludeangiextravaganzaamericanperformerdannixtravaganzaamericanperformervenusxtravaganzadiedamericantransgenderpersonalityseealsohouseofxtravaganzacuneiformscriptthecontinuingadventuresoftherollingstonesmiyabenolcamwaynorthamericaproductsxbizandeabatistaxoboxnamexenocerusdeletusimageanthribidaexenocerusdeletusjpgimagecaptionxenocerusdeletusfromsumatramaleandfemaleregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordobeetlecoleopterafamiliaanthribidaegenusxenocerusspeciesxdeletusbinomialxenocerusdeletusbinomialauthorityfrancispolkinghornepascoepascoesynonymsxenocerusdeletusisaspeciesofbeetlesfromthefamilyanthribidaealsoknownasfungusweevilsdescriptionthebasiccolourisdarkbrownwithwhitemarkingsontheheadthepronotumandtheelytrathisspeciesexhibitsastrongsexualdimorphismwithverydifferentsizesinmalesandfemalestheantennabiologyantennaeinthemalesarethreadlikeandmuchlongerthanthebodydistributionthisspeciescanbefoundinsumatraborneoandmalaypeninsulareferencesbiolibczentaxonidbiolibglobalspeciesorgntaxaglobalspeciesxuzhouguanyininternationalairportinfoboxsettlementnamexinansubdistrictothernamenativenametranslitlangchinesecharacterchinesetranslitlangtypechinesecharacterchinesetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypesubdistrictchinasubdistrictmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmappushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinguangdongpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameguangdongsubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnameshenzh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patedinovernationalandprovincialteachingandscientificresearchprojectsinpastthreeyearsandpublishedmonographschieflyandjointlycompiledteachingtextsandreferencebooksmorethanacademictheseswerepublishedabovetheprovinciallevelpublicationsofwhichhasbeenrecordedinsciandotherinternationalperiodicalsmorethanhasbeenreprintedinfullintheinformationcenterforsocialsciencesofrenminuniversityofchinamorethanprojectshavebeenawardedforachievementsinscientificresearchatorabovetheprovinciallevelthestateseducationalpolicyisfullyimplementedinxiangnanuniversitytheuniversitystressesqualityorientededucationandwitnessednotableachievementsstudentsactivelyparticipateinalltypesandlevelsofentertainmentandsportsandhavewonalotofhonoursfortheuniversityxiangnanuniversitywonthefirstprizeintheththnationaluniversitystudentsgamesgroupbintermsofthetotalnumberofgoldmedalsmedalsandgroupscorestheuniversityhostedthecubaqualificationsbeinghostboththeboysteamandthegirlsteamturnedinfineperformancesinxiangnanuniversitywonfirstprizeinthenationalmathematicalmodelingcompetitionxiangnanuniversityalsowontwostatelevelprizesinthenationaluniversitystudentsfestivalofartsintheprovinciallevelpoptestforjuniorcollegegraduatingstudentsmajoringinclinicalmedicineamongdesigneditemsxiangnanuniversitygotnumberonexiangnanuniversityalwaysplacesimportanceondevelopinginternationalcooperationandexchangestheuniversityhopestoestablishcooperativeandexchangerelationswithforeignuniversitiesorforeigncountriesandregionsreferencesexternallinksxnueducnofficialwebsitezibodongyingrailwaylistofjapanesetypographicsymbolsredirectcategoryshellxinrongdistrictkinglingofchukinglingofchuinfoboxsettlementnamexinansubdistrictothernamenativenametranslitlangchinesecharacterchinesetranslitlangtypechinesecharacterchinesetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypesubdistrictmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmappushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinguangdongpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameguangdongsubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnamefoshansubdivisiontypedistrictprcdistrictsubdivisionnamesanshuidistrictsanshuisubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamegovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmitimezonechinastandardtimeutcoffsetcoordinateselevationmelevationftxinanisasubdistrictsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdistrictofthesanshuidistrictfoshanguangdongchinaseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofguangdongreferenceskhinkaliurlshorteninginfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongaifamilynamemclannamexinggivennameititleviscountofchureigncbcexiongaireignedcbcewasthesecondviscountofthestateofchustatechuduringtheearlyzhoudynastyofancientchinahesucceededhisfatherxiongyiwhowasenfeoffmentenfeoffedbykingchengofzhouandgrantedthehereditarynoblerankofviscountrefnameshijirefancientchinesetextsrecordedthatkingzhaoofzhouthegrandsonofkingchengofzhouledanzhouchuwarexpeditionagainstchubutzhouwasdefeatedandkingzhaohimselfdrownedinthehanriveryangtzerivertributaryhanriverinbceitisgenerallybelievedthatxiongaiwasthemonarchofchuatthetimerefnamejianborefxiongaiwassucceededbyhissonxiongdanreferencesinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongdanfamilynamemclannamexinggivennamedntitleviscountofchureigncircabcxiongdanreignedcbcwasthethirdviscountofthestateofchustatechuduringtheearlyzhoudynastyofancientchinahisgrandfatherxiongyiwasenfeoffmentenfeoffedbykingchengofzhouandgrantedthehereditarynoblerankofviscountxiongdansucceededhisfatherxiongairefnameshijirefaccordingtothebambooannalsafterthedeathofkingzhaoofzhouduringhisexpeditionagainstchuhissonkingmuofzhouagainattackedchuinthethyearofhisreignbcandwasagaindefeateditisgenerallybelievedthatthishappenedduringxiongdansreignrefnamejianborefxiongdanwassucceededbyhissonxiongshenghisyoungersonxiongyangalsoascendedthethroneafterxiongshengsdeathreferencesinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongshengfamilynamemclannamexinggivennameshngtitleviscountofchureignunknownxiongshengwasthefourthviscountofthestateofchustatechuduringtheearlyzhoudynastybcofancientchinalikeotherearlychurulersheheldthehereditarynoblerankofviscountfirstgrantedtohisgreatgrandfatherxiongyibykingchengofzhouxiongshengsucceededhisfatherxiongdanandwassucceededbyhisyoungerbrotherxiongyangrefnameshijirefreferencesinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongshengfamilynamemclannamexinggivennameyngtitleviscountofchureignunknownxiongyangwasthefifthviscountofthestateofchustatechuduringtheearlyzhoudynastybcofancientchinalikeotherearlychurulersheheldthehereditarynoblerankofviscountfirstgrantedtohisgreatgrandfatherxiongyibykingchengofzhouxiongyangwastheyoungersonofxiongdanandsucceededhisolderbrotherxiongshenghewassucceededbyhissonxiongqurefnameshijirefreferencesxiongdaninfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexreservecorpsbrxreservekorpsabbreviationxrkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgimagesizepxcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesaugustpostnovembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaribattleofthefrontiersanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexreservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxreservecorpswasformedontheoutbreakofthewarinaugustaspartofthemobilisationofthearmyitwasinitiallycommandedbygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriegnthervonkirchbachgnthergrafvonkirchbachformerlypresidentofthemilitarytribunalitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppekronprinzrupprechtonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontstructureonformationonformationinaugustxreservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsmadeupofreserveunitsingeneralreservecorpsandreservedivisionswereweakerthantheiractivecounterpartsreserveinfantryregimentsdidnotalwayshavethreebattalionsnornecessarilycontainamachineguncompanyreservejgerbattalionsdidnothaveamachineguncompanyonformationreservecavalryregimentsconsistedofjustthreesquadronsreservefieldartilleryregimentsusuallyconsistedoftwoabteilungabteilungenofthreebatterieseachcorpstroopsgenerallyconsistedofatelephonedetachmentandfoursectionsofmunitioncolumnsandtrainsinsummaryxreservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesdespiteitsnamendguardsreservedivisiongermanempirendguardsreservedivisionwasnotformedbyunitsdrawnpredominantlyfromtheguardscorpsgermanempireguardscorpsbutfromiicorpsgermanempireiicorpsdistrictdivisionalcavalryviicorpsgermanempireviicorpsdistrictthreserveinfantrybrigadeandxcorpsgermanempirexcorpsdistrictthreserveinfantrybrigadefieldartilleryregimentandpioneersstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxreservecorpsrowspanndguardsreservedivisiongermanempirendguardsreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentstreserveinfantryregimentthreservejgerbattalionrowspanndreserveuhlanregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentthcompanythpioneerbattalionndguardsreservedivisionalpontoontrainndguardsreservemedicalcompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigaderdreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentndreserveinfantryregimentiiibattalionthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservedragoonregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentstreservecompanythpioneerbattalionndreservecompanythpioneerbattalionthreservedivisionalpontoontrainthreservemedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspanthreservetelephonedetachmentmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtothebriiireservecorpsgermanempireiiireservecorpscombatchronicleonmobilisationxreservecorpswasassignedtothendarmygermanempirendarmyaspartoftherightwingoftheforcesthatinvadedfranceandbelgiumaspartoftheschlieffenplanoffensiveinaugustcommandersxreservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriegnthervonkirchbachgnthergrafvonkirchbachaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriejohannesvonebenjunegeneralleutnantrowspanrobertkoschaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieaugustgeneralleutnantoctobergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriemagnusvoneberhardtaugustgeneralleutnantarthurvongabainseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlastbuschefirsthartwigyeartitleformationsgeschichtederdeutscheninfanterieimerstenweltkriegbispublisherinstitutfrpreuischehistoriographielanguagegermancitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefxcorpsgermanempireinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongqufamilynamemclannamexinggivennameqtitleviscountofchureignunknownxiongquwasthesixthviscountofthestateofchustatechuduringtheearlyzhoudynastybcofancientchinalikeotherearlychurulersheheldthehereditarynoblerankofviscountfirstgrantedtohisancestorxiongyibykingchengofzhouxiongqusucceededhisfatherxiongyangrefnameshijirefhewassucceededbyhissonxiongkangtherecordsofthegrandhistorianshijisaysxiongkangdiedearlyandxiongquwassucceededbyxiongzhibuttheunearthedtsinghuabambooslipsrecordedxiongkangasthesuccessorofxiongqurefnamejianborefreferencesinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongkangfamilynamemclannamexinggivennamekngtitleviscountofchureignunknownxiongkangalsocalledxiongwukangwastheseventhviscountofthestateofchustatechuduringtheearlyzhoudynastybcofancientchinalikeotherearlychurulersheheldthehereditarynoblerankofviscountfirstgrantedtohisancestorxiongyibykingchengofzhourefnameshijirefxiongkangsucceededhisfatherxiongqutherecordsofthegrandhistorianshijisaysthatxiongkangdiedearlyandxiongquwassucceededbyxiongzhibuttherecentlydiscoveredtsinghuabambooslipsrecordedxiongkangasthesuccessorofxiongqurefnamejianborefreferencesxiongkanginfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongzhifamilynamemclannamexinggivennamezhtitleviscountofchureignunknownxiongzhiwastheeighthviscountofthestateofchustatechuduringtheearlyzhoudynastybcofancientchinalikeotherearlychurulersheheldthehereditarynoblerankofviscountfirstgrantedtohisancestorxiongyibykingchengofzhourefnameshijirefxiongzhisucceededhisfatherxiongkangbutlaterabdicatedduetoillnesshisyoungerbrotherxiongyanelderxiongyansucceededhimasrulerofchuandxiongzhiselfexiledandfoundedtheminorstateofkuistatekuirefnamejianborefancienthistoriansimaqiansaccountofxiongzhiinhisrecordsofthegrandhistorianshijiisquiteconfusedsimaqianrecordsxiongzhisnamevariouslyasxionghongorxiongzhihongandsaysthathewasthesecondsonofxiongquandyoungerbrotherofxiongkangaccordingtoshijixiongkangdiedearlyandxiongzhisucceededxiongquandthathewaskilledbyhisyoungerbrotherxiongyanhoweverthisaccountiscontradictedbyearlierhistoricaltextszuozhuanandguoyubookguoyuaswellastherecentlydiscoveredtsinghuabambooslipsreferencesinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongyanfamilynamemclannamexinggivennameyntitleviscountofchureignbcxiongyandiedbcwastheninthviscountofthestateofchustatechuduringthewesternzhoudynastyofancientchinalikeotherearlychurulersheheldthehereditarynoblerankofviscountfirstgrantedtohisancestorxiongyibykingchengofzhourefnameshijirefxiongyansucceededhisolderbrotherxiongzhiwhoabdicatedduetoillnessbutthisaccountiscontradictedbyearlierhistorybookszuozhuanandguoyubookguoyuxiongyandiedinbcandwassucceededbyhiseldersonxiongyonghisyoungersonalsoxiongyanyoungerxiongyandifferentinchinesecharactersascendedthethroneafterxiongyongsdeathreferencesinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongyongfamilynamemclannamexinggivennameyngtitleviscountofchureignbcxiongyongdiedbcwasfromtobcthethviscountofthestateofchustatechuduringthewesternzhoudynastyofancientchinalikeotherearlychurulersheheldthehereditarynoblerankofviscountfirstgrantedtohisancestorxiongyibykingchengofzhourefnameshijirefxiongyongsucceededhisfatherthexiongyanelderelderxiongyanwhodiedinbchediedafteryearsofreignandwassucceededbyhisyoungerbrotherthexiongyanyoungeryoungerxiongyanreferencesxiongzhixiongzhiinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongyanfamilynamemclannamexinggivennameyntitleviscountofchureignbcxiongyandiedbcwasfromtobcthethviscountofthestateofchustatechuduringthewesternzhoudynastyofancientchinalikeotherearlychurulersheheldthehereditarynoblerankofviscountfirstgrantedtohisancestorxiongyibykingchengofzhourefnameshijirefxiongyansfatherwasalsonamedxiongyanelderxiongyandifferentinchinesecharacterswhowassucceededastherulerofchubyhisoldersonxiongyongxiongyongdiedinbcandtheyoungerxiongyansucceededhisolderbrotherxiongyanhadfoursonsxiongshuangxiongxuexiongkanandxiongxunwhenxiongyandiedinbchewassucceededbyhisfirstsonxiongshuanghoweverwhenxiongshuangdiedsixyearslaterxiongyansthreeyoungersonsfoughtoneanotherforthethronetheyoungestsonxiongxunwasultimatelyvictoriousandascendedthethronewhilexiongxuewaskilledandxiongkanescapedtopureferencesxiongyanmayrefertoxiongyanelderdiedbcmonarchofthestateofchuxiongyanyoungerdiedbchissonmonarchofthestateofchuxiongyandissidentbornchinesedissidentinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongshuangfamilynamemclannamexinggivennameshungtitleviscountofchureignbcxiongshuangdiedbcwasfromtobcthethviscountofthestateofchustatechuduringthewesternzhoudynastyofancientchinalikeotherearlychurulersheheldthehereditarynoblerankofviscountfirstgrantedtohisancestorxiongyibykingchengofzhourefnameshijirefxiongshuangsucceededhisfatherthexiongyanyoungeryoungerxiongyanwhodiedinbcxiongshuanghadthreeyoungerbrothersxiongxuexiongkanandxiongxunwhenxiongshuangdiedinbchisbrothersfoughtoneanotherforthethronetheyoungestbrotherxiongxunwasultimatelyvictoriousandascendedthethronewhilexiongxuewaskilledandxiongkanescapedtopureferencesinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongxunfamilynamemclannamexinggivennamexntitleviscountofchureignbcxiongxundiedbcwasfromtobcthemonarchofthestateofchustatechuduringthewesternzhoudynastyofancientchinalikeotherearlychurulersheheldthehereditarynoblerankofviscountfirstgrantedtohisancestorxiongyibykingchengofzhourefnameshijirefxiongxunsfatherthexiongyanyoungeryoungerxiongyanhadfoursonsxiongshuangxiongxuexiongkanandxiongxuntheyoungestwhenxiongyandiedinbchewassucceededbyhisfirstsonxiongshuanghoweverwhenxiongshuangdiedinbctheremainingthreebrothersfoughtoneanotherforthethronexiongxunwasultimatelyvictoriousandascendedthethronewhilexiongxuewaskilledandxiongkanescapedtopuxiongxunreignedforyearsuntilhisdeathinbchewassucceededbyhissonxiongereferencesinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexiongefamilynamemclannamexinggivennametitleviscountofchureignbcxiongediedbcwasfromtobcthemonarchofthestateofchustatechuduringthewesternzhoudynastyofancientchinalikeotherearlychurulersheheldthehereditarynoblerankofviscountfirstgrantedtohisancestorxiongyibykingchengofzhourefnameshijirefxiongesucceededhisfatherxiongxunwhodiedinbchediedafternineyearsofreignandwassucceededbyhissonruoaoreferencesxiaoaoxiaoaoxiongdaisthepinyinromanizationofthenamesoftwoleadersofthestateofchuxiongdanxiongdareignedcbckingwuofchureignedbckingwuofchufenmaokingwenofchuduaokingchengofchukingmuofchukingzhaoofchukingpingofchukinghuiofchukingjianofchukingshengofchukingsuofchukingxuanofchukingweiofchukinghuaiofchukingqingxiangofchukingyouofchukingaiofchufuchukabardianlanguagekabardianlanguageinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexiiroyalsaxonreservecorpsbrxiikniglichschsischesreservekorpsabbreviationxiirkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandostartdateenddatecountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaribattleofthefrontiersanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexiiroyalsaxonreservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxiireservecorpswasformedontheoutbreakofthewarinaugustaspartofthemobilisationofthearmyitwasinitiallycommandedbygeneraloftheartillerygermanygeneralderartilleriehansvonkirchbachrecalledfromretirementitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinarmeeabteilungcheeresgruppegallwitzonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontstructureonformationonformationinaugustxiireservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsmadeupofreserveunitsingeneralreservecorpsandreservedivisionswereweakerthantheiractivecounterpartsreserveinfantryregimentsdidnotalwayshavethreebattalionsnornecessarilycontainamachineguncompanyreservejgerbattalionsdidnothaveamachineguncompanyonformationreservecavalryregimentsconsistedofjustthreesquadronsreservefieldartilleryregimentsusuallyconsistedoftwoabteilungabteilungenofthreebatterieseachthoughthereservefieldartilleryregimentsofxiicorpshadthreeabteilungencorpstroopsgenerallyconsistedofatelephonedetachmentandfoursectionsofmunitioncolumnsandtrainsinsummaryxiireservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionwasformedbyunitsdrawnfromthexixndroyalsaxoncorpsxixcorpsdistrictstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxiiroyalsaxonreservecorpsrowspanrdreservedivisiongermanempirerdreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentstreserveinfantryregimentthreservejgerbattalionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadendreserveinfantryregimentrdreserveinfantryregimentrowspansaxonreservehussarregimentrdreservefieldartilleryregimentthcompanythpioneerbattalionrdreservedivisionalpontoontrainstsaxonreservemedicalcompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentthreservejgerbattalionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentrdreserveinfantryregimentrowspansaxonreserveuhlanregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentstreservecompanythpioneerbattalionndreservecompanythpioneerbattalionndsaxonreservemedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspanthreservetelephonedetachmentmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtothebriiireservecorpsgermanempireiiireservecorpscombatchronicleonmobilisationxiireservecorpswasassignedtothepredominantlysaxonrdarmygermanempirerdarmyontherightwingoftheforcesthatinvadedfranceaspartoftheschlieffenplanoffensiveinaugustcommandersxiireservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameaugustgeneraloftheartillerygermanygeneralderartilleriehansvonkirchbachdecembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriehorstedlervonderplanitzjulygeneralleutnantmaxleutholdseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefbandamustafajxixndroyalsaxoncorpsinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexviiireservecorpsbrxviiireservekorpsabbreviationxviiirkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesaugustpostnovembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaribattleofthefrontiersanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexviiireservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxviiireservecorpswasformedontheoutbreakofthewarinaugustaspartofthemobilisationofthearmyitwasinitiallycommandedbygeneralleutnantkunovonsteubenformerlyoftheprussianwaracademyitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppedeutscherkronprinzonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontstructureonformationonformationinaugustxviiireservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsmadeupofreserveunitsingeneralreservecorpsandreservedivisionswereweakerthantheiractivecounterpartsreserveinfantryregimentsdidnotalwayshavethreebattalionsnornecessarilycontainamachineguncompanyreservejgerbattalionsdidnothaveamachineguncompanyonformationreservecavalryregimentsconsistedofjustthreesquadronsreservefieldartilleryregimentsusuallyconsistedoftwoabteilungabteilungenofthreebatterieseachcorpstroopsgenerallyconsistedofatelephonedetachmentandfoursectionsofmunitioncolumnsandtrainsinsummaryxviiireservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesitincludedoneactiveinfantryregimentthstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxviiireservecorpsrowspanstreservedivisiongermanempirestreservedivisionrowspanstreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanndreserveinfantrybrigadestreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservedragoonregimentstreservefieldartilleryregimentthcompanythpioneerbattalionstreservedivisionalpontoontrainthreservemedicalcompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentrdreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthreservedragoonregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentstreservecompanythpioneerbattalionndreservecompanythpioneerbattalionthreservedivisionalpontoontrainthreservemedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspanthreservetelephonedetachmentmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtothebriiireservecorpsgermanempireiiireservecorpscombatchronicleonmobilisationxviiireservecorpswasassignedtothetharmygermanempiretharmyformingpartofthecentreoftheforcesfortheschlieffenplanoffensiveinaugustcommandersxviiireservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameaugustgeneralleutnantrowspankunovonsteubenaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriejunegeneralleutnantkarlvonwenningerseptembergeneralleutnantludwigsiegerseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefkingpingofchuinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexivreservecorpsbrxivreservekorpsabbreviationxivrkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesaugustpostnovembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonformationcommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaribattleofthefrontiersanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexivreservecorpswasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwariformationxivreservecorpswasformedontheoutbreakofthewarinaugustaspartofthemobilisationofthearmyitwasinitiallycommandedbygeneraloftheartillerygermanygeneralderartillerierichardvonschubertbroughtoutofretirementitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppekronprinzrupprechtonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontstructureonformationonformationinaugustxivreservecorpsconsistedoftwodivisionsmadeupofreserveunitsingeneralreservecorpsandreservedivisionswereweakerthantheiractivecounterpartsreserveinfantryregimentsdidnotalwayshavethreebattalionsnornecessarilycontainamachineguncompanyreservejgerbattalionsdidnothaveamachineguncompanyonformationreservecavalryregimentsconsistedofjustthreesquadronsreservefieldartilleryregimentsusuallyconsistedoftwoabteilungabteilungenofthreebatterieseachcorpstroopsgenerallyconsistedofatelephonedetachmentandfoursectionsofmunitioncolumnsandtrainsinsummaryxivreservecorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsandpioneermilitarypioneercompaniesthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionwasformedbyunitsdrawnfromthexiiiroyalwrttembergcorpsxiiicorpsdistrictwrttembergitincludedoneactiveinfantryregimentthstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxivreservecorpsrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanstreserveinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentstreserveinfantryregimentrowspanndreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentrowspanwrttembergreservedragoonregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentthcompanythpioneerbattalionthreservedivisionalpontoontrainwrttembergreservemedicalcompanyrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentthreservejgerbattalionrowspanthreserveinfantrybrigadethreserveinfantryregimentthreserveinfantryregimentthreservejgerbattalionrowspanthreservedragoonregimentthreservefieldartilleryregimentstreservecompanythpioneerbattalionndreservecompanythpioneerbattalionthreservedivisionalpontoontrainthreservemedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspanthreservetelephonedetachmentmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtothebriiireservecorpsgermanempireiiireservecorpscombatchronicleonmobilisationxivreservecorpswasassignedtothetharmygermanempiretharmyformingpartoftherightwingoftheforcesfortheschlieffenplanoffensiveinaugustcommandersxivreservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameaugustgeneraloftheartillerygermanygeneralderartillerierichardvonschubertseptembergeneralleutnanthermannvonsteinhermannvonsteinoctobergeneralleutnantmarchgeneralleutnantottovonmoserfebruarygeneralleutnantarthurvonlindequistjunegeneralleutnantrichardwellmannaugustgeneralleutnantkurtvonmorgenseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressisbncitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandreffurtherreadingcitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefkhabengaliredirectshellbengalialphabetconsonantsredirectshellbengalialphabetconsonantsredirectshellvikingagemainichibroadcastingsystemlostcityinsnowheaventhokuearthquakeandtsunamikappapsiredirectcategoryshellzifengtowermingxinbaojianxicostateofmexicoredirectxyliaxylocarpamacedoniansethnicgroupjoshuagabrielelizabethgivennamepinyintinmmmayrefertocomradesalmostalovestoryahongkingfilmabookbytheresafuasongbyteresatengderivativeofindonesianfolksongdayungsampanasongfromsmilefionasitalbumsmilefionasitalbumasongfromstartrackalbumstartrackalbumbyleokuxtassaultriflezeftashibinelkomredirectcategoryshelltaxoboximageimagewidthimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliacrambidaegenusxanthocrambusrefnamepyraloideadbrefspeciesxargentariusbinomialxanthocrambusargentariusbinomialauthorityottostau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patternthelargelipidladenmacrophagesdisplayaneosinophilicorclearcytoplasmwithagranularandvacuolatedqualitybutcanalsohaveaspindleshapeforeignbodytypeandtoutontypegiantcellscalcospheritescholesterolcleftsandhemosiderindepositsareadditionalfindingshemorrhagesuppurationandnecrosisarethereforetheinitialconditionsleadingtothexanthogranulomatousresponseplasmacellsandfibrosisincreaseinlaterstageswiththeformerbeingnumerousandprominentproteusandescherichiacoliarethemostcommonlyinvolvedbacteriainxanthogranulomatouspyelonephritisthefoamcellsofmonocytemacrophageoriginarepositiveforkphamcdbandcdaspointedoutbynakashiroetalinxanthogranulomatouscholecystitisdestructivetumorlikemasseswithvariableextensionintoadjacentfatandconnectivetissuecanoccurincasesinvolvingorganssuchaskidneyandgallbladderseealsoxanthogranulomatousosteomyelitisreferencesepiphyllumhybridtjiinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexvroyalbavarianreservecorpsbrxvkniglichbayerischesreservekorpsabbreviationxvbavarianrkimageimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgpxbordercaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesseptemberpostnovembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwarianniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexvroyalbavarianreservecorpsxvbavarianrkwasacorpslevelcommandoftheroyalbavarianarmypartofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwarihistorythecorpswasformedonseptemberasthetemporarycorpseberhardtnamedforitscommandergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriemagnusvoneberhardtmilitarygovernorofstrasbourgtheninthegermanimperialterritoryofalsacelorraineondecemberitwasestablishedasxvreservecorpsandonseptemberitwasrenamedasxvbavarianreservecorpsitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinarmeeabteilungaheeresgruppeherzogalbrechtvonwrttembergonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontonseptembercorpseberhardttotalledbattalionssquadronsbatteriesgunspioneercompaniesitwasorganizedasfollowsstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspankorpseberhardtrowspanrowspandononbrigadereserveinfantryregimentbtnsiiibattalionlandwehrinfantryregimentersatzbattalionlandwehrinfantryregimentstsquadronreservehussarregimentstbatteryfieldartilleryersatzabteilungonebatterycmcannonsgunslandwehrpioneerbattalioncosersatzpioneercolandsturmpioneercoxvakrowspanthreservedivisiongermanempirethreservedivisionrowspanthbavarianreserveinfantrybrigadebavarianreserveinfantryregimentbtnsbavarianreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthersatzbrigadeththththndthbrigadeersatzbtnscavalryersatzabteilungkarlsruhesqfieldartilleryersatzabteilungeneachbtysrowspanthbavarianersatzbrigadeththththbavarianbrigadeersatzbattalionscavalryersatzabteilunglandausqndthbavarianfieldartilleryersatzabteilungeneachbtysrowspanndlandwehrbrigadeiibattalionlandwehrinfantryregimentlandwehrinfantryregimentrowspandivisionalunitsndsquadronreservehussarregimentersatzsquadrondragoonregimentfieldartilleryersatzabteilungeneachbtysbavarianfieldartilleryersatzabteilungbtysthbatteryreservefootartilleryrgtheavyfieldhowitzersrdbatteryreservefootartilleryrgtcmcannonsthstreservecospioneerbattalionrowspanbavarianersatzdivisionrowspanstbavarianersatzbrigadestndrdthbavarianbrigadeersatzbattalionsbavarianreserveinfantryregimentbtnscavalryersatzabteilungmunichsqstthbavarianfieldartilleryersatzabteilungeneachbtysndersatzcobavarianpioneerbattalionrowspanthbavarianersatzbrigadeththththbavarianbrigadeersatzbattalionsbavarianreserveinfantryregimentiibattalionreserveinfantryregimentcavalryersatzabteilungnurembergsqththbavarianfieldartilleryersatzabteilungeneachbtysstersatzcobavarianpioneerbattalionrowspandivisionalunitsrdsquadronreservehussarregimentbavariancavalryersatzabteilungbavarianfieldartilleryersatzabteilungenbtyseachbtysthbatteryfootartilleryrgtcmcannonsrdbatteryreservefootartilleryheavyfieldhowitzersndbavarianersatzpioneercompanyrowspanabteilungferlingrowspanbrigaderekowskiiiibattalionslandwehrinfantryregimentiiiibattalionslandwehrinfantryregimentiiibattalionlandwehrinfantryregimentonelandwehrsquadronndbatteryfieldartilleryersatzabteilungndbatterybavarianfieldartilleryersatzabteilungthbatteryreservefootartilleryrgtcmcannonsndreservecopioneerbattalionondecemberxvreservecorpswasorganizedasfollowsstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxvreservecorpsrowspanthbavarianreservedivisionthreservedivisionrowspanthbavarianreserveinfantrybrigadebavarianreserveinfantryregimentbtnsbavarianreserveinfantryregimentrowspanthbavarianersatzbrigadendbavarianersatzregimentthbavarianersatzregimentrowspandivisionalunitsstndsquadronsreservehussarregimentfieldartilleryersatzabteilungenthcopioneerbattalionattachedrdbatteryreservefootartilleryrgtcmcannonsrowspanthbavarianreservedivisionthreservedivisionrowspanstbavarianersatzbrigadestbavarianersatzregimentrdbavarianersatzregimentrowspanthbavarianersatzbrigadendthbavarianbrigadeersatzbattalionslandwehrinfantryregimentrowspandivisionalunitsrdsquadronreservehussarregimentbavarianfieldartilleryersatzabteilungndbatterybavarianfieldartilleryersatzabteilungstbatterybavarianfieldartilleryersatzabteilungndersatzcobavarianpioneerbattalionstersatzcobavarianpioneerbattalionattachedthbatteryreservefootartilleryrgtheavyfieldhowitzersndbatterybavarianlandwehrfootartillerybtlheavyfieldhowitzersthbatteryfootartilleryrgtcmcannonsstbatteryreservefootartilleryrgtcmcannonsndlandwehrpioneercoxiiiakrowspanattachedrowspanndlandwehrbrigadelandwehrinfantryregimentersatzinfantryregimentstlandwehrsquadronxivakndbatteryfieldartilleryersatzabteilungattachedndbatterylandwehrfootartillerybtlheavyfieldhowitzersthbatteryreservefootartilleryrgtcmcannonsndbatteryreservefootartilleryrgtcmcannonsndreservecopioneerbtlpioneercorowspanthlandwehrbrigadeiiibattalionsreserveinfantryregimentersatzbattalionlandwehrinfantryregimentstbatteryfieldartilleryersatzabteilungattachedndbavarianlandwehrfootartillerybtlheavyfieldhowitzerslandsturmpioneercoxvakcommanderskorpseberhardtxvreservecorpsxvbavarianreservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameseptembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriemagnusvoneberhardtoctobergeneraloftheartillerygermanygeneralderartilleriemaximilianvonhhnaugustgeneralleutnantpaulvonkneulseealsobavarianarmythbavarianreservedivisionthbavarianreservedivisionxvcorpsgermanempiregermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontnotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefxvroyalbavarianreservecorpsredirectxixtacticalaircommandinfoboxwriterformoreinformationseetemplateinfoboxwriterdocimageimagesizepxnamexavierwaterkeyncaptionpseudonymbirthnamebirthdatebirthplacebuenosairesargentinadeathdatedeathplaceoccupationauthornationalityaustralianperiodgenrenonfictionfictionsubjectmovementnotableworkswheresbinladenbrthegabrielmethodspousepartnerchildrenrelativesandrwaterkeynengineerbrtristanwaterkeynmusicianbrsarahwaterkeynfloraldesignerandauthorinfluencesinfluencedawardssignaturewebsitexavierwaterkeynbornjulyinargentinaisanaustraliannonfictionandfictionwriterandliteraryagentheistheauthoroftwentythreebooksbiographywaterkeynwasborninargentinainofabelgianfatherandargentineanmotherrefnamexavierwaterkeynbiorefhisfamilymovedtosydneyaustraliawhenhewasthreehehasworkedinphotographyfilmdirectingactingscriptwritingeditingandmarketinghehaswrittenavarietyofbooksinbothnonfictionandfictiongenreswaterkeynisthecofounderoftheflyingpigsliteraryagencyrefnamefmradioskidrowrefworkwaterkeynsmostcommerciallysuccessfulfictionworkstodatehavebeenhiswherescollaborationswithaustralianillustratordaniellalicinparticularwheresbinladeninitsvariouseditionsandincarnationswhichprovokedcontroversyandwasremovedfromdepartmentstoreshelvesfollowingprotestsrefnamewheresbinladenmetrocoukrefwaterkeynsmostnotablenonfictionworktodatehasbeenhiseditingandmanuscriptdevelopmentworkonthegabrielmethodrefnamesydneyunleashedwhereselvisrefwhichhassoldovercopiesrefnameflourishmagazineshapeshiftingmenopauseandweightgainrefbooksfictionwheresbinladenthefinalchapterillustratedbydaniellalicwheresmichaelwheresbinladendeditionwhereselviswheresbinladenciaundercovereditionwheresbinladenpuzzleswheresbinladeninsydneywheresbinladenincaliforniawheresbinladeninlondonnonfictionairdisastersoftheworldgrandvisionssuperstitionsairspacedisastersoftheworldcelebritycrimesassassinationbrilliantideasdeathrowwhosrejectingwhowomenincrimenonfictionunderpseudonymsgreatfunnyonelinersgreatinsultsandcomebackscreditedaseditorthefitkidsrevolutionthegabrielmethodcookbookthegabrielmethodreferencesexternallinkskazmunaygasredirectcategoryshellkazmunaygaskazmunaygaskazmunaygasredirectcategoryshellnurotannurotannurotaninfoboxmedicalconditionnewnamesynonymstetragameticchimerismimagealtcaptionpronouncefieldsymptomscomplicationsonsetdurationtypescausesrisksdiagnosisdifferentialpreventiontreatmentmedicationprognosisfrequencydeathsxxxyisachimerageneticschimericgeneticdisordercausedbyhavingtwodistinctcellpopulationswithinthebodythechimerismarisesinuterofromthecombinationofanxxzygoteandanxyzygotewhichotherwisewouldhavedevelopedintotwinsintoasingleembryorefnamerefitisnottobeconfusedwithmosaicismandhybridismxxxyistypicallyassociatedwithintersexconditionssuchasambiguousgenitaliaandhermaphroditismrefnamerefxxxychimerismcanbeidentifiedduringpregnancybyprenatalscreeningorinearlychildhoodthroughgenetictestinganddirectobservationrefnamerefsignssymptomsphysicalphysicalsymptomsvarywidelyfromindividualtoindividualsymptomsrangefromambiguousgenitaliatotruehermaphroditismtonormalgenitaliaduetothevariationgenetictestingistheonlywaytoreliablymakeadiagnosisxxxyispossibleifthereisdirectobservationofoneormoreofthefollowingsmallphallusmidwayinsizebetweenaclitorisandapenisincompletelyclosedurogenitalopeningshallowvaginaabnormalurethraopeningontheperineumasindividualswithxxxypossessbothovariantissueandtesticulartissuedependingontheindividualgonadsovariesortestesmayfunctionfullypartlyornotatallatpubertyamixofmaleandfemalecharacteristicsmayemergesomeindividualswillexperiencedeepeningofthevoiceandsecondaryhairdevelopmentwhileothersmayexperiencebreasttissuedevelopmentsegmentationofskindistinctpatchesofskinhasalsobeenobservedhoweverthistraitisnotuniquetoxxxychimerismithasalsobeenobservedinothertypesofchimerismcognitiveindividualsafflictedwiththeconditiondonotexperiencecognitiveimpairmentgeneticmechanismxxxyisanexampleoftetragameticchimerismbecauseitrequiresfourgametestwospermandtwoeggcellovaxxxyismostcommonlyexplainedbytheinuterocombinationoftwofertilizedzygotestwoovafromthemotherarefertilizedbytwospermfromthefatheronespermcontainsanxchromosometheothercontainsaychromosometheresultisthatazygotewithanxygenotypeandazygotewithanxxgenotypeareproducedundernormalcircumstancesthetworesultingzygoteswouldhavegoneontobecomefraternaltwinshoweverinxxxythetwozygotesfuseshortlyfollowingfertilizationtobecomeatwocellzygotemadeupoftwodifferentnucleithezygotesfuseearlyenoughthatthereisnoriskofthemdevelopingintoconjoinedtwinsrefnamerefvariationsofthismechanismincludefertilizationofanovumanditsfirstorsecondpolarbodybytwospermrefnamerefxxxycanalsobeexplainedbyamosaicbasedmechanismasinglezygoteisformedfromthefertilizationofanormalxovumbyananeuploidyaneuploidxyspermtheresultingxxyzygotedividestogivethreecelllinesxxxyxxytheaneuploidxxycelllineiseliminatedduringearlyembryogenesisthexxxycelllinesremainandgoontobecomeachimericindividualxxxycanalsoarisewhenahaploidyhaploidovumundergoesaroundofmitosisandthesubsequentdaughtercellsarefertilizedbyanxandayspermrespectivelydiagnosisdiagnosingachimeraisparticularlydifficultduetotherandomdistributionofxxandxycellswithinthebodyanorganmightbemadeupofamixofxxandxybutitmayalsobemadeupentirelyofonegenotypeonlywhenthatisthecasenoabnormalitiesarenotedandothertypesoftissuesneedtobeanalyzedprebirthtestingultrasoundlookingforambiguousgenitaliaamniocentesislookingforakaryotypeofxxxycordbloodsamplinglookingforakaryotypeofxxxypostbirthtestingbloodtestinglookingforredbloodcellsofdifferentbloodtypestissuesamplinglookingformorethanonesetofdnawithinthesamplemanagementreferencesexternallinksmedicalresourcesicdqicdicdoomimdiseasesdbmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicmeshgenereviewsnbkgenereviewsnameorphanetxunnhisacommunexinxunlcdistrictvietnamhamletsthixunisahamletwithinxunnhinproximitytosaigonitwasfoundedinbyfatherjohnchinhtranacatholicpriestinwhatwassouthvietnamatthetimechinhfoundeditwithpeasantswhohadflednorthvietnamthegroupwhowerecatholicwerefromthibnhprovinceduetothexunlclocationandthethibnhoriginthehamletwasnamedthixunrefnameharkinsonharkinsonjoshtaleoftwocitieshoustonpressthursdaydecemberhoustonpresscomnewstaleoftwocitiesretrievedonmarchrefafterthevietnamwarleadtothedisestablishmentofsouthvietnammanycatholicrefugeesarrivedintheunitedstatesinhoustonchinhfoundedthaixuanvillageasanewcommunityandnameditaftertheoldvillageasofoftheresidentsofthaixuanhaveremainedasromancatholicsrefnameharkinsonharkinsonjoshtaleoftwocitieshoustonpressthursdaydecemberhoustonpresscomnewstaleoftwocitiesretrievedonmarchrefhamletsbothisahamletwithinxunnhreferencesinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexviireservecorpsbrxviireservekorpsabbreviationxviirkimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandodatesoctoberseptembercountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwarianniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexviireservecorpsxviirkwasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmyinworldwarihistorythecorpswasformedinoctoberasthetemporarycorpsgraudenzorcorpszastrownamedforitscommandergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieernstvonzastrowmilitarygovernorofgraudenzonjulyitwasestablishedasxviireservecorpsthecorpswasdissolvedonseptemberthenucleusofthecorpswastroopscollectedatgraudenzfortressinmidnovemberitconsistedoftwodivisionswernitzandbreugelwithastrengthofbattalionssquadronsandbatteriesonfebruaryzastrowkorpswasorganizedasfollowsstylefloatrightbordercellpaddingcellspacingstylefontsizebordergraysolidpxbordercollapsecollapsetextaligncenterstylebackgroundcolorgreycolorblackcorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanzastrowcorpsbrgraudenzcorpsrowspanwernitzdivisionrowspanersatzbrigadegrossmannersatzregimentreinhardtersatzregimentwetzelbtlfestungsmgabteilungfestungsmgabteilungrowspanersatzbrigadewindheimersatzregimenthoebelersatzregimentgroppefestungsmgabteilungstersatzmgkompdesxxakrowspandivisionalunitsbicyclecompanyculmmountedrgtcleinowdersatzbatterydguardfieldartilleryrgtstersatzbatteryfieldartilleryrgtfieldartilleryersatzabtstersatzbatteryfieldartilleryrgtistbattalionresfootartilleryrgtheavyfieldhowitzersdersatzbatteryfootartilleryrgtcmcannondersatzcopioneerbattaliondlandwehrpioneercoiiiakrowspanbreugeldivisionrowspanbrigadefalkenhaynlandwehrinfantryrgtlandwehrinfantryrgtersatzbattalionlandwehrinfantryrgtfestungsmgabtfestungsmgabtrowspanbrigadepfafferotlandwehrinfantryrgtlandwehrinfantryregimentersatzbattalionlandwehrinfantryrgtculmfestungsmgabtfestungsmgabtvstulpnagelersatzfestungsmgabtrowspandivisionalunitsbicyclecomarienbergbicyclecograudenzstdmobersatzsqsxviiakdersatzbatteryfieldartilleryrgtdersatzbatteryfieldartilleryrgtdersatzbatteryfieldartilleryrgtthbatteryfootartilleryrgtheavyfieldhowitzersistbattaliondguardlandwehrfootartilleryrgtheavyfieldhowitzersthbatteryfootartilleryrgtcmcannonthcopioneerbtlstreservecopioneerbtlcommanderscorpszastrowxviireservecorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameseptembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieernstvonzastrowseptembergeneralleutnantkarlsurenseptembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriereinhardfreiherrvonschefferboyadelseealsoxviicorpsgermanempirereferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandreftaxoboxnamexestagonumregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordobeetlecoleopterasubordoadephagafamiliacarabidaegenusxestagonumgenusauthorityhabuxestagonumisagenusofbeetlesinthefamilycarabidaecontainingthefollowingspeciesxestagonumahrensismalljschmidtsmallxestagonumalanstivellismallmorvansmallxestagonumalticolasmalljschmidtsmallxestagonumambiguumsmallfairmairesmallxestagonumambulatorsmallandrewessmallxestagonumarvarumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumbaehrismalljschmidtsmallxestagonumbellasilviaesmalljschmidtsmallxestagonumbenesismallmorvansmallxestagonumbeskellumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumbhutanensesmallmorvansmallxestagonumblevenneksmallmorvansmallxestagonumbochkrizetsmallmorvansmallxestagonumbothorelismallmorvansmallxestagonumbrancucciismalljschmidtsmallxestagonumbrunicollesmalljschmidtsmallxestagonumbruskornecumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumburelismallmorvansmallxestagonumcavazzutiismallmorvansmallxestagonumchensicienismallkryzhanovskijsmallxestagonumconvexicollesmalljschmidtsmallxestagonumcursorsmallandrewessmallxestagonumdaisetsuzanumsmallnakanesmallxestagonumdaoublevsmallmorvansmallxestagonumdeuveismallmorvansmallxestagonumdeuvesianumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumdierlismalljedlickasmallxestagonumdiversicollesmalljschmidtsmallxestagonumdobbertinismalljschmidtsmallxestagonumetainnsmallmorvansmallxestagonumganeshsmallmorvansmallxestagonumgellkistinumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumgorapaniensesmallhabusmallxestagonumgrandistylesmalljschmidtsmallxestagonumhabuismalljschmidtsmallxestagonumhauserismalljedlickasmallxestagonumhenvelikumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumhimalayaesmallhabusmallxestagonumholzschuhismallmorvansmallxestagonumholzschuhianumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumimmarginatumsmalljschmidtsmallxestagonuminexspactatumsmallkryzhanovskijsmallxestagonumizeldoareumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumjannuensesmalljedlickasmallxestagonumkalchmoanumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumkamaretianumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumkarlismalljschmidtsmallxestagonumkarvanekumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumkemmsmallmorvansmallxestagonumkergrenismallmorvansmallxestagonumkorrsmallmorvansmallxestagonumkuzondurestismallmorvansmallxestagonumlagadbihansmallmorvansmallxestagonumlassalleismallmorvansmallxestagonumlassalleianumsmallmorvansmallxestagonumlehiraesmallmorvansmallxestagonummaranismalljedlickasmallxestagonummarginalissmallmorvansmallxestagonummeneziadumsmallmorvansmallxestagonummodrons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stipulatedthatfromapriltheentirepowerofthearmyofthegermanempireshouldbearmycorpsguardsixviiiandiibavariantheallhighestcabinetorderallerhchstekabinettsorderakooffebruaryauthorisedtheformationofthexvicorpsgermanempirexviandxviiarmycorpsthelatterwasassignedtotheiarmyinspectorateandincludedtheterritoryofthelandwehrdistrictssawnoschlawesupskstolpchojnicekonitztoruthorngrudzidzgraudenzgdaskdanzigstarogardgdaskipreuischstargardwejherowoneustadtostrdaosterodeiawadeutscheylauandmalborkmarienburglaterthedistrictsofostrdaosterodeiawadeutscheylauandmalborkmarienburgwouldbereassignedtothexxcorpsgermanempirexxcorpspeacetimeorganisationthepeacetimecorpsofthegermanarmyguardsixxiiiiibavarianhadareasonablystandardisedorganisationeachconsistedoftwodivisionmilitarydivisionswithusuallytwoinfantrybrigadesonefieldartillerybrigadeandacavalrybrigadeeacheachbrigadenormallyconsistedoftworegimentsoftheappropriatetypesoeachcorpsnormallycommandedinfantryfieldartilleryandcavalryregimentstherewereexceptionstothisrulevcorpsgermanempirevvicorpsgermanempireviviicorpsgermanempireviiixcorpsgermanempireixandxivcorpsgermanempirexivcorpseachhadathinfantrybrigadesoinfantryregimentsiicorpsgermanempireiixiiiroyalwrttembergcorpsxiiixviiicorpsgermanempirexviiiandxxicorpsgermanempirexxicorpshadathinfantryregimenticorpsgermanempireivicorpsgermanempireviandxvicorpsgermanempirexvicorpshadardcavalrybrigadesocavalryregimentstheguardscorpsgermanempireguardscorpshadinfantryregimentsinbrigadesandcavalryregimentsinbrigadeseachcorpsalsodirectlycontrolledanumberofotherunitsthiscouldincludeoneormorefootartilleryregimentjgermilitaryjgerbattalionpioneermilitarypioneerbattaliontrainmilitarytrainbattalionclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthpeacetimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsgarrisonrowspanxviicorpsrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadestthpomeranianinfantryvonborcketoruthornstthpomeranianinfantryvondermarwitztoruthornrowspanthinfantrybrigadestkulminfantrygrudzidzgraudenziiibninbrodnicastrasburginwestpreuenththwestprussianinfantrychemnokulmiibnintoruthornrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadestfieldartillerygrandkomturgrudzidzgraudenzstthornfieldartillerytoruthornrowspanthcavalrybrigadethpomeranianhussarsprinceblcherofwahlstattsupskstolpthmountedriflesthjgerzupferdegrudzidzgraudenzrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethrdwestprussianinfantrygrudzidzgraudenzththwestprussianinfantrygrudzidzgraudenziibninwiecieschwetzrowspanstinfantrybrigadeththeastprussiangrenadierskingfrederickigdaskdanzigthdanziginfantrygdaskdanzigiibninnowyportneufahrwasserrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethndwestprussianfieldartillerygdaskdanzigndfieldartillerygrandmasterkwidzynmarienwerderstarogardgdaskipreuischstargardrowspanleibhussarbrigadestlifehussarstotenkopfgdaskdanzigwrzeszczlangfuhrndlifehussarsqueenvictoriaofprussiagdaskdanzigwrzeszczlangfuhrrowspancorpstroopsrowspanndpomeranianjgerbattalionfrstbismarckchemnokulmthmachinegunabteilungtoruthornrdfortressmachinegunabteilunggrudzidzgraudenzthfortressmachinegunabteilunggrudzidzgraudenzthfortressmachinegunabteilungtoruthornthstwestprussianfootartillerytoruthornthndwestprussianfootartillerygdaskdanzigbaltiyskpillauthstwestprussianpioneerbattaliontoruthornthtelegraphbattaliongdaskdanzigberlinpiaschneidemhlstfortresstelephonecompanytoruthornndfortresstelephonecompanygrudzidzgraudenzthwestprussiantrainbattaliongdaskdanziggraudenzdefencecommandbrlandwehrinspektiongrudzidzgraudenzworldwariorganisationonmobilisationonmobilizationonaugustthecorpswasrestructuredtheleibhussarbrigadewaswithdrawntoformpartofthendcavalrydivisiongermanempirendcavalrydivisionandthethcavalrybrigadewasbrokenupanditsregimentsassignedtothedivisionsasreconnaissanceunitsdivisionsreceivedengineercompaniesandothersupportunitsfromthecorpsheadquartersinsummaryxviicorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsheavyartillerybatteriesgunspioneercompaniesandanaviationdetachmentclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthinitialwartimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxviicorpsrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadestinfantryregimentstinfantryregimentrowspanthinfantrybrigadestinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentndjgerbattalionrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadestfieldartilleryregimentstfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthjgerzupferderegimentstcompanythpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainndmedicalcompanyrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanstinfantrybrigadethgrenadierregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentndfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthhussarregimentndcompanythpioneerbattalionrdcompanythpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainstmedicalcompanyrdmedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspanibattalionthfootartilleryregimentthaviationdetachmentthcorpspontoontrainthtelephonedetachmentthpioneersearchlightsectionmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtoiicorpsgermanempiremctiicorpscombatchronicleonmobilisationxviicorpswasassignedtothetharmygermanempiretharmytodefendeastprussiawhiletherestofthearmyexecutedtheschlieffenplanoffensiveinaugustittookpartinthebattlesofbattleofgumbinnengumbinnenbattleoftannenbergtannenbergandfirstbattleofthemasurianlakesstmasurianlakesimmediatelyafterthelatteritjoinedthetharmygermanempiretharmyinlowersilesiawhereitfoughtatthebattleofthevistularivercommandersthexviicorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitabledatesranknamemarchgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieaugustvonlentzeaprilgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriegeorgvonbraunschweigjanuarygeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavallerieaugustvonmackensennovembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriegnthervonpannewitzseptembergeneralleutnantpaulfleckfebruarygeneralleutnantrichardvonwebernjunegeneralleutnantgnthervonetzelaugustgeneralleutnantaxelvonpetersdorffdecembergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieottovonbelowjunejohannesvonmalachowskiseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontlistofimperialgermaninfantryregimentslistofimperialgermanartilleryregimentslistofimperialgermancavalryregimentsorderofbattleattannenberggermaneightharmyorderofbattleattannenbergreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlasthaythornthwaitefirstphilipjyeartitletheworldwaronesourcebookpublisherarmsandarmourisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxiarmycorpsbrxxiarmeekorpsabbreviationxxiakimagestabeinesgeneralkommandossvgcaptionflagofthestaffofageneralkommandostartdateenddatecountrybranchtypecorpsrolesizeapproximatelyonmobilisationincommandstructuregarrisonsaarbrckengarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwaribattleofthefrontiersanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonourscommanderscurrentcommandercurrentcommanderlabelceremonialchiefceremonialchieflabelcoloneloftheregimentcoloneloftheregimentlabelnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexxiarmycorpsxxiakwasacorpslevelcommandofthegermanempiregermangermanarmygermanempirearmybeforeandduringworldwariasthegermanarmyexpandedinthelatterpartofthethcenturyandearlypartofthethcenturythexxiarmycorpswassetuponoctoberinsaarbrckenasthegeneralkommandoheadquartersforthedistrictsofkoblenztrierandpartofalsacelorraineittookovercommandofstdivisiongermanempirestdivisionfromxvcorpsgermanempirexvcorpsandthenewlyformednddivisiongermanempirenddivisionthelastdivisiontobeformedbythepeacetimearmygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriefritzvonbelowformercommanderofstguardsinfantrydivisiongermanempirestguardsdivisiontookcommanditwasassignedtothegermanarmygermanempirearmyinspectorateviiarmyinspectoratebutjoinedthepredominantlybavariantharmygermanempiretharmyatthestartofthefirstworldwaritwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppegallwitzonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontpeacetimeorganisationthepeacetimecorpsofthegermanarmyguardsixxiiiiibavarianhadareasonablystandardisedorganisationeachconsistedoftwodivisionmilitarydivisionswithusuallytwoinfantrybrigadesonefieldartillerybrigadeandacavalrybrigadeeacheachbrigadenormallyconsistedoftworegimentsoftheappropriatetypesoeachcorpsnormallycommandedinfantryfieldartilleryandcavalryregimentstherewereexceptionstothisrulevcorpsgermanempirevvicorpsgermanempireviviicorpsgermanempireviiixcorpsgermanempireixandxivcorpsgermanempirexivcorpseachhadathinfantrybrigadesoinfantryregimentsiicorpsgermanempireiixiiiroyalwrttembergcorpsxiiixviiicorpsgermanempirexviiiandxxihadathinfantryregimenticorpsgermanempireivicorpsgermanempireviandxvicorpsgermanempirexvicorpshadardcavalrybrigadesocavalryregimentstheguardscorpsgermanempireguardscorpshadinfantryregimentsinbrigadesandcavalryregimentsinbrigadeseachcorpsalsodirectlycontrolledanumberofotherunitsthiscouldincludeoneormorefootartilleryregimentjgermilitaryjgerbattalionpioneermilitarypioneerbattaliontrainmilitarytrainbattalionclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthpeacetimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsgarrisonrowspanxxicorpsrowspanstdivisiongermanempirestdivisionrowspanndinfantrybrigadeththrhenishinfantrysaarbrckenththlotharingianinfantryforbachrowspanndinfantrybrigadeththbrandenburginfantrymargravecharleswissembourgweienburgthndloweralsatianinfantryhagenauthhessenhomburginfantrybitchebitschrowspanstfieldartillerybrigadeststloweralsatianfieldartilleryhagenauthndloweralsatianfieldartilleryhagenaubischweilerrowspanstcavalrybrigadethwestphaliandragoonssaarbrckenthrhenishuhlansarchdukefrederickofbadensaarbrckenrowspannddivisiongermanempirenddivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethstupperrhenishinfantrysaarburgthrdloweralsatianinfantrydieuzerowspanthinfantrybrigadeththwestphalianinfantrycountbarfussmrchingenstndlotharingianinfantrymrchingenrowspanndfieldartillerybrigadethstrhenishfieldartilleryvonholtzendorffsaarbrckenthstupperalsatianfieldartillerysaarburgmrchingenrowspanndcavalrybrigadethndbrandenburguhlanscounthaeselersaarburgthschleswigholsteinuhlanssaarburgrowspancorpstroopsrowspanrdmachinegunabteilungsaarburgthndrhenishpioneerbattaliontrierstndrhenishtrainbattalionforbachsaarbrckendefencecommandbrlandwehrinspektionsaarbrckenworldwariorganisationonmobilisationonmobilizationonaugustthecorpswasrestructuredndcavalrybrigadewaswithdrawntoformpartofthethcavalrydivisiongermanempirethcavalrydivisionandthestcavalrybrigadewasbrokenupanditsregimentsassignedtothedivisionsasreconnaissanceunitsdivisionsreceivedengineercompaniesandothersupportunitsfromthecorpsheadquartersunusuallythecorpsretaineditsthinfantryregimentonmobilisationinsummaryxxicorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsheavyartillerybatteriesgunspioneercompaniesandanaviationdetachmentclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthinitialwartimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxxicorpsrowspanstdivisiongermanempirestdivisionrowspanndinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanndinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanstfieldartillerybrigadestfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthuhlanregimentstcompanythpioneerbattalionstdivisionalpontoontrainstmedicalcompanyrowspannddivisiongermanempirenddivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentstinfantryregimentrowspanndfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthdragoonregimentndcompanythpioneerbattalionrdcompanythpioneerbattalionnddivisionalpontoontrainndmedicalcompanyrdmedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspaniibattalionrdfootartilleryregimentthaviationdetachmentstcorpspontoontrainsttelephonedetachmentthpioneersearchlightsectionmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtoiicorpsgermanempiremctiicorpscombatchronicleonmobilisationxxicorpswasassignedtothepredominantlybavariantharmygermanempiretharmyformingpartoftheleftwingoftheforcesfortheschlieffenplanoffensiveinaugustonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontbyitwasontheeasternfrontworldwarieasternfrontwhereittookpartinthesiegeofkovnoandthebattlesonthenemanriverandatvilniusitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppegallwitzonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontcommandersthexxicorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitabledatesranknameoctobertoaprilgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriefritzvonbelowapriltojanuarygeneralleutnantoskarvonhutierjanuarytoendofwargeneralleutnanternstvonovenseealsogermanarmyorderofbattlesixtharmygermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontlistofimperialgermaninfantryregimentslistofimperialgermanartilleryregimentslistofimperialgermancavalryregimentsreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlasthaythornthwaitefirstphilipjyeartitletheworldwaronesourcebookpublisherarmsandarmourisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxshipcareerhideheadershipcountryshipflagshipnamexianghuamenshipnamesakeshipawardedshipbuildershiplaiddownshiplaunchedshipacquiredshipcommissionedshipdecommissionedshipinserviceshipoutofserviceshipstruckshiphonorsshipfateshipstatusinserviceshipnotesinfoboxshipcharacteristicshideheaderheadercaptionshipclassshiptonnageshipcapacityteushiplengthshipbeamshipdraftshippropulsionshipspeedshipcomplementshiparmamentshipnotesthexianghuamenisapanamanianflaggedcargovesselownedbythenanjingoceanshippingcompanyheadquarteredinjiangsuprovincechinashewashijackedbysomalipiratesonaprilrefnamechinadailycitenewsurlchinadailycomcncndycontenthtmtitlesailorslaudedforbraverypublisherchinadailydateaccessdatequotethethoughtofthexianghuamenbeinghijackedtherenevercrossedanybodysmindatthetimethegloballyrecognizedpiratezoneisprimarilyaroundthegulfofadenandifcommercialvesselslikeourswouldcrossitwedaskfornavalescortfleetsaidnascogeneralmanagerxuchuanguangauthordeadurlbotunknownarchiveurlwebcitationorgqueryurlhttpaffwwwchinadailycomcnfcndyfffcontenthtmdatearchivedateaprildfrefrefnameirannewscitenewsurlirnairnewspoliticchinademandsirantoreleasekidnappedchineseshipandcrewtitlechinademandsirantoreleasekidnappedchineseshipandcrewpublisheriraniannewsagencydateaccessdatequoteaccordingtochinainternationalradioreportchineseembassyintehranhadconfirmedthatacargoshipnamedxianghuamenwaskidnappedbypiratesinwatersclosetoirandeadurlbotunknownarchiveurlwebcitationorgqueryurlhttpaffwwwirnairfnewsfpoliticfchinademandsirantoreleasekidnappedchineseshipandcrewfdatearchivedateaprildfrefthecaptureofthislargecommercialvesselwasdescribedasremarkablebytheshipsownersasitwasoutsidethegloballyrecognizedpiratezonechinadailyreportstheninepiratesexchangedfirewithiraniancommandosfromtwoiraniannavypatrolvesselspriortothrowingtheirweaponsoverboardrefnameshipaccidentscitenewsurlshipaccidentscomchinesecargoshipxianghuamenhijackedbypiratesandfreedbyiraniannavytitlechinesecargoshipxianghuamenhijackedbypiratesandfreedbyiraniannavypublishershipaccidentsdateaccessdatequotesoonafterthehijackedshipwasapproachedbytwoiraniannavyshipsandpirateswereaskedtosurrenderthepiratesaboardthrewtheirweaponsoverboardpageauthordeadurlbotunknownarchiveurlwebcitationorgqueryurlhttpaffshipaccidentscomfchinesecargoshipxianghuamenhijackedbypiratesandfreedbyiraniannavyfdatearchivedateaprildfrefthexianghuamenhasacomplementofmarinersearlyreportssaiditwasunknownifanyofthecrewhadbeeninjuredorwhatbecameofthepirateschinadailyreportsthecrewmembersshutdownallpowersystemsandretreatedtotheshipspanicroomsecurityroomwhentheysawthepiratesapproachthevesselwasoccupiedbythepiratesforninehoursrefnamevesseltrackerxianghuamenciteweburlvesseltrackercomenshipsxianghuamenhtmlshowpositiontitlexianghuamenworkvesseltrackerdateaccessdatequotepageauthordeadurlbotunknownarchiveurlwebcitationorgqueryurlhttpaffwwwvesseltrackercomfenfshipsfxianghuamenhtmlfshowdpositiondatearchivedateaprildfrefthepiratesboardedthevesselminutesaftertheyweresightedandittookthemthreehourstobreachthreeofthefoursecuritydoorstotheshipssecurityroomatthatpointthecrewsurrenderedandthepiratesmadethemlinethebridgetoserveashumanshieldstheshipscaptainhefengnoticedthetwoiranianpatrolvesselswereshadowingtheshipshipsengineerlishengmingtoldthepirateshehadtotakehisengineeringstafftotheengineroomtomonitortheshipsengineshoweverwhenthefirstmateonthebridgeinformedhimthattheiranianshadcovertlyrequestedthevesselbestoppedheandhisstaffstoppedtheenginesandjumpedoverboardwhenmembersoftheremainingcrewwereorderedtostarttheenginestheyclaimedallthecrewmembersqualifiedtodosowereamongthosewhohadjumpedoverboardastheiranianboardingpartyapproachedgunfirewasexchangedbetweenthepiratesandtheiraniancommandosonecrewmemberliguwenwasslightlyinjuredeventuallythepiratesthrewtheirweaponsoverboardfouraksabazookaandsomepistolsandkniveschinadailyreportstheshipsownershasannouncedthatallthecrewmemberswillreceiveabonusreferencesinfoboxbridgebridgenamexishabridgenativenamenativenamelangzhimagexishabridgejpgimagesizealtcaptionofficialnameothernamecarriesgbaotoumaomingexpresswaycrosseslocaleqianjiangdistrictqianjiangchongqingownermaintidarchitectdesignerengineeringdesignarchmateriallengthwidthheightmainspanspanspierswaterloadclearancebelowlifebuilderfabricatorbegincompletecostopeninauguratedtolltrafficprecededfollowedheritagecollapsedclosedreplacesmapcuemapimagemapaltmaptextmapwidthcoordinatesmaptypechinachongqingxishabridgeisametrehigharchbridgenearthecityoflianghezhenchongqingchinathemainribsarecomposedofconcretefilledsteeltubesthespanisthehighestthrougharchintheworldthebridgecrossesthexishariverxishaheatributaryofthelargerapengriverapengjiangthebridgeislocatedongbaotoumaomingexpresswaywhichhasseveralotherbridgesovermetershighincludingtheaizhaibridgeandthewulingshanbridgeseealsolistofhighestbridgesintheworldexternallinkshighestbridgescomwikiindexphptitlexishabridgelectorpriestmelleinxxregistersxenodicemayrefertoingreekmythologyxenodikexenodiceadaughterofminosxenodiceorxenodocedaughterofsyleusmythologysyleusxenodiceatrojancaptiveseelistofchildrenofpriaminbiologyxenodiceagenusinthefamilypodoceridaecyanopeplaxenodiceaspeciesinthegenuscyanopeplamethoxymelleinredirectstereoyuxiongyuxiongredirecthimanandheebinfoboxroyaltyimagenamexionglifamilynamemclannamexinggivennameltitlerulerofchureignthcenturybcxionglireignedthcenturybcwasanearlyrulerofthestateofchustatechuduringtheearlyzhoudynastyofancientchinahesucceededhisfatheryuxiongwhowastheteacherofkingwenofzhouthefirstkingofzhourefnameshijirefxionglisancestralsurnamewasmisurnamemibutheadoptedthesecondcharacterofhisfathersnamexiongsurnamexiongliterallybearastheroyalchineseclannameclannameofchuwhichisnowthelistofcommonchinesesurnamesndmostcommo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instmedicalcompanyrdmedicalcompanyrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanstinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentndinfantryregimentthjgerbattalionrowspanndinfantrybrigadestinfantryregimentndinfantryregimentthjgerbattalionrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanthdragoonregimentndcompanythpioneerbattalionrdcompanythpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainndmedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspaniibattalionthfootartilleryregimentrdaviationdetachmentthcorpspontoontrainthtelephonedetachmentthpioneersearchlightsectionmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtoiicorpsgermanempiremctiicorpscombatchronicleattheoutbreakofworldwarithecorpswasassignedtothetharmygermanempiretharmyontheleftoftheforcesthatexecutedtheschlieffenplanitfoughtonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontinlorraineregionlorraineitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppeherzogalbrechtvonwrttembergonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontcommandersthexvcorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitabledatesranknamemarchgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieeduardvonfranseckynovembergeneralfeldmarschalledwinfreiherrvonmanteuffelseptembergeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavalleriewilhelmvonheuducknovembergeneraloftheartillerygermanygeneralderartilleriealfredvonlewinskiaprilgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriewilhelmhermannvonblumeaprilgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriekunofreiherrvonfalkensteinmaygeneralleutnantemilfreiherrvonmeerscheidthllessemjunegeneralleutnanthansantonherwarthvonbittenfeldaprilgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieleopoldhentschelvongilgenheimbleopoldritterhentschelvongilgenheimbjanuarygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriemaxvonfabeckmarchgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriebertholdvondeimlingmaygeneralleutnantemililseseealsogermanarmyorderofbattleseventharmygermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontlistofimperialgermaninfantryregimentslistofimperialgermanartilleryregimentslistofimperialgermancavalryregimentsreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlasthaythornthwaitefirstphilipjyeartitletheworldwaronesourcebookpublisherarmsandarmourisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinfoboxsingleseewikipediawikiprojectsongsnamecoverdbsinglejpgartistdierksbentleyalbumhomedierksbentleyalbumhomereleasedformatmusicdownloaddigitaldownloadrecordedgenrecountryrocklengthlabelcapitolrecordsnashvillecapitolnashvillewriterflatlistdierksbentleybrettbeaversjimbeaversproducerflatlistbrettbeaverslukewootencertificationlastsinglehomedierksbentleysonghomebrthissinglebrnextsingletipitonbackbrmiscisasongcowrittenandrecordedbyamericancountrymusicartistdierksbentleyitwasreleasedinaprilasthethirdsinglefromhisalbumhomedierksbentleyalbumhomethesongwaswrittenbybentleybrettbeaversandjimbeaversbackgroundandwritingcowriterjimbeaverstoldtasteofcountrythattheideaforcameaboutwhenheandbentleywerediscussingvanhalensalbumalbumbeaverssaidthathechangedthepronunciationfromfiftyonefiftytofiveonefiveohandrhymeditwithsomebodycallthepopoafterseeingapolicecarcontentthetitleisareferencetotheinvoluntarypsychiatricholdinvoluntarypsychiatricholdinthecaliforniawelfareandinstitutionscodeinitthenarratorsingsthathisloverismakinghimcrazycriticalreceptionbobbypeacockofroughstockgavethesongfourstarsoutoffivesayingthatitwasfuntolistentoandsticksintheheadafteronlyonelistenbillydukesoftasteofcountryrateditfourandahalfstarsoutoffivecallingitthreeminutesofrecklessenergymusicvideothemusicvideowasdirectedbywesedwardsandpremieredinjunechartperformanceclasswikitablesortablechartpeakbrpositionyearendchartsclasswikitablesortablescopecolchartscopecolpositionushotcountrysongscountrysongsbillboardmagazinebillboardaligncentercertificationsreferencesxoskeletonsisanelectronichardcorepunkgroupfromwaterburyconnecticutfeaturingwellknownbostonhardcorelegendwesleyeisoldfrombandssuchasgiveuptheghostbandamericannightmareandcoldcaveothermembersincludechaunceyjohnsonfseanmartinandnickymoneyhistoryxoskeletonswasnotoriousfortheirdoityourselfmentalitythebandreleasedtheirdebutalbumboredbyheavenforfreestatingthatitswhoneedsarecordlabeldiscographyasthmagasmnomuzzlesasthmagasmsuburbandustxoskeletonsboredbyheaventowncrierspiderearthbetweenspiderheavenandhellbetterbabesstrangertongueslivefromplanetdeathbirthdaysundertheiceofhellfreezingoverlasciviousfactsfeatcagerappercagecalifornianeedsyouandmereferencessatanschildinfoboxbaseballbiographynamexavieraveryimagexavieraveryonmayjpgimagesizecaptionaverywiththebaltimoreoriolesteamatlantabravesnumberpositionoutfielderbirthdatebirthplaceatlantageorgiabatsleftthrowsleftdebutleaguemlbdebutdatemaydebutyeardebutteambaltimoreoriolesstatleaguemlbstatyearseasonstatlabelbattingaveragestatvaluestatlabelhomerunsstatvaluestatlabelrunbattedinrunsbattedinstatvaluestatlabelstolenbasesstatvalueteamsbaltimoreoriolesxaviertyroneaverybornjanuaryisanamericanprofessionalbaseballoutfielderintheatlantabravesorganizationhemadehismajorleaguebaseballmlbdebutwiththebaltimoreoriolesincareerbaltimoreoriolesaveryattendedcedargrovehighschoolgeorgiacedargrovehighschoolinellenwoodgeorgiaheinitiallycommittedtoplaycollegefootballforthegeorgiabulldogsfootballgeorgiabulldogsthebaltimoreoriolesdraftedaveryinthesecondroundofthemajorleaguebaseballdraftaverywascalleduptothemajorsforthefirsttimeonmaythefollowingdayhescoredhisfirstmajorleaguerunandcollectedhisfirstdoubletripleandrbihehithisfirstcareerhomerunonjuneagainsttheclevelandindiansseasonclevelandindianstheoriolesoptionedaverytonorfolkinjulyandrecalledhimagainseptemberwhentheteamsrosterexpandedseattlemarinersonaugusttheoriolestradedaverytotheseattlemarinersinexchangeformichaelmorsehewasdesignatedforassignmentonmarchandsubsequentlyoutrightedtothetripleatacomarainierswherehefinishedtheseasondetroittigersonnovemberaverysignedaminorleaguecontractwiththedetroittigershewasreleasedonjulyafterexercisinganoptoutinhiscontractsanfranciscogiantstwodayslateraverysignedaminorleaguedealwiththesanfranciscogiantsminnesotatwinshewasreleasedonjulyandsignedwiththeminnesotatwinsonjulycompletingtheseasonontherosteroftheirtriplearochesterredwingssecondstintwithoriolesondecemberaverysignedaminorleaguedealtoreturntotheoriolesorganizationhebecameafreeagentaftertheseasonatlantabravesonjanuaryaverysignedaminorleaguecontractwiththeatlantabravesheresignedwiththeteamaftertheseasonendedreferencesexternallinksintelsunxvminfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexvarmycorpsbrxvarmeekorpsabbreviationxvakimagecaptionstartdateenddatecountrybranchgermanarmywehrmachtarmytypecorpsrolesizecommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelcultureandhistorynicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotbattlesworldwariiinvasionofpolandbattleoffrancecommandersnotablecommandersidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelthexvarmycorpsxvakwasacorpslevelcommandofthenazigermanygermangermanarmywehrmachtarmybeforeandintheearlystagesofworldwariiitwassetuponoctoberitwasalsoknownasgruppehothpanzergruppehothduringtheinvasionoffranceitwasreorganizedintopanzergruppeonnovembercombatchroniclethecorpsparticipatedintheinvasionofpolandinaspartoftharmywehrmachttharmyarmygroupsouthitwaspartoftharmywehrmachttharmyarmygroupawesternfrontcarmygroupaintheinvasionofbattleoffrancefranceinorganisationthecorpshadthefollowingorganisationonjunethpanzerdivisionwehrmachtthpanzerdivisionthpanzerdivisionwehrmachtthpanzerdivisionndinfantrydivisionwehrmachtndinfantrydivisionmotcommandersxvcorpswascommandedthroughoutitsexistencebygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterielatergeneralobersthermannhothreferencessubjectbarportalmilitaryofgermanyportalworldwariichinaheavyweightchurchofthesaviourbeijingchurchofourladyofmountcarmelbeijingthexfactorustvseriesakikoshikataatommashatommashenterbrainichijinshaashshajarahredirectquotationmarkstarboxbeginnamexipisciumstarboximageimagelocationmarkimagepiscesiausvgaltfloatcenterwidthlabelpositionrightmarkredcirclesvgmarkwidthmarklinkpscxycaptionlocationofpisciumcircledstarboxobserveepochjequinoxjinternationalcelestialreferencesystemicrsconstellpiscesconstellationpiscesradecappmagvstarboxcharacterclassknbspiiibvubvariablestarboxastrometryradialvpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnoteabsmagvstarboxorbitreferenceprimaryprimarynamenamecompanionnameperiodperiodinyearsperiodunitlessaxissemimajoraxisinarcsecondsaxisunitlesssemimajoraxisnounitsprovidedbytemplateeccentricityinclinationinclinationindegreesnodelongitudeofnodeindegreesperiastronperiargperiargprimaryargumentofperiastronindegreesprimarykkvelocitysemiamplitudesecondaryinsbinkmsstarboxdetailsourcecomponentpscamassradiusluminositytemperaturegravitymetalferotationalvelocityagegyrstarboxcatalognamesstarboxreferencesimbadksipscxipisciumnbsppisciumisanorangehuedbinarystarsysteminthezodiacconstellationofpiscesconstellationpiscesintheastronomerjohannesheveliusinhisfirmamentumsobiescianumregardedtheconstellationpiscesasbeingcomposedoffoursubdivisionsxipisciumwasconsideredtobepartofthelinumaustrinumthesouthcordthestarisvisibletothenakedeyehavinganapparentvisualmagnitudeofbaseduponanannualstellarparallaxparallaxshiftofnbspmilliarcsecondmasasseenfromearthitislocatedaboutnbsplightyearsfromthesunitismovingawayfromthesunhavingaradialvelocityofnbspkmsthisisasinglelinedspectroscopicbinarysystemwithanorbitalperiodofnbspyearsandanorbitaleccentricityeccentricityofaroundthespectroscopi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bonnerdurchmusterungbdhenrydrapercataloguehdhipparcoscataloguehipbrightstarcataloguehrsmithsonianastrophysicalobservatorystarcatalogsaostarboxreferencesimbadksiorixiorionisorionisisabinarystarsysteminthenortheasternpartoftheconstellationoforionconstellationorionwellabovetheredgiantstarbetelgeuseintheskyitliesnexttoanotherbluemainsequencestarnuorioniswhichissomewhatcloseratlightyearstheapparentvisualmagnitudeofxiorionisiswhichisbrightenoughtobeseenwiththenakedeyethedistancetothisstarasdeterminedusingthestellarparallaxparallaxmethodisroughlylightyearsthisisaspectroscopicbinarystarsystemwithanorbitalperiodofnbspdaysandanorbitaleccentricityeccentricityoftheprimarycomponentisabtypestarbtypesubgiantstarwithastellarclassificationofbivwithanestimatedageofjustnbspmillionyearsithasarelativelyhighrateofspinshowingaprojectedrotationalvelocityofnbspkmsxiorionishasabouttimesthesolarmassmassofthesunandshineswithtimesthesolarluminosityfromitsstellaratmosphereouteratmosphereataneffectivetemperatureofnbspkreferencesreflistrefsrefnamevanleeuwencitationtitlevalidationofthenewhipparcosreductionlastvanleeuwenfirstfjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesdatearxivbibcodeaavdoipostscriptrefrefnamemcdonaldcitationdisplayauthorslastmcdonaldfirstilastzijlstrafirstaalastboyerfirstmltitlefundamentalparametersandinfraredexcessesofhipparcosstarsjournalmonthlynoticesoftheroyalastronomicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesdatebibcodemnrasmarxivdoijxpostscriptrefrefnametetzlaffcitationdisplayauthorslasttetzlafffirstnlastneuhuserfirstrlasthohlefirstmmtitleacatalogueofyoungrunawayhipparcosstarswithinkpcfromthesunjournalmonthlynoticesoftheroyalastronomicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesdatejanuarydoijxbibcodemnrastpostscriptarxivrefrefnamedebruijnecitationlastdebruijnefirstjhjlasteilersfirstactitleradialvelocitiesforthehipparcosgaiahundredthousandpropermotionprojectjournalastronomyastrophysicsvolumeidapagesdateoctoberdoibibcodeaaadarxivpostscriptrefrefnameabtcitationlastabtfirsthelmutalastlevatofirsthugolastgrossofirstmonicatitlerotationalvelocitiesofbstarsjournaltheastrophysicaljournalvolumeissuepagesdatejulydoibibcodeapjapostscriptrefrefnamecrawfordcitationdisplayauthorslastcrawfordfirstdllastbarnesfirstjvlastgolsonfirstjctitlefourcolorhbetaandubvphotometryforbrightbtypestarsinthenorthernhemispherejournaltheastronomicaljournalyearpagesvolumebibcodeajcdoipostscriptrefrefnamepourbaixcitationtitlessubbsupsupsubtheninthcatalogueofspectroscopicbinaryorbitsdisplayauthorslastpourbaixfirstdlasttokovininfirstaalastbattenfirstahlastfekelfirstfclasthartkopffirstwilastlevatofirsthlastmorrellfirstnilasttorresfirstglastudryfirstsjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesyeardoiarxivastrophbibcodeaappostscriptrefrefnamesimbadcitesimbadtitleksioriaccessdatepostscriptrefinfoboxsettlementnamexianrenzhuangsubdistrictothernamenativenametranslitlangchinesecharacterchinesetranslitlangtypechinesecharacterchinesetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxinrnzhungjidosettlementtypesubdistrictmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmapchinahenanpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinhenanpushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehenansubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnamekaifengsubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinadistrictsubdivisionnameguloudistrictkaifengguloudistrictsubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamegovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotaltimezonechinastandardtimeutcoffsetcoordinateselevationmelevationftxianrenzhuangsubdistrictchinasubdistrictliterallyxiantaoismimmortalsvillagesubdistrictformerlyxianrenzhuangtownshipsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipisalistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhenantownshipleveldivisionofguloudistrictkaifengguloudistrictoftheprefecturelevelcityofkaifengintheadministrativedivisionsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovinceofhenanchinarefnamexrefasofxianrenzhuangtownshipoccupiedsquarekminthesouthwesternpartofkaifengsmainurbanareaandhadaroundresidentsalthoughlocatedonlyafewkilometerssouthwestofdowntownkaifengthexianrenzhuangareaaccordingtogooglemapsisstillmostlyruralhistorythepredecessoroftodaysxianrenzhuangsubdistrictwasincorporatedasxinchengtownshipinandreorganizedaszhongxintownshipliterallycentraltownshipininwiththegreatleapforwardthetownshipbecameincorporatedintoshandianlightningpeoplescommuneshndingngshintheseparatexianrenzhuangpeoplescommunewascreatedwhichbecameatownshipwithinthethenexistingkaifengcountyinwiththereorganizationofkaifengcountyinthetownshipbecamepartofkaifenghcitysguloudistrictseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhenanreferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexiyantownshipothernamenativenamesettlementtypetownshipsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsiz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alerowspanthcavalrybrigadendmountedriflesndjgerzupferdelangensalzathmountedriflesthjgerzupferdeerfurtrowspancorpstroopsrowspanthkurhessianjgerbattalionmarburgthmachinegunabteilungmetzththuringianfootartilleryniederzwehrenbeikasselthkurhessianpioneerbattalionhannoverschmndenthkurhessiantrainbattalionkasselerfurtdefencecommandbrlandwehrinspektionerfurtworldwariorganisationonmobilisationonmobilizationonaugustthecorpswasrestructuredthcavalrybrigadewaswithdrawntoformpartofthethcavalrydivisiongermanempirethcavalrydivisionandthendcavalrybrigadewaswithdrawntoformpartoftherdcavalrydivisiongermanempirerdcavalrydivisionthethbrandenburgcuirassiersemperornicholasiofrussiathcuirassiersformerlyoftheiiicorpsgermanempireiiicorpswasraisedtoastrengthofsquadronsbeforebeingsplitintotwohalfregimentsofsquadronseachthehalfregimentswereassignedasdivisionalcavalrytonddivisiongermanempirendandthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionsdivisionsreceivedengineercompaniesandothersupportunitsfromthecorpsheadquartersinsummaryxicorpsmobilisedwithinfantrybattalionsmachineguncompaniesmachinegunscavalrysquadronsfieldartillerybatteriesgunsheavyartillerybatteriesgunspioneercompaniesandanaviationdetachmentclasswikitablecollapsiblecollapsedstyletextaligncenterwidthinitialwartimeorganizationofthecorpscorpsdivisionbrigadeunitsrowspanxicorpsrowspannddivisiongermanempirenddivisionrowspanrdinfantrybrigadendinfantryregimentrdinfantryregimentrowspanthinfantrybrigadendinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentthjgerbattalionrowspanndfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanstaffandhalfofthcuirassierregimentstcompanythpioneerbattalionnddivisionalpontoontrainstmedicalcompanyrdmedicalcompanyrowspanthdivisiongermanempirethdivisionrowspanthinfantrybrigadestinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanrdinfantrybrigadethinfantryregimentthinfantryregimentrowspanthfieldartillerybrigadethfieldartilleryregimentthfieldartilleryregimentrowspanhalfofthcuirassierregimentndcompanythpioneerbattalionrdcompanythpioneerbattalionthdivisionalpontoontrainndmedicalcompanyrowspancorpstroopsrowspanibattalionthfootartilleryregimentthaviationdetachmentthcorpspontoontrainthtelephonedetachmentthpioneersearchlightsectionmunitiontrainsandcolumnscorrespondingtoiicorpsgermanempiremctiicorpscombatchroniclethecorpswasassignedtothegermanarmygermanempirearmyinspectorateviarmyinspectorateinpeacetimebutjoinedthepredominantlysaxonrdarmygermanempirerdarmyatthestartofthefirstworldwarformingpartoftherightwingoftheforcesfortheschlieffenplanoffensiveinaugustonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontitparticipatedinthecaptureofnamurcitynamurandwasimmediatelytransferredtotheeasternfrontworldwarieasternfronttojointhetharmygermanempiretharmyintimetoparticipateinthefirstbattleofthemasurianlakesitwasthentransferredtothetharmygermanempiretharmyandtookpartinthebattleofthevistulariveritreturnedtothewesternfrontattheendofitwasstillinexistenceattheendofthewarinthetharmygermanempiretharmyheeresgruppekronprinzrupprechtonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontcommandersthexicorpshadthefollowingcommandersduringitsexistenceclasswikitablefromranknameoctobergeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieheinrichludwigvonplonskijulygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriejuliusvonboseaprilgeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavallerieludwigkarlvonschlotheimmarchgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriewilhelmhermannvongrolmanaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieadolfvonwittichaprilgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriewilhelmvonlindesudenseptembergeneralofthecavalrygermanygeneralderkavalleriealbrechtdukeofwrttembergfebruarygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriereinhardfrieherrvonschefferboyadeljanuarygeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanterieottovonplskowmarchgeneralleutnantviktorkhneaugustgeneraloftheinfantrygermanygeneralderinfanteriefranzfreiherrvonsodennovembergeneralleutnantviktorkhneseealsofrancoprussianwarorderofbattlerdarmyfrancoprussianwarorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlethirdarmygermanarmyorderofbattlegermanarmyorderofbattlewesternfrontlistofimperialgermaninfantryregimentslistofimperialgermanartilleryregimentslistofimperialgermancavalryregimentsreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastcronfirsthermannyeartitleimperialgermanarmyorganisationstructureordersofbattlefirstpublishedpublisherhelioncoisbncitebookrefharvlastellisfirstjohnlastcoxfirstmichaelyeartitletheworldwaridatabookpublisheraurumpressltdisbncitebookrefharvlasthaythornthwaitefirstphilipjyeartitletheworldwaronesourcebookpublisherarmsandarmourisbncitebookyeartitlehistoriesoftwohundredandfiftyonedivisionsofthegermanarmywhichparticipatedinthewarcompiledfromrecordsofintelligencesectionofthegeneralstaffamericanexpeditionaryforcesatgeneralheadquarterschaumontfrancepublisherthelondonstampexchangeltdisbnrefcitebookyeartitlethegermanforcesinthefieldthrevisionthnovembercompiledbythegeneralstaffwarofficepublisherimperialwarmuseumlondonandthebatterypressincisbnxandrefinternationalcommissiononradiationunitsandmeasurementskingzhuangofchuhassansheikhmumininfoboxrealitymusiccompetitionseriesxfactoralbaniantvseriesthexfactorseasonfirstairedoctoberlastairedmarchjudgespandilaobrtunasingeraltunasejdiubrsonimalajbralbansknderajhostalketavejsiucohostbroadcasterklantelevisionimagecaptionwinnernamearilenaarawinneroriginshkodrwinnergenrepopwinnersongrunnernamealdobardhilastnextyearxfactoralbaniantvseriesxfactorisantelevisioninalbaniaalbaniantelevisionmusiccompetitiontofindnewsingingtalentsthesecondseasonbeganonoctoberonklantelevisiontvklanbasedonthethexfactorukukformatthecompetitionconsistsofauditionsinfrontofproducersandthenthejudgeswithaliveaudiencebootcampjudgeshousesandthenthelivefinalsauditionsfortheshowbeganinaugustandconcludedinseptembertheshowishostedbyalbaniansingeralketavejsiuwhilethejudgingpanelconsistsofthebiggestalbanianartistsalbanianfamouswritercomposerandtvpresenterpandilaoalbaniansinmacedoniaalbanianmacedonianpopsingertunasingeraltunasejdiusonimalajandthealbaniansuperstaralbansknderajtheseasonwaswonbyarilenaaraofthegirlscategoryjudgesthisyearjulianapashaandvesalumawerereplacedbythenewjudgesaltunasejdiuandsonimalajthereasonthatpashaandlumadidnotcontinuetheirmentoringjobwasgenerallyduetotheirmusiccommitmentaltunasejdiuthenewjudgewasapartoflastyearsxfactorauditionsintiranareplacingvesalumaafterthewithdrawalofpashaandlumaitwasrumouredthataltunasejdiuwillbeapartoftheshowtogetherwithherkosovobasedalbaniansingerelizahoxhawasalsorumouredtobeajudgehoweverafewdaysbeforetheshowairedtvklanheldapressconferenceexplainingtheprocedureandthenewjudgesbojkenlakowasalsoaguestjudgeintheauditionsjudgeshousestheeliminatedactswereboysamadeogjurabekimelezienurpakashticaxhustinohasanigirlsdanielakolaersonacakajsanjafajkojasilvanarusioversartaselimifranceskomethoxhagroupscrazymixrapsoditheextremsafterthejudgeshousesstagearilenaaraandkanitasumawereputintotheliveshowsaswildcardsfinaliststhefinalfinalistswereconfirmedasfollowskeyndashwinnerndashrunnerupndashthirdplaceclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterscopecolstylewidthpxcategorymentorscopecolcolspanstylewidthpxactsscoperowboysmalajstylebackgroundpinkaldobardhiherribelulipetroxhorisardistrugajbgcolorecececscoperowgirlssejdiuantonelaekixhistylebackgroundbfbarilenaaraelisasallashkelqesasadikuxhinakelmendiscoperownolimitlaoegzonaademiinatorbakanitasumarezartsaliasisuelamalasiscoperowgroupssknderajfoxyladiesksalstylebackgrounddefnatyralsoulsistersbgcolorecececliveshowsresultssummarycolorkeynbspndashcontestantwasinthebottomtwothreeandhadtosingagaininthefinalshowdownnbspndashcontestantwasinthebottomthreebutreceivedthefewestvotesandwasimmediatelyeliminatednbspndashcontestantreceivedthemostpublicvotespleasedonotoverusecolorinthistableespeciallytosignifymentorsandcategoriesasthishasbeenestablishedintheabovetableclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizeweeklyresultspercontestantstylewidthrowspanscopecolcontestantstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekcolspanweekstylewidthroundonestylewidthroundtwoscoperowarilenaarasafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafestylebackgroundlightgreenwinnerbrweekscoperowaldobardhisafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwosafestylebackgrounddfrdsafestylebackgroundlightgreyrunnerupbrweekscoperownatyralsafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwosafesafesafesafesafestylebackgroundpinkrdcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowkanitasumasafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafestylebackgrounddfthstylebackgrounddfthcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowantonelaekixhisafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwosafesafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwosafestylebackgrounddfthcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowksalsafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafestylebackgrounddfthsafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwocolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowsardistrugajsafesafesafesafesafestylebackgrounddfthsafesafesafesafesafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwocolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowegzonaademisafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafesafestylebackgrounddfthcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowsoulsisterssafesafesafesafesafesafestylebackgrounddfthsafesafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwocolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowpetroxhorisafesafesafesafesafesafesafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwostylebackgrounddfbottomtwocolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowelisasallasafesafesafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwosafesafesafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwocolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowxhinakelmendisafesaf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strialorganizationineditorinchiefoftheeuropeaneconomicreviewandofthejournaloftheeuropeaneconomicassociationcurrentlyheiseditorofthejournalselseviercomjournalofeconomictheoryeditorialboardjournalofeconomictheoryandcoeditoroftheeditjemsorgeditorsjournalofeconomicsmanagementstrategysinceheismemberoftheidentificationcommitteeoftheeuropeanresearchcouncilhehasparticipatedextensivelyinthepolicydebateineuropewithcontributionstoasubstantialnumberofreportspublishedbyceprandcesifogroupdeifohomeresearchnetworkhtmlcesifonetworksaswellascolumnsinthefinancialtimesthewallstreetjournalandthespanishpressfromtohewasspecialadvisortothevicepresidentoftheeuropeancommissionandcommissionerforcompetitionjalmuniaresearchcontributionsvivesresearchconcentratesonmicroeconomicsandrangesfromindustrialorganizationinformationeconomicsandgametheorytobankingandfinancehiscontributionsstartedwithseminalresearchinoligopolytheoryandthestudyofpriceandquantitycompetitionprovidingcanonicalmodelsandresultsonpriceformationandcompetitivenesstheresearchextendedtotheinteractionbetweenprivateinformationandstrategicbehaviorwiththeearlystudyofinformationsharingamongfirmsthisresearchhasservedasabasisforextensivetheoreticalandapplieddevelopmentsinindustrialorganizationandinternationaltradeamongotherfieldsaswellashavingimplicationsforcompetitionpolicyapathbreakingcontributionwasthepioneerapplicationoflatticetheoreticmethodstoanalyzegamesofstrategiccomplementaritiesorsupermodulargamesandingeneralcomplementaritiesineconomicshiscontributionopenedthegatestonumerousapplicationsinawiderangeoffieldsincludingmacroeconomicsandfinancefurtherworkhasstudiedincompleteinformationeconomiesandthemechanismsofinformationaggregationandtransmissioninmarketsandlearningbytradersformalizingtheideasofhayekthisworkprovidesabridgebetweentherationalexpectationsandtheherdingliteraturesandhasbeenappliedtostudythedynamicsofassetpricesfinallyviveshascontributedtothestudyofcompetitionandregulationinbankingandoffinancialstabilitywithresearchthathaspolicyimplicationsforthefinancialcrisisandeuropeanfinancialintegrationbookswebarchiveorgwebmitpressmiteducatalogitemdefaultaspttypetidoligopolypricingoldideasandnewtoolsmitpresspressprincetonedutitleshtmlinformationandlearninginmarketstheimpactofmarketmicrostructureprincetonuniversitypresspressprincetonedutitleshtmlcompetitionandstabilityinbankingtheroleofregulationandcompetitionpolicyprincetonuniversitypressawardsandhonorsvivesisafellowoftheeconometricsocietysinceoftheeuropeanacademyofsciencesandartssinceoftheeuropeaneconomicassociationsinceoftheesasociacinespaoladeeconomaspanisheconomicassociationsinceoftheinstitutdestudiscatalansinstituteofcatalanstudiessinceandoftheacademiaeuropaeasincehehasreceivedseveralresearchprizesinspainamongthemthepremioreyjaimeideeconomaininhewasawardedaeuropeanresearchcounciladvancedgrantandinawimduisenbergfellowshipfromtheeuropeancentralbankpresidentofearieorgrdefaultaspiidjkkedearieeuropeanassociationforresearchinindustrialeconomicsfortheperiodreferencesexternallinksisraelgelfandisraelgelfandmakotookamakotookarucochankristaltinjasonchanchisangillmohindepaulsinghleannelistephenaumatyeungxiaolanrailwaystationxinhuirailwaystationinfoboxalbumnamextypestudioartistfourplaycoverfourplayxjpgaltreleasedrecordedgenrejazzlengthlabelaristarecordsaristaproducerkenfreemanfourplaylastalbumjourneyfourplayalbumjourneybrthisalbumxbrnextalbumenergyfourplayalbumenergybralbumratingsrevallmusicrevscorenoproseyesxistheninthstudioalbumbyfourplayreleasedintracklistingturnaboutbobjamescinnamonsugarlarrycarltoneasternskymarceleastnathaneastkidzeroharveymasonsrmylovesleavinfeatmichaelmcdonaldvivianstanshallstevewinwoodscreenplaybobjamestwilighttouchharveymasonsrbemyloverlarrycarltonnathaneastsundaymorningnathaneastpersonnelmusicianslarrycarltonguitarkevindisimonebackgroundvocalsnathaneastbassbassguitarvocalsbobjamesmusicianbobjameskeyboardsharveymasonsrdrumsmichelepillarvocalsguestartistsmichaelmcdonaldsingermichaelmcdonaldvocalsproductionsonnyabelardolightingdesignshannonforrestengineervocalengineerkenfreemanengineerkeyboardtechnicianmixingproducerlarryhambyarfrankharkinsartdirectionvivianngdesigncsabapetoczengineerstevevavagiakismasteringmichaelwaringphotographyrickwheelerbasstechnicianguitarreferencesunitedhealthgrouphistorychenningyangxulingxeniaiowaxxxcorpshusurnameredirectcategoryshellredirectsrinivasaramanujanalexandergelfondxianghuahenansinaweiboaiaajournalaiaajournalbostontheologicalinstitutebostontheologicalinstitutexiantaowestrailwaystationxiaomountainsxiejunborndecemberisachinachineseformerswimmingsportswimmerwhocompetedinthesummerolympicsandinthesummerolympicsrefnamesrefrefreferencesxiafujiebornjuneisachinachineseformerswimmingsportswimmerwhocompetedinthesummerolympicsrefnamesrefrefreferencesxiexufengbornjanuaryisachinachineseformerswimmingsportswimmerwhocompetedinthesummerolympicsrefnamesrefrefreferencesinfoboxrealitymusiccompetitionseriesxfaktorimageseasonfirstairedseptemberlastaireddecemberjudgesfernagybrildikkeresztesbrmiklsmal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ngamixtureofxenontorrofpressureandchlorinetorrwithamercuryvaporlampxenonmonoclorideswerefirstsynthesizedinlatersolidandcompoundsweresynthesizedatlowtemperaturesinprosperioetaldemonstratedtheexistenceofinthegaseousstatewhichisimportantforlasingkineticsalthoughitemitsanuninterestinginfraredlightinriverosetalsynthesizedionsinthegaseousphaseatapressureoftorrthisionicmoleculeattractedlittleinterestsystematicstudiesofxeclwereinitiatedinbyvelazcoandsetserrefnamevelazcorefwhodemonstratednbspnmemissionfromthisemissionwasobtainedbymixingxenonatomswithchlorinegasorotherchlorinatedcompoundsnoclandsocltheexcitationwasprovidedbyacoldcathodedischargethetotalpressurewasafewtorrmonthslaterewingandbraurefnameewinrefreportedlasingfromaxeclfilmatnbspnmwhichwasmostpromisingforindustrialapplicationsthepreferredchlorinedonorforxecllaserishclthereasonsgivenarelowabsorptioncrosssectionatnbspnmoftheorderofcmrefnamewaynantreflesstoxicthanchlorinegeneratesapostdissociationexcimerlaserwhichismuchbetterthanotherchlorinedonorsconsecutiveexcimerlaserspulseswereobtainedwithoutaffectingenergyoutputtheconstantrateofvibrationalexcitationandexcimerlampdissociativeelectronattachmentaremorefavorableforhclthanforotherchlorinedonorsrefnamenighanreftheseprocesseshelptheformationofthreeyearslaterlorentzetalrefnamelorentsrefperformedexperimentsathighpressuresafewatmosphereunitatmospheresinamixturecontainingargonarandfoundanemissioncenteredatnbspnmwhichwasattributedtothefirstlaserwasdevelopedinfourmoleculesareapriorisynthesizedinthemixturesnoteparticularlythepossibilityofsynthesizingtheseundertheexperimentalconditionsoflasersandtheirrolesxehclwasobservedinagaseousmediumhoweverthismoleculehasonlybeendetectedviaemissionspectrainthemicrowaveradioandfarinfraredregionsbutwithemissionpredictedbytwotheoreticalstudiesatnbspnmandnbspnmrefnameadamsetchabalowskirefnotehoweverthatwhennearlyinaggregateitismorelikelytobestableatthesolidstatechemistrysolidstateitisthesameforwhichcantheoreticallyemitatnbspnmrefnamelastandgeorgerefwhilethisactivityhasneverbeenobservedinthegaseousstatexehhasthreeknownemissionlinestheywereobservedatnbspnmnbspnmandnbspnmhowevertheyhavenevermanifestedinthelaserspectrawhichleadstotheassumptionthatxehisnotformedundertheexperimentalconditionsconverselytheionisformedinthemixturesusedinlasersitplaysasignificantroleinchemicalkineticskineticsinthesynthesisofthroughareactionthatcompeteswiththecreationofionsshownbelowxehclxehcltherateconstantoftheentireprocessiscmsionisapivotalprecursorintheformationoftheexciplexmoleculexeclexciplexthestructureofthexeclmoleculethepotentialcurvespresentedinfigurearetheresultsoftheoreticalrefnameadamschabalowskirefrefnamehayetdunningrefrefnamekoltsvelazcoetsettersrefandexperimentalrefnamelozhengrefworkscommoncharacteristicsforallhalidestatesofthenoblegasesincludesagroupofrelatedexcitedstatesbcanddandalowergroupofdissociativelyorweaklyboundstatesaandxstatesbdandxhavesymmetrywhilethecstatehassymmetrythestateaisitselfsplitintotwosubstatesasymmetryaandtheothersymmetryatheionizationpotentialofnoblegasesintheirlowestexcitedstateisclosetotheelectronaffinityofhalogenatomsthustheraregashalidemoleculesareformedbyanionicbondsincetheexcitedelectronofthenoblegasispartlytransferredtothehalogenatomthemoleculesoformedisthereforestableasisthecaseofthestatesbcanddthiselectrontransferdoesnotoccurwithgroundstateatomsastheraregasatomsarenotreactivethisisthecaseforstatesaandxthebcanddstatesthesestatesarecorrelatedwithgroundstateionsandthespinorbitalsplittingoftheionintotwostatesandisimportantalsothestatesbanddtowhichtheyarecorrelatedaresignificantlyfarawayfortheminimumpotentialcurvescorrespondingtoalmostthesamevalueoftheinternucleardistancernbspnmtheenergydifferencemeasuredexperimentallyisaboutnbspcmrefnameshostakstrongrefrefnamershukerrefrefnameaultetandrewsrefthisisinagreementwiththeenergyofseparationofpandpstatesvaluedatnbspcmpotentialcurvesofthestatesbandcintersectadiabaticallywithapotentialcurvecorrelatedtoclatlargeinternucleardistancesnbspnmexperimentallytheoreticallyamorerecenttheoreticalinvestigationspecifiestheseintersectionphenomenarefnameleexiaetballikrefstatesbandcmergingatlongdistanceintersecttwosuccessivepotentialcurvescorrelatedtoclthelowestcorrelatedtoxeclisnbspnmandafterthatthenextcorrelatedtoxeclisinterceptedatnbspnmasthisintersectionoccursatagreatdistancetheioniccharacterofthebindingofthesestatesneartheequilibriuminternucleardistancerisvirtuallyunaffectedthissituationisslightlydifferentforstatedthatcrossesthesetwopotentialcurvesatamuchshorterdistanceindeedstatedintersectsxeclonlyatnbspnmandxeclpatnbspnmthedistinctionbetweenstatesbandcisthattheyarecorrelatedwithionswhosesemioccupiedorbitalpisinaplaneparalleltotheinternuclearaxisforthestatebandperpendiculartothisaxisforthestatecrefnamesetserbreashersetdreelingrefonanexaminationoftheenergypositionofthepotentialcurveofstatesbandctheirproximityresultsinsomedifficultythevaluesoftheenergygapeebetweenthetwostatesisenumeratedintablethedataishighlydispersedcomputedvaluesinparticulararefarremovedfromallexperimentalvaluestheseweredeterminedmostlyfromtheintensityratiosofthetwoemissionscenteredatnbspnmandnbspnmeitherwithorwithoutcorrectionsbytheparticipationoftransitionbarefnameinouekueetsetserrefrefnamequinonesyusetseretlorefclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertableenergygapeebetweenthestatesbandcofxecleecmprocessyearreferencecciicirefnamechemphyslettrefirefnamebokorrefirefnamebrasetreficrefnamechemphyslettrefirefnamechangrefirefnameyusetserethoriguchirefccrefnamelorentsrefcrefnamelecalvamsrefirefnamefajardoetapkarianrefiabsorptioniciimeasurementderivedfromthevalueoftheintensityratiosofthexeclemissionscenteredatandnbspnmseecmeasurementderivedfromakineticstudyprovidingthecouplingconstantsbetweenthesetwostatesemissionatnbspnmisnotcorrectedforthecontributionxeclbaxeclisinthesolidstatepositioningofstatebinrelationtostatecistheoreticallyjustifiedbyconsideringtheconfigurationinteractionbetweentheionicandcovalentcharacterstatesofsimilarsymmetrythisinteractiongreatlyincreasestheenergyofstatebrelativetothatofstatechencethepositioningontheobservedpotentialcurvesfromfigurethexandastatestheloweststatesarecorrelatedwithgroundstatexenonandchlorineatomsduetospinorbitalsplittingofthechlorineatomlevelatnbspcmintotwostatesandstateaisdividedintotwosubstateshowevertheeffectofthespinorbitalcouplinghereissignificantlyweakerthaninthecaseofionatlargeinternucleardistancesanenergygapofnbspcmbetweenaandawasexperimentallymeasuredinthesolidstateinaneonmatrixrefnamejmolstructrefthusthisvalueisveryclosetotheenergyseparationofstatesclandclthisconfirmsthetheoreticalassumptionsofstatecorrelationsbetweenxeclstateaandclatlargedistancesstateaissimilartostatexbeckeretalrefnamebeckervalentinicasavechisibeneretleerefwholaidouttheinteractionpotentialsofandandxefromtheanalysisofquasielasticscatteringincollisionsproducedfromcrossedbeamshasexperimentallyconfirmedthisresultunlikesomeothernoblegashalidesxeclhasanondissociativegroundstatethisbondingcharacterwasdemonstratedexperimentallywellbeforetheoreticalstudiesofxeclinsolidstateargonmatricesatkandlaterinthegaseousstatethevanderwaalsforcebetweenatomsisnotstrongenoughinstatextoexplainthepresenceofapotentialwellthatwhenlowthedepthisintheorderofkilotorrcancontainbetweenandvibrationallevelsseetabletherelativeincreaseinthebindingenergyofstatexcomparedtostateacanalsobeexplainedbytakingintoaccounttheconfigurationinteractionrefnameaquilantecapellettilorentluzzattietpiranirefstateaisalsoverylightlyboundwithbindingenergyhalfthatofstatexclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertableexperimentalnumbersofvibrationallevelsinthepotentialwellsofstatexvaluereferencerefnamemccownandedengasmixturesradiativelifetimeofissuerefrefnamesurhuiettellinghuisenrefspectroscopicconstantstheenergyeofaknownstatemwithavibrationallevelvwiththerotationalquantumnumberjisetmememwheretmemandemrespectivelydenotethemoleculesvibrationalandrotationalelectronicenergieselectronicstructurethemainfeaturesoftheelectronicstatesofaknownstatemareusuallythedissociationenergydtheinteratomicdistancerandenergyofthebottomofthepotentialwelleforxecldifferentreportedvaluesofthesequantitiesaresummarizedintablesandtheyweredeterminedtheoreticallyorexperimentallyforisotopeinthesolidorgaseousstateclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertabledissociationenergiesdincmrefxabcdrefnamejtelinghuisenrefrefnamehaberlandrefrefnamemolphysrefdissociationenergiesdissociationenergieshavebeencalculatedormeasuredfordifferentstatesoftheeximersomestateshavemoremeasurementsthanothersstatesacanddhavetoofewmeasurementsforastatisticalanalysisforstatebthefourvaluesarenotconsistentwitheachotherforstatextherearesixvaluestwoofwhichareoutliersthatofflanneryisanoldimprecisetheoreticalestimatethatoftellinghuisenetalisthefirstexperimentaldeterminationmadeinsevenyearslaterthesameteamcorrectedthisvalueandclosedthegaponthemostrecentestimatestheremainingfourvaluesseemtobetheonlyreliableonesdiswithaprobabilityofbetweennbspcmandnbspcmtheintervalcorrespondstoafluctuationaroundnbspcmindeedamongtheselecteddeterminationsaretwomeasureswithhighuncertaintyandathirdwhichtheauthordoesnotindicatethevalueofdofstatexdependsonthenumberofvibrationallevelscontainedinthewellandsetsthenumberoftransitionsboundboundthatcanbeachievedthisresultisfundamentaltoabetterunderstandingofxecllaserspectroscopyequilibriumatomicdistancesclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertableequilibriuminteratomicdistancesrinangstromrefxabcdrefnameadrianetjettereftheinteratomicdistanceforstatesacanddhasfewmeasurementsbuttheyarecloseonaveragestateaisnbspnmstatednbspnmandstatecnbspnmforthestatexthetheoreticaldeterminationofadrianandjetteisstatisticallyfarfromtheothersomittingitusingconfidencelevelofstatexrwillbeintherangenbspnmrnbspnmthevalueoftellinghuisenetalisatthelimitoftheintervalifignoredtheotherthreeauthorsannounceanidenticalvalueofnbspnmtellinghuisensvalueforstatebisfarfromothersforritisthesameforewingetbrautheoldeststudyofthenoblegashalideswhichisbasedontheanalogyoftheexcitedraregaswithalkalimetalstheseareonlyestimatesthesetwovalueswillbediscardedtogiveaconfidenceintervalatfortheinteratomicdistanceofstatebnbspnmrnbspnmbottomofthepotentialwellenergiesclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablebottomofthepotentialwellenergieseincmrefxabcdrefnameclugstongordonrefrefnamehuberetherzbergreftableshowsthatthereisverylittleinformationforstatesxaanddforstatexsuretalarbitrarilytookbottomofthewellxastheoriginoftheirenergyscaleitisthereforenotadirectmeasurementthereforethestatexaswellasstateahavebeenthesubjectofonlyonestudythatofaquilantietalforstatedtwoquitedifferentdeterminationsexistaswasseeninanearliersectionthelocationofstatesbandcisproblematicstatebhasthemostattentionfromresearcherstwomeasuresarestatisticallyfarfromtheothersbesidesthepreviouslymentionedstudybyewingandbrautheoldtheoreticalworkofhayanddunningareamongthedoubtfuldeterminationswhichwillbebroachedsoonwithoutconsideringthesevaluestheexperimentalworkprovidesaconfidenceintervalataverynarrowthresholdfromnbspcmtonbspcmincontrastnoconclusioncanbedrawnstatisticallygiventhesmallnumberofmeasurementsofstatechoweverfurtheranalysiswillilluminatedespitethenonmatchingcharactervaluesintableindeedthepositioningofthecstateswithrespecttostatebhasresultedinmanypublicationsastatisticalanalysisofthevaluesoftableprovidesastepbystepapproachtotheconfidenceintervalatwhichisthefollowingnbspcmeenbspcmonlyfourmeasuresbelongtothisintervalthisisthedirectdeterminationofjouvetetalandthreevaluesdeducedfromchemicalkineticskineticstudiesontheotherhandapointestimategivesnbspcmandtheonlymeasuretobeconsistentwithitgiventheabsoluteerrorindicatedisfromjouvetetalatnbspcmstatisticalstudythenconfirmstheconclusionsreachedinparagraphtheconfidenceintervalslistedaboveforstatebandtheenergydifferenceeeproduceanintervalforenbspcmenbspcmundertheseconditionsonlythevalueofjouvetetalintableisconsistentwiththisrangethethreedoubtfuldeterminationsincludethatofhayanddunningwithadefectivevalueforeanotherearlytheoreticalstudybyclugstonandgordonalsoresultedinthisintervalthesameistrueforsolidstateexperimentalworkcarriedoutbyfajardoandapkariancalculatingthemeanofthetwovaluesintableyieldsnbspcmtheenergygapofstatebisthenoftheorderofnbspcmshostakandstrongexperimentallydeterminedtheenergydifferencebetweenstatesaandbtheyfoundnbspcmthedifferencebetweenthesevalueseeisverysharpconsideringonlyworkbysuretaltheenergydifferencebetweenstatesbanddbecomesoftheorderofnbspcmwhichisclosetothatofshostakandstrongthisobservationcastsfreshdoubtsonthetheoreticalworkofhayanddunningforwhicheeisnbspcmwithrespecttotheelectronicstructureitappearsthatolderstudiesposeaproblemregardingsomeoftheirresultsontheotherhandworkcarriedoutbyfajardoandapkarianisnotalwaysconsistentwithobservationsofthegaseousstatemoreoverrecenttheoreticalstudiesdonoteliminatesignificantdifferenceswithexperimentalresultstheremovalofthevaluesofhayanddunningreducestoadeterminationthevaluesofdforstatescanddandmakesthethreeothervaluesrelatingtostatebhomogenousamongthesetellinghuisenetalposesaproblemforothervaluestheenergydforstatebthenhasanaveragevalueofnbspcmvibrationalstructurethevibrationalenergyoflevelvofanystatemcanbecalculatedasemvxvwhereandxindicatesrespectivelythebasicvibrationalfrequencyandtheanharmonicityanharmonicityconstanttheirrespectivedeterminationsarecollectedintablesandtablethebasicvibrationalfrequenciesthevaluesofaregroupedtogetherintableclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablevaluesofincmrefxbcdrefnamebrauetewingrefrefnamekvaranrefrefnamejchimphysrefrefnamegolderefstatesxcanddhaveonlyfourdeterminationsnomeasurecanbeconsideredstatisticallydistantfromothersdespitedisparitiesstateboffersninedeterminationsastatisticalanalysisleadstoaconfidenceintervalofnbspcmnbspcmsixvaluesintablearestrangethreeofthemmarkedlysotheyareoldpublicationsofwhichtwohayanddunningandbrauandewingwerecentraltotheprevioussectiongoldesresultswerebasedonthesamemethodasthatusedbybrauandewingtheotherthreemeasuresthatareoutsidetherangearemorerecentkvaranetalresearchedthesolidstatelikefajardoandapkariantheyobservedsignificantdifferencesinthegaseousstateincontrastmostsurprisingaredisagreementsbetweenjouvetetalandtamagakeetalwhichwerestudieswithgoodresultsfinallyamongthevaluesthatagreedwiththeserangesaremanystudiesthatweremoretheoreticalthanexperimentalinconclusiontellinghuisenetalgivesverygoodresultsonbothstatebandstatexthereportedresultsonstatecareratherquestionabletheworkbyjouvetetalisattheextremecomparedtootherstatebmeasuresasforstatedexcludingresultsbyhayanddunningmakesitmorecohesivethantheotherthreevaluesfinallyitisnecessarytospecifythevaluesofforstatesxcanddthemaininterestofthisclarificationwouldbeabetterresolutionofthevibrationalstructureofthetransitionusedinthelaserwhichrequiresabetterknowledgeofstatexontheotherhandthestructureofstatecisimportantbecauseitplaysafundamentalroleinlaserchemicalkineticskineticsanharmonicityconstantstableshowsanharmonicityconstantmeasurementsforthevariousstatesthemeasurementsforconstantsofanharmonicityforstatesxcanddareveryinconsistentclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablevaluesofxincmrefxbcdsixmeasurementsforstatebproducetheconfidenceintervalatnbspcmxnbspcmtheworkbyjouvetetalisstatisticallyfarfromtheothersandtheauthorscannotexplainthisdifferencehayanddunninggivecorrectforecastsasdoesthevibrationalstructurestudybytellinghuisenetalrotationalstructurethefollowingexpressiondenotesrotationalenergyembkdkwherekjjjbanddrespectivelyaretherotationalconstantandthefirstcentrifugaldistortionconstanttheirvaluesareindicatedintableandtableisaparameterthatisequaltoforstatebandforstatexrefnamelourefclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablevaluesofbincmrefxvxvbthereforetherotationalstructuresisverypoorlyknowndespitethatoneshouldnoticetheconsistencyofsomemeasurementsmadeonbclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablevaluesofdincmrefxvxvbsyntheticpathwayswhentheyareinaconfigurationbelongingtometastablestatesnpnsnforxenonraregasespossesspropertiesofpolarizabilityandelasticscatteringsimilartothoseofalkalimetalsthevalenceelectronsoftheexcitedraregashasabondenergychemistrybondenergyclosetothatofthealkalimetalthatfollowsitintheperiodictableinolderpublicationsthusanexcitedxenonhasanelectronicstructureclosetothatofcesiumsothatitcanreactwithachlorinedonorinordertoformsignificantdifferencesbetweenalkalimetalsandexcitedraregasesexistintheirmolecularsymmetrythenumberofstatesofraregashalidesisgreaterthanthatofalkalimetalsaltsthisisduetospinorbitalsplittingofatomsandionsofraregasesthefirstconditiontoproducexeclistomakexenonreactivetodothisitmustbeeitherexcitedionizedorbothseveralmethodsofexternalexcitationhavebeenusedthemostcommonareelectricshockselectronbeamslaserexcitationtheexcitationisnotselectiveandformationofmayfollowmanypathstheirrelativeimportancevarieswiththeconditionsespeciallywithpressuremodeofexcitationandthehalogendonorwhenternarymixturesareinvolvedthecreationprocessofxeclismorecomplicatedneverthelesstheadditionofabuffergasoffersmanyadvantagesotherraregasesarecheaperthanxenonbuttheyalongwiththeirexcitedspeciesandtheirionsabsorblessthanxenonatnbspnmthusthebuffergascanbeusedinveryhighproportionswithoutmuchalterationofthelasersoutputpowerundertheseconditionstheproportionsofxenonandhclmustmatchthoserequiredtoproducethedesiredamountofexciplexmoleculetheessentialroleofthebuffergasistotransfertoxenonatomsthenecessaryexcitationenergythistransfercanberegardedasinstantaneousitcanresultinexcitationorionizationofxenonortheformationofargioneachofthesespeciesmaythenreactwiththechlorinedonortoformontheotherhandtheformationofneutralspeciesofrgxedoesnotseemtobeimportantthetwomainwaysofexciplexsynthesisarecollisionbetweenchlorinemoleculesandxenonwhereatleastonespeciesisexcitedandionrecombinationthebuffergasissometimesapartnerintheformerandalmostalwaysinvolvedinthelattertheformationofisextremelyeffectivesincekonovalovetalrefnamekonovalovrefobservedemissionofxeclinkryptonwhilexenonwaspresentonlyintraceamountsphotoassociativepathwaysynthesisoccurswhenamixturecontainingxenonandchlorineisexcitedbymeansofalaseremittingbetweennbspnmandnbspnmtworeactionsaretheninducedrefnamesetserlamrefexcitationofanelectronicallyisolatedatomormoleculeofxenonfollowedbyreactivecollisionssimultaneousinteractionofapairinacollisionandoneortwolaserintroducedphotonsgeneratesanintermediatestatethatthenresultsinthedesiredproductwithoutaninterveningcollisioninthelattercaseatransientcomplexisformedxeinthestatehxeclbcclxehxeclxclhxeclbclxeclbcltherateconstantofthereactionwasmeasuredbyconsideringthephotonasathirdpartneritiscmsrefnamequantumrefsimilarresultswereobtainedwithotherchlorinedonorsincludinghclandinallcasesthemoleculesofxeclbcarealwaysproducedinstateswithastrongvibrationalexcitationcollisionpathwaynumerousprocessesimportancerestsonthetypeandexcitationofthespeciesincollisiontheprincipalleftoverinallcasesistheemissionsthatfollowfrombinarycollisionsharpooncollisionsthesereactionsinvolvethechlorinedonoratthegroundstateandanexcitedatomofxenonbothinthefirstsxeandathigherlevelsxesuchaslevelpmechanismgenerallythesereactionscandescribetheresultofcollisionsofthenoblegasatomsrgandhalogendonorsrxwherexisahalogenatomandraradicalmoleculetheatomrgandthemoleculerxfollowwhentheyapproachthelowestadiabaticpotentialandthereactionproceedsbytheorbitalmechanismcontrolledatthecrossoveroftheioniccovalentthereagentsrgandrxapproachonacovalentdiabaticsurfacetheythenformacomplexrxatafairlylargeinternucleardistanceitspotentialisvrgrxwhenthedistancebecomessufficientlysmallitmaybethatvrgrxintersectsanionicpotentialsurfacerxthecrossovercanoccurthroughthetransferofanelectronfromrgtorxthisisknownasaharpoonmechanisminthiscasetheatomscontinueonthenewsurfacethisleadstoadiffusionreactionandtheformationofrgxfigureshowstheprocessofcreatingwhichinvolvesrgxeandxclafteritstransfertheelectronoccupiesanantibondingorbitalofrclinthepresenceofrsplitsintorandionsandthenrecombinetoformxeclinstatesbcanddbecausethereisnonewforcebetweenandrthevibrationalexcitationofisalwaysimportantintotaleverythingtakesplaceaccordingtothereactionequationrclbcdrwithrateconstantofkstatewhosecenterisptheotherwithanpcenterthedottedarearepresentsahighlypopulatedrxareaclosetotheionizationlevelofrxhoweverthecompetitiveformationofreactionsoccurbeforeoraftertheintersectiontheycorrespondtotheinteractionsofthevpotentialrxandvrgrxingeneralthissituationoccurswhentheionicsurfaceisintersectedbycovalentsurfaceswhererxisinitslowestexcitedstatethedistributionofoutputdependsonthenumberandnatureofoutputchannelsthatarepossiblefollowingcollisionsrefnamevelazcorefthemostcommonoccursattheintersectionofthepotentialsurfacesbyatransferofelectronicenergythatcancauseadissociationoftheexcitedacceptorrxrgrxrgbcdrxwithrateconstantkrxrgrxrgrxwithrateconstantkthispathwaytendstobecomelessimportantasthecomplexityofrxincreasesitisalsopossiblethatthetransfertookplaceinastatethatisnotcorrelatedtotherxionbutatveryhighrydbergstatesintheneutralmoleculeandlyingjustbelowthelimitsofionizationcriticalfactorsregulatingthebranchingratiosarethepotentialenergiesinterrelatedwiththemolecularionvtherydberggroupclosetotheionizationvoraninitialexcitedatomvtheimportanceofthesepathwaysincreaseswiththedepthofholevrxwhenthehighlyseparatedasymptoticenergylevelsareintheordervvvandthepotentialenergiesvareattractivethefirstfailedintersectionisencounteredwhentheapproachofreactingatomsfavorsoutputofvratherthantheanionicvsincevhasacationiccenterthatremainsstronglylinkeditpreferentiallyleadstoatransferofexcitationthisisthedissociativeexcitationreactionrxrgrxorrgrxwithrateconstantkifvvatlongdistancethepenningionizationpathwayorassociativeionizationarepossiblepenningionizationrxrgrxewithrateconstantkassociativeionizationrxrgrxewithrateconstantkinvbondingwithanhalogenatomisinprincipleweakandatomictransferisenhancedbetweenrgandrthispotentialthusleadstotheformationoftheexciplextherearethereforeapriorifivecompetitivewaysofsynthesizingrgxforanexcitedxenonatomcollideswithachlorinedonorthesefivereactionswereallobservedforvariouschlorinedonorstoquantifytheproportionofproducedexciplexitiscustomarytodefinethebranchingratioitshowstherateofformationofxeclasdenotedbykkkkkkkmeasurementswereeffectuatedforseveralchlorinedonorsandprincipallyforthesandpstatesofxenonxesorprclproductswithrateconstantkkisthetotalrateconstantandiscalculatedaskkkkkkkclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertabletotalrateconstantsincmsforharpooncollisionsbetweenandstateofxenonkreferenceorsrefnamemaedareforsorsrefnamebermaninitiatedbytwophotonexcitationofxeandxesubsubissuebibcodecplbrefppprefnamebrucerefppprefnamekurefpppppdtheresultsforandhclvaresummarizedintablesissetequaltobysetserkuwherethechlorinedonoristhisdecisionisjustifiedbythefactthatforwehavevvvwhichaccordingtosimonsfixesanunlikelychannelfortheexcitationtransferclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertabletotalrateconstantsincmsandfortheharpooncollisionsbetweenandhclvstateofxenonkreferenceorsorsorsandvelazcoetalorspchenandsetserpppppdsummaryofpstatessummaryofpstatesrefnamelevinrefafirstanalysisoftablesshowsthattheresultsareingoodagreementwhenseveralmeasurementsweremadeforthesamereactionwefindthatmostcollisionshadtheirrateconstantsmeasuredonlyoncemoreoverwithrareexceptionsthesedeterminationsforkandarelimitedtothelowestexcitedstatesofatomicxenonthisshowstheneedfornewmeasurestoconfirmtheavailableexperimentalresultsandestimatetheroleofotherstatesthatdonotfailtoformifonemakesuseofasforthelasersnonselectivemodesofexcitationclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertabletotalrateconstantsincmsandforharpooncollisionsbetweenandstateofxenonkreferenceandrefnameyuyrefandpppanimportantresultforxecllasersisevidentinaninitialanalysisxeshclvdoesnotproducexeclhoweveraccordingtotheestimatesofkannarietalrefnamecuicuirefofexciplexsynthesisoccursthroughtheharpoonreactioninadditionxepstatesproduceofthisamountinitialstatesxesmolecularchlorinereactsefficientlywiththesexenonstatessinceisformedingaseousmixturesfigurethisreactionisimportantinthechemicalkineticskineticsofxecllasersreactionwithisfasterthanbyanorderofmagnitudebutitisstilleffectivethisreactionisimportantinthechemicalkineticskineticsoflasersifthechlorinedonorishclthesituationismorecomplextwosituationsareapparenthclatthegroundstatewithvibrationallevelvthevaluesforkareverysimilarregardlessoftheinitialstateofxenonthebranchingratioforthesstatesisverylowthecontributionofthesexenonstatestotheformationofisnegligibleinadditioncompetitivereactionsoccurbeforetheintersectionofthepotentialcurvesvhclandvhthequenchingxeshclisimportantinlaserchemicalkineticskineticsitdestroysxenonstatescapableofforminganexciplexhclinthegroundstatewithvibrationallevelvforthexestatechangidentifiedamarkedincreaseinthexeclproductionratetherateconstantforxeclsynthesiswasmeasuredwithaminimumvalueofcmsandthefirstestimatemadebylevinetalandbasedoncorrespondencewaspublishedatcmsandbutthisreactionwasobsoletedbychangsdirectmeasurementsasthevibrationalexcitationofhclincreasestherateofformationofxeclfollowsnodirectmeasureisavailablebutanalogicalestimatesexistforvvaluesforsynthesisrateconstantsincludecmsrefnameishihararefandcmsrefnameletardirefaccordingtootherauthorsthesetofvibrationallevelsaretakenintoaccountandforvkannarietalinitialstatesxepthesyntheticreactionsofxeclaregenerallymoreeffectivethanthesstatethisappliesforthethreechlorinedonorsindicatedgraphicallyintablesandtherateconstantsaretwicefasterforchlorinethanforhclandforhclthesituationisdifferentfromthepreviouscaseifthetotalrateconstantsareofthesameorderofmagnitudeasthoseofthesstatesthebranchingratiosarehightheresultexplainstheforecastbykannarietalregardingtheeffectivenessoftherateofsynthesisoffromxepwithreferencetothepotentialcurvesoffigurethepotentialcurvesofvrxandvrxintersectatagreaterinternucleardistancethansstatesinaregionofstronginteractionsthisexplainswhytheproductionofxeclismoreeffectiveaftertheintersectionthaninthesstatesirrespectiveofthechlorinedonorasseenforhclandalsoforchlorofluorocarbonsinthestatespandpcompetitivereactionsoccuroneofthemhasbeenexperimentallyobservedandquantifiedthecollisionalrelaxationinducedbyhclrefnamecastillejorefxephclxeshclwithrateconstantkorkcmsthisrepresentsonlyofthevalueofkfromtableforthepstateastheproportionsofexciplexsynthesisisplacedatoneshouldconcludethatthereareotherimportantcompetitiveprocessesatplaythesummarizedresultsintablerelatetohclvforpstatestheroleofvibrationalexcitationofhclinthechemicalkineticskineticsofxeclformationispoorlyunderstoodsomeauthorsargueforrateconstantsneighboringstatevifhclisvibrationallyexcitedbutthisresultsarebasedonanalogiesanexperimentalclarificationisthereforeneededtherateconstantforvisplacedatcmsthesamevalueisusedforvkannarietalisstillnotlikelytoreducethedifferentvibrationallevelsofhclandforvcmsisproposedstronglyexcitedstatesofxenonexperimentsconductedwithshowthattheeffectivenessofxeclformationincreaseswiththeexcitationenergyofthexenonatomtherateconstantofsynthesisismultipliedbythreewhenonegoesbeyondthesstatestothepstatestabletherateofsynthesisincreasesbyanorderofmagnitudewhenonegoesbeyondthesstatestothepstateswhentableisutilizedhclisambiguousanexaminationoftableshowsthattheincreaseinkdoesnotappeartoincreasesignificantlywiththexenonexcitationsofarnomeasurementsgobeyondthedstatethatisroughlyofthesameenergyasthepstatetherateofsynthesisalsoseemsveryeffectivefromthesstateswithouttherebeinganyknownnumericalvaluetheavailableinformationdoesnotsupportassumingamoreefficientrateofsynthesisoftheexciplexastheexcitationofxenongraduallyincreasesindeedforthestatedthereisonlyanexcitationwithareactionrateconstantofcmsxedhclxephclalsotherydbergstatesdonotappeartohaveproducedxecltheobservedreactionsforxefarethefollowingxefhcljxelhcljxefhcljxenlhcljifjxefhcljehcljifjthetotalrateconstantiskcmsdividedintothefollowingkcmslchangingkcmsnchangingkcmsionisationnotethatthereactionproducesanimportantxeclprecursornamelyconclusionsharpoonreactionsplayanimportantroleinlaserkineticsforlasersthesituationissimplewhenreactedwithforthexecllasertheharpooningkineticsismorecomplexdespiteitsweakproportioninagaseousmixtureisproducedmucheffectivelyfromtheexciplexthroughharpooningthesstatesdonotcomeintoplayintheproductionoftotheextentthattheygiverisetocollisionswithmoleculesofvibrationallyexcitedhclthekineticsofthevibrationalexcitationofhclisthereforefundamentalatleastthefirstsixlevelsofvibrationshouldbetakenintoconsiderationinordertobuildasatisfactorymodelrefnamedemyanovrefrefnamegorserefthisvibrationalexcitationisproducedbythefollowingelectronshclvehclveevwithrateconstantktherateconstantsofevweremeasuredforthefollowingtransitionsvvvvvvetvvanempiricallawcanthenbeproposedkvkkvkthevaluesforkaredependentontheelectronenergydistributionasshowninfigureintheharpoonreactionstherateofsynthesisofthebstatewithrespecttothatofthecstateisincludedbetweenandwhateverthenatureoftheraregashalideneverthelessonenoticesaclearincreaseintheproportionofstatebwithrespecttostatecwhenpressureincreasesthisrelationisalsostronglyinfluencedbythenatureofthechlorinedonoritisforandfortheexcitationstateofxenonisimportantforthecaseofitwasobservedthattherateofsynthesisofthebstatecouldbefivetimeshigherthanthecstateifxeptakespartinthereactionthaniftheyinstronglyexcitedstatesotherreactionsareinvolvedinthereactivecollisionsbetweenneutralspeciesbuttheyplayanegligiblerolereactionsinvolvingexcitedmolecularspeciestheroleofxenonmoleculesitisdifficulttofindreactionsinvolvingthemoleculesofxenonandhclinpublishedliteraturelorentsonlymeasuredtherateconstantofdecompositionofxebyhclascmswithoutstatingtheresultingproductsincontrastbibinovetvinogradovobservedthefollowingreactionwithxeclxeexciplexsynthesiswasbyharpooningtherateconstantwasestimatedatcmstheroleofexcitedhclcastillejoetalobservedanhclemissionbetweenandnbspnmduetothebtransitionbxseefigurethisemissiondisappearswithincreaseinthepressureofxenonandxeclbappearsinotherwordsxeclbcouldbesynthesizedbythereactionhclbxesxeclbhtherateconstantisestimatedatcmsrefnameturnerrefanotheroutputpathwayseemscompetitivetoexciplexsynthesiswithinthesamecollisionwhichproductshouldbehcleandtheassociatedrateconstantassociatediscmstheroleofexcitedissynthesizedinthelaserthroughthefollowingreactionclhclcltherateconstantiscmsexciplexsynthesisoccursthroughthefollowingreactionxeclwithrateconstantkthevaluesofkaregivenintabletheresultsfromzuevetalrefnamezuevwitharkrandxeexcitedbyvacuumultravioletradiationissuerefisstatisticallydistantfromtheothersalthoughrecentignoringittheaveragevalueshouldbekcmsclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablevaluesofkincmskreferenceacorrespondingreactioncouldbefoundforthedstatetermolecularreactionstheyareessentiallyproducedinternarymixturesandareofthetypemclmwithrateconstantktherateconstantkisgivenintablenoticeonlytheprocesseswheremararenegligibleclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablevaluesofkincmsstateofxenonmxemarpppasforheliumtherearetworeactionsclheheclhehetherateconstantsarerespectivelycmsandcmstherealsoexistdatawherethexenonatomsareatthegroundstatexeclmxeclxmwheremneorxeinbothcasestherateconstantiscmsotherreactionschlorinesynthesizedinagaseousmixturecouldinducethefollowingreactionsxexexexeasthesublimationtemperatureofistnbspcthismoleculeissynthesizedatroomtemperatureinthesolidstatewithinthegaseousmixturethiscausesaparasiticlasingphenomenoncalledlasersnowsomeauthorshaveproposedincreasingthetemperaturetomakesublimeitthenbecomesreactiveandactivelyparticipatesinthesynthesisofclthetemperatureincreaseprocurestwoadvantagestoeliminatetheparasiticlaserphenomenonandincreasexrclproductionhowevertheincreaseshouldnotbeofmuchimportancesothatdoesnotdissociatewhichwoulddestroytheprecedingreactioninternarymixturesrgclexciplexescouldbesynthesizedpossiblyleadingtotheformationofthroughsocalledsingledisplacementreactiondisplacementreactionstheyhavebeenobservedwhenthergisarorkrrefnamebrashearsrefrgclxergwithrateconstantkorkcmsforrgarinverselyrgclsynthesisconsumestheavailablechlorinereducingtherateofxeclproductionthelaserqualitymaybenegativelyaffectedaswasthecasewithkryptonrefnameshuaibovrefthisreviewwillbelimitedtosyntheticreactionsofexcludingionicrecombinationasecondpathwayexistsandwillbeconsideredionrecombinationaccordingtoseveralauthorsrefnamemezykrefrefnametsujirefelementaryreactionbimolecularreactionsandrgarenotinvolvedternaryreactionsaretypicallyrgrgrgrgxergrgxenonionsaresynthesizeddirectlyinthedischargeorthroughsuccessivereactionsthatinvolvergrgaswellasotherionicorexcitedspeciesfiguregivesanexamplewherergneandfigurewherergherefnameujdarefrefnamepetreftheionsarebasicallyformedbydissociativeattachmentfromanhclelectronhclvehadinthatsamecasetherateconstantaddependsontheenergydistributionoftheelectronsasillustratedinfigurethethirdelementrgispassivechemicallyitonlyservetostabilizethereactionthereforetheauthorsonlytooktherecombinationratesofthepositiveandnegativeionsintoconsiderationthesevaryinasignificantwaywiththetotalpressureofthegaseousmixturethebuffergasandtemperaturereactionsandwereexperimentallydemonstratedforalltheraregasesfigureandfigureshowtheinfluenceofthebuffergasandpressureontherateofrecombinationofthesereactionswhenheliumandthenneonareutilizedasbuffergasesthisrateofrecombinationisofthesameorderofmagnitudeinbothcasesofaboutsomecmsapparentlytheinfluenceoftemperaturehasonlybeenstudiedforneonseefiguretherateofrecombinationinreactionisatmaximumatkforanabsolutepressureofkparefnameimadarefisthereforecmsthemorerefinedanalysisofreactionwascarriedoutbybatesetmorganwhichisevidentinfiguretherateofrecombinationforreactionisofthesameorderofmagnitudeasreactionisonlyobservedwhenrgisneonorargonforthisreactiontheevolutionoftherateofrecombinationinthepresenceofpressurizedneonisshowninfigureimadaetalrefnamemasugatarefstudiedtheinfluenceoftemperatureforafixedtotalpressureofkpathemaximumvalueofisobtainedatkandcmsforargononlytwoestimationsareavailableatroomtemperatureatapressureofatmcmsandatapressureofatmiscmsreactiondoesnotfavoratransitorycomplexrgasanintermediatestagethefollowingreactionthereforeplaysaminorrolergrgrgrgrgonthecontrarytheprincipalsyntheticpathwayisgivenbyrgrgrgrgkannarietalestimatedthecontributionofeachofthethreerecombinationandharpooningreactionsforthreetypesofmixturestheresultsareshownintablereactionprovidesthebulkoftheexciplexmoleculesandgenerallytheharpooningreactionsplayasecondaryrolewhenheliumisusedincontrasttheharpooningreactionscontributesaboutofsynthesisthesetheoreticalconclusionsareconfirmedbyexperimentalmethodsforthegeneralityofthebuffergasesandforotherchlorinedonorstheharpoonreactionsnotwithstandingareimportantdespitetheirlowcontributionstheseharpoonreactionsarethereactionswhicharesetinmotionafterthefirstexcitationionicrecombinationswhichthenprovidethebulkoftheexciplexmoleculeskickoffnslaterclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablepercentagecontributionsofthesyntheticreactionsforforexcitationwithnspulsesatmwcmreactionxehclarxehclnexehclxemhclhclvothersintablethecolumnnamedothersshowsforneonmeaningthatotherrecombinationpathwaysarepossibleionsaresynthesizedinthegaseousmixturesusedinlaserstheseionsreactwithinordertoproducexeclneverthelessthisreactionisonlyalittlecontributiontothechemicalkineticskineticsofthelaserrefnamebaginskiirefionsreactwithinordertoproducehavealsosynthesizedusingnaclvaporsistheproductofthelowestvibrationalstatesvusinghighlyexcitedionsinabimolecularreactiontherateofsynthesisisestimatedtobebetweenandcmsacorrespondingreactionisproposedusinghclthisconclusionisbasedonthepresenceofthestateswhichareresponsibleforthethirdcontinuumofxenononlyionssinceisnotproducedonthecontraryionparticipationinthereactioniscompatiblewiththeobservationsofotherauthorsseveralauthorshaveconfirmedthepresenceofionsspinthelasermixturestheirconcentrationisathousandtimesgreaterthanthatofionsintheharpoonreactionontheotherhandtheconcentrationoftheseionsandthatofandasafactoroftimeisnotincompatiblewiththesynthesisofexciplexmoleculesusingthebeginningofthedeclineinandisrelatedtoanincreasingaccelerationoftherateofsynthesisofthedistributionduringharpoonreactionsbetweenstatesbandcoccursinrandomproportionsinexperimentalconditionsthefirstestimateoftheionicpathwayswasmadebytysoneandhoffmanrefnametysonerefwhosuggestedforstatesbandforstatescsuccessivelythebuffergasesareneonargonandkryptonohwaandkushnerrefnameohwarefpublishedsimilarvaluesforstatesbandforstatesctheyusedaquaternarymixturecontainingabuffergasusingneonfromhydrogenharecentandmoredetailedstudywasconductedbytsujietalinamixtureofheliumasbuffergastheyfoundthatstatesdareespeciallyformedfromionpstatesbandcareexclusivelyproducedfromionpinthefollowingproportionsstatesbandstatesctherateofproductionofisthereisthenfewcompetingreactionsinlaboratoryexperimentsthenumberofthepandpstatesarethesameinadditiontherateconstantsofreactionrelativetothesetwostatesofxenonaresimilarhoweverundertheseconditionsthenumberofstatesdformedisverylowwithrespecttothenumberofstatesbandctherateofxecldformationwithrespecttoxeclbcisestimatedataboutthefasterdissociationofpwithrespecttothatofpisresponsibleforthissituationpathwaysofdecompositionradiationemissionspectrathecorrespondingspectrademonstratedinfigurewasobservedbyvirtuallyallauthorswhostudiedmixturesthatwerebasedonxenonandachlorinedonortwotheoreticalstudieshaveenabledidentificationoftheemissionspectrafivetransitionshaveheightenedintensitiesthatcorrespondtoieaparallelpolarizationtotheinternuclearaxisthestartingstatesarealwaysionicandtheproductstatesarecovalentthecharacteristicsoftheseemissionsareasshownintableclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertableemissionstransitionexperimenttheorytheorytheoryobservedwavelengthnmcomputedwavelengthofemissionnmtimefortransitionsprobabilityofemissionsxbxdxcabadanonobservedthemostprobableuvtransitionsarethebxanddxtheyhavethetypetheothertransitionsbacaanddahavethenatureandaremuchlessprobableothertheoreticallyweakertransitionshavenotyetresultedinanobservationwiththeexceptionofhayanddunningwhomadeprovisionsforfourtransitionsthatareperpendicularlypolarizedattheinternuclearaxisinotherwordswithonlyewingandbraunotedanemissioncenteredatnbspnmattributedtoatransitionfinallykrausssuggestedthepossibilityofanemissionofthedbtypewhosetransitionperiodisitselfveryweaktableplacesthisatnbspnmtheprincipalemissionswereobservedandreportedasintablethebxlineisobservedatnbspnmfigurewhilethetheoreticalpredictionofitsexistencewasclearlyweakthisisthenarrowestemissionandthefinalstateshowsasomewhatshallowpotentialwelljustliketheraregashalidesthisemissionhasthestrongesttransitionperiodthatiswhyitisthepreferredemissioninxecllasersexperimentallythecaandbalinesoverlapproducingacontinuumcenteredatnbspnmoftenoflowamplitudeascanbeobservedinfigurethewidthoftheemissiondependsonthetransitiontendingtoastronglyrepulsivestatekoltzetalplacedthiscontinuumatbetweenandnbspnmtheweakobservedintensitiesareattributedtotheweaknessoftheprobabilitiesofthetransitionofthetwoemissionsoppositethatofthebxandbythesmallamountsofstatescformedwithrespecttostatesbaswaspreviouslyseenotherauthorshavecalledattentiontotheabsorptionphenomenaofmoleculeatthiswavelengthtsujietalestimatedtheproportionsofstatesbandcformedforstatecandstatebthevalueofthetransitionprobabilitiestheoreticalvalueofiiexperimentalvalueofsothecontributionofbaemissionisaboutseveralauthorsclaimedthatalaserbasedonthenbspnmemissioncouldbedevelopedespeciallyatpressuresofaboutatmospherepressureatmosphereswhenstatesbandcarethermalizedmeanwhilenoconcreteresulthadbeendiscoveredasofthedxtransitioncenteredatnbspnmhasnotbeensystematicallyobservedthecorrespondinglineappearsweakasinthecaseinfigureitsopticalwidthissimilartothatofbxemissionbecauseitleadstothesameweaklyboundstateofxincontrasttherelativeintensityofthebxanddxemissionsconsiderablyvaryfromoneauthortotheotheriibyshukertobysuretalandbytayloretalthespectradidnotshowanydaemissionneverthelesshassaletballiksawalineatnbspnmwithveryweakintensityfigurewithoutattributingittothetransitionunderconsiderationstatedemissionsarenegligibleforxeclspectroscopyattributingtheabsenceofdaasfordbtotheweaklyassociatedtransitionprobabilitythesamecannotbesaidfordxfromtablethedxemissionshouldbeoflesserintensitythanbxinthiscasethepossibleexplanationcouldbeduetotheweakproductionofstatedeitherbytheionicpathwayorbytheharpoonreactionusingstatesxeptheprincipalpathofsynthesisisreactionandtherelationofthenumberofstatesbtothatofstatedisfromtableitislikelythatstatedwilldeexciteexclusivelytowardsstatextablestransitionprobabilitiesshowiiwithresultsoftheorderofmagnitudeofsuretalandnotfarfromthatoftayloretaltheseemissionsaremoreorlessdegradedforshortwavelengthsastheemissionspectrumofthebxlineshowsinfigureacorrespondingoscillationphenomenonwiththesamewavelengthwasobservedintheabsorptionspectrabesidesthedxemissionhasthesamelinestructureasbxthewidthandoscillatorynatureoftheselinesareboundtotheexistenceoftransitionsarisingfromhighvibrationallevelsofexcitedradiativestatesthevibrationalexcitationisaresultoftheenergyleftafterexciplexmoleculeformationthisenergydependsonboththestateofthexenonatomioninvolvedinthereactionandthehalogendonorforthenbspnmemissionthetransitionsatahighvibrationallevelaremoredispersedtowardstheredregionforcathanforbabecausetherepulsivebarrierofaissteeperandclosertothehigherstateoftheemissionthanisatheosciallatorynatureofthesespectratendstodisappearwithanincreaseofpressureshowingonlythepeaksarisingfromthevlevelwhenthepressureisaboveatmthisshowsthatthevibrationalrelaxationeffectivelydepopulatesthehighestvibrationallevelsontheotherhandthedisappearanceoftheelevatedlevelsisfasterforstatebthanforstatecbecausestatechasamuchlongerlifetimethevibrationalrelaxationofstatesbandcplayanimportantroleinthechemicalkineticsofxecllasersbeyondatmtheselinesincreaseinwidthpossiblyduetocollisionalenlargementinducedbyraysorduetotheentirerotationalstructuretheisotopiceffectsarenegligibleforxenonbutmarkedforchlorinethevibrationallinesassociatedwiththeheaviestisotopeclarelightlydisplacedtowardsthegreatestwavelengthsforexamplethegapreadsforthelineofbxradiativelifetimesofexcitedspeciesvaluesforstatesbcanddareshownintableforthevibrationallevelvthesearestatesbandcwhichhaveresultedinmoredeterminationsclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablelifetimeinnsofstatesstatebstatecstatedmethodreferenceexperimentalgasexperimentalgastheoreticalexperimentalgasexperimentalgastheoreticalexperimentalsolidexperimentalsolidexperimentalsolidexperimentalgasrefnamefisherrefinstatebtwovaluesarestatisticallydistantfromtheotherstheycorrespondtotheoldestmeasurementswithouttakingthemintoaccounttheconfidenceintervalobtainedinnsisforstatecthedispersionismoreimportantgrieneisennowikietalnowikisdeterminationisstillstatisticallydistantfromtheothersaswellasthetwotheoreticalvaluesalongwithameasurementobtainedatthesolidstatewhentheaboveisdisregardedtheconfidenceintervalinnsthenbecomesusingaveragevaluestherelationisitisadequatelycomparablewithadirectmeasurewhichisthisrelationisimportantbecauseitplaysanimportantroleinthevibrationalrelaxationofstatesbandcasystematicstudyofthelifetimesofseveralvibrationallevelsvofstatesbandcwasconductedasreportedintablerefnamejchemphysrefclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablelifetimeofvibrationallevelsofstatesbandcofxeclvibrationallevelenergycmstateclifetimensstatecenergycmstateblifetimensstateblifetimesincreasebyafactorofwhenvgoesfromtoagraphicalextrapolationofthedatarelativetostatebisshowninfigureforstatedonlythreedeterminationsarerelativelyclosetooneanotheratthegaseousstateshukernotedthatdxemissionhasatimebaseddependencesimilartobxemissionwhichisinlinewiththepreviousmagnitudesasthelifetimeofthebstateisoftheorderofnshoweverothermeasuresarenecessarytopreciselyvaluethecollisionalpathwaytheinfluencesofxenonandhclwillbediscussedfirstfollowedbytheroleofthediversebuffergasesandofthechlorinedonorsdestructionofthemoleculeinxehclmixturestheonlyprocessofdestructionofstatesbandcofxeclotherthantheradiativeprocesswhichhasbeenprovedishclotherproductsandnotxeclwithrateconstantofkxeotherproductsandnotxeclwithrateconstantofkxeotherproductsandnotxeclandorxewithrateconstantofkxehclotherproductsandnotxeclwithrateconstantofkexeclewithrateconstantofkasofnoresulthadbeenfoundforstatedthevaluesobtainedforstatesbandcarecollectedintabletheauthorsassumethatthereactionratesareidenticalforthetwostatesclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablerateconstantsfordisappearanceofxeclbcincmsforkkandkandincmsforkandkrefkkkkkrefnamefinnrefrefnametangrefrefnameqihongrefrefnamewategaonkarissuerefreactionhasbeenobservedonlyoncerecentlycomparisondataarethereforenotavailableincontrasttheotherreactionshavebeenrepeatedlyobservedandquantifiedforkthreemeasuresarestatisticallydistantfromtheothersthelastoldertwoaresuperiortotheothersthefirstarecentmeasureistheonlyexperimentwhichprovedprocesswhichhadbeenneglectedmeasurementsmadebyrivesetalkmustbemultipliedbywhichputsthematthesamelevelastheothervaluestakingreactionintoaccountthesetofvaluesofkmustbereviseddownwardexceptforrivesetalaconfidenceintervalisdifficulttoobtainintheseconditionsforkastatisticalanalysisisverydifficultbecauseofthehighdispersionofsignificantabsolutevaluesofdoubleduncertaintieslorentsprovidedonlyanupperlimitrivesetalresultsleaveopentoquestionwhetherthisprocessiscomputableconsideringitsweakrateconstantstatisticallykshouldnotsurpasscmsoneotheroldmeasurehadalreadyprovidedanerroneousvalueforkanothermeasurewasstronglyreviseddownwardssixyearslaterreactionwhichdoesnotleadtotheproductionofisofnegligibleimportancethemeasurementsgivenforkarewelldispersedandtheconfidenceintervalcontainsonlythreevaluestwooftheexcludedmeasurementsareofdoubtfulestimationswhiletheothersarecorrespondinglydirectmeasuresthatprovidedgoodresultshangingoverkisagreatuncertaintybuttheaveragevalueisrepresentativeoftheoverallresultsthatiscmsthemeasuredvaluesofkdisplayastrongdispersiononlyfourvaluesarestatisticallyclosetheaveragevalueofcmsisrelativelyclosetotheonlydirectmeasurelourefnamelouoptrefalsosuggestedotherproductsforreactioneclkcmsorclekcmssomedifferenceswerenoticedforreactionsoftypeaccountingforthevibrationallevelsofthecollisionpartnersvhclvxehclclclawithrateconstantofkvhclvxehclclclbwithrateconstantofkxeclbcvhclvotherproductsandnotxeclcwithrateconstantofkthevaluesoftherateconstantsaresummarizedintabletheyarewelldispersedanddonotcorrespondtoanydirectmeasurementthesevaluesarespecificallybasedonanalogousestimationsclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablevaluesofkkkincmsrefkkkrefnamemihkelsoorefreactionsthatcorrespondtoreactionsandareevidentwhenxeclisinthegroundstateofxvthesephenomenaaffectlaserperformanceandarethereforeimportanttherateconstantsareassembledintabletheseratesdonotvarywiththevibrationallevelofthecollidingmoleculesonlyonedirectmeasurementexiststheothersareestimatesclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablerateconstantsofdisappearanceincmsthroughbinarycollisionstheresultsarerelativetoxeclxvalongwithanotherpartnereitherofxehclandanelectronrefxehcleroleofthebuffergastheadditionofathirdgasinsignificantquantitiesalsoaffectsthekineticsofdisappearanceofxeclbcitinducesreactionswhicharesimilartothoseproducedbyxenondoublecollisionxeclbcrgxeclrgrateconstantofktriplecollisionxeclbcrgxeclrgrateconstantofkmixedtriplecollisionxeclbcxergxeclrgrateconstantofktherateconstantsofthethreeprocessesaregroupedintablesclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablevaluesofkincmsforthedifferentraregasesrefhenearkrrefnamebaginsrefrefnameglassrefreactionsandarealwaysimportantwhilereactionhasanegligiblecontributiontheresultsaregreatlydisperseddifferencesmayreachordersofmagnitudefourreferenceshaveresultedindirectmeasurementsofreactionratesothersareestimatesthesearebasedoncorrespondencesandonlyindicativenoinformationisavailableforkryptonclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablevaluesofkincmsfordifferentraregasesrefhenearkrrefnamemizunamirefcompetitivereactionsareevidentforthetotalityofthesereactionsclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablevaluesofkincmsfordifferentraregasesrefhenearkrthereactionsofarecompetitivefordisplacementreactionsinthiscasetheproductsarergclbtheyhaveonlybeenobservedinthecasewherergkrkrkrclxetherateconstantiscmsthereforethisreactionismoreeffectivethanquenchingitplaysanimportantroleinlaserkineticsitisalsoasfastastheprocessofcreationofbyharpoonreactiontableconcernsoneoftheprincipalpathwaysofdestructionoftheexciplexmoleculeforbrashearsetalitispossibletoobtainthetriatomiccomplexrgasproductthisisacompetitivereactionwhencollisionsthatproducedissociatedatomsoccuremissionsofkrxeclatnbspnmhavebeenobservedtherateconstantshavenotbeenmeasuredexceptforrgkrwhichiscmshoweverthecreationofarxeclseemstobepreferentialbyacompetitivereactionarxeartherateconstantiscmsitisthenofthesameorderofmagnitudeashoweverthesynthesisofthetrimeristhemostfrequentcompetitivereactionofforheliumbaginskiietalprovidedasolutionusingclheofwhichtherateconstantiscmsacorrespondingreactionforwasdemonstratedforxeclatthegroundstatetherateconstantsaresummarizedintablethemeasurementsaregreatlydispersedonlyoneisdirectanddataonkryptonareabsenttheothersarebasedmoreorlessonestimatesamongsttheseoneclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablerateconstantsofdisappearanceincmsthroughbinarycollisionsrelativetoxeclxvforvariousbuffergasesrefhenearkrotherchlorinedonorsandotherreactionsthemainreactionsarethosecorrespondingtoreactionrclotherproductsandnotxeclrateconstantofkthevaluesoftherateconstantsthroughrcloraresummarizedintablethethreechlorinedonorsstudiedhclandhaveratesofquenchingofthesameorderofmagnitudeclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablerateconstantsincmsrelativetoreactionsforxeclbcvrefallthemeasurementsintablewereexperimentalforchlorineonlyonerecentvalueisstatisticallydistantfromtheotherstheabsolutedifferenceisnotverygreatversustheotherdeterminationsanaveragevalueforkforchlorineiscmswhichisveryclosetoameasurerelativetoforchlorinegrieneisenetalpointedtotwodifferentvaluesfortherateconstantforstatesbandctheywererespectivelyestimatedascmsandcmsthisisadirectmeasureoftheprocessofdestructionthroughbinarycollisionwiththatincludesallthephenomenaandnotjustquenchingasstatesbandcareenergeticallyclosecollisionalcouplingisactingonthetwostatesasimilarresultforxenonseemstoreinforcethishypothesissomeatomsoffreechlorineexistintheconditionswhichmatterforlasersthefollowingquenchingreactionsisprovidedforclxecltwoauthorshaveestimatedtherateconstantcmsandcmsthepresenceofimpuritiesisuchasthechlorocarbonstheconsequenceofcorrosionthusmakingthemcomparabletotherclreactionhowevergiventheusualimpuritylevelsthereactionfrequenciesarenegligibleapracticalsolutionhasbeenproposedtoeliminatethemthatinvolvesintroducingnbsptorrofprocessofcollisionalcouplingbetweenstatesbandcinbinarymixturesofxehcltheweakenergeticgapaboutnbspcmbetweenthesetwostatestablesuggeststhatacouplingwasproducedhoweverthisresultwasnotexactlyquantifiednorwasitlaterconfirmednocollisionalcouplingphenomenoninducedbychlorinehasbeendetectedrecentlytheroleofelectronsisalsonotwellknowninthecouplingprocessaccordingtofinnetalitsroleisnegligiblealthoughjohnsonetalgaveanelevatedrateconstantthisrateisthesameaccordingtothemforbtocandctobtransferstheenergydifferencebetweenbandcisnotzeroseetablethereactionratewasestimatedatcmsthesecouplingsaredemonstratedthroughbinarycollisionsusinganatomofxenonxeclbvxexeclcvxerateconstantofkxeclcvxexeclbvxerateconstantofkthemeasurementsofrateconstantsarenotveryconsistentascanbeseenintableclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablerateconstantsincmsofthecollisionalcouplingprocessesofstatesbandcrefkkrinexperimentsbyinoueetalthevibrationallevelsvweredirectlyexcitedthisisnotthecaseinotherexperimentsthelastvalueisonlyatheoreticalestimationbasedonsimilaritieswithotherreactionstheenergeticgapeeededucedfromkandksuggeststhatfurtherinformationcouldfollowassumingthatthestateseandewerethermalizedkkexpektsincethestatisticalweightsofthetwostatesarethesameewasalsoinferredbyinoueetalasnbspcmandasnbspcmbyrivesetalwhilenbspcmwasthemeasurementgivenbylecalvetalseetableonlythefirsttwovaluesarevaluesofewhicharecompatiblewithnbspcmtheacceptedorderofmagnitudeacleardifferenceexistsbetweenthesetwoanorderofmagnitudeseparatesthevaluesofkandkinthetwoexperimentsgrieneisenetalprovidedonlytheglobalrateofdestructionofstatesbandcinotherwordsquenchingandcouplingforthedestructionofstatectheyfoundcmsandforstatebcmswhichareintermediatevaluesbetweenthoseofinoueetalandrivesetalrecallthatquenchingbyxenononlyhasaweakinfluencetableinoueetalnotablydidnottakeaccountofreactionifthesameapproachistakenfortheresultsbyrivesetalthevaluesofkandkareclosetothoseofinoueetalaswasexplainedforkandktakingaccountoftheprocessmodifiesthevaluesofthereactionrateonthispointrivesetalismoreprecisethaninoueetaltheadvantageofinoueetalsresultwasinvibrationalresolutionaskandkvarywiththevibrationallevelvforlevelvtorateconstantsbetweenandcmswereobservedkandkseemstothengrowwithvsincemostofthetimexeclbcisformedwithastrongvibrationalexcitationknowledgeoftheexactestimateofthevariationofkandkwithvandthechemicalkineticsofthevibrationalrelaxationanditsimportancerelativevisvistothecouplingprocessareimportanttheroleofthebuffergascollisionalcouplingisproducedbybinarycollisionswithanatomofararegasrgxeclbrgxeclcrgrateconstantofkxeclcrgxeclbrgrateconstantofkdreilingandsetserprovideorderofmagnitudevaluesforkandkforagivenvibrationalleveltheresultsareshownintablethisshowsthattherateconstantsincreaseregularlywhenthevibrationallevelvofishigherandtheraregasrgisheavierclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablecouplingrateconstantsincmsbybinarycollisionsusinganatomofraregasvhenearkrtotototototototousingheliumexperimentshavebeenmadeatlowandhighpressuresathighpressuresthetransferconstantsareoftheorderofcmsandatlowpressurescmsastrongpressureinducesavibrationalrelaxationsuchthatthevaluesofvinvolvedinthetransferareweakandviceversaforweakpressurestheonlyavailabledirectdeterminationforkgivesavaluelessthancmsforneonthevaluesoftherateoftransferatlowandhighpressurearerespectivelycmsandcmstheyareinferiortothoseoftablethedirectmeasurementoftherateconstantkgivesavaluelessthancmsfinallyaccordingtoohwatheorderofmagnitudeofthetworateofcouplingconstantswouldbecmsforvforargontheresultsincreaseatlowpressurestheorderofmagnitudewouldonlybecmsotherauthorspublishedratesoftransferofcmsforapressureintervalstartingfromtotorrdirectmeasurementsofkandkareavailablewithoutspecifyingthevibrationallevelsinvolvedkcmsandkcmsmeanwhileyuetalnotedavariationwithtemperatureofkkcmsatkandkcmsatkforkryptonwecanonlymakeanestimationkcmsitisclearthatthecollisionalcouplingprocessinducedbytheraregasesarenotwellestablisheddifferentauthorsgivedifferentorderofmagnitudestheuncertaintyontherateconstantsisthereforeasimportantasforthatofxenonthevibrationalexcitationseemstoplayarolethatisstillnotwelldefineddirectmeasurementsforkandkarenotavailablefromthefirstestimationsthephenomenaseemimportantinthekineticsofgaseousmixturesvibrationalrelaxationismoreoftensynthesizedwithstrongvibrationalexcitationandcanreachvibrationquantumnumbersashighasvthisinducessomevibrationalrelaxationthatisformedbybinarycollisionwithanatomofararegasonlyasinglemeasurementforxenonandlevelvhasbeenpublishedxeclbvxexeclbvxerateconstantofkwherekcmsmostoftheknownresultsarerelatedtobuffergasesyetonlydreilingandsestercompletedmeasurementsthevibrationalrelaxationcanbewrittenasvrgvrgtheordersofmagnitudeofkaresummarizedintablekincreaseswiththevibrationallevelofandheavierraregasesrgvaluesofkareassumedtobethesameforstatesbandcclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablevibrationalrelaxationrateconstantsincmsinducedbybinarycollisionswithanatomofabuffergasrgvhenearkrtotototototototototototoforheliumandkryptonnocomparisonisavailableforneononlythereactionwithfirsttwovibrationallevelsofbhavebeendocumentedxeclbvnexeclbvnewithrateconstantofktocmsforargonthevaluesofkhasbeendeterminedforvandtheirvaluesrespectivelyareandcmotherauthorsplacedthefigureforkbetweenandagreeingontheorderofmagnitudedisappearancepathwaysoftheexciplexmoleculethechemicalkineticsduetocollisionalcouplingofstatesbandcandvibrationalrelaxationarenotwellknownthefewavailableresultsoftendisagreealthoughageneralideaofthesituationispossibleforhighvibrationallevelscouplingoverridesthevibrationalrelaxationwhilethecontraryistrueforthelowestlevelsevenifararegasisinvolvedthevariousdestructiveprocessesofxeclbdifferinimportanceamixtureoptimizedforlasersisusedneonisfavoredoverargonbecausethelatterstronglyabsorbsviatheionatnbspnmthereforeaternarymixturenexehclisusedthetotalpressureisfixedatatmtherespectivepartialpressuresistorrtorrandtorrtherateconstantsaretheaveragevaluesofthemostreliableestimatestheresultsaresummarizedintableforreactiononlythelowestvibrationallevelsareaccountedthelowerfrequencyofdisappearancelimitisnsthisprocessinducesthehighestdestructionindicatingthatxeclbsynthesizedwithhighvibrationalexcitationisquicklyrelaxedbybinarycollisionwithneonandprobablyalsobyxenonthissuggeststhatotherprocessesarereallynoticeableonlyafterxeclbisonthevlevelwhichiswhyreactionusesthevalueofkrelativetoalowvoncetherelaxationiscompleteotherprocessestakeoverdepopulationbyspontaneousemissionisveryimportantaswellasreactionsandthesetwoprocesseslackrefinedmeasurementsanddeterminationsoveralltheroleofthexenoncouplingisnotbetterknownbuthaslessinfluencethanthedestructionbybinarycollisionwithhclotherbetterknownprocessesarenegligibleinparticularalltermolecularreactionsarenegligibleclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablefrequencyofdestructionofstatesbinnsprocessesradiativepathwayfrequencypercentagepercentageaftervibrationalrelaxationtheexciplexmoleculegenerallyrgxmoleculesarelessstablethanrgxisofdoubleinterestitcancauseperturbationsinlaserxeclperformancebecauseitabsorbswellatnbspnmandenablesthedevelopmentofanothertypeoflaserbasedonanemissionthemoleculeinitialstudiesonthemoleculerefnamehuestisschlotterreffounditsmoststableconfigurationintheexcitedstatehasatriangulargeometryctheexcitedstatesarecomplexesformedfromtheassociationofamolecularionofandanatomicionoftheobservedemissionofthemoleculeisbroadthecorrespondingtransitionsresultinaveryrepulsivegroundstatethepotentialcurvescalculatedbyhuestisetalrefnamehuestisreffromthedimdiatomicsinmoleculesmethodarepresentedinfigurethethreeloweststatesarecovalentandrepulsivetheyarecorrelatedtoxeclxoraandtoanatomofxenonatthegroundstatetheexperimentalvalueoftheenergyatstateisevitiscompatiblewiththesepotentialcurvesthefollowingthreestatesareionictheboundstateiscorrelatedtoxeclbxethefollowingarepulsivestateiscorrelatedtoxeclcxelastandgeorgemadeadeterminationofthepotentialcurvesusinganothermethodthediisdiatomicsinionicsystemsmethodwithoutconsideringspinorbitalcouplingtheyfoundlikehuestisetalthatthestateisthelowestionicstateatthebottomofthewellthisstatehastheconfigurationofanisoscelestrianglesuchthatthedistancebetweentheequilibriumpositionsofxeandclisnbspaccordingtoadamsandchabalowskithexecldistanceisnbspinitiallythepotentialcurvesofthedifferentstateswereplottedbymaintainingaconstantandequalxexedistanceatnbspfigurelastandgeorgediscoveredninestatesthreecovalentandsixionicthepotentialcurvesoftheantisymmetricstatesandarealmostcoincidentwiththepotentialcurvesofthesymmetricstatesandtheandstateshighlightedbyhuestinetalareabsentsincethespinorbitalcouplingwerenottakenintoaccountinverselythreestatesandwiththesymmetrywerenotincludedintheirdiagramsofxexeatasecondstudykepttheseparationofxeclatnbspfigureinstatethemoleculewithisoscelestriangleconfigurationsuchasthexeclandxexedistancesarerespectivelyandnbspthestateisnbspevabovethestateatthegroundstateformsavanderwallscomplexithasabonddissociationenergyofevandadissymmetrictriangularconfigurationthexecldistancesareandandthexeclxeangleisthesecondexcitedstateisalsoavanderwallscomplexithasasymmetricalgeometryandanxecldistanceofwithanxeclxeangleofitsdissociationenergyisnbspevanotherwayofdescribingxeclxefindsthestablestatetobelinearandsymmetricatthegroundstatethexecldistanceshouldbenbspandthedissociationenergynbspevanexcitedstatecouldexistwithageometricdistanceofxeclofthisstatewhichisnotshowninfiguresandwouldpossessanenergyhigherthannbspevtothatofthestatethebondingwouldbeioniconlyanexperimentconductedatthesolidstatecanbecomparedtothesetheoreticalresultsthespecialstatestudiedwasthestatetheisoscelestrianglestructureofthisstatewasconfirmedthreequantitiescanbecomparedwiththeoreticalpredictionsthexexedistanceismeasuredatnbspandthatofxeclatnbsptheagreementinvaluesisbestfortheenergyatthebottomofthewellthatwasevaluatedatnbspevthefundamentalvibrationalfrequenciesforxexeisnbspcmandforxeclnbspcmsyntheticpathwaysthreeprincipalpathwaysofsynthesisareenergeticallypossiblethroughcollisionsandtwoothersthroughphotodissociationaclxergrgclrgrgxxehxeclxehwherergisararegasprobablyxenonorabuffergastheauthorsdisagreeontherelativeimportanceofthesesyntheticprocessestheprocessesdependonexperimentalconditionsthroughharpoonreactionsreactionisaveryenergeticharpoonreactionitinvolvesexcitedstateaccordingtobruceetalthisisthedominantsyntheticpathwayotherauthorsthoughdonotsharethisviewsincetheybelievethatthisreactionisweakorindeednegligibleitsrateconstanthasnotyetbeenmeasuredthephotoassociativepathwayreactionsandwereonlyrecentlydiscoveredtheionicpathwayaccordingtoatheoreticalcomputationtherateofrecombinationoftheandionswhenrgxereactionwasatthefirstinstanceestimatedascmsthesameauthorslaterrevisedthisvaluedownwardascmsrefnamemccownaipconfformationkineticsrefaccordingtocomputationsthisreactioncouldbecomeimportantathighpressuresatwhichbecomestheprincipalreactionproducttothedetrimentofreactiontheternaryreactionsthesynthesisofisprincipallythroughpathwayaccordingtoarecentstudythereactioncanbeinterpretedastheresultoftwosuccessivereactionsthesecondreactioncorrespondingtoavibrationalrelaxationthroughcollisionusingrgxeclbcxergrgthestartingvibrationallevelsofareabovethelimitofdissociationofthestateinxeincontrastyuetalbelievethattheformationofisthroughatriatomiccomplexrgxeclmainlyrgwherergxexergthesereactionshavebeenobservedinonlyargonandkryptonthesecondreactionisoneofdisplacementanotherreactioniscompetitivetoitwhenxenonisreplacedbykryptonthisquenchingprocessshouldhavearateconstanthigherthancmsthelifetimeofthecomplexisnotwellknownitisestimatedatnsforkrxeclandnsfornexeclthisintervalintimeissufficientforthesecondcollisiontohaveachanceofbeingproducedtherateconstantshavebeenmeasuredassummarizedintableifrgxeonlytwodirectmeasurementshavebeencarriedoutthelastrefnameohwaandmobararefisonlyanevaluationclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablerateconstantsincmsofthereactionrefhenearkrasforxenonnoticethatthetotalityofthekconstantsoftablecouldbetakenasthoseofthefifthcolumnoftablesincekcouldbemergedwithreactionpathsofdisappearancetheradiativepathwayemissionspectratheoreticalstudiesshowthattheallowedtransitionsarefigureabcthestartingstatesarealwaysthesameandthecorrespondingwavelengthsareindicatedintabletheycanbecomparedtoexperimentalvaluesclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablecharacteristicsofemissionstransitionexperimentnmtheoreticalestimatesnmtheoreticalestimatesrelativeimportancetheoreticalestimatestransitiondipolemomenttransitionmomentdadominantbimportantctimesweakerexperimentallyfajardoandapkarianobservedtwotransitionsaandbinthespectraldomainevenwhiletherewasasignificantwavelengthshiftinmostcasesaverylargecontinuumapproximatelynbspnmwasobservedcoveringthethreeemissionsthemaximumpositioningoscillatedbetweenandnbspnmanexampleofthissortofspectrumisgiveninfigureoncomputationthelimitsofshortwavelengthemissionswereevaluatedatnbspnmaccordingtolastandgeorgethexeclxelinearmoleculeoughttohaveproducedanemissionapproachingthegroundstateatnbspnmandthetransitionmomentshouldbeelevatedtodasofhowevernoexperimentconfirmsthispredictionatthesolidstatetheemissionshiftstowardstheredrangeandiscenteredaroundnbspnmrefnamefajardorefacorrespondingresultisobservedintheliquidstatethisphenomenonshouldbeowedtoadistortionofthepotentialcurvesarisingfrommolecularinteractionswhichareclosesttothemselvesthanatthegaseousstateatheoreticalstudyattributesthistothepolarizationofthexenonmatrixbyclandbyvanderwallsforcesemissionoftrimerisonlyobservedathighpressuresoftheraregasxenonorbuffergasandfluorescenceincreaseswiththepressureofxenontheseresultsfollowbecausethesyntheticpathwayofissimilartothatofreactionconsideringthevaluesoftherateconstantofreactionsoftypethereactionfrequencydoesnotdeviateinasignificantwayevenwhentheraregaspressureisclosetotorrreactiononlytakesplaceunderpressureofseveralatmosphereslifetimeoftheonlystatewhereistheoriginalparentofaluminousemissionisseveraldeterminationsofitslifetimeobtainedatthegaseousstatearesummarizedintabletheresultsvaryandtheuncertaintiesinvolvedareimportanttheconfidenceintervalobtainedwithinathresholdofliesbetweenandnbspnsofthesefourvaluesarenotincludedgiventhestrongabsoluteuncertaintyanothermeasurehasacommonintervalwithintheconfidenceintervalclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablelifetimeofclexperimentallyobtainedatthegaseousstateexceptingforthereferencegivenbystevensandkrausswhichisatheoreticaldeterminationlifetimensreferencerefnamemarowskyissuerefrefnameokadaapkarianingaseousandsupercriticalfluidxenonrefmeasurementsrealizedatthesolidstateprovidevaluesthatareyetmoredispersedsuchasisshownintableclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablelifetimeofclobservedatthesolidstatematrixlifetimensreferencesarnekrxexethecollisionpathwaytheroleofchlorinedonorsrclbeyondtheradiativedisexcitationthestateisdestroyedbyadoublecollisionwithrclinpracticaltermseveryauthoragreesthatdoublecollisionisthedominantdestructionpathwayofwhencollisionisinvolvedwhateverthechlorinedonorthereforeemissionsareonlyobservedatweakconcentrationsofrclthevaluesoftherateconstantsforreactionsaregivenintablerclotherproductsexceptclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablerateconstantsincmsofreactionsforvariousdonorsofchlorinerclreferencehclrefnametanglorentslasersrefrefnamezuevinxemixturesissuerefthereareonlytwodeterminationsforandthesearecoincidentforhcltwovaluesarestatisticallydistantfromothersgivinganexplanationforthisdistanceremainsdifficulttheconfidenceintervalatathresholdofisfromtonbspcmsinthecaseofchlorineonlyonehalfofmeasurementsarestatisticallycloseevensothisclosenessisdifficulttoexplainitsconfidenceintervalatthethresholdofvariesfromtocmsthethreechlorinedonorsappeartohaveacorrespondinginfluenceonthecollisionaldestructionoftoestimatetherateconstantofthereactionclxeclthevalueiscmstheroleofraregasestheseareuniquelybinaryreactionsrgotherproductsexceptthedisappearanceofbycollisiononaxenonatomwasobservedbygrieneisenetalthereactionconstantwasestimatedatcmshoweverthisreactionhasnotbeendemonstratedbyotherauthorstheupperboundoftherateconstantofreactioniscmsalthoughotherauthorsplacedthislimitattocmsorcmsthevalueusedbykannarietalcmshasnobasisforternarymixturestheroleofthebuffergasisnotwellknownforargoncmsandcmsareavailableforheliumcmsandcmsareavailabletheroleofelectronsandimpuritiestherateofreactionsofexecledoesnothaveconsistentestimatestheyaresummarizedintableclasswikitablestyletextaligncentertablerateconstantsofreactionincmsrateconstantsreferencetheimpuritieshavealesserinfluenceinthechemicaldecayofthanxeclthebimolecularrateconstantsofdisappearanceofareanorderofmagnitudelowerthantherelativerateconstantsforbinarycollisionsyetforcarbondioxideandnitricoxidenotherateconstantsareofthesameorderofmagnitudeaboutsomecmsimpuritylevelsmostoftenlowmayinfluencethemeasurementsthereactionfrequenciesarenegligibleseealsoharpoonreactionsrateofreactionscollisionalexcitationabsorptionspectroscopyreferencesxenonhalideslamechredirectxiaoerjingshangzhoudistrictshangzhoudistrictintelazinchinesephilosophyxincanrefertoonesdispositionorfeelingsortoonesconfidenceortrustinsomethingorsomeoneliterallyxinreferstothephysicalheartthoughitissometimestranslatedasmindastheancientchinesebelievedtheheartwasthecenterofhumancognitionforthisreasonitisalsosometimestranslatedasheartmindithasaconnotationofintentionyetcanbeusedtorefertolongtermgoalsxunkuangxunzianimportantearlyconfucianismconfucianthinkerconsideredxintobecultivatedduringoneslifeincontrasttoinnatequalitiesofnaturephilosophyeasterncivilizationandthephilosophicalquestionofnaturexingorhumannatureadaoismdaoistviewspecificallyfromthephilosopherzhuangzhouzhuangziunderstandsxinasbeingsocializedwithenvironmentalpressuresinfluencingpersonalintentionssometimesinsuchawaythatcanprovokedisagreementsandconflictwhileaconfucianmighttakeheartthatxinmaybecultivatedinordertodevelopdechinesedeormoralvirtuezhuangziconsideredthissocializationasdetrimentaltoonespersonalnaturesomewhatalongthelinesofthelaterfrenchphilosopherjeanjacquesrousseauhoweverunlikerousseaurendescartesandmanyotherageofenlightenmentenlightenmenteraeuropeanphilosophersfollowingtheclassicalexampleofplatoemotionandreasonwerenotconsideredseparateentitiesbutratherascoextensivexinitselfisaconceptthatisasmuchcognitiveasemotionalseealsoqingconceptqingarelatedconceptreferencescinnamoylcoalistofcommonlyusedcharactersinmodernchineseinfoboxsportscompetitioneventeventxbasketballgamesasianbeachgamesimagexbasketballpictogramsvgvenuefengxiangbeachimagesizepxdatescompetitorsnationsprevxbasketballattheasianbeachgamesnextxbasketballattheasianbeachgamesxbasketballattheasianbeachgameswasheldfromjunetojuneinhaiyangchinamedalistsmenbrnafimashriqibrbillalazizibrmostafaasefibrshikaebrahisoratgarbrtolybaryewbraleksandrpakowbrigormazurowbrpawelaweranowbrotgonbaatarynsergelenbrtsetsgeegiinmergenbrshiinengiinsedbazarbrdavaasambuugiindelgernyamwomenbrgeethuannajosebranithapaulduraibrshireenlimayebrkiranjitkaurbrchenhongbasketballchenhongbrwangsiyubrzhangxubasketballzhangxubrdilanadilixiatibranalynalmazanbrallanalimbrmelissajacobbrewonarayimedaltablerowspanalignleftalignleftrowspanalignleftalignleftrowspanalignleftalignleftcolspantotalresultsmenpreliminaryroundgroupaclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizewidthteamwidthpldwidthwwidthlwidthpfwidthpawidthpdwidthptsbgcolorccffccalignleftbgcolorccffccalignleftalignleftalignleftbasketballboxdatejuneplacefengxiangbeachhaiyangbgeeetimeteamascoreateambscorebpointsotgonbaatarynsergelensergelenpointskesangphuntshotsheringtsheringrefereewangxiaochunchnbasketballboxdatejuneplacefengxiangbeachhaiyangtimeteamascoreateambscorebpointsmohamedhassanbasketballhassanpointsratdechkruatiwakruatiwarefereeduanzhuchnbasketballboxdatejuneplacefengxiangbeachhaiyangbgeeetimeteamascoreateambscorebpointschanachonklahanklahanpointsshiinengiinsedbazarsedbazarrefereeduxiyuanchnbasketballboxdatejuneplacefengxiangbeachhaiyangtimeteamascoreateambscorebpointsrinzywangchukwangchukpointsmohamedhassanbasketballhassanrefereesongyanpingchnbasketballboxdatejuneplacefengxiangbeachhaiyangbgeeetimeteamascoreate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edtothemusictheinventorofthewristbandsjasonreglerstatedthathehadtheideafortheflashingwristbandswhileatacoldplayconcertduringthesongfixyoutechnologythewristbandsthemselvesareconstructedofathickfabricwithledsinsidethefabricaradioreceiverislocatedwithinaplasticcaseonthebandanditreceiveswirelesssignalsfromacontrollerthesesignalsaresenteitherbyahandheldtvremotestyledcontrollerwhichhasarangeofmetersoracontrollerwhichishostedonalaptopcomputerlinkedtoaradiotransmitterwhichcanremotelycontrolthebandsfromuptometersawaytheoperatorofthecontrollerorlaptopsoftwaremayprogramallwristbandsoronlythoseofcertaincolorstoflashonandoffatspecificintervalsandspecificmomentsthewristbandsarenotintendedtobelitoutsideoftheconcertvenuealthoughthereexistanecdotesofxylobandscomingbacktolifeatseeminglyrandomtimesusesthewristbandsweregiventoeachaudiencememberatcoldplaysmyloxylototourasthemusicplayedthewristbandsflashedwiththemusictocreateacolorfullightshowintheaudiencewhichthewashingtonpostreferredtoasapsychedelicatessenofmovingmulticoloredlightsitwaswronglyreportedthatxylobandswerecostingthebandapproximatelyperconcertxylobandswerealsoprominentlyfeaturedincoldplayscharliebrowncoldplaysongcharliebrownmusicvideosantacruzbasedelectronicmusiceventpromotioncompanyvitalscarecurrentlyofferingxylobandsaspartofavippackagefortheirupcomingannualdubstepmusiceventwobblelandxylobandswerealsousedbyciscosystemsduringtheirciscolivelondoneventthebandsweregivenouttoattendeestowearduringakeynotepresentationattendeestotheconferencewerealsogivenxylobandswhenattendingapartyonthefinaleveningoftheconferencevideoofthesolutionskeynotespeechuploadedtoyoutubeincludesreferencesandbrieffootageofthebandsitisuncertainwhetherornotthebandswillbeusedbyotherorganizationssuchassportsteamsreglerandcoldplaycurrentlyhaveanagreementwhichgovernsthedesigntrademarkonthebandsthepatentandtheintellectualpropertyrightstothexylobandsregleralsostatedthatthebandwouldnotwantthexylobandexperiencedilutedandthatitremainedtobeseeniftheywouldbemarketedtootherorganizationsrefnamereglerinterviewrefyetxylobandswebsitebeckonsprospectivecustomerstoputyourbrandonaxylobandinearlyoctoberandthenagaininthechicagoblackhawksusedxylobandsasapartoftheirbannerraisingceremonytocelebratetheirrecentstanleycupwinstheywereusedinaconcertinabudhabionoctoberwhilealgasmyandamrdiabwhereperformingitwasapromotiontothetelecomoperatorduinuaealsousedduringthejayzconcertinabudhabionnovemberbyduaudiencemembersbeganthrowingtheirlitbandsintotheairandacrosstheheadsofthecrowdwhichalthoughunintendedcreatedafascinatingvisualdisplaysimilartofirelessfireworksonoctoberxylobandsweregiventoeachfaninattendanceforthenewyorkknicksvschicagobullsatmadisonsquaregardenthexylobandswereusedduringintroductionsduringashortperformancebythebluemangroupinaprilthenewyorkrangersusedxylobandsaspartoftheirpregameceremonyinthefirstroundofthestanlycupplayoffsstanleycupplayoffsversusthepittsburghpenguinsxylobandswerelaunchedbyrbconceptsltdacompanysetupbyentrepreneurclivebankswithinventorjasonreglerinaugustavideowaspostedonthexylobandyoutubepageshowingipadcontrollingandthebandsflashingindifferentcolorsthexylobandsareusedincoldplaystourinsupportoftheirseventhalbumaheadfullofdreamsthexylobandswerealsousedinaprilasaconcertelementduringanonstagemusicrecordingfortheclosureofmichaelmcintyremichaelmcintyresbigshowinjunethebandswereusedduringtheopeningsessionofthesmaccdubconferenceindublinirelandandduringcoldplaycoldplaysheadlineperformanceonthepyramidstageatglastonburyfestivalthecancerresearchukshinewalkseptembergaveawayxylobandstoitsentrantsthisfundraisingwalkisahalforfullmarathonthroughthestreetsoflondonovernightandthebandsfitwiththethemeoftheeventtoshinebywearingledselwireglowsticksandsoontolightupthenightthebandswereplanwhiteweresetuptolightupatstrategicpointssuchasmilemarkerspitstopsandotherimportantpointstheywerealsoprogrammedtogocrazyandflashmultiplecoloursatthefinishlinegalleryreferencesexternallinksxylobandscomxylobandscomcategoriesinfoboxsportspersonnamexniakrizsnimagexeniakrizsanmcroppedjpgimagesizepxfullnamexniakrizsnbirthdatebirthplacehungarycountrysportathleticssportathleticseventheptathlonpbmmmhurdleshighjumplongjumpshotputjavelinheptathlonmedaltemplatesshowmedalsyesxniakrizsnbornjanuaryisahungarianathleticssportathletewhospecialisesintheheptathlonkrizsnwonthesilvermedalattheworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticswomensheptathlonworldjuniorchampionshipswithapersonalbestofpointsinternationalcompetitionscolspanrepresentingworldyouthchampionshipsinathleticsworldyouthchampionshipsbrixenitalythheptathlonptsworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticsworldjuniorchampionshipsmonctoncanadathheptathlonworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticswomensheptathlonptspbeuropeanathleticsjuniorchampionshipseuropeanjuniorchampionshipstallinnestoniathheptathlonptsworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticsworldjuniorchampionshipsbarcelonaspainstylebackgroundsilverndheptathlonworldjuniorchampionshipsinathleticswomensheptathlonptspbeuropeanathleticsuchampionshipseuropeanuchampionshipstamperefinlandthhe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edcashprizeaselectionoftheauditionsinfrontofthejudgesusuallythebesttheworstandthemostbizarrearebroadcastoverthefirstfewweeksoftheshowbootcampandjudgeshomevisitsthecontestantsselectedatauditionsarefurtherrefinedthroughaseriesofperformancesatbootcampandthenatthejudgeshomevisitsuntilasmallnumbereventuallyprogresstothelivefinalsinthebootcampcontestantswillhavetogothroughaseriesofchallengesuntilthenumberofcontestantsweretrimmeddowntoanddividedaccordingtotheircategoriesattheendofbootcamptheproducerswillalsorevealwhichcategorythejudgeswillbementoringthejudgesthendisbandforthejudgeshomevisitsroundwheretheyfurtherreducetheiractsonlocationataresidencewiththehelpofacelebrityguestmentorliveshowsthefinalsconsistofaseriesoftwogalaliveshowswiththefirstfeaturingthecontestantsperformancesandthesecondrevealingtheresultsofthepublicvotingcelebrityguestperformerswillbefeaturedregularlyperformancestheperformanceshowoccasionallybeginswithagroupperformancefromtheremainingcontestantstheshowisprimarilyconcernedwithidentifyingapotentialpopstarorstargroupandsingingtalentappearancepersonalitystagepresenceanddanceroutinesareallimportantelementsofthecontestantsperformancesintheinitialliveshowseachactperformsonceinthefirstshowinfrontofastudioaudienceandthejudgesusuallysingingoveraprerecordedbackingtrackdancersarealsocommonlyfeaturedactsoccasionallyaccompanythemselvesonguitarorpianoeachliveshowhashadadifferentthemeeachcontestantssongischosenaccordingtothethemeaftereachacthasperformedthejudgescommentontheirperformanceheateddisagreementsusuallyinvolvingjudgesdefendingtheircontestantsagainstcriticismarearegularfeatureoftheshowoncealltheactshaveappearedthephonelinesopenandtheviewingpublicvoteonwhichacttheywanttokeeponcethenumberofcontestantshasbeenreducedtosixeachactwouldperformtwiceintheperformancesshowthiscontinuesuntilonlythreeactsremaintheseactsgoontoappearinthegrandfinalwhichdecidestheoverallwinnerbypublicvoteresultsthetwoactspollingthefewestvotesarerevealedboththeseactshavetoperformagaininafinalshowdownandthejudgesvoteonwhichofthetwotosendhometheywereabletopicknewsongstoperforminthefinalshowdowntiesarepossibleastherearefourjudgesvotingonwhichofthetwotosendhomeintheeventofatietheresultgoestodeadlockandtheactwhocamelastinthepublicvoteissenthometheactualnumberofvotescastforeachactisnotrevealednoreventheorderoncethenumberofcontestantshasbeenreducedtofivetheactwhichpolledthefewestvotesisautomaticallyeliminatedfromthecompetitionthejudgesdonothaveavotetheironlyroleistocommentontheperformancesafterxfactorindonesiathewinnerofthexfactorindonesiaisawardedarecordingcontractfromsonymusicentertainmentsonymusicindonesiawhichwouldincludeinvestmentsworthbillionindonesianrupiahrupiahwhichisclaimedasthelargestguaranteedprizeinindonesiantelevisionhistoryseveralcashrewardsfromthesponsorsincludinganewcarisalsoawardedforthegrandfinalistsinthefirstseasonseriesoverviewtodatetwoseasonshavebeenbroadcastassummarizedbelowcontestantinormentorofboyscategorybrcontestantinormentorofgirlscategorybrcontestantinormentorofoversoroveragecategorybrcontestantinormentorofgroupscategoryclasswikitablestyletextalignleftstylefontsizewidthscopecolseasonscopecolstartscopecolfinishscopecolwinnerscopecolrunnerupscopecolthirdplacescopecolwinningmentorscopecolmainhostscopecolsponsorsscopecolmainjudgesscopecolguestjudgesscoperowxfactorindonesiaseasononedecembermaybgcolorffeefatinshidqiabgcolorffffdnovitadewibgcolorcefenudimensionbgcolorffeerossasingerrossarowspanidrobbypurbarobbypurbaidevercossevercossbridindosatmentariindosatmentaribrkopiabcbroriflamebrwardahcosmeticsbrpgahmaddhanibrrossasingerrossabranggunbrbebiromeomulanjameelascoperowxfactorindonesiaseasontwoaprilseptemberbgcolorcefejebepettybgcolorffeeclarisadewibgcolorffffddesynataliabgcolorceferossasingerrossaidoppoopposmartphonebrtehpucukharumbrindomiebrpgbrgivwhitebeautyahmaddhanibrrossasingerrossabrafgansyahrezaafganbrbebiromeoayutingtingxfactorindonesiaseasonthreenotesmulanjameelaservedasguestjudgeforoneoftheauditionstoreplaceangguntemporarilyjudgesandhostsisoneofthejudgesinthefirstseasonmanypeoplewererumoredtobeintherunningtojointhejudgingpanelincludingindralesmanatitidjmaiaestiantyvinapanduwinataidtompitompiidananghermansyahananghermansyahsherinamunafagnesmonicaruthsahanayaandiwanfalseventuallydewafrontmanmusiciansongwriterandrecordproducerahmaddhanisingermusicianandsongwriterbebiromeopopdivarossasingerrossaandinternationaldivaanggunwereconfirmedtojointhisshowasjudgespopsensationalsingermulanjameelafilledinforanggunattheauditionswhileanggunwasperforminginhereuropelivetourconcertnumerouspeoplewerespeculatedtohosttheseriesincludingvjmediapersonalityvjidboywilliamboywilliamanddanielmanantahostofindonesianidolonnovemberexmtvindonesiavjidrobbypurbarobbypurbawasannouncedashostoftheshowjudgescategoriesandtheirfinalistsineachseasoneachjudgeisallocatedacategorytomentorandchoosesasmallnumberofactsthreeforseasononetoprogresstotheliveshowsthistableshowsforeachseasonwhichcategoryeachjudgewasallocatedandwhichactsheorsheputthroughtotheliveshowskeywinningjudgecategorywinnersareinboldeliminatedcontestantsinsmallfontclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterstylewidthscopecolseasonstylewidthscopecolahmaddhanistylewidthscopecolrossasingerrossastylewidthscopecolanggunstylewidthscopecolbebiromeoscoperowxfactorindonesiaseasononegroupsbrsmallnudimensionbrilusiagirlsbrdalagitastylebackgroundbfffcgirlsbrfatinshidqiabrsmallidshenamalsianashenamalsianabryohannafebriantiboysbrsmallidmikhaangelomikhaangelobridgedebagusgedebagusbrdickyadamoversbrsmallnovitadewibrisarajabridalexrudiarthutajulualexrudiartbragushafiluddinstylewidthscopecolseasonstylewidthscopecolahmaddhanistylewidthscopecolrossasingerrossastylewidthscopecolafgansyahrezaafganstylewidthscopecolbebiromeoscoperowxfactorindonesiaseasontwooveragebrsmalldesynataliabrangelajulybrsullewijayastylebackgroundbfffcgroupsbrjebepettybrsmallclassybrjadnsugygirlsbrsmallclarisadewibrajengastianibrismirizabrriskawulandariboysbrsmallramlinurhappibraldysaputrabrsieralatupeirissareceptiontelevisionratingsclasswikitablesortableseasonseasonpremiereseasonpremierebrviewingfiguresseasonfinaleseasonfinalebrviewingfiguresepisodesaverageindonesianviewersbrinmillionsbrstyletextaligncenterxfactorindonesiaseasondecembermaystyletextaligncenterxfactorindonesiaseasonaprilseptemberallinformationfromthistablecomesfromnielsenratingsnielsenaudiencemeasurementindonesiacontroversyandcriticisminweeksixofseasononeahmaddhaniandrossaoptedtosendhomealexrudiartinfavorofgedebaguscausingtheeliminationofalexrudiartthisdecisionresultedinlargeamountofcriticismsandoutragesfromthepublicwhoclaimedthedecisionasunfairasaresultalotofsocialmediareactionsbegintoappearincludingseveralmotiontoboycotttheshowmediasponsorshiponseptemberrctisycotvandfremantlemediafremantlemediaasiaannouncedthatidcrossmobilecrossmobilewillbetheofficialsponsorofthexfactorindonesiathesponsorshipincludesanextensivemultiplatformonandoffairmarketingpartnershipondecemberidkopiabckopiabcwasannouncedasthesecondofficialsponsoroftheshowkopiabcssponsorshipwillalsoincludeanextensivemultiplatformonandoffairmarketingpartnershipidindosatmentariindosatmentariwasconfirmedasthethirdofficialsponsorondecemberindosatmentarissponsorshipofthexfactorindonesiawillalsoincludeanextensivemultiplatformonandoffairmarketingpartnershipbetweenindosatandindovisionmncskyvisionoriflamealsosponsoredtheshowastheofficialmakeupsponsorproctergambleusingitasaplatformtopromoteitspanteneolayanddownybrandsawardsandnominationsclasswikitableyearawardcategoryresultpanasonicgobelawardsprogramtalentshowrealityshowreferencesexternallinksxfactorindonesiacomofficialwebsiteartikelwebidhiburansiapakahpesertaxfactoryangkeluartadimalamhtmlpesertaxfactoryangkeluartadimalaminfoboxstationnamexutugangnativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationsuzhousymbolsrtsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagealtcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressxiangchengdistrictsuzhouxiangchengdistrictsuzhoujiangsucountrychinacoordinatesoperatorsuzhourailtransitcoltdlinelinesuzhourailtransitlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructureelevateddisabledcodeopeneddecemberclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesslinetemplatesxutugangstationisastationoflinesuzhourailtransitthestationislocatedinxiangchengdistrictofsuzhouitstartedserviceindecemberthesametimeoftheoperationoflinebusconnectionsconnectionbusstopscailiantransportationcenternorthcailiantransportationcentereastxiangchenghospitalyuanhezhichunxiangchengdistrictzhangzhouxiangchenghospitalconnectionbusroutesyenightroutereferencesinfoboxstationnamexujianglunativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationsuzhousymbolsrtsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagealtcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressgusudistrictsuzhoujiangsucountrychinacoordinatesoperatorsuzhourailtransitcoltdlinelinesuzhourailtransitlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructureundergrounddisabledcodeopeneddecemberclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesslinetemplatesxujianglustationisastationoflinesuzhourailtransitthestationislocatedingusudistrictofsuzhouitstartedserviceindecemberthesametimeoftheoperationoflinereferencesinfoboxstationnamexinjiaqiaonativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationsuzhousymbolsrtsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagealtcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddresswuzhongdistrictsuzhouwuzhongdistrictsuzhoujiangsucountrychinacoordinatesoperatorsuzhourailtransitcoltdlinelinesuzhourailtransitlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructureundergrounddisabledcodeopeneddecemberclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesslinetemplatesxinjiaqiaostationisastationoflinesuzhourailtransitthestationislocatedinwuzhongdistrictofsuzhouitstartedserviceindecemberthesametimeoftheoperationoflinereferencesseoulnationaluniversityhospitalmassacretyzhmenepidmanularedirectcategoryshellxgongiveittoyaxantussmurrelethasbeensplitintotwospeciesscrippssmurreletsynthliboramphusscrippsiguadalupemurreletsynthliboramphushypoleucusthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellxynotrumpconventionbongwansamgukyusatothehiltfilmredirectcategoryshellanthoanthoxiayebornjuneisachinachineseformersynchronizedswimmingsynchronizedswimmerwhocompetedinthesummerolympicsrefnamesrefrefreferencesthexekamanisariverofsoutheasternlaositflowsthroughthedongamphamnationalbiodiversityconservationareaofattapeuprovincerefnameclaridgereftheriverisknowntohavepopulationsofdolphinstheareaisbeingdestroyedbyadambeingbuiltontheriverthevillageofbanhindamliesontheriverandiswhereboattripsarelaunchedrefnameaseanrefreferencesxexouriverisariverofsoutheasternlaositflowsthroughthedongamphamnationalbiodiversityconservationareaofattapeuprovincerefnameclaridgerefthevillageofbankengmawliesontheriverandiswhereboattripsarelaunchedrefnameaseanrefreferencesredirectphonsavanspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxylocopaspeciesalticolaauthorityhanshedickehedickexylocopaalticolaisaspeciesofcarpenterbeenativetoafricathespecieswasdescribedbyhanshedickeinrefnameitisstandardreportxylocopaalticolahedickerefthesmithsonianhasspecimenscollectedfrommountkilimanjarointanzaniareferencesshenxiaoyingcaoxiaoboxenotosuchusguardsmanvllogymaureragrollercoastersgermanrollercoastergmxplatformgeneralmotorsautomobilesxinrongdisambiguationinfoboxrealitymusiccompetitionseriesxfactorgermanyxfactorseasonfirstairedaugustlastairedbrnovemberjudgessarahconnorsingersarahconnorbrhpbaxxterbrsandranasicbrdemosespelhammosespelhamhostdejochenschroppjochenschroppbroadcastervoxtvchannelvoxbrsmallkickoffshowonrtltelevisionrtlimagewinnernamemrsgreenbirdwinneroriginnorthrhinewestphaliagermanywinnergenrefolkmusicfolkindiefolkindiepopwinnersongshootingsstarsfairytalesrunnernamemelissaheiduklastxfactorgermanyseasonnextyearthethirdseasonofxfactorgermanyxfactorstartedonaugusttheauditionswereheldinaprilmaytheshowwasbroadcasteverysundaythejudgesweresarahconnorsingersarahconnorhpbaxxtersandranasicanddemosespelhammosespelhaminoctoberconnorannouncedthatshewouldnotreturntothejudgingpanelforthefourthseasontherewerefourphasesauditionsbootcampjudgeshouseliveshowsthisyeartwelveactshadbeenapartoftheliveshowsbutnotincategorieslikethetwoseasonsbeforeinseasontherewerefourcategoriesthisyearonlytheviewersvotedwhowillgothroughitwouldntbeafinalshowdowntheliveshowswerecuttofourinsteadeightselectionprocessapplicationsandauditionsthefirstappealforapplicantsforserieswasbroadcastduringxfactorgermanyseasonseriesondecemberauditionsinfrontofthejudgesforseriestookplaceincologneberlinmunichandhamburgaftertheactssinginfrontofthejudgestheywouldbeeliminatedorgothroughtothebootcampbuttheyneedofvotestogetthroughthefirstauditionwasbroadcastdonaugustonrtltelevisiontherestairedonvoxtvchannelvoxeverysundaybootcamptheepisodesofbootcampwerebroadcastinseptemberitshowedactsattendtothebootcamptheactsweresplitintogroupsboysgirlsoversandgroupsandbandsinwhichtoperformindsseldorfatfirsttheactswerereducedtothelastafteraoneminuteperformancethesecondphasewasaduellwheretwoactsofacategoryhadtoperformethesamesongandafterthisthejudgesdecidedwhichactgotthroughtothejudgeshousetheboyscategoryhadonlyfiveactsbecausebothactsofonebattleweresendhomeandtwoofthegirlscategoryloredanagiarraputoklementinehendrichshavetorepeatthebattleinthejudgeshousebecausethejudgescouldntdecidedtheactswhoreachedthejudgeshousesboysrichardgeldneraronverfingerlavienpartawiebarneheimbucherandrewfischergirlslisaabereralexiadrawhornfabiennebendermelissaheidukannahodowaniecloredanagiarraputoklementinehendrichsoverscolinrichsaschamiskovicjoeyjobbagyjaninesmithbjrnpaulsenwillyhubbardgroupsandbandsmrsgreenbirdruneswaveavidjosephinediemayersjudgeshousesjudgeshousesthefinalpartoftheselectionprocesswasfilmedinthesummertheepisodesairedinoctoberjudgesdecidedalonewhichcategoriestheywantgetsoattheendofthebootcamptheydiscussedtheirfavouritesbaxxterthegirlsnasicthegroupsandbandsconnortheoversandpelhamtheboysatjudgeshouseseachactperformedonesongfortheirmentorandhisguestbeforethelastperformancetheypractisedthesongwiththeirmentorandhisguestthetwelveeliminatedactswereboyslavienpartawiearonverfingergirlsloredanagiarraputofabiennebenderannahodowaniecalexiadrawhornoversjoeyjobbagyjaninesmithsaschamiskovicgroupsandbandsaviddiemayersswavefinalistskeywinnerrunnerupthirdplaceclasswikitablestylefontsizetextaligncentercategorymentorcolspanactsboyspelhamandrewfischerbarneheimbucherrichardgeldnergirlsbaxxterklementinehendrichslisaabererbgcolorlightgreymelissaheidukandoversconnorbgcolordefbjrnpaulsencolinrichwillyhubbardgroupsandbandsnasicjosephinebgcolorbfbmrsgreenbirdrunesmalljosephineconsistsofchristiandanielimmevictorbrm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xxysyndromearesimilartothoseofklinefeltersyndromethoughthesymptomsareusuallymoresevereinxxxysyndromelikeklinefeltersyndromethepresenceofadditionalxchromosomesaffectsthemalereproductivesystemcancausephysicalabnormalitiesandcanaffectcognitivedevelopmentwhencomparingxxyandxxxythereisagreaterriskforcongenetialmalformationsandmoremedicalproblemsinthosewithxxxyreproductivethosewithxxxysyndromecanhavetesticulardysgenesisandhypergonadotropichypogonadismhypergonadotrophichypogonadismtesticulardygenesisisaconditioninwhichamalehasincompleteorcompletelossofspermatogenesissothattheindividualproducesverylowlevelsornospermhypergonadotropichypogonadismhypergonadotrophichypogonadismisaconditioninwhichthefunctionofthetestesinmalesisreducedandcanresultinlowlevelsofsexsteroidsproducedliketestosteronephysicalmaleswithxxxycanhaveaverageortallstaturewhichbecomesmoreprominentinadulthoodfacialdysmorphismiscommoninmaleswithxxxyandcanincludeincreaseddistancebetweentheeyeshypertelorismskinfoldsoftheuppereyelidepicanthicfoldepicanthalfoldsupslantingopeningbetweentheeyelidspalpebralfissurepalpebralfissuresandhoodedeyelidsotherphysicalfeaturesincludethefifthfingerorpinkytobebentinwardstowardsthefourthfingerclinodactylyshortnailbedsflatfeetdoublejointednesshypermobilityjointshyperextensibilityandprominentelbowswithcubitusvaruswherethearmrestsclosertothebodymusculoskeletalfeaturesmayincludecongenticalelbowdislocationandthelimitedabilityofthefeettorollinwardswhilewalkinganduponlandingmicropenisisanothercommonsymptomofthissyndromeindividualsaffectedwithxxxyarealsopronetodevelopingtaurodontismwhichoftenpresentsearlyinlifeandcanbeanearlyindicatorofxxysyndromethosewiththissyndromearealsopronetohipdysplasiaandotherjointabnormalitiesanindividualssymptomsvaryduetodifferingandrogendeficienciesandalsowithalterwithageprepubescentboyswithxxxysyndromemaynotdifferinphysicalappearancefromachildwithoutthesyndromethisislikelybecauseandrogenlevelsdonotdifferamongprepubescentboysbutadifferencedoesariseaspubertyprogressesthosewithxxxysyndromemayalsoexperiencefemininedistributionofadiposetissueandgynecomastiamayalsobepresenttallstatureismorelikelytoappearinadolescencewhenandrogenlevelsbegintodifferbetweenthosewithxxxysyndromeandthosethatdonothaveitcognitiveanddevelopmentalneurologicaleffectsarebelievedtobemoresevereasthenumberofextraxchromosomesincreasesamalewithxxxyislikelytohavemoreseveresymptomsthanamalewithklinefeltersyndromedevelopmentaldelaysarecommonininfancyandchildhoodexpectedsymptomsincludespeechdelaysmotordelaysandhypotonialackofmuscletonealsoknownasfloppybabysyndromeindividualswithxxxysyndromeexhibitcognitiveandbehavioralproblemspatientstypicallyshowalteredadaptivebehaviorwhichistheabilityofanindividualtodemonstrateessentiallivingskillsincludingsocialskillscommunitylivingsafetyfunctionaluseofacademicskillsandselfcarepeoplewithxxxysyndromewerefoundtoscoresignificantlylessinthedomainsofdailylivingskillsandcommunicationcomparedtoxxyysyndromexxyyandxxyindividualsthismeansthattheytypicallydemonstratelittleabilityinthedomainsofselfcaresocialskillssafetyapplicationofacademicskillsandresponsibilityindividualswiththissyndromealsoexperienceemotionalsymptomssuchasanxietysymptomsobsessivecompulsivebehaviorsbehavioraldysregulationalandemotionalimmaturitypeoplewiththissyndrometypicallyhaveaniqintherangeofwheretheaverageiqrangeistheyalsoexperiencelanguagebasedlearningdisabilitiesthatcanaffecttheircommunicationwithothersthosewithxxxysyndrometendtodisplaylessexternalizingandinternalizingbehaviorscomparedtothosewithxxyysyndromewhichmayhaveapositiveeffectontheirsocialfunctioningchangesintestosteroneaswellasandrogendeficitsmaycontributetotheseindividualssocialbehaviorsthatputthematincreasedriskforautisticfeaturesmanagementtreatmenttreatmentsexistforthevarioussymptomsassociatedwithxxxysyndrometestosteronetherapywhichisgivingaffectedindividualsdosesoftestosteroneonaregularbasishasbeenshowntoreduceaggressivebehaviorinthesepatientsbutthistherapyhasalsobeenassociatedwithnegativesideeffectsworseningofbehaviorandosteoporosisnotallindividualsareapplicablefortestosteronetherapyasthebestresultsareoftenachievedwhendosagebeginsattheinitiationofpubertyandtheseindividualsareoftendiagnosedatalaterageornotatalltestosteronetherapyhasbeenshowntohavenopositiveeffectonfertilityrefnamerefconsiderationofthepsychologicalphenotypeofindividualswithxxxyshouldbetakenintoaccountwhentreatingthesepatientsbecausethesetraitsaffectcompliancewithtreatmentswhencaughtearlytaurodontismcanbetreatedwitharootcanalandisoftensuccessfulappropriateplanningtoavoidtaurodontismispossiblebutthissyndromemustbediagnosedearlywhichisnotcommontaurodontismcanoftenbedetectedasasymptomofxxxysyndromebeforeothercharacteristicsdevelopandcanbeanearlyindicatorforitsurgicaltreatmentstocorrectjointproblemssuchashipdysplasiaarecommonandareoftensuccessfulalongsidephysiotherapyrefnamerefthosewithxxxysyndromecanalsoattendspeechtherapythisformoftherapyhelpspatientstounderstandandproducemorecomplexlanguagethosewithxxxysyndrometendtoexperiencemoreseverespeechdelayssothisformoftreatmentcanbeverybeneficialtothemandcanhelpthemtocommunicatebetterwithotherpeoplesincehypotoniaiscommoninthosewiththissyndromephysicaltherapycanalsobehelpfulthisformoftherapymayhelptheseindividualsdevelopmuscletoneandincreasebalanceandcoordinationqualityoflifeinmildcasesindividualswithxxxysyndromemayleadarelativelygoodlifetheseindividualsmayfacedifficultiesincommunicatingwithothersduetotheirlanguagebaseddeficitsthesedeficitsmaymakeformingbondswithothersdifficultbutfulfillingrelationshipswithothersarestillachievablethosewithhigherscoresinadaptivefunctioningarelikelytohavehigherqualityoflifebecausetheycanbeindependentgeneticcounsellingasthesyndromeisduetoachromosomalnondisjunctioneventtherecurrenceriskisnothighcomparedtothegeneralpopulationtherehasbeennoevidencefoundthatindicatesnondisjunctionoccursmoreofteninaparticularfamilyseealsoklinefeltersyndromexxxxxxyyxxxxysyndromecarolinecosseyreferencesfurtherreadingexternallinksmedicalresourcesicdqicdicdoomimdiseasesdbmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicmeshgenereviewsnbkgenereviewsnameorphanetblagoevgradautomatictaxoboxfossilrangenamexiphodonimagexiphodongracilecranioecalcoendocranicomontmartrejpgimagewidthpximagecaptionskullofxgracilistaxonxiphodonsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxcastrensexgracilisxiphodonisanextinctgenusofartiodactylmammalsfoundineuropeaneoceneformationgeologyformationsithadslenderlegsdidactylousfeetandsmallcanineteethxiphodonwascloselyrelatedtocamelsreferenceslinkdomainxpgnterminusexsimplemindsrisoljurisoljuexclamationmarkwarningsredirectcategoryshellredirectludvigfaddeevolgaladyzhenskayaredirectivanpetrovskyredirectdmitriegorovredirectandreibelyredirectandreibelyredirectnicolaireshetikhinredirectvictorpopovredirectvladimirsmirnovmathematicianvladimirsteklovmathematicianredirectsergeilyapunovlevlandauredirectalexeialexeyevichabrikosovalexeiivanovichabrikosovredirectsergeisobolevgargararmeniarisoljuorangetulipscholarshipxyloglucanendotransglycosylasethworldscoutjamboreexproteindomainxolswitchproteinnterminaldomainxitachurchisaprotestantchurchforthekoreansinchinakoreanchineselocatedinthexitashenyangxitaareaofhepingdistrictshenyanghepingdistrictshenyangliaoningprovincechinahistoryabriefhistoryisasfollowsfivemissionariesofthewomensgroupoftheprotestantchurchesinuijunorthpyongankoreaarrivedtheoriginalchurchnowpreservedontherightsideofthepresentdaychurchwascompletedallkoreanmissionarieswentbacktokoreawuaienbecameresponsiblethechurchwasclosedduringtheculturalrevolutionwuaienbecamethepastorthepresentdaystoreychurchbuildingwasdedicatedachineselanguagegroupwasstartedatthischurchtodayaddressnoshifudaluhepingdistrictshenyangcityliaoningprovincenumberofchristiansseealsochristianityandprotestantismchristianityinchinaprotestantisminchinaandthreeselfpatrioticmovementdongguanchurchandsacredheartcathedralofshenyanginshenyangreferencesexternallinksofficialsiteunknownliubeiinfoboxsettlementnamexiguansubdistrictothernamenativenametranslitlangchinesecharacterchinesetranslitlangtypechinesecharacterchinesetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypesubdistrictmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmappushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinhebeipushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehebeisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnamebaodingsubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinadistrictsubdivisionnamebeishidistrictsubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamegovernmentfootnotesgovernmenttypeleadertitleleadernameestablishedtitleestablisheddateareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmitimezonechinastandardtimeutcoffsetcoordinateselevationmelevationftpostalcodetypepostalcodeareacodewebsitefootnotesxiguansubdistrictisalistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhebeitownshipleveldivisionofbeishidistrictbaodinghebeichinarefciteweburlxzqhorghtmlshowphpcontentidscripttitlezhpublisherxzqhorglanguagechineseaccessdateaugustrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhebeireferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexianfengsubdistrictothernamenativenametranslitlangchinesecharacterchinesetranslitlangtypechinesecharacterchinesetranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfonicknamesettlementtypesubdistrictmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageflagflagsizeimagesealsealsizeimageshieldshieldsizeimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizeimagemapmapsizemapcaptionpushpinmappushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapcaptionlocationinhebeipushpinmapsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinachinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehebeisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcityprefecturesubdivisionnamebaodingsubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinadistrictsubdivisionnamexinsh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ngreyscottsummersnowikiandxavierallalivewolverinespeakstoxavierawareofthechangesinhistorybackintheyoungerwolverineisrescuedbymystiquewhoisdisguisedaswilliamstrykerinapostcreditssceneanegyptiancrowdisseenchantingtoapocalypsecomicsensabahnurwhotelekineticallyelevatesbuildingblockstoforgeegyptianpyramidspyramidsashorsemenofapocalypsefourhorsemenobservehimfromafarrefnamepostrefrefnamepostcreditsrefcasthughjackmanaswolverinecharacterloganwolverineamutantwithhealingfactoracceleratedhealingheightenedanimallikesensesandinretractableboneclawsinthefuturehisskeletonandclawsarelacedwithadamantiuminhisbodymakinghimvirtuallyinvulnerablehishealingfactoralsoslowshisageingallowinghimtoliveabovethelifespanofanordinaryhumanjackmannotedhowwolverinedrivingtheplotinspiteofhisgruffpersonalitymadeforinterestingstorychoicesasifyouwantsomeonetogobacktotakesomeonesheadofffantasticbuthesreallygottogobackandalmostactinpartsasinspirationasmentorasguidebecausehecantdoitallonhisownwhichisalwayshispreferredmethodjamesmcavoyandpatrickstewartasprofessorxcharlesxavierprofessorxamutantpacifistandtheworldsmostpowerfultelepathytelepathheisalsoafounderofxaviersschoolforgiftedyoungstersandleaderofthexmensingerdescribedtheyoungerxavierasaverydifferentbeastfromfirstclasssfecklessplayboyhesawoundedanimalbeardedlonghairedfilledwithrageatthewaytheworldhastreatedhimkinbergsaidthefilmwasintendedtobethestoryoftheyoungerxavierbeginningtobecometheprofessorxavierweknowaswolverinementoredhimrefnamesecretsrefmichaelfassbenderandianmckellenasmagnetocomicseriklehnsherrmagnetoapowerfulmutantwhocanmanipulatemagneticfieldswhilehedissentswithxavierduetoawishtoprovesupremacismmutantkindssuperioritytheyreverttobeingalliesaserikhelpsthexmenbattleagainstsentinelsinthefuturejenniferlawrenceasmystiquecomicsravendarkhlmemystiqueamutantwiththeshapeshiftingabilityandalsoxavierschildhoodfriendandadoptedsistersingersaidmystiqueislessinnocentevolvedgettingclosertowheremystiquewasinxfilmxmenlawrencehadsufferedskinirritationsfromthefullbodymakeupusedinfirstclassandtheprocesswaschangedsofromtheneckdownitwouldbeabodysuitwhosezipperwasdigitallyremovedinpostproductionasaresultthemakeupprocesswasreducedfromeighthourstothreethemakeupteamatlegacyeffectssculptedmystiquesscalesdigitallymakingthemshorterinsizeandplacedinawaythattheywouldaccentuatelawrencesfacehalleberryasstormmarvelcomicsororomunroestormamutantwhocanmanipulateweatherandoneofthemostbattletestedandpowerfulxmenaskedifherpregnancyaffectedherroleberryrepliediwasntinasmuchasiwasmeanttobemyevergrowingbellywasposingaconstantchallengewhaticoulddowasgettingmorelimitedsotherolethatiplayissodifferentfromwhatitcouldhavebeenduetomysurprisepregnancyaccordingtokinbergberryhadanothersceneinthefilmthatwascutbecauseofberryslimitedschedulerefnamecollidersetvisitrefnicholashoultandkelseygrammerasbeastcomicsdrhenryhankmccoybeastamutantwithsuperstrengthagilityreflexesandenhancedspeedhoultplaysthecharacterinscenessetinwhilegrammermakesacameoappearanceasbeastinthefuturesettingthecameowasaddedbecausethewritersfelthoultsbeastwassuchasweetyoungcharacterthataudienceswouldwanttolearnhesurvivedrefnameempirerefoncegrammerlearnedofthisopportunitytoreturnasbeastacharacterhehadenjoyedplayinginthelaststandhecalledsingeraskingtogetinvolvedandwasflownfromnewyorkinsecrettoavoiddrawingattentionannapaquinasroguecomicsmarierogueamutantwhocanabsorbthelifeforceandmutantabilitiesofanyoneshetoucheskinbergwroteashorterpartforpaquinthaninitiallyplannedbecauseshedidnothavemuchtimetobeonsetduringpostproductionpaquinsrolewasreducedtoacameoaftermostofhersceneswerecutthesesceneswerelaterrestoredonanalternateversionofthefilmwhichwasreleasedtohomemediarefnameroguecutrefaccordingtokinbergroguewastoberescuedbythefuturemagnetoandxaviertoprovidetheeldercharactersamissionsomethinglikeunforgiveneventuallytheproducersfeltitwasasubplotthatdidnotservicethemainstoryandreshotscenestoreplacethemrefnameyahoorefhowevershewasstillfeaturedinthefilmsvariouspromotionalmaterialspaquinlaterstatedthatshestillhadfunmakingthefilmanddidnotmindthatthemajorityofhersceneshadbeencutfromitellenpageaskittyprydekittyprydeshadowcatamutantwhocanpassthroughsolidobjectsastheyoungestmemberofthexmensheplaysanimportantroleintheirfightforsurvivalsingerdescribedprydeastheprimefacilitatorandthatprydesphasingabilityenablestimetraveltohappenkinbergwhenaskedwhyprydeisnotthetimetravelerinthefilmadaptationofthecomicbookstorysaidifwetriedtofollowtheoriginalandusekittywehadaproblembecauseellenisyearsoldandshedbeinthefirstclasserapeterdinklageasbolivartraskamilitaryscientistandtheheadoftraskindustrieswhocreatesarangeofrobotscalledsentinelsdesignedtofindanddestroymutantsdinklagesaidtraskseeswhathesdoingasagoodthinghisambitionisdefinitelyblindandhesquitearroganthehasstrivenallhislifeforacertainrespectandattentionhealsosaidtraskisopposedbyrichardnixonsingersaidheisafanofdinklageandofthetelevisionseriesgameofthronesinwhichdinklagestarsastyrionlannisterwhichinspiredhimtocastdinklageshawnashmoreasicemancomicsbobbydrakeicemanamutantwhocancreateandmanipulateiceashmoresaidabouthisroleinthefirstxmenihadtomakearoseforroguebutthatwastheextentofthecharactersoitscooltoseeoverthesefourmoviesgoingfromthattoxwhereyousortofseehimdoanicewallandinxhefinallygetstobattleandindaysoffuturepastweresoldiersomarsyasbishopcomicsbishopbishopsfirstnamewasntmentionedinthefilmamutantwhocanabsorbenergyandredirectitinkineticblastssingersaidbishopalongwithwarpathsunspotandblinkarenotfreshrecruitshesaidtheyremorerefugeesthatarelivingdaytodayinthishideouslyruinedworldtheydonthavemuchhopeinthefuturetheyreontherunandtheyjoinforceswiththeremainingxmentotrytodothisonelastattemptatfixingtheworldevanpetersasquicksilvercomicspetermaximoffquicksilveramutantwhocanmovespeakandthinkatsupersonicspeedspetersdescribedquicksilverasveryfasthetalksquickhemovesquickeverythingelseisveryslowcomparedtohimitslikehesalwaysattheatmwaitingforthebastardinfrontofhimtofinishjoshhelmanasmajorwilliamstrykeramilitaryofficerwhohatesmutantshelmanwasoriginallychosentoplayayoungerversionofjuggernautcomicsjuggernautbeforethatcharacterwasremovedfromthescriptbriancoxactorbriancoxwhoportrayedstrykerinxappearsinarchivefootagedanielcudmoreascolossuscomicspeterrasputincolossusamutantwhocantransformhisbodyintoorganicsteelwhichgrantshimsuperhumanstrengthstaminaanddurabilitywhileinthatformcudmorewasaskedwhetherhetrainedforhisroleherepliedididnthaveatonoftimetogetfilmreadyforthisatrainerfriendofminefromvancouverputtogetheraquicklittleworkoutprogramformesincetherolewasforcolossusiwasaimingtobulkupabitandgetstrongeriendedupeatingalotmorebecauseofhowmuchiwaseatingihadtoeateveryhourstokeepmycaloriesupfanbingbingasblinkcomicsblinkblinksrealnamewasntmentionedinthefilmamutantwhohastheabilitytocreateportalstoteleportfansaidthefilmwasthefirstofafivexmenmoviecontractshesignedwiththcenturyfoxrefnamethestarrefadancantoassunspotcomicssunspotsunspotsrealnamewasntmentionedinthefilmamutantwithanabilitytoprojectsolarenergycreateflamesandsolarpoweredstrengthandflighttopreparefortherolecantoresearchedsunspotbecausewhenhewascasthedidnotknowthelevelofinvolvementhischaracterhasinthefilmbooboostewartaswarpathcomicswarpathwarpathsrealnamewasntmentionedinthefilmamutantandexperttrackerwithsuperagilityreflexesacutesensesandenhancedstrengthinpreparationfortherolestewartgainedpoundsandgrewhishairmuchlongerthanitsusuallengthadditionallyfamkejanssenandjamesmarsdenreprisetheirrolesasjeangreyandcyclopsmarvelcomicsscottsummerscyclopsrespectivelyincameoappearanceslucastillrepriseshisroleashavokcomicsalexsummershavokevanjonigkeitportraystoadcomicsmortimertoynbeetoadgreggloweportraysinkcomicsericgitterinkxmencomicbookwriterslenweinandchrisclaremontappearasunitedstatescongressmenmichaellerneractormichaellernerplayssenatorbrickmanmarkcamachoportraysuspresidentrichardnixonsingercameosasamanwithasmallfilmcameraasmagnetowalksawayaftermystiquesescapeinparisinapostcreditsscenebrendanpedderportraystheancientmutantapocalypsecomicsensabahnurproductiondevelopmentproducerlaurenshulerdonnerstatedinaugustthatacontinuationofthexmenmainfilmserieswouldrequirearenegotiationnewcastmembersofxmenthelaststandweresignedwhiletheoldercastmemberswerenotrefnameaustraliarefdonnersaidthereisfortyyearsworthofstoriesivealwayswantedtododaysoffuturepastandtherearejustreallyalotofstoriesyettobetoldshelaterpitchedtheideaofafourthinstallmentofthexmenfranchisetodirectorbryansingerfollowingthecompletionoftheprequelxmenfirstclassrefnameboucherrefinmarchdonnersaidthefilmwasinactivedevelopmentatfoxshesaidwetookthetreatmenttofoxandtheyloveitandxleadsintoxthcenturyfoxsawxmenfirstclassasthefirstfilmofanewxmentrilogydonnercomparedthefranchiseplanstothedarkermorematurecontentoftheharrypotterfilmseriesharrypotterfilmseriesearlyreportssaidmatthewvaughnandsingerwerereturningtodirectandproducethesequelrespectivelywhilestillattachedtotheprojectasadirectorvaughnsaidfirstclassissimilartobatmanbeginswhereyouhavethefunofintroducingthecharactersandgettingtoknowthembutthattakestimebutwiththesecondoneyoucanjustgetonwithitandhavearollickinggoodtimethatsthemaindifferencebetweenbatmanbeginsandthedarkknightfilmthedarkknightdescribingthepossiblebeginningofthefilmvaughnsaidithoughtitwouldbefuntoopenwiththekennedyassassinationandwerevealthatthemagicbulletwascontrolledbymagnetosingersaidthefilmcouldbesetaroundthecivilrightsmovementorthevietnamwarandthatwolverinecouldonceagainbefeaturedsingeralsotalkedaboutchanginghistoryinaninterviewwithempirefilmmagazineempiremagazinehesaidhedoesnotwantpeopletopanicabouteventsinthepasterasingthestorylinesofthepreviousxmenfilmsashebelievesinmultiversesexplainingthepossibilityofcertaineventscanexistequallyinthehistoriesofalternateuniverseswritingkinbergsaidthemainfocusofthisfilmwasthefutureofthexmenfilmserieswiththeuseofcastmembersfromtheoriginaltrilogyandfromfirstclasstheyneededtodecidethesequelsdestinationinpreparationforthefilmkinbergstudiedfilmsabouttimetravelincludingbacktothefuturetheterminatorandterminatorjudgmentdaysingeroriginatedaphilosophyandasetofrulesforthetimetravelinthefilmsothestorywouldbeasplausibleaspossibleaccordingtokinbergastheywerewritingthescripttheythoughtitissensiblethatwolverinewastravelingbetweentimeperiodsbecauseofhisagelesslookandabilitytohealrapidlyhefurtherstatedofmakingwolverinethetimetravelerwemadethedecisionforalotofreasonsnbspnbsphestheprotagonistofthefranchiseandprobablythemostbelovedcharactertoamassaudiencekinbergandvaughnconsideredbishopandcablecomicscablecandidatesfortheroleoftimetravelerkinbergsaidrachelsummerswasinthefirstdraftofthescriptshesentwolverinebacktothecharacterwaslaterreplacedwithkittyprydetowhomkinberggaveasecondarypowerofsendingpeoplesconsciousnessesintothepastjuggernautjubileecomicsjubileenightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerandpsylockewerealsoconsideredforthefilmrefnamepsylockerefsingerwasaskedhowthefilmintegratesthethemesoftheearlierxmenfilmshesaiditestablishesthatsomevillaincharactersmayhavebeenrightwiththeirfearsitconfrontsthenotionsofhopeandsecondchancesitscharactersthatarelosttryingtofindthemselvesinxmenandthecharactershadcomeintotheirownandknewwhotheywereinthisonetheyrealllostandtheyretryingtokeepittogetherpreproductioninnovembersimonkinbergcowriterofxmenthelaststandandcoproducerofxmenfirstclasswashiredtowritethefilmsscreenplayinmaythcenturyfoxannouncedthefilmwouldbereleasedonjulythereleasewaslatermovedforwardtomayrefnamemayreleasedaterefinaugustthetitleforthefilmwasconfirmedtobexmendaysoffuturepastthefilmisinspiredbychrisclaremontandjohnbyrnecomicsjohnbyrnesxmencomicbookstorylinedaysoffuturepastwhichintroducedtheideaofanalternatefutureformutantsthatgrewfromthebrotherhoodofmutantsbrotherhoodofevilmutantskillingofasenatorleadingtoafutureinwhichmutantsarehuntedbysentinelsinoctobervaughnlefttheroleofdirectortofocusonmarkmillarskingsmanthesecretservicesingerwaslaterannouncedasthefilmsdirectoritwashisthirddirectorialroleinthexmenfilmseriesxmenfilmseriesinpreparationforthefilmsingerapproachedjamescamerontodiscusstimetravelstringtheoryandmultiversesinthesamemonthrichardstammerswasapproachedtobethevisualeffectssupervisorassingerlikedhisworkinthefilmprometheusfilmprometheussingerbroughtbackmostofthecrewhehadinxmenfilmxmenandxfilmxindecembertwolongabsentdesignerswerehiredproductiondesignerjohnmyhrewhohadonlydonexmenandcostumedesignerlouisemingenbachwhoalsodidxandxmenoriginswolverinerefnamemyrherefinfebruaryjohnottmanwhoasidefromxmencollaboratedonallofsingersworkssincethefilmtheusualsuspectswasconfirmedtoworkonthefilmscoremusicandthefilmeditingeditingofthefilmcastingrefsourcebryansingerexplainingthetwitterpresenceofthefilmsingerusedtheonlinesocialnetworkingservicetwittertoannouncecastingofthefilminnovemberheannouncedthatjamesmcavoymichaelfassbenderjenniferlawrenceandnicholashoultwouldreprisetheirrolesfromxmenfirstclasslaterthesamemonthheannouncedthatpatrickstewartandianmckellenwouldreprisetheirrespectiverolesastheolderversionsofthecharactersplayedbymcavoyandfassbenderindecembersingerannouncedthathughjackmanwouldreprisehisroleaswolverinerefnamesingertweetjackmanrefinjanuarysingerannouncedthatannapaquinshawnashmoreandellenpagewouldreprisetheirrolesofrogueicemanandkittyprydeinfebruarysingerannouncedthatpeterdinklagewouldstarinthefilmasthemainantagonisthalleberrysaidinaninterviewthatshewouldrepriseherroleasstormwhichwasfollowedbyanannouncementfromsingerthatberrywouldbeinthefilmsingertweetedapictureofthecastwhichconfirmedthatdanielcudmorewouldreturnascolossusandthatfanbingbingandbooboostewarthadjoinedthecastinaprilsingerannouncedthatamericansingerandsongwriterladygagahadjoinedthecastasdazzlermarvelcomicsdazzlerbutitwaslaterrevealedasanaprilfoolsdaypranksingerretweetedaphotographofhimselfadancantoandconfirmedcastmemberspatrickstewartmckellenandashmorewhichwasfollowedbyaconfirmationfromcantothathehadjoinedthecastinmaysingerannouncedthatevanpetershadbeencastasquicksilverrefnamequicktwitterrefinjuneaustralianactorjoshhelmanwascastinarolerefnamehelmanwraprefinjulysingertweetedapictureofactorlucastillonthesetofthefilmwhichconfirmedthathewasreturningashavokrefnamehavoktwitterrefinjanuaryevanjonigkeithadbeencastastheyoungerversionoftoadrefnameclassicreffilmingxmendaysoffuturepasthadaproductionbudgetofmillionprincipalphotographybeganonaprilatmelscitducinemainmontrealcanadaandendedonaugustolympicstadiummontrealolympicstadiummontrealcityhallandmcgilluniversitywerealsousedasfilminglocationsanaerialplateunitwassenttofilminwashingtondcadditionalfilmingtookplaceinmontrealinnovemberandfebruaryaccordingtothecalgaryheraldthefilmisthesecondmostexpensiveproducedbythcenturyfoxafteravatarfilmavatarcomicbookwriterchrisclaremontsaidinaninterviewthathewasconsultedforthefilmxmendaysoffuturepastisthefirstxmenfilmtobefilmedinnativedfilmditwasshotusingarrialexamcameraswithleicaprimelensesandfujinonzoomlensesalongwithalitytechnicatscamerarigsandstereoimageprocessorsiptechnologysystemsdirectorofphotographynewtonthomassigelwasaskedaboutusingarrialexamcamerashesaidforbryanandmyselfthealexahasbeenalmostthegatewaytogettingthelookwelikeinfilmsigeladdedthatthearrialexamcamerassmallsizewasabigadvantagetothefilmsmainunitwhichcarriedthreedrigsthefilmalsousedthealexaxtsfortheproductionsdworkproductiondesignerjohnmyhresaidhisworkloadwassixmonthssqueezeddownintomonthsgiventhesetsweremassivebuthedidnothavetheusualtimetodesignandbuildbeforeprincipalphotographybeganthelueundergroundhallwaysandcerebrosetswerefaithfulrecreationsofthesetsseeninthefirstxmenalbeitransackedanddamagedtoimplythegovernmenthadraidedthemansionthesetshadmanyhiddenxsincludingthestaircaseofthexmansionmyrhesaidhewantedtoembracethessettinginthesamewayfirstclassembraceditsssettingandcostumedesignerlouisemingenbachalsodrewheavilyfromsstylesfortheclothingseeninthesceneshoultworecorduroysjackmanawoodenpaneledbuckleandapeacockprintshirtandmcavoyworeabrownleatherjacketpetersworeinspiredclothingthiswasmingenbachswayofshowingquicksilversirreverencefortheexacttimeandplaceinonescenemingenbachgavefassbenderastheyoungereriklehnsherrafedoraasanodtotheonethecharacterworeinthefirstxmenfilmthesentinelshadtwoseparateversionstodepicthowtheearlierprototypesbuiltbytraskinthesevolvedintotheadaptablekillingmachinesofthedystopianfutureandcitedinspirationfromboththecarsofthedecadeandthosewonderfultvsetsthatwereroundwithsmokedglasspanelstheoverallstylewasbulkytofitthetraditionalideaofarobotlookslikeanddrewthemostfromthecomicsversionsuchasthepurplecolorandahumanoidshapewhiletryingtostandoutonitsownwithitsretrodesignontheotherhandthefuturesentinelswouldresemblegiantversionsofmystiquetoshowhowtheirtechnologicaldevelopmentwasbasedonstudyingtheshapeshiftingmutantsdnathustheirdesignissleekandfemininewithabodycoveredinmechanicalscalesthatmoveduringtheprocessofadaptingtoamutantsattackwhilealsofeaturingangularanddarkfacestoenhancetheintimidationthefuturerobotswouldfeaturewhatsingerdescribedasbiomechanicaltechnologytotransformtoadapttoothermutantstotakeontheirphysicalityandsomeoftheirpowerstouseagainstmutantkindwhichthedirectorimaginedtobefueledbynanotechnologyandtheabilitytoreallychangethingsalmostatamolecularlevelthesentinelsheadswouldalsoopenupasanextraweaponandforstraightercombattherobotscouldcreatebladesandspikesoutoftheirlimbsthecracklingsoundoftherobotsscaleswasmadebyrubbingrivetedbeltsonshalerocksforthefuturesettingofthefilmasetfeaturingahillsidemonasterywasbuiltmyhrewasinspiredbychinesetemplesbuiltonthesidesofcliffsthefuturesetalsofeaturedamixtureofarchitecturalstylesfromchinaindiaandindonesiapartofthesetwasabigwallwhichwasinspiredbythegreatwallofchinavisualeffectsxmendaysoffuturepasthadvisualeffectsshotsproducedbytwelvestudiosrichardstammerservedastheoveralleffectssupervisorbasedonhisworkforprometheusfilmprometheustheleadingcompanywasmovingpicturecompanywhocreatedthefuturesentinelsandworkedonthesequencesinvolvingthexjetandcerebrosredvirtualworldthesentinelsscaledbodieswerecreatedbyadaptingatooloriginallydevelopedtocreatehairandfurwhichwouldlaterevolveintocreatingaproxyrepresentationofeachindividualscaleasahairfolliclefollicleanothermajorcontributorwasdigitaldomainwitheffectsfromtheportionthatencompassednearlyathirdoftheworktheseincludedthesentinelsmystiquestransformationsandeyesandvariousdigitalenvironmentsdigitalaugmentationturnedaremoteairstripintoavietnamprisonercampandaddedparisfamedmansardrooftopstothemontreallocationstheenvironmentworkbasedonwashingtondcrequiredtheteamtostudyperiodreferencesofthenationalmallandwhitehouseandphotographalmostallofrfkstadiumtocreateadetaileddigitalreplicarisingsunpicturescreatedasequenceconsideredbymanyreviewersthecenterpieceofthefilmseffectswherequicksilveruseshissuperspeedinthepentagonkitchendepictinghowtoaspeedsteractionsinrealtimecomedowntoavirtualstandstillobjectsfloataroundinslowmotionafterdoinglidaranalystlidarscanofthekitchensetthedigitalrecreationaddedmanycomputergeneratedimagerycomputergeneratedpropscookinggearcutleryvegetablesandwaterreleasedbyafiresprinklersystemrenderedinnearmicroscopicdetailregardingplacementandlightingparticularlybecausethefootagehadtoworkindtosimulatequicksilverrunningonthewallsevanpetersandastuntdoublewerefilmedinboththesetbeingsuspendedbyaharnessandonatreadmillthatstoodinfrontofachromakeygreenscreenonlypeterslegsweredigitallyreplaceddespitethesequenceonlyhavingeffectsshotsitrequirednearlysevenmonthsofworkfromrspsteamofartistsrefnametomfedorowytschrefrhythmandhuesstudiosworkedonbeaststransformationsthecreationofxaviersplaneandspeedeffectsforquicksilvertheyalsoworkedwithdigitaldomainonthesequencefeaturingtheinsideofthesentinelmokkostudioworkedonmystiqueseyesandcostumefixescinesiteworkedonthefuturenewyorkcityintheopeningprologuealongwithcleanupswireremovalsandproductionfixesfuelvfxworkedonholographiceffectsandhavoksmutantpowersvisionglobaleworkedonvisualeffectsrelatingtoadreamandflashbacksequencehydraulxlolaandmethodstudioshandledanumberofcompositionsandproductionfixesthethirdfloorworkedonextensivestoryboardingandvisualisationrefnamerichardstammersdaysoffuturepastrichardstammersproductionvfxsupervisorauthorfreivincentdatemayaccessdatemayrefmusicdirectorbryansingersregularcollaboratorjohnottmanworkedonthescoreofthefilminadditiontobeingitseditorottmanisthefirstcomposertoscoremorethanonefilminthexmenfilmserieshavingpreviouslyscoredxthisalsomarkedthefirsttimeathemefromapreviousxmenfilmhasbeenretainedottmanreusedsomeofhisthemesfromxmostnotablythemaintitlethemewhileottmanretainedthesamestyleoflyricalandbuilduponcharacterthemesthatwouldweaveinandoutofthefilmanddoneinastraightorchestralsensethathehadusedinxfollowingsingersrequesthetriedtocomposesomethingmoremodernthatcouldbecomparedtoothercontemporarysuperheroscoresandnotfollowhenryjackmanscoreforfirstclassthessettinginspiredtheinclusionofsynthesizersynthesizedelementswithsomeanalogsynthsandelectricpianoandbassandsomeguitarthefilmscorewasreleasedonmusicdownloaddigitaldownloadonmayoncompactdisccdonmayandongramophonerecordvinylonaugusttheroguecutalsogotasoundtrackalbumreleasedonjulybysonyclassicalrecordsinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexmendaysoffuturepastoriginalmotionpicturesoundtracktypefilmartistjohnottmanreleasedgenrefilmscorelengthlabelsonyclassicallastalbumnonstopfilmnonstopbrthisalbumxmendaysoffuturepastbrnextalbumkrampusfilmkrampusbrmiscextrachronologyartistxmenfilmseriesxmensoundtracktypesoundtracklastalbumthewolverinefilmmusicthewolverinebrthisalbumxmendaysoffuturepastbrnextalbumdeadpooloriginalmotionpicturesoundtrackdeadpoolbrtracklistingtracklistingtotallengthtitlethefuturemaintitleslengthtitletimesuplengthtitlehopexaviersthemelengthtitleifoundthemlengthtitlesaigonloganarriveslengthtitlepentagonplansneakymystiquelengthtitlehelosteverythinglengthtitlespringingeriklengthtitlehowwasshelengthtitleallthosevoiceslengthtitleparispandemoniumlengthtitlecontactingravenlengthtitlerulesoftimelengthtitlehatrescuelengthtitletimesupnotefilmversionlengthtitletheattackbeginslengthtitlejoinmelengthtitledowhatyouweremadeforlengthtitleihavefaithinyougoodbyeslengthtitlewelcomebackendtitleslengthtitletimeinabottlenoteperformedbyjimcrocelengthtitlethefirsttimeeverisawyourfacenoteperformedbyrobertaflacklengthreleasetheworldpremiereofxmendaysoffuturepastoccurredatthejacobkjavitsconventioncenterinnewyorkcityonmaypremiereeventswerealsoheldinlondonbeijingmoscowsingaporesopaulomelbourneandtokyomarketinginjunethcenturyfoxpresentedasettourvideoofxmendaysoffuturepastatthecineeuropeconferenceinbarcelonadirectorbryansingeractedasthetourguidethesettourvideowasincludedwiththehomevideoreleaseofthefilmthewolverinefilmthewolverineinjulysingerwritersimonkinbergproducerslaurenshulerdonnerandhutchparkertogetherwithcastmembersjenniferlawrenceevanpetersomarsyellenpageshawnashmoreannapaquinhalleberryianmckellenpatrickstewarthughjackmanjamesmcavoymichaelfassbendernicholashoultandpeterdinklagepresentedatthesandiegocomicconinternationalfootagefromthefilmwasscreenedinaugustsingerpresentedfootagefromthefilmatthefantasiainternationalfilmfestivalinmarchthcenturyfoxpresentedfootagefromthefilmatnationalassociationoftheatreownerscinemaconinaprilpagepresentedfootagefromthefilmatthemtvmovieawardskinberganddinklageattendedwondercontodiscussthefilmsingerwithdrewfromthepublicityroundsforthefilmbecauseofalawsuitallegingsexualabusefiledagainsthiminjulythcenturyfoxandoculusriftpresentedavirtualrealityexperienceinsandiegocomicconinternationalattendeesweregivenachancetositinareplicaofprofessorxswheelchairandvirtuallyhuntmystiqueinthesandiegoconventioncenterinjulyapostcreditsscenemidcreditssceneteasingxmendaysoffuturepastwasattachedtothetheatricalreleaseofthewolverinethescenesettwoyearsaftertheeventsofthewolverinedepictswolverinegoingthroughanairportsecuritycheckpointwhileacommercialfortraskindustriesplaysinthebackgroundsuddenlywolverinenoticesthatallthemetalobjectsaroundhimstarttoshakeandlevitateheturnsaroundtoseemagnetowhosaysheneedswolverineshelptocombatathreattoallmutantswhenwolverineasksmagnetowhyheshouldtrusthimthepeoplearoundthemfreezeasxavierapproacheswolverineandassureshimthatmagnetoistellingthetruthadampockrossofyahoomoviesdescribedthemidcreditssceneasthecoolestpartofthewolverineandwroteboomandthatshowyouteasethenextfilmbygivingussomuchtochewonyetsofewanswersrefnamethewolverinerefthefirstofficialtrailerforxmendaysoffuturepastwasreleasedinoctoberjasoncallinaofheraldnewsgavethetrailerapositiveresponsesayingitisfantastictoseecharactersthatigrewupwithinthefleshnbspnbspwestillhavetowaittilltheendofmaytoseeiffoxsucceededbutfornowtheyhavemyinterestbenchildoftheguardiancriticizedthetrailerforthenumberofcharactersthatwillappearinthefilmchildwroteoverloadingthemoviewithsuperheroesmightpleasefansofthecomicbooksbuttherestofuswillbechewingonourownspleenswhentheumpteenthbrightlycoloureddudeturnsuptospoutonelineofdialoguethendropoffthemapamidcreditssceneteasingxmendaysoffuturepastwasattachedtothetheatricalreleaseoftheamazingspidermaninaprilinthescenewhichissetduringthevietnamwarmystiquetriestoinfiltrateamilitarycampledbywilliamstrykertorecruitfellowmutantshavokinkandtoadtheamazingspidermandirectormarcwebbhadanexistingcontractwithfoxsearchlightpicturestodirectanotherfilmfollowingdaysofsummeraftertheamazingspidermanwebbsnegotiationswithsonypicturesentertainmentstalledbecauseofhiscommitmenttofoxfoxeventuallyagreedtoallowwebbtodirectthesequeloftheamazingspidermanandinexchangesonypromotedthexmenfilmwithoutchargeinadditionthreeviralwebsiteswerelaunchedbeforethereleaseofthefilmtraskindustriescominjulythebentbulletcominnovemberandmomentscominapriltofurtherpromotethefilmjackmanmadeaguestappearanceontheaprilepisodeofwwerawthesegmentreceivedmixedreactionspromotionalpartnersinjulyckerestaurantsckerestaurantholdingsincandthcenturyfoxannouncedapromotionalpartnershipforthetheatricalreleaseofxmendaysoffuturepastthepromotionincludedadvertisinginrestaurantmerchandisingcollectorscupsandafilmthemedburgerthewesternxtrabaconthickburgersolditckerestaurantsoutletshardeesandcarlsjrzacharyellerseniorvicepresidentofmarketingpartnershipspromotionsatthcenturyfoxsaidtheirfunandirreverentadvertisingcampaignsareagreatfitwithourfilmandwecouldntbemorethrilledtojointogethertofeedmutantseverywheremountaindewpartneredwiththefilmtopromoteitgloballythepromotionincludedprizesatelevisioncommercialonlineexclusivesinstoreandintheateradvertisementsandcommemorativepackagingfeaturingxmencharactersfromfutureandpastannarocaseniorvicepresidentofinternationalpromotionsatthcenturyfoxstatedtheadventurousenergeticattitudeofmountaindewsfanbasemirrorsthefranchisesownandtheirinternationalreachhelpsbringourbelovedmutantstomorecornersoftheworldthaneverbeforeinmarchvirgintrainslaunchedancarpendolinotrainwhichfeaturedthefilmcharactersonthecarriagesatlondonsstationtopromotethefilmhughjackmanandjamesmcavoyattendedthelaunchkiamotorscollaboratedwiththcenturyfoxtopromotethehomemediareleaseofthefilmwithawolverinethemedkiasorentothirdgenerationpresentsorentothesuvmadeitsdebutattheaustralianopenwithaseriesofvideosfeaturingrafaelnadalteamingupwiththexmentosavethetenniseventfromthesentinelshomemediainjunecablenetworkfxtvchannelfxacquiredthetelevisionrightstoxmendaysoffuturepastthefilmwasreleasedbythcenturyfoxhomeentertainmentondigitalcopydigitaldownloadonseptemberandondvdblurayandbluraydonoctobertheroguecutthcenturyfoxhomeentertainmentreleasedanalternateversionofthefilmtitledtheroguecutonjulyitaddedminutesofpreviouslyunusedfootageincludingasubplotinvolvingannapaquinscharacterroguecomicsroguewhoserolewasreducedtoabriefcameointhetheatricalreleaserefnametheroguecutreftheroguecutwasalsoscreenedatthesandiegocomicconsandiegocomicconinternationalintheroguecutroguesroleismoreconsequentialandthenarrativeismorecomplexwhenkittyprydeisaccidentallywoundedafterwolverinesconsciousnessexperiencesaphasebetweenpastandfuturefromseeingstrykerinbobbydrakeicemanproposesbreakingintotheheavilyguardedremainsofcerebroattheformerxmansiontheoneplacewherexaviersmindcannotreachothersfromtheoutsideinordertorescueroguewhoisbeingheldcaptivetherexaviermagnetoandicemansucceedinrescuingroguebutatthecostoficemansliferogueusesherpowertotakeoverforkittyinregardstokeepingwolverinesmindinfortheremainingtimeuntilthemomenthistoryischangedwithasuggestionthatwolverineisawareoftheswitchasheappearstofeelroguespresencethesentinelsareabletofindthexmenthroughatrackingdeviceinsideasentinelshandthatwasseveredfromthexjetduringtheirescapeinanotherscenemystiquevisitsthexmansionatnightrevisitsherpreviousromancewithbeastanddestroyscerebrothenextmorninginordertopreventxavierfromfindingheranewmidcreditssceneshowsbolivartraskimprisonedatthepentagoncellforsellingmilitarysecretstoforeigncountriesreceptionandfanbingbingatthepremiereofthefilminsingaporeboxofficeworldwidexmendaysoffuturepastearnedmillionduringitsopeningweekendthehighestworldwideopeningweekendforanxmenfilmthefilmgrossedmillionintheusacanadaandmillioninothermarketsforaworldwidegrossofmillionmakingitthehighestgrossingentryinthexmenfilmseriesbeforebeingsurpassedbydeadpoolfilmdeadpooltwoyearslaterintheunitedstatesandcanadathefilmearnedmillionfromthursdaynightshowingswhichisthehighestlatenightopeningforanxmenfilmitwasalsothehighestgrossingfilmduringitsopeningweekendearningmillionwhichmadeitthesecondhighestopeningweekendoftheseriesatthetimebehindxmenthelaststandmillionduringthefourdaymemorialdayweekenditearnedmillionelsewherethefilmwasthehighestgrossingfilmduringitsopeningweekendtakingmillionmakingitfoxinternationalshighestopeningweekendthefilmshighestgrossingdebutswereinchinasouthkoreatheunitedkingdomirelandandmaltaitbecamethehighestgrossingxmenfilminargentinaaustraliaaustriabelgiumbrazilchinacolombiacroatiaczechrepublicdenmarkecuadoregyptfinlandfrancehongkonghungaryindiaisraelitalymalaysialebanonmexicothenetherlandsnewzealandnorwaythephilippinespolandsingaporeslovakiasouthkoreaswedenthailandtheunitedkingdomirelandandvenezuelanotesourcefortheinternationalboxofficegrossesoftheotherxmenfilmscriticalresponseonreviewaggregatorrottentomatoesxmendaysoffuturepasthasanapprovalratingofbasedonreviewswithanaverageratingofthesitescriticalconsensusreadsxmendaysoffuturepastcombinesthebestelementsoftheseriestoproduceasatisfyinglyfastpacedoutingthatranksamongthefranchisesfi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nismajorisxicapricornixicapricornixicentaurixicentaurinewromexcentaurixcentaurihajibashirismailyusufgeoboxriverheadingnamenativenameothernameothernameothernamecategorynamesetymologynicknameimageimageimagecaptionimagesizecountrycountrychinastateregioninnermongoliaautonomousregiondistrictmunicipalityfamilyparenttributarylefttributaryrightcitylandmarkriverlocationssourcesourcelocationsourcecountrysourceelevationsourcecoordinatessourcesourcelocationsourceregionsourcecountrysourceelevationsourcecoordinatessourceconfluencesourceconfluencelocationsourceconfluenceregionsourceconfluencecountrysourceconfluenceelevationsourceconfluencecoordinatesmouthmouthlocationmouthregionmouthcountrymouthelevationmouthcoordinatesdimensionslengthwidthdepthvolumewatershedwatershedrounddischargedischargenotedischargelocationdischargerounddischargemaxdischargeminfreefieldsfreefreetypemapsmapmapcaptionmapbackgroundwebsitewebsitecommonsfootnotesfootnotesthexilinriverofinnermongoliachinaislocatedinthemiddlelatitudesastudyofthelandcovertypesrecognizedsubclassesinthexilinriverbasinincludingninetypesofsteppehabitatbasedonthedominategrassesindifferentareasandeightnongrasslandhabitatsincludingcurrentcroplandharvestedcroplandurbanareaswetlandsdesertifiedlandsalineandalkalinelandwaterbodiesandlandswhichcouldnotbeclassifiedbecauseofcloudcoverinsatelliteimagesrefnamexilinlandcovertypeschensiqingliujiyuanzhuangdafangandxiaoxiangmingcharacterizationoflandcovertypesinxilinriverbasinusingmultitemporallandsatimagesjournalofgeographicalsciencesdoibfrefrefnamehabitatsctongajwubcsyongajyangdwyongainpressalandscapescaleassessmentofsteppedegradationinthexilinriverbasininnermongoliachinajournalofaridenvironmentsinpressrefgeographytheeastsideofthexilinriverbasinislinedwithmtallmountainsandhillsandtothewestarethedaxinganmountainswiththeelevationalongtheriverdecreasingfromsoutheasttonortheastmthelandscapeofthebasiniscoveredbylavatablelandslowmountainshillsplateausandsandylandsdiverseplantcommunitiescoverthisareaofsteppesanimalhusbandryisimportanttothelocaleconomystipagrandissteppeandleymuschinensissteppearedominantclimaxplanthabitatsinthebasinclimatethetemperatesteppeofthexilinriverbasinhasanaverageannualprecipitationofmmtheaverageannualtemperatureisnbspcatxilinhaojulythehotestmonthaveragesnbspcjanuaryisthecoldestwiththelowestmonthlytemperatureaveragingnbspcfromsoutheasttonortheastthetemperaturesandfrostfreeperiodincreaseswhileprecipitationdecreasesgraduallycitiesalongtheriverxilinhotlinesalongthemiddleofthexilinriverxierandbaiinxileareupstreamfromxilinhotcurrentconditionsgrasslanddegradationanddesertificationhaveincreasedbecauseofovergrazingandinappropriatecropcultivationwhichisaresultofthegrowinghumanpopulationandovergrazinghasintroducednewsuccessionalcommunitiestotheecosystemalthougheffortstostudyandimprovethesituationareongoingrefnamexilinmgmtguxhhecypanyzlixbzhuwqzhuxfoptimizingmanagementondegradedgrasslandinxilinriverbasinbasedonecologicalriskassessmentarticleinchinesewithenglishabstractenglishjournaltitleisreferredtoasthejournalofappliedecologyorthechinesejournalofappliedecologyrefrefnamexilinclimateyuanfhanxggejpwujgnetprimaryproductivityofleymuschinensissteppeinxilinriverbasinofinnermongoliaanditsresponsestoglobalclimatechangearticleinchinesewithenglishabstractenglishjournaltitleisreferredtoasthejournalofappliedecologyorthechinesejournalofappliedecologyrefreferencesinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamextypestudioalbumartisttheeyescoverxtheeyesalbumpngreleasedseptembereuropebroctoberusagenregothicrockbrrockandrollbrglamrockbrhardrocklengthlabelnuclearblasteuropeusabrrcasonymusicfinlandlastalbumbackinbloodtheeyesalbumbackinbloodbrthisalbumxbrnextalbumuniversalmonstersbrxasintheromannumeralforisthenameofthetenthstudioalbumbygothicrockbandtheeyesthebandchoseredastheirfirstsingledaysbeforethereleaseofxtheyreleasedborderlineastheirsecondsinglerosaryblueabonustrackfeaturesvocalsbyamericantattooartistkatvondrefnameblisteringrefreceptionalbumratingsrevblisteringrevscorerevmetalhammergermanyrevscorerefnamemhkranzrefrevorkusrevscorerefnameorkusreftheblisteringmagazinemarkedaversatilemixofstyleswithnotesofbillyidoljohnnycashanddanzigbanddanzigthereviewerwrotealsothatthemarketingofthealbumandthebandingeneralwouldbenefitfromtheirchangetothenuclearblastlabelxreceivedmixedreviewsfromthegermanmusicpressinaverypositivereviewtheorkusmagazinenotedachangefromguitardominatedhymnstomelodicrocktunesandpraisedsingerjyrkispassionatesingingmetalhammergermanyreleasedtwodifferentstaffreviewsnotingthattheboardofeditorswasatoddswithratingthealbumwhileenricoahligpraisedareturntomelodicballadsandafinnishmelancholyandratedborderlinethebesttrackbytheeyesforthelasttenyearsjakobkranzwroteanegativereviewhecalledthesongsstickyandnotedthatthealbumsoundedtoocommercialtracklistingtracklistingheadlineregulareditiontitleloverunsawaybaziejoakimvreniusjyrkipatphoenixlengthtitletonightbaziejimmywahlsteenjoakimvreniusjyrkipatphoenixlengthtitleblackbaziejoakimvreniusjyrkipatphoenixlengthtitle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eithergborgbofinternalstorageitcontainsamahbatterysoftwarethexiaomimishipswithandroidoperatingsystemandroidandxiaomixiaomismiuiuserexperienceupdatesupdatesforthexiaomimiisavailableinthreechannelsstabledeveloperanddailynewstablebuildsareusuallyavailableeverymonthwithmajorchangesbetweeneachupdatenewdeveloperbuildsareusuallyavailableeveryweekwithsmallbutsometimessignificantfeaturesaddedbetweeneachupdateandnewbetabuildsareusuallyavailableeverywednesdaysandusuallyonlycontainsmallfixesandoptimizationsbetabuildsareonlyavailabletosomebetatestersselectedonmiuimiuiscommunityforumstoupdatebetweenversionsusersusuallyuseanovertheairupdaterapplicationitwillreceivemiuirefnamexiaomiconfirmsthemiandmisfromwillreceivemiuirefseealsoxiaomimiuicomparisonofsmartphonesreferencesexternallinkssuccessionboxtitlexiaomimiyearsbeforexiaomimisafterxiaomimiaredirectandreynikolayevichtikhonovtikhonovtikhonovredirectpavelalexandrovredirectnikolailuzinredirectninabarixqueryandxpathdatamodelminiyukiurushibaragothiclanguagercatshellpredictedandscheduledeventsaprilndashatotalsolareclipseofaprilsolareclipsewilloccurjulyndashhalleyscometreachesitsperiheliontheclosestpointtothesunthelastreturnreacheditsperiheliononfebruaryrefnamebbcmoonrefoctoberndashanannulareclipseannularsolareclipseofoctobersolareclipsewilloccurdecemberexpirationofthewaterconflictsbetweenmalaysiaandsingaporesingaporemalaysiawateragreementtheamericanassociationfortheadvancementofsciencecompletesaneffortmdashbeguninmdashtohelpallamericansbecomeliterateinsciencemathematicsandtechnologybasedonprojectorgpublicationsbslonlineindexphpintrotruedefinedbenchmarksspeculationslunarminingcommercialminingofthemoonselementscouldbeeconomicallyfeasibleinfictionstcenturyinfictionreferencesinfoboxalbumnamexxtwodecadesoflovemetaltypegreatestartisthimfinnishbandhimcoverhimxxjpgreleasedoctoberrecordedgenredonotaddagenrewithoutasourcelengthlabelsonytheendrecordstheendproducervariouslastalbumswrmxsbrthisalbumxxtwodecadesoflovemetalbrnextalbumtearsontapebralbumratingsrevallmusicrevscorerevexaminercomrevscorerevaboutcomrevscorexxtwodecadesoflovemetalisacompilationalbumbyfinnishbandhimfinnishbandhimreleasedoctoberineuropeandnovemberintheusitfeaturesallofthebandssinglesspanningfromtoaswellasacoverofthesongstrangeworldksongstrangeworldoriginallybytheartistkitisthebandssecondgreatesthitsalbumsinglescompilationthefirstbeingandlovesaidnothegreatesthitsreleasedintracklistingtracklistingextracolumnoriginalalbumtotallengthallwritingvillevaloexceptwherenotedtitlestrangeworldksongcoverbyhimstrangeworldextranalengthnotekmprendergasttitlejoinmeindeathextrarazorbladeromancelengthtitleheartkillerextrascreamworksloveintheoryandpracticelengthtitlewingsofabutterflyripoutthewingsofabutterflyextradarklighthimalbumdarklightlengthtitlethekissofdawnradioeditextravenusdoomlengthtitlethefuneralofheartsradioeditextralovemetallengthtitlerighthereinmyarmsradioeditextrarazorbladeromancelengthtitlepretendingextradeepshadowsandbrillianthighlightslengthtitleburiedalivebyloveradioeditextralovemetallengthtitlegonewiththesinextrarazorbladeromancelengthtitleyoursweetsixsixsixextragreatestlovesongsvollengthtitlethesacramentradioeditextralovemetallengthtitlewickedgamecoverbyhimwickedgameextragreatestlovesongsvollengthnotechrisisaaktitlekillinglonelinessextradarklightlengthtitlebleedwellradioeditextravenusdoomlengthtitleinjoyandsorrowradioeditextradeepshadowsandbrillianthighlightslengthtitlepoisongirlextrarazorbladeromancelengthtitlescaredtodeathextrascreamworksloveintheoryandpracticelengthtitlewhenloveanddeathembraceradioeditextragreatestlovesongsvollengthtitleheartacheeverymomentextradeepshadowsandbrillianthighlightslengthreferencesredirectlunokhodxylobandredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregistersredirectstreamingsimdextensionsregisterssummerolympicspussyriotxicetixicetixiuhtecuhtliinfoboxpersonnamexavierguerreroimagecaptionbirthnamejavierguerrerosaucedofranciscobirthdatebirthplacesanpedrodelascoloniascoahuiladeathdatedeathplacemexicocitymxicofederaldistrictmexicodfothernamesknownforoccupationpioneerpainterspouseclaraporsetfieldpaintingmuralistnationalitymexicansmexicanxavierguerrerodecembersanpedrodelascoloniascoahuilajunemexicocitywasoneofthepioneersofthemexicanmuralismmovementintheearlythcenturyhelearnedpaintingworkingwithhisfatherwhoworkedinmasonryanddecoratingwithevidencethathisabilitywasmostlyselftaughtinhemovedtoguadalajaraandbeganpaintingmuralsmovingtomexicocityinjustasthemuralismmovementwasabouttobeginmostofhisworkwasincollaborationwithorsubordinatetootherpainterssuchasdiegoriveraanddavidalfarosiqueirosworkingatthesanildefonsocollegethesecretariatofpubliceducationmainheadquarterssecretaradeeducacinpblicabuildingandtheuniversidadautnomadechapingohowevermuchofhisotherworkhasbeenlostwhilebestknownforhismuralworkhislatercanvasworkisconsideredtobebetterlifexavierguerrerowasborninwiththenamejavierguerrerosaucedofranciscousingthevariantxavierguerreroashisprofessionalnamerefnamemherrerarefhisfatherwasabricklayerpainteranddecoratordoingworkathaciendaswithxavierinvolvedhisfatherstradeearlyinlifelearningaestheticsandpaintingtechniquesalreadynotedforhisworkinwatercolorshemovedtoguadalajarainwherehemetpaintersmusicianssculptorsandjournalistsatalocationcalledcentrobohemiooneofthecentersofthestartofthemexicanmuralismmovementjeancharlotwasoneofhisbestfriendsrefnamelvalosrefforatimehelivedwithdiegoriveraandfridakahlorefnameatraparefmodottiintroducedguerrerotostalinistthoughtandhebecamepoliticallyactivewiththecommunismcommunistmovementhebecamealifelongsupporterofsocialistandcommunistpoliticshefoundedtheelmacheteapublicationofthemexicancommunistpartyalongwithdavidalfarosiqueirosinandthetwoalsofoundedthesindicatodeobrerostcnicospintoresyescultoresunionintheshemetandmarriedcubandesignerclaraporsetwhohadherownprofessionalcareerworkingwitharchitectssuchasjuansordomadalenoluisbarragnmariopaniandenriquedelmoralguerreroslastresidencewasoncalledelhipointhesanngelneighborhoodofmexicocityhediedinmexicocityonjuneatageandwasburiedatthepantenjardncareerxavierguerreroisoneofthemostimportantartistsfromthestateofcoahuilabutheisrelativelyunknowneveninhishomestateashedidnotachievetheleveloffamethatanumberofhiscontemporariesdidhoweverhewasoneofthepioneersofthemexicanmuralismmovementalongwithdiegoriverajosclementeorozcoanddavidalfarosiqueirosinhesignedapetitionalongwithotherartistsrequestingthatpresidentvenustianocarranzaprovidefacilitiesforthecreationandpromotionofmexicanartjustbeforewhatisconsideredtobetheofficialstartofthemexicanmuralismmovementwiththeeffortsofjosvasconcelosonereasonforhisobscurityisthatmuchofhismuralworkhasdisappearedwiththelargestsurvivingcollectionsfoundinguadalajaraandtheuniversidadautnomadechapingointhestateofmexicohebegantopaintmuralsinguadalajaragenerallywithbiblicaltopicsrurallandscapesallegoriesanddecorativeperimetershecreatedhisfirstmuralinonabuildinginjaliscocalledthepalaciodelasvacaswhenhewasonlysixteenyearsoldfromtohecreatedafrescoontheceilingofthehospitaldesancamilorepresentingtheresurrectionofchristinhemovedtomexicocitytopaintingthecupolaoftheformermonasterydelcarmenandresearchedprehispanicfrescotechniquesanotherreasonforhisobscurityisthatmuchofhisworkwasdoneincollaborationwithorinsubordinationtootherartistsheworkedwithrobertomontenegroattheformersanpedroysanpablocollegemuseumoflightsanpedroysanpablomonasteryontheelarboldelavidamuralandthedesignofthestainedglasswindowseljarabetapatoandlavendedoradepericoshealsodesignedthestainedglasswindowwiththesealoftheuniversidadnacionalautnomademxicointhesamebuildingwithjorgeencisoinguerrerometdiegoriveraandbecameoneoftheartiststopaintthesanildefonsocollegebuildingthentheescuelanacionalpreparatoriamexicoescuelanacionalpreparatoriaandtheanfiteatrobolivarmostlydoneinencausticpaintingencausticsunderriveraandsiqueiroshebecameoneofthepaintersofthesecretaradeeducacinpblicabuildingalongwithamadodelacuevaandpabloohigginsdespitethesubordinatepositionhewastheonetoteachriverahowtopreparewallsforfrescoworkheassistedonworksbyjosclementeorozcocarlosmridamiguelcovarrubiasandadolfobestmaugardwithgabrielfernndezledesmahedesignedthewainscotmadeoftalaverapotterytalaveratilesforthemuralworktitledzodiacoinmuchofhismuralworkwasdoneattheuniversidadautnomadechapingoanagriculturalcollegefromtoheworkedonthesixpedimentsoftheparthenonbuildingatthesametimeriverawaspaintingtheinterioroftheschoolsformerchapelthepedimentswerepaintedwithallegoriesofhumanitysrelationshiptothefruitofthefieldwhichalsocontaincommunistsymbolsthesemuralswererestoredinhealsodidatwentytwopanelmuralattheolddirectorshousewhichwasdemolishedinthesthesepanelsweremovedbeforehandwithfiveonpermanentdisplayatthemuseonacionaldeagriculturaonthecampusandtheothersinthepossibleoftheinstitutonacionaldebellasartesintotalchapingohastwentythreefrescopanelsoneoilportraitonepencildrawingandsculpturedreliefsofhisfromthesonhiscareermostlyconcentratedoncanvasworkwhichheisconsideredbetteratbutdidnotbringhimtherecognitionofhismuralworkhoweverfromtoheworkedwithdavidsiqueirosonamuralinchillnchilecalledmuertealinvasoratthepedroaguierrecerdalibraryoftheescuelamxicohepaintedthefrescopanelscalleddemxicoachileonthelobbyofthesamebuildingtheyunderwentrestorationinbutweredamagedbyanearthquakeinlatermuralsalsoincludemotivosmexicanosatthehouseofjosguadalupezunoandeldaylanocheattheermitacinemaintacubayaintheshealsopaintedmuralsataresidenceinguadalajaraandattheclubdelaunindemecnicosbutonlyfragmentsremainrecogniztionsincludeonemajorprizefirstplaceattheinternationalcompetitionofcontemporaryfurnituredesignsponsoredbythemuseumofmodernartinnewyorkhewasalsoacceptedasamemberofthesalndelaplsticamexicanahehadalargeexhibitionatthemuseodeartemodernoinmexicocityininthestateofcoahuilaheldaretrospectiveofhisworkcalledentretorrenysanpedrohomenajoalmaestroxavierguerreroartistryduringhiscareerguerrerodidcanvasworkgraphicartandmuralpaintingwhilehismuralworkishisbestknownhiscanvasworkisconsideredtobebetterandhehadmoresuccesswithitduringhislifetimeatthetimehismuralswereconsideredtohaveaweakqualitybuthislatercanvasworkshowsgreatrefinementinhistechniquehismostsignificantcanvasworkisaselfportraitfrominwhichabloodredcolordominatesdespitethisriveraconsideredhimamasterofalfrescomuraltechniquesandjeancharlotcalledhimamasterinallthatinvolvesclimbingandpaintinghousesandwallsashetaughtmuralandwallpreparationtechniquestobothartistshismuralworkwasfirstinfluencedbyhischildhoodexperiencedwithmasonryanddecorationandhasafolkqualitytoithisworkisconsideredtoblurthedistinctionbetweenfineartfolkartandhandcraftsthereisevidencethatmuchofhispaintingabilitywasselftaughthisworkinmuralswasmostlyassociatedwiththemexicanmuralismmovementeventhoughhistravelsallowedhimtoseeotherpaintingstyleshestuckwiththerealismthatwasdevelopinginmexicohismuralthemesincludethehistorysufferinglaborandaspirationsofthemexicanpeoplelikemanyofthemuralistshethoughtofartasameansofsocialtransformationtoliberatetheoppressedclassesbuthedidfindmuchofthemovementsovertpoliticalcharacteralienatingguerrerosthemestendedtobemorephilosophicalforguerreromanandnatureidentifyinteractinamagicalandpoeticwayhissubjectsmostlyconsistedofimagesfromnaturesuchaslandscapesflowersandfruitevenwhenhedidportraythehumanbodyitwasgenerallysurroundedbyplantsandanimalshisworkhasbeendescribedaspantheisticandmythicalinthathumansdonotcenterespeciallyinhiscanvasworkandelementsofnaturehaveanthropomorphicqualitiesforthisreasonhehasbeendescribedasthesuccessortomexicosprecolumbianartthisqualitydistinguisheshisworkfromhiscontemporariesreferencesinfoboxchineselanguagesingerandactorimagenamexufancaptionchinesenamepinyinchinesenamexfnjyutpingchinesenameceoisupsupfaansupsupancestrybirthdatebirthplacewuhanhubeichinadeathdatedeathplacerestingplacerestingplacecoordinatesothernameoccupationactressyearsactivendashpresentcurrentmemberspastmembersassociatedactspousefengxiaogangasianfilmawardshuabiaoawardshuabiaoawardforoutstandingactressoutstandingactressbrbethereorbesquarebraftershockfilmaftershockxufanbornaugustisachineseactressandasianfilmawardswinnershemarriedfilmdirectorfengxiaoganginandhasstarredinanumberoffilmsandtelevisionseriesdirectedbyherhusbandfilmographyfilmsclasswikitablesortableyeartitlerolenotesunforgettablelifeyangmeililianyingtheimperialeunuchconsortzhenafterseparationlinzhouyunnominatedgoldenroosterawardforbestactressgoneforeverwithmylovegegenominatedgoldenroosterawardforbestactressthedreamfactorytanglijunspicylovesoupchenjingbethereorbesquareliqingwonhuabiaoawardforoutstandingactressbrwonstudentschoiceawardforfavoriteactressbrnominatedgoldenroosterawardforbestactresscrashlandingfilmcrashlandingqiuyehuathemirrorfilmthemirrormarysorrybabylotuslanternsanshengmuvoicesighfilmsighsongxiaoyingwonstudentschoiceawardforfavoriteactressbrwoncairointernationalfilmfestivalforbestactressbrnominatedgoldenroosterawardforbestsupportingactressfatherfilmfatherqihuaiyuanfilmwasmadeincellphonefilmcellphoneshenxuenominatedhundredflowersawardforbestactressaworldwithoutthievesmrsliueathottofuslowlyyangqingonefootoffthegroundsumeicrossedlinesfilmcrossedlinesthefoundingofarepublicliaomengxingaftershockfilmaftershockliyuanniwonasianfilmawardsforbestactressbrwonhuabiaoawardforoutstandingactressbrnominatedgoldenroosterawardforbestactressbrnominatedgoldenhorseawardforbestactressbrnominatedasiapacificscreenawardforbestperformancebyanactressmajorsecretaryloveinspacefilmloveinspacemaryhuangbacktohuazhifullcirclecameosavinggeneralyangshesaihuatherooftopfilmtherooftopjasmineiamdirectorwhenapekingfamilymeetsaupaironedaytheassassinrailroadtigerstelevisionclasswikitablesortableyeartitlerolenoteschickenfeatherseverywherelijinggreenclothxiaoyanqiuwonflyingapsarasawardforoutstandingactresschuanqihuangdizhuyuanzhangzhuyuanzhangthelegendaryemperorempressmahongwumaxiuyingnationsphysicianyunhemingwintheworldmadamehanreferencesexternallinksrottentomatoescomcelebrityxufanxufanprofilerottentomatoesaccessedaugustlunularicacidchemboximagefilesectionchemboxidentifierssectionchemboxpropertiesformulaxerhfsubsubmolarmassgmolxenonhexafluororhodatexerhfsubsubisadeeprednoblegascompoundfirstchemicalsynthesissynthesisedinbyneilbartlettchemistneilbartlettrefnamepaulingpaulinglinusgeneralchemistryrdsanfranciscodoverprintrefitisanalogoustoxenonhexafluoroplatinatesynthesisxenonhexafluororhodateisproducedbythedirectcombinationofxenonandrhodiumhexafluoridexerhfsubsubxerhfsubsubreferencesinfoboxmilitaryinstallationnamexlenditowernativenametorritaxxlendipartofthelascaristowerslocationxlendimunxargozomaltaimagexlenditowerjpgimagesizepxcaptionviewofxlenditowertypecoastaldefenceandfortificationcoastalwatchtowercoordinatesownershipgovernmentofmaltacontrolledbydinlartelwabrmunxarlocalcouncilopentopublicnobuiltusedbrsbuilderknightshospitallerorderofsaintjohnmaterialslimestoneheightconditionintactbattlesworldwariixlenditowerisasmallwatchtowernearxlendibaywithinthelimitsofmunxarontheislandofgozoinmaltathetowerisoneofthelascaristowersanddatestoitiscurrentlyundergoingrestorationitistheoldestofthefoursurvivingwatchtowersongozotheearliergarzestowergarzesandmarsalforntowerfirsttowermarsalforntowersweredestroyedinthethandthcenturieshistoryxlenditowerwasproposedinbythebaliffbaldassarededemandolxconstructionbegansoonafteranditwascompletebyjunetheuniversitofgozopaidthecostofconstructionthetowerisrectangularanditsdesignissimilartothatoftheearlierlascaristowersonmaltaunliketheearlierlascaristowersxlenditowerhasanadditionalplatformwithaslopetoitsbaseontheseawardsideithasaflatroofwheregunsweremountedinitiallyitheldtwopoundergunswhichwerelaterreplacedbytwopoundergunsentrancetothetowerisviaanexternalflightofstairsthatconnectstotheonlydoorwaywhichissituatedonthesecondfloororiginallythetowerwasunderthecommandofacapomastroassistedbyabombardierandanaggiutanteallofwhomwerepaidbytheuniversitatnightthreemenmannedthetowersaltevaporationpondsaltpansarelocatedclosetothetowerbyitwasalreadyinpoorconditionneedingrenovationduringthebritisherathetowerfellundertheresponsibilityoftheroyalmaltafenciblesfencibleregimentwhichbecametheroyalmaltafencibleartillerywhenthefencibleartillerywasrelievedofitscoastalwatchdutiesinthetowerwasabandonedduringworldwariithecoastpolicemannedthetowerasanobservationpostinthetowerwasleasedtoprivatepersonsbuteventuallyitwasabandonedpresentdaythetowerwashandedtothemunxarlocalcouncilanddinlartelwainoctobertheyarerestoringthetowerwhilesharingtheexpensesequallyreferencesnotesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebculturalheritagegovmtfilebankinventorypdfnationalinventoryoftheculturalpropertyofthemalteseislandssarfatitsakhiagiinelbegdorjskhbaatarynbatboldredirectcategoryshellmrbekbabanovmrbekbabanovrozaotunbayevarozaotunbayevaredirectcategoryshellairastanaairastanaredirectcategoryshellnurotannurotannurotanjasotankazakhstanitengednazarbayevaredirectcategoryshellastanaredirectcategoryshellnursultannazarbayevredirectcategoryshellvladimirputininfoboxmodelnamexiaowenjuimagejuxiaowendknycroppedjpgimagesizecaptionxiaowenjudknynativenamejxiownbirthdatebirthplacexianshaanxiprovincechinaheightftinmhaircolorblackeyecolorbrownagencyplainlistimgmodelsnewyorkparismilanlondonsydneyxiaowenjusimplifiedchinesecharacterssimplifiedchinesetraditionalchinesecharacterstraditionalchinesepinyinjxiownbornmayisachinesefashionmodelmodelshewasthefirstmodelofchinesedescenttobethefaceofmarcjacobsbrandmarcjacobsearlylifexiaowenjuwasbornonmayinthecityofxianinshaanxiprovinceshebeganhermodelingcareerinchinainsigningwithimgmodelscareeraftergainingattentionwithherappearanceonthecoverofharpersbazaarchinamaywhichfocusedonchinesemodelsjudebutedinnewyorkcityatthefallhonorshowinshewalkedforshiatzychenphilliplimcalvinkleincalvinkleinjeansdknyemanuelungarohermslouisvuittonpradarochasandthierrymugleramongothersinadditionshewaspickedtobeonlanecrawfordsfwcampaignalongwithothertopchinesemodelslikemingxiandshupeiinshehaswalkedforphilliplimdknydsquaredhermsjillstuartjonathansaunderslouisvuittonmarcjacobsmoschinomoschinocheapchicandtoryburchshehasdoneadcampaignsforadidasdiorkenzobrandkenzolanecrawfordandmarcjacobsbecomingthefirstchinesetofrontthedesignerscampaignshehasalsoappearedonthecoverofvoguechinaandnumronumerochinatwiceattibisfwshowshemistakenlywalkeddowntherunwayinthewrongdirectioninsheappearedonthecoverofvogueitaliaasofjulyshewasrankednumberonmodelscomstopfemalemodelslistshewalkedinthevictoriassecretfashionshowbecomingonlyfifthchinesemodeltodosoafterliuwensuiheshupeiandmingxiasofshewasinductedintomodelscomslistofindustryiconsastatusreservedformodelswithhighinfluencenotesexternallinksdemocraticpartymongoliaredirectcategoryshellcivilwillgreenpartyatazhurtinfoboxmusicalartistseewikipediawikiprojectmusiciansnamexeniajankovicimageimagesizebackgroundnonvocalinstrumentalistbirthnameksenijajankovialiasbirthdatebirthplaceniserbiadeathdateoriginserbianpeopleserbianandrussianinstrumentcellogenreclassicaloccupationflatlistpedagoguecellistyearsactivelabelassociatedactscurrentmemberspastmembersxeniajankovicbornoctoberisaserbianrussiancellistbiographyxeniajankovicwasbornininniserbiaintoaserbsserbianrussiansrussianfamilyofmusicianshermotherwasapianistandherfatheraconductorimmediatefascinationandlovetowardscellomadeherstartstudyingthatinstrumentwithherfatheralreadyattheageofsixsoonaftershebecameastudentofprofessorjankoristicfromthemusicschoolbelgradeserbiaandreachedherdebutwiththebelgradephilharmonicorchestrawhenshewasonlyninetheresultoftruecommitmentcametwoyearslaterwhenxeniajankovicreceivedastatescholarshiptothemoscowconservatorywhereshestudiedwithcellistsstefankalianovandmstislavrostropovichlatershecont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ncedasthewinnerwithdebutsingleakumemilihsetiaandrossasingerrossaemergedasthewinningmentorbasedonthethexfactorukukformatthecompetitionconsistsofauditionsinfrontofproducersandthenthejudgeswithaliveaudiencebootcampjudgeshomesandthenthelivefinalsauditionsfortheshowbeganinseptemberandconcludedinnovembertheshowwashostedbyexmtvindonesiavjidrobbypurbarobbypurbawhilethejudgingpanelconsistsofahmaddhanirossasingerrossaanggunandbebiromeopopsensationalsingermulanjameelafilledinforanggunattheauditionswhileanggunwasperforminginhereuropelivetourconcertjudgesandhostsmultipleimagedirectionhorizontalheaderseasonjudgesimagedhanidewajpgaltjudgecaptionahmaddhaniwidthimagerossaaimcroppedjpgaltjudgecaptionrossasingerrossawidthimageangguntrianonparisjuinjpgaltjudgecaptionanggunwidthimagealtjuricaptionbebiromeowidthmanypeoplewererumoredtobeintherunningtojointhejudgingpanelincludingindralesmanatitidjahmaddhanirossasingerrossatitirajobintangtitisjumanmaiaestiantyvinapanduwinataidtompitompianggunidananghermansyahananghermansyahsherinamunafagnesmonicaruthsahanayaiwanfalsjaclynvictorgiringganeshaandbebiromeoonoctoberrcticonfirmedthatahmaddhaniandbebiromeowillbethejudgesofthisseasonbyacommercialpromowithtworemainingfemalejudgesstillwaitingforaconfirmationonnovemberreportssurfacedthatrossaofficiallysignedontojudgetheshowitwasalsorumouredthatagnesmonicawasintalkstobethejudgeonnovemberrossahasofficiallyconfirmedbyhertwitterthatshewilljoiningasjudgeonnovemberduringthefilmingofthejudgesauditionsitwasannouncedthatindonesianborninternationalsingeranggunwillbejoiningtheshowasamemberofthejudgingpanelrefnamexfijudgesrefhowevershemissedtheauditionandbootcamproundduetohereuropelivetourpopsensationalsingermulanjameelafilledinforanggunasguestjudgeattheauditionsnumerouspeoplewerespeculatedtohosttheseriesincludingvjmediapersonalityvjidboywilliamboywilliamanddanielmanantahostofindonesianidolonnovemberexmtvindonesiavjidrobbypurbarobbypurbawasannouncedashostoftheshowselectionprocesslocationmapindonesiafloatrightwidthcaptioncitieswheretheauditionswereheldplacesauditionstheproducersauditionsbeganonseptemberatthestateuniversityofmedaninmedannorthsumatramoreproducersauditionswereheldonoctoberatthesasanabudayaganeshainbandungwestjavaoctoberatthebalaiprajuritinsurabayaeastjavanovemberatthejogjaexpocenterinyogyakartayogyakartaspecialregionofyogyakartaandconcludedonnovemberatthekemayoranjakartainternationalexpoinjakartajakartajakartaspecialcapitalregiononoctoberrctiannouncedthatapplicantscoulduploadavideoofthemsingingontoxfactorindonesiawebsiteanditwasopenedfordaysonlyoctoberselectedapplicantswouldappearinfrontofthejudgesthelastsetofauditionstookplaceduringnovemberanddecemberatstudiorctitheseauditionsindividuallyoccursimultaneouslybeforeboththejudgesandalivestudioaudienceandwithsuchaudienceinattendanceabletoapplaudcheerapprovalordisapprovalandperhapsinfluencingthejudgesbootcampfilmingforbootcampwasheldondecemberinstudiorctiaswiththeauditionstherewasnosignofanggunatbootcampthebootcampstagewasbroadcastintwoepisodesonjanuaryandfebruarythefirstdayofbootcampsawjudgessplittheactsintotheirfourcategoriesboysgirlsoversandgroupstheyreceivedvocalcoachingandeachcategorylaterperformedonesongtheboyssangharusterpisahorhargaiakuthegirlssangbutirandebuorrindutheoverssangseparuhakuorbungaterakhirandthegroupssangcoulditbeortakpernahpadamattheendofthedaythenumberofactswascuttoontheseconddayactsweregivendancelessonsbychoreographersthejudgesthensplitthenumberofactsdowntotwogroupsactsthroughtothenextdayandremainingactsmustperformonceagainwithanacappellaperformancethejudgesthenwentontocutactstheremainingactswerethengiventhetaskoflearningonesongmakingittheirownandperformingitinfrontofjudgesthejudgesthenchosethefinalactsbasedontheseperformanceshowevertheyfinallychoseactsattheendofthedayjudgessuggestedthattheoverscategorybechangedtoandoverasthequalityofoldersingerswashightheboysandgirlscategoriesthencomprisedsingersagedtoratherthantoasthegroupscategorywastheweakestfourrejectedsoloistsfromtheboyscategoryandfourfromthegirlscategorywereaskedtoformtwogroupsasagirlbandilusiagirlsandaboybandnudimensionthesuccessfulactswereboysadhipermanadickyadamdennismarthaidgedebagusgedebagusidmikhaangelomikhaangelostevenfaslygirlsyohannafebriantiidshenamalsianashenamalsianafatinshidqiatheresiadinapratamimarjajelianamelissaputrinurulfadhilaoversagushafiluddinidalexrudiarthutajulualexrudiartnovitadewisyarifahraykhanisarajataufikhidayatlisasulistyowatidwisorayagroupsdalagitaawanjadnsugynudimensionilusiagirlsjudgeshomevisitthejudgeshomevisitwasthelaststageoftheselectionprocesstheepisodewasairedonfebruarythiswasthedebutepisodeforanggunasjudgeandmentorontheshowduringthisstageitwasrevealedthatahmaddhanidhaniwouldmentorthegroupsrossasingerrossawouldmentorthegirlsanggunwouldmentortheboysandbebiromeobebiwouldmentortheoversthefinalselectionprocesswasaidedbyanassistantpercategoryidkevinapriliokevinapriliojoineddhaniatancolmarinabataviainjakartamaiaestiantyjoinedrossaatherprivatehouseinjakartapersonnelofidklaprojectklaproje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elffrompoliticsbecauseheperceivedthepoliticalarenatobecorruptanddangerousherepeatedlyturneddownofferstoserveinthegovernmentandspenthistimeproducingnumerouswritingsandgivinglectureshoweverinlatehewasforcedtojointhecivilserviceandbecameanofficialwithinaspanofonlydaysherosethroughtheranksquicklyfromhisinitialstatusasacommonertothehighlyprestigiousofficeofthreeducalministersministerofworkspriortothatwithinthedayshehadheldtheappointmentsofchancellorofpingyuanandministerofthehouseholdhediedofillnessinwhilesecretlymakingplanswithwangyunhandynastywangyunheyonghandynastyheyongandotherstoeliminatethetyrannicalwarlorddongzhuowhohadhijackedandcontrolledthehancentralgovernmentlifexunshuangsancestralhomechineseancestralhomewasinyingchuancommanderyaroundpresentdayxuchanghenanhewasthesixthsonofxunshuanofficialwhoservedastheprefectoflanglingcountyandasthechancellortothemarquisoflanglingcountyxunshuhadeightsonswhowerenicknamedtheeightdragonsofthexunfamilyxunshuangwasfondofreadingsincechildhoodhecouldfluentlyrecitetheanalectsandspringandautumnannalswhenhewasjustthegrandcommandantduqiaopraisedhimandsaidhewasworthyofbecomingateacherashewasinterestedpurelyinscholarlypursuitshedistancedhimselffrompoliticsbyrefusingtosocialisewithofficialsandturningdownofferstoserveinthegovernmentthepeopleinyingchuancommanderyoncesaidamongtheeightdragonsofthexunfamilyciminghasnoequalinafterzhaodiantheministerofceremoniesnominatedhimtojointhecivilservicexunshuangwasappointedasagentlemanalowlevelofficialhewrotealongmemorialtothethronememorialtotheimperialcourtrequestingthatthegovernmentpromoteconfucianismenforceliconfucianismconfucianrulesofproprietymorerigorouslylowertaxesandreduceanoversupplyofmaidsintheimperialpalacebyfreeingthemandarrangingforthemtobemarriedheresignedaftersubmittinghismemorialxunshuangtriedtopersuadeotherofficialstoleavethepoliticalarenatoavoidgettingintotroubleinemperorhuanofhanemperorhuanissuedageneralamnestyliyingeasternhanliyinganofficialwhowasimprisonedduringthefirstdisastersofthepartisanprohibitionsdisasterofthepartisanprohibitionsinwaspardonedreleasedandreinstatedasanofficialmanyofficialswantedliyingtoserveasgrandcommandanthoweverxunshuangwasworriedthatliyingwouldincurthejealousyofothersduetohisfameandpopularitysohewrotealettertoliyingtoadvisehimtomaintainalowprofiletoavoidtroubleduringtheseconddisastersofthepartisanprohibitionsdisasterofthepartisanprohibitionsininordertoevadethepoliticalturmoilxunshuangfirstfledtothecoastalregionsandthenheadedsouthtotheareanearthemouthofthehanrivershaanxiandhubeihanriveraroundpresentdaywuhanhubeihespentovertenyearsinsouthernchinawhereheproducednumerouswritingsandgavelecturesandearnedhimselfareputationasahighlylearnedconfucianscholarinafteremperorlingofhanemperorlingliftedtherestrictionsoncivillibertiesandendedtheseconddisasterofthepartisanprohibitionsxunshuangwasagaininvitedtoserveinoneofthetopfiveofficesinthegovernmentyuanfengthethreeducalministersministerofworksnominatedxunshuangtojointhecivilservicebutxunshuangrefusedtobecomeanofficialwhenyuanfengdiedxunshuangmournedhimforthreeyearsandstartedatrendwhereofficialswouldmournthedeathsofthosewhonominatedthemintoofficexunshuangalsocriticisedsomepopularpracticeswhichhedeemedtobenotinlinewithconfuciancustomswhenthegeneralhejincametopowerasregentinmidafteremperorlingsdeaththeimperialcourtsentacarriagetofetchxunshuangtotheimperialcapitalluoyangtoserveasanofficialagainhejinwasworriedthatxunshuangwoulddeclinetheoffersohenominatedxunshuangtobeapalaceattendanthoweverthenominationbecamevoidverysoonbecausehejinwasassassinatednotlonglaterbythetenattendantseunuchfactionintheimperialcourtshortlyafterhejinsdeaththewarlorddongzhuohijackedandseizedcontrolofthecentralgovernmentinlatehereplacedliubianemperorshaowithemperorxianofhanemperorxianwhowasactuallyapuppetrulerunderhiscontrolafteremperorxiansenthronementdongzhuoissuedanordertoxunshuangtoserveinthegovernmentxunshuangtriedtoescapebutfailedsohehadnochoicebuttofollowtheorderandserveasthechancellorofpingyuanstatewhileenroutetopingyuanstatehepassedbywanlingcountywherehewasappointedministerofthehouseholdthreedaysafterheassumedofficehewaspromotedtothreeducalministersministerofworkswithinaspanofonlydayshehadrisenthroughtheranksquicklyfromacommonertooneofthemostprestigiousofficesinthehangovernmentwhileinofficeasministerofworksxunshuangtriedtobalancerelationsbetweendongzhuoandotherofficialsinacoalitionofregionalofficialsandwarlordsstartedacampaignagainstdongzhuointhenameofrescuingemperorxianfrombeingheldhostagebydongzhuoasdongzhuopreparedtoevacuateluoyangandmovetheimperialcapitaltochanganinthewesttwoofficialsyangbiaoandhuangwanstronglyobjectedtohisdecisionandhadaheatedargumentwithhimintheimperialcourtxunshuangwasworriedthatdongzhuowouldexecuteyangbiaoandhuangwanforopposinghimsohepretendedtoopenlychideyangbiaoandhuangwaninfrontofeveryonebysayingyouthinkthechancellorofstatedongzhuofeelshappyabouthavingtodothisthecoalitionfromtheeastcantbedefeatedinjustonedaythatswhyweshouldmovethecapitalelsewhereandwaitforanopportunitytostrikebackthesituationnowissimilartothatofqinstateqinandhandynastyhandongzhuosangersubsidedlaterxunshuangprivatelytoldyangbiaoifyouandtheotherexcellenciescontinuetoopenlyargueoversuchissuesyoulldefinitelygetyourselvesintotroublethatswhyichoosetoremainsilentalthoughxunshuangfolloweddongzhuotochanganandappearedtosupporthimheactuallyplottedtoeliminatedongzhuobecausehebelievedthatdongzhuostyrannyandcrueltywouldruinthehandynastyhesecretlycontactedwangyunhandynastywangyunheyonghandynastyheyongandotherofficialstomakeplanstoassassinatedongzhuohoweverhediedofillnessinattheageofbeforetheplanmaterialisedaroundthelatesafterxunshuangsnephewxunyuwasappointedactingprefectofthemastersofwritinghehadhisunclesremainstransferredfromchanganbacktothexunfamilysancestralhomechineseancestralhomeinyingchuancommanderyaroundpresentdayxuchanghenanforburialhealsoarrangedforheyongtobeburiedbesidexunshuangseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsnotesreferenceschenshouchenshourecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhifanyehistorianfanyebookofthelaterhanpeisongzhipeisongzhiannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhusimaguangsimaguangzizhitongjianinfoboxeventimagecaptiondatetimechinastandardtimecstplacepanzhihuasichuanchinafatalitiesdeadmissingthexiaojiawancoalminedisasterwasaminingaccidentwhichhappenedonaugustatthexiaojiawancoalminelocatedinpanzhihuainsichuansichuanprovincechinaitwasthedeadliestmineaccidentsincetheheilongjiangmineexplosionasaresultofagasexplosioninthexiaojiawancoalmineatleastminerswerekilledandwasstillmissingasofseptemberrefnameneteaserefweresenttohospitalwithsevenincriticalconditionrefnamereuterscitenewsagencyreuterstitleatleastkilledmissinginchinesemineblastxinhuaurlreuterscomarticleuschinamineidusbretsfirstjohnlastruwitchdateaugustaccessdateaugustrefitwasreportedthatminersdiedfromcarbonmonoxidepoisoningwhilethreeothersdiedinhospitalatthemomentofexplosiontherewereminersworkingattheminetheshaftoftheminehasbeenseverelydestroyedasofaugustmorethanrescuershavetakenpartintherescueoperationrescueoperationsarecomplicatedduetohightemperaturesreachingthexiaojiawancoalmineisanintegratedcoalminewithanannualoutputofnbspmetricnbsptonsofcoalitstrialrunstartedinmarchindecemberitgainedasafetylicenserefnameasiaonecitenewsworkasianewsnetworktitleminersconfirmeddeadinsichuancollieryblasturlnewsasiaonecomnewsasiaonebnewsasiastoryastoryhtmldateaugustaccessdateaugustrefthemineisownedbyzhengjinindustryandtradecoltdthreeownersofthemineweredetainedforinvestigationrefnamexinhuacitenewsworkchinaradiointernationalagencyxinhuatitlechineserescuersracetosavetrappedminersurlenglishcricnshtmdateaugustaccessdateaugustrefrefnamebloombergcitenewsworkbloombergbusinessweekagencyassociatedpresstitlekilledincoalmineblastinsouthwestchinaurlbusinessweekcomapkilledincoalmineblastinsouthwestchinadateaugustaccessdateaugustdeadurlyesrefseealsolistofcoalminingaccidentsinchinareferencesxiaojiawancoalminedisasterxiaojiawancoalminedisasterxiaojiawancoalminedisastersachnisiadipostatinakhcthadkhchotimessquarengquynyuanshaonikolaialeksandrovichkrasilnikovwangxiaoningnumberofthebeastmarkofthebeastredirectcategoryshellcivilwillgreenpartyredirectcategoryshellaqjoldemocraticpartyenzalutamidekazmunaygaskazmunaygaskazpostkazakhtelecomcommunistpeoplespartyofkazakhstanredirectcategoryshellcommunistpeoplespartyofkazakhstancommunistpeoplespartyofkazakhstandemocraticpartyadiletpiratepartyofkazakhstansamrukkazynasamrukkazynasamrukkazynakazakhstantemirzholyumirzakshukeyevnikolainicolayaleksandrovichredirectcategoryshellsamrukkazynakrasilnikovkrasilnikovkrasilnikovaxiaojiawancoalminedisasterspeciesboximageimagecaptionstatusstatussystemparentauthorityclarencelesterturnerclturnerdisplayparentsgenusxenotaeniaspeciesresolanaeauthorityclarencelesterturnerclturnerxenotaeniaresolanaetheleopardsplitfinisaspeciesofsplitfinendemismendemictomexicowhereitisfoundinthepurificacinriverjaliscopurificacinandmarabascoriverbasinsthisspeciesgrowstoalengthoffishmeasurementtlitisfoundintheaquariumtradeandistheonlyknownspeciesinitsgenusreferencesxenotaeniaresolanaedroidrazrmcinnamoncinnamoncinnamomumverumcinnamomumverumcinnamomumverumcinnamomumverumcinnamomumverumcinnamomumverumcinnamomumverumcinnamomumverumxunhngtyninhwasavietnamesepeoplevietnamesesongwriterandsingingsingerhewasarecipientofthehchminhprizeposthumouslyinreferencesexternallinksheilongjiangkazakhstanredirectcategoryshellkhabaragencypresidentofkazakhstanpresidentofkazakhstanmeniqazaqstanymconstitutionofkazakhstannorovynaltankhuyagmayrefertonumberoneoftheyearsbcadnovelnovelanovelbywumingstudioanewyorkcitynightclubfromuntilfilmfilmaamericandramafilmabouttheclubthdivisiondisambiguationthregimentoffootdisambiguationthinfantrydisambiguationinfoboxpageanttitleholdernamedianaxubirthnamexjdnbirthdatebirthplaceshanghaichinaheighthaircolorblackeyecolordarkbrowntitlemissuniversechinamissuniversechinacompetitionsmisschinaworldmissworldchinabrndrunnerupbrmissuniversechinamissuniversechinabrwinnerbrmissuniversebrbestnationalcostumedianaxujidanbornjulyisachina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newyorktimesasanexperimentalconferencerefnamenytrefhistoryxoxotheinauguraleventwasheldinportlandsyaleunionlaundrybuildinginseptemberwithapproximatelyparticipantsrefnamevergedreamrefthefirstdayoftheconferencefocusedontalksfromindependentcreatorsfromfieldssuchasfilmcomicsmusicartandillustrationvideogameshardwaredesignandproductdesignwhilethesecondcenteredontechnologyandthosebuildingtoolstofacilitateandencourageindependentcreativitythroughthewebspeakersandperformersincludeddanharmonadamsavagemcfrontalotchristopherpoolechrispoolebrepettisjulianunesthekleptonesthelimousinesandthecreatorsofkickstartermetafiltervhxsimplebanksimpledieselsweetiesindiegamethemovieandworldofgooassociatedeventsincludedlivemusicfilmscreeningsanarcadeofindependentlyproducedvideogamesapubcrawlamarketandfoodtrucksrefnamenytfestivalrefnewsmediaandbloggersnotedanimpressivelistofspeakersafocusondemocratizingmediaandinnovationruthbrownwrotetheaudiencewasoverwhelminglywhitemalemiddleclassandeducatedrefnamepgbrefxoxoxoxoreturnedtotheyaleunionlaundrybuildinginseptemberwithspeakersworkshopsfilmsmusicshowsgameeventsandamarketbaiodescribeditasbeingaboutartistsandhackersandmakersthatareusingtheinternettomakealivingdoingwhattheyloveindependentlywithoutsacrificingcreativeorfinancialcontrolspeakersandperformersincludedtimschafervihartevanwilliamsinternetentrepreneurevanwilliamsmollycrabapplemarcoarmentjackconteerikamoenjaysmoothadrianholovatyandthecreatorsofcardsagainsthumanitypinboardwebsitepinboardandpaniccompanypanictheeditorsofboingboingmarkfrauenfeldercorydoctorowdavidpescovitzandxenijardinappearedtogetheronstageforthefirsttimetocommemoratethethanniversaryofthezineslaunchinmusicalperformancesincludedanamanaguchijackcontejonathancoultonandjimguthriesingersongwriterjimguthrieanattendeeglennfleishmandescribedtheconferenceashavingaveryfriendlysocialenvironmentandinspiringpeopletochangetheirjobsandhenotedessaysbyotherattendeesabouttheneedforcritiqueandnotjustfriendlinessalackofgenderbalancesimilartothetechnologyindustryingeneralandaharassmentincidentthatwashandledeffectivelyanotherattendeealsodiscussedherenjoymentofthepeopleattheconferenceandshenotedthechallengeofrunningaconferenceaboutindependentcreatorsthatisinaccessibleforsomeindependentcreatorsduetoticketandtravelcosttheorganizersdescribedtheirchoiceofyaleunionlaundrybuildingasimportanttotheeventwithcharacterandhistoryunlikeoregonconventioncenterportlandsconventioncenterxoxointhethirdxoxowasheldonseptemberatthereddaformermetalstampingfacilityinanindustrialareaofseportlandthexoxolineupwasannouncedinjuneandconferenceticketsweresoldoutbythefirstweekofjulyconferencespeakersincludedanitasarkeesianhankgreenginatrapanigolanlevinjohngruberleighalexanderjournalistleighalexanderkevinkellyeditorkevinkellyjustinhalljonathanmannmusicianjonathanmannrachelbinxandwelcometonightvalecocreatorjosephfinksarkeesiansappearancewasmetwithcontroversyfromgamergatecontroversygamergatesupporterswithoneprotestorpassingoutleafletsrefnamethevergecomrefaneweveningeventxoxostorywasaddedinwithliveperformancesofpopularpodcastslikeharmontownjohnroderickmusicianjohnrodericksrendezvousandsongexploderfeaturinganinterviewwiththethermalsasecondnightofmusicwasalsoaddedincludingperformancesfrompomplamooseyachtbandyachtmollylewisjohnroderickmusicianjohnroderickandseannelsonfromthelongwintersmikedoughtyandnerfherderxoxoarcadefeaturedunreleasedorexhibitiononlygamessuchasquadrilateralcowboyandthetenplayerkillerqueenvideogamekillerqueenarcadecabinetandnewworkfromkeitatakahashithreesgamethreescreatorashervollmerandqwopcreatorbennettfoddytenfilmsandshortswereshownatxoxofilmincludingpreviewsofthefirsttwoepisodesofnatashaallegrisbeepuppycatseriesnewanimationsfromdavidoreillyartistdavidoreillyandpesdirectorpesandthedebutofempireuncutthecrowdsourcedsequeltostarwarsuncutnewsmediaandbloggersnotedamoreserioustonefrompreviousyearsboingboingsaidadarkersenseofmissionandmeaningtookholdintheeventsthirdyearthevergecalleditthemostinterestingweekendintechthatpushesthewebforwardthedailydotreportedthatofattendeeswerefemaledoubletherateofpreviousyearsxoxothefourthxoxowasheldonseptemberatrevolutionhalltheauditoriumoftheformerwashingtonhighschoolportlandoregonwashingtonhighschoolinthebuckmanneighborhoodofseportlandforthefirsttimealimitednumberofsubsidizedpasseswereofferedfortothosewhocouldntotherwiseaffordtoattendfreeonsitechildcarelivecaptioningoftalksandfreebikerentalswerealsonewadditionsconferencespeakersincludedheatherarmstronggimletmediasalexblumbergveronicabelmontkathysierraspiketrotmandanielmalloryortberganildashzoquinnericameyerbojackhorsemanslisahanawaltvlambeersramiismailandthecreatorsofsuckcomreunitingonstageforthewebzinesthanniversaryxoxomusicwasheldonanoutdoorstageforthefirsttimewitheveningmusicalperformancesbydandeaconkakikingvulfpeckopenmikeeaglenikoiskawehiandthefirstlivecvsbangersbyhennessyyoungmanduringthedaymusicperformanceswerecuratedbypatreonsjackconteandgroundkontrolsartsantanasevenfilmsandshortswereshownatxoxofilmanimationwithqafromthecreatorsin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iirefnameholtrefworldwariithecorpswasfirstreportedtothegermansasarrivinginjunedisembarkingatliverpoolandestablishingitsheadquartersinmarburycheshiremarburycheshirewiththethinfantrydivisionunitedstatesusthinfantrydivisionthinfantrydivisionunitedstatesusthinfantrydivisionandtharmoreddivisionunitedstatesustharmoreddivisionunderitscommandinjulythecorpsandtheunitsunderitscommandwerereportedasmovingtotakeuppositionsvacatedbyxxcorpsunitedstatesusxxcorpsasitdepartedforoperationoverlordnormandyrefnameheskethrefwithitsheadquartersatburystedmundssuffolkthecorpshadtheroleoffollowingupthelandingsbyxxxviicorpsunitedstatesusxxxviicorpsandiicorpsunitedkingdombritishiicorpsinthepasdecalaisrefnameheskethreffollowingtheconclusionoffortitudesouthiiitwasreportedashavingmovedtoromseyinaugustduringseptemberthecontrolofustharmoreddivisionpassedtousxxxviicorpsandthethinfantrydivisionunitedstatesusthinfantrydivisionbecamepartofusxxxiiicorpsinoctoberitwasannouncedtothegermansthatthecorpshadbeendispandedtoprovidereplacementsforotherunitsnotesreferencesinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexxxviicorpsimagecaptiondatesoperationquicksilverwwiioperationquicksilvercountryunitedstatesofamericaallegiancebranchunitedstatesarmytypecorpsunitedstatesarmycorpsrolediversionphantomformationnotablecommandersmatthewridgwaymatthewbridgwayuscorpspreviousxxxvairbornecorpsunitedstatesnexttheusxxxviicorpsthcorpswasaphantomunitcreatedinaspartofoperationfortitudefortitudesouthiirefnameholtrefamilitarydeceptionbythealliednationsduringthebuilduptothenormandylandingsworldwariithecorpswasfirstreportedtothegermansasarrivinginduringmayandjuneatliverpoolandestablishingitsheadquartersingreatbaddownearchelmsfordinessexwiththethinfantrydivisionunitedstatesusthinfantrydivisionandthinfantrydivisionunitedstatesusthinfantrydivisionunderitscommandinitiallyunderthecommandofunitedstatesarmycentralusrdarmythecorpsbecamepartoffourteenthunitedstatesarmyustharmyinthemiddleofjulywhereitwastoformwithiicorpsunitedkingdombritishiicorpsthefirstwaveofthepasdecalaislandingsrefnameheskethreffollowingtheconclusionoffortitudesouthiiitwasreportedashavingmovedtotheregionofworthinginsussexestablishingitsheadquartersingoringonthamesgoringduringaugustduringlateseptemberearlyoctoberusthinfantrydivisionwastransferredtothecommandofxxxiiicorpsunitedstatesusxxxiiicorpsinexchangefortharmoreddivisionunitedstatesustharmoreddivisionfollowingwhichitwasannouncedthatthecorpsandtheunitsunderitscommandhaddepartedenglandviasouthamptoninsigniawritinginthedeceiversalliedmilitarydeceptioninthesecondworldwarthaddeusholtindicatedthatnoofficialinsigniahadbeenissuedfortheusxxxviicorpshowevertheofficialreportonoperationfortitudewrittenbyrogerheskethandpublishedinunderthetitlefortitudetheddaydeceptioncampaigncontainedacopyofamessagesentbyromanczerniawskiagentbrutustothegermansonthethofjunewhichdescribedtheinsigniaasfollowsblockquotethexxxviicorpsrecentlyincludedinthethirdarmyhasitsheadquartersingreatbaddowtwokilometerssoutheastofchelmsfordsignonayellowcircleadiamonddividedintotwotrianglesofwhichthetopiswhiteandthelowerblackathirdtrianglewhitebelowtouchestheblackoneattheapexesrefnameheskethrefblockquotewulfschmidtagenttateprovidedthefollowingdescriptionoftheinsigniatothegermansinareportsentonthethofaugustblockquotetwosimilartriangleswiththeirpointstogetherlookslikeanoldfashionedhourglasstheuppertriangleisblacktheloweriswhiteontheupperblacktrianglethereisathirdtriangletheflatsideagainsttheflatsideoftheblacktrianglethethirdtriangleiswhitethewholethingisonacircularyellowgroundrefnameheskethrefblockquotereferencesfootnotesbibliographyxamtangalanguagexamtangalanguagehappytogethertvseriesmittromneypresidentialcampaigncommentsichirhoshiinfoboxmusicalartistnamebackgroundgrouporbandimagebandjpgimagesizelandscapeyesaltcaptionaliasoriginlondonenglandunitedkingdomgenrealternativerockshoegazeyearsactivepresentlabelfictionrecordsfictionfatpossumrecordsfatpossumbellaunionassociatedactsthevulgarianswebsitecurrentmemberscolettethurlowbrhannahthurlowbrrichardfrybralexrobinspastmembersareanalternativerockbandfromlondoncomprisingsisterscoletteandhannahthurlowhistorythethurlowsisterswereborninirelandbutspentmuchoftheirchildhoodinbristolaftermovingthereatanearlyageintheyformedthepunkrockbandthevulgariansandinmidformednamedafterpartofasongbythemelvinsrefnamerowerowesiantheguardiancommusicjancolettehannahthurlowthesistersheadingtodoomrockcentraltheguardianjanuaryretrievedseptemberrefrefnamecraggcraggmichaeltheguardiancommusicmusicblogaprcoldfrontnewmusiccoldfronttheguardianaprilretrievedseptemberreftheyfirstcametopublicattentioninafterputtingoneoftheirdemosonlinecreepingtheirdebutsingleonawirewasreleasedinandwasfollowedwithscarleteponfictionrecordstheirselftitleddebutalbumrecordedwithproducerrobellisproducerrobellisandmixedbyalanmoulderwasreleasedinmayonfictionintheukandfatpossumrecordsintheusrefnamemurraymurraynoelavclubcomarticlesnewmusicwelikenewmusicweliketheavclubmayretrievedseptemberrefitreceivedanratingfromthenmerefnamenmereviewnmecomreviewsnme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shformationthedaguishformationstratigraphyformationisthebottommostformationwithamaximumthicknessofmitiscomposedofsedimentaryrockssuchasbrecciaconglomerategeologyconglomerateandmudstonexushanformationthexushanformationstratigraphyformationisthesecondformationfromthebottomandisdominantlycomposedofthevolcanicrocksbasalticandesitebasaltandesiteandandesitejidanpingformationthejidanpingformationstratigraphyformationisthethirdformationfromthebottomandisamixtureofvolcanicrockswhichincludedaciterhyolitebasalticandesitebasaltandesiteandandesitemajiaheformationthemajiaheformationstratigraphyformationisthetopformationandisdominantlycomposedofbasalticandesitebasaltandesiteandandesitebutalsocontainspyroclasticrockpyroclasticandsedimentaryrocksaswelltectonicsettingcurrentlytherearetwoproposedhypothesesforthetectonicstectonicsettinginwhichthexiongervolcanicbeltformedoneisinacontinentalriftsettinganareawhereacontinentisbeingpushedapartasshowninfigurewhiletheotherhypothesessuggestanandeanvolcanicbeltandeantypecontinentalmarginwhereanoceanicplateissubductionsubductingunderneathacontinentalplateasshowninfigureevidenceforacontinentalriftsettingcomesfromgeochemicaldataandthepresenceofmaficdykeswarmdikeswarmswithinthenorthchinacratonthemaficdikeswarmssupporttherifthypothesisbecausetheyarebelievedtohaveformedfromamantleplumeandhavebeendatedtothesameageasthexiongervolcanicbeltwhilethegeochemicaldatawhichincludeselementalcompositionandmineralogyofthevolcanicrocksisbelievedbysometobesimilartoothervolcanicrocksfromcontinentalsettingsevidenceforanandeantypecontinentalmargincomesfromthelithologyandgeochemicaldatathelithologicalevidenceincludesrocktypegrainsizecompositionandtexturewhilethegoechemicaldataincludeselementalcompositionwhichisbelievedbysometobesimilartoanandeantypecontinentalmarginrefnamezhaorefeachofthesetectonicsettingstypicallyproducesvolcanicrockswithspecificgeochemicalsignaturessuchasbeingenrichedordepletedincertainelementshoweverthexiongervolcanicbeltdoesnotmatchupwellgeochemicallywitheitherofthesetectonicsettingsbutseemstohavemoreofamixtureofthetwowhichhascausedmuchconfusionabouttheoriginofthebeltsignificanceoftectonicsettingunderstandingwhattypeoftectonicsettingthexiongervolcanicbeltformediniscrucialforthereconstructionofthesupercontinentcolumbiaandformakingmodelsofplatemovementintheearthspastifthexiongervolcanicbeltrepresentsariftthenthatwillindicatethatthesouthernedgeofthenorthchinacratonfacedanothercontinentwhileitwasapartofthesupercontinentcolumbiabutifitisanandeantypecontinentalmarginthenthatwillindicatethatthesouthernedgeofthenorthchinacratonwouldhavefacedtheopenoceanatthistimereferencesinfoboxlanguagenamexrgurregionthionewcaledoniathioandouinanenewcaledoniaspeakersdatecensusrefefamilycoloraustronesianfammalayopolynesianlanguagesmalayopolynesianfamoceaniclanguagesoceanicfamsouthernoceaniclanguagessouthernoceanicfamnewcaledonianloyaltiesfamnewcaledonianlanguagesnewcaledonianfamsouthernnewcaledonianlanguagessouthernfamsouthsouthernnewcaledonianlanguagessouthsouthernfamxaracuuxaragureisoaxxglottoxaraglottorefnamexaragurexrguraragureharagureisanoceaniclanguagesoceaniclanguageofnewcaledoniaexternallinksparadisechascatalogparadisecorgaucollectionscmanopenaccesscollectionofrecordingsinxrcandxrgurmadebyclairemoysefauriereferencesxlrixavierschoolofmanagementmichalclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceclockfaceacpowerplugsandsocketsmagnifyingglassmagnifyingglassnosymbolobelusredirectshellplusandminussignsminussignredirectcategoryshellplusandminussignsplussignredirectcategoryshellexclamationmarkexclamationmarkquestionmarkquestionmarksquaresquarecircleokgratisversuslibresoskhunzakhradicalindextypographyindextypographyindextypographyindextypographypigwhalehorsemonkeybirdbirdbirdemailredirectcategoryshellemailredirectcategoryshelltalkhalocksecuritydevicebrightnessbrightnesslocksecuritydeviceletterboxletterboxletterboxbookbookcheckmarkxmarkxmarkdollarsignheartsymbolheartsymbolnumberheartsymbolmobilephonesignalheartsymbolmouseheartsymbolstarglyphchainparkingredirectshellgrandjuryredirectxuanwudistrictinfoboxfootballclubclubnamexinjiangtianshanleopardbrxnjingtinshnxubobrimagexinjiangtianshanleopardfclogopngfullnamexinjiangtianshanleopardfootballclubbrnicknamefoundeddecembercityrmqixinjiangchinaprgroundxinjiangsportscentrecapacityownershenzhenchinakylespecialsteelcorpltdchairmanlijianzhongmanagerlijunleaguechinaleagueoneseasonchinaleagueonepositionleagueonethwebsitexinjiangnetcomcnxjwztaprnhzqdpatternlapatternbvneckwhitepatternraleftarmdffbodydffrightarmdffshortssocksdffpatternlapatternbpatternraleftarmffffffbodyffffffrightarmffffffshortsffffffsocksffffffxinjiangtianshanleopardfcisaprofessionalchinachineseassociationfootballfootballclubthatcurrentlyparticipatesinthechinaleagueonedivisionunderlicencefromthechinesefootballassociationcfatheteamisbasedinrmqixinjiangandtheirhomestadiumisthexinjiangsportscentrethathasaseatingcapacityoftheircurrentmajorityshareholderistheshenzhenchinakylespecialsteelcorpltdhistoryhubeihuakaierwasestablishedindecemberbythechinakylespecialsteelcoltdandtheybroughtinlijianzhongastheirchairmanaswellaslijunastheirfirstmanagerwiththeaidfromthehubeifootballassociationtheyformedateamandregisteredtoplaywithinthethirdtierofthechinesefootballleaguesysteminthechinaleaguetwoleagueseasontheirhomelocationwasthehuangshistadiumandallbluewaschosenastheirhomeuniformintheirdebutseasontheyfinishedfourthplaceinthesouthgroupandadvancedintotheplayoffswhereafterbeatinghebeizhongjiandshenzhenfengpengtheyultimatelycamerunnersuptoguizhouzhichengfcwithinthedivisionnonethelessthatpositionensuredpromotiontothechinaleagueonedivisionintheirfirstappearancewithintheseconddivisiontheclubwouldstrugglewiththehigherleveloffinanceandprofessionalismrequiredwithinthedivisionbeforethestartoftheseasontheteamcouldnotafordtheplaneticketsrequiredtogotheirtrainingcampsetindongguanguangdongandhadtogotherebycoachdespitethefinancialconstrantslijunwasabletoavoidrelegationonthefinaldayoftheseasonwhentheteambeatchengdutianchengfcathomeatthestartoftheleagueseasontheclubwouldpubliclydeclaretheywerelookingforinvestmentandwerewillingtoleavehubeiprovincetoobtainitthissawspeculationgrowthattheclubweregoingtomovetoxianbuttalksbetweenthecitybrokedownthexinjianguygurautonomousregionsportsbureauhoweverwouldexpressinterestininvestingintotheclubwhichinitiallysawthemtakeovertheirunderteamonfebruarythexinjianguygurautonomousregionsportsbureaufollowedthroughwiththeirinvestmentbyprovidingthexinjiangsportscentretrainingfacilitiesandsponsorshipwhichsawhubeihuakaiermovedtoxinjiangscapitalcityrmqiandchangedtheirnametoxinjiangtianshanleopardnamehistoryhubeihuakaierorhubeichinakylefcxinjiangtianshanleopardcresthistorygalleryimagehubeihuakaierfclogojpgcenterhubeihuakaierbrcenterimagexinjiangtianshanleopardfclogopngcenterxinjiangtianshanleopardbrcentergallerycurrentsquadasofmarchreservesquadcoachingstafflijunfootballcoachlijunwangwenhuafootballerwangwenhuayanmingchaoyangquanbinhezhengyuanbaotonghuachengchangresultsalltimeleaguerankingsasoftheendofseasonclasswikitablesortablewidthstyletextaligncenteryeardivptswidthposwidthchinesefacupfacupwidthchinesesupercupsupercupasianfootballconfederationafcattgstadiumchinaleaguetwobgcolorcccrudnednqdnqaligncenterrowspanhuangshistadiumchinaleagueonebgcolorfffferdnqdnqchinaleagueonebgcolorfffferdnqdnqaligncenterrowspanxinjiangsportscentrechinaleagueonebgcolorffffeqfdnqdnqchinaleagueonebgcolorfffferdnqdnqchinaleagueonebgcolorfffferdnqdnqchinaleagueonebgcolorfffferdnqdnqkuytunsportscentreingroupstagekeydivstyleborderpxsolidffffffbackgroundcolorffffffcellspacingcellpaddingbgcolordfcwidthbgcolorffffffalignleftnbspnbspchinesesuperleaguechinatopdivisionbgcolorffffewidthbgcolorffffffalignleftnbspnbspchinaleagueonechinaseconddivisionbgcolorffffffwidthbgcolorffffffalignleftnbspnbspchinaleaguetwochinathirddivisionbgcolorffdwidthwbgcolorffffffalignleftnbspnbspwinnersbgcolorcccwidthrubgcolorffffffalignleftnbspnbsprunnersupbgcolorffawidthbgcolorffffffalignleftnbspnbspthirdplacebgcolorffccccwidthbgcolorffffffalignleftnbspnbsprelegateddivpldplayedwgameswondgamesdrawnlgameslostfgoalsforagoalsagainstptspointsposfinalpositiondnqdidnotqualifydnedidnotenternhnotheldnbspdoesnotexistrroundrroundrroundrroundffinalsfsemifinalsqfquarterfinalsrroundofgroupgroupstagegssecondgroupstageqrfirstqualifyingroundqrsecondqualifyingroundqrthirdqualifyingroundreferencesexternallinksxinjiangnetcomcnxjwztaprnhzqdofficialclubwebsiteinfoboxplanetminorplanetyesbackgroundcfffnamediscovererdavidcjewittscottssheppardandjankleynadiscovereddecembermpcnamealtnamesmpcategorycentaurminorplanetcentaurepochjanuaryjuliandayjdaphelionperihelionsemimajoreccentricityperiodjulianyearastronomyyrjulianyearastronomydinclinationascnodemeananomalydegreeangleargperimeandiameterkmbrkmsiderealdayalbedospectraltypeabsmagnitudemeanmotiondayorbitrefobservationarcdaysyruncertaintyjupitermoidprovisionaldesignationisadarkminorplanetintheoutersolarsystemclassifiedascentaurminorplanetcentaurapproximatelykilometersindiametertheobjectiscurrentlytrappedinameanmotionresonancewithneptunefollowingapathofthehorseshoetyperefnamecoorbitalcitejournallastdelafuentemarcosfirstclastdelafuentemarcosfirstrtitlefourtemporaryneptunecoorbitalsxakrenandgxjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumepagesldatedoibibcodeaaldarxivrefdiscoverywasdiscoveredondecemberbydavidcjewittscottssheppardandjankleynaobservingfromthemaunakeaobservatoryrefnamediscoveryreforbitfollowsaveryeccentricorbitwithperihelionjustinsidetheorbitofsaturnaphelioninthetransneptunianbeltandasemimajoraxisofautheorbitalinclinationofthisobjectismoderateatrefnamejplrefphysicalpropertiestheobjecthasanestimateddiameterofnbspkmanditwasclassifiedasaninactivecentaurbydavidcjewittrefnamejewittcitejournallastjewittfirstdavidctitletheactivecentaursjournaltheastronomicaljournalvolumeissuepagesdatedoibibcodeajjarxivrefobservat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ythedbostonelsevieracademicpressrefifitsurvivesonseedsitwillinfectthecotyledonsofthegrowingplantasitemergesfromtheseedcoatinternallyinfectedseedswillproducediseasedplantsfromthepointofgerminationsystemicsymptomssuchaswiltingyellowinganddwarfingarenottypicalofplantsinfectedatthepointofgerminationhoweverfoliagelosscanhappenwhenlocalizedsymptomsonleavesbecomesevereifthebacteriumsurvivesondebrisitmayinfecthealthyplantsthroughstomataaswellaswoundsonleavesandfruititisspreadbydirectcontactofplantswithdebrishumanmovementofthebacteriafromdebristoplantsandcaneasilytravelfromdebristohealthyplantsthroughsaturatedsoilsviawatermovementonceinfectedplantsbegintodeveloplesionsontheleavesaswellasfruitbecominginoculumsourcesforfurtherinfectionenvironmentenvironmentplaysalargeroleinbacterialspotofpepperandtomatothebacteriumrequireshighlevelsofhumiditytosuchanextentthatinfectedplantsmaynotbegintoshowsymptomsuntilseveraldaysafterinfectionifambienthumidityislowxanthamonascampestrispvvesicatoriaisalargeproblemingreenhousesandnurserieswhereveryhighhumidityandwarmtemperaturesprovideagoodenvironmentforthebacteriatogrowandwetsoilseasilytransmitthediseasefromplanttoplantovercrowdinginpropagationfacilitiesalsoincreasesthelikelihoodofspreadingthisdiseasewhenaninfectedplantcomesintophysicalcontactwithitsneighborsmanagementbacterialspotofpepperandtomatocanspreadextremelyquicklywithinfectedplantsshowingsymptomsdaysafterexposuretothepathogenstartingwithoneinfectedplantsusceptibleneighboringplantscanshowsymptomsinaslittleastwoweeksandanentirefieldcanbecomediseasedinaslittleastenweeksrefnamekaushikkaushikcsanddfritchieraceshiftinxanthomonascampestrispvvesicatoriawithinaseasoninfieldgrownpepperphytopathologyreftherearecurrentlyseveralmethodsofcontrolsomeofwhicharemoreeffectivethanothersinthestheantibioticstreptomycinwasusedextensivelytocontrolthespreadofxanthamonascampestrispvvesicatoriahoweverthebacteriadevelopedresistantstrainsandwidespreadantibioticapplicationisnolongeraneffectivemethodofcontrolrefnameobradovicobradovicajonesjbmomolmtbaloghbandolsonsmmanagementoftomatobacterialspotinthefieldbyfoliarapplicationsofbacteriophagesandsarinducersplantdiseaserefitwasoncebelievedthatasinglestrainofxanthamonascampestrispvvesicatoriawasresponsibleforleafspotdiseaseonpeppersandtomatoeshoweveritisnowknownthattherearefourdifferentphenotypicgroupswithinthexanthamonasgenusthatarepathogenicsomeofthestrainshaveaslittleasoftheirdnaincommonwhichmakesbreedingforresistanceextremelydifficultwhiletherehasbeensomeresearchmadeintofindingresistantvarietiesofhostplantssuccesshasbeenlimitedduetothevariationinthepathogenxanthamonascampestrispvvesicatoriadoesnotsurvivewellindecayedplantmaterialthereforeremovalofdebrisandcroprotationaretwogoodmethodsforpreventingthespreadofthisbacteriumanotherimportantmanagementmethodistoeliminatevolunteerplantsplantsthatgrowwithoutbeingspecificallyplantedormanagedbyfarmersaswildpepperandtomatoplantscanharborthediseaseinwarmerclimatescurrentlythemosteffectivetreatmentforbacterialspotofpepperandtomatoisacombinationofchemicalapplicationsdiseasedseedsmaybetreatedwithsodiumhypochloritecalciumhypochloriteortrisodiumphosphatetokillbacteriaonthesurfaceoftheseedtreatinginternalseedinfectionisharderbutcanbedonewithotherchemicalorheattreatmentsinfectedfieldsaretreatedwithmultipleapplicationapproachinvolvingsprayingamixtureofcopperandmancozebwhichpreventsfurtherinfectionandkillsavarietyofpathogenspresentatthetimeofsprayingfinallythereissomeresearchbeingdoneintothefoliarapplicationofbacteriophagesvirusesthatinfectbacteriatocontrolthediseasebutthisapproachhasbeenmetwithsomeresistanceandisnotcurrentlyawidelyusedmethodimportancebacterialeafspotoccursthroughouttheworldwhereconditionsarerelativelywarmandmoistthoughitcanoccuracrosstheunitedstatesblsismostcommoninthenortheastwhereitisthemostcommonanddestructivediseaseofpeppersinadditiontoproblemscausedbyleafdamageblscancauselesionstoappearonthefruititselfreducingqualityforsalefreshandalsoforprocessingfruitdropcanalsobecausedinplantsinfectedearlyintheirdevelopmentfarmersofcommercialpepperfieldswillsometimesevendestroyanentirepeppercropifblsisdetectedearlyintheseasonduetohowdifficultandcostlythediseasecanbetocombatreferencescrossesbandxanthiasgenusdomovoydomovoyredirecthimanandheebinfoboxchinesepicxuxushengjpgpiccapxuxushengbrphotographedatbeijinguniversityincpxxshngwhssupsuphssupsupshengsupsupmicpxbngchngwhssupsuppingsupsupchangsupsupmixuxushengalsoknownasxubingchangjanuarywasachinesearchaeologisthistorianandexplorerbornintanghehenanprovincebestknownforhisdiscoveryoftheerlitoucultureinhewasoneofchinasmostimportantandrespectedarchaeologistsandhistoriansofthetwentiethcenturyprovidingamodelofarchaeologicalmethodologyforfuturechinesearchaeologistshealsowaspresidentofbeijingnormaluniversitybiographyinxuwasappointedprofessorinthedepartmentofphilosophypekinguniversityteachinghistoryofwesternphilosophyinheservedasprovostofpekinguniversityandinthefollowingyearheledanexpeditiontonorthwestchinatoconductarchaeologicalinvestigationsinxuxushengservedasdeanofnationalpekinguniversitywomensteacherscollegehealsowaspresidentofbeijingnormaluniversityfromfebruarytomayhetraveledtoxianinxuwasinstrumentalinconductingthefirstmodernstudyofchinasearlymythsbasedonthereportsofantiquariesfindingsbyarchaeologistsrefnameporterrefhealsoworkedonthehistoricalgazetteerofbeipingrefnamemurrayrefhewaselectedtothenationalassemblyrepublicofchinachinesenationalassemblyinxuxushengbecamearesearchfellowoftheinstituteofarchaeologychineseacademyofsocialsciencesinstituteofarchaeologyofthechineseacademyofsciencesandsurveyedgaochenginhejoinedthechinesecommunistpartyinandwaselectedtotherdnationalpeoplescongressthirdnationalpeoplescongressinpersecutedduringtheculturalrevolutionxudiedduringjanuaryresearchasahistorianxuxushengauthoredthebookzhongguogushitiechuanshiioshidaithelegendarytimesinearlychinesehistorywherehecommentsthatthenameofthreesovereignsandfiveemperorsfiveemperorswasnotmentioneduntilthewarringstatesperiodwarringstateseraandcannotbefoundinthezuozhuanguoyubookguoyulunyumoziormenciusbookmengzireferencesexternallinkshudongcomwikiebeeadefhudongencyclopediaentryxmanredirectxizhidistrictlistofadministrativedivisionsofxinjianglistofadministrativedivisionsofxinjianglistoftownshipleveldivisionsofxinjianginfoboxmusicalartistnamexiaohuduiimagefilethelittletigerstaiwanjpgcaptionlralecsunickywujulianchenimagesizepxlandscapebackgroundgrouporbandorigintaiwangenrecpopyearsactivebrlabelufotaiwancoltdassociatedactswebsitepastmembersnickywujulianchenalecsuxiaohuduichinesealsoknownasthelittletigerswereataiwaneseboybandformedinthebandconsistedofalecsunickywuandjulianchenthetriorosetofameduringthelatesachievingsuccessintheirnativetaiwanandthroughoutasiatheirsuccessledtotherecognitionpopularityandcreationoftaiwaneseidolboybandsandotherpopactsxiaohuduiarecitedasthefirstidolbandafterabriefhiatusthegroupdisbandedinthethreememberswentontopursuesolocareersinxiaohuduibrieflyreunitedperformingforchinacentraltelevisioncctvscctvnewyearsgalaspringfestivalgalainmarchsuandchenbothattendedwusweddinginbalimusicalcareerformationthefirstactiveperiodthesecondactiveperioddisbandafterrerumorsmembersclasswikitablesortablecolspanaligncenterenglishnamecolspanaligncenterchinesenamecolspanaligncenternicknamerowspanaligncenterdateofbirthaligncenternickywualigncenteraligncenterthundertigeraligncenteraligncenterjulianchenaligncenteraligncenterhandsometigeraligncenteraligncenteralecsualigncenteraligncenterwellbehavedtigeraligncenterworksdiscographyclasswikitablechineseyearjanuaryaprilseptemberfebruaryseptemberaugustdecemberbestdanceremixjanuarydecemberdecemberdecembermarchfilmotheradvertisingsymmotorsseealsoforeverfriendsfilmforeverfriendsafilmfeaturingwuandsuthelittletigersdisbandedafterthefilmmyfairprincessseasonatvseriesreunitingsuandchenreferencesexternallinksweibocomwuqilongnickywusinaweiboweibocomchenzhipengjulianchensinaweiboweibocomsuyoupengalecsusinaweiboinfoboxncaateamseasonmodebasketballyearprevyearnextyearteamxaviermusketeersimagexaviermusketeerslogosvgimagesizeconferenceatlanticconferencedivisionshortconferenceacoachrankaprankrecordconfrecordheadcoachchrismackbasketballchrismackhcyearthasstcoachashleyhowardbasketballashleyhowardasstcoachmikepeguesasstcoachtravissteelestadiumarenacintascenterchampionbowltourneybowltourneyresultthexaviermusketeersmensbasketballteamrepresentedxavieruniversityduringthencaadivisionimensbasketballseasontheteamwascoachedbychrismackbasketballchrismackthemusketeerscompetedintheatlanticconferenceandplayedtheirhomegamesatthecintascentertheyfinishedtheseasoninatlanticconferencemensbasketballseasonaplaytofinishinatieforsixthplacetheylostinthefirstroundoftheatlanticmensbasketballtournamentatournamenttosaintjosephshawksmensbasketballteamsaintjosephsthiswasthefirsttimesincetheseasonthatxavierfailedtomakethencaamensdivisionibasketballchampionshipncaatournamenttheseasonmarkedxaviersfinalseasonasamemberoftheaastheydepartedtojointhenewbigeastconferenceinjulypreviousseasonthexaviermusketeersmensbasketballteammusketeersfinishedthencaadivisionimensbasketballseasonseasonwitharecordofinatlanticconferencemensbasketballseasonaplayfinishinginatieforthirdplacetheylosttostbonaventurebonniesmensbasketballteamstbonaventureinthechampionshipoftheatlanticmensbasketballtournamentatournamenttheyreceivedabidtothencaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaatournamentwheretheydefeatednotredamefightingirishmensbasketballteamnotredameandlehighmountainhawksmensbasketballteamlehighbeforelosingtobaylorbearsbasketballteambaylorinthesweetsixteenrostercbbrosterfooterheadcoachchrismackbasketballchrismackasstcoachashleyhowardbasketballashleyhowardmikepeguestravissteelerosterurlgoxaviercomsportsmbaskblmttxavimbaskblmtthtmlaccessdatedeparturesclasswikitablesortablebordernamenumberposheightweightyearhometownclassunsortablenotescenterbasketballcmassillonohiograduatedguardbasketballghempsteadnewyorkgraduatedforwardbasketballfcincinnaticincinnatiohiotransferredtodenverguardbasketballgschenectadynewyorktransferredtoarizonaswingmangfraleighnorthcarolinaexpelledforwardbasketballfflossmoorillinoisgraduatedscheduleandresultscolspanstylebackgroundcolorffffffexhibitioncbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentkentuckystateuniversitykentuckystateoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnaticincinnatiohtvscoreovertimerecordattendcolspanstylebackgroundcolorffffffregularseasoncbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentfairleighdickinsonknightsmensbasketballteamfairleighdickinsonoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohtvfoxsportsohiofsohscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentbutlerbulldogsmensbasketballteambutleropprankgamenameespntipoffmarathonsitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohtvcollegebasketballonespnespnscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentrobertmorriscolonialsmensbasketballteamrobertmorrisoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenametvfsohscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwllnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentpacifictigersmensbasketballteampacificoppranksitestadiumanaheimconventioncentersitecitystanaheimcaliforniaanaheimcagamenamedirectvclassictvespnucollegebasketballespnuscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralyesrankopponentdrexeldragonsmensbasketballteamdrexeloppranksitestadiumanaheimconventioncentersitecitystanaheimcagamenamedirectvclassicconsolationroundtvespnuscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralyesrankopponentdrakebulldogsmensbasketballteamdrakeoppranksitestadiumanaheimconventioncentersitecitystanaheimcagamenamedirectvclassicthplacegametvespnuscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatedecembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayyesneutralrankopponentpurdueboilermakersmensbasketballteampurdueoppranksitestadiummackeyarenasitecitystwestlafayetteindianawestlafayetteingamenametvbigtennetworkbtnscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatedecembertimepmwllnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentvanderbiltcommodoresmensbasketballteamvanderbiltoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohtvespnuscoreovertimeotrecordcbbscheduleentrydatedecembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentkentstategoldenflashesmensbasketballteamkentstateoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohtvfsohscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatedecembertimepmwllnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralyesrankopponentcincinnatibearcatsmensbasketballteamcincinnatioppranksitestadiumusbankarenasitecitystcincinnatiohgamenameskylinechilicrosstownclassicbasketballcrosstownclassictvespnscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatedecembertimepmwllnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentwoffordterriersmensbasketballteamwoffordoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohtvfsohscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatedecembertimepmwllnonconfyeshomecomingawayyesneutralrankopponenttennesseevolunteersbasketballteamtennesseeoppranksitestadiumthompsonbolingarenasitecitystknoxvilletennesseeknoxvilletntvespnuscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatejanuarytimepmwllnonconfyeshomecomingawayyesneutralrankopponentwakeforestdemondeaconsmensbasketballteamwakeforestoppranksitestadiumlawrencejoelveteransmemorialcoliseumljvmcoliseumsitecitystwinstonsalemnorthcarolinawinstonsalemnctvespngamenameskipprosserclassicscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatejanuarytimepmwlwnonconfhomecomingawayneutralrankopponenttempleowlsmensbasketballteamtempleoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohtvtimewarnercablesportschannelohiotwcsohscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatejanuarytimepmwlwnonconfhomecomingawayneutralrankopponentgeorgewashingtoncolonialsmensbasketballteamgeorgewashingtonoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohtvcbssportsnetworkcbssnscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatejanuarytimepmwlwnonconfhomecomingawayyesneutralrankopponentstbonaventurebonniesmensbasketballteamstbonaventureoppranksitestadiumreillycentersitecityststbonaventurenewyorkstbonaventurenytvcbssnscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatejanuarytimepmwlwnonconfhomecomingawayneutralrankopponentlasalleexplorersmensbasketballteamlasalleoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohtvtwcsohscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatejanuarytimepmwllnonconfhomecomingawayyesneutralrankopponentcharlotteersmensbasketballteamcharlotteoppranksitestadiumdalefhaltonarenahaltonarenasitecitystcharlottenorthcarolinacharlottenctvfsohscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatejanuarytimepmwllnonconfhomecomingawayyesneutralrankopponentsaintjosephshawksmensbasketballteamsaintjosephsoppranksitestadiumhaganarenasitecitystphiladelphiaphiladelphiapatvcbssnscoreovertimerecordcbbscheduleentrydatejanuarytimepmwlwnonconfhomecomingawayneutralrankopponentdaytonflyersmensbasketballteamdaytonoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnati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superfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxcardonaebinomialxerocrassacardonaebinomialauthorityhidalgosynonymsxerocrassacardonaeisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictotheislandofmenorcainspainrefnameanimalbaserefreferencesexternallinkstaxoboximagestatuslcstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxcarolibinomialxerocrassacarolibinomialauthoritydohrnheynemannsynonymsxerocrassacaroliisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictospainwhereitoccursinthepityusicislandspityusicislandsofibizaandformenterarefnameanimalbaserefreferencesexternallinkstaxoboximagestatusntstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxcisternasibinomialxerocrassacisternasibinomialauthorityhidalgosynonymshelixcisternasismallhidalgoorigcombsmallxerocrassacisternasiisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictospainwhereitisrestrictedtothenortheasternpartoftheislandofibizaandthesurroundingisletsrefnameanimalbaserefreferencestaxoboximagestatuslcstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxclaudiabinomialxerocrassaclaudiabinomialauthorityhausdorfwelterschultessynonymsxerocrassaclaudiaisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictotheislandofgavdosingreecerefnameanimalbaserefreferencesseealsolistofnonmarinemolluscsofgreecetaxoboximagestatuslcstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxclaudiconusbinomialxerocrassaclaudiconusbinomialauthorityhausdorfwelterschultessynonymsxerocrassaclaudiconusisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictotheislandsofgavdosandgavdopoulaingreecerefnameanimalbaserefreferencesseealsolistofnonmarinemolluscsofgreecetaxoboximagestatusstatussystemstatusrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxclaudinaebinomialxerocrassaclaudinaebinomialauthoritygasullsynonymshelicellaclaudinaesmallgasullsmallxerocrassaclaudinaeisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictospainwhereitisrestrictedtothenorthernpartoftheislandofmallorcarefnameanimalbasereftaxonomicnotexclaudinaeisconsideredasynonymofxerocrassamoraguesixmoraguesibyiucnandfaunaeuropaearefnamefaunaeuropaearefreferencestaxoboximagestatusddstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxcobosibinomialxerocrassacobosibinomialauthorityortizdezratelpezsynonymsxerocrassacobosiisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictothesierradegdormountainsintheprovinceofprovinceofalmeraalmeraspainrefnameanimalbaserefreferencestaxoboximagexerocrassacreticajpgstatuslcstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxcreticabinomialxerocrassacreticabinomialauthorityludwigkarlgeorgpfeifferpfeiffersynonymsxerocrassacreticaisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodm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abrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxgharlapsibinomialxerocrassagharlapsibinomialauthoritybeckmannsynonymstrochoideagharlapsismallbeckmannsmallxerocrassagharlapsiisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictomaltarefnameanimalbaserefreferencestaxoboximagestatuslcstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxgrabusanabinomialxerocrassagrabusanabinomialauthorityhausdorfsauersynonymsxerocrassagrabusanaisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictogreecewhereitoccursinthegramvousapeninsulainnorthwesterncreterefnameanimalbaserefreferencesfurtherreadingseealsolistofnonmarinemolluscsofgreecetaxoboximagestatusddstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxgratabinomialxerocrassagratabinomialauthorityfritzhaashaassynonymshelicopsismurcicagratasmallhaassmallxerocrassagrataisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictothesouthernhalfoftheprovinceofprovinceoftarragonatarragonaincataloniaspainrefnameanimalbaserefreferencestaxoboximagestatuslcstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxherakleabinomialxerocrassaherakleabinomialauthorityhausdorfsauersynonymsxerocrassaherakleaisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictogreecewhereitoccursinnortherncretefromtombroukeastofheraklioniraklioninthewesttothelasithiplateauintheeastrefnameanimalbaserefreferencesfurtherreadingseealsolistofnonmarinemolluscsofgreecetaxoboximagestatuslcstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxhomeyeribinomialxerocrassahomeyeribinomialauthoritydohrnheynemannsynonymshelixhomeyerismalldohrnheynemannsmallxerocrassahomeyeriisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictothebalearicislandsbalearicislandofmallorcainspainrefnameanimalbaserefreferencestaxoboximagestatusntstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxjimenensisbinomialxerocrassajimenensisbinomialauthoritypuentearrbolasynonymstrochoideajimenensissmallpuentearrbolasmallxerocrassajimenensisisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictotheprovincesofprovinceofcdizcdizprovinceofmlagamlagaandprovinceofsevillesevilleinandalusiasouthernspainrefnameanimalbaserefreferencestaxoboximagestatuslcstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxkydoniabinomialxerocrassakydoniabinomialauthorityhausdorfsauersynonymsxerocrassakydoniaisaspeciesofairbreathinglandsnailapulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaethehairysnailsandtheiralliesthisspeciesisendemismendemictogreecewhereitisrestrictedtonorthwestcretefromplatanosinthewesttokakopetrosintheeastandtherodopoupeninsulainthenorthrefnameanimalbaserefreferencesfurtherreadingseealsolistofnonmarinemolluscsofgreecetaxoboximagestatusnestatussystemstatusrefregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaegenusxerocrassaspeciesxlangloisianabinomialxerocrassalangloisianabinomialauthoritybourguignatsynonymshelixlangloisianasmallb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cunthelossofcontrolbythetangdynastyandtheaccompanyinglossofsupportforbuddhistinstitutionsleadtoaregionallybasedchanofxuefengandhisstudentsstudentsxuefengyicunwastheteacherofyunmenwenyanorcewhoestablishedtheyunmenschoolfayanwenyixuefengsgranddiscipleestablishedthefayanschoolxuanshashibeiwghsanshashihpeiastudentofxuefengyicuniscitedbywumenhuikaiwgwumenhuikaijpnmumonekaiinexplainingthetitleofhisfamouskoancollectionthemumonkangatelessbarrierinexplainingthetitleofthiscollectionzutangjitheanthologyofthepatriarchalhallzutangjianthologyofthepatriarchalhallcompiledinthefirstdocumentwhichmentionslinjiyixuanwaswrittentosupportthexuefengyicunlineageitpicturesthislineageasheirtothelegacyofmazuandthehongzhouschoolthoughxuefengyicunslineageistracedbacktoshitouxiqianitwaswrittenbytwostudentsofzhaoqingwendengadharmadescendantofxuefengyicunlineagechartkoanappearancesxuefengoccursinseveralkoansthegatelessgatethemumonkankoanbluecliffrecordkoankanthebookofequanimitythebookofequanimitykoanseealsochinesechnreferencessourcesfurtherreadingexternallinksmountainsongsnettemplephpidxufngssnowpeaktemplewebarchiveorgwebscbsstanfordedusztptranslationsshobogenzotranslationshenzanpdfhenzanintroductionpdfintroductiontotreasuryoftheeyeofthetruedharmabookhenzanextensivestudytranslatedbycarlbielefeldtthischapteropenswithaconversationbetweenxuanshashibeiandhisteacherxuefengyicuninfoboxstationnamexidiaoyutainativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationbeijingsymbolsubwaysymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagexidiaoyutaistationplatformjpgaltcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressbeijingcountrychinacoordinatesoperatorbeijingmasstransitrailwayoperationcorpltdlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructuredisabledcodeopeneddecemberclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxidiaoyutaiisametrostationstationonlinebeijingsubwaylineofthebeijingsubwayinchinathisstationopenedondecemberreferencesbeijingsubwaystationlineyesxidiaoyutaistationpopetawadrosiiofalexandriaredirectcategoryshellkyzkuukyzkuuredirectcategoryshellkyzkuukyzkuuredirectsainyabulitoshinarishjisungkyunkwanuniversityhassansheikhmohamudmuhammadbinqasimredirectcategoryshelljugglinginancientchinasovietlocomotiveclassorxiasikailicityinfoboxpersonnameximingzebrimagecaptionbirthdatebirthplacefuniannationalityimageflagofthepeoplesrepublicofchinasvgpxchinesebruspermanentresidentnetworthunitedstatesdollarusbillionmarchrefnameforbesrefoccupationalmamaterhangzhouforeignlanguageschoolbrzhejianguniversitybrharvarduniversitypartyspousechildrenparentsxijinpingfatherbrpengliyuanmotherximingzebornjunenicknamedxiaomuzirefnamerednobilityrefistheonlychildofparamountleaderchineseleaderxijinpingrefnameprespbsrefandfolksingerpengliyuanrefnameborereflifeandcareersheworkedindisasterreliefforthemayfloodsandisdescribedasinterestedinreadingandfashionrefnameprincessnovrefinxiwenttohanwangsichuanwhichwasdevastatedbythesichuanearthquaketoserveasavolunteerforsevendaysrefnamefirstladyrefinshemadeherfirstpublicappearancewithherparentsattheyananvillageinliangjiaheshanxiprovincewheretheyofferedlunarnewyeargreetingstothelocalseducationfromtoshestudiedfrenchatherhighschoolhangzhouforeignlanguageschoolxienrolledatharvarduniversityasafreshmaninafterayearofundergraduatestudyatzhejianguniversityrefnamexileaderrefinmayortheautumnofunderapseudonymrefnamenytandrewjacobsanddanlevinnytimescomworldasiaboguaguaspartiesandprivilegeaggravateelitechinesefamilysfallhtmlsonspartiesandprivilegeaggravatefallofelitechinesefamilynewyorktimesaprilrefatharvardcollegeximaintainedalowprofileshegraduatedwithabinandhassincereturnedtochinanowshelivesinbeijingreferencesexternallinkschinatodaycomwhoxxijinpinghtmfamilyphotographsofthexisautomatictaxoboxfossilrangelatecretaceousimagexenoceratopsjpgimagewidthpximagecaptionreconstructedskullauthorityryanevansshepherdinpaleontologytypespeciesxenoceratopsforemostensistypespeciesauthorityryanevansshepherdxenoceratopsisagenusofcentrosaurineceratopsiddinosaurknownfromthelatecretaceousmiddlecampanianstageofalbertacanadathegenushasoneknownspeciesxenoceratopsforemostensisitsremainswerediscoveredintheforemostformationrefnamedescrefdescriptionxenoceratopsisholotypebasedoncmncanadianmuseumofnatureaparietalboneparietalthisisaskullbonethatinceratopsidsmakesuptheanatomicaltermsoflocationmedialmidlineandpartofthelateralbordersofthedistinctivebonyneckfrillfrilladditionalskullboneshavealsobeenassignedtothegenusincludingadditionalparietalssquamosalbonesquamosalsboneswhichmakeuptherestofthefrillslateralbordersandapartialnasalbonenasalthesebonesappeartobelongtoatleastthreeadultsizedindividualsanotherfragmentaryskullinthecollectionsoftheroyaltyrrellmuseumofpalaeontologyisthoughttobelongtothisgenusaswellxenoceratopscanbedistinguishedfromotherceratopsidsbydetailsofthefrillsbonyornamentationthetwobonyprojectionsclosesttothemidlineofthefrillarethickknobsorientedtowardthemidlinenexttoeachknobisasinglelongfla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nddisplaymedicalandindustrialimagesrefnamesecorefgraduallydigitalcomputersgainedtheabilitytostoreanddisplayenoughdatatomakedigitalimagingpossiblesincethescomputerizedradiographyanddigitalradiographyhavebeenreplacingphotographicfilminmedicalanddentalapplicationsthoughfilmtechnologyremainsinwidespreaduseinindustrialradiographyprocessesegtoinspectweldedseamsthemetalsilverformerlynecessarytotheradiographicphotographicindustriesisanonrenewableresourcealthoughsilvercaneasilybereclaimedfromspentxrayfilmwherexrayfilmsrequiredwetprocessingfacilitiesnewerdigitaltechnologiesdonotdigitalarchivingofimagesalsosavesphysicalstoragespacebecausephotographicplatesaresensitivetoxraystheyprovideameansofrecordingtheimagebuttheyalsorequiremuchxrayexposuretothepatienttheadditionofafluorescentintensifyingscreenorscreensinclosecontactwiththefilmallowsalowerdosetothepatientbecausethescreensimprovetheefficiencyofxraydetectionmakingmoreactivationofthefilmfromthesameamountofxraysorthesameactivationofthefilmfromasmalleramountofxraysphotostimulablephosphorsphosphorplateradiographyisamethodofrecordingxraysusingphotostimulatedluminescencepslpioneeredbyfujifilmfujiinthesaphotostimulablephosphorplatepspisusedinplaceofthephotographicplateaftertheplateisxrayedexcitedelectronsinthephosphormaterialremaintrappedinfcentercolourcentresinthecrystallatticeuntilstimulatedbyalaserbeampassedovertheplatesurfacethelightgivenoffduringlaserstimulationiscollectedbyaphotomultiplierphotomultipliertubeandtheresultingsignalisconvertedintoadigitalimagebycomputertechnologythepspplatecanbereusedandexistingxrayequipmentrequiresnomodificationtousethemthetechniquemayalsobeknownascomputedradiographycrimageintensifierstakenduringcholecystectomyxraysarealsousedinrealtimeproceduressuchasangiographyorcontraststudiesoftheholloworgansegbariumenemaofthesmallorlargeintestineusingfluoroscopyangioplastymedicalinterventionsofthearterialsystemrelyheavilyonxraysensitivecontrasttoidentifypotentiallytreatablelesionssemiconductordetectorssolidstatedetectorsusesemiconductorstodetectxraysdirectdigitaldetectorsaresocalledbecausetheydirectlyconvertxrayphotonstoelectricalchargeandthusadigitalimageindirectsystemsmayhaveinterveningstepsforexamplefirstconvertingxrayphotonstovisiblelightandthenanelectronicsignalbothsystemstypicallyusethinfilmtransistorstoreadoutandconverttheelectronicsignaltoadigitalimageunlikefilmorcrnomanualscanningordevelopmentstepisrequiredtoobtainadigitalimageandsointhissensebothsystemsaredirectdirectdetectorssincethessiliconorgermaniumdopedwithlithiumsiliorgelisemiconductordetectorshavebeendevelopedxrayphotonsareconvertedtoelectronholepairsinthesemiconductorandarecollectedtodetectthexrayswhenthetemperatureislowenoughthedetectoriscooledbypeltiereffectorevencoolerliquidnitrogenitispossibletodirectlydeterminethexrayenergyspectrumthismethodiscalledenergydispersivexrayspectroscopyedxoredsitisoftenusedinsmallxrayfluorescencespectroscopyspectrometerssilicondriftdetectorssddsproducedbyconventionalsemiconductorfabricationnowprovideacosteffectiveandhighresolvingpowerradiationmeasurementunlikeconventionalxraydetectorssuchassilitheydonotneedtobecooledwithliquidnitrogenthesedetectorsarerarelyusedforimagingandareonlyefficientatlowenergiespracticalapplicationinmedicalimagingstartedintheearlysamorphousseleniumisusedincommerciallargeareaflatpanelxraydetectorsformammographyandgeneralradiographyduetoitshighspatialresolutionandxrayabsorbingpropertieshoweverseleniumslowatomicnumbermeansathicklayerisrequiredtoachievesufficientsensitivityrefnameristirefcadmiumtelluridecadmiumcdteanditsalloywithzinccadmiumzinctellurideisconsideredoneofthemostpromisingsemiconductormaterialsforxraydetectionduetoitswidebandgapandhighquantumnumberresultinginroomtemperatureoperationwithhighefficiencycurrentapplicationsincludebonedensitometryandspectbutflatpaneldetectorssuitableforradiographicimagingarenotyetinproductioncurrentresearchanddevelopmentisfocusedaroundenergyresolvingpixeldetectorssuchascernsmedipixdetectorandscienceandtechnologyfacilitiescouncilshexitecdetectoracommonsemiconductordiodesuchasanxgeneralpurposediodesnwillproduceasmallamountofcurrentwhenplacedinanxraybeamatestdeviceonceusedbymedicalimagingservicepersonnelwasasmallprojectboxthatcontainedseveraldiodesofthistypeconnectedinseriescircuitserieswhichcouldbeconnectedtoanoscilloscopeasaquickdiagnosticindirectdetectorsindirectdetectorsaremadeupofascintillatortoconvertxraystovisiblelightandaphosphortoconvertthelighttoelectronswhichisreadbyatftarraythiscanprovidesensitivityadvantagesovercurrentamorphousseleniumdirectdetectorsalbeitwithapotentialtradeoffinsensitivityindirectflatpaneldetectorsfpdsareinwidespreadusetodayinmedicaldentalveterinaryandindustrialapplicationsthislooksredundanttooacommonformofthesedetectorsisbasedonamorphoussiliconphotodiodethinfilmtransistortftarraysthetftarrayconsistsofasheetofglasscoveredwithathinlayerofsiliconthatisinanamorphousordisorderedstateatamicroscopicscalethesiliconhasbeenimprintedwithmillionsoftransistorsarrangedinahighlyorderedarraylikethegridonasheetofgraphpapereachofthesethinfilmtransistorstftsisattachedtoalightabsorbingphotodiodemakingupanindividualpixelpictureelementphotonsstrikingthephotodiodeareconvertedintotwochargecarriercarriersofelectricalchargecalledelectronholepairssincethenumberofchargecarriersproducedwillvarywiththeintensityofincominglightphotonsanelectricalpatterniscreatedthatcanbeswiftlyconvertedtoavoltageandthenadigitalsignalwhichisinterpretedbyacomputertoproduceadigitalimagealthoughsiliconhasoutstandingelectronicpropertiesitisnotaparticularlygoodabsorberofxrayphotonsforthisreasonxraysfirstimpingeuponscintillatorsmadefromsuchmaterialsasgadoliniumoxysulfideorcaesiumiodidethescintillatorabsorbsthexraysandconvertsthemintovisiblelightphotonsthatthenpassontothephotodiodearraydosemeasurementgasdetectorsxraysgoingthroughagaswillionizeitproducingpositiveionsandfreeelectronsanincomingphotonwillcreateanumberofsuchionpairsproportionalitymathematicsproportionaltoitsenergyifthereisanelectricfieldinthegaschamberionsandelectronswillmoveindifferentdirectionsandtherebycauseadetectableelectriccurrentcurrentthebehaviourofthegaswilldependontheappliedvoltageandthegeometryofthechamberthisgivesrisetoafewdifferenttypesofgasdetectorsdescribedbelowionizationchambersusearelativelylowelectricfieldofaboutvcmtoextractallionsandelectronsbeforetheyrecombinethisgivesasteadycurrentproportionaltotheradiationdosedoseratethegasisexposedtoionchambersarewidelyusedashandheldradiationsurveymeterstocheckradiationdoselevelsproportionalcountersuseageometrywithathinpositivelychargedanodewireinthecenterofacylindricalchambermostofthegasvolumewillactasanionizationchamberbutintheregionclosesttothewiretheelectricfieldishighenoughtomaketheelectronsionizegasmoleculesthiswillcreateantownsendavalancheavalancheeffectgreatlyincreasingtheoutputsignalsinceeveryelectroncauseanavalancheofapproximatelythesamesizethecollectedchargeisproportionaltothenumberofionpairscreatedbytheabsorbedxraythismakesitpossibletomeasuretheenergyofeachincomingphotongeigermllercountersuseanevenhigherelectricfieldsothatultravioletuvphotonsarecreatedthesestartnewavalancheseventuallyresultinginatotalionizationofthegasaroundtheanodewirethismakesthesignalverystrongbutcausesadeadtimeaftereacheventandmakesitimpossibletomeasurethexrayenergiesgasdetectorsareusuallysinglepixeldetectorsmeasuringonlytheaveragedoserateoverthegasvolumeorthenumberofinteractingphotonsasexplainedabovebuttheycanbemadespatiallyresolvingbyhavingmanycrossedwiresinawirechambersiliconpnsolarcellsitwasdemonstratedinthesthatsiliconpnsolarcellsaresuitablefordetectionofallformsofionizingradiationincludingextremeuvsoftxraysandhardxraysthisformofdetectionoperatesviaphotoionizationaprocesswhereionizingradiationstrikesanatomandreleasesafreeelectronthistypeofbroadbandionizingradiationsensorrequiresasolarcellanammeterandavisiblelightfilterontopofthesolarcellthatallowstheionizingradiationtohitthesolarcellwhileblockingunwantedwavelengthsradiochromicfilmselfdevelopingradiochromicfilmcanprovideveryhighresolutionmeasurementsfordosimetryandprofilingpurposesparticularlyinradiotherapyphysicsreferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexujiangsubdistrictothernamenativenamesettlementtypesubdistrictmottoimageskylineimagesizeimagecaptionimageblankemblemblankemblemtypeblankemblemsizesubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamechinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamejiangsusubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitycitysubdivisionnamesuzhousubdivisiontypedistrictprcdistrictsubdivisionnamegusudistrictpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmitimezonechinastandardtimeutcoffsetcoordinateselevationmelevationftxujiangsubdistrictisalistoftownshipleveldivisionsofjiangsusuzhoutownshipleveldivisionofgusudistrictsuzhoujiangsuchinaseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofjiangsusuzhoulistoftownshipleveldivisionsofsuzhoureferencesattorneygeneralvxredirectxylophoneximeniaamericanatheyellowplumorsealemonatreespeciesnativetoaustraliaandasiaredirectabscissioninputmethodinputmethodinputmethodinputmethodinfoboxtelevisionshownamexiaolinchroniclesimagecaptionxiaolinchronicleslogogenrerefruntimeminutescreatorchristyhuistarringtarastrongbrericbauzabrjenniferhalebrdavidkayevoiceactordavidkayebrmichaeldonovanbrcreesummercountryunitedstatesbrfrancelanguageenglishbrfrenchnetworkgullicanaljsmallfrancesmallbrdisneyxdsmallepisodesmallbrnetflixsmallepisodesmallproducerdirectorchristellenagacompanyactionfliksmediacorporationbrouidoproductionsgenaoproductionsrefnamegenaoinfoxiaolinchroniclescominfohtmlxiaolinchroniclescominformationpagerefdistributorwarnerbrostelevisionexecutiveproducerfirstairedaugustlastairedjulynumseasonsnumepisodeslistepisodesepisodesprecededbyxiaolinshowdownwebsitexiaolinchroniclescomwebsitetitleofficialwebsitexiaolinchroniclesisanamericanfrenchanimatedcgtelevisionseriespresentedasacontinuationofthewarnerbrosanimationsseriesxiaolinshowdowntheseriespremieredonaugustwiththreebacktobackepisodesser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hiinthefirstxiaolinshowdownandimprisonedinaspringcontainedwithinapuzzleboxreleasednbspyearslaterbyjackspicerwuyaneedshimtocollectdashisshengongwutoruletheworldonceagainandplungetheworldintonbspyearsofdarknessshefrequentlyberatesandmocksjackshereturnstoherhumanselfthankstoshadowjackspicervoicedbyericbauzaselfproclaimingasanevilboygeniusandaspiringtoruletheworldjackislargelyincompetentandabitofabumblerthoughheispersistentandneverlosessightofhisgoalsheoftenreferstohimselfasanevilentrepreneursometimesallieshimselfwiththexiaolinmonksbuttrieshardtoimpresschaseyoungkatnappevoicedbyjenniferhaleacatthemedcriminalandoneofjackspicersalliestubbimuravoicedbyericbauzaanoverweightbutagileninjaandoneofjackspicersalliescyclopsaoneeyedgiantandoneofjackspicersalliestinysimweaselnatorvoicebytarastrongayoungaspiringvillainwhoidolizedjackseekingtoapprenticeundertheevilgeniushoweveronceheacquiredtheroosterboostershengongwuhebetrayedjackanddissolvedtheirpartnershipbeforemeetingjacktinysimwasthepresidentandwebmasterfortheonlinejackfanclubpandabubbavoicedbyericbauzaapandathemedcrimelordsalvadorcumovoicedbydavidkayevoiceactordavidkayeacharmingbutconnivingcriminalthatcantransformintoakomododragonandregeneratelostlimbshewasonceallieswithwuyaandseemstohavesomesortofmysteriousconnectiontochaseyoungwardenvoicedbyericbauzaadementedgameshowhostsummonedbychaseyoungtokeepthexiaolinmonksfromobtainingthemaskofthegreenmonkeyepisodesclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterstylepaddingpxrowspancolspanseasonstylepaddingpxrowspanepisodesstylepaddingpxcolspanoriginallyairedusdatesfirstairedlastairedstylebackgroundfffcolorseasonclasswikitableplainrowheadersstylewidthmarginautobackgroundfaffstylebackgroundfffwidthnostylebackgroundfffwidthtitlestylebackgroundfffwidthdirectedbystylebackgroundfffwidthwrittenbystylebackgroundfffwidthoriginalairdatesmallsmallbroriginalonlinereleasedatesmallsmallstylebackgroundfffwidthusviewersbrinmillionsepisodelistepisodenumbertitlenewmonkontheblockdirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewersrefnamefutonreflinecolorfffshortsummaryaftermanyyearshaspassedsincethebattleagainsttheheyolinsomitakesnewcomerpingpongonashisprotgbuteventuallygrowsjealousofpingpongwhenhebecomeseveryonesfavoritethiscausesariftbetweenthemonksfurthercomplicatedbythearrivalofabeautifulnewcandidateepisodelistepisodenumbertitleagirlnamedwillowdirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarywillowandpingpongcompeteforthexiaolinapprenticetopspotaswellasforomisattentionmeanwhilekimikogrowssuspiciousofwillowsmotivesepisodelistepisodenumbertitlethefallofxiaolindirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarywhenwillowuseshercharmsonalltheboysinthetemplekimikobecomesevenmoresuspiciousandsheeventuallydiscoverswillowssecretdoubleidentityasshadowmeanwhilechaseyoungcapturespingpongandtakesrevengeonxiaolinbydestroyingthetemplenowthexiaolinmonksmustgoonajourneytofindanewxiaolintempleepisodelistepisodenumbertitlebuddybluerayandthegoldenbunniesdirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarydojodreamsaboutthemysteriousdancingbunnieswhichleadtothegoldenbunnyamysticaltalismanhiddenamongstthegiantbunniesinanancientcitadelthemonksmustdowhatittakestofindandprotectthesacredobjectwhilekeepingthegiantbunniesatbayortheywillmutateintobeastlycreaturesanddestroythevillageepisodelistepisodenumbertitletokyomadnessdirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarykimikomustsavethedaybygoinginsidedigitaltokyoavirtualworldbuiltbyherfathertobattleagiantcyberwormcreatedbyjackspicerepisodelistepisodenumbertitlemagicstallionandthewildwildwestdirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicviewersoriginalairdatelinecolorfffshortsummaryclayleadsthexiaolinmonksonawildwestadventuresavinghisgrandpappyscattlefrombeingturnedintoacasualtyofjackslatestevilscientificexperimentatthetimewhenheiscollaboratingwithpandabubbaepisodelistepisodenumbertitlelawsofnaturedirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarychaseyoungdiscoversaweaklinkintheecologicalorderthatifmanipulatedproperlywillcauseadominoeffectofcataclysmicdestructionmeanwhilejacksmishapscauseschasesevilplantobackfireepisodelistepisodenumbertitleoutofpingpongsminddirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarychaseyounggrowswaryofpingpongspowertodestroyhimchaseusespingpongsownmindasatrapliterallyepisodelistepisodenumbertitlexiaolinredemptiondirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarytheheroesmustescortthedangerousslipperysalvadorcumoacriminalthatcanturnintoahumanoidkomododragontoprisonalongthejourneyraimundowindsupfallingpreytosalvadorscharmandchildhoodstorieswhichputsthemonkslivesandmissionatriskmeanwhilewuyaplanstorecruitsalvadorcumotohersideepisodelistepisodenumbertitleprincesskailaofthethousandlayermountaindirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarychaseyounglaunchesanalloutattackonthexiaolinmonksturningeveryoneexceptomiintocatwarriorstosavehisfriendsomimusttravelbackintimetofindgrandmasterdashiforadviceepisodelistepisodenumbertitleplanetofdragonsdirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarydojolearnsabouthistruedestinyanewshengongwusendsthexiaolinwarriorstothefuturetothedragonplanetwhichisruledbydragonsthedragonplanetiswhereallhumansareenslavedanddojoisthekingofdragonplanetepisodelistepisodenumbertitlethemaskofthegreenmonkeydirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarywhenthemaskofthegreenmonkeysurfacesomiignoreseveryonesadviceandinsistsongoingafterthemysteriousobjectepisodelistepisodenumbertitlemitemplemicasadirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarythemonksdiscoverthattheirnewtemplehasamysticaltalkingtreemeanwhilechasepossessesthetreeanduseshispowerstomanifestthemonkspersonalfearsintorealityepisodelistepisodenumbertitleheylinwithindirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarynewbieshokuwarriorpingpongduplicateshimselfwiththeringofcatsumishengongwubutbecomesvulnerabletochasesevilplantoturnhimintoreptilianpingpongepisodelistepisodenumbertitletigresswoodirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandjulienmagnatoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarywhenkimikosoldersistertigresstomokoshowsuponherbirthdayandoneoftheshengongwumysteriouslydisappearskimikotriestofigureoutiftigresstomokoisonthesideofgoodorevilepisodelistepisodenumbertitlehealmedirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuiandstephensustarsicoriginalairdateviewersrefnamefebruaryreflinecolorfffshortsummaryjackturnsintoagreatmotivationalspeakerandgoodjackanddojojoinhimheevenhelpsgoodjackfindtheshengongwuepisodelistepisodenumbertitleroccodirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuioriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarydojoandhischildhoodfriendroccomustworktogethertorescuethexiaolinmonksbeforetheyturnintozombiesepisodelistepisodenumbertitlesupercowpattydirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuimarkzaslovethomasbarichellaoriginalairdateviewersrefnamemarchreflinecolorfffshortsummarywhenacowthemedvigilantebythenameofsupercowpattyshowsupthemonksquicklyfindthemselvesbeingupstagednotonlyiscowpattybeatingthemtotheshengongwuhealsohasasecretconnectiontooneofthemonksepisodelistepisodenumbertitlechaselaysaneggdirectedbychristellenagawrittenbychristyhuimarkzaslovepetersaisselinoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummarychaseexperiencesunusualsideeffectswhenheisaccidentallyexposedtoatoxicserumcausinghimtoliterallylayaneggelsewhereomioffershishandinfriendshiptojackandtogetherstealchaseseggbelievingittobeanewpowerfulshengongwuepisodelistepisodenumbertitledrawntobeevildirectedbychristellenagawrittenbystevencudenoriginalairdateviewerslinecolorfffshortsummaryayoungboynamedtinysimaspirestobecomeasevilandvillainousashisidoljackspicerusingtheprismofgenesisshengongwuheraisesanarmyofdementedweaselsbecomingtheevilweaselnatorepisodelistepisodenumbertitleomisavestheholidaysrtitlerefgroupnbnameepdirectedbychristellenagaviewersspanstylecolorgraysmallnasmallspanwrittenbymarkzasloveoriginalairdatelinecolorfffshortsummarychristmastimecomesandallthemonksareexcitedexceptomiyetthemonksmustsavethespiritoftheholidayfromjackspicerwhenhetriestomakejackmasepisodelistepisodenumbertitlewhoshrunkmasterfungrtitledirectedbychristellenagaviewersspanstylecolorgraysmallnasmallspanwrittenbyericshawscreenwriterericshaworiginalairdatelinecolorfffshortsummarywhilepreparingformasterfungsreturndojoaccidentallyshrinksfungitsuptothemonkstotraveltochaseslairtosavemasterfungslifeepisodelistepisodenumbertitlebackinthefleshagainrtitledirectedbychristellenagaviewersspanstylecolorgraysmallnasmallspanwrittenbymarkzasloveoriginalairdatelinecolorfffshortsummarywuyaandjackhuntdowntwoimportantshengongwuinordertorestorewuyatoherhumanformmeanwhileomibecomesjealousofpingpongwhenhebeatsomiinatalentshowandshadowabandonschaseepisodelistepisodenumbertitlethecallofthedragonrtitledirectedbychristellenagaviewersspanstylecolorgraysmallnasmallspanwrittenbychristyhuiandmarkzasloveoriginalairdatelinecolorfffshortsummarykimikohasstrangevisionsaboutadragonandnoneoftheothermonksbelievehermeanwhilechaseisgettingclosertotheshangaworldandthexiaolinchiepisodelistepisodenumbertitlethemarkofthedragonspiritrtitledirectedbychristellenagaviewersspanstylecolorgraysmallnasmallspanwrittenbychristyhuiandmarkzasloveoriginalairdatelinecolorfffshortsummarywithchasehavingstolenthexiaolinchikimikotravelstotheplanetofdragonswhiletheboysaccompaniedbyjackfollowkimikoisgiventhechancetobondwithadragonmuchtoomisjealousychaserealizeshecannotaccessthexiaolinpowerswithoutthedragonspiritsepisodelistepisodenumbertitleflythedragonrtitledirectedbychristellenagaviewersspanstylecolorgraysmallnasmallspanwrittenbychristyhuiandmarkzasloveoriginalairdatelinecolorfffshortsummarychaseyoungnowempoweredwithchibeginstodestroytheuniversekimikomustworkwithjealousomitoawakethecosmicdragontodefeatchaseprincipalvoiceactorsericbauzaraimundopedrosajackspicertubbimurapandabubbagrandmasterdashiwardenmichaeldonovandojokanojochomasterfungjenniferhalekimikotomohikoashleykatnappeshadowprincesskailamiserylandcheerleadersdavidkayevoiceactordavidkayeclaybaileychaseyoungsalvadorecumoroccotarastrongomipingpongmuffinfacetinysimcreesummerwuyatigresstomokocrewcollettesundermancastingdirectorandvoicedirectornotesreferencesexternallinksxiaoganganhuileejungshinbulletslistofjapanesetypographicsymbolsredirectcategoryshellxtremexraydetectortaxoboxnameyellowbandednymphimageyellowbandednymphxanthotaeniabusirisburrabjpgimagecaptionxbusirisburraborneomalaysiaregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamilianymphalidaetribusamathusiinigenusxanthotaeniagenusauthorityjohnowestwoodwestwoodspeciesxbusirisbinomialxanthotaeniabusirisbinomialauthoritywestwoodsynonymscleromexanthotaeniabusirissmallwestwoodsmallxanthotaeniapolychromasmallhagensmallxanthotaeniaobscurasmallbutlersmallxanthotaeniaisamonotypicbutterflygenusinthefamilynymphalidaerefnameanimalrefitssinglespeciesisxanthotaeniabusiristheyellowbandednymphtheycanbeidentifiedbyayellowstripalongtheirforewingsrefnameyellowrefbehaviorthelarvaefeedoncalamuspalmcalamuswhileadultsspendmostoftheirlivesatgroundlevelusuallyneargingeraroundfauniscanensbutterfliesitissemicrepuscularinbehaviorrefnamelearnrefdistributionthexanthotaeniaareprimarilyfoundaroundmyanmarthailandmalaysiasumatraandborneointropicalrainforestsatelevationsbetweennbspmsubspeciesxanthotaeniabusirisbusirissouthernburmateanasserimthailandpeninsularmalayasumatraxanthotaeniabusirisburrasmallstichelsmallborneonatunaislandsxanthotaeniabusirisobscurasmallbutlersmallniasxanthotaeniabusirispolychromasmallhagensmallmentawaiexternallinkslearnaboutbutterfliescommalaysiaxanthotaeniabusirishtmlearnaboutbutterfliesreferencesruhullahredirectcategoryshellruhullahredirectcategoryshellruhullahredirectcategoryshellknownasxieshaninchineseinfoboxsettlementofficialnamexieshanothernamenativenamenicknameimageskylineimagecaptionsettlementtypepushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapsizepushpinmapcaptionlocationinchinasubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamechinasubdivisiontypeprovincesubdivisionnamehubeisubdivisiontypesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypesubdivisionnameareafootnotesareatotalkmpopulationasofpopulationfootnotespopulationtotaltimezoneutcoffsettimezonedstutcoffsetdstpostalcodetypepostalcodecoordinatesxieshanisamountainresortinguchengcountyhubeiguchengcountyhubeiprovincechinakilometerssouthwestofxiangyangcityitwasestablishedbywesternprotestantmissionariesreferencesxgraphisthenameofatleasttwoapplicationsfordinteractiveplottinggraphingandanimationheinsxgraphincarlheinoflockheedmartinadvancedtechnologylabsdevelopedxgraphheinsxgraphisavailableinbinaryformatforvariousplatformsharrisonsxgraphindavidharrisonoftheuniversityofcaliforniaberkeleyreleasedxgraphforxrofxwindowsystemxwindowvariousversionsofharrisonsxgraphareavailableinsourceandbinaryformatforvariousplatformsharrisonsxgraphisreleasedunderthebsdlicensereferencesisiedunsnamxgraphvintreleaseofxgraphxitosymsgeneralvuainfoboxweaponnamemachinegunmmmoriginunitedstatestypegatlinggungatlingtypemachineguntypeselectionisrangedyesservicehistoryproductionhistorydesignergeneralelectricmanufacturergeneralelectricgarwoodindustriesdillonaerodegroattacticalarmamentsmcnallyindustriesllcgeneralspecificationsrangedweaponspecificationscartridgemmnatocalibermminactiongasoperatedthexmminigunisabarreledgatlinggungatlingtypemachineguntheweaponisaselfpoweredgasoperatedvariantofthemminigunitfiredoverrpmbutwasnotputintoproductionthexmisagasoperatedmachinegunitisnearlyidenticaltothembuthasbarrelswithportsthatalignwiththepistondriveinthecenterofthebarrelclusterreferencesdejimatakeharujapanesecounterwordxxxixpanzercorpsxxxxipanzercorpsthexfactorusseasonthexfactorusseasonxanthotaeniaxanthotaeniaxanthotaeniaxlrrliuhuanmayrefertonumberayearinthethcenturybcayearinthethcenturybcsuzhouanasteroidseealsothislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellpleasantgoatandbigbigwolfinfoboxstationnamexikanglunativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationtianjinsymbolmetrosymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagetianjinmetrolineexitbjpgaltcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernamexikangroadaddresshepingdistricttianjinhepingdistricttianjincountrychinacoordinatesoperatortianjinmetrocoltdlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnot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lelandinggearconsistsofthreerowswithapairofwheelsforeachrowtotalingsixwheelsforeachsidethestructuraltestwascompletedindaysasopposedtothedaysoriginallyplannedthankstothesuccessfuldevelopmentandapplicationofanautomatedstructuralstrengthanalysissystemincomparisonsimilarworkforxianjhtookayearaccordingtothedeputygeneraldesignertheshortesttakeoffdistanceofyistometersyincorporatesatotaloffourlcdefisandthedevelopmentofefisforyutilizesvirtualrealityviahelmetmounteddisplayeighttypesofdifferentrelaysusedonyaredevelopedbyguilinaerospacecoltdawhollyownsubsidiaryofwebarchiveorgwebcssgcomcnchinatririveraerospacegroupcoltdwhichisalsoknownasthethacademyofchinaaerospacescienceandindustrycorporationcasicitwasreportedthattheystartedgroundtestingfromdecemberincludingrunwaytaxitestsrefnameairforceworldcomreftheaircraftmadeitsmaidenflightlastingonehouronjanuaryrefnamerefduringlandinginfirstflightitwasreportedthattheyprototypebouncedoncebeforefinallysettlingonrunwayduetohighlandingspeedindecemberanewyprototypetooktotheskyrefnamenetchinabytecomrefonfebruarytheywasflownforthefirsttimeandpicturesofthefifthprototypeserialnumberinflightappearedonchinesemilitarywebpagesotherknownprototypescarryidentificationnumbersandonjanuaryformerchinesetestpilotxuyonglinghadreportedinaxinhuaarticlethatchineseaviationindustryofficialshadstatedthattheycompleteddevelopmentattheendofinjunethefirsttwoxianyaircraftweredeliveredtothepeoplesliberationarmyairforceplaafpeoplesliberationarmyairforceplaafrefnameautorefpropulsiontheyispoweredbyfourtonthrustsolovievdsolovievdkpenginestheshenyangwsisderivedfromthecoreoftheshenyangwsshenyangwsaanindigenouschineseturbofanengineforfighteraircraftrefnamejanesrefinshenyangenginedesignandresearchinstitutewasreportedlydevelopingthesfaapoundthrustenginefortheyandthecomaccthesfaisderivedfromthecoreofthewscomparedtothewsthesfaisaconservativedesignthatdoesnotseektomatchthetechnologyofmoremodernenginesrefnameavweekrefinlateitisrevealedthatdomesticchineseturbofanwshasbegunflighttestonycomparedwithrussiansolovievdwsiskglighterweighingatkgwiththrustincreasedfromtonofdtotonandfuelconsumptionofwsisalsoreducedincomparisontodandthemeantimebetweenoverhaulofwsishoursoperationalhistoryintheplanationaldefenceuniversityscenterforeconomicresearchrecommendedthepurchaseofuptoyscomparingtheplaafsneedswiththeexistingairlifterfleetsoftheunitedstatesandrussiainjunejanesreportedthatuptoysarebeingrequestedbythechinesemilitaryrefnameyproductionrefrefnameyproductionrefrefnameyproductionrefrefnameyproductionrefrefnameyproductionrefrefnameyproductionrefonjulythefirstserialyserialnumberwashandedovertotheplaafinaceremonyoperatorspeoplesliberationarmyairforceatleasttwoaircraftstationedatqionglaiairbasesincejulycommercialsatelliteimagerycapturedondecembersuggeststhatatleastthreemorexianaircraftcorporationykunpengtransportaircrafthaveenteredservicewithchinaspeoplesliberationarmyairforceplaafintheseimagesthereareatotalofxianyslinedupatqionglaiairbasenearchengduinchinassouthwesternsichuanprovincespecificationsestimatedaircraftspecificationspleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsplaneorcopterplanejetorpropjetnowfilloutthespecspleaseincludeunitswhereappropriatemaincomesfirstaltinparenthesesifanitemdoesntapplylikecapacityleaveitblankforadditionallinesendyouraltunitswithliandstartanewfullyformattedlinewithlirefcrewpilotcopilotloadmastercapacityspanmainmspanaltftftlengthmainmrefnamechinadailyreflengthaltftheightmainmheightaltftareamainmareaaltftpayloadmaintonnespayloadaltlbemptyweightmainkgemptyweightaltlbmaxtakeoffweightmainkgmaxtakeoffweightaltlbtypeofjetturbofanssolovievdkpwsfutureplannednumberofjetsthrustmainthrustaltcruisespeedmainmachmaxspeedmainmaxspeedaltmaxspeedmorerangemainkmwithmaxpayloadkmwithtonskmwithparatroopsceilingmainmceilingaltftclimbratemainclimbratealtloadingmainloadingaltmaxloadingmainkgmmaxloadingaltlbftthrustweightmoreperformanceseealsoaircontentseealsomilitarytransportaircraftsimilaraircraftboeingcglobemasteriiiilyushinilmdareferencesnotescanxuechinanationaloperatridentxiaobailiaoningprovincejulyisachineseconductorandcomposerheisanethnicmanchupeoplemanchuinthewestheisbestknownforhisoperafarewellmyconcubineoperafarewellmyconcubinewhichtouredamericawiththecnohinreferencesliangqichaohistoriographicalthoughtxianymarutixaalphakharkharxianaeroenginecorporationinfoboxfilmnameimagecaptiondirectorsherryhormannscreenplayberndeichingerbrmartinmoskowiczbrruthtomastarringthurelindhardtbrantoniacampbellhughesmusiccinematographymichaelballhauseditingstudioconstantinfilmdistributormidgetentertainmentreleasedruntimecountrygermanylanguageenglishbudgetgrosstageisagermanygermandramafilmdirectedbysherryhormannthefilmisbasedonthetruestoryofnataschakampuschayearoldgirlandhereightyearordealbeingkidnappedbywolfgangpiklopilnorthernirishactressantoniacampbellhughesportrayskampuschwhilethurelindhardtplayspiklopilthefilmwaswriterberndeichingerslastfilmbeforehissuddendeathandmartinmoskowiczheadoftvandfilmatconstantinfilmandruthtomaeinliedvonliebeundtodgloomysundaytookoverpl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edthesongwhatwewantforthevideogamegrandtheftautovthissongwasincludedfortheexpandedsoundtrackthatwasapartoftherereleaseofthegameonpcxboxoneandplaystationsystemsheheadlinedthenoisepopfestivalsanfrancisconoisepopfestivalinfebruaryrefnamesfweeklyrefrefnamesfchroniclerefineverettreleasedthesingleredaboutwhichhecommentedthatiwastryingtoexpressafeelingandigotthatmoreeffectivelyhespentthemajorityoftouringtheusplayingnotablefestivalgigssuchasshambhalafestivalbeachgothmysterylandandancientfuturehewasalsocreditedontoreylanezssingleflexfeaturedonhisalbumitoldyourefnameallmusiccomallmusiccomalbumflexmwcreditsrefdiscographyxxyyxxdiscographyasadaptedfromdiscogsandsputnikmusicalbumsstillsoundxxyyxxepssplitsandcollaborationsdolorsplitepwithruddypmystifymixtapesorangesodasinglesasleadartistangelpayattentionunknownfeatvanessaelisharedidontfeatkasfeaturedartistgiraffageeventhoughfeatxxyyxxremixestinashereveriemixtapeletyoulovemeusherentertainerusherclimaxushersongclimaxtroyesivanwildtroyesivansongwildsalestotoxxyyxxremixcreditstorylanezflexreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexintuntownshipnativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownshipsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinaheilongjiangpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinheilongjiangcoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameheilongjiangsubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnameqiqiharsubdivisiontypecountiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountysubdivisionnameyiancountyyianestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxintunisatownshipofyiancountyinwesternheilongjiangprovincechinalocatedwestsouthwestofthecountyseatrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdaterefithasvillagesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofheilongjiangreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexintunsubdistrictnativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypesubdistrictchinasubdistrictimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinaliaoningpushpinlabelxintunpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinliaoningcoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameliaoningsubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamefushunsubdivisiontypedistrictprcdistrictsubdivisionnamedongzhouestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxintunsubdistrictisasubdistrictchinasubdistrictofdongzhoudistrictfushunliaoningprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdaterefithasresidentialcommunitiesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefseealsolistoftownshipleve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pletelyxboxlaunchuponreleaseinallregionsexceptinjapanrefnameshortagesspoilxboxlaunchrefrefnamexboxlaunchtakeseuropebystormrefrefnameretailersselloutofinitialxboxshipmentsrefthexboxshowedanexpandedxboxliveservicewhichnowincludedalimitedfreetiercalledsilvertheabilitytostreammultimediacontentfrompcswhilelaterupdatesaddedtheabilitytopurchaseandstreammusictelevisionprogramsandfilmsthroughthexboxmusicandxboxvideoservicesalongwithaccesstothirdpartycontentservicesthroughxboxapplicationsthirdpartymediastreamingapplicationsmicrosoftalsoreleasedkinectamotioncontrolsystemforthexboxwhichusesanadvancedsensorsystemattheirepresentationonjunemicrosoftannouncedaredesignedxboxthatwouldshiponthesamedaytheredesignedconsoleisslimmerthanthepreviousxboxmodelandfeaturesintegratedieeebgnwifitoslinkspdifopticalaudiooutputfiveusbportscomparedtothethreefromolderversionsandspecialportdesignedforthekinectperipheraloldermodelsofthexboxhavesincebeendiscontinuedrefnamearcadereplacementrefthefirstnewconsoletobereleasedfeaturesanbspgbharddiskdriveharddrivewhilealaterlessexpensivestockkeepingunitskufeaturesnbspgbinternalstoragexboxonethexboxonewasreleasedonnovemberinnorthamericaasthesuccessorofthexboxthexboxonecompeteswithsonysplaystationandnintendoswiiuandnintendoswitchswitchaspartofthehistoryofvideogameconsoleseighthgenerationeighthgenerationofvideogameconsolesannouncedonmaythexboxonenowhasalargeemphasisoninternetbasedfeaturesincludingtheabilitytorecordandstreamgameplayandtheabilitytointegratewithasettopboxtowatchcableorsatellitetvthroughtheconsolewithanenhancedguideinterfaceandkinectbasedvoicecontrolrefnamevergexboxunveilingrefrefnameengadgetoneguidereffollowingitsunveilingthexboxoneprovedcontroversialforitsoriginaldigitalrightsmanagementandprivacypracticeswhilemicrosofttoutedtheabilityforuserstoaccesstheirlibraryofgamesregardlessofwhethertheywerepurchasedphysicallyordigitallyonanyxboxoneconsolewithoutneedingtheirdiscsandtheabilitytosharetheirentirelibrarywithdesignatedfamilymembersallgameswouldhavetobetiedtotheusersxboxliveaccountandtheirxboxoneconsoleandtheconsolewouldberequiredtoconnecttotheinternetonaperiodicbasisatleastonceeveryhoursinordertosynchronizethelibraryorelsetheconsolewouldbeunabletoplayanygamesatallrefnamexboxonereceptioninternetmayventurebeatrefrefnameofficiallicensingrefafteranoverwhelminglynegativeresponsefromcriticsandconsumerswhoalsoshowedconcernsthatthesystemcouldpreventorhindertheresaleofusedgoodsusedgamesmicrosoftannouncedthattheserestrictionswouldbedroppedmicrosoftwasalsocriticizedforrequiringthexboxonetohaveitsupdatedkinectperipheralpluggedintofunctionwhichcriticsandprivacyadvocatesbelievedcouldbeusedasasurveillancedeviceasagesturetowardshowingacommitmenttouserprivacymicrosoftdecidedtoallowtheconsoletofunctionwithoutkinectrefnamepolygonprivacyresponserefrefnamekotakucomkotakucomxboxonewontactuallyneedkinectpluggedinmicrosokinectnolongermandatoryforxboxonebutwillstillcomewithitupdatekotakucomretrievedonaugustrefrefnameextonekinectrefonjunemicrosoftannouncedthexboxonesaslimmerversionofthexboxoneatelectronicentertainmentexpoexboxonexphilspencerbusinessexecutivephilspencerheadofxboxannouncedprojectscorpioatelectronicentertainmentexpoeonjuneanadditiontothexboxonefamilysayingitwouldreleaseinholidayatelectronicentertainmentexpoemicrosoftrevealedthefinalnameoftheconsoletobexboxonexandthatitwouldstartshippingworldwideonnovemberforafinalretailpriceofcomparisonperwpnfcpleasedonotincludenonfreeimageshereclasswikitablestylewidthstylewidthxboxconsolexboxstylewidthxboxstylewidthxboxonestylewidthxboxonexstyletextaligncenterconsolegallerymodepackedhoverfilemicrosoftxboxoneconsolesetwkinectjpgxboxonewkinectfilemicrosoftxboxonesconsolewcontrollerljpgxboxonesgallerydeletedimageremovedconsolelaunchpriceplainlistusgbplainlistussmallcorediscontinuedsmallussmallpremiumnbspgbdiscontinuedsmallussmallpremiumnbspgbdiscontinuedsmallussmallelitenbspgbdiscontinuedsmallussmallarcadenbspmbinternalmemorydiscontinuedsmallussmallarcadenbspmbinternalmemorydiscontinuedsmallussmallsuperelitenbspgbdiscontinuedsmallussmallxboxsnbspgbkinectdiscontinuedsmallussmallxboxsnbspgbdiscontinuedsmallussmallxboxsnbspgbinternalmemorykinectdiscontinuedsmallussmallxboxsnbspgbinternalmemorydiscontinuedsmallussmallxboxenbspgbinternalmemorysmallussmallxboxenbspgbsmallussmallxboxenbspgbinternalmemorykinectsmallplainlistussmallkinectbundlesmallussmallstandalonesmallussmallxboxoneelitenbsptbelitecontrollersmallussmallxboxonexboxonesxboxonessmallussmallblacktbversionsmallstyletextaligncenterreleasedatesmallfurtherinformationxboxlaunchreleasedatesandpricingsmallnovemberstyletextaligncenterdiscontinuedlistofbestsellinggameconsolesunitssoldmillionsmallasofmaysmallmillionsmallsmallsmallxboxreceptionandsalesdetailssmallmillionsmallestimatesmalllistofbestsellingvideogamesbestsellinggamehalomillionsmallasofmaysmallrefnameashermosesrefkinectadventuressmallpackingamepackinwithkinectperipheralsmallrefnamemillionrefbestsellingnonbundledgamecallofdutymodernwarfaremillionrefnamexboxbestsellinggamesstatisticsrefcolspancallofdutyblackopsiiimillionsmallasofoctobersmallmediacompactdisccddvdcompactdisccddvdhddvdmoviesonlywithxboxhddvdplayeraddondrivecompactdisccddvdbluraydiscusbflashdriveusbdrivewithsupportedmediadlnaserversrefnamecnetrefcompactdisccddvdbluraydiscultrahdblurayuhdbluraydiscusbflashdriveusbdrivewithsupportedmediadlnaserversrefnamexboxwebsitexboxcomaccessdaterefstyletextaligncenteraccessoriesretailstyleverticalaligntopxboxlivestarterkitxboxmediacenterextenderdvdplaybackkitxboxmusicmixermemoryunitnbspmblogitechwirelesscontrollernbspghzsmallxboxhardwareandaccessoriesmoresmallseexboxaccessoriescolspanmediaremotestereoheadsetadapterofficialstereoheadsetdigitaltvtunereuonlyplayandchargekitseexboxoneaccessoriescpunbspmhzxintelceleronpentiumiiicustomhybridcentralprocessingunitcpunbspghzibmpowerpcmulticoreprocessortricorecentralprocessingunitcpucodenamedxenonprocessorxenonnbspghzamdxmulticoreprocessoreightcorecentralprocessingunitcpucodenamedjaguarmicroarchitecturejaguarghzsemicustomadvancedmicrodevicesamdxeightcorecpucodenamedjaguarmicroarchitecturesuccessorjaguarenhancedgpunbspmhznvidiacustomgeforceseriesgeforcegeforceseriesnvadirectddirectddirectxbasedgpunbspmhzatitechnologiesaticustomradeonxseriesradeonxdirectddirectddirectxcbasedgpucodenamedxenosgraphicschipxenosnbspmhzamdradeonhdseriesdirectddirectddirectxdirectddirectddirectxbasedgpucodenameddurangomhzcustomizedamdgraphicscorenextgcnbasedgpuwithcomputeunitsmemorymbddrsdramnbspmhzindualchannelbitconfigurationgivingnbspmbsmbofgddrramnbspmhzgbsnbspmbedramgpuframebuffermemorygbofddrramnbspmhzgbsnbspmbesramgpuframebuffermemorygbofgddrsdramgddrramgbsvideoiostyleverticalaligntopvgacomponentvideocomponentypbprscartsvideocompositevideocompositeippipistyleverticalaligntophdmionmodelsmanufacturedafteraugustvgaconnectorvgacomponentvideocomponentdterminalypbprscartsvideocompositevideocompositepippipivariousmonitorresolutionsavailableviavgaandhdmidvistyleverticalaligntophdmioneinoneoutkresolutionkpppxboxonedoesnotsupportanyinterlacedresolutionshdmioutputhdmihdmibinputkresolutionkpfpspphdramdfreesyncaudioiostyleverticalaligntoptoslinkopticaltoslinkrcaconnectorstereorcadtssoundsystemdtsdolbydigitallivedolbydigitaldolbysurroundstereostyleverticalaligntophdmitoslinkopticaltoslinkrcaconnectorstereorcadtssoundsystemdtswmaprodolbydigitaldolbysurroundstereostyleverticalaligntophdmioneinoneouttoslinkopticaltoslinkdtshdmasteraudiodolbytruehddtssoundsystemdtshdhighresolutionaudiodtshdhighresolutionaudiodolbydigitalplusdtssoundsystemdtsdolbydigitaldolbyatmoshdmioutputhdmihdmibinputtoslinkopticaltoslinkdtshdmasteraudiodolbytruehddtssoundsystemdtshdhighresolutionaudiodtshdhighresolutionaudiodolbydigitalplusdtssoundsystemdtsdolbydigitaldolbyatmosonlineservicexboxlivexlinkkaipresentxboxlivebrxboxlivearcadebrxboxlivemarketplacebrxboxlivevisionwebcamheadsetbrxboxlivevideomarketplacebrwindowslivemessengerbrinternetexplorerbrvideokinectsmallkinectsensorisnolongerneededsmallcolspanxboxlivebrxboxstorebrinternetexplorerbrmicrosoftedgebrskypestyletextaligncenterbackwardcompatibilitylistofxboxgamescompatiblewithxboxofxboxlibrarycolspanselectlistofxboxgamescompatiblewithxboxonexboxandxboxtitlesstyletextaligncentersystemsoftwarexboxmusicmixerbrdvdplaybackkitxboxlinuxseexboxsystemsoftwarecolspanseexboxonesystemsoftwaresystemsoftwarebrfeaturesaudiocdplaybackdivclassnavframestyleborderstylenonepaddingdivclassnavcontentstyledisplaynonelineheightemtextalignleftaudiofileplaybacknondigitalrightsmanagementdrmadvancedaudiocodingaacmpwindowsmediaaudiowmavideofileplaybackmpegmpegwindowsmediavideowmvdivxxvidimageslideshowsconnectivitywithwindowspcsformorecodecsupportandexternalplaybackcompatiblenativelywithwindowsxpmediacentereditionandwindowsvistawithwindowsxpwithdownloadableutilitykeyboardsupportdivdivcolspandbluraysupportdlnaserversupportexternalharddrivesupportconsumerprogrammabilityviasoftmodsandormodchipsmodifiedmicrosoftwindowscewindowscexlinuxdevelopmentonpcwithmicrosoftxnaxnagamestudioyearsubscriptionbinarydistributionwithxnarefreshcolspanidxboxandapprovedwindowsstoreuniversalwindowsplatformuwpappsgameseachconsolehasavarietyofgamesmostgamesreleasedontheoriginalxboxarebackwardscompatibleandcanbeplayeddirectlyonitssuccessorxboxbackwardcompatibilitywithxboxtitleswasaddedtoxboxoneinjunealthoughtitlesrequiringkinectorusbperipheralswillnotbesupportedonlineservicesxboxlivexboxliveisanonlineservicewithovermillionusersworldwideasofjanuaryitcomprisesanonlinevirtualmarketthexboxlivemarketplacewhichallowsthepurchaseanddownloadofgamesandvariousformsofmultimediaonlinegamingonthexboxfirststartedonnovemberworldwidetheserviceisstillactiveandcontinuestobeplayedbygamersxboxlivemarketplacethexboxlivemarketplacexblmisavirtualmarketdesignedformicrosoftsxboxconsolethatallowsxboxlivememberstodownloadpurchasedorpromotionalcontenttheserviceoffersmovieandgametrailerpromotiontrailersxboxlivemarketplacevideostorevideostoregamedemosxboxlivearcadegamesxboxliveindiegamespreviouslycommunitygamesxboxgamesondemandgamesondemandxboxandlistofxboxoriginalsxboxoriginalsdownloadablecontentsuchasmappacksavatarcomputinggamerpicturesandxboxdashboardxboxdashboardskincomputingthemestheaugustupdateaddedxboxgamesfordownloadtheavatarmarketplaceandrenamedcommunitygamestoindiegamesthespringupdatetothexboxdashboardrelocatedthemarketplacetoitsownbladeinordertobringmoreattentiontotheserviceandmakeitmoreaccessibletousersalthoughthishasbeenobsoletedbythenxeupdatethesectionhasbeenimplementedintothreeseparatesectionsinthedashboardthegamemarketplacevideomusicmarketplaceandavatarmarketplacedownloadedcontentrequiresenoughspaceoneitherthexboxsharddriveoranxboxmemoryunitselecteddownloadsareplacedinaqueueandaredownloadedwhilsttheconsoleispoweredonandisconnectedtoxboxliveuserscanchoosetosendcertaindownloadstothefrontofthequeuetobedownloadedfirstdownloadsaretemporarilyhaltedduringcertaintimeswheregamesmakeuseofxboxlivesfeaturesegonlinemultiplayerxboxsmartglassxboxsmartglassisacompanionapplicationforxboxavailableforwindowswindowswindowsphoneiosandroidoperatingsystemandroidversionandaboverefnamesmartglassinstallationrefandwindowsserveritwasannouncedbymicrosoftduringelectronicentertainmentexpoeandreleasedonoctobercoincidingwiththereleaseofwindowsrefnamexblproductpagerefitconnectswiththexboxandallowsmoreinteractiveentertainmentallowingmobiledevicestopotentiallyserveassecondscreensandremotecontrollercurrentlywindowsandwindowsrttabletsandpcswindowsphoneandiosdevicesandandroidsmartphonesxarecompatiblewithsmartglassprovidinginformationsuchashalostatsandforzahorizongpsusersofwindowsservercancurrentlydownloadtheapplicationfromthewindowsstoreafterinstallingthewindowsdesktopexperiencefeatureintheservermanagergamingcloudgamingcloudisadivisionwithinmicrosoftsxboxteamtohelpgamedevelopersincorporatetheircloudcomputingelementssuchasmicrosoftazurewithintheirgameswhilefocusedonxboxandwindowsgamesthedivisionwillsupportdevelopersregardlessoftargetplatformordistributionchannelthedivisionwasformedinmarchandledbykareemchoudhrysoftwaredeletedimageremovedxboxdashboardthexboxsoriginalgraphicaluserinterfacewasthexboxdashboardatabguitabbedinterfacethatfeaturedfivebladesformerlyfourbladesandwasdesignedbyakqaandaudiobrainitcouldbelaunchedautomaticallywhentheconsolebootingbootedwithoutadiscinitorwhenthedisctraywasejectedbuttheuserhadtheoptiontoselectwhattheconsoledoesifagameisinthetrayonstartuporifinsertedwhenalreadyonasimplifiedversionofitwasalsoaccessibleatanytimeviathexboxguidebuttononthegamepadthissimplifiedversionshowedtheusersgamercardxboxlivemessagesandfriendslistitalsoallowedforpersonalandmusicsettingsinadditiontovoiceorvideochatsorreturningtothexboxdashboardfromthegamexboxonedashboardcontrollersxboxcontrollerreleasedinthexboxcontrolpadwasthefirstcontrollermadefortheoriginalxboxconsolexboxthexboxcontrollerfeaturestwoanalogsticksapressuresensitivedirectionalpadtwoanalogtriggersabackbuttonastartbuttontwoaccessoryslotsandsixbitanalogactionbuttonsagreenbredxblueyyellowandblackandwhitebuttonsthestandardxboxcontrolleroriginallynicknamedthefattyrefnamenicknamerefandlaterthedukerefnamenicknamerefwasoriginallythecontrollerbundledwithxboxsystemsforallterritoriesexceptjapanxboxcontrollerreleasedinthexboxcontrollerforthexboxsucceededitspredecessorastandardxboxcontrollerfeatureselevendigitalbuttonstwoanalogtriggerstwoanalogsticksandadigitaldpadtherightfaceofthecontrollerfeaturesfourdigitalactionsbuttonsagreenabuttonredbbuttonbluexbuttonandyellowybuttonthelowerrighthousestherightanalogstickinlowerleftisadigitaldpadandontheleftfaceistheleftanalogstickbothanalogstickscanalsobeclickedintoactivateadigitalbuttonbeneathinthecenterofthecontrollerfacearedigitalstartbackandguidebuttonstheguidebuttonislabelledwiththexboxlogoandisusedtoturnontheconsolecontrollerandtoaccesstheguidemenuitisalsosurroundedbytheringoflightwhichindicatesthecontrollernumberaswellasflashingwhenconnectingandtoprovidenotificationstheleftandrightshoulderseachfeatureadigitalshoulderbuttonorbumperandananalogtriggerxboxkinectkinectstylizedaskinectisamotionsensinginputdevicebymicrosoftforthexboxvideogameconsoleandwindowspersonalcomputerpcsbasedaroundawebcamstyleaddonperipheralforthexboxconsoleitenablesuserstocontrolandinteractwiththexboxwithouttheneedtotouchagamecontrollerthroughanaturaluserinterfaceusinggesturesandspeechrecognitionspokencommandsrefnamenatalreftheprojectisaimedatbroadeningthexboxsaudiencebeyonditstypicalgamerbaserefnamelatimesrefkinectcompeteswiththewiiremoteplusandplaystationmovewithplaystationeyemotioncontrollersforthewiiandplaystationhomeconsolesrespectivelyaversionformicrosoftwindowswindowswasreleasedonfebruaryrefnamewindowsreleasedaterefkinectwaslaunchedinnorthamericaonnovemberornbspgbthekinectclaimedtheguinnessworldrecordofbeingthefastestsellingconsumerelectronicsdeviceaftersellingatotalofmillionunitsinitsfirstdaysmicrosoftreleasedkinectsoftwaredevelopmentkitforwindowsonjunerefnamesdkrefrefnamesdkrefrefnamesdkrefthissdkwasmeanttoallowdeveloperstowritekinectingappsincclicsharpprogramminglanguagecorvisualbasicnetadditionalinformationonthexboxonekinectwasreleasedonjuneincludinginformationonhowtoturnoffthealwaysonfeaturexboxonecontrollerthexboxoneconsolehasarevisedcontrollerwithfortyimprovementsoverthescontrollerthisnewcontrollerisbuilttoworkwithkinectthestartandbackbuttonsarereplacedwithmenuandviewbuttonsithasimpulsetriggersthatreplacetheregulartriggersthebuttonwiththexboxlogowillnolongerbringupthexboxguideasthexboxguidebuttononthexboxcontrollerdidthebuttonwillnowopenupthedashboardwithoutinterruptingthegamecurrentlybeingplayedbytheuseroncepressedagainthexboxwillresumethegamexboxonekinectalthoughfeaturingimprovedperformanceovertheoriginalkinectitssuccessorhasbeensubjecttomixedresponsesithasbeenpraisedforitswideangleitsfastresponsetimeandhighqualitycamerahoweverthekinectsinabilitytounderstandsomeaccentsinenglishwascriticizedfurthermorecontroversiessurroundmicrosoftsintentionaltyingofthesensorwiththexboxoneconsoledespitetheinitialrequirementsforthesensorbeingpluggedinatalltimeshavingbeenrevisedsinceitsinitialannouncementtherehavealsobeenanumberofconcernsregardingprivacymarketinginmicrosoftannouncedthatitwouldholditsownxboxfanfestinsteadofapressconferenceatthegamescomannualeuropeanvideogameconventionmicrosoftheldanxboxfanfestinsydneyinseptemberreferencesexternallinksintroductioninfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexiaolinativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinhebeicoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehebeisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamebaodingsubdivisiontypecountiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountysubdivisionnamerongchengcountyrongchengestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxiaoliisatowninrongchengcountyincentralhebeiprovincechinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatereflocatedaroundsouthwestofthecountyseatandnortheastofdowntownbaodingithasvillagesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhebeireferencesinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexiaolinativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinashandongpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinshandongcoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameshandongsubdivisiontypesubprovincialcitysubdivisionnamejinansubdivisiontypedistrictprcdistrictsubdivisionnamechangqingdistrictchangqingestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxiaoliisatowninsouthwesternchangqingdistrictjinanshandongpeoplesrepublicofchinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatereflocatedaroundsoutheastoftheyellowriverithasvillagesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofshandongreferenceskhojalymassacrechirimiainfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinqiaonativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinayunnanpushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinyunnancoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameyunnansubdivisiontypeautonomousprefecturesubdivisionnamechuxiongyiautonomousprefecturechuxiongsubdivisiontypecountiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountysubdivisionnamemoudingestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxinqiaoisatownofmoudingcountyinnorthcentralyunnanprovincechinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatereflocatednortheastofthecountyseatandnorthnortheastofchuxiongcityithasvillagesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinqiaonativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinasichuanpushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinsichuancoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamesichuansubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnameneijiangsubdivisiontypecountiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountysubdivisionnamezizhongestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxinqiaoisatownofzizhongcountyinsoutheasternsichuanprovincechinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatereflocatedwestsouthwestofthecountyseatandaboutnorthwestofdowntownneijiangithasoneresidentialcommunityandvillagesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinqiaonativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinasichuanpushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinsichuancoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamesichuansubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamesuijiangsubdivisiontypedistrictprcdistrictsubdivisionnamechuanshandistrictchuanshanestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxinqiaoisatownofchuanshandistrictinthenorthwesternoutskirtsofsuiningsichuanpeoplesrepublicofchinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdaterefithasoneresidentialcommunityandvillagesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinqiaonativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinasichuanpushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinsichuancoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamesichuansubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamezigongsubdivisiontypecountiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountysubdivisionnamerongcountysichuanrongestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxinqiaoisatownofrongcountysichuanrongcountyinsoutheasternsichuanprovincechinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatereflocatedsouthwestofthecountyseatandroughlyequidistantfromleshantothenorthwestandzigongtotheeastithasoneresidentialcommunityandvillagesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinqiaonativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinasichuanpushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinsichuancoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamesichuansubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamemianyangsubdivisiontypedistrictprcdistrictsubdivisionnameyouxiandistrictyouxianestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxinqiaoisatownofyouxiandistrictmianyangsichuanpeoplesrepublicofchinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatereflocatednortheastofthemainurbanareaofmianyangithasresidentialcommunitiesandvillagesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinqiaonativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinashanghaipushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinshanghaicoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypedirectcontrolledmunicipalityofthepeoplesrepublicofchinamunicipalitysubdivisionnameshanghaisubdivisiontypedistrictprcdistrictsubdivisionnamesongjiangdistrictsongjiangsubdivisiontypevillageleveldivisionssubdivisionnameresidentialcommunitiesestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmelevationftpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxinqiaoshanghainesesinsupsupjiausupsupliterallynewbridgeisatownofsongjiangdistrictinthesouthwesternsuburbsofshanghairefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdaterefithasresidentialcommunitiesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefitisservedbyxinqiaostationanonpassengerstopontheshanghaikunmingrailwayandlocatedjusteastoftheintersectionofgshenyanghaikouexpresswayandgshanghaikunmingexpresswayseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofshanghaireferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinqiaonativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinahenanpushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinhenancoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehenansubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamezhoukousubdivisiontypecountylevelcitysubdivisionnamexiangchengcityxiangchengestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmelevationftpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxinqiaoisatownundertheadministrationofxiangchengcityinsoutheasternhenanprovincechinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatereflocatedlessthannorthwiththeborderwithanhuiandsouthofdowntownxiangchengithasvillagesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhenanreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinqiaonativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinaguangdongpushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinguangdongcoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameguangdongsubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamezhaoqingsubdivisiontypecountylevelcitysubdivisionnamegaoyaoestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotes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mlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsoffujianreferencesexternallinksalbarossarosatomepiglottalflapxinzhuangrailwaystationshisanjingzhushuphotorhabdusluminescenssynxenorhabdusluminescensagammaproteobacteriumspeciesphotorhabdusluminescenssynxenorhabdusluminescensagammaproteobacteriumspecieshiroshimamonamourxenointoxicationisaformofpestcontrolinwhichanectoparasiteshostanimalisdosedwithasubstancethatispoisonoustotheparasitewhentheparasitefeedsonitshostitispoisonedandeventuallydiesanexampleofthisstrategyistheexperimentaluseoforalivermectininhumanstokillbedbugsandparasiticwormsthistechniquehasalsobeenusedtocombatotherectoparasitesthismethodwasunsuccessfulinastudyattemptingtocontroltriatomainfestansinchickenhousesbecauseeventhoughsomebugsthatfedonthetreatedbirdsdiddiesodidthebirdsandthebirdsthatsurvivedproducedfewereggsreferencesxylophaneschironxinjiangastronomicalobservatoryxaoofthechineseacademyofscienceswasknownasrmqiastronomicalobservatorynationalastronomicalobservatorieschineseacademyofsciencesbeforeitwasrenamedinjanuarythecurrentresearchatxaospansmanyfieldsofastronomyitconsistsofradioastronomyopticalastronomyandapplicationsofastronomyespeciallypulsarsstarformationandevolutiongalaxiesandcosmologyhighenergyastrophysicsmicrowavereceiverdigitaltechnologygpsandsoontheradioastrophysicslaboratoryofxaoisamemberoftheradioastronomykeylaboratoriesinthechineseacademyofsciencesandhasalsobeenawardedthestatusofkeylaboratoryofxinjianguygurautonomousregionxaooperatesthenanshansitekashgarsiteqitaisiteandothertwoindependentgroundstationsfacilitiestheobservatorysfacilitiesincludethenanshanradiotelescopeseelistofradiotelescopesasialocatedingangoutownshiprmqicountythemtelescopesiteinnanshanofxaoisoneoftheimportantstationsofverylongbaselineinterferometryvlbiasacrucialresearchbaseforpulsarcentimeterwavemolecularlineandactivegalacticnucleiresearchnanshanstationisalsoinvolvedandplaysanimportantroleinchinaslunarexplorationprogramplansalsoexistfortheconstructionofalargefullysteerablesingledishradiotelescopediameternbspmwhichiscalledqitairadiotelescopeorqttforshortthechosensiteforthefacilityisinbanjiegoutownqitaicountyuponcompletionthesensitivityofnbspmantennaisabouttimesmorethananbspmtelescoperefnameqttrefonjulythegroundbreakingceremonytookplaceatbanjiegouforthexinjiangqitaiastronomicalandscienceeducationbasewhichispresumablythefacilitythatwillhousethetelescopeprogramsxaohasheldawiderangeofinterestingpublicsciencepopularizationsinceitwassetuppopularscienceinxaocomprisesstarpartyforthepublicfieldtripforstudentsastronomersgetintocampusfreecampsforchildrenwholiveinremotepovertystrickenareasopenhousedayandsoontheresultsofspreadingpublicsciencedependnotonlyonourabilitybutalsoonourwillingnesstogiveinternationalcollaborationisanimportantchannelforxaotopromotethedevelopmentofastronomyastrophysicsandotherrelatedfieldsofsciencesofarxaohasalreadyestablishedfriendlyrelationshipwithamericaaustralianetherlandjapangermanyenglanditalyrussiaswedentaiwanandhongkongbesideshasalsoestablishedagoodpartnershipwithdomesticscientificresearchinstitutionsaswellasuniversitiesxaohasmorethanstaffincludingscientificandtechnicalpersonnelmanagementpersonnelalsohiredforeignprofessoremeritusandexpertsfromwellknownuniversitiesandresearchinstitutionsasourguestprofessorsnotestangyuanfoodorganizationxiiixionxernonaclaytondarenimowatasenaiyolifeokthexuanmingcalendaralsoknownassenmyrekiorsenmeirekiinitsjapaneseversionwasachinachineselunisolarcalendaritwasusedinchinaduringthethcenturyaswellasinthekoryokingdominkoreainjapanitremainedinusefromthelatethcenturytothelatethcenturyhistorychinathexuanmingcalendarwasoneofseveralcalendarsdevelopedduringthetangdynastyitwasimplementedinandwasuseduntilaperiodofyearsjapanthecalendarwasimportedintojapanintheearliestrecordofthiscalendarbeingusedinjapanisinthethmonthoftherdyearofjganduringthereignoftheemperorseiwaitwouldcontinuetobeuseduntilafterwhichitwouldbesupersededbythejkycalendarthefirstcalendardevelopedspecificallyforjapanbythatpointthecalendarwasinerrorbyapproximatelytwodaysseealsochinesecalendarjapanesecalendarsexagenarycyclereferencesfurtherreadingcharlottevonverschuerbooksgooglecombooksidltfowkirlqcpgpadqlesrelationsofficiellesdujaponaveclachineauxviiieetixesicleshachikyseikinonitchkankeippnexternallinksnationaldietlibraryndlgojpkoyomiethejapanesecalendarinfoboxstationnamexianghunativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationhangzhousymbolmetrosymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagexianghustationjpgaltcaptionplatformmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressxiaoshandistricthangzhouzhejiangcountrychinacoordinatesoperatorhangzhoumetrocorporationlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructuredisabledcodeopenedclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxianghuisametrostationstationonlinehangzhoumetrolineofthe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wariialaotianindependencemovementthelaoissaraformedtoseeknationalindependencethaoanourackanativeofxpnwasappointedcommanderofalllaoissaraforcesinthedistrictinitiallysuccessfulfrenchforcesseizedthecapitalofvientianebyaprilmostofthelaoissarafledtothailandinseptemberhoweverseverallaotianleadersmetinthevietnamesecityofvinhandwiththesponsorshipofthevietminhmovementformedthecommitteeforlaoresistanceintheeasttocarryonthefightforindependencethaoanurakwasoneofthefoundingmembersofthecommitteeduetoitslocationneartheridgebreaksandtwomajorriversthevillageofxpnisestimatedtohavehadaboutinhabitantsinjustfiveyearslaterhalfoftheresidentshadfledduetowarairbaseduringthesthefrenchmilitarybuiltamilitaryairfieldnearxpntheairfieldwaslocatedaboutnorthwestofthevillageonthesouthbankofthenamsekokriveratinlengththedirtairstripwasthelargestinsavannakhetprovinceandthesecondlargestairfieldofanyinthenearbysouthvietnameseprovincestheroyallaoarmyceaseddefendingtheairfieldinanditfellintonorthvietnamesehandsxpnprovedtobeacriticalpointonthehochiminhtrailthetrailwasaseriesofsupplyroutesalongthroughlaoswhichnorthvietnamusedtosupplyforcesofboththepeoplesarmyofvietnampavnandthevietcongguerrillaforcesbothofwhichwereoperatinginsouthvietnamrouteprovidedaquickwaytomovesupplieseastthelightvietnamesetruckscouldalsocrossthebanghiangriveratxpnwhichalthoughacrosswasjustdeepmostoftheyearandthentravelfurthersouththismadexpnthechokepointforalmostallmotorizedtrafficpassingthroughmugiapassthemainhochiminhtrailentrypointintolaosonlyroutewhichledsouthfrommngphnprovidedagoodalternativeoperationlamsonamericanofficialsbelievedthatxpnwasabandonedbyinxpnwasthefocusofoperationlamsonitisnotevenclearthatxpnwasevenoccupiedbythenorthvietnameseanylongeramericanofficialsreportedlargequantitiesoffoodammunitionandothersuppliescachedinandaroundxpnandthatarvntroopsandamericanaircraftdestroyedthembutotherreportsindicatethatwhilesupplycachesweredestroyedxpnhadalreadybeenabandonedbythenorthvietnameseinfavorofotherroutesoperationlamsondestroyedxpnandleftitdesertedmodernxpnduringthelaotiancivilwarthepathetlaocapturedxpninearlymaythepathetlaotoppledtheconstitutionalmonarchyoflaosondecemberintheyearsafterthenewgovernmenttookpoweranewtownusingthenamexpnwasbuiltonthesiteoftheoldfrenchairfieldbythenewtownhadapopulationofaboutthesiteofoldxpnxpnkaoinlaotianlanguagelaotianhasfewremainsanewtemplewasconstructedonthesiteofthetownwatandasafeandpileofbricksmarksthetownsformerbankgoldwasdiscoverednearxpnbyconzincriotintoofaustraliariotintogroupinmoregolddepositswereidentifiedbyoxianainknowngolddepositstotalofgoldindustrialgoldminingbeganinlatedecemberextensivecopperdepositswerediscoverednorthofxpninconstructionofalargecopperminethemosttechnologicallyadvancedinasiabeganincopperproductionbeganintheseminesproducedofcopperofgoldandofsilverinthesameyearthecompanylanexangmineralslimitedbeganaunitedstatesdollarusmillionexpansionofthecopperminedesignedtoraiseyearlyproductiontoasofthecopperandgoldmineatxpnwaslaoslargestprivatebusinessanditslargestprivateemployerfourteenvillagesdirectlywithinthecoreminezonehadbeenrelocatedaboutseventymorevillagesarewithinthemineconcessionbutthesehadnotyetbeenaskedtomovecommunitiesimpactedbytheseponmineincludemakongtritrykriandlaoloumthedominantethniclaoalthoughmanyofthecommunitieshavenotbeenaskedtorelocatewaterpollutionanddeforestationforcedmanytoleavetheirvillagessomeresettledatthemineresettlementsitereferencesbibliographyburkeandrewvaisutisjustineandcummingsjoelaoslondonlonelyplanetchandrasekaranvcrubberasaconstructionmaterialforcorrosionprotectionacomprehensiveguideforprocessequipmentdesignershobokennjjohnwileysonscheesmanpatriciathespiritskirtsofthelaotaipeoplesinlaosinthesecretsofsoutheastasiantextilesmythstatusandthesupernaturaljanepurananandaedbangkokjameshwthompsonfoundationcollinsjohnmmilitarygeographyforprofessionalsandthepublicwashingtondcnationaldefenseuniversitypresscummingsjoelaoslondonlonelyplanetfongsamyolandathemineralindustryoflaosinmineralsyearbookvolumeiiiareareportsinternationalasiaandthepacificwashingtondcusdepartmentoftheinteriorhighamcharlessoutheastasiaintheoxfordcompaniontoarchaeologyneilashersilbermanalexanderabaueretaledsnewyorkoxforduniversitypresslamsonoperationinvietnamwartheessentialreferenceguidejameshwillbanksedsantabarbaracalifabccliomillerjohngriderthecovansusmarineadvisorsinvietnamannapolismdnavalinstitutepressnguyenphuducanddommenarthurjthevietnampeacenegotiationssaigonssideofthestorychristiansburgvadalleybookservicerickperlsteinperlsteinricknixonlandtheriseofapresidentandthefracturingofamericanewyorksimonandschusterphraxayavongviliamhistoryofaidtolaosmotivationsandimpactschiangmaithailandmekongpresssavadaandreamatleslaosacountrystudywashingtondclibraryofcongressstuartfoxmartinahistoryoflaoscambridgeukcambridgeuniversitypressvanattadalewithhonormelvinlairdinwarpeaceandpoliticsmadisonwiscuniversityofwisconsinpressxpnxuzhouasahistoricaltoponymreferstovariedareaindifferenterasordinarilyitwasareferencetotheoneofthenineprovinceschinanineprovinceswhichmodernxuzhouinheritedhistorypreqineraxuzhouorxuprovincewasoneofthenineprovincesofancientchinamentionedinchinesehistoricaltextssuchastheyugongtributeofyueryaandritesofzhoutheyugongtributeofyurecordstheseamountdaiancientnameofmounttaiandthehuairiverservedastheboundariesofxuzhouwhilethedefinitionofxuzhouismorebriefineryawhereislocatedintheeastofjiriverbasedonthesedescriptionstheancientxuzhoucoveredanareathatroughlycorrespondstotheregionsinmodernsoutheasternshandongsouthofmounttaiandnorthernjiangsunorthofthehuairiverrefnamerefrefnamerefhandynastyceinbceduringthereignofemperorwuofhanemperorwurbceinthewesternhandynastybcecechinawasdividedintoadministrativedivisionsorprovincesexcludingthecapitalchanganandsevencommanderychinacommanderiesinitsvicinityeachgovernedbyacishiinspectorofthemwerenamedafterthenineprovinceschinanineprovincesmentionedinthehistoricaltextsclassicofhistoryandritesofzhouxuzhouwasoneoftheanditcoveredpartsofjiangsunorthoftheyangtzeriverandsoutheasternshandongintheeasternhandynastycexuzhouscapitalwassetupattanpresentdaytanchengcountylinyishandongthreekingdomsperiodandjindynastyduringthethreekingdomsperiodxuzhouwasaterritoryofthestateofcaoweianditscapitalwasmovedtopengchengpresentdayxuzhoujiangsutheareaofxuzhoushrunkslightlyasitssouthernborderwitheasternwusunwuafterthefallofthewesternjinduetothewuhuuprisingthejinremnantsfledtosouthernchinaandestablishedtheeasternjintogovernthepeoplefromnorthernwhorelocatedinthesouthofthehuairiverwhileitsareashrunkagainitscapitalwasvariableitmovedtoxiapipresentdaysuiningcountyjiangsusuiningjiangsushanyangpresentdayhuaiandistrictjiangsuguanglingpresentdayyangzhoujiangsuandjingkoupresentdayzhenjiangjiangsuatdifferentstagessinceitscapitalmovedtothesouthoftheyangtzeriverwherehadneverbeenapartofitsareaxuzhoubecameamigratedprovincescommanderiesandcountiesmigratedprovincerefnamerefsixteenkingdomsandsouthernandnortherndynastiesperiodinthesixteenkingdomsperiodxuzhouwasdividedbetweenorcameundertheadministrationofvariouskingdomsthelateryankingdomsetupxuzhouscapitalathuangjingupresentdayzhangqiushandongandmovedittoliyangeastofpresentdayxuncountyhenanandlatertojuanchengnorthofpresentdayjuanchengcountyshandongthesouthernyankingdomsetupxuzhouscapitalatjuchengpresentdayjucountyshandongwhichadministeredpartsofsoutheasternshandongthelaterqinkingdomsetupxuzhouscapitalatxiangsouthofpresentdayshenqiucountyhenanwhichadministeredtheregionseastofpresentdayshangqiutaikangcountyshangshuicountyinhenanprovinceaswellasbozhouguoyangcountywoyangcountyandmengchengcountyinanhuiprovinceintheemperoranofjinemperoranroftheliusongdynastyrecapturedtheformerterritoryinthenorthofthehuairiverxuzhouwasrenamedasnorthxuzhouwhosesouthbordernexttothehuairiverwhilecapitalwaspengchenginmeanwhilethemigratedxuzhouremainedinduringthereignofemperorwuofliusongemperorwurnorthxuzhouwasrestoredasxuzhouwhilesouthxuzhouinsteadoftheformermigratedxuzhoucomparativelyrefnamerefinduringthereignofemperortaiwurofthenorthernweixuzhouscapitalwasestablishedatjiyangcountynortheastofpresentdaylankaocountylankaohenanitwasdisbandedinduringthereignofemperorxianwenrinastheoriginalareawascapturedbynorthernweiliusongsetupthenewxuzhouwhosecapitalwaslocatedinyancountypresentdayfengyangcountyfengyanganhuiyuanmingandqingdynastiesduringthereignofukhaantukhanemperorhuizongofyuanemperorhuizongrintheyuandynastyxuzhoubecameanadministrativedivisionknownasxuzhoucircuitafterwithitscapitalinpengchengduringthereignofthehongwuemperorrinthemingdynastythenamexuzhouwasrestoredandtheadministrativedivisiongovernedpeicountyandfengcountyjiangsufengcountyinjiangsuanddangshancountyandxiaocountyinanhuixuzhoubecamexuzhouprefectureintheqingdynastyduringthereignoftheyongzhengemperorranditadministeredthemoderncityofxuzhouandsuqianinjiangsuandsuzhouanhuisuzhouxiaocountyanddangshancountyinanhuiasotheralternativetoponympreqineraanareaintheeastoflustatelustatezhuinthesoutheastofpresentdayshandaongxuwaszhuthechinesecharactersvariantsometimesinancientchinaanareaofqistateqistatexuesouthofpresentdaytengzhoushandonginbcexiapiwasmovedtoxuethenthelatterrenamedxuzhouanareaofqistateoriginallycapturedbyyanandzhaolatershuzhoupresentdaydachengcountydachenghebeijurchenjindynastyduringthereignofemperortaizongofjinemperortaizongrofthejurchenpeoplejurchenledjindynastyansumilitarydivisionwhosecapitalatansucountypresentdayxushuicountyhebeiwasrenamedxuzhouitadministeredtheareainpresentdayeasternxushuicountyitwasrenamedansuzhouinduringthereignofwanyanliangrreferencessurguttaxoboximagenaturalisbiodiversitycenterrmnhmolaverelliadesidensrangxanthonychidaemolluscshelljpegimagecaptionaverelliadesidensshellregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliaxanthonychoideasuperfamiliaauthorityhermannstrebelmalacologiststrebelpfeffersynonymsdiversitylinkdiversityofgastropodsdiversityxanthonychoideaisataxonomictaxonomicranksuperfamilyofairbreathingland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rantandtroopsledbyconfederategeneralroberteleebattleforthelasttimejunendashamericancivilwarbattleofnoondaycreekconfederatetroopsdefeatunionforcesnearkennesawgeorgiabattleofbricescrossroadsconfederatetroopsundernathanbedfordforrestdefeatamuchlargerunionforceledbygeneralsamueldsturgisinmississippijunendashamericancivilwarndashbattleofcoldharborgeneralulyssessgrantpullshistroopsfromtheirpositionsatcoldharborvirginiaandmovessouthjunendasharlingtonnationalcemeteryisestablishedintheunitedstateswhenofthegroundsofroberteleeshomearlingtonhousetheroberteleememorialarlingtonhouseareofficiallysetasideasamilitarycemeterybyussecretaryofwaredwinmstantonjunendashthedecreeofextendedfreedomoftradeswedendecreeofextendedfreedomoftradeintroducescompletefreedomoftradeinswedenjunendashamericancivilwarndashbattleofcherbourgbattleofcherbourgconfederatestatesnavycssalabamacssalabamaissunkinasingleshipactionwithusskearsargeusskearsargeintheenglishchanneloffthecoastofcherbourgfrancejunendashnewzealandwarsthetaurangacampaignendsjunendashamericancivilwarndashbattleofkennesawmountainconfederatetroopsdefeatunionforcesnearkennesawgeorgiajunendashsecondschleswigwarndashthebattleofalsiswonbytheprussiansundergeneralkarleberhardherwarthvonbittenfeldherwarthvonbittenfeldwhooccupytheislandofalsislandalsaftercrossingthealssundbetweenthevillageofsottrupskovandthesandbjergestatebynightofdanishtroopsstationedthereathirdarekilledwoundedorcapturedjulyndashseptemberjulyndashtheuniversityofbucharestisfoundedinaustriahungaryjulyndashpresidentlincolnissuesatrueproclamationofconscriptionofmenfortheuscivilwarjulyndashthethirdbattleofnankingclimaxeswhenthetaipingheavenlykingdomcapitalofnankingfallstoanassaultbyimperialqingdynastyforcesinthelastmajoractionofthetaipingrebellioninchinathereareprobablymorethanamilliontroopsinthebattleandthetaipingarmysustainsatleastdeadjulyndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofpeachtreecreeknearatlantaconfederateforcesledbygeneraljohnbellhoodunsuccessfullyattackuniontroopsundergeneralwilliamtshermanjulyndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofatlantaoutsideofatlantaconfederategeneralhoodleadsanunsuccessfulattackonuniontroopsundergeneralshermanonbaldhilljulyndashamericancivilwarndashsecondbattleofkernstownconfederategeneraljubalearlydefeatsuniontroopsledbygeneralgeorgecrookinanefforttokeeptheyankeesoutoftheshenandoahvalleyjulyndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofezrachurchconfederatetroopsledbygeneralhoodmakeathirdunsuccessfulattempttodriveunionforcesundergeneralshermanfromatlantajulyndashamericancivilwarconfederatespybelleboydisarrestedbyuniontroopsanddetainedattheoldcapitolprisoninwashingtondcjulyndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofthecraterunionforcesattempttobreakconfederatelinesbyexplodingalargebombundertheirtrenchesbattleofmobilebayaugustndashtheelginwatchcompanyisfoundedinelginillinoisaugustndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofmobilebayatmobilebaynearmobilealabamaadmiraldavidfarragutleadsaunionflotillathroughconfederatedefensesandsealsoneofthelastmajorsouthernportsaugustndashanundeclareduruguayanwarbeginswhenuruguayrefusesanultimatumfromtheempireofbrazilaugustndashthefirstfishandchipsshopperhapsopensinlondonaugustndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofglobetavernforcesunderuniongeneralulyssessgranttrytocutavitalconfederatestatesofamericaconfederatesupplylineintopetersburgvirginiabyattackingthewilmingtonandweldonrailroadforcingtheconfederatestousewagonsaugustndashthefirstgenevaconventionfortheameliorationoftheconditionofthewoundedinarmiesinthefieldissignedingenevabyeuropeanstatesundertheauspicesoftheinternationalcommitteeoftheredcrossinternationalcommitteeforrelieftothewoundedpredecessoroftheinternationalredcrossandredcrescentmovementsigningofthefirstgenevaconventionaugustndashamericancivilwarunionforcesledbygeneralwilliamtshermanlaunchanassaultonatlantaseptemberamericancivilwarconfederategeneralhoodevacuatesatlantaafteramonthsiegemountedbyuniongeneralshermancharlottetownconferencedelegatesfromthecanadiancoloniesmeettodiscusscanadianconfederationseptemberndashamericancivilwarunionforcesundergeneralshermanenteratlantaadayaftertheconfederatedefendersfledthecityseptemberndashseptemberndashbombardmentofshimonosekianamericanbritishnetherlandsdutchandfrenchallianceengagesthepowerfulfeudaljapanesewarlordordaimylordmritakachikaofthechshdomainchshclanbasedinshimonosekijapanseptemberndashamericancivilwaratlantaisevacuatedonordersofuniongeneralwilliamtecumsehshermanseptemberndashpopepiusixestablishesthedioceseofgozoseptemberndashamericancivilwarthesecondbattleofcabincreekisfoughtinindianterritoryseptemberndashtheinternationalworkingmensassociationisfoundedinlondonrefnamepocketonthisdayrefoctoberndashdecemberoctoberndashamericancivilwarndashfirstbattleofsaltvilleunionforcesattacksaltvillevirginiabutaredefeatedbyconfederatetroopsoctoberndashacyclonekillsincalcuttaindiaoctoberndashamericancivilwarndashbattleoftomsbrookunioncavalrymenintheshenandoahvalleydefeatconfederateforcesattomsbrookvirginiaoctoberndashthequebecconferencequebecconferencebeginstodiscussplansforthecreationofadominionofcanadarefnamecbhrefoctoberndashuruguayanwarforcesoftheempireofbrazilinvadeuruguayinsupportofvenancioflorescoloradopartyuruguaycoloradopartyoctoberndashamericancivilwarndashsecondbattleoffairoaksunionforcesundergeneralulyssessgrantwithdrawfromfairoakshenricocountyvirginiafairoaksvirginiaafterfailingtobreachtheconfederatedefensesaroundrichmondvirginiaoctoberthesecondschleswigwarisconcludeddenmarkrenouncesallclaimtoschleswigholsteinandlauenburgwhichcomeunderprussianandaustrianadministrationhelenamontanaisfoundedafterfourprospectingprospectorsthesocalledfourgeorgiansdiscovergoldatlastchancegulchitistheirlastandagreedfinalattemptforweeksoftryingtofindgoldinthenorthernrockiesoctoberndashnevadaisadmittedasthethusstatenovemberndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofjohnsonvilleatjohnsonvilletennesseetroopsunderthecommandofconfederategeneralnathanbedfordforrestbombardaunionsupplybasewithartilleryanddestroymillionsofdollarsworthofmaterialnovemberndashthecapitalofidahoterritoryismovedfromlewistonidaholewistontoboisenorthidahodeclaresthemoveillegalandproposessecessionnovemberndashuspresidentialelectionabrahamlincolnisreelectedinanoverwhelmingvictoryovergeorgebmcclellannovemberndashhostilitiesintheparaguayanwaropenwiththeparaguayanshiptacuarcapturingthebrazilianmarqusdeolindaintheparaguayrivernovemberndashamericancivilwarndashshermansmarchtotheseabeginsuniongeneralshermanburnsatlantaandstartstomovesouthlivingoffthelandandcausingextensivedevastationtocropsandmillsnovemberndashthejudicialreformofalexanderiiislaunchedintherussianempirenovemberndashamericancivilwarndashshermansmarchtotheseaconfederategeneraljohnbellhoodinvadestennesseeinanunsuccessfulattempttodrawuniongeneralshermanfromgeorgianovemberndashamericancivilwaragroupofconfederateoperativescallingthemselvestheconfederatearmyofmanhattanstartsfiresinmorethanlocationsinanunsuccessfulattempttoburndownnewyorkcitynovemberndashamericanindianwarsndashsandcreekmassacrecoloradovolunteersledbycoloneljohnchivingtonmassacreatleastcheyenneandarapahononcombatantsatsandcreekcoloradowheretheyhadbeengivenpermissiontocampmanyofthedeadaresubsequentlymutilatedshermansmarchtotheseanovemberndashamericancivilwarndashsecondbattleoffranklintheconfederatearmyoftennesseeledbygeneralhoodmountsadramaticallyunsuccessfulfrontalassaultonunionpositionsaroundfranklintennesseehoodlosesgeneralsandalmostathirdofhistroopsdecemberndashthegreatfireofbrisbanebreaksoutinaustraliadecemberndashamericancivilwarndashshermansmarchtotheseaatwaynesborogeorgiaforcesunderuniongeneraljudsonkilpatrickpreventtroopsledbyconfederategeneraljosephwheelerfrominterferingwithuniongeneralshermanscampaignofdestroyingawideswathofthesouthonhismarchtosavannahgeorgiasavannahunionforcessuffermorethantimesthecasualtiesastheconfederateshoweverdecemberjamesclerkmaxwellpresentshispaperadynamicaltheoryoftheelectromagneticfieldtotheroyalsocietyinlondontreatinglightasanelectromagneticwavesyllabuserrorumpopepiusixcondemnstheologicalliberalismasanerrorandclaimsthesupremacyofromancatholicchurchauthorityovercivilsocietyhealsocondemnsrationalismandsocialismthecliftonsuspensionbridgeacrosstheriveravonbristolinenglanddesignedbyisambardkingdombrunelandcompletedasamemorialtohimopenstotrafficdecemberndashparaguayanwarparaguayformallydeclareswarontheempireofbrazilinsupportofthenationalpartyuruguayuruguayannationalpartythewarcontinuestowitharoundparaguayandeathsdecemberndashdecemberndashamericancivilwarndashbattleofnashvilleunionforcesdecisivelydefeattheconfederatearmyoftennesseedateunknownthedutchconquersouthernsumatrathesecondangloashantiwarssecondangloashantiwarangloashantiwarendsasamercertravelsfromseattletotheuseastcoastandrecruitsmercergirlspotentialwivesformenonthewestcoastthefirstquanjudepekingroastduckrestaurantopensonqianmenstreetinpekingchinabirthsjanuaryndashmarchimagewalthernernstsijpgthumbrightpxwalthernernstjanuaryalfredstieglitzamericanphotographerdqibaishichinesepainterdjanuaryndashprincealbertvictordukeofclarenceandavondaledjanuaryndashalvahcurtisroebuckamericanbusinessmandjanuaryndashannielowriealexanderamericanphysicianeducatordjanuaryndashhenrymarshalltorycanadianuniversityfounderdjanuaryndashwilhelmwiengermanphysicistnobelprizelaureatedjanuaryndashisraelzangwillbritishnovelistplaywrightdjanuaryndashmargueritedurandfrenchactressjournalistandfeministleaderdjanuaryndashjzsefpusztaislovenesslovenewriterpoetjournalistinhungarydjanuaryndashherbertakroydstuartenglishmechanicalengineerinventordfebruaryndashjamesfentonaustralianpoliticianjamesfentonaustralianpoliticiandfebruaryndasharthurcollinssingerarthurcollinsearlyamericanrecordingartistdfebruaryndashlouisbouveaultfrenchchemistdfebruaryndashhenryrawlinsonstbaronrawlinsonbritishgeneraldmarchndashdavidwtaylorusnavyarchitectdmarchndashwhrriversenglishpsychiatristdmarchndashalexejvonjawlenskyrussianexpressionistpainterdmarchndashcaseyjonesamericanrailwayengineerdmarchndashjohanhalvorsennorwegiancomposerdmarchndashjosephbaptistaindianhomerulemovementfounderdmarchcharl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menbyadiazneighborexposestheshelteredexistenceofthetwowomenanddrivesthemapartthestoryfollowsamandathroughherhorroratthesocialinjusticeofthetwoclassmexicotothesacrificesshemakesinthenameoffriendshippartsofthestorytakeplaceinmoderntimeswherethediscoveryofanoldbirthcertificatesetsamandasgranddaughterinsearchofasecretaboutherfathersbirthhersearchtoldinthefirstpersonisblendedwithathirdpersonaccountofthelivesofamandaandhercontemporariesinthesplotsummaryafterrushingfromchicagotomexicocitytosaygoodbyetoherdyinggrandmotherrosadiscoversdocumentsrevealingafamilysecretherfatherisnotactuallythesonofthemanrosagrewupknowingashergrandfatherthisdiscoverysetsrosaonaquesttounderstandtheearlylifeofhergrandmotheramandadiazamandagrowsupinmridayucatanduringtheyearsofthemexicanrevolutionasthecountrystrugglestothrowoffcenturiesofrepressionofindigenouspeoplebytheirmasterswhoareofeuropeandescentamandaispartofthedivinecastebuthertroubledmotherignoresherfromthetimeofherbirthandamandagrowsupunderthecareofhermayanindiannursejovitaandjovitasdaughtercachowhoisthesameageasamandaandherbestfriendasthegirlsbecomeyoungwomentheybegintomoveincirclesthatincludefelipecarrillopuertotheprogressivegovernorofyucatanhisfiancealmareedbothtruehistoricalfiguresandcarlosanconaajournalistwhochronicledtherevolutionatthesideofpanchovillabutnowseeksamorepeacefullifeworkingforhisfriendfelipebackinhisnativemridaamandasfamilypicturescarlosasasuitorfortheirdaughterbrjustasacouptopplesfelipesgovernmentandleadstothearrestofthegovernorandhisfamilyadiazneighborwhipscachoalmosttothepointofdeathaftertheculpritturnsupmurderedthenextdaycarlosconfessestokillingherandistakentothesamejailwherefelipeisheldamandaisconvincedthatcarlosconfessionisarusetogetnearfelipebrcarlosisdesperatetofindawaytohelpfelipehebefriendsanoldjailerwhoissympathetictofelipespoliticsandtogethertheyplotanescapeusingamayanherbthatwillinducesleepintheguardsonenightcarloshearshiscelldoorunlockedandfollowsapathtofreedomthroughaseriesofopendoorsbutfelipeisnotpartoftheescapeandisexecutedalongwithhisbrothersandclosestadvisorsbrduringtheweeksthatcarlosisinjailamandanursescachobacktohealthbuttheirrelationshiphaschangedforthefirsttimecachohassharedtheindignitiessufferedbyherpeopleandshewithdrawsfromthediazfamilyonemorningcachoisgoneandamandalearnsfromjovitathatcachohasleftfortheunitedstatestojoinherbrotherbrasamandasuffersboththelossofherbestfriendanddisillusionmentwithherownclassshediscoversthatithasbeenhermothernotjovitawhohasleftasmallbunchofxtabentumflowersoutsideherdooreverymorningforaslongasshecanremembertryingtoreconcilethisactoflovewiththelackofaffectionshehasenduredherentirelifesheconfrontsherfatherforthetruthabouthermothersapparentmadnessshehearsastoryofhowhermothersbrotherswhoranlargehenequenhaciendaswerehackedtodeathwithmachetesfortryingtochangethestatusquoandimproveconditionsforindigenousworkersamandasmotherheldthekeytotheirsuccessinthisendeavorbutwasunabletohelpherbrothersbecauseofherpregnancyshelearnedoftheirdeathsjustasshewentintolaborwithamandaandnowshecannotlookatamandawithoutfeelingtheguiltofherbrothersdeathsamandafeelssomuchavictimofthecircumstancesthatsurroundherthatsheresolvestotakecontrolofherlifehighereducationisnotopentowomeninmexicososhedecidestoenrollincollegeintheunitedstatesandwhiletherefindandreconcilewithcachowiththeblessingofherfathersheboardsashipboundfornewyorkandanewlifeonboardshemeetsandfallsinlovewithalbertomolinaacivilengineertravelingtotheunitedstatestofurtherhiscrafttheyenjoyabriefromancebutpartwaysinnewyorkvowingtostayintouchandmeetagainthroughmutualfriendsamandalocatescachoandtravelstochicagotoseehershefindscachoninemonthspregnantsufferingfromtuberculosisandlivingwithacoworkerandthecoworkersbrotherthefriendsreconcilecachossonisbornandamandapromisestocareforthechildifcachodiesfromherdiseaseasherconditiondeterioratescachotellsamandaforthefirsttimeaboutherrelationshipwithcarlosandthatitistruethatcarloskilledtheneighborwhohadwhippedcachoshealsodiscloseshowshehadbribedaguardatthejailwithbothmoneyandotherfavorstosecurecarlosescapecachodieswithoutknowingifherbabyisthesonofcarlosorsomeunnamedguardamandaclaimsthebabyasherownobtainsabirthcertificatewithfalseinformationandpreparestoreturntomridaafterlearningenoughofthisstorytothinkthatamandaandcarlosarehertruegrandparentsrosadiscoversthatcarlosisstillaliveandlivinginmexicocityshearrangestomeethimunderfalsepretensescarlosrecognizesherfamilynameandimmediatelybeginstoaskquestionsabouthergrandmotherhetellsrosahisstoryabouthisloveforcachohisescapefromjailandhistraveltochicagotoseecachoonlytoseeherpregnantandlivingwithanothermanbeforehecanconfrontcachocarlosisarrestedasapotentialsubversiveheldinjailforseveralmonthsanddeportedtomexicowhenrosashowscarlosthebirthcertificateshehadfoundamongheramandaspossessionstheybothrealizethatcarlosmayberosasgrandfatherbutamandamaynotbehergrandmotherbrtheydecidethattheyhavelearnedenoughandthemolinafamilywelcomescarlosasitsnewestmemberforthefirsttimerosaseesherfatherandcarlosanconatogethernoteshowsimilartheireyesareandrecallsanexpressionhergrandmotherhadforthoseblueeyeseyeslikethecaribbeanseahistoricalnotethecharactersfelipecarrillopuertoandalmareedaretruehistoricalfigurescarrillopuertowasaprogressivegovernorofyucatanandisstillhonoredbytheindigenouspeopleoftheregionhisdownfallanddeathwereasdepictedinxtabentumalmareedwasfamousinherownrightshecampaignedsuccessfullyasajournalistagainstthedeathpenaltyforminorsincaliforniaandworkedtirelesslyfortherestorationtomexicoofmayanrelicswhilecarlosanconaisfictionalhisfathereligioanconaandhisbrotherantonioanconaarehistoricalfiguresandarethegreatgreatgrandfatherandgreatgrandfatherrespectivelyofauthorrosahugenersomeofcarlosanconasbackgroundincludingbeingthepersonaljournalistofpanchovilladuringthemexicanrevolutionwasactuallylivedbyantonioanconaandpassedasfamilyloretohisdescendantsthebookhasmayanumeralsatthebeginningofthechaptersreferencesolpcxoxoxmengamesmasterslegacyinfoboxvideogameseriestitlexenoimagexenobladechronicleslogopngcaptionthelogoforthexenobladechroniclesfranchiseeachxenofranchisehasastylisticallydistinctlogoplatformsplaystationconsoleplaystationplaystationmobilegamemobilenintendodsnewnintendodswiiwiiunintendoswitchplatformoforiginplaystationyearofinceptiondevelopersquarecompanysquaremonolithsoftpublishersquarebandainamconintendogenreroleplayingvideogamecreatortetsuyatakahashisorayasagafirstreleaseversionxenogearsfirstreleasedatefebruarylatestreleaseversionxenobladechronicleslatestreleasedatedecemberxenoseewpjfnisajapanesesciencefictionsciencefictionvideogameseriescreatedbytetsuyatakahashithefirstentrywasdevelopedbysquarecompanysquaresoftandsubsequententrieshavebeendevelopedbymonolithsoftacompanyfoundedbytakahashiafterheleftsquareinwhilenodirectstoryconnectionsexistbetweenthevariousgamesintheseriestheyhavecommonthematiclinksandallsportthexenoprefixwhichtakahashihasvariouslydescribedasameansofidentifyinghisgamesandasymbolicrepresentationoftheseriesallthegamesinthexenoseriestakeplacewithinasciencefictionsettingdespiteoccurrencesoffantasyelementswithitsstoriesfrequentlyfeaturingpsychologicalandreligiousthemesthefirsttitlexenogearswasoriginallyproposedasastorylineforfinalfantasyviibutwasallowedtobedevelopedasitsownprojectaftersquareshifteditsfocusontothefinalfantasyseriestakahashiandseveralotherxenogearsstafffoundedmonolithsoftandbeganworkonthexenosagagamesbothxenogearsandxenosagawereintendedtobesixpartseriesbutdifferingcircumstancescausedplanstobecutdownaftertheprematureendofthexenosagaseriesmonolithsoftbegandevelopingxenobladechroniclesinitiallyintendedtobeanoriginaltitlethegamesofthexenofranchisehavegenerallysoldwellandreceivedpositivepressworldwidegamesvgtimelinerangerangecolorccceeexenogearsxenosagaepisodeiaxenosagafreaksbxenosagaepisodeiiaxenosagaiiibxenosagaepisodeiiixenobladechroniclesaxenobladechroniclesdbxenobladechroniclesxxenobladechroniclesxenogearsreleasedfortheplaystationconsoleplaystationininjapanandnorthamericasetinanalienworldwhererivalhumanempiresareatwartheprotagonistfeifongwongisdrawnintothebattleagainstdeusanancientmachineweaponworshipedasagodthegameplayfeaturesturnbasedcombatonfootandinsidelargebipedalmechscalledgearsoriginallyplannedaspartofasixepisodestoryxenogearsrepresentedthefifthepisodeinthesagaxenogearsisownedbysquareenixthexenosagaseriesisformedfromamaintrilogyofroleplayinggamesfortheplaystationalongsidespinofftitlesthatformpartofthemainnarrativethegameswerereleasedbetweenandthexenosagatrilogyboastsimilargameplaytoxenogearsalthoughthebalanceofstoryandgameplayunderwentdrasticrevisionsforthexenosagaepisodeiisecondgameaswithxenogearsxenosagawasplannedasasixepisodestoryduetovariousfactorsitwascutdowntoatrilogyxenosagaisnotadirectcontinuationorprequeltoxenogearsdespitesimilaritiesinsteadbeingaspiritualsuccessorthexenosagaseriesisownedbybandainamcoentertainmentxenobladecurrentlyspansthreegamestheoriginalxenobladechroniclesitsspiritualsuccessorxenobladechroniclesxandxenobladechroniclesthegamesemployanactionbasedbattlesystemincorporatingcooldownabilitiesandquicktimecommandsxenobladechroniclesxalsoincorporatestraversalusinggiantmechsknownasskellswhilexenobladechroniclesadoptsastorydrivendesignxenobladechroniclesxusesanonlinearstructurewithinanopenworldthexenobladeseriesisownedbynintendothemesthexenoprefixwhichmeanssomethingstrangeorforeigntoagroupwasusedinconnectionwiththegamesthemesthexenotitlehasbeenrepeatedthroughouttheseriesinaninterviewconcerningxenobladechroniclesdirectortetsuyatakahashisaidthattheprefixhadbecomeasymbolreferencingthepreviousworksofmonolithsoftlaterstillthexenotitlewasdescribedasameansofdistinguishingtakahashisworkphrasedbytheinterviewerasadirectorssignaturerefnameventureinterviewrefallofthegamesintheserieshavemadeuseofasciencefictionpremisealthoughthishassometimesbeenplacedinthebackgroundwithinsettingsmorecommontothefantasygenrerefnamexenogamessfvgbooksgooglecombooksidoqbaaaqbajqxenobladevsnippetqxenobladeffalsescansrefaccordingtotakahashieachgameintheseriesrevolvesarounddifferentthemesxenogearsandthexenosagaseriesmakeextensiveuseofvariousreligiousandphilosophicalthemesxenogearsincorporatedconceptsfromtheworksoffriedrichnietzschesigmundfreudandcarljungaparticularreferenceisprotagonistfeiwhosepersonalityissplitintomultiplepartsoneofwhichisaviolentpersonaknownasidegoandsuperegoididthexenosagaseriesmadeheavyuseofbiblicalelementsparticularlythenewtestamenttherearealsoextensivereferencestognosticismjudaismandjungianpsychologythegamesprincipalwritersaidthatthethemesalsoparalleledmanyotherworldreligionstheworksofnietzschewerealsoreferencedinthexenosagagamesthexenosagaepisodefirstxenosagadrewitsmainthemefromthewilltopoweraconceptcoinedbynietzschetodescribethedrivingmotivationofhumanitythethemesofxenobladechroniclesfocusedonthemaincharactersovercomingapredeterminedfatealongwithwhattakahashidescribedascontrastingtherealmsofthemicroandthemacrodevelopmentxenogearsthefirstentryinwhatwouldbecomethexenoserieswasfirstproposedtosquarebytetsuyatakahashiandhiswifeknownunderthepseudonymsorayasagaasapotentialstorylineforfinalfantasyviiwhileitwasconsideredtoomatureforthefinalfantasyseriestakahashiwasgiventhegoaheadtocreateanoriginalworkbasedonthepremiseafterinitiallyattemptingtocreateasequeltochronotriggertakahashimadetheprojectentirelyuniquebeginningdevelopmentapproximatelytwoyearspriortoitsreleaserefnamecreatorinterviewrefwhileasecondxenogearsgamewasbeingplannedsquaredecidedtofocusonthefinalfantasyseriesadecisionthattakahashididnotagreewithleavingsquareheestablishedmonolithsoftinalongwithmultipleotherxenogearsstaffmonolithsoftwasfoundedsothattakahashicouldcontinuedevelopingtheconceptsofxenogearsandwithfundingfromnamcotheteambegandevelopmentonthefirstxenosagarefnameinterviewrefthedevelopmentcycleofthexenosagagameswastroubledafterthefirstgamecommerciallyunderperformedthedevelopmentstaffwaschangedtheproposedsixpartserieswascutdownbyhalfandthesecondinstallmentshiftedfocusfromitsstorytoitsgameplayafteroutcrythethirdgameshiftedagaininanattempttobalancestoryandgameplaywhilebringingthexenosagastorytoaclosewhileoriginallyintendedtobeanoriginaltitlecalledmonadothebeginningoftheworldnintendosthenceosatoruiwatahadthetitlechangedtoreflecttakahashispreviousgamesandhardworkonthetitlebringingthenewgameintothexenoseriesnearthereleasedateofxenobladechroniclesxtakahashistatedthatifheweregiventheopportunitytomakeanothergameinthexenobladeserieshewouldhopetocreateanothertraditionaljrpgstylevideogamesimilartoxenobladechronicleshealsostatedthathewouldliketousethecoresystemsetupinxenobladechroniclesxtofurtherexpandonthestoryandthematicelementsfortheirnextprojecttwoyearslaterxenobladechronicleswasreleasedwhichreturnedtothestorydrivenjrpgstylefoundinxenobladechroniclesrefnamenintendoeverythingcomrefoverseasreleaseatthetimeofitsdevelopmentsquaresaidthatxenogearswouldlikelynotreleaseinthewestduetothereligiouscontentthelocalizationprovedespeciallychallengingwiththeoriginaltranslatorseitherquittingtheprojectorrequestingtransferraltootherprojectsthismeantthathoneywoodwasunderheavypressuretorenderthegameintoenglishwhilebothkeepingitfaithfultotheoriginalandsteppingroundsomeofthesensitivereligiousissuesthetitleevokedxenobladechronicleswasoriginallynotannouncedforanoverseasreleaseanddespitebeingannouncedforreleaseineuropeitsnorthamericanreleasewasdoubtfulenoughthatafancampaigndubbedoperationrainfallbeganworkingtohavethegamealongwithtwootherwiiroleplayinggamesreleasedoverseaslaterduringtherunuptothereleaseofxenobladechroniclesxtakahashistatedthatxenobladechronicleswasdesignedwithaninternationalaudienceinmindandthathewaspleasedxenobladechroniclesxwasreceivingawesternreleaseinthesameyearasjapanthegameshavealsoundergonecensorshipasexuallyexplicitscenefeaturedinxenogearsinthegamewasalsotoneddownforitswesternreleasexenobladechroniclesxalsoreceivedcensorshipintheformofthecharacterlinwhohadherclothingmadelesssexuallyprovocativeinothermediainanofficialjapanesemangaadaptationforthexenosagaserieswaswrittenbyatsushibabaandserializedinmonthlycomiczerosumananimebasedonxenosagatitledxenosagatheanimationpremieredontvasahiinjapanonjanuarytheanimeitselffollowsthestoryofxenosagacloselyalbeitremovingseveralscenesandaddingotherssomesceneswereentirelyrewrittenfortheshowspurposesthepacinghastheviewerrunningthroughthefirsttentofifteenhoursofgameplayofepisodeiinthefirstfiveepisodestheserieswaslicensedbyadvfilmsinjuneforthefirstvolumewasreleasedonseptemberawebseriestitledamissingyearwasstartedbymonolithsofttobridgetheoneyearstorygapbetweenepisodeiiandepisodeiiiorappropriatelybetweenxenosagaiiiandepisodeiiitheserieshasbeenputonindefiniteholdsoundtrackalbumsforeachofthethreexenosagagameshavebeenreleasedtwoversionsofthesoundtrackalbumwerereleasedforepisodesiandiiaswellasasingleforthethemesongofepisodeixenosagafreaksandxenosagatheanimationhavealsosparkedasoundtrackalbumeachseveralcharactersfromthexenoserieshavebeenfeaturedasplayablecharactersintheprojectxzonegamesnamelykosmosandtelosfromthexenosagaseriesandfioraandmetalfacefromthexenobladeseriesshulkthemainprotagonistofxenobladechronicleshasbeenfeaturedasaplaya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inahebeipushpinlabelxinghuaroadsubdpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinhebeicoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamehebeisubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamebaodingsubdivisiontypedistrictprcdistrictsubdivisionnamegaobeidiansubdivisiontypevillageleveldivisionssubdivisionnameresidentialcommunitiesestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmelevationftpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxinghuaroadsubdistrictisasubdistrictchinasubdistrictofthecityofgaobeidianhebeipeoplesrepublicofchinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdaterefithasresidentialcommunitiesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlarchivedatejulyrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofhebeireferencesinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinghuaroadsubdistrictnativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypesubdistrictchinasubdistrictimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinaqingdaopushpinlabelxinghuaroadsubdpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinqingdaocoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameshandongsubdivisiontypesubprovincialcitysubdivisionnameqingdaosubdivisiontypedistrictprcdistrictsubdivisionnamelicangsubdivisiontypevillageleveldivisionssubdivisionnameresidentialcommunitiesestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmelevationftpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxinghuaroadsubdistrictisasubdistrictchinasubdistrictofwesternlicangdistrictqingdaopeoplesrepublicofchinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdaterefithassevenresidentialcommunitiesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofshandongreferencesempresszhangliushanssecondwifexinhuasubdistrictxinhuasubdistrictspeciesboximagecarpenterbeexylocopacaffrafemalejpgimagecaptionfemalegambiaimagexylocopacafframalejpgimagecaptionmalegenusxylocopaspeciescaffraauthoritylinnaeuslsynonymsxmossambicasmallgribodosmallxylocopacaffraisaspeciesofafrotropicecozoneafrotropicalcarpenterbeethatrangesfromwesttocentralandsouthernafricabesidesmadagascarandsomeindianoceanarchipelagosrefnamewwrefappearancethefemalesareblackwithtwowhiteoryellowbandsoverthehindthoraxandfirstabdominalsegmentrespectivelywhilethemalesareuniformgreenishyellowincolourrefnameisareffemaleswithwhitebandsareassociatedwithdryclimaticconditionsduringlarvaldevelopmentbutfemalesofeithercolourorcolourgrademayemergefromthesamebroodrefnamecderefinthewesterncapeallhaveyellowbandshoweveraformwithorangeredbandsoccursineastafricarefnameincrefbiologythespeciesisathomeinvarioushabitattypesfrommoistcoastalsettingstodrysavannahtheterritorialmalespatrolsmallareasaroundparticularplantsorflowersthefemalesaresolitarynestersinaloeoragavestemstreebranchesortimberthenestsarepartitionedintovariouscellsseparatedbywallsofgluedwoodr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ogetherinastablesamesexrelationshipxspartnerwaspreviouslymarriedandhadgivenbirthtoachildwithherhusbandxspartnernowhadsolecustodyofthechildxsoughtcourtapprovalofthesecondparentadoptionsuchthattherelationshipwiththebiologicalfatherandhisrelativesunderfamilylawwouldceasetoexistwhiletherelationshipwiththebiologicalmotherwouldremainfullyintacthoweverthechildsfatherstillrecognisedhispaternallegalrightsandrefusedtogranthisconsenttotheadoptiontheapplicantswantedthecourttooverridethefathersrefusalforconsentashedisplayedtheutmostantagonismtowardsthefamilyaustrianlawrecognisedmanydifferentformsofadoptionhoweveritpreventedsecondparentadoptionsmadebyhomosexualcouplesinaccordancewithsoftheaustriancivilcodesectionprovidedforsecondparentadoptioniftheadoptingparentshadformedamarriageimportantlyitdidnotpreventunmarriedheterosexualcouplesfromdoingsoxconcludedanadoptionagreementandsentintotheaustriandistrictcourtforapprovalknowingitwouldbedeniedthedomesticcourtarguedthatthefatherrefusedtogivehisconsentandthattheadoptionrequestedbythemwasinanycasenotpossibleunderaustrianlawuponthatverdictxandherpartnerappliedtotheconstitutionalcourtofaustriatohavethesdeclaredunconstitutionalbecauseitdiscriminatedagainstthemonthebasisoftheirsexualorientationtheyarguedthatinthecaseofanoppositesexcouplethedistrictcourtwouldhavecarriedoutadetailedexaminationastowhetheroverridethefathersrefusalornotandwouldhavehadtodeliveraseparatedecisiononthisissuehoweverintheapplicantscaseithaddeniedthemanyinquiryofthefactsonthegroundthattheadoptionrequestedbythemwasinanycasenotpossibleunderaustrianlawtheconstitutionalcourtofaustriarefusedtodosoandrenderedtherequestinadmissiblefactsxherpartnerandherbiologicalchildappealedtotheeuropeancourtofhumanrightsandappearedasjointapplicantsafterargumentanddeliberationthegrandchamberoftheeuropeancourtofhumanrightsheldbyamajoritythattheaustriangovernmentviolatedarticleandarticleoftheeuropeanconventiononhumanrightswhentakentogetherthecourtdistinguishedgasandduboisvfrancefindingtherewasnolegitimateandproportionateaiminrestrictingsecondparentadoptiontounmarriedheterosexualcouplesxandherpartnerwerefoundtohavebeendiscriminatedagainstastheycouldnotobtainasecondparentadoptionbutunmarriedcoupleslivingtogetherinastableheterosexualrelationshipcouldarticlesandoftheeuropeanconventionofhumanrightstheecthrobservedthatthethreeapplicantslivedtogetherinasituationthatwasaliketothatofheterosexualfamilyunittheeuropeanconventiononhumanrightsprovidedthehumanrightsframeworkwhichthecourtexaminedinrelationtoaustrianadoptionlawsarticlesandarerelevanttolgbtadoptionarticleprovidesthateveryonehasarighttorespectforhisfamilyandprivatelifehishomeandhiscorrespondenceandarticlepreventsdiscriminationbasedonanygroundssuchassexracecolourlanguagereligionpoliticalorotheropinionnationalorsocialoriginassociationwithanationalminoritypropertybirthorotherstatuswhilearticleisasubstantiverightconferredbytheechrarticleisconsideredtobedependentontheotherarticlesasitprotectsthefreedomsthathavebeengrantedbytheotherarticlesintheconventionthecourtnotedthattheaustriangovernmentdidnothavetoextendsecondparentadoptionstounmarriedheterosexualcouplesandbecauseitdiditwasrequiredtojustifywhyitdidntextendittounmarriedsamesexcouplesalsotheaustriangovernmentarguedthattheaustriancivilcodewasjustifiedonthebasisthatitaimedtorecreatethebiologicalcircumstancesofthefamilyunitandthemarginofappreciationshouldbewideinthecaseofadoptionandthatnoformalconsensusineuropeexistedontheissueofsecondparentadoptionsthemarginofappreciationisalegalconceptintheeujurisdictionthattakesarelativiststancetoissuesofhumanrightsindifferingeuropeanstatesitallowsfordifferentstandardswheneuropeanstateshavenotformedadefiniteconsensusonaparticularissuehowevertheecthrdisagreedfindingthatnotextendingtherighttosamesexcouplesdiscriminatedagainstthosecouplesonthegroundsthatitviolatedtheirarticlerighttorespectforaprivateandfamilylifewhenreadinconjunctionwitharticledissentingopinionthesevendissentingjudgesalsogaveacombinedopiniontheyheldthedenialofsecondparentadoptionwasnotaviolationoftheechrasthecourtshouldnothaveexaminedthelegislationbutrathertheparticularcircumstancesinthecasebecauseitwasuncertainwhetheradoptioninthiscasewasinthechildsbestinterestsroleinsubsequentdecisionsandpolicyalthoughthedecisionappearstobeimportantinextendinglgbtrightstoadoptiontheeuropeancourtofhumanrightsthemselvescarefullylimitedthescopeoftheirrulingitchosetoframexandothersvaustrianarrowlyasamatterofallegeddiscriminationbetweenunmarriedheterosexualandhomosexualcouplesratherthanarulingontheissueofsecondparentadoptionhoweversubsequentcommentatorshavequestionedthatinterpretationineffectinbeingthatsameasconsideringxandothersvaustriaasbeingthefirsttimeinwhichtheeuropeancourtofhumanrightshasrecognisedtherighttosecondparentadoptionbysamesexcouplesseealsolgbtcommunitylgbtparentinglgbtadoptioneuropeancourtofhumanrightseuropeanconventiononhumanrightsaustriancivilcodereferencesexternallinksrisbkagvatdokumentevfghjftgjftghtmldecisionbytheconstitutionalcourtofaustriaincaseghudocechrcoeintsitesengpagessearchaspxiecthrgrandchamberjudgmentonapplicationnohudocechrcoeintappconversionpdflibraryechridfilenamepdfxandothersvaustriaechrcoeintdocumentsconventionengpdfeuropeanconventiononhumanrightstextfurtherreadingkathleenadotyintroductorynotetoxandothersvaustriaeurcthrinternationallegalmaterialsvolnoatjunkonozawadrawingthelinesamesexadoptionandthejurisprudenceoftheecthrontheapplicationoftheeuropeanconsensusstandardunderarticleutretchjournalofinternationalandeuropeanlawvolnofrancescaromanaammaturotherighttoaprivilegehomonormativityandtherecognitionofsamesexcouplesineuropesociallegalstudiesvolnoredirectinterestingnumberparadoxinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinhuanativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinaqinghaipushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationrelativetoqinghaicoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnamegansusubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamezhangyesubdivisiontypecountiesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinacountysubdivisionnamelinzesubdivisiontypevillageleveldivisionssubdivisionnamevillagesestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxinhuaisatownoflinzecountyinwestcentralgansuprovincechinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatereflocatednorthwestofzhangyeandservicedbychinanationalhighwayglianyungangkhorgasexpresswaypassesjusttothetownssouthithasvillagesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofgansureferencesinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinhuanativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinaheilongjiangpushpinlabelpositionpushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinheilongjiangcoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameheilongjiangsubdivisiontypeprefecturelevelcitysubdivisionnamehegangsubdivisiontypedistrictprcdistrictsubdivisionnamedongshandistricthegangdongshansubdivisiontypevillageleveldivisionssubdivisionnameresidentialcommunitybrvillagesestablishedtitleestablisheddatefounderseattypeseatgovernmentfootnotesleaderpartyleadertitleleadernameunitprefmetricorusorukallfieldswithmeasurementshaveautomaticunitconversionforreferencesusereftagsareafootnotesareaurbanfootnotesrefrearearuralfootnotesrefreareametrofootnotesrefreareamagnituderefreareanoteareawaterpercentarearankareablanktitleareablanktitlesquarekilometersareatotalkmarealandkmareawaterkmareaurbankmarearuralkmareametrokmareablankkmareablankkmlengthkmwidthkmdimensionsfootnoteselevationfootnoteselevationmpopulationfootnotespopulationtotalpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautopopulationdemonympopulationnotetimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypelistofpostalcodesinchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodetypeareacodeisocodewebsitefootnotesxinhuaisatownofdongshandistricthegangdongshandistricthegangheilongjiangpeoplesrepublicofchinarefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatereflocatedsouthofdowntownhegangneartheborderwithneighbouringjiamusicityithasoneresidentialcommunityandvillagesunderitsadministrationrefciteweburlstatsgovcntjbzcxfldmhtmlscripttitlezhpublishernationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinalanguagechineseaccessdatedeadurlyesrefseealsolistoftownshipleveldivisionsofheilongjiangreferencesinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexinhuanativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecap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erexpressedgeneintumorsbutwasrecognizedforitsplusendmicrotubuleregulationinrefnamecharrasserefmspsminispindlesthisproteinisfoundindrosophilaspeciesthisproteinwasdiscoveredinddcpdictyosteliumdiscoideumdictyosteliumdiscoideumcentrosomalproteinthisproteinssizeisapproximatelykdaitwasdetectedinthroughimmunoscreeningoflibrarybiologydnalibrariesforcentrosomalproteinsrefnamegrfrefmormicrotubuleorganisationgenefoundinarabidopsisthalianathisproteinwasdiscoveredinasanorganizerofcorticalmicrotubulesrefnamewhittingtonrefgrouptogdomainszygzygoticdefectivemutantfoundincelegansinthisgenewasidentifiedwhenzygoteswithsuchamutationfailedtohatchzygwasidentifiedasamicrotubuleregulatorinrefnamematthewsrefgrouptogdomainsalpdisalteredpolaritydefectinsisterchromatiddisjoiningtheseproteinsarefoundinspombedisisthepreferredhomologueincoldertemperatureswhilealpispreferredinhighertemperaturesdiswasrecognizedinwhereasitssequencehomologyhomologuealpwasidentifiedinstupsuppressorsofatubulinmutationthisproteinisfoundinsaccharomycescerevisiaeitwasdiscoveredinthroughascreenandwasfoundtoinfluencemicrotubuleregulationrefnamenakasekorefalpaalkalinephosphotasefoundinaspergillusnidulansinthisproteinwasidentifiedtointeractwithmicrotubuleplusendsandalsolocalizeatspindlebodieswhichischaracteristicofxmapdisfamilyproteinsrefnameenkerefreferencesinfoboxpersonnamexavierboisselotimagexavierboisselotjpgimagesizealtcaptionbirthnamedominiquefranoisxavierboisselotbirthdatebirthplacemontpellierfrancedeathdatedeathplaceparisoccupationcomposerpianomanufacturerspousechildrenparentsjeanlouisboisselotfatherawardsprixderomedominiquefranoisxavierboisselotmontpellierdecembermdashparisaprilwasafrenchcomposerandmusicalinstrumentmanufacturerheistheauthoroftheopracomiqueinthreeactsnetouchezpaslareinetoalibrettobyeugnescribeandgustavevazrefnamecohengigourefboisselotleftmanylyricalpiecesforpianoincludingvillanellawrittenforboisselotbythophilegautierinrefnamebloomrefhisfatheriscreditedwiththeinventionofthesostenutopedalinadevicenotlargelyadoptedbyeuropeanpianomanufacturersuntilaftersteinwaysonspatentofrefnamerowlandrefbiographytheyoungersonofjeanlouisboisselothelearnedthebasicelementsofmusicinmarseillewherehisfamilyhadsettledafterinhemovedtoparisenteredtheconservatoiredeparisconservatoryandtherefollowedacourseinharmonyaftersometimestudyingcounterpointandfugueunderfranoisjosephftisrefnamegoudailrefandfreecompositionunderjeanfranoislesueurwhoseseconddaughterlouiseeugnieflicitlesueurhewouldmarryonoctoberrefnamearchivesmusiquefacteursrefhewonsecondprizeinandtheprixderomeinforhiscantatavelledarefnameirvinerefwhichwassolemnlyperformedattheconservatoireonoctoberthatsameyeardespitethesuccessofhismusicaldebuthiscareerasacomposerwasshortlivedboisselothadalreadyassumedthemanagementofhisfamilybusinessinmarseilleandbarcelonafollowingthedeathofhisbrotherlouisconstantinwherehisproductswereamongthebestoffranceandspainpoorfinancialoperationsandthebarcelonafireofputthecompanyindifficultyrefnamemusicaetmemoriarefboisselotretiredthatsameyearandpassedthemanagementofhisfactoriesovertohisnephewfranzboisselotwhosegodfatherwasfranzlisztandwhocompletelyrestoredhisbusinesstoaprosperoussituationdeliveringtopianosperyearbeingthatalargenumberwasdestinedfortheexportmarketinhewasappointedinspectorgeneralofmusicschoolsandmusictheatersinmarseillerefnametellierrefhavingnotabandonedhiscompositionsheplayedininmarseillefragmentsofalyricalepicentitledlangedchuselectedworksvelldacantataonfrenchromanticcantataskarinedeshayesoperafuocodavidsternconductordavidsternseealsolistofpianomakerslistofpianobrandnamesreferencesattributionthisarticleisbasedonthetranslationofthecorrespondingarticleofthefrenchwikipediaalistofcontriibutorscanbefoundthereinthefrwikipediaorgwindexphptitlexavierboisselotactionhistoryhistorysectionexternallinksbooksgooglecombooksidlggaaaacaajprintsecfrontcoverdqxavierboisselothlensaxeifvbuefnidahyqcocwredirescynetouchepaslareineopracomiqueentroisactesongooglebooksxiaolinbornfebruaryinsichuanprovinceisaformerprchinachinesetrackandfieldathletewhospecializedinsprintrunningsprintingeventssheisthecurrentlistofasianrecordsinathleticsasianrecordholderonxmetresrelayinsachievedininshanghaiduringtheathleticsatthenationalgamesofchinathchinesenationalgameswithliyaliliuxiaomeiathleteliuxiaomeiandlixuemeishealsoholdsthechinesejuniorrecordonmwithatimeofsclockedinthesamecompetitionandhasampersonalbestofssetinningboinaprilreferencesmultipleissuesinfoboxrecordlabelnamexemurecordsimagefoundedinnewyorkcityfoundercevinsolingstatusactivedistributorcobrasidedistributioncargorecordsuktheorchardcompanygenrerockmusicrockindierockexperimentalmusicalternativerockcountrylocationlosangelesnewyorkcityurlxemucomwwwxemucomxemurecordsisanindependentrecordlabelwitharosterofindierockartistsandbandshistoryxemurecordsisanindependentrecordlabelfoundedininnewyorkcitybywriterfilmmakerphilosophermusicianmusicproducerandartistcevinsolingasavehicleforhismusicandmusicproductionendeavorsoriginallyconceivedasarecordlabelnodtoundergroundcultmovement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dmusiceventsandmusicfestivalsacrosstheunitedstatesxreceivedgenerallypositivereviewsfromcriticswhocelebratedtherecordsdiversesoundbutwereambivalenttowardsitslyricalcontentthealbumwasconsideredabigimprovementcomparedtoitscriticallypannedpredecessorfortunecommerciallythealbumdebutedatnumbertwoontheusbillboardbillboardsellingcopiesinitsfirstweekbecominghisfirstalbumtomissthesummitofthechartsincegraffitichrisbrownalbumgraffitiandhisthirdalbumtogotonumbertwoonthechartoverallfollowingexclusivealbumexclusiveitalsobecamehissixthconsecutivetoptendebutintheunitedstatesbytheendofthealbumhadsoldcopiesintheunitedstatesithasbeencertifiedrecordingindustryassociationofamericacertificationplatinumbytherecordingindustryassociationofamericariaabackgroundonnovemberinaninterviewwithkpwrpowerskpwratlosangeleslosangelescaliforniabrowndebutedthetracktitlednobodysperfectthesongwassupposedtobehisfirstsingleforhisupcomingsixthalbumundertheworkingtitleofcarpediemwhichwasduetobereleasedinthesinglewasneverreleasedandafterconcludinghiscarpediemtourinwordofbrownsnextstudioalbumstartedtodevelopmtvmtvnewsconfirmeddevelopmentofthealbumwithbrowncollaboratingwithproducerssuchastimbalanddanjarecordproducerdanjaanddiploamongothersonmarchbrownannouncedthereleaseofxbyvisitedinvariousinterviewsandlisteningsessionsinaninterviewwithebonymagazineebonywhenbrownspokeoftakinghismusicinadifferentdirectionandchanginghissoundfrompopinfusedandsexuallyexplicitofthepreviousalbumfortunechrisbrownalbumfortunetoamorematuresoulfulandvulnerablethemeforthealbumrefnameautogeneratedrefhesaidduringaninterviewforrollingstonerefduringthesameinterviewforrollingstonebrownexplainedthesignificanceofthetitlerefrecordingandproductioninmarchbrownspokeaboutworkingwithartistsandproducerssuchaspharrellwilliamsarianagrandekendricklamarludacrisrihannanickiminajwizkhalifatimbalanddiplodanjarecordproducerdanjaandroccstarrefnamerollingstonepreviewrefonjulybrownconfirmedtheguestfeaturesonthealbumincludingnickiminajkendricklamarrihannawizkhalifabobandkellyrowlandamongothershoweverneitherrowlandnorrihannaappearonthealbumatthesametimetheproductionwouldbeconfirmedbytimbalanddiplopolowdadondanjapharrellanddrummaboyonaugustbrownsaidthathehadaboutsongstochoosefromforxreleaseandpromotiononaprilbrownannouncedareleasedateofjulyforxbrownwouldannounceinjulythatitwouldbepushedbackduetohismanagementthenanewreleasedateofaugustwassethoweverinseptemberitwasrevealedthatthealbumhasbeenpushedbacktonovemberinthesamemonthbrownstatedthatthealbumwillbeadoublealbumdoublediscalbumwithsongsoneachdiscandwasnowdueondecemberrefnamepowernetrefonnovemberbrownwassentencedtoanangermanagementrehabilitationcenterforthreemonthsputtingthedecemberreleaseofxinjeopardytoholdfansoveruntilthexalbumdropsbrownreleasedamixtapetitledxfilesonnovemberwhichconsistsofsixtracksandfeaturesguestappearancesfrombustarhymesludacrisandkidinkincludingthesongmainchickonfebruaryitwasannouncedthatthealbumwouldbereleasedonbrownsbirthdaymayonaprilbrownreleasedateaserofnewtrackdontbegonetoolongfeaturingarianagrandehoweverthesongandalbumwereagaindelayedduetobrownsprisonsentencerefnamerapupcomrefonaugustchrisannouncedviainstagramthatthealbumsreleasedatewillbeonseptemberrefnamevibecomrefonaugustthealbumcoverwasrevealedthetitletrackxchrisbrownsongxwasreleasedasaninstantgratificationtrackalongsidethealbumpreorderonitunesonaugustsinglesthealbumsleadsingletitledfinechinasongfinechinawasreleasedonmarchanditwassenttousrhythmiccontemporaryradiothefollowingdaythesonghassincepeakedatnumberontheusbillboardhotbillboardhotrefnamechrisbrownushotrefthealbumssecondsingletitleddontthinktheyknowwasreleasedonjuneanditwassenttorhythmiccontemporaryradiointheunitedstatesonjulythesongfeaturesaguestappearancefromthelaterbsingeraaliyahwhiletheproductiononthesongwashandledbymelmusthealbumsthirdsingletitledlovemorefeaturingnickiminajwasannouncedwhichbrownperformedthesongalongwithminajatthebetawardssbetawardsonjulyhereleaseditscoverartworkonjulythesongwasreleasedfordigitaldownloadandaweeklaterthesongwassenttorhythmiccontemporaryradiothemusicvideoforthesinglewasfilmedonaugustinlosangelescaliforniawithapparentlyofbrownsbackupdancersitwasofficiallyreleasedonaugustrefrefthesonghassincepeakedatnumberontheusbillboardhotondecemberthealbumsfourthsingletitledloyalchrisbrownsongloyalwasreleasedfordigitaldownloadonitunestherearetwoversionstothesongthewestcoastversionfeaturinglilwayneandtooshortwhiletheeastcoastversionfeaturinglilwayneandanotherrapperfrenchmontanainmarchthethirdandfinalversionofficiallywasreleasedfeaturinglilwayneandtygathesonghasbeencommerciallysuccessfulreachingatnumbernineontheusbillboardhotandnumberontheuksingleschartsofarmakingitbrownshighestchartingsinglefromxinbothcountriesonjunebrownpreviewedthetracktitlednewflamefeaturingushersingerusherandrickrossalongwiththecoverartworkonhisinstagramaccountthesongwasreleasedonjuneasthealbumsfifthsinglethesongpeakedatnumberontheusbillboardhotothersongsthesongtitleddontbegonetoolongwasannouncedforsinglereleaseformarchwhichinitsorigin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letonandivppvanisolatedskullivppvistheonlywelldescribedspecimenxinpusaurusbamaolinensiswasdescribedinfromspcvacompleteskeletonwithawellpreservedskullandjawsfoundintwoisolatedslabstheseslabsmaynotrepresentthesameindividualinwhichcaseonlythefrontslabcanbesafelyassignedtothegenusinconsistencieswithinitsdescriptionsuchasreportingaquadratojugalbonequadratojugalafeatureunknowninthalattosaurshaveledtosomeconfusionoveritsdiagnosisandaredescriptionwouldbenecessarytoresolvetheseissuesanddetermineifitisavalidspeciesornotxinpusauruskohiwasdescribedinfromgmpkuanincompleteskeletonthisspecimenwasalsofoundintwoslabswiththerearslabmissingmostofthehindlimbsandpossiblynotbelongingtothesameindividualasthefirstinadditionthereisevidencethatsomeofthebonestructurenearthebreakhasbeentamperedwithandthatmostofthepelvicmaterialhasbeenlostaanalysisshowedthatmanyofthetraitsinitiallybelievedtodifferentiatexkohifromxsuniwereinaccurateeitherduetoincompletedatamisidentificationorpoorpreservationhoweveraredescriptioninresurrectedthelegitimacyofthespeciesthisredescriptionprovidedadditionaldiagnosticfeaturesandarguedthatthealterationswererelativelyminimalandthattheposteriorslabwasalmostcertainlyfromthesameindividualastheanterioronexinpusaurusxinyiensiswasdescribedinfromxngmwsranearlycompletearticulatedskeletonfromthezhuganpomemberofthefalangformationrelationshipsaphylogeneticanalysisofthalattosaurspublishedinfoundconcavispinatobetheclosestrelativeofxinpusaurusbelowisacladogrambasedonthatanalysiscladestylefontsizelineheightlabeldiapsidacladepetrolacosauruskansensiscladeyounginacapensiscladeprolacertabroomilabelthalattosauriacladelabelaskeptosauroideaclademiodentosaurusbreviscladeendennasaurusacutirostriscladeanshunsaurushuangguoshuensisanshunsauruswushaensisaskeptosaurusitalicuslabelthalattosauroideacladeparalonectesmerriamicladecladeconcavispinabiseridensxinpusaurussunicladeclaraziaschinzicladehescheleriaruebelicladecladeagkistrognathuscampbellinectosaurushaliuscladethalattosaurusalexandraethalattosaurusborealisreferencesabdulhamidpoliticianseaofjapannihonkaiseaofjapanseaofjapanseaofjapanseaofjapanseaofjapanxinpusaurusxinpusaurusxinpusaurusmultipleissuesinfoboxmusicalartistnamexumanimagexumanbandjpgcaptionfromlefttorightsashaxumanandilyasosnitskiyimagesizebackgroundgrouporbandoriginmoscowrussiagenreepicpopelectropopindierockyearsactivepresentlabelxumanrecordswebsitewebarchiveorgwebxumanrecordscomxumanrecordscurrentmemberssashaxumanbrilyasosnitskiybrdavidsagamonyantspastmembersdmitryvinnikovxumanhjumnisanepicpopbandfrommoscowrussiafoundedmaybysashaxumanandilyasosnitskiythroughthebandslifetimetheirstyleswitchedfromelectropoptoindierockmusicbutbyreleasingplaysinglemusicsingleindecembertheyhavefoundtheirownstylehistoryxumansfirstpublicappearancewasmadeindecemberduringxumanhasbeenformingitslivebandandstartedplayinggigmusicalperformancegigsacrossrussiawhenthegoldenagealbumcameoutinmarchxumanstarteditsgoldenagetourthatendedinoctoberofthatsameyeartherewerenoliveactsofthebandinasbandmemberswereoccupiedwithxumanrecordssoundproductionworkbytheendofxumanstartedmakingnewtracksagainwithafundamentallydifferentapproachandreleasedthenewplaysingleindecemberinmaytheyreleasednymphomaniacsepanewliveprogramwaspresentedatboscofreshfestinmoscowthesamemonthmemberssashaxumanmusiclyricsvocalskeyboardinstrumentkeysilyasosnitskiymusiclyricsbackvocalsguitarskeyboardinstrumentkeysdavidsagamonyantsdrumsdiscographyalbumsgoldenagealbumgoldenagenymphomaniacsepnymphomaniacsextendedplayepthemaskgainsovermansinglespanicplaymusicvideosreferencespublicationstheburningearcomxumanbeingsneedlesspanicandmorecrazybassactionxumanbeingsneedlesspanicandmorecrazybassactiontheburningearcomarchiveissilenceisboringnetintroducingxumanintroducingxumansilenceisboringnetlookatmerumagmusicmusicrecordsxumanxumangoldenagelookatmeruexternallinkssoundcloudcomxumanxumanmusiconsoundcloudfacebookcomxumanmusicofficialxumanfacebookpagetwittercomxumanmusicofficialxumanpageontwittertaxoboxnamexylomelumbenthamiiimageregnumplantaeunrankeddivisioangiospermsunrankedclassiseudicotsordoprotealesfamiliaproteaceaegenusxylomelumspeciesxbenthamiibinomialxylomelumbenthamiibinomialauthorityorchardsynonymsxylomelumpyriformevarsalicinummeisnxylomelumsalicinummeisnbenthxylomelumbenthamiiisaplantinthexylomelumwoodypeargenusoftheproteaceaefamilybiologyfamilyitwasformerlyconsideredavarietyofxylomelumpyriformeitisnativetosoutheasternqueenslandaustraliaandwasdescribedfrommaterialcollectedonjuneonthebrisbaneriversomenbspkmnorthwestofwhatisnowbrisbanethestatecapitalrefnamefaorefitwasmistakenlylinkedwiththenamexylomelumsalicinummeisnbenthandwasgiventhereplacementnamexbenthamiiinbyaeorchardwiththespecificepithethonouringbotanistgeorgebenthamreferencesxetexchuyvalleychuyvalleyoldpersiancuneiformcuneiformscriptmanchukuomanchukuotaxoboxnamexylomelumcunninghamianumimageregnumplantaeunrankeddivisioangiospermsunrankedclassiseudicotsordoprotealesfamiliaproteaceaegenusxylomelumspeciesxcunninghamianumbinomialxylomelumcunninghamianumbinomialau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commoneraandcontinuedtobedevelopedthroughthetimesofthehandynastyinthemilieuofhanpoetrywhentheworkentitledchuciwaspublishedinwhatisbasicallyitsmodernformalthoughmanyofthepoetsoftheearlytraditionareanonymousanotherimportantnamelinkedwiththistraditionissongyuwholikequyuanwasanativeofchustatechutraditionallythoughttohavebeenwrongfullyandmistakenlydismissedfromcourtdespitepossessingbothgreattalentsandloyaltyhandynastybesidesthehandynastywritersandeditorssuchaswangyilibrarianwangyiwhocontributedtothechucianotherimportanthanerapoetinthexiaoxiangtraditionwasjiayiwhowasexiledbyhanwenditochangshaonhiswayintoexileanduponcrossingthexiangriverjiayiwroteafupoetryfunamedlamentforquyuanafteryearsinexileatsunsetanowlflewintohisroomthedepressedjiayiconsideredthisasanomenofhisexilesoonreachingitsmiserableendbutonlybymeansofhisimpendingdeathassignaledbythisavianharbingerofdoomandsohewroteanotherandsubsequentlyrenownedfutheowlaftermakingthesecontributionstothexiaoxiangpoetrytraditionjiayineverthelesslivedontobesubsequentlyrecalledtocourtsixdynastiesduringthesixdynastiesperiodyuxincontributedtothesixdynastiespoetryinthegenreofthexiaoxiangpoetrybornintotheliangdynastyliangnobilityuponthedefeatoflianghewaskeptincaptivityinthestateofwesternweihisfupoetryfulamentforthesouthisknowninthisregardtangdynastyfurtherdevelopmentofthexiaoxiangpoetrygenrecontinuedonthroughthetangdynastyincludingtheinterludeofwuzetianszhoudynastywithauthorssuchasshenquanqizhangyuetangdynastyzhangyuelibaidufuhanyuandliuzongyuansongdynastysushihuangtingjianandotherpoetsofthesongdynastywrotepoetryinthexiaoxianggenreinfluenceeightviewsofxiaoxiangmountainmarketclearwithrisingmistoneofthescenariosxiaoxiangpoetryandchinesepaintingwerefruitfullyandmutuallyinfluentialwitheachotherinthedevelopmentoftheeightviewsofxiaoxianggenreofserialartastandardlistisgeesedescendingtolevelsandsailreturningfromdistantshoremountainmarketclearingmistriverandskyeveningsnowautumnmoonoverdongtingnightrainonthexiaoxiangeveningbellfrommistshroudedtemplefishingvillageineveningglowseealsoautumndayinkuiprefectureclassicalchinesepoetryclassicalchinesepoetrygenrescrowterracepoetrytrialdongyuaneightviewsofxiaoxiangfupoetrysociopoliticalprotestgeeseinchinesepoetrylisaoovidaromanforcrossculturalcomparisonwrotepoemsofexilecollectedintristiaandepistulaeexpontosongdifugusongdispottedbambooxiangrivernotesreferencesdavisaralbertrichardeditorandintroductionthepenguinbookofchineseversebaltimorepenguinbooksphosphoethanolaminephosphocholinephosphatasemiscellaneoustechnicalfredirectcategoryshellcounterboreredirectcategoryshellcountersinkredirectcategoryshellinfoboxstationnamexiaoshizinativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationchongqingsymbolcrtsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagechongqingrailtransitxiaoshiziconcoursejpgaltcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressyuzhongdistrictchongqingcountrychinacoordinatesoperatorchongqingrailtransitcorpltdlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructuredisabledcodeopenedclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxiaoshiziisametrostationstationonlinechongqingrailtransitlineofchongqingrailtransitinchongqingmunicipalitychinaitislocatedintheyuzhongdistrictitopenedingalleryfilechongqingrailtransitxiaoshizijpglineplatformfilechongqingrailtransitxiaoshiziconcoursejpgconcoursefilechongqingrailtransitxiaoshiziexitbjpgexitbgalleryreferenceschongqingrailtransitstationlineyeslineyesxiaoshizistationkingwahcentrealternatingcurrentredirectcategoryshellaplsyntaxandsymbolsgeometricdimensioningandtolerancingsymbolsredirectcategoryshellaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolsaplsyntaxandsymbolssquarerootredirectcategoryshellthissymbolisanalternativetotheradicalsignsquarerootsymbolopencollectorredirectcategoryshellopencollector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scataloguehipnbspharvardrevisedcataloguehrnbspsmithsonianastrophysicalobservatorystarcatalogsaonbspwashingtondoublestarcatalogwdsnbspjastarboxreferencesimbadksilupxisupsuplupisupsuplupsupsuplupiisaprobablebinarystarinthesouthernconstellationoflupusconstellationlupusitisfaintlyvisibletothenakedeyewithanapparentvisualmagnitudeofandformsavisualdoublestarwithxilupixisupsuplupibaseduponanannualstellarparallaxparallaxshiftofnbspmilliarcsecondmasasseenfromearthitislocatedaroundnbsplightyearsfromthesunitisamemberoftheupperscorpiussubgroupofthenearbyscoobassociationthisstarshowsperodicradialvelocityvariationsthatcanbebestexplainedasaspectroscopicbinarysystemthevisiblecomponentisanatypemainsequencestarwithastellarclassificationofanbspvithastwicethesolarmassmassofthesunandshineswithabouttimesthesolarluminositysunsluminosityfromitsstellaratmosphereouteratmosphereataneffectivetemperatureofnbspkthestarisanestimatedmillionyearsoldandisspinningwithaprojectedrotationalvelocityofnbspkmsreferencesreflistrefsrefnamevanleeuwencitationtitlevalidationofthenewhipparcosreductionlastvanleeuwenfirstfjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesdatearxivbibcodeaavdoipostscriptrefrefnameantolennocitationtitleprobablenonradialgmodepulsationinearlyatypestarslastantonellofirstelastmantegazzafirstllastrainerfirstmlastmigliofirstadisplayauthorspostscriptjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepageslldatejanuarydoibibcodeaalaarxivastrophrefrefnamebrowncitationtitlehighsnechellespectroscopyinyoungstellargroupsiirotationalvelocitiesofearlytypestarsinscooblastbrownfirstagalastverschuerenfirstwjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumepagesdatemarchbibcodeaabpostscriptarxivastrophrefrefnameslawsoncitationtitleahomogeneouscatalogofnewubvandhbetaphotometryofbandatypestarsinandaroundthescorpiuscentaurusobassociationlastslawsonfirstrobertwlasthillfirstrobertjlastlandstreetfirstjohndjournalastrophysicaljournalsupplementseriespostscriptvolumeissuepagesdateseptemberdoibibcodeapjssrefrefnamemcdonaldcitationdisplayauthorslastmcdonaldfirstilastzijlstrafirstaalastboyerfirstmltitlefundamentalparametersandinfraredexcessesofhipparcosstarsjournalmonthlynoticesoftheroyalastronomicalsocietyvolumeissuepagesdatebibcodemnrasmarxivdoijxpostscriptrefrefnamedavidcitationlastdavidfirsttrevorjlasthillenbrandfirstlynneatitletheagesofearlytypestarsstrmgrenphotometricmethodscalibratedvalidatedtestedandappliedtohostsandprospectivehostsofdirectlyimagedexoplanetsjournaltheastrophysicaljournalvolumeissuepagesyearbibcodeapjddoixarxivpostscriptrefrefnamedebruijnecitationlastdebruijnefirstjhjlasteilersfirstactitleradialvelocitiesforthehipparcosgaiahundredthousandpropermotionprojectjournalastronomyastrophysicsvolumeidapagesdateoctoberdoibibcodeaaadarxivpostscriptrefrefnamelevatocitationlastlevatofirsthtitlerotationalvelocitiesandspectraltypesforasampleofbinarysystemsjournalastronomyandastrophysicssupplementseriesvolumepagesdatejanuarybibcodeaaslpostscriptrefrefnamesimbadcitesimbadtitleksilupaccessdatepostscriptreflupistarboxbeginnamexisupsuplupistarboximageimagedivstylepositionrelativedivstylepositionabsolutelefttopdivdivcaptionthelocationofxisupsuplupisupsupintheconstellationoflupusconstellationlupusshownasaredtargetsbullseyestarboxobserveepochjequinoxjinternationalcelestialreferencesystemicrsconstelllupusconstellationlupusradecappmagvstarboxcharacterclassbnbspvbvubrivariablestarboxastrometryradialvpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorparallaxfootnoteabsmagvstarboxdetailsourcemassradiusluminositytemperaturegravitymetalferotationalvelocityagemyrstarboxcatalognamesbayerdesignationsupsupnbsplupdurchmusterungcdnbspbhenrydrapercataloguehdnbsphipparcoscataloguehipnbspharvardrevisedcataloguehrnbspsmithsonianastrophysicalobservatorystarcatalogsaonbspwashingtondoublestarcatalogwdsnbspjbstarboxreferencesimbadksilupxisupsuplupisupsuplupsupsuplupiisamemberofadoublestarwithxilupixisupsuplupiinthesouthernconstellationoflupusconstellationlupusasofthepairhadanangularseparationofnbsparcsecondsalongapositionangleofxisupsuplupiisvisibletothenakedeyewithanapparentvisualmagnitudeofbaseduponanannualstellarparallaxparallaxshiftofnbspmilliarcsecondmasasseenfromearthitislocatedroughlynbsplightyearsfromthesunithasapeculiarvelocityofrelativetoitsneighborsandisprobablychancearunawaystarthisisabtypemainsequencestarwithastellarclassificationofbnbspvithasanestimatedtimesthesolarmassmassofthesunandradiatestimesthesolarluminositysunsluminosityfromitsstellaratmosphereouteratmosphereataneffectivetemperatureofnbspkxisupsuplupiisaboutnbspmillionyearsoldandisspinningrelativelyrapidlywithaprojectedrotationalvelocityofnbspkmsreferencesreflistrefsrefnamevanleeuwencitationtitlevalidationofthenewhipparcosreductionlastvanleeuwenfirstfjournalastronomyandastrophysicsvolumeissuepagesdatearxivbibcodeaavdoipostscriptrefrefnametychocitationtitlethetychocatalogueofthemillionbrighteststarsjournalastronomyandastrophysicsdisplayauthorslasthgfirstelastfabriciusfirstclastmakarovfirstvvlasturbanfirstslastcorbinfirsttlastwycofffirstglastbastia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thetarimbasinanddzungariaandwasinhabitedbyindoeuropeantocharianandiranicsakapeopleswhopracticedbuddhismuntiltheislamicisationandturkicisationofxinjiangduringthethcenturytheqingdynastycreatedtheprovinceofxinjiangpreviousuprisingsthexinjiangwarswereaseriesofarmedconflictsduringtheearlyandmidthcenturywarlorderaoftherepublicofchinaandthechinesecivilwarwhichsawtheestablishmentofthepeoplesrepublicofchinathewarsplayedanimportantroleintheeastturkestanindependencemovementaftertheestablishmentofthesovietunionmanyuyghurswhostudiedinsovietcentralasiarussifiedtheirsurnamesurbanuyghurssometimesselectrussiannamesfortheirchildrenincitiessuchasqaramayandurumqithesovietunionsupportedtheuyghursecondeastturkestanrepublicintheilirebellionagainsttherepublicofchinamanyoftheturkicpeoplesoftheyiningcountyiliregionofxinjianghadcloseculturalpoliticalandeconomictieswiththerussianempireandthesovietunionmanywereeducatedinthesovietunionandacommunityofrussiansettlerslivedintheregionasaresultmanyturkicrebelsfledtothesovietunionandobtainedsovietassistancetocreatethesinkiangturkicpeoplesliberationcommitteestpnlcinagainstkuomintangruleduringtheilirebellionehmetjanqasimaprosovietuyghurwholedtherevoltandthesecondeastturkestanrepublicwassovieteducatedstalinsmanandacommunistmindedprogressiveaccordingtoherautobiographydragonfighteronewomansepicstruggleforpeacewithchinathefatherofuyghuractivistrebiyakadeerservedwithprosovietuyghurrebelsfromthesecondeastturkestanrepublicintheilirebellionthreeprovincerebellionfromtoreceivingsovietaidtofightchiangkaisheksrepublicofchinakadeerandherfamilywereclosefriendswithrussiansinchinawhiterussianexilesinxinjiangmanyuyghursrespectedrussiansconsideringrussianculturemoreadvancedthantheirownimmediatecausesamnestyinternationalandhumanrightswatchclaimthatuyghurresentmentofculturalrepressionisthecauseofethnicriotsinxinjiangsomehanchineseopponentsofthemovementviewthemselvesasreceivingsecondclasstreatmentbyprcpoliciesregulatingethnicautonomyrefnamesautmanrefalthoughuyghurnationalisthistorianturghunalmascallstheuyghursdistinctandindependentfromthechineseforyearsandallnonuyghurpeoplesnonindigenousimmigrantstoxinjiangthehandynastynbspbceceestablishedmilitarycoloniestuntianandprotectoratesduhufuinxinjianginnbspbceandthetangdynastycontrolledmuchofxinjianguntiltheanlushanrebellionchinesehistoriansrefuteuyghurnationalistclaimscitingtheyearhistoryofhansettlementinxinjiangdocumentingindigenousmongolsinchinamongolkazakhpeoplekazakhuzbekpeopleuzbekmanchupeoplemanchuhuipeoplehuiandxibopeoplexibopeoplesinxinjiangandnotingtherelativelylateninthcenturywestwardmigrationofthehuigutheprcnameforuyghurpeoplefrommongoliathenameuyghurwasassociatedwiththebuddhistpeoplesinthetarimbasinduringtheninthcenturybutithaddisappearedbythethcenturyuntilitsrevivalbythesovietunionuyghurnationalistsoftenclaimthatfivepercentofxinjiangspopulationwashanandpercentwasuyghurdisregardingthekazakhpeoplekazakhshuipeoplehuismongolsandxibepeoplexibesandthefactthatthehanwereaboutonethirdofxinjiangspopulationinduringtheqingdynastyrebiyakadeercallsurumqiuyghurlandrefnamekadeerrefthenameurumqiderivesfromthemongoliclanguagesmongolicoiratlanguagejamesamillwardaprofessorofchineseandcentralasianhistoryatgeorgetownuniversitywrotethatforeignersoftenthinkthaturumqiwasoriginallyauyghurcityandthechinesedestroyeditscharacterandculturehoweveritwasfoundedbyhanandhuitungansandtheuyghursarenewtothecityaccordingtomillwardtheqingagriculturalcolonieshadnothingtodowiththeuyghursbecausetheqingbannedhansettlementinthetarimbasinthestatefarmswhichweresettledwithhanchinesebetweenandwereindzungariaandurumqihanandhuimainlyliveindzungariaseparatefromtheuyghurtarimbasinatthebeginningofthethcenturyyearsaftertheqingreconquesttherewereabouthanandhuichineseinnorthernxinjiangandmorethantwiceasmanyuyghursinsouthernxinjiangaccordingtoanearlythcenturyxinjiangcensusthepopulationwaspercenthanchinesehanandpercentturkicpeoplesturkicinthecensusthepercentagesweresixpercenthanandpercentuyghurandthecensusindicatedpercenthanandpercentuyghurrefnameddxrefstanleywtoopssaidthatthecurrentdemographicsituationissimilartothatoftheearlyqingperiodinnorthernxinjiangtheqingsettledhanhuiuyghurxibeandkazakhcolonistsaftertheyzunghargenocideexterminatedtheregionszungharoiratmongolsonethirdofxinjiangspopulationwerehuiandhaninthenorthernareaandabouttwothirdswereuyghursinthetarimbasinbeforeonlyafewhundredchinesemerchantslivedinthesouthernxinjiangoasesthetarimbasinandonlyafewuyghurslivedinnorthernxinjiangdzungariacriticshavesaidthatthegovernmentsresponsetouyghurconcernsdolittletoaddresstheunderlyingissuesuyghurviewsbyoasisuyghurviewsvarybyoasisofresidencechinahashistoricallyfavoredturpanandhamicityhamiuyghursinthoseoasesandtheirleaderssuchaseminkhojaalliedwiththeqingagainstuyghursinaltishahrduringtheqingdynastychinamadetherulersofturpanandhamiautonomousprincestherestoftheuyghursinaltishahrwereruledbybeysuyghursfromturpanandhamiwereappointedbychinaasofficialstogovernuyghursinthetarimbasinturpanismoreeconomicallyprosperousandseeschinamorepositivelythankashgaruyghursinturpanaretreatedfavourablybychinawithregardtoreligionkashgarandhotanaresubjecttogovernmentcontroluyghurandhancommunistofficialsinturpanturnablindeyetothelawallowingislamiceducationofuyghurchildrenreligiouscelebrationsandthehajjareencouragedbythechinesegovernmentforuyghurcommunistpartyofchinacommunistpartymembersandmosqueswerebuiltinturpanbetweenandhanhuiandthechinesegovernmentareviewedmorepositivelybyuyghursinturpansincethegovernmentprovidesbettereconomicreligiousandpoliticaltreatmentfortheminthereweremosquesinxinjianguntilseparatistdisturbancesbeganinchinaallowedpeopletoignoretheruleprohibitinggovernmentofficialsfromobservingreligionreflargemosqueshavebeenbuiltwithchinesegovernmentassistanceinurumqirefinsouthernxinjiangchinaenforcesitsrulesconcerningreligionbutinurumqitheuyghursandreligionaretreatedmorepermissivelyrefrestrictionsinxinjiangcommunistpartymembersandcivilservantswhoareemployeesofthegovernmentarenotallowedtoparticipateinreligiousactivitiesprivatecitizensareallowedtopracticereligionandfastforramadanpublicschoolstudentsarediscouragednotbannedfromparticipatinginreligiousactivitiesrefnamezaobaorefmanchudaurtartartajikxibouzbeksrussianskirgizhuimongolskazakhshananduyghuraretheethnicitiesinxinjiangtheuyghurandkazakhpopulationshavegrownthereweremillionkazakhsandmillionuyghursinanincreasefromkazakhsandsixmillionuyghursinanincreasefromkazakhsandfourmillionuyghursduringthesadeclininginfantmortalityrateimprovedmedicalcareandalaxityinchinasonechildpolicyhelpedxinjiangspopulationgrowththerehavebeenattemptstorestricttheuyghurbirthrateandincreasethehanfertilityrateinportionsofxinjiangtocounteractuyghurseparatismtherewasapercentincreaseinxinjiangsuyghurpopulationandapercentincreasefrominthehuipeoplehuipopulationuyghurandhuimuslimshaveexperiencedincreasedtensionduetohuipopulationgrowthuyghursinkashgarrememberthatthehuiarmymassacredtouyghursinthebattleofkashgarbattleofkashgarwhichcausedtensionashuimovedintothecityfromotherpartsofchinasomehuicriticizeuyghurseparatismdrucgladneysaidthatthehuidonttendtogettooinvolvedininternationalislamicconflicttheydontwanttobebrandedasradicalmuslimsrefnamevanwiedavisrefthehuianduyghurliveseparatelyattendingdifferentmosqueshanandhuiintermarrymorethanthehuiintermarrywithuyghursdespiteacommonreligionaccordingtotheuyghurshuiuyghurfrequentlyendindivorcethesibepeopletendtoaffiliatewiththehanprotectreligionkillthehananddestroythehuiwasasloganusedbyuyghurseparatistsduringthesrebellionsforthefirsteastturkestanrepublicthesuppressionoftheuyghurshasmoretodowithseparatismthanreligionchinabannedabookxingfengsusexualcustomswhichinsultedislamandarresteditsauthorsinafterprotestsinlanzhouandbeijingbychinesehuimuslimsthechinesegovernmentaccededtotheirdemandsbecausethehuidonothaveaseparatistmovementhuiprotestorswhovandalizedpropertyduringtheprotestsagainstthebookwentunpunishedwhileuyghurprotestorswereimprisonedalthoughreligiouseducationforchildrenisofficiallyforbiddenbylawinchinathecommunistpartyallowshuimuslimstohavetheirchildreneducatedinislamandattendmosquesthelawisenforcedforuyghursaftersecondaryeducationchinaallowshuistudentstostudywithanimamchinadoesnotenforcethelawagainstchildrenattendingmosquesonnonuyghursoutsidexinjiangsincethesislamicprivateschoolssinoarabicschoolshavebeenpermittedbythechinesegovernmentinmuslimareasexcludingxinjiangbecauseofitsseparatistsentimentrefhuimuslimsemployedbythestateunlikeuyghursareallowedtofastduringramadanthenumberofhuigoingonhajjisexpandingandhuiwomenareallowedtowearveilsbutuyghurwomenarediscouragedfromwearingthemmuslimethnicgroupsindifferentregionsaretreateddifferentlybythechinesegovernmentwithregardtoreligiousfreedomreligiousfreedomexistsforhuimuslimswhocanpracticetheirreligionbuildmosquesandhavetheirchildrenattendthemmorecontrolsareplacedonuyghursinxinjianghuireligiousschoolsareallowedandanautonomousnetworkofmosquesandschoolsrunbyahuisufileaderwasformedwiththeapprovalofthechinesegovernmentaccordingtothediplomatuyghurreligiousactivitiesarecurtailedbuthuimuslimsaregrantedwidespreadreligiousfreedomthereforechinesegovernmentpolicyisdirectedtowardsstampingouttheuyghurseparatistthreattheuyghurseparatistorganizationturkistanislamicpartymagazineislamicturkistanhasaccusedthechinesemuslimbrotherhoodtheyihewaniofbeingresponsibleforthemoderationofhuimuslimsamonghuianduyghursalafimovementsalafisthereislittlecooperationandthehuisalafistsarepoliticallyneutralrefnamemouqawamahmusicrefhuidrugdealersareaccusedbyuyghursofsellingheroinrefnamewilliamrefrefnamegaorefandhuiarestereotypedasheroindealersrefnamezhoureftheyhavebeeninvolvedinthegoldentrianglesoutheastasiagoldentrianglerefnamemccarthyrefaccordingtotheeconomistinuyghursfaceddifficultiestravellingwithinxinjiangandliveinfencedoffneighbourhoodswithcheckpointentrancesinsouthernurumqieachapartmentdoorhasaqrcodesopolicecaneasilyseephotosofthedwellingsauthorisedresidentsdoutrkistanbltenihaberajansalsoreportedonthesituationinurumqiandxinjiangmustafasetmariamnasarcriticizedchinaforrestrictionsonreligionandislamicteachingimposedonuyghursrefnamepargeterthissourcesisforproofthathewrotethebookreftheturkishanadoluagencywhichsentturkishreportersintoxinjiangreportedsomewhatexaggeratedrestrictionsandoppressionchildrenandbeardedmenwereallowedtoentermosquesbutreligiouseducationofchildrenisnotpermittedalthoughgovernmentemployeesexperienceissueswithfastingprivatesectoruyghursandprivatecitizenscanfastandprayerisallowedinnewrestrictionsreportedincludedpeoplebeingfinedheavilyorsubjectedtoprogrammesofreeducationforrefusingtoeatduringfastinginramadanthedetentionofhundredsofuyghursastheyreturnedfromislamicmiddleeasternpilgrimageandmanystandardmuslimnamessuchasmuhammadbeingbannedfornewbornchildreninjanuaryradiofreeasiareleasedareportthatallegeduyghursdeemedasextremistsorpoliticalopponentswerebeingheldatreeducationcampsinkashgarbythegovernmentofchinadissensionamonguyghurseparatistsanwaryusufturaniestablishedtheeastturkestangovernmentinexileuygheradvocaterebiyakadeerwhonowlivesintheusaccusedtheetgeofbeingchineseagentstimelineearlyeventsthemodernphaseoftheconflictisgenerallyseenasbeginninginthelatesandearlysxinjiangbecameanautonomousregionofchinainsovietsupportofuyghuruprisingsthesovietunionsupportedseparatistactivitiesinxinjiangbyencouragingkazakhsanduyghurstoemigratetothesovietunionandlaunchattacksonchineseterritorychinarespondedbyreinforcingthesinosovietborderinxinjiangwithhanbingtuanmilitiaandfarmersthesovietunionintensifieditssupportindoublingitsuyghurlanguagebroadcastsradiotashkentencourageduyghurstorevoltagainstthechineseseparatistfighterswereharboredbythesovietsandanestimatedsoldierslaunchedattacksonchinaviathesinosovietborderinonmaythesovietunionadmittedsupportingthesecondeastturkestanrepublicinadditiontoradiotashkentothersovietmediaoutletsdirectedpropagandaatuyghursradioalmaataandthealmaatapublishednewspapersherkitrkistanevazithevoiceofeasternturkestanurgedthemtoproclaimindependenceandrevoltagainstchinaafterthesinosovietsplitoveruyghursandkazakhskazakhexodusfromxinjiangemigratedfromxinjiangtothekazakhsovietsocialistrepublicinresponsetopropagandainthesovietunionsovietpropagandapromisingxinjiangindependenceuyghurexileslaterthreatenedchinawithathousandsstronguyghurliberationarmyrecruitedfromprosovietemigresthesovietunionencouragedtheeastturkestanpeoplesrevolutionarypartyetprpthelargestmilitantuyghurseparatistorganizationtobeginaviolentuprisingagainstchinainduringthesthesovietssupportedtheunitedrevolutionaryfrontofeastturkestanurfettofightthechinesebloodyincidentsinoccurredaschineseandsovietforcesclashedalongtheborderthesovietstrainedantichineseguerillasandurgedtheuyghurstorevoltpraisingtheirnationalliberationstruggleonjanuaryguerillaattackswerereportedlymadeinxinjiangbyasovietbasedturkestanrefugeearmyinchineseandsovietforcesclashedalongthexinjiangsovietborderrefnamebusinessweekcomrefthesovietunionsupporteduyghurseparatismaccordingtosoviethistoriansxinjiangwastheuyghursnativelandanduyghurnationalismwaspromotedbysovietturkologysovietturkologistditikhonovwroteproindependenceuyghurhistoriesthesovietsupporteduyghurhistoriantursunrakhimovwrotehistorysupportinguyghurindependenceandattackingthechinesegovernmentsayingthatxinjiangwasanentitycreatedbychinafromeastturkestananddzunghariasovietuyghurhistorianswagedanideologicalwaragainstchinaemphasizingthenationalliberationmovementofuyghursthroughouthistorythecommunistpartyofthesovietunionsovietcommunistpartysupportedthepublicationofworkspraisingthesecondeastturkestanrepublicandtheilirebellionaccordingtosovietwriterstheuyghurslivedbetterlivesandwereabletofollowtheircultureinsovietcentralasianotinxinjianginsovietkgbagentvictorlouisjournalistvictorlouiswroteapiecesuggestingthatthesovietssupportawarofliberationagainstimperialchinaforuyghurtibetanmongolandmanchuindependencethesovietkgbsupporteduyghurseparatistssomeuyghursviewedthesovietunionfavorablybelievedthatwasruledbypeopleofturkicoriginincludingmikhailgorbachevrefuyghurhistorianturghunalmasbookuyghurlartheuyghursandotheruyghurnationalistaccountsofhistorywerefirmlygroundedinsovietturkologyaccordingtoalmascentralasiawasthemotherlandoftheuyghursandtheancientgoldencradleofworldcultureinseparatistzununtaipovwasgivenmilitaryadvicebythesovietsthevoiceofeastturkestanrqiytrkistanawazianewspaperpromotinguyghurseparatismwaspublishedbyyusupbkmukhlisiwithsovietsupportinxinjiangsimportancetochinaincreasedafterthesovietwarinafghanistansovietinvasionofafghanistanwhichledtochinasperceptionofbeingencircledbythesovietschinasupportedtheafghanmujahideenduringthesovietinvasionandbroadcastreportsofsovietatrocitiescommittedonafghanmuslimstouyghurstocountersovietbroadcaststoxinjiangthatsovietmuslimminoritieshadabetterlifeantisovietchineseradiobroadcaststargetedcentralasianethnicminoritiessuchasthekazakhsthesovietsfeareddisloyaltybythenonrussiankazakhuzbekandkyrgyzintheeventofachineseinvasionofsovietcentralasiaandrussiansweretauntedbycentralasiansjustwaittillthechinesegetheretheyllshowyouwhatswhatchineseauthoritiesviewedhanmigrantsinxinjiangasvitaltodefenseagainstthesovietunionchinaestablishedcampstotraintheafghanmujahideennearkashgarandhotaninvestinghundredsofmillionsofdollarsinsmallarmsrocketsminesandantitankweaponsduringthesstudentdemonstrationsandriotsagainstpoliceactionassumedanethnicaspectandtheaprilbarentownshipriothasbeenacknowledgedasaturningpointstoduringthespressreleasesallegingviolentinsurrectionsinxinjiangandreportedlyexaggeratingthenumberofchinesemigrantsandthenumberofuyghursinxinjiangweremadebysovietsupportedformerunitedrevolutionaryfrontofeastturkestanleaderyusupbekmukhlisiviolentattackswerecarriedoutbyturkishafghanandcentralasianbasedgroupsapoliceroundupandexecutionofsuspectedseparatistsduringramadanresultedinlargedemonstrationsinfebruarycharacterizedasriotsbychinesemediaandpeacefulbywesternmediathedemonstrationsculminatedinthefebruaryghuljaincidentinwhichapeoplesliberationarmyplacrackdownledtoatleastninedeathsandpossiblymorethanrefnamegnrefthefebruaryrmqibusbombingsrmqibusbombingskilledninepeopleandinjuredresponsibilityfortheattackswasacknowledgedbyuyghurexilegroupsrefnamedillondillonrefrefnamemillwardrefinbeijingsxidandistrictabusbombkilledtwopeopleonmarchuyghurseparatistsclaimedresponsibilityfortheattackuyghurparticipationinthebombingwasdismissedbythechinesegovernmentandtheturkishbasedorganisationforeastturkistanfreedomadmittedresponsibilityfortheattackthebusbombingstriggeredachangeinpolicywithchinaacknowledgingseparatistviolencethesituationinxinjiangquieteduntilmidalthoughethnictensionsremainedhizbuttahririncentralasiahizbuttahrirandtheislamicmovementofuzbekistanreceiveduyghurrecruitsfromthediasporainkyrgyzstananduzbekistanthemovementsgoalisthetakeoverofxinjiangandcentralasiauyghurschechensuzbekstajikskyrgyzkazakhsandotherethnicgroupsflockedtoserveunderimuleaderjumanamanganiwhodiedinnovemberrefnamenewyorkerrefaccordingtovaughanwinterbottomalthoughtheturkistanislamicpartydistributespropagandavideosanditsarabicislamicturkistanmagazinedocumentedbyjihadologynetandthejamestownfoundationthechinesegovernmentapparentlydeniedthepartysexistencechinaclaimedthattherewasnoterroristconnectiontoitsbusbombingsasthetipclaimedresponsibilityfortheattacksrefnamewinterbottomrefinpolicexinjiangraidraidedasuspectedtipterroristtrainingcampthefollowingyearanattemptedsuicidebombingonachinasouthernairlinesflightwasthwartedandthekashgarattackkashgarattackresultedinthedeathofsixteenpoliceofficersfourdaysbeforethebeginningofthesummerolympicsbeijingolympicsduringthenightofjuneintheshaoguanincidentinguangdongtwopeoplewerekilledandinjuredtheincidentreportedlytriggeredthejulyrmqiriotsothersweretheseptemberxinjiangunrestandtheaksubombingafterwhichpeopleweretriedthejulyhotanattackledtothedeathsofciviliansalthoughtheattackerswereuyghurshananduyghurswerevictimsthatyearsixethnicuyghurmentianjinairlinesflightunsuccessfullyattemptedtohijackanaircraftheadingtormqiaseriesofkashgarattacksknifeandbombattacksoccurredinjulyandthepishanhostagecrisisoccurredindecemberrefnamebbcrefcreditfortheattackswasprofessedbytheturkistanislamicpartyonfebruaryanyechengattackattackinyechengkilledandinjuredonaprilaprilbachuunrestclashesinbachuoccurredbetweenagroupofarmedmenandsocialworkersandpolicenearkashgartheviolenceleftatleastpeopledeadincludingpoliceandofficialsrefnamebbcnewsrefrefnamecnnrefrefnamecntvrefaccordingtoalocalgovernmentofficialtheclashesbrokeoutafterthreeotherofficialsreportedthatsuspiciousmenarmedwithkniveswerehidinginahouseoutsidekashgarrefnamealjazeerareftwomonthslateronjunepeoplewerekilledinjuneshanshanriotsriotsinshanshanseventeenwerekilledbyriotersandtheothertenwereallegedassailantswhowereshotdeadbypoliceinthetownshipoflukqunplanepassengersonboardaflightbashedtwouyghurhijackerstodeathonjuneinelevenmembersofanorganizationsaidtobeanantichinauyghurgroupwerekilledbykyrgyzsecurityrefnamebbcreftheywereidentifiedasuyghursbytheirappearanceandtheirpersonaleffectsindicatedthattheywereseparatistsonmarchagroupofknifewieldingterroristskunmingattackattackedthekunmingrailwaystationkillingandinjuringchinablamedxinjiangmilitantsfortheattackandoverpeoplewerearrestedinthefollowingcrackdownacapturedattackerandthreeotherswerechargedonjunethreeofthesuspectswereaccusedofleadingandorganisingaterrorgroupandintentionalhomicidetheydidnotparticipateintheattacksincetheyhadbeenarrestedtwodaysearlieronseptemberachinesecourtsentencedthreepeopletodeathandonetolifeinprisonfortheattacktheattackwaspraisedbyetimonaprilagroupofchinesecitizensidentifiedasethnicuyghurschinavietnambordershootoutengagedinashootoutwithvietnameseborderguardsafterseizingtheirgunswhentheywerebeingdetainedtobereturnedtochinafiveuyghursandtwovietnameseguardsdiedintheincidenttenoftheuyghursweremenandtherestwerewomenandchildrenrefnamenytimesrefrefnamenytimesreftwelvedayslatertwoattackersaprilrmqiattackstabbedpeoplebeforedetonatingtheirsuicidevestsatanrmqitrainstationthreepeopleincludingtheattackerswerekilledonmaymayrmqiattacktwosuicidecarbombingsoccurredaftertheoccupantsthrewexplosivesfromtheirvehiclesatanrmqistreetmarkettheattackskilledpeopleandinjuredmorethanthedeadliestattacktodateinthexinjiangconflictrefnameguardianrefrefnamenytrefonjunechinasentencedninepeopletodeathforterroristattacksinxinjiangaccordingtothexinhuanewsagencyonjulycivilianswerekilledbyagangarmedwithknivesandaxesinthetownsofelixkuandhuangdiinyarkantcountyshachecountyandattackerswerekilledbysecurityforcestwohundredfifteenattackerswerearrestedaftertheystormedapolicestationandgovernmentofficestheagencyalsoreportedthatpolicecarsweredamagedordestroyedanddozensofuyghurandhanchinesecivilianswerekilledorinjuredtheuyghuramericanassociationsaidthatlocaluyghurshadbeenprotestingatthetimeoftheattacktwodayslaterthemoderateimamofchinaslargestmosqueassassinationofjumatayirwasassassinatedinkashgaraftermorningprayersrefnamebbcrefonseptemberxinhuareportedthataseriesofbombblastskilledpeopleinluntaicountysouthwestoftheregionalcapitalurumqithedeadconsistedofsixciviliansfourpoliceofficersandriotersrefnamenytimesrefonoctoberfouruyghursarmedwithknivesandexplosivesattackedafarmersmarketinxinjiangaccordingtopolicepeoplediedincludingpoliceofficersandtheattackersrefnamerfarefonnovemberpeoplewerekilledandinjuredinashachecountyattackelevenofthekilledwereuyghurmilitantsonseptemberinaksuanunidentifiedgroupofknifewieldingmenattackedsleepingworkersatacoalmineandatleastpeoplewerekilledtheattackreportedlyoccurredwhenagroupofknifewieldingsuspectssetuponsecurityguardsatthegateofthemineinterektownshipbeforetargetingtheownersresidenceandadormitoryforworkerstheturkistanislamicpartyclaimedresponsibilityfortheattackinissueofislamicturkistancallingtheperpetratorsmujahideenonnovemberadaymanhuntfortheattackersreportedlyconcludedwithchinesesecurityforcescorneringtheminamountainhideouttwentyeightassailantswerekilledandasolesurvivorsurrenderedtoauthoritiesthesecurityforcesforcedtheirtargetsoutwithflamethrowersandgunnedthemdownantichinaprotestsinturkeyonjulyaboutgreywolvesorganizationgreywolveslinkedtothenationalistmovementpartymhpwhowereprotestingchinasfastingbaninxinjiangmistakenlyattackedkoreanssouthkoreantouristsinistanbulchinaissuedatravelwarningtoitscitizenstravelingtoturkeyrefnamereutersrefauyghuremployeeofachineserestaurantwasbeatenbyprotestersthiseventnegativelyimpactedchinaturkeyrelationsrefnameaarefmhpleaderdevletbaheliissuedastatementthattheattackswereunderstandableandtoldtheturkishnewspaperhurriyetwhatfeaturedifferentiatesakoreanfromachinesetheyseethattheybothhaveslantedeyeshowcantheytellthedifferenceanothertranslationofhisquotereadwhatisthedifferencebetweenakoreanandachineseanywaytheybothhaveslittyeyesdoesitmakeanydifferencebangkokbombingandthetipthebangkokbombingbangkokbombingissuspectedtohavebeencarriedoutbythegreywolvesduetothailandsdeportationofuyghurterroristsuspectstochinainsteadofallowingthemtotraveltoturkeyforasylumademkaradagaturkwasarrestedbythaipoliceinconnectionwiththebombingandbombmakingmaterialswerefoundinhisapartmentthegreywolvesarenotoriousforassassinatingjournalistsliberalsandleftistsinturkeymembermehmetaliacaspopejohnpauliiassassinationattemptattemptedtoassassinatepopejohnpauliiandtheirinvolvementinthenagornokarabakhwarnagornokarabakhandfirstchechenwarchechenwarsduetotheterroristriskandcounterfeitingofpassportsuyghurforeignersinthailandwereplacedundersurveillancebydefenceministerprawitwongsuwonandthaipolicewereplacedonalertafterthearrivaloftwoturkishuyghursjihadismandtheestablishmentofanislamiccaliphatewerelistedaspartoftheturkistanislamicpartysprogramandanarticleattackingtheusandchinaappearedinissueofthetipsislamicturkistanmagazineahmadalturkistanisjourneytojointhetipwasdescribedinanarticlethepartypublishedobituariesofmemberskilledinactionabdulghafouronmayandabdulahadabdulkareemabdulbasitonjulythetipusedphotosoffalungongtorturereenactmentsclaimingthattheywerephotosofmuslimstorturedbychinafalungongreenactedthehalfflyingtorturesayingthatitwasusedinshandongswangcunlaborcamptuidangclearharmonyclearwisdomandthesitparalleltoaladdertortureclearharmonysayingthatitwasusedbypoliceinjiamusiclearharmonyminghuiamarchknifeattackinurumqiwascalledajihadioperationbythetipthepartypraisedthekidnappingofanapostateuyghurwhowasapoliceofficerinhotanamayattackonatrainstationbyuyghurmujahideenandajuneattackbyuyghurfidayeenwasceelebratedbythetipanarticleonmustafasetmariamnasarscareerwaspublishedbythetipfromapriltoaugustthetippublishedachartofreportedcasualtiesinthehotanurumqiandkashgarareasandtherestofchinaonaugustthekyrgyzstanchineseembassywasstruckbyasuicidebombingbyanuyghuraccordingtokyrgyznewsthesuicidebomberwastheonlyfatalityfromtheattackthecasualtiesincludedwoundssufferedbykyrgyzstaffmembersanddidnotincludechinesealnusrafrontnusraalliedturkistanislamicpartyinsyriasyrianbaseduyghurswereinvolvedinthekyrgyzstanchineseembassybombingakyrgyzstangovernmentagencypointedthefingeratnusraalliedsyrianbaseduyghurstheembassybombingwasorderedbysirojiddinmukhtarovakaabusalohwhocommandsforeignfightersinthesyrianandiraqicivilwarscentralasiakatibataltawhidwaljihadinnusrafrontalongsideuyghursinsyriakhalilovazoiraanethnicuyghuretimagentwastheperpetratorofthebombingzoirkhalimovwasalsogivenashisnamethesyrianbranchoftheturkistanislamicpartyreleasedthevideowakeupohturkistnurginguyghurstorevoltpolicekilledmilitantswhocarriedoutabombingondecemberinkarakaxonfebruarythreeknifewieldingattackerskilledfivepeoplebeforebeingkilledbypoliceurumqiwasthesiteofalargeassemblyagainstterrorismmotorizedtransportaircraftandpolicewereinvolvedrefnamegramerrefrefnamebusinessinsidercomreftheterroristgroupisisreleasedavideocallingforseparatistterrorattacksinchinainmarchjihadistelementsalqaedasupportforuyghurmilitantsalqaedahasexpressedsupportforuyghurmilitantsrefreftheturkistanislamicpartyformerlytheeastturkestanislamicmovementisalliedwiththeislamicmovementofuzbekistanthepakistanitalibantehreekitalibanpakistanandalqaedaabdulhameedabdulazeezmakhdoomandhakeemmakhdoomfoundedtheislamicpartyofturkistanhizbulislamliturkistaninafterhewasfreedfromprisoninabdulhakeeminstructedhasanmahsumandotheruyghursinfundamentalistislaminziyauddinyusufpronouncedzeydinyusupinuyghurlanguageuyghurfoundedwhatwasoriginallycalledtheeastturkistanislamicpartyetiphizbulislamliturkistanashsharqiyahitsuyghurnamewassharkiturkistanislampartisianditsturkishnamewasdoutrkistanislampartisihasanmahsumandabudukadiryapuquanreorganizedthemovementininmahsummovedetimsheadquarterstokabulintalibancontrolledislamicemirateofafghanistanafghanistanitsleadersmetwithosamabinladenandotherleadersofalqaedathetalibanandtheislamicmovementofuzbekistantocoordinateactiontheeastturkestanislamicmovementdroppedeastfromitsnameasitincreaseditsdomainrefnamesfrefthegroupsinfrastructurewascrippledaftertheunitedstateswarinafghanistanpresentinvadedafghanistanandbombedalqaedabasesinthemountainsalongtheafpakborderwithpakistanduringwhichmahsumwaskilledtheeastturkestanislamicmovementrenameditselftheturkistanislamicpartytipalthoughchinastillcallsitetimanddoesnotacknowledgethenewnametheturkistanislamicpartyoriginallysubordinatetotheislamicmovementofuzbekistanimusplitoffanddisseminateditsislamicturkistanmagazineandvoiceofislammediainchinesearabicrussianandturkishalqaedasleadershipcouncilincludedtipmemberabdulhaqetipabdulhaqalturkistaniandtheorganizationappointedtipmemberabdulshakooralturkistaniabdulshakoorturkistaniasmilitarycommanderofitsforcesinthefederallyadministeredtribalareasofpakistanuyghurdetaineesatguantanamobayhaveconfessedthattheyweretrainedbyabdulhaqandhassanmahsuminafghanistanhaqthreatenedterroristattacksonthebeijingolympicsalqaedascommandviewedabdulhaqasauthoritativeandsenthimtomeetwithtalibanfactionsalongwithalqaedacommandersthetipeulogizeddokuumarovofthecaucasianemirateafterosamabinladensdeathhissuccessorwasbelievedbysometobeetimleaderabdulshakoorturkistanibecausejihadistorganizationshavebeeninfluencedbytheetimalqaedaleaderaymanalzawahirireleasedastatementsupportingjihadinxinjiangagainstchineseinthecaucasusagainsttherussiansandnamingsomaliayemensyriairaqandafghanistanasbattlegroundszawahiriendorsedjihadtoliberateeveryspanoflandofthemuslimsthathasbeenusurpedandviolatedfromkashgartoandalusiaandfromthecaucasustosomaliaandcentralafricauyghursinhabitkashgarthecitywhichwasmentionedbyzawahiriinanotherstatementhesaidmymujahideenbrothersinallplacesandofallgroupswefaceaggressionfromamericaeuropeandrussiasoitsuptoustostandtogetherasonefromeastturkestantomoroccouyghurjihadistswerehailedbyalqaedachiefaymanalzawahirialqaedaideologuemustafasetmariamnasarwroteinsupportoftheeastturkestanindependencemovementmustafasetmariamnasarhadmetsomeoftheseuyghursinafghanistanwheretheytrainedasmujahidinrefnameliarefanditsaffiliatedalfajrmediacenterdistributestipmaterialinthekavkazcenterreportedthatalfajrreleasedavideourgingmuslimstowagejihadinsupportoftheeastturkestanindependencemovementalqaedamemberabuyahyaallibispokeinsupportofjihadineastturkestanagainstchinarefnamejamestownrefandhanialsibaispokeinsupportoftheeastturkestanindependencemovementatipsuicidebombernuruddincalledfortheexpulsionofcrusaderandbuddhistinfidelsandcalledandalusiaeastturkistanchechynaandsouthafricalandsofislamrefnamedoguturkistanbultenirefaspartofitsoutreachtoforeignmuslimsinjanuaryislamicturkistandescribedetimasagroupofworkersforislamandthemujahideeninthecauseofallahinordertoliberateturkistanandsaiditsaimwastoestablishanislamiccaliphateinthelightofthebookandthesunnahinthecauseofallahpromotionofvirtuepreventionofviceandthecalltoallahandtocreateanislamicstatethroughjihadalqaedapublishedanarticledidyouknowfactsabouteastturkistaninitsmagazineresurgencewhichwasreportedlyrifewitherrorsturkistanislamicpartyactivitiesinafghanistanandwaziristantipsislamicturkistanmagazineinitsndeditionclaimedinwaziristantheyshotdowntwooftheamericanenemysspydronestheturkistanislamicpartysislamicturkistanmagazineinitstheditionreleasedanobituaryofbilalalturkistaniwhowaskilledinhijriyearinafghanistanduringthefallofmazarishariffallofthetalibansislamicemirateinmazaresharifsganjafortresstipsislamicturkistanmagazineinitstheditionpublishedanobituaryofitsmemberturghunibnumaralturkistaniwhodiedinafghanistantheuyghursinafghanistanfoughtagainsttheamericanbombingandthenorthernallianceaftertheseptemberattackshediedinthefightingthatmonthtipsislamicturkistanmagazineinitstheditionreleasedanobituaryoftipfighterskilledinpakistanandafghanistanyusufidrisalturkistaniwaskilledinwaziristanwhiletoxtihajiabdulmuhsinalturkistanidiedonoctoberontoraboramountainafterthetrainingcamphewasinwasbombedbyamericanplanestipsislamicturkistanmagazineinitstheditionpraiseditsmemberabdulmajeeddhabeehallahasonewholovedjihadoutofadesirefortalibanshariahlawhewenttotalibanruledafghanistanininseptemberpakistaniarmycapturedandwoundedhiminthemountainousborderregionhewassenttochinabypakistanwherehereceivedthedeathsentenceintheturkistanislamicpartyattackedabombdisposalunityoftheafghanarmyaddressingtheeasternturkistanmuslimsaturkishsuiciderintheturkistanislamicpartyinafghanistanreleasedavideoadeclarationonjihadwasissuedbyabdalazizoftheturkistanislamicpartytourismofthebelieversbytheturkistanislamicpartyfeaturedimagesofiiicorpsunitedstatestwentyfirstcenturypresidentobamaattheiiicorpsheadquartersandanimageofpresidentobamaandjoebidenandapictureofxijinpingpakistantalibantehreekitalibaninnorthwaziristanshelternearlyuyghurfightersfromtheturkistanislamicpartytheprovincesofkunarandnuristaninafghanistanhostuyghurspertalibancountsthebadakhshanprovinceprovinceofbadakhshanhasabaseoftheturkistanislamicpartytheborderbetweenafghanistanandpakistanishometoislamistuyghursmiraliiswheretherewastheturkistanislamicpartyturkistanislamicpartyinsyriatheturkistanislamicpartyinsyriausestheblackstandardjihadistblackflagjihadistflagwiththenameofthegroupinarabicbelowtheshahadaturkistanislamicpartyforthesupportofthepeopleofbiladalshamalshamthetipsenttheturkistanbrigadetoparticipateinthesyriancivilwarandthepartyeulogizedmemberswhoparticipatedinsuicidebombingsandwerekilledinactioninjisralshughurajabhatalnusrajihadistcalledabumohamedalansarianalnusrafrontmembersaidthebattlewasgoodpraisebetogodthebrothersfromallthegroupsstartedworkingtogetherandcoordinatingeachfactionisresponsibleforasidethemajoritywereimmigrantbrothersfromturkestantheyaretheoneswhoattackedtheimportantpointsfrontspokesmanabumariaalqahtanisaidthatmuslimswereoppressedinturkestanandnusraneedstodefendthemrefnameimgurrefthetipjoinedthendnorthwesternsyriaoffensiveoffensiveonthealghabplainwithalqaedaaffiliatedjundalaqsaagainstthesyrianarmycallingthesyrianarmydisparaginglyalawitesnusayrirefnamesiteintelgroupreftheturkistanislamicpartyandthealnusrafrontlaunchedajointoperationwhichsiegeofabualduhurairbaseoverranthesyrianmilitarysabudhuhurairbaserefnamesiteintelgrouprefrefnamesiteintelgroupreftheturkistanislamicpartysislamawazireleasedphotosofitsfightersinsyriatheuyghurturkistanislamicpartythetalibanallieduzbekimambukharijamaatthealqaedaallieduzbekkatibataltawhidwaljihadandthejundalaqsacooperatedonthealghabplaintoconquercrucialvillageswiththetipconductingsuicidebombingsinjisralshughurandoverrunningabudhuhurwithjundalaqsaandalnusrahtheturkistanislamicpartyreleasedphotosoftheiruyghurfightersatabudhuhuramassexecutionofcapturedsyriansoldierswascarriedoutbytheturkestanislamicpartyinsyriawithjabhatalnusraatabualduhurthesyrianobservatoryforhumanrightssaidthatchechenswhodefectedtoisiswerereplacedwiththeuyghurturkistanislamicpartyalliedwithalqaedarefnameaawsatrefaftertherussianmilitaryinterventioninthesyriancivilwarphotosofuyghurfightersfromtheturkistanislamicpartyinsyriawerereleasedwitharabiccaptionsreadingstandingupstronglytothenusayriarmyandtherussiansrefnamelongwarjournalrefinresponsetothenorthwesternsyriaoffensiveoctoberrussianbackedoffensivebythesyrianarmytheturkistanislamicpartysentfighterstotheghabplaintosupportrebelsagainstthesyrianarmyiraniansandhezbollahforcesrefnamethefiscaltimesrefrefnamespanishnewstodayrefrefnamedailymessengerrefthesyriabasedalqaedalinkedsaudiclericabdullahmuhammadalmuhaysiniarrangedforforeignfightersofmultiplebackgroundstorepeatthephrasethelevantisthegraveyardoftherussiansinavideomessageamongthemwasafighterclaimingtobefromeastturkestananalnusrafrontfightersaidthataunitedfactionalmuhajireenwasformedfromuyghursuzbeksimambukharijamaatahlusunnawaljamaaandjaishalmuhajireenwalansarmemberskatibaturkistanjoinedahraralshamjabhatalnusraandjunudalshamagainstthesyrianarmyinthenorthwesternsyriaoffensivebattleforjisralshughurarabnewsagenciesreportedthattheuyghursinthetipthechechensinjunudalshamthealnusrafrontandahraralshamarebeingcoordinatedbyturkishintelligencetoworkwiththearmyofconquestsectarianismandminoritiesinthesyriancivilwarattacksonchristiansandchurchessyrianchurcheshavebeendemolishedbyturkistanislamicpartyuyghurfightersandinhomsandidlibthetipcooperatedwithuzbekbrigadesandthealnusrafrontthefrontandislamicstateofiraqandthelevantisilcompetetorecruituyghurfightersinjisralshughurachurchscrosshadatipflagplacedontopofitaftertheendofthebattlerefnamewordpressrefrefnamearchiverefthetipsiegeofalfuahkafaryabesiegedtheshiitevillagesoffuaaandkafriyehthevillageofazzanbaqinearjisralshughurhasbecomeabaseforanestimateduyghurtipmilitantsandtheirfamiliesmilitarycampsintheareaaretraininghundredsofchildrenhezbollahiranianandsyriangovernmentmediaaccusedturkishintelligenceoftransportinguyghurstosyriaviaturkeytohelpthealnusrafrontbeforesendingthembacktoxinjiangtofightchinarefnameautorefwbrrefnamememrijttmrefthetipsislamawaziencourageduyghurfamiliestoemigrateabroadtoconductjihadrefnamedoguturkistanbultenirefturkishconnectionswereusedbyuyghurfighterstoentersyriathehumanitarianuyghureasternturkistaneducationandsolidarityassociationetesalocatedinturkeysentuyghursintosyriaendorsedtheassassinationofjumatayirapplaudedattacksinchinaandpostedtipcontentonitswebsiterefnamecbrefinacommuniquedatedwednesdaythofdhualhijjahhijrathetipsislamawazimediaarmsaidthisyearisdrawingtoacloseandwethankallahforwhathehasblesseduswithconquestsvictoriesandgloryweyourbrothersthemujahideenofturkistanarecontinuingintheliberationofthelandofalshamandproceedinginourjihadforthesakeofallahtoliberateeverylastinchofthelandofalshamwithpermissionfromallahrefnamewordpressrefrefnametwimgreftheambassadorofsyriatochinaimadmoustaphahasaccusedturkeyoffacilitatingtheentryofuyghurjihadistsintosyriatheuyghurdiasporainthekkekmecesefakyandzeytinburnuzeytinburnutodayzeytinburnudistrictsofistanbularethesourceofuyghurturkistanislamicpartyjihadistsinsyriaaccordingtotheturkishbaseduyghurwebsitedoutrkistanblteniwhichsupportsthetiptheuyghurdiasporainkkekmeceandzeytinburnuwasfearfulaftertheassassinationofuzbekimamabdullahbukhariandreportsofchineseloyalistuyghuragentssenttoistanbultohuntdownseparatistuyghursisilsupportofuyghurmilitantstheislamicstateofiraqandthelevantreleasedavideoinjuneofanyearolduyghurmanwhocametojoinisisinsyriawithhisgrandchildrenwifeanddaughterafterhissondiedincombatinsyriainthevideouyghurchildrensangaboutmartyrdomandatenyearoldthreatenedchinaohchinesekuffarnonbelieversknowthatwearepreparinginthelandofthekhilafahcaliphateandwewillcometoyouandraisethisflaginturkestanwiththepermissionofallahtheolduyghurmansaidimadehijrahaccompaniedbymyfourgrandsonsmydaughterandmywifeaccordingtotheturkishrunenglishlanguagebgnnewsnewsagencytheturkishnewspapermeydanreportedthatuyghurfightersjoiningisilwerebeingaidedbybusinessmannuralitwhoheadedapassportcounterfeitingringinistanbulszeytinburnudistrictanbspganinformantfromtheringsaidturkeyhassecretdealingswiththeuighurstheauthoritiesfirstconfiscatethepassportsbutthenreleasetheindividualsafterthailanddeporteduyghurssuspectedtohavebeenontheirwaytoturkeysyriaoriraqtojoinjihadusstatedepartmentspokesmanjohnkirbydenouncedthemoveandsaidthatthailandshouldallowthoseremainingethnicuyghurstodepartvoluntarilytoacountryoftheirchoicerefnamesinghrefisisallieduyghurshavetraveledtoindonesiatoparticipateinterroristattacksagainstshiachristiansandtheindonesiangovernmentduringanattackincentralsulawesioneuyghurwaskilledbyindonesiansecuritypersonnelinnovemberandanotherwasarrestedforplanningasecondattacktheindonesiangovernmenthascontactedchinaforassistanceinconfrontinguyghurmembersofterroristorganizationsinmarchtwoproisisuyghursinsulawesiwerekilledbyindonesiangovernmentforcesthedoutrkistanbltenihaberajanswhichsupportsthetipdenouncedtheindonesiangovernmentandpoliceforkillingthedouendonezyamcahitlerimujahidinindonesiatimormembersthedoutrkistanbltenihaberajanscriticizedtheindonesiangovernmentforhuntingdownfouruyghurswhoillegallyenteredthecountrytojoindouendonezyamcahitleriaccusingthegovernmentofattackingmuslimstwoturkishgovernmentissuedistanbulresidencepermitapplicationformsforisisfightersinsyriaabdulezizabdullahandabdulrehmanmemrullahlistingtheirnationalityasdoutrkistaneastturkestanwereseizedbythesyriandemocraticforcessdfandpeoplesprotectionunitsypgaccordingtotodayszamanankarabureauchiefabdullahbozkurttheislamisterdoangovernmentinturkeyalloweduyghurfighterstoentersyriaviaturkeyandthisisimpedingchinaturkeyrelationsanuyghurlanguagenasheedwasreleasedbyisisuyghursappearedinthefilmuyghurchildrenappearedinanisisvideotheisisuyghurmembersattackedthemoderatesyrianrebelmemberswhowerealliedtotheturkistanislamicpartytheturkistanislamicpartylinkedtoalqaedawascriticizedbytheisilvideochildrenwithweaponsappearedinthevideoiraqwasthelocationofthefootagetheislamicstatesnumberofuyghurfightersismuchsmallerthanthatoftheturkistanislamicpartysreactiontheeasternturkistanislamicpartyorganizationforfreeingeasternturkistanandtheislamicpartyofturkistanwereoutlawedbykyrgyzstanslenindistrictandsupremecourtsinnovemberseveraluyghurfighterswereshotdeadbykyrgyzstansecurityforcesinjanuaryinthetipwasoutlawedbyrussiaarabcountriessupportedchinaintheorganisationofislamiccooperationwithsaudiarabiaandegypthelpingchinaquashanyantichinesemotionbytheoicconcerningtheuyghursegyptsawitsinternalsectarianproblemsassimilartochinasandsudanwasalsoconcernedaboutexternalinterferenceinitsinternalproblemsindonesiadealingwithitsowninternalislamistssaidthatthedisturbancesinxinjiangwereethnicratherthanreligiousrefnamewikileaksrefpakistansaudiarabiaandegypthelpedchinapreventastatementonthexinjiangsituationfromtheoicrefnamewikileaksreftherehasbeennop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igaderoyalhorseartilleryivbrigadeaabatterytransferredtoviiibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryviiibrigadeandthebrigadeceasedtoexistbyoctoberseealsonotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastclarkefirstwgyeartitlehorsegunnerstheroyalhorseartilleryyearsofpanacheandprofessionalismpublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastfrederickfirstjbmyeartitlelineagebookofbritishlandforcespublishermicroformacademicpublisherslocationwakefieldyorkshireisbnxexternallinksnetrhahtmtheroyalhorseartilleryonthelonglongtrailinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexibrigaderhaimagecaptiondatesmarchaugustcountryallegiancebranchtypeartilleryrolesizebattalioncommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotequipmentequipmentlabelbattlesanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonoursbattlehonourslabeldisbandedflyinghourswebsitecommanderscommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelnotablecommandersinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelxibrigaderoyalhorseartillerywasabrigadeunitedkingdombrigaderefwhengroupedtogethertheyformedbrigadesinthesamewaythatinfantrybattalionsorcavalryregimentsweregroupedtogetherinbrigadesattheoutbreakofworldwariafieldartillerybrigadeofheadquartersmilitaryheadquartersofficersotherranksukotherranksthreebatteriesandeachandabrigadeammunitioncolumnandrefnamelltwabrefhadatotalstrengthjustundersowasbroadlycomparabletoaninfantrybattalionjustoveroracavalryregimentaboutlikeaninfantrybattalionanartillerybrigadewasusuallycommandedbyalieutenantcolonelartillerybrigadeswereredesignatedasregimentsinoftheroyalhorseartillerywhichexistedintheearlypartofthethcenturyitwasdissolvedattheoutbreakofworldwariasitsconstituentbatterieswerepostedtootherformationshistorybackgroundroyalhorseartillerybrigadesdidnotexistasanorganizationaloroperationalgroupingofbatteriesuntiljulywhenthehorsebrigaderoyalartillerywasformedrefnamefrederickrefthebrigadesystemwasextendedtofivelatersixbrigadeswhenthehorseartilleryofthehonourableeastindiacompanyhadbeentransferredtothebritisharmyinrefnameclarkerefthesebrigadeswerereducedtofiveinthentothreeofbatterieseachinandtotwoofbatterieseachinthebrigadesystemwasfinallyabolishedinrefnameclarkerefasbatterydesignationsweretiedtothebrigadethatthebatterywasassignedtobatterieswereredesignatedinabewilderingsequenceastheyweretransferredbetweenbrigadesforexampleebatteryofcbrigadeecbtymightbecomenbatteryofabrigadenabtyupontransferhenceforthbatteriesweredesignatedinasinglealphabeticalsequenceinorderofseniorityfromdateofformationthebrigadesystemwasrevivedineachbrigadenowcommandedjusttwobatteriesandasmallstaffalieutenantcolonelincommandanadjutantandabrigadesergeantmajorinitiallybatterieswerenotassignedtobrigadesinanyparticularorderrefnameclarkerefbutinattheinsistenceofedwardviibrigadeswereredesignatedsothatbatterieswereroughlyinorderofseniorityhenceibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryibrigadecommandedabatteryroyalhorseartilleryabatteryandbbatteryroyalhorseartillerybbatteryrefnameclarkerefformationxibrigaderhawasformedonmarchasthexiiibrigadedivisionrhawithtbatteryroyalhorseartillerytbatteryandubatteryroyalhorseartilleryubatteryinitwasredesignatedasxiiibrigaderhabythetimeworldwaribrokeoutthebrigadewassplituptbatterywasatabbassiaegyptservingintheforceinegyptseealsothregimentroyalhorseartilleryhonourableartillerycompanyforasimilarlynumberedregimentinworldwariinotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastbeckefirstmajorafyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionsparttheregularbritishdivisionspublisherhismajestysstationeryofficelocationlondonisbncitebookrefharvlastclarkefirstwgyeartitlehorsegunnerstheroyalhorseartilleryyearsofpanacheandprofessionalismpublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastfrederickfirstjbmyeartitlelineagebookofbritishlandforcespublishermicroformacademicpublisherslocationwakefieldyorkshireisbnxcitebookrefharvlastperryfirstfwyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartbindianarmydivisionspublisherraywestlakemilitarybookslocationnewportisbnxexternallinksnetrhahtmtheroyalhorseartilleryonthelonglongtrailpermanentresidenceunitedstatesinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexiibrigaderhaimagecaptiondatesmarchnovembercountryallegiancebranchtypeartilleryrolesizebattalioncommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotequipmentequipmentlabelbattlesanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonoursbattlehonourslabeldisbandedflyinghourswebsitecommanderscommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelnotablecommandersinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelxiibrigaderoyalhorseartillerywasabrigadeunitedkingdombrigaderefwhengroupedtogethertheyformedbrigadesinthesamewaythatinfantrybattalionsorcavalryregimentsweregroupedtogetherinbrigadesattheoutbreakofworldwariafieldartillerybrigadeofheadquartersmilitaryheadquartersofficersotherranksukotherranksthreebatteriesandeachandabrigadeammunitioncolumnandrefnamelltwabrefhadatotalstrengthjustundersowasbroadlycomparabletoaninfantrybattalionjustoveroracavalryregimentaboutlikeaninfantrybattalionanartillerybrigadewasusuallycommandedbyalieutenantcolonelartillerybrigadeswereredesignatedasregimentsinoftheroyalhorseartillerywhichexistedintheearlypartofthethcenturyitwasdissolvedduringworldwariasitsconstituentbatterieswerepostedtootherformationshistorybackgroundroyalhorseartillerybrigadesdidnotexistasanorganizationaloroperationalgroupingofbatteriesuntiljulywhenthehorsebrigaderoyalartillerywasformedrefnamefrederickrefthebrigadesystemwasextendedtofivelatersixbrigadeswhenthehorseartilleryofthehonourableeastindiacompanyhadbeentransferredtothebritisharmyinrefnameclarkerefthesebrigadeswerereducedtofiveinthentothreeofbatterieseachinandtotwoofbatterieseachinthebrigadesystemwasfinallyabolishedinrefnameclarkerefasbatterydesignationsweretiedtothebrigadethatthebatterywasassignedtobatterieswereredesignatedinabewilderingsequenceastheyweretransferredbetweenbrigadesforexampleebatteryofcbrigadeecbtymightbecomenbatteryofabrigadenabtyupontransferhenceforthbatteriesweredesignatedinasinglealphabeticalsequenceinorderofseniorityfromdateofformationthebrigadesystemwasrevivedineachbrigadenowcommandedjusttwobatteriesandasmallstaffalieutenantcolonelincommandanadjutantandabrigadesergeantmajorinitiallybatterieswerenotassignedtobrigadesinanyparticularorderrefnameclarkerefbutinattheinsistenceofedwardviibrigadeswereredesignatedsothatbatterieswereroughlyinorderofseniorityhenceibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryibrigadecommandedabatteryroyalhorseartilleryabatteryandbbatteryroyalhorseartillerybbatteryrefnameclarkerefformationxiibrigaderhawasformedonmarchastheiibrigadedivisionrhawithvbatteryroyalhorseartilleryvbatteryandwbatteryroyalhorseartillerywbatteryinitwasredesignatedasiibrigaderhabythetimeworldwaribrokeoutthebrigadewasinmeerutindiaassignedtothmeerutdivisionwbatterymovedtosialkotandjoinedthendrawalpindidivisioninoctoberseealsothregimentroyalhorseartilleryhonourableartillerycompanyforasimilarlynumberedregimentinworldwariinotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastclarkefirstwgyeartitlehorsegunnerstheroyalhorseartilleryyearsofpanacheandprofessionalismpublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastfrederickfirstjbmyeartitlelineagebookofbritishlandforcespublishermicroformacademicpublisherslocationwakefieldyorkshireisbnxcitebookrefharvlastperryfirstfwyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartbindianarmydivisionspublisherraywestlakemilitarybookslocationnewportisbnxexternallinksnetrhahtmtheroyalhorseartilleryonthelonglongtrailinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexiiibrigaderhaimagecaptiondatesmarchdecembercountryallegiancebranchtypeartilleryrolesizebattalioncommandstructuregarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotequipmentequipmentlabelbattlesanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonoursbattlehonourslabeldisbandedflyinghourswebsitecommanderscommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelnotablecommandersinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelxiiibrigaderoyalhorseartillerywasabrigadeunitedkingdombrigaderefwhengroupedtogethertheyformedbrigadesinthesamewaythatinfantrybattalionsorcavalryregimentsweregroupedtogetherinbrigadesattheoutbreakofworldwariafieldartillerybrigadeofheadquartersmilitaryheadquartersofficersotherranksukotherranksthreebatteriesandeachandabrigadeammunitioncolumnandrefnamelltwabrefhadatotalstrengthjustundersowasbroadlycomparabletoaninfantrybattalionjustoveroracavalryregimentaboutlikeaninfantrybattalionanartillerybrigadewasusuallycommandedbyalieutenantcolonelartillerybrigadeswereredesignatedasregimentsinoftheroyalhorseartillerywhichexistedintheearlypartofthethcenturyitwasdissolvedattheoutbreakofworldwariasitsconstituentbatterieswerepostedtootherformationshistorybackgroundroyalhorseartillerybrigadesdidnotexistasanorganizationaloroperationalgroupingofbatteriesuntiljulywhenthehorsebrigaderoyalartillerywasformedrefnamefrederickrefthebrigadesystemwasextendedtofivelatersixbrigadeswhenthehorseartilleryofthehonourableeastindiacompanyhadbeentransferredtothebritisharmyinrefnameclarkerefthesebrigadeswerereducedtofiveinthentothreeofbatterieseachinandtotwoofbatterieseachinthebrigadesystemwasfinallyabolishedinrefnameclarkerefasbatterydesignationsweretiedtothebrigadethatthebatterywasassignedtobatterieswereredesignatedinabewilderingsequenceastheyweretransferredbetweenbrigadesforexampleebatteryofcbrigadeecbtymightbecomenbatteryofabrigadenabtyupontransferhenceforthbatteriesweredesignatedinasinglealphabeticalsequenceinorderofseniorityfromdateofformationthebrigadesystemwasrevivedineachbrigadenowcommandedjusttwobatteriesandasmallstaffalieutenantcolonelincommandanadjutantandabrigadesergeantmajorinitiallybatterieswerenotassignedtobrigadesinanyparticularorderrefnameclarkerefbutinattheinsistenceofedwardviibrigadeswereredesignatedsothatbatterieswereroughlyinorderofseniorityhenceibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryibrigadecommandedabatteryroyalhorseartilleryabatteryandbbatteryroyalhorseartillerybbatteryrefnameclarkerefformationxiiibrigaderhawasformedonmarchastheiiibrigadedivisionrhawithxbatteryroyalhorseartilleryxbatteryandybatteryroyalhorseartilleryybatteryinitwasredesignatedasiiibrigaderharefnamefrederickrefandwasstationedatstjohnswoodbarracksstjohnswoodxbatteryandaldershotgarrisonaldershotybatteryrefnameclarkerefonoctoberitwasredesignatedasxiiibrigaderharefnamefrederickrefbythetimeworldwaribrokeoutthebrigadewasinmhowindiaassignedtothmhowdivisionybatterysailedfortheunitedkingdomindecemberinjanuaryitjoinedxvbrigaderoyalhorseartilleryxvbrigaderhaatroyalleamingtonspaleamingtonandwasassignedtothdivisionunitedkingdomthdivisionseealsothregimentroyalhorseartilleryhonourableartillerycompanyforasimilarlynumberedregimentinworldwariinotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastbeckefirstmajorafyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionsparttheregularbritishdivisionspublisherhismajestysstationeryofficelocationlondonisbncitebookrefharvlastclarkefirstwgyeartitlehorsegunnerstheroyalhorseartilleryyearsofpanacheandprofessionalismpublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastfrederickfirstjbmyeartitlelineagebookofbritishlandforcespublishermicroformacademicpublisherslocationwakefieldyorkshireisbnxcitebookrefharvlastperryfirstfwyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartbindianarmydivisionspublisherraywestlakemilitarybookslocationnewportisbnxexternallinksnetrhahtmtheroyalhorseartilleryonthelonglongtrailmaryashleytownsendinfoboxrealitymusiccompetitionseriesxfactoralbaniantvseriesthexfactorseasonfirstairedlastairedjudgesalbansknderajbrsonimalajbrtunasingeraltunasejdiubrpandilaohostalketavejsiucohostbroadcastertvklanklantelevisionimagecaptionwinnernameergidiniwinneroriginshkodrwinnergenrewinnersongrunnernamesenadrrahmanilastnextyearxfactoralbaniantvseriesxfactorisantelevisioninalbaniaalbaniantelevisionmusiccompetitiontofindnewsingingtalentsthethirdseasonbeganonseptemberonklantelevisiontvklanbasedonthethexfactorukukformatthecompetitionconsistsofauditionsinfrontofproducersandthenthejudgeswithaliveaudiencebootcampjudgeshousesandthenthelivefinalstheproducersauditionsfortheshowareduebeganonaprilinalbaniarepublicofkosovokosovoandrepublicofmacedoniamacedoniathewinnerswerelatercalledbacktoperforminfrontofthejudgesheldfrommayintiranahowevertheauditionswerebroadcastinseptemberwhentheshowstartedairingtheshowwillbehostedonceagainbyalbaniansalbaniansingeralketavejsiuwhilethejudgingpanelconsistsofpopsingertunasingeraltunasejdiualbanskenderajsonimalajandpandilaothisyeartheproducershavedecidedtogivemoreattentiontotheliveshowsextendingittoweeksandnotairingbootcamptheauditionswereairedinshowsonlyandthentheshowpassedtothejudgeshousesairingonlythefinalistsbootcampperformanceandresultthustomaketheliveshowslongertogivethecontestantsmoretimetoperformtheotherdifferencesthisyearisthatthereisavarietyofcontestantswhocomefromdifferentplacessarahmemmolaisfromitalywhochallengedherselftotakepartinthexfactoralbaniatherearecontestantsfromrepublicofmacedoniamacedoniathisyearthereisntanysoloistfromkosovothisyearandthereisasingerfromserbiadonikanuhiuforthefirsttimeintheshowjudgeshousestheeliminatedactswereboysendricacigentisheholliilirianmertaniyllnorkurtigirlsalmakadriaanxheladanoarlindakovacioretalekaoversadelinabacajesterabazijoanagjinigroupsdivasnewlifethefeversvictoriousfinaliststhefinalfinalistswereconfirmedasfollowskeyndashwinnerndashrunnerupndashthirdplaceclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterscopecolstylewidthpxcategorymentorscopecolcolspanstylewidthpxactsscoperowboyssejdiuademirfreskuamadeogjurastylebackgroundbfbergidinileotrimzejnullahuscoperowgirlslaoarissarexhoenxhinasufikristinalekalaurakrliuscoperowoverssknderajfatmirdurmishimiamorinastylebackgrounddefsarahmemmolastylebackgroundpinksenadrrahmaniscoperowgroupsmalajdreamgirlsexceptionfreespiritnimfatliveshowsresultssummarycolourkeynbspcontestantreceivedthefewestpublicvotesandhadtosingagaininthesingoffpleasedonotoverusecolorinthistableespeciallytosignifymentorsandcategoriesasthishasbeenestablishedintheabovetableclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizeweeklyresultspercontestantstylewidthrowspanscopecolcontestantstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekoctoberweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweeknovemberweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweeknovemberweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweeknovemberweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweeknovemberweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekdecemberweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekdecemberweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekdecemberweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekjanuaryweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekjanuaryweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekjanuaryweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekjanuaryweekst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volvedtheenzymestobreakthemdownxnasmaybeabletoserveasamoredurablecounterparttothednaandrnabasedtreatmentmethodologiesthatarecurrentlyinuserefnamerefexperimentswithxnahavealreadyallowedforthereplacementandenlargementofthisgeneticalphabetandxnashaveshowncomplementaritymolecularbiologycomplementaritywithdnaandrnanucleotidessuggestingpotentialforitstranscriptionandrecombinationoneexperimentconductedattheuniversityoffloridaledtotheproductionofanxnaaptamerbytheaegisselexartificiallyexpandedgeneticinformationsystemsystematicevolutionofligandsbyexponentialenrichmentmethodfollowedbysuccessfulbindingtoalineofbreastcancercellsfurthermoreexperimentsinthemodelbacteriumescherichiacoliecolihavedemonstratedtheabilityforxnatoserveasabiologicaltemplatefordnainvivoinmovingforwardwithgeneticresearchonxnasvariousquestionsmustcomeintoconsiderationregardingbiosafetybiosecurityethicsandgovernanceregulationoneofthekeyquestionshereiswhetherxnainaninvivosettingwouldintermixwithdnaandrnainitsnaturalenvironmenttherebyrenderingscientistsunabletocontrolorpredictitsimplicationsingeneticmutationxnaalsohaspotentialapplicationstobeusedascatalysiscatalystsmuchlikernahastheabilitytobeusedasanenzymeresearchershaveshownxnaisabletocleaveandligationmolecularbiologyligatednarnaandotherxnasequenceswiththemostactivitybeingxnacatalyzedreactionsonxnamoleculesthisresearchmaybeusedindeterminingwhetherdnaandrnasroleinlifeemergedthroughnaturalselectionprocessesorifitwassimplyacoincidentaloccurrenceseealsonucleicacidanaloguexenobiologyreferencessailorsmosqueinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexivbrigaderhaimagecaptiondatesmarchaugustbrseptembermaycountryallegiancebranchtypeartilleryrolesizebattalioncommandstructurethinfantrydivisionunitedkingdomthdivisionbrthirdarmyunitedkingdomthirdarmygarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotequipmentequipmentlabelbattlesworldwariwesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontitalianfrontworldwariitalianfrontanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonoursbattlehonourslabeldisbandedflyinghourswebsitecommanderscommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelnotablecommandersinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelxivbrigaderoyalhorseartillerywasabrigadeunitedkingdombrigaderefwhengroupedtogethertheyformedbrigadesinthesamewaythatinfantrybattalionsorcavalryregimentsweregroupedtogetherinbrigadesattheoutbreakofworldwariafieldartillerybrigadeofheadquartersmilitaryheadquartersofficersotherranksukotherranksthreebatteriesandeachandabrigadeammunitioncolumnandrefnamelltwabrefhadatotalstrengthjustundersowasbroadlycomparabletoaninfantrybattalionjustoveroracavalryregimentaboutlikeaninfantrybattalionanartillerybrigadewasusuallycommandedbyalieutenantcolonelartillerybrigadeswereredesignatedasregimentsinoftheroyalhorseartillerywhichexistedintheearlypartofthethcenturyithadbeendissolvedbeforeworldwaributwasreformedforthewaritservedwiththinfantrydivisionunitedkingdomthdivisiononthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontbeforebecomingxivarmybrigaderhainfebruaryitwasdisbandedattheendofthewarhistoryformationroyalhorseartillerybrigadesdidnotexistasanorganizationaloroperationalgroupingofbatteriesuntiljulywhenthehorsebrigaderoyalartillerywasformedrefnamefrederickrefthebrigadesystemwasextendedtofivelatersixbrigadeswhenthehorseartilleryofthehonourableeastindiacompanyhadbeentransferredtothebritisharmyinrefnameclarkerefthesebrigadeswerereducedtofiveinthentothreeofbatterieseachinandtotwoofbatterieseachinthebrigadesystemwasfinallyabolishedinrefnameclarkerefasbatterydesignationsweretiedtothebrigadethatthebatterywasassignedtobatterieswereredesignatedinabewilderingsequenceastheyweretransferredbetweenbrigadesforexampleebatteryofcbrigadeecbtymightbecomenbatteryofabrigadenabtyupontransferhenceforthbatteriesweredesignatedinasinglealphabeticalsequenceinorderofseniorityfromdateofformationthebrigadesystemwasrevivedineachbrigadenowcommandedjusttwobatteriesandasmallstaffalieutenantcolonelincommandanadjutantandabrigadesergeantmajorinitiallybatterieswerenotassignedtobrigadesinanyparticularorderrefnameclarkerefbutinattheinsistenceofedwardviibrigadeswereredesignatedsothatbatterieswereroughlyinorderofseniorityhenceibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryibrigadecommandedabatteryroyalhorseartilleryabatteryandbbatteryroyalhorseartillerybbatteryrefnameclarkerefxivbrigaderhawasformedonmarchastheivbrigadedivisionrhawithzbatteryroyalhorseartilleryzbatteryandaabatteryroyalhorseartilleryaabatteryrefbbbatteryroyalhorseartillerybbaabatteryhadbeendisbandedonmayrefnamefrederickrefandzbatterywastransferredtoiibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryiibrigaderhaatcanterburyrefnameclarkerefrefworldwarireformedxivbrigaderhawasreformedinseptemberwithcbatteryroyalhorseartillerycbatteryfromiibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryiibrigaderhafbatteryroyalhorseartilleryfbatteryfromivbrigaderoyalhorseartilleryivbrigaderhaandxivrhabrigadeammunitioncolumnrefnamebeckerefitjoinedthinfantrydivisionunitedkingdomthdivisionatlyndhursthampshirelyndhurstonformationwiththdivisionitcrossedtobelgiumonandoctoberlandingatzeebruggeonoctoberandservedwiththedivisiononthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontuntilfebruarywhilewiththedivisionitsawconsiderableactionservingatthesiegeofantwerpsiegeofantwerpthefirstbattleofypresandinthebattlesofbattleofneuvechapelleneuvechapellebattleofaubersridgeaubersridgebattleoffestubertfestubertbattleofloosloosandofthebattleofthesommesommerefnamebeckerefchangesinorganizationonoctobercbatteryleftthebrigadetojoinivbrigaderoyalhorseartilleryxvlaterivbrigaderhainrdcavalrydivisionunitedkingdomrdcavalrydivisionitwasnotreplaceduntildecemberwhentbatteryroyalhorseartillerytbatteryjoinedfromforceinegypttheforceinegyptonjunefandtbatteriesreplacedtheirpounderswithsixpounderseachrefnamebeckerefthhowitzerhbatteryroyalfieldartilleryrfajoinedfromthhowitzerbrigaderoyalfieldartilleryxxxviihowitzerbrigaderfaonnovemberitreturnedtoxxxviihbrigadeonmarchdhxivbatterywasformedonmaywithonesectionreftwosubsectionsformedasectionandinasixgunbatterythesewouldbedesignatedasleftcentreandrightsectionsonoctoberthhbatteryfourqfinchhowitzerhowitzersjoinedthebrigadeonfebruaryitwasbrokenuptomakeupsthandthhbatteriestosixhowitzerseacharmybrigadeonfebruarythebrigadeleftthdivisionandbecamexivarmybrigaderhaonfebruarybbatteryofclxixbrigaderfabclxixbatteryjoinedascxivandonesectionofchclxixbatteryrfamadeupdhxivbatterytosixhowitzerscxivbatterywaslaterredesignatedasthbatteryanddhxivassthbatterythebrigademovedtoitalianfrontworldwariitalyindecemberbeforereturningtothewesternfrontinmarchrefnameclarkerefatthearmisticewithgermanyarmisticeitwasservingasarmytroopswiththethirdarmyunitedkingdomthirdarmywithfbatteryrhatbatteryrhathbatteryrfaandsthbatteryrfaeighteenpoundersandsixhowitzersthebrigadewasdisbandedingermanyinmaythandsthbatteriesweredisbandedfbatteryjoinediiibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryiiibrigaderhaandtbatteryjoinedixbrigaderoyalhorseartilleryixbrigaderhabothintheunitedkingdomseealsothregimentroyalhorseartilleryforasimilarlynumberedregimentinworldwariinotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastbeckefirstmajorafyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionsparttheregularbritishdivisionspublisherhismajestysstationeryofficelocationlondonisbncitebookrefharvlastclarkefirstwgyeartitlehorsegunnerstheroyalhorseartilleryyearsofpanacheandprofessionalismpublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastfrederickfirstjbmyeartitlelineagebookofbritishlandforcespublishermicroformacademicpublisherslocationwakefieldyorkshireisbnxcitebookrefharvlastperryfirstfwyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartbindianarmydivisionspublisherraywestlakemilitarybookslocationnewportisbnxcitebookyeartitleorderofbattleofthebritisharmiesinfrancenovemberthpublishergeneralstaffghqlocationfrancerefexternallinksnetrhahtmtheroyalhorseartilleryonthelonglongtrailnetdivhtmthdivisiononthelonglongtrailwebarchiveorgwebwarpathorbatcomdivsdivhtmthdivisionontheregimentalwarpathlistofexpressbusroutesinnewyorkcitylistofexpressbusroutesinnewyorkcityxenotilapiabathyphilaxenotilapiatenuidentataxenotilapiaspilopteraliubochairmanmaobadgebaisigousquarepagodacloudplatformatjuyongpassmengguziyunthegeneralsgardendunhuanggomanualtestamentofbainfoboxofficeholdernamexiefuzhannativenameimagecaptionofficepresidentofthechineseacademyofsocialsciencestermstartmarchtermendpredecessorwangweiguangsuccessorofficecommunistpartysecretaryofhenantermstartmarchtermendmarchpredecessorguogengmaosuccessorwangguoshengpoliticianwangguoshengofficepoliticsofhenangovernorofhenantermstartapriltermendaprilpredecessorguogengmaosuccessorchenrunerofficedirectorofthenationalbureauofstatisticsofchinatermstartoctobertermendseptemberpredecessorqiuxiaohuasuccessormajiantangbirthdatebirthplacetianmenhubeichinadeathdatedeathplacepartycommunistpartyofchinaspousechildrenalmamaterhuazhonguniversityofscienceandtechnologyxiefuzhanbornaugustrefnamemacrochinarefisaneconomistandpoliticianofthepeoplesrepublicofchinawhoservesasthepresidentofthechineseacademyofsocialsciencespreviouslyheservedasthecommunistpartysecretaryandgovernorofhenanprovinceandbeforethatthedirectorofchinasnationalbureauofstatisticsofchinanationalbureauofstatisticsandthestatecouncilresearchofficerefnamechinavitaerefrefnamexinhuarefrefnamepeoplerefxiehasanaccomplishedacademiccareerhehaspublishedmanyarticlesinnewspapersandjournalsheldaprofessorshipathisalmamaterhuazhonguniversityofscienceandtechnologyandtwicewonchinassunyefangeconomicsprizerefnamezhangrefbiographyxiefuzhanwasbornintianmenhubeiaftergraduatingfromhuazhonguniversityofscienceandtechnologyofwuhaninheworkedasareporterforthepeoplesdailyforthreeyearshethenwentbacktoschoolobtainingamastersdegreeinengineeringfromthemachineryindustryautomationresearchinstituteinafterwardshejoinedthedevelopmentresearchcenterofthestatecouncildevelopmentresearchcenterdrcofthestatecouncilofchinaxiespentmostofthenexttwodecadesatthedrcwhereheledorparticipatedinnumerousresearchprojectshealsowentabroadtofurtherhisstudiesfromtoxiewasavisitingscholarattheeconomicsdepartmentofprincetonuniversityandthencompletedanexecutiveprogramatthejohnfkennedyschoolofgovernmentatharvarduniversityinhecompletedanotherexecutiveprogramatthejudgebusinessschooloftheuniversityofcambridgefromtoxiewasthedeputydirectorofthedrcinoctoberxiefuzhanwasappointedcommissionerofthenationalbureauofstatisticsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinanationalbureauofstatisticsnbsreplacingqiuxiaohuawhohadbeenfiredforcorruptionheheldthepositionuntilseptemberascommissionerheadvocatednewstatisticalmethodsforimprovingqualityofthedataheopenlyrefusedtomakeforecastsforchinaseconomyforfearthatanysuchforecastcouldaffectthedatacollectioninjunexiewasappointeddirectorofthestatecouncilresearchofficeinmarchhewasappointeddeputycommunistpartysecretaryofhenanincentralchinaandwaselectedgovernorbythehenanprovincialcongressinaprilonmarchhewaselevatedtocommunistpartysecretaryofhenanreplacingguogengmaoinmarchxiewasappointedthepresidentofthechineseacademyofsocialsciencesxiewasamemberofthecentralcommissionfordisciplineinspectionofthethcentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinathcentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinaandisafullmemberofthethcentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinathandthcentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinathcentralcommitteesacademiccareerxiefuzhanisaprominenteconomistwhohaswonseveralmajorawardsheisaprolificwriterwhosearticleshavebeenpublishedatmanynewspapersandacademicjournalshismajorresearchareasincludemacroeconomicsmacroeconomicpolicieseconomicdevelopmentandenterprisereformheworkedonanumberofsignificantresearchprojectsincollaborationwiththeworldbanktheunitednationsdevelopmentprogrammeandtheasiandevelopmentbankhehasbeenanadvisortothechineseacademyofsocialsciencesaprofessoranddoctoralstudentadvisorathisalmamaterhuazhonguniversityofscienceandtechnologyandanadjunctfacultymemberattsinghuauniversityinhewasoneofthethreevicechairmenoftheunescostatisticalcommissionselectedworksrealestatestrategicdevelopmentandcountermeasuresfiscalcontrolandreformthirtykeyissuesrelatedtofurtherreformroadtourbanizationwithchinesecharacteristicschinarealestatetaxationsystemchinarealestatetaxationsystempropositionawardssunyefangeconomicsprizeandnationalscienceandtechnologyawardstatecouncilofchinaexceptionalcontributionspecialistreferencescherkasychernihivkhmelnytskyiukraineizmailkropyvnytskyixavierpompidoubornjulyisafrancefrenchautoracingracingdriverrefnamesrefrefreferencesshueishaenterbraintricetinvisualnovelenginescherkasyoblastchernihivoblastkirovohradoblastkhmelnytskyioblasthanxiangzirivnerivneoblastlutskvolynoblastnizhynvinnytsiazhytomyroblastbakhchysaraibalaklavagaliciaeasterneuropegalichburshtynsakykrasnoperekopskcqcallyuyamiyashitanobuhirowatsukishinsengumitoshikihiranotoshikihiranoinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexvbrigaderhaimagecaptiondatesjanuaryaprilcountryallegiancebranchtypeartilleryrolesizebattalioncommandstructurethdivisionunitedkingdomthdivisiongarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotequipmentequipmentlabelbattlesworldwarigallipolicampaigngallipoliwesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonoursbattlehonourslabeldisbandedflyinghourswebsitecommanderscommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelnotablecommandersinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelxvbrigaderoyalhorseartillerywasabrigadeunitedkingdombrigaderefwhengroupedtogethertheyformedbrigadesinthesamewaythatinfantrybattalionsorcavalryregimentsweregroupedtogetherinbrigadesattheoutbreakofworldwariafieldartillerybrigadeofheadquartersmilitaryheadquartersofficersotherranksukotherranksthreebatteriesandeachandabrigadeammunitioncolumnandrefnamelltwabrefhadatotalstrengthjustundersowasbroadlycomparabletoaninfantrybattalionjustoveroracavalryregimentaboutlikeaninfantrybattalionanartillerybrigadewasusuallycommandedbyalieutenantcolonelartillerybrigadeswereredesignatedasregimentsinoftheroyalhorseartilleryformedduringworldwariitservedwiththdivisionunitedkingdomthdivisioninthegallipolicampaignandonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontitwasdisbandedafterthewarhistoryduplicatenumberingstrangelytworoyalhorseartillerybrigadeswereformedearlyinworldwariandsimultaneouslydesignatedasxvbrigaderhathefirstwasformedonoctoberforservicewiththerdcavalrydivisionunitedkingdomrdcavalrydivisionandcommandedcbatteryroyalhorseartillerycgbatteryroyalhorseartillerygandkbatteryroyalhorseartillerykbatteriesrhaitwasrenumberedasivbrigaderoyalhorseartilleryivbrigaderhainmayrefnamebeckerefthesecondwasformedinjanuaryandisthesubjectofthecurrentarticleformationxvbrigaderhawasformedatroyalleamingtonspaleamingtonwarwickshireinjanuarywithrefnamefrederickrefbbatteryroyalhorseartillerybbatteryofibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryibrigaderhaatambalaindiarefnameperryreflbatteryroyalhorseartillerylbatteryatstjohnswoodbarracksreformedaftertheactionatnryybatteryroyalhorseartilleryybatteryofxiiibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryxiiibrigaderhaatmhowindiarefnameperryrefxvrhabrigadeammunitioncolumnonformationthebatterieswerereequippedwithfourpounderseachrefnamebeckerefthebrigadewasassignedtothethdivisionunitedkingdomthdivisioninmarchitembarkedatavonmouthandsailedforalexandriaviamaltaarrivingfrommarchonaprilthedivisionbeganreembarkingatalexandriaandsailedforgallipolicampaigngallipolirefnamebeckerefgallipolithedivisionstartedlandingatlandingatcapehellescapehellesfromamonaprilandservedonthegallipolipeninsulauntiljanuarywhileatcapehelleshellesthedivisionsawactionattheseddelbahrcaptureofseddelbahraprilthefirstbattleofkrithiafirstaprilsecondbattleofkrithiasecondmayandthirdbattleofkrithiathirdbattlesofkrithiajunethebattleofgullyravinejunejulyandthebattleofkrithiavineyardaugustfromaugusttothenightofdecemberthebulkofthedivisionservedatlandingatsuvlabaysuvlabutthebrigaderemainedathellesonthenightofjanuarythedivisionwasevacuatedfromhellesrefnamebeckerefthedivisionmovedtoegyptwhereitwasconcentratedatsuezinmarchitwastransferredtofrancelandingatmarseilleandreachingtheriversommesommeareanearpontremybetweenandmarchonmarchthbatteryroyalfieldartilleryrfaarrivedfromenglandandjoinedthebrigadeitleftforndbrigaderoyalfieldartilleryndbrigaderfathdivisiononmaythebrigaderemainedonthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontfortherestofthewarwesternfrontthefirstactiononthewesternfrontwasthebattleofthesommeonjulythebrigadetookpartinthebattleofalbertbattleofalbertaspartofviiicorpsunitedkingdomviiicorpsfourtharmyunitedkingdomfourtharmyonseptemberthebrigadewasreorganizedndbrigaderfawasbrokenupanditsthreebatterieswereusedtomakeupxvbrigaderhaandthbrigaderoyalfieldartillerythbrigaderfatosixpounderseachatthesametimethhowitzerhbatteryrfafourqfinchhowitzerhowitzersjoinedthebrigadefromthbrigaderfaitwasmadeuptosixhowitzersonjanuarythefinalchangeinorganizationoccurredonnovemberwhenybatterywastransferredtothestcavalrydivisionunitedkingdomstcavalrydivisionandstwarwickshireroyalhorseartillerystwarwickshirebatteryrhaterritorialforcetfwasreceivedinexchangeinthebrigadesupportedthedivisioninalargenumberofmajoractionsincludingthebattleofarrasbattleofarrasapriltomayfirstsecondandthirdbattlesofthescarpethebattleofpasschendaelethirdbattleofypresaugusttooctoberbattlesofbattleoflangemarcklangemarckbattleofbroodseindebrodseindeandbattleofpoelcappellepoelcappelleandthebattleofcambraibattleofcambrainovemberanddecemberincludingthetankattackandthegermancounterattacksrefnamebeckereflikewisesawanumberofmajoractionsincludingthebattleofthelysbattleofthelysaprilthebattlesofestairesmessineshazelbrouckandbailleulthehundreddaysoffensiveadvancetovictoryaugustandseptemberandthehundreddaysoffensivefinaladvanceinflandersseptemberandoctoberfifthbattleofypresandbattleofcourtraibattleofcourtraiatthearmisticewithgermanyarmisticeitwasstillservingwiththdivisionwithbbatteryrhalbatteryrhastwarwickshirebatteryrhatfandthhbatteryrfaeighteenpoundersandsixhowitzersdissolvedstillwiththdivisionthebrigadeadvancedintogermanytotakepartintheoccupationoftherhinelanditleftthdivisionindecemberandreturnedtoenglandfromgermanyinaprilthebrigadewasdisbandedatthistimeseealsonotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastbeckefirstmajorafyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionsparttheregularbritishdivisionspublisherhismajestysstationeryofficelocationlondonisbncitebookrefharvlastclarkefirstwgyeartitlehorsegunnerstheroyalhorseartilleryyearsofpanacheandprofessionalismpublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastfrederickfirstjbmyeartitlelineagebookofbritishlandforcespublishermicroformacademicpublisherslocationwakefieldyorkshireisbnxcitebookrefharvlastperryfirstfwyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartbindianarmydivisionspublisherraywestlakemilitarybookslocationnewportisbnxcitebookyeartitleorderofbattleofthebritisharmiesinfrancenovemberthpublishergeneralstaffghqlocationfrancerefexternallinksnetrhahtmtheroyalhorseartilleryonthelonglongtrailnetdivhtmthdivisiononthelonglongtrailwebarchiveorgwebwarpathorbatcomdivsdivhtmthdivisionontheregimentalwarpathinfoboxsongnamecoverlisastansfieldsinglejpgcoversizealtborderyescaptiontypesingleartistlisastansfieldalbumfaceupalbumfaceupeplanguageenglishtitleasidebsidewrittenpublishedreleasedformatcdsinglerecordedstudiovenuegenreflatlistcontemporaryrbrbdiscodancepopfunklengthlabelaristarecordsaristawriterflatlistlisastansfieldiandevaneyricharddarbyshirecharlottesingercharlottekellycomposerlyricistproduceriandevaneychronologyprevtitleletsjustcallitloveprevyeartitlenexttitleallaroundtheworldlisastansfieldsongallaroundtheworldnextyearprevtracktracknonexttrackisasongrecordedbybritishsingerlisastansfieldforheralbumfaceupalbumfaceupitwaswrittenbystansfieldherhusbandiandevaneyricharddarbyshirefromthesbandlivinginaboxandbritishsingercharlottesingercharlottewasproducedbydevaneyandreceivedfavorablereviewsfrommusiccriticswhocalleditthebesttrackonthealbumandalsothesetsmostobvioushitthebreezydiscolacedanthemthenumberscome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divisionbritishindianarmystmounteddivisionthebrigadebecamexviarmybrigaderhaaboutthistimethebrigadespounderswerereplacedbypoundersatthearmisticewithgermanyarmisticeitwasservingasarmytroopswiththefourtharmyunitedkingdomfourtharmycommandingaqandubatteriesrhaeighteenpoundersthebrigademovedtogermanyaspartofthebaorarmyofoccupationrefnameclarkerefdissolvedthebrigadewasbrokenupingermanyinaprilandthebatteriesreturnedtoenglandabatteryjoinedibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryibrigaderhaatroyalartillerybarrackswoolwichseealsonotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastclarkefirstwgyeartitlehorsegunnerstheroyalhorseartilleryyearsofpanacheandprofessionalismpublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastfrederickfirstjbmyeartitlelineagebookofbritishlandforcespublishermicroformacademicpublisherslocationwakefieldyorkshireisbnxcitebookrefharvlastperryfirstfwyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartbindianarmydivisionspublisherraywestlakemilitarybookslocationnewportisbnxcitebookyeartitleorderofbattleofthebritisharmiesinfrancenovemberthpublishergeneralstaffghqlocationfrancerefexternallinksnetcavdivindianhtmstindiancavalrydivisiononthelonglongtrailwebarchiveorgwebwarpathorbatcomindiancavindcavdivhtmstindiancavalrydivisionontheregimentalwarpathstxaviershighschoolpatnaxavierscricketacademyantonioaguilardiscographymoaithreewisemonkeysxoxofilminfoboxmilitaryunitunitnameiiindianbrigaderhabrxviibrigaderhabrxviiarmybrigaderhaimagecaptiondatesdecemberaprilcountryallegiancebranchtypeartilleryrolesizebattalioncommandstructurendindiancavalrydivisiongarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotequipmentequipmentlabelbattlesworldwariwesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonoursbattlehonourslabeldisbandedflyinghourswebsitecommanderscommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelnotablecommandersinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabeliiindianbrigaderoyalhorseartillerywasabrigadeunitedkingdombrigaderefwhengroupedtogethertheyformedbrigadesinthesamewaythatinfantrybattalionsorcavalryregimentsweregroupedtogetherinbrigadesattheoutbreakofworldwariafieldartillerybrigadeofheadquartersmilitaryheadquartersofficersotherranksukotherranksthreebatteriesandeachandabrigadeammunitioncolumnandrefnamelltwabrefhadatotalstrengthjustundersowasbroadlycomparabletoaninfantrybattalionjustoveroracavalryregimentaboutlikeaninfantrybattalionanartillerybrigadewasusuallycommandedbyalieutenantcolonelartillerybrigadeswereredesignatedasregimentsinoftheroyalhorseartilleryformedattheoutbreakofworldwariitservedwithndindiancavalrydivisiononthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontitwasredesignatedxviibrigaderhainfebruaryandxviiarmybrigaderhajustbeforebeingdisbandedinaprilhistoryiiindianbrigaderhaiiindianbrigaderhawasformedindecemberforthendindiancavalrydivisioninfrancerefnamefrederickrefitcommandednbatteryroyalhorseartillerynbatteryrhafromixbrigaderoyalhorseartilleryixbrigaderhaatsecunderabadindiarefnameperryrefvbatteryroyalhorseartilleryvbatteryrhafromxiibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryxiibrigaderhaatmeerutindiarefnameperryrefxbatteryroyalhorseartilleryxbatteryrhafromxiiibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryxiiibrigaderhaatmhowindiarefnameperryrefiiindianrhabrigadeammunitioncolumneachbatterywasarmedwithsixpoundergunsthebrigadeservedwiththendindiancavalrydivisiononthewesternfrontworldwariwesternfrontandthebrigadecommanderactedascommanderroyalhorseartillerycrharefnameperryrefinpracticethebatterieswerepermanentlyassignedtothecavalrybrigadesvizrefnameperryrefnbatterywiththsecunderabadcavalrybrigadevbatterywiththmeerutcavalrybrigadexbatterywiththmhowcavalrybrigadethenrdambalacavalrybrigadefromseptemberwhenitarrivedfromstindiancavalrydivisioninjunethmeerutcavalrybrigadecompletewithvbatteryrhaleftthedivisionandwasreformedforserviceinmesopotamiancampaignmesopotamiaitsplacewastakenbythecanadiancavalrybrigadewithitsattachedroyalcanadianhorseartilleryroyalcanadianhorseartillerybrigadeaandbbatteriesrchaeachwithfourpoundersrefnameperryrefotherthanthebattleofthesommeinbattleofbazentinridgejulyandbattleofflerscourceletteseptemberandthebattleofcambraibattleofcambraiinthedivisionwasnotinvolvedinbattleinsteaditwasheldinreserveincaseofabreakthroughalthoughitdidsendpartiestothetrenchesonanumberofoccasionstheywouldholdthelineoractaspioneermilitarypioneerssuchpartiesweredesignatedasforexamplethemhowbattalionrefnameperryrefxviibrigaderhaonnovemberndindiancavalrydivisionwasrenamedthcavalrydivisionconsequentlyonfebruarythebrigadewasredesignatedasxviibrigaderhainmarchthethcavalrydivisionwasbrokenupinfrancethebritishandcanadianunitsremainedinfranceandtheindianelementsweresenttoegypttohelpconstitutethcavalrydivisionbritishindianarmyndmounteddivisionthebrigadebecamexviiarmybrigaderhaatthistimethoughthisnewidentitywasshortlivedonmarchgbatteryroyalhorseartillerygbatteryrhajoinedfromivbrigaderoyalhorseartilleryivbrigaderhardcavalrydivisionunitedkingdomrdcavalrydivisiontobringthebrigadebackuptothreebatteriesonaprilgandnbatteriesrhaleftforvbrigaderoyalhorseartilleryvarmybrigaderhaclaimsthenbatterywasstillwithxviibrigaderhainmarchonaprilthebrigadeheadquartersmilitaryhqwasdissolvedrefstatesthatxbatteryrhaleftthebrigadeonoctoberthisdisagreeswithfrederickwhichsaysitwasstillwiththebrigadeinaprilperryimpliesthatitwasstillwiththebrigadeinmarchbutelsewhererefnameperryrefstatesthatthebatteryjoinedthmeerutcavalrybrigadethmeerutdivisionalareainindiainjanuarypostwarxbatteryrhajoinedvibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryfromgermanyinearlyrefnameclarkerefseealsonotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastclarkefirstwgyeartitlehorsegunnerstheroyalhorseartilleryyearsofpanacheandprofessionalismpublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastfrederickfirstjbmyeartitlelineagebookofbritishlandforcespublishermicroformacademicpublisherslocationwakefieldyorkshireisbnxcitebookrefharvlastperryfirstfwyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartbindianarmydivisionspublisherraywestlakemilitarybookslocationnewportisbnxexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebwarpathorbatcomindiancavindcavdivhtmndindiancavalrydivisionontheregimentalwarpathsodiumfluoridemalicacidheucherellacampioneborisyeltsinredirectcategoryshellstxaviershighschoolpatnaxavierscricketacademyisopimpinellininfoboxicehockeyplayeraltnamexavierouelletimagecaptionimagesizepxteamdetroitredwingsleaguenationalhockeyleaguenhlprospectteamgrandrapidsgriffinsprospectleagueamericanhockeyleagueahlpositiondefensemandefenseheightftheightinweightlbshootsleftbirthdatebirthplacebayonnefrancedraftthoveralldraftyeardraftteamdetroitredwingscareerstartcareerendxavierouelletbornjulyisacanadianscanadianicehockeydefensemanforthedetroitredwingsofthenationalhockeyleaguenhlouelletwasdraftedthoverallbythedetroitredwingsinthenhlentrydraftouelletwasborninbayonnefrancebutgrewupinterrebonnequebecplayingcareerjuniorduringtheqmjhlseasonseasoninhisrookieseasonouelletplayedingamesforthemontrealjuniorsouelletrecordedtwogoalsandassistsforpointsouelletrecordedthreeassistsinsevenplayoffgamesouelletwasnamedtotheqmjhlsallrookieteamduringtheqmjhlseasonseasoningamesforthejuniorsouelletrecordedeightgoalsandassistsforpointsouelletrecordedeightassistsinplayoffgamesouelletplayedforteamorratthechlnhltopprospectsgamechlhomehardwaretopprospectsgameduringtheqmjhlseasonseasonouellettwasnamedateamcaptainforblainvilleboisbriandaftertheteamrelocatedfrommontrealouelletwastherechristenedarmadassecondleadingscorerwhileplayingacombativephysicaldefensivegameinhisthirdqmjhlseasonhescoredgoalswithassistsingamestenofhisgoalswerescoredonthepowerplaythearmadafinishedfirstinthewestdivisionandadvancedtothesecondroundoftheplayoffsouelletscoredthreegoalsandsevenassistsinplayoffgamesouellettwasnamedtotheqmjhlsfirstallstarteamduringtheqmjhlseasonseasonouelletreturnedtoblainvilleboisbriandforhisfourthqmjhlseasonateamcaptainforthearmadahescoredgoalsandassistsingamesnineofhisgoalswerescoredonthepowerplayblainvilleboisbriandfinishedfirstinthewestdivisionandreachedthewesternconferencefinalsouelletscoredsevengoalsandnineassistsinplayoffgamesouelletwasrewardedforhisoutstandingplayduringtheseasonbybeingnamedtotheqmjhlsfirstallstarteamforthesecondyearinarowrefnameqmjhlawardrefprofessionalonmarchthedetroitredwingssignedouellettoathreeyearentrylevelcontractduringtheahlseasonseasoninhisfirstprofessionalseasonwiththegrandrapidsgriffinsouelletrecordedfourgoalsandassistsingamesonoctoberouelletmadehisnhldebutfortheredwingsinagameagainstthesanjosesharksseasonsanjosesharksduringtheahlseasonseasonouelletrecordedonegoalandassistsingameswiththegriffinsandwasnamedtotheahlallstarclassiconnovemberouelletscoredhisfirstcareernhlgoalagainstcoryschneiderofthenewjerseydevilsingamesfortheredwingsouelletrecordedtwogoalsandoneassistonnovembertheredwingssignedouellettoaoneyearcontractextensionondecemberouelletwasrecalledbytheredwingshewasreturnedtothegriffinsondecemberouelletwasnamedtothetoyotaahlallstarclassiconfebruaryouelletwasrecalledbytheredwingsonfebruaryouelletwasassignedtothegriffinsonaprilouelletwasrecalledbytheredwingspriortobeingrecalledherecordedfourgoalsandassistsingameswiththegriffinshewasreassignedtothegriffinsonaprilduringthenhlseasonseasoninhisfirstfullnhlseasonouelletrecordedthreegoalsandnineassistsingamesfortheredwingsonjulytheredwingssignedouellettoatwoyearcontractextensioninternationalplayouelletplayedforteamquebecattheworlduhockeychallengescoringonegoalandoneassistinfivegamesouelletrepresentedcanadaattheworldjunioricehockeychampionshipsouelletwasoneofthetopdefensemenforcanadaatthewjcscoringapowerplaygoalandtwoassistsinsixgamescanadawasfourthinthetournamentlosingtorussiainovertimeinthebronzemedalgamepersonallifeouelletisthesonofrobertouellethemarriedelizabethkranzonfebruarycareerstatisticsregularseasonandplayoffsbordercellpaddingcellspacingstyletextaligncenterwidthembgcoloreeecolspanbgcolorffffffrowspanbgcolorffffffcolspanregular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skullrooftheskullroofisstronglyreminiscentofthoseofcoccosteidaecoccosteidsbutalsohasanatomicalfeaturesotherwisediagnosticofbuchanosteidaebuchanosteidsthismixofanatomyleaditsdescriberwangjunqingtosuggestthatxwuiisthesistertaxonofcoccosteidaeandrepresentsatransitionalformbetweencoccosteidaeandbuchanosteidaeareappraisalofkiangyousteusandseveralothereubrachythoracidarthrodiregenerabyyouanzhuandminzhuleadtotheconclusionthatxwuinotonlydoesnotrepresentatransitionalformbetweencoccosteidsandbuchanosteidsbutisactuallyadunkleosteidaedunkleosteidcloselyrelatedtothegogoreefeastmanosteuscalliaspiswhichisinturnimpliedtobenotofthegenuseastmanosteusrefnamezhuzhuzhuyouanandminzhuaredescriptionofkiangyousteusyohiiarthrodiraeubrachythoracifromthemiddledevonianofchinawithremarksonthesystematicsoftheeubrachythoracizoologicaljournalofthelinneansocietyrefetymologythegenericnameliterallytranslatesaspinyinxingshubonebutactuallyreferstoxiangshuivalleyinwudingcountywheretheholotypewasfoundthespecificnamehonorswubaoshengthegentlemanwhoprovidedtheholotypetowangjunqingthespeciesdescriberseealsojiuchengiaacoccosteidaecoccosteidfoundinthesameformationnotesreferencesinfoboxfootballclubclubnamexinjiangxiyugrandbegoniabrimagefullnamexinjiangxiyugrandbegoniafootballclubbrnicknamefoundedmaycityshijiazhuanghebeichinaprgroundxinjiangsportscentercapacityownersxiyugroupbrxinjiangzhaorigroupchairmanyangquanwumanagersergeigorokhovodatskiyleaguechinaleaguetwoseasonchinaleaguetwopositionthnorthgrouppatternlapatternbpatternraleftarmffffbodyffffrightarmffffshortsffffsocksffffpatternlapatternbpatternrapatternsoleftarmffbodyffrightarmffshortsffsocksffxinjiangxiyugrandbegoniafcsimplifiedchineseisaassociationfootballfootballclubtheycurrentlycompeteinthechinaleaguetwohistoryxinjiangxiyugrandbegoniawasfoundinfebruarybyxiyugroupandxinjiangzhaorigrouptheteamkickedoffitscareerwithinchinaleaguetwothethirdtierleagueofthechinesefootballleaguesystemduringthechinaleaguetwoleagueseasontheteamstartedofftheseasonwithagreatgameundefeatedstartwinningthreeandtiedtwowithoutlettinginonegoalhowevertheyfailedtofinishwithinthetopfourofthenorthgroupandendedupfifthmissingboththeplayoffsandthechanceofadvancingtochinaleagueonetheteamwillnotcompeteintheseasonhoweverwiththedecentstarttotheleaguetheteamwasabletopullofftheteamhopestoachievechinaleagueoneinthenearfutureandhopefullychinasuperleaguetopotentiallypromotefootballinxinjiangalltimeleaguerankingsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterseasonchinaleaguetwodivisionpositionsmallinnorthgroupsmallcurrentsquadasofmaystaffsergeigorokhovodatskiyparhatarmatlijiequwenhureferencesexternallinksztiyaxincomnodehtmofficialsiteredirectlaciudadblancaatxxlatxextendedmemoryxmsredirectcategoryshellextendedmemoryxmsxboxonexboxonexboxonesystemsoftwarexboxonesystemsoftwareedwardlshaughnessyconsolidatedocourierpalindromicnumberredirectvoiceofgodredirectcategoryshellxboxonexboxlivexboxonexboxoneoxalocrotonatedecarboxylasexboxonespecialsunicodeblockreplacementcharacterxbinfoboxinformationappliancenamexboxonelogoxboxonelogosvglogoaltthexboxonelogoisawhiteshadedspherewithagreenxonitfollowedbythegreentextxboxandthegraytextoneimagedeletedimageremovedcaptiontoptheoriginalxboxoneconsolecontrollerandkinectforxboxonekinectsensorinblackbrbottomthexboxonesmodelinwhitedevelopermicrosoftmanufacturerflextronicsfoxconnfamilyxboxtypehomevideogameconsolegenerationhistoryofvideogameconsoleseighthgenerationeighthgenerationlifespandiscontinuedmediasandxmodelultrahdblurayuhdbluraybrallmodelsblurayrefnamecnetrefdvdcompactdisccdosxboxonesystemsoftwarepowersocsystemonchipcpuoriginalandsmodelcustomnbsphertzghzamdcoreamdacceleratedprocessingunitapuquadcorejaguarmicroarchitecturejaguarmodulesxmodelcustomnbsphertzghzamdcoreamdacceleratedprocessingunitapuquadcorejaguarmicroarchitectureevolvedjaguarmodulesrefnamecnetukrefmemoryoriginalandsmodelnbspgbddrnbspgbavailabletogamesbrxmodelnbspgbgddrnbspgbavailabletogamesstoragecollapsiblelisttitlestoragemediaharddiskdriveinternalharddrivebrsmallnbspgbnbsptbornbsptbsmallrefnamethevergerefusbstoragedevicebrsmallnbspgborgreatersmallrefnamexboxsupportrefdisplaysandxmodelkresolutionkbrallmodelspandpgraphicsxboxonenbsphertzmhzbrxboxonesnbsphertzmhzbrxboxonexnbsphertzghzbrradeonamdradeongraphicscorenextgcnarchitecturebuiltintoacceleratedprocessingunitapusoundsurroundsoundinputhdmicontrollersxboxonecontrollerkinectforxboxonexboxappxboxonemediaremotecamerapcamerakinecttouchpadconnectivitywifiieeenieeenethernetusbhdmixboxonehdmixboxonesinoutrefnametrustedreviewsrefhdmixboxonexinoutspdifoutinfrarediroutkinectportxboxonedimensionsweightcompatibilitylistofbackwardcompatiblegamesforxboxonelistofcompatibletitlesfromxboxselectedxboxgameslistofbackwardcompatiblegamesforxboxonelistofcompatibletitlesfromxboxselectedxboxgamespredecessorxboxsuccessorrelatedwebsitetitlexboxonereleasedatepriceusjapaneseyenjprenminbicnunitssolddonotupdatewithoutaprimaryreliablesourcenovgchartzseesalessalessectionmillionsoldapproximatelymillionshippedtheseamountsareoutdatedhowevermicrosofthasnotreleasedmorerecentfiguresunitsshippeddonotupdatewithoutareliablesourcethatdictatesnumbersspecificallyfrommicrosoftanythirdpartyinformationaswellasanyinformationsourcedtovgchartzinanywaywillberemovedonsightseesalessalessectionservicexboxliveonlineservicesofferedtopgamexboxoneisalineofeighthgenerationofvideogameconsoleseighthgenerationhomevideogameconsolesdevelopedbymicrosoftannouncedinmayitisthesuccessortoxboxandthethirdconsoleinthexboxxboxfamilyitwasfirstreleasedinnorthamericapartsofeuropeaustraliaandsouthamericainnovemberandinjapanchinaandothereuropeancountriesinseptemberitisthefirstxboxgameconsoletobereleasedinchinaspecificallyintheshanghaifreetradezonemicrosoftmarketedthedeviceasanallinoneentertainmentsystemthexboxonelinemainlycompetesagainstconsolessuchassonyinteractiveentertainmentsonysplaystationnintendoswiiuandnintendoswitchswitchandappleincapplesappletvthgenerationtvmovingawayfromitspredecessorspowerpcbasedcomputerarchitecturearchitecturexboxonemarksashiftbacktothexarchitectureusedinthexboxconsoleoriginalxboxitfeaturesanamdacceleratedprocessingunitapubuiltaroundthexinstructionsetxboxonesxboxonecontrollercontrollerwasredesignedoverthexboxswitharedesignedbodydpadandtriggerscapableofdeliveringdirectionalhaptictechnologyhapticfeedbacktheconsoleplacesanincreasedemphasisoncloudcomputingaswellassocialnetworkingfeaturesandtheabilitytodigitalvideorecorderrecordandsharevideoclipsorscreenshotsfromgameplayorscreencastinglivestreamdirectlytostreamingservicessuchasmixerwebsitemixerandtwitchtvtwitchgamescanalsobeplayedoffconsoleviaalocalareanetworkonsupportedwindowsdevicestheconsolecanplaybluraydiscandvideooverlayoverlaylivetelevisionprogrammingfromanexistingsettopboxoradigitaltunerfordigitalterrestrialtelevisionwithanenhancedelectronicprogramguideprogramguidetheconsoleoptionallyincludedaredesignedkinectsensormarketedasthekinectprovidingimprovedmotionsensingmotiontrackingandspeechrecognitionvoicerecognitionforuseinitsgraphicaluserinterfaceguiandgamesxboxonereceivedmostlypositivereviewsforitsrefinedcontrollerdesignmultimediafeaturesandvoicenavigationitsquieterandcoolerdesignwaspraisedformakingtheconsolemorereliablethanitspredecessoronlaunchbuttheconsolewasgenerallycriticizedforrunninggamesatatechnicallylowergraphicallevelthantheplaystationitsoriginaluserinterfacewaspannedforbeingnonintuitivealthoughchangesmadetoitandotheraspectsoftheconsolessoftwarepostlaunchreceivedpositivereceptionitskinectreceivedpraiseforitsimprovedmotiontrackingaccuracyitsfacerecognitionloginsanditsvoicecommandsinaugustmicrosoftreleasedarefreshedxboxonemodelxboxoneswhichhasastreamlineddesignsupportforkresolutionkvideoplaybackincludingultrahdblurayvideoscalerupscalingofgamesfromptokresolutionaswellashdrhighdynamicrangevideohighdynamicrangecoloritwaspraisedforitssmallersizeitsonscreenvisualimprovementsanditslackofanexternalpowersupplybutitsregressionssuchasthelackofanativekinectportwerenotedahighendmodelxboxonexwasunveiledinjuneandreleasedinnovemberitfeaturesupgradedhardwarespecificationsandsupportforrenderinggamesatkresolutionhistoryemodelaltxboxoneondisplayatexboxoneisthesuccessortoxboxmicrosoftspreviousvideogameconsolewhichwasintroducedinaspartoftheseventhgenerationofvideogameconsolesovertheyearsthehadreceivedanumberofsmallhardwarerevisionstoreducetheunitssizeandimproveitsreliabilityinmicrosoftschrislewisstatedthatthewasabouthalfwaythroughitslifecyclethiswasaidedbytheintroductionofthekinectmotionsensorthatyearwhichlewisstatedwouldextendthelifecyclebyfiveyearsinitialhardwareforthessuccessorcommonlyreferredtobytheindustryasthexboxwasreportedlyunderdevelopmentasearlyasmaytheofficialdeveloperkitwascodenameddurangoandappearedtobeavailabletodevelopersbymidleakeddocumentssuggestedthatthenewconsolewouldincludeanimprovedkinectsensorcloudcomputingcloudaccesstogamesandmediaintegrationwithphoneandtabletdevicesandtechnologytoprovideplayersheadsupdisplaysonglasseswornbytheplayercodenamedfortalezamicrosoftdidnotcommentonthesereportedfeaturesleakeddesigndocumentsalsosuggestedthatmicrosoftwasseekingtoeliminatetheabilitytoplayusedgamesthoughmicrosoftlaterclarifieditwasstillreviewingthedesignandwerethinkingaboutwhatisnextandhowwecanpushtheboundariesoftechnologylikewedidwithkinectbutdidnotcommentonthevalidityoftheinformationinitialunveilingandsubsequentchangestheconsolewaspubliclyunveiledunderthenamexboxoneonmayinapressconferencedesignedtocovertheunitsbroadmultimediaandsocialcapabilitiesatthattimemicrosoftannouncedthattheconsolewouldbereleasedindifferentmarketsonnovemberbutthiswaslateramendeddowntothechangewhichpushedthereleasedatefortheothereightmarketstowasattributedtounforeseencomplexityininternationalizationandlocalizationlocalizingthedevicesvoicerecognitioncapabilitieslaterinseptemberthexboxonewasreleasedinmarketsincludingremainingmarketsineuropethejapanesemarketandmiddleeasternmarketsrefnamelaunchdaterefrefnamemicrosoftignrefrefnamecnetrefrefnamechinareleaserefmicrosoftinitiallyannouncedadifferentgamelicensingschemeforxboxonethanwhatwasuseduponitsreleaseallgamesincludingthosepurchasedatretailwouldbeboundtotheusersxboxliveaccountuserscouldaccesstheirpurchasedgamesfromanyotherxboxoneconsoleplaygameswithouttheirdisconceinstalledandallowuserstosharetheirgameswithuptotendesignatedfamilymembersuserswouldtradegamesatparticipatingretailersandcouldalsotransferagamedirectlytoanyxboxlivefriendontheirlistforatleastdaysbutonlyoncetosynchronizelicensestheconsolewouldberequiredtophoninghomeconnecttotheinternetonceeveryhoursiftheconsolecouldnotconnectallgameswouldbedisableduntiltheconsolewasconnectedagainrefnamexboxonereceptioninternetmayventurebeatrefrefnameofficiallicensingrefreactiontothisdigitalrightsmanagementschemewasextremelynegativecriticsfeltthatthechangeswouldinfringeonconsumersfirstsaledoctrinefirstsalerightsforgamespurchasedonphysicalmediaasgameswouldonlybesoftwarelicenselicensedtousersratherthansoldandthediscitselfwouldonlybeusedtoinstallthegameandnotconferownershipofitslicenseorpermissiontoresellmicrosoftalsostatedthatpublisherscouldimposerestrictionsoractivationfeesonsecondhandcopiesofgamesrefnamedrmrefrefnamexboxonereceptionmaycnetrefrefnamexboxonereceptionmayjoystiqrefgamespoteditortommcsheawentontosaythatmicrosofthadbecomeconsumerprotectionanticonsumeristtryingtopunishtheirloyalcustomerswithstrictrestrictionsandthatbysayingnototheusedgamerestrictionsandalwaysonlinethatmicrosoftissohappilyimplementingonthexboxonesonyhaselevatedtheplaystationastheconsoletograbthisholidayseasonxboxchiefmarketingandstrategyofficeryusufmehdiexplainedthatthesystemwasbuiltwithdigitaldistributioninmindbutthatmicrosoftwantedtomaintaintheavailabilityofgamesonphysicalmediahealsonotedthatmicrosoftwasnotgivingintopublishersobjectionstousedgamesbutrathertryingtobalancetheneedsofconsumersandtheindustryandthatthetradingandsharingabilitiesoftheplatformaddedalevelofflexibilitynotseenonotheronlinedistributionplatformsatthetimerefnamearsdefendrefonjuneshortlyafteremicrosoftannouncedinresponsetothenegativereactionthatitwouldreverseitschangestoxboxonesdrmandgamelicensingmodelaswithxboxuserswouldbeabletoshareandresellphysicalgameswithoutrestrictionsandbeyondamandatorysoftwareupdateupontheconsolesinitialsetupprocesstoenableplaybackofblurayanddvdvideorefnamedrmkotakurefxboxonechiefproductofficermarcwhittenstatedthatthefamilysharingfeaturemayreturninthefuturebutcouldnotbeimplementedonlaunchduetotimerestraintsdonmattrickthethenpresidentofmicrosoftsinteractiveentertainmentbusinessstatedthatthelicensingchangeswereinresponsetothenegativepublicreactionotheranalystsbelievedthatthechangewasindirectresponseofsonysaggressivepositionduringitsepressconferencemattrickwhohadbeenaleaderinxboxonedevelopmentannouncedhisdeparturefrommicrosoftonjulytobecomeceoofzyngaanalystsspeculatedthathisdeparturewaspredicatedonthepoorresponseandsubsequentreversaloftheplansforxboxonemicrosoftalsobacktrackedonasimilarlycontroversialrequirementforthekinectsensortobepluggedintoxboxoneatalltimesforittofunctionprivacyadvocatesarguedthatkinectsensordatacouldbeusedfortargetedadvertisingandtoperformunauthorizedsurveillanceonusersinresponsetotheseclaimsmicrosoftreiteratedthatkinectvoicerecognitionandmotiontrackingcanbedisabledbyusersthatkinectdatacannotbeusedforadvertisingperitsprivacypolicyandthattheconsolewouldnotredistributeusergeneratedcontentwithoutpermissionrefnamepolygonxboxprivacyrefrefnamevergekinectadsrefrefnamepolygonprivacyresponserefrefnamexboxonereceptioninternetmaypcmagrefrefnamekotakucomrefrefnameextonekinectrefinresponsetotheseprelaunchchangesandabeliefthatmicrosoftsdecisionsforthesystemswereinpoorjudgementjournalistsandconsumersjokinglygavexboxonenicknamessuchasxboxinreferencetothexboxandmicrosoftsdecisiontoreverseitscontroversialdecisionsandxbonesuggestingthatthecompanywasbonethrowingthrowingabonetoconsumersbymakingthesechangesrefnametechradarthrowbonerefinfourmembersofaninternationalxboxundergroundhackinggrouppleadedguiltytogainingunauthorizedaccesstomicrosoftscomputernetworkandobtainingsensitiveinformationrelatingtoxboxoneandxboxliveatthetimeofthesecuritybreachmicrosoftwasinthedevelopmentstageforitsnextgenerationgamingsystembetweenandthehackersspenthundredsofhourssearchingthroughmicrosoftsnetworkcopyinglogincredentialssourcecodetechnicalspecificationsandotherdatagroupmemberssaytheyweredrivenbyanimmensecuriosityaboutmicrosoftsthenunreleasedxboxoneconsoleandassociatedsoftwareusingstolenaccesscredentialstwoofthehackersalsocommittedaphysicaltheftbyenteringasecurebuildingonmicrosoftsredmondwashingtoncampusandcarryingawaythreedurangodevelopmentkitshardwaredesigntheoriginalxboxonesexteriorcasingconsistsofatwotoneliquidblackfinishwithhalffinishedinamattegreyandtheotherinaglossierblackthemattesideofthetopoftheconsoleconsistsofalargeairventthedesignwasintendedtoevokeamoreentertainmentorientedandsimplifiedlookthanpreviousiterationsoftheconsoleamongotherchangestheledringsusedbyxboxarereplacedbyaglowingwhitexboxlogousedtocommunicatethesystemsstatustotheuserrefnamepolygononedesignrefduetotheoverallventilationdesignoftheconsoletheoriginalxboxoneisdesignedtoonlysithorizontallyinternalsxboxoneispoweredbyanamdjaguarmicroarchitecturejaguaramdacceleratedprocessingunitacceleratedprocessingunitapuwithtwomulticoreprocessorquadcoremodulestotalingeightxcoresclockedatnbsphertzghzandnbspgibibytegbofddrrandomaccessmemoryramwithamemorybandwidthofnbspgbsrefnamexboxonemayengadgetspecsrefrefnamexboxonemayengadgetpressreleaserefnbspgbofharddrivespaceisusedbytheoperatingsystemwiththeremainderavailableforthestorageofgamessincethejunesoftwareupdateuptotwousbdrivescanbeconnectedtoxboxonetoexpanditscapacityexternaldrivesmustsupportusbandhaveacapacityofatleastnbspgbrefnamegamespotxbexternalrefitwasreportedthatnbspgboframwouldbereservedfortheoperatingsystemandutilitysoftwareleavingnbspgbforgamesrunningatnbsphertzmhzprovidinganestimatedpeaktheoreticalpoweroftflopsfornetworkingxboxonesupportsgigabitethernetnwirelessandwifidirectquoteboxquotewepurposefullydidnottargetthehighestendgraphicswetargetedmoreasabroadentertainmentplayanddiditinanintelligentwaysourcegregwilliamsgmofxboxsilicondevelopmentalignrightwidthemxboxonesupportspandpvideooutputunlikethexboxthexboxonedoesnotsupportiandotherinterlacedresolutionsxboxonesupportshdmiforbothinputandoutputanddoesnotsupportcompositevideocompositeorcomponentvideotheconsolecanmonitoritsinternaltemperatureandadjustaccordinglytopreventthermalshockoverheatingalongsideincreasingfanspeedadditionalmeasurescanbetakenincludingforcingthehardwaretoruninalowerpowerstateafeaturethatwasnotpresentonxboxrestrictingpowerconsumptionlowersmaximumperformancebutthesettingwouldbeintendedasalastresorttopreventpermanenthardwaredamagerefnametemperaturemonitoringcnetrefcontrollerfeaturingtwouniquepairsofanalogsticksanewdpadandtwodifferentlysizedpairsofpaddlesthexboxonesxboxonecontrollercontrollermaintainstheoveralllayoutfoundinthexboxcontrollerxboxscontrollerbutwithvariousrefinementstoitsformamongitschangesincludeasmootherformtexturedanalogsticksafourwaydirectionalpadandredesignedtriggersandshoulderbuttonswithacurvedshapeforergonomicsanupdatedrevisionofthecontrollerwasreleasedinjunewhichincludesamillimeterheadphonejackandotherminorchangesthecontrollergotupdatedagaininaugustwiththexboxonexboxonesxboxonesreleasethecontrollernowhasatexturedgripandanincreasedrangealsotheareaaroundthepowerbuttonnowhasajetfinishotherthanthemattefinishoftheoriginalxboxonecontrollerthejetfinishtheremergeswiththerestofthecontrollerexcludingthebumpersthetriggersandtheareaaroundthesyncbuttonthexboxonecontrollerincludesamicrousbportwhenattachedviaamicrousbcablethecontrollercanoperatewithoutbatterypowerandcanchargeremotelyandissupportedoncomputersrunningwindowsorlaterwithdriversoftwaredriversrefnameegxbwirerefrefnamepolygonxbcontrollerwindowsrefthexboxonewirelessadapteraccessoryallowswirelessuseofxboxonecontrollersonwindowscomputersalsorunningwindowsorlaterrefnamegamespotadapterrefrefnamepcwwirelessadapterreftheelitewirelesscontrollerorjustelitecontrollerwasreleasedinoctoberitwasdescribedandmarketedasanelitecontrollerfortheelitegamercontaininginterchangeablepartshairtriggerlocksforthetriggersthatallowuserstoreducetheamountofdistancetheymustbepressedtoregisterapressandsoftwareforremappingbuttonsrefnamearselitecontrollerrefrefnamevergeelitexbrefkinectsensorismoreaccuratethanitspredecessoraltthekinectisablackrectangularmotiontrackingdevicewithonecameraontheleftthekinectanupdatednaturaluserinterfacesensorwasredesignedandrecreatedtoprovidemotiontrackingandvoicecommandsforthexboxonekinectfeaturesawideangletimeofflightcameraandapcameraincomparisontothevgaresolutionofthexboxversionandprocessesgbofdatapersecondtomapitsenvironmentkinecthasanimprovedaccuracyoveritspredecessoritcantrackuptopeoplesimultaneouslyreferredtoasskeletonsperformheartratetrackingtrackcontrollergesturesandreadqrcodestoredeemxboxlivegiftcardsbydefaultvoicerecognitionisactiveatalltimessotheconsolecanreceivevoicecommandsfromtheuserevenwhentheconsoleisinsleepmodeitispossibletowaketheconsolewithacommandalthoughsettingsareavailabletochangewhichindividualkinectfunctionsareactiverefnamekrefrefnamexboxonekinectlisteningmaypolygonrefrefnameignqrcodesrefpriortoandafterthemandateallxboxoneconsolesinitiallyshippedwiththekinectsensorincludedonjunecheaperxboxonebundleswereintroducedwhichdidnotincludethekinectsensormicrosoftstatedthedecisiontoofferxboxonebundleswithoutkinectwastoofferachoicetopeoplethatwouldallowpeopletobuyanxboxoneandthenrampuptokinectwhentheycanaffordtowhilealsoallowinggamestouseprocessingpowerthatwaspreviouslyreservedforkinectamicrosoftwindowswindowscompatiblekinectwasreleasedonjulyrefnamewindowskinectreleasedaterefkinectwasreleasedasastandaloneandoptionaliteminoctoberitisbundledwithadigitalcopyofdancecentralspotlightrefnamegamespotkinectstandalonerefthekinectwasthesourceofcontroversyduetothehugepriceofthesystemasaresultofbeingbundledwiththesystemitwasremovedfromthexboxonebundleinmayandproductionstoppedentirelyonoctobersoftwareandservicesxboxonerunstwooperatingsystemswithinahypervisorgamesrunwithinoneseparateoperatingsystemwhileappsandtheuserinterfacerunwithinastrippeddownversionofmicrosoftwindowstheoriginalsystemsoftwarewasbasedonwindowsbutithassincebeenchangedtowindowsthisarchitectureallowsresourcestobeallocatedspecificallytodifferentaspectsoftheconsolesfunctionsincludingmultitaskingandkinectprocessingensuringanabsoluteguaranteeofperformanceforgamesrefnamepolygonosarchitecturerefrefnameengadgetxboxoneosrefxboxonesupportsuniversalwindowsplatformappswhichcanbedesignedtorunacrossxboxonewindowsandwindowsmobileinsynchronizationwiththewindowsplatformrefnamecnetwxboxonerefrefnamepcwstartbackrefrefnamepcworlduniversalappsrefxboxonesuserinterfaceusesmicrosoftsfluentdesignsystempreviousiterationsoftheconsolessoftwareusedthemetrodesignlanguagethedashboardisdividedintohomemixercommunityentertainmentandstoresectionswiththehomepagefurtherdividedintoblocksthatcandisplaypinnedgamesappsaswellasothercontentuseofkinectenablestheabilitytocontroltheconsoleviavoicecommandsxboxonesvoicecontrolcapabilitiesaresimilartoalbeitricherthanthoseofxboxrefnamespeechrefthevoiceassistantcortanavoiceassistantcortanawasaddedintoprovideexpandedvoicecommandfunctionalitywithnaturallanguagerecognitionrefnamevergenocortanarefmotioncontrolsupportwasalsoavailableonthedashboardwithkinectaswellastheabilitytosnapapplicationstothesideofthescreenformultitaskinghoweverthesefeatureshavesincebeenremovedrefnamevergenomoresnaprefthedashboardoriginallyusedalayoutsimilartowindowssstartmenuthirdversionstartscreenwithahorizontalscrollingtilebasedinterfacethisdesignwasreplacedforxboxpreviewprogrammembersinseptemberwiththecurrentinterfaceknownasthenewxboxoneexperiencemultimediafeaturesthexboxonecanviewandplaycontentfromdigitallivingnetworkalliancedlnaserversandusbstoragedevicesusingthemediaplayerapptheconsoleprovidestheabilitytofeedlivetelevisionbyservingasanhdmipassthroughforanexistingmultichannelvideoprogrammingdistributortelevisionproviderssettopboxoranoptionaldigitaltvtuneraccessorythatallowsuseofdigitalterrestrialtelevisionrefnamecnetdtvadapterreftheconsoleprovidesitsownelectronicprogramguideknownasoneguideaugmentingtheexistingstreamingfunctionalitytoprovideshowrecommendationsbasedonviewinghistoryintegratedaccesstoappchannelscorrespondingtoonlinevideoservicesandvoicecontrolviakinectthesettopboxandtelevisionarecontrolledbyoneguideusinganirblasterrefnametechradarxbreviewrefrefnamevergexboxunveilingrefrefnametvrefrefnameengadgetoneguiderefthexboxonedoesnotprovidefulldigitalvideorecorderdvrfunctionalityforrecordingtelevisionprogramsexecutiveyusufmehdiindicatedthattheconsolewouldworkintandemwithexistingtelevisionservicesbutthatmicrosoftwouldneedtoworkwiththemdirectlytoprovideextendedfunctionalitysuchasdvrintegrationthedigitaltvtuneraccessoryallowslimiteddvrfunctionalityforpausingandrewindinglivetvforuptominutesinjunemicrosoftannouncedthattheirplansforfullpersonalvideorecorderdvrfunctionalityforthexboxonewereonholdxboxlivethexboxliveservicehasbeenscaleduptouseserversforxboxoneuserscloudstorageisavailabletosavemusicfilmsgamesandsavedcontentanddevelopersareabletouseliveserversalongwiththemicrosoftazurecloudcomputingplatformtoofferdynamicingamecontentandotherfunctionalityuserscanhaveuptofriendsthedecembersoftwareupdateaddedthenewsocialnetworkingfeatureclubswhichallowsuserstojoingroupsfocusedonspecificinterestsorgamesandlookingforgrouplfgasystemtohelpuserslocateplayerstojointheirpartyformultiplayerplayrefnamevergelfgclubsrefplayerscanusetheuploadstudioapptoeditandshareclipsfromthelastfiveminutesofgameplayfootagethatisautomaticallyrecordedbytheconsolegamescanalsobedevelopedsothatrecordingcanautomaticallybetriggeredinresponsetonotableeventssuchasachievementsxboxonesupportsstreamingdirectlytotheservicesmixerwebsitemixeraswithxboxpremiumonlinefeaturessuchasmultiplayervoicecommunicationbroadcastinganduploadstudiorequireanxboxlivegoldsubscriptiontouseunlikexboxausersxboxlivegoldsubscriptionbenefitsapplytoallotherusersoftheirdesignatedhomeconsoleaswellratherthanrequiringaseparatesubscriptionforeachuserrefnamepolygonhomegoldrefsincejuneapplicationsnolongerrequireanxboxlivegoldmembershiptouseadditionalsubscriptionsforoutsideservicessuchasnetflixmaystillberequiredrefnameextremetechnffreerefrefnameeurogamerxblgoldpaywallrefmicrosoftalsoextendeditsgameswithgoldprogramtoxboxoneprovidingfreexboxandxboxonegamestoxboxlivegoldsubscribersonamonthlybasisrefnamegamesradarxbxbrefrefnamepolygongwgxbrefsecondscreenandstreamingthexboxsmartglassmobileappappprovidesextendedfunctionalityonxboxoneallowingdevicesrunningwindowsphonewindowsiosandandroidoperatingsystemandroidtobeusedasacompaniondeviceforxboxonefeaturessuchaspoweringontheconsolearemotecontrolaccessingmessagesandtheactivityfeedpurchasingcontentandprovidingintegrationwithcertaingamesandcontentrefnamegeekonesmartglassrefrefnamendtvsepupdaterefrefnameegpoweronrefthesmartglassappcanalsobeusedtostreamlivetelevisiontoandroidandwindowsdevicesiftheconsoleisusingausbdigitaltelevisiontuneronwindowssmartglassissucceededbythexboxappwhichsupportsthelocalstreamingofgamesfromxboxonetopersonalcomputersandtabletcomputertabletsrunningwindowsrefnamepolygonwstreamonerefanxboxonecontrollermustbeusedbutwindowscompatibleheadsetsandmicrophonescanbeusedforvoicechatgamesrequiringkinectarenotsupportedwhilegamedvrandonlinestreamingarenotavailablewhileusingthisfunctionalityrefnamevergexbstreamingrefperapartnershipwithoculusvruserswillalsobeabletostreamxboxonegamestotheoculusriftvirtualrealityheadsetbymeansofxboxappforwindowsasoftherewerenoimmediateplansfordirectintegrationbetweenxboxoneandoculusriftrefnamecnetoculusriftxboxrefrefnametrxboculusrefrefnamevergeoculusxboxrefgamesxboxonegamesaredistributedatretailonbluraybluraydiscanddigitallyasdownloadsthroughxboxgamesstoreifthegameisinstalledonanotherconsoleandthatconsoleownernolongerhasaccesstothedisctheownerhastheoptionofunlockingtheinstallontheirharddrivebypurchasingitthroughxboxlivetheinstalledgamethenactsasagameinstalledontheharddrivemicrosoftreleaseditsprograminsimilartosteamearlyaccessitletsdeveloperslaunchunfinishedgamesforconsumerstopurchaseandbetatestbeforeitsofficiallaunchsincejunegamesmaybepromotedwithadditionaliconsthatdenotecompatibilitywithhardwareenhancementsfoundinnewerxboxonemodelsincludingsupportforhighdynamicrangevideohighdynamicrangehdrcolorsonxboxonesandxboxonexnativerenderingatkresolutionxboxonexandspecificoptimizationsforxboxonexbackwardcompatibilitywithselectxboxgamesthroughsoftwareemulationalttheoriginalxboxmodelwithanxboxcontrollerxboxcompatibilityquoteboxquoteabsolutelyyoucancertainlypluganxboxinthebacknbspthatwasoneofmyfirstquestionswheniheardaboutthehdmiinfeaturesourcelarryhrybxboxlivedirectorofprogrammingrefnamexboxcompatibilityrefalignleftwidthematitslaunchthexboxonedidnothavenativebackwardcompatibilitywithoriginalxboxconsolexboxorxboxgamesfollowingcriticismofitsplanforanalwaysonconsolefromthemayannouncementmicrosofthadtoputsignificantefforttopreparethexboxonesoftwareforarevisedapproachandthebackwardscompatibilitydevelopmentworkwereputonholdinterimsolutionsweresuggestedseniorprojectmanagementandplanningdirectoralbertpenelloexplainedthatmicrosoftwasinitiallyconsideringacloudgamingplatformtoenablebackwardcompatibilitybuthefeltitwouldbeproblematicduetovaryinginternetconnectionqualitiesxboxlivedirectorofprogramminglarryhryblarrymajornelsonhrybdidstatethatuserscouldtheoreticallyusethehdmiinportontheconsoletopassanxboxoralternativelyanyotherdevicethatsupportshdmioutputincludingcompetingconsolesthisprocessdoesgenerateasmallamountofunnoticeabledisplaylagfollowingthereleaseofthexboxoneandtransitionofphilspencertotheheadofthexboxdivisioninheandsoftwareengineeringvicepresidentkareemchoudhryrestartedthebackwardscompatibilityprograminrelativesecretwithinthecompanychoudhrybroughtonpreviousengineersthatworkedontrioxideincludingkevinlachapellejonathanmorrisonandbarrybondtorestarttheprogramtheteamchosetostartwithcastlecrasherswhichincludedxboxnetworkingfeaturestotestbackwardscompatibilitycastlecrashersfrequentlycrashedtoascreenwithalphanumericcodeswhichlachapellewasabletoobtainfromthegamesdevelopersthebehemothwhichhelpedthemtorapidlydiagnoseproblemsandfixthecompatibilityissuessolvingmostofthemajorproblemsthroughcastlecrashersthebackgroundcompatibilityteamdecidedtolettheprogrambeannouncedatewithplanstohaveonehundredtitlesavailablebytheendofhoweverbyetheystillfoundproblemswithsomegamesrunningatextremelylowframeratesduringtheeventmorrisonrecognizedthatafundamentaldifferencebetweenthexboxandxboxonewasitsschedulingcomputingschedulingrateandwhentheyreturnedmorrisonsideahelpedthemtorapidlycompleteworktomeetitspromisedgoalbytheendofthatyearindividualgamesstillbroughtsomedifficultyspecificallyhaloreachbutthispromptedtheteamtodevelopautomatictoolsthatcouldbeusedtoidentifywherexboxtitleswouldbedifficulttorunasisonthexboxoneandhowtoworkaroundthosethisfurthersetupthepotentialtoimprovexboxgamesonthefutureiterationsofthexboxonesuchasthexboxonextoimprovegraphicssupportxboxbackwardcompatibilityusesafissionasoftwarevideogameconsoleemulatoremulatorwithinthesystemsoftwarexboxtitlesweresupportedatthefeaturespubliclaunchwithmoreaddedinthefollowingmonthsoriginalxboxcompatibilityaltthexboxconsolewithacontrollersxboxdivisionheadphilspencerbusinessexecutivephilspencerhadalsohintedthepossibilityofaddingsupportforgamesfromtheoriginalxboxperreaultinitiallytriedthesameapproachesastheteamhaddonewithfissionbutduetothedifferencesinmemorymanagementsizesandchipsetbitratestheseinitialtestsfailedinsteadperreaultworkedtobringdolphinadevelopertoolfortheoriginalxboxworkingtogetitsemulationcorrectlachapellebroughtinanumberofpersonalxboxtitlestotestinperreaultsemulationgettingaboutahitrateonsuccessesthoughthevarietyoffailureshelpedperreaulttoidentifycommonproblemsandwithinamonthhadimprovedthesuccessfulhitratetoaboutaswithxboxbackwardscompatibilitythefusionemulationenablesxboxgamestobescaledtopresolutionsworkwithxboxonenetworkingfeaturesandcanallowmixedconsolesystemlinkconnectionbetweenallthreegenerationsofxboxwithperreaultssuccessmicrosoftannouncedthexboxbackwardscompatibilityonthexboxoneinjunethirteentitleswereinitiallyreleasedonoctobermicrosoftannouncedanadditionaltitlestobeaddedtothexboxoneserviceduringaprilmicrosoftdoesnotanticipatethattherewillbeasmanyxboxtitlesbroughttotheprogramaswiththexboxprimarilyduetolegalissuesrelatedtointellectualpropertycontractsandcompaniesthathavesincegonedefunctreceptionprereleasewhiletheinitialunveilingofthexboxoneinmaycreatedcriticismthatledtosignificantchangesinthedigitalrightsmanagementschemeitwoulduseotherfeaturesoftheconsolewerehighlightedbyjournalistsmtheeditorialstaffofgameinformerofferedbothpraiseandcriticismfortheconsolematthelgesondescribedtheconsoleasmicrosoftsintenttocontrolthelivingroomhecalledxboxonesinstantswitchingfeaturesimpressiveandthattheconsolewasastepintherightdirectionwithregardstotventertainmentespeciallytheprospectofavoidingtheusageofnonintuitiveuserinterfacesoftenfoundoncablesettopboxesjeffcorksaidthatmicrosofthadsomegreatideasfortheconsolebutthatitfailedtoproperlycommunicatethemrefnamegirevealrefmicrosoftsepressconferencewascriticizedforfocusingtoomuchongamesthatbeyondincreasedgraphicalcapabilitiesprovidedexperiencesthatwereotherwisesimilartopreviousgenerationgamesgivinglittleincentiveforbuyingthenewconsolerafimohammedauthoroftheartofpricingfeltthatmicrosoftpricedxboxonetoohighandthatthepremiumoveritscompetitorcouldderailthesystemduringtheholidayseasoncriticalreceptionuponitsreleasethexboxonereceivedfavorablereviewsfromcriticsandreviewersinitslaunchreviewpolygonwebsitepolygongavethexboxoneanitsdesignwasdescribedasinoffensivebutitslargersizenotedwhiletheconsolesquieterandcooleroperationwaspraisedforindicatingapotentiallyhigherreliabilitythanxboxwasonlaunchthecontrollerwaspraisedforitsbatterylifeandpremiumdesignbutsomemembersofthesitesstafffeltthatitsshoulderbuttonswerestifferthanthatofpreviousdesignsthedesignofxboxonesinterfacereceivedmixedreviewsnotingthatitcarriedoverwindowssmetrodesignlanguagedesignlanguagetheinterfacewasdisfavoredforhidingfunctionsunderthecontrollersmenubuttonandforbeingawkwardtousewithacontrollerormotiongesturesseeminglyencouraginguserstousevoicenavigationinsteadwhilepraisedforhavingmorerobustvoicenavigationthanxboxtheyfeltthatvoicenavigationstillhadalearningcurveinunderstandingwhatworksandwhatdoesntalthoughitsuserfollowingsmartmatchandimprovedvoicechatfeatureswerenotedxboxlivewaspannedfornotofferingtheoptiononlaunchtoaddarealnametouserprofilesdespitearegressioninlocalandnetworkmultimediafunctionalityincomparisontoxboxandhowoneguideinteractedwithoutsidesettopboxesdrawingcomparisonstotheoperationsoftivodvrspolygonfeltthexboxonesoverallmultimediaexperiencefeelslikeamajorstepforwardinsettopboxesandmakesthexboxonetheobviouscenterofanylivingroomthathasonerefnamepolygonxbreviewrefbengilbertofengadgetwassimilarlymodestuponitslaunchassigningtheconsoleascoreofanddescribingthexboxonesdesignasaartistsrenderingofstechnologyacknowledgingthatitscontrollerwasamererefinementoftheubiquitousxboxdesignhepraisedthecontrollerforitsimproveddpadandquietertriggersbutcriticizeditsstiffshoulderbuttonskinectreceivedpositivereviewsforitsfacerecognitionloginandimprovedmotiontrackingbutthatwhilstmagicaleveryfalsepositiveorunrecognizedvoicecommandhadusreachingforthecontrollertheoverallinterfacewasalsoconsideredmoreintuitiveandflexiblethanthatofplaystationbutitsgamelibraryviewwasdescribedasbeingajumbledsadlyunfilterablerowsofeveryownedpieceofsoftwarethatalsoknowinglylistedgamesthatrequiretheirdisctorunalongsidethosewhichdidnottheconsolewasalsopannedformissingcertainpromisedfeaturesonlaunchsuchasuploadstudiogamestreamingandcertainappsservicesrefnameengadgetreviewreflateroncriticsfeltthatthexboxonesfunctionalityhadmaturedovertheyearfollowingitslaunchjeffbakalarofcnetassigningitascoreofacknowledgedimprovementstoxboxonessoftwaresinceitsoriginalreleasebutthatitsuserinterfacewasstillunintuitiveincomparisontoxboxandplaystationexplainingthatnavigatingtheinterfaceseemstobemuchmoreproblematicthanitrightfullyshouldbeandtheressimplynotenoughtransparencyinthelogicwithinitthereareodditiespepperedthroughoutwhichistherootforcountlessheadachesandfrustrationsxboxonesingameperformancewasmixedwithsometitlesshowingslowerperformanceoverpsbutsomemultiplatformgamesperformingbetteronxboxonethanpscnetpraisedthewiderlineupofmultimediaservicesandappsonxboxoneoverpsnotrequiringxboxlivegoldforonlinesavedatastoragesupportforhighspeedusbassecondarystorageandhavingaslightlybetterlineupofupcomingexclusivesconcludingthatwhilethepshadaclearadvantageatlaunchthatedgeisslowlyevaporatingasmicrosofthasworkedfeverishlytoundomostofthexboxonesoriginalmisstepsrefnamecnetnovreviewrefnickpinooftechradargivingitfourstarsoutoffivesimilarlyfeltthatthexboxonefeltmorelikeamediatitantodaythanitdidmonthsagocitingoneguideuploadstudioandmicrosoftsdecisiontodropthexboxlivegoldrequirementformultimediastreamingappsandthattheresstillalotofpotentiallockedawayinsidethehardwareofthesystemthatdevelopersarejustbeginningtofigureoutsowhileplaystationmighthavetheupperhandfornowwhenitcomestocertainthirdpartytitlesitmaynotalwaysremainthatwayjusthowmicrosoftwillgetittothatpointthoughisstillamysteryhoweverhedisfavoredtheconsolesdependenceuponasubscriptionformostofitsfunctionalitykinectsvoicerecognitionandthatsomegamesdonotnativelyrunatpresolutionbutarevideoscalerupscaledinanaugustreviewofthexboxonesmodeltechradarfurthercommendedmicrosoftsrecentimprovementstoxboxonecitingastronglineupoffirstpartytitlesinandfurtherimprovementstotheconsolesinterfacerefnametechradaronesreviewrefalainayeeofignalsopraisedhowxboxonehadevolvedsinceitslaunchassigningitwithkinectascoreofandacknowledgingthatmicrosofthadmadegoodonitspromiseoflisteningtoconsumersrollingoutasteadystreamofupdatesthathavebothbroadenedanddeepenedwhatthisthirdxboxconsoleoffersregardingtheconsolesslightlylowerlevelofgraphicscapabilitiesincomparisontoplaystationitwasnotedthatwhilevideophilesmightspotinstancesofupscaledgraphicsandlessdetailedenvironmentsimmediatelymostpeoplegenerallywontnoticeadifferencebetweenxboxoneandplaystationversionsofagamewhenthereisoneunlesstheyseebothrunningsidebysideandexamplesofgorgeousxboxonegameswerenotedsuchassunsetoverdriveandforzamotorsportthenumberofhiddenoptionsinxboxonesuserinterfacewasequatedtohuntingfortreasureinamessyroomassuchkinectvoicecommandsincombinationwithaccesstocommonfunctionswithinthexboxsmartglassappwerepraisedforhelpingtoprovideamorestreamlineduserexperiencesalesmicrosoftonlypublicizeditssalesfiguresduringthefirstyearafterreleasethelastofficialfigurewasreleasedinnovemberwiththecompanyannouncinginoctoberthatitwouldnolongerpublishsalesfiguresforthesystemrefnamedatawitheldrefonnovembermicrosoftconfirmedthatithadsoldonemillionxboxoneconsoleswithinitsfirsthoursofbeingavailablebasedonapproximatelyshoppingreceiptstrackedbyinfoscoutofwhichincludedapurchaseofeitheravideogameoravideogameconsolethexboxonewasthehighestsellingconsoleduringtheblackfridaysalesperiodintheunitedstatesondecembermicrosoftannouncedthatithadsoldapproximatelymillionunitsinitsfirstdaysonsalerefnamebloombergcomrefondecembermicrosoftannounceditwasthefastestsellingconsoleintheunitedstatesbasedonnpdgroupfigureshoweverthenpdreportclarifiedplaystationsalesincludedanadditionalweekwithinthenovemberdatamonthcomparedtoxboxonewhenlookingatsalesonanaverageperweekbasisxboxoneledpskeepinmindhoweverthatsupplytypicallybecomesconstrainedinthesecondweekafterlaunchonjanuarymicrosoftannouncedthatapproximatelymillionconsoleshadbeensoldworldwideinintheirusfiscalyearqearningsreportonjanuarymicrosoftannouncedthatmillionxboxoneunitshadbeenshippedworldwideonnovembermicrosoftannouncedithadshippedalmostmillionunitstoretailersworldwidethecompanyalsorevealedthatapricecuthadtripledussalesoftheconsoleoverthepreviousweekondecembermicrosoftannouncedbasedonnpdgroupfiguresthatxboxonewasthebestsellingconsoleinnovemberrefnameginpdnovrefwithmicrosoftsoctoberannouncementthatitwouldnolongerpublishsalesfiguresforthesystemthemillionfigurefromnovemberisstillthelatestofficialcumulativesalesnumbersomejournaliststhinkthatitslowersalesfiguresthanrivalplaystationisthereasonbehindthedecisiontomaketheirsystemnotlookbadcomparedtosonysthexboxonehassoldpoorlyinjapancontinuingthetrendofmicrosoftspreviousconsoleswhichhavestruggledagainstthelocalsonyandnintendothexboxonesoldatotalfigureofconsoleswithinitslaunchweekbycomparisonthexboxsoldconsolesinjapanduringitsopeningweekinwhileopeningweeksalesfortheplaystationandwiiuwereunitsandunitsrespectivelyintheweekendingjunethexboxonesoldjustconsolesinjapanbywayofcomparisoninthesameweekthewiiusoldconsolesinjanuarythecfoofelectronicartsreportedduringafinancialcallthatthexboxonehassoldaroundtomillionunitsthatishalfthemillionunitsoftheplaystationthatsonyclaimedatthetimehoweveritishigherthannintendoswiiuwhichmanagedmillionretailconfigurationsonlaunchxboxonewasavailableinasingleretailconfigurationwhichincludedtheconsolewithnbspgbharddriveonecontrollerandkinectsensorintheunitedstatesitretailedforunitedstatesdollarusonjunemicrosoftreleasedanewxboxoneretailconfigurationthatexcludesthekinectsensorcostingusastandalonekinectsensorforxboxoneforusewiththesemodelswasreleasedinoctoberretailingatusrefnamepolygonxboxonenokinectrefonjunemicrosoftloweredthepriceofthestockmodeltousandreleasedanewusmodelcontainingaterabyteharddriveandinsomemarketshalothemasterchiefcollectionrefnamewsjtbxbrefrefnamemstbxbrefinmaymicrosoftloweredthepriceofselectedgbbundlestousandtbbundlestousasalimitedtimeofferofunspecifiedlengthrefnamepcmagloweragainrefrefnamevergerefonjunethepriceofgbmodelswasloweredoncemoretousthroughoctoberinanticipationofthelaunchofxboxonesrefnamevergexbrefonaugustmicrosoftannouncedxboxoneeliteanewskuwithanbsptbsolidstatehybriddriveandanelitecontrolleritwasreleasedinnovemberandretailsforusintheustheelitebundlewasatimedexclusivetogamestopandmicrosoftstorerefnamegamespotxbeliterefspecialeditionsthosewhopreorderedxboxoneforitsreleasereceivedaspecialdayoneeditionwhichfeaturedadayoneinscriptionsonthecontrollerandauniqueachievementrefnameengadgetdayoneeditionrefawhitelaunchteameditionwasgivenexclusivelytomicrosoftstaffmembersfeaturingtheinscriptionimadethislaunchteamontheconsoleandcontrollerandwasbundledwithdeadrisingforzamotorsportrysesonofromeandzootycoonvideogamezootycoonrefnamepolygonlaunchteamrefasimilarlimitededitionwasgiftedtorespawnentertainmentemployeesfollowingthereleaseoftitanfallwithablackwhiteandorangecolorschemeandasimilarlystyledcontrollerinspiredbythegamethecontrolleritselfwouldbereleasedpubliclyasatieinrefnamegeekrespawnlimitedrefxboxoneconsolesbundledwithdigitalcopiesofspecificgameshavealsobeenreleasedincludingtitanfallandforzamotorsportrefnamevergeforzabundlerefinoctoberanonkinectbundlefeaturingawhitexboxoneandacouponforadigitalcopyofsunsetoverdrivewasreleasedmarkingthefirstpublicavailabilityofwhitexboxonemodelsinnovemberalimitededitionnbsptbbundlewasreleasedforcallofdutyadvancedwarfarewithawornmilitaristicgreyandblackcolorschemewithgoldaccentsandinsigniadetailingincludingtheemblemofthesentineltaskforcecustomizedhardwaresoundeffectsforthepowerandejectbuttonsandamatchingcontrolleritisbundledwithacouponforadigitalcopyofadvancedwarfaresdayzeroeditionwhichofferedprereleaseaccessandspecialingameitemsrefnamevgcodlimitedrefrefnameigncodbundlerefnbspgbassassinscreedbundleswerereleasedinnovemberwhichshippedwithcouponsfordigitalcopiesofbothassassinscreedunityandassassinscreedivblackflagthisbundlewasavailablewithandwithoutkinectwiththekinectversionalsoincludingacouponforadigitalcopyofdancecentralspotlightrefnamecnetacbundlesrefanothernonkinectbundlewasreleasedinmarchthatincludesacouponforadigitalcopyofhalothemasterchiefcollectionrefnamecnetmccbundlesrefanbsptbforzamotorsportbundlewasreleasedonseptemberwhichfeaturesbluecoloredhardwarewithracingstripesandapushbuttonstartinspireddesignaroundthepowerbuttonandcustomizedhardwaresoundeffectsrefnamepolygonbluexbforzarefalimitededitiontbhaloguardiansbundlewasreleasedonoctoberoneweekbeforethelaunchofthegameitselfrefnameforbeshaloguardiansbundlereleasedaterefandfeaturesagunmetalgrayfinishwithmetallicblueaccentsmilitaryinsigniadetailingandcustomizedhardwaresoundeffectsrefnamexboxhaloguardiansbundledescriptionrefhardwarerevisionsdivclassnoprintxboxonesonjuneduringitsepressconferencemicrosoftunveiledxboxonesarevisionoftheoriginalxboxonehardwarewithastreamlinedformfactoritsnewcasingissmallerthantheoriginaldesignandsupportsverticalorientationwithastandthecapacitivepowerandejectkeyswerereplacedbyphysicalbuttonsthesideusbportandcontrollersyncbuttonweremovedtothefrontoftheconsoleanditspowersupplyisintegratedintotheconsolescasingratherthansittingexternallyxboxonesrequiresausbadaptertoattachakinectsensorasitnolongerincludestheproprietaryportusedontheoriginalmodelafreeusbadapterwasprovidedbymicrosofttokinectownerswhoregisteredtheirownershipofkinectandxboxonesonlinebutthispromotionendedinmarchtheadapterwassoldseparatelythereafterbuthassincebeendiscontinuedxboxonessupportsvideooutputatkresolutionandhighdynamicrangehdrcolorusinghdrkvideocanbeplayedfromsupportedstreamingservicesandultrahdblurayultrahdbluraydiscrodfergussonheadofmicrosoftsgearsofwarseriesgearsofwarstudiothecoalitioncompanythecoalitionstatedthatxboxonesalsohadupgradedcpuandgpucomponentswhichwerecapableofprovidingmoreconsistentperformanceingearsofwarduringgraphicsintensivesequencesthantheprevioushardwarerefnamepolygononeshwrefwhilexboxplanningleadalbertpenelloinitiallystatedthattheadditionalcpuandgpuaccessgrantedtodevelopersforxboxonesistoenablehdrandwouldhaveliterallynoimpactontheperformanceofgamesgameswithdynamicresolutionoruncappedframeratescanseeincreasedperformanceduetohighergpuclockspeedandesrambandwidthxboxonesalsoshipswitharevisionofthexboxonecontrollerwithtexturedgripsandbluetoothsupportrefnamevergeonesrefrefnamevergeonescordrefxboxonesisavailableinnbspgbnbsptbandspecialeditionnbsptbmodelswhichoriginallyretailedatusandrespectivelythenbsptbmodelwasreleasedonaugustandnbsptbandnbspgbmodelswerereleasedonaugustrefnamecnettblaunchrefandagearsofwarspecialeditionwasalsoreleasedonjunemicrosoftloweredthepricesofthenbspgbbattlefieldandnbsptbforzahorizonxboxonesconsolebundlesbyusrefnamevergeonespricecutrefatgamescommicrosoftunveiledanbsptbminecraftlimitededitionwithagrassblockthemedhardwareandacreeperthemedcontrollerreceptionnickpinooftechradarwasmostlypositiveconsideringthexboxonestobethepinnacleofwhatmicrosoftsetouttocreatethreeyearsagobutnotingregressionssuchasthelackofkinectportwhichwasinterpretedasbeingonelastkickinthepantsforallthegamersforcedintobuyingthemoreexpensiveconsolebundletwoshortyearsagoandthelackofkcontentsourcesbeyondbluraynetflixandyoutubevisualimprovementswerenotedongamessuchasfalloutandriseofthetombraiderwhenupscaledtokconcernswereshownthattherevisedhardwareandhdrsupportwouldleadtofragmentationprogrammingfragmentationofxboxonesecosystemasnotalluserswillnecessarilyexperienceagamethesamewaydieterbohnofthevergepraisedthexboxonessreviseddesignasbeingsvelteandgoodlookingnotingitssmallerformfactorandthelackofpowerbrickthexboxoneswasalsopraisedforbeingthecheapestkcompatiblebluraydiscplayeronthemarketbutitwasarguedthatconsumerswerenotaseagertoupgradetokbluraysastheyweretodvdsbackinthedayespeciallywhenkstreamingboxescanbepurchasedformuchlessthelackofhdrcompatiblegamesavailableonlaunchwaspannedaswellasmicrosoftschoiceofthestandardoverdolbyvisionwhichwastheonlyhdrstandardsupportedbythereviewersktelevisionbohnconcludedthatthexboxoneswouldappealbesttonewownersorthosewhowishtoleverageitshdrandksupportbutrecommendedthatexistingownersholdoffuntilthereleaseofxboxonexinrefnamevergeonesreviewrefrefnamevergenokblurayrefxboxonexduringitsepressconferencemicrosoftunveiledxboxonexahighendversionofxboxonewithupgradedhardwareandafurtherstreamlinedformfactorfirstteasedateunderthecodenameprojectscorpioxboxonexwasreleasedonnovemberwithanbsptbmodelpricedatusrefnamevergeonexunveilrefandalimitedpreorderexclusiveprojectscorpioeditionwithadarkgradientfinishverticalstandbraceandgreenprojectscorpioinscriptionsontheconsoleandbundledcontrollerxboxonexfeaturesupgradedhardwarethatisdesignedprimarilytorendergamesatkresolutionandprovideperformanceimprovementsforexistinggamestheycanbedisplayedatfullresolutiononkdisplaysorsupersamplingsupersampledforlowerresolutionsdisplaysitusesasystemonchipsocknownasscorpioenginewhichincorporatesanbspghzoctacorecpuandaradeongpuwithshaderprocessingunitscomputeunitsclockedatnbspmhzgeneratingteraflopsofgraphicalcomputingperformanceitalsoincludesnbspgbofgddrramgbofwhichisallocatedtogamesrefnameengadgetmoreramrefscorpioenginescpuutilizesacustomplatformdesignedtomaintaincompatibilitywiththejaguarcpuoftheoriginalxboxonebutwithaincreaseinperformancethecustomplatformisunrelatedtoamdscurrentryzenarchitecturetheconsoleusesavaporchambermethodofcoolingforthesocandmotherboardsaretailoredtotheexactvoltageneedsofeachindividualscorpiosoctooptimizetheiroutputandenergyusagerefnameegscorpiotechreftheconsolealsosupportsamdsfreesynctechnologypresolutionandorhzrefreshrateoncompatibledisplaysxboxonexiscompatiblewithallexistingxboxonesoftwareandaccessoriestoassistinoptimizingthenewhardwaretorunexistinggamesatkresolutionmicrosoftdevelopersusedinternaldebuggingsoftwaretocollecttracebasedsimulationgputracesfrommajortitlesthatdidnotrunatfullpresolutionontheoriginalxboxonehaloguardianswhichusesascalingsystemthatdynamicallylowersthegamesresolutionwhenneededtomaintainaconsistentframerateatthegamedevelopersconferencemicrosoftannouncedplanstosupportwindowsmixedrealityvrheadsetsonxboxoneinbutthecompanylaterstatedthatitwasinitiallyfocusingonpcplatformsfirstandthatitwantedtofocusonwirelessvrsolutionsforconsolesrefnamepolygonnovryetrefgamesmarketedbymicrosoftaslistofxboxonexenhancedgamesxboxonexenhancedhavespecificoptimizationsforgraphicalfidelityontheconsoleshardwareseparateiconographyisbeingusedtodenotegamesthatnativelyrunatkresolutionorsupporthdrthoughxboxgamesmarketingheadaarongreenbergstatedthatxboxonexwillhavenoexclusivetitlesgeneralmanagerofgamepublishingshannonloftisremarkedinafollowupinterviewthathewasnotsureonthispointandexclusivitywouldbeuptothegamedevelopmentcommunitywhatdotheywanttodothexboxonexhasbeensaidtobeacompetitortotheplaystationproahardwareupdateoftheplaystationreleasedinlatethatsimilarlyfocusesonkgamingandimprovedplaystationvrvirtualrealityperformancealthoughphilspencerstatedthattheplaystationproscompetitionisinsteadthexboxonesinoctoberpenellostatedthattheperformanceadvantageofthexboxonexoverthepsprowouldbeobviousnotingthatthepsprosgpuonlyhadteraflopsofgraphicalcomputingperformanceincomparisontomicrosoftsstatedteraflopsrefnamevergesonymspcsrefrefnamegamespotvspsprorefsomejournaliststhoughtthatmicrosoftsmessagingandpositioningofscorpioalongsidethereleaseofthexboxoneswereatoddswiththemselvesandwasconfusinghardwarecomparisonclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterxboxonexboxonesxboxonexreleasenovemberaugustnbsptbbraugustnbsptbnbspgbnovemberpricenbspgbwithkinectbrnbspgbwithoutkinectbrnbsptbwithoutkinectbrnbsptbelitewithoutkinectublnbspgbnbsptbnbsptbwstandnbsptbprocessnbspnmtsmccolspannbspnmtsmctransistorscolspanbillionbilliondiesizenbspmmsupsupnbspmmsupsupnbspmmsupsupcpuarchitecturecolspanamdjaguaramdcustomizedjaguarevolvedcpufrequencycolspannbspghznbspghzcpucorecountcolspancoregpuarchitecturecolspanamdseaislandsgcnbonairetypecustomnbspmhznbspmhzucramdpolarisgcnellesmerextltypecustomnbspmhzucrxunifiedshaderscolspanradeoncomputeunitsbrinstalledcudisabledradeoncomputeunitsbrinstalledcudisabledrenderoutputunitrasteroperationunitsropcolspantexturemappingunitstmucolspangpufrequencynbspmhznbspmhznbspmhzfpperformanceflopstflopsflopstflopsflopstflopsmemorycolspannbspgbddrbrnbspmbesramnbspgbgddrrowspanmemorybandwidthcolspanddratgbsrowspangbsesramatgbsesramatgbsmemoryfrequencycolspannbspmhzeffectivenbspmhznbspghzeffectivenbspmhzmemorybuscolspanbitbitstoragetypecolspaninchharddrivestoragecapacitynbspgbnbsptbnbspgbnbsptbnbsptbnbsptbdimensionshwdmmmmmmbrmmmmmmbrmmmmmmbrxxoutputhdmihdmihdmidivclassnoprintnotesreferencesexternallinksjohnsellpatrickoconnormicrosofthotchipsorgwpcontentuploa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hentheirtpmeterishighenoughacharacterentersoverdrivewhichincreasesattackpoweranddecreasescooldowntimeskellbattlemechanicsareidenticaltothoseoftheavatarandpartywithadditionalabilitiesincludingraisingthedefensestatsofpartymembersnotequippedwithskellsiftheskellisdefeateditisevacuatedtonlaforrepairwiththestatusofbothpartyandskelldeterminedbyafinalqteeventtriggeredattheendofanunsuccessfulbattlewithaperfecttriggerresultinginadditionalstatusbuffstothepartyinadditiontothesingleplayercampaignxenobladechroniclesxfeaturesamultiplayerelementafterconnectingonlineplayerscanloantheiravatarsforotherplayerspartiesintheirgamesformingunitsdubbedsquadsthesesquadscanbeuptoplayersstrongenablingthesharingofreportsandactiveparticipationinbattlesinotherplayersworldssquadscantakepartintaskstimelimitedrandommissionswhereplayerscollectasetnumberofresourcesfrommirasenvironmentcompletingtasksisrewardedwithitemsandequipmentsomemultiplayermissionspitpartiesagainstaglobalnemesisanexceptionallypowerfulmonsterfasttraveloptionsareunlockedwhennewareasarediscoveredaccessedthroughbothspecialredseatsintheenvironmentandbladeoutpostsfunctionsrelatedtomappingmirafasttravelpointsadjustingcharacterequipmentandmessagesrelatedtosingleplayerandmultiplayercomponentsarehandledthroughthewiiugamepadthegameisalsocompatiblewiththeconsolesofftvplayfunctionsynopsissettingandcharactersthecontinuityofxenobladechroniclesxisunconnectedtoanypreviousgameinthexenoseriesxenoseriesalthoughtherearethematicandaestheticreferencesafterearthiscaughtinthecrossfireofawarbetweentwoalienraceshumanityescapesonspaceshipsonlyafewshipsmakeitofftheplanetoneofthembeingthewhitewhalecontainingthecitynewlosangelesnlathegametakesplaceonmiraanunchartedworldfarawayfromearthwherethewhitewhalehascrashlandednlabecomesthecenterofhumanactivityandcommercemiraisdividedintofivecontinentsprimordiawhichhasthemostearthlikeenvironmentnoctilumcoveredbyforestsandfilledwithbioluminescencebioluminescentlifeformsobliviadominatedbydesertandancientruinssylvalumapalecoloredlandscapecloudedinmistanddominatedbylargeplantsandrockformationsandcauldrosavolcaniclandcontrolledbytheganglionthemaincharacterisaplayercreatedavatarwhosebodytypeappearanceandvoicecanbechosenfromavarietyofoptionstheavatarbecomesamemberofbladebuildersofthelegacyafterthedestructionofearthjoiningtheavatarontheirmissionsiselmatheleaderofbladeandcolonelofnlasskellforcesfromearthlinleekoobladesengineerandagirlgeniuswhocreatedandmaintainsnlasskellmechsandlaohuangaformerusarmyofficerwithacoolexteriorthehumancolonistsexploremiraanddefendnlausingskellmechsplotxenobladechroniclesxopensashumanitywarnedofitsimpendingdestructioninthecrossfirebetweentwowarringalienracesconstructsinterstellararkstoescapeearthduringtheevacuationonlyafewarksescapethedestructionincludingthewhitewhalearktwoyearsafterlaunchingthewhitewhaleisattackedbyoneoftheraceswhichdestroyedearthandistransportedbyamysteriouslighttomiraduringtheforcedcrashlandingthelifeholdadevicesupposedlycontainingthemajorityofthehumancolonistsisseparatedfromthewhitewhalewithlifepodscontainingcolonistsbeingscatteredacrossmiratheavatarisawokenfromalifepodbyelmaandbroughtbacktonewlosangelesthecitybuiltwithinthewhitewhalewhilesufferingfromamnesiatheavatarbecomesamemberofbladeworkingwithelmaandlintorecovermorelifepodsandsearchforthelifeholdtheavatarisjoinedontheirmissionsbylaoduringtheirmissionsacrossmirabladeencountermultiplealienraceslearningthatthoseattackingthemarepartoftheganglioncoalitionanallianceofracesledbytheganglionraceanditsrulerluxaarintentondestroyinghumanityduringonemissiontheavatariswoundedrevealingthattheyareinarobotbodyoncerepairedelmarevealsthatallthepeopleofnlaarehumanconsciousnesseswithinrobotbodiescalledmimeosomeswiththeirtruebodiesinstasisinthelifeholdshealsorevealsthatthewhitewhalespowersupplyisdepletingwithoutthelifeholdandthatthemimeosomeswilleventuallyshutdownwithoutitkillingthehumanpopulationbladefightoffmultipleattemptsbythecoalitiontodestroythewhitewhaleandthelifeholdeventuallydissolvingthealliancebetweentheganglionandtheiralliesduetohisbitternessagainstnlasleadersforabandoninghisfamilyonearthlaoattemptstobetraythewhitewhaletotheganglionbutispersuadedotherwiseandgivesthemtheinformationneededtofindthelifeholdwithinthelifeholdbladediscoversapoolofgeneticmaterialwhichcanbeusedtorecreateearthlifeformsandrestorehumanityandelmaexplainsthatnoneoftheirhumanbodiesareactuallykeptinstasisandweredestroyedwithearthbutthattheirmemoriesandthustheirconsciousnessesarekeptinthelifeholdspowerfulcomputersandthatitispossibletotransfertheirconsciousnessesintotheirnewbodiesastheethicsarehighlyquestionablethisdecisionwasmadethroughthetoughchoicesoftheirsuperiorsluxaarattacksbutlaofatallystabshimluxaarthenaccidentallymergeswithlaointhegeneticmaterialwithbladebeingforcedtokilltheirmergedformbeforedyinglaorevealsthathumanitysdnawasdesignedbytheirsamaarianancestorstodestroytheganglionusinganinbuiltgeneticfailsafethoughlaodieselmaassuresthegroupthathecanberevivedusingthelifeholdwiththelifeholdonlineandpowerrestoredelmadeactivateshermimeosomeandrevealshertrueformasanalienanarrationbylinrevealsthatelmavisitedearththirtyyearsbeforethealiensarrivedgivinghumanitythemeansofescapinginapostcreditssceneateamledbyelmaentertheareainthelifeholdwiththedatabasescontainingthememoriesofeveryoneelseandtheyfindthatthedatabaseshavebeendestroyedsincethewhitewhalecrashedonmiraasthismeanseveryoneelseshouldbedeadelmaspeculatesthatsomehowmiraispreservingthemlaoisthenseenunconsciousonabeachwakingwhenapproachedbyacloakedfigurethegameendswiththemessagethisstorynevertrulyendsdevelopmentxenobladechroniclesxwasdevelopedbyjapanesedevelopmentcompanymonolithsoftwithtetsuyatakahashiformingtheoriginalconceptandservingasthegamesexecutivedirectortakahashihadpreviouslyworkedinthesonxenogearsthenonthexenosagatrilogyafterfoundingmonolithsoftinxenosagawasintendedtobeasixpartseriesbutlowcommercialperformancesforcedtheplannedxenosagaseriestobehalvedthexenoseriesregainedpopularityandfoundsuccesswiththereleaseofxenobladechroniclesforthewiifollowingthecompletionofxenobladechroniclesintakahashiapproachednintendoproducerhitoshiyamagamiandaskedifhecoulddevelopanewsciencefictionthemedroleplayinggamebuiltuponthesystemsofxenobladechroniclesyamagamiandnintendowerewillingandtalksturnedtowardswhattakahashiandmonolithsoftcoulddoonnintendoswiiuconsolexenobladechroniclesdirectorsgenkiyokotaofnintendoandkohkojimaofmonolithsoftreturningintheiroriginalrolestheproducerswereshingokawabataofmonolithsoftandhitoshiyamagamiofnintendoxenobladechroniclesxwasmonolithsoftsveryfirsthighdefinitionvideohighdefinitionvideogametohelpcopewiththisfirsttheteamdecidedagainstusingcuttingedgetechnologywhendesigningthegametheteamusedthelessonsandexperiencefromtheirtimedevelopingxenobladechroniclesinadditiontosettinglimitsuponwhattheydidduringproductionaspecifiedselfimposedlimitationwasnotusingmiddlewaretospeeduptheproductionprocessanothergoalfortakahashiwastoencourageactivecriticismfromplayersthathecouldusetoimprovehislaterworkasiffelthehadreceivedtoolittlecriticismforxenobladechronicleswhilemanyroleplayinggamestriedtobeaccessiblexenobladechroniclesxwastailoredtowardsthehardcoreplayersofthegenrewhilealsopresentingthemanylayersofinformationtoplayersanunderstandableandmanageablewaywhileplannedforreleaseearlyinthewiiuslifecycletheplannedreleasedatewaspushedforwardduetodevelopmentissuestheylatercommentedthatitwasachallengefittingtheentiregameontoasinglewiiugamediscwithkawabatacommentingthatthegamebarelyfitsontothegigabytediscdiscussionsabouthowtorealizexenobladechroniclexwentonforaroundsixmonthsthebattlesystemwasbaseduponthebasicmechanicsofthatusedinxenobladechroniclesbutwithanincreasedsenseofspeedtomakeitfeelmorelikeanactiongametakahashidescribedcreatingthebattlesystemoneofthemainchallengesofdevelopmentthecompleteremovalofhealerclassesfromthesystemwasbecausetakahashifeltpeoplequicklygrewtiredofthisrolewhichpartlyservedasinspirationforthecommandbasedsoulvoicesystemtheonlinefunctionalityinitiallyusedverybasictechnologyduetotheteamsinexperiencewithhighdefinitionandonlinedevelopmentbutwithdevelopmenthelpfromnintendothecurrentonlinemultiplayerstructurewascreatedthemultiplayersegmentsalsohelpedcounteractthefeelingofisolationplayerswouldexperienceexploringthegamesworldtheonlinefunctionswereonlyincorporatedhalfwaythroughdevelopmenttheteamfocusedonmakingtheonlinemodelooselyconnectedsothatplayerscanfeelthepresenceofothershoweverduetothegamesroleplayingelementstheyalsoconsciouslymadeitforplayerstofocusonplayingalonewithoutanydisruptiondesigncreatingmirawasthefirstprioritywhenfulldevelopmentonthegamebeganmirroringthedesignofxenobladechroniclestheteaminitiallyenvisionedthestorytakingplaceoverseveraldifferentplanetsbutthiswasdiscardedasstretchingoutthepossiblecontentoverseveralworldswouldlimittheexperienceforplayersafterevaluatingtheircontentplanstheysettledonasingleplanetwithfivecontinentscreatinganopenworldgamewaspartoftheteamsgoalwhendesigningthegameakeypartofcreatingmirascontinentswasusingalimitednumberofassetsofcreatevariedenvironmentswhenconceivingthegamestructuretakahashidrewinspirationfromroleplayinggamesfromeuropeandnorthamericawhendesigningtheopenworldstructuretheteamdidnotinstalltheentirespaceontheharddiskasthewiiudidnotallowfordirectinstallationinsteadtuningtheopenworldsoitransmoothlywithoutinstallingthegameusedanextensivelibraryofsoundeffectsforwhichtheteambroughtinexternalcompanysoundracerwhohadworkedonmultiplevideogamefranchisesincludingxenosagaandfinalfantasysoundeffectworkwasproducedbyshojironakaokathegamemapwasanestimatedfivetimeslargerthanthatofxenobladechronicleswhichprovedproblematicespeciallyduringthedebuggingphasetheopenworldwasprovingsoproblematicthatatonepointtheteamwereconsideringscrappingitcompletelythehexagonalmapstructurewithunlockableinformationpointswasdesignedtosolvetheproblemofplayersmakingtheirwaythroughlargefieldstherestrictivenatureofthemainstoryquestswasdesignedsoplayerscouldbeeasedintotheexpansivenatureofmirathechoiceoflosangelesasthemodelforthegameshubcitywasinspiredbytakahashislikingforthecityhisinitialideaofmodellingthehubafternewyorkcitywasscrappedduetobudgetaryconstraintsincreatingthenecessarytallbuildingscreatingtheenvironmentofnlaprovedproblematicduetotheconsolesmemorylimitationsandtheteamworkedespeciallyhardondecreasingloadtimesandensuringcollisiondetectionworkedproperlytheartworkandcharacterdesignsforthegamewasworkedonbyanumberofdifferentartiststhemaincharactertemplatesandmaincastwerecreatedbykunihikotanakathemainartistforthexenosagagamestanakawasbroughtonboardtobringoutthexenoelementsofthegameacorepartoftheartteamwaskouichimugitaniwhoprovidedcharacterillustrationsforxenosagaepisodeiiiandworkedasproductiondesignerforallthreexenosagatitlesalliedmechadesignswerehandledbytakayukiyanasewhohadpreviouslyworkedontheanimeghostintheshellariseandmobilesuitgundamalongwiththevideogamemetalgearrisingrevengeanceenemymechsweredesignedbyyasushisuzukiwhohadpreviouslyworkedonsinandpunishmentanditssequelsinpunishmentstarsuccessorstarsuccessoraliennpccharactersweredesignedbyraitakazamawhoalsohelpeddesignmirasprimitivefaunaartistyokotsukamotowhosepreviousworkincludedlordofvermilionandxenobladechronicleswasbroughtintoaddfantasyelementstotheworldwhileadditionaldesignsforenemiesnativetomirawerecreatedbytakashikojoweaponsweredesignedbyhideyukimatsumotowhohadworkedonboththexenosagaseriesandthefrontmissionseriesfrontmissionbackgroundartdesignwasoutsourcedtokusanagiacompanywhosepreviousartbasedworkincludedninokunidominionofthedarkdjinnthelargenumberofartistswasbroughtintoensurediversityamongthealienracesthegamesartdirectorwasnorihirotakamicreatingthelargefloraandfaunaofmirawasdifficultfortheteamastheyneededtotakecombatsituationsintoaccountratherthandesigningthemaspurelypassivewhiledesigningeachcreatureandracetobealientolifeformsfromearththeyalsowantedtocreatefamiliarsilhouettessotheywouldappearfamiliarandexoticatthesametimeinawaythathopefullyisalittlebitunsettlingwhendesigningthegamesarmorsetsthedesignteamdrewinspirationfromsamuraiarmorthesamuraiinfluencealsocameacrossindesignsforthealienwrothianracetheconceptfortheskellmechswasamachinewhichwouldconvertbetweenahumanoidandvehicularformtheirdesignsconsciouslydrewinfluencefromthegundamfranchisethesizeoftheskellsbetweennineandtenmetershighwascalculatedasthebesthumantorobotsizeratiowhentakingthegamescombatscenariosintoaccounttheskellswereanintentionalcallbacktothemechsfeaturedintakahashisfirstxenotitlexenogearswiththemechanicspresentinxenobladechroniclexechoingscrappedmechanicsfromxenogearsanotherdesigncallbackfeaturedinthegamewasthedesignofthelifeholdpodswhichwereshapedsimilarlytomonolithobjectsfromearlierxenotitlesscenariotakahashicreatedmostofthemainscenariohimselftakahashiworkedonthescriptalongsideyuichirotakedaawriterwhohadpreviouslyworkedonxenobladechroniclesandkazuhohyodowhohadwrittenepisodesformultiplegundamseriesthestoryofxenobladechroniclexwassubstantiallylargerthanxenobladechronicleswithtakahashiandtakedafeelingthattheycouldnothandletheentirescenariothemselvesonadvicefromtakedahebroughtinhyododuetohyodosextensiveinvolvementinsciencefictionstoriestakahashifeltconfidentleavingmuchoftheworktohimthechoiceofasciencefictionsettingwasinfluencedbytakahashiswishtodosomethingdifferentfromthefantasysettingofxenobladechroniclesxenobladechroniclesxwasthefirsttimehyodohadworkedonavideogameoneofthemaingoalsfortakahashiwashavinghumansandtherobotskellscoexistingandfunctioningintheworldduetothescaleandexperimentalnatureofthegamethemonolithsoftteammadeanefforttomoveawayfromthephilosophicalstorylinestheircompanyhadbecomeknownforwithprevioustitlesspeakingabouthisgoalsforthegametakahashifeltthathehadfinallycreatedwhathehadwantedtosincefirstfoundingmonolithsoftinafterfoundationworkhadbeencompletedformirathemainfocusturnedtowardscreatingthegamesscenariofromtheretakahashiandkojimahadseveralmeetingsaboutthestorywithtakedahyodoandyokotatakahashihadalreadywrittenalargeamountoftheplotbeforehandwithitssizebeingcomparedtoanovelbykojimatakedacarefullypickedoutthestoriesthatfitwiththegamescontentandscaleandturnedthemintoscriptsashyodowroteseveralquestscenarioshewasapprovedbythestaffmemberstocreateadditionalcharactersdespitetakedapreferringmiddleagedmalecharactershethoughtitwouldbeagoodideatorecruithyodoforyoungfemalecharacterswithimportantrolesaccordingtotakedathescenarioincludingthemainstoryandqueststookaboutayearandahalftowriteforthecasttheteamgatheredwhattheydescribedasanexceptionalvoicecastwhowerehighlyprofessionalduringrecordingdespitethehighworkloadofrecordingthelengthyscripttheteamfeltthegameshouldcontinuethetraditionfromxenobladechroniclesofhavingcharacterstalkduringbattleasitmadetheoriginalgamestandoutcomparedtobattlelinesfromtheoriginaltheamountofbattledialoguesincreasedtolinesforthisgamekojimathoughtthatitwasamisprintwhenhefirstsawthewordcountthetotalvoiceworkwasfourtimesthatofxenobladechroniclesresultinginsomeoftheactorslosingtheirvoicesduringrecordingofbattlelinesthescenarioinitiallyhadasetmaincharacterwiththeirownnarrativebutmidwaythroughdevelopmenttheonlinemodewasintroducedandtheteamdecidedtoreworkthestorytoaccommodateaplayercreatedavatartakedasaiditwasachallengetoadjustthestoryfromapredefinedprotagonisttoavatarsasthemaincharacterwhichdrasticallychangedtheflowofthestorythechangesresultedinseveralproposedcharactersincludingtheoriginalleadandaproposedvillaindubbedtheblackknightbeingcuttheblackknightmadeaminorcameointhefinalgameduringthepostcreditsendingthegamestitlehadmultiplemeaningswhichvariedbetweenregionsdespitecarryingthexenobladetitlexenobladechroniclesxwasnotasequelbutinsteadaspiritualsuccessorcarryingoverthebasicthemesoftheoriginalxenobladechroniclesforthisreasonitwasnottitledasanumericalsequelthexdesignationstandsforcrossinthejapanesereleasewhichstoodforboththemeetingofdifferentracesinthegamesstoryandtheinteractionofplayersonlineduringgameplayfortheenglishversionthexsymbolstoodfortheunknownandalsorepresentedalienlifeandtheunknownplanetofmirainadditiontotheinteractioninbattlebetweenhumansandtheskellsmusicthegamessoundtrackwashandledbyhiroyukisawanosawanohadearnedacclaimforhisworkonthesoundtracksformultipleanimeseriesincludingattackontitanguiltycrownandkilllakilltakahashihadbeenalongtimefanofsawanosohepersonallyinsistedonhavingsawanocomposeforthisgamesawanowasmorethanwillingtodiscusstheprojectwhentakahashisuggesteditwhentheyfirstmettakahashishowedsawanoaconceptvideoforthegamewhichprovidedtheinspirationforsawanossubsequentworksawanocreatedthemusicbasedonthemusicalselectionsandresourcesprovidedbymonolithsoftstaffbeforeworkingonthemusicinhisownstudiooncehehadfinishedworkonthethemedemossawanocreatedthescorefororchestraandbandhecreatedthebroaderorchestralelementsonhiscomputeraddingthesmallerlayersandelementshimselfsohehadcompletecontroloverhowthescoreevolvedtohelpwiththishewenttoamusiccopyistandhadthemcreatescoresforeachindividualinstrumentaftercreatingthemainthemeandthecoremusicalthemeshethenmovedontotherestofthesoundtrackestimatedatoverninetytracksoverthreedifferentperiodsduringproductionduetotakahashislikingforsawanosmusicsawanohadthefreedomtosticktohismusicalstylethescorewasdirectedandcoproducedbylegendoorsyasushihoriguchiwhowasbroughtonboardtheprojectalongsidesawanowhilexenobladechroniclesfeaturedonlyonevocalthemexenobladechroniclesxfeaturedenoughthatitwasconsideredratherhighforgenrestandardsduringearlydiscussionsaboutthegamesmusicsawanoandtakahashithoughtitwouldbefuntoincludealargenumberofvocalthemessawanobroughtinseveralvocaliststocreatethesetracksthevocalistsincludedrapperdavidwhitakersingersmikakobayashiandyumikoinoueandvocalistswhitakeraimeeblackschlegercyuampisayuleetheendingthemeyourvoicewassungbykobayashithelyricsforallvocaltrackswerewrittenbywhitakermpiandrietheyhadallworkedwithsawanoonpreviousprojectssawanosaidthatxenobladechroniclesxhadthehighestnumberofvocaltracksofanyprojecttodateanofficialsoundtrackalbumxenobladexoriginalsoundtrackwasreleasedonmayitwaspublishedbydefstarrecordsanddistributedbysonymusicentertainmentjapanthegamesmusicwasarrangedintotracksthealbumreceivedmixedreviewsfrommusiccriticsreleasenintendoconfirmedinthatmonolithsoftwasdevelopinganewtitleforthewiiuthegamewasofficiallyannouncedattheelectronicentertainmentexpoeundertheworkingtitlexitwasscheduledforareleasethegamesofficialtitleandupdatedreleasewindowofwasannouncedateinaninterviewfollowingthegamesjapanesereleasekojimaexpressedsorrowattheamountofworkthegamehadprovidedformarioclubnintendosinhousetestinggroupthenceosatoruiwatacommentedthathefrozeforamomentwhenhefirstsawthegroupstestingfeeforthegamebynovemberthegamewasenteringthefinalstagesofproductionwhilenintendohaddecidednottocreateanofficialwebsiteatthatpointmonolithsoftdecidedtocreatetheirownwebsiteforthegamewhiletheyinitiallythoughtnintendowouldobjecttheywereallowedtogoaheadwithcreatingandmaintainingthewebsitemonolithsoftalsocreatedanofficialtwitteraccountforthegamealongsidethenewwebsitexenobladechroniclesxwaspublishedinjapanbynintendoonaprilthejapaneseversioncamewithstandardandahardwarebundlefeaturingaversionofthegamewithareversiblecoverblackwiiuconsoleandgamepadandanartbookalongsidethegamesreleasedownloadablecontentdlcwasmadeavailableforpurchasefeaturingfournewcharacterswithaccompanyingstoriessplitbetweenthreequestsandoptionaldatapackstospeedloadingtimesthedatapackswereprovidedsothatwhenflyingskellsportionsoftheworldcouldbeloadedfromstoragetomakeforasmootherplayingexperiencetakahashihasstatedthathehascontemplatedportingthegametothenintendoswitchbutdoingsowouldbedependentongaugingfandemandforthegamelocalizationaworldwidereleaseforxenobladechroniclesxwasconfirmedateitswesternreleasedateswereannouncedatethemonthfollowingitsjapanesereleaseincontrasttootherprominentwiiutitlesnintendohadscheduledforthatyearxenobladechroniclesxwasnotprominentlyadvertisedthiswasduetothegamehavinganestablishedaudienceamongbothroleplayingfansingeneralandfansofthexenoseriesxenobladechroniclesxreleasedinnorthamericaandeuropeondecemberinaustraliaandnewzealandthegamereleasedondecembertheadditionalcharactersreleasedaspaiddlcinjapanwerereleasedaspartofthegameinthewestfollowingitsreleasexenobladechroniclesxreceivedsoftwareupdatesviadownloadthefirstwasminoradjustmentstoingametextwhilethesecondaddedspanishandfrenchsubtitlesthewesternlocalizationwashandledcollaborativelybynintendotreehouseandacompanywhosepreviouslocalizationcreditsincludefireemblemawakeningandtalesofvesperiaduetothesubstantialsizeofthegameanditsvoiceactinglocalizationprovedchallengingfornintendoaswiththejapaneseversionexternalstudiosoundracerworkedonthesoundenvironmentforitswesternreleasethegamereceivedmultiplechangesthemechsnameswerechangedfromdollstoskellsacharactercustomizationsliderforalteringbreastsizeoffemaleavatarswascompletelyremovedandcharacterlinsbikinioutfitwasremovedinaninterviewlinsvoiceactresscassandraleemorrissaidthatlinwasgivenanoldervoicecomparedtoherjapanesecounterpartastheteamfeltayoungsoundingvoicewouldgrateonplayersoverthecourseofthegameinthewakeoffancriticismfollowingthegamesreleasebothmorrisandtakahashidefendedthechangesasnecessarypartsofthelocalizationprocessreceptionvideogamereviewsaggregatorsmcreviewersdestructeurogessentialfamgspotignnlifenwrjapanesegamingpublicationdengekigavethegameapositivereviewreferringtoitasamasterpiecetheypraisedthegameplaydetailedworldstorydirectionandmusicandsaidithasaveryhighdegreeofperfectionjapanesegamingmagazinefamitsugavexenobladechroniclesxascoreofwithscoresofandfromthefourreviewerstheypraisedthegameplayplotlargeopenworldandsenseoffreedombuttwoofthereviewerscriticizeditforhavinganabundanceofcutscenesuponitswesternreleasexenobladechroniclesxearnedanaggregatedreviewscoreofatmetacriticindicatinggenerallyfavorablereceptionnintendolifepraisedthegamesbattlesystemdeepupgradepathwaysvastworldsizeandgraphicsbutcriticizedtheoccasionaldifficultyspikeandfetchquestignscoreditstatingthatoutinthewildernessxenobladechroniclesxpresentsseeminglyendlessreasonstofightandwandertheplanetandthatxenobladechroniclesxisamassiverpgwithenoughsurfaceareasubquestsandcustomizationtokeepyoubusyhoweverthegamewascriticizedbyignwithanarrativethatmakesimportantmomentsfeelblandwithlowproductionvaluethatrobsemotionalscenesofanydramaticweightnintendoworldreportscoreditstatingthatitisrequiredplayingforanyonewiththeslightestinclinationtowardrpgsandifyouneedtobuythesystemthendoitasitisanessentialpartofthewiiulibrarydestructoidscoreditstatingthatitfeelslikeanmmoworldivebeenlivinginforseveralweeksnowthoughthemoregrimdarkthemeisntquiteascharmingastheoriginalxenobladebuteverythingelsemakesupforitgamespotstatedthatofalltheopenworldgamestocomeoutthisyearxenobladechroniclesxmaybethemostformidableasatrulyenormousgamebothinscaleandscopepraisingthelandscapescreaturedesignunlockablesandquestscombatandcharacterprogressionandcustomizationbutcriticizingtheinconsistentsoundtrackambiguoussystemsanddisappointingstoryeurogamersaiditisjapaneserpgmakingatitsmostambitiousanddeterminedsalesthegamewasthethirdbestsellinggameduringitsreleaseweekinjapansellingaroundcopiesduringitssecondweekandthirdweekitsoldoverandcopiesrespectivelyinadditiontoitsphysicalcopiesthegamegarnerednearlydigitalcopiesduringmayitwasthemostdownloadedtitleinjapanforthemonthofmaylargelysurpassingothertitlessuchasminecraftbravelysecondendlayerandthewitcherwildhuntasofjunephysicalcopieshadbeensoldbytheendoftheyearatotalofweresoldinjapanuponitsreleaseintheunitedkingdomthegamemanagedtosecurethplaceinthechartsdespiteitsmodestpositionthegameslaunchsaleswashigherthanitspredecessorhadbeeninthesameregioninfrancethegamesoldoverphysicalcopiesaftertwoweeksintheunitedstatesthegamesoldoverphysicalcopiesduringthemonthofdecembernearlydoublingthegamesthenlifetimesalesinjapanlegacythefoundationworkforxenobladechroniclesxprovidedabasearchitectureuponwhichthestaffwereabletobuildforthenextxenogameforthenintendoswitchresultinginafarshorterdevelopmenttimethanpreviousxenobladetitlesthenextgametitledxenobladechroniclesandreleasedworldwideondecemberactsasathematicsequeltoxenobladechroniclesshiftingbacktoastorydrivenapproachafterthefocusongameplayforxenobladechroniclesxnotesreferencesreflistemrefsgameplayrefnamexenoxmanualrefrefnamexenobladerefrefnamexenoskellsgameplayrefrefnamexenoxgamepadrefsynopsisrefnamexenoxreferencesrefrefnamexenomirarefrefnamexenocharacterrefrefnamexenocharacterrefrefnamexenocharacterrefrefnamexenocharacterrefdevelopmentrefnameusgxenorefrefnamexenxdevrefrefnamexenostaffrefrefnamexenoxstaffgsrefrefnameiwatainterviewiwataasksnintendocominterviewswiiuxenobladechroniclesxofficialtranslationrefrefnamexenoxartbookrefrefnamegsinterviewrefrefnamegsinterviewrefrefnamexenxsilrefrefnamesilxenoxwritersrefrefnameeurointerviewrefrefnameventureinterviewrefrefnametimesinterviewrefrefnamegiinterviewrefrefnamexenoonlinerefrefnamesilartcommentsrefrefnamesilartistrefrefnamesilartistrefrefnamesilartistrefrefnamesilartistrefrefnamesilartistrefrefnamexenoartvideorefrefnamexenoxtakahashicommentsrefrefnamexenoxtakahashicommentsrefrefnamexenoxjpcastrefrefnamexenoxsfxrefmusicrefnamexenomusicrefrefnamexenomusicrefrefnamexenomusicsilrefrefnamexenoxlinersdefsta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sfoundnearyangjuanvillageofthexinmindistrictpancountypanxiancountyrefnamejiangcitejournaltitlenewprimitiveichthyosaurianreptiliadiapsidafromthemiddletriassicofpanxianguizhousouthwesternchinaanditspositioninthetriassicbioticrecoverylastjiangfirstdlastmotanifirstrlasthaofirstwlastschmitzfirstllastrieppelfirstolastsunfirstylastsunfirstzjournalprogressinnaturalscienceyearvolumeissuepagedoijpnscrefrefmaischsuggestedthatxinminosaurusmightbeasubjectivejuniorsynonymoftholodusrefnamemaischcitejournaltitlephylogenysystematicsandoriginoftheichthyosauriathestateoftheartlastmaischfirstmichaelwjournalpalaeodiversityyearvolumepagesurlpalaeodiversityorgpdfpalaeodiversitybdmaischpdfrefharvrefalthoughjiangetalregardedtholodustobeapossiblenomendubiummaischrejectedthisopinionstatingthattholodusiseasilyrecognizedandcharacterizedbyunequivocaldentalautapomorphiessothatevenjawandtoothfragmentsarediagnosticanditisthusavalidtaxonfurthermorehenotedthattholodusisclearlydistinguishablefromallotherknownmarinereptilesexceptxinminosaurustheonlydifferencebetweenthetaxaaccordingtomaischisthattholodusspecimensareonaveragetwiceaslargeastheholotypeofxinminosaurusreferencesxinminosaurusinfoboxncaateamseasoncoachrankaprankhcyearthmodebasketballyearprevyearnextyearteamxaviermusketeersimagexaviermusketeerslogosvgimagesizeconferencebigeastconferencedivisionshortconferencebigeastrecordconfrecordheadcoachchrismackbasketballchrismackasstcoachrichcarterasstcoachmikepeguesasstcoachtravissteelestadiumarenacintascenterchampionbowltourneyncaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaatournamentbowltourneyresultfirstroundthexaviermusketeersmensbasketballteamrepresentedxavieruniversityduringthencaadivisionimensbasketballseasonledbyfifthyearheadcoachchrismackbasketballchrismacktheyplayedtheirgamesatthecintascenterandwerefirstyearmembersofthenewlyreorganizedbigeastconferencetheyfinishedtheseasoninbigeastplaytofinishinathreewaytieforthirdplacetheyadvancedtothesemifinalsofthebigeastmensbasketballtournamentbigeasttournamentwheretheylosttocreightonbluejaysmensbasketballteamcreightontheyreceivedanatlargebidtothencaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaatournamentwherethelostinthefirstroundfirstfourtoncstatewolfpackmensbasketballteamncstatepreviousseasonthexaviermusketeersmensbasketballteammusketeersfinishedthencaadivisionimensbasketballseasonseasonwitharecordofinatlanticconferencemensbasketballseasonatlanticplayforatieforsixthplacetheylostinthefirstroundoftheatlanticmensbasketballtournamentatournamenttosaintjosephshawksmensbasketballteamsaintjosephsthisseasonmarkedxaviersfinalseasoninthearostercbbrosterfooterheadcoachchrismackbasketballchrismackasstcoachmikepeguestravissteelerichcarterrosterurlgoxaviercomsportsmbaskblmttxavimbaskblmtthtmlaccessdatedeparturesclasswikitablesortablebordernamenumberposheightweightyearhometownclassunsortablenotesjoeschuesslergrsfreshmanglenellynillinoisnolongeronteamrostertravistaylorfsenioruniontownshipunioncountynewjerseyunionnewjerseygraduatedbradredfordgseniorfrankenmuthmichigangraduatedjeffrobinsonfseniorindianapolisindianapolisindianagraduatedschedulecolspanstylebackgroundcolorffffffexhibitioncbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentquincyuniversityquincyiloppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnaticincinnatiohgamenametvscoreovertimerecordattendnacolspanstylebackgroundcolorffffffregularseasoncbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentgardnerwebbrunninbulldogsmensbasketballteamgardnerwebboppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenametvfoxsportsnetworksfsnscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponenttennesseevolunteersbasketballteamtennesseeoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenametvfoxsportsfsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentmoreheadstateeaglesmensbasketballteammoreheadstateoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenametvfoxsportsfsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentmiamiredhawksmensbasketballteammiamiohoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenametvfsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentabilenechristianwildcatsmensbasketballteamabilenechristianoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenamebattleatlantisopeningroundtvfsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwllnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralyesrankopponentiowahawkeyesmensbasketballteamiowaoppranksitestadiumimperialarenasitecitystnassaubahamasnassaubahgamenamebattleatlantisfirstroundtvnbcsnscoreovertimeotrecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovembertimepmwllnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralyesrankopponenttennesseevolunteersbasketballteamtennesseeoppranksitestadiumimperialarenasitecitystnassaubahgamenamebattleatlantisconsolationndroundtvaxstvscoreovertimere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rtwithnoneedtoevengetsupervisorapprovalonthepartoftheanalystheaddedthatthensasdatabankofcollectedcommunicationsallowsitsanalyststolistentothecallsorreadtheemailsofeverythingthatthensahasstoredorlookatthebrowsinghistoriesorgooglesearchtermsthatyouveenteredanditalsoalertsthemtoanyfurtheractivitythatpeopleconnectedtothatemailaddressorthatipaddressdointhefuturerefnameabcnewsrefaccordingtothensainanofficialstatementfromjulythensasaidxkeyscoreisusedasapartofnsaslawfulforeignsignalsintelligencecollectionsystemtolegallyobtaininformationaboutlegitimateforeignintelligencetargetsinresponsetorequirementsthatourleadersneedforinformationnecessarytoprotectournationanditsintereststocollecttheinformationthatenablesustoperformourmissionssuccessfullytodefendthenationandtoprotectusandalliedtroopsabroadintermsofaccessannsapressstatementreadsthatthereisnouncheckedanalystaccesstonsacollectiondataaccesstoxkeyscoreaswellasallofnsasanalytictoolsislimitedtoonlythosepersonnelwhorequireaccessfortheirassignedtasksandthattherearestringentoversightandcompliancemechanismsbuiltinatseverallevelsonefeatureisthesystemsabilitytolimitwhatananalystcandowithatoolbasedonthesourceofthecollectionandeachanalystsdefinedresponsibilitiesworkingsaccordingtoannsaslidepresentationaboutxkeyscorefromitisadigitalnetworkintelligencedniexploitationsystemanalyticframeworkdnistandsfordigitalnetworkintelligencewhichmeansintelligencederivedfrominternettrafficrefnameguardianrefedwardsnowdensaidaboutxkeyscoreitsafrontendsearchengineinaninterviewwiththegermannorddeutscherrundfunkxkeyscoreisconsideredapassiveprograminthatitlistensbutdoesnottransmitanythingonthenetworksthatittargetsdatasourcesxkeyscoreconsistsofoverserversatapproximatelysiteswherethensacollectsdatalikeusandalliedmilitaryandotherfacilitiesaswellasusembassiesandconsulatesinmanycountriesaroundtheworldaccordingtoannsapresentationfromthesexkeyscoreserversarefedwithdatafromthefollowingcollectionsystemsrefnametheweekrefspecialcollectionservicefspecialcollectionservicejointoperationoftheciaandnsathatcarriesoutclandestineoperationsincludingespionageonforeigndiplomatsandleadersechelonfornsatwhichstandsforforeignsatellitecollectionandreferstointerceptsfromsatellitesspecialsourceoperationsssospecialsourceoperationsadivisionofthensathatcooperateswithtelecommunicationprovidersinasingleundatedslidepublishedbyswedishmediaindecemberthefollowingadditionaldatasourcesforxkeyscorearementionedrefnamegunnarnsarefoverheadintelligencederivedfromamericanspyplanesdronesandsatellitestailoredaccessoperationsadivisionofthensathatdealswithhackingandcyberwarfareforeignintelligencesurveillanceactfisaalltypesofsurveillanceapprovedbytheunitedstatesforeignintelligencesurveillancecourtforeignintelligencesurveillancecourtglobalsurveillanceinternationalcooperationthirdpartyforeignpartnersofthensasuchasthesignalsintelligenceagenciesofbelgiumdenmarkfrancegermanyitalyjapanthenetherlandsnorwayswedenetcfromthesesourcesxkeyscorestoresfulltakedatawhichareindexedbypluginsthatextractcertaintypesofmetadatalikephonenumbersemailaddressesloginsanduseractivityandindextheminmetadatatableswhichcanbequeriedbyanalystsxkeyscorehasbeenintegratedwithmarinawhichisnsasdatabaseforinternetmetadatahoweverthesystemcontinuouslygetssomuchinternetdatathatitcanbestoredonlyforshortperiodsoftimecontentdataremainonthesystemforonlythreetofivedayswhilemetadataisstoredforuptothirtydaysrefnamedocumentcloudorgseealsodocumentcloudorgdocumentsnsaslidesxkeyscorehtmlslidesaboutthexkeyscoreprogramrefadetailedcommentaryonannsapresentationpublishedintheguardianinjulycitesadocumentpublishedindeclaringthatatsomesitestheamountofdatawereceiveperdayterabytescanonlybestoredforaslittleashoursrefnameguardianglenngreenwaldgreenwaldglennjulytheguardiancomworldjulnsatopsecretprogramonlinedataxkeyscorensatoolcollectsnearlyeverythingauserdoesontheinternetxkeyscoregiveswidestreachingcollectionofonlinedatansaanalystsrequirenopriorauthorizationforsearchessweepsupemailssocialmediaactivityandbrowsinghistorytheguardianretrievedaugustreftypesofxkeyscoreaccordingtoadocumentfromaninternalgchqwebsitewhichwasdisclosedbythegermanmagazinederspiegelinjunetherearethreedifferenttypesofthexkeyscoresystemtraditionaltheinitialversionofxkeyscoreisfedwithdatafromlowratedatasignalsafterbeingprocessedbythewealthyclustersystemthistraditionalversionisnotonlyusedbynsabutalsoatmanyinterceptsitesofgchqstagethisversionofxkeyscoreisusedforhigherdataratesthedataarefirstprocessedbytheturmoilsystemwhichsendsoftheinternetdatapacketstoxkeyscoregchqonlyusesthisversionforitscollectionunderthemuscularprogramdeepdivethislatestversioncanprocessinternettrafficatdataratesofgigabitsperseconddatathatcouldbeusefulforintelligencepurposesarethenselectedandforwardedbyusingthegenesisselectionlanguagegchqalsooperatesanumberofdeepdiveversionsofxkeyscoreatthreelocationsunderthecodenametemporacapabilitiesforanalystsxkeyscoreprovidesaseriesofviewersforcommondatatypeswhichallowsthemtoqueryterabytesofrawdatagatheredattheaforementionedcollectionsitesthisenablesthemtofindtargetsthatcannotbefoundbysearchingonlythemetadataandalsotodothisagainstdatasetsthatotherwisewouldhavebeendroppedbythefrontenddataprocessingsystemsaccordingtoaslidefromanxkeyscorepresentationnsacollectionsitesselectandforwardlessthanoftheinternettraffictothepinwaledatabaseforinternetcontentbecausexkeyscoreholdsrawandunselectedcommunicationstrafficanalystscannotonlyperformqueriesusingstrongselectorslikeemailaddressesbutalsousingsoftselectorslikekeywordsagainstthebodytextsofemailandchatmessagesanddigitaldocumentsandspreadsheetsinenglisharabicandchinesethisisusefulbecausealargeamountoftimespentonthewebisperformingactionsthatareanonymousandthereforethoseactivitiescantbefoundbyjustlookingforemailaddressesofatargetwhencontenthasbeenfoundtheanalystmightbeabletofindnewintelligenceorastrongselectorwhichcanthenbeusedforstartingatraditionalsearchbesidesusingsoftselectorsanalystscanalsousethefollowingotherxkeyscorecapabilitiesrefnamearsreflookfortheusageofgooglemapsandtermsenteredintoasearchenginebyknowntargetslookingforsuspiciousthingsorplaceslookforanomalieswithoutanyspecificpersonattachedlikedetectingthenationalityofforeignersbyanalyzingthelanguageusedwithininterceptedemailsanexamplewouldbeagermanspeakerinpakistanthebrazilianpaperogloboclaimsthatthishasbeenappliedtolatinamericaandspecificallytocolombiaecuadormexicoandvenezuelarefnameogloborefdetectpeoplewhouseencryptionbydoingsearcheslikeallprettygoodprivacypgpusageiniranthecaveatgivenisthatverybroadqueriescanresultintoomuchdatatotransmitbacktotheanalystshowingtheusageofvirtualprivatenetworksvpnsandmachinesthatcanpotentiallybehackercomputersecurityhackedviatailoredaccessoperationstaotrackthesourceandauthorshipofadocumentthathaspassedthroughmanyhandsonjulyardbroadcasterardrevealedthatxkeyscoreisusedtocloselymonitorusersofthetoranonymitynetworktoranonymitynetworkpeoplewhosearchforprivacyenhancingsoftwareonthewebandreadersoflinuxjournaltheguardianopinedinthatmostofthesethingscannotbedetectedbyothernsatoolsbecausetheyoperatewithstrongselectorslikeemailandipaddressesandphonenumbersandtherawdatavolumesaretoohightobeforwardedtoothernsadatabasesinnsaplannedtoaddanumberofnewcapabilitiesinthefuturelikevoiceoveripvoipexchangeableimagefileformatexiftagswhichoftenincludegeolocationglobalpositioningsystemgpsdatacontributiontoussecuritythensaslidespublishedintheguardianduringclaimedthatxkeyscorehadplayedaroleincapturingterroristsbywhichcouldnotbesubstantiatedastheredacteddocumentsdonotciteinstancesofterroristinterventionsareportfromthensaunitinthedaggercomplexclosetogriesheimhessegriesheimingermanysaidthatxkeyscoremadeiteasierandmoreefficienttotargetsurveillancepreviouslyanalysisoftenaccesseddatansawasnotinterestedinxkeyscoreallowedthemtofocusontheintendedtopicswhileignoringunrelateddataxkeyscorealsoprovedtobeoutstandingfortrackingactivegroupsassociatedwiththeanonymousgroupanonymousmovementingermanybecauseitallowsforsearchingonpatternsratherthanparticularindividualsananalystisabletodeterminewhentargetsresearchnewtopicsordevelopnewbehaviorsrefnamespiegellaurapoitrasmarcelrosenbachandholgerstarkspiegeldeinternationalworldgermanyisabothapartnertoandatargetofnsasurveillanceahtmlallyandtargetusintelligencewatchesgermanycloselyaugustreftocreateadditionalmotivationthensaincorporatedvariousgamificationfeaturesforinstanceanalystswhowereespeciallygoodatusingxkeyscorecouldacquireskilzpointsandunlockachievementsthetrainingunitsingriesheimwereapparentlysuccessfulandanalyststherehadachievedthehighestaverageofskilzpointscomparedwithallothernsadepartmentsparticipatinginthetrainingprogramusagebyforeignpartnersofthensagermanythatrevealsthebundesnachrichtendienstbndsusageofthensasxkeyscoretowiretapagermandomestictargetaccordingtodocumentsderspiegelacquiredfromsnowdenthegermanintelligenceagenciesbundesnachrichtendienstbndforeignintelligenceandbundesverfassungsschutzbfvdomesticintelligencewerealsoallowedtousethexkeyscoresysteminthosedocumentsthebndagencywasdescribedasthensasmostprolificpartnerininformationgatheringrefnamespiegelstaffjulyspiegeldeinternationalgermanygermanintelligenceagenciesusednsaspyingprogramahtmlprolificpartnergermanintelligenceusednsaspyprogramderspiegelretrievedaugustrefthisledtopoliticalconfrontationsafterwhichthedirectorsofthegermanintelligenceagenciesbriefedmembersofthegermanparliamentaryintelligenceoversightcommitteeonjulytheydeclaredthatxkeyscorehasbeenusedbythebndsinceandthatthebfvusesatestversionsincethedirectorsalsoexplainedthatthisprogramisnotforcollectingdatabutonlyforanalyzingthemswedenaspartoftheukusaagreementasecrettreatywassignedinbyswedenwiththeunitedstatestheunitedkingdomcanadaaustraliaandnewzealandcalledthefiveeyesforthepurposeofintelligencecollaborationanddatasharingaccordingtodocumentsleakedbysnowdenthenationaldefenceradioestablishmentswedennationaldefenceradioestablishmentfrahasbeengrantedaccesstoxkeyscorerefnamesvtsnowdrefjapantheclassifieddocumentsleakedbysnowdenalsoindicatethatinaprilnsahadsecretlyprovidedthexkeyscoresystemtothejapanesegovern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survivalrefnamesvetpluscomsvetpluscomvestixfactoradriaispalaaleksandrabrkovicbezpravanaborbuudueluxfactoradriaispalaaleksandrabrkovibezpravanaborbuuduelumuzikaregionvestisvetplusbotgeneratedtitlerefclasswikitableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncentercontestantsperformancesontheseventhliveshowscopecolactscopecolorderscopecolsongscopecolmovietvshowscopecolresultstylebackgroundlightbluescoperowaleksaperoviasadadiovruvetarbottomtwostylebackgroundlightbluescoperowmaidheimovifloydnacionalnaklasabottomtwoscoperowilmakarahmetineedtoknowbarbieastheislandprincesssafescoperowdanielkajmakoskiunchainedmelodyghostsafescoperowlukijanivanoviaintnosunshinenottinghillfilmnottinghillsafestylebackgroundpinkscoperowaleksandrabrkovireflectionsongreflectionmulanfilmmulaneliminatedscoperowdoktoriillbethereforyoutherembrandtssongillbethereforyoufriendssafescoperowtamaramilanoviskyfalladelesongskyfallskyfallsafecolspansingoffdetailsstylebackgroundpinkscoperowaleksaperovicolspanherewithoutyoueliminatedscoperowmaidheimovicolspanostalasiuvijekistasafejudgesvotestoeliminatejahovimaidheimovibackedherownactaleksaperovijoksimovialeksaperovibackedhisownactmaidheimovilesendrimaidheimovisaidthathelikesbothactsbutdecidedtokeepperovikovaaleksaperoviclaimedshehadtolistentoherheartandsendperovihomeweekmarchthemejudgessongsmusicalguestparnivaljaknakonsvihgodinaandsamodaznanataabekvalacnajgoraanastaniovajdanandslavkokalezikrivacclasswikitableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncentercontestantsperformancesontheeighthliveshowscopecolactscopecolorderscopecolsongscopecolresultstylebackgroundlightbluescoperowmaidheimovinijeljubavstvarbottomtwostylebackgroundlightbluescoperowilmakarahmetkaopticanamomdlanubottomtwoscoperowdoktoridatevolimsafescoperowlukijanivanovijotisenadamsafescoperowtamaramilanovisluajnosafescoperowdanielkajmakoskiljubavieljkojoksimovisongljubavisafecolspansingoffdetailsscoperowmaidheimoviodisejasafestylebackgroundpinkscoperowilmakarahmetkoraketiznameliminatedjudgesvotestoeliminatejoksimoviilmakarahmetbackedhisownactmaidheimovilesendrimaidheimovibackedhisownactilmakarahmetkovailmakarahmetstatedthatkarahmetwasstilltooyoungandthatshedoesntfeelemotionwhenkarahmetsingsjahoviilmakarahmetsaidthatsheknowswhatitmeanstobeandnothaveasongofyourownfinalweekmarchmusicalguestmarijaerifovijavolimsvojgrehtijanadapevitotheskytijanasongtotheskykikilesendripilotibandpilotikadasanjamoandmadlickheyyokoonoandwearethefutureclasswikitableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncentercontestantsperformancesonthefinalliveshowscopecolactscopecolorderscopecolfirstsongscopecolorderscopecolsecondsongscopecolorderscopecolthirdsongscopecolorderscopecolfourthsongscopecolresultstylebackgroundlightbluescoperowdoktoritroublemakerollymurssongtroublemakerjustthewayyouarebrunomarssongjustthewayyouarenanaalreadyeliminatednanaalreadyeliminatednanaalreadyeliminatedfifthplacestylebackgroundlightbluescoperowlukijanivanovidontyouworrychildnanaalreadyeliminatednanaalreadyeliminatednanaalreadyeliminatedfourthplacestylebackgroundffecscoperowdanielkajmakoskisexonfireangelsrobbiewilliamssongangelsthehardestthingtoeproeskisongthehardestthingreddanielmerriweathersongredwinnerstylebackgroundfbbscoperowmaidhecimovikaomojamatiehdajetugasnijegnanaalreadyeliminatednanaalreadyeliminatedthirdplacescoperowtamaramilanoviwreckingballmileycyrussongwreckingballjabihtesanjalarunsnowpatrolsongrundontyourememberrunnerupreceptioncontroversyandcriticismlgbtdiscriminationaccusationswhenfilipfifijanevskibornmalesteppedonstageduringtheauditionsshewasaskedbykristinaifshewantedtobereferredtoasamaleorafemaleafterfifisaidthatshewantedtobereferredtoasfemaleeljkoaskedhowcouldherefertohimasafemalewhenshesmalewhenfifisperformancewasoverallofthejudgesgavehimayesexcepteljkowhosaidhewasshockedandnotsurewhathemadeoftheactwhencommentingontheperformanceeljkorefrainedfromusingeithermaleorfemalesexwhentalkingtofifieljkoalsoaddedhesnotconservativewhichpromptedkristinatoaskhimyouarentwhenvotingbeforegivinganoeljkosaididontlikeitbutyousinggoodaftertheepisodewasbroadcastlgbtorganisationswereoutragedandwantedeljkotoapologizeforthewayheactedeljkorespondedontwitterthathedoesntthinkhedidanythingwrongandthateveryonesentitledtotheiropiniontheproducershavestatedthattherewasnohatespeechinthewayeljkotalkedtofifibrthesituationhadminorcoveragebywebsitesoutsidetheadriaregionincludingacommunityarticleonbuzzfeedandhuffingtonpostaleksandrabrkoviseliminationinweekwhentwoactswereeliminatedproductionfacedminorcriticismfromthepublicforeliminatingaleksandrabrkoviwithoutgivingherachancetosingforsurvivalafterthevotinglineshavebeenclosedforthatnightanagrubinsaidthattwoactswouldleavethecompetitioninsteadofonewithoutpreviouslyannouncingthechangeoftheruleswhenbottomthreewererevealedanaannouncedthataleksandrahadtheleastvotesandwouldleavewithoutsingingagainwhentheothertwoactsperformedandjudgeshadtovotewhichonewouldstaysomeofthejudgescommentedthattheythoughtitwasntfairforaleksandratoleavewithoutbeinggivenachancetofightforherplaceinthecompetitionbrinthedaysthatfollowedalotofaleksandrassupporterssaidthattheirvotesdidntgetthroughorgotthroughafterthevotinglineswereclosedjoksimovialsotweetedthathereceivedalotofcomplaintsfrompeoplewhohadproblemswithvotingthatnightsoonafterthatproducershadapressreleasewheretheystatedtherewasnoproblemswiththevotinglinesandthatthedoubleeliminationwaspreviouslyusedinthethexfactoruktvseriesbritishversionoftheshowandwasntathingtheymadeupepisodesclasswikitablesortablestyletextaligncenterwidthwidthstageofcompetitionwidthoriginalairdateauditionsoctoberauditionsnovemberauditionsnovemberauditionsnovemberauditionsnovemberauditionsspecialdecemberbootcampdecemberjudgeshousesgirlsboysdecemberjudgeshousesoversgroupsdecemberholidayspecialjanuaryliveshowjanuaryliveshowjanuaryliveshowjanuaryliveshowjanuaryliveshowfebruarymeetyourfavouritespecialfebruaryliveshowfebruaryliveshowfebruaryliveshowmarchfinalshowmarchreferencesxenoarchaeologychittagonguniversityofengineeringtechnologyguangzhoubaiyunairportcollisionsxogroupzwithstrokexxlfilmhimysweetheartliterallysouthernchanzentempleisacommoneastasiannameofbuddhisttemplesitmayrefertonanchantemplewutaishanxitheoldestexistingwoodenbuildinginchinananchantemplewuxiinwuxijiangsuchinananchantemplestationwuximetronanzenjikyotojapanamericandreamsinchinaneworientalhandcoolaestheticinfoboxmartialartistnamexuyannativenameimageimagesizecaptionbirthnameothernamesthechinesetigerbrphoenixnationalitychinesepeoplechinesebirthdatebirthplacebinzhouchinafightingoutofbeijingchinadeathdatedeathplaceheightweightweightclasswelterweightbrmiddleweightreachstylesanshoumuaythairankstanceorthodoxteambeijingshenghuainternationalfightingclubtraineryearsactivepresentkickboxwinkickboxkowinkickboxlosskickboxkolosskickboxdrawkickboxncotheroccupationspousechildrenrelativesstudentsuniversityurlupdateddecemberxuyanbornnovemberisachinachinesesanshoumuaythaikickboxingkickboxerwhocompetesinthemiddleweightdivisionamultipletimeprovincialandnationalsanshoutitlistinhishomecountryxulatermadetheswitchtokickboxingorientalorientalruleskickboxingandgainedrecognitionfightinginternationallyinpromotionssuchasfightcodekandshootboxingcareerxuyanbegansanshoutrainingatanearlyageandrosetoprominencebywinningprovincialtitlesinhisnativeshandongthreeyearsconsecutivelyhewontheshandongprovincesanshouchampionshipsatnbspkgnbsplbinandandatnbspkgnbsplbinstayingatnbspkgnbsplbhethenwonthechinesenationalsanshouclubchampionshipsinandandaffirmedhimselfasthecountrystopmiddleweightbywinningatournamentheldbyheroesoflegendsinjanuaryfightingforthefirsttimeinternationallyxuwaspartofateamofsanshoufightersthatchallengedshootboxingatshootboxingmusondintokyojapanonmayhelosttokenichiogatashootboxerkenichiogataviaakneestrikekneetothebodyknockoutinthethirdroundthefirstlossofhisprofessionalcareerinseptemberhewontheifbinternationalsandatournamentinguangzhouchinadefeatingmuaythaistylistakarnsannahabydecisioninthefinalamonthlateronoctoberxubeatjoeypagliusobyunanimousdecisioninshenzhenchinausinghisheightandreachadvantagetooutpointtheamericanxuwonasecondlegendofheroestournamentindecemberbeforelosingaunanimousdecisiontovuyisilecolossainthesamepromotioninbeijingchinaonjanuarymakingtheforayintokickboxingorientalorientalruleskickboxinghedebutedinkonmarchatkawardmaxkoreainseoulsouthkoreawherehelosttokimsekibytechnicalknockoutafterbeingdroppedtwiceinthesecondroundonmayhecompetedinthefourmanmiddleweighttournamentatthechallengereventheldatthevenetianmacaoinmacauafterbeatingkeijiozakibyunanimousdecisioninthesemifinalshelosttoheungpakwingbyfirstroundknockoutinthefinalxuyanthenreboundedwithasplitdecisionwinoverbaxterhumbyinlasvegasnevadaunitedstatesonaugustbeforereturningtoktofightyuichironagashimainanontournamentboutatthekworldmaxworldchampionshiptournamentfinalintokyoonoctoberalthoughaheavyunderdoghescoredanupsetwinbyknockingnagashimadownwithalefthookboxinghookinsidetheopeningthirtysecondsofthefightbeforefinishinghimwiththesametechniquesoonafterhewasthensettofacelimchibinatthekhaninseoulonnovemberbutlimwasreplacedbyleesuhwankickboxerleesuhwanhelosttoleebytkoinroundtwoafterbeginningtheyearwithwinsoverbenbarwiseandlewiscorrisxuwasgiventhetoughesttestofhiscareerintheformofbuakawporpramukinawulinfengpromotedeventathenanprovincialstadiuminzhengzhouchinaonjunexuwasoutfoughtandlostonpointshealsoreceivedacontroversialcountbytherefereeinroundtwoaftergoingdownfromalowblowcombatsportslowblowhefoughtandbeatanotherthaiinhisnextoutingoutpointingmalaipetsasiprapaatlegendsofheroesmuaythaivskungfuatthearenaofstarsinpahangmalaysiaonoctoberinhissecondappearanceonussoilxuwasscheduledtofightraulrodriguezatwulinfengbattleoflasvegasiionnovemberinlasvegasbutachangeoccurredasrodriguezwasreplacedbyshaneoblonskyhelostviaunanimousdecisionthreeweekslaterxuyanwasdraftedintotheeditionofthekingscupsupertournamentkingscupmuaythaitournamentasoneofthreereplacementfightersgoingdowninbangkokthailandondecemberxuwaseliminatedatthequarterfinalswhenhelosttoalexandervogelonpointsonmarchxufacedsudsakornsorklinmeeontheoktagoncardinmilanitalyroundonewasclosebutsudsak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oftheongoingviolenceandthreatstothepeaceandharmonyofthelocalxolobenicommunitythecompanyacceptsthatthefutureviabilityofthexolobeniprojectshouldbemanagedbystakeholdersandorganisationsexclusivelyownedbysouthafricanpeoplemrcplannedtodivestitsinteresttoitsblackeconomicempowermentpartnerkeyshainvestmentsrefnamegupulloutrefinseptembertheministerofmineralresourcesmosebenzizwaneannouncedanmonthmoratoriumonmininginthexolobeniareacitingthesignificantsocialdisintegrationandhighlyvolatilenatureofthecurrentsituationintheareatheapplicationbytransworldenergyandmineralresourcessawasfrozenandnonewapplicationswillbepermittedenvironmentalimpactassessmentinorderforthexolobeniprojecttomoveforwardaspersouthafricanlawandasadministeredbythedepartmentofmineralresourcesthecompanymustengageanindependentenvironmentalconsultanttoconductanenvironmentalimpactassessmentthecompanyhasstatedthattheeiaformsanimportantpartoftheirminingrightapplicationandisanimportantsourceofinformationfortheresidentsofthelocalcommunitywheretheminingisproposedwithouttheeialocalresidentsareunabletomakeafullyinformeddecisionoftheprosandconsoftheprojectthusarenotempoweredwiththenecessaryinformationtomakethedecisiontosupporttheproposedmineralsandminebasedonthemeritsoftheprojectversustheconsequencesofminingtotheircommunityinapriladelegationattemptingtoperformanenvironmentalimpactassessmentonbehalfoftheminingcompanywereforcedtoleavetheareaafterresidentsprotestedthecompanyhasstatedthatblockingthissiteaccessultimatelyresultsinrobbingthelocalresidentsoftheirrighttomakeinformeddecisionsontheirfutureandthefutureofgenerationstocomesocialandeconomicimpactsthebenefitstothelocalandregionaleconomyfromtheconstructionandoperationalphaseofthexolobeniprojectwillbesignificantespeciallyinanareawhereaccordingtothedepartmentoflocalgovernmentoftheeconomicallyactivepopulationieyearsofageareunemployedandofhouseholdsintheregionlivebelowtheminimumpovertyleveltheamadibacommunitytotalsandisoneofthemostimpoverishedinsouthafricathecompanyhasstateditbelievesthexolobeniprojecthasthecapacitytobethecatalystforsocialtransformationofoneofsouthafricaspoorestcommunitiesviolenceintheareaindecembervillagersreturningfromamassmeetingopposingthemineandindefenceofalocalheadwomanwhohadbeenintimidatedwereattackedbyagangwieldingknobkerriesandpangasfourmenwerearrestedfortheirpartintheattackrefnametlattackrefinmarchrhadebessonandwifewerealsoseriouslyinjuredduringtheassassinationrhadebehadallegedlywarnedofpoliceinvolvementintheviolenceagainstmineopponentsandshortlybeforehisdeathithasbeenallegedthathediscoveredahitlistofmineopponentsonwhichhisnamewasfirstthepolicehavenotbeenabletoverifytheallegationofahitlistastrueanothercommitteemembernonhlembuthumaclaimedthatrhadebewasmurderedbymenclaimingtobepoliceofficersandinavehiclewitharotatingbluelightrefnameassassinatedreftheminingcompanysentcondolencestothefamilyreferencesakemiokamurabedoonsocialclasstnkcompanytaxoboximagereefflickrnoaaphotolibraryjpgimagewidthpximagecaptionxestospongiamutaregnumanimaliaphylumseaspongeporiferaclassisdemospongiaeordohaploscleridafamiliapetrosiidaegenusxestospongiaspeciesseetextxestospongiaisagenusofspongeitcontainsthefollowingspeciesxestospongiaarenosasmallvansoestdeweerdtsmallxestospongiabergquistiasmallfromontsmallxestospongiabocatorensissmalldazthackerrtzlerpiantonismallxestospongiacaminatasmallpulitzerfinalismallxestospongiaclavatasmallpulitzerfinalismallxestospongiacoralloidessmalldendysmallxestospongiadelaubenfelsismallriverossmallxestospongiadeweerdtaesmalllehnertvansoestsmallxestospongiadiprosopiasmalldelaubenfelssmallxestospongiadubiasmallristausmallxestospongiaedaphasmalldelaubenfelssmallxestospongiaemphasissmalldelaubenfelssmallxestospongiafriabilissmalltopsentsmallxestospongiagrayismallhechtelsmallxestospongiahispidasmallridleydendysmallxestospongiainformissmallpulitzerfinalismallxestospongiamadidussmalldelaubenfelssmallxestospongiamammillatasmallpulitzerfinalismallxestospongiamenzelismalllittlesmallxestospongiamutasmallschmidtsmallxestospongianovaezealandiaesmallbergquistwarnesmallxestospongiapapuensissmallpulitzerfinalismallxestospongiaplanasmalltopsentsmallxestospongiaportoricensissmallvansoestsmallxestospongiarampasmalldelaubenfelssmallxestospongiaridleyismallkellersmallxestospongiatestudinariasmalllamarcksmallxestospongiatuberosasmallpulitzerfinalismallxestospongiavansoestismallbakusnishiyamasmallxestospongiavariabilissmalltopsentsmallxestospongiavariabilissmallridleysmallxestospongiaviridenigrasmallvaceletvasseurlvismallxestospongiawiedenmayerismallvansoestsmallreferencescomputerdisplaystandardwxgahueymiccaihuitlxboxconsolemodchipsxboxconsolespeciallimitededitionsxcaliburhakoneminamiakitadistrictakitaxmarkthexfactoruktvseriesthexfactoruktvseriesthexfactoruktvseriesshtarikenamijennyxcopsinfoboxroyaltynamexhelalpashazoguimagexhalalpashazogolligovernorofmatijpgspouseruhijhanemtitleshereditarygovernorofmatihousehouseofzogufathermahmudpashazogollimotherbirthdatebirthplacedeathdatedeathplaceviennaaustrohungarianempirereligionis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suchsimilarproblemsihadfacedplentyofproblemssinceiboughtitthaticouldntevenexpresswithwordsbutthesummerwastoohotformetodealwithyetanotherproblemthereforeitwasabandonedbythestreetuntiloctobersomeotherdaywhenihadtotakeataxiagainanimagesuddenlyappearedinmyheadagainsttheautumnwindisolitarilypushedthecaracrossthecityallthewaytoaplacesomewherethereforeconceivedtheworkpushingmycarandgallopinginthecityapproxmilestotheeastrefnameblogartinternnetarticlepushingmycarandgallopinginthecityapproxmilestotheeastartinternnetrefprocessfromthespotwherethecarisnowparkedwiththeshortestandmostpracticablerouteipushthecartothespecialmaintenancecenterthespotwherethecarisnowparkwhichisalsomyhomeisinthenorthwestcornerofthecitywhilethespecialmaintenancecenterisinthesoutheastcornerofthecitywhichistheonlyspecialmaintenancecenterinthecitybecausemycarisanichemodelthelineardistancebetweenthetwospotsareapproximatelymilesipresumetosendthecartothespecialmaintenancecenternonstopwithregulardietregardlessoftheweatherantecedentsofthecarthisismyfirstcarinlifeathreedoorversionsuvleftthefactoryinitsbodyispureyellowandtheinnerspaceconsistsofblackandrediboughtitonasecondhandcarmarketinthemiddleoficanttellitismadeinchinaormadeinjapanitisnotbecausewheniboughtittheformerownerhadalreadychangedtheoriginalcarlogointoanotherjapanesecarlogounderwhichtrademarkhasanothercaridenticalinappearancebutdifferentinperformancewiththisonebutbecausethatthechinesemanufacturerofthiscarhasusedjapaneseproductionlineandpatterndietoproducethecaralmostidenticaltojapanesecarinchinawhichmeansthecarisnotsomeproductsurrogatedbyjapanesecompanytomanufactureorsellinchinaconsideringtherelativelytenserelationshipbetweenchinaandjapanrecentlyithinkihavetomakesomeassistiveclarificationabouttheindividualcaseofthecarstandupwaitinginthedrainagepipemarchxingxinattendedtomorrowcontemporarysculptureawardandexhibitedhissculptureperformanceartworkstandupwaitinginthedrainagepipechinesetheaudiencewereintriguedbyxingxinsspecialsculpturewhichishighlyunusualtobeseeninasculptureexhibitionthecuratorbelievesthatthenotionofsculptureshouldbedynamicanditisnotjustaboutstiffandconfirmedobjectsrefnamecsinorgcnnewsdetailaspidcoverageissuedbychinasculptureinstituterefinspirationmarchinchengdumocachengdumuseumofcontemporaryarttheworkstandupwaitinginthedrainagepipefortheadventofhourslateraccordingtotheoriginalplanwassupposedtostandinadrainagepipeforhourshoweverminutesafteriwasputintothepipeicouldstanditanylongeritwasntbecauseofmylackofstrengthorwillpowerbutthatduringthepreparationiignoredtheprincipleofventilationidirectlydepositedthedrainagepipeonthefloorandsealeditsendanditcausedthecarbondioxidecouldntbedischargedfromthespaceofnbspcmdiameterandnbspcmhighwhichisbarelyenoughforapersontostandinandeventuallyitnearlykilledmeduringthelastminutesinthepipewhenifeltlackofoxygenandwaitedlikeforalifetimetoberescuedmyheadwasfilledwiththeimagesoftherescuescenesduringthemaysichuanearthquakewenchuanearthquakethatandvariouscoalminemishapscenesatthatmomentithinkifinallyunderstoodthefragilityoflifeiceaselesslytoldmyselfbreathebreatheicouldbeoutjustalittlebitlaterfinallyigotoutfromthedrainagepipewhichicouldneverescapeallbymyselfifeelreallyreallyluckythatiamstillalivelikealltheotherpeoplewhocameoutfromanycatastrophesagaintodayistandinthedrainagepipewhichalmostkilledmeitmightbeoutofsensationalizationpurposesormaybebecauseofmyfacesorthatisimplywanttoconqueritanywayidecidetounraveltothepeoplethecourseofmymindandheartdeclarationofperformanceartinchinathetermperformanceartisusuallydemonizedandthepracticeofperformanceartinchinavergesonsemilegalandillegalinordertosetstraightthedevelopmentcourseofperformanceartinchinaxingxinpubliclyannouncedhisdeclarationofperformanceartonaugustrefnamegaokaoeolcnsichuantshtmlcontroversyovernewperformanceartcourseinsichuanfineartsinstituterefrefnamesocietystnnccanjianthtmlartistsentencedreeducationthroughlaborforoneyearforperformanceartofsexualbehaviorbeijingyouthdailyrefcontentsifirmlybelievethathumanbehavioursguidedbyanythingelsebutartcouldinnowaybecalledperformancearthumanbehaviorsguidedbyartmaybejustartisticbehaviouralsoperformanceartisnotsimplyadisplayofbehavioursinthenameofartartworkersdailyornondailybehaviorscannotbeincludedintotheperimeterofperformanceartipersonallycontendthatanybehaviouraccordswiththefollowingcircumstancescouldnotbecalledperformanceartbigperformanceartisnotpoliticaleventbiganyeventincludingwarmassacreassassinationthreateningabuserevengeandetcinordertodefendonesowninterestsispoliticalviolenceitsnotartletaloneperformanceartperformanceartworkscouldincludepoliticaldiscussionsintoitscontentbutitisneverpoliticaleventitselfbigperformanceartisnotatooltocaterforradicalmovementsbigaparadedemonstrationorprotestistheparadedemonstrationorprotestitselfitwontchangeitspropertywithartistsparticipationitwontchangeitspropertywithanyonesnudityorblendinginanyaestheticelementssucheventshavenothingtodowithperformanceartperformanceartworkscouldincludeparadedemonstrationorprotestintoitscontentbutitshouldntbeassimpleasdirectlyparticipatinginitbigperformanceartisnotcommercialperformancebigbodypaintingbodyphotographybodyrunwayshowbodystreetdancelivingsculptureacrobaticsoranypeculiarlookingbehaviorsincoordinationwithactivitiessuchasopeningofrealestateautoexpomarketpromotionandholidaycelebrationsarenothingbutshowsnotperformanceartperformanceartcouldreferenceorusetheformsofbodypaintingbodyphotographybodyrunwayshowbodystreetdancelivingsculptureandacrobaticstopresentthecontentsoftheworkbutitshouldntmakeashowoftheshowonpurposebigperformanceartisnotarttisticbehaviorbigtheprocessofthealreadycategorizedpaintingplasticartsphotographyperformingartsmusicandcompetitivesportscouldnotbeseenstraightlyasperformanceartperformanceartcouldreferenceoruseanytechniquesandorformsfromcategoriessuchasfineartartsportandetctosupplementitsowncreationbigperformanceartisntanysubculturalgroupbehaviorbigsubculturalbehaviorssuchashomosexualitysadismmasochismbodypiercingtattooautosadismautotomyandetcareonlyaboutindividualandpersonalfondnessandsexualorientationssuchbehaviorsdonotdirectlyconnecttoperformanceartperformanceartworkscouldincludeculturessuchashomosexualitysmbodypiercingandtattoointoitscontentbutbehaviorspresentedbytheseculturesdonotstandforperformanceartbigperformanceartisntrumourorrandomspoofbigpersonalprivacydivulgencedeliberatelyandpubliclymanufacturedspoofingphotosorvideosarejustappetisersforuniversalvoyeuristicdesireandcuriositybuttheincidentitselfisnotperformanceartthesubjectofaperformanceartworkcouldbeabouthotissuesanditcouldbepresentedasparodybutitshouldnotbeaparodisticactionjustinordertoseekpublicattentionbigperformanceartisnotjustacombinationofartworkersfunnyappearanceandinappropriatebehaviorsbigwearingawigmustacheorplaitorcompletelyshavedheadnomatterhowpeculiartheartworkersappearanceisorhowheorsherespondstoquestionswithmystifyinganswerstheyarejustkickingupacloudofdusttogetpublicattentionsuchbehavioursarenotperformanceartperformanceartworkisnotabouttheartworkerspeculiarappearanceneitheristheirincoherentstyleofconversationoranyflashyshowmanshipwithacombinationofbothbigperformanceartisnotanexcuseforanymalefactionbighomiciderobberysexualabuseandanyothercrimecommittedonothersareonlymalefactionitcantberegardedasperformanceartduetothecriminaloffendersmayormaynotberoleofanartistoritsbizarreandeccentricmethodsofcrimethecontentofaperformanceartworkcouldbeaboutreflectingoncrimebutthemalefactionitselfisnotperformanceartrefnameblogartinternnetarticledeclarationofperformanceartartinternnetrefvideothevideoofxingxinsdeclarationofperformanceartisavailablearchiveisvyoukucomvshowidxnduzmtuwmjyhtmlheresoloexhibitionssmalljuneaugustveniceontheothersidethethirdsceneoftheblackboxintherdvenicebiennaleexhibitionacontemporaryartscenterchengduchinasmallrefnameveniceontheothersidecnaartcngalleryaspidveniceontheothersideacontemporaryartscenterrefsmalljulyaugustmeditationonfloatingiceartlaborgalleryshanghaichinasmallrefnamemeditationonfloatingicetheartkeycomindexphppageeventsididslenlangenmeditationonfloatingicetheartkeyrefsmalljunejulyyouthartistexperimentalseasonstroundexhibitionxingxinacontemporaryartscenterchengduchinasmallrefnameyeasstroundexhibitioncnaartcngalleryaspidyeasstroundexhibitionacontemporaryartscenterrefcollectionsmacaomuseumofartkidsofworkerscriticalandacademicstudiespersonalstructurestimespaceexistencesmallnumberonesmallsmallbypeterlodermeyerkarlyndejonghandsarahgoldpublishedbydumontgermanysmallreferencesavrokeyboardxmendaysoffuturepastreichsmarkinfoboxsettlementnamexiaduoputowntranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxidupzhnsettlementtypetownsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownimageskylinepictureimagemapmapcaptionlocationofthecountysubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamehunansubdivisiontypeorprefecturechinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountyorcountylevelcitysubdivisionnameningxiangningxiangcityareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautocoordinatespushpinmapchinahunanpushpinlabelpositionbottompushpinmapcaptionlocationinhunanelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodewebsitexiaduoputownisanurbantowninningxiangningxiangcityhunanhunanprovincechinaitissurroundedbybatangningxiangbatangtownandnantianpingtownshiponthewestjinzhouningxiangjinzhoutownandlijingpusubdistrictonthenorthwushansubdistrictchangshawushansubdistrictandbairuopuwangchengbairuoputownontheeastanddonghutangdonghutangtownonthesouthasofthecensusithadapopulationofandanareaofadministrativedivisionthetownisdividedintotwelvevillagesandonecommunityxiaduopucommunityxiangshanchongvillagesanqiaovillagefuanvillagelongfengshanvillagexinyijiavillagefenghuangvillagechangfengvillagejilongvillagexingwangvillageliuduanvillagegaoxinvillageandtianmanxinvillageeconomypeachesareimportanttotheeconomyrefnamebooknxrefculturehuaguxiisthemostinfluencelocaltheatertransportationnationalhighwayrunningthroughtheterritoryofwithsprovincialhighwayandcountyruralroadsandimprovetheformationtransportationnetworkthenationalhighwaycontinuesintoyiyangyiyangcitylinkxiaduoputowntolijingputownshipyutansubdistrictchengjiaosubdistrictningxiangchengjiaosubdistrictjinghuaputownshipattractionsfenghuangmountainnationalforestparkwaslocatedinthetownisafamousscenicspotxiangshantempleisabuddhismtempleinthetownreferencesreferencesreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementnamexiangzikoutowntranslitlangchinesetranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxingzkuzhnsettlementtypetownsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownimageskylineresidentialbuildingsinxiangzikoutownofningxiangfebruaryjpgimagecaptionresidentialbuildingsinxiangzikoutownofningxianghunanchinaimagemapmapcaptionlocationofthecountysubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamehunansubdivisiontypeorprefecturechinaprefecturesubdivisionnamesubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountyorcountylevelcitysubdivisionnameningxiangningxiangcityareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautocoordinatespushpinmapchinahunanpushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapcaptionlocationinhunanelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodewebsitexiangzikoutownisatownchinatowninningxiangningxiangcityhunanhunanprovincechinaitissurroundedbydafuanhuadafutownonthewestweishantownshipningxiangweishantownshiponthenorthhuangcaihuangcaitownontheeastandlongtianningxianglongtiantownandshatiantownshiponthesouthasofthecensusithadapopulationofandanareaofadministrativedivisionthetownisdividedintotwelvevillagesandonecommunityxiangzikoucommunitylianhuavillageguanshanvillagexinshuvillageshuanghevillageshichongvillagexiangshivillagezhitianvillagehuanghevillagexianlongtanvillagefurengvillagehuaqiaovillageandjinfengyuanvillageeconomycastaneamollissimachinesechestnutisimportanttotheeconomyrefnamebooknxrefeducationthereisoneseniorhighschoollocatedwiththetownlimitsningxiangtenthseniorhighschoolculturehuaguxiisthemostinfluencelocaltheaterattractionsondecemberlocalpeoplediscoveredbridgestherewerebuiltduringthereignoftheqianlongemperornotableindividualsyifuwasanotedwriterandpoetofsongdynastyreferencesreferencesreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementnamexieleqiaotowntranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxilqiozhnsettlementtypetownsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownimageskylinepictureimagemapmapcaptionlocationofthecountysubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamehunansubdivisiontypecityorprefecturechinaprefecturesubdivisionnamechangshasubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountyorcountylevelcitysubdivisionnameningxiangningxiangcountyareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautocoordinatespushpinmapchinahunanpushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapcaptionlocationinchinaelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodewebsitexieleqiaotownisanurbantowninningxiangningxiangcountychangshacityhunanprovincechinaitissurroundedbyhuitanghuitangtownandfengmuqiaotownshiponthewestshuangfupushuangfuputownonthenorthzifuontheeastandjinsouxiangxiangjinsoutownshiponthesouthasofthecensusithadapopulationofandanareaoffengmuqiaotownshipfengmuqiaotownshipandxieleqiaotownmergedtohuitanghuitangtownonnovemberadministrativedivisionthetownisdividedintoninevillagesandonecommunityxieleqiaocommunityshuinanvillagefujianvillagekangningvillagebashivillageshuangpenvillagezhutianvillagefenhuavillagejiangjunvillageandjinongvillagegeographywuriverningxiangwuriveratributaryoftheweiriverhunanweiriveritflowsthroughthetownrefnamebooknxrefeconomyteacitrusandprunusmumeareimportanttotheeconomyeducationtherearetwojuniorhighschoolsandsixprimaryschoolslocatedwiththetownculturehuaguxiisthemostinfluencelocaltheaterreferencesreferencesreferencescobimetinibenheduannaxangahvikrantrouhanisurnamemomoirocloverzmomoirocloverzmomoirocloverzsonyxperiazultrakandashrineinfoboxcompanynamexboxentertainmentstudioslogoxboxentertainmentstudioslogopnglogosizepxcaptiontypesubsidiaryofmicrosoftstudioscompanysloganfateclosedfoundationdefunctlocationsantamonicacaliforniaunitedstateskeypeoplenancytellempresidentindustryvideogameindustrybrtelevisionindustryproductsownermicrosoftnumemployeesparentmicrosoftstudioshomepagexboxentertainmentstudioswasanunitedstatesamericantelevisionandmoviestudiobasedinsantamonicacaliforniacreatedinternallybymicrosoftstudiosininordertocreateinteractivetelevisioncontentforxboxliveandevenashu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eaderthroughoutthefirsthalfofhoweveronseptemberitwasreportedbythefinancialtimesthatthexboxhadbeensurpassedbythewiiintermsofworldwidehomeconsolesalesrefnamewiileadsrefonoctoberafterthelaunchofhalomicrosoftstatedthatxboxsaleshadmorethandoubledcomparedtothepreviousaverageaccordingtothenpdgroupthexboxoutsoldthewiiforthemonthofseptemberintheunitedstateshelpedinpartbythespikeinsalesseenafterthelaunchofhalowhichsoldmillioncopiesintheusinadayperiodthexboxhadsalesofunitsforseptemberwhilethewiihadsalesofunitsdespitetherelativelystrongsalesfiguresmicrosoftsgamingdivisionwaslosingmoneythroughthexboxgamingdivisionhadlostoverbillionhowevermicrosoftexpectedtheconsoletostartmakingmoneyinduetoalossleadermarketstrategyofsellingconsolesbelowcostinordertoobtainmarketsaturationandgainprofitsonsoftwareandperipheralswithamuchhigherprofitmarginrefciteweburltheregistercoukxboxcomponentbreakdowntitlexboxcoststhirdmoretomakethanitsellsforaccessdateauthortonysmithdatepublishertheregisterrefadditionallymicrosofttookachargeofbilliononitsjuneincomestatementtoaccountforthecostofreplacingbrickelectronicsbrickedxboxsineuropethexboxsoldmillionunitsinvideogamingeuropeinandmillioninvideogaminghardwareandsoftwaresalesinaccordingtoestimatesbyelectronicartsinthexboxsoldmillionunitsintheusaccordingtothenpdgroupandinjapanaccordingtoenterbraininvideogaminghardwareandsoftwaresalesinthexboxsoldunitsinjapanaccordingtoenterbrainrefnamejapanrefrefnamejapanrefonmaymicrosoftstatedthattherewillnotbeareleaseofanewerversionofthexboxinmicrosoftrepresentativesayswhilewemicrosoftdontnormallycommentonrumorslikethisreleaseofnewerandsmallerxboxwecantellyouthatwehavenoplanstoreleaseanewconsoleinonmaymicrosoftannouncedthatsaleshavesurpassedthemillionunitmarkstatingthatwasmicrosoftsbiggestyearinhistoryalsoduetotheincreaseofxboxliveusersonjanuarymicrosoftstatedthatthexboxsoldovermillionunitsworldwideduringtheircesconferenceinadditiontheystatedthatthekinectsoldaboutmillionunitsmillionmorethaninitiallypredictedduringtheproductsfirstdaysonthemarketitwasalsoannouncedthatxboxlivehadmorethanmillionusersmakingthebestyeartodatefortheonlineservicerefnameworldwidesalespublishereurogamerrefonfebruarymicrosoftreportedthatithassoldmillionunitsworldwideandmillionkinectsensorsrefnamemkinectrefmicrosoftannouncedthexboxonesuccessortothexboxatelectronicentertainmentexpoeonjuneitisfoundinonlyblackblackcolorthelengthwidthandheightisandinchesrespectivelytheyalsoannouncedthatthexboxwouldreceiveanexternalaestheticredesignbasedontheupcomingxboxonedesignwiththeupdatedconsoleitselfreleasedonthesamedayastheannouncementreferencesnishikawacastlesapozhnikovxwaycrossingbaixuexmountredirectcategoryshellthexboxtechnicalspecificationsdescribethevariouscomponentsofthexboxconsolexboxvideogameconsolecentralprocessingunitcentralprocessingunitcpubitnbsphertzmhzcustomintelpentiumiiicopperminemicroprocessorcopperminebasedprocessorinamicropgapackagethoughsolderedtothemainboardusingballgridarraybganbspnanometrenmprocessrefnameanandtechrefdonotchangethistopentiumitisnotapentiumunlessithasnbspkbormorelcacheitisessentiallyanintelceleronbutwithbettercacheperformancenbspmhzbitgtlfrontsidebusfsbtogpugbsbandwidthkilobytekblcpucachecachenbspkbondielcachestreamingsimdextensionsssefloatingpointsimdfoursingleprecisionsingleprecisionfloatingpointnumbersperclockcyclemmxinstructionsetmmxintegersimdmemorysharedgraphicsmemorysubsystemnbspmebibytembddrsdramatnbspmhzindualchannelbitconfigurationgivingnbspmbsgbsmaximumofgbsbandwidthaccessiblebycpufsbtheoreticalgbsbandwidthsharedbyrestofthesystemsuppliedbyhynixorsamsunggroupsamsungdependingonmanufacturedateandlocationgraphicsprocessingunitgraphicsprocessingunitgpuandsystemchipsetnbspmhzcomparisonofnvidiagraphicsprocessingunitscomparisontableconsolegpusnvaapplicationspecificintegratedcircuitasiccodevelopedbymicrosoftandnvidiaandessentiallyavariantofgeforcechipsfloatingpointperformancegflopsgeometryenginemillionvertexgeometryverticessecondmillionparticlesystemparticlessecondpeakpixelpipelineswithtexturemappingunittextureunitseachpeakfillraterenderingfillratepixelmegapixelssecondnbspmhzpipelinestexturefillratetexelgraphicsmegatexelssecondnbspmptextureunitsrealisticfillraterenderingfillratemegapixelssecondwithzbufferingdistancefogfoggingalphablendingandtexturemappingtexturefillratemegatexelssecondmptextureunitspeaktriangleperformancepixeltrianglessraworwithtexturesandlightingpixeldividedfrompeakfillratetrianglesperframeatframestrianglesperframeatframesrealistictriangleperformancepixeltrianglesswithtextureslightingzbufferingfoggingandalphablendingpixeldividedfromrealisticfillratetrianglesperframeatframestrianglesperframeatframestexturesperpassstexturecompressiontexturecompressionspatialantialiasingfullsceneantialiasingnvquincunxsupersamplingmultisampleantialiasingmultisamplingbilinearfilteringbilineartrilinearfilteringtrilinearandanisotropicfilteringanisotropictexturefilteringperformanceliesbetweenanormalgeforceseriesnontigpuandageforceseriesgputhisisduetotheaddedvertexshaderpresentont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osjunglecitystudiosandovenstudiosbothinnewyorkcitytrackdownstudiosinsydneyandtritonusstudiosinberlinduringaninterviewwithaustralianradiostationnovaradionetworknovainnovembertedderrevealedthathehadcollaboratedwithbeyonconasongforherthenupcomingalbumalongwiththedreamfurthersayingpersonallythesongwedidilikemorethanhaloithinkitsabiggerbettersonghoweverheacknowledgedthathedidnotknowwhenthesingerplannedtoreleasenewmaterialforherfifthalbumthepreviousmonthitwasreportedbyasourcetothedailynewsnewyorkdailynewsthatbeyoncplannedtoreleaseanewsingleandvideoondecemberthepublicationfurtherspeculatedthatthesinglewasexpectedtobethesongwhosemusicvideowasfilmedinaugustofthesameyearnbspxolaterwhenbeyoncalbumbeyoncwasreleasedbillboardmagazinebillboardreportedthatblowbeyoncsongblowwouldbereleasedasthecontemporaryhitradiosinglebothintheusandworldwideanddrunkinlovewouldbesenttourbancontemporaryurbanradiointheusonlyxowasscheduledtobereleasedasthesecondworldwideradiosingleinrefnamebillboardsecretrefhoweverradioprogrammersreportedlypushedbackagainstthereleaseofblowtomainstreamstationsfindingitslyricstobeveryexplicitfortheformatandproposingthatxobereleasedinitsplacethereleaseofblowwasthereforescrappedandxoimpactedcontemporaryhitradioinitalyandadultcontemporarymusicadultcontemporaryradiointheusondecemberrefnamehotmodrefitwasalsosenttousmainstreamrefnamectmprefurbanrefnameurbanrefandrhythmicradioondecemberrefnamertmcrefcompositionxoisatempomidtempopopmusicpopelectropopandcontemporaryrbrblovepowerballadthatbearsresemblancetobeyoncsownsonghalobeyoncsonghalowhichwasalsoproducedbytedderthesongalsoconsistsofrufflesandflourisheselectronicflourishesandloopmusicloopedostinatoriffriffpatternsbroughtaboutbyanorganmusicorganinstrumentchrisbosmanfromconsequenceofsounddescribedthesongasablendofcinematicreachofmoderntoppopwiththepatienceandmelancholyofpostsheartbreakshiphopkevinfallonfromthedailybeastcomparedthesongsstadiumsoundtotracksbythebandurefandthecroakinessinhersoulfulvoicecomplementstheupliftingchoruslinesbabylovemelightsoutasnotedbymusiccriticsthesonggivestheimpressiontohavebeenrecordedinastadiumfulloffansduetoitscelebratorygrooveandcallandresponsechoruslinesbeyoncsvocalsinthesongspanfromthenoteofamusicalnoteasubsubtothenoteofamusicalnoteasubsubwhenaskedaboutherrawvocalsinthesongpreviouslyunheardonhermaterialandthesongslesspolishedsoundbeyoncrevealedthatxowasrecordedwhenshehadabadsinusinfectionshefurtherrevealeditwasrecordedasademomusicdemoinseveralminutestheoriginaldemovocalswerekeptforayearwithoutbeingrerecordedasthesingerreallylovedtheimperfectionsandwantedtofocusonthealbumsmusicinsteadofthevocalsthelyricsofxoexpressacheerfulcelebrationofloveandlifeasbeyoncattemptstocreatelightfromdarknessithasbeendescribedasauniversallovesongwhichtalksaboutdifferenttypesofrelationshipsthesingerlaysemphasisontheimportanceoflivingthepresentwithapersonslovedoneaslifeisunpredictableshefurthersingsaboutthetragedyandmagnificencethatlifecanholdthroughoutthesongthesingeradoptsahopefulattitudeandseemstohavegoneintrancewithloveastatewhichisfurtheraugmentedbythefactthatsheemploysagenerallylowregistercaitlinwhitefromthewebsitetheinterpretedthesongslyricsindepthblockquoteinthedarkestnightofhateandintoleranceweseeimpossiblelovestoriesconqueringwhatourgovernmentsandsocietiesdeclareislegallyallowedtobeloveitisforlovethattranscendstheromanticconceptionofmanandwomanandstretchesoutintotheimpossibilitiesofthecosmositleavesroomforfailurebuthopesforsuccessblockquotetheopeninglinesofxoareecholadenandincontrasttoothersongsonbeyonctheballadcontainsseveralhookmusichooksbeyoncstartsthesongbyaskingalovedonetokisshersomeoftheascendingrefrainchoruslinesarecallandresponsemusiccallandresponsebeyoncisbackingvocalistbackedbyasingalongcrowdasshesingsabouthowherdarkestnightsareenlightenedbytheloversfaceinthedarkestnighthourisearchthroughthecrowdyourfaceisallthatiseeigiveyoueverythingthechorusendswiththesingeraddingbabylovemelightsoutwithacroakinhervoicerefnamehananrefsamplingcontroversycrewwhodiedduringthespaceshuttlechallengerdisasterspaceshuttlechallengerdisasterthesongbeginswithasixsecondlongsampleofformernasapublicaffairsofficerstevenesbittrecordedmomentsafterspaceshuttlechallengerdisasterspaceshuttlechallengerdisasteronjanuaryflightcontrollersherelookingverycarefullyatthesituationobviouslyamajormalfunctiontheuseofthesamplehasbeencriticizedinthemediaincludinghardeepphullofthenewyorkpostwhodescribeditspresenceinthesongastastelessrefnamenypostrefformernasaastronautsandfamilieswerealsodismayedandlabeledtheuseofthesampleasinsensitivekeithcowingofnasawatchsuggestedthattheuseofthecliprangedfromnegligencetorepugnancerefnamenasawatchrefondecembernasacriticizedtheuseofthesamplestatingthechallengeraccidentisanimportantpartofourhistoryatragicreminderthatspaceexplorationisriskyandshouldneverbetrivializednasaworkseverydaytohonorthelegacyofourfallenastronautsaswecarryoutourmissiontoreachfornewheightsandexploretheuniverseearlieronthesamedatebeyonchadissuedastatementtoabcnewsinresponsetothefamiliesexplainingwhysheandhercosongwritersdecidedtoincludetheaudiosampleinxoblockquotemyheartgoesouttothefamiliesofthoselostinthechallengerdisasterthesongxowasrecordedwiththesincerestintentiontohelphealthosewhohavelostlovedonesandtoremindusthatunexpectedthingshappensoloveandappreciateeveryminutethatyouhavewiththosewhomeanthemosttoyouthesongwritersincludedtheaudiointributetotheunselfishworkofthechallengercrewwithhopethattheywillneverbeforgottenblockquoteforrestwickmanofslatemagazineslatemagazinedefendedbeyoncschoicetousethesampleandcriticizedthemediareportsfortheirdismissiveinterpretationofthesongsvaguelyricsasbeingaboutagirlinarelationshipaccordingtowickmanthelyricsofthesongrefertomortalityandtheurgencyofspendingtimewiththeonesyoulovebeforeyoulosethembecauseyouneverknowwhenthatcouldbethisisshowninthehooklinesbabykissmebeforetheyturnthelightsoutyoubetterkissmebeforeourtimehasrunoutasimilarinterpretationwasvoicedbydouglaswolkofwiredwebsitewiredwhochallengedthenotionofthesamplebeingsimplyatrivializationinsteaddescribingitasaswiftunderstatedandbrutalreminderthateverythingcangohorriblywrongbeforeanyoneunderstandswhatshappeningandthatthelightcouldbeextinguishedatanymomentrefnamewiredrefwickmanconcludediftheresanythinganyoneshouldknowbynowaboutbeyoncknowlesitsthattheresnothinginherselfpresentationthatisntcarefullychosenrefnameslaterefcaitlinwhitefromthewebsitethenotedthattherewasareasonforthesongbeingcouchedinwarningsofmalfunctionandtragedyelaboratingasfarcontroversydenyingbeyoncetheabilitytoembracetheintertextualityofincorporatingahistoricalrecordinglikethechallengerexplosionisanattempttorelegateherarttoalowerformofpoliticaldiscourseonethatsnotworthyofinteractingwithaneventofculturalsignificancelikethisbutthisisnotjustapopalbumitsawomanholdingforthontheroleofwomeninoursocietyhowtheyshouldapproachthenuancesoftheirlifeandmostimportantlyhowtheycanchoosetovaluerelationshipsthatisntjusttheworkofadivathatistheworkofapoliticalfigurecriticalreceptionmikewassofthewebsiteidolatorwebsiteidolatordescribeditasaradioreadyanthemwhichisimpossibletobeatmarchoganofthesamepublicationdescribedthesongasapotentialradiohitthatloomslargestfromthealbumhefurtherwentontopraiseitsgrandlyswayinghookthatmakestheonefromjessiewareswildestmomentssoundunderstatedshewentontopraisethesingersvocalperformanceinthesongconcludingalloftheflawlessnesshereisbrilliantlyundercutbythatgravellycroakrefnamepoprefthesongspopandsingalongsoundandproductionreceivedpraisebycriticsgregkotfromthechicagotribunedescribedthesongsproductionaspredictableandopinedthattheaudiencesingalongchorussoundedlikeitwascreatedspecificallyforbeingperformedduringanarenaencorephilipsherburneofspinfoundzerogbouncewhichpurelyintermsofsonicsmakesthemostcompellingargumentforspacetourismihaveyettocomeacrossmanycriticsconsideredxotobeahighlightonthealbumdrownedinsoundsrobertleedhamopinedinhisreviewofthealbummostgloriousofallisxoasupermassivedumbstruckodetobeinginloveandcaringaboutfuckallelseitstheonealbumtrackthatslinearenoughtowithstandadrunkensingalongrefnamedrownedreflavanyaramanthatanofthewashingtonpostdescribedthesongasaswellinganthemandoneofthehighlightsofbeyoncrefnamewashpostrefcaitlinwhitefromthewebsitethehailedxoasthealbumscrowningtrackitfeelslikeevenmoreofatriumphrefnamethefourrefphilipcosoresfrompastemagazinepastemagazinenotedthatthesongalongwithseveralothersintheclosingportionofthealbumwasprobablythebestofhercareerrefnamepastemagrefjordansargentfromcomplexmagazinedescribedxoasthepurestlovesongonbeyoncrefnamesargentrefhoweveramoremixedreviewcamefromclairelobenfeldofthesamepublicationwhofeltthatitwastheonlyskippabletrackofthealbumduetoitsmawkishfeelsimilarlychriskellyoffactukmagazinefactmagazinewrotethatthesongreeksofryantedderspaintbynumberhitmakingrecognitionandaccoladesundertheradarmagazineundertheradarsryanechammarguedthatxomadeastrongcaseforbeingincludedassongoftheyearonseveralyearendlistshoweverhenotedthatthiswasnotpossibleasthelistshadalreadybeencompiledandpublishedwhenthesongwasreleasedhoweverrobsheffieldofrollingstoneplacedxoatnumberinhisyearendlistofthebestsongsofthesongwasfurtherrankedatnumberintheannualpazzandjopmasscriticspolloftheyearsbestinmusicinvultureswriterjodyrosenlistedthesongatnumberonhislistofthegreatestschlocksongsevercallingitaninstantclassicthegrandsparklyproductionscreamsthethemehowlovebearsouttotheedgeofdoomandallthatistimelessthesameyearhefurtherincludedthesonginhislistofthebestsongsbybeyoncpublishedinthenewyorktimesxoisnominatedinthecategoryforbestsongattheworldmusicawardschartperformancexodebutedatnumberontheusbillboardhotbillboardhotfortheweekendingjanuarythesonggraduallyascendedthechartandinitsfifthweekonthechartissuedatedfebruaryitpeakedatnumberitspentfiveadditionalweeksonthebillboardhotbeingplacedatnumberinitslastweekbeforefallingoutofthechartonthemainstreamtopairplaychartitdebutedatnumberfortheweekendingjanuarythenextweekxomovedtonumberonthatchartanditeventuallypeakedatnumberspendingatotalofeightweeksonthemainstreamtopontheushotrbhiphopsongschartthesinglerea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offallinginlovehedescribedthetoneasappropriateanddifferentfromtherestofthevideosonthealbumandnotedthatitsdirectorusedpinkandbluecolorsinthescenestocapturethefeelofbuddingromancetylerhananfromthewebsiteunderthegunreviewwrotethatthevideohasalllightsonblastandallagesincludedandaddedthatitwascompletewithsmilesjoyandgoodnaturedsillinessmelindanewmanfromthewebsitehitfixdescribedbeyoncslookinthevideoassultryslightlyeuphoricandnoteditsmainthemebeingaboutcomparinglovetoacarnivalsheconcludedthatthevideoforxoisinterestingalmostasifwereseeingherinsomestateofheightenedrealityenhancedbysomemoodalteringsubstanceormaybethatsjustwhatlovedoestobeyoncmichellecollinsfromthevanityfairdescribedthesingerslookasyoungcarefreefurtherdescribingthevideoasfomotothemaxhoweverwhitneyphaneufofthewebsitehitfixgaveamixedreviewcomparingthevideotomariahcareysfantasymariahcareysongfantasysayingthatthelattersclipmadetherollercoasterlookbetterthevideowasnominatedinthecategoryforbestvideoattheworldmusicawardsliveperformancesbeyoncperformedxoliveforthefirsttimeondecemberduringaconcertinchicagoaspartofherthemrscartershowworldtourpriortotheperformancesherevealedthatthesongwaswrittenforherfansandaddedthisisthefirsttimesomethingillneverforgetshethenperformedthesongasacallandresponsewiththecrowdstaceyandersonfromrollingstonewrotethatthesongwasdeliveredwithvisibleemotionandseeminglywithaspontaneityabsentfromtherestofthepreciseoperationxowasaddedtothesetlistandperformedliveduringthesecondeuropeanlegofthemrscartershowworldtourinfromfebruarytomarchgraemevirtueoftheguardianreviewedtheperformancesofxoandhalopositivelysayingthatshemanagedtotransformthemonumentalsongsintointimateminiaturesthroughsheerforceofwillwhiledancingandinteractingwiththecrowdaloneonstagethesongsfirsttelevisedperformancewasatthebritawardsonfebruarymarkingherfirstperformanceattheceremonysincetheoneheldinbritawardstheperformancewasconfirmedbyjamescordenonbbcradioseveralhourspriortotheceremonyfollowingrumoursthatcirculatedforseveralweekseonlinesbrunanessifwrotethatthesingerabsolutelystunnedasshebeltedthesweetballadgivingtheaudienceamemorableshowtherewasnoextraglitzorglamournotreallynecessarywithadresslikethatorbackupdancersandcrazyanticsthesingersmainfocuswereherpowerhousevocalsmarksavageofbbcnewsopinedtheunbilledstrippedbackperformanceofxowasundoubtedlythenightsmostflawlessvocalalexispetridisoftheguardiandescribedherasclearlythestaroftheshowhowevermarksutherlandoftherollingstonegaveamixedreviewabouttheperformancesayingitwasabitdullatthemtvvideomusicawardsonaugustbeyoncperformedxoliveduringamedleyconsistingofsongsfromherselftitledalbumsheperformedthesongdressedinabejeweledbodysuitanddedicatedittoherfansastheclosingtrackofherperformancestatingthisoneisformyincrediblefansifitwasntforyouiwouldntbeonthisstagenadeskaalexisfrommtvnewsfeltthatthesingerkepttheaudienceliftedwiththeperformanceofthesongcreditsandpersonnelcreditsadaptedfromthelinernotesofbeyoncrefnamelinerrefsongcreditsbeyoncknowlesnbspsongwritingleadvocalsmusicproductionvocalproductionthedreamteriusnashnbspsongwritingmusicproductionadditionalpianobackgroundvocalsryanteddernbspsongwritingmusicproductionrecordingotherinstrumentsmusicprogrammingbackgroundvocalshitboynbspadditionalmusicproductionhazebangamusicnbspadditionalmusicproductionstuartwhitenbsprecordingbartschoudelnbsprecordingramonrivasnbspengineeringjustinhergettnbspassistantengineeringandrewschepsnbspmixingtomcoynenbspmasteringayamerrillnbspmasteringvideocreditsfeaturingnbspjourdandunnjessicawhitemusicvideodirectordirectornbspterryrichardsoncreativedirectornbsptoddtoursodirectorofphotographynbspstarrwhitesidesexecutiveproducernbspcoleenhaynesproducernbspadambaxterproductioncompanynbspblackdogfilmschoreographynbspleeannecallahanlongokwasifordjoursamgreenbergpersonalstyliststylistnbsplysacooperadditionalstylingnbsptyhunterraquelsmitheditornbsphollesingerforconsulateltdbrandmanagernbspmelissavargashairnbspnealfarinahmakeupnbspfrancescatolotnailsnbsplisalogancolorcorrectionnbsplightironvisualeffectsnbspkromaphotographynbspmasonpoolechartsweeklychartsclasswikitableplainrowheaderssortablestyletextaligncenterscopecolchartscopecolpeakbrpositionscoperowaustraliaurbanariachartsariarefnameariaurbrefscoperowbelgiumultratipflandersrefnameflandersrefscoperowbelgiumultratopflandersurbanscoperowbelgiumultratipwalloniascoperowbrazilbillboardbrasilhotbillboardbrasilhotrefnamebrabillrefstyletextaligncenterscoperowcanadacanadachrtopscoperowcanadacanadahotacscoperoweuropeeurodigitalsongsscoperowfrancesyndicatnationaldelditionphonographiquesnepscoperowgermanymediacontrolchartsmediacontrolagscoperowjapanbillboardmagazinebillboardjapanhotscoperowmexicoinglesairplaybillboardmagazinebillboardscoperownetherlandsdutchtopscoperownewzealandrecordedmusicnzrefnamenzpeakrefscoperowsloveniaslotopaligncenterscoperowsouthkoreainternationalsinglesgaonchartgaonscoperowswedensverigetopplistanyearendchartsclasswikitableplainrowheaderssortablestyletextaligncenterscopecolchartscopecolpeakbrpositionscoperowaustraliaurb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donmanysandboxmmorpggameliststhegameworldiscurrentlybothplayerversusenvironmentpveandopenplayerversusplayerpvpwithplayersbeingsafefromotherplayersonlyinthestarterareafoundersisleandontheirowntribelanddevelopmentxsyonenteredaprereleasephaseinmarchtheofficialpreludephaselaunchedonmarchthegameisundercontinualdevelopmentandathirdfullyfeaturedphasexsyonapocalypseisplannedonnovemberakickstartercampaignwaslaunchedtoraisefundstopayforfasterdevelopmentofthegamethegamerunsapremiumsubscriptionmodeltoaccessallcontentinjanuaryxsyonenteredthesteamgreenlightprogramtheentryprogramforgamesthateventuallylaunchonsteamsoftwaresteamondecemberxsyonwasofficiallyreleasedonsteamasanearlyaccessgameinseptemberxsyonreachedthetopofovergamesinthesteamgreenlightprogramsettingxsyonprovidesanalternaterealityfantasysettinginanapocalypticenvironmentsetinthenearfuturexsyonisanapocalypticfabledrawingitsinspirationfromnativeamericanhistorymythologyandpropheciesoftheapocalypsemostaspectsofmodernlifearegonetheleadersofthenewworldundertheguidanceoftheonceforgottengodshavehiddentracesofthescientificprogressthatledtothedevastationoftheearthmodernvehiclesweaponsappliancescomputersandeventhebooksthatdescribethesethingsarepracticallynowheretobefoundthelandscapeofthelaketahoebasinprovidesawildernesssettingwithfewtracesofmoderncivilizationasacleanslateforthefirstsettlersofxsyontoconstructtheirworldthesocietyofthepastprimarilythewashoeindiansandtheearlypioneersliveoncemorejuxtaposedwiththeremnantsofmodernsocietyplayersroleplayassurvivorswhohavewokenupaftertheapocalypsehavingforgottenalltechnologytheyknewbeforeandbegintryingtomakesenseoftheirnewsurroundingsasanexplorerandsettlerofthisnewworldplayershavemanychoicestheycanspecializetheirskillsorbecomeajackofalltradestheycanplayaspartofatribesociallyinvolvedwithmanyotherplayersorcanexploretheworldasaloneadventurerfeaturestheingameworldhasadynamicenvironmentwhichfeaturesarealisticdaynightcycleseasonalchangesandweatherconditionsincludingsnowandraintheenvironmentisinfluencedandmanagedbyplayersnaturalresourcesintheworldareaffectedbytheactionsofplayerstheycanbeharvestedtoextinctionorpreservedtreesageandgrowandcanbeplantedandchoppeddownanimalsagebreedmutateandmigratetobalancetheirpopulationxsyonfeaturesaterraformingsystemwhichallowsplayerstosculptthelandandpreparefoundationsforroadsandstructurestownsandbuildingsareplayerdesignedandcreatedxsyonisasocialgamerelyingonatribalpoliticalsystemandplayerruneconomycombatistwitchbasedfeaturingmanuallycontrolledleftandrightattackingandparryingandchargedattacksplayableareathemapisdividedintoanumberofzonesinagridwiththestarterareaonanislandinthelakeslightlynorthofthecenterofthemaptheedgeoftheplayableworldissurroundedbyatoxicgreenmistwhichwillkillplayerswhichventuretoofarintoitandcausesanimalstomutatethezoneshavevaryingdangerlevelsdependingonthetypesandamountofhostilecreaturesinthezonethedangerlevelgenerallyincreasesasyoumoveawayfromthecenterofthemaptowardsthemistplayersclaimprotectedareasoflandbyformingatribeandplacingatotemtribesinordertoclaimlanduponwhichtosettleandbuildplayersmustformatribeandplaceatotemtherearefourcategoriesoftribeinxsyondeterminedbythenumberoftribemembersahomesteadhasuptomembersabandhastomembersaclanhasbetweenandmembersandatribehasmorethanmembersatribeslandissquarewiththetotematthecenterwhicheachnewmembertheradiusofthetribelandincreasesuptoamaximumofmetresasatribessizeincreasestheexpansegainedpermemberdecreasesincrementallyasthenumberofmembersgrowsdependingonthecategoryoftribeanareaoflandisalsoreservedwhichwillpreventothertribesfromexpandingintothatareaatribecannotexpanditsareaintoanothertribeslandifexpanseisblockedbyanothertribeanincreaseintribeareagainedbyaddingnewmemberswillnotbeawardeduntiltheneighboringtotemisremovedifatribehasnoactivemembersthetotemwillbegintodecaythroughvariousstagesrevenantsspawnattotemsbeyondthedesertedstagerevenantshauntabandonedtownsandguardruinsrevenantsarehostilenpcsandcanlootandequipweaponsandarmorfromplayerstheykillifplayerscandefeattherevenantshauntingatotemtheycanloottheitemsleftbehindbypreviousplayerstribeleadershavealargedegreeofcontrolovertheirowntribelandandcancreateandassignranksandsetpermissionastowhataccessesandactionstheywillallowindividualmemberstoperformontribelandsuchasplantingtreesorgatheringresourcesplayersfromoutsideatribecannotperformcertainactionsonatribeslandandaplayercannotbeattackedbyanotherplayerontheirowntribelandhoweverplayersfromoutsideatribeareabletobeattackedbytribememberswhilstonthattribesownlandifaplayerdiestheywillrespawnattheirowntribetotemquestsplayerscancreatequestslistedontribaltotemsforotherplayerstoperformthesecanbeusedasawayoftradingforitemswhilstplayersareofflinethreedifferenttypesofquestsareavailablecollecthuntandcraftaswellasprovidinganexchangeofgoodsthequestsalsogenerateexperiencepointsforbothpartiestheamountofexperiencegaineddependsuponthequantityandrarityofquestgoalsanddifficultlyoftravelinordertoattainandcompletethequesteventsxsyonissupportedbyateamofguidesthatassistsplayersandrunregularweekendeventseventsinvolveplayersinarangeofcontestsandactivitiesincludingpvptournamentsscavengerhuntsobstaclecoursesandfashionshowspricingmodelsincexsyonwasfirstmadeavailablethepricinghaschangedmultipletimesmarchxsyonmadeavailabletopreorderforbrthispricegrantsmonthsofgametimeafterwhichamonthlysubscriptionofappliedpreordercustomersweregraduallygrantedaccesstothegamepriortothemarchreleaseduringthistimeasubscriptionwasnotrequiredandthetwomonthsgametimeincludedinthepreorderwasnotconsumedmarchonreleasetheinitialpurchaseremainednovemberpricesforaccountsandsubscriptionsreducedasfollowsgameaccountmonthlyquarterlybiannualyearlydecemberfeaturelimitedfreetoplayintroducednewandreturningplayerscanplayforfreewithlimitationsoningamefeaturesoctobersubscriptionraisedbacktomonthlyquarterlybiannualandyearlypricesincreasedproportionatelybrinitialpurchaseunchangedatdecemberfreetoplaynolongeravailablefornewplayersplayerswithalapsedsubscriptioncanplayforfreewithlimitedskillsdecemberxsyonswitchedtoaonetimebuytoplaypriceallowingforunlimitedandunrestrictedgameplayaccoladesinmarchxsyonwaschosenasthefeaturedgameinmassivelyschoosemyadventureseriesbrinaprilxsyonwasthesubjectofmassivelyscommunitydetectiveissuebrinjanuaryxsyonwasvotedasthebestppmmoonmmositesreaderschoicecontestbrinjanuaryxsyonwasvotedasthebestsandboxmmoofonmmogamesreferencesseewikipediafootnotesonhowtocreatereferencesusingtagswhichwillthenappearhereautomaticallyexternallinksxsyoncomxsyoncomxoclanguagexoclanguagejunkoiwaoxrayisareferencetoolintroducedinseptemberdescriptionxrayletsusersexploreinmoredepththecontentsofabookasamazondescribesxrayletsyouexplorethebonesofabookyoucanalsoviewmoredetailedinformationfromwikipediaandfromshelfariamazonscommunitypoweredencyclopediaforbookloversaftershelfariclosedininformationfromgoodreadswasdisplayedinthexraytoolxrayoperateslikeaconcordancepublishingconcordancelistingmostcommonlyusedcharacternameslocationsthemesorideaswhicharesortedintothetwomaincategoriespeopleandtermsforexamplereaderscanuseittolookupthefirstoccurrenceofcharacterswhichisoftenhelpfulinmanycharacterednovelsreferencesluyumehdimohammadifootballmanagersummerolympicssummerolympicssummerolympicssummerolympicsdainihonshitaxoboxnamexanthoduratrucidataimagexanthoduratrucidatabutlerjpgimagewidthpximagecaptionxanthoduratrucidataregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliageometridaesubfamiliageometrinaegenusxanthoduraspeciesxtrucidatabinomialxanthoduratrucidatabinomialauthorityarthurgardinerbutlerbutlersubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxanthoduratrucidataisaspeciesofmothinthefamilygeometridaefrommadagascarrefnameafromothsrefreferencesbutleragbonacollectionoflepidopterafrommadagascarwithdescriptionsofnewgeneraandspeciesannalsandmagazineofnaturalhistoryichiryamamototaxoboxnameimageimagewidthpximagecaptionxanthodurahypocryptaregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliageometridaesubfamiliageometrinaegenusxanthoduraspeciesxhypocryptabinomialxanthodurahypocryptabinomialauthoritylouisbeethovenproutproutsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxanthodurahypocryptaisaspeciesofmothinthefamilygeometridaeitisfoundincentralmadagascarrefnameafromothsrefreferencesproutlbcnewgeometridaefrommadagascarinthecollectionofsirhkenricktransactionsoftheentomologicalsocietyoflondonplachawalanguagemasumikuwatajeberolanguagexiadynastydoenjangjjigaedoenjangjjigaeconfigsysxbdaredirectcategoryshellconfigsysxbdaredirectcategoryshellxbdaconfigsysdirectiveanoliscuvierisheelafilmpinddikurhithesamesonginfoboxsettlementnamexiaobitownshiptranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxiaobixiangsettlementtypetownshipsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipimageskylineimagemapmapcaptionlocationofthecountysubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamehunansubdivisiontypecityprefecturechinaprefecturesubdivisionnameloudisubdivisiontypedistrictpeoplesrepublicofchinadistrictcountylevelcitysubdivisionnamelouxingdistrictareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautocoordinatespushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapcaptionlocationinchinaelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodewebsitexiaobitownshipisaruraltownshipsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipinlouxingdistrictloudiloudicityhunanprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinaadministrativedivisionthetownshipisdividedintovillagesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinavillagesthefollowingareaszhennanvillageqinglianvillagejianxinvillagejihevillagetongzivillagetonganvillagetongfuvillageshizivillageduijiavillagelichongvillagelutangvillagexiaobivillageriyanvillagegaopingvillageshuanglianvillagenonglianvillageandqingquanvillageinfoboxsettlementnamexihetowntranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlang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traditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxiangshizhensettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagemapmapcaptionlocationofthecountysubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamehunansubdivisiontypecityprefecturechinaprefecturesubdivisionnamezhangjiajiesubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountycountylevelcitysubdivisionnamecilicountyareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautocoordinatespushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapcaptionlocationinchinaelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodewebsitexiangshitownisanurbantownincilicountyzhangjiajiehunanprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinarefnamesubdivisionofciliaboutthesubdivisionofcilicountythetownshipleveladministrativedivisionswerereformedonnovemberaccordingtohnrednetcnchtmalsowancilicomclxwhtmlwancilicomrefadministrativedivisionthetownisdividedintovillagesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinavillagesandresidentialcommunitycommunitythefollowingareasxiangshiqiaocommunitytaipingvillagelongxingvillageshuangqiaovillagegaoqiaovillagedajianvillagelizivillagexiegaovillagesanqiaovillagefupingvillagebaimavillagecheyanvillageshuangchaovillageliyavillagexurivillagexiangxivillagebaiyangvillageshuangzhouvillagelongpingvillageshuangtavillageshuanglianvillagefangmavillageandhutouvillagereferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexikoutowntranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxikouzhensettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagemapmapcaptionlocationofthecountysubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamehunansubdivisiontypecityprefecturechinaprefecturesubdivisionnamezhangjiajiesubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountycountylevelcitysubdivisionnamecilicountyareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautocoordinatespushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapcaptionlocationinchinaelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodewebsitexikoutownisanurbantownincilicountyzhangjiajiehunanprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinarefnamesubdivisionofciliaboutthesubdivisionofcilicountythetownshipleveladministrativedivisionswerereformedonnovemberaccordingtohnrednetcnchtmalsowancilicomclxwhtmlwancilicomrefadministrativedivisionthetownisdividedintovillagesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinavillagesandresidentialcommunitycommunitiesthefollowingareasxinjiecommunitylaojiecommunitychangtanvillagepingtanvillagewangjiapingvillagedupingvillagetianqiaovillagezhuojiashanvillagehuouvillagebaiyanvillagedingzhuvillageheaivillagelirenvillageligongvillagemaopovillagetongmengvillageshuangyuvillagegangtouvillageyunguivillageyanmenvillageanddutanvillagereferencesinfoboxsettlementnamexujiafangtownshiptranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxujiafangxiangsettlementtypetownshipsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipimageskylineimagemapmapcaptionlocationofthecountysubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamehunansubdivisiontypecityprefecturechinaprefecturesubdivisionnamezhangjiajiesubdivisiontypecountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountycountylevelcitysubdivisionnamecilicountyareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautocoordinatespushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapcaptionlocationinchinaelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodewebsitexujiafangtownshipisaruraltownshipsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownshipincilicountyzhangjiajiehunanprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinarefnamesubdivisionofciliaboutthesubdivisionofcilicountythetownshipleveladministrativedivisionswerereformedonnovemberaccordingtohnrednetcnchtmalsowancilicomclxwhtmlwancilicomrefadministrativedivisionthetownshipisdividedintovillagesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinavillagesthefollowingareasqilinvillagehongpingvillagelongpingvillageyankouvillagenanzhuangvillagedengjievillageyangqiaovillagedayuvillagexianshuivillageyangpingvillageduijinvillagedatangvillageqipanvillagexinjianvillagefushivillageandchenpingvillagereferencesxleagueindoorfootballredirectbattleoftheatomxwavexrisapatentedperformancelubricantoriginallydevelopedforthenasaspaceshuttleprogramitactsasafrictionreductionmodifierwithinextremepressureenvironmentsxrisacertifiedspacetechnologyandisaninducteeinthenasaspacetechnologyhalloffamereferencesexternallinksxrcomofficialsitebelemniatrotschiinfoboxsailboatspecificationsimageclasssymbolcreworloalwlbeamdrafthullmastheightmainsailandjibmainjibspinnakerdpnryapnphrfupdatedthexisafastligh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uiresusinganorbitalsciencescorporationminotaurivexpendableboosterpricedatmilliononceperyearhypersonicflighttoorhigherfastonedayturnaroundtimeincludingflyingtimesinnbspdaysapayloadonaorbitalspaceflighttrajectorytolowearthorbitorbitthisfirststageboosterwouldnotinandofitselfputanypayloadinorbitlaunchcostlessthanthatofcurrentlaunchsystemsapproximatelyperflightunmannedvehicleutilizeareusablefirststageboostertoflyathypersonicspeedstoasuborbitalaltitudecoupledwithoneormoreexpendableupperstagesthatwouldseparateanddeployasatelliterefnamespacedailyaugspacedailycomreportsnorthropgrummandevelopingxsexperimentalspaceplanedesignfordarpahtmlnorthropgrummandevelopingxsspaceplanefordarpaspacedailycomaugustrefentrantsandselectiontheboeingcompanynorthropgrummanaerospacesystemsandmastenspacesystemshavephaseconceptualdesigncontractsboeingisworkingwithblueoriginboeingsdesignwouldallowtheautonomousboostertocarrythesecondstageandpayloadtohighaltitudeanddeploythemintospacetheboosterwouldthenreturntoearthwhereitcouldbequicklypreparedforthenextflightbyapplyingoperationandmaintenanceprinciplessimilartomodernaircraftaccordingtowillhamptonboeingxsprogrammanagernorthropgrummanuseditsaircraftspacecraftandautonomoussystemsexperiencetoworkwithitsteamconsistingofscaledcompositestoleadfabricationandassemblyandvirgingalactictoheadcommercialspaceplaneoperationsandtransitionvirgingalacticandscaledcompositesbothworkedonthespaceshiptwotheworldsonlycommercialspacelinetheteamalsoleveragedtechnologiesdevelopedduringrelatedprojectsfordarpanasaandtheusairforceresearchlaboratorytogivethegovernmentreturnonthoseinvestmentstheirconceptincludedacleanpadlaunchusingatransportererectorlauncherwithminimalinfrastructureandgroundcrewshighlyautonomousflightoperationsandhorizontallandingandrecoveryonstandardrunwaysmastenspacesystemshasexperienceinrapidreusablerocketpoweredvehicleswiththeirxombiexoieandxaeroverticaltakeoffverticallandingvtvldesignshavingalreadymetorexceededtheflightsindaysobjectivesetbytheprogramalthoughthecompanyconsistsofapproximatelyemployeesandisheadquarteredinasmallbuildingatthemojaveairandspaceporttheyhavespentyearsflyingvarioussmallvtvlsystemsonshorthopsatthespaceportservingastestbedsforguidancenavigationandcontrolgncsystemsdesignedtosafelylandspacecraftonthemoonandpotentiallyotherplanetstheirconceptshowedavtvlsystemtakingoffverticallyfromalaunchpadwithwingsandatailfinmastenspacesystemswaspartneredwithxcoraerospaceforphaseainmayboeingwasselectedtopartnerwithdarpatobuildthexsaerojetrocketdynewillprovidearenginesderivedfromthespaceshuttlemainenginespaceshuttlemainengineforthespacecraftboeingxstheboeingdesignisaverticaltakeoffhorizontallandingvthlcraftseealsoairbornelaunchassistspaceaccessboeingxboeingxdarpafalconprojectnasaxreusableboostersystemusafprojecttospaceplanesinglestagetoorbitsstoliquidflybackboosterstudyforarianebaikalrocketboosterreferencesexternallinksboeingcomspacephantomexpressindexpageboeingphantomexpressofficialsiteyoutubecomwatchvlnlfhyxkkdarpaxsartistconceptanimationvideofbogovindexsopportunitymodeformidbabdbbddcdcatabcorecviewmastenspacesystemsincawardnoticeusgovernmentdocumentjunedarpaxsartistconceptanimationvideospaceplanecatisquestionabledarpaisnotrequiringwingspersourcessoitmayhavewingsandbeaspaceplaneoritmaynotxiaolinchroniclesyagymunenorikajimaseibeiyagyshinkageryyagyshinganrykrytadaharumitsugusaotomeyasunoshinshinoharayasunoshinshinoharayasunoshinshinoharainfoboxsettlementnamexinwantowntranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxinwanzhensettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagemapmapcaptionlocationofthecountysubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincechinaprovincesubdivisionnamehunansubdivisiontypecityprefecturechinaprefecturesubdivisionnameyiyangsubdivisiontypecountylevelcitycountypeoplesrepublicofchinacountysubdivisionnameyuanjianghunanyuanjiangareatotalkmpopulationpopulationasofpopulationdensitykmautocoordinatespushpinmapchinapushpinlabelpositiontoppushpinmapcaptionlocationinchinaelevationmtimezonechinastandardtimechinastandardutcoffsetpostalcodetypepostalcodeofchinapostalcodepostalcodeareacodewebsitexinwantownisanurbantownsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatowninyuanjianghunanyuanjiangyiyanghunanprovincepeoplesrepublicofchinaadministrativedivisionthetownisdividedintovillagesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinavillagesandresidentialcommunitycommunitythefollowingareaszhenxingcommunitymingyuevillagebanshanzhouvillagexinwanvillagelianhuavillagelaowuchongvillageqiaobeivillageyanggelaovillageandzhougonghuvillagereferencesexternallinksinfoboxsettlementnamexiushantowntranslitlangchineselanguagechinesetranslitlangtypesimplifiedchinesecharactersimplifiedtranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypetraditionalchinesecharactertraditionaltranslitlanginfotranslitlangtypepinyintranslitlanginfoxiushanzhensettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylinemountmingd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aximumofsupergaugelevelsareattainablepushinglightkickandheavypunchtogetherputsthecharactersinmaxmodewheretheirdamageisincreasedandgaintheabilitytoperformanimprovedversionofasupermovesingleandteambattlesvsfighterseithersixplayerseachoneofthemcontrollingafighterortwoplayerseachonecontrollingthreeinthekingoffightersfashionareavailableonlinefeatureswhilethegameisdownloadedandinstalledinthepcitcannotrunwithoutthecomputerbeingconnectedtotheinternetinordertoconnectwiththetencentserversrankedsinglebattlesandtheoptiontocreateroomstosustainmatchesareincludedaswellassingleplayermodesincludingaplayerarcademodebonusstagesofbreakingbarrelssimilartostreetfighteriiandanadventuremoderesemblingabeatemupgametherearemissionstocompleteeverydayforexamplebeatingarcademodeonceorsustainingteambattlesthatgrantexperiencepointsandpointcouponsusedtorentorbuycharactersandcostumesinthegamesstoreshopuserswinexperiencetounlocknewfightersandtheycantraineachoneoftheircharacterstoupgradetheirskillswithcharactersunlockingapowerfulhiddensupermoveuponreachinglevelupdateswithnewcharacterscostumesandgamemodesareaddedeveryormonthsaswellasbalancepatcheswithchangestothecharactersmovesandtheirpropertiesplotinyearxxameteorcalledthemessiahlandedinperucarryingwithitmysteriouscorecrystalscontainingamicroscopicformoflifecalledtheevaunitednationsformedagroupofscientistscalledthecrdcoreresearchanddevelopmentinordertoobtainandinvestigatethepropertiesofthecorethecoreisalifeforminthemiddleofavirusandacompoundanditcanbondtolivinghoststhefirstcontactwiththescientistsfirstbaptismwaslethalbutafterdiscoveringthecoreisapotentialunlimitedsourceofenergytheydevelopedawaytocreatehumanevahybridsgrantingamazingpowerstothesubjectsofthetestinchinathepowerfulfungfamilyormaplegroupconsortiumdecidedtobeginitsownlineofinvestigationsbutfoundproblemsongettingtheirowncoresamplesthatchangeswhenamysterioussectcalledshineappearsandoffersthemanamountofcorecrystalswithunknownintentionsrealizingonlythestrongestsubjectscanresistthebondwiththecorecrystalsthefungfamilyannouncesaworldwidefightingtournamentcalledthexdtournamentandlotsofmartialartistsinrepresentationofdifferentorganizationssignuptowintheprizesfightersthefirstbuildofthegamewaslaunchedwithfivecharactersintheinitialrosterlaterupdateshavebeenaddingupmorecharactersasofoctoberthecharacterlististhefollowingellblueaierbulutheoriginalprotagonistofthegameanagentofthecrdwhosegoalisbecomingthenextleaderoftheorganizationhehasthepowertoproducelightingandtracksdownotherevahybridsinordertoabsorbtheirpowersbrazelblizthespanishpresidentoftheshinesectandanevahybridhimselfwiththepoweroverchaosflameshehasthesecretintentiontodestroyhumanitykaorukurakicangmuxunajapanesepopidolsheissecretlyanandroidcreatedbylsailifescienceandartificialintelligencetobetheperfectgirlshehasthepowerofcreatingkineticenergyinfightingdayssheutilizesapairofpistolsandspecialfirearmsshanwooxuanduanundergroundfighterfromaminorityethnichilltribeinyunnanheentersthetournamentforrevengeafterthecrdclosedafactoryhemaintainedtosupportpoorchildrentsukikagearashiyueyinglanamutantcreatedbythecrdexperimentsasafailedproductofacoreexperimenthesbecomepsychoticandputundertheordersofellblueyanchiyanheirofthefungfamilyandkaorusbigbrotherwiththesecondevahybridtobecreatedhehasthepowertocreateandreleaseblastsoffireandisthesecondprotagonistofthegameclairefoxkelaierabritishcollegestudentmemberoftheeuropeandivisionofthefungfamilyandyansgirlfriendsheisanevahybridwiththepowertocreateiceandfreezeheropponentsamethzitongafoxspiritintheformofabeautifulwomansheneedstoconsumepowerfulsoulsinordertoattainimmortalityintheeveofamilennialeventlegendleihuangrelatedtothefungfamilybymarriagehesanoldmartialartistwhoexiledhimselfinthemountainsafterbeingpossessedbyanevilspiritandkillingsomemembersofhisfamilyrayleiyueawrestlerfromthemilitaryhegetsinthetournamenttoinvestigateandreporttothechinesearmyhessecretlylegendsyoungerbrotherwhosurvivedhisattackandnowwantstotakerevengeonhimdragonlongacrimefightingjeetkundoexponentliterallyclonedfrombruceleesdnaprayuthbayuayoungmuaythaichampionwhobeganasapoorkidintheslumshegetsinthetournamenttohavearematchwithamethwhopreviouslydefeatedhimpandapandaascientistinvestatingthecorethatwasmutatedintoagiantpandaleewonheeliyuanxiayoungkoreangirlwhopracticestaekwondoandentersthetournamenthopingtowintheprizeandsaveherfamilydojangduringaneconomiccrisisinhercountrylinnlinenataiwaneseschoolgirlwhopracticeskarateandisproficientwithkicontrolsheentersthetournamentafterknowingshecouldeatfoodfromalltheworldwuxiebailiwuxieayoungchineseamericanshaolinmartialartspractitionerwhoentersthetournamenttryingtoreconnectwithhisrootsshirleyxueliahighrankedshinesecretaryandanevahybridwiththeabilitytocreategustsofwindshevashewenaneffeminatehairdresserfromwesterneuropewhoattacksusingpoisonousperfumecoolbkubianinterdimensionaltravellerfromtheqqdimensionhetakestheformofalittlekidandhasthepowertosetandburstsugarbombscloudyunfeiasoldierfromthecrdblackguardshesinchargeofthesecurityoftheeventandfightsusingarmyweaponsinclu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febrefchineseregulationsandwesternmuseumpracticesnowpromoteprotectionofsuchculturaltreasuresthecavesareamajorhistoricalandculturalsiteprotectedatthenationalleveldesignationnotesexternallinksasiasieduexplorechinaxiangtangshanajourneytoxiangtangshanfreersacklermuseumwebsitewithimagesanddescriptionsofeachcavextsuchicagoeduxiangtangshancavesprojectuniversityofchicagoamitivrytaxoboxnamexibalbanustulumensisregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodasubphylumcrustaceancrustaceaclassisremipediaordonectiopodafamiliaspeleonectidaegenusxibalbanusspeciesxtulumensisbinomialxibalbanustulumensisbinomialauthorityyagersynonymsspeleonectestulumensissmallyagersmallsynonymsrefnbspxibalbanustulumensispreviouslyspeleonectestulumensisspeleonectescaveswimmertulumensisoccurringattulumquintanarootulumxibalbanusfromxibalbaisavenomoushermaphroditiccrustaceanfoundinanchialinecavesontheyucatnpeninsulainthecaribbeanseathisblindremipedeliquefiesthebodycontentsofothercrustaceanswithavenomsimilartothatofrattlesnakesandwhichincludesdigestiveenzymesandaparalysingtoxininherdescriptionsmithsoniannationalmuseumofnaturalhistorysmithsonianbiologistjillyagerwrotebodyelongateslenderwithouteyesorpigmentcephalicshieldsmalltaperingslightlyatanteriorendtrunksegmentnumbersincreasingwithagemaximumnumberexaminedwassegmentsrefnamewormsrefthenumerouslegsareusedasoarsforswimmingthespeciesislongandfoundincenotesclosetotheseawithsaltyseawaterlyingbeneaththefreshwaterandgradingsmoothlyfromonetypetotheotherhaloclinestygobitesareorganismsfoundinsubterraneangroundwaterhabitatsoranchialinecavesandcharacterisedmorphologicallybylossorextremereductionofeyesandpigmentfrequentlywithattenuatedbodiesandorappendagestheevolutionofthisbodyshapeisknownastroglomorphismtroglomorphyxnbsptulumensisisoneofspeciesintheclassremipediaallofwhicharestygobiticanddistributedthroughoutthecaribbeanthecanaryislandsandwesternaustraliatheyarefreeswimmingcrustaceanstypicallylivinginlowoxygenbrackishwatersofnearmarinecavesandtheirdistributionislinkedtotheancienttethysseathefirstmemberoftheclassremipediatobediscoveredanddescribedbyjillyagerinthejournalofcrustaceanbiologyinwasspeleonecteslucayensisfromlucayancavernonthegrandbahamaislandthefeedingtechniqueofxnbsptulumensisisuniqueamongcrustaceansanditsvenomisausefuladaptationthattosomeextentcompensatesforbeingsightlessinanutrientpoororoligotrophicenvironmentvenomiscommoninallthearthropodsubphylabutwasbelievedtobecompletelyabsentfromtheapproximatelyknownspeciesofcrustaceanuntilthediscoveryofxnbsptulumensisinresearchersnoticedthatthespeciesfrontclawsresembledhypodermicneedlesleadingtospeculationthattheirpurposemightbetoinjecttoxinsintotheirpreyvenomfilledreservoirshavesincebeenfoundattachedtotheneedlespackedinmusclesthatcanforceoutthevenomglandsinthecentreofthebodyproducethevenomandconnecttothereservoirsitissuspectedthatallremipedespecieshavesometypeofpoisonapparatussinceallhavefangsonthefirstmaxillareferencesexternallinksblogsdiscovermagazinecomloompageumgchdvspodiscovermagazineblogsdiscovermagazinecomloomfilesspeleonectestulumensisjpgimageofxibalbanustulumensisnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetnewtailuealphabetshinkichimitsumuneartaepicoenalisheliadesmulleolellaxhevahirspahiubornmarchinmalindskrapardistrictalbaniaisanalbaniansalbanianpoetbiographyspahiustudiedattheuniversityoftiranafacultyofphilologyandhistoryliteraturelanguagebranchsincehehasworkedasajournalistforthenewspaperzriipopullitvoiceofthepeopleamagazineeditorfornntoriandalibrettistandteacheratthenationaltheatreofoperaandballetofalbaniaoperaandballettheaterintiranahehasreceivedthemigjenawardandwasthewinnerofthefirstprizeinthecompetitionforthethanniversaryoftheliberationofthehomelandhisworkalsoincludeschildrensbooksxhevahirspahiuhasevenmadelyricistforsomesongssomeofwhichhavewonawardshispoetryalsowastherecipientofseveralawardsliketwicethepricemigjeniawardedbytheunionofwritersalbaniansinandrespectivelyfortitlesneseratyjamiamyourstomorrowandkoheekrisurradianttimethepalmofthenationalfloralieswasattributedtothecollectionheshtjeskaitisnotsilentinandthecollectionferrparasjahellheavenwonthenationalprizeofliteraturefortheyearinappearedinamagazinethepoemthrownlivewhichearnedhimtheireofthecommunistregimeenverhoxhawouldhaveseeninafewlinesrecallasentenceofjeanpaulsartreauthorwhosereadingwasoutlawedbytheregimethatearnedhimapublicationbanfortwoyearsthecollectionzgjimiithellsiveawakeningdepthswasmeanwhilereleasedinthenwithdrawnfromsalebecauseafterwardsitwasdeemedunhealthyinafterthefallofcommunismhebecamesecretaryoftheunionofwritersandhebecamepresidentinpoemstranslatedintofrenchxhevahirspahiuofthepoemsarepresentedinthefollowingworksalongwiththoseofotheralbanianpoetsalltranslationsaretheauthoralexandrezotosninealbanianpoetstodaypoetrysegherseditionspoetsandprosewritersfromalbaniathemainmonkeynoeditionscompactanthologyofalbanianpoetryalexandrezotosthepolygraphcompacteditionstheforeignbelleswritersfromalbaniaministryofcultureandcommunicationnationalbookcentreopenwindowandthentwelvealbanianandfrenchpoetstheinventorycollotherplacesregionalcenterofartsofbassenormandietitlesofworkssirensmorningyoubelovedcitydeathofthegodsdoorsandopenheartscontemporariesalbaniandawnsmamicasliliesyoungguitariststomorrowiamtherenosilencetoysssunalbanianpoetrypottytimewayreferencespoetryinternationalwebnetpisitepoetitemxhevahirspahiutaxoboximageimagecaptionimageimagewidthimagecaptionstatusstatussystemregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliatortricidaegenusxoserspeciesxastonyxbinomialxoserastonyxbinomialauthorityjzefrazowskirazowskijanuszwojtusiakwojtusiaksynonymsxoserastonyxisaspeciesofmothofthetortricidaefamilyitisfoundinnapoprovinceecuadorthewingspanisaboutnbspmmthegroundcolouroftheforewingsisorangecreamsuffusedwithorangeintheterminatingareanearthecostatheremainingareaofthewingisbrownishgreywithsomedarkershadesandasimilarlyedgedblotchofgroundcolourthehindwingsarecreamslightlytingedwithbrownishattheapexetymologythespeciesnamereferstotheterminationofthecostaofthevalveandisderivedfromaaprefixexpressingnegationandgreekstonyxmeaningasharpprocessorthornreferenceslineshenzhenmetroinfoboxsettlementbasicinfonamexustnsofficialnameothernameothernamelangnicknamesettlementtypeparishtotaltypemottolocationcoordinatessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamespainsubdivisiontypeautonomouscommunityregionsubdivisionnamegaliciaspaingaliciasubdivisiontypeprovincesofspainprovincesubdivisionnamepontevedraprovincepontevedrasubdivisiontypecomarcacountysubdivisionnamepontevedraregionpontevedrasubdivisiontypemunicipalitiesofspainmunicipalitysubidivisionnamepontecaldelaspartstypehamletplacehamletpartsstyleparapaaluncapbaltarpchandocasalposobreiroareaareamagnitudeunitprefareafootnotesareatotalkmareatotalsqmiarealandkmareawaterkmarealandsqmiareawatersqmiareawaterpercentpopulationpopulationasofpopulationfootnotesinstitutonacionaldeestadsticaspaininepopulationnotepopulationtotalpopulationestpopestasofpopulationdensitykmpopulationdensitysqmipopulationdemonymgeneralinformationtimezonecetgmtutcoffsettimezonedstcestgmtutcoffsetdstareapostalcodesotherspostalcodetypepostcodepostalcodeareacodexustnsjustanesinspanishisaparishlocatedinthemunicipalityofpontecaldelasspainpopulationwasincensusxustnsislocatednwspainandsegaliciaitisacountrysideareaclosetothecityofpontevedrahistorythefirsthumanappearanceswerebybconthehillsswoftheparishbetweenthehamletsofbaltarandosobreirothenitisbelievedpeoplestayedthereasfarmersuntiltodaytherearedocumentsprovingtheexistenceofthetownsincemiddleagessinceitisalightlypopulatedareaitwasnotimportanttonamethecatholicchurchofsanmartioosobreirowasbuiltintheththcenturybythethcenturytheoldhamletofcotaslocatedbetweenaaluncaandbaltarwasabandonedatthesametimethehamletofbaltarstartedgrowinginthandthcenturieslotsofpeoplemigratedtotheclosestcitiesmostlypontevedraandcountrieslikeargentinacubabraziltodaytheparishisstillacountrysideareaevenwiththeappearanceofanindustrialparkinthesonitsnorthsidegeographytheparishislocatedonthewestsideofthemunicipalityofpontecaldelasitliesinmidiatelywiththeparishesoftournpontecaldelastournnpontecaldelaspontecaldelaspontecaldelasetaboadelopontecaldelastaboadelosandonthewestwiththeparishesoftomezapontevedratomezaandmarcnpontevedramarcnnaturalbordersareafrachamountainswandsanvicenteriverethemainriverontheparishistheguisalriverwhichmakesavalleywherethehamletsaredemographicshistoricalpopulationsalignnonecolsfootnoteestimatedisofthemunicipalityscensusdatafromisfrommadozsencyclopediaanddatafromtoisfromineheadingcensuscensusthecensussaidthepopulationoftheparishwasmenandwomenonlyofthepeoplewereoryoungerthemainagegroupwastheonewhowasbetweenandandwereorolderofthepeoplewereilliterateandonlyhadacollegedegreealsoofthebuildingswerebuiltbeforereferencesshabakagenerictopleveldomainnewtopleveldomainsredirectcategoryshellgenerictopleveldomainnewtopleveldomainsredirectcategoryshellcninternationalizeddomainnameswithchinesecharactersredirectcatego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anexistentialthingimjustreallyscaredofbeingalonewheniwaslittletherewasabigdogdownthestreetiwasreallyscaredofitbutwheniwaswithmysisterwheniknewihadtoprotectheriwasntafraidofthedogasmuchbecausesomebodywasthereihadapurposeikindoffeellostikindoflostthatifeelthesongfeaturesdeprecatingpunchlinepackedbarsbygambinobackedbyhisstefanponceandludwiggranssonsquirkyfuturisticsynthesizersynthboardworkandaheavybassthesonghasbeendescribedashavinganintrospectiveandselfreferentialfeelcriticalreceptionwasmetwithgeneralacclaimfrommusiccriticsbillboardmagazinebillboardgavethesongapositivereviewsayingtheelasticessentiallyoffersacollageofinfluencesbysomeofmodernhiphopsbiggesttalentevokingthebraggadocioofbigseanontheversesandflickingoffahookthatwouldsoundathomeondrakerapperdrakesnothingwasthesamelikedrizzygambinotriestonavigatethroughhisbarsbeforestoppingonadimetosilkilycroonillberightbyyoursidetilfranklinsoultswritingforthebostonglobenamedbecausetheinternetsessentialtrackdaviddrakeofcomplexmagazinecomplexstatedthatisahitrecordwithahugedreamilytranscendenthookandreabattlegroundoftheavclubstatedthatisahookdrivenearwormthathasashotatsomerealradioplaymikediverofclashmagazineclashpraisedgambinoswordplayonthesongandcalleditaneasypickleadsingleaugustbrownoflosangelestimessaidisalushelectrobendyproductionwherehetriestomusterupacommitmenttofidelitybryandupontgrayofthedailycougarcreditedthesongforremainingalignedwiththealbumsthemedavidjeffriesofallmusicsaidthesongcomeswithachorussoupliftingandbrightitmakesthenerdystayathomewallfloweratitscentersoundepicandsexythesongwasnominatedforbestrapperformanceatthegrammyawardsliveperformancesondecemberchildishgambinoperformedalongwithcrawlchildishgambinosongcrawlonjimmykimmellivehebeganhisperformancebyshoutingoutcollaboratorjheneaikotheninearlyfebruarygambinoperformedthesametwosongsonzanelowesbbcradioshowatthemtvuwoodieawardsonmarchgambinoperformedthesongalongwithsweatpantssongsweatpantsmusicvideoonnovemberthesongslyricvideowaspremieredonvevothevideodepictsgambinowebcammingwithpornstarabellaandersonastheyflirtbackandforthwitheachotherwithgambinotypingthesongslyricseventuallyandersonstripsdowntoherunderwearasthevideoendsandersonhadpreviouslymadeacameoappearanceingambinosclappingforthewrongreasonsshortfilmtheofficialmusicvideowasreleasedondecemberconsistingofalongtakeofgambinosittingonaferriswheelwithasentientteddybearthatdeterioratesthroughoutthemusicvideoupuntilhedisappearsattheveryendwhentheteddybeargetsastrangelookthevideoreceivedamtvvideomusicawardnominationformtvvideomusicawardforbesthiphopvideobesthiphopvideochartsclasswikitableplainrowheaderssortablestyletextaligncenterscopecolchartscopecolpeakbrpositionscoperowaustraliaariachartsariaaligncentercertificationsreleasehistoryclasswikitablecountrydateformatlabelunitedstatesoctobermusicdownloaddigitaldownloadrowspanrowspanunitedkingdomrowspandecemberurbancontemporaryradiocontemporaryhitradiounitedstatesjulycontemporaryhitradioreferencesmarikogotmarikogotxuhaifengcanoeistinfoboxsoftwarenamexhpcjxlogoauthormarcellaverdetdeveloperfacebookreleasedstatusactivelatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedateplatformcrossplatformprogramminglanguagephphackprogramminglanguagehackgenrephplibrarylicensebsdlicensesizewebsitexhpisanaugmentationofphpandhackprogramminglanguagehackdevelopedatfacebooktoallowxmlsyntaxforthepurposeofcreatingcustomandreusablehtmlelementsitisavailableasanopensourcesoftwaregithubprojectandasahomebrewpackagemanagementsoftwarehomebrewmoduleforphpandfacebookhavealsodevelopedasimilaraugmentationforjavascriptnamelyjsxjavascriptjsxoriginsxhpwaslooselyinspiredbyecmascriptforxmlandcreatedbymarcellaverdetitwasfirstdevelopedforfacebookliteasanewuirenderinglayerbutwaslaterportedovertofacebookswwwandmobilewebstackaswellasincorporatedintohiphopforphpitwasmadeavailabletothepublicinfebruaryandnowaccountsfornearlyalloffacebooksserversidegeneratedhtmloverallofitspropertiesbenefitsxhpoffersamuchcleanerinterfacetouiprogrammingwhenoutputtinghtmlinphpbuthassomeengineeringadvantagesaswellparsetimevalidationofhtmlsyntaxxhpxhpsvalidatesthesyntaxandstructureoftheentiredocumenttreeonrenderandwillthrowanexceptionifanelementwasnotclosedproperlyhasinvalidchildrenhasaninvalidattributeorismissingrequiredchildrenorattributesautomaticxssprotectionbecauseallrenderingtothepageisdoneinsidexhpanditknowswhatishtmlandwhatiscontentxhpescapesallcontentwithoutanyspecialeffortfromtheprogrammerobjectmutationxhpobjectsarestoredasstandardphpobjectssotheycanbemanipulatedthroughadomlikeapiwhichincludesmethodssuchascodesetattributecodecodegetattributecodecodeappendchildcodeandseveralotherspriortoorduringrendercustomhtmlinsteadofwritingfunctionstogeneratehtmlorswitchinginandoutofphpcustomxhpelementscandefinedandmixedinwithstandardhtmlelementsthatwillabstractoutcommonhtmlstructuresseealsohiphopvirtualmachinehhvmjsxjavascriptreferencesexternallinkscodebeforethehorsetumblrcomcodebeforethehorseinformationoninstallationusesandbestpracticesofxhpfacebookcomnotesfacebookengineeringxhpanewwaytowritephpfaceb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ndarmasquadxcomheadquartersfallvictimtoanumberofactsofsabotagecausedbymultipleinstancesofmindcontrolledpersonnelfollowedbyanalienassaultfailureofthismissionleadstoimmediatedefeatoperationprogenyoriginallyscheduledtobereleasedasaseparatedlcisincludeditallowsexalttomakeaninferredearlyappearanceandincludesthreemissionsoverthecourseofwhichxcomrecoversfourtalentedpsionicsfromaliencaptivityincludingtheoneresponsibleforthebaseattacksitereconfurtherdetailstheeffectsofthealieninvasiononearthsecosystemxcomoperativesinvestigateafishingvillageinnewfoundlanddiscoveringachryssalidinfestationusingawhaleasanincubationchamberthankstocollatinglocalizationvoicefilesxcomsoldierscannowbecustomizedtospeakinoneofseverallanguagesnewmapshavebeenaddedforthesingleplayergameaddingtotheexistingmapsbringingthetotaltowellovermapseightnewmultiplayermapshavealsobeenaddedtotheexistingfivebringingthetotaltomultiplayermapsdevelopmentandreleasexcomenemywithinwasoriginallyannouncedwithascheduledreleasedateofnovemberrefnamerpsaugrockpapershotguncomxcomenemywithinisanexpansionoutthnovemberrefxcomenemywithinwasreleasedinstoresonnovemberintheusandnovemberinternationallythegamewasreleasedfordigitaldistributionviasteamonnovemberdependingontheconsumerstimezonesomeconsumersareabletopurchasesteamgamesadayearlierthantheofficialreleasedatemodslongwarmodlongwarisamodvideogamingpartialconversionmodoriginallydevelopedforxcomenemyunknownafterthereleaseofenemywithindevelopmentofthemodswitchedtoenemywithinrefnamenexusjanrefthemodmakeschangestomanyofthegamesexistingfeaturesaddsentirelynewfeaturesandbringsbackconceptsfromufoenemyunknownrefnamerpsseptrefchangesincludetheabilitytosendalargernumberofsoldiersintobattleadditionalsoldierclassespsionicabilitiesweaponsanditemsandanexpandedtechnologytreeinthemodaliensandexaltconducttheirownresearchandgetstrongeroverthecourseofthegameaprocessthatspeedsuporslowsdownbasedontheplayerssuccessinstoppingmissionslaunchedbythehostileforcesrefnamewirednovrefrefnamepcgnovrefrefnameegvidjunerefrefnamepolymayrefthemodwasheavilypraisedbyenemyunknownleaddesignerjakesolomonandproducergarthdeangelisrefnameignjunrefreceptionvideogamereviewsaggregatorsgrsmallpcsmallsmallsmallrefnamegrxrefbrsmallpssmallrefnamegrpsrefmcsmallpcsmallsmallsmallsmallpssmallrefnamemcpsrefreviewersgirefnamegameinformerrefdestructrefnamedestructoidrefeurogrefnameeurogamerrefvgrefnamevideogamerrefignrefnameignrefgradarrefnamegamesradarrefgspotrefnamegamespotrefxcomenemywithinreceivedgenerallyfavorablereviewsfromcriticsbenreevesofgameinformerlaudedthegameadvisingthatanyonewholovesanintensefirefightshouldtesttheirmettleonenemywithinalthoughalsonotingthatdespitefiraxisimprovementsthedeveloperwasntabletofixthelineofsightissuesofthemaingameandthatacquiringnewsquadmembersstillfeelsunbalancedsinceyoucantassignyoursoldiersrolesandtheyonlylearntheirspecialtyoncetheyverankedupitseasytoendupwithholesinyoursquadeurogamersstaceharmanechoedsimilarstatementsstatingthatdespiteitsflawsenemywithinisanimprovementonanalreadyexcellentgamedestructoidschriscarterprofferedsimilarpraiseheadlininghisreviewwithitalmostfeelslikeasequelregardingallthenewcontenthethoughtthatitwasareallyweirdwaytoapproachanexpansionduetoitsblendingofoldandnewcontentbutsummarizedhisreviewbysayingifyouhaventplayedthenewestxcomyetnowisaperfecttimetodosowiththeenemywithinpackagemattleesofvideogamercomsimilarlysummarizedhisreviewwiththebestgameofisbackanditmightbethebestgameofignsdanstapletoncriticizedthelategamestatingthatallthenewcontentandunlockablesmakethelaterhalfofthegametooeasyhoweverstapletonstillultimatelyawardedthegameacallingitanamazingexpansiontoabrillianttacticalgameandthatitisbestenjoyedinironmanmodeonclassicdifficultytoenhancetheemotionalhighsandlowsofvictoryandpermanentdefeatconverselygamesradarsryantaljonickarguedthatenemywithinsnewadditionsdontmaketheexperienceanyeasierbecausetheaddedbenefitofhavingaccesstogenemodsandmectroopersisoffsetbynewalientypesandawholenewfactionoffanaticalhumansifanythingsavingtheworldisharderthaneveralthoughgamespotsleifjohnsonapplaudedthegamehewascriticaloftheexpansionpackspricingdisparitybetweenpcgamingpcandvideogameconsoleconsolesallofitscontentiscertainlyenoughforpcplayerstoforkoutthefortheupgradebutunfortunatelyconsoleplayersfacethemoredauntingtaskofbuyingfiraxisnewcreationforalmostthepriceofanewgamereferencesexternallinkssixwheeldriveshafaqnashafaqnaxraygeneratorxraygeneratormalekjazirixraygeneratorkhabarovskxiomaracastroinfoboxsettlementseetemplateinfoboxsettlementforadditionalfieldsanddescriptionsnamexiazhuangnativenamenativenamelangzhcnsettlementtypetownchinatownimageskylineimagealtimagecaptionimageflagflagaltimagesealsealaltimageshieldshieldaltnicknamemottoimagemapmapaltmapcaptionpushpinmapchinashandongpushpinlabelpositionleftpushpinmapaltpushpinmapcaptionlocationinshandongcoordinatescoorpinpointcoordinatesfootnotessubdivisiontypecountrysubdivisionnamepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdivisiontypeprovincesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaprovincesubdivisionnameshandongsubdivisiont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extroundrefnameregrefbootcampbootcampstageofthecompetitiontookplaceintranscolorstudioinszeligiwarsawwestcountyszeligiovertwodaysonandfebruaryinachangetotheusualformatthejudgeswereallocatedtheircategoriesbeforebootcampfarnahasthegirlsmozilhastheboysokupnikhastheoversandwojewdzkihasthegroupsandbandsonthefirstdayofbootcampactswhosuccessfullygotthroughtheauditionswereputintogroupsofthreeorfourwithintheircategorytheyhadtoperformwithinthatgroupandthecategoryjudgeafterbeingadvisedbyotherjudgeswouldthendecidewhowouldcontinuethecontestantscouldchooseamongseveralsongsincludingdeardarlinbyollymurslovemeagainsonglovemeagainbyjohnnewmansingerjohnnewmanandsweetdreamsbeyoncsongsweetdreamsbybeyoncattheendofthedaycontestantsremainedwhohadtopreparetheirsolobootcampperformanceovernighttherewasthenachangeintheformatthatfollowedtheideaofmusicalchairswhichwasfirstintroducedinthethexfactoruktvseriesoriginalbritishseriesinitinvolvedthejudgeschoosingtheactstoadvancetojudgeshousesimmediatelyaftertheirbootcampperformanceinsteadofwaitinguntileveryonehadperformedeachjudgehadfiveplacestotheirjudgeshouseandtheygrantedaseattotheperformerstheywantedtoadvanceintheircategoryhoweverifajudgealreadychosefiveactsfortheircategorytheycouldreplacethemiftheypreferredalaterperformerselectionofsongsincludedbeneathyourbeautifulbylabrinthandemelisandeshestheoneworldpartysongshestheonebyworldpartywhowantstoliveforeverbyqueenbandqueenyouaresobeautifulbyjoecockeribelieveicanflybyrkellybilliejeanbymichaeljacksonwakemeupaviciisongwakemeupbyaviciistacjawarszawabyladypankiwannadancewithsomebodywholovesmebywhitneyhoustonfireworksongfireworkbykatyperryznakbyewafarnaandaloneagainalyssareidsongaloneagainbyalyssareidbootcampwasbroadcastovertwoepisodeseachofminutesonandaprilthesuccessfulactswereboysartemfurmankacpergodajakubjonkiszkubajurzykaleksanderkamiskigirlsmagdalenabalmartabijanagatadziarmagowskabeataspychalskadariazawiaowoverskarolinaduszkiewiczmagorzatamarkowskajoaodesousaannatacikowskamagorzatauciowskagroupsandbandscaagrabarwinkwhatbreakerspopituppoprzytulatrzynastawsamopoudniejudgeshousesjudgeshousestookplaceinmarchandaprileachjudgetooktheremainingmembersoftheircategorytoanabroadlocationandhadgueststoassistthemintheirdecisionsfarnaspartwasfilmedonandmarchinpraguepragueczechrepublicwhereshementoredthegirlsandwasjoinedbyjakubbadachokupniktooktheoverstosangimignanosangimignanoitalyonandaprilandwasassistedbyandrzejpiasecznywojewdzkimentoredthegroupsandbandsinalverniastudiosinalwernianearkrakwwithhisguestjudgetomasztituspukackiofaciddrinkersmoziltooktheboystovolterravolterraitalyandwasaidedbystanisawsojkarefnamehousesrefjudgeshouseswasbroadcastonaprilclasswikitableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncentercontestantsperformancesonthejudgeshousesscopecolstylewidthemactscopecolstylewidthemsongscopecolstylewidthemresultscopecolcolspanboysscoperowartemfurmantooclosealexclaresongtooclosethroughstylebackgroundpinkscoperowaleksanderkamiskijustgivemeareasoneliminatedstylebackgroundpinkscoperowkacpergodaiwontgiveupeliminatedscoperowkubajurzykhellolionelrichiesonghellothroughscoperowjakubjonkiszachangeisgonnacomethroughscopecolcolspangroupsandbandsstylebackgroundpinkscoperowpopitupsweetharmonythebelovedsongsweetharmonyeliminatedscoperowcaagrabarwinkwtakeonmethroughstylebackgroundpinkscoperowpoprzytulamessageinabottlesongmessageinabottleeliminatedscoperowhatbreakersshewantstomovethroughscoperowtrzynastawsamopoudnietntsongtntthroughscopecolcolspanoversstylebackgroundpinkscoperowlanberrymagorzatauciowskawheniwasyourmaneliminatedstylebackgroundpinkscoperowmagorzatamarkowskaiwannabetheonlyoneeliminatedscoperowjoaodesousaporquetevasporquetevasthroughscoperowannatacikowskalistenbeyoncsonglistenthroughscoperowkarolinaduszkiewicztruecolorscyndilaupersongtruecolorsthroughscopecolcolspangirlsscoperowmartabijanihavenothingthroughscoperowmagdalenabalthisworldselahsuesongthisworldthroughstylebackgroundpinkscoperowbeataspychalskawhatawonderfulworldeliminatedstylebackgroundpinkscoperowagatadziarmagowskacantremembertoforgetyoueliminatedscoperowdariazawiaowpurplerainsongpurplerainthroughclasswikitableplainrowheaderssummaryofjudgeshousesjudgecategorylocationassistantcontestantseliminatedscoperowfarnagirlspraguepragueczechrepublicjakubbadachagatadziarmagowskabeataspychalskascoperowmozilboysvolterravolterraitalystanisawsojkakacpergodaaleksanderkamiskiscoperowokupnikoverssangimignanosangimignanoitalyandrzejpiasecznymagorzatamarkowskalanberrymagorzatauciowskascoperowwojewdzkigroupsandbandsalverniastudiosalwerniaalwerniapolandaciddrinkerstomasztituspukackipopituppoprzytulafinaliststhefinalistswereannouncedduringtheepisodebroadcastonaprilkeyndashwinnerbrndashrunnerupbrndashthirdplaceclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterscopecolstylewidthpxcategorymentorscopecolcolspanactsscoperowboysmozilbgcolorbfblistofxfactorfinalistspolandseriesartemfurmanartemfurmanlistofxfactorfinalistspolandseriesjakubjonkiszjakubjonkiszlistofxfactorfinalistspolandserieskubajurzykkubajurzykscoperowgirlsfarnalistofxfactorfinalistspol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dowsplatformappsbecameavailableonxboxoneaccordingtothecurrentheadofmicrosoftsxboxdivisionphilspencerbusinessexecutivephilspencertheimportanceofentertainmentandgamestothewindowsecosystemhasbecomereallyprevalenttothecompanystartinginfebruarymicrosoftinvitedselectuserstojoinapreviewprogramthatenablesthemtoreceiveearlybuildsofupcomingsystemupdatesandexperimentwiththefeaturespriortothepubliclaunchofthesoftwareonceregisteredforthexboxonepreviewprogramparticipantswillbeabletotesttheearlyfeaturesincludedintheupdateandprovidefeedbackonaprivateforumandcanoptoutoffuturewavesrefnamexopreviewprogramrefthroughitsxboxfeedbackwebsitemicrosofthasbeensolicitinginputfromconsumersonitsfeaturesandtakingrequestsforfutureadditionstotheconsolelowbatterynotificationsandbluraydsupportaretwoexamplesofideasthathavebeenamongthetopvotegettersonthesiterefnamegsfeedbackrefuserinterfacethexboxonesystemsoftwaresinterfaceusesageometricalplacementofsquaresandrectangularitemsthatscrollsasacontinuoushorizontallineusingthemetrodesignlanguagemetrodesignlanguagethatisalsoseeninwindowswindowsandothermicrosoftproductsthedashboardisdividedintohomecommunityoneguideandstoresectionsingeneralthetoplevelmenuofthexboxonefeelsalotlessclutteredthanthexboxsdashboardforexamplethefriendstabhasbeenremovedandreplacedwithadedicatedappthatuserscanloaduptoseewhattheirconnectionsaredoingthereareacoupleofcolumnsforsettingsoptionsandanareaforpinnedfavoritesamainscreenshowingcurrentandrecentappsandgamesthattheuserplayedorusedandasmallwhatsnewsectionhighlightingsomerecentlyaddedcontentintotaltheinterfaceisverycleanandsparsemicrosoftalsointroducedanewwaytocomputermultitaskingmultitaskcalledsnapwhichallowsxboxoneuserstoopenmultiplepanesinasinglewindowwhenmicrosoftupgradedthewindowsbasedcoretoawindowsbasedonetheymadeatourofthenewuserinterfaceuponxboxwirepromisingfastereasiernavigationimprovedcommunityfeaturesandthereturnofxboxavatarsthemainfeatureonthehomescreenisalistofmostrecentlyplayedgamesselectinganygiventitlewillgiveusersmoreinformationaboutannouncementsachievementssocialactivityandsoforthitisalsomorefocusedontheactualgamestheyareplayingwhichispartandparcelofthecompanysnewdirectionunderphilspencerbusinessexecutivephilspencerthecurrentheadofmicrosoftsxboxdivisionmultimediafeatureswhilelikeothervideogameconsolesthexboxoneisprimarilydesignedforplayinggamesitismorethanagameconsoleitisanentertainmenthubforgamestelevisionmusicandvideosmainlytheconsolefocusesonfunctionalityandentertainmentasawholeatgamescommicrosoftunveiledanewplantoremedythisandmakeearnestonthexboxoneslabelastheallinoneentertainmentsolutionbywayofexpandingitsmediasupportthexboxonesmediaplayerisquitesimilartothexboxsplaybacksuiteintermsofformandfunctionhoweverthenewerconsolenowsupportsmorethanformatsincludingthematroskamkvcontainerandgiffilesthexboxoneconsolealsodoessomeuniquethingsforexampleitsownerscancontroltheirtelevisionbroadcastsusingthedeviceaswellasuseitasafunctioningdigitalvideorecorderdvrapartfromstreamingmusicandvideosviaplaycharmsdevicesplaythereisalsoanetworkedapproachtherearetwoprimarywaystodothisthefirstistostreammediafromacomputerortabletandthesecondistoplayitdirectlyoffofausbflashdrivetheadvantageofthismethodovertheplaysystemisthatuserscandoitallfromwherevertheysitviathexboxoneinsteadofsendingthevideofromapctotheirconsoleasidefrommultimediafilesxboxoneplayscdsdvdsandbluraydiscsanditalsocomeswithdlnaandmatroskamkvsupportwhichmeansthatdownloadedvideofilescanbestreamedviathepcortransportedviaexternalharddriveandusbsmeanwhiletheinteractivetvguideallowsuserstoturnonandcontroltelevisionwiththeirvoicefurthermorethesystemcomeswithacomprehensiverangeofapplicationsrelatedtomultimediafeaturesintheunitedstatesvideochannelsincludeforexampletheamazoninstantvideocracklecompanycracklehuluplusandnetflixmicrosofthadannouncedthatthexboxonewasawardedforitsmultimediacapabilitiesatthethannualtechnologyengineeringemmyawardsinearlyandtheprizewasgivenforthexboxonestelevisionondemandfunctionsbackwardcompatibilitythexboxonewasnotbackwardcompatiblewitheithertheoriginalxboxconsolexboxorthexboxconsoleatlaunchandmicrosofthadadmittedthatattemptstousecloudgamingcloudstreamingtoallowxboxgamestobeplayedonxboxoneprovedtobeproblematichoweverduringitsepressconferenceonjunemicrosoftannouncedplanstointroducexboxbackwardcompatibilityusingthesoftwaremethodonthexboxonesupportedxboxgamesaresupposedtorunwithinasoftwarevideogameconsoleemulatoremulatorprovidedbytheupdatedsystemsoftwareimplementingboththehardwareandsoftwareofthexboxxboxonerecordingandbroadcastingfeaturesaresupportedalongwithxboxmultiplayerachievementsandcloudsaveaccessrefnameeurogamerdlcrefunlikexboxsemulationoftheoriginalxboxgamesdonothavetobespecificallypatchedbutneedtoberepackagedinthexboxoneformatgamesonphysicalmediawillnotbeexecuteddirectlyfromdiscinsertingthediscwillinitiateadownloadofarepackagedversionaswithxboxonetitlesatleastxboxgamesareofficiallysupportedandavailableforthefeaturespubliclaunchalongsidethenovembernewxboxoneexperiencesystemupdaterefnamevergenewuirefandxboxonepreviewprogrammembersreceivedearlyaccesswithalimitednumberoftitlesupontheannouncementrefnameengadgetxbbackwardsrefmicrosoftexpectsthenumberofsupportedgamestoincreasesignificantlyovertimebutnotallxboxgameswillbesupportedthisexplicitlyincludesanygamesthatrequirekinectoraccesstousbperipheralsrefnamepcwxboxnokinectrefxboxdivisionheadphilspencerbusinessexecutivephilspencerhasstatedthattheideaofpossiblyaddingsupportforgamesfromtheoriginalxboxwasnotsillybutthatthexboxdivisionisfocusingonxboxcompatibilityfirstonjunemicrosoftannouncedthattherewillbebackwardscompatibilityfortheoriginalxboxdevelopmentatthebuilddeveloperconferencebuildconferenceitwasannouncedthatallxboxoneconsolescouldbeupdatedtoincludeadevelopmentkitforuniversalwindowsplatformuniversalwindowsapplicationsonxboxonewithofficialsupportfortheplatformandcortanacominginsummerhistoryofupdatesalongwithintroducingimprovementsandfixesfornativeconsoleappsandsoftwarethemonthlyupdatestothexboxonesystemsoftwareintroducemajorfeaturesthatarevotedonorrequestedbythecommunityrefnamexofeedbackrefthoughsomemonthshaveincludedmorethanoneupdatestartinginfebruarybetareleasesofupdatesaretestedrefnamexboxpreviewrefbeforegoinglivetocheckforunwantedbugsandstabilityrefnamexobetaprogramrefonthedayoftheconsoleslaunchinasystemupdatewasreleasedtoremovethecontroversialalwaysonlinedrmannouncedatelectronicentertainmentexpothisdrmwouldhaverequiredthexboxonetoconnecttotheinternetatleastonceeverytwentyfourhoursorelsegameswouldceasetofunctionafterawaveofbacklashfromgamersandpressalikemicrosoftwasforcedtoreverseitspoliciesregardingthisbutearlyusershadtogoonlineatleastoncetoreceivethispatchthefebruaryupdateintroducedtheabilitytoseehowmuchharddiskspaceisavailableitalsointroducedsupportforusbkeyboardsenablinguserstoplugakeyboardintotheirconsolethuseliminatingtheneedtousetheonscreenkeyboardoverayearlaterinjulyphilspencerheadofthexboxteamvowedthatmousesupportwouldbeaddedsometimeinthefutureaspartofcrossplatformgameplaybetweenwindowsdevicesandthexboxoneconsolethemarchupdateaddedsupportforvideooutputatframespersecondratherthanallowingsmoothervideoonnbsphzdisplayscommonineuropeintheunitedstatesrefreshratesonscreensarehighernbsphzthanineuropeinjunesupportwasaddedforexternalharddrivesofgigabytesormoreallowingtwotobeconnectedtotheconsoleatatimeviausbaspartofthejulyupdateconsolescouldbetterunderstandvoicecommandsspokenindifferentaccentsanddialectsofenglishandgermanamonthlaterpurchasesfromtheofficialxboxwebsiteandthesmartglassappwereenabledallowingforeasiercontentpurchasingintheoctoberupdateamediaplayerappwasaddedwithsupportformanyformatsandcodecsincludingthematroskadigitalcontainerformatcontaineraswellasdlnastreamingfromothernetworkeddevicestrivialinthenovemberupdatecustomisablebackgroundsandtilecolourswereaddedtoenablegreatercustomisationoftheconsolesthiswouldlaterbeextendedtothexboxappinwindowstoallowausertocustomisetheirconsoleonthemoveinmarchanewscreenshotfeaturewasaddedtotheconsolealongwithtiletransparencyallowingownerstosharegamescreenshotsonlineoruseoneasamenubackgroundinaprilduetocriticismsofthepowerconsumptionneededfortheinstantonfeatureasystemupdateprompteduserstoselectbetweeninstantonandanenergysavingmodeinstantonhadbeenenabledbydefaultintheusdrawingcriticismfromthenaturalresourcesdefensecouncilduringtheelectronicentertainmentexpoinjunemicrosoftdiscussedthreemajorfeaturesthatlatercametoxboxoneconsolesinnovemberwindowsstreamingxboxbackwardcompatibilityandaninterfaceredesignknownasthenewxboxoneexperiencerefnamexoerefinadvanceofthepublicreleaseofwindowsajulyupdateletusersstreamgamesfromtheirxboxonetoanydevicerunningwindowsafeatureannouncedinjanuaryonecorespeculationquestionablerelevanceasmicrosoftisdevelopingaunifiedcodebaseknownaswindowsonecoreitmeansthatuserscanaccesseitherindividualgamesorthexboxonedashboardthroughwindowsxboxliveappwiththisunifiedcodebaseitmeansthatstartingwiththenovemberupdatedeveloperscantargetthewholeecosystemwithlittleeffortthusmakingiteasierforconsoleownerstoplaygameswiththeirpccounterpartstheservicestreamsonlytoonedeviceatatimeinthefebruaryupdateaslewofnewfeaturesbecameavailableforexamplegloballeaderboardsforeachgameandtheabilitytohideunusedorexpiredbetagamesanddemosfromausersgamecollectionthefebruaryupdatealloweduserstorearrangetheircustomizedpinsviathecontrollerwhereaspreviouslyusershadtousethexboxsmartglassxboxonesmartglassapplicationtousethisfeaturethemarchupdatebuildsonthefeaturesthatwereintroducedinthefebruaryupdatenewfeaturesthatwereincludedinthemarchupdatewastheabilitytopurchasexboxcompatiblegamesonthexboxonepartychatwhilebroadcastingtwitchtvtwitchstreamscustomizabledvrrecordinglengthswhichmeansthatownerscannowrecordaclipforuptominuteslongotherimprovementsincludedtheabilitytotrackachievementprogressfromthexboxoneguidevideoplaybackfromthexboxoneactivityfeedtheabilitytohavepeopleinapartychattheabilitytotrackxboxachievementsonthexboxoneactivityfeedfurtherimprovementsinthemarchupdateincludetheabilitytolaunchweblinksandyoutubevideosdirectlyfromthegamehubsandtheabilityforausertocomparetheiravatarstotheirfriendsrefnamexomarchupdaterefadditionallytheupdatealsointroducestheabilitytofactoryresettheconsolewithoutdeletinginstalledgamesandapplicationsonjunethefirstpreviewupdateofthewindowsanniversaryupdatewasmadeavailabletoparticipantsofthepreviewprogramthisincludedmanynewfeaturesandenhancementstothesoftwarebuildwasoneofthefirstbuildstointroducecortanathemainaimofthiswastohelpuserstoundertakecertaintaskssuchassettingupapartyusingvoicecommandsunliketheolderkinectvoicecommandscortanagivesusersaudiofeedbacktothecommandssimilartothepcandwindowsmobileversionstheupdatealsoincludedarefresheddesignofthexboxstorefurthercementingtherelationshipbetweenxboxoneandwindowspcsaswellasaredesignedmygamesappsinterfacewhichincludesaverticaldesignratherthantheolderhorizontaldesignthemygamesappsinterfaceinbuildalsogivestheusermoreinformationwhendownloadinggamesandappssuchasthepercentagecompletedthecurrentdownloadsizetotaldownloadsizeandthecurrentdownloadspeedthejuneupdatealsoincludesanewfacebookfriendfinderwhichallowsuserstofindandaddfriendsonfacebookonxboxliverefnamexboxonesummerupdaterefthefinalreleasetothepublicwaspublishedonjulytocoincidewiththereleaseofthewindowsanniversaryupdatewhichwasreleasedafewdayslateronaugustthefinalreleaseintroducedthenewlyredesigneduniversalstoreaswellasfurtherintegrationoftheuniversalwindowsplatformonmarchanupdatewasreleasedtothepublicknownasthecreatorsupdatetocoincidewiththepcversionreleasedafewweekslateronaprilitwasreleasedtoxboxinsidersinlatefebruaryfortestingandevaluationthecreatorsupdatefeaturedanumberofupdatesincludingarefreshedhomepagedesignnewguidedesignnewvideoandscreenshotcapturecontrolsaswellasanewgamestreamingservicecalledbeamwebsitebeamaccessibilitywasalsoimprovedbyanewfeaturecalledmicrosoftcopilotthatallowsuserswithphysicalimpairmentstohookupasecondcontrollertoallowafriendtoassistthemwithcontrolstappingthexboxguidebuttonnolongertakestheuserbacktotheirhomescreenbutinsteadopenstheguidethisrepresentsasignificantdesignparadigmshiftcomparedtoolderreleasesonoctoberthefallupdatewasreleasedmajorchangesincludeauioverhaulusingmicrosoftsfluentdesignsystemamodularhomemenuafasterdashboardacontenttransferfeaturesupportforusbwebcamsanewguidemenuimprovementstothegamedvrandseveralothermiscellaneousfunctionalityandinterfacetweaksonapriltheaprilxboxupdatewasreleasedchangesincludenewvideofeaturesautolowlatencymodesupportforvariablerefreshrateoutputtoamdradeonfreesyncandfreesynccompatibledisplaysinadditionxboxonexandxboxonesnowsupportoutputatxpresolutionforgamesandmediaimprovementstomixerwithsharecontrollerandtheoptiontostartmixerbroadcastsfromanywhereonxboxonesharecapturedscreenshotsandclipsdirectlytotwitterseveralaudioimprovementscommunitytournamentsarenowavailabledirectlyingamehubsforsupportedgamesandclubfeedshavealsogainednewfiltersintheforthcomingmayxboxupdateheresaquickrundownofwhattoexpectsupportforahzrefreshrateapowerfulnewenhancementtopinscalledgroupswithgroupsyoucancreatemultiplecollectionsofcontentmadeupofanythingfromwithinmygamesappstrimyourrecentgamecapturesdirectlyfromtheguideimprovedfamilysettingsimprovementstothexboxaccessoriesappandseveralotherchangestosomeofthebuttoncommandsthroughoutthedashboardadditionallyaforthcomingupdatewilladdcaptiveportalsupporttotheconsoleallowinguserstoconnecttowirelessnetworksrequiringauthenticationcommonlyusedincollegeshotelsaswellaswirelesshotspotsprovidedbyinternetserviceprovidersmicrosoftaimstoreleasefrequentupdatestothexboxoneconsolemainlycontainingneworimprovedfeaturesandfasterinstallationandloadingtimesforgamesandappsthelargestofwhichwasinnovembernamedthenewxboxexperienceupdaterefnamecreatednxoerefrefnamexboxrefseealsolistofxboxonegameslistofxboxgamescompatiblewithxboxonelistofxboxgamescompatiblewithxboxonelistofxboxlivegamesonwindowsothergamingplatformsfrommicrosoftxboxsystemsoftwarewindowsmultimediaandgamingwindowsgamingdirectxdirectxdirectxothergamingplatformsfromeighthgenerationofvideogameconsolesthisgenerationplaystationsystemsoftwarewiiusystemsoftwarenintendodssystemsoftwareplaystationvitasystemsoftwarenintendoswitchsystemsoftwareothergamingplatformsfromtheseventhgenerationofvideogameconsolesseventhgenerationplaystationsystemsoftwarewiisystemsoftwarenintendodsisystemsoftwareplaystationportablesystemsoftwarereferencesexternallinkssupportxboxcomxboxoneconsolesystemupdateoperatingsystemxboxonesystemsoftwarechangelogxboxcomxboxoneexperiencenewxboxoneexperiencenavboxestitlelinkstorelatedarticleslistxilitlaxcalaknumberxaviervideauwasafrancefrenchfigureskatingfigureskaterwhocompetedinpairshewonthegoldmedalatthefrenchfigureskatingchampionshipsforsixstraightyearswiththreedifferentpartnerswithpartnersabinefuchsvideauwonfrenchnationaltitlesfromtotheyalsofinishedthattheeuropeanfigureskatingchampionshipsinandandcameinthattheworldfigureskatingchampionshipsinhethenteamedwithhlneglabekandwonthegoldmedalatthefrenchchampionshipsinwithnathalietortelhecapturedthenationalcrowninandtheyfinishedthattheeuropeanchampionshipsinandthat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sotrackbalancetempoandformoftheplayersbodyxboxfitnessincludedworkoutroutinesthatrangedfromminutestominutesandtheservicewasfreethroughdecemberforxboxlivegoldsubscriberstomotivatetheplayerinworkoutchallengeswerepresentedandachievementscouldbeearnedwhentheplayeriscompletingaworkoutthesilhouetteofthebodywillappearontherightsideofthescreenwithcolorsandmovementtoshowcasewhichmusclesareengagedandhowhardeachisworkingplayerswillseehowtheirfitpointsandscorescomparetotheirpasteffortstheirfriendsandthexboxlivecommunityxboxfitnesscouldalsosynchronisedatawiththemicrosofthealthplatformrefnamegeekygadgetsmicrosofthealthrefrefnamemobilehealthnewsmicrosofthealthrefonjunemicrosoftannouncedthediscontinuationofxboxfitnesstheabilitytopurchasecontentwasremovedeffectiveimmediatelyandtheservicewasdisabledentirelyonjulyafterwhichuserswerenolongerbeabletousexboxfitnessoraccessitscontentnorefundswillbeprovidedforpurchasedcontentrefnamearsdiscontinuedrefseealsomsnhealthfitnessmicrosofthealthvaultreferencesinfoboxstationnamexinzhunativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationxiansymbolmetrosymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagealtcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressbaqiaodistrictxianshaanxicountrychinacoordinatesoperatorxianmetrocoltdlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructureovergrounddisabledcodeopenedclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxinzhustationisanovergroundmetrostationonlinexianmetrolineofthexianmetroitbeganoperationsonnovemberreferencessubtypesofhivhivkingxiaoofzhoukingxuanofzhoukingxiofzhoukingxiangofzhouemperorxuanofhanemperorxianofhanemperorxiaowuofliusongemperorxiaowuofjinemperorxiaomingofnorthernweiemperorxianwenofnorthernweiemperorxiaowenofnorthernweiemperorxiaozhuangofnorthernweiemperorxiaowuofnorthernweiemperorxiaojingofeasternweiemperorxuanwuofnorthernweikingkaolieofchuliuwuprinceofliangliuwuprinceofliangliuwuprinceofliangliuwuprinceofliangsunfochenyuanyuanchenyuanyuanredirectmemorialtothethronemmrdanishkragmmrdanishkragxenonucleicacidpearlyrazorfishredirectcategoryshellbluebandedwrassefinspotwrasseinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamevlowlandbrigaderfatfbrcclxiiibrigaderfatfbrcclxivbrigaderfatfbrxxbrigaderhatfimagecaptiondatesjanuarynovembercountryallegiancebranchtypeartilleryrolesizebattalioncommandstructurendlowlanddivisionbryeomanrymounteddivisionbrthcavalrydivisionbritishindianarmythcavalrydivisiongarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotequipmentordnanceqfpounderbrordnanceqfpounderequipmentlabelbattlesworldwarisinaiandpalestinecampaignsinaiandpalestinebattleofromanifirstbattleofgazafirstsecondbattleofgazasecondthirdbattleofgazathirdbattlesofgazabattleofjerusalemcaptureofjerusalembattleofmegiddobattleofmegiddocaptureofdamascuscaptureofdamascusanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonoursbattlehonourslabeldisbandedflyinghourswebsitecommanderscommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelnotablecommandersinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelvlowlandbrigaderoyalfieldartilleryterritorialforcewasafieldartillerybrigadeunitedkingdombrigadeformedfromthreeterritorialforceroyalhorseartilleryartillerybatterybatteriesinjanuaryitwasassignedtothendlowlanddivisiontoreplaceilowlandbrigaderfatfandjoinedthedivisioninegyptthebrigadewasreformedashorseartilleryinjulyredesignatedasxxbrigaderoyalhorseartilleryterritorialforceandjoinedtheyeomanrymounteddivisionlaterthcavalrydivisionbritishindianarmystmounteddivisionandthcavalrydivisionbritishindianarmythcavalrydivisionthebrigadesawactiveserviceinworldwariinthesinaiandpalestinecampaigninanditremainedinpalestineonoccupationdutiesaftertheendofthewarandwasfinallydisbandedinnovemberhistoryformationtheprewarterritorialforceinfantrydivisionsweregenerallysupportedbyfourfieldartillerybrigadeunitedkingdombrigadesrefwhengroupedtogethertheyformedbrigadesinthesamewaythatinfantrybattalionsorcavalryregimentsweregroupedtogetherinbrigadesattheoutbreakofworldwariafieldartillerybrigadeofheadquartersmilitaryheadquartersofficersotherranksukotherranksthreebatteriesandeachandabrigadeammunitioncolumnandrefnamelltwabrefhadatotalstrengthjustundersowasbroadlycomparabletoaninfantrybattalionjustoveroracavalryregimentaboutlikeaninfantrybattalionanartillerybrigadewasusuallycommandedbyalieutenantcolonelartillerybrigadeswereredesignatedasregimentsinnotethatthebatterystrengthreferstoabatteryofsixgunsafourgunbatterywouldbeabouttwothirdsofthisthesewerenumberediiiiiiandivwithineachdivisionandconsistedofthreegunbrigadeseachofthreebatteriesequippedwithfourordnanceblcpounderpoundergunsandahowitzerbrigadetwobatteriesoffourblinchhowitzerhowitzersrefnameconradrefwhenthendlowlanddivisionwasorderedtogallipolicampaigngallipoliinmayitlefttwoofitsfieldartillerybrigadesbehindintheukonthefirthofforthforthdefencesiiilowlandbrigaderoyalfieldartilleryrfatfstndandrdglasgowbatteriesandbrigadeammunitioncolumnrejoinedthedivisioninegyptinmarchbutilowlandbrigaderfatfstandndedinburghandmidlothianbatteriesandbrigadeammunitioncolumnproceededtofranceinoctoberwhereitwasreequippedwithpoundersandjoinedsthighlanddivisionrefnamebeckerefvlowlandbrigaderfatfwasformedonjanuaryatleicestertoreplaceilowlandbrigaderfainnddivisionitconsistedoftheessexroyalhorseartilleryessexhampshireroyalhorseartilleryhampshireandwestridingroyalhorseartillerywestridingroyalhorseartilleryrhabatteriesandabrigadeammunitioncolumnbacbeforedepartingforthemiddleeasteachofthebatterieswerereequippedwithfourpoundersrefnamebeckerefndlowlanddivisionthebrigadeembarkedbetweenandfebruaryatdevonportdevondevonportandarrivedatportsaidonmarchitjoinedndlowlanddivisionatelqantaraonmarchinthesuezcanaldefencesthebrigadewasrenumberedascclxiiibrigaderfatfonmayandhampshirerhaasabatteryessexrhaasbbatteryandwestridingrhaascbatteryonthesamedateonseptemberthebrigadewasrenumberedascclxivbrigaderfatfandondecemberbacktocclxiiibrigaderfatfalsoondecembercbatteryformerlywestridingrhawasbrokenuponesectionreftwosubsectionsformedasectionandinasixgunbatterythesewouldbedesignatedasleftcentreandrightsectionsthebrigadenowconsistedoftwobatteriesofsixpounderseachrefnamefarndalerefwhilewithndlowlanddivisionthedivisiontookpartinthebattleofromaniandaugustrefnamebeckerefandthefirstbattleofgazafirstandmarchandsecondbattleofgazasecondaprilbattlesofgazarefnamebeckerefconversiontohorseartilleryattheendofjunearrangementsweremadetoreformthebrigadeasahorseartillerybrigadeonjulythebrigadeexchangeditspoundersforpoundersandwasredesignatedasxxbrigaderhatfessexandhampshirebatteriesrhawerereformedwithfourpounderseachrefnamebeckerefwestridingbatteryrhawasnotreformedatthispointrefnamefrederickrefrefandceasedtobearoyalhorseartillerybatteryrefnamemillswyrefthebrigadewiththehampshirebatteryjoinedtheyeomanrymounteddivisionatkhanyunisonjulyessexbatteryrharemainedwithndlowlanddivisionuntilseptemberwhenitjoinedthmountedbrigadewhichhadreturnedtoegyptfromsalonikacampaignsalonikaonjuneyeomanrymountedstmountedthcavalrydivisionsberkshireroyalhorseartilleryberkshirerhafourpoundersjoinedtheyeomanrymounteddivisionwiththmountedbrigadeonjuneandtransferredtoxxbrigadewhenitjoinedthedivisiononjulylikewiseleicestershireroyalhorseartilleryleicestershirerhaalsofourpounderstransferredfromanzacmounteddivisiononjuneandjoinedthebrigadeonjulythebrigaderemainedwiththedivisionwhenitwasrestructuredandindianizedasthethcavalrydivisionbritishindianarmystmounteddivisionfromaprilandlaterrenamedasthcavalrydivisionbritishindianarmythcavalrydivisionjulyrefnameperryrefduringitstimewiththeyeomanrymounteddivisionthedivisionservedaspartoftheegyptianexpeditionaryforceinpalestineregionpalestinefromoctoberittookpartinthethirdbattleofgazaincludingthebattleofbeershebabattleofbeershebainghqreserveandthecaptureofthesheriapositionunderthedesertmountedcorpsdmcstillwiththedmcittookpartinthebattleofmugharridgeonandnovemberandthebattleofnebisamwilfromtonovemberfromtonovemberitwithstoodtheturkishcounterattacksduringthebattleofjerusalemcaptureofjerusalemrefnamebeckerefoncethedivisionwasrestructuredandrenameditservedwiththedmcfortherestofthewartakingpartinthesecondtransjordanattackonshunetnimrinandessaltsecondtransjordanraidapriltomayandthefinaloffensiveinparticularthebattleofmegiddobattleofmegiddotoseptemberandthecaptureofdamascuscaptureofdamascusoctoberrefnameperryrefthethcavalrydivisionremainedinpalestineonoccupationdutiesaftertheendofthewarhoweverdemobilizationbeganimmediatelyandmostofthebritishwartimeunitshadleftbymaytheberkshireandleicestershirebatterieswerereducedtocadreinegyptonoctobertheheadquarterswasdisbandedonnovemberrefnamefrederickrefseealsonotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastbeckefirstmajorafyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartatheterritorialforcemounteddivisionsandthestlineterritorialforcedivisionspublisherhismajestysstationeryofficelocationlondonisbncitebookrefharvlastclarkefirstwgyeartitlehorsegunnerstheroyalhorseartilleryyearsofpanacheandprofessionalismpublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastfarndalefirstgeneralsirmartinauthorlinkmartinfarndaleyearserieshistoryoftheroyalregimentofartillerytitletheforgottenfrontsandthehomebasepublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastperryfirstfwyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartbindianarmydivisionspublisherraywestlakemilitarybookslocationnewportisbnxcitebookrefharvlastfrederickfirstjbmyeartitlelineagebookofbritishlandforcespublishermicroformacademicpublisherslocationwakefieldyorkshireisbnxexternallinksnetrhahtmtheroyalhorseartilleryonthelonglongtrailmmrmmrshiranuiryazusanojiriinfoboxstationnamexinchangstationnativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationshanghaisymbolmetrosymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagealtcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressshanghaicountrychinacoordinatesoperatorlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructuredisabledcodeopenedclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxinchangstationisametrostationstationonshanghaimetrolinelineoftheshanghaimetroinshanghaichinashanghaimetrolineyeskeijiinaixinditownshiphebeihuanglongcaveyujiterajimasimaxiangruxinyinguavsarechineseuavsdevelopedbyguilinwebarchiveorgwebglxinyingcomxinyingelectronicsciencetechnologycoltdxinyingsomeofwhichhavesinceenteredservicewithvariouschinesemilitaryparamilitaryandlawenforcementestablishmentsinadditionsomeofmodelshavealsobeenexportedabroadunderotherthenameofotherfirmsaswithallotheruavsofxinyingcloudwalkerseriesuavisalsojointlydevelopedbyxinyingandwebarchiveorgwebglcateducnindexaspguilinuniversityofaerospacetechnologyglcatauspicioushawkiiauspicioushawkxiangyingorxiangyingiiisafixedwinguavinconventionallayoutwithhighwingconfigurationandinadditiontotricyclelandinggearapairofskidsisalsopartoflandinggearpropulsionisprovidedbyatwobladepropellerdrivenbyatractorconfigurationtractorenginemountedinthenoseauspicioushawkiiispoweredbymethanolfuelspecificationlengthmwingspanmpayloadkgmaxtakeoffweightkgcruisespeedkmhrnormaloperatingaltitudemendurancehrmaxwindscaleallowedforoperationlaunchandrecoverytaxiuavwithcanardsinadditiontothoseuavsalreadyinproductionxinyingisalsocurrentlydevelopingseveralotheruavsandthreeofthemhavebeenrevealedseveraltimeinarowatvariousexhibitionsheldinchinasinceincludingzhuhaiairshowwebarchiveorgwebbeijingaviationcomenbeijingairshowanduavexhibitionsheldinshanghaiandbeijingoneoftheuavcurrentlyunderdevelopedrevealedattheseexhibitionisonewithcanardaeronauticscanardsthisuavtakesaratherunusuallayoutinthatatfirstglanceitappearstobeinaslightlyalteredconventionallayoutwithasmallttailandtricyclelandinggearbutthereareapairofcanardsmountedonthefuselagenearthenoseconethisuavalsoadoptsasweptwingdesignarearoccasionamongchineseuavsinadditiontherearealsowingletsonthesweptwingbutthewingletsarenotlocatedatthewingtipsasinmostaircraftbutinsteadnearthewingtipsverylittleinformationisfurtherreleasedsinceitisstillunderdevelopmentrefnameuavsrefuavwithdeltawinganotheruavcurrentlybeingdevelopedbyxinyingandrevealedtogetherwiththeonewithcanardsismoreoftraditionaldesignandthisuavhasdeltawingswithtwintailsandtricyclelandinggearbutwithouttailplanesthereisnotanypropellershownonthemodelshownattheexhibitionindicatingthatthisuavmightbejetpoweredbutnoneofmodelsshownhasanyinletsthestaffofthedeveloperattheseexhibitionshasclaimedthattheuavcanbepoweredbyvariouspowerplantsincludingbothpropellerandjetsoifitispropellerdrivenitislikelytobeinpusherconfigurationquadrotorthethirduavcurrentlyunderdevelopmentbyxinyingisanexperimentalaircraftexperimentaluavanditisaquadcopterwhatisunusualaboutthisuavisthatitdoesnotfollowthetraditionalquadcopterdesignoffourarmsextendingfromthecenterandeachwitharotorattheendofarmfurthestfromthecenterinsteadthequadcopterhasafuselageattachedwithfourductedfanswithtwooneachsideofthefuselageeachductedfanhousesatwobladerotorthefuselagedoesnothaveanywingsattachtoitbutisdoeshaveaverticalrudderattachedtotheempennageskysoariiiskysoariiiisafixedwinguavinconventionallayoutwithhighwingconfigurationandtricyclelandinggearpropulsionisprovidedbyatwobladepropellerdrivenbyatractorconfigurationtractorenginemountedinthenoseskysoariiiresemblesascaleddownversionofcessnawithoutstrutssupportingthewingcessnaaircraftisoneofthemostproliferatedgeneralaviaitionaircraftintheworldwhichskysoariiiismodeledafterforapplicationintrainingofbothairandgroundcrewforpositiveidentificationofapproachingaircraftinadditiontotheusualaerialsurveyphotographymissionsofuavspecificationlengthmwingspanmpayloadkgmaxtakeoffweightkgcruisespeedkmhrnormaloperatingaltitudemendurancehrmaxwindscaleallowedforoperationlaunchandrecoverytaxiseealsolistofunmannedaerialvehiclesofthepeoplesrepublicofchinareferencesxingyingsurveyorkanchazheorkanchazheisthenameofafamilyofchineseuavsdevelopedbyguilinwebarchiveorgwebglxinyingcomxinyingelectronicsciencetechnologycoltdxinyingsomeofwhichhavesinceenteredservicewithvariouschinesemilitaryparamilitaryandlawenforcementestablishmentsasofendoffourmodelshavebeenidentifiedsurveyorisurveyoriisthefirstmemberofthesurveyorseriesuavanditisafixedwinguavinconventionallayoutwithhighwingconfigurationandapairofskidsaslandinggearpropulsionisprovidedbyatwobladepropellerdrivenbyatractorconfigurationtractorenginemountedinthenoseandtheentireuavisconstructedofcompositematerialspecificationlengthmwingspanmheightmemptyweightkgpayloadkgmaxtakeoffweightkgfuellendurancehrcruisespeedkmhrstallspeedkmhrceilingkmcontrolradiuskmnormaloperatingradiuskmmaxwindscaleallowedforoperationpowerplantcclaunchcatapultrecoveryparachutesurveyoriisurveyoriiissecondmemberofthesurveyorseriesuavanditisafixedwinguavinconventionallayoutwithhighwingconfigurationpropulsionisprovidedbyatwobladepropellerdrivenbyatractorconfigurationtractorenginemountedinthenosesurveyoriiisthesmallestmemberofthesu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sionwasformedinegyptinmarchwithfourcavalrybrigadesfourbritishterritorialforcehorseartilleryartillerybatterybatterieswereassignedtothedivisiontoprovideartillerysupportoneperbrigadethesewerecontrolledbytworoyalhorseartillerybrigadeheadquartersmilitaryheadquartersiiibrigaderoyalhorseartillerytfiiibrigaderhatfandivbrigaderoyalhorseartillerytfivbrigaderhatfrefnameperryreftheanzacmounteddivisionservedwiththedesertcolumninthesinaiandpalestinecampaignfromthebattleofmagdhabadecemberthroughtothesecondbattleofgazaaprilrefnameperryrefinjunethedesertcolumnwasreorganisedfromtwomounteddivisionsoffourbrigadeseachanzacandimperialmounteddivisionstothreemounteddivisionsofthreebrigadeseachanzacaustralianmounteddivisionaustralianimperialmounteddivisionrenamedandthenewyeomanrymounteddivisionrefandwasmobilisedwithitinrefnameconradrefformationinjulytheartilleryoftheanzacmounteddivisionwasreorganizedtheexistingiiiandivbrigadehqsweredissolvedandxviiibrigaderoyalhorseartilleryterritorialforcewasformedforthedivisionwithrefnamefrederickrefayrshireroyalhorseartilleryayrshirebatteryrhatffromivbrigadeinvernessshireroyalhorseartilleryinvernessshirebatteryrhatfalsofromivbrigadesomersetroyalhorseartillerysomersetbatteryrhatffromiiibrigadeinpracticethebatterieswerepermanentlyattachedtothemountedbrigadessomersetrhatothestlighthorsebrigadeinvernessshirerhatothendlighthorsebrigadeandayrshirerhatothenewzealandmountedriflesbrigadethebatterieshadeachbeenreequippedwithfourpoundersbeforethefirstbattleofgazainmarchrefnamefarndalereftheywerestillequippedwithpounderswhenthebrigadewasorganisedrefnamefarndalerefbutwerereequippedwithpoundersfourperbatteryintimeforthethirdbattleofgazaattheendofoctoberrefnamefarndalerefservicethebrigadeanditsbatteriesservedwiththeanzacmounteddivisionthroughouttherestofthesinaiandpalestinecampaignaspartofthedesertmountedcorpsthedivisiontookpartinthethirdbattleofgazainparticularthebattleofbeershebacaptureofbeershebaoctoberandthebattleofmugharridgeandnovemberandthedefenceofjerusalemagainstthebattleofjerusalemottomancounterattacksturkishcounterattacksnovemberdecemberatthebeginningofthedivisionwasattachedtoxxcorpsunitedkingdomxxcorpsandhelpedtocaptureofjerichocapturejerichofebruaryandthenformedpartofjohnsheaindianarmyofficersheasforceforthefirsttransjordanattackonammanfirsttransjordanraidmarchaprilitreturnedtothedesertmountedcorpsforthesecondtransjordanattackonshunetnimrinandessaltsecondtransjordanraidaprilmaythebattleofabutelluljulyandthesecondbattleofammancaptureofammanseptemberdissolvedafterthearmisticeofmudrosthedivisionwaswithdrawntoegypttheaustralianbrigadesdepartedforhomeinmarchandaprilandthenewzealandersbytheendofjulythebrigadewasbrokenupsometimeafteraprilseealsonotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastbeckefirstmajorafyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartatheterritorialforcemounteddivisionsandthestlineterritorialforcedivisionspublisherhismajestysstationeryofficelocationlondonisbncitebookrefharvlastfarndalefirstgeneralsirmartinauthorlinkmartinfarndaleyearserieshistoryoftheroyalregimentofartillerytitletheforgottenfrontsandthehomebasepublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastfrederickfirstjbmyeartitlelineagebookofbritishlandforcespublishermicroformacademicpublisherslocationwakefieldyorkshireisbnxcitebookrefharvlastperryfirstfwyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartathedivisionsofaustraliacanadaandnewzealandandthoseineastafricapublisherraywestlakemilitarybookslocationnewportisbnexternallinksnetrhahtmtheroyalhorseartilleryonthelonglongtrailwebarchiveorgwebwartimememoriesprojectcomgreatwaralliedroyalhorseartillerygwphpthegreatwarroyalhorseartilleryscopariapetrinascopariaharpaleatmetolophotaatristrigaxxxixpanzercorpskharkharetchmiadzincathedralredirectcategoryshellmeteranastipatanizhnynovgorodleichamadamenhumadamenhulistofminorplanetsinfoboxmilitaryunitunitnamexixbrigaderoyalhorseartillerytfimagecaptiondatesjanuaryoctobercountryallegiancebranchtypeartilleryrolesizebattalioncommandstructureaustralianmounteddivisionimperiallateraustralianmounteddivisiongarrisongarrisonlabelnicknamepatronmottocolorscolorslabelmarchmascotequipmentordnanceqfpounderbrordnanceqfpounderbrordnanceqfpounderequipmentlabelbattlesworldwarisinaiandpalestinecampaignsinaiandpalestinefirstbattleofgazafirstsecondbattleofgazasecondandthirdbattleofgazathirdbattlesofgazabattleofbeershebabattleofbeershebabattleofmugharridgebattleofjerusalembattleofjerusalemsecondtransjordanattackonshunetnimrinandessaltsecondtransjordanraidcaptureofdamascuscaptureofdamascusanniversariesdecorationsbattlehonoursbattlehonourslabeldisbandedflyinghourswebsitecommanderscommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelcommandercommanderlabelnotablecommandersinsigniaidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelidentificationsymbolidentificationsymbollabelxixbrigaderoyalhorseartilleryterritorialforcewasaroyalhorseartillerybrigadeunitedkingdombrigaderefwhengroupedtogethertheyformedbrigadesinthesamewaythatinfantrybattalionsorcavalryregimentsweregroupedtogetherinbrigadesattheoutbreakofworldwariafieldartillerybrigadeofheadquartersmilitaryheadquartersofficersotherranksukotherranksthreebatteriesandeachandabrigadeammunitioncolumnandrefnamelltwabrefhadatotalstrengthjustundersowasbroadlycomparabletoaninfantrybattalionjustoveroracavalryregimentaboutlikeaninfantrybattalionanartillerybrigadewasusuallycommandedbyalieutenantcolonelartillerybrigadeswereredesignatedasregimentsinnotethatthebatterystrengthreferstoabatteryofsixgunsafourgunbatterywouldbeabouttwothirdsofthisoftheterritorialforcethatwasformedbytheegyptianexpeditionaryforceinpalestineinjanuaryfortheimperialmounteddivisionlaterrenamedaustralianmounteddivisionitservedwiththedivisionthereafterinthesinaiandpalestinecampaignandwasbrokenupaftertheendofworldwarihistoryformationtheimperialmounteddivisionwasformedinegyptinjanuarywithfourcavalrybrigadestheaustralianrdlighthorsebrigaderdandthlighthorsebrigadesandthebritishthmountedbrigadethandthmountedbrigadesfourbritishterritorialforcehorseartilleryartillerybatterybatterieswereassignedtothedivisiontoprovideartillerysupportoneperbrigaderefnameperryrefxixbrigaderoyalhorseartilleryterritorialforcewasformedforthedivisionwithrefnameperryrefberkshireroyalhorseartilleryberkshirebatteryrhatfnottinghamshireroyalhorseartillerynottinghamshirebatteryrhatfabatteryhonourableartillerycompanyabatteryhactfbbatteryhonourableartillerycompanybbatteryhactfthebatterieshadbeenassignedtothendsouthmidlandmountedbrigadendsouthmidlandnottinghamshireandderbyshiremountedbrigadenottinghamshireandderbyshirelondonmountedbrigadelondonandsoutheasternmountedbrigadesrespectivelyattheoutbreakofthewarrefnameconradrefeachwasequippedwithfourrefnamewestlakerefordnanceqfpounderehrhardtpoundergunsrefnameclarkerefallfourbatterieshadoriginallygoneouttoegyptwiththendmounteddivisioninaprilbutdidnotproceedtogallipolicampaigngallipoliwhenthedivisionwasdismountedforservicethereorinadenwherebbatteryhacandberkshirerhafoughtasharpactionatsheikhothmanthatremovedthesoutharabiaduringworldwariturkishthreattoadenfortherestofthewarinpracticethebatteriesweretacticallyattachedtothemountedbrigadesforexamplenottinghamshirerhatotherdlighthorsebrigadeandabatteryhactothethlighthorsebrigadeearlyservicethebrigadeanditsbatteriesservedwiththeimperialmounteddivisioninthesinaiandpalestinecampaignaspartofthedesertcolumnwiththedivisionittookpartintheadvanceacrossthesinaithebatterieswerereequippedwithfourpounderseachrefnamefarndalerefintimeforthefirstbattleofgazamarchtheyalsotookpartinthesecondbattleofgazaaprilrefnameperryrefreorganisedandacactushedgeneardeiralbalahbelahpalestineregionpalestineinmarchinjunethedesertcolumnwasreorganisedfromtwomounteddivisionsoffourbrigadeseachanzacmounteddivisionanzacandimperialmounteddivisionstothreemounteddivisionsofthreebrigadeseachanzacaustralianmounteddivisionaustralianimperialmounteddivisionrenamedandthenewyeomanrymounteddivisionberkshirerhajoinedxxbrigaderoyalhorseartillerytfxxbrigaderhatfintheyeomanrymounteddivisiononjulyonjunetheimperialmounteddivisionwasredesignatedasaustralianmounteddivisionasthemajorityofitstroopswerenowaustralianonaugustthedesertcolumndisappearedandthedesertmountedcorpswasformedrefnamebeckerefthebatterieswerestillequippedwithpounderswhenthebrigadewasreorganisedrefnamefarndalerefbutwerereequippedwithpoundersfourperbatterybeforethethirdbattleofgazaattheendofoctoberrefnamefarndalereflaterservicethebrigadeanditsbatteriesservedwiththeaustralianmounteddivisionthroughouttherestofthesinaiandpalestinecampaignaspartofthedesertmountedcorpsthedivisiontookpartinthethirdbattleofgazainparticularthebattleofbeershebacaptureofbeershebaoctoberandthebattleofmugharridgeandnovemberandthedefenceofjerusalemagainstthebattleofjerusalemottomancounterattacksturkishcounterattacksnovemberdecemberinmarchthethmountedbrigadeleftthedivisionforthenewthcavalrydivisionbritishindianarmyndmounteddivisionandwasreplacedbythenewlyformedthlighthorsebrigadebbatteryhacwasattachedtothebrigadestillpartofthedesertmountedcorpsthedivisiontookpartinthesecondtransjordanattackonshunetnimrinandessaltsecondtransjordanraidaprilmayxixbrigaderhasupportedthethlighthorsebrigadeintheadvanceonthejisreddamiyeessalttrackonaprilthenextdayastrongturkishforceattackedfromthedirectionofjisreddamiyeandsoontheartillerywasindangerbbatteryhacwasintherearandmanagedtogetawaywithallbutoneoftheirgunsstuckinawadibutthenottinghamshirerhaandabatteryhacwerelessfortunatemachinegunfirecutdownthehorseteamsbeforethegunscouldbegottenawayxixbrigadelostgunsintotaltheonlygunstobelostinactionintheentirecampaignrefnamefarndalerefrefnamefarndaleannexrefitfinalactionwasthecaptureofdamascuscaptureofdamascusoctoberdissolvedafterthearmisticeofmudrosthedivisionwaswithdrawntoegyptandstartedtodemobilisethelastoftheaustraliansreturnedhomeinaprilandmayaandbbatterieshacwerereducedtocadreinegyptonoctoberrefnamefrederickrefandthebrigadeheadquartersmilitaryheadquarterswasdisbandedinegyptonoctoberrefnamefrederickrefseealsonotesreferencesbibliographycitebookrefharvlastbeckefirstmajorafyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartatheterritorialforcemounteddivisionsandthestlineterritorialforcedivisionspublisherhismajestysstationeryofficelocationlondonisbncitebookrefharvlastbeckefirstmajorafyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartthearmycouncilghqsarmiesandcorpspublisherhismajestysstationeryofficelocationlondonisbncitebookrefharvlastclarkefirstdaleyeartitlebritishartilleryfieldarmyartilleryvolumevolumeofnewvanguardseriespublisherospreypublishinglocationoxfordisbncitebookrefharvlastfarndalefirstgeneralsirmartinauthorlinkmartinfarndaleyearserieshistoryoftheroyalregimentofartillerytitletheforgottenfrontsandthehomebasepublishertheroyalartilleryinstitutionlocationwoolwichisbncitebookrefharvlastfrederickfirstjbmyeartitlelineagebookofbritishlandforcespublishermicroformacademicpublisherslocationwakefieldyorkshireisbnxcitebookrefharvlastjamesfirstbrigadiereayeartitlebritishregimentspublishersamsonbookslimitedlocationlondonisbncitebookrefharvlastperryfirstfwyeartitleorderofbattleofdivisionspartathedivisionsofaustraliacanadaandnewzealandandthoseineastafricapublisherraywestlakemilitarybookslocationnewportisbncitebookrefharvlastwestlakefirstrayyeartitlebritishterritorialunitspublisherospreypublishingisbnexternallinksnetrhahtmtheroyalhorseartilleryonthelonglongtrailwebarchiveorgwebwartimememoriesprojectcomgreatwaralliedroyalhorseartillerygwphpthegreatwarroyalhorseartillerysexyrfromalternativelanguagearinfoboxstationnamexinmofanmalunativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationnanjingsymbolmetrosymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagealtcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressguloudistrictnanjingguloudistrictnanjingjiangsucountrychinacoordinatesoperatornanjingmetrocoltdlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructureundergrounddisabledcodeopenedaugustclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxinmofanmalustationisametrostationstationoflinenanjingmetrolineofthenanjingmetroitstartedoperationsonaugustreferencesnanjingmetrostationslineyesinfoboxstationnamexiaohangnativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationnanjingsymbolmetrosymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagefilexiaohangstationplatformjpgaltcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressyuhuataidistrictnanjingjiangsucountrychinacoordinatesoperatornanjingmetrocoltdlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructureelevateddisabledcodeopenedseptemberclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxiaohangstationisametrostationstationoflinenanjingmetrolineofthenanjingmetroitstartedoperationsonseptemberreferencesnanjingmetrostationslineyesredirectedwardhschaferredirectedwardhschaferinfoboxstationnamexiaolongwannativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationnanjingsymbolmetrosymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagexiaolongwanstationjpgaltcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressjiangningdistrictnanjingjiangsucountrychinacoordinatesoperatornanjingmetrocoltdlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructureelevateddisabledcodeopenedmayclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxiaolongwanstationisametrostationstationoflinenanjingmetrolineofthenanjingmetroitstartedoperationsonmayreferencesnanjingmetrostationslineyesinfoboxstationnamexinglongdajienativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationnanjingsymbolmetrosymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagejpgaltcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressjianyedistrictnanjingjiangsucountrychinacoordinatesoperatornanjingmetrocoltdlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructureundergrounddisabledcodeopenedmayclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxinglongdajiestationisametrostationstationoflinenanjingmetrolineofthenanjingmetroitstartedoperationsonmayreferencesnanjingmetrostationslineyesinfoboxstationnamexianmennativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationnanjingsymbolmetrosymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagexianmanstationjpgaltcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernamenanjinggeneralhospitalofnanjingmilitarycommandaddressxuanwudistrictnanjingxuanwudistrictandqinhuaidistrictnanjingjiangsucountrychinacoordinatesoperatornanjingmetrocoltdlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructureundergrounddisabledcodeopenedmayclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxianmennanjinggeneralhospitalofnanjingmilitarycommandstationisametrostationstationoflinenanjingmetrolineofthenanjingmetroitstartedoperationsonmayaroundthestationnanjinggeneral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gtheninthedevoteesheartthedeitymustprovehisorherefficacyworshipconsistsofthedisplayofreverenceorrespectjingshenforthegodshonoringthemthroughthefulfillmentofvowshuanyuaninmostofthecasesvowfulfillmentisexpressedinmaterialformforexamplejingxiangofferingritualsmanypeoplerepayvowstothegodsbycontributingincenseoilcandlesandmoneyreligiousdevotionmayalsobeexpressedintheformofperformancetroupeshuahuiinvolvingstiltwalkersliondancersmusiciansmartialartsmastersyanggedancersandstorytellerssomegodsareconsideredcarnivorousforexampleheshenorthedragonkinglongwangofferingstotheserequireananimalsacrificeshengjiwhileotherdeitiesforexamplezhenwudonotaskforanimalsacrificeadeitymayalsorequireinexchangeforhisorherhelpthroughdivineeffervescencethatpeopleactmorallyandperformgoodworksvirtuousdeedsshanshiandpracticeselfcultivationxiuxingtothisendsomeformsoflocalreligiondevelopprescriptionsforbelieverssuchasdetailedlistsofmeritoriousandsinfuldeedsintheformofbooksofvirtueshanshuandledgersofmeritguogonggeinvolvementintheaffairsofcommunalorintravillagetemplesareperceivedbybelieversaswaysofaccumulatingmeritgongdedoinggooddeedstoaccumulatevirtuexingshanjideisacommonformulaforreligiouspracticevirtueisbelievedtoaccumulateinonesheartwhichisseenastheenergeticcenterofthehumanbodyzaijunxinzuotianfutemplesandholylocationsshrinesofdivineeffervescencethetermxianlingmaybeinterpretedasthegodrevealinghisdivinepresenceinaparticularareaandtemplethrougheventsperceivedasextraordinarymiraculousandfillingtheplaceoftheirlingqidivinepowerusuallymanifestsinpubliconcetheeventiswitnessedandacknowledgedreportsaboutitspreadquicklyandthecultofthedeityestablishesitselfandgrowsinpopularityandtemplesarebuiltscholarzavidovskayastudiedthewaystheincentiveoftemplerestorationsincethesinnorthernchinawastriggeredbynumerousinstancesofgodsbecomingactiveandreturningandclaimingbacktheirtemplesandplacesinsocietyshecitesachenghuangtempleinyulinshaanxiyulinshaanxiprovincethatduringtheculturalrevolutionwasturnedintoagranaryinthesthetemplewasrestoredtoitsoriginalfunctionbecausetheseedskeptinthetemplealwaysrottedthiseventwasrecognizedasasignfromthegodchenghuangtoemptyhisresidenceofgrainandlethimbackinthelingqidivineenergyisbelievedtoaccumulateincertainplacessuchastemplesmakingthemholytempleswithalonghistoryareconsideredholierthannewlybuiltoneswhichstillneedtobefilledbydivineenergyzavidovskayaalsocitedanexampleofthecultofgodzhenwuincongluoyushanxithegodstempleswereinruinsandthecultwasinactiveuntilthemidswhenamanwithterminalcancerprayedbaitozhenwuthemanbegantorecoverandafterayearhewascompletelyhealedtothankthegodheorganizedanoperaperformanceinhishonoratemporaryaltarwithastatueofzhenwuandastageforperformancesweresetupinanopenspaceatthefootofamountainwhiletheoperawasbeingperformedlargewhitesnakesappearedtheywereunafraidofpeopleanddidnotattackthemseeminglywatchingtheoperathesnakeswereconsideredbylocalsasincarnationsofzhenwuwhocametowatchtheoperaheldinhishonorkindsofefficacythemostcommondisplayofdivinepoweristhecureofdiseasesafterafollowerasksforaidanothermanifestationisthefulfillmentofarequestbychildrenthedeitymayalsomanifestthroughmediaenteringthebodyofashamanmediumandspeakingthroughhisorherlipstherehavebeencasesofpeoplecuringillnessesonbehalfofagodtishenzhibinggodsmayalsospeaktopeoplewhentheyareasleeptuomengseealsonumendivinepresencechinesefolkreligionwuchinesereligionwubaoyingmingyunyuanfenreferencessourcesekaterinaazavidovskayaacademiaedudeservingdivineprotectionreligiouslifeincontemporaryruralshanxiandshaanxiprovincesstpetersburgannualofasianandafricanstudiesergonverlaggmbhwurzburgvolippinenglishdeservingdivineprotectionreligiouslifeincontemporaryruralshanxiandshaanxiprovincesstpetersburgannualofasianandafricanstudiesergonverlaggmbhwrzburgvolippnbspfanlizhuchennafudanucucsdedufileschinawatchfanchenpdftherevivalofindigenousreligioninchinafudanuniversitytryakochanathenaleeyenbangladeshigeneralelectionmtripodinfoboxmusicalartistnamexenotbackgroundgrouporbandimagelandscapeyescaptionaliastoppdoggoriginsouthkoreagenreyearsactivepresentlabelassociatedactsflatlistchopdwebsitecurrentmembershojoonsangdobjooxerosangwonpastmembersjenissipgoonseogoonggohnkidohnaktahansolatomxenotformerlyknownastoppdoggisasouthkoreanboygroupcreatedbychopdinoriginallyathirteenpiecegroupitcurrentlyconsistsoffivemembershojoonsangdobjooxeroandsangwonastoppdoggthegroupreleasedonestudioalbumfourextendedplayepsthreerepackageseightsinglesandhadthreesoundtrackappearancesintheymovedtohunusentertainmentafterstardomentertainmentwasacquiredbyhunusinfebruaryaftermultiplelineupchangesitwasrevealedtheremainingfivemembershadformedanewgroupunderthenameofxenotcareerpredebutmixtapesanddebutwithdoggsoutmixtapeswerereleasedinmarchandapriltopromotethegroupbeforedebutthememberswereofficiallyintroducedinoctoberandthegroupheldadebutshowcaseonoctoberonoctobertheyreleasedtheirdebutmusicvideoforleadsinglefollowmeandadaylaterreleasedtheirdebutextendedplayepdoggsouttoppdoggreleasedarepackagedversionofdoggsoutondecemberwhichincludedthetitletrackci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italdpadtherightfaceofthecontrollerfeaturesfourdigitalactionsbuttonsagreenabuttonredbbuttonbluexbuttonandyellowybuttonthelowerrighthousestherightanalogstickinlowerleftisadigitaldpadandontheleftfaceistheleftanalogstickbothanalogstickscanalsobeclickedintoactivateadigitalbuttonbeneathinthecenterofthecontrollerfacearedigitalviewmenuandguidebuttonstheguidebuttonislabelledwiththexboxlogoandisusedtoturnontheconsolecontrollerandtoaccessthedashboardunlikethexboxcontrollerthexboxonecontrollerfeaturesawhitebacklitxboxlogoonitsguidebuttonanddoesnotfeaturetheringoflightthatservedasanindicatorforthecontrollersassignednumbertotheleftandrightshoulderseachfeatureadigitalshoulderbuttonorbumperandananalogtriggerhardwarerevisionsrevisiononjunemicrosoftunveiledarevisedversionofthestandardcontrolleritsshoulderbuttonswereredesignedforimprovedresponsivenessanbspmmheadphonejackwasaddednearthecontrollersexpansionportandsupportforwirelessfirmwareupdateswasaddedrefnamecnetcontrollerupdaterefrefnameanandnewcontrollerrefrevisionxboxonesathirdrevisionofthecontrollerwasintroducedalongsidethexboxonesanupdatedmodelofthexboxoneconsoleunveiledinjuneitfeaturestexturedgripsandadditionallysupportsbluetoothwhichallowsittobeusedwirelesslyonbluetoothenabledpcswithouttheneedfortheproprietarywirelessadapterrefnamepcwxboxonescontrollerrefrefnamevergeonesrefuserscanalsocustomorderthiscontrollerrevisionviathexboxdesignlabservicewiththeirchoiceofcolorsandanoptionalinscriptionoftheirxboxlivescreennameforanadditionalfeerefnamevergedesignlabrefithasbeenmadeavailableinwhiteblackredandbluecolorsaswellasotherlimitededitioncolorsrefnamegamespotnewcontrollercolorsrefcolorsandstylesbesidesstandardcolorsspecialandlimitededitionxboxonecontrollershavealsobeensoldbymicrosoftwithspecialcoloranddesignschemessometimestyingintospecificgamesdayoneeditionversionswiththeinscriptiondayonewerebundledwithlimiteddayoneeditionxboxonebundlesatlaunchinnovemberwhichwereintendedforthosewhopreorderedtheconsolerefnameengadgetdayoneeditionrefwhitecontrollerawhiteversionofthestandardcontrollerisbundledwithwhitexboxonehardwaresuchasthexboxonestheprevioussunsetoverdrivebundleandonegivenexclusivelytomicrosoftemployeesonthereleaseofxboxonetheonesintheemployeebundlecontaintheinscriptionimadethislaunchteamrefnamepolygonlaunchteamrefrefnameemployeessellreftitanfalllimitededitioncontrollerswerereleasedinmarchtocoincidewiththelaunchoftitanfallthecontrollershaveawhiteblackandorangedesignthatwasinspiredbytheingamerccarbineandalsoaccompaniedbyasimilarlystyledconsolegiventorespawnentertainmentemployeesrefnamegeekrespawnlimitedrefcallofdutyadvancedwarfarelimitededitioncontrollerswerereleasedinnovembertocoincidewiththegamethecontrollersareinspiredbytheaestheticsoftheingamesentineltaskforcefeaturingitsemblemmonochromeletteringonthefacebuttonscoloreddotsindicatethefacebuttoncolorsagoldcoloreddpadandgoldsilverandgreyaccentsforcescontrollersfeaturingmilitarycamouflageuniformscamouflagepatternandoptionallybundledwithamatchingstereoheadsetthedesignwasalsomadeinabluecoloredvariantcalledmidnightforcesreleasedinnovemberandagreyandblackcovertforcesversionreleasedinjunethecovertforcesversionisbasedupontherevisedxboxonecontrollerwithnbspmmheadsetjackrefnamewcencovertrefinnovembermicrosoftreissuedthearmedforceseditionnowbasedonthesecondgenerationcontrollerrefnamegamespotnewarmedforcesrefforzamotorsportspecialeditioncontrollerswerereleasedinseptemberwithalimitededitionoftheconsoletocoincidewiththegameslaunchthecontrolleriscoloredindarkbluewitharacingstripepatterndownthecentresimilarlytoitscorrespondingxboxonespecialeditionrefnamepolygonbluexbforzarefaconcepteditionoftheelitecontrollerbaseduponthefordgtincludingredesignedthumbsticksandtriggerbuttonsinspiredbythevehiclewasalsopresentedbymicrosoftincollaborationwithfordmotorcompanyrefnamegamespoteliteconceptrefthreemorecontrollerstocommemoratewithfordscobradaytonagtmarkiiandmarkivallofthesecontrollersarenowinthepetersenautomobilemuseumrefnamecitewebtitlexboxcreatesoneofakindcontrollerstocelebratefordshistoricvictoriesatlemansurlnewsxboxcomgamesxboxcreatesoneofakindcontrollerstocelebratefordshistoricvictoriesatlemanswebsitexboxaccessdatejunerefhaloguardiansthemasterchiefandhaloguardianslimitededitioncontrollerswerereleasedtocoincidewithhaloguardiansinoctoberthelatterwasalsopackagedwiththehaloguardiansconsolebundletheyareinspiredbythearmordesignsofmasterchiefhalomasterchiefandcharactersofhalojamesonlockespartanlockerespectivelythemasterchiefversionfeaturesamilitarygreencolorschemewithagoldchromedpadandtriggersandthespartanlockeversionhasasilvercolorschemewithabluechromedpadandaccentsbotharebasedupontherevisedcontrollerwithnbspmmheadsetjackandfeaturemonochromaticfacebuttonsetcheddetailingandtextureeffectsandarebundledwithcodestounlockingamecustomizationitemsinhalolunarwhitespecialeditioncontrollerswerereleasedonseptembertheyarebasedupontherevisedxboxonecontrollerwithnbspmmheadsetjackandfeatureawhitebodygoldcoloredchromedpadandtriggersandmonochromaticfacebuttonsshadowcontrollerswereunveiledinmarchtheyfeaturemetalliccolorschemeswithagradienteffectthatfadestoblacktheshadowlinewasunveiledincoppercoppershadowandblueduskshadowversionsintheustheyareexclusivetogamestopandbestbuystoresrespectivelyaswellasmicrosoftstorerefnamepolyshadowrefpizzahutredcontrolleraspecialeditionglossredxboxonescontrollerfeaturingthepizzahutlogocouldbewonfromnovembertodecemberthroughpizzahutsthetripletreatboxinstantwinandsweepstakestherewerepotentialinstantwinnersandonesweepstakeswinnereachwinneralsoreceivedanxboxonesconsolewithastandardwhitecontrollerthesweepstakeswinnerwasalsoawardedaktelevisionthecontestwasconductedbyprizelogicrecontechwasunveiledinaprilfeaturingagreybasecolorschemewithgoldfuturisticmilitaryinspiredaccentsminecraftthemedcontrollerswerereleasedinoctoberwithversionsbasedonthecreeperandpigcharactersthefacebuttonsutilizeablockyfontreminiscentofthegamestradedressvisualstylethecreepercontrollerisalsobundledwithaspecialeditionxboxonesbundleseaofthieveslimitededitioncontrollerswereannouncedonfebruaryelitecontrolleronjuneduringitsepressconferencemicrosoftunveiledthexboxoneelitewirelesscontrolleranewcontrollerwhichxboxdivisionheadphilspencermicrosoftphilspencerdescribedasbeinganelitecontrollerfortheelitegameritfeaturesasteelconstructionwithasofttouchplasticexterioralongwithinterchangeablerearpaddlebuttonswitheithershortorlongformsanalogsticktopsoriginalxboxonestickaconcavedversionandaextendedversionforincreasedaccuracyanddirectionalpaddesignseitherthetraditionalfourwaydesignoraconcavedisclikedesignandhairtriggerlocksforthetriggersthatallowuserstoreducetheamountofdistancetheymustbepressedtoregisterapressthroughsoftwareuserscancustomisebuttonandpaddlemappingsandadjustthesensitivityofthetriggersandanalogstickstwobuttonprofilescanbeassignedtoaswitchonthecontrollerforquickaccesstheelitecontrollerwasreleasedonoctoberrefnamearselitecontrollerrefrefnamevergeelitexbrefaspecialgearsofwarthemedvariantoftheelitecontrollerwasunveiledduringmicrosoftsepressconferenceitfeaturesarusticdarkredcolorschemewithabloodsplattereffectandtheseriesemblemontherearofthecontrollerandadpaddiscwithweaponsymbolscorrespondingtotheingameweaponsboundtothesecontrolsrefnamevergegoweliterefsupportonotherplatformsdriverswerereleasedinjunetoallowxboxonecontrollerstobeusedoverausbconnectiononpcsrunningwindowsorlaterthexboxonewirelessadapterforwindowswhichconsistsofausbdongleallowsthecontrollertobeusedwirelesslyuponitsreleaseinoctoberitwassupportedonlybywindowsdriversforwindowsandwindowswerereleasedindecemberrefnamegamespotadapterrefrefnamepcwwirelessadapterrefarevisedversionoftheadapterwasreleasedinaugustwithasmallerdesignthewirelessadaptercanhaveuptoeightseparatexboxonecontrollersconnectedatonetimerefnamecontrollersrefwindowsfeaturesincludebuttonremappingfortheelitecontrolleraudiothroughthecontrollerandfirmwareupdatesonwindowsordriversarerequiredandtheaforementionedfeaturesarenotavailablerefnamewinonlyrefmicrosoftalsosupportsbluetoothenabledxboxonecontrollersonandroidoperatingsystemandroidspecificallylistingsupportforminecraftvirtualrealityminecraftgearvreditiononcertainsamsunggalaxydevicesaccessoriesstereoheadsetadapterthexboxonestereoheadsetadapterallowstheuseofheadsetswithmillimeterheadphonejackswiththeoriginalxboxonecontrollerwhichdoesnotincludeammjackanadapterformillimeterheadphonejacksexceptforoneswithadonglelikeadapterisalsoincludedrefnameengadgetheadsetadapterrefchatpadakeyboardchatpadattachmentsimilartothexboxmessengerkitwasunveiledatgamescomonaugustrefnamepolygonchatpadrefplaychargekitsimilarlytothexboxversiontheplaychargekitistheofficialrechargablebatterypackforxboxonecontrollersrefnameengadgetaccessoriesrefreferencespedroximnezpedroximnezpedroximnezspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxenorhynchiumparentauthorityjacobusvandervechtvechtrefnamecarpenterrefspeciesnitidulumauthorityjohanchristianfabriciusfabriciusxenorhynchiumisamonotypicindomalayangenusofpotterwaspsthesolespeciesisxenorhynchiumnitidulumreferencesvechtjvdjmcarpenteracatalogueofthegeneraofthevespidaehymenopterazoologischeverhandelingenkingballoonwarpwarptaxoboxvirusgroupiiiordounassignedfamiliareoviridaesubfamiliaspinareovirinaegenusorthoreovirustypespeciespteropineorthoreovirussubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionxirivervirusxirivervirusxrvisaputativegeneputativenovelbatvirusinthegenusorthoreovirusisolatedfromfruitbatsinguangdongprovinceinchinasouthernchinaitisthefirstbatreovirusisolatedinchinarefnameautogeneratedrefvirologygenomeonlyanucleotidesequencepartialsequenceofxrvwasisolatedfromthefruitbatbutbasedonitsopenreadingframeitwasidentifiedasareovirusxrvhasthesamemorphologyandhighsequenceidentityasnelsonbayvirusnbvandasegmenteddoublestrandedrnagenomeaswellashighsequenceidentitytonbvmembersrefnamepattonrnavrefrefnamemicrobiologybytesmicrobiologybytescomvirologyreoviruseshtmlmicrobiologybytesreovirusesrefreovirusesarenonenvelopeddoublestrandedrnavirusestheyhaveanicosahedronicosahedralcapsidtcomposedofanouterandinnerproteinshellthegenomecontainssegmentsgroupedintothreec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malieswithinxxywherethevariationsareverycomplexandtheactualresultinlivingindividualsisoftennotasimplepicturemostpatientswiththiskaryotypeareknowntohaveabnormalgonadalhistologyandheightsconsiderablybelowtheirgeneticpotentialhighgonadotropinlevelshavebeendescribedinbothmaleandfemalepatientsaswellaslowlevelsoftestosteroneinmalepatientsdosagelossofshoxgeneiscommonlyassociatedwithshortstaturerefnamefiveorphanetconsorcgibinocexpphplngenexpertxxymixedgonadaldysgenesisorfanetaugustrefpsychomotordevelopmentisnormalasthegonadsmaynotbesymmetricalthedevelopmentofthemllerianductandwolffianductmaybeasymmetricaltoobecauseofthepresenceofdysgeneticgonadaltissueandychromosomematerialthereisahighriskofthedevelopmentofagonadoblastomacausesinanormalsituationallthecellsinanindividualwillhavechromosomeswithonebeinganxchromosomexandoneaychromosomeyorwithtwoxshoweversometimesduringthiscomplicatedearlycopyingprocessdnareplicationandcelldivisiononechromosomecanbelostinxxymostoralloftheychromosomeislostinoneofthenewlycreatedcellsallthecellsthenmadefromthiscellwilllacktheychromosomeallthecellscreatedfromthecellsthathavenotlosttheychromosomewillbexythexycellswillcontinuetomultiplyatthesametimeasthexcellsmultiplytheembryothenthefetusandthenthebabywillhavewhatiscalledaxxyconstitutionthisiscalledamosaickaryotypebecauseliketilesinmosaicfloorsorwallsthereismorethanonetypeofcelltherearemanychromosomalvariationsthatcausethexxykaryotypeincludingmalformationisodicentricismoftheychromosomesdeletionsofychromosomeorchromosomaltranslocationtranslocationsofychromosomesegmentstheserearrangementsoftheychromosomecanleadtopartialexpressionofthetestisdeterminingfactorsrygenewhichmayleadtoabnormalgenitalsandtestosteronelevelsdiagnosisidentificationofxxykaryotypehassignificantclinicalimplicationsduetoknowneffectsongrowthhormonalbalancegonadaldevelopmentandhistologyrefnametworefxxyisdiagnosedbyexaminingthechromosomesinabloodsampletheageofdiagnosisvariesdependingonmanifestationsofdiseasepromptingreasonforcytogenetictestingmanypatientsarediagnosedprenatallyduetofetalfactorsincreasednuchalfoldorabnormallevelsofserummaternalageorabnormalultrasoundswhileotherswillbediagnosedpostnatalduetoexternalgenitalmalformationitisnotuncommonforpatientstobediagnosedlaterinlifeduetoshortstatureordelayedpubertyoracombinationofbothxxymosaicismcanbedetectedprenatallythroughamniocentesishoweveritwasdeterminedthattheproportionofxcellsintheamnioticfluidcannotpredictanyphenotypicoutcomesoftenmakingprenatalgeneticcounsellingdifficultrefnamefourrefmanagementseealsogonadaldysgenesismosaicgeneticsturnersyndromereferencesexternallinksmedicalresourcesdiseasesdbicdicdicdoomimmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicorphanetchildrenshospitalorgazsitemainpagesphtmlmixedgonadaldysgenesisatthechildrenshospitalinbostonxfilesunitxxymosaicismgulfstreamxredirectcategoryshellnorthkoreaxinjiangbaisurnameundertheredskydisambiguationbosconianredirectxxymosaicismxxymosaicismxianjiaotongliverpooluniversitynishinomiyadigdugkinemajunpoxevioussuperxevioussuperxeviousxavierromerofrasinfoboxartistnamexavierasimmonsimageimagesizecaptionbirthnamebirthdatebirthplacenewyorknydeathdatedeathplacenationalityamericanfieldphotographybrconceptualarttrainingbardcollegemovementcontemporaryartworkspatronsinfluencedbyinfluencedawardsdavidcdriskellprizewebsitexavierasimmonsbornisanamericancontemporaryartistsheisadescendantofafricanamericanslaveseuropeanamericancolonizersandearlyindigenousamericansherbodyofworkspansphotographyperformanceartperformancevideoartvideosoundartsoundsculptureandinstallationartinstallationherstudiopracticeisrootedinanongoinginvestigationofsensoryexperiencememoryandabstractionwithinpresentandfuturehistoriesspecificallyshiftingnotionssurroundinglandscapeascyclicalversuslinearsimmonsiscommittedtotheexaminationofdifferentartisticmodesandprocessesshemaydedicatepartofayeartophotographyanotherparttoperformanceandotherpartstoinstallationvideoandsoundworkeducationsimmonsreceivedherbfafrombardcollegeinstudyingunderanmyllarryfinkphotographermitchepsteinlucsanteandstephenshoreshecompletedthewhitneymuseumofamericanartsindependentstudyprograminstudioartinwhilesimultaneouslycompletingatwoyearactortrainingconservatorywiththemaggieflaniganstudiosimmonssworkhasbeenexhibitedatinternationalinstitutionsincludingmuseumofmodernartnewyorkmomapslongislandcitynewyorkmuseumofcontemporaryartchicagostudiomuseuminharlemnewyorkcontemporaryartsmuseumhoustonwalkerartcenterminneapolistheprezartmuseummiamiandtheinstituteofcontemporaryartbostoninsimmonswillhaveasoloexhibitionofherworkattheradcliffeinstituteforadvancedstudyradcliffeinstituteforadvancedstudyatharvarduniversitytocomplementherpracticeasavisualartistsimmonshasalsostudiedaspectsofmidwiferyandherbalismworksxavierasimmonscodedcodedwasasurveyexhibitionatthekitcheninrelationtotheexhibitionsimmonsalsocreatedaperformanceworkthatusesarchivalmaterialsandresourcestoexplorequeerhistoryhomoeroticismandjamaicandancehallculturexavierasimmonsunderscoredrawingonsimmonsspracticeasamultidiscip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stillayoungmanpossiblynotyetthirtyyearsoldhuanwenwouldoccasionallyemployxizuochiasanadministrativeaidewhilstoncampaignandheexcelledinallhisdutieswhetherincamporintheofficerefnamejinshubookofjinrefxizuochisrelationshipwithhisemployerbecamestrainedafteravisittothecapitalcitywherehemetsimayufutureemperorjianwenofjinandpoliticalrivalofhuanwenxizuochiwasapparentlysotakenwithsimayuthathuanwenfeltitbesttodistancehimselffromxizuochianddemotedhimtograndadministratorofhengyanginthexiangriverbasinfartothesouthinpresentdayhunanxizuochimayhavesufferedastrokeatthistimecontributingtohisdifficultywalkinglaterinlifewhileinquasibanishmentinthedeepsouthxizuochicomposedhisgreatestworktheannalsofhanandjininfasciclesintendedasacorrectiveagainsthuanwensincreasinglyundeservedimperialambitionsxizuochitooktheinventiveandiconoclasticstepofdelegitimatingtheweidynastytheorisingthatritualabdicationalonewasnotenoughtoestablishalegitimatedynastywithatruemandatehedevelopedadiseaseofthefeetwhichcausedhimtolimpquithispostandwenthometoxiangyangcollectingalocalhistorygazettetitledrecordsoftheeldersofxiangyangxiangyangatthistimewasaflourishingcentreofbuddhismdueinnosmallparttotheactivityofdaoanshidaoanwhomxizuochigreatlyadmiredadvocatedandwasfriendlywithheintroducedhimselftoshidaoanvialetterinandthetwometshortlythereafterinaseparatelettertoxieanoneofthemostpowerfulfiguresinthejincourtxizuochieffusessolemnlyaboutshidaoansmonasticmasteryandadvocatesthatthetwooughtmeetinnorthernarmiesunderfjinfujianbesiegedxiangyangandinthecityfellxizuochiandshidaoanweretakentofujianscapitalatchanganjinforcesrecapturedxiangyanginandthecourtofferedxizuochithejobofcompilinganofficialnationalhistorybuthisdeathinterruptedanyprogresshemayhavemadeontheprojecttheannalsofhanandjininemperorxianofhanformallyabdicatedtheimperialthronetocaopiwhothenbecamethefoundingemperoroftheweidynastythissuccessionreflectedthepoliticalrealityofcaoweicontrolovertheimperialcourtaswellasthemajorityofeconomicanddemographicresourcesinchinaandsatisfiedproprietythroughtheritualabdicationceremonysincethetimeofchenshouwhocompiledhismassiverecordsofthethreekingdomssometimeinthesorshistorianshadtreatedtheweidynastyasthelegitimateaswellasdefactosuccessorstothehandynastyhaninpartbecausetherulingjindynastypartiallyderiveditslegitimacythroughasmoothtransferofthemandateofheavenmandatethroughweieventheworkstitlenamingthehanandjindynastieswithoutmentionoftheinterveningweiisindicativeofitsprimarythrusttheannalsbeganwithemperorguangwuofhanrestorerofthedynastyandfoundingemperoroftheeasternorlaterhanandcontinuedthroughtothetimeofemperorminofjinfinalemperorofthewesternjinieyearscealthoughhisprimarygoalwastoarguethatritualabdicationwasinsufficienttoachievealegitimatemandatexizuochisaimshadthesecondaryeffectoflegitimatingliubeisshuhanasthelegitimatesuccessortothehandynastywhichhedisplayedbyemployingtheshuhancalendargoingsofarastousedynasticfounderemperorwuofjinstaboopersonalnameinrecordingtheeventsofliushansfinalregnalyearlateinlifeinhisfinalmemorialtothethronexizuochilaidbarehisrationaleandmethodbehinddelegitimatingweiwhileconductingthebalancingactofconsideringthejindynastystilllegitimatexizuochisheterodoxtheorymetwithlittleacceptanceduringhislifetimeorinthecenturiesimmediatelyfollowinghisdeathitwasnotuntilthesongdynastywhenouyangxiuandsimaguangechoedhiscriteriafordynasticlegitimacythatmainstreamhistoriographyembracedxizuochisthoughtfromthatpointonaccordingtothecompilersofthesikuquanshutherewerenonedidnotrejectchenshouiealegitimateweidynastyacceptinginsteadxizuochialthoughtheyemphasisedthatbothmenwereproductsoftheirenvironmentscriticismpeisongzhicitesxizuochirepeatedlyinhisannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomsevenpreferringhisaccountofcertaineventsoverhistoricallycloserrecordshoweverhealsoaccusesxizuochiofforgingaletterfromwanglingthreekingdomswanglingtohisnephewlinghuyubasinghissuspicionsonthelettersstyleandlanguageaswellasthefactthatxizuochisworkaloneoutofallhissourcescarriedthetextinaseparateaccountpeisongzhicitesanepisodefromxizuochisrecordsoftheeldersofxiangyangaboutxiangyangnativedonghuiassistingfeiyiinadifficultdiplomaticencounterwithsunquanandsubsequentlybeingappointedtothechancellerystaffofzhugeliangandmadegrandadministratorofbacommanderypeisongzhigoesontonotethatxizuochisownannalsofhanandjindisagreeswiththisepisodeandthatdonghuisrapidpromotionisincompatiblewithchenshousbasetextremarkingthatdonghuiheldonlyaminorappointmentpeisongzhichidesxizuochiassomethingofanincautiousscholarbecauseofthesediscrepanciesfamilyunclesluochongandluoyousonxipiqiangorpalaceretainerforthegeneralofcavalrynotesreferencesxiboxianfengsubdistrictxinansubdistrictbalanophorajaponicaredirectcategoryshellpcbasedibmcompatiblemainframessystemfruanlingyuredirectsatyanadellaqasemsoleimanigoddotanyukimatsuinoriowakamotoxmenoriginswolverinenorihironakamuraheralejuglaninlegacychristianacademyohioxenariuswasagreekarchitectandurbanplannerduringtherdcenturybcheisknownforhisplanforthecityofantiochthegridlayoutofthecityisbelievedtobeinfluencedbyd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vesplenomegalychronicepsteinbarrvirusebvinfectionandaredevelopmentallynormaltheyhaveanincreasedsusceptibilityfordevelopingebvlymphomaadditionallyxmenpatientshaveexcessiveinfectionsconsistentwiththeunderlyingimmunodeficiencytheseinfectionsincludedrecurrentotitismediasinusitisviralpneumoniadiarrheaupperrespiratoryinfectionsepiglottitisandpertussisalthoughautoimmunesymptomsdonotfeatureprominentlyinxmenautoimmunecytopeniaswereobservedintwounrelatedpatientsinthefiguretotheleftmajorfeaturesarepresentinallxmenpatientswhileminorfeaturesarefoundonlyinsomegeneticsxmeniscausedbylossoffunctionmutationlossoffunctionmutationsinthegenerphmagtmagtisakbgenewithexonsencodingforaaminoacidproteinthatmapstoxqxmenfollowsanxlinkedxlinkedinheritancepatternbecausethemagtislocatedonthexchromosomemothersofxmenpatientsexhibitpreferentialxchromosomeinactivationofthechromosomewiththemutationintheirhematopoieticcellsandareasymptomaticdiagnosisxmenpatientsgenerallyhavechronicallyhighlevelsofebvwithincreasedebvinfectedcellsdiminishedthymicoutputofcdcellsreducedcdcdratiomoderatelyhighbcellcountsandmildneutropeniatheirneutropeniamayberelatedtotheirchronicebvsomepatientsalsoshoweddefectivetcellproliferationinresponsetomitogenstimulationvariableimmunoglobulindeficienciesordeficientvaccinationresponsetreatmentonceadiagnosisismadeeachindividualstreatmentisbasedonanindividualsclinicalconditionhematopoieticstemcelltransplantisapossibletreatmentofthisconditionbutitseffectivenessisunprovenadditionallymagnesiumsupplementationisapromisingpotentialtreatmentforxmenoneoftheconsequencesoflossofmagtfunctionisadecreasedlevelofunboundintracellularmgthisdecreaseleadstolossofexpressionofanimmunecellreceptorcallednkgdwhichisinvolvedinebvimmunityremarkablymgsupplementationcanrestorenkgdexpressionandotherfunctionsthatareabnormalinpatientswithxmenearlyevidencesuggestscontinuousoralmagnesiumthreonatesupplementationissafeandwelltoleratednonethelessfurtherresearchisneededtoevaluatetheuseofmgasatreatmentforxmenitremainsunclearifsuchsupplementationwillprotectagainstthedevelopmentoflymphomainpatientswithxmeninvestigatorsatthenationalinstituteofallergyandinfectiousdiseasesattheusnationalinstitutesofhealthcurrentlyhaveclinicalprotocolstostudynewapproachestothediagnosisandtreatmentofthisdisorderreferencesexternallinksmedicalresourcesicddicdicdoomimmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicmeshidorphanetadelinasotnikovataijiwakayamamunichserbianpsalterredirectcategoryshellxiyuansubdistrictjinjiangxibuxinglinrailwaystationxnviewtanzanishibashihidekimatsuihirokikurodavissaininhbnhfcficotyninhfchindivissaininhbnhfcxorgfoundationomsnlmngfcxunnhchfutokyoresveratrolosideyulialipnitskayapyeongchangcountysochixgraphitereactorkhakaslanguagexijiaoisasubdistrictsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdistrictinthemeijiangdistrictofmeizhoucityguangdongprovincesouthernchinareferenceskayapolanguagekrenaklanguagemohshinhabibxxxxredirectcategoryshellxxxxreservecorpsgmfamilyiienginexseliuzhijunlaterliangliuzhijunwangyuchizhangzhijungmfamilyenginexxelgmfamilyengineecotecgmfamilyiienginegmfamilyenginefirstgenerationgmfamilyiienginexxegmfamilyiienginexxertsyplakovtsyplakovgmfamilyenginexszgmfamilyiiengineleadertypographyredirectshelloleksandrturchynovxingtianisasubdistrictsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinasubdistrictofxingningguangdongxingningcitymeizhouineasternguangdongprovincechinareferencesxinbeiisatownsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownunderthejurisdictionofxingningguangdongxingningcitymeizhouineasternguangdongprovincechinareferencesxinweiisatownsofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatownunderthejurisdictionofxingningguangdongxingningcitymeizhouineasternguangdongprovincechinareferenceskatkiyomasabullettypographybullettypographyobelismobelismobelismobelismlistofproofreadersmarksredirectshellobelismredirectxuexiaolujaekyungmayrefertosadovnichijamainbeltasteroiddiscoveredinaluminiumalloythislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellcouncilofministersofcrimeahangulhanguljikoreannameredirectcategoryshellhangultaxoboxnamekaiparowitswoodyasterregnumplantaeunrankeddivisioangiospermsunrankedclassiseudicotsunrankedordoasteridsordoasteralesfamiliaasteraceaetribusastereaegenusxylorhizaspeciesxcronquistiibinomialxylorhizacronquistiibinomialauthorityslwelshndatwoodsynonymsmachaerantheracronquistiismallslwelshndatwoodcronquistsmallxylorhizacronquistiicommonnamecronquistswoodyasterisaplantspeciesendemictothekaiparowitsplateauingrandstaircaseescalantenationalmonumentinkanecountyutahkanecountyutahatelevationsofmrefnameasdklfjawiofhwioeasdfeflorasorgflorataxonaspxfloraidtaxonidfloraofnorthamericavprefxylorhizacronquistiiisasubshrubuptonbspcmtallleavesarenarrowlylanceolatesometimeswithsmallspinesalongthemarginsflowersareborneinheadscontainingwhiterayflowersplussomeyellowdiscflowersreferencesjosephstalinlibblerabbletoypopgrobdageneralgovernmentxhavithalitibornmarchinnovoselo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davisforthevacantstartingtightendpositionleftbythedeparturesofbrandonmyersandbearpascoeonaugustthegiantswaivedgrimblesanfranciscoersonseptemberthesanfranciscoerssignedgrimbletotheirpracticesquadonnovemberhewaswaivedbytheersondecemberhewasresignedtotheerspracticesquadondecembertheerssignedgrimbletoatwoyearreservesportreservefuturecontractrefnamespotracrefnewenglandpatriotsonnovemberthenewenglandpatriotssignedgrimbletotheirpracticesquadbutwasreleasedtwodayslatersanfranciscoerssecondstintondecembergrimblewassignedtotheerspracticesquadhesignedareservefuturecontractwiththeersondecemberrefnamefoxrefonseptembergrimblewaswaivedbytheerspittsburghsteelersonjanuarythepittsburghsteelerssignedgrimbletoaoneyearfuturereservecontractheenteredthesteelerstrainingcampcompetingforthebackuptightendpositionwithdavidjohnsontightenddavidjohnsonandpaullanggrimblewasnamedthesteelersthirdtightendontheirdepthcharttobegintheseasonbehindveteransjessejamesamericanfootballjessejamesanddavidjohnsonhemadehisprofessionalregularseasondebutinthepittsburghsteelersseasonopeningvictoryoverthewashingtonredskinsseasonwashingtonredskinsthefollowinggamehemadehisfirstcareercatchandcaughthisfirstcareertouchdownreceptiononayardpassfrombenroethlisbergerinweekheearnedhisfirstofficialcareerstartduringalosstothephiladelphiaeaglesseasonphiladelphiaeagleshefinishedthevictoryoverthecincinnatibengalsseasoncincinnatibengalswithtwocatchesforreceivingyardsandatouchdownondecembergrimblecaughthisfirstcareertouchdownonatwentyyardpassfrombenroethlisbergerontheopeningdriveofalastminutecomebackvictoryoverthebaltimoreravensseasonbaltimoreravensrefnamenflrefonfebruarygrimblesignedaoneyeardealtoremainwiththesteelersthroughouttrainingcampgrimblecompetedwithdavidjohnsonandrookiejakemcgeeforthebackuptightendpositionalthoughheshowedmorecapabilitythanbothplayersthesteelerstradedforhisformerersteammatevancemcdonaldmakinghimthethirdtightendontheirdepthcharttobegintheregularseasonpersonallifegrimblescousinjalengrimbleplayeddefensivetackleatoregonstateuniversityoregonstateandhisothercousinbarkeviousmingoisannfllinebackerthatcurrentlyplaysfortheseattleseahawksduringhighschoolatbishopgormangrimbleplayedwithmanytalentedfootballplayersincludingbaltimoreravensoffensivetackleronniestanleydukeuniversitydukerunningbackshaqpowellanduniversityofarizonaarizonaquarterbackanusolomonreferencesexternallinksusctrojanscomsportsmfootblmttxaviergrimblehtmlusctrojansbioxgenemayrefertothemutantmarvelcomicsmutantfactorinmarvelcomicsappliedmicrocircuitscorporationxgenemicroarchitectureanarmbasedcomputermicroarchitecturethislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswelllistofarmmicroarchitecturesdesignedbythirdpartiesmandommandomalbatrossvillageredirectcategoryshellxiaozhitangdynastysuncesconquestsinjiangdongxugongxuyouhandynastyleesungjongthexiansatellitemonitorandcontrolcenterchinesexsccalsoknownasbaseistheprimarysatellitecontrolfacilityofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaseealsobeijingaerospacecommandandcontrolcenterchinesespaceprogramreferencesfurtherreadingxiansatellitecontrolcenterxiansatellitecontrolcenterxiansatellitecontrolcenterxiansatellitecontrolcenterxiansatellitecontrolcenterxiansatellitecontrolcenterxiansatellitecontrolcenterxiansatellitecontrolcenterspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciesflavescensauthoritywilliamroxburghroxbsynonymsbanisteroidesaffinexanthophyllumaffinexanthophyllumsiamensesynonymsrefxanthophyllumflavescensisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningbecomingyellowreferringtotheleavesdescriptionxanthophyllumflavescensgrowsasashrubortreeuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothebarkisgreyorgreenishbrowntheflowersareyellowwhiteorpinkthebrownfruitsareroundandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumflavescensgrowsnaturallyincontinentalsoutheastasiaandwesternmalesiaitshabitatismixeddipterocarpormontaneforestsfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefsjejunenomotoichirosuzukiichirosuzukiengineerakihirotanitetsutoyamadaafrasuraichorinahistoricalrecordsofthefivedynastiesxacbaldamxavierpascualmayrefertoxavierpascualfuertesspanishformerhandballerandhandballcoachxavipascualbasketballspanishbasketballcoachthislongcommentwasaddedtothepagetopreventitfrombeinglistedonspecialshortpagesitandtheaccompanyingmonitoringtemplateweregeneratedviatemplatelongcommentpleasedonotremovethemonitortemplatewithoutremovingthecommentaswellspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspecieshavilandiiauthorityroberthippolytechodatchodatsynonymsxanthophyllumhoseisynonymsrefxanthophyllumhavilandiiisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaeitisnamedforthenaturalistgeorgedarbyhavilanddescriptionxanthophyllumhavilandiigrowsasashruborsmalltreeuptotallwithastemdiameterofuptothebarkisblackishtheflowersareyellowishwhendrytheroundfruitsmeasureuptolongdistributionandhabitatxanthophyl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reboundsassistsandstealspergameprofessionalcareeralexanderwentundraftedinthenbadraftonnovemberhewasselectedintheeighthroundofthenbadleaguedraftbythetulsaersonaugusthesignedwithaskkssiarkatarnobrzegsiarkatarnobrzegofpolandfortheseasoninnovemberhewasreacquiredbythetulsaersonnovemberhewasacquiredbytheoklahomacityblueonoctoberalexandersignedwiththesingaporeslingersoftheaseanbasketballleaguereferencesexternallinkswebarchiveorgwebsnuathleticscomrosteraspxrpidsnubioicocasuicapitapaharukaspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciespachycarponauthoritywillemjanjacobusoswalddewildewjdewildebrigittaemmaelisabethduyfjesduyfjessynonymsxanthophyllumpachycarponisatreeinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthegreeklanguagegreekmeaningthickfruitreferringtothethickwallofthefruitdescriptionxanthophyllumpachycarpongrowsuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkisgreyishordarkgreenthelightbrownfruitsareroundandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumpachycarponisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatismixeddipterocarpforestsfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefzoranrajovixinstructionlistingsspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciesparvifoliumauthorityruudvandermeijdenmeijdensynonymsxanthophyllumparvifoliumisatreeinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningsmallleavesdescriptionxanthophyllumparvifoliumgrowsuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkisgreyishoryellowishtheflowersarepaleorangedryingorangebrownthepalebrownfruitsareroundandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumparvifoliumisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatismixeddipterocarpandkerangasforestsfromtoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefxuzhanglanguagewalanguagexavieruniversityoflouisianasingingallalongspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciespauciflorumauthorityruudvandermeijdenmeijdensynonymsxanthophyllumpauciflorumisatreeinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningfewflowersreferringtotheinflorescencesdescriptionxanthophyllumpauciflorumgrowsuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkisgreyishtheflowersareyellowishdryingyellowishorangetheolivebrownfruitsareroundandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumpauciflorumisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatismixeddipterocarpforestfromtoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciespedicellatumauthorityruudvandermeijdenmeijdensynonymsxanthophyllumpedicellatumisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinreferringtothelongpedicelbotanypedicelflowerstemdescriptionxanthophyllumpedicellatumgrowsasashrubortreeuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkisgreyishorgreenishtheflowersarepinkishdryingorangeredthepalebrownishfruitsareroundandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumpedicellatumisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatislowlandforestandswampyterrainfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciespenibukanenseauthorityhermannheinoheineheinesynonymsxanthophyllumpenibukanenseisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaeitisnamedforthevillageofpenibukaninmalaysiamalaysiassabahstatedescriptionxanthophyllumpenibukanensegrowsasashrubortreeuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkisgreyorgreentheflowersarecreamywhitetopalepurplishdryingorangethebrownishfruitsareroundandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumpenibukanenseisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatislowlandmixeddipterocarpforestsorlowermontaneforestsfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefabulaylaalmuhalhelspeciesboximagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciespseudoadenotusauthorityruudvandermeijdenmeijdensynonymsxanthophyllumpseudoadenotusisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthegreeklanguagegreekreferringtotheplantsresemblancetoxanthophyllumadenotusxadenotusdescriptionxanthophyllumpseudoadenotusgrowsasashrubortreeuptotalltheflowersdrybrownishorangetheroundfruitsaregreenishorbrownandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumpseudoadenotusisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatisforestonstreambanksataroundaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciespulchrumauthoritygeorgekingbotanistkingsynonymsxanthophyllumpulchrumisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningbeautifulreferringtotheplantsappearancedescriptionxanthophyllumpulchrumgrowsasashrubortreeuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkisgreybrownorgreenishtheflowersarepinkorwhitishdryingredorbrownishorangethepalebrownfruitsareroundandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumpulchrumgrowsnaturallyinpeninsularmalaysiaandborneoitshabitatismixeddipterocarpforestsorswampyterrainfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefparccompanyspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciespurpureumauthorityhenrynicholasridleyridlsynonymsxanthophyllumpurpureumisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningpurplereferringtotheflowersdescriptionxanthophyllumpurpureumgrowsasashruborsmalltreeuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkiswhitishorbrowntheflowersarepurpletorosevioletdryingorangeredthepaleyellowbrownfruitsareroundandmeasureuptoindiameterthewoodisusedinconstructioninkalimantandistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumpurpureumisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatismixeddipterocarpforestsorlowermontaneforestsfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciesramiflorumauthorityruudvandermeijdenmeijdensynonymsxanthophyllumramiflorumisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningfloweringonthebranchesdescriptionxanthophyllumramiflorumgrowsasashrubortreeuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothebarkispalebrowntheflowersarewhitedryingyellowishtheroundishfruitsarereddishbrownandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumramiflorumisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatispeatswampandkerangasforestsreferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefinfoboxsoftwarenamexeniatitlelogoimagenameisenoughlogocaptionlogosizelogoaltscreenshotimagenameisenoughcaptionscreenshotsizescreenshotaltcollapsibleauthordeveloperbenvanikjustinmooredrchatrickgibbedreleaseddiscontinuedlatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatelatestpreviewdatestatusactiveprogramminglanguageccprogramminglanguagecassemblylanguageassemblypythonprogramminglanguagepythonoperatingsystemwindowsorlaterplatformxwithadvancedvectorextensionsadvancedvectorextensionsavxgenrevideogameconsoleemulatorsizembsourcelicensenewbsdlicensewebsitexeniaisafreeandopensourceemulatorformicrosoftwindowsthatallowsxboxconsolegamestobeplayedonapersonalcomputerasofaugusttheemulatoriscapableofplayingapproximatelyfiftyxboxtitlesatfullspeedrefnameyoutubecomrefdevelopmentinmarchbenvaniktheauthoroftheemulatorreleasedaproofofconceptvideoshowingthattheemulatoriscapableofplayingfroggerxboxlivearcadefroggeraxboxlivearcadetitleanewvideoreleasedinmarchshowedthexboxtitleatrainatrainhxatrainhxwhichfeaturesrendereddgraphicsrunningatfullspeedonlyayearafterthefroggervideoinadditiontospeedincreasesvanikexpectstheemulatortosupportplayingothertitlesinthefuturetheauthorstatedthatthegoalofthexeniaprojectistodisseminateresearchinformationonmoderndeviceandoperatingsystememulationseealsorpcsthefirstplaystationemulatorreferencesexternallinksspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciesrectumauthoritywillemjanjacobusoswalddewildewjdewildebrigittaemmaelisabethduyfjesduyfjessynonymsxanthophyllumrectumisatreeinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaninguprightreferringtotheinflorescencesdescriptionxanthophyllumrectumgrowsuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkispalegreythedarkbrownfruitsareroundandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumrectumisendemismendemictoborneoandconfinedtosarawakitshabitatsincludekerangasanddipterocarpforestsreferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciesreflexumauthorityruudvandermeijdenmeijdensynonymsxanthophyllumreflexumisatreeinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningbentbackwardsreferringtotheflowerpetalsdescriptionxanthophyllumreflexumgrowsuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkiswhitishbrownorgreenishyellowtheflowersareyellowishwhitedryingdarkreddistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumreflexumisendemismendemictoborneoandconfinedtosarawakitshabitatislowlandmixeddipterocarpforestreferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciesresupinatumauthorityruudvandermeijdenmeijdensynonymsxanthophyllumresupinatumisatreeinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningupsidedownappearancereferringtotheleavesdescriptionxanthophyllumresupinatumgrowsuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkisgreyorbrowntheflowersarewhitedryingdarkbrownishtheroundfruitsareblackishandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumresupinatumisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatismixeddipterocarpforestfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciesreticulatumauthorityroberthippolytechodatchodatsynonymsxanthophyllumreticulatumisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningnettedreferringtotheleafveinsdescriptionxanthophyllumreticulatumgrowsasashrubortreeuptotallthebarkiswhitishtheflowersarepurpledryingpalepinkbrownthefruitsareroundandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumreticulatumisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatismixeddipterocarpforestfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciesrufumauthorityalfredwilliambennettawbennsynonymsbanisteroidesrufumsynonymsrefxanthophyllumrufumisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningreddishreferringtothecolourofthetwighairsdescriptionxanthophyllumrufumgrowsasashrubrarelyortreeuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkisgreenishgreyorbrowntheflowersarewhitedryingyellowishtheyellowishgreenfruitsareroundandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumrufumgrowsnaturallyinsumatrapeninsularmalaysiaandborneoitshabitatislowlandmixeddipterocarporriverineforestsfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefgrarddepardieuredirectcategoryshellspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciesschizocarponauthorityroberthippolytechodatchodatsynonymsxanthophyllumschizocarponisatreeinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthegreeklanguagegreekmeaningsplitfruitreferringtothedeeplyfurrowedfruitdescriptionxanthophyllumschizocarpongrowsuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkisgreyorbrownishtheflowersareyellowtheroundishfruitsaregreenishtoyellowishbrownandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumschizocarponisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatismixeddipterocarpforestsfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciesstipitatumauthorityalfredwilliambennettawbennsynonymsbanisteroidesstipitatumsynonymsrefxanthophyllumstipitatumisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningstalkedreferringtotheovarybotanyovaryoftheflowerdescriptionxanthophyllumstipitatumgrowsasashrubrarelyortreeuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothesmoothbarkisgreyorpalebrowntheflowersarewhitedryingblacktheedibleroundfruitsareblackripeningtoyellowororangeandmeasureuptoormoreindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumstipitatumgrowsnaturallyinsumatrapeninsularmalaysiaandborneoitshabitatishillriverineorpeatswampforestsoccasionallykerangasforestfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefthmillenniumspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciessubcoriaceumauthorityroberthippolytechodatchodatruudvandermeijdenmeijdensynonymsxanthophyllumsubcoriaceumisaplantinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningsomewhatleatheryreferringtotheleavesdescriptionxanthophyllumsubcoriaceumgrowsasashrubortreeuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptothehardsmoothbarkiswhitishorbrownishtheflowersarewhitedryingorangetheroundfruitsarepalegreentobrownandmeasureuptoindiameterdistributionandhabitatxanthophyllumsubcoriaceumisendemismendemictoborneoitshabitatislowlandswampforestandmixeddipterocarpforestfromsealeveltoaltitudereferencesreflistrefsrefnametplrefrefnametfssrefmikiyoshikawahiromashimaredirectxavierthaninayagamxuminghechineseisaprofessorofstatisticsattheuniversityofmichiganheearnedabachelorsdegreeinappliedmathematicsfromfudanuniversityinhewenttograduateschoolatuniversityofillinoisaturbanachampaignandreceivedamastersdegreeinmathematicsandthenphdinstatisticsinhejoinedtheuniversityofmichiganashccarvercollegiateprofessorinhispriorappointmentsincludefacultypositionsatnationaluniversityofsingaporeanduniversityofillinoisaturbanachampaignhisresearchinterestsincludetheoryandmethodologyinrobuststatisticssemiparametricmodelsquantileregressiondatadepthdimensionreductionandsubgroupanalysishisinterdisciplinaryresearchaimstopromotethebetteruseofstatisticsinbiosciencesclimatestudiesdysphagiaresearchandsocialeconomicstudiesxumingheisfellowoftheamericanassociationfortheadvancementofsciencetheamericanstatisticalassociationtheinstituteofmathematicalstatisticsandtheinternationalstatisticalinstituteheheldavisitingchairprofessorshipofthechangjiangscholarsprogramsponsoredbythechineseministryofeducationandlikashingfoundationhewasimsmedallionlecturerandkeynotespeakeratthejointstatisticalmeetingsandplenaryspeakeratthestinternationalconferenceoncomputationalstatisticscompstatinhereceivedthedistinguishedachievementawardfromtheinternationalchinesestatisticalassociationprofessionalserviceselectedcouncilmemberoftheinstituteofmathematicalstatisticsimspresidentoftheinternationalchinesestatisticalassociationicsaelectedcouncilmemberoftheinternationalstatisticalinstituteisiprogramdirectorofstatisticsnationalsciencefoundationprogramchairjointstatisticalmeetingschairofthescientificprogramcommitteeworldstatisticscongresseditoroftheimsbulletincoeditorofjournaloftheamericanstatisticalassociationeditorofimsmonographstextbooksreferencesspeciesboximageimagecaptiongenusxanthophyllumspeciestardicrescensauthorityruudvandermeijdenmeijdensynonymsxanthophyllumtardicrescensisatreeinthefamilypolygalaceaethespecificnamebotanyspecificepithetisfromthelatinmeaningslowlygrowingreferringtothetwigsdescriptionxanthophyllumtardicrescensgrowsuptotallwithatrunkdiameterofuptotheflowersarewhitedryingyellowishorangetheroundfruitsareyellow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dalbumbaddangerousmichaeljacksonalbumdangeroushistorypastpresentandfuturebookihistoryandinvinciblemichaeljacksonalbuminvinciblethisistrueofthenewprojectrefnamepressreleaserefrecordinghistoryloveneverfeltsogoodwascowrittenbycanadiansingersongwriterpaulankarefnamecornerrefandwasoriginallyrecordedinasademowithankaatthepianothesongwasalsorecordedbyamericanentertainerjohnnymathisrefnameshowbizcomrefaduetversionofthesongwithjustintimberlakewasrecordedandreleasedasasinglethesongfeaturespercussionandbreathsfromjacksonssongworkindayandnightchicagomichaeljacksonsongchicagooriginallycalledshewaslovinmewasrecordedinbutfailedtomaketheinvinciblemichaeljacksonalbuminvinciblealbumlovingyoumichaeljacksonsonglovingyouwasrecordedinbeforethebadalbumbadsessionsstartedaplacewithnonameaplacewithnonamewaswrittenandrecordedinthetrackresemblesahorsewithnonameahitsongbyamericanrockbandamericabandamericaasecondsnippetwasleakedonlinebytmzinjulyandafullversionwasleakedindecemberslavetotherhythmmichaeljacksonsongslavetotherhythmwasrecordedduringthedangerousmichaeljacksonalbumdangeroussessionsinatrickystewartremixversionleakedontheinternetinwhichwasintendedforthefirstposthumousalbummichaelalbummichaeljustinbieberalsorecordedaduetversionfeaturedwithjacksonsvocalswhichwasleakedinaugustthemichaeljacksonestateafterwardsstatedthattheyhadnotauthorizedthereleaseofthisrecordingdoyouknowwhereyourchildrenarewaswrittenandrecordedduringthebadsessionshoweverthesongwaslaterpickedupandreworkedforthedangerousalbumbutdidnotmakethecutbluegangstamichaeljacksonsongbluegangstawaswrittenandrecordedinbutfailedtomaketheinvinciblealbumrappertempamentalremixedthesongwithoutjacksonspermissionandmadeitavailableonhismyspacewebpageinlatetheremixtitledgangstanofriendofminefeaturedprasofthefugeesxscapemichaeljacksonsongxscapewaswrittenandrecordedinduringhisinvinciblealbumrecordingsessionsbutfailedtomakethealbumthesongwascompletedinandleakedontheinternetthefollowingyearthetunehasbeengivenamodernspinbyitsoriginalproducerrodneyjerkinsandfeaturessamplesofyourockmyworldasongrecordedinthesameeraasxscapepromotionandsinglestwoofficialsinglesloveneverfeltsogoodandaplacewithnonamewerereleasedfromxscapeslavetotherhythmmichaeljacksonsongslavetotherhythmwasthefirstsongannouncedforthealbumandappearedonseveralnotablemusicchartsduetodigitaldownloadsandstreaminglovingyoumichaeljacksonsonglovingyouwasreleasedasapromotionalrecordingpromotionalsingletoukradiosinfebruarysonyandjacksonsestateannouncedapartnershipwithsonymobilethatsawthereleaseofanadincorporatinganewversionofthetrackslavetotherhythmwhichwasconfirmedasoneofthealbumtracksthedailytelegraphtheguardianrefnameguardianrefanddigitalspyrefnamedigitalspyrefwereinvitedonaprilitwasrevealedthatloveneverfeltsogoodwouldbeunveiledattheiheartradiomusicawardsonmayasthealbumsfirstsinglecontradictingstatementsbytimbalandthatsuggestedthatchicagowouldbereleasedfirstitwascowrittenbycanadiansingersongwriterpaulankaandfeaturesjustintimberlakeloveneverfeltsogoodwaspreviouslyrecordedbyamericanentertainerjohnnymathisthedigitaldownloadforthesinglebecameavailableonitunesateasterntimezoneedtonmayforthealbumversionandtheduetversionwithjustintimberlakethereleasedateofthesingletourbanradiostationsconfirmedasmayrefnamedebutsingledaterefonmaythetrackchicagomichaeljacksonsongchicagobecameavailabletomusicunlimitedsubscribersbeingfollowedbylovingyouaplacewithnonameslavetotherhythmanddoyouknowwhereyourchildrenareinthesucceedingdaysthexscapestandardanddeluxeeditionswereavailableforpreorderbeginningaprilonitunescommichaeljacksonandelsewhereandavailableatallretailersworldwideonmayapeppersghostillusionofmichaeljacksonperformedslavetotherhythmatthebillboardmusicawardsbillboardmusicawardsonmaytheperformancewaschoreographedbythetalauegabrothersandwasdirectedbyjamiekingadayafterthecoveragetheliveperformanceofslavetotherhythmwasuploadedtomichaeljacksonsvevoyoutubechannelfollowingthesuccessofloveneverfeltsogoodonthebillboardhotbillboardhotthesongrocketedintotheitunestopintheuspeakingatincountriesandlandinginthetopincountriesaroundtheworldwithinhoursofreleaseloveneverfeltsogoodmarksjacksonsthhotentryanditmademultipledebutsonvariousradioformatschartsjacksonbecamethefirstsoloartisttohaveasinglereachthetopinsixdifferentdecadesssssssslavetotherhythmwhichdebutedatnumberonthebillboardchartswasjacksonsthhothitcriticalreceptionalbumratingsmcrevallmusicrevscorerevconsequenceofsoundrevscorecrefnameconsequenceofsoundrefrevtheguardianrevscorerevlosangelestimesrevscorerevrollingstonerevscorerevslantmagazinerevscorerevthesydneymorningheraldrevscorerevtheindependentrevscorerevbillboardmagazinebillboardrevscorerefnamebbreviewrefreventertainmentweeklyrevscorebrefnameentertainmentweeklyrefxscapehasascoreofoutofonmetacriticbasedoncriticsindicatinggenerallyfavorablereviewsmichaelcraggfromtheguardiansaidxscapefeelslikeanalbumcreatedtoshowcaseahandfulofjacksonsongsthatonthewholedeservetobeheardrichardsuchetfromskynewsthoughtthealbumsoundedmorelikemoderndayremixesnickstevensonfrommixmagassertedthat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edthemajorityofsheeransdebutalbumhasnowritingcreditsonthisalbumwhilenewcollaboratorsincludesnowpatrolsgarylightbodyandbritishdrumandbassbandrudimentalrefnameqaizlewoodrefmusicandlyricsoneedsheeransongonewasthefirstsongsheeranwroteforthealbumandisparticularlyquietwrittenonaguitarmadeoutofwoodfromawhiskybarrelinahotelroomwhilstontourinperthinthesongwasthelastsongwrittenabouttheloveinterestthatwasthefocusofthepreviousalbumrefnametimereviewrefinaninterviewwithzaneloweforbbcradiopromotingthefirstsinglesingedsheeransongsingsheerantalkedaboutgettinginthestudiowithpharrellandhimplayingsheeranalotofthingsandthenitstuckonthisoneriffwhicheventuallybecamethebasisofthetrackhestatedhehasalwaysbeenafanofrbbutwasjusttryingtofindtherightwaytomakeitjustintimberlakejustintimberlakesdebutalbumjustifiedalbumjustifiedwasafavouriteofsheeranswhichheconsciouslytriedtochannelforsingrefnamebillboardrefonworkingwithpharrellsheerantoldmistajamonbbcradioxtrathattheyhadwrittentwoothersongstogetherthatwereinthestyleheusuallydidbutforsinghewaspushedoutofhiscomfortzonewhichmadethetrackstandoutpharrellreportedlysaidthathewantedtoshaketheworldsviewofsheeranupandmakepioneeringsongsthatnosingersongwriterhasdonebeforeratherthanjustacoolrecordaremixofthetrackhasbeenmadewithkoreanrecordingartistpsyandthemusicvideoforthesongwasbasedonanightoutwiththeartistrefnamemtvkittyokerefdontedsheeransongdontwhichisaboutagirlfriendwhocheatedonsheeranwithaclosefriendhasbeenlinkedtoseveralofsheeransfellowsingersincludingelliegouldingandtaylorswiftbutsheeranhassaiditispercentnotabouttaylorbutthathehasplayedherthesongandsheneverwantstopisshimoffthatmuchaftermuchspeculationsheeranconfirmedthesongtobeaboutgouldinginaninterviewwiththesununitedkingdomthesunsheeranhasclaimedtohaveforgivengouldingitstartedoffasariffonhisphonethesongalmostdidntmakeitontothealbumassheeranfeltitwasabitpersonalbutwasurgedbythosewhohadheardthedemotoreleaseitasitwasanalrightsongsoitendedupontherecordninawaswrittenwithjohnnymcdaidandwasthefirstsongthepairwroteforthealbumaccordingtomcdaiditisaselfdeprecatinglovesongaboutheartbreakwherehebasicallycallssomeoneupandadviseshernottobewithhimphotographedsheeransongphotographalsowrittenwithmcdaidwhilsttouringwithhisbandsnowpatrolinmayisatimelessballadsheeranplaysphotographwithcarefulpianokeysandacousticstrumsandcarefullyaddsinarenasizedrumsitstartedlifeasapianoloopplayingonmcdaidslaptopwhichsheeranstartedsingingalongtosheeranhasstateditwillbetheonethatwillchangemycareerpathandbelievesittobetheonesongthatwillsellthealbumeveniftherestofthealbumisshitdescribedassheeransangelsrobbiewilliamssongangelsthesongisaballadwithbigdrumssetinnewyorkbloodstreamsongbloodstreamisaboutsheeransexperienceoftakingmdmaduringafriendsweddingpartyinibizathemanedsheeransongthemanproducedbylongtimecollaboratorjakegoslingfeaturessheeranrappinginastylesimilartothatofmikeskinnermusicianmikeskinnerfromthestreetsthesongfocusesonafailedrelationshipwhilsttouchingonthesubjectsofmarriagechemicaldependencyandhiscareerinthemusicindustryrefnamemusictimesrefthinkingoutloudwasthelastsongwrittenforthealbumanditisalsosheeransfavouritewrittenaboutsheeransthencurrentgirlfriendaftertherecordingsessionswithrickrubinwereoveritisasoulsongandsheeranpinneditasthewalkingdowntheaislesonghedescribeditastheonlyhappysongonthealbumandhewroteitinhiskitchenafirelovewaswrittenaboutsheeransgrandfathertwoweeksbeforehepassedawayhehadsufferedwithalzheimersdiseasefortwentyyearsandsheeranhasbeenthinkingwhatifhepassedawayandthenhedidsheeranfinishedwritingthesongathisfuneralitexplainstheaftermathofhisdeathwithhisfamilyreunitingforthefuneralandexplainsthedeeplovebetweenhisgrandparentsrefnamemusictimesreftakeitbackisthefirsttrackexclusivetothedeluxeeditionofthealbuminitsheeranclaimsnottobearapperwhilstdeliveringfourrappedversesinthesameveinasprevioussingleyouneedmeidontneedyouhetalksabouthispersonalstrugglesandhisrisetofameiseefirethefinaltrackontheelectronicdeluxeeditionthephysicaldeluxeversionhasaseventeenthtrackallofthestarsthesongusedinthecreditsforthefilmthefaultinourstarsfilmthefaultinourstarswaspreviouslyreleasedonthemusicofthehobbitfilmseriesthedesolationofsmaugsoundtrackforthesecondinstallmentofthehobbitfilmseriesthehobbitfilmseriessheeranwasaskedtowritethesongfortheclosingcreditsbythefilmsdirectorpeterjacksonwhosedaughterwasafanofhisworkafterflyingtonewzealandtowatchthefilmhewrotethemajorityofthesonginasingledayperformingalltheinstrumentsapartfromthecelloincludingaviolinwhichsheerantaughthimselftoplayforthesongthetrackwasproducedbysheeranhimselfandmixedinabbeyroadstudiosbypetercobbinandkirstywhalleyitwasreleasedonnovemberasthefirstsinglefromthesoundtrackthealbumwastooriginallyincludeprofanitymostnotablyinthesongssingdontandthemanhoweverataxidriverconvincedsheerantocensorthealbumduetohisyoungdaughterbeingafanasaresultthealbumdoesnotbeartheparentaladvisoryexplicitcontentstickerartworkandpackaginginalivewebcastonyoutubesheeranstatedthathefeelseverysingleoneofhisrecordsshouldhaveathemethatrunsthroughitevenifitsjustacolourthefirstonewasorangethroughouteverythinghedidwasorangethisonesgoingtobegreenthroughoutandeverythinghedoeswillbegreenintermsofartworkhecitedcoldplayasaninfluenceforthisastheykeepwiththeimageofeachalbumtheyreleaseforthenexttwoyearsrefnameyoutuberqarefthephysicalversionsofthealbumcomepackagedinagreenjewelcasepromotionthecountdowntotheunveilingofthefirstsinglewaspostedonsheeransfacebookpagebutitwasaccidentallyannouncedearlybyzanelowethathewouldhavethefirstplayofsingedsheeransongsingonaprilashishottestrecordintheworldthesongwasplayedtwiceinarowandsheerandiscussedthealbumandworkingwithpharrelltoproducethesinglesheeranperformedsinganddontliveforthefirsttimeonsaturdaynightliveonaprilhethenwentontodoanexclusiveacousticperformanceoftakeitbackonsbtvonaprilsheeranlaterperformedsingonaprilatthelogieawardsheldannuallyinmelbourneaustraliaonmaythesingerreleasedanacousticversionofoneonhisyoutubechannelthesongwasgivenawayonmaytopeoplewhohadpreorderedthealbumonitunesonmaysheeranplayedthreemultiplyedgigsstartingatthesteamboatpubinipswichgoingontokokoinlondonandfinishingindublinwherehisentireshowwasstreamedliveonhiswebsitethenextdayheplayedasessionforbbcradioattheirmaidavalestudioswherezanelowemadealiverenditionofonehishottestrecordintheworldsheeranstatedthatuntilthealbumwasreleasedhewouldplayveryfewnewsongsliveasfanswanttohearthehitsbutonceitisreleasedhewillplayalotmorenewsongsasthatsgoingtobewhatpeoplewanttoseesheeranplayedsingonlaterwithjoolshollandlaterlivewithjoolshollandonmayandshowcasedsongsfromtherecordontheextendedversiononmayincludingthetvdebutofthinkingoutloudhisliveperformancewasexactlythreeyearssincehislastappearanceontheshowsheeranperformedsingonthefinaleofthevoiceustvseriesthevoicealongsideaduetwithcontestantchristinagrimmieofhissongallofthestarswhichfeaturesonthesoundtrackforthefaultinourstarsfilmthefaultinourstarsmtvannouncedthatabehindthescenesdocumentaryofsheeranslifetitleddaysandnightsofedsheeranwasbeingfilmedtobeairedjunetheshowwouldshoweveryaspectofsheeranslifewhileheisontourwithextraordinaryintimateaccesstosheeransomethinghehasneverdonebeforetaylorswiftandpharrellwilliamsappearedinthefeatureafterthemusicvideoforsingwasreleasedwhichfeaturedapuppetversionofsheeranwearingapairofbeatselectronicsbeatsbydreheadphonesitwasannouncedthatsheeranandhisthenunreleasedsongdontwouldfeatureintheadvertforthelatestbeatsbydreheadphonesthesoloiionjunesheeranappearedinthebbcradioliveloungeforanniemacperformingsingandacoverofsamsmithsingersamsmithsstaywithmesamsmithsongstaywithmebothwithalivebanddontwasservicedtouscontemporaryhitradioonjulyasthealbumssecondofficialsinglerefnameallaccessrefxtourtopromotethealbumsheeranembarkedonthextouredsheerantourxworldtourhewillholdseveralshowsinasiaeuropenorthamericasouthamericaaustraliaandnewzealanduntildecemberthespecialwembleyeditionwasreleasedonnovemberthiseditionincludesbonustracksandadvdofthejumpersforgoalpostsliveatwembleystadiumjumpersforgoalpostsconcertfilmsinglessingedsheeransongsingwasreleasedasthefirstsinglefromthealbumonaprilaroundtheworldandjuneinunitedkingdomandgermanythemusicvideoreleasedexclusivelytofacebookonmayfeaturesapuppetcaricatureofsheeranonanightoutinlosangelesthesingleenteredthebillboardmagazinebillboardbillboardhothotatnodontedsheeransongdontpreviouslyreleasedonitunesasthesecondinstantgratpromotionalsingleimpacteduscontemporaryhitradioasthesecondofficialsinglefromthealbumithassincesoldinexcessofmillioncopiesworldwideincludingcopiesintheusalonerefnamedontusarefithaspeakedwithinthetoptenofnineinternationalchartsincludingaustraliatheukandtheaforementionedusitthenhitnoonthebillboardhotthinkingoutloudwassenttooceanianradioonseptemberasthethirdsinglethemuzutvedsheeranthinkingoutloudvideoofficialmusicvideowasreleasedonoctoberthesongwasincrediblysuccessfulsellinginexcessofmillioncopiesworldwideasofaprilthesongpeakedatnoonboththeuksingleschartandtheaustralianariachartsmoreoveritpeakedatnoonboththeusbillboardhotandthecanadianhotthinkingoutloudalsopeakedwithinthetopteninmorecountriesincludingnewzealandgermanyandindiathesongbecamesheeranssecondmillionsellingsingleintheukfollowingstheateamedsheeransongtheateamrefnameofficialchartscomrefmoreoverthesonghassoldalmostmillioncopiesintheusbeingcertifiedplatinuminseptemberitbecamejustthefifthsinglereleasedinthestcenturytogoplatinumaremixedversionofbloodstreamsongedsheeranandrudimentalversionbloodstreamwasreleasedasthealbumsfourthsingleonfebruarythenewversionofthesongwasremixedbybritishdrumandbassbandrudimentalandwasreleasedasajointsinglethesongbecamesheeransfourthconsecutivetoptenhitfromthealbumbypeakingatnoontheuksingleschartphotographedsheeransongphotographwasreleasedasthefifthandfinalsinglefromthealbumonaprilsheerantweetedmynextsinglefrommultiplyisphotographwaittilyouseethevideoitsaspecialoneveryexcitedphotographthenhitnoontwittertoptrackchartsandalsoinbillboardhotthesongfirstchartedforaweekindecemberevenbeforetheannouncementofanofficialreleasephotographwascertifiedsilverintheukforsellinginexcessofcopiesthemusicvideoforthesinglewasreleasedonmaypromotionalsinglesoneedsheeransongonewasenteredintheuksingleschartatnoandenteredthebillboardhotatnodontwasreleasedasthesecondinstantgratpromotionalsinglefromthealbumonjunetendaysbeforethereleaseofthealbumitdebutedatnointhecanadianhotonthechartdatedjunethetopdebutforthatweeksheeranrevealedthathewouldbereleasingatrackfromthealbumeveryweekdayintheweekleadinguptothereleaseaspromotionalinstantgratsinglesavailabletothosewhohadpreorderedthedeluxeeditionofthealbumonitunesthefirstofthesewasafirelovereleasedonjunefollowedbybloodstreamsongbloodstreamonjunethinkingoutloudonjunethemanedsheeransongthemanonjuneandphotographonjunecriticalreceptionalbumratingsmcrevtheavclubrevscorebrefnameavclubrefrevallmusicrevscorerefnameallmusicrefrevthedailytelegraphrevscorerefnametelegraphrefrevdrownedinsoundrevscorerefnamedrownedinsoundrefrevtheguardianrevscorerefnametheguardianrefrevtheindependentrevscorenegativerefnameindependentrefrevtheobserverrevscorerefnametheobserverrefrevrollingstonerevscorerefnamerollingstonerefrevtimeoutmagazinetimeoutrevscorerefnametimeoutrefrevusatodayrevscorerefnameusatodayrefuponitsreleasexreceivedpositivereviewsfrommusicjournalismmusiccriticsthereviewaggregatorwebsitemetacriticassignsametascoretoeachalbumwhichisbasedontheratingsandreviewsofselectedmainstreamindependentpublicationsandthereleasehasascoreofaoutofbasedonselectedcriticsindicatinggenerallyfavorablereviewsstephenthomaserlewineofallmusicratedthealbumthreeandahalfstarsoutoffiveremarkinghowsheeransusageofhiphopelementskeepsthemusicfrombeingmerelyabitofexcellentlycraftedmaturepopandgivesitsomeappealingcharacterjonobrienofallmusicsaidthatthealbumencompassedsheeransacoustichiphophybridsoundbutalsohadanrbfeelinplacesalongwithstraightaheadpoprandallrobertsoflosangelestimesratedthealbumtwoandahalfstarsoutoffourcallingthemusicwellcraftedgenerousandwillingtolayitonthickwhennecessarybutfuntobearoundnonethelessjasonlipshutzofbillboardmagazinebillboardratedthealbumanoutofandaccordingtohimhefindsahungryartistdoingeverythingpossibletoelevatetoanotherlevelsimplybyabidingbyhisinstinctsbrianmansfieldofusatodayratedthealbumthreeandahalfstarsoutoffourcallingitoneofthoserarealbumsthatsatisfiesexpectationswhilesimultaneouslyraisingthemwhichshowcasesthesweetachinglyvulnerablesongsthatisahallmarkofsheeransworksarahrodmanofthebostonglobegaveapositivereviewofthealbumfindinghowsheerancomesintohisownwiththereleaserefnamebostongloberefatrollingstonejondolanratedthealbumthreestarsoutoffivesuggestingthatabetteralbumtitlemighthavebeenxxxandcautioningthatthealbumhasplentyofoversweetballadmomentsjimfarberofdailynewsnewyorknewyorkdailynewsratedthealbumthreestarsoutoffivewritinghowsheerancanwriteahummabletuneandclearlyhassomethingyounggirlsloveevenmorethanlooksheartbuthadseveralcriticismsincludingnotinghowhismusicwasmilkyblandhislyricsroteandsoppyandthealbumssoundasawholewasunconvincingatdrownedinsounddavehanrattyratedthealbumafouroutoftencriticisingthereleasebecauseitoffersafewlivelyembersbutneverquiteignitesnotingthatsheeranlacksanykindofnoteworthyidentityandthemajorityofthealbumisalternativelyasgenericandsimperingasitgetstheindependentwashighlycriticalofthealbumnotingthelyricsasastolidplodthroughclichshavingaserotoninreducingeffectandsheeranandthealbumasblearysoblandwithoutwitorsexappealandauthenticallyuninspiringabcnewsallanraiblefoundsheeranspentmuchofthealbumtryingtoforcethegrooveinthenameofpopsuccessconcludingthatitwasamixedbagleaningonthenegativesideoftheequationpopmattersratedthealbumsixoutoftenacknowledgingsheeranasatalentedwordsmithwhousespastexperiencesandstoriesandmouldsthemintomoneymakingsongsthatstickinyourheadfordaysbutnotedsomeofhissongslackoriginalityandflareandcriticisingsheeranaspredictableandboringtoseeanothersingersongwritertalkaboutrelationshipsandemotionsrefnamepopmattersrefinanessayforpitchforkmediapitchforkmichaelteddernotedthatsheeransniceguybrandpromisestheconsumerthatthelovelorntroubadourissensitivenerdyandwontbreakyourheartlikethoseotherboysbutonelistentoxrevealsthathesnotasfarawayfromthemachotypesthatunapologeticallytrashhotelroomsashedlikeyoutothinkhealsoexplainedthatsheeranisyettoappearinapitchforkyearendlistduehisinabilitytowritemusicthatreroutesyourbrainandmakeyoulikeitevenwhenyoudontwanttolikeitultimatelyconcludingthatsheeranssongwritingisanunholyalliancebetweensimplyredandglovespecialsaucegloveandspecialsaucebutlikereallywhiterefnamepitchforkrefaccoladesclasswikitablepublicationranklistadbillboardmagazinebillboardaligncenterthebestalbumsofaddigitalspyaligncentertopalbumsofadthedailytelegraphaligncenterbestalbumsofadcommercialperformancexdebutedatnumberoneontheukalbumschartmarkingsheeranssecondnumberonealbumintheunitedkingdomitsoldcopiesinitsfirstweekofreleasetobecomethefastestsellingalbumofovertakingcoldplaysghoststoriescoldplayalbumghoststoriesitstayedatnumberonefornonconsecutiveweeksintheukthelongestnumberonesinceadelesadelealbuminxwasthebestsellingalbumofintheuksellingovercopiesandgoingfivetimeplatinumasofdecembertheal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odforherowneducationwhichshenowusesinordertoeducatehersonothersuggestionsarethatthisisanactinwhichxenokrateiaplaceshersonundertheprotectionofkephisosorthatitwasgiveninthanksafterhersonwonasingingcompetitionthereliefthemainproblemregardingthisreliefistheidentificationofthethirteenfiguresportrayedonitunfortunatelymostofthefigureslackattributesthustheycannotbeidentifiedwithcertaintyandscholarsvaryintheiropinionsinthisregardsincesuchlittlesecureevidenceleavesagreatroomforhypothesisandguessworkforexamplewhileitisclearthatthethirdfigurefromtheleftisholdinganobjectitisunclearwhatitisitwasidentifiedasacaduceuskerykeionmeaningthefigureishermesasaloomclaimingthatthisisrhapsooneofthemoiraiwhoweavethedestiniesofmenandasatorchheldbyartemistheattributesofthefiguresonthereliefmusthavebeenpaintedonratherthancarvedsinceotherwisetheywouldmakelesssensetothevisitorsofthesanctuarymostscholarsassumethatthetwofiguresinthesmallerscalearexenokrateiaandhersonandthatsheisintroducinghimtokephisossothatthegodmayoverseetheboysgrowthtoadulthoodtheinscribedsteleinordertodecipherthecompositionofthexenokrateiareliefandtoidentifythefiguresportrayedonitscholarsusethetwootherfindsfromthesitethefirstisaninscribedstelewithnamesofsomedivinitiesinthedativecaseanditisunderstoodbysomeasthesacrificialregulationofthesanctuaryhoweversincethereisnomentionofacultasacrificeoranyinstructionsothersconsiderthissteleasanothervotiveofferingthenamesinscribeduponthestelearehestiakephisosapollopythiosletoartemislochiaofbirtheileithyiaachelousachelooskallirohethegeraistiannymphsofbirthandrhapsothisisaninterestinglistasmostofthesedeitieswereperceivedasnurturingandprotectingchildrenunfortunatelythislistcannotrepresentthegodsinourreliefsincewhilethereliefdepictsfivegodsandsixgoddessesthestelenamesthreegodsandninegoddessesassumingthattherearethreegeraistiannymphssincenymphsareusuallydepictedingroupsofthreeinathenianarthoweversomeofthedeitiesnamedonthestelemightalsoappearonourreliefthekephisodotosreliefnextisthedoublereliefofkephisodotosalsodatedtobceononesideitdepictstheheroachelooskidnappinganymphwhosenameisinscribedasiasilawhilehermesisleadingthechariotontheothersidekephisosdepictedasahornedgodstandsinthemiddleontherightarethreenymphsandontheleftappeartwootherunidentifiedfigurestheinscriptionsaysitisadedicationtohermesandthenymphsthusdemonstratingthattherewereevenmoredivinitiesassociatedwiththissanctuarytheimagerytheonecertainidentificationonthexenokrateiareliefisthefigureonthefarleftthisisthegodapollosittingonasacrificialtripodtripodrestinghislegsonanomphalosneartowhichstandsaneaglethefiguretohisrightisusuallyidentifiedasapollosmotherletoorashissisterartemissomescholarsidentifyartemisasthethirdfigurefromtheleftwhileothersidentifyitashermesletorhapsooranunidentifiedyouththetwofiguresofasmallerscalearealmostunanimouslyidentifiedasxenokrateiaandhersonxeniadessincegreekartusuallydepicthumansassmallerthandeitiesthefigurewhointeractswithxenokrateiaandhersonisusuallyidentifiedaseitherkephisosormerelyapriestthereisagreatuncertaintyregardingthenextfivefiguresandtherearemanypossibleidentificationsforthemnamelyhestiaeileithyialetorhapsonymphsorrivergodssuchaskephisosorilisosfinallyofthetwofiguresonthefarrighttheoneonthetopisunderstoodtobekallirhoeorastatueofhersalthoughsomesuggestitiseileithyiaorhecateandthebulllikedeityonthebottomisidentifiedastherivergodacheloosbyalmostallscholarsthusmostofthesuggestionsidentifyxenokrateiaandhersoninthisreliefandattempttomatchtothemtherelevantdeitieshoweverthereisoneinterpretationthatdeviatesfromthislineofthoughtstaisclaimsthatthisreliefdepictsthemythologicalparticipantsoftheathenianmythofionmythologyioninwhichtheathenianprincesscreusawasrapedbyapolloandgavebirthtohissonionwhomsheexposedtotheelementshewasrescuedbyapollohoweverandguidedtodelphibyhermesyearslaterwhencreusaarrivedtodelphiwithherhusbandxuthusxuthostoaskwhytheycannothavechildrensheisreunitedwithhersonfollowingthismythstaisidentifiedthefirstthreefiguresasapollohismotherletoandhissisterartemiswhilerecognizingthenextfivefiguresastheparticipantsofthismyththepythiawhowasapollospriestessionxuthushermesandcreusanextheidentifiesthreenymphsandeileithyiafinallyhebelievesthatthebulllikedeityiskephisosthusconnectingthemythofiontothelocalityofthesanctuaryreferencesandsourcesreferencessourcesanticappuntidiesegesifigurateinattidellinstitutovenetodiscienzevollxxxiiinoppnbspbeschilcultistranieriefondazioniprivatenellatticaclassicaalcunicasiinannuariodellascuolaarcheologicadiateneedellemissioniitalianeinorientevollxxxiiippnbspluigibeschippnbspcookabzeusastudyinancientreligionnewyorkdillonmgirlsandwomeninclassicalreligionlondonppnbspedwardscmgreekvotivereliefstopanandthenymphsphddissertationnyuguarduccimleiscrizionidelsantuariodicefisopressoilfaleroinannuariodellascuolaarcheologicadiateneedellemissioniitalianeinorientevolxixiiippnbspguarduccimloffertadixenokrateianelsanctuariodicefisoalfaleroinbradeendwandmcgregormfedstributetobenjamindeanmerittnewyorkppnbsphausmannugriechischenweihreliefsberlinho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rganizationschemewasintendedtoallowpeoplewhowantedtochatexchangeeroticpicsandshareamateurvideostofindmutualfriendsonlineandmaybediscoverpartnersinterestedinintimaterelationshipsinmayxhamsterlaunchedthesexfactorarealityseriescompetitionwherecontestantscompetetobecomeapornstarxhamsterhasrestrictedaccesstoitssiteandremovedcontentinresponsetopoliticalissuesconcerningthelgbtcommunityandrapeculturethesiteblockeduserswithipaddressesbasedinnorthcarolinaduringaprilafterthestateenactedalawthatstoppeditscountiesandcitiesfrompassinglawstoprotectlgbtpeopleinresponsetotheverdictofthepeoplevturnersexualassaultcasexhamsterinstitutedabrockturnerrulewhichbannedvideosinvolvingrapeincludingthoseinvolvingsexwithanunconsciouspartnerorhypnosisintheaftermathofthedemocraticnationalcommitteeemailleakxhamsteroffereddebbiewassermanschultzausroleinapornographicfilmwithaberniesanderslookalikeinaugustalexhawkinsstatedthatxhamsterwillbesponsoringatripforbrendandasseytowrestlemaniahestatedwearepleasedthatwecanmakethisyoungmansdreamofgoingtowrestlemaniacometruewehavebeenintalkswiththefamilyandtheyaremorethanthrilledthatbrendanwillgetthisopportunityaftersomanyyearsofheartacheandinjusticetheideawasstartedbyachangeorgpetitioninseptemberalexhawkinsspeakingforxhamsterconfirmedthattheyhadpurchasedasextapeallegedtoportrayamericanactressalexisarquettewhichwasputupforsalebyanexlovershortlyafterherdeathxhamsterdestroyedallcopiesofitannouncingthatmsarquettewasaniconandactivistinthetransgendertranscommunityandwecouldnotseesomeonesmearhermemorythewaythesellingpartywastryingtodoinfebruaryxhamsterheldauditionsforuspresidentdonaldtrumptrumpsfamilymembersandtrumpcabinetmemberlookalikesthewinnerswillbecastinpornparodiesalexhawkinssaidthereisnothingmorethattheamericanpublicneedsthanqualityadultcontentparodiestohelpthemunderstandtheevershiftinglandscapeoftheirexecutivebranchofgovernmentinmarchjohnbrutaladialysisworkerinminnesotawasselectedasthewinningcontestanttoperformthepartduringthetotalsolareclipseofaugustxhamsterexperiencedanotabledecreaseinsiteusagecitiesinrangeoftotalitysuchasnashvilletnhadaviewershipdropcharlestonscandportlandoresawdropsofandrespectivelyjumpingbackuptoincreaseincharlestonandinportlandaftertheeclipsecitiesoutsidethepathoftotalityexperiencedalessdrasticchangewithcitiessuchasnewyorkandlosangeleswhichexperiencinglessviewershipinaugustxhamstersentalettertothecreatorsofthetelevisionseriessensethewachowskislillyandlanawachowskirequestingtohostthethirdseasonofsensesensewasoriginallybroadcastbynetflixwhichchosenottorenewtheseasonlanawachowskistatedthatcontentforathirdseasonwasbeingcreatedhopingthatsomeonewouldpicktheseriesupinthelettertothewachowskisalexhawkinsstatedxhamsterhasalonghistoryoffightingfortherightsofsexualspeechandnonnormativesexualityinadditiontoallowingbillionsofuserstoconnectwithindividualarticulationsofgenderandsexualitywecontinuetouseouraudiencetospeakupagainstrepressiveantilgbtqlawsintheusandabroadandforsexedinpublicschoolsplannedparenthoodandtherightsofsexworkersinseptemberfollowingtwitterlikesfromtheaccountoftexassenatortedcruzxhamsterdiscoveredhislookalikesearcyhayesandofferedhimtobefeaturedinaroleasatedcruzlookalikewebsitexhamsterprovidesvariouspornographicvideosphotosanderoticliteratureeroticstoriesgroupedundercategoriescateringtospecificsexualfetishismfetishesorsexualpreferencesrefnamerosewarnerefusersuploadingcontentselectfromaseriesofsetcategoriesthemostpopularcategoryamateurtagsofallvideospostedpopulargayuploadsincludebigcocksandbarebackwithoregonhavingthelowestgaypornviewtimeathoursaweekwhilewestvirginiahasthehighestviewrateathoursaweekinadditiontotheseprerecordedvideosuserscanviewlivestreamsofpaidmodelsthemodelcaninteractwithseveralusersbymeansofanonlinechatservicemodelscanalsoactivateatipbuttonwhichallowsuserstoprovidethemodelsgratuityadditionalmoneyrefnamesullivanmckeerefxhamsteracceptsbitcoinsasapaymentmethodwhichunlikecreditcardsoffersanonymitytheplatformaddedanightmodewhichswitchesthesitetoalowlightbackgroundwhenactivatedxhamsteralsocontainsseveralsocialnetworkingfeaturesusershavedetailedprofilesincorporatingtheirprofilepictureandgenderaswellasworksaddedtothesitecontentpossessesacommentingandratingsystemanduserscaninteractbyaddingothersasafriendorsubscribingtoanotherscontentprivacysettingsallowuserstomakevariouspartsoftheaccountvisibleonlytoselectindividualsfilterprivatemessagesandblockcertainrequestsuserscanalsoverifytheiridentitybysubmittingaphotoofthemselveswiththeirusernamewhichconfersastampupontheirprofilerefnamebakonyirefhttpsinjanuaryxhamsterbecameoneofthefirstmajoradultsitestoincorporatehttpsencryptionhttpsallowsforprivacymalwareprotectionandintegrityofinformationexchangealexhawkinssaidthatoneofthereasonforhttpswasbecausexhamsterreceivesmillionsofvisitorsfromcountrieswherepornographyisillegalsecurityinaprilconradlongmoreacybersecurityresearcherfoundthatxhamsterandpornhubwereattackedwithmalvertisementsinseptemberxhamsterwashitwithanothermalvertisingattackalongwithyoupornandpornhubtraffichausreportedthatitmightbetheresultofabreachonnovemberitwasrevealedtheusernamesemailaddressesandpasswordsofuserswerestolensexeducationinresponsetoutahlawmakersrejectingasexualeducationbillinfebruaryxhamsterstartedpresentingapopuptovisitorsfromutahofferingthemtoviewxhamsterssexualeducationseriestheboxtherejectedhousebillwouldhaveallowedparentstoopttheirchildreninformorecomprehensivesexualeducationthantheabstinenceonlysexeducationcommoninutahbutwasopposedforencouragingsexualbehaviourandallowingchildrentobetaughthowtohavesexthebriankingpoliticianbillssponsorcriticizedthetrendofleavingsexualeducationtopornographicwebsitesrefnamebeebyrefsuchasxhamsterandpornhubinaprilinresponsetopresidenttrumpsdecisiontoallowstatestodenyfederalmoneytoplannedparenthoodxhamsterstatedthattheywouldbepostingtotheirsiteinformationonplannedparenthoodwithapopupencouragingdonationstotheorganizationthepoststatespornstarsandamateursalikedependonincreasedreproductiverightsaccesstobirthcontrolandlowcoststiscreeningsandnonjudgmentalsexualhealtheducationproducthistoryinnovemberthecompanyreleaseditsownbeerxhamsterbeerthebeerisanabvbelgiantriplestylealeitisavailableforeurforlitersitwassoldoutinthefirstfivedaysinmayxhamsterpartneredwithdutchinventormoosneimeijertocreateminimeyesamotionsensorbluetoothdevicethatusesinfraredtomonitortheroomandsignalsthecomputertoshutallwindowsandsoundwhenanintrusionisdetectedinjunexhamstercreateditsveryownsexdollnamedxhamsterinaalexhawkinsstatedourviewerslovewatchingpornbutmostofthemwerewatchingitalonesowepartneredwiththeexpertsatidolltocreatetheperfectcompanionforthemodernmanthedollwascreatedwithitsuserpreferencesinmindcensorshipxhamsterhasbeenblockedbyvariousgovernmentsinaugustthegovernmentofindiaorderedinternetserviceproviderstoblockseveralsitesincludingxhamsterundertheinformationtechnologyactitactinrussiaalocalcourtintherepublicoftatarstanruledinfavorofablockonxhamsterandotherpornographicwebsitesinapriltherulingwaspassedonayearlatertoroskomnadzorthestatemediaoverseerlegislationtorestrictpornographicsitesincludeeffortstargetedatreducinghumantraffickinghumantraffickingwhichmaymandateelectronicmanufacturestoinstallcontentfilterstorestrictobscenematerialneverthelessorganizationsinsupportoffreespeechhavebeenspeakingoutagainsttheeffortstoincludepornsitessuchasxhamsterwhichnotedmillionclicksfromthailandandmillionclicksfromusersinturkeyinwhichthesiteisbannedotherattemptsatcensoringhasitsbasisinnetneutralitynetneutralitywherebygovernmentsmayrestrictbandwidthtovariousinternetcategoriesxhamstersalexhawkinsstatedasaninternationalcompanyweseeeverydayhowrestrictivegovernmentsuseregulatorytoolsliketrafficthrottlingtolimitaccesstonotonlypornbutpoliticalspeechcopyrightinfringementinxhamsterwassuedbyfrasersideholdingsltdaproducerofadultfilmsandasubsidiaryofprivatemediagroupincprivatemediagroupincfrasersideandprivateallegedthatxhamsterhadinfringedtheircopyrightsbystreamingcopiesoftheiradultmediaovertheinternetfrasersidebroughtthecaseiniowaandinjudgemarkbennettfoundthatuscourtslackedjurisdictionoverxhamsterbecauseitisacyprusbasedcompanywithnoofficesiniowanoemployeesiniowanotelephonenumberiniowaxhamsterdoesnotadvertiseiniowanoxhamsterofficerordirectorhasevervisitediowaandallofxhamstersserversarelocatedoutsideoftheunitedstatesthecopyrightinfringementcasewasdismissedreferencesexternallinkstaxoboximagewidthregnumfungidivisioascomycotaclassiseurotiomycetesordoteloschistalesfamiliateloschistaceaegenusxanthomendozaspeciesxrosmarieaebinomialxanthomendozarosmarieaebinomialauthoritysykondrkrnefeltxanthomendozarosmarieaeisaspeciesoflicheninthefamilyteloschistaceaeknownonlyfromthetypelocalitybiologytypelocalityinsussexcountydelawareitwasdescribedasnewtoscienceinitisnamedaftertheswisslichenologistrosmariehoneggerreferencesreflistrefsrefnamelumbschrefexternallinkslshuxiangredirecthelenziaredirecthelenziamarunouchisadisticmireikiritaniminafujiiminafujiikasumiarimuraykiyamadasuzukamoritasuzukamoritaasamisugiuramitsukikogasonyxperiazcompactsonyxperiazcompactliaotiandingmasatosakaixenoturbellaredirectcategoryshellxboxonekoriukivkaprylukyrublesignforconsistencydonotchangethearticlerublesignisaboutthesymbolitselfwhilethearticlerubleisnototherredirectsfromsymbolsfollowthesamereasoningredirectshellpeoplesparkxiningwushierbingfanghuangdineijingxuwencountyinterservicesintelligenceinfoboxvenuenamexiluotheaternicknamenativenamenativenamelangzhfullnameformernameslogoimagelogocaptionimagesiluotheatertaiwanjpgimagesizepximagealtcaptionpushpinmappushpinmapsizepushpinmapcaptionpushpinlabelpositionaddresslocationxiluoyunlinxiluoyunlintaiwancoordinatestypeformertheatergenrebrokegroundbuiltopenedrenovatedexpandedclosedsdemolishedowneroperatorsurfacescoreboardproductioncostarchitectbuilderprojectmanagerstructuralengineerservicesengineergeneralcontractormaincontractorsseatingtypecapacitysuitesrecordattendancedimensionsfieldshapeacreagevolumetenantsembeddedwebsitepublictransitthexiluotheaterisaformertheaterinxiluoyunlinxiluotownshipyunlincountytaiwanhistorythetheaterbuildingwasorigina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bandsatellitestypicallyhaveatleastseparationbetweensatellitesthereforethereislesschanceofadjacentsatelliteinterferenceasiandhigherpowerdensitycarriersallowedterminalsizevdataratesaswithanysatellitecommunicationlinkthedataratethatcanbeachievedwithaterminalisdependentonthegainoftheparabolicantennaantennagainincreaseswiththesquareoftheratioofaperturewidthtowavelengththereforeforafixedantennasizethegainandhencetheachievabledatarateincreaseswithfrequencythusxbandprovidesdatarateswhicharemuchhigherthancanbeachievedwithuhflbandorcbandtheachievabledatarateswillapproachthoseachievablewithkubandtheexactvalueswilldependonotherlinkparameterssatellitepowerlinkmarginmodulationschemeetcthereforexbandprovidesagoodcompromisebetweenterminalsizeanddatarateswhilemaintainingresiliencetorainfadedataratesofmbitsareachievabletoanbspcmantennawithoutinterferingwithadjacentsatellitesnationalfrequencyplanninggrouponbehalfofthecommitteeonukspectrumstrategyremoteandmaritimecoveragexbandspotbeamstypicallyhaveadiameterofnbspkmormorethisistheresultofthefrequencyandthesizeofparabolicantennawhichcanbeaccommodatedinsidesatellitelaunchvehiclesthismeansthatasinglebeamisabletobesteeredtocoveranentireregionofinterestxbandsatellitesalsohaveanearthcoverorglobalbeamprovidingcoverageoftheentireplanetthatisvisiblefromthesatellitethisisincontrasttosatellitesincommercialbandswhichtypicallyprovidefixedbeamsforareasofhighdensityofusersthereforexbandsatellitesareabletosupportusersinremoteareaswithlittleornoinfrastructureandinmidoceanawayfromlandandshippinglanescharacteristicsofshfsatcomsystemsshfsatcomsystemsoftenpossessfeaturesdesignedtomeettheneedsofmilitaryusersandtocounterthreatstothesystemfeaturesincludesteerablebeamshighpowerspectraldensityprotectionagainstnucleareventsandspaceweathermilitarygradecryptographyonthetelecommandsystemprotectionagainstlaserthreatsmilitaryspecificationcontrolfacilitiesprotectionagainstjammingattacksflexibleconnectivitycomponentsofshfsatcomsystemslikeothersatellitecommunicationsxbandsatellitecommunicationsystemscomprisethefollowingsegmentssatellitespacesegmentthesatellitewhichcomprisestheplatformandthepayloadcontrolsegmentthegroundequipmenttocontrolthesatelliteanchorfacilitieswhilemeshconfigurationsarepossiblemostxbandsatcomsystemsuseanchorfacilitiestoexploitthelinkbudgetbenefitsfromlargeantennasandtoprovideterrestrialconnectivitynetworkmanagementthefacilitiestomanagethecommunicationnetworkinparticularthebasebandelementsuserterminalstheterminalsusedbydeployeduserstoconnecttothesatellitesystemuserterminalsmaybeinteroperablewithseveraldifferentxbandsystemsuserterminalsareadaptedtotherequirementsoftheenvironmentinwhichtheoperatesatellitecommunicationsystemsoperatingatxbandskynettheskynetfleetofsatellitesareownedandoperatedbyairbusdefencespacewhoholdalongtermconcessionforbeyondlineofsightcommunicationswiththeukmodtheincludesfourhighperformanceskynetsatelliteswithwtwtasprovidinguptowmhzandanactivereceiveantennacapableofcreatingmultipleuplinkbeampatternstheskynetfleetalsoincludesolderskynetsatelliteswhicharebeyondtheiroriginaldesignlifeandininclinedorbitstheseorbitsenablethemtoprovidecommunicationstoarcticandantarcticregionsinadditiontoshfcapacitytheskynetsatellitesalsohaveuhfcapacitywidebandglobalsatcomsystemwgsthewgssystemisaconstellationofmilitarycommunicationssatellitesprocuredbytheusairforcemilsatcomsystemsdirectorateatlosangelesairforcebaseafbeachwgssatelliteprovidescapacityinboththexandkafrequencybandseachwgssatelliteisdigitallychannelizedandtranspondedinternationalpartnersparticipatingontheprogramareaustraliacanadadenmarkluxembourgthenetherlandsandnewzealandxtareurthextareursatelliteisownedandoperatedbyxtarllcitwaslaunchedinfebruaryandispositionedatdegreeseastxtareurhaswnbspmhztranspondersspainsatspainsatisownedbyhisdesatspainsatwaslaunchedinmarchandispositionedatdegreeswestspainsathasanxbandpayloadwithwnbspmhztranspondersitalsohaskabandcapacitysicralsicralsistemaitalianopercomunicazioniriservateedallarmiisitalyssatellitesystemformilitarycommunicationsthesicralsatellitewaslaunchedinandthesicralbsatellitewaslaunchedinsyracusesyracuseiiisystmederadiocommunicationsutilisantunsatelliteisthemilitarysatellitecommunicationsystemofthefrenchministryofdefencesyracuseawaslaunchedinandsyracusebwaslaunchedinanikganikgwaslaunchedinaprilandincludesatransponderglobalbeamxbandpayloadoperatingfromwdcmsseriesdcmsseriesconsistsoftripletransponderglobalbeamxbandpayloadoperatedbydeltacommunicationsdcmsserieswaslaunchedinjanuarynatosatcompostthenatoxbandsatellitesystemconsistsofanatoownedgroundsegmentwithcapacityleasedfromaconsortiumformedbythebritishfrenchanditaliangovernmentsseealsosatellitecommunicationsmilitarycommunicationsartificialsatellitereferencesexternallinkssatellitecommunicationssatcomfasorgsppmilitarydocopsarmyreftextchapbhtmwebdingsxfrogxwindowfiniterecursiveobjectgeneratorisdcomputergraphicssoftwarethatrunsonmicrosoftwindowsorasapluginforwindowsandmacosversionsofautodeskautodeskmayamayaandcinemadmaxoncinemadxfrogwasoriginallydevelopedbyoliverdeussenandberndlintermannwhileattheuniversityofkarlsruhebasedontheirresearchintonaturalsystemsandsystematicprocessesfoundinnatureoverviewxfrogwasdevelopedtobeanintuitivemodelingmethodandguiforcreatingnaturalbranchingstructuresbasedontherulesofnaturerefcitejournallastlintermannfirstberndlastdeussenfirstdeussentitleinteractivemodelingofplantsjournalieeecomputergraphicsapplicationsvolumeissuepagesdatejanuaryfebruaryurlgraphicsunikonstanzdepublikationeninteractivemodelingofplantslintermannetalinteractivemodelingofplantspdfrefstructureandgeometryisencapsulatedinobjectsthatformthedescriptionofthemodeltodefineamodeliconsgraphicrepresentationsofcomponentsareassembledinagraphdepictingthemodelsstructureandhierarchybeginningwitharooticonmodelsaresavedintheproprietaryxfrogxfrformatatextfilethatcontainsthecompletesetofparametricrulesfortheproceduralfrogenginetointerpretanddrawthepolygonalmodelhistorythefirstversionofxfrogwasreleasedassharewareinforsilicongraphicssunmicrosystemsandlinuxbylintermannunddeussengbrunderthenamegreenworksorganicsoftwarethefirstcustomerswereindustriallightandmagicanddisneyimagineeringxfrogdidnotcontainkeyframeorproceduralrecursiveanimationcapabilitiesbutinxfrogintroducedanimationcapabilitiesitwasreleasedforthefirsttimeasapluginformayamakinggreenworksthefirstprofessionalplugindeveloperformayathestandaloneapplicationwasportedfromsgitowindowsandintroducedasxfrogatsiggraphinxfrogsfirstcinemadpluginxfrogforcinemadaddedallthecomponentsoftothecinemadinterfacecurrentlyboththecinemadandmayapluginsareatversionreferencesnoctuitesnoctuitesshigerubanansdesuccsmarclavoinealbumxitosoriginalesspanishoriginalhitsmayrefertoxitosoriginalesparatiexitosoriginalescompilationalbumreleasedbyjuangabrielinxitosoriginalesextensiveseriesbysonylatinamericaxitosoriginalesenanitosverdesalbumxitosoriginalesazcarmorenoxitosoriginalesleodanxitosoriginalesjosjosxitosoriginalesdarklatingroovexitosoriginaleswillychirinoxitosoriginalesdesdeelprincipioxitosoriginaleslucerodiscographyxitosoriginalessodastereoxitosoriginalesjohnnyventuraxitosoriginalesfeydiscographyxitosoriginalesjeanettesingerseealsoxitosdisambiguationxitosoriginalesurolithinbsnangunjbiyorithejudybatseburgemellusrcatshellhermophyllonancepsxyleutespersonahermophyllonancepsmunenorikawasakimunenorikawasakiredirectcategoryshellsakuyakonohanakanmorpheismamukakikalishvilixitosinsuperablesspanishforunbeatablehitsreferstomultiplecompilationalbumsreleasedfromtobyemiincludingxitosinsuperablesluismiguelalbumxitosinsuperablesluismiguelalbumxitosinsuperablesmijaresalbumxitosinsuperablesmijaresalbumxitosinsuperablesbylosalegresdeternxitosinsuperablesbylvarotorresxitosinsuperablesbylosngelesnegrosxitosinsuperablesbylosbarndeapodacaxitosinsuperablesbybobbypulidoxitosinsuperablesbydanielaromoxitosinsuperablesbylosdonneosxitosinsuperablesbydyangoxitosinsuperablesbyeddiesantiagoxitosinsuperablesbyednitanazarioxitosinsuperablesbyemilionavairaxitosinsuperablesbygracielabeltrnxitosinsuperablesbyjailenecintrnxitosinsuperablesbyjonsecadaxitosinsuperablesbyjosluisperalesxitosinsuperablesbylauracanalesxitosinsuperablesbylorenzodemonteclaroxitosinsuperablesbyluchogaticaxitosinsuperablesbylamafiaxitosinsuperablesbymazzxitosinsuperablesbymiguelgallardosingerxitosinsuperablesbylosmismosxitosinsuperablesbynelsonnedxitosinsuperablesbypalomasanbasilioxitosinsuperablesbypandoramusicalgroupxitosinsuperablesbypaulinarubioxitosinsuperablesbyramherreraxitosinsuperablesbyraphaelsingerxitosinsuperablesbysalvatoreadamoxitosinsuperablesbylatropafxitosinsuperablesbyyurimexicansingerinfoboxprogrammingblocknamexplorationstationimagecaptionpremieredclosedchannelbroadcastsyndicationsyndicatedprimarilyfoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxstationscountryunitedstatesformateiblockprogrammingprogrammingblockruntimehoursbrhourspresentxplorationstationisanunitedstatesamericanbroadcastsyndicationsyndicatedblockprogrammingprogrammingblockthatisprogrammedbysteverotfeldproductionsdistributedbyfoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxanddebutedonseptemberitairsweekendstypicallyonsaturdaymorningsprimarilyonfoxbroadcastingcompanyfoxaffiliatedstationsaimedtowardsteenagerstheblockconsistsoffourhalfhourshowsfocusingonthestemfieldsofsciencetechnologyengineeringandmathematicsalloftheprogramsinthetwohourblockareproducedtomeetfederallymandatedchildrenstelevisionacteducationalprogrammingguidelinesrefnamestemblockrefstationscarryingtheblockcontinuetoprovideeicompliantprogramsacquiredfromthebroadcastsyndicationsyndicationmarkettocomplywiththefullthreehourrequirementdefinedbythefederalcommunicationscommissionfortelevisionstationstodevotetoeducationalprogrammingeachweekhistoryondecembersteverotfeldproductionsannouncedthatitwouldlaunchatwohoursyndicatedblockofliveactioneducationalprogramsundertheworkingtitlexplorationnationwithfoxtelevisionstationsandtribunebroadcastinginitiallysettocarrytheblockacrosstheirrespectivefoxownedandoperatedandaffiliatedstationstheblockaimedtowardsteenagersbetweenandyearsofagefeaturesprogramsfocusedonthestemfieldssuchasmarine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wipetappinchandreversepinchallofwhichhavespecificdefinitionswithinthecontextoftheandroidoperatingsystemandroidoperatingsystemanditsmultitouchinterfaceinternalaccelerometersareusedbysomeapplicationstorespondtothemovementofthedevicesuchasrotatingitverticallyonecommonresultisswitchingfromportraittolandscapemodethedeviceincludesanupdaterapplicationwhichallowsittoupdateitsostothelatestversionofmiuiavailableforitwindowsromportinmarchitwasannouncedthatselectedbetatestregisteredusersofmidevicesinchinawouldreceivearomportofthewindowsmobileoperatingsystemasatrialpartnershipbetweenxiaomiandmicrosoftrefnamewonmireftheromflashdownloadwasreleasedfortheseusersinjunewhocouldthentestthesoftwareontheirdevicesandprovidefeedbacktobothmicrosoftandxiaomirefnamewreleaserefdesignthedevicehasainchnbspcmsharpjdiogsfullylaminatedtouchscreenwithascreenresolutionofxatapixeldensityofnbspppiitshomebuttonissimilartoitspredecessorandismainlytouchbasedwithadjustablehapticfeedbackthephoneitselfweighsgramsnbspozandusesastainlesssteelframethedeviceiscurrentlyavailableinthreecolorfinishesblackwhiteandrosegoldhardwarethexiaomimiispoweredbyaqualcommsnapdragonmsmacchipsetwhichatonepointmadeitthefastestandroidoperatingsystemandroidsmartphonetodateaccordingtotheantutubenchmarkapplicationitsprocessorisamulticoreprocessorquadcorenbspghzkraitanditsgraphicscardisanadrenothephoneincludesanbspmahbatterywhichprovideshoursofstandbytimeitcomeswithamegapixelprimarycameraandanmegapixelsecondarycameraxiaomialsoreleasedanothermodelofmiwithnbspgbofinternalmemoryrefnameandroidnewsrefaccessoriesthexiaomimiwasannouncedwithacomplementaryussmartaccessoryknownasthexiaomimibandwhichisawaterproofsleepcyclesmartalarmfitnessmonitorsleeptrackerandremotesmartphoneunlockeritcomesinvariousexchangeablebandsandhasadaybatterycapacitycompatibilitywithcyanogenmodanddualbootthephoneiscompatiblewithcyanogenmodcmcyanogenmodcmandsupportstruemultibootingdualbootseealsocomparisonofsmartphonesreferencesnextsmartphonereviewcomxiaomimismartphonereviewsfullspecificationdetailsdescriptionfeaturethemereleasedateandpricexiaomimireleasedateinfoboxinformationappliancenamexiaomimibandlogoimageakadeveloperxiaomimanufacturerfoxconnfamilytypefitnesstrackergenerationlifespandiscontinuedmediaospowermahsocdialogsemiconductordialogsmartbonddacpumemorystoragedisplaygraphicssoundinputcontrollerscameratouchpadconnectivitybluetoothdimensionsweightpredecessorsuccessorxiaomimibandxiaomimibandpulsexiaomimibandsxiaomimibandwebsitetitlereleasedateunitssoldunitsshippedsizexxmmservicegoogleplayfdroidtopgamethexiaomimibandisawearablefitnesstrackerproducedbyxiaomixiaomimibandwasunveiledduringaxiaomilauncheventonjulydesignthemibandresemblesabraceletinitsdesignandcanbewornoneitherhandankleoraroundtheneckthebandslocationcanbesetusingtheofficialmibandappcalledmifitthebandcontainsthecoretrackerwhichisaroundnbspmmthickandnbspmminlengthitisinsertedintoahypoallergenictpsivwristbandwhichhasantiuvandantimicrobalpropertiesthetrackerisinsertedintothechargermodulewhichcanbeconnectedtoavexternalpowersourceitisalsocalledxiaomifitspecificationsfitnessmonitorsleeptrackersleepcyclesmartalarmunlockyourandroidwithoutapassworddaystandbypowerwaterresistantipvibratealertcallnotificationsoftwarecompatibilityatthetimeoflaunchtheonlywaytousemibandwastousetheofficialmifitappproducedbyxiaomithemselvesastheprotocolwassuccessfullyreverseengineeredindependentcompanionsoftwareimplementationswerecreatedbydifferententhusiaststhemostcommonfreeunofficialimplementationsforandroidaregadgetbridgethatalsosupportspebblewatchpebbledevicesandisfocusedonnotificationsmorethanonfitnesspurposestoolsmibandandopenbandfocusedsolelyonfitnessanddoesntsupportnotificationsasofoctoberallunofficialimplementationsthatdontdependonmifitappinstalledaremissingsomefeaturesofficialapphassuchasotafirmwareupdateorabilitytosetdifferentledcolorssomeunofficialcompanionprogramswerealsowrittenforotherofficiallyunsupportedplatformssuchasblackberryandwindowsphonexiaomimibandpulsexiaomionnovemberannouncedthesuccessorofxiaomimibandthexiaomimibandsorthexiaomimibandpulseitisalmostidenticaltoitspredecessorbutthenewerversionincludesaheartbeatsensoronthebottomsideofthebandthenewheartbeatsensoraddsalittlebitofbulkinessonthebandasitnowmeasuresatxxmmtheadditionoftheheartbeatsensorseemstohaveasmallimpactonthebatterylifeaswellthecompanythoughstillpromisesdaysofbatterylifeheartrateismeasuredondemandthesdoesnotoffercontinuousmonitoringreferencesexternallinksmiindiaspeciesboximagexanthophrynetigerinamatingjpgimagecaptionambolitigertoadsmatingstatuscrstatussystemiucnstatusrefrefnameiucnreftaxonxanthophrynetigerinaauthoritysathyabhamadasbijubijuvanbocxlaergiriloaderandbossuytsynonymsxanthophrynetigerinussmallbijuvanbocxlaergiriloaderandbossuytsmallxanthophrynetigerinasometimesknownastheambolitoadisaspeciesoftoadsitisendemictothewesternghatsofindiaandknownonlyfromthevicinityofambolisindhudurgdistrictamboliinmaharashtrarefnamefrostrefitwasdescribedasanewspeciesinandplacedinanewgenusalongwithitssisterspecie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snowplayingintheinternationalfestivalcircuitasaugustdesirestreetdesirestreetisxuxiaoxiandrobertofcanutosfirstfeaturefilmproducedasagraduationworkintheirmasteroffineartsatthenewyorkfilmacademynyfainhollywoodthestoryfollowsthreefamilymembersmotherdaughterandsonastheytrytosurvivetheirlonelinessandobsessionsbygoingthroughdifferentsexualexperiencesandrelationshipswithaprostitutethereferenceofthedirectorswasthetelenovelamexicomexicanmelodramasofthestheyexaggeratetherepresentationofthecharacterstoaccentuatetheironythatisabasicelementinthestorycreatingmanysituationsofcomedyattheendofthestorythefamilybecamethemainreferencefortheindividualsurvivalthereceptionatfilmfestivalswasverygoodscoringpositivereviewsandawardsbestfilmatasturianfilmfestivalinspainandspecialmentionbestfeatureatmixmexicointernationalfilmfestivaljuryconclusionatmixmexicointernationalfilmfestivaldesirestreethasaverywellstructuredscriptstrongstoryandgreatcharactersjuryconclusionsatasturianfilmfestivaldesirestreetdevelopswithtechnicalmasteryandagoodtreatmentofthescriptthegenerationgapandthefamilyandsexualconflictsinamultiethnicsocietyfilmcriticfromdickiekingatmtgcomthecharacterscouldbefromanpedroalmodvaralmodovarmovieastheyseemtoneedtobehaveinextraordinarywaysinordertodrawsomesexualpsychologicaladvantagetheuseofsubjectivecameramovementcompositionandmirroredreflectionsareeffectiveinconveyingarealsenseoffalseperceptionsthecollaborationsofrobertocanutoandxuxiaoximakethemthefuturewaveasthesetwoengagingdirectorsbringtogetherfreshinsightwithredesignedcameraworkthepremiereofdesirestreetfilmdesirestreetinspaintookplaceinattheasturianfilmfestivalobtainedabestfilmjuryawardandanominationforbestactressalejandrawalkerinchinawasscreenedatthecontemporaryartmuseumaofsichuanalsoinmeimeimeimeihisfirstyeargraduationfilmatnewyorkfilmacademywaswrittenbyxiaoxiandrobertofcanutothefilmpremiereathungarysslowinternationalfilmfestivalasuccessortotheyearoldprestigioushungaryfilmfestivalbornofthefilmartinitiativemeimeiwasscreenedinlateaugusttoaninternationalcrowdandwasreceivedasoneofthefestivalsfinestafterthescreeningthereactionswereverypositiveanditwasreceivedasoneofthefestivalfinestworkssomeofthemediamentionthatmeimeiisabeautifulandheartbreakinglovestoryinadditiontothefestivalselectionthefilmreceivedanominationforbestcinematographyatthekodakscholarshipawardsinrepresentationofnewyorkfilmacademylosangelesnyfafromuniversalstudioshollywoodthedirectorofphotographyofmeimeiwasthefilmmakerandusualcollaboratorofxurobertofcanutoreferencesexternallinksmoviedoubancomcelebrityxuxiaoxibioandinfoatdoubanchinesemoviedatabaseelrollohigienicocomindexphpoptioncomcontentviewarticleidentrevistaarobertocanutoyxiaoxixucatidaudiovisualcineitemiddirectorsinterviewrobertofcanutoxuxiaoxiatelrollohiginicorevistadearteyculturaspanishalderiquesdasturiescomadvientuentrevistarobertofcanutoxuxiaoxiinterviewrobertofcanutoxuxiaoxiatalderiquesdasturiesspanishclypiticfqoxvadventinterviewwithproduceratcadenaserspanishminutosesnoticiaadvientusehaceconpremiopublicoalmejorcortometrajediadasturiesficxnewsawardingijoninternationalfilmfestivalatminutosspanishscribalabbreviationscribalabbreviationscribalabbreviationrrotundascribalabbreviationscribalabbreviationinsularsredirectcategoryshellscribalabbreviationstridentvowelredirectcategoryshellvietnamesenmpreservationfoundationinfoboxchinesenamexulinpxlnwhslintsxulinbornseptemberisviceministerlevelofficialofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaservingonthestatecouncilofthepeoplesrepublicofchinastatecouncilshehasheldthepostofchiefexecutiveanddirectoroftheconfuciusinstitutesworldwidesincesheisdirectorgeneralofthehanbanorchinesenationalofficeforteachingchineseasaforeignlanguagexulinwasborninshanxiprovincesheisagraduateoffudanuniversityinshanghaiwithadegreeinchemistryandhasamastersdegreeineconomicsfrombeijingnormaluniversityasayoungwomanduringtheculturalrevolutionshewasaworkeratthechangzhibicyclefactoryinshanxiaccordingtoherresumeshethenworkedasalecturerinthechemistrydepartmentatshanxiuniversitystaffatthehighereducationbureauofshanxiandchoreographeratthecentraleducationalfilmstudiosubsequentlysheworkedinthefinancedepartmentoftheministryofeducationofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaduringthistimeshealsoheldthepostofassistantmayorofxuchanghenanprovinceoctoberseptemberandthendirectoroftheforeignloansofficeoftheministryofeducationinxulinbecametheeducationcounselloratthechineseconsulateinvancouvercanadashereturnedtochinainandtookhercurrentpostasheadofhanbanorthechinesenationalofficeforteachingchineseasaforeignlanguageshehasreceivedhonorarydegreesfromtheuniversityofarizonatheuniversityofantananarivoinmadagascartheuniversityofedinburghmiddletennesseestateuniversitywesternkentuckyuniversityoberlinuniversityjfoberlinuniversityinjapanchulalongkornuniversityinthailandbelarusianstateuniversityinminskbelarusandvelikotarnovouniversityinbulgariaxulinservesasamemberofthethchinesepeoplespoliticalconsultativeconferenceeacsconferencecensorshipxulincreatedaninternationalincidentinjulywhensheorderedpagestornoutfromthemainconferenceprogramofamajoreuropeansinologyassociationconferenceinportugalthenightbeforetheconferencetoremoveanyreferencetotaiwaninstitutionsthereasonforthecensorshipwasapparentlyconcernthatthepublicityforindependenttaiwaninstitutionscastdoubtonchinaspoliticalstatusoftaiwanclaimtotaiwantheassociationprotestedinthestrongesttermsandreprintedallthedeletedmaterialstodistributetoallconferencemembersthenightbeforethejulyconferenceoftheeuropeanassociationofchinesestudieseacsattheuniversityofminhoinbragaportugalhanbanviceministerxulinwhoisdirectorgeneraloftheconfuciusinstituteheadquarterscihorderedthatpagestowhichsheobjectedbetornoutoftheconferenceabstractandprogramrogergreatrexpresidentoftheeacssubsequentlyissuedareportonthedeletionofpagesfromconferencematerialsandapublicletterofprotestathanbaninterferenceattheconferencethereportdetailedthetimelineofeventsconcerningxulinscensorshipsunlamconferencecoorganizerattheuniversityofminhoanddirectoroftheconfuciusinstitutetherehadappliedforfundingfromtheconfuciuschinastudiesprogramccspwhichisadministeredbytheconfuciusinstituteandhadreceivedthetaiwanesechiangchingkuofoundationforinternationalscholarlyexchangewasanothersponsoroftheconferenceasithasbeenforyearsthemoneyfromtheccspincludedthecostforprintingcopiesoftheconferenceabstractsitdidnotincludethecostofprintingtheconferenceprogramwhichwaspaidforbyeacsmemberstheccspinternationalconferencefundingapplicationstatestheconferenceisregulatedbythelawsanddecreesofbothchinaandthehostcountryandwillnotcarryoutanyactivitieswhicharedeemedtobeadversetothesocialorderdrlamsubmittedadraftcopyoftheprogramtotheccspforapprovalonjulyandwastoldthatitlookedsplendidpiaolangconferenceregistrationbeganonjulyandaboutparticipantsreceivedcompletecopiesoftheabstractsandprogramwhichcomprisedpagespluscoverandfrontmatterprinteddoublesidedonpageshoweverafterxulinarrivedthateveningsheissuedamandatoryrequestthatmentionoftheccspsponsorshipberemovedfromtheconferenceabstractsandorderedherentouragefromconfuciusinstituteheadquarterstoremoveallconferencematerialsandtakethemtotheapartmentofalocalconfuciusinstituteemployeewhentheremainingparticipantsarrivedforconferenceregistrationonjulytheydidnotreceivetheprintedabstractsorprogramsbutonlyabriefsummarizedscheduleafterlastminutenegotiationsbetweenxulinandconferenceorganizerstoensureconferencemembersreceivedtheprogramacompromisewasmadetoallowtheremovalofoneabstractpagethatmentionedtheccspsupportoftheconferenceonthemorningofjulytheremainingconferenceparticipantsreceivedtheirmaterialswhichwerenowmissingfourprintedpagesthefrontispiecementioningccspsponsorshipintheconferenceabstractandthreepagesfromtheconferenceprogramtheseexpurgatedpagescontainedinformationregardinghanbansconfuciuschinastudiesprogramandrecommendedrestaurantsinbragathebookexhibitionandlibrarydonationorganizedbythetaiwannationalcentrallibraryaswellasotherpublishersexhibitingbooksanddrsunlamandambassadorjoaodedeusramosthekeynotespeakernotremovedfromsomecopiesselfpresentationbythetaiwanesechiangchingkuofoundationforinternationalscholarlyexchangewhichhassponsoredeacsconferenceforovertwentyyearsandconferenceactivitieswhenrogergreatrexpresidentoftheeacslearnedofthiscensorshipheorderedthatcopiesoftheoriginalprogramimmediatelybeprintedanddistributedtoparticipantshelaterwrotetheseizureofthematerialsinsuchanunauthorizedmanneraftertheconferencehadalreadybegunwasextremelyinjudiciousandhaspromotedanegativeviewoftheconfuciusinstituteheadquarterstheeacsletterofprotestsaidthishadbeenthefirstoccasioninthehistoryoftheeacsthatitsconferencematerialshavebeencensoreditconcludedsuchinterferenceintheinternalorganizationoftheinternationalconferenceofanindependentanddemocraticallyorganizednonprofitableacademicorganizationistotallyunacceptabletsengshuhsiendirectorgeneralofthenationalcentrallibrarystatedthateacsofficialsandmembershadspokenoutagainstxuduringtheopeningceremonytheusonlineuniversitysiteinsidehigheredquotedmarshallsahlinsprofessoremeritusattheuniversityofchicagoandaleadingcriticoftheconfuciusinstituteswhosaidthatthisincidentillustratedtheconfuciusinstitutesprovisionthatprogrammingtheyfundmustabidebychineselawsincludingthoserestrictingspeechmoreovertheyregoingtoenforcethemthewaytheydoinchinawhichisnotsomuchbygoingtocourtbutsimplybyfiattaiwanscabinetlevelmainlandaffairscouncilissuedareproachoverthecensorshipincidentsayingthemainlandshoulddealwithtaiwansparticipationinactivitiesoninternationaloccasionspragmaticallyifthereisnorespectforeachotherthedevelopmentofcrossstraitrelationscrossstraitrelationswillbeseriouslyhurtmarshallsahlinssaidtheeacscensorshipbringstolightthecisseriousnessinenforcingitscontractualprovisionsandmoreovertheyregoingtoenforcethemthewaytheydoinchinawhichisnotsomuchbygoingtocourtbutsimplybyfiatthewallstreetjournalsuggeststhatthiseacsreportabouttheconfuciusinstitutesbullyingapproachtoacademicfreedomshouldbeasummerreadingprogramforthepresidentofeveryamericanuniversitythathostsacitheasahishimbunsaidinternationalscholarswereinasnitoverxulinsattemptedcensorshipandthechristiansciencemonitorreportedthatthecensorshiphasmademoreacademicsintheusukcanadaandaustraliagrowuneasywithconfuciusinstitutesuniversityofchicagociclosureonseptembertheuniversityofchicagostatedthatithadsuspendednegotiationstorenewitscicontractbecauserecentlypublishedcommentsaboutuchicagoinanarticleaboutthedirectorgeneralofhanbanareincompatiblewithacontinuedequalpartnershipthisapparentlyreferredtoxulinsinterviewwiththejiefangdailytheofficialnewspaperofthecommunistpartyinshanghaipublishedonseptemberinwhichxulindirectorofthehanbanwasreportedtohaveintimidatedthepresidentoftheuniversityofchicagowithasinglesentenceafterprofessorssignedapetitiontobantheconfuciusinstitutexulinimmediatelysentalettertothepresidentoftheuniversityofchicagoandmadeonephonecalltoitsrepresentativeinbeijingshesaidonlyonesentencethemomentyourschooldecidestowithdrawiwillagreeherattitudemadetheothersidenervousandtheschoolquicklyrespondedthattheydecidedtocontinuetoruntheciproperlycomparethesetwopublishedtranslationsxulinwrotealettertochicagospresidentandcalledtheuniversityrepresentativeinbeijingwherechicagohasaresearchcenterwithonlyonelineifyourschooldecidestowithdrawiwillagreetoitherattitudemadetheothersideanxioustheschoolquicklyrespondedthatitwillcontinuetoproperlymanagetheconfuciusinstituteinsidehigheredxulinsentalettertotheuniversitypresidentsayingifyouwanttoendtherelationshipitsfinewithusthatthearticlesaidbroughtpanictotheothersideandaquickdecisionthattheuniversitywouldcontinuewithitsconfuciusinstitutethisdemeaningdepictionoftheuniversityconvinceditthatanequalpartnershipwasimpossiblechinapostandthesethreeparaphrasesxulinhadtoldtheuniversityessentiallytoquitthepartnershipifitwantedwhichcouldbeconstruedasaboastfulchallengetheeconomisttheschoolsaidinastatementthursdaythatsuspensionoftalkstorenewacontractwithitsconfuciusinstitutewasmadeinresponsetorecentcommentsinachineselanguagenewspaperthatimpliedtheschoolhadkowtowedtothechinesegovernmentthewallstreetjournalaccordingtothejiefangdailystoryuniversityofchicagoadministratorsbecameanxiousatthethoughtofshuttingdowntheconfuciusinstitutesandreassuredxuthattheywantedtokeepitopenthediplomatinresponsetotheuniversityofchicagociclosuretheofficialchinesepeoplesdailypublishedrejectingconfuciusinstitutesnothelpfultounderstandchinaonseptemberbutwithtwofactualerrorsfirstclosingtheconfuciusinstitutedoesnotmeanchineselanguagestudyintheuniversitywouldceasesoonitmeanstheuniversityscenterforeastasianstudieswillresumeteachingchinesesecondwithoutreferenceeithertouchicagosstatementwhichspecificallyblamedxulinsremarksnortothewidespreadmediacoverageofherjiefangdailyinterviewpeoplesdailysaidthoughtheuniversitydidnotdetailthereasonsbehindthesuspensionmanybelieveditwaslinkedtotheamericanassociationofuniversityprofessorsboycottofcicommentingonthesinistereacsbragaincidentaswellgaryrawnsleyabritishprofessorandexpertoninternationaldiplomacyandcommunicationwrotexulincouldnothavepickedaworsetimetoassertherimaginaryauthoritytheaustralianbusinessspectatordescribingtheeacsincidentashighlydamagingforchinasinternationalimagewrotexushardlinebehaviourhighlightsoneofthebiggestproblemsforbeijingscharmoffensiveitstillreliesonofficialslikexuwhostillthinkandactlikepartyideologueswholiketoasserttheirauthorityandbullypeopleintosubmissionxulinhasbeenapublicitydisasterindecemberthebbcinterviewedxulininbeijingwhentheinterviewerbroughtupthebragaincidentxulinobjectedandlateraskedforlargeportionsoftheinterviewtobedeletedoneofthepointsshemadeintheinterviewisthattaiwanpoliticalstatusoftaiwanbelongstochinaandthereforeoutsidershavenobusinessinterferingthebbcdidnotagreetothecensorshipdemandxulinnotonlyrefusedtoanswerdifficultquestionsshealsopoliticisedtheconfuciusinstitutesandreinforcedtheideathattheyareledbydogmatistscommentedgaryrawnsleyprofessorofpublicdiplomacyataberystwythuniversitywalesthewallstreetjournalreportedonxusbbcinterviewandsaidcriticshavearguedthatchinasconfuciusinstitutesposeathreattoacademicfreedomintheunitedstatescanadaeuropeandbeyondnowthebeijingofficialinchargeofthemhasconfirmeditreferencesinfoboxinformationappliancelogoimagecaptiondeveloperxiaomitypesmartphonesandphabletsosandroidoperatingsystemandroidsocmediatekbrqualcommsnapdragonreleasedateredmiisabudgetsmartphonelinemanufacturedbyxiaomithatwasfirstannouncedinjulyredmiphonesusethexiaomimiuioperatingsystemavariantofandroidoperatingsystemandroidmodelscanbedividedintoregularredmiphoneswithscreensusuallyuptoandredminoteserieswithdisplaysexceedingonlyphonebesidesthesetwoseriesisxiaomiotherdevicesredmiprofirstintroducedinwithdualcamerasystemusbcanduniqueforxiaomidevicesamoledoleddisplayredmiphoneshavebeenmarketedinseveralasianandeuropeancountriesthemostsignificantdifferencefromotherxiaomismartphonesisthatituseslessexpensivecomponentsandthusismorecosteffectiveinaugustthewallstreetjournalreportedthatinthesecondquarterofthefiscalyearxiaomismartphoneshipmentrankingsinchinawithamarketshareoftheredmiphonereleaseinwasfirstannouncedonxiaomiswebsitewithconsumersalesbeginningonjulyonmarchredmiphoneswereannouncedtobesoldoutinsingaporealoneeightminutesafterbeingpurveyedtoconsumersonxiaomiswebsitecriticismregardingthereleaseofredmiphoneshasincludedthenotionthatthefirmmaybeexaggeratingitssalesbyreleasingtheminsmallbatchescausingthemtoquicklyselloutrefnameasiaonerefonaugustthewallstreetjournalreportedthatinchinassmartphonemarketxiaomiovertooksamsunginthesecondquarterofthefiscalyearwithamarketshareinsmartphoneshipmentrankingswhilesamsunghadamarketshareduringthistimeadditionallyyulongandlenovobothhadamarketshareduringthistimeredmisaleswereattributedascontributingtoxiaomisincreasedshipmentrankingsinthesmartphonemarketconverselyinthefirstquarterofxiaomiheldamarketsharethexiaomiredminoteredminotelaunchedonnovemberunlikeitspredecessordoesnothaveauserchangeablebatteryandsecuredigitalphysicalsizemicrosdslotitsbasedonmediatekhelioxoctacorenbspghzcortexasocwithpowervrggpusnapdragonvariantofthephonereleasedlaterthesameyearisbasedonsnapdragonandbringsbackmicrosdsupportinjulychineseartistsliushishiwuxiuboandliuhaoranbecamethefirstambassadorsofxiaomisredmiseriesinchinaredmiprohasappearedasprolineupinredmiseriesonaugustxiaomiunveiledtheredminotetheredminoteispoweredbymediatekshelioxdecacoreprocessorwhichisclockedatnbspghzthedevicealsohasgbramandoffersgbofinternalstoragetheredminoteboastsainchfullhddisplayandfeaturesacameracomboofmprearcameraandmpfrontcameraitrunsonandroidlollipopandpacksamahbatteryonnovemberxiaomireleaseditsnewbudgetphoneredmiithasapolycarbonatebodythedualsimsupportandrunsonmiuibasedonandroidmarshmallowtheredmisportsainchxpixelsdisplaypoweredbyanbspghzquadcoreprocessorandgboframinjanuarythexiaomiredminotexbasedonqualcommsnapdragonchipsetbecamecompanysfirstmajorlaunchofitisanupgradedversionofthepreviouslyreleasedredminotebasedonthemediatekhelioxchipsetthedeviceisalsoknownasredminoteinregionswheretheoriginalredminotewasnotreleasedindecemberxiaomiunveiledtheredmiandplustheyarethefirstphonesintheredmiserieswhichfeaturesascreenaspectratiotheredmistartsfromrmbandtheplusversionstartsfromrmbtheeuropeanunioneureleasewassettojanuaryandpricesweresettoeuroandforredmiandredmiplusrespectivelylistofdevicesredmiclasswikitablesortablemodeldisplaytypedisplaysizeresolutionreleasedatelongtermevolutiongltesupportsystemonachipsystemonchipraminternalstorageprimarycamerafrontcameraoperatingsystemnewestavailablewhetheritschinaorglobalvariantredmibripshdpnomediatekmttxnbspghzgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungskhomnivisionovmpomnivisionoxamiuivandroidredmisbripshdpnoqualcommsnapdragonqualcommsnapdragonbrxnbspghzgblpddrgbemmcmpsonyexmorrimxomnivisionovmpomnivisionoxamiuivandroidredmisgbripshdpyesmediatekmtxnbspghzgbgbmpmpmiuivandroidxiaomiredmiredmibripshdpyesqualcommsnapdragonbrxnbspghzgbgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellskhomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredmiaipshdpyesleadcoretechnologyleadcorelccbrxnbspghzgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellskhomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredmibripshdpyesqualcommsnapdragonbrxnbspghzxnbspghzgbgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellsklomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredmisipshdpyesqualcommsnapdragonbrxnbspghzgbgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellsklomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredmixipshdpyesqualcommsnapdragonbrxnbspghzgbgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellsklomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredmiproamoledfhdpyesmediatekmediatekhelioxxxnbspghzornbspghzornbspghzgbgbgbdualmpxmpxmiuivandroidredmiipshdpyesqualcommsnapdragonbrxnbspghzgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellsklomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredmiaipshdpyesqualcommsnapdragonbrxnbspghzgblpddrgbemmcmpomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredmiprimeipsfhdpyesqualcommsnapdragonbrxnbspghzgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellsklomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredmixipshdpyesqualcommsnapdragonbrxnbspghzgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellsklomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidrowspanredmiarowspanipsrowspanrowspanhdprowspanrowspanyesrowspanqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzgbgbrowspanmpxrowspanmpxrowspanmiuivandroidgbgbrowspanredmirowspanipsrowspanrowspanhdrowspanrowspanyesrowspanqualcommsnapdragonxghzgbgbrowspanmpxrowspanmpxrowspanmiuivandroidgbgbrowspanredmiredmiplusbrsmallindiaredminotesmallrowspanipsrowspanrowspanfhdrowspanrowspanyesrowspanqualcommsnapdragonxghzgbgbrowspanmpxrowspanmpxrowspanmiuivandroidgbgbredminoteclasswikitablesortablemodeldisplaytypedisplaysizeresolutionreleasedatelongtermevolutiongltesupportsystemonachipsystemonchipraminternalstorageprimarycamerafrontcameraoperatingsystemnewestavailablewhetheritschinaorglobalvariantredminotegbripshdpnomediatekmtxnbspghzornbspghzgbgblpddrgbemmcmpomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredminotegbripshdpyesqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzgblpddrgbemmcmpsonyexmorrsimxomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredminoteprimebripshdpyesqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungsklmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidxiaomiredminoteredminotebripsfhdpyesmediatekhelioxxnbspghzornbspghzgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellskmmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidxiaomiredminoteredminotesmallhenessysmallbripsfhdpyesmediatekbrhelioxbrxnbspghzornbspghzgbgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellskmomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredminotesmallkenzoipsfhdpyesqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzxnbspghzgbgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellskpomnivisionovmpomnivisionovmiuivandroidredminotespecialeditionsmallkatesmalltiwaneseversiondifferentcasemodemandromincomparisontokenzoipsfhdpyesqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzxnbspghzgbgblpddrgbemmcmpmpmiuivandroidxiaomiredminoteredminotebripsfhdpyesmediatekhelioxxnbspghzxnbspghzxnbspghzgbgblpddrgbemmcmpsamsungisocellsklomnivisionovmpsamsungskemiuivandroidxiaomiredminoteredminotexlistismadeaccordingtochinesenamesifthedevicehasmultiplenamesthephonewassoldasxinfewregionsoutsidechinaaswellipsfhdpyesqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzgbgbgblpddrgbemmcmpsonyexmorrsimxsamsungisocellsklmpsamsungskemiuivandroidxiaomiredminotearedminoteabrsmallindiaredmiylitesmallipshdpyesqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzgblpddrgbemmcmpmpmiuivandroidxiaomiredminoteaprimeredminoteaprimebrsmallindiaredmiysmallbripshdpyesqualcommsnapdragonxnbspghzgbgblpddrgbemmcmpmpmiuivandroidredminotebrsmallindiaredminoteprosmalltbafhdfulldateyesqualcommsnapdragonxghzgbgbmpmpmpbrsmallmpinindiasmallmiuivreferencesfurtherreadingwebarchiveorgwebstraitstimescomdigitallifemoredigitallifestoriesstorydlsaysthelurechinaphonesnotjustthepricedlsaysthelureofchinaphonesisnotjustthepricethestraitstimesaprilarchivedsbrcomsgsourceexiaomisusredmismartphonesoldoutinsingaporeinjustminutesxiaomisredmismartphonesoldoutinsingaporeinjustminutessingaporebusinessreviewcnetcomnewsxiaomisredminotelaunchesinsingaporemalaysiaandhongkongxiaomislowcostredminotesmartphonetolaunchinasiabotgeneratedtitlecnettechcrunchcomvideoxiaomiconfirmsinchoctacoreredminotephonewithteaserxiaomiconfirmsinchoctacoreredminotephonewithteaserbotgeneratedtitletechcrunchnewsasiaonecomnewsdigitaltelcosrevealxiaomiredmipriceplanstelcosrevealxiaomiredmipriceplansasiaonedigitalnewsbotgeneratedtitlecnetcomproductsxiaomiredmixiaomiredmireviewbotgeneratedtitlecnetxiaomimixiaomimixiaomimixiaomimiaxiaomimisxiaomimihajimekamoshidaxeryuskijrshideharainfoboxfilmnamexyimagexyposterjpgbordernocaptionbritishfilmposterdirectormorganmatthewsfilmmakermorganmatthewsproducerdavidmthompsonbrlaurahastingssmithwriterjamesgrahamplaywrightjamesgrahamstarringplainlistasabutterfieldrafespallsallyhawkinseddiemarsanjoyangmusiccinematographydannycohencinematographerdannycoheneditingstudiooriginpicturesbrminnowfilmsdistributorkochmediasmalluksmallbrsamuelgoldwynfilmssmallusasmallreleasedruntimecountryunitedkingdomlanguageenglishbudgetgrossnbspmillionxyreleasedintheusasabrilliantyoungmindisabritishdramafilmdirectedbymorganmatthewsfilmmakermorganmatthewsstarringasabutterfieldrafespallandsallyhawkinsthefilminspiredbythedocumentarybeautifulyoungmindsfocusesonateenageenglishmathematicsprodigynamednathanasabutterfieldwhohasdifficultyunderstandingpeoplebutfindscomfortinnumberswhenheischosentorepresenttheunitedkingdomattheinternationalmathematicalolympiadimonathanembarksonajourneyinwhichhefacesunexpectedchallengessuchasunderstandingthenatureoflovethecharacterofnathanwasbasedondaniellightwingwhowonasilvermedalattheimorefnametheworldofaspergersaugustrefrefnameaspergerteenagersinspiringstoryhitsbigscreenoctoberrefrefnamemeettheyorkcollegestudentwhoinspiredthefilmxymarchrefrefnamewithaspergersyouputonamasktopretendyourenormaldaniellightwingonhowthefilmofhislifehelpstakethestigmaoutofautismmarchrefrefnameearlychildhoodandanintroductiontomathsmayrefrefnameautismmathsandsexthespecialtriangleseptemberrefrefnamemoviebasedonlifeofyorkmathsgeniusoctoberrefthefilmpremieredatthetorontointernationalfilmfestivalonseptembertheeuropeanpremierewasatthebfilondonfilmfestivalonoctoberandtheukcinemareleasewasonmarchthefilmheavilyfeaturespreviouslyrecordedsongsbykeatonhensonplotnathanellisayearoldmathprodigyhasjustlosthisfatherinacaraccidentnathanisdiagnosedwithautismearlyinthefilmbutstrangelyhisfatherwastheonlyonewhowasabletoconnectnormallywithhimalthoughnathanvalueshismotherjulieheshunsanyphysicalcontactwithherandtreatsherasmoreofacaretakerthanaparentwantingtomakesurenathanisntdistractedfromhisstudiesjulieenrollshiminadvancedclassesatanewschooltherehecomesunderthetutelageofteachermartinalsoamathgeniuswhonowsuffersfrommultiplesclerosismartinseeshimselfinnathanonceapromisingyoungmindinthefieldofmathematicswhogaveitalluponcehewasdiagnosedwithhisillnesssevenyearslatermartinispreparingnathantocompeteforaplaceintheinternationalmathematicalolympiadaprestigioushighschoolcompetitionconsistingoftheworldsbestyoungmathematiciansthisyearitistobeheldatcambridgeafteratwoweekmathcampintaiwanwherethestudentswillstudyforthetestthatdeterminesthewinnersnathanfearshesnotgoodenoughtoqualifybutendsupdoingwellenoughtoaccompanyotherbritishteenagerstotaiwansuddenlythrustoutofhiscomfortzonenathanfindshimselfnolongerthesmartestmathwhizintheroomandhissocialanxietiesnearlyparalyzehisperformancehehastroublereadingthesocialcuesofothersandflinchesattheslightestphysicalcontactwithanotherpersonnathanispairedwithafemalechinesestudentzhangmeiwhoslowlyh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lrebirthofyoungernewercharactersandthetruebirthofthexmenwritingsingersaidthatapocalypseisthemainfocusofthefilmkinbergsaidthattheyoungerversionsofscottsummersstormandjeangreyappearinginthefilmareasmuchapartofthefilmasthemaincasthedescribedsummersasnotyetthesqueakycleanleaderstormasatroubledcharacterwhoisgoingdownthewrongpathinlifeandgreyascomplexinterestingandnotfullymaturekinbergalsosaidthatthefilmdeliversonthedramaticstoryandemotionofthelasttwofilmsandthatitactsliketheculminationofthemaincharactersportrayedbylawrencemcavoyfassbenderandhoultkinbergsaidfirstclassdaysoffuturepastandapocalypseformedatrilogyaboutmystiqueexplainingshestartsinfirstclassentirelyoncharlessideendsupfollowingerikandwethenfindherindaysoffuturepastandshesonherownbecauseerikisgoneshesonherownsideinthatmoviebutisdrawntowardcharlesbytheendofthefilmandshootseriktheninapocalypseshecomesbacktocharlestheresafullcirclenarrativeoverthespanofthislittletrilogythatisaboutmystiquefrombeginningwithcharlesinthemansionandendingwithcharlesinthemansionbutnotasthesametimidlittlegirlwemetinfirstclasskinbergwaspaidmillionforwritingthescriptthesameamounthereceivedforxmendaysoffuturepastrefnamesalariesreftheplotwaspartiallyinspiredbythexmenstoryarcthefallofthemutantscastinginoctobercastingforxmenapocalypsebeganinfebruarykodismitmcpheewascastasnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerandbenhardyactorbenhardywascastinanunspecifiedrolerefnamekodicastrefinmarchsingerannouncedthatlanacondorwascastasjubileecomicsjubilationleerefnamelanacastrefinaprilsingerconfirmedthathardywouldportraywarrenworthingtoniiiangeloliviamunnwouldportraypsylockeandlucastillwouldreturnashavokcomicshavokrefnamebenangelrefrefnamelucashavokrefrefnameoliviapsylockerefinmaysingerannouncedthatthemutantlistofmarvelcomicscharactersccalibancalibanwouldappearinthefilminjulyhoultrevealedonconantalkshowconanthatjoshhelmanwouldreturnaswilliamstrykerinaprilhughjackmanconfirmedthathewouldmakeacameoappearanceaswolverinecharacterwolverinerefnametimerefberkshireenglandservedasthexmansionaltamansionsurroundedbytreesandhedgesfilmingprincipalphotographycommencedonaprilinmontrealcanadainlateaugustthefirstunitproductionforthefilmwrapfilmmakingwrappedadditionalfilmingtookplaceinjanuaryaustraliabasedrisingsunpicturesprovidedasitdidforxmendaysoffuturepasttheeffectsforquicksilverstimestoppingquickmotioneffectsinthemansionrescuesceneandalsoothereffectsincludingwhencyclopssplitsprofessorxaviersfavoritetreeinhalfaerialfootageofsnowcappedmountainsasstrykertraveledinhishelicoptertothesecretbasewasprovidedbysmartdronesofstalbertalbertacanadamusiconmarchitwasannouncedthatjohnottmanwhocomposedthescoresforxfilmxandxmendaysoffuturepastwouldreturntowriteandcomposethescoreforapocalypseonmaytheofficialsoundtrackwasreleasedasadigitaldownloadinadditiontoottmansscorethefilmfeaturesaremixofthesecondmovementofludwigvanbeethovenssymphonynobeethovenseventhsymphonyentitledbeethovenhavokandtwosongscontemporarytothefilmssettingsweetdreamsaremadeofthisbyeurythmicsandthefourhorsemenbymetallicamarketinginjulysingerleehughjackmanandcastmembersmcavoyfassbenderlawrenceisaachoultmunnpeterssmitmcpheeturnersheridanshippcondortillandhardygaveapresentationatthesandiegocomicconinternationaltogetherwiththereleaseofthefilmsfirstteaserposterfeaturingensabahnurandawreckageofthexmansionfootagefromthefilmwasscreenedinoctobermarschocolatepartneredwiththcenturyfoxforthemarketingofthefilmusingmmchocolatesintheirpromotionalmaterialsthedealincludedretaildisplaysandspecialpackagingmarkingstvandcinemacommercialsandsocialmediapostsfeaturingmmscharactersmixedwithelementsofthexmenthefirstimageofmmcandieswearingstormandmagnetocostumeswasreleasedonthedayoftheannouncementindecemberkiamotorscollaboratedwiththcenturyfoxtocreateacustomkiasportagetopromotethefilmdesignedaftermystiquethecarwasrevealedattheaustralianopenitiskiassecondxcarprojectafterthekiasorentocustomizedforthehomemediareleaseofdaysoffuturepastandtheaustralianopenatrailerreleasedinthesamemonthreceivedcriticismfromrajanzedprayerprotestrajanzedaunitedstatesbasedhinduclericwhostatedthatthepartwhereapocalypseclaimshimselftohavebeencalledkrishnawasanblasphemyoffensetothehindureligionanddemandedthatsingerremoveallreferencestokrishnafromthetrailerandthefilmitselfthereferencestokrishnawereremovedfromthefilmsfinalcutonjanuarykiamotorsreleasedthefirstpromovideoofthecarfeaturingspanishtennisplayerrafaelnadalconcerningthecharacterapocalypsethedirectorbryansingerhassaidrefinaprilcoldwellbankerpartneredwiththcenturyfoxtolistthexmansionformillionthefictionallistingincludedavideotourofthemansionandstoriesofthehomefromtheperspectiveofcharacterssuchascharlesxavierandscottsummersthefakepropertywaslistedbyagentkalavrhomedrenananagramforravendarkholmethatsamemonthfoxreleasedafauxfauxtvshowcalledinthefootstepsofnarratedbygeorgetakeiwhichisinspiredbytheclassictvseriesinsearchoftvseriesinsearchofthatfocusonensabahnursoriginsinmayfoxreleasedafauxtvcommercialforthexavierschoolforgiftedyoungsterswithlanacondorasjubileetheyalsoreleasedavideovoicedmailmessageaweeklaterandafauxtvshowcalledfablesoftheflushfabulouswithrobinleachwhichisinspiredbyleachsshowlifestylesoftherichandfamousreleasexmenapocalypsehaditsworldpremiereinlondononmaythefilmwasreleasedinscreensacrossinternationalmarketsonmayoneweekbeforeitsnorthamericandebutapocalypsewasissuedbothdanddformatsandinimaxdinselectinternationalmarketsusingtheimaximaxdmrdigitalmediaremasteringdmrprocesshomemediathefilmwasreleasedbythcenturyfoxhomeentertainmentondigitalcopydigitaldownloadonseptemberandondvdbluraydblurayandkultrahdblurayonoctoberthefilmtoppedthenationalhomevideosaleschartsfortheweekendingonoctoberreceptionboxofficexmenapocalypsegrossedmillionintheusandcanadaandmillioninotherterritoriesforaworldwidetotalofmillionagainstabudgetofmillionthefilmisthefourthhighestgrossingfilminthexmenserieswithoutadjustingforinflationbehinddeadpoolfilmdeadpoolloganfilmloganandxmendaysoffuturepastitmadelessthandaysoffuturepastxmenapocalypseopenedintheunitedstatesonmayalongsidealicethroughthelookingglassfilmalicethroughthelookingglassandwasprojectedtogrossaroundmillionfromtheatersinitsopeningweekendanduptomillionoverthefourdaymemorialdayweekendrefnameopeningweekndrefitmademillionfromthursdaypreviewsattheatersbetterthanitspredecessoratmilliononitsopeningdayitearnedmillionincludingpreviewsthefourthlowestopeningdayamountofthefranchiseinitsopeningweekenditgrossedmillionrefnamethrweekndrefoverthefourdaymemorialweekenditearnedmillionincludingmillionfrompremiumlargeformatscreensandmillionfromrealdscreensinitssecondweekendthefilmgrossedmillionadropoffinishingsecondattheboxofficebehindteenagemutantninjaturtlesoutoftheshadowsrefnamesecondweekendrefelsewherexmenapocalypsewasreleasedoneweekbeforetheunitedstatesinmarketsandgrossedmillionfromscreensoverthemayweekenditdebutedatnoinofthosemarketswithimaxcontributingmillionfromscreensinmarketswhilerealdtookinmillionitstopopeningsweretheunitedkingdommillionmexicomillionbrazilmillionrussiamillionandfrancemillionitopenedinchinaonjuneandbroughtinmillionthesecondlargestfoxopeninginchinaandmillionmorethandaysoffuturepastitopenednextinjapanonaugustcriticalresponsexmenapocalypsereceivedmixedreviewsfromcriticsonreviewaggregatorrottentomatoesthefilmhasanapprovalratingofbasedonreviewswithanaverageratingofthewebsitescriticalconsensusreadsoverloadedactionandaclichedvillaintakethefocusawayfromotherwisestrongperformersandresonantthemesmakingxmenapocalypseamiddlingchapterofthevenerablesuperherofranchiseonmetacriticthefilmhasaweightedaveragescoreofoutofbasedoncriticsindicatingmixedoraveragereviewsaudiencespolledbycinemascoregavethefilmanaveragegradeofaonanatofscalerefnamecinemascorerefignatiyvishnevetskyoftheavclubcommentedmuchofwhatmakesxmenapocalypselegitimatelyinterestingalsomakesitfrustratingandlopsidedsincesingerandscreenwriterproducersimonkinbergremaincommittedtothestructureofanoverlongcomicbookblockbustercompletewithaclimaxinwhichtheworldhastobesavedusingasmanydifferentcolorsofenergybeamaspossiblemikeryanofuproxxdisparagedthefilmsstoryasredundantandstalearguingigetitlifeishardformutantsweallgetititsliterallytheonlythingmutantseverseemtotalkaboutitisoddthatothersuperheroesseemtogettohavesomefunbutneverthexmenhereweareyearslaterandeveryoneinvolvedisstillsaditfeelsrepetitivescottmendelsonofforbeswrotexmenapocalypseisthekindofweightlesssoullesstrifleofaborethatmakescomicbooksuperheromovieslookbadandmakesmenotlookforwardtothenextinstallmentrefnameforbesreviewrefhelenoharaofempirefilmmagazineempirecriticizedtheperformancesofthemaincastandstatedthatthefilmfeltmessierandheavierthandaysoffuturepastontheotherhandmicklasallefromthesanfranciscochroniclegavethefilmapositivereviewcallingitathinkingpersonsactionmovieandcomplimentingitshighstakesrichardroepercalledthefilmavisualfeastandlaudeditscastsayingeventhehardcoregeekswholiketogettheircomiccononmightbefeelingalittlesuperherofatiguerightaboutnowstillyouoweittoyourselftoseequicksilverdohisthingaccoladesclasswikitablesortablestylebackgroundccctextaligncentercolspanstylebackgroundlightsteelbluelistofawardsandnominationsstylebackgroundccctextaligncenteryearawardcategoryrecipientsresultscopecolclassunsortablerefrowspanthaactaawardsaactaawardsaactaawardforbestvisualeffectsoranimationbestvisualeffectsoranimationjohndykstramattsloanblondelaidoostephenhamiltontimcrosbieanddennisjonesrefnameaactarefrefnameaactarefhollywoodmusicinmediaawardsbestoriginalscorescififantasyfilmjohnottmanspikeguyschoiceawardsjeanclaudegahddamoliviamunnrowspanteenchoiceawardsteenchoiceawardschoicesummermoviexmenapocalypserowspanteenchoiceawardforchoicehissyfitchoicemoviehissyfithughjackmanteenchoiceawardforchoicemoviescenestealerchoicemoviescenestealerevanpeterschoicemoviebreakoutstaralexandrashipprowspanrottentomatoesgoldentomatoawardsbestcomicbookgraphicnovelmoviexmenapocalypserowspanrdpeopleschoiceawardspeopleschoiceawardsfavoritemovieactressrowspanjenniferlawrencerowspanfavoriteactionmovieactressfavoriteactionmoviexmenapocalypserowspanrdsaturnawardssaturnawardssaturnawardforbestco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anthistechniqueisquitesimilartotheblownwingusednotablyonthebreguetboeingycandantonovanxplorairisalsosupportedsincebyaltranaltrantechnologiesandsogetiwhodeveloptheaerostructureandtheavionicsoftheaircraftnowcalledthexplorairpxpersonalxplorairnbspkmhsincethepreviousstudiesaerodynamicsevolvedagainwithanupwardvtailandtheuseofthecoandeffectontotheuppersurfaceofrearbiplanetiltwingsduringtakeofforlandingthesereartiltwingsrotateandtheleadingedgeofthelowerrearwingconnectstothetrailingedgeofthefrontwingdirectlyontojetnozzlestheexhaustgasfollowsthecurvedsurfaceduetothecoandeffectandtheslipstreamisdiverteddowncastprovidingpoweredliftforvtoloperationtoavoidnoisepollutionsogetialsodevelopsacousticreflectiontechniquesbyshearratemodulationonjetfluidjetreductionofaboutnbspdecibeldbietimeslesssoundpowerisexpectedthecoandeffectisalsousedonthexplorairtoreduceparasiticdragformdragformdragwhilecruisingcompressedairisinjectedasaradiusradialjetatnoseandleadingedgesorthogonallytotheambientairflowthencoversthewholewettedareathisreducestheformdragandcouldevenmakeitnegativewithenoughjetspeedthistechniquehasbeentestedforthefirsttimeinbyfrenchphysicistconstantinchilowskyonshellprojectileshellsrefnamechilowskypatentcitepatentcountryusnumberstatuspatenttitleprojectilegdatefdatepridateinventchilowskyconstantinassignchilowskyconstantinrefthenvariousauthorstookovertheideatoimproveprojectilesincludinghenricoandforhisownresearchonaerodynamicsthisiswhyaguilarreferstothechilowskyeffectratherthancoandeffectforthisdragreductionschemethistechniqueappliedinairissimilartothesubmarinesupercavitationtechniqueusedinsometorpedoeslikethevashkvalthepxaerostructurealsoallowsforgroundeffectvehiclewingingroundeffectwigthexploraircouldcruiseatlowaltitudeaboveseawaterorspecialhighwaysthatwouldbebuiltforsuchpersonalairvehiclesinordertoreducetheliftinduceddragandthusimprovethefuelefficiencyinjuneaguilarfoundstheprivatelimitedliabilitycorporateentityacgaviationtodeveloptheconceptfurtherrefnameacgaviationrefpatentsmichelaguilarfiledpatentsonthexplorairandthethermoreactorcitepatentcountryfrnumberstatusapplicationtitlevehicleeghelicopterfortransportingpassengershasturbinegeneratingairstreamonfrontwinguppersurfaceandrearwingwithuppersurfaceonwhichfluegasstreamisappliedtoproduceairliftforcetoallowtakeoffandlandingpubdatefdatepridateinventaguilarmichelassignaguilarmichelcitepatentcountryfrnumberstatusapplicationtitlerotarywinglessverticaltakeoffandlandingvehiclefortransportingpassengersbyairhasrearwingwhosevariableincidenceissettogenerateliftforceintakeoffmodeandaddedtoforcesdevelopedonfrontwingsincruisemodepubdatefdatepridateinventaguilarmichelassignaguilarmichelcitepatentcountryepnumberstatuspatenttitleverticaltakeoffandlandingvehiclewhichdoesnothavearotarywinggdatefdatepridateinventaguilarmichelassignaguilarmichelcitepatentcountryfrnumberstatusapplicationtitleturbomachineiethermoreactorhasairfuelinjectorforinjectingpressurizedairfuelmixtureintocombustionchamberwhereinjectedairfuelmixturerealizesconstantvolumecombustionandcombustiongasreleasepubdatefdatepridateinventaguilarmichelassignaguilarmichelcitepatentcountrywonumberstatusapplicationtitlejetengineinparticularajetengineforanaircraftpubdatefdatepridateinventaguilarmichelassignaguilarmichelcitepatentcountryfrnumberstatusapplicationtitleturbochargerforuseinegturbojetengineofaircrafthascombustionchambersuppliedwithcompressedairbyopeningthatallowsintroductionofairinchamberandcompressorwhoseairoutletsareopenedininnervolumeofreservoirpubdatefdatepridateinventaguilarmichelassigneadseuropaeronauticdefencecitepatentcountryfrnumberstatusapplicationtitlemethodforthermalignitionofapulsedcombustionengineandthermoreactorwiththermalignitionpubdatefdatepridateinventaguilarmichelassignaguilarmichelcitepatentcountrywonumberstatusapplicationtitlejetengineinparticularforanaircraftpubdatefdatepridateinventaguilarmichelassignaguilarmichelcitepatentcountryfrnumberstatusapplicationtitlemethodforreducingnoiseofpropulsionjetreactorofaircraftinvolvesejectingshearflowsattrailingedgeofnacellesofreactorwithejectionvelocityinrangebetweenvelocitiesofflowsatinnerandoutersidesofnacellespubdatefdatepridateinventaguilarmichelassigneadseuropaeronauticdefencecitepatentcountryfrnumberstatusapplicationtitlemethodandthermalreactorforsinglevalvepropulsionwithmultipleinjectionsandcombustionsperrotationcyclepubdatefdatepridateinventaguilarmichelassignaguilarmichelseealsoverticaltakeoffandlandingvtolflyingcardisambiguationpersonalairvehicleexternallinksxploraircomxplorairwebsiteacgaviationcomacgaviationwebsitefrenchaltranjunereferencesreferencesxplorairxplorairpxxyzzyxiscofootballerbornvincentsiewsappanolxfinitycentercollegeparkmarylandxlrecordingsxlstudioredirectgreatmosqueofxianxinjiangticaifcinfoboxnflplayernamexavierproctorimagecurrentteamfreeagentnumberpositionoffensivetacklebirthdatebirthplacemorgantownwestvirginiaheightftheightinweightlbshighschoolmounthebronhighschoolellicottcitymdmthebroncollegenorthcarolinacentraleaglesfootballnorthcarolinacentralun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deutheduelsafterthesixchairchallengeeachmentorhadsixcontestantsfortheduelsthecontestantswerenottoldwhotheywereupagainstuntilthedayoftheduelseachcontestantsangasongoftheirownchoicebacktobackandeachduelconcludedwiththerespectivementoreliminatingoneofthetwocontestantsthethreewinnersforeachmentoradvancedtotheliveshowscolourkeyartistwontheduelandadvancedtotheliveshowsartistlosttheduelandwaseliminatedclasswikitableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncentercontestantsperformancesontheduelschallengescopecolepisodecategorymentorduelactordersongresultbgcolorlightgreenrowspanepisodebrrowspanoversbnicrowspanduelscoperowalexandracrianoneandonlyfinalistbgcolorpinkscoperowiulianadobreareyougonnabemygirleliminatedbgcolorlightgreenrowspanduelscoperowalexandrufloreayougiveloveabadnamesongyougiveloveabadnamefinalistbgcolorpinkscoperowpaveldenesiucallofmejohnlegendsongallofmeeliminatedbgcolorpinkrowspanduelscoperowsergiubragacontepartircontepartireliminatedbgcolorlightgreenscoperownicoletanuchallelujahleonardcohensonghallelujahfinalistbgcolorpinkrowspangroupsmatacherowspanduelscoperowblackwhiteweareyoungeliminatedbgcolorlightgreenscoperowrtwinsthelazysongfinalistbgcolorpinkrowspanduelscoperowafinadanielhalobeyoncsonghaloeliminatedbgcolorlightgreenscoperowtrupadarkhorsekatyperrysongdarkhorsefinalistbgcolorlightgreenrowspanduelscoperowcontrastmykindofloveemelisandsongmykindoflovefinalistbgcolorpinkscoperowadelinadamianvictorsasthislovemaroonsongthisloveeliminatedbgcolorpinkrowspanundersbrenciurowspanduelscoperownicholassealeyblurredlineseliminatedbgcolorlightgreenscoperowcristiangoaielovemeagainsonglovemeagainfinalistbgcolorlightgreenrowspanduelscoperowmonicasanninohittheroadjackfinalistbgcolorlightgreenscoperowadinarducanpaulaselingtrurlifinalistbgcolorpinkrowspanduelscoperowdianacldrarusorryseemstobethehardestwordeliminatedbgcolorpinkscoperowdenisborovinlalalanaughtyboysonglalalaeliminatednotesdanielwasnotpresentinthesixchairchallengeduetoapersonalproblemaftertheperformancesofmonicaandadinafromtheunderscategorytheirmentorbrenciucouldntdecidebetweenbothofthemsotheproducersdecidedthatbrenciusdecisionwillbetakenafterallhisactsperformwildcarditwasannouncedondecemberthattherewouldbeawildcardtwistontheliveshowsthejudgesselectedthewildcardactsfromothercategoriesthewildcardactswereannouncedinthefirstliveshowwithsergiubragachosenbybrenciufortheunderscategoryalessiopaddeuchosenbymatacheforthegroupsandmirunabuzchosenbybnicfortheoverscategoryfinaliststhefinalfinalistswereconfirmedasfollowscolorkeywinnerrunnerupthirdplaceclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterspopecolstylewidthpxcategorymentorscopecolcolspanactsscoperowundersbrenciusergiubragacristiangoaiebgcolorbfbadinarducanmonicasanninoscoperowoversbnicmirunabuzbgcolorpinkalexandracrianalexandrufloreanicoletanucscoperowgroupsmatachecontrastalessiopaddeurtwinsbgcolordeftrupaliveshowstheliveshowswillhaveachangeinthisseasononlyfourliveshowswilltakeplaceinthefirsttwoliveshowseachcategorywillhaveitsownfinalshowdowntheresultofwhichisdecidedsolelybyitsmentortheoutcomeofthethirdshowwillonlyrelyonthepublicvoteandwillhavetwoeliminationsoneofwhichwillhappenhalfwaythroughoftheshowwhenthevotingwillhavebeenfrozenthefinalwillhavefourcontestantstwoofthefinalistswillbeeliminatedhalfwaythroughthefinalshowwhenthevotingwillhavebeenfrozenthewinnerisstilldeterminedbythepublicvoteresultssummarycolorkeynbspwinnernbspcontestantwaseliminatedbytheirmentornopublicvoteorfinalshowdownnbspcontestantwasinthebottomtwoandhadtosingagaininthefinalshowdownnbspcontestantwasinthebottomthreebutreceivedthefewestvotesandwasimmediatelyeliminatednbspcontestantreceivedthefewestpublicvotesandwasimmediatelyeliminatednofinalshowdownnbspcontestantreceivedthemostpublicvotespleasedonotoverusecolourinthistableespeciallytosignifymentorsandcategoriesasthishasbeenestablishedintheabovetableclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizeborderrightnoneweeklyresultspercontestantstylewidthemrowspanscopecolcontestantcolspanweekdecemberweekstylewidthemrowspanscopecolweekdecemberweekstylewidthemcolspanscopecolweekdecemberweekcolspanweekfinaldecemberweekstylewidthemwildcardstylewidthemeliminationstylewidthemroundstylewidthemroundstylewidthemroundstylewidthemroundscoperowadinarducansafesafesafesafesafestylebackgroundlightgreenwinnerscoperowalexandracriansafesafesafesafesaferunnerupscoperowtrupasafesafesafesafestylebackgroundpinkrdrowspancolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedweekscoperowalessiopaddeustylebackgroundeeeaareturnedweeksafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwosafesafestylebackgroundpinkthscoperownicoletanucsafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwosafestylebackgroundpinkthcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedweekscoperowsergiubragastylebackgroundeeeaareturnedweeksafestylebackgrounddfbottomtwostylebackgroundpinkthcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedweekscoperowalexandrufloreastylebackgrounddfbottomtwostylebackgrounddfbottomtworowspancolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedweekscoperowcontraststylebackgrounddfbottomtwostylebackgrounddfbottomtwoscoperowcristiangoaiestylebackgroun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rapatternshpatternsosocksleftarmbodyrightarmshortssocksffffffxerezdeportivoftbolclubisafootballclublocatedinjerezdelafronteraitwasfoundedinbyagroupoffansduetothecriticalsituationofthexerezcditplaysinthedivisindehonorholdinghomematchesattheestadiomunicipaldechapnwithanoverallseatcapacitytheteamcoloursareusuallyblueshirtsandsockswithwhiteshortshistoryfoundationofjerezfclasociedadjerezfootballclubwasfoundedininaccordingtoothersourcesbysirthomasspencerreimananenglishworkerofthewilliamshumbertwineriesthomasspencerreimanwasborninacolliershipcollieranchoredinthebayofgibraltaronjulyheworkedinwilliamshumbertinjerezdelafronteralookingforspaniardsandenglishmentofoundafootballteaminthesociedadjerezfootballclubwasinauguratedinagameagainstcdizcfinitiallytheirteamcolourswerewhiteshirtandblackshortsbutshortlyafterchangedtoblueshirtandwhiteshortsdespitetheexistenceofmanyfootballclubslasociedadjerezfootballclubbecameoneofthemostpopularinthecityafewyearslatertheclubabsorbedthefortunafootballcluboneoftheotherclubsofjerezindecemberformerplayersandoldfansofjerezfcconstitutedthexerezfootballclubbeingformallylegalizedindecemberwithjosmanueldomecqriveroaspresidentthefootballfieldvillamercedeswasdesignatedashomefieldandconstructionofdomecqstadiumwasannouncedthenewclubreachedtheterceradivisininafewyearsandmoveduptothesegundadivisinintheseasonthemostimportantmilestonesofthisteamweretobepromotedtwicetothelaligaprimeradivisinandreachthequarterfinalsofthecopadelreywheretheywereeliminatedbyrealmadridthearrivalofthecivilwarclosedapaththatseemedopenintothefirstdivisiontheclubdisappearedonaugustduetobadsportandeconomicperformancethatdraggedonforyearsxerezcdfromtotheclubhadseveralnamessettlingonjerezclubdeportivowhichwaschangedtothecurrentnameinthesxerezfirstreachedthesegundadivisinseconddivisioninremainingthereforfiveyearspreviouslyinthestheteamhadpromotedonthefieldbutduetothehighnationalinterestofthefrancoistspaindictatorialgovernmentleftitspositiontoespaadetngerfootballclubtheteamsnewstadiumestadiomunicipaldechapnwasinauguratedonjulyreplacingtheoldestadiodomecqthefirstmatchtherewasafriendlyagainstrealmadridcfrealmadridafterdecadesinthatcategoryandalsoinsegundadivisinbthethirdithadasegundadivisinsecondlevelcampaignwhichalmostresultedinanhistoriclaligapromotiononlyoneyearaftersegundadivisinbdoingthesamethingtheclubseemedcertaintogainpromotionallseasonbutultimatelyfailedafteradramaticlossofformtowardsitsclosureonlygainingfourpointsinthelasteightmatchessincethenxerezfinishedinthetopindivisiontwoeachcampaignexceptinthesegundadivisinseasonwhenaweakstartledtoathplacefinishsegundadivisinthefollowingcampaignprovedexcellentastheclubwasalwaysinthetoppositionsonjuneafterbeatingsdhuescaathomeitachievedpromotiontothetopdivisionforthefirsttimeinitshistoryinthefinaldayofthecompetitionadrawatceltadevigoprovedenoughforthetitleascdtenerifelostathometocdcastellninthefinalminutelaligathefirstseasonofxerezinthetopflightwouldbeshortlivedasitendedinrelegationafteronlycollectingsevenpointsfromthefirstgameswhichledtothesackingofcoachjosngelzigandatheclubamassedintheremainingwithnstorgorositoasbossnotgoodenoughhowevertopreventthedropaslasttheclubhoweverhadchancestostayupuntilthefinalroundadrawatcaosasunaxerezrankedsegundadivisineighthandsegundadivisinthinthetwofollowingsecondlevelseasonsrespectivelythesegundadivisincampaignhoweverwasdisastrousonalllevelsastheteamfinishedinndandlastpositionasadirectconsequenceofenduringseriousfinancialdifficultiesforseveralyearsandthesituationculminatedwiththeclubbeingrelegatedtotheterceradivisinfourthdivisiononaugustafterxerezsrelegationagroupofsupportersfoundedanewclubinthelowerleaguesnamedxerezdeportivofcduetotheclubsinstitutionalproblemswhilethelatterwaspromotedtoprimeraprovincialtheformerwasagainrelegatedthistimetoprimeraandaluzafoundationofxerezdfcseasoninjunejoaqunmoraleschairmanofxerezcdannouncedhewasgoingtoliquidatetheclubforeconomicreasonstheclubhadbeenindebtforyearsagroupoffansmetanddecidedtoformanewclubtoreplacetheoldoneandonjunethenewclubxerezdeportivofcwasinauguratedmoralesconsequentlydecidedtosellxerezcdtoricardogarcaabusinessmanwhohadconsideredliquidatinganothercityclubjerezindustrialcfonjulythesalvemosalxerezsavexerezgroupheldaspecialsessiontheasambleaxerecistaassemblyofxerecistaswithclubsupportersvotingtodecidethequestionestusteddeacuerdoenqueelxerezdeportivofccomienceacompetirenlatemporadadoyouagreethatxerezdeportivofcshouldplayintheseasonthevoteresultedinamajorityvotingyesforagainstabstentionsandthenewclubstartedtoplayintheeighthnationalleaguewithsixtodelacalleasprovisionalpresidentinitsfirstseasontheclubobtainedsubscribersarecordforanonprofessionalclubondecemberjosravelowaselecteditsnewpresidentonaprildeportivofcwaspromotedtotheseventhnationalleagueandwonagainstcdguadiarointhesummeroftheassemblyvotedtocreateafutsalandatrackandfieldtrackteamandtheclubcametotermswiththesdjerezfutsalteamandtheclubatletismochapntrackteamtoincludebothaspartofxerezdeportivofcthefollowingseasontheclubacquiredsubscribersandwasabletoattractplayersfromhighercategoriesinearlytheboardofdirectorsdecidedtodemocratizetheclubandallowallmemberstoattendassembliesandelectthepresidentonfebruaryxerezdeportivofcwaspromotedtothesixthnationalleagueandwonagainstesperacfonmaycarlosoreresignedascoachduetodisagreementswithpedroruizresponsibleforsportsaffairsandsomeoftheplayershewasreplacedbydanielpendnonjulyitwasdisclosedthatxerezcdandxerezdeportivofcwerenegotiatingtocombinebothclubsintoonesingleclubtheboardofdirectorsdecidedtoconveneanassemblyonjulytomakeadecisiononjulytheassemblymetinalcazarofjerezdelafronterawhereoverpartnersofxerezdeportivofcdecidedfortheunificationofxerecismoforagainstabstentionsbutfinallytheunificationofxerecismowasnotcarriedoutbecausexerezcdfansvotednofornodataagainstabstentionsonaugusttheassemblydecidedtocreatearugbyfootballrugbyteamxerezdeportivofcandclubrugbyxerezarugbyteamfoundedincametoancollaborationagreementsoclubrugbyxerezbecameasportsclubearlyinseptembermostofxerezdfcfansshowedtheirdiscomfortwiththeirboardofdirectorsandtheayuntamientodejerezduetouseoftheestadiomunicipaldechapnatthestartofthenewseasontheclubcontinuedgettinggoodresultsinoneastersundayxerezdeportivofcwaspromotedtothefifthnationalleagueandwonagainstpuertorealcfonmaytheasambleadesociosapprovedreachinganagreementwithestellacdtobethereserveteamofxerezdfcinsummertheclubendedtheaffiliationcontractwiththeatletismochapinandcruxethefollowingseasontheclubacquiredsubscribersinthebeginningtheteamdidntgetgoodresultsandthecoachdanipendnwasrelegatedandreplacedbyantoniosanchezfranzonwhoturnedtheresultsaroundpedroruizresponsibleforsportsaffairscontinuedintheclubdespitecomplaintsfromtheclubspartnersjuancarlosramrezwasappointedsportsdirectorstadiumestadiomunicipaldechapnisamultipurposestadiuminjerezspaincurrentlyusedmostlyforfootballmatchesitisthehomegroundofxerezdeportivofcbuiltinthestadiumholdsspectatorsinthestadiumwasremodeledtoaccommodatethefeiworldequestriangamestheentiregrandstandbeingcoveredwitharoofahotelspaandgymwereaddedtothecomplexaswellsinceitsfoundationinuntilitwasthehomegroundofxerezcdandsinceitsthehomegroundofxerezdeportivofcsymbolsshieldtheofficialshieldisexactlythesameastheoldcoatofarmsofthecityofjerezdelafronteraitissurroundedbyacirclewiththenamexerezdeportivofcandthereisaballinthemiddleinthefirstyeartheclubmembersvotedfortheshieldrepresentingtheclubtheresultwasaverysimilarshieldtotheshieldofxerezcdandtheclubhadtochangeitsshieldtothecoatofarmsofthecityofjerezcurrentlytheclubiswaitingfortheliquidationofxerezcdtogetitsoldshieldbackanthemmixerezclasswikitabledesdenioseponelacamisetabrensupechovasuescudoysubanderabrporlascallesdejerezvacaminandobrhastachapnparacumplirunapromesaorgullosodesentirsexerecistabrconlacabezabienaltabrcomosupadreleensebrdesdeelcielosabequelestmirandobrdandofuerzasyapoyandobrasuequipocampenmixerezoleconoleyolbroleconoleyolbrmixerezdeportivolaciudadylaaficinestorgullosabrsiemprecontigoenlavictoriayladerrotabranimandohastarompernoslagargantabrtodosunidosalcanzaremoslagloriaxerecistahastaeldaenquememuerabrensegundaoenprimeraaqusiempreestaryobrmsqueunequipomixerezesunsentimientobrlodigocomolosientomesaledelcoraznmixerezoleconoleyolbroleconoleyolbrmixerezdeportivobrmottospanishohxerezalldondetvayasteseguirohxerezaunquemueraenelcielotealentarydaledaledalealegraamicoraznlonicoquetepidoessalircampenvamosvamosxerecistasvamosxerecistasvamosaganarsomoslahinchadamslocaquesiemprealientahastaelfinalxereztellevoenelalmaycadadatequieromstepidoquealentemosunpoquitomsylavueltavamosadarvamosxerezconmshuevosesteaovamosasalirprimerosdalecampendalecampendalexerezdalexerezayayayyosoydelkolectivoyalxerezyoloanimolosdomingostrasdesayunarnosvamostodosparalacanchamunicipaldechapinynosmatamosenlaavalanchacuandoteveoaparecertodalahinchadasevuelvelocayvamosagritaryvamosabotaryvamosaganarlacopacuandosalgasalcampoxerezymiresalagradaversalkolectivoanimndoteparaqueaspodamosascendervamosxerezhoytevenimosaverconmshuevoshoynopuedesperdertellevamosdentrodelcoraznesteaovamosasalircampenestekolectivoeselquesiempreanimayelquenuncatevaaabandonaraunquevayamosganandooperdiendosiemprefuertecantarforzaxerezoeoeooeoeoeldaquememuerayoquieromicajnpintaodeazulyblancocomomicoraznvamosdalexereztesigoatodaspartesyotequierovamosadarlavueltatodosjuntoshayqueponerleunpocomsdehuevosyesoquedicelagentequesisomosborrachosvagosdelincuentesyonoleshagocasonohagocasoteseguiranimandohastalamuertevoyaanimartehastareventarnomeimportatenerqueviajarelblanquiazuleslocuraypasintellevodentrodelcoraznvamosxerezechamshuevosechamshuevosechamshuevostodoslosdasbebiendoenesaesquinatomandoporquerasparasentirtebienlasalegrasquealgunavezmedistesefueronolvidandoyanadieseacordconestahinchadaestacolgadahinchadanosvamosaprimeraprimeradivisinporesoyotequierodarxerezmicoraznparaquejuntossubamoshastaprimeradivisinyotequierodarxerezmicoraznsentimientoazulyblancovamosdalecampentolosdomingoscuandovoyalacanchatododescontroladoaveramixerezynomeimportaqueganesoquepierdasnomeimportaunamierdayosiempreestoyconvospasanlosaospasanlosjugador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enteuropeanictresearchprojectsmostnotablyinxtreemosslasoiandcontrailsoftwarecontrailresearchxlabsmainareaofresearchisfocusedonthefollowingfieldsavailablesupercomputerhpccloudinfrastructurefortissimomikelangelomdcdataintensivecomputingdataintensivecloudapplicationsdicecloudscaleenergyefficiencyandsmartgridsmartgridsfinesceandebadgecognitivesystemssensorsandroboticsgiraffmantismfctrustworthyinformationandcommunicationstechnologyictacdcspecswitdomwiserfortikainxlabjoinedthephishinginitiativeaconsortiumwhichincludesseveraltechnologycompaniessuchascysconandoperasoftwarexlabsplaygooglecomstoreappsdetailsideuacdcxlabdevicemonitordevicemonitoringisasofjuneoneofthefourtoolsthattheconsortiumoffersfreelytothegeneralpublictogetherwithoperawebbrowseroperabrowserafirefoxfirefoxbrowserpluginandhitmanproxlabcontributestotheopensourcecommunitybyupstreamingpartsofcodedevelopedwithintheprojectsegcontributionstocloudifyprovidingopensourcelibrariesbasedonoasistoscafororchestratinganddeployingbigdatatechnologieswithindiceprojectintegrationsandapplicationdeploymentsinosvandopenstackwithinmikelangelosupportandcontributionstocloudorchestrationsoftwaremanageiqwithmergedpullrequestsenhancementsofthedatacollectionserviceceliometeretcadditionallythecompanyparticipatesinotherareasofresearchsuchaspeoplessecuritypandoraodysseytrillionmediasectimondigitalculturemosaicalifelonglearningprogrammelifelonglearningcreatindcddfliteandotherleonardodavinciprogrammeleonardoanderasmusprojectsaswellasinseveralnationalprojectsinsloveniadediproductsthecompanysislonlineissoftwareforsecurecloudbasedremotedesktopsoftwareremotedesktopcontrolandlivechatviatheinternetthesoftwareisavailableonmicrosoftwindowsmacoslinuxiosappleiosandandroidoperatingsystemandroidinthejapanesemarketresearchandconsultingcompanyseedplanningincpublishedresultsofthejapaneseremotedesktopmarketsurveyislonlinebeingnoremotedesktopproviderinjapanwithpercentshareintheonpremisesmarketinseptemberxlabpartneredwithavgtechnologiestointegrateislonlinedesktopsharingdesktopsharingtechnologyintoavgbusinessmanagedworkplaceremotemonitoringandmanagementremotemonitoringandmanagementsoftwarethedgissoftwaregaeaandtheapplicationforlocationacquisitionsmartlocatorareusedinmissioncriticalemergencyresponsesystemswithmassivedatasetsforvisualizationandanalysisgaeaextendsthenasaworldwindjavacorewithfeaturesforrealtimerenderingofgeospatialinformationawardsaccordingtoaeuropeancommissionstudyxlabwasthethirdmostimportantresearchorganizationinsloveniaintermsofeuropeanfundsbetweenandandthefirstprivateresearchorganizationinitwasplacedthamongtopeuropeansmesintermsofhorizonsignedgrantstheonlyonefromtheeusmecountriessmartlocatorreceivedthemostinnovativecloudserviceawardbyeurocloudsloveniadevicemonitorapplicationreceivedtheipacsoeuropeancomputersecuritycybersecurityprivacyinnovationawardsmartlocatorapplicationamongrecipientsofthechamberofcommerceandindustrygzsgoldenawardforbestinnovationsinsloveniasmartlocatorapplicationreceivedemergencytelephonenumbereenaawardforoutstandingemergencyservicesinnovationxlabsrealtimegeospatialanalysisgeospatialrenderergaeawasawardedstprizeatthenasaworldwindcompetitionxlabreceivedthechamberofcommerceandindustryofsloveniagzsawardforentrepreneurialachievementsxlabreceivedtheeurocloudsloveniaawardforbestcloudservicesreferencesasukakazamatajmahalinfoboxchineselanguagesingerandactornamerenyuelitradchinesenamesimpchinesenamepinyinchinesenamernyulothernamexidangirlbrxidanangelbirthdatebirthplacezhuozhouhebeichinarenyuelibornaprilbetterknownbyhernicknamexidangirlisachinesemandopoprecordingartistandapreviousstreetmusicianturnedinternetcelebritybiographyfromapoorvillageinzhuozhouhebeishemigratedtobeijingattheageoflookingforworkstrugglingtogetbyshewaseventuallyforcedtoperformsongsonastreetindecemberavideoofherperformingthesongtianshidechibangangelswingswithaguitarinxidansubwaystationbeijingrecordedbyabystanderwentviralonlineashernamewasunknownthenshewassimplycalledxidangirlbychinesenetizensmanyclaimingtohavebeenreducedtotearsbyherheartfeltperformancetvstationsandjournalistssoonlocatedherandshebeganperformingontvinaprilrenyuelisignedwithbeijingnewrunentertainmentcoltdinsheperformedincctvnewyearsgalachinastopwatchedannualtelevisioneventherlifeexperiencesweredramatizedinachinesefilmxidangirldiscographyalbumxidangirlpublicationsfilmographyyangguangliushoureferencesbaikebaiducomsubviewhtmxidangirlonbaidubaikeexternallinksyoutubecomwatchvwmkqomjuaversionoftheoriginalviralvideowhereshesangtianshidechibangangelswingsinaxidansubwaytunnelyoutubecomwatchvputovpgtimusicvideoofhersingleyuandianendthemesongoftheanimehuajianghuzhibuliangrentaxoboximageterovkaposypanjpgimagewidthpxregnumfungidivisioascomycotaclassislecanoromycetesordolecanoralesfamiliaparmeliaceaegenusxanthoparmeliaspeciesxconspersabinomialxanthoparmeliaconspersabinomialauthorityehrhexachmasonellsworthhalehalesynonymsrefsynonymslichenconspersussmallehrhexachsmalllobariaconspersasmallehrhexachphilippgottfriedgaertnerpgaertngmeyscherbsmallparmeliaconspersa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ionswasheldatpalalottomaticaromefromtomayatlingottoturinfromtomaythejudgesauditionswasheldatunipolarenabolognaonandjuneatpalalottomaticaromefromtojunetheauditionswerethenbroadcastonskyunofromseptembertooctoberandoncielotvchannelcielofromseptembertooctoberbootcampbootcamptookplaceatmediolanumforumassagoovertwodaysontuesdayjulyandwednesdayjulyitwasbroadcastonoctoberonskyunoandonoctoberoncielobeforebootcampallthecontestantswhopassedtheauditionsweredividedintotwogroupsthefirstonepasseddirectlytothebootcampsinceitwasmadebysingerswhofullyconvincedthejudgestheotheronewasmadebysingerswhodidntfullyconvincethejudgesthustheyhadtofacetheroomauditionsthesewereheldintotheforumtheoneswhosucceededintheroomauditionspassedtothebootcampforthefirsttimeinitalybesidesthepresenceofspectatorsatthebootcamptopickthesixfinalistsfromeachcategorythesixchairchallengewasintroducedeachjudgehassixchairsattheirdisposalandtheycandecidetomakeacontestantsitthuspassingthemtothehomevisitornoteliminatingthemifthechairsarealloccupiedthejudgeofthespecificcategorycandecidetomakeacontestantstandupeliminatingthemandmaketheothersitonthechairafterthebootcampcontestantspassedtothehomevisitjudgeshousesthehomevisitisthefinalphasebeforetheliveshowsinthisphasethecontestantswhopassedthebootcamphadtoperformonelasttimeinfrontoftheirspecificjudgeinfourdifferentlocationsattheendofthisauditionthefinaltwelvecontestantswerechosenthehomevisittookplaceinfourdifferentlocationsdecidedbyeachjudgecabellochoselondonfedezchosemilanmikachosemotyaandmorganchoseviennaeachjudgewasalsohelpedbyaguesttochoosethebloodybeetrootsforcabelloraphaelgualazziforfedezelioformikaandeugeniofinardiformorganthehomevisttookplacearoundtheendofjulybetweentheeliminatedinthisphasethosewritteninboldinthefollowingchartwerechosenbythejudgesforreproposalthefouroneswerethenvotedbythepublicwhodecidedtobringriccardoschiarabackinthecompetitionduringthesecondliveshowthetwelveeliminatedactswereboysdirtyriccardoschiaradarioguidigirlsgiorgiabertolanicarolinafaronimariafaiolaalessiobersaglinijadeangiolinacanalisarahfargiongroupsfadingmemoriesaulalesbabettesfinalistsandcategorieskeyndashwinnerndashrunnerupndashthirdplaceclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterspopecolwidthcategorymentorscopecolcolspanwidthactsscoperowboysfedezstylebackgroundbfblorenzofragolastylebackgroundpinkmadhsingermadhleinerriflessiriccardoschiarascopecolgirlscabelloviviangrillocamillaandreamaglistylebackgrounddefilariarastrellirowspanbgcolorecececscopecolmikadiluviomariogavinogarrucciuemmamortonscopecolgroupsmorgankomminuetspritzforfivethewiseliveshowsresultssummarythenumberofvotesreceivedbyeachactwerereleasedbyskyitaliaafterthefinalcolourkeynbspndashcontestantwasinthebottomtwothreeandhadtosingagaininthefinalshowdownnbspndashcontestantwasinthebottomthreebutreceivedthefewestvotesandwasimmediatelyeliminatednbspndashcontestantreceivedthefewestpublicvotesandwasimmediatelyeliminatednofinalshowdownnbspndashcontestantreceivedthemostpublicvotesclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizeweeklyresultspercontestantrowspanstylewidthemcontestantcolspanweekoctoberweekcolspanweekoctoberweekcolspanweeknovemberweekcolspanweeknovemberweekcolspanweeknovemberweekcolspanweeknovemberweekcolspanweeksemifinaldecemberweekcolspanweekfinaldecemberweekpartpartpartpartpartpartpartpartroundroundroundroundroundroundroundroundroundlorenzofragolastylebackgroundlightgreenstbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrndbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrstylebackgroundlightgreenwinnerbrmadhthbrthbrrdbrndbrndbrrdbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrndbrndbrndbrndbrndbrstylebackgroundffecrunnerupbrilariarastrellindbrthbrthbrrdbrthbrndbrthbrthbrthbrstylebackgrounddfthbrrdbrstylebackgroundpinkrdbrstylebackgroundfacolspaneliminatedbrweekmariogavinogarrucciundbrndbrndbrrdbrthbrthbrthbrstylebackgrounddfthbrrdbrrdbrstylebackgroundpinkthbrstylebackgroundfacolspaneliminatedbrweekemmamortonstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrndbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrrdbrthbrthbrthbrthbrstylebackgrounddfthbrstylebackgroundfacolspaneliminatedbrweekleinerriflessirdbrstylebackgroundlightgreenstbrndbrndbrthbrstylebackgrounddfthbrrdbrrdbrstylebackgroundpinkthbrstylebackgroundfacolspaneliminatedbrweekkomminuetthbrstylebackgrounddfthbrthbrstylebackgrounddfthbrthbrthbrstylebackgrounddfthbrstylebackgroundfacolspaneliminatedbrweekviviangrillordbrrdbrstylebackgrounddfthbrthbrthbrstylebackgrounddfthbrstylebackgroundfacolspaneliminatedbrweekriccardoschiarastylebackgroundcccccccolspannotinliveshowrdbrrdbrthbrstylebackgroundpinkthbrstylebackgroundfacolspaneliminatedbrweekspritzforfivethbrthbrthbrstylebackgrounddfthbrstylebackgroundfacolspaneliminatedbrweekcamillaandreamaglithbrthbrstylebackgrounddfthbrstylebackgroundfacolspaneliminatedbrweekthewisestylebackgrounddfthbrstylebackgrounddfthbr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oyandstealaneleriumcoreusedtopowertheavengeranaliensupplybargethathasbeenconvertedintoxcomsmobilebaserefnamepcgamerxcomannrefintheavengerthecommanderhasthesupportofrogueadventscientistdrrichardtyganreplacingthenowmissingdrvahlenandchiefengineerlilyshendaughterofandsuccessortothenowdeceaseddrraymondshenwithwhomthecommanderwasfamiliarinthepriorgamestorythegamebeginswithbradfordleadingaraidonanadventgenebankandrescuingthecommanderwhohadbeencapturedandputintostasisthecommanderisthenbroughttoxcomsmobileheadquarterstheavengerwheretheymeetsupportstaffdrrichardtyganandlilyshentyganexplainstothecommanderthatwhiletheywereinstasisadventhadconnectedtheirbraindirectlytotheirglobalpsioniccommunicationnetworkinordertoactasabattlesimulationcomputerthecommanderisthencontactedbythespokesmanthelastremainingloyalmemberofthecouncilthespokesmantasksthecommanderwithunitingthevariousresistancegroupsscatteredaroundtheworldaswellasdiscoverthetruenatureofadventstopsecretavatarprojectasthecommanderleadsxcominthefightagainstadventtheyraidnumeroussecretadventresearchfacilitiesandslowlybegintopiecetogetherwhattheavatarprojectisthroughtheirresearchtyganandshendiscoverthattheelderstheleadersofadventhavebeenslowlydyingfromanirreversiblephysicaldegenerationoftheirbodiesinordertoescapetheirimminentdemisetheeldersstartedtheavatarprojectwhichinvolvesprocessingkidnappedhumansandturningthemintorawmaterialtobuildnewbodiesforthemselvescalledavatarstheyalsotracktheeldersheadquarterstoanunderwaterbaseaccessibleonlybyaspecialpsionicportalwiththeirhandforcedadventdecidestoacceleratetheprojectandprocessallnonessentialhumansintotheavatarprojectundertheguiseofcuringalldiseaseattheirgeneclinicsthespokesmanispresumedkilledwhenhesacrificeshimselftowarnxcomabouttheplanorderingthemtohijackadventsglobalcommunicationnetworkbeforetheycanmaketheannouncementxcommanagestohackthenetworkandtransmitsproofofadventscrimestotheentireworldcausingamassglobalrevolutionagainstthealienoccupationwithadventbusytryingtomaintainorderthecommandertakespsioniccontrolofanuninhabitedavatarstolenfromoneofadventsfacilitiesandxcomstagesaraidontheelderheadquarterstheelderspleadwiththecommandertostopthefightingandrejointhemclaimingthattheyareonlytryingtostrengthenthemselvesandhumanityagainstagreaterthreatthecommanderignorestheelderspleasanddestroysalloftheiravatarstriggeringthedestructionofthebasethecommandersavatarstaysbehindtobattletheenragedspiritsoftheeldersastherestofthesquadescapesafterwardsthecommanderwakesupintheirownbodyandlearnsthatwithoutthedirectionoftheeldersadventsgriponhumanitycrumblestheranksoftheresistanceswellaspeopleabandontheadventcontrolledcitiesandtheresistancebeginstooverwhelmtheremnantsoftheadventforceshoweverintheoceanunderneaththeruinsoftheelderheadquartersastrangeenergybeginstoglowdevelopmentonmayanewbutuntitledaaatitlewasannouncedbytaketwointeractiveinitsannualearningreportsjakesolomonthecreativedirectorofenemyunknownreturnedtodirectxcomaccordingtohimplayersfeedbackofenemyunknownplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofxcomxcomissetinafuturewheretheorganizationxcomfailedtodefeatthealiensandwereforcedintohidingaddingtotheguerrillanatureofxcomxcomstechnologyisnolongeronparwiththatofthealiensandthushastoworkwitholdworldweaponrytheavengeramobileairshipnamedafterashipintheoriginalufoenemyunknownwasintroducedastheplayersbaseanaliensupplyshipretrofittedforxcomsresistanceaccordingtojakesolomonthegamescreativeprocessisgameplaydrivenasaresultthesettingwasintroducedafterfiraxisdecidedtomakechangestocharacterclassesandaddstealthtothegamedespitetheintroductionofstealthplayerswillnotbeabletocompletelevelswithstealthortousestealthasawaytoreplacecombattheconceptofprocedurallygeneratedlevelshadbeenpreviouslyscrappedinenemyunknownasfiraxishadreasontobelievethatitwouldprovedisadvantageousandbuggytheyalsothoughtthatthoseprocedurallygeneratedobjectsdidnotfitinwiththeatmosphereresultantlyenemyunknownfeatureshandcraftedmapsthatwerealldesignedbyfiraxiswhilethereceptionofthesemapswasgenerallypositiveplayerscomplainedthatthesemapseventuallygetrepetitiveasaresultfiraxisdecidedtointroduceasystemcalledtheplotandparcelsystemtoalleviatetheworkloadoftheteamthegamesproducergarthdeangelisdescribedthegamesmapsasquiltseachmapsfeaturesholesthatarerandomlygeneratedwhichareofdifferentsizeseachholewillfitinanobjectorabuildingwhichiscraftedbyfiraxisaccordingtofiraxisthesebuildingsarealldestructibleandareexpensiveforthemtomakeinadditiontosceneryitemssidemissionsenemyplacementandreinforcementsandmultiplayermapsarealsorandomlygenerateddeangelisandsolomonconsideredthelackofmodsupportinenemyunknownaregretfortheteamasaresultthegamesmoddingaspectwillbesignificantlyexpandedfurthermorefiraxiswillreleasetheunrealdevelopmentkitforplayersuponreleaseallowingplayerstocreatetheirowncontentsolomonconsideredmodsupportawinwinmethodforbothplayersandthecompanyastheythoughtthatsuchsolutioncaneffectivelyexpandthegameslifespanandlongevityfiraxisrealizedthemoddingpotentialoftheserieswhentheteamdiscoveredamodforenemyunknowncalledlongwarmodlongwarfiraxisalsopartneredwithlongwarstudiosnowpavonisinteractivetodevelopthreedayonemodsforthegameonjanuarypavonisinteractivelaunchedlongwarforxcomwhendevelopingthegamesarttheteamtookinspirationsfrommovieslikeelysiummovieelysiumoblivionfilmoblivionandbladerunnerwhendesigningthegamesweaponscharactersandenvironmenttheteamlookedatsomesciencefictionthemedvideogamesreleaseunlikeenemyunknownwhichwasreleasedonpcandconsolesthenlateronmobiledevicesxcomwasinitiallyapcexclusivevideogamesolelydistributedthroughsteamsoftwaresteamfiraxisgamesstatedthereasonbehindthedecisionwasthecompanysexperienceindevelopingpcgamesmoreoverfiraxisbelievedthatmakingxcomapconlytitlewouldallowthemtointroducenewfeaturessuchasprocedurallevelsandthatdevelopingforasingleplatformwouldbesimplerbutonaugustitwasdelayeduntilfebruarytoallowfiraxistofurtherpolishthegamerefnamegsdelayrefthegamebecameavailabletopreorderonseptemberandcamecoupledwiththeresistancewarriorpackwhichaddsbonussoldiercustomizationoptionsrefnamepreorderrefrefnamepreorderrefindecemberfiraxisalsoofferedadigitaldeluxeversionwhichcouldbepreorderedinsteadofthebasegamealthoughitcostmorethanpreorderingthebasicgameitpromisedthreedlcpackagesastheywerereleasedthepackagesareanarchyschildrenwhichaddsnewsoldiercustomizationitemswasreleasedonmarchalienhuntersapackwhichaddsanewmissionmorepowerfulequipmentadditionalsoldiercustomizationandnewgameplaywasreleasedonmayandshenslastgiftostensiblynamedafterthechiefengineerofenemyunknownandincludingasixthsoldierclassanewstorymissionandmapwasreleasedonjuneaprequelnovelwrittenbygregorykeyestitledxcomresurrectionwasreleasedonnovemberonjuneitwasannouncedthatxcomwillbereleasedontheplaystationandxboxoneonseptemberinnorthamericaseptemberinaustraliaandseptemberineuropetheconsoleversionsofthegameweredevelopedbytheworkshopitwaslaterdelayedtolateseptembersothattheteamcouldfurtherrefinethegametheconsoleversionswerereleasedonseptemberinnorthamericaandseptemberforotherterritorieswarofthechosenanexpansionforxcomtitledwarofthechosenwasannouncedattheelectronicentertainmentexpoitwasreleasedonaugustrefnamegamespotexpansionreftheexpansionaddsseveralnewenemiestothegameincludingthetitularchosenthreeelitealienwarriorswithuniqueskillsandweaponrythatappearrandomlytoattackandkidnapsoldiersintheirmissiontorecapturethecommanderthechosenappearseveraltimesduringthegameevenafterbeingpreviouslydefeatedandalsohavetheabilitytointerfereonthestrategiclayerbutcarryexclusiveequipmentthatcanbecollectedtobolsterxcomsarsenalothernewenemiesincludethelosthumansturnedintozombielikecreaturesbyanalienbioweaponthatinfestruinsofabandonedcitieswhodespitebeingweakindividuallyattackinlargenumbersandnewadventunitswithexclusiveabilitiesthegamealsointroducesthreerebelfactionsthatantagonizeeachotherbutgrantspecialheroclassesoncetheirallegianceisearnedthereapersspecializedinsnipingandstealththetemplarswhodevelopeduniquepsionicabilitiesandtheskirmishersformeradventsoldierswithexclusiveequipmentandtacticsothernewfeaturesincludearevampedstrategiclayerandthebondsysteminwhichpairsofsoldiersdevelopspecialabilitiesthatareaccessiblewhenbotharedeployedduringamissionandwhenbondedsoldiersarekilledtheirpartnersentertemporarilyinaberserkmodeignoringordersbutwithagreatboostintheirstatsreceptionvideogamereviewsmcpcrefnamemcpcrefbrpsrefnamemcpsrefbrxonerefnamemcxonerefdestructegmgamerevgigspotgradarpcbrconsolegbignpcguspolyxcomreceivedgenerallyfavorablereviewsaccordingtovideogamereviewaggregatormetacriticcriticspraisedthenewconcealmentsystemasaddinganewlayerofdepthaswellastheproceduralgenerationofmapsthatkeptplayersfromfallingintosetpatternsadditionalpraisecitedxcomsdifficultyadditionofmoddingtoolsanditsretentionoftheoldmechanicsfromxcomenemyunknownenemyunknownwhilecriticismwasmainlydirectedatitspoorperformanceonmanycomputersatlaunchitshouldalsobenotedthatmanyoftheseissueshavebeenpatchedsincelaunchitsoldoverdigitalcopiesonsteamwithinitsfirstweekofreleaseawardsclasswikitablesortableyearawardcategoryresultrefrowspanstyletextaligncenterrowspangoldenjoystickawardgoldenjoystickawardsgameoftheyearrowspanpcgameoftheyearrowspanglobalgameawardsbestscifirowspanbeststrategygameoftheyearthegameawardsbeststrategygamereferencesexternallinksxcomapocalypsexcomapocalypseghonchehghavamialbumlistofminorplanetsinfoboxpersonnamexiaohuiwangimagefilexiaohuiwangportraitjpgcaptionartistauthorbirthplacetianjinchinanationalitychinesefieldphotographydesignfilmsculpturewritingxiaohuiwangisachineseartistauthorandsocialitewhoworksmainlyinphotographysculpturedesignandmediaartherworkhasbeenexhibitedinternationallyandshehasbeentherecipientofnumerousawardsandhonorsthecityofsuzhouhasnamedanartinstitutionafterherthexiaohuiwangartmuseumararehonorforalivingartistshehasbeenprofiledbytheprestigioushongkongmagazinephoenixweeklyasoneofthetopfiftymostinfluentialchineseworldwideshehasbeenaprofessoratshanghaistongjiuniversitysincewheresherunsthexiaohuiwangartcentershedivideshertimebetweenchinaandgermanyearlylifexiaohuiwangwasbornintianjinhermotherwasamusicprofessorandherfatheranengineershegrewupduringthegreatleapforwardandtheculturalrevolutionahardtimeforblackpoliticallysuspectculturalfamiliessuchashersinsheenrolledattongjiuniversitytostudyarchitecturereceivingabachelorsdegreeinthedisciplineinafewyearslaterinshereceivedamastersinarchitecturefromthesameuniversityandmarriedclassmateandpromisingarchitectyulinsubsequentlyasrecipientsofscholarshipsfromthegermangovernmentbothsheandherhusbandmovedtogermanytostudyfurtherbetweenandshestudiedaphdatthetechnicaluniversityofmunichandbetweenandshestudiedatthemunichfilmacademyinonthewaytopragueafatalcarcrashtookherhusbandslifeandleftwanginthehospitalhavingdabbledinphotographysinceshewassheunexpectedlybegantodocumentherrecoveryvisuallyasthedayswentonshetookpicturesofherhospitalbedofherselfinherrecoveringstateofherhospitalroomofherdoctoroffriendswhovisitedherthiscriticalexperiencegraduallytransformedhergivingherlifenewmeaningandinfluencingherdecisiontobecomeaprofessionalartistprofessionallifeinafterherrecoveryshebeganholdingphotographicexhibitionsagainherfirstoneduringthisperiodwasheldinmunichthesecondoneinwasheldinberlinasidefromherphotographicactivitiesshealsobeganworkingonnumerousfilmandtelevisionprojectsineuropeshewrotescriptsforthebayerischerrundfunkserieskulturenderweltinthatsameyeartheninshewasaconsultantforthesinogermandocumentaryfamiliesinbeijingcourtyardhouseinshewroteanddirectedhersurrealisticartfilmthebrokenmooneffortswhichwonawardsingermanyandaustriainshewastheartisticsupervisorforthechairasinojapaneseproductionandwroteascreenplaycalledbluecandleburntoutshedirectedadocumentaryfilmonpekingoperaininsheheldthreephotographicexhibitstwoingermanyandoneinchinasixmorewouldfollowbetweenandoneinswitzerlandtwoinchinaandtherestingermanyshewonthreeawardsduringthistimeinshewasinvitedtobecomeaprofessoratheralmamatertongjiuniversityandfoundedthexiaohuiwangartcenterininthecenterwontheinternationaldesigncompetitionfortheshanghaiexpourbanfootprintthemepavilionwangsgrowingreputationledtofurtherworkwithinternationalbrandschristoflebasfbmwcartierjewelercartieralangeshnejaegerlecoultreaudiandvancleefarpelsamongothersandlargescaleartprojectsfromchineselocalgovernmentscooperationwithbrandsinwangorganizedanexhibitionofherworkstitledboundlessforbmwinmunichtheexhibitionattractedoverpeopleofthecityspopulationatthetimeshealsopresidedoveraseriesoftieineventstitleddialoguebetweeneastandwestbroadcastliveontelevisioninattendancewerechristianudemayorofmunichandhiswifeedithvonwelserudechineseministeroftechnologywangangmarketingdirectorofbmwgermanydrwolfgangarmbrechtarchitectalbertspeerjralbertspeerjrwritertilmanspenglerprofdrguanyuqianandbankerpetervonguretzkyinbasfinvitedhertoorganizeacreativephotographycontestoversubmissionswerereceivedinwangwasaskedbybmwminitodesignthecarofdreamsitsunveilingminireloadedwaspartofthedreamplanacorrespondinghighlypublicizedeventinshanghaiwhichshowcaseddreamshermultimediaworkthatcenteredonthewrittenpaintedphotographedandvideotapedaspirationsofyouthstheopeningceremonyattractedvisitorsinwangbecamethefirstasianartisttodesignandproducelimitededitionsilvergoodsforrenownedsilverwarebrandchristofleotherartistswhohadworkedwiththebrandinthismanneraremanrayjeancocteaurogertallonandandreeputmanshealsoarrivedatsimilararrangementswithmeisseninandmisisinproducinglimitededitionworksandjewelryforthesebrandsinwangwasinvitedtoexhibitforaudiattheshanghaiartgalleryotherexhibitingartistsincludedzhanghuantandunsunliangandmiaoxiaochuncooperationwithgovernmentsinwangorganizedaneventforthehangzhougovernmenttitledhanghzouintheeyesofgermanphotographersitshowcasedtheworkoftengermanphotographerswhochosehangzhouastheirsubjectandwhoreceivedcertificatesofhonorfromthemayorofsaidcityacommemorativealbumwestlakecharmswasalsopublishedzhaowujivisitedtheexhibitioninthegovernmentoftianjinheldamomentousretrospectiveexhibitionofherworkatthetianjinartmuseumwangwasalsoinvitedtogiveanacademicseminaratthecityslibraryintwogovernmentministersfrombeijingtravelledtoattendtheopeningceremonywhichincludedaspeechfrommayorofmunichchristianudeadvocatingwangthecityalsoaskedwangtodesignacreativeindustryparktorenovatethecitysoldindustrialareainchinesegovernmenttelephonecompanychinaunicomaskedwangtodesignaseriesoftelephonecardsbasedonherartworkerosofflowersandmylastyearsitwasthesameyearthexiaohuiwangartcenterenteredandwonthedesigncompetitionfortheurbanfootprintpavilionoftheshanghaiworldexpooverdesignfirmsfromallovertheglobehadcompetedfortheopportunitytheprojectbroughtthecenterexposuretomillionsofpeoplefromaroundtheworldandcommissionsforfurtherprojectsinchinesedeputyministeroffinancezhangshaochunvisitedthexiaohuiwangartcenterinshanghaitoexplorecollaborativeprojectswithwangasdidlatinamericanandthecaribbeanunitchiefofunesconuriasanzinalsoinwangbecamethefirstasianartisttodesignstampsforliechtensteinandtoholdexhibitionsinthevaduzculturecentreinwangsartcenterdesignedlargescalemultimediaandlightprojectionsfortheancientquartersofdatongthatsameyearthecenteralsoprovidedthegeneraldesignforthemlangfangprojectcentreaswellasitsoutdoorartworksandmultimediaprojectionthecenteralsodesignedtheoutdoorartofthetianjininnovchinaegroupbuildinganotherprojectforwhichitwasthegeneraldesignerinthecenterdesignedthenanjingworldtradecentermultimediaexhibitionhallwhichincludedapermanentmultimediainstallationandmultimediaprojectionsforthecityofnantonginthesameyearthegovernmentofsuzhouinvitedwangtoheaditsculturaladvisoryboardgrantingheramingdynastymansioninwhichtobaseamuseumandcommissionsforculturalprojectsamongthelatterundertakenwasthesuzhoucreativeanddesignindustryculturalexpoheldinthemansionrenovatedasthexiaohuiwangartmuseumopeneditsdoorslaterthatyearlecturesandcompetitionjudgeshipsinwanggavealectureonentrepreneurcultureatthewirtschaftswocheannualconferenceotherspeakersincludedthemayorsofberlinanddsseldorftheceosofsiemensanddeutschebankthepresidentoftheasiapacificassociationandthechineseambassadortogermanyinwangwasinvitedtoexhibitandgivealectureattherichemontannualconferenceinshanghaithepresidentofrichemontandmanyceosofrichemontbrandspurchasedmuchofherartfortheircollectionsthesameyearwangactedasajudgeforthemystyletalentshowfinalebyshanghaitelevisionshanghaitvschannelyoungshewasalsoajudgeandpresenterfortheandmediaawardsbyloralheldinshanghaiinwanggavealectureaboutgermandesignatavolkswagenccpressconferenceshegaveoneonenvironmentalprotectioningermanyforthechinaeaglegroupatthestcenturybusinessheraldconferenceandoneaboutartvaluationartinvestmentatthethchinainternationalfinanceforumwangwasalsoajudgeandawardspresenterandfortheandswirepropertiesphotographycompetitionsponsoredbyshanghaimediagroupinwanggaveaspeechatharvarduniversityinbostontitledtheartofrepresentingchinashealsogaveaspeechonbrandingandartatthetopsurrealestatedevelopmenttrendsforumrealestatepioneerthemesalonandtwospeechesoneleganceinthesforvipguestsofwatchcompanyomegasaomegasladymaticeventatthepeacehotelinshanghaiinsheparticipatedasajudgeandguestfortheinternationalmontblancartsponsorshipswhichwerechairedbypianistlanglanginadditionshegavelecturesatthehongkongasiaworldexpotoanaudienceofthefemaleeliteforuminshanghaiandthetongjiuniversityacademicculturefestivalshewasalsointerviewedoninternationalchannelshanghaistalktoleiandbyamericantalkshowhostnancymerrillthatsameyearinwangspokeatthethshanghaitvcultureandartschannelforumthepudongreadingfestivalandthesouthchinabookfairinguangzhoushewasalsoajudgefortherdnewstarartfestivalinnanjingandforthewomensdaychineseandforeignfamilycookingcompetitioninsuzhouthatsameyearinwanggaveanelitehumanismandartmasterclassatshanghaijiaotonguniversityjiaotonguniversityinshanghaipublicactivitiesinwangwasaskedbythegermangovernmenttoholdanartshowwithjrgimmendorffinbeijingschinamilleniummonumenttocelebrateyearsofgermanychinarelationssinogermandiplomaticrelationsinwangwasnamedgoodwillambassadorforshanghaiweekinhamburgzhoumuyaothedeputymayorofshanghaiattendedtheceremonyinwangparticipatedinacharityauctionforthepinakothekdermodernemunichorganizedbychristiesherworksobtainedthehighestbidsinthephotographycategoryinwangparticipatedinacharityauctionheldincologneandorganizedbybffandlempertzforthevictimsofthesichuanearthquakeinwangpresentedchristianudewithanhonoraryprofessorshipbadgeattongjiuniversityduringhisofficialvisitasmayorofmunichhealsoaccompaniedhimtomeetthemayorsofshanghaiandhangzhouhanzhengandcaiqirespectivelyinadditionwangparticipatedinaunaidspressconferencelaunchingabookthexiaohuiwangartcentersupportedandhostedacharityeventheldbyconsularspousesshanghaiinwangmetwithmexicanpresidentfelipecalderonthemexicancultureministerandthechineseambassadortomexicoyinhenminginmexicocityshealsometwiththefirstladyofestoniaevelinilveswhenthelattermadeanofficialvisittothexiaohuiwangartcenterandhostedtheopeningceremonyinnagoyaofthesinojapaneseassociationforculturetourismandbusinesswangalsoparticipatedinthematernalandinfanthealthcharitygaladinnerandauctionorganizedbythesoongchinglingfoundationherredchildnophotographraisedrmbinthexiaohuiwangartcenterwasthesiteforduluxsletscolourweekartcharityeventinwangwasinterviewedforadocumentarychinapionierecelebratingyearsofsinogermandiplomaticrelationsinwangdonatedworksfromherisolatedparadiseseriestothepearlsbuckcharitablefundexhibitionsfrauenbilderinderzeitgenssischenfotographiemercedesbenzmunichannualchairmansessionoftoprealtorsalliancexiaohuiwangartderivativesexhibitionintercontinentalhotelsresortsnanjingbeyondarchitecturechinadesigncentreatthebuildingcentrelondonbeyondarchitecturecasadellarchitetturaromeshanghaidieerfindungderzukunftpasingerfabrikmunichtopmarquesshanghaishanghaiexhibitioncenterflowersmushroomsmuseumdermordernesalzburggroupshowheartbeatshanghaishanghaigalleryofartshanghaibeautyobsecuredelisabethdebrabantartcentershanghaisoloexhibitionwithnewworkssculpturesinstallationlightandmultimediaarthimalayaartmuseumshanghaixiaohuiwangandherselectedworktopmarquesmacaumacausoloshowlabiennalealessandriacasermagilettialessandriaxiaohuiwanganniversarysoloelisabethdebrabantartcentershanghaifilmandmultimediaworksofxiaoh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bilingualdictionaryprovidesdynamicandformalequivalencetranslationequivalentsratherthandefinitionsbetweenthesourcelanguagetranslationsourceandtargetlanguagetranslationtargetlanguagessometimeswordshavecompleteequivalentssuchastranslatingfrenchchienchienasenglishdogdogbutothertimeshavepartialoralternativeequivalentssuchastranslatingfrenchveauveauaseithertheanimalcalfcalforthemeatvealvealsvensnenglishpropagandaandpublicityarealternativeequivalentsforchinesexuanchuantheclassicalchinesewordqinggreenblueblackrepresentingthedistinctionofblueandgreeninvariouslanguagesisabetterknownexampleofchineseenglishalternativetranslationscomparethecolorrangeacrosscollocationslikeqngcigreenvegetablesgreensqngjnblueveinsqngtinazureskyqngbblackclothorqngkmgraymaretranslationequivalentsofxuanchuaninmajorchinesedictionarychineseeenglishdictionarieschineseenglishdictionariesincludetodeclarepropagandamathewspropagandatocarryonpropagandaforchaoandyangpropagatepropagandizepublicizepropagandaworkbureauetclinconductpropagandapropagatedisseminategivepublicitytowupropagatedisseminatepropagandizegivepublicitytopublicizedingtopublicizetopromotepropagandapromotionliangandchangpublicizepropagateadvocatedadvertisepreachblazesthabroadaboutwhoopwupropagatedisseminategivepublicitytodefrancisthusthemostfrequentenglishlexicographicaltranslationsofxuanchuanareandmanylanguagesbesidesenglishhavedifferentwordstodistinguishpropagandaandpublicityforinstancegermanpropagandapropagandaandwerbungwerbungorrussianpropagndaandreklmafewlanguagesbesideschinesehaveonepolysemouswordexcludingsinoxenicloanwordsfromchinesesuchasjapanesesendenpropagandaadvertisementpublicityoneexampleisirishbolscaireachtbolscaireachtpublicitypropagandaclaptraphistoricalusagesthehanyudacidianisahistoricaldictionarythatgiveschronologicallyarrangedusageexamplescomparablewiththeoxfordenglishdictionarythexuanchuanentrygivesthreemeaningstredneyxunbchundtoannounceorconveyinformationxingrnjingjishumngjnxngjioytoexplainsomethingtosomeoneortoconducteducationandchunbxunyngtodisseminateorpublicizefirstthemeaningoftoannounceorconveyinformationwasoriginallyrecordedinthehistorianchenshousrdcenturyrecordsofthethreekingdomsincontextsoftransmittingespmilitaryordersforexamplethebiographyofshuhandynastygeneralmazhongshuhandrecordsthatafterdefeatingrebelsinnanyuehewasappointedgeneralwhopacifiesthesouthandorderedbacktothecapitalinchengduinwhenmazhongwasreturningtocourtuponreachinghanzhonghewenttoseegrandmarshalljiangwanwhoconveyedanimperialdecreethathewasalsoappointedgeneralinchiefofzhennancircuitinmodernnanchangjiangxilaterusageexamplesarecitedfromhistorianlibaiyaopoetcaotangflandscholarwangmingqingsecondthexuanchuanmeaningoftoexplainsomethingtosomeoneortoconducteducationfirstappearedingehongscbaopuzicriticismofeffetescholarswhoemperorzhangofhanrextravagantlyrewardedsubsequentusagesarequotesfrommonktranslatorpukongoramoghavajrapoetwangyuchengnovelistbajinandmaozedongmaosthespeechforthechinesecommunistpartynationalpropagandaworkmeetingtrleungsaysourcomradeswhoareengagedinpropagandaworkhavethetaskofdisseminatingmarxismthisisagradualtaskofpropagandaandshouldbedonewellsothatpeoplearewillingtoacceptitthirdthemodernxuanchuanmeaningoftodisseminateorpublicizeoccurredinlaoshescamelxiangziorrickshawboytrgoldblattaspromisedoldmanliutoldnooneofxiangzisexperiencessellingstolenwartimecamelsforchineseyuanyuanbutthecamelstoryquicklyspreadfromhaidianintothecitythehanyudacidiangivestwootherusageexamplesfromnovelsbyzhaoshulithenihonkokugodaijitenentryforthejapanesewordsendendifferentiatesthreemeaningsandnotestheirearliestrecordedusagesconveyastatementtransmitwidelycshokunihongiexplaintopeopletheexistenceoreffectofathingprinciplepolicyetcseekingtheirunderstandingorsuchmovementoractivitypropagandakansonarahatasenteringrussiaandspreadarumorthatisunrealisticorexaggeratedriichiyokomitsusmachinenovelmachinepropagandaandpublicitywhetherxuanchuanistranslatedaseitherpropagandaorpropagandizeversuspublicityorpublicizedependsuponthechinesecollocationandcontextandtheenglishconnotationsemioticssemioticconnotationsforenglishandchinesetranslationequivalentexamplespoliticalpropagandaandzhngzhxunchunareusuallypejorativebutpublichealthpropagandaandgnggngwishngxunchunarenotsomexuanchuancollocationscustomarilyrefertopropagandaegxunchunzhnpropagandawarotherstopublicitychnpnxunchunproductpromotionandstillotherscanambiguouslyrefertoeitherxunchunyunpropagandistpublicistxuanchuancontextscanvaryfromcovertblackpropagandasuchasastroturfingthatmisrepresentsitssourcetoovertwhitepropagandasuchasapublicserviceannouncementthattruthfullystatesitssourcechinesecontextsdeterminethewordssemanticconnotationsforinstancethetermgngchndngdexunchuncommunistpropagandagenerallyhaspositiveconnotationsinchinesecommunistpartyusagebutnegativeonesinkuomintangusageinofficialccpdiscoursexuanchuanpropagandahasaneutralorpositiveconnotationbutininformalusagethewordoftenhasapejorativeconnotationedneyforinstanceinagroupofchineseacademicsandlawyerscalledforaboycottofthemajorchinacentra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disanewstalkstationunderthenamenoticiasmvshistoryinaconcessionwasawardedtorubenmarinykallforanewradiostationonfminmexicocityunderthecallsignxhvfmthestationtooktotheairinandthenextyearitwassoldtojoaqunvargasgmezfounderofmvswhoincreaseditspowerfromtonbspkwduringthistimethestationwasanenglishlanguagemusicoutletunderthenamestereoreyanamestillevidentinthenameoftheconcessionaireforalmostallofmvssownedandoperatedradiostationsinmexicothestereoreyformatwasavailablenationwideonanetworkofstationsmostlyownedbymvsonoctoberthisstationtheflagshipofthestereoreynetworkwasrenamedxhmvsfmanditspowerincreasedtonbspkwbutthestationsfirstformatchangesincetheswouldnotcomeuntilatthattimestereoreygavewaynationwidetobestfmwithanewermusicmixinmarchthiswasreplacedwiththestationsfirstnewsbasedformatmvsthisstationbroadcastthenewscastsofxeinfoamgrupomonitorasmonitornewlybrokenofffromradiocentroandmvshadapartnershipatthetimeafteratwoyearstintfromtoinwhichittookonthenationalmvslamejorgruperaformatxhmvsfmreturnedtoanewsformatinthestereoreyformatwasrelaunchedasanonlinecommercialfreestreamformatnoticiasmvsincludesawiderangeofnewsandtalkprogramsaswellascontemporarymusicinenglishduringoffhoursaremnantofitspreviousstereoreybestfmformatsreferencesxmmayrefertohurbanxmamainbeltasteroidthefujifilmxmamirrorlessdigitalcamerathemabramsorxmprototypeausmainbattletankthemarskexmanexperimentalgliderplaneanxmsatelliteradiobroadcastsatellitexmrockxanthostheriverxanthosturnedvstoriestoawakentheworldryoyoshizawatakahiromikiinfoboxradiostationnamexhimrfmimagecitymexicocityareagreatermexicocitybrandinghorizontesloganfrequencymegahertzmhzairdatefebruaryformatjazzerpkwwebsitesayskwsinceclasscoordinatescallsignmeaninginstitutomexicanodelaradioownerinstitutomexicanodelaradiowebcastplayerfullviewplayercompimerphppidtxhimrfmwebsiteimermxhorizontexhimrfmisaradiostationinmexicocitybroadcastingonfmfromatoweroncerrodelchiquihuitexhimrisownedbytheinstitutomexicanodelaradioandbroadcastsajazzmusicformatunderthebrandnamehorizontehistoryxhimrfmreceiveditspermitlateinwithathreemonthdeadlinetocomeonairitsignedonfebruaryashorizonteutilizingcontentfromotherimerstationsparticularlyxhoffmthestationsoriginalprogrammingincludednewageandelectronicmusicwhichwaseliminatedearlyonaswellasinformativeprogramsintheleaduptothepresidentialelectionthiscontentwasdeemphasizedastimewentonwiththestationfocusingonjazzandworldmusicinitsprogramminginxhimrboosteditspowertokwfromitsoriginalwhiledroppingthemonikerwhichhadconfusedlistenersinitincreaseditsjazzfocusformathorizonteprimarilybroadcastsjazzmusichdprogrammingthestationbroadcastsinhdradiothistransmissionwasformallylaunchedonseptemberhdisradiociudadanaxedtlamhdismusicadelmundoreferencesinfoboxradiostationnamexeqkamimagecitymexicocityareagreatermexicocitybrandingtropicalsimasloganelsonidodelacallefrequencykilohertzkhzairdateformattropicalmusicpowerkwdaybrkwnightclasscoordinateslicenseehoraexactasaownerinstitutomexicanodelaradiowebcastplayerfullviewplayercompimerphppidtxeqkamwebsiteimermxtropicalisimaxeqkamisaradiostationinmexicocitybroadcastingonamnbspkhzxeqkamisownedbytheinstitutomexicanodelaradiothroughconcessionairehoraexactasaandbroadcastsatropicalmusicformatunderthebrandnametropicalsimahistoryoriginstheconcessionforxeqkwasobtainedinbyngelhferreiraandthestationsignedonthenextyearonnbspkhzoperatinghoursadayrefnamehistimermxtropicalisimaacercadetropicalisimaimerxeqkhistoryrefinitsearlydaysxeqkofferedawidevarietyofprogramsnewsreportsfromtheelnacionalandlaprensanewspapersradioplayslivemusicalprogrammingandradiomagazinesmedicaladvertiserswerecommonduringthistimeaswelllahoraexactanotlongaftersigningoninthestationhittougheconomictimesferreirafoundawaytomakethestationworkabletransmitthetimeeveryminuteontheminuteinterspersedwithcommercialannouncementsfromamtonooneachdayrefnamehoraimermxlanuevahoraexactaeslineadetiempodelahoraexactaimerhistoryoflahoraexactareftheexacttimecamefromthenationalastronomicalobservatorymexiconationalastronomicalobservatorythenlocatedintacubayainanerawithoutdigitalclocksandonlylimitedtelephoneservicestheformatwasasuccessforthestationandmadesignificantlymoremoneytwoyearslaterxeqkremovedallitsotherprogramsmovedtoitscurrentampositionandbecameknownasxeqklaestacindelahoraexactaxeqktheexacttimestationitalsobroadcastthenationalistcampaignofpresidentmanuelvilacamachoinferreirasoldxeqktoguillermomoralesblumenkronwhobroughtthestationtohourbroadcastingthatsameyeartheexacttimeservicewasprovidedfromtheobservatorytothestationliveviatelephoneliveannouncersbetweenthetimesignalsincludedjacobozabludovskyandluisroscastaedathedistinctivevoiceofthestationforyearslaqkasitwaspopularlyknownfoundafollowinginplacessuchashospitalscarsandbusinesseswhereexacttimewasparamountthestationalsopioneeredfirstpartialandthenfullautomationbothspearheadedbyengineergmezbermdezinthesemiautomatedsystemdebutedconsistingofeightminuterecordingsondiscthefullautomationsysteminvolvedmodulesofminutediscscontrolledbytimesignalsfromtheobservatorywhichweresentseveralsecondsbeforetheminuteinpublicservicemessageswereaddedalongsidethecommercialsfromtoxeqkamwassimulcastonfmwhichthenhadthecallsignxeqkfmthestationisnowseparatelyownedxhfajfminxeqkwassoldtotheinstitutomexicanodelaradioundercontracttohoraexactasaimerboughtsharesinhoraexactawhichcededtheconcessionfromtothestationairednocommercialadvertisinginsteadbroadcastingpublicserviceandsocialmessageswhencommercialsreturnedintheywereslottedalongsidetheservicemessageswhichnowincludedtelephonenumbersforemergencyservicesinaugustxeqkincreaseditspowertonbspkwdayandnightinspanishpopmusicwasaddedtotheformatformatexperimentationandchangeinafteryearsofbroadcastingtheexacttimexeqksformatwascompletelychangedandmadewayforanewradioprojectcitizenradiotwoyearslaterhoweverthatformatwasmovedtoxedtlamwithreturningtoitstimeformatfromaugusttotheexacttimewassenttothestationviamodemandnowfromthenationalmetrologycentermexiconationalmetrologycentercenaminthetropicalmusicformatwasaddedtothestationwhichcontinuestodayinanewhoraexactaservicewascreatedforbroadcastonxhimrfmxhimrhdknownaslanuevahoraexactathisservicewasreplacedinwithasubchannelfeaturingworldmusicreferencesexternallinksyoutubecomwatchvzxfwnsacmexampleoflahoraexactaformatfromtransitionfccgovfccbinamqlistfacidfccinformationforxeqkinfoboxmedicalconditionnewnamesynonymsimagexlinkedrecessivesvgaltcaptionthisconditionisinheritedinanxlinkedrecessivemannerpronouncefieldsymptomscomplicationsonsetdurationtypescausesrisksdiagnosisdifferentialpreventiontreatmentmedicationprognosisfrequencydeathsxlinkeddystoniaparkinsonismxdpalsoknownaslubagsyndromeorxlinkeddystoniaofpanayisararexlinkedprogressivemovementdisorderwithhighpenetrancefoundalmostexclusivelyinmalesfromthepanayphilippinesitischaracterizedbydystonicmovementsfirsttypicallyoccurringintherdandthdecadeoflifethedystonicmovementsofteneithercoexistordevelopintoparkinsonismwithinyearsofdiseaseonsetsymptomssymptomstypicallypresentintherdorthdecadeoflifebuthavebeenseenasearlyastheageofitpresentswithtorsiondystoniaparticularlywhenpresentingatayoungeragewhichthenprogressestoparkinsonismwithorwithoutongoingdystoniaoftenthetwosymptomscoexisttheparkinsonianfeaturesofxlinkeddystoniaparkinsonismincludefestinatinggaitbradykinesiablepharospasmandposturalinstabilityitoftenlacksarestingtremorhelpingtodifferentiateitfromparkinsonsdiseasegeneticsxlinkeddystoniaparkinsonismisthoughttoresultfromamutationofthetaftatabindingproteinassociatedfactorgeneatxqithasanxlinkedrecessiveinheritancexlinkedrecessivepatternofinheritancegeneticanalysissuggeststhattheresponsiblemutationwasintroducedintotheilongoethnicgroupofthepanaypanayislandoveryearsagodiagnosistreatmentthereisnocureforxdpandmedicaltreatmentoffersonlytemporaryreliefsomeauthorshavereportedbenzodiazepinesandanticholinergicagentsintheearlystagesofthediseasebotulinumtoxininjectionshavebeenusedtorelievefocaldystoniadeepbrainstimulationhasshownpromiseinthefewcasestreatedsurgicallyepidemiologyalthoughallearlyreportedcasesoccurredinthephilippinesxlinkeddystoniaparkinsonismhasbeendiagnosedintheuscanadaandgermanyinpeopleoffilipinodescenttheprevalenceinthephilippineshasbeenestimatedatandashighasintheprovinceofcapizcapizsmalepopulationasxlinkedrecessivediseasethemajorityofthoseaffectedaremaleswithfemalesgenerallyasymptomaticcarriersrefnameorphanorphanetconsorcgibinocexpphplngenexpertorphanetxlinkeddystoniaparkinsonismaccesseddecemberthrefinthelargestdescribedseriesthemeanageofonsetwasyearsthemeandurationofillnesswasyearsandthemeanageofdeathwasyearsrefnamelatestleerefhistorythehighconcentrationofxdpinthephilippineswasfirstdocumentedinthesafterthephilippinegeneralhospitalreceivedneurologyreferralslabelledasdystoniamusculorumdeformansthissparkedanepidemiologicalsurveywhichwaspublishedinleeetaldescribedaseriesofmenofwhomwerefrompanayislandshefoundsixfamiliesthateachhadmorethanonemalememberaffectedwithxdpandfoundthattherewasnomaletomaletransmissiontherewasalsoafamilyhistoryofparkinsonisminsomeofthepatientsthenamelubagisbasedonthetermusedbyilongospeakingfilipinositdescribesanymovementswithtorsionrefnameleerefreferencesexternallinksmedicalresourcesicdgicdicdoomimdiseasesdbmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicmeshgenereviewsnbkgenereviewsnameorphanetinfoboxradiostationnamexedtlamimagefilexedtlradiociudadanalogopngcitymexicocityareagreatermexicocitybrandingradiociudadanasloganfrequencykilohertzkhzbrfmhdxhimrfmairdateformatcitizensourcedtalkandmusicpowerkwdaybrkwnightclassbcoordinateslicenseeownerinstitutomexicanodelaradiowebcastplayerfullviewplayercompimerphppidtxedtlamwebsiteimermxradiociudadanaxedtlamisaradiostationinmexicocitybroadcastingonamxedtlamisownedbytheinstitutomexicanodelaradioandbroadcastsacitizensourcedtalkandmusicformatunderthebrandnameradiociudadanahistoryamstationxedtlambeganonkhzasxebzamwithaconcessionawardedonjulytosrarefugioesparzavdadevalezziitlikelymovedtoinwhenmostmexicocityradiostationschangedfrequenciesitwassoldintovoceromexicanosabythestationhadthecallsignxerpmamforitsownerradioprogramasdemxicoandwaslicensedforkwdaykwnightitwas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rocessingandtheieeetransactionsoninformationtheoryheservedasassociateeditorfordetectionandestimationonthepublicationscommitteeoftheieeeinformationtheorysocietyfromtohehaspresentedatthewirelessandopticalcommunicationsconferencewanghasmanyresearchinterestsbutchoosestofocusontheareasofinformationtheorysignalprocessingandcommunicationsfurthermorehehasinfluentialpublishedresearchintheareasofwirelesscommunicationsstatisticalsignalprocessingparallelanddistributedcomputingnanoelectronicsandquantumcomputinginhepublishedabookentitledwirelesscommunicationsystemsadvancedtechniquesforsignalreceptionpublishedbyprenticehallrecentlyheisalsoworkingontheemergingfieldofgenomicssignalprocessingandinformationtheoreticgenomicsreferencesexternallinkseecolumbiaeduwangxpubhtmlpublicationlistcharliehebdoshootingxenobladechroniclesxenobladechroniclesdredirectxianfengemperorsinpunishmentstarsuccessorinfoboxreligiousbuildingimagexiaotaoyuanmosquejpgcaptionbuildingnamexiaotaoyuanmosquebrlocationnoxiaotaoyuanstreethuangpudistrictshanghaihuangpushanghaichinageoreligiousaffiliationsunniislamprovincemunicipalitywebsitearchitectarchitecturetypemosquearchitecturestylespecificationsyearcompletedoriginalbuildingbrcurrentbuildingconstructioncostcapacityworshipersdomequantitydomeheightouterdomediaouterminaretquantityminaretheightthexiaotaoyuanmosqueformerlyknownasislamicwesternmosqueorshanghaiwesternmosqueisamosqueinhuangpudistrictshanghaihuangpudistrictshanghaichinaitisthelargestmosqueinshanghaihistorythexiaotaoyuanmosquewasoriginallybuiltinbyjinziyunthedirectoroftheshanghaiislamicboardofdirectorswhohadboughtthelanditwasthenrebuiltinandcompletedtwoyearslaterintheshapeitistodaythesiteofthemosquewastheoriginalsitefortheshanghaiislamicnormalschoolwhichwaslatermovedtoqinglianstreetandrenamedpingliangislamicnormalschoolotherschoolsestablishedbythemosquesweretheislamnormalschoolprimaryschoolformuslimsmingchengprimaryschoolchongbenprimaryschoolshanghaiislamorphanageetcafterthefoundingofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaonoctobershanghaimayorchenyigeneralchenyiinspectedthemosqueandapprovedappropriatefundsforitsmaintenanceonfebruarythemosquewaslistedasheritagearchitecturebytheshanghaimunicipalgovernmentarchitecturethemosquewasbuiltinthetraditionalwestasianislamicstylecombinedwithchinesearchitecturetheexteriorispaintedgreenandwhiteaboveitsentrancegatecontainsthewordmosqueinchinesedrawnbycalligrapherluojuntithemaintwostoryprayerhallcanaccommodateuptopeoplewithafloorareaofmsupsupitiscompletedwitharchedwindowsthemosquealsohasoneminaretandfourdomesatthefourcornersofthemosquethemosqueissurroundedbyarectangularcourtyardontheeastsideofthecourtyardisathreestorychinesestylebuildingwhichhouseslectureroomofficeslibraryreadingroomsermonroomandablutionfacilitiesonthesouthsideofthecourtyardistheimamsroomreceptionroomandbathroomnexttothemainmosquebuildingisthexiaotaoyuanmosqueforwomensmosqueswomenlocatedatxiaotaoyuanstreetthebuildingwasbuiltinandrenovatedinactivitiesinthemosquereceivedandservedmuslimpeoplefromregionsaroundchinawhoplannedtogoforhajjtosaudiarabiathemosqueishometotheshanghaiislamicassociationwhichwasestablishedinandalsothemanagementcommitteeofmosquesinshanghaithewomensmosquehostsreligiousactivitiesformuslimwomeninshanghaimanychineseandforeignmuslimshavegatheratthemosquetotakepartinprayersmanyhighrankinggovernmentofficialsandprestigiouspeoplefromislamiccountriesalsohavevisitedthemosqueandtakenpartinprayerstransportationthemosqueisaccessiblewithinwalkingdistanceeastoflaoximenstationofshanghaimetroseealsoislaminchinalistofmosquesinchinawomensmosquesreferencespuyithetwelvekingdomsmilkandmeatinjewishlawrcatshellmimudeachalcochlorathewhitestorminfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexmaspartyalbumtyperemixalbumartistvengaboyscoverxmaspartyalbumbyvengaboysjpgcaptionreleasednovemberrecordedgenredancemusicdancepopmusicpopreggaefusionlengthlabelbreakinrecordsproducervengaboyslastalbumthebestofvengaboysbrthisalbumxmaspartyalbumbrnextalbummiscsinglesnamexmaspartyalbumtyperemixsinglewheredidmyxmastreegosingledatenovemberxmaspartyalbumstylizedasxmasvengaboyspartyalbumisthesecondremixalbumofnetherlandsdutchdancegroupvengaboysitisalsotheirfirstholidayalbumandwasreleasedinnovemberthealbumcontainssevenchristmasremixesofclassicvengaboyssongsandapreviouslyunreleasednewsongwheredidmyxmastreegoacatchyreggaefusioninspiredsongwhichservesasthealbumsfirstandonlysinglecontentthexmaspartyalbumcontainssevenchristmasremixesofclassicvengaboyssongsandthepreviouslyunreleasednewsongwheredidmyxmastreegoacatchyreggaefusioninspiredsongwhichservesasthealbumsfirstandonlysinglethealbumstartswiththenewsongandcontinueswiththeremixesallofwhichusuallytransferssummerfeelingsofwarmweatherandexoticpartyislandsspicedupwithchristmassoundeffectswheredidmyxmastreegoreceivedacolorfulmusicvideoandwasreleasedandintroducedinnovemberonthegroupsofficialyoutubechanneltracklistingxmaspartyalbumwheredidmyxmastreegosmallpreviouslyunreleasedsmallboomboomboomboomsnowtekmixweliketopartythevengabusdjhardbellmixkisswhenthesu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eejewelsininwhenhewasinhisthirdyearofmiddleschoolwithonlyonesemesterleftuntilgraduationheaskedforhisparentspermissiontobecomeamonkhismotherfirsttookhimtodongshanmonasterytherealaybuddhistnamedliangjinliangthelatervenchidesuggestedhimtoturntoagreatbuddhistmasterthereforehismotherandfujinfubroughthimtovenmasteryuanzhuoatputianguanghuamonasteryvenmasteryuanzhuowasadiscipleofvenmasteryinguangandvenmasterhongyibotheminentmastersinmodernchinavenmasteryuanzhuoonceheldofficeatbuddhistassociationofchinaasbothvicechairmanandpresidentofitsconsultativecommitteexuechengstartedhismonasticlifeontheeighthdayofthesecondmonthofthelunarcalendarmarchonthesamedayofthelunarcalendarmarchunderthearrangementofvenmasteryuanzhuohereceivedordinationfromvenmasterdinghaiatguanghuamonasteryvenmasterdinghaiisnowvicechairmanoftheworldbuddhistsanghacouncilandpresidentofsanghamahayanaindonesiashortlyaftertheordinationceremonyxuechengaskedvenmasteryuanzhuototeachhimhowtopracticeafterbecomingamonktheeldermasterrepliedwithastoryremindinghimtoacceptasituationasitisandactaccordinglymakinghimunderstandthatthebestoptionistokeepanaturalstateofmindvenmasteryuanzhuowaskindandverystrictherequiredtheyoungmonktolearnclassicworkssuchasthoseofconfucianismbyheartmealswerenotalloweduntilhisworkwasdonewhenfreetheyoungmonkoftenvolunteeredtododirtydifficultandlaboriouschoreshealsotookpartinconstructionworkthemonkshadtocarrytheconstructionmaterialsbyhandbecausetherewasnotruckorcraneavailableatthattimethisstrengthenedxuechengswillpowerandperseverancexuechengwasadmittedtothepreparatoryclassatbuddhistacademyoffujianprovinceinduringthatperiodhestudiedbuddhistscripturesandvariousotherdisciplinesasthemonitoroftheclasshewasalwaysreadytohelphisclassmatessolvevariousproblemsinhepassedtheentranceexaminationtobuddhistacademyofchinaandbeganhisundergraduatestudiesinbeijinghestudiedevenharderthroughcorrespondencevenmasteryuanzhuoencouragedhimnottomindwhatotherpeopledidandjusttosettledowntolearnindifficulttimesthesewordsenabledhimtofacehisinternalconflictswithcourageovercomedifficultiesanduplifthisspiritinxuechengwasgivenanopportunitytostudyinsrilankawhenheaskedvenmasteryuanzhuoforhisopiniontheeldermasterdidnotagreetohisgoingabroadyearslaterherecalledicouldhaveacquiredaphdhoweverimightnothavehadtheopportunitytoundertakethedutiesofthebuddhaworkingtohelpsentientbeingsasihavebeendoingnowitiscrucialthatoneshouldalwaysfollowtheguidanceofhismentorinhisschooldaysxuechengalsocameunderthespecialcareandprotectionofrevzhaopuchutherespectedthenpresidentofbacrevzhaopuchuhelpedxuechengovercomedifficultiesandaskedprominentandseniormonkstoguidehiminhisstudyandpracticexuechengreceivedabachelorsdegreewithhonorsinatbuddhistacademyofchinaafterthathefurtheredhisstudiesasapostgraduatethereindecemberhereceivedthethreeplatformsofcompletepreceptsfromvenmasterkuanlintheabbotofmanjughoshamonasteryofchengduinsichuanprovinceinthewinteroftheabbotofguanghuamonasteryvenyiranresignedinjanuaryunderthecareofrevzhaopuchuandbyvenyiransrecommendationallexecutivesofthemonasteryapprovedthatxuechengthenstillintheprocessofhisstudyingatbuddhistacademyofchinapostgraduatestudiesbeappointedasabbotofthemonasteryontheeighthdayofthesecondmonthofthelunarcalendarmarchaninaugurationwasheldandtheyearoldtookchargeoftheprominentmonasteryhebecametheyoungestabbotwiththehighestdegreeineducationinahanbuddhistmonasteryduringhistermofofficeasabbotxuechenghadbeenperseveringinhisstudieshedefendedhispostgraduatedissertationsuccessfullyinnovemberaftergraduationhereturnedtofujianandwasappointedasvicepresidentofbuddhistacademyoffujianprovinceindecemberattheageofonnovemberththetwenysixthdayofthetenthmonthofthelunarcalendarvenmasteryuanzhuodiedatputianguanghuamonasteryxuechengssorrowwasbeyonddescriptionheerectedastupafortheeldermasterandwrotetheinscriptionduringtheyearsofhisrelianceontheeldermasterhehadparticipatedinandwitnessedthebuddhistendeavorscarriedbytheeldermastersuchasreconstructingthemonasteryprintingandcirculatingscripturesestablishingthebuddhistacademyandcultivatingmonasticshewasdeeplyinfluencedbytheeldersexamplehisprofoundandcompassionatevowshispatriotismtothenationandfaithfulnesstobuddhismhismodestyandcalmnesshisnobleaspirationandunsulliedbehaviorandhisselfrestraintandlenienceallhadlaidasolidfoundationforxuechengsfuturedevotiontotheundertakingofthebuddhasdutiesintegratedlearningandpracticesincetakingofficeatbacxuechenghasbeeninchargeofnationwidepromotionofnormativetransmissionofpreceptshepromotestheproperpracticeofchantingpreceptseveryhalfamonthandconveningsummerretreatsthisendeavorisexpectedtohavesignificantimpactontherejuvenationandspreadofbuddhismxuechengoncesaidimfullyengagedeverydaywithouttheblessingsofthethreejewelsiwontbeabletomanagehepreservesthebuddhasteachingsanddedicateshisownlifetotheperpetuattionofwisdomforhisdisciplesitissaidinornamentforthemahayanasutrasastudentshouldrelyonamahayanateacherwhoisdisciplinedsereneandthoroughlypacifiedwhohasgoodqualitiessurpassingthoseofthestudentswhoisenergeticwhohasawealthofscripturalknowledgewhopossesseslovingconcernwhohasathoroughknowledgeofrealityandisskillfulininstructingdisciplesandwhohasabandoneddispiritednessofthetenqualitiesthesixgoodqualitiesobtainedforselffulfillmentarepreceptsbeingdisciplinedconcentrationbeingserenewisdombeingthoroughlypacifiedpossessingthewealthofknowledgefromstudyingmanyscripturespossessingthoroughknowledgeofrealityandhavinggoodqualitiessurpassingthoseofthestudentstheremainingqualitiesarefourgoodqualitiesforlookingafterotherstheyarebeingskillfulininstructionpossessinglovingconcernbeingenergeticandabandoningdispiritednessinthelamrimchenmoitissaidthatateacherisonewhoinstructsyouinstagesonthepathsofthethreepersonsofdifferentcapacitiesandguidesyoutothemahayanawhichisthepathtobuddhahoodxuechengrequireshisdisciplestointegratelearningwithpracticeandtofocusoncultivatingvirtueheadvisesthatbenefitingothersandpromotingbuddhismcanonlybeachievedbythosewithvirtuespreceptsbeingdisciplinedonefeatureofmaintainingethicaldisciplinesistosubdueafflictionsandobtaininnerpeaceandserenityonehastodisciplinehisownmindbeforehelpingothersxuechengoncerecalledforyearsispokeverylittleanddevotedmyselftothemonasterybeforeibecameabbotastimepassedibecamelessdistractedandmyarroganceandconceitworeouteverynighthekepthimselfengagedinintrospectionandreflecteduponthefewwordsheutteredduringthedaywhichwordswereinappropriateandwhyhowcouldheimprovehisspeakingthenextdaywithyearsofefforthemanagestospeakwithoutoffendingothersthereforeothermonksarewillingtoshareinnerthoughtswithhimandaskhimforadviceheisconsideredacompassionateelderwhomakesothersfeelateaseinhispresenceheholdsmanyhighpositionsyetremainsmodestandbenevolentxuechengwasonceslanderedagainstonlinehewasnotdisturbedbythisinstanceandsaidpeoplehaveafflictionsthispersonisnoexceptionifwhatwearedoingisgoodforournationforourpeopleandforbuddhismwhatistheretoworryaboutwhenonemaintainsinnerpeaceinthefaceofadversityheisindifferenttofameandwealthandhastrulytamedthemindhenotonlyattachesimportancetoselfdisciplineandpersonalpracticebutalsoinitiatesthespreadandtransmissionofpreceptsheoncesaidthefactthatpreceptsareneglectedpreventsbuddhasteachingsfromspreadingatbuddhistacademyoffujianprovincexuechenglecturedonthefourpartbhikshupreceptsinthemonasterieshepresidesoverallmonksarerequiredtochantpreceptseveryhalfamonthandattendsummerretreatsfromthesixteenthdayofthefourthmonthtothefifteenthdayoftheseventhmonthofthelunarcalendarincompliancewiththewaysetupbythebuddhaduringthisperiodmonksdonotcontacttheoutsideworldsettlingdowntostudyandpracticeinrecentyearshehasservedaspreceptoracryaacryaofdutiesoracryaofscripturesinthethreeplatformsofcompletepreceptstransmissiondharmaassembliesheldalloverthecountryforinstanceinmarchheservedasacryaofdutiesatthethdharmaassemblyfortransmittingthreeplatformsofcompletepreceptsheldbythebuddhistassociationoffujianprovinceinaugustheservedaspreceptoracryaatthethdharmaassemblyfortransmittingthreeplatformsofcompletepreceptsorganizedbyfujianbuddhistassociationforbhikshuatpingxingmonasterymounttaimufudinginaprilwhenthewesternmonasteryofhongkonghelditsfirstdharmaassemblyfortransmittingthreeplatformsofcompletepreceptsheservedasthepreceptoracryaindecemberwhenthethdharmaassemblyfortransmittingthreeplatformsofcompletepreceptswasheldatchengtianmonasteryquanzhouhewasagainthepreceptoracryaforyearshetransmitsthreerefugesfivepreceptsandbodhisattvapreceptstolaypeopleguidingthemintheirstudyandpracticeofbuddhasteachingsxuechengalsospreadstheteachingsonpreceptsabroadinhetransmittedmahayanapreceptstoindonesiathefirstofsucheventsinthiscountryinyearsitisnoteworthythatguanghuamonasteryinputianheldadaylongcanonicalpreceptstransmissiondharmaassemblyinduringthisassemblyheandotherstookanactivepartinpromotingnormativeritualsoftransmittingpreceptsthewaysetupbythebuddhathispracticehasinfluencedtheentirenationincludinghongkongandtaiwanconcentrationbeingserenethescripturesaysserenereferstoaccomplishmentofmeditativeconcentrationmeditativeconcentrationisamentalstateinwhichthemindremainspeacefullywithdrawnthisisachievedbyrelyingonmindfulnessandvigilanceinonesethicaldisciplineturningawayfromwrongdoingandengagingingoodactivitiesserenityischaracterizedbyapeacefullywithdrawnmindxuechengobservesthatbeingserenereferstoconcentrationhepointedoutthatthisconcentrationdoesnotmeanbeingstagnantbutbeingmindfuloftheexternalcircumstancesaswellastheinternalworldinthisstatethemindisalertandsupplexuechengisamanofstrongmindfulnessheoncetaughtourlifeisnotcountedbyyearsorbydaysnotevenbysecondsbutratherbysegmentsofthoughtourthoughtsonebyonewhatevertheyaremakeupourentirelifeadaycomesfromtheadditionofthoughtsweshouldbeclearonwhattopursueandwhattoavoidinlifeotherwisewewillnotfindclarityinlifewemusthavecommandoverourthoughtseverypresentmomentifwelosecommandoverthoughtsthisverymomentitismeaninglesstotalkaboutcommandingourfuturewisdomthoroughlypacifiedaccordingtothescripturethoroughlypacifiedreferstohavingaccomplishedthetrainingofwisdomthisisdonebyspecificallyanalyzingthemeaningofrealityindependenceonmeditativeserenitywhereinthemindbecomesserviceablexuechengsuggeststherootofdharmaliesintheabilitytojudgeandchoosetohavewisdommeanstoknowhowtochoosebetweenwhattotakeandwhattoforsakehavingawealthofscripturalknowledgehavingawealthofscripturalknowledgeaccordingtothebuddhistscripturereferstobeingeruditeconcerningthethreescripturalcollectionsandthelikexuechengattachesgreatimportancetolearningandcontemplationofbuddhistsutrasvinayatextsandtreatiseshereadsextensivelyonthetripitakainparticularhereadsmanybuddhistscripturesoverandoveragainsuchasfloweradornmentsutrathewonderfuldharmalotusflowersutragreattreasurysutranirvanasutramahaprajnaparamitasutrathefivepurelandsutrasthesixthpatriarchsplatformsutrathefourpartvinayathethreegreatclassicsinthenanshansectthetreatiseongreatwisdomthetreatiseonmiddlewaymaitreyasfivetreatisesthetreatiseontheilluminationdooroftheonehundreddharmasabhidharmakosasastralamrimchenmolecturenotesonthefourpartbhikshupreceptsetchedemonstratesauniqueunderstandingofvinayapurelandsectconsciousnessonlysectkosaandlamrimheisskillfulatdrawingexamplesfromonecasetoanotherandusinganalogyhearguesthatbuddhistsshouldbetoleranttowardsotherreligionswillingtohavedialoguesandexchangeswithothersbesidesdedicationtobuddhistcultivationhealsoreadsscripturesfromotherreligioustextssuchasthekoranmoreoverhedevotesalotoftimeandenergytothelearningoftraditionalchineseculturalmasterpiecessuchasthethirteenconfucianclassicsandthetwentyfourdynastichistoriesheisabletointegratethemwithbuddhasteachingshenotonlyreadsmanysutrasandtreatisesbutalsoforoveradecadewroteoveressaysofmillioncharacterssuchasenforcingthesoftpowerofnationalculturereligionisahallmarkofhumanprogressfromobscurationtocivilizationletussharereligiouswisdomsecurityandpeaceletuscreateaharmoniousworldthroughreligiouswisdomaharmoniousworldbeginswithourmindsreligiousconcernsoverglobalizationsomethoughtsonreligionsinchinainthenewcenturythepastandthefutureofbuddhisminfujianageneralconversationabouttheconstructionofbuddhisttalentsabriefdiscussionontheculturalconstructionofchinesebuddhismthetrendinthelifeofcultivationandlearninginmodernmonasteriesthoughtsontheecularizationofbuddhismbuddhistviewofpeacecrisisinhumanmoralityandreligiousconcernsoverethicstheroleofreligionshouldbebroughtintoafullplayintheconstructionofaharmonioussocietythebuildingofamorebeautifulandharmoniousworldwiththecoexistenceofmultiplereligionstonameafewtheseessaysarepublishedindomesticandoverseasjournalssuchaspeoplesdailyguangmingdailychinaguangmingdailyxinhuanewsagencywebarchiveorgwebepaperrmzxbcomcnchinesepeoplespoliticalconsultativecommitteenewspapermzbcomcnchinaethnicnewschinareligioncnchinareligionwebarchiveorgwebfjwhzzcomcnbuddhistculturewebarchiveorgwebmagazinefjnetcomhykwfayinvoiceofdharmatakungpaohongkongwenweipohongkongetchisworksarealsopublishedonlineatxinhuanetcompeoplecomcnchinacomcnchinanewscomsinacomsohucomwebarchiveorgwebfjnetcomfjnetcomwebarchiveorgwebfjdhcomfjdhcometcxuechenghaspublisheddozensofarticlesonwebarchiveorgwebmagazinefjnetcomhykwfayinvoiceofdharmaajournalofbuddhistassociationofchinasuchasrelyongurusandlistentobuddhasteachingsinlearningandpracticingbuddhismdiligentlybearpurposeinmindandthenestablishobjectivewhilerememberingoriginalintentionsandwishesthesignificanceoftakingrefugeinthethreejewelsholdfaithintheprinciplesofkarmawhilepracticingandcultivatinginlinewithbuddhismstayawayfromignorancekarmaandsufferingandobtainconsummateblissdisciplineoneselfwithpreceptsandgetaccesstobodhietctheseessaysdiscussprofoundideasinsimplelanguagewithclosereferencetodailylifetheyintegratetheteachingsofrelyingonteachersandholdingfaithinkarmawiththeteachingsoflamrimchenmoaboutthepathsforpeopleofmiddleandgreatercapacitiesinordertohelppeopleunderstandbuddhismfromvariousperspectivesandapplyittotheirlivesknowledgeofrealityaccordingtothescriptureknowledgeofrealityreferstoaspecialtraininginwisdomtheknowledgeofnonessentialityofphenomenaitissaidtobebestiftheteachershaveaperceptionofrealityxuechenghasstudiedmadhyamakathemiddlewayandcittamatrinconsciousnessonlyforyearsandhasdevelopedaprofoundunderstandingofprajnaheoncesaidtheprattyasamutpdadependentarisinginbuddhismischaracterizedwithharmonynamelyharmonyamongobjectsharmonybetweenhumanbeingsandobjectsandharmonyamonghumanbeingstheessenceofprajnaisemptinessemptinessanddependentarisingarethetwoaspectsofrealityxuechengintegratestheessenceofbuddhasteachingswithwhatscurrentlyacceptabletothepublicbuddhismproclaimsthelawofdependentarisingthereforebuddhismwouldkeepinaccordwiththesecularworldandhelpthelivingbeingsprogressfromwheretheyareinviewofthisheexplainsthingsinplainlanguageforinstancehesaystherearefourbarrierstoupholdingpreceptswhicharematerialdesirefamilybondfameandwealthandwrongviewswhenpracticingbuddhismoneshouldnotforgethisultimategoalandtheoriginalaspirationmodernmonksshouldpossessfivequalitieswhichareaiminghighchoosingtherightpathbeingvirtuousbeingversatileandbeingknowledgeablethebestadviceonthemonasticlifeistopersisttoaccommodateoneselftoothersandtocomplyexecutivesofamonasteryshouldhavenobleaspirationbehonestanddopracticalthingswhendealingwithpeopleanddoingthingstherightattitudetowardsthosewhodontunderstandshouldbeoneofacceptancetolerancecourtesyandsincerityanincompetentpersonwillnotbeabletocopewiththeeverchangingsituationssointhefutureletthosewhocannotdothingswelldothingsandletthosewhocandothingswellbedetachedfromdoingthingshiswordsareplainyettheyspeaktotheessentialprinciplesofbuddhismsurpassingqualitiesthescripturesayspeopledegenerateifrelyingonthoseinferiorbyrelyingonequalstheystaythesamebyrelyingonthosesuperiortheyattainexcellencethusrelyonthosewhoaresuperiortoyourselfthescripturealsostatesanyintelligentpersonshouldnotbedistantfromexcellentbeingsandshouldrelyonthesevirtuousbeingsinadisciplinedmanneronceyouareclosetothemparticlesoftheirgoodqualitieswillsticktoyouasstatedbytheteachingsstudentsshouldrelyonteacherswhohavequalitiesthatsurpasstheirownthekeyisthatteachersshouldinspiregreatadmirationandfaithindisciplesmindssothatthedisciplesareconvincedthatitispossibletoadvanceonthepathtobuddhahoodinspiredbyxuechengagrowingbodyofoutstandingpeopleyoungtalentedpeopleinparticularjoinedthebuddhistgroupsamonghisdisciplesmanyarewelleducatedwithdoctorsormastersdegreesbecauseofhimmanychoosethepathofmindcultivationandchangetheirlivesthisisanembodimentofhissurpassingqualitiesskillfulininstructingdisciplesaccordingtothescriptureskillfulininstructingdisciplesreferstobeingbothskilledintheprocessofleadingdisciplesandadeptathelpingthemunderstandyetthisskilldoesnotmeanbeingrhetoricalinsteaditcomesfromtheteacherstendercareandconcernforothersunderstandingothersfeelingsanddedicationtohelpthepreciousnessofbuddhismliesinthattheteachingsarerelevantbothtothetruthandthespecificconditionsofpeopleinmanycaseslivingbeingsarenotdifficulttoteachbuttheteachingsaregiveninappropriatelyduetolackofwisdomandcompassionxuechengbelievesdeliveryrequirescompassionwisdomandskillsofallmeanshethinksthatcompassioncanmoveapersonwisdomhelpsonetochooseamongoptionsandaskillfulteacherfindstherightapproachtheteachingsmustberelevanttopeoplesconditionsonlythroughthismethodcanbuddhismbespreadwhensocializingwithvisitorsxuechengexploressubjectsinvariousfieldswithhisbroadmindednessfarsightedthinkinganddeepculturalbackgroundheisabletoengagesvisitorsandconductproductivemeetingsmanypeopleincludingbeginnersinbuddhismdonotknowwhatbuddhismisgiventhisphenomenonxuechenggivesaseriesofdharmatalkssincethelatterhalfofatthedharmaassembliesandintensivecollectivepracticesheldatwebarchiveorgweboldlongquanzsorgengindexphpbeijinglongquanmonasterythesetalkshavebeentitledunderstandinglifealifeofsufferingandhappinessknowinglifetheinnerworldlectureonthetreatiseontheilluminationdooroftheonehundreddharmaslamrimchenmovipashyanabreakfasttalksthepathofrefugethepathtoenlightenmentetcandarereleasedinprintsorondvdpossessinglovingconcernsthescriptureclaimspossessinglovingconcernsreferstohavingapuremotivationforgivingtheteachingsthatistheteacherteacheswithamotivationofloveandcompassionanddoesnotlookforgainrespectandsoonhissoleconcernistorelievelivingbeingsfromagonyandvexationxuechengonceobservedthemostimportantthinginmahayanaisonesaspirationweshoulduseeverythoughttofigureouthowtobenefitlivingbeingsandridthemofsufferingbeingenergeticthescripturesaysbeingenergeticreferstoconstantdelightinotherswelfareateachershouldberesoluteanddeterminedwhendoinggoodforothersinordertogathergoodkarmasextensivelyandrevitalizebuddhismxuechengforyearsworkshardatrebuildingthelearningandpracticingsystemofhanbuddhismheproposedtheideaofcreatingcollectivekarmabyworkingtogetheronthebuddhistendeavorsandpromotingbuddhistendeavorsbyrelyingoncollectivekarmaheisnotonlyconcernedforthemonasteriesthathepresidesoverbutalsoforcausesthatchinesebuddhismandworldbuddhismasawholewillfollowxuechengisalwaysatworkheoncesaidnowthatiaminacertainpositionidothingsnotformyselfbutonbehalfofbuddhismandthefourfoldassemblyofdisciplesdespitebeingbusyheneverneglectslearningandpracticeandisagoodexampleheparticipatesinmorningandeveningrecitationsinthebuddhahallandeatsattherefectoryeverydayhehasbeenfollowingsuchritualsformorethantwentyyearsheoftensayshowcouldamonknotliveareligiouslifetheheadmonkshouldtaketheleadforothersandbearolemodelinlearningandpracticeabandoningdispiritednessthescripturesayshavingabandoneddispiritednessreferstoneverbeingtiredofgivinganexplanationagainandagaintobearingthehardshipsofexplainingduringlongquanmonasterysmonasticsummerretreatinxuechenghadtogobackandforthbetweendowntownandsuburbseverydayhesetoffforworkinbacbeforedawnandreturnedtothemonasteryintheafternoontolectureonbhikshupreceptsformonksafterclassheanswereddisciplesquestionstilllateintothenighthehasachievedaffirmativeappreciationfromrevzhaopuchuwhoonceremarkedhiminapoemheisstrictwithhimselfyethehandlesthingsgentlythoughhestudiesandpracticeswithinthemonasteryhisteachingsarespreadfarandwidehowdoesoneestablishaplaceforbuddhistpracticeonemayfindtheanswerinhisexamplethisisasincerecommentonxuechengfromaprestigiouselderacenturyfigurebuildingmonasteriesandacademiesxuechengadvocatesintegratingthreelanguagefamiliesofbuddhismandpromotingalleightsectsofhanbuddhismwithsuchavisionhesbroughtforwardandimplementedtheideaoffourbecomingsthemonasterybecomingacademictheacademybecomingmonasticthelearningandpracticebecomingintegratedandthemanagementbecomingscientificpresidingovermonasteriesputianguanghuamonasteryputianguanghuamonasteryinfujianisregardedasoneofthethreebestmonasteriesofbuddhistsocietiesforitsstrictadherencetotraditionalbuddhistpreceptsanditsemphasisonbuddhistcultureandeducationfromoctobertojanuarybuddhistassociationofchinaandputianguanghuamonasteryjointlyorganizedanunprecedenteddaycanonicalpreceptstransmissiondharmaassemblyinaprilguanghuamonasteryheldanotherdharmaassemblyfortransmittingthethreeplatformsofcompletepreceptswhichcompliedwiththeteachingsandthevinayamonksfromregionsofchinaandsuchcountriesassingaporemalaysiaattendedthepreceptstransmissioneveryyearthemonasteryholdsthedharmaassemblyfortransmittingthreerefugesfivepreceptsandlaybodhisattvapreceptstheintensivebuddhanamechantingdayretreatandthetenthousandbuddhasdharmaassemblyinordertoprovidetheresidentmonasticswithmoreopportunitiesoflearningxuechengsetupdharmastudyclassesforthemonasticcommunitythecurriculummainlycoversrecitationofmahayanasutrassuchasmahaprajnaparamitasutrathewonderfuldharmalotusflowersutraandstudyoflamrimchenmooutlineofnanshanpreceptsforlaitymanualforbuddhistnovicethefourpartbhikshupreceptsetcxuechengtoldhisdisciplesformanytimesthatthecoreroleofeducationcouldnotbechangedeitherinthesecularworldorinthebuddhistcircleandthatcultivationshouldstartfromtheyouthasaresultmoreandmoreoutstandingpeopleespeciallyyoungintellectualscometojointhesanghafufengfamenmonasteryxuechengbecametheabbotoffamenmonasteryinfufengshaanxionjanuaryshortlyaftertheinaugurationheinvitedandappointedthenewboardofexecutivessetupafivememberleadershipteamandcompletedthemonasterysregulationsheattachedhighimportancetothequalityofthesanghaoncepointingoutatthemomentourmostimportantdutyistocultivateoutstandingmonkswecannotaffordamomentsdelayinordertofurtherconsolidatestudyandpracticeheorganizedclasseslecturesanddharmaassembliesmeanwhileheadvocatedandresumedthebimonthlypreceptschantingonjuneheledthesanghatoholdthemonasterysfirstsummerretreatsincetherestorationofreligiouspolicyinthecountrythroughthesemeasuresapureandharmonioussanghacommunityhasbeenformedsincethenthesummerretreathasbeenheldeveryyearfromaugusttoseptemberxuechengpresidedovertheullambanauniversaldeliverydharmaassemblyandthefirstdharmaassemblyfortransmittingthreerefugesfivepreceptsandthelaybodhisattvapreceptswhichwasattendedbyoverpeopleonnovembertheverydayofmedicinebuddhasbirthdaythebuddhistclassoffamenmonasterywassetuponmayfamenmonasteryheldamillenniumeventtheceremonyfortheenshrinementofshakyamunibuddhasfingershariraxuechengasabbothostedtheritualandreceivedtheshariratobepermanentlyenshrinedandworshipedatfamenmonasteryhesaidthisbuddhasfingershariraisagenuinerelicofshakyamunithereforeitisoneofthemostsacredrelicsworshipedbybuddhistsallovertheworldandavaluableculturaltreasureforchinaoveronethousandyearsagointhetangdynastythesharirawaswelcomedtimesandsentbacktwiceeachtimebyadifferentemperorfinallyitwasenclosedintheundergroundpalacebyemperorxizongadonthedayofbuddhasbirthdayinthesharirareemergedafterayeardisappearancesincethenthesharirahasbeensenttomanycountriesandregionsaroundtheglobesuchasthailandkoreachinastaiwanandhongkongetcworshipedbyalmostmillionpeoplefamenmonasteryhasbeenactiveinculturalexchangesonfebruarysoewintheprimeministerofburmatogetherwithoverpeoplevisitedthemonasteryonaprilratnasiriwickramanayaketheprimeministerofsrilankaledamemberdelegationinvisitingthemonasteryonmayfamenmonasteryanddoseonsatempleinkoreaestablishedbrothermonasteriesrelationshiponmayxuechengtogetherwiththeresidentsanghawelcomedthedelegationheadedbyblobzangvjigmedthubbstanchosdyinyimarinpochememberofthenpcstandingcommitteeandvicepresidentofbacfromjulytojulythefirstlightoffamenblissandwisdomcampwassuccessfullyheldthelightoffamencampprovidedanopportunityforpeopletolearnandexperiencebuddhismthepurposewastohelpyoungpeopleresettheirlifegoalsandreflectuponthevalueoflifeinjulyxuechengattendedthethlightoffamencampandtransmittedthethreerefugestothecampmembersbyjulythelightoffamencamphadbeenheldeverysummerforyearsbeijinglongquanmonasteryonaprilxuechengbecameabbotofbeijinglongquanmonasteryayearoldmonasterynewlyreinstatedasavenueforbuddhistactivitieslocatedatthefootofthephoenixridgeinhaidiandistrictbeijinghavingbeendesertedforalmostacenturythemonasteryonceagainregaineditsvitalitylateronxuechengreflectedwhenicametobeijingininoticedthatmanylocallaypeoplehadtolookformonasteriesinothercitiesiwishedthaticouldprovidethemwithasacredplacetostudyandpracticebuddhasteachingsinbeijingyearshavepassedandnowsuchaplacehascomeintobeingthesanghawasconfrontedwithmanychallengesanddifficultiesimmediatelyafterthemonasteryhadstartedtofunctiontherewereonlyafewsimpleandunsophisticatedwoodenstructuresthefacilitiesofthemonasterysuchaswaterelectricityandheatingsystemsandtheaccommodationwerefarfromcompletionthewatersupplyforthemonasterycamefromthesurfaceflowofthemountainbutduringthewinterthepipesfrozeandwaterhadtobecarriedfromsomewhereelsepracticallyeverythinginthemonasterystartedfromnothinginlessthanfiveyearsofitsreopeningmonasteryexpandedfromsanghamemberstomorethanthenumberofresidentlaypeoplerosefromtooverandmoreandmorebelievershavetakenrefugesherexuechengledmonasticandlaydisciplestocompletealltheconstructionsinthemonasteryxuechenghasbeenconsideringandexploringfavorableconditionsforcreatinganexcellentsanghadeeplyawareofchallengesofbuildingasanghainthisneweraoftechnologyandabundantinformationandallowingbhikshustoglorifyandsucceedthelineageoftheunequaledteacherhebelievedthatthesangharooteddeeplyinupholdingpreceptsshouldhaveacompleteeducationalsystemforthestudyandpracticeofbuddhasteachingswithacorrespondingadministrationtoensureitssmoothoperationguidedbythisbelieflongquanmonasteryhasformedanewtypeofsanghawhichcontinuestogrowanddevelopitsmembershaveallbeencarefullyselectedandareagreeableintermsoffaithdeterminationforcultivationeducationalbackgroundsenseoforganizationandteamspiritforthepurposetobuildapureharmoniousandprogressivesanghaofpropersizewithgoodethosofstudyandpracticethemonasteryhasbeenorganizingmonasticsummerretreatfromthefifteenthdayofthefourthmonthtothefifteenthdayoftheseventhmonthofthelunarcalendareveryyearsinceinadditiontoguidingthesanghainanindepthstudyoftheconnotationandpurposesofpreceptsxuechenginstructedhisdisciplesonhowtoanalyzeandupholdthepreceptsaccordingtodifferentsituationsinactualpracticeandlifethewholesanghatakingthepreceptsastheirteacherhasbecomepureandharmoniousandachievedgreatprogresswithrespecttomanagementxuechengfarsightedlyestablishedtheethicsmodelofthesanghabyreferringtothetraditionalvinayaskarmasystemandmodernmonasticmanagementexperiencesthemembersofthesanghafollowtwoethicsonebasedonthedifferentpreceptsreceivedtheotherbasedontheadministrativesystemallreligiousactivitieslikemorningandeveningrecitationseatingmealstogetheratrefectorychantingsutrasdoinguposathaandsoonarearrangedbytheethicsinpreceptsbasedonseniorityadministrativeethicsarebasedonadministrativepositionsxuechenghasarrangedforyoungmembersofthesanghatolearnandrecitetraditionalculturalclassicssoastoraisetheirmoralityandperfecttheirpersonalityandqualityasmonkssuchclassicsincluderulesfordisciplestheconfuciananalectsthegreatlearningtheuniversalordermenciustaotechingchuangtseanthologyofthreehundredtangpoemsbestclassicalchineseessaysfortytwochapterssutrasutraofthebuddhaslastteachingsutraofeightawarenessofgreatbeingsandmanyothersaccordingtothedisciplinesofthesanghamonasticswithoutpostscannotowncellphonescontactwiththeoutsideworldisgenerallynotallowedunlessitisnecessarytodosoandapprovedbyanexecutivemonktelevisionsnewspapersmagazinesandradioarenotallowednofoodiskeptinthedormitoryandnosnackispermittedoutsidetherefectorynoallowanceisissuedandmoneyofferedbydevoteesmustbehandedintothesanghathesanghaprovidesitsmemberswithallreasonableexpensesthattheymayneedsothatmonksarefreefromallmonetaryconcernstosecurebothbodyandmindtranquilityforstudyandpracticethissystemhasensuredpuremonasticpracticelongquanmonasteryorganizedvariousdharmaassembliesinandtoreachbuddhistbelieversfollowingitsfirstbathingbuddhadharmaassemblyontheeighthdayofthefourthmonthofthelunarcalendarmayinotherassembliesincludedthelotussutradharmaassemblytocommemorateavalokiteshvarabodhisattvasrenunciationthespringfestivalblessingsandfloweradornmentsutradharmaassemblytheullambanadharmaassemblyandthemidsummeruniversalsalvationdharmaassemblyasuccessionofbuddhistculturaleventswasheldduringthegoldenweeksofmaydayandnationaldayholidaystodemonstratetheactiveengagementofbuddhisminthesecularworldandthedeliveryofalllivingbeingsastimewentbymoreandmorebelieverscametoattendthedharmaassembliesandtheconditionsfororganizingdharmaassemblieshavegreatlyimprovedsincethemonasteryhasregularlyheldthefollowingdharmaassemblieseveryyearthefloweradornmentsutrachantingdharmaassemblyintheperiodofchinesenewyearthewonderfuldharmalotusflowersutrachantingdharmaassemblytocelebratethebirthdayofavalokiteshvarabodhisattvaonthenineteenthdayofthesecondmonthofthelunarcalendarksitigarbhasutrachantingdharmaassemblyonthetombsweepingdayshurangamasutrachantingdharmaassemblyduringthemaydayholidaysthebathingbuddhadharmaassemblyontheeighthdayofthefourthmonthofthelunarcalendarthebirthdayofshakyamunibuddhathelotussutrachantingdharmaassemblythedharmaassemblyofrepayingthebenevolenceofancestorsonthetombsweepingdaytheullambanadharmaassemblyonthefifteenthdayoftheseventhmonthofthelunarcalendarthedateonwhichthesummerretreatofthesanghaiscompletedtheshurangamasutrachantingdharmaassemblyduringthegoldenweekofnationaldayholidaythewonderfuldharmalotusflowersutrachantingdharmaassemblyonthenineteenthdayoftheninthmonthofthelunarcalendarthedateonwhichavalokiteshvarabodhisattvarenouncedthesecularlifeasdharmaassembliesbecamemorecustomaryatlongquanmonasteryamultilingualteamwasdevelopingxuechengthereforeinitiatedmultilingualdharmaassembliesinjanuarysincetheninmajordharmaassembliesatthemonasterytherehavebeenmultilingualsessionscoveringsuchlanguagesasenglishfrenchgermanrussianjapanesekoreanspanishitalianvietnamesesanskritpaliandtibetanetconseptemberwhenjianxinghallthenewlybuiltdharmahallwasputintousexuechengstatedtheguidingprinciplesforthelongtermmanagementoflongquanmonasteryorderofthemonasticsandthelaityshouldbespecifiedasadifferentiatingbythepreceptsreceivedandtheadministrativepositionsheldbeingdifferentfromeachotherthoughinseparableandbbeingequalbynatureyetdifferentinspecificmatterthemonasticsandthelaityareinseparablethemonasticsareresponsibleforupholdingthebuddhasteachingswhilethelaityareresponsibleforprotectingandsupportingthebuddhasteachingsthereshouldbeagooddivisionofresponsibilitiesandcollaborationbetweenthetwogroupsorderofstudyandpracticeshouldbespecifiedasafaithunderstandingpracticeandattainmentsequentiallyandbgeneratingbodhicittaandextensivelyaccumulatingprovisionsorderofworkshouldbespecifiedasaconformingtotheteachingswhethertalkingorkeepingsilentmovingorbeingstillandbdealingwithpeopleandthingswithsincerityorderoflifeshouldbespecifiedasathepurityanddignityofdailyactivitiesinvolvedwitheatingclothinglodgingandtransportationandbthepurificationofthethreekarmasbodyspeechandmindandthepossessionofphysicalserenityforachievingspiritualenlightenmentonoctoberfivedepartmentswereestablishedinordertoimplementtheorderlymanagementoflongquanmonasteryproposedbyxuechengconstructiondepartmentisinchargeofthemonasterysinfrastructureconstructionculturedepartmentisresponsibleforeditingdesigningandproducingthemonasterysbooksandmediaproductscharitydepartmentnamelybeijingrenaicharityfoundationholdsthemissionofspreadingthecultureandspiritofcharityandpromotingtheactionofpovertyreliefpublicitydepartmentisinchargeofthevoiceoflongquanwebsiteandxuechengsblogdepartmentofeducationconsistsofthreedivisionsathedivisionofdharmaassemblyaimstoprovidepreliminaryeducationtolaybuddhistsbthedivisionofstudentaffairsoffersservicesandsupportforthestudyandpracticeoflaybuddhistscthedivisionofinstructoraffairsistotrainbuddhistmissionariesoftheneweraotherdepartmentsincludebeijinggreatsinologyfoundationandtranslationcenterthefoundationsmainfunctionistoprovidecomplimentarybookssuchastraditionalchineseclassicsitalsoconductsdomesticandoverseasculturalexchangesthetranslationcenterisresponsibleforthetranslationanddistributionofxuechengsmultilingualmicroblogsthetranslationandpublicationofallkindsofbooksandmediaproductsofthemonasterythecenteralsotranslatesandinterpretsforrelevantreceptionofthemonasterystartingfromoctoberlongquanmonasterylaunchedseriesoflecturesthespeakersarerenownedscholarsandexpertswithinandoutsideofchinatheytalkonvarioustopicsincludingreligionhistorycharityandculturetheknowledgeofboththemonasticsandlaypeoplearegreatlyenrichedwithabroadenedviewonaugusttheinstituteforadvancedstudyofthehumanitiesandreligionofbeijingnormaluniversityestablishedaresearchbaseatlongquanmonasterythefoundingofthisbasewasanimportantstepforwardservingasanexampleoftheexchangesandcollaborationbetweenthereligioussocietyandtheacademicsocietychairingacademiesbuddhistacademyoffujianprovincebuddhistacademyoffujianprovincewasestablishedbyvenmasteryuanzhuoandothersonaprilitisabuddhistacademyattheprovinciallevelandoneoftheearliestbuddhistacademiesestablishedsincethereformandopeningupofchinatheacademyconsistsofmaledivisionlocatedatputianguanghuamonasteryandfemaledivisionatchongfuconventoffuzhouwhichisrenownedastheleadingnunnerysouthoftheyangtzeriveraspresidentoftheacademyxuechengservesasalinkbetweenthepastandfuturehehasalsoobservedthelearningsystemofleadingdomesticandinternationalmonasteriesgiventhefactthatmodernmonasticpracticesarevastlydifferentfromtheancientreclusivemonasticpracticesheadvocatesintegratingthreelanguagefamiliesofbuddhismandpromotingalleightsectsofhanbuddhismwithsuchavisionhehasbroughtforwardandimplementedtheideaoffourbecomingsthemonasterybecomingacademictheacademybecomingmonasticthelearningandpracticebecomingintegratedandthemanagementbecomingscientifictheacademytakesthefourbodhisattvaqualitiesofcompassionwisdomaspirationandactionasitsmottoandaimstocultivatemodernmonasticswhoexcelinaspirationcultivationabilitymeritandknowledgeunderthetenpracticeprincipleshonoringthethreejewelsrespectingteachersandtheirteachingsrestrainingthesixsensoryfacultieseliminatingbadhabitsdevelopingfaithestablishingrightviewsaccumulatingmeritsthroughhardworkingcoordinatingunderstandingwithpracticingandbeingpureandharmoniouskeepinginmindrevzhaopuchusteachingthatisthecultivationofmonasticsshouldbethetoppriorityofbuddhismatpresentxuechenghasbeencommittedtocultivatingthesanghaforyearsfromtowhentheteachingaffairsofficewasincrisisduetolackofteachershetaughtclassesperweekhevowedevenifthereisonlyonestudentmonkleftthebuddhistacademyshallnotstopfunctioningxuechengisalsoveryconcernedabouttheinfrastructureconstructionofthebuddhistacademyinearlydaysthefacilitywassimpleandinsufficientinhepersonallycreatedthedesignsforandparticipatedinthebuildingofanewclassroomcomplexwithanumberofnewfacilitiessuchasaudiovisualclassroomsgreatlyimprovedthehardwareconditionsoftheacademyastrongteachingfacultyhasalsobeenshapedinaugustthestateadministrationforreligiousaffairsapprovedtheacademysrequesttoupgradeitsthreeyearjuniorcollegeprogramtoafouryearundergraduateprogramatpresenttheacademyoffersthreelevelprogramsiethetwoyearsecondaryspecializedprogramthefouryearundergraduateprogramandthethreeyearadvancedstudycoursetherearemonasticstudentsmasterteachersandguestlecturersattheacademybytheendofithadgivenovergraduationcertificatesandcertificatesofcompletionalargenumberofyoungmonkshaveemergedwithapossessionofmoralintegrityandabilitygoodcharacterandknowledgesomeofthemhavecommittedthemselvestoteachingsomeareengagedinbuddhistresearchsomearedevotedtocharityworksomehavebecomeabbotsandsomeothershavetraveledabroadtopromotedharmafamenmonasterybuddhistacademyafterxuechengassumedabbotshipoffamenmonasteryonjanuarytofulfillthewishesoftheformerabbotthelatevenmasterjingyihemadeuphismindtopreparefortheestablishmentofwebarchiveorgwebfamenzhiguangcomshaanxifamenmonasterybuddhistacademyonnovemberfamenmonasterybuddhistclasswasestablishedwhichwasupgradedasfamenmonasterybuddhistacademyonatrialbasisindecemberwithapprovalfromthestateadministrationforreligiousaffairsinmayfamenmonasterybuddhistacademywasofficiallyestablishedasabuddhistacademyatprovinciallevelthefirsthanbuddhistacademyinnorthwestchinathefacilitiesoftheacademywerepreparedandbuiltundertheresolutionofthelateabbotvenjingyibetweenandcurrentlythereareeightclassroombuildingsfourlargeclassroomsalecturehallandalibraryeachbuildingisequippedwithaheatingsystemandteachingfacilitiessuchasprojectorsandcomputerstheaudiovisualclassroomandthestadiumareunderconstructionthefacilitiescanaccommodatestudentsthelibraryhasacollectionofnearlybooksfivesetsoftripitakasanddozensofdifferentbuddhistmagazineswhichmeetthebasicrequirementsofteachingandlearningtheacademyandbuddhistacademyoffujianprovincesharethesameeducationalconceptsinthesummerofinordertostrengthenthecommunicationandcooperationbetweenfamenmonasterybuddhistclassandbuddhistacademyoffujianprovincexuechenginstructedthataclassfromeachinstituteshouldattendtheotherssummerretreatsothattheymaylearnfromeachotherthisproducedremarkableresultsanumberofhighqualityteachingandadministrativefacultyfromaroundchinacametofamenmonasterybuddhistacademyincludingthosefrombuddhistacademyofchinaandbuddhistacademyoffujianprovinceattheopeningoftheacademytherewereonlystudentsbutoneyearlatertherewerestudentsinthreeclassesasecondaryspecializedclassajuniorcollegeclassandanundergraduateclassbyfamenmonasterybuddhistacademyhadproducedgraduatesfortwoconsecutiveyearsmorethangraduationcertificatesandcertificatesofcompletionwereawardedatpresenttheacademyofferstwolevelsofprogramsafouryearundergraduateprogramandathreeyearpostgraduateprogramcurrentlytherearemonasticstudentsdharmateachersandguestlecturersdharmadisseminationxuechengbelievesthatbuddhisteducationshouldguidethefourfoldassemblyofdisciplestofreethemselvesfromprimitiveunilateralbackwardshortsightedandoutdatedthinkingandtakeapaththatleadstowardsocietyandthewholeworldononehandbuddhistsshouldfocusonselfcultivationinspiringotherswithdharmagainingthesupportofothersbyvirtuebenefitingoneselfandothersenlighteningoneselfandothersandengagingoneselfwithtruepracticeandthetruepromotionoftheteachingsontheotherhandtheymustunderstandthedevelopmentofbuddhisminthisneweranotjustfocusonthecurrentsituationandmustlearnhowtousemoderntechnologieslikecomputersandtheinternettheymustmakeuseofmethodsthataresuitabletothelifestyleofpeopleinmoderntimessoastodisseminatethedharmamultiplemethodsofdharmadisseminationintimecameforxuechengtousetheinternettopromotebuddhismwhileonaflightafriendofxuechengofferedtohelphimsetupablogxuechengaccepteditandstartedtheblogonfebruarysincetheblogwaslaunchedxuechenghaspostedmanyentriesabouthowheleadshisdisciplestointegratetheteachingsintoreallifeandmodernizebuddhismbyjanuaryithadmorethanmillionvisitsattractingalargenumberofnetizenstostudydharmaandservingasaplatformforxuechengtocommunicateandinteractwithdevoteesandpeoplefromallwalksoflifeaftersinacomintroducedthefunctionofuploadingvideosinmarchxuechengaddedavideobroadcasttotheblogwhichdistributesthedharmatalksmonasticeventsandsoonxuechengdirectedtheestablishmentofoldlongquanzsorgengindexphpvoiceoflongquanvoiceoflongquanwebsitewhichwasofficiallylaunchedatnbspamaugustattheopeningceremonyxuechengsaidwehavesetuptheoldlongquanzsorgengindexphpvoiceoflongquanvoiceoflongquanwebsitetoallowtraditionalchineseculturetomeetpeoplesneedstokeeppacewiththetimesandtohelpliveuptothefundamentalmissionofbuddhismwehopethatinthefuturemoreandmorepeoplewillvisitandsupportourwebsitewehopethatitwillactasasuccessfultoolfordisseminatingdharmabenefitinglivingbeingspromotingtraditionalchinesecultureandallowingustocommunicatewitheachotherandlearnthelatestnewsaboutbuddhismandotherreligionswithbuddhismasthecoreandconfucianismandtaoismastwowingsitadvocatesthethoughtsoftraditionalchineseculturefeaturedwithhumanityandharmonyandspreadsthemthroughouttheworldthechinesewebsitecompriseschannelsoflongquanmonasterymulticulturesmanandsocietymanandnaturecultivationofmindtasteoflifecelebritiescolumnspecialfeaturesetcotherchannelslaunchedatalatertimeincludemasterxuechengsblogepapervideostationwebarchiveorgwebforumlqzsorgforumphplongquanforumetcthefirstforeignlanguageenglishversionofthewebsitewaslaunchedonthedayoftheclosingceremonyofthebeijingolympicsaugustasaneffortofinternationaloutreachregardingtheinfluenceofthewebsiteitreceivedclicksandvisitsonlyfourmonthsafteritslaunchingthesehitsweremadebyvisitorsfromcitiesincountriesaroundtheglobeonfebruarythejapaneseversionofvoiceoflongquanwaslauncheditisexpectedthatinthefutureotherversionswillbelaunchedinlanguagessuchaskoreanfrenchetcthisistofacilitatetheexchangesbetweentheeastandthewestandtopromotetraditionalchinesecultureanditsvaluesuptojanuarythepageviewcountofthevoiceoflongquanhasreachedmorethanmillionhitsonaprilmasterxuechengstwitteranotherplatformforpromotingbuddhismwasestablishedchinesezuosacomxuechengfashienglishtwittercomxuechengotherwebsitesthatlongquanmonasteryhaslaunchedlaterarewebarchiveorgweblongquanzsorgtvoiceoflongquanmicroblogwebarchiveorgwebdigucomxuechengdigumicroblogtongxuecomshixuechengtongxuemicroblogandweibocomxuechengsinamicroblogxuechenglaunchedhismultilingualmicroblogsonfebruarythefifteenthdayofthefirstmonthofthelunarcalendaronthewebsitesofqqcomsinacomandwebarchiveorgwebbentiocombentiocommicroblogsaresetupinlanguagesieweibocomxuechengchineseweibocomxuechengzhuchienglishweibocomxuechengzhuchifrenchtqqcomxuechengzhuchigermanweibocomxuechengzhuchirussianweibocombkjnopjapaneseweibocomxuechengzhuchisudarefweibocomretcodekoreanweibocomxuechengzhuchispanishweibocomxuechengzhuchithailandandweibocomxuechengzhuchitibetthechineseonesareputontqqcomxuechengfashiweibocomxuechengandbentiocomxuechengfashigbwherereaderscanfollowthelinkstootherlanguageeditionsmoremicroblogsofxuechenghavebeenestablishedinjapankoreaandrussiaincludingwebarchiveorgwebnowamebajpxuechengfashijapanesewebarchiveorgwebmedaynetshixuechengkoreanandwebarchiveorgwebrutwitruxuechengfashirussianxuechengsmicroblogsareupdateddailyindifferentlanguagestakingasignificantstepintheinternationalpromotionofdharmaxuechengslaunchingofthemultilingualmicroblogshasbeenreportedthroughdozensofmediaoutletssuchaspeoplecomcnxinhuanetcomifengcomchinanewscomwebarchiveorgwebcnrcncnrcnchinayouthdailychinaculturereportchinaculturereportbeijingeveningnewsglobaltimesoverseaseditionbbcandcnnetconjulyxuechenglaunchedwebarchiveorgwebqingblogsinacomcnxuechengqingbloginadditiontohisblogandmicroblogaccountsinordertospreaddharmainmodernsocietyxuechenginitiatedacartoonseriesinqingblogintroducingthemonksandlaypeopleslivesatlongquanmonasterythecartoonwascreatedtohelppeoplelearnaboutandunderstandbuddhadharmainaneasyandrelaxingwaysothatbuddhistculturecouldbeintegratedintopeoplesmindsacademicactivitieslecturesfaithandlifeatpekinguniversityonaprilculturalsoftpowerandbuddhistcultureatpekinguniversityonnovembertheuniversalvalueofbuddhistcultureatrenminuniversityofchinaondecemberthemodernsignificanceofbuddhistcultureatthenationallibraryondecembergatherwisdomtojointlybuildcultureofthemindatthegraduateschoolofchineseacademyofsocialsciencesonaugustbuddhismandcultureofthemindattheschoolofhumanitiesandsocialsciencesofthenorthchinaelectricpoweruniversityonmaybuddhistethicsandsocialmoralityatbeijingnormaluniversityonjuneviewsonhappinessinlifeatnanjinguniversityonseptemberanoverviewofchinesebuddhisteducationatpekinguniversityonoctoberreportsstrengtheningthedevelopmentofnationalcultureasasoftpowerattherdsessionofthethnationalcommitteeofcppcconmarchtrendofchinesebuddhistculturefromaglobalperspectiveatthecppccshanghaicommitteeonjulysocialresponsibilityofchinesebuddhistcultureatthefirsthumanitiesandreligionsummitheldatbeijingnormaluniversityondecemberspeechesletdifferentreligionsanddenominationsjoinhandstocreateabettertomorrowforchildrenatthendworldforumontheglobalnetworkofreligionsforchildreninmaylettheworldbemoreharmoniousandbeautifulwiththeexistenceofmanyreligionsatthefirstinternationalconferenceofmultireligiouseducationonpeaceandharmonyinjakartainfebruarynewcivilizationcultureofthemindandharmonyofthemindinheritanddeveloptheharmoniousspiritofthegoldentieatthethchinakoreaandjapanbuddhistfriendlyexchangeconferenceonoctoberaharmoniousworldbeginswithourmindsatthefirstworldbuddhistforuminhangzhouandzhoushanzhejiangprovincefromapriltoletussharereligiouswisdomsecurityandpeaceatthethworldassemblyofreligionsforpeacefromaugusttosameworldsameactionandaspirationatthethchinakoreaandjapanbuddhistfriendlyexchangeconferenceheldinkyotoonoctobertopromoteworldharmonyisthesacreddutyofbuddhistsatthethchinakoreaandjapanbuddhistfriendlyexchangeconferenceheldinbeijingonoctoberletuscarryoutmultireligiousdialoguesandjointlybuildaharmoniousworldattheworldconferenceondialoguehostedbytheworldmuslimleagueinmadridspainonjulyletbuddhistvaluesbewidelyheardamongworldculturesatthethchinakoreaandjapanbuddhistfriendlyexchangeconferenceheldinjejufromoctobertoenhancedialoguecooperatecloselybuildadiversifiedandharmoniousspiritualhomeformankindattherdcongressofleadersofworldandtraditionalreligionsinastanakazakhstanonjulybuildthecultureofthemindformankindatthethchinakoreaandjapanbuddhistfriendlyexchangeconferenceheldinyokohamajapanfromoctobertonewcivilizationcultureofthemindandharmonyofthemindinheritanddeveloptheharmoniousspiritofthegoldentieatthethchinakoreaandjapanbuddhistfriendlyexchangeconferenceheldinlingshanbrahmapalaceinwuxichinaonoctoberthesocialvalueandinfluenceofbuddhistcultureatthethchinakoreaandjapanfriendlybuddhistexchangeconferenceheldatnaksansatempleingangwondokoreaonnovembermultilateralexchangesxuechengbelievesthatthedevelopmentofbuddhismiscloselyinterrelatedwiththefateofchinachinasdevelopmentisdependentontherestoftheworldjustasothernationsdependonchinawithchinasdevelopmentchineseculturewillspreadtotheworldsowillchinesebuddhismxuechengsaidweshouldregardcultureofthemindasourguidelineandpromotethebuddhistapproachofmindpurificationthatisdiligentlypracticepreceptsconcentrationandwisdomtovanquishgreedhatredandignoranceinthiswaywefacilitatetheformationofanewhumancivilizationholdingthecultureofthemindasitsmainprinciplewhichtakesrootinthemindandispracticedinsocietyxuechenghasearnestlyparticipatedinpromotingfriendlyexchangesamongreligionsandculturesbothhomeandabroadonbehalfofthechinesebuddhistcommunityxuechenghasleddelegationsabroadtovisitobservegivelecturesandteachthedharmaonmorethanonehundredtripshehaslefthisfootprintsinmanycountriesandregionsincludingindianepalthailandsrilankavietnammalaysiasingaporeindonesiathephilippinesjapankoreatheunitedstatescanadaswitzerlandfrancespainkazakhstancyprusegyptandchinashongkongmacaoandtaiwandomesticreligiousactivitiesthatxuechengwasinvitedtoattendfromtoonnovemberxuechengandmanytibetanmonkswereinvitedtoattendtheworldrenownedstatelyceremonyatthejokhangmonasteryinlhasatibetwherethegoldurnlotdrawingceremonyconfirmedthethpanchenerdenisreincarnationxuechengattendedthegrandceremonyasoneofthetenrepresentativesofthebuddhistcommunitiesinchinaandtheonlyrepresentativeofhanbuddhismbecomingthefirstmonkofthehanethnicgrouptoattendsuchaceremonyinhistoryindecemberonbehalfofbacxuechengvisitedtibetandwasinvitedtoattendthethanniversarycelebrationoftheenthronementofthethpanchenerdenihewastheonlymonasticrepresentativeofthehanethnicgroupfromapriltobuddhistassociationofchinaandchinareligiousculturecommunicationassociationsuccessfullycosponsoredthefirstworldbuddhistforuminhangzhouandzhoushanzhejiangprovincexuechengworkedwholeheartedlyandconscientiouslyfromthepreparationtoitssuccessfulendingonfebruaryxuechengwelcomedpresidentofsrilankamahindarajapaksaatlingguangtemplebeijinginseptemberxuechengwasinvitedtothecelebrationofthethanniversaryoftheestablishmentofthechinesetaoistassociationatthegreathallofthepeopleonoctoberthethchinaxuechengwasinvitedtoattendkoreaandjapanbuddhistfriendlyexchangeconferenceheldinbeijingthethemeoftheconferencewastopromoteworldharmonywiththewisdomofthebuddhafromapriltoxuechengonbehalfofthebuddhistcommunitywasinvitedtothefirstchinesecultureforuminmacaotherepresentativesofconfucianismbuddhismandtaoismheldahistoricdialoguefrommarchtoaprilthendworldbuddhistforumwasheldinwuxijiangsuprovinceandtaipeitheforumwascoorganizedbybuddhistassociationofchinaandchinareligiousculturecommunicationassociationxuechengworkedpainstakinglyduringthewholeprocessfrompreparationtoconclusiontobringforthasuccessfulforumonoctoberxuechengwasinvitedtothchinakoreaandjapanbuddhistfriendlyexchangeconferenceheldinlingshanbrahmapalaceinwuxichinathesubjectofthismeetingwasharmoniousspiritofthegoldentieinremembranceofrevzhaopuchuoverseareligiousactivitiesthatxuechengwasinvitedtoattendfromtoinmayxuechengwasinvitedbythejapanesearigatoufoundationtoleadachinesereligiousdelegationtogenevaandattendthendworldforumontheglobalnetworkofreligionsforchildreninjulyxuechengledadelegationtovisitsrilankaagainandwascordiallyreceivedbypresidentkumaratungaandprimeministermahindarajapaksainfebruaryxuechengwasinvitedbythemulticulturalassociationofindonesiatoattendthefirstinternationalconferenceofmultireligiouseducationonpeaceandharmonyinjakartaonbehalfofchinacommitteeonreligionandpeacefromnovembertodecemberxuechengledachinesebuddhistdelegationtoindonesiaagaintocelebratethethanniversaryoftheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenchinaandindonesiaonmayxuechengwasinvitedbythegovernmentofthailandandmahachulalongkornrajavidyalayauniversitytoleadadelegationtothailandandattendtherdunitednationsdayofvesakinternationalbuddhistconferencefromaugusttothofthesameyearxuechengwasinvitedtojapantoattendthethworldassemblyofreligionsforpeaceonoctoberofthesameyearxuechengledachinesebuddhistdelegationwithoverpeopletojapantoattendthethchinakoreaandjapanbuddhistfriendlyexchangeconferenceheldinkyotofromfebruarytoxuechengledachinesebuddhistdelegationofmorethanpeopletobiharindiatoattendtheinauguralceremonyforthexuanzangmemorialhalluponcompletionofitsrenovationonmayxuechengwasinvitedbythethailandchinabuddhistcultureresearchcenterofthailandthebuddhistassociationofthailandandthedayofvesakorganizingcommitteeoftheunitednationstoleadadelegationtothailandtheyattendedthethailandchinaartexhibitiontheworldofbuddhistpaintingsandtheunitednationsdayofvesakactivitiesonjulyxuechengwithadelegationparticipatedintheworldconferenceondialoguehostedbytheworldmuslimleagueinmadridspainfromoctobertothethchinakoreaandjapanbuddhistfriendlyexchangeconferencewasheldinjejuwiththethemeoftheresponsibilitiesofbuddhistsfortheprotectionoftheenvironmentxuechengledadelegationofmemberstoattendtheconferenceonoctoberxuechengandthechinesereligiousdelegationwereinvitedtoattendthethasiaconferenceonreligionsandpeaceheldinmanilathecapitalofthephilippinesonjulyxuechengwasinvitedgotoastanakazakhstantoparticipateintherdcongressofleadersofworldandtraditionalreligionsfromoctobertothethchinakoreaandjapanbuddhistfriendlyexchangeconferencewasheldinyokohamajapanwiththethemeofsocialresponsibilityofbuddhismxuechengledamemberdelegationtoattendthisconferenceonnovemberxuechengwasinvitedtoattendthethchinakoreaandjapanfriendlybuddhistexchangeconferenceheldatnaksansatempleingangwondokoreathethemeoftheconferencewasthesocialvalueandinfluenceofbuddhistcultureengaginginsocialcharityaspresidentofthebuddhistassociationofchinaxuechengtakesinitiativetoleadandorganizebuddhiststodonatemoneyandmaterialstorelievepovertyanddisasteraidstudentsandthoseinneedandsupportsandparticipatesinvarioussocialcharityeffortsinhisarticleentitledthebuddhistpublicwelfarecauseandthebuildingofitssystemxuechengwroteputtingonanasceticappearancewithgreedremainingintheheartshouldnotbeemulatedbuddhismshouldreevaluatethevalueofeconomygainsofpurewealthreflectsgoodconductandapositivelivelihoodthereforethemorethebetterbuddhistsshouldengageinjobsatfarmsfactoriescompaniesbanksandsoonaslongastheyarebeneficialtothenationalinterestpeopleslivelihoodandhappinessduringtoxuechengdonatedmoneytosupportseveraldomesticandinternationaldisasterstrickenareasinhisownnamemoreoverhecalledonmonksandfollowerstodonatemoneyandmaterialspresidedoverdharmaassembliesandorganizedlargepovertyreliefcharityactivitiesintheautumnofoctoberunderxuechengsguidanceagroupoflaybuddhistswhowerecommittedtocharityinitiatedtheestablishmentofwebarchiveorgwebchrenaicombeijingrenaicharityfoundationwithoutabundantfundandexistingmodelsthefoundationstartedfromnothingattractedbyxuechengscompassionandvowsmanyenthusiasticlaybuddhistsandwarmheartedpeopledevotedthemselvestobuddhistcharityafteritsestablishmentthefoundationnowhassuchcharityprogramsastherenaistudenttherenaiclothingdonationtherenaiactiontherenaicharityporridgestandtheevergreengrouptherenaifilialpietyawardthevoiceoflongquanhotlinesiherenaicommunityservicehappyvillagelibraryandqiminglibraryetctherenaistudenttherenaistudentprojectwasestablishedinmarchitprovidedfinancialaidfororphanedstudentsabovegradeoneinjuniorhighschoolinadditionlongtermspiritualcarehasalsobeengivenfinancialaidisthebeginningwhilespiritualcareisthefocusfinancialaidislimitedbutspiritualcareisinfinitethisistheethosofthisprojectinmarchrenaifoundationincooperationwiththeteamofembablueribbonprojectofshanghaitransportationuniversitydonatedrmbtosubsidizenearlystudentsinanhuiprovinceapartfromanhuiprovincetherenaistudentprojecthasalsoworkedwellinbeijingandhebeiprovincetherenaiclothingdonationinjulyfromtheverybeginningtherenaiclothingdonationprojectestablishedthesortingandallocationprincipletobeonetooneextendingcaredowntotheindividualgivenhighexpectationsforordinaryprojectofclothingdonationinalonetheprojectdonatedmorethanpiecesofclothingtoearthquakestrickenareasinsichuananddepressedareasinhebeianhuiqinghaiandgansumorethanpeoplebenefitedfromtheprojectitisalsonoteworthythatinthenumberofpeoplewhoparticipatedintheclothingdonationandsortingexceededandtheywerefromalldifferentcirclesofsocietyanddifferentagegroupstherenaiactiontherenaiactiondisasterreliefcenterwasestablishedinaugustitactivelycooperatedwiththegovernmentondisastermitigationandresistancesinceitsoperationnormativeandmaturesystemonpositioningplanningandmanagementhasbeenestablishedtheprojecthashelpedpeopleinanhuisichuanhebeishaanxiqinghaitibetgansutaiwanandotherplacestherenaicharityporridgestandinjanuarythefirstrenaicharityporridgestandwassetupatthehonglianzhonglicommunityinxuanwudistrictbeijingeverymorningaspartoftheircommunityservicethecharitystandservesloveporridgeforfreetothebusypeopleinthecitywhohavenotimeforbreakfastandlonelyelderlycitizensuptosevenstandsweresetupinbeijingandstandswerealsosetupinsichuanshenzhenguangzhoushanghaitianjinhebeiandzhengzhoutheevergreengrouptheevergreengroupwassetupinmaythroughtheformsofhelpingothershelpingoneselfhelpingeachotherreceivinghelpthegroupencouragestheagedpeopletoproactivelyparticipateinvolunteerworkinsteadofpassivelywaitingforhelpandcaringthroughactivitieslikebuddhistchantingmakingdumplingsforthesanghachorusperformancecaringforagedlaybuddhistswhowereinbedetctherenaifilialpietyawardinmaytherenaifilialpietyawardprojectwaslauncheditadvocatedtraditionalchineseculturelikethespiritoffilialpietythankfulnessanddedicationamongyoungpeopleitstartedintaihucountyanhuiprovincewiththeparticipationofstudentsfrommiddleschoolsafterfivemonthsofappraisalandselectionstudentswereissuedtherenaifilialpietyawardandstudentswereissuedtherenaifilialpietystarawardbythefoundationthevoiceoflongquanhotlineonjulythevoiceoflongquanhotlinewasofficiallylaunchedbythefoundationthroughlisteningandencouragementcallerswereguidedtorelievetheirpressureandrecovertheirselfconfidenceandhappinessbyjanuarythehotlinehadreceivedcallstotalinghoursandvolunteershadparticipatedintheprojectsuccessivelythesiherenaicommunityservicethesiherenaicommunityserviceprojectwasestablishedinmarchwiththeaimofmindgrowthfocusharmoniouscommunityassistanceitadvocatedhappinessofthemindthefirstcommunitymindworkshopwasopenedinbeijinginaprilthehappyvillagelibrarythehappyvillagelibraryprojectwasestablishedinjanuarytheprojectteamnotonlydonatedalibrarytothevillagemiddleandprimaryschoolbutalsoarrangedregulartutorialsforthestudentswiththeassistanceoflocalcollegestudentvolunteersonmarchtheopeningceremonyofthefirstvillagelibrarywasstartedatthelaotunmiddleschoolintaijiangcountyofguizhouprovincetherenaiqiminglibrarytherenaiqiminglibraryprojectwasestablishedonoctoberitaimstoadvocatewarmheartedpeoplefromallcirclesofsocietytopayattentiontothesubsistenceandeducationconcerningruralleftbehindpopulationtherearelibrariesunderconstructioninthefirststageamongwhichfourwereintibetbeijinggreatsinologyfoundationwebarchiveorgwebguanyincombeijinggreatsinologyfoundationwasofficiallysetuponjanuarytheaimofthefoundationistopromotechinesecultureandbuildacommonspiritualhomelandforthechinesenationthemajortaskofthefoundationistoofferfreepublicationsoftraditionalchineseculturalclassicsdistributedbyleadingdomesticpublishersespeciallybooksonbuddhismandtocarryoutdomesticandinternationalculturalexchangesatpresentbeijinggreatsinologyfoundationcooperateswithamazoncntheworldslargestchineseshoppingwebsiteanddangdangcomtoprovidereaderswithdiscountedandfreebooksmanypagesonamazoncnshowdiscountrelatedinformationandlinktoresourcesaboutbeijinggreatsinologyfoundationdutieshonorsandpublicationsdutiesxuechengisverybusybecauseheassumesdozensofdifferentpositionshebaseshismethodsontheprincipleofdifferentiatingissuesaccordingtotheirnaturewhetheritissomethinggeneralorparticularfundamentalornonfundamentalandinaccordancewiththeirimportanceandurgencyheconsidersdealingwithcomplicatedpeoplemattersandeventsashissolemndutynotaburdenheoncesaidigiveofmyconcerntothepresentissuesandtothingsinthefuturethereforethecurrentaffairshavingalreadybeenconsideredbeforehanddonotneedtoomuchattentionimustlookaheadattheupcomingthingswhilefinishinguptodaysthingsinoctoberxuechengwaselecteddeputysecretarygeneralofbuddhistassociationofchinaindecemberhewasappointedpresidentoffjfxycombuddhistacademyoffujianprovincebuddhistacademyoffujianprovinceinjanuaryhebecameamemberofthestandingcommitteeofthethfujianpoliticalconsultativeconferenceinoctoberhewaselectedpresidentofthefujianbuddhistassociationandassumedthepostsofconsultantforthejournaloffujianreligionandchiefeditorofthejournaloffujianbuddhismonfebruaryduringthethsessionofthethstandingcommitteeofthechinesepeoplespoliticalconsultativeconferencecppcchewasaddedasamemberofcppcconseptemberatthethnationalrepresentativesconferenceofbuddhistassociationofchinahewaselectedasvicepresidentandsecretarygeneralofbacwhileholdingthepositionofchiefeditorforthejournalvoiceofdharmathenagedhewastheyoungestamongthenewleadersoftheassociationonmarchhewaselectedasamemberofthethnationalcommitteeofcppcconjanuaryhewasappointedasabbotoffamenmonasteryinfufengcountyshaanxiprovinceonmarchhetookofficeasdeputysecretarygeneralofthendsessionofcppccgovcnccrpchinacommitteeonreligionandpeaceonaugustheassumedthepositionofdeputydirectoroftheguidingcommitteeofacademictitlesoftibetanbuddhismhewastheonlymonkinthecommitteefromthehanethnicgrouponaprilhewasappointedasabbotoflongquanmonasteryhaidiandistrictbeijinginjulyhewaselectedasamemberofthetheoryresearchcouncilforchinasunitedfrontinseptemberhewaselectedasvicepresidentatthendsessionoftheyouthfederationofthecentralgovernmentdepartmentsandalsobecamethehonorarypresidentofthebuddhistassociationofshaanxiprovinceondecemberhewaselectedasdeputydirectoratthethsessionofthechineseassociationofreligiousstudiesonjanuaryhebecamechiefvicepresidentofbuddhistacademyofchinaanddirectorofthemuseumofbuddhistbooksandculturalheritageonnovembermasterwaselectedasamemberofthethcounciloftheunachinaorgunitednationsassociationofthepeoplesrepublicofchinaindecemberhebecamepresidentoffamenmonasterybuddhistacademyonjanuaryhewaselectedasthefirstdeputydirectorgeneraloftheiabuorginternationalassociationofbuddhistuniversitiesonmarchhewaselectedasamemberofthenationalstandingcommitteeatthethsessionofcppcconaprilhewaselectedasvicepresidentattherdsessionoftheyouthfederationofthecentralgovernmentdepartmentsonaprilhewaselectedasvicepresidentatthethsessionofthewebarchiveorgwebcpapdorgcnwebnewsinfoaspnewsidchinesepeoplesassociationforpeaceanddisarmamentonaprilhewaselectedascouncilmemberatthethsessionofthewebarchiveorgwebcafiuorgcnenglishnewsinfoaspnewsidchineseassociationforinternationalunderstandingonjulyhewaselectedascouncilmemberofcsaforgcnenchinasocialassistancefoundationonseptemberhewaselectedassecretarygeneraloftherdsessionofcppccgovcnccrpzzhywsyywchinacommitteeonreligionandpeaceonseptemberhewaselectedascouncilmemberofthethsessionofzhongguotongcuhuiorgcnbhjsthtmlchinacouncilforthepromotionofpeacefulnationalreunificationonfebruaryhewaselectedasvicepresidentinexecutiveofbactoassistthepresidentatthethnationalbuddhistrepresentativesconferenceonjulyhewasinvitedtobeconsultantofchinaresearchsocietyforurbandevelopmentandconsultantforthemediumandsmallsizedcitydevelopmentcommitteeonaugusthebecamevicepresidentofthethacyforgcnallchinayouthfederationonnovemberhewaselectedvicepresidentofthethsessionoftheyouthfederationofthecentralgovernmentdepartmentsondecemberhewasinvitedtobevicepresidentoftheinstituteforadvancedstudyofthehumanitiesandreligionatbeijingnormaluniversityonaprilhewaselectedpresidentofthebuddhistassociationofchinabaconmarchhewaselectedvicepresidentofchinacommitteeonreligionandpeaceonseptemberhewaselectedvicepresidentofworldfellowshipofbuddhistshonorsonjunexuechengwasgrantedanhonorarydoctorateineducationaladministrationfrommahachulalongkornrajavidyalayauniversitythailandonfebruaryindaccathebangladeshbuddhakristiprocharsanghagrantedhimtheatishadipankarvisuddhanandapeacegoldawardforhisremarkablecontributionsinthefieldofreligiononnovemberhereceivedadoctoraldegreeoftripitakamahapanditfromthesanghacouncilofallindiabhikshumahasanghaatbodhgayathesacredshrinewherebuddhaattainedenlightenmentpublicationsacademiccollectionfaithanddialoguesharmonyandvisionresponsibilityandcommitmentdharmatalkscollectionsallafflictionsourownchoicesletitgolosingisgainingunderstandinglifethepathofrefugeblogcollectionvenmasterxuechengsblogessaycollectionsvoliviixuechengsblogmessagecollectionsvoliviiasofjanuaryseriesvolumesintotalofblogcollectionhavebeenpublishedtheselecturesandessaysusesimplelanguagetodeliverprofoundmessagesandprovidepracticalguidancefordisciplestointegratedharmaintodailylifetheseessaysweregivenattractivetitlestobeeasilyrememberedbythereaderstheyincludereflectiononthesecularpleasureandbuddhistblissthesignificanceofbuildingupultimatefaithseekingforalifeinstructorthesignificanceofthewholenessoflifehowtogettoknowthesymptomsofinnerdiseasecorrectlydiscriminatestatesofmindbreakselfcenterednessetcdharmatalksbyvideounderstandinglifealifeofsufferingandhappinessknowinglifebreakfasttalksthepathofrefugethepathtoenlightenmentlamrimchenmovipashyanatheinnerworldlectureonthetreatiseontheilluminationdooroftheonehundreddharmasreferencesexternallinkssttltitlevenerablemasterofthebuddhistassociationofchinayearsmyopathyxlinkedwithexcessiveautophagywaleedaelkhereijiinfoboxreligiousbuildingbuildingnamexiguanmosquebrimagexiguanmosquejpgcaptionlocationchengguandistrictlanzhouchengguanlanzhougansuchinageoreligiousaffiliationsunniislamprovincemunicipalitywebsitearchitectarchitecturetypemosquearchitecturestylespecificationsyearcompletedconstructioncostcapacitydomequantitydomeheightouterdomediaouterminaretquantityminaretheightthexiguanmosqueisamosqueinchengguandistrictlanzhouchengguandistrictlanzhoulanzhoucitygansugansuprovincechinahistorythemosquewasoriginallybuiltduringthewanliemperorofthemingdynastyduringtheqingdynastythemosqueunderwenttwobigreconstructionsthemosquewasrebuiltinintowhatitistodaywiththeaddeddomearchitecturethestyleofthemosquefollowsthearabicislamicstylewhiletheprayerhallcombinesthechineseclassicalandarabicarchitecturalstylethemosquecoversanareaofmsupsupwithitsprayerhallspansovermsupsupseealsoislaminchinalistofmosquesinchinareferenceskitigarbhakitigarbhakitigarbhakitigarbhacosmogangxviiiairbornecorpsinfoboxcyclingteamnamexirayasdesanluisopwimagecodexslregisteredargentinafoundeddisbandedwebsitegeneralmanagerdelfinafrersteammanagermarceloalexandredisciplineroadbicycleracingroadbicyclesstatusuciwomensteamseasonbroldnamexirayasdesanluisbrxirayasdesanluisopwkitimagecurrentxirayasdesanluisopwucicodexslisaprofessionallistofuciwomensteamswomenscyclingteambasedinargentinawhichisscheduledtocompeteineliteroadbicycleracingeventsmajorwinsargentinianriderclassificationtourfemeninodesanluismariacarlaalvarezstagealisontetricknationaltimetrialchampionshipsestefaniapilznationalchampionsargentiniantimetrialestefaniapilzargentinianroadracemariacarlalvarezteamrosterreferencesxicalcoliuhquialsoreferredtoasastepfretorsteppedfretdesignandgrecainspanishisacommonmotifinmesoamericanartitiscomposedofthreeormorestepsconnectedtoahookorspiralreminiscentofagreekkeymeanderartmeanderprecolumbianexamplesmaybefoundoneverythingfromjewelrymasksceramicssculpturetextilesandfeatherworktopainted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isolatedfromredchinesericewinewhichcontainsthebacteriumlactobacillusxylosusrefnameisolationrefthisbacteriumwasmistakenlyclassifiedasalplantarumwhichnormallygrowsonthesugarlarabinoseandrarelygrownondxyloselxylosuswasrecognizedtobedistinctforitsabilitytogrowondxylosexyloseisomeraseinlxylosushasamolecularweightofaboutdaltonsrefnamepurificationrefitsoptimumgrowthphisaboutforthellactishoweverstrainssuchasthelbrevisxyloseenzymepreferamorealkalineenvironmentthellactisstrainisstableoverthephrangeoftoandthelbrevisenzymewhichislesstolerantofphchangesshowactivityoverthephrangeofthermaltestswerealsodonebykeiyandnoritakatandthexyloseisomerasewasfoundtobethermallystabletoaboutdegreescelsiusactivesiteandmechanismxyloseisomerasehasastructurethatisbasedoneightalphabetabarrelsthatcreateanactivesiteholdingtwodivalentmagnesiumionsxyloseisomeraseenzymesexhibitatimbarrelfoldwiththeactivesiteinthecentreofthebarrelandatetramericquaternarystructurepdbstructuresareavailableinthelinksintheinfoboxtotherighttheproteinisatetramerwherepairedbarrelsarenearlycoaxialwhichformtwocavitiesinwhichthedivalentmetalsarebothboundtooneofthetwocavitiesthemetalsareinanoctahedralgeometrymetalsitebindsthesubstratetightlywhilemetalsitetwobindsthesubstratelooselybothshareanacidresidueglutamicacidoftheenzymethatbridgesthetwocationstwobasicaminoacidssurroundthenegativechargedligandstoneutralizethemthesecondcavityfacesthemetalcavityandbothcavitiessharethesameaccessroutethesecondcavityishydrophobicinnatureandhasanimportanthistidineresiduethatisactivatedbyanaspartateresiduethatishydrogenbondedtoitthishistidineresidueisimportantintheisomerizationofglucoserefnamestructureandmechanismrefintheisomerizationofglucosehistidineisusedtocatalyzetheprotontransferofotoothediagramfortheringopeningmechanismisshownbelowthefirstmetalmentionedearlierdipolarbondcoordinatestooandoandisusedtodockthesubstrateintheisomerizationofxylosecrystaldatahasshownthatxylosesugarbindstotheenzymeinanopenchainconformationalisomerismconformationmetalbindstooandoandonceboundmetalbindstooandointhetransitionstateandtheseinteractionsalongwithalysineresiduehelpcatalyzethehydrideshiftnecessaryforisomerizationthetransitionstateconsistsofahighenergycarboniumionthatisstabilizedthroughallthemetalinteractionswiththesugarsubstrateapplicationinindustrythemostwidelyusedapplicationofthisenzymeisintheconversionofglucosetofructosetoproducehighfructosecornsyruphfcsrefnamefoodenzymeswongreftherearethreegeneralstepsinproducinghfcsfromstarchrefnamehobbsrefenzymaticdegradationofthestarchusingamylasealsoknownasliquificationfurtherdegradationusingglucoamylaseandadebranchingenzymeproductionoffructosethroughxyloseisomerasetheprocessiscarriedoutinbioreactorsatcenzymesbecomedenaturationbiochemistryinactivatedathightemperatureslikethisandonefocusofresearchhasbeenengineeringmorethermostableversionsofxyloseisomeraseandtheotherenzymesintheprocesstheenzymesaregenerallyimmobilizedenzymeimmobilizedtoincreasethroughputbetterwaystodothishasbeenanotherresearchfocusrefnamelivesforyearsrefxyloseisomeraseisoneoftheenzymesusedbybacteriainnaturetousecelluloseasfoodandanotherfocusonindustrialandacademicresearchhasbeendevelopingversionsofxyloseisomerasethatcouldbeusefulintheproductionofbiofuelrefnamefermentationrefreferencesfurtherreadingotokonoisshsforsexsforsecrethaifuxxfmphasecontrastxrayimagingcrossedoreversedtsesoftdesoftelsoftemkisshimnotmeahogirlinfoboxsoftwarenamextradblogocaptiondeveloperperconalatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedateoperatingsystemcrossplatformgenredatabaseenginelicensegnugeneralpubliclicenseversiongnugplvorproprietarysoftwareproprietaryperconaxtradbisadatabaseenginestorageengineforthemariadbandperconaserverdatabasesandisintendedasadropinreplacementtoinnodbwhichisoneofthedefaultenginesavailableonthemysqldatabaseupuntilofmariadbmariadbserverusedperconasxtradbasthedefaultstorageenginedefinedasinnodbasofmariadbinnodbengineisthedefaultagainandnotxtradbxtradbincorporatesinnodbsacidcompliantdesignandmultiversionconcurrencycontrolmvccarchitectureandallowsforagreaterdegreeoftuningandscalabilitytheengineisalsobettersuitedtomulticoreprocessingwhichaddressessomeoftheissuesknowntoinnodbreferencesexternallinksxapixenexperienceapiinfoboxawardnamexbizawardforforeignfemaleperformeroftheyeardescriptionforeignfemaleperformeroftheyearpresenteradnetmediacountryunitedstatesyearrefnamexbiznomrefrefnamelaistrefholderstellacoxwebsitethexbizawardforforeignfemaleperformeroftheyearisanawardthathasbeengivenbysexindustrycompanyxbizsincetheawardsinceptioninasofjanuarythetitleholderisitalyitalianunitedkingdombritishpornographicfilmactoractressstellacoxwinnersandnomineesclasswikitablealigncenteryearaligncenterphotoaligncenterwinneraligncenternomineesrefnamexbizwinrefrefnamexbiznomrefaligncenterkatsunibraligncenterangeldarkbralettaoceanbrtarrawhiterefnamexbizwinrefrefnamexbiznomrefaligncenterannapolinabraligncenterblackangelikabraleskadiamondbrlalyvalladelalybrjadelarochejadelarocherefnamexbizwinrefrefnamexbiznomrefaligncenterericafontesbraligncent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massimosavimassimotonihuljiandeljkojoksimoviwouldjudgetheseriesshortlyafterthatantonijablaesneavelkovandaleksandarradojiiwouldtaketherolesofshowhoststheseasonpremieredonmarchselectionprocessauditionscontestantswereabletoapplyviatextmessagesorbyfillinguptheformonlinepreauditionswereheldfromfebruaryuntilfebruaryinskopjepodgoricasplitcroatiasplitzagrebbanjalukasarajevonovisadandbelgradeduringthepreauditionsmorethancontestantsperformedfortheshowproducersbootcampbootcampwasthesecondphaseofthecompetitionthereweretwoepisodesofbootcampthefirstonewaswiththeboysandoversandtheotherwaswiththegirlsandgroupseachjudgehadtopicksixactstothejudgeshousesthesixseatchallengeinvolvedsuccessfulcontestantsbeingofferedoneofsixseatsrepresentingplacesatthejudgeshousesstageofthecompetitionhoweverifajudgehadalreadychosensixactsfortheircategorytheycouldreplacethemiftheypreferredalateracttheactsthatprogressedtothejudgeshousesboysmilanbukiliantoniokritofiilijamihailovibobanmojsovskidavidtemelkovsiniavidovigirlsmarijabeladamagdalenabogiivauriantoniadoraplekokatarinasimitijanavlajkovioversamelurijelenaurialmirismailisranlazinikolamarjanovidanijelaveerinovigroupscontroladnantarikanelinehighwayinfinitasulalajudgeshousesclasswikitableplainrowheadersstylefontsizetextaligncentersummaryofjudgeshouseswidthjudgewidthcategorywidthlocationwidthassistantwidthcontestantseliminatedwidthsecondchancecontestanthuljigroupssremskakamenicapetargraoadnantarikhighwayulalaadnantarikhighwayjoksimovigirlspadejmirkovukomanovimarijabeladaantoniadoraplekotijanavlajkovikovaboysbelgradekaliopimilanbukilibobanmojsovskisiniavidovibobanmojsovskimilanbukilisavioversbelgradeninabadrialmirismailisranlazidanijelaveerinovidanijelaveerinovisecondchanceattheendofthefirstjudgeshousesepisodeitwasannouncedthatthepublicwouldbegivenachancetobringbackacontestantthatwaseliminatedandthereforedidnotmakeittotheirrespectivejudgesfinalthreeafterthevoteshavebeencastandcountedtheactwiththemostvoteswillcomebackonthefirstliveshowandstayinthecompetitionalongsideotherfinalistsafterthesecondperformanceonthefirstliveshowitwasannouncedthatadnantarikhadwonthesecondchancehoweverattheendofthefirstliveshowitwasannouncedthathighwaymilanbukiliandbobanmojskovskigotasecondchancetootowardstheendofthethirdliveshowitwasannouncedthatdanijelaveerinoviwillbethefifthacttogetasecondchancefinalistskeywinnerrunnerupthirdplaceclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterscopecolstylewidthpxcategorymentorscopecolcolspanactsscoperowboyskovadavidtemelkovantoniokritofistylewidthpxbackgroundpinkbobimojsoskibobanmojsovskiilijamihailovistylewidthpxmilanbukiliscoperowgirlsjoksimovimagdalenabogistylewidthpxbackgrounddefivaurikatarinasimicolspanbgcolorecececscoperowoverssavistylebackgroundbfbamelurijelenauristylewidthpxnikolamarjanovidanijelaveerinovicolspanbgcolorecececscoperowgroupshuljistylewidthpxcontrolstylewidthpxadnantarikhighwaymontenegrinbandhighwaystylewidthpxanelinestylewidthpxinfinitasliveshowsthefirstliveshowepisodeissettobebroadcastonmaythefinalresultsummarycolourkeycontestantdidnotperformorfacethepublicvotenbspndashcontestantwasinthebottomtwoandhadtosingagaininthesingoffnbspndashcontestantwasinthebottomthreebutreceivedthefewestvotesandwasimmediatelyeliminatednosingoffnbspndashcontestantreceivedthefewestpublicvotesandwasimmediatelyeliminatednbspndashcontestantreceivedthemostpublicvotesclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizeweeklyresultspercontestantstylewidthrowspanscopecolcontestantstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekcolspanweekcolspanweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolcolspanweekstylewidthrowspanscopecolweekcolspanweekstylewidthlivestylewidthlivestylewidthlivestylewidthlivestylewidthroundstylewidthroundstylewidthroundscoperowamelurisafesafesafecolspansafesupsupsafesafesafecolspanstylebackgroundlightgreenwinnerbrweekscoperowbobimojsoskibobanmojsovskisafesafecolspansafesupsupsafesafesafecolspanstylebackgroundsilverrunnerupbrweekscoperowivaurisafesafesafecolspansafesupsupsafesafestylebackgroundpinkrdcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowhighwaymontenegrinbandhighwaysafesafecolspanbgcolordfbottomfoursupsupsafesafestylebackgroundpinkthcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowmagdalenabogisafesafesafecolspansafesupsupbgcolordfbottomtwostylebackgroundpinkthcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowcontrolsafesafesafecolspansafesupsupsafestylebackgroundpinkthcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowadnantariksafesafecolspansafesupsupbgcolordfbottomtwocolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowantoniokritofisafesafesafecolspanbgcolordfbottomfoursupsupstylebackgroundcadcthcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowdavidtemelkovsafesafesafecolspanbgcolordfbottomfoursupsupcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowilijamihailovisafebgcolordfthsafecolspanbgcolordfbottomfoursupsupcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowmilanbukilibgcolordfbottomtwobgcolordfthcolspanstylebackgroundcadcbottomtwosupsupcolspanstylebackgroundsalmoneliminatedbrweekscoperowkatarinasimis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hingtonohiomiamimontrealottawabanffalbertabanffparislyoncannesveniceromeamsterdamrotterdamantwerpudineathensbuenosairessantiagodechileandmadridescalanteworkedwiththenouveauthtredutheatercompanyinlyonfrancefromtotoproduceaseriesoffourplaystheplaywrighthasworkedonvariouspublicationsresearchedtheatricalproductionandtheoryshewroteatheatercolumnforthenewspaperreformafromtoandhaswrittenforpublicationsassociatedwithresadandunamescalantehasparticipatedinvariousworkshopsinwritingandtheatricalproductionandgivesclassesindramaticliteratureinvariousinstitutionssherunsatheaterworkshopopentoallageswithoneofherstudentspabloivngarcawinningthemexicalifineartsprizeinforhisplaymicrodermoabrasininperiodescalantewasnamedanartisticcreatorofthesistemanacionaldecreadoresshehasbeeninvitedonvariousoccasionstothepenvoicesfestivalinnewyorkherworkshavebeenpresentedathotinkthesalondulivreparisthemiamiinternationalbookfairthefestivalinternacionaldellibroinguadalajarathebanffcenterandattherockfellerfoundationrefnamemamezcuarefartistrywhileescalantehaswriteenmovieandtelevisionscriptsincludingscreenplayswithalfonsoarauandrafaelmonteroshehasfocusedhercareermostlyonwritingplaysmuchofescalantesworkisbasedonclassicmythsandstoriesfromtheclassicalgreeceespeciallythoseofsophoclesaeschylusandeuripideseitherreinterpretingthemorworkingwithcharactersandotherelementsespeciallythosesheconsiderstoberelevanttocontemporarylifefemalecharacterssuchasphaedramythologyphaedraelectraandromachesalomeandlilithareoftenthefocusinadditiontoworksbasedonancientliteratureescalantehasalsocreatedworksdealingwiththecreativestrugglesofmoremodernwriterssuchasshakespearetennesseewilliamscolettesorjuanainsdelacruzsheevenwroteoneaboutpainterfridakahloingeneralescalantesworksaretragedieswhichtouchonlovepassionandsexualityandtheconflictstheygeneratehowevershedoesaddtouchesofhumorplaysofthistypeincludefedrayotrasgriegascolettelasrelacionessexualesdeshakespeareymarloweandtennesseeencuerpoyalmashebelievesitisinevitabletohaveplaysbeatleastsomewhatautobiographicalrefnamerreyesrefworksvacoazulpublishedintheanthologyhacerleelteatrobyplazayvaldezlasiestadepirandellopublisherdbyresadcarygrantpublishedbyresadfredayotrasgriegaspublishedincubafranceandgermanystagedinmexicocityparislyonathensquebecnyberlinyotambinquierounprofetastagedinmexicocitylyoncannesandnewyorkcoletteunoscuantospiquetitoslapielandrmacarealperformedbynationaltheatrecompanyofmexicoandnewyorkandlyontoucholaerticadelcombatemonologsperformedinitalyandchileelectradespiertastagedinlyonatthefestivaldelaciudaddemxicoandothervenuesinmexicocityneurastenialasrelacionessexualesdeshakespeareymarlowetennesseeencuerpoyalmastagedinmexicocitylosangelesandbuenosairesgritoalcielocontodomicoraznstagedinmexicocityparislyonbordeauxathenspanamaanduruguayscreenplaysstellaanadaptionofaplayofthesamenamecommissionedbyalfonsoaraucarlotayelloscommissionedbyplethoramediaworkstelevisioncoraznpartidoforargoscomunicacinargosvivirsintifortelevisinaztecatvaztecaprohibidoamarfortvaztecacdigosprivadosfortelevisawithantonioserranocomoamaunamujerwiothantonioserranoproducedbyjenniferlpezreferencesxmltelemetricandcommandexchangexeriscapingxeriscapingxtracontemporaryartquarterlyxiarmycorpswehrmachtxvarmycorpswehrmachtxxxviiiarmycorpswehrmachtxxarmycorpswehrmachtxviiiarmycorpswehrmachtxxviiarmycorpswehrmachtxxiiiarmycorpswehrmachtxxviiiarmycorpswehrmachtxviarmycorpswehrmachtxxxxixmountaincorpswehrmachtxlvipanzercorpsxvmountaincorpswehrmachtinfoboxtelevisionshownamexoudaxuxaimagexoudaxuxajpgcaptionshownamegenrechildrenstelevisionserieschildrenbrgameshowbrmusictelevisionmusicbrtalkshowcreatordeveloperwriterdirectormarlenemattoscreativedirectorpresenterstarringxuxameneghelbranapaulaalmeidabrjulianabaronibrrobertaciprianibrmarcelofaustinibrflaviafernandesbrletciaspillerbrandriasorvetobrbiancarinaldibrctiapaganotebrtatianamaranhobrcludioheinrichbranapaulaguimaresjudgesvoicesnarratedthememusiccomposeropenthemedocemelxuxaendthemecomposercountrybrazillanguageportugueselanguageportuguesenumseasonsnumepisodeslistepisodesexecutiveproducerproducerniltongouveiaeditorlocationteatrofnixriodejaneirocinematographycameraruntimehcompanydistributorchannelredeglobopictureformataudioformatfirstrunfirstairedlastairedprecededbyfollowedbyrelatedwebsiteproductionwebsitexoudaxuxaisabrazilianchildrenstelevisionseriesdirectedbymarlenemattosandhostedbyxuxameneghelitpremieredonglobotvbetweenjuneanddecemberwitheditionscompletedxoureplacedthebalomgicotvseriesbalomgicoprogramlateritwasrepeatedbetweenjanuaryandfebruaryofinthetransitionofthechangesofprogrammingofthetransmitterthengloboreplacedthereprisesofthexoubythererunsofthemallandroshowpresentedbysrgiomallandroatthesametimethechildrensprogrammundodaluatvculturawasalsoondisplayinthedailygridofglobotvthexouofxuxawasreplacedbytvcolossowhilethepresenterprepareditsprogramdisplayedonsundaysoccupyingmorningsfrommondaytosaturdaytheprogramfeaturedauditoriumpicturesmostlycompetitionsandmusicalnumbersinterspersedwithcartoonsinspiteofthesystematicnegativerea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edtovetotheparticipationofthepairbecausetherearealreadyplanstolaunchafilmwiththebrothersasprotagonistsafactthatonlycametofruitioninaftertheprojectwascanceledxuxawaspersuadedbyherteamtomakeanewfilmwithanewscriptthatwouldrekindleherteenaudienceaswellasthepreviousoneandthattheideaforamovieforthechildrensaudiencewouldbefornextyearhismanagerthenhadtheideaofmakingafilmthatcouldputmusicalattractionsjustlikeinthepreviousonetoattracttheadolescentpublicthataccompaniedxuxainitstvseriesplanetaxuxainsomecasesitwaspossibletosewthemusicalappearanceintheplotbutmanyentrieswereduetotheinvitationmadebymarleneinthemiddleoffilmingsaysscreenwritervivianperlvivianperlsaysthatxuxamanagermarlenemattosputthemusicalnumberonthefilmafterconductingresearchonthemostpopulargroupstherecordingsbeganinseptemberaccordingtothepresenterthefilmrecountsalittleofthestoryshelivedwhenshespentthreemonthsintheunitedstatesearlyinhermodelingcareeritisverydifficulttofacethelackofyourcountrywemisseverythingandhaveanhourthatfeelslikecomingbackhesaidbutitwasnotonlythisaspectthatxuxawantedtoshowwiththefilmaccordingtohertheintentionwastoshowtheglamorthatexistsintheprofessionbutatthesametimegetveryclosetorealitybyshowingthedifficultiesofthecareeriwantedtogathersomeoftheglamorouslifethateveryonewantswiththedifficultiesthatexisttoachievethatdreamhesaidaccordingtothepresenterbeingamodelactressandsoccerplayeristhedreamofmostchildrenthedeductioncamefromaresearchinwhichtheproductiontookasabasetorealizethefilmxuxasaidthatthefilmisnotnecessarilyforthechildrensaudiencebutforthefamilythefilmdoesnotescapethestandardofthecinematographicproductionsofxuxatherearenomissingmusicalnumberswhichmanytimesarisewithoutconnectionwiththeplotandverymerchandisingwithlittlescriptandexcessesthefilmhasexcessivemerchandisingofbrandsofcompaniesorrecordingartistsintheinterviewxuxamovedthankstheartistswhoparticipatedinthemoviewithoutchargingmoneyjustforthegoodwilltobeinthefilmthefilmalsohasunusualappearancesbypresenterotviomesquitasingerleandroeleonardoleonardoandmodelgiannealbertonialsopresentareslviapfeiferclaudiarodriguesandveteranclaudiocorraecastroaccordingtovivianperlwhowrotethestoryinpartnershipwithelizeuewaldthemusicalnumberservestoillustrateamomentofintrospectionoftheprotagonisttheactorsthiagolacerdamarcelloantonyandreynaldogianecchiniwereinvitedtointerpretricardotheromanticpairofxuxainthefilmbutneitheroneofthemcouldacceptandthepepelendedupbeinginterpretedbyluigibaricellithesceneofthekissbetweennickandrayoflightwasrepeateddozensoftimesmusicunlikethexuxarequebrafilmpreviouspopstardidnothaveitssoundtrackreleasedoncdoranyotherformathoweverapromotionalalbumwasreleasedbyeditoraabrilabrilmusicwithsongsthatwerepresentinthemovieorodoharmoniadosambaseamisaideborahblandoandthethemesongpopstarmaurciomanieripopstarmaurciomanierinoolheassimleandroeleonardoleonardoshakeshakexuxabatetchanotchanorodoharmoniadosambattefilmandoostravessosumdiapransostravessoselanoestaquiklbtapaaquidescobrealiasmeninasseamisaideborahblandovenhadanarsnzmaisemaismarcoschadlerreleasexuxapromotedapressconferenceinsopaulotopublicizethefilminwhichhestatedthathehopedsoasrequebrawasaboxofficerecordimsurethesamewillhappenwithpopstarthefilmpremieredondecembertvgloboreservedfourroomsofamoviecomplexinriofortheexhibitiononjanuaryofpopstarofficialsofthestationwillbeinvitedtooccupytheaudienceinexchangeforfoodthathasbeencededtongoscriticalreceptionxuxapopstarreceivedgenerallynegativefromcriticsmarceloforlaniwroteinhiswebsiteomelettecritiqueinthesummerofxuxarequebraobtainedthehighestgrossingofnationalproductionsbettingonthesameformulationthatthechildrensqueendecidedtoputanewproductintheatersyesbecausethisfeaturedoesnothaveascreenplayandonlyservesasahugeshelfwherethenewgoodsofthebrandxuxaareexposedanabusetothespectatorsintelligenceandtothegoodtastesomuchthefaceofsticklikeeverythingisshownalwaysintheforegroundleavingthecharactersthemselvesinsecondarypositionsfromthedraftingofthescripttoitscompletionitwasonlyafewweeksagobuttherearenoexcusesforthelackofcreativitypresentedrefcitarweburlomeleteuolcombrfilmesnoticiaxuxapopmalestartitlexuxapopstaraccessdateoctoberautormarceloforlanidatedecemberpublisheromeleteuolcombrrefthecriticcelsosabadinwrotethatpopstarcannotbeconsideredabadmovieevenbecauseitsnotamovieitsjustabunchofmusicvideomadeforpopulargroupsbetweenonevideoandanotheronetriestotellastoryjusttryyounevercanthebasicproposalisclearmakemoneynothingelseboxofficexuxapopstarinlessthanamonthhadalreadybeenseenbymorethanmillionpeoplethefilmledtherankingofaudiencesinbraziliancinemasinafterweeksofthedebutofpopstarxuxapopstarwasassistedbymorethanmillionpeoplexuxapopstartookmillionviewerstocinemassurpassingthepreviousyearsmarkofthechildrensqueenwhenxuxarequebrawasseenbyaboutmillionpeopletheclosestcompetitortopopstaristhemummyreturnswhichwaswatchedbymillionbraziliansthefilmbecamethebrazilianrecordbreakingmovieforthefirsttimeinmorethanadecadeabrazilianfilmendedtheyearastheboxofficechampioninthecountryscinemasxuxapopstarhadabudgetofmillionbrazilianreaisthelargestforaxuxafilmuntilthelaunchofxuxaeosduendeswhichgotmillionreaisinbudgetrefnamefolhalondrinarefthefilmgrossedovermillionbrazilianreaisrefnamefaturamentorefseealsolistofbrazilianfilmsofreferencesexternallinkschinesetaipeibaseballassociationtaiwanbaseballsummerleaguetaiwanbaseballsummerleagueredirectcategoryshellmmachinegunmmachineguneditbelowthislineinfoboxpersonnamexeniawickettimagexeniawickettjpgbirthnamexeniaberylmiddletondormandyresidencelondonunitedkingdomnationalitybritishamericanoccupationprojectdirectorandheadoftheacademyorganizationchathamhousealmamateroxfordharvardkennedyschoolofgovernmentxeniawickettnedormandyistheprojectdirectoroftheusprojectatchathamhouseanddeaneducationdeanofthequeenelizabethiiacademyforleadershipininternationalaffairschathamhousesnewleadershiptraininginitiativepriortothisshewastheexecutivedirectorofthepeacenexusfoundationbasedoutsidegenevawhichshelaunchedinfromtowickettwasatharvardkennedyschoolsbelfercenterwhereshewasthedirectoroftheprojectonindiaandthesubcontinentandtheexecutivedirectorforresearchfromearlytoaugustwickettservedasdirectorforsouthasiaattheusnationalsecuritycouncilnscpriortohernscpostwickettservedasaforeignaffairsspecialistinthebureauofsouthasiaatthedepartmentofstatehermajorportfoliosincludedcounterterrorismnonproliferationkashmirandotherlawenforcementtopicsduringhertenureatthedepartmentofstatewickettwasalsoaspecialadvisoratthehomelandsecuritygroupandanofficerinthebureauofnonproliferationshortlyafterseptembershewasdetailedfromthedepartmentofstatetotheofficeofthevicepresidentovptohelplaunchtheofficeofhomelandsecurityaffairswickettistheauthorofnumerousarticlesandopedsinpublicationssuchasthewashingtonquarterlythewashingtonpostbostonglobechristiansciencemonitorandinternationalnewyorktimesandshehasbeeninterviewedonradioandtelevisionforsuchprogramsasthebbcnprcspancnnfoxnewsaljazeeraandthejimlehrernewshourpriortohergovernmentservicewickettworkedinthenonprofitandprivatesectorsincaliforniaisraelandthewestbankandtheukandforunicefinnewyorkwickettholdsabachelorofartsfromoxforduniversityandamastersinpublicpolicyfromtheharvardkennedyschoolofgovernmentreferencesexternallinksinfoboxfilmnamexuxaeosduendesimagexuxaeosduendesposterjpgcaptionpromotionalposterdirectorpaulosrgiodealmeidabrrogriogomesproducerdilertrindadewritervivianperlbrwagnerdeassisstarringxuxabrguguliberatobrguilhermekaranbrdebbylagranhabranglicatelevisionhostanglicabrwanessacamargobrleonardocordonisbranamariabragabremilianoqueirozbrlucianagimenezmusicarysperlingcinematographycezarmoraeseditingstudiodistributorglobofilmesbrwarnerbrosreleasedrefruntimeminutescountrybrazillanguageportuguesebudgetbrazilianrealrmilliongrossbrazilianrealrmillionrefnamefaturamentorefxuxaeosduendesisainfilmcinemaofbrazilbrazilianfantasyfilmfantasymusicalfilmmusicaladventurefilmadventurechildrensfilmdirectedbypaulosrgiodealmeidarogriogomesandmrciovitowithascreenplaybyvivianperlandwagnerdeassisbasedonpersonalexperienceslivedbybraziliantvhostxuxaxuxameneghelitcontainsinhiscastxuxameneghelguilhermekarandebbylagranhaleonardocordonisguguliberatoanamariabragaemilianoqueirozanglicatelevisionhostanglicawanessacamargothekingdomoftheelvesiscelebratingthedeliveryoftheresponsibilityoftakingcareofthenaturetotheprincedamizbutvillaingorgonholdsthelittleelfonthewalloflittlegirlnandasroomandconvinceshispartnerricotobuythegirlshouseandtakeprogresstotheforestkirawillhavethemissiontofreethestuckimprisonedinthewallandsaveearththefilmwasproducedbydilertrindadewithcoproductionbyglobofilmesandwarnerbrosandwasreleasedintheatersondecemberthefilmwaswatchedbyapproximatelyboxofficeaccordingtoancineandearnedmorethanmillionbrazilianrealsforitsproducersaswasalreadycommoninotherxuxafilmsduendeswasreceivedwithsuspicionbyspecializedcriticshoweverallwereunanimousinsayingthattheyrepresentedabreakthroughincomparisonwiththepreviousonespraisingtheendofovermerchandisingbutcriticizingthefilmsscriptforbeingunstablewithweakperformancesanextremelychildishscriptandincoherentdialogueswritingduendesisachangehasclichesintonsbutforxuxawhodideverythingalittleonthescreensthisisnoproblemandthatthefilmwasproducedjusttopleaseitsaudienceinthiscaseamultitudeofchildrenthesuccessofthefilmledxuxatocreateasequeltitledxuxaeosduendesnocaminhodasfadasxuxaeosduendesnocaminhodasfadasreleasedthefollowingyearplotkiraxuxaisabotanistwhohasstrangegiftssuchastalkingtoplantsandmakingotherssneezeshecannotrememberherpastandshelivesinagreenhousewithherfumblingtomatelucianohuckandalfacetadeumellokiraunknowinglyistheduendeoflightdaughterofmikaemilianoqueirozandzingaanamariabragathekingsoftheelveshisbrotherdamizleonardocordonisthefriendshipgoblinwaskidnappedbyagorgonguilhermekaranthegreatestenemyoftheracebeingtrappedonthewallofnandasdebbylagranhabedroomayearoldgirlkirasfriendhisparentsareexperiencingfinancialdifficultiesandthendecidetosellthehouseandmoveonlynandaissufferingbecauseshedoesnotwanttoleaveandleavehernewfrienddamizalonericoguguliberatoisabusinessmanmanipulatedbygorgonthegoblinofenvywhohasbeenexpelledfromtheworldofelementalsasatraitorandnowlivesintheformofahumanbeingricoonlythinksaboutdestroyingnatureandmoneyduetothenegativeenergyofgorgonwhoforceshimtobuythehouseofjessicaandotavioparentsofnandaanddemolishitgorgonknowsthatdamizistrappedthereandthatnearthehouseliesthemagicalgatewaytothekingdomofthefairiesdemolishingthehousegorgonwilldestroydamizandallelementalbeingsmeanwhilequeenzingaandkingmikausealltheirresourcestorescuetheirsonthesovereignsseekhelpfrommorganthefairyqueenwhosendsthefairiesmelwanessacamargoandmelissaanglicatelevisionhostanglicatolookfordamizthesesoonknowkiraanddiscoverthevillainsofgorgonbuttheycannotintercedebecausetheterribleevilpowerofhimisstrongerandtheyendupcapturedsodoesrodindavidbrazilpromoterdavidbraziltheswiftgoblinnowthemissiontofreedamizwillbeonkiraswhowilldiscovergreatunbelievablesecretscastxuxameneghelaskiradebbylagranhaasfernandamaianandaguilhermekaranasgorgonpixieofenvyleonardocordonisasdamizfriendshipelfemilianoqueirozaskingmikaanamariabragaasqueenzingaguguliberatoasricolucianohuckastomatetadeumelloasalfaceanglicatelevisionhostanglicaasfairymelissawanessacamargoashoneymeldavidbrazilpromoterdavidbrazilasrodimspeedyduendelucianagimenezasmorganaqueenofthefairiescarlosgregrioasotviomaiacludiaalencarjssicamaiaandrvalliassagegoblinguilhermevieiraaszakizilkasalaberryascleocarlinhosbrownaspixiemusiciantheobeckeraselfadrianabombomasbluefairyanapaulaalmeidaasyellowfairymoniquealfradiqueasfadarosalanarhodesasturquoisefairydaianeamndolaasredfairygabriellaferreiraaslilacfairyjoanamineiroasvioletfairyletciabarrosasfairyorangestephanielourenoasgreenfairythalitaribeiroasfairypearlbackgroundandproductionafteranattempttoproduceanewchildrensfilmwascompletelyabandonedbecauseofproblemswithglobofilmesxuxastarredinthexuxapopstarfilmwhichwasaboxofficehitatthesametimehefulfilledaclauseinhiscontractwithdilerassociadosinwhichheshouldmaketwofilmsaimedattheadolescentpublicandoneforthechildrenspublicandsobegantobesketchedthenewfilmprojectofthepresenterxuxawantedtodosomethingdifferentfromhertwopreviousfilmsinthecinemaxuxarequebraandxuxapopstarifinthesefeaturefilmstheideawastobringplanetaxuxatothecinemaprivilegingthemusicalattractionstothedetrimentofhistoryinthatitwassoughtnotonlytocreateamoreconsistentplotbuttocreateanentireuniversewhichhaditsownrulesinthiswayxuxatriedtofollowthetrendofthefilmmarketatthetimetobetonafantasticstorymixingtherealworldwiththemagicalworldhoweverratherthanbettingonthefantasygenrexuxawantedsomethingthatrepresentedherwillingnesstoretellstoriestochildrentheideaofcreatingafilmbasedonduendemythologyduendecameafteracontroversialstatementbythehostxuxasaidthegoblinsusedtoshowupintheirroomatnighttheapparitionsonlyceasedwhenwhentellingfriendsthatoneoftheelvesfemaleaccordingtoxuxacriedbesidehisbedshereceivedthehintthatsheshouldfeedthemthehostessthenputfoodonthecounterintheroomwheresheputstheelvesshewinsiputfruitsraisinshesaidtheyregonethepresentersaccountcontroversiesinthemediarefnameepipocarefitwasthenthatitsmanagermarlenemattosdecidedtotakesomethingbeneficialfromthesituationmakeamovieaboutduendessincethefilmdidnotfitthemusicalattractionstheideawastobringpersonalitiesthevastmajorityofthemnonactorstothemainrolesthebroadcastersjustificationisthatitwasalsolinkedtorecordmoviesandtherewastheprojectofafilmforthepresenteronlyandtheirparticipationcouldovershadowtheprojectthecharacterthatelianawoulddofadamelwasthenperformedbysingerwanessacamargowitheachnewxuxafilmtheexpectationwastoknowwhothenewshowsheartthrobwouldbeafterthesingerdanielbraziliansingerdanielchosenthroughresearchwiththepublicinxuxarequebraandluigibarichelliinxuxapopstartheideawastomaintainthestandardofhavingadesiredmanofthetimethefirstnamednamewasrodrigosantoroanotherspeculatednamewasreynaldogianecchinirefnamefolhauolrefarrivingnearthebeginningofthefilmingandinthefaceofthedifficultyoffindingtheromanticpairitwaschosentoexcludethepartofromanceofthefilmguguspokeinhistititimagazinecolumnwhichhadreceivedtheinvitationafewdaysbeforeandinlessthanhourswasreadingthescriptquicklyacceptingtheproposalthecharactergorgoninitiallythoughtofthenameofsingerfabiojrtobethevillainofthetapetherolewaseventuallyinterpretedbyguilhermekaranreissuingthebattleofgoodagainsttheevilofsuperxuxacontrabaixoastralsuperxuxacontrabaixoastralfadamorganalucianagimenezalfacetadeumelloandnandadebbylagranhawereapparentlythefirstlistedandacceptedpromptlypostproductioneffectsinadditiontothecontroversyovertheelvesmadebythemediaandthecastingofpersonalitiesforthecastanotherhighlightofxuxaeosduendeswastheirpioneeringtechnologythexuxafeaturefilmwasoneofthefirstfilmsintheworldtousepdigitalhighdefinitionvideohdcameraswhichhadfilmingeditinganddigitalfinishingiewithoutusingfilmtherentofthesetwocamerascostrthousandatthetimegeorgelucaswasusingthesameforthefilmingofstarwarsepisodeiiattackofthecloneswhichwastobereleasedindilertrindadeintestimonytotheextrasofthedvdofthefilminformsthatduendeswasthethirdfilmintheworldtobelaunchedwiththedigitaltechnologymusicxuxaeosduendesthesoundtrackofthefilmofthesamenamereleasedinbysomlivrethealbumconsistsofsongsperformedbytheprotagonistthepresenterxuxameneghelandotherartiststhesoundtrackwasreleasedinearlyshortlyafterthereleaseofthefilmondvdthesoundtrackbringsseveralartistssuchasangelicacarlinhosbrownandwanessacamargothesoundtrackwasreleasedincompactdisccdandcompactcassettecassetteformatsreleasethefilmwasfirstpresentedtothepressondecemberinadditiontoxuxapartofthecastwasalsoonthespotpresenterslucianohuckguguliberatoandangelicasingerwanessacamargoandactorsguilhermekarananddavidbrazilattendedtheproductionforthefirsttimetogetherwiththeguestsandthepressbeforebeginningthesessionactorschildrenandadultsdressedasgoblinsmadeabriefstagingonthethemeofthefilmduringtheshowtheelveswerescatteredaroundthemovietheatergivingamoodofmagictothepreviewthepremierebecameabenefitondecemberinseveralcinemasinbrazilwiththisattitudexuxagoesbacktothetraditionofhelpingtheneediestinthelaunchofhisfilmsasinaprincesaxuxaeostrapalhesclothesandinluadecristalnonperishablefoodwithduendesthedirectorsxuxaproduccionesdilerassociadoswarnerfilmswarnerandglobofilmesandexhibitorssuchastheuciandcinemarkgaveuptheirprofitsmakingoftheboxofficegotocharitiesamongtheyareassociationofsupporttothechildagainstcancersopauloriocardiolgicainfantilriodejaneiroassociationmovimentoavantelenisbahiaprojectprevidnciaminasgeraisassistanceassociationforthedeprivedchildriograndedosulchildsupportgroupwithcancersergipeandcasasonhosdecrianamaranhorefnamediriodaregiorefthisactionendedupbringingmorethanpeopletotheatersondecemberraisingranamountthatwassharedequallyamongallinstitutionsxuxaeosduendesentereddecemberinmorethanroomsacrossthecountryitwasplannedtolaunchthefilminmexicowhichforreasonsunknowndidnotoccurrefnamexuxaeosduendesrefreceptioncriticalreceptionaswasalreadycommoninotherxuxafilmsduendeswasreceivedwithsuspicionbyspecializedcriticshowevereveryonewasunanimousinsayingthatitrepresentedabreakthroughincomparisonwiththepreviousonesmarceloforlanioftheomelettesitepraisedtheendofexcessmerchandisingbutcriticizedthefilmsscriptforbeingficklewithperformancesweakerthantheplayboyjokesanextremelyscreenplayinfantilizedandincoherentdialoguesmariosrgiocontidafolhawasevenmoresevereinhisanalysisofthefilmwritingthatthewritersofthefilmpaulosergioalmeidaandrogriogomesarenotauthorsaretechnicaltheauthorsfilmisavehicleforacelebritiesfakeforhimxuxaandtheelvesistheexpressionofawornsadsolitarychildishunidentifiedschizophrenicantifamilyinsensitivemagicalandmaterialisticwomanhealsocriticizedxuxaforlittlecaringaboutthefateoftheworkerwhoendsthefilmjoblessandwithouthavingsupportandtofinishheagaincriticizedtheprofileofthemaincharacterbypreachingthebeliefininnatureandmagicbutabandonedhisrealnaturetheelftostayonearthinthisshemimicsxuxawhoabandonedhumannaturetobecomeacommodityalreadytheappealtothebeliefinthemagichasreasontobethemerchandisexuxaoperatesthemagicoftransformingthedizzytaleofthediseasedelfinamillionairetreasurejulianalimaofthecinetrashwebsitealsocriticizedxuxaeosduendesinadditiontothepredictablestorylinethefilmfeaturessuchacharactercharacterizationthatitiscomicalbutitmightbenavetothinkthatlucianohuckguguliberatoandanamariabragabothtvpresenterswoulddoagoodjobasactorswhileconsideringthenonhollywoodtimelineandbudgetofthefilmwecannotignorethebadspecialeffectshighlightthesceneinwhichkiraspeakslookingdirectlyatthecameraattheaudienceandasksthemtoclaptheirhandsiftheybelieveinmagicinafrustratedattempttoimitatepeterpanboxofficechangingthefilmlinewasabolddecisionasthismodelwasworkingverywellreturningquicklytothepreviousfilmsxuxarequebrawastherecordholderofbraziliancinemaaperiodthatbeganinwiththefilmcarlotajoaquinaprincessofbrazilwithspectatorsaccordingtothewebsiteofancineagncianacionaldocinemaalreadyxuxapopstarmanagedtogobeyondwithaboxofficeofhewasnotonlytherecordholderofbraziliancinemabutbynovemberhewasthemovierecorderconsideringallthefilmswithxuxaandtheelvesxuxassuccesssolidifiedandshehaddefinitelybecomethequeenofbraziliancinemaiftherewasanydistrustonthepartoftheinvestorsofthefilmthathewouldnotworksinceithadlefttheformulaofsuccessofthepreviousonesshewassoondissipatedbytheoverwhelmingsuccessofduendesreleasedinroomsondecemberthefilmwasviewedbyspectatorsautomaticallybecomingtherecordholderofthereturnofnationalcinematherecordwasonlysurpassedoneyearlaterbycityofgodfilmcityofgodwhichreachedxuxareceivedthecommemorativeplaqueforhavingsurpassedmillionintheplanetaxuxaplanetxuxaofthehandsofdilertrinitythreeweeksafteritwasreleasedthefilmhadalreadybeenseenbymorethanpeoplexuxaeosduendeswasthemostexpensivefilmofthexuxabudgetofmillionrefnamefolhalondrinarefdilertrindadesgoalwastoreachmillionviewersandearnrmilliondilerspredictionwasalmostrightthemoviegrossedrhomemediathemoviewasreleasedondvdandvhsbywarnerbroswarnerinjunethedvdcontainsextrasandisthefirstinbrazilwithhighdefinitionthatallowsyoutochoosethescreenformatthevhsalsohasextraswhichislittleusedinbrazilthepressconferenceheldatunibancoarteplexatshoppingfreicanecawasattendedbydanilomouraofteleimagecompanybelongingtothecasablancagroupbrenthieatdirectoroftheadaptationofthefilmanditsextrastothedvdanddilertrindadeproducerofthefilmtheusercanenjoythreescreenformatsfullscreenpanandscanwithletterboxingfilmingletterboxingandwidescreentheoptionsareavailablenotonlytothemoviebutalsotoalltheextrasthedirectorofthedvdbrenthieatsaidsomesceneshavealreadybeenrecordedformultiangleviewingbythewaythewholemoviecanbeseenlikethathieatsaidhieatbegantheprojectofthedvdduringthefilmingxuxaandthegoblinsheclaimedtohaveusedallhisowntechnologyandentertainmentfortherecordsiswhatmakesthedvdrevengetherearealsothreegamesonthedvdonecanbeusedonthedeviceitselftheothersonthecomputerwithdvddriveanothernoveltyistheeastereggsreadmorehiddenbonusesfortheusertolookfortheextrathisisafeaturecommonlyusedintheunitedstatesrubensewaldfilhopraisedthequalityofthedvdofthefilmwritingthatitissuperiortothepreviousonesfilmsofthepresentertvpresentersasactorsinrolesofevenresponsibilitynoneofthemcompromisesnonehoweverrevealsitselfbutcriticizedthefactthatpresenterhuckhaspartneredwithtadeumellowewereinalittlemoodbutifthedigitaleffectsarenicethemusicalnumbersaretoofastthescripthasnoproblemcopyingpeterpanthefamousscenewithtinkerbellandothersthegrandmothertellingthestorytothegrandsonevenxuxaseemsbettertreatedandmoreateasethaninthepreviousfilmsrefnameuolrefsequelxuxaeosduendeshasasequelxuxaeosduendesnocaminhodasfadasxuxaeosduendesnocaminhodasfadasthatalsoreceivedthesamelowacclaimfromcriticshoweverhewasalsoabighitofboxofficeseealsolistofbrazilianfilmsofreferencesexternallinkssgmlentityxmlexternalentityattackinfoboxfilmnamexuxaabracadabraimagexuxaabracadabrajpgcaptionpromotionalposterdirectormoacyrgesproducerdilertrindadewriterflviodesouzastarringxuxameneghelbrmrciogarciabrcludiaraiabrbrunnoabrahobrmariamarianaazevedobrhelosaprissbrleandrohassumbrlciomaurofilhobrsrgiomambertimusicarysperlingcinematographyanaschleeeditingstudiodistributorwarnerbrosbrglobofilmesreleasedrefruntimeminutescountrybrazillanguageportuguesebudgetbrazilianrealrmilliongrossbrazilianrealrmillionxuxaabracadabraisainfilmcinemaofbrazilbrazilianfantasyfilmfantasyadventurefilmadventurechildrensfilmiswrittenbyflviodesouzadirectedbymoacyrgesproducedbydilertrindadeanddistributedbywarnerbrosandglobofilmesstarringthexuxameneghelwiththeparticipationofmrciogarciacludiaraiabrunnoabrahomariamarianaazevedohelosaprissleandrohassumlciomaurofilhosrgiomambertithefilmfollowssofiaisalibrarianwhoworksonlywithchildrensbooksabouttogooutwithherbestfriendshereceivesarequestfrommatheustotakecareofherchildrenlucasandjuliasofiaattendstotherequestbecausebesidesbeingveryfondofthechildrenshehasasecretpassionformatheuswhohasbeenawidowerforthreeyearsshethendepartstothehomeofthechildrensgreatunclewhoisasorcererastronomerandpossessesamagicalbookthattakespeopletothelandoffairytalesabracadabrawasdevelopedbasedonanolddesireofxuxatoproduceafilmwithchildrenslanguageabracadabraisafantasyforchildrenxuxaalwayswantedtomakeamoviethatcombinedfairytaleandfolkloreinafunwaytheideawastoputtogetherinasinglescriptseveralcharactersofchildrensstoriesthefilmpremieredondecembergrossingmillionreaisheperformedwellattheboxofficemillionboxofficesabracadabrareceivednegativereviewsfromcriticsbutwasconsideredanimprovementinqualitycomparedtopreviousonesplotsofiaxuxameneghelisalibrarianandbookspecialistforchildrenonesaturdaynightshesgettingreadytogooutwithherbestfriendhelosaprisswhenshegetsaphonecallontheothersideofthelineismatheusmrciogarciaawidowerthreeyearsagoofacousinveryattachedtosofiawhoaskssofiatotakecareofherchildrenjuliamariamarianaazevedoandlucasbrunnoabrahosofiaagreesonthehourbecausebesidesadoringthechildrensheissecretlyinlovewithmatheussofiawillmeetthechildrenatmatheussgreatuncleshouseanastronomersrgiomambertiwhoisalsoasorcererandhasamagicalbookuponopeningitsophieandthetwochildrenfallintoitstoppingattheenchantedforestwhereallthefairytaleshappensofialucasandjuliameetcharacterslikesnowwhitedisneycharactersnowwhitetalitacastroherstepmotherevilqueendisneyevilqueencludiaraiaherprincecharmingcludioheinrichsacibrazilianfolkloresacitonigarridolittleredridinghooddebbylagranhagrandmotherevatodorthebigbadwolfluciomaurofilhoandpinocchiogustavopereirathestoryiscomplicatedbecausesophieandthechildrenbeingfromtherealworlddisturbthefairytalescausingeveryonetoturnaroundthispowersthesecretvillainsothathecangetallthemonstersinthehorrorstoriestoinvadetheenchantedforestconqueringitandthreateningtherealworldaswellsofiasavesthetwochildrenbutthenfindsherselfinadilemmalucasandjuliawillhavetodiscoverthedoorbacktotherealworldandbringtheirfathertotheenchantedforesttosavesofiatheforestitselfthefairytalesandeventherealworldcastxuxameneghelassofiamrciogarciaasmateuscludiaraiaasevilqueendisneyevilqueenbrunnoabrahoaslucasmariamarianaazevedoasjliahelosaprissaspatrcialeandrohassumasbluebeardthefrogprincebrunamarquezineashanselandgretelmariaademirrochaashanselandgreteljootalitacastroassnowwhitedisneycharactersnowwhitecludioheinrichasprinceofsnowwhitedebbylagranhaaslittleredridinghoodkaykybritoaspussinbootslciomaurofilhoasbigbadwolfsrgiomambertiasunclenicolauunclenickmagicalmerlinotomcavalcanteasstorytellerevatodorasthegrandmotheroflittleredridinghoodcristinapereiraasmotheroflittleredridinghoodlussalemasmagicmirrorsnowwhitemagicmirrortonigarridoassacibrazilianfolkloresacigustavopereiraaspinocchiopietromrioaspintorgustavoottoniaspiratacaolhorougepopgrouprougeasthemselvesproductionxuxahadanolddesiretoproduceafilmwithachildrenslanguagexuxaeosduendeswasafilmdirectedtothepublicjuvenilechildbutthatpleasedtheminorsthereversepathisoccurringamovieforthechildrenwhichwillpleasethelargeronesaswellabracadabraisafantasyforchildrenrecountingtheinspirationofmakingthefilmwilliamssaidrefxuxaialwayswantedtomakeafilmthatcombinesfairytaleandfolkloreinafunwaywhendilertrindadeproducerbroughtthescreenplayofflviodesouzawritercastelortimbumfilmrtimbumcastlexuxaapprovedtheideaitwasthereasonfortvhotstostopinthesequeltofilmsaboutelveswhichwasconsideredtohaveathirdsequenceandstartworkingonabracadabrawithmoacyrgesasdirectorgeswaschallengedtoescapethecaricaturetonethatheseesinbrazilianchildrensproductionsgessaysthatwhenheacceptedtrindadesinvitationtodirectthefilmhestartedtostudycinemawatchingproductionsfromallwalksoflifeinisawaboutfilmsfromeisensteinfilmeisensteintocluelessfilmcluelessthefilmmakersaidhehadnoprobleminsufferingprejudicesbecauseheintegratedafilmproductionformatofdeclaredcommercialambitiontherecordingsbeganinseptemberandlastedfourweekstolivethemaincharactersofthefilmwerecalledhelosaprisspatriciabrunnoabraholucasmariamarianaazevedojliadebbylagranhalittleredridinghoodkaykybritopussinbootsandleandrohassumbluebeardthefrogprinceamongothersthecharactermateusinterpretedbymarciogarciawastheromanticpairofxuxainthisproductionxuxarevealedthatkissingwiththeactorinthefilmwasnottechnicalthereisatechnicalkissyesandihavealreadytastedthetwothenontechnicalforthosewhoarenotactresslikemeismuchbetterareverysimilarthescenebecomesmorerealifyougivearealkisslucianoszafirwasinitiallycasttolivethecharactermateushowevertheproductionfeltthatpeoplecouldconfusethestorywiththelastfilmxuxaeosduendesnocaminhodasfadasxuxaeosduendesinwhichhemadepairromanticwithxuxaclaudiaraiaplaysevilqueenaccordingtotheactressxuxacalledmesayingshehadavillainroleformeisaidmydreamwastobesnowwhitesstepmothertherougepopgrouprougegroupwhichmakesaspecialparticipationthemembersoftherougegroupappearinthemoviemakingashowatanightclubataparticularpointintheplotthesingersspentadayinriodejaneirowheretherecordingsweremadereleasethepremiereofthefilmoccurredondecemberattheparquemundoxuxainthespmarketshoppingcenterinthesouthzoneofsopauloxuxawantedtofollowcloselythepreviewofthefilmfatherandmotheraregoingtohaveagoodlaughaswellitsacoolprogramtoeatpopcornandtofallbehindsaidxuxaatthepressconferencethepresenceoftvhotsxuxameneghelcausedrampageintheplaceandleftayoungwomaninjuredaccordingtoparkpresssecretarymarcellecanfildritadecassiabasileattemptedtocircumventthesafetyofthesiteinanattempttoapproachthehotswhenagridsurroundingthefansfellthegirlstumbledandhadherlegimmobilizedamidstthepushshovingofthefanstheyoungwomansufferedatwistinherrightkneewasrescuedbythelocalfiredepartmentandsenttothepedreirahospitalthedoctoradvisedhertoputiceonthewoundandkeepherlegsuspendedforafewhoursmarcellesaidasthefilmsreleasexuxaposedwiththecastofthefilmonangradosreisislandforcarasmagazinecarasmagazineatthetimexuxaheinjuredasmallaccidentduringastoryhemadeoncarasislandshewastakingpictureswithfanswhenthedeckshewassankintoandcutoffherrightlegtakeninherprivatehelicoptertothehospitalcopadorthequeenchildrenreceivedpointsinthelegasaformofdisclosurexuxaalsoattendedthedomingodofaustoondecembertotalkaboutthedebutoftheprojecthomemediatheproductionwasrecordedandreleasedonvhsanddvdbywarnerhomevideothematerialcontainsinteractivemenuchoiceofscenesmusicvideomakingofgamerecordingerrorstrailermultiangleeffectconstructionlastdayclipinterviewwithtalkingcrowdandeffectsdirectorrefnamecdpointrefreceptioncriticalreceptionlikepreviousxuxafilmsabracadabrareceivedlowacclaimfromfilmcriticismcriticsbutwerepositivecomparedtothepreviousonesmarceloforlanioftheomeletesitewascriticaloftheproductionthathesaidwasonceagainhastilydonewithouttheleastconcernforpreproductioncharactersarefreeofanythreedimensionaldepthhaveasmaindefectthetotalabsenceofcoherencehealsocriticizedtheteamresponsibleforthemakeupinabracadabrawritingitisoneoftheworstseeninthecinemathebeardofthepiratebluebeardismorefalsethananoteofrreaisandthemonsterswearcostumesthatseemtohavebeenrentedinaandtheworstofitthecolorofthefakenoseusedbyclaudiaraiawhenshebecomestheevilqueenisquitedifferentfromherskinconcludingthatthefilmonlyproveshowmuchthebrazilianpeoplestillneedtogrowculturallyhealsopraisedtheparticipationoftheactorsbutconsideredthempoorlyusedinthefilmbutitwasnegativeinhisreviewwritingthatthefilmwasmadeinahurrywithlittlemoneyandrelativecommitmentthesetdesignisverybadandthereisonlyoneminuteofexternalthedialoguesareextremelybadandblandwonafewmoreamusingphraseswasclaudiaraiaintheroleofsnowwhitestepmotherwhichatleasthasafewmomentsofbrilliancetherestfallsinthecommongraverefnameepipocarefwritingtotheuniversoonlineuolsitethesamecriticconsideredabracadabraabitlessbadthanthepreviousonebutnotmuchnoranythingsignificantatleastwearefreefromthoseterrifyingmakeupbutnotfromtheunfortunatecostumesxuxaspendsmostofthetimewithanunfortunatepromdressthatonlyservestodisruptherwritingforistomarianemorisawapraisedthequalityofthefilmwritingthatthefilmisnotenoughtobeshrekwhoplaysverycleverlywiththefairytalesbutrepresentsabreakthroughforxuxaratherthanxuxaeosduendesnocaminhodasfadasxuxaeosduendessimilarlyacriticoftheestadopraisedthefilmconsidereditsuperiorinrelationtothepreviousonewritingthatxuxaismorebeautifulinabracadabrathaninthetwoduendestheeffectsofthefilmaremoretakencareofrefnameestadoreftheaudiencessurveyedforadorocinemagavethefilmathreestarratingoffivewithapointratingtheaudiencessurveyedforimdbgaveascoreofpointstothefilmtheaudiencessurveyedforfilmowgaveascoreofpointstothefilmbasedonvotesincioaraujoforfolhadesaopaulofolhasaidthatcontrarytopreviousproductionsabracadabratriestoseparatechildrenfromconsumersanotinconsiderableeffortinafilmbylimiteddefinitionsinceitconsistsintryingtodistinguishbetweenchildrenandconsumersadistinctionthatapparentlyneverxuxabotheredtoestablishboxofficexuxaabracadabrawaspotentiallyconsideredapopularsuccessbythemediaevenbeforeitwasreleasedwithannualreleasesthefilmsoftvhotsxuxameneghelremainedamongthebestboxofficeofbrazilianfilmsitssequelxuxaeosduendesnocaminhodasfadasxuxaeosduendesreachedboxofficeinbeingthefifthbrazilianproductionmostseeninbrazilinthebudgetforxuxaabracadabrawasbetweenrandrmillionreaismorethanrmillionreaisfordisclosurepremieredasthemostviewedonitsfirstweekendpullingdisneysanimationbrotherbearoutofthetopboxofficerankingsinthecountrythefilmwhichdebutedwithcopiesdistributedthroughoutbrazilwaswatchedbypeoplethefilmgrossedagrossofreaisrefnamearrecadamentorefseealsolistofbrazilianfilmsofthesreferencesexternallinksinfoboxofficeholderofficevicegovernoroffujiantermstartfebruarytermendmarchpredecessorsuccessorofficecommunistpartysecretaryofquanzhoutermstartapriltermendfebruarypredecessorzhengdaoxisuccessorhuangshaopingnamexugangbrbirthnamebirthdatebirthplacepuchengcountyfujiandeathdateordeathplaceresidencefuzhoufujianpartycommunistpartyofchinabrexpelledoccupationpoliticiannationalitychinesespousechildrenrelationsreligionprofessionalmamaterfudanuniversitywebsitesignaturefootnotesblankdatexugangborndecemberisaformerchineseofficialwhospentmostofhiscareerinfujianprovincehewasthevicegovernoroffujiansinceonmarchxugangwasplacedunderinvestigationbythecommunistpartysanticorruptionagencyhewasthefirsthighrankingpoliticianbeingexaminedfromfujianprovinceafterthethpartycongressincareerxugangwasborninpuchengcountyfujianinxugangattendedfudanuniversityandgraduatedininhebecamevicemayorofputianuntilseptemberinxubecamethedirectorofdepartmentoftransportationoffujianinhebecamethedirectorofeconomicandtradecommissionoffujianxugangbecamethecommunistpartysecretaryofquanzhoufromapriltofebruaryinfebruaryxugangbecamethevicegovernoroffujianrefnameinvestgationcitewebtitleurlccdigovcnjlscthtmlaccessdatepublishercentralcommissionfordisciplineinspectionofthecommunistpartyofchinarefhemanagedpersonnellaborandsocialsecurityworksafetyfoodanddrugsafetyemergencymanagementpetitionandefficiencyetconmarchxugangwasplacedunderinvestigationbythecentralcommissionfordisciplineinspectionofthecommunistpartyofchinapartysinternaldisciplinarybodyforseriousviolationsoflawsandregulationsxuwasexpelledfromthecommunistpartyonjulyondecemberxuwassentencedtoyearsinprisonforbriberyreferencesisanamericancontemporarygospelmusicgospelandchristianhiphopgroupfromdetroitdetroitmichiganitsmembersincludeevinmartinandtorrencegreenethegroupissignedtopajamandsomeoftheiralbumsincludepajampresentstwentyoneothreeandtotalattentionthegrouphasalsoexperiencedbillboardsuccesswiththeirhitsinglesstillhereincredibleandcovermehistorythemembersofwerehandpickedfromhundredsofothersingersinthedetroitareatobeapartofthepajamrecordlabelcriticalacclaimforincludesastellarawardsstellarawardwinandgrammyawardnominationdiscographysinglesclasswikitableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncenterlistofsingleswithselectedchartpositionsscopecolrowspanstylewidthemsongtitlescopecolrowspanstylewidthemalbumdetailsscopecolcolspanpeakchartpositionsstylewidthemfontsizetopgospelalbumsusbrgospelscoperowyoualbumtotalattentionreleasedcompactdisccdmusicdownloaddigitaldownloadscoperowincrediblealbumevolvedfromboystomensinglereleasedcompactdisccdmusicdownloaddigitaldownloadscoperowstillherealbumevolvedfromboystomenreleasedsinglerereleasedcompactdisccdmusicdownloaddigitaldownloadsmallinsmallsmallinsmallstudioalbumsclasswikitableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncenterlistofstudioalbumswithselectedchartpositionsscopecolrowspanstylewidthemalbumtitlescopecolrowspanstylewidthemalbumdetailsscopecolcolspanpeakchartpositionsstylewidthemfontsizetopgospelalbumsusbrgospelscoperowtwentyoneothreereleasedcompactdisccdmusicdownloaddigitaldownloadscoperowtotalattentionreleasedcompactdisccdmusicdownloaddigitaldownloadscoperowevolvedfromboystomenreleasedcompactdisccdmusicdownloaddigitaldownloadreferencesinfoboxfilmnamexuxagmeasimagexuxagmeasjpgcaptiontheatricalreleaseposterdirectorjorgefernandoproducerdilertrindadewriterjorgefernandobrpatriciatravassobrflviodesouzastarringxuxameneghelbrivetesangalobrmurilorosabrmariaclaragueirosbrmariamarianaazevedobreikeduartebraryfontouramusicarysperlingcinematographyedgarmouraeditingstudiodilerassociadosdistributorthcenturyfoxbrwarnerbrosbrglobofilmesreleasedrefruntimeminutescountrybrazillanguageportuguesebudgetbrazilianrealrmilliongrossbrazilianrealrmillionxuxagmeasisainfilmcinemaofbrazilbrazilianromanticcomedychildrensfilmiswrittenbyflviodesouzajorgefernandopatriciatravassodirectedbyfernandoproducedbydilerassociadosanddistributedbythcenturyfoxandglobofilmesthisisthelastfilmofxuxatocountontheproductionofdilertrindadestarringthexuxameneghelwiththeparticipationofivetesangalomurilorosamariaclaragueirosmariamarianaazevedoeikeduartearyfontourafabianakarlathiagomartinsinthefilmxuxaservesasthetwinidenticalsisterswhowereseparatedwhentheywerestillbabiesthirtyyearslaterelizabethxuxaisnowpresidentofthefathersgraphicartsempirewhilehertwinsistermelxuxarunsaperformingartschoolinvolvedwithafavelaofcoursetheirlivesintersectwhenthewickedelizabethsuspendsthecompanyssponsorshipoftheschoolofmelwhoneverthelessdoesnotgiveupfightingtocomplicatetheplotthereisadiamondthatbymistakefallsintothehandsofmelstillinxuxameneghelstartedworkingonascreenplayforamoviethatwouldtellthestoryoftwotwinsistersandwouldbereleasedinmexicothefeaturefilmwouldbesignedbygeorgelucasabudgetedcoproductionofmillionthatdidnotoccurduetointernationalcommitmentsofxuxaatthetimeinxuxareturnedwithafilmprojectwithsimilarscriptgemeasshowedagoodperformanceattheboxofficecomparedtothepreviouswithmorethanboxofficebeingthelastfilmofxuxawithmorethanmillionviewersheobtainedagrossexcessofreaisplotonefamilyreceivesadoublegiftonthesamedaytwotwinswhohavejustbeenbornoneofthemhoweververysmartcrawlsoutoftheparentalcarandstopsinsideatrailercreatedbycircusartistsandfarfromthebiologicalfamilymelxuxameneghelisaverysweetgirlwhodoeseverythingforthegoodandthechildrenbutthecoldelizabethhersisterwhodoesnotevenknowisabsolutelytheoppositeelizabethxuxameneghelinheritedagraphicempirefromherparentsrichandevilsheknowshersisterbyaccidentitallstartswhenthecompanysherunscutsoffthesponsorshipoftheschoolwheremelworksontopofthatapreciousgemfallsintomelshandscreatingaquarrelbetweenherandthetwinthereisstilltimeforpassionsamongsomanyconfusionscastxuxameneghelaselizabethdouradomelmonthielmargarethdouradomurilorosaasivanivetesangaloasaliceherselfmariaclaragueirosasjennifersmithmccartneydasilvamariamarianaazevedoaspoodleeikeduarteasbytelussalmasbutlerfabianakarlaasnursepractitionerthiagomartinsastigrearyfontouraasdrjuliocsardouradoleandrohassumaszmanjohnklarnerasjuquinhamarciusmelhemasmanzinhomrciacabritaasdianaemilianoqueirozasmrconstantinopatrciatravassosasreceptionistbetocarreroashimselfjorgefernandoasmasterofceremoniesjorgedesasclownmrelizngelaasauntproductionbackgroundindecemberxuxareacheditspeakinbrazilxuxahadinthehistoryofthebraziliancinemawiththesuccessfulcommercialperformanceofluadecristaladoublesuccessmusicalandcinematographicinternationallyafterthesuccessofhisfirstspanishlanguagealbumxuxaxuxawasabouttotakeanotherboldstepthelaunchofhistvshowinthesameveinasxoudaxuxainspanishwithsomanygoodmomentsitwastimetoalsodareinthemoviesxuxawasplanningavacationforhertvshowinearlyduringwhichtimeshewasplanningtoreleaseafilmoutsidebrazilwithscriptthatwouldtellthestoryoftwotwinsistersdilertrindadesexpectationwasthatthefilmwouldbeseenbyanaudiencesimilartothatofluadecristalinbrazilandmillionpeopleinmexicothefeaturefilmwouldbesignedbygeorgelucaswhowoulduseatechnologycreatedbyhiscompanyatthetimeindustriallightmagictomakethetwinsinteractinjuneshewouldbeparticipatinginthefilmingofthemoviethatwouldbetitledtwinsacoproductionofxuxaproductionsdreamvisionandcolumbiapicturesbudgetedatmillionaboutcrmillionbyparallelexchangeanothernameconsideredwasthebrazilianactormaurciomattarhoweverbecausexuxaisdevotinghimselftohistelevisionseriesinelshowdexuxaargentinaandxuxaparkspaintheprojecthasbeenpostponeddevelopmentwasayearofcelebrationinxuxascareercompletingyearsonglobotvforthistheprojecttomakeafilmwithtwoxuxaswasresumedbutthistimewithouttheinternationalcharacteronmayxuxawenttotvshowdomingodofaustotorelanseseveralprojectsthedvdxuxaoshowaovivoandtheprojectofthemoviegmeasthetvhostsreportedthattherewouldbeacontestdesignedbyjaymepraadirectorofdomingoandbytheproductionofxuxatochoosealookalikeoftheartistthecandidatesneededtobebetweenandyearsoldandthewinnerwouldhavetheintentionofassistingthefilmingespeciallyinthescenesinwhichthetwinsisterscountersubsequentlywhiletheinscriptionswereopenthecontestwaspublicizeddailybytvxuxaandxuxassundaycolumninthenewspaperextranewspaperextrarefnameofuxicorefthecontestwasheldonaugustandthewinnerwasthetouristisabelefint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anauthenticcopyofthetrashwritingtothesamesitediegobenevideshewasalsocriticalofxuxasnewcinematographicproductionwritingthatgemeassoundspathetictotallybadlyfinishedanddisposableaseveritmightevenbringsomefuntothekidswejusthavetowonderiftheycanbefooledwithsolittlefilmogconsideredthefilmoneoftheworstofxuxadefiningthedirectionofjorgefernandocrazyandfussyhewrotethatthemovieisanoldplotwithweakcharactersandevenstupidsheisdoubleinthatmovieonemomentyouseethesoundandsweetmelintheotherthecaricatureandevilelisabethnotingonetothefilmrefnameomeletereflauramattosoffolhadespaulofolhaconsideredgemeasabreakthroughinxuxasfilmcareerwritingthatshefinallyabandonedthegarbagefablesxuxaeosduendeselvesxuxaabracadabraabracadabrathatwantedtogluetheactresstothefairyimageboxofficeaccordingtodatafromthenationalfilmagencyxuxagmeashadafinalboxofficeofviewersrefnamerendarefwhichatthetimewasthelowestamongthefilmsthatstarredxuxanotconsideringxuxinhaegutocontraosmonstrosdoespaowhichhadspectatorsdespitethelowerthanexpectedboxofficexuxadefeateditsnationalcompetitortheknightdidiandprincesslilireleasedatthesametimeasgemeasrenatoaragosmoviehadboxofficestillxuxagmeasisthesecondhighestgrossingnationalfilminlosingtoagrandefamliathemovieseenbymillionbraziliansthefilmgrossedreaisrefnamerendarefrefnamerendarefseealsolistofbrazilianfilmsofreferencesexternallinksapludanumanathleticsinfoboxtelevisionshownamexuxaparkimagexuxaparkjpgcaptionshownamegenrechildrenstelevisionserieschildrenbrgameshowbrmusictelevisionmusicbrtalkshowcreatordeveloperwriterdirectormarlenemattoscreativedirectorpresenterxuxameneghelstarringxuxabrpaquitasbrrobertarichardbrmarianarichardbrpaolopacellijudgesvoicesnarratedthememusiccomposeropenthemeendthemecomposercountrybrazillanguageportugueselanguageportuguesenumseasonsnumepisodeslistepisodesexecutiveproducerproducereditorlocationcinematographycameraruntimehourscompanydistributorchannelglobotvpictureformataudioformatfirstrunfirstairedlastairedprecededbyprogramaxuxabrsmallsmallfollowedbyxuxahitsbrsmallsmallrelatedwebsiteproductionwebsitexuxaparkwasabrazilianchildrenstelevisionseriesdirectedbymarlenemattosandhostedbyxuxameneghelitswasairedredegloboglobofromjunetojanuarytheshowisabrazilianversionofxuxaparkproducedbyspainstelecincoteleintheprogrammarkedtheturnofthehotstothechildrenspublicbecauseitspreviousattractionthehomonymprogramaxuxaxuxawasdedicatedtothewholefamilyoccupyingsaturdaymorningtheprogramfeaturedjokesmusicalnumbersandcartoonsthelastprogramwasrememberedforthecommemorationoftheptdiadereisdayofkingsexhibitedonjanuarythatistheonlyprogramoftheyearsinceitwascanceledonleavingtheairduetothetragicfirethatoccurredonjanuarywhenwouldlatercometothecarnivalspecialofthatyearonfebruaryhistorybackgroundxuxaparkwashostedbybraziliansuperstarxuxaanactressmodelandsingerthatbecamewildlypopularwithyoungviewersthroughherhostingofmanysimilarshowsinbothspanishandportugueseplusaoneseasonattemptatbreakingintotheustelevisionmarketwithashowinenglishwhilehailedbymanyforhertalentsandherloveofchildrenshehasalsobeenacontroversialfigureduetoherhavingpreviouslyposedforaplayboymagazinecenterfoldandalsohavingplayedaprostituteinwhatsomecategorizeasasoftpornfilmshealsohostedamoreadulttvshowconcurrentwithxuxaparkinthisshowplanetaxuxashewouldamongotherthingsinterviewguestsabouttheirsexualhabitsthishistoryhasledsometocondemnherasaninappropriaterolemodelforchildrentheshowconsistingofgamesandmusicalnumberstookplaceonacolorfulfuturisticsetfullofelaborateridesandtheatricalpropertypropsamongwhichwasamechanicalspacecraftspaceshipthroughwhichxuxawouldnormallyenterthesetatthestartoftheshowandleaveattheendproductionxuxaparkwasrecordedentirelyinteatrofnixintheneighborhoodofthejardimbotnicoriodejaneirojardimbotnicoinriodejaneirotheinitialscenariohousedamodernamusementparkfulloflightstunnelsspacecraftandtoysthatturnedinalldirectionsxuxadownaliftshapedflyingsaucerinthebackgroundtherewasacrystalpalaceinthescenarioshavebeenmodifiedthecrystalpalacehowevercontinuedtobethemainreferenceinseptemberthescenariosofxuxaparkwereredesignedstartingwiththesizetheprogrambegantoberecordedinprojacinthestudiedareaandthewholestudiospacewasusedleavingonlysmalllateralaccessthescenehadafuturisticstyleanditsdesignwasbasedontheproximityofthenewmillenniumformatxuxaparkwasdividedintoeightblockswithfourhourslongandwithmixedgamesmusicalnumbersandcartoonstheprogramdisplaytimevariedovertheyearsinjanuaryxuxaparkbegantosharesaturdaymorningwiththechildrenstvcolossodisplayedfrominaprilthetimehasbeenchangedtonbspamandinjulytheprogramwasbeingtransmittedfromamtheopeningblockxuxaparkwasdedicatedtocartoonsthesecondblockwasdedicatedtothegamesusuallycompetitionsbetweenboysandgirlsinthethirdblockthepequenascrianasgrandestalentosshowedchildrenfromalloverthebrazildancingorshowingsomeskilltheroomxuxaparkblockhadthecantabrasilframeworkinwhichxuxainterviewedabrazilianidoleachweekthehostreceivedaguestthefifthblockwasdedicatedagaintogamesamongwhichstoodoutroletainthesixthandseventhblockstheprogramhadthexuxahitsmusicchartswiththesinge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ampionshipandrepeatingaperfectseasonattoextenditsunbeatenstreaktogamesthehawkswererankedthenoteaminthenationinthefinalusatodaysuperexpertrankingsfootballaccomplishmentsstatechampionsstatefinalistsmassachusettsplayeroftheyeargregcomellamatthasselbeckjoegazianocobytippettxaverianspatriotspipelinethesonsofseveralnewenglandpatriotshaveplayedonthegridironforthehawkslacrossethexaverianlacrosseprogramhasearnedfourcatholicconferencechampionshipsthreemassachusettsdivisionstatefinalappearancesandadivisionstatechampionshipinninehawkshaveearnedallamericanandtwoacademicallamericanrecognitionsincefortyhawkshavebeenrecruitedbycollegelacrosseprogramstimgardnerbecametheheadlacrossecoachatxaverianincoachgardnerwasnamedthebostonglobecoachoftheyearinandthebostonlaxnetcoachoftheyearinandhasbeennamedcatholicconferencecoachoftheyearfourtimestrackfieldthehawkshavehadanexceptionalathleticsrecordinthelastdecadeandahalfundertheguidanceofheadcoachesphilpenzachrisheatonandstevesteinbergherattheallstatemeetderrickknighttookhomethegoldintheminwhilethexmteamclockedaforfirstthefollowingyearadambenabdallahwonthemandjuniorderekandersontookthediscusatallstatesmostimpressivelythexmteamdestroyedthecompetitioninaschoolrecordtimeofhissenioryearandersonfollowedupwithastaterecordofwhichstillstandstothisdayinchrisbonnerwontheallstatemwithastaterecordofandoutdoorswontheminablazingtimeofinarepeatofstrongmanrobchiacchiowonthediscusthrowatallstateswithaheaveofinthejumpsquadtooktoturntoshineasjuniordanoharasophomoretedmcmahanandfreshmenbillstillmancombinedasanimpressiveteamoharamcmahanandstillmanbeatthecompetitioninthehighjumprelaybeoverafootatthebobmcintyrerelaysindoorsinwithacombinedheightofthetriorepeatedtheirsuccessinfallinglessthaninchesshortofaclassarecordforthehighjumprelaywithacombinedheightoftheyearsawthehawksxmteammarkamiraultalecbledaydanhigginsandryankeoughrunanearstaterecordofatthenewenglandchampionshipsatthesamemeethighjumpertedmcmahanwonthenewenglandtitlewithaheightofkeoughwastherunnerupintheatstatesandwastheallstatechampindoorsduringtheindoorseasonamiraultsetadstatemeetrecordandranattheallstatemeetinthemilethehawksdmrsquadalsosetastaterelaysrecordofoutdoorsthetrackteamwonthemiaaallstatemeetjuniormarkamiraultwonthemileinbillstillmanwasthinthemhighhurdlesinprdthexmteamwasthinthexmsecondindanaandersonwonthediscusthrowinbillstillmanwasthirdinthehighjumpwithaleapofandjuniorkevonmasonwasthinthetriplejumpboundingamiraultalsoraninthemileandasplitinthedistancemedleyrelayatthepennrelaysthehawksdiversesquadcombinedforatotalofpointswellaheadoftherunnerupteamthefollowingyeartaylorfitzgeraldwonthemwhileamiraultclockedinthemstatemeetrecordoutdoorsamiraultwasvictoriousinthemilewithaandlaterraninthemileatnationalsintheindoorseasonthexmteamofandystillmanjohnfisherpetedolanandjohnbledaywonallstatesandpostedabestofbledayajunioralsowonthemileinatthedandallstatechampionshipmeetsstillmanryanbrandenburgdolanandbledayalsowonthemcintyreeliterelaysdmrinblastingawaythecompetitiontheoutdoorseasonsawbledaywinthemileatthestatemeetinthefollowingyearhewasarepeatchampioninthemilewinningstatesandallstatesindoorsandrespectivelyandclockingapersonalbestofoutdoorsbledaywonallstatesinandsetaschooloutdoorrecordofinthemilerecentlythetrackteamhadfivegraduatesrunningforivyleagueschoolsalecbledaypenndanhigginspennpeterdolanharvardmarkamiraultprincetonandjohnbledaydartmouthjuniorstandoutdjpagliucawonthetriplejumpatstatesallstatesandnewenglandsinculminatinginapersonalbestperformanceofinthexmrelayteamofgregpetruccijackwheelerdjpagliucaandrobertmarcantonioplacedthirdatthenewenglandchampionshipssettinganewindoorschoolrecordofkyledarrowwonthedstatemeetinthelongjumpandultimatelyjumpedapersonalrecordofoutdoorshesetastatemeetrecordandwaspartofaxmrelaywithconorbiagiottiterenzecolemanhowardanddjpagliucathatranattheallstatemeetothersportsthecrosscountryteamwoncatholicconferencetitlesinyearsthealpineskiteamwonthestatechampionshipinandandthevolleyballteamwontheirsecondstraightwesternallianceconferencetitleinandinthepowerliftingteamwontheirfifthstraightstatetitleinthevarsitygolfteamtiedatthedivisionstatechampionshipsandlostthetiebreakerchriswagnerwasdraftedinbythenhlsanaheimducksandisnowplayingforthemnotablealumnijamesbaileybasketballjamesbaileyformernbaplayerdanabarrosformernbaallstarplayerxaverianhalloffameduringxaverianvsbrocktongameingregcomellaformernflplayermauricehurstjrcollegefootballplayeruniversityofmichiganjohndelaneybaseballjohndelaneyheadbaseballcoachquinnipiacuniversityjoeflemingformercflallstarplayermatthasselbeckcurrentnflallproplayerxaverianhalloffametimhasselbeckformernflplayerandespnanalystxaverianhalloffamemarkjacksonathleticdirectormarkjacksonathleticdirectorvillanovauniversitymattklentakgeneralmanagerphiladelphiaphilliesdrewstrojnyformernflplayerchriswagnericehockeychriswagnercurrentnhlplayermarkyoungformernhlplayerxaverianhalloffamereferencesexternallinksxbhscomxaverianbrothershighschoolwebsitexaverianbrothershighschoolwordpresscomlifeasahawkofficialblogofthexaverianhawksigm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itablecollapsibleautocollapsechaptertitleenglishtitlechinesechaptertitleenglishtitlechineseexhortationtolearningdiscourseonheavencultivatingoneselfcorrectjudgmentsnothingimproperdiscourseonritualonhonoranddisgracediscourseonmusicagainstphysiognomyundoingfixationagainstthetwelvemasterscorrectnamingonconfuciushumannatureisbadonachievementsoftheruthegentlemantheruleofatruekingworkingsongsenrichingthestatefuthetruekingandthehegemonthegranddigestthewaytobealordtherighthandvesselthewaytobeaministerthewaytobeasononattractingmenofworththepropermodelandproperconductadebateonmilitaryaffairsdukeaithestrongstateyaoaskedtheessaysinthexunziarenotinchronologicalorderdiscourseonmusicmozianotherphilosopherofthewarringstateserapreunificationofchinadiscouragedtheuseofmusicandotherformsofcultureasbeingwastefulofresourcesneededtokeepthestatehealthyandprosperousxunzischapteronmusicquestionsthisstancespecificallynamingmoziwhyposesxunzishouldmusicberenouncedifcreatedbythesagekingstocreateorderinexpressionorifitbringspeopleintounityandharmonyandsoldiersintoorderforexampleviawardancesorwhatifithastheabilitytoreformpeoplefollowingalineofconfucianthoughtxunziarguesthatmusicasdefinedandorderedbytheancientsagekingsactslikeritualinthatitmoderatesandrestrainsthepersonlisteningandthepersonperformingitalsopositivelyinspirespeopleandisthusaneffectivemeansofgoverninghoweverandagainagreeingwithconfuciusxunzidoesadmitthattherearetypesofmusicwhichcanleadoneintolicentiousbehaviorbutstatesthatthegentlemanknowstobewaryofhisenvironmentandthesoundshehearsblockquotemusicembodiesanunchangingharmonywhileritesrepresentunalterablereasonmusicunitesthatwhichisthesameritesdistinguishthatwhichisdifferentandthroughthecombinationofritesandmusicthehumanheartisgovernedbecausehecriticizedmusiconewouldexpectmozitohavemetwithsomepunishmentandyetinhislifetimetheenlightenedkingshadalldiedandtherewasnoonetocorrecthiserrorssothatstupidmencontinuetostudyhisdoctrinesandbringjeopardytothemselvesrefnamexunzicitebookauthorwatsonburtontitlexunzibasicwritingspublishercolumbiauniversitypressyearpagesisbnrefblockquoteundoingfixationxunzischapterondispellingobsessioncanbeunderstoodviatheuseofanodeheusesfromtheclassicofpoetrybookofodesblockquoteipluckandplucktheburrweedbutitdoesnotfillmyslantingbasketisighformylovedoneiwouldbeintheranksofzhoublockquotebecausethemindofthepluckerinthisodeisdividedbetweenhertaskathandandtheloveshehasforamanintheranksofzhoushecannotcompletethesimpletaskoffillingherbasketxunziwarnsagainstfallingintoobsessioninthischapterwhenoneissubjecttoobsessionitmeansthattheyarefocusingsointentlyonacertainthingxunziclaimsthatmozifocusedtoomuchonutilitywhilezhuangzhouzhuangzifocusedtooheavilyonnatureforexampletheirmindswillnotbeabletoabsorbanynewinformationoutsideoftherealmoftheirobsessiontheirmindsarethusdividedinthesenseoftherebeingawalltootalltoseeoverintheirheadseparatingtheobsessionfromeverythingelseobsessionasarguedbyxunziissostrongthattheineptitudeitcausescanleadtoonesdeathwithoutthemevenknowingitexamplesofpeoplewhofellintosuchobsessionsincluderulerswhoneglectedtheirdutiesatthehandsofanobsessionforaparticularconcubineforexampleandthusfellintodiscordwiththeirpeopleandusurpersofthethronewhoalsomettheirendbecauseoftheirobsessionwithgainingpoweralternatelyasageusesthewaydotorefrainfromobsessionandtokeephismindopeninordertoacceptthewayonemustfirstunderstanditthenapproveitthenabidebyitthewayisthepathawayfromobsessionbecauseofthenatureofitsinteractionwiththemindwhichisemptyunifiedandstillaccordingtoxunziwhenitisinaccordwiththewaywhenithappensthatonesmindisemptyoneisabletopossessmuchintellectwithoutsaidintellectinterferingwiththeprocessofabsorbingnewinformationwhenithappensthatonesmindisunifiedoneunderstandsdifferencesandthevarietyofinformationbutdoesnotallowonefacttoimpingeuponthatofanotherwhenithappensthatonesmindisstillalthoughonemaydaydreamandimagineandhaveamindconstantlyinmotiononedoesnotallowthesementalmeanderingstodistortperceptionsxunziisreferringtopeaceofmindratherthananattempttounlearnwhatonehaslearnedaslaozidoeswhenhereferstothemindasbeingemptyunifiedandstillwhenoneisinaccordancewiththewaytheyareabletotreattheworldholisticallywhileoneoutsideofthewaycanonlyseetheworldasacollectionofunrelatedunitswiththisachievedlearningcanbedoneandshouldbedonetothepointofsufficiencyhavingtheunderstandingofasageorkingtheformerhavingcontrolovermoralityandthelatterhavingcontroloversocietyforxunzithemindistherulerofthebodytheemptyingofwhichleadsoneclosertothewayhisargumentissimilartothatofzhuangziswhosaysthattheemptyingofthemindwillleadonetobeactivelyspontaneousandinharmonywiththewayhoweverasnotedbelowinthemansnatureisevilsectionxunziarguesfortheuseofancientritesandregulationstohonetheselfwhilezhuangzibelievesthatsimplyemptyingthemindwithoutabsorbingsuchinformationregardingritualandregulationandthusfallingintoastateofwuweiissufficienttowalkingthepathofthewaycorrectnamingemployingatechniqueusedbyphilosophersbeforehimsuchasmoziandconfuciusxunziarguesfortherectificationofnamesthereareseveralreasonswhyxunziconsideredthecorrectandconsistentnamingofthingswasimportantsoarulercouldadequatelycommandhispeopleinaccordancewiththewaywithoutbeingmisunderstoodifmisunderstandingsweretooeasilymadethenthewaywouldnoteffectivelybeputintoactionthisappearstobexunzismostimportantreasonwhentherulersaccomplishmentsarelonglastingandhisundertakingsarebroughttocompletionthisistheheightofagoodgovernmentallofthisistheresultofbeingcarefultoseethatmensticktothenameswhichhavebeenagreeduponalsowithoutuniversallyaccepteddefinitionsrightandwrongwouldbecomeblurredbeingspecificaboutwhatconstitutesrightandwrongcausesmoralitytobemoreobjectivetodistinguishbetweenthingsthatarethesameandthosethataredifferentonemustusetheirsensestounderstandathingviasightsoundsmelltastetouchandthencompareittounderstandingsofotherthingsfromtheseobservationsnamescanbegivenbasedonthesamenessordifferencebetweenthingsindividualthingswillhavetheirownnamesinthisconstructforexamplethatisanacousticguitaraswillgroupsofthingsthosearemusicalinstrumentsthenamingofthingscanbecomeeithermoreorlessprecisefromthispointihavenamedmyacousticguitarfrecklesorallmusicalinstrumentsaresolidobjectsxunzialsospeaksofthingswhichsharethesameformbutoccupydifferentplacesandthingswhichhavedifferentformsbutoccupythesameplacetheformersuchastwoflutesshouldbedistinguishedastwoseparateflutesalthoughtheyareofthesameformbecausetheyoccupydifferentspaceshoweverasonefluteisusedandbecomesdamagedorbrokenovertimeitappearstochangeintosomethingelsebuteventhoughitseemstobecomesomethingdifferentitisstillthesamefluteandshouldberegardedassuchthisattentiontodetailperhapssoundssatiricalbuthaspracticalusexunzielaboratesonexactlywhatthenamesagemeanswhatsortofpersonitcanapplytoideallyifallpeopleareabletoaccuratelyemploythewordsagefindingaproperteachertheimportanceofthisisdescribedinthesectionbelowforexamplewouldbeeasierlikewisetheideaofbeingconciseandaccurateinspeakingismadetobeacharacteristicofthesageandthusantitheticaltothesloppyspeakingofafoolwhoisincapableoflearningwithouttheunderstandingofnamesxunzialsousestherectificationofnamestorefutepreviousphilosopherssuchasthewritersofthedaodejingorlaozitheallegedauthorofthedaodejinginthischapteralthoughwithoutobviousreferencetoanyparticularpersonorschoolofthoughtcallsintoquestiontheworddesireinthedaodejinglaoziarguesfortherenunciationofdesiresonthebasisthattheyonlyleadtoexcessiveandselfishracestowardsatietyxunzihoweverarguesthatthosewhomaintainthatdesiresmustbegottenridofbeforetherecanbeorderlygovernmentfailtoconsiderwhetherdesirescanbeguidedherexunziassertsthatifsomeonetrulyunderstooddesirestheywouldnotmakesuchacontradictorystatementdesiresinxunzismindcannotbeguidedxunzifocusesonthemindsabilitytoreformactionsifonesmindistrainedalthoughtherearemanydesirestheywillnotbeacteduponconverselyifthemindisuntrainedalthoughtherearefewdesirestheywillbeacteduponinthiswayxunziusesclassificationandunderstandingtoasserthispointitisthemindwhichhascontroloverdesiresdesirescannotsimplybeforgottenbecausetheyarepartofhumannatureandarefromheavenashecontinuestoexplainalsoifamanistrulyinaccordancewiththewayhewillnotallowmeredesirestochangehiscourseofdirectiontherectificationofnamesisanimportantoneconsideringthecourseofchinesephilosophyinthiseraphilosopherssuchasconfuciusandlaoziforexampleusedsimilarwordsandideastaodaowuweieffortlessactionsagetomeanslightlydifferentmeaningsoneoftheaimsofnamerectificationwastocreateaconsistentlanguagethatwouldalloweachwordtohaveaconsistentanduniversalmeaningsotoavoidtheconfusionofmultiplewaysetchumannatureisbadxunzibelievedthatallpeoplearebornwithnaturaltendenciestowardwaywardnessthatisatasteforprofitandbeautyandasusceptibilitytojealousyandhateallofwhichifindulgedinwouldleadtodisorderandcriminalityinordertoattainaonenesswiththewayadedicationtomoralityxunziarguedfortheguidanceofaproperteacheronlythiswouldallowonetobecomemorallyuprightaproperteacherwouldhavebeentrainedintheteachingsoftheancientsagekingswhosawthathumannaturewasinherentlyimmoralandthuswrongfromthisrealizationthesagekingsdevelopedritualsandregulationstoshapepeopleintoaccordancewiththewaythustheprocessoffollowingtheteachingsofthesagekingsandateacherwhocanteachthemequatesarenunciationofonesevilnatureandacommitmenttoconsciousactivityconsciousactivitybecauseonemustdeliberatelyandwillinglychangetheiractionsinordertooversteptheirevilswhichwouldotherwiseoccurnaturallywithoutconsciousthoughtxunzidisembarksfromtheargumentsofpreviousconfucianshereconfuciusclaimedthatsomepeoplebutnotallandnotevenconfuciushimselfwerebornwiththeabilitytolovelearningandactinaccordancewiththewaymenciusbelievedthatallpeoplewereinherentlygoodandthatitwasnegativeenvironmentalinfluenceswhichcausedimmoralityinpeoplebutxunzipicksapartmenciussargumentinhiswritingmenciuswhomxunzireferstobynamedoesnotdistinguishbetweennatureandconsciouspracticetheformerisinherentassightistotheeyeorhearingistotheearonecannotbetaughttoseehoweverconsciousthoughtissomethingwhichmustbetaughtandlearnedblockquotenowitisthenatureofmanthatwhenheishungryhewilldesiresatisfactionwhenheiscoldhewilldesirewarmthandwhenheiswearyhewilldesirerestthisishisemotionalnatureandyetamanalthoughheishungrywillnotdaretobethefirsttoeatifheisinthepresenceofhiseldersbecauseheknowsthatheshouldyieldtothemandalthoughheiswearyhewillnotdaretodemandrestbecauseheknowsthatheshouldrelieveothersoftheburdenoflaborforasontoyieldtohisfatherorayoungerbrothertorelievehiselderbrothernbspactssuchastheseareallcontrarytomansnatureandruncountertohisproperformsenjoinedbyritualprinciplesblockquotehoweverthegapinxunzisargumentisasfollowsifhumannatureisnaturallyevilhowdidthesagekingscometoinventtheideaofgoodnessandmoralityxunzirecognizestheapparentflawandarguesthatjustasapotterconsciouslycreatesapotanobjectandactionnotpartofhisownnaturesodoesasageconsciouslycreatetheritualsandregulationstobefollowedifmoralityisthegoalthesecreationsarenotpartofonesnaturebutratherstemfromadeparturefromnaturexunzistatesthateverymanwhodesirestodogooddoessopreciselybecausehisnatureisevilwhateveramanlacksinhimselfhewillseekoutsideasthesagekingsdidwhentheyreferencedtheirpersonalexperimentsandideastocreateameanstowardmoralityaccordingtoxunziifpeoplewerenaturallygoodthenleavingpeoplesandgovernmentswithoutlawsandrestrictionswouldcausenoharmordisorderxunzidoesnotbelievethisstateofaffairstobepossiblexunzibelievedthatallpeoplearebornwiththecapacitytobecomegoodforexamplegreatkingslikeemperoryaoyaoandemperorshunshunwerebornnodifferentfromthieveslikerobberzhiorthejieofxiatyrantjiethatisallfourpossessedthesamenatureatbirthblockquotethemaninthestreetcanbecomeayuthegreatyuwhatdoesthismeanwhatmadethesageemperoryuayuiwouldreplywasthefactthathepracticedbenevolenceandrighteousnessandabidedbytheproperrulesandstandardsifthisissothenbenevolencerighteousnessandproperstandardsmustbebaseduponprincipleswhichcanbeknownandpracticedanymaninthestreetcanbecomeayublockquotexunziarguesthatifoneassociateswithgentlemenonewillbecomeagentlemanifoneassociateswiththeimmoralonewillbecomeimmoralasimilarsentimentcanbefoundintheanalectsofconfuciusxunziendsthechapterwithifyoudonotknowamanlookathisfriendsifyoudonotknowarulerlookathisattendantsenvironmentistheimportantthingenvironmentistheimportantthingthisattitudetowardnurtureovernaturemayappearsimilartothatofmenciusbutthestancesofthetwointhiscaseshouldnotbeconfusedwhilemenciusarguesthatpeopleareborngoodbutneedapositiveenvironmentinordertofullyprosperwiththewayxunziarguesthatitisonlytheenvironmentwhichcansaveapersonfromimmoralitytranslationsreprintedtaipeichengwenknoblockjohntransndashxunziatranslationandstudyofthecompleteworksvolsstanfordstanforduniversitypressknoblockjohnenglishzhangjuetransmandarinxunzienglishandchinesechangshahunanrenminchubanshehuttonerictransxunzithecompletetextprincetonprincetonuniversitypressreferencesfootnotesworkscitedexternallinksctextorgxunzifulltextofthexunziinchinesehexagraminnalillahiwainnailayhirajiunmamalakataymanukumokhranapiraeuskyowagothemagicwhiprcatshellblurbandredirectcategoryshellspeciesboxnamexestiabrunneopictaimageimagecaptiontaxonxestiabrunneopictaauthorityshnenmatsumuramatsumurasynonymsanomogynabrunneopictasmallmatsumurasmallxestiabrunneopictaisamothofthefamilynoctuidaeitisfoundfrommagadantotheeastsiberiantuvainrussiaithasalsobeenrecordedfromnorthernfinlandthelarvaefeedonvariousplantsincludingandromedapolifoliasalixphylicifolialarixgmelinilarixdeciduaandlarixsibiricayounglarvaehaveapalegreenishgreybodyandpalebrownheadfullgrownlarvaereachalengthofnbspmmtheyhaveabrownheadandthedorsalandventralregionsofthebodyaregreenwiththemiddorsalandsubdorsallineswhitenarrowshortandbrokenlifecyclegallerygalleryimagexestiabrunneopictalarvastinstarjpgstinstarlarvaimagexestiabrunneopictalarvandinstarjpgndinstarlarvaimagexestiabrunneopictalarvavariousinstarsjpgtherdinstarlarvaonandromedapolifoliathethinstarlarvaonlarixdeciduamillerpinaceaelastinstarlarvawithdarkerbrownheadmaturelarvaonsalixphylicifoliaimagexestiabrunneopictapupajpgpupagalleryreferencesllwelshredirectcategoryshelldigestionalchemyredirectcategoryshellautomatictaxoboxtaxonxinjiangchelyidaexinjiangchelyidaeisanextinctfamilyofcryptodirafoundinasiaandwesterneuropegeneraannemysbrodiechelyscamerochelysjastmelchyilarachelusphunoichelysshartegemystienfuchelysundjulemysxinjiangchelysreferencesinfoboxfilmnameimageposterjpgaltcaptionposterfilmnamefornonenglishfilmsfilmsnameinitsnativelanguagedirectorjamescullenbressackproducerswriterjamescullenbressackscreenplaystorybasedonstarringnarratorornarratorsmusicchrisridenhourcinematographybrianwebereditingrobertstuvlandstudiotheasylumdistributorsreleasedruntimecountryunitedstateslanguageenglishbudgetgrossisaamericanhorrorfilmwrittenanddirectedbyjamescullenbressackfortheasylumplotforathousandyearsmanhasbeenaddingadaytothecalendareveryyearsandindoingsoviolatedmankindsinterpretationofthemayancalendarspredictionthattheworldwouldendinonthethdayofthethmonthofthenewmillenniumsurvivorsconfrontaworldofdemonsontheentirehumanracewiththeexceptionofthosebornonaleapyeargoinsanethosewhowerebornonaleapye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ssagediametersincethenewoxidizercouldstaywithinspecificationatahigherflowvelocitytheinjectorwouldchangefromflattoaleggedbafflethepumpsealswouldbeimprovedandtheoxidizervalvewouldchangetoatorquemotordesignitwouldalsoimplementsomematerialchangesintheturbopumpbearingsthatwouldeliminatetheoxidizedboilingthatpreventedarestartintheminutetohoursperiodafteranignitionthemultistartcapabilitiesofthewouldhavebeenportedthiswouldenableuptostartsalsosingleburnlifewasexpandedtosecondsbellmodellsincethebwouldrequireexpensivechangesinpropellanthandlingamiddlestepwasproposeditwouldswitchfueltomonomethylhydrazinemmhplussiliconeoilhexamethyldisilazonehmzwhilekeepingthesameoxidantastheandchangethemixtureratioattherestofthechangeswerethesameasthebexceptthatitwouldkeepthesamecoolingchanneldiameterasthethechamberpressurewouldbereducedtoandtheniobiumnozzlewouldhaveaexpansionratiotherestartcapabilitieswouldbetostartsdependingoncertificationeffortbellmodelusafdesignationxlrbausedontheagenatargetvehicleandasapureupperstageintheformofthermagenaascentagenaitaddedanewsystemthatallowedmultiplerestartsthesystemreplacedthestartupcartridgesfortwometallicbellowsontheoxidizerandfueltankwhichcouldsupplyenoughpressureforstartuponcetheturbopumpreacheditspeakpowertheoutletpressurewasusedtorefillthosebellowsandthusitrechargeditselfwhileitwasratedatrestartsinpracticeitneverdidmorethanwhichwereperformedduringthegeminigeminiximissionbellmodelaprogramtodevelopanupgradedversionoftheitswitchedpropellantstounsymmetricaldimethylhydrazineudmhanddinitrogentetroxidensubsubosubsubandhadgeneralperformanceimprovementsthepropellantswitchnotonlyenabledbetterperformancebutalsoallowedittostayfueledonthepadforperiodsoftimelongerthandaysseealsormagenathoragenathoradagenaatlasagenatitanrocketliquidfuelrocketrocketengineusingliquidfuelreferencesreflistemrefsrefnameeabellrefrefnameeabellrefrefnameeabellrefrefnameeabellrefrefnameeaatldslvrefrefnameawbellrefrefnamebagenarefrefnamensfagdocrefrefnamentrsarefrefnamentrsbrefrefnamentrscrefrefnamentrsdrefrefnamensfagdocrefrefnameusafphviirefrefnamenasasprefrefnameusafsmehrefexternallinksbdespacerocketsunitedstatesagenaindexhtmbdeforumnasaspaceflightcomindexphptopicmsgmsgnasaspaceflightcomthreadonagenadocumentationforumnasaspaceflightcomindexphptopicmsgmsgnasaspaceflightcomthreadonagenadocumentationmasahirotanakaredirectcategoryshellspliiatimeforconsequencesbeehieroglyphhollywoodadventuresbullkahieroglyphcarobhieroglyphhanddrillhieroglyphhippopotamushieroglyphredirectalwafdxhbjfmxhetofmxhtifmasitisbandinfoboxstationnamexinghuolunativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagealtcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddresspukoudistrictnanjingjiangsucountrychinacoordinatesoperatornanjingmetrocoltdlineplatformsnotethatislandplatformseachcountastwoplatformsandnotonecheckthestationlayoutremovethiscommentafterwardsconnectionsstructureundergrounddisabledcodeopenedaprilclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxinghuolustationisametrostationstationoflinenanjingmetrolineofthenanjingmetroitstartedoperationsonaprilrefnamelineartrefreferencesnanjingmetrostationslineyesredirectelizabethwongauthorxhypfmxhetufmxhkefmhannaknyazyevaminenkohannaknyazyevaminenkoburyatiaburyatiaburyatiaaltairepublicredirectcategoryshellrussiarussiamrbekbabanovredirectcategoryshellalmazbekatambayevcommonwealthofindependentstatesoshregionkarakalpakstanredirectcategoryshellkarakalpakstanredirectcategoryshellasiabatkenregionuzbekistanqazaqstanchannelqazaqstanradioandtelevisioncorporationqazaqstanradioandtelevisioncorporationxhsfmxhlofmxhartfmspeciesboxnamegalapgoscarpenterbeeimagexylocopadarwinijpgimagecaptionfemaleonbastardiaviscosaviscidmallowsantacruzislandgalpagossantacruzislandtaxonxylocopadarwiniauthoritycockerellxylocopadarwinithegalpagoscarpenterbeeistheonlynativespeciesofbeefoundinthegalpagosislandstowhichitisendemismendemicthefemaleisallblackwhereasthemalehasablackabdomenandisyellowbrownelsewherereferencesreflistrefsrefnamebowmrefrefnamegscxdrefrefnameitisrefrefnamenichprefbibliographyrefnamevargrumeheletravxhbwfmsergyrikhterskiptracefilmskiptracefilmxlrbeijingenlightpicturesbridewarsfilmtinytimesxaraisanacronymforunauthorizedcrossappresourceaccesswhichdescribesacategoryofzerodaycomputingzerodayvulnerabilitiesincomputersoftwaresystemsinitialdisclosureanacademicresearchpaperentitledunauthorizedcrossappresourceaccessonmacosxandioswaspublishedonmaybyateamofresearchersfromindianauniversitytsinghuauniversitypekinguniversitychineseacademyofsciencesandgeorgiainstituteoftechnologythepaperwaswidelyreleasedtothepubliconjuneandcommentedonbybothmainstreamandtechnicalmediaoutletsthepaperidentifiesanumberofseparatecategoriesofzerodaycomputingzerodaythreatstoapplicationsoftwareapplicationsandstoredpasswordswhichcanpotentiallybeexploitcomputersecurityexploitedbymalwareoniosdevicesandosxthepaperalsodisclosestheexistenceofsimilarvulnerabilitiesonandroidoperatingsystemandroiddevicesresponsebyvendorson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hethcongressofthepartyinnovemberhebecamesecretaryofthecentralcommitteeandheldthatpostuntilnovemberatthesametimehewastemporarilyamemberofthepresidiumofthepeoplesassemblythecollectivebodyofcounselingforthepresidencyassuchhewasoneofthemembersofthealbaniangovernmentdelegationatthecelebrationsmarkingthethanniversaryofestablishingthepeoplesrepublicofchinasubsequentlyonnovemberhebecamedeputychairmanofthecabinetofalbaniacouncilofministersinthegovernmentofprimeministermehmetshehuandremainedinthispositionuntilnovemberheexchangedhispreviouspostascentralcommitteesecretarywithhakitoskawhoservedasdeputyprimeministerresponsibleforagriculturewhiledealingmainlywithindustryatthesubsequentthpartycongressinnovemberhebecameacandidatememberofthepolitburoofthepartyoflabourofalbaniaheheldthisfunctionuntilnovemberonnovemberhewasappointedministerofindustryandminesintheseventhshehugovernmentapostheremainedinuntilaprilinaprilhewasamongtheparticipantsatthestatefuneralofthelatefirstsecretaryoftheppshenverhoxhamostrecentlyhewasdeputychairmanofthepresidiumofthepeoplesassemblyandthusalongsideritamarkoandeminegurioneofthecounselorsoframizaliaspahiuwasmarriedtothesisterofreismalileformerforeignministerofalbaniahediedonmayintiranareferencestaxoboximagexanthoconiumaffinejpgimagewidthpxregnumfungidivisiobasidiomycotaclassisagaricomycetesordoboletalesfamiliaboletaceaegenusxanthoconiumspeciesxaffinebinomialxanthoconiumaffinebinomialauthoritycharleshortonpeckpeckrolfsingersingersynonymsrefsynonymsboletusaffinissmallpecksmallxanthoconiumaffineisaspeciesofboletefungusofthegenusxanthoconiumfirstspeciesdescriptiondescribedasaspeciesofboletusbycharleshortonpeckinitwasplacedinitscurrentgenusbyrolfsingerinseealsolistofnorthamericanboletesreferencesreflistrefsrefnamepeckrefrefnamesingerrefexternallinksinfoboxrocketenginenamexlrimagevanguardrocketengineslrlrjpgimagesizecaptionvanguardrocketenginesreargesfirststageengineforegroundaerojetgeneralssecondstageenginecountryoforiginunitedstatesdatefirstdatelastdatedesignermanufacturergeneralelectricpurposefirststageengineassociatedvanguardrocketvanguardpredecessorgeneralelectrichermesabsuccessorstatusretiredtypeliquidoxidiserloxfuelrpmixtureratiocyclegasgeneratorcyclerocketgasgeneratorcyclepumpsdescriptioncombustionchambernozzleratiothrustthrustataltitudethrustvacthrustslthrottlerangethrusttoweightchamberpressurespecificimpulsespecificimpulsevacuumspecificimpulsesealeveltotalimpulseburntimesrestartsgimbalcapacitydimensionslengthdiameterdryweightusedinvanguardrocketvanguardfirststagereferencesnotesthegeneralelectricgexmdashunitedstatesnavyusnavydesignationxlrgemdashwasapumpfedenginepumpfedliquidpropellantrocketengineburningrpandloxinagasgeneratorcyclerocketgasgeneratorcycledevelopedbygeneralelectricitwasusedtopowerthefirststagerocketryfirststageofthevanguardrocketvanguardrocketsonthevanguardprojectaswascommontoenginesbasedonthevexperiencetheturbinewasdrivenbysteamgeneratedbycatalysiscatalyticdecompositionofhydrogenperoxidehsubsubosubsubandthecombustionchamberwasregenerativecoolingrocketregenerativelycooledtheenginewasgimbaledthrustgimbaledtosupplythrustvectoringalsotheexhaustgasesoftheturbinewereductedtodualauxiliarynozzlesthatactedasvernierthrustervernierstoenablerollcontroloftherocketwhenthevanguardrocketvanguardrocketwasselectedasthefirstorbitallaunchvehiclefortheusglennlmartincompanymartincompanygotthecontractasprimecontractorgiventherequiredthrustlevelsthevikingrocketvikingpropulsionthereactionmotorsxlrwasdeemedinsufficientandgeneralelectricproposalbasedhermesprogramwasconsideredmorefittingandalessriskychoicethanreactionmotorsnextprojectthusonoctobermartinpurchaseordercpwassignedwithgeneralelectricforthexengineforfurnishingaselfcontainedunitwhichwastoincludethethruststructuregimbalringenginecomponentsandenginestartingequipmentwhilethefirsttwovanguardflightvanguardtvtvandvanguardtvtvusedvikingfirststagestwelvexwerebuiltandelevenflewonvanguardrocketsreferencesreflistemrefsrefnameeaxrefrefnamehpgerefrefnamebookstemprefrefnamenasaspchrefrefnamenasaspchrefrefnamebooktfsrrefrefnamebookrisrefredirectxlrredirectvikingrocketdesignfeaturestaxoboxvirusgroupifamiliapapillomaviridaegenusxipapillomavirussubdivisionrankstypespeciessubdivisionxipapillomavirusxipapillomavirusisagenusofvirusesinthefamilypapillomaviridaebovineserveasnaturalhoststherearecurrentlyonlytwospeciesinthisgenusincludingthetypespeciesxipapillomavirusdiseasesassociatedwiththisgenusincludetruepapillomasonthecutaneousormucosalsurfacesofcattlerefnameviralzonerefrefnameictvreftaxonomybiggroupdsdnabigcollapsiblelisttitlebigorderunassignedbigcollapsiblelistframestylebordernonepaddingemtitlefamilypapillomaviridaesmallxipapillomavirussmallsmallxipapillomavirussmallstructurevirusesinxipapillomavirusarenonenvelopedwithicosahedralgeometriesandtsymmetrythediameterisaroundnbspnmgenomesarecirculararoundkbinlengththegenomehasopenreadingframesclasswikitablesortablestyletextaligncentergenusstructuresymmetrycapsidgenomicarrangementgenomicsegmentationxipapillomavirusicosah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tiesandwiththeirnewdrummerthebandplayedtheirsecondconcertbutunfortunatelyzaurdidnotstaywiththebandforverylongonedayseymourandelchinmetattheirfavoritecafetodiscusstheirplansforthenextfutureelchinunexpectedlyaskedseymourifhewouldliketobethedrummerforseymoursaidyesbutontheconditionthathewouldbethetemporarydrummerforuntilhewasabletoformhisownbandtheguysagreedamongthemselvesbuttheideaofabeingatemporarydrummerdisappearedveryquicklyforseymourandinseptemberafterayearofplayingwithseymourfinallyofficiallyjoinedthebandasthedrummerduetopersonalcircumstancesbassistfiruzsalamzadehwasalsoforcedtoleavethebandandwasreplacedbyturaltahirwhopreviouslyplayedwiththebandsiratwiththeadditionofturalcamenewbackgroundvocalsandoriginalbasslinesandthusremainsthecurrentmembershipofperformancesthebandsfirstperformancewasnovemberatbakussoundfactoryclubperformingthreeoriginalsongstheinitialperformancereceivedraveacceptanceandwasvotedasthebestperformancebytheaudiencetheypresentedtheirfirstrockpartyinnovkhaniondecemberattheafhotelafclubwithsixoriginalsongsasoloconcertinsumqayitsumgaitinandacontinuationofnewsongsinperformancesandrecordingsfollowedonmarchthebandpresentedasilentnightmusicpartyinthebakujazzcentreinbakuonmaythebandperformedatthesumgaitrockfestivalthefirstrockfestivalinazerbaijansponsoredbyyouthassociationthebandwaschosentotourandperforminjulywiththeusbandfilligartheyopenedforfilligarinparkbulvaronjuneontheshoreofthecaspianseainsidethecourtyardoftheunitedstatesambassadortoazerbaijanusembassyinbakuonjulycelebratingindependencedayunitedstatesamericanindependencedayandonthemainsquareoftheculturecenterofnnarimanovinthecityofsumgaitonjulytheyrecordedwithfilligaracoveroftheazerbaijanirocksongxezerinsahilindaorcaspianseabytheazeribandyuxuthebandperformedonaugustinashoworganizedbydesperadomusicschoolinthebinqdiraionbinagadiregionandreceivedrecognitionfromthelocalgovernmentondecemberthebandperformedattheinternationaltradecenterinbakuatguitarfestivalorganizedbydesperadomusicschoolwaschosenasthebandwhichhadthemostsuccessfulshowbythevotingoftheparticipantsinfebruaryandmarchthebandtraveledtotheunitedstatesusandperformedandrecordedinaustintexasaustintexastheyparticipatedattheuniversityoftexasataustinuniversityoftexasinclassesanddiscussionsaboutcreatingtheirmusicandthestudyofmusicinazerbaijantheymetwithstudentsatthesarahandernestbutlerschoolofmusicbutlerschoolofmusicattheuniversitydemonstratingazerbaijanimusicofazerbaijantraditionalmusicandtheirspecialmergingwithmughammusicjoinedbytheazerbaijanistudentmughamgroupfromthebakuacademyofmusicnationalconservatoryinbakuqarabaghensembletheirmusicwaspresentedontexaspublicradiopublicradioinaustinandtheywereintroducedandinterviewedbyjohnaiellionthekutxradioshoweklektikostheyperformedatthedeutchehauscoopinaustinthetexasunionandonmarchasaguestartistintraditionandinnovationtwoworldsofazerbaijanimusicatthebutlerschoolofmusicattheuniversityoftexasbandmemberscurrentmemberselchinelshadleadvocalsrhythmguitarjamaljabrailovleadguitarturaltahirbassbackingvocalsseymuraliyevdrumspercussionmichaelbrysonauxiliarypastmembersbrhasanrzayevdrumspercussionbrzaurhuseynovdrumspercussionbrfiruzsalamzadehbassdiscographysourcediscographyhamisibizdendirhamisibizdendiryaghishimsenqocadeyilsengorushekuzaqlardansondefedostumelvidabiristeyimvarreferencesexternallinkscomcomofficialwebsitesaidnurssaladinerbilerbilshinnakagomishitaohuangkanlinalinredirectcategoryshellalinalinredirectcategoryshellmultipleissuesinfoboxsportspersonnamexiesiyiimagecaptionbirthdatebirthplaceshantouguangdongchinaresidencebeijingchinaheightmweightkgcountryeventdivingnbspmnbspmsynchronbspmnbspmsynchronbspmpartnercaoyuanformerpartnerchenaisencoachzhoujihongmedaltemplatesxiesiyibornmarchisachinesedivingdiverhispreviousmaineventwasmplatformandhispartnerwaschenaisenhoweverduetoaseriousinjuryinheisfocusingmoreonspringboardnowattheworldaquaticschampionshipshebecameanewworldchampioninteamchinaafterwinningthegoldmedalofmspringboardreferencesfabulanovacrystallisfinalfantasyminormajorseventhchordspeciesboxtaxonxiombargplaumanniimageimagecaptionparentauthoritypaolomarcellobrignolibrignoliauthoritybrignolixiombargplaumanniisaspeciesofgoblinspideroccurringinsoutheasternbrazilandadjacentargentinaitistheonlyspeciesinthegenusxiombargitalianarachnologistpaolomarcellobrignolidescribedxplaumanniinnamingthegenusafterxiombargacharacterinmichaelmoorcocknovelsrefnameplatnickbrescovitrefreferencesreflistrefsrefnamewscgrefxiombargplaumanniredirectlingvrcnnphilippinesinfoboxmedicalconditionnamesynonymsxlinkedthrombocytopeniawithnormalplateletsimagexlinkedrecessivesvgaltcaptionthisconditionisinheritedinanxlinkedrecessivemannerpronouncefieldicddicdicdoomimdiseasesdbmedlineplusemedicinesubjemedicinetopicmeshgenereviewsnbkgenereviewsnameorphanetxlinkedthrombocytopeniaalsoreferredtoasxltorthrombocytopeniaisaninheritedclottingdisorderthatprimarilyaffectsmalesitisawasrelateddisordermeaningitiscausedbyamutationinthewiskottaldrichsyndromewasgenewhichislocatedontheshortarmofthexchromosomewasrelateddisordersincludewiskottaldrichsyndromexltandxlinkedcongenitalneutropeniaxlnofthewasrelateddisordersxlinkedthrombocytopeniaisconsideredtobethemilderphenotypebetweenandpermillionmalesworldwideareaffectedwiththisdisorderfemalesmaybeaffectedwiththisdisorderbutthisisveryraresincefemaleshavetwoxchromosomesandarethereforetypicallycarriersofthemutationsymptomsxlinkedthrombocytopeniaistypicallydiagnosedininfancythediseasepresentsasableedingdisorderwitheasybruisingmucosalbleedingsuchasnosebleedsandmildtosevereanemiaanemiaisaconditioninwhichthereisaninsufficientnumberofredbloodcellstocarryadequatelevelsofoxygentothebodystissuesxlinkedthrombocytopeniaisconsideredtobethemilderphenotypeofthewasrelateddisordersasageincreasestheseverityofsymptomstendstodecreasehoweverindividualswithxlinkedthrombocytopeniahaveanincreasedriskforlifethreateningbrainhemorrhagesandspontaneousbleedingcausesxlinkedthrombocytopeniaisinheritedonthexchromosomefemalesthatarecarrierswillhaveachanceofpassingthewasgenemutationontotheirmaleoffspringfemaleoffspringalsohaveachanceofreceivingthemutatedgenefromtheirmothersandareconsideredcarriersinthateventmaleswithxlinkedthrombocytopeniawillnotpasstheconditiontotheirsonssincetheypasstheirychromosomeontoanymaleoffspringhoweveranydaughtersmaleswiththisconditionhavewillbecarriersmechanismxlinkedthrombocytopeniaprimarilyaffectsthecirculatorysystemspecificallytheplateletsinthebloodplateletsarecellfragmentsinthebloodthataidinclottingplateletsareproducedinthebonemarrownormalplateletcountsrangefromtoplateletsperlofbloodindividualswithxltusuallyhavedrasticallyreducedplateletcountstypicallylessthanplateletsperlofbloodnotonlyaretherefewerplateletscirculatingbutindividualswithxltalsohavesmallerplateletsfewerandsmallerplateletscausestheefficacyoftheclottingmechanisminthebodytobeseriouslycompromisedwhichcanleadtobruisingandbleedingxlinkedthrombocytopeniaiscausedbyamutationofthewasgenethismutationcausesthedecreasedabsentoralteredwiskoffaldrichsyndromeproteinwaspnormalwaspisinvolvedinrelayingsignalsfromthecellmembranetotheactincytoskeletonifwaspisdecreasedabsentoralteredthenthehematopoieticcellsitisfoundinwillshowsignalingandcytoskeletonabnormalitiesthisformofthrombocytopeniaisinheritedonxchromosomethusindividualswiththisdisorderaretypicallymalesinregardstothesexchromosomesmaleshaveonexchromosomeandoneychromosomewhilefemaleshavetwoxchromosomesbecausemalesonlyhaveonexchromosomeiftheyreceiveanxchromosomewithawasgenemutationfromtheirmotherthentheywillshowphenotypeoftheconditionfemalescanbecarriersforthisdisorderwhichmeansthattheyhaveonenormalxchromosomeandonexchromosomewiththewasgenemutationfemalesthatarecarriersdonotshowanysignsorsymptomsofxlinkedthrombocytopeniarefnamencbinlmnihgovrefmaleswithxlinkedthrombocytopeniaarealsosusceptibletosevereinfectionsbleedingautoimmunediseasesandmalignanciesdiagnosisasidefromobservingthesymptomscharacteristicofxlinkedthrombocytopeniaininfancyeasybruisingmildanemiamucosalbleedingmoleculargenetictestingwouldbedonetoconfirmthediagnosisfurthermoreflowcytometryorwesternblottingwouldbeusedtotestfordecreasedorabsentamountsofwaspfamilyhistorywouldalsoassistindiagnosiswithspecificattentiontomaternallyrelatedmaleswithwasrelateddisordersbecausewasrelateddisordersarephenotypicallysimilaritisimportanttoconfirmtheabsenceofthediagnosticcriteriaforwiskoffaldrichsyndromeattheoutsetthesediagnosticcriteriaincludeeczemalymphomaautoimmunedisorderrecurrentbacterialorviralinfectionsfamilyhistoryofmaternallyrelatedmaleswithawasrelateddisorderandabsentordecreasedwaspxlinkedcongenitalneutropeniacanbediagnosticallydistinguishedfromxltwithpersistentneutropeniaarresteddevelopmentofthebonemarrowandnormalwaspexpressiontreatmenttreatmentforindividualswithxlinkedthrombocytopeniaistypicallyfocusedonmanagingsymptomsofthedisordersplenectomyhasbeenshowntoimproveplateletcountsbutalsosignificantlyincreasestheriskoflifethreateninginfectionsforpatientswithxltthereforetheseindividualsmusttakeantibioticsfortherestoftheirlifetoavoidfatalbacteremiaintheeventofsignificantbleedingplatelettransfusionsshouldbeadministeredcircumcisionshouldbeavoidedforinfantmaleswithxltduetotheriskofbleedingandinfectionregularfollowupstotrackbloodcountsshouldbeutilizedaswellasconfirmingthatanymedicationsoverthecounterorprescriptionwillnotinterferewithplateletfunctioningprognosisrecentstudieshavefoundthatthelifeexpectancyofmaleswithxltisnotsignificantlyaffectedrefnamealbertalbertmhbittnertcnonoyamasnotarangeloldburnssimaikespanoltfasthapellieristraussgmoriotgathmannbnoordzijjgfillatchoenigmnathrathmmeindlapagelpwintergerstufischerathrasherajbelohradskybhochshdxlinkedthrombocytopeniaxltduetowasmutationsclinicalcharacteristicslongtermoutcomeandtreatmentoptionsbloodrefindividualswithxlttypicallyexperiencemildersymptomsthanthosewithotherwasrelateddisordersforthisreasonthelongtermprognosisforindividualswithxltisgenerallypositiveaslongassymptomsaremanagedappropriatelyenhancedtreatmentmethodsinthepasttwodecadeshavesignificantlyimprovedtheprognosisaswellrecentresearchrecentresearchhassuggestedthathematopoieticstemcelltransplantationmaybeatreatmentoptionforpatientswithxltdespiteassociatedrisksotherstudieshaveshownthattreatmentwithcorticosteroidsorintravenousimmunoglobulininanydoseordurationmayhaveabeneficialimpactonplateletcountsalthoughtransientlyfurthermoreresearchhasshownthatsplenectomymaynotbeagoodtreatmentoptionforpatientswithxltasitincreasestheriskofsevereinfectionsthissameresearchshowedthatpatientswithxlthaveahighoverallsurvivalratebuttheyareatriskforseverelifethreateningcomplicationsassociatedwiththisdisordersuchasseriousbleedingeventsandmalignanciesreferencesexternallinksncbinlmnihgovbooksnbkwasmanagementncbigenereviewswasrelateddisordersghrnlmnihgovgenewasgeneticshomereferencewasgenencbinlmnihgovgtrconditionscgenetictestingregistryxlinkedthrombocytopeniaghrnlmnihgovconditionxlinkedthrombocytopeniageneticshomereferencexlinkedthrombocytopeniaxabiermaciasvirgsbornfebruaryisaspanishpeoplespanishpsychologistandactivistasofheisappointedpresidentofthecentremauritscoppieterswitharenewedmandateuntilearlylifehewasborninvigogaliciaspaingaliciaspainonfebruaryinvirgsgraduatedfromtheuniversityofsantiagodecompostelawithadegreeinpsychologyhistrainingandprofessionalactivityweremainlyinthefieldofcommunityinterventionandsocialservicescareerheworkedasapsychologistforthemunicipaleducationalpsychologyunitinthecitiesofalicanteandelcampellobothinthevalenciancommunityuntilhethenreturnedtogaliciawherehespentfiveyearsassocialservicescoordinatorinthetownofallarizrefnamefernndezbouzadadatejanuarypublishereditorialgalaxiaisbnprefandsubsequentlyasapsychologistonthetechnicalteamofthepontevedrajuvenilecourthebecameauniversityexpertinassessmentplanningandsupervisionofsocialinsertionpoliciesfortheunednationaldistancelearninguniversitymaciasheldmanypositionsinprofessionalpsychologyorganizationsbetweenandhewastheheadoftheeducationalpsychologyareainthenationalgoverningbodyforthespanishcollegeofpsychologistsandindecemberhewaselectedasthefirstdeanoftheofficialcollegeofpsychologistsofgaliciaheledthethinktankfundacingalizasemprepersonalandpoliticallifesincehehasbeeninvolvedtheinpoliticalandsocialorganisationsofgaliciaandthevalenciancountryheledthegalizasemprefoundationwhichisdedicatedtoculturalactivitiesconcerningphilosophyhistoryandothersubjectsofthegaliciannationalismhedevelopedmajorinternationalworkunderthebannersoftheworldsocialforumandtheworldnetworkforthecollectiverightsofpeoplesbetweenandhewascommunicationssecretaryonthenationalexecutiveofthebloquenacionalistagalegobnginhewasreelectedforthethirdtimeaspresidentofthecentremauritscoppietersapolicyresearchcentreconnectedtotheeuropeanfreeallianceefaalebringingtogetherthinktanksfromeighteumemberstatesreferencesinfoboxbadmintonplayernamexiaoluxiimagecaptionnicknamebirthnamebirthdatebirthplacefujianchinadeathdatedeathplaceheightweighteventhighestrankingdateofhighestrankingcurrentrankingdateofcurrentrankingcountrycoachhandednessrightbestresulttitlesmedaltemplatesbwfidxiaoluxibornjulyisasingaporeanbadmintonplayerinshecamefromchinatoasayearoldandtogetherwithlilibadmintonlilifrancesliufanliufanandrongmuxiweresingaporebadmintonspioneerbatchofforeigntalentxiaowasthefirstofthetriotomakeamarkinternationallypartneringliuzhentovictoryatthehongkongopenthatwassingaporesfirstwinonthegrandprixcircuitandtheduoonceclimbedashighasthintheworldherbestresultinsingleswasthirdplaceattheasianbadmintonchampionshipswhenshescalpedchinasthenworldnohutinginshewonsingaporefirsteverwomensbadmintonteamgoldatthebadmintonatthesoutheastasiangamesseagamesthatwasheldinvietnamshochiminhcityshequitthenationalteaminandreturnedtofujianprovincechinacareerachievementsclasssortablewikitableyeartournamentdisciplineresulthongkongopenwomensdoubleswinnerasianbadmintonchampionshipswomenssinglesrdplaceseagamesteamwinnerseagameswomensdoublesrdplacereferencestakahironorimotoyasuyukisaigomotogndgenerationqwithstrokercatshellthenightbeforefilminfoboxncaateamseasoncoachrankaprankmodebasketballyearprevyearnextyearteamxaviermusketeersimagexaviermusketeerslogosvgimagesizeconferencebigeastconferencedivisionshortconferencebigeastrecordconfrecordheadcoachchrismackbasketballchrismackhcyearthasstcoachtravissteeleasstcoachlukemurrayasstcoachmikepeguesstadiumarenacintascenterchampionadvocareinvitationalchampionsbowltourneyncaatournamentncaatournamentbowltourneyresultsecondroundthexaviermusketeersmensbasketballteamrepresentedxavieruniversityduringthencaadivisionimensbasketballseasonledbyseventhyearheadcoachchrismackbasketballchrismacktheyplayedtheirgamesatthecintascenterandwerethirdyearmembersofthebigeastconferencetheyfinishedtheseasoninbigeastconferencemensbasketballseasonbigeastplaytofinishinsecondplacetheydefeatedmarquettegoldeneaglesmensbasketballteammarquetteinthequarterfinalsofthebigeastmensbasketballtournamentbigeasttournamenttoadvancetothesemifinalswheretheylosttosetonhallpiratesmensbasketballteamsetonhalltheyreceivedanatlargebidtothencaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaatournamentwheretheyreceivedaseedtheydefeatedweberstatewildcatsmensbasketballteamweberstateinthefirstroundtoadvancetothesecondroundwheretheylosttowisconsinbadgersmensbasketballteamwisconsinpreviousseasonthexaviermusketeersmensbasketballteammusketeersfinishedthencaadivisionimensbasketballseasonseasoninbigeastconferencemensbasketballseasonbigeastplaytofinishinsixthplacetheyadvancedtothefinalsofthebigeastmensbasketballtournamentbigeasttournamentwheretheylosttovillanovawildcatsmensbasketballteamvillanovatheyreceivedanatlargebidtothencaamensdivisionibasketballtournamentncaatournamentwheretheydefeatedolemissrebelsmensbasketballteamolemissandgeorgiastatepanthersmensbasketballteamgeorgiastatebeforelosingtoarizonawildcatsmensbasketballteamarizonainthesweetsixteendeparturesclasswikitablesortablebordernamenumberposheightweightyearhometownclassunsortablenotesgsophomoreinglewoodcaliforniainglewoodcatransferredtoutahvalleywolverinesmensbasketballutahvalleygseniorbloomingtonindianabloomingtoningraduatedcrsseniorbayvillageohiobayvillageohgraduatedincomingrecruitscollegeathleterecruitentryrecruitkaisergatespositionsfhometownalpharettagahighschoolstfrancisfeetinchesweightcommitdatescoutstarsrivalsstarsespnstarsstarscollegeathleterecruitendyearrivalsreftitlexaviersigneesscoutreftitlexaviersigneesespnreftitlexaviersigneesrivalsschoolscoutsespnschoolidscoutoverallrivalsoverallespnoverallbballyesrostercbbrosterfooterheadcoachchrismackbasketballchrismackasstcoachtravissteelelukemurraymikepeguesrosterurlgoxaviercomsportsmbaskblmttxavimbaskblmtthtmlaccessdateschedulecbbschedulestartgamehighsyesattendyescolspanstylebackgroundcolorffffffexhibitioncbbscheduleentrydatenovtimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentnorthwooduniversitynorthwoodoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnaticincinnatiohgamenametvhighscorersumnerpointshighrebounderbluiettreboundshighassisterdavisassistsscoreovertimerecordattendcolspanstylebackgroundcolorffffffnonconferenceregularseasoncbbscheduleentrydatenovtimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentmiamiredhawksmensbasketballteammiamiohoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenametvfoxcollegesportsfcshighscorersumnerpointshighrebounderreynoldsreboundshighassistertiedassistsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovtimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentmissouritigersmensbasketballteammissourioppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenametvfoxsportsfshighscorerbluiettpointshighrebounderfarrreboundshighassisterdavisassistsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovtimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayyesneutralrankopponentmichiganwolverinesmensbasketballteammichiganoppranksitestadiumcrislercentersitecitystannarbormichiganannarbormigamenamegavitttipoffgamestvbigtennetworkbtnhighscorertiedpointshighrebounderfarrreboundshighassistertiedassistsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovtimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentnorthernkentuckynorsemensbasketballnorthernkentuckyoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenametvfshighscorerbluiettpointshighrebounderblueittreboundshighassisterblueittassistsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovtimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralyesrankopponentalabamacrimsontidemensbasketballteamalabamaoppranksitestadiumespnwideworldofsportscomplexhpfieldhousesitecitystbaylakefloridabaylakeflgamenameadvocareinvitationaltournamentadvocareinvitationalfirstroundtvespncollegebasketballespnhighscorerbluiettpointshighrebounderreynoldsreboundshighassistersumnerassistsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovtimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralyesrankopponentusctrojansmensbasketballteamuscoppranksitestadiumhpfieldhousesitecitystbaylakeflgamenameadvocareinvitationalsemifinalstvespnucollegebasketballespnuhighscorerbluiettpointshighrebounderfarrreboundshighassisteraustinjrassistsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatenovtimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralyesrankopponentdaytonflyersmensbasketballteamdaytonoppranksitestadiumhpfieldhousesitecitystbaylakeflgamenameadvocareinvitationalchampionshiptvespnhighscorersumnerpointshighrebounderfarrreboundshighassistertiedassistsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatedectimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentwkuhilltoppersbasketballteamwkuoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenametvfshighscorerbluiettpointshighrebounderbluiettreboundshighassisterdavisassistsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatedectimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentwrightstateraidersmensbasketballteamwrightstateoppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenametvfshighscorerbluiettpointshighrebounderbluiettreboundshighassisterabellassistsscoreovertimerecordattendcbbscheduleentrydatedectimepmwlwnonconfyeshomecomingawayneutralrankopponentcincinnatibearcatsmensbasketballteamcincinnatioppranksitestadiumcintascentersitecitystcincinnatiohgamenamecrosstownclassicbasketballskylinechilicrosstownshootouttvfoxsportsunitedstatesfoxc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htbannersbannermenandkhalkhamongolskhalkhaeasternmongolsenslaveddzungarwomenandchildrenwhileslayingtheotherdzungarstheqianlongemperorissueddirectordersforhiscommanderstomassacrethedzungarsandshownomercyrewardsweregiventothosewhocarriedouttheexterminationandordersweregivenforyoungmentobeslaughteredwhilewomenweretakenasspoilstheqingextirpateddzungaridentityfromtheremainingenslaveddzungarwomenandchildrenordersweregiventocompletelyexterminatethedzungartribesandthissuccessfulgenocidebytheqingleftdzungariamostlyunpopulatedandvacantqianlongorderedhismentoshownomercyatalltotheserebelsonlytheoldandweakshouldbesavedourpreviouscampaignsweretoolenienttheqianlongemperordidnotseeanyconflictbetweenperforminggenocideonthedzungarswhileupholdingthepeacefulprinciplesofconfucianismsupportinghispositionbyportrayingthedzungarsasbarbarianandsubhumanqianlongproclaimedthattosweepawaybarbariansisthewaytobringstabilitytotheinteriorthatthedzungarsturnedtheirbackoncivilizationandthatheavensupportedtheemperorinthedestructionofthedzungarsaccordingtotheencyclopediaofgenocideandcrimesagainsthumanityvolumepertheunitednationsgenocideconventionarticleiiqianlongsactionsagainstthedzungarsconstitutegenocideashemassacredthevastmajorityofthedzungarpopulationandenslavedorbanishedtheremainderandhaddzungarcultureextirpatedanddestroyedqianlongscampaignconstitutedtheeighteenthcenturygenocideparexcellencetheqianlongemperormovedtheremainingdzungarpeopletochinaandorderedthegeneralstokillallthemeninbarkolorsuzhoudistrictsuzhouanddividedtheirwivesandchildrentoqingsoldiersinanaccountofthewarqingscholarweiyuanwrotethataboutofthedzungarhouseholdswerekilledbysmallpoxfledtorussiaorthekazakhkhanateandwerekilledbythearmyleavingnoyurtsinanareaofseveralthousandsoflilengthliexceptthoseofthesurrenderedrefnamezungarrefofthedzungarsdiedinthegenocidethedzungargenocidewascompletedbyacombinationofasmallpoxepidemicandthedirectslaughterofdzungarsbyqingforcesmadeoutofmanchupeoplemanchueightbannersbannermenandkhalkhamongolskhalkhamongolsantidzungaruyghurpeopleuyghurrebelsfromtheturfanandhamioaseshadsubmittedtoqingruleasvassalsandrequestedqinghelpforoverthrowingdzungarruleuyghurleaderslikeeminkhojaweregrantedtitleswithintheqingnobilityandtheseuyghurshelpedsupplytheqingmilitaryforcesduringtheantidzungarcampaigntheqingemployedkhojaemininitscampaignagainstthedzungarsandusedhimasanintermediarywithmuslimsfromthetarimbasintoinformthemthattheqingwereonlyaimingtokilloiratsdzungarsandthattheywouldleavethemuslimsaloneandalsotoconvincethemtokilltheoiratsdzungarsthemselvesandsidewiththeqingsincetheqingnotedthemuslimsresentmentoftheirformerexperienceunderdzungarruleatthehandsoftseveenravdantsewangaraptanitwasnotuntilgenerationslaterthatdzungariareboundedfromthedestructionandnearliquidationofthedzungarsafterthemassslayingsofnearlyamilliondzungarshistorianpeterperduehasshownthatthedecimationofthedzungarswastheresultofanexplicitpolicyofexterminationlaunchedbyqianlongperdueattributedthedecimationofthedzungarstoadeliberateuseofmassacreandhasdescribeditasanethnicgenocidealthoughthisdeliberateuseofmassacrehasbeenlargelyignoredbymodernscholarsdrmarkleveneahistorianwhoserecentresearchinterestsfocusongenociderefnamedrmarklevenesotonacukhistoryprofileslevenehtmldrmarklevenesouthamptonuniversityseeareaswhereicanofferpostgraduatesupervisionretrievedrefhasstatedthattheexterminationofthedzungarswasarguablytheeighteenthcenturygenocideparexcellencethedzungargenocidehasbeencomparedtotheqingtengreatcampaignssuppressionofthejinchuanhillpeopleseceexterminationofthejinchuantibetanpeopleindemographicchangesduetothegenocidewithhischildrenandattendantstheqingfinalsolutionofgenocidetosolvetheproblemofthedzungarmongolsmadetheqingsponsoredsettlementofmillionsofhanchinesehuiturkestanioasispeopleuyghursandmanchubannermenindzungariapossiblesincethelandwasnowdevoidofdzungarsthedzungarianbasinwhichusedtobeinhabitedbydzungarmongolsiscurrentlyinhabitedbykazakhsinnorthernxinjiangtheqingbroughtinhanhuiuyghurxibeandkazakhcolonistsaftertheyexterminatedthedzungaroiratmongolsintheregionwithonethirdofxinjiangstotalpopulationconsistingofhuiandhaninthenorthernareawhilearoundtwothirdswereuyghursinsouthernxinjiangstarimbasinrefnameedstarrbooksgooglecombooksidgxjagsswcpgpavonepageqffalseedstarrprefindzungariatheqingestablishednewcitieslikeurumqiandyiningtheqingweretheoneswhounifiedxinjiangandchangeditsdemographicsituationrefnameliufaurebooksgooglecombooksidfwsbaaaqbajpgpavonepageqffalseliufaureprefthedepopulationofnorthernxinjiangafterthebuddhistldmongolsdzungarswereslaughteredledtotheqingsettlingmanchusiboxibedaurssolonshanchinesehuimuslimsandturkicmuslimtaranchisinthenorthwithhanchineseandhuimigrantsmakingupthegreatestnumberofsettlerssinceitwasthecrushingofthebuddhistlddzungarsbytheqingwhichledtopromotionofislamandtheempowermentofthemuslimbegsinsouthernxinjiangandmigrationofmuslimtaranchistonorthernxinjiangitwasproposedbyhenryschwarzthattheqingvictorywasinacertainsenseavictoryforislamxinjiangasaunifieddefinedgeographicidentitywascreatedanddevelopedbytheqingitwastheqingwhichledtoturkicmuslimpowerintheregionincreasingsincethemongolpowerwascrushedbytheqingwhileturkicmuslimcultureandidentitywastoleratedorevenpromotedbytheqingtheqinggavethenamexinjiangtodzungariaafterconqueringitandwipingoutthedzungarsreshapingitfromasteppegrasslandintofarmlandcultivatedbyhanchinesefarmersmillionmuacreswereturnedfromgrasslandtofarmlandfrombythenewcoloniesqingruleduringthereignoftheqingdynastytheqingidentifiedtheirstateaszhongguothetermforchinainstandardchinesemodernchineseandreferredtoitasdulimbaiguruninmanchutheqianlongemperorexplicitlycommemoratedtheqingconquestofthedzungarsashavingaddednewterritoryinxinjiangtochinadefiningchinaasamultiethnicstaterejectingtheideathatchinaonlymeanthanareasinchinapropermeaningthataccordingtotheqingbothhanandnonhanpeopleswerepartofchinawhichincludedxinjiangwhichtheqingconqueredfromthedzungarsaftertheqingweredoneconqueringdzungariaintheyproclaimedthatthenewlandwhichformerlybelongedtothedzungarswasnowabsorbedintochinadulimbaiguruninamanchulanguagememorialtheqingexpoundedontheirideologytoconveytheideaofunificationofthedifferentpeoplestotheirstatexinjiangpeoplewerenotallowedtobecalledforeignersyiundertheqingthemanchuqianlongemperorrejectedtheviewsofhanofficialswhosaidxinjiangwasnotpartofchinaandthatheshouldnotconqueritputtingforththeviewthatchinawasmultiethnicanddidnotjustrefertohanhanmigrationtoxinjiangwaspermittedbythemanchuqianlongemperorwhoalsogavechinesenamestocitiestoreplacetheirmongolnamesinstitutingcivilserviceexamsintheareaandimplementingthecountyandprefecturechinesestyleadministrativesystemandpromotinghanmigrationtoxinjiangtosolidifyqingcontrolwassupportedbynumerousmanchuofficialsunderqianlongaproposalwaswrittenintheimperialgazetteerofthewesternregionsxiyutuzhitousestatefundedschoolstopromoteconfucianismamongmuslimsinxinjiangbyfuhengandhisteamofmanchuofficialsandtheqianlongemperorconfuciannamesweregiventotownsandcitiesinxinjiangbytheqianlongemperorlikedihuaforurumqiinandchangjifengqingfukanghuifuandsuilaiforothercitiesinxinjiangqianlongalsoimplementedchinesestyleprefecturesdepartmentsandcountiesinaportionoftheregiontheqingqianlongemperorcomparedhisachievementswiththatofthehanandtangventuresintocentralasiaqianlongsconquestofxinjiangwasdrivenbyhismindfulnessoftheexamplessetbythehanandtangqingscholarswhowrotetheofficialimperialqinggazetteerforxinjiangmadefrequentreferencestothehanandtangeranamesoftheregiontheqingconquerorofxinjiangzhaohuiisrankedforhisachievementswiththetangdynastygeneralgaoxianzhiandthehandynastygeneralsbanchaoandliguanglibothaspectsofthehanandtangmodelsforrulingxinjiangwereadoptedbytheqingandtheqingsystemalsosuperficiallyresembledthatofnomadicpowersliketheqarakhitaybutinrealitytheqingsystemwasdifferentfromthatofthenomadsbothintermsofterritoryconqueredgeographicallyandtheircentralizedadministrativesystemresemblingawesternstyeeuropeanandrussiansystemofruletheqingportrayedtheirconquestofxinjianginofficialsworksasacontinuationandrestorationofthehanandtangaccomplishmentsintheregionmentioningthepreviousachievementsofthosedynastiestheqingjustifiedtheirconquestbyclaimingthatthehanandtangeraborderswerebeingrestoredandidentifyingthehanandtangsgrandeurandauthoritywiththeqingmanymanchuandmongolqingwriterswhowroteaboutxinjiangdidsointhechineselanguagefromaculturallychinesepointofviewxinjiangatthistimedidnotexistasoneunititconsistedofthetwoseparatepoliticalentitiesofdzungariaandthetarimbasineasternturkestanbetweenjiayuguanswestandurumchiseastanareaofxiniiangwasalsodisginatedastianshandonglueasternmarchthethreeroutesthatmadeupxinjiangweretarimbasinsouthernroutedzungarianorthernrouteandtheturfanbasineasternroutewithturfanhamiandurumqidzungariasalternatenameisbeijiangnorthxinjiangandaltishahrsalternatenameisnanjiangsouthxinjiangrefnamestarrrefafterqingdynastydefeatedthedzungaroiratmongolsandexterminatedthemfromtheirnativelandofdzungariainthegenocidetheqingsettledhanhuimanchusxibeandtaranchisuyghursfromthetarimbasinintodzungariahanchinesecriminalsandpoliticalexileswereexiledtodzhungariasuchaslinzexuchinesehuimuslimsandsalarmuslimsbelongingtobannedsufiorderslikethejahriyyawerealsoexiledtodzhungariaaswellintheaftermathofthecrushingofthejahriyyarebellionjahriyyaadherentswereexiledtheqingenacteddifferentpoliciesfordifferentareasofxinjianghanandhuimigrantswereurgedbytheqinggovernmenttosettleindzungariainnorthernxinjiangwhiletheywerenotallowedinsouthernxinjiangstarimbasinoaseswiththeexceptionofhanandhuimerchantsinareaswheremorehanchinesesettledlikeindzungariatheqingusedachinesestyleadministrativesystemthemanchuqingorderedthesettlementofthousandsofhanchinesepeasantsinxinijiangafterthepeasantsoriginallycamefromgansuandweregivenanimalsseedsandtoolsastheywerebeingsettledintheareaforthepurposeofmakingchinasruleintheregionpermanentandafaitaccomplitaranchiwasthenameforturkiuyghuragriculturalistswhowereresettledindzhungariafromthetarimbasinoaseseastturkestanicitiesbytheqingdynastyalongwithmanchusxiboxibesolonshanandotherethnicgroupsintheaftermathofthedestructionofthedzhungharskuljaghuljawasakeyareasubjectedtotheqingsettlementofthesedifferentethnicgroupsintomilitarycoloniesthemanchugarrisonsweresuppliedandsupportedwithgraincultivatedbythehansoldiersandeastturkestaniuyghurswhowereresettledinagriculturalcoloniesindzungariathemanchuqingpolicyofsettlingchinesecolonistsandtaranchisfromthetarimbasinontheformerkalmucksdzungarlandwasdescribedashavingthelandswarmedwiththesettlerstheamountofuyghursmovedbytheqingfromaltshhrtarimbasintodepopulateddzungarlandinilinumberedaroundfamiliestheamountofuyghursmovedbytheqingintojunghariadzungariaatthistimehasbeendescribedaslargetheqingsettledindzungariaevenmoreturkitaranchiuyghursnumberingaroundfamiliesoriginatingfromkashgarintheaftermathofthejahangirkhojainvasioninthesstandarduyghurisbasedonthetaranchidialectwhichwaschosenbythechinesegovernmentforthisrolesalarpeoplesalarmigrantsfromamdoqinghaicametosettletheregionasreligiousexilesmigrantsandassoldiersenlistedinthechinesearmytofightinilioftenfollowingthehuiafterarevoltbythexibepeoplexibeinqiqiharintheqianlongemperororderedanmanmilitaryescorttotransferxibetotheilivalleyofdzungariainxinjianginilithexinjiangxibebuiltbuddhistmonasteriesandcultivatedvegetablestobaccoandpoppyflowerpoppiesonepunishmentforbannermenfortheirmisdeedsinvolvedthembeingexiledtoxinjianginchingoflandinxinjiangwereturnedintomilitarycoloniesaschinesesettlementexpandedtokeepupwithchinaspopulationgrowththeqingresortedtoincentiveslikeissuingasubsidywhichwaspaidtohanwhowerewillingtomigratetonorthwesttoxinjianginaedicttherewereverylittleuyghursinurumqiduringtheqingdynastyurumqiwasmostlyhanandhuiandhanandhuisettlerswereconcentratedinnorthernxinjiangbeiluakadzungariaaroundhanandhuilivedinxinjiangmostlyindzungariaaroundandarounduyghurslivingmostlyinsouthernxinjiangthetarimbasinashanandhuiwereallowedtosettleindzungariabutforbiddentosettleinthetarimwhilethesmallamountofuyghurslivingindzungariaandurumqiwasinsignificanthanswerearoundonethirdofxinjiangspopulationatduringthetimeoftheqingdynastyrefnamebovingdonrefspiritsalcoholwereintroducedduringthesettlementofnorthernxinjiangbyhanchinesefloodingintotheareatheqingmadeaspecialcaseinallowingnorthernxinjiangtobesettledbyhansincetheyusuallydidnotallowfrontierregionstobesettledbyhanmigrantsthispolicyledtohanandhuisettlersinnorthernxinjiangwhenthethcenturycametoacloseinadditiontomilitarycoloniessettledbyhancalledbingtunprofessorofchineseandcentralasianhistoryatgeorgetownuniversityjamesamillwardwrotethatforeignersoftenmistakenlythinkthaturumqiwasoriginallyauyghurcityandthatthechinesedestroyeditsuyghurcharacterandculturehoweverurumqiwasfoundedasachinesecitybyhanandhuitungansanditistheuyghurswhoarenewtothecitywhileafewpeopletrytogiveamisportrayalofthehistoricalqingsituationinlightofthecontemporarysituationinxinjiangwithhanmigrationandclaimthattheqingsettlementsandstatefarmswereanantiuyghurplottoreplacethemintheirlandprofessorjamesamillwardpointedoutthattheqingagriculturalcoloniesinrealityhadnothingtodowithuyghurandtheirlandsincetheqingbannedsettlementofhanintheuyghurtarimbasinandinfactdirectedthehansettlersinsteadtosettleinthenonuyghurdzungariaandthenewcityofurumqisothatthestatefarmswhichweresettledwithhanchinesefromwereallindzungariaandurumqiwheretherewasonlyaninsignificantamountofuyghursinsteadofthetarimbasinoaseshanandhuimerchantswereinitiallyonlyallowedtotradeinthetarimbasinwhilehanandhuisettlementinthetarimbasinwasbanneduntilthemuhammadyusufkhojainvasioninwhentheqingrewardedthemerchantsforfightingoffkhojabyallowingthemtosettledownrobertmichellnotedthatasofthereweremanychineseofalloccupationslivingindzungariaandtheywerewellsettledintheareawhileinturkestantarimbasintherewereonlyafewchinesemerchantsandsoldiersinseveralgarrisonsamongthemuslimpopulationtheqingdynastygavelargeamountsoflandtochinesehuimuslimsandhanchinesewhosettledindzungariawhileturkicmuslimtaranchiswerealsomovedintodzungariaintheiliregionfromaqsuinthepopulationofthetarimbasinswelledtotwiceitsoriginalsizeduringqingruleforyearssincethestartnopermanentsettlementwasallowedinthetarimbasinwithonlymerchantsandsoldiersbeingallowedtostaytemporarilyupintothesafterjahangirsinvasionandaltishahrwasopentohanchineseandhuitungancolonizationthethcenturyrebellionscausedthepopulationofhantodropthenameeasternturkestanwasusedfortheareaconsistingofuyghuristanturfanandhamiinthenortheastandaltishahrkashgariainthesouthwestwithvariousestimatesgivenbyforeignvisitorsontheentireregionspopulationatthestartofqingrulethepopulationwasconcentratedmoretowardskuchaswesternregionwitharoundpeoplelivinginaltishahrwithlivingatthestartofthethcenturyonetenthofthemlivedinuyghuristanintheeastwhilekashgariahadsevententhsofthepopulationaroundpeoplelivedinkashgariaaccordingtokuropatkinatthecloseofthethcenturywhilepeoplelivedinkashgariaaccordingtoforsythmillionwasthepopulationguessedbygrennardatthestartofthethcenturyyearsaftertheqingreconquesttherewerearoundhanandhuichineseinnorthernxinjiangandsomewhatmorethantwicethatnumberofuyghursinsouthernxinjiangacensusofxinjiangunderqingruleintheearlythcenturytabulatedethnicsharesofthepopulationashanchinesehanandturkicpeoplesturkicwhileitdramaticallyshiftedtohananduyghurinthecensushoweverasituationsimilartotheqingerademographicswithalargenumberofhanhasbeenrestoredasofwithhananduyghurbeforeonlyafewhundredchinesemerchantslivedinsouthernxinjiangoasestarimbasinandonlyafewuyghurslivedinnorthernxinjiangdzungariakalmykoiratsreturntheoiratmongolkalmykkhanatewasfoundedinthethcenturywithtibetanbuddhismasitsmainreligionfollowingtheearliermigrationoftheoiratsfromdzungariathroughcentralasiatothesteppearoundthemouthofthevolgariverduringthecourseofthethcenturytheywereabsorbedbytherussianempirewhichwasthenexpandingtothesouthandeasttherussianorthodoxchurchpressuredmanykalmykstoadoptorthodoxyinthewinterofaboutkalmykssetouttoreturntochinatheirgoalwastoretakecontrolofdzungariafromtheqingdynastyofchinaalongthewaymanywereattackedandkilledbykazakhsandkyrgyzpeoplekyrgyztheirhistoricalenemiesbasedonintertribalcompetitionforlandandmanymorediedofstarvationanddiseaseafterseveralgruelingmonthsoftravelonlyonethirdoftheoriginalgroupreacheddzungariaandhadnochoicebuttosurrendertotheqinguponarrivalthesekalmyksbecameknownasoirattorghutstorghutmongolsafterbeingsettledinqingterritorythetorghutswerecoercedbytheqingintogivinguptheirnomadiclifestyleandtotakeupsedentaryagricultureinsteadaspartofadeliberatepolicybytheqingtoenfeeblethemtheyprovedtobeincompetentfarmersandtheybecamedestitutesellingtheirchildrenintoslaveryengaginginprostitutionandstealingaccordingtothemanchuqiyishichildslaveswereindemandonthecentralasianslavemarketandtorghutchildrenweresoldintothisslavetradekokandiattacksinfoboxmilitaryconflictconflictdunganrevoltpartofimageveselovskiyakubbekjpgimagesizecaptionyaqubbekamirofkashgariadateplacexinjiangcasusterritoryresultqingvictorycombatantqingdynastyqingempirehuimuslimloyalistskhufiyyaorderundermazhanaoingansuelevengedimubattalionsofshaanxicuiweisbattalionhuadacaisbattalionrefnamegarnautrefcombatantkashgariakokandiuzbekandijanisunderyaqubbegsupportedbybrbritishempirebrottomanempiretaranchiturkicmuslimrebelsinilicombatanthuimuslimrebelscommandercommanderyaqubbegbrhsuhsuehkungcommandertomingtuomingakadaudkhalifastrengthqingtroopsstrengthturkicmuslimrebelsandijaniuzbektroopsandafghanvolunteershanchineseandhuiforciblydraftedintoyaqubsarmyandseparatehanchinesemilitiastrengthhuimuslimrebelscasualtiescasualtiescasualtiesnotestheafaqikhojaslivinginthekokandkhanatedescendedfromkhojaburhanuddintriedinvadingkashgarandreconqueringaltishahrfromtheruleoftheqingdynastyduringtheafaqikhojarevoltsinsouthernpartofxinjiangwasretakenbyformerrulersdescendantjihangirkhojahchanglungthechinesegeneralofhirecoveredpossessionofkashgarandtheotherrevoltedcitiesinarevoltinundermohammedahkhanandyusufbrotherofjahangirkhojawasmoresuccessfulandresultedintheconcessionofseveralimportanttradeprivilegestothedistrictofaltyshahrthesixcitieshuimerchantsfoughtfortheqinginkashgarinagainstturkicmuslimrebelsledbythekhojajahangirthemuslimafaqikhojasandkokandswereresistedbyboththeqingarmyandthehuimuslimtunganmerchantswhohadnoproblemsbattlingtheircoreligionistsamongthosewhodiedinbattleinagainstjahangirkhojasforceswasthehuizhangmingtangwholedthemerchantmilitiaofkashgarrefnamemillwardrefduringtheinvasionjahangirkhojasforcestooksixhuimuslimsasslavesniandengxiliuqifengwuerqimatianxitianguanandlishengzhaoandsoldthemoffincentralasiatheyescapedandfledbacktochinaviarussiarefnamemillwardrefwhenthekhojasattackedinandagainstyarkandandkashgarhuimuslimtunganmerchantmilitiafoughtthemoffandhuimuslimswerealsopartoftheqinggreenstandardarmyrefnamecrossleysiurefishaqiblackmountainkhojafollowershelpedtheqingopposejahangirkhojasafaqiwhitemountainkhojafactiontheblackmountainkhojafollowersqarataghlikssupportedtheqingagainstthewhitemountainaqtaghlikkhojainvasionsrefnameliufaurereftheqingblackmountainkhojaalliancehelpedbringdownjahangirkhojaswhitemountainrulerefnameliufaurerefchineseruleinxinjiangwassupportedbytheblackmountainqarataghlikturkicmuslimsandtheywerecalledkhitaiparastchinaworshippersorfollowersofchinaandwerebasedinartushwhilethewhitemountainaqtaghlikkhojaswereagainstchinawerecalledsayyidparastsayyidworshippersorsayyidfollowersandwerebasedinkuchawereguidedbyturkicnationalismtheqarataghliksdidnotsaybismillahbeforecuttingupandeatingmelonswhiletheaqtaghlikssaidbismillahbeforeeatingandcuttingmelonsandtherewasnointermarriagebetweenthetwopartieswhichwerestronglyopposedtoeachotherrefnameforbesreftherewasnomarriagebetweenadherentsoftheartishlocatedprochinablackmountainandthekuchalocatedantichinawhitemountainsectsrefnamebellrhannrefishaqifollowersmountedoppositiontojahangirkhojaskokandibackedforcesandtheishaqishelpedqingloyalistsishaqifollowersstartedoppositiontothedebaucheryandpillagecausedbytheafaqiruleunderjahangirkhojaandalliedwithqingloyaliststoopposejahangirrefnamenewbyrefinthekokandiinvasionandjahangirsinvasiontheqingwereassistedbytheblackhatmuslimstheishaqiyyaagainsttheafaqiyyarefnamemillwardrefthekokandisplantedfalseinformationthatthelocalturkicmuslimswereplottingwiththemintheinvasionandthisreachedtheearsofthechinesemerchantsinkashgarrefnamemillwardrefyarkandwasplacedundersiegebythekokandisandthechinesemerchantsandqingmilitarydeclinedtocomeoutinopenbattleinsteadtakingcoverinsidefortificationsandslaughteredthekokanditroopsusinggunsandcannonsandthelocalturkicmuslimsofyarkandhelpedtheqingcaptureordriveofftheremainingkokandiswithsomeoftheprisonersbeingexecutedaftercapturerefnamemillwardreftheaksakalwastherepresentativeofkokandpostedinkashgarafterchinaandkokandsignedthetreatyendingtheconflictrefnamethomaswhitlockrefthekokandisupportedjahangirkhojaofthewhitemountainfactionfirstlaunchedhisattackontheqinginandslaughteredchineseciviliansandthetinychinesemilitaryforceasheattackedkashgarinadditiontokillingtheturkimuslimprochinesegovernorofkashgarhetookkashgarininilithechineserespondedbycallingupamassivearmyofnorthernandeasternsteppenomadsandhuimuslimsdongansnumberingtofightjahangirjahangirbroughthisstrongarmytofightthematmaralbashithetwoarmiesbeganthefightbychallengingothertoaduelinsinglecombatbetweentwochampionsintheirarmiesakhokandikokandiwhousedarifleandswordwasthechampionofjahangirwhileacalmackalmykarcherwasthechampionofthechinesethecalmackilledthekhokandiwithanarrowandthetwoarmiesthenconfrontedeachotherinbattlethechinesearmybutcheringjahangirsarmywhichtriedtofleefromthescenejahangirscrammedandhidoutbutwasturnedovertothechinesebythekyrgyzandhewastorturedandputtodeathyusufjahangirsbrotherinvadedtheqinginandbesiegedkashgarthekokandispulledbackandretreatedfromthesiegewhileturkisweremassacredinthecitythechineseusedcriminalstohelpcrushtherevoltofthesevenkhojasbrokeoutinandthelocalturkimuslimsrefusedtohelpthekhojasbecausethechinesesupportingmuslimshadtheirdaughtersandwivesabductedbythekhojaswalikhanwhowasreputedforhisbrutalityandtyrannyletarebellioninandbeganbyattackingkashgarchineseweremassacredandthedaughtersandwivesofthesuboordinatesoftheloyalistturkigovernorwereseizedadolpheschlagintweitagermanwasexecutedbybeheadingbywalikhanandhisheadputondisplaywalikhanwasinfamousforhiscrueltyandifcourtiersraisedtheireyestohimhewouldmurderthemwhenthecalltoprayerwasmadebyamuezzinandhisvoicewastooloudthemuezzinwasmurderedbywalikhanastrongchinesearmycrushedanddefeatedthestrongarmyofwalikhanindaysofcombatwalikhanwasabandonedbyhisalliesduetohiscrueltythechineseinflictedharshreprisalsuponwalikhansforcesandhadhissonandfatherinlawexecutedinharshmannersuntilthecountryenjoyedpeaceunderthejustandliberalruleofzahiruddintheuyghurgovernorbutinthatyearafreshkhojahrevoltunderkathtoraledtohismakinghimselfmasterofthecitywithcircumstancesofunbridledlicenseandoppressionhisreignwashoweverbriefforattheendofseventyfivedaysontheapproachofthechinesehefledbacktokhokandamidthejeersoftheinhabitantsthelastofthekhojahrevoltswasofaboutequaldurationwiththepreviousoneandtookplaceunderwalikhanthegreatdunganrevolttunganirevoltorinsurrectionofthechinesemuslimswhichbrokeoutiningansuspreadrapidlytodzungariaandthroughthelineoftownsinthetarimbasinthetunganitroopsinyarkantcountyyarkandroseandaugustmassacredsomeseventhousandchinesewhiletheinhabitantsofkashgarrisingintheirturnagainsttheirmastersinvokedtheaidofsadikbegakyrgyzpeoplekyrgyzchiefwhowasreinforcedbybuzurgkhantheheirofjahanghirandyakubbeghisgeneralthesebeingdespatchedatsadiksrequestbytherulerofkhokandtoraisewhattroopstheycouldtoaidmuslimsinkashgarsadikbegsoonrepentedofhavingaskedforakhojahandeventuallymarchedagainstkashgarwhichbythistimehadsuccumbedtobuzurgkhanandyakubbegbutwasdefeatedanddrivenbacktokhokandbuzurgkhandeliveredhimselfuptoindolenceanddebaucherybutyakubbegwithsingularenergyandperseverancemadehimselfmasterofyangishahryangihissaryarkandandothertownsandeventuallydeclaredhimselftheamirofkashgariayakubbegruledattheheightofthegreatgameerawhenthebritishrussianandmanchuqingempireswereallvyingforcentralasiakashgariaextendedfromthecapitalkashgarinsouthwesternxinjiangtormqiturfanandhamiincentralandeasternxinjiangmorethanathousandkilometerstothenortheastincludingamajorityofwhatwasknownatthetimeaseastturkestansometerritoriessurroundingthelakebalkhashinnorthwesternxinjiangwerealreadycededbytheqingtotherussiansinthetreatyoftarbagataikashgarandtheothercitiesofthetarimbasintarimbasinremainedunderyakubbegsruleuntildecemberwhentheqingreconqueredmostofxinjiangyaqubbegandhisturkicuyghurmuslimsalsodeclaredajihadagainstchinesemuslimsinxinjiangyaqubbegwentasfarastoenlisthanchinesetohelpfightagainstchinesemuslimforcesduringthebattleofrmqiturkicmuslimsalsomassacredchinesemuslimsiniliqingreconquestofxinjiangyakubbegsrulelasteduntilqinggeneralzuozongtangalsoknownasgeneraltsoqingreconquestofxinjiangreconqueredtheregioninforqingchinatheqingreconqueredxinjiangwiththehelpofhuimuslimslikethekhuffiyasufileaderanddunganhuipeoplehuigeneralmaanliangandthegedimuleadershuadacaiandcuiweiaszuozongtangmovedintoxinjiangtocrushthemuslimrebelsunderyaqubbeghewasjoinedbymaanliangandhisforceswhichwerecomposedentirelyoutofmuslimdunganpeoplemaanliangandhisdungantroopsfoughtalongsidezuozongtangtoattackthemuslimrebelforcesrefnamelannybfieldsrefgeneraldongfuxiangsarmyseizedthekashgariaandkhotanareainadditiongeneraldongfuxianghadanarmyofbothhansanddunganpeopleandhisarmytookkhotanrefnamehodongkimreffinallyqingchinarecoveredtheyiningcityguljaregionthroughdiplomaticnegotiationsandthetreatyofsaintpetersburgtreatyofsaintpetersburginzuozongtangpreviouslyageneralinthexiangarmywasthecommanderinchiefofallqingtroopsparticipatinginthiscounterinsurgencyhissubordinateswerethehanchinesegeneralliujintangandmanchujinshunliujintangsarmyhadmoderngermanartillerywhichjinshunsforceslackedandneitherwasjinsadvanceasrapidasliusafterliubombardedkumutimuslimrebelcasualtiesnumbereddeadwhilebaiyanhuwasforcedtofleeforhislifethereafterqingforcesenteredrmqiunopposeddabanchengwasdestroyedbyliusforcesinaprilyaqubssubordinatesdefectedtotheqingorfledashisforcesstartedtofallaparttheoasisfelleasilytotheqingtroopstoksunfelltoliusarmyonaprilthemassretreatoftherebelarmyshranktheirsphereofcontrolsmallerandsmalleryaqubbeglostmorethanmeneitherthoughdesertionoratthehandsoftheenemyatturfanyakubbegwastrappedbetweentwoarmiesadvancingfromurumqiandpidjamandifdefeatedhislineofretreatwouldbegreatlyexposedtoanenterprisingenemyinoctoberjinshunresumedhisforwardmovementandencounterednoseriousoppositionthenorthernarmyundertheimmediatecommandofzuozongtangoperatedincompletesecrecygeneralzuoappearedbeforethewallsofaksuthebulwarkofkashgariaontheeastanditscommandantabandonedhispostatthefirstonsetqingarmythenadvancedonuqturpanwhichalsosurrenderedwithoutablowearlyindecemberallqingtroopsbegantheirlastattackagainstthecapitalcityofthekashgarianregimeandondecembertheqingarmymadeafatalassaulttherebeltroopswerefinallydefeatedandtheresidualtroopsstartedtowithdrawtoyarkantwhencetheyfledtorussianterritorywiththefallofkashgariaqingsreconquestofxinjiangwascompletednofurtherrebellionwasencounteredandthereestablishedqingauthoritiesbeganthetaskofrecoveryandreorganizationconversionofxinjiangintoaprovinceinqingchinarenamedtheconqueredregionestablishedxinjiangnewfrontierasaprovinceformallyapplyingontoitthepoliticalsystemofchinaproperforthesttimethenamexinjiangreplacedoldhistoricalnamessuchaswesternregionschineseturkestaneasternturkestanuyghuristankashgariauyghuriaaltersheherandyettisheherthetwoseparateregionsdzungariaknownaszhunbudzungarregionortianshanbeilunorthernmarchandthetarimbasinwhichhadbeenknownasaltishahrhuibumuslimregionhuijiangmuslimlandortianshannanlusouthernmarchwerecombinedintoasingleprovincecalledxinjiangbyinbeforethistherewasneveroneadministrativeunitinwhichnorthxinjiangzhunbuandsouthernxinjianghuibuwereintegratedtogetheralotofthehanchineseandchinesehuimuslimpopulationwhohadpreviouslysettlednorthernxinjiangdzungariaaftertheqinggenocideofthedzungarshaddiedinthedunganrevoltasaresultnewuyghurcolonistsfromsouthernxinjiangthetarimbasinproceededtosettleinthenewlyemptylandsandspreadacrossallofxinjiangafterxinjiangwasconvertedintoaprovincebytheqingtheprovincialisationandreconstructionprogramsinitiatedbytheqingresultedinthechinesegovernmenthelpinguyghursmigratefromsouthernxinjiangtootherareasoftheprovinceliketheareabetweenqitaiandthecapitalwhichwasformerlynearlycompletelyinhabitedbyhanchineseandotherareaslikeurumqitachengtabarghataiyilijinghekurkarausuruoqianglopnorandthetarimriverslowerreachesitwasduringqingtimesthatuyghursweresettledthroughoutallofxinjiangfromtheiroriginalhomecitiesinthewesterntarimbasintheqingpoliciesaftertheycreatedxinjiangbyunitingdzungariaandaltishahrtarimbasinleduyghurstobelievethattheallofxinjiangprovincewastheirhomelandsincetheannihilationofthedzungarsbytheqingpopulatingtheilivalleywithuyghursfromthetarimbasincreatingonepoliticalunitwithasinglenamexinjiangoutofthepreviouslyseparatedzungariaandthetarimbasinthedunganrevoltwarfromwhichledtothekillingofmuchoftheoriginalhanchineseandchinesehuimuslimsinxinjiangledtoareasinxinjiangwithpreviouslyhadinsignificantamountsofuyghurslikethesoutheasteastandnorthtothenbecomesettledbyuyghurswhospreadthroughallofxinjiangfromtheiroriginalhomeinthesouthwestareatherewasamajorandfastgrowthoftheuyghurpopulationwhiletheoriginalpopulationofhanchineseandhuimuslimsfrombeforethewarofdroppedtothemuchlowerpopulationoftunganshuiandhanaregionaliststylenationalismwasfosteredbythehanchineseofficialswhocametorulexinjiangafteritsconversionintoaprovincebytheqingitwasfromthisideologythatthelatereastturkestaninationalistsappropriatedtheirsenseofnationalismcenteredaroundxinjiangasaclearlydefinedgeographicterritorythebritishandrussianconsulsschemedandplottedagainsteachotheratkashgarduringthegreatgamerefnamenightingaleskrinereflistofgovernorsliujintangliuchintangzhrefnamehsrefrefnamedivisionrefweiguangdaoweikuangtaozhwenshilinzhwnshlnyuandahuazhsucceededaftertheendoftheqingdynastybyyangzengxinrefnamemillwardreftemporarymarriagetherewereerasinxinjiangshistorywhereintermarriagewascommonlaxitywhichsetuponuyghurwomenledthemtomarrychinesemenandnotweartheveilintheperiodafteryaqubbegsruleendeditisalsobelievedbyuyghursthatsomeuyghurshavehanchineseancestryfromhistoricalintermarriagesuchasthoselivinginturpaneventhoughmuslimwomenareforbiddentomarrynonmuslimsinislamiclawfromitwasfrequentlyviolatedinxinjiangsincechinesemenmarriedmuslimturkiuyghursuyghurwomenareasonsuggestedbyforeignersthatitwasduetothewomenbeingpoorwhiletheturkiwomenwhomarriedchinesewerelabelledaswhoresbytheturkicommunitythesemarriageswereillegitimateaccordingtoislamiclawbutthewomenobtainedbenefitsfrommarryingchinesemensincethechinesedefendedthemfromislamicauthoritiessothewomenwerenotsubjectedtothetaxonprostitutionandwereabletosavetheirincomeforthemselveschinesemengavetheirturkiwivesprivilegeswhichturkimenswivesdidnothavesincethewivesofchinesedidnothavetowearaveilandachinesemaninkashgaroncebeatamullahwhotriedtoforcehisturkikashgariwifetoveiltheturkiwomenalsobenefitedinthattheywerenotsubjectedtoanylegalbindingtotheirchinesehusbandssotheycouldmaketheirchinesehusbandsprovidethemwithasmuchtheirmoneyasshewantedforherrelativesandherselfsinceotherwisethewomencouldjustleaveandthepropertyofchinesemenwaslefttotheirturkiwivesaftertheydiedrefnamebellrhannrefturkiwomenconsideredturkimentobeinferiorhusbandstochineseandhindusbecausetheywereviewedasimpureislamiccemeteriesbannedtheturkiwivesofchinesemenfrombeingburiedwithinthemtheturkiwomengotaroundthisproblembygivingshrinesdonationsandbuyingagraveinothertownsbesideschinesemenothermensuchashindusarmeniansjewsrussiansandbadakhshanisintermarriedwithlocalturkiwomenthelocalsocietyacceptedtheturkiwomenandchinesemensmixedoffspringastheirownpeopledespitethemarriagesbeinginviolationofislamiclawturkiwomenalsoconductedtemporarymarriageswithchinesemensuchaschinesesoldierstemporarilystationedaroundthemassoldiersfortoursofdutyafterwhichthechinesemenreturnedtotheirowncitieswiththechinesemensellingtheirmixeddaughterswiththeturkiwomentohiscomradestakingtheirsonswiththemiftheycouldafforditbutleavingthemiftheycouldntandsellingtheirtemporaryturkiwifetoacomradeorleavingherbehindthebasicformalitiesofnormalmarriagesweremaintainedasafacadeevenintemporarymarriagesrefnamebellrhannrefprostitutionbyturkiwomenduetothebuyingofdaughtersfromimpoverishedfamiliesanddivorcedwomenwasrecordedbyscotsmangeorgehunterrefnamebellrhannrefmullahsofficiatedtemporarymarriagesandboththedivorceandthemarriageproceedingswereundertakenbythemullahatthesameceremonyifthemarriagewasonlytolastforacertainarrangedtimeandtherewasatemporarymarriagebazaarinyangihissaraccordingtonazaroffrefnamebellrhannrefrefnamenazarovburrrefislamiclawwasbeingviolatedbythetemporarymarriageswhichparticularlyviolatedsunniislamrefnamebellrhannrefvalikhanovclaimedthatforeignerschildreninturkistanwerereferredtobythenamealurtturkiwomenwerebashedasofbeingnegativecharacterbyakashgariturkiwomanstibetanhusbandracistviewsofeachothersethnicitiesbetweenpartnersininterethnicmarriagesstillpersistedsometimesitwasmostlyturkiwomenmarryingforeignmenwithafewcasesoftheoppositeoccurringinthiseraandijanikokanditurkicmuslimmerchantsfrommodernuzbekistanwhosharedthesamereligionasimilarculturecuisineclothingandphenotypeswiththealtishahriuyghursfrequentlymarriedlocalaltishahriwomenandthenamechalgurtwasappliedtotheirmixedracedaughtersandsonsthedaughterswereleftbehindwiththeiruyghuraltishahrimotherswhilethesonsweretakenbythekokandifatherswhentheyreturnedtotheirhomelandrefnamebellrhannreftheqingbannedkhoqandimerchantsfrommarryingkashgariwomenduetogroupjealouslydisputesbrokeoutduetochineseandturkicrossingbothreligiousandethnicdifferencesandengagingandsexturkilocalsviewedfellowturkicmuslimandijanisalsoascompetitorsfortheirownwomenaturkiproverbsaiddonotletamanfromandijanintoyourhouseturkiwomenwereabletoinheritedthepropertyoftheirchinesehusbandsaftertheydiedinxinjiangtemporarymarriagemarriagedeconvenancecalledwaqitliqtoyinturkiwasoneoftheprevalentformsofpolygamythemullawhoperformstheceremonyarrangingforthedivorceatthesametimewithwomenandmenmarryingforafixedperiodoftimeforseveraldaysareaweekwhiletemporarymarriagewasbannedinrussianturkestanchineseruledxinjiangpermittedthetemporarymarriagewhereitwaswidespreadchinesemerchantsandsoldiersforeignerslikerussiansforeignmuslimsandotherturkimerchantsallengagedintemporarymarriageswithturkiwomensincealotofforeignerslivedinyarkandtemporarymarriageflourishedtheremorethanitdidtowardsareaswithfewerforeignerslikeareastowardskuchaseastchildlessmarriedyouthfulwomenwerecalledchaucaninturkiandforsythmissionparticipantdrbellewsaidthattherewasthechaucanalwaysreadytocontractanallianceforalongorshortperiodwiththemerchantortravellervisitingthecountryorwithanybodyelsehenrylansdellwroteininhisbookchinesecentralasiaanaccountoftemporarymarriagepracticedbyaturkimuslimwomanwhomarriedthreedifferentchineseofficersandamuslimofficialthestationofprostituteswasaccordedbysocietytothesemuslimwomenwhohadsexwithchinesementurkicmuslimsindifferentareasofxinjiangheldderogatoryviewsofeachothersuchasclaimingthatchinesemenwerewelcomedbythelooseyamigirlsintermarriageandpatronageofprostituteswereamongtheformsofinteractionbetweentheturkiinxinjiangandvisitingchinesemerchantslecoqreportedthatinhistimesometimesturkisdistrustedtunganshuimuslimsmorethanhanchinesesothatatunganwouldneverbegivenaturkiwomaninmarriagebyherfatherwhileahanchinesemencouldbegivenaturkiwomaninmarriagebyherfatherblockquotemanyoftheyoungkashgariwomenweremostattractiveinappearanceandsomeofthelittlegirlsquitelovelytheirplaitsoflonghairfallingfromunderajauntylittleembroideredcaptheirbigdarkeyesflashingteethandpiquantolivefacesremindingmeofitalianorspanishchildrenonemostbeautifulboystandsoutinmymemoryhewascladinanewshirtandtrousersoffloweredpinkhiscrimsonvelvetcapembroideredwithgoldandashesmiledandsalaamedtousithoughthelookedlikeafairyprincethewomenweartheirhairintwoorfiveplaitsmuchthickenedandlengthenedbytheadditionofyakshairbutthechildreninseveraltinyplaitsthepeasantsarefairlywelloffasthesoilisrichtheabundantwatersupplyfreeandthetaxationcomparativelylightitwasalwaysinterestingtomeetthemtakingtheirlivestockintomarketflocksofsheepwithtinylambsblackandwhitepatteredalongthedustyroadhereagoatfolloweditsmasterlikeadogtrottingbehindthediminutiveasswhichthefarmerbestrodeorboyscladinthewhitybrownnativeclothshoutedincessantlyatdonkeysalmostinvisibleunderenormousloadsofforageorcarriedfowlsandducksinbunchesheaddownwardsasightthatalwaysmademelongtocometotherescueofthelucklessbirdsitwaspleasanttoseethewomenridingaloneonhorsebackmanagingtheirmountstoperfectiontheyformedasharpcontrasttotheirpersiansisterswhoeithersitbehindtheirhusbandsorhavetheirsteedsledbythebridleandinsteadofkeepingsilenceinpublicasistherulefortheshroudedwomenofiranthesefarmerswiveschafferedandhaggledwiththemeninthebazaroutsidethecitytransactingbusinesswiththeirveilsthrownbackcertainlythemullasdotheirbesttokeepthefairsexintheirplaceandareinthehabitofbeatingthosewhoshowtheirfacesinthegreatbazarbutiwastoldthatpoeticjusticehadlatelybeenmetedouttooneoftheseupholdersofthelawofislamforbymistakehechastisedakashgariwomanmarriedtoachinamanwhereupontheiratehusbandsetuponhimwithabigstickandcastigatedhimsoundlyrefnamesykessykesrefblockquoteblockquotealmosteverychinamaninyarkandsoldierorciviliantakesuntohimselfatemporarywifedispensingentirelywiththeservicesoftheclergyasbeingsuperfluousandmostofthehighofficialsalsogivewaytothesameamiableweaknesstheirmistressesbeinginalmostallcasesnativesofkhotanwhichcityenjoystheunenviabledistinctionofsupplyingeverylargecityinturkestanwithcourtesanswhenachinamaniscalledbacktohisownhomeinchinaproperorachinesesoldierhasservedhistimeinturkestanandhastoreturntohisnativecityofpekinorshanghaiheeitherleaveshistemporarywifebehindtoshiftforherselforhesellshertoafriendifhehasafamilyhetakestheboyswithhimifhecanafforditfailingthatthesonsareleftaloneandunprotectedtofightthebattleoflifewhileinthecaseofdaughtershesellsthemtooneofhisformercompanionsforatriflingsumthenativesalthoughallmahammadanshaveastrongpredilectionforthechineseandseemtoliketheirmannersandcustomsandneverseemtoresentthisbehaviourtotheirwomankindtheirownmannerscustomsandmoralsbeingoftheveryloosestdescriptionrefnamedunmorerefblockquoteblockquotethatamuslimshouldtakeinmarriageoneofalienfaithisnotobjectedtoitisratherdeemedameritoriousactthustobringanunbelievertothetruereligionthemuslimwomanontheotherhandmustnotbegiveninmarriagetoanonmuslimsuchaunionisregardedasthemostheinousofsinsinthismatterhowevercompromisesaresometimesmadewithheaventhemarriageofaturkiprincesswiththeemperorchienlunghasalreadybeenreferredtoandwhenthepresentwriterpassedthroughminjoladaysjourneywestofkashgarinachinesewithaturkiwifeconcubinewaspresentedtohimrefnamehastingsselbierefblockquoteblockquoteheprocuredmeachineseinterpreterfongshiapleasantandagreeableyoungchinamanwhowrotehismothertonguewitheaseandspokejagataiturkifluentlyanddidnotsmokeopiumhelefthiswifeandchildbehindhiminkhotanliudarinmakinghimselfanswerablefortheirmaintenancebutialsopaidfongshithreemonthssalaryinadvanceandthatmoneyhegavetohiswifewhenevericouldfindleisurehewastogivemelessonsinchineseandwebeganatonceevenbeforeweleftkhotanthustheyoungchinamansprouddreamofonedayridingthroughthegatesofpekingandbeholdingthepalaceyamenofhisfabulouslymightyemperoraswellasofperhapssecuringthroughmyrecommendationalucrativepostandfinallythoughbynomeanslastinhisestimationofexchangingtheturkiwifehehadleftbehindinkhotanforachinesebridethisprouddreamwasprickedatthefootofarkataghsadlyandsilentlyhestoodaloneinthedesertgazingafterusaswecontinuedourwaytowardsthefardistantgoalofhisyouthfulambitionblockquoteuyghurprostituteswereencounteredbycarlgustafemilmannerheimwhowrotetheywereespeciallytobefoundinkhotanrefnametammrefrefnametammrefhecommentedonvenerealdiseaseswhileuyghurmuslimwomenwereoppressedbycomparisonhanchinesewomenwerefreeandfewofthembotheredtobecomemaidsunlikeuyghurmuslimwomenthelackofhanchinesewomenledtouyghurmuslimwomenmarryinghanchinesementhesewomenwerehatebytheirfamiliesandpeopletheuighurmuslimsviewedsingleunmarriedwomenasprostitutesandheldtheminextremedisregardchildmarriagesforgirlswasverycommonandtheuyghurscalledgirlsoverripeiftheywerenotmarriedbyoryearsoldwiveswereallowwdalongwithanyamountoftemporarymarriagescontractedbymullahstopleasurewivesforasettimeperiodsomehadandwivesdivorcesandmarryingwasrampantwithmarriagesanddivorcesbeingconductedbymullahssimultaneouslyandsomemenmarriedhundredsandcoulddivorcewomenfornoreasonwiveswereforcedtostayinthehouseandhadtobeobedienttotheirhusbandsandwerejudgedaccordingtohowmuchchildrentheycouldbearunmarriedmuslimuyghurwomenmarriednonmuslimslikechinesehindusarmeniansjewsandrussiansiftheycouldnotfindamuslimhusbandwhiletheywerecallingtoallahtograntthemmarriagebytheshrinesofsaintsunmarriedwomenwereviewedaswhoresandmanychildrenwerebornwithvenerealdiseasesbecauseofthesethebirthofagirlwasseenasaterriblecalamitybythelocaluighurmuslimsandboyswereworthmoretothemtheconstantstreamofmarriageanddivorcesledtochildrenbeingmistreatedbystepparentsaswedishmissionarysaidthesegirlsweresurelythefirstgirlsineasternturkestanwhohadhadarealyouthbeforegettingmarriedthemuslimwomanhasnoyouthdirectlyfromchildhoodscarefreeplayingofgamessheenterslifesbittereverydaytoilsheisbutachildandawifethecriticismofmuhammadaishamarriageofyearoldaishatotheprophetmuhammadwascitedbyuyghurmuslimstojustifyislamandchildrenmarriagemarryinggirlchildrenwhomtheyviewedasmereproductsthemuslimsalsoattackedtheswedishchristianmissionandhindusresidentinthecitywomenamonguyghursitwasthoughtthatgoddesignedwomentoendurehardshipandworkthewordforhelplessonejizawasusedtocallwomenwhowerenotmarriedwhilewomenwhoweremarriedwerecalledmazlmamongturkicmuslimsinxinjianghoweverdivorceandremarriagewasfacileforthewomenrefnamedanimassonrefthemodernuyghurdialectinturfanusesthearabicwordforoppressedmalumtorefertomarriedoldwomanandpronounceitasmzimrefnameyakuprefwomanwerenormallyreferredtoasoppressedpersonmazlumkishioryearsoldwastheageofmarriageforwomeninkhotanyarkandandkashgarrobertbarkleyshawwrotethatmazlmlitoppressedoneisusedinkshgharcinsteadofthewordwomanrefnameshawrefawomansrobewasreferredtoasmazlmchachappanwomenwereusedforreproductionsexandhouseworktherewasaveryminimumfemalemarriageageitwasdemandedthatmarriedgirlsbeconfinedtothehouserefnamebellrhannrefmarriageswerearrangedandarbitratedoverduetofinancialandreligiousobligationsfrombothpartiesrefnamebellrhannreflesscomplicatedarrangementsweremadeforwidowsanddivorcesswhowantedtomarryagainrefnamebellrhannrefpublicshamingwasarrangedforadulterersrefnamebellrhannrefceremonieswereheldafterthebirthofachildrefnamebellrhannrefseealsoqingdynastyininnerasiamanchuriaunderqingrulemongoliaunderqingruletibetunderqingruletaiwanunderqingrulehistoryofxinjiangreferencesxandothersvaustriaxcompanyxmayrefertojaguarcxconceptsuvunveiledbyjaguarcarsatthefrankfurtmotorshowlockheedxthreestagesolidfuelresearchrockettotesttheeffectsofhighmachatmosphericreentrywarwickshirebusroutexbusserviceservingcoventryandwarwickshireintheunitedkingdomxnewyorkcitybusbusrouteinnewyorkzeddxmayrefertonorthropxexperimentalaircraftdesignedtotestwingswithlaminarflowcontrolsaxorsmissileantiaircraftweaponsystemdevelopedbyrussiasalmazcentraldesignbureauasanupgradeofthesfamilyxsometimesreferredtoasxaninterfacespecificationfordifferentialcommunicationsintroducedinthemidsbytheitutxbandajapanesegirlidolgroupdexfrxfrxitxitxreferencesglobalsecurityorgmilitarysystemsaircraftxhtmxlaminarflowcontrolausairpowernetapagrumblegargoylehtmlalmazspptpspmupmupmualmazanteystriumfsagrumblegargoylearcelectcomxinterfacehtmthexinterfacexoscarprocojpxofficialwebsitestarboxbeginnamextejstarboxobserveepochjrarefnamesimbadrefdecappmagvconstellnormaconstellationnormastarboxcharacterclassbvubvariablestarboxastrometryradialvpropmorapropmodecparallaxperrorabsmagvdistpcdistlystarboxdetailmassradiusluminositytemperaturemetalrotationagestarboxcatalognamesvnormaextejsometimesabbreviatedtojandalsoknownasvnormaeisaxraybinarylowmassxraybinarylowmassxraybinaryintheconstellationnormaconstellationnormaitiscomposedofablackholearoundtimesasmassiveasthesunreferencesinfoboxvenuenamexoyoimagelocationoldstreetlondonukcoordinatestypenightclubopenedcapacityownerthecolumbogroupwebsitexoyocoukwwwxoyocoukxoyoisanightclubinlondonunitedkingdomitislocatedoncowperstreetnearoldstreetstationinthelondonboroughofislingtonxoyowasvotedoneoftheworldstopclubsbydjmagazineinandhistorythetworoomclubopenedinoccupyingaconvertedprintworksitwasboughtandrenovatedbythecolumbogroupwhoalsoownlondonvenuesthenestlondonthenesttheoldqueensheadphonoxparadisebywayofkensalgreenthejazzcafeandtheblueskitcheninaugustreopeninginseptemberstylethemusicpolicyvariesfromnighttonightcoveringhousediscotechnoandhiphopeatseverythingbecametheclubsfirstresidentinjanuaryplayingmonthsworthofconsecutivesaturdaysthebearsjackmastersimianmobilediscoskreambenjibbicepelectronicmusicduotigamusicianheidiandyctheblackmadonnaanderolalkanhavefollowedwithresidenciesoftheirownxoyohostsbenjibsbbcradioradioclubnightdeviationonthefirstfridayofeverymonththefirstdeviationatxoyowasheldinfebruaryartistsjamiexxaaprockymosdefandmoodymannhaveallperformedatdeviationinnovemberxoyo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ithinthehymenopteranfamilyapidaexylocopinaeisdividedintofourtribesallodapiniceratininixylocopiniandmanueliinithegenusxylocopacomposedoflargecarpenterbeesconsistsofaboutspeciesinsubgenerathesespeciesaredistributedacrosstheworldxsulcatipesispartofthesubgenusctenoxylocopadescriptionandidentificationxsulcatipesdiffersfromotherarabiancarpenterbeesfemalesaredistinguishablebythepresenceofblackpubescenceshortmattedhairsonthefaceandthebacksideofthemesosomathescutelluminsectanatomymesoscutellumorfemalemiddlebodyshielddoesnotextendoverthemetanotumormiddlethoraxfinallytheapicalmarginthelowerpartoftheabdomenisroundedasopposedtosquaredofflastlytheyhaveaplateontheirpygidiumtheirlowermostabdominalsectionrefnamehannanrefmalesarecoveredinadarktoblackpubescencewiththeexceptionofthefacethemiddlesectionatthebackismostlylightorpalethefirstmetasomaltergumorbackwithsubhorizontaldorsalsurfaceroundsintotheanteriorsurfacexsulcatipeseggsmeasurearoundnbspmminlengthandnbspmmindiameteradultsareapproximatelynbspmminlengthfilexylocopasulcatipesfacesjpgthumbfacesofthexsulcatipesfemaleleftandmalerightdistributionandhabitatxsulcatipesisalargearabiancarpenterbeexsulcatipesspecieshasbeenfoundinsaudiarabiayemenisraelegyptandtranscaspiarefnamedistributionrefxsulcatipesareknowntonestincaneorthinbranchneststheyuseplantsthatarenativetoaparticularregioninordertobuildtheirneststhereforematerialsfornestingmayvaryxsulcatipesnestsutilizedeadbranchessticksdeadfloweringstalksofferulaspporothersuitablesoftwoodentubularobjectsabandonedbyhumanbeingstheholesfortheirnestentrancesareapproximatelynbspcmwideandthetunnelsrangefromnbspcmwidethetunnelsareatleastnbspcmlongthemethodinwhichxsulcatipesconstructtheirnestsmayvarythefemalebeemaycutaholealongthesideofthenestingmaterialenteritandthenmakethenestalongthegraininoneorbothdirectionstheynormallydigintosubstratethatneedslittleornodigginganotherwayxsulcatipesconstructsitsnestisbycuttingintoapreexistingcutsurfaceorbrokencrosssectiontheywillusethistogainentryintothesubstrateafterthestructureofthenesthasbeenformedfemaleslinearlylayerthewallswithpollenandnectarandthenputaneggintothefoodmassfinallythenestissealedoffrefnamereproductiverefthelocationofnestsmayvaryfromdeadbranchesonthegroundorcutwoodthatwashungabovethegroundhowevertheyarenormallyfoundinpartiallyshadedareascolonycyclethenestingseasonstartsearlyinthespringwhenmalesarelookingforfemalestomatewithsomenestsofxsulcatipesmaybematrifilialwherethelineofdescentisfrommothertosonothertypesofnestsconsistofsistersorunrelatedfemalescoloniesmayormaynothavereproductivedivisionoflaborwhichinvolvessomeofthereproductivefemalesgivingupreproducinginfavorofthedominantfemalethiscanoccurafteroophagywhichresultsfromreproductivecompetitionnestingcaneitherbemetasocialorsolitaryinametasocialnestthereismorethanonegenerationofbeesoccupyingandcooperatingwithinanestinsolitarynestingthefoundingbeeforagesbuildscellslaystheeggsandguardsnormallyonlyonegenerationofbeesliveinthenestnestscandifferinhowmanyfemalebeesliveinthenestforextendedperiodsoftimeifthenestonlyhasonefemalelivinginittheoffspringofthefoundingmothertakeonsomedutiessuchasguardingaftertheyarebornanduntiltheyleaveprogenynormallyleaveaboutweeksafteremerginginotherneststhereismorethanonefemalethatlivesinthenestinthistypeofnestingmultiplefemaleseithershareintheforagingandnestlayingoronefemaledoesalltheforagingandnestlayingwhiletheotherfemalesguardrefnamecooperativerefontogenyxsulcatipeseggsarelaidinclosedcellsthatarepreparedwithindayspreparationincludespollengatheringandbeebreadingwhentheeggshatchthesmalllarvafeedonthebeepollenbeebreadwhileremaininginthesamepositionafewdaysafterwardsthelarvabegintomoveandmoltthissecondinstartakesvariouspositionsonthebeebreadthesecondmoltisfollowedbydepositionofmeconiummeconiaandexhaustionofthebeebreadsupplynexttheprepupalstagestartsthisstagelastsseveraldaysandendsinpupationthepupaestartoutwhiteandgetdarkerwithtimethegapinhatchingbetweentheyoungestandoldestbeesincreaseswhenthenestgetslargerafterthebeeshatchtheystayinthenestforsometimewhileinthenestthebeesdonotharmtheunhatchedbeesandarefedbythemotheronceallthebeeshavehatchedtheyclearthetunnelofallthebrokendownpartitionsandmeconiathemotherstayswithheroffspringuntiltheyareindependentonlyafterthisdoesthemotherbeestartbuildingnewcellskinselectionxsulcatipesareknowntotakepartinaltruisticbehaviorthesebehaviorsmaybeattributedtoguardingandtheconcessionsreceivedfromundisturbedbroodsabenefitfrompartakinginsuchabehaviorwheretheguardsarerelatedtothemotherbeeisthatthisincreasesthebeesindirectfitnesswhentheyhelpkinbecausethathelpspropagatesomesmallportionofthebeesgenestheguardingbehaviorofxsulcatipesissimilartothatofxylocopapubescenshoweverunrelatedguardsdontreceivemuchgeneticgainthisisbecauseunrelatedworkersthathelpguarddonotshareanycommongeneswiththequeenwhomisthebreederandthereforecantpassongenestheyshareincommonseasonalactivityinorderforxsulcatipestopartakeinflighttheyfirstneedtoraisetheirmusculartemperaturetonbspchoweverinordertomaintainflightactivitythesebeesneedtobeatathresholdtemperatureofaroundnbspcwarmerdaysinthewintertriggerxsulcatipestoeatmoreoftheirfoodsupplywhilethesebeesdontnormallyflyaroundinthewinterthefrequencyofflightstheytakeduringthecoldseasonresultsfromhowmanywarmwinterdaystherearewhentheweatherstartsgettingwarmerthesebeesbeginmakingmoreflightsduringmaynighttemperaturesreachnbspcsoxsulcatipescanstartflyingoutatdawnwhichisearlierthanthepreviousmonthstypicallythesebeesstopflyingshortlyaftersunsetxsulcatipesnestandlaytheireggsinthespringandsummertheyarenormallynotactiveduringthewintermonthsandtheypartakeinminimalactivitiestosustainlifeduringthesewintermonthsthebeesflyaroundinsearchofnectaronwarmdaystheselittletripsgivethebeesjustenoughnectarandenergytomakemoretripsonwarmdaysduringthiscoldseasonbehaviorterritorialbehaviormalesofthespeciesxsulcatipesareknowntomarkanddefendtheirterritoriesbysecretingchemicalsfromtheirmandibularglandschemicalanalysishasshownthatthesecretionsarecomposedofpcresolguaiacolandvanillinterritorialmalesdefendtheirterritorieseitherbyidentifyingintrudingmalesthroughsiteorrecognizingthedistinctodortheencroachingmaleemitsfromitsmandibularglandsifthevisitorisafemaleitisnotchasedoutsometimeshoweverifareconstitutedpheromonalsecretionistreatedtothefemaleitisdealtwithasifitwereamaleandchasedoutoftheterritoryrefnamesecretionrefotherterritorialbehaviorsincludetheflightofmalesfromonenesttoanotheraggregatinginamassaroundfloweringtreeswhereeachmaledefendsasmallsectionoftheareaaroundthetreemaleswillalsocruiseanddefendtheirownplantorplantsanotherbehaviorincludesamassiveflightofmalesflyingaroundthecanesthatfemalesnestinmalesdefendareasaroundnestingsitesandfoodresourcestheterritorialmechanismuseddependsonwhatisbeingdefendedandthelocationforexampleifflowersthatfemalesfeedonaremoredispersedandclosetotheirnestingsitesmalesmaydefendtheirownflowerorflowersasastrategymatingbehaviorxsulcatipesmaleschaseafteranythingthatisapproximatelytheirownsizeifthisobjecthappenstobeafemalethemalewillfollowthefemaletotheflowersheisseekinghewillflyoverherwithhisantennaeoutstretchedaboveherabdomenifthefemalewantstomateshewillspreadherwingsandreleaseanodorfromhermandibularglandsthissecretionisasignaltothemaleandhecontinuestohoveroverheruntilsheleavestheflowerasthefemalefliesofftheflowerthemalegraspsherintheairandtheyflysomedistanceandtrytocopulatewhilecopulatingthemaleisturnedtothefemalemanytimesthemalewillfollowthefemaleaftercopulationresourcedefensepolygynybecausemalesdefendareasnearnestingorfloweringsitesfemaleandorresourcedefensepolygynyiscommonresourcedefensepolygynyiswhenmalesacquirefemalesbytakingcontroloflimitedresourcessuchasfoodandnestingsitesfemalescangainaccesstotheseresourcesbymatingwiththemalesthatdefendtheseterritoriesmalescancopulatewiththebestmatebydefendingthebestresourcebecausefemalesaremoreattractedtothesebetterresourcesthereforethemalewillmatewithmultiplefemalesthatcometousetheresourcesthatthemaleisdefendingnestingbehavioratnightmostbeesareasleepwhilesomearestillactiveacommonsleepingpositionforxsulcatipesistheylayontheirdorsumwiththeirfaceturnedupwardontopofapollenslantafemaleinthenestwillspendmuchofhertimelickingthewallsofthenesttunnelsorthewallswheresheisabouttobuildanewnestalsotheywilltapthewallsofthetunnelwiththeirabdomenwhichsecreteschemicalsxsulcatipeshavealsobeenfoundtowalkaroundwiththeirstingchamberopenthisbehaviorisattributedtohavingtodowiththereleaseofcontentsfromglandsthatopenfromthechamberthesecretionscoatthewallsofthenestwithathintransparentfilmroutinelyonlyminorcleaningsaredoneinthenestmajornestcleaningstakeplaceduringandrightafterexcavationoftunnelsitalsotakesplaceafteralltheoffspringhavehatchedpupalskinsbrokencellpartitionsmeconiaandtheremainsofcellswheredevelopmenthasstoppedarethrownoutthereisnoneedtoremovedefecationfromadultbeesbecausethistakesplaceoutsidetheentranceholeorawayfromthenestdefenseinnestdefensethereiscompetitionamongbiologicalspecificitysubtopicsconspecificfemalesfornestingsitesasthepopulationofxsulcatipesincreasesinaregioncompetitionalsoincreasesthisincreaseincompetitionresultsinintensiveguardingofnestsespeciallyinthespringandsummerwhenitisprimenestingseasonnestguardingcanbeagainstbeesofthesamespeciesoragainstthoseofotherspeciesparasitesnestsofxsulcatipeshavebeenfoundtobeinvadedbytermitesinparticularnestsonferulaplantsinthedesertsaroundsedeboqeroncethetermitesgetintothenesttheytakeapartthewallsandfillitwithrefusethebeesmayrespondbystoppingthediggingoftunnelsoncetheyhaveanyinclinationoftermitedamagepredatorsotherinsectsmayalsoposeathreattothesebeesegafemaleprayingmantissphodromantisviridiswasobservedcatchingandeatingamalexsulcatipesdietxsulcatipesvisitsflowersforbothpollenandnectarcollectioninthearavavalleycalotropisproceraretamaraetamacaciatortilisandaraddiannaarenativeplantsmostcommonlyvisitedbythisbeedependingontheseasonoftheyearcertainplantsarepreferredforexamplecproceraonlygivesnectartothebeesandbloomsfrommarchtoseptembersoonlyduringthesemonthsdoxsulcatipesvisitthisplantspeciesthisflowerisverypopularamongthebeesretamaraetambloomsforonlyashortperiodoftimefrommarchtoaprilthewaythisbeespeciescollectsnectarisbysettlingonaflowerandinsertingitsproboscisxsulcatipesmixesthenectarandpollenitgathersatirregularintervalsandthusthereisgreatvariabilityinbeebreadsizesthisleadstodifferentadultbeesizesinteractionswithhumansplantspeciescultivatedforhumanconsumptionarecommonlyvisitedbyxsulcatipesfortheirnectarandpolleninthearavavalleytheseincludecassiagenuscassiaspplucaenaglaucasolanumelaeagnifoliumandvitexagnuscastusreferenceswholesourcabbageapinkinfoboxofficeholdernamexuhongmengnativenamenativenamelangzhcnimagecaptionofficedeputycommanderoftheplanavytermstartdecembertermenddecemberblanknamecommandernamedatawushenglipredecessorguwengensuccessorjiangweilieofficecommanderoftheeastseafleettermstartaugusttermenddecemberpredecessorzhaoguojunsuccessordujingchenbirthdatebirthplacesuizhongliaoningchinadeathdatedeathplacepartycommunistpartyofchinaalmamaterplanavalcommandacademyspouseallegiancebranchpeoplesliberationarmynavyserviceyearsrankjiangrankviceadmiralcommandsunitbattlesawardsxuhongmengbornjulyisaretiredviceadmiralzhongjiangofthepeoplesliberationarmynavyplanofchinaheservedasdeputycommanderoftheplanandcommanderoftheeastseafleetbiographyxuhongmengwasborninjulyinsuizhongliaoningprovincehegraduatedfromtheplanavalcommandacademyrefnamenccurefxuservedasdeputychiefofstaffoftheplanseastseafleetfromtoandcommanderofthezhoushannavalbasefromtofromdecembertoaugusthewasdeputychiefofstaffoftheplaninaugusthewaspromotedtocommanderoftheeastseafleetandconcurrentlydeputycommanderofthenanjingmilitaryregionheattainedtherankofviceadmiralinjulyindecemberhewasappointeddeputycommanderoftheplanheretiredfromactiveserviceindecemberafterreachingthemandatoryretirementageandwasreplacedbyjiangweiliexuwasamemberofthethnationalpeoplescongressreferencesthecontinuingadventuresoftherollingstoneskanjiishiwararedirectcategoryshellvoiceduvularfricativexefbtdtxhwxtdtxettdtxhfntdtxhxtdtxhawtdtxhmnltdtxhmnutdtxhcnltdtxhsawtdtgalatvmexicosistemapblicoderadiodifusindelestadomexicanodushifangyujiyaopleasedonotremoveorchangethisafdmessageuntilthediscussionhasbeenclosedoncediscussionisclosedpleaseplaceontalkpageendofafdmessagefeelfreetoeditbeyondthispointinfoboxsoftwarenamexshelldevelopernetsarangcomputerincreleasedoperatingsystemmicrosoftwindowslatestreleaseversionlatestreleasedatestatusactivegenreterminalemulatorlicenseproprietarysoftwareproprietarylogoscreenshotxshellbetaapplicationpngwebsitenetsarangcomnetsarangcomputerincreleaseinfoherenetsarangcomproductsxshupdatehtmlxshellisacommercialsecureshellsshtelnetclientandterminalemulatorbynetsarangcomputerinchistoryxshellisaguibasedsecureshellsshtelnetclientandterminalemulatorreleasedinmayofficialreleaseofversionjuneofficialreleaseofversionfreeversionofxshellisprovidedforhomeandschoolusersmayofficialreleaseofxshellnovemberofficialreleaseofxshellnovemberofficialbetareleaseofnetsarangcomnewsverbetareleasehtmlxshelllicenseafreelicenseforhomeandschooluseisavailablethefreeversionisutilizedinternationallyinschoolsanduniversitiesfeaturesextensiveprotocolsupportsecureshellversionxsshsecureshellversionxsshtelnetrloginserialcommunicationserialsshfiletransferprotocolsftpfiletransferprotocolftpcustomizableuserinterfacetabbedenvironmentquickcommandbarcomposebaraddressbarlayoutmanagementtunnelingpanecustommousekeyboardkeymappingsipvsupportredirectkeyinputtomultipleterminalsscriptsupportvisualbasicjavascriptpythonhostuserkeymanagementxwindowsystemxforwardingproxysockssshtunnelingterminalhighlightsetsverthemeselectionvercomposepaneversearchwebforselectedtextverseparatefontintegrationforasciiandnonasciichinesekoreanetccharactersversecuritypublickeycryptographysymmetrickeyalgorithmgssapimitkerberosmicrosoftsspisshpkcssupportveradditionalsecurityfeaturesmasterpasswordscreenlockkeyboardinteractiveauthenticationclasswikitablecipherlistmaclistkeyexchangelistdescbchmacmdecdhshanistpaescbchmacmdecdhshanistpaesctrhmacmdetmopensshcomecdhshanistpaesgcmopensshcomhmacmdetmopenshhcomdiffiehellmangroupshaaescbchmacripemddiffiehellmangroupshaaesctrhmacripemdopensshcomdiffiehellmangroupexchangeshaaescbchmacshadiffiehellmangroupexchangeshaaesctrhmacshaaesgcmopensshcomhmacshaetmopensshcomarcfourhmacshaetmopensshcomarcfourhmacshaarcfourhmacshaetmopensshcomblowfishcbchmacshacastcbchmacshaetmopensshcomrijndaelcbcrijndaelcbcrijndaelcbcrijndaelcbclysatorliusecompatibilityxshellrunsonwindowsvistaandwindowswindowswindowswindowswindowsserverseealsocomparisonofsshclientsputtycygwinxwinscpxmingreferencesnongeographictelephonenumbersintheunitedkingdomandprefixinfoboxbookseewikipediawikiprojectnovelsorwikipediawikiprojectbooksnamexinfinitytitleorigtranslatorimagexinfinityjpgimagesizepxcaptioncoveroffirsteditionauthoreditedbygroffconklincoverartistcountryunitedstateslanguageenglishseriesgenresciencefictionshortstoriespublisherdellpublishingdellreleasedateenglishreleasedatemediatypeprintpaperbackpagesppdeweycongressoclcprecededbyfollowedbyxinfinityisananthologyofsciencefictionshortstori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nelsinthesametunnelcomplexasthemotherbranchingofffromthecommonchamberwiththemothersexitholeastheonlyaccesstooutsidefemalescanextendtunnelsorexcavatenewnestseachnestingcycletheyoccasionallywidencurrenttunnelsnbspmmeachcycletheexcavatingofthenestsisdonewithmandibleinsectmouthpartmandiblesrefnamebionomicsrefcolonycyclecoloniescanbefoundedthroughoutthebreedingseasonwhichtakesplacefromthebeginningofmarchtothebeginningofnovemberdependingonecologicalconditionseachcolonyisfoundedbyasolitaryfemalethebroodisproducedcontinuouslyaslongasspaceandresourcesareavailableyoungmalesandfemalesemergefromthebeginningofmayuntiltheendofthebreedingseasoninnovemberoverlappinggenerationscanbefoundinnestsstartingatthebeginningofmayallspringnestscontainonlyonebeeeitherayoungfemaleoranoldfemalewhohasoverwintereduntiltheprogenyofthebeeentersthepupalstageafterthatbetweenadultfemalesmaybepresentonetimeasnewadultsremaininthenestforuptoweekscolonyandnestingcyclescoincideontogenesiseggsarelaidonbeepollenbeebreadinshorttunnelsinthenesteachcontainingprogenyeachwhenthelarvaeemergefromtheireggstheyfeedonthebeebreadandgothroughtwostagesofmoltingbeforetheprepupalstagethefirstprogenytoemergewillpushitssiblingsfatherintothetunnelandtakeoverthevacatedspacetheprepupalstagelastsseveraldaysbeforepupationallpupaebeginwhiteandgrowdarkerwithtimebeforeturningintoadultsabdominalglandsinfemalesarewhitewhentheyareyoungandgrowmoreyellowastheymaturetotaldevelopmentaltimefromeggtoadultisarounddayslastingsomewhatlessinthesummerdominancehierarchyfemaletakeoversthereisonereproductivelydominantfemaleineachnestbecomingthedominantfemaleinanestrequiresatakeoverfromthepreviousdominantfemalethiscanbedonebyeitheranestmateusuallyadaughteroranoutsideintruderintakeoverattemptsfightingoccursandthedefeatedfemaleeitherremainsinthenestasaguardorleavestoattempttofoundortakeoveranothernestafteratakeoveroccursthenewdominantfemaledestroysmostoralloftheoldbroodthedominantfemalemustthendeterminewhetherornotshewillallowthedefeatedfemaletoremainasaguardfactorssuchasageandrelatednessplayintothisdecisionadeposedfemaleguardwhoisyoungislikelytoattemptatakeoverofthenestinthefutureasisonewhoisnotcloselyrelatedtothecurrentdominantfemalereproductiveoutputhasbeenshownhowevertoincreaseinguardednestsifthedefeatedfemaleisallowedtoremainshetoomustdecidewhetherornottodosothisdecisiondependsonthechancesoftakingoverthecurrentnestinthefutureversusthechancesoffoundingortakingoveranothernestafemalesfitnessmayalsobenefitmorefromguardingthanleavingthenestecologicalconditionswillalsoaffectadisplacedfemaleschancesofstartinganewnestrefnametakeoversrefreproductivesuppressionreproductivesuppressionisoftenusedinsocialinsectcoloniesbyqueenstomaintainageneticmonopolyoftheoffspringinthenestsomespeciessuppressworkeregglayingthroughpheromonesandchemicalcontrolhoweverinxylocopapubescensthedominantfemaleofthenestsuppressesreproductionofanyotherfemalesinthenestbypreventingthemaccesstothecellinthetunnelsofthenestnecessaryforeggstheonlywaythatanotherfemaleinthenestcanreproduceisifshetakesoverthenestbyforceorleavestoeithertakeoveranothernestorfoundherowndivisionoflaborlaborisdividedbetweenguardingandforagingfemalestheforagingfemaleisthereproductivelydominantonewhiletheguardingfemalesareeitheryoungprereproductivefemalesoroldformerlyreproductivefemalesyoungpreproductivefemalesremaininthenestforuptotwoweeksduringthistimetheyguardtheentrancetothenestthisguardingisnottheirintendedconsequencehoweverratherthisishowtheprogenycompeteforfoodfromthemotherasitisbeneficialtobethefirstoneattheentrancewhenthemotherreturnsfromforagingthemotherfeedsthemviatrophallaxisoldformerlyreproductivefemalesbecomeguardswhenatakeoverofreproductivedominanceinthenestoccursbyadaughteroranoutsideintruderthedisplacedfemaleeitherremainsinthenestasaguardorleavesinordertoattempttotakeoveranothernestneststhatareguardedwhenthedominantfemaleisoutforagingaremorereproductionasmorefoodcollectionispossiblerefnamebehaviorrefbehaviorforagingbehaviorflowersasymbioticmiteisvisibleonitsbackxpubescenscannotforageintemperaturesbelowdegreescelsiuslikelyduetotheenergyneededtomaintainbodyheatfortheirlargesizexpubescenshasbeenfoundtoforageondifferentplantspeciesinindiaanddifferentspeciesinisraelitgathersbothnectarandpollenfromplantsinthespringsummerandfallinthewinteronlynectarisgatheredandforagingcanonlybeaccomplishedonwarmdaysmutualismbiologymutualismisobservedbetweenxpubescensandseveralspeciesofplantsasthespeciespollinatedbyxpubescenshavebeenobservedtohaveloworzerofruitsetrateifnotpollinatedbyitxpubescensisalsoabletoavoidrevisitingplantsonwhichithasalreadyforagedbymarkingtheplantwithpheromonesrefnamemutualismrefplantvisitationxpubescensisapolylecticbeemeaningitvisitsmanydifferentspeciesofplantsflowercolorimpactsvisitationandyellowflowersorwhiteflowersthatarecreamypurplishorbluisharepreferredscentisalsoanimportantfactorasmostnectarproducingplantsvisitedbyxpubescenshaveastrongodortoattractbeesandinsectsasxpubescensisalargecarpenterbeeitprefersmediumtolargesizeflowerszygomorphicflowerswithbilateralsymmetryarealsopreferableplantsonlyproducenectarandorpollenatcertaintimesofthedaywhilebalancingsugarandwateramountsinthenectarforforagingbeesexamplesofdifferentanthesisschedulesarelateatnightforcareyaarboreatheafternoonincrotalariaspeciesandalldayincalotropisspeciesxpubescenswilladjustforagingbehavioraccordinglymostflowervisitsareshortlastingfromaboutsecondstosecondsplantsbyregioninindiaplantsvisitedbyxpubescensforpollenarecochlospermumreligiosumaswellaspeltophorumcassiagenuscassiaandsolanumspeciesthosevisitedfornectarincludecalotropisbauhiniacrotalariaanisomelesandgmelinaspeciesandsomeotherplantsinthemediterraneanclimatemediterraneanthemostcommonplantsvisitedbyxpubescensforbothpollenandnectararehelianthusannuusparkinsoniaaculeateluffaaegypticaaswellasloniceraspeciesinisraeltherangesofxpubescensandxsulcatipesoverlapleadingtocompetitionbetweenthetwospeciesforplantstoforageonbothspeciesvisitcalotropisproceraonlyfornectarretamaraetamforbothpollenandnectarandlucaenaonlyforpollenbecausexpubescenshasaminimumambienttemperatureforactivityofaboutdegreescelsiuswhilexsulcatipeshasaminimumambienttemperatureofdegreescelsiusxpubescenscanbeginforagingearlierinthedaythanxsulcatipesthisallowsxpubescenstogettoflowersfirstbutthenafterxsulcatipesbeginsforagingitbecomesthedominantbeethebeescanrecognizewhenaflowerhasbeenpreviouslyvisitedbyabeeofeitherspeciesandwillproceedtoavoidthatflowerpollenconsumptionpollenslantsarecreatedwhenxpubescensyoungarebeginningtoemergeuponarrivalfromaforagingtripthefemalecarryingnectarandorpollenproceedstotheendofthetunnelshethenreleasesthepollenfromherhindtibiaebyrepeatedvigorousmovementscreatingoraddingtoanexistingpollenslantnectarisusedtowetthepollenslanteitherbylickingthesurfaceafterreturningfromaforagingtriporbymixingunliketheircloserelativexsulcatipeswhogatherpollenfirstbymanytripsandthenaddnectarlaterxpubescensaddsnectartothepollenslantasitisbeingformedthesepollenslantsarequicklyconsumedbyemergingyoungandteneraladultswhothenmustrelyonpollencollectionbythemotherfromforagingtripscompetitionbetweentheyoungforfoodensuesleadingtoguardingbehavioraboutpollentripsbythemotherarerequiredperbroodcellinadditiontothepollenrequiredbyteneraladultsandguardsinthenestdevelopedbeesconsumeaboutthesameamountoffoodaslarvaematingbehaviorbreedingseasonisearlymarchtoearlynovembermostmatingoccursinthespringbutsomestilloccursinthefallmatingisnotyetwellunderstoodinxpubescensmalesmaketerritorialflightsinshadedareasataheightrangingfromafewcentimeterstoafewmeterstheseterritorieshavebeenshowntobedesirablebyallmalesascompetitionforthemiscommoninthecaseofanintruderamalewillchargetheintrudertodrivehimawayiftheintruderdoesnotavoidthechargingmalethechargingmalewillbashtheintruderwithhisheadandwillcontinuethispatternuntiltheintruderisdrivenofffemalescomeintothesemaleterritoriestomatebutthemechanicsofhowthisworksarenotyetknownnestcompetitionfemalesinsearchofnestingsitesareattractedtoexistingholesinwoodmaterialswherenestsareusuallyformeduponarrivalatadesirablesitewheretherearenocurrentinhabitantsthefemalewillinspecttheexistingtunnelsystemextensivelyiftheholeisanoccupiedandguardednesttheguardingbeewillblocktheentranceifnotguardedaresidentofthenestwillcometoblocktheentranceifintheareabyprotrudingtheirheadfromtheholethestrangerwillhoveraroundtheholeforabriefperiodoftimeandoftentheresidentwillattempttochasethestrangerawayiftheintruderisabletobypasstheresidentbeeattheentranceastrugglewillensueaccompaniedbyloudbuzzingnoisesthesestrugglescanlastuptoacouplehourseithertheintruderisthenthrownoutorwillthrowouttheresidentatwhichpointtheprocessforatakeoveroccursbeginningwiththeevictionofanyexistingbroodthebenefitsofguardingbehaviorcanclearlybeseenhereasstrangershardlyeverintrudeonsocialnestscontainingmorethanoneadultexocrinologyandcommunicationxpubescenshaveglandsthatarevitalintheirexocrineglandexocrinesystemandplayalargepartincommunicationonecategoryofglandsistheintersegmentalglandsalsoknownastheyellowglandstheintersegmentalglandsaremadeupofseveralglandpairsintheabdomenwhichopenupintotheintersegmentalmembranestheseglandsdistinguishnonnestingbeesfrombeesthatareactivelybreedinginnonnestingbeestheyarecompactandwhitetheyincreaseinsizeandturnfromwhitetoyellowasbreedingseasonprogressesunicellularsecretoryelementsintheseglandsemptythroughaductintotheintersegmentalmembranesfromwhichthechemicalsarereleasedtheotherimportantglandsespeciallyforcommunicationisthedufoursglandtheoriginalroleoftheseglandsinvariousbeespecieswastoproducethebroodcellliningbutthisfunctiondoesnotexistinxylocopaspeciesinsteadtheseglandsareresponsiblefortheproductionofscentmarkingpheromonesthesearestrictlyhydrocarbonsinxpubescensandareusedtomarkflowersthathavebeenpreviouslyvisitingonforagingtripsinordertoavoidthemthesescentmarkingsonpreviouslyvisitedflowersarerecognizedbothbyxpubescensandxsulcatipeswhichallowsthetwospeciestobemoreefficientinforagingthissystemofscentmarkingisalsoinvolvedinnestrecognitionnestrecognitionxpubescensusebothvisualandolfactorycuestorecognizetheirownnestsnestrecognitionisvitalforforagingfemalestoprovisionfortheirbroodproperlyxpubescensuseitsvisiontorecognizethegenerallocationofitsnestuponexitofthenesttoembarkonaforagingtripafemalewillmakeanorientationflightforvisualfamiliarityininstancesofnestdisturbancethefrequencyoftheseorientationflightsincreasesbecausexpubescensnestsareoftenfoundinaggregationitisimportantforfemalestorecognizetheirownspecificneststhisisaccomplishedbyolfactionxpubescensfemaleswhosenestshavebeendisturbedormisplacedamongothernestswillreturntothegenerallocationoftheirnestbutwillnotmistakenlyenteranothernestduetolackofscentrecognitionthedufoursglandrectalfluidorsomeoralsourceofodormaycontributetotherecognizablenestentranceodoritislikelythatmultipleglandsareactiveinmarkingthenestentranceduetothehighspecificityrequiredforthescentinteractionswithotherspeciespredatorsantsofvariousspecieshavebeenfoundtoinvadenestsinsomexylocopaspeciesspecificallymonomoriumgracillimumhavebeenobservedtoinvadethenestsofxpubescenstheantsdigsmallholesinthetunnelwallsofxpubescenstogetintothenestnoconfrontationoccursasthemotherattemptstoremoveasmanyofherbroodasshecanbeforethedestructionofthenestandallbroodcellsadditionallybecausenestingtakesplaceinwoodtermiteshavebeenfoundtoinfiltratenestseatthewallsandfillitwithrefusebirdshavealsobeenobservedtofeedonxpubescensspecificallythewoodpeckerspeciesdendrocopossyriacusinmediterraneanregionsparasitescoelopencyrtusisaninternalparasitoidofmaturexpubescenslarvaewithhundredsemergingfromeachlarvatheyrunontopofxpubescensnestsconstantlythroughoutnestingseasonwithactivitypeakinginthefalloverwinteringforcoelopencyrtusoccursinorneardeadhostsagriculturecarpenterbeeshavebeenobservedpollinatingagriculturalplantssuchaspassiflorapassionflowerandcottonbutxpubescensdonotnaturallypollinateanyagriculturalplantshoweverinagreenhousesettingxpubescenshavebeenshowntobeamoreeffectivepollinatorofhoneydewmelonhoneydewmelonthanhoneybeesbyincreasingthefruitsetthreetimesmorethanahoneybeereferencesinfoboxalbumseewikipediawikiprojectalbumsnamexetypestudioartistzsbandzscoverxeofficialcoverartjpgreleasedrecordedbrfuturepaststudiosbrhudsonnewyorkgenrefreejazzexperimentalrockjazzfusionpostminimalismmathrocklengthlabelnorthernspyrecordsproducerpatrickhigginsmusicianpatrickhigginslastalbumgrainbrthisalbumxebrnextalbumalbumratingsmcrefnamemetarefrevpitchforkmediarevscorerevpopmattersrevscorerevtinymixtapesrevscorexeistheseventhstudioalbumbyamericanexperimentalensemblezsbandzsitistheirsecondalbumtofeatureguitaristcomposerpatrickhigginsmusicianpatrickhigginsandpercussionistgregfoxnotedforhisworkwithliturgybandliturgyandguardianalienthealbumartworkwasdesignedbytaubaauerbachandwasacquiredforthepermanentcollectionofthesanfranciscomuseumofmodernartsfmomaintracklistingtracklistingtitlethefutureofroyaltylengthtitlewolfgovernmentlengthtitlecorpslengthtitleweaklinglengthtitlexelengthpersonnelcreditinformationtakenfromallmusicandthenorthernspyrecordswebsitezssamhillmertenorsaxophonepedalspatrickhigginselectronicsguitargregfoxdrumspercussiontechnicalpersonnelpatrickhigginsproducermixinghenryhirschengineerhebakadrymasteringtaubaauerbachartworkreferencesslyusarlaminalconsonantaztecaunoaztecaaztecaaztecalasestrellasaztecaunoaztecaaztecapakistansuperleagueinfoboxmobilephonenamexiaomimiclogoxiaomilogosvglogosizepximageimagesizepxaltcaptionbrandmanufacturerxiaomiseriesmiphonemodelnumbernetworksreleasedseptemberavailablediscontinuedunitssoldunitsshippedpredecessorxiaomimisuccessorxiaomimicrelatedxiaomimiitypesmartphoneformslatephonesizemmweightgosoriginalmiuiandroidlollipopcurrentmiuiandroidnougatsocqualcommsnapdragoncpuxquadcoreghzcortexaxdualcoreghzcortexagpuadrenomemorygbgbramstoragegbgbmemorycardbatterynonremovablelipomahbatteryinputdisplaypixelsmcolorsextdisplayrearcamerampfrontcamerampsoundconnectivitywifiabgnacwifidirecthotspotbrggsmbrghsdpabrgltebrbluetoothadpusbcothersarhacwebsitethexiaomimicisasmartphonedevelopedbyxiaomixiaomiincitispartofxiaomismidrangesmartphonelineandwasreleasedinseptemberitisonlyavailableinmainlandchinarefnamegsmarenaxiaomimicrefthexiaomimicisequippedwithasnapdragonprocessorainchpipsdisplayandamahbatterywithnbspgbnbspgbofmemoryandgbgbstorageinthetwoversionsitranandroidlollipopandroidlollipopwiththemiuiromandnowitsupgradeabletoandroidnougatwiththemiuiitsrearcameraisnbspmpwithsonyimxorsamsungskmandfrontcameraismpwithresolutionforvideorecordingitweighsgramsanditsdimensionsarexxnbspmmithaswifiabgnacbluetoothgpsinfraredandusbcthephonewasdescribedasanoutstandingpieceofhighendtechnologythatdoesnotcostasmuchasitsrivalsitwasrevealedbyantututhatthemicwasoneofthemostpopularphonesinchinareferencesexternallinksmicommicxiaomiwebsiteredirectstatecollegepennsylvaniaredirectuniversityparkpennsylvaniastomopteryxremissellarubehoforestpartridgeabdulrazzaqaswadhugrobotnerddocumenttextfileretrocomputingcalculatorpocketcalculatorsredirectcategoryshellwastecontainerredirectxylariapolymorphainfoboxmusicalartistnamexxiimageimagesizelandscapeyesifwideimageotherwiselea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etweenthepeopleofthetaiwanareaandthemainlandarearedirectcategoryshellactgoverningrelationsbetweenthepeopleofthetaiwanareaandthemainlandarearedirectcategoryshellactgoverningrelationsbetweenthepeopleofthetaiwanareaandthemainlandarearedirectcategoryshellxianhenghanseptembernovemberwasapeoplesliberationarmylieutenantgeneralandpeoplesrepublicofchinapoliticianhewasethnicallyamemberofthezhuangpeopleandbornintianyangcountyguangxiheparticipatedinthebaiseuprisingofnovemberandlaterjoinedthechineseworkersandpeasantsredarmyhewascommunistpartyofchinacommitteesecretaryandgovernorofgansuhediedinlanzhouempressdowagercixijikarajimadewatashinikoishitaobsanjungchangredirectcategoryshelljunichiokadananaeikurakeitanakasotafukushinaominishidataotsuchiyaaoinakamurakazuyukiaijimakiyoshikodamaredirectbioenergycorporationthecoffininthemountainspeciesboximagesoutherncarpenterbeexylocopamicansjpgimagecaptionfemalenectaringonfunastrumclausumgenusxylocopaspeciesmicansauthorityamdelouismichellepeletiercomtedesaintfargeaulepeletiersynonymsxylocopaviduasmalllepeletiersmallbrxylocopapurpureasmallezratownsendcressoncressonsmallbrxylocopabinotatasmallmaidlsmallsynonymsrefrangemapxylocopamicansrangemappngrangemapcaptiontherangeofxylocopamicansxylocopamicansalsoknownasthesoutherncarpenterbeeisaspeciesofbeewithincarpenterbeexylocopathegenusofcarpenterbeesthesoutherncarpenterbeecanbefoundmainlyinthecoastalandgulfcoastoftheunitedstatesgulfregionsofthesoutheasternunitedstatesaswellasmexicoandguatemalarefnamereflikeallxylocopabeesxmicansbeesexcavatenestsinwoodyplantmaterialhoweverunlikeitssympatrysympatricspeciesxylocopavirginicaxmicanshasnotbeenfoundtoconstructnestgalleriesinstructuraltimbersofbuildingmakingitlessofaneconomicnuisancetohumansrefnamerefcarpenterbeeshaveawiderangeofmatingsystemmatingstrategiesbetweendifferentspeciesthesoutherncarpenterbeeexhibitsapolymorphicmatingstrategywithitspreferredmethodofmatingchangingastheseasonprogressesfromearlyspringtomidsummerrefnamereflikemostbeesinitsgenusthesoutherncarpenterbeeisconsideredasolitarybeebecauseitdoesnotliveincoloniesrefnamereftaxonomyandphylogenythefrenchentomologyentomologistandhymenopteraspecialistamdelouismichellepeletiercomtedesaintfargeauamdelouismichellepeletierfirstdescribedxylocopamicansinthegenusnamexylocopusisderivedfromtheancientgreekwordxylokoposmeaningwoodworkerareferencetothebeestendencytonestinwoodthespeciesnamemicanscomesfromthelatinwordforshiningreferringtothereflectivequalityofthebeesbodythecommonnameforxmicansthesoutherncarpenterbeereferstothedistributionofthespeciesinthesouthernunitedstatesxmicanshasbeenstudiedalongsidexvirginicabecauseoftheirsympatryinthestateoftexasxmicansbelongstothesubgenusschoenherriawhichisalargelyneotropicecozoneneotropicalgroupingofcarpenterbeespeciesrefnamerefdescriptionandidentificationxmicansisalargecarpenterbeerangingbetweenandnbspmmlongandandnbspmmwidethebeeshaveaflatclypeusarthropodanatomyclypeusandrelativelyshortmandibleinsectmouthpartmandiblesinadditiontoasetoflateralsimpleeyeininvertebratesocellisetbelowthetopoftheheadbothmalesandfemaleshaveshortdensepubescenceontheheadalthoughthemalesandfemalesofxmicansarelargelymonomorphictheydifferintheamountofhaircoveringtheirbodiesfemaleshavesparsedarkpubescenceonthescutumandscutelluminsectanatomyscutellumwhereasmaleshavescutumandscutellumthataredenselypubescentwithbrightyellowcoloringfurthermorewhereasfemaleshavebaretergumtergaandwhitetuftsofhairfromtermandmaleshavealltergaandcoveredinyellowpubescenceandtergawithblackpubescencelikeotherxylocopaxmicanscreatesnestsbyexcavatinginwoodyplantmaterialsuchasthedeadwoodofnearlyanyspecieshoweverthenestsofxmicanshaverarelybeenobservedinnaturefemalesusestrongjawstovibrateholesinwoodandthenburrowtoformanestofroughlynbspmmindiameterwithseveralbroodcellsspacedalongthelengthofthenesttheentirelengthofthenestisroughlynbspcmdistributionandhabitatxmicansisfoundinseveralstatesinthesoutheasternunitedstatesalongthecoastfromsoutheasternvirginiatofloridaandwestalongthegulftotexasthebeecanalsobefoundfurthersouthinmexicoandasfarsouthasguatemalathebeecanbefoundonlyinthewarmermonthsincertainregionssuchasthelowerriograndevalleybutisgenerallyfoundyearroundelsewhererefnamerefspecimensofxmicanshavealsobeenfoundmovingasfarnorthasprairiecountyarkansasprairiecountyarkansasthenorthwardexpansionmaybereflectiveofrangeshiftsofspeciespredictedbyclimatechangesimilarimpactsofclimatechangehavebeenseenontheedithscheckerspotbutterflyconverselysincethespecimensfoundinarkansasweremainlycolocatedwithinterstatetherangeexpansioncouldbecausedbyhumanactivitythesoutherncarpenterbeecouldburrowintocommerciallumberthatcouldthenbetransportednorthwardforseveralhundredmileslifehistoryallcarpenterbeesofthegenusxylocopaaresolitaryandthereforegenerallydonotformcoloniesbothmalesandfemalesofxmicansoverwinteringoverwintersinoldnestsasadultsuntilthefollowingspringeachgenerationlivesforroughlyoneyearinearlyapriltheadultsemergefromtheirnestsforthematingseasonnestsarepreferablyrecycledbybeeswhoprefertoavoidtheenergyintensiveactivityofexcavatinganewnestwhennecessaryfemaleswillexcavatenestsbyboringaholeintoapieceofwoodmakingasharporthogonalturnandboringdowntoformatunnelwithseveralbroodcellsmovingoneincheverysixdayseachbroodcellisprovisionedwithaballcomposedofpollenandregurgitatednectarontopofthefoodballthefemalewilllayaneggandthenpluguptherespectivebroodcellwithwoodpulpafterfillingeachofthebroodcellsinthismannerthefemalediesbeesofxmicansdevelopfromeggtoadultoverthecourseofsevenweeksnewadultsbreakoutofthebroodcellpartitionsseveralweeksafterreachingadulthoodgenerallyinlateaugusttocollectpollentostoreforoverwinteringthebeesquicklyreturntotheirneststooverwinterbehaviormaleaggressionconspecificwanderersmalesofxmicansarehighlyterritorialwhichisimportantwhenmatingifaconspecificmalewandererisfoundintrudingintotheterritoryofamalesoutherncarpenterbeetheterritorydefenderwillflyswiftlytowardtheinsurgentbeeandengageinaswirlingchaseduringthesechasesthebeesmaintainadistanceofaboutnbspcmalthoughtheysometimescometogethertomakebriefcontacttheseexchangescanlastuptosecondsbeforethetwobeesseparateandtheintruderleavesinrareoccasionstheinsurgentbeecanusurptheresidentandtakeovertheterritoryrefnamerefconspecificterritoryholdersamaleterritoryholdermaysometimesslowlyflyintoanadjacentterritoryuntilitisaggressedbytheotherterritoryholdertheaggressionfollowsthesamepatternasterritoryholderaggressionagainstawandererfollowingwhichtheinsurgentbeereturnstoitsownterritoryresearchersfrankieetalexplainedthisphenomenonusingthedearenemyeffectwhichsuggeststhatitismutuallybeneficialforbothbeesholdingadjacentterritoriestorecognizeeachotherandagreeuponanestablishedboundarybetweentheirterritoriesinordertoreducethenumberofhostileencountersbetweenneighborsandconsequentlytheamountofenergyexpendedonsuchencountersotherspeciesalthoughconspecificmalesarealwaysmetwithimmediateaggressionwhenintrudingintoaterritoryintrudersofotherspeciesareinvestigatedfirstintrusionsbybutterflybutterflieswaspsandasilidaerobberfliescausetheterritoryholdertoquicklyinvestigateandexaminetheintrudergenerallywithoutcontactthisfirstexaminationwillalmostalwaysleadtothequickexitoftheintruderthisintimidationtacticisappliedtolargerintrudersaswellandthesoutherncarpenterbeehasbeenknowntoflytowardhumansenteringtheirterritoryaswellmatingthesoutherncarpenterbeeisuniqueamongthegenusxylocopainthatitdemonstratestwoformsofmatingstrategiesintheearlyspringthesoutherncarpenterbeeutilizesresourcedefensepolygynyinanimalspolygynymalesstructureterritoriesaroundfloralresourcesinordertotakeadvantageofclumpeddistributionsoffemaleslaterintheseasontowardjulyandaugustsoutherncarpenterbeesareobservedoptinginsteadforlekmatinglekpolygynywheremalesholdterritoriesatnonfloweringplantsandlandmarkssuchassmallhillsandprominentvegetationrefnamerefwhenfemalesenteramalesterritorytheygenerallyapproachahighpointintheenvironmentwheremalesmayhavereleasedpheromonesandthenslowlyflyawaytheterritoryholderwillthenslowlyapproachthefemaleandpursueitthroughtheterritorythemalemaychoosenottoengagewiththefemalewhichindicatesanelementofmalechoiceortomatewiththefemaleintheairsometimesfemalesrejectcertainmalesdemonstratinganelementoffemalechoiceaswellcommunicationdufoursglandthedufoursglandofxmicanscontainssecretionshighinpentacoseneandhigheralkanespentacosaneandcontainheptacoseneandheptacosaneaswellallcomponentsofthedufoursglandofxmicansarehydrocarbonsthesecretionsofthisspeciesarelesscomplexthanthoseofsimilarspecieswithinthegenussuchasxvirginicaxmicansandxvirginicabothhavedufoursglandsthathavehighlydiverseanddistinctchemicalcompositionswhichmayplayaroleinallowingbothspeciestocommunicateclearlywithconspecificswithinthesameregionmesosomalglandthemesosomalglandofthexmicansbeeiskeytocommunicationduringmatingtheglandisaninvaginationoftheoutermembraneofthebeebetweenthepropodeumandthemetanotumtheglandcontainsseveralprojectionsthatreleasesecretionsintheformofaerosolratherthanasavolatilitychemistryvolatilizedformwhichallowsthesecretiontospreadtoamuchgreaterdistanceandincreasethesizeofthemalesterritorythesecretionsareusedasapheromoneduringmatingthemesosomalglandcontentsconsistofsaturatedhydrocarbonsaturatedunsaturatedhydrocarbonmonounsaturatedanddiunsaturatedstraightchainhydrocarbonsaswellasmethylgroupmethylandethylgroupethylestersoflongchainfattyacidsthemainesterinthechemicalcompositionisethyloleateduringtheearlyspringwhenmalesdefendfloralresourcesandrelyonnaturalfemaleaggregationthepercentageofethyloleateinglandcontentsisonlyhoweverduringlatesummerwhenmalesdefendlekterritoriesthepercentageofethyloleateinglandcontentsisthischangeinconcentrationsuggeststhatmalesuseethyloleateasapheromonetoattractfemalesduringthelattermatingstagesandcandemonstratemalefitnesstofemalesflyingthroughaterritoryglandsizealsodiffersinbetweenmatingstrategystatesforagingbehaviorplantsoutherncarpenterbeesarenectarivoresxmicansbeesexhibitrisksensitiveforagingwherebeesdemonstrateriskaversiontocompletelyemptyflowersandfavorflowerswithnectarxmicansisalsopolylecticmeaningthatxmicansbeesaregeneralpollinatorsandcancollectpollinatorsfromabroadvarietyofplantstheyalsohavespecialabilitiesforpollinationsincetheyarecapableofbuzzpollinationatechniquethatallowsthebeestodislodgetightlyheldpollenusingresonanceresonantvibrationthisabilityexpandsthetypesofplantsthatxmicansiscapableofforagingonevolutionxmicansisamemberofthesubgenusschoenherriawhichislargelyneotropicalxmicanslikelybecameseparatedfromasouthamericanancestorspeciesduringpleistoceneglacialmaximumglacialmaximainfloridainthecurrentperiodbetweeniceagesithasmovedbacksouthwesttowardguatemalaxmicansservesasakeyexampleforstepwiseevolutioninthexylocopagenusmanyxylocopabeesdemonstrateresourcedefensepolygynyandmanydemonstratelekpolygynyxmicansservesasabridgebetweenthetwoexhibitingbothstatesitservesasanintermediateintermsofmesosomalglandsizebetweenthosespeciesrequiringresourcedefensepolygynyandthosespeciesrequiringlekpolygynywhichneedtoreleasepheromonestoattractfemalesxmicansalsodemonstratesthatevolutionofsexualdimorphismfollowedevolutionofnonresourcedefensematingstrategiesinxylocopamonomorphismistheancestralstateandxmicanswhichshowsbothmatingstrategieshavemalespartiallycoveredinlighthairsshowingthebeginningsofsexualdimorphismthatgrowsmoreprominentinspeciesthatrequirelekpolygynyhumanimpactasageneralpollinatorxmicansiskeytothereproductionofmanyplantswithinitshabitatinthenestingsitesofmanyxylocopabeepopulationsdestructionandremovalofwoodyplantshascausedthelossandextinctionofthosepopulationslandclearingcanleadtothelossofnaturalnestingsiteswhichcancauseeitherthelossorthemigrationofcertainspeciesxmicansmayfaceasimilarlossoflocationiflandmanagementpracticesreducingavailabledeadwoodremovespotentialnestingsitesforthebeetheeffectofdeadwoodmanagementcouldbeexacerbatedifxmicanshasalevelofhostspecificitywhendetermininganestingsitereferencesredirectbutlerscafredirectburikkolidenghuiredirectcategoryshellredirectsocietyforthepreventionofcrueltytoanimalshongkongredirectubserbiaredirectkolubaradistrictredirectvaljevoredirectkolubararedirectsavacentarredirectgrandduchyofmoscowredirecttamanpeninsularedirectkrasnodarkrairedirectshikijitsuredirectfootnotefilmredirectstamengrigorovggbondmovieultimatebattleseerriseofthunderthedragonknightfilmthedragonknightfilmredirectninjutsuredirectninjutsuredirecttzvetantodorovredirectmoderngreekredirectmoderngreekredirectkatharevousaredirectandreaspapandreouredirectgeorgiospapandreouinfoboxfilmnamextinctionpredatorximageextintionpradatorxjpgcaptionposterofxtinctionpredatorxdirectoramirvaliniaproducerinnermediabrkpicturesbrleverageentertainmentbasedonscreenplaycameronlarsonbrclairesanchezbrcalebmichaelsonbrgeorgemkostuchstarringmarksheppardbrelenalyonsbrpaulwallbrlochlynmunromusickennethhamptoncinematographyeditingdistributorreleasedaugustruntimeminutescountryunitedstateslanguageenglishbudgetxtinctionpredatorxakaalligatorxisanamericanhorrorfilmhorrorsciencefictionfilmsciencefictionfilmreleasedaugustdirectedbyamirvaliniathestoryrevolvesaroundastrangelouisianaswampcreaturewhichwasaclonedpliosaurusthecreaturewascreatedbyzoologyzoologistandexhusbandoftheprotagonistlauralecroisdrcharlesleblancthereptileisthereturntolifeofacrocodileancestorthetyrannosaurusrexoftheoceanswhowassupposedtobeextinctsynopsislauralecroisisrecentlydivorcedandforcedtoreturnhomeafterahiatusofyearsherfatherisdeepindebtherexboyfriendisthetownsheriffandherexhusbandzoologyzoologistleblanchaslefthisjobasprofessortobuyawetlandlaurabeganworkinginthefamilybusinessinordertosavetheswampandtakeadvantageofherfreetimeridinginaboatthroughtheswampsonherfirsttourlauraandherpassengersseetwoswampratssquirminginacrocodilepitdeepintheswamphoweverinthispitinplaceofacrocodilewasgiganticcreaturesheisthenkidnappedbyherexhusbandsminionswhoknewshewasresearchingtheoriginsofthereptileshelearnsthatthiscreaturewasapliosaurusclonedbyherexhusbandwhocalledhimthepredatorxthebeastisaboutfeetlonghasgiantteethandmovesrapidlythroughthewaternowlostintheswampsoflouisianalauramustsaveherpassengersrefnameabanpredxabandomovieznetdbpeliculaphpfilmabandomoviezalligatorxextincinpredatorxrefcastlochlynmunroassherifftimrichardselenalyonsaslauralecroismarksheppardasdrcharlesleblancpaulwallasfroggycalebmichaelsonashenryrichardsrickrobinsonjrasbarryboudreauxscottlschwartzaslarryboudreauxlaceyminchewasmandyjamesdumontastomgabebegneaudasmattphillipbeardaspappydebbygaudetasleftyshanepartlowasbudbrucesandersjrasstatetroopertonysenzamiciaslouisianatrooperaymereferencesredirectpretorvillageresenmunicipalityredirectmarkovikuliredirectprincemarkoredirectstefanurovredirectduanscoderedirectduanscodehuaxiafilmdistributionhuaxiafilmdistributionwriteyourarticlebelowthislineinfoboxcompanynamexlnbusinesslogoxlnlogojpgcaptionxlntelecomofficiallogotypeprivatelimitedcompanyindustrytelecommunicationsfoundationlocationmillbanktowerbrlondonunitedkingdomareaservedunitedkingdomkeypeoplechristiannellemannbrproductslandlinephonelinebrinternetaccessbusinessbroadbandbrfiberopticcommunicationbusinessfibrebrpaymentcardcardprocessingsolutionsbrbusinessenergyr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losertiesmakeeuropeamoremultilingualsocietyandmakebusinesseasierbetweenneighboringnationsinlatemultilingualmagazinereportedonthedevelopmentsoftranslatingxmltherecommendedapproachbyxtminternationalwhichinvolvestheuseoftheopenstandardxtmtmsafabaandxtminternationalannouncedthatfromonwardstheirtranslationsystemswouldworkinconjunctionwitheachothersafabaannouncedthattheywouldbeusingthextmcloudsystemaspartoftheiremtglobalplatformxtmscommonusewithinthetranslationindustrymeansthatitisoftentaughtwithinmanyeducationalinstitutessuchastheuniversitycollegelondonxtminternationalhasalsobecomeakeyplayerininthefieldofmachinetranslationandthedevelopmentofthetranslationtechnologymechanicsxtmfacilitatesthetranslationofdocumentsbyaidingprojectmanagementandutilizingtranslationmemoryterminologyandmachinetranslationitisabletoprocessmostcommonfileformatsbyconvertingthemintoxmlbeforeapplyingthetranslationmemoryandterminologyandthenreformingthetargetfileoncethetranslationiscompletethetranslationandreviewisperformedonlineorofflineinanenvironmentwithanarrayoftoolstospeedprocessingandensurehighqualityxtmisavailableastwodifferentlicensingmodelsatraditionalsoftwarelicenceknownasxtmsuiteorasasaassolutionviaanonlinesubscriptioncalledxtmcloudinnovemberthecompanyannouncedthatversionofthesystemwouldbereleasedtheadditionalfeaturesofthenewversionincludedimprovedprojectmanagementtoolsofflinetranslationandcostapprovalalongwithcustomizedworkflowstheaccuracyofcostestimatesimprovedinversionwiththeintroductionofvendorratecardstheratecardsautomaticallycalculatethecostandmarginsoftheprojecttakingintoaccountthetranslationmemorymatchesversionwasreleasedinseptemberandintroducedxtmvisualeditorthefirstwysiwygeditordesignedforcorrectionreviewoftranslatedhtmlandxmlfilesintheirvisualcontextxtmvisualeditordisplayssourceandtargetfilesthewaytheywouldarerenderedforviewingbytheenduserswhileprovidingtexteditingandtranslationmemorytoolsinjuneandrzejzydroctoofxtminternationalannouncedplanstosupportxliffduringthelocworldconferenceinberlinthexliffsupportwasimplementedinversiontogetherwiththerewrittenfulltextsearchconcordancesearchfunctionthecontinuousprojectcapabilityforgamedevelopersandotherimprovementsayearafterthereleaseofxtmvversionofthesoftwareintroducedxtmmessengeraprojectmanagerappforandroidandiosdevicesanintegrationwiththetausdynamicqualityframeworkandtheanonymizationfeaturedevelopedinpersonbyandrzejzydroxtmwasthefirsttranslationmanagementplatformintheindustrytodevelopaninternalcommunicationsystemforinternationalizationandlocalizationlocalizationteamsaprojectmanagementappformobiledevicesandafeaturethatmasksprivatedatawhileobtainingmachinetranslationtopreventdataleaksthenextmajorreleaseofthesoftwarextmcloudvwasannouncedmarchxtmcloudvwasextendedwithachoiceofnewloginmethodssinglesignonssoimplementedonoauthsecurityassertionmarkuplanguagesamlstandardsandstepverificationsvtranslationofdigitalandprintpublicationswasduetothevisualcontextofthefilesprovidedintheenhancedxtmvisualeditorintegratedwithadobeindesignbyintegratingxtmwithrigitranslatorscouldpreviewsoftwarestringsasthoughtheywererenderedbytheapplicationsubjecttotranslationmachinetranslationenginessupportedinxtmgoogletranslatemicrosofttranslatorlionbridgegeofluentsystrancrosslangamplexorkantansafabaomniscientechnologiestauyousmartmateonelinerlingoxtmconnectforadobeexperiencemanagersitecoredrupalwordpressovitasrsuitesdllivecontentzendeskmindtouchmarketojiraadobeindesignmicrosoftteamfoundationservergitsalesforceservicecloudoracleservicecloudeasyditaditaworksixiasoftclaytableteasylingmuldratoxtrfplunetthesoftwarereceivedaratingofonprozcomarchitecturethextmsoftwareisavailableasacloudbasedsaasofferingaswellasaprivatemanagedcloudsolutionoranonpremisessolutionknownasxtmsuitethereisonlyoneversionofthesoftwarewhichisavailableintheguisesmentionedxtmisimplementedinjavaandjavascriptitusesanabstractionlayerforthedatabaseandsupportsthefollowingdatabasesystemspostgresqloracledatabaseoraclemicrosoftsqlserveritcanrunonlinuxhpuxsolarisandwindowsserveropenstandardsupportisakeycomponentofthedesignofxtmthewebservicesbasedsoaarchitectureallowsforinfinitescalabilitywithnosizerestrictionsoninputdatasizeofprojectordatabaserecordsopenstandardsxtmimplementsthefollowinglocalizationindustryopenstandardsetsilisgmxvlisaoscarxmltmlisaoscartbxlisaoscarsegmentationrulesexchangesrxwcinternationalizationtagsetoasisxliffoasisoaxalunicodeunicodeorgreportstrtrinteroperabilitynowcodegooglecompinteroperabilitynowtippandxliffdocoasisxliffseealsosdltradoslionbridgememoqexternallinksxtmcloudofficialwebsitereferencesredirectcabinetofficejapanredirectcabinetofjapanredirectyamatokotobaredirectheianperiodredirectlistofcommonlyusedcharactersinmodernchineseredirectlistofcommonlyusedcharactersinmodernchinesexudishanredirectcategoryshelltokiharuaberedirectkeshavraosonawanexavierbuffborndecemberisafrenchmathematicianspecializingindynamicalsystemsbuffreceivedinhisphddoctoratepromotionfromtheuniversityofparissudunderadriendouadywiththesispointsfixederenormalisationasapos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archcentreofthechineseuniversityofhongkongshewasalsoinvitedtobethecolumnistoftwohongkongnewspapersthesingtaodailyandthemingpaorefnamecuhkhklitpublibcuhkeduhktopicswritersluweiluanabouthtmthechineseuniversityofhongkonglibrarythechineseuniversityofhongkongretrievednovemberreflifeluwasborninhongkonginofpanyudistrictpanyuguangdongancestryshegraduatedwithadegreeinchineseatthenewasiacollegeofthechineseuniversityofhongkonginshereceivedherdiplomaofeducationfromthehongkonginstituteofeducationnorthcotecollegeofeducationinandbeganhercareerineducationwithateachingpositioninsecondaryschoolshelaterreceivedanmphildegreeintheuniversityofhongkonghkuinasinspiredbyherteachertangjunyiluwenttojapantofurtherpursueherstudyoncontemporarychineseliteratureandworkedasaresearchfellowattheinstituteforresearchinhumanitiesofkyotouniversityinacademicachievementsafterherretirementinlucontinuedcontributingtohongkongliteratureandbecamethehonorarydirectorofthehongkongliteratureresearchcentreincuhkinsheworkedasboththeadjunctprofessoratthecentreforeastasianstudiesandtheadvisorinthehongkongliteratureresearchcentreintheuniversitytociteherdevotionandcontributionineducationluwasawardedwiththevicechancellorsexemplaryteachingawardbycuhkintheoutstandingeducatorawardbythehongkonginstituteofeducationinandtheawardforoutstandingcontributioninartsfromthehongkongartsdevelopmentcouncilinfamilybackgroundluisthesecondchildofherparentandhasanelderbrotherundertheteachingfromhermothershewasalreadyintouchwiththetraditionalchineseculturebeforehereducationinformalprimaryschoolforyearshermothertaughtandreadhervariouschineseclassicssuchaswatermarginandthreecharacterclassiceverydaytheshortyetprofoundteachingfromherparenthadbuiltupherinterestinchineseliteratureandgreatlyinfluencedherwritingslifeasaneducationistinspirationfromtangjunyitangjunyiwasnotonlytheteacherofluinnewasiacollegebutalsoamentorinsupportingandinspiringherinlusearlytimeshelostbothherparentandherbrothershewasalonementallyunstableandevenisolatedherselffromothersforfouryearsmrmokefeilusteacherinsecondaryschoolintroducedhertoreadtangsthesequelofexperienceoflifethisbookgaveheranewleaseoflifeandpulledheroutfromthedepressionshewasinspiredbythewritingofmrtanganddeterminedtostudyinnewasiacollegeshelaterreceivededucationinnewasiacollegeandbecamemrtangsstudentaftergraduationshestartedherteachingcareerinasecondaryschoolinlufailedtoleadsomeofherstudentsbackfromsidetrackshelostherfaithinteachingandsufferedfromdepressionmrtangthereforesuggestedhertotakeabreakfromteachingreviewandevaluationherselfitledtoherdecisionofstudyinginjapaninwhichbecameaturningpointinherlifetangsteachingmottoandhisnewconfucianismhavegreatlyinfluencedlusteachingandwritingsasreferringtomrtangteachingastudentissimilartocarryingastudenttowalkneartheedgeofacliffateachershouldbeespeciallycarefulwhenteachingandnoticeanypossibledangerthisideawasdeeprootedinlusmindandinspiredhertodevoteherlifeinpassestheknowledgeandspirittonextgenerationitisatthesametimeimportantforherstudentstohonortheteachersandrespectstheirteachingontheotherhandtheideaofnewconfucianismcouldalsobefoundinmanyofherwritingssheremindspeoplenottoblindlyfollowthetraditionsinsteadpeopleshouldlearntofindthebalancebetweenconformitytosocialnormsandrebellionagainstinequalityinspirationinjapaninluwenttojapantofurtherpursueherstudyoncontemporarychineseliteratureattheinstituteforresearchinhumanitiesofkyotouniversitysheadmiredthejapanesecultureinwhichthestudyanddevelopmentofhumanitiesandliteraturearehighlyrespectedduringherstudyinjapanshewasamazedbytheteachingmethodsinjapanwhichteachingisnotlimitedonlyinclassroombutalsothroughtravelingitwasalsoremarkablethatmostofthepublishedliteratureandnewspapersarecarefullypreservedinuniversitieslibrariesthisinspiredhertolaterfoundthehongkongliteratureresearchcentreandestablishthehongkongliteraturecollectionincuhkherstudyinjapanalsohelpedhertoreviewherlifeinhongkonginadifferentperspectiveandbroughtherastrongsenseofnostalgiathestudentsinjapanremindedherofherstudentsandherlifeasateacherinhongkongitfosteredhertoregainherwillinteachinganddevelopaclearergoalandpathtopreserveandpasstheknowledgeandspiritsinhongkongthemesofwritinggratitudetoteachertheinspirationsfrommrtanghavegreatlyinfluencedluandmadeheranenthusiasticteacherinpassinghisspiritsmanyofherwritingshaveaddressedhergratitudetowardstheteachingandsupportfrommrtanginmemorialtomyteachertheguidancefrommrtangissignificantinleadinghertotherightandclearpathinherlifehehaspulledheroutfromtheanguishandperplexitiesinthepastitrevealsthechinesetraditionalteacherstudentrelationshipandtherespectfulattitudeofstudentstowardstheirteachersitisimportanttohonortheteachersandpasstheirteachingstothenextgenerationrefnamerefpatriotismalbeitheradmirationstowardsjapaneseculturesheespeciallyopposedtheideaofjapanesemilitarismmilitarisminjapanmanyofherwritingshaverevealedtheantiwarandpatriotismpatrioticfeelingsinthoughtsinkyotothemonumentincelebratingtheendofsinojapanesewarinjapanisusedasasymbolandsarcasmtomilitarisminjapansheremindspeoplen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entsystemslanguageandcountrycurrentdevicesuuidnetworktypethenthemalwarewillencryptthosedataandsendittoacommandandcontrolservertheserverdiffersfromversiontoversionofxcodeghostpaloaltonetworkswasabletofindthreeserverurlsnowikiinitcrashanalyticscomnowikinowikiiniticlouddiagnosticscomnowikinowikiiniticloudanalysiscomnowikithelastdomainwasalsousedintheiosmalwarekeyraiderreadandwritefromclipboardxcodeghostisalsoableeachtimeaninfectedappislaunchedtostorethedatawrittenintheiosclipboardthemalwareisalsoabletomodifythisdatathiscanbeparticularlydangerousiftheuserusesapasswordmanagementapphijackopeningspecificurlsxcodeghostisalsoabletoopenspecificurlswhentheinfectedappislaunchedsinceappleiosandosxworkwithinterappcommunicationurlmechanismegwhatsappfacebookitunestheattackercanopenanyappsinstalledonthecompromisedphoneorcomputerincaseofaninfectedosxappsuchmechanismcouldbeharmfulwithpasswordmanagementappsorevenonphishingwebsitespromptingalertdialoginitscurrentknownversionxcodeghostcannotpromptalertdialogsontheuserdevicehoweversinceitonlyrequirestominorchangesbyusingauialertviewclasswiththeuialertviewstyleloginandpasswordinputpropertytheinfectedappcandisplayafakealertdialogboxthatlookslikeanormalappleidusercredentialcheckandsendtheinputtothecommandandcontrolserverinfectedappsamongallthechineseappsimsappbankingappsmobilecarriersappmapsstocktradingappssnsappsandgameswereinfectedpopularappsusedallovertheworldwerealsoinfectedsuchaswechatapopularinstantmessagingappcamscanneranapptoscandocumentusingthesmartphonecameraorwinzippanguteamclaimedthattheycountedinfectedappsfoxitanetherlandbasedsecuritycompanyreportsthattheyfoundthousandofmalicioustrafficoutsidechinaremovalneutralizingcommandandcontrolserversandcompromisedversionsofxcodesincethearticleofalibabagroupalibabaandpaloaltonetworksamazoncomamazontookdownalltheserversthatwereusedbyxcodeghostbaidualsoremovedallmaliciousxcodeinstallersfromitscloudstorageserviceremovingmaliciousappsfromtheappstoreonseptemberappleadmittedtheexistenceofthemalwareandbeganaskingalldeveloperswithcompromisedappstocompiletheirappswithacleanversionofxcodebeforesubmittingthemforreviewagainpanguteamreleasedatooltodetectinfectedappsonadevicebutlikeotherantivirusappsitwontrunonadevicethathasntbeenjailbrokenappledoesnotallowantivirusappsintotheiosappstorerefnamenoavrefcheckingxcodeversionappleadvisesxcodedeveloperstoverifytheirversionofxcodeandtoalwayshavegatekeeperosxgatekeeperactivatedontheirmachinereferencestsaiengmengmawtiniexfilesbmwwalterhwkbmwshixinglanguageinfoboxradiostationnamexhrpofmimagecitysantacruzamilpasoaxacamexicoareasantacruzamilpasoaxacabrandinglazsloganairdatemarchconcessionfrequencyfmformatgruperapowererpkwhaatmeterscallsignmeaningcoordinatesformerfrequenciesamkhzownergruporadiocentrolicenseepromotoraderadiodifusindelsurestesadecvwebcastwebsiteoaxacalazradiocommxlazoaxacaaffiliationsxhrpofmisaradiostationonfminsantacruzamilpasoaxacaservingthecapitalcityofoaxacadejurezitisownedbygruporadiocentroandcarriesitslazgruperaformathistoryxhrporeceiveditsconcessioninasxerpoamitwasownedbyhoracioniomedinaandlaterbysistemaderadiodifusindelsurestesaitwassoldtoitscurrentconcessionairegruporadiomxicoinreferencesarmeniansovietencyclopediaarturjanibekyanredirectcategoryshellarturjanibekyanredirectcategoryshellinfoboxradiostationnamexeblamxhblfmimagecityculiacnsinaloamexicoareaculiacnsinaloabrandingkebuenasloganairdatemarchbrfmfrequencyfmbramformatgruperapowerkwdaybrkwnighterpkwclasscallsignmeaningmaxgmezblancocoordinatesowneramplitudmoduladasalicenseewebcastwebsiteaffiliationstelevisaradioxeblamxhblfmisaradiostationonamandfminculiacnsinaloathestationisownedbyradioramaandcarriesthekebuenanationalgruperaformathistoryxeblwasthefirstradiostationinsinaloaitcametoaironmarchwhileignaciolsaisobtainedtheconcessionforthestationoriginallyonitwasenriquemaximilianogmezblancowhofoundedandwouldlaterownxeblinthesxeblexpandedintotelevisionwiththelaunchofxhbltvchannelalsoownedbygmezblancoitwaspartofthetelecadenamexicananetworkwhentcmsstationswereseizedinxhblfellintolegallimboanditsfateafterisunknowninxeblbecameacomboamfmstationwiththesignonofxhblfmreferencesxhblfminfoboxradiostationnamexetacamxhtacfmimagefilexhtacfmlogopngcitytapachulachiapasmexicoareatapachulachiapasbrandingexafmsloganairdateseptemberbrfmfrequencyamfmformatpoppowerkwdaybrkwnighterpkwclassbfmhaatmfmcallsignmeaningtapachulacoordinatesownerorganizacineditorialmexicanaabcradiolicenseeradiomildechiapassadecvwebcastwebsiteaffiliationsmvsradioxetacamxhtacfmisaradiostationonamandfmintapachulachiapasthestationcarriestheexafmformatfrommvsradiohistoryxetacreceiveditsconcessioninseptemberanditsfmcombointheamtransmitterislocatedinelsacrificiotheprimaryownershipofthestationisheldbymxicoradiosadecvtheradiosubsidiaryoforganizacineditorialmexicanareferencesxhtacfmredirectxenoconazhengjingcaloustegulbenkiancaloustegulbenkianredirectcategoryshellcaloustegulbenkianxurongmonochroaplusiathelastwomenstandingthestormynightfilmxylourisisasurnamenotablepeoplewiththesurnameincludegiorg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creatorpedroaguilerawriterdirectorplainlistcsarcharlonecinematographercsarcharlonedainagiannecchinidanilibardijotagcremastarringplainlistpercreditorderdonotchangethelistyouwillberevertedjoomiguelactorjoomiguelbiancacomparatomichelgomesrodolfovalentevanezaoliveirarafaellozanovivianeportosamueldeassiscynthiaseneklailagarinbrunofagundesthaislagocountrybrazillanguageportuguesenumseasonsnumepisodeslistepisodesepisodesexecutiveproducerplainlistcsarcharlonetiagomelloproducerlocationsopaulocitysopaulosopaulobrazilruntimeminutescompanyboutiquefilmesnetworknetflixpictureformatkresolutionkultrahighdefinitiontelevisionultrahdfirstairedlastairedpresentwebsitereleaseisabrazilianutopiananddystopianfictiondystopianthrillergenrethrillerwebtelevisionseriescreatedbypedroaguilerastarringjoomiguelactorjoomiguelandbiancacomparatorefnameomeleterefdevelopedfromaindependentpilotepisodeitisthefirstportugueselanguagelistoforiginalprogramsdistributedbynetflixnetflixoriginalseriesandthesecondnonenglishproductionafterthespanishlanguageseriesclubdecuervostheshowissetinafuturewhereinpeoplearegivenachancetogotothebettersideofaworlddividedbetweenprogressandaffluenceintheoffshoreanddevastationandpovertyintheinlandbutonlyofthecandidatessucceedthefirstseasonconsistingofepisodesbecameavailableonnetflixworldwideonnovemberindecembernetflixrenewedtheseriesforasecondseasonwhichwasreleasedonaprilcastandcharactersmainpercreditorderdonotchangethelistyouwillberevertedjoomiguelactorjoomiguelasezequielthecurrentheadoftheprocessheisintensemysteriousshorttemperedandconflictedbyidealextremesbiancacomparatoasmichelesantanathemainprotagonistoftheshowandanaiveyoungwomanwhohasaverystrongsenseofjusticeshehasnofamilyandwasraisedbyherbrotherwhodidnotreturnafterbeingsenttotheprocessmichelgomesasfernandocarvalhoraisedbyhisfatherwhofosteredinhimthesingularpurposeofpassingtheprocessawheelchairuserfernandoisdisdainedbysomecandidateswhodonotbelieveinhischancestosuccessfullycompletetheprocessrodolfovalenteasrafaelmoreiraegocentricselfishsarcasticandwillingtodoanythingtopassevencheathehideshismysteriesandbelievestheendsjustifythemeansvanezaoliveiraasjoanacoelhooriginallywithoutregistrationanorphanwhosurvivedonherownatthemarginsofsocietyonthestreetsoftheinlandintelligentandcapablesheinteractswithfewothercandidatesandshowslittleinterestintheprocesssheseemstobetheretoescaperatherthantopasstotheoffshorerafaellozanoasmarcoalvarezfromafamilyknowntoalwayspassintheprocessandwhoarewaitingforhimintheoffshoreseasonvivianeportoasalineayoungandambitiousemployeeofthecouncilwiththemissiontooverthrowezequielandbecomethenextheadoftheprocessseasonguestseasonsamueldeassisassilasseasoncynthiasenekasglriaseasonlailagarinasmarcelaseasonbrunofagundesasandrsantanaseasonthaislagoaselisaseasonrecurringmelfronckowiakasjuliaezequielswifeandanemployeeoftheprocesswhoendsupbeingdepressedandindoubtaboutheractionssrgiomambertiasmatheusamemberofthecounciloffshoreseasonzezmottaasnairacouncilwomanfromtheoffshorewhoservesasafriendtoezequielcelsofrateschiastheoldmanthefounderofthecauselucianapaesascssiaheadofsecurityfortheprocesssheisextremelyloyaltoezequielluanatanakaasgataacandidateinmichelesgroupseasonritabatataasdeniseleonardogarcezasdanielclarissakisteaslucianajuliosilverioasotaviothiagoamaralasalvarocesargouveaascesarseasongeraldorodriguesasgeraldoedianasouzaasedianafernandavasconcellosaslasseasonmariaflorassamiraseasonsilvioguindaneseasonmarinamatheusasarielseasonamandamagalhesasnatliaseasonepisodesseriesoverviewseriesoverviewreleasedyallreleasedycoloraelinkseasonepisodesstartcolorlinkseasonepisodesstartseasonepisodetablebackgroundaeoverallseasontitledirectorwriterairdatereleasedyepisodesepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlechaptercubesdirectedbycsarcharlonecinematographercsarcharlonewrittenbypedroaguileraoriginalairdateshortsummaryfarinthefuturethemajorityofthepopulationlivesinpovertytheinlandwhilethoseintheoffshoreliveinvirtualparadiseeveryyeareachyearoldhasachanceofgettingtotheoffshorethroughaseriesoftestscalledtheprocessbutonlymakeitmicheleisoneofthementeringwithherbestfriendbrunatheheadoftheprocessezequielisobservedbyanoffshorewomannamedalinethefirsttestisaninterviewafterwhichonecandidatecommitssuicideoutoffrustrationforfailingfernandowondersifhewillpassbecauseheisinawheelchairbuthedoesafterbeingplacedintogroupsacandidatenamedjoananoticesanothercandidaterafaelhasfakedhisregistrationthesecondtestisforeachpersontoassembleninecubesoutofacollectionofcomplexblocksrafaelcheatsstealingacubefromanotherbutezequielallowshimtopassmicheleonlyhaseightbutfernandoputsthemalltogethertomakeaninthallowingthembothtopassjoanamakeselevencubeslatermicheleandbrunaareleadtothebackastheoffshoresuspectsoneofthemisaninfiltratedmoleforarevolutionarygroupknownasthecausemicheleconvincesbrunatoattacktheinterrogatorandbrunaiskilledthetestersthenassumethatbrunawasthemolealthoughinfactitwasmichelewhobreaksdownintearsforhavingcausedherfriendsdeathlinecoloraeepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlechaptercoinsdirectedbydainag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essisofferingmoremoneythanthepriceputonherheadshedecidestostayandthemanrevealshimselftobeacitizenoftheoffshorewhotellsherthatshepassedfernandogoesthroughareverseexperienceashisfathertriestoconvincehimtostaywhileheiswillingtogobackhedecidestocarryonwhenhisfathertellshimhewillhavenowheretogoifhereturnstheremainingcandidatesheadfortheirfinalindividualtestsmichelemusttellbrunasparentssheisdeadandconvincethemtoallowtheiryoungerdaughtertotakepartoftheprocessfernandomustdesignanewtestfortheprocessandrafaelmustseekhelpfromanothercandidateinordertopresstwobuttonsatthesametimetheyallpassrafaelmadeitwithfernandoshelpafterrevealingtohimthatheandmichelearebothwiththecauseezequielgoestotellaugustohecannotseehimanymoreandalineagreestokeepezequielssecretmicheledigsoutasmallcapsulefromunderherskinlinecoloraeepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlechaptercapsuledirectedbydainagiannecchiniwrittenbycssiokoshikumooriginalairdateshortsummaryacelebratorydinnerisheldforthecandidatesbeforethefinalstepthepurificationritualmichelepoisonsezequielsdrinkusingthepoisonfromthecapsulesheremovedfromherhipbutheandcesarinadvertentlyexchangetheircupsresultingincesarbeingkilledinsteadknowinghewastherealtargetezequielinterrogatesallcandidatesindividuallyandrafaelwhosawmichelesactionsdropstheemptycapsuleoverarailingezequielandcssiastageafakeconfessionfromthecapturedcausemembertheyholdinwhichhenamesalineasafellowmemberandsheisarrestedsuspectedofthemurderinafinalattempttoproveherinnocenceshetriestosendthecouncilsomefilesincriminatingezequielbutnairinterferesandhashersendthemapositivereportonhimmichelereturnstoherroomonlytofindezequielwaitingforhercapsuleinhandlinecoloraeepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlechapterbuttondirectedbycsarcharlonewrittenbydenisnielsenpedroaguileraoriginalairdateshortsummaryezequieltellsfernandothatmichelehasbeeneliminatedandhedecidestoquitinordertofindhermeanwhilemicheleisactuallybeingtorturedbydrowningandwithapaudeararatorturetechniquepaudeararaezequielrevealstohertheonlyreasonhehasntkilledheryetisbecausehewasalsoamemberofthecauseandknowswhatisliketobeinhershoeshealsoshowsherfootageofherbrotheraliveandwellandsaysshehasbeenfooledmichelefinallyrevealswhereshewassupposedtomeetthecauseleaderandheisarrestedwhilesheisstillallowedtotheoffshorethepurificationritualisrevealedtobeasterilizationproceduresothatheritabilityiscompletelyreplacedbymeritocracyrafaelisshockedatfirstbuthesitantlyproceedsanywayjoanaquitstheprocesswhengiventhechoicebetweenmurderingamemberofthegangwhichisafterherandjoiningezequielsliteshemeetsfernandoassheleavesandtheybothexpresstheirfrustrationwiththeprocessjoanaislastseenstaringatsomecausegraffitiandfernandowatcheshisfatherfromafarthesuccessfulcandidatesarelastseenenroutetotheoffshorelinecoloraeseasonepisodetablebackgroundoverallseasontitledirectorwriterairdatereleasedyepisodesepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlechaptermirrordirectedbyphilippebarcinskiwrittenbydenisnielsenpedroaguileraoriginalairdateshortsummaryepisodesummariesmustbeexpressedinyourownwordsdonotsubmitcontentyoufindfromanotherwebsiteasitisplagiarismandlikelyacopyrightviolationwhichwikipediacannotacceptandwillberemovedorrevertedsuperficiallymodifyingcopyrightedcontentorcloselyparaphrasingitevenifthesourceiscitedstillconstitutesacopyrightviolationsummariesshouldbeabouttowordsinlengthpermostvplotandthosesubstantiallylessthanwordsaremostlikelytobescrutinizedforpossiblecopyrightviolationlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlechaptertoasterdirectedbydainagiannecchiniwrittenbyivannakamuraoriginalairdateshortsummaryepisodesummariesmustbeexpressedinyourownwordsdonotsubmitcontentyoufindfromanotherwebsiteasitisplagiarismandlikelyacopyrightviolationwhichwikipediacannotacceptandwillberemovedorrevertedsuperficiallymodifyingcopyrightedcontentorcloselyparaphrasingitevenifthesourceiscitedstillconstitutesacopyrightviolationsummariesshouldbeabouttowordsinlengthpermostvplotandthosesubstantiallylessthanwordsaremostlikelytobescrutinizedforpossiblecopyrightviolationlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlechapterstaticdirectedbydainagiannecchiniwrittenbyandrsirangelooriginalairdateshortsummaryepisodesummariesmustbeexpressedinyourownwordsdonotsubmitcontentyoufindfromanotherwebsiteasitisplagiarismandlikelyacopyrightviolationwhichwikipediacannotacceptandwillberemovedorrevertedsuperficiallymodifyingcopyrightedcontentorcloselyparaphrasingitevenifthesourceiscitedstillconstitutesacopyrightviolationsummariesshouldbeabouttowordsinlengthpermostvplotandthosesubstantiallylessthanwordsaremostlikelytobescrutinizedforpossiblecopyrightviolationlinecolorepisodelistepisodenumberepisodenumbertitlechapternapkindirectedbyphilippebarcinskiwrittenbyandrsirangelooriginalairdateshortsummaryepisodesummariesmustbeexpressedinyourownwordsdonotsubmitcontentyoufindfromanotherwebsiteasitisplagiarismandlikelyacopyrightviolationwhichwikipediacannotacceptandwillberemovedorrevertedsuperficiallymodifyingcopyrightedcontentorcloselyparaphrasingitevenifthesourceiscited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msinmunfordwasnamedtotheusbwaalldistrictiteamingamesheaveragedpointsrankedthirdintheatlanticconferencereboundsassistsandstealsinminutespergamerefnamestatsrefasaseniorinmunfordbecamethefastestplayerinschoolhistorytoreachthepointplateaugettingthereinhisfinalhomegamefortheramsagainstfordhamprofessionalcareerseasononnovembermunfordwasselectedbythemaineredclawsinthethirdroundofthenbadevelopmentleaguedrafthewaslatertradedtothenorthernarizonasunsbakersfieldjamondraftnightonnovemberhemadehisprofessionaldebutinalosstothetexaslegendsrecordingsevenpointstworeboundstwoassistsandonestealinminutesheappearedingamesforbakersfieldinaveragingpointsreboundsassistsandstealspergameseasoninjulymunfordjoinedthelosangeleslakersforthenbasummerleagueonnovemberhereturnedtothejamonjanuaryhewasnamedinthewestallstarteamforthenbadevelopmentleagueallstargamenbadleagueallstargameingamesforthejaminheaveragedpointsreboundsassistsandstealspergameonmarchmunfordsignedadaycontractwiththememphisgrizzliestohelptheteamdealwithnumerousinjuriesmemphishadtouseannbahardshipexemptioninordertosignhimashemadetheirrosterstandatthreeovertheallowedlimitedofthenextdayhemadehisnbadebutinalosstothemilwaukeebucksrecordingtwopointsonereboundandtwostealsinminutesoffthebenchonmarchhesignedaseconddaycontractwiththegrizzliesonaprilhehadapointgameagainstthetorontoraptorsonaprilhesignedamultiyearcontractwiththegrizzliesonjunethegrizzliespartedwayswithmunfordaftertheydeclinedtoexercisetheirteamoptiononhiscontractfortheseasonseasoninjulymunfordrejoinedthelosangeleslakersforthenbasummerleagueonseptemberhesignedwiththelosangelesclippersbutwaslaterwaivedonoctoberafterappearingintwopreseasongamesonnovemberhewasacquiredbythegreensboroswarmofthenbadevelopmentleagueonfebruarymunfordsignedwithfcbarcelonabsquetfcbarcelonalassauntiltheendoftheseasonduetotheinjuryproblemsofthespanishteamonjunebarcelonaannouncedtheendoftheircontractwithmunfordseasononoctobermunfordsignedwiththemilwaukeebuckssevendayslaterhewaswaivedbythebucksonoctoberthegreensboroswarmtradedmunfordandasecondroundpicktothebucksaffiliatewisconsinherdfortheirandfirstroundselectionsonjanuarymunfordsignedatwowaycontractwiththemilwaukeebucksmeaningthroughouttherestoftheseasonthatyearhedsplithisplayingtimebetweenthebucksandtheaffiliateherdthemovealsoresultedinthebucksconvertingseankilpatricktoaregularseasoncontractaswellaswaivingjoelbolomboyfromthebucksafterpreviouslypromotinghimtoaregularseasoncontractaswellnationalteammunfordplayedwiththeseniorunitedstatesmensnationalbasketballteamunitedstatesnationalteamatthefibaamericupwherehewonagoldmedalnbacareerstatisticsregularseasonstyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftmemphisgrizzliesseasonmemphisstyletextalignleftstyletextalignleftmilwaukeebucksseasonmilwaukeeclasssortbottomstyletextaligncentercolspancareerplayoffsstyletextalignleftnbaplayoffsstyletextalignleftmemphisgrizzliesseasonmemphisclasssortbottomstyletextaligncentercolspancareercareerstatisticsdomesticleaguesclasswikitablesortablestylefontsizetextaligncenterseasonteamleaguerowspanbakersfieldjamrowspandleaguegreensboroswarmdleaguepersonallifemunfordisthesonofzamoraanddarrenmunfordandhasayoungerbrotherelijahreferencesexternallinksstatsnbacomplayerxaviermunfordatnbacomstatsnbadleaguecomplayerxaviermunfordatnbadleaguecomgorhodycomsportsmbaskblbiosmunfordxavierjvgsxaviermunfordatgorhodycomxinactivationredirectcategoryshellcalbumsredirectcategoryshellkhnatsakhaskeranthisarticleisapartofwikipediawikiprojectaircraftpleaseseewikipediawikiprojectaircraftpagecontentforrecommendedlayoutinfoboxaircraftbeginnamexflyerimagecaptioninfoboxaircrafttypetypeparamotornationaloriginsouthafricamanufacturerxplorerultraflightdesignerkeithpickersgillfirstflightintroducedretiredstatusproductioncompletedprimaryusermoreuserslimitedtothreeintotalseparateusingbrproducedyearsinproductionnumberbuiltprogramcosttotalprogramcostunitcostuseuropoundsterlingdevelopedfromvariantswiththeirownarticlesthexplorerxflyerisasouthafricanparamotorthatwasdesignedbykeithpickersgillandproducedbyxplorerultraflightofcapetownforpoweredparaglidingnowoutofproductionwhenitwasavailabletheaircraftwassuppliedcompleteandreadytoflyrefnamewdlabertrandnoelrenecoulonetalworlddirectoryofleisureaviationpagepagefastltdlancasterukrefdesignanddevelopmentthexflyerwasdesignedtocomplywiththeusfarultralightvehiclesrulesaswellaseuropeanregulationsitfeaturesaparagliderstylewingsingleplaceaccommodationandasinglesoloengineinpusherconfigurationwitharatioreductiondriveandadiametertwobladedwoodenpropellerthecageassemblybreaksdownintofourpartsforgroundtransportandstoragethefueltankcapacityistheaircraftisbuiltfromannealedaluminiumasisthecasewithallparamotorstakeoffandlandingisaccomplishedbyfootinflightsteeringisaccomplishedviahandlesthatactuatethecanopybrakescreatingrollandyawoperationalhistoryvariantsaircraftondisplayspecificationsxflyeraircraftspecsrefbertrandprimeunitsmetimporktsfirstforusaircraftandukaircraftpremetrificationmetricfirstforallothersyoumustchooseaformatornospecificationswillshowgeneralch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defefefmodelnamefirstflightnumberbuilttypealignleftxplorerxflyeraligncentermidsaligncenteralignleftparamotoralignleftxplorerxsaligncentermidsaligncenteralignleftparamotoralignleftxplorermicroaligncentermidsaligncenteralignleftparamotorreferencesexternallinkssixteentharmyjapanlianjiangguangdonglianjiangguangdongpingxiangguangxipingxiangguangximishanmishangongyigongyitaicanginfoboxpersonnamexinfengxiaimagexinfengxiainhuaweimeijpgcaptionxinfengxiainflowersasmatchmakersbirthnamebirthdatebirthplacesuzhoujiangsuchinadeathdatedeathplacechangzhoujiangsuchinadeathcausecerebralhemorrhageoccupationpingjuoperasingerwriterpainteryearsactivespousewuzuguangchildrenxinfengxiaaprilwasachinesepingjuoperaperformerknownasthequeenofpingjushewasalsoafilmactresswriterandpaintershestarredinthehighlypopularfilmsliuqiaoerandflowersasmatchmakersbothadaptedfromheroperasxinwasmarriedtowuzuguangaprominentplaywrightandanoutspokencriticofgovernmentpolicieswhenwuwasdenouncedasarightistinmaozedongsantirightistmovementxinrefusedtodivorcehimandwasherselfdenouncedasaresultshewaslaterseverelypersecutedduringtheculturalrevolutionbecomingdisabledafterabeatingandwaslaterparalyzedduetoastrokenolongerabletoperformshededicatedtheremainderofherlifetoteachingwritingandpaintingshestudiedpaintingwithhergodfatherqibaishiamasterofchinesepaintingandstudiedwritingwithherhusbandshepublishedatwomillionwordmemoirwhichhasbeentranslatedintoenglishandurduxinfengxiapioneeredherownstyleofpingjunowcalledthexinwhichalsomeansnewstyleithasbecomeoneofthemostimportantstylesoftheoperainthechinapingjuinstitutecreatedthenewpingjuoperaxinfengxiatocommemorateherlifeearlylifeandcareerxinfengxiawasborninsuzhoujiangsuchinawhenshewasatoddlershewassoldbyhumansmugglerstotianjininnorthernchinaandwasgiventhenameyangshuminshewastrainedasanoperaperformerfromayoungageshetouredextensivelyandbythesherfamehadrivalledwellknownfemalestarssuchasliucuixiabaiyushuangandfuronghuaaftertheestablishmentofthepeoplesrepublicofchinainxinmovedtobeijingherfirstperformanceinthemodernpingjulittleerheismarriagewaswelllikedandattractedtheattentionoftheoriginalnovelistzhaoshuliandthewellknownwriterlaoshehernextperformanceinliuqiaoerwasevenmoresuccessfulmakingherahouseholdnameinchinaintheoperaflowersasmatchmakershuaweimeishetransformedthetraditionalmelancholytunesofpingjuintojoyousonesandenrichedthepingjurepertoirebycreatingmanynewmelodiesitisnowconsideredaclassicofthexinstylepingjuliuqiaoerwasmadeintoafilminwhichwasfollowedbyflowersasmatchmakersinbothstarredxinandwereextremelypopularpremierzhouenlaiandhiswifedengyingchaowerebothherfanszhouoncesaidicanlivewithoutteaforthreedaysbutnotwithoutwatchingxinfengxiarefnamecqrefmarriageandpersecutioninlaosheintroducedxinfengxiatothefamousplaywrightwuzuguanglikemanyintellectualsatthetimewuheldhighhopesforthenewpeoplesrepublicandreturnedtochinafrombritishhongkongwuhelpedhertostudyreadingwritingandchinesecalligraphycalligraphyshealsostudiedpaintingwithqibaishioneofthemostcelebratedmastersofchinesepaintingwhotookherashisgoddaughterwuzuguanganoutspokencriticofgovernmentculturalpolicieswasdenouncedinasarightistinmaozedongsantirightistmovementandwassenttothegreatnorthernwildernessinheilongjiangtobelaogaireformedthroughlabourxinwaspressuredtodivorceherhusbandbutrefusedcitingloveamongstwaralegendarylovestoryfromoneofheroperasshesaidwangbaochuanwaitedyearsforxuepingguiandiwillwaityearsforwuzuguangasaresultshewasherselflabeledarightistandwentthroughstrugglesessionswureturnedtobeijingafterthreeyearsofhardlabourbutsixyearslaterchinafellintotheevengreaterturmoiloftheculturalrevolutionwhichbeganinxinfengxiaandwuzuguangwerebothdenouncedatthebeginningoftheperiodshewasseverelybeatenbyajunioractorofthechinapingjuinstituteherleftkneewasbrokenandsheneverfullyrecoveredfromtheinjurythecouplesfriendlaoshedrownedhimselfafterbeingsimilarlytorturedafterherbeatingxinservedsevenyearsofforcedlabourindecembershebecameparalyzedaftersufferingastrokewutookcareofherfortherestofherlifepostculturalrevolutionaftertheculturalrevolutionxinfengxiawaspoliticallyrehabilitatedinbutwasunabletoreturntothestagebecauseofherdisabilityherperformanceinflowersasmatchmakersinprovedtobeherlastwhichhasbeentranslatedintoenglishandurduyeshengtaotherenownedwriterandpublishergreatlyencouragedhertowritehecomposedtwopoemspraisinghercourageandtalentherpaintingswhichweredecoratedwithherhusbandscalligraphywerealsopopularandanexhibitionofthemwasheldatthechinamilitarymuseuminshewaselectedasamemberofthechinesepeoplespoliticalconsultativeconferenceinaprilwhilevisitingchangzhouherhusbandshometownshesufferedacerebralhemorrhageshewassenttochangzhounopeopleshospitalwhereshediedafteraweekonaprillegacyxinfengxiaandwuzuguanghadthreechildrentheirsonwuhuanisalsoawriterpainterandcalligrapherafterthedeathsofxininandofwuzuguanginheorganizedtheexhibitionahundredyearsofthewufamilyatthepolyartmuseuminbeijingitwasalsoshowninfrancehongkongandtaiwanthexinstyleofpingjupioneeredbyxinfengxiahasbecomeoneofthemostimportantstylesoftheoperainthechinapingjuinst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architecturehuadianbaisahighelevationplateauabouthoursfromxizhouonfootthisgrassyplainishometoasmallpopulationofherdersandtheiryakshorsesandsheepzhouchengisatownlocatednbspkmnorthofxizhouandhasdevelopedareputationforitsfinelycraftedtraditionalstyletiedyecultureraosanlingisthemostimportantreligiousfestivalinthecalendarofthebaipeopleittakesplaceinthreevillagesinthedalivalleyduringthefourthlunarmonthandlastsforthreedayseachmajoractivitytakingplaceatadifferentlocationtheseconddaysactivitytakesplaceinxizhouondayworshiptakesplaceatqingdongtempleatthefootofwutaipeaksomenbspkmnorthoftheoldcityofdalithisisalwaysthebusiestdaynotonlyisthetemplejampackedwithworshipperswhobringfoodofferingsbutoutsidealargemarkettakesplacealmostallthewayfromthemainroadtothetempleondaytheactionmovestoasmallertemplenearthewaterfrontinasmallvillageeastofxizhoufocusofthedayisonsingingandentertainmentwithmanygroupsperformingbaioperaparticularlylaterintheafternoonintheschoolyardnotfarfromthetempledayseesthetempleofmajiuyionlysixkilometresfromdalibecomethecentreofattentionthedongjingmusicdongjingmusicassociationplaysinthetemplebeforeworshipmovestoasmallshrineonthelakefrontlaterintheafternoonthebaipeopletraditionallyserveaspecialthreecourseteaceremonyduringweddingsandasawelcometotheirgueststhethreecoursesincludebittersweetandstrangewhichrepresentthedifferentphasesofahumanlifealthoughmenhaveabandonedtraditionalbaiattireinrecentdecadesmanywomenstillwearadistinctiveheaddresswhoseshapematerialsandcolorscorrespondtoashortpoemaboutthenaturalbeautyofthedalivalleywindflowerssnowandmoonlightareeachsymbolicallydepictedonbaiwomensheaddressesthebaitraditionallypracticedamatriarchymatriarchalorganizationofsocietywhichisstillevidentintheirarchitectureandselectedsocialgenderrolesundertheeavesofmanygrandentrancewaystohomesandbuildingsagoldenphoenixmythologyphoenixfemaledominatesaseriesofsmallerchinesedragondragonsmalefromaboverepresentingthehighersocialpositionofwomeninsocietysimilartoyunnansnakhipeoplenaxiandtibetanpeopletibetanmatriarchalculturebaimentraditionallywereinchargeofthehomeandraisingchildrenwhilewomenweretheprimarybreadwinnersfortheirfamiliesmuchhaschangedtobaicultureoverthepastcenturyandthesetraditionalgenderrolesarefarlessdiscretetodaythebestdocumentedaspectofbaicultureinxizhouisthetraditionalarchitecturethehistoryofworldclassengineeringarchitectureandeducationxizhouhasenjoyedwascombinedwithaperiodofgreatfinancialsuccessinbusinessduringthethcenturyandresultedinhundredsoftastefullyconstructedbaicourtyardstylehomesthatmergetraditionallocalstructureswithstylesimportedfromacrosslijiangeastchinaeasternchinaandabroadmanyofthebuildingswereoccupiedbythepeoplesliberationarmychinesemilitaryorservedapurposetolocalandprovinciallevelgovernmentsandsparedduringtheculturalrevolutionaperiodoftimethatmanyoldbuildingsinchinadidntsurviveduetothesharedvaluesofxizhoucitizensmanyofthesestructureshavebecomechineseheritagesiteprotectedheritagesitessomeprotectedatthenationallevellikethegreatwallofchinagreatwallaniconicandimportantattributeofbaiarchitectureistheinclusionofalargewhitereflectingwallincourtyardhomeswealthierhomeswilloftendesignateonewalltobeareflectingwallwhiletheotherthreeserveaslivingspacesthereflectingwallservesapracticalandsymbolicpurposethewhitecolorcreatesalighterspaceinthecourtyardespeciallyintheafternoonittypicallyfaceswestinxizhoutoreflectevilspiritsthatdwellinthedepthsoferhailakeawayanditreflectsluckandprosperityintotheroomdirectlyoppositewhichisconsideredtobethemostimportantroominthecourtyardtheuseofmarbleinbaiarchitectureiscommonplaceduetoitsabundanceandeasyaccessmarbleisincorporatedintomanycourtyardhomesfloorsstairspillarsandiscommonlyusedasartworkordecorationunlikemanyotherpartsoftheworldwhenmarbleisusedasartordecorationthepriceisnotdecidedbyitsqualitybutbyitsaestheticinchinesethewordmarbleiswhichliterallymeansdalistonemarbleisfoundinotherpartsofchinabuttheproductionofmarbleinthedalivalleyhasbeenfamousformanyyearsunusualforchinathebaipeopleproduceandeatcheesemadefromcowsmilkandwheyusuallymadeinsmallbatchesandstretchedoutlikeafanoverparallelbamboopolestodryinthesunlightthischeeseiseatenlikeasnackorusedincookingitisalsoamainingredientinthesecondcourseofthethreecourseteaceremonythebaischeesecanbeeatenfreshdriedorfriedandisusuallyservedwithasweetsaucesugarorrosejamerkuaiisalocallyproducedriceproductboughtasabrickandservedaseitherflatstripsornoodlestraditionallymakingerkuaiwasverylaborintensiveandonlymanufacturedinlargegroupsforfestivalsbutwiththeintroductionofmachinestheproductionprocessbecameefficientenoughtoproducelargeamountsoferkuaiforcheapconsumptionanditcannowbefoundandpurchasedatxizhousmarketeverydaytiedyeisaspecialtyhandicraftproductproducedinnearbyzhouchengthebaipeoplehavebeenmakingtiedyefabricforgenerationswithnaturallyrendereddyeitscommontofindatempleinxizhouthathostsstatuesdepictinggodsandspiritsfromdifferentreligionscoexistingharmoniouslyevensymbolsfromcontradictorysystemsofbelieflikeconfucianismandtaoismcanbeseensidebysidealongwiththosefrombuddhismandthebaibenzhuismbenzhufolkreligionthereisasmallmosqueinxizhouinthenorthwestcornerbuteventhisplaceofworshiphasevidenceofculturalexchangeinitstraditionallybaiarchitecturemuchofwhichbearsheavybenzhuinfluenceeconomythelocaleconomyismostlyagriculturalmanyofxizhouslocalfarmsgrowriceandmaizecorninthesummerwetseasonrainyseasonandgarlicandviciafababroadbeansduringthedryseasontherestoftheyeartherearetwogrowingseasonsandtheentirevalleygrowsawidevarietyoffruitsandvegetablesandmanyfamiliesraisetheirownchickenspigscowsandsheepforpersonaluseorforthemarketlikemanyotherruralagriculturalcommunitiesinyunnansomexizhoufarmersarestartingtorealizethepotentialoforganicfarmingorganicpracticesandtheincorporationofenvironmentaltechnologygreentechnologylikesolarpowerinchinasolarandwindpowerinchinawindpowertocutcostsinadditiontoagricultureinchinafarmingconstructionandskilledproductionofmarbleandwoodworkingwoodmakeupamajorityoftheeconomymarbleproductionandrefinementhasalonghistoryinthevalleyduetoitsabundanceandeasyaccesstoreservesinthecangshanmountainsitsproximitytodalisoldtownhasalsoexposedmodernxizhoutoadailydoseoftourisminchinatourismmanylocalshavetakenadvantageofthisopportunityandcatertotheemergingtourismindustrybyopeninguprestaurantscoffeeshopsandguesthousesintowntransportationxizhouisashortbusridefromdalisoldtownaccessiblebybusesfromboththechinanationalhighwayhighwayandthedalilijiangroadbusesfromoldtownshouldtakeaboutminutesandcostaroundrenminbirmbxizhouissmallenoughtowalkthroughitsentiretyinafewminutesbuthorsecartsandbicyclesareapopularmodeoftransportationclimateitslowlatitudetemperedbyitshighelevationdalihasamildoceanicclimatesubtropicalhighlandclimatekppencwbwithshortmilddrywintersandwarmrainysummersfrostmayoccurinwinterbutthedaysstillgenerallywarmuptoormoreduringsummeramajorityofthedaysfeaturessomerainfallanddaytimetemperaturesrisetoagreatmajorityoftheyearsrainfalloccursfromjunetooctoberweatherboxmetricfirstysinglelineylocationdalijanhighcfebhighcmarhighcaprhighcmayhighcjunhighcjulhighcaughighcsephighcocthighcnovhighcdechighcjanmeancfebmeancmarmeancaprmeancmaymeancjunmeancjulmeancaugmeancsepmeancoctmeancnovmeancdecmeancyearmeancjanlowcfeblowcmarlowcaprlowcmaylowcjunlowcjullowcauglowcseplowcoctlowcnovlowcdeclowcjanrecordhighcfebrecordhighcmarrecordhighcaprrecordhighcmayrecordhighcjunrecordhighcjulrecordhighcaugrecordhighcseprecordhighcoctrecordhighcnovrecordhighcdecrecordhighcjanrecordlowcfebrecordlowcmarrecordlowcaprrecordlowcmayrecordlowcjunrecordlowcjulrecordlowcaugrecordlowcseprecordlowcoctrecordlowcnovrecordlowcdecrecordlowcyearhighcyearlowcyearhighfyearlowfprecipitationcolourgreenjanprecipitationmmfebprecipitationmmmarprecipitationmmaprprecipitationmmmayprecipitationmmjunprecipitationmmjulprecipitationmmaugprecipitationmmsepprecipitationmmoctprecipitationmmnovprecipitationmmdecprecipitationmmunitprecipitationdaysmmjanprecipitationdaysfebprecipitationdaysmarprecipitationdaysaprprecipitationdaysmayprecipitationdaysjunprecipitationdaysjulprecipitationdaysaugprecipitationdayssepprecipitationdaysoctprecipitationdaysnovprecipitationdaysdecprecipitationdayssourceweathercomcncityintroshtmlweatherchinadatejuneeducationxizhoushistoryhasadeepfocusonacademicsuccessandhashostedtemporarycampusesforhuazhonguniversityandyaleinchinaduringthepastcenturytodaythetownishometopublicschoolsforlocalsyearroundandseveraltimesayearthestudentsofsidwellfriendsschoolfromwashingtondcandshanghaiamericanschoolusexizhouasasatellitecampustostudychinesehistoryandcultureandundertakeresearchprojectsonavarietyofsubjectsgallerygalleryabairooftopjpgabairooftopwithtraditionalfacadesinxizhouricefieldsandthetownofxizhoujpgricefieldsandthetownofxizhoutongueofthelakeparkeastofxizhouonerhailakejpgleaveschangingcolorintongueofthelakeparkxizhouriceharvestinxizhoujpgriceharvestinxizhouanearthenwallinxizhoujpgamanwalkspastanearthenwallinxizhouboysinxizhoujpgthreeboyswalkthroughthestreetsofxizhougalleryreferencescentralcrossislandhighwaystarprovincialhighwaytaiwanredirectcategoryshelleasterncapitalunicodecontrolcharactersoctbayxiaosijinwasachinesediplomathewasambassadorofthepeoplesrepublicofchinatomozambiqueandangolareferenceswezifmwestlakeculturalsquarecanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianaboriginalsyllabicscanadianabo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eforetheapexbecomingfuscoustingedonthebasalonefourththehindwingsarepalefuscousbecominglightertowardsthebasereferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxstreptogrammabinomialxyloryctastreptogrammabinomialauthoritylowersynonymstelecratesstreptogrammasmalllowersmallxyloryctastreptogrammaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbylowerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesandvictoriaaustraliavictoriathewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsareshiningpaleyellowwithblackishmarkingsthecostaledgeisnarrowlyblackishthroughoutandindistincttowardstheapexthereisamoderatelybroadsubcostalstreakfromthebasetotheapexemittingfromitsupperextremityattwothirdsfinelinesalongtheveinstotheterminationthereisaninwardlyobliquesomewhattriangularspotonthedorsumattheanalangleandallveinsbetweenthisandthetermenareoutlinedwithblackishthereisalsoafinelinealongthetermenthehindwingsaredarkfuscousbecomingmuchpaleronthebasalonehalfreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxsigmophorabinomialxyloryctasigmophorabinomialauthoritylowersynonymsxyloryctasigmophoraisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbylowerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesandvictoriaaustraliavictoriathewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsareashygreywhitishminutelyirroratedwithblackandwithanobscurepatchofblackishscalestowardsthebaseaswellasablackishsshapedmarkinthemiddleofthewingfollowedbyasmallblackishsuffusionthereisahindmarginalrowofconfluentblackishdotsimmediatelyfollowedbyawhitishlineontheextremehindmarginthehindwingsarelightfuscousreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxamblygonabinomialxyloryctaamblygonabinomialauthorityturnersynonymslichenaulaamblygonasmallturnersmallxyloryctaamblygonaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyturnerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesandqueenslandthewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsarewhiteratherdenselyirroratedwithfuscousandwithatriangularfuscoussuffusionontheinnermarginbeforethemiddlethereisashortlongitudinalsuffusedmarkinthediscbeforethemiddleandaverydistinctoutwardlyobliquelinefromthecostaattwothirdsangulatedinthediscandcontinuedparalleltothehindmargintotheinnermarginatthreefifthsthereisalsoanindistinctsuffusiononthemiddleofthehindmarginthehindwingsarepalegreywhitishtowardthebasereferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxaphelesbinomialxyloryctaaphelesbinomialauthorityturnersynonymsneodreptaaphelessmallturnersmallxylorictalychnobiismalllucassmallxyloryctaaphelesisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyturnerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesandqueenslandthewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsarewhitishgreysparselyirroratedwithgreyandfuscousatthebasethenochreouswhitishalmosttotheapexthereisanilldefinedgreytriangularblotchonthecentreoftheinnermarginitsobliqueposterioredgeverydistinctthereisanilldefinedgreyishlinefromthecostaatthreefourthstobeforetheanalanglegentlyoutwardlycurvedinthediscthehindwingsaregreyreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxcastaneabinomialxyloryctacastaneabinomialauthorityturnersynonymslichenaulacastaneasmallturnersmallxyloryctacastaneaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyturnerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromvictoriaaustraliavictoriathewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsarewhitishirroratedwithreddishbrownandpurplebrownscalesformingveryconfusedmarkingsthepurplebrownscalespredominatealongtheinnermarginthereddishbrowntendtoformfoursuffusednearlyequidistanttransversefasciaeofthesethelastwhichishindmarginalisthebestmarkedthehindwingsaregreyreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxconisticabinomialxyloryctaconisticabinomialauthorityturnersynonymsxyloryctaconisticaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyturnerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromqueenslandthewingspanisaboutnbspmmformalesandnbspmmforfemalestheforewingsarewhitishintimatelymixedwithfuscousgreyandwithfuscousgreymarksinthediscatonethirdandbeyondthemiddlesometimesobsoletethereisalsoafuscousgreyinterruptedterminallinethehindwingsarepalegreyreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxcosmetabinomialxyloryctacosmetabinomialauthorityturnersynonymsxyloryctacosmetaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyturnerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromqueenslandthewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsarewhitewithafewfuscousgreyscalesandfuscousmarkingsthereisasemicircularblotchonthedorsumbeforethemiddlenotreachingthemiddleofthediscandalinefromtwothirdsofthecostatothreefourthsofthedorsumstronglyangulatedoutwardsinthemiddledilatedonbothmarginsthehindwingsarewhitishreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxhaplochroabinomialxyloryctahaplochroabinomialauthorityturnersynonymslichenaulahaplochroasmallturnersmalllichenaulaumbrosasmalllucassmallxyloryctahaplochroaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyturnerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesandqueenslandthewingspanisnbspmmformalesandaboutnbspmmforfemalestheforewingsarewhitishsparselyirroratedwithgreyscalesandgreybelowthefoldthereisagreydotonthefoldbelowthemiddleandasingleordoubledotinthediscattwothirdssometimesobsoletethehindwingsaregreywhitishreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxmelaleucaebinomialxyloryctamelaleucaebinomialauthorityturnersynonymsxyloryctamelaleucaeisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyturnerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesandqueenslandthewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsarefuscousgreyirroratedwithdarkfuscousscalesandwithabroadsnowwhitestreakalongthecostanearthebaseceasingratherabruptlybeyondthemiddlethereissomedarksuffusioninthebasalpartofthediscandtwofuscousdotsplacedtransverselyinthediscattwothirdsthehindmarginaledgeisbarredwithfuscousandwhitishthehindwingsarepalegreythelarvaefeedonmelaleucagenistifoliatheyboreinthestemoftheirhostplantreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxmolybdinabinomialxyloryctamolybdinabinomialauthorityturnersynonymsxyloryctamolybdinaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyturnerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromqueenslandthewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsarepaleslatecolourwithawhitestreakalongthecostaledgenotreachingtheapexthehindwingsaregreypalertowardsthebasethelarvaefeedonmelaleucaleucadendratheyboreinthestemoftheirhostplantreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxpolystichabinomialxyloryctapolystichabinomialauthorityturnersynonymsxyloryctapolystichaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyturnerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromtasmaniathewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsarepaleochreousirroratedandstreakedwithpalefuscousandwithshiningwhitemarkingsthereisamoderatecostalstreakfromthebasetotwofifthsaswellasthreeshortslenderobliquestreaksrunningtothecostabetweenthisandtheapexabroadmedianstreakisfoundfromthebasetotheendofthecellattwothirdsdilatedinthemiddletocontainanelongatedarkspotandendingonafuscousdiscaldotfromwhichtwofineparallelstreaksruntotermenbeneaththesethreesimilarstreaksafinestreakonthefoldandanotherbroaderonthedorsumextendedonthetermentoneartheapexthehindwingsarepalegreyreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxsucinabinomialxyloryctasucinabinomialauthorityturnersynonymsxyloryctasucinaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyturnerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromtasmaniaandvictoriaaustraliavictoriathewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsarebrownishochreouswithawhitecostalstreakfromthebasetotheapexthehindwingsaregreyreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxtapeinabinomialxyloryctatapeinabinomialauthorityturnersynonymsxyloryctatapeinaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyturnerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromqueenslandthewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsarefuscousirroratedwithwhitescalesandwithabroadwhitestreakalongthewholeofthecostanarrowingtoapointatthebaseandapexthereisanobscurewhitishspotabovethemiddleoftheinnermarginandadarkspotinthediscattwothirdsthehindwingsarepalegreyreferencesxyloryctatapeinataxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxatelactisbinomialxyloryctaatelactisbinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymsxyloryctaatelactisisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinnewguineathewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsareshiningwhitewithscattereddarkfuscousscalesandwiththecostaledgedarkfuscoustowardsthebasethereareirregulardarkfuscousstreaksalongtheanteriorhalfoftheuppermarginofthecellandtheposteriorhalfofthelowermarginaswellasirregularlinesofdarkfuscoussuffusionalongallveinsrisingfromthecellbutnotcontinuedtothemarginthereisanirregularelongatedarkfuscouspatchextendingalongthedorsumfromonefifthtonearthetornusconnectedinthemiddlewiththeanteriorextremityofthestreakonthelowermarginofthecelltherearealsosomedarkfuscousscalesonthecostatowardstheapexthehindwingsareochreouswhitishreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxcalligrammabinomialxyloryctacalligrammabinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymstelecratescalligrammasmallmeyricksmallxyloryctacalligrammaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesthewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsareshiningwhitewithallveinsmarkedwithratherthickbronzyfuscousstreaksthehindwingsarelightgreywiththeveinsdarkertheapexsuffusedwithwhitishochreousreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxceratospilabinomialxyloryctaceratospilabinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymsxyloryctaceratospilaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromqueenslandthewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsarewhitewithratherdarkfuscousmarkingsthereisablotchoccupyingthebasalhalfofthedorsumandreachinghalfacrossthewingwithalongwedgeshapedposteriorprojectionreachinginthedisctothreefifthsasmallersemicircularblotchextendsonthedorsumfromnearbeyondthistothetornusconnectedwithitonthedorsumandthereisaveryobliquestraightstreakfromthecostabeyondthemiddletothetermenbeneaththeapexaswellasabrownerstreakalongtheapicalfourthofthecostathehindwingsaregreyreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxcirrhophragmabinomialxyloryctacirrhophragmabinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymsxyloryctacirrhophragmaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromthenorthernterritoryandqueenslandthewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsareshiningwhitewithgoldenochreousmarkingsthereisaslenderstreakalongthecostafromthebasetothreefifthsinfuscatedanteriorlythereisalsoarathernarrowsubbasalfasciaandamoderateirregularedgedmedianfascianotquitereachingthedorsumaswellasanirregularincurvedfasciafromthecostaatfivesixthstothedorsumbeforethetornuswithanteriorangularprominencesaboveandbelowthemiddleandothersposteriorlyabovethemiddleandnearthedorsumthehindwingsarepaleochreousthelarvaefeedongrevilleastriatareferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxophiogrammabinomialxyloryctaophiogrammabinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymsxyloryctaophiogrammaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromqueenslandthewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsaresilverywhitewithdarkochreousbrownmarkingsthereisaslendercostalstreakfromthebasetothreefourthsaswellasthreenarrowirregularfasciaethefirstverynearthebasethesecondfrombeyondthemiddleofthecostatobeforethemiddleoftheinnermarginslightlysinuateinwardsonthelowerhalfthethirdisfoundfromthecostabeforetheapextotheanalangleratherangulatedinwardsinthemiddlethelowerextremityconnectedwiththemiddleofthesecondfasciabyanirregularbarthehindwingsarewhitishochreousyellowishtingedtowardstheapexsuffusedwithlightgreythelarvaefeedonhakealoreatheyboreinthestemoftheirhostplantreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxorectisbinomialxyloryctaorectisbinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymsxyloryctaorectisisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesthenorthernterritoryqueenslandandwesternaustraliathewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsaresnowwhitewiththeextremecostaledgeochreoustingedthehindwingsarepalegreybecomingwhitetowardsthebasetheapexandupperpartofthehindmarginareirregularlywhitereferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxsynaulabinomialxyloryctasynaulabinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymsxyloryctasynaulaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromsouthaustraliaandwesternaustraliathewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsaresilverywhitewiththecostaledgeveryslenderlyblacktowardsthebaseyellowishochreousbeyondthemiddlethemarkingsareochreousbrownwithamoderatealmoststraightstreakabovethemiddlefromthebasetotheapexandasimilarslightlysinuatestreakfromthebasetotheanalangleaswellasaslenderstreakalongtheinnermarginfrombeforethemiddletotheanalanglethehindwingsarelightgreymorewhitishtingedtowardsthebasethelarvaefeedonhakeaspeciestheyfeedfromwithinatubeofsilkandfrassintheleavesreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxcosmopisbinomialxyloryctacosmopisbinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymsxyloryctacosmopisisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromwesternaustraliathewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsareshiningsnowwhitewiththecostaslenderlyochreoustingedthecostaledgeveryslenderlyblackishonthebasalfourththehindwingsaregreywhitishtheapexsomewhatgreyerthelarvaefeedonjacksoniafurcellatareferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxmelanulabinomialxyloryctamelanulabinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymstelecratesmelanulasmallmeyricksmallxyloryctamelanulaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesthewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsarefuscouslighteranteriorlyposteriorlyslightlyreddishtingedandwiththedorsalhalfsuffusedwithashygreyexceptforanindistinctcloudyspottowardsthefoldbeyondthemiddletheextremecostaledgeiswhitishfromtwofourthstofourfifthsandthereisathickdarkfuscousstreakbeneaththesubmedianfoldfromthebasetoonethirdaswellasawhitishdotinthediscattwothirdsthehindwingsarefuscousgreyreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxmicracmabinomialxyloryctamicracmabinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymstelecratesmicracmasmallmeyricksmallxyloryctamicracmaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesqueenslandandtasmaniathewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsaresilverywhitewiththecostaledgefinelydarkfuscoustowardsthebasethehindwingsaregreyreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxmaeandriabinomialxyloryctamaeandriabinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymsxyloryctamaeandriaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesthewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsarewhitewiththecostaledgetingedwithpalegreyishochreoustowardsthebaseblackishtherearefourdarkfuscousfasciaethefirstfromthemiddleofthecostatoonethirdofthedorsumacutelyangulatedinwardsonthefoldthesecondfromthecostabeyondthemiddletotwothirdsofthedorsumconnectedwiththefirstatbothextremitiesthethirdfromfourfifthsofthecostatothedorsumbeforethetornuswhereitisconnectedwiththesecondthefourthterminalconnectedwiththethirdonthecostathehindwingsaregreyreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxmoligerabinomialxyloryctamoligerabinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymsparalectamoligerasmallmeyricksmallxyloryctamoligeraisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromqueenslandthewingspanisaboutnbspmmformalesandnbspmmforfemalestheforewingsarebrownishochreouslighteranteriorlywithsomescattereddarkfuscousspecksandwiththecostaledgedarkfuscousanteriorlythereisadarkfuscousstreakrunningfromthemiddleofthedisctothedorsumbeforethetornusthehindwingsarewhitishochreousreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxperfluabinomialxyloryctaperfluabinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymsxyloryctaperfluaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromwesternaustraliathewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsareochreouswhitewithanarrowdarkfuscouscostalstreakfromthebasetoneartheapexfinelyattenuatedanteriorlythereisamoderatedarkfuscousstreakalongthedorsumfromonefourthtothetornusnarrowedtowardstheextremitiesthehindwingsarewhitishochreousposteriorlyinfuscatedreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxtignariabinomialxyloryctatignariabinomialauthoritymeyricksynonymsxyloryctatignariaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbymeyrickinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromqueenslandthewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsareochreouswhitishwithdarkbrownmarkingsthereisamoderatebasalfasciaextendedasawedgeshapedstreakalongthecostanearlytothemiddleandamoderatefasciafromthecostabeyondthemiddletothemiddleofthedorsumwithabranchfromitsmiddlerunningtothetornusandcontinuedasanarrowerterminalfasciatotheapexthehindwingsarepaleochreousyellowishtheposteriorhalfsuffusedgreyreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxargentellabinomialxyloryctaargentellabinomialauthorityfranciswalkerentomologistwalkersynonymscryptolechiaargentellasmallwalkersmallxyloryctaargentellaisamothinthefamilyxyloryctidaeitwasdescribedbyfranciswalkerentomologistfranciswalkerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesthewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsareshiningwhitefaintlyochreoustingedmoredistinctlyonthecostaledgethecostaledgeisveryslenderlyblackonthebasalfourththehindwingsarelightgreybecomingochreouswhitishtowardstheinnermarginreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxbipunctellabinomialxyloryctabipunctellabinomialauthorityfranciswalkerentomologistwalkersynonymscryptolechiabipunctellasmallwalkersmallxyloryctabipunctellaisamothinthefamilyxyloryctidaeitwasdescribedbyfranciswalkerentomologistfranciswalkerinitisfoundinaustraliathewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsareochreouswhitewiththecostamoreochreoustingedandthecostaledgedarkfuscoustowardsthebasetherearetwomoderateroundishdarkgreydotstransverselyplacedinthediscattwothirdsthehindwingsareochreouswhitishslightlygreyishtingedreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxcygnellabinomialxyloryctacygnellabinomialauthorityfranciswalkerentomologistwalkersynonymscryptolechiacygnellasmallwalkersmallxyloryctacygnellaisamothinthefamilyxyloryctidaeitwasdescribedbyfranciswalkerentomologistfranciswalkerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromwesternaustraliathewingspanisaboutnbspmmadultsarewhitewiththeforewingsroundedatthetipsandpalebrownishbeneaththecostaandexteriorborderarehardlyconvexthelatterratherobliquereferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxnivellabinomialxyloryctanivellabinomialauthorityfranciswalkerentomologistwalkersynonymscryptolechianivellasmallwalkersmallxyloryctanivellaisamothinthefamilyxyloryctidaeitwasdescribedbyfranciswalkerentomologistfranciswalkerinitisfoundinaustraliathewingspanisaboutnbspmmadultsarepurewhitewiththeforewingsslightlyroundedatthetipstheexteriorborderslightlyconvexandveryobliquereferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxparabolellabinomialxyloryctaparabolellabinomialauthorityfranciswalkerentomologistwalkersynonymsoecophoraparabolellasmallwalkersmallxyloryctaparabolellaisamothinthefamilyxyloryctidaeitwasdescribedbyfranciswalkerentomologistfranciswalkerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalessouthaustraliatasmaniaandvictoriaaustraliavictoriathewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsaresilverywhitewithamoderatedeepyellowochreouslongitudinalstreakabovethemiddlefromthebasetotheapexthereisabroadersimilarstripeneartheinnermarginfromthebasethroughouttouchingtheinnermarginatonethirdattheextremitycontinuedupwardsmorenarrowlyalongthehindmargintomeettheupperstreakattheapexthehindwingsaregreytheextremeapexwhitishochreousthelarvaefeedonbanksiamarginatatheyboreintheoldflowerspikesoftheirhostplantreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxplacidellabinomialxyloryctaplacidellabinomialauthorityfranciswalkerentomologistwalkersynonymscryptolechiaplacidellasmallwalkersmallxyloryctaplacidellaisamothinthefamilyxyloryctidaeitwasdescribedbyfranciswalkerentomologistfranciswalkerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesqueenslandandvictoriaaustraliavictoriathewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsareshiningwhitewiththecostaledgewhitishochreoustheextremeedgedarkfuscoustowardsthebasethehindwingsarepalewhitishochreoustheposteriorhalfexceptthemarginsuffusedwithlightgreyreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxviduatabinomialxyloryctaviduatabinomialauthorityfranciswalkerentomologistwalkersynonymshyponomeutaviduatasmallwalkersmallxyloryctaviduataisamothinthefamilyxyloryctidaeitwasdescribedbyfranciswalkerentomologistfranciswalkerinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromtheaustraliancapitalterritoryandvictoriaaustraliavictoriathewingspanisaboutnbspmmadultsareshiningslatycinereoustheforewingswithanarrowblacksubcostalstripewhichextendsfromthebasetoratherbeyondhalfthelengthandwithablackpointbeyondhalfthelengthofthestripeandnearertotheinteriorborderthantothecostatherearetwoelongateblackdotsonthediscalittlebeyondtheendofthestripeonebehindtheothertheexteriorborderisroundedandextremelyobliquereferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxausterabinomialxyloryctaausterabinomialauthoritylucassynonymsxylorictaausterasmalllucassmallxyloryctaausteraisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbylucasinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesandqueenslandthewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsarecreamcolourwithchocolatefuscouslongitudinalbifurcatingbandsthefirstalongthecostathesecondfromthecentreofthebaseofthewingbifurcatingatonesixththeinnerbranchtotheanalangleofthehindmargintheothertowardthecostathisagainbifurcatesbeyondthemiddleofthewingtheonebranchtothecostabeforeandalongtheapextheothertothehindmarginbeforethemiddlethethirdhastheformofaborderbandfromnearthebasealongtheinnermarginthinningouttotheanalanglethereisadiscoidalspotattwothirdstouchingthebandtothehindmarginthereisalsoarowoffinelinesbeyondandbelowthistothehindmarginreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxcorticanabinomialxyloryctacorticanabinomialauthoritylucassynonymsxylorictacorticanasmalllucassmallxyloryctacorticanaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbylucasinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromqueenslandthewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsaresilverywhitethegroundcolouralmostlostinacoveringofgreyscalestheveinsareshadedfuscousgreywithawhitediscalspotattwothirdsfollowedposteriorlybyasmallfuscousringthereisadiffusionofscatteredlightfuscousscalesthroughthecentreofthewingandalongthefoldmostfreelytowardtheapexthehindwingsareastheforewingsreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxemarginatabinomialxyloryctaemarginatabinomialauthoritylucassynonymscatoryctisemarginatasmalllucassmallxyloryctaemarginataisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbylucasinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromqueenslandthewingspanisaboutnbspmmthereisabroadwhitebandonthecostalborderoftheforewingsfromthebasetoandattenuatingtowardstwothirdsofthecostaasecondwhitebandcommencesjustbelowoppositetheapicalendofthefirstrunstotheapexandthereisabroadfuscousbandthatseparatesandenclosesthesetwowhitebandsontheinnerborderthereisalsoasmalltriangularfuscousblotchinthediscandtwolinearspotsoppositetheendsofthesewhitebandsthereisalsoapalesuffusionalongthediscandaconspicuousfuscousblotchbeforetheanalangleaswellasasuffusionoffuscousalongtheinnermarginandanobliquehindmarginallineofthesamecolourborderedoneithersidewithwhitelinesthehindwingsarepalefuscousdrabreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxflavicostabinomialxyloryctaflavicostabinomialauthoritylucassynonymscryptophagaflavicostasmalllucassmallcryptophagaflavicostaabpallidasmallturnersmallxyloryctaixeutasmallmeyricksmallxyloryctaflavicostaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbylucasinitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromqueenslandthewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsarerichslatygreybecomingashygreytowardthebasalportionofthecostathereisanorangeredcostalbandmorebrownredinfemalesandwitharichblackvelvetypatchintheapicalanglethehindwingsarefuscousgreythelarvaefeedoneucalyptuseugenioidesandeucalyptusgummiferareferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxhypatolimnasbinomialxyloryctahypatolimnasbinomialauthorityalexeydiakonoffdiakonoffsynonymsxyloryctahypatolimnasisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyalexeydiakonoffinitisfoundinnewguineareferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxmalgassellabinomialxyloryctamalgassellabinomialauthorityviettesynonymsxyloryctamalgassellaisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbyvietteinitisfoundinmadagascarreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxovatabinomialxyloryctaovatabinomialauthoritywalsinghamsynonymsantaeotrichaovatasmallwalsinghamsmallxyloryctaovataisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbywalsinghaminitisfoundinsouthafricaincludinggautengthewingspanisaboutnbspmmtheforewingsarepaletestaceousgreyrathershiningthereisasinglefuscousspotattheendofthecellbeyondwhichtheveinsaretraceabletotheapicalmarginthehindwingsareratherbroaderthantheforewingsslightlypalergreyishcinereousreferencestaxoboximageimagecaptionregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamiliaxyloryctidaegenusxyloryctaspeciesxstrigatabinomialxyloryctastrigatabinomialauthoritylewinsynonymscryptophasastrigatasmalllewinsmallxyloryctastrigatathebanksiawebcoveringborerisamothinthexyloryctidaefamilyitwasdescribedbylewininitisfoundinaustraliawhereithasbeenrecordedfromnewsouthwalesqueenslandandsouthaustraliaimagexyloryctastrigatajpgthumbleftpxplatedepictingthelifecycleofxyloryctastrigatathewingspanisnbspmmtheforewingsarewhitewiththedorsalhalflightfuscousandamoderatestraightdarkerfuscousstreakabovethemiddlefromthebasetotheapexthehindwingsarewhitishfuscousmorewhitishtowardsthebasemoreorlesssuffusedwithdarkerfuscoustowardstheapexthelarvaefeedonbanksiaserratabanksiaaemulabanksiapaludosabanksiaintegrifoliaandlambertiaformosatheyboreinthestemoftheirhostplantandtiecutleavesattheentrancetotheborereferencesfreddylimbubblegumcrisisgradshteynandryzhiktseytlinredirectcategoryshellgradshteynandryzhiktseytlinredirectcategoryshellgradshteynandryzhiktseytlinredirectcategoryshellgradshteynandryzhiktseytlinredirectcategoryshellgradshteynandryzhiktseytlinredirectcategoryshellgradshteynandryzhiktseytlinredirectcategoryshellinfoboxmusicalartistnamebackgroundgrouporbandimagefileenterajpgcaptionperformingincinemacafonseptemberaliasmennakamakaramazovyangooriginsantodomingorepblicadominicanagenrehardrockheavymetalmusicmetalprogressiverockyearsactivepresentlabelunsignedassociatedactscangrejomadeinchinaspiralclosrollingboneswebsitecurrentmemberskelmermessinabrluisdavidmirandabrricardofiallobrkevincastillobrpastmemberssamueljiminianbrroboamdinzeybrkennethrosariobrdanielalonsobrjoeymartibrpedromallaisadominicanrockmusicrockbandformedininsantodomingodominicanrepublicthebandconsistsofkelmermessinaleadguitarluisdavidmirandadrumskevincastilloleadvocalsandsamueljiminianrhythmguitaratthistimetheyarerecordingoverduetheirfirstephistoryfoundationandearlyyearsonafterhavingplayedmusictogetherformanyyearsclassmateskelmermessinaandluisdavidmirandadecidedtocreateamusicprojectwhereratherthanjustperformingthecoversoftheirfavoriteartiststheywouldventureintocreatingmusicoftheirownforthisreasonkelmertooktheroleofguitaristluisdavidtheroleofbassistandtheyrecruitedtheirfriendpedromallatoplayonthedrumsandstartedrehearsingonhishomestudiothroughmallatheyendedupmeetingricardofiallowhichendedupbeingthebandskeyboardistandbackingvocalistduringoneoftheirrehearsalsguillermopericheafriendofthebandjokinglysuggestedthenameasareferencetothedominicanrepublicslawwhichmoderatestheconsumptionofalcoholicbeveragesevenifatthetimetheyfoundthenameamusingtheyendedupchoosingthisnameamonthbeforetheirfirstconcertinbecauseofthebandsdisorganizationtheyendedupinanextendedhiatusinwhichbothpedromallaandricardofialloleftthebandandkelmermessinaandluisdavidmirandamomentarilystoppedperformingmusictogetherbeingfrustratedwithhispreviousfailedmusicalventureskelmermessinawentaheadtowriteandcomposemusiconhisowntosatiatehisdesireofmakingmusicwherehecreatedmostofthebandsearliercataloguecontentwiththemusichemadekelmersentthetrackstoluisdavidwhichmotivatedhimtoworkwithkelmeronceagainkelmerandluisdaviddecidedtostartplayingtogetheragainandlookedformusicianstofillintheotherrolesofthebandfindingroboamdinzeytoplaythedrumsdanielalonsotoplaybassguitarandkennethrosariotodoleadvocalsperiodinwhichtheystartedrehearsingthesongskelmerwroteshortlyafterkelmergotbackincontactwithricardofiallowhichwaseagertobereunitedwiththebandafterheheardneworiginalmaterialinthisperiodrecordedtheirfirstlivesessionatloverastudiosaftermonthsofrehearsingalongwithitssisterbandcangrejoandotherlocalactsplayeditsfirstconcertonseptemberoncinemacafinthefuckthesystempunkshowwheretheyplayedtheclosingsetandgottheloveofthecrowdasfarasbeingaskedforanencoreweeksafterdanielalonsoleftthebandbecausehisstudiesandworktooksomuchtimefromhimthathewouldnothavetimetorehearseandatthesametimekennethwaskickedfromthebandduetocreativedifferencesthisledtoluisdavidfillingindanielalonsosroleasbassguitaristandforthegrouptostartabriefhiatusinwhichtheyauditionednewmemberspresentcurrentlineupliveperformancesandfirstrecordingsinfebruarythebandrecruitedkevincastilloandsamueljiminiantofillintherolesofvocalistandguitaristaftertheirintegrationthebandresumedplayingliveshowsandrecordedtheirfirstsingleparachutessaynotofallingonmaytheyarecurrentlyrecordingtheirfirsteptitledoverduestyleandsongwritingareprimarilyinfluencedbyclassicandcontemporaryrockmetalandprogressiverockormetalbandsasisthecasewithgunsnrosespinkfloydthewhitestripesmegadethmetallicadreamtheaterrushbandrushradioheadironmaidenarcticmonkeyspearljamnirvanabandnirvanafoofightersmastodonbandmastodontoolbandtoolmusebandmuseavengedsevenfoldstvincentmusicianstvincentthedeadweatherandthekillsdespitetheirinfluencesdoesnotspecificallyclassifythemselvesaspartofaspecificrockormetalsubgenresomethingwhichcanbenotedinhowtheymanagetoblenddifferentgenresinvarioussongsandhavesongsthatcouldfitinvastlydifferentsubgenresofmusicintheirmusicgreatlyvaluetechnicalandcompositionalproficiencybecauseoftheirheavyinfluencefrombandssuchasdreamtheaterrushbandrushandmegadethmakingintricatemelodicandrhythmicpartsandkeysignatureandtimesignaturechangesacommonoccurrenceintheirmusicduetokelmermessinasroleasprimarysongwritersmusictendstobeguitarfocusedhavingriffingandguitarsoloingprominentelementsinmostoftheirsongsunlikemostrockandmetalsubgenresthebassguitarisabigpartoftheirsoundasluisdavidmirandalikestoshowcaseinterestingmelodiesthatenrichtheothermelodiesplayedbyotherinstrumentsratherthanjustmimictheirpartsroboamdinzeyprovidesanenergeticdrummingstylethatfindsthebalancebetweenforegroundandbackgroundbyimplementingrhythmsthatcomplementtheotherinstrumentsslyricstendtoreflectangstorangerinaccordancetotheinfluencetheyhavereceivedfrommetalandgrungemusicbandmemberscurrentmemberskelmermessinaleadguitarpresentluisdavidmirandadrumspresentbassguitarrhythmguitarkevincastillovocalspresentsamueljiminianrhythmguitarpresenttipolindobassguitarpresenttimelinetimelineimagesizewidthheightautobarincrementplotarealeftbottomtoprightalignbarsjustifydateformatmmddyyyyperiodfromtilltimeaxisorientationhorizontalformatyyyylegendorientationverticalpositionbottomcolumnsscalemajorincrementstartscaleminorincrementstartcolorsidvocalsvaluepurplelegendleadvocalsidguitarvaluegreenlegendleadguitaridguitarvalueyellowlegendrhythmguitaridbassvalueredlegendbassiddrumsvalueblacklegenddrumsidkeyboardvaluebluelegendkeyboardidlinesvaluegraylegendstudioalbumsidlinesvaluegraylegendlivealbumrecordingslinedataatcolorlineslayerbackbardatabarkelmertextkelmermessinabarluiste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spublishedinwinningthemilesfranklinawardthatyearaworkofaboutwordsitisthelongestnoveleverpublishedinaustraliaitisclearfrominterviewsgivenbyherbertthatsadienordenprovidedtheemotionalcentretohislifeandthehouseatredlynchwhichhealwayscalledsadieshousebecameequallyimportantxaviercontinuedtowritehisfirstdraftsawayfromhomeestablishingcampsintherangesbetweencairnsandcooktownqueenslandcooktownforweeksormonthsatatimeandoftentakingjobsawayfromredlynchbutalwaysreturnedtosadieandredlynchtodevelopthedraftsheonceacknowledgedsadieandthecottageatredlynchprovidedabaseforhisworkandtohisexistenceherbertlatersaidofredlynchthatlikemanyofthecharactersandplacesinxavierherbertsnovelsandstorieshoweverthevillageofredlynchinhabitstwoworldsnotquitetownandnotquitecountryredlynchisalmostasuburbofcairnswheresadielodgedxaviersfirstdraftswiththeirbankbutliesamidsugarcanesugarcanefieldsatthebaseofthecoastalrangeswherexavierestablishedhiswriterscampstheherbertsbecamewellknowntotheredlynchcommunitywithxavieractingasrelievingpharmacistinthevillageduringthesandsafitnessfanaticheregularlyjoggedthroughthecanefieldsalongtherailwayandintothehillsbeforejoggingbecamefashionableandclaimedhegainedtheinspirationtowritepoorfellowmycountrywhilerunningxavierwasalsoknownforhisattemptsatselfsufficiencyheexperimentedwithbatterypowereddcelectricityandthewiringinthecottagemaycontainremnantsofthissysteminthebackyardheconstructedasmallwritersshedwhichlocalresidentsbelievewasmadeoftwosmallshedstakenfromthekurandascenicrailwayandmovedbyrailcartoredlynchpoorfellowmycountrywaspartlywrittenandrevisedherebutthisstructurewasdemolishedlateinwiththeprizemoneyreceivedforpoorfellowmycountrytheherbertscarriedoutanumberofalterationstotheredlynchcottageasepticsystemssepticsystemwasinstalledandanewbathroomandtoiletwerebuiltattherearofthehousetheinteriorwasmodernisedwithplasterboardceilingsandimitationtimbergrainwallpanellingtheexteriorwasrecladwithaluminiumenclosingthefrontverandahintheprocessandagarageandguestroomfortheuseofvisitingfriendsandacademicswasbuiltinthebackyardanewcarportwasconstructedatthesideofthecottagefollowingsadiesdeathinxavierremainedinthecottageuntilafewmonthsbeforehisowndeathatalicespringsinapriltowardtheendofhislifeherbertingavetheredlynchcottagetohisfriendandbankagentrobynpillaskinghertolookafterthehousewhenheleftsheretainedtheplaceuntiltherehavebeensubstantialrenovationstotheredlynchcottagesincetheherbertstimewiththeinteriorreconstructedandrefurbishedinmidandmostofthetreesandshrubsinthegardenremovedexceptforanumberofpalmtreesagreatlosswasthewritersshedinthebackyardxaviersmilliondollardoghousedemolishedinthesummerofdescriptiontheformerxavierandsadieherbertscottageislocatedintheheartofthevillageofredlynchaboutkilometresnorthwestofcairnsthehouseispositionedquiteclosetothefrontofalevelperchblockabuttingbusykamerungaroadoneoftheprincipalroadsoutofcairnsitsitsdirectlyoppositetheredlynchrailwaystationandadjacenttotheredberetformerlyredlynchhotelthefocalpointofthevillageandoverlookscanefieldstotherangesbeyondthesettingispicturesquethecottageisasmallsinglestoreyedtimberframedbuildingwithenclosedfrontandbackverandahsandaconcreteblockextensionattherearitrestsonlowstumpsmostlytimberalthoughafewofthesehavebeenreplacedwithroundconcretestumpsorgalvanisedsteeltheexteriorhasbeenrecladwithaluminiumwhichresemblesweatherboardsthehippedroofiscladwithcorrugatedsheetmetalallthewindowsappeartohavebeenreplacedatsomeperiodandthosealongthewestwallhavenewdecorativemetalwindowhoodsthefrontfacadehasrecentdecorativetimberlatticeattachedtothehouseontheeastsideisasinglecarportwithaskillionroofandfrontrollerdoorahighconcreteblockwalldefinestheeasternboundaryofthepropertyfencestotheotherboundariesandalongthewestsideofthefrontdrivewayareofpicketstheinternallayoutofthecottageoriginallytworoomsopeningontofrontandbackverandahshasbeenalteredthecentrewallhasbeenremovedandtwonewinternalpartitionsnowdividethecoreofthehouseintothreeroomsabedroomeachsideandinthecentrealivingareawithanarchwayopeningontotheenclosedfrontverandahthebedroomsretaintheiroriginalfrenchdoorstotheenclosedfrontverandahbutalltheotherdoorsinthehousearemoderntheinteriorwallsandceilingsarelinedwithfibrousplasterboarditisnotclearwhetheranyoftheherbertsmocktimberpanellingofthesremainsbeneaththepresentwallfinishesthebackverandahmayhavebeenpartlyenclosedfromanearlyperiodbutwasfullyenclosedintheherbertstimeandhasbeenrefurbishedrecentlywithanewkitchenatthewestendandbathroomattheeastendacentrallypositioneddoorleadsfromthebackverandahtoanattachedextensionthiscomprisesametrewideconcreteslabrunningthewidthofthehousewithconcreteblocklaundryattheeastendandtoiletatthewestendthemiddlesectionofthisextensionisenclosedwithtimberlatticeinthebackyardatashortdistancefromthehouseagaragehasbeenconstructedontheeasternhalfoftheblockthisstructureiscladinaluminiumandrestsonaconcreteblockithasaskillionroofandisdividedintotwosectionstheeasternhalfisgarageandthewesternhalfwithwindowsonthreesidesanddoorsfrontandbackisusedasaworkoutareatheherbertsgardenisalmostnonexistenttheonlysubstantialsurvivingplantingisastandofpalmsinthebackyardthealexandrapalmsacrossthefrontalignmentofthepropertyappeartobecomparativelyrecentandmaynothavebeenassociatedwiththeherbertsheritagelistingtheformerxavierandsadieherbertscottagewaslistedonthequeenslandheritageregisteronjanuaryhavingsatisfiedthefollowingcriteriatheplaceisimportantindemonstratingtheevolutionorpatternofqueenslandaposshistorytheplacehaspotentialtoyieldinformationthatwillcontributetoanunderstandingofqueenslandaposshistorytheplacehasastrongorspecialassociationwithaparticularcommunityorculturalgroupforsocialculturalorspiritualreasonstheplacehasaspecialassociationwiththelifeorworkofaparticularpersongroupororganisationofimportanceinqueenslandaposshistorytheformerxavierandsadieherbertscottageissignificantastheonlyhouseinaustraliawithstrongassociationswithimportantaustralianauthorxavierherbertandhisworktheplaceissignificantalsoforitspotentialtocontributetobiographicalworkonxavierandsadieherberttheplacehasastrongassociationforboththelocalredlynchcommunityandtheaustralianliteraryandacademiccommunityasthehomeandplaceofworkofaustralianwriterxavierherbertforoveryearstheplacehasaspecialassociationwiththelifeandworkofinternationallyrespectedaustralianauthorxavierherbertattheredlynchcottageheworkedonallhismajorworksexceptcapricorniaalthoughmuchofthisworkwasundertakeninthenowdemolishedwritersshedinthebackyardtheassociationoftheplacewithherbertandhisworkremainsthecottagesurvivesinitsredlynchsettingandsomeoftheherbertssrenovationspaidforwithprizemoneyreceivedforpoorfellowmycountryremainthesewereundertakenwithinexpensivemassproducedmaterialsandforconvenienceandeaseofmaintenanceratherthanaestheticconcernsandillustrateherbertslackofsocialpretensiontheredlynchcottagealsorepresentsanimportantcompromiseinherbertslifeandissignificantasmuchforwhatitrevealsofthepersonasofthewriterreferencesattributionexternallinkslaxmiprasaddevkotagopalprasadrimalbhanubhaktaacharyasumanpokhrelremixservicesumanpokhrelabhisubedibhupisherchanmediacontrolsredirectcategoryshellredirectmariapavlovagradshteynandryzhikredirectcategoryshellinfoboxradiostationnamexhqcfmimagefilexhqcstereosaltillologopngcitysaltillocoahuilamexicoareasaltillocoahuilabrandingstereosaltillosloganairdatejulyconcessionfrequencyfmformatpoppowererpkwclasscallsignmeaningcoordinatesownermultimediosradiolicenseeradiotriunfossadecvwebcastmmradiocomstereosaltilloenvivoxhqcfmwebsitebrmultimedioscomradioestacionesmultimedioswebsiteaffiliationsxhqcfmisaradiostationonfminsaltillocoahuilathestationisownedbymultimediosradioandcarriesapopformatunderthestereosaltillonameitissimilartothehitsfmstationsoperatedbythesamegrouphistoryxhqcreceiveditsfirstconcessiononjulymakingitsaltillossecondstationonfmandfirstnewfmstationsincetheconcessionwasheldbyjorgecamporodrguezuntilbutinactualityitwasthefirststationinsaltillotobeoperatedbymultimediosradioreferencesinfoboxradiostationnamexheimfmimagefilexheimcapitalmaximalogopngcitysaltillocoahuilamexicoareasaltillocoahuilabrandingcapitalmximasloganairdateoctoberconcessionfrequencyfmformatgruperapowererpkwhaatmeterscallsignmeaningcoordinatesownercapitalmedialicenseeradiodifusorascapitalsadecvwebcastwebsiteaffiliationsxheimfmisaradiostationonfminsaltillocoahuilathestationisownedbycapitalmediaandcarriesitscapitalmximagruperaformathistoryxeimamreceiveditsconcessiononoctoberownedbyemmagracielaibarracaldernitbroadcastonkhzwithkwdayownershipcontinuedtoevolvewithasaletogrupoacirxeimsadecvwhichhadalreadybeenrepresentingthestationandsupplyingitsprogramsinandlatertoradioramainoperationwastransferredtovolersadecvwhichsolditsstationstocapitalmediainthoughcapitalhadbeenoperatingthemforsometimeitwasauthorizedinforamigrationtothefmbandandinforarelocationofitstransmitterreferencesinfoboxradiostationnamexhsacfmimagefilexhsacradiorecuerdofmlogopngcitysaltillocoahuilamexicoareasaltillocoahuilabrandingradiorecuerdosloganairdatejuneconcessionfrequencyfmformatspanisholdiespowererpkilowattkwsclasscallsignmeaningsaltillocoahuilacoordinatesthereisatypoofintheappropriateauthownerradioramaoperatormultimediosradiolicenseexesacamsadecvwebcastwebsitemultimedioscomradioestacionesmultimediosradiostationsaffiliationsxhsacfmisaradiostationonfminsaltillocoahuilathestationcarriestheradiorecuerdospanisholdiesformatofitsoperatormultimediosradiohistoryxesacamonkhzreceiveditsconcessiononjunethekwdaytimerwasownedbyradiocelebridadsaasubsidiaryofgruporadioramaradioramaanditsoonmovedtokhzinordertobroadcastwithwattsnightxesacreceivedapprovaltomigratetofmininitchangedfrommilenioradiotoradiorecuerdoreferencesxraymotionanalysisisatechniqueusedtotrackthemovementofobjectsusingxraysthisisdonebyplacingthesubjecttobeimagedinthecenterofthexraybeamandrecordingthemotionusinganxrayimageintensifierimageintensifierandahighspeedcameraallowingforhighqualityvideossampledmanytimesperseconddependingonthesettingsofthexraysthistechniquecanvisualizespecificstructuresinanobjectsuchasbonesorcartilagexraymotionanalysiscanbeusedtoperformgaitanalysisanalyzejointmovementorrecordthemotionofbonesobscuredbysofttissuetheabilitytomeasureskeletalmotionsisakeyaspecttoonesunderstandingofvertebratebiomechanicsenergeticsandmotorcontrolrefnamerefimagingmethodsplanarmanyxraystudiesareperformedwithasinglexrayemitterandcamerathistypeofimagingallowsfortrackingmovementsinthetwodimensionalplaneofthexraymovementsareperformedparalleltothecamerasimagingplaneinorderforthemotiontobeaccuratelytrackedrefnamerefingaitanalysisplanarxraystudiesaredoneinthesagittalplanetoallowforhighlyaccuratetrackingoflargemovementsmethodshavebeendevelopedtoallowforestimatingallsixdegreesoffreedomofmovementfromaplanarxrayandamodelofthetrackedobjectrefnamerefbiplanarfewmovementsaretrulyplanarplanarxrayimagingcancapturethemajorityofmovementbutnotallofitaccuratelycapturingandquantifyingallthreedimensionsofmovementrequiresabiplanarimagingsystembiplanarimagingisdifficulttoperformbecausemanyfacilitieshaveaccesstoonlyonexrayemitterwiththeadditionofasecondxrayandcamerasystemthedplaneofimagingexpandstoadvolumeofimagingattheintersectionofthexraybeamsbecausethevolumeofimagingisattheintersectionoftwoxraybeamstheoverallsizeofitislimitedbytheareaofthexrayemitterstrackingtechniquesmarkeredmotioncapturetechniquesoftenusereflectivemarkersfortheimagecapturinginxrayimagingmarkersthatappearopaqueinthexrayimagesareutilizedthisfrequentlyinvolvesusingradioopaquespheresattachedtothesubjectmarkerscanbeimplantedinthesubjectsboneswhichwouldthenappearvisibleinthexrayimagesthismethodrequiressurgicalproceduresforimplantingandahealingperiodbeforethesubjectcanundergoamotionanalysisforaccuratedtrackingatleastthreemarkersneedtobeimplantedontoeachbonetobetrackedrefnamerefthemarkersarethentrackedrelativetothexraycamerasandthemotionsaremappedtothelocalanatomicalbodiesmarkerlessemergingtechniquesandsoftwareareallowingformotiontobetrackedwithouttheneedforradioopaquemarkersbyusingadmodeloftheobjectbeingtrackedtheobjectcanbeoverlaidontheimagesofthexrayvideoateachframethetranslationsandrotationsofthemodelasopposedtoasetofmarkersarethentrackedrelativetothexraycamerasusingalocalcoordinatesystemthesetranslationsandrotationscanthenbemappedtostandardanatomicalmovementsthedmodeloftheobjectisgeneratedfromanydimagingtechniquesuchasanmriorctscanmarkerlesstrackinghasthebenefitofbeinganoninvasivetrackingmethodavoidinganycomplicationsduetosurgeriesonedifficultycomesfromgeneratingthedmodelinanimalstudiesastheanimalsarerequiredtobesedatedorsacrificedforthescananalysisinplanarxrayimagingthemotionsofthemarkersorbodiesaretrackedinaspecializedsoftwareaninitiallocationguessissuppliedbytheuserforthemarkersorbodiesthesoftwaredependingonitscapabilitiesrequirestheusertomanuallylocatethemarkersorbodiesforeachframeofthevideoorcanautomaticallytrackthelocationsthroughoutthevideotheautomatictrackinghastobemonitoredforaccuracyandmayrequiremanuallyrelocatingthemarkersorbodiesafterthetrackingdataisgeneratedforeachmarkerorbodyofinterestthetrackingisappliedtothelocalanatomicalbodiesforexamplemarkersplacedatthehipandkneewouldtrackthemotionofthefemurusingknowledgeofthelocalanatomythesemotionscanthenbetranslatedintoanatomicaltermsofmotionintheplaneofthexrayinbiplanarxrayimagingthemotionsarealsotrackedinaspecializedsoftwaresimilartoplanaranalysistheuserprovidesaninitiallocationguessandeithertracksthemarkersorbodiesmanuallyorthesoftwarecanautomaticallytrackthemhoweverbiplanaranalysisrequiresthatalltrackingbedoneonbothvideoframesatthesametimepositioningtheobjectinfreespacebothxraycamerashavetobecalibratedusinganobjectofknownvolumethisallowsthesoftwaretolocatethecameraspositionsrelativetoeachotherandthenallowstheusertopositionthedmodeloftheobjectinlinewithbothvideoframesthetrackingdataisgeneratedforeachmarkerorbodyandthenappliedtothelocalanatomicalbodiesthetrackingdataisthenfurtherdefinedasanatomicaltermsofmotioninfreespaceapplicationsxraymotionanalysiscanbeusedingaitanalysishumangaitanalysistomeasurethekinematicsofthelowerlimbstreadmillgaitorovergroundgaitcanbemeasureddependingonthemobilityofthexraysystemothertypesofmovementssuchasajumpcutmaneuverphysicalmedicineandrehabilitationrehabilitationisanimportantapplicationofxraymotionanalysisxrayimaginghasbeenusedformedicaldiagnosticpurposessinceshortlyafteritsdiscoveryinxraymotionanalysiscanbeutilizedinjointimagingoranalyzingjointrelateddiseasesithasbeenusedtoquantifyosteoarthritisinthekneeestimatekneecartilagecontactareasandanalyzetheresultsofrotatorcuffrepairbyimagingtheshoulderjointamongotherapplicationsanimallocomotioncanalsobeanalyzedwithxrayimagingaslongastheanimalcanbeplacedbetweenthexrayemitterandthecamerathesubjectcanbeimagedexamplesofgaitsthathavebeenstudiedareratsguineafowlhorsesandmovementofthetemporomandibularjointinrabbitsseealsovideomotionanalysisroentgenstereophotogrammetryroentgenstereophotogrammetricanalysisradiographyfluoroscopyreferencesinfoboxncaateamseasonmodebasketballyearprevyearnextyearteamxaviermusketeersimagexaviermusketeerslogosvgimagesizeconferenceatlanticconferencedivisionshortconferenceacoachrankapran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estivalgalaofthreefamouschinatvstationsdragontelevisionanhuitelevisionandbeijingmedianetworkbeijingtelevisiononjanuaryhereleasedthetimexuweizhoualbumthetimefinalquarterminutesforfantasyafterhissecondalbumthetimexuweizhoualbumthetimewascompletelyreleasedonlineheheldthepressconferenceforitsphysicalalbumintaiwanonfebruaryfashioninxuwasinvitedasoneofthegueststoseveralfashionceremoniesheldinchinaincludingmadamefigarofrenchexcellenceawardsthanniversaryofokmagazineawardsdamianijewelrycompanydamianisdinnerpartyversacebagsforcitiesexhibitionifengfashionchoiceawardspeacebirdwomanssfashionshowlofficielfashionnightbulgaribvlgarixvoguemagazinevoguegemdreamexhibitionvoguesthanniversaryceremonysinaweibofancarnivalharpersbazaarbazaarsmenoftheyearthesquiremagazineesquiremanathisbestawardceremonytrendshealthawardceremonyellemagazineellestyleawardsceremonyandshanghaidivinemichelangeloexhibitioninjulychinaluxurybeautyandfashioninsightspublishedthetopmostvaluablefashioninfluencersbasedonkeyopinionleaderindexkolsandherankedthonweibocelebritiescategoryinadditiontimmyxulimitededitioneyeglasseslaunchedbyinmixbecomebestsellingserieswithpiecesinmensunochinahasunveiledmensunoyoungabrandnewmagazineforchinaspostsgenerationwhichhewastheveryfirstcoverofmensunoyoungrepresentingtheyoungattitudeandspiritofpostsyouthsitsphotographswerealsopublishedinmensunotaiwanlimitededitionlateronhewasinvitedtovoguescondnastcenturyexhibitionhongkongkenzobrandkenzograndopeningshanghaiglobalchampionstourlonginesglobalchampionstourtiffanycotiffanyconightpartyfendipeekabooexhibitionvoguefilmpremierlondonsupergroupsuperdrymusicpartyvalentinospavalentinoilovespikemikaninagawasexhibitionthesquiremanathisbestawardceremonygraziathanniversarystreetfashionpowerexhibitionlofficielfashionnightmensunoyounganniversarypartyandharpersbazaarthanniversaryexhibitioninadditionhewasofficiallyinvitedbygivenchyasaguesttoitsfwmensparisfashionweekinfranceontopofthathisdigitalfashionvideobecameahottrendingtopicduringthattimeitalsobrokethehistoricalrecordinthesocialpostsandviewswithmorethanmillionreadingsandonmarchhewasalsoinvitedbymonclermonclergammerougeandlouisvuittontofwwomensparisfashionweekinaprilhewasofficiallyannouncedasanambassadorforthethanniversaryofmenshealthanditalianluxurybrandfendiinjunelatergivenchydecidedtoopthimakolswhoisespeciallypopularamongmillennialsforpromotingchinesemothersdaycampaignhewasalsoreportedasoneofmostfamousfacesinchinasactivewearmarketandoneofmostinfluentialfashionstarsinchinasluxurymarketbynewyorkdigitalmarketingagencyafterwardsinmixaneyewearbrandreleasedasetoftimmysexclusiveemoticonfromtheprivilegegrantedbyemojisubsequentlyhewasinvitedtolouisvuittonssmensparisfashionweekonjunecoachinccoachsswomensnewyorkfashionweekonseptemberandgivenchysswomensparisfashionweekonoctoberhewasthefirstchinesestartobecomethefaceofsouthkoreancosmeticsbrandlaneigeinchinamoreoverbomodachinakeyopinionleaderindexkolsonthefirsthalfoftheyearreportedthatxugotfirstplaceontopmostinfluentialsocialcelebritiesandfourthplaceontoppotentialcelebritiesinchinasconsumermarketplaceonoctoberxutogetherwithalfreddunhillltddunhillandchinasesquiremagazineesquirereleasedaspecialshortfashionfilmcalledurbansymphonyshotinhungaryayearlyreportonjewelrymarketbylsdigitaliqindexluxurychinamentionedthattiffanycotiffanycogotstrongengagementonweiboduetotheironlinepromotionsfeaturingwithchinesecelebrityxuweizhouonnovemberhewasinvitedasoneofspecialgueststoattendtheannualvictoriassecretfashionshowheldinshanghaiandhislookwaslistedinunitedkingdombritishgqsbestdressedmenintheworldthatweekindecemberxuwasannouncedtobethefirstmainlandartisttohavethecollaborationprojectwiththebritishinternationalbrandedclothingsupergroupsuperdrytheirlimitedcollectionhadsoldoutwithinsecondsattmallandhoursatthestoresinbeijingshanghaiandchengduhisappearanceonmensunocoverwaslistedthontopbestmenfashionmagazinecoversoftheyearbyfamousfashionblogsitefashionmodelsinchinascoachinccoachofficiallyappointedhimastheirfirstcoachmenspokesmanonjanuarylaterxuasfendisnewpowerbrandambassadorattendedfendifwmensmilanfashionweekhealsoattendedalexandermcqueenbrandalexandermcqueenfwmensparisfashionweekasthefirstchinesemaleartistofficiallyinvitedbythebrandlaterhehasbeenofficiallyannouncedasthenewstylebrandambassadorfortiffanycotiffanycoandglobalspokespersonforbritishbrandsuperdryphilanthropyinxuwasappointedasanationalambassadortosomecharitiesincludingagainstdomesticviolenceriorunanimalwelfarecharitiesbycabbeenluckycatwelfareorganizationshopeforhomeforchildrenprojectofchinacharitiesaidfoundationforchildrenmoonbearprotectingprojectofanimalsasiafoundationanimalsasiafoundationaafrabbitslookupatthemoonprojectofchinasocialwelfarefoundationadoptpetsinsteadofpurchasingprojectofbeijingnonprofitadoptionorganizationscharitystarslovecantouchprojectofharpersbazaarbazaarmagazineanddoorofcharityprojectofchinachildrenandteenagersfundcctfheisalsothefounderofthefoundationforlightoflovefortheblindandkmruntothelightfortheblindinadditionhealsojoinedthecampaignofantiviolenceagainstwomenprojectofkeringfoundationinhecontinuedhischaritableeffortsbyparticipatinginthewuximarathonprojectofmenshealthmagazineamfarthefoundationforaidsresearchamfarworldbookdayreadtoleadprojectofxinhuanewsagencylovetheearthprojectofnewmediaexhibitionofglobalsustainabledevelopmentyouthattitudesonehundredthousandyoungpeopleprojectofneteasechildwelfareprotectionweekprojectofministryofcivilaffairschinaministryofcivilaffairsandunicefreleaseanaquaticanimaltoprotectnaturalresourcesprojectofalibabagroupalibabafoundationcaringforpeoplewithaspinalcordinjuryprojectofweibofitchinafoundationfordisabledpersonandxinhuanewsagencymakeapromiselockitseriesprojectoflouisvuittonandunicefandcatdogdailyadoptpetsprojectofneteasemoreoverhehasalsoplayedasambassadorrolesinadoptagreenplantforgreenearthprojectofcampuspublicwelfarefoundationcaringfordisabledchildrenprojectofbeijingfoundationfordisabledpersoncaringforblindchildrenprojectofsinacorpsinamicrophilanthropyboilingpointpublicwelfareprojectofbaiduandiwanttogotoschoolprojectofmusicradiochinanationalradiochinanationalradiocnrandchinachildrenandteenagersfundcctflaterinjulychinacharitiesaidfoundationforchildrenannouncedthatxuwasappointedasacharityambassadorofhopeforhomeforchildrenprojectforyearsconsecutivelyonoctobershanghaifiredepartmentappointedhimastheirofficialfirefighterambassadortopromotetheexternalactivitiesandsurvicesinnovemberhewasappointedasiceandsnowambassadorforsinassportclassroominadditionsinaweiborevealedthatxuscharityactivitiesbecomeoneofmostinfluentialcharitabletopicsoftheyearinfilmographyfilmsclasswikitableplainrowheaderssortableyeartitlechinesetitlerolenotesgamingmadnessshortfilmyuehongshengstarringbigfishbegoniaanimatedfilmkundubrowspanseizethemomentshortfilmstarringurbansymphonyshortfilmstarringtherookiesfilmtherookiesdingshanstarringtelevisionwebseriesclasswikitableplainrowheaderssortableyearenglishtitlechinesetitlerolenetworktypenotesheroinwebseriesaddictedbailuoyinyoutubewebstarringrowspantheevolutionofourlovetvseriestheevolutionofourlovedingyuyangzhejiangtelevisiondragontelevisiontencentvideotvwebstarringmygirlfriendchinesedramamygirlfriendchixinyoukuwebstarringvarietyshowsclasswikitableplainrowheaderssortableyearenglishtitlechinesetitlerolenetworktypenotesrowspanintangiblehertahimselftencentvideowebepisodeglobalchinesemusicchartguestchinacentraltelevisioncctvtvgivemefiveguestzhejiangtelevisiontvdiscographysinglestowardsthelightxuweizhousongtowardsthelightfunxuweizhousongfuntheheroeschineseversionscreamingnightruinsoftimemazeextendedplayslightxuweizhoueplightalbumthetimexuweizhoualbumthetimemusicvideoswalkslowlyheroinwebseriesaddictedsoundtracktowardsthelightxuweizhousongtowardsthelightyesterdayoncemorefilmyesterdayoncemoresoundtrackfunxuweizhousongfuntheheroeschineseversionsnowtimesoundtrackscreamingnightiqiyiconcertthememusicthemesongleavemealonexuweizhousongleavemealoneruinsoftimesmartchasesoundtracksowhatxuweizhousongsowhatitsalwaysyouxuweizhousongitsalwaysyoumazemazerunnerthedeathcurepromotionalsongfloatinginmydreamedgeofdarknessconcertsconcerttoursfirstlightasiatourlightasiatourshanghaibangkokfanmeetingaddictedwebseriesaddictedfanmeetingshanghaibangkokendorsementscampaigngloraylipcolorlipstickloveinmixtimmyxulimitededitionkfcbreakfastcampaignlaneigelaneigemeetsfashionpizzahutseafoodcarnivalcosmoladyurbanbeautysinaweibosupportforfanslovefestivalgnpearlpearlmasklaneigemilkywayfantasymakeawishbaiduclouddrivechristmasreindeercatchergamefawtoyotagroupcorollatestdrivelouisvuittonsilverlockitmakeapromisetiffanycovalentinesdaycampaigngivenchymothersdaycampaignsinasportsportsclassroomechoapplicationstarsingermusiccovergamedidichinastaxiapplicationpassengerssafetysinaphotoifeeliamadorableellemenxbeatbrownlinefriendinmixtimmyxuxemojikfcchizzabaidumusicxneteasecomiccomicseriessuperdrypartytimecityteeseriesweathermasterapplicationcoolsummeractionofooneyuanbikesogouapplicationtimmyexclusiveexpressionsinatraveltimmystripcoachsinglesdaylouisvuittonthegiftworkshopbazaarxaudinewaudiasecoozakerapplicationstayrealkeepchangingsuperdrytimmyxuxsuperdrycommercialendorsementyuesaitwinslovehmsportforeveryvictoryhmkenzoxhmmiancottongirlvoguexbvlgarigemdreampizzahutpizzahutchristmasheartfendipeekaboowechatcashnolaneigelaneigesuperdrytiffanycocoachcoachmenfendiawardsandnominationsclasswikitableyearawardcategorycountrynominatedworkresultrowspanthtopchinesemusicawardsmostpopularnetworkdramaidolrowspanstyletextaligncenterchinastyletextaligncenteraddictedthokmagazineawardsnewgenerationactorrowspanstyletextaligncenterfreshasiamusicawardsbestnewartistifengfashionchoiceawardsfashionpopularitypioneerlofficielfashionnightawardsbestnewartiststannualsinaweibofanfestivalceremonysinastaroftheyearbazaarsmenoftheyearceremonyattractivestaroftheyearthesquiremanathisbestawardceremonybestnewartisttrendshealthawardceremonyinfluentialhealthrolemodelrowspanannualsinasportsawardssportsmalegodrowspanercchinesetoptenawardsthethercchinesetoptenawardsmostinfluentialnetworkartistbestnewartistthvchartawardsbest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eoftheyearpgatourbrrookieoftheyearyearpgatourawardyearawardssectionlocationofawardspageorsectionalexandervictorschauffelecommonlyknownasxanderschauffelebornoctoberisanamericanprofessionalgolferwhoplaysonthepgatourearlylifeschauffelewasborninlajollacaliforniatoagermanfrenchnaturalizedimmigrantfatherandataiwanesejapanesenaturalizedimmigrantmotherschauffelesfatherhasbeenhisonlyswingcoachthroughouthisgolfcareertheschauffeleteachingphilosophyreliesheavilyonbasicballflightlawsandgolfclubmechanicsasaresultschauffelehadnotseenhisownswinguntilaboutagetwoofschauffelesgreatgrandfathersplayedsoccerattheeuropeanpremierleveljohannhoffmannfootballerjohannhoffmannplayedforhiswikisourcedesterreichischefuballnationalmannschaftaustrianationalsoccerteamandwonmultipleaustrianskrapidwienbohemiandsvsaazandfrenchfcsochauxracingstraburgnationaltitlesbesidesplayingsoccerforthegermanbundesligaclubvfbstuttgartrichardschauffeleexcelledintrackandfieldgarneringovertitlesindiscusjavelinandshotputforclubsthestuttgarterkickersandthecannstatterruderclubamateurcareerschauffelewastheindividualwinnerofthecaliforniastatehighschoolchampionshipcaliforniainterscholasticfederationcifplayingforscrippsranchhighschoolaftergraduatingfromhighschoolschauffeleplayedhisfreshmanyearincollegeforlongbeachstateuniversitywherehegarneredthebigwestconferencefreshmanoftheyearaswellasthefirstteamallbigwestawardsrefnamelbsurefforhissophomoreyearschauffeletransferredtosandiegostateuniversitywhereeventuallyhewouldplayouthiscollegecareerduringhisthreeyearsatsdsuschauffelewasapingandgolfweekthirdteamallamericanscholasticallyhewastwiceawardedthemountainwestconferenceallacademicteamawardatsdsuheholdstherecordsforalltimelowesttournamentscoreagainstparalltimecareerscoringaverageaswellastheseasonalrecordsforparperformancebirdiesandeaglesrefnamesdsurecordrefschauffeledefeatedbeauhosslertowinthecaliforniastateamateurchampionshipatlacostaresortandspalaterthatsummerthetwolongtimerivalsmetagaininafinalatchicagosbeverlycountryclubforthewesternamateurwhereschauffelelosttohosslerinthefinalmatchindramaticfashionschauffeleaccumulatedacollegiaterecordthatfeatureswinsrunnersuptopfivesandtoptensinatotaloftournamentshewasrankedinthetopoftheworldamateurgolfrankingatthetimeheturnedprofessionalinprofessionalcareerafterturningprofessionalinjuneschauffeleenteredthewebcomtourqualifyingtournamentinfallhewasrunnerupinfirststageatsoutherndunesgcinmaricopaarizonahewentontowinsecondstageatoakvalleygcinbeaumontcaliforniaandultimatelyearnedhiswebcomtourcardinthefinalsinfloridainatieforthinschauffeleplayedafullseasononthewebcomtourhefinishedthontheregularseasonmoneylistmissingapgatourcardforbylessthanbutwentontoearnacardthroughthewebcomtourfinalsbyfinishingthonthefinalsmoneylistexcludingtheregularseasongraduatesinhisfirstroundattheusopengolfusopenheldaterinhillsschauffelerecordedabogeyfreeunderparthismarkedthefirsttimeinusopenhistoryforaplayertoshootabogeyfreeroundoforbetterinhisnationalchampionshipdebutfurthermoreschauffeleisoneofonlyplayerstoeverreachunderparatausopengolfusopenrefnameusopenrecaprefafterhisopeningheshotroundsoftofinishinatieforfifthplaceearninghimanexemptionintotheusopengolfusopenonjulyschauffelerecordedhisfirstpgatourvictoryatthegreenbrierclassichestartedthefinalroundthreeshotsbehindleadersebastinmuozwhohadledsincethefirstroundschauffeleshotaunderparwhichincludedtwobirdiesinhisfinalthreeholestowinbyonestrokeoverrobertstrebwiththewinheearnedexemptionsintotheopenchampionshipopenchampionshipviatheopenqualifyingseriesthepgachampionshippgachampionshipandthemasterstournamentschauffelebeganthefedexcupplayoffsrdinthefedexcupstandingsenteringthethirdandpenultimatelegoftheplayoffsthebmwchampionshippgatourbmwchampionshiphewasndneedingtomoveupatleasttwospotstoadvancetothetourchampionshipschauffeleplayedthefinalsixholesofthetournamentinunderparwithabirdiebirdieeaglebirdieparbirdiefinishandrosetothatthetourchampionshipschauffelebirdiedthendholetowinbyonestrokeoverjustinthomasgolferjustinthomasbecomingthefirstrookieevertowinthetourchampionshipschauffeleswinalsomarkedthefirsttimearookiehaswonanyfedexcupplayoffeventthewinmovedschauffeletothirdplaceinthefinalfedexcupstandingsbetteringthepreviousbestmarkbyarookieheldbyjordanspiethbypositionsinadditiontothehereceivedbywinningthetourchampionshiphereceivedanadditionalforhisrdplacefinishinthefedexcupalthoughthelatterisntcountedasofficialearningsthewinalsomovedschauffeletondintheofficialworldgolfrankingupspotsfromhisyearendfinishofnoandgavehimathreeyearpgatourexemptionthroughtheseasonschauffelewasvotedrookieoftheyearbyhispeersonoctoberheisthefourthmemberofthehighschoolclassoftoearnpgatourrookieoftheyearhonorsjoiningjordanspiethdanielbergergolferdanielbergerandemilianogrilloamateurwinscaliforniastatehighschoolchampionshipogioucsantabarbarainvitelamkingripssdclassiccaliforniastateamateurchampionshipbaronacollegiatecupsourceprofessionalwinspgatourwinsclasswikitablestylefontsizestylebackgroundeeelegendstylebackgroundthistlefedexcupplayoffeventotherpgatourclasswi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mousugukoukouseikatsuandthirdlythatwouldholdanauditionforseasonitwaslaterannouncedthatheralbummousugukoukouseikatsuwouldbereleasedonthemusicdistributionwebsiteototoyjponaugustandwouldsubsequentlybereleasedoncdonseptemberseasoninthethquarterofauditionswereheldforthepotentialseasontheendofseasonsliveconcertonjanuarymarkedthebeginningofaperiodofhiatusfortakenforthepurposeofaffordingchiyonoidethetimetosufficientlyconcentrateonherpreparatorystudiesforhighschoolentranceexamsonmayaneventwillbeheldinfujinomiyacityatthecityculturalcenterwiththedualpurposeofofficiallyendingtheperiodofhiatusaswellaseithermarkingthebeginningofseasonorthebeginningofseasonneodependingonwhetherornotanyparticipantssurvivetheauditionprocessifnewmembersareaddedafterpassingauditionsitwillbecomeseasonandifnotthenitwillbecomeseasonneodiscographynaturalmakeclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterfontsizestylewidthemtitlereleasedateteammiiaprilcdbrdecemberototoynamastyletextalignleftbrbrbrbryapparikimiwasousabacchirisainstrumentalbryapparikimitomosonouchibyebyeinstrumentalbrwakutamaiketayoriinstrumentalbrmochottoonnanokoinstrumentalteammiiaprilcdbrdecemberototoynamastyletextalignleftbrbrbrminnanofujinomiyayakisobainstrumentalbryurumeterinstrumentalbryureishoutengaiinstrumentalteammiiaprilcdbrdecemberototoynamastyletextalignleftbrbrbrwakatteyonesenseiinstrumentalbrnotebooknowatashiinstrumentalbrkosobayuinainstrumentalseasondecemberinitialreleasebrmarchrepressnamastyletextalignleftminanarockiibrbrbrbrbrwatashinosekaiisaninstrumentalbrkimitoisshoninoboritaiinstrumentalbrdaihunkawaikagainstrumentalbrkokemomoinstrumentalseasonjunenamastyletextalignleftbrbrbrneutralbossastylebrinstrumentalbrinstrumentalbrinstrumentalseasonjunenamastyletextalignleftbrbrbrbrinstrumentalbrinstrumentalbrinstrumentalseasonloveletteralbumloveletterdecembernamastyletextalignleftbrbrbrabbrbrinstrumentalbrinstrumentalbrinstrumentalbrabinstrumentalbrradioeditinstrumentalbrseasonjulynamastyletextalignleftbrbrinstrumentalbrinstrumentalseasonoctobernamastyletextalignleftintroductionbrbrintervalabrbrintervalbbrbrbrbrintervalcbrbrbrbrintervaldbrbrintervalebrbrintervalfbrbrbrendingteammiiteammiidecembernamastyletextalignleftbrbrbrintervalbbrbrbrbrbrbrchiyonoideaugustototoybrseptembercdnamastyletextalignleftbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrreferencesexternallinksmcomstarwarsvideogameswallowtailedhemsandflyingribbonsclothingthekingofblazemanhuamelancholicprincesslishengtianyuchiyisengshiaolihjushiaolihjuxandintelevisionseriesproductionisshorthandforarolethatmeansthatalthoughthatcharacterusuallyisaseriesregulartheyareonlyguaranteedtobeinoutofepisodesrolestypicallypaylessthanafullblownregularbuttherolestillrendersanactorineligibleforotherpilotsseriesiftheproductiondecidestousetheactorinmorethanepisodestheyhavetopaypremiumreferencesreferencesrefnamekpcsdldamonlindelofinkevinpollakschatshowathmsrefrefnamecitcastittalentcomblogactorpediaparthollywooddefinitionsactorpediaparthollywooddefinitionscastittalentcomjanuaryretrievednovemberrefreferencestenbroadcastinghyperscanmrdonkeysuddenlyseventeenspidermanbookseriesxmenandspidermantimesarrowbookthepastredirectcategoryshellspidermanbookseriesxmenandspidermantimesarrowbookthepresentredirectcategoryshellspidermanbookseriesxmenandspidermantimesarrowbookthefutureredirectcategoryshellreachingforthestarstvseriesxxxoredirectbishoppaschangcatholicschoolredirectbishoppaschangcatholicschoolinfoboxsinglenamextasiscoverxtasisbypabloalboranpngartistpabloalbornalbumtantoalbumtantoreleasedaugustformatmusicdownloaddigitaldownloadrecordedgenrepopmusicpoplengthsmallradioeditsmalllabelwarnermusicgroupwarnermusicspainwriterpabloalbornproducermanuelillnchronologypabloalbornsingleslastsingleladelamalasuertepabloalborcanversionladelamalasuertebrthissinglextasisbrnextsingledndeestelamorbrmiscxtasisisasongrecordedbythespanishsingersongwriterpabloalbornthesongwasreleasedasthefourthsinglemusicsinglefromhissecondstudioalbumtantoalbumtantoitwasreleasedinaugustasamusicdownloaddigitaldownloadinspainthesinglehaspeakedtonumberontheproductoresdemsicadeespaaspanishsingleschartindecembermusicvideotheofficialmusicvideoforxtasiswasreleasedonaugusttracklistingtracklistingheadlinedigitaldownloadtitlextasislengthchartperformancextasisdebutedatnumberonthespanishsingleschartfortheweekcommencingseptemberbeforereachingnumberindecemberweeklychartsclasswikitablesortablescopecolchartscopecolpeakbrpositionspainproductoresdemsicadeespaapromusicaealigncenterreleasehistoryclasswikitableregiondateformatlabelspainaugustdigitaldownloademimusicreferencesbuuzkhuushuuravicaircraftivandemidovredirectboortsogalexanderkravchenkomiddleschoolattachedtonorthwesternpolytechnicaluniversityravirapperwaxltdredirectcategoryshellyatgaredirectthexinhaoorsignalhilllocatedtothesouthofguanxianghillandtothesouthwestofqingdaohillisalandmarkofqingdaochinawellknownforitsthreetorchliketowersitisoneofthebestlocationstooverviewboththeseaandthedowntownareareferenceshuliaipoleraionxtouredsheeranxinkaimayrefertoxinkaiofficiallyxinkaiautomanufacturec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ldpfitzgeraldprefandshowsathanniversarycelebrationofashanghaibasedreformmovementinwhichaworldexpoandpeacetreatysigningsoccurrefnamewangbpwangbanprefthecelebratedreformmovementwastheconstitutionalpartyxianzhengdanganumbrellamovementofsecretsocietyandproreformorrevolutiongroupsbytherewerethreepoliticalpartiesthepartioticselfgovernmentpartyaiguozizhidangtheliberalpartyziyoudangandthestatepowerpartyguoquandangthesethreearedecentralistindividualistandcentralistrespectivelythehungarianconferenceresultedintheinternationalpeaceconferenceheldinshanghaiinjanuaryofthatyearinwhichchinaisrecognizedasthemostdominantcountyonearthinthestorypeopleinforeigncountriesincludingthoseinthewesterncountriesweststudychinesetogetaheadandforeignstudentsinchinaremaininchinaaftertheconclusionoftheirstudiescausingbraindraininthewestrefnamefitzgeraldpfitzgeraldprefinchapterkonghongdaomeaningexpanderofthedaostylenamejueminmeaningenlightenerofthepeoplegivesalectureinwhichhediscusseshowareformedchinacametobecoveringtheperiodthelecturesarecalledchinashistorythesesixtyyearspasttheaudienceincludesstudentsfromvariouscountrieswitheachonehavingchineseasasecondlanguagetotalfluencyinchinesekonghongdaohadstudiedinthewestbeforereturningtochinakonghongdaodescribesthegenesisoftheconstitutionalpartyxianzhengdangwhichguideschinasreformthehistoricaloverviewisasmallportionofkongslecturerefnamefitzgeraldpfitzgeraldprefthissectionincludesdebatesbetweenthecharactershuangkeqiangandliqubingwhodiscusswhetherchinashouldexperiencearevolutionorbereformedhuangkeqiangsfatheranacademicfromguangdongsenthimandliqubingtooxforduniversityduetothehundreddaysreformtheydonotimmediatelyreturntochinaandtheyexperienceantichinesesentimentfromtheeuropeansontheirwaybacktochinaliqubingarguestheqingdynastygovernmentneedstobeabolishedwhilehuangkeqiangarguesitcanbereformedthedebatestranscribedverbatimwithinkonghongdaosspeechmakeupthebulkofthespeechhuangkeqiangandliqubingestablishedtheconstitutionalpartythereisnomorecontentafterchapterdavidwangstatedthattheabsenceofthemiddleportionsofthestorylinemeansthatthenoveldoesnothaveitsprogressivenarrativeorthehistoricaltimetomakethefutureaccessibleandintelligibledevelopmentliangqichaowhobelievedthatchinawouldlateradoptaparliamentarydemocracyasitsformofgovernmentwasinfluencedbytheamericannovellookingbackwardandthejapanesenovelsetchubaiplumblossomsinthesnowaspartofhisresearchhevisitedaustraliaforsixmonthsliangqichaoconsideredmakingtwosequelswiththesecondbeingthefutureofoldchinaandthethirdbeingnewpeachblossomspringthesecondwouldbeaboutachinathatdecidesnottoadapttoaneweraandthereforefallsintoruinwhilethethirdwouldbeaboutthedescendantsofchinesewhohadestablishedacivilizationonanislandawayfromchinathesepeoplecomebacktochinatoimproveitaccordingtochlofstarrtheauthorofredlightnovelsofthelateqingthenovelstoppedpublicationduetoadeclineinthesaleofserialmagazinesdavidwangstatedinfindesiclesplendorrepressedmodernitiesoflateqingfictionthatliangqichaohadchangedhisvisionofhowanewchinawouldbeestablishedandthatthisandseveralotherfactorsresultedinahaltinthenovelsdevelopmentdavidwangconcludedthatthefactthatthebookwasnevercompletedwassymptomaticofliangsinabilitiestocometotermswithanewwiktionarytemporaltemporalparadigmreceptiondavidwangcomparedthisnovelwithtaiwanstraitsbyyaochiawenarguingthattheybothhadnationalisticelementsseveralworkshadbeeninspiredbythisnovelincludingxinzhongguoanovelbylushierefnamewangddsieclepdavidderweiwangwangdavidderweifindesiclesplendorrepressedmodernitiesoflateqingfictionstanforduniversitypresspbooksgooglecoinbooksidngyrephbrmcpgparefandneweranovelneweraanovelbybigehuanzhurenrefnamewangddsieclepdavidderweiwangwangdavidderweifindesiclesplendorrepressedmodernitiesoflateqingfictionstanforduniversitypresspbooksgooglecoinbooksidngyrephbrmcpgpabooksgooglecoinbooksidngyrephbrmcpgparefnotesreferenceswebcitationorgmkpajsqarchivealternateurlwebarchiveorgwebbooksandjournalsbrillonlinecomdocservervnspdfexpiresididaccnameguestchecksumaaeefcbdacdjournalhepcomcnflscensseeatfrontiersofliterarystudiesinchinafurtherreadinglangnagoyauacjpnichigenissuepdfpdfwebcitationorgmqnxhkrarchivehostedbytheuniversityofnagoyaredirectalexanderserafimovichredirectalexanderserafimovichredirectalexanderserafimovichxiexuehongfiveninesinfoboxcapeverdesettlementnameimageskylineribeiratorrejpgimagesizepximagecaptionasectioninthemiddlepartofthesettlementthatincludesribeiradatorrecoordinatesimagemapkeyareaxoxopronunciationshoshoisasettlementinthenortheasternpartoftheislandofsantoantocapeverdesantoantoincapeverdeitissituatedkilometrekmmilemisouthofribeiragrandecapeverderibeiragrandeandkilometrekmmileminorthoftheislandcapitalportonovocapeverdeportonovothesettlementformsapartofcovaribeiradatorrepaulnaturalparklocationitsetymologyisofmandinkapeoplemandinkaoriginnearbylocalitiesareinmontejoanawhichistothenortheastofxoxoothernecessitiescanbefoundatpinhoandcordaribeiragrandecordawhicharetownstothewestofxoxotheribeiradatorreflowsthroughthesettlementitssourcebeingaboutkilometersmilessouthinthea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wenzhuprimenumbersquantumfieldsanddonutsaninterviewwithxinwenzhucaltechretrievedondecemberrefbiographyzhuobtainedhisabinmathematicsfrompekinguniversityinandhisphdinmathematicsfromtheuniversityofcaliforniaberkeleyinunderthedirectionofedwardfrenkelhetaughtatharvarduniversityasabenjaminpeircelecturerandatnorthwesternuniversityasanassistantprofessorbeforejoiningthecaltechfacultyinaccordingtotheamericanmathematicalsocietyzhustudiesthegeometryandtopologyofflagvarietiesofloopgroupsandappliestechniquesfromthegeometriclanglandsprogramtoarithmeticgeometrytheawardszhuhasreceivedincludeanamscentennialfellowshipinandasloanfellowshipinhisresearchhasbeenpublishedinannalsofmathematicsandinventionesmathematicaeamongothermathematicsjournalszhuweizhangmathematicianweizhangxinyiyuanandzhiweiyunarefrequentcollaboratorspublicationsselectedwithedwardfrenkelimrnoxfordjournalsorgcontentshortgerbalrepresentationsofdoubleloopgroupsinternationalmathematicsresearchnoticesintmathresnotimrnnowithgeorgepappaslinkspringercomarticleszlocalmodelsofshimuravarietiesandaconjectureofkottwitzinventionesmathematicaeinventmathnoannalsmathprincetoneduponthecoherenceconjectureofpappasandrapoportannalsofmathematicsannofmathnowithdenisosipovmsporgantantvnpppdfacategoricalproofoftheparshinreciprocitylawsonalgebraicsurfacesalgebranumbertheoryalgebranumbertheorynosciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiisaffinedemazuremodulesandtfixedpointsubschemesintheaffinegrassmannianadvancesinmathematicsadvmathnoannalsmathprincetoneduarticlesaffinegrassmanniansandthegeometricsatakeinmixedcharacteristicannalsofmathematicsannofmathtoappearinforthcomingissuewithedwardfrenkelarxivorgabsanyflatbundleonapunctureddischasanoperstructuremathreslettnoarxivorgabsthegeometricsatakecorrespondenceforramifiedgroupsannalesscientifiquesdelcolenormalesuprieureannsciecnormsupernowithzhiweiyunarxivorgabsintegralhomologyofloopgroupsvialanglandsdualgroupsrepresenttheorywithanhuangbonghlianprojecteuclidorgeuclidjdgperiodintegralsandtheriemannhilbertcorrespondencejournalofdifferentialgeometryjdifferentialgeomnowithtsaohsienchenarxivorgabsgeometriclanglandsinprimecharacteristicpreprintreferencesxinyiyuanisanalgebraistandnumbertheoristwhoiscurrentlyanassistantprofessorofmathematicsattheuniversityofcaliforniaberkeleyyuansresearchinterestsincludearakelovgeometrydiophantineequationdiophantineequationsshimuravarietyshimuravarietiesandautomorphicformautomorphicformsinparticularhisworkfocusesonarithmeticintersectiontheoryalgebraicdynamicsdiophantineequationdiophantineequationsandspecialvaluesoflfunctionsyuanisfrommachenghuangganghubeiandgraduatedfromhuanggangmiddleschoolinthatyearhereceivedagoldmedalattheinternationalmathematicalolympiadyuanobtainedhisabinmathematicsfrompekinguniversityinandhisphdinmathematicsfromthecolumbiauniversityinunderthedirectionofshouwuzhanghisarticlebiglinebundlesoverarithmeticvarietiespublishedininventionesmathematicaedemonstratesanaturalsufficientconditionforwhentheorbitundertheabsolutegaloisgroupisequidistributedhespenttimeattheinstituteforadvancedstudyprincetonuniversityandharvarduniversitybeforejoiningtheberkeleyfacultyinyuanwasappointedaclayresearchfellowforathreeyeartermfromtotogetherwithanumberofothercollaboratorsyuanwasprofiledinquantamagazineandbusinessinsiderforamongotherthingshisresearchonlfunctionspublicationsselectedwithtongzhangmathberkeleyeduyxypreprintseffectiveboundpdfeffectiveboundoflinearseriesonarithmeticsurfacesdukemathematicaljournaldukemathjnomathberkeleyeduyxypreprintsvolumepdfonvolumesofarithmeticlinebundlescompositiomathematicacompositiomathmathberkeleyeduyxypreprintsbigpdfbiglinebundlesoverarithmeticvarietiesinventionesmathematicaeinventmathnowithtongzhangmathberkeleyeduyxypreprintsfiberedsurfacespdfrelativenoetherinequalityonfiberedsurfacesadvancesinmathematicsadvancesinmathwithshouwuzhangmathberkeleyeduyxypreprintshodgeipdfthearithmetichodgeindextheoremforadeliclinebundlesmathematischeannalenmathannwithzhangweimathematicianweizhangshouwuzhangarxivorgabsthegrosskohnenzagiertheoremovertotallyrealfieldscompositiomathematicacompositiomathnowithzhangweimathematicianweizhangshouwuzhangpressprincetonedutitleshtmlthegrosszagierformulaonshimuracurvesannalsofmathstudiesvolprincetonuniversitypresswithzhangweimathematicianweizhangshouwuzhangmathcolumbiaeduwzhangmathonlinetriplepdftripleproductlseriesandgrosskudlaschoencyclespreprintwithshouwuzhangmathberkeleyeduyxypreprintsaveragedcolmezpdfontheaveragedcolmezconjectureannalsofmathematicsannofmathacceptedreferenceskoiredirectcategoryshellkoiredirectcategoryshellkoikoikoinredirectcategoryshellkoinredirectcategoryshellkoinredirectcategoryshellkoinredirectcategoryshellkoinredirectcategoryshellkoinredirectcategoryshellkoinredirectcategoryshellkoinredirectcategoryshellkoinredirectcategoryshellkoirredirectcategoryshellkoirredirectcategoryshellkoirredirectcategoryshellkoiredirectcategoryshellkoiredirectcategoryshellkoiredirectcategoryshelltaxoboxregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordobeetlecoleopterasubordopolyp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sobservesthatthisphotographofmaomakingaspeechatyananpresagedhisleadershipofthecountrysheanalyzesthemessageofthephotographbysayingthatmaostandsinprofiletotherightoftheframehishandsplacedconfidentlyonhishipstoweringoveracrowdofsoldiersthisposeshecontinueswasanunusualsideonviewincontrasttothetraditionalwayofdepictingleadersinafrontalviewinordertoemphasizetheirintegrityandauthoritybutxuexplainedhischoiceinapracticalwaysayingifihadstoodinfrontiwouldhavehadtostandinthemiddleofthecrowdsoallicoulddowasmoveovertothesideandtaketheshotscoutstheenemyxutravelledwiththearmyinnorthwestchinaduringcampaignsagainstthejapaneseinwherehetookcandidonthespotphotosofbattlescenesandeverydaylifebehindthelinesanotherhistorianofchinesephotographyaddsthatatthistimetherewasnopersonalphotographyinchinasinceveryfewpeoplehadcamerasandthosefewwereprimarilyforofficialusesuchasidentificationdocumentationofgovernmentprojectsandpoliticalleadersandforpropagandaxumethisfuturewifehouboinyananinearlyshewasfromapoorpeasantbackgroundandxuintroducedhertophotographytheymarriedinthespringofaccordingtotheausterestyleofthetimeshoubolaterrecalledaboutfriendsgatheredwithusinourcaveweboughtjujubesanddriedbunsandweallsangtogetherbutthecouplewasseparatedformuchofthetimeuntiljanuarywhentheplaenteredbeipingtheywerereunitedinmaossummerhouseinthefragranthillstemporaryheadquartersoutsidethecitywherexuwasphotographingmaosmeetingswithforeigndelegationsmaotookaninterestinhouboandaskedhertojointhegroupofofficialphotographersrefnameherownlensrefxusassignmentsfromtoproducedwidelydistributedimagesamongthemwasthearrivalinyananofunitedstatesspecialenvoypatrickhurleythenegotiationsinchongqingbetweenthenationalistsandthecommuniststhenorthchinacampaignsoftheeighthroutearmyafterandthearrivalofmaoandthepeoplesliberationarmyinbeipinginafterxuswifehoubobecamemaozedongsofficialphotographerandthecouplelivedintheforbiddencitytheresidenceoftoppartyofficialsbyonecountalthoughshewastheonlywomanonthefilmcrewhoubotookmorethanoftheofficiallypublishedphographsofmaothecoupleinthewordsofonechinawatcherbecamecourtphographerswhotookphotosbothofmaoinstalinesqueposesthatbecamefamouspropagandapostersandalsorelaxedpicturesofmaowithhisfamilysomeonthebeachatbeidaiherefnamegittingsrefduringtheculturalrevolutionthecouplewascriticizedjiangqingmaoswifeandleaderoftheradicalleftwingchargedthathouneverproducedanygoodpicturesofmaoandhouspentseveralyearsinprisontheleftistsdidnotapproveofxusphotosofmaosfamilylifeanddidnotallowthemtobepublishedaftermaosdeathandtheopeningofchinathecouplewhohadretirednearlyadecadeearlierpublishedbookcollectionsoftheirworkandarrangedtheirpapersthefrenchfilmmakerclaudehudelotmadeadocumentarydevotedtotheirlivestheytravelledtoeuropewheretheywerehonoredwithexhibitionsoftheirworkinlondonandparistheirphotographsofmaowereexhibitedatthephotographersgallerylondonaprilmayxuxiaobingdiedattheageofonoctoberinthebeijingmilitaryregiongeneralhospitalreferencesnotesexternallinksnorthnewscnshtmlphotosfromthestothesblogsinacomcnsblogabcfbiaahtmlxuxiaobingswartimephotographsbaikebaiducomviewhtmbaidubaikebiographyselectionofmasterpiecesbbsvoccomcnarchivertidhtmlxuxiaobinghetadehongsesheyingzuopinxuxiaoabingandhisredphotographycategorieswiltingrcatshellriemurakawainfoboxprotectedareanamexituecologicalstationaltnameestaoecolgicaxituiucncategoryiaphotoparanapiacabaecologicalcontinuumsvgphotoaltphotocaptionparanapiacabaecologicalcontinuummapbrazilmapaltreliefyeslocationnearestcitycoordinatesareadesignationecologicalstationbrazilecologicalstationcreatedadministratorfundaoflorestalspworldheritagesitethexituecologicalstationisanecologicalstationbrazilecologicalstationinthestateofsopaulostatesopaulobrazilitprotectsamountainousareaofatlanticforestlocationthexituecologicalstationesecisintheserradeparanapiacabainthemunicipalityofribeirograndeinthesoutheastsopaulostateithasanareaofaboutthestationinontheguapiaraplateauwithaltitudesthatrangefromitadjoinsthecentralsectionoftheintervalesstateparktothesouthtothenorthwesttheesecadjoinsthehotelparasoecolodgeasustainableecotourismenterpriseitliesinthelargestremnantofatlanticforestinthestatepartoftheparanapiacabaecologicalcontinuumitisaccessedthroughtheintervalesstateparkheadquartersaboutfromthestatecapitalhistorythexituecologicalstationwascreatedbystatedecreeofwiththeobjectiveofensuringfullprotectionofflorafaunaandnaturalbeautyaswellassupportingeducationalrecreationalandscientificpurposessincebeingcreatedithasbeenthebaseformanyresearchprojectsduetothegoodstateofconservationofitsforeststheesecismanagedbytheforestfoundationofsopaulosopaulostatedecreeofjunecreatedtheparanapiacabaconservationunitsmosaicincludingthealtoribeiratouriststateparkintervalesstateparkcarlosbotelhostateparkxituecologicalstationnascentesdoparanapanemastateparkandtheportionoftheserradomarenvironmentalprotectionareainthemunicipalitiesofeldoradosopauloeldoradosetebarrastapirasopaulotapirajuquiribeirograndeandcapobonitothepurposewastopromoteintegratedandparticipatorymanagementoftheconservationunitsandtose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hewesternmostpartofchinarefcitewebtitleauthorworkpublisherdateaccessdateurlxjxnwgovcnzxqxfwqxzsxjqxscshtmlarchiveurlwebarchiveorgwebxjxnwgovcnzxqxfwqxzsxjqxscshtmlarchivedatelanguagezhquoterefthetimeoffsetisutcwhichistwohoursbehindbeijingandissharedwithkyrgyzstanandmostofkazakhstanitisoneofthetwotimestandardstogetherwithbeijingtimebeingusedinparallelinxinjiangchinahistoryxinjiangtimehasbeenabolishedandreestablishedmultipletimesespeciallyduringtheperiodofthesandsinfebruarythechinesegovernmenthadapprovedtheuseofxinjiangtimeutcinxinjiangforcivilpurposeswhilerailroadaviationandtelecommunicationsectorsweresupposedtocontinuetheiroperationonbeijingtimerefnamesourcedbcascnsourcedbscrcaszwqkkkxwhzlkxjssjxdkjsppdfrefhoweverthedecisionhadbeenrejectedbythelocalethnichanpopulationandsomehandominatedregionalgovernmentsusagecurrentlythetimezoneusedwithinxinjiangisroughlysplitalongtheethnicdividewithmostethnichanpopulationintheareafollowingbeijingtimeandmostethnicuyghurpopulationaswellaspopulationofsomeotherethnicsintheareafollowingxinjiangtimesomelocalauthoritiesarenowusingbothtimestandardssidebysiderefnamerefthecoexistenceoftwotimezoneswithinsameregionhascausedsomeconfusionamonglocalpopulationespeciallywheninterracialcommunicationsoccurandwheneveratimeismentioneditisnecessarytoeitherexplicitlymakeclearwhetherthetimeisxinjiangtimeorbeijingtimeorconvertthetimeaccordingtoethnicityofthetargetyouarespeakingtoinordertoavoidconfusionbetweenthetwotimestandardsthedoubletimestandardisparticularlyobservableinxinjiangtelevisionwhichschedulesitschinesechannelaccordingtobeijingtimeanditsuyghurandkazakhchannelsaccordingtoxinjiangtimesomeethnichanpopulationinxinjiangmightnotbeawareoftheexistenceoftheutcxinjiangtimebecauseoflanguagebarrierforxinjiangpopulationwhoareusingbeijingtimeinsteadofxinjiangtimetheywouldscheduletheiractivitiestwohoursafterordinarytimethosedailyactivitiesaredoneineasternchinatomatchthesunrisesunsettimethisisknownastheworkresttimeinxinjiangwhichisalsoreferredtoasxinjiangtimeortimedifferencebetweenxinjiangandmainlandchinainappleincreleasedanupdatetoitsiosmobileoperatingsystemwhichsilentlychangedthedefaulttimeforusersinxinjiangintoxinjiangtimeassomeusersintheareawereusingbeijingtimeintheiriosbeforetheupdateandsetthealarmoftheirphonesandtabletsaccordingtobeijingtimethesilentchangecausedsomealarmstoringatatimelaterthanexpectedcausingdisruptionindailyactivityonthedayafterthechangesianatimezonedatabasetheterritoryutilizingthexinjiangtimeiscoveredintheianatimezonedatabasebythefollowingzonescolumnsmarkedwitharefromthefilezonetabofthedatabaseclasswikitablesortablecccoordinatestzcommentsstandardtimesummertimenotesspanstyledisplaynonetspanutcspanstyledisplaynonetspanutclinkedtoasiaurumqiseealsotimeinchinahistoricaltimezonesofchinareferencessonyxperiaxzinfoboxofficeholderimagexiangshouzhijpgimagesizepxcaptionofficememberofthecentraladvisorycommissionndcentraladvisorycommissiontermstarttermendpredecessorsuccessorblanknamedirectornamedatachenyunofficenanjingmilitaryregioncommanderofnanjingmilitaryregiontermstarttermendpredecessorniefengzhisuccessorguhuiofficepeoplesliberationarmyrocketforcecommanderofsecondartilleryforcetermstarttermendpredecessorzhangyixiangsuccessorlishuiqingofficepresidentofplarocketforceuniversityofengineeringtermstarttermendpredecessorsuccessornamexiangshouzhinativenamenativenamelangzhhansbirthnamexiangshouzhibirthdatebirthplacexuanhancountysichuanrepublicofchinachinadeathdatedeathplacenanjingresidenceguloudistrictnanjingguloudistrictnanjingjiangsupartycommunistpartyofchinaoccupationmilitaryofficerrevolutionistnationalitychinesespousechildrenparentsrelationsreligionprofessionalmamaterredarmyinfantryschoolbrplanationaldefenceuniversitywebsitenicknamerankgeneralallegiancebranchserviceyearsunitcommandsbattlessecondsinojapanesewarbrchinesecivilwarbrkoreanwarawardsorderofbayithirdclassbrorderofliberationchinaorderofliberationsecondclassmedalbrorderofindependenceandfreedomsecondclassmedalbrorderoftheredstarfirstclassmedalsignaturefootnotesblankdatexiangshouzhinovemberseptemberwasachinesegeneralandrevolutionisthewaspromotedtotherankofmajorgeneraljiangrankshaojianginandgeneraljiangrankshangjianginhewasamemberofthenationalcongressofthecommunistpartyofchinathnationalcongressofthecommunistpartyofchinaandthethcpccentralcommitteerefnameduckrefxiangbegantotakepartintherevolutionattheageofandsuccessivelyparticipatedinthesecondsinojapanesewarchinesecivilwarandkoreanwarhewaseventuallypurgedduringtheculturalrevolutionbutlaterreinstatedheishailedasfoundingfatherofthechineseballisticmissileforceslaterinhislifeheservedascommanderofthenanjingmilitaryregionuntilhisretirementinbiographyxiangwasbornxiangshouzhiinxuanhancountysichuanwithhisancestralhomechineseancestralhomeinmachenghubeiinhejoinedtheyoungpioneersintheshuanghechangareaandservedasitscaptaininheenlistedinthechineseworkersandpeasantsredarmyredarmyandsuccessivelyservedassoldiersquadleaderandplatoonsergeantinhetookpartinthecommunistyouthleagueofchinacommunistyouthleagueheparticipatedinthecountercampaignagainstencirclementandsuppressionofthesichuanshaanxisovietareaafterthewartheredarmyweredefeatedandheparticipatedinthelongmarchaforcedexpeditionoverinthesinheattendedtheredarmyinfantryschoolandthatsameyearbecameamemberofthecommunistpartyofchinacommunistpartyaftertheoutbreakofthesecondsinojapanesewarheassumedvariouspostsinthethinfantrydivisionincludingcompanycommanderbattalioncommanderandregimentalcommanderhewaspresentatthebattleoflinnaninandthebattleoftaihangmountainsduringthechinesecivilwarhewasdeputydivisionleaderofthefirstsquadofthetaihangmilitaryregionhetookpartinthebattleofhandanthenheparticipatedinmanycampaignssuchasthebattleofnorthhenanbattleofeasthenanbattleofzhengzhoucrossingrivercampaignsandsouthwestcampaigninthewinterofhewaschiefofstaffofthefifteentharmyandparticipatedinthefifthcampaignofthekoreanwartocounterthefalloftacticalcombathesufferedheadinjuriesafterthewarinhewasawardedthemilitaryrankofmajorgeneraljiangrankshaojiangbymaozedonginhewasacceptedtotheplanationaldefenceuniversitywherehegraduatedinaftergraduationinjuneprimeministerzhouenlaiappointedhimaspresidentofxianartilleryschoolnowplarocketforceuniversityofengineeringduringhisterminofficethedongfengmissiledfmissilewaslaunchedsuccessfullyinaugustthechinesegovernmentcommissionedhimasdeputycommanderofthesecondartilleryforceinmaozedonglaunchedtheculturalrevolutionhewaspromotedtocommanderonjulybuthavingheldthepositionforonlydayshewasdischargedbylinbiaobecausehesoutoflinsfactionhewassenttoprisonsandsufferedpoliticalpersecutionoverthenextsixyearshereturnedtoworkinandthenwasappointedcommanderandcpcfirstsecretaryofthepeoplesliberationarmyrocketforcesecondartilleryforceheservedasdeputycommanderofthenanjingmilitaryregioninseptemberandfiveyearslaterpromotedtothecommanderpositionservinginthepostuntilhisretirementininhewaselectedasamemberofthecentraladvisorycommissionndcentraladvisorycommissionhewaspromotedtotherankofgeneraljiangrankshangjianginxiangdiedonseptemberinnanjingthreemonthsbeforehisthbirthdayworkpersonallifexiangmarriedzhanglingbornininkaifenghenaninpingdongcountyofshandongprovinceonmaytheyhadfourchildrenrefnamesharkrefmilitaryawardsorderofbayithirdclassorderofliberationchinaorderofliberationsecondclassmedalorderofindependenceandfreedomsecondclassmedalorderoftheredstarfirstclassmedalreferencesstitletitlepeoplesliberationarmyrocketforcecommanderofsecondartilleryforceyearsstitletitlenanjingmilitaryregioncommanderofnanjingmilitaryregionyearsvannarpannaivaitheeswarantemplenatsudazejohnnymassuguhaitatekimikakuninchgakuseixkarikeiyakunocinderellaanarchyshiritsuebisuchugakualbumkinpachininjainfoboxchineselanguagesingerandactornamexulugenderfemaleimagecaptionxuluprincecoffeelabspressconferenceimagesizealtchinesenamesimpchinesenamepinyinchinesenamejyutpingchinesenameyalechinesenamepojchinesenamebirthnamenationalitychineseethnicityhanchinesehanbirthdatebirthplacehohhotinnermongoliachinadeathdatedeathplacerestingplacerestingplacecoordinatesothernameluluxuoccupationactresslabelxulustudioyearsactivepresentalmamaterpeoplesliberationarmyacademyofartawardsxuluborndecemberalsoknownasluluxuisachinesepeoplechineseactressshefirstbecamerecognizedinchinaforherroleinthedramaempressesinthepalaceandinternationallywiththedramaoneandahalfsummercareerxuluhasbeeneducatedinastrictmilitaryschoolenvironmentsinceshewasyearsoldwhichthenpropelledhertoattendpeoplesliberationarmyacademyofartmajoringindramashedebutedasanactressthroughthedreamofredmansionstvseriesthedreamofredmansionsastheteenagexuebaoqinbutherbreakthroughcamewithempressesinthepalaceeventhoughhercharacterzhenyuraoonlystartedtoappearinthelatterpartofdramashecaptivatedtheviewerswithherfreshinnocentlookandherromanticsubplotwithyunsiaisingioroyunsishebecameknowninternationallybystarringinacollegeromancedramaoneandahalfsummeralongsidenichkhunandjiangjinfuinxuluparticipatedinthestseasonofwegotmarriedweareinloveweareinlovethelicensedremakeofpopularsouthkoreansvarietyshowwegotmarriedinwhichhervirtualpairingwithqiaorenlianggainedhugepopularityupuntilqiaosdeathonseptemberamongherprojectsinweredirectorguanhusadaptationofghostblowsoutthelightbookseriestheweaselgravebigbudgetfantasytribesandempiresstormofprophecyandyouthmusicalfilmmusicalfilmourshiningdayswhichshewasawardedforattheshanghaiinternationalfilmfestivalrefnameawardrefoneofherupcomingworksisperiodpiecespyhunterbytheacclaimeddirectorwriterduoliluinthenameofthepeopleinthenameofpeopleandzhangyongthedisguiserfilmographyfilmclasswikitableyeartitlerolenotesthelightyandanreleasednovemberourshiningdayschenjingreleasedjulytelevisionseriesclasswikitableyeartitlerolenotesthedreamofredmansionstvseriesthedreamofredmansionsteenagexuebaoqinbeijingmedianetworkrowspantheshengtianmengateteenagelixueninganhuitelevisionmodernfamilyhuxiaoyahunantelevisionempressesinthepalacezhenyuraodragontelevisionrowspanzhloveinspringjinluluhunantelevisionzhwarringstateslittlesoldierliyushanghaitelevisionrowspanoneandahalfsummerluomandragontelevisionthegoldmatchmakerjinlingl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rabuseselfneglectsocialsupportcognitivefunctionutilizationofpreventivecareandothershisstudiesarepublishedinmanywellknownjournalsincludinghighimpactjournalsofjamajournaljamajamainternalmedicinejamaimhealthaffairsthenewenglandjournalofmedicineetcselectedlistofpapersbookspringercomusbookelderabuseresearchpracticeandpolicyrecentstudiesthepinestudythepinestudypopulationstudyofchineseelderlyinchicagoisalongitudinalstudyofchineseolderadultswhoaremorethanofagelivinginthechicagoareathegoalistofindoutthefactorsthatimpactthehealthandwellbeingofthispopulationthepietystudythepietystudyiscrosssectionalstudyinvestigatingchineseadultchildrenagedoraboveoftheparticipantsfromthepinestudytheobjectivesofthepietystudyistobetterunderstandthefactorsthatinfluencethehealthofchineseelderlyfromtheperspectivesoftheadultchildrencognitiveimpairmentcaregivingstudycognitiveimpairmentcaregivingstudyaimstoexploretheuniqueculturaldeterminantsofcaregivingexperienceofadultchildrenwhoseparentparentinlawhasmemorylossissuesandidentifythebarriersandchallengesthoseadultchildrenarefacingrefnamerefpromotingsocialandemotionalwellbeinginthechinesecommunitypromotingsocialandemotionalwellbeinginthechinesecommunityprogramaimstolowerratesofmentaldistressandpromotementalwellbeingofuschineseadultsthroughtheassistanceofcommunityhealthworkerschwsbyusingempoweringeducationreferraltotreatmentcarecoordinationandbehavioralactivationchwshelptheparticipantunderstandandcopewiththeiremotionsandmakeconcretestepstowardimprovingtheirmentalhealthandoverallwellbeingawardsclasswikitableelectedmemberamericansocietyofclinicalinvestigationmpowelllawtonawardgerontologicalsocietyofamericaewardbusseawardinternationalcongressofgerontologyandgeriatricsrosalieswolfmemorialawardnationaladultprotectiveservicesassociationjosephtfreemanawardgerontologicalsocietyofamericaapaawardforadvancingminoritymentalhealthamericanpsychiatricfoundationaphanationalawardforexcellenceamericanpublichealthassociationoutstandingscientificachievementforclinicalinvestigationawardamgerisocietytwigssalesnationalrosaliewolfawardnationalcommitteeforpreventionofelderabusebeforemaxwellapollackawardforproductiveaginggerontologicalsocietyofamericaphysicianadvocacymeritawardinstituteofmedicineasprofessioncentralsocietyforclinicalresearchawardpaulbbeesonphysicianfacultyawardinagingrefnamerefnobuomaedainternationalagingandpublichealthresearchawardamericanpublichealthassociationcurrentgrantsnationalinstituteonnursingresearchrnranationalinstituteofagingninrnimhragnationalinstituteofminorityhealthandhealthdisparityrmdnationalcancerinstitutercapcanationalinstituteonmentalhealthrmharmhaadministrationonagingaclejigchinabeijingscienceandtechnologynationalopinionresearchcenternorcreferencesinfoboxcpunamexcoreimagexcorexuqfjpgcaptionanxmosxcoreprocessorqfnpackagexmmproducedstartmarchproducedendfastestfastunitmhzmanufxmosarchxcorearchitecturexcorexsarchitecturepackxmmqfnpackxmmqfplqfppackxmmqfptqfppackxmmballgridarraybgapackxmmballgridarraybganumcoresorthexcorerefnamelrefisabitmicroprocessorprocessordesignedbyxmosfeaturingsupportfortwotileswithuptoconcurrentthreadseachitwaslaunchedinmarchrefnamergmiirefandavailableasofjunerunningatnbspmhzeachthreadcanrunatuptonbspmhzandthreadsmaybeabletoexecuteinstructionsinaclockcyclefivethreadsfolloweachotherthroughtheinstructionpipelinepipelineresultinginatopspeedofmipsifallinstructionsdualissueandaspeedofatleastmipsifallinstructionsaresingleissuetheissueslotsforeachtileareequallydistributedoverallactivethreadsonthattilethisallowstheuseofextrathreadsinordertohidelatencythexcoreprocessorisusedforamongstothersvoiceinterfacesandaudioconnectivityrefciteweburlelectronicsweeklycomnewsproductsanalogxmosshippinghiresaudiotitlexmosshippinghiresaudiolastmannersfirstdaviddatepublisherelectronicsweeklyaccessdaterefdescriptionanxcorenodecomprisestwophysicalcoresandaswitchtheexecutioncorehasadatapathamemoryandregisterbanksforeightthreadsrefciteweburlelectronicdesigncomdevtoolshandstourxcoretitleahandsontourofxcorelastwongfirstbillaccessdatepublicationdatepublisherelectronicdesignreftheswitchesoftwoormorexcorenodescanbeconnectedusinglinkswhereuponthreadsonallofthecorescancommunicatewitheachotherbyexchangingmessagesthroughtheswitchestheswitchingmechanismisabstractedbymeansofachannelprogrammingchannelavirtualconnectionbetweentwothreadstheswitchhaseightexternallinkspermittingamaximumthroughputofgbitsstoothercoresanxcorenodealsohasausbphyandanrgmiiinterfacetheformerenablesadirectconnectionwithausbconnectorthelatterenablesaconnectiontoagigabitethernetphyxcoredeviceswithuptothreadscompriseasinglexcorenodexcoredeviceswithorthreadscomprisestwoxcorenodesconnectedbymeansoffourlinksrefnamelrefthemultithreadednatureofthexcoreenablesprogramstorundeterministicallyenablingittoemulatefunctionsthatwouldotherwisebeimplementedinhardwareinstructionsetarchitecturexcoreprocessorsimplementthexsarchitectureeachthreadhasaccesstogeneralpurposeregistersandastandardinstructionsetnumberofoperandsoperandinstructionsetisusedforprogramming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ffortshewasenfeoffedasthemarquisofwansuivillageandgiventaxablehouseholdstoformhismarquisatefollowingsimashisdeathinhisyoungerbrothersimazhaobecamethenewregentxunyiwaspromotedtoamasterofwritingbetweenandafterhismaternalnephewchentaidiedxunyireplacedhimasasupervisorandtookchargeofthethreedepartmentsandsixministriesministryofpersonnelafterhetookovertheministryheimplementedmorestringentpracticestoensurethatofficialswerecarefullyselectedandappointedduringthexianxierainthereignofthelastweiemperorcaohuanxunyiservedasthreeducalministersministerofworksandwaspromotedfromavillagemarquistoadistrictmarquisxunyiwasknownforhisfilialpietywhichhemaintainedevenwhenhewasalreadyinhisswhenhismotherdiedheleftofficetoperformfilialmourninganddisplayedsuchdeepsorrowoverherdeaththatheearnedpraisefromhiscontemporariesforhisfilialpietysimazhaoalsoprovidedescortsforxunyiwhenhetravelledaroundinrefnamezztjzizhitongjianvolrefafterthecaoweistateconquestofshubyweiconqueredoneofitsrivalstatesshuhanitwantedtorestorethechinesenobilitymalearistocracyfivetierednobilityhierarchysystemsoitputxunyiinchargeoftheprocessxunyiproposedtotheweiimperialcourttoallowyanghurenkaigengjunyingzhenandkonghaotoassisthimandtheycollectivelydraftedasetofrulesgoverningimperialprotocolandetiquettexunyiwasalsopromotedfromadistrictmarquistoacountymarquisunderthetitlemarquisoflinhuaiserviceunderthejindynastyxunyicontinuedservingunderthegovernmentofthejindynastyjindynastywhichreplacedthestateofcaoweiinafteremperorwuofjinsimayanemperorwuwasenthronedasthefirstjinemperorhepromotedxunyifromacountymarquistoadukeunderthetitledukeoflinhuaiwithtaxablehouseholdsinhisdukedomemperorwualsoappointedxunyiasthreeducalministersministeroverthemasseslaterxunyiwasconcurrentlyappointedasapalaceattendantandpromotedtograndmarshalputtinghiminchargeofmilitaryaffairsandincommandofoftheemperorscloseguardsshortlyafterxunyiwasgivenanadditionalappointmentasactinggrandtutortothecrownprincexunyidiedinduringthetaishieraofemperorwusreignbeforehisdeathhehadbeentaskedwitharrangingthemusicfortwodancepieceszhengdeanddayuemperorwuheldagrandstatefuneralforxunyiandorderedthecrownprinceemperorhuiofjinsimazhongtopayrespectsatthefuneralhealsohonouredxunyiwiththeposthumousnamekanghencexunyiwasformallyknownasdukekangoflinhuaixunyisfamilymembersweregiventwomillioncoinstobuildahousebecausexunyiandhisfamilyhadnofixedresidencewhenhewasstilllivingintheearlyxianningeraofemperorwusreigntheemperorissuedanimperialedicttohonourhissubjectswhohadrenderedmeritoriousservicexunyiasoneofthosesubjectsnamedintheedictwasenshrinedintheimperialancestralshrineancestraltemplexunyiwasveryfamiliarwiththerulesofdecorumandproprietyhavingreadandknownbyheartthecontentsofbookssuchasetiquetteandceremonialbookofritesandritesofzhoualthoughhismoralcharacterwasconsideredgenerallygooditwasnonethelesstarnishedbyhisobsequiousbehaviourtowardsandassociationwithjiachongandxunxuwhenitwastimeforthecrownprinceemperorhuiofjinsimazhongtomarryxunyinominatedjiananfengjiachongsdaughtertobetheprincesconsorthewasscornedbyothersfordoingthatsuccessionxunyihadnosonwhenhediedsohehadnoonetoinherithispeerageanddukedomsometimeinthelatesxunxuagreatgreatgrandnephewofxunyiinheritedthepeerageasthedukeoflinhuaiafterxunxusdeathemperorxiaowuofjinemperorxiaowurdesignatedxunxussonxunhengasthenewdukeoflinhuaithepeeragewaslaterpassedontoxunhengssonxunlongfuandfinallyabolishedinwhenemperorwuofliusongliuyuendedthejindynastyandfoundedtheliusongdynastyseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsreferencesfangxuanlingfangxuanlingbookofjinjinshupeisongzhipeisongzhififthcenturyannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhusimaguangsimaguangzizhitongjianredirectdohukxishapinginfoboxpersonnamexuncanbrimageimagesizecaptionaltbirthdatedeathdateagedrefnamerefrelationsseexunfamilyofyingchuanfatherxunyuspousecaohongsdaughteroccupationscholarphilosopherothernamesfengqianxuncancourtesynamefengqianwasascholarandxuanxuephilosopherofthestateofcaoweiinthethreekingdomsperiodofchinahewasasonofxunyurefnamerdcreffamilybackgroundxuncansancestralhomechineseancestralhomewasinyingchuancommanderyaroundpresentdayxuchanghenanhewasbornintheinfluentialxunfamilyofyingchuanxunfamilyasasonofxunyuaprominentstatesmanofthelateeasternhandynastyandanadvisertothewarlordcaocaohisexactbirthorderamonghissiblingsisnotclearitisonlyknownthathewasyoungerthanxunyussixthsonxunyiviewsonhumanunderstandingofrealityxuncanwasmarkedlydifferentfromtherestofhisbrothersheenjoyedstudyinganddiscussingtaoismasopposedtohisbrotherspreferenceforconfucianismhebelievedthatwhenduanmucizigongtalkedabouthowsagescametounderstandhumannatureanddivineorderhewasreferringtoaparticularhigherstateofmindthatthesesageshadattainedandthatstateofmindcannotbeexpressedinanywayinhisopinioneventhoughthepastsageshadwrittenbookssuchasthefourbooksandfiveclassicssixconfucianclassicsthesebooksareactuallytheleftoversfromthesagesjourneystowardsthathigherstateofmindratherthananexpressionofthatstateofminditselfxunyuoneofxuncanselderbrothersrebuttedhimtheyizhuansaysthesagescreatedimagestomakesenseofrealitytheyusedwordstoexpressanddescribetheirunderstandingofrealityhowcanyousaythathumanunderstandingcannotbeexpressedinanywayxuncanrepliedeventhemostskilleddebatersatthetimewereunabletocounterhisargumentviewsonxunyuandxunyouxuncanhadanotherdebatewithhisbrothersabouttheirfatherxunyuandtheircousinthirdcousinsthirdcousinxunyouinhisopinionhisfatherfocusedonmaintaininghisimageasamorallyvirtuousanduprightmanwhoassumedthemoralhighgroundwhereashisthirdcousinwasnotconcernedabouthisexternalimageandwascarefulaboutmaintainingalowprofileandkeepingtohimselfhisbrotherswereangrywithhimfordescribingxunyouinmorefavourabletermsbuttheycouldnotrefutehimfriendshipswithfujiaandxiahouxuanintheearlytaiheeraofcaoruisreignxuncantravelledtotheimperialcapitalluoyangtomeetfujiaandhaveadiscussionwithhimfujiafocusedonconcretedetailswhilexuncanfocusedonabstractthingshencetheycouldnotunderstandeachotherandendedupinaheatedquarrelpeihuitheinspectorofjiprovincesteppedintomediateandsuccessfullyhelpedthemresolvetheirmisunderstandingsxuncanandfujiadevelopedaclosefriendshipafterthatxuncanwasalsoclosefriendswithxiahouxuanheoncetoldfujiaandxiahouxuanthetwoofyouwillbecomemorefamousthanmebutnotaswiseasmefujiaretortedafamouspersonshouldalsobeawisepersonhowcantherebepeoplewhogainmorethantheyareworthxuncanrepliedapersonbecomesfamousasarewardforbeingambitioushoweverambitionisaqualityonitsownandisntnecessarilylinkedtowisdomicanalsobecomefamouslikeyoubutimightnotdosointhesamewayasyoumarriageanddeathxuncanassessedwomenintermsoftheirbeautyandappearanceratherthantheirtalentandintelligencehemarriedthegeneralcaohongsdaughterwhowasknownforherprettylooksattheirweddingtheyweredressedinextravagantgarmentsandhadexpensivedecorationsfortheirbedroomxuncantreatedhiswifewithspecialcareanddevotionhowevertheirromancedidnotlastlongasshediedofillnessafewyearslaterfujiawenttocomfortxuncanathiswifesfuneralandsawthathewasextremelygrievedeventhoughhedidnotshedtearsfujiatoldhimitsdifficulttofindawifewhohasbothlooksandtalentshoweveryoupreferlooksovertalentssoitsnottoohardtofindanewwifewhatstheretofeelsadaboutxuncanreplieditsdifficulttofindanotherbeautifulwomanlikeheragaineventhoughshemaynothavehadthemostbeautifullooksitwasnteasyformetohavefoundsomeonelikeherhewassodeeplyupsetoverhiswifesdeaththathediedafewyearslaterattheageofxuncanspersonalityandoutlookonlifemadeitdifficultforhimtosocialisewithordinarypeoplehisfriendswereallgreattalentsoftheirtimealthoughonlyaboutpeopleattendedhisfuneralallofthemwerefamousmembersofthelandedgentryinchinascholargentrytheymournedhimsomuchathisfuneralthattheyeventouchedtheheartsofpassersbyyuancansnamechangetheliusongdynastyofficialyuancanadmiredxuncansomuchthathechangedhisgivennamefromminsuntocanhealsoadoptedthecourtesynamejingqianwhichwasalsothecourtesynameofxuncansbrotherxunyiseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsreferencesliyanshouliyanshouseventhcenturyhistoryofthesoutherndynastiesnanshipeisongzhipeisongzhififthcenturyannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhurefsubdivisionranksspeciessubdivisionspecieslistxamiatusbulburinsmallravensmallxamiatusilarasmallravensmallxamiatuskiasmallravensmallxamiatusmagnificussmallravensmallxamiatusrubrifronssmallravensmallxamiatusisagenusofspidersinthenemesiidaefamilyitwasfirstdescribedinbyravenitcontainsspeciesfromaustraliareferencesredirecteasyprogramminglanguagexuedubijulywasapoliticianoftherepublicofchinaandthepeoplesrepublicofchinahewasborninyunchengshanxiinattheageofhejoinedthetongmenghuihewasthethrepubliceramayorofbeijingaspartofthebeiyanggovernmenthelaterwentovertothekuomintangandservedinthevariouspositionsinthenationalistgovernmentinbothnanjingandchongqingafterthecreationofthepeoplesrepublicxuechosetoremaininthemainlandhediedinshanghaiattheageofbibliographyspanstylefontsizemainedtitleunabridgedbiographicaldictionaryoftherepublicrevisedandenlargedversionyearpublisherhebeipeoplespresshebeirenminchubansheisbnspanspanstylefontsizespanjohnbowringjohnbowringjohnbowringxdisplaymanagerprogramtypealanguageisadialectwithanarmyandnavyopencentralunroundedvowelxujiafanginfoboxbooknameimagebookjpgimagesizealtcaptionauthoreecummingseditorgeorgejamesfirmagereprintrefnamevplrefcoverartistgenrepoetrypublishedhenryholtpublisherhholtbrboniliverightliverightpagesreprintawardsshelleymemorialawardrefnamereefrefisbnisbnnoteoclcdeweycongressprecededbyfollowedbynotesonetimesonesometimesstylizediiisabookofpoetrybyamericanpoeteecummingscummingsbiographerrichardskennedydescribedthethemeofthebookcummingsninthasonenessandthemeansonetimesonewherebythatonenessisachievedlovethebookcontainspoemsincludingportraitsofpeopleimportanttocummingsandantiwarpoemsandwasreissuedbypublisherharcourtbraceinrefnamesawyerrefseealsopitythisbusymonstermanunkindqeecummingsxquotesfromatwikiquotereferencestaxoboximageeuropischenzweiflgeligentaflxxivjpgimagecaptionxylotaabiensinmeigeneuropischenzweiflgeligenfigureregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordoflydipterafamiliahoverflysyrphidaegenusxylotaspeciesxabiensbinomialxylotaabiens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mplicationofperitonealdialysisphysiologyxazovoransaregramnegativebacteriagramnegativebacteriawithcellstominwidthandtominlengththecarbonandenergysourceusedforcultivationwascarboxyorangeiiunderthedirectionofalightmicroscopetheorganismwasfoundtogiverisetocircularyellowpigmentedcoloniesaftercultivationxazovoransweredeterminedtobeaerobicorganismaerobicmotilitymotileandnonsporeformingxazovoransgrowsatanoptimaltemperatureofdegreescelsiusitisalsoimportanttonotethatstrainkffsuptsupisabletogrowonvariousmedialikenutrientbrothdegreescelsiusandluriabertanibrothluriaburtanibutisusuallynotabletodegradecarboxyorangeiiwhengrownonthesemediastrainkffsuptsupconsistsofpredominantpolarlipidssuchasphosphatidylethanolaminediphosphatidylglycerolphosphatidylglycerolandhasanunknownaminophospholipidgenomicsthecompletegenomeofixazovoransidsmsuphrefjointgenomeinstitutetsuphasbeensequencedbythedoejointgenomeinstitutejgiwiththeprincipalinvestigatorbeingnikoskyrpidesspecificallythemethodsincludeilluminasequencingiluminailluminasequencingilluminahiseqandilluminasequencingilluminahiseqsequencingthebacteriahasgenesandproteincodinggenesproteincodinggenesitalsohasrnagenernagenesinitsgenomethesribosomalrnageneofxazovoranskffsuphreffattyacidtsuphasbeenamplifiedusingthepolymerasechainreactionpcrandhasbeensequencedthegenehasasequencelengthofbasepairsresearchersperformedpulsefieldgelelectrophoresisasimilarmethoddescribedbybartonetalanddeterminedthatthestraincontainstwoplasmidsofsizesandkbperhighperformanceliquidchromatographyhplcmethodsdescribedbymesbahandwhitmangccontentofxazovoranskffsuptsupwasdeterminedtobeapproximatelypercentmetabolismxazovoransisachemoorganoheterotrophicchemoorganoheterotrophthatcarriesoutoxidativephosphorylationandusesoxygenasaterminalelectronacceptorthemajorquinoneisolatedwasubiquinoneqthisisolationwasperformedbyhplcmethodsasdescribedbybjtindallbasedoffofresearchperformedbyblumeletaltheorganismwascharacterizedbygrowthondifferentcarbonsourcesandsugarfermentationthecharacterizationmethodsweretakenfromkampferetaltheorganismisabletouseanumberofaminoacidssugarsandcarboxylicacidsasacarbonandenergysourceafewexamplesincludeutilizationofdfructoseanddmannitolbasedonpathwaysshownonkeggpercentofxazovoransgenomeisgenesthatcontributetoaminoacidmetabolismasfarascarbohydratemetabolismisunderstoodtheorganismalsohasacompletetcacycleandglycolysispathwayonkeggapproximatelypercentoftheorganismsgenescontributetoxenobioticsbiodegradationandmetabolismxenobioticbiodegradationandmetabolismspecificallytheorganismhasgenespredictedforaminobenzoateandbenzoatedegradationtheorganismtestspositiveforoxidaseandcatalasebutcannotproduceureaseunlikeitscloselyrelatedneighborxenophilusaerolatusecologyxazovoranswascultivatedfromtheoralmicrobiotaofdomesticdogsspecificallyasmallpercentageofcultivablexazovoranswasfoundinthedentalplaqueofthedogsxazovoranshasalsobeenfoundinacompostpackedbiofilterthebacteriumwasidentifiedbyusingmicrobialcommunityfingerprintingpopulationfingerprintingmethodsandthesubsequentsequencingoffragmentsinthepopulationbypcrastheamountofbenzeneonthefilterincreasedtheamountofcultivablebacteriaincreasedaswellthiswasdeterminedbycellcountingcellplatecountingandribosomalintergenicspaceranalysisrisaapplicationsaerobicazoreductasesmakeasignificantcontributiontotheaerobictreatmentofsewagetreatmentwastewaterswhicharecoloredbyazodyesduetothissignificantusetheazoreductasegenefromxazovoransstrainkffsuptsupwaspurifiedusingaffinitychromatographymethodsandclonedusingpcrspecificallythegenehasbeendeterminedtohavehighactivitywiththefollowingazodyesacidorangeacidorangenitrazepampyridylazonaphtholacridineorangesolventorangeandacidredacidreduntreatedwastewatercanbeharmfultohumanpopulationsduetotheroletheyplayinmutagenmutagenicactivityitwasfoundthatpercentofwastefromtheazodyeprocessingplantendedupintheriverthatprovideswatertothousandsofpeoplethisisaverydangeroussituationbecauseithasbeensuggestedthatcytochromepcypenzymesinthegastrointestinaltracthumanintestineactivateazodyesneverthelessithasbeendeterminedthattheintestinewouldsuffergreatlyaswellasdamagetodnaincoloncellsotherstudiessuchastheoneperformedbymyslaketaldeterminedthatpaintersexposedtoazodyesforalongperiodoftimedevelopedbladdercancerallinallitisimportantthatmoreresearchbedoneonthexazovoransazoreducatasegeneduetoitsabilitytobreakdownchemicalsubstancechemicalsinwastewaterandtopotentiallypreventmanyhumansfromdevelopinggastrointestinaldiseaseintestinaldiseasesreferencesinfoboxschoolnamexaviercollegebrsantiagodecompostelanativenamesmallcolegiosanfranciscojavierbrsantiagodecompostelasmallimageimagesizealtcaptionlogoxaviercampostellopngmottotypejesuitcatholicchurchcatholicstatusgendercoeducationaldenominationallfaithsaffiliationaffiliationslocalizacinadministratorassstadminrectordirectorpresidentprincipalasstprincipaldeanheadmasterstaffteachingstaffenrollmentgradestuitionestablishedstreetaddresscityvirgendelacercabrsantiagodecompostelaspainstateprovincecountryaccreditationcampuscolorsathleticsnicknamemascotyearbookpublica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ledrevealofthenintendoswitchwithagameplaytrailerbeingreleasedonthesamedayrefnameeurorefrefnamevgrefsimilartotheoriginalxenobladethetitlewasannouncedasxenobladeinjapanbuthadchroniclesaddedtoitsnameinenglishspeakingregionsthegamewasalsoapartofnintendospresentationatewhereitwasreconfirmedforreleasebytheendofliketheoriginalxenobladechroniclesnintendoseuropeandivisiontookupthereinsfortheenglishlocalizationwhoregularlycommunicatedwithnintendosjapaneseandamericandivisionsaboutdecisionsthatcouldprovecontroversialsomethingthatwaspreviouslyanissuewithxenobladechroniclesxthegamehadasimultaneousworldwidelaunchondecemberasthelocalizationprocesstookplaceduringdevelopmentratherthanafteritunlikethefirsttwogamesmusicthegamesoriginalscorewaswrittenbyyasunorimitsudaacetomorikudoandhiroyochicoyamanakakenjihiramatsuandmanamikiyotamitsudawhowasalsoinchargeoftheaudiobudgetmusicianbookingschedulemanagementandmusicsheetproofreadingwasfirstinvitedtotheprojectbytakahashiindecemberatthemeetingseachcomposerscontributiontothesoundtrackwasdecidedwithaceprimarilyhandlingthefieldmusicandhiramatsuhandlingthebattlemusicaccordingtomitsudaitwasdoneinawaythatwouldsatisfythefansastheydidnotwanttoruintheimagethatwassetbythefirstxenobladechronicleswithcontributionsfromovertotalmusiciansandsheetsworthofmusicmitsudaconsidereditthelargestprojecthehadeverworkedonwithfilesanddatafromprotoolshismusicproductionsoftwaresurpassingoneterabyteinsizeoveralltherewereapproximatelytracksrecordedforthegamewitharoundofthembeingfrommitsudathesoundtrackfeaturesperformancesfromtheslovakianbratislavasymphonychoiraswellastheirishchamberchoirannamitsudawhohadalwayswantedtoworkwithannaafterbecomingafanoftheirsinthesclaimedthattheirperformancesforthegamemadehimcrytwotracksincludingtheendingthemewrittenbymitsudaweresungbyjenniferbirdoftheenglishacousticduotomorrowbirdbeforerecordingmitsudaandbirdcorrespondedsothatshecouldproperlyconveythecharactersemotionsthroughhersingingwhilerecordingbirdwasabletoimprovisemelodicelementsofhersingingsomethingthatdidnotusuallyhappenwithmitsudasarrangementsdaysbeforethegameslaunchapromotionalmusicvideofeaturingavocaltrackfromthegamebymitsudashadowofthelowlandswasuploadedontonintendosofficialyoutubeaccountsanofficialsoundtrackconsistingofoverahundredtrackswillbereleasedinmayreceptionvideogamereviewsmcrefnamemcrefdestructedgerefnameerefegmfamrefnamefamrefgigamerevgspotignrefnameignrevrefnlifenwrxenobladechronicleswaspositivelyreceiveduponannouncementwithsomecriticscallingitsrevealunexpectedjeremyparishofusgamerfavorablycomparedittochronocrossatthegamescomeventinaugustthegamereceivedpositiveearlyhandsonimpressionsfromgamingsitesbeingpraisedforitsstreamlinedcombatsystemandenvironmentsuponreleasexenobladechroniclesreceivedgenerallypositivereceptionaccordingtoreviewaggregatormetacriticignpraisedthegamecallingitastandoutrpgthatmanagestokeepitsstorycombatandexplorationinterestingoverthecourseofatleasthoursofadventurethroughanimpressivelyvariedandrichworldthoughconcededafewfrustrationswiththegameincludingaconfusingminimapthatsometimesledtothereviewergettinglostgamingboltcalleditoneofthebestjrpgsofthisgenerationawardingitascoreofandcallingitsworldvastandbeautifulitsstorycomplexandlayeredanditscombatintricateandaddictivewhilealsonotingthatthegamewasoccasionallyheldbackbyobtusedesignchoicesandasimplelackofpolishamorenegativereviewcamefromjasonschreierofkotakuwhopannedthegameforbeingdulldrearyoverlycomplicatedandunconcernedwithwastingtheplayerstimeaswellascallingthewritingsubpardespitehiscriticismsschreierpraisedthegamesmusicandenvironmentscallingtheformerspectacularthegamereceivedareviewscorefromfamitsuitwasnominatedforbestrpginignsbestofawardsinadditionitwasnominatedinthegameengineeringcategoryatthenationalacademyofvideogametradereviewersawardssalesthegamesoldnearlycopiesinitsfirstweekinjapanandafteramonthintheunitedkingdomthegamepositioneditselfatnumberoverallinitsfirstweekwhichmadeitdebutplaceshigheroverxenobladechroniclesxintheunitedstatesitchartedatnumberforthemonthofdecemberwithinamonththegamehadsoldoveramillioncopiesworldwidewhichhadrisentomillionbytheendofmarchnotesreferencesexternallinksbibletranslationsintoburmesexlfuzulixhustdtbackkombearagentrcatshellmichaelpillsburyinfoboxradiostationnamexhpbugfmimagecitysanandrscohamiatamezquiticmezquiticmunicipalityjaliscomexicoareabrandingsloganairdatejanuaryconcessionreceivedfrequencyfmformatindigenousradiohaatmerpkwclassacallsignmeaningpblicouniversidaddeguadalajaracoordinatesowneruniversidaddeguadalajarawebcastwebsiteaffiliationsxhpbugfmisaradiostationonfminsanandrscohamiatamezquiticmezquiticmunicipalityjaliscothestationistobeownedbytheuniversidaddeguadalajaraandoperatedlocallyhistoryxhpbugreceiveditsconcessiononjanuaryandinitiallyplannedtocomeonairinjunethoughprogramtestingdidnotbeginuntiljanuarythestationisthefirstpublicstationinthecountrytobroadcastalmostentirelyinanindigenouslanguageinthiscasehuichollanguagewixrikaxhpbugwilloperatefromthelocalfacilitiesoftheudgvirtualuniversitysystembutmostofitsp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ntacionsonglookatmethatpeakeditatrefnamebillboardwebsitewwwbillboardcomlanguageenaccessdaterefonfroythenreceivedhisninthsongtochartonthebillboardhotafterfeaturedonkodakblackssongrollinpeacetakenfromprojectbabythesongdebutedatandpeakedatonseptemberonfroyreleasedhisfirstofficialmusicvideoforhissonglookatmeaswellassharingamusicvideowithhissongriotthesonggeneratedcontroversyhoursafterbeingpostedduetothevideodepictingawhitechildbeinghangedbyonfroyasanotherblackchildobservedonfroyslabelbadvibesforeversignedadistributiondealwithcapitolmusicgroupsubsidiarycarolineonoctoberthedealreportedlyworthmilliondollarsisforonealbumonlyshortlyafterwardsonoctoberonfroyannouncedhewasterminatinghiscontractwithcarolinedespitearepresentativeconfirminghewasstillsignedtwodayslaterheannouncedthathewillberetiringduetonegativityandbacklashthoughsomepublicationsnotedthatonfroyhasmadesimilarpleasbeforeandnotfollowedthroughonoctoberonfroyannouncedthathewillmakemusicagainiffellowbrowardrapperandformerbestfriendskimasktheslumpgodskimasktheslumpgodwashisfriendagainrefnamefriendagainreflateronfroyansweredafansquestiononinstagramliveabouthisretirementsayingamiquittingyesimquittingidontknowforhowlongbutimjustnotgoingtomakemusicrightnowrefnameslumpbackrefonfroypreviewednewmusiconnovembersignallingareturntomakingmusiconfroyannouncedanewalbumtitledbadvibesforeveronnovemberspeakingonthealbumonfroysaiditwillbeamixofgenresyouhaveseenmedabblewithifyouarenotafanofmethisisnotanalbumforyouitisforcorefansonlythealbumtitlesharesitsnamewithhislabelondecemberonfroyreleasedtheaghettochristmascaroleponsoundcloudadaybeforehishearingforwitnesstamperingchargesonfroyannouncedthathewaspreparingthreealbumstobereadyforandafterbeingreleasedonhousearrestheannouncedthetitlesofallthreealbumsskinsbadvibesforeverandyoutubechannelandonfroybegantousehislongtimeyoutubechannelxxxtentacionpreviouslyusedtouploadmusictouploadgamingvideosandvideoblogvlogsthechannelhasmillionsubscribersasoffebruaryonjanuaryonfroyannouncedoninstagramthatandnewyorkrapperjoeybadasshadbeencreatingaprojecttogetherandthetwodroppedafreestyletothesongkingsdeadonsoundcloudonmarchinpreparationforthecollabprojectthexxxtentacionyoutubechanneluploadedthevideothehelpinghandchallengeonthesamedaythevideoincludedonfroydonatingmusicalinstrumentsvideogameconsolesandothergiftstoafosterhomeshortlyafterwardsonfroydeclaredhisalbumhadfinishedandhewaspreparingtoreleaseitbutwouldonlydosoafterthehashtaghelpinghandchallengereachedonemillionmentionsoninstagramonfebruaryonfroyreleasedhisfirstsingleoftitledshininglikethenorthstarhewasalsofeaturedonlongtimecollaboratorandproducerronnyjstrackbandeduponfroyreleasedthesonghopeonhissoundcloudaccountonfebruarydedicatedtothevictimsofthestonemandouglashighschoolshootingonfroyannouncedthathewasreleasingtwosongsatmidnightonmarchboththefirstsinglesforhisupcomingalbumtheleadsingleforsadxxxtentacionsongsadwasreleasedseveralhoursalongsidechangeswhichfeaturesfellowxxlfreshmanpnbrocksaddebutedatnumberbecominghishighestchartingsongintheunitedstatesonfroyannouncedthereleasedateforhissophomorealbumonmarchhesharedthetracktracklistwithfeaturesfromjoeybadassjoeybadatravisbarkerandpnbrockrefnamerefwasreleasedonmarchdebutedatnumberoneonthebillboardbecomingonfroysfirstnumberoneinthecountrylosingoutwithhisdebutalbumduetoliluzivertsluvisrageluvisragemusicalstyleonfroysinfluencesarekurtcobaintupacshakurcagetheelephantthefraypaparoachthreedaysgracegorillazandcoldplaywhenspeakingonhisinfluencesxsaidimreallyintomultigenrethingsthatarentjustbasedaroundrappingitselfimmoreinspiredbyartistsinothergenresbesidesraponfroyasanartisthasbeendefinedasversatileandhismusichasbeendescribedashavingalofiaestheticspeakingaboutthisonfroyhassaidthattheintentionallybadmixingonhistracksmakeitgenuinesomefanshavealsonotedthathismusichasinspiredmanyupandcomingartistssuchascraigxenlilpumptrippiereddkaramiandsmokepurppintochannelingsimilarvibesintotheirmusiconfroygenerallychangeshisvocalstyledependingonthetypeofsongheisperformingonhisvocalstyleashasbeendescribedasdisplayingemotionalvulnerabilityonmuchmoredepressingtracksandasreplicatingscreamingonmuchmoreaggressivetrackshissongwritinghasbeendescribedasoutlandishandshockingoftenreferringtoviolencesexanddrugsthoughonsomeprojectssuchasthefallandxxxtentacionalbumonfroyssongwritingismoreemotionalincomparisontohispreviousworkoftenreferringtolonelinessdepressionisolationandanxietycontroversiesandpublicimageonfroyisgenerallyconsideredacontroversialfigurewithinthehiphopindustryduetoassaultingfanspublicfeudswithotherartistsandgeneralsocialmediascandalsspinmagazinespinhaslabelledhimasrapsmostcontroversialmanandxxllabelledonfroyastheirmostcontroversialfreshmaneveronaugustadaybeforethereleaseofhisdebutalbumxxxtentacionalbumonfroyuploadedavideotothesocialmediaplatforminstagramofhimdepictingtheactofsuicidebyhangingthoughhelateruploadedavideoontoinstagramshowcasingthevideobeingshotinpartofamusicvideoonseptemberonfroyuploadedamusicvideotoyoutubeforhissongriotaftersharingamusicvideoforhisthecontroversialsceneportrayshimplacinganoosearoundtheneckofawhitechildthenhanginghimrepresentinglynchingthechildsmotheroriginallywasanxiousaboutthescenebutsaidshewasfinewiththemessagebeingportrayedtalkingoninstagramlivehetoldhisfollowersthatthevideowasntsupportingblacklivesmatteroraddressingpolicebrutalitybutwassupportingalllivesmatteronfroyannouncedhewasretiringfromproducingmusiconoctoberonfroythenstatedusingtheinstagramstoryfeaturethathewouldmakemusicagainifsouthfloridanrapperfrequentcollaboratorandbestfriendskimasktheslumpgodskimasktheslumpgodwouldbecomehisfriendagaintellinghisfanstopostbefriendswithxagainonskimaskssocialmediaaccountsthepostledtoasocialmediaexchangebetweenthetwowithonfroyexplaininghissideusingtheinstagramlivefeatureoninstagramskimaskrepliedshortlyafterwardsusinginstagramsstoryfeatureillalwayslovethatalienlookingnigganamedxxxbutihavetodistancemyselfbecauseitslikenobodywouldseemeasanindividualrapperifidontontopofthatthatniggacrazyashellskimaskthenwentontopostamuchmoreintenseversionofthestoryclaimingthatonfroythreatenedhisfamilyondecemberonfroywroteoninstagramdontcareaboutwhatyousaidaboutmeyouknowwhogotyourbackloveyouforeverreferringtoskimasktheslumpgodfollowingafakerumorthatonfroywasarrestedinlasvegashoustonrapperuglygodtweetedfreexwhichpromptedastrongresponsefromonfroywhichfeaturedonfroyinsultinguglygoduglygodlaterclarifiedtherewasnofeudbetweenthemonnovemberonfroypostedonhisinstagramstoryaccusingrapgroupmigosofattackinghimandpointingafirearmathimincidentsatconcertsonmarchfollowingonfroysreleasefromjailhesetupsurpriseconcertthatwasarrangedforaprilinmiamimiamifloridatheshowhadanadmissionpriceofuntilitwasapparentlyfilleduphoweverbeforehearrivedariotbrokeoutpoliceeventuallyescortedonfroyoutandclosedtheshowdownrapperandmemberofonfroysmembersonlycollectivewifisfuneralwasassaultedatthefirstshowintherevengetourinhoustontexasonmaywifisfuneralstagedivedintotheaudiencewhereseveralaudiencemembersproceededtokickhimandthenleavethevenueduringaconcertinsandiegoinjuneaphysicalaltercationoccurredwhichledtoonfroybeingknockedunconsciousandanaudiencememberbeingstabbedthoughtheinjurywasnonlifethreateningtheassailantwasreportedtobeanassociateofrapperrobstonerapperrobstoneoneoftheindividualsthatwascurrentlyinvolvedinanongoingfeudthatinvolvedonfroyandfellowsouthfloridanativerapperskimasktheslumpgodthefeudhadalreadyledtoskimasktheslumpgodbeingassaultedduringrapperdesiignerdesiignersoutlettourstonereleasedadissmusicdisstrackfollowingtheattacktitledxxxtracreditinwhichhementionstheattackinsandiegoandthenproceedstotellonfroytonotcomebacktocalifornialaterinaninterviewstonedeniedknowingwhothatassailantisinoctoberstoneconfirmedthathimandonfroyhadtalkedandthefeudhadbeensquashedonjuneonfroypunchedanaudiencememberduringaconcertatthecomplexinsaltlakecitysaltlakecityutahheclaimedthiswasinselfdefenseashehadrequestedthatnooneintheaudiencetouchhimwarningthathedpunchthemiftheydidonfroywasscheduledtoperformattheconcordmusichallinchicagochicagoillinoisonjunetheconcertwascancelledatthelastminutewhichledtohundredsoffansfloodingthestreetsandnearlyincitingariotfourdayslaterhiscousinwasshotandhecancelledhistourfollowingthereleaseofonfroysxxxtentacionalbumalbumafreeconcertwasannouncedtotakeplaceattheorpheumintampafloridaonseptemberthevenueonlyhadthecapacitytosupportconcertgoersbutoverpeopleappearedtoattendtheconcertandthevenuehadtocanceltheconcertbeforeasafetyhazardwascreatedthisledtomanyfansoftheartistnearlyriotinginthestreetandthepoliceneedingtobreakupthecrowdsomefanslaterclaimedonlinethattheywereteargassedbypoliceofficersfollowingtheriotonfroywasinvolvedinanotherbrawlwithafanduringcaliforniasrollingloudfestivalonoctoberonfroyannouncedoninstagramthatthefightwaspurelyselfdefensebeforeanyvideoofthealtercationwasuploadeddrakefeudonjanuarycanadianrapperdrakemusiciandrakepreviewedanewtracktitledkmtthesongfeaturedaguestappearancefromabritishrappergiggsrappergiggsinamsterdamthesongfollowingitspreviewwascomparedbyusersonsocialmediatoonfroysbreakoutsonglookatmeduetothesimilarflowbeforethereleaseofkmthotnewhiphoprevealedthatdrakefollowedonfroysaccountontwitterinaninterviewwithxxlmagazinexxlonfroywasquestionedaboutthedrakecomparisonsrespondingifdrakeisgonnataketheflowandidontknowifhelegitimatelydidbutifthatisthesituationatleastreachouttoaniggahelpaniggaoutinthissituationonmarchdrakereleasedthemixtapemorelifewhichincludedkmtonfroywasreleasedfromjailonprobationtwoweekslaterandwassubsequentlyinterviewedbywmibwherehecalleddrakeabitchandsaidthatherespecteddrakesinfluencebutfeltlikekmtwasdisrespectinghimthefollowingdayontwitteronfroypostedapictureofdrakesmothersayingshecouldgetithethenpostedapictureofdrakesmotherandachildversionofdrakewithonfroysfacephotoshoppedoverthatofdrakesfatherdennisgrahamatthestartofhisprobationrapperoffsetrapperoffsetfromthehiphopgroupmigosusedinstagramslivestreamfeaturetoverballyattackonfroyfurtherescalatingthefeudchicagorapperbreezywhoiscurrentlyinprisonforviolatinghisprobationthenclaimedthatdrakegavehimpermissiontoenterintothefeudandattackonfroybreezytoldonfroythathehasgotacoupleniggasthatwillknockyouoffinyourowncitybreezylaterwenttofloridatoattempttosearchforhimthoughitwasfruitlessfollowingonfroybeingknockedunconsciousonstageinsandiegodrakelikedapostoninstagramridiculinghimonfroystwitteraccountpostedexplicitphotosofdrakeonfebruaryonfroysinstagramaccountalsopostedifanyonetriestokillmeitwasdrakeimsnitchingrightnowhelaterclaimedtheaccountwashackedinayoutubevideotitledupdatejustcheckinginvlogonfroytradedinsultswithformercollaboratortrippiereddonsocialmediafollowingreportstrippiereddworkedwithdrakeonthesonggodsplantrippieandonfroyresolvedtheirfeudshortlyafterwardsinmarchlegalissuesinonfroywassenttoayouthdetentioncenterforayearongunpossessionchargesaccordingtohimduringhistimeindetentionthedistrictattorneywasattemptingtotrytheartistasanadultforgunpossessionchargeswhichaccordingtohimwouldhavehadasentenceofyearsinprisoninjulyhewasarrestedandchargedwithrobberyandassaultwithadeadlyweaponafterpostingthebailofinearlyoctoberofthesameyearwhileawaitingtrialtherapperwasarrestedagainlaterthatmonthonchargesoffalseimprisonmentwitnesstamperingandbatterycrimeaggravatedbatteryofapregnantvictimrefnamerefonmarchonfroywasreleasedfromjailonbailrefnamerefforhisprobationofrobberyandassaultwithadeadlyweaponstartedonmarchandwilllastuntilmarchhistrialforaggravatedbatteryofapregnantvictimwasoriginallygoingtotakeplaceinmayandhassincebeenpushedbackseveraltimesandwassettotakeplaceonoctoberonseptemberpitchforkleakedthevictimtestimonyofgenevaayalathevictiminonfroysaggravatedbatterycasethetrialwasthendelayedagainwithadateofdecemberannouncedcontroversyroseonceagainfollowingonfroyschoicetodonatetodomesticviolencepreventionprogramsandthenfurtherwhenonfroyannouncedaneventtosupportrapevictimsthoughitwaslatercancelledduetovandalismonfroystrialwasdelayedagainafteranaffidavitwasfiledaskingforthechargestobecompletelydroppedthevictiminthecasealsodeclinedtotestifyincourtinreactiontheprosecutionmovedtosplitthecaseintotwowithwitnesstamperingchargesfiledagainstonfroyandanewtrialdateannouncedfordecemberondecemberonfroypostedamessagetoinstagramwritingcourtdateisonthethamhereismycourtinformationifiamtakenintocustodyiwanttotelleveryoneiveletdowniapologizeitriedmybestireallydidhethenreleasedtheinformationofthecourthearingondecemberonfroypleadednotguiltyandwastakenintopretrialcustodyafteramotionwasfiledbytheprosecutiononthegroundsofviolatinghisbondhewasheldwithoutbailitwasconfirmedondecemberthatonfroywasbeingreleasedonhousearrestonfroywasreleasedfromhousearrestonmarchshortlyafterbeingreleasedfromhousearrestavideosurfacedofonfroyhittingawomaninonfroysattorneysclaimedthevideowhichshownonfroydancingtosomemusicbeforestrikingthegirlwasinjestonfroyalsoclaimedafterwardsthathewasafraidhewasgoingtobefinanciallyextortedbythewomanandalreadywascalledbyherfamilymembersrequestingmoneythewomanattackedbyonfroyinthevideocameforwardseveraldayslatersayingshewasterrifiedforherlifepersonallifeonfroycurrentlylivesinfloridaandlivedwithrapperdenzelcurryinthepastinfebruaryonfroypostedonsocialmediathathewaspreparingtoheadbackintoeducationandwentontoannounceinmarchthathewasgoingtoacommunitycollegetogethisgeneraleducationaldevelopmentgedonfroyhasbeenverypublicabouthisbattlesandstruggleswithdepressiononfroyhasanoldersisternamedariannadrewonfroyandayoungerbrothernamedaidenonfroydiscographystudioalbumsxxxtentacionalbumxxxtentacionalbumreferencesexternallinksxuyangbornaprilisaretiredprchinachinesespeedskatingspeedskatershewontwobronzemedalsattheasianspeedskatingchampionshipssingledistancesinthemandthemyangalsomedalledatthewinteruniversiadewithonesilverandbronzemedalspersonalrecordsclasswikitabledistanceresultdatelocationalignrightmoctoberalignleftolympicovalcalgaryalignrightmoctoberalignleftheilongjiangindoorrinkharbinalignrightmseptemberalignleftheilongjiangindoorrinkharbinalignrightmoctoberalignleftolympicovalcalgaryalignrightmoctoberalignleftheilongjiangindoorrinkharbinreferencesreferencesrefnamespeedskatingbaserefreferencesexternallinkslistofxboxgamescompatiblewithxboxinfoboxschoolnamenativenamekolejymdfranoisxavierlogoxavierfianarapngimageimagesizealtcaptionmottostreetaddresscityfianarantsoamadagascarstateprovincecountrytypejesuitcatholicchurchcatholicdenominationestablishedstatusdeanadministratorrectorpierreandrranaivoarsonsjdirectorprincipalheadmasterstaffteachingstaffgradesgendercoeducationalathleticsmascotnicknameaccreditationnationalrankingpublicationnewspaperyearbookaffiliationslocalizacinwebsitesitesgooglecomsitesfxfianaranawikisfxfianarasfxmadagasgarpicturepicturecaptionlogosizeaffiliationassstadminpresidentasstprincipalenrollmenttuitioncampuscolorsfreelabelfreetextfreelabelfreetextfreelabelfreetextxaviercollegemadagascarwasopenedbythejesuitsininthecityoffianarantsoainthisislandnationofftheeastcoastofafricajesuitrectorshipscollegeopenedundermarcelchevrierthecollegereplacedtheearlierstjosephinambozontanygilbertramanantoaninaservesasrectorhewilllaterserveasarchbishopoftoliaraprovincetoliarainthetechnicaldivisionoftheschoolopenstostudentsalfreddupontisrectorcharlesrmirakotonirinalatertobemadeabishopisrectorintheschoolbegantakinggirlswiththeirownschoolroomstaughtbythesistersofstjosephofclunyinenrollmentatthecollegereachedandrduponttookanewapproachtoadministrationofthecollegetimeofunrestjesuitfathergeneralpedroarrupevisitedthecollegeintheboardingfacilitywasclosedthecollegelookedtolaypersonsforfinancialmanagementofthecollegewhilejrmeranaivomananaisrectorofthecollegepoliticalchangesoccurinthecountryandcatholicsdemandtherightsaffordedtopublicschoolstheperiodicallighteningislaunchedtopublisharticlescartoonsandpoetryfosteringwritingskillsjeandelacroixrazafindraiberestoredthefinancialmanagementofthecollegetothejesuitsthelibraryisenlargednicolaspeslestendedtoteachertraininginignatianpedagogicalparadigmignatianpedagogywithhelpfromteachersfromkenyasuperiorgeneralofthejesuitspeterhanskolvenbachvisitedthecollegeadolpherazafintsalamaintroducesteachinginenglishinthecollegelouisaugustinrabotosonsawenrollmentrisetostudentsbegananenvironmentalawarenessprogrambyplantingtreeseveryyearteachertraininginignatianpedagogycontinuedapacethethanniversaryofthecollegewascelebratedduringpierreandrranaivoarsonwhoalsoservedasjesuitprovincialsuperiorsawtotherenovationofhecollegebuildingswithhelpfromthebishopinasportsleaguewasformedamongthefourlistofjesuiteducationalinstitutionsjesuitcollegesinmadagascarpierreandrranaivoarsonbecomesrectorjesuitobjectivesinresearchforadoctoraldissertationattheuniversityofsanfranciscounitedstatesxaviermadagascarwasevaluatedforhowitmatcheduptothecharacteristicsofjesuiteducationasenunciatedinthejesuitscurrentdocumentonthetopicwhichstatesthatjesuiteducationisaisworldaffirmingbassistsinthetotalformationofeachindividualwithinthehumancommunitycincludesareligiousdimensionthatpermeatestheentireeducationdisanapostolicinstrumentepromotesdialoguebetweenfaithandculturetheresearchconclusionbasedonresponsesfromseniorsatxaviersuggeststhattheschoolappliesthecharacteristicsofjesuiteducationandmeetsthegoalsofjesuiteducationalidealsinoneapostolicareaofthestudentsdescribedaseffectivetheserviceprojectsprogramthecollegeofstfrancisxavierhashosteddialoguebetweengovernmentofficialsandthoseconcernedaboutthechurchsroleinthereductionofpovertyandthedevelopmentofmadagascarreferencesinfoboxpersonnamexiaojianhuaimageimagesizecaptionbirthnamebirthdatecbirthplacefeichengshandongchinadeathdatedeathplacedeathcauserestingplacerestingplacecoordinatesresidencefourseasonshotelhongkonghongkongnationalitychinesecanadianantiguanandbarbudanothernamesknownforeducationalmamaterpekinguniversityemployeroccupationbusinessmantitlesalarynetworthbillionsmallsmalltermpredecessorsuccessorpartycommunistpartyofchinaboardsreligionspousechildrenparentsrelativesxiaojianhuaborncisachinesepeoplechinesecanadianpeoplecanadianbusinessmanandbillionaireknownformanagingassetsformembersofchinascrownprincepartyhewasabductedtomainlandchinainearlylifexiaowasbornintoaschoolteacherfromfeichengshandongchinarefnameftstudentleaderwhohewasoneofsixchildrenrefrefnamenytimeswithchoiceattiananmenrefxiaoattendedpekinguniversityatageonascholarshiphewasopposedtothetiananmensquareprotestsofhereceivedalawdegreefrompekinguniversitycareerxiaobeganhiscareerinbusinessbysellingibmanddellcomputersnearthepekinguniversitycampusintheshealsoworkedwithmicrosoftwithinafewyearshewasworthanestimatedmillionxiaoistheowneroftomorrowholdingtradingastomorrowgroupadiversificationfinancediversifiedinvestmentcompanyinvolvedwithbankinginsurancerealestatedevelopmentcoalcementandrareearthmineralsinadditiontobeingthemajorshareholderinbaotoutomorrowtechnologyxiaoreportedlyworkedonbehalfofanumberofpowerfulfamiliesinchinaoverthecourseofhiscareerandhehasbeendescribedbythenewyorktimesasabankerfortherulingclassbyhewasworthanestimatedbillionxiaosconnectionswithcrownprincepartyrelativesofchinasgovernmentleadersweredemonstratedbyhispurchaseofastakeinccbinternationalyuanweifundmanagementaninvestmentmanagementcompanyownedbyqiqiaoqiaoxijinpingssisteraccordingtonewsreportsxiaowasalsoinvolvedwiththebusinesspacificsecuritiesacompanylateraccusedoffacilitatingmoneylaunderingbeijingbeidatomorrowresourcestechnologyxiaosbusinessempirestartedwithbeijingpekinguniversitybeidatomorrowresourcestechnologyacompanythatwasownedbypekinguniversityresourcesgroupinthecompanyacquiredastakeinanintermediateparentcompanyofbaotoutomorrowtechnologyformerlyknownasbaotouyellowriverchemicalindustryfrombaotoumunicipalgovernmentbeijingbeidatomorrowresourcestechnologyalsoheldtherighttonominateoutofthecompanysdirectorsaswellasthechairmanoftheboardandgeneralmanageroftheintermediateparentcompanytheintermediateparentcompanywasrenamedbaotoubeidatomorrowresourcestechnologyinxiaojianhuawasnominatedasthechairmanofbaotoutomorrowtechnologywhilezhouhongwenhiswifewasthepresidentcorporatetitlepresidentofbeijingbeidatomorrowresourcestechnologyrefnameacereftomorrowholdingaccordingtoaannualreportpublishedbybaotoutomorrowtechnologytomorrowholdingiscurrentlyownedbyxiaoscousinxiaoweihuawhohasasta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orconcaveonbothendstypicalofbasalsauropodomorphsalsotypicalisthepresenceofbladelikekeelsontheundersidesofthefirsttothirddorsalvertebraewhicharenotseenelsewhereadditionallythedorsalvertebraenearthefronthavethetypicallowshortandsomewhatplatelikeneuralspinesunusuallyhoweverthesamekindsofneuralspinesarealsoseeninthelastthreedorsalvertebraewhichisonlyotherwiseseeninbasalsaurischianslikeherrerasaurusandeoraptorinthemiddleandbackdorsalvertebraethetopbackcorneroftheneuralspinesprojectoutwardtoproduceaconcavebackedgewhichisseeninsomeotherbasalsauropodomorphsbutnotlufengosaurusjingshanosaurusyunnanosaurusandriojasaurusunusuallyamongbasalsauropodomorphsxingxiulonghasfoursacrumsacralvertebraethisisatraittypicallyseeninmorederivedsauropodomorphslikemelanorosaurusleonerasaurusitisprobablethatxingxiulongwouldhavehadmorethanthepreservedcaudalvertebraeinthetailthesevertebraeareoveralltallandveryrobustandhaveconcavesideslikeotherbasalsauropodomorphstheyalsoallappeartobeamphicoelousthetransverseprocessesofthefirstseveralcaudalvertebraearewideandflatanddirectedupwardsandoutwardsthetransverseprocessesofcaudalvertebraefurtherbackinthetailaremoreslenderandhorizontalasfortheneuralspinestheyaretallandthinandaredirectedsomewhatbackwardslimbsbothendsofthescapulaofxingxiulongarequiteexpandedthebottomendswidthisthelengthofthescapulaandthetopendswidthisthelengthofthescapulavariousotherbasalsauropodomorphsincludinglufengosaurusandjingshanosaurushaveamoreexpandedbottomendbuttheirscapulaearegenerallymoreslenderconverselyantetonitrusandlessemsaurushaveevenmorerobustshaftswhilethemajorityofbasalsauropodomorphshavenarrowershaftsthetuberosityontheinnersurfaceofthetopendofthehumerusisratherpoorlydevelopedinxingxiulongincontrasttothemajorityofbasalsauropodomorphsincludinglufengosaurusandyunnanosauruslikeyunnanosaurusandjingshanosaurustheulnaisaboutthelengthofthehumerusthisratioisinlufengosaurusresultinginalongerulnathetopendoftheulnaisquiteexpandedwithprominentanteromedialandanterolateralprocessestheseprocessesalongwiththeshallowradialfossacollectivelyformthearticulationoftheulnawiththeradiusboneradiusthelatterboneisslenderandaboutthelengthofthehumeruspartsofthehandwhichboreatleastfourdigitsareknownbutnotwelldescribedoveralltheiliumboneiliumissimilartootherbasalsauropodomorphsthefrontoftheiliumdoesnotexceedthelevelofthepubicpeduncleoritsarticulationwiththepubisbonepubisunlikeotherbasalsauropodomorphsthebackendissomewhatsquareinsteadofbeingpointedandthebottomportionisveryconcavewhenviewedfromthesideinotherbasalsauropodomorphsitismostlystraightorevenconvextheischialpeduncleortheportionthatarticulateswiththeischiumhasasmallprojectingheelonitsbottomendasforthepubisitselfthetopendknownasthepubicplateisrelativelylongatofthelengthoftheboneandthebottomportionknownasthepubicapronisconverselyrelativelyshortthisisunlikeotherbasalsauropodomorphsbutsimilartosomebasalsauropodstheouterfaceofthepubicapronissomewhatconcaveandthebottomendisexpandedforwardsandbackwardstoaboutthelengthoftheentirebonefinallytheexpandedobturatorplateoftheischiumbearsagrooveonitssideonthefemurthelessertrochanterextendsbelowthelevelofthefemoralheadunlikeyunnanosaurusandjingshanosaurusviewedfromthefrontthetrochanterisclosetothemidlineofthebonelikeotherbasalsauropodomorphsexceptforantetonitrusandmelanorosaurusinwhichitisclosertotheouteredgesimilarlythefourthtrochanterisnearthemidlineincontrasttomanybasalsauropodomorphsincludinglufengosaurusofthetwoprocessesonthebottomofthetibiatheoneinthebackisthinnerandprojectsmoreoutwardsthandownwardsthantheoneinfrontthisdiffersfrommostothersauropodomorphsinwhichthetwoareequallythickandeithertheyprojectequallyoutwardsasinlufengosaurusandjingshanosaurusorthefrontoneprojectsfurtheroutwardsasinyunnanosaurusthebackofthetalusboneastragalusbearsabulgeclosetothebottomendoftheboneasimilarbulgeisalsoseeninmussaurusalbeitbetterdevelopedandplacedclosertothemidlineoutofthemetatarsalbonesmetatarsalsthefirstoneisthewidestandmostrobustthefifthmetatarsalisunusuallyexpandedatitstopendthewidthofwhichisthelengthoftheentireboneinothersauropodomorphsthisfigureisusuallydiscoveryandnamingofthetypelocalityofxingxiulonglfgtdthematuretypebiologyholotypespecimenofxingxiulongconsistsofapartialskullwithjawstheseventhtoninthcervicalvertebraetheeighthtofourteenththoracicvertebraedorsalvertebraetheentiresacrumandcaudalvertebraeribandchevronanatomychevronfragmentstheleftiliumboneiliumandpartsofbothpubisbonepubesandischiumischiabothfemurfemoraandtibiaepartsofthefibulatheleftankleandbothfeetnearlycompletetworeferredspecimensexistlfgtdalsomatureconsistsofapartialskullwithjawsthethirdtotenthcervicalvertebraeaswellasallofthedorsalvertebraeandmostofthesacrumribandchevronfragmentsbothscapulaehumerushumeriulnaeandradiusboneradiiaswellaspartofthehandpartsofbothiliatherightoneiscompleteandpubestheleftoneiscompletetheleftfemurpartsofbothtibiaeandfibulaetherightonesarecompleteaswellastherightankleandpartsofthefeetlfgtdwhichissmallerandprobablyimmatureconsistsoftheaxisanatomyaxisthethirdtotenthcervicalvertebraeallofthedorsalvertebraeandsacrumandthefirstnineteenthcaudalvertebraeribandchevronfragmentstherightscapulaandiliumaswellaspartsoftherightpubisandischiumpartsofthefemoraandlefttibiaalongwiththeleftanklethesespecimenswerediscoveredburiedtogethernearthesankeshuvillageoflufengcountyyunnanchinainandarestoredatthebureauoflandandresourcesoflufengcountytherocksthatthesespecimenswerepreservedinconsistingofpurplesiltymudstonebelongtotheearlyjurassicshawanmemberofthelufengformationwhichhasbeententativelydatedtobeinghettangianinagexingxiulongwasdescribedinbyyamingwanghailuyouandtaowangthegenericnameliterallymeaningconstellationreferstothexingxiubridgewhichwasconstructedduringthemingdynastyofchinameanwhilethespecificnamechengihonoursprofessorzhengwuchengwhomademajorcontributionstothebiostratigraphyofchinaincludingthatofthelufengareaandpassedawayinclassificationaphylogeneticsphylogeneticanalysisconductedbasedonthedatasetofmcpheeetalpublishedinwiththedescriptionofpulanesauracladestylefontsizelineheightlabelmassopodacladecladeriojasauruseucnemesauruscladelabelmassopodasauropodiformesmassospondylidaecladeyunnanosauruscladecladejingshanosaurusxingxiulongcladeanchisaurusmussauruscladeaardonyxclademelanorosauruscladecladelessemsaurusantetonitruscladeleonerasaurussauropodabplateosaurusplateosaurusengelhardticptrossingensisdandefraasiavariousalternativephylogeneticplacementsofxingxiulongweretestedoutofthesethemostplausiblealternativeinvolvesitbeingplacedasabasalphylogeneticsbasalmemberofthemassopodaoutsideofeithermassospondylidaeorsauropodiformeswhichonlyrequirestwoadditionalevolutionarystepsthisisprobablyduetothecurvedtopmarginofthepostorbitalbonepostorbitalandthepresenceofaprocessbehindthejawjointonthearticularbonearticularwhicharetraitsthatcomparedtoeithermassospondylidaeorsauropodiformescanberegardedasrelativelyprimitivesuchanalternativescenariowouldinvolvesignificantmosaicevolutioninthisevolutionarygradeplacementsthatrequiredthreeadditionalevolutionarystepsplacedxingxiulongbetweenjingshanosaurusandanchisaurusorbetweenyunnanosaurusandjingshanosauruscuriouslyxingxiulonghasmanycharacteristicsthatarenormallyotherwiseseenamongthesauropodatheseincludethefourvertebrasacrumwhichmussaurusalsoconvergentevolutionconvergentlyacquiredinmostsauropodsfirstmetatarsalbonemetatarsalpaleobiologytheoverallrobustnessoftheskeletonofxingxiulongespeciallyinthehipfemurandfootareconvergentevolutionconvergentuponsauropodasauropodsandcollectivelysuggestthatithadarelativelylargegutandoverallhighbodymasshoweverunlikesauropodsxingxiulongwouldhavebeenbipedalismbipedalitlackssauropodanadaptationstoquadrupedalismincludingrelativelylongerforelimbstheulnabearingaprominentprocessonthefrontofitssideandthefemurhavingarelativelystraightshaftinsteaditsulnaandfemurareoverallmorereminiscentofthetypicalbasalsauropodomorphasauropodomorphthelargeandrobustscapulaeofxingxiulongjingshanosaurusandyunnanosaurusmayhaveincreasedthemobilityoftheforelimbduringbipedalbrowsingbutthistraitwaslateradoptedasanadaptationtoquadrupedalityinsauropodspaleoecologythelufengformationcontainsmudstonesandsiltstonesfromlakesriversandoverbankdepositsmanysauropodomorphasauropodomorphsasidesfromxingxiulongareknownfromthelufengformationincludinglufengosauruslufengosaurushueneilmagnusyunnanosaurusyunnanosaurushuangigyposaurusgyposaurussinensisjingshanosaurusjingshanosaurusxinwaensischuxiongosauruschuxiongosauruslufengensisxixiposaurusxixiposaurussuniyizhousaurusyizhousaurussunaeshidaisaurusshidaisaurusjinaeandbienosauruslufengensisthecrocodylomorphacrocodylomorphsdibothrosuchusdibothrosuchuselaphrosplatyognathusplatyognathushsuimicrochampsamicrochampsascutataanddianosuchusdianosuchuschangchiawaensisanddianchungosaurusdianchungosauruslufengensistheindeterminatearchosaurstrigosuchusstrigosuchuslicinusthesphenodontiansclevosaurusclevosauruspetiluscwangiandcmcgillithetritylodontidaetritylodontidcynodontsbienotheriumbienotheriumyunnanensebminorbmagnumlufengialufengiadeltcatayunnanodonyunnanodonbrevirostreanddianzhongiadianzhongialongirostratathemammalssinoconodonsinoconodonrigneyimorganucodonmorganucodonoehlerimheikoupengensisandkunminiakunminiaminimaproganochelysproganochelyidturtlesandalabyrinthodontialabyrinthodontamphibianrefnamelsrefreferenceslistofxmenenemieslistofxmenenemiesphilippineorioleoriolusonedayfilmxxxfranchisemashaandthebearxgamesminneapolisinfoboxsportscompetitioneventeventxgamesminneapoliscompetitiongoverningbodyyeartypesummerimageusbankstadiumwestfacadejpgimagesizepxaltcaptionvenueusbankstadiumlocationminneapolisminnesotadatejulycompetitorsnationsteamswinlabelwinvalueprizemoneywebsitelongnamesgoldgoldnationgoldgoldnationgoldgoldnationsilversilvernationsilversilvernationsilversilvernationbronzebronzenationbronzebronzenationbronzebronzenationchampionmenwomenteampreviousxgamesaustinnextxgamesminneapolisxgamesminneapolisisanextremesportactionsportingeventthattookplacejulyatusbankstadiumindowntownminneapolisminnesotarefnameespnwilsonrefthisxgamessummerxgameswasthefirstheldinthemidwestandthefirstoftwoxgameseventstobeheldinthestateofminnesotawithanotherplannedforthefollowingsummerinthegamesweretelevisedbyespnandamericanbroadcastingcompanyabcbidsafterthethreeyearagreementwithcircuitoftheamericasespnopenedupabidprocesstoanyuscitythatmeettheeventrequirementstohosttheandsummerxgamesminneapolisbeatoutseveralothercitiesincludingfortlauderdalefloridabbtcentersunrisebbtcenterprovidencerhodeislandandlongislandnewyorkafteraustintexasservedasthehostthepastthreegamesrefnamemspbjrefdetroitmichiganwasseenafrontrunnerforthesegamesastheywereapastrunneruphowevertheydidnotsubmitabidduetoaschedulingissuewithfordfieldandjoelouisarenaothercitiesthathadinterestincludedcharlottenorthcarolinaatcharlottemotorspeedwayandchicagoillinoisdaybydaythursdaythegamesbeganonthursdayjulythreefinaleventswereheldthisdaystartingoffwasthebmxvertfinalwhereaustralianvincebyronwongoldedgingouttheunitedkingdomsjamiebestwickrefnamewdayrefthesecondfinalofthedaytheskateboardvertfinalendedwithmotoshibatawinningthegoldbecomingthefirstjapanesecompetitortowinagoldmedalatthexgamesrefnamestartribunerefinthefinaleventofthedayamericansammyhalbertwontheharleydavidsonflattrackeventrefnameaimagreffridayonfridayjulyfoureventfinalswereheldthefirstfinalwasthebmxstreetfinalwhichconcludedwithamericangarrettreynoldscapturingthegoldsaturdaysaturdayjulywasthebiggestdayforfinaleventswitheightbeingheldstartingoffthedaywasthebmxdirtfinalwhereamericancoltonwalkerclaimedgoldthefourtheventofthedaywastheskateboardstreetamateurfinalseventeenyearoldamericanjaggereatonwonthegoldthefifthfinaleventofthedaywasthemensskateboardstreetfinalwhichendedwithkelvinhoeflerofbrazilobtainingthegoldthewomensskateboardparkfinalfollowedwiththirteenyearoldamericanbrightonzeunerwinninggoldandbecomingtheyoungestpersonevertowingoldatthexgamesthefinaleventthemotoxbesttrickfinalresultedinnewzealanderlevisherwoodwinninggoldsundaysundayjulywasthefinaldayofthexgameswithfoureventfinalsleftthefirstfinalwasthebmxdirtfinalwhereamericancoltonwalkerreceivedthegoldresultsmedalcountkeyfinalstylebackgroundccfalignleftalignleftalignleftalignleftalignleftalignleftalignleftalignleftalignleftcolspantotalskateboardskateboardvertwomensskateboardstreetskateboardbigairskateboardstreetamateursmensskateboardstreetwomensskateboardparkmensskateboardparkbmxbmxvertbmxstreetbmxbigairbmxparkbmxdirtbmxparkbesttrickmotoxxgamesharleydavidsonflattrackracingmotoxfreestylemotoxstepupbrbrmotoxbestwhipmotoxbesttrickmotoxquarterpipehighairreferencesexternallinksxgamescomxgameswebsitexgamesespncomxgamesminneapolisxgamesminneapoliswebsitexuzhoumedicaluniversitypravararuraleducationsocietyredirectarmeniaaircompanyxxxxixmountaincorpswehrmachtkakkivadanpattiamericanlifeamericanlifeamericanliferedirectchungjuformerresidenceofxiejuezaijeanniehsiehnewlifemovementssxxeubjamthiscallsignisusedunofficiallydesktopcomputeraugustexavierleprinceaugustdecemberwasafrenchpainterdrawerandengraverbestknownforhispaintingsofagrariansocietyagrarianscenesbiographyxavierleprincewasborninparishepaintedparisianstreetscenesandlandscapeshealsodidpaintingsdepictingthefarminglifeinruralfranceforexamplehispaintinglamoissonshowedlabourersharvestingafieldhispaintingembarquementdesbestiauxsurlepassagerdansleportdehonfleurembarkationofcattleonthepassagerattheportofhonfleurbecameemblematicofthecattlepaintingsofthaterarefnamereynaudrefitoncebelongedtocharlesxandiscurrentlyinthelouvreheexhibitedatthesalonparissalonfromonwardsmariecarolinedebourbonsicileduchessedeberryownedsomeofhispaintingsthelandscapepaintereugnelepoittevinwasoneofhisstudentshediedinnicemuseumholdingshisworksareexhibitedatthelouvreandthemusedesartsdcoratifsparismusedesartsdcoratifsinparisthemusedpartementaldeloiseinbeauvaisthemuseumofeuropeanandmediterraneancivilisationsinmarseillethemusethomashenryincherbourgoctevillethemusemagninindijonthemusedartetdhistoireinpithiviersthemusedesbeauxartsdechambrymusedesbeauxartsinchambrythemusecrozatierinlepuyenvelaythethechteaudepauandthechteaudegisorsrefnameculturexavierleprincerefmoreovertwoofhispaintingsareexhibitedatthemetropolitanmuseumofartinnewyorkcityrefnamemetashepherdrefrefnamemetmaninorientalcostumerefreferencesexternallinksthexiangjiangnewareaisanewareasnewareaatstatelevelinchangshachangshacityhunanhunanprovincechinathenewareawascreatedonaprilitisthethstatelevelnewareaapprovedtoestablishbythestatecouncilofthepeoplesrepublicofchinastatecouncilxiangjiangnewareaislocatedinthewestofthexiangriverandcoverspartsofyueludistrictyueluwangchengdistrictwangchengandningxiangaccordingtotheofficialreplyofthestatecouncilthenewareahasanareaofthegovernorofhunanhunancpcpartysecretaryxushoushengandhunangovernordujiahaoattendedtheopeningceremonyofthenewareaheldinchangshamayrefnameceremonyhunanestablishesfirstnewareatopilotreformsapraccordingtoenglishrednetcnchtmrednetcnorchinadailycomcnbusinesscontenthtmchinadailycomcnrefinxiangjiangnewareacoversabuiltupareaofithasapopulationofroughitsgdpreachescnybillionusdbillionitsgdppercapitaiscnyusdgeographyaccordingto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nationaluniversityofsingaporeandgraduatedinwithapaperentitledsmartbiomaterialsawardsnationalsciencetalentsearchawardmeritwinnernationalsciencescholarshipastarnationaluniversityofsingaporefacultyofsciencedeanslistsingaporenationalinstituteofchemistrysnicbookprizerefnameautorefsingaporenationalinstituteofchemistrysnicgoldmedalrefnameautorefelectedfellowoffitzwilliamcollegeelseviermaterialsscienceandengineeringcyoungresearcherawardastarmostinspiringmentorawardsymposiumoninnovativepolymersforcontrolleddeliverysipcdrisingstarawardpspublicserviceforthestcenturystarmanagerawardresearchworkxianjunlohsworkisprimarilyonsupramolecularhydrogelsandthermogelsinhehasbeencreditedtogetherwithorenschermanandericappelwiththedevelopmentofacucurbiturilcontainingsupramolecularhydrogelthathasbeenshowntosustainthereleaseofdrugsforuptosixmonthsinthelabhehasalsodevelopedathermogellingpolymerbasedonpolyhydroxybutyratethisnewbiodegradableinjectablesystemisabletoencapsulatedrugsforaperiodofthreemonthsandcanbelocallydeliveredtoarodentmodelofhepatocarcinomahehasalsorecentlydevelopedadualresponsivegellingpolymerwhichisresponsivetobothlightandheatthisnewmaterialisabletostiffenuponexposuretoelevatedtemperaturesoruvlightheisalsoworkingonadrugdeliverysystemforthedeliveryofadenguevaccinewithexpertsatthesingaporeimmunologynetworkheisalsocreditedwithleadingthedevelopmentofanantimicrobialpolymerthatistimesmoreeffectivethanconventionaldrugstogetherwithprofyoshihiroitofromrikenhehassuccessfullypioneeredanewmethodofcelldetachmentusinganoveltemperaturesensitivebiomaterialwhiletheconventionalprocessneedscomplicatedfabricationmethodsthenewapproachusesaneasydropanddrycoatingmethodwhichisusefulfornonchemiststodeveloptheirowntemperatureresponsivecellculturesurfacehealsodesignedinjectablesupramolecularhydrogelsbasedonmpegpclpeicdforthesustaineddeliveryofageneticmaterialthatcaneffectivelyinhibittumorgrowthinmicebookspolymericandselfassembledhydrogelsfromfundamentalunderstandingtoapplicationseditorsxianjunlohorenaschermanpublisherroyalsocietyofchemistryinsitugellingpolymersforbiomedicalapplicationseditorxianjunlohpublisherspringerpolymersforpersonalcareproductsandcosmeticseditorxianjunlohpublisherroyalsocietyofchemistryeditorialboardeditorialboardmemberofgelsassociateeditorrscadvanceseditorialboardmemberscientificreportseditorialboardmemberheliyonelseviereditormaterialsscienceandengineeringcelseviereditorialadvisoryboardmembermaterialchemistryfrontiersreferencesexternallinksxucauxfinitycellularservicestripecheekedgreenbulstripefacedgreenbuleasternzhouolanzapinexujiepoliticianbornolanzapinegukuangliyipoetwangjiandaishulunmultipleissuesxiaodongchenprofessorofmicrowaveengineeringinschoolofelectronicengineeringandcomputerscienceatthequeenmaryuniversityoflondonukwasnamedfellowoftheinstituteofelectricalandelectronicsengineersieeeinforcontributionstoantennasforwirelesscommunicationsandsatelliteseducationbscinelectronicengineeringfromtheuniversityofzhejianghangzhouchinainandthedegreeofphdinmicrowaveelectronicsfromtheuniversityofelectronicscienceandtechnologyofchinachengduinreferencesxiuzhensusanchengfromthegeorgewashingtonuniversitywashingtondcwasnamedfellowoftheinstituteofelectricalandelectronicsengineersieeeinforcontributionstolocalizationanddetectioninsensornetworkseducationphduniversityofminnesotamsuniversityofminnesotabsnationaluniversityofdefensetechnologyreferenceswuyuanhengxiqigaofromthesoutheastuniversitynanjingchinawasnamedfellowoftheinstituteofelectricalandelectronicsengineersieeeinforcontributionstobroadbandwirelesscommunicationsandmultiratesignalprocessingreferencesmengjiaozhangjilutongyuanzhenlishenyaohezhanghupoetdonotchangethedirectionofthisredirecttothedisambiguationpageunlessanothernotablepersonwiththisnamecanbefoundtheotherzhanghusnameiswrittenwithdifferentcharactersxuhunxiaolanxiefromtheecolenationalesuperieuredesminesdesaintetiennesaintetiennefrancewasnamedfellowoftheinstituteofelectricalandelectronicsengineersieeeinforcontributionstosystemsengineeringforhealthcareandmanufacturingreferenceshedgehogrcatshelljiadaowentingyunlipinpirixiuxilinchenfromtheinstituteofcomputingtechnologybeijingchinawasnamedfellowoftheinstituteofelectricalandelectronicsengineersieeeinforcontributionstomachinevisionforfacialimageanalysisandsignlanguagerecognitionreferencesluguimengduxunhemercuryiichloridethenewmutantsfilmuatsdinuatsdinxitegalenapowderinfoboxcomicbooktitletitlexmengoldimagexmengoldjpgcaptioncoverforxmengoldaprilbrartbyardiansyafjayleistenpublishermarvelcomicsschedulesemimonthlydateaprilpresentissuesmaincharteamcolossuscomicscolossusbrkittyprydebrnightcrawlercomicsnightcrawlerbroldmanloganloganbrrachelsummersprestigebrstormmarvelcomicsstormwritersmarcguggenheimartistsardiansyafbrrbsilvabrkenlashleypencillersinkerscoloristscreativeteammonthaprilcreativeteamyearcreatorstpbbacktobasicsisbnxmengoldisanongoingseriesongoingcomicbookpublishedtwicemonthlybymarvelcomicsandinitiallycreatedbywritermarcguggenheimandartistardiansyafthisseriesbuildsoffofplotpointsestabli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actsaterracottastatuewasunearthedduringtheexcavationthefloraassemblageconsistedmostlyofnutsandfruitsyieldinglessmilletproportionwisethantheearlyneolithicxinglonggousitetheremainsofacorncorylusheterophyllajuglansmandshuricamanchurianwalnutpyrusbetulaefoliaandprunusarmeniacawerefoundatthesitebothbroomcornandfoxtailmilletwerefoundatthexinglonggouthelowerxiajiadiansitethelowerxiajiadiansitexinglonggouorlocalityisabronzeagesettlementthesitewasexcavatedinthesettlementwasenclosedbyaditchthefloraassemblageatthissiteconsistsprimarilyofcropremainsbothbroomcornandfoxtailmilletwerefoundatxinglonggouthesitehasyieldedtheearliestevidenceforsoybeaninnortheastchinamilletconsumptionthepeopleatxinglonggouconsumedmilletallthewayfromtheearlyneolithicthroughthebronzeagegraduallyincreasingtheirmilletconsumptionasaproportionoftheirdietovertimewhileonlyoftheseedsrecoveredfromtheearlyneolithicxinglongwasiteconsistedofmilletanoverwhelmingoftheseedsrecoveredfromthebronzeagelowerxiajiadiansiteconsistedofmilletisotopeanalysisisotopicanalysisrevealsthatmilletconstitutedasignificantpartofthepeoplesdietevenduringtheearlyneolithicxinglongwacultureperiodandsteadilyincreasedovertimeanalysisshowsthatthisconsumptioncamedirectlyfrommilletitselfnotindirectlyfromconsuminganimalsthatconsumedmilletduringthebronzeagemilletcultivationeventuallybecameabundantenoughtoprovideanimportantsourceoffoodforthedomesticatedpigsatxinglonggoureferencescitationsbibliographythemissingfilmrcatshellxiaoguangtomphxuqiangeorgehsuwasachinesepoliticianandscholarhemadeimportantcontributiontothejudicialsystemofmodernchinaoriginatedfromshecountyanhuishecountyofanhuiprovinceandborninnanchangofjiangxiprovincexuqianpassedthehighestlevelofimperialexaminationinandobtainedjinshiimperialexaminationjinshititlehebecameaprominentfigureafterthefoundationofrepublicofchinareferencesxxxinfoboxsongnamexxxartistkendricklamarfeaturingualbumdamnkendricklamaralbumdamnreleasedrecordedstudiojunglecitystudiosformatgenrelengthlabelwriterrefproducerprevnoprevlovekendricklamarsonglovetracknonextfearkendricklamarsongfearnextnoxxxstylizedasxxxpronouncedxratedisasongbyamericanrapperkendricklamarfromhisfourthstudioalbumdamnkendricklamaralbumdamnreleasedonapriltheeleventhtrackonthealbumfourthonthecollectorseditionofdamnrefnamexxlcollectorseditionrefthesongwaswrittenbylamarmikewillmadeitdjdahimarkspearssounwaveanthonytiffithbonotheedgetheedgeadamclaytonandlarrymullenjrandproducedbymikewillmadeitdjdahiandsounwavewithadditionalproductionbytopdawgandbkonthesongfeaturesasampleofthesongamericansoulbyirishrockbandurefnamepitchforkrefrefnameamsoulrefalthoughnotreleasedasasinglemusicsinglethesongchartedinmultiplecountriesinlyricsthelyricsofxxxareaboutspeakingtruthtopowerthefirstversehaslamartalkingaboutwhathewoulddoifanythingwouldhappentohisfamilythechorusthenfeaturesbonotheleadsingerofirishrockbandusingingaprominentrefraininthelatterhalfofthesonglamaralsoreferenceslistofpresidentsoftheunitedstatescurrentpresidentoftheunitedstatesuspresidentdonaldtrumpandpresidentbarackobamainthelyricdonaldtrumpsinofficewelostbarackandpromisedtoneverdoubthimagainrefnamespinrefcriticalreceptionxxxreceivedwidespreadacclaimfrommusiccriticsianservantesofspincalledthesongdamngoodstevenhydenofuproxxsaidthatuscameowasveryunulikebutinagoodwayliveperformanceslamarperformedxxxlivewithoutuatthecoachellavalleymusicandartsfestivalonaprillamarhasperformedxxxonthedamntourthedamntourlamarperformedxxxlivewithuatthethannualgrammyawardsinjanuarysamplesthesongcontainssamplesofgetupoffathatthingbyjamesbrownwahwahmanbyyoungholtunlimitedfuguebyfoalsbandfoalsandussongamericansoulcreditsandpersonnelbandactivesincetheshadneverbeenfeaturedonahiphopsonguntiltheircollaborationwithlamaronxxxcreditsadaptedfromtheofficialdamndigitalbookletkendrickduckworthsongwriteradditionalkeysmikewillmadeitsongwriterproducerdjdahidacourynatchesongwriterproducersounwavemarkspearssongwriterproduceranthonytopdawgtiffithsongwriterproducerbonopaulhewsonsongwritervoicetheedgedavidevanssongwriteradamclaytonsongwriterlarrymullenjrsongwriterbkonadditionalproductionandvocalskidcapriadditionalvocalsderekalimixingengineermixingtylerpagemixassistantcyrustaghipourmixassistantzekemishanicadditionalrecordingbrendansilasperryadditionalrecordingchartsclasswikitablesortableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncenterscopecolchartscopecolpeakbrpositionscoperowirelandirishrecordedmusicassociationirmascoperownewzealandrecordedmusicnzreferencesexternallinksxxxkendricklamarsongyournamexotourllifredirectxmenmanifestdestinysilencewongrcatshellsilencewongrcatshellsjstedtsgreenbulxiayanmingdynastylingkailingkaixichengjiangfromthebroadcomcorporationirvinecawasnamedfellowoftheinstituteofelectricalandelectronicsengineersieeeinfordevelopmentofcommunicationsystemsonchipproductsreferenceskatgamesinfoboxmobilephonenamexiaomimiclogoxiaomilogosvglogosizepximageimagesizepxaltcaptionbrandmanufacturerxiaomiseriesmiphonemodelnumbernetworksreleasedmarchavailablediscontinuedunitssoldunitsshippedpredecessorxiaomimicsuccessorre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rsitisfoundinsandstonecrevicesinthekimberleywesternaustraliakimberleyregionofwesternaustraliaandisalsofoundinthetopendofthenorthernterritoryandnorthqueenslandrefnameatrefreferencesfujifilmxfujifilmxfxinxingdistrictkaohsiunginfoboxchancellornamexuxianqingimagexuxianqingjpgcaptionxuxianqingwearingcommonofficialuniformbirthdatebirthplacesuzhoudeathdateageddeathplacejiaxingofficeministryofritesviceministerofritesofthemingdynastytermpredecessorsuccessormonarchwanliemperorofficeministryofpersonnelviceministerofpersonnelofthemingdynastytermmonarchwanliemperorpredecessorsuccessorinfoboxchinesetspxxinqngwmixuxianqingchinesecourtesynamecourtesynamegongwangartnamepseudonymjiananwasachinesestatesmaninthelatemingdynastyduringthereignsofthelongqingemperorlongqingandwanliemperorwanliemperorsxianqingsliteraryworkgainedhimmuchfameduringhislifetimehispoemsandessaysarelatercollectedandeditedintothetianyuanloujilifenativeofsuzhouxuwasborninarichfamilyoftextilemanufacturerhismotherdiedwhenhewashepassedthefinalstagesoftheimperialexamsandreceivedhisjinshidegreeinandworkedinthehanlinacademyformanyyearsinhewasappointedchiefofguozijianthehighestnationalcentralinstitutionoftheempirexuwasoneofthemaincontributorsofthefinaleditionofthecollectedstatutesofthemingdynastyinxuwasappointedasministryofritesviceministerofritesandlaterbecameministryofpersonnelviceministerofpersonnelpaintingfolioinxuaskedtwopainterstodrawtheimportanteventsofhislifethepaintingfolionamedxuxianqinghuanjitupaintingfolioofxuxianqingsworkingcareerisnowinthecollectionsofthepalacemuseumofbeijingthefoliocontainsvividmaterialsreflectingtheritualparaphernaliaofthemingcourtgallerygallerywidthheightlinesfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoxusfatherdreamingaboutxusdeadmotherxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernofuneralofxusfatherwithpresenceofthemagistrateandvicemagistrateoftheprofectureofsuzhouxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoobtainingthejurendegreeattheageoffilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoobtainingthejinshidegreeattheageoffilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoreadingclassicalbooksinhanlinacademyxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoeditingimperialregulationsxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoceremonyinfrontofthehallofsupremeharmonyxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoxuandhisservantsbeingsavedfromshipwreckduringastormnearsuzhouxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernogivingcoursetoeunuchsxuwasbetweentoyearsoldfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernotakingchargeoftheimperialexaminationxuwasbetweenandyearsoldfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernopassingimperialorderinfrontofwanliemperorattheforbiddencityxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoconferringthevassalkingofchuxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernotreatingadiseaseinthefurongmountnearyixingxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernodreamingaboutconfuciusandgettingrecoveredxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernobacktothecapitalintheheavysnowxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernogivingcoursetowanliemperorxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernowatchingtheuseofofficialsealaschiefofzhanshifuxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernowatchingtheuseofofficialsealaschiefofguozijianxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoaccompanyingwanliemperorduringaninspectionvisittothemingtombsimperialmausoleumsxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoleadingwanliemperorwhowaswalkingtothetempleofheavenxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernofallingillagainxuwasfilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoattheageoffilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoattheageoffilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoasthechiefofhanlinacademyattheageoffilexuxianqinghuanjitujpgxuscareernoattheageofreferenceseleonoramitrofanovaxeonxeonlistofintelxeonmicroprocessorsxeonmegophrysparvaxilinxjojosbizarreadventurediamondisunbreakablechapterircatshellmrpridevsmissprejudicercatshellemergencytelephonenumberxeniaborisovnaxuzhounomiddleschoolhomicidespanlangzhdirltrspanalsoknownasxuzhounomiddleschoolstabbingwasahomicidethattookplaceinsidethenomiddleschoolformerlyknownasnorailwaymiddleschoolinxuzhouonfebruaryonestudentwaskilledinthisincidentandtheschoolwasaccusedoffailingtosavethevictimrefnamerefattackerthekillersnameishaoyufengastudentattendingtheschoolwheretheincidenttookplacevictimthevictimofthisincidentwasxiangyuwangrefnamerefathgraderattendingnohighhediedfromthisincidentattheageofrefnamerefincidentmotivationthemotivationforfengtokillwangisclearfromtheironlinechattingrecordsviaqqthearguebetweenfengandwangbrokeoutwhenwangaskedfengforhisgivennameinthechattingroomhoweverfengrefusedandstartedsuspectingthatwangwantstoattackhimtheargumentescalatedquicklywhenfengstartedthreateningwangwangappearedtobescaredandexplainedthathewasjustcuriousfenglaterfollowedupwiththeclaimthatheisgoingtokillwangwithhisnewdaggerthemorningfengknockedwangdownontothefloorinthemorningusinghisfistsitdidnotcreatemuchattentionhoweverattacktheattacktookplaceduringthebreaktimebetweenthethirdandthefourthperiodaccordingtowangsmothermszhangfengstabbedwangwiththedaggertwiceinfrontofthestudentshemissedthefirsttimeonlytodamagewangsclothesbeforecuttingwangsvenaecavaeopenfangleftthesceneafterwardsforhisclassandwangwaslatertransportedtohospitalwithhelpofhisclassmatesaftermaththevictimwangbleedtodeathduetothelackofemergencytreatmentshewaspronounceddeadatthehospitalsamedayatnbsppmcontroversynoschoolteachersfacultiesorstaffstriedtoperformfirstaidonwangneitherdidtheycallemergencyservicesdespiteknowingtheincidenttheoncampusdoctorresumedteachingherartclassknowingwangwasbleedingheavilytheschooladministrationrefusedtoacceptanymedianordidtheyapologisefortheincidentpicturesoftheheadmasterbeingindifferentlookingatthebloodstainsontheschoolgroundwerepostedonlineaswellfurtherreadinglistofattacksrelatedtosecondaryschoolssocialissuesinchinaschoolviolencereferencesjsxinhuanetcomxinwenzhongxincontenthtmtiebabaiducompdhakayurinahiratearrowsymbolrcatshellzhuhaitaoyuanmiddleschoolzhuhaitaoyuanmiddleschoolinfoboxtramnamexclassimagebendigotramjpgcaptionmanufacturerjgbrillcompanybrstlouiscarcompanyassemblyconstructednumberbuiltnumberservicefleetnumbersdepotsdesignerpredecessorsuccessorarticulationscarlengthmetreswidthmetresheightmetreswheeldiametermmwheelbasemetresweighttonnescapacitymaximumspeedaccelerationdecelerationdoorslowfloorfloorheightpowertractionmotorsaxleloadpowersupplycollectionmethodtrolleypoleelectricsystemwheelsdrivensteepgradientbogiesjgbrillcompanyebrstlouiscarcompanynominimumcurvegaugethexclasswasaclassoftwobirneytramsimportedfromunitedstatesmanufacturersjgbrillcompanyandstlouiscarcompanybythemelbournemetropolitantramwaysboardinjunebothenteredservicefromhawthorntramdepothawthorndepotonthepowerstreettohawthornbridgeserviceinbothweretransferredtoglenhuntlytramdepotglenhuntlydepottooperatetheelwoodvictoriapointormondrouterefnametrolleywirethebirneycarinaustraliatrolleywireissuejunepagesrefrefnamedestinationrefinwastransferredtotheisolatedfootscrayvictoriafootscraynetworktheyalsooperatednightservicestakingthemasfarasbrightoneastmalverneastandcoburgnorthwiththecessationoftheseservicesinbothwerewithdrawnpreservationonehasbeenpreservedbythetramwaymuseumsocietyofvictoriareferencesinfoboxtramnamexclassimagecaptionmanufacturermelbournemetropolitantramwaysboardassemblyconstructednumberbuiltnumberservicefleetnumbersdepotsdesignerpredecessorsuccessorarticulationscarlengthmetreswidthmetresheightmetreswheeldiametermmwheelbasemetresweighttonnescapacitymaximumspeedaccelerationdecelerationdoorslowfloorfloorheightpowertractionmotorsaxleloadpowersupplycollectionmethodtrolleypoleelectricsystemwheelsdrivensteepgradientbogiesjgbrillcompanyeminimumcurvegaugethexclasswasaclassoftentramsbuiltbythemelbournemetropolitantramwaysboarddevelopedfromthexclassmelbournetramxclasstheydifferedinhavingfourdoorstheywereinitiallyallocatedtoglenhuntlytramdepotglenhuntlyandhawthorntramdepothawthorndepotssixweretransferredtotheisolatedfootscrayvictoriafootscraynetworkinjunewiththeotherfourfollowinginjunerefnamedestinationreforiginallytheywereoverhauledatfootscraydepotbutfromtheyweretransferredbyroadtoprestonworkshopsbetweenandtheyoperatedallnightservicesonthemainsystempreservationthreehavebeenpreservedbythewalhallagoldfieldsrailwayrefnamewalhallawalhallarailcomaudownloadpdfcommunitynewsaprhipdfarailmotorforwalhallawalhallagoldfieldsrailwayaprilrefbythewalhallagoldfieldsrailwaybythetramwaymuseumsocietyofvictoriathetwoexamplesatthewalhallagoldfieldsrailwayaretoberebuiltandconvertedtonarrowgaugemmwillformthebasisforanewrailmotorfortouristtrafficwithwhichisinworseconditionpotentiallytoberebuiltasatrailercarriagereferencesinfoboxtramnamexclassimagecaptionmanufacturermelbournemetropolitantramwaysboardassemblyconstructednumberbuiltnumberservicefleetnumbersdepotsdesignerpredecessorsuccessorarticulationscarlengthmetreswidthmetresheightmetreswheeldiametermmwheelbasemetresweighttonnescapacitymaximumspeedaccelerationdecelerationdoorslowfloorfloorheightpowertractionmotorsaxleloadpowersupplycollectionmethodtrolleypoleelectricsystemwheelsdrivensteepgradientbogiesjgbrillcompanyeminimumcurvegaugethexclasswasaclassofsixtramsbuiltbythemelbournemetropolitantramwaysboarddevelopedfromthexclassmelbournetramxclasstheydifferedinhavinglargerwheelsangledwindshieldsandonlytwodoorsrefnamedestinationreforiginallynumberedwasrenumberedintoallowthewclassmelbournetramwclasstobenumberedconsecutivelytheyweremainlyusedonelwoodvictoriapointormondlineandtheisolatedfootscrayvictoriafootscraynetworkwiththeclosureofthesetwolinesintheearlysallwerewithdrawnpreservationtwohavebeenpreservedaspartofthevictrackheritagefleetathawthorntramdepothawthorndepotbythetramwaymuseumsocietyofvictoriareferencesxwejnibayisabaylocatedinthenorthernpartofgozomaltawithinthelimitsofthevillageofebbugozoebbuitisusedasabathingbayandstartingpointfordiversthenearestplaceonthecoastismarsalfornthebayhasasmallpebblybeachandatthewestofthebayisanupstreamplateauwithadoublearchandacavewithafireplacealongthecoastreferencesnationalsuicidepreventionlifelineinfoboxstationnamexililakenativ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longedtothenewyorkjetsseasonnewyorkjetsbutthecowboysacquireditbytradingtheirfifthroundpickinthenfldraftonmaythedallascowboyssignedwoodstoafouryearmillioncontractthatincludesasigningbonusofthroughouttrainingcampwoodscompetedforarosterspotagainstrobertblantonkavonfrazierandjameillshowersheadcoachjasongarrettnamedhimthebackupfreesafetytobyronjonesamericanfootballbyronjonestobegintheregularseasonhemadehisprofessionalregularseasondebutinthedallascowboysseasondallascowboysseasonopeningvictoryoverthenewyorkgiantsseasonnewyorkgiantsonseptemberwoodsrecordedthreesolotacklesanddeflectedapassinthecowboysvictoryatthearizonacardinalsseasonarizonacardinalsherecordedhisfirstcareertackleontheopeningkickoffoncardinalsrunningbackkerwynnwilliamsafterayardkickreturnonnovemberwoodscollectedfourcombinedtacklesdefendedapassandmadehisfirstcareerinterceptionoffofatlantafalconsseasonatlantafalconsquarterbackmattryanamericanfootballmattryanduringalossthefollowingweekwoodsearnedhisfirstcareerstartatstrongsafetyafterjeffheathsufferedaconcussionthepreviousweekagainstthefalconsherecordedfivecombinedtacklesasthecowboyswereroutedbythephiladelphiaeaglesseasonphiladelphiaeaglesinweekwoodsearnedthestartingstrongsafetyjobandrecordedthreecombinedtacklesduringawinagainstthewashingtonredskinsseasonwashingtonredskinsreferencesexternallinksdallascowboyscomteamplayersrosterxavierwoodsdallascowboysbiolatechsportscomsportsmfootblmttxavierwoodshtmllouisianatechbulldogsbioxepbgjamxepbgjamxepbgjamhsiaohuangchidangermusiciandangermusicianlilithovhannisyanlilithovhannisyanclaytabletjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruarymarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilmaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymayjunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctobernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberrcatshelldecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryjanuaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruaryfebruarymarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchmarchaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilaprilmaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymaymayjunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejunejulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyjulyaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustaugustseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberseptemberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctoberoctobernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovembernovemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberdecemberopenxrxevfsamplacidgreenbulxianhenginnredirecthouseofromanovredirecthouseofromanoviriyamaxaviersgreenbulxrealityxrorcrossrealityconsistsoftechnologymediatedexperiencesthatcombinedigitalandbiologicalrealitiesitencompassesawidespectrumofhardwareandsoftwareincludingsensoryinterfacesapplicationsandinfrastructuresthatenablecontentcreationforvirtualrealityvirtualrealityvrmixedrealitymixedrealitymraugmentedrealityaugmentedrealityarcinematicrealitycrandmorewiththesetoolsusersgeneratenewformsofrealitybybringingdigitalobjectsintothephysicalworldandbringingphysicalworldobjectsintothedigitalworldxrisafarreachinginclusiveandflexibletermthexrepresentsavariablemathematicsvariablethatisnotfullyknownorspecifiedintentionallysuggestinganopenecosystemthatwillcontinuetoexpandxrtechnologieshaveapplicationsinalmosteveryindustrysuchasarchitectureautomotiveindustrysportstrainingrealestatementalhealthmedicinehealthcareretailspacetraveldesignengineeringinteriordesigntelevisionandfilmmediaadvertisingmarketinglibrarieseducationnewsmusicandtravelbackgrounddrawingfrommediastudiesandphilosophytheconceptofxrisrelatedtoavarietyoftheoriesaboutvirtualityphilosophyvirtualitycomputervisionmachinelearningandtheincreasinglycollaborativerelationshipbetweenhumanandmachineourgrowingabilitytoseelikedigitaldevicesresultsinaworldthatblursthedigitalandthebiologicalxrcanbeviewedasamanifestationofnewaestheticthenewaestheticthetermcoinedbyjamesbridlethatreferencestheincreasingappearanceofthevisuallanguageofdigitaltechnologyandtheinternetinthephysicalworldandtheblendingofvirtualandphysicalcloselyrelatedtogillesdeleuzesconceptofvirtualityxrpositionsvirtualasnotopposedtorealwithintheframeworkofxrvirtualityisnottheoppositeofrealityanddigitalisnottheoppositeofbiologicalratherxrenvisionsamorecomplexrelationshipinwhichvirtualityactualizesrealeffectstotheextentthatourperceptionofvirtualobjectsbecomesfullyrealthisexplainswhyvirtualrealitycantreatphobiashistorythetermsxrealityxrealityandxrealityappearastrademarksregisteredtosonycorporationfiledinincountriesinregardstothefollowinglistofgoodsandservicesclassifiedintegralcircuitstelevisionsmobiletelephonestabletcomputersnotebookcomputerslaptopcomputerscomputersasfiledforexamplewiththeusptounitedstatespatentandtrademarkofficeprewordmarkxrealitygoodsandservicesicusfirstusefirstuseincommerceserialnumberfilingdateaugustpreandusedextensivelyinaninrelationalsotosmartphonebasedaugmentedrealitydisplaysandinthecontextofsonybraviatechnologyheadsetsthatenablevrandmrexperiencessuchasthewindowsmrdeviceshavebeenreferredtoasxrdevicesinmaypixvanareferredtoxrasanumbrellatermforvirtualmixedandaugmentedrealityanartsprogramcalledsiffxattheseattleinternationalfestivalusedxtodescribetheradicalunknownofvrarandcontentinjunesixraseattlebasedcollectiveofartistsreferstoxrintheirmissioninordertoencouragecreatorstoworkacrossthearmrvrspectruminfebruaryatgdcunityannouncedtheyaredevelopinganxrfoundationtoolkitforarvrcreatorsalsothatmonthkhronosgroupthekhronosgroupformedaworkinggroupofkeyindustryleadersfromoculusriftoculusvalvecorporationvalveunitygameengineunityepicsamsungandgoogletoformtheopenxrinitiativeacrossplatformvrstandardeliminatesindustryfragmentationbyenablingapplicationstobewrittenoncetorunonanyvrsystemandtoaccessvrdevicesintegratedintothosevrsystemstobeusedbyapplicationstheworkinggrouphasnamedtheinitiativeopenxrinordertoincludestandardsforvrandarapplicationsanddevicesapodcastinterviewwithvalvesjoeludwigonvoicesofvrcitesxrasoneofthemostsignificantcollaborationsacrosstheentirevrindustrythewomeninxrinitiativewasannouncedatvrlaaprilinmayanarticledefiningxrwrittenbyssomasegarnbspandlindaliannbspappearedintechcrunchinoctoberthenzvrarareleasedabookauthoredbynzvrarachairmanmichaelgreggonthelocalvrarecosystemtitledvirtualgetsrealtheexplosionofcrossrealityinnewzealandblackeyevrltdproducedthisbookblackpapertwofornzvrararefrefsubsequentmediareportingfromcomputerworldstatedthatthetermcrossrealityxrisincreasinglybeingusedtorefertothevirtualtorealitycontinuumofimmersivetechnologiesincludingaugmentedandmixedrealitythetermxrwasliberallyusedbyvrpioneersuploadintheirblogannouncementtothexrindustryonmarchadvisingthattheywereclosingtheirsanfranciscoandlosangelesfacilitiestofocusontheireducationandmediaservicestothexrcommunityxrealityisnotxrbecausetheoriginofthetermxrisseparatefromtheoriginofthetermxrealityxrealityisatrademarkofsonyxrisnottoseeproofthatxrisnotxrealityseethissourcehowthetermxrwascoinedyoutubecomwatchvocpjkcuhowthetermxrwascoinedyoutubecomwatchvocpjkcumediumcomsiliconvalleyglobalnewshowthetermxrwascoineditssofunnyhintitdoesnotmeanextendedrealityefffreferenceshowthetermxrwascoinedyoutubecomwatchvocpjkcuhowthetermxrwascoinedyoutubecomwatchvocpjkcumediumcomsiliconvalleyglobalnewshowthetermxrwascoineditssofunnyhintitdoesnotmeanextendedrealityefffxrayastronomysatelliteofficialxboxmagazineinfoboxnflbiographynamexaviercolemancurrentteamnewyorkjetsnumberpositioncornerbackbirthdatebirthplaceheightftheightinweightlbshighschooljesuithighschoolbeavertonoregonbeavertonorjesuitcollegeportlandstatevikingsfootballportlandstateundraftedyearpastteamsnewyorkjetspresentpastteamsnotestatusactivehighlightsnflnewxaviercolemanxaviercolemanbornjanuaryisanamericanfootballcornerbackforthenewyorkjetsofthenationalfootballleaguenflheplayedcollegefootballatportlandstatevikingsportlandstatecollegecareercolemanwasselectedtothehmallbigskyconferenceandwasnamedpsuteamoutstandingdefensivebackinhissophomoreseasoninhewasselectedtothesecondteamallbigskyconferenceinhisjuniorseasoninprofessionalcareercolemansignedwiththenewyorkjetsasanundraftedfreeagentonmayrefnamenyjrefhewaswaivedbythejetsonseptemberandwassignedtothepracticesquadthenextdayhewaspromotedtotheactiverosteronoctoberhewasplacedoninjuredreserveonoctoberreferencesexternallinksgovikscomrosteraspxrpidportlandstatevikingsbionewyorkjetscomteamrosterxaviercolemancabbeeaadadebabnewyorkjetsbiowhitethroatedgreenbulmacronbelowxtrainyellowstreakedgreenbullowlandtinygreenbultarothespacealienmotogstgenerationxcrosscheckxxuzhouguanyininternationalair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ployedtoobtainextraresourcesdelaytheavatarprojectorgatherinfoaboutthechosensstrongholdsincludingotherbenefitsothernewfeaturesincludearevampedstrategiclayerandthebondsysteminwhichpairsofsoldiersdevelopspecialabilitiesthatareaccessiblewhenbotharedeployedduringamissionandwhenbondedsoldiersarekilledtheirpartnersentertemporarilyinaberserkmodeignoringordersbutwithagreatboostintheirstatsforresearchbreakthroughsandinspirationsaremadetoincreasethespeedthatresearchersworkatsometimesinstantlybeingabletocompleteaprojecttheexpansionalsoaddsaneutrallyalignedzombielikeenemytypecalledthelostformerhumansthatwillattackboththeadventandxcominbattlealongnewadventunitswithexclusiveabilitiesreleasewarofthechosenwasannouncedattheelectronicentertainmentexpoitwasreleasedonaugustreceptionvideogamereviewsmcgiignxcomwarofthechosenreceivedgenerallyfavorablereviewsfromprofessionalcriticsaccordingtoreviewaggregatorwebsitemetacriticignsreviewseditordanstapletonpraisedtheamountofvarietywarofthechosenaddedtothemissionobjectivesandcampaignofxcomalthoughhefoundtheretobesomebalancegamedesignbalanceissueshethoughtthatboththeheroclassesandthechosenweregreatadditionsgameinformerreviewerbenreeveswasimpressedbytheamountofcontentincludedintheexpansionnotingthatitcouldalmosthavebeenastandalonegameaccoladeseurogamerrankedthegamethontheirlistofthetopgamesofwhilepolygonwebsitepolygonrankeditthontheirlistofthebestgamesofreadersandstaffofgameinformervoteditforbeststrategygameitalsowontheawardforbestexpansioninpcgamersgameoftheyearawardsandwasnominatedforbeststrategygameatthegameawardsandforstrategysimulationgameoftheyearattheacademyofinteractiveartssciencesstannualdiceawardsitwontheawardforgamestrategyatthethannualnationalacademyofvideogametradereviewersawardswhereasitsothernominationwasforgameengineeringreferencesreflistrefsrefnamegameinformerreviewrefrefnamegameinformerrefrefnamegameinformerarefrefnamegamespotdicerefrefnamegamespotexpansionrefrefnameignreviewrefrefnamemetacriticpcrefrefnamenavgtrnomsrefrefnamenavgtrwinnersrefrefnamepcgamerfeaturesrefrefnameeurogtoprefrefnamepolytoprefrefnametgarefrefnamepcgamergotyrefexternalslinksxcomwarofthechoseneugenidorslistofminorplanetsredirectcategoryshellinfoboxcomicbooktitletitlexmenblueimagexmenbluejpgcaptioncoverforxmenblueartbyartadamspublishermarvelcomicsschedulesemimonthlydateaprilpresentissuesmaincharteamwriterscullenbunnartistspencillersjorgemolinabrmatteobuffaganiinkerscoloristsmattmillacreativeteammonthaprilcreativeteamyearcreatorsstanleebrjackkirbytpbstrangestisbnxmenblueisanongoingseriesongoingcomicbookpublishedtwicemonthlybymarvelcomicsandinitiallycreatedbywritercullenbunnandartistjorgemolinathefirstissuewasreleasedaprilitisacontinuationoftheallnewxmenseriesthatbeganinandfeaturesyoungmembersoftheoriginalxmenteamwhohavetimetraveledtothepresentdaypublicationhistoryxmenblueanditssisterbookxmengoldwerecreatedfollowingthecrossoverfictioncrossoverseriesinhumansvsxmenthenewtitleswereannouncedoctoberaspartoftheressurxionresurrxionbrandthecolorcodednamesareareferencetostorylinesfromtheearlyswhenvariouscomicsinthexmenfranchisewerebestsellersthefirstissuewasreleasedaprilandsubsequentissueswerereleasedtwicemonthlythestorylineinxmenblueisacontinuationoftheseriesallnewxmeninfebruarythespinoffsisterbookxmenredwasreleasedthemaincastofthebookdepartedtoaspacemissionnarratedinthepoisonxarcofthevenomcomicbookvenomcomicbookwhichsetupthevenomizedcrossovertheirabsensewasusedtoestablishanewlineupfictionalteamhistoryafterlearningtheyarefromadifferenttimelineallnewxmenthetimedisplacedxmenleavexhaventofindtheirplaceintheworldtheyalignthemselveswiththeirformerenemymagnetoandoperateinsecretoutofabaseinmadripoorunderjeangreysleadershiptheydefeatblacktomcassidyjuggernautcomicsjuggernautandagroupofmutantsentinelsinbarcelonaledbybastioncomicsbastionunknowntotheteammagnetoissecretlybuildingatimeplatformtosendtheyoungxmenbacktotheirtimeperiodoforiginafterlearningofawendigocomicswendigorelateddisturbanceinthenorththexmeninvestigatealongsidealocalsheriffnamedkiraleeandencounteranamnesiacjimmyhudsonwhohelpsdefeatthewendigoontherunfromothermutantswhoalsocamefromtheultimatemarvelultimateuniverseduringtheensuingbattlejeanendsupintelepathiccontactwithmisssinisterwhotakesakeeninterestinherafterthebattleendstheydecidetobringjimmywiththemtojointheirteaminsteadofsendinghimtotheschoolwithkittyprydeinordertobetterprotecthimandkeephimundertheradarwhileexploringmadripoorduringafestivalonanightoffjeanbeastandjimmyconfrontagroupofmutantsknownastherakshawhowerebuyingachemicalfromalocaldealeruponseeingjimmysclawstherakshavoluntarilyendthefightacknowledgingthexmenasalliesduetoeveryoneinvolvedhavingapositivehistorywithwolverinecharacterwolverineduringthesecretempirecomicbooksecretempirestorylinetheteamrebelsagainstthegovernmentofnewtianlocatedsomewhereincaliforniafollowinghydracomicshydrastakeoveroftheunitedstateswhileintheirhideouttheyreattackedbyagroupofmutantsledbyhavokcomicshavoksentbyemmafrostwhilejeanandjimmyescapetherestoftheteamiscapturedemmathen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imagesizeimageuprightimagealtcaptionnativenamenativenamelangenglishnametimedatejunelocationfengcountyjiangsufengcountyxuzhoujiangsuchinacoordinatesalsoknownastypesuicidebombingsuicideschoolbombingfatalitiesincludingthebomberinjuriesperpxutaoranonjuneabombingatakindergarteninfengcountyjiangsufengcountyxuzhoujiangsuprovinceeastchinakilledatleasteightpeopleandinjuredotherstheperpetratoryearoldxutaorandiedintheblastsubsequentinvestigationrevealedthatxuwasmentallyillandobsessedwithdeathanddestructiontheblastoccurredattheentranceofthekindergartenwhilechildrenwereleavingschooltwopeoplediedonthespotandfivesuccumbedtoinjuriesatthehospitalnineremainedincriticalconditionintheaftermathduetotheshatteringbombpartsoverpeoplewereinjuredandneededmedicalattentionthefengxiancountygovernmentstatedthatthecasualtiesdidnotincludeanyofthekindergartenschildrenorteachersasclasshadnotyetbeendismissedrefnamestraittimesrefmotivesthesuicidebomberresponsiblewasidentifiedasyearoldxutaoranwhosufferedfromvegetativenervousfunctiondisturbancesadisorderthatcancauseheartandbreathingproblemspriortotheattackhedroppedoutofschoolandwenttoworkandlivednearthekindergartenaftertheattackinvestigatorsfoundmaterialtomakeahomemadeexplosivedeviceandwrittenonawallneartheschoolamanifestostylerantithasbeensuggestedthattheattackmayhavebeentargetedatmotherssociologistsaytheattacksonschoolsandyoungchildrenarearesultofthestrainsofsocietyundergoingrapidchangevictimsaftertheexplosionaboutfiftynineadultsandchildrensurvivedwithinjurieshowevereightvictimsincludingthebomberdiedintheexplosionauthoritiesdidnotspecifyiftherewereanychildrenincludedinthefatalitiesmanypeoplewereintearsaftertheincidentandmostofthevictimslayingonthegroundhadtheirclothestornoffbecauseduetotheblastthehospitaldidnotrespondtoanyonescallsandtheconditionoftheinjuredvictimsremainsunknowninvestigationchineseinvestigatorsusingphysicalevidenceanddnafoundatthescenetodeterminetheidentityofthesuspectwhichpointedtoxutaoranauniversitydropoutwhohadwrittenviolentscreedsagainstparentsandchildrentaoranhadantisocialtendenciesandhadadebilitatingautonomousnervoussystemdisorderthatforcedhimtotakealeaveofabsencefromhisschoolauthoritiessaidduetochinasguttedmentalhealthcareprogramthosewhoarepoorandcantaffordanycaresuchasxuarelefttograpplewithfrustrationthepolicediscoveredthematerialsusedtomaketheexplosivesinhisapartmentalongwithwordssuchasdiedeathanddestroywrittenonthewallsassuminglypointedtowardschildrenandfamiliesrelatedeventsfromtochinasawatleastnineattacksonelementarystudentswhichtogetherkilledatleastpeopleandwoundedmorethanmanyoftheseattacksseemrelatedtoeachotherregardinghowtheschoolssecuritysystemwerelackingandthoroughbackgroundcheckswerenotcompletedontheschoolpersonnelsomeoftheseattacksincludeinweihaionmayaschoolbusdriversetfiretohisbusinatunnelafterlosingovertimepaykillingchildrenateacherandhimselfinhanzhongmayayearoldmanchargedintoakindergartenanddecidedtokillchildrenandadultswithacleaveraftercommittingthisderangedacttheattackerwenthomeandcommittedsuicideinnanpingaworkerwhohadahistoryofmentalillnessdecidedtostabyoungchildrentodeathandwoundedfiveotherchildrenoutsideanelementaryschoolineasternchinatheeventsallowedschoolboardstomakenewdecisionsandnewpoliciestokeepchildrensafeinschoolstoavoidsuchtragediesreferencesimagentelevisinimagentelevisinfortunecookietyrannosaurusmotoendgenerationredirectwilliamxalcoredirectshellmoiseenkoxinleculturexinglongwaculturexuzhoukindergartenbombingwesternxiacoinagewesternxiacoinagewesternxiacoinagewesternxiacoinagebaiyueautomatictaxoboximageimagecaptiontaxonxylothecaauthorityhochsttypespeciestypespeciesauthorityxylothecaisagenusoffloweringplantsintheachariaceaefamilybiologyfamilythegenusisfoundincentralandsouthernafricaandmadagascarspeciesxylothecacapreifoliaxylothecakraussianaxylothecalongipesxylothecatettensisreferencesmmsawmmsawchopilanguageclpregulationinfoboxchineselanguagesingerandactornamexietieliimagecaptiontradchinesenamesimpchinesenamepinyinchinesenameancestrybirthdatebirthplacehuaianhuaiyinjiangsuchinadeathdatedeathplacebeijingchinarestingplacerestingplacecoordinatesothernameoriginoccupationdirectorwriteryearsactivespousechildrenparentsgoldenroosterawardsgoldenroosterawardforbestdirectorbestdirectorbradreamofredmansionsfilmadreamofredmansionsbrgoldenroosterawardforlifetimeachievementawardlifetimeachievementawardbrxietielidecemberjunewasachinesedirectorinchinafilmdirectorsguildawardawardedhimthelifetimeachievementawardselectedfilmographyclasswikitablesortableyeartitleclassunsortablenotesnamelessislandbrthestormbrearlyspringinfebruarybrneverforgetthelessonbrthetakingoftigermountainbrthegreatriverflowsonbrthestarsarebrighttonightbrnominatedgoldenroosterawardforbestdirectorzhiyinbradreamofredmansionsfilmadreamofredmansionsbrgoldenroosterawardforbestdirectorreferencesexternallinksvsdongpingcountyboomtechnologyxbbabyboombritishrailclassstupapagodasledflyingsaucersauropodazebragiraffeilysigncurlingoysterpailchopstickscoconutpiepretzelprimalcutrcatshellsandwichcanningfoodpreserva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penedupsincejoiningtheshowandwerelovinghavingherhereshewasalreadyacanningafterjustacoupleofweekswehadconvertedhervandermeermadeherfirstappearanceasxantheonjanuarydevelopmentcharacterisationandintroductionmannthoughtviewerswouldlikexanthecommentingthereisatoughnesstoherbutshehasafunsidetoowhilevandermeersaidxanthesarrivalwouldshakethingsupabitthecharactersprofileontheofficialwebsitedescribesherasnaturallyconfidentbutaddsthatshehadtohonehersurvivalskillsasshegrewupwithherflightymotherbrookebutlerfifiboxvandermeerdescribedxanthesstyleasverygirlyandthathighheelsmadethecharactershortlyafterarrivinginerinsboroughxantheattemptstoscamafreeburgerfromthewaterholepubhoweverthemanagersheilacanningrealiseswhatsheisuptostraightawaycausingxanthetorunoffaninsidesoapwriterobservedthattherevelationwasahugedevelopmentforsheilawhowasunawarethathersongarycanningdamienrichardsonactordamienrichardsonhadfatheredanotherchildhissonandxantheshalfbrotherkylewasalsosurprisedtolearnthathehadasistermanncommentedthatsheilaishurtthatgarykeptxantheasecretfromherasheisherfavouritechildmannalsosaidthatsheiladoesntbelieveitatfirstbutsoonrealisesitstruesheactuallyfeelssorryforxanthebecausegaryhaskeptalotfromheraswellsheilainitiallystrugglestogetalongwithxanthebutmannwaspleasedbythenewadditiontothecanningfamilycallingheragreatcharactervandermeersaidxanthewouldeventuallymakeagoodfriendonramsaystreetandthatshewouldalsogetintotroubleexcitementandmischiefearlystorylinesxantherunsawayandstaysinashowhomeshethrowsapartyatthehouseandchargesanentrancefeesoshecanaffordtobuyaticketbacktogoldcoastqueenslandgoldcoastkylelatertellsxanthethatsheisnotwantedbutherealisesthatheisdamagingtheirrelationshipandtheyhavetheirfirstproperconversationsheilaenrolsxantheaterinsboroughhighbutsheworriesthatshewillcomeacrossasstupidxantheistoldoffforwearingtoomuchmakeupandshestruggleswithareadingexerciseleadingtofellowstudentalisongoremadeleineandreopoulosteasingherxanthebefriendspiperwillismavourneehazelaftershestandsupforherpiperdoesnotcondonexanthesstealingandsellingofanexampapertoraisemoneyrefnamefreshrefxanthewasunawareherfatherwasinprisonwhenshearrivedsowhenkylerejectsavisitingorderxantheaskssheilatotakehertovisitgaryinsteadaconcernedkylevisitsgarytotellhimthatxantheneedspeoplewhoaregoingtostayaroundandlookafterhersheilalaterlearnsthatgaryhasbeeninafightandhisparolehasbeenrevokedxantheispreparedtofightforherfathersreleasebutpiperssisterinformsherthatonlyaprisonercanappealthedecisiongaryrefusestoseexantheandwhenshelearnswhatkylesaidtohimshepreparestorunawayagainaconfrontationwithsheilaleadstohersufferingaheartattackxantheisbrieflytakenintocarexantheisthevictimofcyberbullyingandsuffersfromlowselfesteemaftersheisinternettrolltrolledonlinexanthestartscopyingthecommentsandtrollsherselfvandermeerexplainedthatxanthefeelsthatifshecannotbeatthemsheshouldjointhemofhowthebullyingaffectsxanthevandermeercontinuedwhensomeonecallsherstupidordumbshestartstobelieveitandtheonlywaytofixthatistobecomethemostbeautifulpersonthatshecanandshethinksplasticsurgeryistheonlywaytodothatxanthearrangesanappointmentwithaplasticsurgeontogetbreastimplantsbutpullsoutatthelastminutewhenherfriendstellsheilarelationshipwithbenkirkwhenxanthenoticesbenkirkfelixmallardsheisimmediatelyattractedtohimshesetsabouttryingtowinhisaffectionandstartsbysupplyinghimwithanalcoholicdrinkafterkarlandsusanorderbentostayawayfromxantheshetellshimthatshehascomeupwithseveralideastogetaroundthebanbutbenisreluctanttogoagainsthisgrandparentswishespicturedbrieflycomesbetweenbenandxantheafterhedevelopsaninterestinherinaprilitwasannouncedthatxantheandbenwouldstarinanonlinespinofftitledxanthebenxantheandbentakeabagofmoneybelongingtotomquillkanefelsingerfromthehotelangusbeaumonthannayjaiwaetfordlatertakesaninterestinxanthewaetfordsaidangusissuperflirtywithxanthehebuysherthingsandrealisesthathemayhaveareasontostayinerinsboroughafterallanguslaterhelpsxanthegetoutofanenglishexambypullingthefirealarmandhisactionswinherapprovalbenandxantheattendtheschoolformaltogetherandfinallystartdatinghoweverthefollowingdayxanthelearnsthatgarypaidbentotakehertotheformalandsheisheartbrokenbytherevelationleadinghertoendtheirrelationshipafewweekslaterxantheandbenarrangeadatebutxantheislatewhenshebecomestrappedinashedwithasnakexanthecallsoutforhelpbutthisagitatesthesnakeandxantheworriesthatitwillbiteherpipereventuallycomestoherrescueunawareofthereasonwhyxanthewaslatebenkissesalisonwhichxantheseesrefnamesleazyrefxantheandbenlaterreconcilewhenbentravelstogoldcoastwithmadisonrobinsonneighboursmadisonrobinsonsarahellenforasingingauditionxanthedecidestofollowhimandconsummatetheirrelationshipwhilebenandxantheareatthebeachtheyareinterruptedbythearrivalofanguswhoisinqueenslandwithhisfatheraftercatchingupwithangusbenandxanthegotohishotelroomtohavesexhowevertheyarestoppedbysusanwhichembarrassesthembothvandermeercommentedithinkitsprobablyforthebestthiswasaspurofthemomentthingforxantheandshehadntconsideredtheconsequencesbenandxanthebreakupduetohermothersinterferenceandtheirfamiliesbeginfeudingtheygetbacktogetherduringthefeudandkeeptheirreconciliationasecretkarlseestheincidentandaccusessheilaofattackingbenwhichworsensthefeudassaultxanthewasassaultedbyherclassmatecooperknightscharliehannafordinaugustcoopersaysalltherightthingsashetellsxanthethatgettinggoodgradeswillbeawayofgettingbackatbenwhiletheyaretogethercoopertriestokissxanthebutshepusheshimawaycooperinsiststhatthekissispartofthefilmandrefusestoletxantheleavethehotelroomuntiltheygetitrightxanthetriestofendoffhisadvancesxantheisleftrattledbytheassaultandshecannotcompletetheassignmentwhichdoesnotgounnoticedbyherteacherellyrefnamestandrefxantheeventuallyopensuptoellyaboutwhathappenedbutsoonlearnstheaccusationwillbehardtoproveshortlyafterheisaccusedofsexuallyassaultingxanthecooperisattackedxanthesfathergarybecomestheprimesuspectrichardsoncommentedthatgarywascapableofcommittingtheattackasheisfrustratedwiththewaytheschoolishandlingthesituationteresewillisrebekahelmalogloulaterlearnssomeoneplantedcamerasinthehotelroomsandshegainsfootageofxanthesassaultwhichsheanonymouslypoststoherbenalsolearnsthatcoopersmothermaureenknightsjudithchaplinwastheonewhoattackedhimandurgeshimtotellthepolicexantheisgratefultobenforsavingherfatherfromgoingbacktoprisonmothertenmonthsafterabandoningherdaughterbrookebutlervisitsxantheinerinsboroughxantheisbothdelightedandangryuponseeinghermotherandbrookestrugglestogethertolistentothereasonswhysheleftxanthelatercatchessheilagoingthroughbrookesthingstofindouttherealreasonsheisvisitingxanthealsovoicesherconcernsaboutbrookealthoughshehopeshermotherisintownforherbrookesappearancecomesjustdaysafterthecanningswinonfamilyfeudaustraliangameshowfamilyfeudbrookeisindebtbutshemanagestoconvincesheilathatshedoesnotneedmoneyassherunsasuccessfuljewellerysalesbusinessbrookeplansontakingxantheawayfromerinsboroughshealsogrowsjealousofgarysrelationshipwithteresewillisbrookemakesitcleartogarythatsheisinterestedinhimromanticallywhichraisesxanthessuspicionsshebelievesbrookeisplanningonscammingherfatherandaftertalkingtoellyxanthewarnsgaryaboutbrookespastvandermeertoldtheofficialneighbourswebsitethatxanthewasuncertainaboutbrookesreasonsforvisitingherinerinsboroughandjustasshestartstotrusthermothershesuddenlybecomesveryskepticalofherrefnamefifirefxanthelearnsbrookehasgivengaryafakerolexwatchshedecidestocontactthelastmanbrookescammedlistofneighbourscharacterstreyjohnsontreyjohnsonjasonbuckleyandaskshimtocometoerinsboroughmeanwhilebrookeconsgaryoutofhisfamilyfeudwinningssheclaimsthejewelleryshesoldisbeingheldatcustomsandsheneedstopayareleasefeerefnametrickeryrefbrookealsocausesproblemsinbenandxanthesrelationshipshehopesthatifxanthebreaksupwithbenshewillhavefewreasonstostayinerinsboroughxantheistornbetweenhermotherandherboyfriendvandermeerthoughtxanthewouldalwayshavethatconflictinhermindifshereconciledwithbenbrookeleavestownafteritemergesthatthejewelleryshesoldwasfakevandermeerhopedbrookewouldreturnsoherrelationshipwithxanthewouldhaveachancetogrowstrongerproducersbroughtbackbrookeinaprilshetriestomakeamendsforheractionsfinnkellysmanipulationinmarchscienceteacherfinnkellyplayedbyrobmillswasintroducedfinntakesovertutoringxanthefromhisformergirlfriendellyconwayandhealsoshowsaninterestinbenscareerplansduringaconfrontationellyaccidentallypushesfinndownsomestepswhichxanthewitnessesfinnplotstostealtheprincipaljobfromellysauntsusankennedywhiletryingtowinherbackheconfidesinxanthebutsusanandellynoticethatsheistooinvolvedinhispersonallifeandfindheranothertutorxanthedevelopsarespectforfinnshesoonlearnsthathehasabrainaneurysmafteraccidentallyreadinghishospitalpatientfileshealsoagreestobehisspyattheschoolxanthetellsfinnthatheneedstostoppushingpeopleawayandsheencourageshimtoreconcilewithellyfinngiftsxantheanecklaceforherbirthdayandsheattendsahospitalappointmentwithhimasxanthecontinuestorevelinfinnsattentionsheisblindtohismanipulativebehaviourhemanagestoconvinceherthateveryoneisouttogethimfinnswitchessusansvitaminsforpiperspainmedicationresultinginherhospitalisationfinnisappointedactingprincipalinherplacewhenxantherealiseswhathehasdonehemanagestoconvincehertokeepittoherselfusinginappropriateflatterymillswasworriedabouthowfarfinnwaswillingtogowithxanthesayingispoketothewritersearlyonandtheyexplaineditwasntgoingtobethatkindofrelationshipxanthehasfallenforfinnbutitsnotreciprocatedromanticallybyhimatallshelacksapositivemalerolemodelinherlifeandfinnisthefirstpersoninherlifewhohasreallynurturedherfinniseventuallyinvestigatedbythepoliceforthemedicationswapleadinghimtofleetownforhongkongxanthedecidestogowithhimbuttheyaresoonfoundandescortedfromtheplanewhenxanthechoosestorunawaywithfinnshefocusesonthefactthatsheneedstokeephimsafevandermeerexplainedthatxanthewillgotoanylengthtomakesurefinniscareforassheistheonlyonewhoknowsthefullextentofhisconditionvandermeerstatedthatfinnsactionswouldhaveamassiveimpactonxantheslifeinthefutureshecontinuedthepeopleinherlifedespisefinnbutshehashadanoverwhelmingloveforhimthatnooneelseunderstoodshehaseliminatedalotofpeoplefromher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htelescopeareatelescopewavelengthinstrumentslistinfoboxspaceflightinstrumentsacronymresolvenamesoftxrayspectrometeracronymxtendnamesoftxrayimagerthexrayastronomyrecoverymissionxarmpronouncedcharmduringitsformulationxarmwasalsoknownastheastrohsuccessorastrohoverviewmissionwiththeretirementofsuzakusatellitesuzakuinaugustandthedetectorsonboardchandraxrayobservatoryxmmnewtonoperatingformorethanyearsandgraduallyagingthefailureofhitomimeantthatxrayastronomerswillhaveayearblankperiodinsoftxrayobservationuntilthelaunchofathenawhichaccordingtoinstituteofspaceandastronauticalscienceisasdirectorgeneralsakutsunetaisasuperastrohalackofmissionscouldalsodepriveyoungastronomersachancetogainhandsonexperiencefromparticipatinginaprojectforthesereasonsaswellastorecoverthesciencethatwastobegainedfromhitomithexarmprojectbeganthexarmmissionhasbeenrecommendedbyisassadvisorycouncilforresearchandmanagementthehighenergyastrophysicsassociationinjapannasaastrophysicssubcommitteenasasciencecommitteenasaadvisorycouncilwithaplannedlaunchinmarchxarmwillrecoverthesciencethatwaslostwithhitomisuchasthestructureformationoftheuniversefeedbackfromgalaxiesactivegalaxynucleiandthehistoryofmaterialcirculationfromstarstogalaxyclustersthespacetelescopewillalsoserveasatechnologydemonstratorfortheeuropeanadvancedtelescopeforhighenergyastrophysicsathenaadvancedtelescopeforhighenergyastrophysicstelescopemultiplespaceagenciesincludingnasaandtheeuropeanspaceagencyesarefnameesacvrefareparticipatinginthemissioninjapantheprojectisledbyjaxasinstituteofspaceandastronauticalscienceisasdivisionandtheusparticipationisledbynasasgoddardspaceflightcentergsfctheuscontributionisexpectedtocostaroundmillionwhichisaboutthesameamountasthecontributiontohitomirefnamefoustrefateamofastronomersfromgsfcsuggestspairingthexarmsatellitewithasourcesatellitecontainingradioactivesourcesxarmwillobservethesourcesattoconductabsolutecalibrationofitstelescopesthusfunctioningasainorbitxraystandardcandlewithitsbroadeffectiveareathetelescopecouldpotentiallyestablishseveralstandardcandlesintheskybyobservingconstantcelestialsourcesifthisconceptprovessuccessfullatermissionssuchasathenaandlynxmayhavetheirownsourcesatschangesfromhitomithexrayastronomyrecoverymissionwillbeoneofthefirstprojectforisastoplaceaseparateprojectmanagerpmandaprimaryinvestigatorpithismeasurewastakenaspartofisassreforminprojectmanagementtopreventtherecurrenceofthehitomiaccidentintraditionalisasmissionsthepmwasalsoresponsiblefortasksthatwouldtypicallybeallocatedtopisinanasamissionwhilehitomihadanarrayofinstrumentsspanningfromsoftxraytosoftgammarayxarmwillfocusaroundtheresolveinstrumentequivalenttohitomissxsoncetheoperationofxarmstartscollaborativeobservationswithnustarwilllikelybeessentialmeanwhilethescientificvalueofthesoftandhardxraybandwidthboundaryhasbeennotedtherefortheoptionofupgradingxarmsinstrumentstobepartiallycapableofhardxrayobservationisunderconsiderationfurthermoreahardxraytelescopeproposalwithabilitiessurpassinghitomihasalsobeenproposedhistoryfollowingtheprematureterminationofthehitomimissiononjunejaxaannouncedtheirproposaltorebuildthesatellitethexarmpreprojectpreparationteamwasformedinoctoberintheussideformulationistobegininthesummerofinjuneesaannouncedthattheywillparticipateinxarmasamissionofopportunityinstrumentsxarmwillcarrytwoinstrumentsforstudyingthesoftxrayenergyrangeresolveandxtendthesatellitewillhavetelescopesforeachoftheinstrumentssxtisoftxraytelescopeforimagerandsxtssoftxraytelescopeforspectrometerthepairoftelescopeswillhaveafocallengthofresolveresolveisaxraymicrocalorimetertheinstrumentwilllikelynotbeacompleteremanufactureofhitomissxsastherearesomespacequalifiedhardwareleftfromdevelopingsxsandthesesparepartsmaybeutilizedtobuildresolvextendxtendisaxraychargecoupleddeviceccdcameraunlikeresolvewhichwillbeabuilttoprintversionofitspredecessorxtenddiffersinthatitsenergyresolutionwillbeimprovedfromhitomissxiseealsosuzakusatellitesuzakulistofxrayspacetelescopesxrayastronomynotesreferencesexternallinksisasjaxajpoutreachannouncementsfilesastrohpdfbeyondthelossofhitomiheasarcgsfcnasagovdocsxarmxrayastronomyrecoverymissionatnasagoddardspaceflightcenterredirectponponknightsiphoviridaetaxonomyxrayastronomyrecoverymissionkshatriyaislamicstateautomatictaxoboximagexenyllagriseajpgimagecaptionxenyllagriseataxonxenyllaauthoritytullbergfilexenyllalittoralisjpgthumbxenyllalittoralisnortheastcoastoftasmaniaxenyllaisagenusofspringtailsandalliesinthefamilyhypogastruridaethereareatleastdescribedspeciesinxenyllaseealsolistofxenyllaspeciesreferencesreflistrefsrefnameitiscitewebtitlexenyllareporturlitisgovservletsinglerptsinglerptsearchtopictsnsearchvaluewebsiteintegratedtaxonomicinformationsystemaccessdaterefrefnameeolcitewebtitlexenyllaoverviewurleolorgpagesoverviewwebsiteencyclopediaoflifeaccessdaterefrefnamecatlifecitewebtitlebrowsexenyllaurlcatalogueoflifeorgcolbrowsetreeiddebbaabfdcfcewebsitecatalogueoflifeaccessdaterefrefnamegbifcitewebtitlexenyllaurlgbiforgspecieswebsitegbifaccessdaterefrefnamebugrefcitewebtitlexenylla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shostedonyoutubepremisetheseriestakesplaceonanearthwherehumansstoppeddyingagingandbeingborninallsocialillsweresubsequentlyeliminatedandtechnologypreventinghumansfromanyinjurywasdevelopedintheunitedstatesamericanfootballevolvedtoincludenewrulesincludingthosethatallowfieldsthousandsofmileslonghundredsofingameplayersandgamesmillennialongovertimecomputersgainedsentienceduetoconstantexposuretobroadcasthumandatabytheyearthespaceprobepioneercalledninehasgainedsentienceandmadecontactwithpioneercalledtenandthejupitericymoonsexplorercalledjuiceasnineadjuststoaworldradicallydifferentfromthatofthethcenturythethreespaceprobeswatchmultiplefootballgamesoccurringacrosstheunitedstatesagameusingtheentiretyofnebraskaasafieldinwhichthenextpointscoredwinsthegameagameinwhichplayersstrivetopossesseveryexistingfootballsignedbykoydetmeragameplayedbetweenthecanadaunitedstatesbordercanadianborderandthemexicounitedstatesbordermexicanborderdeadlockedforyearsatthebottomofacanyongorgeinarizonaannationalfootballleaguenflregulationgamebetweenthedenverbroncosandthepittsburghsteelersthatchangedoveryearsintoplayingteamsowningportionsofthefieldandalostballaballgamegamethatresultsinthedestructionofthecentenniallightandagameinwhichthepossessingplayerisattemptingtoscoreanautomaticwinbyhidinginhisteamsendzoneforyearsformatisreadbyscrollingthroughpagesoccupiedbylargegifimagesandcoloreddialogtextinterspersedwithoccasionalyoutubevideosthestoryisdividedintochapterswhichwereoriginallypublishedindailyinstallmentsbetweenjulyandjulyrefnamequartzrefdevelopmentboiswroteandillustratedforvoxmediassportsnewswebsitesbnationofwhichheiscreativedirectorasidefromboisproducestwootherrecurringhumorousvideoessayprogramsforthesiteprettygoodwhichfocusesonunusualsportstopicsandstoriesandchartpartywhichfocusesonstatisticsandhasanemphasisonboisuseofvisualartinhisjournalismandstorytellingboisisalsoknownforthebreakingmaddenseriesrefnamerefinwinterboisbegandevelopinganantiscifiprojectasapossiblesequeltothetimtebowcflchroniclesanearlierworkforsbnationandsetthestoryinayearfarenoughinthefuturethatnobodyeverthinksaboutitalthoughhelikedtheconceptandthevisualshebelievedtheprojectwouldnotconnectwithreadersandshelveditlaterherealizedthatthestoryneededacenteringcharacterhewroteoneintheformofasmalltownambroadcastingamradiotalkshowhostbeforecomingupwiththecharactersoftheprobesdevelopmentrenewedinmayandtheprojectsolidifiedaftersbnationpublisheditsarticlethefutureoffootballrefnamerefboisdescribeditasthebiggestprojectheeverattemptedtheserieswasdevelopedbygrahammacareewhousedavoxmediatoolthatcreatescustompackagesfromstandardarticlesetstogiveboiscreativeleewayandtoaccommodatetheseriesweightonthesbnationwebsitemacareefoundthattherewerefewresourcesonlineforachievingthedesiredeffectsthemesboishasstatedoftheintentionsoftheworkasconceivedtogivethereaderagoodtimethatwasliterallythewholepointwilliamhugheswritingfortheavclubdescribedasconcernedwithwhyhumansplaysportsthatisgiventhemassiveresourcestimeandinformationatourdisposalnottomentionthoseavailabletoourdescendantswhydoescommunalgameplayingstillholdsuchanimportantplaceinsocietyhealsolistedconsciousnesshopeanddespairasamongtheworksthemesreceptionaccordingtothecommunicationsdirectoratvoxmediagarneredovermillionpageviewsbyjulytwodayslaterithadreceivedmorethanmillionpageviewsonjulyboisclaimedthatreceiveduniquevisitorsandmilliontotalpageviewswithanaverageengagementtimeofminutesthuhuonghadescribedaspartitalocalvinopartpeterhellerauthorofthedogstarswithhumorseeminglyfromwithinthedepthsofredditsayingthatthestorywouldappealtofansofbothsportsandliteraturetorcomdescribedthefirstchapterasfulloftensionandfeltthatreceivinganswersisasurprisinglyheartbreakingexperiencelessenedbyagleefulbouncingimmaturityonewouldnotexpectfromthecharactersbethelderkinatiosaidtheseriesisakintohomestuckanddescribeditasweirdcomplexandprettyspectacularwilliamhugheswritingfortheavclubfeltthatitisatrulyinnovativepieceofworkafterreadingthefirstthreechaptersagathafrenchofthelosangelestimesstatedthatshewasimpressedandexcitedbytheinnovationofwhatshehasseenandthatshewasintrigueddespitenotknowingwhattheworkisorissayingshefelttheworktookfulladvantageofitsonlinemediumandsuggestedthatitmayalsobeaglimpseintothefutureofreadingontheinternetiancrouchofthenewyorkerdescribedtheseriesasdespiteitsseeminglymeagrepartsathingofstartlingbeautyofthechapterspublishedbyjulyhefeltthemoststrikingchaptertobeonethatutilizedaudioofvernelundquistcallingkicksixtheendofagamebetweenthealabamacrimsontidefootballteamuniversityofalabamaandauburntigersfootballteamauburnuniversityoveravideopanningoverearthhealsonotedthattheserieswascomparedtohomestuckandrelayedadditionalcomparisonstothomaspynchonnovelsandaredditthreadhijackedbyrobotinternettrolltrollsseealsohypertextfictionreferencesexternallinksttttliuxiaobopeoplespublicsecurityuniversityofchinasooyeonleeasteroidfamilyredirectcategoryshelltaxoboxnamexyridacmaveronicaeimagexyridacmaveronicaemalejpgimagewidthpximagecaptionmaleimagexyridacmaveronicaefemalejpgimagewidthpximage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cupationofficialmusicianwriterpainterblankcourtesynamedatagongzengblankposthumousnamedatamarquischengxunxudiedrefnamezztjdeathzizhitongjianvolrefcourtesynamegongzengwasanofficialmusicianwriterandpainterwholivedinthelatethreekingdomsperiodandearlyjindynastyjindynastybornintheinfluentialxunfamilyofyingchuanxunfamilyhewasagreatgrandsonofxunshuangandadistantmaternalrelativeofzhongyaosfamilyheservedasanofficialinthestateofcaoweiinthelatethreekingdomserabeforeservingunderthejindynastyfamilybackgroundandearlylifexunxuwasbornintheeminentxunfamilyofyingchuanxunfamilywhoseancestralhomechineseancestralhomewasinyingyincountyyingchuancommanderywhichisinpresentdayxuchanghenanhenanprovincehisgreatgrandfatherxunshuangservedasthethreeducalministersministerofworksintheeasternhandynastyhisgrandfatherxunfeiservedasacolonelofshootersatsoundsxunxusfatherxunxidiedearlysoxunxuwasraisedbyzhongyaoandhisfamilywhoweredistantlyrelatedtohimthroughhismaternalunclezhongyaoservedasthegrandtutorintheimperialcourtofthestateofcaoweiduringthethreekingdomsperiodaftertheendoftheeasternhandynastyasachildxunxuwasafastlearnerandcouldalreadywriteessayswhenhewasonlyzhongyaoonceremarkedthatxunxuwouldgrowuptobecomelikehisgreatgrandfatheramongxunxusrelativesthemorenotableoneswerexunyuxunyueandxunyouxunyuandxunyuewerexunxuscousinsecondcousinstwiceremovedwhilexunyouwasxunxusthirdcousinonceremovedxunyuandxunyouwereinfluentialstatesmenofthelateeasternhandynastyandadviserstothewarlordcaocaowholaidthefoundationforthestateofcaoweiinthethreekingdomsperiodxunyuewasanofficialhistorianandconfucianismconfucianscholarinthelateeasternhandynastyserviceunderthecaoweistatebythetimexunxureachedadulthoodhewasalreadyalearnedandknowledgeableyoungmanhewasinterestedingovernmentandpoliticssohestartedhiscareerasanassistanttocaoshuangageneralservingasregenttocaofangthethirdemperorofthecaoweistatehewassubsequentlyreassignedtobeatongshilangacommunicationssecretaryofthepalacewritersincaoshuangwasexecutedafterlosingpowerinincidentatgaopingtombsacouplaunchedbyhiscoregentsimayinoneofcaoshuangsformeraidesdaredtocollecthisremainsandarrangeafuneralforhimbecausetheywereafraidofbeingimplicatedxunxusteppedupheldafuneralforcaoshuangandinspiredotherstofollowhimxunxulaterbecametheprefectofanyangcountyandanassistantpalacegentlemantothegeneralofagilecavalryduringhistenureinanyangcountyxunxugainedsomuchrespectandlovefromthelocalresidentsthattheyevenbuiltashrinetohonourhimhewassubsequentlyheldthefollowingappointmentsjudgeundertheministerofjusticemilitaryadvisertotheregentsimazhaoofficialinthehallofrecordshewasalsoennobledasasecondarymarquisinthefourthweiemperorcaomaoattemptedcoupofcaomaoacouptoseizebackpowerfromtheregentsimazhaowhohadbeenmonopolisingstatepowersincesimazhaosyoungerbrothersimaganheardofthecoupandtriedtoenterthepalacetohelphisbrotherhoweverhewasdeniedentrybysunyouanofficerguardingthemaingatesohehadtoenterthepalacethroughanothergatewhensimazhaofoundoutwhysimaganshoweduplatehewantedtoexecutesunyouandhisfamilyhoweverxunxuadvisedhimagainstitbypointingoutthatitwouldbeunfairandunjusttopunishsunyousfamilyaswellsimazhaoheededxunxusadviceandpunishedsunyouonlybydemotinghimtothestatusofacommoneraroundthesametimeluyiacavalryofficerrequestedpermissionfromsimazhaotoinfiltrateweisrivalstateshuhanandassassinateshusleadersxunxuadvisedsimazhaoagainstusingassassinationbecausehebelievedthatthatdefeatingshuforcesinbattlewasabetterwayofconvincingthepeopleofshutosurrenderandforsimazhaotogaingreaterprestigesimazhaopraisedxunxuforhissoundadviceintheweigeneralzhonghuistartedzhonghuisrebellionarebellionagainstsimazhaoafterleadingweiforcestoconquestofshubyweiconquershuatthetimesimazhaoonlyheardrumoursabouttherebellionandhadnoconcreteevidenceyetashehadallalongtreatedzhonghuiwellhewasreluctanttobelievethatzhongwouldrebelagainsthimafterxunxucautionedhimagainsttrustingzhonghuisimazhaoledhisforcestogarrisonatchanganasaprecautionarymeasureguoyiandwangshenurgedsimazhaotobanishxunxubecausetheyfearedthathewouldsidewithzhonghuigiventhathewasraisedbythezhongfamilyzhonghuiwaszhongyaossonhoweversimazhaoignoredthemandcontinuedtotreatxunxuashedidbeforeandevenallowedxuntorideinthesamecarriageashimpreviouslywhensimazhaoorderedzhonghuitoleadweiforcestoconquershuxunxuhadnominatedweiguantobethearmysupervisorlaterweiguanplayedahugeroleinsuppressingzhonghuisrebellionaftershuhadbeenpacifiedxunxufollowedsimazhaobacktotheweicapitalluoyangwherehepeixiuandyanghuwereputinchargeoftheprivycouncilaftereliminatingshusimazhaoplannedtoconquerweisotherrivalstateeasternwusohesentanemissarytopassalettertothewuemperorsunhaosimazhaohadpreviouslyorderedhissubordinatestodraftthelettertosunhaoamongthenumerousdraftshereadheeventuallychosetheonewrittenbyxunxusunhaoagreedtomakepeacewithweiafterreadingthelettersimazhaoremarkedthatxunxusletterhadthepowerequivalenttothatofanarmyofinmidthefifthweiemperorcaohuanconferredsimazhaothetitleofavassalkingkingofjinxunxuwasappointedasapalaceattendantandenfeoffedasthemarquisofanyangandgiventaxablehouseholdstoformhismarquisateoverviewofserviceunderthejindynastyfollowingsimazhaosdeathinseptemberinfebruarytheweiemperorcaohuanabdicatedhisthronetosimazhaossonemperorwuofjinsimayanwhoestablishedthejindynastyjindynastytoreplacethecaoweistateaftersimayanwasenthronedandbecamehistoricallyknownasemperorwuheenfeoffedxunxuasthedukeofjibeicommanderyhoweverxunxudeclinedtheenfeoffmentafterseeingthatyanghualsodeclinedhishoweverhestillremainedasamarquisunderthenewtitlemarquisofjibeixunxuwasthenconcurrentlyappointedassupervisorofthepalacewriterspalaceattendantandzhuzuoseniorwritertheemperoralsotaskedhimandjiachongwithdraftingthelawsofthejindynastyintheearlyxianningeraemperorwunamedxunxushibaothreekingdomsshibaoandothersasthepioneersofthejindynastyandincludedthemamongthosehonouredinthejindynastysancestralshrineancestraltemplearoundwhenwangjunjindynastywangjunrequestedpermissiontoleadanarmytoconquereasternwuthelastofthethreekingdomsxunxuandjiachongstronglyobjectedbutemperorwuignoredthemandorderedwangjunandotherstoleadjinforcesonconquestofwubyjinaninvasionofwutheinvasionturnedoutsuccessfulandledtothereunificationofchinaunderthejindynastywhenemperorwuassessedxunxuscontributionsinhelpinghimdraftimperialedictsherewardedxunxubyenfeoffingoneofhissonsasavillagemarquiswithtaxablehouseholdsinhismarquisateandawardinghimrollsofsilktheemperoralsoenfeoffedxunxusgrandsonxunxianasthemarquisofyingyangvillagerefnamexunxianjinshuvolrefaroundthetimetherewasmuchdiscussionintheimperialcourtovertheissueofrestoringthenoblestotheirfiefsandallowingthemtogovernfromtheirrespectivefiefswhenemperorwusoughthisopinionxunxudisapprovedbecausehebelievedthatsincethenoblesalsoheldgubernatorialappointmentstheymightneglecttheiroriginaljurisdictionsoncetheyreturntotheirrespectivefiefshealsopointedoutthepossiblecomplicationssuchashavingtosubdividethefiefsintocommanderiesandcountiesaswellastheriskofmakingpeopleunhappysincethesubdividingwouldrequirerelocatingresidentsfromoneareatoanotherhefurtherpointedoutthattheywouldneedtoreassigntroopsfromthebordersandplacethemunderdecentralisedcommandinthevariousfiefswhenemperorwuaskedxunxutoreconsiderhisviewsxunxuexplainedfurtherthatthebestcourseofactionwastomaintainthestatusquosincetheredrawingofboundariesbetweenthefiefsmightleadtoresentmentandpotentialunrestifitwasnotcarefullymanagedhealsopointedoutthattherewerefarmoreimportantissuesthatrequiredimmediateattentionsotheyshouldfocusonthosefirstemperorwuthoughtthatxunxusadvicewasappropriateandheededitaroundthetimetheimperialcourtwasdiscussingaproposaltoretrenchabouthalfthenumberofofficialsincommanderiesandcountiestofreeuplabourforagriculturalworksxunxucitedexamplesfromthehandynastyandgavealongexplanationonwhyhebelievedthatthebestsolutionwastoreducethelayersofbureaucracyintheadministrationhepointedouthowdoingsocouldhelptodiscourageofficialsfromcorruptbehaviourimproveadministrativeefficiencyandbuildupgreatersocialtrustamongthemassesheoftenappliedsuchcriticalanalysisinassessingthecostsandbenefitsofgovernmentpoliciesinthetaikangeraemperorwuissuedanimperialedicttopraisexunxuforhistalentsandcontributionsandsaidthathewascapableofassuminggreaterresponsibilitieshethenappointedxunxuasahouseholdcounsellortobetreatedlikeoneofthethreeducalministersaswellasallowingxunxutohavehisownadministrativeofficeinadditiontohisexistingappointmentsassupervisorofthepalacewritersandpalaceattendantaroundthetimejiachongandliyinjindynastyliyinwerealreadydeadandthepositionofcrownprincesgrandtutorwasvacantxunxuwroteamemorialtoemperorwunominatingyangyaojindynastyyangyaotobethecrownprincesgrandtutorandeitherweiguanorshantaotaoistshantaotobethenewsituofficeministeroverthemassesemperorwuacceptedhissuggestionsintheautumnofthefollowingyearheavyfloodingoccurredinmanycommanderieswithyanprovincebeingtheworsthitxunxuwroteamemorialtoemperorwuandsuggestedthathecreatetheofficeofadushuishizheanofficialinchargeofwaterworkstodealwithfloodsinthefuturelateronaseparateoccasionheappointedhissubordinatesyinxianandzhaoxianasmembersoftheretinueandtaskedthemwithdraftinglegislationwhenemperorwuaskedhimwhyhedidsoxunxuexplainedtheimportanceofdelegatingresponsibilitiestosubordinateshealsopointedoutwhyhebelieveditwasredundanttohaveofficialsfocusingondraftinglegislationonlysincetheirdutiesoverlapwiththoseofotherofficialssoitwasbettertodelegatesuchadditionalresponsibilitiestothelattergroupxunxuwascarefulandcautiousinhisbehaviourwheneverpolicychangeswereannouncedifheplayedaroleinlobbyingforthosechangeshewouldkeepquietabouthisinvolvementxunliangoneofhisyoungerrelativesadvisedhimtoletothersknowthegooddeedshedidsothathewouldgaingreaterrespectrefnamexunliangjinshuvolrefwutonghissoninlawalsourgedhimtoattractpeopletosupporthimrefnamewutongjinshuvolrefhoweverxunxurefusedtolistentothemandhewarnedhissonsagainstformingtheirownpoliticalcloutsandforgettingtheirplaceassubjectsoftheemperorlateremperorwupromotedxunxutobetheprefectofthemastersofwritingxunxuservedasthesupervisorofthepalacewritersforalongtimeandhadaccesstostatesecretsafterhewasreassignedtobetheprefectofthemastersofwritinghefeltdissatisfiedandunhappywhensomeonecongratulatedonhisnewappointmentheexpressedhisangeroverlosinghispreviousappointmentwhenhewasservingastheprefectofthemastersofwritingheevaluatedhissubordinatesbasedontheirperformanceanddismissedthosewhofailedtoliveuptohisexpectationsemperorwuoncetoldxunxuthathehopedthatxunxuwouldlearnfromxunyuandxunyoubypromotingdeservingofficialsanddismissingcorruptofficialsafewmonthsafterxunxuassumedhisnewappointmenthismotherdiedsoheresignedandwantedtogohomeforfilialmourninghoweveremperorwudeniedhimpermissionandsentzhouhuitoannounceanimperialedictorderinghimtoreturntohisjobassociationwithjiachongjiananfengandsimazhongwhenemperorwuofjinemperorwuwantedtoreassignjiachongtoguardtheguanzhongregionxunxutoldhiscolleaguefengdanthattheirstatusintheimperialcourtdependedonjiachongspresencesotheyshouldtrytostoptheemperorfromsendingjiachongoutoftheimperialcapitalluoyangxunxuthoughtofpersuadingemperorwutoarrangeamarriagebetweenemperorhuiofjinsimazhongthecrownprinceandjiachongsdaughterjiananfenginthiswayjiachongasthecrownprincesfatherinlawwouldhavetoremaininluoyangxunxuandfengdanthensangpraisesofjiachongsdaughterinfrontofemperorwuandmanagedtoconvincehimtoarrangethemarriagemanyofficialsweredisgustedbyxunxusfawningbehaviourandcalledhimasycophantemperorwuknewthatsimazhonghaddevelopmentaldisabilitysohebecameworriedthathissonwouldbringdisasteruponthejindynastyheorderedxunxuandhejiaotoobserveandevaluatesimazhongxunxupraisedsimazhongforbeingavirtuouscrownprincewhilehejiaosaidthatsimazhongwasthesameasbeforehejiaobecamerespectedforbeinghonestaboutsimazhongwhereasxunxuwasderidedforlyinginordertopleasetheemperorinanotherincidentwhenemperorwuwantedtodeposejiananfengfromthepositionofcrownprincesconsortxunxuandfengdanimmediatelywenttopleadwiththeemperortoreconsiderhisdecisionandeventuallysucceededindissuadinghimfromdeposingjiananfengmanypeoplebelievedthatxunxucouldpotentiallybringaboutthejindynastysdownfallandcomparedhimunfavourablytosunzithreekingdomssunziandliufangthreekingdomsliufangwhowereseenashavingcausedthedownfallofthecaoweistateothercontributionsandanecdotesxunxuwasinchargeofmusicarrangementsomeofthepieceshearrangedbecamewidespreadheonceheardthesoundofacowbellringingandthoughtofusingcowbellsasaninstrumenttofinetunemusicalpieceswhenxunxuwasservingasmishujianasupervisingsecretaryemperorwualsotaskedhimandzhanghuawitharrangingtheimperiallibraryscollectionintoacataloguelikeliuxiangscholarliuxiangsbieluwhenoldbambooscrollswerejizhongdiscoverydiscoveredinanancienttombinjicommanderyinemperorwutaskedxunxuwithcopyingorganisingandcompilingthemxunxudidsoandcreatedabookzhongjingwhichwasthenaddedtotheimperiallibraryscollectionxunxusetupaschoolforstudentstolearncalligraphyinthestylesofzhongyaoandhuwujinginoneinstancexunxuwasdiningbesideemperorwuwhenhetoldeveryonethatthefoodtheywereeatingwascookedwithfirecreatedfromwoodthathasundergonemuchhardshipeveryonedidnotbelievehimsotheemperorsummonedthechefandaskedhimthechefsaidthatheusedwoodfromthewheelsofanoldcarriagetostartthefirehencexunxuwasrighttheywereimpressedwithhisintelligencedeathandappraisalxunxudiedinduringthetaikangeraofemperorwuofjinemperorwusreigntheemperorgrantedhimtheposthumousappointmentofthreeducalministersministeroverthemassesandtheposthumousnameposthumoustitlemarquischenginadditiontoawardinghisfamilysomechineseceramicsceramicsfromtheimperialpalacescollectionasetofofficialrobescoinsandrollsofsilkhealsosentanimperialsecretaryashispersonalrepresentativetoattendxunxusfuneralrefnamejsdeathjinshuvolrefxunxuservedintheprivycouncilandwasinchargeofstatesecretsforalongtimehewasnotonlyatalentedwriterbutalsoadeepthinkerwhounderstoodverywellhisplaceasasubjectofhislordheknewwhathislordexpectedofhimandadaptedhisbehaviouraccordinglytopleasehislordthatwaswhyhemanagedtoremaininemperorwusfavourandliveacomfortablelifeuntilhisdeathfamilyxunxuhadtensonsamongthemthenotableoneswerexunjixunfanandxunzuxunjiinheritedhisfathersmarquistitleandservedinthejingovernmentwithhishighestappointmentbeingministeroftheguardshewashonouredwiththeposthumousnameposthumoustitlemarquisjianafterhisdeathhissonxunjunsucceededhimandwasposthumouslyhonouredasmarquislieasxunjunhadnosontosucceedhimhismarquistitlewaspassedontohisnephewxunshixunjihadanothersonxunchuowhosecourtesynamewasyanshuxunchuowasfamousforhisliterarytalentandwrotechaptersofthelaterbookofjintowardstheendoftheyongjiaerainemperorhuaiofjinemperorhuaisreignheservedasanassistantpalacegentlemantothethreeducalministersministerofworkshewascapturedbyshilewhenthelatterrebelledagainstthejindynastyandbecameshilesmilitaryadviserxunxuhadatleastonedaughterwhomarriedwutongoneofxunxusgrandsonsxunxianwasenfeoffedbyemperorwuasthemarquisofyingyangvillageseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsjizhongdiscoverynotesreferencesfangxuanlingfangxuanlingbookofjinjinshusimaguangsimaguangzizhitongjiandepressioncherryralfbrownsinterruptlistralfbrownsinterruptlistairplanercatshellpassengershiprcatshellferryrcatshellmotorboatrcatshellnigemizurcatshelltaxoboxnamexenob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banturbanturbanturbanturbanturbanturbanturbanturbanxafecopytrojanisamalwaresoftwaretargetingtheandroidoperatingsystemfirstidentifiedinseptemberbycybersecurityandantivirusproviderkasperskylabaccordingtokasperskylabxafecopyinfectedatleastuserswithinamonthinapproximatelycountriesusersinindiawereitsprimaryvictimsfollowedbyusersfromrussiaturkeyandmexicorefnametimesrefhistoryxafecopywasfirstdiscoveredbykasperskyinwhenitinfectedthousandsofandroidbaseddevicesinindiathemalwarewasreportedtobeembeddedinavarietyofappsmostcommonlyinbatteryoptimizersmaliciouscodeisdownloadedontothedevicewithouttheknowledgeorconsentoftheusertheappclicksonwebpagesthatusethewirelessapplicationprotocolwapbillingmethodandxafecopysubscribesthephonetoanumberofserviceswhichchargemoneydirectlytotheusersmobilephonebillthetechnologyisalsoabletobypasscaptchacaptchasystemsxafecopyhasbeenfoundusingjavascriptfilenameswhichwaspreviouslyusedbyinfamousztorgtrojantriggeringspeculationofapossibilityofcodesharingbetweencybercriminalgangsoperationxafecopydisguisesitselfasausefulappoftenabatteryoptimizeritoperatesbyclickingonwebpageswithwapbillingsystemwhichisaformofmobilepaymentsystemchargeddirectlytothemobilebillthemalwareworksinwapenabledandroiddevicesoveragprsorgwirelessconnectionandisbasedontheubsodfamilyitwasdetectedbykasperskylabastrojanclickerandroidosxafekopyxafecopyreceivesthewapbillingurladdressesofthewebpagesthroughacommandandcontrolserveroncetheurladdressisreceivedatthedeviceitclicksonthewapbillinglinkswhichinitiatesawapsessionwiththeserverwhichthenobtainstheusersmsisdnandchargesdirectlytotheusersmobilecarrierbillandsubscribestounwantedpaidservicesxafecopyappearstousetechnologywhichbypassescaptchasystemsaccordingtokasperskylabitsharessignificantcodingobtainedfromothersignificantmalwaremodifiedversionsofxafecopywerealsoidentifiedtohavethecapabilityofsendingsmsfromthedevicetopremiumratephonenumbersdeletingincomingsmsfromthemobilenetworkproviderandhidingalertsaboutbalancedeductionbyreadingincomingmessagesandcheckingforwordslikesubscriptionitisalsocapableofswitchingauserfromwificonnectiontomobiledataaswapbillingworksonlywhentheuserisconnectedtoamobileconnectionseealsotrojanhorsecomputingwirelessapplicationprotocolwapreferenceshirtaeschopalaeafasciculatahirtaeschopalaeanubilafamilymegophrysacerasmegophrysauralensismegophrysbrachykolosmegophrysdamreimegophryshuangshanensismegophrysmajormegophryslongipesmegophryslekagulimegophrysbinchuanensismegophryswawuensismegophrysshuichengensismegophryssangzhiensismegophrysrobustamegophrysparallelainfoboxchineselanguagesingerandactorseewikiprojectchineselanguageentertainmentnamexuhaiqiaogendermaleimagecaptionchinesenametradchinesenamesimpchinesenamepinyinchinesenamexhiqiojyutpingchinesenamebirthnamexuyaoethnicityhanchinesehanbirthdatebirthplacejinanpeoplesrepublicofchinachinadeathdatedeathplacerestingplacerestingplacecoordinatesothernamejoexuoccupationactorlabelhainashengshipicturesbejingcoltdalmamatershanghaitheatreacademyinstrumentvoicetypeyearsactivecurrentmemberspastmembersassociatedactspousesiblingchildrenparentsinfluencesinfluencedwebsitehongkongfilmwardsgoldenbauhiniaawardshkfcsawardsgoldenhorseawardsgoldenroosterawardshundredflowersawardsmtvasiaawardsgoldenmelodyawardsntsawardstvbanniversaryawardsawardsxuhaiqiaobornaprilalsoknownasjoexuisachineseactorheisbestknownforhisrolesintelevisionseriesthedreamofredmansionstvseriesthedreamofredmansionsthejourneyofflowerrevivedetectivesamoyedsandlostloveintimeshegraduatedfromshanghaitheatreacademyfilmographyfilmclasswikitablesortableyearenglishtitlechinesetitleroleclassunsortablenotesrowspandusklileiwebfilmmelodyxuyaothefoundingofapartyquqiubairowspantreeintherainduxiaomeialllifewithyouzhanglubairowspandeadsignkangkaislowinlovetangweishortfilmtelevisionseriesclasswikitablesortableyearenglishtitlechinesetitleroleclassunsortablenotessocalledmarriagewangjianzhengrowspanthedreamofredmansionstvseriesthedreamofredmansionsliuxianglianlohasfamilydaweicameoappearancecameorowspansistersunnypiggyshawujingcollegestudentsoldiersxushuairowspanbloodybattleofthevastskyxushiyeschemesofamotherherunshengcollegestudentsoldiersiixushuaioldcitiespasteventsxinchunrowspantheamazingbrideyuwanquanthejourneyofflowermengxuanlangthestoryoffurongqinziquerowspanthesonofheavenhanlinerrevivefengjingrowspanwebseriesdemongirlwangshaotangthefireofyouthgaofeihotgirlyangdengcameorowspankunlunquechongyichonglirowspanwebseriesdetectivesamoyedssamoduoluolostloveintimesyuanzhanletsshakeitbaiyucameorowspantbathemagnificentfiveluliwebserieslosemyhearttoyougutianchengthedarklordyexiaotianstarlightkunjunyidiscographyclasswikitableyearenglishtitlechinesetitlealbumrowspanlostinchanganrowspandetectivesamoyedsostxiakexingawardsandnominationsclasswikitablesortableyearawardcategorynominatedworkresultrefrowspanstgoldenguduomediaawardsmostpopularactorwebseriesrevivendasianewmediafilmfestivalbestactorwebseriesdetectivesamoyedsreferencesexternallinksxuhaiqiaoxenddisometimesspelledasxendiwasadiscriminatoryreligioustaximposedonhindusbythecolonialeraportuguesechristiangovernmentinthcenturygoathetermxenddialsospelledxendimorxendymeanthairtuftaslangforthetopknothairstyleofhinduslikelyderivedfromthemarathiwordsendiorshendiinitsinitialformulationthetaxwasintroducedwiththepretextthathindusdidnotownanylandingoaandonlythechristiansdidlandrevenueswerepaidbytheportuguesechristiansingoaandtheregionalchurcharguedthatxendditaxwouldmakehinduspaytheirfairsharethetaxandthetaxrateonhindusevolvedtobeanabusiveformofreligiousdiscriminationaccordingtoreneberendsethexendditaxwasaconsideredtobeanexampleofreligiousintolerancebytheneighboringmarathaempireanditslocalleadergovinddaspantmadeabolishmentofthediscriminatorytaxagainstthehindusasaconditionforamutualarmisticeagreementthegoangovernmentinitiallyrefusedstatingthatthexendditaxwasamatterofthechurchwhichtheportuguesestatecannotinterfereinrefnamebarendseprefexpandedtoallofportuguesecoloniesintheindiansubcontinentbythexendditaxwasabolishedinwithptjosjoaquimlopesdelimajjlopesdelimathegovernorgeneralofgoadeclaringittobecruelhatefultributeandridiculouscapitationtaxonthehindusrefnamesouzaprefthetaxwasinitiallyimposedonlyonhindusbutinlaterstagesexpandedonindianmuslimsingoathetaxwasoppressiveandarbitraryitscollectionbasedonsevereextortionsandabusesaccordingtoteotoniordesouzathediscriminatorytaxeswereoneofthemanyreligiouslytargetedpracticesoftheportugueseclergystatesaniruddharayalongwiththeprohibitiononhindusingoafromobservingtheirreligiousfestivalsthisledtowidespreademigrationofhindusoutofgoaandinothercasestoconversionrefnamerayprefreferenceslvivelectrotransinfoboxancientsitenamexinzhaibrmaptypechinamapaltmapcaptionreliefcoordinateslocationxinmizhengzhouregionhenanchinatypepartofbronzeagechinabuiltccbcabandonedepochsxiadynastyculturesxinzhaiisanearlychinesebronzeagebronzeagearchaeologicalsitethatwasfoundinhenanchinaitislocatedaboutsoutheastofxinmizhengzhouthecultureinxinzhaiexistsduringthexiadynastyandisdatedfromaboutbctobcthefoundingatxinzhaiisaculturallinkbetweentheolderlongshancultureandtheyoungererlitoucultureandtheexcavationsatxinzhaishowstracesofthetwoadjacentculturesthecityxinzhaiisbelievedtohasbeenfoundedbykingqiofxiaandwasthecapitalofthexiadynastyuntilqisdescendantshaokangtookcontrolofthedynastyseealsolongshancultureerlitouculturereferencesnotesreferencesrefnamezhangqiurefrefnamecassrefrefnamecassstatyrefrefnameliuchenrefreferencesprintedreferencesxiaomimimixxiaomimimixinfoboxscientistnamexuguoliangnativenamenativenamelangzhoimagealtcaptionbirthdatefebruarybirthplacezhujizhejiangchinadeathdatedeathdatethenbirthdatedeathplacerestingplacerestingplacecoordinatesothernamesresidenceshanghaichinacitizenshipnationalitychinesefieldsmolecularbiologyworkplaceschineseacademyofsciencespatronsalmamaterhangzhouuniversitythesistitlethesisurlthesisyeardoctoraladvisoracademicadvisorsdoctoralstudentsnotablestudentsknownforauthorabbrevbotauthorabbrevzooinfluencesinfluencedawardssignaturefilenameonlysignaturealtwebsitefootnotesspouseorspouseschildrenimagesizedeathcausepartnerorpartnersxuguoliangisachinesemoleculargeneticisthegraduatedfromhangzhouuniversitydepartmentofbiologyinandobtainedhismastersdegreeatinstituteofgeneticsanddevelopmentalbiologychineseacademyofsciencesininheearnedhisphdfrommaxplanckinstituteformoleculargeneticsandthetechnicaluniversityofberlininhewaselectedamemberofthechineseacademyofsciencesxusresearchmainlyfocusesontheepigeneticregulationinhisgroupdiscoveredthatthednaoxidativedemethylationismediatedbydnaoxidasetetandglycosidasetdgandclarifieditsroleinthecancerationofthecellsinhepublishedhisstudyconcerningtheeffectofdnamethylationandhistonemodificationhereceivedthetankahkeeawardinreferenceswakeuptvserieswakeupxhaferiisasurnamerefnamenameslistrefnotablepeoplewiththesurnameincludearbnxhaferialbanianpoliticiantalatxhaferibornmacedonianpoliticianformerministerofdefenseandcurrentlyspeakeroftheparliamentymerxhaferibornkosovanfootballerreferencestyphoonnorutyphoonnorutyphoonxmakeisacrossplatformbuildutilitybasedonluafeaturestasksmacrosactionsoptionspluginstemplatesplatformswindowsxxamdxamdmacosxixlinuxixcrosstoolchainsandroidarmvtearmvarmvaarmvaarmvaiphoneosarmvarmvsarmixwatchosarmvkimingwixlanguagesccobjcobjcswiftassemblygolangrustdlangpluginsmacrosscriptpluginrunthecustomluascriptplugingenerateideprojectfilepluginmakefilevsvsgeneratedoxygendocumentpluginbuildprojectsyntaxhighlightlangbashxmakesyntaxhighlightruntargetsyntaxhighlightlangbashxmakerunconsolesyntaxhighlightdebugtargetsyntaxhighlightlangbashxmakerundconsolesyntaxhighlightsimpledescriptionsyntaxhighlightlangluatargetconsolesetkindbinaryaddfilessrccsyntaxhighlightsimpleexamplesyntaxhighlightlangluaifismodedebugthensetsymbolsdebugsetoptimizenoneendifismodereleasethensetsymbolshiddensetoptimizefastestsetstripallendtargettestsetkindstaticaddfilessrccsyntaxhighlightreferenceslixiaoranxiaomimimixxiaomimimixxiaomimimixtaxoboxnamexylophagaimagexylophagadorsalisjournalponegapngimagecaptionxylophagadorsalisregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisbivalvebivalvia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considerationsonoctoberatitsclosingsessionthethpartycongressapprovedtheincorporationofxijinpingthoughtintotheconstitutionofthecommunistpartyofchinadozensofchineseuniversitieshaveestablishedresearchinstitutesforxijinpingthoughtafterthecongressdedicatedtoadvocatingtheincorporationofxithoughtinallaspectsofdailylifetheconceptsbehindxijinpingthoughtareelaboratedinthexijinpingsthegovernanceofchinabookseriespublishedbytheforeignlanguagespressforaninternationalaudiencevolumeonewaspublishedinseptemberfollowedbyvolumetwoinnovemberonnovembermorethanofchinastopfilmmakersactorsandpopstarsweregatheredforadayinhangzhoutostudythereportofthethpartycongressfeaturingxithoughtseealsogeneralsecretaryxijinpingimportantspeechseriesmaozedongthoughtmaoismdengxiaopingtheoryscientificoutlookondevelopmentthreerepresentsreferencesredirectbrkodistrictimpeircatshellinfoboxsportspersonnamexaverfrickjrbirthnameimagecaptionnationalityliechtensteinsportmiddledistancerunningeventmetresclubcollegeteambirthdatebirthplacedeathdatedeathplaceheightweightxaverfrickjrbornmarchisaliechtensteinmiddledistancerunningmiddledistancerunnerhecompetedintheathleticsatthesummerolympicsmensmetresmensmetresatthesummerolympicsrefnamesportsrefrefreferencesxaverfrickjrmingdynastyrcatshellunitvidyabalanrasputitsaredirectmyriamfaresredirectmohamedsaadredirecthaifawehberedirecthaifawehberedirectrotanamagazinedevadprekazibakyttorobayevbakyttorobayevbakyttorobayevxilisubdistrictinfoboxsportspersonheadercolornamenicknamefullnameimageimagesizecaptionnationalityitaliansportmountainrunningbsportofathleticsathleticseventhalfmarathonclubatleticavallibergamascheleffebirthdatebirthplaceaostaresidencenuscoachpaologermanettodeathdatedeathplaceheightweightpbhalfmarathoncountryitalynationalathleticsteamitalycapsmedaltemplatesmedalcountworldmountainrunningchampionshipsworldchampionshipsteameuropeanchampionshipsteamtotalxavierchevrierbornmarchisafrenchspeakingitalyitalianmalemountainrunnerwhowoneuropeanmountainrunningchampionshipsrefnamefidalrefbiographyhealsowonthreeitalianathleticschampionshipsnationalchampionshipsatindividualseniorathleticsseniorlevelheisthecousinofthecrosscountryskierchampionfedericopellegrinoachievementsclasswikitablewidthstylefontsizetextaligncenteryearcompetitionvenuepositioneventtimenotesalignlefteuropeanathleticschampionshipseuropeanchampionshipsalignleftamsterdamthhalfmarathoneuropeanathleticschampionshipsmenshalfmarathonteamresultsworldmountainrunningchampionshipseuropeanmountainrunningchampionshipsnationaltitlesitalianmountainrunningchampionshipsitalianlongdistancemountainrunningchampionshipsreferencesexternallinksfidalitatletaxavierchevrierjkirljsncwodxavierchevrierprofileatitalianathleticsfederationfidalangelinajoliexiayanisthenameofxiayanmingdynastymingdynastypoliticianxiayanplaywrightchineseplaywrightscreenwriterandofficialsyedwaheedashrafashshabyuridisqatannizamoutrunsoftbankgroupredirectcategoryshellalqaryataynredirectcourseoftheoreticalphysicsredirectcourseoftheoreticalphysicsredirectcourseoftheoreticalphysicsinfoboxfootballbiographynamexavillorensfullnamexavillorensrodrguezbirthdatebirthplacebarcelonaspainheightcurrentclubxavillorensrodrguezbornjuneisaspanishmanagerassociationfootballfootballmanagerhelastwasmanageroffcbarcelonafemenhejoinedtheteaminjuneandsteppeddownafterthefcbarcelonafemenseasonseasonhavingspentelevenseasonsattheclubllorensiscurrentlypartofthemasiaastrategicprojectseekingtoaddcooperationbetweenclubsvariousdepartmentsllorenswasnominatedforthebestfifawomenscoachinthebestfifafootballawardshonourscatalansupercupcopadelareinawomensfootballsuperleaguecoachwebsitefcbarcelonacomaccessdatenovemberrefreferenceswantingqurcatshelltetrasomyxloveeducationxfilmanimalcrossingpocketcampredirectcategoryshelltheplayerofgamesnoincludemoratjernaugurgehnoincludexyrielmanabatxeusmacedonianorthodoxcathedralofthedormitionofthevirginmaryreynoldsburgohiobukmissilesystemandmmissilebukmissilesystemmmissilexxxxyxxyysyndromexxyysyndromeomalimangavexijinpingxijinpingthoughtxuzizhitongjianchangbianxerocrassaxerocrassaivanovskiivanovichivanovikakinomotonohitomarokakinomotonohitomarokakinomotonohitomarokakinomotonohitomarokakinomotonohitomarokakinomotonohitomarokakinomotonohitomarokakinomotonohitomaroxinjiangpinyinxnjingisaprovinceleveladministrativeautonomousregionofchinaxinjiangmayalsorefertoeastturkestanusedbyindigenouspeoplesofxinjiangtodefinethisregionwesternregionswesternregionsatermusedbychinesebeforexinjiangunderqingrulexinjiangprovinceahistoricaladministrativeareaofchinainbetweenandxinjianguygurautonomousregionxinjianguyghurautonomousregionanadministrativeautonomousregionsetupbythepeoplesrepublicofchinainxinjiangproductionandconstructioncorpsaprovinceleveluniqueeconomicandparamilitaryorganizationsetupinsidethexinjianguyghurautonomousregioninwhichisnotisaffiliatedtoitbutoperatesinparallelxinjiangpingfangasubdistrictinpingfangdistrictpingfangdistrictinharbinofheilongjiangchinaxinjiangroadastreetinjingandistrictofshanghaichinaxinjiangroadastreetinhepingdistr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orhoodshuajuexianghongbujiexuexixiangandsajinqiaoaccordingtodemographicstatisticsinthemuslimpopulationlivinginthequarterwasofthetotalmuslimpopulationinxiancityinthepasttwodecadesxianmuslimquarterhasbecomeawellknowntourismsitewhichisfamousforitscultureandfoodhistorythehistoryofthexianmuslimquartercanbetracedbacktothetangdynastywhenmuslimmerchantscametoandaggregatedinchanganchangantodaysxianviathesilkroadafterthatfromthefivedynastiesandtenkingdomsperiodfivedynastytothesongdynastysongdynastythemuslimpopulationstartedtoresidearounddaxuexistreetandhuajuegreatmosquelaterinthemingdynastythetownhallofxianwaslocatedbesidethedrumtowerwhichwasatraditionalbuildingusedfortimingquiteclosetothequarterthisaggregatedalargenumberofwealthymerchantsandthusnurturedacommerciallifestylemainlyledbythemusliminsidethequarterfollowingthemingdynastythethreemosqueandthirteenblockspatternwasformintheqingdynastyeventhoughtheshanganmuslimrebellionwhichhappenedinthelateqingdynastyinvolvedandruinedalargenumberofmuslimneighborhoodsinnorthwesternchinaxianmuslimquarterwasnotaffectedbecauseofitshighcommercialstatusanditsprotectedlocationinsidethecitywallduringthetimeofthepeoplesrepublicofchinathemiddlemosqueandthewestmosquewerebuiltinandrespectivelywhichfurtherdevelopedthequarterintoaninemosquespatternlaterwiththefoundingofthepeoplesrepublicofchinamostofreligiousactivitiesinthemosquesceasedespeciallyduringtheculturalrevolutionthemosquesinthequarterwereeitherturnedintofactoriesoroccupiedbyotherorganizationsduringthisperiodonlythegreatmosqueofxiangreatmosqueandsajinqiaowestmosquewereinusesuchconditionwaschangedbythepolicybasicstandandpolicyconcerningreligiousproblemsduringthesocialistperiodreleasedbythecommunistpartyofchinacentralcommitteeallowingtheclosedoroccupiedmosquestoreopenmoreoverseveralnewmosqueswerebuiltbasedonthepreviouspatternandthequarterwaseventuallydevelopedintoatwelvemosquespatternenvironmentmostareaofthexianmuslimquarterisconnectedbynarrowroadscausingmuchtrafficcongestionmoreoverthexianmuslimquarterlacksnecessarymunicipalamenitiessuchasparkinglotspublicrestroomsandsewagesystemsinxianmunicipalgovernmentplannedtoredeveloptheareaaroundsajinqiaobuteventuallyabandonedtheschemebecauseoftheunrealisticprojectproposalandtheissueofhistoricalarchitecturepreservationandthusonlyrenewedtheareaaroundxidaavenueanddamaishistreetfoodthemuslimfoodinxiancanbetracedbacktothetangdynastylaterdevelopeditsspecialcharacteristicofmainlyusingbeefandmuttonandcomplementingwithpastrytodaythexianmuslimquarterisfamousforitstraditionalfoodsandculturalactivitiesthetraditionalfoodsconsistofpaomosoursoupdumplingssoupwithpeppermahuasnackfrieddoughtwistmahuareferencesqiangmainsideandoutsidethexianmuslimquartertheislamicstudiesintheprocessofmodernurbanizationofxianbeijingchinasocialsciencespressocthonggangxuxiaojuanwannationalhistoricdistrictprotectionandtourismdevelopmentxianmuslimquarterasanexamplejournalofnorthnationalitiesuniversityphilosophyandsocialscienceseditionnewscnwestcomcontentcontenthtmendlessdeliciousfoodxianmuslimquarterwesternnetworkredirectbooleandifferentialcalculusxboolesnowclonexisthenewyredrsnowclonexisthenewyredrthenewblackredrmbisonshadalooinfoboxfootballclubclubnamexiangxuepharmaceuticalimageimagesizeuprightaltcaptionfullnamenicknameshortnamefoundeddissolvedgroundhongkongorguangzhoubothnofixedlocationcapacitycoordinatesowntitlesponsorownerxiangxuepharmaceuticalchrtitlechairmanmgrtitlemanagercoachleaguehongkongfirstdivisionleagueseasonhongkongfirstdivisionleaguepositionfirstdivisionthrelegatedwebsitekitaltpatternlapatternbpatternrapatternshpatternsoleftarmbodyrightarmshortssockspatternnameoptionaldefaulthomecolourskitaltpatternlapatternbpatternrapatternshpatternsoleftarmbodyrightarmshortssockspatternnameoptionaldefaultawaycolourskitaltpatternlapatternbpatternrapatternshpatternsoleftarmbodyrightarmshortssockspatternnameoptionaldefaultthirdcolourscurrentxiangxuepharmaceuticalwasthenameofseveralteamfromthemainlandchinathatplayedinhongkongfirstdivisionleaguetheyallsponsoredbyxiangxuepharmaceuticalhistoryinseasonayouthfootballclubfromzhaoqingenteredthehongkongfirstdivisionleagueitwasreplacedbythereserveteamofguangzhouevergrandetaobaofcguangzhoufcinseasonwhichwasalsosponsoredbyxiangxuepharmaceuticalsincejanuaryasguangzhouxiangxueitbecamethenameforthereserveteamofanotherchinesefootballclubhunanxiangjunthatwasintendedtoplayinhongkongfirstdivisionleagueaftertheteamwithdrewatthestartofseasonhongkongayouthteamthatwasorganizedbythehongkongfootballassociationaswellasotherfootballclublentseveralyouthplayerstoxiangxuepharmaceuticalinordertomaketheteamtofinishseasonpostdefunctaftertheseasonxiangxuepharmaceuticalsponsoredhongkongfootballclubsunheiscandthenreturnedtosponsorthereserveteamofshenzhenfctoplayinhongkonginseasonasxiangxueeisitihongkongxiangxueeisitireferencesseealsoxiangxueeisitihongkonginfoboxcompanynamexiangxuepharmaceuticallogofileeisitijpglogosizelogoaltlogocaptionlogopaddingimageimagesizeimagealtimagecaptiontypepubliccompanypublictradedashrszseindexszseconstituentindustryfoundedrefpredecessorthelegalpersonfounderformernamehqlocationhqlocationcityguangzhouhqlocationcountrychinaareaservednumlocationsnumlocationsyearnumemployeesnumemployeesyearkeypeoplebrandsproductsservicesrevenuerevenueyearoperatingincomenbspmillionincomeyearnetincomenbspmillionnetincomeyearassetsassetsyearequityequityyearownerwangyonghuicoupleparentsubsidwebsiteintlyesfootnotesinconsolidatedfinancialstatementcouldbewrittenasintraditionalchinesecharactergroupnbpxingxuzhyojhoengsyutzaijoekorderstxiangxuepharmaceuticalcoltdalsoknownasxphisachinesepharmaceuticalcompanyitwasheadquarteredinguangzhoueconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentzoneguangzhouthecapitaloftheguangdongprovincethecompanystartedinaplacethatneartothetouristspotnowintheluogangsubdistricthuangpudistrictguangzhouhuangpudistrictthuscalleditselfxiangxuexiangxuepharmaceuticalwasaconstituentofszseindexmidcapindexbutwasremovedinjanuaryitwasinsertedtoszseindexsmallcapindexinsteadatthesametimeszseszseindexandindexesaresubsetsofszseindexthelatterisastockmarketindexforthetopcompaniesbyfreefloatadjustedcapitalizationinjulyxiangxuewasalsoremovedfromszsecomponentindexanindexfortopcompaniesoftheexchangehistoryxiangxuepharmaceuticalbecameacompanylimitedbysharesondecemberroughlyequivalenttopubliclimitedcompanyitssharesweretradedinchinextboardofshenzhenstockexchangesincerefnamereportfirstnewspaperviaifengcomlanguagezhcnrefproductsasiasoftdrinkbrandasiabrandsoftdrinkslicensedfromaninvestmentvehicletheguangzhougovernmenteisitiherbalteadiscontinuedjochibrandhealthsupplementaccordingtoannualreportrefnamexiangxuearrefmanufacturingandtradingmedicineaccountedforandofitsrevenuewithanadditionalfromchinesemedicinesoftdrinksaccountedforitwasfollowedbymedicalequipmentandotherrevenueeisitiwasacompetitorofwonglokatwhichwasproducedbyguangzhoupharmaceuticalsandjiaduobaotheproductionofeisitiwassuspendedinaccordingtonewsreportdespitethecompanydenialsubsidiariesxiangxueasianbeveragejochichongqingxiangxueyiyaoguangdongxiangxueequityinvestmentcharmacypharmaceuticalsponsorshipxiangxuepharmaceuticalwasasponsorofguangzhouevergrandetaobaofcguangzhoufcfromtoseasonasofitwasownedbyevergrandegroupapropertydeveloperandalibabagroupparentcompanyoftaobaocomandknownasguangzhouevergrandetaobaofcxiangxuepharmaceuticalalsosponsoredanotheryouthfootballteamthatbasedzhaoqingguangdongprovincetoplayinhongkongfirstdivisionleaguetheprofessionalleagueofhongkongsarchinaacrosstheborderoftheguangdongprovinceasxiangxuepharmaceuticalfootballxiangxuepharmaceuticalforseasonitwasreplacedbythereserveteamofguangzhoufcinseasonandseasoninseasonxiangxuepharmaceuticalwasthesponsornameoftwodifferentteamsthatnotrelatedtoguangzhoufcandzhaoqingbasedclubxiangxuepharmaceuticalalsosponsoredhongkongfootballclubsunheiscfromtoseasonaswellaschinesefootballclubshenzhenfcinandseasonknownasshenzhenxiangxueeisitishenzhenxiangxueshangqingyinguangzhoufcwasownedbyxiangxuepharmaceuticalscompetitorguangzhoupharmaceuticalsfromtoshenzhenfciithebteamofshenzhenfcwasalsoplayedinhongkongasxiangxueeisitihongkongxiangxueeisitiinseasonxiangxuepharmaceuticalalsosecuredthenamingrightsofhongkongfirstdivisionleaguerefnamenfnewspapersouthernmetropolisdailypublicationplaceguangzhoupublishernanfangmediagrouplanguagezhcnviasohucomrefandhongkongseniorchallengeshieldshareholderstwoinvestmentvehiclesofchenshumeiandwangyonghuiownedsharesofthecompanyasthelargestshareholderaccordingtothecompanytheywerecouplemschenceasedasthedirectorofthecompanyonmayitwasfollowedbytwoinvestmentaccountsofthenationalcouncilforsocialsecurityfundnationalsocialsecurityfundforatotalofacivilianrunenterprisecivilianownedwatersupplycompanyfromluogangguangzhouforcentralhuijininvestmentforandsomeprivateequityfundsthatweremanagedbythebanksfootnotesreferencesexternallinksxiangxuemayrefertoaplacetouristspotinluogangguangzhoucityastationofguangzhoumetroxiangxuepharmaceuticalacompanythatnamedaftertheplaceguangzhouevergrandetaobaofcachinesefootballclubthatwassponsoredbyxiangxuepharmaceuticalasguangzhouxiangxuexiangxuepharmaceuticalfootballasponsorednameforseveralchineseyouthteamthatplayedinhongkongshenzhenfcachinesefootballclubthatwassponsoredbyxiangxuepharmaceuticalandknownasshenzhenxiangxueeisitishenzhenxiangxueshangqingyinxiangxueeisitihongkongbteamofshenzhenfcthatplayedinhongkongsunheiscahongkongfootballclubthatwassponsoredbyxiangxuepharmaceuticalasxiangxuesunheixiangxuepharmaceuticalproductsxiangxuepharmaceuticalfootballxiangxuexiangxuexingzimingchutranslatedashumannatureisbroughtforthbydecreeortheinbornnaturecomesfromthemandateisawarringstatesperiodcathcenturybcetextfromthechustatekingdomofchuexcavatedinfromtheguodianchuslipsguodiantombnearjingmeninhubeichinaitisoneoftheearliestchinesetextstodiscusshumannaturealthoughitwaslostuntilitsrediscoverybackgroundxingzimingchuispartoftheguodianchuslipsacorpusofmanuscriptswrittenonbambooandwoodenslipsbambooslipsfromtheguodiantombexcavatedinwhichcanbedatedtoapproximatelybcewhenthetombwassealedthismanuscriptisoneofthelongeronesfromgu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raphicclassicshuijingzhubiographyxionghuizhenwasborninzhijianghubeizhijiangcountyhubeiprovinceandstudiedundertheprominenthistoricalgeographerandbibliophileyangshoujingwhowasalsoanativeofhubeiyangspentmostofhislifeannotatingthethcenturygeographicworkshuijingzhuhavingcompletedvolumesofannotationhediedinwithoutcompletingtheworkxiongcarriedontheprojectandwroteanothervolumeshealsomadethefinaleditingoftheentireworkpainstakinglyproofreadingtheannotationswordbywordrefnameyehrefittookxiongyearstocompletetheworkknownastheshuijingzhushuthesecondsinojapanesewarsoonbrokeoutinthechinesegovernmentpaidgreatattentiontotheprotectionofthemanuscriptaswellasyangshoujingspreciousbookcollectionscholarfusiniannegotiatedonbehalfoftheacademiasinicaandtheministryofeducationtopurchasethemanuscriptfromyangsheiryangmianzhifordollarsandbroughtittohongkongforsafekeepingitwaseventuallypublishedintaiwantheearlysandinmainlandchinaintheinfluentialhistoriangujiegangcommentedthattheshuijingzhushubroughttoapointofculminationthetextualresearchoftheclassicofwaterwaysofthepreviousthreecenturieshegreatlyadmiredyangshoujingandxionghuizhenfortheirsinglemindeddevotiontothetaskandxiongsdevotiontohismasterreferencesfurtherreadinglgoptimusxhdinfoboxofficeholdernamexinchunyinnativenameimagecaptionofficememberofthethcentralcommitteeofthecommunistpartyofchinatermstarttermendpredecessorsuccessorbirthdatebirthplacetongliaoinnermongoliaautonomousregiondeathdatedeathplacenationalityhanpeoplehanchinesepartycommunistpartyofchinaspousechildrenalmamaterjilinuniversitybrchineseacademyofsocialsciencexinchunyinbornoctoberisachineselegalscholarandpoliticianwhoservesasacommitteememberoninthenationalcongressofthecommunistpartyofchinasheisalsothevicechairpersonoflegislativeaffairscommissionofchinasnationalpeoplescongressrefnamerefrefnamerefrefnamerefcareerxinwasborninintongliaoinnermongoliaautonomousregionaftergraduatingwithadegreeinlawfromjilinuniversityinshecontinuedherstudiesobtainingamastersinlawinfromthechineseacademyofsocialsciencethreeyearslatershetraveledtotheunitedstatesasavisitingscholarofucberkeleyschooloflawwhereshediscoveredhowchinesepoliticswasbeingperceivedfinishingherstudiesoverseasinshereturnedtochinaandworkedasascholaratanumberofnationallevellawinstitutionspoliticalcareerinmarchxinwaselectedasamemberofthenationalpeoplescongresslawcommitteeaspecialcommitteewhosjobistoprocessnationallegislationandlegislativeplansofthenationinthatsameyearshealsobecameamemberofthethnpcstandingcommitteeandthevicechairmanofthethlegislativeaffairscommitteesincexinhaswithdrawnfrommanyofhercommitteerolesandisnowdeputysecretarygeneralofnpcstandingcommitteereferenceshakkapeopleintelxinfoboxsportsseasontitlexxxvfibainternationalchristmastournamenttrofeoraimundosaportamemorialfernandomartnleaguesportbasketballlogologosizecaptiondurationattendanceseasonseasonchampsmvpmvplinktopscorertopscorerlinkplayoffsplayoffslinkplayoffsmvpfinalsfinalslinkfinalschamppanathinaikosbcpanathinaikosfinalsrunneruprealmadridbaloncestorealmadridfinalsmvpfinalsmvplinkseasonslistseasonslistnamesfibainternationalchristmastournamentprevseasonlinkxxxivfibainternationalchristmastournamentprevseasonyearaltseasonlinkaltseasonyearnextseasonyearnextseasonlinkxxxvifibainternationalchristmastournamentthexxxvfibainternationalchristmastournamenttrofeoraimundosaportamemorialfernandomartnwasthetheditionofthefibainternationalchristmastournamentittookplaceatraimundosaportapavilionmadridspainonanddecemberwiththeparticipationsofrealmadridbaloncestorealmadridpanathinaikosbcpanathinaikoschampionsofthegreekbasketleaguegreekbasketleaguekkpartizanpartizanchampionsoftheyugoslavbasketballcupyugoslavbasketballcupandkkzadarzadarrunnersupofthealigaaligasemifinalsdecemberrdplacegamedecemberfinaldecemberclasswikitablestyletextaligncentermarginautoxxxvfibainternationalchristmastournamentbrtrofeoraimundosaportamemorialfernandomartnchampionsbrpanathinaikosbcpanathinaikosbrsttitlefinalstandingsclasswikitablestyletextaligncenterwidthwidthteamalignleftpanathinaikosbcpanathinaikosalignleftrealmadridbaloncestorealmadridalignleftkkpartizanpartizanalignleftkkzadarzadarreferencesinfoboxsportsseasontitlexxxiifibainternationalchristmastournamenttrofeoraimundosaportamemorialfernandomartnleaguesportbasketballlogologosizecaptiondurationattendanceseasonseasonchampsmvpmvplinktopscorertopscorerlinkplayoffsplayoffslinkplayoffsmvpfinalsfinalslinkfinalschamprealmadridbaloncestorealmadridfinalsrunnerupolympiacosbcolympiacosfinalsmvpfinalsmvplinkseasonslistseasonslistnamesfibainternationalchristmastournamentprevseasonlinkxxxifibainternationalchristmastournamentprevseasonyearaltseasonlinkaltseasonyearnextseasonyearnextseasonlinkxxxiiifibainternationalchristmastournamentthexxxiifibainternationalchristmastournamenttrofeoraimundosaportamemorialfernandomartnwasthendeditionofthefibainternationalchristmastournamentittookplaceatpalaciodedeportesdelacomunidaddemadridmadridspainonanddecemberwiththeparticipationsofrealmadridbaloncestorealmadridolympiacosbcolympiacoschampio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laceattendantandsupervisorofthemastersofwritingandenfeoffedhimasasecondarymarquisxingyongwassubsequentlypromotedtocoloneldirectorofretainersandthenministerofceremoniesxingyongdiedinhissonxingyouinheritedhispeerageasasecondarymarquisdescendantsxingqiaoagreatgrandsonofxingyonghadthecourtesynamezengbohewasknownforhistalentandvirtuousconductduringtheyuankangeraofthereignofemperorhuiofjinemperorhuiofthejindynastyjindynastyxingqiaoservedasasupervisoroftheselectionbureauoftheimperialsecretariatalongsideliuhuanandwaspromotedtocoloneldirectorofretainersshortlyafterseealsolistofpeopleofthethreekingdomsreferenceschenshouchenshourdcenturyrecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhipeisongzhipeisongzhithcenturyannotationstorecordsofthethreekingdomssanguozhizhusimaguangsimaguangzizhitongjianwomensunionofturkmenistanxinjiangtibetrailwayinfoboxstationnamexingchengnativenamenativenamelangzhhanssymbollocationbeijingsymbolsubwaysymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolsymbollocationsymbolimagexingchengstationjpgaltcaptionmlanguagetemplateinfoboxchinesechineseothernameaddressfangshandistrictbeijingcountrychinacoordinatesoperatorbeijingmasstransitrailwayoperationcorpltdlineplatformsconnectionsstructuredisabledcodeopeneddecemberclosedformerpassengerspassyearservicesxingchengstationisastationonyanfanglinebeijingsubwayyanfanglineofthebeijingsubwayitwasopenedondecemberreferencesxinjiangtibetrailwayxavierdomnechisampereyongholistofintelssdslistofintelssdslistofintelssdslistofintelssdslistofintelssdsinfoboxofficeholdernamexushijienativenameimagecaptionofficecommunistpartysecretaryofhainantermstartapriltermendjunepredecessornewofficesuccessordenghongxunbirthdatenovemberbirthplacechenghaicountyguangdongchinadeathdatedeathplacepartycommunistpartyofchinaspousechildrenxushijienovemberjulywasachinesecommunistrevolutionaryandpoliticianheheldmanypositionsinhisnativeprovinceofguangdongincludingascommunistpartychiefpartychiefoftheprovincialcapitalguangzhouhecameoutofretirementintoserveastheinauguralpartychiefofthenewlyestablishedprovinceandspecialeconomiczoneofhainaninhainanheworkedcloselywithgovernorliangxiangtoimplementreformistpoliciesbuttheywerebothdismissedintheaftermathofthetiananmensquareprotestsofandthefalloftheliberalleaderzhaoziyanghediedsoonafterwardsinearlylifexuwasbornonnovemberinchenghaicountyguangdongprovincehisfatherdiedwhenhewasbuthecontinuedtoreceiveaneducationthankstofinancialsupportfromhisoverseasrelativeswhensecondsinojapanesewarjapaninvadedchinainhejoinedtheantijapaneseresistanceandthechinesecommunistpartythefollowingyearrefnamexurefrefnamecheungrefcareeringuangdongafterthefoundingofthepeoplesrepublicofchinainxubecamethefirstpartysecretaryofchenghaicountyhethenservedasdeputydirectoroftheguangdongpolicyresearchinstitutedeputydirectoroftheruraldepartmentoftheguangdongprovincialpartycommitteeandpartychiefofxinhuicountyinhewastransferredtothehainanadministrativeareathenpartofguangdongprovincetoserveasdeputypartysecretaryheworkedthereuntilinhewaspromotedtopartychiefofguangzhouthecapitalofguangdongprovinceandamemberoftheprovincialpartystandingcommitteeofguangdonghewasknownasaninflexibleandcautiousleaderinguangzhouwithregardtoreformsheretiredinrefnamebrodsgaardrefcareerinhainaninthenationalgovernmentledbyzhaoziyanghuyaobanganddengxiaopingapprovedtheproposaltoestablishhainanislandasaseparateprovinceandtheentireprovincewouldbeaspecialeconomiczonesezinseptemberxushijieandliangxiangtwoformerguangdongofficialsweretakenoutofretirementtoleadthepreparatorycommitteeforthenewprovincexuwaschosenlikelybecausehehadyearsofexperienceinhainanwhilelianghadbeenthesuccessfulleaderoftheshenzhensezandwasacloseallyofzhaowhenhainanprovincewasofficiallyestablishedinaprilxuwasappointeditsfirstpartysecretaryandliangthefirstgovernorxuwasmainlyinchargeofpartyaffairsandliangtookmoreimportantinitiativesintheprovincesdevelopmentalthoughxuhadareputationforbeingaconservativeinhainanhewasfullysupportiveofliangsreformshemadeessentialcontributionsinwinningsupportfromlocalcadresforthenewpoliciesandbecameoneofthefewofficialsfromthemainlandofficialstogainthesupportofthehainanesedespitehisformerreputationasaconservativeofficialinhainanxubecameoneofthemostliberalprovincialpartychiefsinthecountryheproclaimedthatthepoliciesofthecentralgovernmentonlyprohibitusfromdoingafewthingswhereaswecandoeverythingelseweinhainanhavethepowertodoeverythingnotproscribedhealsowrotethatstateownedenterprisescouldbeleasedoutturnedintojointstockcompaniesacceptforeigninvestorsorevensoldhoweverintheaftermathofthetiananmensquareprotestsofliangxiangwasdismissedforbeinganallyofthefallenliberalleaderzhaoziyanghewasdisciplinedinseptemberandalmostwenttojailalthoughxuwasnotclosetozhaohealsohadtoleavehispostinjunebecausehehadsupportedliangspoliciesheheldontothepostofchairmanofthehainanprovincialpeoplescongressbutdiedsoonafterwardsinjulyliangandxuwerereplacedbyliujianfengprcliujianfenganddenghongxunrespectivelythetwonewleadersofhainannotonlydidnotsharethevisionoftheirpredecessorstheyweresoantagonistictoeachotherth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merefsengaixianziwasrenownedforhiseccentricitiesspecificallyhewasknowntocatchandeatshrimpclamsandprawnsfromnearbylakesandstreamsdespitethebuddhistprohibitionagainstconsumingmeatparadoxicallyxianziwassaidtohaveattainedenlightenmentamomentafterhehadcaughtashrimpandwaspreparinghimselftoconsumeitforthisreasonhewasunderstoodtobeanenlightenedindividualandcarrierofthetransmissionratherthanadegeneratemonkandrulebreakerinadditiontohiseccentricitiesregardingtheconsumptionofmeatxianziwasknownasawandererneverlivinginorbelongingtoanofficialmonasterydespitehislineagetiestothefounderofoneofchinesepreeminentschoolsofchanbuddhisminsteadhepreferredtominglewithlaypeoplespendingmostofhisdayscatchinghisdinnerhedidnotwearthekasayaclothingelaboraterobesofamoretraditionalchinesemonkinsteadwearingthesameraggedrobeduringbothsummerandwinteratnighthesleptbeneaththepaperofferingsatthewhitehorsetemplemuchasahomelesswouldinthemoderndaysomehaveevenspeculatedthathewascrazyalthoughsomesecondarysourcessuggestthathewasjustfeigningmadnessvinayacodethevinayawasthesetofrulesandprinciplesthatgovernedmanybuddhistmonasticcommunitiesamongtheseruleswereprohibitionsagainsthavingsexualintercourseregulationsonbeggingandanironcladbanoneatingmeatmonkswhobroketheserulesweresaidtohavecommittedparajikaprjikaortheeightmisbehaviorsandweredeclaredasavsawhichmeansoutsideofthebuddhistreligiouscommunityotherpartsofthevinayacodeinsistonhumilityandpovertytheexpensiveelaboraterobesofhighsocietywerefrownedonandmonksweresupposedtowearthecastoffragsofsocietyadditionallyinthelatesupthsupcenturythechanmasterbozhangrecognizedthechangingdynamicsofmonasticlifeandcreatedthebozhangqingguiwhichwereadditionalrulesformonasticlifethesenewrulesreformedthewaysthatmonksobtainedtheirfoodmandatingthatmonksdevotepartoftheirtimenotjusttobeggingforalmsbutinsteadprovidingsomesortoflaborcausingmonkstoworkfortheirfoodmanyfarmsweresetupalongsidemonasteriesasaresultalthoughxianzididbreaksomebasicvinayaruleshealsoupheldothershisdressissimpleandalthoughhisconsumptionofmeatmayhavebeenblasphemoushedidfulfilltheresponsibilitylaidoutinthebozhangqingguioflaboringforhisfoodxianziasasymbolofzenhumorhumoristhoughttobeoneofthedefiningelementsofchanzenteachingandthathumorisalmostcertainlyreflectedinthecaseofxianzisomearguethatchanzenmastersusedhumorasameansofconveyingitsessentialwordlesstransmissioninasimilarwaythatmahkyapawordlesslyreceivedthetransmissionofthedharmathroughgautamabuddhakyamunibuddhasflowersermonflowersermonsotoowillthosewholookuponahumorouschanzenpaintingwordlesslyreceivethetransmissionprovidedthattheygetthejokeunderstandinghumorrequiresrigorandtrainingbecausehumorwithoutfullmindednessisgrotesqueandmeaninglesswhilefullmindednesswithoutawarenessofitslimitationsisemptyinthiswayitisarguedthatchanzenhumorisusedtoreplicatetheexperienceofnomindthatchanzenteachingsarebasedonzenhumorasinthecaseofxianziistypicallyirreverentandiconoclastictheparadoxofxianziisthateventhoughheshamelesslybreaksmonasticrulesbyeatingmeatthatisthewayinwhichheachievedenlightenmentaninscriptiononapaintingofxianzibythechinesemonkpaintermuqifachangcacaalludestothisreadingquotetextpickinguphisnetatrandomanddraggingitthroughthemudbrwadingacrossthewaterillicitgoodsemergebeforehimbrhecomesfacetofacewiththistroublesometaboobriftheofferingtrayfromthealtarforthegodsismissingbritisbecauseintheendhenevercastoffthehandiworkofdemonssignsourceunknownthiskindofirreverenceforbuddhistteachingsandtraditionsisrepeatedinotherfiguressuchastheebullientbudaibudaihoteiknownliterallyasthelaughingmonkitisspeculatedthatthereasonforchanzensstronguseofhumoristhatalthoughchanzenbuddhismhelditselfasbeinguniqueforhavingreceivedthetruetransmissioninanunbrokenlineagefromshakyamunibuddhaineverydaylifetherewerefewthingsthatseparatedchanzenmonksfromthoseofothersectstheyfrequentlylivedinthesamemonasteriesabidedbythesamerulesandreadthesamesutrashumorwasusedtodifferentiatechanzenfromtherestbecauseitmadefunoftheverypreceptsthatalloftheotherschoolsadheredtosorigorouslybyassertingitsiconoclasticsidechanzenteachingsprofessedtheirtrueknowledgeandpossessionofthetransmissionthescatteredsagesxianziisoneofseveraltraditionalchanzenfiguresknownasthescatteredsagesmanyofwhicharedepictedwithinthesamehumorousiconoclasticlightexamplesofotherscatteredsagesincludethelaughingmonkbudaihoteitankatheiconburnerthefoursleepershanshanpoethanshanshidemonkshidefengganandfengganstigerandzhimengzhimenginparticularbearssimilaritiestoxianzibecausehewasafigurefamousforeatingpigsheadsashisfavoritetreatmuchinthesamewaythatxianzifavoredeatingshrimpasaresultoftheirsimilaritiesitwasnotuncommonforhangingscrollsofxianziandzhimengtobeexhibitedtogethertheartistjosetsuforinstancepaintedthetwoindividuallybuttheirpaintingsarestrikinglysimilarandaredisplayedtogethersomescholarstheorizethatmanyofthescatteredsagesactuallypredatechanzenbuddhismandexistoutsideofitsreligiouscontexttheywereabsorbedintothechanzenpantheonasameansofcooptingtraditionalchinesecultureenhancingchanzensculturalappealanddivertinglocalcustomsintoabuddhistframeworkhowevertheevidenceforthisinthecaseofxianziislimitedandnohardconclusionscanbedrawnvisualrepresentationalthoughhisnamecanbetranslatedasmasterclamandinhisbiographyheissaidtohaveeatenbothshrimpandclamsxianziisalwayspaintedholdingashrimpinhishandandneveraclamadditionallyheisfrequentlypaintedwithhisfishingnetinonehandtoshowthathecaughthispreyhimselfhisbeardisalwayspaintedwithblurrygreybrushstrokesandalthoughhisrobesarealwaysrelativelysimpleandneverdecoratedorelaboratesometimestheymorecloselyresemblethetraditionalrobesofmonkratherthanthoseofapeasanthishumblelifestyleisneverdrawnintoquestionandhispovertyisalwaysmadeclearlastlyallknownpaintingsofxianzishowhimeatingshrimpdetailsofhislifeoutsideofhisshrimpeatinghabitaresometimesalludedtointheinscriptionsandpoemswrittenatthetopofthepaintingbuttheyareneverexplicitlyshowninthethcenturypropertyoftheminneapolisinstituteofartmuchofxianzisiconographyremainsthesamefrompaintingtopaintingbutthereseemtobethreegeneralcategoriesofdepictinghiminonexianziholdstheshrimpabovehisheadwithhismouthopenasiftoeatitwhileinthesecondheholdsitinfrontofhisfaceateyelevelintentlyexaminingitintheformercategoryxianziisalsofrequentlysmilingandstandingmoreinformallywhileinthelattercategoryhispostureismorerestrainedalthoughwhenxianziispaintedlookingattheshrimpwithhismouthclosedhecaneitherbewearingtherobesofamonkorthesimplermoreraggedrobesofthedestituteheisneverpaintedbothwithhismouthopentoeattheshrimpandtherobesofamonkinthosepaintingshisdressisnotrepresentativeofthemonastictraditionthethirdwayinwhichxianziispaintedshowshimactuallyfishingwithoneshrimpalreadyinhishandtoshowwhatexactlyheisdoingheisintentonhisworkandpursuesnootheractivitieslikemanypaintingsdoneofthescatteredsagesallpaintingsofxianziaredoneinthestyleofapparitionpaintingtheyaremonochromaticinkpaintingsfrequentlyexecutedonhangingscrollsthereasonforthedominanceofthisparticularstyleisthateventhoughmostpaintingsofxianziandotherscatteredsagesweredonebymonkpaintersitisunderstoodthattheaudiencetheyweretryingtoappealtowasthechineseliteratiandscholasticcommunityofsongdynastychinawhichpreferredtheapparitionpaintingstylethesepaintingswerefrequentlygivenasgiftstomembersofthescholareliteandsotheynaturallyreflectedthetastesoftheirrecipientsseealsobudaibudaihoteimuqifachangvinayahanshanandshidedongshanliangjiekasayaclothingreferenceschangchunimageflickrschmuelaimgjpgpxthumbrightdetailedcloseupofhieroglyphsusesofttheancientegyptianbreadbunhieroglyphisgardinerssignlistgardinersignlistednoxforthesideviewofabreadbunitisalsothesimpleshapeofasemicirclethehieroglyphislistedunderthegardinercategoryofloavesandcakesdivthebreadbunhieroglyphisusedintheegyptianlanguageancientegyptianlanguageegyptianhieroglyphshieroglyphsforthealphabeticconsonantlettertalateralternativetisapestlewithcurvedtopgardineruhierouhierodivbreadbunsemicircleasfemininedeterminativedeterminerbesidesalphabetictthebreadbunisusedforwordsthatarefeminineasanendqualifyingdeterminantoftenshownbeforeotherqualifyingideogramsordeterminantsinthehieroglyphicquadrathieroglyphblockwordblockquadrathieroglyphicblockdetailfromlaterdmillenniumancientegyptpalermostonethethieroglyphisusedextensivelythroughoutthepalermostoneofthethtordcenturybcanditisusedinthefirstrowrowiofviforthenamingofkingtiupharaohtiuofloweregyptakingofthenorthimagepelermostonefragmentpetriemuseumpngpxthumbleftnileriverfloodlevelsrecordedonpieceofthemdashpiecepalermostonenotetheusesoftpalermostonekingseriesrowipredynasticnotetheusesoftthefollowingisthelistofpredynasticpharaohsniledeltanorthrepresentedonthepalermopieceofthendashpiecepalermostonethesequenceisintheproperorderwiththebeginningpharaohontherightreadingrighttoleftsevencompletenamespicturedinyearregistersculptureregistersmekhwaznernehebtheshtiupharaohtiutiukhayuhsekiuhierogfmknuvnxmglesdhieroowlhieroglyphowlpapyrusstemhieroglyphpapyrusnwaterripplenhieroglyphrippletetherhieroglyphtetherbreadfeatherbivalvefoldedclothshieroglyphclothbellyfishplowhieroglyphplowpoollakebasinhieroglyphlakequailchickhieroglyphquailnewbornkanoteonthepalermostoneallthehieroglyphsfaceintheotherdirectiongardinersignsareonlyfacingleftonthestonetheyfacerightreadingrighttoleftthesourceofthefollowingpharaohsisonlyfromthiskinglistafewhaveartifactsthatfurtherconfirmtheirreignthedoublefalconkingthepharaohsdeficientininformationarehsekiukhayutiupharaohtheshnehebwaznermekhhieroihierotheegyptianhieroglyphalphabeticlettersthefollowingtwotablesshowtheegyptianuniliteralsignslettersbutmultipleusehieroglyphsclasswikitableahieroglyphabrhieroghieroihieroglyphibrhieromhieroyhieroglyphybrhierommhieroahhieroglyphbrhierodhierowhieroglyphwubrhieroghierobhieroglyphbbrhierobhierophieroglyphpbrhierophierofhieroglyphfbrhierofhieromhieroglyphmbrhieroghieronhorizontalhieroglyphnbrhieronhierorhieroglyphrbrhierodhierohhieroglyphhbrhierohhierohhieroglyphhbrhierohhierokhhieroglyphkhbrhieroaahierokhhieroglyphkhbrhierofhieroshorizontalhieroglyphsbrhieroohieroshhieroglyphshbrhieronhieroqhieroglyphqkbrhieronhierokhieroglyphkb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lyfromxoudaxuxaandphotosfrommagazinespreadstoanalyzethemessagethatxuxapushesoutfanlettersallowsimpsontoshowhowdevotedtoxuxacitizensofbrazilandtheworldareandhowmuchherpowerextendsaccordingtothenovelxuxareceivedlettersadayinterviewsmagazinecritiquesandphotosfrommagazinespreadsshowthatunlikebarbieormadonnaintheunitedstatesxuxahadrelativelylittlechallengingnationallytheyalsoshowxuxaseroticismthatshedisplayedinhershootsandpublicoutingsfinallysegmentsfromtheshowdemonstratehermaternitythatisbothpiningandsexualizedcriticalreceptionsimpsonsbookwaswellreceivedbyotheracademicsinthelatinamericanfieldhowevercriticsacknowledgethatasthoroughassimpsonsbookisitismissingkeyelementsthatwouldallowittohaveagreaterimpactinregardstosimpsonsabilitytotieintobrazilandhaveimpacttherelisapetrovstatesshedoestoolittletoavoidbeinganoutsiderlookingintobrazilianculturethereisnosignificantdiscussionofbraziliananalysisoppositionorcriticismofxuxaandhershowofthetelevisionindustryanditspowerinbrazilorofthegrowingmassconsumerismofbraziliansocietyinadditiontothisnaplesandstarrintheircritiqueofthebooksaymissingfromsimpsonsanalysisisanexplorationofthewiderhistoricalculturalandeconomicprocessesthatcontributedtoherproductionasacommoditybynotutilizingthegranderhistoricalandculturalmovementsintheworldcritiquessaysimpsonhasanimpactpurelyonbraziliancultureinsteadofagreaterscaleexternallinksyoutubecomwatchvnlytqygukzmtsxoudaxuxaamazoncomxuxacontahistcbriasparabaixinhosdpxuxacontahistriasreferencesinfoboxsportsleaguetitlexfllogologoofthexflsvgsportamericanfootballfoundedinauguralplannedfoldedcountryunitedstateschampionteamsproposedownervincemcmahonbrwebsitethexflisaproposedprofessionalamericanfootballleagueownedbyvincemcmahonsalphaentertainmentitisasuccessortothexflpreviousxflwhichwascontrolledbythewweworldwrestlingfederationwwfnowwweandnbcandranforasingleseasoninneithertheteamsnorthecitieshavebeenannouncedyetbuttheleaguewillfollowasimilarstructureasitdidinwitheightteamscentrallyownedandoperatedbytheleaguecompetinginatengameseasonandatwoweekpostseasoninthewinterandspringmonthsinannouncingthereformedxflmcmahonstatedthatwhileitsharesthesamenameastheleaguewhichmcmahonstatedhedidmainlybecausehehadaccesstothetrademarkandwillstillrelyonsportsentertainmentastheleaguediditwouldnotincludethesamecrudeattitudeeraapproachtothegameasitspredecessordidinsteadaimingtocreatealeaguewithfewerofffieldcontroversiesandfastersimplerplaycomparedtothenationalfootballleaguehistorythexfloriginallyranforasingleseasoninasajointventurebetweenwweandnbcspearheadedbyvincemcmahonandnbcexecutivedickebersoltheleagueattemptedtobeacompetitortothenationalfootballleaguethepredominantprofessionalleagueofamericanfootballintheunitedstatesandwherenbchadrecentlylostitsbroadcastrightstonfloncbscbsrunningduringitsoffseasonperioditfeaturedvariousmodificationstotherulesoffootballinordertoincreaseitsintensityaswellasonairinnovationssuchasskycamsplacingmicrophonesonplayersandingameinterviewswithplayerstheleaguewasultimatelycriticizedforrelyingtooheavilyonsportsentertainmentgimmickprofessionalwrestlinggimmickssimilartoprofessionalwrestlingincludingemphasizingviolenceandusingcheerleadersasasourceofsexappealandforthelackofhighleveltalentamongitsplayersdespitestrongratingsforitsfirstgamesviewershipeventuallynosedivedandtheleaguefoldedaftertheconclusionoftheinauguralseasonbothpartnerslostmilliononthexflandmcmahonconcededthattheleaguewasacolossalfailurerefnamenytverydifferentrefintheespndocumentarythiswasthexflmcmahonopenlymusedaboutrevivingthexflnotingthatchangeswouldneedtobemadecomparedtoinordertomakeitviableandrelevantinthemodernerathedirectorofthiswasthexflcharlieebersolwouldgoontoannouncetheallianceofamericanfootballinmarchhopingtobeattherevivedxfltoplayrefnamexflcompetitorsicomnflallianceamericanfootballxflcompetitorleaguelauncheightteamxflcompetitorplanstolaunchinfebruarydangartlandsportsillustratedmarchrefondecemberbleacherreportcolumnistbradshepardreportedthatmcmahonwasseriouslyconsideringarevivalofthexflwithanexpectedannouncementonjanuaryinastatementtodeadspinwwedidnotconfirmordenytherumorsbutdidstatethatmcmahonwasestablishinganewcompanyknownasalphaentertainmentwhichwouldexploreinvestmentopportunitiesacrossthesportsandentertainmentlandscapesincludingprofessionalfootballrefnamerevivalrefondecemberwweissuedafilingtotheussecuritiesandexchangecommissionsecuritiesandexchangecommissionstatingthatmcmahonhadsoldmillionworthofwwestocktofundalphaentertainmentonjanuaryalphaentertainmentannouncedanewincarnationofthexflwhichwouldbeginwithaweekinauguralseasonbeginninginjanuaryorfebruaryinapressconferencemcmahonstatedthatthenewxflwouldbedissimilartoitspreviousincarnationstatingthattheresonlysomanythingsthathaveflontheendofthemandthosearealreadytakenbutwearentgoingtohavemuchofwhattheoriginalxflhadincludingthecheerleaderswhoarentreallypartofthegameanymoretheaudiencewantsentertainmentwithfootballandthatswhatwearegoingtogivethemmcmahonstatedthattheleaguewouldfeatureeightteamsasasingleentityownedbyalphathepreviousxflwasalsoasingleentityleaguewhichwillberevealedinalphaentertainmentwasestablishedinordertokeeptheleaguesmanagementandoperationsseparatefromthatofwwethexflwilldiscouragepoliticalgesturesbyplayersduringgamessuchasforexampleusnationalanthemprotestspresentnflproteststakingakneeinprotestandwillforbidanyplayerwithacriminalrecordfromparticipatinghejustifiedthisbystatingthatthexflwouldbeevaluatingaplayerbasedonmanythingsincludingthequalityofhumanbeingtheyareandthatpeopledontwantsocialandpoliticalissuescomingintoplaywhentheyaretryingtobeentertainedhesuggestedthatplayerswhowishtoexpresspoliticalopinionsshoulddosoontheirpersonaltimemcmahondidnotrevealanyspecificdetailsonrulechangesthatthenewxflwouldfeaturebutdidstatethatheaimedtoreducethelengthofgamestoaroundtwohoursincontrasttothecurrentstandardinamericanfootballwhichgenerallyrunsslightlyoverthreehourshealsonotedthatbyannouncingittwoyearsinadvanceunliketheoriginalxflwhichwasonlyannouncedoneyearinadvancetherewouldalsobemoretimetopreparetheleagueinordertodeliveramoredesirableproductrefnameespnnewannouncerefmcmahondeniedthatthetimingoftheannouncementwasmeanttocoincidewitharecentratingsdownturnbeingexperiencedbythenflexplainingthatwhathashappenedthereistheirbusinessandimnotgoingtoknockthoseguysbutiamgoingtolearnfromtheirmistakesasanyonewouldiftheyweretaskedwithreimagininganewfootballleaguebroadcastingmcmahonstatedthatheaimedtoleveragedigitalstreamingaspartofbroadcastingarrangementsforthexflhefeltthatfansdidnotnecessarilywantdigitalstreamstobeastraightsimulcastofatelevisionbroadcastandwantedmoretotallydifferentwaystowatchfootballthexflwillnotconsiderviewershiptobeametricofitssuccessmcmahonarguedthattomethelandscapehaschangedinsomanydifferentwaysjustlookattechnologyandcompanieslikefacebookandamazoncomamazonbiddingforsportsrightsevenifratingsgodowntheresnodenyingthatlivesportsrightscontinuetobevaluableandcontinuetodeliverpotentialcitiesandteamsmcmahonstatedthathewantedtoplayinexistingnflmarketswhichwouldintheoryruleoutbirminghamthunderboltsbirminghammemphismaniaxmemphisandorlandorageorlandofromtheoriginalxflbutdidntidentifypotentialcitiesspecificallyanddidntruleoutanyspecificcitiesmcmahonalsodidnotruleoutplayingonartificialturftheoriginalxflavoidedartificialplayingsurfacesthetechnologyhoweverhasadvancedconsiderablysincejohnshumwayfromkdkatvinpittsburghandlocalmediafromorlandoandsandiegobothinquiredaboutpotentialteamsintheirrespectivecitiesbutmcmahonwhilestatingthatilovepittsburghdeclinedtonameanycitiesforteamsmcmahonalsostatedthatteamswouldhavenewidentitiescomparedtorecyclingoldidentitiesfromtheoldleaguereferencesexternallinksalphaentllccomalphaentertainmentllcxflautomatictaxoboxtaxonxenorhipidinixenorhipidiniisatribeofmetallicwoodboringbeetlesinthefamilybuprestidaethereareaboutdescribedspeciesinxenorhipidinirefnamebugrefrefrefnameitisrefgenerahesperorhipissmallfallsmalltrichinorhipissmallbarrsmallxenorhipissmalllecontesmallreferencesacatalogandbibliographyofthebuprestoideaofamericanorthofmexiconelsonetalthecoleopteristssocietyspecialpublicationnoppbellamyclaworldcatalogueandbibliographyofthejewelbeetlescoleopterabuprestoideavolumespensoftseriesfaunisticanonelsongaylehgeorgecwaltersjrrdennishainesandcharleslbellamyacatalogandbibliographyofthebuprestoideaofamericanorthofmexicothecoleopteristssocietyspecialpublicationnoivfurtherreadingarnettrhjrmcthomaspeskelleyandjhfrankedsjuneamericanbeetlesvolumeiipolyphagascarabaeoideathroughcurculionoideacrcpressllcbocaratonfloridaarnettrosshamericaninsectsahandbookoftheinsectsofamericanorthofmexicocrcpressrichardewhitepetersonfieldguidesbeetleshoughtonmifflincompanyxpressplatformredirectphuketprovincecherokeelanguageredirectwecyrillictaxoboxregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisinsectaordolepidopterafamilianoctuidaegenusxestiaspeciesxverniloidesbinomialxestiaverniloidesbinomialauthoritylafontainexestiaverniloidesisaspeciesofcutwormordartmothinthefamilynoctuidaethemonaorhodgesnumberforxestiaverniloidesislistofmothsofnorthamericarefnamephylopohlgrpattersonbpelhamjpresearchgatenetpublicationannotatedtaxonomicchecklistofthelepidopteraofnorthamericanorthofmexicoannotatedtaxonomicchecklistofthelepidopteraofnorthamericanorthofmexicorefrefnamexwebrefreferenceslafontainejdonaldschmidtbchristianannotatedchecklistofthenoctuoideainsectalepidopteraofnorthamericanorthofmexicozookeysvollafontainejdonalddominickrbetaledsnoctuoideanoctuidaepartnoctuinaepartnoctuinithemothsofamericanorthofmexicofascfurtherreadingarnettrosshamericaninsectsahandbookoftheinsectsofamericanorthofmexicocrcpressexternallinksbutterfliesandmothsorgbutterfliesandmothsofnorthamericancbinlmnihgovtaxonomybrowserwwwtaxcginamexestiaverniloidesncbitaxonomybrowserxestiaverniloidesxaviermusketeersmenssoccertaxoboxnamexysticusfunestusimagecommonspidersuspngimagealtregnumanimaliaphylumarthropodaclassisarachnidaordoaraneaeinfraordoaraneomorphaefamiliathomisidaegenusxysticusspeciesxfunestusbinomialxysticusfunestusbinomialauthoritykeyserlingxysticusfunestusordeadlygroundcrabspiderisaspeciesofcrabspide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ownrulesrefnamefolharefinthiswayxuxatriedtofollowthetrendofthefilmmarketatthetimetobetonafantasticstorymixingtherealworldwiththemagicalworldhoweverratherthanbettingonthefantasygenrexuxawantedsomethingthatrepresentedherwillingnesstoretellstoriestochildrentheideaofcreatingafilmbasedonduendemythologyduendecameafteracontroversialstatementbythehostxuxasaidthegoblinsusedtoshowupintheirroomatnighttheapparitionsonlyceasedwhenwhentellingfriendsthatoneoftheelvesfemaleaccordingtoxuxacriedbesidehisbedshereceivedthehintthatsheshouldfeedthemthehostessthenputfoodonthecounterintheroomwheresheputstheelvesshewinsiputfruitsraisinshesaidtheyregonethepresentersaccountcontroversiesinthemediarefnameepipocarefitwasthenthatitsmanagermarlenemattosdecidedtotakesomethingbeneficialfromthesituationmakeamovieaboutduendesrefnameterrarefbecameagreatsuccessinthebrazilianboxofficeturningthebrazilianfilmproductionmoreviewofthehistoryofnationalcinemathreeweeksafteritwasreleasedthefilmhadalreadybeenseenbymorethanpeoplexuxaeosduendeswasthemostexpensivefilmofthexuxabudgetofmillionrefnamefolhalondrinarefdilertrindadesgoalwastoreachmillionviewersandearnrmilliondilerspredictionwasalmostrightthemoviegrossedrrefnamefolhacombrrefrefnameterranetworksrefproductionstillinbeforethedebutofthefirstfilmxuxaguaranteedthesequelofthestoryforwealreadyhaveuntilnamexuxaandtheelvesonthewayofthefairiessaidthepresenterxuxaandtheelveswasxuxasmostexpensivefilmwithabudgetofmillionhoweveritwassurpassedbyitssequenceduendesthathadbudgettripledinmoreofrmillionofbrazilianrealafterlosingthehighestgrossingbraziliantitletocityofgodfilmcityofgodafterleadingforthreeconsecutiveyearsxuxawantedthefilmtohavemorefocusontheplotandlessstockandshareactionsofrecordingartistssuchasthepreviousoneswiththeproductionofaglobofilmesandthedistributionwarnerbroswarnerpartnersoftheprojecttheyinvestedthegreatestexposuretothefilmsothatthepresentercouldreturntothepodiumcapturedhdhighdefinitioncamerathefilmbenefitedfrompostproductioninthestudiosofteleimagetheeffectsdirectorofteleimagemarcelosiqueiraemphasizeslimitationsoftimeandbudgetthatpreventedtheworkofreachingamoreaccurateresultthefilmwasmadefromaugusttonowwehadonlystudiodaystodothepostproductioneffectsincomparisonhesaysthatteleimagewhodidthesamethingincacdieguesnewfilmhadamuchlongertimeforgodisbrazilianatleastsevenmonthsandayearandahalfofpreparationstimeandbudgetarerestrictivefactorsthateventhecommitmentandcreativitycannotcompensateatleastinfullevenmoreinamovielikethisfullofeffectssiqueiraandtheownerofteleimagephilippesiarettaevenrefertothecastleofthemovieasrbraziltohighlighthowmuchthelackofmoneywasrestrictiveforthemmadetothetouchoftheboxwithamillionbudgetbrazilxuxaandthegoblinswouldrequiredoubleandeventripletocomeoutwithatargetandalsomorepostproductiontimeaccordingtotheproducersformarcelorezendefromfolhadespaulofolhatheconceptofthefilmisafilmthataimsabovealltobepleasantandtheschemeinwhichitwasassembledisofanalmostmilitantsimplicitytheintentionistocreateafableamoraltaleaboutdiversitytheelflovesamancommonasthemovieshowsandthepointistoshowthechildrenthatalldifferencesdonotreallymakeanydifferencechildrentheprobabilityisatleastreasonablemustunderstandthismessagebecauseitisrepeatedoverandoveragainalmosteverysequenceininfinitewaysdidatismleadseverythingsetsthetoneandthemarkasxuxaseekstoperfectherselfintheimageofperfectteacherinthecastareactorsofthebraziliandramaturgylikeverafischeractressverafischerzezmottabettylagothiagofragososusanavieiradeborahseccointerpretingthemaincharacterstherearenotanyromanticpairforxuxainduendesthetelevisionpresenterisaromanticcouplewithlucianoszafirwithwhomshewasmarriedandhadadaughtersashameneghelalongwiththepreviousxuxaeosduendeshereceivedaccusationsofplagiarismhasreceivedaccusationsofplagiarismwriteranamariasalgadoclaimedthatthescriptsofthetwofilmswereinspiredbyherbookmariadagraainoportalenmariadagraaintheportalshefiledaclaimforcompensationformoralandmaterialdamagesincourtoverxuxapromotionsandartisticproductionsmarlenemattosanddilerandassociatesthethcivilchamberoftheriodejaneirocourtofjusticeruledthattheapplicationwasunfoundedbasedontheevidencethatthedefendantspresentedthattwoprofessionalwritersmadetheplotofthefilmswhichwasalsosupportedbyanexpertthejudgestatedthatthesimilaritiesarecommoninthisliterarytypethatisfairieswithsceptersorwandsevilwitcheswholaughandwanttodestroytheforcesofgoodtheexistenceofmagicalportalsfunnycharactersetcinthecaseofthefilmstheexistenceofelvesthatconfiguretheirmaincharacterswhichdonotexistintheauthorstextrefnamefolharefmusicthesoundtrackofthefilmofthesamenamereleasedinbysomlivrethealbumconsistsofsongsperformedbytheprotagonistpresenterxuxameneghelandotherartistssuchasdeborahblandothiagofragosoandpaulinhomoskathesoundtrackwasreleasedbetweenandshortlyafterthereleaseofthedvdmovietheonlyexistingversionhasthesimpledvdlikecoverthecoverisallbluewithfilmandcompactdisccdcreditsandsmallcastphotosaswellasthebackcoverofthedvdrefnamexuxadiscogsrefreleasexuxaandtheelvesitwasreleasedondecemberinmorethancinemasinbraz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oncriticismofhisfilmsxuxacounteredifmyfilmsareblockbustersbecausetheyareseenbyalotofpeopletheniwanttocontinuedoingthisidonotwanttomakeamoviethatispraisedforcriticismbutnobodywantstoreviewitsaystvhotsaccordingtotheproducerxuxaissilentonthenewfilmforascriptoptionxuxaquestionedthisiwhospeaksomuchwillbemonosyllabicshesaidandshewasevenalittleworriedinabookletofotesourodacidadeperdidathepresenterphilosophizesonthequestionthemessageiwanttospendinthisfilmisnotsoexpensivesincehavingarespectfornatureisoneofthelinesididnothaveinanydialogueiwanttomakeitclearthatwhenwerespecteverylivingthingeverylittleanimaleveryplanteverythingingeneralwearerespectingeverythingthatgodhasdoneandgaveusthebestxuxahasenjoyedthisstoryofbeinganintrovertedwomanwhosuddenlydiscoversthatsheisawomanandthatsheisaverygoddessthetotalbudgetxuxaeotesourodacidadeperdidawasrmillionreaisanddebutedinroomsinthecountrydirectorgessaysthatalthoughshedoesnotconsiderherselfanactresshelikesherinterpretationxuxahasagreatpresenceonscreenlendinghercharactersalotofauthoritysinceshedoesnotpretendtobeanactresssheputsalotofherpersonalityintohercharacterstointerpretigortheloveinterestoftesourodacidadeperdidawaschosentheactormarcospasquimbeforefilmingthesceneofthekisssaysxuxasheaskedpasquimhowhewouldlikehertodohowcouldbethekisstheactordecidedonthefamoustechnicalkissandwhenheapproachedxuxashesaiddoyousmokeunappealingpasquimleftthesceneandcamebackwithabunchofbulletinhismouththefirsttimewaslikekissinganashtraybutthenikissedtheactorxuxasaidotheractorsthatparticipateinthecastarejulianaknustjssicapaulovilhenalisandronatlialagehelenasrgiohondjakoffdemtriozezmottaaurorahiplitomiltongonalveshliohiplitosrgiomalheirosthorreleasethepremieretookplaceondecemberatthespmarketmallinsopaulothedvdandvhsofthemoviewasreleasedinandcontainsinteractivemenuselectionofscenesmusicvideomakingofmovietrailerplaynesquikmoviesetvideoformatanamorphicwidescreenletterboxingfilmingletterboxfullscreenwritingprogramfullscreenaudiodolbydigitalenglishsubtitlesportugueselanguageportugueseenglishlanguageenglishspanishlanguagespanishreceptioncriticalreceptionxuxaeotesourodacidadeperdidareceivedlowcriticalacclaimmariofanaticabaddeofthesiteomeletegaveabadnotetothefilmjustifyingthatthescriptofthefilmisweakandinsipidbecauseaccordingtohimtriestoputtogetherahandfulofimagesplayedwithperfunctoryperformancesperhapsthescreenwriterflviodesouzaknowingthatwiththisjulianaknustlisandropaulovilhenahelenanatalialageanddemetriussergiohondjakofitsalessoninhowtoassassinateawilliamshakespeareclassicforhimthescriptisextremelychildishcannotbecharismaticforadultscannotevenswallowandintheendtheolderyearsandabovewillrealizethatitisjustanotherslotmachineaswellasthefilmsofformerhitartistrenatoaragodidihedefinedxuxasperformanceaslousyandbrunamarquezineaspitifulwritingthattheactressisbadlyusedinthisfilmasaremostoftheactorsjustpraisedtheperformanceofactorsergiomalheiroswritingthathefulfillshisrolereasonablylikemiltongonalvesandzezmottawhoaretherejusttogivesomecredibilitytotheproductionrefnamecinemacomrapadurarefclbereduardoofcontracampowrotethatxuxaeotesourodacidadeperdidareaffirmsandaccentuatestheheroinesconditionofthehotsactressifintwopreviousfilmsshesawelvesalreadysketchingamysticaltraitofthegoodnessofherpersonamysticismispromotedtodivinitybutwithoutanyrupturewithreasonacinewebwriterhecriticizedtheinfluenceofwilliamshakespeareinthescriptwritingthatitsuitsjustforpretexttotellalovestoryinvolvingthepersongaensofthefilmpaulosantoslimaofistocriticizedthedirectorofxuxaeotesourodacidadeperdidawritingthathedaredbuthedidnotdoitandwhosefragmentationofapproachescreatesdistancingwiththepublicwhichhedoesnotevenknowwhatitistheinfantilefableofxuxaeosduendesduendesandxuxaabracadabraabracadabraandalsonotsagaciousenoughforadolescentshestillwrotethatxuxaislostbetweenthechildrensaudienceandtheyouthinaplotrunbymoacyrgesasystemthatalsoprovidesforthecollageofsyntheticfragmentsofafilmimaginaryindianajonesgraftedherethegooniesthereallasfuelstructuralfastconsumptionforthefilmfloorrefnamefolhadespauloreftheaudiencessurveyedforadorocinemagavethefilmstarsoutoffivewithascoreofpointsthefilmowsitegaveanaverageratingofpointstoxuxaeotesourodacidadeperdidaboxofficethexuxaboxofficeforecastandthexuxaeotesourodacidadeperdidawastoaccountforbetweenmillionandmillionviewershoweverthefilmreachedalowernumberthanexpectedwithmillionboxofficesthesecondmostwatchednationalfilmintheyearaftertwosonsoffranciscoandthethmostviewedoftheyearinbrazilwithagrossofmoreofrefnamebilheteriafilmebcombrdatabasenewhtmlmephprankingporpblicofilmebmarchrefrefnamebilheteriafilmebcombrdatabasenewhtmlmephprankingdofilmenacionalporpblicofilmebmarchrefseealsolistofbrazilianfilmsofthesreferencesexternallinksredirectbaloxavirmarboxilconstantinepalaiologosdisambiguationconstantinelaskarisxhuahfmxraynanochemistryisadisciplinethatstudieshowtousenewlydevelopednanomaterialstoimprovetheeffectivenessofxrayradiationxraynanochemistrythereforeincludesmanycomponentssuchasnanomaterialssynthesisphysicalandchemicalprinciplesgoverningthewaysofimprovementandapplicationsoftheseimprovementsxraynanochemistrywasfirstmentionedbyguoetaldavidsonetalxraynanochemistryismorefullydefinedinthebookofxraynanochemistryconceptsanddevelopmentwhichisthefirstbookaboutthisnewdisciplinexraynanochemistryisinterfacedwithmanyfieldsandapplicationssuchaskineticsanddynamicsxrayspectroscopynanochemistrycatalysisradiotherapyradiationchemistryphotodynamictherapyenvironmentalsciencesensingbatterieshighresolutioninvisibleinksxraydrivensignalingbiologyandmanyotherfieldsanddisciplinesreferenceslimulusmassoumehseyhouncoresocialistvaluescoresocialistvaluescentraleconomicworkconferencecentraleconomicworkconferenceinfoboxvideogametitleimagexiamacoverjpgdevelopermulawadreamingpublishermulawadreamingreleasedgenrepuzzleadventuredirectorpeterhewittproducerpeterhewittdesignerpeterhewittprogrammerpeterhewittartistpeterhewittwriterpeterhewittxiamaisapuzzleadventuregamebytownsvillebasedaustralianstudiomulawadreamingreleasedonwindowsthegamewasselfpublishedbyitsdeveloperpeterhewittoffhiswebsiteandatastallintownvillescottersmarketsrefnameautorefdevelopmentpeterhewittbasedthegameonatriphehadthroughanationalparkandusedthephotoshetookthereasthebackdropofthetitlethegamedevelopedsolelybyhewitttookaroundayeartocompletesomeofhispuzzlessuchasthethreeturtlepuzzlesdontrequirepriorknowledgeandcanbecompletedwithbypressbuttonsandexperimentinghewittexpectedsomeofthemorechallengingpuzzlestolastmorethanoneplaysessionhefoundthecavesystemoneofthehighlightstodeveloponmarchhewittdevelopedtheconceptofthexiamabooksinordertogetawayfromtheusualgamessavingmechanismthexiamawebsitewentliveonmarchonaprilbillbashamgavepermissionfortheuseofhismidiversionofwaltzingmatildathepostitsideawasimplementedonmayashewitthadlongwantedtoaddpersonaltouchestothegamethepuzzleswerecompletedonjuneonjunehenegotiatedadealwithlisteningearthtousetheirbirdcallsanddingohowlsonjunebillbashamagreedtohisuseoftherejectionintheprojectthegameusestheclickteaminstallationprogramthegamehadnomarketingeffortseitherfororagainstwomenhewittfollowedupthisgamewiththepuzzleadventuresmagneticandmagicamaxiamarevisitedwasmadeinusingblitzbasicdpaintshopprobryceandcooledititwasplaytestedbydougbradleyanddedicatedinthememoryofpennycadwellatthebeginningofinjanuarybothversionsbecamefreeplotandgameplaythegameissetinthenorthqueenslandrainforestalligatorcreekfallslocatedatbowlinggreenbaynationalparktheplayerarrivesattheparktomeetupwiththeirfriendpeterforatrekonlytoreceiveanotesayinghesgoneonaheadtheplayerproceedstowanderonalonediscoveringarichlandscapealongthewayxiamaisafirstpersongameprimarilyindtheplayerprogressesthroughaseriesofstaticscreensandinteractswithhotspotstoaccesspuzzleslikeitsfollowupmagneticxiamablendsdgraphicswithslideshowstyledphotobackdropsrefnameautoreftherearepuzzlesplacedwithintheenvironmentscompletingpuzzleswillunlockfurtherareasandpuzzlesandprogressingthroughthegameincreasestheplayersscorethelastpuzzleisonlyunlockedaftertheplayercompletestheotherthepuzzlesaresuperimposedontophotosofthenationalparkwhentheplayercompletesapuzzleastickynoteisaddedtotheirjournalwhichcontainssomeoftheplayersthoughtsandreflectionspuzzlesarescrambledwhentheplayerleavestheareatoenabletherevisitingofoldpuzzlesthesoundscapeconsistsofbirdcallscampfirecrackingstreamwaterandanimalnoisesmeanwhiletwopuzzlesrevolvearoundthetraditionalfolksongwaltzingmatildathegameiscompletablewithinahourperiodcriticalreceptionmrbillsadventurelandfeltthegameremindedthemofjewelsoftheoracleduetoitsexoticandfascinatingsettinganditschallengingandaddictivegameplaythesitefelthoweverthatitsfollowupmagneticwouldhavearichermixofgametypesandwishedboththesetitleshadjuniorversionsforyoungerplayersquandarynotedthegamewasnotanadventureinthetraditionalsenseduetolackinginventoryitemcollectionandanunfoldingstorypibwebnotedthatthegamewasnotaccuratedotoitincludingacavescenewhenalligatorcreekdoesnthaveacavesystemjustadventurerecommendedthegametoloversofpuzzlesphotographyandnaturegamezoneappreciatedthefactthatthegamewasnotrunofthemillgamevortexnotedthatthegamespuzzlesvarywildlyindifficultycomputergamesonlinedeemeditafiendishlycerebralofferingandfeltthattheingamerewardforcompletingthegamecameoffasacrueljokeacademicstephengranadethoughtthegameslargestdeficiencieswereinitsinterfaceandlackofdocumentationanddescribeditasplayinglikemystonlymoreboringadventuregamersthoughtthegameofferedabetterexperiencewhenplayedwithfamilyandfriendsthankstothegamegameboomerslookedforwardtofutureprojectsfrommulawadreamingmysterymanorfeltthegamewaschallengingparticularnavigatingaroundtheparkbonuswebforgavetheamateurishscreensashavingasimilarcharmtotheczechpointandclickadventuregameramonovokouzlobyvochozkatradingaccordingtotheplayersrealmthegameisthoroughlyrootedinthelosttraditionofgameplayconsistingofprogressingthroughaseriesofstaticpanoramicscreensthroughpuzzlesolvingandcluecollectingasseenintitlessuchasmystrivenandjewelsoftheoracleinagenresobelovedofearliergamesscholarshipthebooknotesthatthepuzzlesturnwhatwouldhavebeenaslideshowintonarrativearchitectureinwhichthephotographsbecomerewardsforthecompletionofpuzzlesintheludicexperienceinadditionadventuregamersthoughtthatwhilefarfromaperfectgamexiamacapturedthespiritofadventuregamingandgaveitthebestpuzzlesofawardreferencesexternallinksmobygamescomgamexiamamobygamesxiangyangjieisasubdistrictandtheseatofjinshicityinhunanchinathesubdistrictwasformedinrefnamehistorythehistoryofwulingtownaccordingtothedictionaryofchineseadministrativedivisionspublishedbythepeoplespublishinghouseofzhejiangrefindecemberyangyoutownshipwasmergedtoitithasanareaofwithapopulationofaboutasofithascommunitiesunderitsjurisdictionexternallinksjinshishigovcnxyjlistmgovvofficialwebsitechinesereferenceshugercatshellxfmantisexperimentalfighterredirecttoyotaplatzxialivelaredirecttoyotavitzxialiviziinfoboxsportspersonheadercolornamexuxiaoxiaonicknameimagecaptionimagesizebirthdatebirthplaceresidencecountrysportsnowboardingeventalmamaterdeathdatedeathplaceheightweightclubpbwebsitemedaltemplatesxuxiaoxiaoborndecemberisachinesesnowboardingsnowboardershecompetedintheandfissnowboardworldchampionshipsandinthewinterolympicsinsnowboardingatthewinterolympicswomensparallelgiantslalomparallelgiantslalomreferencesxscapegroupsiegeinfogsherrylisherrylixmenredinfoboxfilmnamexuxinhaegutocontraosmonstrosdoespaoimagexuxinhaegutocontraosmonstrosdoespaojpgcaptiontheatricalreleaseposterborderyesdirectormoacyrgesbrclewersonsarembawriterflviodesouzaproducerdilertrindadescreenplaybasedonnarratorxuxameneghelstarringxuxameneghelbrpedromaltabrflviasaddybrbernardocoutinhobrguilhermebriggsbrgustavopereirabrmiltongonalvesmusicarysperlingeditingstudiodistributorwarnerbrosbrglobofilmesreleasedrefruntimeminutescountrybrazillanguageportuguesebudgetbrazilianrealrnbspmilliongrossbrazilianrealrnbspmillionxuxinhaegutocontraosmonstrosdoespaoisainfilmcinemaofbrazilbraziliancomputeranimationcomputeranimatedadventurefilmwrittenbyflviodesouzaanddirectedbymoacyrgesandclewersonsarembaproducedbydilertrindadeanddistributedbywarnerbrosandglobofilmesstarringxuxameneghelandpedromaltawiththeparticipationofthevoiceactorsflviasaddybernardocoutinhoguilhermebriggsgustavopereiramiltongonalvesthefilmfollowsgutoayearoldboywhogetshelpfromhisguardianangelxuxinhatofightjunkeatingmonstersthatcomefromtheplanetxyzwhichislocatedinadistantgalaxyandwillliveinpumzostreamrightintheneighborhoodwheregutoandhisfriendjonaslivethepumzoistheidealplacefortheinvaderswhoeatgarbageandwanttotransformtheearthintoadumpthetwowillgothroughinnumerableadventuresandrelyonthehelpofthewisehomelessphilosophereuclidesarquimedesdetectivetxutxucoandjonasbutthegreathelpcomesfromheavengutoandjonasguardianangelsxuxinhaandbielthegreatheroineistheblondewhogivesupherangelicpowerstosavegutoandtheplanetstillinxuxameneghelconsideredthepossibilityofproducingacinematographicanimationlaterthatyeartheprojecthadthefirsttitleadventuresofxuxinhabuttheprojectwascanceledalmostayearafterthefirstannouncementinxuxaannouncedthelaunchofitsfirstanimatedfilmbettingonanewformulatvhotsleftitstraditionalmovieformatandbetonananimationxuxinhaegutowasthefilmisthefirstbraziliananimationreleasedindfilmdformatheperformedpoorlyattheboxofficegrossingjustbrazilianrealrmillionreaisacrossbrazilwiththeworstboxofficeperformanceofaxuxamoviesincexuxarequebrathefilmhasreceivednegativereviewsfromspecialistcriticsasequelcametobeconsideredbutwascanceledduetothefilmsboxofficefailureplotlikeeveryyearoldjulianpedromaltaseeksanswersandexplanationsfortheexistenceofsomespiritualbeingsthisisthecasewiththeguardianangelsxuxameneghelalwaysconvincedoftheirexistencetheelvesandgodtellsthenephewhowhemethisguardianangelcalledxuxinhawhenxuxagrewupshehadtogoherwaywithoutthehelpofafaithfulprotectorxuxinhawasgiventhejobofprotectinganothersmallmangutoperhapsthemostdamnedofalltheangelalwayshadtodotheimpossibletosavehimfromtheconfusionsanddangersinwhichheenteredxuxinhaalsocountsontheaidofbielangeloftheguardofjonasthegreatcompanionofadventuresofgutoonedaythecountryisinvadedbyxyzgenasgarbageeatingmonstersfromtheplanetxyzlocatedinadistantgalaxyknowingthatearthsinhabitantsusedtothrowdebrisintothestreamspollutingalltheriversoftheplanettheydecidedthatitwasthebestplacefordominationtherethefirstresidenttobelieveintheinvasionwasthewiseeuclidarchimedesallbutthedetectivedogtxutxucogutoandjonasdiscreditedhimtogethertheyresolvetofightthesestinkingmonsterswhohavedominatedtheentirepunchstreamxuxinhaandbielalsoresolvetoinvestigatethecasenotknowingthatthisinvolvementwouldbringdefinitiveconsequencestothelifeoftheangelcastxuxameneghelasherselfandnarratorpedromaltaasjulianonarraoflviasaddyasxuxinhabernardocoutinhogutogustavopereiraasjonasguilhermebriggsasdetectivetxutxucomonstersfiremanmiltongonalvesaseuclidesarquimedespedrohenriquealbuquerqueasbielanalciamenezesasbabiesemliareyassaritamalaguenhaandvozeirosfelipegrinnanandvozeirosfernandabaronneasdonarandvozeirosalexandremorenoasgriloandpolicialxyzjoaquimporeyasfaeljliochavesaspaidejonaslinarossanaasvelhalciomaurofilhoassrsidluizcarlospersyasrobotdoctormarcelocoutinhoaspoliceofficerpoliceofficerxyzdrivervozeirosmrciacoutinhoasvozeirosmrciosimesassmartmicemriomonjardimasgalileunewtonpaulogoulartassopedropedrolimaactorpedrolimaasgueltomcavalcanteasdouglaswenderadrianosantosaspoliceofficerfirefighterdouglaswenderfatherofjonasdoctorcinthiadelmaschioasstandinxuxameneghelproductionstillinxuxameneghelconsideredthepossibilityofproducingaanimationfilmfilmanimationlaterthatyeartheprojecthadthefirsttitleaventurasdaxuxinhaandwouldhaveasheroineablondegirltrueminiatureofthehotsbuttheprojectwasbudgetedbyancineagncianacionaldocinemawithaforecastofanexpenseofrmillionreaiswhichxuxaanditsproductionconsideredveryhighsotheprojectwaspostponedtotheyearandinitsplacethetvhotsdebutedxuxaeotesourodacidadeperdidaattheendofthatyearxuxinhaegutocontraosmonstrosdoespaothefilmisthefirstbraziliananimationinseconddimensionsecondandthirddimensionxuxinhaegutocontraosmonstrosdoespaohadateamofanimatorsfromtwisterstudioitwasgeneratedincomputertotallydigitaltechnologythefilmisequatedwithdisneyanimationsbutitdidnotcostofthebudgetforsuchproductionsthefinalvaluereachedrmillionreaiswhichwashostedbytvhotsitselfwhichboastsoftheanimationhubcreatedforthisproductionasinthefourpreviousfilmsofxuxathedirectionisofmoacyrgestheanimationdirectorclewersonsarembaandtheproductionofdilerassociatesbettingonanewformulatvhotsxuxameneghelabandonsitstraditionalfilmformatandthisyearreachestheatersinananimationdirectorclewersonsarembaexplainsthatthefilmwasdrawnandanimatedcompletelyonthecomputertheprocessofanimationwasbasedonthatofconventionalstudiosthedifferencewastochangetheroleforthecomputerwhendrawingitwasnotbyaccidentthatxuxaandtheproducerofhisfilmsdilertrindadedecidedtobetontheanimationthisyearclearlythereisanattemptofrenewalsinceeveryyearitsproductionshavebeenearninglessattheboxofficerefnameterranetworksrefxuxaexplainedthatheagreeswiththeparticipationofanimationcharacterstoreduceproductioncostsrefwithascriptsignedbyflviodesousathefilmisfaithfultowhatthepresenterbelieveswedonotcareaboutbeingeducationalthatsuptotheschoolnotthetvshowsandfilmshesaysstillthethemeofthefilmisecologyandtheimportanceofrecyclingrefnamecinewebcitewebauthoralyssonoliveiraurlcinewebcombrfilmesfilmephpidfilmetitlexuxinhaegutocontraosmonstrosdoespaopublishercinewebaccessdatemarchrefdespitethesmallparticipationinfrontofthecamerasxuxasaysthathethrobbedalotintheproductionofthedrawingimalittleannoyingsometimesshethoughtthatxuxinhalookedfatorsneakyshehadtochangetensecondsoffilmtookaweektoberedonealotofthingshavebeenthrowninthetrashhoursofworkrefnamefolhalondrinarefthecharacterxuxinhahasbeenpresentinthedvdsandtvshowsofxuxasinceinthesameyearthecharactergutowascreatedtorepresentthemalechildrensaudienceofthenewlineofbabycleaningproductsxuxaandpedromaltaaretheonlyrealappearancesinthefilmtheothercharactersaremadeincomputergraphicsanddubbedbyvoiceactorsrefnamefolhadespaulocriticarefmusicthesoundtrackofthefilmofthesamenamereleasedinbysomlivrerefnamexuxadiscogsrefthealbumconsistsofsongsperformedbytheprotagonistthetvhotsxuxameneghelandotherartistsitconsistsmainlyoftheincidentalinstrumentalthemesthatplayedinthefilmbringsonlytwosingersabdullahandxuxaplusthetrackthatisinterpretedbytheactressnantribuzzithesoundtrackwasproducedbyarysperlingreleasethefirstpremiereofthefilmtookplaceonnovemberincityarmaodosbziosintheriodejaneirostateriodejaneiroatthebzioscinefestivalxuxaalsoparticipatedinanewsconferenceinsopauloondecembertopublicizethefilmandshecommentedonthepossibilityofthefilmwinningacontinuationinthisfirstfilmwastotellthestoryofthecharacterifitworksoutinthenextoneiwillparticipatemoreinthescenesondecemberxuxacheckedtheresultofthefilmforthefirsttimealoneforthepremiereinriodejaneirocitythequeenofthelittleonessummonedchildrenfromthexuxameneghelfoundationandanotherfromthebrazilianfoundationcrianaesperanawhoweredelightedwiththeperformanceoftheanimatedfeatureatthetimewaswearingtheshirtofthefilmthefilmwasofficiallyreleasedondecemberinmorethanroomsinthecountryrefnamecineclickrefthefilmwasreleasedondvdandvhsinjuneinadditiontothemovietherewillbeplentyofgamesandjokesmakingofandvoiceoverscenesintheextrasrefnamejornaldebrasliarefreceptioncriticalreceptionthefilmreceivedanapprovalratingofinthereviewaggregatecineplayersbasedonvotestheaudiencessurveyedforadorocinemagavethefilmaratingandthreestarsoutoffiveimdbanotherreviewaggregategaveascoreofbasedoncriticsfilmsstarringtvhotsxuxaareoftenunanimousamongcriticswhiletheyareverywellacceptedbythepublicseetheboxofficetheirproductionsusuallydotheyaremassivelycriticizedbycriticsacriticofthecineclickheconsideredproductionmorebearablethanthepreviousoneswritingthatthefilmshouldpleasechildrenanimationtechniquesarequitesimplelikethescriptandmusicispresentatalltimesmoreorlesslikethescoobydoodrawingswhentheactionstopsandgiveswaytoamusicalrubensewaldfilhoofuniversoonlineuolconsideredthefilmreasonableandgivingtwostarsoffiveandcriticizedhimwritingthatthefilmdoesnothaveespeciallyinterestingalthoughthefilmhaseducationalpretensionsboxofficeafteritsrelansexuxinhaegutocontraosmonstrosdoespaoobtainedabadnumberofboxofficeincomparisonwiththepreviousonestheproductionwasinplacewithspectatorsdidiocaadordetesourosendidithetreasurehunterforexamplewasreleasedinthesameperiodandmanagedtobeinthwithboxofficetheresultofhisboxofficewasboxofficebeingthefirstxuxafilmsincexuxarequebratonotgetmorethanmillionviewershefilmwasthefifthbiggestbrazilianboxofficeofbeingthefortyninthmostseenofwithagrossofmorethanaccordingtoancineseealsolistofbrazilianfilmsofthesreferencesexternallinksinfoboxbasketballbiographynamexaviercooksimageimagesizecaptionpositionshootingguardsmallforwardheightftheightinweightlbsleaguebigsouthconferenceteamwinthropeaglesnumbernationalityaustralianbirthdatebirthplaceballaratvictoriaaustraliavictoriahighschoolcollegewinthropeaglesmensbasketballwinthroppresenthighlightsbigsouthconferencemensbasketballplayeroftheyearbigsouthplayeroftheyearfirstteamallbigsouthconferencebigsouthxaviercooksbornaugustisanaustraliancollegebasketballplayerforwinthropuniversityaswingmanwasnamedthebigsouthconferencemensbasketballplayeroftheyearbigsouthconferenceplayeroftheyearcooksthesonofformersoutheastaustralianbasketballleagueseablandnationalbasketballleagueaustralianationalbasketballleagueplayerericcooksattendedtheaustralianinstituteofsporthechosetoattendwinthropeaglesmensbasketballwinthropoveroffersfromschoolssuchasucsantabarbaragauchosmensbasketballucsantabarbaraboisestatebroncosmensbasketballboisestatehartfordhawksmensbasketballhartfordmaineblackbearsmensbasketballmaineandnichollsstatecolonelsmensbasketballnichollsstateonfebruarycooksrecordedthefirstpointreboundgameforwinthropsinceatthecloseoftheseasonhewasnamedfirstteamallbigsouthconferenceincookswasnamedtotheaustralianemergingboomerssquadforthesummeruniversiadeintheseasonseniorcooksbecamewinthropsalltimeleadingrebounderatthecloseofthebigsouthregularseasoncookswasagainnamedfirstteamallbigsouthandthebigsouthplayeroftheyearreferencesexternallinkswinthropeaglescomrosteraspxrpidwinthropeaglesbiosportsreferencecomcbbplayersxaviercookshtmlcollegestatssportsreferencescomtheinsultfilmxpduplicationisagenomicvariationmarkedbytheduplicationofanxchromosomeregionontheshortarmpatpositiondefinedbystandardkaryotypinggbandinggbandingthisgenerichrearrangementproneregioncanbefurtherdividedintothreelocixpxpandxptheduplicationcouldinvolveanycombinationofthesethreelociwhilethelengthoftheduplicationcanvaryfrommbtombmostduplicationsmeasureaboutmbandtypicallyoccurintheregionofrefnamerefmostaffectedfemalesshowpreferentialactivationoftheduplicatedxchromosomerefnamegeneticandrarediseasesinformationcentergardanncatsprogramwebsiterarediseasesinfonihgovlanguageenaccessdatereffeaturesofaffectedindividualsvarysignificantlyevenamongmembersofthesamefamilythexpduplicationcanbesilentpresentingnoobvioussymptomsincarrierswhichisknownfromtheasymptomaticparentsofaffectedchildrencarryingtheduplicationrefnamegiordarefrefnamehondarefthecommonsymptomsincludeintellectualdisabilityintellectualdisabilitiesspeechdelayandlearningdifficultieswhileinrarecaseschildrenhaveepilepticseizureseizuresandarecognizablebrainwavepatternwhenassessedbyeegelectroencephalographyetiologyusingarraybasedcomparativegenomichybridizationcomparativegenomichybridizationacghtoscreenindividualswithisolatedorsyndromicmentalretardationforcopynumbervariationgiordaetalidentifiedunrelatedindividualsmalesandfemaleswithamicroduplicationatchromosomexpptherearrangementwasfamilialinpatientsafemalepatientsharedambduplicationwithheraffectedmotherandsisterandanunrelatedmalepatientsharedambduplicationwithhisaffectedmotherandsisterathirdunrelatedmaleinheritedasmallermbduplicationfromhisunaffectedmotherthreeadditionalindividualshaddenovombduplicationsandmorehadpartiallyoverlappingdenovoandmbduplicationspaternaloriginoftheduplicationwasdemonstratedinalldenovofemalecasessixaffectedfemaleshadselectiveinactivationofthenormalxchromosomewhereashadrandomxinactivationbreakpointscouldbeidentifiedinindividualstherecurrentduplicationwasflankeddistallybyasegmentalduplicationdrepatmbcontainingaclusterofgenesandpseudogenesofthesynovialsarcomaxbreakpointsynovialsarcomaxbreakpointssxandproximallybyacomplexrepeatprepatmbrichinssxmelanomaantigenandxantigenxagegenessequenceanalysisofthejunctionsdemonstratedthattherecurrentmbduplicationsweremediatedbynonallelichomologousrecombinationnahroralumediatedrecombinationthemajorityoftheserecombinationsoccurredbetweenflankingcomplexsegmentalduplicationsregionofduplicationandcopynumbervariationcanbefurtherconfirmedbyfluorescenceinsituhybridizationfluorescenceinsituhybridizationfishandpolymerasechainreactionpcrsymptomsandclinicalfeaturesinformationontheclinicalsymptomsandfeaturesistakenfromthehumanphenotypeontologydatabaseallaffectedindividualsneedntshowallthesymptomssomeofthemostnotedfeaturesareintellectualdisabilityintellectualandlearningdisabilitylearningdisabilitiesspeechdelayearlypubertysignificantweightandheightproblemslowerextremityanomaliesanomaliesofthelegsandorfeetepilepticseizureepilepticseizuresunusualpatternofeegwithcentrotemporalfocalspikewavesinchildrenminorfacialfeaturesintellectualandlearningdisabilitiesamongpeoplewhoneedsupportwiththeirlearningatleastarebelievedtocarrytheduplicationitisnotedthataffectedmembersofthesamefamilywiththesamexpmicroduplicationgenerallyhavesimilarlearningprofileschildrenwithsmallduplicationsofmbseemtohaveamildlearningdifficultywhileotherswiththetypicalduplicationofaroundmbgenerallyhaveaborderlinemildormoderatelearningdisabilityanextremecasewithaverylargeduplicationofmbhasshowntohaveasevereintellectualdisabilityspeechdelayspeechisverycommonlyaffectedandusuallythefirstsignbothspeechandcomprehensionseemtobeaffectedtovariousdegreesofextentlowfacialmuscletoneunderliesdifficultyinmakingcertainsoundsofspeechnasalorhoarsevoicearealsoobservedbabiesareknowntobeunabletosuckfrombreastintheirinfancyduetoweakfacialmusclesearlypubertyearlypubertyoccursinoftheaffectedchildrenoradultswithgirlsstartingtheirmenstrualcyclesasearlyasageandboysshowingsignsofpubertyatageoneboyfromuniquehadcompletedpubertybyageweightproblemsaffectedchildrenshowtendencytobeoverweightthismightindicatemetabolismissueslowerextremityanomaliesanomaliesoflowerlimbsorfeetarecommoninpeoplewithanxpduplicationaffectingaboutcasesfeaturesincludeflatfeetarchedfeetpescavusclubfoottalipesnarrowfeetwebbedorjoinedtoesfingerssyndactylythfingerclinodactylythtoehypoplasiaandtaperingfingersunusualeegpatternatypicalpatternofelectricalactivityinthebrainofaffectedchildrendescribedassubclinicalseizureshasbeennotedapeculiarelectroencephalographicpatterncharacterizedbyrolandiclikespikesandorcontinuousspikewaveduringslowsleepcswsalsocalledcentrotemporalfocalspikeexistsinchildhoodminorfacialfeaturesthecommonunusualfeaturesincludeashortorflatgroovebetweenthenoseandupperlipphiltrumalargehighordeepnasalbridgebushyeyebrowsandorunibrowunibrowsynophrysandthinlipsgeneticstheduplicationatxpespeciallythexpregionissyndromicandisimplicatedinxlinkedmentalretardationxlinkedmentalretardationthechromosomalduplicationcanbedenovoorfamilialfamilialcarriersofsmallduplicationmbshowxlinkedrecessiveinheritanceallotheraffectedindividualswithlargerduplicationpresentdominantexpressionandcomparableclinicalphenotypesirrespectiveofsexduplicationsizeandxinactivationpatternxpcomprisesapproximatelymbofdnachrxhganumberofpathogenicdeletionsandduplicationsinvolvingxphavebeendescribedinindividualswithdevelopmentaldelayintellectualdisabilityandorautismthesephenotypeshavebeenattributedtochangesinthecopynumberofseveralgenesincludinghuwekdmciqsectspylshroomphfandfamcrefnamemoeyrefhuwethehectubaandwwedomaincontainingproteinhuweisahectfamilyubiquitinligaselocatedonthexchromosomeatxpwithgrowinggeneticlinkstocancerandintellectualdisabilityinterestinglypatientswithmissensemutationsinhuweshareclinicalfeatureswithpatientswithaduplicationofhuwethissuggestsbothincreasedanddecreasedhuwefunctioncouldbeassociatedwithintellectualdisabilitybutevidencefromaninvivomodelsystemsupportingorrefutingthispossibilityremainsabsentkdmckdmclysinespecificdemethylasecalsoknownasjumonjiatrichinteractivedomaincjaridcislocatedonthexchromosomeatxppthegeneencodesaaminoacidproteinthatbelongstothejaridsubfamilyofariddnabindingproteinstheproteinpossesseshkmespecificdemethylaseactivityandisshowntofunctionasatranscriptionalrepressorthroughtheresilencingtranscriptionfactorrestcomplexthemutationsinkdmccauseclaesjensentypesyndromicxlinkedintellectualdisabilityxlinkedintellectualdisabilitycharacterizedbymoderatetosevereidspeechabnormalitiesandotherclinicalfindingssuchasseizuresandaggressivebehaviorinsomeindividualsthereisalsoareportofamutationinapatientwithautismspectrumdisorderastudyshowedthatkdmcknockoutmiceexhibitadaptiveandcognitiveabnormalitiessimilartothoseinhumanxlinkedintellectualdisabilityandconcludedthathistonemethylationdynamicssculpttheneuronalnetworkiqseciqmotifandsecdomainiqsecalsoknownasbragoriqarfgefislocatedonthexchromosomeatxpandencodesguaninenucleotideexchangefactorforthearffamilyofgtpbindingproteinsarfgefitisexpressedintheneuronsandisinvolvedincytoskeletalorganizationdendriticspinemorphologyandexcitatorysynapticorganizationmutationsiniqsecarewidelyassociatedincasesofxlinkednonsyndromicmentalretardationwithsomecarrierfemalesreportedwithlearningdisabilitiestwointragenicduplicationspredictedtocauseterminationmutationsonthexchromosomeinvolvingiqsecwereidentifiedintwodenovocasesandonenonsensemutationwasdescribedinthreeadditionalmalepatientspresentingsevereintellectualdisabilityandadditionalclinicalfeaturesincludingneonatalhypotoniadelayedmotorskillsseizuresstrabismusautisticlikebehaviorstereotypicmidlinehandmovementsmicrocephalylittletonowalkinglittletonolanguageskillssignificantbehavioralissuesandmildlyabnormalfacialfeaturesanoveldenovomutationintheiqsecgeneidentifiedthroughdiagnosticexomesequencingshowedsignificantdevelopmentaldelayseizureshypotoniavisionimpairmentsplagiocephalyautisticlikefeaturesabsentlanguageskillsandabnormalmrifindingsiqsecgeneplaysalargerroleinthecauseofxlinkedcognitiveimpairmentthanpreviouslythoughtadditionalconsiderationiswarrantedwithregardstothesyndromicnatureofitsphenotypicassociationtspyltestisspecificproteinyencodedtspyliketspylcodesforamemberofthetspylikesetnucleosomeassemblyproteinsuperfamilyandislocatedonthexchromosomeatxptheencodedproteinislocalizedtothenucleoluswhereitfunctionsinchromatinremodelingandasaninhibitorofcellcycleprogressionconsistentwithapossiblerolefortspylpathwaysinneurodevelopmentxpmicroduplicationincorporatingthetspyllocushasbeenreportedinmalepatientswithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderattentiondeficithyperactivitydisordershroomshroomfamilymembershroomalsoknownaskiaaencodesamemberoftheapxshroomfamilywhichcontainsannterminalpdzdomainandacterminalasdmotifitislocatedonthexchromosomeatxpandismainlyassociatedwiththestoccodossantosxlinkedmentalretardationsyndromecharacterizedbycognitivedisabilitiesexternallinksgenomeucsceducgibinhgtrackshghubconnectdesturlfcgibinfhgtracksclademammalorghumandbhgpositionchrxahgtsuggesthgtsuggesttrackknowngenesubmitsubmithgsidhgtnewjqueryucscgenomebrowserncbinlmnihgovprojectsmapviewmapscgitaxidchrxmapsideogrccntgrcughscgenesbuildpreviousbegendoviewdefaultncbimapviewerseealsoxlinkedintellectualdisabilityxlinkedintellectualdisabilityreferencesinfoboxreligiousbuildingnamexuandutemplenativenamenativenamelangzhimageshanmenofxuandupalacefebruaryjpgimagesizecaptiontheshanmenofxuandutemplemaptypechinahunanchinamapsizepxmapcaptioncoordinatescoordinatesfootnotesreligiousaffiliationtaoismdeitydragongatetaoismritesecttraditionfestivalorfestivalscerclesectordistrictprefecturehengshancountyprovincehunancountrychinaconsecrationyearwebsitearchitectarchitecturetypearchitecturestylechinesearchitecturefoundedbytanjiaoqingcreatorfundedbygeneralcontractorestablishedndashgroundbreakingyearcompletedconstructioncostdatedemolishedordatedestroyedfootnotesthexuandutempleisataoisttemplelocatedonthehillsideofmounthenghunanmounthenginhengshancountyhunanchinaitisthesiteofhunantaoistassociationhistorythexuandutemplewasfirstestablishedinthetongzhiperiodofqingdynastyndashbytaoistpriesttanjiaoqingitformerlyknownasabuddhisttemplenamedxiyunanwhichwasbuiltinthesouthernqidynastyndashonnovemberthehunantaoistassociationwassetuphererefnametigerrefarchitecturethetempleconsistsofmorethanbuildingsincludingshanmenhaliofthegodofwealthhallofmedicinekingmainhallandsanqinghallhallofthreepureonesmainhallthemainhallisthesecondhallinthetemplefortheworshipofthejadeemperorsanqinghallthesanqinghallorhallofthreepureonesisthethirdhallinthetempleinthemiddleisyuanshitianzunstatuesofdaodetianzunandlingbaotianzunstandontheleftandrightsidesreferencesexternallinkssexagenarycycletaijiturcatshellhongeohoehongeonotocxinhaiusuallyreferstothexinhairevolutionwhichoccurredinthexinhaiyearofthesexagenarycyclexinhaicanalsorefertoconflictsxinhairevolutioninxinjiangxinhailhasaturmoilplacesxinhaimrtstationxinhaiconstructedwetlandpeopleyangxinhaialsoknownasyangzhiyaandyangliuthemostprolificserialkillerinchinesehistorychanghsinhaialsoknownashhchangwasanearlythcenturychinesescholarandwriterseealsoxinhaigemingdisambiguationlolesaralistofjanethevirgincharactersxiomaravillanuevajbalvindiscographyinfoboxsinglenamexartistnickyjamxjbalvincovercaptionborderyesalbumreleasedrecordedformatmusicdownloaddigitaldownloadgenrereggaetonlengthlabelwriternickyjamproducerchronologynickyjamsingleslastsinglebellaysensualbrthissinglexbrnextsinglemiscextrachronologyartistjbalvintypesingleslastsingleahorabrthissinglexbrnextsingledimebrxisasongbypuertoricansingernickyjamandcolombiansingerjbalvinitwasreleasedonmarchmusicvideotheofficialmusicvideoforxwasreleasedonmarchonnickyjamsyoutubeaccountwhereithasovermillionviewstracklistingtracklistingheadlinedigitaldownloadtitlexlengthchartsclasswikitablesortableplainrowheadersstyletextaligncenterchartpeakbrpositionscoperowboliviamonitorlatinoscoperowchilemonitorlatinoscoperowcolombianationalreportscoperowecuadornationalreportscoperowelsalvadormonitorlatinoscoperowhondurasmonitorlatinoscoperowpanamamonitorlatinoscoperowvenezuelanationalreportcertificationsrefreferencesincoldbloodaltjsonginfoboxmobilephonenamexiaomiredmibrxiaomiredmiplusbrsmallredminoteinindiasmallimagecaptioncodenamevinceredmiplusmanufacturerxiaomiseriesxiaomiredmireleasedtypeslatephonetouchscreensmartphoneformslatephoneslatesizeredmiplusbrhmminbrwmminbrdmminbrweightplainlistredmiplusosmiuibasedonandroidnougatandroidcompatiblenetworkscpuredmibrsnapdragonoctacoreghzcortexabrredmiplusbrsnapdragonoctacoreghzcortexagpuadrenobatterynonremovablelipobrredmimahbrredmiplusmahbrdisplayredmibrpixelsratioipslcdcapacitivetouchscreenmcolorsbrredmiplusbrxpixelsratioppiipslcdcapacitivetouchscreenmcolorsrearcamerampfmphasedetectionautofocusdualleddualtoneflashgeotaggingtouchfocusfacedetectionpanoramahdrfrontcameramppmemoryredmibrorgbbrredmiplusbrorgbstorageredmibrorgbbrredmiplusbrorgbmemorycardmicrosdxcuptoconnectivityggggltewifiabgnacghzacbandonlyavailableonplusdualbandwifidirecthotspotbluetoothvxiaomiredmiandxiaomiredmiplusredminoteinindiaa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aterrestrialglobewiththebluebackgroundfilledwithwhitecloudsandfeaturedpicturesthatblendedentertainmentanddidacticelementsformatthelongestofthepaintingswascantinhodashistriasuptotenminuteslonginwhichxuxatoldchildrenstorieswiththehelpofpuppetspuppetsandorinvitedactorstheframeworkcantigaswasoneofthehighlightsoftheprograminitwellknownsingersmaderereadingsofclassicsfromoursongbookotherpicturesofxuxaintheworldofimaginationwereencyclopediainwhichxuxashowedandexplainedtochildrenthemeaningoftermswordsandobjectsandgyminwhichadancertaughtchoreographyinadditiontothosealreadymentionedotherfeaturedfiguresintheprogramwerepresentacioninwhichxuxaparodiessongswiththehelpofadogandwitchkekawherethecharacterkekalivedbyxuxalookedforilleducatedchildrentotransforminwitchesmixingpicturesmusicvideosstorytellingforchildreninafunanddidacticwaythechildrenalsorescuedwheelsongsandplayfulandtraditionalgamessuchashopscotchapplerunandbagrunxuxaintheworldofimaginationhadasmallcastandfewchildrenonthestagetheprogramalsocountedontheparticipationofchildrenfromalloverbrazilwhosentvideoslettersphotosanddrawingsexhibitedbytheprogramondecemberaxuxachristmasspecialwaspresentedintheworldoftheimaginationalongwithfathermarcelorossixuxaspokeaboutthebirthdayofthechildjesusreadletterswrittenbychildrentogodandnarratedthebirthofjesuswhichwasinterpretedbychildrendebbylagranhabrunnoabrahotatarenanandandreytheprogramwasattendedbytheintrepidchildrenstroupefromtheballetdancersdalalachcarwhopresentedanadaptationoftchaikovskisnutcrackerandsingervinnybecauseofthespecialprogramxuxaintheworldofimaginationwaslongerandstiodopicapauamarelonovelseriesstiodopicapauamareloandtvglobinhowerenotshownonthatdayreformulationsinapriltheprogrambegananewphaseunderthedirectionofpedrovasconcelosmarcelozambelliandmriomeirelleswiththelattersgeneraldirectionandwithtextbytoniocarvalhoclaudiolobatoandadrianachevalieramongthenoveltieswastheradicalimaginationpresentedbytheactorcludioheinrichwhoshowedsportssuchasskatingfreeflightdivingandmountaineeringaswellasinterviewswithfamousathletesthegoalwastoreachboysbetweenfourandeightyearsofagewhoaccordingtoasurveydidnotidentifymuchwiththeprogramandthepresenteranothernoveltyofthechildrenwasthejornalmundodaimaginaoaneducationalnewscastthathadasanchorsthexuxinhaandgutinhodollsthebigchangewasduetotheentryofcartoonswhichuntilthenwerenotdisplayedintheprograminjunemriomeirellesleftthegeneraldirectionofxuxaintheworldofimaginationpedrovasconcelosteresalampriaandlaterbladmeneghelbrotherofxuxatookcommandoftheattractiontheprogramcontinuedtobeproducedbyncleorobertotalmainaugustthechildsufferednewchangesandadoptedanewfacewiththecircusasitsthemeclownsjugglersandmagicianswerethenewcharacterswhoanimatedthechildrenandstarredinthepicturesmusicclipsandgamesnexttoxuxathescenerywasalsoreworkedandthebigattractionwasahatshapedballpoolinadditionthegrandstandwheretheparentsofthechildrenwereaccommodatedwastransferredtothestagegettingclosertothechildrenandthehostessevenwiththereformulationsxuxanomundodaimaginaofailedtoreachgoodratingsandlefttheprogramminggridofredegloboindecemberthefollowingyearxuxareturnedtoprogrammingwithanewprogramtvxuxareceptiontheprogramdebutedatanaverageofpointsduringthefirstyearhoweveritwaslosingaudiencebeinginsecondplacebehindbomdiacompanhiaatthetimehostedbyjackelinepetkovicthatreachedtoreachpointsagainstofglobotvintheprogramhadalreadylostmorethanhalfoftheaudiencehavinganaverageofonlypointsatthistimealsofacedtherecordtvthatsurpassedtheinfantileinseveraldaysleavingthexuxanomundodaimaginaointhirdplaceinevenwiththereformulationsandadecreaseoftheaudienceofbomdiacompanhiabytheexitofjackelinetheprogramcouldnotreactregisteringtheaverageofonlypointsreferencesexternallinksinfoboxsportspersonnamexavierarenyfullnameimagecaptionnationalityandorransportalpineskiingbirthdatebirthplacedeathdatedeathplacexavierarenybornmayisanandorranalpineskiingalpineskierhecompetedinalpineskiingatthewinterolympicsthreeeventsatthewinterolympicsrefnamesportsrefrefreferencesxorecordlabelxhtganfmtaxoboximageimagecaptionstatusregnumanimaliaphylummolluscaclassisgastropodaunrankedsuperfamiliacladeheterobranchiabrcladeeuthyneurabrcladepanpulmonatabrcladeeupulmonatabrcladestylommatophorabrinformalgroupsigmurethrasuperfamiliahelicoideafamiliahygromiidaesubfamiliahygromiinaetribushelicellinigenusxerotrichaspeciesxcorderoibinomialxerotrichacorderoibinomialauthoritygittenbergermangasynonymsxerotrichacorderoiisaspeciesofsmallairbreathinglandsnailaterrestrialanimalterrestrialpulmonategastropodmolluskinthefamilyhygromiidaeitisendemictomountainrangesfromtheasturiasandprovinceoflenlenprovincesinthenorthofspainreferencesexternallinksanimalbaseunigoettingendezoowebservletanimalbasehomespeciesidanimalbaseinfoxianyuisatownofhetangdistrictinzhuzhouhunanchinaithasanareaofwithapopulationofasofthetownhasvillagesandacommunityunderitsjurisdictionitsseatisxiajiaduanhistorythetownofxianyuisoriginallydiepingtownshipitceasedtobeatownshipandwasreformedasthetownofxianyuondecemberittookitsnameafterxianyumountainthetw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sternnorthamericapublishervirginiamuseumofnaturalhistoryisbncitebooklastcovellfirstcharlesvjrdatetitleafieldguidetomothsofeasternnorthamericaseriesspecialpublicationnumberpublishervirginiamuseumofnaturalhistoryisbncitebooklastgrotefirstaugrlastrobinsonfirstctdatetitlelistofthelepidopteraofnorthamericaurlarchiveorgdetailscihmpublisheramericanentomologicalsocietycitejournallastheppnerfirstjbdatetitlelepidopteraoffloridapartintroductionandcatalogurlfreshfromfloridasamazonawscomarthropodsoffloridavolpdfjournalarthropodsoffloridaandneighboringareaspublisherfloridadepartmentofagricultureandconsumerservicesvolumeissncitebookeditorlasthodgeseditorfirstronaldwdatetitlechecklistofthelepidopteraofamericanorthofmexicoincludinggreenlandpublisherewclasseyandthewedgeentomologicalresearchfoundationisbncitebooklasthollowayfirstjddatetitlefamilygeometridaesubfamiliessterrhinaeandlarentiinaeseriesthemothsofborneopublishersouthdenesdnbhdvolumepartisbnxcitereportlastpohlfirstgreglastpattersonfirstboblastpelhamfirstjonathandatetitleannotatedtaxonomicchecklistofthelepidopteraofnorthamericanorthofmexicodoirgdoiaccessfreecitebooklastpowellfirstjerryalastoplerfirstpauladatetitlemothsofwesternnorthamericapublisheruniversityofcaliforniapressisbncitejournallastviidaleppfirstjaandatetitlecladisticanalysisofthesubfamilylarentiinaejournalspixianavolumeissuepagesissncitejournallastyamamotofirstsatoshilastsotafirstteijidatetitlephylogenyofthegeometridaeandtheevolutionofwintermothsinferredfromasimultaneousanalysisofmitochondrialandnucleargenesjournalmolecularphylogeneticsandevolutionvolumepagesissnexternallinksspeciesboxgenusxylenaspeciesthoracicaauthorityputnamcramerxylenathoracicatheacadianswordgrassmothisaspeciesofcutwormordartmothinthefamilynoctuidaeitisfoundinnorthamericathemonaorhodgesnumberforxylenathoracicaislistofmothsofnorthamericareferencesreflistrefsrefnameitiscitewebtitlexylenathoracicareporturlitisgovservletsinglerptsinglerptsearchtopictsnsearchvaluewebsiteintegratedtaxonomicinformationsystemaccessdaterefrefnamempgcitewebtitlenorthamericanmothphotographersgroupxylenathoracicaurlmothphotographersgroupmsstateeduspeciesphphodgesaccessdaterefrefnamecatlifecitewebtitlexylenathoracicaspeciesdetailsurlcatalogueoflifeorgcoldetailsspeciesidddceaaaewebsitecatalogueoflifeaccessdaterefrefnamegbifcitewebtitlexylenathoracicaurlgbiforgspecieswebsitegbifaccessdaterefrefnamebugrefcitewebtitlexylenathoracicaspeciesinformationurlbugguidenetnodeviewwebsitebugguidenetaccessdatereffurtherreadingcitebooklastbeadlefirstdavidlastleckiefirstseabrookedatetitlepetersonfieldguidetomothsofnortheasternnorthamericapublishervirginiamuseumofnaturalhistoryisbncitebooklastcovellfirstcharlesvjrdatetitleafieldguidetomothsofeasternnorthamericaseriesspecialpublicationnumberpublishervirginiamuseumofnaturalhistoryisbncitebooklastgrotefirstaugrlastrobinsonfirstctdatetitlelistofthelepidopteraofnorthamericaurlarchiveorgdetailscihmpublisheramericanentomologicalsocietycitejournallastheppnerfirstjbdatetitlelepidopteraoffloridapartintroductionandcatalogurlfreshfromfloridasamazonawscomarthropodsoffloridavolpdfjournalarthropodsoffloridaandneighboringareaspublisherfloridadepartmentofagricultureandconsumerservicesvolumeissncitebookeditorlasthodgeseditorfirstronaldwdatetitlechecklistofthelepidopteraofamericanorthofmexicoincludinggreenlandpublisherewclasseyandthewedgeentomologicalresearchfoundationisbncitejournallastlafontainefirstjdonaldlastschmidtfirstbchristiandatetitleannotatedchecklistofthenoctuoideainsectalepidopteraofnorthamericanorthofmexicojournalzookeysvolumepagesissndoizookeyscitejournallastlafontainefirstjdonaldlastschmidtfirstbchristiandatetitleadditionsandcorrectionstothechecklistofthenoctuoideainsectalepidopteraofnorthamericanorthofmexicoiiijournalzookeysvolumepagesissndoizookeyscitereportlastpohlfirstgreglastpattersonfirstboblastpelhamfirstjonathandatetitleannotatedtaxonomicchecklistofthelepidopteraofnorthamericanorthofmexicodoirgdoiaccessfreecitebooklastpowellfirstjerryalastoplerfirstpauladatetitlemothsofwesternnorthamericapublisheruniversityofcaliforniapressisbnxinghuashuiethnictownshipspeciesboxgenusxerochloraspeciesmartinariaauthoritysperryxerochloramartinariaisaspeciesofemeraldmothinthefamilygeometridaeitisfoundinnorthamericathemonaorhodgesnumberforxerochloramartinariaislistofmothsofnorthamericareferencesreflistrefsrefnameitiscitewebtitlexerochloramartinariareporturlitisgovservletsinglerptsinglerptsearchtopictsnsearchvaluewebsiteintegratedtaxonomicinformationsystemaccessdaterefrefnamempgcitewebtitlenorthamericanmothphotographersgroupxerochloramartinariaurlmothphotographersgroupmsstateeduspeciesphphodgesaccessdaterefrefnamecatlifecitewebtitlexerochloramartinariaspeciesdetailsurlcatalogueoflifeorgcoldetailsspeciesidccedcfbcecabwebsitecatalogueoflifeaccessdaterefrefnamegbifcitewebtitlexerochloramartinariaurlgbiforgspecieswebsitegbifaccessdaterefrefnamebugrefcitewebtitlexerochloramartinariaspeciesinformationurlbugguidenetnodeviewwebsitebugguidenetaccessdatereffurtherreadingcitebooklastbeadlefirstdavidlastleckiefirstseabrookedatetitlepetersonfieldguidetomothsofnortheasternnorthamericapublishervirginiamuseumofnaturalhistoryisbncitebooklastcovellfirstcharlesvjrdatetitleafieldguidetomothsofeasternnorthamericaseriesspecialpublicationnumberpublishervirginiamuseumofnaturalhistoryisbncitejournallastfergusonfirstdouglascdatetitlearevisionofthemothsofthesubfamilygeometrinaeofamericanorthofmexicoinsectalepidopterajournalbulletinofthepeabodymuseumofnaturalhistoryyaleuniversityvolumeissnxcitebooklastgrotefirstaugrlastrobinsonfirstctdatetitlelistofthelepidopteraofnorthamericaurlarchiveorgdetailscihmpublisheramericanentomologicalsocietycitebooklasthausmannfirstaxeleditorlasthausmanneditorfirstaxeldatetitleintroductionarchiearinaeorthostixinaedesmobathrinaealsophilinaegeometrinaeseriesthegeometridmothsofeuropepublisherapollobooksvolumeisbncitejournallastheppnerfirstjbdatetitlelepidopteraoffloridapartintroductionandcatalogurlfreshfromfloridasamazonawscomarthropodsoffloridavolpdfjournalarthropodsoffloridaandneighboringareaspublisherfloridadepartmentofagricultureandconsumerservicesvolumeissncitebookeditorlasthodgeseditorfirstronaldwdatetitlechecklistofthelepidopteraofamericanorthofmexicoincludinggreenlandpublisherewclasseyandthewedgeentomologicalresearchfoundationisbncitereportlastpohlfirstgreglastpattersonfirstboblastpelhamfirstjonathandatetitleannotatedtaxonomicchecklistofthelepidopteraofnorthamericanorthofmexicodoirgdoiaccessfreecitebooklastpowellfirstjerryalastoplerfirstpauladatetitlemothsofwesternnorthamericapublisheruniversityofcaliforniapressisbncitejournallastyamamotofirstsatoshilastsotafirstteijidatetitlephylogenyofthegeometridaeandtheevolutionofwintermothsinferredfromasimultaneousanalysisofmitochondrialandnucleargenesjournalmolecularphylogeneticsandevolutionvolumepagesissnspeciesboxgenusxenoxspecieshabrosusauthoritymarstonsynonymsspecieslistanthraxhabrosusmarstonsynonymsrefxenoxhabrosusisaspeciesofbeeflyinthefamilybombyliidaereferencesreflistrefsrefnameitiscitewebtitlexenoxhabrosusreporturlitisgovservletsinglerptsinglerptsearchtopictsnsearchvaluewebsiteintegratedtaxonomicinformationsystemaccessdaterefrefnamecatlifecitewebtitlexenoxhabrosusspeciesdetailsurlcatalogueoflifeorgcoldetailsspeciesidcaacabdbcbbaawebsitecatalogueoflifeaccessdaterefrefnamegbifcitewebtitlexenoxhabrosusurlgbiforgspecieswebsitegbifaccessdaterefrefnamebugrefcitewebtitlexenoxhabrosusspeciesinformationurlbugguidenetnodeviewwebsitebugguidenetaccessdatereffurtherreadingcitebooklastarnettfirstrosshjrdatetitleamericaninsectsahandbookoftheinsectsofamericanorthofmexicourlbooksgooglecombooksiddkzamsddltscpublishercrcpresseditionndisbncitebooklastmcalpinefirstjflastpetersenfirstbvlastshewellfirstgelastteskeyfirsthjlastvockerothfirstjrdisplayauthorsdatetitlemanualofnearcticdipterapublisherresearchbranchagriculturecanadaisbncitejournallastyeatesfirstdavidklastgreatheadfirstdaviddatetitletheevolutionarypatternofhostuseinthebombyliidaedipteraadiversefamilyofparasitoidfliesjournalbiologicaljournalofthelinneansocietyvolumepagesexternallinkscitewebaccessdatetitledipterainfourldipterainfocitewebaccessdatelastevenhuisfirstnllastgreatheadfirstdjdatetitleworldcatalogofbeefliesdipterabombyliidaewebsiteurlhbsbishopmuseumorgbombcatspeciesboxgenusxenopterellaspeciesbeameriauthoritysteyskalxenopterellabeameriisaspeciesofflyinthefamilylauxaniidaereferencesreflistrefsrefnameitiscitewebtitlexenopterellabeamerireporturlitisgovservletsinglerptsinglerptsearchtopictsnsearchvaluewebsiteintegratedtaxonomicinformationsystemaccessdaterefrefnamecatlifecitewebtitlexenopterellabeamerispeciesdetailsurlcatalogueoflifeorgcoldetailsspeciesidddffceffcbwebsitecatalogueoflifeaccessdaterefrefnamegbifcitewebtitlexenopterellabeameriurlgbiforgspecieswebsitegbifaccessdaterefrefnamebugrefcitewebtitlexenopterellabeamerispeciesinformationurlbugguidenetnodeviewwebsitebugguidenetaccessdatereffurtherreadingcitebooklastarnettfirstrosshjrdatetitleamericaninsectsahandbookoftheinsectsofamericanorthofmexicourlbooksgooglecombooksiddkzamsddltscpublishercrcpresseditionndisbncitebooklastmcalpinefirstjflastpetersenfirstbvlastshewellfirstgelastteskeyfirsthjlastvockerothfirstjrdisplayauthorsdatetitlemanualofnearcticdipterapublisherresearchbranchagriculturecanadaisbnexternallinkscitewebaccessdatetitledipterainfourldipterainfoautomatictaxoboxtaxonxenopterellaauthoritymallochxenopterellaisagenusofflyfliesinthefamilylauxaniidaethereareatleasttwodescribedspeciesinxenopterellaspeciesthesetwospeciesbelongtothegenusxenopterellaxenopterellabeamerismallsteyskalsmallspanstylecolorgraysupicgbsupspanxenopterellaobliquasmallmallochsmallspanstylecolorgraysupcgsupspansmalldatasourcesiitisccatalogueoflifeggbifbbugguidenetsmallreferencesreflistrefsrefnameitiscitewebtitlexenopterellareporturlitisgovservletsinglerptsinglerptsearchtopictsnsearchvaluewebsiteintegratedtaxonomicinformationsystemaccessdaterefrefnamecatlifecitewebtitlebrowsexenopterellaurlcatalogueoflifeorgcolbrowsetreeidddafbaadbweb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urnallastklimaszewskifirstjanlastpelletierfirstgeorgeslastmaruyamafirstmunetoshilasthlavcfirstpeterdatetitlecanadianspeciesofthezyrasgroupofgeneraandreviewofthetypesfromamericanorthofmexicocoleopterastaphylinidaealeocharinaejournalrevuesuissedezoologievolumeissuepagesissnxcitejournallastklimaszewskifirstjlastwebsterfirstrlastsavardfirstkdatetitlefirstrecordofthegenusschistoglossakraatzfromcanadawithdescriptionsofsevennewspeciescoleopterastaphylinidaealeocharinaejournalzookeysvolumedoizookeysdoiaccessfreecitebooklastlecontefirstjldatetitleclassificationofthecoleopteraofnorthamericaurlbiodiversitylibraryorgitemseriessmithsonianmiscellaneouscollectionspublishersmithsonianinstitutionvolumeissueisbndoibhltitledoiaccessfreecitejournallastmajkafirstclastklimaszewskifirstjdatetitlecontributionstotheknowledgeofthealeocharinaecoleopterastaphylinidaeinthemaritimeprovincesofcanadajournalzookeysvolumedoizookeysdoiaccessfreecitebooklastwhitefirstrichardedateorigyeartitleafieldguidetothebeetlesofnorthamericapetersonfieldguidespublisherhoughtonmifflinharcourtisbnexternallinksautomatictaxoboximagexenodusacavadorsaljpgimagecaptionxenodusacavataxonxenodusaauthoritywasmannxenodusaisagenusofrovebeetlesinthefamilystaphylinidaethereareaboutfivedescribedspeciesinxenodusaspeciesthesefivespeciesbelongtothegenusxenodusaxenodusaangustasmallfallsmallspanstylecolorgraysupicgsupspanxenodusacaseyismallwasmannsmallspanstylecolorgraysupicgsupspanxenodusacavasmalllecontesmallspanstylecolorgraysupicgbsupspanxenodusareflexasmallwalkersmallspanstylecolorgraysupicgbsupspanxenodusasharpismallwasmannsmallspanstylecolorgraysupicgsupspansmalldatasourcesiitisccatalogueoflifeggbifbbugguidenetsmallreferencesreflistrefsrefnameitiscitewebtitlexenodusareporturlitisgovservletsinglerptsinglerptsearchtopictsnsearchvaluewebsiteintegratedtaxonomicinformationsystemaccessdaterefrefnamecatlifecitewebtitlebrowsexenodusaurlcatalogueoflifeorgcolbrowsetreeidcccbfbeeaedbwebsitecatalogueoflifeaccessdaterefrefnamegbifcitewebtitlexenodusaurlgbiforgspecieswebsitegbifaccessdaterefrefnamebugrefcitewebtitlexenodusagenusinformationurlbugguidenetnodeviewwebsitebugguidenetaccessdaterefrefnamexcitcitejournallastpacefirstrobertodatetitleintroduzioneallaconoscenzadellasottofamigliaaleocharinaenellaguyanafrancesepartvcoleopterastaphylinidaeurlojsubunifrankfurtdebeitraegeentomologieindexphpbeitraegeentomologiearticleviewjournalcontributionstoentomologyvolumeissuepagesreffurtherreadingcitebooklastblatchleyfirstwsdatetitleanillustrateddescriptivecatalogueofthecoleopterabeetlesexclusiveoftherhynchophoraknowntooccurinindianaurlbiodiversitylibraryorgitempagemodeuppublishernaturepubcitejournallastbouchardfirstpatricelastbousquetfirstyveslastdaviesfirstanthonyelastalonsozarazagafirstmiguelalastlawrencefirstjohnfdisplayauthorsdatetitlefamilygroupnamesincoleopterainsectajournalzookeyspublisherpensoftpublishersvolumeissueissndoizookeysdoiaccessfreecitejournallastbrunkefirstalastmarshallfirstsdatetitlecontributionstothefaunisticsandbionomicsofstaphylinidaecoleopterainnortheasternnorthamericadiscoveriesmadethroughstudyoftheuniversityofguelphinsectcollectionontariocanadajournalzookeysvolumedoizookeysdoiaccessfreecitejournallastfenyesfirstadatetitlecoleopterafamstaphylinidaesubfamaleocharinaejournalgenerainsectorumfasciculeacitejournallastfrankfirstjhlastahnfirstkjdatetitlecoastalstaphylinidaecoleopteraaworldwidechecklistbiogeographyandnaturalhistoryjournalzookeysvolumepagesdoizookeyscitejournallasthoebekefirstericharddatetitlearevisionofthegenusxenodusastaphylinidaealeocharinaefornorthamericajournalsociobiologyvolumeissuepagesissncitejournallastklimaszewskifirstjlastmcleanfirstjlastchandlerfirstdlastsavardfirstklastlifirstadisplayauthorsdatetitlesurveyofrovebeetlescoleopterastaphylinidaefromstanleyparkvancouverbritishcolumbiacanadawithnewrecordsanddescriptionofanewspeciespartjournalzookeysvolumedoizookeysdoiaccessfreecitejournallastklimaszewskifirstjlastmcleanfirstjlastlifirstalastsavardfirstkdatetitlesurveyofrovebeetlescoleopterastaphylinidaefromstanleyparkvancouverbritishcolumbiacanadawithnewrecordsanddescriptionofanewspeciespartjournalzookeysvolumedoizookeysdoiaccessfreecitejournallastklimaszewskifirstjanlastpelletierfirstgeorgeslastmaruyamafirstmunetoshilasthlavcfirstpeterdatetitlecanadianspeciesofthezyrasgroupofgeneraandreviewofthetypesfromamericanorthofmexicocoleopterastaphylinidaealeocharinaejournalrevuesuissedezoologievolumeissuepagesissnxcitejournallastklimaszewskifirstjlastwebsterfirstrlastsavardfirstkdatetitlefirstrecordofthegenusschistoglossakraatzfromcanadawithdescriptionsofsevennewspeciescoleopterastaphylinidaealeocharinaejournalzookeysvolumedoizookeysdoiaccessfreecitebooklastlecontefirstjldatetitleclassificationofthecoleopteraofnorthamericaurlbiodiversitylibraryorgitemseriessmithsonianmiscellaneouscollectionspublishersmithsonianinstitutionvolumeissueisbndoibhltitledoiaccessfreecitejournallastmajkafirstclastklimaszewskifirstjdatetitlecontributionstotheknowledgeofthealeocharinaecole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